doi	text_id	text	sdg	labels_negative	labels_positive	agreement
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	00021941702cd84171ff33962197ca1f	"From a gender perspective, Paulgaard points out that the labour markets of the fishing villages have been highly gender-segregated in terms of the existence of ""male jobs"" and ""female jobs""; however, the new business opportunities have led to the male population of the peripheral areas now working in the service industry in former ""female jobs"": ""That boys and girls are doing the same jobs indicates change, because traditional boundaries between women and men's work are being crossed. But the fact that young people are still working represents continuity with the past"" (Paulgaard 2002: 102). When Paulgaard refers to continuity with traditions, she refers to the expectations of young adults to participate in adult culture, thus these fishing villages traditionally have no actual youth culture. As described earlier, Paulgaard (2015) concludes that in some of Norway's peripheral areas school is still 'foreign', a time waster stealing time from young adults who should instead spend their time on what is considered to be ""real"" work."	5	1	7	0.75
10.18356/eca72908-en	00028349a7f9b2485ff344ae44ccfd6b	Labour legislation regulates maximum working hours, industrial safety, minimum wages and benefits for workers and the prevention of child labour, but enforcement, if any, is weak. Therefore, the immigration laws applicable in Western countries cannot be applied to these workers. T. H. including basic public services. ,,	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	0004eb64f96e1620cd852603d9cbe4d4	The average figure also masks large differences across regions in Kazakhstan. The number of annual contacts ranges from 2.0 in Astana to 9.7 in Mangystau, and some parts of the population are likely to have very limited access to primary care. In addition, poor coverage of outpatient prescription medicines limits both the effectiveness (and appeal) of care at PHC level.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	0006a887475ccfa5a7f5f51d4ac83d02	The extent to which they are akin to corruption is difficult to assess. In 2005, the government implemented an anti-corruption campaign, which decreased the frequency of informal payments. The Ministry' of Health too has been taking steps to reduce corruption and fraud. In 2009, the European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network Excellence Award was granted to Mrs. Ewa Kopacz, then Minister of Health, for her anti-corruption and anti-fraud actions.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	0006d6e7593776abbdf4a6f985ea6d95	A region reporting a higher rate will not earn points for this indicator. This means for example that activities that were carried out in 2012 are rewarded financially through the P4P scheme in 2014. The level of payment in the P4P scheme is set deliberately low at the start of the programme to avoid gaming and crowding out intrinsic motivation.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	000b54717f2deea5d99055b4c1c2bf5a	These findings are consistent with previous work that examined differences in wage inequality across countries (Blau and Khan, 2005; Fournier and Koske, 2012). Returns to education are also found to be an important role in explaining the rise in earnings inequality (see Autor, 2014). In these countries, however, the magnitude of the contribution is quite small. Two types of explanation are commonly proposed in the literature. The first emphasises relative supply and demand for skills: characteristics in lower (net) supply get higher rewards. The second, emphasises the role played by labour market institutions such as minimum wages, the degree of unionisation and the rules governing wage bargaining.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285712-7-en	000bc99895142f9b6795ddf402e16e9a	Each section states the economic principle, reviews international good practice and discusses the situation in Brazil. Drawing from international experiences, it concludes with sketching some policy recommendations. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. A first observation is that regardless of the constitutional setting (federal or unitary), in the most advanced systems, water abstraction charges are commonly managed at sub-national levels.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	000bfb17e9f3a00d4515ab59c5c487e7	The Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research station monitors the quantity and quality of water along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. The Nature and Parks Authority (NPA) monitors water quality in rivers on behalf of the MoEP. Mekorot and local authorities monitor drinking water quality under the supervision of the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Health monitors effluent quality prior to its use in the agricultural sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	001180f5dd9a821e651ed51e30d0cf8c	Previous chapters have discussed ways to make food systems more supportive of food security and better nutrition. Nutrition-sensitive food systems can give consumers better options, but ultimately it is consumers who choose what they eat. What consumers choose to eat influences their own nutritional outcomes and sends signals back through the food system - to retailers, processors and producers - that shape both what is produced and how sustainably it is produced.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	0014f8ae09b458434c107236c86c2c38	To encourage N runoff reductions by farmers, the government set up a cap to current loads and a buy-back 20% of the quotas. Farmers received allocations and were encouraged to reduce their nitrogen emissions to gain from selling water discharge allowances. Reducing soil erosion brings longterm soil-productivity gains and additional benefits, mainly improving water quality by reducing agricultural nonpoint pollution in drinking water (including fertiliser runoff, leaching, and nutrient contamination). Other conservation programmes that were initiated alongside the CRP included Swampbuster, Sodbuster, and Conservation Compliance.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	001947921f75e9d49041afcb5886b3f7	The distinction needs to be made between normal risks that are frequent but generate limited damage and catastrophic risks that are rare but have large consequences for individuals or regions. These latter risks should be the main focus of policy actions, keeping in mind the pre-existing policy environment and the whole set of risks affecting the targeted population. Ex ante measures for risk mitigation, in particular income tax smoothing systems for agriculture are also used.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264310278-en	001f1aee4013cb098da17a979c38bc57	Prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower. There is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability. This may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions. Krueger (2017(47)) found that around one-fifth of the non-participating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	00207cdcd22dc31a0239df13a04e3558	By contrast, the share of working-age households with a working man remained relatively stable (at 76%) over time in most countries (Panel A). Germany, nevertheless, witnessed a significant decline (by about 15 percentage points) in men’s employment participation among households during this period. A. Households with a male worker Panel. In Spain, for instance, in 1995 only 22% (25%) of households had a woman working full-time (full-year), compared to 42% (52%) in the year prior to the crisis. Dutch women are now working more weeks per year, though not more hours per week.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	002363dc0399349925c2dd768365dd6d	Parents pay a maximum fee for kindergarten only (between 15.8% and 22.5% of total costs in 2011, depending on whether the kindergarten is public or private). Counties are responsible for upper secondary education, which they finance through taxes and block grants. Costs in this sector vary considerably from one region to another. Additional state subsidies and provisions are given to avoid regional disparities. Private kindergartens (50% of all kindergartens) are also financed by the state through the block grants to municipalities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	0027c15f32637adab79d770bdc8827e9	It does not include activities where the support for the private sector is channelled through public sector agencies e.g. credit lines through state owned banks or challenge funds managed by NGOs, which are covered in the second category. This approach has been used in two previous OECD analyses in Miyamoto and Chiofalo (2015) and Miyamoto and Biousse (2014). This approach has been used in a previous OECD analysis in Brown and Wang (2015).	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0488519d-en	0029009b33c6606b783ebda5862854db	The rapid assessment takes into account the damage and losses for selected sectors such as housing, infrastructure and agriculture, with disaster risk reduction as a cross cutting sector. This will be a step-by-step guide on conducting rapid damage assessments for the selected sectors using space, geospatial modelling, crowdsourcing and other web-based technology. The manual was pilot tested following the PDNA for the 2015 Nepal earthquakes and the methodology was reviewed by experts.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	00292cb0ff962be83dcf67a84a0da691	For those individuals, out-of-pocket expenses average 78% of average annual income in rural areas, even with the new insurance system. For most of the decade to 2003, the number of visits to township medical centres (hospitals) had been falling, while in urban areas a similar institution did not exist. The two new insurance-based schemes were accompanied by a strategy to orient people to existing township centres and to create new urban community health centres at the level of the neighbourhood committee.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	0029819789475dec26a4c2c986fda78e	Alastair Wood co-ordinated the production process, Maria Consolati and Louis Scott provided invaluable secretariat assistance. For example, the majority of poor people are principally dependent on agriculture but, in turn, society is dependent on farmers managing land well to sustain water supplies, biodiversity and other environmental services. Such relationships are dynamic and increasingly intense: climate change, rising population, resource scarcities and price volatilities put them all under pressure.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096356-en	0029c6c6f02eab58b0ae567c866e8ca8	In the present case, LCOE were calculated including a carbon price of USD 30 per tonne of CO2. The advantage of nuclear energy in this context is that its average cost remains very stable in the light of changes in the fuel or in the carbon price. In particular, it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation. Overnight costs include construction and contingency costs but exclude IDC.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264230750-8-en	002a903707a6ce3e88ec3c91e846dc6d	It builds on the nine years of basic education (six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school). Students entering senior secondary school can attend either a more academically oriented school or vocational school. This applies in both the Islamic and non-Islamic systems. Formal senior secondary education comprises general education (sekolah menengah atas, or SMA), vocational education (sekolah menengah kejuruan, or SMK), Islamic senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah, or MA) and Islamic vocational education (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAK). This chapter concentrates largely on the provision of academic senior secondary education, while Chapter 5 considers the vocational side. Work is under way to develop community colleges and alternative routes to further and higher education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	002f6840660d0e3051543f0ba55c82ca	Several hotels and universities have also contracted private firm to construct wastewater treatment plants. Certain groups of consumers - particularly in industry tourism, commerce and agriculture - are expected to pay a tariff reflecting the full cost of water service provision. An increase in the water tariff was approved in late 2010, potentially helping to improve cost recovery, but the Ministry of Water and Irrigation stated in June 2012 that tariffs would not increase further in the near future.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/785f021c-en	002f6f9f29c3c2e9301602b4c8dcc141	Eventually, a higher discretionary income yields a diversified demand for manufactured goods, as demand and consequently expenditure shifts away from agricultural products towards manufactured goods. This new demand, in turn, leads to the creation of new industries and new varieties of products in the economy (process of diversification), which is a key component of sustainable long-term economic development (Saviotti and Pyka, 2004). Demand for new products as well as the desire of firms to become more profitable triggers a process of diversification and consolidation within the manufacturing sector.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	002fecbf54ca76030de11cc21d087a7d	Indeed, the level of benefits provided by NC schemes is often too modest. Given the large differences between contributory and NC pension benefit levels, even full NC coverage does not necessarily mean equal protection or equal rights. In fact, most countries have adopted means-tested designs in their NC pension pillars and universal schemes exist only in a few of them.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	0030a34b80a08877dd7e98dfa41bfc10	Recognising that this could not continue indefinitely, attention has turned to the management of water demand by measures such as water pricing mechanisms, reduction of water losses, water reuse and recycling, increasing the efficiency of domestic, agricultural and industrial water uses, and water saving campaigns supported by public education. Reducing water demand can bring additional benefits in decreased pollution discharges and lower energy consumption. At the household level, this is largely a matter of combining water-efficient installations with raising awareness, industrial users have reduced water use by recycling, reuse, changing production processes, using more efficient technologies and reducing leakage.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	00318d358a0c012f7d22cc91cfc5ab65	These signs are topped with a distinctive yellow beacon cap and walking person icon. These features makes the signs easy to spot within the urban environment and when viewed from a distance. Each monolith has two maps, a finder map which displays a 5-minute walking circle, and a planner map which displays a 15-minute walking circle. The maps illustrate significant landmarks in 3D, helping users identify the urban environment and also serving as 'mental navigational tools’.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	0033a165843817c6af43ae9e802dd189	In the last decade, and particularly since 2010, the number of discharges per capita has tended to decrease, and is now in line with the OECD average mentioned previously. For example, rural dwellers represent 43% of the population but only 32% of hospital attendances. In the absence of additional information, it not possible to determine whether or not this difference signals disparities in access for rural populations, and if so, whether the drivers are geographic, cultural or infrastructural. No data appear to be collected on access to care from the patient perspective, which would aid in understanding the nature of (and remedies for) barriers to access. Overall, it is not possible to determine with the available data whether patient income or socio-economic characteristics play a role in reaching the hospital gates or being admitted. Uneven access probably also stems from the inability of facilities across regions to provide the same services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	0033dadef04b7adbdd14320547f92c95	This paper examines the effects of child, early and forced marriages (CEFM) within the Commonwealth, with a specific focus on East Africa, and highlights how to best address the issue using international, regional, and national legal norms and judicial processes currently in place. The East African countries examined are Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. The introduction is then followed by the background section which gives a historical overview of CEFM at the global level.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264097551-en	0034e3f6a955d974cccb1565c7b1a0de	To respond to these new challenges PSV has been encouraged to develop strong links with business and enterprises, to cover remote areas and to cater for less affluent students. It analyses the impact of the dual sector universities in Australia, short cycle higher education in Scotland, three sub-sectors of Norway’s tertiary education and the emerging non-university higher education in Italy, as well as the vocational education and training in Spain. It discusses the issues of transition, participation and collaboration of different types ofpost-secondary education and analysis the impact of policy changes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	0037695bd85443c7a051cd9f2bc02cea	At the same time, highly unequal countries, like South Africa and Brazil, have relatively stable proportions of the population that believe incomes should be made more equal. The shift in preferences towards redistribution in the BRICS shown in Figure 4.12 is in line with similar findings for OECD countries (OECD, forthcoming). Only in a few OECD countries has no change been found since the late 1980s. Of course, the view that “incomes should be made more (or less) equal” says little about the preferred method for achieving such a change. How these attitudes towards inequality translate into concrete government policy, such as tax and transfer schemes or public service provision, is an important part of the social contract in every country.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	003a771b49ec35167101c5842611cd35	Thus,for example, the stigma attached to welfare recipients or the poor increases their disadvantage. Similarly, dignity and recognition wrongs can cause disadvantage.54 Undervaluing women’s work is a recognition wrong that directly causes socio-economic disadvantage; hence the right to equal pay for work of equal value is an important synthesis of the first two dimensions of the right to equality: redressing disadvantage and addressing stigma and stereotyping. This step has been taken by both the CESCR and the CEDAW Committee. Reporting Guidelines”, para 29; CESCR, Ecuador, op.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	004008a7bcfb140797184b0f00fd675a	In Bandung City, 44% of total revenue in 2016 is expected to come in the form of transfers from the national government. A common problem w'ith such automatic transfers is the way they are calculated. The General Allocation Fund is partly allocated based on the registered population in the local governments and does not take into account unregistered population, which is high in the City of Bandung.	11	1	4	0.6
10.14217/7ef450ae-en	0040db696ae17195b13c62cfda9f9a35	Much of the true social, economic and environmental damage of the aftermath of disasters has been undocumented and more needs to be explored on the vulnerability of small and island states, where retreat from the threat is not an option and where those most at risk to the impact of the aftermath may be left unattended and at critical risk. This can amount to over 70 per cent of the total death toll. Some of this arises from the destruction of basic service infrastructure and the disruption of services, when staff, if they can get about, discover vital elements of services which may be damaged or destroyed beyond effective operational use and cannot be fixed.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	0044d13c9660479fe02307d649e95837	It deals with educational outcomes for these groups and analyses the main programmes targeted at them. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Chile such as effective ways to use extra resources for disadvantaged students, the monitoring of the learning outcomes of specific student groups, and reflecting Indigenous cultures in the Chilean education system. The chapter also reviews strategies for rural education and the provision and funding of special needs education. First, it describes educational outcomes for these groups of students. Second, it considers the main programmes targeted to specific groups and analyses their strengths and challenges. Finally, the chapter provides some specific policy recommendations.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	0046961c90122366deaaa735e0bcdd88	"The spatial structure and economic development of cities are the most prominent components of these national urban policies. When policymakers decide on important issues such as poverty reduction and economic development, then they classify the activities as either rural or urban. In many instances however, this distinction has been used to show differences between the two settlement patterns, and consistently has overlooked their interlinkages, complementarities and synergies.111' This has been against recorded historical development trends which have shown that, urban-rural linkages include important flows of people, natural resources, capital, goods, ecosystem services, information, technology, ideas and innovation. These are important drivers of economic activities and contribute significantly to overall poverty reduction in a region.*1""This illustrates interdependent, intertwined and complementary functional and productive settlement systems. Strong linkages among urban, rural, peri-urban and other settlements enhance sustainable development, because they channel resources to where they have the largest net economic and social benefits."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	0047195205677a5bcce79b52e4bfcd51	Groundwater has been discussed in the context of pricing and financing (OECD, 2009a and 2009b), energy (OECD, 2012b), risk management (OECD, 2013e), and broader perspectives covering climate change (OECD, 2013d and 2014a). Groundwater is also featured in the reviews of water reforms at the country level (e.g. Fuentes, 2011; OECD, 2013b). All these reports include sections, sub-sections, paragraphs, or illustrations that relate to groundwater, but they do not convey policy conclusions specifically geared towards the managers of specific types of groundwater, especially in the context of agriculture. First, a consistent observation is that groundwater is generally under-studied and there is a need for more in-depth assessment of groundwater stocks, use, and management practices.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	004a7d2059eb0a8db0c6c0019f121db9	Further, some documents cannot be approved without a public inquiry'. This is case for the SCoT, PLU/PLUI and SRADDET. Alternatively, a land use authority can also decide to organise more open and participatory forms of engagement to obtain some of the inhabitants and users’ opinions through such practices as citizen conferences, focus groups, opinion polls, public meetings and information leaflets. This latter path has the potential to achieve a consensus among a full set of stakeholders, but it is much harder to organise, and there is always the possibility that no mutually agreeable resolution will emerge.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	004c6621671e366a17fcdf481a1eff48	Although the impacts of these imbalances are not fully apparent in the short run, they pose formidable challenges to the sustainability of development of the LDCs, particularly in the long run. The production system, especially in the agriculture sector, and the livelihoodsof alargemajorityof the people livingin rural and fragile areas are also adversely affected because of the increased frequency of droughts and other extreme weather events associated with climate change. Thus, as ensuring food security becomes increasingly important in these countries as the population grows, measures are needed to protect natural capital and address ecological imbalances.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	004cf7b0bbc8f0f761c488a7f15eb866	Some of these interlinkages and synergies are fundamental to facets of building climate change resilience and reducing inequalities. The interlinkages between climate change and other dimensions of development are also well reflected in other Goals. If the frequency and intensity of climate hazards increase, it will be harder for countries to end poverty and hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture and ensure healthy lives (Goals 1-3).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	004d6337ba90d278081c4b3d6f00a85f	Those in the informal sector are often hit hardest by external shocks; lacking effective social protection coverage, they rely on the flexibility of shifting between different, if low-paid, tasks. When adversity strikes they are more isolated, with less access to networks and relationships of support. They can also be disadvantaged when it comes to emergency relief.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	004d7719d6c26c11427bb3e89535efab	Foster capacity-building at all levels of government. This implies combining investment in physical water and sanitation “hard” infrastructure with the provision of “soft’ infrastructure, which is essentially the institutions upon which water outcomes rely. The development of skills, technical expertise and knowledge and the availability of staff and time are preconditions for effective governance of water policy.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	004df4e1e6a7122fe2876f4342e908d1	At federal level, the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) is the main body in charge of water planning, financing and strategic setting; there is no overarching framework for the provision of water services which, according to the Constitution, is the responsibility of municipalities with varying levels of capacity and resources. The 1992 National Water Law has gradually transferred water resource responsibilities to 13 river basin organisations, which operate as CONAGUA implementing agencies. While some progress has been achieved in better managing interdependencies across stakeholders and creating an overarching framework for water resources management, much remains to be done to overcome the scattered regulatory framework for water services. Irrigation units typically operate without a legal identity and are not organised to voice their concerns.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	0051d8b43ace1372cb974ebefa2f74d6	"In terms of effective power generation (the actual yield with which the generating plants operate), in 2030 this would represent 5.3% of the electricity matrix, up from 2.9% in 2015 (see figure V33). Proyectos Estrategicos para Seguridad Energdtica Regional (PRESER)"". Proyectos Estratdgicos para Seguridad Energdtica Regional (PRESER)'."	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0051f5536b0904e2726e406fc32cc82f	Pursuant to the judgement, individuals licensed to possess and consume cannabis under the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations may now possess cannabis derivatives for their own personal use, in addition to or instead of dried cannabis herb. Also in June 2015, Health Canada announced amendments to the Narcotic Control Regulations and the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations to further strengthen public health and safety. The new measures respond to requests from medical licensing bodies for increased information on how doctors are authorizing cannabis use.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	00550a0fe64ba38833102f529118d5be	Early marriage, also refers to marriages where both spouses are 18 years and over but certain factors make them unready to consent to marriage, for example their level of physical, emotional, sexual and psychosocial development, or lack of information regarding the person’s life options.10 Within the context of the law in East Africa, CEFM does not have a concrete definition. Most information gathered on CEFM places child marriages into two categories: those married before 15 years and those married before 18 years. This categorisation is of importance as it enables those researching CEFM to understand the trends in various countries.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/cc778895-en	0055ba4cc458246f21d008e0363c2821	This points to the possibility that the effects which reductions in inequality have in terms of decreases in poverty levels may be greater than the effects of increases in mean income levels. One possible explanation for this is that increases in income levels are transmitted to the poor segment of the population in the region in a disproportionate (or unequal) manner. These results are similar to those obtained by Franga (2010). This analysis is presented in the following sections.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5ef1a516-en	0059520388019c9dc0c8dda76c00bd9e	In addition to rising sea levels and global temperatures, extreme weather events are becoming more common and natural habitats such as coral reefs are declining. These changes affect people everywhere, but disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable. Concerted action is urgently needed to stem climate change and strengthen resilience to pervasive and ever-increasing climate-related hazards.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	0059f134c141fe1981c25551eca038ac	In contrast, when electricity firms are controlled by investment funds, rather than forming part of transnational companies, there is less opportunity for operational synergies and knowledge transfers within the enterprise. If the presence of investment funds in the sector were to expand, it could produce a business model in which ownership of the assets (by the investment funds) is separated from their management ( in the hands of the electricity firms), in a system similar to that operated by some hotel groups. In that year, it purchased 38% of EDENOR, one of the leading energy distributors in Argentina. Later it increased its interests in this country with other transmission and generating companies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	005c6847752feb6153011ac7df757fc4	For most services, the actual consumption approach will be the most appropriate, if actual beneficiaries can be identified. In some cases an insurance value approach may be applicable or even preferable. Such an approach imputes the “insurance value” of coverage to each person based on specific characteristics (such as age, sex, socio-economic position).	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	0060bca9e7e186b86b4cf055d487ea36	The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0061cd999bad3b4e42019b3fb995a958	An appraisal process that only requires one meeting between school leaders and evaluators rather places emphasis on the question whether a result has been achieved or a skill has been demonstrated. Based on an extensive review of literature on school leader appraisal, Leon et al. ( A high frequency of meetings and school visits may increase the effectiveness of these tools to gain a better picture of a school leader’s performance and produce valid information (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008). However, the time and efforts required for the longer-term observation of school leaders also involves costs that need to be considered (Ginsberg and Berry, 1990).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	0062160dc39a0a604227605439b17180	There are many unqualified teachers in schools, as it is difficult to hire qualified teachers. One indication of the recognition of the important role of teachers in this context is Alberta’s inclusion of additional questions in the 2018 OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey pertaining to teachers’ and school leaders’ understanding of issues related to Indigenous cultures, history and working with Indigenous students, as well as on relevant professional development. The holistic approach of Indigenous peoples stresses how much these contribute to the overall well-being of children, as well as everyone else, in addition to factors such as material advantage and disadvantage. The trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples, including through the residential school system, is still acutely felt by many. Indeed, we were told that the symptoms of trauma may be increasing rather than diminishing with the passage of time, exacerbated through intergenerational relationships. Against this bigger picture, specific surveys of particular provinces and territories, and comparing Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people, can be better understood (Freeman, King and Pickett, 2016).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	0065aaa240be58d5a1502859fac85680	In other words, factors that might make a child more prone to experiencing deprivation in a single domain might not make that child more liable to being cumulatively deprived and vice versa. Living in a less densely populated area, for example, has little impact on children’s risks of domain deprivation (with the exception of Germany) and even predicts a lower probability of deprivation in the environment domain. Nevertheless, a child living in an intermediate or thinly populated area in either France or the UK faces higher odds of experiencing cumulative deprivation.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	0068e1e0c3989ac9674b955f559b5bdc	In Australia, where a broad definition of temporary employment also includes casual workers (Box 4.1), this type of work accounts for 85% (43%) of part-time (full-time) workers with a temporary employment contract. Some people work part-time because they wish to do so and would not take on full-time employment, while others do so because there is no full-time employment available. There are, however, large variations across countries. In Greece, Spain and Italy, over 60% of part-timers want to work more hours but could not find full-time jobs. For instance, there is a well-established negative relationship between the level of GDP and the self-employment rate (Acs et al.,	1	5	3	0.25
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	0069d4b9a97524a8083b72f7145c2175	Female genital mutilation is sometimes a precursor to child marriage as it is associated with a woman’s “coming of age”. Female genital mutilation may also result in a variety of reproductive health issues, including maternal and infant mortality and obstetric fistula. Pre-natal sex selection and sex selective abortions are forms of discrimination against women and are symptomatic of the devalued status of women in society. In addition, over the past 60 years, numerous provisions in international legal and policy frameworks have called for legal measures to address “harmful practices”.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	00704743fa4f6f0708910f2aa61eaa36	The programme relied on strategic integration of all relevant agencies involved in delivering mental health services for this group, and identifying children's needs in the school context. In addition to training teachers, this programme also consisted of social and emotional learning programmes. Parents and community' were also involved in the learning and social aspects of the initiative.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	0078213fc0005108502b27088b43cbf4	Although a wide range of public health initiatives are in place, their impact is rarely evaluated. Furthermore, a recent WHO evaluation against essential public health functions found weaknesses mechanisms for perfonnance and accountability (particularly at sub-national level) and training of the public health workforce. A good example of this is the Comision de Enlace Salud, Industriay Comercio (COESAINCO, the Commission for liaison between health, industry and commerce), established in 2012. This brings together the Ministries of Health, Economics, External Trade and the Presidency, and a number of national trade and industry bodies (including those representing the pharmaceutical sector).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	00793f64e9c2a144baee10ec94c862e3	Only 14 LDCs have even limited oil-refining capacity, the output of which is overwhelmed by that of the other manufacturing sectors. Similarly, available national accounts and employment data typically group together energy-related utilities — electricity and gas — and water supply, with no further breakdown. In households where both women and men are engaged in wood collection, the gender distribution of time savings may also differ significantly from that of time allocation: even if women spend more time than men collecting wood, a greater share of the time savings may accrue to men. This should be achieved through both centralized and decentralized energy technologies and systems, combining the three general models of grid extension, mini-grid access and off-grid access (AGECC, 2010).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	0079ecf3ee3fb853b9e4a245944d0d6b	The conclusion is that the evolution of the two components of the greenhouse gas intensity measure should be separately identifiable. The ratio itself could give an indication about the greening of production and about structural economic shifts, but not necessarily about the greening of growth. A decline in the emission intensity of production gives no indication of whether such a reduction has been achieved through genuine efficiency improvements or changes in the energy mix, or by substituting away from energy-intensive production through purchases of carbonintensive intermediate products abroad, among a number of other explanations.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ecc83295-en	007f06a3cc366285d2d1530065749c62	Some countries have responded to shrinking populations with policies to attract migrants, especially younger people who can fill gaps in labour forces. By the 1970s, the fertility transition had occurred in Australia, Japan, and all highly developed countries in Europe and North America. Fertility in China fell sharply in the 1970s in response to policies to promote later and less frequent childbearing, and the introduction of the country’s 1979 family planning policy, which generally limited couples to one child.	5	7	1	0.75
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	00807f106a220853aa9718a456be2814	These are comprehensive and contemporary in their thinking and approaches, and align the country with international agreements and the EU approximation process. They set the country on the right path towards sustainable development. The challenge facing the Government now is to complete the high-priority strategic actions set forth and, in partnership with public enterprises, public institutions, the private sector, and the public, to apply the products of those actions in day-to-day administration. Its overall goal is to increase the contribution of the forestry sector to the national economy and rural development through sustainable forest management; reliance on renewable resources; protection of the local and global environment; and the delivery of products and services for improving the quality of life of all citizens.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	00846c887bf9f4c8006e2b13ed12bcb8	Of mammals, four species are extinct at the national level and five species are critically endangered (lynx, leopard, striped hyena, red deer and wild goat). Of the two species of tur - West Caucasian tur {Capra caucasica) and East Caucasian tur (Capra cylindricomis) - the West Caucasian tur has the smallest population size and is found in only a few areas of Georgia. Among ungulates, the rarest species is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus), found only in Tusheti Protected Areas with an estimated population size of 210.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	00858b3185c1955e725cfa1ec721cd89	Monetary incentives (or fines) can be transferred directly between wallets held by the (shared) mobility assets, its owners or users. Selling the surplus power increases efficiency and resilience of the power plant portfolio, and provides an incentive for the private sector to invest in renewable power plants. Local grid operators and integrated utilities may benefit from more efficient grid operation and decreasing demand for traditional generation assets and power transport infrastructure. However, the shift to a decentralised grid also represents tremendous disruption to traditional power and utility business models (as well as to power grids themselves which were designed to distribute power from generation to consumer, not from consumer to consumer) and requires increased awareness and knowledge on the part of consumers (Steinberger et al.,	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	00864801b442bb957360e47bfe0575d9	More males than females suffer and die from diarrhoea in every region except South-East Asia. Absence or inadequate provision of public toilets for women reflects - and reinforces - women's exclusion from public power and public spaces more generally. Yet many millions of people in the world lack even the most rudimentary means of obtaining safe water, while billions do not have sanitation facilities that are protected from outside contamination (UN 2015, UN 2014, UN-Women 2014, WHO and UNICEF 2014). Water and sanitation access, demand, provision, priority, health, organization and policy are gendered, even if this is manifested in different ways in different places. The gendered dimensions of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector are increasingly reflected in public policy agendas, but concrete results have been partial and uneven. Water was generally thought of as a physical resource whose provision was determined, for the most part, by the hydrological cycle and physical infrastructure.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	00866ed06339fbe351d2fb3157ce5042	Drawing on the sub-set of AfT data within the CRS, the OECD data show that - for all donors and for all developing countries - flows classified under TRA (the final and barely visible column on the right) are negligible compared with the other three categories, particularly those destined for ‘building productive capacity’ or ‘economic infrastructure’. As shown in Table 13.1, the negligible share of measured TRA in relation to total AfT flows is present across all major country classifications, irrespective of the year chosen in the CRS database. For 2009, TRA flows do not equal more than 0.38 per cent of the value of total AfT flows when countries are disaggregated by geographic area, income group or status as an SVE.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	0086fbc04a08e9d44b3f2742da11a0b1	So the implications of moving to neutral policies (free trade) will vary within and between food exporters and food importers. This approach subsumes the combined effects of policies and transaction costs in impeding price transmission. Data from the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System show that recent food price increases have had heterogeneous impacts (Sharma, 2012).	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	008b666a44090f46a9415899d4159cf3	The company receives state budgetary funds and also uses own and borrowed funds to purchase machinery and equipment, predominantly from foreign manufacturers. Among the key suppliers are the leading agricultural machinery manufacturers from Canada, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. Since the mid-2000s, the KAF also provides machinery and equipment leasing to agro-food processors.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/39291afb-en	008baba8edac85b8a4a4b2423b2f4f68	According to ECLAC estimates, between 2002 and 2014 poverty and extreme poverty both fell considerably in the region: the poverty rate from 44.5% to 27.8%, and the extreme poverty rate from 11.2% to 7.8%, with the steepest fall occurring in the first half of that period. However, in 2015 and again in 2016 both rates rose, representing a setback that was especially severe in the case of extreme poverty. In turn, the extreme poverty rate will likely remain at the same level as in 2017, which would push up the numbers living in this situation by around 1 million. A range of procedures and assumptions are adopted for these measurements, which gives them the specificity necessary for use in the national context, but limits their comparability between countries.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	00902a7dd73c7d02b42334129903a8ff	Health of Indigenous Circumpolar Populations. Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. Emergence of obesity in indigenous Siberians. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, vol. Rapid changes in cardiovascular risk factors associated with economic development and lifestyle change in an indigenous circumpolar population from Siberia.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8259a41-en	0093194155c7ecca7fa0548968d0f6cd	Washington D.C.: National Academic Press. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Equity of access to and utilization of reproductive health services in Thailand: national Reproductive survey data. Reproductive Health Matters, vol. Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries: a comparative policy analysis.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	009408d19e771891fcce817c7c7316db	Following their concerns that physicians across the Japanese health system were not able to identify signs of psychological distress which could help reduce suicide, the Japanese Medical Association reports that they began sharing information and guidance on depression with all doctors, first in 2004 and then again in 2009. At present, only indicators on the rate of seclusion and restraint, and involuntary admission, are collected by providers and at a Prefectural level. Systematically collected information on the mental health care system is limited to structural indicators - facilities, staff numbers, bed numbers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	009465564e2d4906477ee1ed8595c417	In India, the approach of the Total Sanitation Campaign (a nationwide programme to boost sanitation coverage, particularly in rural areas) was revised in 2004 to make the payment of the subsidy to below-poverty line (BPL) households dependent on the entire village reaching Open Defecation Free (ODF) status.14 OBA mechanisms have also been considered by bilateral donors, such as the AFD in Morocco and South Africa,15 but they are yet to apply those principles on a significant scale. This mechanism works as follows: a fixed subsidy amount is paid to a private operator for each new water connection installed in a poor neighbourhood. A significant risk with such approach, however, is that the newly connected users might not receive adequate service from the operator after the connection has been installed. To enhance the sustainability of the schemes, a portion of the output-based payment can be withheld until several months of service delivery have been made.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	00947eebf4adfdf81ec3c6109fffb6dc	However, even by 2012, the income of urban residents was still on average double that of rural residents. The gap tends to decline, but remains large. This decline in rural poverty rates from 21% in 2004 to 13% in 2013 reflects Viet Nam’s success in increasing agricultural productivity for many farm commodities and in diversifying sources of rural incomes. The proportion of undernourished in the total population fell from 46% in 1990-92 to 13% in 2012-14.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	0097c0f798f0b5c53e2efe8fe99f7b18	The benefits of this are: reduced infrastructure costs, the potential for less car use for commuting if people live near where they w'ork and preserving land for agriculture and nature. To maintain support for the plan’s objectives, the two core communes may have to compensate these losing communes, w'hich of course reduces the benefits of the strategy. Moreover, the spatial strategy seems to assume that new employers will be w illing to settle for a higher cost and more complex to develop browmfield sites in Nantes or Saint-Nazaire over greenfield sites in a rural commune.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-18-en	009884c9b9157d1d54f2194426ce3c87	On average, women do the greatest share of unremunerated housework and childcare in Korea, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Turkey and Italy, where women undertake more than three-quarters of all unpaid work. Women in Turkey and Mexico spend the most time per day on unpaid work, in absolute values, at over six hours per day on average, compared with under two hours for men (OECD Gender Data Portal). The gaps are typically even larger in developing countries (OECD, 2014a), where inadequate access to time-saving infrastructure (e.g., water piped into the home) and technology (e.g., washing machines) increases the total time required for unpaid work.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	009d4feda6cf5914a742c1caa1c7cea3	Otherwise, across the rest of the formal-sector quantiles, there are no statistically significant motherhood wage penalty effects in either of the two time periods. As in the ols results, the penalty is greater in the preshock period. The differences in the coefficients before and after the shock are not significant, but a larger gap prior to the crisis could reflect general downward pressure on wages affecting the formal sector during this period.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	009fbfac66b71e1abe9b4fdc5c941f64	Many poor producers are unable to access government support programmes because they lack the necessary capital to contribute the required investment costs. Supporting the organisation of irrigation units and increasing investments in these structures would allow members to jointly apply for government resources and facilitate monitoring functions. The Lerma River, with a length of 750 kilometres, is originated in Mexico’s central high plateau at an altitude beyond 3 000 metres above sea level and ends in Lake Chapala, the largest tropical lake in the country. Between 2002 and 2005, the Lerma Chapala River Basin Council, in its search for a solution to the depletion and contamination of Lake Chapala, entered into a negotiation process to reach a new water allocation agreement.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	00a0ebb490133c4edb55806389dc21ef	While voluntary donations have a strong tradition in Israel, higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to well-developed mechanisms to support it. Recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return, some OECD countries, for example the United Kingdom, have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes (see Box 4.4.). The matched funding scheme began in August 2008 for a three year period. Funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by English higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	00a2774330f814de7dfc36b09757ab14	This ranges from 50% in Malaysia to 80% in Singapore, 95% in Korea and up to 100% in China (though it is notable that other security, including equity, may be required by some guarantee providers in China which will affect the effective risk/reward ratio). It is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans, when provided by commercial banks, is relatively short (commonly 1 year in China, otherwise generally 2-3 years or less), compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as MDV in Malaysia (over 5 years with up to 12 months’ repayment holiday). Measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets, though the Japan Patent Office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself, albeit provided by private sector companies.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	00a4e14be1c562dbc7462d204c860489	The Bay provides significant economic and recreational benefits to the water catchment’s population, estimated to exceed USD 33 billion annually (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a). While total pollution levels have declined since 1985, most of the Bay’s waters are degraded and are incapable of fully supporting fishing, crabbing, or recreational activities. Algal blooms fed by nutrient pollution block sunlight from reaching underwater Bay grasses and lead to low oxygen levels in the water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	00ab9cf7c4586f52a8f83f7fe05979b2	Meanwhile, in some countries the predominance of the growth effect in each period was different. In Honduras and Mexico, the role played by the growth effect remained the same in both periods, while in Guatemala and Uruguay, its influence was greater between 2002 and 2008 than in 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2008, variations in the Gini coefficient correlated closely with the share of the distribution effect in reducing poverty (see figure 1.10).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	00b096fb49a3ed4301368737e4c2aeaf	At one level, the causes of flooding are straightforward. Simply put, some coastal and inland areas are already below mean sea level and therefore increasingly vulnerable to flooding. But the reasons for the increasing vulnerability are complex, and are related largely to human action at local and global scales.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	00b27b910b3d4f157a3f0a7c503ebf0e	Over the past approximately 40 years, however, there has also been increasing interest in the role it can play in supporting learning, often called “formative assessment” or “assessment for learning”. This chapter presents a brief overview of how the concept of formative assessment has developed in recent years; in particular, how the central idea has expanded from an original focus on feedback to a wider perspective on classroom practice. It presents evidence on the impact of formative assessment on learning and discusses definitional issues.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	00b370d7b35c6d12f89319eb164ea230	This issue however is far from being settled in the literature. See Arnold et al. ( See inter alia, Ruiz and Trannoy (2008), for a microsimulation study on the short-term (that is immediate) distributional effects of consumption taxes in France. The paper runs against the prior that consumption taxes are strongly regressive.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9e584f1-en	00b500c9b356f4e22fdd67662b838432	The most limited use of modern contraceptive methods was reported by the Sudan and Mauritania, at 12 and 16 per cent, respectively. Such visits are to include measurements of blood pressure, weight and height, and an analysis of urine and blood (WHO. Figure 4.2 shows the percentage of pregnant women who receive prenatal care by a skilled health personnel at least once. Prenatal care rates range from 60 per cent in Yemen to 100 per cent in Bahrain.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0543d374-en	00b5304d320dc25ad1918e09308db149	The forests and OWL are especially remarkable in terms of vegetation diversity. The biodiversity of Turkmenistan is not only rich but also unique due to the country’s geographical position and relief, and the specific evolution of its flora and fauna. The higher plants are currently represented by 3,140 species, of which 47 are tree species and 88 are shrubs. The 1999 Red Data Book lists 109 plant species, including 15 species of trees and bushes (Chapter 10). Plants differ in their resource significance, range of useful features and possibilities for practical use.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ee52a573-en	00b60c5d6222e7c4c0f976e0fdcc4bf6	The shift cannot be left to individual actors, it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools. This chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles, considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing, advertising, promoting sustainable products and increasing product information. While the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth, established at high levels of consumption, emerging economies, starting from a low consumption base, are on the rise, both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western TV channels.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	00b7fa1e2b399f62b9d3d26277f03411	The discriminatory practices of financial institutions, such as the requirement that men should sign women’s documents, must be eliminated. But formal financial institutions need to do more than merely lower the entry barriers to female micro-owners. They must improve their performance in funding the growth of female-owned businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48fdc937-en	00c16aa468450d58744809cc0e3ca7ae	For example, it is anticipated that these countries will experience serious damage due to floods and droughts. However, even developed countries cannot always avoid more violent physical events, such as torrential rainfall or severe drought, on a previously unimaginable scale. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 is representative of an event of such a large-scale impact; it destroyed protective levees and seriously damaged the city of New Orleans.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/06f7e845-en	00c6d9b65201b583a68308c7029ebb67	Countries with indigenous people should achieve infant and under-5 mortality levels among their indigenous people that are the same as those of the general population. By 2005, countries with intermediate mortality levels should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 50 deaths per 1,000 and an under-5 mortality rate below 60 deaths per 1,000 births. By 2015, all countries should aim to achieve an infant mortality rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and an under-5 mortality rate below 45 per 1,000. Countries that achieve these levels earlier should strive to lower them further.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	00c6e77bda20d34c19d12b277d0249bb	In that context, the forthcoming initiative by the Korean government to accelerate the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can contribute to the further deployment of K-SWM at local level. Efforts to minimise non-revenue water will resonate with users’ priorities and concerns when water tariffs better reflect the full cost of supplying water, including the cost of investing in and operating and maintaining the w'ater supply infrastructure, the environmental and opportunity costs of abstracting water and preventing other uses (for industry, the environment, or else). Similarly, a municipality or utility will only be able to finance K-SWM w'hen water savings compensate investment and operating costs, that is, when revenues from water tariffs tend to reflect full water supply costs. This explains why the diffusion of SWM in Korea is directly related to issues discussed in Chapter 3, and to other issues related to tariffs for water supply and sanitation services (an issue not covered in this report).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cf0157c8-en	00c887f53530ac90b4b8b85a7fdf0813	Aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries, sometimes stalling industrial activity. Both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour. This process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction, mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs (i.e., energy, chemicals) to the business. An industrial facility’s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services, to address water-related risks over the long term, to create effective allocation regimes, and to develop and enforce water quality regulations.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	00cc2786a40843e87df6b496ce50071f	This framework then provides the basis of quality assurance, since the training enterprise, in combination with the student, becomes responsible for delivery of the learning outcomes. In recognition of these obligations, the framework may also involve a contract between students and training enterprises. It means that programmes will only be funded when training providers develop and maintain the active partnerships with employers that support work placements.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	00cecb5e866ec6c78ffbbbcbb53e2a42	In the City of Chihuahua, for example, 61.3% trips made each day are done through cars. Indeed, only 16.5% of the trips are made through public transport, which is far below the Mexican national average which is between 50 and 60%. The increased use of automobiles has also been stimulated by improved road conditions (i.e. the percentage of paved areas in the City of Chihuahua grew from 50% in 2000 to 69% in 2007). Recent efforts to promote more public transportation have been challenged by the high accident rates of buses.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	00cf9767581d5e6e33f5017eb77352d7	The panel of businesses was created using a random sample from Dun & Bradstreet’s (D & B) Database list of new businesses started in 2004. The KFS oversampled “innovative” businesses on the basis of information on the intensity of research and development employment in the businesses’ primary industries. The KFS excluded D & B records for businesses that were wholly owned subsidiaries of existing businesses, businesses inherited from someone else, and not-for-profit organisations. Data from the first wave (2004) are used to identify the owners-founders of the enterprises and to construct the variables related to their characteristics (gender, experience, etc.).	5	4	1	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e9f9b60a-en	00d1f63db99df50cb6e61519d2a32f50	This technology bank for the LDCs was officially established on 23 December 2016, through the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/71/L.52. In addition, ITU's Membership recognized the importance of ICTs for LDCs by adopting specific targets for the LDCs in its Connect 2020 Agenda (ITU, 2014). Target 2, on inclusiveness, includes specific targets on household access to ICTs, Internet use, and affordability in the LDCs. Most have been primarily based on basic, low-bandwidth mobile cellular technologies.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	00d7b9c53e6611875c11832531cae00f	However, this tax credit is due to expire in 2012. Wemau (2011a) estimates that up to one-fifth of the state’s power generation capacity could decide to exit the market rather than invest in the necessary upgrades, potentially driving up the price of coal by 65% and offering opportunities for renewable energy sources. It saves approximately 47 000 tons of CO2 per year and replaces annually over eight million private vehicle trips in the city of Calgary.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	00dd087c250922be90724c77bf6de004	In Uruguay for example, data is collected on care provided to dependent persons aged 65 or older and questions focus on care for adults who require assistance with personal hygiene, feeding or medical care, including transportation to health centres. The national time-use survey in Mexico collects information on the time spent caring for persons aged 60 or older, including support in the use of information technology, transportation and accompaniment, even when the older person is not dependent or does not have a disability. In households where persons in this age range are present, women spend 18 hours per week on average caring for them, compared with 15 hours spent by men.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/423532ad-en	00defece7fdb7a55891994903a193734	Information and transaction costs include obstacles that firms have to overcome in order to search for trading partners, acquiring information about tastes, regulations and technical requirements, and enforcing contracts. World Bank-ESCAP database on International trade costs. Each time series is standardized to 100 at the beginning of the sample period.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	00e09564a8affb94486f0762b7d237a9	The regions with wider gender gaps in primary enrolment are not necessarily the ones with the strongest gender focus in aid to education. Country groupings are defined in the Annex II.A2. Meanwhile, only 68% of the aid to primary education targeted gender equality in Sub-Saharan Africa where, except for some countries in Southern Africa, primary school enrolment had some of the highest levels of gender disparity (see Chapter 4). There is therefore scope for DAC members to increase the gender equality focus of their aid to primary education in Sub-Saharan Africa.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	00e43dd83803f0be290fc2f24156e82c	Using EC A survey data to examine the effect of job layoffs on violent behavior. Job loss and alcohol abuse: a test using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. The ecological effect of unemployment on the incidence of very low birthweight in Norway and Sweden. A model of the net effect of job loss on violence. The effect of ambient threats to employment on low birth weight. Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	00e6c8802fe3757149fe6c3aebfd1f65	A Research and Innovation Framework was developed by late 2011 and innovation became part of the Department’s strategic plan. The focus has been on equity, excellence and sustainability, identifying and up-scaling innovation, as well as establishing system-wide directions for innovation. The focus was primarily on improvement in literacy and numeracy initially, subsequently extended to other areas of the curriculum.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	00e8055990de08329be9094779c9a647	Investments in education help to reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Although the share of the people who are educated varies greatly among the Asia Pacific LDCs, for both women and men, the poorest are less likely to be educated. The gender gap is also considerable. The differences in educational attainment between the ultra poor and the subjacent poor are large, with the poorest the least educated.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-6-en	00e8dd13f3afe5f60625aac3a0f66e01	The focus on rice has spurred the use of policies that are targeted towards achieving self-sufficiency in at least rice, or across a number of staple products. The interest in rice by governments in the region is driven by its importance to both consumers and producers. High rates of rice consumption and the dominance of the sector in overall production (Chapter 1) mean that rice and its price are critical for incomes (for producers) and consumption (all households).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-5-en	00ea9b8feb4f78ed461227a6aa9e9a04	This chapter provides the reader with a broad overview of the Chilean social and economic context, as well as the main features of the Chilean education system. The report also evaluates student learning outcomes in the country. A final section provides a snapshot of the context in which this report was prepared.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	00eb8a1bb8907d8ae8c0ad3872a91cc9	In Germany, 5.8% of families practice such a “reduced-fulltime-plus-part-time model”. The male breadwinner model is the most widely practiced by couples in most Southern European countries, with the exception of Portugal, where both partners usually work over 40 hours per week. The combination is also widespread in Norway, France, Finland, Denmark and Belgium.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	00eed55251e373fb41c215f07e25b05c	Countries which made use of the Exogenous Shock Facility to mitigate the impact of the food and oil price surge include Ethiopia, Malawi, the Kyrgyz Republic, Senegal, Mozambique and Kenya. Other countries resorted to the facility due to the impact of the global economic downturn. Report of the Inter-Agency Panel on Short-Term Difficulties in Financing Normal Levels of Commercial Imports of Basic Foodstuffs, Document G/AG/13, WTO Committee on Agriculture, 28 June 2002. For a recent analysis of this proposal see Sarris (2009b).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	00f0243f4a7917f5d4dc13047c43a47c	Alternative basic education (ABE) facilities offer three years with an alternative curriculum as a substitute for the four years that is the regular primary first cycle. The secondary level consists of two cycles of two years each: 9—10 and 11-12. Those who complete ten years of schooling may either enter the second cycle to prepare for higher education, or enter TVET institutions to be trained for productive employment (see Figure 8.1).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	00f287618d92aa7c9f885d9db66dee95	Other economies, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa or in the Middle East and North Africa, have not followed the same pattern, however. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the ratio has flatlined. Thus, the hypothesis of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in all cases, which suggests that the relationship between pollution and per capita income is less direct than originally thought. An explanation for this is that the two forces defining the curve (structural change and technical change) depend on policies and institutions, whose operation brings progress towards the least polluting stage to a premature halt.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	00f2dbd05a460066bdbb0bead628a94c	Moreover, where financial wealth is concentrated primarily at the top of the income distribution, the income that it yields has only a limited effect on reducing poverty. For example, the duration over which payment is made significantly affects its cost. With a term annuity there is a defined period over which payments are made to the retiree.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	00f357ae2c3e7ec801b3ba958f42140c	This Round Island Route (RIR) links nature, culture, recreational sites, communities and parks, thereby enabling NMT such as cycling, skating and jogging. To facilitate cycling, or to take the place of bicycle lanes, new routes are wider than normal park connectors (six metres instead of four metres) with amenities such as shelters, toilets, lookout points, seating areas, information kiosks, bicycle parking lots and self-help bicycle repair facilities at various nodes. In 2017, Hyderabad launched India’s first electric airport taxi service with charging stations at the airport. In Singapore, Chinese automobile giant BYD teamed up with the Government of Singapore to launch a fleet of green taxis.	11	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	00f3d432982df71485297272ff636755	To this end, Argentina completed internal work at its supervisory telecom organization Autoridad Federal de Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion (AFTIC) and held a national forum on these topics. For example, AFTIC now requires the distribution of sample technical reports and acts among all inspectors as well as an explanation of the different procedures. Additionally, every inspection must check that the radio base station's battery bank is in perfect condition so that it provides a permanent direct current supply for the stations' operation.	13	3	7	0.4
10.18356/cabe9310-en	00f4576ed95ac4ca1def45e72e3cc62c	A combination of waste management legislation and the competitive tendering of public services that requires all operators to meet the same criteria has generally ensured a level playing field and has enabled the emergence of private sector waste management companies around the world, serving both public (municipal) and private (large waste generating) clients. There are some very large international service providers but also major national companies and a multiplicity of local small- and medium-sized enterprises, in both developed and developing countries. Global turnover of the industry in 2011 was around 640 billion USD, of which 95% was in Asia, Europe and the Americas.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	00f4c08051a4fa4c96dc072aaa9160cd	Globally, the TC/PL values remain stable for most of the OECD countries. However, in some countries the trend is decreasing. In Korea, the total capacity increased considerably at the end of the 1990s (because of its considerable nuclear programme), but the high economic growth rate led to considerable electricity consumption, resulting in an important decrease of TC/PL in 2000-2007. The electricity generated by nuclear is only slightly sensitive to the variations of the price of uranium, contrary to energy sources burning fossil fuel.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	00f5ff6cbf35b0736888a769b8e02d49	"In these aspects, there are no statistically significant differences between female and male migrants. The only difference is in situations when respondents were taken from the workplace to die Federal Migration Service, which happened to 23 per cent of male migrants and 8 per cent of females.18 Agadjanian and others (2017) showed diat 34 per cent of female migrants from Central Asia had faced ethnicity-based harassment. Migrants in the Russian Federation do not settle in ethnic neighbourhoods but are spread out across cities (Vendina, 2012) so there are no places to avoid discrimination in the ""mainstream"" housing market (Agadjanian and Zotova, 2011)."	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	00f7875939d59e42f458a5d3f23c90a5	Migration was also used as a means to escape early marriage. The repayment of family debts (e.g., health-related expenditure, gambling debts or investment loans) was a driver for 6 per cent of the sample. A common problem reported is drudgery and long working hours, including night shifts, which are particularly hard for Nepali women who are used to working from early morning but also going to sleep early.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	00f8505783391027c1195b2deaa55907	Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality'. The MEP should ensure that the remaining small remote schools receive adequate, appropriate educational materials as well as support in establishing links with other schools to share resources, break isolation, and exchange good practices.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	00faca91a64b0120d09fa5867fb919be	The second wave of entrants, starting from 1986, was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives, soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments (Rasiah, 2006). Apart from protection, the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies, e.g. for the national car project “Proton” and its engine and gear-box technologies from Mitsubishi. It renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to export-oriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher value-added activities,2 such as tax allow'ances on firms’ training and R&D expenditures (UNIDO, 2003).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	00fc052f318afacd6bc03a0627bd4635	It will also be necessary to strengthen the capacities to negotiate commonly agreed objectives through building upon single-group interests. More broadly, policy systems as a whole will require systemic changes to enable the more coherent and more flexible design of integrated policies for climate resilience, with participation from all relevant stakeholders. For many developing countries, these changes will not be possible without global partnerships. Despite overall convergence in average per capita income across countries, within-country inequalities are on the rise. This important trend along with others, such as globalization and technological change, demographic dynamics, rapid urbanization and climate change itself, will exert additional pressures leading towards increasing inequalities both among and within countries. Moreover, if investment in green technologies is inadequate, if population growth continues to be high, if investment in human capital is low and if current socioeconomic inequalities remain, then income poverty and inequality are likely to increase in the future under scenarios where current unmitigated emissions are high. (	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	00feff43e454d2a5eb1dbe51030090cd	But contribution credits have become particularly important after the introduction of defined contribution systems that strengthen the link between contributions and benefits. Anna D’Addio estimates what would happen if these credits did not exist in a number of OECD and EU countries and finds that mothers’ replacement rates would decrease by 3 to 7 percentage points on average with between 3 and 15 years of career interruption (D’Addio 2012:90). Positive effects, especially for women in the lowest income groups, have also been found in estimations for Chile (Fajnzylber20i3).Anotherstudy,focused onthe United States, finds that contribution credits and minimum benefits favour women in the poorest social strata while divorce benefits are mostly oriented to women in the highest income groups (Herd 2005).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	01092fe962f8c4c83e9b9add20e26f25	In particular, these support schemes keep renewable energies to different degrees isolated from market signals. This section of the study reviews this interaction, i.e. how the different types of support schemes efficiently transfer economic and market signals in a liberalised market framework. In Europe for example, the cap-and-trade emissions trading system of the European Union, the EU ETS, cohabits with different national renewable support policies.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-6-en	010967789fb30c0feff3400f15fb2e3a	A wide range of species are fanned including fish, crustaceans and molluscs, bivalves and aquatic plants (seaweed). In 2011, OECD countries produced about 6.85 million tonnes including aquatic plants of which diadromous fish (e.g. salmon) contributed 36.6% followed by molluscs (27.8%), aquatic plants (19.8%), marine fishes (8.8%), freshwater fishes (4.2%), and crustaceans (2.5%) (Source: Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FAO) (Table 3.1). The OECD/FAO Agriculture Outlook 2013 expects world fisheries production to expand to a total of 181 million tonnes by 2022 (which includes 15,6 million tonnes of fish for reduction to meal and oil), of which 85 million tonnes will come from aquaculture. These projections seem to be rather conservative compared to the increases that have taken place over the past two decades.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	010d3def81986ac6af79a04cff2407fe	Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no). Mental health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. It is calculated using mortality statistics and data on self-perceived disability.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	010df06fab816a8639d73043cc046408	Projects aimed at reducing travel distances and thus increasing residential and employment density, accompanied by adequate mobility planning and transit supply, can be effective in decreasing the demand for transport as well as stimulating modal split toward less polluting modes. A number of empirical (mainly economic) studies confirm the positive effect of denser urban form on reducing travel distance per capita (e.g., Boamet and Sarmiento, 1999; Bento et al., As mentioned in the first section, building-related energy use accounts for approximately 24% of overall domestic energy demand, taking into account the building’s life cycle (construction, operation and demolition).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	01139dcae88064fe8aa89d9928b74945	Scholars have debated both for and against the adoption of the term but they appear to agree that the definition in the Asian setting should be broad enough to encompass the plurality of indigenous groups in question with respect to their historic and country-specific contexts. Working Handbook of Minority Nationalities [CHN: Minzu Gongzuo Shouce], Kunming (CHN): Yunnan People's Publishing House; 1985. The distribution of indigenous peoples into very different geographic subregions and the degree of engagement in indigenous issues by the various nations' actors and the differences within the concerned indigenous peoples themselves differs substantially.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	01152b24d6de5e666e576e4b849b9687	The six large metropolitan cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet) enjoy city corporation status, while 310 small cities have pourashava status. City corporations have a higher level of urbanization than pourashava towns and are large commercial and administrative centres. In urban centres with no local government, urban services are provided by field administration of the central Government.	3	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	0116003f0fbaec5de4a86727613f812c	In general, power plants operating below their maximum output can provide ramp-up capability, but in that case, they lose some revenues as they do not sell all the power they could produce on the energy market. Arbitrage links energy market prices with balancing and ancillary services prices and this creates opportunities to change the operations of generating units according to price incentives delivered on these different interrelated power markets. The market for reserves or balancing services may not have any locational dimension. Generation services are much more differentiated than the basic underlying commodity with which they are associated. The system operator may, for example, need generating capacity responding in 10 minutes at a particular node of the network (Joskow, 2007).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	0117816586010068d7ee8084698518a0	Also under the aegis of the Presidential Cabinet is the Attorney General and head of the federal executive legal office. Mexico’s current Attorney General is female, only the second to fill the job. In other cabinet-level administration offices, or Gabinete Ampliado (Extended Cabinet), women hold two of the five available posts - Director of the National System for Integral Family Development and President of the National Institute for Women (INMUJERES).	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	0121e23f15d51d4c80392bcb939bf3a9	For instance, in Denmark and Sweden there are quasi-mandatory, occupational defined-contribution schemes with broad coverage that are included in the index. The index shown here is not a Kakwani index. It is based on pension systems’ parameters and is computed as 100 minus 100 times the ratio of the Gini of pension payments to the Gini of personal gross earnings in 2008. The Gini indices are calculated using the OECD average earnings distribution.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	0125440327e7ba5e1350964e34d04ce9	There is also a Unified System of Legislative Processes Administration: a software and process system connecting all government institutions and bodies, the official database of all legislation in Slovakia (JASPI), the legislative system and website of the Parliament, and “digital government” functions. The new system requires all draft laws and regulations (except international treaties) to be prepared using “legislative editor” software that assures consistency and coherence. Draft laws are now published on a legislative web portal (https://lt.justice.gou.sk) that allows institutions and the public to comment on the bills.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	0125f2a61a7e872b138ef896a947b59c	Actuarial projections allow predicting the likely evolution of the population and therefore the future number of individuals included in each cell of the model. Future health expenditure is determined by multiplying the average costs by the projected number of individuals included in each cell. More advanced cohort-based models take into account trends in disabilities as w'ell as factors influencing epidemiologic trends such as, individual behaviour and exposure to risks factors (e.g. smoking, obesity, hypertension and cholesterol).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	012ec56c3c163d7e78dbf9a6f93646d1	The same is true for other cash transfer programmes around the world (Arnold, 2011; Samson et al., Many of those in extreme poverty, however, were not able to benefit from these reforms because of low levels of schooling, nutrition and health. In order to break this poverty cycle, the Oportunidades Programme was created in 1997 (under the name Progressa).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0131ee13926adc9897c3e007b42af8cb	Covering 30% of the electricity supply of the United States with offshore wind would thus cost an astonishing additional outlay of USD 86 billion per year. Table 4.7 reports the total cost of electricity supply on a USD/MWh basis for all scenarios analysed. Two additional tables in Appendix 4.B report the cost increase per unit of renewable production and the total cost of electricity supply, on an absolute basis (Tables 4.1B and 4.2B respectively). However, introducing large shares of renewable energy with low variable cost has also significant impacts on the optimal structure of the electricity generating mix, on resulting electricity prices and on the profitability of existing dispatchable power plants, which make up the pecuniary externalities referred to in Chapter 1.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	0132b24c2092915f49748f70e3c07424	Experts know from previous research that there are children who are at risk of not making a successful transition to school, and the gap between these children and their peers increases progressively. Australia’s National Early Childhood Development Strategy -Investing in the early years (Australian Government, 2009a) - also recognises the need to build a solid evidence base as one of its six reform priority areas. The results from the 2009 AEDI are now providing a wealth of information which is being used to influence early childhood initiatives at the community, state and national levels, as well as inform early childhood policy development.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	0137b643dea21daf055bf16b8393a518	Strategic planning and a long-term vision are required to build the foundation for a flexible, scalable and adaptable electricity system. Emerging economies and developing countries have the opportunity to build up a modern electricity system that meets future requirements, but the pathway for these countries will be different from the one followed in the past. This is due to evolving technical, financial, political, social and environmental conditions that are yielding new opportunities and challenges to simply achieving access to reliable and affordable electricity.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/35f875c3-en	0137f02e62ce54952e20bbfa68cbab28	"Female economic activities were critically examined and new light was shed on existing conceptions of traditional housework. Oxford University Press, 2007). An edited version of Ihe chapter is available al www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cwgl/globalcenler/charlotte/UN-Handbook.pdf. Targets were also set for the improvement of women's access to economic, social and cultural rights, including improvements in health, reproductive services and sanitation. The women in development approach is embodied in article 14 of the Convention, which focuses on rural women and calls on States to ensure that women ""participate in and benefit from rural development"" and also that they ""participate in the elaboration and implementation of development planning at all levels"".15 Participation is an important component of the right to development, as discussed below."	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	0137f4e8bd41ec897f2fc053aca3d391	In the Armenian part of the sub-basin, the river is exposed to background contamination as a result of hydrochemical processes. The increased concentrations of heavy metals (vanadium — V, Mn, Cu, Fe) already exceed the MACs for the fish in the upper part of the sub-basin. The concentrations of, for example, zinc (Zn), Fe and sulphate, decrease from upstream to the monitoring station just upstream from the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan, indicating reduced potential for transboundary impact.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	013917ffe21b90b40c5cb14abf74bb1c	The Special Rapporteur explained that these incidents are not isolated but represent the ultimate act experienced in a continuum of violence by women living under conditions of gender-based discrimination. The Special Rapporteur added that a holistic approach to preventing gender-related killings must be emphasized in all the measures taken by States to investigate and sanction violence, in particular in designing, implementing and evaluating legislation and policies. In addition, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment argues for the torture protection framework to be applied in a gender-inclusive manner with a view to strengthening the protection of women from torture. According to the Special Rapporteur, State obligations under the Convention against Torture clearly extend to the private sphere as well, in addition to violations committed by public officials (A/HRC/7/3).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	013a3c20eddfcb0707068fdf5f37102c	And it will most likely entail a series of deliberate and explicit steps incrementally induced over time. Diluting harmful social norms may require - to borrow from an old Persian saying - ‘death by a thousand cuts’; i.e. small or incremental changes being made across multiple fronts, none of which is seen as socially damaging by itself, but which over time leads to the demise of the harmful social norm and its replacement with social norms that enhance women’s and girls’ opportunities, not distract from them. These actions, illustrated in Chapter 6, will need to be carried out across a broad range of social, economic and political arenas where women’s rights are being limited.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	013f3730a1a84aed6e8ce8f252321326	Improvements in subsistence farming can also be achieved through social protection programmes, either directly (such as input transfers or subsidy programmes) or through cash transfer and PWPs in which household income is spent on agricultural inputs to enhance own-farm productivity. Positive nutritional outcomes can be encouraged by the better utilisation of food and improvements in ancillary areas, such as drinking water, hygiene, sanitation, child care practices and health care (Freeland & Cherrier, 2012). Illness and disease, for instance, can reduce the absorption of nutrients.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f501027d-en	013f7357f56052ea3defd3fab8777350	"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17. Yet, the literature is not undivided on these issues. For instance, subsequent to 2002, the importance of TFP, as opposed to factor accumulation, in growth for developing Asian economies has become more prominent, according to Donghyun Park and Jungsoo Park, ""Drivers of developing Asia's growth: past and future"", Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 235; for a critical survey, see Jesus Felipe, “Total factor productivity growth in East Asia: a critical survey”, Journal of Development Studies, vol. This situation may explain the negative or low contribution of input factors to output growth and the larger contribution of total factor productivity to output growth, as noted in Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer, “The next generation of the Penn world table"", American Economic Review, vol."	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/729bf864-en	01437db2a1eba75274672c94ea9e1bf9	This aspect could be studied as part of the WPSMEE’s work on digitalisation and SMEs. These reports have established that there are methods of valuation that are routinely used and well-established, but that the majority of cases where IP valuation is required are not related to finance. Rather, these use cases address the need for values to be determined w'hen assets are bought and sold (usually in conjunction with the enterprise that owns them), transferred to another entity (when the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting work of OECD is of direct relevance) or become the subject of litigation. In addition, evidence suggests that the valuation of intangibles is less common practice for smaller firms than for large companies.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	0145a5292ed61cd8de12c00c901e54d4	Some measures to address climate variability may not be labelled as such (Agrawala et al., In particular, more decentralised and autonomous efforts are likely to be under-reported (Gingrich et al., The sectoral scope of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors and the preference of the Austrian government for “no-regrets” options that would be important elements of natural hazard management even without climate change.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	014a0b1ad562a00709848aafa2a92c9a	There is strong leadership from within and outside the UNECE managing to impose hard policy measures. It will act as the main mechanism involving developing countries in the achievement of common goals. The world sees relatively low economic growth and only a modest increase in conventional energy demand growth.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	014cb0cffa33025a540795b9f964c7f6	For two countries, Japan and New Zealand, the statistical results have been derived from national studies shared by their respective authors with the UNICEF research team. The surveys are administrated nationally, with some flexibility in the implementation (the national surveys are based on a common framework which defines target variables, and on common guidelines and concepts to maximize international comparability). The 2009 EU-SILC survey included the special module on 'Material Deprivation', including 36 variables.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	015216cb124f78029c919efd44ef87fc	Case managers offered support with goal setting, progress monitoring, confidence-building, motivation, and other forms of assistance. Individuals could access FFWS by being referred by their general practitioner or other health service providers, or through self-referral. In most pilots, mental health conditions were the most commonly reported condition and many clients had more than one health condition. The average length of time people stayed with the service was four months.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	0152ccb14c914a42c8ef996181f8aade	Up to 1% of the total subsidy will be allocated to research and technology development, capacity building and, inter alia, the financing of pilot studies and complementary projects under the rural electrification scheme. Table 25 shows the cost norms defined by the Ministry of Power for village electrification. In line with current practice under the RGGVY, the MNRE also offers a 100% capital subsidy for BPL household connections.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	015616594c679b88d12ced5b21b049ef	The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA) compares the material well-being of children across the EU member states, using data from the child material deprivation module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009. Embedded in the multidimensional poverty measurement literature, EU-MODA applies internationally accepted standards for the construction of indicators and dimensions of child well-being. The analysis ranges from indicator and dimension headcounts, overlaps between several dimensions, decomposition of the adjusted multidimensional deprivation headcounts, to overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation. This technical note describes the EU-MODA methodology in detail.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	015b974360c911962f02015afb29e3a2	Samaniego (2006) emphasises the role played by industry composition. In a vintage-capital model firms optimally reduce their workforce as they fall behind the technological frontier. As a consequence, firing restrictions are more costly in industries characterised by rapid technological change such as ICT. Countries where regulations are more stringent will therefore tend to specialise in industries where the rate of technical change is sluggish. Poschke (2009) emphasises the role of firing costs in the selection of the most efficient firms and the exit decision of low-productivity firms.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	015d01b8b7c447a9331f5cca31e87ef4	In much of SSA for example, institutional investors face limits on asset class and geographical exposure. This is true even of the countries that have access to international capital markets. Continued financial fragility and efforts to reduce this by increasing capital buffers (resulting from Basel III) are thought to be motivating many banks in OECD countries to reduce the amount of long-term debt on their balance sheets.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	015d78c23d26edc75118199a04f322d0	The key items of the strategy are summarized in Chapter 1.1. The main proposals of the Winter Package related to the heating and cooling sectors are described in Chapter 1.2. Heating and cooling sector needs to contribute to EU's greenhouse gas emission reduction goal and meet its commitment under the climate agreement reached at the COP21 climate conference in Paris.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/31959a6d-en	015e0dec981475d0e1a0b31ea77d3057	In most cases, widows’ pensions aim at status maintenance, and benefits are calculated as a percentage of the deceased partner’s benefit or earnings. In general, widow’s benefits are lower than retirement pensions, at around 50 to 80 per cent of the deceased’s benefit (Choi 2006:16). In contrast, some countries (e.g., Ireland, Lithuania and the United Kingdom)offer only a flat-rate benefit to survivors, while others (e.g., Denmark and Sweden) have a non-familial approach to old age protection, paying no benefits to survivors but providing everyone with access to a universal basic pension (Saraceno and Keck 2011:392).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	0162576930e56aa0df4cbd752bb57a89	However, spending indicators should be interpreted with caution, as they tend to overestimate the level of decentralisation (OECD, 2016b). Subnational governments, for example, may be responsible for a certain economic function but not have full autonomy in exercising it. These are all federal countries, where states have a high level of autonomy in educational matters, including vocational teaching and higher education (universities).	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	01645db38bab0759318315f0a570f499	It is home to a variety of economic sectors with strong export performance, both in manufacturing (the automobile industry, food industry, information and communication technologies, or ICT, and aerospace) and services (particularly financial and professional services), and it is the headquarters for by far the largest number of large companies in Canada. It houses a range of renowned universities and research institutes, and it attracts around 40% of the immigrants who arrive in the country every year. The Toronto region also has an enviable reputation for quality of life, and has positioned itself as Canada’s main economic centre, thanks to demographic and economic growth since the 1970s-1980s.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	0167a80da58bcd86299ef8f68bc0b884	This is because the most severe reductions in food production and increases in food prices occur in Africa and India, which account for a large share of the world's poor. The second most important factor leading to increased poverty is health impacts, followed by the impacts of higher temperatures on labour productivity. The shocks impinge on physical capital, when assets are destroyed - for example, through the death of livestock - or when farmers are forced to sell productive capital, such as cattle, to absorb the income shock. They also reduce farmers' capacity to invest, with negative consequences for future food security. Scenarios in which no additional efforts are made to mitigate emissions lead to pathways between RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	016a4898a32cdc282500698a5828c6a1	Income-support programmes, in the form of unemployment benefits, social assistance, family benefits or housing allowances, have played an important macroeconomic role as automatic stabilisers during the recent crisis. Many OECD countries face high and often growing needs for social policies at times of shrinking fiscal space, which restrict the capacity for an effective response. In the early phases of the global financial and economic crisis, social spending — which accounts for about half of total public outlays in OECD countries - increased. Moreover, large fiscal stimulus packages were put in place in many countries often including greater resources for social measures. But in many OECD countries, a shift in the fiscal stance is now taking place to tackle unprecedented deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios. Social spending is part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	016b1a999f291a5f3caf653337fdf83a	The use of gender statistics can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty, which in turn can significantly change priorities in policy and programme interventions (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics can address multiple dimensions of poverty and inequality, including gender-based asset inequality, intrahousehold allocation of resources, time poverty or vulnerability to external shocks. Understanding the gendered nature of poverty will significantly improve both the equity and efficiency of poverty reduction strategies (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics have an important role in developing and monitoring policies on the reduction of violence against women.	5	0	6	1.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	016b9509875be6f456d37842d1f50415	Nitrogen application rates had increased dramatically over past decades, so that a surplus in excess of that needed by crops or grassland was transported into freshwater systems. Application rates in the subregion are now widely declining in response to the legal framework summarised above, but the time taken for pollutants to move through the hydrological cycle means that in some areas concentrations in receiving waters may still be rising, even when the source itself is diminishing. Where trend data exists, this suggests that nitrate concentrations declined between 1992 and 2008 in 30% of rivers.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9d0e6611-en	016d7238cd9228d81aca576ae3e2b8d1	A representative list of GRIs, open to global co-operation and of interest to new partners will be created. A report from the Group on the co-ordination of GRIs is expected. A progress report was presented in 2015.15 Among such infrastructures, ocean and sea floor observatories, including oceanography fleets of research vessels and polar research facilities (both for the Arctic and Antarctic) were specifically mentioned as examples in the broad categories of research infrastructures of global relevance. Following on from the publication of the “Report on road mapping of large infrastructures” (2008) and the “Report on establishing large international research infrastructures: Issues and options” (2010), the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF) published a “Report on International Distributed Research Infrastructures (IDRIS)” in 2013.16 This report can serve as a reference document that may be used when new initiatives to share infrastructure are being prepared. It identifies challenges, options and solutions when it comes to setting up new initiatives in which distributed infrastructures have to be integrated for better research.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	016e0ce3aede2d538683b582379a0d17	It can be questioned, however, whether the most talented students of the country attend these schools as disadvantaged students have more limited access to extracurricular classes to prepare for admission. Moreover, the proportion of top-performing students in international assessments remains very small while a large number are falling behind their peers in other countries. The most rapidly improving education systems in PISA show that improvements at the top and bottom of the performance scale can go hand in hand.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0170bd804cb226dc31b0323a98b47efe	However, Kimball et al. ( The choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on (e.g. traits, compliance, competences and outcomes). While in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders, e.g. through interviews, meetings and school visits, a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further, more outcomes-oriented data, such as leadership portfolios, stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement. Depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities, evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information.	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	017421e80dedccde4871c4716b0fd6c2	Finding one's place within changing labour markets, the two Norwegian researchers address some of the issues of their previous research; these are also outlined in this report. Their research addresses issues of gender, education and a changing labour market and work life and how these issues impact young adults as regards their choice of education and mobility patterns. The men of Northern Norway are, however, mainly employed within building and construction. Aure particularly emphasises that despite the lack of a highly educated labour force, it may be difficult to find acceptance in the local communities of Norway. Munkejord (2006) also focuses on Norwegians from other parts of the country choosing to reside in Northern Norway and seeks to form an understanding of their motivations behind moving and in particular their motivations behind settling in the peripheral areas as opposed to in the larger cities in the southern part of Norway.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	0179cb27890fccaceba46e412f4279c7	Women are slightly less mobile than men on average, with significant cross-country and age differences. Every year, on average across OECD countries, 16% of the working-age population experiences a change in their professional situation. They change employer, change their working time (switching from full-time to part-time or vice-versa), lose their job, find a new one, become unemployed or inactive, or re-enter the labour market after a period of inactivity.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	0179d9833a1eaded2d655c67be2c92df	In spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners, the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men (ASUB 2014: 5). In 2011, women's average pension was 1,220 Euro per month as compared with 1,744 Euro for men (ASUB 2013: 23). A more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the ASUB report (2013:21).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	017de9a206644e63b69c115a0a8140c2	The development of new landfills is connected with the programme of closure of old disposal sites. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Fier, Elbasan, Berat and Shkodra, all financed from the State budget. The oil industry extracts 260,000 tons of crude oil and 7.9 million m3 of natural gas, and produces about 300,000 tons of oil products, annually. Cement production is developing in Albania.	12	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	01801e184e386d6901bf5e284e8a9da5	Article 6 on co-operative approaches, Article 9 on finance, and Article 11 on capacity building. Further relevant provisions are contained in Decision 1/CP.21. The purpose of the transparency framework for mitigation is to provide a clear understanding of climate change mitigation action, to track progress towards NDCs and to inform the global stocktake.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/3726edff-en	018140e5ee7827b95ee7b9ac76ab9ae2	Many development providers are exploring new ways of how to better integrate ICTs in the planning and implementation of development activities. However, more consolidated efforts through the DAC and other forums can improve knowledge sharing and set new standard and requirements across the development planning and implementation cycle. With greater access to the Internet through 3G and LTE mobile networks in developing countries, tailored ICT tools have the potential to improve measuring results and strengthen monitoring and evaluation of development projects.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/ffe4d41b-en	0182c53666eb0f729076055929e35795	However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2°C pathway amounting to 11 GtC02e or even as much as i3.5GtC02e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs overtime, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	0184e81df09786910ff84f8b96a5b211	"China has pushed ahead with large infrastructure projects while providing tax breaks and other relief measures for firms and consumers, which resulted in a wider fiscal deficit of about 3 per cent of GDP in 2016. With a view to supporting the building of ""a moderately prosperous sodety in all respects"", the budget emphasized spending on education, science and technology, health care, poverty alleviation, social security and employment (China, 2016). Although the country's general government debt is relatively low, there are concerns about local government debt and contingent liabilities, which are being addressed with a revised fiscal law. The overall fiscal stance is expected to remain expansionary in the near term to stabilize the economy and to invest in social and infrastructure sectors."	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	0186ddb4e384b5a261191e81ef37644d	Often, numbers are derived from other processes, e.g. costed low carbon development strategies; yet it is difficult to ascertain whether the numbers were derived from a detailed cost analysis or based on broader extrapolations. In general, the methodological challenges associated with the economic assessment of mitigation and adaptation seem to be widely underestimated. A robust estimation of finance needs requires deep understanding and analysis of the specific policy and market context, in particular on barriers to the implementation of climate compatible alternative technologies or processes, and the elaboration of corresponding and sound investment plans.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	0187d2a4a7ac667a3fea47e673c1afd8	The characteristics of the markets for health insurance and health care make the expansion of health care challenging. These characteristics determine the trade-offs between various objectives and overall goals in the health sector and constitute health economics as a separate field of applied economics. The authors of this issue of the Nordic Economic Policy Review have been invited to deal with some of the main challenges in the financing and organisation of health care in a Nordic setting.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	0188551040aac519277a653f56d73b0e	Training courses for “associate nurses”, which was a less advanced qualification compared to registered nurses, were terminated in 2007. This, along with the rapid expansion of training for registered nurses, does suggest a need to enhance the supply of “lower end” nursing skills. Indeed, this has been recognised by the authorities, for instance in the Planning Committee’s wide ranging recommendations.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	01891c007cb01754894eef7c4efa16af	In societies that began with high inequality, elites can establish a legal framework that locks in their influence, which in turn enables them to maintain high inequality to their benefit. Take, for example, the Americas, where three distinct types of colonies took shape in the 1700s, depending on the initial conditions of soil, climate and native inhabitancy. The distribution of wealth and human capital was extremely unequal, advantaging the elite who could assemble large companies of slaves.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	019094d37e0e41227e3164092cffff6c	It is bad if it generates undue transaction costs and does not respond to place-based needs (OECD, 2015). In addition, a range of OECD committees and subsidiary bodies carried out extensive consultation, including the Environment Policy Committee and its Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems, the Public Governance Committee and its Working Party of Senior Public Integrity Officials, the Development Assistance Committee; the Committee on Investment, and the Committee on Agriculture. Broader principles of good governance apply to the water sector, and water governance outcomes can also be contingent on progress in other domains of the water policy framework.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	01942c36ba48e886d31bd25be57fb6d6	Next, employment and welfare officers develop an individual action plan for the client through a joint interview. The client is registered for work at the PES office and is referred to vacancies once his or her job preparation is completed. The Employment Support Programme for welfare recipients (cont.)	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	0196cc1a899fa1d1b305eb6f34ef9628	The aquaculture industry contributes about NZD 226 million of this value. Seafood exports have consistently ranked as New Zealand’s fourth or fifth largest export earner but dropped to eighth in 2007. Important inshore and shellfish species include spiny rock lobster, paua, and snapper. New Zealand’s most valuable capture fishery species on a weight and export value basis is hoki.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	01987a5f6be8f2399226dabbe2ac44c3	In addition to the excessive concentration of property, the poor functioning and resulting segmentation of labour markets bring about and reinforce the inequality of opportunities and outcomes so typical of Latin America. The increased labour-market flexibility promoted in most countries under the development model adopted in the 1980s failed to lead to faster growth in labour demand; rather, it introduced job insecurity for a high proportion of workers. Moreover, in conjunction with the increasing instability of employment, social benefits tended to be linked to employment contracts. Thus, the relatively unproductive and uncompetitive informal sector persisted, and many workers moved towards own-account work characterized by low income levels, lack of regulation and exclusion from social protection systems, in particular from social security and health care.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	019b14885fbb993fa6f875a118d16c56	For instance, the akim of Astana recently recognised that many of Astana's current inhabitants are unregistered and therefore not accounted for in official statistics. Unofficial population estimates exist for large cities such as Astana, Almaty City and Shymkent. A systemic underestimation of actual population by official statistics in large uiban centres has many potential adverse consequences. City and regional administrations need accurate population figures to plan for uiban development and local services such as schools, hospitals and public transport.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b276eed7-en	019c48034c68914bcff8b50339a91ced	Clearly, in such a framework, each component must be coordinated with the others in order to achieve social policy objectives (see diagram IV.l). It is also responsible for ensuring that the entire population has access to social services and making sure that the services are adequate in terms of coverage and quality. However, social protection is not responsible for service delivery, which requires specialist management.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	01a502c10cbfc927c341be5c1e3e91ca	Where there is no identified father there may be no birth certificate or other form of registration (which is a precursor to education), primary health care and forms of assistance such as food or cash transfers. In the research for Who Cares?, Even where there is community identification of the most needy, orphaned children of ‘unmarried’ mothers can be subject to discriminatory treatment. Swaziland has the highest prevalence rate of HIV in the world.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/e0796071-en	01a5a090750f0fdd46a39a17b3a7a8c2	Une telle decomposition par categorie UICN n'etait jusqu’a present pas disponible. Conjugue a d'autres informations sur les aires protegees, ce nouvel indicateur permet de mieux comprendre l’ampleur et la direction des efforts de conservation deployes par les pays. Par exemple, certains pays ont etabli des aires protegees sur une part relativement importante de leur domaine maritime, tandis que d’autres doivent encore se doter de reseaux d’aires protegees dignes de ce nom. En revanche, il ne repond pas a certaines questions importantes et utiles pour Faction politique, a savoir dans quelle mesure les aires protegees preservent la biodiversite nationale ou mondiale, ou de determiner si leur gestion ou leur mise en oeuvre est efficace.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	01a5a418f3c496d0dff51cbf8b159683	Similarly, language development starts at the middle level, increases to the high level at around ages 1-2, slightly decreases towards age 4, and will continue to decrease towards the middle and low levels from then on. Numeracy starts with the low level, increases rapidly from ages 1-3, gradually decreases but will be maintained at the high level from age 4 (Figure 5.1 and OECD, 2015b). Children who are already falling behind in the first few years of their childhood face greater obstacles to catch up and succeed at school and beyond (Naudeau et al., Participation in early childhood education is crucial.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8d5cb67b-en	01a68278ef1388edd551e7bd47dfcc6e	The Framework builds on the lessons learned from the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005—2015, noting that disasters continue to undermine efforts to achieve sustainable development. Over the last ten years 700,000 people lost their lives in disaster events, 1.4 million were injured, and approximately 23 million were made homeless as a result of disasters.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e29aba4-en	01a6d2508b5f53413364e5d0db55c9c1	Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Marriage, Motherhood and Masculinity in the Global Economy: Reconfigurations of Personal and Economic Life, IDS Working Paper No. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Drivers of Female Labor Force Participation During India's Economic Boom, IZA Discussion Papers 6395, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	01a788e567ccea5885aa5d6c33f79ebc	This is important in MODA as its primary focus is not on composite indices. However, the equal weighting scheme is also used when a composite index is presented within MODA.21 Evidently, other choices can be made and defended when the objectives of the analysis are different. To avoid making arbitrary decisions, the current interactive applications of MODA present the outcomes for all possible cut-off points, and thus incorporate all three methods. The union approach is used to identify all of the deprived, since any deprivation is seen as a non-fulfilment of children's rights.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	01a9b2d2bc1276d9653af4ba38363941	Regions contribute to the budget at different levels, and it is necessary to equalise their budget income. In Kazakhstan, the disparities in regional development are the basis of the unequal revenue position of local budgets and thus determine the essential role of interbudget relations, such as subsidies and earmark transfers. Transfers to SNGs thus include funds from the equalisation of oblasts' tax revenues to reduce disparities. On the whole, general (non-earmarked) budget transfers are based on a complex system of formulas that tries to capture the difference in the cost of providing public services in each oblast, district or city.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	01ab51fac9f5f9da81f689f908088d05	Aquaculture can cause local eutrophication of rivers, fjords or coastal waters. The Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs (MOFI) has developed a strategy to address these issues (MOFI, 2009a). Compared to the total number of fish farmed, the number of escapes is particularly high for cod and, to a lesser extent, for trout.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	01ae2350ef2becd09ce26a38d5a072bf	The slower gross domestic product (GDP) growth was due to lower than expected exports and a decrease in public expenditure and foreign direct investment. A reduced influx of hard currency assisted the devaluation of the metical (MZN) against the US dollar and pressured the balance of payments. This was halted only by a USD 282.9 million standby credit facility agreement with the International Monetary Fund in December 2015. The budget deficit was reduced from 6.6% in 2014 to 5.4% in 2015.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	01b2ab07f747670ff854137f666d7a4b	Utilisation of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all i isa ion physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity).	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	01b57af27c4a89b28b9afff0a834d767	Strategies and Good Practices of States and Social Partners in Europe”, Belgium, http:// igvm-ieflLbelgium.be/nl/binaries/45%20-%20Gender%20pay%20gap_tcm336-112122.pdf. A Comment on International Development Agency Experiences in the South”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. Gender Mainstreaming, Women’s Movements and the Canadian Federal State,” Atlantis, Volume 29:2. Gender and Mainstreaming?”,	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	01b5fad24ca7750b901a5a54947a4807	As the seat of the Curitiba City Council, the IPPUC is also an important venue for citizen participation in city affairs. The institute’s research and planning activities are behind every innovation in urban management in Curitiba, including the bus-based rapid transport system, the first municipal public health system in Brazil, the public parks-based flood control system, the community-based waste management system and the effective use of a pay-for-FAR (floor area ratio) mechanism of value capture from the land markets (solo criado). The IPPUC prepares plans and projects, raises and manages resources for their implementation, co-ordinates investments in infrastructure, and researches and disseminates good practices.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/01772a94-en	01b60c0d846eabd6c60a35a784b7b0d7	The figures above confirm that monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation are two different concepts that complement each other when analysing child poverty. Since the correlation between multidimensional deprivation and GDP per capita has been found to be only moderately strong (see Figure 13) the regression has been made more robust by including various control variables. The regression is weighted by the countries' population size. In other words, 63.6%, or just below 300 million children in the 45 countries of sub-Saharan Africa are multidimensionally poor, being deprived in two to five dimensions of basic child rights out of a total of five dimensions analysed per child. Among the children in the 28 selected countries (361 million children in total), 181 million children (50%) are living below the extreme poverty line of $1.25 a day, and 244 million children (67.5%) are multidimensionally deprived.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	01b74a0dc88fedb7866d631ee9ad6ecc	It notes the inadequacy of the treatment given to this subject over the years by the different schools of economics, before going on to set out just why this dimension is essential to an understanding of system functioning. It also deals with the conceptual, methodological and economic policy implications of incorporating this dimension of analysis, and with its relevance to the effort to carry forward an agenda that addresses the economic dimensions of gender inequity. In order that everyone might understand it, the world has been represented in stylized and simplified forms. Capitalist societies are thus understood as a system of relationships between households, firms and the State.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	01b87c70951b8a904a20d969dc79fbd3	It also encourages opportunities of: (1) new innovation and technologies; (2) new business models and investment strategies; (3) remodelling of the existing housing stock. This demographic change is occurring in both the rural and urban United States. Providing appropriate health and social care services to low- and middle-income seniors in rural areas is particularly difficult. Most senior households in rural areas are in scattered single-family homes, rather than communal settings. Transport to and from health and social care services such as hospitals, senior centres or meal programmes is a key challenge, given the lower housing density and service coverage.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en	01bcb6fd2d0bbc0f973cb00ef97bc945	The Age 19 estimates come from the Elmira site, (a) Is based on group reading and math achievement test scores and is in percentile units, (b) Uses student self-reports on domains such as anxiety, depression, somatisation, and withdrawal to assess if students pass a clinical threshold, based on the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). ( Attains 5% significance level. The Jamaican Supplementation Study (JSS) was one of the few with a long-term follow-up.9 Like NFP, JSS targeted health and parenting skills. This randomised programme consisted of a two-year nutritional and stimulation programme for stunted children (low height for age), aged 9-24 months at the start of the programme.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74f4872a-en	01bd4068d4695af6a4806bf68964a073	Promoting such a system, from generation to delivery to the end users, requires long-term investment in large-scale projects; it also involves risks and uncertainty and therefore requires detailed planning (Markard, 2011). But its provision dramatically increases both economic productivity and quality of life. In rural areas, access to affordable energy can boost farm productivity because of its uses in pumping water for irrigation, mechanization, agricultural processing and post-harvest storage. Developing a domestic eneigy industry has multiple benefits, because of jobs created in system maintenance and repairs, billing and administration, and power plant operation and distribution, in addition to backward linkages and new domestic markets (UNCTAD, 2017). Positive feedback effects are created as energy provision supports transportation and information and communication technologies (ICTs), which in turn assist in eneigy generation and distribution. The design of transportation systems shapes social transformations, and how populations and businesses settle and interact (NCE, 2014; Atack et al.,	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2640b601-en	01bf859afb596b5679c13eee9036d8d7	First introduced commercially in 1958, up-scaling potential was largely saturated in 1969 with the Boeing 747 (see Figure 3.2). During the formative phase, technologies are repeatedly and iteratively tested, modified, improved, reduced in cost, and adapted to market demands. This often takes place in market niches that offer some protection from competitive pressures (Kemp et al.,	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	01c00b8ad04f55efa35102a1e913d234	Africa Gender Equality Index 2015, African Development Bank, Abidjan, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/ Documents/Publications/Afric an_Gender_Equality_lndex_2015-EN.pdf. Gender, Poverty and Environmental Indicators on African Countries, Vol XV, African Development Bank. Regional Road Map, OECD/SWAC, Paris, https://www.oecd.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	01c3eb12a6239bda9eab620a45a72a81	This work is legally assigned to the State Ministry for Sustainable Development, together with verifying the consistency of Local Ecological Zoning Programmes that are reviewed by the State Ministry and its federal counterpart (Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT). However, the responsibility for licences or binding permits is that of the issuing of authority that controls such a programme, i.e. the state government for regional programmes and municipalities for municipal programmes. At this level of spatial planning, growing areas or territorial reserves to be used in the future are defined.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	01c4492646762a885960b69daf61455c	In Germany and Portugal, the relationship between drought severity and damage to crop production is linear. In France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmaik, Austria, Hungary and Romania, damages to crop increase at a decelerating pace as drought severity increases. Interestingly, historical data show that crop production in Finland and Norway actually increases with drought severity. The dynamic of water risks determines the potential irreversibility of their impacts and the possible responses from the sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	01c45e3ff69d7941371a987f80d59853	Science parks tended to fall from favour and became a less prominent policy tool, although still maintaining their own networks and policy support community. Parks were oriented towards large firms seeking to establish research facilities near a university environment, in the hope that firms would develop research contracts with universities. In the case of Stanford, the land was owned by the university.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	01cb75c2b693ad4289f97c7f46f855df	The teacher teams also offered opportunities for teachers to reflect and talk about their teaching practice, even if some of the interviewed teachers admitted that much meeting time was used for administrative discussions. These teacher teams were often in charge of school development in general and supported the school leader in implementing policy changes. One school leader explained the importance of giving teachers good explanations of why the school needed to work on AfL, before explaining how he had used policy documents and research articles as evidence for why this was important. He emphasized the importance of treating teachers with respect since they are highly educated and will not do something just because the Minister has introduced a new programme. Overall, the school leaders described practices that emphasized participation, sharing responsibility and cooperation. These structures can be seen as signs of successful implementation strategies, and some of the schools visited were able to build a sustainable environment for AfL practice through these networks.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	01cfc718967be103cf09934435e322b2	Since its beginning in the early 1990s, the empirical growth literature has extended equation A3.8 to account for a variety of long run growth determinants (as public and social capital, trade openness, financial development, quality of institutions etc.). Early works focussing on the role of inequality include Persson and Tabellini (1994) and Alesina and Rodrik (1994). Moreover, equation A3.8 can be estimated for any time interval.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	01d5f6fc8eb729c9f8227b92cb30bb5b	Once calculated these all these marketing margins were subtracted from the relevant border reference price. Indonesia’s PSEs: What and how? ( It incorporates transfers to provincial and district governments for agriculture programmes. However, it does not include local co-financing, as there is no data on this.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5e7977af-en	01daf4ee8ffcfe4244044d146a9da8c4	However, people's daily lives are subject to numerous restrictions on this freedom. Time is, therefore, a resource that is limited throughout life. The more time people spend at work, the less they have for other activities, such as family responsibilities and rest. Reductions in working hours —one of the most common demands from workers' movements for much of the twentieth century— have been made with a view to safeguarding workers' physical and mental health.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/899c7c48-en	01e17bf4198a22e0562b96ef21578530	For instance, the coefficient of -0.03 in 2012 (Model 1 in Table A5) means that the difference of lOppt in the MIP indicator (say, between Belgium (50%) and the Czech Republic (40%) in 2011) is associated with 35% greater odds of a child being poor in 2012, all else being equal.28 Using the coefficients from the model, Figure A3 in the Annex shows a steady decrease in the predicted probability of a child being poor across the range of values of the MIP indicator. Thus, children in countries with more generous minimum income protection schemes are less likely to be poor during the crisis, but the generosity of social assistance could be picking up the effect of the overall size of the welfare state. When social spending is entered in the model, the MIP effect becomes smaller and less precisely estimated, remaining significant only in 2009 and 2012 (model 2 Table A5).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113749-en	01e835c91426e2004df9b58aacf3076e	Table 2.2 illustrates some of the different ways in which government and students share the costs at secondary level. Fees are subject to government guidelines in public sector. Most programmes, although ‘upper secondary' in terms of ISCED level, are outside the school sector. The OECD International Survey of VET Systems, OECD, Paris.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/0492621a-en	01eade64240d9cdbe82425d88f18dc8b	The authors are grateful to the model's author, Mr. Luis Martinez, Modeller and Analyst at the ITF. For editorial support the authors thank Ms. Edwina Collins, Content Production Co-ordinator, ITF; Ms. Katherine Farrow, Modeller and Analyst, ITF; and Michael Kloth, Head of Communications, ITF. Further support was provided by Mr. Luke Mackle, Consultant, and Ms. Tabea Klang, former Consultant, both of the Eurasia division. Final editorial and visual support was provided by Ms Vanessa Berry-Chatelain, Communications Manager, OECD Global Relations Secretariat.	9	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	01ef5e6e3f5acc0ad258a9c69f130bd6	The latter offers separate products for water and sanitation, through the Safe Water and Rural Environmental Sanitation Program (SWRESP). In 2007, the amount of loans for SWRESP was USD 20 million. This initiative, supported by USAID Environmental Services Program, is to be scaled up countrywide with a target of 10 000 connections by 2009.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	01f393ce6de9e2a8e9f862064f47212d	The questionnaires also identify additional indicators of educational success beyond performance on the PISA test. These indicators comprise, for example, questions about educational attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning. The out-of-school instruments gather much of the same data as the school-based instruments, as well as data on barriers to school attendance and factors that may impede students' progress through school.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	01f4178a0190acb3fdd0e1a7ffb514e0	In such a system, there is no need for collateral, as the financier becomes a co-owner of the business. In Africa, for example, over 90 per cent of the rural population access land through customary mechanisms. In addition to customary law, property rights are influenced by a range of other legal, cultural and normative frameworks, including religious laws and practices, international treaties, and development project regulations.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	01f55195bc4497596b87eb7701456770	Nearly 20% of employed youth were in low-paid work compared to 12% on average for the country. A high percentage of people among the elderly (34%) are still working, while only 27% receive a pension, reflecting the nascent status of the pension system. There have been significant improvements in narrowing gender gaps at all levels of education and in providing health treatment and health insurance coverage. However, as in most countries in the world, women in Viet Nam earn substantially less than men.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	01f824cc56b1133d4d83360e5cbb62ee	In comparison to the 40 countries covered in the OECD’s Education at a Glance study, Brazil is placed in the bottom quarter of countries with respect to expenditure on early childhood education relative to GDP (OECD, 2012a). In Denmark, France and Sweden a sizeable proportion of childhood education workers are required to have specialised training (Moss, 2000). The Brazilian Federal Ministry of Education operates a distance-learning programme for ECE educators called Prolnfantil, on which efforts to improve training could build.	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	01f9199808a233a92636bdf07d6ed2b1	These real and perceived risks generally result in financing that is more costly than that which is available to more traditional generation sources.9 As the IPCC (2011) points out, to operate effectively, markets rely on timely, appropriate and truthful information. But energy markets are far from perfect; and this is especially true of markets in technological and structural transition, such as the RE market. Thus, as a result of insufficient information, underlying project risk can tend to be overrated and transaction costs can increase as compared to conventional fossil fuel technologies. Often, the viability of a specific investment is dependent upon a particular policy regime remaining in place, and this is a major risk that equity and debt (banks) investors will need to evaluate before deciding on the financing parameters for the project.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	01fb573cca34ec038f59159f9da7dcbf	The exact areas of cultivation and volumes of production are difficult to ascertain because a large share of output takes place on small farms for self-consumption or sale at local markets. Over the past decade, increasing emphasis has been given to the production of organics and targeted technical assistance and support measures are being extended to family farm units engaged in this type of cultivation. In terms of total volumes, the most important fruit is pineapple.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c271815-en	01fce1e3f46ef3a86162463fe3dbf089	The situation in the poorest quintile was slightly unfavourable to women aged 15 and over on this particular indicator (see table 1.4). For example, table I.A1.4 of the statistical annex shows that, in 2013, Chile had the smal lest gap in secondary school completion rates between the top and bottom quintiles, with the poorest quintile's rate being 79% of the richest quintile's.30 Next came the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina, with figures of 65% and 61 %, respectively. The countries with the biggest gaps between the top and bottom quintiles were Honduras and Guatemala.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	01fd4e7f8cf56c08982f8f245e3d9f3a	However, we lack knowledge of the more specific distribution of carbon stocks with various environmental properties or in relation to forest types. Hence, there are currently limited opportunities of relating the distribution of forest biodiversity to carbon stocks via specific variation in forest environmental properties. The relevant data should exist in national forest inventories and could be related to relevant environmental properties, but as far as we know such analyses are mostly lacking and only rather coarse relationships can be described at the Nordic level (cf chapters 5 and 6.1).	15	1	9	0.8
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	01feed76be2ab9ecb3e7fa9a023131ca	Explicitly incorporating women's traditional work in agriculture, for example, in seed selection and preservation to maintain crop biodiversity, is important in these analyses. Moreover, gender inequality in land rights and access to resources, as well as in the burden of unpaid care work, poses substantial barriers to greening agriculture in sustainable and pro-poor ways (Herren and others, 2012). These include energy, construction, transportation and, among basic industries, aluminium, iron and steel (ILO, 2012). In manufacturing, the emphasis is on introducing clean processing techniques and controlling pollution, with less of an apparent total employment effect (International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development, 2009).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088757-11-en	0202518531b5222e161c47bc6c10a8a9	This trend is certainly associated with the reform that separated the leading sector institution (SAPTE) from the ministry, and upgraded it with autonomy and a quasi-ministerial level in the government. It would be worth exploring the potential of local resources to fund local VET projects and initiatives. Thus in 2009 salaries represent approx 46% of total central budget, and food - 27.3% (up from 22% in 2007).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	02040793c81cdd8bb62f9c7ae84504f4	These studies examined the increasing participation levels of Asian women in business ownership. An interesting finding of the researches in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007; Ram and Jones, 1998) is that Asian women are not strongly represented in self-employment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be “invisible” and their existence unacknowledged. These “hidden” women (Dhaliwal, 1998) say it is their husband, father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-3-en	020468ff422ac3ef79cb449c8a50b818	At the class or school level, however, weaker or disadvantaged students are often intentionally grouped and placed in smaller classes so that they receive more individual attention. At the school level, therefore, the observed relationship between class size and student achievement is often positive, suggesting that students in larger classes perform better than students in smaller classes. At higher levels of aggregation, the relationship between student achievement and class size is further confounded, by the socio-economic intake of individual schools or by factors relating to the learning culture in different countries. Therefore, to interpret the indicators, it is important to fully understand the relationships between them.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	02073f0b657ead0e5978c20daeb37f0a	For the case studies, national definitions of smallholder will be considered. These definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether. Sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer’s family (FAO, 2014).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	020b3d51311692021c7054243fd60fb4	The existence or creation of linkages between policy areas would provide a coherent institutional architecture and enhance water policy efficiency. It would also ensure that investment plans better reflect basin priorities and that public expenditures across sectors are better aligned with water policy objectives. The potential for policy coherence at the watershed level could be improved through the systematic involvement of river basin organisations and councils; this is an area that needs to be further exploited. In particular, the Agenda foresees the creation of a Ministry of Land Use Planning for a long-term land-use planning strategy; a National Observatory of Sustainable Land Use Planning; and a National Development Planning Institute to ensure the long-term harmonisation among different sectoral and territorial development policies in Mexico. Such tools would help move from traditional ad hoc bilateral discussions between CONAGUA and other agencies (CONAFOR, SEDESOL, SAGARPA, etc.) The current institutional set-up for dealing with climate change issues might serve as an example to mobilise key institutions of the federal public administration towards policy coherence (see Box 1.10).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	020da29a6bbc1124b7f9ea5b0a680625	A tailored approach may be required as basins are faced with specific challenges and are endowed with distinctive capacities. Building on institutions such as CONAGO, IMTA and ANEAS, there is ample room to collect, review and benchmark success stories, innovative mechanisms or institutional organisations in support of effective decision making, and better water policies at all levels. This is concrete implementation of the commitments related to human rights, anticorruption and democratic governance mentioned in the Pact.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	0211359319e74687bc8b31b4c4ea07a6	Some stakeholders have emphasized that problems are typically already known (e.g. conflicts arising from the operation of a certain dam), and that the workshops should allow much more room for the nexus dialogue and for developing solutions. It is true that, if stakeholders participate actively, the nexus dialogue may uncover important sectoral perspectives that can serve as good bases for solutions. In the Alazani/Ganykh assessment, for instance, the topic of forest degradation would not have emerged without the sectoral phases having taken place.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	0211aacd1f87758017d7c2365476dcad	This highlights the vital tradeoffs between transparency, stability, objectivity on the one hand, and responsiveness to changing labour-market needs on the other. Possible solutions for addressing the transparency of learning programmes and responsiveness to labour-market demands are addressed in this and the following chapter. They fell to below 40 000 enrolments in 2014, in large part because of budgetary constraints and programme cuts (OECD, 2015(1|).	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/36b318e6-en	02141e23f41bb794c4c5fc1f8718862c	In this sense, our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children. With this caveat, our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes, with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty. Some downward trends in well-being are observed for all countries, not just those most exposed to the crisis; this is especially true for young people’s labour market outcomes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	02167220da9681960ba835a9c164a510	Non-funded courses with unregulated (and much higher) fees have grown in number, although they still account for only a relatively small share of tertiary education. Between 1995 and 2006, the percentage increase in student numbers at all levels was well above the OECD average (Figure 1, Panel A). And, the share of students enrolled in all levels of education in relation to the total population is very high compared with most OECD countries (Figure 1, Panel B).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-4-en	021966ba030a5a622724fb44690cbc26	Data refer to the working-age population (18-65). See Annex 2.A1 for details on the data sources. Several country patterns emerge, suggesting different challenges to address for policies. Norway, Germany, Austria, the United States and Ireland combine high sticky ceilings at the top of the income distribution with average levels of mobility at the bottom compared to other countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-6-en	021a8fa71b05d570bfe1551283f30819	All policies and plans that the Israeli Water Authority or any other Ministry proposes must be presented to the Water Authority Council Forum for approval before they can be passed. The efficiency of the Water Authority Council is contingent upon two criteria - creating equal representation of all interested groups, and ensuring that effective and timely decision-making is their priority . This unifies the responsibility for decision-making on national water and wastewater management and has substantially improved the efficiency and timing of decision-making.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	021c2a899166eb5203c2e694f248d774	Small Business and Human Development, available online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/arabstates/jordan/Jordan_NHDR_2011 .pdf. Maastricht School of Management, Working Paper No. Available online at: http://www.g20.org/load/781680452. Unemployed persons cannot be attributed to particular sectors; therefore, unlike the labour force, the work force does not include any unemployed persons.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	021cd4ff5d2e94fe29bc1e51ea5be381	Finally, there are hundreds of millions of migrant farmers constantly moving around the country seeking jobs. As a result, even the high rate of growth in China, if not accompanied by structural and other changes ensuring more job creation, cannot meet the pressure for jobs. For example, in 2003, with a 9.1 per cent aggregate GDP growth rate, 8 million jobs were created, but even this was inadequate given the continuously growing “backlog” of labour force increases and reduced demand for labour in many traditional activities including agriculture.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	021ce46067eaee1238a7a52896986b1e	It has therefore been suggested that cultivating alternative sources of transport financing should be a priority. The periods on the xaxis correspond to the seven 5-year economic development plans, which were first launched in 1962 and terminated in 1997. However, more recently, the share of its total public investment devoted to transport infrastructure decreased from 8.2% to 6.6% between 2006 and 2015. Railways - and especially high-speed railways - have also gradually surfaced back as an alternative response to car-centred development and to the side effects of the latter, such as congestion and environmental degradation.4 The high-speed Korea Train eXpress (KTX), first inaugurated in 2004, handled 42.3% of total rail traffic in 2010.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/65d65044-en	021d2de2bf0a66809ef21a193a8cda62	These unsustainable patterns add to poverty and inequality today, especially for the third of the world's population directly dependent on natural resources for their well-being, and create deep threats for future generations (UnmuBig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). The causes and underlying drivers of unsustainability and of gender inequality are deeply interlocked. Both are produced by development models that support particular types of underregulated market-led growth and the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men (Wichterich, 2012).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/73d010ed-en	0220254005fe506158144eba80569c40	Country-specific variables are also included, however, so that individual effects can be detected. This effect remains and grows stronger over the medium term, since the lagged feminization variable for one period has an effect equivalent to 7.7% on the growth rate. This is considered to be a robust result given the stability of both the coefficient and the standard error in all three specifications. This provides a partial confirmation of the hypothesis that, in the presence of a pre-existing gap in labour force participation, women's entry into the workforce can help fuel growth or a recovery if an economy is in a recession or when its existing capacity is being underutilized.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	0220d35f86ce36b95216654740b9a7e1	In addition, “the cumulative gap between the level of finance needed and finance actually delivered is growing” (Buchner and others, 2014, p. 5). The present study is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but instead report on key figures to provide a broad view of the current situation. Despite still lagging far below the levels needed to limit warming to two degrees Celsius,5 climate finance flows have increased when compared to the 2013 level of $331 billion. In 2013, climate finance flows were directed almost equally to developed (OECD) and developing (non-OECD) countries, with each group receiving $164 billion and $165 billion, respectively (Buchner and others, 2014). North-South flows accounted for $34 billion in 2012 (Buchner and others, 2014). Developing countries invested $2 billion in developed countries and $10 billion in South-South cooperation (Buchner and others, 2014).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0227f8587b8806d7d7e52c0b8f622c72	In the United States, for instance, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), which contains estimates of emissions of 187 hazardous air pollutants, with information collected from state and local agencies down to the facility level (see EPA website: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2011inventory.html). The European Environment Agency (EEA) maintains the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), which collects emissions data for 91 pollutants and also down to the facility level (http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/home). Other countries have similar emissions inventories, though there exists at present no global inventory for local air pollutants (Amann et al., It determined that the aggregated damage costs from the main air pollutants NH3, NOx, PM10, S02 and VOCs for the period 2008-2012 amounted to between EUR 40 to EUR 115 billion, depending on methodological conventions for the value of a statistical life.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	022ab197fca89bc9fd99d63226dcba10	According to the Court, the interpretation of these concepts in the future would be important to define the constitutionality of laws or executive actions related to the right to raise a family. See also UN CESCR 1999, para. See Ex parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 1996 (4) SA 744 (CC); 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (CC), para. Rahim Dawood & others v Minister of Home Affairs & others 2000 (3) SA 936 para 34-37.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	022db29dd9f670b9edf94bf6c27b05f8	There are also a number of other reasons - including supply and demand mismatch in the labour market, restrictive social norms, rigid labour market conditions and structural changes in the economy-that push women away from work. The percentage of these people among those in the labour force is defined as the unemployment rate. The overall unemployment rate remained static at 2.4 per cent in both 1999-2000 and 2004-2005 and marginally declined to 2.2 per cent during 2011-2012 primarily because of a reduction in the LFPRs of both women and men in the 15-24 age group.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0231e73eca1084f3621da6fbd9f569d3	This will be the driving force behind a revitalisation of the low season and an improvement of the sector’s profitability and sustainability. Most local councils also require that all applications, in the form of layout plans accompanied by town planning reports, must be submitted by town planners. In Penang, several structural plans exist for the island and Seberang Perai. Since 2007, these have been replaced by a state-wide structure plan.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	02323dd8419c07c2543c4bf55f9dec40	Such numbers differ from International estimations such as those of the Asian Development Bank estimating that 41.6% of the population live below the poverty line of USD 1.25 (PPP) per day (Asian Development Bank, 2009). Thermal power accounted for 60% of total installed capacity with 96 794 MW, hydropower for 24.5% with 36 916 MW, nuclear power for 2.7% with 4120 MW and renewable energies for 8.8 % with 13 242 MW (Central Electricity Authority, 2009a). A smaller share of generating capacity is covered by independent power producers (IPP) and industrial auto-producers, which according to the MoP operate 13.5 %38 of all India's capacity (Table 18).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60375438-en	0234e03ec32d3bf786dba4e07d47d9e5	Income and property taxes, and taxes on luxury items, are generally more progressive than indirect taxes, such as value-added tax (VAT), which can also be made less regressive by exempting basic goods and services. It is most effective when women's rights advocates in grassroots and civil society organizations, think tanks and university departments can build strategic alliances with actors in political parties, state bureaucracies and regional and global institutions. This work demands judgment, skill, agility and persistence on the part of advocates, as well as access to information, policy debates and decision-making processes.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	0237c6a8fe1efe869ec0890b28511acb	A number of lower-income economies among OECD and Key Partner countries have lower levels of alcohol consumption (e.g. Indonesia, India, Turkey, China and Mexico, see Figure 1). Although no statistical relationship can be established, this may suggest that emerging economies might experiment higher levels of consumption as their revenue increases. To better understand the drivers of the level of alcohol consumption over time, extensions for further analysis could explore the effects of macro-level factors, including economic as well as environmental indicators. Social patterns of drinking tend to differ across countries, as they are largely the result of cultural and environmental influences, and of government policies in place in the countries concerned.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	0239e5059c074578cf4acd2f5985d33a	Disparities in regards to entrepreneurship also persist, with only 19 per cent of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) run by women (WBC 2013a). Throughout all sectors of the UK economy, women’s economic activity remains hindered and their potential untapped. Evidence demonstrates that the economy would greatly benefit by increasing gender equality throughout the workplace.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	023f817dce88c4b108f1a74de4662de5	Emergency services need to provide care even if annual quotas for specific services are already filled, for example, so the number of such cases can provide some indication of whether quotas are appropriately set. The origin and ultimate destination of patients can also provide an indication of whether capacity in various levels of care is adequate, both in terms of access and quality of care. In 2013, there were 3.1 practicing doctors per 1 000 population, close to the OECD average of 3.2, and a slight increase from 2000 when there were 2.9 practicing doctors per 1 000 population in Latvia.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	02422872f8f4062ad64cc1646e07ad93	"Just as the feminist movement's slogan ""the personal is political"" drew attention to the fact that domestic issues require public policies, advances in the region show that, now. It is essential to develop and implement public policies on the redistribution of time and work to foster gender equality and sustainable development (ECLAC, 2016a). Significant measures have been taken to address each of these commitments, especially over the past 10 years: developing time-use measurement tools, quantifying unpaid domestic work and unpaid care work, and promoting satellite accounts that allow the value of this type of work to be included in national accounts. Time-use data analyses have been very useful in the development of public policies targeting the recognition and redistribution of unpaid work, which represent one of the main determining factors of inequality between men and women in the region, even more so when other determinants of time distribution are taken into account, such as a person's place of residence, ethnicity, race and age, from an intersectional perspective."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	0243aabf0bbdb7597808b7d537216b29	Pessar and Mahler 2003; Kunz 2011. See, for example, the case of Morocco-ltaly (Salih 2001). The National Population Census 2011 shows that about 13 per cent of the absentee population is composed of women, almost 3 fold increase in absolute number since the 2001 census. Many of these violations are linked to the kafala (sponsorship) system, which requires workers to have a sponsor - usually the employer herself-who is responsible for their visa and legal status and hence ‘owns’the employee, since (s)he is not allowed to change workplace or employer.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	0243eeba7db349709adacedd168b8dc9	However, they focus on risk related to natural disasters and do not adequately address risk associated with routine operation of chemical facilities. Moreover, they are overly reliant on the efforts of under-resourced regional and local authorities and the chemicals industry itself. There do not appear to be arrangements in place to deal with chemical accidents with a potential cross-border dimension. The national authorities should play a more active role in establishing an effective policy framework and in overseeing and providing guidance for subnational authorities’ activities in this area.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/150942f1-en	02455067b13fd6adafffec08b3b35b10	This approach may clearly overestimate initial hunger rates to the extent that it underestimates quantities actually consumed. Initial levels of hunger reported for Burkina Faso and Ghana should be then treated with caution, although the subsequent variations -which are our prime interest - should be less affected. The approach followed to simulate the impact of the crisis on hunger strictly refers to caloric intake and its changes over the simulated scenarios.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	024a0d5bad8f082e310ebcedd01e8e79	This cadastre would help differentiate forest land from agricultural or other land uses. For example, protecting these forests against illegal logging and enforcement of other regulations is problematic when ownership boundaries are not clearly marked. Due to a constant effort of research and classification, varying numbers of species by taxonomic group and their status have been reported. Analyses of biodiversity richness for individual countries within the European continent rank the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia at the very top of the list of countries considered to be European “hotspots.” Forest communities dominate with more than 55 per cent of the land cover, followed by grass communities, lake and river vegetation communities, while swamp communities and temporal communities occupy the smallest areas.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5db444d4-en	024a4943028d5bfeae3a54b8af14bed4	Indeed, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care (OECD, 2017[i)). Although women from diverse backgrounds are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, the cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating problems for men and boys. In addition, new challenges arise; while presenting real opportunities for change, digitalisation, disruptive technologies and big data generate additional risks to expand the scale of persisting inequalities, and create new forms of divides.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	024fbfe797ad47453c67dbfab2211c19	However, these child poverty data are available for fewer countries and for a shorter period of time than those based on the conventional floating poverty line (for most countries the 2005 “anchored” poverty rates are available from year 2005 onwards). For most countries, these data on trends in the anchored poverty rate have been available since 2005 or a year later, but some countries (Canada, France and the United Kingdom) have longer data series. Variations in anchored poverty rates are more heterogeneous across countries and for many countries larger than for the relative poverty rate (Figure 5).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	0252558166c27021265f2e45ecbe8502	The focus of this group was on people suffering from mental health disorders with substance abuse comorbidity (while dementia, intellectual disability and substance abuse alone were excluded from the scope of the analysis). With 90 million euros of funding, the commission was given three years to “initiate and support project development at all levels (medical treatment, service improvement, housing projects, legislative and organisational improvements) and to propose measures needed in order to permanently raise the standard of mental health services.” Special attention was paid to improving the coordination between mental health and social services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0252eadab7000008211653db55c6a6b8	Numerous grant schemes have been directed to basic research and commercialisation of R&D but in a relatively piecemeal way. Competition between the 13 Malaysian states to attract research institutions and higher education campuses is intense. The scarcity of land in Penang and the high cost of it act as a barrier to investment. According to the NCER 2007 Blueprint a number of industrial estates and technology parks remain underutilised or unutilised. Overreliance on the techpush model is making knowledge transfer more difficult. A Penang Science Council, driven by industry, has been created to ensure that Penang can implement its strategy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	0254cfcba41405f693d885f88742d8ea	The number of GPs per capita is set to decrease temporarily below the current OECD average around 2025, due to their unfavourable age structure and historically tight restrictions on the number of medical students (Figure 14, Panels A and B; Drees, 2016b; Bachelet and Anguis, 2017). Indeed, households in poor neighbourhoods were only half as likely as the general population to have complementary insurance in 2012 (ONZUS, 2015), despite the CMU-C and ACS schemes, and this could have effectively limited their ability to afford extra billing (which moreover is forbidden for this category of patient). In addition, the CMU-C and ACS schemes limit physicians’ tariffs and exempt households from co-payments, and the outcomes of several discrimination tests indicate that households covered by CMU universal health coverage are frequently refused medical appointments, in particular by specialists who extra-bill (Baudis, 2014; Despres et al., France, like other OECD countries, does not limit physicians’ choice of location but provides incentives to locate in some areas (Ono et al.,	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	0254efe3600439cb236b3d56723af6c4	The Arctic regions of the United States (Alaska) and Canada (Northern Canada) have the highest levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on earth. The toxic health-threatening substances are transported over long distances by rivers, oceans and air currents from warmer parts of the world to the colder polar regions. They also accumulate in the fatty tissue of seals and whales which traditionally play a key role in Arctic indigenous peoples' diet and can be passed directly to infants through maternal breast milk, causing disruption of the hormone and immune systems and affecting postnatal growth. Disease patterns among American Indians and Alaska Natives are strongly associated with the adverse consequences of poverty, limited access to health services, and cultural dislocation. Inadequate education, high rates of unemployment, discrimination, and cultural differences all contribute to unhealthy lifestyles and disparities in access to health care for many indigenous peoples.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	0256df126c8b23eaeb75c5f821e34b45	For example, service integration in the Netherlands helped to bring down deaths from substance abuse. The experience of the Netherlands also gives some insights into treatment approaches for heroin use, including opioid and methadone treatment use (Box 4.4). Areas of focus are addiction to nicotine, alcohol, drugs, and sedatives and tranquilisers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	02579676203f96c0f00f3ae4cdcf53e8	However, their implementation highlights an important shift from a policy focused on road management to one centred on multimodal access for the population. Several new instruments and institutions have yet to be created for some of the legal changes introduced recently. This section provides an overview of these instruments and institutions and their importance to different areas of mobility policy. The following section addresses the challenges that some of them face, while the section after it provides recommendations on how they can be developed effectively.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	025d04afd3dd0ce68b1e4e515f515195	The issue of low noise vehicles (i.e.: electric/hybrid cars) needs to be investigated further, not least as the use of electric scooters or electric vehicles for mobility impaired persons increases. It has to be decided how to adapt infrastructure so that these vehicles can be used under conditions of appropriate safety, both for the users, if they have to share space with cars, and for pedestrians and/or bicyclists, when they have to share the space with them. The international databases that contain crash data of several European countries do usually not include data on fatalities per means of transport per age-group.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	025d0da24a98589175440d363b9f3901	As specified in the General Education Law, school providers have the right to establish and implement an educational project (Proyecto Educativo Institucional, PEI) and to establish plans and programmes for their schools with the involvement of the school community (see Chapter 1). Schools are therefore typically responsible for decisions directly related to the implementation of the school project, such as class size (within the regulated minimum and maximum size), student grouping, support for students with learning difficulties, school leadership arrangements, and the use of school facilities. In addition, school providers may delegate further tasks and responsibilities to schools, while retaining the final overall responsibility for the operation of their schools. For example, schools may make suggestions for staffing decisions, but the school provider will take the final decision.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226319-7-en	025e0f4846a00968491055d6655e086e	It provides a profile of upper secondary school teachers, focusing on demographic characteristics, and of the schools in which these teachers work, with particular emphasis on school background information, the composition of students at the school and human and material resources. The chapter also examines classroom characteristics, including class size and the composition of students, and concludes by taking a look at the profile of upper secondary school principals and of school leadership. It is of note, however, that in each of the participating countries and economies, at least 30% of the teachers are men.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	0261e4bfbdd7f0039b3a2d2de406fe00	Activities under the Convention are supported by the UNECE Secretariat. In particular, the parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that transboundary waters are used in a reasonable and equitable way; to prevent, control and reduce pollution; to ensure that transboundary waters are used with the aim of ecologically sound and rational water management; and to ensure conservation and, where necessary, restoration of ecosystems. Helsinki Convention 1992 (cont.)	6	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289330244-7-en	02624b220aab6836764c85301c575732	Furthermore, the students in grades 9 and 10 have a mandatory project assignment that gives the students the opportunity to complete and present an interdisciplinary project. The project assignment is assessed in a written statement based on content, the working process and the presentation of the final work. The assessment of the project assignment can be indicated in the leaving certificate.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	0263f2a43100ab64bf34421e81edc830	Given the evidence that many students in Costa Rica start school w ith weak foundation skills, especially basic reading skills, the country might also consider bringing forward the primary assessment to an earlier grade, or adding an additional assessment in the early years of primary school. Gaining a better understanding of where and how' students are starting to fall behind would enable the development of more effective supports to teachers and schools. Recognising the importance of consolidating basic skills in the early grades for later learning, many OECD countries have introduced a national assessment in the second (e.g. France, Italy), third (e.g. Germany, Sweden), or fourth grade (e.g. Chile, Korea) of primary school (OECD, 2013). One essential improvement at any grade in Costa Rica is better information on the equity of outcomes.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	02676dba2290105a292aa32e85735648	She cleans homes for income, and wishes she had taken her own schooling more seriously so that she could have pursued her dream of becoming a cook, maybe opening a small rescaurant. I have had to accept so much, like living in other people’s houses, doing all the work and constant humiliation. I hope my son will learn and become somebody, and live much better than I have.”	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	02691fe2ed82f68b0ce252f5272657b1	"In 2001-2003, the nursing education launched a campaign in Iceland which had only little effect, and educations in pedagogy have not been successful in attracting male students either. Gislason blames the unsuccessful attempts to change the educational choices of Icelandic men on the fact that prior to the economic crisis in 2008, Iceland had no considerable unemployment. Some jobs, such as those within health care, are now considered to be more ""secure"" and less vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations; Gislason therefore believes, that the crisis might be instrumental in breaking with the traditional gender segregation of the Icelandic labour market. The Icelandic labour market is also characterised by unequal pay, and this is related to place: Icelandic women are paid less than Icelandic men, and this applies to married women in particular (according to figures from Centre for Gender Equality, 2014) (see also Rafnsdottir and Omarsdottir 2010)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	026c116306a05bc87e61dd04c3b60fe8	The level of significance remains the same, but is greater for the lagged variable, exhibiting positive effects in the medium term. In line with this result, the educational attainment gap (the ratio between the educational attainment of the male and female EAP) displays significant negative coefficients for the lagged variable (22%), while the contemporaneous variable is not significant. According to the existing literature on returns to education for men and women in the region, the relationship between educational attainment and wage levels is stronger for women than it is for men. Thus the elimination of these gaps could lead to higher wages and greater participation on the part of women, which could in turn have an impact on demand-led growth in the future. Since 2003, employment surveys in that country have included a battery of questions on time use.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	0270237ab216372548f1b9dc5b817224	This could suggest that the high level of points attributed to GPs for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data. Concerns have also been expressed that GPs are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the QOF, and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas (Cashin et al., The recommendation by the Primary Care QOF Indicator Advisory Committee on behalf of NICE was that these indicators be withdrawn, and that a consideration process for new indicators was considered. At present these indicators remained in the QOF framework for 2011/12, although the points value of all of the indicators was reduced.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	02718c601765bb0becc1bfb6d0b39ea2	Examples of more direct benefits are those of avoided flood damages in Paris through construction of lake-reservoirs (estimated to be EUR 300-700 million), and those of preserving bathing water quality in tourism resorts (estimated to be EUR 1 billion). A final example is the potential of river navigation in the Nogent-Le Havre corridor to reduce C02 emissions from freight transport - the current configuration allows a reduction of 28% and an improved configuration would allow a further reduction of 55% of C02 emissions. The water bill also supports urban sanitation, taxes on domestic pollution, basin governance, maintenance of the aquatic environments and the public waterways and production of knowledge. Several funds (poverty relief, welfare-to-work, small irrigation and water conservation, special fund for shortage), in the special fund, central government financing to poorer regions (west 60%, central 40%), in richer regions (east) only local government and farmers. In Germany, the RBMPs have been established at the level of the Lander. The task of the competent authorities was to estimate how much the different measures would cost, and to identify financing options.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191150-7-en	02719688ce9599e12631a4b40bcbbaa4	However, in smaller traditional or artisanal fisheries, consolidation can reduce in some cases the important social role that these fisheries can play. In this case, applying the same set of management rules to these different groups is not always desirable. Defining the appropriate scope of market based schemes to obtain social and economic goals is a challenge and the impacts of reform should be monitored using the principles of adaptive management.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	0274cef12a1ac0ff5301175cf97c5006	Throughout the paper, more equity is to be interpreted as less inequality in income distribution and does not imply any judgement about the intrinsic value of a more equal distribution. In this paper, inequality is examined from a static perspective. While ultimately a comprehensive assessment would need covering inequality in life-cycle perspective as well as dynamic inequality, hence intra-generational mobility as well as inter-generational mobility, such analysis is beyond the scope of this study, not least reflecting major data limitations.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/acf57efb-en	0274eb2c3d69501b7e26b6c502f6bd00	The review of the evidence covers different types of hazards in different geographical areas, although it pays particular attention to the experiences associated with Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America, flooding in Bangladesh, and severe water loss and desertification in the Sahel region of Africa. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of addressing the root causes of inequalities for adaptation and building resilience to climate hazards. Relatively less attention was paid to the implications of that physical impact for the lives, livelihoods of the people who are most vulnerable and most affected. To quote Skoufias, ed. (	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	02766cffb538e989edbb3574d3c43a4b	The pipeline project is intended to establish interconnecting arrangements of electricity and natural gas in ASEAN to ensure greater security and sustainability of energy supply in the region, while connecting existing and planned pipelines and regasification terminals, minimizing the environmental impact. This work is led by the ASEAN Council on Petroleum, which is comprised of the head of the national oil company in each member country. The partnership focuses on regional economic cooperation and institutional capacity-building, with the aim to promote development of energy resources (including hydropower), facilitate energy trade in the region, develop renewable and alternative energy resources and promote energy efficiency and conservation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	027b1b68ccf97bc552c068fc373e1be1	Income inequality and relative poverty among the total population remained broadly unchanged between the mid-1980s and late 2000s, contrasting with the rising trends in much of the OECD (Figure 2.2). Alternative distributional indicators over the period 1986-2009 confirm these findings for Greece (Table 2.1). Social outcomes are proxied by both distributional (income and poverty measures) and non-distributional indicators (including labour market and health indicators). Measures the extent to which income distribution among individuals or households deviates from a perfectly equal distribution (OECD, 2013a).	10	1	7	0.75
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	027be6cddd4357cedf29f179e58f688d	In 2009-2010 only in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago was social spending below 10% of GDP. A number of countries had been allocating more than 15% of GDP to social spending since the early 1990s; Chile, Costa Rica and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are now part of this group (see figure 17). As a ratio of GDP, El Salvador increased the macroeconomic priority of public social spending by more than 300% (from 2.9% of GDP to 13% of GDP). Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Paraguay more than doubled their macroeconomic effort between 1991-1992 and 2009-2010.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	028200292677a24c6577b3ee14197bad	It also reflects the new development phase which the ICT sector has now entered, one in which public and private stakeholders in the ICT sector are laying the foundations for smart societies. The impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development continues to expand as companies from adjacent sectors and industries (including the automotive, healthcare, insurance, banking and public sectors) develop products and services that rely on loT infrastructure - leaving virtually no areas of our economies and societies untouched. Industry analysts estimate that loT revenues will generate USD 1.1 trillion in revenues globally by 2025, compared to USD 166 billion in 2016 (GSMA, 2018d). This revenue opportunity is expected to be fuelled over the next three years by investments of around USD 15 billion in IT consulting and systems integration services to build and implement loT solutions (IDC, 2018).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	02895791ee26a830f80d83c426a3868d	However, four years ago, Rahim was arrested and imprisoned for six months and finally deported to Sudan, because only Lebanese citizens can legally operate as employment agents. Her husband, who was also Sudanese, died five years ago and she had to support their two daughters alone. Emebet is alienated from her Orthodox Christian family in Ethiopia because they disapproved of her decision to marry a Muslim man.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	028a94fd8d5a3ff243acac2b153ea6c5	Government of the Philippines, National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. For each hazard, there should be one entity authorized to issue official warnings. Given the need for inter-agency coordination, the early warning system requires standard operating procedures (SOPs) that spell out the main tasks, roles and responsibilities in the event of an emergency.14 These SOPs need to be tested and revised on a regular basis. Unreliable or conflicting messages from official and non-official sources can allow rumours and disinformation to spread.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	028bddca5d52ff3e247bf9ce34423bd5	The level of agricultural subsidies also dramatically increased in Indonesia, from $5.5 billion in 2009 to $25.7 billion in 2014. In this context, strengthening research and development is crucial to ensure the realization of that goal. Only limited cross-country comparable data are available to measure research and development in the agricultural sector in Asia and the Pacific. A recent publication on Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) provides statistical information on that topic.a Based on International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimates, total research and development spending for the agricultural sector represented $40.1 billion (2005 PPP dollars) in 2008, of which 79 per cent was from public spending and 21 per cent from private-sector research covering spending by seven agricultural input industries: seed/biotechnology, agricultural pesticides, fertilizer, farm machinery, animal health, nutrition, and breeding.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	028ce465ae6f84d636a983ee73e76b8c	This value is lower than one as farmers increase their input use due to the reduced fertiliser prices and as larger fertiliser quantities incur increasing production costs for this input. In this case, a dollar of input subsidies would result in a cost reduction for farm inputs of only 0.42 dollars (Figure 22). This is partly caused by the fact that relative to the fertiliser price, a given subsidy value is smaller under imperfect competition as the price includes the producers’ mark-up and is hence higher than under perfect competition.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	0290252292ebfbaed3b5a84f4e5755b1	In consideration of these issues, with higher production, India is projected to increase its cotton exports to more than 2 Mt by 2023, assuming no action is taken by government to limit exports. Ethanol production has risen from 1.5 billion litres in 2002 to 2.7 billion litres in 2013. Biodiesel production increased from non-existent to 300 million litres over the same period.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264128392-3-en	02919288e94714a509f061f50ba75a94	The result is a fragmentation of programmes that lack critical mass, synergies and complementarities. In fact the dilution of governance responsibilities and the gap between the formal responsibilities entrusted to CONCYTEC by the 2004 S&T Law and its ability to carry them out call for a new institutional framework and possibly new legislation. The reform process should not jeopardise efficiently managed support programmes. Given the potential volatility of revenues derived from its traditional exports in an increasingly global competitive environment, an overarching objective for Peru should be to lose no time in moving towards a more innovation-led sustainable growth path in order to increase productivity and competitiveness across a wider spectrum of activities, alleviate poverty and better address social needs.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	029432e263877e4e6d3ae0ec041b3f1e	Although the global information technology industry is not anticipated to rebound forcefully, Singapore is set to gain from generally revived global trade in 2013. Domestic-oriented activities, such as the construction sector, are likely to be major growth drivers, supported by negative real interest rates. Much will depend on restoring confidence in the economy through keeping inflation in check, addressing vulnerabilities in the banking sector and restructuring less efficient State enterprises, as emphasized in the government directive approved in February 2013.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	029548b3e5ffe549705c924930871976	The level of out-of-pocket expenditure also varies by tourists, with package tourists spending less out of pocket than non-package tourists (Mitchell and Faal, 2008). Agriculture is the most labour intensive sector and the mainstay in rural areas where poverty is most pervasive and deepest; indeed, more than 70 per cent of the poor in Africa live in rural areas and rely on agriculture for food and livelihood (International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2011). Agricultural income is reported to sustain more households than jobs in hotels and restaurants (UNCTAD, 2013a), particularly when local agricultural products are effectively integrated into the tourism value chain.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	02956d27ec2d76ef395946b5b7a49af8	On the other hand, it is important to note that any economy will only be able to reap the full benefits of ICT if access to energy is secured, and that energy consumption triggered by ICT may pose a challenge in particular to decoupling energy consumption and economic growth. For instance, business incentives can be based on additional revenue sources that can be tapped into by collaboration such as offering power supply to people in remote areas or developing new products and services e.g. in smart city environments. Incentives created by policy frameworks include infrastructure mapping initiatives as well as relevant directives such as the Cost Reduction Directive in the European Union.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	0298d780e300ed29eeca1abd43b53a4f	The majority of hydropower plants are in private hands and further donor investment is sought. Installed capacity' is 1,300 MW and annual projected capacity is 3.8 billion kWh. The share of energy exports is expected to increase threefold by 2012 as compared with 2007. Sewerage collecting systems exist in about 40 towns, but only 70 per cent of the urban population is connected to the sewerage system.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-4-en	029c7ce162737d6174c133343af6ece3	The following policy priorities were identified to improve the effectiveness of resource use in the Slovak school system. The schools have acquired relatively great autonomy: all of them now have an elected school board with relatively strong jurisdictions; they are protected from too strong a local control through the funding system (which limits the redistributing power of their founders); they take responsibility for human resource management; and they are also encouraged to adapt the national curriculum to their own specific educational context through school education programmes. At the same time the national Ministry maintains strong regulatory powers. The move towards extended local and institutional autonomy has been paralleled with the creation and strengthening of accountability frameworks. The emerging national system of standardised student achievement measurement and the State Schools Inspectorate are key elements of the latter. In addition, the Slovak Republic has an information system which allows the monitoring of many local and institutional level processes (such as student performance, funding and human resource management) and creates opportunities to assess the impact of national policies and development interventions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	029d6abb365b7dc80c0106a3917274ef	To provide context regarding developments in the agricultural market in other parts of the world, and to analyse potential food security issues, the results for four regions that represent low-income countries and are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity are also presented. They are: sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several modelling groups with different crop, agricultural and economic specifications participate in AgMIP to compare their results.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	029fd0173789e6671c518f15ec3d39d6	These active ingredients have previously been patented in separate medical products. The generic producers would need a license from the patent holder(s) for all of these ingredients for production and sale of the new FDC. The owner of a patent on a pharmaceutical active ingredient may choose not to license the invention to any third party to remain the only supplier on the market for that active ingredient.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264075429-4-en	02a45c77bf85033dfd00c5bf1577a895	It is clear that, in terms of fisheries rebuilding, the ecosystem approach requires policy makers to take into account of the impacts of fishing on ecosystems, the impacts of ecosystems on fishing, and the interactions between fish and other species in the ecosystem. In particular, fisheries rebuilding has been the subject of several major international commitments on developing sustainable fisheries and it is universally recognized as necessary for protecting biodiversity and the health of oceans, as well being important from an economic and social perspective for many coastal communities. As such, while it is universally recognized that rebuilding and maintaining robust fisheries are desired, there are other factors considered in the management process in addition to the science advice. To that end, political commitments have been made through a series of hard (binding) and soft laws (non binding).	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	02a603e00a0811a5ca1187d5ad6e62c7	The second order involves regular large (> 1,000 people), big (500-1,000), medium-sized (100-500) and small (< 100) rural communities (townships, villages and homesteads). These efforts have resulted in the formation of more than 1,500 agro-towns, based on the selection of and funding support for existing, more or less economically viable, central settlements of rural councils and homesteads of agricultural organizations. Each agro-town enjoys amenities characteristic of an urban settlement, including clubs, a library, an art school for children, internet cafes, entertainment centres, upper secondary and vocational schools, pre-university training centres and primary education schools. Intensive public investment in these settlements in the period 2007-2010 has helped to address some critical problems and develop important social and business processes and infrastructure. This involves a hierarchy of spatial (territorial) plans developed at national, oblast and local levels in accordance with the Main Directions of the State Urban Development Policy for 2011— 2015 and environmental requirements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	02a639d6b9385cfec833c9a73f0df4fd	For example, a divorce may affect her housing. If a couple has children, the mother will in principle be able to live with them in the home for the time of the custody. Under Tunisia’s personal status code, the father grants the residence of the custodial mother.68 If the woman has no children or is not the custodian, however, she may have to return to her parents’ home if she does not have sufficient financial means to pay for her own housing.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	02aca7fb3c56bfc5ca7d3ab01190ad88	In a number of countries women’s access to financial services and resources is further hampered by general limitations to the formal financial infrastructure and - in some cases - legal and institutional barriers (OECD, 2012b). Most of the women who joined SEWA experienced improvements in earnings, marketing and working conditions. For some women, starting their own business is out of necessity as job opportunities are scarce (GEM, 2012).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	02ad4ee9fb77ec3d5f335612adf14570	The details on how to enhance ambition of NDCs and review commitments is however subject to continued political contestation. In other words, after more than 20 years of contentious international negotiations on climate change, the Paris Agreement is not the final destination, but merely the start of a long process for the world to address climate change. Pertinent questions are: Why has international cooperation to address climate change been so difficult?	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	02ad573a43907b0875a17fe4350fe7cc	Coverage, however, is far from universal. In 2005, only slightly more than half of employees registered urban residents and only 15% and 36% of unofficial rural and urban employees had cover - a total coverage rate of just over 40% of the urban working population (excluding those engaged in agriculture). This scheme, together with the rural system, covered just a quarter of health care expenses in 2001. Outpatient costs are met through the individual’s medical saving account.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	02aeec43de7522a35a37709b412549a5	The standards were set up by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) to drive care of a uniformly high quality across the country. They are applied to all hospitals (private and public, across all states), covering ten priority areas including quality governance, hospital-acquired infection, medication safety and clinical handover (see Box 2.5 for further detail). There has been broad agreement from stakeholders that the new standards are a positive move forward, promoting greater clinical involvement and more directly addressing specific quality issues than other standards.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	02b4a1cfb1829d41dc4127419a5e82e3	More precisely, on the basis of the answers to the country questionnaire, the situation in this country' can be described in detail. Indeed, universities have a high degree of autonomy. Universities are encouraged to do their best to align their goal setting in research and development work as well as in curricula with national policies. Prior to 2007, the Ministry of Education had specially allocated funds that universities could use for professional development ICT courses.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	02b6f7dbc47c89759a24b93bbf9135f0	"First, since the act obligates the state to provide free and compulsory education to all children ages 6-14, the state has the freedom to decide whether it shall fulfil its obligation through its own schools, aided schools or unaided schools. The 2009 act is ""child-centric"" and not ""institution-centric"". Second, the right to education ""envisages a reciprocal agreement between the state and the parents, and it places an affirmative burden on all stakeholders in our civil society."""	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264212664-en	02b71500bfeaf1b15231e2dcfe34735e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As mentioned in the competition section, opening the electricity market to independent power provision can be very helpful in promoting private investment in clean electricity generation. Keeping the energy market competitive and ensuring that the needs of end-users are met also requires careful regulation and oversight of the sector, both by a competition authority and a sector-specific regulator.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	02b856b8308f2bdceea3194c2e3849a7	Those values have been used for the 10% and 30% scenarios, without adjustment. The values for France have been drawn from the Green Net study, which reports the findings from a study performed in 2003 (Verseille, 2003). According to this study, the French transmission grid could cope with 6 GW of wind power with only minor investments.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	02b8877817cd13051521cc3677b997f5	Commodity assets managed by financial investors have increased over the past decade from less than $10 billion to $404 billion in June 2012. Loose monetary policies of the developed world, most notably quantitative easing (QE) in the United States, along with the unwillingness of governments to regulate participants in commodity markets, have continued to draw excess funds to the commodities markets due to the markets’ comparatively high expected returns. The presence of financial investors, betting on an increase in fundamental prices due to supply shortages, serves to exaggerate price increases.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	02b8b9bbcfa4877c2506c5867ada32fa	In Amsterdam, own-source revenues are increasingly important. For example, national operational subsidies for public transport are declining, which is placing pressure on the city to both establish a more cost-effective transit system and cover operational costs in the interim. It bears noting that water boards are in a much better fiscal situation given that they can raise taxes to cover their programme needs.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	02ba964b1fe9cdaa5baa953953a01d8d	Current assessments of benefits of summer fallow on clean fields suggest that in many cases it leads to erosion and nutrient leaching, unless a cover crop is employed. While chemical fertiliser can replace nutrient losses the presence of organic matter provides better physical characteristics and as well as micro-nutrients that can affect plant growth. While no-till and conservation till systems require the purchase of synthetic herbicides to be effective the initial cost of herbicides is offset by higher yields and improved soil quality.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	02bac9d17475999b1e8cd569255dca67	Strategies include building national and regional institutional capacity; cost sharing across borders; governance and regulations; enhancing access to modern energy; developing low-carbon and renewable domestic resources; improving regional energy cooperation and energy security; and promoting private sector participation in energy development. One key focus area is the development of hydropower potential, especially in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Other activities pertaining to the energy sector include issues related to development of new and renewable sources (including small hydro), addressing the food-energy nexus, standardization and testing. These are captured in the BIMSTEC Memorandum of Understanding on Grid Interconnection.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	02bc156a57e6256457f3606f9a59f015	As part of the program GIZ co-operated with Adelphi to launch the Climate Expert website to make available tools and instruments to build adaptation capacity in the private sector (GIZ, 2017). In Asia, for example, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises make up 98% of all enterprises and employ 66% of the workforce (Asian Development Bank, 2014). At a very broad level, development co-operation providers use targeted approaches to address two main barriers faced by SMEs: limited access to finance and a lack of awareness of costs and benefits of addressing environmental issues.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/935513ee-en	02bc1c69ed8480fbe7d42a4d45db40c1	It is important to note that the process of jointly narrowing uncertainty and disagreement may be far more useful to conflict resolution than arriving at a shared understanding of reality. This technique is especially helpful when disputes in the extractive sector are due to perceptions of environmental damage, health risks, and lost livelihoods. A third party assessment that maps and catalogues differences in expectations, and reviews compliance with promises and obligations, can help to clear up misunderstandings, uncover shortcomings and increase the realism of expectations.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/c530cc54-en	02bd94ef75c9351a5cab9b6554e857bc	The field of ethics is vast and our discussion of ethical perspectives relevant to poverty reduction is, out of necessity, superficial. Detailed studies focusing on specific ethical perspectives are required to capture their far-reaching implications. Our intention was to demonstrate the relevance of ethics to programme design and scope, but further work is needed to extract the lessons policy designers can gain from these perspectives.	1	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	02bdf939283ced8fcfaed821870f1ac2	Nonetheless, it should be noted that the results should be interpreted carefully as they do not necessarily represent a fully representative sample of the survey main target groups in Europe. These insights were then condensed into an interactive toolkit that supports energy and telecommunication providers in their decisions to cooperate for smart grid roll-out. Finally, the following sections provide an outlook based on the survey results about the areas where respondents to the main survey see further potential for cooperation.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	02bf921c57f520707f68af7fc003a46f	The federal government supports the expansion of ECEC, w'ith subsidies earmarked for co-financing ECEC projects run by regional and local jurisdictions (BMFSFJ, 2015a). In 2015, federal backing focused particularly on high-quality all-day care (the Kita Plus programme). Yet the bulk of ECEC costs remain the responsibility of local jurisdictions w'hich, in 2010, shouldered over two-thirds of all expenditure, while the regional governments covered most of the rest (ESSPROSS, 2010). The cost of child care for German parents is below the OECD average (see below' on child care costs in international comparison), while, in all age groups, supply continues to fall short of demand - in 2014, 32.3% of under-3s years were offered a place, while 41.5% of parents requested one (BMFSFJ, 2015a). Parents are also making increasing use of longer child care hours per week: in 2006 only a quarter of children between 3 and 6 years old were enrolled full-time (at least seven continuous hours per day) in ECEC, while the figure in 2013 was 42% (DIPF, 2014: 55). Clearly, then, German parents have benefitted from a major expansion in ECEC for young children in recent years.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	02c4376582af888c7e2728351cc0a328	It represents around 80 per cent of total employment in LDCs and is therefore very important for these countries (International Labour Office, 2011). Table 14 provides a detailed summary of vulnerable employment and working-poor dynamics in the LDCs for the period 2000-2018. Each of these indicators has improved since 2000, but from a relatively weak base, especially in African and Asian LDCs.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1ea53441-en	02c4df866d28c4360c0ac1df15029f54	Fairness suggests that finance be mobilized in proportion to responsibilities and capabilities. The basis for this is the 1992 Rio Principles of Sustainable Development and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, especially the principles of “equity” and of “common-but-differentiated responsibilities and capabilities”. A third basis for action is the Rio Principle that environmental costs be internalized and “economic instruments” used, to make the polluter/user bear the ecological costs.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	02c515acadd2478893938cabd4b753bc	Developing countries, especially low-income ones, with relatively low rates of electricity usage, may be able to “leapfrog” into electricity generation based on renewable forms of primary energy, for instance. The question is how to enable those countries to access, utilize and, above all, afford green technologies. Technologies will need to be “transferred”’ and made accessible, since most innovation takes place in the developed countries and private corporations in those countries are the main owners of the intellectual property rights covering most green technologies. The new technologies will also need to be locked into new production processes.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	02c55ed4f2f436322e898a58c7df46fa	Environmental monitoring systems are underfunded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment. Kazakhstan plans to decrease the use of coal in electricity production and rely more on gas-fuelled power plants and alternative energy sources, such as solar panels and wind farms. Municipal waste collection services do not yet cover the whole population. Often municipal solid waste is dumped in sites with few, if any, engineered environmental protection systems, creating significant risks for ground water and the environment.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	02c62e442e1c4c900267978f1f12b68a	For all the estimates in the chapters, the samples were restricted to enterprises with up to 15 employees. Enterprises are defined as male or female-owned on the basis of the gender of the individual responding to the survey, who is the main owner, and/or the person with the most senior responsibilities in the management of the enterprise. The survey provides estimates for micro and small Enterprises with less than 50 employees on the national level and for 8 govemorates in the three major administrative regions (Metropolitan area, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283299-en	02c633a8163fd198c3b333fef020327c	People live longer, although large disparities by gender and socioeconomic group remain. The Belgian health system performs well in saving the lives of people requiring acute care. One of the main challenges is to strengthen prevention and primary care to achieve further gains in population health and reduce health inequalities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	02c65ac48b27f67626a60f6b09011a80	Similarly, the rapid increase in minimum wages in Indonesia during the 1990s, where the statutory minimum wage doubled in real terms between 1990 and 1996, had sizeable negative effects on manufacturing employment, reducing employment growth at plant level by an estimated 6% (Harrison and Scorse, 2010). But such large changes in minimum wages are the exception rather than the rule. Evidence, arising especially from Latin America, shows that increases in minimum wages raise rather than depress wages in the informal sector.13 In Brazil, this is known as the efeito faro 1 or “lighthouse effect”.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	02c7172acab1bc5d2914d10032edc7eb	Until recently, however, the issue had received relatively little attention and few countries have developed systematic policies to address it. Another option is to provide migrant women with access to entrepreneurship. It is a particularly effective pathway into the labour market. It affords the opportunity of engaging in gainful activity that is more flexible and easier to combine with childcare and other commitments, and where cultural barriers are less of an obstacle than regular employment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/2d08a027-en	02c73f8ea55480252e2438d0084edd81	The grants were given by RGB and One UN under a joint programme on Strengthening CSOs for Responsive and Accountable Governance in Rwanda (International Centre for Not-For-Profit Law 2017). The EU also works closely with Rwandan civil society on issues such as democracy and governance, gender, electoral processes and the promotion of human rights (EU, no date). Similarly, CSOs have played an active role in peace-building, including quelling post-election violence.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	02c754627d463a6a3a95361cb8d8de8f	The impacts of degraded environment on health have been increasingly recognized and their reduction stated as a major goal of the environmental protection policy, programmes and regulations. Monitoring of the quality of the main environmental media and infectious disease surveillance has been advanced. Professional capacity for public and environmental health has been strengthened with advanced methods for health surveillance and risk assessment.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	02c96a94c1654e6c921921f1c5f68381	Those who have no future in farming should be advised on exit strategies and those with potential would benefit from business development plans for an increased scale of operation and from advice on management practices, including risk management adapted to local conditions. Bigger farms should pay for advice service, but it should be free of charge for smallholders. Extension workers need access to new technologies and innovative agricultural research through good Internet connectivity and better upstream linkages to the R&D institutions, in particular the Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIATs). Programmes aimed at enhancing the performance of extension services, such as the Decentralised Agricultural and Forestry Extension Project (DAFEP) and the Farmer Empowerment through Agricultural Technology and Information Project (FEATI), highlight that the private sector has been a strong co-operator and shed light on the importance of linking farmers, government and private extension services. Partnership arrangements should be encouraged to reduce the duplication of activities and better transfer private sector knowledge to farmers and extension workers.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/irtad-2013-en	02ca0c5182079ed1f4a49a682744c578	Unique Data Collection Form - Aggregated Data). A stay of more than 24 hours is considered as a serious injury, and less is considered a minor injury. However, since 2010, the ANSV is working with the National Health Ministry to link hospital records and the Orange Form data. This linking project was started as a pilot in two of the most populated provinces of Argentina, in order to collect data based on MAIS 3.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bf70833b-en	02ca234a0b687cddae40a711be2a76ed	Parties are obliged to establish early warning systems, apply and exchange best available technology and mutually assist each other. Finally, Parties shall make information about the environmental status of transboundary waters, expected scenarios and water quality objectives available to the public. Proper implementation of the Convention thus provides a good basis for the execution of these sub-regional instruments, including work on adaptation (see boxes 4 and 5 on the Rhine and the Danube). Activities regarding adaptation to climate change have started with an assessment of the state of knowledge on climate change and its expected impact on the water regime in the Rhine, published in 2009. However, as long ago as in the 1990s, important measures were being taken regarding flood risk management, increasing the basin’s adaptive capacity to respond to future expected climate changes. In the context of the implementation of the 1998 Flood Action Plan, the flood damage risk (defined as the product of damage potential (€) and the probability of flooding (per year) has been assessed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	02cacda49a6a94acedf3229acec87552	Todas estas circunstancias comprometen su derecho a recibir una pension en los sistemas de pensiones que vinculan las prestaciones con el trabajo remunerado, las contribuciones y los ingresos. En el presente informe se examinan los desafiosy las restricciones a los que se enfrentan los sistemas de pensiones para alcanzar la equidad de genero y las alternativas de politicas que ayudarian a superar estos retos. La proteccion economica de la mujer en las etapas avanzadas de la vida depende actualmente de diversos factores interrelacionados, como las normas del sistema de pensiones, las condi-ciones del mercado laboral y los acuerdos familiares del pasado y el presente, entre otros.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	02d04b0701ed3ed19f0f8801b8358351	Participants can share their experiences, encouragement and information via small group communities. For instance, Israel’s Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industry Programme incentivises firms in those industries to invest in research and development (R&D) projects through grants covering 50% of projects’ expenses (labour costs, equipment, acquisition of intellectual property, etc.). The Support Programmes for Companies from the Ultra-Orthodox and Arab Minority Communities, also in Israel, incentivise companies that have at least 33% of their share capital held by an entrepreneur of a minority group or from the ultra-Orthodox community to engage in product development projects by providing grants covering 85% of the project’s budget (up to EUR 480 000).	9	1	3	0.5
10.30875/64b86eed-en	02d5ab9134132c8a6e8ff3a3534ea016	A core group of five donors, the European Union (EU) institutions, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom (UK) and the World Bank Group, provided approximately two-thirds of total concessional financing over the 2006-2016 period. Various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce. Indeed, the OECD CRS categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) E-Commerce Work Programme.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	02d90ce778876f629285a2e6a2764683	These are included in the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE). Another GSSE classified expenditure, inspection services, is described in Section 2.3. The final sub-section discusses policies that are provided to consumers specifically for the purposes of reducing the price of the goods they consume.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	02e033010454213605b8a29a09b90329	At the other extreme, several countries have made progress of less than 30%, i.e., under half of what was expected at this stage. This low rate partly reflects the “subsidy” that assumes Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico, representing about 60% of the region’s population, have already met the target (see figures 1.10 and 1.11). Whereas per capita GDP in some cases would need to grow by over 4% per year, the rates needed in other countries are below 2%, while those that have already met the target have a margin enabling them to remain in the same category despite possible reductions in per capita income.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	02e0a1641e986908d07e38991c07c3af	For example, the enhanced transparency framework will be facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive, respectful of national sovereignty, avoid undue burden for Parties, and both build on and enhance the transparency arrangements under the UNFCCC. Decision 1/CP.21 contains further guiding principles that are to be taken into account, such as the need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities, ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and quality of their current reporting, avoid duplication, and facilitate improved reporting and transparency over time. Section 3 highlights the main changes between the existing provisions and the enhanced transparency framework for mitigation and support proposed in the Paris Agreement, as well as lessons learned from existing experience under the UNFCCC.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	02e13618586ad2ea7b75b4b3760d04cf	Europe’s poorer regions tend to receive most support, although all European regions are eligible for funding under the policy’s various funds. The Structural Funds invoice a “performance reserve”, an inventive mechanism intended to encourage performance improvement by attaching explicit financial incentives to indicators and targets. The mechanism was implemented in a broader context of monitoring and evaluation activities by the EU that included a mid-term evaluation process. The reserve set aside 4% of a programme’s total budget and distributed it only if specific objectives were achieved. In consultation with the European Commission, member countries selected their own indicators, chose their own approach to assessment, and each used the mechanism differently.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	02e173a721e80adb6a3c1621f51f10b0	The Twenty-fifth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean, was held in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, from 5 to 9 October 2015. Among the major issues discussed were: (a) prevention, investigation and prosecution of microtrafficking and its links to transnational criminal networks; (b) border management; (c) ways to address current trends in trafficking in cocaine; and (d) curbing access to the supply of precursor chemicals. Possession for personal use will be treated as an administrative offence, similar to a traffic violation, with a 30-day period to pay the administrative fine. The amendment also allows each household to cultivate up to five cannabis plants.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	02e33edb11769c3ccf772e31c7211e3d	In this regard, it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those, which would enable and result in a high-occupancy public transport service®. In this context, establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure, including for the various public transport modes, be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored. Compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	02e7243b066a283815c7680d9e504821	In some cases, traders act as intermediaries to reduce the dependence of grain or cotton farmers on a monopsonist elevator or gin owner, or to help identify options such as direct sale of grain to flour mills depending on the state of the export market (see Chapter 3). It should be emphasised that with hyperinflation and rapid change in the product mix, all macroeconomic data up to 1995 must be treated with caution. The targets for 2015 include the following: 80% of construction materials to be provided by building materials produced in Kazakhstan; domestic oil refineries will satisfy the country’s fuel requirements; exports of metallurgical goods will double; and production of chemical goods will triple from 2009 levels.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	02e94ec7278e460116bf57293f31981c	Moving from committed minimum wage policies to a much fairer distribution of productivity gains and profits should be a point of departure. We shall see, but no doubt this is what politics and social straggles will be all about in the years to come. The ability to cope with adverse shocks is compromised by the lack of formal social protection, and vulnerabilities are compounded when individuals working informally face harassment by public authorities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	02ea8a62779d16ab57563eca561754c6	Also includes hunting and services in agriculture and hunting. He calculated Kazakhstan’s effective tariff rate before joining the CU (2009), in the CU with transition tariff rates (2010-11), and in the CU with all exceptions eliminated. The results are also summarised in Table 2.24 and are broadly in agreement with those obtained by Jandosov and Sabyrova, although a direct comparison of the results from the two studies requires caution due to differences in the computations (e.g. slightly different trade periods used for weighting the tariffs).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/64d31d53-en	02eb62f796f8542966a5729650e8e768	With the focus of these goals to leave no one behind, addressing environmental concerns must consider inequality and exclusion between men and women—the social dimensions of sustainable development. The socially constructed differences between men and women are an important dimension of inequality and exclusion and must be tackled to achieve the SDGs. More than 60 percent of undernourished or chronically hungry people in the world live in the Asia-Pacific region. In rural and urban areas, seasonal variability, which pushes up the price of staples, forces households to spend more of their income on food.	5	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	02ebd7912fff12d79fcc95e4e062a17b	As discussed above in relation to biogeographical regions, the Nordic countries are nested social ecological systems. The Nordic Assessment should raise awareness of shared environmental issues and contribute to the better articulation of policy across the entire region. Furthermore, this regional assessment will be relevant to the European Union's on-going efforts to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in national territory [MAES] which is of importance for the Nordic EU countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	02ed068ac905f4ab3f107d726d6e2989	The limited recourse to such services may negatively impact firm development and expansion. Efforts to improve the provision of business development services are hampered by the large number of businesses operating in the informal economy. Female business owners in the informal economy only have limited access to formal support providers such as women's enterprise centres, women's business resource centres and business incubators. In addition, fewer than 5% of MENA adults are exposed to entrepreneurship content in the education system and fewer than 14% after formal education (IDRC 2010). The implication is that the low percentage of MENA women who are starting businesses (relative to the average in GEM economies) are doing it without the benefit of entrepreneurship training, information, and professional advice that would increase their know-how.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	02efb19073dab9e48d7cea4b39da86a6	These OECD-average elasticities are then applied to the country-specific changes in harmonised unemployment and output gap that were observed between 2007 and 2009. The unweighted OECD-average spending prediction based on observed declines in the output gap is just over 1% of GDP higher than actual spending. This historically low responsiveness of social spending to falling output could be sizeable enough to have weakened the automatic stabilisation effect from social spending during the 2008-09 recession, but any such effect may have been offset by the large discretionary fiscal stimulus enacted by many governments.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	02f1c1590e76a7248e3f7bfb102cde62	However, the value of the transfer as a share of total household consumption remains very low. In beneficiary households belonging to the poorest quintile, the MB accounts for just 7 per cent of total consumption representing the inadequacy of the benefit value.26 It is no surprise therefore that the poverty reduction impact of the MB is limited. Low coverage and low transfer values limit the effectiveness of the benefit. Coverage is extremely low and more than 80 per cent of the poorest are excluded from the targeted MB.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	02f320c7c755486db01ee0bc509e9f05	The chapter provides a description of the Survey of Adult Skills and the differences between migrants and natives in terms of their literacy and numeracy proficiency levels. A discussion follows on the extent to which language and foreign qualifications explain part of such differences. Moreover, the chapter analyses the labour market outcomes (employment, incidence of overqualification and wages) of migrants relative to natives and discusses how these differ across migrant groups as well as the role played by literacy proficiency and other relevant factors.	4	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	02f3444c9d739df4f980dff6782ca163	These two high-level documents provide a lens through which to understand, but not necessarily to fully assess, the complexity of intergovernmental relations in the Gauteng city-region, for which primary research is necessary. These policies stem from the admission that despite gains in access to public services and quality of life, additional reforms are required to optimise performance. Quality and service standards have not always improved, despite massive increases in successive budgets.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	02fa1d1acbb3a7b1fe2d4a88306578a3	Furthermore, some of the strongest growth has been in regions with low recharge rates as shown in Figure 7 (Burke and Villholth 2007). In OECD, surface water occupies two third of irrigated areas (OECD, 2015a). Watershed responses to reduced precipitation (including rain- and snowfall) and higher temperatures are typically amplified, due to vegetation interception and transmission loss (Arnell 2004).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	02fcdafda36de936d306aeebae2ba3be	This is largely due to, firstly, the fact that social protection in the Pacific is relatively a new field of government activity (WB, 2006a). Secondly, the formal social security system offers low coverage and the vast majority of informal sector employment is not covered under any social security measures. Thirdly, most of PICs are witnessing slow economic growth and have low social protection spending. Finally, since family, community and the traditional support systems still remain stronger, although declining, governments rely heavily upon them for social welfare services.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	02fd0436b968e13ee927072ffd0873a0	Globalisation has increased the global supply of low-skilled labour, affecting wages and employment prospects of workers with low qualifications. At the same time, more intense international competition for high-skilled workers has pushed up top incomes. Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) are also favouring high-skilled workers, whose task cannot be easily automated, and thereby increasing inequality (Kierzenkowski and Koske 2012). Some studies suggested technological change is a more powerful driver of inequality than globalisation (IMF, 2007; OECD, 2007a).	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	02fdba7c19a100a50c144e956471da3f	As a result of this intensive exchange, special delivery companies have emerged, with trucks shuttling back and forth between the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan. Moreover, less than 2 per cent of migrants did not have conversations with people staying in Kyrgyzstan in die mondi preceding die survey, and almost half talked daily widi people in their home country. In terms of parcels and such communication, female and male Kyrgyz migrants do not differ. However, male migrants more often say that they remain involved in the sociopolitical reality of Kyrgyzstan as well as the daily life of their home village or city (figure 22 and 23).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	03015c74e8d9d6836dc3b2ee91b26011	It requires high-quality school leaders, committed staff and critical friends. Unless the system to recruit school leaders changes dramatically, Greek schools look poorly prepared to implement self-evaluation successfully and productively. External evaluation has achieved a much closer alignment with self-evaluation, partly due to its value for strengthening school autonomy.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	030403bb877277df1219775504de378f	In addition, even in existing national legislation, the role dedicated to LGUs is often unclear and not well supported: despite the existence of the Clean Water Act (2004) and a national law for Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation, which are supposed to be mainstreamed into local plans, there is no effective implementation of the prescribed policies on the ground in Cebu, due to the lack of details on subnational responsibilities and resources. The creation of national policy frameworks would help to clarify responsibilities, especially for LGUs, while giving them appropriate resources. The Local Government Code of 1991 put LGUs in charge of the provision of basic services, including agriculture (power to reclassify agricultural land), health, social services, public works (enforcement of the National Building Code, power to close and open roads), and environment and natural resources.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	0305d0acd43fc159c36eb9fe289e8d13	The larger imbalance may be partly due to the lower level of policy development on adaptation in many of the EECCA countries (see also Chapter 3), but also to the high investment needs for mitigation in the region’s energy sector. In addition, none of the 11 EECCA countries falls under the category Least Developed Countries or Small Island Developing States, which often have greater adaptation needs. Finally, it is generally more difficult to track finance for adaptation since it tends to be embedded into broader development projects and/or business operations, and thus, may be underestimated (CPI and OECD, 2015).	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	0307d24d6820d4dbe483f16c263d9f91	This section will focus on some of these instruments. Such measurement aims to provide information that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of decisions on policy priorities, strategies and resource allocation (OECD, 2009a). It usually takes place through monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring is an ongoing process and requires collecting and assessing both quantitative and qualitative information, and building a picture of the functioning and outputs of public policies and programmes.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/7c579957-en	030a6bc56e696b2c958a423a2b103641	Safe transport therefore is integral to the well-being of the woman fishworker. Women in the traditional small-scale fisheries sector also have to deal with work-related health problems. In the discussion on capacity development in Chapter 10 of this handbook, Case study 28 describes how in Brazil, the Articulagao Nacional das Pescadoras (ANP - “National Articulation of Fisherwomen”) has prioritized campaigning and advocacy on issues related to the occupational diseases of shellfish collectors, working closely with State officials and researchers to improve the quality of treatment services. Children often internalize this violence, and might play it out in their own lives.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	030c3e7d69d21ec5d6cd204238b6d2c7	Women and girls sometimes eat last and least within the household. These deprivations are linked strongly to patriarchal social norms and attitudes that impede equitable gender relationships within households. They have consequences for health, education and community participation. A girl between her first and fifth birthdays in India or Pakistan has a 30-50 percent greater chance of dying than a boy.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	030d5f61f288404bc82d3a9106e7ae9d	The deteriorating current account situation has left the countries with lower reserves to fall back on in the event of additional external shocks to exports and capital inflows. Owing to global uncertainties, exports contracted in 2012. Weak external demand affected exports of engineering goods, gems and jewellery, textiles and petroleum products, while imports continued to remain at a high level due to high prices for crude oil, gold and silver.	8	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	030ded573a27db843e20489256593ebd	Some of the most significant reductions have been recorded in Brazil, thanks to effective policy measures to induce formalisation (to be discussed in the final section of the chapter). It highlights some clear patterns. First, informality is only slightly more common among women than it is among men.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	030eab2a30a756098569d5f8715e59e7	Each will now be briefly summarised since they provide some insights into the influence of policy settings on the degree of hysteresis affecting labour input. In the first step, historical data are used to estimate simple dynamic regressions relating the level of long-term unemployment to the contemporaneous (overall) unemployment rate and first and second lags of both unemployment variables (i.e. the overall and long-term unemployment rates). These equations - which are estimated on a country-by-country basis to make allowance for differences across national labour markets in the extent to which a sustained increase in overall unemployment raises long-term unemployment - are then used to translate projected changes in the unemployment rate into projections of long-term unemployment. The second step is to convert the projected changes in long-term unemployment into changes in structural unemployment.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	030efec6e72e805171d07bb27cd1df83	This is likely to have disproportionate impacts on women as the primary caregivers. Data from time-use surveys is essential for capturing the amount of time women and men spend in different activities, yet reliable time-use information is lacking for many countries around the world. There is a need for more regular time-use surveys, with data disaggregated by sex, income level, geographical location and other relevant categories such as race and ethnicity.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0313cd321dcfd7cbe7764e6d12902579	Size of facility gives a sense of levels of employment, not simply rates of employment per MW. It found that nuclear power is more labour-intensive than all other forms of electricity generation and has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators. Regarding educational requirements in electricity generation, there is little discussion of this outside the nuclear power sector where the discussion is prompted by near-term retirements of nuclear sector employees and the necessity of training staff for nuclear new build.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/31bb2345-en	0313d6fbb9bdd79b6264f675d9df7ff2	Over 50% of MSW is biodegradable, which permits its usage as potential feedstock for production of biofuels, bioenergy, commodity chemicals. A person living in the OECD area generates on average 520 kg of waste per year; this is 20 kg more than in 1990, but 30 kg less than in 2000 (OECD, 2015). With separated waste collection mandatory in Europe by 2023, the model for other countries could be established. To date, hardly any food waste is utilised in this fashion, despite an estimated annual global deposition of about 1.3 billion tonnes of food waste in landfills (Hao et al.,	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-21-en	03144ba05bcde7ff38495b7d55ee2b52	The Minister for Fisheries receives advice from the Marine Research Institute (MRI) and consequently issues total allowable catch (TAC) for individual stocks for the fishing year, which runs from 1 September to 31 August the following year. The size of each vessels annual catch quota for each stock is its share in the stock multiplied by the TAC of that stock. Both the permanent quota-shares and the annual catch quotas are transferable in part or total, subject to certain restrictions.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	0314596c3474928d996f9862cfaaeb87	Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Women must have more equitable access to assets and services; infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor, both men and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing recognition of women’s vast unpaid work. Innovative approaches and partnerships include increased dialogue among development actors, improved co-ordination amongst donors and support for women organising at the national and global level.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	0314ef71579e7d1efd967b6da3794e81	The main measurement instrument, the Adult Mental Health Benchmarking Toolkit, presents performance indicators in a scorecard format, combining structural, process and outcome indicators. Mild-to-moderate disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Rather, they require strong primary and community care. Even though primary care is overwhelmingly the first point of call for individuals experiencing mental distress, PCPs do not always have the right skills and treatment options to effectively respond to need.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-5-en	0317fc6b0b874375ae0f980497640b79	It thus holds implications for public investment in water-related infrastructure. User fees in the water sector and other environmentally sensitive goods and services can underpin fiscal consolidation by managing and containing demand (OECD, 2013b). Other sources of public finance are also being contemplated, e.g. property taxes, which can help ensure that those who generate future liabilities (e.g. property developers) bear some of the related costs (see Chapter 4, the financing section).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	031850a5c1b2d146f4fb6469a7961ec4	These can allow for timely tracking of deployment of clean energy infrastructure. They can also help the government track the success rate of clean energy projects, which can guide future support to clean energy technologies as well as strengthen the business case for presentation to national banks. Finally, much as for generation deployment, expansion of the network will need to be monitored and evaluated over time to guarantee that the grid is able to accommodate an increasing share of clean electricity generation.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	031855b24d81b7d4ea6fa5bcd0ad8edb	In 2012, the Nansen Initiative was launched to address the protection gap for international migrants displaced by natural disasters. In 2015, 109 governmental delegations endorsed the “Agenda for the protection of cross-border displaced persons in the context of disasters and climate change”.39 In December 2015, at its twenty-first session, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a task force on displacement to develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change. In the New York Declaration, Member States condemned acts and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against refugees and migrants.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/65b26710-en	031cd74bfc5b1d6a3939c7b5595a7272	The HeForShe Champions are finding different and creative ways to break the cycle of harm. They are not just highlighting the problem and challenging attitudes. They are also exploring how established processes and structures can be adapted to reduce violence and to bring more women to the table when it comes to the peace and security agenda. The international community has recognized that women’s participation is vital to achieving and sustaining peace.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	031e612af01000ee275ee1e95ac7dce9	Indeed, when asked whether youth are asked whether they have access to the money needed to start a business, youth in Tunisia are much less likely to respond in the affirmative than youth in OECD countries (Figure 3.5) and ILO and ONEQ (2014) estimate that approximately half of self-employed youth used their own savings to set up a business and a further 37% relied on their families. To address this obstacle, ANETI awards up to TND 5 000 to each entrepreneur, as long as they provide proof of the necessary' competencies, training or experience and dedicate themselves fulltime to their project. In addition to these grants, loans have been available (A 'timed el Intilak [Seed Funding]) since 2011 to complete the financing required in order to obtain a small enterprise loan from the BTS. These A 'timed el Intilak loans are interest-free and need to be repaid over a period of five years.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	031e691bec28c54b39a5b21ed020cefb	Further effort should be focused on addressing inequalities in access to health care services - between regions, as well as between cities and rural areas - taking into account the country’s geography and low population density in health care delivery planning. Networks of facilities at all levels should be reorganised in a manner compatible with and supportive of the new service delivery models, and aligned with population trends and access patterns. For this exercise, a starting point could be the service delivery master plans developed in recent years.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	031e7ff109209ec57114468d9d30ef88	Further, improving coordination and policy coherence between national and local governments is particularly important in this regard. Coordination across sectors for coherent programme/project implementation is also made easier at the local level, where there is closer interaction across sectors and among stakeholders. Vulnerabilities are usually more visible at the local level, where structural inequalities such as differences in social status and political power, among others, critically shape them. Giving voice and agency to those who are otherwise invisible to the process would serve to address vulnerabilities and inequalities at their source and create the conditions for building consensus and mobilizing collective actions towards resilient development.	13	3	2	0.2
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	031fc6347dc4e37482037cfbbb225c29	Gl can thus result in higher prices for local agricultural products, foodstuffs, handicrafts, wine and spirit drinks, for example, compared to those from other regions, generating resources for regional development and facilitating the integration of previously excluded groups in innovation systems. They might also have spin-off effects, for example in the areas of tourism or gastronomy. Success stories such as Cafe de Colombia, Roquefort cheese in France and Rooibos Tea in South Africa illustrate their potential (El Benni and Reviron, 2009).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289340311-3-en	0320ec5c6d99367203ee7d89c51d79cd	Plastic debris can pose a risk to the marine environment, by causing physical damage in marine organisms via ingestion or entanglement and also due to potential toxic effects caused by inherent plastic constituents and complex mixture of external contaminants adsorbed onto plastic (Derraik 2002, Rochman etal. Marine litter is now recognized by a wide range of stakeholders as an environmental issue, and is included in for instance the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) as one of the eleven qualitative descriptors which describe what the environment should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) in the marine environment by 2020 (European Commission, 2008). However, it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources, levels, composition, fate and impact of marine litter in the marine environment.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	0325d9093c3f1068de5342b2c0944b39	Migration often represents a strategy on the part of households to manage the risks of poverty and food insecurity, allowing them to diversify income sources. The two are distinct, but they are also interlinked. The drivers and impacts of both migration types are often similar, although they may be different in scale.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b64c6036-en	0328b48016218096d7e17035cf52e7af	Among the reasons arc the low political prioritization of the issue, financial constraints and, in some cases, insufficient institutional capacity. Conflicting interests among countries may also be a reason. These reasons, as well as different interpretation of provisions, have also affected the implementation of legal arrangements that are in place.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	03301453640ac039508f250699168f1a	The increase has been sharpest among rural women, where self-employment now accounts for nearly two-thirds of all jobs. But it is also remarkable for urban workers, both men and women, among whom the self-employed constitute 45 and 48 per cent of all usual status workers respectively. All told, therefore, around half of the work force in India currently does not work for a direct employer. This is true not only in agriculture, but increasingly in a wide range of non-agricultural activities.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	0332f3011cfa427dcf26c1b69b23bc73	It aims to increase jute and kenaf production by providing extension services and conducting limited research. It aims to expand the area and production of rubber, palm oil and cashew nut. Programmes are focused on rubber and palm oil breeding through germplasm introduction and clonal trials, primarily at the Applied Research Centre for Perennial Crops.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	03344cf960236d88cef6c2c79784c5fa	In addition to the National Reform Programme for 2008-11 (to implement the Lisbon Strategy), the government has set out the Strategy for Increasing the Innovativeness of the Economy in the Years 2007-13. The main vehicle for implementing this Strategy is the OP IE, which is part of the National Cohesion Strategy (as outlined in Chapter 2). The OP HC also supports human capital projects to foster innovation (promoting pro-innovation attitudes; building capacity of clusters and innovation support entities; providing innovation-related information). This is to be achieved by the implementation of 19 strategic areas falling under five axes: i) human resources for the modern economy; ii) research for the economy, iii) intellectual property for innovation, iv) capital for innovation; and u) infrastructure for innovation.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	0336108888cccce95fd573c1b9b6d476	The following graph shows the marginal effects, in percentage points, of selected background characteristics. Marginal effects give the change in probability of being deprived, derived from a unitary change in a background variable, everything else being equal. The marginal effect of age is the effect of one more unit of age: a one-month difference in age reduces the probability of being deprived by 6.3 percentage points.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	0338aa7e9d13b594b52549e19dbc48f5	This may be because the private benefits to firms acting alone were insufficient (whereas the recognition of social benefits makes the actions cost-effective), or because of too high a degree of uncertainty. There may also be a role for public involvement in R&D that will lead to applications with both private and social returns, but which may not otherwise be undertaken without public sector involvement. R&D will be especially important for progress in attaining energy efficiency in agriculture w'hen applied to systems involved in the production process, operational activity and capital goods or farm infrastructure engaged in production. Also, a prudent R&D portfolio includes high risk, potentially high payoff projects, along with those involving lower-risk, incremental improvements.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300255-en	0338b592698af4e340d94fd6478bd701	They make information about education and career pathways easy to find and understand, and they provide recognition and certification of competencies that encourage learners of all ages to keep learning. This diagnostic report identifies 14 skills challenges for Austria which were distilled from two interactive diagnostic workshops held with a range of stakeholders. It marshals a wide array of relevant OECD evidence, including Austria’s results from die Survey of Adults Skills (PIAAC), to shed furdier light on diese challenges.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/edf15661-en	033b9b213b6fe1347360c0342f6b2d29	Women continue to suffer from unequal treatment and condescending attitudes. Women politicians do not yet enjoy the decision-making power of their male counterparts. In Iraq, for example, no women took part in negotiations to reach a compromise government after the parliamentary elections of 2010, and the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is only a state’s cabinet with no allocated budget. The judgement was followed, on 6 June that year, by three similar rulings for the benefit of other students. The judgements prevented the university from refusing to accept women students to certain departments based solely on the university's admission policy.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	033bcb86e1e924a7cebc29323af96f66	Virtually all SVEs and LDCs are engaged in trade negotiations, at the bilateral/biregional (both South—South and North-South), regional (within existing integration processes such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)) or multilateral level (i.e. within the WTO, for those countries that are Member States). These processes — while varying significantly in their geographical scope, liberalisation ambition, implementation timeline and sector coverage - can potentially create large trade adjustment costs for SVEs and LDCs that can, particularly in the short to medium term, offset the political, economic and social gains from trade liberalisation. This study analyses the collection and analysis of TRA1 flows, and compares it with the stated adjustment needs of SVEs and LDCs. Certain changes to the classifications have been made to the CRS to accommodate the AfT categories.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	033ca45537c67e02b8768b45b7d535ca	These conditional urban developments do not include land-use zones but must provide their own infrastructure and basic services (SERPLAC Santiago, n.d.). The primary exception to restrictions on building outside of the urban boundary is found in Article 55 of the General Law of Urban Development and Construction (Ley General de Urbanismo y Construction), which allows certain land uses outside urban boundaries, including social housing, services, infrastructure and industrial uses. For example, the current system of zoning has been seen as an obstacle for new development, and zones tend to become obsolete more quickly than PRs are renewed (Peterman, 2008). Others have indicated that the zoning system limits opportunities to redevelop under-utilised areas within urban boundaries for new types of uses, such as multi-family housing (Trivelli, 2011). The pressure to develop beyond the urban boundary has contributed to the rise of conditional urban developments in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which may undermine city-wide urban development strategies (Trivelli, 2011).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	033cc8ac38766d10d7bcc5a5bb09b10e	Before joining the OECD, Puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in Finland as a national and local government adviser, programme manager, practitioner and evaluator. She has management experience from both the university and polytechnic sector and has worked in university internationalisation, PR and communication and stakeholder management. In addition, she has experience in the corporate sector in the pharmaceutical industry.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	03401ef2517c0600a421f54c2432b71a	The strategy was then submitted, with full stakeholder acceptance, to the Department of Water Affairs for the minister’s approval. Following this approval, implementation started in 2011 at the catchment scale, mostly through the work of five sub-catchment management fora which are currently the main platforms for stakeholder engagement. Each falls under the mandate of a specific community officer who is also responsible for public awareness (e.g. in schools and community groups).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	03407d53f78ef112c02a17c2d35a52ba	Even in OECD countries regarded as having strong primary care, such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, a large proportion of doctors continue to work as solo-practitioners. The average primary care clinic in Israel is staffed by the equivalent of 3.4 general practitioners, 2.6 nurses, 1.5 practice assistants and most have a practice manager. In recent years, the United Kingdom, Australia, France and Switzerland have changed financing or provided additional payments to general practitioners to try and prioritise such services and had limited success in driving system-wide change.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eag-2017-6-en	03408ad8fa3545e2a71a4699e1f5d65e	It considers Level 2 in reading and mathematics to be the minimum level of proficiency required for students to participate fully in the knowledge-based society (see Definitions section). In Estonia, Finland and Japan, at least 83% of students attain Level 2 or above in both reading and mathematics, while fewer than 35% of students do so in Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica. However, PISA also consistently shows that high performance and greater equity are not mutually exclusive (Figure 2). Indeed, being able to improve the performance of all students, regardless of background, is necessary for countries to become high-performers and to achieve the SDG 4 targets.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	0345b7e86f281d01b3ef5b2d46315951	Figure A2 shows that the states that have a rigid regulation (left of the graph) are the state that made fewer reforms (low value of labor index) - except for Uttar Pradesh. Conversely states that made more reforms are those who were previously less rigid (at right of the graph) are also those who conducted more reform. So there is little chance that we introduced to much bias when we studied the effect of the reforms, all the more so as we control for state economic opportunities in the regressions.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	034a8fb541069ddb1632fefbbb92ae8c	In addition to the administration of payments, afeimats are co-responsible at the local level with the Food Contract Corporation for the formation of state grain reserves and may sometimes exert informal pressure on producers to deliver in excess of stated obligatory targets. Initially, SBCs were established in seven “macroregions”, and then in 2011 they were reorganised, with some of them split into two or three. Currently, 16 SBCs operate in each region. The principal mandate of SBCs is to stimulate local development through investments in various social and economic projects. Since their creation, many SBCs have engaged in investment projects related to agriculture and agro-food processing. In 2011, SBCs were made responsible for the management of the local food stabilisation funds created to constrain food prices on local markets.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	034b9c3998c54a980af5baffa6d5ebfc	Other Russian regions have introduced a separate investment fund for renovating the electricity network. This might also be a possibility for the Agglomeration to tackle the challenge of lacking funds. However, it will not help in addressing the fundamental shortcomings of the system. Streamlining the system and creating incentives for private investments should be complementary measures. For this, it would be necessary to simplify ownership structures, ensure transparency in the distribution system, clearly attribute responsibilities for maintenance, and create a level playing field for private investors beyond concessions. Since 1991, there has been a strong focus on developing road infrastructure; this period has also witnessed the break-up and partial privatisation of the previously monolithic public transport system.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	034d030f0239f0f74735abf9c71bfef9	Private climate finance is expected to play an important role, both in the context of the USD 100 bn climate finance commitment, as well as more broadly, whilst also presenting an opportunity for the private sector and investors. Thus, the key requirement is to strike the right balance between investors’ appetite for risk and reward. Effectively mobilising private investments to finance climate-friendly and/or climate resilient activities therefore requires establishing enabling environments and domestic investment conditions that incentivise and align investment opportunities with the need for climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	0350014b63d165aa6546a9a28184e78c	At times, however, we hove been forced to rely on scant and scattered evidence 0/ this complex relationship. The contribution set out in this report brings together the existing evidence on migration and education to point a picture of incredible opportunity os well as point to where and why educational disodvontoge con occur. It provides the onolyticol cornerstone to help guide our decisions on educotion in o range 0/migration contexts - and this ot a time in which the international community is striving to meet the SDGs and maximize the significant benefits 0/migration globally.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	0354f41a318bebdd0d14e41b51af2a0c	The first pathway, operates primarily through household-level mechanisms, evolving from a pure ‘income effect’ of cash into the household (regardless of who is the primary recipient), which reduces poverty-related stress and improves emotional wellbeing. Alternatively, if CT funds are used for expenditures not intended to benefit all household members, for example to purchase alcohol or tobacco, cash could create new sources of marital conflict. Finally, cash or complementary interventions could, if appropriately targeted, increase woman’s bargaining power, strengthening her self-worth, and potentially increasing her perceived value to the household. Similar to the conflict pathway, this pathway may have mixed effects depending on how men respond to potential shifts in resources or power dynamics. On the one hand, some men may feel threatened in situations where their wives are empowered, which can lead to backlash and increased IPV as men attempt to reassert control and their identity as the household provider or dominant decision maker.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	03561752ced252dd5548c631be0e671b	Crustacean output rose (up 64.1% in volume and 6.2% in value) mainly because of an increase in prawn harvests. In the latter, the overall decline was due mainly to a decrease in catches of the regions’ more important species, notably tuna in the Azores and black swordfish in Madeira. At the national level, annual average prices at auctions were also found to be slightly higher in 2009 than in the previous year (up 2.7%).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	0356dbcb920a5a672e3743f40bd1b76a	In consequence, the impacts shown here on land use and agricultural production abstract from the potential substitution among these input commodities which might alter the policy effects. In terms of biofuel policies, the increasing importance of sustainability criteria linked to support measures in many countries is not accounted for in the analysis. These tend to limit the choice of biofuels and their feedstock commodities that qualify for support (or for counting towards mandates), and may therefore alter the impact the support policies have on agricultural markets and incomes. An assessment of the direction and potential magnitude of these modifying effects is, however, beyond the scope of this analysis.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	03577d38354e30479f8ac63e64107c6b	In some cases, horizontal inter-departmental bodies enjoy a legal status in equality acts or regulation, but such co-ordination mechanisms can still suffer from ambiguous mandates (Johan, 2010). Focal points within sectoral/line ministries charged with integrating and co-ordinating gender mainstreaming initiatives, for example, may face institutional marginalisation, a lack of authority and insufficient technical expertise (Ibid). To support the implementation of this “whole-of-government” process, the law created an Inter-departmental Co-ordination Group for the federal government. This group’s members are representatives of administrations and ministers’ offices and its secretariat is the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	035942bbbd1e3157597d22fa38d97c49	These enforcement systems should have all the human, financial, legal, technical and other resources needed to make them effective (see also sect. Forced evictions constitute gross violations of a range of internationally recognized human rights, including the human rights to adequate housing, food, water, health, education, work, security of the person, freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and freedom of movement. Forced evictions are defined as the permanent or temporaiy removal against the will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c271815-en	035ab10babf168a1281a9e6945c78a35	Honduras (2006 and 2010). Paraguay (2008 and 2013), Peru (2007 and 2013), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (2008 and 2013) and Uruguay (2008 and 2013). Next came the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (23 percentage points) and Brazil and Chile (20 percentage points each). The countries where the situation of the poorest quintile improved the least were Honduras, El Salvador, Mexico and Paraguay, with increases of 0.5 percentage points, 2 percentage points, 3 percentage points and 4 percentage points, respectively (see table I.A1.6). The countries with the largest absolute increases were Chile, Uruguay and Costa Rica (26, 22 and 21 percentage points, respectively), while in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras the change over the period was less than 1 percentage point.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	035b2faad544481608e939c50a4c17a7	Brazil's cotton production is expected to grow even faster than the world’s largest cotton producer, India, which has a greater potential for higher yield growth as it starts from a low base. During the course of the next ten years, Brazil is expected to draw-down cotton stocks. Changing competition for resources to produce other commodities is also expected to influence the outlook for cotton markets.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	035b3ee74fe957590835b5455cc25f5d	Although at the global level households headed by men and those headed women are almost equally likely to be multidimensionally poor—29 percent of man-headed households and 28 percent of woman-headed households are multidimensionally poor—there is considerable variation across countries and regions.16 Because the MPI is calculated at the household level rather than at the individual level, complementary research may be needed to clarify the relationship between gender and poverty. An average of 49 percent of the population in 24 countries in conflict for which the MPI is calculated lives in multidimensional poverty, and another 16 percent live in near-poverty. An average of 27 percent of people in these countries live in severe multidimensional poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	035dfe3947bf56bc34dbb048f18ae446	Finally, I will also survey available evidence on policies that have affected the gender balance in educational attainment. In the next section, I document the trends in gender gaps in educational attainment. I will mostly focus on industrialized countries and put particular emphasis on the comparison of Nordic countries and the United States, which is the country that has traditionally led trends in educational attainment.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0361615453eff6f2b07f51696b5e3516	British surveys do not ask respondents to distinguish the benefits (because of the difficulty of doing so) and even official statistics stopped classifying unemployed recipients by the type of unemployment benefit received. Cappellari and Jenkins’s (2008a, 2014) analysis therefore has to examine SA receipt defined in terms of receipt of either benefit in order to derive a consistent longitudinal series. Similarly, Hansen and Lofstrom’s (2011) analysis of the dynamics of SA receipt in Sweden includes receipt of some unemployment benefits in the definition of SA.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	0369d54589fddcabc855950a4b1c9e67	Yet low productivity and competitiveness, segmented transport infrastructure and other market barriers makes it more convenient to buy imported products. Female farmers who produce to sell on the market regularly experience these obstacles more severely than their male counterparts — a situation which undermines their capacity to grow their businesses, when it does not directly threaten their human security (IFAD, 2015; OECD/SWAC 2016). Women and men work side-by-side albeit with distinctive cropping patterns: they often cultivate separate crops or tend to different livestock.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	0369eb533a2ad323ea4cfc738d285856	At date 1, the levels of water supply and demand are represented by, respectively, SI and Dl. Flence, the probability that demand falls beyond supply is equal to a+b+c+d. Suppose that at period 2 demand decreases to a level described by line D2, while the probability distribution shifts on the right, from SI to S2.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	036c9da9f2dd0adb91fc2bec84aca82e	Twelve countries supply benefits that cover the full period of leave, while 14 provide financial support for only part of the job-protected leave time. In the Czech Republic and Norway, payment spanned a longer period in 2011 than job protection, which could make it difficult for recipients of benefit for the full parental leave period to re-enter the labour market. France is the only country where the length of time for which allowances are received varies with the number of children. Labour market outcomes are likely to depend on the total duration of leave.	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	036e188d9506a530f8c42b8a2c908ced	Each incubator project is funded for two to three years, so AFEM operates the incubators on a project basis. When one grant ends, the search for another project hinder begins. It is also negotiating its entiy into the RMIE (incubator) network of the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST); if admitted, the most innovative projects in the AFEM incubators will be eligible for MAD 230 000 of funding support from the CNRST.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e6fad794-en	037430d9dc8d6a3d19641d953518303e	This effort gained new momentum and inspiration in 1994, when 179 governments gathered in Cairo for the International Conference on Population and Development and forged a plan for sustainable development grounded in individual rights and choices and the achievement of sexual and reproductive health for all. That plan, embodied in a Programme of Action, not only re-energized the global reproductive rights movement but also positioned UNFPA as the movement's custodian.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f4eb59e6-en	03777289b3200792090f07fe7d0515ed	Table 5.1 provides a summary of the main sectors involved, the types of plastic products or waste and the typical entry points to the ocean. Losses from this sector are unquantified but can be expected to be relatively low, provided good waste management practices are followed. However, losses may be much greater from poorly-managed municipal facilities and the informal waste recycling sectors.	14	2	3	0.2
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	037cd6be0eed9d1520bb62e39d6c36fc	The suggestion was made that the low-income net food importing countries, who particularly need to benefit from the rebalanced trade rules, stand to lose from the removal of the status quo on farm protection. In response, Mr Bhattacharya insisted on the need to protect vulnerable consumers from price shocks, but also reminded the audience not to underestimate the potential response in low-income countries. He called for stepping up the dialogue in the Agriculture Committee.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c9f34fd4-en	037f312faf70700179c59911962267a0	More than 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. The agriculture sector is by far the largest user of freshwater, accounting for nearly 70 per cent of global water withdrawals. Saving just a fraction of this would significantly alleviate water stress in other sectors, particularly in arid countries where agriculture can consume as much as 90 per cent of available water resources. It would also strengthen economic development instead of constraining growth. Agricultural water savings can come in many forms, such as increasing productivity of food crops (more crop per drop), improving water management practices and technologies, implementing sustainable agricultural practices, growing fewer water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, reducing food loss and waste, and importing food grown from water-rich countries.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	038066956f557a7c7299b64b30511dd1	Many of the indicators that Norway is collecting at present are, though useful, primarily process indicators, or measures of service capacity, for example registration of diagnoses or staffing numbers. With other existing indicators, for example inpatient suicides, readmission rates or waiting times for access to services, Norway is making steps towards being able to assess quality of mental health care. However, the fact that psychiatric patients are often very vulnerable, and in a large proportion of instances held involuntarily, makes measuring performance and quality of care vital and more complex (Pincus et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/17c619e3-en	0384118934f89ede663b3d0e58c8ccc3	This includes water for drinking, personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, and personal and household hygiene (see Chapters 1 and 4). These challenges are not limited to SDG 6, as the cross-cutting nature of water and sanitation affects the implementation of most other SDGs. The transversal role of water across all segments of societies contributes to the complexity of ensuring respect for the related human rights for all, leaving no one behind. This includes indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, refugees (see Chapter 8) and migrants. Women also often are disadvantaged in terms of their enjoyment of human rights across several societies worldwide. Key barriers and mechanisms of exclusion (Figure 3.1), which have come into existence either intentionally or unintentionally, deprive certain groups of people from the possibility to realize their full potential (UNDP, 2016).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	038460abce6a26f75dc08926d5aadee4	In other words, “women get sicker, men die quicker” (Tolleson-Rinehart, 2005). Self-reported health status is widely used in cross-sectional studies as a single-item morbidity measure that strongly correlates with objective physical and mental health measures (Smith et al., In Finland, women reporting good or very good health outnumbered their male counterparts.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	038603045dca4f7c4db8524014b2f95e	It can spare people en masse from poverty and drudgery. It also creates the resources to support health care, education, and the other Millennium Development Goals to which the world has committed itself (CGD, 2008, p. I). Governments committed to growth must therefore liberalize product markets, allowing new, more productive firms to enter and obsolete firms to exit. They must also create room to manoeuvre in the labour market, so that new industries can quickly create jobs and workers can move freely to fill them (CGD 2008, p. 6). They tried a variety of policies to help diversify exports or sustain competitiveness”.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	038623b6d50b5df35de2769c73f9274f	This lack of common definition represents a major challenge in establishing a MRV framework of climate finance because there is no agreed basis for measurement or methodology for tracking climate finance flows. Following Corfee-Morlot et al. Consistent with the terms of the Cancun Agreements, these may be either international public or private financing flows, and thus may be either concessional (public) or non-concessional flows (where the latter concerns private as well as some forms of public finance flows).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	0386b6d22cc5e2e64c2f8162b0611834	Furthermore, Korean women are often still expected to leave employment at the birth of a child, so that mothers with children often are not in employment, or in a low-paying non-regular job, which increases the overall cost of having children (OECD, 2018[2i). Nevertheless, the overall standard of living of children increased from 2006 to 2012 in Korea, regardless of their family situation. Disposable income grew by 10.5% for the poorest 25 percent of children in two-parent families, and by 22% for the 25 percent poorest children in single-parent families (Figure 2). Nowadays, about a third of non-regular workers in Korea have completed tertiary education (OECD, 2018[7j), and a growing proportion of families headed by a highly educated fathers are in non-regular employment. In fact, the proportion of poor children with a father with higher education increased (+15 percentage points) between 2006 and 2012.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	0389802e733861aefb561d02f44dabca	"The Protocol also provides that a widow has the right to an equitable share in the inheritance ofthe property of her husband, and that women and men have the right to inherit, in equitable shares, their parents’ properties (art. Among other provisions, they state that the African States are obliged to ""ensure equitable and non-discriminatory access, acquisition, ownership, inheritance and control of land and housing, especially by women. This includes the obligation to take measures to modify or prohibit harmful social, cultural or other practices that prevent women and other members of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups from enjoying their rightto property, particularly in relation to housing and land” (para. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law."""	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	03911d277e11161a1b6408758f5ad12d	Lakes, rivers and marine waters are probably of good or very good ecological status. Habitat degradation is not regarded as a major issue in Greenland. However, climate driven changes in physical properties might alter the biological balance and regional biodiversity. For instance, northward retreatment of the sea ice edge has been linked to an increase in the distribution of kelp beds and increase in the seasonal productivity of seaweeds along the Greenland West coast (Krause-Jensen et al., Wild species, and to some degree pollution and invasive species, may threaten the present good status. In addition, copepod droppings constitute a food resource for bottom-living animals as they sink to the seafloor.	15	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a692184d-en	0393b92f7442aaac8319d17d9f59a7d7	Furthermore, the content could be enriched by including more practical guidance. Teachers attend a mandatory one-week training programme every three years, organized by the Minsk City and oblast institutes for education development. The elements of EE and ESD are integrated into the training programme. Model curricula have been prepared for teachers’ training and in-service training to improve teachers’ skills and competencies in the areas of ESD, innovative technologies in the education process, energy and resource efficiency and healthy lifestyle.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	0395ee94d925f41774aa61f2d784d014	Finally, Section 4.6 presents the impact of tax-benefit policies on income adequacy and on work incentives for non-standard workers. Women (especially part-time), youth (especially temporary jobs) and workers with lower level of education are overrepresented in NSW, as are workers in small firms. Temporary contracts increase the chances of acquiring a standard job compared with remaining unemployed, but a part-time job or self-employment does not increase the chances of a transition to a standard job. They tend to receive less training and, in addition, those on temporary contracts have more job strain and have less job security than workers in standard jobs.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	03991209effa452f5c1b6707c7cbab5f	Building on the natively integrated and network-wide enforced transaction logic, an endless variety of applications can be developed. The blockchain can hold hashes to the original data points, which are solely managed by the related organisations. This set-up provides a high degree of flexibility by reducing the amount of data distributed on the network.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	03995f0c51681828981e27ef4376df66	In exchange, if private operators have a deficit will be compensated through public subsidies. Conversely, the city government owns newly created routes and puts them into a bidding process for a six-year license over the route. This scheme means that the city government has a limited authority over the majority of routes, whereas it commits to pouring in an enormous amount of funding. However, the city chose to exercise political flexibility to make its agenda acceptable to the society without aggravating conflicts.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	039d09b4ba16c233dbc36f5430e2b678	Teachers create greater connections to the broader community and to elders, and make explicit how what is being leamt influences the self, the family, the community and the land. Teachers are activators, while students become active in the design, implementation and measurement of learning experiences. Partnerships enjoy high partner equity, transparency, mutual benefit and accountability.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	039d4d1b89ec4237d62c80f573bee4b0	In developing the evidence base, the continuation and intensification of exchange and co-operation with other Alpine countries would be beneficial. In 2011 Austria established the Climate Change Centre Austria to strengthen the organisational links between producers and consumers of climate data. The majority of such funding is channelled through the Federal Disaster Fund, which receives 1.1% of federal tax revenue.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ad0bffd4-en	039e770089eb0cbfb193a3ae3fadb893	International donors increased their involvement in waste management during the last few years and this resulted in improvements in management of obsolete pesticides and expired chemicals, but management of municipal and manufacturing waste is developing slowly and old practices remain. This development reduced generated amounts of waste and in some sectors also decreased the amount of waste previously accumulated. The development of modem waste management infrastructure is still in the initial phase.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	039fd485aaa34c918c86b8706de07d33	For example, among European countries, the proportion of mothers in fulltime work varies from 8% in the Netherlands to 77% in Slovenia. In addition to country-specific factors, such as public child care support (Box 4.3), there are also individual and family-specific reasons why women choose to work full- or part-time. Changes in labour markets have been powerful factors in growing female labour force participation in OECD countries, particularly the development of the services sector and the expansion of part-time work, which have enabled a greater proportion of women to work and keep working after they start to have children.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	03a18fc63d3ea1d0263cc40cf3dcbc5f	Public consultations are not a stand-alone exercise, but an integral part of evidence-based policy making, cost-benefit analysis or data analysis. To do so, additional investment is needed to develop inclusive policy making tools, to ensure that men and women in different life circumstances can participate. People face socio-economic, cultural and geographical barriers or barriers of another external nature.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	03a1dd3175d12b3dea6d4e7ea1159a4b	Market deregulation should be followed by strong policies and regulations to guarantee reliable services and fair pricing. The limited involvement of the private sector in electricity production can be a barrier to deploying renewable energy™. On the other hand, private electricity markets that lack strong and clear regulation, as in the case of Lebanon, create a chaotic market that hinders investment in renewable energy. The region is also blessed with a growing availability of locally sourced capital from banks and funds, and an expert community of developers and technical and other advisors. In 2015 in the Arab region, wind and solar developments broke new low-cost records, which attracted strong international interest and resulted in new project developments and investment.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	03a22f483ed3e46076d375d9fca37aa7	Local authorities could develop some legal framework to support the purok system and unlock some resources for its functioning. Rapid and uncontrolled uibanisation resulted in a range of environmental issues in the city by the mid-2000s, including solid waste pollution due to unsorted garbage and open waste disposal. The city also suffered from lack of clean water supply and wastewater treatment system, and periodic floods, creating critical health hazards such as dengue fever and diarrhoea. The creation of a waste bank and 24 composting houses in the city were two important measures taken by the municipality, but raising public awareness was the keystone of the programme.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	03a35007b11b17e0802be12486770edd	However, the prevalence of underweight children aged 0-6 months increased from 6.9 per cent in 2005 to 8.4 per cent in 2010. In 2014, low birth weight was more common in rural areas (particularly the western region, at 6.6 per cent) than in urban areas (3.8 per cent in Ulaanbaatar). A first list of banned and limited use toxic and hazardous chemicals was approved by the Government in 1997.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	03a43c05f0cae529a817b95cb9c0d1a3	This situation is further complicated by the very low collection rate of water user charges, which for household ranges between 12 per cent and 80 per cent of the bill sent by the water utility, with a nationwide average of 45 per cent (Chapter 5). The responsibility of monitoring of the drinking water quality is under the Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection Department under the Ministry of Agriculture, which organizes tenders for analysis of the drinking water quality for accredited laboratories. In case of emergency situation results are reported to the municipalities and in case of health risks to the public centre for diseases of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection (MHLSP) and even to the Cabinet of Ministers when necessary.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	03a5386c4a481c36cc5e34929768458b	For example, Wiggins and Keats (2013) summarise three dimensions to policies that might address this challenge (Figure 4). One dimension is simply to build the case for government involvement based on public-good arguments, where the driver for building successful links between small farmers and markets would be found in private enterprise. A second dimension is to identify the participants: fanners and farm group who can transition to commercial operations, and sponsors or champions who can maintain the linkages with smallholders.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	03a981bae06e4f051a433146b6a4894d	Quality reports should be based on data available from a national data warehouse (more on this below) and refer to a number of indicators such as the number of teachers with teaching competencies in the subjects they teach, results regarding academic performance and wellbeing in relation to the indicators set in the 2014 Folkeskole reform, average marks correlated for socio-economic background, transition rates to upper secondary education and inclusion rates for students with special educational needs. For monitoring purposes, the quality reports can, however, disclose information whether the municipality or individual schools meet their performance targets and how performance develops over time. The six municipalities visited by the OECD review team all reported having procedures in place to ensure the quality control of their schools. This typically involves annual meetings with school leaders to discuss student results, based on national and municipal assessments and surveys of students and/or school staff.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	03ac42348183681d47ff5f7c3e33aee0	Policy reforms enacted in the early and mid 1990s reduced income gaps at the bottom to below their 1978 value (as measured by the p50/p10 ratio, not reported here). But no equalising effects of policies could be discerned for the upper part of the distribution (p90/p50 ratio). For the period as a whole, tax policy changes appear to have slightly exacerbated trends towards widening income gaps at the top. The interpretation is that the tax system in the mid-2000s would have been somewhat more redistributive if policy makers had implemented no reform at all and had, instead, simply adjusted all monetary tax parameters in line with inflation.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	03ac6f7fdcc38504acc5182bd3e124bb	At present, the most heavily supported sector is renewable energy, but in future sectors such as automobile manufacturing are destined to become a target for support. The IEA estimates for investment in the transport sector are dominated by investment in electric vehicles and associated infrastructure, and heavily weighted to a post-2035 period when those technologies are predicted to become part of the mainstream. From an environmental perspective, subsidies in this sector are probable, and already exist in many countries; the internal combustion engine will have to be replaced if the Agreement targets are to be met.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cefc94d2-en	03aceee76df8ed0511df92e8262c69c8	Tracking progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of data and statistics at the subnational, national, and regional levels, including those derived from official statistical systems and from new and innovative data sources. Many national statistical systems face serious challenges in this regard. As a result, accurate and timely information about certain aspects of people's lives are unknown, and many development challenges are still poorly understood.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	03ae09c6e5f6b4b1edcbdf32c3903403	Since the adoption of the Rio marker system, the information on support to the environment, including climate, desertification and biodiversity has incrementally improved. A revised definition of the climate markers and a guidance table to improve scoring, have been included in the revised Converged Statistical Reporting Directives of the OECD (OECD, 2016c). Overall, the new transparency framework for climate finance and the commitment to greater transparency of financing for sustainable development (UN, 2015a; UN, 2015b) will play an important role in enabling countries to hold each other to account, and in enabling citizens and communities around the world to hold their governments to account.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	03b00ecd870d4727915d893539c2da95	Household mobility is now at an all-time low, with the mover rate 11% of the population in 2017. Past strong inter-regional migration flow's have declined, partly due to ageing as older people typically move residence less frequently. Declining willingness of workers to undertake job transitions is another factor inhibiting this adjustment mechanism (Molloy, Smith and Wozniak, 2014(23]).	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	03b4603bb02f01a7f1003ab7449387e9	At the other end of the scale, 13.8% of people working in the hospitality sector have completed some form of tertiary qualification, compared to 31.3% in the economy as a whole (Figure 6; Table A.8, Annex 4). Accommodation and Food Sen/ices Activities (ISIC Rev 4). The ILO and UNWTO (2013) recently noted that a significant proportion of service positions (around 25-30%) are supervisory or skilled occupations at managerial, professional or technical levels.	8	0	8	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	03b5e5d7ad92e19b9f8d7d6cc919bf50	The limited information contained in surveys does not allow more exact identification of the composition of transfers in the other countries that saw this type of income increase. First, the crises studied were characterized by falling employment rates; that is, the average unemployment rate rose. However, during those same periods, otherwise inactive persons tended to enter the labour market.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faf8a648-en	03b7da7f7784f439e9ead1ee8e2cf663	Private sector firms, especially the sugar companies, were challenged to seize the opportunities for investment in such blending. The government set the policy framework and provided the incentives and infrastructure, within which the private sector could respond. The leading investor was Press Corporation Limited, a publicly listed company incorporated in Malawi. The first ethanol plant was built by Press Corporation in 1982, with a final blending ratio of 10 per cent, and in 2004, they opened a second plant, with a combined total capacity of 18 million litres a year.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6546680a-en	03bda028ebcc2fa22c7d7ca9a6e3e564	Larger countries, on the other hand, can shift away from specialization in primary commodities through import substitution. The use of labour-intensive techniques and domestic inputs should figure prominently among the requirements outlined in these policies. There is considerable room for diversity in its application, reflecting differences in each country’s resource endowments, size, geographical location, production structure and export structure. Distribution of rents is thus crucial.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088979-en	03becd4ff5f2dba5a60dd0ad4e9a49be	Numbers of patents are increasing but so far revenues remain at a low level with AUD 7 million income in 2007. It can be expected that much of this involves commercialisation outside of the state. Also PhD training could involve stronger links with key clusters and provide entrepreneurial skills. This is also an area where Victorian universities could have a strong impact on the SME sector through support for enterprise within the student/graduate community.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	03c1117a54544f42e2caf03359d982bc	Against the backdrop of a long-standing lack of official sources of reliable information on illicit drug production, trafficking and abuse among countries in the region, there have been several media and anecdotal reports regarding the widespread abuse of counterfeit Captagon tablets (containing amphetamine) among all parties engaged in armed violence in the Syrian Arab Republic. Significantly, for the first time in six years, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015, for which the executive summary is available, notes that there has been a decrease in the estimated total area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, which in 2015 totalled 183,000 hectares (ha). That represents a decrease compared with 2014, when cultivation reached record levels, at 224,000 ha.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	03c193d1c1e364a12f7e8728b3aada5f	Building on the success of the PPCDAm, the government launched a similar programme to control deforestation in the Cerrado biome. In addition to strict monitoring and enforcement, further reducing deforestation will increasingly require making sustainable agriculture and forest management more attractive than illegal logging and land grabbing, and ensuring that sustainable practices provide a viable income source for traditional communities (CEPAL et al., Concessions still cover less than 1% of the eligible forest area, mainly because of red tape, high transaction costs, lack of infrastructure and land tenure conflicts. Many rural communities do not have the knowledge or means to adopt sustainable forest practices or to compete in concession processes. Much of the international finance is used through extrabudgetary funds, including the innovative Amazon Fund. Established in 2008 and managed by the BNDES in co-ordination with the MMA, the fund invests in deforestation prevention and sustainable forest use, thereby contributing to reducing GHG emissions.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	03c371dd7f66070ef0717697fe2cfa86	The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants' sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study. Scholars have consistently shown that gender influences who will go to a new location and who will stay behind (Massey, 1986; Curran, 1995; Pittin, 1984; Monsutti, 2007; Cohen and others, 2008; Resurreccion and Ha Thi Van Khanh, 2007; Ni Laoire, 2001).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	03c5aa46a46f0d8dccd12df11a05ad62	In both houses of legislature this figure reached 15.9%. In 2000, the Inter-Parliamentary Union recorded zero female parliamentarians for several countries, including Djibouti, Jordan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE),5 with the highest levels of women as political representatives found in Tunisia, with 15 women (11.5%), and Iraq, with 19 (7.6%) (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2000). By 2014, each of the countries mentioned above that did not have any women in parliament in 2000 had increased these numbers: Djibouti increased the representation of women in its legislative branch to 7 (12.7%); Jordan’s female legislative representation grew to 18 women (12%); the United Arab Emirates now has 7 women (17.5%); 1 woman (1.5%) serve as legislators in Kuwait.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	03c74d34b34c8afd7db7ba21e6004993	Between 2005 and 2016, informality rates for women have fluctuated between a quarterly low of 56.2% and a high of 59.4%, while men’s rates have stayed in the range of 49.2% to 52%. Among informal workers, employers and wage workers tend to be better off, while own-account workers and domestic workers fare worse in terms of wages, job security, and social protection. Mexican women are far more likely to work in the second category than the first. While 48.8% of male workers (aged 15-64) in Mexico report never having paid any social security contributions in their productive lives, the figure is 64.6% among women (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	03c80c0b3aa2c18a07a924a32e44c647	The Police Authority of Gyeonggi Province took the initiative to set up a safety committee together with the education community (Provincial Education Board), citizen associations and the media. The objective of this collaborative structure is to promote road safety control by-analysing the areas where there is a high concentration of accidents, upgrading infrastructure (Province and Regional Office of Construction Management), educating citizens and raising awareness. The committee was elected after a debate that brought together around 150 experts and representatives from the civil society.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	03ccea59984ab9f7b2b1ec93e74cef4a	This chapter aims to define inclusive innovations, as well as outline the challenges and opportunities in scaling innovations to meet the needs of lower-income and excluded groups. Section 2 focuses on the characteristics of inclusive innovation compared to innovation that does not specifically supply lower-income and excluded groups. Section 3 discusses factors that support scaling up inclusive innovations.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	03ccf9bfe98f5668a7a03f3f5e65ba95	However, the broader evidence is mixed. In a recent synthesis of qualitative and quantitative reviews and key evidence, van den Bold and colleagues (2013) find that although qualitative evidence on CCTs, largely from Latin America and the Caribbean, generally points to positive impacts on empowerment indicators, quantitative results are mixed. More recent studies focusing on the Africa region have come to the same broad conclusions (Bonilla et al.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	03cf1d63a77a94bbf42fbc830e513970	As water is a local resource with strong territorial characteristics, the explanation for sub-national actor involvement lies mainly in theories related to local public goods, and the need for decentralised mechanisms to achieve optimal allocation. But in practice, the implementation of such an optimal water allocation scheme varies widely across countries and rarely involves a full delegation of responsibility to lower levels of government. Water management is generally a shared responsibility across levels of government.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	03cf30804aa5d9c2fa1be9dbded6e7fc	In Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, Spain and Portugal, they assume a wide array of responsibilities, with the common objective of harmonising water policies at basin level. This situation was a result of sporadic water shortages in specific areas and substantial regional disparities in water resources, especially between the coastal areas, where demand is high, and the hinterland. The Water Resources Prospective and Management Scheme (SOURSE), launched in 2009, is an ambitious EUR 400 000 project to build by 2030 a strategic vision and operational framework across levels of government (including the state and the Rhone-Mediterranee-Corse water agency) and to define the terms for effective water governance at the regional level. It develops a model of public governance of water for equitable sharing of water by 2030, taking into account the economic, demographic and environmental evolution of the territory.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	03d2847d3bd69bd46504425c45d711ce	The MoE and the LP regularly report to the Forest Resource Assessment programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as well as the UNECE/FAO/Forest Europe Report on the State of Europe’s Forests. The MoE and the LP hosted a workshop in September 2014 as Poland’s contribution to the UNECE/FAO action plan on forests in a green economy. The MoE is an active participant in the United Nations Forum on Forests, held every two years at UN Headquarters in New York.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	03d29bdf307f0471c8b54dbbce393356	The artificial division between macroeconomic policies and these other policy areas means that too little attention is paid to employment, unpaid work and social issues in the formulation of macroeconomic strategies. These alternatives emphasize that markets do not always function well; unregulated markets can result in financial crises, too little employment, an inadequate supply of public goods and services and environmental deterioration; distribution matters; and inequality affects economic stability and performance. They call for action by governments to regulate markets and to improve economic outcomes through employment and social policies.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	03d33f3b8d48fb509ae6cf9662111973	Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average earnings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. Across the OECD, there is significant variation in the level of support provided under the lower tier of income assistance. Due to benefit ceilings, net replacement rates are lower for individuals with above-average eamings. See OECD (2007a) for full details. In some countries, social assistance benefits are meant to prevent extreme hardship, while it is intended to minimise social exclusions elsewhere (Adema, 2006).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	03d8a79fec51318b01350d806535070f	In 2011, programme accreditation regulations were revised to include criteria on academic and discipline relevance (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Section 4.2 of the regulations requires higher education institutions to describe the relevance of each programme for working life and/or continued studies by outlining the skills developed in the programme and how those skills align with the labour market (Nord University, 2011). The assessment of the labour market relevance of programmes is often informed through dialogue with employers, but there are concerns about the robustness and validity of this consultation process (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Programmes now “must be professionally updated and clearly relevant to further studies and/or work life” (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	03d8e7c5bb44d8c5cd7e898467cb28c4	"For example, national accounts statistics that incorporate a gender perspective take into account both women’s and men’s contribution to all social and economic areas, including unpaid work. The word “sex"" refers to biological differences between women and men. Biological differences are fixed and unchangeable and do not vary across cultures or over time. “ Gender”, meanwhile, refers to socially-constructed differences in the attributes and opportunities associated with being female or male and to social interactions and relationships between women and men."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	03d99fe6feab85be5c95eb01e5b9f275	Setting a high r is tantamount to setting equally distributed income at the income of the poorest individuals in the sample. Thus, increases in lower incomes are given relatively more weight in producing social welfare than increases in high incomes. Setting x to around 1.5 corresponds to setting yc/' approximately equal to the median of the distribution.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	03da2d028b44219a41f240d98a38c1a3	"Drawing on data from 35 advanced economies, it shows what the relative child poverty rate would be if governments did not intervene with taxes and transfers (light blue bar). It then compares this with the actual relative child poverty rate after all taxes are deducted and benefits paid (blue bar).The difference may be seen as one measure of the efforts and effectiveness of different governments in reducing relative child poverty. But some of the children and young people most at risk of poverty do not live in households; they live in institutions, in children's homes, in temporary accommodations, in hostels or hospitals, in prisons, in houses for refugees or asylum seekers, in mobile homes, or on the streets. It is also possible that some of the most at-risk children may be not represented in household surveys because they live in remote areas or in families and communities whose presence may be illegal and unregistered. Open Society Foundations, Budapest. A century later, and from a different ideological perspective, Karl Marx found himself in agreement, ""Our needs and enjoyments spring from society; we measure them, therefore by society and not by the objects of their satisfaction."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-5-en	03e00b4c9cfa0796c68f3ad1a77579f1	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This section explores some of the most promising areas of intervention, such as strengthening participation and the quality of provision in early childhood education and care (ECEQ, enhancing performance at the end of compulsory education by supporting students from low socio-economic backgrounds, fostering gender equality, supporting students of immigrant background and tackling dropout in secondary education. Since young children are able to learn much more than previously assumed, education and support provided during the early years may compensate, at least partly, for deficiencies in stimulation at home or barriers such as language. Most OECD countries have therefore made an effort to increase enrolment rates before the age of 5.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	03e08ca78afaf75d3be3e8bf45160421	To end cultures of impunity, comprehensive reporting systems need to be created to document abuses of women’s rights and support female and civilian survivors of the war in seeking justice (Chapter 3). Following on the suggestions made in the previous section, this needs to include special training for law enforcement agencies, which play an important role in enforcing women’s rights at the community level (Chapters 3 and 13). Promoting public debates and media literacy about SCRs 1325 and 1820 (and subsequent resolutions) and about national responses to these important programmes in post-conflict societies is an essential step in raising awareness about and advocating for participatory roles of women. In post-conflict reconstruction, particularly girls and women should be publicly recognized and encouraged (and, most importantly, not discouraged!) This recommendation can be advanced by offering women opportunities to debate and analyse the language of SCRs such as 1325 in order to relate them to the specific conflicts in which they are caught (Chapter 11).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	03e2583ffdd343425bda982847d2d0e7	The most important need, if not for this generation then for the next, would therefore appear to be investment in the education and skills that would enable households to command higher wages. At the same time well-defined property rights, especially with respect to land, are important for farmers to be able to cash in their assets, and exit the sector on favourable terms. However, rural policies are not fundamentally agricultural policies (nor vice versa).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	03e2b23144e5e8033d08b2385aaf4e13	Particularly large differences between boys’ and girls’ expectations for their future are observed in some countries. In Finland, for example, boys (at 6.2%) are more than four times as likely as girls (at 1.4%) to expect a career as an engineer, scientist or architect. These findings indicate that the career paths of boys and girls are already starting to diverge before the age of 15, and well before important career choices are actually made.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7f020cf3-en	03e2d4bd4290e59a1cf54c40e0b9733a	In fact, early childhood education has been found to be one of the strongest determinants of a child's readiness for school, in both high-income and low-income countries. Participation in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school has risen steadily over the past years. At the global level, the participation rate in early childhood education was 69 per cent in 2017, up from 63 per cent in 2010. However, considerable disparities were found among countries, with rates ranging from 7 per cent to nearly 100 per cent.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	03e4a6dde7176e5c9f4fd24941db7652	Journal of Marriage and the Family, 131-146. Gender & Development, 23(2), 279-297. Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. The Lancet', 359:1423-29. Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and socioeconomic status, and the role of alcohol consumption in this relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence (in press).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08d97fd9-en	03e759b5eea15c230fd23e09401d5621	The Institutional arrangements chapter of this sourcebook shows that the appointment of NFPs as members of GEF steering committees has proved to be an important step. National Dialogues aim to raise awareness about the GEF, strengthen country level coordination and ownership, and clarify and address country GEF needs and priorities linked to national development strategies. They provide an opportunity for discourse among GEF partners and key stakeholders representing a wide range of national and local interests and areas of expertise.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	03e760362e46ab7cc36bc4b43499ea54	Moreover, a 1% increase in the share of agriculture in value added is associated with an increase of 0.11% in SO2 concentration. In contrast to other pollutants, the degree of fragmentation of an urban area does not appear to affect SO2 concentration. This might be due to the fact that SO2 is mainly produced by energy generation processes rather than by road transportation. In particular, this study presents evidence that urban fragmentation is correlated with higher concentrations of NO2 and PM10, when controlling for economic factors and climate conditions. Moreover, the results suggest that densely populated urban areas are associated with higher SO2 concentrations.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	03e950656432364c3062551d0c739b62	Of the more than 6 000 SNI standards set only 86 are obligatory. In terms of agro-food products, mandatory standards apply to imports of sugar, wheat flour and cocoa powder. Under this regulation, effective from 1999, all packaged food products distributed in Indonesia must be labelled exclusively in the Indonesian language, Arabic numeric and Roman text, and must be pre-approved by BPOM.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	03ea5b6deb8a6ed388080cf5575063d8	By doing this for all treated farmers and taking the average of these differences, the average causal effect of the AES on participating farmers (i.e. the average effect of treatment on the treated - ATT) can be estimated (OECD, 2012). Stated otherwise, matching assumes that similarity in the observed characteristics translates into similarity in unobservable characteristics, correlated with the outcome and the biodiversity policy assignment, or that such unobservables are negligible sources of bias (Miteva, 2012). There may also be unobservables, as mentioned earlier, such as motivation or environmental awareness that may influence e.g., a farmer’s decision to participate in an AES.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	03edb9451d6dd5384da5f86f8d82990e	Authorities also adjusted remunerations by negotiating that costs that do not increase directly with travel would not be paid if operators travelled extra. The value threshold over which vehicles are no longer eligible for the 100% subsidy is MXN 250 000 (USD 18 800) in the Federal District, MXN 350 000 (USD 26 300) in the State of Mexico and MXN 550 000 (USD 41 400) in Hidalgo. This planning instrument takes different names depending on the country. In many contexts the word “plan” is substituted by “programme”. Its contents will therefore have to be adjusted to include all the elements, in line with best practice in developing transport master plans (see Box 3.4).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	03ef9a7d467149e2c6aef809ff987c99	First, how effective are these measures at the implementation stage? Second, what capacity do they have over the medium and long term to change initial inequality and the balance between work and family? And, third, what are the social and policy determinants that drive variations between countries and policies? Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac). Encuesta nacional sobre representaciones sociales del cuidado: Principales resultados”, Mujery Desarrollo series.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	03f6c8e648623340de9c46353e398e45	Revenue from all forestry activity and most agricultural activity is still tax exempt. Only 2-5% of farmers (e.g. those involved in greenhouse farming, poultry production and large-scale pig farming) are liable for income tax under the 1984 Agricultural Tax Act. The proceeds would have allowed the government to meet compensation demands from people whose property was confiscated during the post-war socialist period.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	03fbe325cab484c9b84b5b07e4729754	Investments in intercity rail routes can also help improve mobility outside of major urban centres. Rapidly motorising countries run the risk of unmanageable oil-related balance-of-payments issues and, in some places, costs associated with subsidising fuels. The IEA is a partner alongside the FIA Foundation, the International Transport Forum, and UNEP in the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) (www.elobalfueleconomv.org).	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/baf425ad-en	03ff2c8aa35627aa7219a0de9cbffec7	The lack of robust evidence of the patient safety measurement in primary and ambulatory care settings can partly be explained by the fragmented nature of this setting described in the introduction. In fact, survey responses suggest that the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care ‘systems’ , and lack of overall system governance, are the most important barrier to implementing safety measurement and interventions (see Chapter 4). This means infonnation can rarely be linked. These technical barriers may prohibit capturing accurately the full picture of the frequency and magnitude of patient harm occurring along the patient pathway.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	040365e7d0a545f301522bf584e67620	Since the 1970s, notably in India, Oceania, the United States and Europe, women activists have constituted the primary driver of animal rights movements. Recent analyses conclude that women constitute 68-80% of participants in animal rights movements in the United States and the United Kingdom (Kruse etal. Public opinion surveys reinforce these findings (Box 2.1.9).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/872035ff-en	0405a7e3faded180211d4b44369f5f92	The search found 78 PES schemes were in operation, with 13 under development (Annex 2). Of these 78 schemes, 37 were focused on forest/ biodiversity, 28 were watershed-related, and 13 were water quality trading programmes. Many PES programmes are located in Latin America, but there are also numerous schemes in Europe and North America, particularly in forest/biodiversity programmes. It is unlikely that the literature review has identified all the PES schemes, which are in use in the UNECE region.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	040858e3f3c0546c04ce9f4d17dadbfe	There has been a 16 per cent reduction in the amount of wastewater discharged into water bodies over this period. The bulk of wastewater discharge (about 70 per cent) constitutes effluent treated to standard quality. The share of wastewater discharged without treatment in the period 2005-2013 has varied between 0.4 and 1 per cent of overall discharged wastewater. A substantial share of wastewater discharge containing pollutants (about 69 per cent) comes from local sources (i.e. settlements and settlement-based industries).	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	04097bb3a7832fd39891cce9ac6acd01	Abstractable volumes have to be redefined after a few years to consider the latest available scientific data (Water Management Plans are re-defined every six years). These uses also require a minimum flow. This unit is convened by the prefect (the local state representative) and involves stakeholders. It is mandated to suspend prevailing entitlements and to allocate water according to a set list of priority uses, as defined in the Decrees.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	040d299eb23e977e6eab33be525e18e2	The coefficients should be interpreted as the percent change in the probability of overqualification as a function of the independent variable. For instance the coefficient of Age (25-54) for Australia indicates that persons aged 25-54 have 30% lower probability of being overqualified than those aged 16-24. Standard errors in brackets. ***	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	040d4bbdaea55f29e3e7b301a5eb7d09	Les prestataires non publics de logement locatif social sont essentiellement des organisations sans but lucratif ou des cooperatives, mais il s’agit egalement, dans certains pays de l’OCDE, de proprietaires a but lucratif qui mettent a disposition des logements sociaux en vertu de contrats temporaires speciaux. Le logement locatif social n’est pas toujours reserve aux menages a bas revenus, mais ces menages constituent la majorite des locataires dans de nombreux pays - surtout dans les regions qui soufffent d’une penurie de logement locatif social. Par consequent, les prestataires doivent rechercher d’autres formes de financement.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	040df7f117ee0435086cf643a643c1fe	The responsibility is of course entirely mine. Even if “zero” is defined as not quite zero - for example, the World Bank is proposing it should be defined as 3% of the population in the case of income poverty (Kim, 2013; Ravallion, 2012). Global public goods are qualities that potentially affect anyone, anywhere, such as a stable climate, or freedom from infectious disease. This joint civil society/UN consultation, co-led by UNICEF and UN Women with support from the governments of Denmark and Ghana, is an open and inclusive conversation for civil society, academia, governments and the UN to discuss what the post-2015 development agenda should look like.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	040f05347e305e3a0b22e5cd00e7c876	Historically this has proved hugely challenging, and it is much easier to define the goal than to know how to achieve it. Statebuilding processes remain imperfectly understood and contested (see for example North, 2009; Bates, 2001). The issues outlined in the PSGs are similar to those addressed in the context of the Women, Peace and Security agenda.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	040f848c1225cc1595f3ad414e567fcc	Then, a Bayesian Model Averaging method is employed to select the empirical model which best identifies the determinants of the concentration of different pollutants. For each pollutant, the influence of economic sector composition, population density and factors related to internal urban composition and road transport are tested. The study does not consider factors of pollution that occur outside urban areas, such as inter-city transport or activities in rural areas.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	0410096e140813bcd93362137ce4fb2d	The available evidence shows a high concentration of hunger in the ultra poor group in some countries while, in others, they are distributed somewhat evenly over subjacent and medial groups, as well. In the case of poverty, the rural areas are almost universally at a disadvantage. But when it comes to hunger, the urban areas are somewhat more disadvantaged. There are many reasons for the disadvantageous position of urban people with respect to access to food.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/21b890d9-en	04149eb0a6719d6673aa5c00251ad633	When caring for older relatives, women may have to reduce their income-earning work or forego promotions and training opportunities. Even so, those with intense care needs may still not receive sufficient care. It explores the contours and tensions of family caregiving and the implications these have for women's enjoyment of rights, including the right to give and receive care.5 The first part of the chapter looks at gender and other inequalities in the provision of unpaid care and domestic work within families and how these arrangements are impacted by deeply entrenched social norms, socio-economic and demographic factors and public policies.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	041576f78487b9ffe5d2f7a222545605	On the other hand, this approach cannot reflect local conditions and leaves communities in different locations to face a range of challenges (such as limits of water availability, difficulties accessing the resource, level of equipment or infrastructure, level of economic development, etc.). To be effective, water charges need to be responsive to these differences. Subnational authorities are best placed to understand local needs and to engage relevant interlocutors.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	04176b4b725b09c1ce5add35ab54a16c	As an alternative, a number of water districts in the High Plains region of the United States have introduced regulations based on historically-irrigated areas, e.g. Nebraska (NE DNR and TPNRD, 2013). For example, the National Water Initiative in Australia, an agreement that all states have signed, governs groundwater law. In general, the Initiative requires a move towards economic water management and, as a result, a number of incentive-based groundwater policies have been implemented.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	041abd214c1ccceab1cb3204b3f1c7d1	In terms of infrastructure development, the Department of Wastewater and Storm Water Treatment for the Paris Metropolitan Area (Syndicat Interdepartemental pour I 'Assainissement de I ’Agglomeration Parisienne, SIAAP) has put in place a strategy based on demographic changes and the expansion of damp-proofing urban surfaces. This includes investment in new infrastructure (10 watersheds and 4 tunnels) to store 1.02 million m! Meanwhile, integrated strategic planning has also been set up.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	041b80c420bf9b3afb6ac638e7d5c442	The activities of non-consumptive user-groups, such as bird-watchers, will not directly affect the environment (except for issues such as crowding) while the activities of consumptive user groups have a more direct impact. User groups will tend to organise along these two broader categories, seeking to build coalitions within the categories to influence policy choices (Degnbol et al., The difference between user groups and other stakeholders is important because it is the behaviour of the user groups that fisheries policy seeks to influence and to whom policy reform is primarily directed. Commercial fishers can be further divided into small-scale and large-scale fishers.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c96bb166-en	0420a036d3202327187bc2be0bb7009c	But it has to be within the core construct of reproductive health and reproductive rights to be meaningful.” Not only must family planning be part and parcel of a broader effort to improve reproductive health services, but sexual and reproductive health should also be integrated into overall health care systems. Then go on to make sure that you have family planning well integrated there.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	042451f43a8552c12b9c1488a80823a6	Even though the strategy is to buy low' and sell high, this is a tactic that often does not work and as a result the country can be left with massive stockpiles and/or a fiscal deficit. They can lead to higher consumer prices, tend to lower w'age competitiveness, and can reduce agricultural diversification (World Bank, 2012b). The fact that consumer prices often rise as a result of buffer stock schemes is in direct conflict with any food security objectives of the programme. This is mainly due to the fact that buffer stocks are more adept by nature at preventing price drops than curbing price hikes and are more often used to raise prices.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/3726edff-en	042937def90f67734d0cd259ac597fd7	Approximately 22 000 activities supporting research and 12 000 activities supporting ICT development for the years 2013-2016 were assessed. Common ‘filler words’ such as “the”, “is” and “are” were excluded from the analysis The most prominent keywords translated into English are shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2. The larger the text, the more descriptions included the particular word.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/76c9b151-en	0429b6dc1b68482982e11176a114d507	The variation is found to be very similar if one uses the $1.25 a day poverty line. For the countries with mass poverty - to the right on the head count poverty incidence scale - the narrow confidence band indicates that poverty elasticity is fully specified by the initial level of poverty, or the initial level of income. Growth appears to be all that matters if the focus of analysis is absolute mass poverty. On the other hand, once one leaves the realm of mass poverty, even though absolute poverty remains the main focus of analysis, the confidence band widens rapidly, indicating the distributional element taking increasing significance in the change in poverty.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264091269-en	042f7f638bb6e41d57e795cc0beaa175	Additional skills assessed indirectly include familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies. In this report, countries that participated in the first wave of collection in 2002 and 2003 will be referenced to 2003 in figures and tables. This includes Bermuda, Canada, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the Mexican State of Nuevo Leon.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	04303347b9462b03dd00eac172eb4ff1	The law enabled LRGs to allocate resources to these activities from their general budget (Government of France, 1992) but did not allow LRGs to mobilise resources from their water and sanitation budgets. The law' prohibits syndicats mixtes and water agencies from intervening in or financing international development. The law allows municipalities, public institutions of inter-municipal co-operation (EPCI, is the French acronym) of all sizes and syndicats mixtes in charge of drinking water and sanitation service delivery to mobilise up to 1% of the resources allocated to the budgets of these services to carry out co-operation actions w'ith foreign territorial authorities. Moreover, the law stated that w'ater agencies may undertake international co-operation in the fields of water and sanitation (also up to 1% of its resources), in compliance with France’s international commitments and with the approval of the Basin Committee (Government of France, 2005).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	043223d8c4831aa8c44210073384d613	During the 2005-06 academic year he collaborated as an international consultant in the OECD Programme on IMHE. He specialises in education policy including centralisation and decentralisation processes, school reforms, school leadership, school-based management and higher education policy. His recent books are Academia in a Changing Environment: Higher Education Policy in Israel 1952-2004; The Pendulum Syndrome: Centralisation and Decentralisation of Education in England and Wales (2003); and School-Based Management: An International Perspective (2003), co-edited with Friedman.,	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6f2ac3c1-en	04338a1325daa44a372cce3f7113ef8f	The need to attract investment is without question. However, it is unclear how these plans will benefit the urban population living in informal settlements, below the poverty line and with minimal accessto urban services (Watson, 2014). In general, the countries with the highest GDP per capita are those with the largest proportion of their population living in cities (Satterth-waite and Mitlin, 2014; Figure 11.3). In low and middle-income countries, rapid urbanization is generally associated with rapid economic growth (IPCC, 2014).	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	0433931b7e8cce6dc4774d98028acdfd	In 2006, 32 per cent of households with children under 16 and almost 50 per cent of unemployed mothers with children under 2 were receiving an allowance (UNICEF 2009b). Less than two per cent of families received social aid. Of all recipients of any social allowance, 95 per cent belong to the poorest 50 per cent of the population (Tahlil, 2009). For the poorest ten per cent, the different social allowances contribute between one fourth and one third to the total household income.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	04372f29e37760d90f8e277841e6b639	At the European Union level there are still over 30 different standards. In the section on lessons from current mechanisms, this study identifies the difficulties of establishing a common verification and certification protocol for the financing of projects. Moreover, the frame of mind of an industry' executive is set on profit enhancing, not savings, which usually plays to the detriment of energy efficiency. The fact is that the scattered nature and the size of EE projects make it difficult to envisage a monitoring of every project independently.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	04388ec506d358555ed02b027d01be1f	A large number of traditional players have already developed their own regulatory systems, and well-established schemes for maritime safety, pollution prevention, etc. But as emerging ocean industries have grown in importance and have spread across the globe, the challenge has become how to integrate them into existing regulatory structures. For indeed, there is no agency for ocean issues.	14	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	0438aa59673dc635b71be87118a61440	The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis. The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis. As a result, the structure of telecommunication markets depends to a large extent on their decisions.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	043a85d4c782771111fe043015a47d3f	"Central to success in this area in Ontario was the signing of a four-year collective bargaining agreement with the four major teachers' unions. In reaching the accord, the ministry was able to negotiate items that were consistent with both its educational strategy and the unions' interests, thus providing a basis for pushing forward the education agenda while creating a sustained period of labour peace that allowed for continued focus on educational improvement. That was facilitated because union agreements could be reached at the provincial level, which may be more challenging in the context of the United States, with the more decentralised nature of union-managemenl decision making. For example, the United Stales has directed new federal funding for teacher preparation towards more clinical programmes such as teacher ""residency"" programmes, in which teacher candidates learn to teach in schools under the guidance of experienced teachers while taking classes outside of leaching hours."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0440b74dd8b54ce999b8a7bbb96db101	Il est difficile d’evaluer l’evolution a long terme de l’emploi dans le secteur sachant que la definition de l’emploi a change, ce qui a considerablement augmente les chiffres depuis les annees 2000. En utilisant des series coherentes sur certaines periodes, on observe que les tendances des parts de l’agriculture et de l’emploi dans le PIB divergeaient dans les annees 90 alors qu’elles vont de pair depuis les annees 2000. En effet, d’importants ajustements de la main-d’ceuvre sont intervenus au cours de la periode postindependance quand la population s’est tout d’abord repliee vers les campagnes pour survivre, apres quoi la reprise economique a suscite un mouvement inverse des campagnes vers les villes. Cependant, l’agriculture continue d’etre le plus important secteur en terme d’emploi (26 % en 2011) et on observe un ecart considerable entre la productivity de la main-d’ceuvre de ce secteur et du reste de l’economie.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	04429b704cbb0858a150c21be22da0bc	The following sections explore the global landscape and international development interventions in more depth. Section 2.1 highlights data on gender equality and inequality. Section 2.2 explores the normative underpinnings that pledge protection of women’s rights and gender equality globally. Section 2.3 describes the major international development approaches to addressing these challenges in the past decade, from ‘women in development’ to ‘gender and development’ to ‘gender mainstreaming’, as set out in the Beijing Platform for Action. Section 2.4 highlights the post-2000 environment covering the MDGs, the emerging aid effectiveness frameworks and the politics of gender in international development. Nearly half of the world’s population, 3 billion people, lives in poverty, on less than $2.50 a day.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/308db089-en	04468499290ca74788a7f5ee11eb2339	Over 30 per cent said they had committed the offence which brought them to prison in order to obtain money to support their need for drugs (1998).' Many of these women had tremendous concern over lost custody of one or more of their children and reported that contact with their children, regardless of their age, was essential to personal well-being. Existing research also indicates that women prisoners are more likely to be addicted to harder drugs than male prisoners. M. J. the Associated Press report, 7 September 2006. This practice violates international standards, including the Bangkok Rules.56 Moreover, shackling during labour may cause complications during delivery such as haemorrhage or decreased fetal heart rate.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	04480eb39c9294e76e12f375fa92ea93	The government may thus consider granting them regional significance in the near future. The data available is limited: population and employment data at the municipal level are available only for the last census years, and population data on FUAs only for 2009 and 1999. Any analysis using FUAs will thus clearly mention it.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	044a7b51797ada796064f1c411469fca	All other data is from CEPALSTAT database unless otherwise indicated. Women have high labour force participation rates and their work is concentrated in the agricultural sector - even more so than men's. Almost all of this work is informal, with women participating in production most often as smallholders, causal wage workers or contributing family workers (UNRISD 201 o).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ee1d4926-en	044b30d7c7f4cd6b38a28c95586a870e	This is below the UNDP’s criterion, 1,000 m /cap./year. Amongst the water basins, the Loukkos, Tangier and Mediterranean coast basins present the highest value, 1,350 m3/cap./year; the Bouregreg and Saharan regions reveal the lack of regional homogeneity, having only 130 m3/cap./year to 140 m3/cap./year. An important water balance deficit is also noted for Oum Er-Rbia.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	044c208c475b48d097efcee1da6bcc99	In the area of transport, an incentive scheme for the acquisition of hybrid vehicles has been introduced and a labelling system to inform consumers of C02 emissions for new vehicles has been proposed. And infrastructure and safety measures are planned to allow for increased use of bicycles. They range from landfill methane gas capture to a nationwide energy efficiency CFL light bulb installation project, agricultural methane capture and a wind energy project, yielding some USD 300 million in traded carbon credits for Chilean enterprises. The National Action Plan on Climate Change contains useful analyses and a course of action. The government could go further by formulating a national GHG emission mitigation strategy and sectoral level plans, including for the electricity, industrial, transport and forestry sectors. With the enhanced capacity and information base, and the plans and strategies being developed under the 2008-12 Action Plan, Chile should be able to map out how such emission reduction targets would be achieved.	6	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	044c6f9f70530432b88ece2f96959010	The INDC is intrinsically linked to the country's ambitious renewable energy strategy that envisages a massive expansion of its hydropower sources as well as an increase in the share of geothermal, wind and solar in the national energy matrix. The adaptation section of Ethiopia's INDC highlights the importance to: a) diversify the energy mix, and b) develop a strong and climate resilient hydropower sector, in order to respond to the challenges related to renewable energy in a context of increasing water scarcity (GoE, 2015a). Additional private investment is primarily needed to meet the non-hydro renewable energy targets and to spur relevant innovation for hydroelectric adaptation. Currently, a number of key barriers inhibits the private sector from developing its full potential. These barriers include an insufficient and slowly evolving policy framework for renewables and a lack of detailed roadmaps and strategies on the institutional side, as well as prevailing high risk perceptions, a lack of capital and a lack of local experts and entrepreneurs on the financial and economic side.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	044d899ae31a629499a1955e204ae95a	Studies using occupational class or education level instead of income as socio-economic indicator find qualitatively similar results, though differences in life expectancy are significantly smaller (Palosuo et al., The TEROKA project aims to develop a knowledge base and tools to promote the attainment of the objective of the Health 2015 public health programme for reducing health inequalities. An analysis of the recent hospital reform in Norway”, in: Andresen and Gronlie (eds.), “	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-12-en	044de0b358ffea3fe8cf0a6f1c0eeb1d	In real terms, prices are expected to decline from the record high of 2014. The aquaculture to coarse grains price ratio is expected to be cyclical over 2015-24 and to eventually stabilise slightly lower than the historical average (1990-2014). The price ratio between aquaculture and fishmeal will remain relatively stable. Since the feed demand for fishmeal from aquaculture and livestock sectors is growing faster than supply, an increase in the fishmeal to oilseed meal price ratio is expected. The popularity of the Omega-3 fatty acids in human diets and the growth in aquaculture production have both contributed to a rise in the fish oil to oilseed price ratio since 2012, which is expected to be maintained over the medium term.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a6267136-en	044e9de93092f5026a5a1428648a8a60	Adequate international financing needs to be available, especially to developing countries and the least developed countries. Domestic sources should be tapped to the extent possible, but the size of required investments will make international finance necessary. Designing national sustainable development strategies demands the integration of complex processes across the macroeconomy, the energy sector, and the deployment of technology, policies for social and economic inclusion, and the environment.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276055-13-en	044fd3b4c6d0235eab937eadbef3f193	It also reviews financing for green growth and how the country faces climate change-related challenges. To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities (OECD 2011). Investment for green growth includes, among other things, investment in infrastructure such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, water purification and distribution systems, transport and housing, the preservation of natural resources and waste management (OECD 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264223202-7-en	04504673e4e5f98cc6e2deb36429bdcf	To achieve this, indicators that focus on environment-related “productivity,” or its inverse, “intensity,” should be used. Such indicators include those that monitor the productivity of natural resources and materials used in agricultural production (Box 3.1). Monitoring natural resource and environmental productivity for agriculture is important because of the sector’s significant role in using natural resources, making the productivity of soil and water resources of utmost importance. It should ideally encompass all natural resources and ecosystem inputs that are used as factors of production in the economy.	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	04535dd9e9407f68e7a5b99a87bc2cca	As employment rates increased similarly for wives of top and bottom earners, the reduction in inequality resulting from higher female employment has been fairly strong. It is worth noting, however, that a gender gap remains in terms of wages. Despite having narrowed by around 20 percentage points since the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1975, the gender gap in median hourly earnings for a full-time job is still at 9.1% (ONS, 2011). Differently from 30 years ago, when the wage gap was already visible at entry in the labour market, nowadays it fluctuates around equality up to the age of 30, then opens up and levels off around the age of 50.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	0459e2fbe2a860b26612e544f8b16f85	For example, the direct annual medical cost in the United States for a male diagnosed with diabetes (but with no complications) was found to be USD 2 465. However, these costs escalated when the disease advanced and complications set in. Annual costs rose by between 70% and 150% for patients with coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hemiplegia, and amputation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	045e53e058583acaba3d12a8f2a95461	While a sectoral approach to FSN policy and strategy is necessary, it is not a sufficient condition to impact rural livelihoods and reduce inequalities (between rural and urban areas, across rural areas or across individuals). In addition to the availability dimension, there is a need to address the issues of access to food (both economic and physical), the nutritional quality of food (utilisation), and the stability of both the availability and access dimensions in the long run. Other causes of food insecurity' are generally attributed to low incomes, unemployment, health, education, nutrition status, natural resource degradation and weak political commitment, which exacerbate vulnerability to risk. As noted by the FAO, fighting rural poverty and food insecurity will require resilient and diversified rural economies that offer employment and income opportunities. Helping small farmers improve farm productivity can help, but in most contexts, it is not enough to lift all rural poor out of poverty (FAO, 2013).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6f41a9df-en	0461d0195972733bfa4c90edc0244519	All forms of migration (labour, student, forced etc.) Regulations that enable family reunification are needed, based on human rights, equality and nondiscrimination, so that migrant women can live family lives of their choosing. Gender-responsive implementation of commitments will require recognizing the multiple roles women have in public and family life, the diversity of families in which women live, and the full range of women's rights.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7fccce9c-en	046532c768db7ead4000da5f008d21b5	Bringing the prevalence of the problem to public notice is itself a step towards countering such abuse and empowering girls. It should be noted that sexual violence is also perpetrated against boys; to date, however, limited data are available on violence against boys or on the differential experience of girls and boys.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	04654dcb3b2ced5a2318363cc211ed21	Box figure 3.1 presents a schematic assessment of the main technologies for utility-scale electricity generation. The contrast with developed countries is still sharper. There, only 60 per cent of generation and capacity are combustible fuel-based, as much faster deployment of nuclear and non-hydro renewables has led to a more diversified generation mix.	7	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	04665899331d7728ed8b3f31f5b159ad	The ecosystems services course provides students with basic environmental science foundations, as well as delving into aspects of monitoring and accounting for this natural wealth, thus helping to prepare them to participate in the green economy which is beginning to take shape in the country. However, there are parallel opportunities in other countries related to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by reefs and other natural areas. In urbanised areas, entry points for ESD into TVET may be quite different.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187894-4-en	046690be1cb24a73d3fa5752f4fe199e	Still, this significant increase in public spending for the water sector has not solved all the challenges. For instance, properly operating and maintaining water infrastructures is less costly than rebuilding them, due to decay, once the community can no longer access the service. Furthermore, closing unlicensed wells is usually more effective than mitigating the consequences of illegal water use, and technification of irrigation systems is also costly, but fails to contribute to water policy objectives if the water saved is used to irrigate additional surfaces.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/67cf23d2-en	046733751c7df13234f6ef1faff7f414	These concerns have subsequently heightened with the social tensions, unrest and food riots that have broken out in several countries. Unfortunately, the food crisis is still far from over as prices have been rising once again since 2009 (Johnston and Bargawi, 2010). The poor remain especially vulnerable, as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has warned repeatedly.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	04685147e170b36792b35c2cef447391	According to the GE(1) measure of inequality in 1993, South African inequality between racial groups stood at almost 69% of its maximum possible level while maintaining the same underlying population structure and distribution of income. By 2000 this figure had fallen to about 50% and the measure stood at 48% in 2008. The change in the racial dynamics of inequality was thus most significant in the period between the democratic transition and 2000 while the changes between 2000 and 2008 w'ere more muted.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	0469e576985c14f514fa8e4ef278aa5b	A government subsidy, of up to 85% of eligible costs (from 2015 100 %), is available for preparing a Farm Energy Plan. The revision of the programme started in January 2015 following the introduction of the EU-financed rural development programme for the period from 2014 to 2020. The final evaluation report was published in October 2015; it was found that the goal had been overly optimistic, with only 484 farms joining the programme. On the other hand, the report found the participated farms found the programme and its services very useful.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	046a37750258d37fbeacdc12a6775b30	"In order to preserve genetic resources, it implements genetic fund conservation measures through conservation of natural populations or by raising specialized crops. It publishes the Forest Cadastre annually, as well as updates of plan documents. The Public Enterprise ""Sume RS"" has 4,568 employees, 27 of whom are in organizational roles."	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	046b1c39ea7060ec0482334ab2adfd0c	Recent eradication of illicit kratom cultivation has been reported by Myanmar. The trend of wider misuse of amphetamine-type stimulants, in particular methamphetamine, continues to be reported by most countries in the region. In the Republic of Korea, crystalline methamphetamine remains the primary drug of concern and accounts for nearly all drug treatment admissions.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	046c901211a39f20d6d9ec85a1a21f9a	For instance, Becker-Blease and Sohl (2007,isj) show that women seek angel financing at rates substantially lower than that of men, but have an equal probability of receiving investment conditional on searching for funding. Differences in aspirations may also play a role. Women are more likely to be associated with less capital-intensive businesses and less aggressive growth efforts (Kanze et al., Evidence from the United States seems to suggest that this cannot be the entire explanation. Indeed, the representation of women in MBA programmes as well as advanced science and engineering degrees has been substantially higher than their representation in the entrepreneurial sectors for the past two decades. Furthermore, the under-representation of women as venture-backed entrepreneurs is not met by a similar under-representation in other highly-compensated professional fields such as medicine or law, nor in jobs with similar human-capital profiles such as investment banking or consulting.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	046df396613b7ee637cb15760525f770	Fluctuations in prices and production are common in agriculture and traditionally part of a farmer’s risk management strategy. The broader policy question is how can policy underpin farmers’ and consumers’ risk management strategies? Good risk management practices require a diversified government strategy to facilitate the management of the impacts of different agricultural risks on targeted populations.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	0471dc1efba0c9214ecec1252b7f0ae1	Given that the negative externalities of long-term unemployment are likely to be particularly acute for youth, youth-specific measures should be an important part of an employment strategy. In South Africa, significant institutional capacity aimed at assisting work seekers in finding employment is already in place, and this provides a good starting point for additional efforts. There are many public Labour Centres providing services related to the Unemployment Insurance Fund, the Compensation Fund, inspection and enforcement services and employment skills development services.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	04743636c97feca02da6983fa0bf14d6	This reform would require co-ordination between the Ministry' of Interior Affairs and the Ministry for Information and Communication, and the adoption of new' legislation. Since internal moves are not recorded formally there, information from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR) and GP Patient Registers are used as a proxy for estimates of the population of England and Wales. This data is considered to be a good proxy for internal migration, since w'hen they move, most patients will eventually register w'ith a new GP.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	04753825f0ee1f9b38ca9f6ab9aa62de	"Marriage shifts responsibility for the young person's well-being out of the birth family and towards a new broader network of family on which to draw, ""forming an important safety net in a time of widespread deaths"" (ibid.). Without ready recourse to marriage, boys may remain without relatives, with little education and without work, a situation that offers little in the way of immediate support or connections that may assist future integration into new social networks. Earlier in the paper we presented the example of adolescents' participation in a form of casual wage labour in Malawi that has recently expanded into urban areas. It is evident from recent research that adolescents make ganyu arrangements independently of parents who have no influence in these relationships (Mkandawire et al., They draw attention to the hierarchical relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, yet at the same time showed their 'equivalence' in the sense that both were incomers to a patrilineage to which they have or will contribute work and children. These qualities are now replaced by deteriorating neighbourhood social support that forces every individual to earn what they can each day to meet basic needs."	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	04776ff849388c09bd39b67039032e68	The World Bank has recently conducted research on targeted subsidies in cities in Latin America. Among the main conclusions is that developing better subsidy schemes for lower income populations in the region is now possible given the use of smart cards and better methodologies for defining and identifying beneficiaries. In addition to subsidies targeted at lower income and other vulnerable groups, public transport services in the ZMVM should explore differentiated fares for peak and off-peak travel. Besides helping increase revenues, this should also help to reduce crowding at peak hours.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	04784c44f7cd45445e03d1ed7dab28bb	Families and households change their composition over time as individuals arrive (e.g. via birth of a child or marriage) or depart (e.g. via a child becoming non-dependent or leaving home, death or divorce). And these types of change are common (see e.g. Jenkins, 2000). Thus one can only follow individuals over time, though of course one can characterise individuals in terms of their family’s characteristics including receipt status at a given point in time.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	047d2257506769e27eced58a073efcf5	Another TACIS project has recently established a National VET Development Centre. Georgia established a governmental intra-agency commission for social partnership in 2005; the parliament adopted a Law on vocational education; and activities were started to develop new educational programmes, pilot vocational guidance programmes and training of staff for the VET system. Azerbaijan started reforming its VET system in 2007, developing a State Programme to Develop Vocational Education for 2007-10 and adopting an Employment Strategy and Strategy Implementation Programme. Other projects involving international organisations are ongoing.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0cf73767-en	047d87c36e5f931abfb4aee240b76201	This argument is supported in the report by a number of case studies that illustrate that, although macro-economic policy reforms have had positive effects on agriculture in some parts of Africa, the overall impact of the reforms has been slower and less dramatic than could have been expected. The main reason for the reforms' restricted impact is that the constraints to achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and increasing yields lie both on and off the farm. Hence, in many cases, transportation, trade, and macroeconomic policies have stronger effects on farmer and trader incentives than do agricultural sector policies, a point that underscores the need for better policy coordination across ministries. Strategies should therefore focus on transforming the weak points along the food system as a whole, and avoid too narrow a focus on farming.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	047f4363dd9f52d2664a0fe20d7b6b12	The interest on the enterprises' loan was subsidised 50% by the commercial bank. This special loan supported the promotion of the small-scale wind turbine industry and off-grid wind power. But today, centrally planned rural electrification programmes using decentralised renewable energy applications are entirely financed either by the central government or through a cost-sharing scheme which features a financial contribution by the respective provincial government.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	04806ce2f3169d18f7ac386772f7081d	Phosphorus discharges are projected to increase more rapidly than those of nitrogen and silicon (Figure 5.9, Panel B), leading to deterioration in the natural balance of coastal marine ecosystems. Another driver exacerbating this trend is the rapid growth in the number of dams worldwide. Dams cause sediment with silicon to settle down in the reservoir and lower the sediment loading in rivers downstream, thereby reducing the level of silicon. This imbalance increases the risk of harmful algal blooms. As these are not included in the model calculations, the projected nutrient discharges to rivers and the sea may be underestimated. This section measures the number of people without access to improved water sources and to basic sanitation, as reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	0481dc1c83c1a7333da4b639583f3714	A new website, NHS Performs (http://www.nhsperfonns.scot/), aims to improve the accessibility, frequency and range of information on hospital performance. This is discussed further in Section 2.8. The indicators have still to be tested in practice, and it is anticipated that they will be refined over time. Each Integration Authority is required to publish an annual performance report, including infonnation about the indicators, supported by local measures and contextualising data to provide a broader picture of local performance.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	0483154bb2e0a19504a26c0267ed99f6	International guidelines on standards are available through the recently established ISO 50001 Energy Management Systems and are also available through ISO 14 000 Environmental Management Systems, which includes suggestions for continuous improvement in energy efficiency. Developed countries with energy management system standards include Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Regional standards have also been established, such as the European Energy Management Standard (EN 16001), introduced in 2009.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	04859d9dc380e407bd274686c34d8802	The publication was prepared by Rory Keane and Margarete Jacob within the OECD Secretariat. It examines how to support the creation of security and justice institutions that are representative, accountable, rights-respecting and responsive to the specific security and justice needs of women, men, boys and girls. However, in many countries SSR policies and programming currently fail to involve both women and men in decisionmaking processes and do not adequately address gender dynamics in understanding issues - such as domestic violence or small arms violence.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	048643ee0af9073cb508281b45ba395d	Table 1 summarises all of the selected dimensions, indicators and the thresholds (see Table 2.1 and Appendix 2 for more details). This method is insensitive to the depth of deprivation within a given dimension. However, the indicators are selected on the basis that they complement each other in explaining the (non-)realisation of a child's right (see Appendix 3.1-3.4 for correlation tests).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	0487097b2f7b142bfdbe7f52bd9827e4	Two calculations were then carried out. First, for illustrative purposes, the differences in income were analysed without including control variables: this is often termed the “unadjusted gap”. For monthly income, the coefficient of the binaiy variable which distinguishes care workers from non-care woikers, without adjusting for characteristics, is negative and significant for all countries, except Honduras. Care woikers earn, onaverage, between 13.8% (Peru) and 89.6% (Costa Rica) less than other woikers. When controlling for the individual characteristics of workers, the gap narrows considerably in all countries and is no longer significant in the case of Nicaragua.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en	0487c96fcbca6898fff6a5090c53155d	Many of them pursue innovative approaches, thus driving technological progress. The forthcoming Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport (BER) will be a core infrastructural element, highly relevant far beyond the capital region. Innovative design means BER meets Brandenburg’s Energy Strategy aiming at a climate-friendly, economically advantageous, reliable and socially acceptable energy supply.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	0487dd538aba633f0d754e303469b5dd	In other words, ICLs provide a mixture of consumption-smoothing benefits and insurance against the uncertain outcomes of risky educational investments. As the name suggests, in risk-pooling ICLs, default risk is assumed by the cohort of borrowers ex post, while the public sector takes on the default risk in risk-sharing ICLs. Graduate taxes involve paying a certain fraction of future incomes for an agreed period of time regardless of the amount borrowed, making it a very progressive debt collection mechanism. Human capital contracts are private contracts in a form very similar to graduate taxes.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	048a1e1b88209ac7e94dcd7a8dd32193	This aquifer is shared by France and Switzerland, and a joint agreement for its management and protection was first signed in 1978. Other jointly agreed transboundary aquifers include, for example, those shared by Belgium and the Netherlands, Belgium and France, Austria and Hungary, Austria and Slovenia, and Spain and Portugal. For instance, on the basis of hydrogeological knowledge, ecological criteria and the presence of Natura 2000 sites, 34 groundwater bodies in the Scheldt River basin were identified as being in close connection with surface water. However, even for the well-established river basin commissions, addressing transboundary groundwaters is a new challenge.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f90cb3e8-en	048bcd4482448866fdab24c1915ac555	Cambio climdtico y biodiversidad: Los seis mensajes centrales de los Pueblos Indigenas en Rio+20, 2012, and Aportes de los Pueblos Indigenas al borrador cero de Rio+20, 2012. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1. Paragraph 10, World Conference on Indigenous Peoples, 2014. Women (CEDAW Committee) through General Recommendation No.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	048d27b337280d0a5fd70f6ca58834a8	In June 2013, the incubator spaces were fully occupied by incubating enterprises; enterprises can stay in the incubator for from 12 to 18 months. Its vision is to become a national reference for promoting a new generation of businesswomen capable of generating wealth and employment. Women wishing to enter the incubator must complete an application form, which is presented to an evaluation committee consisting of members of the EWBA Board, partner organisations (such as the SFD), financial institutions and independent entrepreneurs. Once the evaluation committee has made its initial selection, based on a review of the applications, it conducts interviews with the women entrepreneurs before making their final decision.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096356-en	048e0767fe507aef1c3da013baff8157	This provides nuclear energy with enormous resilience against any changes in the global carbon regime, which may be considered a new form of geopolitical supply risk. Of course, in the absence of widespread penetration of electric cars, the substitutability of oil with nuclear power is limited. It is also difficult to displace gas - and to a lesser extent coal - in peak-load generation due to their operational flexibility.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	048e29900d99271c7881c0cf2dac1b66	"The role of national authorities (e.g. national authorities designated and/or accredited for climate action) and leadership is important to engage the private sector. While Norfund has been a forerunner in major RE investments in a number of developing countries, it is questionable how investments in cleaner gas technologies could be aligned with the ""well below 2 C degree pathway"". The NDF high score on criteria ""well below 2C target"" is based on the importance given in project screening criteria for identifying approaches and technologies that are aligned with low-carbon development and the importance given for up-scaling and replicability."	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	048f525de41ef84bbd9e6d7c6e5ae5a7	Depending on their priorities and availability of resources, rather than estimate the total amount of waste generation, countries may prefer to focus on certain waste types that are important to them. Such types of waste may be selected either because they are recyclable or reusable and thus constitute a resource (e.g., paper, glass or metal waste), or because their volume or hazard level creates a specific problem for treatment and disposal. An important aspect of data collection on waste (by type of waste) is food waste. Approximately one-third of food produced globally is lost or wasted.65 This represents a large portion of the environmental costs of agriculture production.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	04922124925495a57473febc0637998d	Electrification of schools, however, is facing problems largely stemming from lack of information about the number of schools and their electrification status. Some municipalities fail to report the number of schools in their area or fail to provide accurate information on whether the schools are electrified or not. It is clear that this poses a major constraint for the entities in charge of the electrification of the as-yet un-electrified schools.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	04954bb7c556219f25148dde0cfa58a5	Higher levels of governance at regional, national and international scales then take on a more facilita-tive role in conflict resolution and cooperative engagement across borders. Public sector funding and prioritization of water management will also be essential if the impending crises are to be met and ameliorated. Even the most contested cross-border relationships show efforts to forge agreements to routinize shared water governance issues.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	04956a24e39b47429f0c350d04dd1b04	The aim is to describe the spatial distribution as well as the interactions between the ecosystem services. The authors identified trade-offs between regulatory and cultural services on one hand and provisioning services on the other hand. The figure shows the identification of six ecosystem service bundle types which indicate interactions at landscape level.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-6-en	04984133be75b1cd18545546a72f55d9	In response, the government initiated six major programmes for water quality restoration, including the establishment of wastewater treatment plans and the first-ever nationwide Comprehensive Measure for Clean Water Provision (ADB, 2014). The new ministry' expanded its capacities with increased financial support and functions transferred from the MoLIT (then called the Ministry of Construction and Transport) in 1994. Water-related legislations were developed in a piecemeal fashion: in 50 years, more than 25 acts were enacted and revised by different ministries according to transitions in water policy (Table 2.1). In 1961, the enactment of the River Act - last amended in 2016 - laid the foundations for water resources policy and governance by setting a national framework for river management (see details on the objectives and scope in Box 2.1.).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	049b5929cda5df60dce1da5b5ee71964	Section 1.2 of this introductory chapter discusses what patient safety and patient harm mean when applied to primary and ambulatory care. This reflection is necessary because safety and harm are traditionally approached in the context of acute care. Owing to the fundamental differences between acute services and primary/ambulatory care, the definitions and concepts need to be refined for the purpose here. Chapter 2 examines the occurrence, frequency and severity of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care. It explores different avenues for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care settings, shedding light on shortcomings of methodologies, knowledge gaps and the main causes of harm. At the margin, the cost of preventing every last case of harm would approach, and eventually exceed, the costs of failure, principally because - in a system with finite resources - beneficial activity would need to be diverted, or stopped altogether, in order to remove all risk (see section 1.2).	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fdfdfb-64089473-en	049bf6cfff3f219d28983d9b8269c473	It is highly unlikely that SDG target 9.c will be achieved within the bmeframe of 2020. In pracbce, it is virtually impossible to experience the Internet effecbvely via a 2G connecbon. Only 76% of the world's populabon lives within access of a 3G signal, and only 43% of people have access to a 4G connecbon. Thus, the majority of the connected world remains under-connected, most of them in developing countries.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	04a0bec372c36d950e2684291ab3bf8b	In comparison, the Nordic countries, Belgium, France and the Netherlands are less generous in terms of cash support but provide considerable benefits in kind, particularly for childcare. They argue that promoting benefits in kind may have a more substantive redistributive effect than cash benefits. Research has shown that policy can have a strong effect on incentivising low-income women to work.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	04a0d96d91f9cdf051d5d9d8cf44f4e9	Agricultural use of surface water declined by over 90% in the same period, largely because the irrigated area was halved following the privatisation of some irrigation projects. Other factors included lack of investment in irrigation infrastructure and relatively high water prices (Chapter 6). The process was launched in 2003, when responsibility for water management was moved from the Ministry of Agriculture to the MoE. Then the introduction of the Water Act in 2004 harmonised Slovak water legislation with the EU Water Framework Directive and introduced the river basin approach.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0q1n38lvc-en	04a12a01edfaebbb8ec176ddffafc0d7	However, despite their lower levels of proficiency, older individuals do not seem to suffer in terms of labour market outcomes. In particular, they generally earn higher wages, and much of the available empirical evidence suggests that they are not less productive than younger workers. Older and more experienced individuals seem therefore able to compensate the decline in information processing skills with the development of other skills, generally much more difficult to measure. On the other hand, proficiency in information-processing skills remain a strong determinant of important outcomes at all ages: this makes it important to better understand which factors are the most effective in preventing such age-related decline in proficiency, which does not occur to the same extent in all countries and for all individuals.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	04a3ebaef30f3728481b1d93c22d2403	Countries reported the lack of the will and commitment to implement the decisions in some ministries, thus hindering the gender units; a limited number of qualified staff, capacity and skills in gender mainstreaming, as well as inadequate budget allocations. With the University Reformation Act 4/2007, universities also started to create equality units. Nearly 30 equality units have been formed in different public universities. In addition, the Women’s Institute organised a summer course in August 2010 to evaluate progress on gender equality' at the university level (presence of women and men in educational centres’ control and governing organs; introduction of new subjects with a gender perspective; creation of specific postgraduate courses, etc.). On 28 July 2008, based on a request from the MoWA, Decision No.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	04a5039d1e72b69f2c3c95b68ac8f125	They allow flexibility to deal with the impact of the price rises on poor households without disrupting the market, and in particular without interfering with price signals to farmers. Once a safety net mechanism is in place, transfers can be raised when prices increase and can be lowered when prices fall. However, the system has some deficiencies in that targeted households receive a smaller quantity of rice than intended.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	04a6aad6e6d09a57438dd3745eafc1be	Our results confirm the relevance of mothers education, which is significant in all four estimations (although the average effect of one additional year of schooling seems to be small). We take this as an indication of the progress Jordan has made during the past few decades in improving girl’s access to primary and secondary education. Urban residence and residence outside the Badia region do not have a significant effect in any of our estimations. Residence in the Central region, which includes the capital Amman, has a positive impact on infant mortality in estimation (I), which covers the period from 1971 to 2007, but this effect does not carry over to estimation (II), covering only the last 10 years before the survey.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	04abac3b5579e5ddf1f679d09a3bafa3	Education is about developing adaptive expertise - the ability to apply learned knowledge and skills flexibly and creatively in different situations. Effective education lays the cognitive and behavioural foundations and motivations for further learning throughout life as actively inquiring rather than passively accepting citizens. Nevertheless, a well-educated population and workforce strengthens the resilience of a nation in adverse conditions and its readiness to advance in more prosperous conditions.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	04afa6b3c41613a2a20f35fc789caaaf	An additional effect of the crisis is the diversion from higher to lower quality health services such as traditional practitioners and to greater recourse to self-care. In Burkina Faso, services supplied by the Centre de sante et de promotion sociale (CSPS), the most popular health facilities among Burkinabe children, are hardest hit, whereas in Ghana and in Cameroon, it is hospital-provided health services that fall most. The various monetary and fiscal stimulus programmes in advanced countries will contribute to restarting the global economy with positive effects on developing economies, but analysts agree on the fact that the return to growth will be unusually slow.19 Therefore, the design and implementation of appropriate economic policies in response to the crisis will considerably contribute to reducing its welfare cost, in particular for children. This is known as a pro-cyclical fiscal policy response. The result is that they have to adopt pro-cyclical policies aimed at reducing public spending and increasing tax revenues, which will increase the short-term vulnerability of the national economy and exacerbate the effects of the crisis.	1	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	04b0becfe3505bac57b61ae648250673	In June 2007 Viet Nam and the United States signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement. While this did not introduce additional specific concessions or commitments, it established the US-Viet Nam Council on Trade and Investment, inter alia, for the monitoring of implementation of obligations under the WTO Agreement and the bilateral trade agreement. The Viet Nam-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement entered into force on 1 October 2009.	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	04b0e445e7a366464e47fa0627e677d0	An advisory group made up of civil society, academia, private providers and care workers interacts with the board and the secretariat.103 The National Care Secretariat was first envisioned purely as a coordinating secretariat, but to give it political room for manoeuvre, it was allocated a new budget to expand childcare services.104 Over time, the care services provided by other ministries and state agencies are to be moved under the SNIC budget allocation. The design stage focused more on the establishment of coordination mechanisms than on the detail of policy design. Care policies can also have positive demand-side labour market impacts. They can generate employment, in particular women’s employment, and have the potential to create decent jobs at a higher rate than other public expenditures.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	04b311242a9ed6b42418055598b49fb8	It should be noted that this requires the presence of at least one social transfer that performs well. It also requires a political strategy to protect the reforms against protests from those middle and higher income groups that are losing their benefit entitlements. The poorer the local community, the less local funds are available for social transfers.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	04b373f860d745aa78d4449e46b82666	Current approaches to base flow vary by region. For example, the Waikato region sets minimum base flows as a percentage of the one in five year 7-day low flow following detailed habitat and river studies. In the case of England and Wales, non-consumptive uses are included in the abstraction management system.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/797ccf27-en	04b4132bc0f34fd3feae1373a8828b25	The steepest falls occurred in Bolivia Brazil —over three percentage points per year— followed by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Honduras and Paraguay with annual reductions of more than two percentage points. These indicators provide a more complete view of poverty conditions by taking account not only of the percentage of people who are poor, but also measuring the shortfall between the average income of the poor and the poverty line, and how those incomes are distributed among the poor (in the case of the second index). The years considered in each country coincide with those reported in table 1.4. In other words, in addition to having reduced the proportion of the population with incomes below the poverty line, the average income of the poor also increased and the dispersion of their incomes narrowed.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	04b7596e16375d0214fc87f5467f0a27	For a number of reasons, however, adaptation has received less attention than mitigation in the discussions centred around climate change and it is only recently that efforts directed towards adaptation are being incorporated in the global policy agenda. First, as adaptation is a public good, private provision will typically remain below socially desirable levels unless the public sector intervenes. Second, adaptation, is difficult to address as it requires actions along the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development, which depend on the specific context of each country. Finally, there are no clear metrics for assessing adaptation impacts; that is, unlike mitigation, for which there is a clearly defined metric (namely, tons of greenhouse gas emissions), assessing adaptation efforts requires a larger number of indicators closely related to wider development efforts.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	04bbafe496d3e4a8ab0246e69aa7991c	Together, the Morrill Act, the Hatch Act and the Smith-Lever Act established the three legs of the US agricultural innovation system — education, research and extension. The Bankhead-Jones Act (1935) provided increased federal funding to Land Grant Colleges, based on formulas based on states’ populations. The Act also required that such federal funds must be matched by state governments. The matching requirement encouraged farmers to get more involved in their state Land Grant programs and lobby their state legislators to support them.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	04be65a888d187e1d5aa565a3851b390	This is why there had been little investment in the people and institutions that collect, study and disseminate data on them. Thus dilemmas are now being faced in handling apparent uncertainties about the GHG baseline developed for the CRGE. We are certainly witnessing this globally. Some stakeholders see green growth as an opportunity to rapidly improve GDP growth, jobs, inward investment and other mainstream economic variables by investing in particular low-carbon technologies - in effect increasing the size and productivity of the ‘green sector’ of the economy.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	04c145f7022b6c94ea997dab3ba996fb	While addressing practice variation and inequalities in health is often regarded as a key pillar of a strategy to improve quality of care, important gaps in information limit understanding the extent of the problem, informing policy development and resource allocation, and assessing impacts of strategies over time. Israel, for example, is not capable of stratify ing health outcomes and quality of care by key dimensions of inequality. In the Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare (QICH) in particular, disaggregated data by district population group and geography are lacking (OECD, 2012a).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	04c32d8a450fabee68b0219fc150f2e7	Eligibility is categorical and independent of household income. Until 2009, the system had 38 different categories of beneficiaries and 14 types of different benefits and subsidies, most of which were paid in-kind, for example, as a direct transfer to utility companies. In 2009, 285 thousand beneficiaries received a categorical state benefit (CSB), costing more than KGS 800 million50 (Gassmann, 2010b).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	04c3dcc9dc2ac37730c74b93636f4a0b	The impact could be large. In collaboration with other companies, IBM develops and adheres to the Coalition’s Code of Conduct, of which one concern is industrial energy efficiency. It has announced that by collaborating with suppliers it would make its most energy-intensive products 25 percent more energy efficient in three years.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b9699195-en	04c93d8d696592cf88fdfe9b8859d8c2	Women make important and growing contributions to food production, processing, marketing and retailing, and other parts of the food system. Within the household, women traditionally bear the primary responsibility for preparing meals and caring for children and other family members, although men are assuming more responsibilities for these roles in many societies. Gender differences in the rights, resources and responsibilities - particularly resources necessary for achieving food and nutrition security for and within the household and responsibilities for food provisioning and caretaking - often impede the achievement of household food and nutrition security.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	04ca07990597e419591e36bff243ba18	The concepts of land rights and territorial sovereignty have changed. The underlying principal of nomadism as a space open to negotiated rights is being sorely tested as a viable political and social model. The bonds of lineage are holding firm, but based on different lines of reasoning, with the reactivation of trade and sedentarism. Nomadic groups are reorganising along territorial lines to ensure pastoral mobility and to control the movement of persons and goods.	2	4	1	0.6
10.6027/9789289330503-9-en	04ca71ce7ebe753b5aff15e6bf751fc0	To some extent the same argumentation is valid also for the shops themselves - the possibility for the shop to order smaller amounts of different products will help the shop to a broad selection of commodities not creating waste of those commodities that were not sold. So optimal packaging should be the key-word. Different chains have different standards, but all common is the fact that they all try to distribute the products that first arrived first. In the connection to this it is also mentioned that close deliveries makes it easier to order the right amounts (this is valid both for wholesalers and retailers).	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	04cfff6d435badbef2c5aeda54c01141	One of the contributing factors to poverty for working-age women in some countries is the increasing proportion of non-partnered women with children (UNDESA, 2015). Hie international poverty line for extreme poverty is US$1.90 a day 2011 PPP and the ‘median’ poverty line is US$3.10 a day 2011 PPP. Over 25% of children living in rural areas live in extreme poverty, compared to just over 9% of children in urban areas (UNICEF/World Bank, 2016). Poverty is by no means limited to developing countries.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	04d1cf8658b0cc625d9155bb6e2624f0	The WEPs provide guidance to businesses on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace and community. Principle 5, in particular, calls for the implementation of enterprise development, supply chain and marketing practices that empower women. Governments are often the single largest purchaser of products and services in their countries.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	04d1fb028e8d6017233203a80c2d30b6	Supervisors are intended to visit and supervise the functioning of schools, provide advice to schools and the authority, and perform diverse administrative and pedagogic tasks. However, administrative tasks take up most of their time. Only former school directors are eligible for the post of supervisor; ATP appointments are given only to former teachers. Applications are assessed and posts allocated in each state by the Comisidn Nacional Mixta de Escalaf6n composed of the Secretarfa de Educacidn Publica (SEP) and representatives of the National Union of Education Workers (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educacidn or SNTE). This mechanism is, however, influenced by union and political criteria. Efforts are currently under way to change this process and make it more transparent.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	04d250fb5bd61b7d695007002f17d97f	The wolf is critically endangered, the brown bear and wolverine endangered and the lynx vulnerable. None of the species has a population large enough to be viable. The brown bear would be critically endangered and the lynx endangered if not for contact with larger populations in neighbouring Sweden and Finland (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, 2010b;). Norway is thought to be home to some 360 wolverines, 28% of which could lose their lives under the new quota system, along with 24% of the 440-470 lynxes.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/391ac1cb-en	04d2855b719762bfc54d02cb3222ee81	In nearly every country and region of the world, progress in different areas has been made towards achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment. Yet this progress has been uneven and the gains remain fragile; almost nowhere are women’s rights given the priority they deserve. At the same time, SCR 1325 signifies a landmark in the recognition of women’s contribution to the maintenance of peace and security and acknowledges their specific needs and concerns in armed conflict and its aftermath.5 The resolution acknowledges that women are not merely victims but also have agency and are involved in active peacebuilding, mainly through informal grassroots diplomacy in conflict zones. Among the initiatives that have been developed are four further Security Council resolutions6 on sexual violence in conflict, and there has been a concerted effort to develop action plans at national, regional and subregional levels to accelerate the implementation of SCR 1325.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	04d5aa63e162edb60068f70e6a218df0	Learnfare closed the enrolment gap between baseline dropouts and school attendees by 41%. Currently, 38 states have similar policies that link school attendance and welfare receipt. Similarly, in Mexico the conditional cash transfer programme Progressa, created in 1997 (and replaced by Oportunidades in 2002), significantly increased the number of years of education of children among poor households (by about 10%, Schultz, 2004).	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	04d66152dfeaa03fa145b336c8c3adc0	Before presenting these results, it is useful to note that children’s living standard is difficult to capture for the reason that the statistics on income are provided at the household level w'ith no information on how resources and expenses are actually shared across family members. In this perspective, income quantiles are defined as values of household income w'hich divides the frequency distribution into equal groups, each containing the same fraction of the total population of children. Panel A, the round marker shows that children in couple families at all points of the income distribution saw a relative increase in both market and disposable income.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	04d85681a68e36cf5188506e386a6d61	While efficacy measures the effect of a therapeutic agent under controlled conditions and settings, effectiveness measures a treatment’s effect under less controlled conditions in “real world” health settings. Measuring efficacy is much easier in patients with a single disease. Therefore, it is very common for people with multiple chronic conditions to be excluded from randomised clinical trials.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	04e06d94c616d81fb12d03a7fa9aa926	While it gives a good overall sense of income distribution, it doesn’t show us how many people are lacking even basic resources. For that reason, inequality measures are usually supplemented with measurements of poverty. A pensioner living in a house valued at $500,000 might be considered wealthy, but if her pension brings in just $100 a week, most would consider her as having a low income. This is why it’s important to understand the difference between income and wealth.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	04e2fd9d8d8a76667f6255f2e9d411c2	The government’s objective is again gradually to charge industry for the cost of supplying water by 2050. The ultimate goal is to treat almost 100% of wastewater to a level enabling its unrestricted use in irrigation (i.e. without risk of over-nutrification to soil and water sources). In 2009, 92% of effluents complied with national standards.20 From 2010, new standards require effluent quality to comply with 36 parameters, including chloride concentrations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	04e9152fcacac7f18d0fc620856f9caf	Post-abortion services should therefore be made available to adolescents. Where abortion is legal, it should be safe and accessible. Increasing adolescents’ access to contraception can not only help prevent abortion, but it can also help prevent death and injury from complications from pregnancy and delivery (UNFPA, 2012a). Service providers could help prevent or space second pregnancies by offering contraception to girls who have given birth or who have had an abortion.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	04efb084684f11d3f5b6735ca96c50b5	Although age is a factor in the type of deprivation being experienced, the differences are not very large for people experiencing non-monetary deprivation. When deprivation as measured by at least two indicators was analysed, on the other hand, the values were higher for older cohorts, which suggests that multidimensional deprivation is more common among older adults, and the differences increased over the period under study. The construction of this index, which was inspired by the methodology developed by Alkire and Santos (2010), was based on four dimensions (living conditions, health, level of education and participation in the labour market) and 13 indicators.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	04f100d654d2eaefa7f184ec2538c624	This cost may be in economic (e.g. building new or replacing old water infrastructure), social (e.g. closing water allocations to cap demand) and/or environmental terms (e.g. deterioration of freshwater systems to reduce the risk of water shortage). Depending on the existing level of water security, incremental improvements may, in some cases, be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability of risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses and thus cost effectiveness.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	04f65b21467b2a7414746aecc740c3d7	This is a relatively new conservation measure, and several councils are watching the outcome of this plot project closely.1 In addition, there are many projects on implementing new water policies in different programmes, especially in the field of synergy between water and spatial planning. These projects are part of research programmes but are executed by consortia in which ministry, provinces, municipalities and the private sector are working together on new practices. In Korea, public facilities and public residential complexes are encouraged and some municipalities voluntary recycle rainwater by using rainwater management facilities. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources. On the other hand, the decentralisation of water governance has increased the number of relevant (administrative) boundaries and organisations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	04f7c5b63cd06d62f321cd7d429f33cb	It will enable the international community to monitor all resources supporting the SDGs beyond ODA, including private resources that are mobilised through official means. It will also track international support for development enablers and global challenges - currently lacking in global development finance statistics. The Task Force was a response to the commitment made in AAAA to “hold open, inclusive and transparent discussions on the modernization of the ODA measurement and on the proposed measure of total official support for sustainable development”.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	04f7ce547e97f83bf81889eae4e9d0e0	The report found that progress in agriculture had reaped very unequal benefits and had come at high social and environmental costs. Considering that arable and permanent cropping systems of the world have the potential to sequester an estimated 200 kg of carbon/ha per year and pasture systems 100 kg of carbon/ha per year, together they could contribute to a total of 2.4 Gt CO -eq per annum of the world’s carbon sequestration. A minimum scenario of conversion to organic farming would mitigate no less than 40 per cent of the world’s agricultural GHG emissions. When combining organic farming with reduced tillage techniques, the sequestration rates on arable land could easily be increased to 500 kg of carbon/ha per year. This optimum organic scenario would mitigate 4 Gt COs-eq per year or 65 per cent of agricultural GHGs. Another approximately 20 per cent of agricultural GHGs could be reduced by abandoning the use of industrially produced nitrogen fertilizers, as is practiced by organic farms.	7	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	04fa03ba34bb7e9b5a784e4fa90a3562	It is not a major concern for upstream oil and gas production, except possibly in the case of gas processing plants located far from extraction sites, since oil and gas fields are usually associated with the type of sedimentary formations needed. However, where needed for other industries, the new method developed in Iceland to incorporate injected C02 into basaltic rocks shows great promise, and is thought to be even cheaper than more traditional options. For most use cases apart from EOR, most of the C02 is practically guaranteed to be released over the short or medium term. Innovative, large-scale CCS projects may also help attract talent to the country or municipality hosting them, and may help growth in the local economy. Five are located in the United States, with one more in each of Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Australia, and China.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	04fa7f8e790b8447cc003980e8d5cb2e	These policies will need to be synchronised and implemented in parallel with the initiatives of the Council for Human Capital. These drivers, also called “framework conditions”, are largely endogenous to the region and include agglomeration effects, sectoral specialisation, human capital, accessibility and infrastructure, innovation and institutional factors. To strengthen its regional economy, Morelos w'ill need to leverage its diverse set of assets and comparative advantages by adopting a territorial, comprehensive approach to different challenges.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	04fe3aa8e1964ac6755e14b6897e9b23	Of course, it is not guaranteed that every organisation w'hich deals with at least two different issues addresses the complexities of metropolitan area governance in a meaningful way. Nevertheless, the distinction between organisations that focus on one issue and organisations that focus on many issues is an operationally useful and objective w'ay to identify organisations that work across individual policy fields. The national government reintroduced municipalities as the basic building block of subnational government in 1990 as part of the process of restoring democratically elected governments. Municipalities were given significant responsibility for local administration and planning, with each municipality having independence from oversight by other municipalities.	11	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	0500abd14563dfe6ed33dc200bdaf858	"In studying the learning young people do during hunting, she found it possible ""to rethink education from within a different social context than the institutionalized and state-based one, namely the social context of hunting. The activity of hunting and/or land-based practices organizes individuals relative to hunting as a culturally specific way of living and of being in the world. To view hunting as a way of being in the world brings out more profound perspectives than viewing hunting as in informal or traditional technique."""	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	050317c55d05d4b8b0eab7e312ece6af	It then provides an overview of OECD’s framew'ork for financing water resources management and uses this as a basis to analyse existing financing arrangements for water management in the Netherlands and identify opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Assessing total water management costs is not a trivial task because of the many different parties involved in water management (see Chapter 1), which have specific functions, responsibilities, budgets and ways of financing their expenses. This includes EUR 1 292 million of costs for w'astewater treatment by the regional water authorities and EUR 1 360 of costs for collection and discharge of rainwater and wastewater by municipalities. It also includes EUR 1 370 of expenditure by drinking water companies (which in part consists of costs related to the purification of poor quality w'ater).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	0504b8a78a82c9f5cd3b0de37b803898	Germany’s RIA procedures call for identification and assessment of a series of impacts, including impacts on gender equality. To combat the lack of adequate technical expertise on GIA (a challenge for governments in many contexts) Sweden deploys “flying experts” who are seconded temporarily by various ministries and departments to aid w ith GIAs (Horsburgh, 2011). There is no legal requirement for an equality impact assessment, but the obligation of “due regard” necessitates attention to the potential impact on equality of policies and practices. In this case, the Equality and Human Rights Commission assumes responsibility for assessing compliance with the equality duties (Ibid). In other settings, including Japan, Hungary, New Zealand and Canada, GIA are expected to be included in broader social impact assessments.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	05063f7007c19c34a7169db0c22ce854	Political, legal and economic institutions will determine the limits and effectiveness of each stakeholder in achieving its objectives. These factors are then illustrated in the context of the fisheries sector, from a general perspective, in order to provide a framework for the country case studies. The political economy literature also highlights the problems of sustaining policy reform in the face of pressure from social actors to reverse some or all of the policy changes once they have been implemented.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	0509166a378e9ea4056aeac0c55f86af	This case-by-case approach tends inevitably to favour a downward pressure on eligibility standards, which may occur before any given country is in a position to profit locally from such standards. To avoid such a result, examiners and courts should be able to resort to a high level expert body, staffed by people (not necessarily all nationals, but experts in which the government has confidence) who have both the expertise to evaluate these issues in specific cases and a common understanding of and dedication to the local patent policies and strategies. By contrast, distinguished academic authorities have expressed the view that the Indian provision can be defended.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/98e6a94a-en	05099c31d4ca65a6d122b6396197d065	In many African countries, fixed broadband does not even exist. The box on the right explains the contribution of each of the three sub-indices indicating that the largest component of the rise in EGDI comes from improvements in OSI. This shows that investment in OSI is the fastest means of improving a country's EGDI rankings. However, the graph also shows the importance of investing in infrastructure and human capital in the long term. While improvements in both infrastructure and human capital have been slower, they are equally important for a healthy and functioning e-government system.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	050a908c9e06d4b2cccd1fc3c82d7b14	International tensions often result in environmental priorities being severely neglected. A telling illustration is the plight of the South China Sea. With political attention distracted by competing claims of sovereignty and construction work on vulnerable reefs, scant attention is paid to the serious deterioration of the marine ecosystem and the potential consequences for the food security of millions of people (The Economist, 2015).	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264116672-8-en	050be88d8cfabcfab1d849432ad0a6b5	Leadership in particular, a key factor in school effectiveness, does not seem to figure strongly in evaluation frameworks. The Smarter Schools National Partnership “School Leadership Development Strategies” project being undertaken by AITSL aims to develop a national approach to enhance school leadership capacity. Typically a school review is followed by the formulation of recommendations for improvement which the school is supposed to implement following the preparation of an improvement plan. However, the Review Team formed the view that the degree of follow-up by school review authorities was variable, including within an educational jurisdiction, depending on the capacity of regional networks.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	050e3abb4e4e56afe9e3ca1c6ddcb901	"While a new law that grants equal inheritance rights is the result of the empowerment of the women who brought about the law and not women in general, it encourages the empowerment of the latter (if they are aware of the law). Gender equality is hence both an outcome of the empowerment of the women who brought about the changes, and an encouraging factor for women's empowerment on the individual level. But where gender equality describes a state, empowerment describes a process."""	2	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-4-en	0514c40fa7ff560b7cbb0e63eb9818a4	Currently, there are ongoing debates about penalising those using informal ways of discouraging women to vote (e.g. threats, loud speaker announcements) (NCSW 2012a). The presence of an active women’s network within parliament reflects a transformation in the broader political culture, although there is still a lot to be accomplished. For instance, WPC Secretary Syed Shamoon said: ‘the caucus is a watershed.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	05187cd6d459428e474a6baf3c80836e	The costs associated with the continued loss of biodiversity are likely to be very significant, but their impacts (in terms of lost welfare) are not reflected in market prices. Note that the number of people lacking access to safe water is higher than the number lacking access to basic water supply. Other, more episodic, pollution cases involve aluminium (causing neurodegenerative diseases) and lead (endemic diseases of the nervous system).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	0518f2bb1887d4f2ea544756d5404b1b	Buyers, especially large retailers and commercial brand owners, have embraced them. Commitments to source only fish and seafood certified as sustainable4 are increasingly included in their procurement strategies and wider corporate social responsibility policies. As a market-based mechanism designed to improve fisheries management, eco-labels and the certification process sitting behind them raise a number of issues and challenges: from broad policy questions as to how they interface with governments’ responsibilities to manage natural resources; to technical questions as how to define and develop standards related to “sustainability”; to detailed questions related on how to evaluate whether various existing certification and eco-labelling schemes are credible and robust.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	051d37d212231680cf89fbb026203101	Critics worry that projects that make significant improvements to non-motorised trips compare poorly with those that cut travel time on motorised transport. This is due to the conventional approach to CBA that relies on travel time savings as a proxy for most of the benefits associated with transport investment. This traditional focus on travel time savings often leads to prioritisation of schemes that are misaligned with increased sustainable mobility goals.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	051ec2b5ac086daeb362636342fa90fc	Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999; Hunt, 2012). The Lagrange multiplier A may then be interpreted as the effective (present value) entitlement price. If the marginal damage of the externality is equivalent for all firms, this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a one-to-one basis, where marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by A (Kuwayama and Brozovid, 2013; Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014).	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	051ecd695adde95f1395550e5b7362b5	In the 2002-2008 period, the rise in employment contributed to earnings growth, but less so than the change in the remuneration of those employed. Colombia, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay are exceptions, as employment among poor households increased in the recent period (see figure 1.6). The percentage of the population analysed is the same in both periods and corresponds to the poverty rate in 2002.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	0525b1a81a6118290c83a9d589ee9ae0	They also tend to perform better in cognitive and linguistic assessments when staff-child ratios are higher. Furthermore, academic development seems to be enhanced by higher staff-child ratios, although there are not many (recent) studies that have investigated this topic (Huntsman, 2008; Sylva et al., A limitation of the research mentioned above is that most findings are almost exclusively correlational, and there have been very few experimental studies (Huntsman, 2008). An experimental study carried out by Chetty et al. (	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	0529f419f9b49f8ea0adc8a6dc184548	The topic of the report is “Enabling the 21st Century Learner”. E-leaming Action Plan for Schools for the Years 2006-2010”. ( It means that we need to reinforce the IT infrastmcture, in order to develop a coherent strategy to make IT educational contents available and to offer ICT training and certification for teachers. (“ This project aims to “generalise ICT skills training and certification” and “to promote the use of ICT in teaching and management” (p. 38).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2956c59a-en	052dc0d21c43d2568a18d7aa1bf3e147	But there are many challenges ahead. Sufficient and regular data are currently only available for 10 of the 54 gender-specific indicators. Unless gender is mainstreamed into national statistical strategies and prioritized in regular data collection processes, gender data scarcity and gaps will persist. Without high-level commitment and political independence, statistical systems will be unable to play their critical role in the follow-up and review process.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	052dd6ebb2d08edd9d17810d6037d3a5	At NCHEMS, he specialises in state coordination and governance of higher education and advising state governments on long-term strategies to improve the effectiveness of their education systems and linking education to the state’s future economic competitiveness and quality of life. Prior to joining NCHEMS in 1993, he was a senior staff member for 17 years at the Education Commission of the States (ECS), one of the principal sources of policy advice on education reform for state governments. On the international level, he has served as examiner for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reviews of education policy in the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ireland, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, and Turkey, He is currently a consultant to the World Bank on governance of technical/engineering in India.	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	052ef80ff67cf0e553660f7e5a114417	Following the implementation of NRDs, a series of best practices have emerged at national level showcasing successful reform. This policy framework for promoting local rice production takes into account rice imports. Customs duties on rice imports have remained relatively high since the peak of the 2007-08 food crisis, although this has done little to significantly undermine consumer demand or alternatively improve the market competitiveness of local rice products.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	0534687eb22f79e53b22d2fdb8583983	Once the Kimberley-Pilbara region, and outlier, was excluded, the variation fell to 2.7-fold. Some explanations for this may include higher rates of osteoporosis and obesity in the region, and that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are more likely than others to fracture their hip (ACSQHC and AIHW, 2014). There was over a 7-fold difference between the highest rate (1 551 admissions per 100 000 in outer regional Murrumbidgee) and the lowest rate (210 admissions per 100 000 population in metropolitan Inner West Sydney). However, the authors noted that Murrumbidgee was an outlier in the results. Removal reduced the difference to 5.1-fold.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	0534bbd0885ede4d85c526c50aeeca23	Illustrative are the United States Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) regulation under the US Clean Water Act, and the European Union’s water quality standards under the Water Framework Directive. Under the Federal TMDL framework, states are responsible for compiling lists of water bodies not meeting their designated use which are then reported as impaired waters (Helmers et al., For each listed water body, the states need to identify the amount by which pollution loads from diffuse and point sources of pollution must be reduced to meet the standards, and to develop and implement plans to achieve the load reductions (Borisova et al.,	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	05394e07eedf5358b652ec0cc87206b3	This allows for a very generous benefits package with low cost-sharing and high quality of health care services. The population benefits from good financial and geographic access to services, which is reflected in the low level of unmet needs and out-of-pocket expenditure. However, the level of unmet needs for financial reasons is slowly creeping up in the lowest income groups.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264218512-3-en	0540d1357a94ebd91940c5b2125efa14	Economic growth - rising per capita output of material goods and services - has the potential to make all citizens better off materially, and to generate resources that can be used to achieve social goals and ensure that growth is maintained over the long term. Policy makers seek to improve the performance and long-term growth potential of economies, taking into account country-specific needs and circumstances, including their level of development and institutional capacities. Because progress is measured essentially at the level of an “average” individual, emphasis is placed on supply-side instruments, or policy actions that lead to increases in per capita output of goods and services over the longer term. Employment prospects, job satisfaction, health outcomes and educational opportunities matter for people’s well-being and are heavily conditioned by their socioeconomic status. The most disadvantaged often live shorter lives and find it difficult to break away from a vicious circle of educational underachievement, low skills and poor employment prospects.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	0542f584cf2244dc639aa02558068e64	It underpins private sector and human development by enabling the movement of people, goods and services. It provides access to local, regional and global markets, as well as health, education, water, energy and communications services. It provides an overview of the financing for development agenda, highlighting the critical role of official development assistance (ODA) in the least developed countries (LDCs), as well as its catalytic role in higher-income developing countries. An analysis of total 2002-15 aggregate aid-for-trade disbursements of around USD 300 billion follows.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/baf425ad-en	054394a1af6c45abbc542f5440528a4d	Jt Conun J Qual Patient Saf 2014;40:99-101. The global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care. Still, conventional data sources, such as medical record reviews and reported harmful events, produce mounting evidence of the importance and frequency of diagnostic errors across several types of conditions. Studies of multiple consultations in the presentation of cancer provide a powerful predictor of speed of receiving a timely and correct diagnosis. One in five patients presenting ‘red flag symptoms’ and who recently were diagnosed with cancer had three or more consultations with primary care doctors being referred to relevant specialists. Although the majority of those patients had cancers that are considered particularly difficult to diagnose, it does reflect an avoidable delay (Lyratzopoulos et al, 2014).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	0544ee1129237b6cc09c8e7d536e0d78	But changes to social norms and the law are often incremental and hard fought. The amendments to the Criminal Law in India following recent rape cases5 do not criminalize marital rape,6 highlighting both the scope and limits of law as an agent of social change. In Mexico the primary reason women dropped out of the labour force was threats and violence by disapproving husbands.'	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6f91a3b0-en	05472604c5c44cccffd12a8d8b071e79	Damage and losses caused by the 2010 flood amounted to around €44 million. The project-based ‘Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation for Montenegro - National Strategy and Action Plan” (TNA) gives an indication of costs for priority measures of adaptation for the sectors most relevant: health sector, €1.8 million; water sector, €4.3 million; agriculture sector, €2.1 million; coastal area, €1.9 million; and forestry sector, €1.4 million. First results show that climate change would bring mainly negative economic impacts for the near future up to 2030 and strongly negative impacts for the end of the century (2071-2100). Due to lack of data, results are of restricted informational value, as the authors emphasize themselves.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	05472de3bb2d5c9d6af8bb4a7a779c21	Seventy per cent of purchased rights were given to the Park and 30% to small productive farmers who focussed on higher value activities like vine and vegetables. This mechanism triggered a shift in groundwater use and agricultural activities away from cereals, encouraged vines to be accounted for, and led to increased incentives for the enforcement of water rights. Still, the public cost of the program - estimated at 5000 M EUR for 2008-2027 -has been high and the program did not address the incentive structure of farmers pumping groundwater.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	0548ea0e6f1cdfb48f67f541a4e798de	Excess mortality from schizophrenia increased by 11% from 2006 to 2011 (OECD, 2014a). Less than 1% of the Swedish population develop bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders are also found to be slightly more prevalent among women (Eliasson & Jonsson, 2008; Cullberg, 2005). Excess mortality from bipolar disorder in Sweden increased by 21% from 2006 to 2011, while 15.7% of patients with bipolar are readmitted to the same hospital within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a). The prevalence rate of mental disorders also varies highly between age group, gender, and educational attainment, which is shown in Figure 1 below.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	054a5498e4d4d45cc53dfb70da61a26e	Section 3 reviews these policies. Housing policy in OECD countries comprises a wide and complex mix of programmes. Direct provision still exists in many countries but support is decreasing and shifting to other types of providers. Changes in the sources of financing of social rental housing providers, coupled with changes in the socio-economic profile of their tenants, pose new challenges to social housing providers and policy makers.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	054d6d6c79b21f8ec9eee66cabe7f819	It is the first year since 2006 that no stocks managed solely by the Australian Government have been classified as subject to overfishing. The statement is the first step in fulfilling the Australian Government’s commitment to work with industry to develop a national aquaculture strategy. Parties to the agreement focused on developing foundation documents, including rules of procedure and financial regulations to help ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of non-highly migratory fish stocks in the high seas of the southern Indian Ocean.	14	0	12	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	054ed682b8c208384be5f26a3ee98350	Each of these spends twice as a much — as a proportion of GDP - as countries such as Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, Portugal, Japan and Bulgaria. At the bottom of the table are five countries spending little more than 1% of GDP on cash benefits, tax breaks and services for children and families - the United States, Lithuania, Latvia, Greece and Malta. How the money is spent can be as important as how much is spent, but the chart nonetheless shows a strong relationship between resources expended and results achieved.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	055138fbef2037b02617ff087a99ca4c	Lessons are also being learned with respect to the political economy of trade reform, such that changes can be introduced in a way that minimises adjustment stresses and helps build the consensus needed to lock in the benefits of trade policy reform. The report benefited from comments by Member country delegations, and from feedback on an earlier draft received at the ICTSD Bali Trade and Development Symposium, in December 2013. This report was declassified by Working Party for Agricultural Policies and Markets in November 2014.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	0553373032b200e73b3bca4f7d7b566d	Given the rise in chronic diseases like diabetes, an approach stressing prevention to address changing risk factors for health will be a key to helping reduce relatively more expensive hospital admissions in the future. Ideally, patients should have a trusted advisor to help them navigate through the complex number of available services. The purpose of gatekeeping is to strengthen the relationship between primary care providers and patients, thereby enhancing patients’ agency in selecting the most appropriate form of care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/547ad041-en	0553df7a4c53c8df353f109b63ad4db2	Moreover, visitors are only liable to apply environmentally friendly behaviourtothe extent they find it convenient, and they do often settle with more symbolic choices such as the reuse of towels and choosing ecological food products (Marion and Reid, 2007; Weaver, 2012). As pointed out in Tyrvainen et al. ( And people are also less likely to engage in sustainability practices if they believe that their contribution makes no difference (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007).	12	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	055ad4d4aa39fe3267e4be45c00585ed	It includes health services consumed at the family home and in other individual or collective residences where the individual is located on a permanent basis (e.g. prisons, convents, boarding schools). Health care received by persons residing in a health care facility (e.g. a residential long-term care facility) is to be considered as inpatient care. Greater detail within a class does not necessarily imply more detailed reporting, but rather greater clarity about the content of the aggregates. As with other classifications, the greater the detail presented, the less uncertainty there is while classifying, and the more comparable the results. Additional benefits can be found when breakdowns of the HC classes are compatible with those in other available classifications. The division into general and specialised health services for inpatient and outpatient care should be compatible as far as possible with the COFOG (UN, 1999).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	055bf95eccce28e841fa679b4d4b96a3	In South Africa, the budget programme and classification is based on sector and line items rather than on programs and policy objectives, hindering articulation of cross-sectoral initiatives to achieve wider policy objectives. For example, conditional grants (see section 3.1 for further detail) aim to strengthen government priority areas that are usually cross-sectoral issues (such as HIV/AIDS). However, they are designed and implemented by one particular national department, without fully articulating this initiative with other relevant departments.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/97ed059a-en	055f9b2b31a0604b60d2f4e3d1f78576	Activation of these two channels therefore consists of simulating the variations observed or estimated for said international transfers. For the first group, we can speak of exports constrained by external demand (type 1), while the second group represents exports largely constrained by internal supply (type 2). The variation in export demand in relation to its initial level is therefore conditioned by the ratio of the world prices for these exported products and their free on board (FOB) export prices, as well as the elasticity of export demand among foreign trade partners.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	05646b9c3963ba517e96c31672803daa	Some of these functions can be temporary and performed at the request of the school leader. School management has the autonomy to distribute specific, temporary functions to teachers within the school. In other countries, such “Learning Support Staff’ typically assist teachers in their instruction, provide support for students and contribute to the overall learning-related activities of schools. The most common learning support staff in Kazakhstan is laboratory assistants for subjects such as physics, chemistry, biology and computer science.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	0565bdd9b50f8450b467d13453023581	In the first step, four out of five dimensions attract significant coefficient. The son bias dimension was insignificant. It is worthy to note that both sub-indices have a significant and negative effect on the extent of female migration, meaning that high levels of discriminatory social norms in the family and in the public space reduce not only the probability to have female migration but also the size of those women who get to migrate.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	0566a62f484bdf0f614b8ab6c062949c	"A range of variables can be used, such as resource availability, consumption trends, climate change, population growth, or policy frameworks. Scenarios can help parties to understand the competition between various sectors, including irrigation, drinking water supply, hydropower generation, flood control and other ecosystem services, as well as the evolution and implication of existing and potential conflicts. Closely related to scenario-building is a technique called “back-casting"", which envisions a future desirable outcome, and then tracks backwards, allowing parties to identify the steps that would be needed to achieve it. Agreement on a desirable future can then translate into agreement on the steps needed to get there."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	0566f556dbfa80b7383f69776f1dbcc0	For example, the Colombian national development strategy mainstreams climate change priorities through four sectoral public policy areas7; while in Kenya a stand-alone climate change action plan identifies six ‘big win’ opportunities8 for climate finance with adaptation and mitigation co-benefits (Government of Kenya, 2012). In response to lessons learned on what might strengthen the effectiveness of climate finance, supporters and providers have been providing technical assistance to help identify climate-related sectors in the national context, and to developing cross-sectoral national climate change strategies and action plans. Recipients, providers and supporters equally recognise that a co-ordinated national response to climate change and national policy coherence are pre-conditions for effective decision-making over climate finance.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	056a3e3cba9590be83e80bc67a297a63	Indicator systems are costly, both directly (i.e. the cost of development and implementation) and indirectly (i.e. opportunity costs and the potential for inadvertent generation of unintended consequences). It is difficult to capture complexity with water data and indicators, which can lead to developing too many indicators rather than concentrating on a core group. Besides, it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators. This can lead to retaining control of how sub-national authorities implement water policy, as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system, at the expense of other elements.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	056bdb29f60b5b520448654f9f8d2209	The insurance uses a system of cross-subsidies to finance the poorest households who are unable to make monthly contributions. According to the latest records, 12% of taxpayers in Manizales have signed a catastrophe insurance contract. The experience represents an innovation in social and financial protection for low-income home-owners, and has been highlighted as a good public-private cooperation practice that could be replicated in other Colombian cities with similar risk characteristics to those of Manizales (Marulanda and others, 2014). This insurance policy had 61,097 women among its affiliates in 2014, and it has mainly benefited women microentrepreneurs living in rural areas affected by flooding, hurricanes and earthquakes. It is funded by grants from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (COSUDE) and other financiers belonging to private insurance companies. There is also an intensive information campaign for clients on the coverage and other operational aspects of catastrophic insurance (Loster and Reinhard, 2012).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	056e605cce96b132a4df472dd496072c	This contributes to a very high risk of old-age poverty in these countries and Bangladesh, India, Lao PDR and Pakistan all have at least 60% of their populations trying to get by on less than USD 2 per day (Figure 2.2). But among Asian countries, the extension of pension coverage has been most pronounced in China. Next to pension provision for civil servants and other public service unit workers, 1997 pension reform in China established a national multi-pillar pension system w'ith the aim to cover all employees working in urban areas (Salditt et al.,	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	056f9ed3bde1b0e814750b725675f244	This system is well suited to the needs of countries with small electricity grids, especially those in the developing world. India has reached world leadership in this area. Nearly 55% of all scientific publications on PHWRs in 2006 were Indian, and India is leading the research in FBRs (Kakodkar, 2008).	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/2d6cbf5c-en	056fe6375457163efc2881eceed67a4b	"To assist in this undertaking, OHCHR developed ""Guidelines for national plans of action for human rights education"". I, Programme of Action, para. Starting from the recognition of the State's current situation, a national action plan against racial discrimination constitutes a comprehensive programme of activities aimed at progressively bringing about improvements in the promotion of racial equality."	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d72eb315-en	057567e6c9082e3936b16d54cc89914f	In this respect, the following three components are deemed essential. Wider application of successful geospatial and statistical standards17 is essential to fostering information exchange, a precondition for wide-scale integrated analyses of remote sensing and GIS sources, for example. Without them, the risk is that institutional and industry stakeholders will not be able to bear the costs of multiple reporting formats. Finally, bridges and connectivity need to be established among adopted standards so that information can flow across domains.	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/85b52daf-en	0576e49db2251b785013b542f6e52bb6	As a result a keyword search of project descriptions has been used. The limitation of this approach is the lack of consistency and gaps in reporting on the project descriptions in the CRS, which means some activities that engage the private sector may not be identified using a word search and are therefore not included in the analysis. Work is under way to improve the way private sector instruments are categorised and tracked within the system, so tracking such efforts in the future will be easier. As a result the analysis of development finance statistics does not align strictly with the description of private sector engagement (PSE) used in Chapter 2, which considers private sector development a subset of PSE.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-11-en	05786e1df1aab665e6f9b3fff94767a4	Yet, as shown in the previous chapters, gender gaps still exist - namely in employment, unpaid work, violence, and access to decisionmaking positions. A fundamental piece of the puzzle is establishing a system than can deliver Mexico’s commitments to gender equality. In addition to building a gender perspective into the policy process (Chapter 6), Mexico’s capacity to overcome gender gaps depends on the quality of the institutional framework for designing and, most importantly, implementing gender-sensitive policies. This chapter seeks to complement Chapter 6 on gender mainstreaming and to single out the key elements of effective governance for gender equality.	5	1	7	0.75
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	057df488cb1c0e2a136e133cd6b392db	Poor-quality health services in some cases drive persistently high child mortality, which contributes to the tendency to have more children to make up for those lost during birth, or through illness and malnutrition. And even where laws permit unmarried women or adolescents to access contraception, judgmental service providers may refuse to dispense it. A subordinate status for many women still means not knowing or fully understanding their rights, or how to claim them.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	057faaec634fcf7259e9d6ce895bb002	As a result there is a high level of employment of Arab women in clerical occupations. At the same time, a significant number of Arab women with low levels of education have lost their jobs in the agriculture and textile industries due to the entry of immigrant workers into the Galilee labour market. Making a wider range of academic programmes open to Arab women is the intent of the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI). The employment outcomes of the NAI’s predecessor Mar Elias have been promising: according to the information received from the institution, about 70% of female graduates (all Arabs) are employed, mostly in positions requiring higher education qualifications (see Box 2.1.). Opening wider educational opportunities for Arab women will ultimately impact on their labour market outcomes and generate positive results for the Israeli society.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	0581c35641b0454f6e093ed3f5862e8d	These improvements should enhance the regional potential of the market by developing sales and storage spaces protected from bad weather as well as service, sanitation and roads that can adequately serve the intense weekly market attendance. One-third of women and one-quarter of men remarked that their activities were slowed by a lack of roads or because of the degraded state of existing axes. The Dendi region is located at a strategic crossroads of the Nigerien National Route (RN7) stretching from Niamey to the east of Niger, of the principal Kebbi road axis leading to Sokoto and the national interstate (RNIE2) that crosses Benin to the Gulf of Guinea. Despite this theoretically privileged position, the Dendi has an underdeveloped and rapidly deteriorating road system (Map 6.21.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	058aede05afc6b35f5a82b2890ee9eac	National authorities rightly recognise this to be particularly important in Scottish context, given the emphasis placed on local collaboratives and learning cycles in Scotland. If such links are not made from national studies, there is a risk that important findings will not be acted upon. Denmark has been pursuing this approach in recent years, and offers a model to consider (Box 2.5). This is essential to build a full picture of the activities, costs and outcomes of care across complete patient journeys.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	058c5eaff6add93ac7b241eeb9736fec	Recent reforms in Italy, and in particular, the recently created National Agency for Regional Healthcare (AGENAS), are instructive here. Health system managers, whether at national, state or institutional level, are rarely able to point to projects that have used data to identify areas of excellence or weakness, or that have been used as a basis for quality improvement work. Infrequent comparison and benchmarking of results is a linked problem, since even simple things such as waiting times are not measured consistently across Mexico’s sub-systems.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6a0f251e-en	058d2762d8e9856eb74f876921c22c8d	While it is rational that countries focus on the development of intra-national systems first (national or port single windows), these systems - including related laws and regulations - should be designed with cross-border exchange of electronic data and documents in mind. In fact, as the cost of developing a cross-border enabled system is not expected to be significantly higher than that of a paperless trade system designed for intra-national exchange of data and documents, less developed countries with no legacy systems may take the opportunity to leapfrog from manual systems to world-leading paperless systems. Innovations such as blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT),' as well as progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence (Al), and the development of the internet of things (loT) have enormous potential in making international supply chains more transparent and efficient.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-2-en	058db39b1975dc004fb4bb34bf41e106	This approach will help to create a society that readily accepts and embraces disability, instead of fearing it. This requires, on the one hand, that the facilities of education be available to all, and on the other, that children be exposed to ideas from many different backgrounds and perspectives and be encouraged to think for themselves and to reason. Basic education is not just an arrangement for training to develop skills (important as that is); it is also a recognition of the nature of the world, with its diversity and richness, and an appreciation of the importance of freedom and reasoning as well as friendship.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	058e56cd8c990f6e00bb1a7a11c6ee97	The interstate Hydroeconomic Coordination Commission makes policy, resolves issues and approves annual operational conditions. The Electric Power Council of Central Asia and its executive structure, the Joint Dispatch Control Center (Central Asia JDC), supervise co-ordination of energy systems and sustainability of operations. Together, they regulate river flow to ensure equity between the three countries for irrigation and hydropower generation (CA&CC Press AB, 2016). Phase 1 will upgrade two of the six units, build capacity of power sector officials and develop a regulatory plan. Phase 2 will create a policy and regulatory body, develop a new tariff methodology and develop legislation for better governance and business conduct of the state-owned power utility company (responsible for operating the hydroelectric station). The generation capacity was upgraded to 3 015 MW between 1984-88.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	058fa187d93c0b3f66eefc2dc6b7686d	During the last few years, major increases in total fishery production have been driven by aquaculture. Major increases are occurring in freshwater spedes, which dominate production, with mariculture12 representing about 15% of the total. Prospects for aquaculture are good with production expected to grow to 52% above the average level for 2012-14 by 2024, driven by increasing domestic demand and by national policies which support the sustainable growth of the sector. Main challenges for further expansion are linked to environmental issues and potential impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Efforts to enhance the collaboration between the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Ministry of Environment to address the sustainability of the sector are underway.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	058ffc4690b3459666df78ddc2ef5c2a	Amongst families in urban informal settlements in Cape Town, this is expressed in the daily negotiations around who does what in terms of household chores and the explicit efforts by mothers to respect the preferences of their older children (Bray et al., In rural families in northernTanzania, reciprocity is expected and expressed through young people's obedience (in ways that demonstrate respect to the parent and social respectability) and a parent's willingness to meet the child's need in return (Wamoyi & Wight, 2014). Fathers were particularly vocal on this topic, perhaps because scarcity of employment or other sources of status means they rely more heavily on inter-generational reciprocity.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	0590332c75577a4f6f44eb9ecfa2cd76	However, for a land-based permit system, the aggregate pumping resulting after transfers will be subject to uncertainty. This may be acceptable if the expected variation in marginal externality is much larger than the expected variation in water application rates (Young, 2014). However, there is still a need to monitor and enforce limits on irrigated area for such systems to succeed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	05905d85749f7cf225a460d950d63cf5	Although data are somewhat outdated due to lack of regular national monitoring in the country, Japan is in the best 4 countries for five-year survival estimate for cervical and breast cancer in the 2000s. With regards to colorectal cancer, Japan has attained five-year survival estimate over 65% for both men and women in the early 2000s, which is above the OECD average of 61.3% for men and 63.3% for women in the late 2000s. A striking feature of the Japanese hospital sector is the high in-hospital case fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although Japanese are less likely to die of ischemic heart disease compared to people in other OECD countries, they are more likely to die once admitted into hospital for AMI than patients in other OECD countries.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bf400991-en	0590a65954fb64fd03f2a89ae4824da2	If large-scale hazardous events and outliers are excluded disaster mortality triggered by hydrometeorological hazards can be observed in an upward trend, as shown in figure 15. These variations call for deeper analysis of each sector and kinds of disasters, for informed policymaking. Earthquakes account for the highest number of people potentially exposed, while flooding is the most frequent natural hazard, for which about 1 billion people in 155 countries were potentially exposed in 2015.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	05919f11cb3d30fcce28351b3ec4f341	Enrolment among children aged 3-6 years increased from 70% in 2005 to 87% in 2015. Enrolment in primary and lower secondary education is universal: in 2015, the net enrolment rate in primary education was 100%, and 98.3% in lower secondary' education (Statistics Lithuania, 2016). Lithuania’s level of participation in upper secondary education is among the highest in OECD and partner countries: in 2014, 93% of 15-19 year-olds were enrolled in educational institutions, compared with 84% on average across OECD countries (OECD, 2016a).	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	0591da79062e4b0340dddcee613c0fb5	This perception nonetheless represents a small improvement as compared with 2002, when the proportion was 87%. In terms of absolute and relative inequality indicators, this indicator suggests that most people think in relative terms, as they perceive an improvement in distribution in keeping with the decrease in relative inequality. In terms of perceptions by socioeconomic tercile or by education level, no clear patterns of association emerged.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	0592b8171232d64ede537d2acd5e1ad0	"Where that line was drawn varied from city to city and was usually kept secret ""for fear that the Board would be cheated.""' What should be done about irregular or undeclared earnings? What adjustments needed to be made for larger families? In his 1877 speech to the Royal Statistical Society, Booth presented the findings of a survey on the incomes of London s poor and suggested that a line of poverty', set at 18 to 21 shillings a week, would divide the people of London into those who live 'in comfort' and those who live 'in poverty'."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	0593b00fae4a9b860784b33dc8fd6014	In the 2012/13 financial year, a total of USD 18.47 million was transferred to fisheries sector from the UK Government, which is a 79.6% decrease compared with the GFTs in 2005 (Panel C). Total number of registered vessels and total tonnage of the fleet also decreased respectively by 5.3% and 5.7% since 2007. ( Responsibility for fisheries in the United Kingdom lies with the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Scottish Ministers, Minister of the Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive Ministers. The principal powers governing the regulation of fisheries are set out in the Sea Fish (Conservation) Acts 1967 and 1992; the Sea Fisheries Act 1968; the Fishery Limits Act 1976; the Fisheries Act 1981; the Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act 1967 and the Fisheries Act 1966.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	0596aac9ea1d75d096105807057b4020	These include several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons containing either chlorine or bromine that are used as solvents or refrigerating agents. The Montreal Protocol, which supplements the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, had been ratified by 196 countries by 2011. By the end of 2010, the organization had completed 1,142 projects (worth $533 million in disbursements) phasing out 70,106 tonnes of potential ozone depleting substances. Another 199 projects are being implemented.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/65d65044-en	059702e6d185a7ab64d96b7398e4760c	How such dilemmas are addressed has profound implications for who gains and loses, both among social groups and between local, national and global interests. There are many examples around the world of alternative development pathways that move towards sustainability with gender equality. This recognition is evident in a number of international norms and agreements, including principle 20 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, adopted in 1992, in its statement regarding the full participation of women being essential to achieving sustainable development.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0597c7346ab1deb6f52ff6f6c1c8d4de	Despite the significant potential for flour milling, only 35-40% of available capacity is used. A recurring issue in post-independence Kazakhstan has been the degree of monopsony power exercised by the purchasers of agricultural products. At the same time, intermediaries often provide multiple functions, playing an important role in compensating for incomplete markets, e.g. for credit or for seeds, and other inputs.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	0598701bf7a350e67a0d28cb9c6286a1	In many cases, they have deterred small family farmer participation in school-feeding programmes despite their capacity to respond to the demand. In addition, legislation for producer organizations often requires bureaucratic procedures and complex accountability mechanisms. This may result in producer organizations being unable to obtain formal status and cannot carry out certain financial transactions. To address these challenges, governments can implement policies that favour small family farmers in public procurement processes. Both the PAA and the PNAE have limits to their purchases from individual or farmer groups, although PNAE sets higher limits as scale is needed to supply schools. The programme expanded rapidly from US$50.2 million for 41 500 family farmers in 2003 to US$410.3 million for 185 500 farmers in 2012 (Del Grossi and Marques, 2015).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264231726-en	05a2eff7a06f21d12b64963cde90a7f5	However, the roles of the public and private sectors in research funding are less clearly defined than they were before the biotechnology area and governments and their agencies now have a much more direct role in applied medical scientific research (Stevens et al., Recent studies have looked into the relevance and impact of public and private research investment (Families USA, 2008; Malinowski, 2012; Zycher, 2010) and concluded that in general terms both public and private stakeholders play a significant, complementary role in the delivery of innovative therapies. These rewards materialize from innovations which are largely generated through fundamental research projects at universities and other public research institutions.	3	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	05a34212ace655d2eadde07c42905bcd	Growth in forest biomass exceeding drain due to harvesting and natural mortality explains this removal. However, between 2000 and 2005, the Danish forests were a carbon source releasing between 1 and 2 million tonnes of CO2 each year. During that period the age distribution became skewed towards mature forests, which were eventually harvested and the cleared land was regenerated with saplings (Danish CEE 2012). This resulted in negative net increment in forest biomass and thus turned the Danish forests as a net source of carbon.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/95b9bcd0-en	05a8ee6c9838d2e10743dbafd41ab1a5	This infrastructure, together with wind farms, harbours, etc. At the same time, the Sound is one of the most trafficked places in the world oceans. Thus, the Sound is a hotspot of almost all kinds of human activities: Commercial, household and sports fisheries, as well as navigation, yachting, bathing, diving, sand and gravel extraction, windfarming, sewage discharge, urban and coastal development, land transport, aviation, recreational activities on land, large scale tourism and even agriculture, industry and forestry.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	05a9a5aec1a841e11f9edfa4a212bcfb	In contrast, given men’s stability in terms of employment rates, the impact of male employment at the household level was neutral overall (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1). For instance, in the Nordic countries the total share of social transfers represents close to 20% of household income (25% in Sweden), while in Australia and the United States it constitutes 8% and 7%, respectively. The respective contributions of earnings and other income sources to overall inequality can be estimated (see OECD, 2011), and it is interesting to consider the extent to which the contributions of gender-specific income components can be estimated.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	05ab7189defe9dda03f8e583abee5fdc	This is precipitated by lack of any substantial land value capture mechanisms in urban development, meaning that the revenue local governments are receiving is significantly less than w'hat it could and should be. This is in strong contrast with other government revenues which are collected by the central government and redistributed. In the absence of a consistently enforced land policy framework, the selling off of periphery land proceeds independently of either rational development principles or an accurate reckoning of consequences immediate or long-term.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	05ad0fe0d2b9837c4b9810ba8b91abc0	Evidence from a number of countries converges in that sense, showing that the worst-off have higher rates of alcohol-related problems and mortality than the better-off (Najman et al, 2007;Hemstrom 2002; Harrison and Gardiner, 1999), even for the same level of drinking (Makela and Paljarvi, 2008; Grittner et al., Hence, the gradient of inequities in alcohol related harm is not consistently in line with the gradient of inequalities in alcohol use. Lastly, alcohol consumption may have larger societal impacts in addition to its health outcomes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	05ad33f26eff857ea273b271a7c648f5	If too much water is stored behind the reservoir, sections of the river downstream from the reservoir can dry out if an insufficient amount of water is released at certain times of the year. This can lead to detrimental effects on animal and plant life downstream from the facility. Because of this, the channel may show signs of degradation (loss of sediments) or aggradation (accumulation of sediments), depending on whether floods can move the remaining incoming sediments.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	05b1a6c0542cc1dd0f2a973997705bb5	Required replacements and an expansion of the existing network require significant investment, which is not covered in the operating budget of the utilities providers. This is seldom the case across the OECD. Among the three revenue sources for utilities providers, taxes, tariffs and transfers, governments decide on the most efficient mix of resources to manage trade-offs between economic efficiency, financial sustainability, environmental protection and social cohesion. This pillar combines two strategies.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	05b241b773f9ac1ad11c062907172909	In Finland, for example, most of the variance in performance observed is within schools rather than between them, which indicates that schools have similar achievement levels and do not select students by academic ability. Differences in the socio-economic background of schools account for a small proportion of the already-small performance differences between schools, which suggest that there is little segregation along socio-economic lines. Non OECD member economies are included for comparison.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	05b366505ffc9cf901a23105aa8c44d5	The environmental impact includes landslides on deforested slopes, which damage thousands of homes. Over the past 20 years, however, small, wood-burning stoves have become ubiquitous, as many Georgians, without access to natural gas or pressed for cash, have turned to the forests to heat their homes. Worldwide practice demonstrates that all oil and gas industry activities have environmental effects: geological and geophysical surveys, drilling and production activities, accidental oil spills, decommissioning of installations, gas and oil transportation, and gas and oil processing.	7	155	763	0.6623093681917211
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	05b3ce1d003992fde9a127ddc3d45b17	Investments in the health, wellness and education sector were deemed necessary for economic and social transformation in Grenada. The impacts of recent hurricanes and droughts are evident throughout the country. In 2004, Category 3 Hurricane Ivan brought damage to the country equivalent to more than 200 per cent of the GDP.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	05b47ddfbd9e2c144decac75426fdd97	The importance of the traditional and transfer sector to material well-being is what makes the Arctic economy unique. Here we briefly examine the main characteristics and the unique structure of the Arctic economy, which provide the context for constructing a valid indicator of material well-being. The importance of each of these parts varies throughout the Arctic region.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	05b516224a6947eca62d5be55a7df232	The teaching profession in Kazakhstan suffers from low status and prestige. In many OECD countries, teachers report feeling undervalued and there are similar concerns about the image and status of teaching (OECD, 2005). There is an inequitable distribution of teachers among schools, with highly effective teachers being less likely to work in disadvantaged schools, but more likely to work in schools for gifted students where additional school resources and support are available.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/bf67ec4e-en	05b8abc4c36fc6985724f664577dbe53	Mapping the flow of finance to water security investments can identify the ultimate sources of capital; the level of investment and who are the different players at different stages as well as the different channels and vehicles to access investment in water security (e.g. green bonds). The study will also identify the sources of available finance in each country, to develop an assessment of financing capacity. This work could be extended to a broader range of countries. It is a well-recognised barrier to scaling up private sector investment across infrastructure sectors.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	05bec3846312490b75dd8ca2cda53523	A look beyond the averages shows the reality of the employed population with a double working shift consisting of two types of work: paid and unpaid. In all countries, women have a heavier total workload and while they are overrepresented in the unpaid work category, they are underrepresented in the paid work category. The overburden of unpaid work lessens women's participation in decision-making and progress in their professional careers and employment opportunities, which in turn reduces their income and prospects for access to social security which is still directly linked to formal wage employment.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	05bfaa6906a3bd52eb925730e596f968	In the case of dairy products, production costs are important for these manufactured goods, thus the cost of production index plays a significant role. It is, however, also of interest to analyse specific types of uncertainty. This section focuses on dairy markets and in particular on two of the largest dairy exporting countries, New Zealand and Australia.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188617-en	05c402629cb61cd4604d270a0b7bc5d4	As shown in the previous chapter, the sums involved can be considerable, reaching up to 50% of plant-level investment costs for new power generation investments, in particular for offshore wind, which suffers from the high costs of network connection. Nevertheless, the issue can be handled from an institutional point of view with existing regulatory frameworks. Building on the more technical previous chapters, this chapter looks at the adequacy of current arrangements and the necessary future evolutions in the electricity sectors of OECD countries to optimise the provision of “flexibility services” in the face of high volatility of load and large amounts of variable renewables.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	05c7a442dd679cc9d3c064481880e036	"Despite the theoretical distinctions, the practical implications of using one or the other dominate. Income is easier to measure when there are few sources of income and when income from those sources is recorded for administrative purposes, such as taxation or payroll contributions. Income information is also cheaper to collect in those settings, allowing for larger sample sizes and more precise measurement. For example, Atkinson, Cantillon, Marlier and Nolan (2002) interpret the US moving from different poverty lines for men and women to a common poverty line as a move from a standard of living to a rights approach. Whether income or expenditure data are used, if there are economies of scale in consumption, individuals in larger households will have their needs better met by the same level of income or consumption than individuals in smaller households. For this reason, equivalence scales are used, which count the number of ""adult equivalents"" (often male) in a household."	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	05ce3c62f53c541c9ff8e7146c273ef5	This was one of the first of its kind in the Philippines, and has been integrated with existing warning systems. This was set up with support from the Republic of Korea’s National Disaster Management Institute following the devastation caused by typhoon Washi in 2011. Effective community-based flood early warning systems have also been established successfully in Nepal, by the Government and a wide range of partners participating in the Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-5-en	05d156e35ecf58d7d5b7f75c77a2ec8b	Hoioeuer, completion rates in lower and upper secondary education remain unsatisfactory while repetition rates are very high in international comparison. Levels of student achievement have decreased in recent years but remain above the regional average. Finally, students' and schools' socio-economic status have a strong impact on student performance. It also includes a detailed description of the Uruguayan school system, including its governance.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	05d3bc61b99aea1fdb764face941cba6	This is particularly true for reporting of climate finance mobilised by developed countries, understanding of mitigation targets for non-Annex I countries, as well as for collective mitigation goals. However, filling other gaps will require methodological improvements, improved data collection and increased domestic capacity for MRV. For example, several proposed INDCs include an adaptation component, many INDCs are contingent on the level of support received, and some developing countries have put forward economy-wide mitigation contributions.	13	2	8	0.6
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-3-en	05d587f5cff8d6ab0075bd6dc904b90b	It is a moral imperative, it is about fairness and equity, and includes many political, social and cultural dimensions. With a special chapter on gender issues this volume of Society at a Glance Asia/Pacific illustrates the progress that many economies in the Asia/Pacific region have made towards gender equality in education and shows that girls outperform boys in some areas of education. But these gains have not yet fully spilled over to the labour market: women are most likely to work under vulnerable employment conditions, earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and continue to bear the brunt of unpaid housework. Economic development in the Asia/Pacific is also related to the ongoing gains in educational attainment, perhaps nowhere as dramatic as in Korea, where the population is now among the highest educated in the world.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	05d61e56dc0488a2c9739176ec08c958	Social development is defined broadly as “sustainable human development which enhances human capabilities for enlarging human choices” (UNDP, 2006). It contributes to economic growth by not only raising labour productivity, but also by enhancing social stability. Social security covers all measures providing benefits, whether in cash or kind, to secure “protection” from lack of work-related income caused by sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, or death; lack of access to health services; insufficient family support; and poverty and social exclusion (ILO, 2010/11: 13).	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	05dc0773f82fcbfdee55bd2b0bef9655	A broad range of mechanisms has been identified to account for this cumulative causation within the sphere of production and consumption. These include, for example, the rapid growth in the ‘volume’ of productive knowledge requires ever higher capacity on the part of firms and individuals to identify, evaluate and adapt this knowledge. An increased rate of technical change introduces greater ‘uncertainty’ for firms, which, in turn, demands an increased capacity for adaptability and more widely distributed problem solving skills.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	05dfd07bd6ff3bbff38b60faa87594f8	Their average scores in all three key subject areas in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) fare relatively well compared with other OECD countries (Figure 1). The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)2 confirm that Slovenian pupils compare favourably against their peers in the participating countries, with slightly higher achievement in science than in reading and mathematics. Trends in average science, mathematics and literacy scores of fourth and eighth-grade students have been rather favourable as well, with scores on TIMSS and PIRLS assessments, particularly in science and mathematics, improving substantially.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	05e078cc446cd6e672c87ef43635ab30	The revenues from the latter tax are allocated to the regional authorities. The inspections focus mainly on traffic security; there is no assessment of compliance with environmental pollution standards. The company, which operates on the basis of concession contracts, is under the technical supervision of the Ministry of Equipment and Transport and under the financial supervision of the Ministry of Finance and Privatization.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	05e0f759d670b0a5112b28b1c412b749	It draws on a set of indicators of both the technical and financial performance of water utilities. It discusses the specific challenges in rural areas, given that coverage rates tend to be much lower, with self-provision, rather than piped networks, being an important form of supply. It elaborates on the consequences of inadequate service quality on health and the environment. Overall, WSS performance has tended to continue to decline, although there are substantial differences from one country to the next and/or within some countries (especially between rural and urban areas and small cities versus large cities). In such cases, lack of maintenance means that further deterioration is likely, unless significant reforms and investments are carried out.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5e354935-en	05e80992a18ab164abd7fbc58b38bf7c	For Kyoto Protocol Parties, GHG inventory reporting was linked to compliance, making review processes focused on recommendations for data to be consistent, transparent, complete, accurate and comparable, and sensitive to improving the quality of national inventory preparation systems. Parties may consider the implications of review as they craft reporting guidelines, as this might influence the type of information guidelines will request or require. Parties cannot report information they have not been able to track.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	05e864160f1aecb319a1810cb605c689	What is “green” about this growth is how it is stimulated: through urban activities (including policies and programmes) that reduce either: 1) negative environmental externalities, such as air pollution and C02 emissions; or 2) the consumption of natural resources and environmental services, including w'ater, energy and undeveloped land. These effects are in part the result of more readily identifiable interactions at the urban level among economic efficiency and environmental objectives. By focusing on growth, this definition recognises that polices to reduce environmental impact can only be sustained over the long term if they generate wrealth (OECD, 2013).	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	05ebbd05e7e9c9d4cf9b3116068dd4f5	In fact, health status is consistently ranked as one of the most valued aspects in people’s lives, together with having a job, in surveys conducted in OECD countries. Health status also has instrumental value because it enhances people’s opportunities to participate in education and training programmes and in the labour market as well as to have good social relationships. At the societal level, countries with better overall health outcomes also display higher average income and wealth, higher employment rates, higher rates of participation in political activities, higher social network support and higher overall life satisfaction.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	05ec8563836c5feb82aa303e0f3b7c42	The clause is also subject to some additional rules, such as the principle of neutrality for labour disputes. The clause was first established for communes through the municipal law of 1884 and later extended to other subnational governments in 1982. It has been critiqued as leading to competition between subnational governments and to duplication across responsibilities in some cases (Balladur Committee, 2009). The counter argument to this point is generally that subnational governments have a Constitutional right to “free administration” and that any negation of the clause would undermine that right.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	05ed119ff8c873094711170ad164e38d	The 2009 OECD Review, regarding water quality and wastewater, explains why Greece has experienced severe delays in implementing the EU Urban Wastewater Directive and wastewater management. The report highly recommends improvement of the wastewater management, in compliance with the EU Urban Waste Water Directive, reduction of water pollution by dangerous substances and illegal discharges of wastewater, as well as better allocation, to make sure water flows to uses with the highest value. For more information, see Chapter 3 and recommendations from OECD Workshop on Improving the Information Base to Better Guide Water Resource Management Decision Making, Zaragoza, Spain, 4-7 May, 2010, www.oecd.org/water/workshop2010.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	05ef8c9f76f8ee35eaa4e37059e4930a	In response to the low rate of collection by municipalities, the CAEM, the Water Commission for the State of Mexico, introduced a chargeback system, in which transfers to municipalities are reduced if they do not collect their fees. A lack of coverage with individual water meters results in a significant percentage of households paying fixed fees for their water. In the Valle de Mexico metropolitan area, only 52% of households are metered.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	05f3249ff936c64279b40002a7325c52	However, the present analysis offers in-depth findings that can shed light upon implementation strategies that might be of broad interest across the country and indeed, outside of Norway. Though based upon self-reports (interviews) and document analysis (selected by the government), this study nonetheless involved 98 participants from 56 interviews. It is a therefore a substantial body of data that can be used for future secondary' analysis.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	05f568655ebba03d318cf3e3e27e1364	To this end, electricity exports continued to increase steadily over the last five years, and a notable increase of 62 per cent took place in 2014. Nevertheless, actual electricity exports reached 1,552 million kWh in 2014, representing only 22 per cent of the projected electricity export potential outlined in the Programme. This may indicate that the methodology used for the forecasting of electricity export was rather optimistic and not fully aligned with the present realities of Tajikistan’s export potential. A new Ministry of Energy and Water Resources was established on the basis of the former Ministry of Energy and Industry and former Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	05f5edb896747f20759fa69e70f452c1	"Moreover, the study showed a statistically significant decrease in time dedicated to paid work of 2 per cent on average in the case of men and 12 per cent in the case of women. Espejo 2013, as quoted by ECLAC 2016. They should explicitly recognize the role that women play as caregivers, without reinforcing patterns of discrimination or negative stereotypes (art. ’70This is problematic as the failure to understand intra-family allocation processes ""may result in the non-adoption of beneficial policies, in policies having unintended consequences, and in the loss of policy handle”."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	05f90266ffea5baa04b1fcbcbb3db0bb	While it is too early to measure the performance of the new system, estimates suggest that some hospital mergers could yield efficiency gains as high as 30% (Kristensen et al., Hospital concentration brings some specific problems in remote areas where patients might need to travel fairly long distances to the closest hospital. This calls for specific care organisation for such areas, exploiting the potential of mobile specialists, telemedicine, and other remote monitoring, laboratory and care solutions.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	05fdb49ca35b6e1aa6325369f04275d8	As mentioned above, the 2008 reform sets formal pathways at all three levels (see Figure 4.1). While a welcome development, the pathways are not yet operational, which in parts reflects the fragmentation of the Tunisian governance system, particularly the split of responsibilities between ministries (see below' the section on governance). In practice, it is not possible for upper secondary VET graduates to gain access to universities. There are also obstacles for students when transitioning from BTS to university.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	06050421927a9793b297f82dec74f7c3	For instance, the European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme implemented in Lithuania addresses the barriers women micro-entrepreneurs face in accessing financial services. This is particularly the case of inclusive innovation policies that foster entrepreneurship among disadvantaged or underrepresented groups, such as Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs in Ireland, as well as those that promote the development of innovative solutions for regional challenges, such as the Prototypes of Social Innovation programme in Chile. Some of these new activities may serve the needs of more disadvantaged or excluded groups, or geographical areas that were previously underserved, thus improving the well-being of these populations (OECD, 2015f).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-26-en	0608abe3d2da415e2369ed66208767a0	The trademark guarantees that the products meet the quality standards set in the national and EU food safety regulations, do not contain genetically modified organisms and artificial colouring agents. At least 75% of the ingredients used must originate from the EU region. Currently only one Latvian company involved in aquaculture uses this label. There are several more food quality schemes similar to the Green Spoon recognised by consumers in Latvia even though only a small number of fisheries producers use them. The application concerns 'Camikavas negi' - wild river lampreys (Lampetra Jluviatilis) caught in the river Gauja in Camikava municipality between 1 August and 1 February.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	0608f92fc359f0ddb469e645e9d468e6	The KIS cover 17 aspects of full- and part-time undergraduate courses, including student satisfaction, employment and earnings outcomes/salary data, learning and teaching activities, assessment methods, tuition fees and student finance, accommodation, and professional accreditation. The data are regularly updated (www. Moreover, higher education institutions publish their employability statements.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	060af2dedc9f60f0cc1fa517da3e2ee7	International agreements and conventions: • The Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. Persons with a job: Employed persons defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary) plus persons with a job in which they have worked previously and to which they have a guarantee to return to following the end of the leave. The age interval for this indicator should be the working parents (e.g., persons aged 20-49 years).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	060db52aab0543b6c475d0ce8d56aef9	With the overall movement towards more liberalized finance and trade among the higher income SIEOs after the AFC, however, and the increasingly competitive marketplace for global exports, this counter is less determinative. On balance, then, we put SIEOs in the profit-led growth category, primarily because of their global orientation. There is not quite a feminization of responsibility and obligation because of the persistence of traditional family structures and consequent contributions from men and extended family. Given the emphasis of many families on investments in children, higher incomes for women should be associated with more human capacities production, at least in terms of quality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	0615189597a6836fad9b67fd903c1241	Le papier discute ensuite les choix methodologiques et les indicateurs proposes dans le cadre de mesure, en en soulignant les possibles limites. Enfin, le papier presente un portrait statistique de la qualite de I ’emploi, entre pays (OCDE et non OCDE) mais aussi par groupes sociodemographiques. Relationship between job quality and job quantity in OECD and non OECD countries. At a time where the world economy is yet to fully recover from the financial crisis, job creation remains a primary concern for policy makers in many countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	06193951955134c5d9cadad2aec7d9ba	More remains to be done to decrease waiting times for outpatient hospital appointments in other areas and the Government is committed to building a new outpatient block to provide increased capacity to cater for the demand. An ongoing exercise to improve internal efficiency in the management of outpatient services is also under way with a view to reducing waiting times. Other factors stretching health system capacity include increased immigration from workers and pensioners, tourists using the health system and changing population risk behaviours.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	061986105952570ba16f8bc707506365	The law highlights the need for all aspects of such internal evaluation systems to be transparent. Overall, there is little documentation about the teacher evaluation processes designed and implemented at the school level. The draft law was submitted to Parliament in March 2012 and is currently undergoing discussions. As the teacher advances in the career structure, he or she has access to positions with greater responsibilities within schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	0619fcf06d066de2d3206dca171f5b95	After rising slightly until 2005, female participation has declined thereafter in most income categories, but most strikingly among the lower income groups in rural areas. Income quintiles refer to the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of households. More than half of women work as self-employed (for definitions see Annex 1), of which most are unpaid helpers. The large rise in female participation until 2005 and the drop thereafter was among the unpaid self-employed group (unpaid helpers can be agricultural workers within a family, shop assistants or street vendors) (Figure 4).	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	061ae38bfb9892618b630fd660689ec2	Most of the western states have started general stream adjudication for their important river basins. A water rights priority determines who has the better water right in periods of drought when streamflows are low or when supplies are reduced from failure to maintain infrastructure. Adjudications are necessary to provide legal clarity for all those who have water right claims. When a court of law confirms a water right, that right becomes enforceable against other water users and can be protected from impairment by illegal users.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	061dafdbb3cc40863774072e62a5104f	The acceptability of liquid waste releases should be considered from both a health and an environmental point of view. Thresholds of chemical releases are defined by local regulations, generally on an annual (average) or daily (peak) basis. Radiological liquid wastes of an NPP are tritium, boron, iodine and other beta and gamma emitters. The daily limit for iodine release is set to 0.1 Bq/1, and 0.7 Bq/1 is the maximum for all other isotopes.	7	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	061e5469b3a80712d5470d30daf816c8	Short-term funding can create a gap between expectations and the ability to deliver and prevent longer-term processes of empowerment within communities (Box 4.1). The project provided USD18 million to over 400 local development councils created to manage their community’s development needs. However, tight deadlines to disburse project funds and bureaucratic rules meant that the councils were not able to develop into robust participatory structures, and were reduced to acting as transmission mechanisms for bank-controlled funds. Given the large variation in the characteristics between and within different fragile states, it is essential that donors and programme managers conduct a thorough and fine-grained analysis of the particular local or national context where they intend to implement a programme.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	062de4eee42b6a265e6c609712581887	In doing so, it is important to find associations and contracting strategies that are appropriate to the community. The third dimension relates to the exit strategy, which, sometimes, policy makers do not anticipate. These dimensions are meant to organise the construction of individual, practical, in-the-field programmes to improve smallholder access to markets.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	063040101496194a7a6df3d4c70ed131	This in contrast to other policy approaches shown in Table 5.4 which are generally applied regionally or nationally. For example, in negotiating CAs with farmers water supply utilities might feel at a disadvantage, especially if they are under pressure to comply with water quality regulatory standards. Also participation is voluntary and usually the CA is limited in its duration.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	0630bd33baf66111e701fe1a0dc594e3	Unemployed participants taking part in AMU as part of their individual employment plan are exempt from fees. As most participants are employed and receive a full salary during training, this allowance is primarily paid to employers as partial wage reimbursement. Participants may also receive a transport allowance and financial support for board and lodging.	4	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	06317a833a4f9c7a34a64205d6063bcd	Drop-out also fell by 3.2 per centage points more than in schools that were not part of the programme. Drop-out rates during the programme have been much lower than the national average; over 90 per cent of BRAC school graduates move into the formal system (Nath, 2009). These disadvantages were reflected in the limited impact of school fee abolition on enrolment. On one estimate, only one in six Kenyan disabled children were attending school after the abolition of fees (Mulama, 2004).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	06329b112d0918cc0ad9a42d6d5e1c4f	For example, although the share for cataract surgeiy performed as ambulatory cases (79%) is slightly below the EU average, ambulatory tonsillectomy care (7%) is among the lowest in Europe. In particular, the setting of classifications and standards for accurate description of hospital services were, until recently, consistently met with opposition from medical doctors. Consequently, implementation of proposed reforms, including the introduction of case-based (DRG) payments, lags behind.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	0632ac14e5b95bbdef3d55328a8cd730	There may also be distinct benefits in terms of accessing hard to reach or disadvantaged communities where the burden of health risk might also be greater. With the advent of complex health care interventions including complex drug regimens and a rise in the prevalence of multi-morbidity, patients are now more likely than before to receive multiple health care interventions across different providers at different times. To ensure patient safety and effectiveness, it is vital that care is properly co-ordinated over time.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	0633553f49b6505d8afced7169e5d6a6	Two widely used forms of stratification are grade repetition and early tracking. While the decision to retain a student al a given grade or to place a student in a less academically-oriented programme is made primarily on the basis of performance, research suggests that students' background characteristics can also play a role in the likelihood that students are sorted into different grades and programmes (Agasisti and Cordero, forthcoming: van de Werfhorsl and Mijs, 2010). Volume II provides a more in-depth examination of the association between student performance and school-level resources, learning environments and stratification policies and practices, and of how they reflect the level of equity in a system.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/58d686e0-en	0633c06cd32dd29958a2d0080d9dfe75	In its general recommendation No. The Committee also noted that States should prohibit polygamous marriages as they contravene a woman's right to equality with men and can have serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants. Women's campaigns for participation in the public and political arena date back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and continue today.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	0635bff926db08a262a3373aaf780596	"The German questionnaire was almost identical to the one used in the other IVAWS countries, in that it included seven acts of physical violence and five acts of sexual violence. However, it omitted two measures: a residual category asking about ""other"" types of violence and one type of sexual violence that was considered to be extremely rare. The French questionnaire utilized only three screening questions: two related to physical violence and one related to sexual violence."	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	06370fea03bb1366888da6adb4b832a5	Studies carried out in Cambodia, Ghana, Madagascar and Thailand have found that labour-intensive techniques led to two to five times more employment creation than alternative techniques (Devereux and Salomon, 2006). In the case of Senegal, an estimated 13 times more jobs were created thanks to the adoption of labour-intensive techniques, than with conventional techniques (Majeres, 2003). Obviously, the efficiency of adopting this approach rather than conventional capital-intensive approaches will depend on the nature of the assets being created.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	063846fca2e7580121d7f2602b86ab09	All in all, compared to her equivalent a century earlier, the average woman in the 2000s could expect to live nearly twice as long, marry almost six years later and be literate, thanks to 6.4 years of education attainment. His level of education more than doubled from 3.64 years in the 1950s (just shy of functional literacy) to 7.64 years in the 2000s. These measures give an idea of how the institutional/legislative environment is biased against women and thus of women’s legal standing historically. The three panels presented in Figure 12.2 show gendered inheritance practices for immovables in 1920 (from the Murdock data), 1980 and 2000 (from the World Bank). Inheritance systems where daughters receive equal shares can be observed in some European countries, Brazil (likely because of the tradition of female inheritance in Portugal) and in a handful of countries in Southern Africa and Southeast Asia.15 By the 1980s substantial changes have taken place.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0638a31db6242ac70327118240a77dff	Research on performance-based pay for teachers is difficult and has produced mixed results, pointing to similar difficulties for the case of school leaders (see Chapter 5). Using appraisal for salary decisions may also have negative effects on the school climate, teamwork and collaboration among staff and a school leader’s internal motivation (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008; Pont et al., If appraisal informs pay decisions, a sound appraisal system must be in place, which includes clear performance criteria, reliable indicators, competent and trained evaluators and due attention to the particular contexts in which school leaders work (Pont et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	063e5ee403dd23827efc5372bbb19960	National government agencies will therefore need to define their role in such system, be it as a facilitator or federator of responses, a complementary actor, an investor or funder, or by assuming a regulatory oversight role. The scope of action is differentiated for the hotspot region, the market directly' impacted (Is1 tier), and the indirectly impacted (2n tier) countries—reflecting the three layers of impacts discussed in Chapter 3. Priority should be given to mitigating agriculture water risks in identified hotspot locations (1), not only for effectiveness and efficiency reasons, but because the more risk mitigation is conducted at this level, the lower impact there will be outside of the hotspot location.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/b505e041-en	063f5a563dafbe568ff002755a5ebb79	This information could potentially add strength to their voices in the policymaking process. The paper also attempts to quantify different dimensions of the contribution of the urban poor to the urban economy. The Planning Commission in India defines the number and proportion of population living below the poverty line based on the recommendations of a Taskforce on the Projection of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demands (1979). This Taskforce defines the poverty line as the cost of obtaining an all India consumption basket that meets the following caloric norms: 2,100 calories per person per day in the urban areas and 2,400 calories in the rural areas.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	064a0b576015a3802a6d92fdc9e1f319	For producers, a normal strategy to circumvent uncertainty is to diversify production to encompass different commodities whose prices are not correlated. Of course, while diversification can help reduce risk, it can also reduce advantages related to increasing returns, and might lead to investment in less risky but less profitable crops. But in general, risk averse producers are likely to produce less than under more certain situations [Holt and Aradhyula (1990)]. This may be particularly true if the costs of investments required for production are high.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	064ba9fe4ad9403eda1928f41b331a78	Unlike previous agreements, the new regulations do not stipulate the amount of time to be used for different purposes, such as teaching and preparation. Decisions about the use of teachers’ time and place of work now rest with the school leadership and teachers are expected to work differently. In 35 systems, teaching time is contractually specified.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	064d91ac5458d48fadeb034ecd5d96ea	With huge increases in the price of energy during the late 2000s, the budget for the fertiliser subsidy programme increased significantly from 2005 to 2009. Expenditure on fertiliser subsidies represented 37% of total budgetary support for agriculture in 2008-10. Pupufe 0rganik Granular (POG). Pupufe Organife Cat'r (POC).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	064e8c9be649b335a2300d5b45a70db3	Where a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or multilateral treaties - such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules or the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - protect foreign investors from expropriations, they may seek claims in response to climate-related law and policy. Although this has not yet happened with respect to domestic climate laws, it has occurred with respect to other environmental laws10 despite the exemptions for environmental policy in most trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT) Article XX11. These rules limit the ability of states to impose regulations of an internationally traded good on the basis of the process and production method (PPM) used to manufacture such good. This issue has already seen a challenge directly bearing on a country's ability to implement their NDCs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	064f30ada0b7e107892f1434ea6264ba	The main objective of value-based cost sharing is to reduce the purchase of health care with a low-cost effectiveness. They argue that to reap efficiency gains it is important to increase the consistency of policy settings within a system, while no system is superior to another. The cost of assessing the value of health care services and operating value-based cost sharing is, however, high and several countries have thus abandoned value-based policies.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	06504fa54e7a2e67aaa20d37ef7c6f99	The deprivation levels are firstly analysed for each dimension separately, followed by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The multiple deprivation analysis shows the intensity of poverty and the distribution of deprivations among children, describes how the different sectoral deprivations overlap, and analyses the multidimensional deprivation incidence and severity. In particular, multidimensional deprivation ratios are used for comparing deprivation levels across the selected countries.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-3-en	0651070d860bca442fffe335c47cf0cf	Many pilot programmes and experimentations at local and state levels (e.g. voluntary schemes for farmers to give up subsidies) could be shared and replicated. Mexico has significantly increased water-related public expenditures and the level of water-related investment. To ensure that future expenditures are well-targeted and cost-effective, it is necessary to ensure that initiatives are well co-ordinated between departments and levels of government; that other potential sources of financing are being accessed (including revenues from water-related services); and that incentives are correctly set for efficient water uses. The OECD has identified a number of regulatory functions that need to be properly designed and allocated to increase social inclusion and boost local development in Mexico. While there are several ways of discharging these functions across actors and places, improving the regulatory framework will be essential for the sustainable provision of water services to the population. This report highlights a number of levers that a new administration may wish to consider when setting up a cohesive and cost-effective water policy framework in Mexico.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	0651238a276671e52cc906d22d48e32b	Bending the Cost Curve in Health Care: Canada’s Provinces in International Perspective, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. American Journal of Managed Care, Vol. Results of the 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Survey”, data files at: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/paying-providers.htm.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	065489749bcb53dde994ce4a8da69213	Available from http://www.un.org/ga/ econcrisissummit/docs/FinalReport_CoE.pdf. This makes certain policy options that were used in the past by successful industrializers unavailable or permissible only in a reduced group of countries. Such effects have been seen in some developed economies’ agricultural subsidies.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	065489f5d1f890d7cd3134a9a151bf2b	The sector plays a prominent role in the economy of particularly Finland and Sweden. The total biomass stock is expected to grow and the net annual increment is expected to remain positive in coming decades as well. Forest management practices such as fertilizing, thinning in an optimised way, lengthening rotation are clearly having a positive effect on the growth of biomass and carbon sinks in forests. However, collecting harvesting residues for bioenergy use may have negative effects on growth and carbon stock of forests.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	0657f8b805018bf80d072398c10f8e16	Environmental enforcement and compliance promotion are examined, along with the promotion of public participation in environmental decision making and the extension of access to information and justice. The second half of the chapter examines the Slovak Republic's progress in managing air, water, waste, and nature protection and biodiversity. Slovakia should be commended for broadly achieving this difficult objective on time.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9f5dd7d0-en	065b94a23d80f4253f10e7f437e2a938	Some concerns were raised that they were a disruptive force with regard to the WTO-led multilateral trading system; compared with the inclusive and consensual nature ofthe latter regime, these regional negotiations excluded the majority ofthe world's countries and people yet could affect them in various ways. The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), adopted at Bali in 2013, is the biggest multilateral trade deal of the past 20 years (discussed later). The WTO-led Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative shows trade multilateralism can be responsive to the concerns ofthe most capacity-constrained members and can help address their development needs. The TFA's implementation is also directly linked to parties' capacity, with technical assistance available to help in this regard. More importantly, in today's turbulent times, the WTO still provides the best rules-based governance framework for world trade and safeguards the development interests of the world's smallest and poorest countries. Commonwealth members could lead the way by reaffirming their commitment to a free, fair and inclusive multilateral trading system that supports the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	065c3aa7c8196cdb63c8d9f3430d5233	Although the downward trend has been a general one, the onset and pace of the decline have varied between countries in the region. The high initial fertility levels held considerable potential for decline. In general, fertility levels in the major regions of the world have been converging since the 1950s.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a68df323-en	065f93a6e94aa95444f1515fe801ea0c	The partnership aims to promote public awareness and involvement in projects to conserve and protect freshwater ecosystems relating to the Danube River basin. In 1974, the member countries of the Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee of La Plata Basin Countries created the Financial Fund for the Development of the River Plate Basin (FONPLATA). The mission of IFAS is to fund joint environmental and research programmes and projects aimed at saving the Aral Sea, improving the environmental situation in the areas affected by the disaster and addressing common social and environmental challenges in the subregion.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	0660f968fd64864f58fd04fa8e9760d9	In addition, the National Water Committee, created in 1964, brings together water users’ representatives, associations, presidents of basin committees, national and local authorities (sub-national governments and central government departments and agencies), in addition to other experts and the presidents of basin committees. It provides guidance on the strategic orientation of national water policy, and recommendations on government legislation, reform projects and action plans. It also has a consultative committee that can give its opinion on the price of water, the quality of drinking water and wastewater services. Since 2006, committees on fisheries and on water information systems have also been created, and the prerogatives of certain categories of users have been reinforced. It is composed of representatives from local authorities (40%), water users and associations (40%) and the central government (20%). All categories of users are represented in this entity, which provides guidance on water policies at the basin level and designs the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux (SDAGE).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	0661abee8a94f5cf712103a74cbddc0d	An online process to complete all the steps for starting a business is being developed under the Better Regulations Programme. At the same time, there is a need to reduce the number of steps and procedures, which is the focus of preparation work in 2009. As noted in Chapter 2, Poland has one of the most restrictive regulations affecting entrepreneurship among OECD countries. The value-added tax (VAT) exemption level only applies to enterprises with turnover of less than PLN 50 000, which is low compared to international standards, and requires excessive compliance time compared to other EU countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	0662de12c09d635e60947ccbfc413ba8	According to Barcelo (2008), this observed decline in natural water availability is consistent with projections according to which climatic change causes rainfall to diminish in the Mediterranean region, and in Spain especially markedly so. Rainfall is projected to fall by a further 22-34% between 1995 and 2060 in Southern river basins.3 These are, already today, identified as those being most strongly at risk of overuse of scarce resources. Moreover, these trends will be reinforced by the effects of higher temperatures on evapotranspiration.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264244542-4-en	0668b846f55d7a305a768470693c1e50	Tax differentiation usually takes the form of a broadly revenue-neutral package of tax changes, with increases in some tax rates and reductions in others, so the overall effect on revenue is rather small. A charge is levied when the product is sold and then fully or partly refunded when the good or its container are returned after use. Such arrangements can be mandatory or instituted on an entirely voluntary basis by producers themselves, where the recovery of items is sufficiently valuable (e.g. reusable printer cartridges).	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	0668ce461d5f5a0d796a522862e97970	In some cases, PV modules have been Page | 54 vvelded to the basic structure so as to create additional hindrances for potential thieves. By comparison, privately owned local systems are under better control, especially solar home systems, small-scale wind turbines and pico-hydropower stations, and are therefore less subject to theft and vandalism. As a consequence, the gap in service supply between urban and rural areas has been growing.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	066d571613a00b13e8c37d7d8a5b6d91	In the United States, for example, developers are offered a number of incentives to build mixed-income housing, including low-interest financing tools, density bonuses, tax abatement programmes, rehabilitation assistance, fast-tracking of plan reviews and permits, and reduced or waived fees. Emerging and middle-income families living in these units receive an extra subsidy bonus. One of the first projects to be developed through this programme, San Alberto Casas Viejas, has been set in the outskirts of Puente Alto, a municipality with among the highest concentrations of social housing in the Santiago Metropolitan Region.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	0676844b121b867f547f196e9c06e61e	Skills and education providers have also sometimes cooperated with the private sector to deliver skills needed in the labour market. The period when the winner has yet to emerge can be one of disruption and drastic change. In such circumstances, it can be difficult for regulators and skills providers to choose their partners.	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	067c96cf7b2aa51fad13b4c0eb0ba0d7	This remains however a necessity in order to respond to increasingly demanding consumers who travel more and with higher expectations (Box 21). One of the RTS business development programs is Kurbits. The aim of Kurbits is to coach small businesses in the tourism and hospitality industry and support them in order to further professionalise and increase their profitability.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	067ead13e00d0758a0c4822d006ad373	The new' act has replaced around 25 separate permits for such matters as construction, demolition, spatial planning, listed buildings and the environment by a single one-stop-shop permit covering all activities. This has reduced administrative costs for members of the public and for companies. There is now one permit, one procedure and one set of submittal requirements, followed by one “legal remedies procedure” and enforcement by one authority1.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	0683d9c4e228a3218d496342a1863ce7	The fiscal consolidation stance is expected to meet the conditions of the reviews in 2016 as well. Ghana will hold its national election in late 2016; peaceful and credible elections will be key for policy continuity and for solidifying the country’s democratic dividend, especially after the closely contested 2012 elections and the judicial adjudication of the presidential elections. The urbanisation rate is projected to increase to 72% by 2035.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/c69de229-en	0683fdc0ed49d19e7afa1b3a90edb67f	The first is the amount spent per-poor-household on housing benefits, which shares a moderate and negative association with changes in the relative child poverty rate, all else equal. This makes sense, given that housing benefits are often tightly targeted at low-income households. The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	0684fdf7cc9ea3a0bcc31a6587eba1cb	In most cases, however, there are many competing demands. Government agencies and staff tend to deal with those considered the highest priority; unfortunately, gender equality initiatives are often ranked as a lower priority. While gender equality has been enshrined in many of the countries’ international commitments, this report highlights that a gender equality gap persists in domestic laws and policies across the region.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0685d3f10bd61fff02cb56f53c83df87	The light water (used as coolant and moderator) boils directly in the core. The steam produced is separated and dried in the upper part of the pressure vessel, and then directly transferred to the turbine. The steam is then condensed, re-heated and re-injected into the bottom part of the core. Unlike in PWRs, in BWRs the control rods are inserted from the bottom of the core.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/524212d8-en	0686b17a9aeedb103f46b38f9d94eeb8	Thus the government's role is dual. On the one hand, it must act as a facilitator by providing the necessary infrastructure for tourists, promoting attractions and encouraging tourist arrivals. On the other hand, government’s role is to enforce laws of the land and these may, in some cases, be in conflict with its role as a promoter of tourism.	12	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	068b2a452e5ff2bc0bff9c5c61e4239d	Indeed, improving women’s access to adequate training and information is vital to increase women's participation in the labour force, in quality jobs and in entrepreneurial activity. For women already in the labour force and for those who have a fledgling enterprise, improved access to on-going entrepreneurship and business management training services would accelerate women’s start-up and business growth potential. A number of institutions - such as women's enterprise centres and business incubators for women - have been established in MENA economies to overcome this gap, but few studies have identified their impact, key success factors and potential for replication. Overall, there is a need for more wide scale, targeted efforts to identify gaps and conduct targeted measures to improve support provision to women entrepreneurs.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	068c797fb11f97610126535c4569114f	These are weighted averages for the OECD area. The so-called “jobs gap” (i.e. the number of additional jobs required to restore pre-crisis employment rates) has also closely tracked the increase in unemployment in most countries, with the correlation between these two measures being 0.97 (see Annex Table 1.A1.4 in OECD, 2011c), consistent with most of the decline in employment resulting in unemployment rather that inactivity. There are, however, a few countries where the jobs gap in mid-2010 significantly exceeded the rise in unemployment, due to falling participation (most notably, Ireland and the United States).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	068cb10cce6866ea23440e6bbde1c84e	The school head argued that the reason for this co-operation is to match the school’s output with industry’s needs. However, despite this collaboration, graduates from the school still have to go through a validation test and interview to secure a job with that industry. Afterwards, they can be employed by partner companies. A further 10% of students from the school go on to higher education opportunities.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-23-en	06902987abcd9040c41784196fa2b403	Female illiteracy remains a policy issue primarily for Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Morocco and Yemen (World Bank, 2016). As for higher education, young women tend to outnumber their male peers in almost all MENA countries (ibid.), As in many OECD countries, female students in the MENA region concentrate more on educational sciences, the humanities and the arts.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	0692903da6b924c01abac93e6b76dbed	For instance, they do not indicate whether transport improvement would actually meet various groups' access needs. However, land use is often included only in a broad way, disregarding competition effects. As an example, an indicator may reflect access to schools but not account for the types of schools to which different people want access, nor the competition for access to a specific school.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	0694e5f66b208ece3414ed4c37d6a675	In Canada, transfers appear to have offset the loss of market income induced by the deterioration in the employment situation of sole parents. Therefore, an important challenge for redistribution policies is to ensure that the entire population of poor children is covered by benefits and for this that eligibility criteria are adapted to the changing composition of poor families. To assess the scope of policies that would successfully promote the employment of poor parents, the next section presents some simulations of the expected effects on the child poverty rate under different employment growth scenarios.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	069580f84e6b36d3e6b8b1e96234d404	Even when the jobless do find work, the periods of unemployment they endure reduce life satisfaction (Clark et al., Self-employment is often a poor substitute for salaried employment when the economy fails to generate enough jobs. The average life satisfaction levels (Figure 6.1) of full-time employees are remarkably higher than those of other categories.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	069668aff7713df84f920cc5644d6c67	As in most other Central and Eastern European countries, given the weakness of collective bargaining, working time standards are almost exclusively defined by statutory' legislation in Lithuania, and employers had been advocating reform in that direction for some time (Cabrita, Galli da Bino and Boehmer, 2016(2]). While normal hours of work remain at 40 hours per week, employers now have significantly more flexibility in setting w'orking time arrangements as a result of the introduction of the possibility of working-time averaging not conditioned on agreement with employee representatives, the introduction of two forms of flexible working hours, the increase in the maximum number of w'orking hours, and the reduction in the notice period for work schedules. While workers could not work more than 48 hours per week and 12 hours a day under the previous code, this remains true for those under the first type of w'orking type arrangement, but has been increased to 52 hours per week in case of working time averaging, and 60 hours per week if there is an agreement between the employer and the worker for additional w ork, that is a work function not included in the employment contract.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	06985e9d635c121f484b9aa5dc0618aa	As part of the NCCSPE programme, World Vision has been promoting fuel-efficient stoves, known as Tikikil, in Ethiopia. This stove produces little or no smoke and consumes less fuel wood (World Vision, 2012). World Vision’s pilot project in the Oromiya region of Ethiopia disseminated 2,500 Tikikil stoves, and expanded to other regions such as Amhara, using an inclusive approach. Women’s cooperatives are prioritised as key beneficiaries, with training and distribution of improved stoves being conducted through them, and community members being able to purchase units over a period, making monthly payments. The project also attempts to influence government, involving government agencies at different levels to ensure sustainability.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	0699eaa2bb4edde36077798ddc714e52	At the same time, the share of mothers under the age of 20 has declined from 10.8 per cent to only 6.1 per cent. This small share of very young mothers, combined with the reduced sample size in the 10-year period before the survey, results in a larger standard error in estimation (II), rendering the estimated coefficient for the effect of being born to a younger mother statistically insignificant. In view of this trend, we also conclude that the change in the behavioural patterns away from very young motherhood is likely to have contributed to the observed decrease in Jordan’s infant and child mortality. As the sample size decreases drastically for estimation (III), the smoking variable maintains its sign but loses significance (owing to large standard errors).	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	069b5aa4c985f388c115ad34b13f2aac	A large share of the school leadership profession in Chile is considerably older than in other countries, but also has more years of experience. According to the OECD 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS),2 30.2% of lower secondary school principals in Chile are at least 60 years old, compared to a TALIS average of 15.0%. On average, Chilean lower secondary school principals are 53.7 years old, also older than the average across countries participating in TALIS 2013 (51.5 years) (see Table 4.1, OECD, 2014).	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	069d3773684c3af0bf55db69fba98ca2	Using 60% of median income as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs, the relative poverty rate is higher than the absolute poverty rate in six countries in the region. They are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. In these countries in particular, but also regionwide, falling absolute poverty rates will make it increasingly useful to take account of these needs in order to identify the economically disadvantaged population.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	06a156450f4e892b66276aac58246dbd	The best solution is for pregnant women and those with young children not to be sent to prison and instead to use bail, non-custodial sentences, conditional release or suspended sentences. The integration of gender issues and increased employment of women can potentially improve intelligence gathering, reduce human rights violations and strengthen public trust. Clients play a key role in shaping PMSC behaviour, especially if fulfilment of contractual obligations is monitored through regular audits and other quality control procedures.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	06a29196e7ae035f7e6f5c0edb108e25	Many women members are dependent on their husbands due to their lack of knowledge and experience. Fear of sexual and physical violence, corruption, economic dependency and domestic responsibilities are other factors that prevent women members of local governments in both Bangladesh and India from participating effectively. Female Union Parishad members have been able to resolve family disputes and many have also participated in shalish, with some of them presiding over the sessions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	06a3ec5860db07a47298f8103e00b225	A large part of this shift is being driven by public policy of the individual countries acting unilaterally. Poverty eradication objectives thus pose a challenge to achieving an adequate level of international coherence in food and energy policies. A mistake of some of the earlier “overarching” development approaches was to overgeneralize and suggest what was almost a common set of policies for all countries, leaving little room for variation and customization. “	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	06a40a3f6b83e07d4720c67996f39876	It reviews the institutional factors related to access to finance for women and the broader elements of enterprise support. The wide range of financial services required by SMEs and individuals is covered, given that non-credit products are an important entry point into the formal financial sector. Time and time again the discussion about women has centred on social issues; as a result, statistics about the scale of women’s presence in the economy have been poorly documented and under-reported, creating a chasm of opportunity to be crossed with targeted products and services.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3da1d894-en	06a7dc39170550100025524d6fd0940f	This implies that although more energy is being consumed directly and indirectly per person in the region, this is being used as that population's income (GDP) increases faster than their energy footprint. Figure 85 shows that lesser reductions have occurred across the Asia-Pacific industrialized countries and the Rest of the World. Evidently, Asia-Pacific developing countries reduced their territorial energy intensity by 44% while the intensity of their energy footprint declined by 28% between 1990 and 2010. The residents and governments of the developing nations either consume less or consume less energy-intensive goods and services than they produce.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f0e2a96e-en	06b16993a6c99270f603148d96c6a168	In other cases, discrepancies may be due to different LCA databases being utilized, or arise as a result of different assumptions being made regarding material types such as steel alloys in the face of uncertainty of the exact types of materials used in each component. This creates uncertainty, which we illustrate here using a simple calculation exercise. In one study (Burger and Bauer, 2007), ferrous metal content in the 800 kW onshore wind turbine, excluding the foundation, consists of 7 per cent cast iron, 78 per cent low-alloy steel and 15 per cent high-alloy (chromium) steel, while in a second study (Martinez et al.,	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	06b1f88b7708d9ef5f8fbeb3ecdfcafc	"All higher education institutions in the Galilee, with the exceptions of Carmel Academic College and Nazareth Academic Institution are ""budget"" institutions, meaning that they receive budget allocations from the Planning and Budget Committee (PBC). Colleges for teacher education are not under the responsibility of the PBC but the Ministry of Education.) Direct allocations to the colleges are divided into three main categories: i) block grant allocations, ii) earmarked allocations and iii) matching allocations."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	06b20e58d43b27a928b46b3e681de99c	During the past decade, about 30% of capture fisheries originated from inland waterways. Apparent per capita fish consumption grew from 6.0 kg/p in 2005 to 9.9 kg/p in 2014. This growth is also a result of massive campaigns within the country to promote fish consumption. Significant regional variations exist, with higher consumption in the Amazonia state.	2	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	06b3c026ebc7e7761e710ccd28fd8e17	In most other countries, though, shares are similar, while in Denmark and Poland, top-performing girls are significantly more likely than their male peers to set their sights on a science career. Twice as many boys, on average, expect to work as engineers, scientists or architects. When it comes to a career in ICT, for example, the gap widens to 4.8% of boys and only 0.4% of girls (Figure 7.2).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	06b48e2a7916705d76231837e74b151f	And since 2010, the UNDP was a pioneer in launching and reporting the global MPI and in supporting national and regional MPIs. Many countries are using the MPI to measure progress towards SDG 1, and as a governance tool. Disaggregated analysis helps to achieve a crucial SDG aspiration: ensuring no one is left behind.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-9-en	06bdd0662bbb2d08ceecf345b3b34c05	It is a huge and desperately needed idea in an age of scarce resources and a planet undergoing climate change. Of that total, 1,900 have already been emitted by 2011: as of 2010 there were around 49 Gt emitted per year (IPCC, 2014). According to McGlade & Ekins (2015, p.187), [i]t has been estimated that to have at least a 50 per cent chance of keeping warming below 2°C throughout the twenty-first century, the cumulative carbon emissions between 2011 and 2050 need to be limited to around 1,100 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. [	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9bdccqft30-en	06c1d2317728d6afc4c2861cc1f166fe	For example, when domestic fuel price is not available, IEA data on “Automotive Diesel Prices for Commercial” is used. However, comparing fuel prices submitted by countries with the IEA data reveals significant differences which can complicate analysis of the data. Part of the problem may be the definition of “Commercial” in the IEA data, which may or may not already include tax concessions available to fishers. Moreover, while the data reported in Table 2 is nominally for 2008, some of the data is for earlier years when 2008 data was not available.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	06c8a37a1020a169763c526686705884	"The ministry is now planning to become more involved through the EU funded ""Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines in the care covered by public health insurance"" project which has started in late 2013. Most Czech guidelines are still disease and A system of internal auditing of quality and the system of monitoring of patient safety is made mandatory by law but it remains relatively unenforced. It is not clear to what extend such audit results In real improvement processes at patient care level."	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/11618be9-en	06ceda1317cd24878686a57fd46fc261	Many who become pregnant resort to unsafe abortion, a leading cause of maternal death and injury. Adolescent girls, the disabled, and ethnic and sexual minorities may be especially at risk. Recent research indicates that at least one in five refugees or displaced women in complex humanitarian settings have experienced sexual violence, though it is often unreported (Vu and others, 2014).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	06cefe22225ffce9235e975de906d408	Much of Chinas health care success took place between 1950 and 1980, when the government established a three-level system of village clinics, township health centres and county hospitals in rural areas and health centres and district hospitals in urban areas. Since the 1980s, however, the health sector has been driven by a fee-for-service model. As a result, while Chinas overall health status has continued to improve, disparities have grown between the eastern and western provinces and between rural and urban areas. In many parts of the country quality health care has become unaffordable for the poor.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	06cf90ccee4efd8540b7900232739b9a	In one example from Samoa, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE) has produced a weekly column for the local newspaper, intended to help foster environmental awareness and engagement among young people. For its part, UNESCO has done quite a bit of work in the area of media capacity development, with programmes focused on a range of sustainable development issues such as climate change, HIV/AIDS, and the MDGs. While different countries and cultures may vary in their preferences for social media, the importance and prevalence of online activities is increasing steadily. A number of CSOs from the ten focus countries have some online presence, including Facebook pages and Twitter accounts, but in most cases there appears to be little activity on these sites.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	06d03c664c03ce87d3cef8a748fd2cbf	In March 2019, the Committee and the Digital Economy Promotion Agency convened to launch an event, “Smart City Thailand Takeoff”, which marked the country’s first open call for smart city proposals - with the definition of the application process and qualifying criteria - as well as the announcement of a new city data platform for smart city implementation with an expected launch date by the end of the year (Smart City Thailand Office, 2019). The event also established the committee’s new targets for the upcoming years: the development of 24 total smart city plans in 2019, extending to 76 by 2022. Moreover, it was announced that the Digital Economy Promotion Agency, under the supervision of the National Smart City Committee, has initiated the establishment of a national Smart City Thailand Office in Bangkok (Digital Economy Promotion Agency, 2019). With this budget, high-speed internet services with at least 1 000 Wi-Fi hotspots are planned in 100 areas in Phuket.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	06d33562e731ffce0c8f02d4708e9359	The future of agricultural risks will therefore depend on the way agricultural systems and, more broadly, economies and policies, develop. Given the focus on national and regional markets, trans-regional trade contributes relatively less to the spread of pests and diseases. The lack of international co-operation in strategies to combat these biological threats, however, raises pest and disease risks from within the regions.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	06d41f2395be475a81607a1a12fc5042	In a public questionnaire on cardiovascular risk factors in 2010, directed to adults in Costa Rica above 20 years of age, it was found that 37.8% of the population had hypertension and 42% presented high cholesterol levels (Ministry of Health, 2014a). Furthermore it was found that 50.9% of the Costa Rican population above 20 years of age had low or none engagement in physical activity. Obesity levels in Costa Rica w:ere 24.4 in 2014, which is higher than the average of 19% among OECD countries in 2013 (OECD, 2016).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	06d8cdd268089fb24d241e67d2f0e252	For example, the current spawning stock biomass of southern bluefin tuna is only 4.6% of the unfished level. Single species management only focuses on sustainability, ignoring habitat quality, biodiversity and socio-economic factors. Ecosystem-based fisheries management has been a common theme in fishery policy and management discussions worldwide (NMFS, 1999; FAO, 2003; Garcia et al., The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) has addressed this issue and established a working group in 2005 that focuses on ecosystem-based management science and its application in North Pacific countries.	14	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	06de52dba08d57114ae1975a182daec3	"Hot-deck imputation uses data from countries with ""similar"" characteristics, such as GNI per capita and geographic location. Europe, the CIS and the Americas have much higher Internet usage rates overall than the African, Arab States and Asia/Pacific regions. In the case of developed countries, moreover, it is worth noting that higher bandwidth available to users, lower broadband access costs in relation to GNI p.c. ("	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283404-en	06de6114903ad8012d14d583fed456fa	Important changes to the health system have occurred as a result of the country's Economic Adjustment Programme but, despite plans to transfer more powers to regional health authorities the health system remains highly centralised. There is a persistent gender gap in life expectancy of five years between women and men, as well as social inequality, with a four-year difference according to educational attainment. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke and lung cancer continue to have a Years o to 20 major impact on mortality, but transport accident deaths have fallen sharply. In contrast, alcohol consumption per adult has declined and is considerably below the EU average, as is binge drinking. While obesity rates among adults (17%) are only slightly higher than the EU average, almost a quarter of 15-year-olds are overweight or obese, the second highest rate among EU countries. This is 8.4% of GDP but, in the context of a shrinking economy, health spending has declined significantly since 2009.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	06df379c051d56b61e4e90b200e1d5d1	Also, Birdsall and Londono (1997) claimed that, given asset inequality, income inequality does not improve growth outcomes (see World Bank, 2009, p. 6). On the other hand, Dollar and Kraay (2004, originally published in 2002) famously suggested that growth is, on average, distribution-neutral: “growth-enhancing policies and institutions tend to benefit the poor—and everyone else in society—equi-propordonately” (p. 30; for a similar claim, see Ravallion and Chen, 1997). Consequently, attempts to shift the income distribution are largely a diversion, and conventional policies (“private property rights, stability, and openness”, p. 57) lead to optimal outcomes both for the rich and for the poor. Although Dollar and Kraay’s and Raos arguments depart from very different ends of the policy spectrum, they suggest that significant shifts in distribution must be pursued deliberately through public policy, and that a more equal distribution of income does not necessarily impair growth performance.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-18-en	06e1b4788fc1fa40a54a0864e61a6f6d	Warming has been the most intense and trends in the winter months. Greater increase in winter than in summer. Temperature increase in Finland is expected to be about 1.5 times higher than the global average temperature rise. Increase in annual precipitation of 10% to 25% in the period 2070-99, as compared to 1971 -2000.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	06e24d6450541d9ccceb3528a2a5a609	They can be broadly distinguished by their focus on physical subsistence, basic needs, and relative deprivation. More recent developments try to extend dimensions of welfare (including wealth or time) or combine multiple aspects of poverty into one single measure. The notion of merely physical subsistence has influenced scientific practice and international and national policies for over 100 years.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	06e9574c7a16ff2168b9894dcc28bffa	Furthermore, the conservative religious members of her husband’s family made life unbearable for her after his death. As Saudi citizens, she and her three younger children were able to enter the country on tourist visas. Within four months of arrival, with the support of the Red Cross and the Salvation Army, she applied for and obtained resettlement under the family reunification visa category.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	06ef999ae53571136a35acfce7b23559	Public (government) school systems did not begin until considerably later than this; first primary schools, then expanding into the secondary level around the 1880s. Australian universities were first established in the middle of the nineteenth century, while early childhood education (apart from services offered by community kindergartens and private providers) is a relatively recent enhancement to Australian education offerings. In Year 12, the final year of secondary school, studies are usually directed towards attaining a state- or territory-based government-endorsed certificate that is recognised by all Australian universities and vocational education and training institutions, and by international universities.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	06efa3aa7fe13b9cb9a11877acddfe45	Millennium Development Goal 2 seeks achievement of universal primary education; target 2A calls for ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. For example, the Education for All in the Americas: Regional Framework of Action was drafted at the 2000 conference in Santo Domingo. The framework highlights progress made on the priority area of access to primary education, the relative decrease in illiteracy rates, the increase in the number of years of compulsory education and the increase in early childhood care and education (UNESCO, 2000). It also recognizes that challenges remain for the region, including the formulation of inclusive policies to ensure access and create conditions that promote timely progression and completion and quality learning, especially in the basic cycle but also at the secondary level.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	06f00cdd4e5bc6dc243c6a6a972deea2	In order to better understand these gaps and the differences between countries, further analysis should be conducted in the light of the specific characteristics of the labour markets of the region and how they are regulated. The significant socioeconomic differences between domestic woikers and other care workers reflect the existence of a dual model of labour regulation and protection in the regioa The low profile of domestic employment on the policy agenda and in labour regulations in Latin America is an indicator of entrenched patterns of discrimination against women and the undervaluation of what is traditionally regarded as women’s work and caring for others. The flows of female migrants performing care work heighten the lack of protection and discrimination in the sector. Caring is a task for women, and serving one for poor women”.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264085398-en	06f3c9e53692d9935e5175a96633cff5	The results suggest that, in comparison with a situation in which no immigrant workers are employed, production increases considerably due to the additional immigrant workforce. Production attributed to the immigrant workforce expands over time, in accordance with the increasing numbers of immigrants, but also in line with the shift of workers to the relatively productive service sector (see Chapter 3). Due to the different methodology, the estimated contribution of immigrant workers in 2011 is higher than the estimate presented earlier (Figure 5.4), and suggests that the contribution of immigrant workers is above their share in employment.	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	06f92c12acc101f64270d4c955e5a443	Expecting one organization to perform both roles could leave serious gaps and weaken accountability. These secretariats and centres have considerable knowledge and experience, so an alternative could be to improve their functioning and make them results-oriented. However, given the history of these secretariats and energy centres, it would be a considerable challenge to convert them to autonomous organizations that would work on areas beyond the subregion.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	06fa52bc078263307a38969015c03932	"The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security. Text from FAO (2006), Briefing Note “Food Security"". There are other individuals and households that suffer a transitory or temporary decline in their access to adequate food. This temporary or transitory disruption can be due to shocks that affect income, assets or infrastructure and it has been denominated “transitory” food insecurity by the World Bank (1986). The use of this term highlights the different nature of the stability dimension of food security. The risk of transitory lack of access to food is due to potential shocks affecting individuals who normally have adequate access to food."	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	06fa78ffd432037fb78ab657b886abe7	In particular, experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary PHI schemes rarely provide adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often have high administrative costs (OECD, 2004; Kumar et al., Note that the few countries with a mandatory private health insurance set-up (such as the Netherlands and Switzerland) are highly regulated, with risk equalisation measures in place and limited scope to differentiate plans between individuals on the basis of their health risks. Various policy options have been discussed, with different stakeholders contributing to an intense debate around the design and establishment of National Health Insurance.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	06fd29e21b58d3feba47d74236d45e53	This handbook aims to reduce the impacts of natural disasters on local coastal tourism communities. The handbook's approach builds on UNEP's Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (APELL) process, designed to create public awareness of hazards and to ensure that communities and emergency services are adequately trained and prepared to respond.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	06fde42be0b0e5a2e86bd2b5ad22fd2d	In 1997, in reaction to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU introduced non-mandatory targets for the RE share of total energy consumption for Member States. In 2006, the European Commission issued the Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy. This asked Member States to implement a European energy policy built on three core objectives: 0 sustainability - to actively combat climate change by promoting renewable energy sources and energy efficiency; ii) competitiveness - to improve die efficiency of the European energy grid by creating a truly competitive internal energy market; and iii) security of supply - to better co-ordinate the EU’s supply of and demand for energy widiin an international context.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	06fee5c2f273dff5ebb3e4d4877d6178	The Government of the United Kingdom and WBC have addressed women’s economic participation through a multi-layered approach to systemic and structural causes that need to be taken into account to increase gender equity in the workforce. The lack of flexible working arrangements, inadequate childcare provision and barriers to career breaks (for parental leave or other reasons) hinder the advancement of women along the leadership pipeline, all of which contribute to discriminatory practice and bias. For example, new legislation on shared parental leave and flexible working hours aim to institutionalise resources for employees to be able to accommodate career and family responsibilities (WBC 2013a).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	06ff177cb43f53678fb6989985416062	"These more targeted campaigns often include complementary activities that increase the availability and accessibility of healthier choices. Campaigns to encourage increased consumption of fruits and vegetables have been undertaken in several developing countries including, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and South Africa as well as in high-income countries in Australasia, Europe and Northern America (Hawkes, 2013). In Chile, the ""5 al dia"" programme led to increased awareness of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption among participants, but little change was seen in their consumption of such foods (Hawkes, 2013)."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	0704de33a8363fed2f5f6212f55c687a	Continuous urban areas enhance connectivity, reduce travel needs and car dependency, and facilitate the use of non-motorised transport modes, such as biking and walking. In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce energy savings, reduce maintenance costs for energy and transport systems, improve the quality of life through local services and jobs and allow efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012). Overall, the findings of the study suggest that instruments aiming at increasing continuity and reducing population density are worth considering in the policy mix used to avoid further air quality degradation by the expansion of urban areas in Europe.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0706c73bb79d3ec20cc2d684bdc65dde	Since nuclear energy has the lowest marginal (and the highest capital) costs among large conventional generating technologies, nuclear power plants should be operated at nominal power as much as possible in order to maximise the energy produced and recuperate the large investment costs. For an electrical utility with a diversified portfolio of generating plants, it is thus economically more attractive to require some flexibility from a coal, a gas-fuelled or a hydro-electrical power plant than from a nuclear unit. However, in some countries the share of nuclear energy in the electricity mix has become so important that the utilities have had to implement or improve the manoeuvring capabilities of the nuclear plants. This is the case of France (78% of nuclear electricity production) as well as Belgium and the Slovak Republic (both more than 50% of nuclear electricity production).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	0706f7ce87c41745bfc91ccdae504a2d	Young people and adults are entering, staying, and ending partnerships in ways different from previous generations, and education and services must respond to these changes. Young people need services between their first sexual experiences and when they marry. Services and information should be made available to adults who are separated from their partners or in new partnerships later in life.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191761-en	070a513dc488dd18d2e0fa0f4e7a6170	Apart from the weak incentives for land transfer through land market, the prohibition to sub-lease land makes short- and medium-term adjustments in land use outside the land market difficult (Petrick et al., The low mobility of agricultural land is an important impediment to re-allocating agricultural land to more efficient users. The number of active operations20 that emerged from the former collective farms increased from under 5 000 in 1990 to 188 616 in 2012, of which 6 197 were units which maintained their collective organisation in various legal forms, called “agricultural enterprises” (average size just over 8 000 hectares), and 182 419 newly emerged individual farms (average size of 270 hectares).21 The remaining 35 state farms were experimental stations.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	070a96947bbdd87a26caaf1100f52d06	The share of deprived children rises to 82 per cent in rural areas, while it decreases to 53 per cent in urban settings. Children in rural areas are also more severely deprived: the average intensity of deprivation {A) is 32 per cent in urban areas, and 41 in rural settings. However, substantial differences persist between the rural and the urban distribution.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/968bac18-en	070b3ae50744b8bf3ca843b609b50afe	The country is also diversifying into diamond cutting and polishing as a way to add value to its extractive industry. Combined, these policies have contributed to macroeconomic stability and relatively improved poverty indicators. In Sierra Leone, the diamond sector has contributed little to human development, owing to different policy choices and challenges specific to the country. Such policies can be risky, as they affect investor confidence and can have adverse effects on markets and prices. The study on Nigeria’s oil sector describes the country’s attempt to establish deeper linkages with the national economy by stipulating that foreign oil extraction companies meet local content requirements in order to generate economic opportunities through focal procurement and promote local entrepreneurship.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	07176cce242b42b8adcc4e813fd029b4	Some of the shortcomings were exogenous to the country itself and included lack of additionality of AfT funds, poor donor co-ordination and misalignment of donor objectives with the country’s priorities. This may be partly due to definitional problems and partly the result of poor information flow and lack of co-ordination among line ministries and implementing agencies. The WTO Task Force defined AfT as ‘whatever a partner country considers trade-related’. Therefore, no common definition of AfT exists.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	0717b71c310e9ef3e82cc6b96dfe7bc7	Infrastructure relating to the building stock and urban layouts are so long-lived, that the decarbonisation issue is not usually considered as a stranded asset problem, but rather a question of how to retrofit improvements, as complete replacements for these items are hardly feasible over reasonable timescales. But within these categories are areas where manufacturers face real dilemmas. Energy distribution systems (such as gas pipelines) could be at risk, as well as choices over transportation energy systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	07186646875f29ddd34fee7b2bad20b7	Of 30 contracts signed, 25 corresponded to a purely contractual PPP (concession) and 5 to institutionalised PPPs (mixed companies). The trend before 2004 should be treated with caution, as waste classification in Portugal was subject to change following the requirements of the EC Regulation on waste statistics (2150/2002/ EC). They integrate seven waste management units: classification (including laboratory), sorting and transfer; stabilisation; organic waste treatment; recovery of contaminated packaging; soil decontamination; physico-chemical treatment; and hazardous waste landfill.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	071a8234841e16663d2992ef7dc7caa0	According to Sharipova and De Soto (Chapter 7), the Tajikistan case demonstrates that the “gendered cultural and religious patriarchal traditions, suppressed during the Soviet era, have enjoyed a resurgence and had negative effects for women”. It is also clear that the rhetoric may change without much institutional change being felt on the ground. For example, especially in the aftermath of high-profile mass crimes, human rights are likely to be universally emphasized and appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks established.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	071ad8ec5883534d2809f7457f3ee8dc	Even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of become equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, or ensure their human rights. For example, a workplace regulation that permits both parents to take leave to care for a sick child is more likely to affect women as primary caregivers (see Chapter 17). Israel, for example, reports that several GIAs showed how sports for men and boys enjoyed greater subsidies than sports for women and girls at national and local level (Swirski, 2011). Such analysis can be conducted during the design stage of a law or regulation (ex ante) and/or during evaluations of the impacts of implemented laws, regulations and programmes (ex post).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	071b9f6a08fdd5697cc15cc0431b454b	Astana’s Master Plan Until 2030 is composed of different sections: housing, transport, utilities and health care, but there is no cross-cutting analysis of the main urban priorities of the city and how each sector is going to help achieve them. The city akimats do not have the authority, resources and expertise for long-term strategic urban transport planning. Their role is limited to identifying the main routes for public transport, construction of additional highways, and minor adaptations of the existing public transport network to accommodate emerging popular passenger routes.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	071f712d0e0682acff976ba26e17db3d	Data disseminated in this format usually cover several areas of concern and several points in time or time periods. Data are usually presented already processed into indicators that facilitate comparisons over time or between various groups of population. Information on the calculation of indicators included in the database, underlying definitions or concepts used and sources of data used are sometimes made available with the database. This type of dissemination product is usually targeted to specialists interested in analysing statistical information themselves, including for monitoring purposes.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	07256cc011458ac904929fc66ebdebae	Examples include severe and widespread drought or outbreaks of a highly contagious and damaging disease. The third category is marketable risk, which falls between normal and catastrophic risks. Normal price fluctuations and hail damage are examples of this type of risk. Farmers can deal with these intermediaiy risks through market instruments such as insurance, futures markets or co-operative arrangements.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	07276979446c9258b9bf6388c2ac8983	However, the National Collaboration for Mental Health (NSPH) is a notable and influential actor in the field of mental health care in Sweden. Although it does not directly develop national policy, its aim is to promote the development of improved psychiatric treatment via the enabling of relevant authorities to “benefit from the experiences and empowerment advocated through user participation from patients, users and relations” (NSPH). They also work to support patient voices, improve accessibility, develop mental illness prevention, spread information and influence public opinion, provide support and resources to interested organisations and cooperate with authorities and other mental health organisations on a national level.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	0728265ce7d97276cdf64bdf048d7fd3	In the state of Aguascalientes, for instance, three different mechanisms are found in three different municipalities: in the municipality of Aguascalientes, the Council (utilities’ board) is in charge of setting tariffs; in the municipality of Cosio, the state Congress does it; and in the municipality of Jesus Maria, the state executive is in charge of this task. The concept may be misleading because it suggests that there is an absolute level of “water needs”, while in reality those “water needs” vary with technical progress and the adoption of different policies. It is defined as “a cross-cutting programme to improve water management through the development of technical, administrative and financial capacities”.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285712-6-en	0729149982257f604e481b2565774af0	Table 2.3 matches the clustering of states done for the implementation of the National Pact for Water Management and that for water charges. The Paraiba do Sul River basin was the first pilot for water charges implementation in Brazil, which provided insight into how to fill important legislative and operational gaps. In the PCJ River basin, a Consortium of 40+ municipalities and major water users applied a water charge voluntary' scheme (cobranga voluntaria pelo uso da dgua) as a pilot experience that paved the way for the implementation of water charges in 2006. The State of Rio de Janeiro was the first state, after Ceara, to implement water charges as foreseen by the SINGREH.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	072924ab6f6993f16f6b23b4a3daae44	Considering the OECD area as a whole, there was a four-quarter lag between the time when the OECD unemployment rate began to rise and the time when the relative incidence of long-term unemployment (i.e. the share of all unemployed that have been jobless for a year or longer) began to rise. However, this lag varied considerably from country to country and is probably affected by both national labour market institutions and practices, and the nature of the recessionary shock. Figure 1.8 provides information on how the incidence of long-term unemployment changed between the 4th quarters of 2007 and 2010 for the working-age population and groups defined by gender, age and educational level.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	072c6997edfd0fd0310beefa3610997a	This scenario assumes that world economic growth will be sluggish over the short-term, and then recover after 2013 and expand by about 4.2% annually. The recovery is assumed to have two-speeds: a first period in which growth will be modest in developed countries, reflecting the post-economic crisis effects, followed by a second period of more rapid growth in both emerging and developing countries, driven by private demand. World population growth is expected to slow between 2013 and 2025 to only 1% annually. Population is expected to grow more in developing countries, and in particular in African countries, growing over 2.3% annually whereas it is expected to decline in Japan and in the Russian Federation by about 0.2% annually.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0196687-en	072e2acaecddd1ae80c1c54b405f74f8	Renewable energy also offers options for energy access through decentralized applications. On-grid and off-grid renewable energy markets arc expanding, as private sector participation increases. Renewable energy technologies are also becoming more affordable and investment in renewable energy has rapidly increased to the point that when large hydropower, investment in terms of dollars and capacity supersedes conventional energy (Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/Franfurt School of Finance and Management, 2017). New economic sectors have been developed, while jobs arc being created in the manufacturing, distributing, installing, operating, and servicing renewable energy.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	072fe54146d59ae8d6f3a902ee11fa11	The household composition also plays a major role in determining whether a family is poor or not; and how family composition and family living arrangements are taken into account in the estimation of poverty rates can make a significant difference in poverty appraisal (Box 2). For the sake of simplicity, the standard approach collects information on income at household level, and it is then attributed to each member using an equivalence scale, assuming that all individual and collective resources of household members are pooled together. The equivalence scale is assumed to reflect the relative needs of the household members (including children) and the economies of scale generated by members sharing resources.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5775ac71-en	073029b690179c20efe95dd550389ea5	Other systems have implemented programmes that target low-income families directly. In Australia, the Home Interaction Program for Parents and Youngsters has been implemented in over 100 disadvantaged communities around the country. It aims to support low-income parents and carers in their role of being their children's first teacher (OECD, 2012b). However, the prevalence of grade repetition varies widely between countries. For example, Japan, South Korea and Norway do not have grade repetition system and all students automatically progress to the next grade.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/859159ab-en	0735ffbd61826445a4c09cbccf7606c6	However, within this group of other countries, the growth in Thailand’s exports to the European Union, India and the United States has been robust. Exports of Thai electrical machinery to other countries as a collective has been fairly subdued at a time when exports to China are contracting, yet there appears to be budding momentum in export growth of these goods to Japan and the Philippines. Similar to Thailand’s exports of vegetables, the adjustment speed of exports to other countries is slower than the adjustment of exports to China. Nonetheless, at the country-level, data show a marked uptick in exports to Italy and Lao PDR, and to a certain extent, to Australia and the United States. Growth in Viet Nam’s exports of computers and electronics to other partners as a group has gained momentum since late 2018, helping to offset the weakness in exports to China albeit the average growth from September 2018 to May 2019 is still weaker than the average growth in the prior eight months. Key markets providing the boost include Italy, Russia and Panama.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	073a7443238ef02d9d1f8ac734a9b273	Its total population (based on TL5 data) that lives within a ten-minute walking distance from a bus stop is 81% (compared to 75% in Daejeon, second-ranked) and 19.8% within a ten-minute walking distance from a train station on average (compared with 12.2% in Busan, second-ranked). Most areas in Seoul have a balanced level of accessibility to bus stops and train stations, which is quite unique compared with other TL3 regions in Korea. A comprehensive public transport network, composed of 9 subway lines, 355 intra-city bus routes and 238 village bus routes, serves Seoul’s 25 autonomous districts (gu) (Seoul, 2016a).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	073bc1f3f9419e71283229817924b150	For instance, risks for better endowed farmers are lower than for poor farmers. Better endowed farmers have higher technological application, better access to inputs, markets, and larger land holdings (Chamberlin, 2008). Further, intensification necessitates investments in the form of tools/ machinery and other off-farm inputs; these are acquired with revenues earned from marketed surplus.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	073cc5a3b522b92a3f151ce36c6c29c6	A third approach proposed by Kenya is to create a central online data repository where all relevant data and information is stored. This process will be supported by the Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements to ensure that all relevant stakeholders report their data (Republic of Kenya, 2012a). This ensures that all stakeholders are clear on their respective roles and responsibilities and that there is a good understanding of the various sources of information.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73320136-en	073d68c5a6762dd81f8d13cc89a4e851	Although infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates have fallen substantially in recent decades, they have plateaued since 2000 as a result of the worsening socio-economic environment and stresses on the health care system.36 However, the 2006 Palestinian Family Health Survey indicated that immunization coverage was high, at around 97 percent. During the war in Gaza between December 2008 and January 2009, also known as Operation Cast Lead, Israeli forces damaged 38 primary health clinics, 29 ambulances and 14 of Gaza’s 27 hospitals.37 Despite the blockade, the health facilities were repaired within a year of the conflict's end.38 Relative to other conflict-ridden zones in the region, the number of physicians is favourable in Palestine: in 2007, there were 2.2 physicians per 1,000 population (1.9 in the West Bank and 2.7 in Gaza) (box 6.4). Between 450,000 and 1.5 million Somalis have died since 1991 either as a direct result of armed clashes or because of famine caused or exacerbated by the conflict.39 This is equivalent to 10-25 percent of Somalia's population in the mid-1990s. Millions have been injured and affected by disabilities, sexual violence and disease.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	073e8b82338fe5176bd73293b3aa54cf	The effort to engage communities at the stage of policy implementation will benefit from the presence of existing social networks which can be effectively mobilized to disseminate information, for example, health messages (Frumkin and McMichael, 2008) and to improve monitoring of results. Sharing of information derived from climate impact assessments can be a means of influencing action and strengthening systemic resilience (see chap. The Growth Corridor integrates several stakeholders—the private sector, government and civil society —within a common platform in order to achieve the multiple objectives of increasing agricultural productivity, improving food security and protecting local livelihoods and ecosystems (United Nations, 2013, p. 100).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	073f4b182fc023c2a85dbdf21c43e062	Categorising our children is demotivating, especially for children who are put into the ‘below average’ category. He also pointed to the fact that the DET had instructed all schools to give students mid-year assessments, and the municipality level had therefore decided to use a specific electronic tool for this solution. This case demonstrates that AfL practices have been interpreted quite differently in the various municipalities in Norway, and in some places teachers have reacted strongly to how it was developed and applied.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/084cc821-en	073f5e16c6cb534f44357d58fbca6924	By comparing the relative importance in 2030 GHG emissions of these countries, the abatement share of this solution is higher for Poland (2.5%) and lower for Ukraine (0.6%). As there are no cost figures for the target countries of this study, this has been estimated as the closest proxy value for that. In addition, PPP adjustment was made by using IMF's data.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2b59f2d5-en	0740731f18f733d6386614d8f1b3e3f4	The members of the Fiji national team who were trained in December 2016: Kamal Krishnan Gounder, Principal Economic Planning Officer, Ministry of Economy, Epeli Waqavonovono, Economic Planning Officer, Economic Services, Ministry of Economy, Susana P. Valemei, Director Water and Sewerage, Janesh Sami, Lecturer, Fiji National University and Pita Tagicakirewa, Malaysia - High Commission of the Republic of Fiji. This wouldallowforthe implementation of water catchment management programmes for the protection of freshwater resources, as well as the education and awareness of programmes on sustainable management and use of those resources. Simultaneously, the legislative framework (SDG 12.1) would allow for the identification of new water sources (SDG 6.6) and installation of standardized treatment systems (SDG 7.3) for water renewability.	6	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	074c453e7f9cc333edfb022310236328	Yet, several countries do highlight the broader importance of promoting such a role for the private sector, for example through encouragement of public-private partnerships. Only few countries (13%) further specify private sector activities or the amount of private sector investment to be leveraged. Using numbers from (l)NDCs as proxies for individual or aggregated support needs is therefore impractical and not covered in this section. Rather than serving as a basis for calculating costs per country or sector, this section provides a general overview of the type of financial information included in (l)NDCs, key issues in their analysis, as well as a broader direction of travel for the mobilization of international support for successful (l)NDC implementation.	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/e428e6c6-en	074f2cf296ae62a0a9009150d196d1df	The extent to which trade facilitation affects GDP, poverty and inequality in a country depends on the structure of the economy; therefore, it can vary across different countries. While estimating the heterogeneous effects of trade facilitation is beyond the scope of this study, it is an important aspect for future studies. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	0751115043c78636e4db40cf350de4fb	A study of 59 developing countries suggests that declines in GDP are likely to lead to significantly higher average infant mortality rates among girls than boys (Baird and others, 2007). The current crisis is expected to have a more negative impact on womens unemployment rates relative to men’s in most regions of the world, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (ILO, 2009a). The crisis will jeopardize developing countries’ progress towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	075154e9c6756a1627bab63eb4f7e6df	A “demographic check” system should monitor and anticipate changes from lowering fertility rates, increasing ageing of population, increasing youth unemployment, and the complexity of urban-rural shrinkage. Some Asian countries are fast becoming an elderly society. Japan, for example, will top 25% of the population aged sixty-five or over by 2015. In light of this rapid demographic change new opportunities emerge in the areas of the so called “silver economy” where new technologies, products and services are being designed for and, sometimes by, the senior population.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	0751c1e80d6e1ae3b9de34d11e7ae50c	Not only does the level of social spending matter, but also the way in which it is targeted more or less specifically at the poorest populations. Therefore, both the level of social expenditure per capita and the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households share negative associations with the relative child poverty rate, and this relation applies to all specifications. This suggests that relative child poverty is lower when social spending per head is higher, and also that, at given expenditure levels, child poverty is lower when the poorest fraction of the population receives a higher proportion of social spending.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	0753a9cb0bb211a73e6028dd8d4ed65a	For other farm households, having one or more family members draw income from outside agriculture may be the start of a successful move into more remunerative activities. The key policies required to help households diversify their income sources are again those that improve human capital. Regional development policies, including the development of rural infrastructure, may also have an important role.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	075442960e19093b5e2e420091dd152c	The English mental health care system, which operates predominantly under the National Health Service, but also under Public Health England and alongside government Local Authorities, is made up of primary and specialist care (“secondary care” and “tertiary care”), and social care. Comprehensive mental health care is also likely to include some input from social care services, both services funded and run by Public Health England and local social services run by Local Authorities. Government-funded and state-run mental health care services are sometimes supplemented by voluntary services and by private services paid for by the NHS, especially for medium and low security care (see section 3.2; section 4.3.ii).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	0754b035be2628e9a06afea711a04fec	Designating 3.8 million ha for rice production exclusively is unlikely to be the best policy approach in a country exporting large quantities of rice. If the main objective is food security, there are more effective means of achieving it. Indeed, diversification to achieve lower risk is a measure that adds to food security and is a separate (and commendable) objective of the government. The restrictions on crop choice work against diversification.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	0754b2d6c053cbd1b74c6d9f1a0d0473	Many farmers and authors note also that implementing or raising irrigation prices can be challenging in situations where the revenue is placed in general fund accounts, rather than used to improve irrigation services or invest in new facilities. Farmers choose crops and input combinations based largely on relative prices, often without due consideration for the off-farm impacts of their decisions. Higher irrigation prices might indirectly reduce nitrogen effluent, just as higher nitrogen prices might encourage farmers to plant more soybeans than corn.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	0754f493c53665ac1f7c07dabd768959	While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. The evidence presented in this report suggests that better in-market support can improve the survival rate of exporters in destination markets. Support to new exporters is also found to significantly increase the number of national exporters in targeted markets.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-6-en	0756a1887b5c4fb36b0831b17e584b8e	Failure to make the nature of these risks clear can result in over-investment in water-dependent enterprises and calls for compensation when entitlements need to be reduced in order to avoid compromising water quality and other environmental outcomes. For instance, it is critical to avoid any shortage in water availability for cooling nuclear power plants, as the consequences are unacceptably high. However, farmers growing low value annual crops may be willing to forego water use during times of scarcity, especially if they can recover greater value from trading their water entitlements to higher value uses than they can by using the water. Various water users also have different capacities to manage the risk of freshwater shortage, by improving efficiency, relying on alternative water sources, or adjusting the timing of their water use.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	0759cd52d868e66b3281e7ebd6142897	It also ensures alignment the national strategy and action plans for sustainable development with the country’s commitment in that field at European and international levels. The committee prepares an annual evaluation report on the implementation of the strategy and actions plans. The members of COAG are the Prime Minister, state and territory premiers and chief ministers and the President of the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	075a1bc94a999b2ca9cdb98e893df7cf	It also reproduces inequalities in people's capacity to exercise citizenship and in access to social networks and the full exercise of rights. But, most importantly, education is an end in itself and should be valued in its own right for its quality and for the enjoyment learning can bring. However, differences between countries remain sharp: the average number of years of education in the adult population ranges from 11.7 in Argentina to 5 in Guatemala.8 The information available for the Caribbean countries indicates that they tend to be in an intermediate situation relative to Latin America where average years of education are concerned. The adult population averages 8.0 years of education in Belize, 8.5 in Grenada, 9.2 and 9.3 in Trinidad andTobago, respectively, and 9.6 in Guyana, the highest value.	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/4845d1b0-en	075ae0dad7abf9fba9694dc602063d77	Consumption and production patterns that are more sustainable than is currently the case would result in a reduction in adverse environmental impacts and contribute towards poverty eradication without undermining the basis of human development through opportunities such as creation of new markets, green and decent jobs, and more efficient management of natural resources. Over the past several decades, economic development has enabled millions of people to get out of poverty. However, corresponding increases in the consumption of resources have led to an increase in pollution and waste, which has harmed the environment and eroded ecosystems.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	075baee56a506d624ee22e5c341482f8	Thus, WHO total (recorded and unrecorded) estimates may significantly differ from OECD figures. In younger people, some data show increasing trends in alcohol consumption, in particular in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). Regarding European countries, the ESPAD study1 shows small decreases from 2003 through 2007 to 2011 in the proportion of students who consume alcohol, and it finds increases of heavy episodic drinking from 1995 to 2007 with some sign of downturn in 2011 (Hibell etal.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	075d01632ba38c86665fe372b0128380	As the TOSSD framework is to be agreed by mid-2017, inputs from the international community can contribute to ensuring that TOSSD is defined in a way that, if desired, is helpful to tracking progress on climate finance commitments. The main changes relating to reporting of climate finance are that: this reporting is to cover support “mobilised” as well as provided; it is now mandatory for all “developed” countries (not just Annex II countries) to report on support; and that “other” countries providing support are also encouraged to report on this information. The Paris Agreement also indicates that developed countries are to biennially communicate indicative information, as available, on climate finance “to be provided” (Box 2). The estimation of projected financial support for a specific area can be challenging, particularly for countries with annual budget cycles.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	075e774688765347c5046004790ad466	Cash housing benefits are calculated assuming private market rent, plus other charges, amounting to 20% of tire full-time wage for all family types. The percentage of AW relates to the earnings from full-time employment of the individual moving into work. For married couples, the percentage of AW relates to one spouse only; the second spouse is assumed to be inactive with no earnings in a one-earner couple and to have full-time earnings equal to 67% of AW in a two-earner couple. Calculations for families with children assume two children aged 4 and 6. Ensuring that parents, especially women, are able to reconcile work and family life is one of the measures that will help to reduce family and child poverty. Two types of measures go in this direction: leave from work for parents when a child is bom; and childcare services before and after school age.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	07639c09eee65665f9b8cb3a30d0a26f	This highlights the importance of informing households of the environmental implications of excessive and wasteful water consumption. In this case the environmental “norms” of the respondents are important explanations for the investment in water-saving equipment. Above all, what matters the most for investment is home ownership and water charging on a volumetric basis. Attention is also paid to the role of eco-labelling in this case.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	0764d2d61b6b3152c0f315e7b5f8dd07	It will require a decade or more for APEA to start similar markets in Asia and, even then, specialist market operators will need to commit to carry out the commercial activities. At the same time, the activities of the APEA will be direcdy linked to implementation of physical infrastructure with high capital cost. The common practice in the PPP model is for interested parties to commence activities using their own resources (staff and funds); at the stage of financial closure these expenses are included as project development costs in the capital structure and recovered when the asset starts earning revenue. Therefore, the project development-related expenses incurred by the APEA could be recovered like other services charged to the project.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	0764ee5f9324bb5b92093c894072f105	A 500 kilometre-long coast, a population of 5 million and an aggregated gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 200 billion may only have a limited impact if no effective governance is in place to help local partners identify a common goal: leverage their combined spending power and implement their action plans together. Conversely, governance alone can do little to empower a territory where there is no compelling economic, social and institutional rationale for collaboration - a political construct on its own is bound to hit its limits soon enough. To accomplish its objective of becoming a strong and attractive megaregion in the global arena, Western Scandinavia needs to work on achieving a clear agreement about its own vision and collectively define the concrete steps to take. First, it maps the institutional landscape in Western Scandinavia.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	0768da2d7d4f92aa5a4f02a8b72620a8	For growth to become more inclusive, the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced, transitions from education to work should be facilitated, incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the non-employed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps. This calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed, improving vocational education and training, and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed. To address labour market duality risks, the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	076e4dcdeae6b2531e5e74b3f91fd014	However, it is difficult to accurately calculate innovation expenditures since these types of costs are not specified in firms’ financial accounts. Moreover, countries do not collect systematic information on the sources of funding for innovation expenditures. The DAC statistical system on development activities is also not designed to capture innovation expenditures. While many development activities can include innovative approaches, including the use of innovative financing mechanisms, it does not necessarily mean that the activities supports innovation, but rather represent innovation in the delivery of development assistance.3 It is also difficult to determine the outcomes from capacity-building exercises, in particular whether the training leads to innovation in products, processes or methods.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	07711b5ca2f5800daa6c1173b8530bf6	For all purposes, they should be considered as additional needed investments. However, in many developing countries the needs for replacement of existing facilities from now to 2025 will probably be dwarfed by the needs for new generation capacity. Thus, we do not include replacement needs in our gap calculations. Therefore, assuming that all the installed capacity will be for the purpose of national consumption is a simplifying assumption.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	0775a20f03aa4c8df689a2203fdd65aa	For example, ill health of students themselves or of other family members is an obvious reason for absence. The need to attend significant events (such as funerals) may affect some groups of students more than others. For students in remote areas, medical or other appointments in the nearest urban centre can result in an absence of several days.	4	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	07778155b03a276396e21014d1fc861d	Moreover, female employment in the informal sector is characterised by a predominance of unpaid care work and a vulnerable job status. However, the lack of gender-disaggregated data makes it difficult to evaluate and monitor female entrepreneurship in the MENA region. This drops to 22% during the early stage of the business life course, and the decrease continues to just 17% of established businesses. The proportion is far lower than in other emerging and developed economies. While TEA gender gaps barely exist in other emerging economies (e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, or Brazil), the gap is significant in the six countries under review (Figure 1.8).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	077a78a88b18f303c04709f65e6807c9	They have examined universities’ and tertiary education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building. The review process has facilitated partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together tertiary education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. It complements the reviews that have taken place in the strategically and economically important US-Mexico cross-border region, such as those of the Nuevo Leon, the Paso del Norte Region and most recently Southern Arizona (2011), right next to the state of Sonora.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	077d08f32484a14152d94b7bdcf33615	At the project level, a greater number of non-recourse loans bonds and leasing arrangements are being offered while at the corporate level, increased borrowings are being recorded. Institutions, such as the Green Climate Fund and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, have launched several programmes to support renewable energy deployment in Asia, including framework development initiatives and funding programmes for project development. A host of international private equity firms70 are active in the region and have set up dedicated green energy funds to help develop a healthy ecosystem of greenfield as well as secondary markets in the region. With its investment in solar and wind power. Australia is the third largest market for renewable energy in region after China and Japan. In 2016, new investment in renewable energy was $0.7 billion in Singapore and Viet Nam, $3.3 billion in Australia, $0.5 billion in Indonesia.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/67989bf6-en	077d15c2e1071bf6df505da8036c833b	In order to facilitate gender-equal parliaments, many legislatures are taking steps to introduce a range of measures to facilitate work-life balance for parliamentarians, particularly those with family and/or care obligations. There remains clear scope to enhance the framework and implementation of these initiatives. Table 6.3 provides a summary of the type of work-life balance measures that have been adopted by different parliaments across the OECD.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289343879-7-en	077d1a847b27185cdac2348d60d0ddc5	The reforms began with a reduction in gasoline and diesel subsidies. To manage the impacts of reforms, fuels that place a disproportionate burden on the poorest were originally excluded. The reduction in subsidies to fossil fuels has been coupled with a commitment to increasing the role of renewable energy, particularly solar energy.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	077d2866f44856abc4ccf075cc8f6076	Production has been growing steadily over the years, driven by gains in yields. The area harvested actually declined since the early 2000s due to climate shocks (e.g frost and drought) as well as damage caused by pests and diseases. Total coffee production and consumption in Brazil has increased over the last decade by 3.7% and 2.7% respectively.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264247826-4-en	07816217d33e336978b928a460b8f607	"Gains in per capita food availability are most pronounced in the Fast, Globally-Driven Growth scenario (the ""Fast"" scenario in short), combining strong income growth with significant progress in agricultural productivity and open markets. Both globally and in most regions, this scenario would continue the food availability trend of recent decades. In contrast, the Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth scenario (the ""Individual"" scenario in short) is based firmly on sovereignty and regionalism and would slow down progress substantially, as evident in much lower growth in per capita food availability both at the global and regional levels."	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	0782e88ecbbc2b05c376cd7715ff3f22	The government’s 2020 Vision states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home, or in a homely setting. It sets out as significant challenges Scotland’s public health record, changing demography and the economic environment. The document cites as a key challenge an anticipated 25% rise in the proportion of people aged 75 and over in Scotland in the next ten years. This rise is likely to be accompanied by more chronic disease, and growing numbers of older people with complex needs such as dementia. It estimates over the next 20 years, demography alone could increase expenditure on health and social care by over 70%. The 2020 Vision reiterates die ambition of integrated health and social care, and a focus on prevention and self-management.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	07833a29801af516ad574585d4c26a17	Promotion of seafood products in domestic and export markets is largely the responsibility of seafood producers. Currently, most commercial fisheries in New Zealand are represented by a CSO. Improved engagement of CSOs has allowed for greater integration of stakeholder views in the management of New Zealand’s fisheries resource.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	078637934e24f686069eb6775ca39436	Previously named the Institute of Public Health, its organizational structure and strategy were expanded to form the National Centre for Public Health in 2013. In line with the extended structure, while keeping its leading role in public health research, the National Centre for Public Health is responsible for a broad range of public health programme implementation and health promotion activities at the national level. The Centre’s work focuses on the following sectors, among others: environment, occupational health and research, venom toxicity studies, nutrition research, and health promotion and behavioural research. Family doctors at the soum level send the indicator values to the aimag health department, which sends the information to the Centre for Health Development on the first day of each month.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	0787940adbaa884e9048e87987add744	It is lower than official retirement age in the majority of OECD countries. In Belgium and Luxembourg, for example, this gap is more than five years. Policy strategy of increasing older people’s engagement in labour market will mainly help address the following challenges: (1) change in local revenue; (2) an ageing labour force; (5) social isolation. Labour force (net) exits are estimated by taking the difference in the participation rate for each 5-year age group (40 and over) at the beginning of the period and the rate for the corresponding age group that is 5 years older at the end of the period.	11	4	1	0.6
10.18356/31959a6d-en	078bec377efbc17273e48f61f207fad1	Currently, around half of older adults in the world receive no pension benefit (ILO 2014:73). In many low- and middle-income countries, pension coverage remains limited and unequally distributed and most people continue to rely on income from work and/ or family help during later life. Substantial inequalities in pension coverage and benefits are found around the world based on region of residence, ethnic group, occupational sector and gender.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	078c5569abc87ddc0ae68426865c1e0c	Focusing only on cost-effectiveness could also lead to the concentration of financing into regions that could attract financing at market-rate terms, which could lead to crowding-out as opposed to mobilising and crowding-in private capital. The broader concept of value for money is inherently subjective (e.g. whose values apply?), At a basic level, being able to assess and track the effectiveness of climate finance interventions assumes that the climate finance associated with these interventions is itself being tracked in a comprehensive manner, which is not always the case (e.g. see Clapp et al.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	078e223fe717b101947c63f011bd0460	"The progressive tariff reduction under the Early Harvest Programme commenced on 1 November 2004, with elimination completed by 31 October 2007 for India and ASEAN-6, and by 31 October 2010 for the new ASEAN member states. The initial tariff reduction covers 111 tariff lines (eight agricultural tariff lines) at the HS six-digit level. Under the Normal ""Brack, tariffs imposed by Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand and India on goods originating from these parties will be eliminated by 2016. The TIG also provides for different tariff rates for special products, i.e. crude and refined palm oil, coffee, black tea and pepper, covered under this Agreement."	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264247543-10-en	078ea24bf9c4c4776cc768283abdbcd0	"Technology-enhanced learning allows mode,place, time and pace of learning opportunities to be varied, and OER enables the simple adaptability of educational resources, as shown by the cases presented in this chapter. The discussion section highlights how for OER, as with other educational resources, the interaction between people, information and instruments must be considered to achieve successful outcomes. For this reason, the concept of ""inclusive"" or “universal"" design that aims to match learners’ abilities with their opportunity far learning is presented."	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	07905919954543528e1af475e9382979	Although smoking prevalence in Israel (20.4%) is marginally lower than the OECD average (22.1%), it has declined less in Israel over the previous decade than in some other OECD countries (OECD, 201 lb). Overall, these patterns point to the need to strengthen smoking cessation services overall, targeting in particular groups with higher smoking prevalence. It is also notable that QICH does not include any indicators on smoking.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0794e562b1e27f6af32c9c06c2123124	Israel: A central policy framework for the appraisal of school principals in Israel was implemented in 2010-11 under the New Horizon reform programme. This framework applies to all schools at ISCED level 1 and partially to schools at ISCED level 2 except ultra-orthodox religious schools. Italy: Italy has been developing a central policy framework for the mandatory periodic appraisal of school principals of public schools that appraises school principals every three years.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264085398-en	0795e412a5a425e151e51c9cc39c6425	Secondly, immigration to South Africa and its impact have resulted from the combined effects of the proactive “white” immigration policy of successive nationalist governments with competition between its Afrikaner and British components. Finally the apartheid legislation itself, specifically on residential segregation, influx control and preferential job criteria, has impacted immigration and South Africa’s reaction as well. These different constraints, imperatives and political choices contributed to mainly coercive migration management practices and stereotyped images of foreigners that have shaped approaches to reforming migration policy well into the 21st century.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	0796cf5b5651bac4dacb9da85d1c4a10	About 75% of the population purchase supplementary insurance offered by the health funds, and about 40% hold policies offered by insurance companies (a sizeable minority hold both types of policy). In broad terms the system receives favourable reviews by experts. For instance, the OECD’s review of the quality of Israeli health care (OECD, 2012) praised several aspects of the system and a biennial survey (run by the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute) reveals consistently high levels of satisfaction with health services, with only narrow gaps between members of each fund (Brammli-Greenburg et al., Indeed, the resources devoted to health care in Israel are now relatively low compared with most OECD countries.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283336-en	079b347a58dc10f213f99a1bc9ea4bcd	However, establishing a formal Health Technology Assessment system would help determine which pharmaceuticals should be covered. Several of these challenges have been present since the very inception of the system in the early 1990s. However, there is no overarching political vision that political parties across the spectrum (and different stakeholders in the health system) can subscribe to.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	079d78af2bf54f46b6a259a2b9a93b18	Students were expected to acquire a basic body of knowledge and then specialise in a field of their choice and pursue a professional career in that area. To achieve this aim, it was considered sufficient for teachers to transmit accumulated knowledge and for students to memorise it. This approach worked when jobs were also compartmentalised, specialised and stable, allowing most people to find a job for life or at least stay in the same field. The landscape has changed dramatically in recent years, putting huge pressure on education systems to adapt to a rapidly evolving ecosystem.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289341479-6-en	079d826a82bad75d81ae9d305bc91203	We will consider each of these factors in turn. With respect to literacy (see Figure 3.1), Norway and Sweden are close to the Nordic average, with Finnish adults scoring above the average while the mean scores of Estonian and Danish adults are below the Nordic average. Regarding numeracy (Figure 3.2), Denmark, Norway, and Sweden all perform at the level of the Nordic average while Finland scores slightly above it and Estonia below it For both literacy and numeracy, the differences between countries mainly concern the proportion of adults with very high skills (levels 4 and 5). The proportion of people with veiy low skills (level 1 and below), however, is very similar across countries, ranging from 11%-13% in literacy and 13%-15% in numeracy.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	07a13ed89e4ba3e2f4df5fce7288ae07	This problem is particularly marked in the case of STIs, identification and management of which is chiefly organised around the low-cost route of syndromic management, which eschews expensive diagnostics in favour of broad-based treatment of symptomatic cases; as a result, there is little incentive for diagnostic technology manufacturers to invest in South Africa, and little translation of genomic research findings into clinical practice. In addition, respondents proposed that international collaboration could also play a valuable educative role. It was suggested that the insecure funding situation for genomic research and implementation can be attributed to a lack of awareness among public health agencies and policy makers, who are inclined to perceive genomics as a basic research field, and hence of limited significance for public health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	07a34f5590985cfa044a755c61c1988b	Such integrated curriculum is believed to contribute to high-quality ECE and improved social behaviour (Table 1.2) (Bennett, 2004; Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). As an example, Sweden is considered to have high-quality ECE in part because its curriculum contents place the same value on social and cognitive learning (Sheridan et al., In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	07a96252b41f017f051877817b25e8f8	Assuming that 5 million workers were paid less than THB300 per day before the wage increase,d the scenario analysis indicates that employment growth would accelerate by up to 0.6 of percentage point by 2015, while real GDP growth would increase by 0.7 of percentage point above the level without the minimum wage increase (see figure C). More importantly, the initial adjustment costs, the reason for which minimum wage laws are often criticised, are likely to be insignificant. The net negative impacts on employment and GDP growth are estimated at just under 0.1 of percentage point in 2013, implying that an increase in labour costs resulting from minimum wage increases would be offset by, or, in most cases, dominated by positive employment impacts due to a boost in domestic consumer demand.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264086234-en	07aadf96c4fd1954c865f31706afdf6a	The figure cannot indicate when both native and immigrant students perform poorly without a gap between them. In the case of access to national programmes and completion rate in upper secondary education, there is no distintion between first-generation immigrants and second-generation immigrants due to data limitations. Figure 1.1 indicates that completion of upper secondary education is the most challenging level.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e617261d-en	07ac32874f2e6d5873319bd331e2df9c	Only 32 per cent of Tajik and Uzbek migrants who have children bring them to the Russian Federation (GMER 2016), among Kyrgyz migrants the share is lower: 27 per cent (GMER 2013/14). The majority of Kyrgyz migrants (89 per cent) come to Moscow temporarily and less than 10 per cent live there permanently (Varshaver and others, 2014). As for migrants from Tajikistan (GMER 2016), more than a third (36 per cent) were found to live permanently in the Russian Federation while 43 per cent came for a year, 9 per cent came for several months, 9 per cent did not have any regularity in this regard and 4 per cent had recently come but did not yet have any specific regime. Kyrgyzstan stands out because it has a much larger share of females and notably those younger than 30 than does its neighbours.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/01772a94-en	07ac574ec0e8e6b5c57b187fb241c500	The comparison between multidimensional deprivation for children and countries' GDP per capita has shown a moderate correlation indicating some ability to predict child deprivation on the basis of a country's economic activity. In addition, there has been a modest to absent correlation between deprivation and the various monetary poverty measures emphasising that the two concepts of poverty identify (partly) different groups of people and that the two measures of poverty should therefore be used complementary to each other, especially regarding child poverty. Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurements', Journal of Public Economics, no.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	07adceb36ac26243ea5f1f26b2bf1119	Indeed, there are five dichotomous events that mark the transition to adulthood: leaving the education system; entering the labour market; leaving the household of origin; forming a conjugal union; and starting the reproductive phase or having the first child. In a way, during this phase the predominant role that the family played as a place of risk and protection increasingly shifts towards the market and the State. There is greater exposure to spheres where rights and access to well-being are defined by status and individual performance, and the mediation of the family wanes. The principal risks that young people are exposed to during this process relate to three key dimensions: timing, sequence and quality of events.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	07aec2ac56fd5f85d6f5b56b18e79a3e	The United Kingdom’s Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC) project is a new initiative of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to provide a research platform from which a number of integrated ways of managing agricultural diffuse source pollution at the river catchment level can be developed. France also has launched a major research initiative by the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, conducted through the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), to support the national Ecophyto plan that plans to achieve a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2018. Nearly three-quarters of the UK land surface is in agricultural production and the influence of farming on water and the ecosystems it supports is significant (Table 5.1).	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	07afcc92ba30afb305b6a8f77bca2ec4	While subsidies for low-carbon technologies in order to internalise the externality of climate change can be justified from an economic point of view, doing so in a manner that is not attaining reduction objectives at least cost constitutes a waste of social resources. The fact that subsidies for VRE are attributed on the basis of a large political and societal consensus does not invalidate the fact that this is a highly inefficient, at times even counter-productive, manner from an economic point of view. Even democratically legitimated policies can be economically costly.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e1196521-en	07b18a82e22d479acd54e0f6f442755d	Moreover, the energy integration process is not limited simply to creation of physical links across the region. It requires a series of policies and regulations for facilitating different types of flows inherent in this process. This requires intervention and leadership by the member governments and technical experts if regional energy connectivity is to happen. To a great extent, this demonstrates die lack of human and institutional capabilities, political leadership, and market mechanisms.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	07b22f93f9bbdaf1a5463992a968d2a7	Given the environmental and social costs (e.g. climate change, local air pollution, resource depletion, vulnerability to supply shocks) associated with using fossil fuels in particular, taxing energy use is vital to help ensure that energy prices and use better reflect associated costs. Yet recent work shows inconsistencies - with no obvious rationale -in the taxation of different forms, uses and users of energy in many OECD countries when assessed against environmental and other social costs (OECD, 2013h). A full 33 out of 34 OECD countries tax diesel fuel at lower rates than gasoline, both in terms of energy and carbon content; the United States is the exception (Harding, 2014).	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	07b3012231e5e807c675e47c7038da20	The expected positive impacts of eco-labelling for primary producers come from access to new markets, price premiums or improved market position, but there is little evidence of this in practice. Rather, primary producers have to provide certified products to the food industry simply to stay in the market. The incentive for primary producers to adopt a specific eco-label is mainly a strategic response to supply chain arrangements.	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	07b79b3c26aaa67121433acc4d5a65eb	Rivers for which there is insufficient scientific information or have a rod catch of less than ten salmon remain closed. A scheme of rehabilitation of rivers was introduced with priority given to rivers which were below' the conservation limit in areas of SAC’s funded through the introduction of a salmon conservation component on all angling and commercial licence sales. This increase w'ould roughly equate to the reduction in exploitation as a result of the closure of the mixed stock fishery. In 2008 and 2009, many of these indices were down w'ith some significant drops, despite the continued closure of the mixed stock fishery at sea.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	07b7eb9448c806f0cc3e4acee8236c10	The countries that carried them out are Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru. These surveys cost more than questions or modules but are much more exhaustive with respect to the inclusion of details about activities and subcomponents of each type of unpaid work (care, domestic and voluntary), as well as personal activities. Sometimes, despite the fact that surveys include questions that are relevant to the analysis, the resulting indicators are not truly representative of respondents owing to sample design limitations, as occurs in some countries with Afrodescendent populations.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/0ec26947-en	07b80b190e3624f72432c8333e178526	The market for cryptographic technologies is still relatively young and is continually evolving to address known challenges - new algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and methods for sharing data or validating transactions are likely to emerge as DLT matures. Significant challenges also arise regarding the lack of data transparency in current governing systems and the need to involve private and public institutions, as well as end consumers, in the infrastructure value chain. Transparent and clear processes can serve to gain the trust of investors.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	07bcfc581a4d894b2e67d646bcbcce9e	Consequently, this change in behaviour caused a counter-intuitive increase in the Gini coefficient by around 0.4 percentage point (Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, 2014a). In a lifecycle perspective the reform unambiguously raises tax payments for higher income groups and thus it should reduce income inequality. According to cross-country estimates in Causa et al. ( This reflects reform-driven increases in older worker employment rates, which benefit household incomes across the distribution, with the exception of rich households that are found to be unaffected.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	07bdd09cb3f8ce2b3ed3c18c70f49e87	Those values, originally derived from the Dena Study I (Dena, 2005) have been adopted for all the individual countries in this study. Capacity credit values for wind range between 6% and 15% for France, Germany and Finland, while they are significantly higher for the United States and the United Kingdom, due mainly to the higher load factors in those regions. Often, the reports do not differentiate between onshore and offshore technologies.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264287747-en	07be47bd51109753e2f3d7b801bc9810	Previous findings suggest that the impact of immigrants on the labour market is small. Several studies find a negative effect of immigration on wages, although no consensus is reached in regard to the magnitude of this effect. According to economic principles, the negative effect on the wages of the native-bom would suggest a positive effect on employment; this is indeed suggested by some available studies.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	07c12437dd3f331373f9344fe5603950	Cash transfers - such as pensions, unemployment and child benefits - account for more than three quarters of the overall redistributive impact, and taxes for one quarter. However, there are large differences across the OECD in the size, composition and progressivity of taxes and cash transfers (Joumard et al., On the transfer side, pensions account for the bulk of total transfers in most but not all countries (Figure 5.7). They primarily aim at redistributing income over the lifetime of individuals - those with higher incomes contribute more but will also receive higher pensions.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	07c14ecefe20f0e60c8622f9117b670b	This framework would promote stronger linkages between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by a) linking sectorial policies; b) connecting national, regional and local governments and policies; c) strengthening urban, periurban, and rural links through integrated territorial development; and d) increasing subnational governments' resources in order to achieve a full access of basic services at the local level. This is also fundamental to the attainment of many other SDG targets (see figure 27). One example of a NUP and how it involves partners - from civil society, local, and international - is below.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	07c15744bb034eb288f81aee9d49cd61	These recommendations serve as the basis for planning land reclamation, and water management, as well as provide operational services to land users of the irrigation systems. The project envisaged the improvement of 39.2 thousand hectares of irrigated land in the Makhtaaral Region of South Kazakhstan where agriculture is focussed on cotton. Under the project, the restoration and upgrading of irrigation and drainage systems were implemented, including the amelioration of soils prone to salinisation, and water management was improved. In addition, the project provided support to agricultural service institutions and farms incorporated in rural co-operatives of water users.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/c69de229-en	07c267445acec53be8fa78d4e924c982	In contrast, countries where child poverty is low have rates that are significantly lower than the poverty rates of the population in general. At 5.4 percentage points the increase between 2008 and 2015-16 was largest in Slovak Republic. An increase of more than two percentage points over the same period was observed in France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Sweden (Figure 4, Panel A). On the contrary, a fall in the child poverty rate coincided with the rise in median income which has been particularly strong in Chile especially since 2010. In Greece, the increase in the relative child poverty rate was accompanied by a significant fall in median income and thus the poverty line (Figure 4, Panel B). This suggests that not only the proportion of children experiencing poverty increased, but also that the standard of living of poor families declined - as further explained in the next sub-section.	1	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	07c3d2b228daa411dbd880c5bebf7315	This is an important research problem since changes in the prices of goods and services will affect the material wellbeing produced by any given level of income. We can, therefore, consider indicators such as rates of employment, unemployment, and labor force participation as indirect measures of regional residents’ command over goods and services. While economic participation indicators are broadly accepted, they do have a number of limitations when applied to the Arctic context.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	07c40cbb929173748c57e06b6951b23c	On successful completion of high school education students can enrol into different institutions of higher education. This depends on the individual performance of students and different entry requirements for admission of students into different courses. A number of public institutions exist. These include the Lesotho College of Education (LCE), the National University of Lesotho (NUL) and Lerotholi Polytechnic (LP) and the newly founded university Limkokwing on 15 October, 2008.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	07c4a1ddf739867290b67f913a7fbb7b	On-the-job training should therefore be part and parcel of firms' efforts to upgrade their workers' skills. For countries that cannot rely on domestic structures to ensure appropriate skill formation, special economic zones (SEZ) where different trade and incentive regimes are established, may provide appropriate support for on-the-job skills in particular (UNIDO, 2009). Thus, policies dedicated to the establishment of such zones can complement the path towards the productive use of new technologies.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267787-en	07c639407fc4e0327153008cea1b660e	"The current Plan requirements, introduced in 2013, include specific regional targets, and several targets are also defined through the fee schedule. ‘ Health Japan 21"" sets a target to prevent disease associated with adult life habits. Compliance to guidelines is voluntary and the impact of guideline developments on quality is not clear. This is because there is a lack of comprehensive and actionable indicators to support quality improvement."	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	07c9a4ece47a4c9851ab7460e0141515	International and non-governmental organizations and governments should consider adopting more refined indicators of unmet need, such as the “proportion of demand satisfied,” which shows the share of total demand for contraceptives that is being fulfilled. Taken together, contraceptive use and unmet need only define the total level of demand for family planning. Measuring “demand satisfied” serves as a proxy for whether a persons stated desires regarding contraception are being fulfilled and is a more sensitive measure of the extent to which individuals, communities, and health systems support people’s right to use family planning.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	07ce364f0504b91f587b545377806f93	To overcome geographical barriers to care, for example, GPs receive a bonus for maintaining a practice in rural areas. The bonus is based on the density of the population in a given area, and the number of registered patients. Complementing this policy, in more densely populated areas a second nurse or physician assistant is now mandatory' for practices with more than 1 800 registered patients or 800 registered children.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	07ce54186326ad90721b78fd3e12156a	This will prepare for the World Water Forum, to be held in Marseilles in March 2012, a large-scale celebration of this partnership, which has mobilised all water stakeholders in the territory for more than two years. The issue of a “perfect size” in water management has been a long-standing topic of debate over economic and public finance. The key question is whether an optimal size can be identified that would allow both optimal conditions for efficient water resources management and effective service delivery.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	07cf0960a2683d0c988cc0bae99e8b71	In the case of maternity leave, a worker can only claim up to 121 days. The UIF pays a percentage of the wage that was being earned at the time that the worker was contributing to the Fund. The highest amount that can be paid is 58% of what was being earned per day. The Fund is currently running a large surplus and there are various policy proposals circulating about possible reforms to the system.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	07d108477202d202e9a920379887e6d7	"In case of a price policy - say, a carbon tax - C02 reductions driven by the RE policy could possibly add to the C02 reductions driven by the carbon tax, depending on the strength of each. In case of a hybrid policy, such as an ETS with a price floor, a reduction of the carbon price resulting from the RE policy could possibly lead to additional C02 emission reductions, inasmuch the carbon price were to fall below the level of the price floor. Technological paths might very much depend on initial conditions. As such, technologies having small short-term advantages may ""lock-in"" the technical basis of a society into technological choices that may have lesser long-term advantages than technologies that are ""locked-out""."	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	07d304c391a85e8a45d8fed6b58bd3a5	Policy makers should be prepared to act in anticipation of unusual conditions or conditions that are “normal” but require decisionmaking to avoid harm. Finally, even best plans and implementation efforts are beneficial but cannot be expected to prove infallible or necessarily successful. The fishery management system in the Northeast Pacific is recognized as meeting most of the “best management practices” and promoting an ecosystem-based approach to management (Witherell, 1999 and Witherell et al.,	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	07d3baaca4b4c5f68520498c1ba6f82a	Federal policies - federal housing finance in particular -have facilitated the development of higher quality houses, yet have often failed to contribute to the development of better cities. Reforms to INFONAVIT’s practices thus form the basis upon which a more competitive, sustainable housing and urban development model can be built. First, like many Latin American countries, Mexico has a long history of informal or irregular housing development, and a large share of the housing stock continues to be self-built, lacking legal titles or constructed outside the formal development process. Nearly one-quarter of urban households live in informal settlements.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	07d4c9c0ae6dd2ece96fafab9c985072	Initially targeted on children up to 7 years of age living in families in poverty, the Child Support Grant was gradually extended to children below age 18 living in poverty. The expansion of social assistance to children in poverty highlights a new focus on addressing poverty and inequality through strengthening human development. The main conclusions point to the significant role of landmark political change in generating an expansion of anti-poverty programmes.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	07d950b94af72fa8901f837a85ae80e2	The aim of the model is to provide illustrative results that show how structural diversity among developing countries, and systemic differences between developed and developing countries, can affect the welfare and distributional outcomes of alternative agricultural policy interventions. Models are constructed for six countries for which the RIGA data referred to above are available; two in Africa (Ghana and Malawi), two in Asia (Bangladesh and Viet Nam) and two in Latin America (Guatemala and Nicaragua). This is because market price support for food crops harms net buyers of food, often the poorest farm and non-farm (landless) households, although the proportion of net buyers varies significantly across countries. Support for cash crops does not have this drawback; however, cash crops are often (but not always) grown by farmers with relatively high incomes, so support seldom reaches the incomes of the poorest.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	07e97d3de24d62e1405d7bcd2504d09a	These were essentially two-dimensional plans aiming at dynamic representations of urban growth and change while in fact they were more frequently static. Master plans explicitly required professionals and the citizenry alike to fit their aspirations and their desired physical forms into the patterns they set out. The plan was the context.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	07e98e77c1ff37556e4e98258cbf5536	For example, a country that has introduced mobile number portability, permitted infrastructure sharing for mobile operators, allowed foreign investment in operators that own spectrum, legally promoted a competitive environment and required interconnection prices to be made public would have penetration levels 2.3 per cent higher than a country without these measures in place, all other things being equal. Moreover, all the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F test27 results. While the overall explanatory power of the model (r-squared) is moderate (36.1%), it nevertheless provides evidence of the importance of regulation on ICT services uptake.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	07ed5d4b6f5e2016bd2793dc6317ca11	This includes situations where expectations have been based on misunderstood or unrealistic projections of what external investors and authorities are able to and willing to provide, as well as cases where false expectations have been created in the process of establishing the project. Conflict can also arise when realistic expectations are not met. When clear terms in the concession, agreements with local authorities or stakeholders, or oral promises are not honored, or are disputed or protracted, this can lead to disappointment and material disadvantage.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	07f17e85fc779d9e2b6f72fc7e884546	There are, however, many other potential impacts of accidents that are borne by the society as a whole and for which the internalisation is less straightforward and more complex. This is the case for the economic consequences on health and on the business property of a third party or on the environment. The entity liable for the accident is held responsible for the victims’ compensation, which ensures a certain internalisation of accident costs.	7	4	0	1.0
10.18356/b64c6036-en	07f2220ceefe91e06c6325f06d5adeaf	Very extensive river fiood-plains, temporary Hooded grasslands and lens provide a number of services such as water storage, groundwater replenishment and support for livestock farming and biodiversity. The transboundary lakes Ohrid and Dojran are also of great socio-economic and cultural importance. Along the Adriatic and Aegean Seas an important number of coastal lagoons, salt-pans, and river delta wetlands exist in Albania, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro and Slovenia.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	07f2a5326fa13b4451d9f2cad9fad675	Finland, Germany and Switzerland rely solely on direct government funding (which includes contract research), while Belgium, France and the Netherlands focus on R&D tax incentives. Denmark has a strong emphasis on tax incentives, but also provides a significant share of support through direct funding. The share of government funding of business R&D in Austria, at 12.4%, is higher than in Germany, Switzerland and the Scandinavian comparator countries. The increase of funding through R&D tax incentives was larger in absolute terms than the increase from other instruments (Figure 3.5). The Research Premium’s contribution to business R&D grew from EUR 156 million in 2006 to EUR 508 million in 2015.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	07f84a82ab16878d24936780cc341c8b	"Direction de la demographie (2000), ""Analyse des rEsultats du recensement gEnEral de la population et de I'habitation de 1996”, Volume 1, Ouagadougou. I. (1997), ""A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environnment"". The Non-farm Sector and Rural Development: review of issues and evidence, IFPRI."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	07ff826b9200c9782bc816fd704fb149	Numbers of those who consider themselves Tongans have recently been estimated at 70,000 in the United States and 55,000 in New Zealand. Australia may have a further 20,000. A broadly similar balance would probably be true of Samoans, but with the distinction that more Samoans are in New Zealand than in the United States, and many are also in American Samoa. It may no longer be quite so adventurous but the basic structure has remained remarkably constant.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	0802188fa16b83eff23fb2bb1390752e	Al, E-waste Recycling in Latin America: Overview, Challenges and Potential, at p. 2. Available at www.eJectronjcs_takebaj:k;corrij/wp-cpnXen_t/upJpad_s/Facts_and_Fgu/es (Accessed on July 29,2011). This date is generally viewed as an internationally mandated analogue switch-off date, at least along national borders.	12	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	080261744f2344cb1adec814cae062a0	Willingness of stakeholders: A successful implementation of co-creation mechanisms critically depends on the intrinsic motivation of stakeholders to actively participate in the development of policies. Depending on the sectoral and national context, values such as civic duty and the wish to positively improve the government may vary. Feelings of ownership: Co-creation mechanisms need to be designed in a way that induces a sense of ownership in stakeholders, in order to for them to take responsibility and ensure sustained participation.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	08026f3180aaafaa2fcc5041855a2d1d	This unit would be charged with leading development of a coordinated strategy for delivering the improvements targeted and ensuring the resources made available by government for implementing agreed measures are sufficient to achieve the results expected. Western Australia's Office of Road Safety provides a good example of this kind of lead agency for road safety (the Office was reorganised and renamed the Road Safety Commission in July 2015). This highlights the need for urgent and significant action using the holistic, safe system approach to effectively manage speeds and infrastructure improvements to protect pedestrians and cyclists, particularly in locations where there is high crash risk. The importance of enforcement is clearly understood and given priority in Korea but in many cases it seems that the intensity of enforcement effort and resources allocated to enforcement do not reach the critical level needed to realise the full potential of measures adopted. In particular, it is strongly recommended to make seatbelt wearing compulsory in rear seats on the whole road network (not only on motorways as is currently the case). The lack of regulation and enforcement of professional (in particular self-employed) drivers’ hours of service needs urgent attention.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	080938f104b74e00051083d38ed768a9	As far as the larger vessels are concerned, decommissioning (scrapping) and structural arrangements (Unit quota or Structural quota system) are the most important factors explaining the reduction in the number of vessels. Most of these vessels were less than 15 metres long. A3) indicated that the profitability in the fishing fleet as a whole was good in 2006. Of a total of 18 vessel groups, 17 vessel groups showed a positive operating profit.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39291afb-en	080fc79b66dc5bc9eba707be9ff0fae2	As for the previous group of countries, the official poverty estimates coincide in the direction of variation, although in general they report larger poverty reductions in Ecuador, Panama, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. The ECLAC figures aim to reflect the situation in the region in the most comparable manner possible, while the national figures seek to best capture the realities of each country. This leads to normal methodological differences in the many decisions that are made in the process of building poverty lines (the way the goods in staple food and non-food baskets are selected, the prices used to allocate value to these goods or the deflators used to update poverty lines, among many other factors), as well as in the definition of household income, the treatment of non-responses or the inclusion of imputed rent for the use of owner-occupied dwellings.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	0811027d292d2f97e594abd16dd61333	This is, however, only an expert estimate based on the number of vehicles delivering waste to disposal sites, so the reliability of these data is low. Estimates for MSW generation for the country as a whole are shown in table 8.1. The strong increase in MSW generation in recent years is most likely due to improved monitoring of vehicles delivering waste to the Balakhani disposal site than to an actual rise in MSW. However, there are agents who buy waste paper, plastic and metals from individuals.	12	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	0811a8fc1f67bd8607b1ac5b58c4bee7	Essential elements for such a planning instrument have been identified according to international good practice (Box 2.3). Transparency and predictability in development control mechanisms will increase the credibility of the city master plan and help to promote private investment under the plan. Viet Nam has a unique land ownership system with Land-use Rights (LURs) (Box 2.4), and development control in urban areas is based on zoning. Effective enforcement is another urgent challenge (see Chapter 4).	11	0	7	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	0812e35f9c88478f16a43e171bd52e72	And in Iceland aluminium production is by far the predominant energy-intensive industry accounting for almost 80% of the energy consumption in the industry. These characteristics make aluminium an interesting case study. Around one-third of the production costs are cost of electricity.20 This means that most of the C02 emissions caused by aluminium production happens through generating the electricity used in aluminium production (indirect C02 emissions).	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	0814ec19e58b543e41fe0bfa9b8cbcbb	However, the employment rate of mothers with poor children (28%) is well below the OECD average (34%). Korean households pay for about 42% of the cost of educating a child of primary and secondary school-age compared to an OECD average of 22% (OECD, 2018[4j). Overall spending by families on education is even higher as more than two thirds of children attend “Hakwon” or “cramming schools” offered by private providers outside of the regular school classes.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6a19440a-en	0816cca8314f595f3feebf47e5de74c8	This note provides a forecast on how the fish and world trade regimes will look like five years after the implementation of SDGs in 2035. Three main trends are likely to affect the supply and demand of fish and fish products. In the trade realm, these trends point to a selective and incremental incorporation of marine live and fish conservation measures in the multilateral trading system, and regional trade agreements in particular.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	0818757b20c2aba34010f788c173aae2	The Ministry of Education is charged with the shaping of the education system through the development of curricula, national objectives and guidelines. Within this framework, municipalities and independent providers implement educational activities, organise school services, allocate resources and ensure that educational goals are met. Individual districts and schools are then entrusted with a large degree of autonomy to organise local schooling.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	081af1ba5e6efa635915cac5e5e70dc5	More in-depth analysis can also help track the delivery of disbursed international climate finance to “end-users” (e.g. industry, households and sub-national governments) within a country. Such analysis can look into which domestic institutions, stakeholders, national funding entities and financial institutions are involved in the processes. The provisions of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 encourage, but do not require, the reporting of information on support received by developing countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	081c3aa4d4116bd74f6f322ee4fd061e	Essentialist approaches differ in concluding whether women should be involved in leadership for either conflict or peacebuilding. While some essentialists glorify what they see as the qualities of women, others laud the essential qualities of men. These theories rarely lead to an embracing of the diversity among and between men and women. While not denying the biological differences between men and women, the field of sociology places much more emphasis on how the environment shapes men and women in the process of socialization. Human beings are not born as “men” or “women”.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283312-en	082011f9cca567a86e2398efb756acc4	Conversely, the percentage of adolescents who were overweight or obese in 2013-14 was just under the EU average (17% compared with 18%), but it has increased by more than 50% since 2001. On a more positive note, a higher percentage of adolescents and adults in Croatia report doing regular physical activity (Figure 5). Health inequalities have been addressed in several national health policy documents, but few specific measures have been implemented so far. The CHIF contracts with health care providers for the provision of services and plays a key role in defining which health services are covered by the publicly financed system. It also oversees performance standards and price-setting for services; is responsible for the payment of sick leave compensation, maternity benefits and other allowances; and is the main provider of complementary Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) covering user charges (termed 'supplemental insurance’ in Croatia).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	0823f44599f49f185ab362906088e60b	Activities are implemented by communities or through private subcontractors. Thus, it is important to both encourage new leadership and allow opportunities for traditional leaders to be involved. The DAC Paper Service Delivery in Fragile Situations (OECD, 2008c) gives comprehensive guidance on key approaches to service delivery in fragile states. Community participation in managing services can improve wider participation in decision making about the management of public resources, meet local needs, strengthen civil society and improve state-society relations (Box 4.5).	1	2	2	0.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	082e9613048ae217738fe65bf7bbceb9	This would in part be motivated by the widespread use of such measures for reasons other than food security, including tax collection, environmental and health considerations and industry policy. Other participants connected the issue to the standstill in the agenda for agricultural trade reform. They questioned whether advanced rule-making on export restrictions would be possible given the fragile consensus in this agenda (e.g. on removal of export subsidies and increased transparency regarding domestic support) between the key players.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	08316097343988b42866031495b66168	Adult participation in lifelong learning strongly depends on educational attainment and age. Despite a slight increase in recent years, the participation of older workers in adult programmes is modest, inhibiting their employment prospects (OECD, 2009b). Adults with low educational attainment (individuals whose highest attained degree is primary or below) show considerably less interest in adult learning activities; the difference between highly educated individuals and individuals with low educational attainment in adult education participation is the highest in the EU (IMAD, 2010).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/66896486-en	083177b92ce15a44d8d1dcb73446b1e7	"The Provincial Secretariat of Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry of Vojvodina Province and the JVP ""Vode Vojvodine"" have water management responsibilities in the territory of Vojvodina Province. The new Law on Waters, harmonized with EU legislation, was passed in 2010. The Water Section is an organizational body of the Ministry comprising the following departments: the Department of Slate Administration in the Water Section; the Department of Water Policy; and the Department of River Basin Management and Flood Protection. The Ministry of Environment manages two State-owned enterprises, the Slovak Water Management Enterprise and the Water Management Construction Enterprise, as well as two Government-subsidized organizations: the Water Research Institute Bratislava and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute."	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	0833bbb68cd4cae056c7f74c74fc923a	It covers topics such as general company information (products/services, certification, etc.), The IT Industry Barometer can help to monitor and evaluate the sector as well as provide statistical information for research and economic planning purposes. The IT Industry Barometer has already been applied by software associations in some developing and transition economies, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. As the agency responsible for ICT sector measurement within the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, UNCTAD intends to explore this possibility with relevant stakeholders in the coming year. In order to facilitate new start-up firms in this industry as well as the upgrading and growth of software SMEs, Governments can seek to ensure a competitive general business environment, promote upgrading through quality certification, improve access to finance and establish software or technology parks.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	0833ef195ed98c10b9f7cd4c9f9b164b	"In the Arab region, UNISDR has continued to promote the ""Making Cities Resilient"" campaign to support urban areas to become more resilient to disasters. Almost 300 cities and municipalities in the Arab region have joined the campaign (20 per cent of all cities worldwide). In Latin America and the Caribbean, the European Union is a vital partner for disaster risk reduction initiatives."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	08351374b1095e14b192c38200a84905	These are frequently associated with changes in the status quo that are perceived to affect the supply and demand for land, established land use patterns, or competition between different types of land use. This tension can exist between statutory, customary, informal, or religious forms of land tenure. The tension can be particularly challenging when the state seeks to bring land within a statutory legal framework when it is also claimed under a customary system by tribal, ethnic, or religious communities who view the territory in question as part of their homeland or self-identity.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/01772a94-en	0836b51413b8ee4dcfdc7f96a7531612	The definition of deprivation is rooted in the child-rights framework using the Convention on the Rights of the Child as its main source to select dimensions relevant to children's well-being. Children below the age of eighteen represent more than a half (52%) of the total population in the region. The findings show that 67% of all the children across the thirty countries experience at least two out of five deprivations critical to children's survival and development. This percentage represents 247 out of a total of 368 million children in the 30 countries.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	0839539e1eb87032639f16899b2dc1ec	Communication “Europe, the world’s No. Jobs, wages and inequality: the role of non-standard work. Defining, measuring and assessing job quality and its links to labour market performance and well-being. Global Dialogue Forum on New Developments and Challenges in the Hospitality and Tourism Sector - Final report of the discussion, Geneva, 23-24 November 2010.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	083e9f672cfd640387931f81e976a923	Environmental degradation that undermines the provision of environmental services decreases the well-being of rural households. In addition, as rural households tend to be characterised by limited social capital; poor access to social services, job opportunities and income-generating activities; and high levels of deprivation, they are more vulnerable to environmental change, and have little capacity' to adapt to or withstand negative environmental changes such as those associated with climate change. Rural development policies should therefore aim to promote economic growth and increase the welfare of rural households without compromising long-term environmental quality and the sustainability of natural resources.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	083f6cc56780d76c86b4cf18523958d3	Exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood of drinking initiation and adolescent’s alcohol use (Anderson et al., Evidence from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland shows that a higher exposure to online alcohol marketing increases the odds of heavy episodic drinking in adolescents (de Bruijn, 2012). Existing aggregate sources and estimates of alcohol consumption provide the most reliable information to determine broad national trends and draw country profiles of alcohol consumption.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	084012658cb7fbaea31365b723c14947	Builders immediately score higher in the environmental section of the scoring system if they build their own power supply generated by natural gas. Second, natural gas power generation is approximately 7% to 8% cheaper than the energy provided by the national (coal-driven) power system. The savings in cost reduces the cost of producing the desalinated water, thereby raising the bid-score further (since cheaper water scores higher). Builders are permitted to build a power facility that exceeds the required power for the desalination process.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	08463b44dbca04fd65fa6b4e9a2b81a6	New Zealand is currently involved in negotiating FTAs with ASEAN and Australia (AANZFTA), the Gulf co-operation Council (GCC), and Malaysia. Negotiations are expected to be launched with the Republic of Korea early in 2009. The development and implementation of Fisheries plans is directed at improving the opportunities for those who utilize fisheries resources to contribute to, and participate in the management of the resource. Improvements have been made to the QMS and the majority of stocks with sustainability and management concerns will be introduced into the QMS over time.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	0847095c69e063c4f90e6cde3a57bf4b	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of ITF or OECD member countries. The work for this report was carried out in the context of the Decarbonising Transport Initiative of the International Transport Forum. The author thanks the participants of the ITF Decarbonising Passenger Transport Workshop, as well as Wei-Shiuen NG, Jari Kauppila, and Michael Kloth for their comments.	11	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	084c5e5980f5b3a0a9559cefd54ce616	Patent owners are “pushing” for their own technology, within a SSO, seeking royalty payments and licensing revenues for the use of their technology, when it is essential to the implementation of an industry standard. When IPRs are involved, the SSOs seek assurances from the owners that they will license the technology to any interested standards implementer, on FRAND terms. These results in legal confrontations, as for example a recent (2013) case between Microsoft and Google-owned Motorola. Motorola’s SEPs-portfolio based demands have been over-ruled by the Court (2013/4/25/4267830).	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	084cc6f0cdde0ee295ae01e92757b550	"Such concern is addressed by the use of the Market Basket Measure (MBM), which sets many low-income thresholds reflecting the estimated cost of a specific set of goods and services that represent a basic standard of living in a specific area. This indicator is available for 49 different communities across Canada and is more sensitive to differences in the cost of living. Moreover, when MBM thresholds are applied to infer national low-income rates, these are low'er that the estimates obtained from applying a ""floating” relative income approach. In 2015, 12.2% (4.2 millions) of people w'ere categorised in low-income when the MBM is applied, against 14.2% (4.6 millions) w'ith the conventional relative poverty measure."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	084e63be89df6032944a2dc07125530a	Outlined in Box 1, these principles are based on the expectation that effective national and international processes will enable effective outcomes. The Paris Declaration commitments were subsequently deepened by the Accra Agenda for Action endorsed in 2008 (see Annex A), which called on donors and partner countries to step up the implementation of the aid effectiveness principles. In particular, climate finance was outlined as a priority for effective international development, to “continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries’ overall national development plans, and ensure that - where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries’ systems in a transparent manner” (OECD, 2011b).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	085215ed008405181ec56d3ed8f2134c	Including a review mechanism (or sunset clause) would facilitate subsequent changes. In cases in which the decisions that established existing institutions already provide for review mechanisms, it may be useful to provide guidance on further review of interlinkages between such institutions in the future. Table 11 (below) provides an outline summary of characteristics of the current proposal for continuing with existing international institutions. It will take time to assess effectiveness of planning. Nevertheless, there are specific proposals included in the Geneva text for new international institutions as options to enhance adaptation (as well as a proposed option to have no new institutional arrangements for adaptation). The proposals for new institutional arrangements are for: a subsidiary body for adaptation; an adaptation registry; an international clearing house and registry; and a global knowledge platform.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/95417570-en	0856c7a172a9fe91126e6e9d82492c9b	Sources of energy like geothermal, tidal power, hydrogen, nuclear fusion and so forth will require a more visionary approach and even greater scientific and technological advancement. These advances, in turn, will require substantial investment which, at present, is not forthcoming from public and private sources on a large enough scale. Only by ensuring a reliable, affordable supply of energy will it be possible to chart a stable course for economic recovery and growth. Addressing energy insecurity and transforming the global energy system must therefore constitute a major priority for any long-term programme of economic and climate stabilization in advanced countries. Such a course will simultaneously address the climate challenge.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	08595041b2ffd77a9339bb74f641251b	By comparison, the number of teachers in primary, lower secondary and upper secondary education represented about 2.4% of the labour force across OECD countries in 2013.6This means that, in general, the share of students expecting a teaching career is larger than the share of working-age people who are teaching today. At least at this early stage of career orientation, concerns about the lack of candidates for a career in teaching are therefore exaggerated. In fact, teaching enjoys a clear advantage over other occupations that 15-year-olds may not even know exist: all 15-year-old students have had some contact with teachers and have at least an approximate idea of what they do and of their working conditions.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	085a2dd8a967f457ae3c327542155b71	Each was responsible for producing thematic contributions for use in the synthesis report. An evaluation consultant supported the process by providing research, data collection and analysis, and synthesis of the report, and a part-time consultant assisted in data analysis. These data gathering and analysis strategies are described in more detail in Annex 5.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/d1d16df5-en	0861c4c43db6eba8b6ff65a0bd91599e	The Indonesian Kerosene-to-LPG Conversion Programme has been successful in moving 30 million households away from hazardous kerosene to LPG for cooking in just five years (2007-2012). At the centre of this success has been the leadership of the Government, crosssector cooperation, results-based financing (box 1) and appropriate technical assistance. Lessons from this programme suggest that awareness among potential users about the importance of clean cooking, together with the setting of a price that is affordable to users, are critical to the successful implementation of the programme.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	08627d8db7ee253c75e98c5826a85a1e	A scoping mission took place to Stockholm on 9-10 April 2018, which included meetings with officials from the Ministry of Education and Research, the National Agency for Education, and representatives from teacher training institutions, municipalities, independent schools, unions of teachers and principals, as well as researchers (Annex A). Each section describes current, relevant policies, analyses the situation and provides Sweden with promising examples from peer-leamer countries at various policy levels: the classroom, the school (or university in some instances), the municipality, the region and the system. This is meant to emphasise the shared responsibility across all levels of the education system in integrating immigrant and refugee students. Finally, policy pointers are provided to guide Sweden on how best to respond to the current integration challenges in these four areas.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	08629eaea588eaa20ce872864ee2fa63	Farmers are able to divert deliveries to spot markets because membership in a sheep/beef meat processing co-operative does not imply high penalty risks for non-delivery. Such behaviour is possible because the meat industry is characterised by structural overcapacity and there is high competition among processors for primary supplies. Processors confronted with non-delivery choose not to make recourse to enforcement procedures considering that this would weaken their capacity to attract suppliers in the future. Other processors benefit from non-enforcement of contracts by their competitors because this provides an opportunity to attract additional supplies.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	08655c9065292f13c63e0b93c77cf8cd	Recorded exports of maize in 2003 represented only 0.01% of production. It has been part of food trade in the region since the early 20th century. The first flows towards the south of the country, then Nigeria, went hand-in-hand with the organisation of assembly markets (Pobe, Dogbo and Ouegbo) (Igue, 2008). Besides Nigeria, surplus maize was also exported to Ghana beginning in the 1920s.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	0867d66cc6a5b098f45cf2513d8676fd	Distributive Effects of Cash Versus In-Kind Family Transfers for Young Children”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. How Time-flexible Work Policies Can Reduce Stress, Improve Health, and Save Money”, Stress and Health, Vol. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2005-2009, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp.	5	3	1	0.5
10.14217/5jz5m7tw1x8t-en	086bdb51328ce9005d4748794cf15385	Even if these static and dynamic gains from trade openness do not also benefit the poorest households in the country directly, the gain in national income provides more wherewithal for the government to assist them indirectly. This could come via public goods such as investments in rural infrastructure to reduce trade costs in and to/from the poorest regions of the country. It could also come via social protection instruments such as conditional cash payments.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/973d5b65-en	08704c1bacba81fab055f0a9a1759a1c	There, through integration of locally generated community based information, co-production of urban planning strategies and social engagement in public sector interventions, the programme achieved a dramatic decrease in crime. By improving access to public spaces, enhancing lighting and visibility, setting up social and business centres along walkways, pedestrian traffic, community surveillance and social cohesion increased. Playtime in Africa creates places for children to convene in a safe outdoor environment to play, learn and create. The initiative combines best practices from around the world and integrates them into local conditions to develop a strategy for child-focused places.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	087511ce0df005aff9cb0f96eca3af68	With regard to qualifications, the question of the cross-border validity of learning certificates for students has now been covered in some depth in the literature and policy recommendations made, most relevantly in the IIEP publication Certification Counts (Kirk, 2009). However, cross-border portability of teachers’ qualifications is not included in that study (although it notes that similar issues apply). Similarly, although field guides and minimum standards for education in emergencies address the question of curriculum and whether the host country or source country curriculum should be followed for students, there are no agreed international standards for teacher training curriculum content, or on related professional standards. However, these do not cover non-Commonwealth countries (as noted above, there are currently a number of Commonwealth countries sheltering refugees from non-Commonwealth countries); nor do they take into account the special circumstances of education in emergencies, where teachers may arrive without their certificates, having left home precipitously.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	08751d4698e04da8c71710f22cae79c4	Preventive interventions also cover individuals at specific risk and those who have either no symptoms of the disease or early signs and symptoms, where early case detection will assist in reducing the potential damage by enabling a more successful intervention. Take the examples of breast and prostate cancer, where age and sex affect the risk; certain lifestyle choices increase the risks, as smoking does for lung cancer. When the symptoms correspond to an acute condition, a remission or cure (HC.l) is sought and expected. Many conditions cannot, however, be completely cured and lead to chronic conditions with some degree of functional decline. Treatment then involves recurring contacts for control as well as the patient’s personal involvement in monitoring and controlling symptoms and treatment.11 Curative care is the most frequent reason why people initially contact the health system. However, based on the specific needs of each consumer the services received typically include a basket of components that mixes preventive and rehabilitative as well as curative care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	087910a37b85e418bdad97790094a16f	But achieving substantive equality in health also requires improvements in the quality of services as well as broader attitudinal and institutional change to address stereotyping, stigma and violence head-on. The section therefore goes on to examines how the delivery of health care can be transformed to enable all women and girls' to have access to services, to address their specific health needs and to give them greater voice in the health system. Each of these mechanisms has different implications for access to health services, for equity and for protection from the financial consequences of illness. In many countries, those living in poverty incur higher OPPs than other groups of the population because they are more often affected by sickness.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	0879bb1050f2292ff0d14d0005f5f829	"This requires both top-down and bottom-up approaches, so that new standards are defined at the systemic level, training is offered by education institutions, skilled teachers can mentor others, and teachers can learn from each other, investigate in collaboration with others and exchange good practices. This makes the teaching profession more attractive, but also much more demanding. Many education systems still struggle to raise the status of the teaching career, so that teaching can be considered a ""profession"" viewed as having the same value as medicine, law or engineering (Guerriero, 2017)."	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	087b8dc6b87abfc62c6f6ffc6e679d41	Currently there are few indicators that measure how well care co-ordination is being undertaken. Without adequate biomedical research on how best to treat a person with multiple chronic conditions, it will be difficult to create evidence-based quality metrics. As noted earlier, it is difficult to develop practice guidelines or quality metrics for people with multiple chronic conditions.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	087d0fd977da24afcffd4621e501b9e8	In recent legislation, fines for violations are often expressed in terms of damage caused, or in multiples of the minimum monthly wage, in which case rates vary according to who the violator is, from individuals to officials to entities, and the multiplier is higher for more serious offences. The legal review in 2012 led to a step change in the value of fines; for example, under the 1995 Law on Water, the administrative sanction for non-compliance was a fine of up to 200,000 tugriks, whereas the 2012 Law on Water includes stricter sanctions for non-compliance ranging from monetary fines of up to 7,020,000 tugriks to revocation of water use permits. In the case of a water use permit for industrial purposes, excess use of the resource now leads to increased fees of up to 50 per cent at the relevant tariff as a penalty.	12	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	087d5790b1c9eddf21d7360efb168760	Available at: http:// fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/62680.pdf Theodore, Karl (2000). The University of the West Indies (UWI), St Augustine. Available at: http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Commision_on_ Macroeconomic_and_Health_01_01.pdf Theodore, Karl and Althea D La Foucade (2001). ' The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Social Safety Nets: What Can the Caribbean Expect?' Available at: http://129.3.20.41/eps/hew/papers/0110/0110003.pdf Thomas, Andy (2000).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	087efbca152f2a55a34a84be9af899e8	The first is to provide clarity and understanding of the goals and actions being undertaken by individual Parties, and progress being made towards them. The second is to inform the global stocktake that will assess collective progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. For example, the new framework addresses some of the gaps in the current system regarding how information is to be measured (e.g. guidance is to be developed for accounting for NDCs and how to measure finance mobilised). It also addresses gaps in terms of what information is to be reported (e.g. information shall be provided by all Parties on progress towards NDCs) and by whom (e.g. in addition to developed country Parties, other Parties that provide and mobilise support are encouraged to report information on support provided).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/01a171e9-en	0880decea47fe86b21e70d4e07bccc9b	The objectives of public and private research differ widely. Public research generally has the objective of expanding the knowledge base and obtaining recognition for this, and does not necessarily result in upgrading of the technological capabilities of industrial sectors. Conversely, private research is motivated primarily by the practical application of the knowledge that it develops.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	08810168f8a65d8d8725429d7cc43285	For child care teachers, the government set a higher level by increasing the required credits from 35 to 51 credits (i.e., 12 to 17 courses) at a college level and, furthermore, strengthened the training programme with a third level qualification (i.e., one year of training after high school graduation), requiring a total of 1 105 hours including four weeks of field practicum. From March 2013, child care practice will take place only at accredited facilities with a minimum of 15 children. It also consulted with the child care sector, educational organisations and the adult education sector to design the concept for a child-minding academy.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	0885aba5b5da54137443dcef5f64489e	With prices now lower (albeit still above average levels over the past ten years), the emphasis has shifted to the chronic lack of smallholder development, with strong support for “smart” subsidies for seed and fertiliser. Of course, income growth (and the related objectives of poverty reduction and improved food security) is not the only objective in developing countries. Policies to improve incomes therefore need to be seen in the light of their impact on other objectives, such as sustainable resource use and improved gender equality. Furthermore, it is helpful to make a distinction between policies that can raise incomes in the short term, when economic structures are essentially fixed, and those that can facilitate a transition to economic structures that are capable of generating fundamentally higher incomes in the longer term.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3615596e-en	08869d315598063e202c248fc4c76faa	Some countries have government-mandated quotas for the number of women on boards, on the basis that this is the only way of increasing participation. Others have judged that the quota system is not appropriate and that initiatives of some other type are required. Examples of such initiatives include a requirement for listed firms to publish a board diversity policy, the creation of processes for recruiting women with managerial skills, increased training, education and mentoring for women, and advertising and promotion of these positions (Deloitte, 2011).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	0886b7bbd8a41e7e6f327157e138fcf4	In 2008, the volume of remittance was $175 million in Fiji, $135 million in Samoa and $100 million in Tonga (see table 3). Fijians serving on foreign ships bring in around $15 million of remittance annually.4 The Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa and Tonga all have high levels of per capita remittance (Prasad, 2008). In Tonga, for example, remittances have both reduced the poverty headcount from 57 per cent to 32 per cent and significantly impacted inequality, reducing the Gini co-efficient from 0.605 to 0.495 (WB, 2006a: 88). Similarly, in Samoa, family remittances from overseas play a vital role in providing social protection and social security to their relatives and friends living in the country. Samoans overseas contribute towards their “social obligations” by remitting money to their extended family. Almost every Samoan has a relative overseas and money sent back home helps to subsidize the socio-economic needs of the relatives.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079915-8-en	0887ed16a24111940f3791f2c02d2c2d	There were around 1 500 boats in a fishery that could sustain a fifth of that number. It decided to control the fishing effort - in effect keeping the same number of boats, but making them less efficient by reducing the number of days at sea and changing the type of gear they could use. Finally, in 2002 a federal judge ordered the government to drastically reduce fishing.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	088d0aab8a5eeb48164d5e5e983b9def	Gender gaps in unpaid work are narrowing in developed countries, but they remain starker than those in market-based work virtually everywhere. Stigma and even violence are often used to enforce stereotypes and social norms about 'appropriate' female and male behaviour. As girls and women have entered schools, workplaces, public transport and marketplaces in greater numbers, they are frequently subject to unwelcome scrutiny, harassment and even assault. Violence is also used as a way to punish nonconformity with dominant gender stereotypes, for example in relation to sexual orientation (see Box 1.5). However, the implementation of these legal provisions is rarely supported by adequate investments in services, in capacity building of service providers and in the public campaigns needed to effectively prevent violence against women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	088ee3adafcd2ce399b1ed4f81592f0a	Initiatives by the Ministry of Education such as EPICT and ONLINE-PH support these measures. Furthermore, students’ field placement in eLearning schools as an integral part of their teacher education supports the initiative. Since Austrian universities are autonomous, they can self-determine and promote their research and study areas.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	089308b89354d9cea549d36e6fe09a0c	However, the understanding of sustainability will require revisiting the interpretation of lower mobility in view of the requirements of sustainable development and sustainable transport. Empowerment of women will have to come through enhanced accessibility to various opportunities without dependence on motorized mobility. Adverse effects are in the form of poor air quality, risk of traffic crashes, lack of activity leading to obesity and other life style related diseases. Least adverse effects on users and non-users is possible when majority city residents have to travel short distances thus reducing the exposure to air pollution as well risk from traffic crashes.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-9-en	08931fd32be5f48c436a7571d9b40e51	For instance, to harness water-related knowledge, policy makers can set up water information systems whereas solving conflicts over water resources allocation requires the active involvement of those affected to identify the appropriate trade-offs and build consensus. Indeed, 73% of participants surveyed concurred that existing mechanisms for stakeholder engagement are sufficient. Opinions converged that these tools have been successful to foster inclusive decision making, both formally by making stakeholder engagement more systematic, and informally by providing channels for stakeholders to contribute freely. This result shows that all tools are in place or at hand. It is then more a question of making them effective and outcome-oriented in practice than developing new instruments (Figure 5.4).	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289343879-7-en	089628417f4ba2e12f25dc8a06ad9125	These reforms had a significant impact on the overall subsidy level but left some of the most significant subsidies in place including most of the diesel subsidies, subsidies to butane and petroleum fuels. In 2014 the total allocation was DH 41.6 billion2 (~4.2 USD billion) of which DH 36.6 billion (~USD 3.843 billion) was allocated to petroleum products. Between 2012 and 2014 the overall subsidy cost fell by around 25% (see table 2).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	0897b57e264b170bc1aeb8c08461f6ff	These gender differences exist to a large extent because women still bear the brunt of the unpaid domestic tasks, such as childcare and housework, because of shortage/high costs of childcare facilities, and because of family-unfriendly work conditions (OECD, 2012a; World Bank, 2011b). Table 3.1 shows differences in the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services across regions of the world (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). Moreover, gender differences in the labour market can have longer-term consequences affecting women’s and men’s ability to save for both short and long-term needs (as mentioned in the previous chapter), and may especially impact women’s outcomes in retirement. Box 3.1 highlights the experience of New Zealand in addressing women’s lower outcomes in retirement.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	0899630634d2cbe80fe27d776b2a12a8	Established under the Climate Change Act 2008, the scheme covers emissions by firms and public bodies not already subject to the EU system or substantially covered by other agreements. It comprises reporting requirements and a carbon levy. The CRC EES is complemented by several other policies to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	0899b56df1f2e0157a302451341ecf88	There may also be an opportunity to use tangible assets that are needed, or are already owned (such as property, plant or machinery), to fund purchasing or leasing using asset finance. If the company’s primary need is to enlarge its workforce, asset finance is more difficult; furthermore, in order to make either tangible assets or its workforce productive, a company may need to make accompanying intangible investments (such as marketing, training, software coding and/or IP protection). However, irrespective of the funding method, it is common to find that IP and intangible assets form part of the foundation for the planned expansion, by virtue of underpinning the processes or methods that need to be scaled up, being embedded within the products and services themselves, or providing a protected environment in which they can be sold without infringing other companies (or being infringed).	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	0899e463182c34ff6b37c624c5c97767	The lack of evidence-based policy making is a result of both the lack of analytical capacities in sector ministries, and the lack of relevant data. Limited coverage together with limited funding seriously hampers the poverty reduction impact. Nevertheless, it should not be forgotten that the situation would be even worse for the most vulnerable households if these transfers did not exist.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/29b37a6d-en	089cbf85a04e5fa2160e7c9c597ef601	However, buying urban and peri-urban property (housing land lots and flats) is an attractive investment for those who work abroad. Flat sales in Chisinau are growing 8% annually.64 This means that there is a growing demand for housing in the capital and in the immediate vicinities. However, the land is not yet used intensively. Chisinau, like most Moldovan cities, still has a lot of available land in developed blocks and some abandoned land lots. This non-intensive urban land use situation currently provides an opportunity for replacing, upgrading, and developing the physical infrastructure (e.g., utilities, transport), which is needed due to the growing demand for housing. With new constructions and land acquisition progressing, there is a need to have adequate spatial development plans in place.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	089fff3c48368f1f5366e6bdec44f881	The European Union has also been negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with Africa, Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) countries. This group is composed of seven regions: five in Africa, one in the Caribbean and one in the Pacific. Most recently, a deal w'as reached in July 2014 with 16 West African states and in October 2014 with the East African community.	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	08a1402e0c12240cd5fac92faebbb6c0	The bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The vertical dashed lines indicate the 25th, the median and the 75th percentiles of the underlying distribution of inequality. These comprise the combination of technical skills, business management skills and personal skills required for starting up and operating in business and self-employment. They include, for example, opportunity recognition, team building, negotiation, strategy development, communication, decision making, risk management, financial planning, marketing and the ability to motivate and mentor.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	08a38da01466087fb4abdbad05d8db8b	The overarching objective is nevertheless to reduce energy and water demand in tourism. In order to achieve this, a programme of certification and best practice will be developed. Two studies of GHG emissions in the tourism sector and the potential to participate in carbon markets will be carried out, and strategies to increase the use of renewable energy in accommodation will be developed. Moreover, a Working Group with the National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy has been established to encourage the reduction of energy demand in the tourism sector.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	08a4c853738cf88e1b6c5820e4a31688	Imagine the interruption of the activity of a steel producer due to a blackout. If blackouts happened regularly, the steel producer will have a backup system whose cost is passed on through the price mechanism. If no other issues were involved, this would be the solution. In other words, the security of supply risk would be “internalised” and there would be no need for policy action.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	08a7a79fc68eb5c4bb6db2b0895fa273	Girls today outperform boys in some areas of education and are less likely to drop out of school. But the glass is still only half full: women continue to earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and are more likely to spend their final years in poverty. Making the most of the talent pool ensures that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace, thereby enhancing their well-being and that of society. Greater educational equality does not guarantee equality in the workplace, however. If high childcare costs mean that it is not economically worthwhile for women to work full-time; if workplace culture penalises women for interrupting their careers to have children; and if women continue to bear the burden of unpaid household chores, childcare and looking after ageing parents, it will be difficult for them to realise their full potential in paid work. In developing countries, if discriminatory social norms favour early marriage and limit women’s access to credit, girls’ significant gains in educational attainment may not lead to increased formal employment and entrepreneurship.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	08ad7cbe11c3521aec359355ab2a4bb0	The energy supply is apparently still keeping up with increasing energy demand. The current capacity in 2015 in Hai Phong was about 3 670 million kWh, whereas the actual demand is around 2 130 million kWh (the surplus can be sold commercially). Demand, however, is expected to increase by 13.7% (2016-20).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	08b10a5ba091fb9cd4254b92f4feee14	In particular, those that show the impact of policies in cities at advanced stages of the ageing process will become useful information for cities in the early stages of ageing. One such example is the EU Ageing Report (European Commission, 2012a), which includes a set of indicators that illustrate expenditure projections for a large older population, covering pensions, healthcare, long-term care, education and unemployment. Internationally applicable indicators that help assess the social sustainability of cities and their urban form are particularly important.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eag-2018-15-en	08b226fe9996228e93681a6a87d474c3	The share of children under the age of 3 enrolled in ECEC is on the rise in most countries and has increased on average from 25% to 31% between 2010 and 2016 (Table B2.1b). This is particularly marked in many European countries, as a result of further stimulus by the 2010 objectives set by the European Union (EU) at its Barcelona meeting (to supply subsidised full-day places for one-third of children under the age of 3 by 2010) (OECD, 2017(4]). More globally, the rise in ECEC provision over the last decades has greatly contributed to the increase in women’s participation in the labour force, particularly for mothers with children under age 3. Countries with higher enrolment rates of children under age 3 in 2016 tend to be those in which the employment rates of mothers are highest ([OECD, 2018,1]] [OECD, 2018(7]]; Figure B2.1). In countries such as Norway, for instance, not only do more than half of the children below age 3 attend ECEC services, but they also attend programmes integrated within the education system from below age 1 until the beginning of primary school.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	08b2816c462afcfc11b9b107fe4bc145	"Beyond policy development and coordination, there is a lack of understanding on what alignment with the ""well below two-degree"" target actually means in different sectors - where to invest and where NOT to invest (to avoid lock-in). It is important to notethat this challenge is equally relevant for developed and developing countries, and should be addressed as an integral part of the international process of NDC refinement and ratcheting up. The private sector has been encouraged to set ""science-based targets"" to help create this alignment."	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fd217899-en	08b3510acb5ddc36bf548e36ceb8de6a	However, a growing number of financial and technical assistance resources are becoming available to aid South-East Asian countries in assessing the development of national PES strategies. Viet Nam, Indonesia and Indonesia's Aceh province are putting this assistance to use to both deploy individuals PES projects and in the development of policies and programmes. While there are several approaches to determining these values, each with its specific strengths and weakness, any approach should be based on local contexts. Where there is significant capacity with respect to valuation methodology, it is more difficult to find expertise with experience in its practical application for PES, thus the development of local expertise and capabilities is needed if PES is to succeed.	15	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	08b543366fd9f2ef480cb8619c05d81c	Self-reported surveys, self-reflection reports or journals, and checklists are most frequently used in the process. The most common consequences are that the centre or staff are required to take measures to address shortcomings, conduct a follow-up inspection or other monitoring practice, as well as the more drastic sanction of closing ECEC settings or not renewing their license to operate. It is not common to attach funding consequences, whether increases or decreases in funding, to monitoring service quality outcomes.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/859159ab-en	08b67c4f5a46fcc31c67d6e43d422606	Subnational governments often understand local specificities better than national governments. They can also better engage their constituents, which fosters inclusiveness. With a clear understanding of who should do what, different actors can work together and reduce inefficiencies and misaligned policies.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	08b9423e1709ea7bd0a4969be9449aac	The SMART Housing Policy offers an incentive-based approach to encourage developers to build affordable housing that also meets elevated construction standards, and is located near transit. It provides for fee waivers as well as faster review and inspection times for developers building qualifying housing projects. It can also provide additional density, or floor/area ratio, to encourage provision of affordable housing and other community benefits, such as parking, open space and streetscapes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	08b9e741798f4dfbd348a483cc97947a	Since its collateral registry came online in 2010, Ghana has registered 60,000 loans totaling approximately $14 billion. Moreover, it explicitly states that the elimination of gender discrimination in laws, customs and practices related to land and property is a guiding principle of land management. While considerable progress has been made, there is still, however, a significant gender gap when it comes to ownership and control of land.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	08ba15be12d86ab25a3c675415fb5ecc	"2012.""Concluding Observations Guyana Seventh and Eighth Periodic Report.” Concluding Observations Kuwait Fifteenth thru Twentieth Combined Periodic Report.” In the latest reporting round, this was particularly true for the Bahamas, Chile, Cyprus, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Pakistan and Togo. It is here that intersectional discrimination is particularly acute, with the vast majority of domestic workers being either migrant women, such as in Chile and Cyprus, or members of racialized groups."	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	08ba715eceae17986a11ec8c5446a5ce	The treatment of slurry for biogas is voluntary and farmers receive a premium of DKK75 per m3. Up to 100 farmers can use one biogas installation. Under this scheme, a grant covering up to 20% of the investment in the plant can be provided. The remaining funds will be provided by a 60% loan, guaranteed by the local municipality and 20% of own financing.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/787cb9be-en	08bc188c42be08331fef49719a5ffbde	Countries that have most extensively implemented prescriptions to slash wealth, top personal and corporate income tax rates also experienced the most significant rise in top income shares since the early 1980s, without registering the promised higher economic growth (figure 4). Survey-based income inequality measures, such as Gini estimates in figure 3, often rely on data samples that truncate the top of the income distribution, because top incomes are under-represented in surveys or due to top-coding method shortcomings (Alvaredo 2010). Top income shares in figure 4 are estimated using non-truncated fiscal data, but under-reporting of income to tax authorities is common and tax evasion has grown rapidly over the last decade (Palan et al.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-5-en	08bd42856d464abb2efb60a75cea2b02	To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic study of education policies at the international level. It is intended to serve as a source of information, while maintaining the premise that policy design and implementation have multiple contextual dimensions that feed into the reality of policy processes (Ball et al., Part I reviews the range of policy options across different policy areas. Part II focuses on ways to support effective implementation through analysis of reforms in evaluation and assessment, innovative learning environments, and school improvement, and also explores the engagement of teacher unions and business and industry representatives in developing and implementing education policy.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	08bde4a10e6d2d8a8420e83fde18fdb9	But labour taxation was especially high on low-wage workers, with a tax wedge about six percentage points above the OECD average for minimum wage earners (Figure 3.6, Panel B). This depends on a number of factors, namely: i) the presence of a net wage floor (i.e. a binding minimum wage); ii) the extent to which workers value social protection or public services provided by taxes; iii) the relative bargaining power of employers and employees; and iv) the relative generosity of possible replacement revenues (OECD, 2008|3i|). The effects of labour taxes on labour demand are thus likely to be particularly large at low wage levels.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	08c0131281c135394e2cb297b9592adf	However, even in the absence of formal and rigorous assessments of reform, evidence of positive developments or disappointment are still available. The cases of Israel, Alberta, Canada, New Mexico, United States and South Africa illustrate positive, mixed or disappointing results. While the shortage of water remains the key issue in the water sector, and the need to manage the reservoirs between dry and wet seasons and years is the top priority for those responsible for the water sector, authorities have been given enhanced tools to cope with the challenge.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	08c1fba62cde6c69ffc686f6d0961937	Naturally, public spending forecasts are closely linked to revenue projections; for a given level of spending on social protection, the strength of the revenue performance will determine the extent to which spending on other items might need to be reprioritised. The first is a business-as-usual approach whereby a low-GDP-growth scenario is assumed and the share of the main components of public expenditure to GDP remains at the same level as during the GTP I period. Beyond 2020, it is assumed that the share of recurrent spending to GDP will remain constant while capital expenditure will keep rising to reach 15% of GDP by 2025/26.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	08c2cea63a31a36f47038072941c255f	If staff experience their working conditions as more pleasant, this will result in more caring and stimulating behaviour (Huntsman, 2008; Burchinal et al., The quality of the classroom environment is found to improve with every additional adult in the room. When practitioners work together in a classroom, this provides opportunities for supervision, consultation and discussing work challenges (Goelman et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	08c5d2dad3bcf1e0e45b96cd9328af25	Entrepreneurship activities at early stages in colleges. Discrepancies in public investment in infrastructure and support. One of the most innovative examples to approach local development is the European Union LEADER programme which provides tools for bottom-up capacity building and assessment (see Box 4.6.). Since 1991, the LEADER initiative has had three different editions.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	08c7281f0f7d7ca10462e59f2e477139	Promotion is automatic within the same cycle of Primary Education but progression from one cycle to the next is contingent upon meeting the curricular aims for that particular cycle. A pupil may repeat a year, but only once in the primary level. Pupils who continue to the next cycle, but who are negatively assessed in one or more areas, must receive appropriate support to help them catch up. Likewise, special attention is paid to the early detection of learning difficulties and to the prevention of school failure at an early age. An official academic certificate is not awarded at the end of primary education, but it is awarded at the end of the basic education, which includes Primary and Lower Secondary Education. In Lower Secondary Education, assessment is continuous (i.e. integrated into the leaching and learning process) and separate for each subject.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	08ca55ab199d83467c4f902ecc642b1b	It declined slightly thereafter, as migration for employment picked up, particularly within the European Union, and again more recently as large inflows of refugee and asylum seekers arrived. The gender composition of migrant stocks has been affected only very marginally, however, as, once again, the migration categories in which women account for the highest shares are those most likely to be a permanent movement. While men are often perceived as the principal immigrants - the first-comers who arrived as workers, students or refugees - women account for most of the spouses who either accompany or join the principal migrants later, a pattern sometimes referred to as that of “trailing wives” (Cooke, 2008). Family migration trends may thus be associated chiefly with women, even though family migrants also include minor-aged children whose gender distribution is balanced.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	08cab7a9a78029c0521fbdc93b0a9ff3	This proportion is particularly high in Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain, where it affects over 30% of students. In these countries, repetition has been one of the main tools to respond to individual weak performance and preserve an even level of attainment within each classroom. A study based on PISA 2009 data found that, in about half of the countries examined, students' socio-economic status is related to the likelihood of repeating a grade, even after accounting for student academic performance (Monseur and Lafontaine, 2012). In fact, data from PISA 2009 revealed, among OECD countries, 53% of the variation in the likelihood of a student repeating a primary grade is observed at the student level, 28% at the school level, and 19% at the system level (Coos et al., Teachers widely support grade repetition, as they can see the immediate gains in going over the same curriculum a second time (Jimerson, Anderson and Whipple, 2002).	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	08d4217ec20af00548b2d80762d169ac	Towards Zero: Road Safety Strategy endorsed by the Government of WA, Perth, 2009. Safer Journey: New' Zealand's Road Safety Strategy 2010-2020. In line with this goal, the EU aims at halving road casualties by 2020. Make sure that the EU is a world leader in safety and security of transport in all modes of transport.”	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	08d51b911aea741f15b55cb8ea2f9607	It thus permits identifying “gainers” and “losers” of policy reforms. The advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether families at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution are now better or worse off than they would have been with unchanged policies. This leads to “automatic” changes in redistribution mechanisms, if no policy action is taken (OECD, 2008b).	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/0ec26947-en	08d99f375ef4f88d8c837fd386b25056	Due to the nascent status of the technology, legal frameworks and specific laws are yet to be designed and enacted. As a consequence of the physically distributed nature of blockchain networks, sometimes across national borders, the applicable laws and regulations differ for each node (West, 2018). Due to the immutable nature of decentralised registries, and the capability to transfer value by virtue of digital transactions approved by a consensus algorithm, many open questions remain in areas like service level and performance, liability, intellectual property, data privacy, and compliance.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	08dbc3910284a28a85c83263ccfac2e3	This suggests that disadvantaged children from these countries are less likely to obtain the skills necessary for today’s technology-rich and versatile labour markets and improve their socio-economic status. Considering that acquiring labour market-relevant skills and obtaining well-recognised educational qualifications have become major determinants of labour market outcomes, the lack of equity in education in these countries is worrisome. In 2012, over 85% of 15-year-olds from the most disadvantaged backgrounds in Belgium, France, Hungary, Iceland, Japan and the Netherlands reported having more than a year of pre-primary education experience (Table 1.1 and Annex Table 2.A2.1 in Chapter 2).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	08e7d8ddd5997f4e4bb0296616e9afd1	Structural reforms are needed to boost labour demand with the EITC at least partly offsetting any negative impact on individual income. The asymmetry' in EPL between temporary' and permanent contracts needs to be reduced. Reforms of the education system need to continue to ease the transition from education to employment and to raise the productivity' of new entrants.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32528cbf-en	08e9de2acb499a4c834f9cc51a71d9f5	And in 2050, when there will be some 10 billion people on Earth, we will only have one eighth of a cubic kilometre per person. This relatively small amount of water is what will provide each person with all ecosystem services, including food and oxygen. But this is also where some of our emissions, our waste and our rubbish will end up. We must work together with our closest neighbours and cooperate at a global level, between countries.	14	2	3	0.2
10.18356/b64c6036-en	08ea02b02f2d77893ada41a7efe95a5d	The assessments of the individual transboundary surfitce and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in the Chapters 5 and 6 of Section IV (drainage basins of the Black Sea and of the Mediterranean Sea). The assessment of transboundary waters in SEE also contains assessment of a number of selected Ramsar Sites. Besides the assessed Ramsar Sites, there arc important transboundary wetland areas elsewhere in SEE, e.g., the delta of Maritsa/Evros/Meri^ River (a part of it is also a Ramsar Site), as well as important human-made wetlands, such as reservoir lakes and fish farming ponds along the Drava, Mura and smaller rivers in SEE.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	08eb6231754dfa3d3050e2438dfd6996	The situation might improve once a minimum intake of renewable electricity is determined by the NEA (more in the Policies and Standards section). By integrating advanced information technologies into the power system, smart grids enable operators to better manage generation, transmission and storage in ways that more effectively respond to system fluctuations in demand. In turn, smart grids help in load shifting, while maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system. The most innovative aspect of smart grids is that, through the installation of smart meters, they allow consumers to participate in demand response.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	08eb8ab70bf5990cf4b997c2992b5393	Investment in developing the primary care information base and expediting the implementation of government policies in this area should be a priority. There is strong professional commitment in Sweden to the development and use of quality registers, and robust evidence of how they have supported quality improvement in many areas, especially in secondary care. Quality registers need to be better embedded in primary care, to optimise the potential for quality improvement across the entire patient pathway.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	08ec85253365fe7e12c762fe1ea25bf8	However, there is no systematic and institutionalised transmission of individual attendance records from schools to social services which could help youth overcome any barriers to school attendance or offer alternative education or training options. The co-ordination between schools and social services is crucial for preventing school drop-out, and may vary significantly across communities. While co-ordination is often easier in small communities than in large cities, it can be difficult in remote areas where providers and schools are far apart (see the section on co-ordination at the end of the chapter).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9699195-en	08ec9af4c25402f2f91c361440a797bb	In agriculture, technologies that enhance the labour productivity of rural women (such as better farm tools, water provision, modern energy services and household food preparation) can free their time for other activities. For example, a study from India demonstrated that women who used a groundnut decorticator were able to process around 14 times more groundnuts and used significantly less physical effort than those doing so by hand. Similarly, a new hand tool designed for making ridges for vegetable crops allowed women to double the number of rows finished in one hour (Singh, Puna Ji Gite and Agarwal, 2006). Such innovations in technology may open up opportunities for women to earn higher incomes or to use their time (and increased income) for added attention to the family.	2	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	08ee208db6cafa5ea057212223ece39c	One legacy of that programme was the establishment of the Programme of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH), a conditional cash transfer programme that now constitutes the core of the social safety net. Advocacy has been initiated by scientists and their students in the Climate Studies Group of the Department of Physics at the University of the West Indies (UWI), individual scholars in the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Centre for Sustainable Development at UWI, as well as by various ENGOs. Some of the research and the outreach based on this work have been funded by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) and the Environmental Foundation of Jamaica (EFJ).	12	4	0	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	08ee2093428e2d9d313d00de655fe8f0	Like their male counterparts, women-owned businesses have a range of financing needs. For example, a recent survey of women business owners in the Middle East and North Africa showed that they were more interested in long-term than short-term capital, as well as supply chain and equity financing (Niethammer, 2013). The loan sizes are smaller, the repayment periods are shorter, and the interest rates are higher (IFC, 2014).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/01772a94-en	08f226460853996ce4af1f7bef751dea	The discrepancy between the deprivation rates for younger and older children depends on the deprivation levels of the age-specific dimensions, i.e. nutrition and health for the first age-group and information and education for the second. This ratio ranges between 0 and 1, with zero showing no deprivation (according to the cut-off chosen) and one showing that everyone included in the analysis is deprived in all the dimensions analysed. In the thirty countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the adjusted multidimensional deprivation ratio is 0.42 when using a threshold of two deprivations (i.e., children are multidimensionally deprived if they suffer from two to five deprivations).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	08f3ecf68f1a4e16b7efe9ceb2f58cf4	The concession aimed to improve the services and operating performance of the existing municipal water utility, especially to poor areas that have little access to potable water and poor sanitary conditions, by reducing the amount of water that is unaccounted for, increasing cash collection and increasing service coverage by 30-40%. Overall, the municipality expected to increase coverage to 90% and 60% for water and sewage services, respectively, by 2013. The complaint raised the following social and environmental concerns: repeated cuts of residential water to the poor, lack of service provision to poorer neighbourhoods, lack of wastewater treatment, noncompliance with the concession contract, resulting in infringements of MIGA’s safeguard policies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	08f75153fbb81e77dd9dcf2feb50f295	The PPA also commissioned KEMA International in 2012 to undertake a study to quantify the power system energy losses in southern Pacific utilities, which included all the Commonwealth Pacific small states except Vanuatu (PPA and KEMA 2012). Following on from the recently completed Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards Programme, which aimed to increase the importation and sale of more energy efficient appliances, the Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS) is being implemented to assist in the Pacific’s transition to high efficiency and environmentally sound lighting by 2020. The projected electricity savings are over 2,100 gigawatt hours, with associated fuel import savings of about 720 million litres and emission savings of 1.9-2.0 metric ton equivalent carbon dioxide.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	08f88da09cf006de6d2deb13f4020aa7	It also provided targeted protection to support the emergence of heavy industries, promoting research and development. Alexander Hamilton, the first US treasury secretary, is widely considered the father and inventor of the infant industry argument. Between 1830 and 1945, the United States had some of the highest trade barriers in the world. In the same period it invested heavily in infrastructure (Pacific railways, Midwestern canals and agricultural infrastructure), higher education, and research and development.	1	5	3	0.25
10.18356/56f09402-en	08f9ed1fcebf18dfcf21c9c1f949bf47	This is an innovation in the area of transfer and scholarship programmes, whose agenda does not usually include dependent care and thus mainly harms women. It provides a transfer of US$ 75 to those who have an attendance record of at least 75% for the courses, which last between 6 and 12 months (Robles and Mirosevic, 2013). The programme, implemented in 2000, offers an incentive for companies to hire and train young people.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en	08f9f7626f2c2baf6922a89d1b569335	Since 2007 Italy has provided tax relief for energy efficiency improvements to existing buildings including the installation of double-glazed windows, thermal insulation, high-efficiency boilers and the installation of solar panels. In 2009, building owners submitted 240,000 tax credit applications. As the programme was originally expected to be terminated in 2010, the number of applications in 2010 exceeded the previous year by around 71%.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/63fef40d-en	08fdac72378e532d556d11c146a22d8f	The strategies appear to be technically feasible, but there are many hurdles on the road to implementation. The biophysical processes linked to emissions vary according to climatic and agroecological conditions and farming systems. Nuclear and isotopic techniques can help to understand these processes better, and to improve the monitoring of nitrous oxide emissions (Box 17).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	08fea8bde2d71fa94dc874e4faebd89d	The current state of water bodies has adverse effects on the environment (poor water quality, reduced stream flows, drying up of wetlands); adds costs to the provision of water services (as water has to be treated before it can be used); and threatens the economic viability of farming. Currently, 91.3% of the population has access to drinking water services and 89.9% has sanitation coverage. Considering the current coverage and future population growth projections, in the next 20 years Mexico will need to provide an additional 36 million inhabitants with drinking water services and 40 million with sanitation services.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	0902cb30991a43b9c6bb0646912f0019	An MTA that covers the entire commuting area can co-ordinate among jurisdictions at all territorial levels and reduce negative consequences of urban sprawl. Fatal crashes between road users remain a common occurrence on city streets, whilst they have almost been eliminated in rail or air transport. A growing number of local governments are embracing Vision Zero: a vision of no one being killed or seriously injured in urban traffic to rectify this. In support of such ambitious targets, this report investigates key road safety questions in the context of selected cities in Europe and beyond.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	090650181b3521a0c4b97793e92e548c	Living with two cohabiting parents' refers to situations where a child lives in a household with two adults that are considered parents and these parents are not married to each other. ' Living with a single parent' refers to situations where a child lives in a household with only one adult that is considered a parent. ' Other' refers to a situation where the child lives in a household where no adult is considered a parent.. Source: OECD Family Database, SF1.2 Children in families. In some countries (Belgium, Sweden, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden) half or more of the total poor children live in a single-parent family.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086234-en	09078416c184bc5eb416834132e7ce84	This process enabled the simple comparison of immigrant students relative to their native peers across the ten indicators. Figure 1.1 below provides a graphic overview of the relative performance of the two groups of students and more importantly, highlights the areas where gaps between the two groups are most significant. The mean values for immigrant students are converted as the relative values of 10.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0907a060d5a83531de4202c966651843	Additional funding will be provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to study measures to curb heroin overdose deaths and provide naloxone, which is used to rapidly counteract the effects of opioid overdose, to first responders and train them in its use. Part of the earmarked funds will also be used to offer substance abuse treatment to all eligible federal prison inmates through the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Prisons. In July 2015, Health Canada announced that it was reviewing the prescription requirement for naloxone. That initiative comes at a time when opioid overdoses continue to increase across the country. As a first step towards facilitating access to the medicine, the federal Government was undertaking consultations with provincial and territorial health authorities to collect information about the use of naloxone, in particular with respect to the possibility of allowing a wider range of professionals, including first responders, to inject patients with naloxone.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	09080ce72748588e6b79cbc37502c2a9	Support for trade-related adjustments—one of the initial objectives of the Aid for Trade Initiative—only attracted USD 253 million. Only USD 2.1 billion in OOF went to finance projects in trade policy and regulation. This is because this is largely supported through technical assistance. Most of these funds were for countries in South and Central Asia (51.1%), followed by East Asia (34.4%) and the Middle East (12.7%).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	09092d4310871824fbb614c4b1615b9a	To prevent the school environment from becoming a source of mental distress itself, bullying and its consequences are therefore issues that must be adequately addressed. Initiatives that integrate anti-bullying programmes in schools are of interest here. In Finland, for instance, a large-scale programme on bullying, funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education, was launched in 2006.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	090ae9a372aa3adacf29369db7c80426	"To safeguard women’s rights, traditional leaders and decision makers should receive training about women’s rights and their responsibilities to uphold these rights. In Kenya, for example, local traditional authorities have been made aware ofthe contributions women make to their communities. In one community, elders in 01 Posimoru drafted a new local constitution (known as a ""katiba”) that protects women’s property rights."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	090da6739470e0d2aeb1cc06cb000a87	For young people, the decisions they make about what and where to study, both within and following periods of compulsory education, have become both more important and more difficult to make. The purpose of career guidance is to enable young people to make what are good education and career decisions for them now and in their future as well. In the absence of reliable and trustworthy information and support which good career guidance should provide, such decisions become more difficult, with personal and social costs often displayed in skills mismatches and unsatisfactory employment prospects. Over recent years, the significance of career guidance services has grown. Rapid economic and educational change has led to school-to-work transitions which are now longer and more complex.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	0917127714f6275e7361d2af05b37079	This approach from Wiggins and Keats (2013) was based on 31 major case studies with thousands of smallholder participants across Africa. The aim is to see the extent to which policy instruments align with major smallholders’ constraints. In order to carry out this exercise, a questionnaire was sent to the five participant countries asking questions regarding national definition of small-scale agriculture; main constraints for accessing markets identified by governments; policies aiming at solving those banders; among others3. It is important to note that not all questions were fully addressed by the countries; particularly the ones related to how effective the policies have been or which proportion of the programmes is being directed towards smallholders. National definition of small-scale agriculture.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	0917188aa7243560ae5c9accef76a8f5	This move has taken place against the background of increasing use of ocean resources and space and the appearance of climate change impacts. There are a number of often conflicting uses which call for a more holistic approach to oceans management. While ecosystem management often emphasises biodiversity, integrated oceans management focuses more on how different users of the ocean ecosystem interact. The ocean provides inputs and services for numerous activities such as the following.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	09193adb1b3f08e715949d64c8b9e5b7	According to estimates for 2012 co-financing represented 11% of the total budget in private-subsidised schools (Paredes et al., The recently approved Inclusion Law (Ley de Inclusion) eliminates shared funding in private-subsidised schools. The implementation of the law will be gradual and schools will be compensated financially through a new grant (see also Chapter 1).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	091a0ea5821b41519aea4eb187a6a581	Not so long ago, most people had large families: five children, on average. Where once there was one global fertility rate, today there are many, with differences wider than at any point in human history. Where they are not, people are not able to realize their potential, and fertility rates tend to be higher or lower than what most people really want.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	091f088f8081e83fe6fece06354534b9	It has a weak capacity to speak with one voice and present strong evidence to the two respective national governments, other than claiming that what is good for a given part of its territory is ultimately good for the country. The closest Western Scandinavia has gotten to a form of politically integrated governance body was the “Scandinavian Arena” (DSA), a cross-border political co-operation body, which also initiated the 8 Million City project and served as a steering group for the project (discussed earlier). Although the 8 Million City project allowed for a substantial amount of innovative thinking and data mining, it never managed to put together a full, coherent cost-benefit analysis covering the entire high-speed coastal rail corridor it was advocating for (Chapter 1).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	09214b9638a1a93137010b9545625ccc	In Norway, a review of community mental health services found that GPs generally are regarded as competent, involved and accessible partners by the community mental health workers (Slettebak et al., This is a good base on which Norway should build. However, given that GPs will likely remain at the forefront of diagnosing and treating mild-to-moderate disorders, there is an on-going need to assure a high quality of care for mental disorders. The availability of training for CBT, and reimbursements for GPs delivering CBT, is an interesting development.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	09234af9f584f528f43a63e11c87dfc5	In this paper the two indicators are used side by side. It is expected that the effect of the crisis is more visible for monetary poverty than for material deprivation because the former is more sensitive to variations in the income stream (Whelan, Layte, & MaTtre 2004). Low income, adjusted for household size and composition, is thus measured with reference to the 'average' person in the society. However, the relative poverty indicator is less useful during the crisis, when the living standards of the whole population may be changing.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	09235730d5eea4d5c3d3f4ed2e20275a	With the exception of the city of Puebla, which has just updated its urban plan, most municipal plans in the state of Puebla are 15-30 years old. In Tlaxcala, only 4 of the stale’s 60 municipalities have updated or are conducting an update of their municipal plans. Even recent planning documents may be based on outdated or only partial data.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	09245c7eddf88f20548112243740c301	Zgi is a recentered influence function on the quantile of interest of the distribution of disposable equivalised income. The group differences in the predictors are weighted by the coefficients of families’ characteristics in 2014 to determine the endowments effect, the so called explained component. In other words, this latter measures the expected change in 2014 income quantiles, if those families had mid-2000s predictor levels. By contrast, the second term estimates the portion of the evolution of income that is due to changes in the association between poverty and household characteristics applied to 2014 predictor levels; and it measures the income difference resulting from variations in the “returns” that family and work characteristics from one period to the other, differences which are mainly due to changes in the distribution of market income and in the structure of social transfers.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0v3s71fs5-en	09279a4eee54db0d951e856f4c1b3455	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights|S)oecd.org. It notably used this tool in developing Sida's development cooperation strategy for the Syria crisis. This approach also tries to take into account how long-term trends - such as climate change, governance and insecurity, economic marginalisation and volatility, environmental degradation, and demographic shifts - can change the nature and impact of shocks in the future.	10	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	09288b4f4529f263578dde6738367ee6	In total, 3 786 adults responded. Visitors: those who had visited a Parks Canada-administered national park in the last three years; nonvisitors: those who had never visited a Parks Canada-administered national park. A survey conducted in 2012 revealed that 44% of Brazilians did not know what a protected area was; only 1% of those who had knowledge of protected areas believed that their purpose was recreation and tourism (MMA, 2012).	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	0934a08badd098559da1fff3aedb86a0	Some firms might be more sensitive to some types of barriers than to others. One is commonly known as the rebound effect. An example is the driver who replaces a car with a more fuel-efficient model, only to take advantage of its cheaper running costs to drive further and more often. Rebound effects have long been neglected, but their consequences could be profound.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	0940b53dd4b69287e017b1480adc66ea	It can be used to cover one consultation and one follow-up visit for: counselling, family planning, pregnancy testing, antenatal care, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, or any combination of services. The programme also trained clinic staff in counselling for adolescents, issues of adolescent sexuality, and identifying and addressing sexual abuse (Muewissen, 2006). Through a network of 5,000 peer counsellors, Gera^ao Biz provides non-judgmental, confidential information and services to Mozambique’s youth.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	09414ba56e63d782fd64ac25e06a565e	A premise of this report, therefore, is that gender equality should not be addressed at the periphery, but rather as a central policy concern. Unless public policies, services, legislation and resources benefit all citizens - women as well as men - good governance cannot be fully achieved (OECD, 2010). This report, therefore, encourages governments across the region to analyse their policies and services through a gender lens to ensure that they reach out and respond to the specific needs of women and men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	0942693dc36cc185ae19e3dfb7ae57ed	Additionally, their stocks are difficult to define accurately, except for biomass. Even so, it would make sense to measure only those resources with slow replenishment rates (such as wood). Thus, stocks of renewable energy resources are not included in the FDES. However, the consumption of renewable energy resources can be measured in terms of energy produced (e.g., hydroelectric power, solar energy generation and wind energy production) and is included in the FDES under Topic 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	09430cac384091e474c1133e39b48ea8	The bank may establish an overdraft contract including these terms or include the overdraft in a more general service agreement. This type of credit can help to deal with temporary business shortfalls that the entrepreneur may face. It can be used to deal with any unforeseen events, such as a customer’s delayed payment, which leaves the entrepreneur unable to cover the salaries of the company’s employees.	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	0943e437d1c1a9ea699312c44abf8978	If childcare eats up one wage so that there is little or no financial gain in going out to work, parents (most often mothers) are less likely to seek a job. But how people manage life at home also plays a big part in the equation. Many systems still implicitly regard childrearing as a mother’s responsibility: everywhere women are doing more unpaid work than men, regardless of whether they have full-time jobs or not.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	094abe1811b41e7826d1b3eac392c004	"There is no national legislation corresponding to the Good Samaritan Law principle in Sweden. The provisions states that prepacked foods labeled with ""best before date"" or ""use by date"" and which are not re-packed due to, for example, damages on the wrapping, must not be re-labeled with a later date. If prepacked foods labeled with ""best before date"" or ""use by date"" is treated in a way that extends its life it is allowed to relabel with a later date. If the foodstuff is deep frozen this must be done before the foodstuff is transferred to a premise that sells the foodstuff directly to consumers."	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	094aecf7c728511556e5211c8e34f7f5	The WGSSF agreed, however, that a wide range of fishing activities fell within these length and gear parameters, including some activity with very high fishing effort (GFCM, 2017). It was therefore concluded that a more refined characterization of SSF was needed in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Box 10). In certain countries, there is still a need for complete and up-to-date fleet registers for the small-scale subsector. Furthermore, in many cases, SSF may lack dedicated infrastructure, and catches are landed at numerous remote landings sites along the coast, including informal sites such as beaches, hindering regular data collection and record keeping.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/401c524c-en	094c0a93fd6e0510cac6336292ee2143	"This chapter assesses UNDP’s contribution to results in GEWE in the four focus areas and seeks to answer the following evaluation question: ""Has UNDP contributed to development results in gender equality and women's empowerment?” Taken together, the results produced by the two frameworks helped create a more comprehensive perspective on the quality of gender results, their level of effectiveness and the type of change to which UNDP contributed.111 The team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregate-level trends of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE results. They reflect the fact that working towards GEWE requires more than simply targeting women (or men) or ensuring that a certain number of women benefit from a programme. The frameworks aim at making visible the quality and content issues that are too often absent in accountability and reporting systems and also to capture the level of effectiveness of gender results as well as the type of gender change."	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	094f51d135c7e138c262d7a8601e2d63	Income poverty has fallen slightly in the aggregate but it persists at acute levels for the African and Coloured racial groups. Poverty in urban areas has increased. There have been continual improvements in non-monetary well-being (for example, access to piped water, electricity and formal housing) over the entire post-Apartheid period up to 2008.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	094fa9817bab46c1e8b1d8a540449d8c	The GCF has explicitly recognised that “there is a strong need for capacity building” (GCF, 2013). In addition, multilateral and regional funds could facilitate achieving the aid effectiveness principles by providing greater donor co-ordination and reducing risks of fragmentation. National institutions help to identify climate finance needs and prioritise its allocation. The ability and capacity of recipient governments to set a clear vision and strategies for climate change within national plans, to develop policies and programmes to access and absorb international climate funds, and to channel and manage resources, are critical factors in determining the effectiveness of climate finance.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4e17cc4e-en	095064af52215be082143491c23e9a24	In oyster, preliminary work on the exposure of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to microplastics indicated effects on reproduction (Sussarellu et al. Green crabs (Carcinus maenas) were observed to ingest microplastics under control conditions (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Watts et al. Such intake was observed through contaminated food (mussels artificially contaminated with microplastics), thereby suggesting the possibility of microplastic trophic transfer.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	09525994ebd9479b3bdaf4d3625ea24b	Data for non-European countries have been estimated using social expenditure outlook aggregated data. Tax breaks for families have been estimated from on the ratio in the previous year. Cash payments -like family allowances, child benefits, working-family payments, birth grants and income support payments during child-related leave (see the notes to Figure 3.1)- account for the bulk of family support.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0954819255ed362d5c278971c84b0934	Household air pollution, much of it due to a lack of electricity, causes an additional 4.3 million deaths. Roughly half this pollution can be attributed to outdoor air pollution. This corresponds to an estimated loss in welfare in OECD countries that is far above one trillion USD, corresponding to roughly 3% of GDP (OECD, 2014). While the range of uncertainty over impacts and their monetised values remains considerable, methodologies are now firmly established and ranges of reasonable values exist.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	095518299458901fe3999ec892b02dd2	This is enshrined in the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Its intent is to promote the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Integrated water management involves institutions and their efficacy (Kjaer, 2004).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	0956319df53b9da85a423d540cc9a4d3	The way in which the poverty gap index is calculated takes into account the difference between the mean income of the poor sector of the population and the poverty line (weighted by the percentage of poor people), while the poverty gap squared also takes into consideration the way in which income is distributed among the poor. This indicates that, in addition to the decrease in the poverty rate in those countries, there was also a further improvement in the poverty' gap and in income distribution among the poor. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by tire Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. The Dominican Republic w'as the only countries in which the supplementary' indicators pointed to a divergence from the trend in the poverty rate, but this is not surprising, given how small the changes were (see box 1.3 and figure 1.2).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	095e3da335e25bcb349552fdfd1c3858	Many of these are the result of EU legislation. The following section describes each major plan in turn including its major objectives and tools to realise them and monitor progress over time. This includes the national, provincial and municipal structural visions along with other collaborative spatial plans such as the joint regional plans of North Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland (Gebiedsagenda) and the economic agenda for the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Following this, Amsterdam’s land-use plans are discussed, which give the greatest level of detail for specific kinds of land uses.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	095eff85c56ace1bdddc788b17fac906	Operational integration and scheduling should facilitate transfer with minimum time wasted between modes. Such intermodal transfer facilities ensure easy transfer between urban transport modes, including active modes such as walking and cycling. Such intermodal transit stations need to be accessible via walkways, cycle paths and parking facilities for bicycles available nearby.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	095fb922504caba501eb0edb00ea28b6	No conveyance facilities are involved in the Feather River service area and no pumping is required. Hence, the contracting districts in that area are charged only for capital repayment and operations, maintenance, and rehabilitation. Substantial conveyance and pumping are required in delivering water to coastal and southern portions of the state. Irrigators would also be required to pay the operation, maintenance, and capital replacement costs of their local water agencies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cac203b4-en	096653fdd34155b1712c8c069f19d2b8	In fact, most education reform programmes are often linked to political dynamics. To date, such reforms are typically launched through a political or legal act. In most cases, countries prioritize aspects such as forging a common heritage and understanding of citizenship, instruction in particular language(s), and other meansof building capacities as well as popular support for party programmes.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d63f72c7-en	0966f9cc21d7d39b67801ef76aeb1d57	Consequently, current strategies centring on crop improvement in a limited set of staple crops would be unable to respond to climate change challenges. While the impacts of climate change vary across crops and regions, they put global food security even more at risk and heighten the danger of malnutrition in marginal regions. Smallholder farmers, who lack the resources to adapt and respond to climate change, will particularly feel these pressures.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	09677c4ee1779616183313262384cf5d	These results are largely consistent across this whole era of liberalization reforms, though some notable differences emerge in comparisons of wage penalties before and after the collapse of the Argentine peso in the late 1990s. Section II discusses the motherhood wage penalty and labour market segmentation literatures. Section III describes the empirical strategy and methodology. Section IV discusses the main features of the data and Section V presents the results. Instead, jobs and labour differ across markets. The traditional view highlights a dual split between primary (or independent) and secondary (or subordinate) segments and contends that the boundaries between the segments substantively limit occupational mobility (Bauder, 2001).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/152d606d-en	09682a3a9e606b075da21ad574c28cfa	Nowhere in sight is the societal significance of work as a foundation of personal dignity, as a source of stability and development of families or as a contribution to communities at peace. This is the meaning of 'decent work'. It is an effort at reminding ourselves that we are talking about policies that deal with the life of human beings not just bottom line issues.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a11581d8-en	096938eee10c75e1b8dda1580473a18a	Voluntary repatriation, the most common solution, may be promoted through “go and see” visits, education, legal aid and family reunification, along with development programmes in returnee areas prioritizing health care and infrastructure. Measures to promote local integration may include granting refugees freedom of movement and access to the labour market and to basic services. Successful resettlement of refugees in third countries can be facilitated by providing cultural orientation, language and vocational training and access to education and employment.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	096c10a176e2fd00fc9c9e6d53787dfc	"While many provide for gender equality, some specifically recognize women’s land, housing and property rights. 402).The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador, as amended in 2011, provides that ""the State shall guarantee equal rights and equal opportunity to men and women in access to property and decision-making in the management of their common marital estate"" (art. In Brazil, the 1988 Constitution and Law 8629 of 1993 state that both women and men, regardless of their marital status, can be allocated property rights or concessions under the agrarian reform, either individually or jointly."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	0970f09e2a25268283b31c4f5fa3f18b	Moreover, by virtue of being less adversarial than court proceedings, mediation can avoid damaging the relationship between employers and employees prior to a resolution being reached. This is especially important in light of the risk that retaliation by employers may occur after a worker lodges a complaint. Designing a transparent structure of sanctions for wrongdoing and effectively enforcing them is the first step in the right direction. Equality bodies and labour inspectorates should be empowered to conduct investigations on their own initiative, so as to compensate for the fact that victims of abuse are often unwilling to file a complaint or cannot afford the costs of legal action.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	0972b5c1d364403046ac1fa3cb0b0cb9	The chapter also reviews the coherence and consistency of the teacher evaluation framework and the operation of professional development for teachers. Among other things, it analyses the size of the teaching workforce; how teachers are prepared and improve their skills while in the profession (e.g. initial preparation, professional development); how teachers are recruited and distributed across individual schools; how teacher resources and teaching time are allocated to students so that they optimally respond to improvement priorities (e.g. class size, teacher-student ratios, use of teachers’ time); and how teachers are incentivised to perform at a high level (e.g. teacher appraisal, recognition and compensation). This law, whose gradual application starts in 2016 and whose full application is expected by 2026, establishes significant modifications to the management of the teaching workforce in Chile. It is planned that all teachers in all publicly-subsidised schools will gradually become part of the System for Teacher Professional Development.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	0972f2b3146d35e10ab07caad597314c	The same index can be applied to occupational distributions. Table 3.A1.1 summarises how these components are obtained based on 2000 and 2010 population census data on the labour force (LF). Similarly, retirees are those in the labour force who were aged 45 and above in 2000 minus those aged 55 and above in 2010 (temporary withdrawals and re-entries prior to definitive retirement are implicitly netted out). The change in the size of the prime-age group equals the labour force aged 35-54 in 2010 minus the labour force aged 25-44 in 2000. Finally, the number of new immigrants is calculated as immigrants with duration of residence of less than five years, and such immigrants are excluded from the other components to avoid double counting. As can be verified from the table, these four components add up to the labour force in both 2000 and 2010.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0974127b6f091a62114d91972e87bb3f	Thus, load following with the BWRs is preferably done using the recirculation pumps, which has a very limited impact on the power distribution in the core. The introduction of grey rods thus reduces the local thermal flux and power by 25%, compared with a value of 50% for black rods. A similar statement was made for German NPPs (Ludwig et al.,	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	09745e72a5a14e48d0646daff247568a	And in spite of the absence of a competition law, investors do not appear to complain about having to compete against well-established domestic incumbents - a complaint heard in many other countries in the region, such as the Philippines (OECD, 2016). This is also attested by investor surveys and interviews conducted as part of this review where concerns were raised about weak public institutions and policy uncertainty. Cambodia is ranked 135th out of 190 countries in 2018 in the World Bank’s Doing Business indicators, slipping three notches from the previous edition.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	097588fda30192cce1b6fb3efb5a1f66	As we would expect, these proportions increase with age such that between half and three quarters of older adolescents are working, or seeking work. However, adolescents frequently combine school and work. Research in South Africa and Zimbabwe on distribution shows that most working adolescents live in very poor households in rural areas and are engaged in subsistence agriculture, many combining this with domestic work (including care) and commercial agriculture (Robson, 2004; Bray, 2012; Dawes et al.,	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	0977f4a6b8c9e4e3cff4c50ae8267404	Nevertheless, the Japanese are far more likely than others (79%) to say that the risk of nuclear terrorist acts is high. This ambivalence is one element that explains the current status quo in Japan concerning nuclear energy. Indeed, a survey in early March 2010 by Gallup underlines this fact: 62% said they favoured nuclear energy as one way to meet national electricity needs. Thus, public support for nuclear energy in the United States is strong: more than six out of ten adults favour the building of new nuclear power plants.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	097a3aa1a4b7727378e8f989fe0a349b	Nevertheless, in 2011, there were still 360 million people lacking access to improved water sources, which represents about 46 per cent of the worlds total. The North and Central Asian subregion has the highest proportion of the population with access to improved water sources but has shown limited progress since 1990 and has therefore not yet achieved the Millennium Development Goal target. The case is similar in the Pacific subregion, which has recorded a decrease in the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	097c5b05bf298e3b07a746a6bf04ef2e	Law 7/1996 on Food sets down basic policy on foods, food safety (keamanan pangari) and food security (ketahanan pangan). Separate laws are established to control the production of plantation, horticulture, cultivation and livestock. Formulating these is the responsibility of the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS).	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	0980a5bb9075e06231659b6f3d6cff56	This is not true of those applicable to the sphere of occupational safety and health, however, or of the commitment to offer minimum guarantees in the different branches of social security. Nonetheless constitutional guarantees, as a fundamental framework, generally recognize and provide for protection of the rights analysed. Yet there are situations in which a right is protected by the Constitution, but the relevant convention has not been ratified. Lastly, labour codes usually address each of the risks indicated with specific rules, although the contents vary from one country to another.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	09812a6994d74db7053b114c876901fa	This subjectivity in risk perception is caused by a variety of informal, experiential factors called heuristics. Heuristics refer to behaviours, reflexes and view points which are deeply ingrained in codes of conduct and perceptions that are particularly hard to change and overcome. A specificity of these heuristics is their foundation on irrational intuitive behaviour, by contrast to reasoning or objectivity.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	098155f424762e2d398bea82f6fa8b6f	This may be sssas the issue of a formal written notce, a targeted support ultimately dismissal if not achieved. Australia: Australia is a federation of eight states and territories. There are differences in school leader appraisal systems between states and territories and also between public (government) and private (non-government) schools.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	0982716adbbbb895cb0608976ac97714	How much is available for long-term investment? To start with, they narrow the definition of institutional investors which have the capacity to invest for the long-term down to USD 27 trillion — coming mostly from life insurance companies and defined benefit pension funds, but also sovereign wealth funds, endowments, foundations and family offices. The OECD see this number as potentially higher as defined contribution pension funds (representing 60% of the USD 28 trillion of total global pension assets)22 are also seen as having the ability to invest over the long-term (as evidenced by defined contribution style funds in regions such as Latin America and Australia investing in infrastructure projects). Insurers and pension funds have largely a well defined set of liabilities, some of which have to be met in short-term time periods, which ultimately lead their investment decisions.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/21334b08-en	098c0c5bfaa1661afe646dfce453d25d	At the same time, however, transport networks need to be developed in ways which minimize unacceptable adverse impacts. To date the rapid urbanization of Asian cities has, for the most part, resulted in cities that are heavily congested, are poor in urban amenity, suffer high levels of air pollution, emit substantial amounts of C02, inefficiently use scarce land resources, and present unequal access to opportunities for their residents. In the case of road congestion, the degraded amenity particularly affects and decreases the use of other, lower polluting road users, namely public transport, cycling and walking.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	098c452093092c61ebde5019888bd785	Governments might instead choose to capture the rents associated with cheap electricity sources through state taxes, which could be used to promote green growth priorities, and encouraging a longer-term more sustainable industry structure, whilst building financial reserves to help tackle future energy-sector decarbonisation. In this sense, the dilemmas and solutions are similar to those facing oil-exporting nations (Box 3.1). The energy system comprises a consistent network of supply chains, physical infrastructure, user practices, markets and regulatory systems (Kemp, 1994).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	09914d09f8850488532144996be493ee	The labour-intensive activities in the livelihood strategies of the poor include unpaid family labour, piece-rate work and own-account work in a myriad of informal small-scale trade, services and manufacturing enterprises (Whitehead, 2005; Chen and others, 2005). While these activities provide a living for a major proportion of the world’s working poor, they are rarely visible in official statistics. Long-standing inequalities in the gender distribution of resources have placed women at a disadvantage relative to men in their capability to participate in and benefit from broader processes of development.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/50bcd9fd-en	0991d74c5432f16ab6718864a784b626	The result is far lower carbon dioxide emissions. Both these scenarios help us do that by testing our strategy against a range of possible developments over the long term. However, in our view, the Blueprints outcomes offer the best hope for a sustainable future, whether or not they arise exactly in the way we describe. We are convinced they are possible with the right combination of policy, technology and commitment from governments, industry and society globally.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	0995546083d348365ce3374eaa775cc2	Within countries there are also efforts underway to ensure that the people most vulnerable to climate change, for example, women, children, the elderly and the marginalised, benefit from climate-related development finance. Analysis conducted by the OECD DAC network on gender equality (GENDERNET) as an input to COP21 reveals that 3% of bilateral climate- related development assistance targeted gender equality as a principal objective while 26% targeted gender equality as a significant objective (OECD, 2015f). Of climate -related ODA focused on gender equality, 46% targeted adaptation and 19% targeted mitigation. Support for gender equality in climate change interventions has increased rapidly in recent years from USD 4.4 billion in 2010 to USD 6.9 billion in 2013 for DAC members.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	09969e2640cbc11129320162252ae3be	The only notable exception is South Africa, where the gap grows sizably upon comparing men and women within the same occupational category, with respect to a comparison across all occupations within a given sector. Another, more technical way, to express the idea is to say that in those occupations the relationship between pay and working hours is not linear but convex. The data may over-estimate the gap if men under-report being house-workers.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	09973c3455d7feb2b07b51163ca78f39	For instance, in wine-producing countries wine is traditionally consumed with meals (popular in rural areas) whereas in northern European countries wine drinking is associated with modern living styles and is an element of social life (popular in urban areas) (Simpura and Karlsson, 2001). Social norms shape drinking behaviour's: they determine when, in what contexts and how often people drink, and what levels of drinking are considered acceptable (SIRC, 1998). Men and women who are more educated or have higher socioeconomic status are more likely to be alcohol drinkers in the past 12 months, but they often differ in their propensity to engage in hazardous drinking behaviours. Lower educated men are more likely than those with more education to engage in hazardous and heavy episodic drinking, while the opposite is true for women in most of the countries examined.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	0998138f8337f5991d058a1aa3c08eb9	Today, there are 18 hunting farms (four more licences have been issued to fishing farms) but they do not operate effectively and only some of them have approved extraction quotas. It is thought that the trout has been affected the most. However, detailed study of this issue has not been carried out recently. Illegal fishing on the migration routes of species such as sturgeon, together with the dams constructed along those routes, is also a big problem for the survival of these species.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	099e5bef7767a72cf7e0daa28b3af6ef	Nonetheless, poverty should still be seen as having two important dimensions, captured by the relative and absolute lines respectively, both of which matter. This can lead to significant differences in the measurement phase for measures other than headcount poverty, such as the poverty gap. Simplicity of calculation and the common use of such poverty lines in a number of countries ensure the international legitimacy of such a line.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/028f7d06-en	09a4644f61d8f54a0c519150206495d3	In Latin America and the Caribbean, several points on figure 1.16 show a convergence between the direction of changes in GDP and in life satisfaction. But there are counter-intuitive situations, such as satisfaction rising when per capita GDP is falling, or increases in GDP while life satisfaction is declining. The classification, from the World Values Survey, defines income brackets as appropriate for the realities of each country.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	09a54e3c3c48b6c807382788d3edac54	In Sovremennoe sostoyanie I puti razvi-tiya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri I Dal'nego Vostoka Rossiiskoi Federat-sii, V.A. Shtyrov (Ed.) ( The current status and the development of indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation). Moscow: Sovet Federatsii Federalnogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Russian Federation Council), pp. A feasibility study for the harvest of grey and bowhead whales to meet the cultural, traditional and nutritional requirements of the indigenous peoples of Chukotka for the years 2003-2007.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	09a9201296429877b1afed3eb66bf85e	Most studies of national systems, irrespective of the method used, have implicitly assumed spatial spillovers away—in their meta-analysis, Alston et al. ( Studies that did not allow for spillovers probably have suffered from a type of specification bias. One element of the attribution problem, then, is in identifying the specifics of the dynamic structure linking research spending, knowledge stocks, and productivity.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7b961df5-en	09aa80e613b0ee12a50f8f732b9841b4	The indicator might be difficult to interpret in countries in which the reduced access to sick leave entitlements is compensated through a higher hourly pay. However, the following variables may be used: • Target population: WSTATOR = 1 or 2 • Disaggregation: NACE3D, ISC04D, FTPT, TEMP, STAPRO The variables HWUSUAL, YSTARTWK and MSTARTWK may also be useful for identifying the entitled workers. Nevertheless, some workers may not be entitled to paid sick leave, such as temporary workers, part-time workers or workers in special statuses.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	09ae86987c09d4cf8af6e83cdc55557d	Eligibility to register is conditional on annual income from the business being less than BRL 60 000 (around USD 33 000), but above a monthly minimum wage of BRL 622 (USD 340). In 2011, one full year after it was introduced, a total of 1.9 million micro-entrepreneurs formalised via MEI’s online portal. Around 46% of newly formalised entrepreneurs are women. To encourage people to register, SEBRAE (the Brazilian support service for micro and small enterprises) campaigns and delivers capacity-building programmes, often targeting women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	09b020ea4e22b06d91f53d72d037df29	Increasing the use of affordable and reliable energy in remote rural communities can improve their capacity to deliver goods and services. For instance, the availability of reliable electricity is essential for a local restaurant that needs a refrigerator. In rural areas there is often insufficient business to support a full range of services provided through independent firms. A region may not be able to support a full-fledged home repair business, but could make use of the services of a travelling handyman that operates out of a fully-equipped vehicle.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b795325-en	09b0d802e6cdf6426afa0d90da25e71e	While, legally, every child is guaranteed an education, many children are denied the opportunity because of defects of the education system and the poor socioeconomic status of the country, as well as lack of parental understanding. The pastoralist way of life prevents children from being educated within the country's formal education system; and the increasing marginalization of indigenous pastoralist children has been the result of the gulf between them and the children in the rest of the population who attend primary school (International Research on Working Children, 2007). Moreover, within indigenous pastoralist communities, there are many families whose members can neither read nor write. However, many who are nomadic follow seasonal migration patterns, travelling hundreds of kilometres into neighbouring countries, particularly Benin, Ghana and Togo.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f61073ef-en	09b123f4f735b3b240e635a0951797de	To this end, we estimate poverty elasticities relative to income and inequality, specifying two dynamic econometric models estimated via the generalized method of moments (GMM) system developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The model-estimated results prompt the conclusion that the income growth effect on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low. The same is found when the initial inequality level is high.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	09be6b07b9969f6cdce3306dbd80c3ed	This is equivalent to all expenditure on basin management and flood protection plus one third of all expenditure on policy and regulation. According to the User- and Polluter-Pays principles, users of retail water services should pay for the full cost of urban bulk water supply services and wastewater treatment. In Mexico, however, they only pay about two-thirds of the cost of urban bulk water supply (since CONAGUA collects MXN 2 billion to provide services on which it spends MXN 3 billion) and only half of the cost of wastewater treatment (following the share of user’s contributions to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	09bf8ed04257ef55ffe76c8feb871db3	Therefore, the failure of States to adequately provide, fund, support and regulate care contradicts their human rights obligations, by creating and exacerbating inequalities and threatening women's rights enjoyment. On the one hand, these services can promote the autonomy, rights and capabilities of those who need care and support. This has been a longstanding demand of disability rights movements, for example.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	09bff45bfbccb3f26b16b0cf4e9a4557	It has provisions on the mediation, arbitration, application and acceptance of labour disputes, on hearings and awards, etc. The law enhances protection for the lawful rights and interests of the two parties to the employment relationship through lawful procedure and guarantees that the Employment Contract Law will be implemented effectively. The 1994 Labour Law included some regulations on the minimum wage, although they were very simple. In January 2004, the enactment of the Minimum Wage Regulations indicated the overall implementation of a minimum wage system in China’s labour markets. According to this regulation, minimum wage standards refer to the lowest remuneration paid to employees by employers on the premise that employees provide regular work during official working hours the working hours agreed by their labour contract with employers.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/92ab585a-en	09c033b46a42050e3dc3aec87b50ecc9	These challenges will be accentuated by climate change. It ranges from under 400 mm over approximately 40 per cent of the country, particularly in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, up to 1,500 mm in the central mountainous regions and their river basins. In total, the annual amount of precipitation is 98.6 km3 of water. Sixteen glaciers, such as the Fedchenko and Grumm-Grzymailo glaciers, have a length of more than 16 kilometers. The total amount of water from glaciers was estimated at 845 km3 in 2006. The share of glacial water usually does not exceed 25 per cent of the annual flow of the rivers, as in the winter period the rivers are rather fed by groundwater.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	09c29323b8aff185bbd0645814e14882	The result of this can be that employment opportunities for new-arrivals are limited. Given the role of employment in strengthening language learning, the resultant exclusion from the labour market can become a vicious cycle. Unemployed jobseekers registered with the PES office, and aged 30 years or over, are eligible to apply for a card granting the right to subsidised wages. Employers of a card holder will then receive a subsidy covering 30,40 or 50 % of payroll costs (up to a maximum of EUR 1 400 per month) while the card holder receives the salary stated in the relevant collective agreement. The percentage of payroll costs and the duration of the subsidy are determined on the basis of time in unemployment.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	09c2f76cd3dc9ce9e9bd86817ce22b42	A more in depth analysis of volume activity suggests that health spending differentials between Italy and other European countries arise from differences in the delivery of non-acute health services (Sassi, 2013). While differences in the volume of hospital services appeared limited between countries, the analy sis strongly points to the fact that community, long term care and preventive services are underdeveloped in Italy compared to other European countries. As demonstrated by Figure 1.5, Italy had one of the lowest number of healthy life years at age 65 in 2011, with nearly seven years free of disability for women and about eight for men (compared to 9.5 years for women and men on average across OECD countries).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	09cf9df4e88215cd5f6c4afdf7bd3133	Exemption from cost sharing for low income groups was not continued. Health care measures building from this programme were also included in the Strategic Development Plan of Latvia for 2010-13 (see Chapter 1, Section 2.4). Health expenditure as a proportion of all household expenditures rose following the financial crisis, having fallen in the run up to 2011, very possibly due to the prior application of exemptions. In the 2013 EU-SILC survey, of those surveyed reporting unmet need for medical examination, 23% of Latvian respondents reported that cost (“too expensive”) as an explanation (Figure 2.1). Unmet needs for medical examination where cost is a barrier appears to have increased since the financial crisis.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	09d251a14127aac49e1ab7f9e7258cd2	It identified 26 FUAs, accounting for 55% of the overall population. This is close to the median population share of FUAs in OECD countries (56%). The FUA analysis thus suggests that the country’s urbanisation level is not as low as indicated by the comparison of national urbanisation rates, and that Kazakhstan is not “under-urbanised” compared to OECD economies.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	09d2f3d69edc0cb4e45d0c23ef61119c	"Enhanching Mobility in Later Life"", IOS Press, 2005, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe DRIVE II Project V2031 Elderly and Disabled Drivers Information Telematics EDDIT. R&D Programme Telematics System in the Area of Transport (DRIVE II), Commission of The European Communities CEC, Directorate General XIII Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Brussels."	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	09d33ca2d0e681434f2be63ee6d90496	To this end, different quantification tools are needed. Earlier applications showed, for instance, that the process of stakeholder mapping needed to be carefully designed and carried out at the very beginning of the assessment. Therefore, a more participatory exercise was developed for the NWSAS assessment (see section 3.5), where stakeholders were mapped and their relationships and power balances were described early in the process. For example, the organization of an additional consultation opportunity or investigation of an issue that emerges during the process may turn out to be necessary. The methodological flexibility has proved very useful in terms of adaptability, and flexibility from the side of the funding agencies and participating organizations is extremely valuable as well. Also, work under the Water Convention has been coordinated with other organizations, which has contributed to synergies between different nexus activities.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	09d371f072d386c66ae086329a44aa38	In 2008, 70.8% of India's total population lived in rural areas, progressively migrating to urban areas at an annual rate of 2.3%, a rate which is below that of many other countries (UNPD, 2008). While such economic development has led to an average increase in the standards of living, it has left the agricultural sector untouched, bypassing most of the rural poor. Therefore, although India has enjoyed a growth of GDP per capita, poverty remains a challenge. Poverty is also more concentrated in some states such as the eastern and north-eastern states as Figure 7 shows. In March 2007, the Indian Planning Commission estimated that over the 2004-2005 Page | 63 period, more than one-quarter of India's total population (27.5%) still lived below the poverty line (BPL), with a distribution of 25.7% urban dwellers and 28.3% rural dwellers (Planning Commission, Government of India, 2007)37 as seen in Table 17. But strong economic growth alone does not bring such amenities to the rural poor.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	09d650f8348f0515e64aca417497df07	As a result, government investment in reforms and targeted assistance to increase access to public procurement can benefit women and their communities. Women lack information about government procurement guidelines, regulations and procedures. The relatively small size of their businesses hinders their ability to access large procurement contracts.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	09d8bee42e793ee1de7ae6e3dcafcb00	Its Multilateral Fund supports the investments needed for new ozone-free technologies. While this is encouraging, showing that such success is indeed possible, it is the only obvious example of its kind. And there is an imperfect correspondence between “non-OECD” countries and developing countries in need of technology transfer.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	09da3f90e46e2ebaa9e04c3c46a54440	For example, pressure to participate in early marriage or forced marriage is often endorsed by female heads of households, who are often single mothers, as a way to uphold traditional values. This practice can be an important factor in restricting women’s chances for completing a high level of education and developing professional skills in the labour market. Over the last few decades, the MENA region has witnessed a series of demographic and cultural changes that have levelled a substantive impact on the progress of women in the region. A mixture of high fertility rates with a decreasing mortality rate have resulted in an increase in the population aged 15-64.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	09daf9d80fbe62a867fbe90624df74b1	Fiscal incentives should be announced and guaranteed for a couple of years in advance. They could theoretically be financed through a surcharge on energy consumption, which adjusts automatically to the amount of support paid. These measures are likely to increase stability and reduce regulatory risk.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	09db1843636cf55ae0a50595703def4f	High youth and long-term unemployment call for specific actions to prevent lasting exclusion from the labour market and to facilitate reallocation of the workforce as the economy undergoes structural change. But increases in in-work poverty show that being employed does not necessarily guarantee a decent level of income. Sluggish economic growth and low productivity have pushed involuntary part-time employment up and real wages down, weighing particularly on the incomes of the least qualified segments of the workforce.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	09dd44daca188ca72f707cf76067e958	Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, shipbuilding, fishing, and- since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging: offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, offshore aquaculture, seabed mining, marine biotechnology, etc. These are fast-developing and reshaping and diversifying the maritime economy, while at the same time becoming increasingly interconnected both with one another and with traditional maritime sectors. At the same time, the world has witnessed a serious decline in the health of its oceans. In spite of long-standing efforts by a range of international organisations, regulatory regimes at global and regional level have found it difficult to adjust to these new circumstances and effectively integrate issues arising from the growing presence of emerging ocean industries.	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	09deacbd53853215f90fe285e18224ac	This serves as a key lesson for Commonwealth countries, indicating that despite constitutional, legislative and/or electoral reforms, political parties have to endorse these reforms and implement the required changes before women can actively participate in politics, leadership and decision-making roles. Recognising the resistance to change in specific political architectures has resulted in the imposition of fines and rewards by legislation on political parties to ensure implementation. Capacity building initiatives - Gender awareness training programmes should be established within educational and political institutions, and provided to women candidates to connect political aspirants to opportunities for leadership.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	09df805956ec9ab7aec1584e9e0a6012	Italy, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain provide income-tax concessions to highly skilled nationals returning to their home country. Some policy measures are designed to encourage international students to come and study; others make it easier for these students to stay after graduation and enter the labour market. Austria and Germany, among other countries, have largely opened their labour markets to international students after their studies. Similarly, the Czech Republic has made it easier (or international students who have completed secondary or higher education to enter the country's labour market. These graduates no longer require a work permit. In addition, family members of students taking courses are allowed to work full-time, while the students themselves may work part-time.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	09e1fa729573531da7698b51e399cc3e	For example, cash transfer programmes such as the Universal Child Allowance (Argentina), the former Chile Solidario (Chile), Universal Basic Pension (El Salvador) and Asignaciones Familiares-Plan Equidad (Uruguay) address the redistribution of unpaid care work from women to men. It not only provides day-care facilities during training sessions for single mothers but, more importantly, provides free preschool programmes with flexible hours to meet the needs of working mothers. Despite these features, however, some evaluations of Chile Solidario have shown that the preschool enrolment rate was low (4.6 per cent) because of a prevailing cultural perception that children are better cared for at home. That perception was cited in 90 per cent of the voluntarily reported reasons for non-enrolment. The effect is not only to empower women but also to enhance the ove ra 11 q ua I ity of I ife of the fa m i ly.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	09e3023871df89eb0a15985ad206c287	"However private forest owner can apply for state subsidies for harvesting of energywood from young forest stands, EUR7/m3. The support system is called KEMERA-""Fund for sustainable forest management'-scheme which is targeted to fund forest improvement operations and conservation of valuable biotopes. Within the same fund, subsidies used to be provided to chipping of energywood but this stopped in the end of 2012."	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	09e3c40de70f76a6473fa44714bd476b	The lack of readily identifiable and realisable value in the assets created via expenditure on innovation increases the risk that such investments could become “short-termist” and cyclical, especially among resource-constrained SMEs, which are likely to be juggling many conflicting priorities. A recent study shows that 40% of SME applicants at the European Patent Office applied for a patent in order to facilitate securing external finance, compared with 15% of applications from large firms (de Rassenfosse, 2012). In France, SMEs rely more on internal funds for their R&D expenditure than large enterprises, according to data from BPI France.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	09e41ae4fcc9cfd7f432c483223c648f	As they are not detailed lessons plans, the resources require (and assume) strong teacher agency and autonomy. They are addressed to expert teachers who can design their learning environment and lessons. However, as was experienced in the field, pedagogical resources are not sufficient for most teachers and have to be supplemented by other learning resources.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	09e8b5edf308891bff999ff1f00cb590	The Regionalverband emphasises its greater closeness to municipalities and better knowledge of details, claiming priority of regional over state planning. A Mediation Committee has been created to consolidate differing views. The Mediation Committee consists of ten members, appointed in equal number by the Regional Assembly and the Regionalverband.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	09eb516c46f918e2d07618573223c897	Most tourists visit the Arctic Islands in the summer months with 40-50% visiting in June to August. In Greenland, more than 20% of the total annual tourism is in August alone. For Iceland, tourists do not outnumber the population but are close to matching them in numbers with around 240,000 arriving foreign tourists in both July and August compared to the population of 334,000 inhabitants. It has not been possible to obtain data on the level of energy consumption or the C02 emissions from the commercial enterprises arranging activities for tourists.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	09ec7a76cd8b8283c70a84aff95b49d2	The agreement was significant as it took a holistic view of early childhood as a process that begins in utero and continues to formal schooling. Most provinces focused their efforts on information and parenting resources, while scant amounts were targeted to early learning and care programs. Provinces and territories were to meet broad principles in their spending and agreed to enhance accessibility, quality, inclusion and parental choice. Unlike past agreements for child care, funding was not targeted to low-income families, and the concept of accountability was introduced.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	09f3e6347c6c7ae8f19d33d7ccd17f9c	There is also a lack of alignment among programmes and of recorded statistics of beneficiaries, as well as an inadequate financial resources. Table 21 summarises the above described policy instruments. Agricultural programmes are mostly addressing constraints to access to input markets, land access and on-farm infrastructure. All of the five countries studied - Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa have a quite important number of small-scale farmers that have low levels of development, produce partially or totally for own consumption, have low productivity levels, have scarce resources and endowments and live in disadvantaged conditions.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	09f5b956306225bc7d3d2dd6b5ab1b9a	These plans are not necessarily implemented by the GORE, but it is conceivable that Intendentes will try to combine these central-level strategies with the Regional Development Strategies developed by GORE. The central government’s Strategic Regional Plans lack a solid connection to the regional government’s own development strategy, and having been prepared for the four-year presidential term, could run into obstacles associated with the electoral cycle. The responsibility for regional planning was transferred from the Ministry of Planning. While consultative or participatory processes are often included as part of the planning cycle, as in many countries, the robustness of this process has been questioned by actors at various levels in Chile.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	09f7645db497ba6cabb3ead1ade4e3fc	The non-poor population is divided into the vulnerable (persons whose per capita income is above the poverty' line but less than 1.5 times this threshold) and the non-vulnerable. Persons living in indigence are evenly divided between urban and rural areas; nearly three of every four non-indigent poor persons live in urban areas (see figure 2). Minors (aged 17 or under) make up 51% of the indigent population and 45% of the non-indigent poor. Inotherwoids, practically half of those living in poverty are children.	1	0	5	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	09f922a6fb2bc59aa5ceb9f10cbbde84	Generally, this is an elected position, and it requires a high degree of backing from the individual’s party. Women are slowly reaching for the top. Several countries -Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Zambia - have had women (albeit few and on the margins) participate in the race for the presidency. This trend is not limited to the larger parties, but also occurs in smaller parties.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	09f940034da42876d5d4a0bb1c955702	These governments placed greater emphasis on growth and on State intervention in the economy. For a discussion of some of the features of this period of economic recovery in the region and in the changes in course plotted by these governments, see Machines and Hopenhayn (2005) and Lustig (2009). The rise in feminization was, in most cases, coupled with reductions in labour intensity (number of hours per week), which indicates that underemployment continues to be the main option for women who wish to work. A slowdown in the increase of this segment of the labour supply may therefore be signalling a substitution of activities in the home that help to support an economic recovery, although the increasing presence of women (relative to their non-entry) is a positive development that plays an important role in economic growth and in their personal situations.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264223776-en	09f9d5d929120f9b7c7cd3a474c03d93	The failure to integrate so many people into the labour market is a terrible waste of human potential, and cripples the economy. It threatens social cohesion and in the context of the postapartheid transition it represents a particular concern because of the substantial over-representation of black South Africans in the NEET population. The 3.4 million NEETs may be compared with the 950 000 students in universities (both public and private) and 400 000 students in colleges - a total of 1.35 million.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa683360-en	09fc4d592aa2455c6f662a78a77379e1	The part of the brain primarily responsible for the detection of, and reaction to, a threat is called the amygdala. Threat detection and survival is given priority over all other brain functions. The human system will respond to the perceived threat in one or more of five predictable ways: friend, fight, fright, freeze and/or flop.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	09fc6b642b5e336665d45fc45e579ddf	In total, the economies in the Middle East exported about 92.3 billion m3 of LNG to Asia and the Pacific, approximately equivalent to 39% of the region’s imports. The African countries of Algeria, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria also shipped LNG to the region, totalling 28.3 billion m3 (12%) of the total shipments to Asia-Pacific. However, in aggregate, most LNG imports by Asia come from within the region, including the Russian Federation, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Malaysia (figures 10.5 and 10.6), which together supplied 46% of the region’s total LNG imports in 2012.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/150942f1-en	09fce2f5fe08b1c2adec62af4f6e86c5	The economic slowdown in 2009 is largely due to difficulties faced in agriculture, in particular the cotton sector. In fact, agriculture has suffered from poor spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and flooding in several regions, resulting in disappointing growth rates in the primary sector: 0.9 per cent and -0.5 per cent, respectively, in 2006 and 2007. Most dramatically, cotton production fell by 33 per cent from 649,400 tons in 2006/2007 to 434,000 tons during the 2007/2008 campaign.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5830c400-en	09fe4f4365b5c6c8b319fcd6f06e7b35	Skill recognition can accelerate the process in different ways. Box 2 provides a definition of skill recognition and sets out three approaches commonly used in the context of vocational education and training. Each of these approaches will be looked at in detail in Chapter 1 w ith country examples. Typically this means the person follows an adjusted version of a regular programme w'ith reduced coursework requirements or training time.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	0a021f447f39147a7b61f16a234aaaf8	There could be closer examination of care quality for specific procedures, for example open heart surgery, and also for specific disciplines which are known to be vulnerable to inequities in quality and coverage, for example old age psychiatry. Denmark’s unique patient identifiers could be used most fruitfully to further understanding of care quality across population groups. Indeed, Denmark is the only Nordic country for which alcohol consumption decreased between 1980 and 2010 (OECD, 2012b).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	0a09d3407f501bf583c0f95dad2e57b1	The next level of accountability rests with the school. Again, the level of trust that the larger community extends to its schools seems to engender a strong sense of collective responsibility for the success of every student. While every comprehensive school in Finland reports to a municipal authority, authorities vary widely in the quality and degree of oversight that they provide. They are responsible for hiring the principal, typically on a six- or seven-year contract, but the day-to-day responsibility for managing the schools is left to the professionals, as is the responsibility for assuring student progress. But that is not the case, because American schools, at least in the cities and most suburbs, get much more direction from the local district central office than is typically the case in other countries. In that sense, the United States may have traded one form of centralised bureaucracy for another.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/01a171e9-en	0a0caa06bfd0dc27b31317c07556c848	"Business R&D is therefore particularly relevant to such upgrading and to encouraging innovation, and thus to development. In developing countries, by contrast, firms' involvement in formal innovation is mixed. While firms are heavily engaged in innovation activities in some developing countries - such as China, the Republic of Korea and Singapore - the share of business R&D to total R&D expenditure in developing regions is far below the world average of 65.9 per cent: 38.3 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, 35.2 per cent in Asia-Pacific and 32.2 per cent in Latin America in 2011. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2016). While there were 1,098 researchers per 1 millbn inhabitants in 2014 gbbally, the corresponding figures for LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa were 63.4 and 87.9 per 1 million, respectively. A related indicator is the share of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) graduates in tertiary education."""	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	0a0d0373a34fef81a77ac6e1836614b7	Extrapolating these trends was bound to exacerbate the different trajectories. Allocations are made to programmes or institutions as a proportion of available resources and/or total spending rather than the overall size of the economy. Moreover, using GDP as a denominator for projections related to social protection spending, total public spending and public revenues means that their dynamics are closely connected by a variable that is exogenous to budgetary decisions. This reflects the problem with benchmarking government spending on a specific sector as a proportion of GDP to gauge a government’s commitment.	1	2	2	0.0
10.6027/4ba0e2cc-en	0a177eda1ad207c9c37f173323a9148e	"Ecosystems"" marginal contribution to the final service is valued. In ecosystem accounting a distinction is made between replacement cost (of a particular ecosystem service) and restoration cost (of an ecosystem asset and its bundle of ecosystem services). Values can either be transferred using unit value transfer methods or more advanced function-based transfers (e.g. based on meta-analysis of the literature)."	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	0a1a3e2528ed8ed10dd611e21d3cd777	While it may have a negative effect if road density translates into shorter and more efficient transport, it could also have a positive effect if it induces greater use of private vehicles resulting in more emissions. Consequently, this transport variable could be a proxy of connectivity efficiency or alternatively capture the level of car use. A second proxy for transportation intensity is Road access, an indicator of the connectivity of an urban area.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	0a1a9820db2e26156baa55e74707f9aa	What is an effective and efficient urban transport system? It is one that can satisfy the numerous and diverse requirements of the metropolitan mobility, including minimizing travelling time between various locations, while at the same time internalises externalities to positively affect the well-being and the quality of life of the citizens of that area. This requires that the appropriate authorities transform the available land and financial resources, both limited capital inputs, into relevant transport infrastructure and networks to provide, what is considered, the right combination between the various motorized individual or collective/public and non-motorized transport modes, as well as easy transfers between them to meet the mobility demand (figure 1.1.).	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	0a1b6559ededadfa7cb9fb31c118cd3f	Firstly, promoting education and reducing the number of school drop-outs would have a beneficial impact on young peoples’ performance. More vocational training is also important, with apprenticeships considered to be a particularly good means of developing skills among low-educated youth and improving their labour market integration. Lowering hiring costs for those that are hard to employ, for example through job/hiring subsidies and/or a reduced youth minimum wage may also help.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	0a1b7b358dbc9891b82aa14e6a2decc7	The programme also provided additional funding for primary care, through increasing GP contracts with nurses, and allowing a second nurse to be hired by GPs. An advisory telephone service connecting patients to a doctor at their GP surgery was also introduced from 2011. Additionally, some exemptions from co-payments were introduced for low-income groups, although these have since been repealed. It found that overall it had a favourable impact on efficiency of health care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/937bb150-en	0a228a61622ed45e330f18813783bf98	Challenges such as the cost of fuel and poor state of roads result in delays, which present a significant problem for effective treatment. Unless the trends change, dozens of countries will miss the mark by a wide margin (see Figures 1.5 and 1.6). South Asia will not achieve the neonatal target until 2049 and sub-Saharan Africa will reach it after mid-century.84 The average annual rate of reduction in neonatal mortality required for India to reach the target is almost double the current level.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	0a2a8c6508e51ab2e4bfdc900964ae41	Furthermore, research institutes - in particular VTT, which could play an important role in more long-term and strategic R&D for the business sector - have been hit particularly hard by the combination of cuts in basic funding for public research institutes (PRIs), a hard reduction in funding from Nokia (which added to the cuts in funding to Tekes, which has lowered both the direct funding the institutes receive from Tekes and revenue from large companies who often used Tekes funding to procure projects). However, there has been a rapid contraction in the wake of the ongoing industrial restructuring, from 2.3% in 2013 to 2.12% in 2015. At the same time, Finland show's one of the low'est shares of government funding of BERD in the OECD.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	0a2cebc98fdd4e1dcc786466ee5ecc07	Finally, the SUSENAS panel consumption data were used to estimate a food demand system to be used for simulating food insecurity' risks. To our knowledge, this is the first estimated demand system available for Indonesia. First, section 3.1 looks at Indonesia’s evolving food security status in a regional context, while section 3.2 provides more details of food production and consumption within the country for a benchmark year, 2010. Two main sources of data are used:1 the production balance sheets and the food security indicators of FAO (2013) and the SUSENAS data base.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	0a2f3f63e415ce18b157686b6b277a12	It has yet to be decided if indicators that identify co-benefits such as health improvements, reduced local air pollution, increased enterprise creation and poverty reduction are to be included (GCF, 2013). For example, Article 3.3 of the Convention indicates that “policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective” (UNFCCC, 1992). More recently, decision 1/CP.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	0a2f63c08f1f3c7e39eb14a8bd4a3bb5	The Ministry of Health, for example, should better prioritise annual performance objectives for the health care insurance/provision arm of the CCSS, as occurs in other health systems with similar institutional configurations (OECD, 2015a, 2016c). Any recasting of the relationship between central government and the CCSS should preserve the operational flexibility that the CCSS already has. Two distinct aspects are critical here.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	0a308dbe1275f3d4b7869b856c2c0037	For example, there may be trade-offs among local pollution and (global) emissions or air pollution and land-use changes. A further complication arises from the need to compare environmental effects that may occur at different places and time horizons. The effects of economic activity on the environment, of the environment on economic activity and of policy actions are often not fully known, in particular as many of the effects may only materialise in the longer term.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	0a344bbd128427bf5b006876734d6b70	China is becoming a leader in South-South cooperation with African countries, many of which are now benefiting from its research. The System for Agricultural Research and Innovation has contributed greatly to the nearly fourfold growth in agricultural efficiency per worker. The Brazil Agricultural Research Corporation, a state-owned enterprise, has been instrumental in increasing the land area used for cultivation. Similarly, many of Brazil's agricultural programmes were developed with sustainability in mind.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264247598-4-en	0a35f1c1532b5420756b5d78edb17948	"Parents are free to choose and are guaranteed access to a school of their choice within reasonable distance from their home. In principle, funding “follows the student”, which lays the foundation for potentially strong competition among schools to attract students. At the same time, the Flemish authorities are encouraging school collaboration through the promotion and funding of collaborative partnerships (""school associations”) between schools in the same geographical area."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	0a3808ecf27ecca4883ec0616ac4e20e	Given that the Russian Federation plans to further reduce export taxes on energy and increase taxes on extraction, the export tax unification process will remain a sensitive issue for Belarus. Overall, from 1991 to 2015, the six EaP economies have all grown in real terms (World Bank, 2017) and developed a large services sector that contributes to over half of the value added in each of the countries (Figure 1.7). Meanwhile, the six countries’ economic performance is sensitive to fluctuations in international markets (especially in the case of Azerbaijan, the only exporter of energy commodities in the region) and regional linkages.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	0a38161f2ee5c779ff8d2f5790947f35	This close interrelationship makes assessment an important tool to signal and clarify the key goals that students are expected to achieve. However, if assessment only covers a small fraction of the valued curriculum goals, then the impact of assessment on teaching and learning can be restrictive (Harlen, 2007). Danish research indicates that the national goals seem to be implemented only to a limited degree at the school level (Normann Andersen and Strpmbaek Pedersen, 2012; Skolens Rejsehold, 2010). Research based on case studies published in 2008 found that a trend could be observed towards a more uniform, low-trust model between the school authorities (central and local) and schools, related to detailed standards for student achievement and a strict testing system.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	0a390100241fe8dd9a293daf06fbface	Both RBC and CSR (beyond philanthropy ) aim to promote the same idea - that businesses should consider the impact of their activities not just on the company itself. The OECD-FAO have also developed Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and the OECD is currently working on RBC in the financial sector and developing guidance on Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Footwear Sector. Accessed 20 June 2016). Accessed 20 June 2016).	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	0a3955fc55eb72896659596b41f91845	The company lacked the necessary technical expertise to develop electronic components for their products, but through the Innovation Voucher programme of the United Kingdom the company hired the University of Hertfordshire to develop the electronic locking mechanism. Their collaboration continued and the partner designed the actual lock and took the concept to market. The lock is currently being launched to the mass market (University of Hertfordshire, 2013).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	0a39dff0fd6f132d16e101b0b5993f7f	An estimated 30 million children — one in eight — living in the world's richest countries are growing up poor (UNICEF, 2014). It is generally lowest in Europe and highest in the Middle East (Figure 21) (Alvaredo et al., We show that since 1980, very large transfers of public to private wealth occurred in nearly all countries, whether rich or emerging.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	0a3ba13e80982f073f08e8c6a1fb0cf7	Since 1995, income transfers to individual fanners by some emerging and developing countries have been increasing, driven in part by rising levels of development and incomes within these countries, and for some, a push towards policies aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in particular agricultural products. In developed countries, a mix of refonns and changes in world food prices has played a role in the changes observed in the total levels of support. In 1995, the eight emerging economies for which the OECD collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under 5% of the total measured PSE (OECD and emerging economies).	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	0a3e185b36a90ca790499446cfc65727	The first gives a brief overview of successive policies in adult learning in Portugal in the past two decades, which resulted in the creation of a range of adult learning programmes. Specifically, three approaches are discussed. The first consists of expanding supply where gaps exist, in particular through programmes for the low-skilled that combine essential skills and work-relevant learning.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0a4238bce1bbc8811c7e71fdbc9fb24b	It discusses the need to develop skills in order to meet current and foreseen shortages in emerging areas, as well as these institutions’ modes and mechanisms of engagement to promote regional development. The chapter also explores the preconditions necessary for the successful promotion of local engagement in relation to these institutions. It concludes with recommendations for national and sub-national agencies as well as higher education institutions themselves.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	0a4341f87d9481a592eb2f5ad2e71cad	Among low-skilled workers, a high minimum wage and strict employment protection pose a barrier to employment, and the public employment services and training systems are still underdeveloped. Expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others, would make the labour market more inclusive. Chile is one of the few OECD countries where unemployment rates are now lower than at the start of the crisis (Figure 1.1).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	0a47d4ffa11cee10e4c9cd5d9bf13e34	This investment must be accompanied by policies that respond to the diversity of young people in the region. Failing to invest in youth can trigger substantial costs, including poor labour market outcomes, social discontent, and crime and violence, as well as poor participation in political and civil society. Public policies must ensure basic conditions and securities to underpin the development of youth capacities and potential. Socio-economic classes are defined using the World Bank classification: “Extreme poor” = youth belonging to households with a daily per capita income lower than USD 2.50. “	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	0a49e9b11ba5346f14d3731ca0cbbd7c	They should also form the basis for food security early warning mechanisms, including better weather forecasting and timely notifications of impending disasters. This might include member states, academic and civil society institutions, farmers’ and women’s associations, the mass media, and bilateral and multilateral agencies.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/50e33932-en	0a4a91ecf6e7ead54b4c74c905a00b3e	At the moment, 8.3% of the total population of Italy are immigrants and most of them are relatively young (40% under 29). Between 2011-2015 the average yearly increase in the inflow of migrants was 4.9% (OECD, 2018(24])- This population should be considered in the development strategies of Inner Areas in order to harness their potential contribution to the local economy. Among OECD members, Sweden consistently ranks in the top in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and it maintains one of the lowest GINI indices of regional disparity in GDP per capita. This strategy is coupled with efforts to build urban-rural linkages that promote greater inter-municipal cooperation in public service delivery, and regional development strategies that prioritise planning based on functional regions.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	0a4dea5b68f23db6d9b69d782667e0a5	The deprivation of women in terms of quality of work is three times that of men, and wage rates of women are significantly lower. There has also been a decline in real wages of regular informal workers since 1999-2000. La situation relative a l”emploi des femmes n’a jamais ete stable; le pic de I’emploi survient plus tard dans la vie,et done les gains possibles suite a une augmentation de salaire sont de courteduree.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	0a4f6cbdd0d4c7041bd3d036df7560be	All targets of the Waste Prevention and Management Programme are aligned to, and are consistent with, the national objectives for the National Development Plan and the National Environment and Resources Management Programme, and they are all derived from the Waste Law. Indicators included In the National Environment and Resources Management Programme were developed by SEMARNAT staff, together with Japanese international co-operation agency (JICA) experts, and were aimed at assessing the effects of implementation of the programme. Waste management targets are generally qualitative in nature, although quantitative targets exist in other environmental management areas such as energy and water policies.	12	1	4	0.6
10.30875/423532ad-en	0a5393ea97483253fc96916b7a6010da	This system also uses machine-learning algorithms to predict precisely when trucks will arrive and leave pit-stops, and at which petrol stations drivers should refuel. This system is helping to cut down travel time by more than half, by eliminating the need for rest breaks which a single driver would require. The main benefits come from cargo and shipment tracking, because it increases operational efficiency, enables real-time adjustments and makes logistics systems more secure.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	0a5b7df43694418bf9605e9981de30e9	Solutions to such problems were chiefly seen to lie at the international level. In particular, respondents called for improved collaboration between Finnish national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), particularly around regulation of new diagnostics, and through involvement in the EMA Innovative Medicines Task Force. Two respondents mentioned intellectual property issues as important, with one calling for the maintenance of a strong European patent regime, and another for more complementary and parallel IP systems between countries and continents. Another suggested that common international legislation on biobanking would help to facilitate developments in Finland.	3	3	1	0.5
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	0a5ffb4919a24eb65a5200871f1cbec2	Although both kinds of benefits are frequently regulated through labour law and collective agreements, they are nevertheless included under the dimension Income and benefits from employment. This is also justified by the fact that there might be a trade-off between direct wages and salaries and non-wage pecuniary benefits, for example, in countries in which employees can choose an increased salary in lieu of entitlements to paid leave. According to the ILO Holidays with Pay Convention (No. The indicators currently measure both the entitlement of leave and the leave actually taken.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	0a65f70418c63cb34c4459fbe6ff1d75	Currently, about 45 percent of the world population lives in urban areas; by 2050, the population in urban areas is expected to increase to 66 percent (UN, World Urbanization Prospect, 2014). Rising incomes will lead to changing dietary patterns: consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples such as rice, and spend more on other cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables; they are also likely to eat more meat and dairy products. Asia has little arable land available for expansion.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	0a67dbc83e10a65867f838d89980982e	Project Finance NewsWire, Discussion with four project finance bankers, moderated by Rohit Chadhry, Chadboume & Parke, pp. Investment Monitor 2Q 2010, vol. Policy instrument design to reduce financing costs in renewable energy technology projects, ECOFYS, Utrecht. Restructuring a green grid: Legal challenges to accommodate new renewable energy infrastructure. Environmental Law, 39, 977-1014.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f85ba82d-en	0a69a333be66e2ffc8b47e3a9f5b20c1	"Improving agricultural productivity has been a core strategy for economic development and poverty alleviation for several decades, as this type of productivity was thought to facilitate structural transformation, which enables “surplus agricultural labour” to find employment in non-agricultural sectors. However, it has now been realized that the share of agriculture in national output declines more rapidly than the share of agricultural employment in total employment, trapping millions in “unproductive"" agriculture and making them relatively poorer. Understanding this process and identifying appropriate responses is critical for poverty alleviation and inclusive growth. Based on data analysis and policy reviews, in the present paper, it has been found that structural transformation processes are incomplete in many developing countries."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	0a6a879c1641eb1e51a334847978239c	According to data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys from 2010-2017 in developing countries, access to finance is the foremost barrier to firm development (World Bank, 2017; Figure 1.1). These financial constraints are exacerbated for green growth and climate action in which the private sector is sometimes reluctant to invest, in part, to a lack of proven and readily available business models or a failure to understand the business case. Development cooperation can address both the demand side and offer side of the access to finance equation. On the one hand, it can stimulate demand for clean technologies, for example, by raising awareness and demonstrating the business case.	13	1	35	0.9444444444444444
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	0a6b53e8839110a99c56f658c7b85594	According to Dahlstrom et al., Though the area has benefited from the growth of the University in Akureyri, which grew from having 4 employees and 50 students in 1987 to having 177 employees and 1,470 students in 2015, this development does not counterbalance the decline in the number of industrial jobs. In their report, Dahlstrom et al. Moreover, the growing tendency of the larger companies of Reykjavik buying businesses in the area is an increasing problem, since the local labour market is already narrow and, as previously mentioned, commuting in and out of the area is simply not possible.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/08e82310-en	0a6c337beb54ddd824943ea517b4c53a	"In the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, a decrease in mean annual cesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations is observed. According to the classification of water resources adopted in Belarus, 76.1% of water in the basin is classified as ""relatively clean"", 19.7% as ""moderately polluted"", 1.4% as ""polluted"" and 2.8% as ""dirty"". Main pollutants are nutrients (nitrogen compounds), organic substances (including phenols) and heavy metals."	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	0a6f645251dc1a5817c9145ba9152f98	Disparities of coverage across social groups and health services suggest paying greater attention to co-ordination between statutory and complementary insurance provision. Ongoing reforms to improve prevention and co-ordination among care providers are steps in the right direction. However, progress in the development of capitation-based payment schemes, which can reduce the incentives to increase the number of medical acts and encourage health professionals to spend more time with their patients, and performance-based payment schemes in primary care need to be stepped up to respond to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and curb supplier-induced demand and social disparities in access to care.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	0a73c70ef5ee0a2e5b3ff4c5053d9601	Three assumptions were used for each variable (low, medium and high). The medium assumption refers to the central assumptions used in the model. Under the low assumption scenario, both the estimated volume of services per treated case and health price inflation were reduced by 20%, and under the high assumption scenario, both variables were assumed to be 20% greater.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	0a772f51a090cd5ccee40c26ef972735	For example, people with diabetes work fewer hours on average (Pelkowski et al., Women aged 50 to 59 years old who suffer from two or more chronic diseases, however, are one-third less likely to be in employment than those with none, while men with two or more chronic diseases are only a quarter less likely to be in work than men with none (OECD/EC, 2016). Work can affect health, although the empirical evidence to that effect is mixed.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	0a7743dbce5ade4c770c868c4640760b	Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? ( The higher the stakes are for school leaders and teachers, the more these unintended effects are likely to occur. Using results from national assessments for accountability purposes, then, requires transparency and fairness to mitigate the negative effects on teaching and learning and to reduce the misuse of results (Hooge, 2016; OECD, 2013b).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/de83ab61-en	0a781fb3a01a78a772cbf6242cf35366	At present, technical standards are often determined by Governments (unilaterally or through agreements among a reduced number of countries) or set by private companies. Wider participation of all parties in the setting of these standards, especially developing countries, should guarantee that the introduction of environmental standards (including through green labels and ecological footprint certificates) will not become a means of practising unfair trade protectionism. The Montreal Protocol process through which the substances to be banned and the pace of their elimination were identified may serve as an example in this regard. Inadequate financing has been consistently identified by developing countries as the greatest obstacle to their rapid adoption of clean technologies (figure 0.4).	2	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	0a7ae73d5f94bb8a5c266b3d271f9706	There are no special schools for pupils with learning difficulties, so students from units are integrated in the mainstream if they can manage without help and their behaviour is not a problem.185 An academic study in 2006 examined teachers' attitudes to disabled pupils and their perceived knowledge of inclusive education. The respondents were the mainstream and special education teachers in the public primary and secondary schools. Data from a questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages. The main finding was that in general teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusive education. They agreed that inclusive education enhances social interaction and inclusion among the students and thus minimises negative stereotypes about special needs students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	0a7bbe11d99e3e091805923f08b2558c	Deprivation gaps (levels of deprivation) are also presented at the dimension level for different regions and demographic groups. To gauge inequality (i.e. for a relative perspective), the change in the ratio with respect to the national level is presented as well. Lastly, multidimensional poverty is analysed by region and demographic group.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	0a7c00a5163399e38ffa5e89cb748c37	However, in many regions and countries, economic growth has not been inclusive enough to provide employment and income-earning opportunities for the poor. For instance, in developing regions, children living in rural areas are almost twice as likely to be underweight than children in urban households (ibid.). Therefore, economic growth should generate demand for the assets controlled by the poor (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b), in particular the rural poor.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0a7fcdc3249a1f1a89cfd7998c28b3ee	Appraisal-related training is also offered through school leader and supervisory officer associations as well as through web casts. Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom requires External Advisers to apply for annual reaccreditation to ensure they are informed about potential changes to the Performance Review and Staff Development Scheme and that they have the knowledge and competencies to provide helpful advice to governor reviewers. As very limited research, however, indicates, policy making in some contexts lacks attention towards the development of appraisal-related knowledge and competencies among evaluators and school leaders.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	0a8485b81f7ae9c4e1acc3f8ddd43855	It is important to define operational criteria that prevent the impairment of labour rights, particularly through the provision of acceptable wages to satisfy basic needs during the emergency period. In this case a public-policy proposal would be for the region's countries to start formulating those solidarity-based schemes on a permanent basis, to prevent the total loss of productive wealth and capital of vulnerable persons who suffer disaster damage. In addition, countries of the region that are located in zones of major seismic activity should consider implementing a collective insurance policy funded by cross-subsidies or solidarity financing based on contributions from higher-income households, to make it possible to incorporate those that are socially vulnerable. In this regard, Mexico has a key experience of participation by different government departments in the design and implementation of mechanisms to coordinate disaster-mitigation, prevention or repair programmes.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	0a85992e3ba3ca83c8da8e3a5637af1f	Presentations focused on the challenges of a carbon-neutral industry, and pointed in the direction of the greening of the industry (Orrain 2008). The concept is referred to in several places as a major objective of the plan, but with little elaboration of what a green economy will mean for Jamaica. When agriculture stakeholders were consulted, there was a general sense that the green economy concept was related to sustainable development in its attention to holistic development, environmentally-friendly economic processes of production and consumption, and socioeconomic equity (Rhiney 2012). At the same time, there was a widely shared scepticism that the term was just a new name for sustainable development, which was the current (2012) buzzword in the international community.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	0a85a1600c6a9d13efa6217f301cd86f	Citizens can receive important information influencing their daily decisions. Conversely, cities can use the Internet to give a voice and listen to their inhabitants through online platforms for citizen participation, electronic voting, online surveys and social networks. Active involvement may in turn may influence the decision-making of municipal governments and enhance the city's democratic processes. For example, Toronto is engaging its citizens through the TransformTO project which invites residents and businesses to imagine the transformative changes needed to create a more prosperous, healthy, equitable and sustainable city (City of Toronto, 20166). Knowledge cities need to make communication fully interactive, rather than just two-way, to result in a win-win beneficial relationship.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	0a874a934536e0878b48d4bae29510b7	However, indicators alone will fail to provide adequate insight into, and understanding of, the context in which adaptation is taking place. Although the evaluations of adaptation projects and programmes face a number of challenges and uncertainties, they can help to identify what approaches to adaptation are effective in achieving agreed objectives. Further, they can contribute to a better understanding of the conditions required for the adaptation measures to succeed.	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	0a87784787396c2346278aacfd5254a4	A common, enforced standard has two advantages. One, as discussed above, is the greater credibility of an international standard than of purely national codes. The other is that a common standard guards against a race-to-the-bottom in which international firms attempt to play off competing LDC governments. Yet to date LDCs have attracted very little foreign equity into their firms.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	0a893663cf068be46a93e92e80c1a969	The Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) indicator measures support that is directed at specific commodities and creates commodity-specific production incentives. As shown in Figure 1.10, these transfers consist predominantly of market price support and payments per tonne produced, while other categories of support are only marginally provided in commodity-specific forms, e.g. payments based on specific crop area or animal type. On aggregate, 88% of total producer support in OECD countries was provided in the form of transfers to specific commodities in 1986-88, this proportion was 75% in 1995-97, and had declined to 53% by 2011-13 (Table A.8).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	0a8d2b2e99af3af2a853c5dfcfd22293	The third sector (religious, charitable and other non-governmental bodies) also plays an important role in providing some aspects of health and social care. The national junta (committee) for social protection dates back to 1845 and uses income from its national lottery' to fund a variety of health promotion programmes, palliative care programmes, drug and alcohol treatment programmes and support for disabled people and the elderly, amongst other things. This is particularly true of die hospital sector.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	0a8d564a0a7f69f2b20fd48e1ed08cb1	The complexity of the concept, and need for education, as well as product development, are being addressed by several projects and initiatives, and partly funded by the European Union. However, as also stressed by Yli-Viikari, it is important to apply a holistic approach towards Green Care; improving the conditions for enterprises is important, but the public sector, as well as the so called third-sector i.e. the civic society, will continue to have an important role to play. In the Middle Ages, the town of Trondheim, Norway, was the end destination of the most important pilgrim route of Northern Europe. The sacred remains of the Norwegian king Olav II Haraldsson attracted pilgrims from both continental Europe and northern regions to the Cathedral of Nidaros, today still one of the main landmarks of Trondheim (Rumanggy).	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	0a90d34414f3d016d1b2dc06dfd9b45b	Energy sector regulation is controlled by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). However, no large-scale sites have yet been exploited, with the planned Amaila Falls project remaining under review (GEA 2015b; The Economist 2013). Solar is seen to be a viable option to bring cheaper electricity to Guyana’s hinterland.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	0a91314a5fd345ce915454da821a0ac4	Suddenly the tables are turned, with Country B now getting 80 per cent of the stock and Country A only 20 per cent. This may take some time to discover, at any rate with a sufficient degree of certainty. Country B would most likely consider itself entitled to a greater catch of fish, and A might be reluctant to recognize its present eroded position.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	0a921339a17ed19b6291dfbb64c5d471	The challenge for countries in the South is to ensure equity in access to health and education services and basic quality standards to prevent a dual-track service industry that provides low-quality public services (or none at all) to the poor and higher quality private services to the rich. Poor people have no alternatives to a public system, while wealthier people can pay for private services. Such dynamics entrench inequalities, reduce social integration and undermine sustainable human development.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/eb40a355-en	0a9405a28f06f4bc03a50fb6943a7fee	N02 concentrations are in general caused by local emissions and thus easier to control by local authorities. Such a source-based approach will also give a quick insight in the options that profit from co-benefits with other policy areas, such as climate/energy, noise, health and traffic/urban planning. Two key measures are reducing local coal and biomass burning to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases, and reducing congestion to improve mobility, improve air quality and reduce noise.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	0a9c2007435465c825c0554ebfb19acd	Over the past two decades, rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity have helped reduce hunger. Nevertheless, agriculture is under strain. Between 1992 and 2014, the amount of arable land in Asia and the Pacific fell from 0.28 to 0.21 hectares per person. Another concern is the availability of water.	11	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1f11729d-en	0a9ea0dcfdc42dfd4c7dd89594ca7d00	Different household characteristics are important to different degrees in different countries. Hence living in a large family, with a lone parent or in a household with low educational attainment is disadvantageous to a similar degree. Children living with a lone parent may be living in multigenerational households or there may be a policy to mitigate hardship for single parents, thus reducing the risk for a child who lives in a lone parent household.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	0a9ecaf4d57bbef3b45dca9a95be05d3	This section explores these channels in some detail, as they will determine the ultimate impact of water scarcity on economic growth and welfare. As this discussion requires some technical background, the following sub-section develops these ideas in detail. The reader solely interested in policy implications can skip over this sub-section and go immediately to the policy subsection.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	0a9f3e85942d99afbadaa766a0f9a247	A multifaceted approach is required. Examples include reform of family codes to foster equality in marriage and inheritance and legislation that criminalises domestic violence. However, they often face challenges of visibility and authority in effectively pursuing coherent approaches to advancing gender equality across policy areas and tiers of government. The responsibility of government agencies for appropriately addressing issues of gender inequality and mainstreaming gender into policies and programmes was formalised in the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	0aa0a304c1f16a427816685b9785497b	As for surplus countries, there would be somewhat more cases of trade-offs than complementarities, although the latter group would include some of the larger countries (e.g. Germany, Japan and Korea). Highlights of this work includes the 2011 report “How's Life?” ( For a revision of the limitations of GDP to gauge material living standards and well-being see also Chapter 6 of the 2006 edition of Going for Growth on “Alternative Measures of Well-Being” (OECD, 2006b). Some measures that extend GDP numbers to non-market production, and thereby may come closer to indicators of well-being, have also been explored the 2011 edition of Going for Growth (Annex 1 of OECD, 2011e).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	0aa659e90c8c51484b435c08bf3d1aeb	"No major changes in the respective mandates of Nordic DFIs are currently foreseen, with the exception of on-going discussions of potentially untying IFU finance from ""Danish interest"" in all investments. The Nordic DFIs increasingly recognize that many of their investments, i.e. beyond the explicit area of energy investments, also have the potential to contribute to adaptation, by strengthening climate resilience in partner countries in various manners, e.g. by helping to diversify and strengthen livelihoods, improve access to water, energy, information and/or finance."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/aa35ea60-en	0aa7165c9307afad17869f29412fe8e2	It contributes approximately 50 per cent of Georgian forest stock (figure 11.1) and is most common in the Colchis region of western Georgia. Fir (Abies nordmanniana), spruce (Picea orientalis), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), oak (Quercus spp.), Chestnut, frequently together with hornbeam and beech, forms forests on mountain yellow soils and acidic brown soils in the Colchis region.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	0aa735c1f05a8907c1efdc9560955a60	In the case of school leaders, they play dual leadership roles—an external one in which their partners are school owners; and an internal one in which they lead the instructional programme of their schools (the internal role of school leader is treated in the section on school improvement). A possible response could eventually be the consolidation of smaller municipalities as Finland has already done, but this is beyond the scope of this report, or a rationalisation of schooling responsibilities. In the current governance structure, it calls for the Directorate to ensure that every municipal and county education official and the school leaders of all 1 200 lower secondary schools have the capacity to work together to deliver the country’s agenda.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	0aa803e34fd3126989e5d5eea4799f7a	Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, as well as to ensure their programmes to reflect national education priorities. At present, there is no national framework that guarantees the outcomes or quality of these courses. Teacher educators are not required to take responsibility for the preparation of their students either. Practice or in-service teaching, as well as induction programmes, are currently serendipitous rather than the norm. The proposed programmes for practice teaching and induction must be centred in pedagogy and strongly linked to high-quality' teacher preparation in terms of knowledge, skills and professional practice.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	0ab0d94324903b1aa4caa2d251bd93b6	Finally, information on financing and exit is limited for the earlier periods. This includes their full name, current position title, education (degree and subject studied), employment history, the university in which they studied, and gender. This information has been complemented and cross-validated with data taken from Breschi et al. ( The sample is, thus, restricted to companies for which the gender of at least one founder, co-founder, or CEO is reported. Roughly half of the start-ups in the sample have a single founder, in which case it is straightforward to categorize a start-up as “female-led” or “male-led”. Some of the start-ups in our sample have multiple founders.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	0ab3309ee632d1a05cf70cfdb2650c23	Many people feel insecure in their homes and communities. One billion girls and boys ages 2-17 worldwide experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence in the prior year, according to one study.94 Some 25 percent of children suffer physical abuse, and nearly 20 percent of girls are sexually abused at least once in their life.95 Elder abuse remains a hidden problem:96 10 percent of older adults were abused in the prior month.97 Homicide is also a major social concern. Physical security and freedom from the threat of violence were particular concerns among female respondents (box 2.7). For women, real or perceived physical and emotional violence is a major barrier to meeting their full human potential and feeling free to move about.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	0ab4082487fd28efecc09c4267de2042	"The lack of articulation between the chain and the rest of the national forestry industry, discoordination between primary and secondary industries, technological shortcomings, the low skill-level of the labour force, lack of financial instruments designed for all organizations comprising the chain, poor application of research and innovation practices, and the prevalence of low value-added products are some of the factors that hamper its performance. Moreover, the weakness of linkages between all stakeholders the chain, in terms of the planning, implementation, monitoring and control of operations, make it impossible to generate the synergies needed to achieve the expected competitive level. Sistema de Contabilidad Ambiental y Economica Integrada de Guatemala"", Serie divulgativa, No."	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	0ab51b386c517254fac97c5d81f6a17a	Two thirds of this support went towards reducing emissions from and improving the resilience of energy, transport and water infrastructure. In support of this, a Climate Change Financing Framework was developed in 2014 to outline the government's plans for mobilising resources to support its NDC. Much of the international climate finance received by Cambodia has focused on providing project level support. The limitations of such approaches include a disaggregation of support across various areas, especially in areas where donor coordination and harmonisation are poor, and reduced alignment with national priorities.	8	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	0ab79d6adee772655e4b2b3d16ce2c72	The reduction of infant mortality has been slower in India, the Russian Federation and the United States. Significant differences are also evident in infant mortality rates among various racial groups in the United States, with African-American women more likely to give birth to high-risk, low birth-weight infants (NCHS, 2011). Data for 1970 are not available for Israel and South Africa. Other factors such as better nutrition, sanitation and housing also play a role, particularly in countries with developing economies. There are also notable differences in life expectancy between OECD countries with similar incomes per capita, such as Japan and Denmark.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	0abaf71735b2e21435a04fd1c4bd5903	It has to be noted that rape in Nepal is still largely not considered as violence against women but rather as something for which women are to be blamed.49 Thus, people do not want to marry a returnee who has certainly been Arabi le bhyayeko (already used by an Arab). On top of this, they are also putting their efforts into advising prospective migrants on safe migration and preventing trafficking and exploitation. Janaki decided to migrate to escape domestic violence, after she was forced into marriage when she was only 13 years old.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	0abd547c8061c2cfc73328cbc321e135	Cash transfers should however capture most of the variability of total social expenditures in a downturn as cyclical changes in services spending (especially health, the largest component) tend to be relatively small, delayed and short-lived (Scherer and Devaux, 2010). Returning to 2007 benefit expenditure levels would have reduced the deficit as well, but by much less (less than 3 percentage points). The United States once again shows a similar pattern as Southern and English-speaking EU countries: revenue shortfalls are a significantly bigger driver of deficits in the early phases of the downturn than are higher benefit expenditures. ( Declining revenues were also the main factor behind deficits in Nordic countries but deficits there were comparatively small.)	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	0abe3b5d8116789fbb13db715d2547d7	In Thailand all programmes are designed at the national level and the national level also decides on the target groups for employment policy. Viet Nam has allocated greater powers at the regional level (64 regional offices each serving roughly 1.3 million people), but has no offices at the local/sub-regional level. In Myanmar local offices (77 at township level) have no freedom to input into programme design, manage budgets or define target groups, but performance targets are negotiated locally and the offices have the ability to collaborate with other agencies.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	0abedac6605a6000984969940b2af9e4	Typically this will combine hazard maps with qualitative judgments of vulnerability and exposure to build a simple risk matrix. This information can feed into a framework that takes account of structural and non-structural factors (Figure IV-2). This can facilitate risk-sensitive decisionmaking and strengthen risk governance. It can also be used for cost-benefit assessments that can be embedded in comprehensive long-term planning processes.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264100817-4-en	0abfac6dad9256e1b24efc5fb3b55b47	In addition, benefit values are highly location-specific (depending on the prevalence of water-related diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies, for example) and cannot be easily aggregated. Approximately 10% of the global burden of disease worldwide could be prevented with improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene and better water resource management worldwide. The burden of water-related diseases falls disproportionately on developing countries and particularly on children under five, with 30% of deaths of these children attributable to inadequate access to water and sanitation.	6	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	0ac2bcce365d5b7ccf383254660e4ff2	In some cases however, the CCSS could contract private institutions to provide high complexity diagnostics and treatments. Once contracted, monthly, quarterly and annual indicators are audited, to verify compliance with contractual conditions. One of the indicators to which special attention given concerns the number of consultations provided in the year, or patients seen per hour.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	0ac5b119ac72d18884512e595379736e	In addition, low-income parents often have to set aside a large proportion of their incomes if they want their children to attend ECEC. Although the inclusion of immigrant children in the education system two years prior to starting compulsory basic education is already recommended in Slovenia, the authorities should ensure greater participation of children from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds from an early age by providing means-tested subsidies for additional expenses, such as meals and out-of-school-hours care. Such subsidies could be paid for by rationalising ECEC as discussed below.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	0ac61dc5ad77989c9d5836328fbba874	These are associated with disciplines found in educational institutions, such as humanities, mathematics, history, law and science. These skills are generally obtained through the education system and are transferable across situations. These are specific skills needed in an occupation and may include both academic and vocational skills and knowledge of certain tools or processes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0ac691ecd2af5e0fc6543b83b83a143f	Baseload nuclear plants have de facto been replaced by both renewable energy as well as medium- and peak-load providers. In all scenarios analysed, however, the introduction of renewable energy is accompanied by an increase of the capacity of both peak- and medium-load plants in the optimal generating mix. Those phenomena are more pronounced at higher penetration levels. For instance, the introduction of a low marginal cost technology would displace baseload technology exactly on a one-to-one basis.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	0acbf02a7e2ab695e3ceec1eaa783491	Similarly, the use of cluster and supply chain development policies is limited and the idea of using US-style “challenge funding” to encourage the attainment of specific social and technological goals (Hicks, 2016) is not applied. Finally, there appears to be little use of regulations or norms as ways to stimulate innovation. Adopting the third-generation “societal challenge” approach discussed previously would necessitate the use of some of these demand-side instruments in the context of a common programme affecting demand as well as supply. Leaving that possibility aside, however, there is clearly space to explore innovation policy opportunities on the demand side in order to complement the weight of existing activity on the supply side.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	0acd7549a67a117f2e0a5be2d3568c41	This is particularly true for individuals working in less innovative sectors and/or living in less innovative regions that suffer from multiple factors of disadvantage (e.g. low skills, low income), as they are less able to move to more innovative activities. For example, between 20% and 65% of total R&D activities take place in the top 20% regions within countries, depending on the country. These regions also concentrate around 30% of tertiary-educated workers and about half of patent applications of their respective countries (Figure 4).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/644f1023-en	0ace37c80376fe10fad05863674b1849	For centuries, farmers have maintained spring, summer and winter harvests by relying on seed stocks saved from the previous year and informally exchanged with their neighbours. These informal agriculture networks are still the main sources of seeds to meet local demand in a country where 76 per cent of households depend on agriculture for a living. This has created the urgent need for institutions like community seed banks that not only conserve local biodiversity, but assure immediate and long-term food security of farmers.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	0ace8a7d58e706128801f3d17f100c1b	These models may include formal business-to-consumer services (commercial car-sharing, micro-transit, bicycle and scooter sharing), peer-to-peer models for sharing the use of cars or that enable the sourcing of rides, platform-based business models that connect passengers and drivers (or goods and carriers) and hybrid models that combine aspects of some or all of those approaches (Shaheen et al., This is especially true for transport authorities that are operating or contracting/procuring services from relatively stable and established public transport operators. Analogue bicycle-sharing systems have been around for decades but the arrival of IT-enabled, automated bicycle-sharing systems has led to massive growth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0ad121123a1a4d3051e4c61ffaf28fca	A challenge therefore appears to be not so much to quickly move recipients off benefits, but rather to ensure that they remain self-sufficient after having left. A series of articles based on fortnightly administrative data from the Australian Longitudinal Data Set (LDS) illustrate again the high frequency of repeated spells and emphasize the importance of considering transfers across different income-support programmes. For the 1995 inflow sample of recipients of means-tested single parent benefits, Gregory & Klug (2003) show that spell lengths tend to be short with 45% of all spells lasting shorter than one year.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	0ad26cd1c936818a68aa2e7d4cb27f31	Current, successful teachers in the ITE programme recommend even more support and in-service training for former students (now teachers) because many graduates find it too difficult to influence unequal structures and practices relating to diversity and intercultural norms in their schools. Other ways to improve include creating a more diverse student body within the ITE programme (as most students are native Finnish), and advocating for ITE content in mainstream teacher education at Oulu University (Alasuutari and Jokikokko, 2010[i62i). Otherwise past cohorts may hold on to different approaches and, crucially, new and current teachers could fail to adapt to a continuously changing environment (Van Driel, Darmody and Kerzil, 2016, p. 71(i67j). Continuous professional development programmes include support for student teachers in the transition to the teaching workforce as well as providing opportunities to practice and learn about new strategies to manage diversity once they are in the profession.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	0ad2abba359ce1552275fb4066244a58	The values of the environmental and societal (jobs) benefits by adopting an IMTA design were larger than the gains in farm profitability. It is, however, important to note that these analyses were based solely on the commercial values from the sale of biomass - being of fish, shellfish or seaweeds -and using conservative price estimates for the co-cultivated organisms based on known applications. Through IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products considered “lost” from the fed component are recaptured and converted into harvestable and healthy seafood of commercial value, while biomitigation takes place (partial removal of nutrients and C02, and supplying of oxygen).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	0ad37e9f164ba8016a6dbf7fccb93abe	Dementia affects one person in 20 aged over 65 and one person in five over 80. In the next 10 years, the number of people aged over 65 will increase by 15% and the number of people aged over 85 will increase by 27%.In cost of illness studies, the direct costs of Alzheimer’s disease alone exceed the combined cost of stroke, cancer and heart disease. There is much that can be done to improve the quality of life of older people with mental health problems and their carers.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	0ad494b2a315a8099a4a72c56e39dc5b	The decrease was also much stronger than the one experienced on average in the OECD. Although starting from a higher level, the pro-cyclical cut in ALMP expenditure per unemployed was also higher than in Estonia and Latvia. Given the high volatility of Lithuania’s labour market, introducing some form of automatic link between ALMP budgets and labour market conditions, as in place in some OECD countries such as Australia, Denmark and Sweden, would help avoid reductions in spending per unemployed when unemployment surges and ALMP are most needed. In 2014, the ESF covered 47% of total ALMP expenditure, and 63% in 2015. This dependency on external funding limits the scale of ALMP and raises issues of continuity of the programmes.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	0ad71b49c81e1992583c25bdb4b9751a	Grammy and Assane (2006) showed that improvement in income distribution was the key channel for poverty reduction. Using data on sixty-six developing countries over the periods 1970-1979, 1980-1989 and 1990-1998, they noted that growth accompanied by improved distribution worked better than either growth or distribution alone, and that provision of civil liberties and political rights enabled people to participate more actively in reducing poverty. Conversely, poverty-reduction efforts have been observed to falter in countries with large inequalities, weak growth or inadequate social protection programmes (Fosu, 2011; Besley and Burgess, 2003; White and Anderson, 2001; Bruno, Ravallion and Squire 1996).	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	0ad816463409b85490bf2aaa1a9ed1a3	Yet they are typical of the incremental cost of irrigation water in regions where farmers must pump groundwater from substantial depths, purchase water in market transactions, or obtain surface water from the State Water Project. Demand for water has increased substantially over time, with increasing development of major cities including Phoenix and Tucson. The federally funded Central Arizona Project was constructed in part to relieve pressure on aquifers serving those cities by delivering surface water from the Colorado River. In conjunction with development of the Central Arizona Project, the state passed a Groundwater Management Act in 19S0 that requires urban areas to achieve “safe-yield” management of aquifers by 2025 (Bolin et al.,	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0ad84e2684f33b86a4597f56364c929e	As discussed further below, in theory also the composition of the dispatchable portion of supply is likely to change as variable renewables tend to initiate a shift from high-fixed cost technologies such as nuclear towards low-fixed costs technologies such as open cycle gas turbines due to the reduction in load factors. Depending on government policies, future fuel costs and carbon pricing, the final outcomes are very difficult to predict as operators will compose new least-cost configurations adapted to the new circumstances. These are difficult to grasp conceptually, very difficult to quantify at the current stage of debate and may not constitute welfare-relevant externalities in the sense that grid-level or other technical externalities do. However, they may well constitute the impacts that are currently most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/0905f827-en	0ad883c6640826292f76f00c11a38f2a	Factors that affect demand include the difficulties in accessing financial services through traditional rural channels, the scarce and inadequate supply of available products, and the users' limited entrepreneurial and financial skills. This opens up the possibility of offering non-real-estate collateral, although progress in the creation of centralized registers is uneven. In addition, most countries are taking steps to digitize public transfers and payments, which reduces administrative costs and encourages the use of financial instruments. At the macro level, the five countries recognize that a comprehensive financial inclusion strategy requires the coordination of public policies that go beyond the regulation and supervision of the financial system, including monetary, financial, productive development, and rural and territorial development policies.	9	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	0addefcbeb3ffd9a0b62cbc747d18eef	As long as all abstraction licences have a sustainable basis, there is then the potential for greater trading and economic benefit from more efficient use. There is also work in hand by the Environment Agency, which is taking a more strategic approach to the long-term water demands of the agriculture sector and energy generation so as to drive a more integrated approach to resource management across the water-food-energy nexus. The use of scenario planning, and the development of a compelling case for change, will ensure that legislative and regulatory changes are made in good lime to allow a transition to a more flexible and dynamic regime. There is a significant future risk to the Dutch economy if water is not well managed during drought periods and the impacts of salinity are not addressed in a timely manner. Agriculture is only one area that would benefit from an environment where water has a value and there is flexibility to allow users to respond according to their needs.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	0ade6dcada25ba00b5b8aa4f1c1e0962	This also applies at the farm level, where a farmer has to consider the management of the whole farm operation and not just those elements of the business important to water quality. Illustrative is the importance of stormwater management in helping to minimise nutrient and sediment loads from agriculture (Randhir and Tsvetkova, 2009). A further example is the reuse of irrigation water further down stream in a water catchment and the recycling of urban/industrial wastewater in agriculture, which raises both human health and environmental concerns, as recently illustrated by the growing use of recycled effluent water in Israeli agriculture (Box 1.2).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73d010ed-en	0adff779cb9e44e07e1a306772863123	In addition, wage gaps widened and unemployment fell, indicating that opportunities for entering the workforce and for obtaining employment increased, but only in the case of part-time work. Thus, the results in terms of the feminization of the workforce are positive both for women entering the labour market and for economic growth, but entry and employment conditions may not be favourable for women, and widening gaps and shrinking average wages could impact growth in the short run. Foir a detailed explanation of the justification for using this model, see Martin (2008). Table 1 gives the results for the variables of interest when pooled ordinary least squares and intragroup fixed effect estimator regressions were run. The other variables are given in the detailed model set out in annex A3. The Arellano-Bond test for autocorrelation does not rule out the null hypothesis of the absence of this phenomenon for the second order difference equations, which justifies the use of moment instruments.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	0ae08fc39303a1f85635c3428e66e85c	Another positive feature is a much lower (and falling) incidence of long-term unemployment among NZ youth than in most other OECD countries. However, the penalty to lower qualifications in the form of unemployment risk has declined markedly since the previous downturn in 1998, even if it has slightly rebounded since the crisis (Figure 2.2), and it is now lower than elsewhere in the OECD (Table 2.2). This could reflect diminishing marginal employment gains from rising educational attainment, as well as skills shortages which have allowed even those with poor qualifications to find work. However, cyclical factors were probably paramount as the 1999-2006 economic boom tightened already taut labour markets, bidding in many marginal workers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	0ae3cacadaa26b62a18eb6033686c71a	Shifts in political leadership in the late 1990s—including the victory of a socialist opposition party and the ascendance to the throne of King Mohamed VI—enhanced support for political liberalization and gender equality, enabling women's demands to be heard. Women's rights advocates responded to this challenge by establishing alliances with other change-oriented forces, engaging in public awareness campaigns and framing their claims in ways that appealed to Islamic precepts as well as to universal human rights principles. The reformed 2004 law remains faithful to Islamic values and traditions while giving women significantly more rights. In particular, it introduces women's right to autonomous decision-making by abolishing the notion of male guardianship and the wife's duty of obedience; establishes equal rights and responsibilities in the family; and equalizes and expands women's and men's rights to initiate divorce.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	0ae760591ada52686a07cee610172f5d	Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312283:NO ILO, 1999: Worst Form of Child Labour Convention, ILO Convention No. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312528:NO ILO, 2008: Resolution concerning statistics of child labour, adopted by the 18th ICLS, 2008. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112458/lang--en/index.htm ILO, 2008: Report III - Child Labour Statistics - 18th ICLS, Geneva, 24 November - 5 December 2008.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0ae99ff4296903911cbd4103821759a9	The subsidy is paid for young plants sold to fruit growers, with the selling price subjected to limits. Another component of the programme related to the fruit sector is the compensation of costs to establish and maintain mother stock plantations of perennial fruits and grapes. The specialised growers of mother stock receive compensation of their production costs based on estimated costs per hectare - in this case 100% of these costs are compensated.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	0af03e8e611382d04e0cb07bbb75a280	Responding states included Ciudad de Mexico, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Durango, Sinaloa, Hidalgo, Puebla, Colima, Jalisco, and Estado de Mexico. Sexual harassment against women is also widespread. Women aged 30-39 are the most vulnerable, as 68% have reported being a victim of some type of violence, suggesting that high rates occur while families are rearing children.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/934a58a1-en	0af0745a4cda6de696b2e3898f8647cd	The strongly growing international market for e.g. wood energy pellets supports this development and major investments are made in both supply lines and conversion capacity that relies on globally traded biomass resources. Given that large scale deployment of second generation biofuels, that could compete with oil prices around 70 U$/barrel, is expected to kick in before 2020, there is a major opportunity for the forest sector. Current expanding markets for biomass for producing heat and power could gradually be complemented by cultivated biomass from perennial cropping system and deliver the feedstock to the new biorefineries that produce 2nd generation biofuels. A clear message presented in a neutral manner that allows the public to make appropriate distinctions depending on the relevant specific issues and challenges, including forest area, biodiversity and damages, for various geographic contexts, i.e. local forests, European forests, forests worldwide.	15	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	0af2916a914c4efe58d577eba5149412	The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defines effectiveness in the context of development co-operation as “the extent to which the development intervention’s objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved” (OECD, 2010a). However, there is no common set of widely accepted criteria against which effectiveness can be measured and upon which to form an understanding of what constitutes as “effective international climate finance” (Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013; Brown et al., Reaching a common view is inherently difficult, due to the number of providers and range of channels operating across the climate and development finance communities; the diversity of recipient countries each with different needs, priorities and development agendas; and an increasing selection of instruments used to mobilise climate finance (e.g. grants, loans, export credits and guarantees).	13	0	4	1.0
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	0af2e4238f439f662e08993ce7497406	The section also discusses the methodological and data challenges involved in trying to measure the value of digital transactions and digital trade, and provides estimates culled from international organizations and national authorities, as well as financial reports from a number of well-known firms. This technology-driven revolution has not yet run its course and continues to this day, transforming the way business are run, the way production is organized, the way countries and firms trade, and the way people work and communicate. These three trends are Moore's Law, Gilder's Law and the digitalization of information, as explained below.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	0af4eeef18c1ec9f268bbf3593378988	The CRGE’s goal is to increase economic growth so as to leap from least-developed to middle-income country status, whilst at the same time reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing climate resilience. The CRGE has two components: a Green Economy Strategy (GES), which mainly addresses mitigation and was launched in 2011; and a Climate Resilience Strategy (CRS), which focuses on adaptation and is currently being developed with a focus on agriculture, forestry and land use. The content of this study concentrates on the GES and the current debate in Ethiopia on its implementation, together with recommendations suggested by the authors, having reflected on the content of the GES and the workshop deliberations. The relationship between the GES and the future CRS is also touched upon.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	0af5f6e74d8f29ca5f3c77025b67e5d0	They are given by the marginal revenue product of labour curves in the two sectors, which are in turn conditional on technology and product market prices for firms in these sectors. Although technology is not expected to change materially in the short run, product market conditions and prices may well do so. Both may give short-run shocks to the system. Although overtime pay may also have been made into law in some developing countries, its enforcement has usually been a problem.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0af5fd7b0c19c7faaf30ac7d68c711a0	This is particularly true for indirect and dynamic innovation spillovers transcending the sectors’ barriers. Similarly, a reliable and competitively priced energy supply, as well as gains in energy efficiency, support the competitiveness of energy users. Both these added values are not counted in the statistics of the energy sector, but in upstream and downstream sectors. A list is given in Table 10.1.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9d0e6611-en	0af6928fc4cd69b391901f7ebc789f66	"It is projected that many oceanographic vessels of the European regional fleet will need to be renewed in the coming years. The expert group identified a need for strategic reassessment and co-ordination, at European level, of oceanographic vessels, as part of a broader assessment and co-ordination of European MRIs. The GSO were tasked to develop and promote a ""Framework for a coherent and co-ordinated world-wide development and operation of global research infrastructures"". The global nature of the challenges ahead requires facilities that are too complex, and too expensive to be built and operated by individual countries."	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0af74637a042b2eedb9abf105c4bcf0c	Penang’s economic sustainability is threatened not only by low-cost countries but also highly-skilled countries with research and design capabilities in the region -Singapore and Taiwan. Multinational corporations have started moving away, their independence from the local economy giving them the flexibility to move to locations with lower costs. The focus of industrialisation is shifting from the assembly stage of E&E products of high technological value.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	0af7e40af75d1a272d0124a96c09caae	In some cases, the linkage between groundwater recharge and geophysical conditions could be complicated by land use change. For example, in the West African semiarid belt, clearing savannah for cropland modified soil properties and infiltration capacities, which substantially increased groundwater recharge (Leblanc et al. While surface water rights are often predetermined and access involves engagement with other institutions, groundwater can in many cases be accessed by simply drilling a well - something under direct control of the farmer. Both of these factors have contributed to rapid growth in groundwater withdrawals in many regions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	0af86694ef7aa488d746f6de68f94b69	Some 50 customs officers received basic training in the identification of GMOs, but have no access to facilities or equipment for their detection. The country has no certified laboratory to identify GMOs. It is, simultaneously, struggling with the challenge to ensure the more effective management of already-designated protected areas. All eight protected area categories are to a certain extent represented in the current system of protected areas. According to the Management Plan for the Tigrovaya Balka state nature reserve for 2012-2016, the area of this reserve, previously encompassing 49,786 ha, was extended in 2011 by an additional 12,462 ha of the Dzhilikulsky, Kabadiyansky and Kumsangirsky districts, and currently amounts to 62,248 ha.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	0b02500107084522b346a0a31f04e55d	This may also force the use of still costly energy sources. In particular, investments in additional fossil fuel pow'er plants will be needed to complement the intermittent energy production from RES. These investments will have to be supported as they may not be profitable in the long run. Contrary to RES, fossil fuel power plants do not have priority access to the electricity grid and would only sell their production at the margin when RES will not be sufficient to satisfy demand.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	0b05825d28147cc4c9e902154e121ea1	In other words, AfL practice should be expected, but without controlling too much and risking losing teachers’ trust and motivation. It would also be useful to show teachers how the different centrally initiated programmes can support each other, instead of competing with each other. It might also be useful to rethink how many programmes it is efficient to have running in Norway at the same time.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/baf425ad-en	0b05c6c35a874cc6acc614e2b3fe61e6	The need to involve the patient - both in their care and in incident reporting - resonates strongly and is consistent with the responses on measuring harm. The popularity of incentives to encourage team-based care is interesting. It suggests a potential move towards alternative remuneration models (population-based or bundled payments). It also suggests that a breakdown in integrated care can be seen as a safety lapse - therefore adding weight to avoidable hospitalisations as a safety issue (Section 3.2.2).	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	0b079baba99549109ebb2af3bea44507	In Portugal, the Regional Health Authorities and the Central Administration for the Health System produce annual reports showing the results achieved by FHU and traditional primary health care centres. Invariably, FHU achieve better access to care, and clinical performance and higher efficiency. For example, recent data from 2013 show that hypertensive patients and diabetics are better controlled by USF than traditional health care centres. Nonetheless, in Portugal as in other voluntary P4P schemes, the influence of self-selection should not be discounted.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	0b07c63f8ca803e8e2e8649480b678a3	All ECOWAS countries appear to be both countries of immigration and emigration, but CSte d’Ivoire and Ghana attract the highest number of immigrants from other ECOWAS countries (ICMPD, IOM, and ECOWAS. Gender roles describe the behaviours, tasks and responsibilities that a society considers appropriate for women and men, boys and girls; whereas gender relations are the ways in which a society defines the rights, responsibilities and identities of men and women in relation to one another (FAO web resources on gender accessed on 2 March 2016). Both are learned, socially constructed, and influenced by class, age, caste, ethnicity and religion, among other factors (FAO, 2011b; Leach, 2015).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	0b0a4b7011c0f63bc9fe3bd6504045d7	She would also like to thank the guest bloggers and other contributors to the SWAC @ Expo Milano website who engaged in discussions on the state and prospect of women's empowerment and gender equality in West Africa over several months, sharing their ideas and experiences and raising challenging questions. She has conducted research, co-ordinated policy analysis and published on gender, migration, conflict, peace and security, land reform and regional integration issues. She has also designed and co-ordinated the implementation of human resources and organisational development-related projects and processes in the areas of: job evaluation, organisational design, diversity and change management. Previous roles include: UNV Programme Officer at the UNDP Senegal Office, Policy Analyst at the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat of the OECD, and Human Resources Manager and OD Consultant at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	0b0c90ef875f93e613fac82816197424	The PoU reflects the level of undernourishment from the point of energy intake in calories for measuring regular food access, whereas the Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity (PoSFI), as an experience-based measure, allows for the measurement of the severity of the food insecurity condition at household and individual levels. Therefore, in addition to the PoU, indicators of prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity (PoMSFI) are used and collected through surveys, as per FIES methodology. According to the latest estimates in 2015-2017,2.1 percent of the total population in the ECA region has been exposed to food insecurity at a severe level (PoSFI). This prevalence in the ECA region is much lower than the world average, which was 9.2 percent during the same period. This coincides with a gradual increase in the PoU (Figure 2). More in-depth studies will be needed to investigate the causes of the recent increase observed.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	0b0dbfb069f0b2c094ca257f1dae419d	For example, the financial element involved in forcing a daughter to marry young may loom even larger for parents who are poor. Poor young people have less exposure to technology through which they could get critical information. Extreme poverty can also drive young girls into sex work (UNAIDS, 2012).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	0b108783aa5a75d78c3aec1c5d35d2ca	The first section provides definitions of the different types of stock, according to their primary purpose, focusing especially on buffer stocks and social safety net stocks. The next section identifies which variables will be used to examine the performance of these two types of stocks and addresses some of the general issues that are known to influence their performance. Then, the effectiveness of buffer stocks and social safety net stocks is reviewed using recent country case experiences.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32ea1505-en	0b16eea8519edf0b456635ce85be7c49	These multiple constraints contribute to low agricultural productivity (Chapter 2 of this Report) as well as limiting the dynamic potential of female ventures in rural areas, and thus risk inhibiting the long-term growth and diversification potential of rural economies. Women have land ownership rights in all these countries, and in only one (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is this affected by their marital status. However, formal discrimination persists in inheritance rights in a number of countries: Women have inheritance rights as daughters or surviving spouses in 16 cases, but not in seven others (Bangladesh, Nepal, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen), and in one other (Lesotho) daughters do not have equal rights with sons.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/401c524c-en	0b177884ae8cc3bcdb52efa3286336a5	These results were related to shifts in power and changes in norms, often in relation to traditional practices. An example is the establishment of villages free of female genital mutilation. Transformative outcomes generally emerge from a change process that has several stages, moving from awareness raising, to attitude change, to change in behaviour and rules, often accompanied by institutionalization of a new norm (as described in the Gender@Work framework). In such cases, UNDP was one actor among many that contributed to the end result.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	0b1b1ebe1cb4329e36f90f150bb521d8	Ermisch and Francesconi (2000) find that less than one-fifth of cohabitations survive more than five years. Cohabitation before marriage has also been argued to raise the risk of divorce, although the increased risk is small compared to other factors such as age at first marriage (Berrington and Diamond, 2000. There is also some evidence that there is negative selection in having a child outside of marriage (Ermisch, 2005). However, Goodman and Greaves (2010) find that while children in the United Kingdom do better on average at ages three and five if born to married parents, when controls for differences in other observed characteristics are conducted, these differences disappear. This, they suggest, implies that those children whose parents married in response to financial incentives saw no gain in educational outcomes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	0b1c0142b1be94ee35b1120a55c3095f	Annual growth declined to a moderate 5.8 percent during the period 2001-2016, although double-digit growth still occurred in a small number of individual countries, particularly in Africa from 2006 to 2010. In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly discussed the topic of the effects of climate change on oceans during the eighteenth UN Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea. Oceans Action Day has been part of the official programme of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since COP 22 in 2016. At COP 23, the presiding Government of Fiji not only supported this event, but also launched the Oceans Pathway Partnership to support the inclusion of oceans in the official negotiations on climate.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	0b282258b9ab2b487ad736297ab1dc2b	Strategic financial planning must be carried out in the context of broader sector planning that address roles and responsibilities of government agencies, policy priorities and related legislative and regulatory reforms in order to ensure that a package of measures that can realistically be financed is being put forward. According to OECD (2009b), SFP has several objectives: “it provides a structure for a policy dialogue to take place, involving all relevant stakeholders including Ministries of Finance, with the aim of producing a consensus on a feasible future WSS. It illustrates the impact of different objectives and targets in a long term perspective, linking sector policies, programmes and projects.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	0b28e0d94939bdc091e29ee85eea66b7	Finally, it looks at how apprenticeships can be a tool for social inclusion at the local level, considering the role of social enterprises and how apprenticeships can be used to further the labour market integration of refugees. Boosting participation amongst SMEs, who face specific barriers, may be particularly important. This includes offering more part-time, online, and innovative training arrangements.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	0b2a621fdcd2d9aab5b6ac534a968b8f	The Safer City Streets initiative has brought together road safety experts working in cities since its launch at the UN Habitat III conference in 2016. The scope of the initiative includes data collection, with the development and maintenance of a city-level database on mobility and road safety statistics. This work also benefits from the guidance and support of the ITF's International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group (IRTAD), who organised the pilot stage and established the methodological framework.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	0b2ab880b165abaecd5146f6129f1e8f	This approach has been widely tested in practice. For example, Germany and Japan, which introduced pharmaceutical product patents in 1968 and 1976, respectively, successfully used their utility model laws to protect small-scale innovation for decades.156 The Japanese utility model law, which once witnessed close to some 200,000 applications a year,157 allowed Japanese inventors to protect small-scale improvements of foreign inventions. Indeed, these local innovators often “surrounded” the foreign invention to the point where negotiated cross-licensing became necessary. Utility models (“petty patents”), for which the TRIPS Agreement does not provide any binding minimum standards, are usually granted for small-scale inventions that do not meet the eligibility standards under patent law, especially the inventive step requirement.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264287457-4-en	0b2dcb0a98b51650df167dd3db0b4d75	In addition, they may have a more comprehensive view of the policies that have been enacted over the long term, which may be difficult to perceive at the school level. Despite the importance of the government’s role in ensuring equitable educational opportunities and outcomes, many government ministries and departments work within silos, implementing fragmented policies and services and frequently revising public policies as a result of changes in govemment. This can become a barrier to lifelong learning opportunities and continued support for all (Froy and Giguere, 2010; OECD, 2012b). To ensure continued support from one stage in life to another, policy makers, local authorities and schools can collaborate on a joint strategy and action plan for achieving a common goal in a coherent manner.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/efc21c19-en	0b2ffa4097cfb834ebd3213f5e1e14a9	It is a result of a year-long data collection and deliberation with experts of the national governments, NGOs, international organizations and academia from a broad range of relevant fields including but not limited to gender, ICT, e-Govemment, public and social services. Among others, Gurumurthy, Nandini and Saloranta from IT for Change have put forth by far one of the most comprehensive policy recommendations to be included in the post-2015 global development agenda. The following summarizes the key content of their report. The Post-2015 agenda therefore, both in terms of goals and related targets and indicators, has to promote and measure women's participation in the information society and their access to and effective use of the Internet and ICTs.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	0b38a98597cb5fd31a13c2ac1433de4b	The government has implemented these low import taxes for agricultural inputs with the purpose of supporting farm production. Source; World Hade Organisation (2013), Trade Policy Review of Vietnam: Report by the Secretariat, WT/TPR/S/287/Rev.l. The size of the annual import TRQ is fixed by MOIT, whereas the tariff rates for out-of-quota imports are determined by MOF. The most recent notification on imports under TRQs for 2010 shows no imports of eggs under the TRQ and only about half the tobacco TRQ was used.65 According to the authorities, there are no imports of eggs due to a lack of demand.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0b38d237b09f6e125d324a1f7d342c5a	There is an interesting technical side-argument here regarding the de-optimisation of the residual system. If VREs had to earn their revenue on the market rather than receive fixed remuneration, the revenue they would earn would be lower than the average of all the prices during the 8 760 hours of the year. This is because VRE production is self-correlated and concentrated during a limited number of hours of the year during which processes are particularly low, precisely because of high VRE production. Since this effect is precisely proportional to the variability of the VREs, the negative externality of system de-optimisation would, in fact, be directly internalised through the price system (see NEA, 2012a). However, as long as VRE receive fixed FITs, which protect them against this effect, the system de-optimisation due to over-deployment of VREs, from the point of view of economic efficiency, continues to impose an uninternalised social cost or “technical externality” on the electricity system. While they can impose highly unwelcome impacts on certain parties, e.g. traditional utilities, which may raise issues from a distributional or political point of view, they do not as such constitute social costs and rationales for public intervention.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	0b39ee586d253eb54225365ae230a8c1	Because of the importance of forests worldwide, the most important aspects and statistics required to describe them are organized under a separate topic, Topic 1.2.3: Forests. As forests constitute particular ecosystem and land cover categories, their characteristics are also included within the other topics of this subcomponent. Presenting forests as a separate topic depends on their significance in a given country or area.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	0b3ac551700eb2a7969b756a717570cd	Certain towns see their populations increase exponentially on market days, which is not without logistical challenges. Women, in particular, did not find that arrangements effectively facilitated the sale of their products, the care of their children or responded to their security or hygienic needs. Rebuilt after a fire in 1992, the interior of the Gaya market lacks functionality: its concrete structures are not well-suited to local needs and are disregarded or abused by users.	5	2	6	0.5
10.18356/584f8730-en	0b3afaa878eed1c9e0c86ab67c3b6974	Declining oil revenue and a further cut in corporate income tax rates constrained revenue collection. For South-East Asia, total tax revenues as a share of GDP ranged between 12.4% in Indonesia and 19.6% in Thailand in 2013.20 While the “optimum” tax-to-GDP ratio would depend on a number of factors - such as a country’s preference for public goods, the availability of non-tax revenues and the structural characteristics of the economy - by all accounts, there seems to be room for increasing tax revenues in a number of countries. For instance, it was found in a study that Indonesia’s potential tax-to-GDP ratio is approximately 4-5 percentage points higher than the actual level (ESCAP, 2014a).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	0b3c46f3634498c9d04c0e26b0c6298b	"In schools with a privileged socio-economic intake, disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected (but by a smaller margin compared to other OECD countries) and advantaged students tend to do better than expected (within a similar margin of other OECD countries) (Table 11.5.11 in PISA 2009 Results, Volume II). Most of the students who perform poorly in PISA share a challenging socio-economic background and yet some of Iheir socio-economically disadvantaged peers excel in PISA and beat the odds working against them. These students show that overcoming socio-economic barriers to achievement is possible. While the prevalence of resilience is not the same across educational systems, it is possible to identify substantial numbers of resilient students in practically all OECD countries."""	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	0b3ce090f4df9d5be328286a8026b4d7	The resulting picture of the strains and stresses weighing on the ocean environment provides an important context for the subsequent chapters, which assess the future development of a range of key ocean-based industries. It provides seafood, which is the primary source of animal protein in the diets of approximately 1 billion people (mostly in developing countries), and it accounts for at least 15% of the protein eaten by 60% of the planet’s human population (FAO, 2014). Seafood products account for 10% of total agricultural food exports and 1% of world merchandise trade in terms of their value.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	0b3ce33c78f8908fad7b4aa0652cb4ca	Support groups appear to be popular with individuals with mental disorders, and with their carers; Meyer et al. ( Approaches that blend peer support and therapeutic approaches from eMental health are also beginning to emerge. Although individuals with mild-to-moderate disorders are much less likely to self-identify as mental health service users, and therefore less likely to seek help from such groups, the support offered by such groups - for example informally, or through an online forum - can be valuable (Box 2.4). Many OECD countries have sought to expand treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders using psychological behavioural therapies. Psychological therapies have come to be well-recognised as an important tool for increasing treatment availability, improving recovery rates, offering choice and quality of treatment, and closing the treatment gap for common mental disorders.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	0b43d7b7e8ab93c60757ef21df9bea2f	The architecture of these networks can be used to spread new practices, from the centre to the periphery of the network. A third strategy is to stimulate the diffusion of social changes between already connected actors (peers). This strategy, which is like a communication or marketing campaign, uses the properties of the existing network to facilitate the dissemination and adoption of new behaviours.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3ad10876-en	0b44b52cb9fbab3fd6b176f235807565	Use of satellite remote sensing is to some degree a means of compensating for reduced in situ monitoring, but still requires ground truth observations for validation. The challenge is how to sustain the monitoring beyond the life of the projects. For instance, there is regular joint water quality monitoring between the Russian Federation and China and the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	0b460a1b6e10426c16263ce1098d5713	According to calculations by the Ministry of Health, patient co-payment levels (calculated for reimbursable drugs only) could be reduced from 32% at present to 18%, if patients were always dispensed the cheapest generic dmg. With the 2011 Act on reimbursement of drugs, pharmacists no longer have any financial incentives to dispense the more expensive drugs, as the mark-ups are equal within the same substance group. Figure 16 shows how heterogeneous the size of PHI markets is across countries.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	0b479e6c71dacd14d2d3cc2176cca9ad	In 2014 the largest media companies in Denmark were Egmont, Aller, DR, and TCD Television (Nordicom 2015a). In Denmark, people listen to the radio for approximately 2 hours per day on average (Nordicom 2015a). Compared to the other Nordic countries the Danes ranked second in the time spent listening to radio.6 DR started broadcasting television in 1951 and now DR operates two television networks funded by licence fees.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	0b4e503ddaf13014a06a284157546892	Therefore, the use of IUCN assessment criteria promises considerable added value for future editions of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Research and monitoring staff patrol their reserves on an ad hoc basis and record observations on biodiversity, based on a methodological handbook. Their records (usually in tabular format) are compiled in the annual Nature Chronicles of each State reserve, and are also used to estimate the abundance of key species (typically as individuals per km of linear survey or per unit area). Results are reported reguarly to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	0b4e7d3d5b544938ca118474f0fbb332	Similarly, for countries where children enter school at age 5 (e.g. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), pre-school expenditure data were adjusted by adding up the expenditure corresponding to 5-year-old children enrolled in primary school. For spending on childcare: OECD Social Expenditure Database (uiuiui.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure). Cross-national variation in participation rates of very young children is much larger than for 3- to 5-year-olds. Participation rates were less than 10% in Chile, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Mexico, Poland and the Slovak Republic, but 50% or above in Denmark, Iceland and Sweden as well as the Netherlands, where participation was mostly part-time.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	0b50791e39d968987cd815bf4e1e040c	For example, the Lesotho Child Grant Programme (CGP) had especially strong messaging on expenditures on children's clothes, shoes and related expenses, which is claimed to have resulted in particularly large impacts on these expenditures (Pellerano eta/., 2014). Often, these types of transfer are targeted at vulnerable demographic groups, such as the elderly (social pensions), orphaned children or schoolchildren. The third entails a much lower level of subsidy.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	0b54ffaffcffeed6689b82bcb6774d7b	They have a direct impact when their implementation either requires additional public resources or - less frequently -entails initial expenditure cutbacks or revenue increases. The direct impact will thus vary across specific policy recommendations. As for the induced effect, the magnitude is likely to differ depending on whether reforms boost growth mainly through employment or productivity (Elmeskov and Sutherland, 2012).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	0b5536f9ba4f127a7db3c1f2bc3e5882	More generally, Luxembourg has a positive record in meeting its international commitments (often of longstanding) for the conservation of nature and biodiversity (Chapter 4). Pursuant to that Protocol and the terms of the European agreement distributing the burden among the 15 member states of the European Union, Luxembourg undertook to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 28% below their 1990 levels over the period 2008-12. This is the deepest cut of any agreed by the 15 member states.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	0b57c26eeda572b2518eed196348cb06	In order to promote systematic development of transit centres, the Multi-Modal Transit Center Development Master Plan is established every five years. The plan incorporates development strategies of multi-modal transit centres at national, regional and local levels. Efforts for wider adoption of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In the past, the ITS were largely confined to road and car traffic management, and thus opportunities to improve inter-sectoral synergies through these technologies have been lost. The ITS Master Plan lays the groundwork for sectoral ITS plans as w'ell as local ITS plans, which altogether aim to facilitate all-inclusive smart traffic management. Through a five-year national plan, efforts to develop advanced traffic technologies will be made at the national level.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	0b611118a837dc176cb953c20c3f9486	The first component of the 2008 ASEAN Integrated Food Security (AIFS) Framework is labelled Emergency/Shortage Relief and focuses on stability, including food assistance programmes, diversification and the ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN+3) Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR). A portfolio of measures to deal with risks should include policies that are effective and efficient across different scenarios of food security threats. In essence, this means managing a whole set of threats in order to stabilise food security whilst at the same time not compromising efforts to improve chronic levels of food insecurity.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	0b6176cd479fe11685ad15590cd7b45f	In the most recent DPR, AAFC identified the percentage of farms in Canada which have a formal EFPs and the percentage of farms taking action on their EFPs as performance indicators. Results are made available to the public through the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. The programme aims to support 2 billion litres of ethanol production and 500 million litres of biodiesel production. The programme expires in 2017.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	0b61bf4de178d64654c30973cf13455c	This has been acknowledged by the committees in the attention paid to women’s reproductive health, abortion, contraception, early marriage and teenage pregnancy. Thus it is recognized that control over their own reproduction is centra I to women's ability to participate on equal terms in society. Thus the Reporting Guidelines on article 6, the right to life, require States to provide information on birth rates and pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths of women, as well as measures taken to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure they do not have to undergo life threatening clandestine abortions (ICCPR 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	0b67243357032588ca5b79d82535a5d2	The driving force behind this increase will be a combination of rising incomes and urbanisation, interlinked with the expansion of fish production, and improved distribution channels. However, the pace of this increase will slow in particular in the second half of the outlook period, when fish starts to become more expensive in comparison with meat. Overall, per capita apparent fish food consumption will increase by 0.5% p.a. Apparent fish consumption will remain static or decreasing in Japan (-5%, from 52.8 kg to 49.9 kg), in Canada (-7%), in selected Latin American countries and in Africa (-5%), in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	0b69251c940abf4693fe16d88262f144	A downside to these purchases is that they distort market signals and may encourage illegal imports by inflating domestic prices relative to international prices. Furthermore, storage facilities can entail high costs to build and operate, with continued rotation of stock important for reducing potential storage losses from infestation or moisture damage. Nevertheless, since China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) China has sourced more agricultural products from abroad. In particular, net imports of vegetable oils, oilseeds, cotton, sugar and milk products have picked up (OECD-FAO, 2013).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	0b6a767c16b69504dd8717fb3fb8e261	The RPSNP has an important impact on reducing poverty, while subsidies tend to benefit the better-off. Overall, the fiscal system is too small to facilitate significant redistribution between income groups. However, identifying “net” social protection spending - i.e. spending which is financed through taxation rather than individual contributions or loans -somewhat reduces the size of the burden.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f90985ff-en	0b6c74a5be138ff7af8afec1d5c13d93	However, to the authors' knowledge, it has not been shown how this approach could be implemented at a scale commensurate with CSP. Water is required for mirror washing, steam cycle maintenance and often cooling. Air cooling is technologically feasible but lowers the plant efficiency and increases capital costs by roughly 10 per cent (USDOE, 2009,2012). The trend is toward more freshwater-efficient cooling technologies for CSP and other thermo-electric generation.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	0b6f8ac825ae6e304a6061f425d89d1f	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Colan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. But the same forces have also made the world more volatile, more complex and more uncertain. The rolling processes of automation and hollowing out jobs, particularly for routine tasks, have radically altered the nature of work and life. For those with the right knowledge, skills and character qualities, this has been liberating and exciting.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/215a990d-en	0b737f6259e75e901b2114c35718b1c8	Recent ITC findings show that a 1% increase in the budget of trade and investment promotion organizations raises export growth by 0.03 to 0.08%. Regarding exports, TIPOs tend to encourage the dynamic side of exports, such as new products or markets, more than volume. The measured ability of institutions to provide appropriate market support abroad seems to be positively linked with the survival rate of exporters. More specifically, a 10% increase in spending on new exporters, without increasing the total budget, leads to a 4.6% rise in the number of exporters per destination.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	0b771bb3398368d2ef7e858593a19e29	Over a ten-year period they closed special schools and put the resources into mainstream. It recognises, however, that individuals are not always treated as equals and that young people with disabilities experience discrimination and disadvantage. The Council believes that segregated special education is a major factor causing discrimination.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	0b78e6d695d2e360df8e2fcb0591a73c	Turkey is a case in point.111 The supply of childcare services shows problems of accessibility and location, high prices and low quality, caused by lack of public provision or subsidies to cover the existing demand.112 For the country’s offer of public childcare services to match OECD average preschool enrolment, Turkey would have to invest 1.36 percent of its GDP annually. Such an investment in early childhood education would create (directly and indirectly) two and a half times the number of jobs (mostly women’s) that a similar demand injection would create if it were channelled (for example) to the construction sector. Almost 80 percent of expenditure would be recovered through increased government revenues, debunking the view that care policies (and social policies in general) only add to the expenditures side of the government budget. The latter channel is more than a linear impact on human capital that automatically feeds into greater future growth.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	0b7a77f022896b0f80883bf4a6409f97	Poland has by far the highest shares of generic drugs market penetration in the OECD (Figure 15), representing 75% in volume terms and 58% in value, which contributes to the comparatively low price of drugs (in Purchasing Power Parity terms) (OECD, 2008a). They then provide the cheaper drug on patients’ request. However, in practice, these obligations are rarely met.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	0b7abeefac3fcf4276aa68f8e417d8ec	According to various estimates, in 2016 about 250 000 people come to Almaty' City daily to work. Most of the migrants work in lowintensive sectors such as construction and retail trade. Continuous production and adaptation of technical projects that are not based on the comprehensive assessment of local needs would not bring any considerable change or help to confront urban development challenges (Leigh and Blakely, 2013).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264280359-6-en	0b7d2a6e15ea75ef3e079405e3725ca3	It also assesses the participation of various governmental and non-governmental stakeholders in the design of gender equality objectives. The key findings and policy recommendations of this chapter aim to provide an important basis for the development of the Government's draft Concept on Family and Gender Policy for 2030. Setting a rationale, action plans, priorities, timelines, objectives, expected outcomes and/or targets, and effective policy planning across public institutions for promoting gender equality.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/becaa395-en	0b7d3b1505f9c5e6966bc6065e3cb313	The SSPs are being used alongside the RCPs to analyse feedback between climate change and factors such as world population growth, economic development and technological progress. They are based on storylines for possible futures which present different challenges to adaptation and mitigation (O'Neill etal., Sustainable development proceeds at a high pace, inequalities narrow, technological change is rapid and environmentally friendly, including lower carbon energy sources and high productivity of land.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	0b7e1e78d6e0cddb69769420b140b3e2	While fiscal reforms can reduce fiscal pressures, employment and earnings growth is essential everywhere both for reducing benefit spending, and for shoring up government revenues now and in the longer term. This is illustrated by the lasting difficulties that some countries are having in moving revenues and benefit spending towards pre-crisis levels - notably in Southern Europe, which saw major austerity measures while continuing to record rising unemployment and declining or stagnating GDP. The vertical axis is inverted (a positive number indicates an increase in social benefit expenditure and, hence, a deteriorating budget balance).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	0b82656dd1b480d9cd80e90939a30257	City akimats are mainly accountable for the rational use of land, construction permits and the provision of land for different uses in the city. However, in practice, land-use allocation is sometimes separated from their jurisdiction because it is also the responsibility of the territorial branches of the Committee for Land Management under the Ministry of Agriculture. This duplication of tasks by local government and by representatives of the central government presents many difficulties for land-use management.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	0b82fab59a21286ca08e7f9333fe4fbe	On-site feeding, on the other hand, can be less expensive and may result in a stronger impact in terms of cognitive capacities of recipients, but their targeting performance may be poor (Bundy et al., Evidence from Cambodia (see Box 4) seems to indicate that on-site feeding supports school enrolment of the youngest children, while take home rations have a stronger impact on attendance. School Feeding in Cambodia1 Context: With 30 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in south-east Asia. Education in the country is characterized by low quality and a weak system of infrastructure.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0b83bc79b119798e517c8c61b0a8d66d	While cannabis is the drug most abused by both men and women in terms of annual prevalence, cocaine is the second most frequent drug of abuse for men, whereas for women cannabis is followed closely by the misuse of tranquillizers, with cocaine coming a distant third. Experts in South America perceive an increase in cocaine use in the region, which is considered to be driven by increased abuse in Brazil. The rise in abuse of smokable cocaine has been receiving particular attention from national authorities, with the annual prevalence of “crack” cocaine being estimated at 0.7 per cent in 2014.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	0b85191d3461a4bcd2c1344c0c0f88b0	A growth model based on human potential can produce a more dynamic economy and a more inclusive society, since talent is far more equally distributed than opportunity and financial capital. As I discussed in Chapter 4, a more equitable distribution of knowledge and skills has a complementary impact on reducing gaps in earnings. And it has this impact while also expanding the size of the economy. More inclusive progress made possible through better skills therefore has tremendous potential to ensure that the benefits of economic and social development are shared more equitably among citizens which, in turn, leads to greater overall social and economic progress.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	0b855a503ec68efa342bc0a5ce62e345	In principle, emissions certificates give the holder the right to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases (EC, 2018a). Under the “cap and trade” principle, a cap is set for the total amount of GHG emissions for a given industry (EDF, 2018). The allowances are usually handed out to companies without charge (a procedure known as “grandfathering”), as companies start trading the certificates amongst each other. Over time, this cap is reduced gradually, so that overall GHG emissions decrease and companies are increasingly steered to invest in climate-friendly technology.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	0b8a47a7ac0fe93082fe1f2f7e016f5b	On the other hand, the holder of a utility model could still block access by competitors to the specie, which could have a negative impact on product improvement and competition. Thus, the party that selected the specie from the genus would be entitled to compensation from any party using the specie for follow-on improvements but would not be in a position to block access to the specie for such purposes. However, there is a need to delineate the boundaries of the invention so that third parties such as generic producers can be aware of the technological territory that cannot be invaded without risking a suit for patent infringement.252 To do this is the purpose of the patent claims that each patent application has to contain.253 There are several ways of construing a claim to determine the literal scope of the inventor’s exclusive rights (claims construction).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	0b8aa137261ca6a4b6ae1a5f28846e84	While most countries have adopted broadband policies or strategies, more infrastructure investments are necessary to ensure reliable connections and universal access to ICTs. However, access to ICTs is not enough. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen domestic capacity, especially in digital literacy, higher education and other research institutions, to better exploit the full benefits of ICTs and set sustainable growth paths for the future. Access to new knowledge, innovation, and new technologies can catalyse efforts and contribute to faster achievement of many of the SDGs.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3ad10876-en	0b8c6587f2af92d7278c7df61a36b198	The accident underlined the importance of dam safety control, regardless the form of ownership. Another consequence of the ageing of water reservoirs is the increased volume of sediments, decreasing the operational volumes. Agriculture represents almost 99%* of water withdrawal in the Chu Basin, 94% in the Bolshoy Uzcn/Karaozcn, 90% in the Atrck, 89% in the Syr Darya, 85% in the Ili and 73% in the Talas Basin, just to mention a few examples in addition to the heavily affected downstream part of the Amu Darya.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	0b8f9149ce95b2ed3ff4d8cf4007dce9	This might also arise when some benefits are difficult to capture and translate into monetary terms, as illustrated by the recent experiences with cost-benefit assessment carried out in the European Union in support to the implementation of the WFD in a few countries only (see Box 5.2). Although the WFD relates to the broader field of water resource management, these examples are relevant as they show the ways in which information on costs and benefits of water investments can feed into the policy-making process. In the case of the WFD, however, the main areas of benefits relate to environmental benefits associated with reaching Good Ecological Status, which are particularly difficult to quantify as these are linked largely to non-use values.	6	1	4	0.6
10.30875/32bff34e-en	0b8fdfdef4646bbc0eaa78fc0a69af44	The Committee looked at implementation of ministerial instructions on duty-free and quota-free market access for least-developed countries. Both governments and the private sector need to be more active in ensuring trade's full potential in contributing to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Forum heard. There are also references to the value of the trading system itself in supporting economic stability, which is essential for growth and development. Ministers declared that monitoring should be on the basis of written inputs or submissions. However, no written submissions had yet been received. A notification under the Enabling Clause was also circulated on behalf of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay, members of the Latin American Integration Association.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264249363-15-en	0b91add6d1b0487f38ad418a9bc8b3fd	However, the fiscal income is expected to stabilise (or even decrease) over a very long term, as the pesticide use per hectare will likely decrease. Input price increase is expected to have an effect on farmers' income. However, this effect is expected to be absorbed in the long term through adaptations of pest control strategies, as long as the suggested tax rates are high enough and farmers are in a position to successfully revise their practices. This dimension requires a detailed analysis of: • the level of dependence on pesticides of small-scale subsistence farmers (48% of the population of Kyrgyzstan is employed by the agriculture sector) • the general price elasticity (changes in the use of pesticides by farmers in response to changes in the prices of pesticides).	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	0b9408bcfcce31690d4527a8af815615	The regression analysis shows that labour regulations have reduced female labour force participation and that recent reforms to liberalise them have mostly benefitted male employment (Daymard and Sorsa,2015). This can reflect the fact that the regulations remain rigid and affect negatively formal job creation (Dougherty, 2008). With sufficient reforms more flexible labour markets are likely to benefit job creation for women as well. In this context the proposed amendment to the Factories Bill in 2014 to relax female night work are welcome.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0b950fdfe40c6fbe760701a5e32def95	The 23 public and 31 private tertiary level institutions include a regional institution (Regional Centre for Science and Mathematics), public tertiary and post-secondary institutions such as Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Teknology MARA (UiTM), located in Seberang Prai, two teacher training colleges and the Open University Malaysia. There are also a number of non-public education and training institutions such as the Penang Skills Development Corporation, Wawasan Open University and Kolej Damansara Utama college (KDU). In general, however, the private sector institutions act as “feeder” organisations to universities in Kuala Lumpur accelerating the loss of human resources. Today, Universiti Sains Malaysia plays a major role in the Penang higher education system.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	0b967c38a3e0dba2c9b4cc1b8faa8698	Compared to a regular database approach, blockchain provides transparency and security through distribution of data and validation by independent parties. The technology also enables companies to control their data and decide which information is shared with which partner and competitor (e.g. pricing terms). Currently, shipping companies and ports are actively pursuing blockchain solutions for their logistics data in order to improve visibility and reduce fraud (Miller, 2018).	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	0b993ab7ef65754f98f67f620396d7be	An earlier survey (Encuesta de Satisfaction al Usuario 2012-2013) found that users ranked hospital and outpatient care as “satisfactory.” Issues of geographical distribution as well as number and speciality of physicians have been persistent challenges in Costa Rica, and despite several work force planning initiatives, ensuring adequate supply of workforce remains challenging. However, the incentive has been insufficient to attract doctors to more distant localities, and is particularly problematic for specialists such as anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0b99c59143a543c178e78bda58eb7ddb	While the multinational corporations hire some technical personnel to work on design, testing and product developments, the supply of R&D engineers and technicians is too small for them to expand their R&D in Penang. Although the overall stock of human capital has increased in terms of outputs from tertiary institutions, there are deficiencies. Local graduates’ wait period for a job has increased and their wages have stagnated, suggesting that tertiary and secondary graduates’ skills do not match those required by employers. The contrast between the wage premiums of local graduates and those from abroad is significant and suggests a mismatch between local education programmes and labour market requirements.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	0b9bf9d53c4068be72caadd14ed260bd	We go on to discuss this in section 6. The OECD October 2012 workshop offered Ethiopian stakeholders a valuable moment for reflection on that progress. In this section, the authors again offer an independent view informed by the documentation, interviews and workshop discussions. Further practical considerations now need to be embraced - some, but by no means all, already being reflected in the CRGE and in some of the isolated ‘glimpses’ in different sectors (Section 3).	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	0ba37a0af733efa44919854ca61bddd4	It would also heighten poverty risks in households where part-time employment is the main source of income, and would make it more costly for employers to respond to business fluctuations through legal means. The experience in Estonia suggests that exemptions from miniinum-contribution provisions are needed in order to prevent damaging the employment prospects of disadvantaged groups, such as the registered unemployed. In all cases, these exemptions would add to administrative complexity and, in a context of remaining enforcement challenges, can be expected to trigger further attempts to exploit any resulting loopholes. According to the World Bank Doing Business report 2016, Latvia ranks a good 22ld out of 189 countries with respect to die overall ease of doing business (World Bank, 2016).	8	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	0ba452780565594a19eb740f57089cd0	Source: OECD, OECD Health Data 2011. Estimates based on the list developed by Tobias and Yeh in 2009 provide similar results. Other outcome variables as well as the efficiency indicator estimated by OECD (2010a)4 and the European Health Consumer Index yield similar results (see Table 2, which shows seven indicators). Once GDP per capita is controlled for, the residuals are linearly scaled such that the mean across countries is equal to 0 and the standard deviation to 1 for each indicator.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-11-en	0ba588df6c8020db0934744f88afaaf6	Its most important export by value is crustaceans and the United States is the largest export market. The value of exports and imports rose steadily between 2011 and 2013, whereas the quantity of both exports and imports fell during the same period (Panel B). The provision of infrastructure and unemployment insurance accounted for 51.5% of the total support (Panel C). In 2012, there were 18 740 registered vessels in Canada (Panel D).	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	0ba868b0dc560aab166cd145112b2380	The perception of risk level has generally increased, i.e. farmers tend to estimate the same risks as more important than previously. New Zealand farmers distinguish risks that generate threats and those that generate opportunities, with the dividing line between the two likely being the ability of the farmer to manage the risk. As this ability may change in the long run, their perception of risk as an opportunity or threat may also change with time.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	0bab8aa2061590295e37cae611f249db	It provides the motive power for machinery, enables delivery of multiple inputs into production, is required in the processing of industrial outputs and is critical to the distribution and use of industrial goods and services. Industry uses a variety of energy sources, and its choices are largely determined by price. The greening agenda, which focuses on mitigating global warming and climate change, requires a sharp cut in the use of fossil-fuel energy sources in the absence of efficient capture and sequestration of all greenhouse gas emissions. The first set is the capital cost of providing the energy-generating capacity, which includes the cost of infrastructure, the cost of equipment and the cost of construction. The second set includes those costs involved in running the capital equipment—the recurrent costs of production. Finally, the third set, and the most difficult one to measure, are the environmental externalities generated in energy production and use.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	0bad792d0df6751d031bcbfe7b78b5a3	The reform programme called for increased investment by the private sector, but the firms in question did not always expand capacity at the expected rate, and, in many cases in later years, there was a reduction in total investment in energy infrastructure. The public enterprises, which all countries have preserved to a greater or lesser extent, with the single exception of Chile, have become a tool of energy policy that is very useful on several fronts. In some countries, these firms play a social role by distributing electricity in rural and remote areas that are of no interest to private investors.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	0badd48d6b4ba435bbfa1390b9a671f4	About 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of the surface area under federal protection, includes land on which there are private property claims, mostly in the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes (TCU, 2013; Verfssimo et al., At that pace, it would take more than a century to complete the process. The resolution of problems related to territorial consolidation and land tenure sometimes exceeds the capacity and responsibility of environment authorities (TCU, 2013).	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3adc8369-en	0bb06c8a3a00e4eecf2795acaba4cee4	This distinction is important when it comes to translating the impacts of links into policy. Therefore, we summarily document the geographic scale of the various links in the tables below. We illustrate this potential for trans-boundary effects in Table 1, as an example. For example, depending on how it is designed and implemented, protection of coastal and marine areas could benefit or hinder access to marine resources for small-scale fishing communities.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	0bb35fdc21701c85ddc3a50e41b99b59	The expected increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and high flow rates caused by climate change may cause re-suspension of pollutants stored in sediments. It is a serious concern, causing aquatic biodiversity loss in rivers, lakes and wetlands, hampering human use of the water (e.g. drinking water, recreation, fishing, swimming) and it can also affect human health (see below and Chapter 4 on biodiversity). Eutrophicating pollution originates from point sources (urban wastewater systems) and diffuse sources (mainly runoff from agricultural land). Each issue is discussed below.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	0bb454f57956d7b4f84d32daf66a0250	In Viet Nam, the Central Highlands, with their diverse ethnic minority population, show the lowest CPR in the country (Teerawichitchainan, 2008; UNFPA, 2009). Supply and demand side barriers hampering access and use of contraceptives among disadvantaged groups are many, such as costs, distance to service delivery points and lack of information and knowledge, as well as cultural and social values (Sdortino, 2008). According to estimates, in South and South-East Asia in the 2000-2005 period 11 per cent of married women of reproductive age had an unmet need for contraception both for spacing and limiting births.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	0bb5dcb47a30a9ba9d1157e0794d8379	Policy makers therefore need to carefully consider their own particular economic structures when considering the distributional effects of their policies. However, in general, all policies including direct regulation will have some distributional impact which can often be regressive. For example, Sutherland (2006) argues that appliance energy efficiency standards usually affect market choices by removing the low-end and less energy-efficient units from the market. Comparatively wealthy consumers apparently purchase about the same appliances as they would in the absence of energy efficiency standards, and hence suffer minimal losses.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	0bb6f1a0092ae33e86e488b86ca9e868	A transformation in technology and marketing has indeed taken place in food processing and in the retail sector, but there is mixed evidence of the net impacts on small fanners. Sometimes this rapid evolution in the agro-food industry has worked toward the inclusion of small farmers, particularly as “resource-providing contracts” have proliferated. But often changes in the food markets have worked toward the exclusion of smallholders due to scale-constraints related to “inadequate” non-land assets - human and knowledge capital, access to credit, and geographical location.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	0bb74afcdcfc75d8381638bb154c4a29	In most countries governments are significant energy users, and government operations present significant opportunities for efficiency improvements. By procuring energy efficiency services from the private sector, governments can help build capacity and critical mass within this important service sector. This is a win-win option, since energy use is major public sector expense.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	0bb91ef7f8e31dd3ecc6aa56a108378a	Concentrations of population and economic activity in urban areas are additional complicating factors. Among the important issues facing cities, this chapter discusses the challenges related to air pollution and how to respond to them through smart city policies. Air pollution can damage human capital and create other non-health costs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	0bbdfa4ea12c36678223f98353b3e853	Policies to support innovations through early research and development can be undermined by an absence of support for their demonstration to potential investors and their subsequent deployment in potential markets. Thus technology policies need to adopt an integrated approach, stimulating both the development as well as the adoption of energy technologies. R&D initiatives without simultaneously incentivizing users to adopt the outcomes of innovation efforts (e.g. promoting energy efficient building designs without strengthened building codes, or CCS development without a price on carbon) risk not only being ineffective but also preclude the market feedbacks and learning that are critical for continued improvements in the technologies.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/3f10390a-en	0bc0cdee42c649e36b8ca7708309c17c	Estudios estadisticos y prospectivos sent id Nations publication, Sales No. For each of the income variables to be decomposed, it indicates the annual change observed in the gap between the top and bottom quintiles and between the start and end years, and the percentage of this change attributable to each factor analysed. Paraguay was the only country where the change in the percentage of adults per household accounted for close to 50% of the decline in the per capita income gap. In the other countries, the contribution of this factor did not exceed 20%, and in some it actually worsened distribution.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	0bc3671b295153b56be5727afdf182de	On the production side (industry, commerce and agriculture), significant changes are expected as the economy grows nearly eightfold. This implies a massive expansion of the commercial/services sector (by a factor of six), a significant expansion of manufacturing activity, and more limited growth of activity in agriculture. However, water needs to be pumped from increasing depth and this is the main source of electricity demand in agriculture. Sources: IEA, 2009b; IEA, 2010a; IEA, 2009c.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	0bc72f744b1cdaeefd661667636ac2a0	Furthermore, large income disparities can hold back economic growth by weakening aggregate demand (United Nations, 2013). The widening of income gaps between employees with differing education levels in the 1980s and 1990s was something of a surprise, considering the expected labour supply and demand trends. On the one hand, the expansion of education systems increased the supply of better qualified personnel. On the other, it was expected that liberalizing economic reforms would benefit the sectors that mainly used more plentiful factors of production, especially low- and medium-skilled labour. The outcome of these processes would have been to boost the wages of the low- and medium-skilled workers. Of the multiple factors that could have contributed to this trend, it was not possible to identify any single key cause, it being considered that a series of interactions are likely to be responsible (Fishlow and Parker, 1999).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	0bc88728440eb036b18eac0c7dca0058	These programmes also reveal the need to extend education and health services to those sectors of society and geographical areas which are currently deprived of them, by revitalizing the public supply of some of those services and associating them with conditionalities and promoting cooperation and coordination among the public bodies involved. The correct functioning of conditional transfer programmes depends on each country’s achievements in terms of universalizing basic social services, and also on close collaboration between programme leaders and the education, health-care and nutrition sectors. It is not possible to cover all the areas of concern in this report, but the main ones will be examined below. Achieving the goals of conditional transfer programmes requires good coordination between the ministries responsible for the various social sectors, as well as close collaboration between central government and decentralized or local authorities.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	0bc8acf0abb1da4ad10d32dacba1e512	A Global Environment Facility project in India found that more communication was needed among private sector players (steel re-rolling mills, domestic equipment manufacturers, trade and industry associations and others) for uptake of industrial energy-efficiency technologies (Verbeken 2009). Agreements were established with local institutions hosting the project training courses, which could then offer the courses beyond the project’s lifespan. The networks helped participating South African firms identify more than 5 million rand in energy-efficiency investments, with a payback of less than a year (Spalding-Fecher 2003).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176621-en	0bcb88b4f3e8b376462d025d8a48c738	Such evidence has driven policy makers to design an early intervention and re-think their education spending patterns to gain “value for money”. At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC that children experience. Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	0bcc66015c0f8bd039430df0681f6cb0	They then add to the personal contribution of the financing plan for the project. Finally, in some financing plans, including specific loans or the intervention of a mutual guarantee organisation, a minimum personal contribution may be imposed. In addition, this contribution will help to fund the start-up costs or certain investments not covered by bank loans.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ea442617-en	0bcd9b198f69f095d73ec91a7e4191b2	The United Nations deployed an array of humanitarian tools that coincided with this trend (the grant of temporary protection rather than permanent asylum; the creation of safe areas to reduce the likelihood of refugee flows or to encourage return; the authorization of military interventions in conflicts producing mass refugee flows; and cross-border delivery of assistance, sometimes with the use of the military, to at-risk populations) (Loescher, 2000: 54; Roberts, 1998: 375-376). First, policies aimed at preventing refugee flows coincided with the increasingly stringent nonentree policies of developed states noted above (Chimni, 1998). Second, there was greater willingness on the part of the international community to intervene in the internal affairs of sovereign states on humanitarian grounds, including where internal conflicts caused refugee flows. In what represented a significant extension of the international refugee regime beyond UNHCR, the Security Council in the post-Cold War period was prepared to be more assertive in characterizing refugee flows as a threat to regional and international security and thus a justification for action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter (Loescher, 2000: 54; Roberts, 1998: 383).	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	0bcdcbc1f8b21e51d42ec292b135f9f0	And a roof that doesn’t leak? Isn’t this a much more intuitive measure, and one that is more capable of winning public understanding and support? But the trouble with the argument that deprivation measures ‘real poverty’, whereas relative income does not, is that the intuitively appealing idea on which it rests is that poverty should be measured in an absolute rather than a relative sense. In other words, it is relative to both time and place.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	0bd36582020bae12b831ba149dc1b660	The analytical work should improve the quality of the assessment outcome and provide salient information for policymaking, decision-making and developing cooperation. If the first part of the assessment is mostly a diagnostic of the basin's situation, resources and sectors, the second is characterized by a more active level of stakeholder engagement that aims to jointly uncover priority issues, develop possible solutions and assess the benefits of cooperation. The paragraphs immediately below describe the six steps, whereas the participatory methods and frameworks and tools are described later on in this chapter. This includes information on: (i) the current state of energy, food, water and environmental security, and the availability of natural resources; (ii) the relations that exist within the region, the basin and its riparian countries; and (iii) main strategic goals, development policies and challenges.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	0bd43d3668323d13a2452df68d4d2023	The result shows that the lower productivity of female-owned enterprises is due, in large part, to the fact that they are smaller, less capital intensive, and in sectors characterised by lower average productivity. Enterprises owned by women tend to make lower profits (around 4% less), even controlling for their size, capital intensity, age, and sector of activity (column 3). The women-owned companies included in ORBIS were slightly less likely (1.2% less) to experience an increase in the number of their employees between 2005 and 2009 (column 4).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	0bd45dfadeef4af6a043f8b6c4256558	These strategies establish the general direction that the United Kingdom takes in skills development, setting targets and introducing new policies and agencies to assist in achieving these targets. For instance, the Leitch Review (2006), which was tasked by British Government to address the UK’s long-term skill needs, cast a vision for the United Kingdom to become a “world leader in skills” by 2020, and established targets to enhance educational attainment. The Leitch Review also recommended the creation of a commission to co-ordinate skill needs assessment work and skill policy more generally, leading to the introduction of the UK Commission of Employment and Skills (UKCES) which replaced the former Sector Skills Development Agency (SSDA) and the National Employment Panel (OECD, 2015).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	0bd5c32157352edddc8533212da40462	"Collaboration over domestic work (for girls) or maintaining the home (for boys) is a vehicle through which parents ascribe value to adolescents, model appropriate behaviour and include them in social reproduction in ways that are consistent with the aspirations of parenting captured in the WHO's five dimensions. Adolescents are proud of their participation in the running of the family and prioritise their ""right to help in the home"" as well as engage in family activities (Bray, 2012;Thorpe, 2005). For reasons we go on to explain, the pressures and motivations around work influence the notion of 'good parenting' in this region, differing from those commonly expected or assessed using standard measures. Poverty plus additional vulnerability due to HIV, including orphanhood and family dispersal, lies behind adolescent engagement in commercial sex work (Nyambedha, 2007), while transactional sex in the community is commonplace across poor neighbourhoods (Juma et al., 2013).Young people's reliance on these informal and often exploitative relationships increases where lone mothers, or small families, cannot meet material needs or connect adolescents to genuine alternative routes towards upward social mobility (Ngugi et al.,"	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/423532ad-en	0bd61ee5ec778034b1a6b63e4121ff1b	Innovative solutions in providing trade credit are therefore essential for MSMEs to participate in international trade and underpin MSMEs' ability to benefit from all the opportunities discussed previously in this chapter. These include internet-enabled services such as web-search or communication services, digital intermediation services such as distributional services, travel services or P2P transactions. Measures that hinder cross-border data flows may therefore hinder the expansion of digital trade. These include, for instance, local data and server requirements, restrictions on payment methods, or requirements to give access to commercial source code or encryption keys as a prerequisite to enter a market (Ciuriak and Ptashkina, 2018a; European Parliament, 2017).	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283329-en	0bd85eb57dcb76aa872106507010be70	Some of these increases may be attributable to the intensification of case finding efforts in the National Cancer Registry, the ageing of the population and improved diagnostics (i.e. introduction of new medical equipment, knowledge and increased diagnostic tests). The national breast cancer programme provides free mammography for women between 50 and 69 years of age every two years; the response rate was low, only 42.4% in 2016. A programme for early detection of colorectal cancer for people aged 50 to 69 began in 2013 on a pilot basis in one district; there are plans to expand it nationally. According to EHIS data, more than 90% of people in Cyprus aged 50-74 have never been screened for colorectal cancer.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	0bdb04836bbe6cf7ad7be4a6ab0aec41	The consequence was a widening of the gap between women in poor families and those in middle- to high-income ones. For their part, women in lower-income sectors might stay at home and care for their children, participate in community arrangements to secure food and services for them, or join the labour market and secure child care (Faur, 2011). However, it also seems to be important to consider the evolution of female labour force participation, fertility patterns and the increasing probability that a woman will have her first baby at an older age. The ideal estimation would be a double selection model covering the probability of being in the labour force and of being a mother and taking account of sample selection as well as the endogeneity of the choice to become a mother.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5950d914-en	0bdc00717e70379faa7407318fb3eb78	It is worth noting that the same indicators were 25 per cent in 2000 for Asia and the Pacific but decreased slightly since then, resulting in a total drop of 2 percentage points between 2000 and 2013. The value added per capita in Africa illustrates the level of development of manufacturing on the continent, tables 6.2 and 6.3 provide information on the two indicators during the period 2005-2015. When one takes into account population size, manufacturing value addition is low but rising, especially in West, East, Central and Southern Africa as a group.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	0bdcf2129e184e37e6d5472f9fa334f9	Loans from the VBSP are subsidised with low interest rates (ranging from 0.0-0.8% per month) and are generally for small amounts. Prior to the establishment of VBSP, these activities were provided by the Viet Nam Bank for the Poor (VBP), which operated through VBARD. Subsequent to the establishment of the VBSP, the provision of preferential credit has been completely removed from VBARD’s remit.	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/62062f00-en	0bdd8c09f83ed0375b29be8e40d6a005	The agenda embraces key economic sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport. It can offer opportunities for decoupling economic growth and social development from environmental degradation, thus strengthening the sustainability and resilience of a society. It can further help to seize new development opportunities that can contribute to growth and poverty alleviation. A coherent SCP policy agenda can support a triple dividend of greater wellbeing, increased competitiveness, and environmental integrity (CSIRO and IGES 2012).	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	0bdf3aa376fc0d37279c25c381505d3d	Conversely, long working hours may rob fathers of time with the family even though their relationships with their children and partners are stronger when they are more involved in parenting. The public provision of child care, for example, may involve substantial public investment. Some have given it a legal basis (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Korea, Mexico and Spain). Others have opted for a more flexible approach.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0899dee9-en	0bdff1a16124338ba120c46cbd9b44cd	The work is regarded as voluntary, and working conditions are casual.91 In the case of South Africa, the pay levels of ECEC workers do not allow them to move out of poverty. Sometimes ECEC workers enrol in training, topping up their incomes with the EPWP stipend. However, when the training ends, they have higher skills but the same remuneration as before 92 Poor worker remuneration is also common in ECEC programmes in other African countries, like those reviewed in Kenya95 and Nigeria. Improvements in national legislation in South Africa and Uruguay, and the ratification of the ILO’s Domestic Workers Convention (No.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	0be2f83a80c9771ee03e804b9cc3e103	The chronology of this reform in process and the content of the associated competence frameworks are presented here. The B2i reform does not consider ICT as a specific subject which needs technological training. It tries to support an integration of ICT in each field by proposing a competence framework with a new evaluation methodology.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	0be400e0186a097cdb970e661efe2130	As such, the impact will likely be uneven across Emerging Asia. Other potential effects could come in the form of increased price pressures and disruption in supply channels leading to difficulties in disposing inventories. Though it is challenging to pin down the speed of adjustments and the patterns of re-allocation caused by the trade tensions, the export data of Thailand and Viet Nam by commodity and partner country yield some notable findings.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0be4c18e2d712da4c4c621334705f466	The amendment entered into force on 1 April 2015. The Board continues to closely follow drug policy developments in the region, including the adoption of amendments to the legal frameworks regulating substances under international control in Costa Rica, Guatemala and Jamaica. A regional seminar on the role of research in the development of effective policy in the field of drug abuse prevention was held in Port of Spain from 29 to 31 October 2014.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7977af-en	0beb2ab320f1a548b384531f0284e8ab	Of this total, 16.3%, or one in six children and adolescents, is living in extreme poverty, understood as at least one severe deprivation. The scourge of extreme poverty thus affects more than 28.3 million individuals. In the countries with the highest overall child poverty (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), on average 72% of children were living in poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d85bcb9c-en	0bec7dddfdc9ad8a1b5fac129d2ba313	After providing working definitions for this chapter, it examines broad considerations for risk management in public administration, which were used to inform the scope of the chapter. The chapter then reviews how risk is addressed in the text of the Agenda and the SDGs, and contrast this with an examination of risks-related issues in various SDG areas, based on examples as well as a review of the academic literature. Due to the differences in risk across different fields (for example, systemic risk in finance versus natural disasters), different fields have developed their own interpretation of the concept, as well as diverse frameworks for thinking of risk and managing it2 For this reason, defining risk in a uniform way across the spectrum of human activities is challenging (see Box 4.1).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	0bed30784607ff31dd5196deccf266e5	The MB is a variable transfer covering the gap between the GMI and the average per capita family income. Total household income includes net income of all household members from all sources, in cash as well as in kind.57 In addition to the variable MB, fixed transfers are granted to eligible families for the birth of a child and children up to the age of three. The MB is entirely financed from the republican budget.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	0bef12fdd692c702a924cb3aece4be4f	Natural gas, compressed natural gas, electricity and heat production are not subject to excise tax. The Moldova Tax Code (Law No. Moldova has made significant progress in protecting the environment, but it remains vulnerable to changes in climate. In 2013, its energy intensity was 139 koe/USD 1 000 (purchasing power parity, or PPP, adjusted) (Energy Community, 2015), which is higher than the average energy intensity of the EU countries.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	0bf1ff20440ffa5abaae1e57590cbb52	The location of a school is one of the factors that influence the distribution of staff with different levels of experience and qualifications. In the United States, for example, urban school districts serving disadvantaged populations face particular teacher shortages, although there is great variation between districts (Papay et al., This often results in abelow-average share of experienced and highly-trained teachers (Monk, 2007(m]; Gagnon and Mattingly, 2012[n4]), and curriculum areas being covered by one teacher and teachers with little subject-specific training.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	0bf247d646a07e9b38b7e517f4058168	A new' feature will be added in order to enable all transaction prices to be recorded in the cadastral database. A link is also being built between the cadastral database and the taxation database in order to develop a more comprehensive and fairer taxation system, with an expected improvement of property tax revenues. The power to regulate the use of land usually lies in the smallest unit of government (e.g. municipalities through building and zoning codes) and local governments carry the legal responsibility for preparing urban land-use plans. In contrast, transport planning tends to controlled by higher levels of government (e.g. state governments and MPOs in the United States).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	0bf39105cb905a749a92914d58c6139e	Norway raised this issue during the twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Salvador, Brazil in 2010. The report is to be finalised early 2011. Furthermore, as OECD has pointed out several times, Norway would like to focus on the link between flags of convenience and tax havens in order to achieve greater transparency relating to ownership and control of fishing vessels.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	0bf5c53cd9037bccec5a559f627f5864	The accumulation of sanctions is possible: natural or legal persons can be punished both for an administrative offence by the administrative authority and for a criminal offence by the courts. Slovakia’s criminal code includes one of the world’s most stringent penalties for water- and waste-related offences: imprisonment for up to eight years. However, such penalties are seldom applied in practice. If a fine was the only penalty imposed and the offender paid the fine, the offender is considered as not convicted. When a fine is imposed, the courts usually provide for an alternative prison sentence to ensure that the criminal act is still punished if the fine is not paid on time; a system of conversion of prison sentences into fines also exists.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264310278-en	0bf6a24f15832c15391909704c62c83e	Moreover, an increase in the age of the household head decreases the chances of being financially vulnerable. Being married and living with the spouse is also negatively associated with the probability' of financial vulnerability. Our results also highlight that, even after controlling for traditional household and regional characteristics, there is clear evidence that an increase in the size of monthly debt repayment raises household’s financial vulnerability, and an increase in the net-worth of the household decreases financial vulnerability. Lastly, regional characteristics such as living in an urban locality do not seem to have an impact on households’ financial vulnerability once we take into account the net w'orth of the household. First, as far as we know, this is one of the earliest studies which empirically investigates the subject of household financial vulnerability using an unsupervised machine learning technique. Most of the existing analyses are based on aggregate data and cross country analysis which have some significant shortcomings due to their inability to account for differences in distributions (Christelis et al.,	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71bffc9c-en	0bf8bf18b0f5342f236ebbeadb1d30d9	For me it is a continuation of an ongoing and critical dialogue between design professionals, civic leaders, developers, and foundations from around the world, in developed and developing countries alike. The desire to exchange information openly is positive in and of itself: that we will open new networks for communication that may help solve common problems is especially positive. The previous studies have given us insights into the issues we are confronting, including challenges to both developed and developing countries.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	0bfa6d42af22571cf4a416b40951c0c8	In 1993-1994, those below the vulnerability line had constituted 81.9 per cent of the population. If other households experienced poverty or vulnerability in the interim, a large majority of the population lives in poverty or in its shadow. After all, the gap between the income that defines the extremely poor and that defining the vulnerable, Rs 11 per day, is approximately equivalent to the price of any of the following: a ticket in a municipal car park, half a litre of bottled water, a bus ride or a mini-sized snack from a street food vendor.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	0bfacc89685bb232459285390093ab82	In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the percentage of indigenous people is twice as high in the first quintile as in the fifth (76% against 36%). In the countries analysed, over half the indigenous population is in the first two income quintiles. The exception is the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the indigenous population is particularly large and fairly evenly spread across quintiles. A particularly striking case is Ecuador, where 48% of the indigenous population is in the first quintile. This is because under the first of these systems, having the possibility of securing more seats, parties try to include candidates from different social sectors to reach a wider electorate.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	0bfb26647b61d8d81f81d00a6bfc3542	Lack of access to housing and housing instability are often associated with social exclusion, risks to the health, poor educational outcomes as well as with poor access to mainstream health, social work and housing services (OECD, 2014a). The quality of housing and its surroundings are also linked to health, education and child-development outcomes and to general well-being (Newman and Holupka, 2014). Good-quality affordable housing can help the elderly remain healthy and independent, facilitating the delivery of services needed.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	0bfb277f83a04e8e9ed1854486701ecb	New extensions to several lines of the network are being planned in the near future by STC. The National Plan for Infrastructure 2014-2018 also establishes the commitment of the federal government to provide funding for the extension of Line A, which connects Mexico City and the State of Mexico (to be opened by 2017). Microbuses and RTP services were replaced by trolley buses in major avenues.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	0bfe16c9f6c080a498adf89122f10416	Other farmer groups focus on a particular issue, often supported by NGOs in their mission to empower rural people. These have generally focussed on advocating farmers’ rights over natural resources such as land and water (particularly prominent on the Outer Islands) or in helping farmers develop sustainable agricultural practices such as organic agriculture. Rather than being locally based, some farmer groups focus on a particular sector.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	0bff227ea43183369065ad071afba262	In many cases, these illegal structures have since gained community buy-in and have been turned into official skateparks sanctioned by municipalities, thus changing their temporary land uses into permanent features of the urban landscape. Though initially an unsanctioned experiment, their uses were proven to be beneficial and were eventually accepted. Embracing experimentation through temporary land uses (cont.) It provides costs estimates for different kinds of projects and access to data and maps of vacant land so that potential areas can be identified and linked up to other vacant sites.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	0c01b2aa22b8ebf26df2c55fba4c51d6	Nutrition assistance should also help direct practices towards healthy diets to combat the high risk of overweight and obesity in children from low-income families (Inchley, 2016(69]) (OECD, 2017(70]) ((n.a.), Early interventions in childcare and education are effective policy tools to create level playing fields and to reduce gaps among children. The evidence suggests that the benefits of high quality childcare programmes on child and young adult outcomes are positive and often stronger for children from disadvantaged families than for those of wealth families (Ruhm and Waldfogel, 2012(72]) (Havnes and Mogstad, 2011(73]) (Van Huizen and Plantenga,(n.d.)|74]) (Dietrichson, Kristiansen and Nielsen,(n.d.)[75j) (Shuey and Kankaras, 2018(76]). Yet, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately likely to miss out on formal ECEC (OECD, 2016(49])- Childcare places availability, affordability and perceptions of service quality are key parameters to foster the use of childcare services by low-income families and reduce inequalities across children (OECD, 2011(48]) (Van Lancker and Ghysels, 2016(77]).	1	3	1	0.5
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	0c034812334fb793e8e07b66cab48f0c	According to Qatar, natural gas products still face significant trade barriers, such as high tariffs. Some members expressed their support for reducing barriers to natural gas trade. Several participants in the initiative updated the CTE on the negotiations. The need to accommodate the concerns of participants with different development levels was highlighted.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	0c04e6a43ddcde83e0131e1de93fa064	Development co-operation can play an important role in building trust, facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating learning from experience across countries and regions, as well as the development, climate change and finance communities. The findings of this report provide initial insights on the pre-conditions enabling effective climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Going forward, there may be a need for new considerations and additional pre-conditions or principles that go beyond the insights from this research. In particular, the increasing role of private climate finance and South-South and triangular' co-operation in scaling up climate finance to meet global needs, as well as specific objectives of international climate funds may require a broader set of pre-conditions for effectiveness.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-5-en	0c04eed0f64483cdef14aa6fc0691b72	First, AIDS has a demographic impact and alters the age composition of the population and the labour force. These changes in the numbers of workers of different ages are captured in the L.t term. A change in the age composition of the labour force alters the productivity of the labour force because of its impact on accumulated work experience, and this is captured in the p. term. With population growth averaging 1.9 per cent a year, however, GDP per capita grows more slowly than GDP, at 2.6 per cent a year.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	0c07a7d12c07e6b48ebdc9dfd9ea4790	Multi-age groups organised in six “cycles” compressing to two years each, from 1 to 14 years old. Tutors and masters: The tutor follows the group through the whole cycle, is the key reference of the group, and manages the curriculum. The master can be anyone from inside or outside the school interested in developing a project/workshop with the group.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	0c07b6cb50689abc69761eb73e6f49b5	Similarly, the anticipated capacity of 11.8 GW from renewable electricity sources (wind, small hydro, biomass, waste and solar) will not meet the original target of 14 GW. It does not however present scenarios aiming for deep C02 reductions. The policy envisages C02 emissions for India in 2031/32 to be between Page | 46 5.5 Gt C02 and 3.9 Gt C02, compared to 1.34 Gt in 2007, while the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 (IEA, 2010a) limits the C02 emission increase to 2.2 Gt in 2030.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	0c0acd5f1c47a496f130e0fe6154a1ae	On the whole, the less developed regions of the world still have young populations, a situation that is unlikely to change much before 2020, when ageing will become a more significant factor. Some of the larger emerging economies, however, are likely to be converging with OECD population-ageing profiles by mid-century. Projections for 2050 indicate that the share of those over 65 is heading for around 25% in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and 23% in Brazil and the Russian Federation, closely follow'ed by Argentina, Colombia and Indonesia with 18-19% (UN, 2011).	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	0c0bd004bf372de72f2a6b0292067e7a	This paper concludes with methods for accelerating standards deployment in public and personal health. Yet they do not fully assure the deployments because of insufficient or mismatching requirements between ICT providers and nearby users. In particular, this issue poses an obstacle for quick launch of e-health services in emerging nations. Such countries also tend to require a service launch that is more agile than standards’ publication.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0c0df37ab98792378ea46fab0b62e329	Risk management in agriculture is not yet an apparent policy focus for Kazakhstan’s government. The effort to develop a risk management system needs to go far beyond the current policy to stabilise grain prices or subsidise crop insurance. Producers in Kazakhstan need a variety of tools to manage different types of risks.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	0c0e6727f220064094bc823dff1d37b4	Landslides and landslips are also great threats in the region. The local farmers led the process themselves with support from CIAT-CIRAD2 at first, which was then continued by CIPRES. Researchers and farmers work together to develop stronger and better food plants that are better suited and resistant to droughts, pests and diseases, with good plant size, greater yield, better quality of final product in term of taste, nutritional qualities and forage for animals. The work has been done with local varieties of maize, beans, sorghum and millet that were gathered and introduced into different agroecological conditions at different elevations.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/893fb414-en	0c0f79ed4ec9a79fca8cc8392ba2c73f	Energy poverty both signifies and drives overall poverty. More than 95% of the world population without electricity lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the population (620 million people) does not have access to electricity (IEA 2015a). Lack of electricity is generally most prevalent in rural areas.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	0c0fbf1b7eaab9e3a994f1ba7f0c7972	Finally, it can help improve quality of life in reducing transport costs (both in time and money), given quicker and/or shorter journeys. To support this, the Chilean government is buying some land for subsidised housing in more central locations to try to reduce segregation and improve the social mix (OECD, 2012b). The main subsidy for vulnerable groups (DS49) includes a viable-location component, if the subsidised house is located close to infrastructure and public transport facilities, and close to health and education services.	11	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	0c100a0a7a14c84dfce3a1370110e77f	Arogya World used a public-private partnership to fund and operationalize the programme; the partners other than Nokia and Emory University included Johnson & Johnson and Aetna. At least 5 crore people in India live with diabetes. Diabetes kills 10 lakh Indians each year. High blood sugar for long periods harms the body.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	0c1086ceea85b233313de9c7c6c9de9d	Overall, OECD (2006) and European Commission (2009) estimate that changes in demography alone will boost public health-care spending in Poland by 0.9% of GDP between 2005 and 2050 and by 1.3% between 2007 and 2060, respectively. The impact of demography on long-term care spending is estimated at 1.9% and 0.7% of GDP, respectively. As for the impact of income gains, an average annual increase of 1.5% in GDP per capita over 40 years would result in a rise in health-care spending of only 0.4% (0.9%) of GDP based on an income elasticity of 1.1 (1.2).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	0c134056d749d5a10ab40ac9497ed0bd	Eveiy six months, the units meet with each other to ensure co-ordination and a report on the work of the units is prepared annually. Community-based associations, the Family Affairs Bureau under the Ministry of Social Security, equal opportunities units in ministries, committees concerned with women in professional associations and trade unions all handle complaints relating to discrimination against women. The Ombudsman’s Office serves as a link between the NCW and Egyptian women who have encountered any form of discrimination or unequal opportunities by identify ing through first-hand experience the actual problems facing women. Lebanon has a legislative commission that addresses gender equality as well as social rights/children’s rights.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	0c13928f098ec69c3a68750965a0854e	It is not clear why the dummy variables included in earlier models to represent the organisation of the health system directly were not retained. Therefore, there would be an expansion of morbidity over time with increasing life expectancy. Regression output, while shown for all prior models, is not shown for this last model. The reasons why this final model was chosen are not discussed.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	0c16354dc421da8ae62447f847a0c3df	It brings together knowledge about waste and energy systems, green consumption, food security, farming practices and international food markets along with practices for avoiding food waste. That is hardly surprising as new, more environmentally and socially benign consumption requires an understanding of available alternatives, their impact along the supply chain and ideas of how the consumption system could evolve and how learning would support such evolution. Such interventions, in the form of campaigns (e.g. engaging celebrities or opinion leaders), may contribute to drawing attention to the problems. However, accepting responsibilities and most importantly, linking them to actions requires a set of policies that provide structure and incentives for securing more sustainable lifestyles. There is a need to start changing processes based around local resources and capacities, learning throughout the process.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	0c16868a16e2cab093cb121374e90ef7	Countries with a large share of their populations who are adolescents or young people have an opportunity to reap a substantial demographic bonus for their nations’ economies, development, resilience and productivity. This requires investing in adolescents’ and young peoples human capital and expanding the range of choices and opportunities available to them. But many adolescents, especially girls, are denied the investments and opportunities that would enable them to realize their full potential. For example, 26 per cent of the world’s adolescent girls and 17 per cent of boys between the ages of 11 and 15 are not in school.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	0c181b77a25a2bff870be2df9ef0a031	"Municipalities are the “founders"" of state pre-primary, primary and lower secondary educational institutions, except for those exclusively providing education for children with special needs, which have remained part of a separate network under the direct supervision of de-concentrated state administration units (regional state authorities). The authorities of the self-governing regions are the founders of state upper secondary institutions, also with the exception of those exclusively offering special needs education (also managed by regional state authorities). The number of municipalities running schools is very high and almost one third of them are founders of lower secondary institutions (see also Chapter 1)."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	0c1a37c6d4ae9afdfb68dd349c335444	Pesaran and Smith (1995) show that, under slope heterogeneity, GMM (and simple Least Square Dummy Variable) dynamic fixed effect estimates of the speed of convergence are usually affected by a downward heterogeneity bias. Accordingly, Arnold et al (2011) rather looked at an error correction (ECM) version of equation A3.8, using Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators which allow the speed of convergence to the steady state differ across countries. This is a realistic approach, as both exogenous (i.e. Solow) and endogenous (i.e. Uzawa-Lucas) growth models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries because of cross-country heterogeneity in population growth, technical change and progressiveness of the income tax. Moreover, the approach permits to discriminate between growth theories by glancing at the estimated parameters. In fact, for plausible values of the parameters, the Solow model implies a much slower speed of convergence to the steady state than that implied by the Lucas model (the paper concludes that the estimated speed of convergence is compatible with endogenous growth theories). As mentioned, this empirical approach could not be taken in the case of present analysis due to the lack of time series variation in inequality data.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	0c1a4cb5469de95fafd6b58ba44270e0	Another way to look at the burden of OOP payments for health spending is to consider this spending as a share of total household consumption. As a share of total household consumption, out-of-pocket medical spending (excluding any spending on long-term care) accounted on average for 4.7% of the final consumption of all households in Korea in 2013. This is much higher than the average across OECD countries (2.8% on average) and more than two times greater than across G7 countries (2.1%) OECD (Figure 5.7). In Korea, the share of the costs covered by the public insurance scheme is relatively low for all health services and pharmaceuticals, and even lower for dental care. Nearly 50% of all out-of-pocket spending for health care in Korea (excluding long-term care) is related to curative care in hospital or outside hospital, about 30% is for the purchase of pharmaceuticals, and the other 20% is for dental care.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	0c1b3ded719fe7e4f3e8aeebe6ed203f	In the private sector people work longer hours and are paid more money. For women to be appointed to high positions and move in careers they would have to work longer hours and make more money; however, there is a resistance from families and husbands on this matter. ( In Egypt, for example, the public sector accounts for 56% of employed women and 30% of employed men.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	0c1e6c1e7e1183b28f72dce1578738fc	Agricultural processing in Bangladesh accounts for a relatively large share of RNF self-employment income (21 per cent), in contrast to the more dominant manufacturing sector, which represents 31 per cent of RNF wage employment income (chart 26F). The authors identify rurality via the domicile of the household, and not the location of the job. Participation is defined as the receipt of any household income (negative or positive) by any household member from that income-generating activity. All the charts are based on the mean of shares which is defined as the income shares calculated for each household, and then the mean of the household shares of each type of income is calculated.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	0c1f664c00de7e8eecdcf84feaa4ed5c	Similarly, another study in Bangladesh finds that the emigration of men is positively associated with women's decisionmaking capacity and the education of girls in migrant families (Hadi, 2001). Moreover, remittances have also been linked to increased female agency within family structures and a change in perceptions of gender roles. Women who receive remittances have more and better control of resources (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). Economic remittances may also be used to give women better access to health care, allow them to start their own business and keep girls in education for longer (Antman, 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	0c21f11e4324f89e89732b720f43c5e5	Capacity Building for the Rapid Commercialization of Renewable Energy in China, Renewable Energy Based Chinese Un-Electrified Region Electrification. Beijing: United Nations Development Programme China. An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world. New York: United Nations Population Page | 114 Division. Presentation: Universal Service Obligation in Rural Electrification -Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	0c24bb91d55462b71bc8a42c1a437acf	Two additional elements are usually included in definitions of gender mainstreaming: the institutionalisation of gender concerns in order to transform “attitudes, culture, goals, and procedures,” and gender empowerment, w'hich is aimed at “promoting women's participation in decisionmaking processes, as well as having their voices heard and the power to put issues on the agenda. By ensuring that institutions, policies and programmes respond to women and men equitably, gender mainstreaming also contributes to good governance. If the needs and priorities of women and men are considered at each phase of the policy cycle (design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation), achieving substantive progress on addressing remaining gender gaps is much more likely. As such, applying gender mainstreaming to both the existing and new laws and regulations is of critical importance to close these gaps.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/08e82310-en	0c254056628380db0c363c342584a94f	While 25-50% of groundwater is used for drinking purposes, less than 25% is used for irrigation, industry, thermal spa and livestock. Wastewater is collected and treated in the largest settlement (Dim-itrovgrad), while in rural areas septic tanks are mainly used. Communal waste disposal and agriculture activities may locally put groundwater quality at a risk. There is a need for establishing systematic quantity and quality monitoring.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0c2f836c9da06f6ae063450da5fe1101	Of the 1.8 kg of synthetic cannabinoids seized in the Republic of Korea in 2013, 1.4 kg were imported from the United States. The rapid emergence of substances not yet under control, the limited forensic capability to identify such substances in some countries and the different listing classification for those substances adopted by different countries in the region are factors that create considerable challenges in mitigating the risks posed by new psychoactive substances at the regional level. The abuse of ketamine remains a major problem for the region, although the amount of seizures has been decreasing in some countries. While not under international control, ketamine has been brought under national control in a number of countries in the region: China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand. Medical professionals in Brunei Darussalam and China (including Macao Special Administrative Region) indicated an increase in the abuse of the substance. In Hong Kong, China, the annual prevalence rate of ketamine use remained higher than that of amphetamine-type stimulants.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	0c313294e9ee3e9c073a5c71b9eee2e9	However, the review team came across instances where parents appear to pay out of pocket for some textbooks, according to reports of some of the schools visited, in regions where supposedly the coverage of free textbooks is about 100%. In 2008, rules for the preparation, review and publication of textbooks, teaching materials and manuals were introduced, and over one thousand textbooks were deemed non-compliant with the new standards (Singh, 2012). The formula that has been proposed is the result of a long development process, which has included a piloting phase and consultations with national experts (Sange-SFK, 2012) and international ones (see, for example, UNICEF, 2012). Its final form (as piloted) is the result of the own analytical effort by the Ministry of Education and Science and its subordinated institutions, and so reflects the needs and sensitivities of Kazakh education leaders.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	0c31de21d5d8959e67d0402830f4e046	The electricity sector is the biggest user of fuel, followed by the transport sector (Figure 9.3). The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.28 (Figure 9.5). Artificially low tariffs due to the subsidies, and lack of bill payment enforcement has resulted in a culture of very high electricity use.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-19-en	0c32aa516fe37d21d7a388b42126b4f5	Expenditure on educational institutions reaches 17.7% of total public expenditure, among the highest rates in OECD countries. The largest portion of expenditure on educational institutions is from public sources (58.0%), as in other OECD countries, but Chile has the largest share of private funds among all OECD countries (42.1%, compared to the OECD average of 16.4%), as a result of high private funding of tertiary education. Most of the private funds are from household expenditure.	4	2	6	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	0c33b821d7586bd725facbe27d3408eb	One view is that it is important to have women in the 'hard' areas. Others argue that the distinction itself cannot be justified. Norwegian analysts have made the point that describing the areas in which women predominate as 'soft' devalues these important areas, like education, health and social expenditure, which in fact account for the bulk of expenditure (Karam and Lovenduski 1998:136).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	0c3733e9c6ec287dd2792ca38d401ebf	The present study demonstrates that the urban poor of Bangladesh are at a significant disadvantage in terms of access to basic public and primary health services. Although 60 per cent of the slum dwellers interviewed had access to water at a reasonable distance from their homes, access was quite limited in terms of the number of households per source of water. In a good number of cases (47 per cent), one source was shared by 76-110 households.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	0c3892f9194376010d5b3698c3003d96	This strategy includes engaging women’s rights and other gender equality advocates, as well as increasing know'ledge and awareness about GRB within the broader population. More than ever, new realities impose new ways of doing things. In order to design responsive policies, achieve the full empowerment of every member of society and obtain strategic insight on key challenges and issues, governments across the globe - in OECD and non-OECD countries - must work to deepen citizens’ engagement in policy making (both men and women), and involve business, civil society and other stakeholders.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	0c3ac23d1f1f7261f0ff01aea84b7b6e	The planned consolidation in the municipal sector will provide opportunities for better co-ordination between larger municipalities and the National Health Insurance. It is worrying that the increase in inputs is not reflected in an increase in the volume of health services produced. However, similar trends have been observed in other countries and may, to some extent, reflect difficulties in measuring inputs and outputs and adjusting for quality improvements in health care (Hardie et al.,	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	0c3de20d6dbd85aa0241428e628a4b7e	Alternatively, assessing government budgets may be sufficient to provide an estimate of the total amount of ODA to be spent on STI-related government priorities, but the timing and lack of detail of these estimates may create challenges relating to the accuracy when compared to official ODA and other development finance. Budget estimates are also unlikely to adequately determine the financial resources spent on supporting STI development in individual countries, information that will be important for the monitoring of the SDG. A key conclusion of the paper is the need for better alignment of definitions across the STI and development communities so each can satisfy its need for data-driven policy analysis without creating potential conflicts of interpretation. In response to the need to address other important cross-cutting policy areas, such as gender and environment, the Working Party on Development Finance Statistics have over the past decade agreed to the creation of dedicated markers, which facilitates monitoring and comparison of activities that addresses a certain policy area.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	0c3e0d4801f0bedc8bd7e6a50b2cfa30	Thus the study seeks to identify the inadequacies of the policies and practices contributing to the lack of primary and public health services for the urban poor. It draws on the findings of an empirical study conducted in four slums of the capital city of Bangladesh. According to projections by the United Nations, rapid urbanization of the Asia-Pacific region will continue and, by 2025, the majority of the region’s population will live in urban areas (ESCAP 2007, para.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	0c4113593452f61bc911b566a9eca8cf	In addition from one species to the other only little of the knowledge and techniques are transferable. In other words bringing a new species under human control requires major laboratory efforts and starting fresh for each species. Species such as trout and salmon are mature in production, while some species with great potential such as the Bluefin tuna and the eel have not yet seen full control of the reproduction circle.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	0c4561f8272daae2bc903c11aa04ea33	Children below age 18 represent 52% of the total population of these countries.6 The countries included in the analysis have experienced a large population growth over the last decades, and the trend is expected to continue. Population projections show a doubling of the African population between 2015 and 2050, predicting that 37% of all children under 18 will be found on the African continent by 2050 (UNICEF, 2014). On the one hand the results show the total deprivation of all children in the selected sub-Saharan African countries, while on the other hand the findings function as a comparison of children's deprivation levels between countries.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	0c49f3580966484dc9d7fd71bfea3cfa	Many of the recommendations made in that chapter are directly applicable to screening and preventive health care. Currently, only health care activities are documented, for reimbursement purposes. Extending this to include blood pressure, blood sugar and other clinical measurements will allow more informative assessment of the success of secondary preventive efforts.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330909-8-en	0c4bb1db55a2bd168a61e236fd4dce1c	There are some projects promoting low-carbon holidays that specifically promote sustainability. There are also projects and services promoting the ethical aspects of sustainability with regards to travel and accommodation in the destination country. Projects found for this study tend to offer “local luxury” and agrarian experiences.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	0c4eff7094a118e134895d205366e695	If CM are initiated, increases in emission levels would be more moderate (Figures 5.4 and 5.5). Some of the sectors where CM could be significant and effective include transport, green buildings, adoption of energy-saving equipment, switch to natural gas and renewable energy sources, and smart power plants. In Viet Nam, policies to improve the public transport system and encourage the introduction of less polluting and noisy motorcycles - the main form of private transport in both major and small cities - would lower urban pollution and noise.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	0c4fd546f57d8102976d6aba3a835b19	The Ministry’s role further includes building capacity for system evaluation, i.e. developing the capacity of different actors within the system to improve evaluation. As part of this role, it monitors the performance of the education Crown entities including the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA), the New Zealand Teachers Council and Career Services. In addition, the Ministry’s performance improvement actions are also monitored by the Treasury. The Treasury provides advice to the Ministry in ensuring value for money and providing better public services at lower cost.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	0c53676b84d84c06df9e6e19c4697ac9	Possible research questions include: What are the most common mixes of sources of financing for social housing providers? How does the increased reliance on private debt affect the provision of social rental housing? How can providers become more efficient while providing suitable accommodation for low-income and vulnerable tenants?	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	0c539bc326b893ef57317702fd2681dc	Transdermal patches are used for chronic pain, whereas transmucosal dosage is used for breakthrough cancer pain. Based on the study findings, eight strategies were found to have a high impact on preventing the diversion of prescription opioids in opioid dependence treatment programmes. Those measures included: (a) supervising consumption among those patients most likely to misuse or divert, while providing extended take-home medications only for patients when their dosage and social situation are stable and who accept abuse deterrent formulations; and (b) restricting take-home formulations that could put children at risk through unintentional exposure.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	0c5565aac6dd28a700e7d0e027b3a873	Governance aspects must also be understood in order to fully grasp the myriad of uncertainties, difficulties and opportunities that arise in managing water, energy and land resources, in making efforts to protect the environment, and eventually in the course of implementing solutions. The TBNA methodology has incorporated this kind of thinking from its inception and was thus developed as a two-track approach, with the two tracks being fully complementary. In addition, the fourth step explores the salient characteristics of an institutional framework by considering four variables of the governance system, namely: extent, coherence, robustness, and flexibility. The focus of the analysis is on policy coherence, as well as on identifying overlaps, gaps and complementarities of responsibility.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	0c55f11fa3255fe98479a61849954fd0	Negative feedback can also help firms rethink their strategies. In either case, customer feedback can have a huge impact on an SME's business, encroaching on a function previously dominated by review and standards institutions. In the United Kingdom, the Competition and Markets Authority estimates that £23 billion a year of consumer spending is influenced by online reviews.36 Online reviews have therefore become an important complement to, or even replacement for, other quality assurance set-ups, and it is increasingly important for SMEs to understand how they affect their business.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	0c588dda40c3b5b87336e0088e6cc0f5	The results present several clear opportunities for green growth and call for urgent policy actions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This is further exacerbated by land-use plans and zoning ordinances of some LGUs being outdated and needing revision to bridge the gap between what is planned and what is built.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	0c5d26bff6b43a20ef8bb5bf873c5ef0	Although the variability of supply of some renewable generation creates certain challenges in operation, solutions for these concerns are and can be addressed. As electricity systems expand and increase in complexity, increased engagement of companies with experience in large-scale deployment and operation will be needed. The private sector rightly looks to governments to establish policies (such as alternative tariff structures) that address social equity considerations associated with universal access to electricity, as situations may arise in which the consumer's ability to pay is a challenge. This report focuses on personal transport due to its great diversity at a regional level, rather than the more globally homogenous nature of freight transport.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	0c5d44cfeb2780d9d265e61453a14edb	On the other hand, in temperate regions and tropical highlands, production may increase due to warmer weather. Generally, production and trade flows of high-latitude and midlatitude products are expected to increase, with products such as cereals and livestock products being exported towards low-latitude regions. However, the exact nature of these shifts remains unclear, and more research is needed before policy-makers can properly understand the likely implications.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	0c5e2349d662f73734804813a9cf7952	Washington, DC, World Bank: 60-66; available at: www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/esmap/energy_report2000/ch7.pdf. Favorable tailwind; initiate on China High Speed (Buy), Goldwind, October 23; available at: www.e696.com/articles.aspx?id=1057653&gateid=011203. Socio-economic impacts of rural electrification in Bhutan. London, The Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/afd96577-en	0c63d773927a3433999d1fea7ef132f7	Where currents flowing from the open ocean come up against narrow continental shelves, nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water can be brought up into coastal waters and produce hypoxic zones (zones with low levels of dissolved oxygen) or even dead zones (zones with insufficient oxygen to support life, also called anoxic zones). Examples of this effect are found on the western coasts of America north and south of the equator, the western coast of sub-Saharan Africa and the western coast of the Indian subcontinent. Increases in the flow of some ocean currents may intensify this effect (chaps. Some greenhouse gases, especially chlorofluoro-carbons, have an impact on the ozone layer in the stratosphere.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	0c650e1f420953806a8bf0349464fdcf	The paper concludes with provisional policy recommendations and suggestions for future research. The 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education for All (EFA) and the 2000 Dakar World Education Forum reaffirmed that the right to education persists even in situations of armed conflict. Education in emergencies has increasingly become seen as the ‘fourth pillar of humanitarian action’ (Machel, 2001: 94) along with food, health and shelter and as a means of protection in itself (Nicolai and Triplehorn, 2003).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/c2c3e10f-en	0c65f74e3df1b4a88f37dd547d3a3b46	There is no information available regarding the tourism sector, as it is regarded as urban consumption from the water resources management standpoint. The unsatisfactory sanitary and technical conditions existing in the WSSs often lead to breakdowns, leading to losses of 40-60 per cent. The water tariffs currently in place allow for only partial recovery of operation and maintenance costs of water services, estimated at 75 per cent.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	0c69037ddc4418472fff4dee3fdc8e2f	Yet the challenges are often seen in technical and managerial terms, as a matter of getting the technologies, prices and regulations right, rather than in terms of the more profound restructuring of social, economic and political systems and power imbalances that would be required to transform unsustainable patterns. How the challenges are addressed has profound implications for who gains and who loses, among social groups and local, national and global interests. Market-based instruments that attempt to redress or prevent environmental degradation and mitigate climate change by valuing and putting a price on nature can risk exacerbating the very problems they were designed to solve.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	0c6cd089f0ad53e3e0fe43c255a16899	This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. This could be linked to the impact of housing prices on mobility, if displaced workers tend to stay where housing costs are low' rather than moving to look for job opportunities in more expensive states.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	0c727127a36656f19bad324d07d39bac	Assessments of the costs and benefits of adaptation measures for water systems are important to inform decisions about prioritising adaptation responses and to improve their cost-effectiveness. Yet, the evidence base estimating the costs and benefits of adapting water systems remains sparse (Box 2.3). In principle, decisions makers considering the timing of adaptation actions will compare the present value of adaptation today with the present value of adaptation at a later stage. The decision to act earlier or later will essentially depend on three factors: i) the difference in adaptation costs over time; ii) the short-term benefits of adaptation; and iii) the long-term effects of early adaptation (Agrawala and Fankhauser, 2008). They include making adjustments to long-lived infrastructure investments thus avoiding the cost and inconvenience of expensive retrofits.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	0c73f8f8f804adc7c6596fcf3f3b7e19	Residences and major roads might be built to avoid inundation from a 1:100 year flood, while minor roads and recreational facilities might only be secured from a 1:10 year flood. Surprisingly, New York City is protected to only a l-in-100-year flood event, despite having a larger GDP than London, Shanghai, or Amsterdam, all of which are protected to a greater than 1-in-l 000-year flood (Amsterdam is protected from a l-in-10 000-year floods) (Nicholls et al., Australian red gum floodplain forests on the Murray River, for example, require flooding for one month or more in 70% of years, while drier floodplain woodland ecosystems only require flooding for two months or more in 25% of years. Each use of water thus has a different level of acceptable risk (in this case a risk of shortage for the ecosystems that require periodic flooding).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	0c7528eef6c36d6368a549f97891a46a	In 1953, agricultural research in the various USDA bureaus was consolidated into the newly formed Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The Smith-Lever Act (1914) created cooperative state extension services as a federal-state-local partnership. Based in land grant institutions, extension sen/ices specifically were designed to share the results of agricultural research with farmers, household managers and young people.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	0c75d545222eb246879f4b1fd4dcf5ca	There are prospects for the private sector to expand, given the growing middle class, and it is important for the private hospitals to subscribe to JKN in future, even though initial attempts to do so were not successful. On average, public spending on health and senior citizens accounts for two-thirds or more of public total social spending. Across Asia, public social spending on the working-age population and children is very low'.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	0c7935d640fd5863851e541e6b330e30	The legislation should recognise such diversity and provide for both individual and customary rights. Finally, a special court for agrarian conflicts could be set up as an independent institution to solve the rising number of land conflicts. Significant efforts have been made to accelerate licensing procedures, but there remains scope for further improvement. The Indonesian Investment Co-ordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, BKPM) licensing authority should be strengthened and cover sectoral licenses currently administered by other institutions.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	0c7962b65f8e7891f9d11bab72425ff3	As a person’s skills deteriorate due to lack of use, the probability of being hired in the future declines. Employers instead will prefer to hire younger workers whose skills have not atrophied from inactivity. Joblessness is linked to higher incidence of mental anxiety, depression, poorer cognitive performance, and loss of self-esteem—all affecting worker productivity (Flatau et al.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	0c79f9b63231fd355307d7da1e3f71fe	First, transfers from the State Treasury to the State Health Secretary have often occurred very slowly. Likewise there is limited reporting of how funds are spent, which leaves open the possibility that funds intended for health will in fact be used for other purposes. There have been several high profile allegations of corruption and misuse of state resources. There are, however, broad rules regarding how states can use their health funds, which is important given the variations in administrative and managerial capacity across states.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	0c79fe7f3d06a4d0eb48c217b5a09022	Finally, when handed directly to energy supplying firms, subsidies can discourage innovation, technological upgrading and cost effectiveness, and may even compromise the overall quality of service. If perverse subsidies are not removed, subsidies for RETs may be needed to level the playing field and encourage their utilization. However, they must provide an encouragement, not an end, for both users and suppliers. In sum, subsidies must effectively reach the intended beneficiaries, encourage the provision of least-cost services (e.g. avoid covering operating costs), and, overall, be cost-effective, that is, achieve maximum social benefits for each unit spent (Barnes and Halpern, 2000). For instance, in some rural areas, the greatest challenge for farmers can be that the payment cycle for electricity (connections and monthly bills) does not match the income cycle (once or twice a year, after the harvest). Simply adapting the modalities of payment to the profile of agricultural users could make the difference.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	0c7ae8ceb0682c985a90767bf6835d38	As countries reduce extreme absolute poverty, concerns of social inclusion, better represented by relative poverty lines, become increasingly relevant. Anchoring the poverty line to median welfare makes the poverty line dependent on distributional parameters beyond the mean, thus allowing for poverty lines that differ across countries with the same level of income per capita. The paper derives and presents relative poverty headcount ratios from publicly available grouped data for 114 countries. An examination of the trends in absolute and relative poverty in Brazil, China and the United States uncovers commonalities that are not apparent if the analysis focuses on national poverty lines or different concepts across countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	0c7c1ce474955454a6e0ed292fdd7498	This reinforces the need for their economic diversification and transformation. For instance, the global push towards renewable energy and energy efficiency creates new opportunities in the mining sector in CDDCs with large reserves of the strategic materials embodied in clean technologies, such as solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, light-emitting diodes (LED) and electric vehicle batteries. One example is the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which accounted for 58 per cent of the global supply of cobalt, a key commodity used in the production of electric vehicle batteries.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	0c853ad5c3a83fbc29bec476e8a1a754	The challenge is to place economic value on natural assets in a way that makes the most of growth opportunities and sustains the resource while also delivering the most valued benefits. Most often these assets are economically “invisible”, or their value is only captured through marketed products, such as timber, where incentives for sustainable management are weak. Brazil and Costa Rica have both created mechanisms for rewarding activities that conserve and sustainably use natural assets (Box 1.3 in Chapter 1; Box 2.5).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-7-en	0c8774c7dafc35bbb7cd7d13d96dd80b	This chapter outlines the impact of Thailand's switch from a content-based curriculum to a modern standards-based approach in 2001 and its revision in 2008. This should be better communicated to schools and education staff supported in the implementation of curriculum reform. The content of each discipline or subject is traditionally described in terms of skills, knowledge and attitudes. More recently, other elements such as cross-curriculum themes, key competencies and values have been added to this simple subject-based paradigm.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	0c8873645ed5e4cd57aabd91cc297e99	Some data linkage of the registers, including to mortality, is already underway, with significant potential for extension. Use of standardised electronic records and data linkage would also reduce the burden on primary care staff of recording duplicative data in multiple quality registers. Enhancing, standardising and streamlining the information architecture to support improvements in health care quality and coordination, including in primary care, should also be a priority. In addition to tackling some of the practical issues entailed, leadership and a culture change in primary care will also be needed to overcome resistance to data collection by promoting the potential of benchmarking data for quality improvement and supporting patients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	0c89f0707e40996c19372c45c35bb703	The more parties that are involved in contracts, the more time-consuming and costly the contract documentation and orchestration of the stakeholders becomes. Additionally, in the course of construction, the involved parties modify contracts quite often, for example by extending the contract or splitting it into smaller more complex contract landscapes. Mutual agreements might lead to changes of existing parts of the contract itself. Another key driver is regulatory changes that need to be implemented and require adaptation of existing contracts, as a handover using the existing agreements might be contra legem.	9	3	3	0.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	0c8a5022768d4718914c7fcbd92745da	V told the DHS child protection officer she was engaged to be married to her 17-year-old fiance and she was going to travel overseas to meet him. Early and Forced Marriages in East Afric. Katanga was charged with the crime against humanity of sexual slavery and rape under article 7 (1) (g) of the Rome Statute (enslaving civilian female population of Bogoro); and sexual slavery and rape constituting a war crime under article 8 (2) (e) (vi) and article 8 (2) (b) (xxii) constituting a war crime in non-international and international armed conflicts respectively.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	0c8d78b477e5947d5e771d36913ccc11	With funding from UNICEF, the FAO contracted the authors to write the review. The authors are grateful for the constructive and thoughtful input provided by staff from both these organizations. Children are particularly vulnerable - 66 million children go to school hungry, one in four are stunted, and nearly half of deaths of children under five are attributable to poor nutrition [2]. As concerning as these numbers are, by focusing narrowly on anthropometric consequences of malnutrition rather than on child food insecurity more holistically, we probably underestimate the extent to which children are negatively impacted by food-related hardships. Child food insecurity is related to hunger and malnutrition, but it also includes experiences of worry, stigma, and shame related to food challenges.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	0c8fdb735879c366df5150ac4384114e	A functional primary care system where a family physician serves as the co-ordinating hub for complex patient care, ensuring that medicines and treatment regimens are properly reviewed over time will help ensure that complex care needs arising from chronic disease are catered for. A good example of a community programme in Korea today is the Gwang Myeong registration project which focuses on diabetes and hypertension management (see Box 3.1 below). This pilot project is run by the Gyeonggi Provincial Government and involves collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Korean Centre for Disease Control, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Gwang Myeong metropolitan health centre, provincial medical care institutions and pharmacies, and the hypertension/diabetes mellitus control centre.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b55e471b-en	0c8ffc8e9d9396a0a8c5ca7b45698095	It would also rely on national-level reporting, raising significant capacity challenges - particularly in poorer countries - relating to data collection and analysis.133 Furthermore, to be of real value, such a database would need to be freely and widely accessible. An international organization, such as IOM or one of the UN agencies - or, ideally, an inter-agency collaborative effort - might be best placed to initiate such a project.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	0c93c73446ed73ac0747adf84114f9b9	Campaigning and raising awareness among young men and women, parents, teachers and employers about gender-stereotypical attitudes towards academic performances and the likely consequences of overall educational choices for employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, career progression and earnings. Encouraging more women who have completed STEM studies to pursue professional careers in these areas, for example by means of career counselling, adult education, internships, apprenticeships and targeted financial support. Designing tax-benefit systems so that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. Securing availability of and access to affordable good-quality early childhood education and care as well as affordable long-term care for other dependants, including for example disabled children or elderly relatives.	5	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	0c96bb3f4ef0b9056fb57d643571cbc5	Despite initiatives to put these activities on a more legal basis, subsistence mining is still widespread. This is equivalent to less than a tenth of the territory covered by mining titles (about 8% of the continental land). Out of some 14 000 enterprises operating in the sector, about three-quarters had no environmental authorisation.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	0c995f8bcc5f3fe652a49f79aaa497e0	Surface water markets can also be used to replace groundwater markets especially in times of scarcity. During California's 2014 drought, for instance, some farmers bought surface water pumped from aquifers of neighbouring farmers (Sommer, 2014). Agriculture water conservation and irrigation efficiency programs often rely on fiscal instruments to redirect economic incentives towards lower intensive use of groundwater. Figure 4.4 shows that eight of the 21 responding countries report having subsidies for water conservation programs and nine have subsidies for irrigation efficiency.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	0c9ca12cf9e894f9643bfaa32f134880	If current trends continue to 2030 then key risks for poverty will include the rising number of single-adult households, living in a single-earner households, rising work poverty resulting mainly from low hours of work but exacerbated by low pay, and increased transitory poverty as work becomes less secure. Increasingly fluid family structures will also increase vulnerability to poverty, with more people moving in and out of poverty as a result of family-related events (including divorce or separation). If current trends continue then women’s employment rates will rise and the pay gap will fall to 2030.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283312-en	0c9d8b8525b44a1b9ebb6a1f3d429256	Obesity rates are rising, particularly among children, where the rate has grown by 50% since 2001. Nevertheless, the share of public expenditure is high (77%) and the benefits package is broad. While co-payments are levied on an increasingly wide range of health benefits, there are exemptions for vulnerable groups and out-of-pocket payments accounted for only 15% of total health spending in 2015, equal to the EU average. Strengthened health system governance will be crucial to ensure financial sustainability. There is a large gender gap, with women living about six years longer than men (81 years for women compared with slightly less than 75 years for men). Standardised death rates from cardiovascular diseases were 679 per 100 000 population in 2014,1.8 times higher than the EU average of 374.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	0c9e9d517e46a45ceb6b4afdae296aae	Selection is generally based on upper-secondary grades, Matura scores and/or an aptitude test. The first cycle includes undergraduate professional and academic programmes, and the second and third cycles involve master’s and doctoral programmes, respectively. Before the 2004 amendment to the Higher Education Act, which introduced the Bologna Process31 compliant study programmes (to better integrate the Slovenian higher education system with the European system), higher education programmes were binary in terms of their levels: undergraduate and post-graduate. Currently, 47 countries, which are also party to the European Cultural Convention, participate in the process.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9edc576b-en	0ca08eb6d3e6ea22ba664eb9768e292c	Sanitation coverage in urban areas is almost the same as drinking water coverage. Urban areas have mostly combined sewage and storm water collection networks that discharge into nearby surface water bodies. Because of poor maintenance of wastewater sewers and small pipe dimensions, leaks from these sewers often carry the risk of polluting the drinking water network. In rural areas, only a small proportion of the areas with piped water supply is equipped with sewer networks.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	0ca1f628f839f10eb12ee99ee2971b2d	In the effort of improving resource efficiency, the consumers are important actors. The consumer is crucial in improving resource efficiency during the use phase such as printing double-sided, maintaining the windows to extend their life span, and upgrading their existing products instead of buying new ones. Therefore requirements on consumer information on resource efficiency are important requirements to include in future IM in the Ecodesign Directive. Further consumer information is also an issue emphasised in the Framework Ecodesign Directive. Therefore this section will shortly elaborate on three addition categories including: priority resources and critical metals, dematerialisation, and system thinking.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	0ca589c19f7ec263550e6bbc2572ac58	For example, residents have voluntarily been enforcing a car-free day per month on a few selected streets in the neighbourhood. This raises a number of issues, such as congestion, the risk of road accidents, a lack of parking space and potential loss in quality of life due to congestion. Suwon is gradually expanding its subway network to provide its citizens with alternative modes of transport.	11	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-6-en	0ca86e4698bd54bcc9b12610d4806e61	The importance of long-term habitat isolation has also been shown for fungi and lichens on forest remnants in Northern Sweden, where the newly isolated forest remnants had higher species richness for lichens but not for wood-dwelling fungi compared to long-isolated forest remnants [Berglund & Jonsson 2004), indicating that lichens on newly isolated forest remnants may suffer future local extinctions whereas the fungi seem to have already adapted to the recent isolation. Hence, the landscape distribution of key habitat elements and the history of forest exploitation, as well as the amounts of such habitat elements, are important determinants for the long-term survival of forest biodiversity. However, the value of the forest for biodiversity also varies with site-specific factors linked to climate, productivity or specific terrain or substrate features.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	0ca930ec004a103e662edcd67a42b692	Federal government policy has sought to direct overseas-trained GPs to more remote areas to fill workforce gaps. Overseas-trained GPs in Australia make up a higher proportion of the GP workforce in regional and remote areas and account for less of the workforce in major cities. A rural generalist programme enables GPs to be upskilled so they can perform some specialist roles including anaesthetics and obstetrics. The programme has expanded, and there is scope for the creation of more of these positions through rural generalist training pathways.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	0caae8f6b344e04a9cd73ab9cb950152	For producers, these trade connections are becoming increasingly essential for incomes and livelihoods. Of the products traded on world markets, vegetable oils - palm oil in particular - are the most important agro-food export, accounting for the largest share of agro-food export value from the region as a whole, followed by fisheries and aquaculture (WITS, 2016). One commonly used measure, the prevalence of undernourishment, reveals a general fall in rates since 1992 (FAO, 2016a).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/124f66e3-en	0cacb00ed7bf47e45c9b9e9af7e40131	"Farmers benefit directly: they earn higher incomes and can use the extra production to enhance their own household food consumption. In a second round of benefits, productivity growth enables farmers to hire additional workers and buy other goods and services, creating ""multiplier effects"" that can ripple throughout the economy, stimulating overall economic growth and reducing poverty (Hayami etal., Growth in agriculture reduces 1 dollar-a-day headcount poverty more than three times faster than growth in non-agricultural sectors (Christiaensen, Demery and Kuhl, 2011). For example, relatively strong, sustained per capita income growth of 2.5 percent per year for 20 years (a total of approximately 65 percent increase in income), would reduce the prevalence of underweight among children in developing countries by only 27 percent (Fladdad et al.,"	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	0caedc74a774d1ff66b3cc378f31fa1d	Monitoring jekonomicheskoj situacii v Rossii: tendencii i vyzovy social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija [Monitoring of the economic situation in Russia: tendencies and challenges of socioeconomic development]. Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: resources and constraints. American Sociological Review, vol.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	0cb354e35119a3b1b2385058db843ebd	The production growth is limited by the availability of feedstock in the current projection, unless Indian sugar and molasses production increases more than projected in the outlook period. As a result, ethanol’s share of petrol consumption over the outlook period will not rise above 3%. Biodiesel production is projected to remain low, rising by 150% to 730 million litres by 2023.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	0cb6b6e7ec9b53c9386678704cfc6898	An example of the think aloud method used to construct survey questions on violence against women by Statistics Canada and the insights provided by this testing is presented in box IV.4. Ten behaviourally based questions on physical and sexual violence and ten questions designed to measure emotionally abusive and controlling behaviour were included in cognitive testing. The goal of the testing was to ensure that the final questionnaire would appropriately capture a range of experiences and be comprehensive and clearly understood by respondents and that respondents would be willing to disclose sensitive information to interviewers. The goal of the face-to-face think aloud interviews was to assess how well the survey and its concepts reflected the lived experiences of these individuals and to ensure that the questions were appropriate for a large scale victimization survey.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	0cb8132226bc1369c76b40cc85505e64	Further involvement of local authorities, which have good knowledge of local social and labour market conditions could help in that respect. A simplification of the training and apprenticeship systems would also be warranted, provided that support for the various workers and employers’ needs is guaranteed. The wide variety and complexity of funding, the re-branding of programmes and the multiplicity of stakeholders, along with the large number of qualifications, makes it difficult for employers to understand, find and undertake the practices fitting their needs.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	0cbacdb26d1126f66d106f763e5b5260	As a consequence, women who think they will be judged on the basis of employers’ misperceptions may under-invest in education, thereby confirming employers’ beliefs. The same mechanism may influence women’s choice of their fields of study. If employers are biased against female engineers, for instance, female students will tend to shun STEM subjects. That is also the case in the vast majority of OECD countries, although Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Portugal and the Slovak Republic are exceptions.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	0cbd6c950cf7c806990699f509ffdf87	Based on the new Basic Plan, a new farm income support payment was launched for rice farmers as a single year pilot programme in 2010. The payments are designed to bridge the gap between the actual average producer price and a reference level of nation-wide production cost. In this counter-cyclical scheme the reference producer price is set as the national average producer price of the past three years. This pilot programme is expected to continue in 2011, extending this new income support payments for upland crops such as wheat, barley and soybean.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	0cc0aecc68e281fcb97d85e1491a2d15	Negative difference scores on these graphs indicate that a larger proportion of more experienced teachers teach in less challenging schools. The Flemish Community appears at the bottom of the list, indicating that more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student population, whereas beginner teachers are more likely to be concentrated in schools with many students from disadvantaged home backgrounds. The European Commission (2015) highlights that there is an additional challenge of a particularly high turnover rate of relatively inexperienced teachers in Brussels schools.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/eb168bb7-en	0cc64a27cf433ec23a7f11bbc40e1722	The other is to link the national highways along the Asian Highway routes across Turkey-lran (Islamic Republic of)-Pakistan-lndia-Bangladesh-Myanmar to develop a TIPI-BM Road Corridor. The ITI-DKD-Y and TIPI-BM corridors are integral parts of AH and TAR projects, and can be interlinked at various locations longitudinally covering the whole of South Asia. Both corridors will have connecting sublinks to the major ports of Chittagong, Kolkata, Mumbai, Karachi, Gwadar, Chabahar and Bandar Abbas, and will connect with other corridors under development including the INSTC, CPEC and BCIM.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	0cc712a78ecd52e66217e647ed4e52ec	It reviews agriculture production impacts, considers the market and trade effects of such risks, and looks at the broader effects of these risks on food security. The discussion combines insights from the literature on water risks in agriculture, from case studies on Northeast China, Northwest India, and the Southwest United States, as well as results from a simulation of the global impact of projected agriculture water risks in these three regions. First, water risks will directly affect agriculture production.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	0cc93ab27ad32a673d863e2d624afa16	Those same forces also contributed to a massive increase in services trade, though from a much smaller base, as global sourcing of and foreign investment in services have both surged. Furthermore, while both low- and middle-income countries have made substantial progress in dismantling their trade barriers over the past two decades, this has not appeared to unleash sustained export growth in all of them (World Bank, 2007). Such heterogeneity of outcomes is the main underlying reason why there is no consensus in the literature about the quantitative impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth (see Box 1). Trade, growth and poverty reduction: where do we stand?	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	0ccb27f69a1fcf903ba326b1aa3b9d7d	"It is unclear, though, how effective this fund has been. In June 2009, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) launched a project on ""sustainable tourism"" to raise awareness among entrepreneurs and travellers on global warming. The project was in response to a finding made by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) that the global tourism industry emitted in 2006 the equivalent of 1 307 million tonnes (MT) of GHG or 5% of the world’s GHG emissions. Air transportation accounted for 40% of this total, ground transportation 32% and accommodation 21%. These include, among others, raising traveller awareness of the environment and global warming, environmental conservation and management, and energy saving transportation logistics."	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	0ccc8b5e798ca0bc33ad91014b1f0ef6	International experiences show a great variety of governance models, which reflect different institutional organisations, local circumstances, historical and cultural choices. But regardless of the place-based considerations to get water charges right, a number of common and overarching governance principles should be followed to set the needed framework conditions for economic instruments to deliver. For water charges to deliver, it is crucial to address not only the question of “what to do?”	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	0cccfbb1aac38b5ffd71b324a0c6c1b1	While men are more likely to suffer from fatal illnesses such as lung cancer and heart attacks, non-fatal disabling conditions such as arthritis and depression are more common among women. In 2014, women’s life expectancy at the age of 65 was 21.3 years - significantly higher than men’s 17.8. Their healthy life expectancy, by contrast, at age 65 was almost identical, at 9.4 years for women and 9.2 for men (Figure 22.1).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	0cce0f52ec8d97ea8930f66c7d4f3b69	With rising urban emissions, the population around the world will be more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Cities themselves will be especially prone to rising sea levels, increasing migration, and water and food stress. Without investment in urban resilience, the effects of climate change will push more urban households into poverty.’	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	0cce676d6d7342dea11c09a80b6777f1	In practice, it could be defined as coverage for the whole population for a certain set of health services and goods, although the nature of these goods and services varies across countries. The WHO and the World Bank have proposed options to measure and assess health care coverage in a given country and to measure progress towards “universal coverage” (See Box 1). They suggest that two types of measures can be used to assess progress towards universal coverage. Financial protection can be measured by looking at the proportion of people facing very high (‘catastrophic’) health expenditure (defined as a percentage of household spending), and by looking at the proportion of the population who fall into poverty due to health spending.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eag-2014-52-en	0cd4c0291360e11f6176dcbf8c063d4e	"Some 71% of tertiary graduates have taken part in formal and/or informal training activities, versus only 27% of people who have not completed an upper secondary education. France is no exception, with 56% of higher education graduates having undergone vocational education or training, as opposed to only 17% of those not completing secondary school (Table C6.2a). This trend is even more pronounced in France, with only 19% of 55-64 year-olds taking part in vocational education or training over the past 12 months versus 45% of 25-34 year-olds (Table C6.2b). Another statistic: in France, 18% of individuals questioned chose the option ""My employer did not encourage me"" to explain why they had given up on taking part in training activities of interest to them, versus an OECD average of only 8% (see Table C6.5)."	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	0cd4cbb613dc281d0552a04b992a719c	Further, a pilot project for a new technology may be implemented and run efficiently (and could therefore be judged to be effective at a project level), but does not meet its goal of being replicated at scale (and is therefore less effective when viewed from a national or sectoral level). The inputs to an intervention can be financial, human (e.g. information or labour), or material goods that help to achieve the strategic objectives of the intervention. Decisions on appropriate inputs will depend both on the strategic objectives of the intervention as well as local context and needs.	13	3	0	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	0cd967d63ea88c1fc691728e85977749	However, Mongolia has potential sources that could favour legionella development, such as the hot water network, air-conditioning systems and hot water springs. No data are available from any study of legionella detection, so it is difficult to determine whether it is a public health issue. No data on the impact of radiation on health are reported.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	0cdae194c29b6dfaa9a6eeef187b4d06	Appropriately designed solutions should focus on solving the causes of issues, such as policy risk or better designed markets. On the contrary, options that pick up technologies such as targeted contracts, and in certain cases, standards and norms, carry the risk of significant indirect costs. Market integration over large geographical areas will bring benefits. It reduces dispatching and balancing costs and facilitates the accommodation of increasing shares of variable renewables.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	0cde87f09ab47803b0cc35b0497a50d6	If credit is intended to increase the value of women’s work time, it seems it is not access to loans but use of loans matters. Ensuring women’s control over loan-created assets by law can also be a critical policy objective (Garikipati, 2011). Access to credit for women for productive projects can also be improved by measures enabling collateralisation of loans with cash flow or equipment.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	0cde9d17853d698b1bdb7b6f12b1d74d	This partially explains why Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia score 3 or above, while Bosnia and Herzegovina scores 2.8 and Kosovo 2.1. And, with the exception of Kosovo, they are all implementing measures as part of their strategies. The next step would be to improve their monitoring of progress against their implementation plans to identify if any corrective action is necessary.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	0cdeb1cf45bbc0394b0af0694c49afc5	An inspiring example of such a strategy can be found in Greenpoint, Brooklyn (Curran and Hamilton, 2012; Box 5.14). The plan aimed to promote mixed-use development projects, increase green spaces, reduce water spending and tailor public spending to specific areas of the city in need of development. The plan paid particular attention to the development of open spaces and the creation of integrated connections between spaces.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	0ce060427cad5a7a4f758eb8dc40e87f	The 4350 km-long Mekong River flows from steep mountainous areas to sea-level delta as it passes through Tibet, China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. Along its course it encounters different types of economies, governance capacities, local water management practices and historical cross-border relations. Further, processes of economic change and greater interactions over space ranging from the local to the global scales increasingly underscore the understanding that managing water alone will not address the sources of contemporary water issues.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/baf425ad-en	0ce0bc5bea6d0b31e949a09cf58c2eb1	Health-related quality of life scores were significantly lower for respondents with ADEs compared with other respondents. Consequently, productivity loss due to long term sickness and disability increased for people who had suffered ADEs compared to other respondents. If the patients are of working age, the worsened health caused by harm may prevent them from participating in the workforce resulting in lost productive life years. Beyond the negative impact on self-esteem and personal economic loss from reduced income, the flow on effects include higher support and care needs, increased welfare dependency and loss of taxation revenue.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	0ce18f9c562d2b0d8a954b2570cbe045	At the same time promoting more competition in the refinery sector would help ensure that costs associated with the transition to cleaner fuels are minimised. The leading role played by cities such as Beijing shows how stronger emissions and fuel standards can limit motor vehicle pollution. Nationwide implementation of leading China standards, and over time higher standards still, should be a high priority for the central government.	6	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	0ce9496034fa50f48ae849ddf130bbe1	The Brookings Africa Growth Initiative (Brookings, 2012) stresses that food safety, fair trade and organic certification standards as well as labour, environmental and labelling standards and certification measures diverge quite considerably among ECOWAS members. In East Africa, food producing companies in Kenya often find it easier to meet the strict technical regulations for exporting to the Japanese, European, or Singapore markets, than the widely diverging and poorly administered regulations in other African countries15 (World Bank, 2012). Private standards usually have a larger scope or require higher levels of performance than the baseline government regulations (they can apply to such areas as quality, process management, packaging requirements, or social concerns) and, as they evolve more rapidly than government regulations, they can be more difficult to follow and implement (Giovannucci and Purcell, 2008).	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/39291afb-en	0ce96b21164e1926ecc93df4722bebb4	Among children and adolescents up to the age of 14, the poverty rate increased by almost 3 percentage points, while poverty among those aged over 65 fell by 2 percentage points, owing, among other things, to the expansion of non-contributory pension systems in the region (ECLAC, 2018a). Thus, the ratio between children and young people living in poverty and older people in the same situation rose from 2.5 to 3.0, and in the case of extreme poverty the ratio jumped from 2.6 to 3.7. The femininity index of poverty is calculated as the ratio between the poverty rate of women of working age (20-59 years) and the poverty rate of men of the same age group. It is useful because it demonstrates the extent to which women are either overrepresented or underrepresented among the total population living in poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	0cec7c4704334788479f3f697c86e406	This effectively puts limitations on the local freedom to change the tax rate (Lotz et al., Setting the grant level is important for the overall fiscal policy of the central government, while agreeing on changes in the local income tax rate is important for the budgeting process of the individual municipalities. Such a sanction system was institutionalised by a budget law from 2012 (Houlberg et al., Even though these sanctions are related to the overall economic performance and not the economic performance in individual municipalities, Lotz et al. (	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	0cf4630c74cd36996e41372e2f10dad7	They are more promising approaches to the subsidising of contribution-based systems for informal workers than standard tools (tax deductions or tax credits) because the latter do not reach most informal workers. However, the available evidence from Mexico indicates that take-up rates have so far been low (Ferreira and Robalino, 2010). A similar scheme, the West Bengal Provident Fund, operates in the state of West Bengal in India.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	0cf9e6cfd5ba534963439f0d58b9e737	Nonetheless, according to the same surveys, 18% of the population report not having any health insurance - signalling a lack of awareness that is likely to translate into poor health care access, poor outcomes and continued financial risk. That review made detailed recommendations for improving health system performance in six areas: 1) ensuring adequate funding of the health system; 2) tackling the remaining barriers in accessing services for those not covered by social security; 3) encouraging greater efficiency of health care providers; 4) encouraging greater productivity of health care professionals; 5) promoting the quality and effectiveness of care; and 6) improving governance of the system. Regarding the former, Seguro Popular has gradually expanded its package, particularly for cancer and other the interventions covered by the fund for high-cost diseases. The National Survey of Health and Nutrition, ENSANUT, and work by the National Institute of Public Health suggest that sendee availability has generally improved, and availability of prescribed medications in particular. In rural areas, the Mobil Medical Units (formerly Caravanas de la Salud) programme, implemented in 2007, appears to have had some transitory benefit.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	0cff789400e257f6fa28c2573e992dce	"Thus, insurers are likely to apply a much higher premium, which will most probably end up being detrimental to the project developer. ( Other possibilities include the creation of insurance mechanisms against high climate risks, securitisation based on EE tranches, etc.) By contrast, a private investor37 underlined that ""public institutions will never replace the commercial/private sector; what we need are public insurance mechanisms to address certain risks."""	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-26-en	0d0160cfa534ebd6554991e923823651	It carries out on-site control and monitoring required for food security and consumer protection, and performs the necessary actions in cases of epizooties and other emergency situations under its competence. The FVS also cooperates with relevant authorities of other EU MS and third countries, and is authorised to perform controls to ensure compliance of exporters with provisions set out by relevant third countries. There are two institutions under the supervision of the MEPRD that are related to fisheries management - the State Environmental Service which is responsible for surveillance, control and enforcement of fishing activities and the Nature Conservation Agency which ensures implementation of a unified nature protection policy.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	0d02b195616490f828e9c7e99e293799	The University of Troms0 has over 9 000 students and some 2 500 employees. Since Troms County has only 1% of its surface area classed as cultivable land, agriculture is a relatively minor part of land use. It is mainly located around the coast and was traditionally combined with fishing to form a key part of rural livelihoods. Troms County is at the northern limits of agricultural production possibilities, but the Gulf Stream enables some seasonal farming around the coasts and fjords, while the Sami people also carry out traditional reindeer herding.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7b9bb2c1-en	0d0987bbfefbc666e0ef67334dcadb8d	However, the last years have also seen a number of important shifts, such as the rise in shale gas production, especially in the United States, the decrease in nuclear energy after Fukushima, as well as a slight increase in modern renewable energy (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2013). Essentially, this would require making the power and transport sector carbon-free worldwide by mid-century, in view of the limitations associated with replacing industrial processes based on fossil fuels. Todays C02 emitting devices and infrastructures alone imply cumulative emissions of about 496 gigatons (Gt) of C02 from 2010 and 2060, leading to atmospheric concentrations of about 430 ppmv (Davis, Caldeira, and Matthews, 2010).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45b6cbb6-en	0d0a8c319962b75433ee60aa075ccc3f	The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child health; end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases; reduce non-communicable and environmental diseases; achieve universal health coverage; and ensure universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks. Almost all maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate sexual and reproductive health services.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	0d0d0271a176300f7ac3238ba60758c2	No single set of metrics is suitable for assessing energy security for all purposes in all situations for these country groups. Table 2.2 outlines important factors contributing to energy insecurity of a nation, region or particular group of countries. Energy security in this framework is defined as low vulnerability of vital energy systems. The vulnerability of a system is the degree to which that system is unable to cope with selected adverse events. Such a framework allows review of security of vital energy’ systems from the perspectives of such criteria as criticality, likelihood of the event, and level and type of damage.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	0d1283514c0536157de17727559a2d3d	Women's rights advocates and autonomous feminist organizations have a critical role to play here in bringing women's concerns into the policy-making process and holding decisionmakers and service providers to account. Innovations in electoral systems and affirmative action measures have come about both as a result of pressure from women's movements and through the influence of global declarations and resolutions. Women's involvement in politics can also have a positive 'role-modelling' effect by encouraging other women to seek public office.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	0d183703b4a18429b58f37f094619869	Recently work on yields is published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Powell and Rutten, 2013). Its philosophy is in line with GTAP, namely low entry barriers for CGE analysis, whereas its modular set up facilitates working in (cross-institutional) modelling teams and allows to build in dedicated modules linking it with other models (for example the IMAGE model). Currently the system is used at LEI-WUR, JRC-IPTS and TI (previously known as vTI).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	0d1969113a2322ecb5aa4cd67d4ca0fd	Subsidiarity entails a clear definition of responsibilities across public and private players, for instance in the area of risk management systems. It also concerns the regional level of action which strongly depends on the type of problem at hand. For instance, the environmental performance of agricultural production has local, regional and global dimensions, and responses in terms of policies, technological or method developments need to be found at the corresponding levels.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	0d1fe78535c164474d04fbeed545228a	In Switzerland, around 15% of the entire cohort graduate through the professional education and training system, through professional college qualifications and industry-led federal exams (Fazekas and Field, 2013b). In Sweden, the numbers enrolled in higher VET programmes trebled between 2001 and 2011, while in Romania enrolments in “post-high school” grew from 44 000 in 2005/06 to 70 000 in 2010/11 (Ministry of Education and Research Sweden, 2013; NCDTVET Romania, 2013). All of the programmes mentioned here are substantial one-two-year post-secondary vocational programmes.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	0d31554862d86ebfed452e5030b7e481	Eurobarometer data allow analysing treatment rates of workers with mental disorders according to their absence behaviour and reduced productivity while at work. Employees with reduced productivity due to an emotional or psychological problem have much higher treatment rates (around 40%) than those with sickness absences (around 20%) or those neither absent from work nor at work with reduced productivity (around 10%) (Figure 3.6). The high treatment rates of those at work while struggling with their work performance have not been given much attention by either research or policy.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	0d338786c95cfcf0fb1d17f40dae431c	Riders noted that the service was attractive because it was less expensive than alternatives. Survey evidence six months into the pilot found that riders used the service instead of a car trip (~30%), a bus trip (~30%) or a ride service (in this case, Uber - ~22%) (Marshall, 2017; Shaheen et al., Following on the demise of Kutsuplus, the closure of Bridj, which had been highlighted as one of the more innovative start-ups in the ride-service and public transport field, underscores the difficulty that app-enabled on-demand micro-bus shared ride services face at present.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	0d33db85b791e578e7db782f3745b3a8	One of the biggest obstacles immigrants face when looking for work is that their qualifications and foreign work experience may not be fully recognised in the host country. As a result, many immigrant workers hold jobs for which they are over-qualified. On average, men have higher scores on the numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments scales than women, but the gap is not large and is further reduced when other characteristics, such as educational attainment and socio-economic status, are taken into account. In literacy, the gap in proficiency in favour of men is even narrower.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	0d3780ce3f5b1f45a3a884d6c2c35668	Increased instability and erosion of coastlines (especially in the upper Adriatic) has been documented by the National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (Insula, 2000) and is further exacerbated by subsidence from natural and anthropic factors like natural gas and water extraction. In helping to formulate adaptation strategies, the relative costs and benefits of different choices need to be known, as well as the cost of the damage expected to be caused by climate change and the extent to which an adaptation strategy can ameliorate such damage. Meanwhile, the current inlet configuration, together with the dredged navigation channels for large ships, promotes erosion and net export of sediment to the sea.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	0d3ace55e7a546da51f0b83614df28ad	Bilateral DFIs are usually owned by donor governments, source their core capital from official development funds, and have access to government guarantees. Some examples include Proparco (France), DEG (Germany) and FMO (Netherlands). The multilateral equivalents of DFIs are the private sector arms or departments of multilateral development banks (such as the International Finance Corporation under the World Bank Group, and non-sovereign operations under the regional development banks).	13	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	0d3af830460f6c3fd8e8f28766c4e7a5	Only if the affected individual is unable to produce any substantial work, and cannot be reassigned to a more suitable position by the employer, is there just cause for dismissal. The Employment Protection Act covers all employees and contains no derogations for disabled persons. However, there is special legislation regarding discrimination of disabled employees. Strict employment protection legislation has been shown to reduce employment and participation rates, especially in the cases of individuals who are already prone to entry problems, such as people with mental health issues (OECD, 2013b).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/20a23d10-en	0d3bc46cd4c9c9da7d664e76ab7ea159	Firms that are either exporters or foreign owned are typically more frequent ICT users. Basic use of ICT is needed to support skills for internal management such as training, cost calculation, product design and enterprise administration. At this level, both computers and smartphones may serve as a basis.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	0d3bcafcb2f4e7df19c647749570fef5	The process of preparation of the Second Assessment included a series of subregional workshops which were important events to build capacity in the different countries and subregions and to promote transboundary dialogue and exchange. This is all the more important in the transboundary context and in a region as broad as the UNECE one, where methods for water assessment and classification differ greatly between States — and not only between European Union (EU) members and non-EU countries. In order to reach a common understanding about the status of shared waters, the existing trends and the actions needed to improve the situation, the availability of reliable and comparable information is of the utmost importance.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	0d3f490d9f4bc51f88e8a348a1224653	See, for example, the three national systems described in Box 4.2. The leadership of the country aims at transforming it into one of the top 30 most competitive economies in the world by 2050. Education and training are among the policy areas declared to be of decisive importance in achieving this goal and the SPED 2011-2020 (SPED) sets out an impressive list of reforms to modernise and equip the sector for its important role (see Chapter 1 for an overview).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	0d3f692157a94d212b92f61fe947e51c	Extreme events will also carry the potential to disrupt transportation flows to rural areas. The patterns of demand will change and, given current capacities, increasing demand in the summer could strain transmission lines, due to spikes in demand for electricity to power air-conditioning equipment. On the other hand, to the extent that winters will become warmer, heat energy demand can be expected to decrease.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0d44e9286ed6d193753b979e478cbfee	In the absence of either such extreme scarcity payments or capacity payments, producers run up against the “missing money”-problem, which means that they are unable to finance their fixed costs. In practice, however, the capacity market option seems largely preferable to the VOLL option as it is far less uncertain and avoids the issue of barriers to entry - any market participant, for instance, would need to be able to play the whole merit curve, which implies a costly portfolio of means of generation - and thus persistent structural underinvestment with persistent price spikes. In the long run, the latter would create serious doubts about the viability of liberalised electricity markets.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282735-4-en	0d46904500eb327d3be19a5a1ed18437	Both face complex challenges, where long-standing problems must be confronted alongside emerging concerns. In particular, Peru is experiencing worsening rates of non-communicable diseases - alongside a persistently high rate of infectious disease. The health system, meanwhile, is simultaneously grappling with how to assure basic access - universal health coverage has still not been achieved, for instance - whilst prioritising efficiency and value for money, and improving quality of care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	0d4a2e001f5f277c3204fe37dc72c77b	The third is to allow children under the age of 15 to have free access to school canteens in districts where the monetary poverty rate is higher than the national average, using a government subsidy covered by foreign aid equivalent to 0.19% of initial GDP. The final policy response scenario consists of distributing cash transfers to households with poor children; the total amount of the transfer is equal to 1% of Cameroon’s before-crisis GDP and is supported by international aid. Moreover, it leads to a sizeable fall in these two dimensions of poverty compared to their levels in the absence of the crisis.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	0d4e69deefce3840360eac7390bdb381	The scope of such an organisation is defined by the areas of specialisation of the local HEIs that provide the resources and the local industrial structure. Although their focus is mainly on the respective territories where they are located, in particular for the background work mentioned above, they should be networked to multiply the opportunities of matching supply and competence needs.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	0d4f21809d70588dd9b86d4778a3a76e	For the rest of the deprivations, no substantial differences linked to the level of multidimensional poverty were found. As can be seen, the contributions of the different deprivations to the adjusted headcount ratio remained fairly stable in both periods under review. The most marked change was the drop of 20 percentage points in the contribution of income-based deprivation to total poverty in Argentina between 2005 and 2012.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	0d53953904aa18d17ac510db8e1adb99	With the introduction of FSC standards in the country, the concept of high conservation value forest (HCVF) has been introduced. Based on FSC certification reports of four certified forest companies, there are 75,530 ha (i.e. around 2.5 per cent of total forest cover) of HCVF forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FAO, 2015). According to the annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry, productive forestlands that are suitable for afforestation amount to about 166,192.5 ha - the area under the forest can be increased because a large proportion of these areas has poor production potential but could be afforested by using appropriate tree species in accordance with natural and ecological conditions.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	0d559ebb457f90e0d70c3d2191cf2884	Segregation can also occur at the school-level through schools circumventing mandated school choice practices by mainly advertising to certain groups of high-achieving students, as well as building schools in areas that are typically homogenous and high-achieving (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). Furthermore, many researchers conclude that “school choosers [students or parents/guardians] select schools on the basis of race, ethnicity, and class in addition to rational, objective measures of school quality” (Voyer, 2018[3ii), with immigr ant parents tending to choose schools for different reasons than native parents. Evidence on the criteria indicates that parents from a lower-income background prefer schools that are close to where they live (Allen, 2007,32]; Reay and Allen, 1997,33]).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	0d56efbd8a53b24f9fab06c61a119a9e	The study found that the average age of drug use initiation was 19 years and that abuse is highest among men and youth. Recommendations include the introduction of a selective drug prevention policy focusing on young people at universities and work environments. Increased abuse of synthetic drugs is a concern in South American countries such as Colombia, where they negatively affect local communities. The drugs are distributed in small quantities and may have their quality altered in mixtures that may be particularly harmful. Another trend observed in the country is the decrease in the average age of the users of such drugs. Small-scale trafficking in Colombia, commonly referred to as “microtrafficking” has become a growing problem in several Colombian cities.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	0d587d93e638a9ce150bc03c64a8a5cb	Yet, market developments indicate that blockchain technology is gradually moving towards more business-related use cases. Prominent examples of big enterprises experimenting and developing blockchain applications include Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and Maersk. Companies are also increasingly joining consortia in order to explore the potential of DLT.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	0d5df8b35dbc50e0aed4566b60095b89	If the overall costs of mitigation during the next decades are considered, the economic assessment might differ substantially. Immediate C02 reductions driven by the early deployment of RE may cost more than other options today, but will reduce the costs of mitigating climate change in the future. The risk that some mitigation options may fall short should motivate policy makers to consider higher-cost options that effectively provide insurance against catastrophic climate change. It shows that developing new renewable resources (e.g. wind, solar and others) from a very narrow basis today allows learning that will unlock their dimate-change mitigation potential.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	0d5f76e9fe35f3174162bd0bd47288ce	Some RTOs emphasise the importance of incorporating energy efficiency principles into existing courses and a number of units of competency, whereas others are looking towards the design of new qualifications based around specialisations in energy efficiency. Four key challenges are described below. In relation to emerging sustainability skills, many teachers and trainers must continually upgrade skills just to keep up.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	0d5fe29a3c5c7f26d2cf6410fd89e5e7	The region has a basin management plan {piano di bacino) but it is not effectively integrated with other planning instruments. This is particularly urgent given the Lagoon’s highly polluted sediment, which is at times sufficiently polluted to be designated as toxic waste under national legislation (and thus subject to special removal and disposal procedures). The Lagoon sediment is nonetheless an important resource for morphological reconstruction {e.g. salt marshes) and littoral regeneration {e.g. creation of parks along the coastal zone). However, no integrated policy governs water quality concerns stemming from dredging for navigation purposes, which stirs up sediment and re-introduces it into the water column.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	0d611d5da34a87c02274264acf6d9e62	Cooperation between users and producers of statistics. A dialogue should be fostered between national statistical offices and interested stakeholders, including womens groups. The general approach in the development of gender statistics has involved efforts to promote dialogue and understanding between statisticians and the various users of statistics— policymakers, representatives of non-governmental organizations, activists and researchers (United Nations, 2000).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283473-en	0d6409e0e9b517c8e39319b50fd63013	The role of private health insurance is negligible. Primary care is financed largely through capitation with adjustments for age and rural location, plus a smaller share of fee-for-service and performance-related payments for specific prioritised areas of care, in particular chronic diseases. Outpatient care is financed through case payment and fee-for-service for diagnostic tests, while inpatient care is largely financed through case-based payment (DRGs).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	0d6ca1fa22e1a1ec03042460cb2e411b	The authors would like to thank Romain Duval, Jqrgen Elmeskov, Michael Forster, Jean-Marc Fournier, Kaja Fredriksen, Isabell Koske, Stephen Matthews and Jean-Luc Schneider for their useful comments and suggestions, Chantal Nicq for meticulous statistical work and Susan Gascard for excellent editorial support. These allow comparing 24 inequality dimensions for each country with the OECD average and identifying how these inequality dimensions map into inequality of household disposable income. The country profiles reveal that inequality of household disposable income does not have the same origins. In some countries, wage dispersion among those working is an important factor (e.g. the United States) while in others, the non-employment rate and/or inequality in capital income are driving inequality in HDI (e.g. Italy).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	0d6d584f3a4d0e4c0fee52806fbe76e6	These events signal the need for responses by all stakeholders which address their concerns. For the most part, solutions addressing these issues are not new, but add greater clarity for appropriate policy responses. These include greater priority for productivity growth and improving resilience to shocks, implementing appropriate policies to address volatility and to mitigate its consequences. Finally, the international community needs responsible forums in which enhanced policy development and international coordination can work to address the policy challenge of securing the sustainable growth in the global food system which will be needed to feed the world in the years to come.	2	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	0d7073a838290751a39a4ccee5279f06	Nonetheless, there remains a crucial gap. To address this gap, the National Computer Board has implemented the Cyber Caravan project in line with WSIS Action Lines and geared towards the achievement of the SDGs. The project aims at building an all-inclusive information society to improve digital literacy and to provide democratized access. It is relevant to SDGs 1, 4, 5, 9 and 10.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	0d75e325444631e54fd3f638f4837b71	The state welfare system was substantially reformed after the end of Apartheid. Until then, the system was mainly dominated by means-tested, non-contributory old-age and disability pensions with conditions attached to the size of the benefit as well as eligibility that favoured the white population. The reform aimed at changing this and, twenty years later, the picture has been reversed, with the majority of grant beneficiaries being black Africans.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	0d77c1ecefbd453fc4b8ed2974f3d387	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It assesses urban sectors and activities that foster growth and reduce pressure on the environment, focusing on land use and transport, including eco-districts, energy efficiency in buildings, waste recycling, district heating and renewable energy. Public transport should link the proposed nodes more effectively, particularly those planned in the City of Stockholm with those planned elsewhere in the County. It is also important that existing urban areas in each node are densified, to prevent urban sprawl around the nodes.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	0d7c9bbc357a5fc9cfe0ec612ec5c791	"Given the disparate and differentiated impact violence has on women and different groups of women, there is a need for specific measures of redress to meet their specific needs and priorities. According to the Special Rapporteur, the focus of reparations should be on fairness towards the victims of human rights violations and on ""repairing"" the damage done, not only on returning the women to the circumstances they were in before they suffered the violence. Since the violence women experience is a continuum of structural and systemic discrimination women face in peacetime, during conflict and post-conflict, its structural and systemic causes need to be addressed by reparations aiming to transform these conditions. Complex reparations schemes, such as those providing a variety of benefits, can better address the needs of female beneficiaries and have transformative potential, both in practical, material terms and in terms of boosting their self-confidence and esteem."	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	0d7eeba1ca4c579e33280279618b7938	The index was developed to make best possible use of information from surveys in the countries of the region, with a view to providing the region with an instrument to monitor public policies that is comparable between countries and can be applied to its entire population and used continually over the long term, as noted above. The rights-based approach describes the institutional means necessary for achieving well-being, while needs and capabilities —or functionings— are a way of describing and expressing the various constituent parts of well-being. The guaranteed exercise of rights enables people to satisfy their basic needs and function at a basic level.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-3-en	0d813f10aac26c56736313eea481cad1	Irrigation charges are likewise very low but this is part of more general problems in this sector. Institutional weaknesses, compounded by chronic mismanagement and under-investment have resulted in the major degradation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure. However, the environmental damage is estimated according to methodologies dating back to the Soviet era.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	0d81c1240a0f79af4f4d23db0fccf010	Furthermore, the size of wind energy turbines requires them to be produced closer to installation sites, which provides opportunities for manufacturers in regions near wind-energy installations, such as the Chicago-area 21-county region. However, the low price of coal-generated electricity in the US (Figure 2.1) will likely continue to exert pressure on wind technologies to become more cost-effective. A national price signal that internalises the environmental externalities associated with fossil fuels, such as a cap-and-trade programme or a carbon tax, could make renewable energy sources significantly more cost-competitive with fossil fuel sources, depending on the baseline price.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c544899f-en	0d828a2256e537f2b9b1905961b2c94f	Despite these obstacles, no company decided to withdraw from the region, with the partial exception of EDF (which maintained just a single generating plant in Brazil). This situation has now changed, however, and in recent years these companies have announced ambitious investment projects in the region, generally targeting the organic growth of the markets in which they were already present — except for Argentina, where transnationals operating in the country (Enel, Duke Energy and AES) have not announced any expansion plans. The projects in question cover transmission, distribution, and generating businesses alike, and include a substantial increase in renewable energy projects (apart from hydroelectric power plants). This means that Latin American assets are now extremely important for the firms in question, since they are in markets with growth prospects offering generally high returns.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	0d84f0fc7b5028dc7dec36df8ba7127c	For example, a small group of private companies is actively patenting plant genes with a view to owning the rights to the genes’ possible “climate readiness” in the future. Granting intellectual property rights constitutes, and should always remain, a public policy action, one whose intention is to consistently stimulate—not restrict—private initiative in technological development. At the present time, the granting of a patent is the most widespread and lucrative technological development incentive.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264302037-en	0d853fc8fb02250f02f834e31c36bf4a	For the self-employed, these figures amounted to GHC 8.0 for native-bom workers and GHC 6.6 for the foreign-bom. In total, the gap between the average income tax per capita paid by a native- and foreign-bom worker amounted to GHC 29.2 (GHC 111.2 and 140.4, respectively). Of these 18.5%, 13.5% go to SSNIT (of which 2.5% are remitted to the National Health Insurance Authority), while the remaining 5% are allocated towards the mandatory Second Tier Occupational Scheme.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	0d8a500b5f20d41998e7edd561b53113	They often possess considerable monopsony or monopoly power in particular sectors, even if there is formally no restriction on new entrants. The use of industry associations such as VFA to implement policy needs to be fully reviewed, as there is a strong possibility for vested interests to limit competition. Efforts to open up various components of the food chain, including importing and exporting, to private firms are unlikely to be successful if the incumbent SOEs have sufficient market power to deter entry. This may delay adjustments to market signals, including those calling for higher-added value products to be supplied to domestic and international consumers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	0d8a86c7dd0dd164c40f3e404feb6e00	A major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a “failing” State can change into a “capable” one. However, the Millennium Development Goals per se do not constitute a development strategy. On the other hand, the recent financial crisis and recession have further undercut the validity and appeal of the Washington Consensus; and thus there is currently a vacuum, so to speak, in the thinking about appropriate growth and poverty reduction strategies.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	0d8ed111072b2055d1d77e77dd0a29c8	Gender gaps in financial inclusion are largest in South Asia and in the Middle East and North Africa region (Klapper, 2012). Enabling women to build up savings in accounts registered in their name attracts more entrepreneurs; conversely, access constraints curtail the business growth of female-owned micro-enterprises. Dupas and Robinson (2009) show that female market vendors in rural Kenya increased their daily investments by between 38 and 56% when they were provided with interest-free bank accounts.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	0d8f48f034a585d53282dbff67f080c2	A shared, forward-looking vision of urban transport as an enabler of economic, environmental and social opportunities will play a key role in upgrading growth and quality of life in Korean cities. This figure only includes population living in predominantly urban regions (as defined in the OECD territorial classification). The sum of the share of population living in predominantly urban regions and that living in intermediate regions is 82.7%, compared with an OECD average of 73.7%. As of 2015, roads and railways accounted for around 45% and 33% of total traffic-related public investment, respectively (Kim, 2015).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	0d90b1a48c157b06b8ae9b6e3ce6dc29	Labour resource utilisation is measured as total employment as a share of total population, based on national labour force and household surveys. Labour productivity is measured as GDP per person employed, including estimated informal employment. Brazil, India, Indonesia and China (age group 15 years and over).	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	0d9605635755b228584a2579ae4d6be9	Most of these fall under the category' of 10-24 m length vessel. Around 84% (78 stocks) were classified as not overfished, while 16 stocks were classified as overfished or subject to overfishing. The remaining stocks were classified as uncertain. The number of stocks assessed in any given year is determined based on the importance of that stock to the current or past economic conditions of the fishery.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0d979cbcfac39e5c420708206121fac1	The addition of significant amount of renewable energy reduces the electrical capacity running at high load factors and increases the value of flexible production: a higher proportion of conventional stations is required to operate only at times when the production from renewables is below average. In those conditions, plants with relatively low capital costs will be favoured over those with low operating costs. First, the optimal generation mix of dispatchable technologies that satisfies at the lowest cost for a given electricity demand, represented by the annual load duration curve, is derived. The same methodology is then applied to the same electricity market after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	0d97aeccfd44cfdc19cbf505a36d844f	Livestock production is also expected to be affected by heat stress and changes to feed and pasture resources. Rising temperatures can shorten the reproductive cycle of many pests, which will also increase their risk to agricultural plants. Because of the diverse peculiarities of the weather in the different parts of the national space, the transport system is relatively flexible, recognizing both the normal atmospheric conditions and local characteristics and manifestations of extreme meteorological phenomena diat directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the transport sector. For the period 2040-2070, cost reductions (2.4 per cent annually) are expected for winter maintenance of the road infrastructure as a consequence of the mitigation of weather conditions during the winter months.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	0d986e75e92af3e8b162eaedd10bb07a	Mental health nurses must work with psychiatrists and GPs to provide services like monitoring a patient’s mental state, managing their medication and improving links to other health professionals and clinical service providers. A minimum of two patients must be seen per session, and evaluations seem to suggest that the programme has been quite succesful. Increased and/or improved training and continuing professional development (CPD) and use of evidence-based guidelines in primary care have the potential to be a cost-effective way to narrow some of the treatment gap for common disorders, and improve quality of care. In some OECD countries mental health training is included as part of their continuing professional development training.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	0d99423d03fdaabc36259cd36a8bc2d8	Moreover, all persons with disabilities should have the right to access inclusive education with adequate individualised support to enable them to take part. Article 24 pays special attention to the situation of children who are blind, deaf and deafblind. The world's largest and smallest, richest and poorest countries make up the Commonwealth and are home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities, over half of whom are 25 years old or under. Member countries span six continents and oceans from Africa (19) to Asia (8), the Americas (2), the Caribbean (12), Europe (3) and the South Pacific (10).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	0d99e031f10f90c17f405c186594fe73	In recent years, a large body of theoretical and empirical research has examined the inherently complex conceptual and measurement problems related to a broader concept of wellbeing. Research has been facilitated by the development of internationally comparable wellbeing indicators (World Value Survey, Gallup World Poll). However, these polls remain unofficial and are at times criticised for covering limited samples and changing excessively between waves. Furthermore, these surveys have no variables on housing, although it can be an important determinant of wellbeing. The types of wellbeing measures developed include expanded GDP, weighted averages of life satisfaction indexes, and self-reported subjective assessments of wellbeing based on survey data (Boarini et al.,	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b4d9a5b-en	0d9b2e691182bb6fec8e64f0b4b59529	However, as only about 10 per cent of Vietnamese have a bank account, the effectiveness of these policies has been limited (EIU, 2010). Thirdly, many women entrepreneurs in developing regions are considered by banks to be high-risk, low-profit customers, as they operate informal businesses in low-growth sectors of the economy (ibid.). For example, a study of women entrepreneurs in Nepal found that such loans made up 85 per cent of women’s borrowing (UNESCAP, 2005).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	0d9c98ef2b17f629b62376b2391561ae	Furthermore, nitrogen run-off can leach into lakes, rivers and coastal waters, hurting rural industries such as fishing and aquaculture in which China is expected to gain market share over the next decade (OECD-FAO, 2014). Such contamination can also taint the drinking water supply. In addition, the production of chemical fertiliser in China is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang et al., These include a tax exemption on value added tax for almost all fertiliser products and a subsidy for fertiliser transportation (Huang and Xiang, 2014).	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	0d9dae73964a03e12b18e3651f3482b1	The difference is more pronounced for pension-age than working-age women as a result of lower labour market participation of women, especially in the past (and thus less pension rights), and their longer life expectancy (OECD, 2008a). In-work poverty is especially pronounced in households with a sole worker and much less so for households with two or more workers. In most countries, the poverty incidence in households with children is higher than in childless ones.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	0d9e3f8d74ec76a80fc9379286c66bbd	Most of these schemes are targeted at specific groups of women, such as youth, elderly/widows, unemployed and low income women, often in disadvantaged areas. Female entrepreneurs in micro-enterprises are another primary recipient category. In India, the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) organises financial literacy training for female entrepreneurs. A growing body of impact evaluations shows that such programmes can be successful in raising women’s financial literacy and inclusion (see OECD, 2013b for a full review). However, evidence from the OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) stock-tacking exercise also shows that policy awareness about the need to address gender differences in financial literacy remains low in many countries.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	0d9f81f1bc9c581e238491a84eace918	"How climate change is projected to affect the global risk of hunger over time, for a range of climate change impacts and the SSP2 ""middle-of-the-road"" socioeconomic scenario, is shown in Figure 9. The declining trend in the number of undernourished with or without climate change indicates that the overall impact of climate change during the period until 2050 is smaller than that of the other drivers embedded in the socio-economic scenario, particularly income growth. In the absence of climate change, most regions are projected to see declining numbers of people at risk of hunger."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	0d9ff983331f300a82b6760be8e5677a	Unlike add-on payments for co-ordination, which can be applied ex ante to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes, P4P payments are applied ex post. They are allocated after providers have reported on the required indicators and outcomes, and are deemed to have met the required targets or thresholds. They are focussed on the degree of achievement of specific defined objectives by providers or practitioners. P4P has emerged as one potential lever to address some of the shortcomings of traditional payments of FFS, capitation, and salary.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	0da07233bec59a0f8c9bae5db6788f67	The data disseminated in these types of products can be detailed, organized in large tables and often are presented as absolute values or raw data that give specialists more flexibility in doing their own analysis. A gender perspective can be integrated into these products through the systematic sex-disaggregation of data and the systematic coverage of data needed to address gender issues. Data and other information may be compiled from more than one source and different statistical fields may be covered.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	0da08c0269e5448687ab4a7fa1dc8851	While Costa Rica is not unique in having several ministries and agencies involved in ECEC, it is unusual in having no institution with overall responsibility for delivering national policy. It is unlikely that the ECEC sector will see real improvements in access and quality without a clear champion for reform. Without strong leadership, it will also be difficult to raise the low' spending levels in the sector and ensure that resources reach those children most in need.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/442a2283-en	0da1e29f144bd685003cb184758fb506	Increasingly, states and local authorities are recognizing that indigenous peoples want to and should participate in running their schools, developing education policies and creating curricula. However, few community-based indigenous education projects have independent resources and most require outside financial help. Many community-based indigenous schools depend on foreign aid or private non-profit funds, and formal school systems have been less willing to adaptto the new education directions sought by indigenous communities.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/797ccf27-en	0da4070fc8a811d1f20b47581bad479a	Measures such as these may reduce food shortages in the short run, but they distort the price system and can discourage food production and foster the formation of local cartels, among other problems (Von Braun, 2008). Such initiatives include the Food Mission (Mision Alimentacion) of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, set up in 2003. According to figures from the statistics unit of the Food Markets Mission (MERCAL), in September 2008, food was distributed to over 13 million people at prices representing a 71.7% saving on market prices.3 Nonetheless, the impact of this initiative has not been rigorously evaluated to its identify its effects on poverty and food security, or the progressive nature of the expenditure and repercussions on private food supply. In this area, some countries have provided support to small-scale farmers and have given incentives for the production of food for self-consumption (ECLAC, 2008b).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	0da56b0d72aabb32e41c69634b439eee	I have found (this syndrome)to be as substantial a bottleneck to development in Africa as inadequate infrastructure or bad governance and it has added an extra weight to the work of those who want to enable individuals and communities to better their circumstances. This Policy Guidance Note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and pro-poor growth. It identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres: the economic (markets, decent employment and productive assets); the political (political representation and collective action); and the social (human capabilities, critical awareness and inclusion) and describes what donors can do to support and strengthen empowerment in those domains. Suggestions for how donors should workfor optimal effect include key messages for development co-operation.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/46a5795c-en	0da61ddd9319cbcb05414fdc56398aea	Early retirement for labour market reasons: periodic payments to older workers who retire before reaching the legal/standard retirement age due to unemployment or to job reduction caused by economic measures such as the restructuring of an industrial sector or of a business. These payments normally cease when the beneficiary becomes entitled to an old age pension. Data to be considered to calculate the indicator are either the annual average or the total value for December of a given year (especially when using administrative record data). The option retained for the numerator should be consistent with data used for the denominator.	8	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	0da7e31aaff896566646218b340ba732	It is financed 25% by the federal level, 25% by the state level, and 50% by the private sector. Morelos was the first state to apply for the programme. A beneficiary, a gazelle employing 130 people, received training paid for by Prosoft, and was then certified by IBM on open software technologies after 12 months of full time courses. A strong point of the programme is its high additionality.	8	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	0da83747b9feed7b30eba5cad223470c	Indeed, I would ask all WTO members, including developing countries, whether they are entirely happy with the present trading system. If the answer is no, it is clear that the only way of improving upon that system is in a new round’ (see Stiglitz and Charlton 2005: 39, and references cited therein). The answer to the problems of liberalisation was more liberalisation.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264116788-4-en	0da9cde9d97858f2b1b6065588829a9b	In the 2008/09 school year, 1 239 schools provided education leading to a school-leaving examination, 541 schools provided programmes leading to an apprenticeship certificate and 111 schools provided secondary education that does not require any certificate of completion. For the same school year, secondary school leavers were distributed as follows: 20% completed secondary general education, 54% completed technical education and 26% completed secondary education programmes not requiring a school-leaving examination. Special schools exist from pre-primary to secondary education.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0daf961dda68cb03ab9b891b1787f60e	The large share of long benefit spells among all ongoing spells by contrast correctly indicates that long-term recipients are responsible for the most significant part of benefit caseloads and thus of the expenditures for benefit payments in a given period (Bane and Ellwood, 1994). As seen, individual benefit spells in Latvia and the Nordic countries tend to be much shorter than in Luxembourg and in the Netherlands. However, benefit leavers might return to benefit receipt more quickly if they do not find a stable source of adequate income after leaving the benefit rolls. This subsection therefore studies the number of benefit spells per individual, and the time until re-entry.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	0db132cc3c5729735e5189030bb10eb8	This is why governments need policies for pro-poor growth and to reach sub-groups that growth does not otherwise reach. Furthermore, since the incidence of poverty is country-specific, any pro-poor policy, including trade policy, must first identify who the poor are, where they live, how they earn their livelihoods, and what constrains them from participating in growth. The challenge for an aid agency providing Aid for Trade is to ensure that trade expands and generates pro-poor growth, which is the key objective of the Aid for Trade Initiative.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	0db2f1fea09d180b2cc3caecce1ee8ac	These recent data come from migrants’ self-declared motives for moving to European OECD countries (with the exceptions of Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands). Trends can be derived from comparisons between the 2014 AHM and an earlier data set from 2008. This share is not only higher than among labour migrants (36% in 2014), refugees (40%) or international students (42%), but would grow further if only family migrants who arrived as adults were considered, since those who came as children probably rebalance the gender distribution of family migrants.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	0db32565aafda12cd058808d89588b3e	The issue of inequality has continued to dominate the post-Apartheid landscape. There are two indicators of the post-Apartheid political economy that have attracted special attention in this regard. The first is whether the evolving post-Apartheid economy and especially the policy efforts of the post-Apartheid government have been able to lower inherited inequality. The second is the related question of whether the blunt racial footprint would start to fade under more subtle post-Apartheid socio-economic dynamics.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	0db3c8121214035a152acd1a5fdd4240	The graphs also demonstrate a certain degree of “substitution” whereby some standard workers performing low-skilled tasks were replaced by workers with the same skill but on non-standard contracts (e.g. Austria, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Slovenia). In a few countries like Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland, even growth in high-skilled occupations (abstract jobs) was entirely driven by non-standard employment. Since nearly all job losses, regardless of the type of task, were associated with regular work, while growth in employment took place mainly in the form of non-standard employment, technological advancement alone cannot be the only explanation for job polarisation.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	0db9b0cfa564a4ef187e58352e75dee5	In 2015, to assess students' preparedness for this, PISA carried out the world's first international assessment of collaborative problem-solving skills, defined as the capacity of students to solve problems by pooling their knowledge, skills and efforts with others. The same holds across countries: top-performing countries in PISA (such as Japan, Korea and Singapore in Asia, Estonia and Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America) also come out on top in the PISA assessment of collaborative problem solving. There are countries where students do much better in collaborative problem solving than one would predict from their performance in the PISA science, reading and mathematics assessments.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	0dbb6c72293dc1f3f5f06754f4f8ea2c	So far, social dimensions of climate change have been more clearly linked to the concept of adaptation to climate change rather than to mitigating its effects.77 Adaptation is considered most effective when it “offer|s) development benefits in the relatively near term, as well as reductions in vulnerability over the longer term. At the more progressive and eco-social end of the spectrum are approaches that address power relations and institutions to varying degrees. What have been referred to as embedded liberalism and alter-globalization are alternative pathways to the predominant market-liberal approach80 (chapter 4). Embedded liberalism focuses on strengthening institutions and rebuilding states’ regulatory capacity to correct social and environmental injustice from within the system, for example, via progressive taxation, comprehensive social policy and business regulation.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	0dbc4afe2bba3946966aab29ffe5daef	There are benefits, too, for health professionals and policy makers, as shown in the figure below. Another stated priority is the efficient exchange of information and co-operation between all purchasers and practitioners. The information is then intended to follow the citizen through the health and social care sectors.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	0dbcad1e59bafd8a258b35ef3fcc1474	In some countries, it is explicitly stated that water resources are not the subject of legal ownership, either public or private (indicated as “n.a.” In these cases, water resources in these cases may be designated as res nullius, or “ownerless property” in legal terms. Key responsibilities relate to policy, planning, issuing water entitlements, as well as monitoring and enforcement. As summarised in Figure 3.4, slightly fewer than half (48%) of countries indicated a role for the Ministry of Environment in water allocation.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	0dbd174cc5dab885d548aa14f01b68f3	Governments must play a fundamental role in this process, as many market imperfections exist that are a consequence of a lack of political will to develop efficiency as well as a lack of appropriate fiscal and rate structures. The main reason identified in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the costs of further EE are expected to grow in the longer term, while those of low-carbon energy sources are projected to decrease (Urge-Vorsatz and Merz, 2009). In Italy, the incentive is €1,500 for a car over 10 years old that is replaced by a new car with emissions of less than 140g/km. Germany provides €2,500 if the purchaser deregisters a vehicle that is older than nine years, whereas Spain provides an interest-free loan. In the Netherlands, the Government introduced a scrap premium of between €750 and €1,750, with a total budget allocation of €85 million. Rebate applications worth $2,877 billion were submitted, slightly below the $3 billion provided by Congress to run the programme.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	0dbe25b2049846fe75aa6d38a0075f63	Recycling alone is a single measure and cannot fulfil the overall goal of achieving sufficient services in a society while minimizing levels of environmental impact from material/resources consumption. Moreover, as a first priority, alternatives emphasizing reduction are preferable to either recycling or resource circulation. The Japanese Junkan Shakai plan, launched at national and local community levels, stresses community-based recovery, repair by craftsmen, use of eco-bags and mottainai (meaning “waste not” in Japanese), embodying a simple life decoupled from material affluence and emphasizing spirituality. The experience gained in establishing an international standard for the concept and application of product-based CF, or business-site-based GHG accounting, may contribute to monitoring and evaluation of progress and the comparison of the extent of resource circulation and related sustainability.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-8-en	0dbfb39f8ec58faa36cc0f904aee522b	Effluent charges for surface water generate CZK 300 million per year for the State Environmental Fund, while effluent charges for groundwater generate CZK 2 million for the municipalities. The rate of cost recovery is 100% when only operating costs are included, but drops to 10-20% when renewal and new investment costs are included. This is partly driven by the failure to account for the full depreciation of the infrastructure assets. Costs for WRM amount to 3-7% of the water bill.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	0dc40538d3efe1d8ba2e320716d93fb3	Given the lack of a culture of shared care responsibilities and of suitable public policies with a gender perspective, these changes in demand for care exacerbate the family responsibilities taken on by women (Rossel, 2016). Time-use data is key in this analysis, considering that it helps identify people who require care and the services being provided at present. Mostly importantly, it helps determine the social organization of care and estimate the impact of future demographic changes on existing supply conditions. The modalities with respect to the type of activities surveyed and the persons receiving care vary considerably from one country to the next.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b64c6036-en	0dc46c2eabe0b892157f1892fcdd5bfa	Agreements and arrangements vary in terms of geographic coverage — covering all waters shared by contracting parties or only specific basins — as well as in terms of scope. Examples include the joint commissions that have been set up between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, Croatia and Montenegro, Serbia and Romania, Serbia and Hungary and Romania and Hungary. The Lake Ohrid Watershed Committee was established in 2005.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	0dc4e9bd8801160c4318383ceb766534	The reason for these difficulties is primarily the multitude of other factors that come into play over greater spatial scales and time horizons, a problem particularly acute for funds whose objectives are longer-term, transformational impacts. For example, some funds’ objectives are focussed on bringing down the costs of low-carbon technologies, demonstrating their technological or financial viability, or introducing them into new markets (e.g. CIF, 2012a). These programmes or funds focus on transforming the economics of low-carbon technologies at different scales, with a view towards transformational shifts in investment patterns from carbon-intensive production and consumption to low-carbon, climate-resilient investments.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0dc648c8f03d336f0d601013bf576bda	Dans le secteur de la production vegetale, cette politique de prix consiste principalement en des mesures visant le secteur du ble, qui, depuis le milieu des annees 90, alternent limitation et soutien des prix a la production. Depuis 2009, les prix du ble ont ete soutenus au-dela des niveaux du marche exterieurs par le biais de subventions au transport et d’interventions sur le marche interieur. Dans le secteur de la production animale, la politique de prix est d’inspiration de plus en plus protectionniste, avec le renforcement de la protection douaniere et 1’introduction de nouveaux paiements par tonne.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	0dc71ec470f2a5f73008eb174ffdb665	When investigated further, it was found that 82 of these 283 schools were not actually participants in the programme. The researchers therefore suggested that some schools have started their own school development programme in AfL, despite not being formally involved in the initial Directorate project. These schools thus believed they were part of the official DET programme (Vibe, 2012).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	0dc8f5eee61bef406c210a280eeb6465	The same process is used to estimate Medicaid beneficiaries with the exception that time until death is not included. All other health spending grows with the change in the population in each age and sex group multiplied by GDP per capita and ECG. Estimates of growth in GDP per capita each year over the projection period come from CBOLT in a separate macroeconomic framework (CBO, 2009). The projection of ECG begins with estimation of historical ECG for the three main components of health spending (Medicare, Medicaid and '‘all other” health expenditures) and for overall spending on health care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0dcb98653c71f5fda3d292d208dad1f4	This makes their relative scarcity as an industrial resource a short-term economic issue rather than a long-term geological issue. Economic activity and growth depend not on materially available but on economically recoverable resources. Available resources are, of course, finite in some abstract physical sense; however, they also far exceed what will ever be used.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	0dce0a89ea8fd8fb0a32b1ccc98e1786	Inland catches are also important for food security in several countries in Africa, which accounts for 25 percent of the global catches. Europe, the Americas and Oceania account for 9 percent. Myanmar, which had ranked second among global producers of inland fish -thanks to an unreliable average growth of 15 percent per year - now more realistically ranks fourth (Table 5). Brazil, by far the major producer in South America, has not reported official catch data to FAO since 2014, so its statistics have been estimated.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	0dcf2f9b7200157b64e13506b4bc7f61	In some Lander, assessment of several subjects may still be entirely processed by teachers, but the trend clearly moves away from decentralised testing. School principals are the ones who issue the certificates. However, after completion of upper secondary' education, students who want to proceed with education are requested to pass the Juken, which is the higher education entrance exam. Most education systems have divided responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education between central agencies and schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	0dd17dbd0592ee6a9466567247763a79	"This leads to the benefits of sharing and collaboration: ""A major promise of OER is that the creation and refinement of both learning content and the underlying pedagogical approaches can benefit from the distributed co-creation model enabled by open licenses. In principle, a rich developer base facilitates the creation of resources” (TUomi, 2013: 70). In the early 2000s, instructional designers were focusing on the development of reusable learning objects (RLO), which were defined as “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning” (Wiley, 2000). This recognised the power of open source, “object-oriented” programming and hoped that its use would make the production of high-quality learning resources more effective and efficient."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	0dd23de5202bb2dfc5531e513acbe4bc	Safeguards have gradually been introduced to ensure that projects are energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable. Requirements for obtaining a permit are differentiated according to operations’ size and environmental impacts. While those that pose higher environmental risks4 must obtain a permit from the APA or other competent authority, small and medium-sized installations are now required to submit a declaration to relevant national or regional authorities. Companies that have up to 15 employees and use a limited amount of thermal and electrical power are merely required to register with local authorities (Aicep, 2010).5 These changes were designed to make administrative requirements consistent with the risks of a particular regulated facility.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	0dd2f11e335c610af7d8d587d149ff5e	The assessments of those groundwaters that are either not connected with the surface waters of the basin — discharging directly to the sea for example— or for which the connection was not confirmed by the countries, have been placed at the end of the chapter. Its common usage is derived from the WFD, in which surface water bodies and groundwater bodies are defined as water management units within river basins. One of the essential steps for EU member States in their implementation of the WFD has been to delineate and characterize bodies of surface water and groundwater.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	0dd6a378a1c3a249136f53028828419f	However, no clear definition exists and this newer term is more used presently in discussions of policy and practice than in research. However, there is a fundamental difference between these two concepts: and that is, the emphasis on the group context. Whereas in individualised instruction students may be working mainly or entirely on their own (e.g. at a computer), the goal of adaptive teaching is to use the classroom as the group context from which students learn as much as possible.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	0de06f46e12784173b26204917fc0960	Several NGOs claimed the construction required separate permitting, as well as public participation and assessment procedures, under the EIA Directive and the UNECE Aarhus and Espoo conventions, arguing that the work should legally be considered a new project. However, obligations under the EIA Directive took effect at the time of accession, on 1 May 2004. Given that the project was initiated, authorised and partly built prior to accession, the EIA Directive is not applicable. Nevertheless, the Slovak authorities informed the Commission that they had voluntarily initiated a new EIA procedure for units 3 and 4 before issuing the permits for commissioning and operations. Source: UNECE, 2010. However, the current SEA legislation contains a number of shortcomings.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264234178-5-en	0de6e3fe719dcd8b8d9b378474d92ee3	This is partly because students in general programmes are more likely to continue education after they graduate from secondary school. This gap is particularly large in countries where the training offered is of poor quality and is badly monitored (OECD, 2014c). For VET students, this is the case for learning at work, problem-solving and self-organising skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-12-en	0de70ce4139b35b89b0d3bc99b808d45	In such cases, “business as usual” and status quo is not a major issue. However, when changes or threats are perceived, like building a new canal in one’s backyard or using one’s polder for flood storage, participation can be activated to protect one’s interest while finding alternative solutions through multi-stakeholder dialogue. In such cases more particularly, the intention of, and mutual trust between, the actors involved are key to successful stakeholder participation. Contributions to the individual themes were made by TNS NIPO, Synovate and the KWR Watercycle Research Institute.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	0deaa28eadf123261e4e36d8b300c1c7	First, that social protection be scaled up to cover a larger proportion of the population against a broader range of risks. Second, that domestic sources finance a greater proportion of spending. This latter objective reflects the fact that donor support for social protection - as for Ethiopia as a whole - is declining relative to other sources of revenue as the country nears its goal of achieving middle-income status.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	0dece88401c3f17bad985f97aa4018bf	Further, despite support for agricultural modernisation and economic diversification, the transformation of rural areas has proceeded slowly in many cases. Rural residents account for a large share of the population (approximately 40%) and the well-being of rural residents is critical to the growth and prosperity of the country. Poverty is the highest in rural areas and the highest among agricultural households and as such, there is a clear need for rural policies to support economic diversification and employment in order to help raise rural dwellers’ quality of life. Further, Poland has a polycentric settlement pattern with small and medium-sized cities dispersed throughout its territory.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	0decf8938801217615ff5e30deed3ebc	These results suggest that ASEAN countries need to shift their production structures towards the manufacture of greener products for the region's rapidly expanding consumer markets. This could be achieved by greater use of market-based instruments and better regulation at national and regional levels. Because carbon emissions transcend national boundaries through international trade flows, observing trends at the regional level is critical.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	0ded6a9e9a138cbd161dc9f5adfb98d0	It seeks to add value to these capitals throughout the lifetime of every mining operation, with the intention of leaving each area holistically richer after mine closure. Each stage of the mining value chain, referred to as the resource-to-market business model, is thus designed to leave a cumulative net positive effect. It therefore promotes water resource management with this consideration built into its plans.	7	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0dee0317400e5b879093662245c1527d	Given that much of the necessary conventional back-up capacity is available in OECD countries and will provide the required electricity in time of need, the compression effect and the resulting lower electricity prices seem to provide a welcome benefit for electricity consumers. This, however, will change rapidly the moment that new investments in dispatchable capacity will be necessary, either because existing capacity has reached the end of its operating lifetime or because new demand will have to be satisfied. The first is the creation of a feedback mechanism between variable renewables and market prices.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	0df36c212632811e18295f9462c5053a	This is because application of the regulations assumes the existence of an employment relationship and makes it possible to protect against certain risks, which: (a) the workers themselves face; (b) their dependants face before they begin working life; and (c) will enable workers to gain protection once they cease active life. In this case, the key labour regulations selected are those that establish pre-natal and post-natal rest periods, leave for feeding and caring for children due to illness, and the entitlement creche services or other alternatives with a similar purpose. For example, the coverage of health-related risks is not confined to the scope of work-related accidents or occupational diseases, as happens with other common or chronic and disabling diseases that may also prevent work activity either temporarily or permanently. In this case, the units of analysis are the health systems and the coverage they provide.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e8a00c8-en	0df3c2a8a71e25b8b19f634714498e75	Other countries may not be able to learn much from these projects when using a public-private partnership (PPP) approach and commercial financing for implementing cross-border gas pipeline projects. It is also implementing LNG regasification and storage facilities that will have a capacity of 11 MTPA by 2018. The terminal provides open access and facilities to store and re-export.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9897593b-en	0df453c1778596062a6da09d891cce1e	While reported inclusion of the principles in some form is practically universal, only 21% of countries reported that the teaching hours dedicated to them were 'fully sufficient’ (Figure 14.1). All responding countries in the Arab States, which suffer some of the largest numbers of victims of conflict, included the topic in curricula, compared with between 36% and 74% of countries in other regions. Hence student-level data from the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) offer an important complementary perspective. Questions in the 2016 ICCS provided interesting insights into students' values and attitudes, especially relating to thematic indicator 4.7.4 - 'Percentage of students by age group (or education level) showing adequate understanding of issues relating to global citizenship and sustainability' (Data focus 14.1).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	0df776a0d9f71e7a16bfc3a735464731	In contrast, a flat rate applies to air pollution emissions. Levy rates vaiy across the country with a base rate set by the central government supplemented by an additional levy determined by local governments. In determining total levy liabilities the concept of “pollution equivalents” for a variety of different air and water pollutants is applied (McElwee, 2011).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/09e92b30-en	0dfffdc285002df74fb712fdebb927ef	They have developed limited networks of care providers only for specific expenditures that have a low statutory reimbursement rate, notably optical care, dentures and hearing aids (HCAAM, 2013). Indeed, they cannot contract with GPs (Pierron, 2016). As recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000; Imai et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	0e0417524874276c333f6c90f4bbd09c	Usually for monetary poverty, household income or consumption is assessed. But in this case sex disaggregation, for example, cannot be meaningfully performed. In multidimensional measures, the unit of identification is normally the individual or the household. When the unit of identification is the individual, it is possible to meaningfully decompose by gender, age, occupation, and other characteristics.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264176713-en	0e05210ed96226eeceba02a76980c503	"In order to do so, it is essential that they are exposed to texts, pictures, books, etc., For example, structured play that is integrated into children’s everyday interests can more easily introduce the fundamentals of written language (Mellgren and Gustafsson, 2011). Even the youngest children use abstract and numerical ideas (amounts, shapes, sizes) in everyday “play” (Bjorklund, 2008); and staff can use children’s existing knowledge and curiosity to develop mathematical concepts, methods and language (Amit and Ginsburg, 2008). In everyday activities, numeracy should focus on “big ideas"" to support mathematical competence, namely numbers and operations; shapes and space; measurement and patterns (Amit and Ginsburg, 2008; NIEER, 2009). Longitudinal studies on early numeracy show that a child’s understanding of numbers and numeric relationships can predict later acquisition of arithmetical skills and mathematical competence (Aunio and Niemivirta, 2010; Aunola et al., They can tap into a child’s creativity and motivate curiosity, exploration, sharing and problem solving (UNESCO, 2010)."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	0e05aca2632edb69cc67d898b212e195	The World Bank itself began providing more support for the social sectors—health and education—but pushed for a greater role for the private sector in the provision of services. Representative ofthe institutional politics ofthe time, the UNCTC, which had managed to survive and continue to play a key role in forcing transparency on TNCs during the 1980s, was dismantled ini992 and folded into the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It began seeing its importance superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which came into existence in 1995 following the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations (1986-1994) culminating in the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994.The WTO replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), became the principal multilateral site for trade regulation among participating countries and the negotiation of trade agreements and instituted an enforceable dispute resolution process.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ac21c613-en	0e084e2193a969a0e018781b8bc3a969	In particular, the recent changes in the permit issuing system have created considerable confusion among regulated entities and regulators alike. Currently, water resource management legislation contains numerous contradictory provisions, a fact which adversely impacts the status and quality of the water bodies. The 1996 Law on Environmental Protection provides for the establishment of environmental quality (including water quality) norms. It considered groundwater as part of mineral resources, regulated all aspects of groundwater use, and contained certain provisions on groundwater protection.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	0e0a4bfb1904669bd3ca80feb9549a62	Examples of RP techniques are the hedonic regression technique and the travel cost method. The former can be used to estimate the value of clean water by examining how property prices depend on proximity to clean water (everything else equal), whereas the travel cost method mainly has been used to estimate recreation values, such as access to kayaking, fishing, etc. Examples of the SP techniques are contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments: based on hypothetical scenarios they are able to elicit individual WTP for a large range of goods and services like access to safe water, better tasting water, secure access to water, and recreational values.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-9-en	0e0a6668a9aebe1955a65c68fcdf0743	The new body will be the voice of the industry at the national level and promote a viable and sustainable seafood industry' w'ith representation from the wild-catch, aquaculture and post-harvest sectors. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	0e0abbf7d56973b3369880cf465f4cea	Agricultural production for processed and formally marketed food is highly concentrated. A secure institutional framework is critical to keep transaction costs low, lower barriers to entry, and provide certainty on the ties between farmers and agri-businesses (Sautier et al., Housing is a major source of wealth creation and savings, with investments accounting for 6 per cent of GDP, and for each house built, five jobs can be created (World Bank, 2015).	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264123564-7-en	0e0afa8e32a09903a7ed0dff14c06663	Community involvement in ECEC is important not only for providing expanded services and referrals where necessary, but also as a space for partnership and the participation of parents. Several formal and informal mechanisms are used to foster full participatory and managerial engagement. Some of the challenges to active engagement of parents include cultural, attitudinal and linguistic barriers.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	0e0d12409135269f6332f7534f035710	Higher investment should also stimulate growth as new government infrastructure programmes and the Land Acquisition Law reduce business uncertainty. Boosting growth and making it more inclusive will require addressing structural bottlenecks, in particular gaps in energy, transport and water infrastructure, overly stringent labour regulations and the shortage of skills. Tax reforms should raise more revenue, being less distortive for growth and redistributing more from the rich to the poor.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	0e0e79622d06017b3dd9f76aa4e132e4	They went on to assert that social exclusion is the result of the interplay of structural factors that have created and maintained a system of stratification that has given rise to neighbourhoods populated by minorities that are disadvantaged in multiple ways, including poverty, unemployment and broken families. The social, political and economic forces that help to create these structural factors include a legacy of slavery and discrimination, discriminatory practices, residential segregation, globalization and deindustrialization. If these or other forces had placed the Caucasian population at the same type of disadvantage, it would exhibit similar cultural adaptations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	0e10c2f1c1295f47c17b09a0ce5c3a49	This requires programmes that target behavioural and equipment specification modifications. Interruptible service riders, time-of-use rates and energy efficiency education are some of the tools that may be considered. There is a real need to educate the population about the individual’s role in sustainable development, renewable energy and energy efficiency.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	0e14764460e66ffb9df2994e4126b1ce	So far, traditional definitions of social protection do not make specific reference to children. An exception is the Asian Development Bank, whose definition includes child-protection among the policy responses to address poverty and vulnerability in the region (Kamerman and Gabel, 2006). Social protection has, in fact, a cross-sectoral nature and its activities may complement core elements of child protection, especially the preventive and protective functions (i.e. by addressing the underlying causes of violence or exploitation), therefore mutually reinforcing each other (Blank et al.,	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	0e15ec4c050db8bbebf6d9a06b8ff3ef	Where formal mechanisms for national co-ordination are often not yet established, the majority of donors and supporters working in country cite a lack of national co-ordination between the Environment, Finance and Planning Ministries. In such cases, a lack of clarity exists regarding who has the role to oversee climate change funding (UNDP, 2010). Interviewees revealed a range of barriers for why this may be the case, such as the time taken between the formulation, agreement and implementation of roles, and the formulation of plans in isolation and prior to the establishment of a coordination mechanism leading to a fragmentation of domestic climate action.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	0e17b550f382d8f170ca8f6e02371239	Recognising that different climate interventions will involve a range of objectives, the selected indicators are categorised as being oriented towards mobilisation of resources, climate-specific results, and broader development benefits.14 The section then concludes by highlighting some key issues, their implications, and emerging options and tools for assessing the results of climate interventions. For example, the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve the climate-resilience of infrastructure so that it can withstand a 1-in-100-year event may only be able to be determined after a significant time lag. There may also be a significant time lag between interventions such as capacity building, training, education, and the their effects.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	0e196994b4a1bceda3adc668fc7413db	Pires, J.S. (2007), “Consumer Tariffs in Practice: The Portuguese Experience”, presentation made at the OECD Expert Meeting on Water Pricing and Financing, 14-15 November, available at www.oecd.org/water, Herrington, P. (2008), “Portuguese Proposals for Future Household Water Tariffs”, report prepared for the 2007-08 OECD Horizontal Water Programme. The share of disposable income households spend on water supply and sanitation bills ranges from 0.2% (in Korea) to above 1% (in Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland). For these groups, average representative bills would represent a significant share of disposable income in Mexico and in some Eastern European countries (Hungary, Poland, and to a lesser extent, the Czech Republic).	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	0e1b19e6d0e768145ad6283cbd269ac3	Interest is charged at a rate of 5%, with a grace period of between 3-12 months depending on the nature of the project and the extent of self-financing. The BTS also operates through independent micro-finance organisations that hand out credits of up to TND 5 000 and are expected to achieve an 80% recovery rate. Currently, 280 such organisations exist. For these loans, applicants need to put down a guarantee of 10% of the required capital from their own sources.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	0e1b26f75cd98f70a43b304c1018fafb	"In this respect, a ""special enabling dispensation"" is considered for stand-alone systems of up to 1 MW which use locally available resources and are based on proven cost-effective technologies. Moreover, the projects should demonstrate that measures will be taken to minimise technical and commercial losses. These AMCs guarantee efficient after-sales support. They will be further detailed below. Either electricity is not billed for or when it is, it is not paid."	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-8-en	0e1fe34291931b90ffea1afbbffb409d	The importance of infrastructure and connectivity is recognized by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9, on industry, innovation and infrastructure. The chapter looks at fixed- and mobile- broadband prices, and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions. In addition to addressing supply-side barriers, it examines demand-side barriers outside the ICT ecosystem, including broader socio-economic inequalities, digital and analogue skills, and the availability of relevant local content. The steep rise in mobile-cellular subscriptions worldwide, which began early in this century, is tailing off as the global penetration rate approaches 100 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. At the same time, there has been a gradual decline in the penetration rate for fixed-telephone subscriptions, owing to the tendency for new users to prefer mobile over fixed lines.	9	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	0e213414093ba9e38187126300abd145	According to a study by UNICEF, on average, 85% of a school budget is spent on wages, 8% on non-instruction related expenses (e.g. school meals, medicines, other goods and services, communication, transport, rent, business travel, judicial decisions), 5% on communal expenses, and 1% on students at risk (UNICEF, 2012). Payroll expenses account for 79% of urban school budgets and 93% of rural ones (UNICEF, 2012). On average, 99.6% of their budget is dedicated to salaries (Sange-SFK, 2012). However, the report notes that departures from these average values are very common and can be considerable.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	0e232b33dfc465387e529bf73b601b8d	Consider then a reform in which these notification requirements are lifted and a simple notification to the worker is left for individual dismissal, while procedures remain unchanged for collective dismissals. There is no doubt that this would represent a relaxation of employment protection against individual dismissals, albeit perhaps very weak. It would also increase the number of additional restrictions on collective dismissals (with respect to individual dismissals). The overall stringency of employment protection for regular workers should however go down (or at best remain unchanged).	10	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/becaa395-en	0e2378ec16936b57cb159dea740b9514	This is particularly true for poor smallholders with limited or no access to credit and insurance. Greater exposure to risk, in the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, can lead to greater emphasis on low-risk/low-return subsistence crops, a lower likelihood of applying purchased inputs such as fertilizer and adopting new technologies, and reduced levels of investment (Antle and Crissman, 1990; Dercon and Christiaensen, 2011; Fafchamps, 1992; Feder, Just and Zilberman, 1985; Heltberg and Tarp, 2002; Kassie et al., See Box 7 for an explanation of RCPs and SSPs. Future food security trends will also be influenced by overall socio-economic conditions, which, in turn, have implications for the vulnerability of countries and populations around the world.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	0e23bacc3f2bacdd35c21161b01327e2	The analysis of social networks can contribute to the concrete implementation of these policies, by precisely identifying which actors are best able to disseminate new practices within their network. In commerce, women form a group whose social capital must be promoted. The example of the rice sector shows that women's education, work experience and income levels are significantly lower than men. The analysis also shows that the centrality of women within networks is lower than that of men regardless of the measure adopted, which is explained by their relegation to low-paying segments of the value chain.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	0e2407505747762731403f942427e145	"Table 3.1 and Box 3.3 present examples of existing water restriction rules, depending on the initial water allocation system already in place for ""normal"" circumstances. The two mechanisms can be put in place together. Typically, priority rules generally concern different water users and uses, such as agriculture, industry, and tourism, while a proportional reduction of rights are applied within the agricultural or irrigation sector. Another common mechanism to manage temporary water shortages is to forbid irrigation for a certain time period, i.e. a time quota, which can be considered an imperfect proxy for a reduction of water rights based on quantities. Such administrative pricing formulas are seldom used in practice, for different reasons: difficulty of practical implementation, unintended redistributive effects; uncertainty in the outcome in terms of reduction of water demand due to unknown price elasticity of water demand, etc. Such block-rate tariffs, when based on individual water consumptions, cannot be considered as restriction mechanisms stricto sensu, since they are not based on aggregate water supply."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	0e2454a5e96b8b023ab011a58b95cf6c	Led by UN Women and the UN Statistical Division, EDGE is a dynamic partnership of UN member countries, the World Bank, OECD and other stakeholders. It aims to improve the availability and use of statistics that capture gender gaps in economic activity. It capitalises on the May 2011 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on development which called on international organisations to agree on a harmonised set of gender equality indicators in order to measure progress in education, employment and entrepreneurship for presentation at the Busan HLF-4.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/223b7be0-en	0e248a68408137dc95f975da1db63cdd	In approaching this as an applied policy research project, we were well aware of the potential problems inherent in focusing simultaneously on women, youth and children: we were not implying an exact similarity between children, youth and adults, but we focused on individual relationships to power. Yet at the same time we recognized that further research would need to be undertaken on male victimization in war, especially through sexual violence, a fairly new field of research that is beyond the scope of these two books. While progress has been made in recognizing these challenges and needs through global, UN-initiated, policy guidance, existing momentum can be maintained and further progress achieved if local and traditional social, economic and political cultures along with external assistance activities become more sensitive and attentive to the post-conflict needs and contributions of women.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	0e27986493b5d494c8ba69c7a7cc6853	Biological resources include timber and aquatic resources and a range of other animal and plant resources (such as livestock, orchards, crops and wild animals), fungi and bacteria.50 Biological resources form an important part of biodiversity and ecosystems. If harvesting and other losses exceed natural or managed regeneration or replenishment, biological resources become depleted. Biological resources can be natural (non-cultivated) or cultivated. Cultivated biological resources cover animal resources yielding repeat products and tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products whose natural growth and regeneration are under the direct control, responsibility and management of an institutional unit.52 They may impact the environment differently than natural ones.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	0e28bf61d75b50d630be33ea63137baf	Technical means of spreading alerts are available but have to be used in a more widespread manner. Short and frequent updates from warning authorities during emergencies are recommended. In 2007, in Aceh, Indonesia a local tsunami siren went off by mistake causing mass panic and injury as residents fled. Risk maps and contingency plans, for example, require continuous updating to match changes in population and land use patterns.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	0e2ad751e23eda3e8fda242957aab3e1	The National Council for Women in Egypt has created good governance units that work as a network to produce a road map and strategy for a good governance development framework that incorporates gender equality as well as other good practices. The Palestinian Authority, with significant support from donor agencies, has successfully crafted a series of strategic plans that are evaluated on a two-year basis and open to public consultation with a large selection of actions in key sectors and organisations, including civil society. While suffering from budget restrictions, the Palestinian Ministry of Women’s Affairs has been able to conduct, in collaboration with partners, a series of gender audits and advance mainstreaming of gender equality initiatives in both the public and private sectors.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/712425ac-en	0e2bcff07262ece5f7754d958749e244	Some of it is formal and some undocumented, but almost all is low-paid - for example, as factory hands, shop assistants, street vendors and domestic workers. This effect is often referred to as the 'urban advantage'. Gaps between rich and poor in towns and cities can sometimes equal or exceed those found in rural areas. Tajikistan and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), the education gap between the richest 20 per cent and the poorest 20 per cent is greater in urban than in rural areas.	11	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599642-8-en	0e2c5a41a9987a1d8cd7633ef292ce46	This literature, which became fashionable during the 1990s, and its use of a heuristic approach to analysis were motivated by the need to understand better how firms and workers located in developing countries were engaging with more recent processes of globalisation. For example, in both regions the fisheries value chain has received far less attention to date than other sectors in the GVC literature, such as textiles and clothing and high-value agriculture, even though the promotion of these value chains has been spurred by the creation of tariff rents conveyed by the international trading system. As a result, across the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, these sectors are important drivers of the expansion of labour-intensive formal employment opportunities.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	0e312c83304d43f06779d5b04f2fa5fd	Competing leadership priorities may present a problem at the implementation level. The lack of available resources - where “gender mainstreaming is currently required to do ‘more with less”’ (Sweetman, 2012, p. 396) - may significantly inhibit the implementation and maintenance of gender mainstreaming efforts. In many cases, the lack of resources for mainstreaming efforts can be a result of insufficient focus on gender equality within oiganisalions. This challenge has been cited by about 30% of countries responding to the questionnaire.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5km4m2t59cmr-en	0e33314e05aa997cd838e9eb4ea94453	These factors are also highly connected to the student’s background, be it past experiences in education (e.g. participation in pre-primary education) or family related factors (e.g. living with one or two parents, SES, parental engagement), hi addition school structure and size as well as certain types of school practices (e.g. a highly bureaucratic and impersonal environment) influence the process of disengagement. In combination w'ith a set of systemic factors (e.g. the use of year repetition or the lack of apprenticeship places), all the above mentioned factors have an impact on the dropout rate as well as an impact on each other. This requires a close cooperation between educational authorities and many other parts of government such as social and labour services, health services and justice system in some countries.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	0e346e91e9ece4838755f2c87ea5ed99	A panel of researchers and school leadership experts identified the research base for updating the ISLLC 1996. The development of the standards was organised by a steering committee in several phases. All NPBEA member organisations identified a strategy to ensure membership input into the revision process.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	0e35e7a388d06a7734851e953d1005a0	As pointed out by Nelson (1993 and 1996), it advocates a movement in the central focus of economic analysis away from trade and choice to provisioning, i.e., to the goods and processes necessary for human survival. This is what is done by Picchio (2001 and 2005), who is concerned to define the process of social reproduction of the population and situate it within the dynamic of the economic system. In the case of paid work, the indicator used to identify this condition is a set of commodities conventionally considered necessary for the reproduction of workers and of the working population as a “species”. A separation has arisen between the two in the capitalist system, and this has led to the creation of separate spheres, institutions, social organizations, norms and even cultures that distinguish paid work from unpaid reproductive work.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	0e3972f0d621f34ff11bc2061eec2e71	In light of such constraints as a limited supply of agricultural land and the declining potential for agriculture to employ a growing rural population, it has often been argued that farming and the agrarian economy alone will not be able to provide a way out of poverty for a significant proportion of the rural poor (IFAD, 2010; Brooks, Cervantes-Godoy and Jonasson, 2009). This represents the central tenet of the OECD’s “New Rural Paradigm” (2006), as outlined in Table 1.2. The New Rural Paradigm, endorsed in 2006 by OECD member countries, proposed a conceptual framework that positioned rural policy as an investment strategy to promote competitiveness in rural territories. This represented a radical change from the typical subsidy programmes of the past aimed at specific sectors.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	0e429371a3ae5338233c1e6cfe9129a3	Planned City Extensions can prevent the leap-frogging over vast areas that generates wasteful and speculative areas within the city and results in prohibitive costs for urban services and infrastructure provision in distant places. When deployed next to existing neighbourhoods, these planned extensions offer urban dwellers the possibility to live, work, rest and play in close proximity to consolidated urban areas. This first lever of change contributes to more efficient and sustainable development patterns steering urban expansion towards areas that are more suited for positive urbanization.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	0e43aa9a6c67eaf67c889c2b068ffbcf	Some of this promise can be seen in the case of waste pickers, where efforts for greening work have gone beyond patchy skill development to address informality and marginalization. But in developing and emerging economies, an estimated 15 to 20 million waste pickers, many of them women and children, driven into this work by poverty, reclaim reusable and recyclable materials from what others have discarded, providing an essential environmental service in areas experiencing rapid urbanization with limited public services (ILO, 2012; Samson, 2009). The work is largely informal, the earnings low and unstable, and it is typically associated with strong social stigma and very poor, even hazardous working conditions (ILO, 2012). For example, 20-50 million tons of electronic waste, containing valuable metals, are discarded each year, with much of the discarded equipment exported to countries such as China and India for dismantling.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	0e46d54014877ef511f281c4cc652848	"In some countries these goods are (partially) provided by the state blurring the concept of the ""market price"" implicitly used in setting the monetary poverty line. It makes a big difference whether water, sanitation, health and education have to be paid by households ""at competitive market prices"" or at prevailing prices that may or may not be reduced by public subsidies. The application of Rowntree's definition may be relatively straightforward for ""food, shelter and clothing"" but much more difficult for ""other necessities"" such as water, sanitation, health and education for which markets may be missing or incomplete (see also Thorbecke, 2008; Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003; Tsui, 2002). Equivalence scales are widely - but not always - used and often disputed."	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	0e472cd403b06de8b84acc5f5072b5a1	This is especially true for girls. Similarly, a lack of productive assets, such as land, is another channel through which poverty' is transmitted from parents to children. In particular, die hunger trap contributes to maintaining poverty in later years for the victims, who are young and children. This causes poverty' and hunger to persist in adult life, as well.	1	1	7	0.75
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	0e4a990302879917626e372d7783bf88	The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has developed a rice variety that can survive under freshwater for two weeks.49 Such seed varieties can help famers adapt to climate change and its negative impacts, while also improving food security. Policies that address these challenges, such as improving information flows through agricultural extension services in developing countries, could help their agricultural sectors adapt to climate change. First, damage from climate-related disasters is often concentrated in the agricultural sector.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e6252c36-en	0e4ac22bcdee2ec3254b9709251aeff0	Plastics intended for more durable applications may be manufactured with additive chemicals to improve the material properties. These include plasticisers to soften the product, colouring agents, UV-resistance and flame-retardation, an important property for applications in transportation and electronics. Some of these chemicals have harmful properties when released into the environment. Some microplastics are purposefully manufactured for industrial and domestic purposes (‘primary’ microplastics).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	0e4d4cc176b9416d6cf7cbf4bd3625b5	Another recent development in the MENA economies, as in other parts of the world, is the emergence of business accelerators. This model of business incubation focuses on intensive incubation of start-ups over three-to-six-month periods to accelerate the launch of their enterprises into the marketplace.12 Among survey respondents, this describes the Delta Shield for Investment, Silicon Oasis Founders, IN5, and Wiki Start Up incubators; however, there many other examples popping up across the region, including Oasis 500 in Jordan and Flat6Labs in Cairo and Jeddah. None of the regional accelerators focus specifically on women’s start-ups, but some of the teams may have female members.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	0e4e673237baffa9ab16c05d94c87516	Increasing the demand for agricultural products through increased tourism may thus provide many additional income opportunities for poorer people, especially in rural areas. This is particularly likely among international tourists; while domestic and continental African tourists may be more interested in opportunities such as shopping tourism, international tourists more often travel to Africa for holiday purposes and so are likely more interested in experiencing new cultures, activities and environments (see chapter 4). As tourism brings its market directly into rural areas and communities, it offers opportunities to communities that are traditionally disconnected from the economic opportunities that cities create.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	0e5264dc3d0b791cacfbee505734bf73	Taking into account initial levels (i.e. relative change), Denmark almost tripled the share of children living in jobless households although starting from a low base (3.3% in 2008) while Cyprus and Portugal almost double it reaching 7.2 and 9.2% respectively in 2012. 5This indicator is the share of children under 18 in households where no one works and is different from the low work intensity measure that is one of the official EU social exclusion indicators. Indeed, Germany and Turkey were the only countries where both youth unemployment (15-24) and prime-age unemployment (25-54) decreased between 2008 and 2013 (Chzhen and Richardson, 2014).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	0e53e42333587aff21821e8e14979fee	The most commonly observed species are members of the small tooth whales, e.g. harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates) and white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) (Bjorge, Skern-Mauritzen, & Rossman, 2013). Larger tooth whales in the region include the killer whale (Orcinus orca), which are commonly observed along the coast. Occasionally sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) are seen offshore. Tooth whales feed mainly on fish, but are also known to feed on seal, octupus and shark.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0e53e4bb792af5e7f3a5cefdef598e33	This north-south transfer is already testing the capacity of existing grids to the limit and any expansion of wind capacity will require additional investments in internal transmission. In general, grid reinforcement and extensions benefits all the players of the electricity market, although at different levels. When adding significant amounts of new capacity, it is therefore difficult to allocate those costs among different market participants. In most studies, however, the reinforcement costs have been determined as the additional investments in the transmission grid after the integration of a given amount of renewable energy, in comparison with those required for an “equivalent” system without renewables.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	0e5578fc64d3253ddcd16bb3367f1580	As such, nuclear power plants are important contributors to grid restoration in the event of blackouts. In particular, NPPs require more time to start up and cannot vary the cycle length much. Also, in many OECD countries flexible operation of NPPs is limited or not authorised by national safety authorities; NPPs can therefore offer only limited flexibility capabilities to the TSO. The inertia of wind turbines is quite low, while solar PV has no inertia.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	0e56d5be45f4ed2de5e26714b529b66d	"For example, a regular criticism of energy efficiency improvements relates to the much misused ""rebound effect"", in which energy efficiency does not deliver the full expected savings. Thorough evaluation of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency beyond energy savings might allow part of the rebound effect to be appreciated as a positive result for other social and economic sectors. Better evaluation of wider socioeconomic outcomes of energy efficiency policy may equally help policy makers design policy to mitigate the less wanted outcomes."	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	0e580d04e08ae68a7173b5b7dae21475	The top performers are Slovakia, Poland and Norway, all recording relative changes above 10%. Figure 9 below shows the number of years lost in terms of median income for households with children due to the crisis. It shows that in 2012 the median income for households with children in Greece was back to the 1997 level, equal to a 14-year loss.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	0e594d25b324cfe154aba03e5a265294	In other countries, like Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland, they enter paid work earlier, with a dual work/education approach (e.g., apprenticeship) playing a crucial role in bridging educational and professional aspects (Figure 13.A 1.1 in Annex 13.A1). The way women and men enter the labour market differs and impacts their future career evolution: women are much more likely to begin their careers in temporary jobs in Australia, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Figure 13.1). For Japan, data provided by R. Kambayashi based on the Japanese Labour Force Survey.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	0e5b161e39f7ac18a0ae64bb91bb682b	Among all young people, relatively low levels (around 50%) report high life satisfaction, and that declines as students advance in age and move to higher grades through their school life. This is as might be expected, but life satisfaction also seems to be declining over time. There are also particular problems of psychological well-being for girls.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	0e5dc439cced332a6ad2f7b524b723f7	Maintenance costs of private schools are covered from tuition fees paid by families. Primary schooling is brief, lasting 4 years rather than 6 years as is typical in OECD member countries (OECD, 2016b). The school year is short as well, lasting 160 days and 558 hours, as compared to 185 days of instruction with 799 hours of instruction, yielding a primary education of 2 234 hours, significantly fewer than in most OECD member countries. As in primary education, instructional hours per year are much lower than average (Table 3.5).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264300002-4-en	0e5de26637d1a66f8bd81dc97c1447e1	Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social-justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more efficiently, and to increase the supply of knowledge and skills that fuel economic growth and promote social cohesion. So combining PISA and Hanushek's work was a good way to examine the economic impact of improved education. If every student can demonstrate that he or she has basic skills, direct and major longterm benefits to the economy accrue.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	0e5ef194d45e806db1041578f2462742	The underlying causes of the recent changes in inequality remain subject to debate. Globalisation and technological change are the leading contenders (OECD, 2011a). Structural reforms also affect inequality but their impact depends on the type of reform (Fournier and Koske, 2012). Social transfers and taxes have redistributed income from the upper deciles to the bottom ones, but their equalising role has become less pronounced (Figure 4).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	0e6321e03547b0556aeab9c47de1e645	Where in the nineties sustainability reporting was mainly the responsibility of the sustainability department or the public affairs department it is now increasingly the responsibility of the CEO.14 1516 Gradually the CFO also becomes involved. In an Ernst & Young survey (2012), 65% of respondents stated their CFO has become involved in sustainability, mainly from the viewpoint of cost reductions (74%) and managing risks (61%). The role in external reporting, however, still needs to be expanded17.	12	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	0e68d722385cbf183b2c9c8908d61c25	In response, many countries have started sustainable initiatives to improve the access to mental health care in general, as well as to specialist care and psychotherapy, for example Australia and the United Kingdom. But this is not the full story. Not only are many people with a mental disorder not seeking treatment or not able to access mental health services, but among those who do, a very high proportion receive inadequate treatment.6 Kessler et al. (	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	0e69bf7562114fa01be728699117f359	Latin America and the Caribbean: Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica. The infrastructure plans are then assessed with respect to their vision of the country’s infrastructure into the next 20-30 years, whether the plans are comprehensive or focused, which sectors are covered, and if the links to other policy objectives such as industrialization and economic diversification are clearly stated. Other aspects covered include these questions: Is there a clearly designated centralized decision-making unit or agency?	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	0e6beb562967b9cb5464eed927a0ced7	The prevailing assumption in the public choice model that has served to underw rite so much of the policy in the past three decades is that the State is autonomous and free from corruptive private interests. From a historical perspective, it is clear that the State has never been a neutral instrument for good only, but has been the subject of power struggles. It is only out of such struggles that it has eventually emerged in the shape that we now use as the model of good governance. The destiny of the State has been determined by local stakeholders with an interest in improving governance.	1	7	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	0e70884074d0aaff7bcc68c77c674a8b	According to the battery specification, the voltage is 3.3 V and capacity is 0.8 Ah, which implies Cphone = 2.96 [12]. The final parameter is calculated as F = 0.375, derived from the average monthly charging expenses of $2.25 and the average price per charge of $0.20 [3]. Consequently, Ephone = 24.5.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	0e758921c11c67ffd3cd2b8bd98e0322	The Ministry of Agriculture would benefit from developing capabilities to enhance ex ante assessment of laws and government regulations which it initiates. It would also benefit from a systematic assessment of whether existing laws and regulations within its jurisdiction support its policy goals. Such action may necessitate support by other central government authorities with expertise in policy areas such as investment, competition, environment, co-operatives and small and medium enterprises.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	0e7708f53a44dc4090f6ac108c9e61f0	Traffic inside the LEZ is reduced under this scenario, and adequate transit services outside of the LEZ appear to be crucial in reducing the congestion that occurs at the transfer points between personal cars and shared mobility and public transport. In Helsinki, the LEZ significantly reduces congestion to a degree that is comparable to the scenario of full adoption of shared mobility over the whole study area. Adequate integration with the existing public transport system also mitigates local congestion effects. In Auckland and Helsinki, the electrification of the vehicle fleet is associated with a significant reduction in costs, whereas in Dublin this reduction is limited.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b656887e-en	0e78fbd4cba1fa39365b28f5e5a9e456	"Therefore, the at-risk-of-poverty rate on NUTS 1 (""Lander"") and NUTS 2 levels (plus additional regional breakdowns) is not based on SILC data, but rather on information produced by the ""Mikrozensus (labour force survey)""—an annual household survey that samples 1.0% of the total population. The at-risk-of-poverty rate only reflects current income; situational needs, wealth status, and actual housing costs are not considered. In Germany, the most claimed social assistance for this group is the so-called unemployment benefit II (based on Book II of the Social Code, known as the ""Hartz IV"" Act)."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	0e798adf728a79ce23a5e89078b0f3c9	"Changes in women's position are measured by three indicators: women's decision-making capacity; girls' education; and the practice of dowry. Findings show that male out-migration not only raise the standard of living of their left-behind kin through the injection of remittances, but also ""modify their social behaviour through the diffusion of secular ideas into the traditional values of the sending communities."" Moreover, Hadi (2001) also shows that households with female migrant members are more concerned with the education of daughters. In Uttar Pradesh Paris et al. ("	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	0e7b350b9da498b92f9bb73a3218bfd8	If the distribution of income had remained unchanged, the same observed decline in poverty would have required average incomes to rise by 89%, instead of the 32% observed between 2001 and 2011 (IPEA, 2012). Between 2002 and 2012 the middle class increased by 14% of the population. This increase is the net result of 21% of the population joining the middle class, and 7% leaving it - the vast majority of which upward.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faf8a648-en	0e7cb144b98a098380d703709c55ce8f	It is a highly replicable model of agro-led industrialization, home grown in Africa. Greening is evident through the industry's search for greater water, energy and transport efficiencies and its use of sustainable technologies in private-led enterprise development. It is a useful example of how local economic growth can be achieved through a green approach to agrifood industrialization which needs to be central to African economic growth, and feeding of urban populations.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	0e7d27e73754538a2a42976018eadca2	Shared public bicycles, bicycle lanes and parking facilities are available in some areas of Bangkok, including at selected Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTS) stations. It is now available at 12 stations. There is a 23.5-km, dedicated cycling track around the airport perimeter as well as a l.6-km inner track and a cycling park called Sky Lane, which is located in the north-east corner of Bangkoks Suvarnabhumi Airport.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/9f796186-en	0e822f75a67a049253d6f37d471cd21e	The Council is under the direct leadership of Japan’s Prime Minister (ESCAR 2016b). Strong political support for innovation can ensure access to and use of technologies. In the region, there is room for countries to improve their ICT infrastructure, such as availability, access and affordability of broadband, Wi-Fi and mobile data-intensive services.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	0e824d791a300518fde2ba6369a65722	Section 3 focuses on efficiency and sustainability, again making recommendations for strengthening these dimensions of performance. Since the end of the civil war in 1948, the military was abolished and stronger focus was given to investment in education, population health, and culture. At the same time, sustained and ambitious policies around environmental protection and biodiversity have led to major gains in conservation: Costa Rica has managed to substantially reverse deforestation, the only tropical country in the world to have done so.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	0e84284ce7fbbd30305973dbae69dd81	For land in paddy production, it is a fixed change per ha that varies by region and method of irrigation (motor, gravity or combination). Funding from central and local government to IDMCs has been increased to offset the fall in ISF revenue, which previously covered about half their costs (Baker et al., While the exemption applied to the ISF, farmers are still responsible for supporting the management of the tertiary and field canals under the responsibility of WUG through the provision of labour, in-kind contributions and finance.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	0e8858f4c5987c909ad0db3b4b1c3632	The initiative is financed by the Faculty of Management and Economics, the Pomerania Development Agency Co. and local authorities. Academic staff from the Faculty of Management and Economics, Polish and international entrepreneurs. It is named after Professor Karol Adamiecki, a pioneer in organisation and management studies.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	0e8878e173a0c553bb6b91461258d8cb	The UFCD are independent units that can be used in various ways to obtain different qualifications. Every skill unit or UFCD earns a specified number of credits, allowing users to capitalise on prior skills acquisition as they pursue new' qualifications. When a training activity is completed, a certificate is issued by SIGO that is automatically registered in the user’s Qualifica Passport.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	0e89dc6379af32765d2added55a1263f	Of the responding countries, 84% (16 countries) reported having requirements for ex ante GIAs on primary legislation, compared to 37% (7 countries) for ex post. In general, however, it seems GIAs are not yet routine elements of policy making; the majority of responding countries reserve GIAs for primary and secondary legislation rather than for policies and programmes (see Figure 4.14). Box 4.17 contains the EU criteria for GIA, which take into account both the differences between men and w'omen, as well as the need for restorative action to ensure that any previous gender-based inequalities are addressed, while Box 4.18 provides information on gender impact reports in Sweden and Ireland.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81e6e689-en	0e8b0132324e13bca683007808820265	However, if most people are potentially entrepreneurial risk-takers, when and where property rights are well guaranteed, then they will not be constrained by lack of access to credit; one would then expect to find a lack of people willing to work, as most people would want to start their own businesses. In reality, close to 75 per cent of the working-age population in developed countries are employees, not employers (entrepreneurs). The creation of stable and decent jobs through appropriate policies and institutional support is far more likely to contribute to poverty reduction, as recognized by the Millennium Development Goals. The welfare reform consensus of the mid-1980s converged on the notion that mandated work and job training could best alleviate poverty. Neoliberals are keen on making welfare contingent on work, and want to discipline welfare clients, while liberal welfare reformers want to deliver more training, health care and childcare to the underprivileged. However, almost everyone seems to think that the best way to proceed is with programmes targeted at the poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d5eda46-en	0e8e551ebcffce6677f0331fcff7499a	Mosaic restoration may be easier to undertake as it allows a greater range of land uses, whilst restoring areas to closed-canopy forest is likely to remove more C02 per unit of area. Depending on ecosystem type, and whether the result is a natural forest or a plantation, areas converted to forest are estimated to remove between about 1 and 35 tCO; per ha per year in above- and below-ground biomass (from default data in IPCC (2006)7). The IPCC states with high confidence that increased atmospheric CO; will lead to increased terrestrial carbon uptake (Ciais et at, 2013), and a recent review suggests that the largest increase has been in woody biomass within savanna (included in some national forest definitions) and non-forest ecosystems (Liu et at, 2015). Carbon sink figures for existing forests are not included in the technical potential for reduced deforestation given here, as a result of the uncertainty surrounding how carbon sinks and their capacity to absorb C02 will change in the changing climate (Bellassen and Luyssaert, 2014).	15	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	0e9253ef9104e41eb0d31046e7357fa3	The different levels of water tariffs across cities (Figure 3.13) suggest that there is scope for increasing tariffs and the derived revenue in many municipalities. But there is also scope for increasing revenue (as well as the incentive effects of water pricing) from enhancing billing and collection of water tariffs. In 2010, water operators collected 81% of the MXN 35.5 billion billed to their clients (CONAGUA, 2011c), down from a peak of 89% in 2008. This means that MXN 6.7 billion were not collected. In ten Mexican states, water operators collect 95% or above of the amounts billed (see Figure 3.15).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	0e933d78153d7b5821f73c038f414e90	A majority (72%) say they are willing to pay more for water, and a minority (43%) would do the same for petrol or for road use. When asked about what the government should do to make citizens behave more responsibly, the majority are in favour of stiffer penalties for environmental offences (85%) and better information (81%), while a minority want petrol to be more expensive (26%, while 60% are calling for a “green tax reform”) (Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Mass mailings are used to send flyers to all households and businesses. Environmental NGOs have long been active in this area, and their education efforts are now being augmented by the schools and other public and private organisations. There are currently more than 20 institutions involved in environmental education in various settings (school and extracurricular instruction, adult education, leisure activities and public information services). The communes, the Water and Forests Administration and local chambers of commerce have set up conservation centres, outreach institutions, self-guiding nature trails and information points (around 100 nationwide).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/efe249c4-en	0e937c07dbc6d4ddf47b56d7ae590f75	"This was twice the rate of population growth, but somewhat less than the rate of GDP growth, which increased by an estimated factor of 19, at constant prices, over the twentieth century (De Long, 1998). These statistics therefore present long-run evidence of ""relative decoupling"" of material extraction from GDP. However, such relative resource decoupling does not entail an absolute reduction in resources used. Indeed, according to this more recent data, since 2000 material extraction appears to have grown at a faster rate than GDP - suggesting the possibility of ""recoupling"" if this trend persists."	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	0e973801e29d141c598d796e188df423	However, 31% of respondents also signalled that increasing dissemination in non-water related events could help reach other type of stakeholders. Lastly, 26% claimed that there is a need to increase the use of social media (Twitter, Facebook, Linkedln, etc.), It leads to reduced transaction costs and to economic savings, and has positive welfare effects on social and environmental w'ell-being and sustained economic growth.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	0e98c10914ead0854b64a31e4d44274d	The biggest challenge is to make these benefits available to all people everywhere. Only 25 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa are users, and only 42 percent of people in Asia and the Pacific and the Arab States are. In contrast, two-thirds of the population is online in the Americas and in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Basic mobile or fixed broadband plans cost much more in developing countries than in developed countries and cost the most in the least developed countries (figure 2.7). But digital divides exist even in developed countries.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	0e98feaf7c44ea10036985380df4dc8e	In contrast, in Argentina and Ireland, where vocational programmes are not offered at all at this level, as well as in Brazil, Canada and India, more than 90% of upper secondary students are enrolled in general programmes (Table B1.3). These include apprenticeship programmes that involve concurrent school-based and work-based training, as well as programmes that involve alternating periods of attendance at educational institutions and participation in work-based training (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator). On average across the OECD, 11% of students in upper secondary education are enrolled in this type of programme, although they are offered in and data are available for only 21 OECD countries. In Hungary and Latvia, all vocational programmes are combined school- and work-based programmes.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0e9981a87a030f1fdb8eef09035a2f77	This is not the place to go into an extended methodological discussion. Economics in general is more comfortable in analysing static optima than dynamic change. However, the economic approach allows at the very least to provide a conceptual benchmark and a rigorous starting point for discussions about policy instruments.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/e79e9221-en	0e99c2b1effe94a51027b338d4eb287e	Inequalities in access to sexual and reproductive health services are enormous in the poorest countries and severely affect disadvantaged young people. They will be the frontline in the race for the innovation needed to transform the relationship between development and the environment. Yet, their contribution will only materialize if we invest now in adolescents’ health, education and their potential for innovation.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/feb1987a-en	0e9a72c0b4af705f68f34ad2a861c3cc	No showstoppers exist that prevent the enablers from being put in place. However, in some areas gaps and/or barriers exist which are discussed in this part of the report. More and more LNG terminals are building re-export capabilities for truck filling or loading small ships such as LNG bunker supply vessels. This can prevent cost-effective solutions from being developed in a short timeframe.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	0e9f49a7a31560f1866fab448976d38e	Large increases are also seen at the secondary, teacher education, TVET and higher education levels, with annual growth rates of 17 per cent, 26.2 per cent, 16.1 per cent and 20.1 per cent respectively (see Table 8.6). For example, UIS (2011) estimates that in order to achieve universal primary education (UPE) with good quality by 2015, Ethiopia would still need to increase its teaching workforce by a total recruitment of 231,900 between 2009 and 2015 (see Table 8.7). We used the CTRP, as recognised by the international community as a benchmark in managing the recruitment of migrant teachers, to identify key questions to consider. We first attempted to determine the migrant teacher flow, and then the extent to which Ethiopia’s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the CTRP, before finally researching the government’s longer-term plans for teacher development in the country.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	0ea346e45240020fbdfa1478cbf91fd8	Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados are not members of the PetroCaribe agreement. It should be pointed out that the PetroCaribe deal is vital to Haiti, given that there are no alternative financing sources and little progress has been made in reducing structural vulnerabilities in the energy sector. Subsidy schemes such as the PetroCaribe deal help support the existing, high fossil-fuel share in the Caribbean energy sector and act as a barrier to renewables. Energy subsidies in the fossil fuel sector hold back the region’s long-term growth and competitiveness, both by diverting resources away from other spending priorities and by discouraging efficiency-enhancing investment in the energy sector and distorting incentives to innovate.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	0ea5923027f9e747b752a654926aeb19	As it has been outlined above, these renewable energy sources play a critical role for sustainable energy access via mini-grid, micro-grid and off-grid solutions. In developed counties, renewable energy sources help to achieve ambitious targets set out as regards limiting the global temperature increase to 2°C. As they introduce new challenges into managing power grids, ICT is an essential enablerforthe share of renewable energy sources to grow worldwide.	7	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	0ea70f9ec1070e8c4c4bdd5020cff9d5	All of this makes e-commerce a force for inclusion and builds on the SDG principle that no-one should be left behind. However, as these opportunities are not accessible to everyone, the benefits of digital trade continue to be unevenly distributed. While some developing countries have been making significant headway in recent years, others are struggling to access these benefits. Gaps exist also within countries, where those living in rural areas often lack the same access to ICT services and infrastructure that is available to those in urban centres.	8	3	2	0.2
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	0ea8cfa3f21020c669ea28328609d420	In Pakistan, for example, Balochistan in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are the predominantly tribal areas. Unfortunately, the majority of infant deaths were caused by preventable causes such as diarrhoea, respiratory infection, tetanus and others.3 Thus, improving living conditions and access to health services would result in rapid improvements for child health in these regions. This is indeed a shocking figure when the national maternal mortality rate has declined from 400 per 100,000 in 2004-2005 to 276 in 2006-2007.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	0eb10ef5bf6830a34c5c7a1b27885f07	There has been extensive investigation of the importance of such import surges in recent years (Sharma, 2005). While definitions of what constitutes an import surge differ, it is clear that, as a statistical phenomenon, import surges are very frequent. However, while the incidence of surges may have risen, and surges appear to be a fairly common phenomenon in developing countries, these figures tell us nothing about the impact of the surges.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	0eb208c63a9276c1e354d8f45b92e996	Many of our best minds are already focused on building sustainable cities, developing green technologies, redesigning systems and rethinking individual lifestyles. For the young, the challenges encapsulated in the Sustainable Development Goals are not just urgent, but often also personal and inspiring. Strengthening cognitive, emotional and social resilience and adaptability is perhaps the most significant challenge for modern education, as it affects virtually every part of the education system. It starts with the understanding that resilience is not a personality trait, but a process that can be learned and developed.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	0eb2fa523f0809430d3f3ad5a01dbaf0	Within a few years, SIDBI has become the most important financial institution in the development of SMEs in India. The approach was technology focused. Initially this programme enabled the diagnosis of 25 SME clusters in the country and developed specific manuals/booklets which help to train energy auditors on the specificities of EE financing.	7	3	3	0.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	0eb39505c77b136fcb144f9e225128cf	The risk factors of diseases and injuries are often interlinked and, therefore, their prevention should be approached in a complex manner. Among other main behavioral health impact factors there is also featured limited physical activity. According to the forestry development plan State Forest Management Centre has to have a development plan (See chapter 2.4.1.)	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	0eb3be3d8259c807d02f025eff028f44	Demographic events are not likely to bear much weight because of their rarer occurrence in a short observation period. To our knowledge, ours is the first longitudinal analysis of the effects of household-level events on child poverty transitions in the enlarged EU during the economic crisis and the ensuing period of slow recovery and austerity. It is a four-year rotational panel with one-fourth of the sample replaced every year.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	0eb4e8e81d1ff8905ec2a816e9192c3c	It analyses the administrative and institutional fragmentation affecting urban governance and explores institutionally based governance models, including those for metropolitan areas. Finally, it examines mechanisms to reinforce strategic planning and public service delivery capacity based on the country’s own context and international experience. The government may wish to consider promoting obligatory, city-wide multi-purpose (i.e. not limited to only one activity) joint authorities.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	0ebacca6bc98256f8ac330c8d5094fe9	An absolute poverty line refers to a set standard of what households should be able to have in order to meet their basic (mostly food) needs. A relative poverty line is defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country. For example, the main poverty line used in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union is a relative poverty measure based on “economic distance,” a level of income usually set at 50 or 60 per cent of the median household income. However, as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, conflicts, shocks such as recurrent droughts and rapid urbanization, many older persons in sub-Saharan Africa have become primary sources of support for their families and/or caregivers for grandchildren because prime-age adults have fallen ill, died or migrated.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264298781-en	0ebb23e7b7fc269cdea3f351d1e28c85	They can play an important role in keeping young people connected to the labour market or in education, thereby preventing the scarring effects arising from long-term unemployment, including those related to negative wage effects. The success of youth guarantees crucially depends upon the strength of underlying institutions (like the public employment service and the apprenticeship system) and coordination mechanisms between the various stakeholders. In countries where such institutions and mechanisms are not yet well-developed, the success of youth guarantees is likely to be limited.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	0ec00433a94212e5ef42353846016aa6	An individual small farm has a relatively small amount of surplus production that can be sold after household consumption is met, and it is usually hard to develop a relationship with a broker, distributor or processor that allows the residual production to be sold. The typical fallback option is to rely on direct marketing either through a farm stand or through a farmers' market. Commercial food distribution channels cannot easily deal with individual small farms due to: high fixed costs of contracting for a small volume of product, potential problems with the farmer meeting required quality standards and intermittent supply from a single farm. While a large-scale farm may be able to contract directly with a processor or distributor, small-scale farms require an intermediary who can aggregate small amounts from multiple producers to obtain a large enough amount of uniform quality to be attractive to the processor or distributor.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	0ec464b4bda5839ad37729fce8d6d8d3	Better-trained inspectors would help alleviate these concerns. The Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC) has developed a PPA template for consideration by its member utilities. The PPA is the single document that determines the viability of an RE project and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Regulators need to be empowered with the necessary skill sets to assess such contracts.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0ec73f6a1a0276a95fe31b5c297643b4	Genuine state dependence was obtained using a basic DREP model estimated separately by subsample where applicable: Hansen and Lofstrom (2011) assume a random-effects logit (rather than probit) structure, Hansen and Lotstrom (2011) and Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu and Zhang (2014) assume mass-point rather than normal unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity. Hansen and Lofstrom (2011: Table 3): LINDA linked administrative record data set, SA receipt measured in terms of ‘benefit year’ (see above), receipt of SA based on benefit payments recorded for the sampled individual. There is moreover evidence of geographical variation in state dependence within countries (not shown).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/864d004f-en	0ec9b8494536b4e32f97049f2a3feb7f	This was motivated by the goal to reduce urban air pollution. But the measure was, at least partly, also designed to protect domestic vehicle producers from competitive pressures associated with the import of second-hand cars. Imported secondhand cars with an age of less than five years have to undergo a technical inspection before they can be officially registered.11 Some rejuvenation of the passenger car fleet has also been due to the introduction of locally produced small cars by foreign companies since the mid-1990s.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	0ecbab03c8bba1e54a4476e4c8d77f62	While a generous system of paid leave contributes to supporting high participation rates among the native-born women, many foreign-born women, who are less likely to have had stable employment prior to having a child, may be more likely to drop out of the labour market following childbirth. This allowance, which is granted when a child under three years of age is looked after at home, can render staying at home more financially advantageous than engaging in training or paid employment. The CHC allowance is not targeted at foreign-born women.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/441bff2d-en	0ece11189cf535df0c2f9fe19c71acda	Compared to the older, rudimentary programmes introduced in the region in the past, CCTs are better funded by the State and assure a greater coverage of the vulnerable population (Cornia and Martorano, 2010). Indeed, flagship programmes such as Bolsa Familia in Brazil and Oportunidades in Mexico now cover about 25 per cent of the population and cost on average less than 0.5 per cent of GDP (ERD, 2010). Most of the existing CCTs in the region require households to fulfill conditions linked to both educational attainment by children and regular health check-ups (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). A more recent development of CCTs in the region is represented by the Red Solidaria in El Salvador, which - as well as offering transfers in exchange for education and health facility attendance - also provides a supply-side component to strengthen access to basic services, including investments in electricity, water, sanitation and other infrastructures (Britto, 2007).	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	0ed0e6d7a93716233fee814370e2c49b	Moreover, efforts have been reported by the Bahraini officials to strengthen public awareness on women’s rights and risks of violence against women. The new Constitution adopted in 2014 affirms the state's commitment to protect women against all forms of violence. A law is in the process of being approved.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ca796bd2-en	0ed17dff21236337cfc4125de497f968	Overall, women are still less likely than men to be in the workforce across the OECD although their educational attainment tends to be higher. Equal access to quality and senior jobs and levels of pay remains uneven. Women still hold the majority of part-time jobs and work for lower pay. Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency; such efforts are slowly bearing fruit.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	0ed1af15855838b666c692c83b90d4e3	In the case of ICTs many developments benefited from public expenditures. For example, DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, funded Internet development and the main Internet standard, TCP/IP. Diffusion was stimulated by the National Science Foundation and by the use of the Internet by some major universities in the United States as a communication and information sharing platform.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	0ed3c59f59cdfea134a5accf6fa35ef3	Such products would represent an opportunity to further develop ancillary services markets. Forward and day-ahead energy markets, by far the largest one, intra-day, balancing and reserve markets (primary and secondary) followed. Some countries have distinct markets for technical constraints (voltage control and congestion management) while others co-optimise dispatching and balancing services.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	0ed41ec49fafb36d6d1e063c4c683deb	In Lithuania, quality assurance is undertaken through a combination of school self-evaluation and external evaluation. Schools can use the self-evaluation model approved by the MoES or choose another model. National policy establishes an expectation that the results of school self-evaluation will be used to improve management decisions, the provision of education, and teacher professional development (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2015).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	0ed506661222ecc753925f8e470adbe5	The company insures all farmers in the cooperative, and the cooperative is responsible for paying the premium and for distributing potential payouts (Meherette, 2009). A limitation of weather index-based insurance is that 30 years of historical daily rainfall data are needed to make such a scheme operational. However, interventions that link social assistance with institutional demand also typically focus on supporting poorer farmers who are constrained in their access to resources. Ultimately, the aim is to increase agricultural production by small family farmers; improve farmers' and extension workers' skills and knowledge of food production and marketing, and link small producer organizations with local markets in general.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	0edb132bc69e86b3dd5dbd742fb5a92f	The percentage of 15-year-old students who attended early childhood education (ISCED 0) for less titan two years are added into brackets next to the country's name. Low performers may be able to use basic or everyday scientific knowledge to recognise or identify aspects of familiar or simple scientific phenomena. However, they also often confuse key features of a scientific investigation, apply incorrect scientific information and mix personal beliefs with scientific facts in support of a decision.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	0edc2855b8522a2a165b097dc8213076	Promoting a vision of small-scale farming rooted in agroecological techniques, local markets and food sovereignty (Borras, 2004; McMichael, 2009), some strands, though by no means all, emphasize the rights of women as small-scale food producers. The National Association of Rural and Indigenous Women in Chile, with its 10,000 members, is linked to La Via Campesina and is launching an agroecology institute to train women smallholder farmers in South America.14 Other examples include movements initiated by groups of poor urban dwellers in many cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America, linking well-being and rights to homes and livelihoods with the design of decent, sustainable urban spaces (Satterthwaite, Mitlin and Patel, 2011). In the case of Shack/Slum Dwellers International, groups initiated around women's savings and credit associations and waste-pickers cooperatives have networked into a federated global structure that now covers 33 countries, linking local action with campaigning around global agendas.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/091e4d11-en	0edcf74cd8740812c543fd9ceea1f1b1	Building on the achievements made under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover more social dimensions and are universal in scope. The universality principle of the 2030 Agenda means that social progress goals and targets have been set for all countries, including the richest countries of the globe, with the explicit intention of leaving no one behind. By selecting SDGs most relevant to children, using data to illustrate how rich countries compare on these goals, and discussing the main data gaps and data coverage, this study makes an important contribution to assessing what can and needs to be done for children, as part of the process of addressing the SDGs in high-income settings. Monitoring the life chances of children is considered a necessary starting point for catalyzing social progress for and around children.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/18a859bf-en	0eddefa1c19b6b6c3db9a6a456b7dc48	"For these countries, concessional finance continues to represent the bulk of external financial resources, accounting for 72% of total external finance supplied by OECD countries in 2013. By contrast, in other countries, concessional finance represents only 11% of total external finance (OECD, 2015e). By contrast, in all countries, concessional finance represents only 17% of total external finance. According to the same data, ODA represented the equivalent of 77% of tax revenue in fragile LDCs and 55% in non-fragile LDCs. In order for LDCs, in particular, to realise the SDGs, concessional finance needs to be targeted strategically and help to leverage additional domestic and international resources. Note that the group ""Mainly LMlCs"" actually refers to other IDA-eligible countries that are not LDCs or fragile."	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	0edf326cf2bcdaef25eef5264b659c68	A national regulatory agency was established, to enhance utility tariff regulation procedures, making tariffs susceptible to political interference. In Armenia, investment responsibilities generally remain with public authorities, while private sector participation is principally meant to increase operational efficiency. The contractual arrangements evolved from management contracts with a guaranteed compensation for the private operator to longer term lease contracts with private operators taking financial and commercial risks.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a020cea6-en	0edf88ecb98ef1c178e3030122a3b77b	"This is based on multiple lines of evidence, including on observations already made in recent decades and on the projections of a range of different global climate models about future effects. So even if global warming is contained within the range of 1,5°C to 2°C, there will be very significant health and socioeconomic effects due to increasing average temperatures. In addition, and significantly for understanding and reducing risk, humanity now faces the current reality and the future prospect of more-extreme and much higher frequency ""natural"" hazards - extremes of cold to heat-waves, longer and more sustained drought, more intense and more frequent storm events, heavier rainfall and more flooding."	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	0edfa0b5fbdd443d422b081009554b29	Interestingly, homeownership is not a barrier to inter-metropolitan moves, though the moves tend to be in pairs of cities with co-varying home prices (Sinai and Souleles, 2013,30,). As such, migration between declining areas and more prosperous metropolitan areas is likely damped, and contribute to the low net-migration rates. In any case, the recent decline in household mobility appears to be related to lower mover rates for renters.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	0edfe3b90c82ce644cf8c58342f13172	Where energy supply is unreliable, firms are more concerned with availability than with efficiency. Similarly, small and medium-size industrial firms find it much harder to get a loan than do larger firms. And while the barriers to energy efficiency are also present in developed countries, they are more formidable in developing countries. What are the appropriate roles of the public and private sectors?	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	0ee0317138c7295870abbc2ff212c646	The phenomenon of land degradation is increasing, in severity and extent, in many parts of the world, with about 40 percent of the worlds land surface degraded (25% has been degraded over the past quarter-century alone) (Bai et al., As summarized in Table 7.1, agriculture and land degradation contribute significantly to the problem of climate change, by generating GHG emissions leading to warming, as well as impacting land surface albedo and creating adverse weather patterns. Notwithstanding significant uncertainty in estimates, the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector accounts for 24 percent of emissions of GHGs, the second largest emitter following the energy sector (IPCC, 2014a). The most important source of GHG emissions in agriculture is methane (CH4) emissions from enteric fermentation in livestock and nitrous oxide (N20) emissions from synthetic fertilizer application.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	0ee1cfee8a25d65bad3bc7599b4947b7	With the support of Espaco Feminista and other partners, women and community leaders are building their capacity and claiming space in the land regularization, making policymakers understand the real meaning of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The committee comprises different institutions and community leaders. Together, they are monitoring the regularization through regular meetings.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300279-en	0ee1e862f5bd3cacf36e4cca5a244061	Even among students with a similar performance in mathematics, reading and science, the likelihood of having repeated a grade is often linked to socio-economic background (OECD, 2014h). However, research has also begun to shed light on the predictive power that social and emotional skills, such as self-control and self-motivation, have on earnings, health, engagement in violence and many other life outcomes (OECD, 2015; Kautz et al., Providing opportunities for adult learning (Challenge 3) is important for retraining and upskilling. High levels of long-term unemployed is challenging for the economy as a whole, as it leads to high spending on unemployment benefits and a reduction in tax revenues (Challenge 10).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	0ee5fa80e7bccc51f7307293a1aa1204	It is important therefore that the reforms are structured to foster co-ordination rather than fragment care further. Such policies do not of themselves facilitate co-ordination, and can present real or perceived barriers to integration. Choice and competition in primary care, and the resulting loss of a geographical responsibility for population health, have the potential to exacerbate fragmentation of care and impede the ability of local agencies to work together to provide seamless health and social care in the most cost-effective way - especially in urban areas with a multiplicity of providers. The risks of fragmentation and poor care co-ordination are greatest for older people, complex and frail patients, and people with mental health problems; these are also the groups least able to navigate the system and exercise informed choice, hence they can be disenfranchised from the reform process.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-5-en	0ee69858d85af614970b3ac816dc87dd	Most OECD countries now use a curriculum in early childhood services, especially as children grow older, that is to say, that some structuring and orientation of children’s experience towards educational aims is generally accepted. Currently, there is little pedagogical direction for younger children, although many neurological developments take place prior to age of three or four (OECD, 2006). Curricula are influenced by many factors, including society’s values, content standards, research findings, community expectations, and culture and language.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0eecba96601cc0f72900891bad5933e5	Sources: OECD tax-benefit models (www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives). In setting benefit amounts, policymakers need to consider not only poverty thresholds and the income position of low-wage workers, but also the levels of other, higher-tier benefit payments. Where unemployment benefit levels depend on the duration of unemployment, separate lines are shown for each category. Ratios between minimum-income and unemployment benefits can be quite high for longer-term unemployed, notably in countries operating both unemployment insurance and assistance benefits (see Table 2).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/21334b08-en	0eed7af2cf7016c0c0af7718f3b4216c	In addition, discounts are given to families and children while senior citizens, persons with a disability and children under six travel for free. Therefore, subsidies need to be designed in such a way that they are also affordable for public budgets while providing sufficient resources for long-term development of the public transport operator. Support for the informal transport sector requires only minor investments to improve aspects such as safety, accountability, driver conditions, and integration with the formal sector. The cycle rickshaw is a low cost and environmentally sustainable mode of transport for short trips. Able to integrate easily into other transport systems, the rickshaw can provide point-to-point service at a price within reach of low income earners. This recognition highlights and reiterates the view that road safety in many countries of the region is an important development issue, considering its magnitude and the gravity of the negative impacts of road accidents on the economy, public health and general welfare of the people, particularly the poor.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	0eedb731d693d67e3424ec124f18546d	Low levels of taxation hurt poor people, and poor women in particular, because they prevent the establishment of development programmes which can counteract market-generated inequalities. Where fiscal reform has involved cuts in social expenditures, or the imposition of user fees on services and utilities, women have often had to compensate by increasing the amount of time taken to care for children, the sick and older persons at home to save money, walking longer distances in search of health care or queuing for longer periods for water (Razavi, 2007). In Zambia, for example, the abolition of marketing boards and the privatization of extension services and rural credit under structural adjustment affected women farmers more than men. Local market cooperatives used to be one of the few sources of credit and extension services for women farmers (Evers and Walters, 2000).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	0ef1b0c2dc42efbfd5dd08b7428f4211	This may be related to the fact that dental care is not part of the publicly funded health care coverage (Chapter 2). Any inequalities in unmet care needs is likely to result in poorer health status of the total population and increase health inequalities. Based on the Gini coefficient, the commonly used indicator to examine income inequality, Latvia has the second highest income inequality after Lithuania in the European Union (European Union, 2013).	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0ef3727176fdc5506c882044e4efad46	Building on the existing successful models, capacity should be developed in regional data gathering, and sharing regional data repositories and technical skills associated with using regional data. Current activities need to be scaled up in a systematic way, including longterm multi-stakeholder collaboration to raise aspirations among youth in socially unprivileged population and to improve their quality of life. University Sais Malaysia’s health-related centres should widen their focus on community-based medical education and new forms of health care delivery as well as generation of innovations. This would facilitate training for local government and provide an opportunity to embark on consultancy services and to provide the skill basis for more proactive local government with strong commitment to sustainability.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	0ef6aff3b48338ee44458c520621f3a1	Many rivers are of high ecological sensitivity and of international importance for their conservation value. Perversely, population density is highest in these areas of lowest rainfall and so demand is greatest where resources are the scarcest. This has led to many rivers, particularly chalk (limestone baseflow-fed) streams of iconic environmental and fisheries value, being damaged or threatened by unsustainable abstraction.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266360-4-en	0ef6b1e90438c14ea0c43cd7b41cb510	The annual number of natural disasters in Southeast Asia increased from 13 in 1970 to 41 in 2014, resulting in a surge of both economic damages and the number of persons affected. Floods, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes are the most frequent types of disasters occurring in the region, sometimes bearing severe human and economic losses. The frequency and impacts of such disasters are expected to increase in the future, as a result of a combination of climate change impacts (such as sea-level rise), uibanisation and socio-economic changes.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	0ef8fdbad8a569b1f8d8c5a4cbebbbc2	In addition, household surveys tend to be a rich source of additional social and demographic characteristics of workers which can allow the calculation of the indicator for specific subpopulation groups of employees. Worker coverage of establishment surveys is often limited to paid workers in medium to large establishments, and thus often excludes those engaged in microenterprises. They may exclude establishments in certain industries (e.g., agriculture), as well as workers remunerated predominately by a share of the profits (i.e., salaried directors and managers) and those paid on a commission basis without a retainer (i.e., outworkers, subcontracted workers).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	0ef94b9fbe6116712ba1c063763cdae5	Continued litter production - with decomposition rates being constant - can lead to continued accumulation of soil carbon and woody debris. Decomposition rates may even decline as the forest ages (cf Wardle et al. A handful of eddy covariance studies, including some of old-growth forests (Table 5.3], consistently show net carbon accumulation of the studied old-growth forest ecosystems.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	0efdcd9ec77dc458353647b48a920b59	Relatively little, though, is known about health care quality and outcomes in Mexico, significantly obscuring a full picture of health system performance. Given the real problems in Mexico with fragmentation of services, and different levels of access, the lack of comparability across sub-systems is a particular problem, even if efforts to develop comparable indicators are underway. The next four chapters set out in detail where change is needed and how it can be achieved.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	0f00e051327dd6404802344fdcefe78a	Rice cultivation is the most important source of agricultural emissions in Eastern and Southeast Asia (at 26 percent), while in Oceania the cultivation of organic soils is the source of 59 percent of agricultural emissions. The second main source is manure left on pastures in sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean; rice cultivation in Southern Asia; and synthetic fertilizers in countries in developed regions. See Annex table A.2 for details.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	0f01fac701b8cd1c0c9a67fa871a961f	To the extent the gap is attributable to observable skills differences, closing it would require a holistic approach, including through policies to tackle gender gap in the education system and labour market. In addition, more general policy levers associated with social policy (i.e. parental leave) can have positive implications for female entrepreneurship. These can include gender bias on the investors’ side, unintended effects of policies but also personal traits and preferences that cannot be accounted for with available data.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	0f0205cd4b8a2ad2f4ae56a910084e87	Several Round Table participants drew attention to the GFSI as a potential model for benchmarking eco-labelling schemes. Indeed, would it be possible to build a “theoretical” or “aspirational” governance regime for sustainable fisheries management that would include principles of good public governance, as well as market principles and mechanisms, and the interplay between them? This would reflect the aspirational “shared responsibility phase” referred to above.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	0f0485c03dc969ec88e5d59354abcd0c	Kazakhstan’s economy was plagued by hyperinflation and deep recession until the mid-1990s, but with the onset of the oil boom the country’s economic situation rapidly improved. Agriculture began its gradual recovery in the early 2000s, but annual growth has been highly volatile, largely following the strong fluctuations in grain output. Today, the country ranks among the world’s top ten wheat exporters, but overall it is a net agro-food importer, in particular of livestock products.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5ad16036-en	0f065ec159a148efb2fa7342e6b8263c	In the Asian and Pacific region, almost 87 per cent of children 1 year of age or younger are immunized against measles. However, this aggregate masks differences between subregions. East and North-East Asia (98.7 per cent), and North and Central Asia (96.7 per cent) have close to a 100 per cent immunization rate. South and South-West Asia has the lowest rate (78.5 per cent), followed by the Pacific (81.7 per cent).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0v44bnmnx-en	0f08923e4219b4859861102d5f2cb928	Using strong quasi-experimental controls, Reder (2014a) found that participation in such programs appears to lead to substantial gains in long-term earnings (and other outcome variables) of high school dropouts in the United States. The recent Canadian UPSKILL project, in a random control d ial, also found substantial impacts of basic skills instruction for incumbent hospitality industry workers on proficiency gains, increased skill use on the job, measures of job performance and employer profits (Gyarmati et al., Research on adult basic skills programs indicates that instruction has an immediate effect on levels of literacy practice (Purcell-Gates, Degener, Jacobson and Soler, 2000; Reder, 2009b). Both longitudinal (Reder, 2009b) and cross-sectional studies (Sheehan-Holt and Smith, 2000) have shown that program participation has positive short-term effects on levels of literacy practices but not on literacy proficiency levels.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	0f0ab72786184867a34ac08004635b52	For example, food price increases are generally beneficial for the agro-rural poor who at the very least will see their earning opportunities expand and negative for the urban poor who spend a very large proportion of their income on food and are directly made worse off by any increase in price. Moreover, the winners and losers are not always distinct groups and some people could win in some ways and lose in others. But when the poor are at the losing end of integration, they are less capable of coping with adjustment, and the effects can be long lasting, particularly when family investments in health and education are affected.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	0f0ba8b1ed66f1ee1f1a0cbf560fa120	Entrepreneurial activities are still hampered by constraints which can be gender specific, such as cultural norms or restricted access to finance for women. Although the sources of finance are the same for men and women, women often tend to face higher barriers to access finance. The main reasons for this gender gap are associated with differences in the sector of activity and the age and size of female-owned businesses. However, other possible explanations include lack of managerial experience, women’s weaker credit history, and a smaller business size.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	0f0bc9afc8cde8bd53e0068138b0b94b	In-kind benefits (or services) include day-care and home-help services and other benefits in kind. Fiscal measures include child tax credits, tax advantages for formal child care and other tax breaks which financially support families with children. Only public support that is exclusively for families (e.g. child payments and allowances, parental leave benefits and child care support) is included in the figure. Spending in other social policy areas such as health and housing support also assists families, but not exclusively, and is therefore not considered.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	0f0c778ec91b30cb96c14a7e486b3c30	A “use-it-or-lose-it” clause regarding land zoned for development to reduce speculation or land hoarding. This is likely to oblige developers to begin on site or to have a portion of the development built within five years of receiving planning permission. The development and operation of housing corporations/associations has been a successful model in many OECD countries, such as Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	0f0d0904144575174c3aff4307e5a698	As we have discussed above, the net effect of all of these changes is an unambiguous increase in inequality from 1996 to 2001. A lower poverty line of $2 per day (R91 per person per month in 1996 purchasing power parity terms) and an upper poverty line of R250 per person per month (in 1996 Rands) are used to show that the leftward shift of incomes in the middle and lower-middle areas of the 2001 distribution is indeed a reflection of a slight but unambiguous increase in measured poverty between 1996 and 2001. The poverty rankings by race are completely robust. At any poverty line, Africans are very much poorer than Coloureds, who are very much poorer than Indians/Asians, who are poorer than whites.	10	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289350846-6-en	0f0e9cdae9e9c0987807ab5f5137d9b1	Nordic flood risk governance needs revision; instead of modifying channels even more, ecosystems in catchments can be restored to increase their retention capacity, thus reducing future flood risks further downstream. Such retentive restoration actions can be located to uplands and riparian zones, as well as in stream channels. Along seashores, restoration should aim for increasing storm surge protection.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	0f0ea5caac6fdff9c3124af71c76b057	Also, the NAP/AP ratio of 0.29 appears abnormally low in comparison to other countries in West Africa with a comparable level of urbanisation. Therefore, the agricultural population appears to be overestimated. This is also appears highly improbable given that over the same period the level of urbanisation increased from 12 to 30% (U/R ratio from 0.14 in 1980 to 0.43 in 2010).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	0f1513f538fa151ab479b0a4aa6eb46e	When we find female experts to interview we try to circulate the contacts among the staff and in that way increase the share of women in the news. Many women say that their expertise doesn't fully cover the interview topic and they often suggest a male colleague instead of agreeing to be interviewed themselves.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/46a2b922-en	0f16707ed5fd44142e9620e7891099ba	For the individual countries or the region as a whole to be considered highly wheat secure, it would need to demonstrate both high production as well as high economic capacities. From the assessment, it seems that no single country in the region has achieved this combination and, as such, the countries that exhibit either high production capacity to secure wheat locally or high economic capacity to import wheat are categorized as less secure, while the remaining countries (low production and economic capacities) are considered to be insecure. With the combined natural and economic resources available to the region, it is believed that the region as a whole has the potential to become highly wheat secure, provided that coordinated regional policies are adopted and translated into higher levels of cooperation between countries of the region.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0f194fde23233800356c7b9acd81ef37	This is notably the case for Indonesia pledging an increase from USD 17 million in 2016 to USD 150 million in 2020. The Netherlands indicated a prospect of spending EUR 237 million per year for the period 2016-2020, more than doubling the EUR 100 million of 2015. This is significantly above the IEA countries public-sector energy RD&D data, totalling USD 13 billion on average per year over the recent years.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	0f19c07f0dd1594f54be0637f67ea463	Land tenure is the relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, individuals and groups, with respect to land. According to general comment No. Regardless of the type of tenure, all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats. In rural communities, ownership of land determines both social status and the way in which control is exercised over a household's resources and income.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	0f1bd8f8b094c42e6c0adecf18b0de14	Universal access to health insurance was achieved in a very short time span through multiple insurance funds, which were consolidated into a single fund in 2000. This has created a strong institutional framework. This helps explain the rapid growth of health care spending per capita at an average rate of 8% per year since 2002, faster than any other OECD country and more than double the OECD average of 3.6% per year over the same period. Today, Korea is one of the most competitive markets for health care amongst OECD countries with a growing hospital sector. Health care is dominated by private providers and there is little regulation on the scope of practice for hospitals and ambulatory care. The government barely intervenes to influence the location of services compared to other OECD countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	0f1c7650654f4e35f0b30c25a85f6098	Ten per cent was included to demonstrate sensitivity and because it was consistent with the highest rate used in participating countries (including non-OECD countries for their own analyses. ( As noted in IEA/NEA (2010: p. 34), “In keeping with tradition, also this edition of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity has worked both with a 5% and a 10% discount rate.” Although there has been a tradition of using discount rates of 5% and 10%, there has been some confusion regarding the determination of the discount rate. The key aspect here is the assumption that all risk is captured in the discount rates. For the purposes of this study, it means that when using the term “social resource cost”, we treat the investment in question as if there was no price risk.	7	2	8	0.6
10.1787/f5330a47-en	0f1cddb514103b46efb02e817127dd71	To the extent possible, Annex II Parties are to specify the “recipient country, the target area of mitigation and adaptation, the sector involved and the sources of technology transfer from the public or private sectors” (Decision 2/CP.17), and make the distinction between public and private sector activities. Where feasible”, Annex II Parties shall report success and failure stories related to technology transfer. Parties should provide information at the individual measure and activity level, including the programme or project title and a description (Decision 2/CP.17).	13	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	0f1d6d86ee8b1c9c8ed946e74c2f9f7b	The actual cost of care of the groups covered through ACE, however, has not been quantified. Hence, the gap between the minimum average contribution used by the CCSS (to determine FODESAF’s transfer) and the actual cost of care is unknown. This rate dropped when looking at the most vulnerable subgroups: only 45% of the extreme poor and 35% of the lowest two quintiles of the population were covered by ACE, suggesting gaps in coverage. Questions regarding sustainability also arise.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	0f1e2d231cc412b8a506835617c71915	Unilever’s processing factory committed to buying all production supplied by the co-operatives meeting Unilever’s quality standards, at a price agreed annually, based on the market price, before the crop is planted. Contracting farmers reach bean yields of 1 to 2 tonnes per ha while untrained farmers typically reach 0.7 tonnes per ha. In 2010, the programme involved the participation of some 7 000 smallholders, who grew approximately 30% of the black soy beans used to produce Unilever’s Bango brand, and farmers’ incomes had increased by approximately 10-15% since 2000 (OECD, 2012).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/18a859bf-en	0f21c72d28735fcc72cd6a63850e980d	The Conference of the Parties has mandated the Subsidiary Body for Science and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to develop modalities by November 2018 for accounting of financial resources provided and mobilised through public interventions (Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 58). In the coming years SBSTA and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement will develop the modalities, procedures and guidelines to enable greater transparency of both climate action and support. This will include tracking the USD 100 billion / year commitment and the additional resources that will be needed to fulfil the ambition of the Paris Agreement.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	0f2423d9d0c2ccc29678e85c76dc4c03	Until recently, the degree to which growth was pro-poor was measured exclusively by its incidence in income (or consumption) poverty, following measurement techniques proposed by Ravallion and Chen (2003), or using the average elasticities approach adopted in Table 4.1. They found the correlation between growth and non income-related MDGs, to be zero. Certainly, sub-Saharan Africa, which has many poor and struggling countries, performed relatively badly.	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	0f242faa3d49f975f27dfb1c5603c7e2	The IMF’s rapid financing instrument (RFI)'. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). Voluntary Guidelines for the Pacific Islands Region, available at: http://www.pacificdisaster.net/dox/ FRDP_2016_Resilient_Dev_pacific.pdf (accessed 29 September 2017). United States Department of State (2017), Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs: Investment Climate Statements for 2017 - Dominica, available at: https://www.state.g0v/e/eb/rls/0thr/ics/ investmentclimatestatements/index.htm?dlid =270062&year=2017#wrapper (accessed 29 September 2017).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/97ed059a-en	0f253c75c5349f11422b06a9c15f23bc	The MINEPAT (2009) forecast does not foresee that the crisis will have negative impacts on capital flows to the public sector, but exhibits a significant decrease (10%) of foreign capital going into the non-bank private sector in 2009 and also shows that portfolio flows in the banking sector went from 95 billion CFA francs in 2008 to -79 billion in 2009, reflecting a significant repatriation of funds with unfavourable effects on the national economy. The World Bank database dedicated to these flows shows that, as of 2007, more than three quarters of international remittances are destined for developing countries (table 4). In 2007, remittances accounted for an average of 2.02% of developing countries’ GDP, as opposed to 0.24% in high income countries and 0.71% for the entire world (Figure 5).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	0f268dc0ae7773c6607c53f18cf5bef5	Germany's government, for example, developed policies that promote grid integration and market access for solar energy. In addition to the technical capacity to enable trade across the network, policies need to provides incentives for homeowners to invest in the infrastructure - by giving them the opportunity, for example, to offset their initial investment by selling the excess electricity they produce. In addition to grid integration policies and technologies, governments must offer financial and tax incentives to develop the solar energy infrastructure and help counter the initial cost of these systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	0f28805cf56e466f240174736164f56c	Nevertheless, eadi dimension was introduced singly. Then, the singly significant dimensions were introduced together. Variables are expressed in log. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **,	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	0f2e7329bbf14aabf3abe75a3798e744	Some cultural practices like FGM, early marriages, polygamy and multiple sexual partners also make women in this community more vulnerable to the infection. The provision of HIV testing, treatment and care services is made difficult by the harsh terrain, long distances to facilities and low literacy levels. Most of these areas are served by faith-based organizations.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/66641c52-en	0f2eaccfdccdaddf211a5437ea7d077e	Compact, mixed-use cities with high quality infrastructure, combined with policy measures that facilitate inclusion of all stakeholders in decision-making processes, along with charging the true social cost of using private motorized vehicles to secure an increased modal share of sustainable modes—are components of sound strategies for achieving of sustainable urban mobility in cities. For example, the improvement of rural accessibility in Viet Nam has been associated with significant poverty reduction (UNECE, 2012). Nevertheless, significant challenges still exist.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5ad16036-en	0f31747b77a2ac0c4453b57efad775ac	Missing country values are estimated using linear interpolation (for middle gaps) and carrying the previous year’s data forward (for end gaps). Data obtained: 7 August 2013. Country-level data are generally obtained from national household surveys, including demographic and health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys and national nutrition surveys.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238121-9-en	0f32477d10988eac388f933b262a2e6c	But beyond central government, a great sense of responsibility should be strengthened at the state, basin and municipal level for an effective implementation of water policy. Successful structural reforms and strategies are long processes to prepare, adopt and implement; and they often take several attempts. Complex changes like those required in Brazil’s water sector will inevitably take years. Circumstances at all levels can change during the reform implementation period, and water reform can only be successful if it has the flexibility to adapt to shifting circumstances.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	0f324b7001be0f29b631b5f93534d20f	Although alcohol abuse has a major impact on the mortality pattern of northern regions in general, it has had a particularly significant impact on indigenous peoples, with levels of alcohol use atypically high among women. For instance, in the Berezovo region of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, in 1996-1999, out of 362 deaths among indigenous peoples excluding infants, one third were associated with alcohol, while the rate of alcohol-related deaths was 15 per cent in non-indigenous population. Alcohol-related deaths in women were five times higher among the indigenous peoples than among Russian northerners.565 In the Chukchi autonomous district, alcohol caused 42 per cent of indigenous women's deaths, white alcohol caused 19 per cent of deaths of non-indigenous women.566 Even when it does not end in human losses, alcohol consumption leads to economic losses which directly or indirectly decrease life quality. The rate of death resulting from external causes among indigenous northerners is more than twice the Russian average.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329224-9-en	0f334d157136a37ab70d5748002f5d97	"Alternatives to this, such as sharing resources instead of owning them, or simplifying our lifestyles by choosing to have less money but more free time, are therefore seen as a sacrifice. Marketing wisdom tells us that ""you can't sell sacrifice""- and so policy makers fear alienating citizens with policies that tackle consumption patterns and levels. However, community level sustainability initiatives and alternative movements offer inspiration for redefining the ""good life"" to include well-being, community engagement, fairness, equity and sustainability. Opportunities are being missed, for example for product-sharing schemes or promoting closed loop systems that would reduce overall reliance on virgin resources, or for promoting alternatives to intensive consumption that could increase well-being, such as community food-growing schemes."	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	0f35943b6fba6acb14e9684808c01118	It has to be noted that due to the 'open border' between the two countries, migration is not documented in terms of collection information/data on the flow. For a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of the ban,see ILO 2015. Traditional family structures have undergone big transformations, especially in urban areas; however, they remain grounded in patriarchal norms.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/27e660be-en	0f3d5fb4d0f97d67a9c6f1c2b100d85f	African activists and women’s movements - e.g. Action for Development in Uganda, the National Women’s Lobby Group in Zambia, the National Committee on the Status of Women in Kenya, and the Women of Zimbabwe Arise as well as Forum Mulher in Mozambique - have played key roles in the local, national and international networks promoting a collective voice. The influence of women’s movements has been a factor in the transformation of national constitutions in several countries. This has resulted in more gender-equitable access to civil law (generally understood as a better vehicle for women’s political participation), the protection of women’s rights and the realization of their citizenship.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	0f3e09a73f89387e8c725c9eabbf2c11	In China and the United States, water demands are concentrated in limited parts of the country, in general where agriculture needs to be irrigated or where economic development is occurring. This trend is explained largely by the rapid increase in irrigation development stimulated by food demand in the 1970s and by the continued growth of agriculture-based economies (WWAP, 2009). In the 1980s, some countries stabilised their abstractions through more efficient irrigation techniques, the decline of water intensive industries (e.g. mining, steel), increased use of cleaner production technologies and reduced losses in pipe networks. Trends since 1990 indicate a more general stabilisation of water abstractions and a relative decoupling between water use and GDP growth in the OECD area (Figure B.2).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	0f42ab3c5704147defde36707d0ce7e7	In addition, chronically stressful life experiences and health-related behaviours also affect the transmission of non-communicable diseases. They also influence it indirectly when poor parental health leads to fewer hours worked in the household and lower family income. In addition, evidence from the supplemental programmes points to the fact that prenatal and postnatal investment may be complementary and for instance might be less effective for those already born below a certain birthweight (Aizer and Currie, 2014).	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fb79328d-en	0f42bb1834c7c7a874b2ef9071543382	Many of these countries remain heavily dependent on exports of primary commodities and have lost market shares in world trade. They also have suffered from larger adverse trade shocks as primary commodity prices have been more volatile than those of other export products (United Nations, 2008). Yet, diversifying into high-technology exports may not be an immediately feasible option for many developing countries.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	0f43efdd41039f27d4672ba9e30c2b32	They manage some job-matching services, including Job Cafes for young jobseekers, employment and work preparation centres for single mothers, and the Silver Human Resource Centres for retired workers. Also, about half of all cities and towns report that they run separate offices dealing with job-creation issues. Moreover, recent supplementary budgets for dealing with the jobs crisis in FY 2008 and 2009 included over JPY 1 000 billion (more than total expenditure on ALMPs in FY 2007) for programmes managed by lower-level governments, including the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to conduct projects for local job creation), the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres) and the “Emergency Human Resource Development and Employment Support Fund”. Although details of these programmes are sketchy, the implied transfer of central government funds to local and regional governments for employment policy measures is clearly substantial.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	0f4b115e9363b170db54d40b0ce2b7ee	To secure sustainable development gains and build resilience in the region, there is an urgent need to undertake climate mitigation and adaptation action. Despite an estimated $391 billion in climate finance flows internationally in 2014, the gap between available climate finance and the financing required to limit global warming to two degrees Celsius and adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change is growing. The present paper offers an overview of the climate finance landscape with a focus on the Asia-Pacific region, and of finance flows from international climate funds, multilateral development banks and subregional and national climate finance initiatives.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/841f762a-en	0f51212b5a4bd986b59d67728f70bddb	A common practice in the valuation of resources has been to compare estimates of their consumptive and non-consumptive uses (UNEP 2006). Yet, where it has been adopted, it has often demanded trade-offs in exchange for compliance on the part of users to discard consumptive, presumably more materially beneficial uses, to less attractive but ecologically more sustainable activities with assumed long-term gains such as social benefits (improved income). Numerous examples of ecotourism projects are found in the region.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb47180e-en	0f51f281c4d10c8c1dc9e024a1dc0de5	Making transportation inclusive means also ensuring the affordability of accessible transportation. Accessible ICTs, including mobile applications, government websites, public kiosks and automated teller machines, should be part of accessible urban development plans. Although compact cities can offer enormous potential for persons with disabilities, this potential will not materialize unless accessibility and nondiscrimination are prioritized.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077225-6-en	0f52a80054d22507c99674d86f0e1241	Indicators help to make decisions and move analysis to a diagnostic mode, as they can be a source of realtime feedback on performance. They can reveal what additional analysis may be needed to better understand a phenomenon. For example, an observed change may be an aberration or derive from systemic change.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/286de074-en	0f52b86bfc64e5ed40523b8651e1a141	It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. The views expressed are those of the authors. The aim is to encourage reflection and stimulate wide-ranging discussion.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	0f55068cfd72e55b6ee5023aca4fe006	Taking the receipt persistence perspective implies that every member of a family should be represented in the data set. The distinction between recipient and claimant is complicated by the fact that a person may become a claimant or stop being a claimant separately from whether or not the person’s family is in receipt. For example, consider a lone mother who is a benefit claimant (and in receipt) in year t. At t+l, she re-partners with a man and it is he who is now the benefit claimant (and family head).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	0f56fe7976d72930d73a0d9cd8b0291d	Confronted with the demands of a knowledge society, this is a challenge for the development of the education sector (Jensen, 2012). For example, the government cannot simply order courses from consultants and have teachers or school leaders passively absorb this knowledge and change their practice in accordance with the governments’ intention. As with education more generally, in professional development the learner is a creative individual who engages in the learning processes in ways we cannot foresee (Lillejord, 2003).	4	0	5	1.0
10.30875/eda9a0d4-en	0f5880d90bf3efe04d7da5d43eb38a80	This paper represents the opinions of individual staff members or visiting scholars, and is the product of professional research. It is not meant to represent the position or opinions of the WTO or its Members, nor the official position of any staff members. Any errors are the fault of the author. The analysis below is based on the information provided by WTO Members as part of their Trade Policy Review (TPRs) process from 2014 to 2018.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	0f59135de70178c1aa7c5ec64c1c5344	In addition, because inclusionary housing policies rely on private developers to provide affordable housing units, the requirements need to be appealing to developers and not constrain development. This often means that the thresholds for qualify ing income levels are set high and can exclude the lowest income households. Leaving housing decisions to developers creates a risk that such a policy reinforces patterns of exclusion rather than mitigating them (Cameron, 2003; Meda, 2009). For example, Denver’s Inclusionary Housing Ordinance was initially designed to address urban sprawl and strenuous commuting costs for lower and middle-income workers.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082106-5-en	0f5aace52649b7f8916a48a268cff690	The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the current education system in Greece gives youth a good start in the labour market. Sections 2 to 4 focus on reducing school failure. Section 5 addresses the main challenges faced by tertiary education, and the final two sections review students’ work and young workers’ participation in on-the-job training.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	0f5e0e28ace2ad1d2e524a487e369d20	The plans have often focused on attracting Jewish population and international companies to the region with the help of tax breaks. Interventions at the regional level have been largely defined and implemented in a top-down fashion from the centre of Israel. This is in line with Israel’s centralised administrative structure which leaves little scope for regional initiative and capacity building.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	0f6219cf01af57f966bbeebf96fbad2e	Finland had to fight long and hard against the Soviet Union to preserve that independence through the Second World War. For a nation with a population of less than four million, the cost of the war was devastating: 90 000 dead; 60 000 permanently injured and 50 000 children orphaned (Sahlberg, 2011). Additionally, as part of the 1944 peace treaty with the Soviet Union, Finland was forced to cede 12% of its land, requiring the relocation of 450 000 Finnish citizens.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/665c59ff-en	0f67a0f958f35fcb3517985487846b38	Hence greening is a systemic challenge and requires actions along the whole value chain, as evidenced in research by Kemp et al., ( The findings show clear signs of more energy-efficient investments being made in crop-drying methods. If energy use in the value chain as a whole is considered, however, drying technologies represent only a trivial component. The energy wasted in inefficient logistics (for example, dirty diesel combustion in the trucks hauling produce from farm to drier)— in part, a result of subsidized fuel—is far more than any marginal gains in the crop-drying component and has largely been ignored in the greening policy agenda. In many advanced economies, final markets demand the greening of value chains, and that is increasingly the case for middie-income markets in Africa and other emerging economies, a process sharpened by the rapid advance of global supermarket chains in Africa and elsewhere.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/52680283-en	0f67a216de1b5601f37e0dfe7f28de44	Analysis of the foundations, principles, practices and enablers of SRB reveals the key role this approach can play in promoting indusiveness and sustainability, and ultimately, in contributing to the SDGs. A deeper understanding of SRB will assist both public and private sectors to integrate a greater level of SRB practices into business operations of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large enterprises and transnational corporations (TNCs). Finally, organizations that have implemented these practices demonstrate how the SRB approach can foster the global change necessary for a sustainable future.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	0f67f99cc7b66e17dced6e523359a785	Youth can start an apprenticeship either if they have already left school, or while still at school in Years 11 or 12. The 2009 CO AG’s National Indigenous Reform Agreement (revised in 2011) aims to halve the gap in Year 12 attainment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth between 2008 (when die gap stood at 40%) and 2020; this target is considered “on track” (Australian Government, 2015). In 2009, only about 60% of all 20-24 year-olds with a disability or with a long term healdi condition (such as asthma or a mental healdi condition) had attained Year 12, compared to almost 80% of all youth in good health.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	0f68fa5753c82f7e60ffcc0a84317108	South Korea recorded the largest change (-26.1%) followed by Poland (-19.1%), Canada (-17.24%) and Japan (-17.2%). Among G20 countries, China saw a decline of 20.2% during the same period. Shrinking youth populations in most OECD countries and some emerging economies stand in sharp contrast to the growth of those populations in other regions of the world. For example, more than 60% of Africa's population is under the age of 25, and this proportion it is expected to increase to 75% by 2015.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/62212c37-en	0f69c0e8ea51a11e16cc7f703a651793	As participants had a large degree of freedom to design their strategies, the variability allows several preliminary lessons to be drawn. After discussing the professional development measures implemented by teams participating in the project, it highlights the main lessons from the teacher professional development plans implemented by the country teams to support participating teachers to foster their students' creativity and critical thinking. At a minimum, teams were required to introduce the project materials, objectives and suggested pedagogical approaches to teachers by organising a one-day induction training session at the beginning of the project.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	0f6a17dba6be385e277d727b1d8c0f7e	Intolerance, exclusion and inequality are nonetheless common and are on the rise in some cases. Overcoming these barriers will require finding ways to link collective interests to equity and justice (see chapter 3). They retire comfortably with private pension funds and savings. They send their children to the best schools for advanced tertiary education. And they have the means to influence the political process in their favour. The top 1 percent of the wealth distribution holds 46 percent of the worlds wealth.128 Much of the income gain in recent decades has been at the top: 44 percent of the income earned between 1988 and 2008 went to only 5 percent of the population.129 Such income inequalities influence inequalities in other dimensions of well-being.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	0f6c08f870d919c8a1dc1a2eca19510d	In particular, it is important to build socio-cultural and political support for women's participation within security system institutions amongst the general public and within particular institutions such as the police and the armed forces. This can be done through education, training and awareness-raising as well as promoting women role models. Increasing the balance of women and men at all levels of an institution increases operational effectiveness and ensures diversity of opinions and approaches; however, male and female personnel with gender expertise are still necessary to ensure the full integration of gender issues. Preventing and adequately responding to these violations will improve the work environment, increase public trust and enhance the accessibility and delivery of security and justice services. Gender-responsive codes of conduct, sexual harassment policies and/or policies on sexual exploitation and abuse are essential.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/841f762a-en	0f6c23477477ff0ecbfb90e6dde759a1	Export of shell declined between 1925 and 1940, partly as a result of a decline in the price for shell. Increasing international prices in the 1960s attracted more exports. In 1982,591 kg of raw shell corresponding to 1 182 hawksbill turtles was exported at a price of ~US$148.7/kg, yielding a gross revenue of US$87 878.	15	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	0f6cf7d317bade186b853fde080f4e68	Adding incrementally founders’ characteristics such as age, education level and education field, past professional experience, and patent ownership decreases the coefficient of interest in Model 1 to 3 percentage points (Table 1, Columns 2-5). This change is robust to the decrease in sample size. By contrast, in the case of the amount of funding received (conditional on receiving funding at all), including founders’ characteristics as controls do not affect the difference in the amount received by male and female-founded start-ups.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	0f6d24dfb7c544ddd36761ee9a65000a	The section “Policy implementation gaps”, seeks to further develop the policy issues that are associated with the globalisation process in the harvesting sector. This follows from the fact that fleet measurement (length, tonnage, type of vessel, fishing gear used) can vary substantially and small vessels are often not registered. In addition, on a global scale, fleet statistics have been collected by the FAO but have not been updated for some time. Hence, in the following, careful interpretation of figures is required. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide an overview of the number and distribution of the world’s fleets and fishers. Asia accounts for upwards of 85% of all craft.	14	0	3	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	0f6fcd31d76e68565853f31cd47f3671	An important aspect of the concept is the link between the ecosystem (nature) and the welfare of people, and thus society as a whole. This relationship is shown in figure 2. It further emphasises that changes we implement in society - the socio-economic system - influence nature, and this again will impact the quality and quantity of the services we receive from nature. For example, the reports covering fresh and salt water show how pollution from sewage, industry and agriculture affects the quality of fresh and salt water, respectively.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/02e538fc-en	0f709929c862ca1fe6a49582ae145855	However, increased time does not guarantee women’s ability to pursue economic opportunities but also depends on social and gender norms and existing paid work opportunities. Thus, even if women have more time to dedicate to paid work, it may not be social acceptable for them to pursue employment opportunities outside the home or there may not be sufficient opportunities in the labour market. The project aimed to promote rural women’s economic empowerment, through increased income, assets and employment opportunities, and their social empowerment, w'hich involved addressing women’s time constraints and improving opportunities for rural w'omen to pursue both “personal and community development” (ADB, 2015). Women’s groups and cooperatives were instrumental in the design and implementation of the project.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	0f710f33c752fe1f85c0fa102591d62b	The expected climate changes could cause greater damage through forest fires and natural disasters in the coming decades. It is expected that climate change will result in the shifting of certain vegetation zones (forest types), in terms of both latitude and altitude. In some areas, an increased drying of trees may be expected, as a result of stress and attacks of pests and plant diseases, as well as slower natural regeneration. This has led to a high occurrence of forest fires as the forest areas were very susceptible to fire in such conditions. Some tree species, such as lowland beech forest, are at particular risk due to low rainfall in the northeast of the country. Conifers are prone to pest outbreaks in hot temperatures.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dc0c31b7-en	0f73ab50db7bd3d90bde2dbb11ab1aeb	Increased trade, labour mobility and innovation in communications have spread urban functions and influence over wide geographical areas, including rural ones. Yet, in the case of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, censuses and surveys that consider the urban/rural dichotomy are still valid since they persistently indicate social inequalities subsisting between rural and urban areas (United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2012). Still, some of the most profound social inequalities are seen within cities or within nations' urban populations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	0f762fad9a17c9f99c82627ff4432c8c	Substantial increases in land productivity were achieved through strict enforcement of the adoption of high-yield crop varieties, subsidised fertiliser and pesticide programmes, and collection and distribution systems run by the government. In order to rebuild agriculture, the Saemaul Undong was first initiated from 1971 to 1973, under the strong leadership of the central government. At the beginning, 6 000 rural villages participated, increasing to 34 665 villages in 1973.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	0f76ba55204ffef598257013682e3cc1	The government needs to make sure that the demand for health personnel is met, to guarantee the supply of quality health care and limit pressures on costs that could arise from resource shortages. Increases in the admission targets for medical education are part of the development plan for education and university research for 2011-2016 adopted by the government on 15 December 2011. As noted earlier, payment incentives could encourage health professionals to increase their level of activity.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	0f79845afb622e4b93e3579d2e1b1da8	Small dams on the Gauja/Koiva’s tributaries which no longer have a water management function, have an adverse effect on the fish fauna. River fragmentation by dams on the Parlijogi and Vaidava rivers, resulting in problems for fish migration, cause these rivers to be of moderate status. This has contributed to the reduction of pollution load to surface waters, which for phosphorus, nitrogen, BOD, COD and suspended solids has decreased by 10-40% nationally (i.e. all surface waters) during the period 2004 to 2008, according to Latvian statistics. Thanks to investments made in building and renovating wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure in Estonia, from 1992 to 2007 the pollution load has decreased for BOD.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	0f7cde4bf3070394b239935bc1e64023	These findings suggest that chronic diseases and behavioural risk factors can truly impair labour market outcomes, although the negative impacts might be overstated in some published studies. The OECD analyses confirm that obesity and smoking damage labour market outcomes but the effect of alcohol use is not always consistent (depending on drinking patterns and gender). Similarly, the effects of chronic diseases are mixed, in particular for hypertension.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	0f81d8851bbdbe8e1a1ab4918d58d58d	Based on responses for the OECD Health Systems Characteristics Surveys (2008 and 2012), the largest number of P4P programmes are found in primary care, but P4P are also spreading to specialists and acute hospitals. Between the 2008 and 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Surveys, three P4P schemes were introduced in primary care (Korea, Mexico, Netherlands), three to specialist care (France, Korea, Netherlands), and seven to acute care (Australia, France, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) (OECD Health Systems Characteristics Survey, 2012; OECD, 2014; Paris et al., Beyond this, performance-based payment is also being introduced in more diverse care settings, for example long-term care in the United States (CMS, 2015) and public health and prevention outside of GP practices such as for delivery of vaccination services or smoking cessation in pharmacies in the United Kingdom (see Box 2.1). Pharmacy services and their payment arrangements are also evolving in Australia.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	0f81db37972b6816a6b5a726032d54ca	Table 2.3 reports the share of non-widowed lone parents in receipt of child maintenance. Rates of collection vary enormously, from a low of 22% of lone parents in receipt of child support in the United Kingdom to a high of 95% in Sweden. Broadly speaking, Nordic countries appear to have higher rates of child support payments while collection in Anglo-Saxon countries is relatively poor with a minority of single parents in receipt of support (and Continental Europe lying somewhere between the two). Child maintenance averages between 10 and 13% of national average earnings in most countries, although in Sweden and the Netherlands this proportion is lower (at 8%) while Austria and France collect a higher proportion.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	0f828ce308301004c4dac1e55f7cd127	The first, the Republic of Korea Temporary Workers Programme, is a government-to-gov-ernment initiative. Timor-Leste is the 15th Asian country to join the Korean Employment Permit System for youth ages 18-35. In 2009-2015, this programme enabled 1,886 young Timorese, 5 percent of whom were women, to work in Korea (Wigglesworth and Fonseca 2016).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	0f85e0a47de9384bd6eae61a5c142140	In addition, the programme was meant to create a demonstration effect that would encourage commercial banks and other sources of capital to lend to or invest in companies that “graduate” from the fund. The MIF was aimed as a complement to commercial financial services and its credit facilities were priced in line with prevailing lending rates in the commercial banking sector, based on market surveys periodically conducted by MATEP. This involved business consultancy to coach entrepreneurs to develop promising business concepts into fully-fledged bankable business plans. A total of 33 loans have been disbursed servicing 17 sub-sectors, including, in the agricultural field, canned horticultural produce, processed beef, horticulture (cucumbers), honey, molasses, groundnuts, organic cotton, paprika, poultry, seed and soy cake.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3afdf450-en	0f8694ffa22ecfa2785e4f97d141cde9	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence @ unicef.ore. The Centre helps to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. The Office aims to set out a comprehensive framework for research and knowledge within the organization, in support of its global programmes and policies.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	0f87128322a37d5d073ff823bcd1c1e4	Specific health and safety measures were taken during the demolition of old buildings and excavation and disposal of contaminated soil to avoid hazardous exposure of the workers. Clean-up of these objects and territories was completed in 2011. These fees reflect the financial possibilities based on population and range from 4,500 lek (some €32.45) per household per year in Tirana and 1,000 lek (some €7.2) per household per year in other major cities to 300 lek (some €2.20) per household per year in smaller municipalities. The sum of waste fees paid by users of MSW collection services reached €7.5 million in 2009.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	0f89917b1b70b2fadbf605626fdd3063	During the 6th meeting of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics held at the Dead Sea in March 2012, the results of a global review of the gender statistics programmes in UN countries were presented. The global review was developed by the UN Statistics Division in consultation with the regional commissions, and finalised by a task team of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics. Results reveal that 68% of the 128 responding countries already have a gender statistics focal point in the national statistical office; 37% have a co-ordinating body for gender statistics at the national level. In addition, gender statistics are governed by statistics or gender-related laws, regulation or national action plans in an overwhelming majority of the countries (86%), but only 15% of those countries have specific legislation requiring the national statistical system to conduct specialised gender-based surveys.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	0f8a5b7dc1199e99518bd64bc90a27a7	The argument may be less applicable for rural areas in Central Asia. In all four countries for which we have data, the working poor make up a significant share of the total poor. Although children in families with working parents are usually better off, especially if the parent is highly educated, the share of the working poor remains significant due to low wages in many sectors, especially in agriculture and the public sector. The salaries are not sufficient to lift families out of poverty (Baschieri and Falkingham, 2007). In Uzbekistan, 50 per cent of the poor are either working in the public sector, are low-paid employees or self-employed (UNICEF 2009a). In Kyrgyzstan, 70 per cent of the poor are living in a household where the head is employed (World Bank, forthcoming).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	0f8be916d4d3e7a8a6c42cb78b0afe47	Foreign investment, for example, has contributed to the development of fertiliser production in Brazil; FDI has also been very important in the sugar and ethanol sectors, driving their technological development. Interest rates are high in international terms, largely due to high risk premiums on lending. Opinion surveys show that local businesses feel there is limited availability of financial services and venture capital opportunities and they consider loans difficult to obtain.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	0f8d2ae74058ed6ba8e8a073ac874615	In particular, a large literature documents the existence of a deep divide, within the formal sector, between jobs offering permanent contracts and those offering fixed-term contracts. The distinction is especially relevant from a job quality perspective since fixed-term jobs tend to be, on average, second best jobs characterised by lower earnings quality, higher labour market risk (due to both higher risk of joblessness and to lower unemployment benefit coverage) and lower quality of the working environment (OECD, 2014, Chapter 3). Furthermore, these forms of fixed-term employment are quite widespread in emerging economies, notably in Latin American countries and China.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	0f8d6dd2df0c53eeab28d43c85aff0e4	This decision was also in line with the commitments entered into at the Grenelle Environment Forum on the Sea. This ecolabel must comply with FAO guidelines on ecolabelling as w’ell as new additional criteria (social and quality criteria). Four themes have been selected by the professionals, namely: “resource,” “environment,” “social” and “quality.”	14	1	3	0.5
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	0f8d8fc5db4919e3f14595f73353573c	Its work plan is flexible to enable quick response to emerging issues in the international trading environment that impact particularly on highly vulnerable Commonwealth constituencies - least developed countries (LDCs), small states and sub-Saharan Africa. Regional and Emerging Trade Issues, held in Port Louis, Mauritius. Investment and Innovation, UNCTAD 14, held in Nairobi, Kenya.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	0f8ef4dcc118e9693ad53c11aec576dc	If a country reports this information, as South Korea did, the expert team does not seek further clarification (for example on how flows are classified as “climate related” or “general”, or the difference between financial instruments listed as “grand aid” and “donation”). This is largely due to the remit of technical analysis and the role of the expert team. This could make it difficult to a) encourage Parties to report this information; b) clarify information reported so it is more understandable to other Parties and stakeholders; and ; c) provide the reporting Party with feedback on how reporting could be made more transparent. Parties that do report on support received could perhaps also voluntarily indicate whether they would like this information to be reviewed.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/06f7e845-en	0f90c89cc6e545667b85eedd2389f3f5	Access to basic health care, expanded health education, the availability of simple cost-effective remedies, and the reappraisal of primary health-care services, including reproductive health-care services to facilitate the proper use of women’s time, should be provided. Governments should ensure community participation in health policy planning, especially with respect to the long-term care of the elderly, those with disabilities and those infected with HIV and other endemic diseases. Such participation should also be promoted in child-survival and maternal health programmes, breast-feeding support programmes, programmes for the early detection and treatment of cancer of the reproductive system, and programmes for the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	0f9366b4004ef308944c440062b6376f	As in other developing countries given the wide-spread labour market informality and population ageing, a payroll tax may not be the best funding instrument to raise sufficient revenue to fund adequate health care services. Funding the NHI through a higher value added tax or by general tax revenue would spread the financing burden more equitably across the population based on the ability to pay and will make financing less vulnerable to setbacks in the fight against labour market informality. Russian life expectancy was 69 years in 2010, more than ten years below the OECD average and about seven years shorter than in countries with a similar income level, such as Chile and Poland.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	0f936a938e391dfaac2b7671eebf51ad	Intelligent Transportation System technologies are developing rapidly, and it is expected that ISA could be implemented without major obstacles. The adoption of a bold vision with the safe system approach will enable Korea through its leading agencies and organizations, together with the community to fundamentally change the way it approaches road safety improvement. This will involve moving current thinking and practice from “ decisions about the next incremental improvement ” to “ decisions on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current” to determine the next steps forward along the safe system journey.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09ba747a-en	0f94af91eeabd187175c3a6211f81ce4	Recent research (Flues and Thomas. Taxes on heating fuel and electricity tend to be regressive. By contrast, as a percentage of current spending, taxes on transport fuels tend to be progressive in the lower half of the income distribution, reflecting the lower rate of vehicle ownership among poor households.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	0f95b710422a4139180bbd94984ca1ea	Markets closer to the new road have seen their status grow and their activities diversified (grouping, warehousing and transporting), while other have lost out. Urban horticulture and livestock production (especially poultry) have increased considerably in recent decades. Urban agriculture is a flourishing economic activity that benefits from proximity to markets; it is characterised by very small plots, a high degree of specialisation, high use of inputs (labour, fertiliser and equipment) and market-oriented production (no regional supply and very low auto-consumption).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	0f9a29eb09bbab1dafd29d36175281c1	With the devolution of political power and the shift towards financial federalism, health care planning, the organisation of health care supply and the development of quality strategies are to a large extent the responsibility of the regions through regional health departments. Beyond its legislative role, the regional level has also executive functions carried out through the regional Department of Health. Based on the Patto per la Salute, the Piano Sanitario Nazionale and on regional health needs, regional governments develop their own regional health plans which are also three-year plans.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	0f9b845aad8701dfe228cc027893a2db	Many countries have reported the involvement of ministries with cross-cutting influence, such as ministries of planning or finance, and the mainstreaming of the SDGs 11 targets into sectoral/line ministries, as well as the integration of SDG targets within the country's development plans and other relevant urban strategies. Countries have also reported efforts to engage several partners including civil society, academia and private sector, in shaping policies and plans to implement the urban related SDGs. In some countries and for several targets, efforts are still at an early stage, and others are completely stalled.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	0f9f51e6d7ade2e3d99824b41990d412	Nevertheless, there are several challenges associated with developing these systems, which may have important implications for the UNFCCC process. Several initiatives from bilateral development co-operation providers or multilateral bodies under the UNFCCC provide support to Parties to fill those gaps. The extent to which national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems can be used to assess progress towards the global goal on adaptation is potentially important but still highly uncertain. Some of those challenges relate to the nature of climate adaptation itself, such as long timescales, the uncertainty associated with the localised impacts, difficulties in setting of baselines and targets, or the difficulty of attributing cause and effect (AC, 2014; OECD, 2015b). Indicators are not the only or indeed always the most appropriate tool for monitoring and evaluation; qualitative narratives or consultations can be useful in particular to assess adaptation from the viewpoint of the most vulnerable communities (AC, 2014). There are also challenges with identifying and combining relevant indicators, as well as interpreting them correctly.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	0fa0c7fc61df952329809ea4440ecec4	In Denmark, the central recommendation of a recent expert committee is to cut funding for general counselling and skills enhancement programmes, while introducing new incentives for training in a company, and increasing mentoring and bridge-building measures that support people into and during training and work (Ekspertgruppen, 2014). However, this is only part of the story. What happens to unemployed workers and other population groups with labour market barriers not only depends on their motivation to look for work and the qualifications and skills they possess, it also depends on the demand that exists for those skills and qualifications. Employment opportunities for unemployed workers, in particular, depend to a considerable extent on the health of the economy.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	0fa512c1d8dd487ec7580766503a800f	The analysis in this chapter draws particularly on the “Pedagogical Approach Networks”, for their experiences revolve on common approaches that have already expanded. It follows the structure of the questionnaire, which was designed to engage the different networks. First, it describes the networks main pedagogical approaches and their relation to some fundamentals of learning (as described in previous OECD/CERI work).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/85b52daf-en	0fa5954c68f8a327a0d8ceaecc6e708c	A larger share of climate-related development flows targeting the private sector is going towards climate change mitigation activities (i.e. those that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) compared to adaptation activities. Mitigation activities comprise just under 80% of climate-related development finance supporting private sector engagement in 2013, while 11% targets adaptation, and a further 12% targets both mitigation and adaptation. This is roughly in line with the findings of other studies.	13	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289338912-7-en	0fa781d27426c91025055a3527118806	The consumers' decision node contains the choice of buying goods made of virgin or recycled plastics as well as the choice of sorting the waste for recycling, leaving it in the household mixed residual waste or even illegally dispose it, for instance, placing it next to an over-filled recycling container or burning it in the open fire. Finally, the reprocessors convert waste plastics to e.g. pellets that can be used as raw material in the manufacturing of new goods and sell it to domestic or foreign manufacturers of plastics.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	0fa808ed01f1191d483324c7df3c3767	Although efforts have been made to address these barriers, they are still far from being resolved. In a very broad way, programmes to address constraints faced by smallholders are: fertiliser subsidies; investments in agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation; the provision of various credit programmes with subsidised interest rate; advice and market information provided through extension services; the development of partnership between farmers and traders/processors and the creation of farmer organisations; and technology development and dissemination. Some of these programmes are described briefly below.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	0fa80d534761ddaa5dbc37111ff89247	The little money transferred through these systems remains essential for the poorest households as it is often the only cash they have. The existing systems have potential to help the poorest in the societies and can serve as a basis for ad-hoc assistance in the case of external shocks. But we also need to be aware that social protection in general and social cash transfers in particular cannot solve all problems and that the poor countries in Central Asia have extremely limited fiscal resources.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	0fae757974b3f4b2786846a5b3766f94	They also have access to the School Completion Programme and Home School Community Liaison Services ofTusla, the Child and Family Agency that has a statutory remit in relation to school attendance, participation and retention, and school-community liaison services. Primary schools in areas with the highest concentrations of pupils at risk of educational disadvantage, in particular, receive sufficient staff to reduce class size to below 20 students. Secondary schools in the School Support Programme are provided with greater access to career-guidance professionals and enhanced curricular choices (through staffing and funding support for the Junior Certificate School Programme and the Leaving Certificate Applied Programme).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	0faf1a03fd27e6916465a46d54ca6ec6	Even compared to other former Soviet economies, the Latvian system is under-resourced. Estonia and Lithuania, for example, spend approximately 1% of GDP more on health. Whilst also limiting the feasibility of longer-term reform, underfunding is also harming Latvians’ health today, as evidenced by the numbers foregoing health care and late treatment of diseases as a result. If national health and wellbeing is a priority for Latvia, more public money will need to be directed to its health system. Population ageing is progressing more slowly than in many OECD countries, but is nonetheless complicating the disease-burden, and adding pressure to the health system. At the same time, prevalence of communicable diseases such as HIV remains high.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	0fb22147b829d1638c3ce978734030d5	The quest to achieve adequate housing is not only a function of the financial resources needed, it also relates to legal claims on tenure and a political assertion over one's right to the city (Gupte 2010). Social protection systems have the potential to assist in the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate shelter. As such, the right to social protection and the right to housing articulated in NUA can be viewed as mutually supportive.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	0fb35a2e2c29e1234a8232db06e8a296	Some States party to the agreement may meet domestic NDC targets through establishment of emissions trading regimes. As of 2015, 35 countries and 22 cities, states and regions have established some form of emissions trading scheme.5 The Paris Agreement will recognize traded credits when such domestic emissions trading programmes link and arbitrage credits between themselves. Trading member states will be able to determine domestically what constitutes an emissions credit, but trade in such credits between member states will have to meet UNFCCC established guidelines. Shared standards will ensure that credits with different emissions values can be harmonised, and help to prevent double-counting between a state producing emissions reductions and one acquiring them.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	0fb64caa734de3245c7230eb2d2fac99	In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, apprenticeship contracts are of limited duration. Spain, the country with the highest share of temporary work in youth employment before the crisis, illustrates this point well. Indeed, during the recent recession, the decline in temporary youth employment in Spain accounted for 67% of the total decline in youth employment (Figure 5.7), highlighting the drawbacks of the labour market duality generated by promoting employment growth through temporary employment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	0fb8628e6694a48893c79a41e80b4ff5	A mechanism to provide for informed public debate about the acceptable level of flood risk could be established. It could serve multiple purposes, including raising public aw'areness of flood risk, solidifying the willingness to pay for current and future flood protection to achieve high levels of safety in recognition of the associated costs, and reinforcing the social contract to commit to a safe Netherlands today and in the future that can secure steady financial flows for flood protection. Recognise that the pace of implementation of flood protection measures determines the de facto level of safety at any point in time. The programme of measures to improve defence structures that do not meet the standards and the timeline for implementation should be determined in light of what is considered by society as an acceptable level of risk.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	0fbea238cbc6ff5bf8e42f6f9b420952	This indicates that dam or multi-regional water is supplied at a tariff level that is cheaper than the full supply cost. Both tariffs increased by 4.9% in 2013, and by 4.8% in 2016. At the same time, Consumer price index increased by 27.5%. Change in dam and multi-regional water tariffs has been restrained by the government’s price stabilisation policy (which applies to public utility charges) (MoLIT and K-water, 2016).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	0fc050ba45e1293a7e5d56435dbf3369	A culture of inclusion cannot be established unless everyone embraces it. However, there is no particular national policy towards a whole-school approach to diversity and inclusion or the celebration of cultural events. Only some projects have tried to promote a positive school climate throughout schools without being scaled up to all schools. The National Agency for Education could publish guidelines for schools on how to implement a whole school response to welcome and integrate immigrant and refugee students and how to develop an inclusive school climate and culture.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	0fc992405b89a8a687630b6d20c19c55	For example, key transport infrastructures influencing external connectivity, and thus exports, such as rail infrastructure, are under the jurisdiction of the federal Ministry of Transport, while other transport infrastructures that contribute to the same objective, such as regional roads, are under the responsibility of the Krai. Logistics infrastructure, also affecting the conditions for exports and cargo transit, is governed at the local level and financed partly by federal or private funds. Improving the conditions for exporting firms in the Agglomeration thus depends on aligning all levels of government and involved actors and stakeholders around this common goal, and on co-ordinating policies in an integrated framework that allows transport to be governed at the relevant territorial scale.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	0fc9f5cf89742e0b105dddfc03927d92	Females and males do not differ significantly in this regard. There are disturbing data on the migrants' limited awareness about sexual and reproductive health, which might lead to the spread of sexually transmitted infections and having unwanted/unexpected pregnancies. Bearing in mind the strong transnational ties that exist, it can be hypothesized that this factor can take a toll on the countries of origin. As in other settings, it is highly gendered, being tightly connected with ideals of masculinity in the subregion, which is reflected in the dominance of men among migrants. However, the gender order of Kyrgyzstan, which is characterized by much better positions of women, is conducive to more gender-balanced migration, with women making up almost half of the migrants and many of them being under the age of 30.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/469d7fec-en	0fccf32a8f9a923cac82d1cb0739b3e8	As previously indicated, multilateral development banks issue an annual report on the climate finance that they provide and mobilise. The IDFC also issues an annual report on “green finance”. As the MDBs (as well as all other entities that have been accredited under the Adaptation Fund and GEF) are all accredited entities of the GCF, it may be that future guidance from the COP to the GCF could be transmitted by the GCF to encourage its accredited entities to report specific information and/or in a specific manner.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	0fcffbd148f4d95082f1e8548a6026a0	At this time it is estimated that about 2/3 of all the children born died within the first year of life (Figure 1). The recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in 2010 reminds us, once again, what an impact a volcanic eruption can have on the livelihood of children and families living in its vicinity as well as on global air traffic. Development of infant mortality rates in Iceland by historical milestones.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	0fd2b77648e03cfb215e7058fb0787e0	These include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal co-ordination (multi-level and integrated governance), long-term planning; and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance. Deviation of the main rivers that used to flow into the Lagoon between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries drastically changed the sediment budget of the Lagoon and ended the risk of it ever silting up altogether. The main human interventions over the past century have disturbed the preexisting situation of the Lagoon, which was closer to a stable (albeit dynamic) equilibrium between land and marine forces.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	0fd3d08186461315e37054f24d0eeef4	As a recent analysis by the World Health Organization (2014) highlights, health events during adolescence have an impact across the life course. Adolescents differ from other groups in the population and are served less well dian many other groups, so they are a key population to address in efforts to achieve universal health coverage. A legal framework that facilitates redress to problems or obstacles in a health system is essential for ensuring quality. Likewise, a framework that ensures every person’s right to services, without requiring special permissions of other family members, can facilitate the use of services and a sense of entidement on the part of young clients. Behaviours and outcomes could be influenced by policy interventions, such as those that loosen age or parental-consent restrictions on adolescents’ access to services, or policies that allow pregnant students to return to school after giving birth.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264089457-en	0fd934da2d0bb222a41ffd390a574349	It makes entrepreneurship support systems accessible and attractive for future entrepreneurs and rectifies market and system failures in financing and premises. For universities to be effective, partnerships with entrepreneurship support actors in the region and beyond are relevant. Many of the current start-up support systems do not have local contact points in Penang, and thus rely more on arms-length connections for example through on-line facilitation.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	0fd9423da361ac41a23765887363bf68	It argues that norms affecting women's and men’s private arrangements have a strong impact on women's participation in public life. The chapter contains four main sections: family law, physical integrity, nationality and access to justice. Each section highlights respective international benchmarks, trends in domestic legislation and compliance gaps in the MENA region, ln the area of family law and nationality, the chapter provides an overview of the remaining legal discriminations which continue to hamper women’s equality with men. With regard to access to justice and gender-based violence, many countries recognise the outstanding issues and aim to address the remaining gaps through national reform agendas. Yet, further action is needed to enable equal access to justice and to eliminate violence against women, which appears to be on the rise following the recent uprisings in some countries in the region.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a3c1ce6c-en	0fdf45c8aa2c8203709f56dac3a00a8c	It is especially relevant for reducing pollution from agriculture (UNESCO, 2016). There has been, however, no systematic analysis of the impacts of buffer strips across European farms on water quality. Nutrient loads to European rivers have decreased due to a suite of nutrient reduction measures required under the EU Nitrates Directive and other policy actions, and it is difficult to isolate the contribution of riparian buffers alone.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	0fe0ef6c13082928e11f56920eb2ea45	Ongoing issues that will need to be addressed in the continued development and rollout of EVs include designing battery leasing operations, reducing the lifecycle emissions of new e-mobility technologies (e.g. EV batteries), automating e-mobility options, and adapting EV designs for shared use. With respect to transit, several measures will be particularly effective in mitigating emissions increases and should therefore be prioritised. Specifically, cities should focus on accelerating transit-oriented development, encouraging mass transit, walking, and cycling, and enabling next generation passenger vehicles (e.g. shared, EV-AV connected) and next-generation freight transport.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	0fe55fa19064597290a00b388346ae5a	"For example, the OECD CRS dataset does not include all donor countries; it is limited to the assistance committed by OECD member states and thus exclude assistance from countries such as China. Numerous issues have been raised in terms of how projects are designated (""tagged"") as supporting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation (Caravani, Nakhooda and Terpstra, 2014; Michaelowa and Michaelowa, 2011)."	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	0fe6f24984069b05bee2c2924b6d635d	Developing countries will drive major changes and expansion in fisheries and aquaculture production, trade and consumption. By 2023, fish prices in nominal terms are projected to be well above their historical average. In real terms, fish prices are expected to slightly decline, yet remaining above levels in previous decades.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	0febdbb997c98aaa7e40dc1768fc8c02	It will benefit from data already collected by various ministries to monitor over 6 000 national indicators. Possible sources of information that the repository can draw upon are summarised in Table 2.1. The repository will complement other online systems already in place including the Electronics Projects Monitoring Systems (E-ProMIS) that monitors project implementation, and the Kenyan Environmental Information Network (KEIN).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	0feccddd5d6a5e3a2e6c50ccde46ab51	Finally, a decomposition exercise shows that composition effects are able to explain a very limited amount of the observed cross-country differences in wage inequality. This suggests that economic institutions, by shaping the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market, are the main determinants of wage inequality. Aprfes la presentation de statistiques descriptives sur le degre de dispersion des distributions des niveaux de competence et des revenus, le document montre que la correlation internationale entre ces deux dimensions d’inegalite est ties faible et, le cas echeant, negative.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	0fef62a3d799d1f3c9abf45045e62a6a	La reproduccion social se define en terminos del tiempo y los recursos economicos necesarios para producir mano de obra, mantenerla e invertirenella;incluyetantoel trabajo remunerado comoel trabajo de cuidados no remunerado. El anali-sis se centra en el modo en que las distribuciones de produccion y reproduccion entre mujeres, hombres, el Estadoy el capital determinan la inversiony el cre-cimiento.y describe la desigualdad de genero como causa yconsecuencia de dichas relaciones. La reproduction sociale est essentielle a la croissance, et les circon-stances sociales et economiques dans lesquelles el le se fait determinent la nature precise de cette relation et laissent entrevoir de reelles possibility de changement.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/50674358-en	0ff0158bdb59bcc23bcb54a6ddfa7662	From 1987, this dynamic is considerably muted and a significant negative trend can be observed in Figure 14a and 14b. The discharge anomaly plots in Figure 14c clearly show a below-average annual discharge since 1987. There is still a distinction between high- and low-flow periods, but the regimes differ significantly, with Addasiya exhibiting a double peak during winter high flows, while upstream Maqarin registers a damped winter high-flow period (Figure 15).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	0ff67bd72624e3eea3d58380d6140cb0	Assessing existing national monitoring systems and their associated data collection and reporting components provides essential information which can inform and influence changes to better reflect poverty-environment linkages. In addition, the availability, quality and relevance of existing datasets and indicators (including gender disaggregation) should be analysed, along with the institutional roles and responsibilities for collecting, analysing and reporting on data. Identify possible poverty-environment linkages through a consultative process.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/outlook-v2015-2-3-en	0ff7a08d1f9f306218722191940a7ca5	Some policies, including for green investment, are pro-growth. Hence, concerns related to fiscal balance, inequality or growth should not be used as an excuse to delay policy action on climate change. On current trends and policies, greenhouse gas emissions over the next 50 years will cause damaging changes in the world’s climate.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5km6c61fv40w-en	0ff83ec7f48709ee7a0f4f9d17b2e9b1	The delay in removing the MEP on basmati rice has seen Indian exporters lose market share to their Pakistani competitors who had their MEP removed in late 2008 and have benefited from a dramatic depreciation of the Pakistani currency vis-a-vis the Indian rupee (Slayton, 2009). India's share of world rice exports fell from 19% in 2007 (averaging 15% during 2004-06) to just 7% in 2009. However, during the rice price crisis in early 2008 China did not respond to the public and private appeals that it use its growing rice surpluses to partially fill the gap created by the exit of India and Vietnam from the market (Slayton, 2009). China delayed issuing export quotas and shipped out only 56 000 tonnes at the peak of the market during April-June 2008, down from 167 000 tonnes during the same period a year earlier.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	0ff8ae42bfb622b0cd2a97a7fcb53b06	This would limit the additionality of climate finance and could potentially mean public climate finance displacing (crowding out) the private sector. Similarly, targeting climate finance on negative or low-cost mitigation activities, such as energy-efficiency measures, could crowd out the private sector unless the intervention is targeted at overcoming specific market failures. Identifying lessons learned is a key aspect of public climate finance interventions, and much effort has gone into identifying these lessons.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	0ff8baf0eb3694f52a295bace7c36731	"Analytical capacities should be strengthened not only at the national level but also at the level of self-governing regions and larger cities responsible for larger local school systems. The development of the analytical and planning capacities of self-governing regions and larger cities could be supported by special development interventions either in the framework of EU-funded development programmes of the education sector or in the framework of the programmes targeted at supporting administrative and public management capacities. An interesting model is the Local Learning initiative in Germany (see Box 2.4). In general, capacity building should become a key policy instrument in a policy environment where, as in the Slovak Republic, the decisions of local players have an increasing impact on policy outcomes. This should reach not only self-governing regions and local municipalities but also institutional level ""lay” actors, such as the members of schools boards. There are many policy goals that require the use of more sophisticated, often “soft” policy instruments."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/442a2283-en	0ffa7f0ed1523f66be87b068c01ab98d	In 1990, the Ministry of Education launched the Bilingual Intercultural Education Projectfor 114 rural primary schools with three majority indigenous languages: Quechua, Aymara and Guarani. The project developed into a national policy including more than ten ethno-linguistic groups. The key strategies of the project were linguistic standardization to develop written forms of the indigenous languages involved, training of national human resources for the administration of the programs in the framework of the project, participation of parents, and coordination of efforts among the State, NGOs, and indigenous organizations.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	0ffbbf0df3946a3b945f305f01bd1715	The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), among others, is active in implementing community-level programmes related to issues such as biodiversity conservation, waste management and other environmental themes. Sustainability is not a collection of individual issues; it is a holistic systems approach to viewing the human position in the world - typically described in social, economic and environmental terms. The challenge for organisations delivering topic-based or thematic programmes is around making them somehow cohere with one another.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	0ffd73ceb58601208a73b76cc34e2a0e	Total income is greater than r (<1) times the current income even if the area allocation is changed. However, it was not possible to attain an ideal outcome in which all the self-sufficiency rates are equal to or exceed 100 per cent (r = 1) at the same time. Under the condition 0 < r < 0.9, the result is shown in Figure 4.2.2. Recently, willow has received a lot of attention as an energy source, and it may be planted in the field as an agricultural crop (Eriksson, 2008; Heller et al., The lower panel shows the optimal allocation areas and the number of cows when r is changed.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/46e21a79-en	0ffe10c3cad4a541a49b540db3ab1201	"This decision formally requests members to consider certain guidelines when developing their rules of origin frameworks for least developed countries; it was, however, not legally binding. Building upon the 2013 guidelines, the LDC Group introduced a proposal on 20 October 2015 for consideration in the Nairobi Ministerial Conference. The LDC Group proposal calls for the adoption of a number of changes to make it easier to comply with preferential rules of origin. For instance, it specifies simple and transparent methods for determining ""substantial transformation"", and asks for additional ""cumulation"" possibilities. In addition, it also seeks to simplify documentary elements by, for instance, proposing to abolish certain certificates of non-manipulation, and recognizing self-certification of origin. While members have said they are ready to work with the LDC Group on the issue in a constructive manner, several have expressed concerned that the proposal appears to call for binding rules whereas the Bali Decision granted countries flexibility in the application of the guidelines."	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	0fffc136723ee5d34aac0f369f67ab0b	"This transfer is complemented with the public provision of food, shelter and other items by government agencies. The Emergency Grant has been activated on several occasions, including the flooding and landslides in 2012 that struck eight of Ecuador's provinces (Manabi, Guayas, El Oro, Los Rios, Esmeraldas, Azuay, Cotopaxi and Loja), with a total of 109,532 people affected. Of that number, 47,221 were eligible to receive the grant (SNGR, 2012). According to Rofman, Apella and Vezza (2013, p. 10), ""the most common factor in the reforms (..) is the search for ways to expand coverage"", particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system."	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	10005eed1b78395e740e9b78f09f5758	Firstly, progress has been rapid in rural areas - a trend which is projected to continue under the Environmental Outloofe Baseline - but the absolute number of people in rural areas without access is still a concern (Figure 5.12). Secondly, as noted above, the number of city dwellers without access to improved water supply worldwide has actually increased between 1990 and 2008, as service extension fails to keep pace with city growth. Thirdly, the MDG target indicator - the “proportion of population using an improved drinking water source” - does not necessarily reflect access to safe water, which was defined as a fundamental human right by the UN in 2010 (see Section 3 for more on this).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	10011c760efcc003f440a8ddd8ff27e3	Quality of mental health care services needs to include not just the quality of specialist services, but also quality of primary care services, and quality of services supplied by other sectors, for example housing or employment services. However, there is often an inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care, which has perpetuated reliance on inpatient orientated indicators, rather than reflecting the shift in the care delivery patterns. It is crucial that once optimal quality measures have been agreed upon, there is a commitment to work towards collecting these data. The establishment of registers and regular assessment of people with SMI in primary care can help to reduce the burden of physical illness and improve the quality of care (Holt et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	10018702a2c8085d47a2783845712a25	However, with rising demands for cheap labour (particularly domestic work) in destination countries (e.g., the Persian Gulf), continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and changing aspirations, women are increasingly migrating independently. Pourakhi, an organization established by women returnees in 2003, has collected over 1,700 case studies on returnee women migrant workers in Nepal. This paper delves into 307 of these, collected between July 2015 and June 2016. Following the focus group discussion, five in-depth interviews were conducted to further consolidate the data.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281776-3-en	1004c2cbc71661ffba753dd9cab0a281	This will require better and more systematic funding of these activities. In order to harmonise Georgia’s environmental legislation with the EU Directives the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MENRP) has drafted a new Framework Law on Water Resources Management. The draft law aims to encapsulate all aspects of integrated water resources management. The WFD also includes the systematic use of economic instruments, including water pricing, to recover the cost of water services provided to households, industry, and farmers.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	1006081472e3394e503b561b1a30b659	The second NFI show's that these areas have increased to 1,692,700 ha in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1,525,800 ha in Republika Srpska from 2006 to 2009 (table 12.1). Of these forests, 1,028,700 ha or approximately 39.4 per cent can be classified as forests that are productive (table 12.1). This increase of forests is linked to the change of methodology in the forest inventory from taxation to a statistical approach, and to the fact that the forest area has increased due to natural regeneration and natural reforestation in the abandoned land.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264258051-6-en	1008bd9bf2e555aebbb49690d806036d	To this end, this chapter tries to identify the groups that may be at particular risk of suffering from low proficiency in literacy, numeracy and/or problem-solving skills. A lack of information-processing skills could be a major obstacle to full participation in modem societies and could lead to social and economic exclusion and marginalisation. The bars show raw (unadjusted) differences, while the dots represent adjusted differences, estimated after accounting for the impact of other background characteristics.' While the analysis focuses on literacy proficiency, results for numeracy are generally similar. When considering educational attainment, the adjusted differences are generally close to the unadjusted differences, meaning that background characteristics like age, gender or family background have little impact on the strength of the relationship between educational attainment and proficiency. In fact, accounting for differences in educational attainment generally results in a much weaker association between proficiency and other background characteristics.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	1008e4c54c1aa43a8aca6e2e6ded94d6	The declaration was endorsed by 160 governments (United Nations, 1995) and incorporated into many national constitutions (e.g. Canada, Egypt, Germany, India, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Hirkey) and other legal and policy provisions. Defining gender equality and gender mainstreaming Gender equality describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender). It encompasses the ability to anticipate the potentially differential impact of policy actions on women and men as well as the ability to design policy actions that are not “gender-blind” but “gender-sensitive”.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	1008f848bf2e867d611f31002d206a9c	In most of this paper, comparisons between vocational and academic education are made at the same level of educational attainment, hence outcomes of treatment 1 (3) are compared to those of treatment 2 (4). Depending on the research question being investigated, other comparisons are possible and may deliver a different picture than the one presented here. In this paper, we assume that the assignment of individuals to the treatments listed above is explained by parental education, country of birth, the number of books in the house at age 16 as well as the pupil/teacher ratio in primary school and the proportion of residents in rural areas at the age of selection. We discuss in the report how plausible this assumption is in the context of the data being used.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	100960ed6bf63900c0a4169cb11a37d1	It was developed in early 2013 in response to data indicating that only 3% of the standard guaranteed start-up loans were allocated for women’s enterprises. The first two years of the pilot project (2013-15) will support women entrepreneurs in helping them access non-financial business development services (following the EBRD Business Advisory Services [BAS] model5) in order to improve their performance. The targeted beneficiaries are women entrepreneurs who already have an established business that has been in operation for at least two years, have a discernible competitive advantage and credible track record over recent years, are financially and commercially viable and have the management and financial resources to follow through on any business advice and take effective action.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	100be3ce70199c07a372c2c417b23108	It also recognises the critical need for all stakeholders in the energy sector to better co-ordinate their efforts and for a more holistic approach to addressing the energy challenges of the region rather than assuming that renewable energy is a panacea. For this to occur, the FAESP highlights that the appropriate capacity, and policy and regulatory frameworks, need to be in place to reduce the dependency on imported petroleum products, while increasing reliance on local renewable energy resources. The FAESP also recognises the need for the energy resources to be accessible and used productively and efficiently.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	100d40d1375548ba1c00c88780e7b939	Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-Asce. Water Pricing for Agriculture between Cost Recovery and Water Conservation: Where Do We Stand in France ? Modeling Stream-Aquifer Interactions in a Shallow Aquifer, Choele Choel Island, Patagonia, Argentina. Public Subsidies for Water-Conserving Irrigation Investments: Hydrologic, Agronomic, and Economic Assessment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	100dcdab16e7ffb685dabfbd02b89db6	They should: i) deal with the reality of a diverse range of urban women, ii) fully address women’s daily needs, iii) have an impact throughout the city and influence gender mainstreaming in other policies. From 2006-10, Seoul introduced the Women Friendly City Project, which provided policies that reflect women’s daily lives, and helped promote gender sensitivity in the use of city space and city planning. Based on five pillars, it had 90 projects ranging from improving childcare practices, to upgrading safety facilities.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	100efcbad046f974383b39da4abfcbe6	A recent study commissioned by the UK government estimated that ineffective management was costing UK businesses over GBP 19 billion per year, while in 2012 nearly three-quarters of organisations in England reported a deficit of management and leadership skills. Box 5.1 gives two examples of management training. These schools have many features in common with the professional examinations in other countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	10131f3cc3f95039604f834c83443409	The choice of indicators has closely followed some of the health measures considered by the Framework on Health Statistics developed by the Inter-Secretariat on Health Statistics (Box 5.1), though this framework is not yet wide-spread and would benefit from further use and development. The chapter does not deal with indicators of health input (e.g. health expenditure), output (e.g. number of interventions) or drivers (e.g. life style behaviour). The role of risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol use, is also not explicitly considered oris considered only to a limited extent (e.g. obesity).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	101cf5b8f6b4a02ba6f4c781aba1fd04	The work of the extension service in Serbia encompasses 41 500 households which are intensively monitored four times a year. Other households are included in the extension system in other ways; mainly through participation in group classes and occasional on-farm visits and consultations. It is provided free of charge to farmers. In all six SEE economies, extension services are modestly funded with a limited number of extension specialists - for example, in Kosovo there is one extension specialist for every 1 700 farmers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	101ed99f1b50a308416f9bec96ac36fa	By this measure, Japan averaged 28.1 children per primary school class in 2008, compared to the OECD average of 21.6. For middle school, Japan had 31.2, compared to the OECD average of 23.9. As one expert wrote, “One has to think of education in Japan as an enormously elaborated, very expensive testing system, with some educational spin-offs, rather than as the other way around” (Dore, 1982). The government does not conduct surveys on high school students’ participation in out-of-school education.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	102202ffadf9007208caff49a26bc12c	The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. Shewangizaw Kifle (Ethiopian Railways Co.) provided draft section input. The Environmental Protection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (EPA), in particular Wondwossen Sintayehu provided strong governmental support throughout the production of this document.	13	3	3	0.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	1025347bc2c76d414e0100a4b50649fe	Alternative working arrangements can ease the problem and improve urban transportation systems. Large numbers of workers in cities strain both road capacity and the limits of public transportation systems. Flexible working arrangements (FWAs) are not widely used in many countries in the region, but could be used to either reduce demand or to shift demand from peak hours.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-9-en	1025a04c93ec9b7b9b6bf20f0c210182	Consumers switch between energy companies. Those cooking in the household switch between gas and electricity or between charcoal and kerosene for cooking. Motorists switch from gasoline to electric cars, or from gasoline to diesel cars and fuels. The divestment campaign where private and institutional investors shift investment assets away from fossil fuel companies is a marketplace example.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f85273a2-en	102763c911b24b1ae62b922710bb6c97	Deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries are the primary sources of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions from these countries, accounting for 35 percent of C02 emissions in developing countries and 65 percent in least developed countries (United Nations, 2009). Agricultural irrigation accounts for some 70 percent of all water withdrawals. Moreover, it appears that water quality has been degraded partly owing to intensive agriculture, which makes excessive use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) and has become the main source of water pollution in many developed and developing countries, rendering it unsustainable and a source of risks to human health (Molden and de Fraiture, 2004). Intensive livestock production is probably the largest sector-specific source of water pollution (Steinfeld et al., Source: University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group (2006).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	102872d6d9862ba45c1433aae12d804e	The first section presents a supply-side analysis of banks' financing practices, based on the results of a survey of banks carried out by the OECD in collaboration with the Union of Arab Banks. The section reviews whether banks consider women's businesses as a market for their own development, the amounts and types of loans they provide to those businesses and the ways and means to enhance the proportion of bank lending to women's businesses. The second section consists of a practical guide to improving the demand side of lending to women-led businesses, by providing concrete advice to women on how to approach banks for financing their businesses, within the context of the larger financing needs of their businesses.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	10288daa385e4aac1771e8b8feb3cbea	For example, deforestation rates in these territories are among the lowest in the country: in 2014, only 1% of the total deforestation in the Amazon was within these areas. Indigenous lands are also integrated into “landscape mosaics” (Box 5.6). The Constitution also grants rights to quilombola people to collectively own the lands they have occupied since colonial times.*3 Progress in the legislation on indigenous lands has helped address social issues associated with the management of protected areas (Irving, 2010). The 2007 National Policy for the Sustainable Development of TVaditional Peoples and Communities and the 2012 National Policy on Territorial and Environmental Management of Indigenous Lands aim at promoting sustainable use of natural resources in indigenous lands, as well as defending the traditional knowledge of the communities involved.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73c3a080-en	1028cdaa4f9c6ccbd78c5fbb19a9d5c4	Consequently, the divide between purely private and public provision in this segment is often blurred. Rural electrification schemes with an emphasis on cost recovery and commercial viability have proved neither necessarily affordable for most poor households nor sustainable. Private-sector interest in poorer and more remote areas is by no means guaranteed, and the emphasis on productive uses has generally been limited (Bhattacharyya, 2012).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	102c4da4b00701339166b2c0642082f1	Although youth unemployment is linked to developments in the business cycle, there has been a structural change in the composition of youth unemployment in the past decade, which has been driven by the continuous increase in tertiary education enrolment rates, leading to a decrease in youth labour force participation. Workers with low qualifications are less demanded in the labour market, hence also contributing to high youth unemployment rates. The Employment Office will be in charge of implementing the programme, which entails: smoother mechanisms for young people with low or no qualifications to return to formal education; better career guidance; improved provision of information about local labour market conditions; and facilitation of participation in active labour market policies (ALMPs) involving workplace training (see below).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	102d1a9d66e665c304c6ed28038fb4b9	What are their and their family's characteristics? A possible response to these questions is distilled when comparing the results with other groups of children (who are e.g. only deprived in nutrition, who are only poor but attending school and who are simultaneously severely deprived and poor). Bringing all the information together without getting lost in the multitude of dimensions or taking refuge in a single figure has been a challenge.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/83b92212-en	1030c62336d9ced3c8adf1bd76d955b4	"As noted in the introduction to this report, these prindples do not by themselves suffice to define institutions that ""work well"" for sodety. Section 5.2 looks at gender-responsive institutions at the national level. Section 5.3 examines six SDG targets that have strong gender components through the lens of institutional principles of SDG 16. Section 5.4 provides key messages in relation to institutions for gender equality and empowerment."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	1032e5ce0adc6aa9e7e863c331c5c805	For lakes and reservoirs an overall assessment is given to each water body. A five plus one grade system applies to the freshwater system and a four plus one system to coastal areas, with a lower grade indicating lower levels of pollution. For marine areas a separate four plus one grading system is used to assess water quality with grade I the most pristine, grade IV the most polluted and water meeting grade II standard deemed appropriate for bathing. Coastal water quality along the three main seas monitored varies considerably.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	103380d7cd472bd6745b93ca044a1247	World Bank (2004) for India’s 2000 data. The OECD experience is, however, not representative of the world as a whole. The table charts the changes in Gini coefficient for a sample of developing countries for which income or consumption distributional data are available from the World Bank’s PovcalNet database.	10	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	1033efb848ab280dbef91d67b843a12e	The relocation of dikes constitutes another option to improve the morphological quality of river water bodies. In the past and in flood management practice, the construction of artificial storage with the inclusion of polders have been considered more effective from a flood control perspective without taking into account the additional benefits of dike relocation in comparison. Thus, the paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of a program of dike relocation at the German part of the Elbe in comparison to an equivalent program of polder construction.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	1034c47f167ebb023454cebebfd7e05f	This section outlines the similarities and differences between existing views and principles, as well as other issues identified as important for climate finance by the development, climate, and private sector communities. Thus, international climate finance often involves a broad range of stakeholder communities and types of financial flows. These communities have differing motivations and views on what aspects of climate finance are important, and what makes climate finance effective. These views have been expressed in agreements, principles, or other texts (Figure 1).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	1039dc3bcdd20a1e85ac69de3637924b	Teachers as learning facilitators, who need professional learning for their new role, and to support students to build their own knowledge. Student autonomy becomes a pivotal factor for learning and wellbeing from early childhood throughout secondary education. Teaching and learning are social and collaborative, activities promote discussion and the co-creation of solutions, and classroom layout enhances collaboration. Predesigned learning units are used as guidance by every teacher built around specific, real world and complex tasks (problems, projects, questions, situations).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	103a100b097539e6091a3bf3aed29adf	It currently funds 100 000 female entrepreneurs who have completed a training programme specifically designed for women. They should be accompanied by sustained support for not-for-profit lending institutions from governments and donors. Institutions and mechanisms, such as credit registers, which ease access to lender and borrower information, should be strengthened.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a020cea6-en	103aaf4d91b8848a52652b4b12e86316	The IPCC SRI.5 projects that, based on Member States’ current NDCs, the climate system is heading off track into the territory of 2.9°C to 3.4°C warming.317 If this happens, it would take future hydrometeorological hazard extremes well outside the known range of current experience and alter the loss and damage equations and fragility curves of almost all known human and natural systems, placing them at unknown levels of risk. This would render current strategies for CCA and DRR, in most countries, virtually obsolete. It also means that it is no longer sufficient to address adaptation in isolation from development planning, and that sustainable socioeconomic development, by definition, must include mitigation of global warming.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	103b10b4bf4a4997fe882e2b196f6fb4	Efforts on reducing the capital costs of nuclear power, through incremental improvements at the industrial level, as well as through innovation through new research and development, are thus an indispensable part of credible strategies to decarbonise the power sector. This chapter has reviewed the discussion of this relationship in the various editions of the report. It is beyond the scope of the present study to determine the “correct” discount factor. The relationship of the discount factor to concerns regarding “sustainability” must however be discussed elsewhere and, ideally, before the next edition of Projected Costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	10453fa30d2f7f61e36376aeff7adc62	Moreover, this reallocation stimulus was simple, and its transactions costs low. In fact, managing an effective mechanism to monitor compliance by the many farmers in the Zhang He basin (who own only a small fraction of the total cultivated land) would have been impossible. One of their greatest advantages is that they reduce dependence on direct abstraction of freshwater supplies and are therefore especially fit for areas where significant political, economic and environmental barriers to procuring new sources of water supplies exist (see Box 4.4 for an illustration in Southern California). The area is under great water stress and is vulnerable to severe droughts.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ee1a3170-en	1048a91f65ea37e7f67fa4f0b1fcbc86	"Due to highly arid conditions, the region is one of the most vulnerable to climate change, putting cities at risk of water scarcity and extreme heat conditions. However, it was found that the ""underlying risks of humanitarian crisis and disasters challenge the process of building resilience in the Arab region, combined with the lack of coping capacities when faced with climate change, conflict, and displacement. City-wide hazard maps are often limited or do not exist, while updates on risk assessment are scarce and lack clear multi-hazard components, according to a recent assessment.410 This challenge is often linked to disaster risk governance, when the legal framework fails to require the maintenance and updating of disaster data."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	104a517d6a875ac6187ba39c4613de63	Nevertheless, while the acknowledgement of the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity and development is essential, specific objectives, actions, targets and indicators are required to provide clear strategic guidance to various stakeholders, and to enable monitoring of progress over time. In South Africa, for example, the overarching vision of the 2005 NBSAP is to conserve, manage and sustainably use biodiversity to ensure equitable benefits to the people of South Africa, now and in the future. Nepal’s NBSAP (2014), for example, recognises that mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans and programmes had been inadequate, being the priority of only the line ministry (the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation). As a result, the NBSAP lists priority actions for mainstreaming and identifies supporting institutions to implement these.6 In the Philippines, though there is a legal mandate to promote mainstreaming into development planning, the country’s Fifth National Report acknowledges that many of the NBSAP priorities had been reflected mainly in environmental and natural resources programmes, and that some of these envisaged interventions had never been implemented.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	104ff5684d8107a47fb831c9ff5e3f57	Generally, the operational schedule of an NPP is known significantly in advance by the TSO, thus easing the planning and scheduling for the whole electrical production system. Also, nuclear power plants are extremely reliable, with a very small unexpected outage rate (typically less than 0.5 trips per reactor-year in France) which reduces significantly the needs for balancing and the associated costs. In most cases, the nuclear system is able to continue producing power at a reduced level and feed the onsite electric support system.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	1050578e7a5441ab8143534215fbd3e7	To support domestic producer prices, governments intervene in markets through various domestic and border policy instruments. Almost all OECD countries use border protection to raise domestic prices. Amongst them Iceland, Japan,Korea and Switzerland rely most heavily on border protection through tariffs and tariff-rate quotas (TRQs). Israel, Norway and Turkey in addition to border measures use administered prices, target prices and intervention purchases to maintain certain domestic price levels.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	1052228fb182a73dc4585bf3778f7f23	Parents, particularly those with higher education and higher income, seek tutoring to prepare primary students for the national examination to improve their chances of entering top schools. Schools in Turkey tend to be homogenous in both student socio-economic background and academic performance, indicating low levels of social and academic inclusion. Nonetheless, 42% of 15-year-olds from low socio-economic backgrounds performed better than predicted (compared to the OECD average of 30.8%). Targeted policies should aim to systematically support and strengthen schools' capacity to address the impact of low socio-economic background on performance.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	10522b1b4ec57c43260c987cdf411386	Les problemes de sante mentale legers a moderes constituent la majeure partie des cas, et ces troubles sont en augmentation depuis plusieurs decennies. Pour autant, les autorites suedoises reconnaissent la maladie mentale comme un sujet national primordial. La Suede a aussi ete un pays precurseur dans la desinstitutionalisation et la mise en place de programmes officiels de prevention contre le suicide.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	1052a94fb37639ae8020a5eb9a2ea40f	The policy applies to a wide range of rice categories (rough, brown, fragrant, PB, and whole), with the exception of paddy for sowing (HS. In practice, the regime effectively became a permanent ban. Even BULOG and its agents were only occasionally issued with special import permits. For example, MoT issued import permits to BULOG in November 2005 for only 70 000 tonnes of rice and a further 210 000 tonnes in December 2006.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ab343038-en	10564612a746b228f747f42254856920	The Contracting Parties, recognizing that patents and other intellectual property rights may have an influence on the implementation of this Convention, shall cooperate in this regard subject to national legislation and international law in order to ensure that such rights are supportive of and do not run counter to its objectives. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy measures, as appropriate, to provide for the effective participation in biotechnological research activities by those Contracting Parties, especially developing countries, which provide the genetic resources for such research, and where feasible in such Contracting Parties. Each Contracting Party shall take all practicable measures to promote and advance priority access on a fair and equitable basis by Contracting Parties, especially developing countries, to the results and benefits arising from biotechnologies based upon genetic resources provided by those Contracting Parties. Such access shall be on mutually agreed terms.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	1056674ec5cd1b10a2dfc2f90f2f5148	The presence of calcareous substrates allows a wide distribution of the mussel date Lithophaga lithophaga, often illegally fished and commercially exploited, leading to extensive barrens. It shows that the wider biocenosis in the Adriatic Sea are the biocenosis characteristics of the circalittoral. Coastal and offshore muddy bottoms host sponges, soft corals, sea pens and ascidians, in addition to a rich infauna.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	105693e149d1f47d70002d7c0b29a2e1	Estimations show that this could comprise a total potential of 13,000 GWh. The most attractive industrial hydropower potentials are located along the western edge of Greenland’s ice cap, between 62 and 68 degrees north. In this region the vast interior contains a potential for each reservoir of somewhere between 600-2,500 GWh per year.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	105a2052d27e9fb683bf124f09b4bb34	Prices for water supply have been lowest for households and highest for business consumers. Price gaps have been narrowed through the application of a strict price-setting methodology by the national authorities. In 2004, in an attempt to reform price-setting, benchmarking was proposed as a way to help improve the performance of public utilities.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	105ae01ceeb08d778e0c11b012617144	For another thing, they ignored social aspects, trading often illusory environmental gains against development gains for poor developing-country producers that had contributed little to climate change in the first place (Muller 2007). These arguments, consumer confusion and methodological difficulty have more or less buried the idea of food miles labels. However, the enduring lesson is that ill-conceived methodologies may have unfair impacts, particularly on developing-country producers.8 This concern is most acute in the context of private sector labels, which are the least developed in terms of regulatory control or coordination. Ecolabels (like other quality-standard systems) will tend to work against smaller producers, for at least two reasons (International Trade Centre 2013; KPMG 2012).First, the fixed costs of certification and the inevitable restructuring of management systems are more easily borne by producers with larger revenues over which to spread those costs. Second, buyers tend to prefer larger producers, and will buy from them in preference to smaller producers. This is because when the buyer is tasked with ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain it is much simpler to do so with a smaller number of large producers.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	105b9fc235275870838317c4cba85776	Moreover the upward trend in the Chinese data reflects that rather than a nagging and persistent problem, relative poverty may be a growing problem in the country. Clearly more and more people are being excluded from the customary activities of Chinese society, despite the fact that fewer run the risk of starving than ever before. Figure 9 and Figure 10 demonstrate the evolution of these three groups of poor in China and Brazil, respectively.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	105c78170a5aa1b7caf0387b1320ef4c	Viet Nam’s Ministry of Planning and Investment compiles such data. The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs is responsible for this strategy to develop Vietnamese human resources through the vocational school development project by 2020 (Decision #630 of 2012) and supports these institutions. These initiatives could be strengthened by including jobs and skills related to environmental activities, such as consulting for clean equipment production, environmental impact assessment and research and development focused on technology to improve the port’s environmental performance (see Chapter 3).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276116-4-en	105f04625877807ba4de64b61c09d049	Enrolment in ECEC settings has continued to rise over the last decade, partly because of the extension of the legal entitlement to a place in ECEC, and efforts to ensure free access, at least for some ages and selected population groups. This chapter is a general review of a range of socio-economic and other factors that may determine the need for ECEC, policy on ECEC, the kinds of ECEC provided and uptake of what is on offer. This chapter also includes a summary table with a full overview of the ECEC systems and provision across OECD countries.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	10653f7989759ee2fc301ca881bdb354	Improved childcare and education has helped reduce the long-term consequences of poverty for children growing up and the gap in attainment between poor and better-off children has narrowed. The economic performance of countries has been volatile and by 2030 inequality and poverty have grown with both levels and durations of unemployment remaining high. Poor economic growth has meant that state spending is under further pressure and there have been substantial cuts in government spending. Benefit levels are now low but expenditure on social security remains high because of the large numbers of families without work.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	1067679bc3daa1a8756774b1a6afe372	The most common approach to adaptation in developed countries has been to integrate it into all planning and budgeting processes, aiming to align adaptation duties with existing ministerial responsibilities. The NAP process intends to facilitate a similar approach in developing countries. Bilateral financial commitments for adaptation-related interventions by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) averaged USD 9.3 billion per year between 2010 and 2012 (OECD, 2014). This support illustrates the mainstreamed nature of many adaptation interventions with general development objectives. Monitoring and evaluation are two separate but closely linked processes.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	106adde5a3cf96a0be542a9f5b6978f3	Many other agencies have subsequently adopted the same definition, including the World Bank. It is therefore more about the way in which decisions are made (i.e. how, by whom and under what conditions) than about the decisions themselves (Moench et al., It covers the manner in which roles and responsibilities (design, regulation and implementation) are exercised in the management of water and broadly encompasses the formal and informal institutions by which authority is exercised.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	106af1bba61b351843fd85aa614ff972	Penang has been successful in reducing poverty with less than 0.3% of the population below the poverty line in 2006, compared with 29% in 1980. Despite the progress made, Penang continues to feature urban-rural divide and new urban poverty which impact population’s health outcomes. Urban-rural divide, growing disparities, drug abuse, ageing and ethnic diversity also poses challenges, while Malay, Chinese and Indian populations feature diverse health profiles. There is a general need to focus on preventive care and improve nutritional awareness.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	106af91279a5e5df4ec4edba3a71ad21	On the AMS and Total AMS front, in general most countries currently meet the Rev.4 limits, with some variation for individual products in a few countries. The reduction in the de minimis percentage for some countries would make a difference under current policy settings for very few products and countries. For the future, the values of production of many products will grow in nominal terms and thus increase the associated de minimis thresholds and limits, which can result in complicated interactions with other limits that are fixed in nominal terms.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	106bd22a651744f9de9a69f37e847423	Certain sections of the population in almost every country have faced exclusion due to one or more of these factors. The contributory factors underlying this discrimination emanate from discriminatory laws, the neglect of Governments and the negative attitudes of family members, healthcare providers and employers. Age-based prejudice precludes the participation of older persons in consultation and decision-making processes at family, community and national levels. In some countries, older persons are provided with credit facilities on more advantageous terms to help them open their own businesses.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	106cc7ebebe2dab2519d026022dc6cc0	Further, mid-term evaluations have been found to be very useful in helping countries to re-focus work plans and budgets (Luhtala, 2012; UNDP, 2013). Other countries are establishing climate change progress reports (e.g. South Africa, which plans to do this yearly, including a section on monitoring adaptation, DEA 2016 forthcoming). Some countries have also identified monitoring and evaluation indicators (e.g. Comoros - PAG-PNA, 2014), even though they do not yet have a NAP or other national strategic framework in place.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	106e405fef440bba5728e5e702768bcf	It also necessitates navigating the rules on anti-dumping, countervailing and quotas, among others, in certain cases. The DXY index shows the value of United States dollar relative to a basket of foreign currencies. The trends in this box are as of May 2019 except for the global economic policy uncertainty index, which is as of April 2019. Data sources are the BIS (2019), Economic Policy Uncertainty (2019), ECB (2019), Thomson Reuters and US Department of Treasury (2019). The calculations are based on UN Comtrade (UN Statistics Division, 2019), using SITC Revision 2, 3-digit commodity classification. The latest data are from 2016 in Cambodia and Lao PDR; 2017 in Viet Nam; and 2018 in Myanmar and Thailand.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	1070e82a0f18df8601691e8a28e1793e	The coefficients presented in the figure are from separate regressions which include controls for age, gender, level of education and level of parental education. The striped bars indicate coefficients which are not statistically significant (at 10% level). The coefficients are estimated from a linear probability model of an overqualification dummy based on the normative measure of mismatch.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	1071520fdcb714169b05eb5d9d79acab	Financial institutions themselves have little experience in evaluating the risks associated with innovative green project proposals. First, they need to develop their legal and regulatory frameworks. Second, they need to put in place clean energy policies and programmes. Third, they will have to invest in training programmes to expand their capabilities to implement policies and regulations for green growth.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	1073ff8c2a8e1e4863b70c2a52bc1020	Upstream of the Valajaskoski power plant the unregulated river Ounasjoki joins the river Kemijoki which increases the likelihood of the flood in the river basin and also for the city of Rovaniemi. The plant has an installed effect of 101 MW and an average yearly production of 365 GWh. The WSFS is a conceptual hydrological model, used for operational flood forecasting and for research purposes.	7	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	10758ef89fc27b17d19c5a5476069082	In this regard, many initiatives have been started to assist those countries in tackling e-waste, develop ad hoc legislation, and raise awareness. In countries such Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Bulgaria, collection and recycling are mainly led by the private sector. In the recent years, the collection rate in those countries has risen to approximately 46% of the estimated e-waste generated in 2016.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	10795cfa58d219f4e894b803943407cd	The accelerated development of RES requires anticipating investments in infrastructure, in particular for the adaptation and the extension of the electrical grid. On the one hand, this will encourage innovation and the development of more advanced technologies in particular because the government will reinforce support to energy research, and thus this may create a “first mover” advantage for Germany. On the other hand, as the technological progress may take time to appear and to adapt to specific needs, anticipating investment also risks deterring the use of more advanced and more efficient technologies (IEA, 2007).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	107d449c5756845cabcc3d47260074be	It provides diverse labour market opportunities (from low to high skilled, students, the elderly, and migrant workers), contributes to social integration, provides economic development opportunities in both urban and rural areas, whilst access to infrastructure and attractions developed for tourism purposes can have a positive impact on locals’ quality of life. It requires a wide variety of types and levels of skill, ranging from low to high, and from technical to non-technical personal or social skills. Furthermore, many of these jobs are accessible from entry-level positions allowing for significant career progression.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/638a5aa8-en	107d60306b93405c2606d0277e80b5db	The analysis of within-country disparities is based on data from household surveys. Weighting the regional mean by population, however, will centre it largely around the values of China and India. To give a clearer picture, this report uses a simple average that gives equal weight to all countries large and small. This is illustrated for 2004 the year with the highest number of poverty headcount ratios computed from actual household surveys (Figure II-1). The regional average for this 2004 data of $1.25-per-day poverty level is around 22 per cent, but across countries the poverty rate ranges from 0 in Malaysia to 55.1 per cent in Nepal. As this chart also shows, among the subregions, some of the highest poverty rates - above 40 per cent — are found in South Asia.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	107e420040c87d1716e5419ab4ca690a	The mechanisms involved are far more complex than is suggested by the argument that travel times increase with traffic volumes, as used in the basic rationale for charges. Charges are always an approximation to the theoretical ideal, so that decisions must be made on what approximation is best. Experience demonstrates that analytical approaches using disaggregated network models are more likely to produce an efficient result than prices based only on common sense.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	107efee4ead83b4323c283c0af680cfe	There have been reports of falconers from Arab countries hunting large numbers of globally threatened bustards, during the 1990s and also more recently. It is not clear whether this is still a significant pressure but it clearly warrants continued attention. Turkmenistan granted export licences for 100 Asiatic wild ass and two leopards in 1993/1994.	15	3	3	0.0
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	1081a11cad1b977455eb8a5f8a884724	Yet, effective responses must go beyond health services to address human rights and development. He has called for everyone everywhere to “step up with courage and integrity to protect vulnerable members of our human family”.159 In addition, he has called for removing legal and other barriers that prevent young people from accessing the sexual and reproductive health information and services they need to protect themselves from infection. To better address young people's needs, UN partners and global youth movement representatives launched All In! The initiative aims to unite actors across sectors to accelerate reductions in new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths among adolescents by 2020, towards ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	1081a843dae27e99010818e68a363b71	While broad international consensus has supported this view,16 the challenge going forward is nevertheless centred around the adoption of national policies which will, within each country’s context and constraints, drive efforts towards poverty eradication, human development and climate resilience. However, there is less experience with and less recognition of the challenges posed by both slow setting events and the accumulation of weather-related hazards, which can have devastating consequences on livelihoods. In the absence of government support, even small changes in temperature or rain and wind patterns can push people into poverty traps (Olsson and others, 2014). Those who are the most exposed and vulnerable are also the ones who are already economically and socially disadvantaged and the least likely to have access to support systems.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	10821a3f389a8d39156cc45611bb13ed	In fact, the MENA region has seen the emergence of w'omen-focused incubators in recent years, but little is known about these incubators and how they can be expanded. The methodology of the survey is outlined in the Reader’s Guide of this book. This chapter provides a summarised analysis of the survey of BDS organisations in the MENA region carried out by the OECD in 2013.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	1085a66a399e3b7df305a59df8ea2343	Non-concessional loans were the form most used to deliver climate finance to the EECCA countries in 2013 and 2014 and provided by MDBs. Bilateral channels are the main providers of grants and concessional loans through technical assistance, capital investments and co-financing to projects supported by non-concessional loans from MDBs. Bilateral donors also provide financing through multilateral donors (e.g. voluntary contributions to climate funds).	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/ffe4d41b-en	1088868ad94f34e4860a908d668e2cc2	Building on the latter, the first two high-level champions to be appointed from the COP presidencies of France and Morocco launched the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and the Road Map for Global Climate Action, which led to the creation of the Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action at COP 22 in 2016. The Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action, focusing on immediate climate action until 2020, supports the implementation of the Paris Agreement by facilitating and catalysing collaboration between governments and non-state actors and by raising ambitions overtime. The work programme of the Partnership for 2017-2018, which covers the seven thematic areas of Land Use, Oceans and Coastal Zones, Water, Human Settlements, Transport, Energy and Industry, includes a number of activities, including establishing a Climate Action Collaboration Forum and organizing high-level round tables on interaction between selected SDGs and climate action. This is designed to support achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	10893996191c85e0d03bc5cd115ab65d	As ITQs initially were introduced on the background of an ecological and economic crisis the original implementation had been matter of closing access and distributing the limited rights in a sound and accepted system. However, these initial beneficiaries have since then been able to enjoy a steady stream of wealth, to lease out parts of orto once and for all sell their quota share. This becomes even clearer once the resource has recovered and the same quota share (in percentages) result in much larger actual allocations (in kilos).	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	108b30f9c4988a3175b54f8b74e994be	In addition, only 15% of adults (25-64 year-olds) possess good ICT and problem solving-skills - the lowest rare among OECD countries participating in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. In order to better promote the development of its human capital and reduce skill mismatches in the labour market, Poland should continue its efforts to strengthen adult learning. Between 2010 and 2012 GDP grew faster than educational expenditure, resulting in a slight decrease in the share (0.3 percentage points while the OECD average remained stable over the same period).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	108dea31eef276ebf7409b0908a6de99	Taking the opportunity of available technology and smartphones, UN-Habitat's Global Public Space Programme uses an open source application (KoboToolbox) to collect public space-related data on the neighbourhood, but also at the citywide level. This data collection process follows a few basic steps. First, a map of all the open spaces is prepared, in which satellite images are used to identify the open public spaces, markets, and public facilities. Thereafter, local data collectors are trained on the use of the open source application for data collection. Each assessment is then uploaded onto the server to be further analysed.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	108e5afcb8d2dd16f6078daccd826faf	"It also identified households as areas of inequality: ""While poverty affects households as a whole, because of the gender division of labour and responsibilities for household welfare, women bear a disproportionate burden, attempting to manage household consumption and production under conditions of increasing scarcity"" (United Nations, 1995, paragraph 50). This idea contradicts the many social policies that consider households as benchmarks for homogeneity and harmony. This is partly related to the size and dependency ratio of these households, which tend to have specific family structures (Espejo, Filgueira and Rico, 2010)."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	108f68d651a275b3f3a7f9cf3f604406	This would actually involve means testing of all social programmes by targeting the poorest 20%. Significant savings, however, are also possible through other options, which fall below the initial target of 1.5% of GDP, but have the advantage of avoiding a significant deterioration in poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% for social programmes, if disability pensions are excluded, would generate GDP savings of up to 1.2%, with a neutral effect on the poverty rate. If the poorest 25% are targeted, this would generate savings of up to 1.3% of GDP, with a neutral effect on poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% with extended unemployment assistance, would cost 0.2% of GDP but with the significant effect of reducing the poverty rate by 1.3 percentage points. Targeting the poorest 30% for family benefits would save 0.4% of GDP and reduce the poverty rate by 0.1 percentage points.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	108fb03d4f75146a5fdc7aa171751c91	The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992, prescribes two new institutions to regulate the flow of funding to municipalities. One new institution is the Central Finance Commission, which both suggests new taxation and financial policies that the states can apply to the municipalities under their sway; but under the new arrangements since 1992, the Governor of a state is required set up a finance commission to review the local system, to propose new taxes, and to govern grants in aid to municipalities from the consolidated funds of the state.37 in spite of these constitutional requirements, results have been limited. With only 1.1 percent of GDP, municipal expenditures in India compare very unfavourably with OECD countries, but even with other BRICS countries such as Brazil, Russia and South Africa.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	108fc0e73788385edd19f083f999c127	Simple measures include ensuring that design codes consider pedestrian and cyclist safety and convenience as well as destination accessibility. Other initiatives include the establishment of public bike sharing schemes, which originated largely in Europe and the Americas, and are becoming more popular in the region. There has been particularly strong growth in China; a large-scale system in Huangzhou has 66 000 bicycles and 2 435 stations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1092fd1cd921447c404c0251cf76e944	In this utility system the morning load increases smoothly over the course of 2 hours by 400 MW (or 12%), but includes rapid short-term ramps of ±50 MW. Some OECD countries may have a different mechanism or use a different terminology, but the principle is common to all TSOs. Frequency containment reserves are operating reserves necessary for constant containment of frequency deviations (fluctuations) from nominal value in order to constantly maintain the power balance in the whole synchronously interconnected system.6 Activation of these reserves results in a restored power balance at a frequency deviating from nominal value. Operating reserves of this category are usually activated automatically and locally.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591653-4-en	1095720c0f3d5e7d877b6780516a5906	Based on data available for direct and indirect expenditures and contributions, and employment and cruise versus land-based tourists, only three SIDS meet this requirement: Jamaica, Maldives and Mauritius. All three are well-researched destinations, where the tourism industry is monitored regularly by government ministries. Data are available from the national statistics office or tourism department; this is used here to emphasise examples of good practice. In some cases, tourism contributes more than 40 per cent of GDP, rising to 45.5 per cent in Aruba and 47.4 per cent in Maldives. These figures relate to total contribution to GDP and include direct and indirect contributions (Figure 1.1). Induced contributions are not included.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	1098d1a8254f4c2c5267b1a763253961	In 1996 the final version of Te Whaariki, the New Zealand national curriculum for children ups to age 5, was launched following a wide consultation process between the curriculum developers, early childhood practitioners, and representatives of the Maori community. It has four overall principles: empowerment, holistic development, family and community, and relationships. Five strands shape the outcomes for children: belonging, well-being, exploration, communication and contribution. Hie curriculum addresses culture and customs in a way that seeks to embrace the diversity of its population.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	1099e916bb02dc7f4e67d6e49a770738	Women in countries within the more developed regions fared better, comprising in most cases 20 to 45 per cent of the candidates. In only four countries — Belgium, Costa Rica, Iceland and Rwanda —were candidates distributed roughly evenly by sex. Available data in Africa display a low proportion of female candidates for the lower or single house of parliament — lower than 20 per cent, with the exception of Burundi and Rwanda. The proportion is under 10 per cent in 3 of the 4 countries with available data in Oceania; this low proportion of female electoral candidates in the region parallels the limited representation of women in their parliaments as seen in the earlier section.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	109a84e975b534cc12905678092201ba	This information was used in Chapter 2, but was not appropriate for use in the empirical analysis in Chapters 3 and 4 given the lack of detail needed for this analysis. It starts with an overview of the macroeconomic environment and the rapid socioeconomic development the country has experienced, in particular during the 1980s and early 1990s. Subsequent sections provide the immigration context and consider the main groups of immigrants, together with a brief discussion on the perception of immigrants and the governance of immigration.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	109aa40a288e79781357b18fd5edf61a	In 2015, a new Ethics Code was introduced to deal with conflicts of interest. This set up a new position, the “ethics commissioner”, for civil servants to consult on ethical issues.19 The National Bureau of Anti-Corruption was established in the Ministry of the Civil Service with the functions of prevention, detection, suppression and investigation of corruption offences. Janenova (2016) points out the need for a cultural change in government and of a renewal of ethical and moral values of civil servants, to be able to create a professional civil service.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	10a0abdfaecf63ed8c542855c97fcdad	Until 2014, these taxes were at least partially paid by Belarus to the budget of the Russian Federation. In 2014, this practice was discontinued when the Russian Federation partially reallocated the fiscal burden from the export tax on petroleum products to the domestic tax on oil extraction. At present, the Russian Federation considers the cost of export taxes levied by Belarus on petroleum products a subsidy from its budget to that of Belarus (revenue foregone by the Russian Federation but collected by Belarus). This annual subsidy can be estimated to be at least USD 2.1 bln, based on an oil price of USD 45 per barrel (Manenok, 2017).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	10a1bbf72295c6f66a78a0dd8aa6435a	In the case of the public sector, this theory holds that adoption of an innovation among government departments and agencies may grow slowly and gradually in the beginning. The adoption will then have a period of rapid growth that will taper off and become stable and eventually decline (Rogers, 1995). The Bass model, however, suggests other representations (Robert-Ribes and Wing, 2004). This is because innovations are seen to be communicated across space and through time.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	10a21c9142943b74087cb21075b51ece	The relative loss in pension entitlements in Germany is of similar size at different eamings levels and even larger for a ten-year career intemrptioa with pension entitlements falling by more than 20% (OECD, 2015). Germany is one of few OECD countries to give the same additional credits to mothers who continue to w'ork and those who interrupt their careers for child cate reasons. As a consequence, women on average eamings who interrupt their careers for five years to care for two children lose more pension entitlements than in other OECD countries.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	10a69a2688f215f3f90ee0727bd3ed31	The following review does not provide a detailed account and discussion of the methods adopted in each study, but it is safe to say that all of the main findings of the review are supported by at least one econometrically sound analysis supporting the causal nature of the links assessed (e.g. for wage penalties associated with obesity and smoking; wage differentials for people with different levels of alcohol consumption, employment gaps for the obese, heavy drinkers and smokers; etc.). It focused on how risk factors and chronic diseases affect employment, wages, labour productivity and early exit from the labour market. It also provides an insight into the value of production potentially lost from illness and from adverse labour market outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	10a7fd44b0eb4ca58e47a3dfca1e55cf	A number of additional traits are currently under review at MARD for feed/food use approval, including one soybean trait. On 27 August 2014, following just over a year review by Vietnam's Biosafety Committee, the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment issued the first Certificate of Biosafety for one of the insect resistant maize traits previously approved by MARD for food and feed use. The additional three traits have been subsequently received a Certificate of Biosafety.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	10a8aaa4794ee9f1f378b450828ecfe1	The difference between high- and low-income groups is also among the lowest in the EU. The Swedish health system has copayments for most health services, but still protects the population from financial risk through copayment exemptions and ceilings. Waiting times and an inability to coordinate services across different care providers are nonetheless enduring issues.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	10a907d831b07b29837c55be3af5d94a	"These include social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, lack of access to decision-making and unequal access to resources. Other problems arise from a lack of access to education or training, which significantly constrain business opportunities. Further obstacles for women entrepreneurs include limited access to finance and ICT and a lack of market information — as well as burdensome regulations and administrative procedures.'"""	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	10a9f99c3f121877d863df02cced1609	In demonstrating the significance placed on this protocol, the ministers for each of the sectors, including the Prime Minister as Minister for National Security and Legal Affairs, publicly signed the protocol into force on 16 May 2011 (OAS 2014). The protocol provides a set of guidelines for responders (health, judiciary and police) to guide their interventions, especially for proper management of cases of domestic and sexual violence. The protocol has identified the role of the Ombudsman as key to ensuring accountability of duty bearers.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	10aef481bb289242849ee3891270e9b7	If the benefits delivered by technologies were measured, this would have been a cost-effectiveness analysis. Impacts of Advances in Medical Technology in Australia. The key conclusion is that an ageing population and climate change present significant long-term risks for the economy and the sustainability of government finances, particularly in the health sector.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/20f4eda5-en	10afae50ea022c0f177c132b6ebdab54	Effective participation can be defined as attending meetings and speaking up during them, but it can also be defined by the share of women in office-bearing positions. The interface between gender, participation and community forestry has impacts on pre-existing gender relations and on relative participation by women and men in community forestry decisionmaking processes. Although both women and men in forest-dependent communities possess traditional knowledge of use of forest ecosystems, enhancing women's roles in the biodiversity conservation and the protection of forest ecosystems is crucial, including through preservation of indigenous seeds and medicinal plants (Mulyoutami etal. However, providing policy advice to promote equal participation without carefully understanding local and non-local economic, cultural and socio-political processes should be cautioned against.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	10b02ab4066108806e9ca88ed8bcf568	As of 2013, 9 700 students attended 14 operative schools in Astana (2), Aktobe, Atyrau, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Kyzylorda, Pavlodar, Semey, Shymkent (2), Taraz, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Uralsk. The NIS cater to about 1108 students from rural areas in a boarding arrangement. As of 2013, the selection process includes tests in mathematics, languages (Kazakh, Russian and English) and the ability to study mathematics and science (quantitative reasoning and spatial thinking).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/67989bf6-en	10b08a1810dd88961fe31cfbcba5c001	This chapter maps out current trends in the composition of legislatures across the OECD while exploring remaining barriers to women running for elected office and equal access to leadership positions in legislatures. It also provides an overview of strategies, initiatives and mechanisms across the OECD to help political institutions become more gender sensitive and thus encourage women's political representation and access to leadership. Finally, the chapter assesses tools and frameworks to mainstream gender in the work of legislatures, including law-making and oversight.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	10b32932c4c837ea1d3a2ccc843006f3	The “statistical discrimination” theory maintains that discrimination is based on stereotypes: in a context of information asymmetries, employers use an observable identity characteristic of a group (e.g. race or gender) as a signal for an unobservable variable (e.g. skills or productivity) (Phelps, 1972; Arrow, 1973). From early age, boys and girls perceive different stereotyped notions of what they should excel and enjoy in doing, which shapes their behaviours and may even affect their performance (Hill, Corbett and St. Rose, 2010; OECD, 2012a). For example, as early as the first year of primaiy school, girls rate their own ability in mathematics as lower than that of boys, even when their actual performance does not differ (Fredericks and Eccles, 2002; Herbert and Stipek, 2005).	9	4	0	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	10b436b2b69b89c0d95a7dfaf4392b33	Although they are generally open to and compulsory for formal employees only - in part because employers contribute to them as well - the system, much like defined-contribution pensions, could be opened to informal workers on a voluntary basis, at least. Conversely, unemployment insurance pools risk across workers and firms, and therefore has a redistributive role. The objective of unemployment benefits - whether in the form of UISAs or traditional unemployment insurance - is more akin to consumption smoothing than poverty reduction.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	10b4b19db7741afe0260af5dd9ee0446	In all those countries, except South Africa, women in the 1990s were 40 to 50% less likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education. To the extent that higher educational attainments take time to translate into higher labour market participation, we might expect the labour market integration of women to accelerate in these countries in the coming years. However, gender-biased social norms regarding the role of women in society and in the labour market constitute a major obstacle to progress and can be very persistent (see Box 4.1 for an analysis based on the World Values Survey). As social norms of this kind tend to be acquired at a young age, policy action should intervene early in people’s lives.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	10b6f88f0b410bfca45e91110ba0258c	Nonetheless, the case studies and OECD workshop revealed three key challenges faced by countries as they have started to implement their strategies and plans: overcoming climate information shortcomings and associated capacity constraints; securing adequate financing; and measuring the success of adaptation interventions. Action to address these constraints will be vital to ensuring that progress in planning translates into improvements in outcomes. Le present document propose un panorama de ces activites dans les differents pays de l’OCDE et met en exergue un certain nombre d’enseignements nouveaux qui se degagent de leur experience.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	10b7a334edad2a60966bee4139975272	Where such support existed, it was fragmented with no real collaboration across higher education institutions in the region. The Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF) model in the UK could serve as a source of inspiration (see Chapter 5). A strategy with emphasis on endogenous development of traditional industry that is engaged in R&D would better serve the region.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	10b7f3d8396a7f247649e08179e12a0c	Essentially, the same applies to technology transfer (chap. For example, the cost of photovoltaics produced in Japan had halved between 1973 and 1976, but none of this improvement is evident in observed prices because it occurred prior to the installation of any demonstration units, thus cumulative installed capacity was zero. Such RD&D expenditures are a small factor in the cost improvements of technologies that have already advanced to the stage where they have found commercial niche markets and are candidates for pervasive diffusion.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/152bf84c-en	10bc75a87b4ac79ef9e5a39ffc2a6f77	Women, however, are generally excluded from the management of these resources (Dey de Pryck, 2013). Their access and freedom to engage in fishing are subject to sanctions from male leadership in the communities. A study of the seafood industry lists some of these traditional barriers: women may be barred from certain jobs, such as going to sea on board fishing vessels: be denied ownership rights and independent access to finance and entrepreneurship: and tasked with domestic responsibilities as if these were their natural duties, which could mean up to four hours of extra work per day for women compared with men (Montfort, 2015).	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	10bf99dc2e2e92769b356737049b2924	In some countries it becomes institutionalized as a consultation body for the planning of social policy and legislation. It prevents disputes at their origin and resolves labour problems de facto, without a court ruling. Moreover, the ability to sanction according to their own judgement means that their action has the potential to be doubly effective. While its essential function is to enforce the rules and provide technical advice and information on the subject, the preventive role also forms part of that task. In most countries, inspectors articulate preventive and repressive approaches de facto, since their action tends not so much to look for infringements and sanction them, but rather to achieve respect for and application of the regulation. This does not mean that advice replaces the control function.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599451-6-en	10c0d36add53cf1f0bc85fac5ebb6928	The 2012 Australian Census of Women in Leadership shows found that the percentage of women on the boards of companies on the ASX 2002 is only 12.3 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Furthermore, the number of women holding senior manager positions within ASX 200 companies is only 9.7 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Women are better represented within the public sector and as of 2014 constitute 57.9 per cent of that workforce. Nonetheless, even within this sector the number of women decreases with higher seniority levels - only 33.2 per cent of women are in Senior Executive Service (SES) Band 3 positions compared to 41.6 per cent in SES Band 1 positions (DPMC [no date]).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	10c1baae19245ce1d21ffc91b4c3dcca	Replacing the Area Licensing Scheme, the ERP scheme allows the Land Transport Authority to impose and vary charges on vehicles entering certain areas at certain times. All vehicles are equipped with a unit which has a stored value card. The entry charge is automatically deducted when the vehicle passes a gantry that is in operation. The COE and ERP schemes together have been effective in reducing traffic congestion as well as C02 emission.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	10c26acfd397b509bd035a8bd93401d5	According to the IEA’s WEO-2011, 1.3 billion people - nearly 20% of world population - currently lack access to electricity and about 2.7 billion people - 40% of the world population - rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (IEA, 2011a). The outlook suggests that the problem will persist and even deepen in some places. The IEA and World Health Organization estimate that household air pollution from the use of biomass in inefficient stoves would lead to more than 4 000 premature deaths per day in 2030, greater than estimates for premature deaths from malaria, tuberculosis or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (IEA, 2011a). The index seeks to capture the quality of energy services as well as their quantity. It is calculated in such a way as to mirror the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	10c4e369cd4f35ba4ca0147e007e4c47	Note: Values may not add up to 24 hours due to the overlapping nature of some activities. It also limits women’s mobility and the time they can allocate to training and upgrading their skills. However, men’s and women's roles in agricultural production are socially constructed and evolving, and vary widely between local contexts, reflecting cultural and other differences between and within countries. While the lines between men's and women’s roles is thus generally blurred, and a full analysis taking these factors into account is beyond the scope of this Report, some general gender-specific patterns can be found across many LDCs.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	10c5aae25f37cb586e16f65f593fa545	Principals are at the junction between classrooms, policies, local administrations and stakeholders. In this unique and challenging position they can influence the conditions and climate in which teaching and learning occur and with this - the effectiveness of schooling (OECD/Specialists Schools and Academics Trust, 2008; Scheerens and Bosker, 1997; Teddlie and Reynolds, 2000; Townsend, 2007). Principals also are the key mediators between schools and the environment in which schools operate.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	10c822f492cd4e386d2a6792ac50c6d5	This is not surprising as consumer interests are addressed by both types of stockholding programmes. In the case of buffer stock programmes, there is an explicit objective to stabilise market prices, while social safety net stocks focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices. Some of these impacts will be mentioned alongside the performance variables in the country case reviews.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js65xnk52kc-en	10c901d3e9c55b878ecf004e952cccd3	But even here it has taken 16 years for the HEV (Toyota Prius) to get to its current levels of sales (about 3m cars a year globally). The explicit terms of the contract are just an outline, as there are implicit terms and understandings which determine the behaviour of the parties. The potential for returns from such new markets have motivated Renault-Nissan to invest more than €4 billion in developing market-ready electric vehicles, and other car-makers have followed this logic in developing electric vehicles as part of their own investment strategy. In a similar vein, the Paris-based network of shared-use station-based electric cars (Autolib) has been fully financed by the Bollore group which specialises in battery technology and vehicle-based IT systems (Case Study 5).	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	10ca96b9ca606ccdeb25506cc7201054	In fact, trade related OOF has been directed overwhelmingly to MICs (96%), with only 3.5%% going to the least developed (Figure 11.8). At the aggregate level, the shares of loans and grants have been almost equal since 2006. Yet 63.4% of disbursements to LICs have been made as grants, whereas MICs have received 67.4% as loans. The share of total country-specific aid-for-trade disbursements for the LDCs was 31.9%, while other LICs received 2.9%; 65.3% went to MICs.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	10cae276ca61e98ff4075a40259a37c4	Job growth from energy efficiency retrofits ranges from low- to high-skilled jobs, some of which will require training. In the case of residential retrofit projects, for instance, most tasks will involve the installation of insulation and window replacement, both of which tend to be more labour-intensive than the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC) or electrical work likely to occur on retrofit projects in large commercial buildings (Schrock, 2009; Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). Insulation jobs are relatively low-skilled, while window replacement jobs involve semi-skilled carpentry experience. Regardless, on-the-job training may suffice, as formal credentials in carpentry are usually not required.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	10cb497e5cef0c60de6e44addecbec9a	Some governments have been particularly active in developing and using these risk mitigants to mobilise greater sustainable energy investment and these examples can potentially be applied to other national contexts. The Danish export credit agency EKF is a particular example of an institution that is using their guarantees to encourage institutional investor participation in sustainable energy finance. Green investment banks and other public financial institutions are also actively working to reduce risk by providing guarantees, loan loss reserves, seeding funds and acting as cornerstone investors.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	10cc4c11df05b1b468c0def7632438f3	In addition, the potential impact of technological development on CO2 abatement cost is huge: OECD simulations show that the cost of climate change mitigation could be halved (from 4% of world GDP to 2% in 2050) if renewable technologies would be made competitive in the electricity and non-electricity sectors (OECD, 201 If). Given the ambitious targets both in terms of emission reduction and RES deployment and their associated costs, eco-innovation is required in many areas in Germany (Box 4). In particular, technological development and increased efficiency of the grid management can both play a central role in the adaptation to higher RES supply. It will determine at which cost and under what conditions investments will be done, which will be crucial not least from a cost-efficiency point of view', but also for public acceptance.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	10d9925f9f98e7f397ede389e54448b8	Investment in solar power surpassed those made in wind in the country. The Philippines and Pakistan experienced a decrease of about 50 per cent in new investment in renewable energy in 2016, as compared to 2015.6S In Thailand, investment in solar power increased slightly, helping the country keep a top spot in terms of investment among developing countries in the region (Frankfurt School/FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2017). Although renewables still hold a relatively small share of installed capacity, the dominant role of renewables in new capacity additions is evident. Despite the recent decline in investment figures, felling capital costs resulting from more capacity being installed per dollar spent resulted in a record high installation in 2016.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	10df39ac44ee5c81b8e338149d8de55b	Between 1970 and 1980, technical assistance and financial support for national and regional marine science projects came from UN organizations such as the IOC, UNESCO, FAO, and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Developed countries, such as the US, Norway, UK, Canada and France provided technical assistance and opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate training through bilateral programmes. The Norwegian Government provided the R/V Fridtjof Nansen to the Mozambique Government, and later to other governments, to conduct fisheries and oceanographic surveys in Mozambican waters in 1977-1978. These commonly aimed to investigate the priorities and needs for capacity-building in the marine sciences and included visits to Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia and Tanzania.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	10e069a3b80f41df3f63862ffa905893	In most (temporary) initiatives reviewed here, much of the risk is borne by the contracting public agency or authority. While there may be some debate on just how profitable different ride service models are, the services they provide in conjunction with public transport options remains a minuscule part of their overall costs. In some cases operators do invest in dedicated services and facilities as Lyft has done in order to provide or pay for call centres. These costs are covered by the ride services.	11	5	3	0.25
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	10e24736363e152a1b66b5e8f5c7a74b	This reflects a low tax-to-GDP ratio, a high share of consumption taxes in total tax revenues, and a personal income tax riddled by tax expenditures which benefit mostly the rich. Taxes on goods and services account for the bulk of tax revenues - 45% in 2010, compared with 33% in the OECD area (Figure 1.17). Income and wealth taxes are paid mostly by firms.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/21b890d9-en	10e46b6d4eae6a96643f56999e7b71ab	In the coming decades, care for older persons will become a pressing priority for low- and middle-income countries too. Social transfers and paid leaves enable parents to take time off work for children's care. Greater public investment is needed in early childhood education and care services; long-term care services for older persons and those with disabilities; and basic infrastructure to support care work. It is within families that the young and old, the healthy and frail, develop the human capabilities that undergird vibrant economies and inclusive societies.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/729bf864-en	10e4a97b92be0be1126f892a7aec7104	The position is slightly less clear cut with other types of intangible asset, as they are not always separately identifiable in the same way, and there is no external register that can be consulted in order to check their status. In the case of charges, this notice mechanism is important in ensuring that the lender’s interest is maintained. It is generally considered advisable to register charges against both the company and the official record corresponding with any registrable asset such as a patent, requiring two sets of information to be filed.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	10e4fcbb4e769a13b5db671ac869080c	Falling student numbers result in declines in educational efficiency as student/teacher ratios fall and facilities are underused. Declining enrolments threaten the quality of student programmes as course offerings and instructor numbers decline. Falling student numbers exacerbate a pre-existing problem of scale facing Lithuanian public university institutions, which are numerous (14) and small.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	10e5368caa775df4df64f63ef9ac17da	On average across the OECD, 76% of children in this age-group participated in all early education services in 2008, up from 64% in 1998, and increases in participation were largest in Chile, Mexico, Norway and Sweden. Cross-county variation in participation remains significant: from below 40% in Korea and TUrkey to over 95% in Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy and Spain (OECD, 2010b). Childcare enrolment rates refers to estimates on childcare enrolment rates of children aged < 3 and children aged 3-5; data refer to 2005 for the United States and 2009 for Mexico. Numbers do not reflect intensity of use: each child is counted regardless of the number of hours of participation per week. For comparative purposes, indicators were adjusted for cross-national differences in the compulsory age of entry into primary school. For example, in Nordic countries, where children enter primary school at age 7, expenditure on 6-year-olds was excluded from these figures.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264309470-en	10e5d858cf263d508fde45a03e9f97b9	In addition, the evaluation found that efforts to empower and incentivise Austrian research organisations to develop their own capacities for EU framework programme-related strategies could be strengthened. Improving the links between national support through FFG and EU programmes was also seen to be potentially beneficial. The governance and co-ordination of ERA policies and support has also been assessed positively.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	10e663e03de36eb941fde2e1d61c70d2	There is a large potential and need for energy connectivity and for large markets through cross-border infrastructure and energy trade, including oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids; such regional and subregional cooperation is crucial for ensuring reliable, efficient and safe transportation of energy resources, thus increasing energy security. Further improve the investment climate in Asia and the Pacific using public-private partnerships for implementation of cross-border energy infrastructure. Invite all regional and subregional organizations to work collectively on addressing the challenges in the energy sector.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	10e85935aa97c06fb109ae60bc245118	Total catches declined from about 40,000 t in 1991 to 8,500 t in 1997 and have partly recovered since, to an estimated 15,000 t in 2008. Because of the limited data available, it is impossible to assess whether fisheries management in the Turkmen sector of the Caspian is currently sustainable. Overfishing of kilka and other bony fish in the Caspian Sea has been a problem since at least the 1970s; its effect on stocks may be aggravated by pollution. Throughout the Caspian Sea, catches of the species declined by more than 58 per cent between 1993 and 2006.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a22d206d-en	10e8dcd339922e997d73d46a5fb7231e	While many countries have made progress towards closing these gaps, no country in the world has fully closed the gap between men and women. As a testament to its central importance, SDG 5 was singled out by the United Nations General Assembly when it adopted the SDGs. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	10e9a704174dacfb52d45316c48c872c	Rather, Latin American housing programmes tend to be based on individual entitlements to households for the purchase (and in some cases, construction) of an individual home. Few initiatives have conceived of housing development within a broader urban development context linking housing to employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and the provision of public services, public spaces and open space. Accordingly, housing policies in many Latin American countries have resulted in similar challenges for cities across the region: urban sprawl, congestion, infrastructure gaps and a high rate of vacant homes. Rojas argues that of the 19 services provided by a house, only 5 are provided by the structure itself; all others are provided at a larger scale: the sub-division, the neighbourhood, the city or national government (see table below).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	10ea89fc9edba38cf8ddf5b4e2bf0ebb	These programmes commonly allow parents to report several school preferences to a central enrolment point, which public authorities then try to respect as much as possible while maintaining a balanced distribution of students. The allocation mechanisms vary across countries and their effectiveness depends on the capacity to match parents’ preference for quality schools with a consistent application of priority criteria benefiting disadvantaged students (OECD, 2015(22]). The student allocation mechanism also requires a certain degree of centralisation in order to prevent inefficiencies related to handling multiple registrations, as well as delays on assignment and higher administrative costs.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	10eb33719e77932d338ddc64a4640389	For example, agricultural investments involving large scale land acquisition in developing countries have had significant negative impacts in the form of land degradation and deforestation, especially in countries with weak governance systems (FAO, 2013). However, efforts by agricultural companies to green supply chains can also be very effective in driving stronger environmental management by subcontractors in developing countries and effectively applying ‘supply chain pressure’. The situation is similar for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The IEA (2015) estimates that SMEs account for 13% of final energy consumption annually, but also, energy efficiency measures among SMEs with best available technologies could result in significant savings in final energy consumption in the order of 10 to 30% globally.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e1196521-en	10f2a2b2bea07e09e4438e881f873b13	This initiative, which includes a trans-Asian energy system, will help to ensure both the near- and long-term energy security of the Region. It will connect producers and consumers of energy resources and facilitate new markets for clean and efficient energy technologies. Its goal is to shift development to a low carbon path while ensuring universal access to energy within a predictable time frame. Rapid economic growth of the Region translates to rising energy demands, both to sustain the large and growing production economy as well as to support direct energy consumption.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	10f2a451c920d9388aa3d42f651c5f99	Table II.3 also shows that only seven sub-Saharan African countries had poverty rates below 25 per cent in 2005,5 up from two (Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon) in 1981. In general, countries with extremely high poverty levels also trail behind in respect of a number of demographic and social indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and childrens school enrolment and completion rates. Although these declines are encouraging, they still leave a large proportion of the total population living in extreme poverty, and all 19 countries face major challenges in meeting the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	10f37379a3ff132b7ecc444b378ae08d	It depends on a country’s geographical position, its own energy endowment, the state of its physical infrastructures for transport and storage, the diversification of its supplies, the willingness of its population to trade lower average long-term prices for higher volatility and a host of other issues. Free and global energy trade through smoothly functioning competitive markets would guarantee timely delivery of all necessary energy resources. But then again in such an ideal world, energy supply security would not exist as an issue. But even while reality often diverges drastically from the ideal of a global world of competitive markets, the concept of security of energy supply very clearly includes not only the notion of energy independence but also the notion of energy interdependence. Most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	10f97ba0ebc1aa3b3cdbad3eeebd9af3	The A start an Opportunity programme targets NEET youth aged 16-25 who have completed compulsory education and hold at most an upper secondary qualification. The programme allows youth to choose among the following options: fully subsidised work experience for five months, training in information and communication skills and integrated counselling including vocational guidance and job-search training. Notably, the conversion of unemployment benefit payments into wage subsidies launched in 2004 was extended to public sector employment in order to offset very weak job creation in the private sector in the context of the economic slowdown.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	1105a23b0300c0922fb155bcc0757bf4	In 2010, taking into account the hours worked by teachers, student-teacher ratios were 22.1, 18.6, 14.4 and 21.7 in the municipal, private subsidised, private non-subsidised, and delegated administration sectors respectively. Interestingly, while in the municipal sector the student-teacher ratio increased from 16.8 in 2004, it decreased significantly in the private subsidised sector from 30.0 in the same year (Ministry of Education, forthcoming). The latter is a teacher education institution mostly dedicated to training primary school teachers that ceased to exist in 1974.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	110805cf720c913adb242aca08818911	The domestic discussion process should lead to the entry into force of the new policy framework by 2014. Within FAO, the European Union has actively participated in the negotiations of the FAO Port States Agreement which was adopted in November 2009. The European Union has ratified that Agreement in 2011.	14	4	1	0.6
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	1109856dd1b911c4bef0ec2de473a84f	These disciplines could restrict policy space for trade, finance, technology and social and industrial development in exchange— hopefully—for greater flows of technology and finance consistent with the global community’s shared goal of eradicating poverty. The task of retooling global development has never been more urgent.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	110abd2aed99b71dec994f081555c7c6	Analysing their actions demonstrates that non-securitizing/holding and desecuritizing/ peacebuilding impacts are placed on a continuum in terms of both timing and depth of the change. In Bosnia, for example, the work of an organization advancing the rights of LGBTs has a non-securitizing (holding) impact as opposed to a desecuritizing one, given that it promotes non-conflict-related political actions. Inclusive human rights claims that promote a more equal and tolerant society operate in a conflict transformation FOA, fostering a society where respect for human rights and inclusive understandings of the “other” can prevent securitization in future. Domestic violence is present in many societies in peace as well as in war, but in conflict and post-conflict situations domestic violence rates have been known to spike, due to more rigid gender identities and exacerbation of social violence. Organizations working on domestic violence in post-conflict situations use a conflict transformation mode, claiming inclusive human rights.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	110c1c401d438cbaf95656059afb8b89	This is confirmed by the available data (Figure 4.9), which show that women are more likely to work informally than men in almost all countries although these differences are not large. Informal firms are typically less productive and provide workers with fewer opportunities for human capital accumulation (La Porta and Shleifer, 2008,2014). This represents an additional drag on female earnings and on their opportunities for career advancement. Moreover, recent OECD work shows that informal jobs are typically of lower quality than formal ones, with detrimental effects on workers’ well-being. It also shows that female workers find it more difficult than men to move into a formal job, if they start their career in an informal job (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5).	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	110e4dccb9eab654652a17f46d1857ac	Table 1 moreover presents a brief overview of how and whether the ecolabel requirements of the four product categories investigated cover the parameters suggested by JCR. It was merely the EU GPP and the EU and Nordic Ecolabelling for windows and floor coverings that included criteria on sustainable sourcing of materials. The criteria were quite product specific and including criteria on: renewable materials, recycled materials, certified forest and sustainable wood.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5eb49706-en	110ff242343a8af2534b19941b117b29	Nevertheless, gaps within the protected area network remain, with some ecosystem types being underrepresented at present. These include wetland areas, coastal areas and Saharian ecosystems; in the latter case, it was noted that the south of the country remains poorly represented in proportional terms, within the national network of protected areas. However, Morocco has been involved in initiatives to better its protected area system in recent years. A number of recommendations of these studies are worth pointing out, notably (i) more coordinated management of the protected area system, (ii) improved governance at various levels, (iii) providing more resources for park management, and (iv) enhanced autonomy for protected areas.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/85b52daf-en	1115d79274853746e447c1e2c4e3274b	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on the present Working Paper are welcomed and may be sent to Liwavwav.Adkins@oecd.org. Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	111b1d5ad64e159b9c76d574e5d57a5e	In addition to central gender institutions, good practices from OECD member countries highlight the critical role played by the central government. Cabinet offices and ministries of finance verify and ensure that line ministries and agencies undertake gender impact assessments in designing their policies, initiatives and budgets. Identification of gender focal points (i.e. permanent staff members dealing with gender issues) across the government at all levels who are responsible for administering laws or regulations related to gender equality, collecting data, developing sectorial plans, developing gender-sensitive personnel policies and training staff on these policies would facilitate the realisation of national gender equality objectives. These co-ordination mechanisms should also provide for engaging with non-governmental stakeholders and citizens.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/da48ce17-en	111d261d0e662b00456c46a696d0e712	Supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), CBIT has approved three capacity-building projects in Costa Rica, Kenya and South Africa as of November 2016 (GEF, 2016). Although none of the projects approved to date are focused on adaptation, the successful deployment of the CBIT could eventually contribute to building adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the national level, given many Parties expressed their aim to do so in their NDCs. It took nearly six years and consultations with 450 people from governmental departments, sectoral agencies at Federal and Lander level and from scientific and private institutions to agree on the final 102 indicators (German Federal Environment Agency, 2015). The TAMD framework, aiming to help governments “to demonstrate if climate finance has been well spent and that the climate vulnerability of communities has been reduced” (Craft and Fischer, 2016) was formally launched in 2015. Global projects on behalf of BMZ were conducted in Cambodia (in collaboration with IIED), Bolivia (at the state level only), Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Togo and South Africa.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	112448d2b70f441fe2a33321a9697347	Similar programmes have been developed before, such as the Green Corps programme (which ended in 2009), but often they have focussed on a small part of the green economy and have never been developed in conjunction with a city-wide carbon emissions reduction programme in order to create a double dividend. A good example of a successful approach is the Two Cities initiative (see learning model in Annex), which has successfully developed Saint Paul and Minneapolis into a leading clean tech region in the US. Its first piece of work could be to develop the recommendations 1 a) and b) in this chapter as a starting point and over the medium term a pan-Sydney collectively owned sustainability strategy. Importantly, the Sustainability Forum should bring together a wide range of key stakeholders including representatives of Local and State Government, employers, training providers, TAFE, HE and the trade unions.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	112523cf103810d8c0de1014ebcf387c	Nevertheless, the possibility of large scale animal disease outbreaks, such as foot and mouth (FMD) and BSE diseases, are viewed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of New Zealand2 among risks with the largest potential production and revenue loss. A study on the macroeconomic impacts of an FMD outbreak estimated possible damage at up to NZD 6 billion in the first year and NZD 10 billion after two years from losses in export volumes, and price and exchange rate shocks. This study by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and Treasury underscores the fact that possible disease outbreaks are perceived as a threat with serious macro-economic implications (RB, 2003).	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-9-en	11253f0a34b9bd2e1d27bbbe31b7696a	Institutional support and investment as in the Bangladesh Solar Home Scheme subsidy element, although small and declining, may also be important (Khandker et al., The relevant projects are distributed by donor according to Figure 11 and by channel in Figure 12. While these figures are interesting, they should be considered with some caution as they rely on the accuracy of data reported by the donor countries themselves in the CRS system and are linked only to climate change.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	11255f90e3acd946a25bb95b1b7116cd	While both approaches adopt land and water availability as the main criteria to select countries with expansion potential, AAAID proposes an increase in cultivated land by 4.2 million ha, of which 2.0 million ha and 1.25 million ha are proposed in Sudan and Egypt, respectively. As discussed in chapter III, Egypt already allocates around 50 per cent of its arable land for wheat, and with less than the world average per-capita share of arable land, and water withdrawal exceeding the sustainable renewable level, Egypt is considered both a land- and water-scarce country. Prospects for higher productivity are also not realistic given that Egypt falls within the high yield countries exceeding the world average by more than twofold.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	11258047b913dd7c618fce3930ba9e7c	From 2007 to 2014, over 3 000 migrants from 90 countries who speak over 40 languages have graduated from ULV. Evaluations have shown that the programme successfully increases migrant teachers’ chances of securing employment and increases their career-long salary (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2017(i2ij). However, participants also found the pathway to obtaining Swedish credentials long, especially after they undertook four years of training in their home countries (Hagrenius and Brunnander, 2015[i38i). Additionally, the requirements to enrol in ULV are sometimes not accessible to newly arrived immigrants, taking on average four to five years (from the day of arrival) for migrant teachers to enrol successfully in the programme.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	11262e324189d1387ecb7e78683e99d8	The papers that cover the period between the 1970s and early 2000s generally find a statistically significant relationship, where a 1% increase in unemployment decreases total mortality by between 0.3 to 1.1%. However, more recent papers that use similar methodologies but cover more recent time periods, are generally concluding that the relationship between overall mortality and unemployment is statistically insignificant (Mclnerney and Mellor,2012; Stuckler et al., Based on 17 separate cohort studies (with data from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) the meta-analysis showed that those with high levels of self-reported job insecurity were 1.32 times more likely to have a CHD event than those who reported low job insecurity.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	112656ca38f1cf7e1f09415e3a4ca5a6	Actions to fill these gaps should be focused on the Negev’s key niche, namely research, development, demonstration and testing in renewable energies technologies and water technologies. Although there are several good examples of cluster connections involving Negev’s clean-tech players, the sub-cluster nevertheless suffers from a relative lack of internal and external supplier-customer connections among firms, lack of innovation connections among firms and between research and industry, insufficient commercialisation of public research, few joint investments, little cross-disciplinary research, limited local and international brain circulation, and a lack of common foresight and common initiative. This plan would of course look further than the Negev in identifying necessary links to the rest of Israel and abroad.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1128da151d4d59cb4897c9bd83968039	Adequacy is related to the long run characteristics of an electrical system. In the last decade the long-term adequacy of the electrical system has been becoming an issue in many OECD countries due to a progressive slow-down in the investments in new dispatchable capacity, a growth in peak demand and increasing doubts about the ability of variable renewables to contribute to long-term system adequacy. The reliably available capacity takes into account the average availability of the power plant due to outages and maintenance shutdowns, the limitations to power output due to natural conditions (such as wind speed and direction, water temperature, precipitation and the solar irradiation factor) as well as the reserve capacity used for short-term balancing.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	112b8293e422b02b78c0c19cd4eec9a3	At the same time, DARD’s also give effect to the socio-economic development plans of the PPC. For example, the annex to the Tam Nong resolution on agriculture and rural development lists almost 20 distinct government agencies with roles to play. The Agency of Foreign Trade (Department of Export and Import) is responsible for issuing import, export, duty exemption and quota certificates, and managing tariff-rate quotas.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	112c8209a9c16399495a498b95ced3c4	New regulations on the pricing methodology, prepared by the MESP in 2011, contain provisions on reporting requirements that will enable indicator-based comparison between the utilities aiming at improving cost-efficient services and quality assurance. Better co-operation among municipal water utilities should be promoted to achieve economies of scale. Opportunities to associate smaller and poorer communities in such arrangements should be sought.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f11729d-en	112e6db7a72601f26dacc67f89694455	Furthermore, there is a substantial gap between material deprivation rates for the total child population and the children in the poorest decile. It is substantially higher in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Slovakia where the rates are respectively 88%, 73.6% and 76.5% for children in the poorest decile and 39.9%, 29.2% and 25.5 % for the total child population. Children in the bottom end of the income distribution are prone to a lack of a suitable place to study or do homework.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/18db943d-en	1130298cb3369006bc701c592ad09279	"One of the three main focus areas is early warning. For this reason it is important to build multi-hazard systems whose value can be demonstrated more regularly. Early warning systems for geophysical and hydrometeorological hazards, for example, have many components that can be shared - both for technology and human resources (Figure III-4). Integration can not only reduce costs but improve performance. As of 2014, the total annual cost to operate and maintain the IOTWS was approximately $90 million.39 To make the IOTWS more sustainable the members are taking a multi-hazard approach and have recommended that governments enshrine their financial commitment in legal frameworks and long-term policies. A.R. Subbiah, Lolita Bildan and Ramraj Narasimhan, 2008. """	13	2	6	0.5
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	11313489f42ed130c14e3a9eddcd857a	Such information has been collected, for example, in the German Socio-Economic Panel Household Survey. It is made up of five components that represent typical living expenses for a reference family of two adults and two children: food, clothing and footwear, shelter, transportation, and other necessary goods and services. The total cost of the basket is calculated for 49 geographical areas in the 10 Canadian provinces.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/c69de229-en	1133d0d57ca1d504e0f7e2170883e4ee	The average household size is also highly correlated with the youth dependency ratio - the number of young people under 15 years of age relative to the population of working age. The youth dependency ratio reflects changes in demographic structure, but is less relevant than the average household size for the assessment of the poverty risk at household level. For this reason and to limit collinearity problems, only the average household size variable is included in the selected model specifications.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	11342c20048da234f45dc7d928a9d27e	Several countries have revised their textbooks to remove stereotypes and bias so that children of both sexes are free to explore their interests and perceive the labour market as open to their contribution. However, schools in many education systems appear ill-equipped to ease pupils smoothly into further education and training or the labour market. Nor do they seem well positioned to ensure that girls consider careers in all fields, including computing, mathematics, physics, engineering, manufacturing and construction.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	11362f2aa78ee333a1f9a9f7059814c0	Moreover, as previously mentioned, an earlier ratification of the CEDAW is expected to be positively correlated with gender equality. Finally, greater access to education constitutes a way to move away from gender discrimination. Hence, looking at the effect of migration on gender inequality raises endogeneity issues.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	11369d033ac48e8f10cd521050908387	Improving energy efficiency is an important part of any energy conservation strategy. The main difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency is that reducing energy demand is the primary goal of energy conservation while improved energy efficiency aims to reduce the energy consumed in delivering a given energy service. A discussion on which is better - energy conservation or energy efficiency - is not relevant for this report.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	113720d6b6e8c357b42a4d40b4518e6b	In 1992, the Thailand government passed the energy conservation promotion act. In conjunction with this legislation, the energy conservation fund (ENCON) was created. The fund was established to stimulate financial sector involvement in EE projects and to simplify project evaluation and financing procedures.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1138fb67ffd9801996a22ee8362b33b5	This allows a rough and ready calculation of the surplus costs associated with two different levels of variable renewables both in absolute values and in euros per MWh.4 One finding from this comparison is that the results differ from country to country. This is due both to the different costs for renewables (both in terms of plant-level costs and grid costs) and the different structures of existing energy systems in OECD countries. Substituting a MWh produced by a high-variable cost gas plant overall produces a smaller economic loss than substituting a MWh produced by a low variable cost nuclear plant. It was said above that grid-level system costs constitute the monetisable portion of the external effects of different power generation technologies mediated by the electricity grid. Total system costs would also include thus external effects that would be difficult to monetise.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	113926556b932ebb7b87459ef782e07d	We generally know the strategies that households have at their disposal to cope with a shock. But we do not know for how long households can cope, under what condition and what they do if they have exhausted the available coping strategies. Regarding the predicted long-term global economic volatility, it is important to understand how households protect themselves given a volatile current and future environment.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	1139f9df5712b5b4a8fba54da813cd2e	"At the same time, a hydrogeological plan for soil protection and hydrogeological risk (called “Piano di assetto idrogeologico"", PAI) is also required. It has a different scope and separate approval procedures. Water must be metered before it can be charged for volumetrically. Metering is often required for permit holders, although limited evidence concerning actual implementation and control at the farm level could be identified."	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	113d5fb64cb3605e13214d703fc2411a	It reflects multiple deprivations faced by poor people in education, health and living standards. The index for each country indicates the percentage of the population that is multidimensionally poor adjusted by the intensity of the deprivation. Populations with a score of 50% or more are designated as suffering severe multidimensional poverty. It can also lead to violence when accepted roles or norms are threatened.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/86ec538f-en	114664ab203d7c16a1e9eb70f02852a1	Lack of coordination between national policies often results in situations where, for example, green actions are not complemented by skills development response and as a result, do not reach their potential (ILO 2011). On the other hand, lack of enforcement of SCP related policies, such as environmental legislation, precludes demand for green jobs or leaves qualified graduates unemployed (ibid.). While this is absolutely critical for some areas, such as policy making and strategic development, it remains relevant for any field of work.	12	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	1149c0f955e5a40617e1551b12dc9cc2	It can also comprise the assessment of the context and the identification of potential implementation difficulties. Ex post gender analysis: Gender analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme after it has been introduced or completed. The ex post gender analysis aims at examining whether the objectives of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme have been achieved. It also examines the long-lasting effects of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme on women and men.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	114a2b7b6b732426ba0395546221aa37	More than one in five elderly homeowners in Europe are still paying off their mortgages. In Switzerland, only 40% of older people are outright homeowners, compared to more than 90% in Hungary and the Slovak Republic, and around 80% in Australia, Chile and the United States. Yet, even among the poorest 10% of the elderly, almost 70% are homeowners. In Canada, more than 90% of over-70s in the highest income decile own their homes.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	114b199699da3526b2bbc9be83f06aa0	The forest sector already displays many green characteristics. However, the sector should become more “green”; indeed take the lead in certain respects. The Rovaniemi Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector, to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	114edfdb48434450e7480f5144f8686e	More generally, however, inequalities in health status and inputs reflect, among other factors, the levels of income and education that individuals and families command. Simply put, health inequalities are both manifestations and determinants of existing inequalities in various other economic and social dimensions. Inequity in health is shaped by social structure and by processes that need to be changed. “	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c79afc0d-en	114f1aca4e16022b961d558a09a79006	"This chapter lays out the objectives, background and conceptual framing of the report. It first introduces the discursive and policy changes or innovations that characterize the contemporary ""social turn"", a shift in ideas and policies that has reasserted social dimensions in development agendas since the World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, but often failed to support more transformative social change that addresses root causes of poverty, inequality and unsustainable practices. Section 2 presents the conceptual framework used in the report and identifies types of innovations that are potential drivers of change processes, and potential pitfalls in these processes."	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	11536ce79caaa1f7f93a4b585fbf63b5	Some OECD countries, such as Canada and the United States, have traditionally restricted regulations on land use, prohibiting mixed land use to avoid the negative externalities of differences in land use. Such zoning still makes sense in many places, although land-use regulations should be better co-ordinated to increase access on foot to local services and jobs. Deregulating zoning and introducing form-based zoning can be a way to revive urban centres, as can establishing mixed-use zones that allow both business and residential uses. This helps to reduce travel time to jobs and services, and to improve access on foot or by public transit for older people.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	11539ad7124a3743d3a06c846cffc185	"As stated by Ms Rionge, resilience or ""having a strong backbone that can handle challenges is the key to successful entrepreneurship"". In South Africa, up until the 1990s, legislation prohibited women from working underground. This changed in 2002 when the South African Mining Charter introduced quotas urging mining companies to employ a 10 per cent female staff quota (Mining.com 2014)."	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	11561f51fa3c8153605280e4b81f5d7c	As the result of trials for harmonization, the joint initiative on standards developing organization (SDO) global health informatics standardization [6] was established among six SDOs: ISO/TC 215[7], HL7 [8], CEN/TC 251 [9], CDISC [10], IHTSDO [11] and GS1 healthcare [12] to address and resolve long-term accumulated issues concerning gaps, overlaps, and counterproductive efforts. The ITU and World Health Organization (WHO) are strengthening coordination in technical areas for e-health standardization and uses of e-health protocols [17]. They also have gaps, overlapping, and counterproductive efforts, even in the case of joint collaboration groups.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	11575626b5899d79bd306b14da20d22c	For example, comparable data on many clinical indicators in primary care and inpatient care (e.g. infection rates, waiting times) is virtually inexistent at the system level. In specific areas, such as cancer care, there is a strong need for the collection of more detailed data on basic aspects of process and outcomes like survival rates, which are virtually non-existent even in the leading national institutions. Although SISPRO is gradually evolving into a usable platform for information on provider indicators, there seems to be little knowledge among the general public on the availability of that information and how such information could be used, for example, to compare IPS.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	1158555381c9c3e5ee1d82827c01cfe8	However, more highly-educated husbands do perform a larger share of household work, perhaps implying that education may lead men to be more open towards sharing die burden of unpaid work. However, data limitations did not allow this operation. Conversely, retired household members may be able to perform large amounts of household and care work, thus relieving other household members of some of this burden.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	11586afb1b293552e41c654c4cacea5a	Current priorities include health promotion and prevention, environmental health and the impact of migration. Tobacco and alcohol taxes are used to fund the national institute that tackles alcoholism and drug dependency, as well as funding CONAPAM (see above). The national strategy against non-communicable disease and obesity defines several targets, including a 12% reduction the prevalence of smoking, a 15% reduction in salt intake and a 2% reduction in childhood obesity levels before 2021.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	115b200cd1b88c48f24bf8e81a29269a	The need to provide support to ongoing co-management processes in the Mediterranean and build commitment for their multiplication across the region was also highlighted. Participants also considered as regional priorities the need to secure tenure rights and access to the resources for small-scale fishers as well as the establishment of capacity-building programmes devoted to supporting stakeholder roles in SSF co-management. In particular, lessons can be learned from the experience of MPAs with no-take zones and regulated buffer zones that have been successful in involving fishers in management decisions and in processes that both safeguard wild resources while also preserving the livelihoods on which small-scale fishers depend.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	115cc9e6537b2358b012ff31e9b0e82b	However, recent analysis suggests that farmers may not always view product price risk as a threat, but rather as an opportunity. Human risks, related to accidents and health, represent another permanent top source of risk. Recently, uncertainty about local laws and regulations has moved up in farmers’ ranking.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	11629f59c923d849b170f1763dd976dd	From this analysis, the level of ODA targeting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation as a principal objective was USD 15.2 billion in 2013-2014 (60% of the total), representing 18% of bilateral ODA, reflecting projects that primarily focus on climate change and representing what can be considered a “lower bound” of climate-related ODA (Figure 4). For the remaining 40% (USD 10.4 billion), climate change considerations are a significant objective, indicating the mainstreaming of climate objectives into development co-operation portfolios. Based on 2013-2014 figures, the majority of climate-related development finance targets mitigation (75%, including projects that target both mitigation and adaptation), while adaptation lags behind with 37% of the resources. Meanwhile, 12% of climate- related development finance is flowing to projects that target both adaptation and mitigation.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	11632ada2d18cb6ece8aa84411ddc2eb	This can be explained by rising demand for housing that cannot be satisfied. In the case of indigenous people, the relative deprivation gap increased from 1.7 to 1.8 times the national level between 2006 and 2010, while the ratio for the Afro-Ecuadorian population decreased from 1.3 to 1.1 over the same period. The first identifies whether individuals have health insurance (public or private), and they are defined as deprived if they have none.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	11643dbc74547437e5b6f411ff7541d8	Une grande majorite de personnes ayant repondu au questionnaire estiment qu’il y a encore beaucoup afaire pour remedier aux inegalites survenant lors de la grossesse et des conges de maternite, et que leurs universites demeurent des structures au sein desquelles trop peu de femmes occupent des postes a responsabilite. De nombreuses femmes se considerent comme etant moins actives que les hommes dans la gestion strategique de leur carriere, et es timent qu’elles doiventse comporter de la memefagon que les hommes afin de reussir. Elies pensent qu’elles ont toujours ete, au cours de Vhistoire et encore maintenant, dominees par les hommes dans leur domaine d’activite. Neanmoins, un relativement faible pourcentage d’hommes partagent cet opinion au regard des femmes, et leurs reponses sont souvent positives dans la perception qu’ils ont des uniuersitaires feminines.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/85b52daf-en	11645ce0f2801c963fb034e4a57dc237	The centre was instrumental in the development of the Moroccan climate change policy and national green investment plan and supported the elaboration of Morocco’s NDC (GIZ, 2016). Similarly, the donor-supported NDC Partnership, launched at COP 22, supports countries in the implementation of their NDCs through the facilitation of technical assistance; global knowledge platforms; and improved coordination and engagement with the private sector. A survey of DAC members in 2015 illustrated that a number of development providers are encouraging partnerships between private sector actors in their own countries with private sector actors in partner countries as a way of pursuing development outcomes and promoting their domestic private sector activities abroad (e.g. Sweden’s Swedpartnership, Finland’s Finnpartnership) (OECD, 2016a).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1165bd419b58fc680557190ce5bb22e8	Furthermore, the potential role of interconnections and demand response cannot be easily integrated in the indicator. Note that interconnections either can supply power to meet peak load or add additional demand to the existing peak load. Different definitions of peak generation and demand introduce some subjectivity in the determination of the indicator value.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	11683ce8722eed8fd78e47f736e9c8b1	Penang was the site of the European and Chinese capital in the rubber and tin trade. Revenue farm networks of Penang, i.e. opium trade links, stretched as far as Saigon, Hong Kong and China. At the apogee of the British period, Penang had become a regional educational hub for Islamic, English and Chinese education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	116c3016ca4554ef4268c8e1041440b3	This consideration is all the more compelling currently since fiscal consolidation has become urgent for many OECD countries. However, there may be a stronger case for retaining reductions of employer contributions which are targeted on low-wage workers since they may have important long-run benefits by permanently raising employment rates of some groups on the margin of the labour force (Phelps, 1994). While stock subsidies may be relatively easy to implement and relatively effective in supporting employment in the short-run, at least as compared with the employment effects of other forms of fiscal stimulus, the associated employment gains come at a significant cost in lost tax revenues.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80c5340c-885a9460-en	116c76fd8733d756569f4ab0ee475ae2	With broadband wireless networks and powerful new phones, consumers now have access anytime, anywhere, to increasingly sophisticated online applications and services. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP5) has played a key role in ensuring international standards for LTE. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home networking, and myriad other aspects of information and communications technology, hundreds of ITU standards allow systems to work - locally and globally.	9	0	3	1.0
10.30875/64b86eed-en	1170fdd568dc53726e4b1c6f8a19da49	According to responses received, 30 developing countries said they have a digital-related strategy. Out of this group, nearly all countries (29) said that they also have another type of strategy running in parallel, including national ICT development, e-government, e-commerce, telecommunications and broadband strategies (See figure 3 below).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	1175a19cd694c6d8dca3eeb43cb0088c	Expenditure per student in the Folkeskole varies across municipalities for a number of reasons. Expenditure might be high because inhabitants have a high income, because the municipality chooses to have a relatively high income tax rate, because of characteristics that increase the expenditure needs and thus the grants from the central government, and/or because a municipality chooses to prioritise the Folkeskole compared to other local public services. The central government steers in relation to the national goals set with the reform (see Chapters 1 and 3).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	117648c0ac89cfdfb4a508ea4531070d	Another contributing factor is that there are societal pressures not to expose private matters, with norms encouraging silence and subordination. Considering that the victims are young persons who depend upon their parents, they may not be capable of suing on their own. They will require the support and cooperation of their parents.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	1178e3e449330d0f1baa9b10866bed6f	While in South Africa labour force participation rates of men and women have been slowly converging, in 2011 there was still more than a 7 percentage point gender gap. Furthermore, as argued by De Brauw and Russel (2014), women’s labour market experience might also be affected by possible time outside the labour market due to childrearing or other domestic tasks (the responsibilities for which often fall disproportionately on women, see Blau and Kahn, 2013).1 Therefore, in the analysis in this chapter, women’s labour market experience is adjusted downwards by four years (see De Brauw and Russell, 2014). They may receive commission in return for the work or service they perform.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257344-en	117960805807d35a00eb0a9ca7fda336	Such analysis should focus on the environmental externalities associated with current resource consumption patterns and the economic benefits of addressing them. Appropriate indicators should be developed so that economic policy makers can track the contribution that resources make to economic development. Moreover, it is argued that some of these benefits can be achieved at no or low cost to the companies that implement them.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	1179bdbcca2888ac574fbe852ea796a2	Lastly, increased environmental challenges, such as intense energy consumption, air quality and water management, require urgent remedies. However, no universal panacea exists, and sectoral approaches are not always effective. Instead, it could be helpful to formulate a solution encompassing diverse urban components that reflect different urban contexts. The lens of “urban form” is one way to approach building an effective package of policies. Such urban forms can include how places are planned, how connections between places are laid out and how people are involved in urban activities (OECD, 2013a).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a22d206d-en	117c001ce2fe3c1148d63762d956b211	Because of this, women risk losing their right to use the land in the event of divorce or their husband’s death. Infact,in some areas, widows are obliged to marry one of their deceased husband's brothers in order to maintain their land use rights (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit Gmbh, 2013). Countries must also put in place fair and effective land titling and registration systems that can facilitate the use of land as collateral. This can be a challenge in many developing countries, where land administration institutions often lack the personnel and resources necessary to reach women in rural areas.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	117c422a828d2df81d67772d3d73fd95	This requires that they set objectives, create reporting mechanisms and fiscal rules, audit and monitor cities’ finances, and eventually, take corrective measures if necessary. The design of such systems is likely to vary a great deal from country to country as a result of the enormous differences in fiscal systems, municipal competences and constitutional architecture. Since states/provinces/regions are usually responsible for setting fiscal rules and monitoring local governments’ finances in federal and quasi-federal countries, there can even be differences within them.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa683360-en	117eb763f18afe51444ced7a271c66e9	Rapists do not rape because they want to have sex and many rapists may also have partners with whom they engage in consensual sex. Sexual deviance and character traits form the motives for rapists’ behaviours. Their sexual deviance may cause them to be aroused by exploiting the physical and/or psychological vulnerabilities in their victims, whether they result from intoxication or physical or mental disabilities.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	117ef4f2a323f99bbe6f441781261aed	The studies also found that rural poverty would be cut much more than urban poverty in all cases, whether from reform at home or abroad, and whether or not it included non-farm goods. However, it cannot be guaranteed that every developing country would be better off unless there is a strong economic growth dividend from reform (not captured in the comparative static modelling used in the present study). Inequality within the rural or the urban household grouping would not alter much following full trade reform, suggesting that the predominant impact of trade reform would be to reduce urban-rural inequality.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bb63671b-en	11828a494147d4179371963e85194822	The presence of young children in Models 1 and 2 results in table 3 indicate that while both husbands and wives spend more time on housework when there are young children in the home, die magnitudes are much larger for wives (about 89 minutes per day) compared to husbands (about 30 minutes per day). Additionally, the presence of retired (older) family members appears to reduce the wife's household work by 24 minutes per day and increase their time on market work by 16 minutes per day. On the other hand, they have no statistically significant impact on die husbands' time use. Focusing on Model 2, which uses die age and education gaps as bargaining power proxies, the results indicate that a greater age gap (higher bargaining power of the husband) leads to an increase in his and his wife's share of household work.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	11831d7b764fb1f4d98759bbce72831a	This implies that both men and women in poor households need to work to make ends meet, while this is not necessary for rich households. This implies that the relative affluence of the household is a determining factor in the labour force participation of women {Tablen-10). In the case of female only worker households, the lower and higher deciles have higher percentages of workers,implyingthat they can beat bothextremes {Table 11-11).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	1186f38c8e9a1857c032faf1032fc8a8	To reduce the amount of waste generated and increase the share of waste that is recycled and reused as material or energy source are central to sustainable consumption and production and natural resource management. The final disposal of waste in the environment, even if in a controlled manner, creates pollution and occupies considerable land areas. Relevant statistics cover the amount of waste generated by different sources that are economic activities (by ISIC categories) and households.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	1186ff53e6d28d39dc8e326f3d4c5c8b	In the mitigated scenario, the annual costs for increasing irrigation capacity are estimated to be USD 8 billion in 2030 and USD 12 to 14 billion in 2050. For climate change projections, two GCM models were used: i) Hadley and ii) CSIRO. The SRES A2 scenario was used as a proxy of unmitigated climate and SRES B1 as a proxy of partly mitigated climate.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	118941db3ec15d09324c369ed40ea57d	Moreover, a need for additional agricultural land for bioenergy production - at the expense of naturally vegetated land - will increase water demand and affect hydrological cycles (Berndes, 2002; Rowe et al., Similarly, climate policies aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels provide an incentive to increase the amount of hydro, w'ind and solar power, which may lead to increased land use, e.g. from flooded areas behind dams. Thus, both “renewable” power and large scale bioenergy production have substantial land claims and affect both water and energy, and thus interact within the land-water-energy nexus (Ringler et al.,	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	118aa0c64b446f0d92edce43d4bbf1a6	The activities differ considerably in their stage of development: some are relatively advanced while others are still in their infancy. To bring them on stream on a scale that would allow them to contribute in a meaningful way to global prosperity, human development, natural resource management and green growth will require considerable research and development (R&D) effort, investment and coherent policy support. The obvious - and in some cases less obvious -differences between land and sea have important implications as to how human activities are managed in the two very different environments. Nonetheless, although these differences affect the context and outcomes of marine operations, many of the concepts and techniques deployed in marine planning and management tend to be borrowed from practices on land.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	118afd2d30deb8c87f760157de6ea992	Conversely, a speed reduction of the recirculation pump would decrease the coolant flow, thus increasing coolant temperature and the core void fraction. The overall result is a decrease in core reactivity. The main advantage of this method is that the power distribution in the core is not changed, contrary to the case of regulation with control rods.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	118c9af6cd49d230a2a91da2e488017f	When renting a house in the informal market, tenants can be denied access to public services such as health and education, which is particularly damaging to migrants. While a number of possible strategies to boost the rental housing market could be proposed, it will be important for Kazakhstan to begin with broad measures targeting the fiscal, regulator}' and legal framework, to ensure a more balanced treatment between rental housing and home ownership. These efforts should be prioritised in a coherent national policy for rental housing. Authorities should proceed with caution. Peppercorn and Taffin (2013) suggest that the introduction of a more robust rental policy component to housing policy should be properly sequenced: first, assessment; second, legal; third, tax; fourth, finance; and fifth, subsidies. Kazakhstan needs to define a rental housing policy approach.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	118d8530e7234cb9e44e913f6cae5678	Also, civil service officers who meet with the engaged couple -and these officers are almost always men - tend to show little enthusiasm for such clauses and often do not mention the possibility of including them. Even when a bride manages to have these clauses included, it often takes several years of court proceedings to ensure their application and to punish any violation. A woman going out to work may be viewed as a proof that her husband cannot bear the household expenses alone.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	118eab7dcebeaf85488c5f67d1a11445	"The disincentives for individuals to invest in education and training that are created by Ihe general design of the tax system can be mitigated with targeted tax concessions. In most OECD countries, employers may fully deduct the costs of employer-sponsored training for income-tax purposes in the year the costs are incurred. Such ""expensing"" is similar to business expenditure on intangibles, such as advertising and R&D, but more generous than investment in buildings and machinery where tax relief is spread over time, in line with the assumed rale of depreciation of assets."	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	1191a2cd7ee3a89a4b3eec983b626969	Recognizing the benefits of Canadian storage to power generation in the United States, the treaty also entitled Canada to half of the additional power generation in the United States. This issue arises typically between riparian countries that share a transboundary river, lake, or sea. This kind of situation is even more challenging when the dynamic is narrowly focused on allocating specific water quotas and absolute values, rather than a percentage of available flow.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	11921d14d19345d3d2bbc3a93c735bc1	Civic pressure alone is not enough, however; there must also be receptivity on the part of the state for change to happen. Analysis reveals that there is a powerful association between the character of the state-religion relationship and the degree of gender equality in family law. In countries where the state plays an active role in upholding religious practices, doctrines and institutions, family law tends to discriminate against women. In contexts where political and ecclesiastical institutions are more separated, family law tends to be more egalitarian.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	11925ad1dfeaa9f490a81f0699b5d504	Each municipality must ensure that the development (expansion and densification) established by its PRC can be effectively supplied with the necessary public services (i.e. sanitation, transportation, energy infrastructure and other services). The plan is developed and approved by the Municipal Council (Consejo Municipal) after a process of public consultation with the community, including public hearings in those neighbourhoods that might be the most affected by the plan, and with the municipality’s Council of Civil Society Organisations (Consejo Comunal de Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil). After the local government approves the Plan, it must be approved by MINVU’s SEREMI in the region.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	119274ec013c26bd64bda5d98c528540	One is to ensure that growth is achieved sustainably. Some environmental issues, such as deforestation, have long attracted policy attention, while others, such as air and water pollution, and climate change, are becoming more prominent. Another societal objective in a country where poverty is still high is to reconcile agricultural growth - and the pressure that structural adjustment places on small farmers - with poverty reduction goals.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264044135-3-en	1193195f7d83affe0d987b925fff80ad	Those who are not taking climate change into consideration will be out of business in the long run. Wal-Mart's CO2 emissions are about one third of Denmark’s, and when including suppliers, almost three times larger than that of Denmark’s. When a company like that takes action, it can really make a difference. And Wal-Mart expects it to be good business, of course.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c530cc54-en	1194104556f90a29fe8b0c15d1e5cc87	13This section discusses how landmark political change in the two countries led first to the emergence of new social norms and the underpinning ethical perspectives embedded in their Constitutions, and then to a refocusing of welfare institutions on poverty and inclusion. The new constitutions represented a renewal of their social contracts, and especially democratisation, citizenship, and social policy. They involved a significant expansion of social and economic rights now associated with enhanced citizenship, and included an explicit recognition of the right to social protection and assistance. Brazil has a population of 195 million, gross national income per capita of 11,000 US$ (PPP) and a life expectancy at birth of 73 years.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/76afd318-en	11942e1f58e24f9fb15687696241c8c9	However, it is still reported in a number of countries at high levels. Whether for burning the food, venturing outside without telling their husband, neglecting children or arguing with their husband, in quite a few countries a very high percentage of women consider such behaviour sufficient grounds for being physically hit. More than half of rural households and about a quarter of urban households in sub-Saharan Africa lack easy access to drinking water.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264091269-en	11962866d2872a049246bbbb40a212d1	Similarly, the countries that participated in the second wave of collection between 2006 and 2008 will be referenced as 2008. These countries include Australia, Hungary, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. There is no arbitrary standard distinguishing adults who have or do not have skills. For example, many previous studies have distinguished between adults who are either “literate” or “illiterate”.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	1197ee10dd97e452085939e28cf181f7	However, the 1991 liberalisation of the electricity market, the creation of Nord Pool in 2001, and the European Union rules have reduced the possibility to differentiate energy prices at the local level, and levelled out transmission charges across the country. So what had been a major driver to produce hydro power in rural areas - attracting energy intensive firms - cannot be replicated by RE sectors, and their role within rural economy is still unclear. This is evident in wind energy (Aspen, 2011).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	11986ed6049e87a65def7cb438a0e60b	In other southern European countries, Portugal and Spain, poverty reduction for NSW households was also modest. Figures represent the difference between the poverty rate for disposable income and for market income in percentage points. For Korea market income refers to after tax before public social and government tranfers and is not comparable with the other countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	119a2dc7d70eb1c84b67256becd76787	The subsidy rates for beef, milk, poultry and eggs are differentiated by the various feeding systems and other technological criteria, with more technologically advanced production eligible for higher rates (Table 2.4). The afeimats are responsible for developing and approving lists of eligible producers. Producers submit monthly information on the volumes sold and must provide documents to show proof of sales. The eligibility condition was that the products be delivered for processing. These output payments were budgeted and paid for one year only, and ceased thereafter.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	119b3368b29be421c1c3aec66858b34e	Human capital is not only a determinant of economic growth and productivity, it is also one of social cohesion and well-being because with higher-level skills and quality jobs, people tend to live healthier. Rural areas of the state tend to be more marginalised than the urban, particularly metropolitan, areas. Territorial disparities are also noticed in students’ school performance as children living in the central and southern parts of the state tend to perform more poorly than those living in the northern part of Morelos.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	11a01f0e574bbb40bab64f97ad2120a4	In Australia, despite excellent information and reporting systems on school performance and programme outcomes, a coherent structure for systematically registering and individually monitoring early school leavers is lacking. Only young people receiving benefits and under a programme participation obligation are followed by the DHS/Centerlink. There is no obligation for schools to co-operate with social and health service providers and exchange information. There is no obligation for local authorities to offer alternative learning options and follow up on those who refuse to or cannot go back to school.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	11a0a5588f27980ef606ddb97bc04d66	The GEF has announced new climate finance commitments of US$3 billion from across its focal areas, with at least US$300 million being dedicated to coastal and marine issues over the next four years. Another US$250 million will flow through the GEF's Sustainable Forest Management/REDD+ Incentive Mechanism, which will mobilize US$750 million in grants from other focal areas to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, while supporting the role of forests in national and local sustainable development plans. Some US$45 million will address the key global drivers of deforestation by expanding the supply of sustainably managed commodities, while more than US$116 million will help to improve food security, strengthen resilience and enhance carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa (Box 26). The US$116 million programme seeks to safeguard ecosystem services by promoting the integrated management of natural resources through projects in 12 countries. The projects will help smallholders to become more resilient to climate change by improving soil health and access to drought-tolerant crop varieties, adjusting planting periods and cropping portfolios, and enhancing on-farm agrobiodiversity.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	11a125cc1fa38ed6e350f430e5548d7e	It is important to highlight that these apply predominately with climate-related aid in mind. There is limited understanding of how the aid effectiveness principles relate to private climate finance mobilised through development finance - and the degree to which private climate finance mobilised by public sector efforts is accountable. For instance, mainstreaming climate change considerations into national development plans may involve introducing carbon-pricing mechanisms that can help to level the playing field between fossil fuel and low-carbon investments (e.g. Morden, 2013 and GoSA, 2013). Capacity development (i.e. strengthening the enabling environments and national capacities to effectively manage climate finance, as well as the international co-operation and partnerships needed to support country ownership) is critical, as outlined in the Busan Partnership for Action on Climate Finance and Development Effectiveness10 (2011).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	11a332f849625162b20aaecd43059046	Employment and Labour Force data come from Bureau of Labor Statistics (revised as of July 2011). The higher level (Territorial level 2) consists of macro-regions, while the lower level (Territorial level 3) is composed of micro-regions in the 30 OECD member countries. These levels are officially established, relatively stable and are used in most countries as a framework for implementing regional policies.	7	4	0	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	11a36fbc40d81b14f2b43638ea37faa1	All parties are left to establish their own national policy framework to achieve the commitments outlined in such NDCs. Countries are also required to report emissions, with progress reviewed by a 'facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive' independent review system against common metrics still to be defined, with flexibility given to developing countries in light of their weaker capacity to collect and report data. They have therefore agreed to convene a 2018 facilitative dialogue to inform the next round of commitments.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	11a43c0061379f4d6f4b0caf4fe049b8	For a household with two adults and two children, the threshold level of income guaranteed by the RSI has dropped from 62% of the poverty line in 2009 to 46% in 2013. The changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty, since most of the affected incomes below the poverty line. However, the reforms have made the poor poorer.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	11a80804ded20cb01fcd55057428c0f4	For example, REDD+ (Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is a framework through which developing countries are rewarded financially for forest protection actions which lead to a measured decrease in the conversion of forests to other land uses. The program now also includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Financial incentives are not yet compelling enough to drive forest-friendly development in a number of countries, however.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	11a8556dc18a21c00b0f792e3e4998b3	Food insecurity is more often the result of limited access to food. As explained by A. Sen (1981), “starvation is a matter of some people not having enough food to eat, and not a matter of there being not enough food to eat”. Thus, investments in food production systems need to be complemented by programmes designed to increase the incomes of the poor, as well as social protection and safety nets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	11af7603ae036352f8ea349bccf6c0ea	The proactive government policies include: automatic stabilizers that sustain household consumption amid shocks, such as unemployment benefits for workers and agricultural price support and insurance for small farms'1; active macroeconomic policies to restore confidence, such as targeted cash transfers and bank deposit insurances; building and maintaining ample fiscal space; and structural and medium-term policies, such as a shift towards countercyclical fiscal policies and deepening domestic financial markets.' Panel B in figure C shows the positive impact on GDP for each country through the application of proactive fiscal and financial policies. The magnitude of the output loss arising from policy uncertainty in the advanced economies can be moderated by an average of 75%. This reduction in the adverse impact of policy uncertainty can offer significant relief to citizens in terms of preserving jobs.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/187200fa-en	11b113617974d129b1226a71620830ed	There shall be no discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. The need for, and the application of, such measures shall always be subject to review by a judicial or other authority. Providing for such needs in order to accomplish substantial gender equality shall not be regarded as discriminatory. They constitute the fundamental principles which are valid in all systems and prisons worldwide, and apply to all prisoners without discrimination. In addition, as mentioned earlier, due to their small numbers, women are often housed in prisons far away from their homes, which hinders the maintenance of links with their families and children, with a particularly harmful effect on their mental wellbeing and social reintegration prospects.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	11b228757a54f0b18ede6ca7d39ad716	Once these external costs are internalized and thus taken into consideration in the calculations of polluters and natural resource users, markets operate more efficiently and help improve social welfare through better allocation. Environmental taxes can also raise additional revenues and boost fiscal space, contributing to the need of developing countries to invest in infrastructure and other measures to pursue the SDGs and increase resilience to climate change impacts. In OECD countries, environmental taxes have already been widely used to decouple GHG emissions from economic growth and raise revenues for green investment. Similarly, in many developing economies, environmental taxes have been implemented to reduce pollution, foster conservation and reduce GHG emissions - as exemplified by taxes on fossil fuels in Costa Rica (see Cottrell et al. In countries that already raise substantial revenue from environmental taxes, review and administrative improvement can enhance the performance of such taxes and ensure that their positive environmental impacts are maximized, as exemplified by the efforts of China to reform its system of pollution charging into a more efficient system of environmental taxation.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	11b647f95606392aa8a6d96cee9d8312	"This can be interpreted as this price having an “average"" deviation or variation of 25% above or below the mean. The main advantage of the CV is that is can be compared across variables that are measured in different units, for instance a CV of prices can be compared with a CV of yields. The degree of co-movement between two variables is measured by the covariance, which can also be normalized into a coefficient of correlation."	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	11b7e9e7cb7fdb1359db3fa92844f1e4	Teacher education provides them with adequate curriculum knowledge and planning skills. Moreover, the importance of curriculum design in teacher practice has helped shift the focus of professional development from fragmented in-service training towards more systemic, theoretically grounded school- wide improvement efforts. The Finnish education system was highly centralised until the early 1990s.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	11beeb2465bc90deabb74c990d0c5410	Only groundwater abstraction was charged since the goal of this policy was to increase the price of groundwater so that surface water would be used instead. The tax was administered by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Environmental Tax Unit. The system also raised complaints from water-intensive industries since the groundwater tax was different for industries supplied by water companies and for those with selfextraction, hence raising competitiveness issues.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283404-en	11bff9f416f49e6795ab4c91a6bca82a	According to WHO calculations, in the same year, one in ten households in Greece experienced catastrophic out-of-pocket spending,8 rising to nearly one in three for the poorest households. Physicians’ density in 2014 varied from 2.9 per 1000 population in Western Macedonia and Central Greece to 8.6 per 1000 in Attica (ELSTAT, 2016) (Figure 14). One innovative project co-financed by the EU, the National Telemedicine Network, harnesses the power of telemedicine to reach patients living in remote areas (Figure 15).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	11c5fe3c1c2068c3727bebe7b543505a	If the planned reform succeeds, the Swedish “hourglass” will change, particularly at the subnational level, as a stronger county level could be a better partner for municipalities in regional development issues. The County Council’s responsibility for regional development became permanent in 2010 and at that time two additional regions received development competences. Six years later, ten more County Councils have the responsibility for regional development (including public transport and culture), on top of public healthcare. The result has been a strongly context-dependent approach to regional governance rather than a “one-size-fits-all” approach.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	11caf1a36e02ca171c3312584ed17ed6	In addition, the departmental structure of public administration, organising its functions into specific national Ministries, was seen to encourage vertical silos that were weak in working across departmental boundaries and addressing cross-cutting policy challenges. The lack of integration and co-ordination that this government department structure generated at the national centre was accentuated at the regional level. For the national centre, this meant that public policy was designed without sufficient input from the regions and that its delivery in the regions was insufficiently connected to maximise its effectiveness. The aims of the GORs were then, first, to co-ordinate policy and investment by the central government departments at the regional level and, second, to act as the ‘eyes and ears’ of central government in monitoring and relaying information from the regions back to the central national departments (Performance and Innovation Unit 2000).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	11cb7e418439e1c09c63552d0ccf5724	In the wake of the amendments, the 2012 elections saw women win more than one-third of seats in both houses for the first time in Mexico’s history. In 2014, wider-ranging debate on electoral reform led to the revision of Article 41 of the Constitution, which now requires parties to enforce gender parity among their election nominees. The remaining 200 representatives are elected using the proportional representation system through closed party lists in five districts of 40 seats each.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	11cbc25487edcfbbba4beabd2bf34e5f	Furthermore, across OECD countries temporary work tends to lower wages at the bottom of the earnings distribution, while the effect is often neutral at the top, thereby contributing to increased individual earnings inequality. And Chile is no exemption. Evidence shows that earnings gaps between permanent and temporary workers are significantly larger at the bottom of the wage distribution (the so-called sticky-floor effect) (Bosio, 2014; Santangelo, 2011).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	11ccb89728a21067731706859ad5e916	The Ministry for Sustainable Development of the State of Morelos has designed a strategy for the integrated management of wastewater treatment and solid waste (Estrategia de Gestidn Integral de Residuos Solidos, GIRSEM) through which it put in place wastewater treatment policies. Over 133 000 additional people now benefit from sanitary sewerage services, which represents a sewerage system covering 96% of the state's total population (INEGI, 2015c). Currently there are 43 in working condition.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/62212c37-en	11cf122e57dfdfa8aa995d8076b4342c	"The ""Studio Thinking"" rubric was arguably more focused on the visual arts habits of mind than the initial domain-general OECD rubric. And the ""five creative habits of mind"" rubric was commonly used by Creative Partnerships programmes. As there was indeed some alignment between those rubrics, this departure from the project protocol was fine for a development project - but it would raise issues of ""fidelity of implementation"" in a validation or efficacy study. In Hungary, the school network implementing the Creative Partnerships pedagogy proposed an interesting alternative: the team used both the comprehensive domain-general OECD rubric and the ""five creative habits of mind"" rubric, but for different purposes."	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/223159ab-en	11d1b58d952bb7145e82390a67671d3a	With a few exceptions for some countries in some years, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced steady improvements in life expectancy at birth in both genders since 2005 (Figure 5.1). Life expectancy in males showed greater variation between countries than in females, although the convergence between countries over time has also been greater in males. Life expectancy trends in the remaining EU countries also showed improvements since 2005, but with some erratic changes in recent years (Figure 5.2).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	11d46eeb190fa6aabe7ca44200cb1eb6	Policy makers are also concerned about ensuring service and staff quality, as well as making information on quality transparent. A variety of tools are used that could be appropriate for different purposes. A wide range of well-developed tools is available for this purpose. To facilitate the transition and support the child, child records are shared with primary schools in the majority of jurisdictions. Holistic narrative assessments are also common.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/859159ab-en	11d6f06ba89b9442b375af6f4e991390	The methodology for the assessment relied on desk research reviewing OECD publications, research papers, and national and subnational smart city strategies obtained through government websites. At the national level, the assessment considered not only explicit or dedicated national smart city strategies but also national development plans and strategies, since in many countries elements of smart city strategies are incorporated into the broader framework of these plans and strategies. It found that all of the countries studied have included an element of smart city development in their national development plans and strategies.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	11dcff1c45cf96d5b0cce637fc6bbe10	Like other RSE countries it had its own list of work-ready workers. Mr Apple has fourteen orchards (the largest produces 350,000 cartons each year), three packhouses (which pack 2.5 million cartons of apples each year) and one coolstore. During the harvest season its workforce reaches over 1,500, with seasonal workers from many countries.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	11e0c3887ac113e6090d1c2eda34f95c	Similarly, the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer is likely to be smaller in the case of SPs in comparison with general CTs, especially if this is administered by a social security agency rather than a welfare one. Compared with other social benefits such as unemployment benefits or cash transfers discussed in Parts A and B, health benefits per se provide no income to beneficiaries and are thus not likely to affect the labour supply directly. However, the financing of health benefits, when at least partly based on taxes weighing directly and exclusively on labour, such as social contributions, can have an impact on labour market outcomes.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3adc8369-en	11e18aeda202ab60b081f8930a9d94b4	It is clear, as pointed by one of the referees, that investing more resources in a search of the literature would likely yield an even greater number of linkages than are documented here. This has to be kept in mind when reading the paper. The dimensions that SDG 17 encompasses (finance, capacity building, trade, information and communications technology and data, monitoring and accountability) are relevant to most of the targets under SDG 14. In particular, financing and capacity building have been identified as important across the set of SDG 14 targets (UN, 2017).	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	11e4c2cd9af926b8c73f1f2bcdc56a14	These three major classes are now used as a standard for international maps of groundwater resources (Figure 1.7). The International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) has defined 36 global groundwater regions divided into 217 groundwater provinces (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). These divisions were developed focusing on the predominant characteristics of groundwater systems in continental regions. There are four main categories of groundwater regions: basement regions (B), sedimentary basins (S), high relief folded mountains regions (M), and volcanic regions (V).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	11e4fc23fbb4c61d67de60cf72a610fb	Similar issues have been raised in the food safety area as have been raised in relation to eco-labels and certification. What are the various roles of the public and private sector in food safety governance? How are costs divided amongst the various stakeholders? And what are the impacts on small-scale operators and developing countries if they fail to meet public let alone private sector requirements?	14	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264298644-en	11eb63f440085904baf1f72439aae731	This is not what they were supposed to do in the new system. As mentioned by stakeholders, often 3-year programmes are just a compact version of what was done in 4- or 5-year single cycle programmes, in place before the “3+2” reform. Quality requirements have also been generally lowered to increase the number of 3-year graduates.	4	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	11ed456df853a192cd01dea84b05e90c	The study also focused on the importance of cultural heritage as a factor attracting people to stay in the region. According to the study, about 60% of the tourists visited Raros because ofthetown's cultural heritage. In addition, around 40% of guests attending conferences stayed in Raros due to the cultural heritage of the town.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	11f0079c8f54b7cdf4b92a43d061fd23	In the tri-state region, key institutional players, whether in the universities or the private sector, should seek to identify and maximise the role of innovation brokers to enhance innovation capacity in priority business clusters region-wide. There are significant variations in the nature of technologies or innovations, product lifecycles, skills gaps and other factors that are cluster specific. Successful examples from other OECD countries, such as the 0resund region (Box 3.4) which builds around a range of innovation platforms, can serve as example.	7	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264303119-en	11f0f21873c5acf3e10d3ab9edb7cfe3	It may have been optimistic to presume that the frank imposition of fiscal measures, based on precisely monetisable social costs and the resulting tax adjustments that would bring social and private, market-based costs in line, could be routinely implemented in all circumstances. Yet, converging results from a number of broad-based and well-balanced studies have all implied that much stronger action than countries have been willing to contemplate - at the very least on air pollution and the reduction of climate change risks - is required to move towards economic optimality. The widespread lack of a meaningful carbon tax in many countries is a case in point. Stronger technical regulations, market creations, subsidies, improved transparency and reduced legal and institutional transaction costs, however, are all available as part of an arsenal of measures that can be used where the straightforward imposition of Pigouvian taxes remains elusive because of political obstacles resulting from distributional concerns. The well-being of their citizens and the welfare generated by their economies depend on it.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	11f145731544b06621db8c2df0f4e4fb	In addition to steps planned by the Norwegian Government, minimum mental health service provision guidelines for municipalities, as well as established patient pathways from primary care, may strengthen access to appropriate specialist services - such as CBT or other talking therapies - for mild-to-moderate disorders across the country. The systematic recording of waiting times for patients following a referral to psychological therapies, published alongside Norway’s existing data on waiting times and referral to depression services, may be a further way of effectively appraising unmet need and disparities across the country. For these individuals, good co-ordination of care, good follow-up in the community following hospitalisations, appropriate long-term support, and sensitivity to patient requests and treatment needs are important parts of securing high-quality care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	11f6dd86c3f089f687ce244436c228f3	The system covers many common nationwide trade skills, in a large variety of industrial sectors. Since its introduction in FY 1959, about 4 million people have become certified skilled workers, and every year there are about 200 000 additional applicants for skills certification (MHLW, 2006; and 2007). These figures suggest, however, that only about 5% of the current workforce is certified.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	11f7745827a29a7297e209bbd87397ad	Scientific studies have calculated that the production of one pair of jeans requires around 8000 litres of water (Water Footprint Network, 2012). Few people realise that when buying a pair of new jeans they are in fact using up as much water as they would normally be drinking over a period of almost 11 years (assuming that an average person drinks two litres of water per day). Similar calculations show for example that the production of one cup of coffee requires 130 litres of water (Water Footprint Network, 2012). Few couples that are getting married know that between 4 to 100 tonnes of rock (Valdivia & Ugaua 2012) had to be mined in order to provide the 10 grams of gold needed to make two plain wedding rings.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	11f7d52783100ab58ba653dfe2515ad0	Although all Swedish citizens are entitled to subsidised mental health care, flat-rate charges are set by the counties, and variation can be significant depending on the region. Nonetheless, outpatient care covered by this system has a relatively low individual payment cap (nationally applied) on what people can be required to pay out of pocket (about EUR 100 per year). Inpatient care operates slightly differently, and this payment ceiling does not apply in such cases, although there is a national cap on daily charges (about EUR 9 per day). Private care - operating completely separately from the public sector - has no regulations or limitations on what can be charged (Melke, 2010). The growing concern is that this is not only financially unsustainable, but also harms overall quality of care, as rotating doctors leads to a lack of treatment continuity, and creates more difficult working conditions, which in turn discourages individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry (see section 4.l.i) (OECD, 2013).	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	11f840463310f8de1b1e103f6e58d52f	Over the same period, this was faster than the average annual growth of coal (1.6 per cent), crude oil (1.5 per cent) and natural gas (1.2 per cent). The growth of modern renewables from 1990 to 2008 was much slower than historical expansions of coal, at 5 per cent per year from 1850 to 1870; oil extraction, at 8 per cent per year from 1880 to 1900; and natural gas production, at 8 per cent per year from 1920 to 1940. Modern renewables (half of which was wind power) accounted for 3 per cent of global electricity production in 2008. Solutions that do not build on the prevailing prime movers and existing energy infrastructure will require decades to make significant dents in the primary energy mix.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/08756197-en	11fb36e82cef3da786041ffc8a86bd11	State control of ventures means the monitoring of the whole chain of food production, inspecting sanitary-hygiene norms, and organoleptic checks of ready products. The programme takes into account previous results and non-compliance cases. Large enterprises are inspected every year and, in the event of non-compliance, the enteiprise will be inspected again.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	11fc32b55895e995acbd72c2597a3d7f	Under climate change, current rainfed crops may require irrigation to maintain reasonable productivity, and current irrigated crops may have a larger or smaller irrigation requirement (FAO, 2011). Doll (2002) predicted a slight increase in global crop water requirements, but significantly less than other comparable works which tend to estimate an increase by 5-20% (Fischer et al., Recently, climate projections to 2070-2099 by Zhang and Cai (2013) indicate contrasting results across countries: lower water requirements can be expected in some regions of the world such as Africa, Australia and China; while in regions such as Europe, North India, eastern South America and eastern United States higher crop water requirements are projected. These results are subject to the land use types (rainfed or irrigated) and the uncertainty involved in the assessment approaches.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/sti/outlook-2012-11-en	12019050e5716a86289d0f618e598f0e	Thus, a policy mix concept can be used ex ante to assess the fit or lack thereof of new policy measures as well as ex post to evaluate the performance and fit of an existing array of policies. The effectiveness of a policy instrument almost always depends upon its interaction with other instruments. These are often designed at different times and for somewhat different purposes.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	1203e4de66ce34dda8898dd1dfaa046d	In modern times frontier science has been able to avert dangers posed by extreme climatic events and new pests and diseases in ways that traditional knowledge alone could not have matched. The biological control of the cassava mealy bug in Africa by the use of a pathogen imported from South America is an excellent example of modern science contributing to the protection of a traditional farming system. Many authors have decried the loss of the vast range of landraces that were used by many traditional farmers as a protection measure against climate extremes and pest and disease threats. Much of the world’s rice now comes from a tiny number of improved cultivars, most of them highly dependent on fertilizers and pesticides.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	1205e2773954d275370d452c6af99631	Beyond this the ejido system of collective land ownership ensures that small farmers cannot be driven off their land. But small parcels of land also limit the ability of operators to move to more productive farming. The ejido system results in a semi-subsistence form of farm production, because it is hard to make land improvements, hard to obtain credit and hard to expand the enterprise.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	120b45ee266c5562ee5db1da501f8678	Then, Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for the background data used in the multivariate analysis. The SIGI is a composite index that measures gender-based discrimination in social institutions taking into account formal and informal laws as well as attitudes and practices that discriminate against women in five dimensions: discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, and restricted civil liberties.9 The SIGI takes into account de jure (legal) as well as de facto (actual) situations. As such, it offers several advantages over other measures of social institutions, such as Women Business and Law (World Bank, 2015) or the CIRI women's right measures (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010) that focus only on the de jure situation.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3a98e5b4-en	120de79e7c743a9b998df3c1fa1d9ec8	In fact, the United Nations Law of the Sea was a point of discussion during the historic first meeting ofthe Forum in 1971.'Through the Forum, the Pacific region already has a collaborative and integrated ocean management system in place. It strengthens the Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy, particularly through stronger provisions in the areas of coordination, resourcing and implementation. It also aspires to protect, manage and sustain the cultural and natural integrity of the ocean for present and future generations of the broader global community.5 At its heart is a desire to build pride, leadership, learning and cooperation across the ocean environment.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/857c81f8-en	120f00986b4661bb7fd01e64b51f0eb9	"Auctioning rights to existing operators or new ones have therefore made little sense at the time. The reference to recent historical activity in the allocation process ensures that the quotas are assigned to the active vessels. However, the original ""gifting"" is an often-debated point and is often mitigated by setting a time duration on the allocation. What will happen at the end of the set time period is often left open, and in most cases the existing allocations have simply been renewed."	14	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	120f6ec2b970fc308021b26ad9e5f9c0	The key is to integrate their use across donor programmes as a systematic and consistent approach. However, this also means that there are multiple entry points and that, although empowerment doesn’t happen overnight, supporting empowerment in one domain - economic, social or political - will have positive effects in the others. Putting in place, and operating, the management mechanisms and processes that will allow a programme or project to be delivered in a way that empowers people takes time and may delay the delivery of physical programme outputs.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	120fe8ca26ae9bb946819013cb264d02	The uptake of GHG emissions through forestry and land-use changes was 36.3 MT in 2007, accounting for about 5.8% of total gross emissions. In 2007, energy-related C02 was responsible for 518.7 MT, about 84% of total gross emissions. Average annual growth of energy-related C02 was 4.6% between 1990 and 2007.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	1212f63edf3c0cc3d070ffe8800ea6d3	Equality under the law, equality of opportunity' and equality of (political) voice have not yet been fully achieved in many MENA countries. Despite a number of steps taken, women in the MENA region continue to have a rather low level of legal protection against gender-based discrimination. The domestic laws in MENA countries are not always consistent with the gender equality principles set by international law, including the CEDAW.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	1213983cd56cf8babd139256cfe5e286	In Canada, the increase in primary and disposable income is explained by two factors adding their effects to those of changes in family characteristics. First, the income earned by fathers in employment increased, which, as in France or the United Kingdom, indicates an improvement in the quality of their employees; In addition, the income of residential property owners increased relative to that of tenants, which contributed to an increase in the standard of living contrary to the trend observed in the United Kingdom. In Korea, the incomes of families with one and especially two children have all increased equally, contributing to the improvement in the standard of living of the 25th percentile of children.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	12197d8b6ff9dba9c48244e12bcb5339	Nevertheless, it should be noted that differences in separate indicators exist, for instance the indicator on stunting is nearly ten percentage points higher for the children between two and four years. Also, neglect of children under the age of two is lower than the proportion of children being left alone in the second age group (17% and 35%, respectively). The differences in the household-level dimensions, i.e. water, sanitation, housing, result from differences in household composition.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	121e86bc15e37fbf7e1a94c15c4c46d8	Prices should also incentivise behaviour in line with policy objectives promoting the use of public and non-motorised transport. Efficient parking pricing is a highly effective tool. In San Francisco, smart parking meters with real-time fare adjustments have increased the effectiveness of variable-rate on-street parking pricing.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	121ea6a643c1ec5e8d4d8f9758e99898	Clearer visions and strategies for de facto gender equality as defined by international standards would facilitate improvements for gender equality objectives, including the CEDAW, MENA countries can build on the existing strategies to expand them to include the civic, political and economic rights of women more prominently. Indeed, the institutional history of social rights within OECD countries demonstrates that while rights associated w ith women initially were upheld in relation to maternal functions and reproductive roles, these protections later expanded to include protections for equality in public life and economic opportunities. Effective implementation is critical to ensure that gender strategies go beyond declarative statements and are translated into concrete actions.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	12206b388f08c81da53729e4384a2b5a	In the case of sugar, targeted EU financial assistance has emerged relatively recently - within the context of reforms to the EU’s sugar regime and the introduction of the Everything But Arms duty-free regime for LDCs - with the creation of a €1.25 billion envelope in addition to normal European Development Fund flows. The assistance provided to sugar producers has explicitly sought to avoid repeating the mistakes of the SFA and SPA in bananas, in part by emphasising adjustment/diversification measures for countries deemed uncompetitive in the long run. The EU’s STABEX facility was established in 1975 under the Lome Convention; the mechanism was envisaged as a compensatory finance scheme to stabilise earnings from ACP exports of agricultural commodities, and operated until abolished under the 2000 Cotonou Agreement. In 1998, the EU undertook a major review of the STABEX regime (CERDI et al.	10	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	12277c0937c55952e716e7909e207a47	In various states and territories in Australia, Belgium (French Community), in various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile (Performance Appraisal) and New Zealand, for example, it is at the discretion of school leaders and evaluators to select instruments and tools to gather information depending on the chosen appraisal aspects and criteria and/or individually defined performance objectives. The instruments and sources of information used to gather evidence about a school leader’s performance may also differ between leadership positions, school principals and deputy school principals. While the costs and efforts required need to be weighed with the benefits of using multiple sources of information, it is essential to gather a feasible amount of accurate, valid, reliable and useful information (Glasman and Glasman, 2010). Such meetings between appraiser and appraisee may simply rely on a checklist that examines whether an appraisal aspect has been demonstrated (Lashway, 2003).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	122e1912ee54da95e3fa00b1029080da	In some cases, the poorest households may not be able to afford access to water services. Evidence in OECD countries suggests that affordability of water charges for low-income households is a politically sensitive issue. A variety of approaches have been deployed for this purpose; most involve either direct support from the public budget (e.g. additional direct income support for consumption and/or subsidised connection fees) or cross-subsidisation through the tariff structure (e.g. increasing-block water tariffs, where those who use only a small amount of water pay very little for it while higher levels of consumption are subject to higher tariffs). A balance must be struck between economic/ environmental efficiency and equity objectives.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	1232999ebfad5176767221f3d4a9ef18	Germany has not seen the same sharp increases in housing prices as the United Kingdom, where housing affordability is a major public concern. Low housing supply elasticities, due to restrictive land use, have been argued to be one of the major reasons for decreasing affordability of housing, especially in economically vibrant areas of the United Kingdom (White and Allmendinger, 2003). Moreover, there are additional challenges to uiban containment strategies.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	1233fdd39b58daeda486b38a7f08c45a	These reports were submitted in 2011. Currently, Romania is working on an evaluation of the implementation of the EU nature directives, which is due to be completed by 2013. These drainage pipes capture used water which then flows into waterways, impacting upon the fish and damaging the habitats, thus resulting in damage to the PA. Added to the big game attraction is the availability of wild birds and migratory and game species, such as geese, woodcocks, ducks and quail, which are plentiful in the Danube delta region.	15	3	3	0.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	1235f72fd305e87f665670ae7029ab3a	Poverty among those with three years or fewer of education is 66% higher than the average for the general population, while it is 34% and 15% higher among those with four to six years and seven to nine years of education, respectively. As for employment type, poverty rates are 90% higher among the unemployed, 23% higher among inactive persons and 18% higher among self-employed workers than in the total population. Poverty rates among wage workers are on average 41 % below those of the general population, further evidence of the crucial role of employment in staving off poverty and indigence. Although poverty fell between 2005 and 2012, some 28% of the population continue to suffer from simultaneous deprivations in different dimensions of well-being.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	12381abc037e39694ba99262e83de255	However, the hospital result is in contrast with the results for the pharmaceutical indicators, where there is no evidence of lower consumption in high expenditure cut countries. This would indicate that the high expenditure cut countries have been able to protect the volumes of pharmaceutical consumed. This paper has provided an overview of the recent literature that examines the links between economic downturns and health outcomes and health care use. It has also summarised some of the main policy instruments that OECD countries have used to reform their health systems and reduce health expenditures.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmbphh7s47h-en	1238c06bb2f0b87f3938b7e6fc117b65	Borko et Putnam 1995) Concerning the impact of teacher education on student outcomes, it is possible to subdivide this issue into three sub-questions. What is the impact of teacher education on student outcomes? This empirical study is based on data from 50 State-surveys of policies, taken from the 1990-1993 Schools and Staffing survey and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). It shows evidence that the policies used in the different American States to promote teacher quality (especially those regarding teacher education requirement and certification, as well as continuing training) can be positively related to better student achievements.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/85946e24-en	123c1c636552f54121ca69541e0ec1bc	In 1950-1955,54.2 per cent of older persons (aged 60 years or over) lived in countries where the remaining life expectancy at age 60 was less than 15 years. In 2010-2015 that fraction had been reduced to only 2.1 per cent ofthe population of older persons. Conversely, before the period 2005-2010, no country had a life expectancy at age 60 that was higher than 25 years. Changes from 1950-1955 to 2010-2015 in the distribution of the world’s older population by the level of remaining life expectancy at age 60 are depicted in figure 5.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	123c370abd2b278134506dd046e35570	The right to import cloves has been limited since 5 July 2002 to companies approved as clove importers by the MoT. To be approved, a company can only import cloves solely for use in a production process.40 Furthermore, every shipment requires import approval from both the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry concerning the quantity, kind and timing of import. However, since September 2002 the MoT has severely limited the number of companies able to import sugar, replacing the estimated 800 private importers in operation before the decree was issued (Stapleton, 2006), and tightly controlled the import volume.42 The importation of raw sugar and industrial-grade refined sugar is restricted to those companies approved by MoT as an Import Producer of Sugar (Importir Produsen Gula, IP-Sugar). These are companies that use imported sugar as a raw material in their own facilities, e.g. sugar millers/refiners in the case of raw sugar and food/beverage manufacturers in the case of refined sugar.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	123e109c1f29df93e62c29e7d435e187	Their skills will be limited; their susceptibility to abuse high; their avenues for advancement uncertain—all of which will reverberate in the development deficits of their countries. The course towards marginalization and loss can be corrected—and measures put in place to prevent it from reoccurring. But countries and all the people involved in the life of a 10-year-old girl have to start acting now.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c105422d-en	124027142571c9980f76c00d77da468a	Ces disparites tendent a se reduire lorsque les travailleurs quittent la population active, ce qui s’explique par les grandes inegalites dans les experiences d’emploi des personnes d'origines socioeconomiques differentes, mesurees par les differences de niveau d’alphabetisation requis dans leur travail. Ces resultats contribuent a expliquer les variations transnational dans 1'evolution des disparites de competences selon l’origine socioeconomique, ce qui a des implications pour les politiques visant a combler les deficits de competences tout au long de la vie. Published research has also examined the differential impact of ageing, educational and labour force experiences according to individual characteristics, such as skill level, educational attainment or, in a small number of studies, SES background. In reviewing the literature, we examine differential impact of ageing according to all of these characteristics.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/14642ccc-en	12421a375c25295bedc747e9597f469c	An ethnic group generally shares a common sense of identity and common characteristics such as language, religion, tribe, nationality, race or a combination thereof. In other cases, indigenous peoples became minorities as a result of the settlement and colonization of their native territories by other peoples. Those distinctions have important political and practical implications.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	1243174b2846f38e932968bc3cd1efd5	It was the first state to ratify the Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (Kiev, 2003). It translates into domestic law the first aspect of the Aarhus Convention and the related European Directive (2003/4/EC), and repeals the previous Act of 1992. Disclosure must be made within one month after receipt of the request, or two months if the information is especially complex.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	12434f644d043948785b745d04c46590	Municipalities’ controlled dump sites cause a pollution risk to surface water and groundwater. The pressures from wastewater and solid waste are both assessed by Turkey as widespread but moderate. Wastewater discharges from small and medium industries are reported to cause pollution in Turkey, but it is considered local and moderate, whereas in the Islamic Republic of Iran discharges from industries are viewed to have a widespread and severe influence. The lower part of the Araks/Aras River in Turkey is at a risk of flooding during high flows in winter and spring.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1246a24a880c78ce3facb3320aee8ddb	After the first frequency drop, units serving areas from 1 to 5 will increase their output under signal from TSO, provided that the grid connections have enough transport capacity to bear additional load. For instance, the construction of a new large nuclear plant may require increasing spinning reserves, which would not be needed if several smaller units are built instead. Thus, spinning reserves are potentially a differentiating factor between large reactors and SMRs and could favour the choice of smaller reactors.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/808599e4-en	12495f1ff0872fbbfb58fa425bcdd3e7	Creating avenues for safe and successful migration both within a country and beyond its borders constitutes an important means of improving economic outcomes for youth facing widespread unemployment and poor job quality. Likewise, for developed economies experiencing a decline in the share of the working-age population, immigration provides an important means of sustaining employment-driven growth and supporting existing social safety nets. For large migrant-sending countries, workers' remittances from abroad provide an important source of household income and government revenue. Naturally, however, this comes with frictions and risks on both sides.	8	0	6	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	12498576e3fbea3d73c05b14741e58d4	In some cases, there can be a failure to demonstrate ‘financial additionality’ i.e. that the private finance mobilised would not have occurred without the public intervention (CAFOD/Oxfam/ActionAid UK/Eurodad/WWF/BOND, 2015). In regard to climate finance, Nakhooda and Norman (2014) attribute part of the lack of evidence to the absence of a clear, consistent approach for measuring the impact of climate finance more broadly, and private sector engagement for climate change, in particular. The lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis. In the case of adaptation, for example, it would be valuable to know to what extent the private sector needs to be supported in its risk management in order to provide economic stability.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	124fa7ff878e75a38377090fa6ebd79a	As for the size of the shocks, it appears to be relevant to retain the trend in the annual average temperature in each country over the last few decades. A complementary proxy of this shock measurement can also be found in a decreasing trend of the average rainfall level. Vulnerability to rainfall and temperature shocks has, again, two main components, corresponding to the previous distinction between exposure and shocks.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	12534a86a1d0ac44fb247c5cf96daae2	School inspections are much better established as an evaluation practice than school self-evaluation, which is not widespread and systematic across the system. Also, student assessment is perceived more as test and measurement rather than learning. The Review Team also formed the impression that there is not enough reflection on the use of results from evaluation activities and the concept of feedback is not yet fully ingrained among school agents.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	125388eb9dd218c16e7303b0bdb8900f	For example, the current practice of issuing construction permits in the absence of a land use plan contributes to encroachment in forests and should be reformed. Forests cover 9 million ha, or 29% of the territory, on a par with the OECD average. The body known as State Forests - Lasy Panstwowe (LP) administers public forests, which currently account for 77% of all forests, by area (Table 4.1).	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	1255601bae52f0ba28b6e3ccc431fe3d	Poor countries import almost no EGs, which points to the need for environment-related technical assistance projects to focus on poor countries, especially in Africa. Nevertheless, trade in almost all categories of EGs is found to be highly sensitive to growth in GDP and FDI as well as with the presence of technical assistance projects. For instance, policies to promote viable domestic consumer markets for EGs as well as policies to improve the general competitiveness of exports may have a more crucial role to play in enhancing trade in EGs.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	1258c4c5954c22e11be0359f241709f8	It brings together a group of local business owners and women from different walks of life to create a national network that strengthens women’s status in a growing economy. Also a partner in Global Entrepreneurship Week-Lebanon. Women’s groups are tightly linked to the state and are permitted to cooperate only with international women’s organisations that have been sanctioned by the government.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	125b7aa9aa76e5462f8a663445824f69	However, while the supply may be growing, the demand is unknown. Mechanisms to promote and disseminate the materials vary widely from country to country and the extent to which these materials are being used is difficult to assess. Regional cooperation is strong, and the role of different stakeholders, especially civil society actors, is recognized and appreciated.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	125c55f014f035d6a3627f8bcf602feb	The largest reductions occurred in manufacturing and in the construction sector with a decrease in emissions of more than 40%, one third higher than the average decline in the EU 15. In addition, contrary to many other OECD countries, emissions w'ere reduced in the transport sector, notably in road transportation. Mitigation was less pronounced for electricity and heat production but still slightly higher than the EU15 average and contributing strongly to the GHG abatement, given its large share of total emissions.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	125cd5d0d7a25a87b0c19ad4d9bebcd5	From a technical point of view, this provision does not clearly distinguish between the different issues of patentable subject matter on the one hand and novelty on the other hand. The extent to which countries admit the patentability of known substances in new compositions varies, ibid. The above-mentioned scenario of a known active ingredient claimed in a new composition has to be distinguished from the case where the active ingredient as such is new.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	1261d98738201895695dd41cd75526e1	Based on the assumption that aptitudes are equally distributed across the genders, educating more boys than girls, it is argued, causes “selection bias” and lowers the average quality of those educated. The result is an inefficient allocation of labour, with negative effects on economy-wide labour productivity and growth. On the other hand, gender equality in education has been shown to lower fertility rates and enhance children’s well-being.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	12637ef1ebc48600b1ee708c24ddeb9b	Many other countries, however, have less than 50 per cent of their population with access to improved sanitation facilities, including Cambodia (33 per cent), India (35 per cent) and Nepal (35 per cent). What is of great concern is that some countries and areas in the Pacific subregion registered a decrease in access to basic sanitation, including the Cook Islands (100 per cent in 1990 to 95 per cent in 2011), French Polynesia (99 per cent in 1990 to 97 per cent in 2011), Papua New Guinea (20 per cent in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2011) and Tonga (95 per cent in 1990 to 92 per cent in 2011). Conversely, other countries struggle to provide their populations with equal access to improved sanitation facilities; in Cambodia access for the urban population increased from 36 per cent to 76 per cent, and for the rural population from 3 per cent to 22 per cent, between 1990 and 2011.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	1264a8e164f3cb23cdec81f6c8edb4df	In Finland several health stations or centres have started to use a depression nurse model. A survey conducted in 2008 in all Finnish health centres indicated that 78% of all health centres had a depression or psychiatric nurse and 61% of centres had adopted a uniform practice for the screening of depression (Partanen et al., Mental health nurses are playing an increasing role in the delivery of mental health primary care services and some countries such as Australia have introduced financial incentives to support and develop this role (Happell et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	12654bb78d1a2c03824bcc48c4b76c94	In addition, at the level of plants and units, there is no evidence of any differences in the speed of energy technology change across a wide range of technologies since the nineteenth century (Wilson, forthcoming). Policy has typically focused on technology as the main lever for reducing emissions and it is indeed a powerful driver. Future energy technology change will be as important for determining future greenhouse gas emissions levels as long-term demographic and economic developments over the course of the twenty-first century (Roehrl and Riahi, 2000). Figure 11.4 illustrates the contributions of energy technologies to greenhouse gas emissions reductions, under a high-emissions baseline scenario, required for stabilization at a concentration of 550 ppmv CO e by 2100.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	1265e87c2c4532c096d9c063598cdc79	"All the committees express concern at the specific disadvantage of informal workers, particularly in relation to lack of access to social security, employment protection or decent wages and conditions.30 The ICESCR guidelines require State parties to provide information on the informal economy, and in particular on measures taken to ensure access of informal workers, especially older workers and women, to basic services and social protection (ICESCR 2008, para. E/C.12/2008/2, para 20;CESCR. 2011.""Concluding Observations Argentina Third Periodic Report."""	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	12685699cdcbbac0ec1b538c97af5e1a	For example, several programmes acknowledge the fact that older people, mainly grandmothers and extended family members, are the primary caregivers of orphans’57 or other vulnerable children (e.g., the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) programme in Kenya and the Child Support Grant in South Africa). See, e.g.. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Arts. In Namibia,South Africa and Zimbabwe,60 per cent of AIDS orphans live with their grandparents (UNDESA 2008, p. 24). Nonetheless, other types of cash transfer program mes - such as non-contributory pensions (e.g., in Chile, Nepal and South Africa) and social transfers for working age adults (e.g., disability grants)-might provide support to such families.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	126a5ee3525a33ecdc897841a08617c9	Before 1994 Eskom was responsible for the electrification of the country. Eskom held a state-supported monopoly and would electrify an area upon instruction from the government or connect a consumer if the consumer would pay. There was systematic neglect of full service delivery to the Coloured, Black and Asian communities. In 1994, after the first free election was held, it was estimated that approximately 6 million households (Department of Energy, 2009b) were without electricity.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	126c6093216824ea1375d5371df461f5	Nevertheless, it should also be noted that biennial reporting on adaptation under Article 13 and adaptation communications under Article 7 are not mandatory. However, the decision also indicates that modalities will be developed in order to “recognise the adaptation efforts of developing country Parties”, which is also one of four adaptation-related aims of the global stocktake listed in Article 7.14. This implies that communicated information on adaptation could inform the global stocktake. In order to assess collective progress towards global goals, some degree of consistency and comparability would be helpful in adaptation communications, taking into account the need to limit the reporting burden of Parties and ensuring that information is country-driven.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	126d80484a6b236fd5ff6c6951347aed	These usually include multiple criteria, each of which requires an understanding of the context of the proposed action. For example, the Cancun Adaptation Framework (established in 2010 at COP 16) invites all Parties to plan, prioritise and implement adaptation actions (UNFCCC, 2010). Parties agreed at COP 17 in Durban that adaptation planning is a “continuous, progressive and iterative process” (UNFCCC, 2011).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	126ddf94e2e1d31c85e542df341bd9d2	Both economies have shown a considerable increase of the SSDI followed by a sharp decrease of it. This explains an important increase of the SSDI during the 1990s. In the second part of the 1990s, Russia (a non-OECD country) became the primary oil supplier to Finland. Because of this, the SSDI values decreased during the last 15 years. After 1987, the SSDI values for Korea started to fall, and only since 1996-97 has the country’s score begun to rise. One may note that total energy demand in Korea was growing very fast since the mid-1970s, in line with economic development.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	1270ad29d410f9f4dc0e8f045a3c84b0	It has a planned capacity of 35 cubic metres per second (m3/s), of which tw'o-thirds will result in “safe to handle” water and one-third in water that can be drained into rivers and dams (see CONAGUA, 2015). Given the plant's location, the benefit of the plant will be outside the Valle de Mexico. The raw sewage is appreciated by the farmers, as it significantly increases yield for crops.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	127212b32002054b53ff600950ef02ef	Only French local authorities with tax raising powers can join the Agency; this includes cities, inter-municipal entities with tax autonomy, departements and regions. The AFL is modelled on similar institutions that have long operated in Northern Europe without default (the oldest among these, Kommune Kredit, was first established in 1899). This model is gaining traction across OECD countries and has recently been adopted in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Approximately 70% of French local authorities’ investment expenditure is self-financed and their debt amounts to 8% of GDP.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	1273728e6df8cbede5abb75266816d44	"China's energy consumption and carbon emissions will continue to rise. These aspects are shown as the baseline scenario in figure 1.8. Under this ""innovative, inclusive and sustainable growth” scenario, China is pursuing holistic structural reform, which helps the country to sustain relatively high rates of economic growth even as the labour force shrinks and capital accumulation slows, while it realizes shared and green development."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	12762e9235f07159e234f7267a29cc90	For a detailed discussion, see OECD, 2016a.) However, as in OECD countries, gender pay gaps in emerging economies are only partially attributable to observed differences in worker and job characteristics (Chapter 12). Attitudes, social conventions and institutions and discrimination probably play an important role in pay differentials between men and women, though they are hard to measure. And when female workers are employed full time they typically spend a much larger share of their time on additional housework (including childcare) than men who are full-time workers.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	127831364c0b28ec088a70b13793b6a2	It seems that some schools prefer not to openly advertise vacancies because that would compel them to follow regulations in regard to recruitment, rules that may not suit school needs. In general, there also seems to be a lack of information to connect those looking for a teaching position with the schools seeking teachers. In order to address this concern, the Flemish public employment service and the Ministry of Education and Training have jointly established a web-based database of teacher vacancies in elementary and secondary education (www.vdab.be/ leerkrachtendatabank).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/48886cb2-en	1279485c92cac68e9a181b3d569d72a4	In addition, as many as 40 countries or areas had less than 10 per cent female representation (see Statistical Annex). Seven women held this position in the parliaments of Africa (all sub-Saharan), four in Asia (two in Southern Asia and two in Central Asia) and six in Latin America and the Caribbean (of which 4 in the Caribbean). The proportion of female candidates for lower or single house of parliament tended to be low in countries within the less developed regions, being predominantly in the range of zero to 30 per cent in the last elections (table 5.3).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	127af41fe2616e6c9c9ed7620c5d148b	The thematic water network (Red Tematica del Agua) maintained by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT -Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia) and other existing networks dealing with water issues can contribute to capacity building. The organisation regularly hosts capacity-building events, and organises seminars and dialogues with professionals from media. In 2010, it started the publication of an annual report on urban water and sanitation utilities in Mexico (“La Gestion del Agua en las Ciudades de Mexico Indicadores de Desempeno de Organismos Operadores”) with the objectives to share information, encourage efficiency and innovation in service provision and raise awareness on utilities’ performance in Mexican cities. In co-operation with different institutions (e.g. IMTA, World Bank), academics (e.g. UNAM), ANEAS programmes offer diplomas, courses and short seminars with a focus on: i) wastewater treatment; ii) technical management of water networks; Hi) business management; and v) integrated management of urban water.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	127ce055a941dbb305bc24a1ee353975	"This concordat lays out the principles of compliance with the National Procurement Strategy and encourages regional and local government procurement to embrace practices that will engage more SMEs in procurement processes. The UK government has further adopted all recommendations in the HM Treasury Report “Accelerating the SME Economic Engine - Through Transparent, Simple, and Strategic Procurement"" (HM Treasury, 2008). Good practices in SME procurement initiatives (cont.)"	8	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	127e37e875b05fad6932fe5cd9ab79ec	A focus on health outcomes started in 1992 with the government strategy “Health of the Nation” (Department of Health, 1992a), which built on the earlier WHO document, “Health for All by the Year 2000”. Mental illness was included as a key part of this strategy, which set targets to reduce morbidity and mortality due to mental illness, and was followed by implementation strategies in the Mental Illness Key Area Handbooks (Department of Health, 1993; Department of Health, 1994; see also Jenkins, 1994). “ Building Bridges” (Department of Health, 1995) set out the vision for inter-sector liaison around mental health and “The Spectrum of Care” (Department of Health, 1996) set out the range of services and interventions envisaged as part of local services for mentally ill people. The Quality Outcomes Framework (QoF) was introduced in 2004 alongside PbR, as a performance management and incentive payment scheme for General Practitioners (GPs) in England, and includes mental health care indicators (see section 5.2).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	127ecc5071752ba83603b280e40d6b2f	But it has been difficult to sustain these gains and to translate them into an adequate standard of living. Economic policies have either undermined women's social gains or failed to support them through improved labour market opportunities. Gender gaps are narrowing in some domains, but entrenched and growing wealth inequalities mean that poorer women are being left behind. To sustain and amplify women's hard-won gains requires a different set of economic and social policies, as the following chapters will elaborate.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	127f0c1f00c45fd154ace6bb6b0bb0da	"Rather, major concerns have centred on food insecurity in the presence of trade surpluses, and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities, where unlike the experience of most countries, the size of average land holdings continues to decline. A range of supply side programmes such as input subsidies for fertilisers, irrigation, electricity and farm credit, coupled with investments in irrigation, are designed to encourage higher yields and production. A range of market support prices are set to cover costs and improve farmer returns. High food subsidies help poor consumers: in September 2013, India enacted a new National Food Security Act (NFSA), which is now implementing the most ambitious “right to food"" programme yet to be applied in history, covering over 800 million people and providing 60 kg of food grain per person each year at prices that are about 10% of current retail prices for food grains."	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	127fb742d48a5154f2c93b37a2f52121	"Regarding the group ""Mainly UMICs"" Angola and Equatorial Guinea have been included in this group since they are currently graduating from the LDC category. Another source of data on climate finance flows is the Biennial Reports submitted by developed country Parties to the UNFCCC3. The Paris Agreement provides the latest guidance to countries and multilateral development banks on climate finance and the need for financial flows to developing countries to support climate action. Decision 1/CP.21 which accompanies the Paris Agreement recommits developed countries to mobilising USD 100 billion/yea- by 2020 from public and private sources to support climate action in developing countries, with a new higher target to be agreed by 2025."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/19c562f5-en	12832d18f3276754bb8381521f8115e6	Untreated wastewater from industry is a problem there. However, reconstruction of the refinery and improvements to oil extraction practices have reduced oil pollution of the Caspian Sea, but permissible limits for discharges are still exceeded. A network of collectors was constructed to transport drainage water into desert depressions.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	12835a49f0d1d1fa6d44dff9b361522a	The poverty rate should also fall if average household income remains unchanged, but income inequality decreases. It is important to analyse the impact of both these elements in the period 2012-2017 when poverty reduction slowed. This also complements similar analyses carried out in the previous edition of Social Panorama, which encompassed the periods 2002-2008 and 2008-2016 (ECLAC.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	1288976085d8aa62e1dac50850fd13c5	Pour porter ses fruits, cet accord devrait comporter des engagements quantitatifs d’attenuation pris par tous les gros emetteurs et donner lieu a des actions concretes visant a reduire les emissions de gaz a effet de serre tout en catalysant des transformations a long terme qui aboutiront a des Economies sobres en carbone et resilientes face au changement climatique. Ce rapport a pour objectif d’analyser a quoi pourraient ressembler les engagements d’attenuation qui seront proposes dans le cadre de l’accord de 2015, quelles orientations pourraient etre decidees concernant le type d’engagements proposes, et quelles « regies du jeu » devraient etre etablies d’un commun accord avant que des engagements prtiiminaires ne soient formulas pour la periode posterieure a 2020. For example, the consultations could take place inside or outside the UNFCCC.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	128994a0d9a95d49c97e432d0b6e765d	This implies that African countries and development partners need to invest more resources in gathering data and refining the methodologies to establish baselines and monitor progress. Data and metadata for this indicator are available, and latest data for the majority of African countries are from 2014. For Africa, the proportion of the urban population living in slums declined to about 34 per cent in 2014, from 37.5 per cent in 2010 - a 3.6 per cent. The decline in the proportion of people living in slums can be attributed to the slum redevelopment and affordable housing programmes that several countries in the developing regions, including in Africa, have rolled out in the past years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	1289b8c2b3ff713ee1a957d9bbb353c3	One aspect is combating illegal fishing. In connection with damage to biological resources, a claim amounting to 55,743 manat was made and a penalty imposed. Another aspect is the constmction of breeding plants forfishtobe released into the Sea. Alongside increasing baby fish population in the stuigeon fish hatcheries, efforts have been undertaken to create feedstuff for baby fish with live feed oiganisms in accordance with biotechnical norms. Overall, 416.3 million fishery-grown baby fishes of various species were increased artificially and naturally then released into specially designed water basins. Stuigeon lay eggs in the river and need specific habitat characteristics.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	128ab3f85b0ca1e099550a9860f186ed	Although inequality in health and educational outcomes across countries remains large, the past two decades have seen a shift towards convergence, as poorer countries have continued to make notable progress in improving their levels of human development. However, this good news is tempered by the persistence of large inequalities in health and education within and across both social groups and regions within countries. Spatial disparities may not have increased in all countries but they have remained high, as have inequalities in education and health. However, as with economic inequalities, trends are far from universal. Disparities in length of life reflect inequalities in health risks and in access to health services; life expectancy is also a marker of a country’s economic and political situation, including its level of stability and human security.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	128e4fc2245587ddd41679220d063258	Furthermore, there are also indications that the development of the new scheme would benefit from a broader timeline and a thorough analysis of its impact before national roll-out. There are very few programmes and resources targeted at students from a disadvantaged background or with learning difficulties. This is partly explained because the current concept of disadvantage is too narrow as it focuses only on disabilities and extreme socio-economic disadvantage, and thus a relatively small number of students are entitled to receive support.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	1290de4ad1f31414dfd73f5f40005ec6	"The enactment of legislation banning female genital mutilation has, in some instances, resulted in communities changing from practicing one type of female genital mutilation to another type so as to avoid punishment,9 or in lowering the age of girls subjected to female genital mutilation so as to hide the practice from the authorities more easily or to minimize the resistance of the girls themselves.10 These experiences have reinforced the importance of ensuring that legislation is drafted with all possible risks, backlashes and misuses taken into consideration, and of consistently monitoring the impact of legislation. They are interconnected with each other, as well as with other forms of violence and discrimination against women. Forced marriages result in sexual violence in many cases, particularly since many countries exempt marital rape from being a punishable offence. In a number of countries, victims/survivors of rape are forced to marry the perpetrator of the violence as this is seen to restore the family’s “honour” which was deemed to be tarnished by the woman being considered to have engaged in pre-marital or extra-marital “sexual relations""."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	12913fc3cd76b5fa0ab9052f36fbe406	Overall, the policy instrument mix in Mexico is largely dominated by the use of subsidy programmes, many of which also serve poverty alleviation goals. The mix tends to focus more heavily on conservation and sustainable use of forestry resources. Mexico has 174 federal protected areas covering, in all, 25.4 million ha, or 12.9% of the national territory, in 2010.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	12924c51f10ee1cb848b5eb42bdc2588	A different example is furnished by the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology (Greece), which initiated a research collaboration with the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN); the aim is to create a business incubator to diffuse CERN’s existing technologies to the region’s private sector. The main purpose of innovation vouchers is to build linkages between SMEs and public research institutions, which will: i) stimulate knowledge transfer directly between public research and business; and ii) act as a catalyst for the formation of longer-term, more in-depth relationships (OECD, 2010d). Voucher programmes have been implemented in many countries, including Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. While the outcomes of collaborations also vary, there are many examples of successful collaborations that have led to the introduction of new or improved products, services or processes by SMEs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	1293038b4efa50dc4e78603fad01bd6f	In a few LDCs, arm's-length or other non-equity forms of foreign direct investment engagement, such as subcontracting, have been facilitated by the prior existence of a potential domestic supply chain. However, the readiness of entrepreneurs in LDCs to become original equipment manufacturers or original design players in the textiles industry is incipient and currently confined mainly to relatively unsophisticated sectors. Weaknesses in infrastructure and trade facilitation also hinder the competitiveness of LDCs and tend to favour larger firms and those that are already part of supplier networks, as do volume and flexibility requirements.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	12936595ad5258011b9ed33003f54027	They are often implemented in a non-transparent manner, with little consultation, and add to the cost of importing. For example, every shipment of fresh food of plant origin must be tested for chemical content in Indonesia before being released; imports of chicken leg quarters from the USA are still banned for halal reasons since trade was halted in 2000; importers of animal products require import approval for shipments; and ports of entry are being reduced in number. This is done to ensure an adequate supply of these products on the domestic market. Exports of coffee, rubber, manioc (to the EU) and bananas and pineapple (to Japan) are controlled to meet international obligations or to maximise returns from the market.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	1294a7cae9aee749138d85738c05391e	A comprehensive meta-analysis of effectiveness of the collaborative care model in mental health showed that it significantly improved health outcomes. These are very substantial gains compared to common medical treatments. To take an example, the costs of the collaborative care model in treatment of depression include physician time, care manager services, specialty consultation, and registry-decision support.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/70095f8a-en	12962021a15f7f7cfed6f480f12d6e5d	Within the Africa region, the general trend is highly diverse, with notable progress between 2000 and 2012 recorded in Ghana (net increase of 38.6 per cent), Rwanda (26.9 per cent), Morocco (25.7 per cent) and the United Republic of Tanzania (22.5 per cent); slight stagnation in others; and severe declines in Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Mali and Niger. Subregional differences are shown in figure 3.7, with North and Southern Africa having higher schooling rates than the other sub-regions, and Central Africa scoring significant lower for women - a dramatically low 2.5 years of schooling for girls and the widest gender gap (almost two years). This has been a critical factor in arriving at close to universal primary education enrolment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	12979ed4e4725211fd970e34bc7a6839	The approval process for local-level planning instruments (e.g. PLADECO, PRC) is not structured to accommodate an integrated urban programme, as it evaluates projects individually. This leads to a possibility of approving initiatives that are more aligned to national or regional priorities than those that are critical to meeting local needs. In this sense, Antofagasta’s planning is at risk of being captured by the approval process.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	1298544009aeec26f8e05cfff5ecaa1d	Thus, even where vacancy listings are readily accessible, the PES should also offer personal counselling. Current staff resources allow general jobseekers to have a longer counselling session occasionally on a voluntary basis, but more intensive action-plan procedures involving regular contact for up to three months are available only for some particular target groups (see Section 3.3 below). At the same time, the PES workload has tended to increase recently, related to: i) growing numbers of unemployed due to the economic downturn; ii) increases in numbers of social assistance recipients and single mothers in the 2000s, and the desire to improve their difficult situation; and iii) the growth of non-regular employment, which tends to increase labour market flows and has strengthened the PES focus on some groups affected, such as older freeters and dispatched workers.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	129b0177479447b7281d9ea8b512c0e7	During its early years, this centre contributed to the development of a national integrated data system, analysing social problems of migrant women workers, for example. Three ministries - those of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Higher Education (MOHE) and Education (MOE) - participate in the NCIA. Universiti Sains Malaysia supports the NCIA by conducting studies focusing on the electrical and electronic (E&E) industry in the Northern Corridor Economic Region.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	129c0e4924ccb39f8e610c9ef14858aa	"Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Testing the Speed of Convergence on a Panel of OECD Countries"", Research in Economics, Vol."	5	0	8	1.0
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	129e3ce136ee9971825759b62becb1f8	The ISO also updated the Committee on its technical specification about requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of greenhouse gas footprints. China, the European Union. Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States - shared experiences on their domestic efforts to promote legally harvested timber and combat illegal logging.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	12a09d22c602774e6054aa373d499b65	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the Wesf Bank under the terms of international law.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	12a69c0bc7f57df371b4cdf975352bc0	The principle is to benefit from the expertise and experience of teachers who received the accreditation of pedagogical excellence (AEP, see below). In order to be members of the “Maestros” Teacher Network, AEP teachers need to go through a selection process which requires giving evidence, through the submission of a portfolio, that they have the skills to work well with their peers. The Network members design projects aimed at working with other teachers outside school hours. In recent years, a focus of the work has been the development of mentoring programmes for beginning teachers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	12a92bfbfeac845912705f2df6696489	Therefore, tackling one factor in isolation from the others is highly unlikely to have the desired effect of reducing violence. On the contrary, it could be counterproductive and ultimately escalate violence. Despite significant improvements in a number of areas, the labour market gaps confronting young people in the LAC region continue to be wider than those in OECD countries and those of adults. Furthermore, progress has been uneven across countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	12a9ba2a0e0da3879465e209dce10b25	"Larger interconnected areas will allow larger balancing areas with smoother variable renewable output. In general, increased levels of interconnections and cross-region co-operation in the form of market coupling and congestion management will facilitate the accommodation of variable renewable energies. As part of its Trans European Energy Networks (TEEN) initiative, the European Commission is thus driving the evolution of the current transmission grid towards a “super grid"" to ensure reliable electricity supply, in particular to provide balancing services across Europe."	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1f11729d-en	12aa2aab42cf312d0e065c56251d3682	"Measuring Material Deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the Whole Population and Child-Specific Indicators."" Rising Inequality: Youth and Poor Fall Further behind,"" no. Income Inequality Update (June 2014). Social Europe: Many Ways, One Objective."" Annual Report of the Social Protection Committee on the Social Situation in the European Union."	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	12aa4bd3b7ae0b75d36aa04da4560737	"A man testified that his trauma resulting from the rape was such that he could not talk about it to the doctor who was treating him for another medical condition."" [ Domestic legislation might lack legal protections for male victims of sexual violence due to gendered definitions of rape that exclude male rape. The guidelines are designed to assist criminal justice and human rights investigators, reporters and monitors to fully ana properly monitor, document and investigate sexual violence against men and boys that may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and other egregious violations of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law."	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	12ac04d3baa171ae160d4e72223c81c4	"Kiippers, D. and Dieter, M. (2008): ""Thuenen work report: Belastungen der Forstbe-triebe aus der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktion des Waldes."" In: Landeszentrale fur politi-sche Bildung Baden-Wiirttemberg (Hrsg.):"" Jahrgang Heft 1 (2001) Der Burger im Staat, pp. Federal Statistical Office publications]."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/43623e15-en	12ad469174c4e873bfcf1e8ff38b2844	Relatively, increase in agricultural land has impacted forests in a severe manner when forest land has been cleared, for example, for plantation or agro-industrial estates. Agricultural expansion may not always occur on forest land. It is important to note that in the case of Cambodia the conversion of forest land for ELCs since 1990, including mining, has had a significant impact on forests.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	12ae43df9a534785fac87beaa4a6cbec	However, although indicating that water is not scarce, this is an average consideration; furthermore, there are differences between WSS companies. Water losses are generally high to very high in most of the utilities. With regard to water quality, anthropogenic water uses/functions are safeguarded with the sound functioning of aquatic ecosystems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	12b0e886a42556424c46940fac0ed234	To illustrate this approach, tentative estimates were provided for measures applied in the w'heat market in 1998. The total cost reduction generated by the 30 selected export competition measures covered in the analysis (including some direct export subsidies and some output payments) varied between USD 10 000 and USD 556.50 million per programme. The per unit cost reduction for the average of all exports was between zero and USD 1 145 per tonne.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/58d686e0-en	12b2562e46fc92fe6299cad14c202fcd	In addition, the due diligence obligation of States to prosecute, punish and compensate for human rights violations committed by non-State actors has also become a well-recognized international norm. States should ensure that women victims of human rights violations have access to immediate means of redress and reparation, that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished, and that mechanisms for this are accessible to women. The obligation to provide adequate reparations includes ensuring the rights of women to access both criminal and civil remedies and the establishment of effective protection, support and rehabilitation services for survivors of violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	12b367a42b926bb2a628783c4b013b32	The group described as developed middle class and above encompasses workers in developing countries who are equivalent to the lower end of the middle class in the United States and who are able to afford most international consumer goods (Kapsos and Bourmpoula, 2013). Based on the data presented, there is little evidence of a large or substantial employed middle class in the LDCs, which may have negative implications for wider economic growth, investment and employment generation. However, other evidence suggests that in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, over the past 20 years the middle class has been growing quite rapidly (African Development Bank, 2011; Ravallion, 2009a). The ODC sample comprises 32 developing countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	12ba936d4ad6efcc57eea19f31700b5f	Both of these new sectors were again based on natural resources. The bauxite mineral deposits were dug out of the soil in the hills of central Jamaica, and the hotels on the north coast of the island offered holiday-makers sun, sand and sea. Both were high-energy consumers, with the mining sector accounting for almost half of the national consumption of imported petroleum in some years. Government incentives stimulated investment in capital-intensive, import-dependent production of consumer goods. In the era of cheap energy, little attention was paid to the energy intensity of the production processes, especially because of the rapid growth of the domestic market for both basic consumption goods and luxury items for high-income households.	12	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	12bb191df05ae3c787502938b6fcfa46	But, when a change in land use is desired then these regulations come into effect and the proposed new use may, or may not, be compatible with the regulations. In France, in every instance the landowner has to apply to the commune for permission to alter the use. Because land use plans in France are statutory they are subject to all the usual due process requirements applicable to any law'.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	12bc3057ecdf79736d7a9b1a728ef5bd	The gap in hourly wages is nevertheless high for temporary workers in Luxembourg, Korea and Canada and for part-time workers in Canada and Japan, who earn less than 60% of the hourly wage of a standard worker. In terms of hourly wages, part-time temporary jobs pay less than part-time permanent jobs, though the differences are small or insignificant in most countries, with notable exceptions (Belgium, Luxembourg, but also France, Greece and Poland). Part-time jobs pay higher hourly wages than temporary jobs in some countries, while they tend to pay less in the English-speaking countries and the Slovak Republic.	1	5	3	0.25
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	12bc93ae1323d3b0b2a72c642684c9c7	The GDPGROWTH coefficient is positive and significant for the quality of female employment, but is not significant for the quality of male employment, which would appear to indicate that women are more strongly affected by the business cycle than men are. This, in turn, indicates that economic growth has a different impact on the quality of female employment in the formal sector of the economy (an increase in quality female employment) than it does in the shadow economy (a reduction in female as well as male self-employment). This could be a reflection of the existence of fragmented labour markets.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	12bd959118fc134c929a6816f089c75a	However, substantial climate-related finance appears to flow from non-DAC member countries such as the Russian Federation (Government of Russian Federation, 2015). Moreover, as of 2014, the Chinese Export-Import Bank provided about 46% of Tajikistan’s total external public debt as loans, although this was not limited to climate-related projects (World Bank, 2015). Further, about 80% of foreign direct investment flows to Azerbaijan were intended for the oil and gas sector in 2014; the OECD DAC CRS database shows the largest amounts of climate-related development finance in the country in 2013 and 2014 were committed to the waste management and road transport sectors.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	12c02e8c7a08fdc3a850b3048da8cc5f	Municipalities thus often formulate structure plans to show the consistency of land-use policy in the municipality . Land-use planning falls mostly into the jurisdiction of local governments since it is place-based by definition and context-specific (OECD, 2017, forthcoming). Monotowns and cities of oblast significance, for example, face very different problems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	12c6be20f38b0e6ce3c1c7c91323916d	It has also benefited from inputs from OECD divisions working on job quality, skills and local development and from ILO divisions working on tourism, skills, SMEs and statistics. We would particularly like to thank Dr. Wolfgang Weinz, ILO Senior Technical Specialist Hotels, Catering and Tourism, for his contribution to the development of this work and for coordinating the ILO's involvement in the project. Tourism offers strong potential to support job-rich growth; employment in hotels and restaurants grew on average by 1.4% per year in OECD countries over the period 2009-13, compared with growth of 0.7% in the economy as a whole.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	12c798b5c495b7cae7b0cfad64be926c	Disaggregating by ty pe of employment within the care sector reveals a wage penalty for both male and female health workers. To that end, it seems reasonable to go beyond a comparison of average income because there are factors at work in both groups (and even among care workers) that might explain, at least in part, any differences in income. The figures for monthly income are used and adjusted for the number of hours worked. Owing to the specific focus of this study, variables were included to flag care workers. First, the care sector as a whole w-as identified, using a binary' variable with a value of 1 for care workers (as defined at the beginning of this chapter) and a value of 0 for non-care workers. The coefficient of this variable is of interest as it reflects the income gap with other w'orkers as a percentage.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	12c8e5774d6593c2b19c92de9dfd172d	This was reasonably participatory, and in line with Ethiopian government normal practice. However, there has not yet been much outreach of the CRGE’s plans, and so the CRGE is not yet fully internalised among the many stakeholders who need to understand it: they understand the GTP better. Nevertheless, further consultation is planned as CRGE implementation proceeds. Each local community will formulate its own work programmes and by-laws to guide and govern the actions of its members towards greater climate resilience.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	12cc8f1921fd0b889013ea46112c38e7	Even where long-term savings outweigh initial investments, end users may fail to choose energy-efficient options because of financial constraints. Projects and programmes aimed at facilitating financial support therefore play a key role in removing barriers to EE investment, in particular in developing countries.51 Energy savings resulting from EE investment by end users reduce the need for new investment in energy supply capacity. Whereas most supply-side investments would be made by a small group of actors, mainly large energy producers and distributors, the additional investment in end-use sectors will have to be made by a large number of small investors. The IEA therefore emphasizes that shifting investment from the supply side to the end user requires viable financing frameworks (IEA, 2006).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	12cea1d2711c1dea73fd157da945a3ad	Until 2003, health insurers had to reimburse the full cost of all drugs covered by social health insurance, up to a legally determined reimbursement limit. As a result, generic drug prices were all close to the reimbursement limit, allowing pharmacies to make large profits. Attempts from the government to claw back part of the discounts offered to pharmacists were only marginally successful (Boonen et al., In parallel, health insurers started to issue tenders for contracts to supply several high-volume generic drugs.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	12ced2710afe0b56dffdb645fabd22b0	Across the OECD, countries spend 0.02% to 0.4% of GDP on PES and administration and another 0.1% to 1.7% of GDP on other ALMPs. Ideally, evaluations cover various aspects of the implementation of new policies and programmes and help to understand what effects the policies and programmes had, for whom and why. Performance management and programme evaluations allow the continuous improvement of policies and programmes, or the termination of unsuccessful ones, demonstrate accountability and justify government expenditure on PES and ALMPs. This also requires a strategic view, giving due weight to qualitative outcomes and broader and longer-term considerations.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	12cf1f8d418f114c43cc6525c868bac2	Schools and local authorities (rayons) have little flexibility to invest more in human resources (by increasing staffing levels or raising teacher salaries) if these are more acutely needed, or alternatively to invest in physical resources (school buildings, school equipment such as smart boards), if the existing ones are insufficient or outdated. Overall, local and regional governments have very little spending discretion as norms determine how resources should be allocated and intergovernmental transfers have a very limited equalisation effect. Another issue of concern is the lack of consultation with stakeholders, which means that education strategies might not fully reflect the rich diversity of the country. The amount devoted to school education, 2.1% of GDP, is considerably below the OECD average of 3.6%, although the latter also encompasses post-secondary non-tertiary expenditures.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	12cfdc20b92f36337171a19016f180ac	The unemployment rate is consistently higher than the already high national average, 27.8% vs. 24.6% respectively, and unequally distributed between population groups (see Figure 2.1.). A high proportion of discouraged workers, 7.8% of the labour force (90 795 people in 2009), have given up searching for employment. Agricultural and mining employment has dropped, reducing the availability of employment opportunities for the less or non-qualified job seekers.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a2206e44-en	12d2aee58685f14d064105284861cb6e	However, such back-up power increases the overall costs of the systems. Other types of hybrids are also possible, such as photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems, which take advantage of the varying availability of the solar resource and the wind resource, allowing each renewable resource to supplement the other, and increasing the overall capacity factor. This includes, for instance, the introduction of off-grid solar PV products that are much smaller than the traditional 20-50 watt solar PV systems (sometimes called “pico-PV”).	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	12d3315c15d1f9d62f44ceb25cdfc4e8	Between 2007 and 2013, the Czech authorities observed an increasing prevalence of high-risk methamphetamine abuse, including by injection. In 2014, an increase in amphetamine abuse was reported by Germany while stable or decreasing trends in amphetamine abuse were reported by Cyprus, Finland, Portugal and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that some 1.8 million Western and Central European young adults between 15 and 34 years of age have used “ecstasy” in the past year.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	12d9eb8dbf15d567561fc8377e0710fd	Emissions in the residential sector are also quite high by international comparisons, with 1.3 tonne per capita v.v. Energy performance could be finther improved by increasing the rate of renovation of the building stock and indeed the government plans to encourage further energy-efficient building refiirbishments (IEA, 2009). These measures are welcome as they could usefully complement the price signal of a carbon tax. The 2002/2007 Energy Saving Ordinance has been amended to introduce stricter norms in 2009 (energy performance increased by 30%) and made energy certification of buildings compulsory w'hen they are constructed, sold, leased or rented out (in line with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive). These subsidies are provided on a first-come-first-serve principle, suggesting high deadweight losses. Given that available resources are limited, such subsidies, in particular grants, should be targeted to low income households and credit constrained firms, which otherwise may not have the capacity to finance profitable energy-efficient investment.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	12da9abb44e8ed9d0749e5d7005d9fdf	The two are not mutually exclusive, nor can Nepal afford to treat them as such. “ What they have not realised is that there are also local solutions to addressing food deficit,” he says, thinking of the seed bank in Bara. The challenging realities of Nepal’s geography and its diverse microclimates would not allow for an approach that singularly focuses on increasing production with modern seeds.	15	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	12dc42b44d2214f9da6bd38058e9437a	Data for Japan refer to respondent and spouses aged 20-64 and there is no information on earnings for other household members. On average their risk of falling into the bottom of the income distribution is very similar to that of standard worker households: only about 7% of mixed households are found in the lowest income quintile. There are, however, some country differences, with the shares ranging from below 2% in Australia to around 15% in Luxembourg. Mixed SW/NSW households fare slightly better in the distributional position than SW households in all countries with the exception of Portugal.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	12de2fa259db2bc6e7e5989ec508c035	Climate risk screening is now applied to all IDA projects, and will be extended to other World Bank operations in early 2017. The Bank's 2016 Climate Change Action Plan recognizes climate change as a threat to its core mission of poverty reduction, and makes a commitment to moving from early screening to ex-ante planning with a climate lens, in support of countries' INDC/NDC implementation (World Bank, 2016). A key challenge, and one which will be exacerbated by expected increases in climate variability, is the inability of both farmers and financiers to fully manage the impacts of seasonality on cash flows. This requires not only a significant increase in the amount of capital available but also longer maturities (of 5 to 7 years) and more flexible repayment schedules that are adjusted to cash flows.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	12e007918b7d10ff34a964d943799b3e	Indeed, many multilateral development banks, bilateral agencies and NGOs are now mandated to achieve climate change co-benefits while contributing to the core organisational mandates of poverty reduction and broader development outcomes. Some institutions go further still, for example, AFD mainstreams climate change mitigation into its operations by measuring the carbon footprint of its whole development finance portfolio (AFD, 2012)12. All recipients and some supporters and providers consider aligning climate finance behind priorities outlined in national climate change action plans as an important principle for effectiveness.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	12e02eaf404ac295a7a75f3c9a7011aa	The project includes investments in infrastructure, sector reform, and training to strengthen airport operations and management capacity, as well as project support. While the project is still ongoing, some challenges have already risen. For example, procurement and contract management require daily on-site technical support to resolve issues, ensure progress and enhance institutional capacity. Local circumstances, such as adverse weather, can also delay the construction schedule (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 12).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	12e0e97f23c426832a86cfb9e6ac7add	"Waste management strategies need to give adequate consideration to MHM (SSWM 2016, House etal. International policy mechanisms are driven by data. Without gender-disaggregated data it is impossible to fully measure progress towardssustainable development goals, or to make effective analytical assessments of the comparative situations of women and men in different communities or parts of the world (UN-DESA and UNW-DPC 2009). The Gender and Water Alliance has identified gender-disaggregated data collection as a key component of a ""minimum agenda"" for making a difference in water management (GWA 2006b)."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	12e1826c9455dfeb7b2d05c3caf823f5	Recent research indicates that less than 3% of all active agricultural holdings obtain income from sources other than agricultural production (an increase from 2.5% in 2006). There are approximately 1.1 million economic entities in rural areas that are not associated with agricultural activity (REGON). On the one hand, there are many successful examples of rural businesses in Poland and, as will be discussed, a wide range of supports are available for both new and established businesses (see Box 2.7 for examples of rural entrepreneurship in eastern Poland).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	12e19445123d69d6ed554cf74940bd9b	This is also true for standards, which risk becoming obsolete if they fail to keep up with technological progress and more general energy-efficiency trends. A first step in addressing this concern is initiating and harmonizing efforts to obtain energy-intensity data. Once data are collected, country energy performance can be assessed and explained, and cross-country comparisons made - to know where progress is considerable and where it is not.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	12e60b70167886162d664976713c9ecd	These models are all PPPs involving an academic-industrial consortium pursuing collaborative research, typically over seven to ten years. The level of subsidy is typically high in order to encourage fundamental research, involving PhD education that strengthens the role of the collaboration in human capital formation. Evidence from international evaluations about these programmes are strongly positive, but also point to the importance of a balanced governance power between the academic and industrial stakeholders to guarantee successful outcomes.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	12e905269db6cf8b9bf4a486c2d0a056	The report found that lesson learning in CTF mitigation-interventions was “weak to non-existent,” slightly stronger performance for their adaptation activities, and mixed performance for their forestry and pilot programmes. It is therefore important to maximise the impact and effectiveness of climate finance. However, much of the focus to date has been on tracking the quantity of climate finance flows rather than the quality, or effectiveness, of this finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282988-5-en	12e9556ae1ee2c3ab5f4d623ce764a51	Life expectancy at birth increased rapidly by four years from 70.5 years in 2000 to 74.5 years in 2014 (Figure 1.2) and by more than 20 years since 1970. Infant mortality has decreased from 56.3 to 13.6 per 1 000 population since 1990, which is below the average in Latin America. Child mortality decreased in a similar fashion from 79.7 to 17.5, also below the regional average. In line with the Latin American region as a whole, Peru has considerably narrowed the gap to the average of OECD countries in tenns of main health indicators, with Peru developing even faster than most of its neighbours.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	12ee8c26730eeb13273f5cb3ecb62aeb	This implies that the level of tax for a litre of diesel should be higher than that for a litre of gasoline, to reflect relative environmental costs. Diesel vehicles also tend to travel further per litre of fuel than gasoline vehicles, as they are often more fuel efficient. This means that social costs such as congestion, noise, accidents and infrastructure wear are also higher on a per litre basis for diesel than gasoline. In the energy sector, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the sources of around 80% of possible cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 2035 under an energy scenario consistent with international climate goals are already in place or under construction, leaving little room for additional polluting facilities (IEA, 2012).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	12f09376dbc1da574f391d12ebf7c2bf	The policy has met with some resistance, however, due to uncertainty about the effect on congestion levels in nearby districts and on local businesses. London’s Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is a good example. Since 2008, public authorities have operated a LEZ that prohibits access by most polluting heavy diesel vehicles, and plans to apply tighter standards in 2012, under which more vehicles would be affected (Transport for London, 2011).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/69c44297-en	12f4e66f0424d3ab0edc70ca8cfb5280	In the Gaza Strip, the deficit has been estimated at 16-42 MCM/yr (Table 3). Tel Aviv-Yafo in Israel.59 and most of the Gaza Strip (Figure 3). In the Egyptian town of Rafah. Most dramatically, in the Gaza Strip water levels have been dropping at rates of up to 1 m/yr and water levels in many areas now lie near or below sea level. In the northern Gaza Strip, groundwater levels have dropped by about 5 m in the period 1969-2007, while a drop of over 15 m was observed in the Rafah area in the southern Gaza Strip, with a clear acceleration from 1998 onward [Figure 5).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08756197-en	12f532f79620fa48b684894d1e41200c	In June, E. coli concentrations reached 7,000 and 16,000 cells per litre for Tbilisi Sea and Turtle Lake respectively. E. coli concentrations obtained for Lake Lisi were above the permitted limit (5,000 cells per litre) for the five samples, while for Tbilisi Sea and Turtle Lake they exceeded the limit value in June. Illegal discharge of untreated waste waters into the water bodies and poor maintenance of recreational zones are the major reasons for the high concentration of bacteria in the lakes and reservoirs of Tbilisi.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	12f82fbc4b4071995a53923cad7d98c7	The country co-ordinators would distribute the standard questionnaire to their selected respondents, collect and collate the responses, and forward them to social science researchers at the ESRC Genomics Network for analysis and write-up. Initially nine countries agreed to participate, but subsequently two countries pulled out on grounds of lack of resources at a time of global economic down-turn. The seven remaining countries were Finland, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, United Kingdom, China and South Africa. In April 2012, the respective country co-ordinators, along with four social science researchers from the ESRC Genomics Network, formed a project steering committee, supported by members of the OECD secretariat.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en	12fa3a3079223f053ad1797ed2379eb7	In France about 4.2 million households have benefitted from similar tax incentives between 2005 and 2008 which equals about 13% of the residential building stock, (see case studies in the annex for more information on tax incentives in France and Italy). Through tax credits for energy-efficient new homes in the US, the market share of eligible homes37 rose from 1% in 2006 to 10% in 2009 (ACEEE 2011a, pp. Another example can be found in US tax credits for non-business energy improvements put in place 2006 and extended several times until 2010. The most impressive effects of the US programme are found for Energy Star windows: the national market share rose from 49% in 2005 to 93% in 2010. Even though the incentive was cut back sharply in 2011 (from originally $1500 to $200), the market share stayed high at 89% in 2011 (ACEEE 2011a, pp. It is very difficult to assess how ambitious are performance requirements for the different schemes.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	12fa6f82d0c39b657631a97f892afb0c	In the United Kingdom, the study from Ernst & Young estimates connection costs for offshore plants in a range of GBP 300-800/kW, depending on the distance from the shore; the present study adopts an intermediate value of GBP 500/kW, which corresponds to about 20% of the investment costs at the plant level. Connection costs for offshore have been estimated to lie between 10% and 25% of investment cost, depending on the distance from the shore (Green Net, 2009a). For the other countries, the average value of 17.5% was used.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	12fe8402fc5974c44ec78c6c1b8edf73	The CBFA came into effect in May 2010 and expired on 18 May 2013. An amended CBFA has been established since, involving seven environmental organizations (two fewer than in the previous agreement), the Forest Products Association of Canada and its 18 member companies, and Kruger Inc. (CBFA, 2014). The simplified procedures include fundamental changes to the rules for the allocation of tariff quotas on the export of spruce, pine and fir roundwood (Russian Gazette, 2013a).	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d100c303-en	13020c19f165a908b2c72cf6a42167d9	We know progress is possible: Since the last development agenda, both the number of people living in extreme poverty and the number of primary-school-aged children out of school have been halved successfully. We can provide an education for every last child. We have an opportunity to embrace peace, equality, inclusivity and sustainable development by ensuring freedom for all.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	130308c02ca7bbd96f579abaa705d139	Estonia provides a positive experience on how to use payment methods to promote preventive care by primary care doctors (IMF, 2010). Also “sin” taxes (e.g. on alcohol and tobacco) change relative prices. They are the most intrusive form of government intervention as it encroaches on people’s choices.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0d2045c7-en	1303749b2f2a5550813614ce76c610c7	Additionally, political instability risk and corruption were also identified as challenges for some countries. This is evident from the fact that a country, such as Singapore, with limited agricultural production capacity is ranked at the top of the list (at number 5), while such countries as Argentina and the Russian Federation, with high agricultural production capacities, are ranked much lower (at numbers 37 and 40, respectively). From table 5 and on the basis of the overall structure of the Index, it can be concluded that Arab countries with economic capacity to import food, including those of the GCC subregion, are expected to rank in positions comparable to that of Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Arab LDCs, on the other hand are expected to be ranked at the tail of the list, comparable to that of Yemen and Sudan. Moreover, while Lebanon is expected to rank in a comparable position to those of Tunisia and Jordan, other countries facing conflicts or unrest, including Iraq and Libya, are expected to score lower, comparable to that of the Syrian Arab Republic. The rationale to limit the focus of food security on only these two elements stems from the convection of the instrumental role of agriculture to reduce poverty and malnutrition.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	1305d3f1bba0b87e620cee82f935559f	The IUDF is expected to contribute to strengthening rural-urban linkages, and promote urban resilience and urban safety. These goals inform the priority objectives of nice policy levers: i) integrated uiban planning and management; ii) integrated transport and mobility; iii) integrated sustainable human settlements; iv) integrated uiban infrastructure; v) efficient land governance and management; vi) inclusive economic development; vii) empowered active communities; viii) effective uiban governance; and ix) sustainable finances. The current urban legislative framework in Viet Nam, despite its considerable extent (e.g., laws, plans, strategies and programmes) (Table 2.2), has a very similar caveat as the current urban policy frameworks.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	130654f68d61790d07280a0b5255af7d	Citizens (or stakeholders groups) signal their policy demand or preferences through various channels such as lobbying or voting choices. The higher the costs involved in signalling this demand the lower the level of effective demand. Likewise the government’s willingness to supply the policy favour will increase with increasing political benefits that would accrue to the government. Equilibrium is found at the point where the demand for a concession matches the willingness to supply it given the respective perceptions of costs and benefits.	14	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b620ec70-en	13082eea192e276059421af7af0ce558	Lastly, care will be strengthened and made more professional by training family and formal caregivers, with due consideration for the perspectives of gender, age, and ethnic and racial identity. This is part of the expansion of existing services but will also include new services and modalities of care; for childcare, the focus is on expanding coverage of children aged 0 to 6 years through its network of education and nutrition centres (CEN) and comprehensive care centres (CINAI), for half-days and full days, respectively. These efforts are in response to the need for a national strategy to create a nationwide network of care and development for children and older persons.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	130d49a3a1aa12cddf21c865fa16dfe7	In the absence of any well laid out strategy, the focus of the implementation of the MDG agenda has often been on raising budgetary allocations for education, health and other basic social programmes. They were meant to be comprehensive and ensure greater coherence between economic and social policies and to serve in positioning donor support behind a nationally defined development strategy. However, PRSPs have been criticized for failing in practice to make macroeconomic, trade and financial policies integral and explicit parts of a strategy aiming to generate sufficient productive employment, reduce poverty and enhance access to social services (Gottschalk, 2005; North-South Institute, 2004; Stewart and Wang, 2003; and Vos and Cabezas, 2006).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	131180a2517e423117f43535fb97190b	Both maternity leaves and parental and paternity leave are considerably longer in Europe and in English-speaking countries, except for the United States, which lags behind even by comparison with the poorer Latin American countries. The socioeconomic status and gender of domestic workers, the great majority of whom are women, are inevitably intertwined, so the way in which the State addresses their labour conditions indicates the value it affords to the two types of equity. Any measure that improves conditions for domestic workers promotes both dimensions of equity. Yet, in the medium and long term, formalizing domestic workers’ labour conditions can foster collective efforts towards more institutionalized sequential and defamilializing measures.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	1314560a1d42e2f3ac93ea9214f3a183	Capital spending is often characterised as a longterm investment in the economy and recurrent spending as short-term consumption. Information on the composition of recurrent spending by economic classification - public-sector salaries, transfers and government goods and services, for example - was not available for this study but would be invaluable for better understanding the effectiveness of public spending. Social protection programmes such as health-fee waivers, emergency school feeding and humanitarian relief are typically classified as recurrent spending.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	13158b1c0c5def58b1615a9c70f5e9ad	Monitoring is carried out among newly electrified consumers. ( In the longer run it will be interesting to undertake broader economic assessments to locate possible long-term changes.) This monitoring exercise has revealed that the majority, 96%, of electrified households use electricity for lighting and TV; 63% use electricity also for cooking; a large proportion of the population, 34%, use electricity for heating.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	1317ed0ecbdf1a93c38de855b33898f4	However, precise estimations of the size and nature of the energy efficiency gap of the food chain have not yet been calculated. In many cases, the implementation of these approaches is a “win-win” situation for the producer, as the energy cost reductions achieved through implementation quickly repay the capital investment that is required. In the majority' of cases, a payback time of five years or less can be achieved and, for a significant proportion of the technologies, the payback is three years or less (Golaszew'ski et al., Moreover, important efficiency gains can be achieved w'ithout capital investment, by introducing procedural and behavioural changes.3 Reducing food waste, for example, provides high potential for energy savings through resource efficiency and offers an important untapped energy-efficiency potential which policy could address (Mehlhart et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.30875/32bff34e-en	13196df639b7977c257b3e30a1572c72	Unfavourable developments in the prices of primary commodities continue to have an adverse impact on the export growth of LDCs, the report said. They called on WTO members to increase their efforts in implementing ministerial decisions taken in favour of LDCs, including the Nairobi decision on preferential rules of origin to make it easier for LDC exports to qualify for preferential market access. Established in 2011, the programme aims to strengthen the participation of LDCs in WTO trade negotiations and to assist LDCs in joining the WTO. The dialogue provided a platform for LDCs and developing country trade partners to discuss developments in LDC issues and questions to be taken up at the 11«i WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires at the end of 2017 as well as growing cooperation between developing countries.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	131b95bd266434352cb2e2a77ab03f1e	Cautious revolutionaries value and embrace data and technology and are open to new partnerships. They take risks, as the digital transformation is too recent for empirical studies to identify clearly what works and what does not. But being a cautious revolutionary also implies the need for prudence in the face of risks and novelty, because a main role of TISIs is to instil and maintain trust in markets while new technologies are being adopted. Harnessing technology can no longer be a sideline, and resources have to be channelled into taking advantage of the digital transformation.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	131ded6b50a68cc47efa5c28b6042ff5	Guidelines for schools could be provided as part of a practical toolkit for all aspects of school evaluation (Chapter 3). At the same time, as pointed out in the sections on challenges, there are concerns about the lack of systematic teacher appraisal practices at the local level. Teachers in Denmark are entirely dependent on local capacity and willingness to benefit from appraisal and feedback to improve their practice.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	131fe88c8a6ea0a4532798c55ce17cdd	Annual expenditure per student on basic education is also below the OECD average. In 2013 per student expenditure for basic education in Lithuania, USD 9 675 (PPP), was approximately half that of OECD (USD 18 457) and EU-22 (USD 18 755) averages (OECD, 2016b). These differences in expenditure were mainly due to the comparatively low salaries of Lithuanian teachers and school administrators (Shew'bridge et al.,	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	13240a6f79333b819e11500df9d8ef2f	This person will liaise with relevant officials, statisticians and researchers in order to identify as detailed information as possible. This person is expected to liaise with CERI after the collection of this questionnaire should CERI (or the researcher that CERI appoints) wish to follow-up on particular evidence or reference presented in this questionnaire. The main focus will be on statements and schemes at the national and regional level, but countries (corresponding) are welcome to also include those at the local and/or community level if considered appropriate. They would include white papers, frameworks and statements of intent at the national and state level.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	1329295d7b0f30ce9ae55d3a0a4512aa	Right now, however, a girl from a poor community in many countries will intersect with the health system only for immunizations as a toddler, and then not again until her first pregnancy (Bruce, 2009a). Adolescents have the lowest levels of health coverage of any age group (The Lancet Commissions, 2016), and represent an obvious next step in the drive for universal coverage. Such sessions could also offer opportunities for beginning to inform girls about their rights (Bruce, 2009a). Services must be of good quality, involve strict protection of privacy, and be free or low cost as has been done in some cases for children under age 5 (Santhya and Jejeebhoy, 2015).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	132b00fbbcc1ca814b9ecae6a2eaae6d	Donors have supported peer learning through community-based or farmers’ groups or through arranging for participants to visit other places and programmes. The Learning Routes programme in Colombia8 allows participants to expand the horizons of their imagination and develop new visions of what is possible. It has proved particularly effective in helping people reconsider their livelihood possibilities. Both formal (legalised) and informal exclusionary practices prevent poor people from securing decent work and from political participation.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283558-en	132ec78e0cf0a43d33fbe89bce93aad0	To cover these, 87% of the population have voluntary health insurance and there is help for those who cannot afford it. Out-of-pocket payments are low overall, but the share of private expenditure is high compared to the EU average. However, despite the strong primary care system, there is a lack of coordination and integration across levels and sectors, causing discontinuity of care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	132ff92f367ae63a02d6ed6d5330f2b3	South African women formed a Parliamentary Women's Group (PWG) soon after the 1994 elections. The name itself is significant: opposition parties did not want the body to be called a caucus, as their male colleagues would see this as 'selling out' party interests. According to Xingwana, this played an important role in the early days as women sought to navigate new corridors of power. However the PWG soon broke up into women's caucuses within parties.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	133065d9ec4bef29c3027ee7612b33dc	This arises because some innovation activities, such as design or patenting, may be funded by one industry, say manufacturing, but their undertaking may be outsourced to another industry, say Business services, which includes industrial design consultancy and legal firms. Although these complex input-output relations make it difficult to infer the skills and occupations involved in innovation in a specific industry, the official surveys do provide a clear insight into the breadth of skills required for innovation at an economy-wide level. The following examples are taken from Australia using statistics from recent official innovation surveys of private businesses, though it is crucial to note similar patterns of diversity apply across OECD countries. For example, over the three-year period 2001-03 in Australia just 34.8% of firms undertook any form of innovation.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/62212c37-en	13348b3712a8375cf0ca36a2bba12924	"The ""five creative habits of mind"" rubric was used as an observation tool for the classroom dynamics, while the OECD rubric was used to prepare, review and identify possible gaps in pedagogical activities. The team in Thailand did more or less the same. In the first year of implementation, teachers were only exposed to the ""five habits of mind"" rubric during the professional development, but then used both in the field; in the second year, they used both rubrics during the professional development and in the field."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/215d0d56-en	133633476311f8153e2ff6bcc77a9e0c	They are integral contributors to the continuous process of improving existing policy frameworks (Watkiss, 2015). The capacity to change as new knowledge and information are gathered is important for delivering on the multiple objectives of effective climate change adaptation (Arup, 2014). If, for example, as circumstances change, intended outcomes are not achieved or if unintended consequences are identified, a flexible policymaking system will have the capacity to adjust the scope, the implementation modalities, or the expected outcomes when necessary. This iteration is strengthened by the participation of stakeholders, which begins with the identification of policy objectives and the scoping of options and continues with contributions to the design of policy interventions and follow-up of implementation.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	1336749022d682125b3982a9cb2c1f18	This is in recognition of the impact the socio-economic background of students has on their academic achievement. A range of compensatory educational programmes such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme, the Tutorials Project and the Educational Commitment Programme provide schools with greater opportunities to offer the necessary support for students with greater needs. However, there are three aspects which require further reflection. This might reduce the transparency of funding to schools while increasing the complexity of resource distribution. Second, other policy issues such as student repetition and teacher deployment to individual schools have not received enough attention in terms of the inequities they introduce in the system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	133ad69beab2831845c2eefd83d6dba2	For details, see paragraphs 1-9 and 61-106 of the judgment. At that time, generic manufacturers in order to market their products in the EU needed an originator reference product. After the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of Losec, generic manufacturers would no longer be able to market their generic copies of these capsules. Parallel importers of Losec capsules would equally be barred from marketing those.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	133b98ec2102b94af09216415b5cc151	While this may, in the long-term, enhance the country’s domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity, it is resource intensive and can divert attention and domestic resources from ensuring answerability and representative enforceability. This, however, is problematic if the external reporting requirements do not meet domestic information needs. Alternatively, partner countries may choose to integrate some of the more general reporting requirements (e.g. on the allocation of resources and the implementation of planned activities) into national monitoring and evaluation systems already in place in many developing countries. This approach, however, does not address the issue of evaluation.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	133c45499a1425dfe9bfd48b66ef196b	They are also encouraged to work towards ensuring effective enforcement of the legal framework in order to ensure equality and non-discrimination among all citizens, notably in view of changing social attitudes, and to challenge discriminatory social norms and practices. Under these laws, which are based to varying degrees on religion, women do not share the same rights as men to pursue a profession, engage in travel or head a family. This affects economic outcomes and the application of egalitarian employment and entrepreneurship provisions. Discussions at the national and international levels testily to the fact that the personal status laws influence social values.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	133d94e4c7245aa6379bb32d78d180cb	"It should also be understood that some indicators of gender equality are not likely to be applicable to all countries. For example, literacy rates may be more meaningful in sub-Saharan Africa than in Latin America and the Caribbean, and wage data are less relevant in largely agricultural societies. The development of indicators to assess SDG progress will have to deal with this complexity. Fiscal Policy and Endogenous Growth with Public Infrastructure""Oxford Economic Papers 60:57-88. Canuto, and L. P. da Silva. On Gender and Growth: The Role of Intergenerational Health Externalities and Women's Occupational Constraints."""	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5ff49553-en	1343b7b15a5fcf3f7752f04e0907863d	In the countries where wastewater treatment has improved, there has been a notable reduction in the incidence of diseases such as hepatitis, cholera and typhoid fever. It should come as no surprise, then, that coastal degradation and marine pollution are among the region's worst environmental problems. Population pressures, infrastructure development in general and coastal tourism in particular have done much harm to coastal and marine ecosystems. Coral reefs have also been badly affected. In the Caribbean, 61% of reefs are threatened by tourism pressure and pollution, among other factors.	10	777	141	0.6928104575163399
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	1346f3f37f46fb0c1d44780ff7a7dd7c	Positioning and functioning of organisations such as HAS (Haute Autorite de Sante) in France and NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence) in the United Kingdom could provide inspiration. The reconsideration of HTA is especially relevant in relation to the functioning of SSI and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Institute of Turkey when it comes to decisions on quality and safety of products and services related to access to the Turkish market and reimbursement via the health insurance funds. For more than 20 years specific health-care services, often from private providers have been seeking ISO certification or accreditation by foreign accreditors in the health-care field such as the Joint Commission International, the international branch of the US Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health-care services. The Baskent University Network is an example of a private entity that has been successful in the application of both ISO standards and JCI accreditation over a period of 20 years in what is now a network of 12 hospitals.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	13473df47cd1731f35477931a397be34	In many cases, those with greater experience in decision-making processes and greater social and political capital may dominate those processes. The case of Hurricane Katrina, referred to in chapter II, provides a good example in this regard. It has been argued that the Industrial Canal, bounding the Lower Ninth Ward to the west, which failed and flooded the city of New Orleans, was constructed in that area partly owing to the limited political power of its residents. During the recovery period, those same residents had less access to the political resources needed to draw attention to their specific needs. V of Report on the World Social Situation 2016 (United Nations, forthcoming) elaborates on the policy areas that are relevant for equitable and inclusive societies.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/17685da3-en	134a5f073160ef3c0560e8f55625bc7a	Other work can also be performed and referrals are easier, as is emergency transport. Wherever childbirth takes place, it is essential that the person who helps has the core competencies for safe delivery, the necessary equipment and supplies, and the option to refer to a functioning facility offering emergency obstetric and newborn care. However, the current coverage of care in the first hours and days after birth in most developing countries is low.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	134c510b13e43e92e2a7648daf56505b	It conceptualises implementation as the extent to which a plan achieves its policies through adoption of the relevant management techniques in development permits. For PIE, the permitting process provides the locus of observation of the linkages between policies and their implementation. This link most strongly reflects implementation as decision makers operationalise the plan objectives (and related policies) through permits on a regular basis. Thus, permits are intended to manage land development and thereby implement the plan.	6	5	0	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	135f1d401ff382bfa28ea0f52766ac00	The main indicators used are listed in the publication cited below, along with the relevant source information. Reconciling resource uses in transboundary basins: assessment of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus (United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2015), pp. Some are qualitative and some quantitative, some geospatial and some statistical.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	1360bfb8c30f910e53a1f2ade073c9a0	This was done by comparing the survey entries for income with figures from an estimate of household income and spending taken from each country's System of National Accounts (SNA), prepared for this purpose using official information. In most countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. The period 2002-2008 was also characterized by a reduction in the total number of poor and indigent persons (41 million and 26 million, respectively).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	1360f023255e606065442d429cb90168	Only UNDP and GIZ maintain a permanent presence in Turkmenistan. Among them are the Ministries for Energy and Industry, Oil and Gas and Mineral Resources, Agriculture, Construction, and Water Economy. According to the country’s Fourth National Report on implementation of the CBD, intersectoral cooperation in relation to biodiversity management has been relatively weak in the recent past: “However, for many sectors of national economy, implementation of BSAP did not become a priority and has not been integrated into their national plans and strategies. Weak coordination or integration between MoNP’s actions and the institutions, directly influencing biological resources, has created certain difficulties”.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	1363bcb1a9940a78a35a76b57f9d7102	The reporting boundary to be followed for climate change and greenhouse gas emission disclosure is set parallel to the entities as reported on in the consolidated financial statements. The Framework does not specify any calculation rules, but recognizes various accounting schemes, like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, ISO14064-1, and many other global and national schemes and guidance. The Sustainability Disclosure Framework is new and will provide accounting standards for each of the 89 SICS industries (Sustainable Industry Classification System). Each standard will be divided into management disclosures and performance disclosures for both impact and innovation opportunities.	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	1364d9e1dc5c0522a8d1bd9a635e572d	Research and development (R&D) are inherently dependent on public investment as they are capital intensive with long-time horizons and uncertain outcomes. Although private investment is typically prevalent in more applied R&D, which becomes an important driver of innovation, this is not yet the case in Kazakhstan. There is, therefore, a challenge to create incentives for private investments in R&D. Benefits could also be reaped from a systematic effort to adapt technologies developed elsewhere to local conditions, complemented by targeted R&D activities that address needs specific to Kazakhstan. An extension system is just beginning to develop in Kazakhstan. Well-coordinated education, R&D, and extension systems can contribute to strong productivity growth and the widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices. There is an additional rationale in Kazakhstan for a strong extension system in that, as a result of the transition period, several key commodity sectors in Kazakhstan are dominated today by either household producers or recent individual farmers.	2	3	3	0.0
10.18356/401c524c-en	13659b7fc03816828ac5eb5d309de5fb	Yet decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, significant backlashes to women’s equality and power have occurred. Dedicated funds are not regularly set aside to perform gender assessment at the design stage or to monitor and evaluate outcomes. In addition women are being slotted into gender-stereotypical and lower-paying career paths in universities and are leaving high-earning careers, such as engineering. This has the potential to increase the wage gap in the region, further deepening segmentation of an already gender-segmented labour market and decreasing women’s economic productivity, financial sustainability and autonomy.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	1365feccc61adc4814c64ff7d9303893	Further extending the green purchasing requirements to local governments would enhance the effectiveness of the policy, in particular since a large share of public expenditure is invested locally. In expanding its green purchasing policy, the government should make sure that it targets goods and services with the highest potential environmental returns. This outcome was achieved with minor increases in public expenditure. Since the introduction of the green public procurement policy, the market shares of eco-friendly products widely used in the public administration have substantially increased (Figure 9). According to MOE’s estimates, the national government’s green purchasing policy resulted in a reduction of C02 emissions by 89 500 tonnes in 2006, which is equivalent to the amount of C02 emitted by a town of 42 000 inhabitants. The financial implications of Japan’s green public procurement policy and the overall costs to the Japanese economy of achieving such emission reductions should be assessed and compared with the costs of alternative policy measures.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1367267f74ee1a611d2f231dfaebe698	To achieve regional and global competitiveness in these areas, the Blueprint forecasts that more than 250 000 direct jobs will be created by 2025 (154 000 in tourism, 52 000 in agriculture and 42 000 in manufacturing). The region is to be known as the centre for excellence in areas such as cardiac care and oncology, possessing globally-accredited hospitals and highly-qualified medical and healthcare professionals. There is a mismatch between supply and demand of workers and evidence that universities produce graduates in fields irrelevant to the demands of the developing economy.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	13682ef8aa005a0a8d7adf4fcad6bfef	There are unique capacities required relating to environmental management and governance in the sector, and unique elements of the enabling environment. But the practical CDE tools that can help build capacity have relevance across sectors, and the energy sector in particular can be expected to benefit from the overarching CDE guidance currently under development. Most importantly, this includes increased focus on sustainable energy sources of relevance to the majority of the population, and increased focus on efficiency of energy use.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	136943e231c3ea03a3e7148c5db10689	Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary teachers have a common salary scale but a different salary scale exists for upper secondary education (the rationale for this differentiation relates to the level of initial qualifications required, i.e. bachelor’s or master’s degree). In addition, a great number of salary scales coexist for upper technical and vocational secondary education. Teachers in management functions have separate salary scales.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	136bd8360b29bcd81ba7c49dc20b632b	Open and expansive data will also serve to estimate population changes and density variations at intracity levels. These registries inform land consumption rates relevant to this indicator. For example, the e-Government Domain, within the Regulatory Programme Development Area at UN/CEFACT, is developing two white papers aimed at reviewing both the technical applications of Blockchain to UN/CEFACT deliverables on data exchange, and another on use-cases in a wide variety of areas of application in which this technology could provide opportunities for efficient, effective and trusted systems. Several countries, such as The Netherlands, India, Kenya and Switzerland have already begun piloting blockchain-based land registry systems, which are expected to have a significant impact on promoting inclusive and integrated urbanization through the principles of immutability of records and system decentralization. Participatory, transparent, accountable urban planning and management, and the creation of an enabling environment, are important steps in assessing how national and local governments involve people, communities and organizations in implementing, monitoring, and evaluating SDGs policies and programmes such as urban planning.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	136c3baf95190e6471959aebbdc3997a	Further analysis based on developing-country case studies would be very relevant from a policy perspective. Energy-intensive industries (e.g. iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, cement, aluminium, and pulp and paper) account for more than two thirds of energy consumption and C02 emissions. With growing industrial activity and the need to construct basic infrastructure, energy-intensive industries account for a relatively large share of manufacturing output in a number of developing countries.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	136d70b4e00898236a4f5b1cc7e973d6	In addition, housing vulnerability of applicants is currently not taken into account. Finally, the maximum housing price is quite high (2 000 UF, or more than 90 000 USD in the case of middle-income families) which makes applying attractive for better-off families (OECD, 2012b). The government has recently revised the system, criteria and reliability of the means proxy test (Ficha de Proteccion Social). In addition, the new DS49 subsidy (i.e. the main subsidy for vulnerable groups), includes different (and some additional) variables for eligibility,20 which will likely better target subsidy allocation to the most vulnerable segments.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	136fc204d759e3b1c745bcfedd21f59c	This is particularly relevant for dairy and meat commodities where there are few traders (for dairy, in part reflecting the past history of single seller export arrangements). For the principal crop commodity group, horticulture, the establishment of futures trading is also problematic due to the lack of a standardised product. Agro-food business in New Zealand must turn to commodity futures markets abroad (e.g. in Australia and the United States) in order to hedge commodity price risks. However, without being involved in price hedging as such, farmers use price information from international commodity futures. For example, wheat farmers use movements in the United States and Australian wheat futures prices as a guide to the prices they might expect in the future. Some analysts indicate that the disparities in movement of overseas futures and domestic market prices may be substantial in such trading, creating important basis risks for hedgers in New Zealand.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	13745aa7dbf215c11f88b8b1a250ecaa	Thus if one considers only new or modern nuclear units, it seems reasonable not to consider additional investment costs for load following capabilities, since they can be considered sunk costs, regardless of the choice of operating mode. Similar reasoning can be applied to fuel elements: the additional requirements for fuel design are already priced into the fuel cost, regardless of the operational mode of the reactor. According to AREVA, EDF and the French regulatory authority, there is today no clear evidence that load following will accelerate the ageing of NPPs, and only a very small number of pieces of equipment could be adversely affected (Pouret and Nuttall, 2007). If load variations are performed within design specifications (in terms of extent and frequency of load modulations) the operational lifetime of the power plant should not be affected.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/63fef40d-en	1374ebc0249b4807f191fb4822b77638	Frequent removal of slurry from livestock housing has thus been suggested as a way of reducing methane emissions (Sommer et al., Anaerobic digestion of manure has large potential for reducing emissions and substituting fossil fuel with renewable methane, which can be used in heating and power generation and as a vehicle fuel. However, the unknown levels of methane leakage from digesters and gas storage raises doubts about the actual mitigation effect of this technology. All options for the reduction of methane emissions need to take into consideration the entire production system, to avoid leakage from one compartment to the next and increases in nitrous oxide emissions.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	13766c6b244b0c53e566543e1c1ccf1d	Health status and health care need specific analysis to identify a more comprehensive level of health deprivation and inequality. This share decreased by more than 10 percentage points between 2006 and 2010. In the case of financial self-protection, 63.3% of the population could not afford the basic basket of goods and services in 2010.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1376eb6b06a6f6b3b1e94948c4bb9bb9	It then uses this to identify measures to reduce vulnerability of its agricultural systems (GoB, 2010). In addition, information on good practices and lessons learned relating to assessing climate impacts and vulnerability has been developed by UNFCCC (e.g. UNFCCC, 2009). Information on impacts and vulnerability was included in many countries’ INDCs, but often in quite a summarised manner, e.g. outlining the key environmental vulnerabilities of a country.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	13798839556f4dee67d0bd42d846e368	Developed by Industry Skills Councils or enterprises, each package is a set of nationally-endorsed standards, qualifications and guidelines used to recognise and assess the skills and knowledge people need to perform effectively in the workplace. The packages prescribe outcomes required by the workplace, not training or education. They are generally reviewed and resubmitted for endorsement every three years; however, within the three years, changes may occur under a continuous improvement process. Additionally, in the ECEC sector, national training packages have been developed for Certificate III, Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Children’s Services through the Community Services and Health Industry Skills Council.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	137ea7350a45a017408380156114f9fa	In 2014, 196 kg of ATS were seized, more than twice the amount of 2013 (85 kg) and almost five times that of 2012 (41 kg). The number of ATS seizures and the quantities seized have been rising steadily. In 2014, 42 ATS seizures were reported, the highest number in five years. In 2014, the Narcotics Control Bureau of India reported the dismantling of five illicit manufacturing facilities, from which about 155 kg of amphetamines and 162 kg of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were seized.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/60a8d482-en	1382109c43e2be3d8b4aceca7a875967	In Burundi, for example, 2 per cent or less of women above statutory pension age are in receipt of a pension compared to 7 per cent of men. The largest gender gaps in coverage, however, are found in Egypt and Jordan, where 62 per cent and 82 per cent of men, respectively, receive a pension compared to only 8 per cent and 12 per cent of women. While some European countries have achieved high coverage rates among women, their benefits levels are often only a fraction of those of men. In addition, key pension design features systematically penalize women, further reinforcing their socio-economic disadvantage in old age.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	1382774a399ae1db9e6d1d706ca8c9ca	Engaging teachers as co-designers in the implementation of technology-enhanced learning activities results in the greatest integration of technology-rich activities in teachers’ practices compared with them being re-designers or simply executors of designed activities (Cviko, McKenney and Voogt, 2014). This gives agency to teachers as learners and fosters the development of professional learning communities (Lieberman, Campbell and Yashkina, 2015). In order to understand how TEPIs develop, the SITES-M2 study collected information about wider school, regional and national level contexts (Kozma, 2003).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	1382ab7f33f9406923c989d4ccd37b41	Enrolment in post-secondary' career and technical education has also been rising. This part of the system is highly decentralised and has strengths in its diversity and flexibility in meeting the needs (OECD, 2015|4oi). This is probably particularly appropriate for students who are less suited to continuing in formal education but would benefit from acquiring additional skills to enhance their employability. There are three conditions that help boost the effectiveness of work-based learning.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	1384b00c42de6e616c2c8cff15a1d520	The analysis focused on artificial recharge, but could also be applied to strategies for increased conservation and expanded use of recycled water. It is possible to quantify the benefits of artificial recharge for increasing groundwater available for emergency use. These benefits correspond to reduced negative impacts (e.g. greater pumping lifts, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion) when additional groundwater is utilised during an emergency.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	1387c13b42936659b78ce2c1b077ab29	On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives, although concerns have been raised over the budgetary and transactions costs involved in some cases. Annual variations depend on movements in world prices, domestic prices and exchange rates as well as changes in production levels.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/e2fce481-en	138be823193c9c95f1d881d8a393ed08	Wide and persistent gaps in STI capacities, multiple digital divides and insufficient investments in STI limit the discovery, development, dissemination and absorption of technologies that could accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. Alongside resource mobilization, a scaled up and accelerated application of policies is needed to enhance innovation systems for sustainable development and spread the economic, social and environmental benefits of frontier technologies.	9	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-4-en	138cf928dfb2490a23508d1175375c10	The country's potential in developing energy production technologies like wave power and osmotic power is also substantial. Norway is Europe's largest producer of hydropower, which delivers 99% of the country's electricity. On January 1 2008, Norway had a total installed capacity of 29030 MW at 699 hydropower stations larger than 1 MW. The Kvill-dal hydropower station in Rogaland county is Norway’s largest, with a maximum generating capacity of 1240 MW.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	138d0b0ea60cc40e3cd0a941acc3cfab	This began with the Compact project Transition to High Value Agriculture which will last until 2015 (chapter 10). The Agency “Apele Moldovei” is responsible for management of this programme. It aims to catalyze investment in agricultural performance by establishing a sustainable model of irrigation and water management as well as an institutional and policy environment favourable to irrigated agriculture. A pilot project of rehabilitation of 11 irrigation networks (see above) has already started. The reform transfers the responsibility for management of irrigation networks from the government to 11 associations of irrigation water users, which were created with the assistance of the programme. Permitting and compliance reviews are conducted by the SEI.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264257344-en	1392b6bb2a1052ed589777b6968e0c1b	This will translate into significant amounts of resource consumption, creating an important opportunity to ensure that new investment helps to support low carbon and resource efficient development, provided that obstacles to investment in these directions are removed. Public investors should set the example by integrating resource efficiency objectives into standards for buildings and other infrastructure. Private investors should be incentivised to integrate resource efficiency objectives into their investment strategies. The transition to a resource efficient economy will stimulate the emergence of some sectors and the decline of others.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264231122-10-en	13932398e7a319d523769a97376afeb7	Therefore, in many cases it is desirable that a third-party ensures the independence of the assessment and its results. It can help to map out the different views held by different stakeholders at the start of a process and identify potential challenges that the process may face (e.g. divergent perspectives regarding flood defence measures between land planners, property owners and government authorities or regarding water resource allocation betw'een farmers, industries and environmentalists). Water governance systems are dynamic, and therefore engagement initiatives need to remain adaptive enough to cope with unforeseen circumstances and changes.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1396472931cf993f026fb8db2d64602d	Because the big companies usually put more into the shared fund, they were also traditionally the ones that made most of the decisions. This was partly because employees from the large companies were in many cases specialists, while the owners and employees of smaller businesses were usually generalists, so they did not feel as well qualified as the others to know what works and what does not. The Academy also finds that the way in which courses and processes are presented makes all the difference.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	1396cbdf57b4d112e22a1bc964d25a65	Mild deficits are expected in the next two years, with the government aiming to maintain the growth rate, although the potential removal of its trade privileges could lower revenue realisation. With Lao PDR’s deficit ratio remaining at around 5% in 2018 (World Bank, 2019) and its debt ratio becoming a concern, the country imposed spending restrictions (e.g. limits to the allowances of government officials and vehicle purchases) to narrow the gap in 2019 and 2020. Similarly, Myanmar moved to raise tax collection and rein in spending in the near term to deal with persistently wide budget shortfalls.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	139815a51f38c1a58ca89a5d47e0dfbb	In addition, the government has taken some measures to promote efforts by employers to foster good mental health, for instance a guideline on good mental health maintenance and promotion, and a plan to begin the implementation of the Revised Industrial Safety and Health Act in 2015 so that employers are obliged to undertake stress checks and interviews/coaching in order to prevent poor employee mental health. Given the harmful impact that untreated mild-to-moderate disorders can have on employee productivity, employers and insurers in Japan should follow other OECD countries and provide (a greater range) of preventative interventions and services for mild-to-moderate disorders, going beyond information sharing and employment raising. Elderly populations are at risk from disorders such as depression just as the working-age population are, and untreated mental disorders may harmfully impact upon the physical health of older individuals. Elderly populations may be less likely to seek help due to generational stigma, isolation, or poor availability of appropriate services.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	1399032f9d208a1d86e09edceb1cf347	Jane Chapman, independent risk adviser to the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, conducted a comprehensive governance and risk assessment of Big White Wall. The assessment showed BWW carries an overall low risk for users given the safeguards in place. This could indicate different directions that countries are taking in the development, and prioritisations, in their mental health systems. In Norway, where there is a perceived shortage of psychologists, and in particular nurses and psychologists in schools, the Ministry of Health and Care Services has been directly funding an increase in psychologists to work in municipalities, and this direct funding is due to be allocated to psychologists in schools also.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	1399bc1f5cbd64a9de7045a12c3c84fa	These correlations are consistent across the different specifications (results reported in Puymoyen and Xenogiani, 2011) and hold when the variable of interest is CSG receipt and the total number of CSGs received by a mother on behalf of her children. When a distinction is made between men and women, CSG receipt or potential receipt (proxied by age eligibility of children in the household) is negatively associated with participation and employment for men and women in the household, and positively associated with the probability of unemployment. According to the results in Puymoyen and Xenogiani (2011), CSG receipt or potential receipt (proxied by age eligibility of children in the household) is negatively associated with participation and employment for men and women in the household, and positively associated with the probability of unemployment.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264221826-en	139b923811b149ec8366096c4ca58f2c	A questionnaire compared occupational situations before and after the recognition of prior learning procedure was undertaken. In the case of employed workers, recognition of prior learning was found to have more of a positive effect within the employing organisation than on external mobility, in respect of promotion and increased job satisfaction. For individuals, the recognition of prior learning makes existing competences transparent to employers or to educational institutions.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79235bc-en	139b92caa80c3f82f7d0ff1140dbb003	For policy purposes, employment-to-population ratios of youth and old are particular relevant. The indicator is based on the broader indicator ‘status in employment’ which distinguishes between three categories of the total employed. These are: age and salaried workers (also known as employees); self-employed workers (employers, own-account workers and members of producers’ cooperatives); contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers).	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	139d8e8bd0e14591ef79429e21485116	Girls reported more positive attitudes towards relationships, meaning that they tend to be more interested in the opinions of others and want others to succeed. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to see the instrumental benefits of teamwork and how collaboration can help them work more effectively and efficiently. Students who reported more positive student-student interactions score higher in collaborative problem solving, even after considering the socio-economic profile of students and schools. Schools that succeed in building on these attitudes by designing collaborative learning environments might be able to engage disadvantaged students in new ways.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	139e1afc6e79dbff50e4ff3acaf7ddab	Thus, countries need to look for the underlying factors behind the causes of child mortality (Save the Children, 2009). The direct causes may be pneumonia and diarrhoea, and intermediate causes mental health, health services, etc. There are several contributing factors, e.g., better understanding of the needs of children, improved health care seeking behaviour, and better attention to adequate food and nutrition.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	139fad7c1b29bb71c1ea12e1fcd8c858	Data for Belgium refers to the Flanders region, and United Kingdom data include England and Northern Ireland only. To improve skills match in the labour market, the Estonian government has developed a skills forecasting system called OSKA. This new system uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods - interviews with experts in different sectors, surveys of employers, data on salaries, the ages of current workers in different jobs - to identify occupations where labour shortages are likely in coming years. So far, studies of five sectors of the economy have been published, with 15 more to follow in the coming years.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	13a239f9028935a1c6743f6890822154	I am the first and only woman to ride a motorbike here. When a girl is married, she moves to the husband’s household, where it is customary for senior women to occupy the top position in a hierarchical family network, exercising authority and power over daughters-in-law, who are expected to bear the biggest burden in terms of workload within the household and be obedient. Decisions about the management of pregnancy and childbirth also usually come within the purview of the in-laws, especially mothers-in-law.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/584f8730-en	13a31ba3fd8791166fe1bc071a19a037	Moreover, a dilemma arises in terms of monetary policy in the face of subdued economic growth, high inflation and the risk of further currency depreciation. Poverty has recently increased in the Russian Federation and could rise further amid a prolonged period of economic downturn. Although infrastructure connectivity has improved in recent years, reforms to create vibrant business support services to complement a high value-added manufacturing sector are needed.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	13a323e4108432977a121d694cba15ad	In addition, different ways of regulating production and organizing labour must be found in order to provide equitable working conditions for women and men and make productive activities compatible with their rights and duties as caregivers (ECLAC, 2007, pp. The drive to create effective conditions of equal opportunities for women did not initially focus enough on the sexual division of labour within the home. The failure to recognize the social responsibility of care resulted in unequal gender relationships in terms of the social identity of caregivers, which is why use of the term dates back to the conceptualization of the status of women (Daly and Lewis, 2000). The point is to ensure not just that care is more readily available —which in itself is essential— but also that the responsibility, the duty, the task and the necessary resources for the purpose are universal, and that people are recognized as holders of this right, which must be satisfied, among other options, with support from the social security systems of each State and from employers (Pautassi, 2007).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	13a3aadb9ac8f2aa552d4fe72ab03d88	Combined with suitable opening hours and schedules, these services could also support working mothers and fathers. Conversely, without adequate responses to the tensions between work and family responsibilities, socioeconomic and gender inequalities will continue to deepen and work against equity and development in the region. Section II sets forth an analytical framework to examine these changes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	13a45ba896c21277c55b0d32b8b58e00	Because investment is both the binding constraint and the mechanism for social reproduction on the demand side in our framework, we do not give further details on savings dynamics. But there might be some interesting gender dynamics to consider at some point in the future. Erturk and Cagatay (1995) propose that increases in the intensity of women's unpaid work in the household raises savings rates.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	13a7f518b76ac7d89dfd3d2f07d97255	In 1964, Becker published his work Human Capital. Since then, human capital as an analytical concept has gained importance both in academic research and in more applied work and in the public debate. At least since the publication of Human Capital, the term human capital has been used as representing the complete set of an individual’s capabilities.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	13af09d734a5f0546fb501d0a66cfefd	The study carries out a comparative analysis of how chronic diseases and related risk factors may impact labour market outcomes in 14 OECD countries. Two sorts of survey data were available for the analysis: longitudinal health and retirement surveys of people aged 50+, and longitudinal employment surveys of the general population. Both population groups are of interest for the study.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	13b008ebaa10e9505c2811488fc35b8a	As shown in the table below, and as explained further in section E of this chapter, the figures are even higher among adolescents aged 15 to 19. For a summary of these approaches, see Ru2 and others (2005). So far, 45 surveys have been conducted in Latin America. For Lath America, the figure is 21 children per woman. During the 1950s, most countries recorded high fertility levels and a slow rate of change, and fertility even rose in some cases such as Costa Rica and Argentina. In others it remained stable (Uruguay) or dropped slightly, causing a slight rise in the regional average.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	13b4652d1189820fcc60026bb12b88a9	In Guatemala, a study showed that children who had received nutritional supplements before reaching the age of 3 earned hourly wages as adults that were 46 per cent higher (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). The international community can provide assistance to developing countries in designing such plans in a cost-effective time-bound manner so as to realize the right to food, as well as stimulate rural development, agricultural production and poverty alleviation. Support should also be offered to help integrate the social protection floor plan within the national agricultural strategies.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264257344-en	13b5c6aa79e1123470d0f0011013ac51	This report provides policy guidance that can help governments achieve this goal, organised around four main areas (i) the choice and design of policy instruments; (ii) how to combine them into an effective policy mix that covers the whole of the product lifecycle; (iii) integrating resource efficiency into cross-cutting and sectoral policies; and (iv) strengthening of data and analysis to support policy development and evaluation. While the focus is mostly on the measures that governments can take at the domestic level, the report concludes by identifying a number of areas where international co-operation, including in the G7 framework, could make an important contribution in moving this agenda forward. To do this without simply displacing environmental burdens across the lifecycle of products or from one environmental medium to another requires the application of policy mixes that create a coherent set of incentives.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	13b5d00bc821adf3fee0222e7e2579a0	At the same time, public reporting around performance measurement is increasingly being developed in Italy, but the potential for patients to make use of quality data and to be involved in quality assurance appears to be still rather scarce, notably in the areas of primary and community care. To this end, regions are assigned the task of providing methods for patient involvement (through patient organisations) in activities related to health planning, monitoring and evaluation of services at regional, organisation or district level. The importance of an assessment of the quality of health service by users was confirmed by the Presidential Decree of the Councils of Ministers of May 1995 (Service Charter), by the 2003 and 2006 National Health Plans, and by the national regulations on accreditation (Decree of the Council of Ministers of January 1994 (principles on health services delivery).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	13b665198e582078b77ef6ca990ae559	Both growth and inequality in cities manifest themselves in terms of income, but also across major dimensions of people’s well-being, such as jobs and health. But a person’s zip code shapes much more of their life than their mere income. Life expectancies differ by almost 20 years across neighbourhoods in Baltimore (Baltimore City Health Department, 2015) or London (Cheshire, 2012).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	13b729f6d52b518fdef6b048a795addf	Some concluding remarks wrap up the chapter. They stress that policy changes since 2007 have helped ease the conflict between full-time work and parenthood. More equal sharing in families and public action to reconcile work and family life may further help to sustain tentatively rising fertility trends.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	13b7ecc330347ecd3af4f28cda6f0585	Attainment is higher in technical postsecondary education, and Canada has the highest attainment rate in tertiary education among OECD countries. Compared to the other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills, adults (16-65 years-old) performed at the average in literacy and below the average in numeracy. Unemployment is below the OECD average.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	13b84c38dda100f18a13185f662ac628	Dorsett (2006) evaluated this programme. He finds that the subsidised employment option is more effective at increasing young people’s chances of exiting unemployment and securing unsubsidised employment after the programme than the other available options (notably education / training or temporary public employment). In terms of improving the employment probabilities of unemployed youths, they find the largest long-term employment impact for participants in wage subsidies (10 to 20 percentage-point increases in the employment probability over 60 months) followed by job search assistance.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	13ba83e2ee0e787195ba4d4a8196c651	Men can divorce unilaterally by repudiating their wife before a notary civil servant without having to justify their decision, while women have to go to courts and can only file for divorce on a number of specific grounds. These grounds are specified in the family codes and require women to provide evidence that they have suffered a prejudice from their husband. Judicial procedures may take years while repudiation before a civil servant takes only a few minutes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	13baab64c0ecebcd0fc02d132c6fb5e3	They may be kept artificially low for political reasons, which results in power utilities not recovering the full costs of production, meaning that there are insufficient funds to cover operation and maintenance expenses and the capital costs of replacing ageing infrastructure. Tariffs that are subsidised can foster a culture of overconsumption, which can lead to payment difficulties for consumers, especially when high oil prices result in higher tariffs. There is also a lack of standards and certification to ensure that only robust renewable energy equipment is installed in the Pacific.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	13bd9f055dab0f9d915f1ab5c8617225	At the regional level, the right to equality and non-discrimination is also guaranteed by, for example, the African Charter on Human and People's Rights (arts. This means that States must take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure that no family may be subject to discrimination on any ground. Any right, benefit, privilege or obligation to one ‘family’ (e.g., in social or welfare benefits, inheritance, social security and pensions) must be accorded to all of them.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	13bf27099b8e2b084e32922d70956af2	Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper No. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	13c28b18a250ac51e5312d164cc7618a	Class 4 applications, which are declarations, are not included in the table. It is part of the permit application procedure and is required for installations listed in the amended Grand Ducal Regulation of 7 March 2003 concerning assessment of the impact of certain public and private projects on the environment. Before issuing its decision to grant or refuse a permit, the Environment Administration consults other potentially interested authorities (local administrations, conservation authorities, the Water Management Administration).	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/709f1e18-en	13c839cf36a653875fc24332cd722634	These pollutants—particularly persistent organic pollutants, or POPs—can remain for a very long time and enter the food chain, posing a real risk to human and ecological health. Development of toxicology and a growing social concern over hazardous organic chemicals led to further development of environmental monitoring and regulation initially in the developed regions, including the United States, European Union and Japan. The wave then expanded into the developing Asian countries.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/896ea4e7-en	13c8add1cfa893a7a1f468044a37de23	Ecosysiem services are the benefils people obtain from ecosystems. However, this large-scale exploitation has resulted in a 75% decline in demersal2 fish resources since 1982 (Gascuel et al., The identification of ecological corridors between MPAs, and the pooling of countries' conservation efforts, resulted in the establishment of a regional network of MPAs in West Africa in 2007. Today the network includes 23 MPAs.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	13c8bd7c896363bcae640ba39da2b046	Hence, the issue of care gives insight into, and makes it possible to address, the obstacles that women face in seeking to participate on an equal footing in the labour market and in other spheres of society (Drancourt and Catrice, 2008). It also helps to understand the stratification of society and the way inequality is reproduced (ECLAC, 2009). This increases time poverty, which is exacerbated as socioeconomic conditions worsen.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-2-en	13ca4ae467f8eba09c3896d953fefd3c	Cod production from aquaculture passed 8 000 tonnes in 2005, doubling production from 2004, again underlining the fact that high value species are rapidly finding their way into aquaculture production systems. Norway, the United States, Canada, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands are the major export countries, accounting for 55% of total OECD exports in 2007 (Figure 1.8). The major importers in 2007 were the Unites States, Japan, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom, accounting for 71% of total imports to the OECD (Figure 1.9).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	13ce42aa980073b3654f8391c2900dfa	Paraguay was most successful in reducing poverty, by 4.5 percentage points per year from 49.6% to 40.7% between 2011 and 2013, while indigence also fell at almost the same annual rate over the period, from 28.0% to 19.2%. In El Salvador poverty fell by 4.4 percentage points between 2012 and 2013 (from 45.3% to 40.9%) and indigence contracted by 1.0 percentage point (from 13.5% to 12.5%) over the same period. Poverty in Peru decreased by 1.9 percentage points (from 25.8% to 23.9%), and extreme poverty fell by 1.3 points (6.0% to 4.7%). In Chile, meanwhile, poverty decreased by 1.6 percentage points per year, from 10.9% in 2011 to 7.8% in 2013, while extreme poverty fell at an annual rate of 0.3 percentage points per year, from 3.1 % in 2011 to 2.5% in 2013. Ecuador also saw poverty contract at a rate of 0.9 percentage points per year between 2011 and 2013 (from 35.4% in 2011 to 33.6% in 2013), while extreme poverty fell by 1.0 percentage points per year (from 13.9% in 2011 to 12.0% in 2013). The remaining countries (Costa Rica and Uruguay) saw less significant reductions, of around 0.3 percentage points or less, in both poverty and indigence (see figure I.2).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	13d14f1c7c520afa6dd8aea7af960359	These are largely financed by loans and public-private partnerships (PPPs). It has comparative advantages in: private sector development, through high-level talks at the G20 and through the Japanese International Cooperation Agency and World Bank Presidents on firm capabilities and technology absorption (kaizen); and disaster prevention and relief by shaping the global agenda through multilaterals based on its technology advantages and building soft and hard infrastructure (policy research, PoC, early warning systems). Japan is interested in building on its existing international leadership in development co-operation and scaling up these and other activities, such as on quality infrastructure, universal health coverage and disaster risk management.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	13d15cdc50d10a3913fb9b28777647fa	Nevertheless, as a concrete response to real problems, nuclear is now being viewed more dispassionately and judged on its merits as a solution to questions of security of supply, cost stability and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english. Report prepared for DG Environment of the European Commission.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	13d20233e570a7e4c8e0643175da176a	If so, how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewable-energy based electricity generation ? In addition to reducing costs of generation, wholesale markets increase the flexibility of the electricity network and allow for a more cost-efficient allocation of power generation. Indeed whereas renewable-energy-based electricity generation is subject to fluctuations (including dependence on weather and time of day), demand must always be satisfied.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	13d237f7acae5f95c98d041aad464952	Triangular (0, 20, 50) likely % of 20. Because of the high risk of water shortage in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia undertook reforms to implement tradable water user’s rights. Instead, because the risk of shortage is not as acute in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, Alberta only implements licencing of annual allocations.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	13d4cc13be149f2687bdf2b5acb6f0eb	Female youth unemployment is a critical issue in Algeria: 37.4% of women, compared to 18.6% of men aged 16-24, were unemployed in 2010. Unemployment is particularly widespread among female university graduates: 33.6% of women holding a university degree were unemployed in 2010 compared to 11.1% of men. Data shows that the unemployment rate of female graduates is significantly higher, independently of their chosen field of study, which may be ascribed to a supposed “gender-biased” choice. No major gender differences exist with respect to the length of unemployment: in 2011, 74.8% of unemployed men and 71.3% of unemployed women were facing long-term unemployment, defined as unemployment for 12 or more months (Office national des statistiques, 2012a).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	13d73964d7921cfd5d951a2939e23c6c	These potential challenges need to be addressed, especially because regional connectivity projects often permeate peripheral areas of nation-state boundaries. The potential large-scale environmental impact also needs to be factored in (Yhome and Chaturvedy, 2017). In Africa, Japan is involved in eight economic corridors: the Trans-Maghrebin Corridor, the West Africa Growth Ring, the Northern Corridor, the Nile Corridor, the Djibouti-Addis Ababa Corridor, the Central Corridor and the Nacala Corridor.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	13d977a2298a69982761307ffe5c78c6	The book explains how to transform the global energy economy over the coming decades. A BLUE Scenario was developed to explore the energy and technology implications of reducing global energy-related C02 emissions to 50% of the 2005 levels by 2050. If fully implemented, the BLUE Scenario could limit the long-term global mean temperature rise to between 2.0°C and 3.0°C.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203419-60-en	13da70ac3a8ad54df495da6e6bf5bf08	Children and youth in cities”, in ISSC/UNESCO, World Social Science Report 2013: Changing Global Environments, OECD Publishing and Unesco Publishing. Each author is responsible for the facts contained in his/her article and the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO, ISSC and do not commit either organisation.	12	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	13db09063c03cf1054d60bb5ddb62f24	Scotland has a dedicated tourism innovation programme and in Quebec, the Tourism Intelligence network was developed in collaboration between the University of Quebec in Montreal and the public and private sector. For example, the Tourism Research Circle (TRC) of Univeristy Sains Malaysia helps the state government to develop and improve the Homestay Programme which has become an important feature in Penang. Higher education institutions could help SMEs to better access global markets.	4	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-9c6d6090-en	13dc311081373b46a196c7297300d6f9	Lifelong learning can also play an important part in helping adults to define and shape their own identities by exploring their past biographies and framing their aspirations. The priorities for action set at Confintea VI in Belem, Brazil in 2009 provide an indication of key global policy trends. Learning itself can take place in so many different ways and it has become common to recognise a distinction between Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning. These distinctions are used widely in policy and there have been some bold attempts to offer formal recognition for the outcomes of informal and non-formal learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	13df226da6585026128f0418fbbdb1d0	Except for Botswana, this reflects the fact that where Commonwealth African countries have been willing to adopt TSMs (see Chapter 4) they have been more willing to do so at the local level (often seen as ‘community affairs’ rather than ‘real politics’) than at the national level. However, because they are appointed, ministers are a litmus test of political will. This is one area in which Heads of State who are committed to gender equality have the power to bring about change in a relatively short time span. There is no direct correlation between levels of women in parliament and cabinet.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	13e1b39f7377549ba3cffde270c1234f	This helped regions to see the objective in more concrete and achievable terms. For example, one region found that if 34 at-risk Indigenous students attained the QCE, the gap would be closed. Central office efforts also included workshops and leadership sessions for school leaders and regional staff to focus on why improvements were needed and how these might be realised.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	13e4ba33456ffcef354bf0b2f54cb82a	The other is the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) which covers the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Since 2005, both have expanded and strengthened their activities, bringing about closer regional cooperation in early warning. They have also helped integrate the fields of meteorology, hydrology and disaster risk reduction - building capacities and developing joint strategies across countries and professional fields.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/028f7d06-en	13e7a9668d7d66cebd233a48d120a929	On the other hand, Argentina (the second most successful country in reducing child poverty) saw the fertility rate for the youngest poor mothers decline less than for all mothers. In Panama, which ranked fourth in reducing child poverty, the fertility rate among poor mothers rose; this was the only case among 16 countries. For the countries that were least successful at decreasing the child poverty rate (Colombia, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico and Paraguay), the simple average decrease was 27%. These calculations did not include Panama among the countries with the largest drops in the child poverty rate because the fertility rate among poor mothers aged 15-24 in Panama increased.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	13eae25a92018ebc17f7fd693420814b	How the city accommodates its increasing physical development needs will help determine the success of urban green growth. Getting a city right as it urbanises will be dramatically easier and cheaper than fixing things later. The risk of locking in the urban form should be addressed at the centre of urban green growth policy making.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	13ee1ab086703c52d097039a1bdf32ef	But the prominence of these institutions stems from leadership in medical research and solving the most complicated health care problems, not necessarily from innovation in medical education or new forms of health care delivery. Jerusalem: National Economic Council. Approaches to Economic Development, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, pp.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	13ee399b82d4248e762b89ad10e0c717	How such institutional change can reverse the trends towards restricted funds is yet to be seen. However, this attempt towards more centralized governance is worth noting. Whether the World Bank or the FAO should take the initiative as a large donor was discussed at the time of CGIAR’s foundation by the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors, which decided that the World Bank should take the leadership role (Baum, 1986; Shaw, 2009). At the same time, TAC was established and the FAO took the lead on technical issues.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	13ef26f11a31136fc13549570f773c26	Tourism provides many wage and salaried positions, and thus could assist the many vulnerable workers in Africa (ILO, 2012a). It is distinct from the vulnerable work indicator, which focuses only and specifically on own-account workers and contributing family work. Public policy can play an important role in promoting better working conditions.	8	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	13f6b13822c7038df3d59bd77f312d83	See Section 3.2 for additional information on the LCOE methodology. For consistency, direct and indirect O&M cost increase was not accounted for. Peak-power plants such as reservoir-hydro, oil- and gas-fuelled thermal plants are regularly exploited in this mode, operating only when electricity prices are sufficiently high.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	13f74c5c0591a2be39e0e37e85ad8c66	Heat and electricity tariff-setting is based on a global good practice using rate-of-return methodology. Every sector - heat, electricity and gas distribution - has high investment needs, and therefore, attracting capital with a fair return is necessary. For example, in 2015, ANRE approved transport and internal distribution costs of natural gas at MDL 1 551.00 per 1 000 m3, as compared with MDL 616.92 per 1 000 m3 in 2011. This threefold increase in the costs of transport and internal distribution in the span of four years is significant (inflation in the period was only 27.12%) and suggests that in 2011, transport and internal distribution costs were set at a level that did not allow for proper cost recovery and an appropriate rate of return.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	13f806087fffd2b7c0211b520a6dccb3	Chronic under-investment in utilities, infrastructure and networks, and unbalanced tariff structures are major problems. The main networks are owned federally, but the state does not contribute much to the maintenance or improvement of local infrastructures. At the same time, municipalities’ investments are declining and tariffs are rising. However, higher tariffs are not used to cover maintenance costs or to generate funds for investment in infrastructures and networks.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	13f9b36c87b9d8d067ea37b91412d1a1	El estudio analiza en que medida el disenoy la aplicacion de estas politicas tienen en cuenta la interpretacion contemporanea de los derechos relacionados con la familia incluidos en los tratados de derechos humanos y el compromisocon la igualdad de genero y el empoderamiento de todas las mujeres y las nihas tal comoexige la Agenda 2030. The family is often a basic unit of production and the prime mechanism for coping with social, economic and political adversity. United Nations General Assembly 2015.	5	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	13fa24a7c38afa5ace92b85886a88689	This combination represents an opportunity for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous students to become familiar with Indigenous traditions and at the same time encourages a mutual learning process among teachers. Although incipient, there is also an effort to increase the level of awareness about interculturalism among the general population. While the PEIB programme exists since 1996, it was not until 2009 that the Chilean government explicitly established the principle of interculturalism and protection of Indigenous language and culture through the General Education Law, and incorporated Indigenous language into the curriculum.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	13fb52d45f8d395bb241af160179b2c0	Needs-based Resource Allocation in Education via Formula Funding of Schools, International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), UNESCO, Paris, http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001184/118426eb.pdf. Serie Evidencias, year 1, No. Morduchowicz, A. and L. Duro (2009), Desafios de la Educacion Uruguaya: Aportes para un Diagnostico del Sistema Educativo [Challenges in Uruguayan Education: Input for a Diagnostic of the Education System], Working Papers IIEP-UNESCO, Buenos Aires.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	14034c6262ef5479ab4a8503f1bc7cf4	Comprehensive mandatory teacher evaluation is organised through the teacher performance evaluation system (Docentemas), covering the municipal school sector only. These programmes are described in detail below. The latter tend to be informal processes of feedback for improvement but can also be part of internal management tools established by the school director in the context of the 2011 Quality and Equality Education Law.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	1404d1b0febb92c07c6a802f537ff5f4	The starting point is a joint life annuity that pays one unit when either (or both) are alive. Put another way, a household with one person with the same total income as a household of two people can enjoy a better standard of living. This is captured by an equivalence scale. It is also recognised in pension systems, which pay a lower rate of benefit to survivors.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	140574b829601a045aa832a412749990	Some underage women migrants also migrated to escape early marriage. The present study shows that migrant women’s transnational subjectivities are also in a complex process of emancipation, whereby the exposure (for the first time - alone) to a challenging and new reality has helped them overcome entrenched fears and taboos, such as freedom of mobility and segregation during menstruation. Financial independence has often resulted in a means for bargaining for their right to basic assets (e.g.. land) and to play a greater role in the management ofthe household and -at times-also in their communities. The voices of Nepalese migrant women bear witness to the complex layers of emancipation and oppression that should not be simplified but rather further investigated and understood as a set of lived contradictions at several levels. Everyone Is Leaving - Who Will Sow Ourfields? The Effects of Migration from Khotang District to the Gulf and Malaysia.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	140b62d19651e770f8afe793625b9f78	Thus, even if the world as a whole achieves the target set for Goal 1, important regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, may not achieve that target unless very vigorous steps are taken soon. Theories of development have often tried to point out specific factors and identify the main obstacles, which have changed over time. Development policies and foreign assistance programmes were then designed to overcome capital, infrastructure and/or foreign-exchange constraints, through addressing inequalities in asset or income distributions, investing in human capital, strengthening social protection systems and improving governance and market institutions.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	140d8d8b2bd8a60832c17d5f708afc3e	Such activities do not directly reduce people’s vulnerability, but train them to adapt to the current climate, to consider future climate change in their decision making and to be prepared for extreme events. Climate change research also supports risk reduction by supplying information that is necessary to understand where training, policy and risk reduction activities are most needed. Finally, coordination activities ensure that there is a dialogue between stakeholders, that research is disseminated and that community of practice is strengthened. Climate change affects each of these sectors differently, calling for tailored adaptation responses. Across the sectors, it is relevant to consider appropriate policy measures, education, training and awareness raising needs, possible research gaps and co-ordination measures. Table 6 provides a few examples of sectoral activities sensitive to climate change as well as related enabling activities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	14119f4c7b3647aa8cd9242a1b39fa2a	It could introduce drastic changes, such as splitting up some councils. The commission radically reformed the structure and functions of local governments. For this purpose, it relied on a set of “principles” enshrined in the Government Economic Statement (1987) and sent to local authorities for information and consultation. The previous 200 local authorities were replaced by 12 regional councils and 75 city and district councils (currently 11 regions and 67 city and district councils).	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/215d0d56-en	1412a3835e4b00fb08bdf69bebd831c2	For this purpose, the city has created a Green Steering Committee whose function is to gather the information and acquire the knowledge needed to inform future policy actions. Introducing flexibility as an integral part of the Climate Action Plan helps policymakers avoid path dependence and will enable the cost of future adjustments in response to unexpected events and the emergence of new information to be lowered. The plan was developed by the United Kingdom Environment Agency as a means of addressing sea-level rise and the threat of flooding that it poses to London.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	14130cbf3e70be8818d96500185b42eb	The few existing studies yield mixed results partly due to differences in the structure and quality of VET across countries. Data comparability across countries, the breath of countries involved, and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills, training, earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of VET as compared to more academic education. Focusing mainly but not exclusively on upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education, we assume that individuals are exposed to four alternative treatments: 1.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	1413453a4d3c087f1f4bad9403692360	It is also an important winter roosting place for many birds, especially geese. The construction of the Nove Mlyny reservoirs on the Dyje River (1976-1989), intended to provide flood retention and a possibility to enhance low flow during droughts, changed the character of the river below the reservoir, and, besides other changes, reduced spring floods of the neighbouring flood-plain. The most negative impact of river regulation works is nowadays the dredging of the riverbed, causing disconnection of the river-floodplain system, decrease of the water table, and potentially threatening groundwater sources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	141352593724ef72253eb766e1117e85	Other gender-relevant measures included that common law couples became eligible for survivor benefits and childcare credits were set to expand gradually from 2013 to 2019 (US-SSA 2011; OECD 2013:38). The 2010 pension reform was expected to reduce future pension expenditures and cut benefit replacement rates from an average of 75 per cent of wages to around 60 per cent. Reform increased the retirement age for women (gradually rising from 60 to 65 to match that of men) and established an automatic adjustment of retirement ages beginning in 2020 to reflect changes in life expectancy. It also restricted early retirement, increased the minimum contribution period to get a full pension, froze benefits during 2011-2013 (later extended to 2015) and established price indexation thereafter.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/caeceb38-en	1415f08f4e4370476c69ca1b797ba644	Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research, 8(2), 181-192. Culturally Compelling Strategies for Behaviour Change: A social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med, 62(11), 2810-2825. Practitioner Review: Engaging Fathers-Recommendations for a Game Change in Parenting Interventions Based on a Systematic Review of the Global Evidence.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	1417d4ababad04793721b941044471d0	However, the city's master plan did not accommodate these trends. Car traffic intensity caused significant environmental, safety and economic consequences and required effective solutions. The aim is to strengthen the capacity of local authorities, NGOs and other stakeholders in planning for sustainable urban mobility in Polotsk, and to increase the role of the public and NGOs in adoption, implementation and evaluation of collaborative decisions on urban mobility planning in the city.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	141850a4cff685d495c3366d31a664d5	Canada’s experience with programme-level collaboration may provide valuable insights on how to improve the RSAs (Box 6.1). These two regulatory policy levers (i.e. the inclusion of labour market relevance criteria in programme and institutional accreditation and the requirement to collaborate with social partners through the establishment of RSAs) generally work well together and reinforce each other’s individual impact. The requirement to establish RSAs helps higher education institutions meet the criteria for programme and institutional accreditation.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	141901108319a2b3f8848b3711c4679e	The SDGs on poverty, gender and inequality indicate the focus of the UN’s equity concerns, indicating (hat greater weight is to be given to the well-being of some of the most disadvantaged portions of the population. Reducing financial hardship helps to potentially avoid other trade-offs and, over time, offers greater capacity to finance compensatory transfers to those most in need. We take these as given criteria for evaluating the outcome of government policy and choosing between alternatives. Instead, we will focus our attention on the SDGs highlighted in the remainder of the diagram.	9	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	141b0d17f10fe27603b275a7a470599c	Its energy intensity is also significantly higher than other countries in the Energy Community. This in part reflects its large industrial base, but is also due to the prevalence of outdated and inefficient production technologies as well as the existence of shadow economy (about 40% of GDP in 2016, as reported by the Ministry of Social Policy). Historically, low energy prices, especially for natural gas, have allowed for the development of inefficient technologies and production processes.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	141c10b7ff50170e09dfb9d8de5985c8	The Agency’s classification better reflects the diversity of Sweden’s rural landscape because it captures better the reality of the large size and internal differences within administrative regions and the fact the rural Sweden is characterised by a dispersed population with settlements of various sizes. Functional economic areas measured by labour market interactions provide a better way to capture this reality. These functional geographies are identified through the analysis of journey-to-work data.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	141cb5fc28585a4c8c90115595439e2f	Europe & Central Asia Knowledge Brief, Vol. For example, there is ample scope for improving diet to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this context, the Finnish experience (in North Karelia) indicates the sizeable potential benefits that can be achieved from changing diet and other risk factors. As regards substance abuse, taxes on tobacco and alcohol have been increasing but -on the basis of available international data - remain below European standards (Figure 3.17).26 There is evidence that low prices of these products encourage higher consumption of tobacco and spirits (Treisman, 2008). Limiting the influence of producer lobbies would help increase policy coherence and lower substance abuse over the longer haul. Traffic deaths could also be reduced through simple measures to reduce vehicle speed via radars, increased fines from traffic violations and simple speed bumps may be cost-effective policies.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	14243a501d8860e106feab28f5770340	For businesses, certifications can increase credibility, and thus demand, while labels encourage consumers to pay premiums. Society as a whole profits from certifications because of growing competition between companies on social or environmental grounds, better insights into production and value chains, higher import standards, and, ultimately, changes in consumer norms leading to growing pressure on supply chains. These advantages call for the widespread use of labels in tourism, including in particular carbon labels, which can inform consumers on low-energy/carbon choices. For instance, the EU energy label is relevant for purchases of white appliances and other products, such as light bulbs, refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers, ovens, air conditioners, water heaters, and TVs.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	142533789aca575c539301a0d8131b36	They are needed to support green growth mainstreaming, ensure policy coherence, and enable the kinds of investment that the CRGE promotes. This is partly because of the recent trend of assigning environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) review to sectors that are actually dealing with the proposed projects. Neither is it rigorously applied to environmental proposals.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264077287-en	14279ddc7e2cc3cfbef12f94bd993236	An umbrella organisation, NATURA, covers around 40 associations. The main ones are the Ligue pour la protection de la nature et des oiseaux (“League for the Conservation of Nature and Birds”, 13 000 members), Mouvement ecologique (3 500 members) and Greenpeace Luxembourg. Two foundations involving experts and consultants perform environmental work, often for government agencies.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	1429e4529c6702a5136039a00b24ff7d	Since the working poor are the majority of the poor, policy measures need to be directed towards wage policies and the increase of real wages in these countries. Employment of women lags behind not the least due to the unavailability of affordable child care and pre-school education. They help households to smooth consumption and maintain access to food, energy, education and health. Governments have to balance spending on social protection against other social policies, such as education and health.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264300255-en	142de62009d5e304463a634649eac855	Members of the inter-ministerial project team included: Jurgen Horschinegg, Andrea Schmolzer and Bernhard Chabera from die Ministry of Education and Women; Robert Jellasitz and Johannes Schweighofer from the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection; and Alexander Holbl from die Ministry of Science, Research and Economy. Their insights and discussions during die workshops have bodi driven the process and shaped this diagnostic report. We would also like to thank die many people who gave generously of their time to answer our many questions regarding Austria’s skills system.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276208-5-en	14304bc0bc51ff97cf75229f5be5480a	It then provides a review of the valuation literature on marine protected areas, drawing on studies from around the world. It concludes with a brief overview on how cost-benefit analysis can be used to inform MPA decision making. This infonnation allows decision makers to evaluate the net economic benefits to society from investing in an MPA.	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	143301814abe8999af5d8b0c2ddc49e7	In practice these TRQs have not been established because the MFN applied tariff rates for these products have been lower than the bound in-quota rates since the date of implementation. It is paid at all stages along the distribution chain - by manufacturers, importers, wholesalers and retailers of taxable goods and services - with the final cost being passed on to end-users. Although it was levied on most imported and domestically produced goods and services, many products and services were exempt.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5ad16036-en	143419ed7ffb6ad379e582416b6488b4	Countries where the immunization rate against measles is below 80 per cent are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu. In several other countries, however, efforts continue to strengthen routine services in order to ensure consistently high coverage. It is estimated that about 77 million children under 5 years of age are underweight in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific and are therefore at risk. These babies are at a higher risk of suffering breathing difficulties, having feeding problems, having lower immunity to infections and having problems maintaining their body temperature. In 2011, almost 15 million babies were born preterm worldwide, which represents more than 1 in 10 babies.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	1434b1358ce8eb6c9da0434359411207	A draft methodology for assessing governance aspects of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus. ( University of Geneva, 2014). Short descriptions of how the governance analysis was carried out in those assessments are given in the ECE and de Strasser sources cited above. There, the method is loosely defined and accompanied by a set of questions guiding the analysis.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	14361451a1157ce39aec539383a29b2c	It is further important that some elements of local control should be constrained by higher level priorities because local preferences for specific land uses may not be compatible with broader social welfare objectives. In Greater Clermont-Ferrand, specific local conditions provide important limitations and opportunities for development and hence for specific uses of land. The limitations imposed by this geographical feature has at the same time created the necessity to develop local and co-ordinated land use policies in order to avoid local competition and land use conflict.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09e92b30-en	1436404a1f37903830acb141743ea86d	However, much will depend on implementation, and stimulating effective co-operation will require DRG payments and the recent specific small-hospital payment scheme to be modified. Additional independent econometric research using hospital-level data would also help identify best practices and potential efficiency gains. The retail price indices (national definition) include reimbursements by the statutory insurance schemes. Drees (2016), Les depenses de sante en 2015 - Resultats des comptes de la sant&, Comite economique des produits de sante (2015), Rapport d'activite du CEPS 2015. However, the financing of expensive treatments has not prevented the sustained increase in volume of use (Panel B).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	143bf6d12069d840b7c289e289610a18	Until December 2006, the same variation was applied to both lines. As of 2007, however, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the foodstuffs component of the CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted to reflect changes in that component of the CPI. From 2007 onwards, therefore, the differential between the indigence and poverty lines is no longer constant. In line with its usual practice, ECLAC made corrections to account for a lack of response to some income-related questions (in the case of wage-earners, self-employed workers and retirees) and for probable biases that stem from underreporting.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	143ed887b9284677bc2fa4ac025be558	Students start diversifying their pathways significantly from age 18, although the age of transition between upper secondary and tertiary education varies substantially among countries. While at least 90% of 18-year-olds are still enrolled in upper secondary in Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, more than 60% of students in Korea and the Russian Federation are already starting their tertiary education at that age. On average across OECD countries, 26% of 19-year-olds are still enrolled in secondary education.	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	144321433611afb24d4816d7d4a6647e	This is dictated by the established norms, which recognise that strategic and pedagogical leadership cannot be exercised over time by one person alone. In practice, however, the level of interaction and shared vision among members of school leadership teams observed by the review team suggest that a hierarchic model prevails over a flatter distributed leadership structure. Also, there is no systematic approach to school leadership development and few opportunities exist to take up training.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	144346913b42f7e5b924b799332dc5b7	Developmental scales were used for tracking changes in six areas: the motor, emotional, social, communication, creativity and functional skills needed for independence. An ecological curriculum using resources from the community was adopted. It is a process or a journey - every journey begins with a first step. An inclusive education programme that does not work with families will not achieve very much.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	1444a3a8882f720cff25dbeda58b31e4	Results from those approaches, could inform the collective assessment of progress towards the global goal on adaptation once developed. Section 2 provides a definition of adaptation monitoring and evaluation, and gives an overview of the development of national approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation to date. Section 3 then presents examples of national approaches to date showcasing the diversity of existing systems in terms of puipose, indicators and geographical aggregation.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4a540597-en	144645777200b5a2f5cfe419f5a90f13	Much of the problem lies in the undemocratic nature of the state itself. This leads to favouritism, nepotism, biased allocation of resources, distorted priorities, and sifting of local initiative and innovation. No one political framework is required to meet these conditions; instead the conditions can be developed and preserved under a wide variety of governance paradigms. It is also important to recognize that inclusion will not always lead to easy consensus; participation may highlight conflict, rather than resolve it.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	1447c9a70ea0300a529678e83802d7b2	A perfectly equal distribution would describe a straight 45-degree line showing that each 10% of population held exactly 10% of the overall wealth. The larger the distance of the actual curve from the 45-degree line, the higher the inequality in the distribution of financial wealth. In the 13 OECD countries in Figure 2.22, the top 30% of the wealth distribution hold more than two-thirds of the financial wealth. During the same period, those in the top 19% saw their wealth increase by more than 3 percentage points (ibid.,	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	1448d1ba8d776e45a71559099f70f069	The MFIs would usually be well established in the community, which gives them an edge in terms of assessing a borrowers’ ability to repay and enables them to rely on peer pressure and community cohesion to obtain repayment. It can help address the affordability constraint at household level, as it enables them to spread investments over a longer period of time and reduces the impact of the initial cash outlay. From the experience to date, there appears to be a remarkable potential to develop, although this is likely to require support from governments and international financial institutions, in the form of financial support and capacity-building.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	144b13caf74dd6ad8d9bfc779076ebbd	Increasingly, the provision of social assistance types of support is linked to certain conditions, as participation in health programmes or education (see Barrientos, 2013 for a full discussion). Social support can also be delivered through the tax system (for example, favourable tax treatment of families with children or contributions to private pension plans). In Asia, this manner of providing social support is most prevalent in higher income countries such as Japan and Korea.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	144f19ed1a15deea37880b5d1083d5b6	City Akimats prefer to w'ork with their own statistics rather than with official figures. Job-seekers moving to Almaty, for example, often encounter difficulty finding housing and work legally, so they take refuge in micro-districts on the outskirts of the city where they are not officially registered, do not own property and have limited access to public services (Makhmutova, 2012). In the absence of the cities’ readiness to accept and accommodate new residents, they join informal economic sectors.24 By settling in cheaper peripheral areas around large cities, migrants contribute to urban sprawl. Since land and property prices are high, they usually occupy rural land and build individual houses from the cheapest accessible local materials (e.g. clay) with poor amenities (furnace heating and no central sewage system), and are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquake and flooding.25 Migrants living in unauthorised housing such as former dachas?6 have no valid address and thus no official status. Not all migrants are highly educated, but they are highly motivated and entrepreneurial. They bring a diversity of skills and competencies to the urban economy necessary for development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	144f21e127ec1f21a405494ef98eb7ed	There is a particular need for the inclusion of a question on the continuity of services in terms of access to mains water, electricity and natural gas, so as to reflect any deprivations that would not be revealed by merely asking whether households are connected to these networks. The collection of information on multiple dimensions in the same survey would also enable analysis of the interplay of different dimensions, their combined distribution and causal interrelationships, which would facilitate the formulation and monitoring of policies. It is to be hoped that the various efforts being made in the region, under the banner of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of ECLAC, or globally through initiatives such as the International Household Survey Network, will give rise to the greater availability of more useful and reliable sources of information that can adequately meet the growing demand for information. Alkire and olhers (2014) and Santos (2013).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	1450a186157d9437db2d5dfc062f56dc	Technology development and technology-based start-ups and businesses, in addition to traditional communications and marketing agencies, have a central part to play in supporting the development of tourism and tourism policy in the region. Yet, rural tourism is, so far, under explored in Morelos and is missing an integrated strategy that would tackle the different dimensions necessary for its success. There were around 1 000 participants in these events. Lack of financing and access to credit as well as increased taxes and other costs are currently a major challenge for tourism SMEs.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	1453cfdb27e32114820f9c84f9ec216b	Climate change is closely linked to issues of social justice. Adopting an eco-social approach can promote transformative change by addressing distributional consequences of climate change policies (such as price adjustments, economic restructuring and employment changes) and by tackling the root causes of unsustainable development. Active citizenship, social movements and collective action are central elements in catalysing transformative change that addresses power asymmetries and inequalities. Integrating social dimensions more consistently into green economy approaches can also support climate change adaptation efforts as it will lead to improved adaptive capacities and more equitable participation in the transformation process.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	145492bd99df8a9a1d5f0700fadd978c	As inequalities become wider, marginalized and excluded groups face growing deficiencies in opportunities to expand and apply their capabilities and to influence the institutions and policies that determine the subsequent distribution. Antipoverty programmes have been opposed in some countries because they do not benefit the middle class, an important political constituency.150 One result is that redistribution programmes can have limited coverage among the poorest population and exhibit substantial leakage to the middle class and elites. Some programmes tie eligibility for transfers to employment in the formal sector in order to gain the support of the middle class.151 In Tanzania distributing vouchers for agricultural inputs disproportionately benefited the households of village officials, who received 60 percent of the vouchers.152 These approaches increase political support, but miss those who are most in need of support.	1	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	1457761199a00c445b09b2d67a7d15a3	The city-region of Amsterdam then changed from a form of mandatory co-operation into the voluntary partnership of 15 municipalities that it is today whose primary function is the provision of regional transportation, excluding rail (Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, 2012). The group has created a tool (Trans form City) that integrates stoiytelling, data-sharing, co-creation, participatory' democracy, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. The project aims to engage citizens, businesses, organisations and the government directly in order to exchange information and ideas and collectively plan and change their city or neighbourhood.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	145dd30d6b7bd90a093add9816d45cb1	In the third quarter of 2012 real house prices started to show signs of rebounding again and in 2013 price-to-income ratios were above their long-term average in many countries (Andre 2010, BIS Quarterly Review 2014), suggesting that housing affordability might be starting to decline once again (Appendix Figure B.7). These trends hide important variations across countries. In 2013 price-to-income ratios exceeded their long-term average by over 10 % and were still rising in Australia, Austria, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom (OECD Housing Prices Database 2014', IMF Global Housing Watch 2014).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	145ee99ad516f136f3bf11efea9af810	In the first climate change scenario, the UNFCCC assumed a 10% increase in research and extension funding and a 2% increase in capital formation, while the second climate change scenario assumed an 8.6% increase in research and extension funding and a 0.4% increase in capital formation. Based on the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model calculation, the World Bank (2010) reports that approximately USD 7.6-7.7 billion is needed annually for agricultural adaptation measures in developing countries until 2050. One of the main indicators used in this study is the number of malnourished children. Climate change negatively affects food security and in both of the climate change scenarios used by the World Bank, the number of undernourished children increases by 2050.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	14618b9c1d29bcd8276070c0ffc13a86	First, the devices are designed to use minuscule amounts of power. Such an understanding will create the environment for appropriate policy and regulatory actions by governments and also for the necessary innovations by operators and manufacturers. The necessary innovations include business process and pricing innovations.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1462fb09c37c016b8173bbe65a0ff466	The most successful treatment for a rural bend is shown in Figure 6.6; it produced a reduction in mean speed at curve entry of 3.4 km/h as compared with no treatment. The countdown signs that were the most effective treatment for the approach to village entry, with a speed reduction of 4.7 km/h as compared with no treatment, are shown in Figure 6.7. The most effective solution for rural straight sections was very similar to the 2-1 concept. These speed reductions are highly significant in safety terms. However, a real-world evaluation to substantiate that the selected treatments worked in the real word has not so far been earned out.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	146a9cb0b9df311653a87f716323d07e	People with disabilities are also more likely than the general population to be victims of violence.135 And they may be less able to work and so are generally poorer than the rest of the population. Cognitive, intellectual or physical impairments can reduce their capacity to access information or act on it.136 They can be left behind during evacuations or be turned away by shelters and refugee camps on the grounds that they might need complex medical care. For instance, people with disabilities are also more likely to have less ability to work and thus are poorer than their counterparts without disabilities.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	146b50d24b46ddb177728edfe07e2630	Then we propose “ hashed scheduling method in Section 4.2, which can reduce the unused regions in the scheduling table for the asynchronous time-slot phase network shown in Fig. In this situation, the efficiency of the time-slot-based optical burst allocation is inefficient since many unused time regions remain in the time-slot scheduling table, as shown in Fig. This method is called local time-based scheduling (Fig. In the global time-based scheduling, we shift the time-slot-search start point by the value determined by the propagation delay along the optical burst route from a certain reference node, which is preselected in the netw ork.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/09e92b30-en	147090a418f0fd00df3f534d8b49cb13	To this end, universal health coverage was strengthened in 2016 in order to simplify and unify administrative management. The local organisation of statutory insurance remains fragmented, though payments to providers for the different statutory schemes were unified in 2016 (Auvigne et al., Some statutory schemes have their own networks for revenue collection and may combine the management of health insurance and other social security spending (e.g. occupational risks, pensions and some family benefits).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	1473a2a7fa256f6d861c21c7e58b9cd8	This process, however, has not developed and deepened enough. The state plan is outdated; the state agency lost qualified staff and struggles to promote water reforms; the legislation for collecting water charges was approved but has not been implemented yet due to the drought and administrative burdens; river basin committees have lost connections with the State Water Resources Council; some segments of civil society are mobilised but water users are not fully active. Past attempts to implement the State Water Resources Management System failed, leaving behind harsh recriminations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	14753aa8d7f9b6e0caa21df13544f368	Inefficient targeting can increase inequality when higher producer prices or subsidised cereals are not received by the intended beneficiaries. Buffer stock programmes that pair producer price support objectives with the objective of providing lower prices to consumers often achieve only one goal at the expense of the other. Schemes that raise prices for producers frequently lead to higher consumer prices, which is in conflict with the food security objective of the scheme. When large amounts of grains are acquired to build or replenish public stocks, world supplies can be decreased and hence world market prices potentially increased.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/2933d7d2-en	1476eaf8469b7d87d9ea223019961cf3	This can be explained by the fact that environmental protection and public spending on environment, including biodiversity, was traditionally viewed as a barrier, rather than opportunity for economic growth in Peru (MINAM, 2016b). Under the Law on the Creation of the Contingency Fund for Environmental Remediation (Law 30321, 2015), MINEM is authorised to make transfers to the National Fund of the Environment (FONAM) amounting to a maximum of PEN 30 million.13 Companies may also make contributions to the FONAM. For instance, the mining companies Buenaventura, Yanacocha, and Goldfields donated PEN 3 million to remediate the impacts from their activities in the Hualgayoc province (World Bank, 2016). The Contingency Fund for Environmental Remediation has a modest budget of PEN 50 million which is disproportionate to its ambitious mission.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	1478d6a54f5c6c238a7f1a785dbcc92a	Therefore, the activities of MSMEs have been identified to negatively impact the environment and could erode their long term economic development. Though progress has been made, there is still a need for more sensitisation and support mechanisms to ensure compliance and commitment to environmental standards. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) together with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) as lead executing agency implemented the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) project.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	147a4005836b2003ebcd5f071a034d9c	The background to these findings is that various mechanisms are at work that determine the way in which agricultural policy measures affect farmers’ decisions and hence on production and trade. Typical examples are the impacts of policy-induced changes in output or input prices. When a policy raises the price of an agricultural product, it is profitable for the farmer to produce more of it.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	147f0e76d95deda4415da3ae1f059703	Half this cost is covered by the differential between the increased (+5%) electricity tariff paid by high-consuming domestic customers and the discounted tariff (-2.5%) paid by low-consuming ones. The remainder is covered by national and EU funds, and by the proceeds of the taxes on electricity consumption and on low energy efficiency lighting.12 Most of these resources are channelled to low-interest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures, “efficiency cheques” and the bonus for renewal of electric appliances (Section 4.2). Launched in 2008, the SGCIE broadens the scope of the 1986 Regulation for Energy Management to include a larger number of installations, thereby increasing potential energy savings. The SGCIE imposes binding energy audits: participating companies are obliged to implement multi-annual energy rationalisation plans to reduce their energy consumption and/or intensity, and to report periodically on their progress.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	147f936beaf4aa3e472fff7af10a7c29	As such, the initial development of the approach was very much inspired by similar motivations for this present study. The conceptual framework of the multidimensional child poverty approach reflects the notions of both child well-being and well-becoming, thereby stressing the importance of both current quality of life for children as well as their opportunities to prepare for adulthood. This combination of, usually, distinct theoretical concepts also allows for the use of both outcome- and opportunity-based indicators for the operationalization of the conceptual framework.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	1480ac437b59cbc11065ff6d60260447	The Convention covers women’s right to equality and non-discrimination in the areas of employment and economic life, as well as in civil matters, such as the conclusion of contracts and administration of property. It also requires States parties to ensure the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property. It includes, inter alia, a specific provision on fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value for women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	14811005f76fe5ba560b229892637c3d	With few savings and living in precarious circumstances, they have few buffers against shocks. Nevertheless, poor communities and their most vulnerable members can learn from past adversity and can even bounce back stronger and better prepared for future shocks - especially if they can rely on social protection schemes and inclusive and adaptive governance. Rural communities, for example, rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods and are at greater risks from droughts and floods. Poor urban communities in precarious housing, such as slum dwellers and those living on riverbanks, are also more exposed to hazards.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	1482b0567719e2f8be116fd0bf40341e	In addition to the Water Act, there is also a specific law addressing regional water authorities. The priority of social and ecological needs that shall determine the distribution of available surface water in the event or threat of a water shortage shall be laid down by administrative order. Further rules shall be laid down by or pursuant to that order or, in cases designated in such order, by provincial order, regarding the priority referred to in subsection 1. These rules may also provide for application mutatis mutandis of that priority to the available surface water.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	14847452990d13ab324d4a4bbdd830ef	Additionally, many CT programs target women as the main beneficiary, thus potentially affecting power dynamics within the household. To model these power dynamics, economists use variants of non-unitary household bargaining models in which an increase in a woman’s income (either earned or unearned as with a CT), may decrease violence by improving her bargaining power within the household (Farmer & Tiefenthaler, 1997; Tauchen et al. However, variants of the bargaining model also predict that an increase in women’s resources may put a woman at increased risk of IPV if men feel threatened and use violence to reassert authority in the relationship (Eswaran & Malhotra, 2011).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	1484f0c94c2e259bac0b73dc7d340265	"First, because it might have been assumed that this category would have ranked highest in women's perceptions and second because all age groups of men perceive that ""showing love and affection"" is an important contribution to the household. Eighty-eight hundred live in settlements (less than 500 inhabitants]. Since January 1, 2009 four regional municipalities were established from former 18 municipalities. In 1953 the Danish constitution abolished colonial status and secured Greenland two seats in the Danish Folketing (Danish Parliament]."	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	14855211da23081d356482d310716f31	Accreditation should be made mandatory for all initial teacher education programmes in public and private universities as a step towards ensuring new teachers are well-prepared and qualified. A national examination should be introduced to recruit candidates to the teaching profession on the basis of more direct measures of teaching aptitude. A formal induction and probation period would help to ensure that beginner teachers are supported and those with potential remain in the profession. Establish a framework for teacher appraisal.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	148608eb4750c8c739e6eb6195a401f7	As collection of IPV measures in multi-topic surveys are likely to imply significant survey logistical costs, expanding the feasibility of experimental ‘light touch’ methods are likely to aid in understanding of dynamics in generalized programming (Peterman et al. We also found substantial evidence from related literature to support each step in the proposed causal chains, with the exception of increasing violence by exacerbating conflict over the consumption of temptation goods. According to our program theory, the economic security and emotional wellbeing pathway is the only one that exclusively reduces IPV; the other two may increase or decrease IPV, depending on whether additional cash aggravates or soothes relationship conflict and/or how men respond to women’s increased empowerment.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	1488674f4f842a61a4f904404398b1d9	Besides, according to this approach the weights will represent a subjective perspective to poverty, deprivation and well-being. However, as mentioned before on the discussion of the concepts of (child) well-being, this method is not used often, since it is not possible and/or suitable to attach a price to many of the aspects of well-being. Alkire and Santos (2010) assign an equal weight to each dimension (33.3% for each of the three dimensions) since, according to the authors, there are no compelling reasons to consider one dimension to be more important than another. The authors, however, use a different number of indicators in each dimension, which results in having different weights for the indicators, varying from 5.6% for indicators in the 'living standards' dimension to 16.7% for the health and education indicators. In the aforementioned analysis of four European countries by Roelen and Notten (2011) the authors use equal indicator weights.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	1488d7623997f83ef6eb139fa8ddaf42	"This largely preventable, but life-shattering medical condition affecting primarily the poorest and most marginalized women and girls has rightly been described as “a stark reflection of inequality at its worst"".161 Its persistence in many developing countries reflects chronic health inequities and health-care system constraints, coupled with broader human rights violations facing women and girls, such as poverty, socioeconomic and gender inequalities, early marriage, early childbearing, and lack of schooling. Millions of women and girls need fistula treatment, but the lack of availability or access to services by skilled obstetric fistula surgeons prevents them from receiving it. In a bid to galvanize momentum to eliminate this medical injury, in October 2014, the report of the Secretary-General, supporting efforts to end obstetric fistula, was released with recommendations that could be implemented, primarily at the national level, to intensify these efforts, within a human rights-based approach."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	1489733420260ab606453fe0dfdb185b	It identified priority action areas for achieving an efficient and sustainable economy, protecting the environment and natural resources, promoting socio-economic equity and providing a social safety net. It called for the inter-ministerial working group to help implement the plan, to track progress, and to promote joint activities. It also proposed the creation of a national committee for sustainable development, in effect an advisory board, comprising representatives of government, labour and management, and other non-governmental associations (OECD, 2000).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	148a96e3bcdd9b74071eaa7441e0eb32	In those areas, those who can afford cars, who find them a more convenient option to low-frequency, inflexible bus services and who can safely operate them have already largely abandoned bus services - even if these services may feed into higher frequency and better quality public transport networks. Those bus users who remain are often captive users who have few alternatives. In these contexts, ride services can be (and have been) seen as a way to deliver the same trips as those delivered by some bus services but at lower overall costs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	148f9ca874bbc8f2e90c91c627758306	Its medical doctors are also recruited from abroad (because there is no medical school in Luxembourg) and are ageing. Although Luxembourg residents tend to come back after professional education and training abroad, this creates a strong dependency on neighbouring countries and competition for scarce health professionals. Cost-containment measures focused on capping hospital expenditure by introducing global hospital budgets, substituting pharmaceuticals with less expensive alternatives and temporary freezing of service providers' tariffs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	148fe6fb1773cc5708ab70f550d5dd83	Note that this is not a suggestion for a new co-ordinating structure, but rather a novel approach to co-ordinating and improving decision-making amongst existing players. A synthetic study of experiences with business models, with a mandate to examine those that best support integrated watershed management, would be appropriate. It is relevant to note here that each business model has costs and benefits, and that a broad range of variables (including the cost of regulatory and oversight requirements, accountability and management synergies) need to be considered in addition to financial issues. The scenario whereby infrastructure investment planning is led on a project-financing basis, and ease of financing becomes the over-riding criterion, should however be avoided.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	149081df6b68466852f9a8c65f09df4b	Capacity support should focus on strengthening the skills of borrowers and lenders in identifying and implementing investments that enhance climate resilience and, where possible, contribute to emission reductions. Capacity support to lenders would focus on enhancing their understanding of risks in the agriculture sectors and developing customized agricultural financial products and services to support investments. However, by taking advantage of the trend towards mobile financial services, climate finance can support and further strengthen the development and roll-out of those services that address the needs of smallholders and SMEs for climate-smart investments in remote areas. International climate finance can be used strategically to leverage domestic public funds and private sector financing, as well as additional international public resources.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1490f243d8481fc8859febe7489f5595	"In Europe, grid-level costs for wind onshore represent about 20-65% of the total electricity generation cost for dispatchable technologies, while even higher values are observed for solar and wind offshore; on average, grid-level integration costs for renewables account for about 50% of the total electricity production cost.21 As an illustration of the relation between plant-level and grid-level system costs, Figure 4.9 shows the total costs for the six technologies in the United Kingdom. This analysis, however, does not fully account for other important aspects associated with the introduction of the new technology into the electricity system. The reference system is a mix of conventional dispatchable technology such as gas (CCGT), coal and nuclear based on the respective shares in the national energy mix. The ""new” electricity system is constituted by variable renewable sources, at 10% or 30% penetration level, while the residual electrical load is covered by dispatchable technologies."	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	14916674df856fce64f600b5dd19a87d	The intention was to deal with consideration of cross-cutting issues, such as climate change, in a single process rather than using specific stand-alone impact tests. This tool has the potential to reduce administrative burdens from impact assessment and increase consideration of climate change beyond those currently undertaking assessment. As was the case with the Climate Impact Test, it is set to be applied both to new regulations and in cases of substantive revision to existing ones.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	14928db4b8fdb846b4905c56bdf8dd5c	The Southwest United States should continue to vigourously apply policies already in place, but agriculture will need to adapt to drier conditions. Northeast China would need to reinforce and scale-up current policy initiatives, such as the use of water pricing to curb water demand, and decouple agricultural support from input use. Northwest India would need to overhaul existing policies such as energy subsidies and the promotion of solar pumps that may accelerate groundwater depletion.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/644f1023-en	1493b27105c7872c62fb6727ea2b889e	Hence, they started looking to communities for forest protection. The 1993 Forest Act legally recognized the autonomy of CFUGs over the management and marketing of forest products. In many cases, communities were given heavily degraded land for which tree plantations were considered the obvious solution to reversing any further environmental degradation. I-ater on, natural forests were also entrusted to communities.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8b39690f-en	1498efe01dbc7ff13db55cc56fb73f9d	The Act empowers the NTEF to administer and implement the NGIS. The NTEF elaborates rules for the selection, assessment and approval of projects that would reduce emissions and would be reimbursed by the NGIS. The NTEF is authorized to operate widi the proceeds of the sale of AAUs, as a result of which the NGIS was established.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2018-15-en	1499cb9bb09e25333ab0e17d89bb4f4b	See Source section at the end of this indicator for more information and Annex 3 for notes (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eay-2018-36-en). The availability of quality ECEC services and other provisions aiming at improving work-life balance give fathers and mothers greater opportunities to enter employment and to ensure that it is feasible for families to combine work and family responsibilities ([OECD, 2018,,,]; [OECD, 2011(21]) and (OECD, 2016[31). There is an increasing awareness of the key role that ECEC plays for children’s development, learning and well-being.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264246010-4-en	1499e1503417ba57d0461e14a4fc08e4	"As the development expert Owen Barder has noted, “The figures suggest that the biggest causes of poverty are not lack of development in the country as a whole, but political, economic and social marginalisation of particular groups in countries that are otherwise doing quite well."" In some ways, it is. While cities have become increasingly plugged into the globalising economy, life in many rural areas has often changed little. These differences between urban and rural areas, or between different provinces and regions, reflect what are called spatial inequalities, and they can be a significant contributor to overall inequality in many developing countries. But there are also inequalities of opportunity - notably access to healthcare, education and jobs - that are perhaps more important. For example, in some emerging economies, enrolment in secondary education is much lower in rural areas than in urban, especially for girls."	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	149d10c96803f7e5d31618c74ab99562	It may be restricted to specific uses or by-pass governments altogether; it may be tied to imports of goods and services from donor countries that limit its effect on the domestic economy; and significant amounts of donor funds could serve as a disincentive for governments to increase the effectiveness of their tax systems for mobilizing domestic resources. Current institutions of global economic governance are characterized by unequal power relationships that determine the space within which national governments can act, and not all players have an equal voice.141 Indeed, most existing institutions of global governance—for instance, the IMF, the World Bank, the G20, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization—exhibit clear power dynamics.142 Women's representation in the top decisionmaking bodies of these governance institutions is at best low and in some cases negligible (see Figure 4.8). Representation of women is, of course, no guarantee that issues of gender equality will be taken up in policy discussions and decision-making processes.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-8-en	149d77dba78bcc55207cfadc880ecd52	These objectives generally emphasise the holistic development of individuals, and stress the importance of nurturing individuals’ personality, attitudes and values along with knowledge and intellectual abilities. They also mention that a balanced development of these skills contributes to democracy, equality, freedom and peace. Table 5.1 summarises the types of constructs that appear in the identified policy statements.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	149effbb639f0c0c002518112b2decc5	After the project ended, the DSA has remained but lost much of its initial momentum. Research and innovation 3. Low-carbon economy 6. Environmental protection and resource efficiency 7. The programme has existed since Interreg IV (2007-13). In the period 2007-13, the OKS programme supported about 125 cross-border projects, which brought together around 400 partners from Denmark, Norway and Sweden (mainly universities, regions and large municipalities).	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264239616-4-en	14a04488ab2f5e8e626362d89a2aa323	First among these are the short-term costs that mitigation measures may impose on economic actors, whether firms or households. Recent evidence shows these costs to vary widely depending on which policy instruments are used, with taxes and emission permits usually resulting in lower abatement costs (OECD, 2013a).2 Reducing these costs further requires that signals and incentives for mitigation be coherent across policy areas, so that one set of policies does not undermine what the other is trying to achieve. In that regard, addressing climate change is as much about introducing new policies as it is about adapting existing ones.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	14a047cf1be8fdedfcd5615569c76c1d	For those requiring more comprehensive care, there are sheltered housing options that provide staff on either a full- or part-time basis. If the individual has an income, municipalities can charge for the housing service (rent and other care) on a sliding scale (Melke, 2010). Two-thirds were classified as “home-like”, while the remaining one-third was found to be “institution-like”.	3	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264267886-en	14a064ab7fd6861447435bc73fffdace	The envisaged tax administration reform is therefore welcome, as are recent measures to avoid base erosion and profit shifting. However, reaping the benefits of such a reform will likely take time, and it is very uncertain how much extra revenue should be counted on. Therefore, additional taxes will be needed. Increasing recurrent taxes on immovable property and on environmental externalities, including greenhouse gas emissions, and scaling back reduced VAT rates and exemptions could potentially yield substantial revenues and would help to improve the quality of the environment and well-being.	4	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	14a13616900f643fbac3da4bada3cf90	However, the 2010 legislation on the Mandatory Health Insurance system appears to have strengthened the role of the insurance system. This, in turn, may have contributed to the recent falls in mortality and lengthening of average lifetimes. However, given the rather short time since the introduction of these programmes, it is probably too early to judge the final outcome. Surveys (conducted by the Levada Center) show that the share of the population indicating that quality of health care provision had improved during the past year went up from 11 % in 2002 to 20% in 2008 (Table 3.3).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	14a1e06188240a98312ada1479c06f9c	Healthcare services in many cases need to proactively break down barriers that marginalize adolescents and youth, such as through free and confidential services, specially trained counsellors, and the dissemination of information through new technology or in places where youth may congregate. One priority would be programmes to meet young peoples contraception needs, since unintended and early pregnancy can derail education and possibilities to move into the paid workforce. Among other international commitments, this aligns with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	14a259e9ad158b847b81c4ce329e7e89	In all other country groups, the probability of full-time employment falls as the number of children rises. For mothers in these country groups, the association w'ith education largely follows that shown for the whole sample in Table 4.1: employed mothers with a high level of educational attainment are significantly more likely to work full-time than otherwise similar employed mothers with a low level of education attainment, all else held constant. Country Group 3 again stands out. Unlike the other three country' groups, the probability of an employed mother working full- or part-time does not differ across levels of education.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	14a32d8c29d106f3ce107b56bb590ae6	This user group also causes a number of fatalities among other VRUs. At the other end of the spectrum, buses are the safest way of travelling along the road network. This should be nuanced, however, by observation of the lower number of fatalities per unit of population in those cities where people cycle the most.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	14a478d20735c36a89ac6a0edf75c6c3	Part-time wage differentials are related to the extent to which part-time workers are concentrated in low-wage occupations. Evidence suggests that much of the wage difference between part-time and full-time workers is explained by differences in workers and jobs, with differences in job characteristics such as occupation or sector being by far more important, and that the wage penalty might be small but rises over the working life, as a result of lower experience levels and accumulated human capital (Hirsch, 2005; Bardasi and Gomick, 2008; OECD, 2010). The under-investment in human capital associated with short-term contracts can give rise to lower wages for temporary workers. Another possibility is that workers accept lower wages with the expectation that this would be followed by more stable careers.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	14a57ca81eb3b473cefb1d26e901c8bb	More nuanced linkages with other sectors’ demands for water, such as livestock, would also allow for improved modelling of total water demand. The inputs from these models determine to a large extent the behaviour of crops under changing climate conditions in the IMPACT model. Muller and Robertson (2014) discuss the differences between these two crop models and their limitations when providing input to agriculture models, including IMPACT.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	14a617bf1b8bc1bda3d774f3f67126ec	Meanwhile, women managers in Mexico represented 36% of total managerial employment in 2016, slightly above the OECD average of 32%. Unlike many other OECD countries, Mexico has not established a policy to enhance women's participation in corporate leadership. However, in 2017, a sub-index measuring the participation of women on boards was introduced in the Mexican Stock Exchange's Sustainability Index.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	14a87349a932a0ebbc2dd8038cc67353	The tax rates are higher for diesel vehicles in order to address their higher impacts on local air pollution; diesel cars with particle emissions equal or above 0.005 g/km are also subject to an extra tax (EUR 250). While the vehicle taxation reform is a step forward, taxes on purchase and ownership of vehicles are less efficient than fuel taxes and road charges in reducing emissions since they are more distant from actual vehicle use. Moreover, in the Portuguese case they provide very, and possibly disproportionately, strong incentives to abate C02 emissions compared to the incentives faced in other sectors of the economy (e.g. in those participating in the EU ETS): the tax rates rapidly increase with the level of C02 emissions/km and are much higher in Portugal than in other OECD countries (OECD, 2009b). The average C02 emission rate of new cars (average C02 emissions per km) sold in Portugal has greatly declined, at 135 g/km in 2009 compared to the EU average of 154 g/km.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	14a8841344876a263038214223eac3c5	During 2013 and 2014, the reference period of the household data used in this analysis, PES registration was not required for claimants of incapacity pensions in Estonia, though it was possible to register as unemployed on a voluntary basis. In January 2016, before the introduction of the Work Ability reform, only 13% of those who were registered unemployed were disabled (this had increased to 17% by August 2016 as more services for those with work-related disabilities started to be introduced as part of the Work Ability reform). As there are far more claimants of disability benefits than of unemployment benefits (see Figure 7), relatively few members of Group A would have been registered as unemployed in 2014. Work-related training is likely to be a key area of ALMPs for Group A. In general, low-skilled individuals have much lower employment rates in Estonia and the proportion of people who are under-skilled for their job is higher than the average for OECD countries (Figure 24). The proportion who are over-skilled is relatively low.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	14aa545d5ddde3227a3f7fc12e29edc5	This could be done using market-based instruments like carbon taxes or emission trading schemes. These can provide a dynamic incentive for innovation, technological change and driving private finance towards low-carbon, climate-resilient investments. These can also generate revenues to ease tight government budgets and potentially provide new sources of public funds. For example, if the Copenhagen Accord pledges and actions for Annex I countries were to be implemented as a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade scheme with fully auctioned permits, in 2020 the fiscal revenues would amount to more than USD 250 billion, i.e 0.6% of their GDP.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	14ab8dd2f3706384f91b98a016a6a038	As far as a breakdown of water consumption is concerned, large consumers are the industry for energy generation, the food processing industry, the chemical, metal, and non-ferrous industries, textile, etc. Industry capacities can be divided into two groups: industry connected to public water supply systems using water of high quality, and industry with its own water resources (spring, wells, river diversion, and reservoirs). Data on consumed water quality lack for the latter. In 2008, of the total intake of water for supplying industry and mining, approximately 92 per was surface water (69 per cent in 2005) and the rest was public sewage, springs and ground water.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/935513ee-en	14abd1b1d06ff2cf8ea588d4294defbc	This is a tool that allows states to cooperate over the exploration and exploitation of the resources, while temporarily shelving their disagreement over the border without jeopardizing their respective claims. For other human rights violations, 'internal' and 'external' grievance mechanisms are needed. Internally, extractive companies must have mechanisms to ensure workers have an effective recourse for complaints and injustices.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	14b40e9ae63ae5e9a67709b4baff4970	The figure also recognises that a skill ecosystem must be led by market opportunities and must be founded on the individual abilities of the labour force, all within a wider policy environment. These features are well recognised in the international literature on skills development in the green economy. This separation means that employers can be constrained (at least in the short-run) by skill gaps in the labour force, while potential workers can waste time and financial resources by investing in education that is out-of-date or produces skills for which there is no employer demand.	7	7	1	0.75
10.18356/11e28764-en	14b473f240287c63e6c18c9f2a55166d	International Water Management Institute, Pretoria. Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda: correlates and implications for intervention. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162(9), 836-43. Gender and Food Security: Towards Gender-Just Food and Nutrition Security. Overview Report, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	14b659511ceda31e1bf0b62f77232870	At the same time, the costs of collection have been lowered. The appropriate mix of taxes will vary from country to country depending on resource endowments, administrative capacity and the structure ofthe economy. However, all countries should be able to review the existing tax structure and tax base and identify reforms that would increase public resources. In order to manage the economic consequences of this resource boom, the Government has been considering the establishment of a Papua New Guinea Sovereign Wealth Fund (PNG SWF).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	14b744cf783accbff8e8e8ee00906478	Data from household surveys face other limitations, discussed in Annex 1. Incidence issues are discussed at the end of this section. The poverty rate is defined here in relative terms, as the percentage of individuals with income below 50% of the median equivalised household disposable income. In some countries, most notably in the United States, official poverty statistics are based on an absolute poverty threshold.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	14b7ddb7dc33ad26bc6bf568bc95c36a	In addition, PROFEPA and CONABIO have formulated an agreement to launch an offset-like programme (the Programme for Environmental Restoration and Compensation) that aims to compensate for regulation violations and accidents through the planned restoration or recovery of ecosystems and natural resources on site, or, if that is not possible, avoiding or mitigating damage elsewhere. More specifically, Article 2.306 of the code stipulates that when in-situ reparation of environmental deterioration is impossible, it will instead be subject to indemnification. Once the indemnification is determined, the amount is transferred to the Biodiversity Restoration and Preservation Fund (Fondo para la Restauracion y Preservation de la Biodiversidad), managed by CONAFOR.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	14b9d99c62203afd63490baa0352e992	Some 80% of start-ups have at least one founder with a Bachelor’s degree and 13% have at least a founder with a PhD. The highest share of founders with a PhD (20%) can be found in the biotechnology sector. In terms of education, less than half of the founders have a STEM degree. Within the STEM field, 20% of the founders possess a computer science degree (4 600 start-ups), 15% have an engineering degree (4 200 start-ups) and only 1 520 of start-ups have at least one founder with a natural science degree.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/4b795325-en	14bddfad433cac193e7e869d4f54bbdb	In 2008, there were only 429 Batwa students throughout the country who were attending high school, out of a total of 289,000 students. In 2006, just seven Batwa students were enrolled in university. Batwa women and girls in Burundi have reported being sexually harassed at school by male teachers or students or on the way home from school, resulting in unwanted pregnancies, poor academic performance and increased school dropout rates (Warrilow, 2008, p. 14).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	14be8824689a72c52a5c061bdc47f7d2	The ITP approach is to scan the trade and development landscape for areas where orthodox approaches are ineffective or where there are public policy failures or gaps, and to seek heterodox approaches to address those. Its work plan is flexible to enable quick response to emerging issues in the international trading environment that impact particularly on highly vulnerable Commonwealth constituencies - least developed countries (LDCs), small states and sub-Saharan Africa.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	14c25a5b9f320b93a161ac0f9ccd69d7	As previously noted, the consequences of infrastructure and urban planning decisions have implications that last for decades. National fiscal systems, lack of funding, and regulations can encourage further carbon-intensive development. Capacity-building is also often essential to support effective urban design and private-sector engagement (OECD, 2015c).	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	14c2e94e451630cb13bbfd98e12a1b2f	In parallel, country-wide collections of the most important wild relatives of crop plants are being made, irrespective of any immediate danger they may face. This is necessary for an adequate representation of these species in the seedbank (MoEP, 2008, 2010a). The largest and most active are at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	14cecad6187b73e36e3b26d3d5ad46eb	World per capita fish consumption is estimated at about 17.1 kg, with fish providing about 3.0 billion people with 15% of their average per capita intake of animal protein. Trade of fish and fishery products has significantly increased in the last decades, reaching a record USD 102 billion in 2008. In 2009, following the global economic recession, there was a contraction in demand, with a slight decline of fishery trade in both value and volume terms.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	14d07d72e167546a784ec0f0e551c8e7	In this context, productive use is not merely additional to domestic use, but often complementary, as it helps smooth the time profile of electricity consumption: while the peak period for domestic use is the evening (for lighting and entertainment), productive use occurs primarily during the day. Accordingly, the expansion of productive uses of energy may also be conducive to supporting the penetration of variable renewable technologies, especially in the case of solar energy. In line with box 6.1, tackling supply-side constraints within a context of strong demand growth and investment dynamism is thus a key factor in successful development strategies.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/091e4d11-en	14d4b8089bdc12b45c374a43e636e434	The reliance on existing data sources leads to three data measurement issues that need to be borne in mind when interpreting the findings of this paper. Data availability: This report draws from two types of data sources: i) country-level indicators published on a regular basis through administrative or statistical series by bodies such as, for example, Eurostat and the OECD, and ii) nationally representative micro-data from household- or school-based surveys, such as the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Where data is not already available, no efforts have been made to collect this data.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	14d4c25bfc85a760d3f3ccee4762d441	Finally, it is important that policy instruments adopted across the innovation system are mutually consistent. In this respect, there is a need to adjust the performance-based funding system used at universities in a way that does not discourage industry-science collaboration. These programmes have been Finland’s biggest arena for industry-science collaboration. Budget cuts and the refocusing of much of Tekes’ start-ups and entrepreneurship support have resulted in the disappearance of most of this effort.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cef10c20-en	14d4dad1b68656c5b7ce0aa9ddc45417	The defining characteristics of urban settlements (demographic size, density and socio-economic diversity) render them particularlydynamicspaces. Economics of scale in production, large markets for labour and goods, and the ease of information flows in urban environments enhance productivity and innovation. As the primary spatial interface between citizens and government, cities can stimulate vibrant political engagement. Moreover, the density and diversity of cities can encourage the emergence of progressive values and institutions that promote social cohesion.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	14d7ba631710ea4a83aba9e8a82f1c15	In particular, surface water interactions with groundwater, and the diffusion of pollutants at the regional level, are not always perfectly known. They do not explicitly cover risks to ecosystem resilience, subsuming them instead in the others. For example, flood control and water storage may rely on flood plains, wetlands or groundwater recharge, and water quality and wastewater treatment affect freshwater system resilience. A fourth subsection will discuss partnerships as a mechanism for implementing rural-urban co-operation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	14dc669674537a5877b1d1e1049aaaac	These barriers often interact with gender to create even greater disadvantages in learning opportunities (UN, 2015: 65-66). With merely 6.8 per cent of youth enrolled in tertiary education, sub-Saharan Africa lags far behind the global average of 30 per cent. In addition, tertiary enrolments have maintained a strong male bias in total enrolments over time in some sub-regions (figure 3.10).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	14dd9157765bfc497938d229c3f22586	Where available, outcome data show that all ATAPS services are producing significant clinical improvement for consumers. Update on the achievements of Tier 1 and Tier 2 ATAPS”, Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, available at iuiuio.ataps-mds.com, accessed 4 September 2013. Evidence from Australia, for example, suggests that 64% of people experience their first episode of mental illness before turning 21, and 25% before the age of 12.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-3-en	14dda30110c6b4fc35dc28bcc09c7357	The larger impact of the global financial crisis on household incomes in some of these countries helps partly explain this pattern. For instance, the mobility of educational attainments between mothers and daughters tends to be lower than the mobility between fathers and sons, in particular in southern Europe and the emerging economies. In absolute terms, occupational mobility is also lower for women than for men, meaning that parents influence their daughters’ social positions more than their sons’.	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/6546680a-en	14dec4bc6535e8be3eb20a32d4bbccb6	It also involves the presence of much better conditions than before for implementing the proposed policy framework. Since the ultimate goal is to create decent employment in sufficient numbers for all, the development of a dynamic private sector that can meet that goal will be greatly facilitated by the availability of a better educated and more adaptable labour force. The recent increase in LDCs' tertiary enrolment is certainly to be welcomed, but a significant part of that increase has occurred in private institutions with much higher user fees.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/02e538fc-en	14e1e94f13605513055d969e2ed9b5b8	Thus, in Bangladesh, where the GDP per capita is USD 1 156, women allocate 56% of their time to unpaid care work when awake, compared to 40% in Peru and 33% in South Africa where the GDP per capita is USD 6 572 and USD 6 161 respectively (World Bank, 2017). As a country’s GPD increases, infrastructure is likely to improve and access to services increase, thus decreasing the time women spend on domestic and care tasks, such as cooking or traveling to health centres. As a result, women have more time for paid work and study as well as leisure and personal care, as South Africa and Peru demonstrate.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	14e2073abb63d25f8cd763dbe670c3a8	Poverty will rise among households depending on remittances7 and those employed in sectors such as construction (World Bank 2010b). These direct effects are followed by second order effects when families may be forced to reduce their investments in health and education as a response to lower purchasing power. An economic shock may also lead to social unrest, disrupt community and inter-ethnic relations or even bring down fragile governments (World Bank 2010b; Slay 2011).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	14e6456e42ed3b79afb0f8ece2cbd3fd	The Commission also emphasized the need for governments to value, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work by prioritizing social protection policies, accessible and affordable social services and the development of infrastructure, including access to environmentally sound time- and energy-saving technologies. They have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods, with 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty (United Nations, 2013a) and many more without access to basic services and social protections. Current patterns of growth have coincided with rising inequalities in wealth, income and capabilities worldwide, across and between nations (United Nations, 2013b; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013a).	5	5	3	0.25
10.18356/3afdf450-en	14e88af0a77680ded9ee92bf2ccf3325	This result is also confirmed by the most recent data analysed for this paper. Results for New Zealand are from Perry (2011) and refer to 2010, while for Japan the data are derived from Cabinet Office, Gender Equality Bureau (2011). Countries are ordered by increasing poverty among children living in lone parent families. Data on lone parents is lacking for Portugal.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/42b33a50-en	14ec9adb08ef5dc0f190db2b895d6a34	It envisages the ambitious target of reduction of energy intensity by 50 per cent by 2030. The Comprehensive State Energy Conservation Programme until 2010provides for the enhancement of energy efficiency and competitiveness of national economy, the optimization of state energy balance through decrease of imported fossil fuels (natural gas) and their replacement with alternative sources of energy and secondary energy sources. It is responsible for development and implementation of the national policy in the area of energy efficiency, energy conservation, and development of alternative energy sources.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9e86470d-en	14edf6c6b00ae87fc14014b0cd1bb5bb	We need a shift in this thinking. Essential services such as health care and education require infrastructure. For communities and businesses to operate and thrive, they need access to goods and markets. Infrastructure must respond to societal needs, but it also should be evaluated for its long-term outcome, including the resources required to ensure longevity. Reliable forms of energy, the availability of potable water, education, safety and security, social and economic services—all of these are made possible through resilient infrastructure.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xnk52kc-en	14f38016cdbe3d1c38fc4288c98137b9	There is no clear path to an alternative energy future, or on the timing and cost of the transition to an electric future based on renewable energy. There is also competition between the existing technologies and other energy carriers (hydrogen, pure electric, plug-in hybrid, biofuels), and each may be supported by separate government interventions that to some extent exist in isolation. Improvements in the fuel efficiency of traditional internal combustion vehicles have been robust, accelerated by regulatory requirements and tax incentives, eroding the short to middle-term business case for fossil fuel alternatives, particularly if the energy used still relies on nonrenewable sources.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	14f41a8589e08a5a880af060af8432a4	Instead of streaming students into ability groups, teacher teams apply within-class differentiation, alternating between basic teaching for the whole class and add-on content for highly motivated students or extra support for less-motivated students. Generally, there are three teachers working with the group in the humanities, natural sciences and a vocational field, with at least one of the three having experience in teaching students with special education needs. As a result, there is less misconduct in classes, and low achievers have improved their academic performance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	14f469f587a35bb437abc480430b9454	Majority of cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean allocate less than 15 per cent of land to streets in the city cores and less than 10 per cent in the suburbs. Out of 40 cities analysed from these regions, 7 cities allocated more than 20 per cent of land to street in their city core. Regionally, sub-Saharan African cities have less space allocated to open public spaces (43 per cent).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	14f4a2e47e7e393380f9aa338ad69424	Its expected further growth makes it the greatest challenge to Portugal’s energy efficiency and climate change policies. During the review period, air passenger transport experienced the fastest growth. Road transport is the dominant transport mode: cars account for about 85% of passenger travel and heavy good vehicles for 95% of freight haulage, above the respective EU averages.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	14f6e16994d8c789f3d25c76f05e2874	These three countries accounted for more than 60% of the total greenfield FDI received in the region in the renewable energy sector. Brunei Darussalam and Singapore are two of the least attractive markets for the renewable energy sector (USD 409 million and USD 946 million, respectively). Other OECD members: Australia; Canada; Israel; Japan; Mexico; New Zealand; Korea; TVrrkey and the United States. Other economies: Argentina; Chinese Taipei; Hong Kong, China; Russian Federation; and Saudi Arabia. It is, however, important to note that the United Kingdom represents by itself one third of the investments from European countries and more than 17% of India’s FDI in this sector. China and the United States, followed by Japan, Malaysia and the Republic of Korea, are the next main investors in the region, particularly in India, which welcomes more than half of their FDI.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	14f8ec1fadcbbfd3e9143d94d6ba3f1f	The plan is carried out by the National Water Committee under the authority of the Minister for Environment. Policies to reduce the impact on water resources of agricultural contamination are also carried out in collaboration with agencies dependent on the Ministry of Environment (ONEMA, water agencies, deconcentrated services of the ministry of environment, etc.) In addition, the New Start for Fresh Water policy is jointly led by the Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which enables these two departments to co-ordinate the interface between water and agricultural policies at the central government level.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	14f9a32653bb911f926a25b9c9ce4653	In addition, two connection options through Morelos may be envisaged. One of them would be a road that runs through Cuernavaca, reaches Zacatepec and continues up until Iguala, for which there is a rehabilitation project undertaken by the federal government. The second would be a new road going from Zacatepec to Cuautla. However, such projects may be substantially hindered by railway companies. They could negotiate an agreement with railway companies to achieve conditions that suit the specific requirements and parameters of the automotive industry'. This agreement would require the support of relevant state governments and the federal government.	11	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264245129-4-en	14fbcabfedc73527c3c86a54ab027c8d	Through their interventions and investments, GIBs are demonstrating to private investors that commercially successful investments are possible and happening now. The size of the (currently) largest GIB is expected to be approximately USD 7 billion at final capitalisation, while Germany’s KfW invested approximately USD 56 billion in 2015 in “domestic promotion”, including but not limited to “special programmes to foster the use of renewable energy, to increase energy efficiency and to promote innovative technology companies”. This smaller size is not preventing GIBs from mobilising significant private investment, however. Some GIBs like the UK Green Investment Bank, Australia’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation and the Connecticut Green Bank are successfully targeting institutional investors - notably pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and mutual funds - for co-investment in funds and other transactions. These investors represent a large pool of capital and an increasingly important alternative source of financing for LCR infrastructure investment, as examined in other OECD reports.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	14fdfe9ad129868b6666098e3b08b7e2	And what role did female participation, employment intensity and job characteristics play in the upward trend in household income inequality? To answer these questions, it is useful to simulate a series of counterfactual distributions of household income. The counterfactual exercise builds on the results from a decomposition approach based on Firpo et al. (	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	1503d9fec0d66f0d956ea76099083aa4	In addition, global inequalities mean that actions and omissions by the more powerful States will have adverse repercussions on the capacities of smaller and less powerful States to meet their human rights obligations. The fiscal deficits that resulted from the crisis have led both developed and developing countries to cut back on public social expenditure, which is threatening to increase poverty and gender inequality.74 There is a need therefore for a set of principles on extra-territorial obligations that provides standards to make governments, international financial institutions, intergovernmental organizations and transnational corporations accountable for actions that affect the realization of rights across the world. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. But how can these principles be made real so that they define state action on the ground? Some would argue that there is a paradox here: States, which are seen as the main duty-bearers and guarantors of rights, may have neither the capacity nor the political will to protect and promote rights.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/401c524c-en	150560329ae42b882f4f6d625f705bc6	It is important for the organization to reflect on how to leverage its added value to enable interventions that promote deeper structural changes. The Bangladesh ADR noted that UNDP can play a much more strategic role in advocacy for this deeper structural change, even in challenging contexts. One reason for this is the lack of a uniform results framework at the corporate level (such as the GRES or Gender@Work framework) to provide guidance on how to capture such results. Another challenge is lack of a common understanding of what constitutes gender-transformative or gender-responsive results. Annual results-based management reporting has encouraged provision of system-wide data focused on numbers of men and women in projects and programmes. Yet numbers simply reconfirm a gender-targeting approach.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	150572ee9b59f2c35488f86e5a062c0b	Most of the latter moved to the centre of Israel which offers better labour market opportunities and higher salaries. For example, in 1980s and 1990s, there were more than 40 policy plans prepared by three separate governmental offices in addition to the Jewish Agency and two other national authorities. Numerous other plans have been formulated by various interested parties (Katz, 1982; Yiftachel, 1992; CHE, 1993; Placing the North in the Center, 2007; Goldshmidt, 2008; Horovitz and Brodet, 2008; Makov Report, 2009).11 A lack of co-ordination, together with significant fragmentation and conflicting approaches to planning and goals between the various agencies explains why so many of the plans were delayed or failed to be implemented (Yiftachel, 1992.)	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	1506c674cdce3719e4a561482e66a846	In particular, provinces with lower utilisation rates have a higher expenditure per patient day and visit. This negative association is suggestive of under-utilised capacity in some provinces, and is consistent with evidence elsewhere (see Adam et al 2008 for further discussion on patient caseload and cost curves). They both show a negative association between expenditure per person (uninsured) and utilisation rates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	150a7bb8827f91a6957bdbd4809a1da0	The second component is the Environmental Planning and Management Information System (SIPGA), which covers policy responses. However, further efforts are needed to fully integrate the various elements and to ensure the quality and coverage of the component parts. At the national level, the Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the various actors involved in its implementation (which include other research institutes, the National Parks Authority and ANLA).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	150c5f4437c6e7b0599c7a773786f0de	It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources. Furthermore, it discusses budget planning, the monitoring of funds’ use as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the Slovak Republic such as the low levels of public expenditure on education, funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network, equity implications of funding approaches, and the public funding of non-state schools. Special attention is given to the analysis of the formula used to fund individual schools in the Slovak Republic. The chapter also reviews the autonomy of schools in the use of their funding, the management of school budgets and parental contributions. It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	150d07b74a3d498d523fa88ea385347b	The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to undertake and communicate national mitigation and adaptation measures to respond to the threat of climate change. In addition, developed countries are required to provide and report on financial assistance, technology transfer and capacity-building support to developing-country Parties to the Agreement. For their part, developing countries are expected to provide information on the support needed and received.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	150ee8fdd0357ceb97ad1a3a1ffb0f76	Our driver within the three pillars of sustainable development must include institutional reform and strong means of implementation - Prime Minister’s address at Rio+20, available at: www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/1380l-rio-20-conference (accessed 18 February 2014). The energy sector, through its links with the other sectors, was deemed to be the major driver for green economy implementation. The cost of energy is a key variable in the tourism and hospitality sector, as well as in the agriculture and agribusiness sector. The viability and economic transformation potential of these two sectors hinge directly on developments in the energy sector, especially the cost of energy.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	151075c822cd1933c5f08941e07aaecb	Programmes such as this - which include the people who are most dependent upon natural assets, are vulnerable to climate hazards, but who are potentially the managers of environmental services -offer much learning for a more widespread approach to inclusive green growth. A climate change impact and vulnerability assessment has already been undertaken for Addis, using UNDP and IPCC climate change impact assessment guidelines, and a city-level resilience plan has already been drafted. As part of the C40 commitment, the municipal authority is also examining the sustainability of urban land use and actions are already taken to scale up urban green areas. Furthermore, outreach campaigns have also been carried out to make Addis’ citizens aware of the benefits of saving water and other natural resources (CDP, 2012). They were developed, mostly prior to the conceptualisation of a national green growth strategy, to suit local circumstances.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	15140e09a5d9ad20986ec8a90e1b88b0	Drinking water companies charge a user fee for the services provided, which partly depend on the amount of water used. Within these regions, there is no explicit cross-subsidisation between urban and rural areas, because payments are mainly based on the use of water services. Although, since part of the levies (of regional water authorities) are related to property values, urban areas (with typically higher property values) and higher income groups might contribute relatively more.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	1515d3276441233bdc821849d5348894	"The “Impluvium d’Evian"" Ramsar Site provides an important habitat for invertebrates, in particular for two butterfly species, the Large Heath Butterfly and the Cranberry Fritillary, whose populations are in decline everywhere else in the region. Different species of orchids, such as the Fen Orchid, can be found. The latter is also threatened by the increase in abundance of invasive species such as the Japanese Knotweed."	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	15164c0acf89967b6cc2c6b2603638f7	In 2014, Bhutan witnessed the highest number of drug cases ever registered by the authorities (644 cases). The great majority (90 per cent) were related to the possession of controlled substances. Cannabis, which in addition to being cultivated also grew in the wild, was the most common drug of abuse.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	151d9b80da4c2521b185b97090c5b38b	For detailed information on the database, see Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper (2012). The selection of countries is restricted to those 18 sub-Saharan countries whose surveys include detailed information on business ownership by gender. Enterprises are defined as women (men)-owned if the majority of the owners are female (male).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	151e16ea70fd5a20d5e4ffd8549a61b2	The primary theoretical challenge for constructing such a composite would be how to weigh the two components of the index. One approach would be to put the subsistence harvest in money terms with a “price of subsistence foods.” If subsistence harvest were perfect substitutes for store-bought food, an average meat price in the region might be used. The choice of a weight should be based on serious analytical effort.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	151ef80098477374f6c7f258b9bb4a3c	It has been considered as a model for other countries who are interested in standards-based certification systems for teachers (Harris and MacKenzie, 2007; Ingvarson and Hattie, 2008). Nearly all states in the United States allow teachers to take the NBPTS examination as a mechanism for increasing their salary, by tying National Board Certification to higher salaries. As of October 2012, the National Board had certified 97 000 teachers nationwide, and more than 6 000 became National Board certified in 2011. The Certification is good for ten years and then the teacher must reapply.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	151f4edeefa7f56951dba5bc37f60a52	Moreover, depending on the policy domain and audience, one (set of) indicators could be more pertinent: indicators reflecting neighbourhood conditions and access to services are relevant from an urban planning perspective whilst issues of financial strain, housing problems and income poverty are more closely linked to social (protection) policy. In sum, there are strong grounds on which to analyze the different domains of child poverty in conjunction with each other to get a comprehensive and diversified picture. This paper takes a microperspective to analyze the degree of overlap across indicators of both monetary and multidimensional child poverty, thereby combining the debates on child poverty and those on overlap of poverty. This requirement is fulfilled by the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-9-en	151ff0e6fc307da64a9986d76882a903	It considers the municipality as the most important competent authority to deliver most environmental outcomes, and proposes far-reaching possibilities for higher authorities (provinces and central government) to regulate environmental issues. To that effect, the Environmental Planning Act (under discussion) introduces six core instruments clustered around strategic vision documents, plans and programmes; decentralised regulations; rules of the central government for certain activities; the environmental permit; and the project decision. The underlying regulation of the act will integrate the assessment framework and the conditions for activities that need to be regulated (general rules, permits).	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	15219a33832d0ba663e980e9f1157d38	To reduce the probability of severe climate change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades. The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	1524905f6dcda95dbbc86e3055de0ba8	Contrary to other sub-sectors, such as irrigation, direct federal funding in support of capacity building activities for river basin organisations is currently prohibited by the federal programmes’ rules of operation. However, in recent years some progress has been made towards more capacity building for river basin councils and organisations. When CONAGUA was created in 1989, it inherited 35 000 employees, including 2 700 middle management positions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	15278859a4e067e49583bbc3d809d642	Frequency: 16% of metropolitan areas in the OECD. Cities that exceed a legally defined population threshold can be upgraded into a special status as “metropolitan cities”, which puts them on the same footing as the next upper level of government and gives them broader competencies. Frequency: 8% of metropolitan areas in the OECD. Data from the OECD’s Metropolitan Governance Survey (2014) indicates that more than two-thirds of OECD metropolitan areas (178 out of 263, or 68%) currently have a metropolitan governance body (OECD, 2015).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	152841b2b8a3a05896601b16031fee95	It can also improve agricultural productivity (e.g. through irrigation), fisheries and fish farming, and enable the processing of agricultural and fish products (e.g. grinding, milling). Moreover, it may create new trading opportunities, for instance for perishable produce (by providing refrigeration). Evaluations of the impact of electrification show that the provision of lighting and power can unleash new productive activities or extend the length of the productive day. Many of these activities are undertaken by women, thereby increasing their chances for income generation and economic empowerment (Lallement, 2008).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	152a5392f46447682cee7731a5f994c8	High food and fuel prices threaten the sustainability of existing social protection programmes from two sides. The costs of food assistance and energy subsidies increase, while at the same time government revenues from taxes and tariffs decrease (Ortiz et al. High consumer prices erode the value of cash transfers thereby further reducing the already meager impact of these programmes (Ortiz et al. 2011).The systems are characterized by large exclusion errors and in some countries sizeable inclusion errors.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	152b3f53fcda1534f1b7d3250e9cf016	The government attempted to stabilise prices by imposing sweeping controls on food trade and marketing, selling off its food stocks and providing BULOG with a favourable exchange rate at which to import large quantities of rice to meet the domestic shortfall. From mid-1997 to mid-1998, the government managed to keep domestic food prices at 50-60% of import parity levels. However, capital flight led to a shortage of foreign exchange and the depreciation of the rupiah, greatly increasing the fiscal costs of importation. Further, the difference between domestic and international prices led to large-scale smuggling of rice and other food goods out of the country.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	152ba34fca39775dc2362459f8890e9d	Among other things, this will brought about through a green development and demonstration programme, aimed at increasing the co-ordination between research, innovation and demonstration in agro- and aquaculture and food sectors. At the same time, DKK 145 million per year has been earmarked for green investments, while the Action Plan for the Promotion of Environmental Technology 2010-11 includes DKK 225 million dedicated to the development of green agricultural technologies. The limit on the number of animals on a farm and the requirement that a farmer must have a certain amount of land in relation to the number of animals on his/her farm has been removed.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	152cb0142c876797004a774770b37000	It strives to include a diverse number of voices and views in the policy-making process. While inclusive policy making enhances transparency, accountability and public participation and builds civic capacity, it also offers a way for governments to improve their policy performance by working with citizens, civil society organisations, businesses and other stakeholders to deliver concrete improvements in policy outcomes and the quality of public services. Building awareness and understanding among policy makers of the potentially different effects of policy choices on men and women is key to inclusive policy making in various domains.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	1534837bc45db06167309194867fce35	Policies to encourage municipality mergers should strengthen the primary care sector. Reforms in the organisation of the hospital sector and emergencies should also improve quality of care and efficiency. Concentration of activity in health centres of sufficient size would generate higher volumes of care conducive to optimal medical practice and economies of scale. Larger health centres can afford more advanced medical equipment, recruit staff more easily and build a stronger medical knowledge base.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	1535a03270d7448b6142f39cf5fa3ebd	The fact that some indigenous groups consider education a luxury presents a challenge for teachers. To cater for the needs of the children, teachers use the alternative basic education system which responds to the special needs and constraints of pastoral life. The system provides flexible school hours, which allows pastoralist children to fulfil their household responsibility for herding cattle towards water and pastures while still having time for school (Sewunet, 2014). Further, there is continuous enrolment throughout the year as a means of encouraging children to attend school, as well as campaigns aimed at convincing parents to send their children to school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	15392f81dbd15f4061eede3fb8b17e54	The second - the major teaching practice - happens mostly in special Teacher Training Schools governed by the universities, which have similar curricula and practices as normal public schools. Some student teachers also practice in a network of selected Field Schools (normal public schools). Primary-school teacher-education students devote approximately 15% of their intended study time to practice teaching in schools. In subject teacher education, practice teaching comprises about one-third of the curriculum.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	1539549c89dd791863ea2546db075e72	In D. Bours, C. McGinn, and P. Pringle (Eds.), Monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation: A review of the landscape. New Directions for Evaluation, 147, 117-127. Draft National Adaptation Monitor- A monitoring and evaluation framework for the National Adaptation Strategy, Policy Study]. Report for the Republic of South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs. Systeme de suivi et evaluation de la vulnerability et de I’adaptation au changement climatique.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/864d004f-en	153d7826faba07598c5bc97cc8496f80	Companies engaged in the sector are subject to a fee of 2,000 dirhams (US$247) for an exploration permit and 7,000 dirhams (US$864) for an exploitation permit, as well as an annual tax of 6,000 dirhams (US$740) in the case of long-term concessions (up to 75 years). Supplementary levies apply on renewal of permits and concessions. Since 2004, the mining sector has benefited from total exoneration of VAT paid on purchases of diesel used by road freight transport vehicles. A “depletion allowance” (provision pour reconstitution de gisement) for the mining sector was abolished in 2008.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	153f58140e77fefe6af2793350a0514b	Nearly 70 per cent of the clients come from so-called ‘backward castes’. Almost half of the clients are street vendors or day labourers with the rest made up of small enterprises, including tailoring, rope making and small dairy activities. At the end of the financial year 2011-2012, the total advances of the Bank stood at INR 264 million (US$4.95 million) while total deposits amounted to more than INR 400 million (US$7.5 million). It offers innovative products such as daily, weekly and monthly savings products, mostly tiny amounts, as well as credit facilities with daily, weekly or monthly repayment facilities. The Mann Deshi model revolves around the daily collection of small deposits through a network of agents who go door-to-door to meet clients.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	15403276adde43a2ed2a463a61d388ae	They conclude that reducing worklessness (and promoting work by raising the number of two-earner families) is unlikely to be sufficient to reduce child poverty. Instead, reducing work poverty is also likely to be a central plank of any policy strategy to reduce child poverty, in particular as policies “of encouraging employment [are] likely to be a pre-requisite for public and political support for more effective redistribution to the poor”. For single parents, a third and potentially important source of income is child support. Across OECD member countries, however, obligations for child support and the effectiveness of its collection vary widely.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	15421707413ca194659a63afd883b7de	The indicator shown in Figure 4.13 Panel A is based on data drawn from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) referring to the following question: “From whom would you get support if you needed help when looking for a job?” Figure 4.13 Panel B refers to the following question: “From whom would you get support if you were feeling a bit depressed and wanting someone to talk to?”, The question whether one gender is more vulnerable to the effects of violence than the other has been only limitedly explored (Romito and Grassi, 2007). The few results available to date are inconclusive.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	1547050502eb8087775d6985cc40fa05	There is a trend towards introducing greater accountability for quality and efficiency in provider payment systems, which generally requires a combination of fee-for-service, pay-for-performance and capitated payments. The optimal combination of these systems, however, needs be decided by the authorities on practical grounds. There are welcome steps taken to align outpatient and homogenous disease group (HDG) points so that therapeutically equivalent treatments are rewarded equally regardless of the setting in which health services are offered.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	15480549dcb28f3891b2ed47c1b1a8c2	Our recent efforts have included the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life; and the report Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now. An overview of our data and ongoing work can be found online at the OECD “Gender Data Portal”. The OECD also recently contributed to the G7 “Guiding Principles for Capacity Building of Women and Girls: Towards Sustainable, Inclusive and Equitable Growth and Peace”. We are indebted to the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet and the Ambassador of Chile to the OECD, Claudia Serrano, who were instrumental in supporting this project and to Maria de la Paz Lopez Barajas of INMUJERES in Mexico, who offered feedback on this report.	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	15485e8ae21ad97ecf3195535cece34f	Farmers play a central role in developing and adopting innovation and will do so in response to related benefits. First and foremost, governments need to ensure a market and regulatory environment that is conducive to the development, distribution and application of appropriate methods and technologies. This environment also needs to enable private and public investors to make choices on which issues to focus in a world which is characterised by uncertainties. The availability of relevant information and undistorted market signals for decision makers, foresight activities, and networks involving all relevant stakeholders are therefore of key importance (Lopes, 2012).	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	1549ee4b653107d477914d99c278f57f	This analysis showed that obesity prevention strategies produce two main effects: (a) they increase the number of person/years lived in good health (diseases are prevented or delayed); and, (b) they increase the number of person/years lived with chronic diseases (survival with disease is extended). However, the net effect of the prevention strategies examined in the working age population was an overall decrease in the number of years lived with chronic diseases, while an overall increase was observed only in the oldest age groups (80+). The monetary value of the potential production gains was generated by each prevention strategy, based on published estimates of the value of absenteeism and presenteeism (Goetzel et al.,	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	154a9a03541750d43fec3176bcf4c9f5	Some of the recommendations of the expert commission are highly consistent with OECD best practices. To make the pension system more sustainable and improve replacement rates, the required contribution rates should be gradually raised from 10% to 14%. In addition, to make the system more inclusive, reforms could focus on increasing the level of the solidarity pension (available to the bottom 60% of households), to improve replacement rates, notably for women and the poor. The reform should increase the statutory retirement age, equalising the retirement age of men and women at 65 years, and periodically review the retirement age to be consistent with life expectancy.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	154ab309f3e301956d4d490ccf7880cd	It monitors the implementation of policies that are under the authority of MSES: pre-school education; primary, secondary and higher education; science culture and technical culture; international scientific and technical and technological co-operation; protection and use of cultural resources, historical materials and heritage; archives and archival materials, and the commemoration of historical events and persons; co-operation with religious communities; information technology; and other matters of education, science and culture. It consists of three prominent scientists from abroad whose main task is to provide advice and technical assistance to improve the efficiency of the science and higher education system. Its purpose is to facilitate the hosting of foreign researchers participating in research projects in Croatia. The Code of Procedures for the Approval of Temporary' Stay permits foreign researchers to work in private and public research and education institutions without a work permit.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	154e1248d645914d1b0b4db3aa04f540	Prague’s spatial evolution was shaped by its changing economic function, and by its role first as the main city of Bohemia and later as a principal city in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and ultimately as a national capital. Importantly, during most of this period, land markets had played a major role in determining land uses. By the end of World War II, the result was an urban core with a variety of high-value commercial and residential buildings, built in various periods, that provided a high level of cultural and historical amenities, and a surrounding ring of manufacturing establishments and worker housing that reflected the role of the region as a major industrial manufacturing centre. Prague’s role as a manufacturing hub was further enhanced by the introduction of a socialist state that was embedded in the larger economic structure directed by the Soviet Union.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	154ea94e3dac977c7d6ee7655ba262ba	The NBPTS is designed to consider a wide range of teacher competencies, using videos submitted by the teachers to appraise classroom practice and along with portfolio entries focused on teaching practice and constructed response assessments of content knowledge. Submitted materials are reviewed by trained teachers who are experts in the teachers’ content areas. In the United States, the NBPTS has been the chief means of certifying that classroom teachers are performing at high levels.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	15507ca416852641c41393fdbc3c7351	At lower secondary stage (Years 8 tolO), teachers award marks for each subject twice a year. In upper secondary school, teachers conduct continuous assessment, and students sit cnd-of-ycar examinations (UNESCO. The central authority on evaluation advises that assessment should be used as an instrument for managing learning, and not as a tool for selection. There is an increasing emphasis on assessment of skills rather than knowledge and facts (UNESCO, 2007).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	1550b4a8b08742c7445b375133355ebd	The second option is to predict a macro-variable gender differences using only individual-levels factors xt to estimate equation 2 for each country separately. It allows for country-specific variation in the gender happiness gap, considered as a societal effect that could vary according to the country and its definition of gender roles. It assumes the gender happiness gap being related to sociological construction rather than a biological effect associated with sex differences that would have involved a similar difference across countries. In particular, the collection of information on gender-based discrimination in social institutions is recent, and as such the SIGI is only available in one wave, thus limiting our empirical study to a cross-country analysis.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	1550f03f0a93947696a7de4a9f08d16d	Such schemes are more likely than flat-rate payments to prompt high earners and men to claim part of their entitlements. However, as leave payments do not fully replace the leave-taker’s wage, and since women often earn less than their partners, they are still more likely than men to take up all, or most, of the leave entitlement. Figure 5 shows the differences in public expenditure per childbirth when all types of leave and “birth grants” are considered.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	1555b5c939c0a6f13be67182c7619ab9	Many were developed to help operationalise international food safety standards and to verify compliance against them. In contrast, many eco-labelling schemes preceded any public standard or guidelines specifically related to eco-labels. Indeed, the FAO guidelines on eco-labels were developed in response to an anticipated proliferation of private eco-labelling schemes.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	15560f4f1c40effe3281ebec7d081899	Such statistics are, however, difficult to compare due to different national concepts of collecting and processing information (Fuller et al., The information in this sub-section is based on a questionnaire sent by the OECD to member countries during the course of 2014 to identify effective strategies among countries for improving skills governance and turning qualitative and quantitative information on skills needs into relevant action for policy. The questionnaire was developed in co-operation with the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), the European Training Foundation (ETF) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The questionnaire was distributed to governments (Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Education) as well as to social partners (employer organisations and trade union confederations).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	15566e4021c8ceeace71dfdbeb88ab23	These include: the poor development of skills in the schools that supply students; limited study options in tertiary education that are not always well aligned with the needs of the labour market; uncertainty about the value of credentials; limited collaboration between universities and firms; limited career guidance services; and the scarcity of public funds for research and teaching activities. This negatively affects their performance in university. The vast majority of students enrolled in 3-year programmes -71% in the north of the country and above 80% in the south - report that they want to complete a 5-year programme (Almalaurea, 2015).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	15568ad519f579bd06e4549d477b7be2	They also deliver loan funds (pools of up to Cdn$5 million) targeted to new or existing businesses owned by women with loan values of up to Cdn$150 000. The loans, particularly when combined with business advice and business planning assistance, are considered the most significant service received by clients. This assistance led to new start-ups and jobs, job retention in existing client firms, increased revenues, and higher survival rates than for the average Canadian SME (Ference Weicker & Co., 2008).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/62212c37-en	155775364cea678b99103bb0d0a508c1	"Indeed, (almost) anything can be learnt in different ways. This may involve changing the tasks proposed to students, but not necessarily a change in the subjects or domains learnt. Reviewing countries' curricula to see whether creativity and critical thinking were an objective, and how they were translated into practice, led to the realisation that most curriculum documents embrace creativity and critical thinking as learning outcomes and competences students should acquire, this typically remains in the ""aspirational"" or introductory part of the curriculum. Typically, the more practical description of the curriculum exclusively focuses on a closed problem with one correct solution, technical skills, and leaves little, if any, room to a phrasing that would allow teachers to consider that giving students opportunities to develop their creativity or critical thinking in the process would be possible."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	1557cfac854b9d933379ade1c27831d5	The Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays an important role in the definition of education strategies and in the development of key initiatives while the Ministry of Education and Science concentrates on the design of policies to implement education strategies. Regions (oblasts) and districts (rayons) are responsible for the delivery of education services in schools. Primary and secondary education is compulsory in Kazakhstan and students are entitled to attend a public school free of charge.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	1558e92dec854419e87fb6699b8edf68	Women's groups are given a mobile phone and a radio cassette player to use as they listen to local agricultural radio shows, call extension officers, or share information between groups. Information is disseminated in the local language and the groups are encouraged to spread the word to other women farmers. Part of the programme's success is due to the fact that it works within channels that are familiar to women (GSMA Development Fund and Cherie Blair Foundation for Women 2010).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	155cdf9f22ac0eb837bee061684281e4	Furthermore, such a standard for emissions can avoid a large increase in electricity prices in the early stage of its introduction, which would otherwise be necessary to trigger low carbon investments. The associated argument against this approach is that, it may be less effective at reducing electricity demand than a carbon price. Although it is not clear whether this proposal would create a more stable investment framework and will be applied in the United States (see Box 3), electricity sector mechanisms may be an interesting instrument. They can address the price uncertainty associated with industrial demand of quotas in an economy-wide cap and trade mechanism.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	155e99f4bf289fef5d435364d47f7321	Related to the issue of capacity, there is a threat that major investment decisions taken by the MIRT are dominated by provincial territorial interests and the major cities such as Amsterdam, as opposed to smaller locales (Zonneveld and Evers, 2014: 71). Decentralisation of competencies needs to be accompanied by the appropriate fiscal provisions. It is anticipated that the national government will provide funds for training to assist municipalities and water boards to implement the new act and adjust to new ways of working.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	156805a8ae195efe3f275d3d27cb651f	There is also a need for flexibility in the use of funds (Perkins et al., While access was improved, less is known about the quality of the service patients received, and their outcomes. There is also scope to trial models integrating primary and acute care in other specialty areas. A necessary pre-requisite is that any such extended roles are attractively reimbursed.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	156860bee0b8b66e380283427b2d7ed6	The incubation phase was delayed for several months for administrative reasons, but the incubator was expected to kick off again in the fall of 2013. A brief summary of their characteristics and features are highlighted below. The WBIs were designed to provide a safe and welcoming space for women to receive the emotional support they need as well as improving their entrepreneurial and management capabilities.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	1568c1f00a36346ee895ae18872c10a9	A multivariate analysis of determinants of relative income mobility of the society as a whole, conducted for this review, highlighted characteristics that increased the chances of moving up at least one income decile or decreased the chances of moving down at least one dedle. These induded: living in an urban area, having many household members of working age and/ or increasing the share of workers among household members, the number of members with a second job relative to all working household members, a household head having an upper secondary diploma or occupation as a high-level or mid-level professional, the household head being economically active in the initial period, and the household head becoming economically active after not working in 2004. Factors with a robust positive impact on moving up a dedle or more induded the initial share of agricultural income over total income and moving from low to medium manufacturing. The multivariate analysis produced interesting findings concerning the drivers of downward income mobility.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	1569027a7e730f5d81f3b61aa85abf60	Equally important, secure property rights are necessary for the financing of new and existing businesses, as property ownership provides a key source of collateral for securing bank loans. Many inconsistent laws about personal property rights were subsequently passed, giving rise to ambiguity and widespread conflict but resulting in limited private property ownership and weak protection of property rights. In principle, the state still retains the power, and reserves the right, to nationalise any property that has been privatised.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	1569bfb6a385c719592fa5a759910a3b	If a limited number of competing generating units are sufficient to serve it, market power can be an issue. Indeed, the experience of PJM, where a new capacity market was introduced in 1997 to fix several problems, shows that fine-tuning capacity markets is a difficult and lengthy process. Based on the experience of some existing capacity markets, there is a concern that the power plants triggered by capacity markets may not flexible enough.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	156f77665dc56dd7a6c4c6e6ff5203de	Significant disparities in access to social services within countries are also stratified by area of residence and by gender. Many economies in the region have failed to raise sufficient tax revenue despite rapid growth, as demonstrated by their low and stagnant tax-to-GDP ratios (see figure 1.21). The stagnant tax-to-GDP ratios when the economy was growing indicate lack of sufficient progressivity of the tax structure. Declines in formal employment and the consequent rise in vulnerable employment are also contributing to the growing inequality through the falling share of wages in GDP. There is a clear negative relationship between the tax burden of countries in the region and their levels of inequality (see figure 1.22).	10	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/80fdfdfb-a715a89d-en	156fe7eb64333278d83c6cbb13121ef5	What is needed is a higher-level vision and plan, such as a technology roadmap, to which these activities and solutions can be aligned. Understanding the threshold and having clear common guidance on the assessment of risks and harms for data is being explored by UN Global Pulse. Active participation of data advocates is critical. Revise current regulatory frameworks or develop new ones to address development and humanitarian challenges. Create a template for legal agreements between the Data Users and MNOs on how data should be accessed and handled, transferred or used. Improved coordination among countries to enable learning from best practices and to create cohesive strategies for working with multinational operators.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	15706d62ce67ce288a0fa713259ce9f0	The project promotes LTE construction and operation, implements the national strategy and upgrades the IT industry. During the construction period, it indirectly boosted national economic growth by nearly CNY 300 billion and created about 500 000 jobs. The project laid 1 028 km of optical cable along the pipelines, through the five provinces, which feature complex topography and are subject to severe environmental constraints.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	1571919a1598ce3141ccf30345ebd80b	Care systems must also be established or strengthened, by fostering the proper provision of public goods and services in that area. When designing and implementing these policies, special attention must be paid to the contexts and reasons that cause poverty to affect children, adolescents, young people, indigenous peoples, Afrodescendants and working-age women disproportionately.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	15743459c3f25514aff0d949aaff2114	The number of people exposed to water-related hazards, together with storms, lies in the billions. Land-related disasters, such as droughts, landslides and wildfires, are other major factors affecting people’s lives and their livelihoods. Importantly, the impacts of these climate hazards are not distributed evenly across countries, or across and within population groups in countries. This is a critical fact underlying the association between climate change and inequality.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	157cf29b02f0b9b32de7219b7fef71e9	The total benefit estimate was approximately 1.4 million Euros (2010) per year and about 7.2 million Euros (2010) for the five year period of the fictional and regional Small Water Fund. The estimated total value exceeded manifold the total budget targeted to restoration. Furthermore, respondents' previous experience of the outcomes and benefits of restoration measures may explain their high willingness to pay in specific watersheds (Box figure 2).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	157d279e1d93f3aba101912a8cb1d2df	In 2009-2010, its exports of parts and components—notably in the automotive and electronics industries—were valued at $48 billion, a quarter of its merchandise exports. Malaysia’s pre-eminence in the electronics industry began in the early days of the international division of labour, with its courting of multinational companies from countries in the North. Free trade zones, established primarily for manufacturing electronic goods,72 helped the country develop rapidly between the 1970s and the 1990s.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	157fa58f8986bcb22df993d70e66f048	This approach has been adopted in Britain since the 2000s, for example through the idea of “mral mainstreaming” (Shortall and Alston, 2016; OECD, 2011).1 It is also evident in Finland, in its cross-sectoral Rural Policy Committee. As discussed in Chapter 1, the ways in which mral areas are defined is therefore particularly important for the design of such interventions. In aiming to integrate different sectoral policy interventions, broad mral policies may address geographies beyond just mral.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	1581bf28d2030b3168d27f806c4b3085	However, such indicators have limitations that also need to be taken into account. In some cases, the number of actors may seem larger if the ministry is in charge of more than one area of competence. For instance, in Mexico, the situation appears less complicated, since only two ministries (SEMARNAT - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Ministry of Health) and two deconcentrated bodies of SEMARNAT (CONAGUA and PROFEPA) are in charge of water policy making.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	1581e0ada4136ce4556ea8593f5d59aa	Fair and inclusive policies in early childhood education and care (ECEC) contribute to an equitable education system. Day care and pre-primary education are available, and more than half of all 4-year-olds attend. From 2001, pre-primary education was made available for 6-year-olds to prepare them for first grade of basic education; it is free and voluntary, and almost all 6-year-olds attend (98%).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	1582d74ce700a142fef590264cced795	The commune of Nantes is the 6th largest city in France, with a population of about 900 000, while the commune of Saint-Nazaire has a population of about 70 000. A period of intense economic decline in the 1980s sparked a common need for the two cities to collaborate more effectively.1 During this time local authorities worked to develop a common agenda for the Nantes Saint-Nazaire area in order to better compete for investment and residents against other French territories. To foster this culture of partnership, the Pole metropolitain was established, which, together with large scale private investment, has played a major role in reversing the area’s fortunes to make it an attractive place for residents and businesses (Figure 3.2). The Nantes FUA encompasses 108 communes while Saint-Nazaire’s is much smaller, with only 35 communes.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7fd14686-en	1584994e9b8d03735188b467397db865	Most people (close to 80 percent) are still living in rural areas (World Bank, 2016). The FRA 2015 revealed a continuing trend in forest cover loss in the last two decades, particularly primary forest. During 2005-2010, Cambodia is reported to have had the highest rate of deforestation in the GMS. From 1990 to 2015, total forest area declined from 74.7 percent to 53.9 percent (12.94 million ha to 9.46 million ha), which represents approximately a 27 percent decline in overall forest cover.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	158818e5bca14c5a77c8079b1b61d8de	While new cross-country time-series evidence suggests that technological change has contributed to a rise in earnings inequality, the choice of specification matters for the significance and size of the effect and also for where in the earnings distribution the impact is most pronounced (see Box 1, Table 1 and OECD, 201 la). Early empirical studies were based on the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which predicts that trade increases the real return for the factor with which a country is most abundantly endowed. However, the theorem proved to be inconsistent with the evidence and in particular, the observed rise in inequality in low-income countries (e.g. Goldberg and Pavcnik, 2007; Feenstra, 2008; Stone and Cavazos, 2011).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	15885c12f775b05442dbfaab3e8161aa	"Journal of Population Economics, 25(4), 1187-1214. Cross-Country Evidence"", Annals of Economics and Statistics, Forthcoming. Available for download at http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world. A Comparative Approach"", MAFE Working Paper 22. Poverty, international migration and asylum, Palgrave-MacMillan for Wider, Hampshire, UK."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/58d686e0-en	158df5681c53f4bd8602f80da91f69cf	Women's disadvantaged economic position in this regard creates a structural dependence on men for access to resources, which in turn can subject women to insecurity and violence. These practices often exist in parallel with statutory laws.42 They may discriminate against women regarding property, land and housing, and sometimes trump national laws (these practices are never codified but can in practice supersede laws, for instance when implemented locally or when used as interpretation of statutory laws). This happens in particular in rural areas, where customs and practices still shape and influence family matters and determine the position of women. Most often, these customs or practices make women's access to or control over land, property and housing dependent on a man—the husband, father or brother.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/f76e337c-en	158e393876b9d062c3cd833e68118fb4	In parallel to this process, which has seen a very large number of small-scale natural habitats disappear in the farmland landscape, the diversity of the farming activities on the individual farms has decreased significantly as well, resulting in much more specialized farms. As an example, the number of farms raising pigs has decreased from 120,000 in 1970 to 4,600 in 2011 and the average number of pigs per farm has increased from 70 to 2800 in the same period. At the same time, there has been an increasing tendency to keep livestock inside all year around.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	15945797b5ba7082c24c6920b6216f48	These definitions may also change according to changing national circumstances and policy frameworks. In Indonesia, ministries discuss the tracking of mitigation spending; one Ministry argued for road expenditure to be included, but ultimately such expenditures were not counted. While budget tagging has been initiated in the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, the system is not yet accurate.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	159457adcab8ec7a5eefd962bed9cedb	This can be done by estimating proportional hazard rates by using the Kaplan-Meier estimator which estimates the survival function (the probability that someone will “survive in a specified status” beyond a certain time, even when the sample is censored and biased, Denisova, 2011). However, these are not unconditional probabilities that can be used to depict the general chances of moving in and out of poverty; these are conditional hazard rates indicating, for example, what the chances are of someone exiting poverty, if he/she has been in poverty for, say, two years, given a set of specified characteristics (e.g. household characteristics, labour market status of adults, eligibility to public transfers, human capital characteristics, but also region and time). These conditional probability functions can be estimated both regarding relative and absolute poverty lines.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	1596be868ef73f46988cf3fca9c11a44	In some cases, advanced wastewater treatment was abandoned, because the economic situation did not allow continuing financing the operation of existing wastewater treatment plants. The mechanical treatment plants now work to a certain degree only in Tbilisi-Rustavi, Kutaisi, Tkieuli, Gori and Batumi. Most of the treatment plants are only partially operating.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	1596d936316237806fc08ff16cd8d078	"The Nexus of Gender Discrimination with Malnutrition: An Introduction, Economic and Political Weekly, 42(44), 49-53. Dr Vandana Shiva"" (web site with list of publications), http://vandanashiva.com Shiva, V. (2016b). "" Seeds of Revolution: Scientist, Author, Activist Vandana Shiva Leads Movement to Restore Sovereignty to Farmers"" (interview), http://ecofarmingdaily."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	159c3dd6bcc4ba5ca0f5c8a903d09e72	Regardless of the type of summary measure selected, it will be important to harmonise the underlying national data if internationally comparable data are to be produced. A concise picture of health performance requires developing better measures of progress in health care to understand how and why the quality of care varies across patients’ needs for care. The OECD has begun to address these data gaps through the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators Project (OECD, 2010c).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	159eb173ccdb25e7fbefd7e0bf975b96	At the state level, women held an average of 25.6% of seats in the unicameral congresses in 2013, which rose to 38% in 2016. Quotas are also symbolically important in that they help alter negative perceptions of women in power and increase their electability. In bodies which have not taken special temporary measures or affirmative action - which include the executive, the 13 state governments still to adopt parity requirements in their municipal councils, and the judiciary- wide gender gaps persist in women’s representation.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	15a0729724b0423863b08c06ca32c318	These assets may be threatened by continued lack of investment in the public transport infrastructure necessary to accommodate sustainable growth. Without a carbon tax, carbon emissions trading programme or strong renewable power mandates backed-up by significant and sustained federal investment, the region may not be able to capitalise on the potential for green job growth. Pacific Rim cities like San Diego, California, Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, British Columbia are all potential competitors for investment capital and positioning in the green space and have formed innovation hubs and industry and research partnerships to foster green cluster development. The Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 describes a new approach to infrastructure planning that is promising. However, LGAs, working in collaboration with other agencies such as RDA-Sydney, should consider forming a coalition to press for investment in a few key projects around which consensus can be built. The coalition might be called something like Move Sydney Green and it might focus on getting an identifiable light-rail extension, clean freight rail corridor and renewable power project constructed.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	15a388f7c0c0051a12d3c5003d837deb	In both wild sea catch and fish or shrimp farming the product is collected by middlemen and generally sold to the fishery processors74, who then export to the EU market. Middlemen, who are essentially family run SMEs, collect from several fishery vessels and farmers and usually mix the products from different sources, so that the traceability requirement cannot be met. Although the MMAF promotes implementation of GHdP, most middlemen have still insufficient understanding and quality assurance capacity, while controls undertaken by the Ministiy itself and the local authorities are still inadequate.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/eca72908-en	15a52ec431e8c334b7996297933d08b7	"However, instead of bringing together far-flung networks and integrated (if virtual) urban expanses, ICTs instead splinter physical space into highly unequal, fragmented environments. The new feature is the juxtaposition of high-income enclaves with slums. Medellin, Colombia is segregated between the affluent South and the poor North, whereas in Mogadishu the polarization works the other way round.62 Inequality is more visible under a spatial than any other (e.g. income) perspective and the contrast of the “citadel"" with the “ghetto""63 can generate mistrust, alienation, tension or unrest. Today, videos carry the voices of local stakeholders to planning offices and federal agencies, giving them a reach, which would not have possible without the use of technology."	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	15a81aa817f80445fe3d888229029fc7	In this section we offer an independent view of progress to date, informed by our assessment of CRGE documentation, interviews with local and international stakeholders, and the October 2012 workshop. We focus on the Green Economy Strategy, the first of two strategic components of the CRGE. We believe that the CRGE has been a highly strategic exercise that could now be in a position to benefit from expanding its perspectives, and ensuring good alignment with the Climate Resilience Strategy, the second component of the CRGE.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/799337c2-en	15a88aeeb54928fe3f335d51f85d39f6	Partial double entry of data collected through the paper versions of the questionnaires by two key-entry operators was required as an effective means of detecting and reducing systematic or incidental data cntiy errors. Here, the advantage of the online data collection option becomes evident because data entry is already predefined in terms of value ranges and variable types. The data submitted by national centres was monitored closely by the TALIS 2018 International Research Consortium to verify the completeness and quality of the data received.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	15a9dccae71d2c44b9cbec4bb00d1714	There is also a lack of good-quality public services providing care for children, older persons, persons with disabilities and chronic illnesses, which is clearly a regressive situation that is set to worsen owing to the ongoing demographic changes in the region. The strong link between time and income means that the lack of time worsens or reproduces poverty, so the time-use analysis is fundamental for more comprehensive and multidimensional management of this phenomenon (Marco, 2012). In addition to monetary income redistribution policies, there is a need for policies on the redistribution of time as an indispensable resource to eliminate poverty and ensure development.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	15aa2dee787cc43703274294be92dd36	In doing so, it funds the early deployment of these technologies and allows these products and services and the businesses that produce them to become viable to larger markets. In particular, KfW in Germany offers programmes that provide particularly favourable refinancing schemes for municipal investment especially in structurally weak areas. These range from investments in infrastructure - including the development of industrial parks, road construction and sewerage networks - to investments in building refurbishment to improve energy efficiency and in the expansion of renewable energies.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	15aafd7f1f44cef85e4fc8b189d8a3e8	Assessing the role of short-time work schemes during the 2008-09 recession (cont.) Countries that have modified their STW schemes as a response to the crisis are Belgium, Germany, Finland, France, Italy (all 2009 Ql), the Netherlands and Norway (2009 Q2). Data on participation in short-time work schemes are obtained partly from Eurostat and partly from national sources. Take-up of short-time work is measured as the ratio of the average number of participants to the number of employees during the crisis period or, in the case of schemes that were established in response to the crisis, during the period when the scheme was operational.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	15ad51e35537f9a037f295c317a5ffa6	The OECD has conducted extensive research into how women’s paid employment positively affects macro-level outcomes like economic growth, socioeconomic equality, and fertility rates (OECD; 2012, 2015a). But bargaining theory’ suggests the stakes are just as high at home for individual women, their partners, and their children. Germany has a gender wage gap that is slightly wider than the OECD average, though the gap has narrowed since the year 2000.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	15ad792003c56fbc9b55b6a1315d5208	Urban runoff may also elevate the temperature of surface waters. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish, alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species (e.g. Teixeira et al., Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers (Langford, 2001).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	15adfbddddeac602ca0dbeca1a675ed5	Policy recommendations to improve health outcomes and system (cont.) This indicator summarises the number of years expected to be lived in “full health” and is produced by the World Health Organization. Potential years of life lost is a measure of premature mortality, calculated as the number of years lost before the age of 70. The indicator is also adjusted by excluding death that can be attributed to “external causes”, such as land transport accidents, accidental falls, assaults and suicides.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f043edc5-en	15ae1b6a319fe99b7fd5a8db8e7254bc	It is usually applied to the analysis of the entire energy sector, but may also be applied to detailed study of single sectors, such as the electricity and district heat sector. Using these as inputs, the TIMES model aims to supply energy services at minimum global cost, or more accurately, at minimum loss of surplus, by simultaneously making equipment, investment, operating, primary energy supply and energy trade decisions by region. The scope extends beyond energy-oriented issues, to the representation of environmental emissions - and perhaps materials - related to the energy system. It is a model ofthe world's energy, land and food systems that allows users to explore options for reducing global emissions by 2050, and to see the climatic consequences of these choices by 2100. It is a free web-based interactive system and incorporates an Excel spreadsheet with an online interface (tool.globalcalculator.org).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd2d79e7-en	15afb9de2451af1d7c83d3b6d8d02a3e	The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. An expert paper providing material for this policy brief was prepared for the OECD by Maria Cristina Diaz Garcia of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. The data included in this paper from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor was prepared by Jonathan Levie of the University of Strathclyde and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. This paper benefited from input and suggestions from Sandra Hannig of the OECD’s CFE and Mariarosa Lunati of the OECD's Statistics Directorate.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0a98da25-en	15b928bc80234174b6ed613428e5cde1	Ces deux types d’investissements sont favorables a une amelioration des biens publics car ils ont des retombees positives sur la productivity de I’ensemble de I’economie. En consequence, les depenses dans les infrastructures physiques et sociales peuvent generer une certaine souplesse sur le plan budgetaire. Ils comprennent les techniques de gestion des capitaux, les reserves obligatoires reposant sur des actifs et les garanties de prets en I’absence de restrictions a I’acquisition de titres legaux sur des biens pour les femmes. Premierement, la hausse des taux d’interet freine la demande globale et done I’emploi.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	15c00e765ff91533cd1fdbeebc2025bc	Not unlike in other countries in the region and around the w'orld, a 2009 UAE study involving 980 UAE residents shows that 77% would report rape attacks to the police; how'ever, the majority of national w'omen would refrain from doing so. When asked about what discourages them, 55% of the interviewed female nationals claimed concern about family honour or their own reputation, and 49% of female national respondents feared being judged by society or unjustly accused of immoral behaviour. This exposes a deep-rooted fear among women that dealing with law enforcement authorities can lead to trouble.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	15c0d22b443f695197f77a62aaf885f7	The upturn was evident in the United States, the eurozone and Japan (figure 1.1), along with continued strong performance by China and gradual recovery in major commodity exporters. This momentum is expected to be largely sustained, although there is an element of uncertainty. Global output is projected to grow by 3 and 3.1 per cent in 2018 and 2019 respectively, on par with an estimated 3 per cent growth in 2017; slight easing in growth in developed economies is expected to be offset by a rebound in developing economies, including commodity exporters in Africa and Latin America (figure 1.2). The eurozone is expected to further transition from recovery to expansion (European Commission, 2018).	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	15c13215b720ab1056ba83e58514738e	Who gets to learn mathematics, and the nature of the mathematics that is learned, have an impact on education systems, social cohesion and productivity. Education systems that fail to provide the same opportunities to all students can end up reinforcing, rather than beginning to dismantle, social inequalities. When education is no longer a pathway to individual fulfilment and social mobility, talent is wasted and feelings of injustice grow. Failing disadvantaged youth at school can also pave the way for a wide range of social problems later on, including poverty, poor health and crime (Schoenfeld, 2002; OECD, 2012).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	15c295bd762b5977c5ccd1568fddd83d	It is, therefore, recommended that functional regulations and plans that favour land and housing affordability, energy consumption, the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the overall increase in productivity values through economies of scale and agglomeration be adopted. To scale up the measurement of this indicator, there is a need to provide capacity-building to NSOs and to make accessible the appropriate technology. This should include local authorities that are responsible for the preparation of urban plans, regulatory mechanisms and land control, and the need they have to prepare evidence-based plans and policies. Several Expert Group Meetings (EGMs) have been held to promote the harmonization of the different elements of the methodologies and input data.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	15c3e9b089133d6582269299f4e0e54e	Inclusion was identified by workshop participants as a critical challenge to resolve if green strategies are to appeal to, mobilise, and work for a wider range of sectors and livelihoods, and bring benefits to all types of stakeholders. The OECD has also identified inclusion as important in its preliminary work exploring developing country contexts for green growth, notably for achieving the poverty-reducing and equity-creating potentials of green growth. A second area of compatibility is the challenge of being ‘doubly green' - reducing GHGs while also ensuring other environmental benefits.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	15c73acaab676c7dd732db8a400e4538	In contrast, environmental sustainability and climate change resilience receive much less attention, despite their centrality to both economic and human development. Many of the SDGs cannot be addressed without addressing environmental and climate change issues. National governments must give greater attention within their NUPs to environmental sustainability and climate-change resilience issues.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	15c887d7ee6f287ce0c83c3cdc45da70	From an economic point of view it would be entirely correct to internalise grid-level system costs into the plant-level levelised cost of electricity production in order to derive the true economic cost to society of different technologies and to enable policy-makers to make least-cost choices maximising social well-being. While estimates of the capacity credit of variable renewables, their ability to fully substitute for dispatchable capacity, vary widely and depend heavily on local circumstances, they rarely exceed 10% of total capacity and decline with rising shares of variable renewables in electricity production. Estimating the costs of such back-up capacity is less straightforward than it seems.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	15ca3a64a4bec0695de2a4bbed2b259b	Moreover, achieving VfM for the public sector is an explicit goal of the law. It is not clear which entity will have the ultimate decision-making authority for PPP project proposals. At present, the Economic Development Committee, a high-level body comprised of ministers, has decided on which projects will be developed, either through traditional procurement or through private sector participation.	6	5	0	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	15cb9d3901cd587de43a3d0ec350bd21	The most important in situ water use is ecological use, that is, water used as a habitat for living organisms. Human in situ water uses include navigation, fishing, recreation, tourism and waste loading (pollution dilution). As with off-stream uses, all human in-stream and in situ water uses have significant effects with regard to the ecological use of the same water resources.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	15cbdf9a23917a6e0bebb2f7c8c69da7	Activities on demining forestland are progressing very slowly in relation to actual needs. Forests and forestland are not included among the priorities in the demining plans. Forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprise a large diversity of types, ranging from coastal Mediterranean forest to mountain forest.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	15cbfc3bffad37832f3575d8ea7af769	Funding for upper secondary education and VET is provided based on the number of students in each school and the unit costs per student. Universities receive funding from the state and also do external fundraising. With the Ministry of Education and Culture, the university agrees on operational and qualitative targets which provide the basis for the resources needed.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	15cd1905e2d5f5b75b861fb6a232bf93	Vanuatu has capitalised on its renewable energy to some extent, with a wind farm and solar PV system connected to the Port Vila grid, and a hydro power station that serves Luganville, as well as use of coconut oil for generators. The key energy sector policy document is the Updated National Energy Road Map (NERM) 2016-2030, which has five energy sector priorities and associated targets: increasing access to electricity, reducing reliance on petroleum products, affordable energy services, a secure energy supply, and mitigating against climate change through renewable energy and energy efficiency (Radio NZ 2016). Vanuatu’s NDC outlines a target of increasing the electricity generated by renewable energy from about 25 to 100 per cent by 2030. The government’s updated NERM also has a target of increasing the proportion of the population with access to electricity to 100 per cent by 2030.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	15d118d814954362924e567b037fe643	This is similar to the level in 2000-01. Expressed as a percentage of GDP, the %TSE provides an indication of the cost that support to the agricultural sector places on the overall economy. Its value depends on the degree to which the agricultural sector is supported in a country, the size of this sector and its importance relative to the overall economy.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5e354935-en	15d3914df00daa772a6060436be24499	In both cases, there are references to the concepts of flexibility, progression or enhancement of transparency over time, avoiding burden, and enabling confidence in the information reported. In some cases similar language is used, and in others the language used may have different meanings or applicability between the two frameworks. For example, comparability of information is a concept used to build trust and confidence in information reported; previously referenced only for information from Annex I Parties, the term is broadly applied to the entire Paris Agreement transparency framework (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 92c; Art. A closer look at the provisions contained in the Paris Agreement and its accompanying decision highlight several differences with the provisions and those of the existing reporting system (Table 2).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	15d4d4f16a5e140c604cc1969c613ff7	The results are registered in the individual folder of the Digital Mosaic, to which parents also have access. Inquiry-based learning: Time and the activities are organised around inquiry using different modalities such as the “World Reading”, “Individual Research”, “Projects” and ‘Workshops”. Participative management: The students, parents, educators and staff decide on the most important issues, especially through the weekly “circle” in which every participant has equal rights to listen and to be heard.	4	0	5	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	15d4ffa2e8f97cb3972b5e381bb0292b	This means that everybody has to do what one can to halt climate emissions, no less. The real test will be when the NDCs are renewed every five years, after a global stocktaking and evaluation of the actions taken. A true success, and overcoming the collective actions dilemma, would be if the future NDCs together imply more ambitious climate policies for the planet, closing the gap to meet the two degrees objective.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	15d5a88f1046789c08874778129075f9	A MoU could be established with each participating agent in the network, to encourage delivery of concrete results, establish their accountability and work collectively to achieve shared objectives. The political support of the President’s Administration Office would play a key role in ensuring commitment from different actors. Kazakhstan’s central government may also consider establishing, with the political support of the prime minister, a National Urban and Regional Development Co-ordination Council.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	15daf2c930ec564dec4ccfc7e2692071	The net result from an aggregate supply perspective is that expanding market production and increasing women’s labour force participation threaten profits because the potentially higher profit share spurred by more economic activity is outweighed by the decline in human capacities production. Strong care sectors, occasioned by good wages for care workers and lots of public and private demand for care services, underlie a sort of virtuous cycle. Commodities serve as effective substitutes and complements for declines in women's unpaid labour time with marketization, perhaps also making it possible for women to reorganize their unpaid labour time in ways that actually raise its efficiency. Less time taken up by indirect care services frees up time for work and direct care, potentially increasing human capacities production and investment. Good infrastructure for reproductive work reinforces these positive relationships. While it is true that the higher wages and taxes that pay for the high road do press on the profit share, the higher prices supported by strong demand and increases in labour productivity more than compensate.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	15dc9883e93376beeb986a5589dcb3d0	The odds of starting prenatal care early are also higher among women who are in a living-in arrangements than unmarried mothers. Formally married women, however, are no different from unmarried women as far as the timing of prenatal care is concerned. Rural women are less likely to comply with the recommended timing of prenatal care visits compared with urban women. Reduced odds of early initiation of prenatal care are likewise noted among higher order births compared with first births.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	15e2819e733fe21351ee10547b84e44f	Migration may be a channel of norms transmission challenging gender inequality in social institutions at home when moving towards countries with low levels of discrimination. It can however reinforce discrimination when moving towards countries with high levels of discrimination. While Naghsh Nejad and Young (2012) and Naghsh Nejad (2013) focus on institutionalised gender inequality in OECD countries, this paper considers migration flows between developing regions.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	15e4bd6b4504e779e9a9bb5c0ec442d8	Adaptations include changing to less carnivorous species, genetic improvements, feed source diversification, better formulation, quality control and management. These could also include capture fisheries and could assist riparian and coastal communities in general (Lorenzen, 2007). Short cycle aquaculture may also be valuable, using new species or strains and new technologies or management practices to fit into differently defined seasonal opportunities.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	15e545a3bdd55e9623d0bf12e5cdd9de	Beating the Blues is a computerised CBT course for mild depression, whilst FearFighter is a computerised CBT course specifically for panic and phobias. In addition, in Scotland “Living Life to the Full Interactive”, a computerised CBT course for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety supervised by a GP or qualified therapist, is widely accessible to all Scottish citizens who score a set “mood score” on a standardised test. These programmes have been clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, leading to positive recommendations from the government for large scale roll-out.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264243606-en	15e59bb41acf3ac313d13033849621eb	This varies substantially across settings and is related to a third problem: that individual interventions are almost always evaluated in isolation. This generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) makes it possible to explore all interventions and combinations incrementally, with respect to a counterfactual of doing nothing (Murray, Evans, Acharya, & Baltussen, 2000; Tan-Torres Edejer et al., Operationally, the counterfactual that has been adopted in applied studies is defined in terms of what would happen to population health if all interventions of interest that are being provided now were stopped.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	15e5c4f2f94b3dd33599c71f668e7f2c	These include forest user groups (chapter 13), disaster protection groups (chapter 14), mining cooperatives (chapter 1), herder cooperatives and community-based administrations of protected areas (chapter 11). Since 2015, cooperatives and user groups meet every two years in a national forum. At their second forum, some 1,000 participants representing about 800 cooperatives and user groups addressed community-based environmental protection.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/18db943d-en	15ec451992cdbc1f12b060d5cf8d4dc8	These should be incorporated into warning chains - both to take advantage of their reach and to ensure that they do not spread inaccurate or exaggerated information. In two projects supported by the ESCAP Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness, the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union has developed guidelines and other warning tools for broadcasters. However, in order to be effective in an emergency the broadcast media need a formal role in the warning chain — established through SOPs. Rather than let misinformation pass unchallenged, the authorities are usually better off monitoring the social media and themselves using these platforms to reach the public with the correct information.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	15ee0dd3d5aafebf15237a2eb5377210	The respondent’s place of usual residence is the place where she has lived continuously for most of the past 12 months or the place where she intends to live for at least the next six months (if she has recently moved). Place of residence may be categorized as urban or rural. Owing to national differences in the characteristics that distinguish urban and rural areas, there is no single definition that would apply to all countries.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	15ee50a524d4a6294eed45f54aaea7fd	In addition to being a key obstacle to the modernisation of the municipal utility networks, low tariffs on heat and water do not incentivise domestic consumers to save energy and water. The share of household income spent on heating is higher in Shymkent, Taraz and Kyzylorda (Table 1.7 above). In Astana and Almaty, the percentage of income spent on heating appears to be relatively low. Emissions relative to GDP have been fairly stable in recent years. However, Kazakhstan has demonstrated a strong commitment to tackling climate change: in 2009, Kazakhstan ratified the Kyoto Protocol and in the same year announced its voluntary commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15% by 2020 from the 1990 base year as part of the UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/64b86eed-en	15ee6bc026561f3d9adef4a1fe38e4b2	Thirty-seven of them said that the cost of broadband subscription, slow internet connection speeds, data protection and e-signatures were the biggest difficulties encountered. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) data indicates that many more countries actually have e-strategies than reported these strategies in the M&E exercise. As part of its efforts to promote connectivity, the ITU launched the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) process.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	15eeef0da4f191e16f5a9b76fa73d682	Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina have the most room for improvement in putting frameworks in place. No area is significantly more or less advanced across the six economies. Although basic rural infrastructure is largely in place in most areas in the region, it may not be fully used for agricultural purposes.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	15ef01a67332f8f91841d700c1bafbf3	Emergency contraception is a method to prevent pregnancy within five days of unprotected intercourse, failure or misuse of a contraceptive (such as a forgotten pill), rape or coerced sex. It disrupts ovulation and reduces the likelihood of pregnancy by up to 90 per cent. It cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg, harm a developing embryo or end a pregnancy. Even in countries where emergency contraception is available, adolescents may be reluctant to obtain it from traditional health outlets, such as clinics, which may be staffed by judgmental providers. The initiative trained pharmacy staff and peer educators to provide accurate, up-to-date information on emergency contraception and other reproductive health services.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	15f1955dba784d9e74a4c2a5d5ffa4d7	Although educational attainment has increased markedly over the past two decades and there have recently been signs of improving education quality, scores on standardised tests for secondary students remain appreciably below the OECD average, and opportunities for further education and training for the existing workforce are limited. The low skill level of the Chilean workforce has become a barrier to faster productivity growth, as workers often do not have the capacities to absorb and adapt the technologies needed to catch up with high-income OECD countries at the technological frontier. In the area of secondary education, higher-qualified individuals could be attracted into the teaching profession by reviewing the remuneration system and by defining teacher career paths with attractive opportunities for promotion.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	15f2db5cd4cf1de6fe7c545a95cfa3cc	This is despite a growing interest in the subject over recent years among researchers and policy makers, especially in the areas of sustainable development, health, safety and access. Another related field of research is architectural theory (Larsson, 2006); this will be explored in greater detail below. An educational space designed only for girls or women would differ from that designed for boys or men, and space would therefore be utilised differently. There are many examples of sex-segregated educational institutions that are designed to meet the supposed different gender needs of students (Boxes 1 and 2).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	15f310d406a5cdcbb48827320d40b929	Its annual operating cost is RM 57 million. They have the potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in Penang. The aim is to build a “Healthy Bertam Region” including a residential area and lifestyle and recreational centre, with AMDI spearheading the health industry. Partly due to the distance from Universiti Sains Malaysia, AMDI recruits its staff increasingly from outside of the region. This can have a detrimental effect on research-education linkage.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	15f47cc0da209d3b7edde3b29125d109	However, as water scarcity becomes more severe, it is possible that these vested interests will be overtaken by the broader national interest, and a more economically efficient allocation of water will emerge. In this sense, the looming water crisis could actually become a growth opportunity, since reallocating water to higher value uses could bring significant aggregate benefits. This raises the legitimate question: Recognising that one cannot do everything at the outset, what are the top priorities?	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	15f5416a31777bd507190446682f2be6	The number of specialist outpatient consultations is 319 per lOOOenrolees within SP, for example, compared to 338 and 620 per 1 000 enrolees within IMSS and ISSSTE respectively. While some of these differences may reflect unequal need (such as ISSSTE’s slightly older population), others cannot be justified in this way. The number of prescriptions that could not be fully dispensed by a pharmacist due to lack of stock is 33% within SP compared to 14% within IMSS according to survey data (although the SS institutes’ own figures suggest higher rates of dispensed prescriptions). Both of these figures are amongst the highest in the OECD. Out-of-pocket spending has not fallen significantly across the past decade, despite efforts to achieve universal health coverage through the SP reform.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	15f707f630784bcec19c5f37ef93af0e	As this chapter argues, improvements in these areas have the potential to raise medium-term prospects significantly both for sustained agricultural growth, but also for economic development more widely. The South and Centre-West regions of the country have higher rainfall, better soils and more developed infrastructure. Farms in these regions use purchased inputs more intensively and are equipped with higher technologies. Central Brazil contains substantial areas of degraded grassland with potential for crop production. Most of Brazil’s grains, oilseeds and other export crops are produced in the South and Centre-West regions, although soybean production is increasing in the MaToPiBa region, containing the states of Maranhao, Tocantins, Piaui and Bahia.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	15f91b626622bae29f09f904fe3da738	Knowledge domains can strongly influence teachers and teaching, even when the aim is to develop transversal knowledge and competences. In non-native language learning, pedagogy should provide both input to the learner and the opportunity to create output, including through task-based and project-based learning, and connecting teaching to other contexts within the school, district or wider world. In the socio-emotional domain, pedagogies include active and performance-based approaches that engage students’ personal feelings and their relationships through role-playing, collaborative-based pedagogies, gaming, case study work, and social problem-solving. Obvious though it may seem, some of the most important contextual factors are represented by schools and education systems themselves.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	15f977b6fea9d9a1b46fea45da70cc4e	Nevertheless, the Government has made w aste management one of its priorities. Since Azerbaijan acceded to the Basel Convention23 in 2001, the legislative framework was widened from a single act to several legislative norms. Actions needed to improve the waste management situation were included in the Comprehensive Action Plan for Improving the Environmental Situation (CAPIES) in Azerbaijan for 2006-2010.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	15fe313c0b7b79949559bacec76382a0	As a non-Annex I party, the country has no commitments to reduce GHG emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Since 2005, the most important developments in the Republic of Moldova regarding climate change are the preparation of the Second National Communication, the negotiations since 2010 of an Association Agreement with the EU that contains a chapter on climate change and the country’s ratification of the Energy Community Treaty4 in 2010. This general trend conceals the fact that total GHG emissions started increasing in 2000. Recent data up to 2010 contained in the country’s draft 2013 national inventory report show that total GHG emissions grew by more than 20 per cent in the decade 2000- 2010.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	160507c9e3262e1ac8d7fd0d349d2698	The extent to which the subsidy stimulus from such agro-climatic programming leaves producers sufficient flexibility to respond to the changing market conditions is not certain. The most important are the so-called “diesel” and “fertiliser” payments that gradually replaced direct income support under ARIP applied in 2001-08. Despite the name, these payments are provided on the basis of land area, with rates significantly differentiated by group of crop (Table 5.1). “ Diesel” and “fertiliser” payments accounted for 45% of total payments based on area and animal numbers in Turkey in 2013-15 (OECD, 2016b).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	160791a2ae437d6b3dba428baf50b53f	Such problems make it difficult for expenditure to be subjected to proper political scrutiny, and for researchers to undertake statistical evaluations based on administrative data. Labour market and related programmes financed by the Employment Insurance System with a FY 2008 budget of over JPY 1 billion (cont.) Case Study Germany”, in D. Paparella and L. Savino (eds.),	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/14fbf2b0-en	1607bad95e5a80e54dce26fe06172efb	Promotion and the reliable supply and distribution of high-quality condoms should become integral components of all reproductive health-care services. All relevant international organizations, especially the World Health Organization, should significantly increase their procurement. Governments and the international community should provide all means to reduce the spread and the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS infection.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	1608456918512de92c7992d37c5028cc	The coefficients are estimated from a linear probability model of an overqualification dummy based on the normative measure of mismatch, controlling for age, gender, years of education, literacy proficiency and an intercept. The coefficients should be interpreted as the percent change in the probability of overqualification as a function of the independent variable. Standard errors in brackets. *** More specifically, in addition to the control variables included in the previous regression, this model includes controls for firm size and type of contract (permanent versus temporary) as well as part-time work.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	160c7221d1764c84ede9c151823c60f6	Water plans lay out what needs to be done, but they are not always implemented, which discourages water users, especially when river basin committees mainly complain and denounce problems rather than provide a fomm to help executive powers find solutions. The committees approve river basin plans, but frequently do not have means for implementing them and the state agencies cannot either, because plans are not diligent enough, realistic nor feasible. This situation is at the origin of frustration and abandonment.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1ea53441-en	160ec166d9a5cb3f08652c994c4319a8	It must be read in the context of the current interest in “greening” the economy, notably the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 (Rio+20). There are three dimensions of the concept of sustainable development: economic, ecological and sociocultural. Here we will focus is on interactions between the first two. The chapter deals with economic processes such as production, consumption, and investment, but also addresses elements of the economic systems, both nationally and internationally, in which these processes unfold.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	160f794fb1cb03ddf0f3ff9ef1bae32b	This is referred to as “Authentic Mixed-Method Assessment”, which involves analysis of all the pieces of available assessment evidence when measuring deep learning design, conditions and outcomes. This disagreement is expressed most sharply in the following two extracts, the one emphasising the importance of praise, the other emphasising the need to avoid excessive praise. The important aspect of a KIP class is to encourage students and to praise the different skills held by the students, as an important and necessary part of the group ” (network leader and practitioner).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	161be7463dc6f35e850134c82fd56d48	Nevertheless, several high achievers have not only boosted national income, but also had better than average performance on social indicators in areas such as health and education. One way to identify high achievers is to look at countries with positive income growth and good performance on measures of health and education relative to other countries at comparable levels of development. These high achievers include some of the largest countries—Brazil, China and India—as well as smaller countries, such as Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Viet Nam (figure 3.1). The Republic of Korea, despite lower economic growth than China, had the biggest gains in HDI value.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	161fd90fbf1ff18ac6ed291812e3889d	Only around 65% of those who enter a tertiary programme go on to graduate, while the OECD and EU19 averages are 69% and 71%, respectively. Besides, tertiary education students take almost seven years on average to complete their studies at the undergraduate level, among the longest in the OECD (Figure 9). The length of pre-Bologna degree programmes only partially accounts for the excessively long duration of studies.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	16212430916cbe805692ae26063b7ed6	Food processing is particularly important in this regard, not only because of its potential scale, but also because of its key role in rural structural transformation, as a critical part of the non-farm economy and a facilitator of agricultural development (UNCTAD, 2015a). Some energy-related activities may also behighly conducive to women’s entrepreneurship and employment, especially in the conception and design of end-use equipment, such as cook stoves and other electrical appliances (Puzzola et al., This may also provide an entry point into a much wider range of other (often male-dominated) small- and medium-scale manufacturing activities. Technological capability acquisition is all the more critical in the context of the ongoing penetration of renewable-energy technologies, which have witnessed rapid technological advances and whose performance is often determined by site-specific conditions.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848590854-6-en	162157049b2b9a12689a33f22d423117	The Pacific community prides itself on the 'Pacific Way' lifestyle where communal living and reciprocal social relationships are emphasised, often at odds with the pressures of individualism encouraged by market forces. The region is going through rapid changes, mostly due to high population growth rates and the changing needs and aspirations of its population, including increasing consumerism. The Pacific people, while living in a globalised world, have strong traditional ties and are influenced by their cultural customs.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	1622a5d25efea977d5a64fb81cbd1ee0	Yet, about 800 million people suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This “paradox” - which His Holiness Pope Francis I called “intolerable” when he addressed the delegates of the FAO Conference at the Vatican on 20 June 2013 - is caused by multiple factors. As of now, policies to confront hunger have been based principally on centrally led and short-term relief approaches, with a focus mainly on increasing food production through sectoral policies.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/680c1b02-en	16264ff4dd26a1880cac60a48ba2d639	For example, as highlighted in Chapter 2, the gender pay gap often increases once education is accounted for. Context specific factors - not only women and men's varying levels of education, but also related to types of employment, hours worked, and institutional and policy environments - can also make cross-country comparisons of the unadjusted pay gap difficult. Household surveys usually include questions for women about decision-making at the household level, which provide valuable insights into women's voice and agency in their daily lives. Women's political participation, however, is currently measured using the percentage of women in national parliaments, which does not reveal anything about the impact of women's representation on policy or about women's decision-making in other spaces, including in local governments or civil society organizations.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	162947cc21baeb297e192de3dd10173f	Its study, published in August 2012, concluded with the need to increase aquifer recharge. The recharge would be covered by co-operative funds, collected from fees paid by groundwater users depending on the amount of their contribution to the recharge. The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development, CABI, Oxford; Sophocleous, M. (2010), “Review: Groundwater management practices, challenges, and innovations in the High Plains Aquifer, USA - Lessons and recommended actions”, Hydrogeology Journal, Vol.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e287ea48-en	16296a2e9698e46dd7a292f1767bae60	Key challenges to sodal inclusion are highlighted along with policy imperatives to promote it. It is recognized in the report that promoting inclusion will take time and political determination. Raising awareness about the consequences of leaving some people behind and recommending actions that Governments can take to avoid doing so can help generate political will. However, measuring social exclusion is not easy for several reasons.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	162b8d519e9004f15bda75abfc8b6a92	Indeed, by allowing trades between urban and rural areas, water markets give access to water resources to users who might have been excluded from them in the event of a drought. In other words, the allocation flexibility embedded in water markets allows them to respond effectively and rapidly to severe supply shocks, such as those caused by droughts (Chong and Sunding, 2006). This welfare-enhancing reallocation is not always possible under a prior tradeless appropriation regime or traditional queuing-allocation system. These adaptive management arrangements allow temporary water transfers that are contingent on water availability and may help mitigate risks related to water scarcity or competition to access the water needed by cities.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	162c412d2d1f8662bcebae682ba2a431	The SDGs themselves recognize the important role that ICTs can play for economic development. The presence of reliable infrastructure remains critical to creating the conditions for e-commerce to thrive, but despite the increasing availability of the Internet and widespread mobile coverage, around four billion people remain offline. Internet access costs, combined with network reliability and quality of service, continue to be a major issue in many developing countries and represent an important barrier to their ability to engage in e-commerce. Trade policy can play an important role here.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	163140f7e098446eef7e37271d25cad0	The New Urban Agenda - the outcome document of Habitat III adopted in Quito in October 2016 - identifies National Urban Policy as one of the key tenets for achieving sustainable development and growth. To take this process forward, UN-Habitat's Action Framework for Implementation of the New Urban Agenda has identified National Urban Policy as the first pillar for this implementation. This is the first ever report to monitor and evaluate National Urban Policies at the global scale, covering 150 countries across all continents, building on shared methodologies and processes across our two Organisations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	163416cc908f84b84ac9f5125bc3c4bb	Of all children who are poor and deprived at the same time, 31% are in Sikasso, 19% in Segou, 18% in Koulikoro, and 16% in Mopti. Even though Bamako has a population share of 15%, its proportion of poor and deprived is only 1%. For instance, early marriage, early pregnancy and female genital mutilation are relevant to the well-being of the girl child.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	1638d77596e57e4bd212d40a91dcacc7	Effective implementation requires a host of “hard” and “soft” levers to ensure that gender equality strategies and policies are implemented by all ministries at all levels of government. There are some mechanisms for implementation within OECD countries. Audits or inspections, including by external institutions, are rare.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264311626-5-en	1639f7babf259f86b960a0ab530e84e3	While Further Education in Northern Ireland has traditionally occupied the sphere between compulsory school education and higher education, delivered by universities (OECD, 2014[ioj), it has also contributed to increasing social inclusion, removing barriers to employment and strengthening the linkages between education and industry' (Department for Employment and Learning, 2016). In terms of higher education, there are also two universities, which are independent private bodies that receive their incomes from a number of sources, including student fees but also public funds. The Department of Education is responsible for curriculum and learning development as well as ensuring the infrastructure of schools across Northern Ireland.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	163d46ffad682ae783bdac9279311893	Expenses related to the national meteorological service are included tmder basin management. Expenses related to Mexico City’s eastern and central emissaries are included under wastewater treatment. They pay water resources charges14 to compensate the state for the use of water in the order of MXN 8 billion (see Figure 3.7).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa683360-en	163f0a481fade716588e0a37efc6c72b	This is the due diligence obligation under international law.16 Specifically articulated in the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, States are required to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women whether those actions are perpetrated by the State or by private persons. An effective criminal justice response prioritizes victim safety and offender accountability. It includes the opportunity to access redress for violence in a timely manner, the avoidance of re-victimization, and the enforcement of legal remedies, including appropriate punishment for the perpetrators.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	1641e7eb2c04fe59dbc2bed76c50e411	The white sugar premium is projected at nearly USD 100/t, yet narrowing over the decade. Profitability of the ethanol sector should improve slightly in the coming years, because the margin between feedstock and ethanol prices is expected to increase in real terms. With biodiesel demand being mosdy policy and not market driven, biodiesel prices are expected to follow the evolution of vegetable oil prices. After a 2010 cotton price spike, driven by macroeconomic volatility and policy changes in key countries, prices have declined significantly in recent years but cotton prices are expected to remain relatively stable during 2014-23 as the assumptions regarding policy and macroeconomic stability do not indicate any future price run-ups.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	1642ee6bc305d628f7d875010fdd0a11	In this scenario, the atmospheric concentration of GHGs could reach 685 parts per million (ppm). As a result, the global average temperature increase could be 3° C to 6°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century, exceeding the internationally agreed goal of limiting it to below 2°C.6 For this reason, clean energy becomes absolutely critical to any strategy to alter these trends. Transforming infrastructure to be LCCR is a critical part of the climate policy challenge because it will lock-in development patterns and because it represents the bulk of the investment needed to achieve the 2°C target.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/e309eca0-en	16455ebfe1dfe6c2f02d786325ecd3d2	The aftermath of the crisis saw large increases in unemployment rates across the United States. In comparison with previous expansions, subsequent job creation has been more concentrated in the larger urban areas (Brainard, 2017[is]). Furthermore, labour force participation is stronger in the larger metropolitan areas as well.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	16461400a112011039fd13aaf7ee3878	More than 70 per cent of the drinking water supply of Azerbaijan depends on the Kura River. The Araz River water entering Azerbaijan is reported14 to have MACS in excess of one hundred times for copper, molybdenum and other heavy metals- it should be noted that in some parts of the basin, natural geochemical background levels for some heavy metals are elevated. As a result, river water microflora and fauna disappear, preventing the self-cleansing process. This situation is caused by mining, leather and fertilizer industries along the rivers, and the lack of wastewater treatment facilities in Georgia and Armenia.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	16476220af2791fe9fa904836e827712	In addition, they serve to ensure that group-specific interests are represented and advanced in public policy and other decision-making arenas. For example, women's voice is important in decisions over public spending priorities to ensure adequate provision of services, infrastructure and social security to guarantee their physical integrity and reproductive rights. The provision of better services for women enhances their power and agency within their intimate relations by reducing their dependence on other household members and giving them a stronger 'fall-back' position in case of conflicts or relationship breakdown. Women in decision-making positions must be able to articulate and act on issues that concern different groups of women, especially those who are disadvantaged.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	16478d6d1607246dd70f8d34f38f11eb	Moreover, the domains of early learning are less differentiated than the outcomes that can be observed in older children and adults (National Research Council, 2008(i3j). The undifferentiated nature of skills in early childhood is due, in part, to the fact that early learning occurs across domains with gains in one domain contributing to gains in other domains (Demtriou, Merrell and Tymms, 2017[i53i). This ongoing cycle of reinforcement across domains means that early learning must be assessed using a whole-child approach, recognising the overlapping nature of outcomes for young children.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	164d8e41fb8692e97e322674f434b4ba	It guided and gave coherence to the reconstruction of severely affected localities. Projects are financed through various sectoral sources (primarily from the MINVU and MOP) and the FNDR. There were 138 strategic urban plans carried out: 111 urban renewal plans (Planes de Regeneracion Urbana, PRU) of small- and medium-sized cities, and Sustainable Reconstruction Plans (Planes de Reconstruccion Sustentable, PRES) in major urban centres.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	1650cb25325331ccabdca195b3df6c1f	Societal discrimination makes people feel powerless, including not responding to economic opportunities if their experience of discrimination has led them to undervalue themselves. Social combined with political empowerment results in individual and collective capacity to secure the eradication of discriminatory practices in markets, services and state institutions; it also contributes directly to growth through expanding the pool of human resources. Capability in terms of knowledge includes not only skills but also a critical self-awareness. Empowerment and new knowledge are iterative inter-active processes in which people’s growing awareness of the changes they want in their lives stimulates them to seek the knowledge and information they will need to bring these changes about - for example, how the state or the market function, where they can get the best price for their crop, or how to do a business plan.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	16568be630ab61dd0657648f4ac3acca	Eligibility criteria include that the family satisfies an activity test, with the hours of subsidised care depending on the hours spent in work, training, study or other recognised activities such as volunteering (The Treasury, 2015b). Low-income families, who do not meet the activity test, will be subsidised for up to 24 hours of childcare each fortnight, in recognition of children from non-working families being developmentally more vulnerable and benefitting particularly from ECEC (Productivity Commission, 2014). Other Budget measures include the Child Care Safety Net programme, which will provide targeted support to disadvantaged or vulnerable families who encounter barriers to accessing regular childcare and a two-year pilot programme, which extends childcare fee assistance to in-home care provided by nannies.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	1656dea3e83849abbda71f18c3ed2356	The first key element to build vertical integration is to rely on a strong information system to ensure information sharing between providers and across levels of care. Interoperability of information systems is essential to connect health care professionals and services to co-ordinate patient care (see Lesson 10). Norway’s information system was not established to support information sharing between primary care, municipalities and hospitals. In particular, information on the quality of primary care at local level was nearly total absent at the outset of the Co-ordination Reform. In light of this, payment systems should reward multidisciplinary care and chronic disease management, which as mentioned previously are core components of integrated care. In Norway, appropriate incentives were implemented until 2015 as a means of encouraging health services to embrace integration and to promote high-quality and patient-centred care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	16587dd69394c5473c5638236360eb22	Lending activities through the Development Bank of Japan began in 1995 and continued throughout a period of at least ten years, during which time it is reported (Relecura, 2015) that 260 companies benefitted from IP-backed loans totaling JPY 16 billion. Its primary target could therefore be said to be addressing information asymmetry, though this form of support also has the effect of driving down transaction costs associated with the assessment of intangible assets. The scheme is led by the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and was developed in discussion with the country’s Financial Service Agency, and is targeted specifically at SMEs as defined in Japanese law.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6c990279-en	1659ed4c0818e70e2a3815334fcff4fe	The remaining one third of this funding was allocated to universities and applied sectoral science and research institutes through the MES, and organizations of central ministries and agencies (e.g. scientific research institutes under the Agrarian University) (Table 3.1). Universities and HEIs have additional (own) funds for science (extra-budgetary funds). The state budget for R&D currently amounts to around 0.1% of GDP, which is low compared to peer economies and means there should be a long term policy aspiration to increase R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (as per SDG indicator 9.5.1). An expert council was in charge of the project evaluations.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	165a43480421a517af1eeb7c96c12656	In contrast, producers of export-competing commodities such as natural rubber, coffee, cashew nuts and tea are implicitly taxed in that are paid prices for their outputs that are lower than international prices. Rice has moved from being a commodity with little support, to being highly taxed, to receiving support, to seeing this fall back to a low level again. This reflects the challenge of trying to support producers while protecting consumers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	165ac7d78ac524235385bd40a7674013	Finally, water boundaries cut across places in terms of cities (i.e. when concerning more municipalities in a metropolitan area) or hinterland (i.e. the surrounding environment, rural areas and watersheds, which sustain the major bulk of water demand from cities and where the actual sources of water are often located). Particular emphasis is put on the most prominent governance mechanisms that can foster effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness of urban water governance building on the OECD Principles on Water Governance (OECD, 2015c). They relate to vertical and horizontal coordination across policies, dedicated metropolitan arrangements and rural-urban partnerships (co-ordination across places), and stakeholder engagement (co-ordination across people).	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	165bdda3a6da994eb85827160cfe5ab6	They also express how the gender contracts are locally constructed. On other occasions, the specific contract is less explicit (Stenbacka and Forsberg 2013; 14). When young women choose to relocate it is based on a combination of own will, capacity and dreams and also on what is perceived as possible and obvious on the basis of, for instance, local (gender) traditions and gender perceptions. In other words, perceptions of how young men and women, respectively, ought/can/are expected to behave - in other words, on the basis of the local and regional gender contracts.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/17c99677-en	165ce6d9827b69d61a60726763c0a8b0	"Moreover, ""in the context of water scarcity, vulnerability will depend on the incidence of climatic variability as well as on a person’s or community’s resilience and adaptive capacity to this stressor, as adaptive capacity is intrinsically linked to social structures, such as gender, class, caste and ethnicity"" (Miletto et al., Nevertheless, persons with some kind of physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment are disproportionately represented among those who lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation (HRC, 2010). Water and sanitation facilities may not be designed to meet the needs of persons with disabilities."	6	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	165d2afc8bfb0c3f8a30d1ea94c4481d	Geneva: International Telecommunication Union; 2015 (http://www. Cole-Lewis H, Kershaw T. Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32:56-69. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment: WHO global report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005 (http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/full_report.pdf, accessed 1 August 2015).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	16683c6253afee53f4c2f170caacbb1f	New validators can be on-boarded over time, however, there should be a clear policy on which government entities can join the project and under which circumstances. Due to the binding force of the respective treaty, governments and potentially nominated NGOs should act as the only validators in a proof-of-authority set-up. Companies covered by the trading scheme can participate and trade emissions certificates, however they would not participate in transaction validation on the platform.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	1669c2ded0e09607ccbf88522ae4317d	They reach the same conclusions as in the text that there has been a transition from net agricultural exporters to net agricultural importers. Valdes and Foster (2012) in their analysis restrict the definition of food to staple foods only. A regression of agricultural growth on the growth in food imports shows a negative relationship, but one that is very weak, with an R2 value of only 0.01 (Matthews, 2012).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	166bdc15e20cadef96e254ec1fcc74df	What lessons can be learned for risk mitigation and triggering of private investments? This section questions whether current mechanisms are sufficient to mitigate these risks, including the additional categories of risk found in emerging economies. More specifically, this section presents four examples of financing enhancement tools and their success: contingency financing through the implementation of a loan guarantee programme in China; an awareness and training campaign in India; a public/private partnership (PPP) through the development of a revolving fund in Thailand, and finally the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its role in leveraging private investments in energy efficiency in reducing risks associated with Energy Efficiency. Again, results from local interviews and survey feed in the analysis.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283466-en	166d286404733fd2421e44cbd09f92da	Cancer was the second leading cause of death in Latvia in 2014 (Figure 2). Nearly 6 000 people died from cancer, corresponding to 19% of deaths among women and 24% among men, while deaths due to external causes accounted for more deaths among men than women (11% among men and 3% among women). Lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death, reflecting the longterm consequences of high smoking rates (Section 3).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	166d411f444dbee7581b5e0d7ea4682e	Since orthophotographs allow precise area measurements, agriculture emergency response teams are better able to estimate the required agriculture inputs such as seeds and fertilizers and even assist in effective planning for the next agriculture season. Irrigation systems and other water sources can also be analysed and the processed data are useful for future risk assessment and emergency planning. Chin State’s capital city, Hakha, was the worst-affected region with heavy rainfall and landslides that displaced thousands and wiped out half of the city’s farmland. This was determined as a crucial step in terms of further understanding the applicability of the technology in remote and topographically complex landslide-prone and erosion-prone regions.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264089457-en	166fc20996f7715d5dfc9e7bf42dca20	Furthermore, higher education institutions could assist in greening the SMEs in the tourism and the E&E industry. There is a rapid evolution of technologies and tools available to business to monitor the environmental sustainability of their production (e.g. sustainability audits) and undertake action to improve environmental performance (e.g. systematic use of life cycle assessments practices). With the help of them, the provision of technical assistance is now more carefully designed to build capacity within the firm, rather than substitute for it (OECD, 2011, forthcoming).	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	1670098284ecf32da0dac73b9cda0306	The regression results and the literature on networking and role models point to a potential importance for economic participation from measures to enhance women’s political representation. Other examples of female quotas in politics are Mexico, Morocco and South Africa. A constitutional amendment was proposed in 1996 to give women 33% of parliament seats, but it still has not passed. The OECD countries refrained from endorsing female quotas in in labour markets or political representations in their Gender Policy Recommendations of 2013 (OECD 2013, www.oecd.org/gender).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	1671c04b4ba75e660bc165ed3125d140	Development will thus be funnelled to areas covered by the existing transport infrastructure or where public transport infrastructure is planned under the mobility master plan. The cost to the city of making land available for public infrastructure, such as roads, public transport, parks and facilities for energy, water, wastewater and solid waste treatment, w'ould be prohibitive as urbanisation advances. One option would be to create a supplementary plan under the current city master plan that identifies the land necessary for public services and could specify measures explaining how to acquire this land or make it available on a timeline. The city could also require private developers to provide land for public services or pay fees at the time of development.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	1671f51d6abef5468fdd38f379139d13	However, the ratio varies widely across OECD countries. It is much lower than the OECD average in the Nordic and many Continental European countries, but reaches around 10 to 1 in Italy, Japan, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom, between 13 andl6 to 1 in Greece, Israel, Turkey and the United States, and between 27 and 30 to 1 in Mexico and Chile (see Annex Table A 1.2). A more synthetic indicator, which takes into account the whole distribution, is the Gini coefficient.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	1673fbbd00741269916603a214c3e978	Moreover, the institutions themselves need to establish an appropriate method for tracking graduates as a way of informing curriculum - and understanding more comprehensively how education meets the needs of society and the economy. The Victorian Government could take the lead in setting up a national database to track the progress of students. No system-wide data is publicly available on the extent to which academics or students in Victorian tertiary education institutions are engaged with industry and the public sector through their normal teaching and learning and related research.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	167febdd9976b2fa9328abad2520bd44	Transport and storage projects attracted the majority of these funds (55%), followed by projects in energy generation and supply (41.6%). Information and telecommunication projects attracted relatively little concessional financing (3.4%). Asia was the main beneficiary, with USD 69.4 billion, followed by Africa (USD 55.4 billion).	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	1685a20191412c58057ae1ad6ff7040b	The strong significance of this variable may be attributable to events during the latter years of the period, when the feminization rate climbed steeply during the upswing in growth that began in mid-2007. However this happened when women’s average wage was dropping, as was the male labour force participation rate. It can thus be inferred that, since growth was occurring while mean wages were declining, the demand-side effect was less strong than the effect of the reduction in the cost of labour in a benefit-led economy. This may have implications in terms of a reduction in the wages offered to prospective workers, which has also been seen in sectors subject to rapid feminization.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	1688a4ccaea4dc95b7e0e7edce89a25c	More extreme weather - with intense precipitation, floods and droughts - is predicted across the six SEE economies. Rainfall is predicted to decrease. These changes could reduce crop yields across the six SEE economies, especially for maize, and increase exposure to agricultural pests. Livestock productivity in Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro could fall (Callaway etal.,	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	16891116fa3507f9bbb665e8913ecadf	Students who reported that they expect to work as college, university, higher education or pre-primary teachers, or as pre-primary or primary associate teachers are excluded. First, the question on career expectations has more missing values than other questions in PISA. Second, the predictive value of students' reports on their future career can differ across countries, because of differences in the degree to which students are required to make choices at an early age to enter specific careers, and the existence of flexible pathways in the education system and labour market.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-6-en	168a44d9fa7122f9f51e9801aecea914	This Strategy demonstrates the important high-level commitment of the Government towards gender equality. The chapter aims to assess to what extent the design of this Strategy allowed for effective and impactful implementation of gender equality objectives in Kazakhstan. It focuses on the alignment of gender equality objectives with broader strategic planning of the Government to ensure that gender equality does not remain at the periphery of the government action.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	168a4a9b405b098b66acdea2c4c2f82b	In literacy, inequality is at the OECD average and has widened over time (SNAE, 2013a). The socio-economic background of pupils influences their results in mathematics somewhat less than the OECD average, but there is room for improvement, exemplified by Finland and Estonia, who achieve both higher results and greater equity. Variations between schools in PISA results are limited in all the Nordics.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	168d9657944ca6bd3db88f24e01d01a1	Indeed, Korea has long subsidised such costs for children from very low'-income households. From 2004 onwards, however, it loosened the income criteria for the subsidy and raised the centre-based ECEC subsidy itself. In 2013, it scrapped the means test for the subsidy altogether, effectively creating a universal programme of public assistance for centre-based care, regardless of income level. In 2007, for example, the government introduced a subsidised “personal care service”, offering parents the option of individual child care in the home.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	168e8febd83a7a08abfeb51319a50025	At present, much of such care is often provided by relatives and neighbours. Among the elderly and disabled in need of care, 80% received social (non-medical) care, of which 25% received care by public organisations, and almost 70% received informal social care by non-professionals (e.g. relatives and neighbours). In 60% of the cases, care is provided at home, and in almost all cases, additional support is provided by others in the community.	1	5	3	0.25
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	1692be5829756f115d3840885f02adf6	This share crossed the 1 per cent mark in 2008 but fell slightly to 1.02 per cent in 2009. Since then, the share has climbed up 0.1 percentage point, reaching 1.12 per cent in 2011 (Figure 7.1). This is a small but positive development, considering that it occurred at a time of sluggish growth in world trade beset by the global economic crisis.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66641c52-en	1693411a90cf180e88f2e6aea0fd6116	Figure 3.4 plots a regional comparison of km of road per 100 km2 and km of road per 1,000 inhabitants. An 'oll-seoson rood' is a rood that is accessible oil yeor round by the prevailing meons of rural transport (typically non-four wheel drive pick-ups or trucks); occosionol interruptions of snort duration during bod weother (e.g. heavy downpours! Sweden has the highest road density (56 km of roads per 1,000 inhabitants), followed by Estonia (41 km per 1,000 inhabitants) and Iceland (39 km per 1,000 inhabitants).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0d2045c7-en	1693b741a12c2ff41a1130db7306445c	The targets of the goal on food security reflect a rights-based approach by proposing to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round; and by ending all forms of malnutrition by the year 2030. By viewing the issue of food security from a wider angle, this SDG identifies food production as an important complementary element for achieving food security. In that regard, two targets are proposed aimed at the following: (a) doubling agricultural productivity and the incomes of small-scale food producers; and (b) ensuring sustainable food production systems and implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	1694594cb2a4d5cababf67d9fc7daf17	It pointed out that the share of private expenditure in Korea is much higher than the OECD average and the highest at the tertiary level. The reduction of private expenditure in education has been heavily discussed as a critical social and political issue in every president’s administration. However, the situation has not improved over the last few decades.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	1696ed6cfd7b30c7b71dc20d601a4c90	First, the Guide recommends the replacement wage over the opportunity cost. Internationally, the latter approach is discounted as it can lead to counterintuitive results, for instance, that an hour spent looking after a child is more valuable when carried out by a lawyer compared to a secretary. Arguably, the skills required for these occupations have little bearing in the care of children, or other forms of household work.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	16974ee71ed334f02a1fd8d3b76613a5	They arc also subject to an ecological relationship and affected by the interplay among the immediate environment, the community and society. Individuals may not automatically bounce back from what appears to be a transitory shock (hysteresis). For instance, a setback in early childhood can have serious ramifications throughout the rest of a person’s life, including the chances of holding onto a job, the uncertainties associated with growing older and the transmission of vulnerabilities to the next generation.	1	5	3	0.25
10.18356/73c3a080-en	1698e5aa533c75377871fb7bfbeebabb	Mini-grids capable of sustaining semi-industrial and industrial activity at a lower cost have high upfront costs, and uncertainties arising from inadequate policy frameworks are an important constraint to private investors’ access to commercial finance (ESMAP, 2017; IRENA, 2016b; Berthdlemy and Bdguerie, 2016; Beguerie and Palliere, 2016; GMG MDP, 2017). The African LDCs and Haiti as a group have the highest proportion of countries with a dedicated sector regulator. Where there are regulatory bodies, their powers may be limited or shared with a supervisory ministry.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	169be35ab560ee447e2196616f244f3b	Apprentices - who have to be aged between 16 and 25 years old or unemployed, earn a percentage of the minimum wage for their work, based on their previous qualification and their age. Depending on the programme, apprentices alternate between academic and vocational courses and work-based training. Enterprises offering apprenticeships receive tax credits and social security exemptions (Ministere de l’Education Nationale/Ministere de l’Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, 2013). Postsecondary apprenticeships have grown in popularity: in 2011-12, one-third of all apprentices were at the post-secondary level - more than 120 000 students, whereas that level represented less than 5% of apprentices in 1995-96 (RERS, 2013).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	169c4008ef969991e37a12d8f70f1470	How such multi-level monitoring processes may be organised is still an open question (Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015). While there are several similarities in indicators between adaptation and certain SDGs, some INDCs and other documents on national-level adaptation plans seem to adopt a wider range of (and more detailed) indicators than those proposed for SDGs. At the national level, the benefits of identifying and collating adaptation-related information can be closely related to filling knowledge gaps in order to enhance domestic actions and co-ordination, and attracting international support for such actions.	13	4	6	0.2
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	169f6f35a90afddc961dcfe81895302e	What advantages does it have for the students to work with different teaching strategies? It is important to identify our strengths and weaknesses in order to improve our teaching work. What information do you use to evaluate your teaching practices? In our pedagogical work we encounter students that find it hard to participate in class.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5e29aba4-en	16a1c3ee90c12579ecc71d174026e905	"However, while many of these activities are not defined as ""economically active employment"" in national accounts, they are essential to the well-being of rural households (Doss, 2011). The main research question is whether there is any relation between per household number of females engaged in domestic duties and family size in the rural agricultural household. In this context, the paper examines the relationship between land ownership and the extent of domestic duties performed by females adjusted by family size in the rural agricultural household."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	16a22015a294a0426ccb276aa19b6d4e	Finally, the PISA target population covers 15-year-olds enrolled in lower secondary or upper secondary school, but enrolment rates of 15-year-olds differ across countries and over time. This variation could partly contribute to the differences in students' career expectations reported when they are 15 years old. These limitations are discussed in greater detail in Boxes 4.1 and 4.2.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	16a3206a00afdb53d5b52dbce9972fa2	We then repeat the foregoing steps until we exhaust the original sample of mothers. Notice that the sets of matched mothers and non-mothers show no difference in the distribution of characteristics. The figures are in real Argentine pesos, adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index (cpi) deflator.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	16a3e091e8cfa2c8becd5cc0af7b6309	India plans to auction acreages for shale gas exploration in 2011. Transmission pipelines exist mainly in the northeast. The first major long-distance gas transportation pipeline is the Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) line built by GAIL, which is state-owned and the largest Indian gas transmission company.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	16a463c4ed199e4d473460172238ee73	Evidence suggests that current choice systems tend to favour the most resourceful parents and children. Under a new policy proposal, every guardian would be required to choose a school for their child to attend. In the National Strategy for Knowledge and Equal Opportunities Report (Nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet), the Swedish School Commission (Skolkommission) recognises that the term ‘compulsory’ may be too strong, explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school; in the case a guardian does not submit an application, a school placement would be decided upon.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	16a80ff40bc936281bd7be0936dcc8d1	Training sessions and direct technical assistance sessions were also provided to 10 provincial laboratories and the NCQC, to strengthen QMS. Testing and analysis in compliance with EU requirements is now possible not only thanks to new equipment for fishery laboratories, purchased with TSP funds, but also thanks to the restructuring of the MMAF authority in charge of food safety controls in fisheries and to the revision of its operating legal and regulatory framework in line with EU requirements. Finally, training on development and implementation of food safety management systems was provided to processing companies, and a market orientation programme for Indonesian SMEs was implemented to assist companies to understand and respond to the practices and consumer requirements in Europe.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	16a930b5bfe89b306c7055f984543ed5	The practice of using different forms of media campaigns and censoring unfavourable stereotypes of women in mass media is also common in OECD and other countries. This type of campaign can target demographic groups that are not part of the education system. For example, in France, the Ministry of Women’s Rights recently sponsored the “Festival International des Tres Courts”, a short-film festival in which a specific prize was awarded to films promoting awareness and understanding of women’s rights.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	16a984473c42c2d3d90943cc9625b717	Managing the use of fertilizers will be crucial for long-term land development; for example, in the United States, it has been demonstrated that in the long term, organic agricultural methods can outperform conventional chemical farming in terms of crop yield, sustainability and profit (ibid.). While large-scale farming is, in general, identified as the main source of excessive use of fertilizers and soil degradation, land fragmentation and limited farm size can also be a source of soil degradation. In the minifundias of the Andean highlands of Latin America for instance, poor small-scale farm holders over-exploit natural resources, owing to population pressure and scarcity of suitable land (United Nations, 2011b).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	16af058b70c8e3b2e6517283bc588f10	Around 64% of monitored lakes in pastoral landscapes are classed eutrophic or worse (Ballantinc and Davies-Colley, 2009; Land and Water Forum, 2010; Verburg et al., Similarly groundwater quality has been deteriorating, with one third of sites monitored between 1995 and 2008 showed increasing trends in nitrate levels (Daughney and Randall, 2009). Eutrophication can be defined simply as the increase in the rate of production and accumulation of organic carbon in excess of what an ecosystem is normally capable of processing. This can also reduce light penetration and lead to a loss of submerged aquatic vegetation.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283466-en	16b04d227823276a831c92a01ca133d0	These measures led to a high share of the generics market, in terms of value and volume. Latvia has begun to strengthen its health infonnation infrastructure in recent years with the introduction of an eHealth system and eHealth portal started in 2016. The availability and use of health information should increase further in the years ahead.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283268-en	16b0cecb08a54f0e474f830b2d69f0c9	Yet recent years witnessed an increase in the activity of non-contracted physicians providing ambulatory care along with their steadily rising numbers. As the fees of non-contracted GPs and specialists are largely unregulated and only partly covered by social health insurance (see Section 4), access to ambulatory care is increasingly based on ability to pay rather than medical need. This may also contribute to disparities between Lander as well as between urban and rural areas.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	16b1a91efcd0bac51223653ba6169316	There is a lack of data on the subsidy element of provisions relating to export financing, food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult. Despite this, the WTO Secretariat has suggested that overall, since the launch of the Doha round, there have been positive developments in the export competition pillar (WTO, 2014). In the short term, a number of governments imposed export restrictions and varied import duties in an attempt to insulate domestic consumers from rapidly rising international prices.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	16b34a051d74b7f9d12ee0a9d270435f	Calculation of the latter will require use of a hydrological model and will therefore need to be done outside the CGE model. Given the differing characteristics of water supplied from surface and ground sources, and in the absence of a more elaborate model of conjunctive use, it is appealing to treat these two sources of water as imperfect substitutes in the irrigation production function, as proposed by Sue-Wing and Lanzi (2014). The common interest shared by this community is the quantity (and sometimes quality) of water resource.	6	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	16b3ce3c7ef91ab77eb3e4fa59292d75	It aims to strengthen the country's disability movement, hold the government accountable and raise public awareness about the rights of disabled people. Disabled people and those they work with define the project's priorities, develop strategies and carry out activities. Twelve local disability organisations formed the Inclusive Tanzania Consortium (MTAJU in its Kiswahili abbreviation) which 'owns' the project. There are now 14 disabled people's organisations and NGOs working together towards an inclusive Tanzanian society. The consortium calls itself MTAJU (mtandaowa Tanzania jummishiin Kiswahili).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	16b59f51ed1dbf740920e63d7093306b	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Similar to the private sector, the gender pay gap in the public sector is lower for younger workers and is higher at the upper end of the income distribution. Evidence suggests that governments that have taken proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity and gender balance are making progress in closing gender-representation gaps in the public sector. Persistent gaps remain in access to childcare and elderly care support.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	16b9a2b443d520e7738590a94d478725	Among the biggest obstacles to progress is that, to date, no practicable method exists for assigning the emissions from a transnational voyage to an individual country. Bunker oil is considered a particularly toxic fuel.) January 2016 was the date set for implementation of “tier III” NOx standards in existing emission control areas (ECAs), and as of 2020 the global sulphur cap will be reduced further to 5 000 ppm (Marpol Convention, Annex VI).	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	16bd90580b71322c7ceaeb2c418572f2	Moreover, gross fixed investment growth slowed sharply in 2012 due to softer domestic demand and the base effect of higher growth in 2010 and 2011. Civil war in neighbouring Syria led to an influx of refugees to Turkey. Moreover, political instability in other neighbouring countries in the Middle East is also having adverse impact on the Turkish economy.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	16bdb408890971cd71b3b413538246b3	Such systems must ensure privacy and data security. Unified and nationally consistent safety standards, linked to accreditation of providers, facilities and organisations, are needed across the primary and ambulatory care sector. These should align with broader health system governance and management.	3	1	3	0.5
10.6027/084cc821-en	16be9a528cea4ff57bc6749ef8245f3e	However, some of the countries studied in this report have already bypassed the Finnish benchmark. Hence, for these countries the scale-up potential could not be realized (see below for further information). Eurostat data (2015) regarding buildings heat consumption (residential, services, and unspecified other) was used to estimate the share of biofuel in total heat consumption.	7	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	16bf25db53aadd08e9b8ccd67c47b6bf	When students are educated away from their home, there often is a lack of connection between the school and the home and between the school and the culture of the home community. Across North America, boarding or residential schools contributed to language and culture loss for several generations of Indigenous students. First, parents in communities without a school may choose to move to a different community with a school rather than sending their child away.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eag-2016-53-en	16bf71ccc546cec58e4ac304992ed0f8	It provides data on the structure, finances and performance of education systems in the 35 OECD countries and a number of partner countries. These 22 countries are: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. While tertiary graduate earnings are higher than for people with lower levels of qualifications, on average tertiary-educated men earn more than tertiary-educated women, and tertiary-educated men tend to have higher employment rates than women with the same level of education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jm409kqqkjh-en	16c1b1821446f9eadfbb15e01a7e1d3e	At the time of the internship, Anna Gromada was completing her master's degree in International Development at the Institut d'fctudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). The paper is part of the work undertaken by the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review) and includes revisions in light of the discussion of an earlier version [EDU/EDPC/SR(20l4)3l at the first meeting of the Group of National Experts on School Resources (14-15 May 2014). The Review provides analysis and policy advice to help governments and schools achieve effectiveness and efficiency objectives in education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	16c3878ce2373aeab87cf27c6be4a7eb	Various public vehicles for purchasing the equity of firms in developing countries exist, such as the CDC and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The governments of LDCs could usefully lobby for an increased share of these portfolios. This would be timely, since World Bank President Robert Zoellick has proposed that sovereign wealth funds should set a target of investing 1 per cent of their portfolios in low-income Africa.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	16c45119374c4e353ac768f828a47b49	Among female labour migrants, only 9% said they were beginners, 24% intermediate, and 67% advanced or native-level speakers. Women who arrived as international students reported still better command of the host language. Of male family migrants, 79% claimed to have advanced or native level — a much higher proportion than any of the three groups of migrant women. Better educated migrants generally find it easier to acquire a high standard of proficiency in the host county’s language, to navigate the host country’s institutions and access its job market.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	16c49eef02e508217ffb40e264a0a5e1	Some studies suggest that forests and trees can provide around 20 percent of income for rural households in developing countries, and that income from forests is proportionately more important for the livelihoods of the poorest households. The proportion of people relying on woodfuel varies, from 63 percent in Africa to 38 percent in Asia and 16 percent in Latin America. Globally, 840 million people collect woodfuel and charcoal for their own use.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	16c4a565ed62452be7dc89b9cbbc759e	How many more infants are likely to die in Africa as a result of the global financial crisis? Involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. The effect of recurrent involuntary job loss on the depressive symptoms of older US workers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	16c65b491b86d032d9f830ee951e4d98	In addition, stakeholders have been engaged in developing voluntary shortage sharing agreements which clarify how water is to be shared during times of drought. These agreements have been largely successful, although mediation has been required in some cases. The reform recognised that the successful execution of Compulsory Licensing, while maintaining the rule of law and the right of access to the Courts, was predicated on effective stakeholder participation. Significant objections to the proposed allocation schedule, or significant appeals to the Court could delay the process, and increase its costs significantly, perhaps to the point that it would become moribund.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/efc21c19-en	16cb074cef3225615dfac99a97bae235	In this regard, the gender objectives of e-Government should address the collection and analysis of baseline data on the ground. Particularly, the use of e-Government requires the user to attain a certain level of ICT capacity, which encompasses a set of computer and technical skills, as well as basic literacy and numeracy. In addition to the capacity of women as an individual from the demand side of e-Government, it is also critical to strengthen the supply side capacity.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	16cca4e3883b82821c62aa0e19be4a1d	In the remainder of this introductory section, the important economic differences and similarities of the two countries are briefly outlined. Conversely, those who have been more sceptical of the impact of global economic integration on inequality have tended to look at patterns of inequality within these countries (Comia 2003, Milanovic 2004, Reddy 2003, etc.) The final section draws some conclusions and considers the prospects for poverty reduction in both countries in the context of the still unfolding global financial crisis and economic slowdown.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	16cd3ea782621beb8889c791b16537d7	Germany, the EU and Switzerland, also major providers of climate-related development finance, have committed to finance a relatively large number of projects, notably on adaptation for water resource management, agriculture and forestry, but also on mitigation. Bilateral donors also provide climate-related development finance through MDBs and climate funds, whose amount is included in the figures on the multilateral channels. The channels to deliver climate finance have also become more diverse than ever.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	16d40a73fbbb482e4e97681a22d4f8af	Initiatives to establish such forums need to be supported by national and international actors (Chapter 5). Particularly state actors must be convinced of the need to value, not sabotage and repress, women’s organizations’ intentions to participate in public debates on politically sensitive yet existential issues (Chapter 11). Such women-only spaces are important ways to build bridges between women from different identity groups, collect information about the types and effectiveness of current programmes and set priorities and strategies for addressing violence against, and the political marginalization of, women.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	16d6d5730a5b70ba5c9efe6db3c408fc	Incentives have been introduced to encourage admission of patients directly to mental health care facilities, in an effort to reduce this delay. Prefectures develop Regional Medical Care Plans including for mental health for the region, provide guidance and supervise health care providers. Prefectures also have a central role in the administration of the Mental Health and Welfare Law, and are responsible for locating the two designated psychiatrists required to sign off on an involuntary admission, and are responsible for locating a hospital place for these involuntary admissions.	3	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-7-en	16d91a6b3cdbf0346bbdd471bdf8dedd	In addition to womens low rate of employment there is significant labour market gender segregation, with a high percentage of women employed in low wage sectors (NCPE 2014a). Maltese women are also more likely to interrupt their careers for childbearing, which generally leads them to drop out of the workforce. The situation has left Malta lagging behind when it comes to women pursuing lifelong careers (Mizzi 2013).	5	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-5858aed9-en	16db56bc4de41416c57589eb1cda1863	According to recent estimates, over 4 billion people are not yet connected to the Internet (ITU, 2013a). The majority of those unconnected people are the main target group for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and are also people for whom ICTs potentially have a great development impact. Communities living in rural and remote areas stand to benefit particularly from greater connectivity to telephones and the Internet, to be able to receive information and services that can improve their economic and social condition.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9897593b-en	16dfab188725dd28769c951ef9b9d9b2	While violent extremism, terrorist attacks and state and non-state civilian targeting undoubtedly directly cause migration and displacement, public opinion in high income countries has come to overemphasize the reverse - that migration is associated with terrorism (Crabtree and Kluch, 2017). This is despite the fact that such a relationship is very tenuous, attacks by foreigners amount to a fraction ofthose by nationals, and repressive measures in host countries, rather than migration per se, can be a cause of violent extremism (Dreher et al., These interact in complicated ways; there is no single or even typical path to radicalization. However, in principle, education can affect both radicalization and reactionary responses. The collapse of the education system in the Syrian Arab Republic during the war means many young Syrians find it impossible to disengage from armed groups through education. Although host countries have taken many steps to include all Syrian refugee children and youth in their education systems, lack of education opportunities d ue to initial discrimination or lack of documentation has resulted in feelings of helplessness and desperation, increasing young people's vulnerability to exploitation and radicalization (International Alert, 2016).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	16e1ab5ae2746223c9687619b4bc43ed	The group’s call for action was influenced by growing recognition of the need to prepare for the effects of climate change, as well as developments at the EU level such as the Green Paper on Adaptation, and international moves such as negotiations related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The development of a national strategy was included in the Austrian government programme for 2008-13. The scientific community intensively supported the creation of the strategy with projects to develop improved climate projections and better understand impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation. In recognition of the cross-cutting nature of adaptation policies, the development of the strategy entailed a wide-ranging process of stakeholder engagement and consultation.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	16e32d79720b83a34871d31e29260a83	A study of FE colleges in the United Kingdom (Basic Skills Agency, 1997) found that there was a stigma attached to poor basic skills, which then became a deterrent to taking up basic skills support. It drew on data from 19 FE colleges on withdrawal, retention, completion and achievement, as well as demographic and student characteristics and basic skills provision within each college. The study follow ed up these students - less than half of them received literacy and numeracy support, while the majority did not get any additional support with basic skills.	4	0	11	1.0
10.1787/ea1ec35f-en	16ede68722c7e2bfee77642fb6af18bd	Education plays an important role in ensuring that women and men have the same opportunities in their personal and professional lives, through formal schooling, shaping attitudes and transforming behaviours. Medical and technological innovations, work-life balance measures, accessibility of family planning and legal safeguards have improved the role of women in public life. Nowadays, women in OECD countries can choose what to study, which job to take as well as whether or not to have children.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	16ee874f1f921da4bcbd8077fc74dfd2	According to the second graph in Figure 2.2, in Australia the income coefficient of variation is initially reduced as the farmer insures more land, but it starts to increase if the farmer insures more than half of his land. This crowding-out effect of insurance on diversification strategies is confirmed in the third graph of the figure, with reductions of 4% in the diversification index. As seen, the income variability continuously increases as the farmer insures more land in the UK because the stronger crowding out effects always dominate insurance effects.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c10e763b-en	16ef91c95d0e065d43ecf4d4341638f2	Table 9 highlights different synergies that have emerged over the past years with other processes. Assessments have, for instance, sparked more activity in the regions. Some partnerships (e.g. Multilateral Environmental Agreements, such as the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)) and activities (e.g. benefits of cooperation assessments) are part of the ECE.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	16ef9dcb949694e82a45d19e5edeb7e7	This is not done for urban households as the determinants for participation for the various types of workers (self-employed and casual and salaried workers) are more similar. A separate model was estimated for rural and urban households as some of the explanatory variables differ (for more details see Annex 2). The differences which are both statistically significant (at the 10% level) and are greater or equal to 0.05 are highlighted with red.	5	6	2	0.5
10.18356/ad3972a1-en	16efafb7d3b6cc05b2cc474650d3bdb0	Since the focus in this report is on children. Figure 8.1 reports on the situation of adolescents aged 15-19. Turkey's young people are worst affected, with 1 in 5 in this category. Cyprus has cut its rate by more than half, and Turkey has also made massive strides, though it still has the highest rate among all OECD countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	16f4392e96a2bb0d690a99ae9f353a17	The interpersonal redistribution of resources is often brought about by compulsory participation or by public financing of social benefits. For example, a health insurance programme that requires all covered workers to make contributions to the benefit plan regardless of their health status. The redistributive nature of a social programme is most evident when support is provided for free or at sharply reduced prices, e.g. subsidised food programmes or free medical aid, but also the provision of income support under minimum living standard schemes in China, Japan or Korea.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	16f4f8881ccc777a9d9b255b27d02af8	Hummels (2001) finds that inefficiencies at African ports add a cost of 8.1 per cent to the value of transactions. More efficient customs procedures are found to cause trade flows to increase by as much as 30 per cent in developing countries (Wilson et al. Similarly, cutting the number of days required to clear customs in Ethiopia by half could cause total factor productivity to increase by 18 per cent. While most NTMs are meant to address public policy concerns - both economic (such as market failures) and non-economic (e.g. to protect health, animal and plant life) - they may actually serve a protectionist purpose, whether intended or incidental. For example, the WTO registered a sharp increase in the number of countervailing measures and safeguards initiated in 2008 and 2009 as crisis-hit economies took emergency’ measures to limit the spread of systemic damage.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	16f5ddc293498c4a8c18ad5dcb4e456e	System-wide issues include, for example, encouraging consistent quality across the range of providers, ensuring specialisation amongst key intermediaries, encouraging scale economies amongst intermediaries delivering more than a single element of the programme, and facilitating the exit of intermediaries providing services of insufficient standard. Here the aspiration is to make the individual institutions more market oriented and to get them acting together more effectively as a system -exchanging experience and knowledge as well as competing to improve quality and effectiveness. Where changes in the institutional arrangements have already been made these will need monitoring and assessment, for example placing the 51 PymExporta centres provided by intermediaries under the central control of the new specialised national agency ProMexico.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264123564-5-en	16f6fcbdb863ff62390a3d8a28f6f57d	Although these factors differ per country, state, region and even programme, high-quality, well-implemented ECEC curricula provide developmental^ appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes (Frede, 1998). A common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children, while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/150942f1-en	16f843959ea1a47d84444a3624773f1d	Ghana issued a debut Eurobond in late 2007 and was considering further market placements in late 2008. These were cancelled when Ghana’s market access was effectively closed as a result of the global crisis. With regard to privatization proceeds, the country experienced inward capital investments associated with divestitures in both 2007 and 2008. Given the increased risk aversion after the global financial crisis, further such revenues are not in near-term prospects.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	16faed2c40be0a34196e2964ccf0e243	The network statuses are described in table II, and are at the instance of the sensing pulse time and the decisions taken are reflected on this. Primary user activity and various states at the SU side. The equations above show that the probability of detection and probability of false alarm related to the detection threshold, sensing time and sampling frequency.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	16fb94cadc08d95e8c3dd0335ee0d448	Table 5.3 shows the variations in the poverty headcount ratios for the whole population and the older population (persons aged 65 years or over) using the aforementioned definition across 34 OECD countries. On average, older persons show higher poverty incidence (15.1 per cent) than the total population (11.1 per cent). Also, the incidence of poverty among older persons is higher in the developing countries of OECD (26.2 per cent) than in the developed countries of OECD (13.2 per cent).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	16fe092adb2a098223f8b0d983ed9bfb	Table 4.3 thus shows that the combination of direct health impacts and climate change risks weigh heavily on the attractiveness of fossil fuels, in particular coal. While biomass is carbon-neutral if it is harvested sustainably, it can have significant health impacts due to local and regional particulate emissions. While such estimates provide indications of orders of magnitude rather than precise measurements of impacts, they nevertheless contribute to a more balanced view of the impacts of different power generation technologies.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	16ff76672da1548b5293d0db8d9024a8	Indeed, as the rural sector develops, farmers are faced with the choice of raising farm productivity or reallocating their resources to allow other farmers to scale up operations. Enabling the latter process is particularly important in China, as historical land assignment practices have resulted in a high proportion of small farming operations relative to other middle-income countries. Following the experience of other middle-income and OECD countries, farmers commonly follow alternative routes during the adjustment phase: i) stay working the farm and raise productivity, ii) transition away from agriculture to pursue off-farm employment, or in) discontinue operating their farmland without taking up employment elsewhere (usually the elderly and less able).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	1700232630680e580a3f7eb3a4d09472	In contrast, decisions taken today on infrastructure such as transport, power generation and buildings could lock economies deeper into greenhouse gas-intensive systems, technologies and innovation and make them vulnerable to a changing climate. Scaling-up finance for long-term investment in infrastructure. Shifting investments towards low-caibon alternatives.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	1701d2647ac84a93f568c7c886eeb0d8	Kubler suggests that in the case of Sydney there was an evolution over multiple decades from a bargaining approach that focused on achieving specific outcomes to one that is more like problem solving and is oriented to finding a process to manage land-use conflicts. Ways to better manage interconnections between urban areas and their more rural hinterlands were explored in the 2013 report OECD Rural Policy Reviews: Rural-Urban Partnerships. Prague was one of the 11 case study regions. The main conclusion of the report is that rural and urban places within metropolitan regions are strongly coupled across multiple dimensions, including: population and commuting flows, investments and economic transactions, service provision, environmental goods and amenities, and government interactions (Figure 4.2).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	17077215f0b46dbe7ec6a9aa95b63db7	While concentration in school is often linked to residential and housing policies, it is sometimes reinforced by the structure of the education system. Policy options to integrate rather than segregate migrant students include effective management of school choice, rethinking of ability grouping practices and ensuring high curricular standards in all schools. Additional resource inputs can be necessary to bring their schools up to parity and finance additional programmes to address the particular linguistic and other needs of immigrant students. Research indicates that funding for equity will be most effective at the earliest levels of education, and that both universal programmes for low socio-economic status (SES) students and targeted measures for immigrant students are necessary.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	170c30d8a2f8ac201107404966596898	Some development co-operation providers combine private sector engagement for development with efforts to promote their own private sector in developing countries. While this may be effective in delivering environmental benefits at a project level, such as fuel savings or reduced emissions, it could have implications for the efficiency of the project (e.g. in terms of promoting the most affordable clean technologies in partner countries, rather than those from the donor country). It could also affect the overall development effectiveness of the activity, by limiting national ownership, and in turn longer term scale up of the project. While there are several examples of successful, innovative ways to engage the private sector in promoting green growth, there is still a need to scale up such approaches and develop bankable projects.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	170fe1431c543c6a3ee5161dca55ea99	Another WFD daughter directive focuses on groundwater.5 The Bathing Water Directive6aims to protect the health of the public using Europe’s inland and coastal bathing waters. The Flood Risk Management Directive' aims at improving Rood prevention and Rood damage reduction in river basins. In particular, the requirement to develop and publish, by December 2009, River Basin Management Plans (RBMP), and to establish programmes of measures by the same date, has been a strong driver for this approach.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1713b36ea2c8044bf25596604aa65ef5	As an example, the substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and the corresponding global market for renewable power equipment offer opportunities, but also risks, for national or regional trade balances. In the case of the European Union (EU), for instance, there is a trade deficit with China in solar components, China being the largest producer of solar panels with 65% of the global production, 90% of exports of which 80% serve the EU market. Counting the trade benefit coming from export of solar equipment to non-EU countries, such as Japan and the United States, the resulting trade deficit for the EU has been EUR 21 billion in 2010, falling to 9 billion in 2012. Unlike trade in solar components, the EU has a sustained trade surplus in components for wind power, amounting to EUR 2.5 billion in 2012. One could therefore look more closely for one country where renewable energy innovation policy was particularly strong.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	17160b9650f06b4498fe1fecc59f3372	One possible reason could be that Canada’s development co-operation strategy includes measures to design programmes specifically aimed at reducing gender equality gaps. This approach helps planners to introduce these objectives into policy dialogue and to include them in the design phase of programmes. The gender marker (cont.)	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	171997069e86fa1e4a55fe0f76b84bfd	A second focus of international attention is the imperative need to improve capacities for producing and using the large and complex sources of information required to monitor progress towards achieving climate-resilient development. At its forty-sixth session, held from 3 to 6 March 2015, the Statistical Commission endorsed the formation of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, which consists of 28 representatives of national statistical offices and includes, as observers, representatives of regional commissions and regional and international agencies.23 The Inter-Agency and Expert Group was tasked to develop an indicator framework for the goals and targets under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the global level. At its forty-seventh session, held from 8 to 11 March 2016, the Commission agreed on a global indicator framework for monitoring progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, which includes 230 global indicators, as proposed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group.24 It is a framework intended for follow-up and review of progress at the global level towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	1719d4786bd058d364d1479b4f598a57	It sets out the overall “roadmap” for the three years ahead, with a focus on the school’s key priorities and action plans. It is conceived as a living document that all school staff will use as a reference point in evaluating, developing and improving their work. It is the duty of each school’s Board of Governors to ensure that training and development needs that are identified through PRSD are reflected in the SDP and that corresponding opportunities for professional development are made available to all teaching staff. For example, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Israel, Korea and Poland have established appraisal processes specifically designed to make promotion decisions and Chile, Korea and Mexico have developed explicit reward schemes to compensate high-performing teachers through rewards or one-off salary increases.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	171a5a9cf4034c4da18e67b6fff96a32	In other words, the relation between vulnerability and disasters is explained by the lesser capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, survive and resist the impact of a disaster, and then recover. Moreover, when a disaster strikes its impact will depend on risk management and the institutional capacities associated with climate change adaptation. Both are development factors that influence the configuration of disaster risks.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	171ad9ec1b1bb4f336780e5f183e4cdc	Even in the past, this expectation was often unfounded, and it is now entirely outmoded, as technical progress increases and changes the demand for higher level skills. Despite this, in many countries opportunities for graduates from upper secondary vocational programmes to deepen and update their skills remain limited. This is worrying, because more than anything else, the lack of such opportunities deters young people from pursuing an initial vocational route, sometimes in favour of less suitable career paths.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	171bfad272ce05a8c04ff4e89ad2d948	For instance, thrombolysis for ischemic stroke is excluded, despite this running contrary to evidence on international best practice. In such cases hospitals would be left to cover the cost of medication from elsewhere in their budget. Some other procedures that might be expected to be systematically included, for example thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures, are also not included. In such examples there appears to be a gap between established national clinical guidelines, and the NHS tariff.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	171c3f5f6c6f0e07246b37601a99bcd8	These differences in needs come as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic inequalities and trends in societal roles for each demographic, whether in regards to men and women or in regards to different minorities or regional populations. In 2010/11, the National Report on the Progress of Jordanian Women in Justice and Participation was launched. Several CSOs participated in delivering a Jordanian women’s manifesto, which included several topics to encourage women’s legal and political rights in the media and economic spheres.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	171f6fb3c620d4e1015f798b8ef56287	Depending on the location, dynamics of temperature and precipitation changes differ. Melting of the permafrost area is expected to have effects on bridge and road constructions as well as buildings. To adapt to climate change in the water sector, Mongolia prioritizes the formulation and stabilization of a water resources management policy. The Tobol and the Ishim/Esil are transboundary tributaries of the Irtysh/Ertis.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	1722ae4d8db48e582fc2e1132a1d51b0	At the same time, a relatively high network of public transport stations is not a guarantee for a higher demand. A right number of stations should be such that on one hand would allow the citizens to find a station in a vicinity of their work, living, shopping or recreation places and, on the other hand, would not delay the transfers due to too frequent stops of the public transport modes. These ai measured per square kilometer compared to per 1000 popi much as 175 times (Brussels versus Oslo).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	17238269c2766519e7b4300601e78e25	Improved cooking stoves have been identified as having potential social benefits (improved health), environmental benefits (lower firewood use and emission reductions), and economic benefits (lower inputs requirements, such as fuel wood). Good evidence of this is now needed to warrant a very widespread roll-out. Efforts are being made to secure project accreditation under the Clean Development Mechanism and the Gold Standard Foundation.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	172423cb0f0ce31ced4dc7f5f0aeb968	Italy's National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety promotes sharing and learning from adverse events (cont.) Learning from these workshops is consolidated, and emerges as national recommendations applicable across the country, made publicly available on the Observatory's portal. The next step, regional implementation of these recommendations, is supported by AGENAS, the national authority tasked with supporting R&AP to improve health care quality.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	17259bccacb75e1e091e744ea66e2b4a	For natural gas, the Baseline and the BLUE Map Scenarios show quite similar natural gas infrastructure needs, of maximum gas use by 2050 of 180 bcm in total and 100 bcm in power generation. About 30 bcm would be delivered from existing fields, 50 bcm from new fields and 100 bcm from LNG imports. This would imply an almost tenfold increase of LNG imports between 2008 and 2050, or six new, very large 10 Mt/year LNG regasification facilities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	1725e8ef0fd3b9d1067bae518131116c	Occupational segregation by gender, discrimination, women’s multiple roles as workers, mothers and wives, lack of access to information networks and to capital account for much of women’s disadvantage vis-a-vis men (Zhou and Logan, 1989; Gilbertson, 1995). Cultural factors play also an important role to foster this tendency. In general, women are expected (and expect also themselves) to earn wages in ways that do not conflict with their family obligations. Depending on cultural values, the welfare of the family and community may have more priority than individual achievement (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007; Low, 2003; Zhou and Logan, 1989).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-6-en	172767c6ad96bb6cff772b298ebcfabe	These suggest that community services may be struggling to provide adequate care. This chapter explores the extent to which current arrangements are aligned with this ambition and what more needs to be done, particularly in terms of quality monitoring and improvement, to achieve it. The chapter argues that work should start now to professionalise and define a speciality of primary care, based upon a clear, consensual vision of how the speciality will be different in knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities from current community generalists. Strengthening of the information infrastructure, possible reforms to payment systems, and close attention to primary care specialists’ role in co-ordinating care will also be needed. Section 2.4 describes the challenges, including a super-ageing society that primary care would be expected to address and Section 2.5 considers the extent to which current arrangements are well placed to meet these challenges. Sections 2.6 and 2.7 describe the steps that Japan should take to develop a distinct and specialist primary care workforce and embed quality monitoring and improvement from the start.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	172980236f077a33e4de301acd8c9b5b	As to private hospitals, publicly funded patients accessing care in private hospitals must make significant out-of-pocket contributions to meet the costs not covered by public insurance. Turkey has an opportunity to use the rich data infrastructure and coding processes already in place to shift to case-mix adjustment relatively rapidly, thereby appropriately remunerating complexity of care. This should be accompanied by monitoring of quality of care for example to ensure that any expansion in numbers treated is clinically appropriate and to reduce unwarranted variation in medical practice across providers or geographical regions. This would have the further advantage of helping the Ministry of Health move fully and expeditiously in the aspired direction of focusing on quality governance of the health system and relinquishing responsibility over operations.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e790da27-en	172b3831de2e1f42dca3028e7b1f8b02	In tandem, this would reduce stress on groundwater resources from both a water quality and water quantity perspective. However, as a result of growing population and the demarcation of interstate borders that constrained mobility, the practice was replaced by continuous intensive agriculture. Under the framework of the project of reviving hima land management practices, efforts were pursued to empower local communities by transferring management rights to them. Results also demonstrated an increase in economic growth (e.g. through the cultivation of indigenous plants of economic value) and conservation of natural resources in the Zarqa River Basin. Capacity-building workshops were conducted to exchange information on lessons learned and challenges, as well as awareness campaigns to promote the issues at stake.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	172d48f4dea0c1c3ad86c18a2602c15b	About 70 per cent were documented migrants, and the majority recurred to an agent. The top occupation (94 per cent) was domestic work, with the rest employed in factories. About 63 per cent of the migrant women perceived their economic situation to be poor, 27 per cent reported hard but acceptable conditions and only 9 per cent said that their economic situation had been fair before the migration process.	5	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848590618-5-en	172dda9d9df147e28b4dd43c968fba3b	The clash between religious or cultural autonomy and gender equality is a pervasive problem for constitutional law, one that arises in connection with claims of immunity from gender equality provisions on the grounds of cultural or religious freedom. I will describe how the resulting conflict has been addressed in international law and in the decisions of various constitutional courts and propose a theoretical basis for structuring the hierarchy of values to resolve this issue in a constitutional framework of human rights. The religious paradigm was replaced by secularism, communitarianism by individualism and status by contract.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/ee3ce00b-en	172e88eee0f40b3d13439fdab8e7cfc1	This paper focuses on how national and subnational governments can align subnational financial flows to transition towards low-carbon, resilient and inclusive cities. The paper is a contribution from the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative and to the OECD Programme on Subnational Finance and Investment. It was drafted by Dorothee Allain - Dupre, Isabelle Chatty, Marissa Plouin, and Sena Segbedzi.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b8259a41-en	173230446ef83872f07e8f21c2cfb885	Slightly more than one-fourth of women discontinued using them because they became pregnant as a result of failed contraception methods (Viet Nam, NCPFP, 2003). These are total abortion rates (TAR) and are based on reporting of both menstrual regulation and abortion. There is an increase in the total induced abortion rate for the whole country from 0.54 in 1997 to 0.62 in 2002. The same also is found to be true by residence.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	1733560193b57250767e2df08eb612db	Similar to the pattern observed for the children in the first age group, the children in Sikasso (and Koulikoro - in this case) experience monetary poverty relatively more often than multidimensional deprivation. Capturing the regional differences, Sikasso, Mopti and Segou have the highest levels of combined deprivation and monetary poverty. Koulikoro and Tombouctou still have a large proportion of vulnerable children.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	1733c1b31ba6a2dcfb9056823bbd25e6	In addition, the programme provided so-called soft components, including a mobilization campaign supporting girls' enrolment into school, literacy training for adults, and capacity building among local partners. The $12.9 million grant was financed by the Millennium Challenge Corporation and implemented by a consortium of NGOs (Plan International, Catholic Relief Services, Tin Tua, and the Forum for African Women Educationalists) under the supervision of USAID. In 2009, continuation of the project under the name BRIGHT II was approved for an additional 3 years covering almost 29,000 young students in 2011.14 Apart from the maintenance of on-going services, it includes the construction of additional classrooms for grades 4 to 6. The school feeding element will be continued with daily meals during all nine months of the school year for an estimated 13,000 children.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	1738cb4612c166d8e83829d17a531093	The first are relatively straightforward to measure, as they are the marginal labour and vehicle operating costs, measured through costs for fuel and vehicle maintenance. Costs associated to schedule delay and non-adherence are harder to grasp, and can be classified into three categories. These are especially harmful in the context of just in time delivery practises, flexible inventories and perishable goods.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	173b3c311c91f5c3703b9ed390342511	Routes, transfer stations, schedules and ticketing are poorly co-ordinated and integrated in the Agglomeration. Changing this and developing a long-term perspective for system improvements will necessitate political, economic and organisational measures (Solodkij and Gorev, 2013). An integrated and efficient transport system will need to be built on clear rules and close co-ordination among different stakeholders of the system.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	173e07c5f29c9e615ee56ae86d552442	Ciguatera fish poisoning (or ciguatera) is an illness caused by eating fish that contain toxins produced by a marine microalgae called Gambierdiscus toxicus. Cholera is the only bacterial disease exclusively attributable to water pollution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhoea accounts for most of the water-related disease burden worldwide. It is mainly caused by cholera, typhoid fever, shigella, EHEC (Escherichia Coli) and Hepatitis A. (u>uiui.u)ho.int/gho/phe/u>ater_sanitation/burden_text/en/index.html).	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	173e2cc243c0b3c5858e68c45a40394b	The notable variability of wildlife and high degree of biological diversity at the species, genetic and ecosystem levels (Bosnia and Herzegovina is among the top five countries in Europe in respect of biodiversity) is a result of this ecological heterogeneity of space, geomorphologic and hydrological diversity, and climate diversity. There are 1,859 species of 217 genera within the group of cyanophyta and algae. On average, 74 per cent of fungi species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for Europe can be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina forest ecosystems.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	17409b22844605deae90202621dfa40d	For the six States and the District of Colombia surrounding the Chesapeake Bay area the TMDL’s will now be mandatory (Chapter 5.2) (Perez, Cox and Cook, 2009). In the TMDL process modelling and monitoring can play an important part in allocating pollutant loads to various sources, such as helping to determine the relative contributions of arable crops, intensive livestock operations and urban sources to loads of nutrients and pathogens observed in large water catchments (Helmers et al, 2007). The resulting classification for each water body is reported to the European Commission (Johnes, 2007). The ecological status ranges which can range from “high” to “bad”, is determined by a combination of biological quality elements (aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna and fish fauna) and physico-chemical quality elements (such as oxygenation conditions, nutrient conditions, salinity, as well as specific pollutants).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	1742bdcdb25e374d45574cfe54387fdb	At the core of the strategy was deploying local mediation teams supported by international experts to work on conflict resolution between the tribes on a pasture-by-pasture basis. This involved supporting joint assessments of the condition and scope of each pasture in dispute, specifying pasture-specific regulations and measures for rehabilitation, identifying alternatives, and providing suitable compensation where access was no longer feasible. The strategy also included broader top-down approaches, such as disarmament of relevant districts and harmonization of the dispute resolution strategy with overarching laws and policies such as the National Land Policy, National Rangeland Strategy, and Draft Rangeland Law. Resolving Natural Resource Conflicts to Help Prevent War: A Case From Afghanistan.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	1746b876c273f2562e8a6b020a5541a0	A tax may offer a lower administrative burden given the additional complexities associated with regulating a trading scheme, a not insignificant advantage in China given the difficulties faced hitherto. Irrespective of the approach taken to pricing carbon, given the important contribution from the electricity generation sector it is critical to allow increases in electricity prices in line with changes in generation costs (IEA, 2012e). In addition to moving ahead with carbon pricing, the system of pollution levies needs to be transformed into a system of pollution taxes with revenues collected by tax authorities and allocated to government coffers rather than earmarked to environmental projects.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	1747a99837e40d5f7d81857f2c843dd9	The city acquires land, prepares it for construction and use, and then sells the land to private developers. The role that the city takes on in this regard is not statutorily defined. The sale takes the form of leasehold: Amsterdam owns the majority of land in the city, and retains ownership after (re)development. Moreover, the increased value of existing property caused by investment in green and infrastructure flows in part to the municipality in the form of property tax.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	174a2f0d08abdff2cb420f7df5165366	Facebook lists some 2.2 billion monthly active users (MAU) on Facebook for Q1 2018, a 13% increase year-on-year. Some 1.45 billion people on average log onto Facebook daily as Daily Active Users (DAU) for March 2018, matching the growth in MAU with a 13% increase year-on-year. However, DAU and MAU are not measures of data traffic, and use of Facebook varies considerably in different regions of the world. However, there are some indications that inequalities in access to and use of intelligent connectivity may be growing (Viewpoint 2).	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7e830810-en	174bacf1deafa2e8ff6f6beff35391fd	Evidence from national and international programmes shows that while efficient components might yield minor gains, systems optimization can yield much larger gains (20-30 percent), with payback periods of less than two years (ECLAC 2010; Garcia et al. Energy management systems can help firms develop an energy use baseline, actively manage energy costs and document savings for internal and external use (such as greenhouse gas emission credits). A good energy management system is vital for identifying opportunities for sustainable energy savings (Worrell 2011). A successful energy management system starts with a strong organizational commitment. A study of Turkey’s textile sector suggests that implementing an energy management system company-wide is the best approach (Ozturk 2005). Energy management systems involve costs in wages, consultancy and other fees, so their cost effectiveness varies with the firm’s size and energy intensity.	7	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	174c55e463c527331d05ff8e3f663448	These studies resulted in Report ITU-R RS.2178: The essential role and global importance of radio spectrum use for Earth observations and for related applications. It is stressed that information about climate, climate change, weather, precipitation, pollution or disasters is a critically important everyday issue forthe global community. Earth-observation activities provide such information, which is required for daily weather forecasting, climate change studies, environmental protection, economic development (transportation, energy, agriculture, and construction) and for safety of life and property. These systems are described in a number of ITU-R Recommendations. In particular, WP 7C has developed Recommendation ITU-R RS.188316 on the use of remote sensing in the study of climate change and its effects.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	174eac5d3a46c52f79c4572009c9d934	Only one respondent offered any insight into this situation, observing that the main barrier to promoting genomics for infectious disease control in Luxembourg is the fact that responsibility for controlling infectious disease in the Grand Duchy rests exclusively with the Laboratoire National de Sante; it would appear that, in this instance at least, institutional separation of infectious disease control from other elements of the healthcare and biomedical research system may seriously impede innovation in this area. Two respondents suggested that international collaboration might help to overcome such barriers, but offered no specific recommendations for how to achieve this. These include the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, established in 2004, where high-throughput technology has been adopted to support research on-going in laboratories around the country, as well as programmes supported by the Foundation Carlos Slim for Health and the Mexican Association of Medical Schools.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	175105b9e6ba2c19216eca79e34e1469	All these features compromise their pension entitlements in pension systems that link benefits to paid work, contributions and earnings. This paper deals with the challenges and constraints that pension systems face to be gender equitable and the policy alternatives to address these challenges. The economic protection of women in later life depends on several factors that intersect,including pension system rules, labour market conditions and family arrangements over the past and present. This paperfocuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s life courses to reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	1751615389349e83f1522095758a691b	It also means taking into account the culture and psychology behind risk, and creating partnerships for building resilience (Box IV-7). Disaster information collected at the local level (e.g. Deslnventar) is likely to be more complete for specific disaster - since it will include small magnitude and high-frequency events (Box IV-8). But it only covers those disasters that are entered into the system. Learning from the Deslnventar experience, the Government of Indonesia has been working with UNDP to create Disaster Data and Information of Indonesia - a comprehensive disaster loss database that will guide the development of a national DRR plan and can be used to monitor the impact of disasters on poverty at the community level.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	175438c168a3a15d68f205798794cbb9	Such Parties would need to provide the information needed to track progress towards each of these goals and measures as outlined in Figure 3 and Table 6. The global stocktake will consider, among other things, the overall effect of Parties’ NDCs. For some types of NDC, estimating expected future GHG emissions is difficult and may depend heavily on external factors such as GDP or population growth. The Paris Agreement encourages developing country Parties to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. As more Parties do this, it should become easier to gain a clearer picture of future expected GHG emissions levels and associated global average temperature rise. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement also stipulates that other Parties providing support should report information on support provided and mobilised, and that developing country Parties should report information on support needs and support received.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	1754991230d61f84b57b03d005ea271a	Therefore a dedicated expert database was developed for identifying appropriate experts who can evaluate new project proposals from the scientific, innovative, financial and business points of view. • In the case of the United Kingdom, the geographical coverage of the data is limited to Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland). For more insights on barriers to SMEs’ access to international markets, see OECD (2008) and OECD (2009a).	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	175724823463ae5640e6facb5a97f404	Macrostability is widely understood to mean simply price stability (as opposed to, for instance, employment stability), based on a policy regime, sometimes referred to as deflationary, which tends to weaken the employment-generating capacities of the economy. If a low rate of inflation is the only objective, this is likely to lead to higher rates of interest. The result is that the rate of unemployment is kept higher than it would otherwise be. There may be a gender bias to this approach to monetary policy.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/091e4d11-en	1757405790c3b93aeaac6892ed38d375	Data are from 2015 or 2014, are strongly child-centred, and highly policy relevant (e.g. public childcare policies, school and education policies). This indicators is taken from a survey of women who retrospectively report experiences of violence across their life course. The measure itself aligns strongly to the SDGs, but is only available for European countries, has small sample sizes (in the case of certain items), and is retrospective, self-reported data, collected in 2012.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8179e92c-en	1757bb17404c7a1e7b136b4a9b51247b	"The GGEO is not simply a matter of 'add women to the environment and stir'; instead it makes use of gender-based assessment frameworks along with the traditional environmental assessment approach of the Drivers-Pressures-State-lmpacts-Responses (DPSIR) methodology, thus requiring new questions and new methods. Using a gender-specific approach to examine these complex linkages (which may be referred to as the ""gender-and-environment nexus"") is therefore an appropriate way to investigate the dynamic relationships between environmental change and gender equality, as well as between impacts on sustainablity and the realization of women's rights and empowerment (Leach 2015, Seager 2014). The push for gender equality is shaping environmental understanding, but notions of gender equality are also shaped by environmental imperatives including equal access to, and sharing of, the benefits of the use and protection of ecosystems and natural resources (UN 2014, MEA 2005)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1758fc1c0dd4f762d211c9d3c896ac7b	In the case of enrichment services, their concentration in the hand of a limited group of suppliers under tight supervision is to some extent necessary given the sensitive proliferation issues connected with enrichment. In the other cases the question is - like in the oil or gas industry - whether equipment providers are sufficiently forward-looking to anticipate future demand. This regards both physical availability and the impact of price volatility.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	175c8db77d40973687b2c96b6cf0b416	However, land registration has been slow and only around one-third of privately-owned land parcels have been registered over the last forty years. Most rural households have unregistered land rights acquired through inheritance from parents and relatives. This creates a significant barrier to accessing credit.	2	9	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	175caf1b543dc9947a7195e6781f0a03	The economic crisis has halted a iong-term gradual decline in both inequality and poverty and the number of poor households is rising, with children and youths being particularly affected. Unemployment is one of the principal reasons why household incomes declined. The tax and benefit system alleviates both inequality and poverty significantly.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	175fad9c8b9dcce44c7cc98b032d07e1	Importantly, the IUCN works through specialist commissions that provide the Union with information and know-how. All the members of the IUCN together agree on, for example, the work programme of the organization. This would mean conducting studies and developing new policy recommendations or instruments based on the latest scientific findings. In addition, the IUCN governance structure could be used as a partial model for the post-2020 chemicals and waste management regime: the ICCM acts as the general assembly of members, and a governing council could be established to work under the direction and monitoring of the ICCM.	12	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	1762b9d205f3469e49a41f49c5013a96	Brisbane: School of Population Health, University of Queensland. The first version of this model was developed to study the impact of type 2 diabetes on the Australian population including health, health expenditures and broader economic impacts, such as changes in employment and productivity. The model was used to test the potential future impact of various policy interventions to reduce the future burden of diabetes for the purpose of improved decision-making regarding population health investment, work-force participation and productivity.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	17641397ddd5246d46d0095a2d7e29d9	The results need to be treated with caution, however. The railways business is not a simple one and the comparison of different cases is not straightforward. Railways come in all shapes and sizes: vertically integrated, vertically separated, public and private, passenger- or freight-dominated or mixed, supported by subsidies or fully self-reliant.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	176821e1165558717fa40f3ad00498e4	More accurate figures are provided by the Atlas of Roma Communities project, which is based on a survey applied directly in the field (UNDP, 2014). According to this survey, about 7.5% of Slovak population identified as belonging to the Roma Community (403 000 people). Of these, 46.5% live spread among the majority population, 12.9% live in concentrated settlements within municipalities, 23.8% live in concentrated settlements on the border of municipalities and 17.0% live in segregated settlements (UNDP, 2014 and Decade of Roma Inclusion, 2013).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/062acf72-en	176cb912b1f08ddc00366136813748ce	Usually, its protective status is repeatedly extended, but not alw'ays. Instead, the nature preserve was w'ithdraw'n in 2003, due to the adverse results of intensive anthropogenic pressure on its broad-leaved forests, and the need for territorial development of a cattle-breeding complex. Most recently, according to some sources, the protective status of almost all nature preserves in Tajikistan (12 out of 13, the exception being Nurek) expired in 2013, and was not immediately extended.	15	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	1770e68ebe891858e89a3119e9d2bb4a	So such content elements are delivered over a broadband channel like the Internet. It allows the creation of an environment for consumers to make use of software applications provided via the broadcast signal but, mostly, via an IP connection. It provides the possibility to retrieve, consume, store, edit and create additional content by simple interaction of the broadcast and non-broadcast environments, as well enabling social networking.	9	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	1772305e4b24075e64bba7624ddecc2e	This third level has been the economic growth engine especially in Finland and Sweden for the past six decades, but is now decreasing in importance due to the ongoing large-scale restructuring of the industry (new pulp and paper facilities being built in the global south rather than north) and digitalization of societies worldwide. One increasingly important business level is renewable energy that is produced from the residues of levels 2, 3 and 4. Both solid biomass (e.g. wood chips and pellets) and liquids (e.g. bio-oil) are used as raw material for bioenergy. This level breaks the confines of traditional industry sectors and makes them part of a larger biobusiness sector.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	1773e426bca06586aaece110a05d3a1d	For these countries, both the balancing and the stabilising role of trade will become increasingly important over time. Trade flows can partially offset local climate change productivity effects, allowing regions of the world with positive (or less negative) effects to supply those with more negative effects. This stabilising role is illustrated by a simulation of an extended drought in South Asia, which begins in 2030 with a return to normal precipitation in 2040 (Nelson et al., The analysis shows how substantial increases in trade flows could soften the blow to Indian consumers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e1196521-en	1776071c62495ad002e3f85ba6eeb4b4	Scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs characterize energy security as a function of strong energy research and development, innovation and technology transfer systems. Import dependence is a major energy security challenge for about three billion people globally, where nations import more than 75 per cent of their oil and petroleum products; 95 per cent of transport energy comes from oil-based fuels, making it particularly vulnerable, with significant impacts on overall mobility and production systems, as well as on economic and social stability. Many developing countries face energy security stresses emanating from low resource endowments, a growing energy demand-supply gap, high energy intensity, and macroeconomic vulnerabilities with binding fiscal constraints. The level of uncertainty is much larger compared to dealing with supply disruptions or price manipulations.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/58d686e0-en	1776502c915c79459f8406e94d1ce70b	Harmful and degrading practices, such as dowry-related violence or so-called honour crimes, also continue, without systematic monitoring, punishment or redress, despite advances in legislation prohibiting them. Examples of such violence can be rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence within institutions, violence against women migrant workers, witchcraft-or sorcery-related violence or killings (A/66/215 and A/HRC/1 1/2). Although in the majority of cases younger women are at higher risk of witchcraft-related violence, in some parts of Africa older women are more vulnerable to sorcery-related femicide owing to their economic dependence on others or the property rights that they hold (A/HRC/20/16). This type of violence can include gender-based violence during conflict, disappearance or extrajudicial killings, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced women, or women from indigenous or minority groups (A/66/215).	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	177693da2896c2da22954a8261c4bc17	A food business is under the minimum limit, if it does not imply a certain continuity of activities and a certain degree of organisation.15 In Denmark the number of times food activity takes place, the amount of food sold and the value of the turnover of the food is essential factors for categorisation.16 Food businesses that are below the minimum limit are not registered and the official control does not come to visit. As there is no regular official control of the food businesses below the minimum limit, this type of companies usually do not provide food to food businesses above the minimum limit. The food must be unopened and have been stored properly.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	1779bf94f039f7ffbc1c787dce271832	According to the report “Assessment Schemes for Teachers’ ICT Competence -A Policy Analysis”12 (May 2005), several curricula exist to become a teacher (depending on education level and specialisation in a given subject or a range of subjects). Moreover, in certain initial teacher education curricula, ICT has been included as a compulsory subject. The country report dedicated to Hungary specifies that ICT is included in initial teacher education as a subject called Computer Sciences. Each individual institution determines the structure and the curricula of the courses.	4	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	177b7807f82eb8670b3e686bc1d445fe	Other, even more revolutionary innovations are probably not even on today's radars yet. Shaping the history of the digital future needs an understanding of past and present phenomena, as past innovations are destroyed, sometimes to be reinvented in a new way to fulfil people's continuing need to communicate, create and innovate. Today, mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with nearly seven billion subscriptions worldwide, representing a 96 per cent penetration level.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	177c0ae77e24d0b99edbfd6b248bf8ae	Thus, they tend to mitigate the negative impact on well-being of the lack of sufficient income. Normally, the absence or recurring insufficiency of income leads to deterioration in well-being or access to it, which makes it impossible for families to invest income to develop their own capacities or take advantage of the (often scarce) opportunities for long-term human capital formation. Also significant are transfers in the form of subsidies on public or private services that, for the families concerned, result in smaller out-of-pocket expenses in comparison with the market price of those services. The present study analyses cash transfers which act as subsidies on demand, whether in the form of discretionary spending or vouchers for a particular social service for which they can choose only the supplier, although in many cases the geographical concentration of supply is such that the user actually has no freedom of choice.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	177d5aef48e49a13c33be2adb1107f70	On the one hand the stress on water can be decreased by less climate change and less use of water for energy. But on the other hand a decarbonisation with biofuel deployment mays create stress on land use and water requirements, displacing some of the water requirements from the energy to the agricultural sector. In many cases water use by industry is non-consumptive, although it can have consequences for water quality (pollution) and can constrain the availability for other users during droughts (Feeley et al.,	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	177dbb4345e27f04ce92478574881c9e	While marine ecosystems are generally more spatially and temporally complex than terrestrial ecosystems, the general principles for determining where to prioritise resources for an MPA should follow the same as those for terrestrial biodiversity. This implies identifying areas with: 1) the highest biodiversity benefits: 2) the highest risk of loss; and 3) the lowest opportunity costs (see OECD, 2010). This helps to ensure that the greatest benefits can be achieved given the resources available. As noted by Watson et al. (	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	177ff68eb07027116e3290c7ff151031	The concept is purely relative, which means that under certain circumstances any good or service could become an inferior one. This means that even a luxury good or service can become inferior over time. Typically, inferior goods and services exist if in a consumer perception there are superior goods and services available.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	17871b4f09e10c8de430432560a605c2	In fact, inequalities increase the higher up the pay scale they go. The result is that, while in OECD countries women earn on average 16% less than men, female top-earners are paid 21% less than their male counterparts. The so-called “glass ceiling” exists: women are disadvantaged when it comes to decision-making responsibilities and senior management positions; by the time they get to the boardroom, there is only one of them for every 10 men. The Norwegian experience shows that quotas can be effective in improving the gender balance at board level.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	17887a8ee3c0a51f6dde1844fa3a0ce0	In the weekly team meetings, teachers discuss important topics for the forthcoming week and develop the subject matter, materials and methods to be used. It is worth noting that, in education, small is not always preferable to large. Large groups of students may sometimes be taught together in lecture mode and then broken down into smaller groups for other styles of teaching. This adds flexibility to the class schedule and allows teachers to split students into groups in any way that suits their needs, such as for parallel or differentiated instruction. It also allows them to run cross-disciplinary sessions, such as an enquiry facilitated by a science teacher and a media teacher.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	1789f6d06cb5e29a8f5941abde1bc6cc	Usually the deprivation cut-off is completion of primary education, but people in Latin America now require a level of education far beyond primary school to have a good chance of escaping income poverty (Villatoro, 2007). The cut-off used here for persons aged between 20 and 59 years is completion of lower-secondary education, while that for those of 60 years or over remains completion of primary school. However, household surveys in the region do not currently include indicators of cognitive skills for either children of school age or adults. Naturally, any comprehensive measurement of poverty requires data on other aspects.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	178c1d7b39f9f69db89616de2123d4b3	Efforts in this area have already been started by Norway, and 17 ACT teams are now in place in Norway, two of which are Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (F-ACTs) teams. Indeed, an evaluation report on the impact of the implementation of ACT teams in Norway is expected in 2014, and should provide a valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of this important service. This amounts to around 138 involuntary admitted persons per 100 000 adult inhabitants, and about 198 involuntary admissions per 100 000 adult inhabitants.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	178fc02c19a4c0799eaaf40f14e1d926	An evaluation found that reverse marketing is more likely to be used by high-performing providers (DEEWR, 2010). Jobseekers who are reverse marketed are more likely to be referred to a job and more likely to achieve a job placement, even though this type of referral has a slightly lower rate of conversion of referrals to placements. Although reverse marketing can be an effective tool, the “cold calling” of employers without a specific reverse marketing strategy or for a particular job may dilute the value of this type of intervention, and it is in principle not funded by the purchaser of employment services.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	17903fd7907aaa6d68aff05b39b9a0aa	The survey underlines the willingness of the private financial sector to receive training in energy efficiency. Results moreover underlined the importance for private financial institutions to get more insights and pre-emptive information into the evolution of regulatory issues. The creation of EEFAN would be useful in both instances.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	17957cb0092746082b3e77c2f60f5518	This challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the “costs” borne by local communities. The market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward, but the costs to communities are more complex. Typical concerns or “costs” cited by communities include changes to landscapes, nuisance (e.g. noise or shadow flicker), environmental impacts (e.g. wildlife and water quality) and the potential for reduced property values (Hubert and Horbaty, 2011). Many communities also feel excluded from the decision-making processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area (Bryden, 2010).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1795e1371d519cedee77b58605d57f72	The report cites as examples the Division of Industry and Community Network (BJIM), the Division of Research and Community Network which, while originally established mainly for industrial training placement and to enhance students4 employment opportunities, is now actively taking part in community engagement and outreach programmes (NHERI, 2010). Prior to its designation as an APEX university, student selections were done centrally and a centralised process continues for all non-APEX higher education institutions. Course placements at higher education are made to reflect the demographic profile of the country and are based on academic marks.	4	0	6	1.0
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	179a3135fd316c3318e9eb4d5a7980cb	This makes it possible to compare food insecurity levels among men and women. Table 4 provides the breakdown of adults suffering from severe food insecurity by sex and reveals different situations for each subregion. However, there are subregional differences, with a higher percentage of women in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and European CIS affected by severe food insecurity.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	179c83e097b3430277228585a610148e	In many countries, significant efforts have been made to promote girls’ and women’s educational enrolment in sciences and technology as a way to break occupational segregation. Germany’s Girls’ Day and New Paths for Boys initiatives have been successful in influencing the vocational and careers choices of boys and girls.9 Spain has enacted a specific action plan for equality between women and men in the information society (see Box 3.2). Like those in the private sector, women in the public sector are more likely to work part-time than men (although male participation in part-time employment has also increased in OECD countries (Ibid). Legislative changes (the Constitutional Act 3/2007 of 22 March for Effective Equality between Women and Men), followed by a concrete action plan (the Strategic Plan for Equal Opportunities 2008-2011), have greatly contributed to those results.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	179f488f3b790da8869a046fbe256d08	It provides the framework for a holistic assessment and can be applied to any kind of system or value chain. It means trying to address the underlying causes of an identified problem rather than just trying to alleviate its immediate symptoms. It addresses some widely held misunderstandings, in particular the misconception that there is a conflict between SCP and poverty alleviation.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	179f5e93823260060cb8ea73d49bb18f	For example, in the United States, Burtless (2009) reports that changes in the population’s age structure, living arrangements and ethnic mix contributed only a small share of the rise in inequality between 1979 and 2004: only around 15% of the overall rise in inequality was explained by demographic change with the rise in single-adult households (rather than the ageing population) being the more important contributor. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (1995) too finds household structures had little influence on the growth in household inequality in the 1980s. Across countries, differences in family structure also do little to explain cross-country differences in poverty rates or inequality (Jantti, 1997; Pasqua, 2008; Harkness, 2010).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	17a07aa6a0cf5d6425fdbb064862c9eb	The global vision connects all generation and load together to get a higher overall social welfare, with the lowest overall energy cost. Given that this will smooth daily, seasonal and annual load curves, the role for baseload technologies such as nuclear energy will be considerably enhanced (see Figure 6.5 which is for expositional purposes only; in practice, the ability of smart grids to smooth the annual load curve would be somewhat more modest). In the local decentralised setting, smart grids can enable local demand-supply balancing including nuclear power. Employing large baseload facilities at continuous output as such might be less obvious in this setting.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	17a448e4a5ce77368d19b277daae0467	A situation room at the Water Resources Operations Centre manages dams operated by K-water nationwide: the Centre forecasts rainfall in the basins of 58 dams and weirs nationwide, gathers and manages data from more than 500 hydrometric stations as well as controls and manages floods, water supply and hydropower generation of multipurpose dams, water supply dams and weirs. In addition, the Centre develops technologies of integrated water management based on ICT and exports these technologies abroad. Several cities are pilot-testing applications for domestic water users, including smart water meters that monitor water quality in real-time.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	17a7e2b5d5f0548cc19c4def20237eee	Unweighted average of EU member countries that are also members of the OECD, excluding Luxembourg. Although, there is some portability of financial support, it is unlikely to provide sufficient means to study abroad without additional private resources. For example, students studying abroad for a limited period, primarily through the ERASMUS programme, can continue to receive scholarships (merit-based, Zois, and means-tested, national scholarship) under the same conditions as the students remaining in Slovenia (for further details on the scholarships, see Box 3.4 of OECD, 2009b). If students go abroad to study in programmes that are not available in Slovenia or they can prove that studying abroad will substantially enhance their expertise and employability, they also can claim the national scholarships for the entire duration of studies.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	17a8bc4757614ce6cfcca9bd0550ba74	Asian countries are not lagging behind on the challenge; on the contrary, they are working towards developing integrated pathways of skills and employment. Together, these countries represent one of the most dynamic regions in the world, with steady growth, even during the recent financial crisis. Skills development pathways in Asia have a significant focus on developing skills infrastructure in an integrated way with physical infrastructure and therefore taking greater advantage of the synergies of capital investment and industry growth for the large infrastructure projects that the majority of these countries are undertaking. Much can be learned for the experiences in the region.	4	5	3	0.25
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	17a9d2641d4e1d14c36a6f6f66f85f36	West Texas Intermediate, WTI. As a complement to the baseline, uncertainty analysis (partial stochastic analysis) is undertaken. Stochastic analysis gives an indication of the range of possible outcomes around the baseline, given the variability observed in previous years for key agricultural and macroeconomic drivers.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/709f1e18-en	17a9f0d1e3733dac32f98dd1b6ee7ae0	Owing to success of the first phase, UNU and Shimadzu agreed to continue the project, establishing the second phase in 1999. In continuation of the previous project, the same research group in each country was kept as partner and national implementation unit. The Philippines joined the project at the beginning of the second phase. The three components were closely linked together and implemented through collaboration of the UNU network on coastal issues.	12	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	17aa980e3ba30d761ca287d3e2b8dfcd	In the process of preparing the 2014 Folkeskole reform, stakeholders acknowledged that better learning outcomes for all students should be possible without using more of society’s resources on compulsory education. The present evidence does not indicate any reduction in student achievement since the introduction of the reform, but the full impact of the changes will need to be monitored over the years to come. The impression of the OECD review team is, however, that the Danish school system has been able to implement a reform with clear and high ambitions for improved student performance without a major increase in overall spending.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	17ac08aec33021ec39346f8991b9407c	The pool may be held by the licensee, who may be a third party or an association of licensors, or an independent entity (as illustrated by the UNIT AID example in box 11, below). For instance, the holders of different pharmaceutical patents may create among themselves a pool of those patents needed for the production of a new drug, or they may license the patent pool to a generic producer, who would be able to use all the protected materials against the payment of license fees. Depending on the way they are administered and their purpose, patent pools may have pro-competitive, but also anti-competitive effects.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	17acceed578482cb45dcc22036bf765a	Renewed effort is needed from the international community to convey the message to the governments in the region that social cash transfers are a powerful tool in protecting vulnerable families and their children, and are worth investing in. Advocacy needs to be supported with strong evidence. Background paper prepared for the World Bank, mimeo. Lessons from the Past and Policies for a Sustainable Future, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, UNICEF, New York.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0cf73767-en	17ad4bc407d90cfaac7e20de61e699d5	As of 2008, the United States government still funds 57 per cent of all basic research and approximately half of all applied research conducted in the country. The business sector invested mostly in applied research and 90 per cent of all product development activities.71 The specialization of actorsaswell as complementarities involved is further demonstrated through some examples. The United States spent an estimated $54 billions on basic research, $ 66.4 billion on applied research and $187.3 billion on development in 2006. In proportional terms, these are 18.7 per cent, 21.3 per cent and 60.0 per cent respectively of total R&D spending.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289348546-10-en	17b1e1ae40d02064692d97ba2f43a0e7	"It is evident that national, regional and education institution strategies have a huge impact on the development of the above mentioned areas. First of all there is a strong awareness of the present challenges, there is also great potential on each of the seven islands and the islands are filled with resourceful people. We also know that the number of new entrepreneurs can be influenced by regional and national initiatives and that entrepreneurs are very immobile ""people""28 - this is good news when trying to find a way to retain young people on the islands. There is evidence to support that a focus on entrepreneurship in the education system has a great effect on young people's entrepreneurial competences."	4	3	5	0.25
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	17b213771f14f4289077dcb94668294c	Like in most countries of the Western Europe, the media system in Denmark has undergone many changes in the last ten years (Jauert, 2016). Almost 96 of every 100 people in Denmark are active Internet users, but traditional media maintain their position among media consumers (The World Bank 2015). There is, however, a decline in the subscription of newspapers. Today there are around 31 paid-for newspapers in Denmark and most newspapers have an online version with regular news updates throughout the day.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	17b221da87d260ac757596ace9e594e0	In the period to 2020, global coal demand experiences strong growth but then slows rapidly, with the level of global demand remaining broadly flat for much of the rest of the period, before then flirting tentatively with decline as 2035 approaches. The share of coal in the global energy mix peaks soon at 28%, and then declines gradually to 24% by 2035. Non-OECD countries account for all of the growth and China, the world’s largest consumer of coal, will be pivotal in determining the evolution of global coal markets. The flexibility of natural gas as a fuel, together with its greater environmental and energy security attributes, makes it an attractive fuel in a number of countries and sectors.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	17b2e74fb708392db74ddbd0949f302b	Second, they will need to support locally customised options, for instance building on existing regulatory frameworks with engagement from stakeholders, and combining instruments that work better together. This does not mean, however, that groundwater systems there are equivalent to others. Some experts focus on whether solutions are technological or institutional (Giordano, 2009). Others compare direct versus indirect approaches (Kemper, 2007), consider the legal status of groundwater (Llamas et al.,	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	17b30ea4d7912119b21b14f2688d4d2c	The organisation provides training mainly to improve technical and engineering skills. The degrees are awarded by the Multi-media University of Malaysia. Apart from the training provided in technical and engineering areas, the PSDC also provides language training to improve the employability of the trainees in the business sector, since on the whole graduates have a poor level of English.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	17b685b0dea58fe3f3e39f3d126add38	Still, employers and graduates are often ill-informed about what programmes the VET system is actually able to. Weaknesses in governance and fragmentation in the system adds to the challenge. These factors, combined w ith the preference for academic routes and public sector jobs, further erode the visibility of vocational education and its utilisation.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	17b9b4ba3944b8984f72bae207668d75	Additionally, they attribute success to greater co-operation between municipalities within Finland. The programme consists of a variety of waste management strategies. Overall, the programme’s emphasis and strategies focus on the 3Rs initiative (reduction, reuse and recycling) with the central goal of changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country. Changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country is a central objective.	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	17baa9a0d6ef5b7feee7edf8a9853114	Such resilience requires network diversity, redundancy and proactive investment. In an effort to understand how these considerations affect the communications networks in the region, ESCAP and ITU have partnered to create a regional map of the terrestrial fibre optic backbone. Provided to ESCAP by NDRCC, 2015. The boundaries and names shown and the design?	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/31959a6d-en	17be7530d33c8863f45e3079396e2c68	Non-contributory pensions, for instance, are as important for informal workers and most low-income workers in developing countries as they are for women. In several cases, giving women a pension of their own may be an essential contribution for household budgets, benefiting also men within the household. Non-contributory pensions provide predictable and regular transfers that, even if sometimes not sufficient to afford a living, can be vital inputs for low-income households. This is not always found in pension reform processes.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	17bf6fef51608b7042cef159f4c27c1c	Children from disadvantaged family backgrounds that are at risk of receiving less attention than others during their early childhood years can benefit particularly strongly from ECE enrolment. For this reason, ECE also improves the equality of opportunities and strengthens social mobility. A lack of funding is one of the reasons for low enrolment rates, although federal funding is available to support the current expenditures of operating childcare centres and building pre-schools has been one element of the infrastructure programme PAC2. In addition, the federal Prolnfancia programme provides financial support for the costs of building and equipping childcare centres. It has so far funded over 2000 centres and provided resources to equip several hundred more (Evans and Kosec, 2012). Federal support for ECE should be continued and expanded to reach the ambitious objective of the new National Education Plan (PNE) of achieving universal enrolment of 3 and 4-year-olds by 2016.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	17c179081934757622033114163070bd	The amount of the benefit is equivalent to the cost of a basic allocation of electricity and natural gas.62 Poor households not connected to the electricity or gas grids are not eligible for the compensation. Compensation is financed from the Republic’s budget and, although the objective is to cover 18-20 per cent of the population,63 the funds made available are inadequate to reach this level. Annual budgets are based on current beneficiaries and adjusted for changes in electricity and gas prices and for general inflation (World Bank, 2010a).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	17c67aa584d0dcaad849960158798843	These induced effects are also significant. First, input-output tables represent static models reflecting the interrelationship between economic sectors at a certain point in time. Since those interactions may change, the matrices may lead us to overestimate or underestimate the impact of network construction. For example, if the electronic equipment industry is outsourcing jobs overseas at a fast pace, the employment impact of broadband deployment will diminish over time and part of the potentially counter-cyclical investment will “leak” overseas.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5dac67ee-en	17c6ffdc8ce741e344a289264df91f63	Global water demand will increase dramatically even if agricultural production practices become more water-efficient (OECD, 2012). This increase will be driven mainly by growing demand for electricity generation and manufacturing in emerging markets such as Brazil, China and India (Figure 12.11). Groundwater depletion is projected to become a severe challenge for agriculture and urban water supplies, and though water supply should improve overall, it appears likely that more than 240 million people will not have access to drinking water by 2050 (OECD, 2012). This does not bode well for disaster risk reduction.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/24485d89-en	17c7f6399765db0048b9f8a3aaf1a560	High prison rates can, for example, result in long-term economic problems if they lead to income inequality and more concentrated poverty, particularly if prison rates are highest for vulnerable groups, such as the young, the poor, the poorly educated or minorities. However, prison rates in the region vary substantially; for example, they are 17 times higher in Georgia (544 per 100,000) than in India (31 per 100,000). However, the rates of response to this survey have been as low as 25 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, and the crime rates reported can vary substantially. For example, the rate of robbery in India is typically 60 times lower than that reported by the Russian Federation.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/caeceb38-en	17cc3f8bf67d9fe7f97f6008bb21a84d	The lack of age breakdown in these figures means that we cannot ascertain the extent to which modern media messages are being consumed and/or spread by the parents/caretakers compared to adolescents. Nor do these figures tell us whether mobile phones are significant tools through which families organise care or parents and adolescents communicate. Thus, this review attempted to reflect the diversity of family practices by including major sending and receiving countries.	5	5	0	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	17d19f62d1b46cd936b7b2355b100fcc	Moreover, as Haggblade et al. ( Following Davis et al. ( Chart 26A shows that agricultural sources of income account for significant shares (between 45 and 78 per cent) of total household income in selected LDCs (Bangladesh, Madagascar, Malawi and Nepal) for which we have detailed data, drawn from Davis et al. ( If income from agricultural labour, livestock and crop production is combined, all the LDCs in this dataset derive the majority of household income from agricultural sources (chart 26B).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	17d5202d8d29cb8f51805f5248528c3a	Most notably the booming shale oil and shale gas production has substantially increased the scope of fossil fuel resources. Shale gas and oil production require hydraulic fracturing (fracking) which consumes a lot of water and large quantities of water are needed for releasing and processing bitumen. At the global level, there is way less w'ater used for fossil fuel extraction than for power generation (IEA, 2016), but this part of the nexus can be crucial for many reasons. Therefore, the w'ater intensity will be pushed up and in the absence of water regulation it might significantly increase water w ithdrawals and consumption from the fossil fuel sector, although IEA (2016) argues that water consumption may not have to increase.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	17d6782005077904feb385b418cccc19	To strengthen assurance for quality of care ongoing focus should not only be on the numbers of professionals, but also on their professional profiles and the quality of their performance in practice. Various steps have been taken to strengthen the position of citizens/patients with focus on complaint handling. It would be advisable for Turkey to have more infonnation on performance of health-care services accessible in the public domain, and capturing the experiences of health-care users systematically could be more broadly embedded. Further work on specific registries can be anticipated. Optimising the use of administrative data is a priority; particular attention is needed to enhance data-sharing between the Ministry of Health and SSI. A coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators, addressing topics such as data-linkage, secondary use of data from Electronic Health Records and assurance of privacy and data security is advisable.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	17d6c18b433a6eff645f8069d61dc48b	In middle-income Latin American and transition economies, social insurance systems which are mature, albeit limited in coverage, ensure coverage at the top of income distribution. In other regions, coverage for the better off is achieved mostly through private expenditure and self-insurance in the form of savings. These innovative instruments need to be complemented by more traditional transfers and support for those of working age who are unable to work and for the elderly, for whom employment generation and conditions aiming at improving human capital make less sense.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	17dfcd01574444548d0e4b45b9fed1ab	While it has undergone some of the bleaching processes that separate refined from raw sugar in more technologically advanced sugar industries, it still contains a relatively high level of impurities, mainly molasses, in comparison with internationally traded raw sugar. As a result most firms in the food and beverage sectors cannot use plantation white sugar as an input. Their needs are met partly by imports of refined sugar, and partly by imports of raw sugar that are then refined domestically (Fane and Warr, 2008).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	17e116d0715e1f515db089a3d1f77901	In the electricity sector, as of early 2017, the Russian Federation’s InterRAO owned generation assets in Georgia and Moldova. Azerbaijan’s state-owned company SOCAR and Kazakhstan’s KazMunaiGas both played a significant role in the natural gas sector in Georgia. Gazprom’s subsidiaries were active in both natural gas and electricity generation in Armenia, and Gazprom was a key player in the natural gas sector of both Moldova and Belarus, in particular controlling the transit gas pipeline to the EU.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6f0d13fe-en	17e172b3778bc00e69b7aeb6f6ac81a2	The figure is somewhat lower in developed countries but is highly significant in the developing world. For countries such as South Africa, India and Brazil, public procurement constitutes 35%, 43% and 47% of GDP respectively while for high-income countries, the figure is 13% -17% (Perera 2010). In contrast with private sector procurement, public procurement is more easily regulated by government; for the private sector, compliance with sustainability norms is usually voluntarily and linked to a company’s policy on Corporate Social (and Environmental) Responsibility. It is unrealistic to expect an individual consumer set aside price considerations in favour of “loftier” principles of social justice and environmental protection when he or she may be struggling to meet basic survival needs.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	17e577078ceed3adb2ff83e0c5934ecc	Ghana and Indonesia are expected to deliver the first FLEGT-licensed timber to the EU in early 2015. In addition to VPAs, the EU is implementing FLEGT principles in China through the Bilateral Coordination Mechanism (BCM). In 2014, BCM work is focusing on the analysis of timber flows, investments by China in countries implementing VPAs, and the development of guidelines for sustainable international forestry trade and investment by Chinese enterprises (EU FLEGT Facility, 2014). Stakeholders have expressed concern about the thoroughness of the auditing provisions and suggest that additional independent monitoring may be necessary to ensure credibility (Brack and Leger, 2013). This suggestion is consistent with the European Commission's position that third-party forest certification systems alone are insufficient to provide legality in the due-diligence systems of EU importers. While some EU member states began active EUTR enforcement measures in 2013, others only began introducing these in 2014.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	17e63029a48def3adeba9c4b4548ba99	In fact, the investment volumes in ESG / SRI assets are a multiple of those in ‘pure’ green investments. For example, some estimates see SRI assets as high as EUR 7 trillion (two-thirds in Europe),30 but this would include screening of stocks on ‘relative’ rather than absolute ‘green’ definitions, and therefore drawing the definition very wide. When ‘green investing' comes through the door of SRI or ESG, it may not be particularly focused on green or climate change investments as SRI/ESG is most popular as an ‘overlay’ process to standard investment policies without targeting particular green assets.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	17e6a16c2a21e4c63462c942feb3929d	This raises some issues in Korea as injuries are not systematically reported, since injury crashes are often settled between the participants. The response was that underreporting should be addressed by the linking of data sources, in particular by linking police data and health data. Getting access to health data is necessary to better estimate the number of casualties and better understand the impact of crashes on the severity of injuries.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	17e6df18f09eb161f4c6993182dacd4d	There are 12 institutions in the Netherlands that offer heroin and/or methadone treatment for long-term addicts. A quarter of opium addicts live in social isolation and has multiple interrelated psychological issues (Loth, 2009). These sustained substance-dependent patients remain a vulnerable group.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	17e9d1d6dc123369717fbe40ff5a31f9	A recent Danish study made an initial estimate of the levels of climate finance they mobilised through both bilateral and multilateral public climate finance channels (Mostert et al., However, due to the pilot and preliminary nature of these studies, the results have not been used by countries in the context of the biennial reports to the UNFCCC - with the exception of France. More generally, only four countries (Canada, Finland, and Japan in addition to France) have included quantified estimates of total private climate finance mobilised in their second biennial reports (BR2), and a fifth (Sweden) has included some quantified examples. With the aim of ensuring synergies and a convergence of approaches with the climate finance community, this work is being conducted in close collaboration with the Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	17ec248ba71c7f55cef217a736fcf49c	"For example, Ferreira and Gignoux (2014, p. 232), in a study of inequality of educational opportunity using PISA data, argue that: ""Because 15 year-olds may conceivably affect the choice of school they attend, the class they are assigned to, and thus the teachers they interact with, all school characteristic variables, for example, are included in [effort]."" This is a bold leap to make, even when considering children of this age. The extent to which (a) children realistically have choices about this matter, and (b) are empowered to make these types of decisions independently of parents and other adults will vary according to context. Additionally, our analysis includes children from 8 years of age upwards, and the above argument is even less likely to apply to younger age groups."	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	17ed2e406618ae609b78380156717ad8	Cogeneration, which enables up to 85 per cent of the energy input to be converted into useful energy (much more than combined cycle power generation, the efficiency of which is close to 50 per cent), is still much below its potential, because the legal framework hindered self-generation (i.e. typically by the users themselves, such as solar panels in households) and the rates applied to large consumers of high voltage that were often subsidized. One third was used for domestic and rural activities in a fairly sustainable way, while the remainder was used for industrial purposes. While the overall chain of transformations and uses of wood in Brazil is poorly understood, it is clear that the overall efficiency of biomass is very low.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	17f39b04174e74c9c385815eed2113ea	Patient annual OOP spending is capped to SEK 2 200 (USD 250). Co-payment is increased to 20% for off-patent drugs with cheaper (generic) alternatives. Scotland: no co-payment. The standard benefit in 2014 has a USD 310 deductible and 25% coinsurance up to an initial coverage limit of $2,850 in total drug costs, followed by a coverage gap.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	17f57ffbdf7701f9e785b99e45723bf1	Farmers were able to borrow at 12% per annum, half the commercial rates of around 20-24%. The maximum amount of credit available was around IDR 300 000 (USD 200) per ha of rice field, with eligibility based only on the financial feasibility of farms. A multitude of other credit programmes were introduced to stimulate the development of the palm oil industry, with programmes for both private developers and smallholders (Thomas and Orden, 2004). As a result of various banking reforms carried out during the mid-1980s through to the early 1990s, the 200 odd rural credit programmes were pared back to four (World Bank, 1999).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	17f7fbff3c9b356ba9eb66f9df58c8a2	Vessels from third countries are subjected to the same rules as Norwegian vessels. All foreign vessels longer than 24 metres are obliged to carry satellite tracking devices on board. The right to buy a fishing vessel can only be given to a Norwegian citizen or a body that can be defined as a Norwegian citizen.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	17fa577859b83338b7ab7f0eddac7b7e	On the other hand, the condition of coral reef habitats has deteriorated and the size of coastal ecosystems has decreased. The number of threatened mammal species is relatively high compared to that in other OECD countries, while the status of other species is more favourable. The NBS recognises that economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives are not incompatible. This represents an important shift from the traditional conservation approach followed in Israel and many other countries for a number of years.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	17fb7de718547246d633aa88c92f60f3	Typically, the types of jobs women gain during such crises are insecure and of low quality (Kabeer 2012). Another 19.1 percent neither agree nor disagree. Targeted spending to reduce bottlenecks—on physical infrastructure, roads, and communications, but also social infrastructure, such as spending on public health—can reduce production costs and therefore inflation. This is important for achieving the goal of full employment since, in many countries, central banks respond to inflationary pressures by raising policy interest rates, thereby reducing business investment and aggregate demand.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	17ff75182aa444cf3560d089e7a55ee6	Types of services include - among others - physician services, durable medical equipment, laboratory' tests, and outpatient hospital services. Each expenditure category is projected on the basis of recent past trends in growth per enrolee, along with applicable legislated limits on payment updates. To project future SMI part D21 costs, historical per capita spending for beneficiaries in private prescription dmg plans, low'-income beneficiaries, and beneficiaries in employer-sponsored retiree health plans is used as a projection base.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	180037b0fd7bf6af65de85775d439c89	The National Food Security Act specifies that 54.93 Mt of food grains will be distributed through the Public Distribution System (PDS) to all 35 Indian states per year. Additional allocations will have to be made by the government under other welfare schemes (8 Mt), buffer stocks (5 Mt) and the open market sale scheme (5 Mt). The total procurement will be approximately 70 Mt, which is 7 Mt higher than the amount procured during 2011-12 (Chand and Birthal, 2011). The central government will also be responsible for allocating food grains from the central pool to the different states, providing transportation and storage facilities. The state governments, on the other hand, will be implementing and monitoring the Food Security Act. India's National Food Security Act, 2013 (cont.)	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6d59148f-en	1804022d1bdafa3d1d82dc8c5c0006dd	Annex III will apply, mutalis mutandis, to the establishment of this total allowable catch or total allowable fishing effort by the Commission. To give effect to this paragraph, such measures may be adopted, in accordance with the principles of compatibility outlined in Article 4, by the Commission for the high seas and the coastal State Contracting Party or Parties concerned for the areas under national jurisdiction; and by the Commission, with the consent of the coastal State Contracting Party' or Parties concerned, for measures that will apply throughout the range of the fishery resource. The measures shall become binding on the members of the Commission in accordance with Article 17 paragraph 1. Such measures shall not be open to the objection procedure in Article 17 paragraph 2 but may be the subject of dispute settlement procedures under this Convention.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	1809d9716dc60f54ea171f71ea26696d	There is only a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between MCDCB and LGUs, but not regulatory relationship. Because LGUs cannot afford a planning department staffed by professional planners, and therefore cannot fulfil the obligations to complete a CLUP, the impact of the support of MCDCB to prepare CLUPs has been limited so far. Also, the MCDCB has undertaken a strong branding and outreach programme, with brochures, videos and other tools.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	180c3704fff2049aad968fce097b3062	She told her boyfriend that he really ought to leave her, but he refused, standing by her side through gruelling rounds of chemotherapy and radiation. At one point, she had been asked if she wanted to preserve her eggs, but the subject came up in front of her father and felt too uncomfortable for discussion. The stick turning positive was the best thing that ever happened in my life,” she confides.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/dd581311-en	180d64647c0b24d29bf2cdd553d984c7	It is usually calculated for the population aged 6 to 14 years, but given the high rates of school attendance in most countries in the region, the age bracket has been expanded on this occasion to 6 to 17 years. As regards data problems, in some countries, the population under 7 years of age is excluded and also in some surveys, enrolment is used as the criterion instead of actual attendance. In line with the usual practice in the research used in the multidimensional approach (see boxes 1.3 and 1.5), the same weighting is assigned for the dimensions used in this exercise, since no agreement was reached on whether to assign them more or less importance.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	180eb52935d6a62d1b43fdf21e048ba0	On the side of local liberty, the Girondins’ Constitution of 1793 demanded universal suffrage at the local level and total decentralisation—but it was never implemented. It was the Jacobins who eventually gained dominance and established a centralised republican State with a long reach. With the decree of December 4, 1793 departements lost powers that had been briefly granted to them only a few years earlier (but were never implemented). Under Napoleon this centralisation continued; the departemental structure of 1790 was retained and the powerful position of prefet in departements ensured State control over local matters (Schmidt, 2007: 23).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	18103c1947f74722a4af1115f53360d0	Thus the benefit was universal (every older adult was eligible) but cohort-restricted (only Bolivian citizens born before 1975 were entitled). It was first paid in May 1997, only one month before the general presidential election. Shortly after, the scheme was replaced by the less generous Bolivida, but it was reinstituted a few years later in 2002. In 1997, 364,261 benefits were paid for a yearly value of about US$248.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1811586351f13cc3f10795385ed0ba20	Plant-level costs are, of course, those costs that come most naturally to mind when thinking about the costs of electricity provision. The “bricks, mortar and steel” to build the plant, the fuel and the manpower to run it are easily comprehensible cost items. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) publish a survey of the plant-level costs in OECD countries every five years in the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (see IEA/NEA, 2010 and IEA/NEA, 2015; IEA/NEA, 2020 is currently in preparation). While concrete work reveals also a number of difficulties in assessing plant-level costs, e.g. which discount rate to use to reflect the cost of capital, at least the basic concepts are well understood. Plant-level costs of production are financial and economic realities that are straightforwardly monetised and integrated into the decision-making processes of private and public actors. In an interconnected electricity system, each plant interacts with all other plants, on both physical and economic levels.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	1811a9e1d0b27c7627e5eb45150b0cc6	Developing countries, including CDDCs, will need to find ways to effectively and efficiently align mitigation and adaptation actions specified in their NDCs with their ongoing development programmes towards achievement of the SDGs, as well as their strategies to diversify, industrialize and modernize their economies. This chapter looks at strategies and technologies that could help CDDCs address these challenges, and at enabling conditions for their successful implementation. A range of new technologies, practices and strategies can help improve the resilience of commodity sectors to the impacts of climate change and strengthen their contribution to sustainable development, as discussed below.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	1811feaaf20fcac962cf0e066168c369	He found that moderate drinking decreases the likelihood of emergency visits and hospitalizations (women, not men). Specific health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, different types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases are usually considered as being (partly) caused by past eating and physical activity habits. Likewise, obesity is caused by inappropriate dietary habits in combination with insufficient physical activity.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	1813fe7e45f6746ec5e806b438fb2c5d	As required by the law, Austria has completed a flood assessment of all watercourses and zoning of areas with significant flood risk. Risk and hazard maps are expected to be available by the end of 2013, and Austria plans to develop transboundary flood risk management plans by the end of 2015. The government estimates that every euro invested prevented damage of almost double its value.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	181b38fc4dba4e1cf3677b6bd3e873d5	This Programme is ambitious and requires the development of thematic programmes and operational action plans at several administrative levels (national to local). Thus, its implementation is based on strong collaboration and coordination. It has a strong focus on improving water, sanitation and living conditions for all. It also focus on the consequences of climate change on water resources in order to ensure water availability and comfortable living conditions in the future.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	181c379330b2350dd2f4ce34d4432d9d	The 2014 Folkeskole reform provided DKK 12 million for the national parents’ association to raise the competencies and professionalism of the school boards. In addition, the municipal education offices provide their school leaders with various degrees of help with the more technical aspects of school budgeting such as accounting and bookkeeping, allowing school leaders to focus more on strategic and pedagogical organisation of the school. The municipalities also play an important role in the delivery of services and can help their schools achieve scale economies, for example by buying materials and services for several schools at the same time.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	181e69ca74f03deae8ab025091fc11a1	More children are going to school, people are living longer, incomes are higher and people have greater potential to shape their societies and their future under democratic forms of government. But the gains have not been universal, and not all lives have been lifted. This reality was the impetus for the intergovernmental agreement on the 2030 Agenda, which aims to leave no one behind. Millions of people are indeed unable to reach their full potential in life because they suffer deprivations in multiple dimensions of human development—lacking income and secure livelihoods, experiencing hunger and malnutrition, having no or limited access to social services, fearing violence and discrimination and being marginalized from the political processes that shape their lives.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	1824ab2e401113016368f656a8edf963	Service providers are likely to still Page | 32 require subsidies even after LpT reaches its universalisation target. This is because costs for operation and management, capital and replacement have to be incorporated into the calculations by the service providers (Instituto Acende Brasil, 2007a). Where low consumption levels remain, concessionaires are expected to face serious problems, especially if they are already in financial difficulties.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	18264ee0c4bdeea32ffbe30516ee6f2a	"One of the first tasks of the Commission on the Status of Women was to write the 1952 Convention on the Political Rights of Women.24 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women builds on previous conventions and its article 7 concerns women's access to decision-making in political and public life. Article 7 guarantees the right of women to vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, the right to participate in the formulation of government policy and its implementation, to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government, and the right to participate in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or associations concerned with the public and political life of the country. Article 8 requires State parties to ""take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations."""	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	18284773777fb393aca31fceef36c498	There is limited evidence of positive incentives to encourage faculty members to engage in regional development and the integration of research, service and teaching. University affiliation can have advantages by extending programmes to a region while maintaining quality controls through the university’s faculty. But affiliation can also result in diminished responsiveness to regional needs, especially when university faculties, already facing several budget constraints, resist diverting resources from the main campus to branches. The CHE process for review and approval of new academic programmes applies primarily national criteria to: i) ensure compliance with national quality standards, ii) encourage colleges to develop distinctive academic programmes that will attract students nationwide, iii) develop nationally recognised centres of excellence (e.g. in educating students with special needs) and iv) avoid unnecessary programme duplication.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	18295f0c81b44faa0b53afc9ec0d6c7e	Research analysing the material well-being and monetary poverty simultaneously has found strong, but far from complete, correlation between the two (e.g., Perry, 2002; Roelen and Notten, 2011; Roelen et al, 2011; Bradshaw et al., The identification of the monetary poor individuals and those who are deprived of the basic goods and services necessary for their survival and development can lead to better understanding of the situation people are faced with, and therefore to better targeted and more effective policy responses. Similarly, it has been recognised that it is necessary to make a distinction between household poverty and child poverty, acknowledging that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that people's needs differ depending on their age.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	182af77d56d1f2e88f900fdeddb823fa	Often, agriculture advisors are engaged in a number of tasks outside their primary technical specialisation. They tend to have limited knowledge, notably in farm management, marketing and business planning; their average age is high; and they have limited IT skills. In Serbia, international donors have developed a small private extension network.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	182bb5f2ce3d2a3bf1b0feb384349a7f	Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and co-operation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes. They studied the relationship between child outcomes and staff qualifications and found no, or contradictory, associations between the two.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	182c88ff838bf1fe0a93b6d4374f36e6	Unlike in many other countries the gross quantity of available water appears to be ample1 and water-saving is not an overriding priority for most users and use sectors, though shortages recur in some Eastern regions of the country. There is also a sizeable non-consumptive abstraction of water for hydropower at a number of plants on the Kura River and its tributaries, and for cooling in the thermal power station at Gardabani. Although largely non-consumptive, these operations in the power sector do have an impact on river flow, hydro morphology and the transport of sediments, which affect w'ater use elsewhere. Irrigation demand has also fallen due to the collapse of some large-scale operations; the total area of irrigated land fell from 370 000 ha in 1990 to 167 000 in 2003, and has fallen further since then.	6	0	9	1.0
10.6027/542d9ef4-en	182fc84b8270d10a57eb6e5be58eaf83	Wind power is therefore not included in the future energy system on Jan Mayen. The cheapest way to use the surplus electricity when present is to produce and store heat. Batteries will still be necessary (also because of the balancing need), but they are much more expensive compared with simple heat storage. Both the batteries and the heat storages will be used daily.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	1830f4daac89cfe467edb3e27b29ad6a	Scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) (Chen and others, 2015),10 for example, countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in Africa and South and South-East Asia, where the capacity to prevent (or even cope with) most negative impacts is poor (figure 1.1). While some high-income countries (Italy, Japan and the United States of America) exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards, they possess greater capacity (resources) to manage those risks.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eag-2014-52-en	18312f94b66f3678bab402ff827abae5	However, 29 years’ service is needed to reach the highest pay steps in France, as opposed to an average of 24 years for the OECD countries. The average salary in France is still significantly below average for the OECD countries in respect of preprimary and primary education (by respectively 7% and 14%). However, the average actual pay is virtually equal to the OECD average for French teachers employed in lower or upper secondary education (where average pay is below the OECD average at 3% and 2%respectively ). It should be noted, however, that actual pay for France includes that of college and lyc£e teachers holding the country's highest teaching degree (I’agregation) at the end of their careers (with the highest salaries), whereas for these levels of education, statutory salaries include only the amounts corresponding to certified teachers with 15 years' service (see Table D3.4).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1f11729d-en	18316ad4f02e6281f3c84712ee3e8a92	This illustrates that children living in large families are overrepresented at the bottom end of the income distribution. The only exception is Germany where more children are living in large families overall than in the bottom 10th percentile, 18.2% as compared to 23.2 %. In Luxembourg 71% of children live in a migrant household. In Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Ireland and Switzerland 1 in 3 children cohabit with at least one adult migrant member.	1	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810d0472-69c0aa91-en	18317ac5823e274b711876a988c4eda2	In 2008, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) embarked on a nationwide roll-out of fibre optic as a backbone infrastructure for broadband. This optic fibre connected different parts of the country and provided high-capacity cross-border links with onward connectivity to submarine cables. The network is currently over 90% population coverage.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	1831ba8cbbafa46cef027b34294b7e94	In this regard, enhancing capacities to assist policymakers in integrating gender concerns into national infrastructure planning and budgetary processes, in order to advance women's empowerment and enhance their access to infrastructure services, may be required. Importantly, greater focus on investment in improving the efficiency of policies, and rules and regulations is critical for infrastructure development in CSN in the region. Connecting people through infrastructure projects has laige spillover effects.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	183a8d45e3b6f3e080d987c70ab821ef	At the end of the disqualification, a driver must not drive until they have obtained an alcohol interlock licence. A driver may then only drive vehicles fitted with an approved alcohol interlock. An alcohol interlock is a device fitted to a vehicle that requires a driver to provide an alcohol free breath sample before the vehicle will start.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	183ca3c49a85068ec20d0687fa38b45a	Basic version of the component-based models typically use health expenditure estimates broken down into major spending categories and age classes. All of these data requirements are generally recorded in databases in OECD countries and often cover a relatively long time span. Similarly, demographic projections are often regularly produced and updated. However, the development of more sophisticated versions of the component-based models could require additional information, such as health spending broken dowm by gender and disease categories, by descendent and survivor status or by end-of-life costs.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	1845c75f84b4c2c89ed4f132fb369036	It was developed in the late 1960s in medical education to facilitate learning basic science concepts in the context of clinical cases (Box 2). It is today used in most medical schools in the United States and in many other countries around the world (Wood, 2008). Moreover, PBL has been successfully adapted across various disciplines in higher education, including natural sciences, social sciences, or humanities. Schools of architecture, business, law, engineering, forestry, police science, social work, education and many other professional fields have picked up PBL (Ball and Pelco, 2006; Camp, 1996).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	184ac01fb7b8fcb315326e62f860d50b	Examples of those indirect benefits are the reduced costs of other productive inputs (such as agricultural commodities) and transport services faced by industrial producers. Another example is the reduced costs of consumer products (whether agricultural or industrial) bought by households. The value of better information, improved planning, or more effective processes for negotiating and enforcing water policies is generally difficult to quantify. Most of the springs and flows were captured for water supply for drainage and agriculture.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	184b6801b7882e5d63d5ce864ebe4c13	Additionally, this measure assumes that formal schooling is the primaiy (sole) source of education and, again, that variations in the quality of nonschool factors have a negligible effect on education outcomes. This neglect of cross-country differences in the quality of education is probably the major drawback of such a quantitative measure of schooling’ (Hanushek and Woessmann 2007: 21). Widespread adoption of more efficient work organisation methods, such as lean production across both manufacturing and service industries, is also argued to demand the workforce acquire a broader range of skills. One effect of the widespread adoption of such a broad and, some suggest, amorphous concept as generic skills is that it presents potentially insurmountable difficulties for educational institutions charged with teaching these skills to a workforce.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	18507eb68b59fdbcdb1fe4a32d57248d	The authors recognised that the survey did not necessarily reflect the latest activity in this area due to time lags between policy development and reporting to the UNFCCC. In addition to that, national adaptation planning is likely to have progressed markedly (at least in the most active countries) over the six years since the paper’s publication. These have primarily focused on European countries but some have also included non-European OECD countries - for example, Australia and the United States (Bauer, Feichtinger and Steurer; 2011; Preston, Westaway and Yuen, 2011). The review identified several typical strengths and weaknesses in adaptation strategies - the strengths include targeted research and good planning for implementation, review and funding, while weaknesses included a lack of co-ordination between sectors and unclear allocations of responsibilities between different administrative levels. Preston, Westaway and Yuen (2011) further highlight the institutional and capacity challenges to implementation. Bauer, Feichtinger and Steurer (2011) focus particularly on co-ordination and integration in ten OECD countries, both horizontally across policy sectors and vertically across jurisdictional levels.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/02e538fc-en	1852464e47fbecc03e641b635081f470	As Box 3 shows from the Asian Development Bank’s experience, women’s representation in programme decision making can ensure that their needs are adequately addressed in infrastructure investments while at the same time promoting their voice and participation in the community. Pre-programme assessments and diagnostics should include issues related to unpaid care work, such as childcare or domestic tasks, to identifying entry points to address unpaid care work. It could also allow for the measurement of impact on unpaid care work and contribute to strengthening the knowledge base on what works to inform future infrastructure investments. Very few policies and programmes currently aim to do this, although innovative approaches are proving that it is possible.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	18533c449e199b39939a41f6128eb686	Effort should be made to support the sharing of expertise and practices at the local level. In this regard, it will be important to establish strong public health institutions with national influence to develop strategic policy objectives and assess policy options. This need for strong public health institutions is heightened in Switzerland where cantons are of varying sizes and hence have varying capacities for policy development. Health information systems are currently limited and information on key indicators is too often left to the initiative of willing parties or health service providers.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	1854b36e532161e6c397bf5b8f65c001	Second, ECEC contributes to reducing social inequality, reducing child poverty, and promoting inter-generational mobility as children from disadvantaged families receive much less cognitive and emotional stimulation. Third, the provision of affordable, quality childcare services has allowed most OECD countries to maintain or increase female labour participation (OECD, 2006). In contrast, the PISA survey of school principals, which are at the high school level in Japan, reported a high level of school autonomy with regards to instructional policies.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	18571c430d8965f89fd6896f9279ea27	They involve several public entities such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Algeria, the Supreme Council of Energy in Egypt and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jordan, etc. ( An initial assessment of the current power generation capacity in the region, focusing on the contribution of renewable sources to electricity generation. The strategy also lists the several international and regional initiatives that were launched to help develop renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	185879a766458739e76bacbb1b86921f	The goal of the exercise is not to derive meaningful absolute values of stress and policy coverage, but rather to enable a comparison of the relative importance of the types of constraints and approaches used among regions. The computed indicators used for analysis are shown in Tables 4.A2.1 and 4.A2.2, with the correlation in Table 4.A2.3. Figures 4.A2.1 and 4.A2.2 provide an overview of the results with regions grouped by continent.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	185925132ebc57ec6f8639da8d5a3eb5	Although governments are committing increasing amounts to the financing of EE projects, the EE investment gap is still tremendous. They also act as first party financier in cases where managers have difficulties finding capital for a project. For instance the EBRO data encompasses leveraged private money in addition of the money invested by the EBRD alone. The World Bank by contrast does not take into account leveraged money of private investors; however it tends to consider renewable and EE investments together. Although the public sector cannot be expected to face the challenge alone, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) estimates that 86% of the needed investments should come from the private sector. The current commitment level of public financial institutions still falls short of triggering adequate private-sector financing.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	185c1b18ce0879f46cdf23c516faf650	For example a number of regions still reimburse providers on the basis of a fee-per-outpatient (polyclinic) visit or pay by bed day in the hospital sector, thereby encouraging over-use of the system and reducing incentives to enhance prevention (Figures 1.8 and 1.9). Private insurers will act as purchasers of health care services for their insurees and competition among providers will be largely based on quality. Money will follow the patient and payment of providers will be fixed nationally, leaving the regional funds the possibility of providing supplements.28 Under the new arrangements, consumers will have free choice of insurer, doctor or care institution (e.g. polyclinic or hospital). Nonetheless, Tompson (2007) and Smith (2008) argue that introducing and sustaining competition in health care markets is a particularly daunting task and existing experiments in OECD countries do not appear conclusive.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	185c97c8e2fafe35346893ac9ac1ce65	Revised version of September 2009. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/— ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_105023.pdf ILO, 2009: Lists of indicators of trafficking in human beings. List of the indicators of trafficking validated through the Delphi methodology at the European Union level. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lnformationresources/Factsheetsandbroch ures/WCMS_105884/lang--en/index.htm ILO, 2009: Explanations for indicators of trafficking for labour exploitation.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	185f98f5866043bfee04f7e0fdc9df14	For example, the typical compounded efficiency of the energy chain from crude oil at the well to useful transport services is about 2 per cent only (assuming single occupancy of a passenger car with five seats). While in this case, the efficiency of transforming primary to final energy is as high as 93 per cent (including transport, refining and distribution), the efficiency of transforming final to useful energy efficiency is only about 10 per cent (that is, the result of 20 per cent engine efficiency and 50 per cent efficiency of drivetrain and car). Full occupancy of the car would increase the compounded efficiency from 2 to 10 per cent.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	1860284a44ce5827e04376f8249b39a8	Brazil is no exception, and the process of reforming water institutions cannot be isolated from the broader institutional change that the country has gone through over the last three decades, especially in terms of the new relationship between civil society and public authorities following the country’s return to democracy. This discredit triggered calls from citizens for more direct participation, which has influenced public policies since then. At the time, greater emphasis on bottom-up approaches and citizens’ engagement contrasted with the more important role of representative democracy as well as higher trust in public authorities that prevailed in more stabilised democracies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	1861de12a99a42db1a0744945ad91d98	A Core Curriculum for Pre-School Education (2000) was established from 2001 and renewed in 2010 with National Curriculum Guidelines on ECEC (2003, renewed in 2005) for the design of local curricula. In addition, legislation on early childhood education and development of uniform pre-primary education instruction are in progress to ensure that all children have equal prerequisites. Working groups of education officials, researchers and teachers are focusing on structure and national objectives (set in June 2012), conceptions of learning, support for learning and the different subjects. The renewal aims to build on strengths, supporting student growth and focusing on the core educational content and local pedagogical development.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	186902a922f6a775dfe0d0dbff90d771	The projected full-time equivalent labour force is very slightly smaller under the family working-time scenario than under the baseline. But even by 2025 - when average usual hours among eligible employees are assumed to reach 32 hours per week - the difference in the size of the labour force is only about 37 000 full-time equivalent workers, a fall of only around 0.1%. A survey of German companies found that the share of those that support or plan to support parents through child care rose from 25% to 50% from 2007 to 2012. International Social Security Review, Vol. Leitbilder zur Eltemschaft in Deutschland”, Bundesinstitut fur BevOlkerungsforschung, Wiesbaden.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264267886-en	186afa1495b930dfabe686d4e166feb3	The authorities' plans to increase spending in railway and urban public transport over 2014-20 are welcome. But past concentration of investments in the road sector has left less developed regions without access to fast trains (with speeds above 120 km/h), hampering inclusiveness. Electricity generation capacity may be constrained in the medium term and remains dominated by fossil fuels, although the share of renewables has increased. Fostering telecommunication and information technology infrastructure would also help to develop a more sustainable and inclusive growth model.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	186b8796915377cceddda37a2c67a303	Consistent with a pattern found, on average, across the OECD, the mathematics and science scores of the highest-performing boys (the top decile) exceed that of girls. Policy makers across OECD member countries have employed a range of instruments to improve student achievement - including smaller class sizes, increased school autonomy, changes to teacher training and recruitment, or stringent accountability requirements for teachers, school leaders, or school founders (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016). Given the current state of primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania -marked by small classes, wide school autonomy, and the reluctance on the part of educators and families to introduce assessment-based accountability arrangements - the most promising policy options for improvement in learning appear to be the amount and quality of instruction time.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	186f87ecc475e8ed3ed580c8e3c07d61	Few sociological and qualitative studies, however, have shed light on the relevance of gender norms in driving migration decisions. Diner (1983) is one of the first attempts to include discriminatory social norms into the possible explanations of women's international migration. Studying the Irish diaspora to the United States in the late nineteenth century, she finds that most of the migrants were women in search for better opportunities. Since the famine of those years made impossible for families to give dowry to each daughter, marriage was only possible for one daughter.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	18710088106fa25ef02c1b47aeacff8a	The experience of the Canary Islands also suggests that regulated third party access to transport infrastructures, with regulated tolls, may also facilitate trades at the local level. At present, regulated third party access is only ensured for publicly-owned infrastructure. The binding nature of the restrictions came to the fore during the last drought period, 2005-06, when the government brokered the transfer of water rights across river basins, but had to issue specific enabling legislation in order to do so.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	1871b23c8717572b5c4b9569591f5144	Therefore the extension of the BTNM to data is still in process. At this critical point, governments have seen the mobile industry as a source of easy revenue to exploit. They have yet to appreciate the urgency of announcing roadmaps for releasing adequate quantities of spectrum at predictable times to support data communication.	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	18722aa3ee154dadf3b3a4854841507f	These areas can be turned into poles of clean and sustainable growth, linking cost savings with employment creation, income-generation and investment opportunities. In so doing, in addition to relaunching growth (that was brought to a halt by the economic crisis), these areas can address key issues involved in the energy, climate, food and water crises, and make substantial contributions towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Flowever, the significance and difficulty of the choices that policymakers face cannot be exaggerated.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	18729850648f3b75e3966f4d1a46ebca	The rest of the table presents a matrix showing the relative distributional positions of non-standard workers within the household context. The columns refer to quintiles of individual earnings (among workers), and the rows correspond to quintiles of household equivalised income (for the whole working-age population). More than one-third of non-standard workers who were in the bottom quintile of individual earnings remained in the bottom quintile when household equivalised income was considered; another 24% moved to the following quintile, 20% to the middle, and the remaining 22% advanced to the top two quintiles.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9efca30c-en	1875714fe9673b5ac0a95892c48cca60	Correspondingly, a cultural emphasis, often couched in religions terms, on girls remaining virgins before marriage may result in parents feeling compelled to arrange the marriage of their daughters at an early age in order to prevent premarital sexual relations.63 Parents’ expectations generally play a huge role in dictating when and w'hom daughters marry, and at times girls are certainly married off by their parents expressly against the girls’ own wishes.64 However, the question of who dte primary decision maker is in the context of child marriage is complicated. In some cases girls themselves also articulate a preference to marry; this is not surprising given that social norms and expectations are generally internalized. Early Marriage Child Spouses, p. 6. Some reasons given for this decision include curiosity, as well as fears that they will grow old and never marry.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	18762ec9cd305902083e2c60a33d2b87	Nevertheless, these households are also affected by higher energy tariffs as they will have to pay higher prices for alternative energy sources, such as gas bottles, kerosene and possibly even firewood. Many reports have been produced recently on the impact of the food and fuel price crisis and the subsequent global economic crisis on poverty and child well-being. However, so far there is little evidence on the impact of the recent crises on child well-being and vulnerability.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	187a5838076335d6ecfb1910c8d606c6	In this context, quality education and skills formation that equip individuals with labour market-relevant skills are more important than ever. This report finds that the progress different countries have made in providing educational and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals has varied widely. Only a few countries have been successful in providing lifelong learning opportunities. Most have offered sporadic interventions at certain stages of life, rather than continued support over the course of an individual’s lifespan.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281318-15-en	187a64990f632b819c3d1ad049869226	By contrast, it has increased slightly in recent years in France, the Czech Republic and Ireland, and to a greater extent in Brazil, Portugal and Turkey. Increases of 5 percentage points or more were recorded in Chile, Colombia, Hungary and Latvia. Full-time employees are defined as those individuals with usual weekly working hours equal to or greater than 30 hours per week.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	187d0c765c98e6ed810ce3abc72d21e2	India’s 11th Five-Year Plan (2009-13) included strict adherence to GRB, and gender budgeting has been used as a rights-based programming approach at the state level in Kerala, producing practical results such as a Gender-Friendly Infrastructure Scheme, an Income Security Scheme and a Food Security Scheme (Mishra, 2011). Since 1999, a minimum of 5% of the national and local government budgets of the Philippines is to be allocated to activities supporting gender equality, although compliance remains low (OECD, 2010). Participation in gender budget initiatives enabled women’s organisations in Brazil to play an active role in the launch of the Brazilian Budget Forum in 2002. Gender equality was a major component of the Forum, the goals of which were to exert social control over public expenditures, to raise public awareness of budgetary processes, and to increase transparency and accountability (Sharp and Elson, 2008).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	187f0249ed09202c49583821ec9db610	However, a central concern is that much of the plan has yet to be implemented, and that while on paper women appear to be equal to men, in practice inequality remains. Women need training to be able to perform well in the positions they occupy and to make a difference. Women are also still discriminated against - for example, while women are present within the military and serve alongside men, they face abuse and ill treatment (Kagumire 2010). Furthermore, despite their presence in the formal institutions of governance, much like in Rwanda they remain underrepresented in formal peace negotiations (Binder et al.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	18818088c08a67e548fe1dbb94f54077	Although Co-operative Banks - formerly known as Peoples' Credit Funds - and other private financial institutions have been established, so far they have not achieved significant importance in rural finance. Such concentration may explain the limited access to formal banking services in rural areas and high interest rates. The lack of sufficient collateral also limits access to credit by small-scale farmers. As a result, half of rural households were still unable to access banking services in 2010 and the informal sector remains an important source of rural credit.	2	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9947c813-en	18818b4d9bf7c81c1804986d4e9146e6	While women and men alike are victims and perpetuators of violence, evidence from IFES’ research suggest that women are four times more likely to be victims of violence in comparison to their male counterparts (Ibid). Varying forms of violence against women during the electoral cycle are reported in the COG reports, but with the only clear incident of political violence recorded being that of Nigeria in the 2015 elections. During the 2015 general election in Nigeria, women (and men alike) in the north-eastern states of Nigeria faced increased security concerns because of the terror threat posed by Boko Haram.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	188249a04fe21c8e15d986c99d71bae5	However, when adaptation options are combined, the gains for farmers are significant. For example, the authors found that changing crops, when combined with water conservation strategies, delivers the largest gains of any of the adaptation options. The study concludes that, while adaptation to climate change based upon a portfolio of strategies is superior to single-option strategies, finding the right combination of interventions requires experimentation with different options to iterate the optimal course of action. The study also sheds light on the need to remove the structural barriers encountered by some groups when they attempted to access the full range of strategies, either because of poor socioeconomic status or weak access to financial resources, or owing to an absence of knowledge attributable to low levels of education or lack of information.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-8-en	1886daeacedef2d8bfa064367c7164cf	Section 5 gives consideration of care for other adults in the household and finds that in most countries partnered men are less likely to be involved in care than partnered women. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under tire terms of international law. Yet, as the previous chapter shows, men do a lot more paid work than women on average. This chapter draws on time use data to demonstrate that, when it comes to unpaid work, w'omen - particularly mothers - do considerably more time than men and fathers.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	188716690804a29d79070974c2703f90	A possible solution to this problem is the application of a 'No Special Fee'. Such a fee includes in the port fee the cost of delivering waste, irrespective of the quantities discharged. The no special fee system effectively prevents cost from becoming a disincentive for using port reception facilities; similarly, the simplicity of the system results in a reduction in administration costs for port authorities.	14	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	18871de728ad3e9305e9f70b2f879c4e	The roundwood harvesting in Finland fluctuated a lot due to the changes in international forest-product market situation over past few decades (Statistics Finland 2012). This is because the mineral soils have been a sink, but the organic soils have been a source due to drainage of peatland. Organic soils have released more CO2 than what mineral soils removed in most years between 1990 and 2010. It is projected that forest soils will become, and the forest biomass will remain a sink with increasing rates of removal for 2013-2020.	15	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	18886cbd294e16c930d5598b48735f9a	It is foreseen that 70% of the total mitigation efforts proposed in the INDC can be achieved in the forestry sector, with special focus on REDD+ activities (Government of Peru, 2015b). Although many of the identified mitigation measures in the sector are deemed cost effective over their lifetime, progress towards implementation, as well as mobilization of private sector/finance has been slow. The main barrier identified is related to higher upfront costs, as the main actors are small-hold farmers with limited access to financial services and limited investment capital.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	1888a5b30b28ecf0773e5264bb048d94	This is not a common practice, however, particularly in rural areas. With a limited inheritance, women can end up without sufficient assets or resources to support themselves. For example, if a wife has no personal assets, she may find herself destitute and deprived of the marital home unless she has minor children in her care. This altered control over assets within families and increased parental investments in daughters.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	18894e3f43c5dbbaf4fe7bcf79d1cc27	This report addresses the question of how that bill is divided between the public sector and individuals or firms. Forms of public-private collaboration, such as those inherent in technical and vocational training (TVET) systems, are likely to be instrumental in ensuring that workers get the right skills for the job. Such collaboration has been successful in countries such as Germany and Switzerland, but it has not always been easy to replicate elsewhere. There is uncertainty over whether they will be able to do so in the future.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	1889849a9249c6e3a0d0086319b0c285	The European Commission Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) champions channelling climate finance through a range of traditional and innovative modalities, such as budget support and sectoral support. Further, the Commission is experimenting with the use of off-budget national climate funds (NCFs) (GCCA, 2012). In some cases, providers and supporters are creating intermediary funds, designated to be replaced by domestically owned funds with time, or handed over to a domestic management authority once operational. In other cases, national funds have been created with the specific function of channelling sectoral climate finance, for example, the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund and the Indonesian forest fund for REDD+ (CFA and PWC, 2010).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	188ab1706d4b227435412587abd568bc	Spot prices may not exceed a cap of AUD 12 900 per MWh. As can be seen, very high prices are rare, with prices sitting within the range of AUD 0-40 for around 90% of the time. Flowever, views differ on the adequacy of high but capped wholesales prices as a sufficient incentive to invest in marginal supply. Reducing carbon emissions associated with power generation is a central challenge in the project to reduce overall emissions from human activity. This is the case not only because stationary energy currently accounts for 40% of global energy-related C02 emissions, but also because reducing emissions from sources such as the transport sector will involve further electrification - since many of the most promising low-carbon energy technologies are those that produce electricity (wind and solar being two examples).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6236c858-en	18900ef1e2742e858bbed6264b3a046c	It is therefore evident that current patterns of consumption and production are environmentally unsustainable and socially inequitable. Economic growth, human development and wellbeing would need to be substantially decoupled from resource use and environmental impact (UNEP, 2011). Achieving gains in decoupling will not happen spontaneously, but will require well designed public policies that enable economic restructuring toward sustainable consumption and production and resource efficiency.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	18955b4473a42f9b17fddc29de8152ee	According to the latest PISA 2015 results, students’ socio-economic backgrounds have a varying degree of influence on their performance in science, reading and mathematics. In such countries as Austria, Chile, Belgium, France, Germany, Singapore and Switzerland, socio-economic backgrounds exercise a particularly strong influence on students’ performance, since students from disadvantaged backgrounds in these countries are very likely to not perform as well in PISA assessments as their peers from advantaged backgrounds. On the other hand, in Macao (China), Hong Kong (China), Japan, Finland, Estonia, Korea and Canada, the socio-economic background of students has a much weaker influence on their performance.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	1895b1c2720996b06d994eca874e395b	In other cases, individual accounts worked as an additional pillar on top of a public pension benefit (mixed systems). In still others, individual accounts completely replaced existing PAYG systems (substitutive systems) (see Mesa-Lago 2006; 2008). In some cases, affiliation was optional (and some or all workers could choose to stay in the public system).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264167865-7-en	18987b8edb333b7493dd0d61275dfcec	This chapter also addresses concerns about the outcomes of compact city policies and presents ways for policy makers to handle this complex issue. While it appears clear that compact city policies can be expected to play a role in meeting this goal in today’s urban contexts (Chapter 1), an important question for policy makers is: how, and to what extent, can compact city policies be expected contribute to urban sustainability? While there is some evidence concerning energy consumption and the reduction of carbon emissions, there is extensive debate over whether compact city policies have solid, positive effects on environmental quality.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	189933d8a3fa85998be2dd3475648d57	As Andrew Garrad, chairman of the British energy consulting firm Garrad Hassan, has recently noted, in the past, the main objective was to develop “bigger and bigger” turbines in order to extract ever more power from the available wind resources. Today, however, the emphasis is increasingly on “better and better”. A case in point is Dongfang’s cooperation agreement with the Finnish company, The Switch, from early 2008.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	1899baaa735ba8ea716665780829a4aa	Some 340 monitoring points have been established, to cover run-offs entering the Caspian Sea (310 industries, wastewater treatment plants, rivers), while 31 entities and installations (e.g. platforms) function at sea. More than 4,000 water and benthic samples are analyzed each year. They were further reinforced by Decree No. According to CCEMA data, tables 7.4 (a) and (b), the situation on the Absheron peninsula is improving.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c78b2675-en	189b3c820535900a5f917e0fdc8d0c06	This report focuses on the financing of small to medium scale projects. Four involve Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and four energy utilities; five schemes target households; 16 involve private financial intermediaries; six public or not-for-profit. Most rely on some form of public financial support.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	189e37e9047e60143153148ec6fd1a73	To reach this common understanding, an ongoing dialogue is required with a broad range of stakeholders, giving equal weight to different discourses, while at the same time valuing the professional expertise of key stakeholders. The current search for new consultation methods and platforms to make this possible is a promising way forward. The framework is currently being discussed with a broad group of 700 to 800 stakeholders and experts. The process started with a widespread request among stakeholders for ideas on ‘good education’. After an initial analysis, the Inspectorate has begun a dialogue about a draft framework, both through an online questionnaire and focus groups.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-5-en	18a18a536e00d32c64c926de6c8630a5	Educational attainment in Chile has considerably improved in recent years. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and there has been progress in retaining students in upper secondary education even if about 20% of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education. Student learning outcomes in Chile are considerably below the OECD average but there has been considerable progress in the last decade.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/92601435-en	18a199cd52211a7411ec0b67e8c74ac3	Therefore, the main place of settlement is on the coast. The northern system provides electricity to approximately go%of the population and most of the islands inthe northern part ofthe Faroe Islands. The southern system provides electricity to Suduroy, where approximately 10% ofthe population lives. A few smaller islands are not supplied with electricity through either of the two main grids.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	18a28bc19b3099c37b30e325efe84c8b	As central agencies seem to define missions and objectives but do not invest the necessary means to achieve them, little co-ordination is possible between these policy areas. In addition, intensive competition between different ministries is common in water, energy and agricultural policy co-ordination in several LAC countries. In Chile, water policies in the agricultural sector are designed by two separate ministries with different interests: the Ministry of Public Works, through its Office of Water Infrastructure (dams, irrigation, etc.) Lastly, unclear allocation of roles and a lack of institutional incentives for co-operation are also cited as common concerns for both water-energy and water-agricultural policy coherence.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283268-en	18a39366dfff1c595a8c5621a2bd1339	Recent efforts to enhance primary care capacity through the development of multidisciplinary primary care units that complement the activities by traditional ambulatory care physicians working in solo practices can play a positive role in addressing these challenges. Public spending on health and long-term care is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades while, at the same time, ageing will reduce the share of the population of working-age needed to finance this public spending. The reform set a limit on nominal public health spending growth of 4.5% in 2012 and was gradually reduced to 3.6% in 2016, aiming to bring it in line with projected annual average GDP growth.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	18a46483c21ef29d7d2be4f23d151f9f	They are governed by councils whose functions and duties include governing their institution and appointing its vice-chancellor or chief executive. Expenditure on educational institutions at all levels is 7.3% of GDP, above the OECD average of 6.3% (see Figure 8). Between 2005 and 2010, New Zealand has increased its spending by 0.8 percentage points, above the OECD average of 0.4 percentage points. As in most OECD countries, a large portion of expenditure on educational institutions comes from public sources (82.6%, compared to the OECD average of 83.6%).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/baf425ad-en	18a4740bb28ce7c70e33e0d50e666e13	Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. New England Journal ofMedicine ;355:2725-2732. 25-Year summary of US malpractice claims for diagnostic errors 1986-2010: an analysis from the National Practitioner Data Bank. Lost productive life years caused by chronic conditions in Australians aged 45-64 years, 2010-2030.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	18a4817d0d45f07974b0830a20baffd3	The decisions of individuals and households have aggregate consequences for urban sprawl, congestion and air pollution, among other things. Tourism entails large-scale, short-term human mobility, often towards metropolitan areas. Tourism has significant economic impacts, generating 1 in 11 jobs worldwide and accounting for 7 per cent of exports globally.18 The tourism industry attracts large numbers of migrant workers in hospitality and related services. Available from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284418145; and UNWTO, “International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1.2 billion in 2015”, 18 January 2016.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	18a678f2e6256a4822ff6ed9c8fe64ee	Finally, tax incentives would make Germany more attractive as a location for research as most of other OECD countries already provide this support (Ernst and Spengel, 2011). Thus, consideration should be given to complementing the direct support with tax incentives. The features of the tax incentives - including the level, the form (e.g. tax deferrals, tax allowances or tax credits), the base (e.g. level or increment of R&D expenditures) and the coverage (e.g. total or partial with targeted support) - should be carefully determined in function of Germany’s specific needs.12 Only a very small percentage of green technology patents between 2000 and 2007 draw on environmental or energy R&D (OECD, 201 If).	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	18a8a3c2a3f5ab5dd905283e44d38df0	Support to tourism now at USD 89.3 million, also recorded a fall of 34% from 2014. A focus on trade development reveals an increase of USD 1.4 billion in 2015 to USD 6.3 billion covering almost a third of the total amount for building trade capacities. Two-thirds of this support is concentrated in the areas of agriculture and business services.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	18aa07393540578a7903749169642d67	The choice of study design may also lead to an underestimation of the costs. This is demonstrated by Schwartz et al (Box 2.3 in Chapter 2). In the study, a broader definition of diagnostic errors was applied, including contextual as well as biomedical factors. The estimated costs using the expanded context of medical error were twenty times higher than what could be identified from a medical record review alone.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	18b1a3d1c5a1d954c78b28246f412f96	Furthermore, extractive developments can have numerous negative social impacts, including corruption, displacement, human rights violations, significant inflows of migrant workers, disruptions to traditional livelihoods, and increased social problems and crime. These can be further compounded by environmental impacts, ranging from lost access to livelihood resources, to resource damage and degradation, to contamination of land, air, and water. Even where the extractive sector has well-developed social and environmental assessment and management procedures, they are frequently not applied or are poorly enforced. In some cases, statutory land rights do not cover sub-surface resources or are revoked through an act of expropriation undera justification of eminent domain.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e617261d-en	18b3d8c03a4ba20129d41714d92da6a1	Meanwhile, the area encompassing the former USSR accounts for one of die world's largest migration systems, widi a migrant stock of up to 8-10 million people in the Russian Federation (Chudinovskikh and Denisenko, 2014) as the main destination country and Central Asian States2 as the principal countries of origin, which are highly reliant on remittances. The first papers addressing women's experience of migration in diat country - mostly the forced migration of Russian-speakers - emerged in the 1990s (Kosmarskaya, 1997; 1999; Pilkington, 1998; Britvina and Kiblitskaya, 2004), while more recently researchers have studied economic migration in this area. Notably, diere are rare papers in which male migration was considered from the gender perspective (Reeves, 2013). Overall, knowledge in die field of gender and migration in the former Soviet Union in general and from Central Asia to the Russian Federation in particular is fragmentary.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	18b5b462eae9792123f3f35d063e7a13	The law mandates an end to overfishing, promotes market-based management, strengthens the role of science, improves data on recreational fisheries, and includes new measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and to reduce bycatch in global fisheries. Alaskan pollock, menhaden, cod, flatfish, Pacific salmon and hake are the six most important species in terms of volume, while crabs, scallops, shrimp, salmon, and lobster are highest in teims of gross value. The quantity of edible imports was 2.449 million tonnes, 1.542 million tonnes more than the quantity imported in 2011. About 95% of the transfers in 2011 were spent on general services. (	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	18b6237666c4ff2f7bb58ba1080c9b16	While the growth effect predominated in practically all tf appreciable decline in poverty, the contribution of the distribution effect was over 25% in six others. In order to supplement the characterization of income poverty in Latin America, updated results are presented for some population groups that are relevant to the poverty analysis. Poverty rates among children under the age of 15 may be between 1.1 and 2.0 times higher than for the total population,4 with the most notable differences recorded in countries with lower poverty levels.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	18b92146939540ea09e86413127ce0eb	Financial losses from extreme weather events have been increasing, largely due to increased development in higher-risk areas. The high potential impact and frequency of natural hazards have led to strong political support for risk reduction measures. As a result, Austria has a comprehensive, effective and well-funded administrative system for managing the consequences of natural hazards, mainly floods.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	18baac74b538c567c1bd10988fdbf70e	"Additionally, inequality impact assessments for interventions in the health sector need to be introduced. This would draw attention to the inequality implications of proposed actions by local authorities and through international cooperation, including those of GHPs. Access, particularly under the Paragraph 6 System, should be further reviewed and amended so that the current patent and property rights regime is truly “development friendly” and, more importantly, improves access to essential medicines for the poor. Since agreement on and implementation of reforms is likely to be protracted, in the meantime, the provision of technical assistance to improve countries’ capacities to comply with the provisions of the TRIPS amendment is recommended. Making health systems more equitable"" Lancet, vol."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591264-9-en	18c25d690cce845602ce5f9de799de92	"Rather the overall picture indicates a shortage of female teachers, and the need to expand recruitment of female teachers, so as to facilitate the attainment of EFA and MDG goals. It is hoped that increasing the number of female teachers will""create a stimulating, participatory learning environment"" (meeting at Nagarkot, Nepal in August 1997 cited in UNESCO, 2000). Section 1 provides a statistical overview of the situation in India."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	18c39777d06416f4b8637b3dd7507dd4	These challenges have been analysed in more depth in the OECD Guidelines for Cost-effective Agri-environmental Measures, with several recommendations that are sufficiently general to apply to the domain of flood risk mitigation (OECD, 2010b). Uncertainty in outcome is certainly undesirable for objectives such as bird conservation, but becomes socially unacceptable when it is about flood risks that can cause huge damages in cities, as well as injuries and loss of life. This may appear to give the advantage to structural measures which, despite their limitations and defaults, could offer more safety.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	18c68078531c4d8773c3b9969551b7db	Over the long run, deep policy reforms and technological innovations can lead to improvements in both adequacy and sustainability by shifting the frontier outward. This will move them closer to the frontier (point C in Figure 1). The funding sources of health care systems are: general taxation, social insurance contributions, private insurance premiums and out-of-pocket payments.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	18c91d12b8f19669fcf15193b3d2524c	"Looking forward, further research could be undertaken to identify which types of discriminatory social institutions may have the most detrimental effects and which specific interventions should thus be pursued. The case of rich vs. poor countries"", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2,222-246. Estimates for the Balkans and Turkey"", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper."	5	6	0	1.0
10.18356/a8d81144-en	18cff2c4e0ebc9aad9778d8203fc3aab	"In place since 2006, this agreement addressed tariffs on lumber traded between the two countries as part of a decades-long trade dispute covered in earlier editions of this Review. In April 2017, the US government announced tariffs of 3-24% on imported lumber from Canada (Dattu era/., 2017). The UK's""Brexit""is due to take place on 30 March 2019; the deadline can only be extended beyond that date by unanimous agreement of all EU countries. Brexit may change the UK's supply and consumption of wood products. The country is the largest net importer of wood products in the EU, with the great majority of wood coming from other EU countries. Following separation from the EU, the UK may change supply streams to resources from outside the EU and strengthen domestic sourcing."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	18d0878dbe92c740ae2f04e87ab5b0e0	It then identifies the main criteria under which governments may take action to increase the resilience of the agricultural sector and its adaptive capacity to climate change. Finally, it discusses strategies to monitor and evaluate adaptation policies. The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of Arnoldo Matus Kramer and Livia Alfonsi. The author wishes to thank Fran§oise Benicourt and Michele Patterson for preparing this document for publication. Valuable comments on drafts were given by Carmel Cahill, Guillaume Gruere, Franck Jesus, Catherine Moreddu and Nicolina Lamhauge.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/128123a5-en	18d113b3962a0eef0a85c2592fe84c04	This will require a review of party constitutions and re-alignment of womens leagues, so that they can play more active roles to enhance womens engagement within the parties -beyond ‘dancing’ for party leaders. Hence political parties need to field women candidates across the board - at the presidential, legislature and local government levels. Incentives for political parties to comply will come from the laws that require them to nominate and field women candidates.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	18da7296861d02a4301a44cf1e43bb38	It assesses the policy and institutional framework, along with the process and tools used to identify priorities for climate change adaptation policies. The main challenges to implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy are identified, including securing finance and effectively mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral policies. The Austrian contribution to supporting adaptation activities in other countries is also discussed.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	18dcd28eae2a9dd7b8772b5302834076	The Ghana legislation prohibits imports and exports of e-waste, phases out the inclusion of printed circuit boards in electronic equipment, provides for the registration of manufacturers, importers, and distributors, as well as the establishment of an e-waste management fund to be achieved through payment of an advance eco-fund by manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Draft bills and regulations of many other African countries incorporate several of these features. Such approaches will integrate the informal sector into the official management structures, establish take-back schemes.	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	18ddc097af5c1f6a4f496bc2b4b88740	Following the example of the Netherlands, Sweden could establish knowledge-centres for mixed schools in municipalities aimed to help change preferences and misconceptions of foreigners through tours of the local schools organised by municipalities. These tours would provide parents with the opportunity to discuss enrolment options, learn more about the schools in their area and help them make informed decisions for their children. For example, the ‘first-come-first-serve’ principle discriminates against newly arrived students because newly immigrated parents do not have the ability, as native parents do, to put their children on a school’s waiting list many years in advance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	18ddcb9af37b9481b06558fa562fd78f	While all the Commonwealth Pacific small states are engaged in some invasive species management activities, more concerted effort is required to address biosecurity issues (SPREP, 2016b). As the lack of resources has limited past implementation efforts, considerable investment of resources in combating invasive species will be required to achieve Target 15.8. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 23 indicators to monitor this goal, of which six are Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	18e0199aedb1a902a7f08add6357b3c2	From its beginnings in the 1970s as the Council for Equality between Men and Women, it functioned as an executive commission but with a small staff of between five and eight employees. It was relocated from the Prime Minister’s Office to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, farther removed from central decision making, but received statutory responsibility for proposing gender equality reforms. This facilitated more successful intervention in prostitution debates, job training and political representation (World Bank, 2012). Chile’s National Service for Women, SERNAM, benefitted from a Chair with ministerial status. In this case, the gender institution’s leadership, along with a sector-specific approach to gender mainstreaming, improved its capacity to influence inter-sectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination, including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	18e15ded78a1bd51aad3240c774f43cf	From this analysis the Two Mayors' initiative decided to focus on three key areas for future growth: a) the manufacture of green products for construction and retrofitting; b) renewable energy; and c) green transportation options. Against each priority area a sub-committee was tasked with leading a more detailed plan to deliver against the ambitions of the initiative. Green MSP as the leading initiative to help retain, grow and attr act green manufacturing businesses and jobs in the Minneapolis Saint Paul region.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	18e314bb4321d8c844d44a6c6e616227	Some time-use surveys in the region identify the time spent on this type of care and compare attendance at day-care centres. There is no significant difference when comparing men in the two groups, as the activities that fathers carry out with their children (playing, going for walks, transporting them from place to place) are not affected by the hours that children spend at home. Women, however, are responsible for compulsory activities that need to be carried out on a daily basis and at set times (feeding, cleaning, health care) (Batthyany, 2009).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	18e45690bbc1d70ccc0c55b5127e183a	The surveys include a range of questions on issues such as school finance, strategic management, professional development and collaboration with communities. Each round of surveys also picks up particularly timely and relevant topics. For example, the 2010 survey in primary schools focused on the introduction of National Standards and the 2009 survey in secondary schools had a focus on the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). These reports gather evaluative evidence on specific education issues and serve to inform policy and practice.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	18e6501141f58746f24f91cd0854c831	They should continue to develop and implement measures that facilitate rural economy diversification and off-farm employment. This could include developing financing mechanisms to help smaller producers access IPARD investment funding, by allowing their co-investment to be paid in instalments instead of in full at the beginning. They should build the necessary databases including agricultural economic accounts, employment and output to inform policy analysis.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/150942f1-en	18e93d6bbaace3cdb08f210c2e20ab55	The problem of indebtedness and the instability of fiscal policy in industrialized countries could negatively affect development aid and donor countries’ commitments to contribute 0.7 per cent of their GDP to developing countries (Willem te Velde 2008). As such, countries that depend on international aid face elevated risks of being affected by the global financial and economic crisis. However, World Bank (2008) suggests that international aid would be the least volatile component and debt servicing costs are the main difficulty that developing countries could be confronted with in the case that the global economic crisis induces a contraction in their economy.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	18ea26a601b4ab1e530bb22d8678dd4c	Statistics South Africa (2002) and Hoogeveen & Ozler (2006) found that poverty increased between 1995 and 2000. Hoogeveen & Ozler (2006) estimate that 12.6 million South Africans were living on less than PPP$1 per day in 1995 compared to 14.4 million in 2000 and that 22.9 million South Africans were living on less than PPP$2 per day in 1995 rising to 25.2m in 2000. The direction of these findings accords with the census based analysis presented earlier.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	18edc1c7497fde39c34d694e2abf45d9	The notion of “affordability” is more problematic as it indicates a normative notion of the price level. To the extent that energy supply security pertains to trade between different nation states, insisting on “affordable prices” and thus, implicitly, on certain distributional arrangements can undermine the very objective it is trying to achieve. However affordability can take the meaning, not of low prices, but also of effectively managed price changes.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	18ef6728c9c48cd36439cde652209c0c	The akims are vertically subordinated to the government, which limits their interest in solving local problems. In general, they are not interested in gaining popular support or for what purpose. The fact that akims at oblast and rayon levels can be dismissed at any time at the president’s discretion is an indication of the control over SNGs.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	18f179dd1a6b7ef3a2cc864f8e969cba	Tariff reductions, and the liberalisation of domestic markets, coupled with important technological and structural shifts in the agro-food sector, created a new incentive structure in Brazilian agriculture. Currently, agricultural and food commodities imported to Brazil are subject to ad valorem tariffs, and no specific tariffs or special safeguards are imposed. Only a very small percentage (0.2%) of agricultural tariff lines has a tariff quota.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	18f2267f15d66fcf7895178f27f647ba	A number of conditions should be fulfilled to avoid unwanted outcomes from foreign land investments (as defined in a voluntary guideline, see FAO, 2012). In particular, there should be transparency in negotiations, deals should respect existing land and water rights, the benefits of the transaction should be shared with local communities, and the deals should be subject to a careful impact assessment to ensure their environmental sustainability (von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, 2009). Third party organisations, governments or international organisations could help support this goal by providing an external view.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	18f2678abdc9e587a81372436bc4480c	To address the threat of climate change, it is not only necessary to charge a price for carbon emissions; governments have to do much more, through actions to support innovation and diffusion of new, low-carbon technologies. The IMF simply assumes that climate policy consists of adjusting the price of carbon, when it states: “An effective mitigation policy must be based on setting a price path for the greenhouse gas (GFIG) emissions that drive climate change” (IMF, 2008, 4:2). Moreover, it apparently does not consider the problem as being so serious.	7	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	18f29a864a56edeadb0ffd7a9c6a2671	"The ccTLD utilizes the International Standard Organization (ISO) two letter standard for country codes.59 The Internet Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Corporation recognizes government responsibility for their ccTLD.60 This was not the case in the early days of the Internet when an assortment of groups had control over a number of LDC ccTLDs. The registry either processes registration requests for ccTLD names itself (""2R"" model: registry and registrant) or outsources the task to registrars (""3R"" model: registry-registrars-registrants). The registry defines the policy for 2nd level domains (e.g., .co, .go, etc.)"	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/73d010ed-en	18f42715c3d5909f988eaa30064f5a53	The information gathered in these surveys indicates that the growth rates of the female labour supply are inversely related to the growth rates for the number of hours devoted to domestic labour, on average. The latter also exhibit patterns similar to those observed for economic growth. Economic openness, on the other hand, correlates positively with growth in the case of the lagged variable (1.8%), reflecting these economies' export orientation. The external crisis variable used for the first two quarters of 2003 in Argentina and Uruguay and from the second quarter of 2009 onward for all the countries had a negative effect equivalent to about 3% on GDP growth.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	18f4d008856d4bbd034ac04382b19975	The courses last from a few days up to 1-3 years. Some folk high schools provide Swedish tuition for immigrants as well as, among other courses, second-chance education where students can obtain the equivalent qualifications to the compulsory school leaving certificate and the upper secondary school leaving certificate. Liberal adult education receives government grants with the aim to develop activities that contribute to strengthening democracy and people participation. Besides these general guidelines the state does not steer their activities and folk high schools can design their own courses and profiles.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	18f55835ac0cb69770db475174a82bfb	In the IMTA setting, seawater is recycled and up to 30% of the wild kelp, Ecklonia maxima, consumed by abalone is replaced by Ulva lactuca grown on site in the recirculation system. The overall commercial gain from using an IMTA approach was estimated at between USD 1.1 and 3.0 million per year, including a significant increase in farm profits (USD 200 000 to 700 000). The environmental benefits included the reduction of nitrogen discharges into adjacent coastal waters by 3.7 to 5.0 tonnes per year, the reduction in harvesting of wild kelp beds by 2.2 to 6.6 hectares per year, and the reduction of C02 emissions (reduced pumping needs) by 290 to 350 tonnes per year.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	18f701cadef2649e60f8152df73fea22	The programme should be expanded to cover all districts and strengthened through the provision of better equipment, in particular transportation and communication means and modern devices for land mapping, and through improved human capacities. In addition, land registration costs remain relatively high for smallholders, in particular due to the cost of land mapping. The project initiated by the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional, BPN) to conduct land certification free of charge could be scaled up to reach a larger number of smallholders and be jointly financed by the central and local governments. The land tenure system should be simplified and the respective responsibilities of the National Land Agency, the Ministry of Forestry, and the Ministry of Mining over land management clarified to enhance land market transparency and efficiency, thereby reducing the cost of doing business. Land classified as ‘forest land’ could be reviewed to eliminate the grey area between land classified as forest and agricultural land and to better match with existing forest areas.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	18f9389a7951c8bc08496951d4d7aad5	Some assets are those that individuals and households accumulate and own, such as livestock, tools, houses, stores, equipment, capital and land. Equitable distribution of these assets, even more than income, is critical if economic growth is to produce poverty reduction (Horrell, 2008). Decent Work and empowerment for pro-poor growth).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	18fe269bebebab6e10c63b397adcb6a2	The interest rates for these loans were 4% lower than that of commercial loans. The preferential support lasts for at most 12 months (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). Just over one million farmers borrowed VND 776 billion (USD 40.8 million) under the programme during 2009 and another VND 147 billion (USD 7.7 million) was lent to 6 424 farmers in the first four months of 2010.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	18ff9ecf18e7e8dafe961c895a46015a	The SEE average score for this indicator w'as 1.8 (Figure 12.12), suggesting that all SEE economies have much work to do to facilitate optimal cross-border trade in electricity. The SEE CAO continues to develop rules to harmonise cross-border capacity calculations in electricity and is working with NRAs to determine the cause of lack of consistency and irregularities in some of the measures calculated. The WB6 initiative is relatively new but is already seen as an important policy driver for the economies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	18ffda646e6b6f0f3e0800ee3f249266	A recent Spanish study examined effects of water markets as an institution that can substitute for growing economic risk caused by unreliable water in the Gaudalquivir Valley District in southern Spain (Calatrava and Garrido, 2005). Recent work from Mexico found considerable benefit in the use of water markets to promote water transfers from irrigators to urban users to address growing water scarcity in that country (Gastelum and Stewart, 2009). More recent work from both Spain and Mexico found that either water markets or reservoirs or both can reduce the risks of unreliable of water supply (Iglesias and Garrido, 2003; Unver and Gupta, 2003).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bb63671b-en	190275ac44c79b1330c3b4160174f741	For this reason, we also include education gap-squared. The effect is likely to be non-linear and thus we include age gap-squared in Model 2 as well. Because women are socially ascribed to be primary caregivers, the presence of young children is likely to have a more significant effect on wives' time allocation, compared to that of their husbands'.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	19038596756c0046ef19d47343435e77	Profiling people in the overlap is done to give an idea of who the more severely deprived are. Nevertheless, also the non-overlap or partly overlapping groups can be profiled to help in the identification of children experiencing certain combinations of deprivation. As further addressed in the following sections, the (dimensional) overlap analyses and the profiling of the various groups of children/persons helps to formulate hypotheses on the underlying determinants for the observed inequalities.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215a990d-en	190513dc78cc4034be597aa9eae87951	In such cases, technical and vocational education and training institutions may have to take difficult decisions within a context of uncertainty - and it would be inadvisable to postpone such decisions. On-the-job adult learning or informal learning outside the workplace is especially relevant for SMEs, which are less likely to participate in formal training courses. It has not proven easy to replicate successful apprenticeship systems, such as those in German-speaking countries, in countries that lack the relevant historical and institutional arrangements. Current technological change entails the additional difficulty of identifying the appropriate companies to work with.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089006-en	19086bfc9f4eb1501c9c315b7143d926	How to improve the relevance and quality of education? How to strengthen and diversify the existing industries and improve the absorptive capacity of the SME-based economy? There is a need to balance the current strong focus on talent attraction with nurturing talent at home and by improving the access of new immigrants to tertiary education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	190884c4132aef9248b6ffbb27d56127	Learning is social and collaboration must be in place to develop all the skills students need for the 21st century. In Lumiar pedagogy, the voice of the student is essential for designing the learning path. At the deepest levels of learning, students seek out and form partnerships towards the direct development of ideas or solution of problems; take ownership of their learning both inside and outside classroom walls and directly contribute to the learning of others; partner in the design, implementation and measurement of their own and others’ learning; and leverage and create powerful digital technologies that directly deepen every' aspect of the teaching and learning process. Learners have some say over the nature of their final product, if not the method by w'hich they develop these.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	1908a3b5efcbd7b9ea9baa99ba38f122	The inaugural issue of the journal was replete with high-quality scholarship from prominent academics and practitioners in the region. However, despite positive responses, the journal did not proceed to a second issue due to lack of funding - one of the unfortunate casualties of limited financial support for ESD. With strong linkages to industrial and commercial sectors, and natural resource development, TVET is an important area of national ESD offerings. Through alignment with the business community, there should be a strong potential for mutual reinforcement between TVET institutions interested in ESD and ‘green businesses’ or social enterprises. With the recognition of the important role of TVET institutions in advancing sustainability through the workforce, special attention has been given to reorienting TVET through a number of international workshops and symposiums in recent years (see for instance UNESCO-UNEVOC 2009).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591677-5-en	190d21a4bd30e7169a4b8f3e724c38b9	This period covers the rise of the second wave of feminism in New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s; the transformation of women's political activism from outside to inside the political process and institutions; the decline of feminist activism during the height of neo-liberalism in the 1990s; and finally the emergence of women in political leadership roles in the 2000 to 2008 period.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	190f05642f780dd46829a26fe84a4642	The system is to help collect and distribute information about observed irregularities in recreational landings. In 2017, Denmark initiated a national strategy for recreational angling in order to examine possibilities to further develop angling and fishing tourism, and to promote Denmark as a tourist destination for angling. While the volume of harvest stabilised over the past few years, the industry benefits from higher prices, particularly from the increase of prices on the world market for fishmeal and oil.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	190f7204aca43e4855bab35e79710b99	However, continued growth in industrial production means that, even with this help, discharges and emissions will increase the inputs of heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the ocean. The only way to avoid this result is for innovations in cleaner production methods and means of reducing discharges and emissions to keep pace with the growth in production. This is particularly the case in areas of rapid industrial growth. International legal frameworks have emerged for addressing some of the problems caused by heavy metals and hazardous substances.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202030-7-en	1911f088bc3a5dad382a0ea87d3bb006	Examples of related response indicators are given as complements to illustrate their link with environmental and resource productivity indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	19154380acc7987409a35e1be84bddb7	To the extent possible R&D related to forestry, fisheries etc. Data dissemination when primarily associated with research and development (knowledge generation) e,g. The entire expenditure on those education activities is considered as related to agriculture, as the indicator measures policy effort. Expenditure on advice that are specific to individual farms (e.g. a farm business plan) are included in the PSE category for payment based on services.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	191635998a2148a8f59f5c902bb83ec0	In Norway the number of psychologists was increased significantly with the addition of over 150 psychologists between 1998 and 2008, following significant political and financial investment in building the workforce for mild-to-moderate disorders under the Escalation Plan for mental health 1998-2008 (OECD, 2014b). Since the implementation of the IAPT programme recovery rates of patients who have passed through the IAPT programme have been found to be consistently in excess of 45% and approaching those expected from the randomised controlled trials that generated the initial NICE recommendations (Department of Health, 2012). Significant effects were seen for patients with higher depression scores, even though a lower proportion moved to recovery, suggesting IAPT services are effective across a range of symptom severity.	3	3	3	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	19177b9518ab3ff1c8ae6f012dd020a5	Where local production of a patented drug promises to be cheaper than importation (at least in the medium term), thus enhancing the population’s access to that drug, it would seem inappropriate to consider the different treatment of imports and locally produced drugs as “discrimination” within the meaning of TRIPS Article 27.1. But the United States later withdrew the complaint, agreeing with Brazil on bilateral consultations in case the Brazilian Government intends to invoke the local working ground against a United States patent holder.390 Thus, countries that are decided to introduce a local working requirement need to be aware of the risk of facing WTO dispute settlement proceedings for alleged infringement of Article 27.1, TRIPS Agreement, despite the fact that a number of solid arguments seem to support the legality of such a requirement for public health purposes. This definition does not apply to measures taken to promote access to life-saving medicines.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	191e1381cb10b9488701efb0dcc6265c	Third, public grants to research programmes should be extended to priority sectors other than the E&E and biotech industry. In Penang, collaborative research programmes should draw together the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Malaysia Perlis and other regional higher education institutions. Collaborative programmes taking advantage of complementarities between Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Universiti Teknologi MARA (engineering) and Universiti Teknologi Petronas could tap the interdisciplinary innovation potential of the region.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	19225d12729b7bc30bf05e43d0553257	Different cathode and anode materials can be used for these cells which allows for designing a wide range of differently behaving cells. There are high energy density types, e.g. LiCo02, as well as high power density types, e.g. Li-titanate, available. Electric vehicles possess batteries and can deliver services by delivering power back to the grid, the process known as vehicle to grid (V2G).This bidirectional energy flow can be used for peak-shaving, frequency control, emergency back-up.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	19231ef178c8691b499064bae3353f86	This is a positive development. Yet such rights - and particularly women’s rights - are unlikely to be rigorously enforced by law enforcement agencies, as the institutions and personnel that are meant to safeguard human rights are in reality very difficult to change, especially in traditional societies where women have not previously enjoyed social and political equality (Chapter 3). They become aware of their political rights and the responsibilities they can and should shoulder in post-conflict settings (Chapter 3). Post-war constitutions and laws should thus provide for formal gender equality and the legal underpinning for assuring women’s right and duty to participate in the political life of society. Modest and sometimes symbolic steps taken to increase women’s access and participation should translate into more significant and visible decision-making roles.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bd01abcb-en	1926ef8d6df5457b7541066feea87040	Social assistance pensions were included, but no other social assistance transfers. Imputed rents and irregular incomes, such as lump sums and capital gains and losses, are not included in LIS household disposable income. Incomes are adjusted for differences in household size, using the square root of the household size, which represents the half-way point between the two extreme assumptions of no economies of scale and perfect economies of scale. Throughout the analysis, weights are used to make the samples nationally representative. These are complemented by brief references to additional tables available in an online appendix. Table 1 presents the percentages of women and men who have an income from employment of their own (or short-term insurance-based income replacement that was tied to their employment).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191761-en	192bf277a69b613c57d764cc4af75b35	This increase, however, is largely a phenomenon of growth from a low base, and certain critical areas such as infrastructure and education continue to receive relatively limited support. The other priorities included: national security; internal stability and consolidation of society; economic growth on the basis of an open economy; health, education and well-being of citizens; energy resources; infrastructure, transport and communications; and professional government. The term “republican” here and further in the text is used synonymously to the terms “national”, or “national-level”, as it is commonly understood in Kazakhstan.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	192e45956d3844237e0d96051a17baf9	In contrast, the assumption of import price recovery in 2010 exacerbates the impact of the global economic crisis in Ghana, which has the highest import penetration rate. The recovery in import and export prices in 2010 is beneficial to economic growth in Cameroon because of its initial trade surplus. Hence factor prices follow their non-crisis trends as early as 2010 in this country, although at lower levels.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	192e63362e06d7797dad9c81f7f227ea	However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG. Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	192ed5f2dc58b1a7a77952aa7f7b280a	The agricultural sector went into a profound debt crisis in the second half of the 1990s and resources were withdrawn massively from production. By the early 2000s, about 19 million hectares on which crops had been grown a decade earlier were no longer used, and livestock inventories in the former collective farm sector fell to 20% of their level in 1990. Agricultural output more than halved during the 1990s, a decline that has still not been fully reversed, even though it bottomed out at the end of that decade. These reforms accelerated in the next decade after a large-scale financial rehabilitation that also included bankruptcies of a large number of former state farms.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	192f26f9adeed6dedaa36032532e9cb4	Though Sub-Saharan Africa is seen to make absolute progress towards gender equality over the period, the gap between it and the leading regions has increased. ( As explained in the introduction, over the past 20 years researchers and policy-makers have started to pay more attention to gender equality as one of the core drivers of economic development. Tertilt (2005), for example, concludes that enforcing a ban on polygyny decreases fertility by 40%, increases the savings rate by 70%, and increases output per capita by 170%.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	192fa66ac58ea466f0c30a5e90aa9763	While South Africa had an Office on the Status of Women in the President's Office, it had a Joint Committee on the Quality of Life and Status of Women in parliament. With the creation of a stand-alone ministry, there is now a portfolio committee on Women, Children and People with Disabilities. The reasons they cited boiled down to demystifying the institution, feeling valued, feeling that they knew and felt strongly about issues such as gender and the plight of women in rural areas, as well as the fact that they had proprietary knowledge (Mtintso 1995; 1999a).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	19308a3a5968a508f02cc50e7cda0688	The authors would also like to express their gratitude to all members of the Innocenti Report Card 12 Advisory Board. We do so by providing a descriptive overview of the evolution in a series of child well-being indicators over time (2007/8-2012/31) in 32 countries (the EU-28 plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey). The focus is on key child and adolescent outcome indicators that are expected to have been affected by the crisis and its related real-economy effects in the short and medium-term, including child monetary poverty and material deprivation, subjective well-being, and transition to adulthood (including education and employment). We compare countries' performance and rank them according to the change they experienced in these indicators over the period under analysis.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283510-en	1932bb5f5a208956e57d8f636c48d1be	Mortality from several forms of cancer (e.g. colorectal cancer and breast cancer) and diabetes increased between 2005 and 2014, reflecting the impact of population ageing and lifestyle factors. People with the lowest level of education are more than twice as likely to live with asthma, hypertension and diabetes than those with higher education. ‘ A substantial gap exists in self-rated health by socioeconomic status: 71% of people in the highest income quintile reported to be in good health in 2015 compared with just 53% of people in the lowest income quintile.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	19342223e7f9c869d6b6026fac27fc06	The subsequent modifications to TERM-H20 aimed to improve on this performance by separating irrigated and dry land activities and allowing for greater factor mobility between them (Glyn Wittwer 2012). With demand rising for both resources and increasing challenges from climate change, water scarcity can threaten the long-term viability of energy projects and hinder development”. At least two-thirds indicate that water is a substantive risk to business operations.”	6	0	5	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	193795676cfa4267e64726ff4c82ed61	Countries will therefore see their export baskets develop and reflect these changes. The current evidence points to the fact that technological change has been mainly routine-biased, which means it reduces the demand for employment in routine activities. Manual and complex tasks, on the other hand, have benefitted from innovation. However, the evidence collected in WTO (2017d) also points to the fact that digital technologies increasingly touch upon a wider set of activities and push demand towards high-skilled labour. In addition, by substituting labour to some extent, digital technologies are also considered to be capital-biased, as the discussion surrounding the falling labour income share in the 2017 report shows. As a result, high-skilled digital-intensive products are mainly exported by economies that have high levels of capital and educational attainment.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7dea7644-en	193e1b5ea0fc21e0cdf60d8564e00a29	The estimated 11-million population of Cairo, a megacity, is projected to grow at an annual rate of at least two per cent until at least 2020. Whatever the political and religious overtones of these upheavals, at their root lay the failure of political leaders to cater adequately for the needs of their large, young and mostly urban-based populations. Hie imperative for new governments will remain the provision of responsive urban governance and affordable housing alternatives for large numbers of hitherto marginalized urban youth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	1940e293661cc0697315a5cd6ed39a37	Particular attention has been given to the mental health of children and young people, but still there are no signs of a rapidly deteriorating situation. Yet, compared to surveys before the economic collapse in 2008 the happiness score has slightly declined. Thus, in the Health and Wellbeing Study conducted by the National Public Health Institute, the score was 7.9 in the year 2007 compared to 7.8 in 2009, a statistically significant decline (Dora Gudrun Gudmundsdottir, personal communication).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	1941d4c47b25b951afa053bba23bec43	While quotas compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from their fair share of the political seats, it has been argued that they contradict the principles of equal opportunity since women are given preference over men.17 It has also been observed that quotas are hard to apply in single winner systems, where each party nominates a single candidate per district. Furthermore, the re-election of parliament members restricts the rate of member turnover at each election, which makes gender quotas difficult to comply with. A glance at the number of female Heads of State or Government reveals that these positions remain elusive for women. Notable developments in both developing and developed countries include the election of female Heads of State or Government in Iceland in 2009, in Haiti and the Republic of Moldova in 2008, Argentina, India and Ukraine in 2007, Chile in 2006 and Germany and Liberia in 2005.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	1942ce94e5bf5271bd05e2326436f279	Data for Hungary, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain refer to 2009-10 while data for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) refer to 2011-12. Data for the private sector in the United Kingdom (Scotland) refer to 2009-10. There is no single authority representing both Hirkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Thrkey recognises the lUrkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	1949aae73664def25e12339c25979a4e	Wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance. However, for some types of seminatural agricultural habitats (farm woodland and fallow land) the area has increased or remained stable for a number of countries. Depending on the degree of sealing, it reduces or completely prevents natural soil functions and ecosystem services on the area concerned. This excludes woodland or forest predominantly under agricultural or urban land use and used only for recreation purposes.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	194e3b771a0bdb01cacb5fc14263b786	Where taking care of the environment involves additional costs, commercial organisations may be expected to oppose policies that encourage or force them to do so. They may often frame their arguments in terms related to the wider interests of society, such as jobs or international competitiveness, and these arguments will have a certain force. Where their operations cause damage to those who are not benefiting from them, they may come under pressure to pay compensation or to cut back their operations further. Whether this occurs will then depend on the relative power of the competing interests, because not all social interests are expressed equally powerfully.	6	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	194eeb43b0b402617ce7b8b14f218e36	From that low level, remittances gradually increased again in the calendar year 2011. By contrast, although Samoan remittances peaked at 367 million Samoan tala in 2008-09, in the next two years the totals were 345 million and 369 million. In other words, Tongan remittances fell after the crisis but Samoan remittances were more or less stable. That is probably a function, firstly, of Samoan remittances being more likely to come from New Zealand rather than the United States (and particularly the west coast) so that the rebound was also slower (see Figure 6.2).	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	194f1735c6879b8d4cb0c446a5e6c684	The youth unemployment rate stood at 19.1% in Indonesia and 17% in the Philippines, substantially higher than the average unemployment rate. At the same time, as many as one in four youth were neither in education nor employment in Indonesia and the Philippines, with the share much higher among young women in the case of Indonesia. According to an ILO report,13 public social security expenditure, including health expenditure, as a percentage of GDP was 8.4% for the world on average and 5.3% for Asia and the Pacific. Thailand established a universal health-care scheme in 2002, and introduced pensions for the informal sector in 2011.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	19514c984c692b31a4feada482f77f9e	Mandatory forms of quality assurance should be progressively introduced, for instance: peer-review activities, assessment of professional performance, and continuous medical education. Such mechanisms could be linked to the ending medical licences being awarded “for life” in favour of a system of licence renewal (as is typical in other countries). For example, medical school fees paid by students could be raised but then partially reimbursed for those who subsequently work in the NHI system or, similarly, a system of bonded scholarships could be established.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	195256f3d751c851c0a3f2180b8d568b	Several explanations can be put forward for the high incidence of part-time work among women. First, there is a pronounced lack of all-day childcare and out-of-school-hours care supply, and unsubsidised care is very expensive (the highest in the OECD). As an example, children typically go home at lunch-time since school cafeterias are rare, making it difficult for a parent or a caregiver not to be home at that time.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	1952f6693637f8890b671243e1511a36	More connected stakeholders are better able to mobilise their resources (financial, human) and bring multiple and diverse perspectives to solve water problems. The level of connection between stakeholders can vary from place to place, and such differences can help understand questions related to the diffusion of information, trust, consensus-building and solidarity. The closer stakeholders are, either through interactions in person (e.g. via regular meetings) or through regular communication channels (e.g. online discussion platform), the more likely information will flow easily among them.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	1954bbff98c784ec56925f7e6e2bca10	Rafael Di Telia, Sebastian Edwards and Emesto Schargrodsky), University of Chicago Press. M. Bergsmo, C. Rodriguez-Garavito, P. Kalmanovitz and M.P. Saffon), Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Oslo. Income Redistribution via Taxes and Transfers across Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	19569644bd71aba2d52ef89a88a23a94	It concluded that female miners presented the highest body concentrations of mercury. However, female miners were not the only contaminated population, as women not engaged in mining but living in the mining area also presented high mercury concentrations. This incident has raised serious concern among the local population regarding the potential health effects that might result from this environmental contamination.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	195badcf76b0b14ed6545cc11269b79f	Interestingly, the association between the concentration of immigrants in a school and academic performance was similar across students with and without an immigrant background (Table 7.9, available on line). In Australia students in the former group were four percentage points more likely to report feeling like they belong at school. The difference was wider when comparing students who attend schools where fewer than one in 10 students has an immigrant background and students who attend schools where more than one in two students is an immigrant student. In Austria, Denmark, France and Switzerland, this difference amounted to more than five percentage points.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	195bc23a3c2735c5fb4cc1a8e40b0111	No common rules of operation, studies for corridor planning or evaluation procedures for BRT exist for the ZMVM as a whole. Knowledge sharing w'ould have let the experience of Metrobus guide Mexibus (which was implemented after Metrobus had several corridors in operation). For Metrobus, conditions negotiated with incumbent operators were progressively modified to avoid barriers for tariff integration and fleet optimisation across Metrobus lines (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012).	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	195eef65433c0c0aab0a6ba5f712bc15	Their gender discourses are not new in the region, but are now flourishing in unstable times. Their dissemination across borders is being fuelled by new media technologies. Whether religious or secular, they tend to involve a rejection of Westernization and the promotion of an authentic national or regional and often religious culture.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e617261d-en	195f664d5c996b91fc3c8db8add231f4	Gendernye otnoshenija v sovremennoj Rossii: issledovanija 1990-h godov: Collection of scientific articles, L.N. Popkova and I.N. Tartakovskaya, eds. Samara, Russian Federation: Samara State University Publishing House. Zhizn' migrantki v monograde [Life of a female migrant in the monocity]. Internal vs external migration in post-Soviet space, CARIM-East Research Report.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264269064-8-en	195f96a2e16afb45593ebabf4be6d3b2	Action should be targeted on pollutants of particular significance at the scale and sensitivity of the catchment, basin, or aquifer, on the basis of characteristics such as toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation (see typology of water pollution, Figure 1.2, Chapter 1). Threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage should be prioritised. Connecting with higher level policy issues can assist in triggering political action (Box 4.2).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264310278-en	1961924c48a59142cb8f508b127d13bc	Household heads which are self-employed, unemployed, retired, studying, homemaker or disabled are more likely to be financially vulnerable as compared to household heads who are working as employees. Amongst other socioeconomic determinants, numbers of children in the family do not play any role in explaining households’ financial vulnerability. However, marital status of the household head plays a significant role in impacting the financial vulnerability level. Being not married or not living with a partner raises the level of financial vulnerability.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	1961c3d8bd6e6e7f20347e1e706d7516	Progress on policy development is monitored twice a year through a full round consultation with the government. As a result, participating development co-operation practitioners reported that good co-ordination, a large country programme and well-defined national priorities on climate change are pre-conditions that enable effective climate finance in Vietnam. It is chaired by a permanent secretary and co-chaired by a donor on a rotating basis.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	1961e29a2b1f040e241a195b7568f740	Finally, access to well designed and reliable transport systems can lower congestion and reduce operating costs for firms and commuting times. Most carbon emissions in urban areas in China come from industrial use including power generation and in selected cities such emissions are high compared to cities in other countries (Sugar et al., However, the density of Chinese cities has helped limit carbon emissions from non-industrial sources, including transport. As noted in Chapter 1, as urbanisation continues density in Chinese cities has remained high by international standards.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287747-en	1963a8b8d6dba7d779191f6688fd34c6	When the debate about economic benefits of immigrant labour started to gain momentum, policy makers continued struggling to develop an adequate immigration policy framework (Paitoonpong and Chalamwong, 2012; Sevilla and Chalamwong, 1996). As indicated previously in this chapter, the MOUs are an important instrument to manage immigration, but it should also be noted that these instruments were developed to an important extent in response to the concerns of the National Security Council of Thailand. As such, the process is focused on the prevention of irregular immigration, with less attention on labour market needs and the protection of rights of immigrants. The procedures for recruitment and placement under the MOU agreements have been characterised as administratively heavy and complex, and many immigrants do not see the benefits of having legal status (Harkins et al.,	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	1964e3ba1aa7abe220ffc47dfb448771	Consumers that are not covered by the central municipal water supply systems depend on their owrn local water supply systems, or on individual wells. Reasons for this are damage caused during the war, very old infrastmcture dating back more than 25 years and a lack of proper maintenance. A weak monitoring system, in combination with inadequate local authority capacity, including a weak financial situation (municipalities and water utilities), and the inappropriate pricing of water, has resulted in major losses in the network (see table 7.2 for FBiH) and a steady deterioration in drinking water quality, especially in the dry season.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-4-en	19656ccfccbf1d5017296bcdf55c8b84	Among institutions there are colleges, academies, polytechnics and universities of applied science. Different expressions in different languages add to the ramifications. While the vocabulary may be understood by insiders familiar with local systems, it will often be obscure to prospective students or employers, undermining the value of the programmes, particularly across national boundaries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	196723dd250cdba845dd49b7f21c888f	In this case there are two elements to be considered. First, people have internalized the idea that material aspirations are met by well-paid, stable and protected jobs. On this logic, those who are unemployed or uncertainly employed face barriers to social integration and the affirmation of their identities and self-esteem (Kaztman, 2010). At the same time, these people might experience a gap between aspirations and expectations, resulting in reduced subjective well-being (ECLAC, 2007).	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	196776c7714675f63e930c84d2a59b5d	The code was hardly enforced, however, with considerable areas being deforested illegally. In response, the new code, while criticised as indulgent towards commercial interests, introduced potentially more effective enforcement instruments, which may result in a better level of protection. The new Forest Code aims to reconcile the objectives of preserving biodiversity and forests and of ensuring a good business environment for agriculture, a key sector of Brazil’s economy.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	196a070267c7a33c71bef729a92cccea	If $2 per day (2005 PPP) is used as a benchmark, the number of poor in the Asian and Pacific region decreased from 2.4 billion in 1990 to an estimated 1.6 billion in 2011. About 900 million people living between $1.25 and $2 per day remain critically vulnerable to extreme poverty. At present, estimates show that about 40 per cent of the population of the region lives on less than $2 per day.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	196bdda40e71484226728e695c3be1fa	This diversity could lead to some differences in the care provided across regions. The MHSD declared the need for developing the system of unified medical standards or protocols at the national level in 2008. Such measures should take into account existing international “best practice” treatment protocols adapted to the circumstances of the Russian Federation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	196c5ead1e8ec77cb190924d68a470ee	A robust outcome from this work is that one must consider different risk layers for which specific instruments are required. Extreme cases of droughts and floods most often belong to the category of catastrophic risks, and thus require some form of government intervention. An efficient definition of the boundaries between catastrophic and non-catastrophic risk is a challenging exercise in the context of climate change that tends to increase the variance in water availability (OECD, 2014). The boundaries become a moving target in the context of non-stationary climate.	6	1	4	0.6
10.30875/eda9a0d4-en	196c6655f8e07ae0d1591a07bb00f22f	About 70% of them have reported at least one trade policy targeting women's economic empowerment. Overall, in four years, almost half of the WTO membership has implemented trade policies in support of women (at least one). It simply provides examples of trade policies as reported by WTO members themselves.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	196c6ccae68e62e734a5cd09cebb8efd	The result could be social unrest, sexual violence, and increased trafficking of girls and young women. An enabling legal and policy environment has long been identified as critical to improving women’s economic and social outcomes (OECD, 2010a; World Bank, 2011). For example, Tunisia introduced changes to its personal status law in 1993, establishing a minimum age of marriage and assigning men and women mutual obligations - the first country to introduce such reforms in the Middle East and North African region.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	196ce5d49275aebd3efca5d6b928a63c	Paiking policy is run by each municipality. The State Commission for Urban Development and Housing involves the Ministries of Urban Development, Government, Environment, Water and Works, and Communications. These ministries can ask for opinions from other relevant authorities for evaluating different components of the urban impact assessment (e.g. mobility-related authorities for impacts on road access and vehicle traffic flows) but they are not obliged to do so, or to take this opinion into account in their final decision on granting the construction permit.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	196d90e371e5304616646d70c59ee729	The first payments were made in April 2011 and hence data on the coverage and expenditure are still limited. Any labour-market-related moral-hazard effect is likely to be less relevant in the case of CTs to the elderly who are anyway out of the labour market, especially in countries where life expectancy is substantially lower than in the OECD. Other types of medium to long-term effects include the impact of the existing pension system on the incentives to contribute throughout one’s working life. However, this issue may be less relevant in the emerging economies, where frequent major reforms of the pension system take place and hence there is little certainty with respect to the existence or not of the current programmes in ten or twenty years later.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	197247e2cfccc96ff5dd06201e72d0ce	Price regulation of other energy sources endures, sheltering consumers from cost changes or redistributing costs across types of consumers. End-user prices and the extent of price pass-through have also been determined taking into account the profit margins of domestic state-owned oil refineries, which dominate the Chinese market. In 2007 and early 2008 the pricing mechanism came under pressure as international oil prices surged. The government’s initial response was to hold back increases in retail prices, resulting in rising subsidies and mounting financial losses for refineries.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	19747c2962626a3cf2c29ef7226ea0de	More promisingly, vaccination rates against hepatitis B among children aged 1 has attained the OECD average, leading to a considerable reduction of incidence among children. This suggests that hepatitis B may be controlled in the future if the high vaccination coverage is maintained. In 2013, the vaccination rate for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was the same level as the OECD average at 95% and the rate for measles was 96%, higher than the OECD average of 94% (OECD, 2015b).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	19756f7350363a8192025bab93e9216e	Colegio de Mexico, September-December2015|online] http:/Avww.scielo.org.mx/scie lo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S018B-72l02015000300691&lng=es&nrm=iso&ting-es. The countries of the region that have developed economic valuation exercises for unpaid domestic work and incorporated them into satellite accounts have built valuable partnerships between statistical offices and central banks in their capacity as data producers, and mechanisms for the advancement of women, as principal users of the information. Using an interinstitutional approach, they have evaluated how to make calculations, what information sources to use and how to disseminate data.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	19791224add5ee652c8864bcea991cc0	The plans count on local support for their implementation. Their challenges are passed on to the STI community (including universities, research groups and technological development centres), who through the same virtual platform propose different solutions that are creative and adaptable to low-cost technologies. Solutions are then selected in regional committees in which the communities with prioritised problems participate. This participatory and collaborative process fosters an atmosphere of trust, and ensures that implemented STI solutions have been accepted by all parties.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1979b4e0d548f49fd79f2cae49633062	In addition, originators may claim a risk premium to reflect possible failures in initial testing over time. Finally, the system may also provide an obligation by generic producers to pay compensation to the data originator for the benefit of early market entry (as compared to the amount of time needed in case of independent replication of clinical trials). Costs incurred to prepare the clinical test data file for the DRA may therefore differ from those costs incurred for the preparation of the patent application with the patent office.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	197b2fec0f7003056a3920dc68f6d3c9	They continuously work with winglets improvements and engine core wash equipment. Based on the MyClimate Cruise calculator an average passenger on a 7 days cruise causes 2.4 tonnes of C02 equivalents when sharing a double room. Because of economies of scale regarding fuel consumption, larger cruise ships have a lower carbon footprint per passenger than smaller cruise ships.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	197b4720c7746cc7e5794f3f2a15050b	It also provides some comparative analysis between the EECCA region and other regions of the world. Such questions aim to help countries better understand their levels of readiness and potential areas for improvement. This analysis is based on the literature review of existing readiness programmes implemented by several development co-operation agencies, international organisations and financial institutions. Summaries of the country-level analyses of climate-related development finance in the 11 EECCA countries between 2011 and 2015; these summaries draw key findings from individual country-level reports on all the 11 EECCA countries. The 11 individual country-level reports are available on the OECD website: www. Each report also analyses the country’s targets and priority sectors/areas in its climate actions based on the submitted INDC and other relevant policy documents.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	19820790f80cc87d47688e89695f8390	The “Camboriu payments for watershed service” was created in 2013 to remediate the large water losses for municipal water supply and the high sediment loading, which were being experienced in the watershed (Practice No. Outcomes expected by 2030 include the conservation of around 3 900 ha conserved/protected and the restoration of 300 ha, which will improve the quality of the water in the watershed and consequently the municipal water supply. In the Pipiripau watershed (Brazil) (Practice No.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	198483b0e31ddbdf0642895ba37224fe	Furthermore, the land actually developed and cultivated by the companies that have been granted land would approximate respectively only 36% and 20% of the total land area allocated. The risks related to large-scale investments in land often outweigh the benefits such investments may bring. Adequate safeguards should thus be developed to ensure that large-scale investments do not have adverse social impacts.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	19868eb6d028ea42a226104cc4943880	However, for a firm spending more than 1% of its gross sales on R&D, the double deduction scheme gave no incentive for increasing R&D spending, since the firm already enjoyed tax exemption as a result of its high-tech status. Similarly, for a firm that undertook investments in a manner qualifying as strategic, the double deduction scheme was redundant, and thus an ineffective incentive for increasing R&D spending in firms (WB, 2007). Efforts to diversify production activities and increase training and R&D activities and seek greater market penetration into higher value added activities were strengthened with the Human Resource Development Act and the creation of the HRD Fund (HRDF). The HRDF was operational in 1993 and manufacturing firms with an employment size of 50 or more were required to pay 1% of their payroll to the HRD council, which they could then reclaim for approved training expenses.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	1986d98b7380e211bdcb40b8042db34c	Public policy and funding are necessary to provide an efficient, well-networked infrastructure for scientific capabilities to meet public needs, and many countries include support for the infrastructure underpinning innovation in their stimulus packages. More recent examples include ICTs (Inetworked computing and the Internet in particular). Many have seen ICTs as the reason for the acceleration in productivity in the United States and other OECD countries since the mid-1990s. Biotechnologies, and more recently nanotechnologies, are viewed as emerging GPTs.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	19899c2369773d4b2e71df39d5afb7c5	Social costs such as environmental externalities will not show up in GDP figures as they affect public rather than private goods supplied by the market. Employing the term “welfare” in a study about the full costs of electricity provision thus implies a notion of well-being that includes but goes beyond the monetised measurements of GDP. Quite obviously, such a broader notion of welfare, which includes public goods, does not allow for the construction of well-defined individual and social utility functions.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	198f58d21f423b5402625073d8911a58	Expectations of profitability linked with technical opportunities have caused some sectors to expand very rapidly without corresponding market capacity, and falling prices have resulted in business failures and major restructuring. To understand more realistically the nature and potential characteristics of the sector’s development a range of issues needs to be considered. It considers key issues including: drivers of growth: demand, technology (production, breeding, feed, disease etc.);	14	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	198f8a08a6ced8766fab0db0cf2a7563	Two illustrations of lack of policy coherence are subsidies for fossil fuels and the absence of microfinance to support projects. First, because rapid economic growth brings rapidly evolving social and economic priorities, which at times can be difficult to oversee and reconcile. Second, because coherence and coordination require institutional capacity and strong regulatory frameworks, which typically are lacking in poor countries. Third, because prioritization and coherence require political leadership, commitment and vision, which might be difficult to mobilize, given the numerous competing social and political needs in poor developing countries.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	1990cba5691ed1cb3436279c2d8a9b3a	For example, average annual precipitation varies considerably between the west (2 500 mm) and the east (500 mm). Figure 5.1 shows the considerable variation from year to year in the extent of flooding, with particularly severe floods having occurred in 2002 and 2005. There is no clear trend over the period shown.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	199188668494aed7d1b78e01d1bb0097	The main issue remains that once on disability benefits or sick the likelihood to re-enter the labour force is limited. But it may also just reflect the fact that inactive people have lower income, hence live in more crowded houses or in cheaper areas far away from job centres. This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. S + 5i(GDPls-GDPl-i,s) + 82(LTU,.5) + p (Xs)* (LTU,,S) +8,,s * Xs set of time unvarying structural indicators Results displayed in Table 2.3 show that long-term unemployment increases tend to lead to faster and stronger declines in participation where the share of disability recipients and the health of the population is w'eaker.22 On the other hand, higher educational attainment of the labour force tends to reduce this discouraged worker effect.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	19959ee8dc024d4a5f9a12b6263fca36	Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. From Uniformity to Diversity: A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. Chololo Ecovillage: A Model of Good Practice in Climate Adaptation and Mitigation. Institute of Rural Development Planning, United Republic of Tanzania.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	1995dcadcb26b2e286b28c2ddf11e89a	Chapter 2 reviews the specific characteristics of aquifers, and the main issues they currently face and will face in the future. Chapter 3 reviews groundwater management policies based on a 2014 OECD country survey. Chapter 4 reports the policies in place in OECD countries, and the final chapter identifies gaps and proposes potential improvements for agriculture groundwater policies. On the discharge side, natural uses and flows operating both vertically and horizontally in aquifers increase the complexity of the picture.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	199a03749a14abf90dda1e4e03130d46	In visits with schools and with municipal officials, stakeholders described this autonomy. In some municipalities there are a minimum number of teachers required, based on the number of classes the municipality determines a school should have. Otherwise, however, the school principal can determine which types of and how many staff members are hired.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264311626-4-en	199a3c36dffcfdd7eb63ac64ebd5b49b	Strong linkages between employers and the education system are fundamental in providing appropriate feedback loops to career guidance counsellors about on-going changes in the labour market and the evolving needs of industry. However, more can still be done to change the mind-sets of both parents and teachers of the benefits. This can potentially be achieved by having more employers directly involved in post-primary schools providing information to students and parents about expected job opportunities and wages. Higher Level Apprenticeships in Northern Ireland in over 20 occupations will also play a critical role in promoting the use of on- and off-the-job training in high-skill jobs that will translate into positive perceptions of apprenticeship opportunities going forward.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	199b0dbae865021a3126f694feaa7f0e	Co-ordinated by the Ministry of Water and Energy, the project was designed by the Ethiopian Government in collaboration with the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV). Lessons could be learned from this example for greening rural economies at scale. However, rural households that use open woodfires to cook household meals suffer health problems associated with indoor air pollution.	13	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	199be569d589472ab537c5bc39cec275	It can be that the reforms would have to be much more substantial to benefit also female employment. Social and cultural factors remain the principal driving factors of keeping women outside the labour force. Even after accounting for variables proxying for infrastructure, stage of development, and banking services, individual and household characteristics strongly influence the low female labour market participation. There are some signs that the influence of these factors is diminishing over time and with education.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a98da25-en	199d4a06704a5a9083c8d05081708690	"Since that time, governments of a wide array of political leanings have routinely adopted Keynesian demand-man-agement policies, up until the 1970s. Those policies entailed ""leaning against the wind"". During economic downturns, governments would increase spending on goods and services to soften the blow of unemployment and recession. Conversely, government spending would be cut during inflationary periods when the source of the problem was deemed to be business and household spending that exceeded the ability of the economy to produce."	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	199e1a57458a8fdc73708e57ff23b32f	In contrast, some EMEs, such as Brazil, have successfully raised agricultural production through the expansion of commercial agriculture. The process of growing crops in the ground is not itself subject to scale economies. However, as agricultural productivity becomes more dependent upon technology, purchased inputs and logistics, commercial organisation starts to have advantages over small-scale farming.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/50e33932-en	199f9b9d401c2ca939e3382a98ccec6b	It encourages the coordination of national and local actions by jointly working together towards a common national agenda. The whole process from the selection of the local development projects to their implementation is meant to be based on a participatory approach that builds on heated, open and informed debate between different levels of government. Their function is to support municipalities in their association process, thus providing essential services at lower management costs. This national level team tends to be a pro-active force that takes part in all the stages of the strategy building on the field.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	19a32c1fe1baef2e28cfc624206d02ec	In technical-professional programmes, the number of subject-teachers were 6 959 and 14 263 for the same year, in lower and upper secondary education respectively (reflecting growths of 60.5% and 89.3% since 2006) (see Table 5.A.1 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, organised in 2007 and which provides the most rigorous information about teachers, there were 36 851 staff involved in direct teaching in public schools maintained by ANEP (45.1% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education; 39.0% in general programmes of secondary education; and 18.0% on technical-professional programmes of secondary education) (see Table 5.A.2 in Annex 5.A). According to the latest Teacher Census, the proportion of females in 2007 in public schools maintained by ANEP reached 93.2% in early childhood, pre-primary and primary education, 73.5% in general programmes of secondary education and 56.8% in technical-professional programmes of secondary education (see Table 5.1).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	19a976c3828f78aa592459ba55f0e16d	This will lay the foundations for transparent, intelligent purchasing. Similarly, within SP, the role of the REPSS (Regimenes Estatales de Proteccion Social en Salud, or the representatives of SP within Mexico’s 32 federal entities) as regional purchasers of SP health services should be strengthened. The basic legal framework for REPSS to evolve into fully-fledged purchasing agencies is already in place.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	19aa3c2b269c4f8e92c1b1ca7960a079	Overall, strengthening competition in the health care sector, if accompanied by appropriate regulation, has the potential of increasing the sector’s resilience to shocks by lowering spending pressures. Effective regulation seems to be paramount as market forces - if unchecked - are likely to result in overprovision of health care services, especially in periods of economic bonanzas, and reduction in coverage and services - at least for some part of the population - during recessions. Regulated competition can also better align health care service characteristics with patient preferences, allows for the setting and enforcing quality-of-care standards, promotes access to care (with, for instance, means-tested subsidised insurance premiums) and strengthens incentives to achieve efficiency gains. Well-regulated systems can yield cost savings and help ensure an adequate level of care, but getting the regulatory setting right has proved to be challenging.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	19abab98ebd32819af92ac9daf2862f4	Population growth will increase the demand for food, which will, in turn, exert pressure on the agriculture sector to increase productivity. This situation will be further exacerbated by changing consumption and dietary patterns with increasing preference for quality, food safety and convenience foods. Asian countries will experience increasing urbanization and rising middle-class incomes, which will have a huge impact on the region's future food consumption patterns.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	19ae7931cbd688a87d0b9d9bf53f536e	This standard Income Equalisation Scheme is available upon request to farmers as part of normal business. A variant of the Income Equalisation Scheme for adverse events is also available to farmers who have suffered adverse events and were forced to sell livestock. They can deposit proceeds from such sales to a special adverse event income equalisation account. The adverse event scheme is based on the same principle as the standard scheme.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	19b026aec5fb55fa89e543abd4e0437b	Source: (Florence et al., In 2014, there were over 400,000 emergency room visits and over a quarter of a million hospitalisations for drug poisonings. Opioid overdoses accounted for around one-fifth of these hospitalisations and one-quarter of these emergency room visits. Medicare and Medicaid are the primary' payers in around two-thirds of opioid poisoning cases.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	19b0b5a21638807a6b4f1727e02a8708	The SEIA can only require mitigation, repair or compensation for environmental damage. The Environmental Evaluation Service does not have the mandate to consider the larger urban system in assessing a project’s environmental impact (SEA, 2012). The result is case-by-case treatment of environmental externalities that does not consider how each effort at mitigation, repair or compensation may undermine or contribute to an urban area’s overall environmental quality. One mechanism that has been developed is the Urban Transport System Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto al Sistema de Transporte Urbano/EISTU), which sets conditions to mitigate a development’s potential impact on roadways and parking for large projects (SST, n.d.).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264252059-3-en	19b201831d47cc5c09a4255bcac25238	"In addition to continuously updating their own knowledge of the subjects they teach, teachers are expected to work with multicultural classes, integrate students with special needs, be ""assessment literate"", work and plan in teams, assume some leadership roles and provide professional advice to parents, among other tasks. This chapter defines some of the knowledge, skills and character attributes required for effective teaching, including content and pedagogic knowledge, communication and organisational skills, and self-efficacy and motivation. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	19b24785bedfd95c65044687cf41f00b	Recommended actions in sphere (2) and then (3) are conditional on the efforts undertaken at the hotspot location and may become secondary if hotspot level risks are well managed. Source: Author’s own work. As for most regions, water risk hotspots require well-functioning generic water policies (OECD, 2016a).	6	0	11	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	19b3d2bb6ecdc149df47792ce9fbbc33	That may also contribute to the fact that, only about one in ten reforms across OECD countries are followed by any attempt to evaluate their impact (OECD, 2015). And it is not only difficult to co-ordinate policy development across levels of governments, but it is also hard to link the perspectives of different government departments. However, if education is to be developed over a lifetime, then a broad range of policy fields need to be involved, including education, family, employment, industrial and economic development, migration and integration, social welfare and public finance.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	19b5038ba80e13bf82485f12ecdeb9f6	Although market instruments exist to deal with some of these risks (e.g. interest rate hedging), they are more often dealt with by individual farm strategies, e.g. arrangements with banks, family budget management, business consulting, outsourcing financial management to specialised companies, etc. Between 2004 and 2009, outstanding debt in agriculture more than doubled in value terms, driven by the expansion of existing farms and the entry of new operators, particularly in dairy farming. In the recent crisis period, as commodity and land prices fell, farms continued to draw heavily on bank credit to meet their working capital needs.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	19b5d555693ad21eef6bc34409aa3cf7	It shows the variety of practices adopted by OECD countries for multi-level co-ordination of water policies and capacity-building at sub-national level. The chapter gives an overview of governance mechanisms currently used by OECD countries to bridge previously identified gaps (Chapter 3). A specific focus is then made on a series of instruments fostering horizontal co-ordination across ministries, horizontal co-ordination across local actors and vertical co-ordination between levels of government.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	19b8d7d8463502cba0987f6462a40264	Therefore, according to the present level of wastewater discharges, the “polluter pays” principle is not implemented. As a result, companies have no incentive to reduce the pollution of the wastewater or to clean up and reuse the water. Furthermore, users do not have to pay for the water abstraction, which results in a very unsustainable use of the water resource.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/286de074-en	19b9e5dbc2f0d8c9cb267a061b7a91ff	Adolescence is not only a period of rapid physical, sexual and brain development, but also one when the shaping of gender beliefs and attitudes intensifies, with potentially life-long effects (Kagesten et al. In 2013, some of the leading causes of adolescent deaths globally included HIV/AIDS, road injuries and maternal disorders, while key risk factors for health and well-being included unsafe sex and alcohol misuse (Mokhad et al., In many settings, outcomes and risk factors like these are influenced by gendered attitudes and behaviour learned through the process of gender socialization.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	19bd6c3cf8f741ad06504076f04f1076	As a result, both the trade and current account deficits increased in 2012. Large current account deficits, despite the slowdown in economic growth, are symptomatic of demand-supply imbalances and a pointer to the urgent need to resolve supply bottlenecks. However, capital flows have been adequate to cover the current account deficit thus far.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	19c025d80c5aeafde078701067d8a186	Monitoring and evaluation is an integral component of such programmes. Enrolment in one of the schools surveyed rose by 26 per cent in one month following the introduction of free school meals. Often these two methods are used side-by-side on the same project, but they can also be used separately. In principle, take-home rations can have a larger impact on households' expenditures and therefore potentially work better in terms of targeting (Bundy et al.,	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	19c1909ddb97d947a21b358a4ea354e9	The average supply of calories for food consumption of each country or region is normalized by the average dietary energy requirement estimated for its population in order to provide an index of adequacy of the food supply in terms of calories. Analysed together with the prevalence of undernourishment, it allows the determination of whether undernourishment is mainly due to the insufficiency of the food supply or to particularly poor distribution. Aggregate calculations: FAO Statistics Division (ESS).	1	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	19c7fa0a104790331be2338dcbcfdd71	It could increase the risk of not meeting the potential energy production by the Tabqa hydroelectric station due to the upstream river flow regulations (Tilmant, 2007). Due to lower than expected water flow from Turkey, as well as lack of maintenance, the hydroelectric station only generates 150 MW instead of 800 MW. This almost led to a war between the two countries.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	19c9fd74eaf8c7ea7770ec5eaa147533	In Korea, there is no systematic procedure to evaluate the impact of safety measures. As an example, it would be very useful to evaluate the impact of black box fitment in vehicles in order to assess whether this should be expanded. Preliminary research found the installation of black boxes by a Korean taxi fleet had achieved a 15% reduction in fatalities, although another review suggested that black box fitment did not secure a change in behaviour.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/budget-18-5j8jt0pt1hq6	19cc4d97f92c091d251b09a91f7188fa	Key reforms include an Organizational Performance Indicators Framework, Medium-Term Expenditure Framework, Bottom-Up Budgeting, Performance-Informed Budgeting, and Two-tier Budgeting approaches. In contrast to the national-level, the link is weak between the local health budget and strategic plans and targets in the MTPDP as well as the Department of Health (DOH) national health objectives in the budget formulation process for health at the local government unit (LGU) level. There are several reasons for this. One is that each of the more than 1 700 provinces, cities and municipalities has fiscal autonomy, and yet most are highly dependent on their formula-driven internal revenue shares from the national government.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	19d84e15611d860c4de5010447417db0	Lapland also utilises local wood fuels, peat and waste liquor from the forest industry. Wood pellets have become a worldwide commodity inspired by Finland, and have also become an important resource in the boreal parts of the North (see box 35). In the future, energy consumption in Lapland will primarily be dependent on the development of industry and the service sector.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	19df86e35fc7eb3246717bff64dec115	The measure of wage provided refers to hourly labour cost, or gross earnings, i.e. includes labour income taxes and social security contributions as well as fringe benefits. In particular, it accounts for bonuses and executive compensation. Wage premia are calculated as the average of the wage premium for each triplet consisting of one age bracket, one education level and the gender, weighted by the number of financial sector employees in the triplet. Hence, the aggregate measure uses the relative frequency of financial sector employees in the different triplet categories.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45b6cbb6-en	19e1022426753fb8b087ffae10e70feb	Globally in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family planning by using modern contraceptive methods. Only three in four births took place with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant. This was short of the two-thirds reduction envisaged in the MDGs. In 2015, an estimated 5.9 million children under age 5 died; most of these deaths were preventable. Over this period, progress in child survival among children aged 1 to 59 months outpaced advances in reducing neonatal mortality; as a result, a growing share of all under-5 deaths occurs in the first month of life (45 per cent in 2015).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	19e15052b0689c880b2b531d02c624aa	Such systems exist under different forms in a number of OECD countries, such as France, United Kingdom and United States (Cedefop, 2009; Gautie and Perez, 2012). Such a shift could support mobility-, as workers would be more likely than companies to choose training which allows them to subsequently change sector. On the downside, individual learning accounts can be administratively complex and have difficulties to reach the low skilled.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	19e1925b91333c3c1c66b3b51ddfc148	These shorter terms action plans provide opportunity to adjust and refine interventions from the results of monitoring and review of performance. Some examples from different jurisdictions are shown in the boxes below. Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Stockholm, May 2009. Realistically we understand that it is not practical to achieve zero serious injuries on our roads by the year 2020, but we do not accept any death or serious injury as inevitable.”	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	19e2edf93bed650ed06c8ca472b6085c	It comprises a prohibition on direct discharges to groundwater, and (to cover indirect discharges) a requirement to monitor groundwater bodies so as to detect changes in chemical composition, and to reverse any antropogenically induced upward pollution trend. The presumption in relation to groundwater is that it should not be polluted at all. For this reason, setting chemical quality standards are not seen as the best approach, as it would give the impression of an allowed level of pollution to which EU member states can fill up. Avery few such standards have been established at EU level for particular issues (nitrates, pesticides and biocides).	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	19e755589794bf9a23941c796d3aaa52	"The STAMP2 sensor will be deployed in Ebola-stricken areas using a connected health patch, or ""Smart Band-Aid.” The fully equipped sensor-enabled band-aid is estimated to cost approximately US$100 with a maximum battery life of ten days, making it ideal for use in field-based Ebola treatment centers. Deploying solutions such as the STAMP2 sensor can improve the Ebola response initiative at-large by decreasing emergency response time in critical areas and enabling emergency responders to detect Ebola patients earlier and monitor them more efficiently."	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	19eb00f07569fa069755140eaadfc0ef	The pressure that stems from anomie operates unevenly between the different strata, having greatest effect on the most deprived. Srole and Middleton (1963, cited in Huschka and Mau, 2005) made the psychological concepts of anomie and alienation operational, thereby giving rise to many empirical studies, especially in the United States. More contemporary versions have argued that inequities and social polarization produce anomie at times of social change.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	19ef47e737968da8b4e9bfdcf7441d5c	There was insufficient public investment in the improvement of infrastructure in order to restore good services. Water charges were raised before service delivery was improved - charges were raised by a factor of 12 at a time when the condition of infrastructure and water supply remained very poor. Also, the organisation of the client based collapsed with the demise of the AAs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	19f07c65d29e5e1c07546832140fa7ab	The main key to proliferation is concern about forest certification among consumers of timber and paper products. The annual average volume of emissions resulting from the reduction of forest and land-use change was 1.6 Gt of carbon ± 0.8 Gt of carbon, which is thought to be mainly due to deforestation of tropical forests. Furthermore, net capture by land ecosystems was estimated at 0.7 Gt of carbon ± 0.8 Gt of carbon, but this was considered mainly the result of an increase in forest stock in the Northern Hemisphere (Kobayashi, 2005: 30).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	19f2c925b5f811824a65cc7a9a112609	The generic term in use is Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM). As defined by WHO, “Traditional medicine” is an amorphous concept that comprises a range of long-standing and still-evolving practices based on diverse beliefs and theories. These services involve medical knowledge systems, developed over centuries within various societies before or during the development of modern medicine. “	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	19f2fb78dafbe8b24213d3439fa34d45	Transgenic farm animals would be particularly valuable and therefore would be kept in carefully controlled environments. Aquacultured fish, by contrast, are naturally mobile and breed easily with wild species. The AEBC report recommends that transgenic fish should not be raised in offshore pens owing to the high probability of escape. The Pew Initiative study points out that the impact of escaped aquaculture fish. Scientists agree that the possible impacts on non-target species should be monitored and compared with the effects of other current agricultural practices such as chemical pesticide use (GM Science Review Panel).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	19f5aeaabcc013357554d620283b8fb4	A microeconometric decomposition exercise presented by ECLAC (2011) notes that income per adult, and specifically earnings, were the main factor in the fall in inequality. The demographic factor was found to have had a modest effect on inequality, as the dependency ratio fell fairly evenly across all income levels. On the basis of an analysis of four middle-income countries in the region (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru), Lopez-Calva and Lustig (2010) conclude that two main factors account for the easing inequality in the countries: a narrowing of the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers and, to a lesser extent, an increase in government transfers to the lowest-income households.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	19f6aa3763579318b46e41bf576e4dcd	According to this analysis, investments in low-carbon generation would stop once prices are too low, and may not deliver the investment needed in the nearly full decarbonisation scenarios foreseen in 2050. This issue calls for further research. As a result, there is no coordination between demand and investments.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/96e69229-en	19f80d8c08f93864b8784dcbc2b56a56	The results also suggest that the timing of acquiring cognitive skills is a less significant factor. Unlike the Danish study comparing PISA and PIAAC results, this comparison for England is not based on longitudinal data. But it does show a worrying trend for England as it shifts from an average ranking on the PISA tests to a bottom ranking position on the PIAAC assessments for those in their late teens, and only a slightly better outcome for those in their early 20’s. This finding poses a stark question for British policy makers: why did young people in other OECD countries make greater progress in literacy and numeracy skills between the ages of 15 and the early 20s than their English peers?	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/73d010ed-en	19fad5490453d329ac254f20122175f8	"See Berger and Szretter (2002). The women in this segment of the workforce are also employed under more flexible conditions, although not generally under the modality of ""on call"" workers (as is the case with men), and their employment also exhibits a greater degree of elasticity. Since unpaid domestic work generates a ""savings"" for the economy, the feminization of the workforce can have a negative effect if that savings is reduced (by paying for domestic work via private services or public services funded out of the government budget, since part of the value that domestic and care work transfers to the economy at no cost will no longer be channeled into the economic circuit but will instead increase the total wage bill)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	19fcb8077c7eed9aa86c35d2558dd0da	Developing policy proposals on collective ministerial responsibility could serve the public interest, so that it is possible to work across institutional lines to develop the best possible policy. To promote sustainable and inclusive urban development, Kazakhstan needs to improve the efficiency of data collection at the city level and provide reliable quantitative analysis of urban issues. This leaves SNGs with few internal financial resources and a lack of incentives to develop their own tax base. The most important taxes go to the central government’s budget and are distributed to regional governments.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	1a0014a7782261615d16fd9a695d6d35	The policies resulted in considerably higher female labour force participation. West German policy makers had to contend with pressure to maintain East Germany’s ECEC infrastructure and support its traditionally higher female labour market attachment, which helped pave the way for the radical parental leave reform of 2007. The changing family policy discourse was driven not only by changes in attitudes, but also by persistently low fertility rates and the desire to keep highly educated women in the labour force.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	1a00496c31e1a0d6222ec5cece02f720	Despite the environment of fiscal austerity, the new Government is also committed to providing finance to assist developing countries manage climate change, including £1.5 billion as its share of fast-start financing of US$30 billion in 2010-2012 promised in the Copenhagen Accord. The United Kingdom’s total commitment to international climate-change finance over the spending review period is £2.9 billion. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s three strategic priorities include promoting sustainable growth. Policies rely heavily on tradable quota markets, a form of quantity-based instrument (such as the Renewables Obligation (RO)), although there are also primarily price-based instruments (such as the Climate-Change Levy (CCL)).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	1a009698cbdc7e95a169f824874557b5	In particular, spending on children and families is running at well below the OECD average in Greece, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. And in all of these countries the lack of priority for children in national budgets shows through in the correspondingly small reductions in relative child poverty that each achieves. Both have strengths and weaknesses. Taken together, they offer two different but complementary measures and offer the best currently available comparative picture of child poverty in the world’s wealthiest nations.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1a01b08dbf59ca72a78e03c5d30bc712	The cost increase due to load following operation is related to several factors: (a) additional and more stringent requirements for the plant design, the monitoring system and the fuel element design; (b) increased operation and maintenance expenses since the plant’s components need more frequent inspections and repairs; and (c) income losses due to the reduction of the plant’s load and availability factor. The load following option is therefore already “built-in” in the reactor design and it does not causes additional investment costs. Also, a number of older nuclear units have already been designed for significant manoeuvring capabilities or have already been upgraded to improve their operating flexibility; no investment or limited investment are thus required to exploit those units in a load following mode.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/99aadf34-en	1a01ca97c68af982baa4032b94366ae3	In contrast, the pace of urbanization of poverty was much slower than that of urbanization of the population in Bhutan. Note: Data for the earlier period were not available for Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu. Most landlocked developing countries, except Mongolia, did not experience significant increases in their urban populations nor in their urban poor. However, if the capacities of cities to accommodate an influx of people cannot keep up with increasing demand for dwellings, infrastructure and public services, it could result in social exclusion, instability and environmental degradation (ESCAP, 2018c).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	1a0241b76e8e393a6be09d50256929db	It focuses on recent trends in a broad range of labour market outcomes. Despite significant improvement in a number of areas, the labour market gaps confronting women in emerging economies continue to be wider than those in OECD countries. The most significant improvements have been recorded in Latin America, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the gap has fallen by 1 percentage point per year since the mid-1990s, while the largest gaps persist in the Middle East, North Africa, India and Indonesia.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	1a02eecc06554fe4f1d62f6385890d4e	In extreme cases, some native-born Swedish parents register their children for school soon after they are bom, resulting in long waiting lists that stretch years into the future (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). From lack of language skills to reduced social and professional networks of new arrivals, migrant parents face difficult challenges in utilising school-choice to their child’s benefit (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015[2ij). However, immigrant parents may make well-infomied choices of choosing a school in a segregated area because of its location or the presence of a large immigrant community which can help their children to feel a sense of belonging but can further segregation (Lund, 2015(37]). Segregation can also be intensified through the actions of both school actors and results in self-sorting of students who would like to be in schools with peers similar to themselves (Erixon Arreman, 2014(38]; Holm, 2013(39]).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	1a06d9fe4a36bf7706ed359c597650c5	Therefore, the mother is exposed to the risk of losing custody of her children. Beyond that age, children must choose if they want to live with theirfather or their mother.5 Children (boys and girls) will be under the legal custody of the mother until they reach the age of 15. Custody can be extended after this age if the judge considers it is in the interest of the children.	5	3	2	0.2
10.14217/51bd6023-en	1a07683b888fd3838c4e12f268e0adb5	The fall has been generated by a combination of demand and supply factors. Global oil production in excess of worldwide consumption has been the primary driving force behind the decline, while weaker-than-expected growth in Europe and Asia has also been a contributing factor (Husain et al. Additionally, there has been a broad-based weakness in non-oil commodity prices.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	1a0d99b22cce5bf57a147bb4265603e3	While pension schemes implemented in practice may divert from these‘ideal typical’models (and other types may also exist) the classification is useful to compare policy alternatives. Pension systems typically have two main objectives: (1) poverty prevention and redistribution and (2) consumption smoothing (Barr and Diamond 2009). Not all pension benefits are intended to achieve - or capable of achieving - both.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088979-en	1a0dd55058fb5d4b80c7218cf79e3f00	The AUD 40 million programme “Boosting Highly Innovative SMEs” has been designed to achieve this goal. To ensure that TAFE institutes are well positioned to help upgrade and diversify existing industries, i.e. help existing firms to expand into a new line of business, their current focus on skills provision should be balanced with sectorally and locally focused comprehensive support for SMEs across Victoria. Recognising the need for more integrated response to industry, the nine universities in Victoria have developed Unigateway, a web signposting service for SMEs to access university expertise.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	1a0f836c1335da69e8531cd2cad1e33b	A gendered approach to environmental assessment also examines the ways environments and environmental relationships shape, create and sustain gender norms. What are the social costs and consequences of differential gendered environmental relationships? And what is the dynamic relationship between environmental conditions and changes and gender inequality?	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	1a0f9ead4091fcfd31e7a32b5538117d	Black and African households have the highest proportion of financially vulnerable households (38.2 percent), followed by Hispanics (31.1 percent), other ethnicities which include Asians, native Hawaiian, Alaska native (30.6 percent), and white non-Hispanics (25 percent). The level of financial vulnerability decreased for all ethnicities from 2007 to 2016 except for households that belong to the other category (Figure 4.4). Households where the household head has a college degree are less financially vulnerable as compared to households where the education level of the household head is lower (Figure 4.5). Moreover, female headed households are more financially vulnerable as compared to male headed households.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	1a116d3d34d4d120c758cd1be0eb3688	Make sure it is clear, with supporting figures. Bankers and investors need to understand whether your project meets a real need to better assess their commitment. Managing to clearly explain your project in simple language increases your chances of success. Talk about growing your market and show your long-term vision for your project.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d79235bc-en	1a13366b86e11a54c3a360f5533cffad	Other combinations of distance-to-coast and elevation may be used as definition of coastal zones. Another approach is to measure the population living in river delta areas, which are important areas at the land-ocean interface. The indicator quantifies an important driver of coastal ecosystem pressure, and it also quantifies an important component of vulnerability to sea-level rise and other coastal hazards. Among the most important pressures are habitat conversion, land cover change, pollutant loads, and introduction of invasive species.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	1a147a2c8f81ded5f3d1a01371125837	While the group as a whole recoups a considerable portion of their tax payments in the form of cash benefits, the rest goes towards financing other public expenditures, such as publicly provided services, current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements. The extent of interpersonal redistribution is evident from looking at how much is paid and received by different income groups. The poorest 20% are net benefit recipients in almost all countries, with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	1a14fc0989a3abf8b4b8796541db9d49	They add that in some countries, teachers with a recognised qualification are automatically eligible to go on the payroll, putting pressure on the country’s budget. Citizenship issues notwithstanding, this might provide an incentive for governments not to recognise refugee teachers’ qualifications. With regard to teachers employed by nongovernmental bodies, Penson and Tomlinson (2009) noted the disruptive effect of the wide range of remuneration paid to teachers during the emergency in Timor-Leste by different agencies, with some being paid nothing and others receiving relatively high allowances, making it difficult to deploy teachers efficiently. Both the IIEP Guidebook for Planning Education in Emergencies and Reconstruction and the INEE Guidance Notes on Teacher Compensation in Fragile States, Situations of Displacement and Post-crisis Recovery contain advice on compensating teachers (INEE, 2009).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	1a16a9e262946d5c7191d89fa44f2659	The Bahrain Development Bank27 has specialised in SMEs since 1992, and provides them with various conventional and Islamic bank loans; the bank also offers a financial education programme to its customers. Through this initiative,31 the number of loans to women grew by 55% and the number of bank deposit accounts held by women by 17% (December 2012). At the same time, we are also demonstrating that there is a considerable commercial advantage in providing women with concrete means to access financing for their businesses.” (	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	1a16ba52432f28578151bf4b067e0ed2	Finally, a conflict variable in origin countries (row (4)) and the level of civil liberties at home (row (5)) are included to control for the effect of political situation on migration dynamics (Peridy, 2010). In all these cases, even including all these variables, the results maintain their statistical significance. It suggests that male migration is not sensitive to the level of discrimination in the origin countries, neither in the destination. The interpretation is twofold: i) men's decision to migrate is not related to the level of gender discrimination in social institutions; or ii) the SIGI is not able to capture social pressure on male behaviour and choices.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	1a184c3cd5d36af7f021b92ed652fcd4	Also included in this set of measures would be characteristics such as pain or fatigue. This set of measures includes factors that either increase or decrease the risk of developing pathologies and diseases and that therefore affect functional levels and general measures of health. Specific examples are diet and nutrition, smoking and physical activity. To capture this, infant mortality rates are also presented here. However, since these refer to a very narrow age group, they cannot be considered as a measure expressing the health status of the population as a whole.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1a18777e660297ca0d794b4b8168db18	J. and Trumper, H. (2014), “Safer speeds: public acceptance and compliance”, Research Report 563, NZ Transport Agency, Wellington, New Zealand. Traffic Engineering, 11 (41). This paper reviews mobility and safety challenges of an ageing population and describes and describes measures that can contribute to keep up or to enhance the safe mobility of older citizens. It was 24% in 2001 and this rose to 36% in 2013.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	1a188f36e380ddc3b7651ffaea2c5263	As mentioned above, they are less likely to be deprived in education. The rate of children deprived in only the specific dimension is less than three per cent for any given dimension (for more clarity, the category is not reported in the graph), while 3.5 per cent of children are deprived in all seven dimensions at once. More than three out of four children are deprived in at least one of these dimensions. Almost one in five children is deprived in all three, and about one in ten is deprived in either social and utilities or information and utilities. As for the younger age group, children in rural areas are generally more deprived, presenting a distribution skewed to the right, with higher rates of deprivation at higher counts. On the contrary, children in urban areas are less deprived.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	1a19d6fce1867e39b14cef846476c8f0	With the exception of the Cook Islands, Nauru, and Tuvalu, most of PICs show below average coverage, varying between 22 per cent in Fiji to 1 per cent in PNG (table 3). The social protection expenditure going to the poor is quite insignificant within the Pacific region. The value is much lower in the Pacific region (11 per cent) when compared to the 23 per cent in Asia (Baulch and others, 2008).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	1a1aabb670d2a0b86f56a9e3f6924dab	We provide an overview of these distinctions in Table 2 below. If parent report of household food insecurity is used, it is essential to stress that what is actually being measured is the prevalence of children who live in households characterized by food insecurity. This is quite different to the prevalence of child food insecurity, and even with clear statements it seems likely (based on experiences in the United States[for instance, see 64]) that the data may be misinterpreted.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	1a1d9b006c83939b48358cdb01aa23f3	South and South-West Asia remains completely dependent upon imports of fossil fuels, except for the Islamic Republic of Iran which is a net exporter of such fuels. The subregion has much to gain from regional cooperation in energy supply and consumption. Widening access to clean and efficient energy, including grid-connected/decentralized power, is a key component of development efforts currently being pursued in the subregion.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	1a2366305911bc99d300dba7b0193a20	Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Statistics Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	1a27e7316541d75399546d463bc6f5fe	Developing countries have added new large-scale, dry-process capacity to meet demand, thereby reducing the share of smaller, less efficient kilns. Higher energy prices have also encouraged cement producers in developed countries to invest in new more efficient plants or retrofits to improve energy efficiency. In 2006, Japan and India were the most efficient clinker producers (Figure 14). The Japanese method of calculating net energy consumption per tonne of clinker yields a value 2.94 GJ/t clinker for 2006.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	1a2802f6672932caba2aa2defa62e542	This would create a less burdensome and costly assessment framework, while preserving useful information. Consolidation is important, both to achieve greater efficiency, and to ensure that students are provided with a high quality education. The OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania (Shewbridge et al.,	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	1a28a23025f08d6a19019c83c4f328c5	For example, in 2011 the WHO-based report on ‘Women’s Lives and Family Relationships’8 reported that 60 per cent of women had been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by husbands/partners in their lifetime, and for 90 per cent of these women the violence was severe. More than 1 in 4 women over the age of 15 years experienced physical violence by non-partners, 1 in 3 women experienced sexual abuse when they were under the age of 15 years and 2 in 5 women were forced into first sex. The study showed that acts of sexual violence caused injuries for many women (including loss of consciousness for 50%). One in 5 of those injured suffered permanent disability.	1	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	1a2b41e65955df2e280b79b649d5d4ad	Hence, a differentiation at zone level will not adequately internalise the environmental impact, and therefore charges should be differentiated to reflect this variation. Reflecting such changes in the value of w'ater (environmental or opportunity costs of using w'ater) can drive private investment in water storage. An example from the UK (see Annex 3.A2) provides some guidance on how to incorporate such variations in the value of water. In practice, most OECD countries consider that seasonal variations in abstraction charges add a lot of complexities and seldom use them.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	1a2c8150b640bc57ba670281de5d4c4a	Apart from correlations at the individual level, additional correlation arises because of the common structure (stratification and clustering) of the waves of a panel (Verma and Betti 2011). The approach used in this paper was to test two different methods to produce variance estimates for three-year averaged indicators in EU-SILC, building on previous work at the University of Siena (Verma et.al 2010). A first, direct approach defines a common structure of strata and PSUs for the three waves of the sample, and applies standard JRR replications to the union of the three cross-sectional samples.	1	6	2	0.5
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	1a2e40db3b158bcbe52078211e57aff5	A new national social protection strategy was approved in 2016; however, it does not have a strong focus on urban areas. For example, instead of door-to-door visits to identify and register eligible households, the programme was advertised in the mass media and applicants had to queue at recruitment offices. Initially, payments were the same for rural and urban beneficiaries, but an urban-adjusted benefit was introduced in 2009. Urban beneficiaries were also given bank cards and collected their cash from ATMs.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	1a2fab8be5d5dcff0c2aa99a78d47525	The 2009 OECD Rural Policy Review recommended that more formal contacts should be established between the various ministries and agencies that design rural policy in China. Looking forward, further initiatives that promote such coordination will be important. A number of policy measures provide assistance to China’s agricultural producers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	1a314787e30196c2d04068ebcda5a421	The “explicit” rural-uiban partnerships (five in total), deliberately set out to cultivate a rural-urban partnership or manage rural-uiban relationships. This “intent” is reflected in the objectives of the partnership agreement. This rural-uiban dimension is a core aspect for the partnership that is deliberately pursued, either through the issues identified, initiatives realised and/or stakeholder involvement.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	1a324792184e57baa900233e1d48db89	These results are partial, and it is recommended to extend farm-level risk analysis to other farm types and larger samples. Other forms of diversification, in addition to the output diversification, could be analysed, such as spreading production across locations and diversifying trade across overseas markets. There are inevitable trade-offs between specialisation to reduce costs and diversification to reduce income variability. The choice of a particular strategy will depend on individual farm business features and farmer risk preferences.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	1a350bf5369ea89b47e548dd4764aa41	The NHDS could be revised to include informal settlement and upgrading of existing housing stocks both in its objectives and subsequent implementation measures. Furthermore, overall housing objectives could be re-oriented to focus not only on the quantitative targets but also on the provision of adequate and accessible housing. Although wide spread slums do not exist in Viet Nam, there is reference to “vertical slums,” which are multifloor buildings which are divided into small living spaces and rented to the low income market. Given the financial constraint in the public sector, incremental upgrading and maintenance of the existing housing stock by individuals could be encouraged.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	1a354cbc86b682e491beeb1f18a77ac5	The fund helps regional councils with the costs of coastal planning for aquaculture developments. Vessel numbers are not restricted but all vessels operating within New Zealand’s fisheries waters need to be New Zealand flagged and are subject to all relevant domestic legislation. The Act and its implementing regulations provide for the fishing interests of all fishing groups, commercial, recreational, and customary' Maori. There are currently 641 stocks (a combination of species or species complexes, and areas) in the QMS. Historically, the allocation of quota was based on catch history'.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	1a3618e2b5b470a0997a2bfc9c6559dd	Capacity can also be shared between the two levels of government. For example, lessons learnt from innovative water policy approaches piloted at the sub-national level are sometimes transferred to the central level; peer-to-peer capacity exchange between levels of government may also result in knowledge transfer. The local level should have the resources to manage water responsibilities, but in reality this level may lack the organisational, technical, procedural, networking or infrastructure capacity.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	1a3928f8ce9629ed93138a1015f51066	This could entail guidelines for schools on cultural celebrations which are applied consistently across schools. Guidelines could also address how to engage parents more and how to build effective relationships between schools and communities. These policy pointers could be beneficial for whole-school communities and entail limited costs.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	1a3e7c58f88a1977dc391b65c44517a2	The Chipko movement that resisted industrial logging in the Himalayas was primarily motivated by forest and livelihood protection. Similar symbolism is associated with Kenya's Green Belt Movement, founded by Wangari Maathai in 1977, which encouraged rural women to collectively plant trees for sustainable livelihoods and forest conservation. Together with cornerstone publications such as Silent Spring (Carson, 1962) and The Limits to Growth: A Report to the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (Meadows and others, 1972), they fuelled a growing public and political consciousness of the environmental and social downsides of prevailing models.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	1a3ec18ec85e869dca8a6571fb5f3025	The current blending ratios are 27% and 7% respectively. Most of the biodiesel comes from soybean oil, although the use of palm oil is increasing. Other programmes like animal and plant health continue to be important in the agricultural policy framework. More than BRL 240 million (USD 123 million) have been spent annually in this area over the last five years.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282988-5-en	1a40f1dfd1f88412b419e4c6634aa3fc	The nature and quantity of data collected must also be relevant and applicable to decision making at the various levels of the health system. Accurate, representative and timely data are thereby central to the assessment and improvement of the quality of care delivered to the population. The study reviews the Peruvian health infonnation system in terms of how it measures up in delivering the requisite data to meet both national policy purposes and allow international benchmarking in the areas of health care resources, activities, expenditure and quality. The report recommends improvements in data sources and methods to extend coverage and strengthen comparability in the development of international indicators.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	1a4382fe90ea67413caaf30364edcac4	Such cultural change takes time, and while the central level can establish policies, plans and programmes, central-level institutions have to provide a behavioural example and embody the practice. Meanwhile, the local level must also be an active player in encouraging a transformation to more open and inclusive government. A report undertaken for SUBDERE and the Ministry of Foreign Relations focusing on the status of citizen participation at the sub-national level17 was highly critical of Antofagasta’s approach, characterising it as narrow, paternalistic and traditional, with little recognition of social or community actors in the management of local development; citizens taking a passive role; and CSOs facing capacity challenges. The report also indicated no systematic identification was made of needs or programme design in areas of interest to citizens and civic organisations.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	1a447666accca97ce96fc7a21f2874c7	This year, special efforts were made to identify the impact of uncertainties surrounding milk yields in Oceania (reflecting milk yield uncertainties from grass-fed livestock systems) on milk production and world dairy product markets. The analysis is only partial in that it does not capture all the sources of variability that affected agricultural markets in the past. For example, uncertainty related to animal diseases is not captured.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	1a44c53234fbeb9ddc26a7d88b50e0d4	Additional water abstraction from the Desi aquifer would require costly water treatment to purify the water, and energy infrastructure to transport the water uphill, at a rate estimated to be up to 45 MW a year or the equivalent of 4% of the country’s annual electricity production (IEEE, 2009). Lastly, the project would not significantly reduce Jordan’s water gap and its full impact can only be realised in combination with other projects. To enhance the water supply from the Desi aquifer, the government is also developing a multibillion dollar project that links the Red Sea to the Dead Sea via an aquadact and pipeline and involves the construction of a desalination facility and a hydropower plant to power the distribution.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	1a44d9a8df3bf914d7ab27059aa1acea	Policy on international mobility of human resources, particularly of skilled people, affects the creation, diffusion, and uptake of knowdedge and, as such, becomes one of the policy drivers enabling innovation. The OECD indicators of employment protection legislation measure the procedures and costs involved in dismissing individuals or groups of workers and the procedures involved in hiring w'orkers on fixed-term or temporary work agency contracts (Figure 5.5). Overall, Brazil’s labour system is less focussed on employment protection compared to conditions of work and rewards. Among the countries covered, Brazil is the one w ith relatively limited restrictions on hiring and dismissal of permanent workers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	1a471a335b6840ac197a291f65d003d3	In other words, the poverty-reducing effect of economic growth is weaker in Brazil than it is in other countries with similar income levels. It is therefore essential to gauge how much weight should be given to each of these strategies, both at the regional and state levels. The persistence of poverty dynamics in Brazil can be examined and estimated by drawing on pooled data and applying ordinary least squares (OLS) based on the within-group method and the generalized method of moments (system GMM), a dynamic panel model estimated using the two-step generalized method of moments or two-step GMM developed by Blundell-Bond (1998).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	1a48e19eeb2a228034b2c096c9103685	Such a plan should consider both the threat of flooding from inland, upstream areas that flow into Hai Phong, as well as coastal flooding caused by sea-level rise, erosion typhoons or storm surges. Wider co-ordination with surrounding provinces would be critical for such a plan to be effective. Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve plays an important role in carbon sequestration and helps to reduce GHG from building up in the atmosphere.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1a4b27b796de494b4b6fa3def2e8d101	The comprehensive study financed by the European Commission on the financing of grid extensions for renewables known as GreenNet-Incentives provides in its “Action Plan” a summary of the arguments (EC, 2009). This is a crucial issue in connection with renewable energy, especially offshore wind. Load factors can be very favourable, for instance, far off the coast, the only issue being that transportation costs will become quickly prohibitive as the distance from consumption centres increases.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	1a4dbbc15be80c39c486344c95013757	In Ethiopia, the ILO and Irish Aid Partnership Programme work together to give these women confidence and income, through entrepreneurship training that; emphasises confidence-building and encourages women to see and take advantage of business opportunities in their immediate surroundings. The programme combines this direct support with the promotion of disability considerations in national laws, policies, services and programmes. Donors can support inclusive state action (Dani and De Haan, 2008) through helping to document and bring into the policy arena evidence of the poverty effects of exclusion. They can also introduce and encourage the use of tools such as the “inclusion lens” that in Uganda helps make local government budgets more inclusive.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	1a4f73f6efe48d7ed7cf5c6f92a4a0ab	In this kind of situation, poverty levels were less sensitive to changes in the levels of income and inequality. Again, one possible explanation for this is that upswings in income levels are transmitted disproportionately or unequally to the poor segments of the population. In other words, income transfer policies have not been focused on the most underprivileged members of society. Three periods were studied: the first runs from 1981 to 2013, while the second and third correspond to the stages prior to and following the implementation of the Real Plan (1981-1994 and 1995-2013, respectively).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1a51f1557f8de581c1444871e84158f3	Also, assessing the adequacy of adaptation conflates climate and non-climate factors (Helgeson and Ellis 2015). Further, it would suffer the same drawbacks related to support needs as outlined above. This goal is qualitative, and has three components: enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	1a534bd15e8e0cdd244f3e7353ba4fd5	Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Bulletin. Available at: http://www.cbssvrr.rn/ middle.files/oaol.htm. Central Organization for Statistics in Iraq. Ihsu Dam and HEPP Project Update Resettlement Action Plan IFinal Report! .Published by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources in Turkey. Satt-Alfected Soils and Their Management.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	1a54535cd9d5f56f3705e8ed3e4caca1	However, this chapter focuses on the role of government and public policy. While this process undoubtedly has strong merits, it is also known for its inherent conservatism and is unsuitable for selecting among areas of science. For this reason, more explicit prioritisation exercises to guide the selection of research areas have been put in place in many OECD countries.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	1a54a5e5d7e1e73778031ed37eabeb8d	Calculations not reported here confirm that, in all of the countries analysed, the extent of re-ranking is greatest at the bottom of the income distribution. They find remarkably stable inequality aversion for Ireland over the 1987-2005 period, and large changes for the United Kingdom (becoming less egalitarian during the Thatcher government and more inequality-averse during New Labour). In the context of policy evaluation, the usefulness of such an approach is, however, limited, as it assumes that actual tax and transfer systems in each year are “optimal” and therefore cannot be improved upon by definition.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	1a5559cccde19d13bd354846631d3e49	Governments could consider having such food distribution systems managed by civil society groups or local enterprises formed by groups of small farmers. Moreover, when it comes to food security, a comprehensive social protection system can also play a vital role. Guaranteed employment for food insecure groups is a major means for ensuring economic access to food. Public employment guarantee schemes, such as food-for-work or cash-for-work schemes, not only ensure a minimum level of food consumption is met, but also help people avoid resorting to damage coping mechanisms that involves asset sales and indebtedness.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	1a58cab041114c7a10f9ee85c4334c17	Urban areas are areas that require systematic development, maintenance, management and conservation of areas where population and industry are or are expected to be dense (Article 6 of the National Land Planning Act). Therefore, the areas that are not systematically developed and dense are non-urban areas, in other words, rural areas. From the agricultural policy perspective, the Framework Act on Agriculture, Rural Community and Food Industry defines “rural community” in line with the act’s objectives.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	1a591a530d3796ccd4eb73f8dda9cef0	Second, the historical dimension of the database is mainly limited to the snapshot of companies that have been active since the creation of Crunchbase. Start-ups that failed and ceased operations are less likely to have left information in the database. Therefore, spurious trends of deal numbers or investments may appear in the data.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	1a5a481f90684cac5aeb9d219f1e3ff1	Since its creation in 2008, the consortium has aimed to create living-wage jobs in six low-income neighbourhoods of Cleveland that have a median household income below USD 18 500, in an area known as Greater University Circle. The aim is to enlist the financial power of hospitals and universities to support new, worker-owned businesses. The initiative targets distressed communities and helps integrate low-income residents (including people with criminal records) back into the labour market.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	1a5b7d6ec68365435511ed488f3bfeee	The program was started with USD 25 million in funds from the US DOE's Better Buildings Neighborhood Program, which is authorized through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. Most of the program funds (USD 15.75 million) are for improving access to finance across the multifamily, single-family residential and commercial building sectors. This activity is accomplished mostly through creation of Revolving Loan Funds and/or credit enhancements like Loan Loss Reserves that have allowed the program to secure commitment of USD 128.5 million in private investment leverage from multiple financial institutions nationwide.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	1a5cf4c0e9e938971f6610b365d01457	Further, EU employment law requires that EU DWF crew receive two months of paid holiday—including transfers— for each four months of work onboard .8 EU DWF crew also receive several days of holiday when the fish is offloaded, whereas crew on Filipino and Taiwanese boats often do the stevedoring themselves (ibid.). This heterogeneity in part contributes to the complexity of analysing the potential implications of proposed fisheries subsidies disciplines at the WTO. First, it is difficult to identify and prove a 'trade distortion' for fish products since the same species normally fetch widely different prices because of complex quality and market differentials. Second, the WTO's analytical emphasis on exchange/ trade means subsidies are defined mainly in terms of export distortions, which the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) suggests should be assessed by examining negative trade effects such as market share or prices in an export market.	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264190672-7-en	1a5db37bc1a78fabc1f945939c1ddce5	Their excellence is further underlined by Ihe fact that Singapore was one of Ihe top-performing countries in the 2009 PISA survey (Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1), the first PISA survey in which it participated. Singapore was rated as one of the best performing education systems in a 2007 McKinsey study of teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007), and was rated first in the 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (IMD, 2007) for having an education system that best meets the needs of a competitive economy. At the higher education level, the National University of Singapore was ranked 34th in the world and 4lh in Asia in the Times Higher Education Supplement Rankings of World Universities in 2010 (Times Higher Education Supplement, 2010). How has this little red dot on the map, as Singaporeans frequently refer to their country, a nation that is not even 50 years old, evolved from a backwater undeveloped economy into a world economic and educational leader in such a short period of time?	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	1a5f488b3327926f733df89863a55e04	In three OECD countries - Australia, Denmark and Estonia - they were less than 75% of the national average equivalent household disposable income. Figure 2.4 shows that during retirement they rely heavily on public pensions in the form of earnings-related or resource-tested benefits which account for an average of nearly 59% of their incomes in the 34 OECD countries. At the top end of the scale are Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, and Luxembourg where public pensions make up 80% or more of elderly people’s retirement income.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	1a6041228355f44960207b256962d3b0	They may have enough to pay for the regular use of electricity but may not be able to afford the connection fees. In such cases, any subsidised electricity is useless for them. When connections are free of charge for the very poor, as in South Africa and India, this first problem is tackled. The second hurdle is setting the tariff.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	1a63ff845b5f82490550ea89736ce295	In OECD countries, food prices increased by 1.6%, a significant reduction from the 6% plus increase registered in 2008. There were, however, significant differences in food price inflation among OECD as well as non-OECD countries. For most countries, food price increases slowed significantly in 2009 compared to 2008 yet for others double digit increases continued.	2	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264298781-en	1a6472848dddd52f40477956a8cde767	The disparity in reading proficiency between migrants and their native counterparts may be expected among first-generation migrants who often lack Norwegian language skills. Yet when it comes to second generation migrants Norway continues to perform relatively poorly and falls below the OECD average (see Figure 15). Norway has a high and rising share of young people with mental disorders. At the same time employment policies can play an important role in ensuring that all young people successfully manage the transition between school and work, thereby preventing the risk of long-term unemployment.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1a6bf75e9892672e05d38a5fb99baad6	In this framework, marginal utilisation costs are, by construction, higher than average utilisation costs. Higher drops are featured for solar PV, for which the value factor decreases more dramatically, reaching about 60% of baseload costs at a penetration level of 15% (Hirth, 2015b). Recent quantitative analysis at the NEA also confirms such trends (NEA, forthcoming): in a highly flexible system, the value factor for wind onshore reaches about 80% and 70% of baseload at 30% and 40% penetration level. Solar PV reaches 60% of baseload price at 12.5% penetration and the value sharply drops at only 30% when a 20% penetration level is reached.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	1a6d80f919b4ad3f6ad05e85eac0cbad	Most of the women (68 percent) were married,i6 per cent were unmarried, 10 per cent were separated or divorced and 6 per cent were widows. Their educational status is reported in Table 4-1. In Nepal, the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years, but many of the women in the sample were married when they were only 14 years old.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	1a704762ec62a1dc018e3746f047ed73	For example, UK employment tribunal cases resolved by a full tribunal hearing cost, on average, more than twice as much for employers and almost three times as much for employees than cases resolved at the conciliation stage (Knight and Latreille, 2000). Three quarters of UK employers who made a settlement offer for a case before the employment tribunal did so to save time or money (Hayward et al., Likewise, Mexican dismissal disputes that go to court typically cost firms 50% more than those that are resolved informally (Rojas and Santamaria, 2007).	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1a7094ac78d419039a489591b2369f25	However, this state of affairs is changing, and as of very recently universities and other higher education institutions are increasingly concerned with regional development issues. The general approach seems to be to sustain higher education institutions that are “globally competitive” but “locally engaged” (OECD, 2007). Twenty-two of them were public, while 31 were private.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	1a74eaf01cf4abe095f889d0e7fcaebc	Similarly, policies related to ad-hoc export restrictions and food aid, state-trading and the effects of changes in price volatility are not explicitly modelled. As such, the impacts, and possible gains from the reform, of these policies are not part of the analysis conducted in this study. Therefore, for a number of these measures, reforms would be expected to yield additional impacts to those presented in this study (see, for example, Winchester, 2009). These groups include a wide range of policy measures employed by governments. Non-tariff barriers generally refer to barriers that exist for products and services moving across borders unrelated to taxes and quotas. They include measures such as Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	1a754d43332192761c45e43544407379	Child labour is also considered to be any work that endangers the physical, mental or moral well-being of the child, either by the nature of the work or as a result of the conditions under which it is carried out. It is referred to as dangerous work. Unquestionably, the worst forms of child labour are those defined internationally as slavery, human trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labour, as well as the forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts, prostitution, pornography and other illegal activities.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	1a75fa963a162530089b62d798de53ed	National governments and their partners could deploy policy advocacy networks and promotional campaigns. Along with adoption of strategies that specifically address women’s entrepreneurship, governments need to envisage mechanisms for the continued improvement of women’s entrepreneurship policies. This includes start-up training and training (including coaching and mentoring services) for SME growth and internationalisation.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289338578-10-en	1a762f65668bd041998e28f8db1144c4	Direct redistribution has also been occurring in all Nordic countries for many years locally and regionally as this study has documented, and it is currently a wide-spread activity in most countries. The main reason behind redistribution has been social security, where charity organisations have contributed to better life conditions for low-income people through serving of meals and delivering food bags. The new dimension of food redistribution in the last few years is that preventing food waste has been a positive side-effect for the society. It is not known to what extent the regions involved in the survey are representative for the situations in each of the Nordic countries. It can be expected to have a higher importance in larger cities and urban areas than in smaller cities and rural areas, but this need to be more deeply studied in a following-up study. Some results are available from the networks of food banks, as they have to register the amount of food being received from donators (FEBA 2014].	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	1a78aa9d1868fad9783f6f66ffff56e5	Major floods have affected large numbers of people but led to relatively few recorded deaths (CRED, 2013). In 2002, 60 000 people were evacuated from their homes during flooding and there were nine recorded fatalities. Individuals’ age, education and wealth can affect their vulnerability to these effects (IPCC, 2012).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	1a7975af4f3254cc1147e1c3e996861b	While community-based educational structures do not resemble educational institutions in the colloquial sense, they are well-established cultural institutions in most of the focus countries. However, the available information on community-oriented ESD focuses on standard delivery non-formal education programmes (workshops, community events etc.) Furthermore, one of the challenges cited to the progress of ESD implementation has been that these traditional community-based institutions are sometimes at odds with policies and decisions related to education and ESD implementation coming from the formal sector. This suggests a need for a more systematic approach to working within these existing community structures, with full respect for the customs and approaches used for sharing of information within them, for stronger community-based ESD.	13	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2351c526-en	1a7d232d5200a5b4859ece78ec69cc16	It is therefore best to see inequality indices as complementary to each other and analyze the findings together. While not so noticeable over short periods, a comparison with the early 2000s reveals a clear downtrend in inequality. This movement has been a hallmark of the development process in Latin America over the past 10 years. There was no worsening of distribution.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	1a7e90198c8d683104d75b8923b4c0dd	Low-income countries typically lack adequate basic manufacturing capacity, infrastructure and human capital, as well as the international trading capacity needed to develop such dynamic export activities. These countries do, however, have some capacity to compete in world markets for primary goods and would need to consider industrial strategies for diversifying exports so as to include processing natural resource-based products and other light manufactures. Even so, building up new comparative advantages through promotion of backward linkages will be crucial.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	1a8079734336de49aaefd3b23b8f02cf	Exceptions involve countries where both domestic and foreign private investors are totally or partially excluded from electricity generation - including from renewable energy sources. This applies for both domestic and foreign investment. In addition to the mainstream restrictions on freedom of entry and establishment highlighted by the OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index and the World Bank Investing Across Borders (IAB) Report, governments may put in place other discriminations regarding access to the full range of support policies that promote clean energy investment (see Chapter 2).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088979-en	1a80e1eb052f7218a2feb6f090a9354f	Tertiary education sector accounts for over 5% of Victoria’s GDP and educational services are Victoria’s strongest export, worth more than AUD 5.4 billion (Australian dollar), surpassing tourism and automotive sectors. The state is a magnet for immigration, attracting 178 638 international student enrolments in 2009 which represents 31% of the total for Australia - albeit that the overwhelming majority of these students come to Melbourne. The overseas student fee revenue represents a growing proportion of university budgets, ranging from 12% in Victoria University to 26% in RMIT.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	1a811224d0671795f21dc3e069d4190b	While the developed countries in the Asia-Pacific region face similar conditions to OECD countries, such as Japan, Republic of Korea or Australia, many developing countries from the Asia-Pacific region face rather different challenges due to their different institutional, social, economic and political frameworks. However, one of the main challenges for developing countries is the mobilization of domestic resources, and thus revenue-neutral reform of the tax system is less relevant. Institutional challenges, such as weak governance, limited capacity and inadequate or missing data, also influence the kind of instruments developing countries can implement and enforce.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/31bb2345-en	1a82836dfa3dd44acb71ea2e694a968f	On a global scale, however, it simply adds to GHG emissions as methane is a much more potent GHG than CO2 (USEPA, 2017). Global food loss and waste generate annually 4.4 Gt equivalent of CO2, or about 8% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions4, making the contr ibution only slightly less than that of global road transportation (Sims et al., By comparison, data on food waste biorefining are difficult to find and are not yet robust.	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	1a828ae3700bec883b98ce5eb5ec7293	"Concluding Observations Republic of Korea Fifteenth and Sixteenth Combined Periodic Report.” 2011.""Concluding Observations Maldives Fifth thru Twelfth Periodic Report."" He notes that inheritance laws discriminate against women in many countries, but that discriminatory social and cultural norms prevail even where these are removed. He gives the following example:'Where a sister could inherit land on an equal basis with her brothers,she may accept a lump-sum payment in lieu of her portion of the land in order to maintain good relations with her brothers’. The Special Rapporteur on the right to housing has also identified the lack of equality in inheritance laws, customs and traditions that lead to harsh impacts on women’s housing rights (HRC 2011a, para. Inequality in relation to marital property has the same effect (ibid, paras."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	1a8332550398a2c3564adf6ccaa5ddac	Male-headed households generally have larger livestock holdings (FAO 2016, FAO 2011). In the Lake Faguibine area of northern Mali, for example, as the lake has dried up men have migrated as an adaptive strategy. Women who stay behind have perceived this change as increasing their vulnerability since livestock herding, which has become more risky due to climatic changes, has been added to their workloads (Djoudi and Brockhaus 2011).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264113695-en	1a874ceb2dd9c30c6f1e8042f72a7407	But the aim should be to restrain growth in UBA courses and focus on measures that help sustain apprenticeship provision, gradually shifting resources from UBA centres to measures tackling the lack of apprenticeship places. The causes for the lack of apprenticeship places are complex. According to a survey of Tyrolean training companies that have reduced apprentice numbers since 1999, lack of suitable applicants is one of the three main reasons (the other two are the difficulty to end an apprenticeship even if the apprentice proves unsuited and the costs of training). Almost 70% of the companies reported that they had difficulties in finding suitable applicants “sometimes or often” (Schneeberger and Nowak, 2007).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a11581d8-en	1a93663faa4b02d59c40f839d323648d	International, regional and subregional organizations can also contribute by coordinating efforts on developing methodologies, collecting data and providing technical assistance to improve migration data, including those required to monitor migrationrelevant Sustainable Development Goal indicators and the implementation of the global compact on migration. As an increasing number of people live in cities, well-managed urbanization can help cities to reap the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other adverse impacts of urban growth. Urban planning is critical for the sustainable development of an urban infrastructure for providing access for all, especially the urban poor, to essential services, including safe water and sanitation, health care, education and adequate housing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	1a93b89cfb219c9e4f1fcef1cac78a83	Over the past decade, Finnish schools have noted an upsurge in school principals and teachers who possess a PhD in education. Primary-grade teachers major in education, but they are expected to minor in at least two of the subjects included in the primary school curriculum. This means, for example, that they are studying mathematics in the mathematics department, not in the education department.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	1a9527de6df27e68d0cf07b26497ec67	When markets do not work well for the poor in this way, the result is a high-risk environment for small-scale producers and smallholders, which prevents them from investing in more productive technologies and in expanding their productive capacity. Farmers are naturally reluctant to spend limited resources on fertilisers and high yield seeds when, in addition to climatic risks, they may face prices at harvest time that do not cover their costs or they could be left with a crop for which there is no demand in local markets. Women are particularly disadvantaged, both within the household economy and in the wider labour market.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	1a956787ccb8db36bbca3d20f724f41e	In Africa, the situation is expected to be extremely tense, involving a variety of risks such as groundwater depletion, brakes on growth in certain sectors and the destruction of ecosystems. In 2003, the G8 summit in Evian adopted a global action plan for water.1 An international consensus on official development assistance has also taken shape within the framework of various multi-stakeholder meetings on effective aid hosted by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in Paris in 2005, Accra in 2008 and Busan in 2011.2 This consensus enshrines four principles of particular relevance to the water sector: ownership of development priorities by the beneficiary countries; a focus on results; development partnerships open to all; and transparency and mutual accountability. Forty per cent of this assistance was allocated to the poorest countries, with close to one-third of the resources going to Africa.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	1a98f87df3cf17db7c4804f06a93799b	For the children of age 5 to 17 years, the total is 0.39 when using the same threshold, varying between 0.11 in Gabon to 0.62 in Ethiopia (see Annex 5). The highest multidimensional deprivation levels are found at the centre of the continent (Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, and Central African Republic, ranging between 0.64 and 0.48), followed by a stretch of countries with high levels of deprivation in the East (Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya, ranging from 0.49 to 0.37), and Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Togo in West Africa (0.40 - 0.35). The largest contributions come from Ethiopia (20%), Nigeria (17%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (13%).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	1a9d4a4fbc5023bbcb9ff9ac0199e1fb	The gap in labour force participation rates between women with and without dependent children is relatively large in Mexico: 25- to 54-year-old mothers are about 8 percentage points less likely to be in paid work than comparably-aged women without dependent children. Mexico’s motherhood labour force participation gap is larger than most countries in the OECD, including Chile (4 percentage points) and Colombia (about 3 percentage points). In contrast, fathers with dependent children are more likely to work than men without dependent children in Mexico. Mexico offers 12 weeks of paid maternity leave, well below international best practice.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283510-en	1a9d66628aec5eace2fcc481e0724aae	Given the high levels of behavioural risk factors such as smoking, harmful alcohol consumption and obesity, a better balance between disease prevention and care may help to improve population health status and reduce health inequalities, while at the same time reducing pressures on the health and long-term care systems. The Polish government has embarked on a programme of ambitious reforms of the health system, and some of these reforms will influence health care governance, accountability and planning (Box 1). Similarly, the replacement of activity-based funding with prospective annual budgets, and the switch from maximum to minimum limits, represent a substantial transition in hospital management and administration, and pose a challenge to ensure financial and clinical accountability, as well as monitoring and evaluation of performance.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	1a9f1d956fbdf8c27ad8c0073227f309	However, waste volume is minimized at source in less developed countries by local scavenging and recycling. Applicability or affordability with regards to decision-making on indicator systems appears to be central to choosing a set of indicators for the assessment, appraisal, comparison or monitoring of sustainability in nations or regions. Cycle economy research or sustainability research units have been established in universities or area-wide joint centres in China. Korea’s Advanced Research Institute of Science and Technology has developed a variety of environmental technologies for integrated waste management.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	1aa04946d188eb6533c3af02541a8bdb	"Such underbudgeting practice results in underfunding, which leads to the ultimate failure of the whole document. The ability to provide adequate financing from the state budget is still low, which makes the implementation of strategic documents heavily dependent on the availability of external funding support. The State Institution for Forestry and Hunting, the State Institution ""Scientific-Research Institute for Forestry'"" and the State Institution of Specially Protected Natural Areas were taken from the Committee on Environmental Protection towards the Forestry Agency. The NBBC currently displays on its website an online database ""Flora, fauna and protected areas""."	15	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289348393-5-en	1aa08b38c9a81c9b69013d04389c97a5	"The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) addressed these concerns by defining six priority programme areas for action in order to ensure the environmentally sound management of chemicals.1 UNCED essentially catalysed the negotiation of numerous global and regional chemicals-related treaties and other instruments, facilitated by the UN Environment Programme. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation introduced a far-reaching target: ""by 2020, [that] chemicals are used and produced in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. This objective launched a series of preparatory meetings, facilitated and supported by the UN Environment Programme."	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fb79328d-en	1aa2092c8bf9a6080b93c764e5720024	This has reportedly led to instances where donor aid was redirected towards an increase in international reserves or not disbursed at all, despite the existence of domestic needs and the ability of the Government to absorb it.s This example illustrates incoherence between national development objectives and international policy agendas. Using the new international poverty line of $1.25 per person per day in 2005 purchasing power parities (PPPs), as defined by the World Bank, 1.4 billion people, representing about 26 per cent of the developing world’s population, lived in poverty in 2005 (see figure II.1; and box II.2 for a discussion of the thorny issue of defining poverty). There are, however, large regional variations in the poverty trends (see figures II.2 and II.3).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1aab1bc3af55b554a869d6250e8a3e36	It does this through a range of engagement strategies and resources, blogs, industry champions and the development of a series of promotional videos for TV (http://www.4me.net.au/cateaories/careers/works-tv). Membership of the Tourism and Hospitality Careers Council is by subscription, with members drawn from industry associations, major training providers (both public and private), providers of group training services to industry, academic institutions and major tourism and hospitality operators. Seed funding to deliver the campaign was provided under the national Tourism 2020 strategy.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	1aae9ad5b9672ba0ed7bdf640709872a	A major weakness of early road safety policies in high-income countries in the 1950s and 1960s was the assumption that the primary goal was to correct human errors in road crashes rather than an acknowledgment that the causes of crashes are related to the inherent risks of using road infrastructure. These early road safety efforts often relied excessively on driver education measures. The pioneering injury-prevention matrix developed by Haddon in 1970 encouraged evaluation of all the factors that contribute to road injury and provided a methodology to assess the effectiveness of a full range of potential counter measures. He elaborated a ten-point strategy to reduce the harmful interactions of this energy transfer which has played a major role in road safety policy making ever since.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264113848-en	1aaf8d0565a4b88c3bd82c8610d57096	The review team was told by FAS that efforts in the past to establish consultation mechanisms with local employers were not successful because of limited employer interest. Some employers told us that there is too much arbitrary discretion across regional FAS offices in terms of the type of training they will fund, and that this variation, and more broadly FAS training services, are not responsive enough to their needs. For their part, FAS told us that they allow some room for regional variation to respond to diverse local needs. This would involve an improvement in the quality of data and evaluation, and consultation with employers. First, it would help improve the quality of training provision.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	1ab0e128714cecaf0248c578627218ab	To take into account the key role of working opportunities for women (men) in both origin and destination countries, female (male) unemployment rates are added. Labour is one of the main reasons of migration (Grieco and Boyd, 1998). Hence, working opportunities in the destination country are an important factor of migration.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	1ab32d7943841ff8ecd51bcbedfb84d4	For example, the introduction of coastal and marine protection charges is being considered. The proposed levy for the protection of the coastal environment would be imposed on owners or operators of coastal facilities which damage this environment. The proposed marine charge would be paid by marine installations that have adverse effects on sediment transport along the shore.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	1ab3818e4f5c0352ee10e89f044f2ead	Under this programme, capacity was auctioned to the best bidder in each of the technologies (biomass, minihydroelectric, and wind power) and this guaranteed the entrepreneur a long-term return to justify the investment. Although the programme initially had difficulties in attracting projects, these were overcome and the targets set for installed capacity are now close to being attained. In these auctions, wind power enterprises have benefited from the shortage of gas in Brazil, which makes thermal plants uncompetitive, and the fact that the auction reserves a quota for power plants that could come on stream within three years, a period that is too short for the large hydroelectric plants.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	1ab8a1c69994b0d0100915a5fe76cb98	The primary need is for investments in public goods that can support agricultural and rural development, such as agricultural research and rural infrastructure. Raising rural incomes is central to the near-term target of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1), which calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, with specific targets that include halving between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day. Income growth is essential for sustained poverty reduction in developing countries, although the distribution of income (and income growth) matters too. And while food security has many facets, most of the world’s hungry are chronically hungry and they are chronically hungry because they are poor.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	1abcabe8167e8df297f44c5bae9a022c	Supplementary data was collected on all the countries that had women in parliament for the time period between 1907 and 1945 from various online electoral archives. Using the data on the percentage of women in parliament, the equivalent male value can easily be derived, and these two results were expressed as a ratio of women to men. This is done by employing the composite index of gender equality created by Dilli et al. (	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	1abf31188a174a8a3430814e9f19cb43	There is also a fairly comprehensive pension system (Chapter 4), some insurance-based programmes for the working-age population and in terms of overall expenditure some relatively small income-tested programmes for low-income families. Finally, the financing of social support involves considerable distribution of natural-resource generated wealth across the country, but is otherwise regressive with a flat-rate personal income tax scheme and a social security contribution scheme levied on earnings up to about 1.5 times the average wage. Compared with overall social spending, this “monetisation reform” was limited in magnitude, and the categorical nature of the benefit system has not yet changed fundamentally; whether paid out in cash or in-kind, benefits still mainly go towards deserving categories of recipients rather than being income-dependent (except in a few cases, e.g. child benefits).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/e309eca0-en	1ac056ed22c254cb835015a454f5b359	Opioid overdoses accounted for around one-fifth of these hospitalisations and one-quarter of these emergency room visits. Medicare and Medicaid are the primary' payers in around two-thirds of opioid poisoning cases. Public outlays are also incurred through costs for policing, law enforcement and other public services in dealing with drug overdoses. In addition, the treatment of addiction represents another cost often borne by public authorities. On the other side of the ledger, lost productivity also has effects on tax revenue. Estimates of this suggest that in 2016 the combined impact would reduce Federal, State and local tax revenue by almost $16 billion, or around 3/ percentage point of current receipts.	8	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	1ac0687b7458662a9eb89bf634fce4bd	This can hold equally for the individual consumer or for an energy-using enterprise. The surplus of disposable income can be spent in different ways and, depending which option is chosen, can have significant impacts on individual, company, sectoral, and economy-wide energy consumption. Similarly, a number of drivers are important in determining enterprises' investment decisions such as their financial situation, knowledge of energy efficiency potential, commitment to the environment and energy efficiency, public and market demands, and policy obligations (IEA, 2011d).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1ac0ec9ccf9ff1f298f6b0ce1f650652	These approaches offer many advantages - they are flexible and adaptable, self-paced and learner directed and can be completed at a time, pace and place that suits the individual trainee. For their part, participants generally only require a computer or laptop and internet connection in order to access such programmes, plus any course fees, if applicable. E-learning courses can be offered at a lower cost than other more labour intensive training methods and recent developments in e-learning are seeing some educational institutes move from fee-based to free open-access courses. These courses are standalone, or can be combined with in-country seminars, as is the case for example in Egypt to develop managerial skills in the hospitality sector. Cornell will also offer a massive open online course in Introduction to Global Hospitality Management from early 2015. The course has been designed to inform current hospitality professionals seeking to advance, as well as individuals interested in the industry.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	1ac4980f967836b3cd53806bb04d321d	Kemadrin is apparently mixed with other substances to produce hallucinogenic effects. It appears that Jordan is used as a transit country as more than 98 per cent of the drug was destined for Iraq. The change of trafficking routes and modi operandi used by traffickers were among the possible reasons for the decrease in seizures.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/194768b3-en	1ac5a694730213707f18fc85b1d096d1	In contrast, nearly two thirds of results in the democratic governance focus area were gender responsive, addressing the different needs of women and men and the equitable distribution of benefits, but not the deeper root causes of inequalities in their lives. Very few gender-transformative results emerged from the analysis. This is understandable given that such results, which address the roots of inequalities and power imbalances, require time.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f61073ef-en	1ac71e049adab5ef15de3bc98cb1d397	Models designed to estimate the elasticity of poverty reduction must incorporate income inequality as an explanatory variable to prevent changes in income distribution being subsumed into growth elasticity. Similar results were found in Brazil by Barros, Henriques and Mendonga (2001). These authors emphasized that inequality in income distribution was responsible for economic growth being less efficient than it might be for poverty reduction purposes. In other words, the effect of growth on poverty reduction was smaller in Brazil than in other countries with the same income level.	1	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-8-en	1ac87bbf349733a11daf07d4ec2c01aa	Strengthening risk reduction and risk sharing mechanisms will help increase Ethiopia's fiscal resilience. This may include both macro-level responses, such as contingency funds and national-level insurance schemes, as well as micro-level measures, such as rural access to finance, climate-smart social protection and micro-insurance schemes. Technical support has involved close collaboration between external experts and Ethiopian government officials.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	1acab1661ec7902d170b646740b68f2b	Definitions focusing on socio-economic status and parental educational attainment rather than ethnicity or immigration status can avoid discrimination of particular students and help create a more balanced social composition, benefiting students and the whole education community with some financial implications. While state grants use this equalisation approach to ensure that funding responds to local needs, funding from the state grant is not earmarked specifically for education. Municipalities can allocate resources across public services and then between schools, taking into consideration that schools and students have differing needs. Municipalities in Sweden have much autonomy, as they decide how resources will be distributed between their schools.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/286de074-en	1acb83be5ca98dde7dee3b5ee938cd83	Adrenal androgens influence sex-differentiated behavioural changes. Specifically, it examines how members build accounts of social action, while doing that action (Attewell, 1974). Gender is a multilevel system of difference and inequality which involves cultural beliefs, distributions of resources, patterns of behaviour, organizational practices, and selves and identities. (	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	1acc3a0af8d8c1df26c6ce15b562f562	The data comes from Paxton et al. ( Based on this information, a dummy variable was created where a score of 1 was given for the years where women have the right to vote. This information is then mapped for 1913,1950 and 2000 to give an idea of changes in female suffrage over the past century. In order to have a better overview of gender inequalities related to suffrage, data on male suffrage has been gathered from Przeworski (2009).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1acdb9959cd97afd46366403b7fd44c0	This includes incubator services to support entrepreneurial ideas and innovative companies. Together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, SPIRIT operates an entrepreneurial skills programme to promote creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation among young people. This programme has been customised for use in various sectors including tourism. It is used in the context of the ILO toolkit on poverty reduction through tourism, which is oriented towards SMEs and local communities in rural areas and includes case studies, training sessions and best practices. The toolkit aims to assist developing countries to create a sustainable tourism industry and businesses based on decent employment (Box 25).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	1ad353a4c50afa3b8040b901011dc39d	The shipping industry carries approximately 90% of global trade; and the tourism industry, of which marine and coastal tourism is a major part, represents 5% of global GDP. More than 500 million people are engaged in ocean-related livelihoods (UNDP-GEF, 2012). These services include the regulation of atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, the provision of oxygen, the hydrothermal convection cycle, the hydrological cycle and coastal protection. Oceans, for example, have absorbed one-third of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Bijma et al.,	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	1ad6bf22b64f936165ab5f6efe9d8386	In consultation with NZAid and the Tongan MoE, the IoE designed a study to identify the skills, knowledge and values that enable Pacific peoples to live sustainably in their communities. With IoE as the lead, and involving curriculum writers on the research team itself, the study collected rich data on local concepts of sustainable development and livelihoods, which in turn guided the development of a new national curriculum framework as well as new courses of study for primary schools. Tongan concepts such as poverty, wealth, livelihood and personhood (including the human relationship with the land) differ markedly from their non-Tongan equivalents, and working within such deeply-rooted local concepts was cited as a success factor in the work.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eag-2018-15-en	1ad828e0df8a1cc308a9e5e00bdcf193	In these programmes, children are often exposed to an ECEC setting with trained or accredited staff, explicit pedagogical goals and a regulatory framework recognised by the relevant national authorities, even before the age of 3. In other countries with similar enrolment rates, such as Luxembourg and the Netherlands, different standards are often set for different ECEC settings or for different age groups of children (see more details in Table B2.4).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9a3c39a-en	1adabff11156b9fd791f14b7ac38d6a3	The current geographical distribution of universities correlates with exposure to ethnic and religious diversity in medieval times, suggesting education and tolerance co-evolved (Fielding, 2018). While education has been one of the strongest predictors of voting against nationalist or populist parties or candidates, the more educated are becoming less immune to populist political messages. In a recent systematic analysis of 36 potential determinants of corruption across 123 countries, the lack of primary education emerged as one of the strongest predictors of corruption in developing countries (Jetterand Parmeter, 2018). One way of examining education's contribution to other SDGs is to look at how it helps build professional capacity.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	1adc2ed61babf5b4b0d8ed880106455f	Since the implementation of this policy, the unit difference between oil and gasoline prices has been very stable, implying strong pass-through. However, it is unclear how the government would respond were international oil prices to rise above USD 130 per barrel. However, these changes were partially offset by the removal of other taxes.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	1ade3d4326fec4f1b9ab9b5a48e72ebb	In the rice network, the place occupied by women in the sector is dependent, in part, on that occupied by men. Visualising these unequal relationships is an essential first step in the process of facilitating interventions in social networks. These strategies are based on the principle that social networks facilitate the dissemination of ideas and practices within each subgroup of actors and between communities (Valente, 2012). They help accelerate social change and increase the effectiveness of organisations, two areas particularly relevant to women's entrepreneurship in West Africa.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0a98da25-en	1adec775913f9195390bd6019010f2ce	Finally, IT policies, by raising interest rates, attract capital inflows due to the higher rate of return on financial assets, leading to currency appreciation and downward pressure on exports, growth, and jobs. This view is based on the premise that workers, observing price increases, accentuate their demands for higher pay, triggering an inflationary spiral. Inflation targeting is meant to harness inflationary expectations and avoid such a spiral. Inflation targeting adherents theorize that low inflation will stimulate investment and output growth in the medium-to long-term. Thus, it is assumed that unemployment costs as a result of higher interest rates and slower growth are only temporary.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	1adfa33bb8e296bb219b4a0456ba0931	Latin American and Caribbean Region, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Economy Profile: Mexico, The World Bank, Washington, DC. The selection of the two states has been made jointly by the OECD secretariat and Mexico’s Ministry of Economy, namely its Undersecretary Office for SMEs, in light of the very different economic structure of the two states providing more scope for learning on policy adaptation to local needs.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	1ae004fad9b3085a695d0c4d47bf90b9	Turkmenistan receives the smallest amount of climate-related development finance among the EECCA countries, which is delivered through the Global Environment Facility (for energy and agriculture sectors). Such large-scale projects have affected the compositions of support committed to these countries in 2013 and 2014 (see Figure 2.8 for data by country). Multilateral funds dedicated to climate action are also active in many EECCA countries. These include the Climate Investment Funds (e.g. district heating energy efficiency and renewable energy plants in Ukraine, adaptation programmes for rural areas and energy sector in Tajikistan) and funds operated by the Global Environment Facility (e.g. a variety of capacity building programmes in addition to capital investments).	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	1ae28c1a6f5b8d3ab5e96d755c66395e	These questions should address whether biological parents are alive and living in the household, whether the adolescents are married or already parents themselves, how much education they have attained and whether they are still in school, and whether they hold jobs or work outside the home. Where such data exist, they should be easily accessible, and be analysed separately from data on older adolescent girls. Such an analysis reveals critical junctures in the lives of girls that are preceded by critical investment windows.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	1ae336463eb8ed6b9923b397df9ec837	Wherever possible, future evolution of the volume of services and their relative costs were estimated separately. It is worth noting that population aging is expected to have a much greater cost pressure on social care expenditures than on health care expenditures. The increase in the volume of activities is then adjusted for changes in activity rates which accounts for quality improvements (e.g. reducing waiting times and guaranteeing specific treatments); the availability of new medical technologies; and productivity improvements (in particular the use of information and communication technology to increase effectiveness). Future unit costs were obtained by multiplying the reference year costs by a cost adjustment factor which accounts for variation in health specific prices.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	1ae3e96ef840f73d78ddc5d87dc40762	These goals are a shared vision of humanity that provides the missing piece of the globalisation puzzle, the glue that can counter the centrifugal forces in the age of accelerations.2 The extent to which those goals will be realised will depend in no small part on what happens in today's classrooms. It is educators who hold the key to ensuring that the underlying principles of the Sustainable Development Goals become a real social contract with citizens. So we need to be thinking about their future in order to shape what primary school pupils are learning today.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	1ae4d3f6afec51316094c86712fdda52	A shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 and how the existing system could evolve, will help to lay the groundwork for this task, together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for related work to be undertaken by the APA and other UNFCCC bodies. Coherence will be needed between the different sets of modalities, procedures and guidelines for mitigation, finance and other forms of support. To achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement, the transparency arrangements will also need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	1aeaacc64d2dee58f931a7975adf4eb4	Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. We then link these regimes to groups of countries organized by economic structure and level of development and evaluate the macroeconomic consequences of a decline in gender inequality in the labour market. Social reproduction is defined in terms of the time and money it takes to produce, maintain and invest in the labour force, so it includes both paid and unpaid care work.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/28e6d0d2-en	1aeca4b802cedcf74f40a7d47d2da5a7	Thus, there should be immediate, medium-term and long-term priorities for the progressive achievement ofthe SDGs. This section is based on inputs by Binaya Raj Shivakoti and Simon Hoiberg Olsen, who are with the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Early achievement of access and efficiency is the stepping stone to system transformation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	1aed5e24fb35543932099a80699e16be	As in most OECD countries, university hospitals are generally the destination of last resort for the patients with the complex needs. University hospitals generally house the most highly trained specialists, in part through their ability to offer a combination of challenging clinical practice and the opportunity to undertake research. Without adjustments to reflect the more complex patients that they see, Turkey’s university hospitals are likely to face the more extreme cases where the operational cost of a service is greater than that reimbursed by die SSI’s flat package rates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	1aeeb2c786138a007948ce27817a7b14	They can contribute to the growing interconnections between cities through sustained global communications, institutional linkages and the exchange of resources among migrants, homelands and wider diasporas. Migrants as builders of resilience: Migrants also play an important role in building the resilience of home and host communities through the exchange of resources and support. Migrants and their networks can contribute to managing risk for the community at large.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	1af9e7e39bc89772fd89dfd39dce666e	Of the new jobs created via investments in the childcare and preschool sector, 73 per cent would go to women, compared to roughly 6 percent of the new jobs created via expenditures on public infrastructure and housing construction. The authors find that those jobs are more effective at reaching disadvantaged workers, and people from poor households with lower educational attainment. Thus, women are more likely to get these jobs, and amongst women who are employed, more disadvantaged women benefit the most. In terms of efficiency per dollar spent, social infrastructure spending is likely to have a larger job multiplier and greater effect on gender employment gaps.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	1afa194a2ab9fe0572b7990988e4bfdd	Finally, once users have decided to do the transaction and they have the proper information to do so, the bank has to attend the procedure to transfer rights in its three modalities, from start to finish. These are the two regions with the most significant problems related to the availability of water, degree of water stress and over drafted aquifers. At the end of 2010, a total of 13 Water Banks had been established in Mexico, one for every river basin council. In many cases, as opposed to what would be expected, transactions decrease. This might indicate that before the establishment of water banks, many transaction where accepted under irregular circumstances, and that the new process has lowered this possibility.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	1afba6abb8ae52cfe3722e2a9702b154	Pour ceux qui restent dans les zones rurales, il est essentiel d'ameliorer les systemes de protection sociale et de developper l'investissement dans les services de sante. While this is transforming China’s urban economy, the rural economy is also undergoing substantial structural change. At a time when the government maintains a strong commitment to the goals of food security, reducing urban-rural inequality and protecting natural resources, the development path unfolding in rural areas is of critical importance. Less productive resources move out of the sector and farmland is consolidated into larger plots that allow for greater mechanisation and more productive farmers to scale up production, gradually moving from labour-intensive to more capital-intensive agricultural production.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	1aff6023593ccbbc93921d2f2830f41e	Today it is shared between State-owned firms, which in some countries continue to have a monopoly over the activity; large transnational enterprises from Europe, the United States or other countries of the region; and, to a lesser extent, domestically owned private enterprises. As in other regulated sectors (telecommunications, water and sanitation, transport), the regulatory framework is the main determinant of private investment —including FDI— in the transmission and distribution segments; whereas in the generating segment, the key factors are risk sharing mechanisms and price setting. Section B presents an overview of the sector, focusing particularly on the business dynamic.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	1aff7c615f36a532b9ffca0e2c45b655	Some states such as Jalisco were already undertaking similar activity but now all of these local initiatives are grouped under the umbrella of this programme. The Ministry of Education will need to work with the Ministry of Economy on this as the school curriculum is decided at national level. Ernst and Young (2011) reported that a failure to integrate women fully into the workforce is costly in terms of GDP, arguing that it is clear that women can add incrementally into a developing nation’s economy. This is also being recognised in the UK, for example the University of East London in 2011 established the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Entrepreneurship. Although Mexico has no exclusive programmes for women in the national system of employment, it is beginning to happen, for example in Queretaro. In 2008, the incubator of the Autonomous University of Queretaro (UAQ) worked with a group of women identifying demand with the department of sustainable development for the local municipality.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	1aff84874262134ef8e037598eb00832	The difference was as large as 26 percentage points in Switzerland. A school’s learning environment does not uniquely involve school climate; it includes any interactions among members of the school community. Parental involvement can help create a socially connected school where students, teachers, parents and principals work together to create a positive learning environment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	1b02c638f8c62dee22f2daddf871e63b	It is 25.1% for women and 48.7% for young people aged 15-24.9 Unemployment plays a major role in social discontent, so tackling unemployment, and especially youth unemployment, is a key priority for the Libyan authorities. A job-creating private sector and economic diversification will be needed to absorb the influx of new labour force entrants and improve labour market indicators. Currently, the private sector is not large or strong enough to play the job creation role required, and the oil sector, although a major contributor to GDP, is not a major employer, accounting for only 2% of employment (43 000 workers) (IMF, 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb51aa63-en	1b04c32c5c575eff7c691d261f49cf6d	These impacts are likely to exacerbate gender and other social inequalities that are already acute today. Working now to reduce or eliminate such inequalities is thus a key anticipatory strategy for addressing climate change as well as contributing to development and the fullest exercise of human rights. Without halting the rise in global emissions of greenhouse gases and then rapidly reducing them, adaptation to climate change will become an endless—and maybe an impossible—challenge.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	1b0639f50db3d3d114d4b1d55bbaa8f3	It will also provide insights into the manner in which events and other disruptions impact street traffic. These principles cover a much broader set of data than released by Uber through its Movement platform and, for instance, while it may be analogous to some of the data that taxis may have to provide in New York City, it represents a broad expansion of data requests in relation to ride services. This, NACTO states, is necessary in order to enable cities to better carry out data-driven planning and policy decisions, and to help them redesign streets to meet modern needs.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	1b07ea7ef29c1c2c75ea1447d927f7a6	In a context of high and volatile resource prices and increasingly evident resource constraints, a resource-intensive growth pattern translates to an economy with higher exposure to risk, especially for the most vulnerable in society. Resource efficiency is increasingly an economic risk management strategy on both economic and social fronts. There are also policy failures, such as fiscal policies and market prices that do not reflect the true cost of resources or the pollution that resource use generates, as well as over-emphasis on resource-intensive export-led growth. An analysis of the factors that have contributed to resource-intensive growth also shows that technological advances have not led to efficiency improvements and are highly unlikely to mitigate future environmental pressures.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	1b080398f54a0f57321c7dfcd4d55a83	It is common to see increasing returns to human capital in a well-functioning labour market (Acemoglu, 2002). Although the trend to rapid economic growth could enlarge the income gaps between well-educated and less well-educated workers, policies cannot be proposed to stop that trend. Returns to human capital explain about one-seventh of total income inequality among urban households in both years, and is the largest contributor to income inequality in 2001 and the third-largest in 2005 (Table 3.8). The best policy here should be to equalise the opportunities for human capital accumulation, rather than to undermine returns to human capital. On the one hand, the unemployed and those laid off can find work and earn money in the informal sector. This employment effect could reduce overall income inequality by increasing the incomes of low-income groups.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	1b0b5c4673f6ad31a3e728d8b607bbba	"In 2012, only 39% of wastewater was treated (MCid, 2014) and only a fraction of that received treatment to remove phosphorus, hormones and antibiotics, which affect both ecosystems and human health. Other major pressures on water quality include mining, industrial effluent, diffuse flows from urban and agricultural soil drainage, and solid waste discharge. The indt 'moderate' (36-51); “poor’(19-36); ""very poor' (£19). The last two categories (index values £ Source: ANA (2013), Conjuntura dos Recursos Hidricos no Brasil."	15	1	7	0.75
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1b0c2c8c3b0b5005d0ebd839cc1d38e1	Until the entry into force of the amendment, the Paragraph 6 Decision will remain a valid legal basis for the facilitated export of drugs to countries in need. It is important to note that from a substantive point of view, the Paragraph 6 Decision and the TRIPS Amendment Decision are essentially the same. For each of the remaining Members, the Paragraph 6 Decision will continue to apply until each of those Members ratifies the amendment. For an overview of Members that have so far accepted the amendment, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/amendment_e.htm.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	1b0f8aeac24bc9fa645e041bb9dfcddf	This trend suggests that the demand for tertiary-educated individuals has kept up with the increasing supply from higher educational institutions in most OECD countries. This report finds that countries have been advancing at different rates in providing quality education and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals. These inequalities result in veiy different life outcomes for adults.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	1b0ffa05bc1f9f2329a8d318eb6cd1ab	The region is aiming for a 20% energy intensity reduction by 2020 based on the year 2005 level. To some extent, some ASEAN member states have been looking at gradually phasing out the energy subsidies to encourage investments in energy efficiency. Moreover, most ASEAN member states should concentrate on enacting a wide range of legislation and regulations for energy conservation and environmental protection. Awareness-raising needs to be increased among the public and economy sectors.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/95417570-en	1b1196954258baaeb3291aa8d69e566c	All stabilization scenarios indicate that a huge share of emissions reductions, in the range of 60-80 per cent, would come from changes in energy systems. It has been found that this will require different sets of mitigation options across regions, with varying shares of renewable energy, nuclear energy, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), biomass and hydrogen and other advanced energy carriers. In a way, it is a prerequisite for increasing shares of zero-carbon energy systems. However, it would be wrong to overestimate its contribution, even in advanced economies (Barker, Dagoumas and Rubin, 2009).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	1b124f715cfa29af15eed105970bd73d	In general it is possible to obtain data on quoted international prices, but there may be opaqueness in terms of the prices that are agreed privately between buyers and sellers, and in terms of other determinants of domestic prices, such the levels of private and public stocks. Following the 2007-08 price spike, an Agricultural Market Information Service (AMIS) was created by the G20 in order to improve market transparency, by providing a common pool of information on prices, production, trade, utilisation and stocks for major crops (wheat, maize, rice, soybeans) as well as on the policies that affect prices. This system is progressively improving information on the markets for key food staples and the policies that govern those markets.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	1b1350579d01ab9eb4e0853dcfc2be7f	Singapore provides an entitlement of 100 hours of professional development per year to teachers to keep up with the rapid changes occurring in the world and to be able to improve their practice. And Singapore, like other countries, is improving its performance-appraisal system, making sure that each teacher is appraised by a whole group of people every year against 16 different competencies.0 Teachers who do outstanding work receive a bonus from the school's bonus pool. The high quality of teachers in those countries appears to be a function of the policies that determine the pool from which teachers are initially drawn, their compensation, the status of teachers, the high standards of entering university-level teacher-preparation programmes, the quality of their initial preparation, and the attention given to the quality of their preparation following their initial induction. But the fact is that many of the countries with the strongest student performance also have the strongest teachers' unions, beginning with Japan and Finland.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	1b15b81ead28b5f4fe0d99b45a74e788	The ongoing challenge is to explore ways of incorporating these groups into current social protection schemes. This is a particularly sensitive area that has received little attention in the debate on social protection, in a region where formal sector employment is in short supply and there are many deep-seated problems in expanding it. This component of social protection encompasses a set of regulations and standards designed to promote and protect decent work, that is to say, work in conditions of freedom, social justice, security and human dignity (ILO, 2008d). This set of regulations includes those aimed at formalizing contractual relations, guaranteeing rights to form and join trade unions and to occupational safety, regulations and prohibitions on child and adolescent labour and regulations on employment and the minimum wage (World Bank, 2001b), as well as regulations to prevent discrimination at work, especially against women.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	1b17b13dbff78ec1029f8feea050d114	While this growth can in part be explained by changing household characteristics, public policy has also played a role in increasing home ow nership rates. In a number of OECD countries, a public policy push for home ownership for all segments of the population, and especially among credit-constrained households, has shown its limitations in the years since the crisis that began in 2008. Leading up to the crisis, lower income households were encouraged, via the relaxation of down-payment constraints, among other incentives, to take on mortgages to purchase a home.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	1b2155ec06f36b920cd573ec2276e8c8	However, there are typical factors generally improving treatment access and treatment adequacy, which have been promoted by guidelines from the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom. No specialist” includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker or “someone else”. Similar successful initiatives have been undertaken by the Australian Government (“Better Access” initiative, “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative, see above; e.g. Harris et al., In most of the countries participating in the current project, a majority of psychiatric inpatients will be discharged within one week from the psychiatric clinic.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-9-en	1b2662f984bf09c09219c03185fe2e5f	Refinements to consolidated drug purchasing and greater participation of the private sector as a distribution network can bring further efficiency gains. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. However, Mexican Government officials, health professionals, academics and other stakeholders all agree that the country is now facing renewed challenges to improve the performance of health care services, in particular regarding the efficiency and quality of service provision, and ultimately health outcomes (Secretaria de Salud, 2014).	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	1b267b3c3bc617fdaa59267c2761fbbd	This percentage accounts for 20 per cent of all outer island households and 30 per cent of the households on the South Tarawa (ILO, 2006b: 45). Similarly, remittances from abroad in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are limited, but in recent years remittances are on the rise in these countries due to labour migration to New Zealand under the “Recognised Seasonal Employer” (RSE) Scheme. There is also evidence of “reverse remittances”, where families send money from their home countries to relatives living abroad to help them cope with growing hardship (ADB, 2010b: 9). These “local remittances” are quite common in the Solomon Islands.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	1b26831a7009cd2b6d52188d78ba7ce8	It is precisely this willingness to look beyond the conventional drivers of growth, integrating action to tackle climate change and increase environmental sustainability with future economic growth models, which represents an enormous opportunity to deliver “Greener Growth” at a local, national and global level. However, it is also true, and perhaps more likely, that existing jobs will evolve into “greener” jobs as the requirements of the economy (and jobs) adapt, driven by changing consumer demand, government regulation and technological and market innovations. Irrespective of the definition, it is almost certain that many existing jobs and workplaces will begin to adapt to incorporate sustainability practices in the workplace, and that the skills the economy needs will change too, as green growth becomes the goal of governments, businesses and communities and environmental sustainability is incorporated into everyday life. There is no standard or agreed definition of “quality work”.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	1b268ef13fa7ae3dcf4f3ee5ac3d61a7	Although the Swedish health care sector has advanced IT systems, and 100% of primary care providers have electronic patient records, several different IT systems are in use and there is a lack of uniform information standards and classifications. County councils, regions and municipalities use different information systems and have adopted different IT solutions that are not always compatible across or even within county councils and levels of care. While there is ample evidence of the use of quality registers for quality improvement in hospital and specialist care, there is less evidence of their application in primary care.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/401c524c-en	1b28bdd0a945f2c2a1e67b4f9be78078	In terms of interpreting the results, the assumption is that if UNDP is conducting transformative GEWE programming, a similar number and concentration of changes would be present in each quadrant. This chapter contains text boxes that describe programmes with multiple dimensions of the Gender@Work change quadrants. It is important to note that the focus area findings are illustrative of UNDP’s gender results but do not represent a comprehensive assessment of all gender-oriented activities undertaken during the period, which is beyond the scope of this exercise.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	1b29994a8bf2483ee964b07860a4a3e3	Detailed information on the dynamics of SA benefit receipt is crucial for the design of effective social safety nets. Recipient numbers provide insights on the coverage of last-resort benefits and their role in reducing poverty or as automatic stabilizers in times of economic crisis. Benefit transition rates indicate whether variations in receipt rates over time are driven primarily by changes in inflows or outflows, and thus possibly whether policies to reduce benefit receipt work better when they focus on reducing entries or promoting exits. Other central policy parameters, such as benefit levels and the design of activation measures, should depend on who receives benefits and for how long. This section - as the remainder of the document - focuses on the dynamics of SA benefit receipt taking a longitudinal perspective.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	1b2eb88d286be55868e944b5f98395cf	Although 9 per cent sounds like a small minority, in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world, and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization. An exclusive focus on income poverty could lead to inadequate policy focus on the multiple deprivations that are experienced by almost half of urban children in developing countries. One in four rural children under 18 experience extreme monetary poverty (UNICEF and World Bank 2016) and 8 out of 10 rural children under five do not have their basic needs met (Rutstein et al.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	1b2f2509df895e8b5870ffb087245704	The PCP identifies the main opportunities and constraints for advanced industrialisation and uses this analysis to design and develop a holistic programme for enhancing the host country's industrial development. Moreover, the PCP facilitates the mobilisation and coordination of public and private investment to support large-scale industrial projects for prioritised industrial sectors. In 2019, new PCPs will be formulated for Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Rwanda and Zambia. This sector is thus the engine of growth for transitioning from a low- to a medium-income stage. As regards inclusive development, the emergence of labour-intensive industries in the early stages of industrialisation generates a large number of formal jobs that women and youth can perform. However, overall female employment in manufacturing industries tends to fall during the transition towards medium- and high-tech industries (UNIDO, 2017a).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	1b2ff7738c6c83f92c003c20eb064f0f	Greening also will require changes in attitudes throughout the population, not just the industrial sector. This last component brings transnational corporations (TNCs) and large local firms into the picture because a major driver to greening is consumer demand in final markets, as buyers seek assurance that environmental and social standards have been met along the entire supply chain. Across food, textiles, leather goods, bottled drinks and chemicals, these results show win-win outcomes from the greening of industry.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191150-7-en	1b331b7c6a94185415b130e5f57d9536	Any reform will produce some losers. It is important to clarify the negative short-term economic and social effects and how (if at all) they will be mitigated. Time and effort invested up front will help ensure successful implementation. Some formulas allocate rights to fishing firms for an indefinite period. Others allocate fixed individual rights for a set period and adjust the volume according to annual stock variability, either re-issuing rights as they expire or buying back surplus rights and issuing additional rights. When it comes to “sequential” fisheries (i.e. fisheries that target the same stock at different times, different places and different growth stages), institutional arrangements to maximise the overall use of the resource (e.g. in French crab fisheries) combining several management tools (in particular access regulation and technical measures) can be useful.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	1b35be577f9532637df6c46dfef4e214	Mortality indicators such as suicide and premature mortality provide important information on mental health status and the interplay of mental and physical health, but more specific indicators are necessary to reflect the quality of mental health care. Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care is a key challenge not least given the need to capture complex care pathways and encompass a range of outcomes. Numerous ongoing and completed projects seek to measure and benchmark the quality and outcomes of mental health care at an international level in spite of the many challenges faced by such endeavors.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	1b3703c0f1e454b83b25b857fc954c84	Silent invasion: The spread of marine invasive species via ships’ ballast water”, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Studv Silent Invasion.pdf. Marine problems: Pollution”, World Wildlife Federation, wwf.panda.org/a bout our earth/blue planet/problems/pollution.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	1b3a4cde3882b24644f13f6317e69e46	Unchecked construction has contributed to chaotic urban sprawl and invaded agricultural production areas and forests. The distribution of public services has thus been affected and areas with environmental value damaged and agricultural land reduced. The quality of housing and appropriate transport connections to urban centres and jobs can be taken as an indicator of population well-being.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/124f66e3-en	1b3b2a1654d0a983ce7425a35b8e5d8a	Agricultural productivity growth was associated with reductions in the prevalence of child malnutrition in most countries, including India, during the period of rapid adoption of Green Revolution technologies and up until the early 1990s. Since 1992, however, agricultural growth has not been associated with improved nutrition among children in many Indian states (Headey, 2011). These include economic inequality, gender inequality. However, the phenomenon remains largely unexplained and additional research is needed (Deaton and Dr&ze, 2009; Headey, 2011).	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	1b3b5155fa9d7ff9f2f4a3af4c6e78c5	The reduction of emissions from stock breeding follows die decrease in the number of livestock. The overall emission reduction in the sector has amounted to 69.6 per cent since 1988 (figure 5.3). In 2011, the agriculture sector contributed 9.3 per cent of Bulgaria’s total GHG emissions (without LULUCF). Another driver for the emission reduction was the decline in the use of fertilizers.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	1b3be4599906df70881d68ec5b19c130	Such positions define who should provide care, for whom it should be provided, who should bear which costs, and what institutions, economic structures, gender norms and public policies should intervene in their design and implementation.118 Actors adopting a social justice perspective take a rights-based approach to care provision. They emphasize gender, class and race inequalities in care provision and in who benefits from care. They point out that these inequalities hinder women’s enjoyment of their human rights119 and deepen already existing inequalities among care receivers.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	1b3c0868aec273d9d8f9902cc3aa3d8e	In total, a fairly comprehensive set of measures has been adopted since the mid-2000s. Workers' rights to leave after childbirth have been considerably extended, and various measures have been adopted to both stimulate the provision of childcare services and reduce the cost for households using these services (Box 4). Investment in families has increased considerably, with Korea allocating 1.37% of GDP to family spending in 2013 compared to only 0.24% in 2001 (Figure 11).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	1b46ba69fac43708fd52c0eb3a3c79b0	The most obvious consequence of the efforts to develop a more modem service delivery model is the reduction in the number of facilities and beds that began in 2006. In 2016, the number of hospitals is 9% below the level of 2000. This has given rise to an even greater reduction in bed numbers, from 6.9/1 000 inhabitants in 2006 to 4.8 beds/1 000 in 2016, which is in line with the OECD average, though the number varies significantly across regions.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	1b475d122c8837cc84a460b128f041e2	For example, the US state of Tennessee has passed a bill, which recognises that blockchain data and smart contracts have legal effects (De, 2018). Yet, a global coverage of this recognition will be a key success factor for blockchain-based networks. With the introduction of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the question of blockchain technology’s compatibility with GDPR arose (Toth, 2018). The “EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum” created a dedicated working group for “blockchain and the GDPR” and launched a report end of 2018 stating that compliance can be achieved by blockchain initiatives but further investigations and rulings axe needed (EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, 2018).	9	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	1b48937dc67454ffc0e3e0c074aeb5e8	E-health services evolve to satisfy those interested in selfmanaged healthcare, such as chronic disease management, in a well-managed ICT environment. The other use is managing personal health conditions at home via the Internet. These developments are triggered by efficient record management, such as electronic health records (EHRs) management accepted in hospitals.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	1b493e9aec2b58fe0cbb2ffe33074737	In Viet Nam the family is the basic institution and often includes members of the extended family. There is a strong sense of collective responsibility and mutual obligation and family ties remain the principal source of security and support in times of crisis (Figure 1.18). Source: Gallup World Poll 2010. A study on mothers of young children in Viet Nam (Young Lives 2002) found that poor households rely more on informal networks, such as family, friends and neighbours, than on formal networks.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	1b4c8939af6d8307a65b95b99565f135	Finally, although women are more satisfied with their lives than men, they are more likely to experience negative emotions. Despite progress in mainstreaming gender perspectives in the collection and dissemination of national statistics, gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack cross-country comparability in a number of critical well-being areas. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1b51fcf65b36b85c2546a2d46866ea20	First, regulation must provide sufficiently attractive financial conditions for investment in transport and conversion infrastructure. If transport operators have operational independence, they will often determine technical requirements and submit them to their authorities of tutelage, usually the national regulator, for financing through regulated tariffs.20 Policy issues are particularly challenging when transport and production are vertically integrated and the commercial interests of integrated incumbents are at odds with the public policy objectives of the regulator. When legitimate environmental concerns impede the construction of such installations, bilateral cooperation with neighbouring countries with more favourable conditions can yield mutual benefits.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	1b55b85c7f3bdc550f81c89fc5c330fd	Official open unemployment rates are generally low in these countries. For example, the unemployment rate was 6% in Pakistan and 4.5% in Sri Lanka in 2011. Therefore, in South Asia far more important is the persistence of low productivity and low paying jobs, which are mostly found in the agricultural and urban informal sectors.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	1b563e27f584526481c55d939639df5c	There is also limited transparency in the consultation process and on whether/how the input of stakeholders is adequately taken into account; it is not always clear when the input of stakeholders is required. In addition, administrative barriers, such as a requirement to have a national identity card, limit individuals living in precarious and/or rural regions that have less access to national administration. Not all of the key steps and procedures involved in the policy making process are sufficiently transparent, nor do they allow opportunities for input from relevant stakeholders at critical points.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	1b5925f66116c94e5056c688d48b4225	"There are important mineral resources as well as shipbuilding and aerospace industries. Large-scale enterprises could overcome diseconomies of distance and invest in productivity improvements and modern technology. Although productivity increases led to a fall in direct employment in timber production and processing, the industry's recovery had a ""multiplier effect"" on related sectors such as transport and logistics, as well as on the broader development of other sectors."	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e8a5518-en	1b5ae8ee730b6f2ddbdefdd2547ec81f	While some causal links are identified and highlighted as important, relevant constraints are sometimes not extensively discussed, and few concrete policy options to act on those links are provided. Going forward, it would be important to assess whether the messages contained in UN flagship reports adequately reflect the state of scientific knowledge and the lessons learnt from development programs that focus on education in relation to specific SDGs. The systematic analysis provided here can offer a basis for an integrated analysis of policy priorities for education as a whole.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e309eca0-en	1b5f8d68d9c6aa10af48a429e2390567	There is some variation across countries in the extent of the decline. Notably, Germany has managed to buck the relative fall in output experienced elsewhere, but even there the employment share has still fallen. On average across the OECD, the share of workers in low-skilled and high-skilled occupations rose by 2.5 and 4.3 percentage points respectively between 1995 and 2015.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	1b6088b795e40537095562bec75f2693	Section 1.4 proposes a strategic framework for strengthening rural incomes which seeks to reconcile the short run objective of poverty alleviation with the long-run aim of facilitating development. Section 1.5 presents some conclusions and identifies some specific priorities for analysis. These are the sectoral transition away from an economic structure based on agriculture to a more diversified one dominated by manufactures and services, the spatial tendency towards increased urbanisation, and an institutional transformation from an economy based largely on informal rules to one based on formal legislation (Jonasson, 2009). Other changes also accompany economic development, such as falling death rates and - with a lag - declining birth rates. In its 2008 World Development Report, the World Bank makes a useful distinction between agriculture-based, transforming and urbanised economies that captures the first two elements of this economic transformation.3 Countries tend to move through these categories, although they may experience short cuts in the process, such as learning from policy experiences in developed economies, or take detours due to such factors as civil war, corrupt government or a misallocation of public resources.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6a39744b-en	1b64f49cb5bb3c826da9da4d619e64a0	Agriculture, livestock, fishing and forestry together contribute an estimated 13.7 percent of GDP (although this share is declining) and the contribution of tourism is estimated at 7 percent. The contribution of forests to GDP is estimated at between 2.2 to 3 percent. Wood is the main energy source for about 30 percent of the population. Poverty rates fell from 59 percent in 2000 to 39 percent in 2016 as the country has pursued equitable growth policies, which until recently had been facilitated by high commodity prices. This philosophy highlights integration between forests, agriculture, and environmental sustainability, and its principles are incorporated into the most recent 2016-2020 Social and Economic Development Plan, in which forests are recognized as a resource for food production. As part of its development strategy, the Government's policy is to expand agricultural area - mostly to smallholders - while managing forests sustainably for multipurpose use and stabilizing forest area at no less than 50 percent of total land area.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	1b6a6872d8667fe2550c3abff5129388	During the 11th Five-Year Plan, focus has been on states that had a heavy backlog of un-electrified villages and BPL households, as well as on special category states (such as north-eastern states, Himachal, J & K and Uttarakhand), border districts and districts led by left wing extremism. The expected completion cost is estimated as INR 330 billion (or USD 7 billion) (Ministry of Power, 2009a). All values given in this chapter are converted at this rate. Less than one-third BPL households and half of the villages had been electrified in September 2009. To avoid overlap of efforts, close co-ordination between the RRGVY and the MNRE is ensured mainly through the Rural Electrification Corporation.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ad12659d-en	1b6a8d8d446be93bae417236f463ffb7	Such punishment shows students that the use of force—be it verbal, physical or emotional—is acceptable, especially when it is directed at younger, weaker individuals. In practice, the category of external violence is a broad one and the distinction between school violence and external violence is often hard to draw. It may also be driven by general feelings of rage, frustration or humiliation unprovoked by anything the victim may have done, as in the case of violent sexual assault and random shootings.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab381733-en	1b6c9bddfb42be69d54f5e426ed8ece1	The remaining 11 are under the control of municipal and private companies. The Rustavi landfill was developed according to EU standards with financing from the EBRD, SIDA and BP, and provides disposal capacity for 80,000 m3 in phase 1. Operation of the landfill started in 2011 and it currently receives 30,000 tons of municipal waste annually from the town of Rustaveli and the village of Gardabani, serving 150,000 people in total. The landfill management keeps detailed records on the operation (table 5.2).	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	1b70fdb49976523cd695828fa0a8662b	Less than 30% of business expenditure in R&D takes place in the periphery, the Galilee and the Negev. Over-dependency on ICT makes the economy vulnerable to sudden changes and constrains the country’s long-term balanced growth potential. There is a need to develop innovation and skills in traditional industries and public services that employ most of the population.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1b71ed68179a414efe5f7ae36658aaea	For some tasks of the global stocktake (e.g. determining the effectiveness of adaptation and of support for adaptation), some of the information needs will be difficult to meet in a comprehensive and objective manner. However, by itself, this information may not be sufficient to meet the eventual demands of the global stocktake and other international aims such as learning lessons on the effectiveness of seeking and using adaptation support. The Paris Agreement states that all Parties “should” submit and update an “adaptation communication”. The Paris Agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what information could be included in an adaptation communication.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	1b74bc95eb975f6d71ec3ef021558bc1	The animal feed sector can substitute between (grass) land and animal feed from crops, and within animal feed from crops between different types of animal feed, including relevant by-products that change with biofuel production like DDGS, oilcake and molasses. The agricultural sectors can also substitute between land and fertiliser, while the ethanol sector can substitute between different feedstocks. In this study, we use a two-level nested structure to represent substitution possibilities between pasture land and compound feed for animal production (first level) and substitution between compound feed feedstocks (second level).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	1b77a18ec97697affede3a040e07a410	This trend in digitalisation has been accompanied by a reduction of personal customer service in vehicles, terminals, service centres and call centres. This increases the risk of marginalisation for those that those who cannot use mobile devices due to age, disability, language skills, or other reasons. This data should be an integral part of the data package provided by transport operators to MaaS operators and eventually to customers. This data is required by law to be available in machine readable format through open interfaces by 1 January 2018.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	1b782baf304efe7dbe5baae5e2ef681b	This strategic mechanism can be further developed to create domestic demand. Various factors need to be addressed for public procurement to have the intended effect on local enterprises regarding demand (UNCTAD and BMZ, forthcoming). As noted in the Industrial Policy Action Plan of South Africa: “Much public procurement is currently conducted on an ad hoc rather than strategic basis and does not deliver adequately on either value-for-money or key industrial policy objectives” (South Africa, Department of Trade and Industry, 2010: 33).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	1b7a163c571f65a5a20d3756c2a4c674	They allow assessing the implications of higher levels of medical-care spending and higher governmental health expenditures on economic growth; and identify what are the long-run determinants of medical spending growth. For example, a CGE model could be used to estimate the extent to w'hich increases in medical spending are driven by capital investment in health technologies. The CMS Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model represents the U.S. economy as being composed of two markets, health and non-health products, for which aggregate demand and supply are modelled (see annex 1.21).	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	1b7be27987e31abdf26d8414f27cc188	Indeed, the consumption share of the top quintile has been increasing while the other quintiles have seen their shares decrease since the 1990s. More recent data reveal that, in nearly half of the countries in the region, consumption of the bottom 40 per cent, already substantially low, grew at a slower pace than that of the average household (figure 1.4). How inclusive and sustainable is domestic demand? The x-axis shows that consumption level of the bottom 40 per cent is less than half of that of the average household in many countries.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	1b7d56db561159cecc4baf0b8927e208	While 40% of first-generation immigrant students complete upper secondary education, completion rates for second-generation immigrants increase to align to the national average (57% for the whole population). It found that a decline in motivation at this level may be triggered by external factors and lack of incentives, as well as by how schools respond to students' needs. Also, students from smaller municipalities seem to show weaker average skills in national and international assessments than those from larger municipalities. Over 2004-12, participation of 1-5 year-olds increased from 72% to 90%.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	1b7ea0d94bdf31c8cc10424662086788	In such cases, the education system should place a stronger focus on curbing discriminatory social norms among youth, while broader awareness campaigns can help to foster change in employers’ views. They should be coupled with specific policies to foster change in hiring and management practices. A growing body of research shows that careful behavioural design can help employers overcome deep-seated (and often uncontious) gender biases.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	1b8096a8c65472366f9a60f60ec1c43b	Every time a lender underwrites an eligible loan under this programme, the Connecticut Green Bank reserves a percentage of the loan principal (between 7.5-15%) for the lender in the event of a default (Energize CT, 2013). In the Connecticut model, to promote sound lending practices and share risks, the lender assumes the “first loss” (1.5%) on its portfolio before it is permitted to access the reserve fund. When discussing credit enhancement, the terms guarantee and insurance are often used interchangeably.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/712425ac-en	1b817056fe03b6bd7428b2d69e6a79da	Following an overview of the world’s urban landscape, Chapter 2 looks at the status of children in urban settings through the lens of international human rights instruments and development goals. Chapter 3 examines some of the phenomena shaping the lives of children in urban areas, from their reasons for coming to the city and their experience of migration to the challenges posed by economic shocks, violence and acute disaster risk. Many cities have been able to contain or banish diseases that were widespread only a generation ago.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	1b819b9c60d4378a7389232c1fab9236	This illustrates that the progress in reaching the MDGs has been uneven for the LDCs. Moreover, even in countries where good progress has been made toward the MDGs, there are often glaring disparities between rural and urban areas, between the rich and the poor, between women and men, and between girls and boys. These include reducing hunger, ensuring that girls and boys reach the last grade in primary education, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and providing basic sanitation. The performance among the individual countries does not vary much, with most countries requiring renewed efforts to achieve the majority of the MDG targets.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	1b863cacd91dbce6a534c82a2e0e84cd	Between 2000 and 2015, participation in the first year of preschool (Interactive II, age 4) increased dramatically from 7% to 63%, and that of the second year from 83% to 90%. The new curriculum gives special emphasis to early literacy skills which are critical both to success in learning and for developing a child's self-confidence and social interaction. Just 20% of 4-year-olds from the poorest households have access to preschool provision, compared to 80% of their wealthier peers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	1b86a446ec8ea44c5e860959f134df32	Casual and other forms of wage labour - increasingly supplied by labour contractors - are often effectively excluded from labour legislation. Many economists and ministries of finance are unwilling to promote the formalisation of such informal employment - which is often insecure and exploitative -because they fear this will undermine job creation. The result is that the worst forms of wage labour are not avenues out of poverty, but simply survival options. At best, they can help a household escape poverty, but only when combined with other economic activities in a “portfolio”.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	1b87cb25ca902b34d18805c022680b90	This implies that the decrease of forest biomass sink in Sweden is more than compensated by the increase in Finland and Norway together. Similarly, the CO2 emissions from forest soil in Finland are more than offset by forest soil sink in Sweden and Norway combined. The sink size fluctuated over 1990 and 2000s especially in Sweden and Finland due to the fluctuating level of use of HWPs in longer lasting purposes such as construction and furniture with a dip in Sweden in 2008. For Norway, net removal in 1990-2010 is adapted from Norwegian CPA (2012) and in 2011-2020 is Indufor's estimate.	15	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	1b89e1c4e656b06926a84021f6ed4516	This function can be implemented by using theipvsadm command. We measured AC power, that is, the output of the inverter, but not DC power, that of the battery, so that these data can be referred to in a different experimental environment, such as using commercial AC power for power supply. We compared energy-proportional control to the conventional method in which all web servers are always active, in Figure 9. The results show that there are no differences between these two methods in terms of response times.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	1b8a501a7bbb0802fa4a05da3a8cd65a	At the same time internal transparency through environmental management accounting started to increase with a business rationale to improve efficiency and reduce costs, in relation to using natural resources, reducing emissions to air, water and soil, as well as in reducing waste. More recently companies increasingly see the relevance of sustainability for their long term business continuity and identify sustainability challenges as a business growth driver. They even transform their business to address such business opportunities. The company, DSM, active in health, nutrition and materials, for example, is not only changing from a chemical company to bio-based solutions, but also focuses its business activities much more on nutrition, as this will be a major global challenge.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	1b8a9880d91c822944cbeec22b528228	Financial sanctions may be increased if the perpetrator fails to pay a fine and fails to restore the situation to its previous state (in which case the authority may double the fine) or the same administrative offence is repeated within two years (in which case the fine may be increased to the upper limit). Withdrawals of a permit or bans on the performance of a particular activity as a result of administrative offence are used sporadically. The code recognises eight kinds of crimes against the environment, including jeopardising and damaging the environment, unauthorised handling of waste, and poaching. Natural persons (individuals) and legal persons (companies) have been liable for administrative offences, but until 2005 only natural persons could be held liable for criminal offences. Types of non-compliance responses in Slovakia (cont.)	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	1b8b3de79df5c5923493cd5050d3ceae	Indeed, the rising incidence of non-standard employment has widened the gap in earnings distribution and contributed to an increase in poverty. In Germany, the total income gain of households has gone to the richest 10 per cent of households since 2003 (Parma and Vontobel, 2009:129). The recent widening of inequalities marked a complete reversal of the previous trend.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	1b8c3961af35291e966300d059dddd3a	Nevertheless, although these areas overlap, the subject of paid care work constitutes a separate analytical focus and is of significant consequence for public policy. A review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and a wide variety of approaches for deciding which jobs should be included. The first, and the most general, takes into consideration all occupations linked to physical and emotional care (nurturance) (England, 1992; England, Thompson and Amaru 2001) regardless of whether there is face-to-face contact or the relationship involves the provision of services to dependants.	5	7	3	0.4
10.18356/7ff65165-en	1b8dffb0c62449af0d350b9d756cdf6e	This is not a problem that can be explained solely by an analysis at the individual level (household) or at the system level. The individual level has been studied more closely in Uruguay beginning with the pioneering study by Rama (1993), and studies on the effect that a student’s home environment has on educational achievement are more prolific in the national literature. The purpose of this paper is to help understand the institutional roots of educational inequality.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	1b8e7d4d83dfbdb76e72ed2679c3b112	This may have a negative impact on the family dynamics with intra-familial conflicts and abuse as a consequence. Such experiences may have impact on the later health of the young. For example, a study conducted among Icelandic adolescents who were 14-15 years old shows that lifetime experience of intra-familial conflicts may increase the risk for depression, anxiety, anger and self-esteem (Gunnlaugsson, Kristjansson, Einarsdottir and Sigfusdottir, 2011). Thus, in light of the current crisis it is important to monitor closely the future development of the health situation of children and keep a close eye on known risk factors that may negatively impact on later adult health of the young. Governmental policy responses are crucial for how the economic recession will affect household functioning, and children's experiences of poverty. The burden can be alleviated through, e.g., fiscal stimulus, social protection and polices that address the labour market and support to families (Harper, Jones, McKay, and Espey, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	1b912a02b113c4d9142e3488af61db83	It took a century to boost their thermal efficiency to around 20 percent in a successive stream of innovations. It took another century again to reach the current steam turbine efficiency of 40 percent. The initial costs of steam engines in the mid-eighteenth century amounted to a phenomenal US$ 12,000 per kW (in 2003$) (Crafts, 2004) in an economy a factor of 130 smaller than today with per capita incomes around US$1,500 (in 2003).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/286de074-en	1b917b4eedb5005fb39f804d6a007e74	This paper set out to provide a conceptual understanding of the gender socialization process during adolescence, its influences and outcomes, and practical suggestions on how to use this knowledge in the design of policies and programmes to improve gender equality. First, theoretical contributions from psychology, sociology and biology were reviewed to situate the gender socialization process during adolescence in a broader context of multi-level influences. Second, a socio-ecological framework was introduced to bring together the main factors that influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes. Third, knowledge on howto influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes was summarized in order to provide practical recommendations for policies and programmes.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287709-en	1b948d060ba40fe5bc6079eeecee9460	It also aims to reduce the number of Europeans without adequate reading, writing, numeracy and digital skills. At the same time, the Agenda seeks to help highly qualified young people find work that suits their potential and aspirations, make it easier for employers to recruit employees with the right profiles and to equip people with the skills and attitudes to start their own businesses (EC, 2016b). These programmes receive fewer resources than general education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	1ba09db67f04cdb566623d1a6366b942	It also presents challenges in establishing economically efficient water pricing mechanisms. In these cases an irrigation project has the characteristics of a public good, in which several water users can simultaneously consume the services of the project. Finally, the flowing nature of water and its changing physical characteristics as it passes among states in the hydrologic cycle produce high transaction costs in establishing and enforcing property rights to develop, allocate, and use water. In these cases, water services, especially environmental values produced by leaving water in its natural state, may emerge as a common property resource, for which the complete opportunity costs of its use may not face the user.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	1ba7b07f5e6d01afb135d9fc262c150e	Payments systems linked to performance need to have accurate quality metrics that encourage physicians to offer services to all patients, including those whose health is complicated by multiple conditions. In many cases the physician performance metrics do not include adequate adjustment for patients with multiple chronic conditions. Most existing quality metrics have the tendency to encourage clinicians to avoid medically complex patients. More refined performance measures would account for patients with multiple chronic conditions and thereby strengthen the capacity of performance-based payment systems to support care for those with multiple conditions.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	1ba8935ff51a4a86a35b04d2b69cbcdf	This is also the case of several mid-sized FUAs (Taraz, Uralsk, Atyrau, Aktau and Aktobe).10 In contrast, in the other two metropolitan areas of Kazakhstan (Astana and Shymkent), the city cores grew' more rapidly than the commuting zone between 1999 and 2009. In OECD countries, suburbanisation has been particularly strong in large metropolitan areas (of more than 1.5 million people). Figure 1.10 shows the contributions of commuting zones and city cores to overall FUA growth during the 1999-2009 period. Beyond Astana, the fastest-growing cities are in the southern and western areas of the country.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	1badad85409f4d8ecfbb451853a406aa	In 2009, Portugal launched the Electric Mobility Plan to encourage large-scale use of electric vehicles by 2020. The increase in the share of electric vehicles in the fleet and the achievement of the expected reduction in oil imports will largely depend on timely development of the electricity network and metering infrastructure, as well as on further growth of renewable electricity production. Under the EU burden-sharing agreement to meet the EU Kyoto Protocol target, Portugal is committed to limit its GHG emissions to an average increase of 27% in 2008-12 compared with 1990 levels.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	1bb38df2e51c7b261146c639a71a443b	The rate of convergence was even higher in developing countries, where the same figure went from only 57% in 1950 to 86% in 2010. Today, in the countries considered in this chapter enrolment rates in primary and secondary education are almost identical between boys and girls (Figure 4.4), and women have largely overtaken men in their propensity to attend tertiary education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/09e92b30-en	1bb5f2d674da7f0574d174a01df3de4d	Additional reforms could also improve access to complementary insurance for low-income households and their health in the medium term (CNAMTS, 2016a), notably by promoting the use of existing administrative data on income and other social spending to determine and verify access to ACS vouchers. Indeed, past experiments have shown that eligible households, mostly long-term unemployed and retirees, may be difficult to reach through information campaigns (Guthmuller et al., The sustainability of the ACS scheme could be improved in part by reviewing the eligibility conditions (Cour des comptes, 2015).	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	1bb6098a30dfe9ad10381f4d2a97c9f1	The web tools do not recognise all nuances in written text, but the benefit of using automated systems is that they can simultaneously process large amounts of data. West Bothnia (Vasterbotten) in Northern Sweden is a region where gender is actively discussed and measured in the newsrooms. The newspaper Vasterbottens-Kuriren conducted a content analysis in 2002 that showed that women made up only 23% of the people in the news even though over half of the newspaper's readers were women. The newspaper then started to work actively towards a gender ratio of 50/50.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	1bb6cdc3e6aaf6e38d8c47e10fe6d065	Innovation-led growth has contributed substantially to improving income and well-being across all groups in society. Their objective is to provide all segments of society with equal opportunities to successfully participate in and benefit from innovation. While most of these policies can be broadly classified by inclusiveness type (Box 3), in some cases they simultaneously address social, industrial and/or territorial inclusiveness challenges. For example, Ireland’s Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs aims to promote the integration of an underrepresented group -women- in entrepreneurship activities (“social inclusiveness”) and to address critical financial barriers faced by start-ups (“industrial inclusiveness”).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	1bb8efee740630c40233f4b3fe224f0c	Intended countries of destination for the cocaine seized included Australia, Italy and Spain, while Colombia is mentioned as country of origin. There is evidence that the area of opium poppy cultivation has been increasing and appears to have reached a five-year high in Colombia, which had detected 387 ha of cultivation in 2014. Heroin manufactured in South America is primarily destined for the United States but is also trafficked for consumption within the region. Various countries in South America have reported seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in 2014, including amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ecstasy”-type substances, as well as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	1bba7843d457e92213a37a016b4afe80	These capacity building trainings and workshops are often aimed at faculty, students, and other researchers and public servants in developing countries. For the puipose of this analysis, it is assumed that these trainings contribute towards enhancing countries’ STI capacity. However, it is likely that the inclusion of all development finance channelled through universities over-estimates the amount of development finance supporting STI. Providers are required to include text descriptions of the activities when reporting to the CRS; however, in practice this information has been difficult to use for analytical purposes because of the differences in quality of the descriptions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	1bbab7af9538d150cfc4b685e551e270	For instance, the OECD Climate Fund Inventory lists 91 climate funding sources, and contains detailed information on their focal areas, region(s) of activity and application procedures.54 The UNFCCC Climate Finance Data Portal contains data on resources that have been provided to fund adaptation and mitigation activities in developing countries.55 The Climate Funds Update is an independent website that provides data on currently 23 multilateral climate finance sources, including pledged amounts to these sources.56 Developed countries provided a total of $33.6 billion in climate finance through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016. As figure 4.2 highlights, the focus of these funds has been for mitigation in developing countries, which accounted for 72 per cent of the total, compared with only 15 per cent for adaptation activities. The Clean Technology Fund (CTF), the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF), the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program (SREP), as well as a series of funds targeting reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), such as the Forest Investment Program (FIP), support GHG mitigation activities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	1bbc3e453adc369787b780f61170e18a	In emerging and developing economies, structural change has slowed since the crisis, as jobs are not moving from low- to higher-productivity sectors as fast as they had before. This has slowed progress in reducing vulnerable employment and the number of working poor. Chapter 1 showed that many countries in Latin America, several in Africa and a few in Asia experienced declines in income inequality between 2003 and 2010.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	1bbfb4a2e6287262ba5bfa7c5f275fe1	With a fixed timetable of regular assessments, Costa Rica might consider alternating the subjects assessed at lower secondary level to enable the evaluation of more of the curriculum, including the more innovative dimensions of education for global citizenship and sustainable development, for example. At no point has the assessment sampled the entire census of schools in a way that would enable school leaders, teachers, students, parents and the local community to understand w'hether their institution is achieving national learning objectives, or whether it is more or less successful than other similar schools. The national assessment could help teachers understand how the new national competence-based curriculum can be tested in practice and ensure classroom-based assessments are setting the same standards across the country.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	1bbfbe8960be36484e2a78c9ace6b313	Second, qr is less sensitive than ols to outliers in the dependent variable since it minimizes the weighted sum of absolute deviations. Moreover, when the error terms are non-normal, qr also gives a more efficient estimator than least squares. Lastly, qr has a linear programming representation that makes estimation easy.	5	8	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	1bbfe4483b6786110d4d1efb044bdeb2	Given that PNG, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are unlikely to meet Goal 1, achieving Target 10.1 will also be difficult without serious reform. Fiji is, however, likely to meet Target 10.1 based on its positive outlook for Goal 1. Ensuring equal opportunities and reducing inequalities of outcome (Target 10.3) are also closely dependent on the outcome of Target 5.1 to end all forms of discrimination against women and girls.	15	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	1bca99b866a87b15589164bf72cd1ad1	Transportation to and from the mainland is either by plane or ferry. In spite of this, the labour market of Bornholm is to some extent connected to the labour market of Copenhagen. In an attempt to accommodate the infrastructural challenges, the island has established several IT solutions, including broadband and workstations at home.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	1bccedf6b7f73c47e16380ec7f4f9b90	Suppose, for example, that a stock has been confined to Country A’s EEZ. Climate change increasingly diverts the stock into Country B’s EEZ, while the growth and reproduction of the stock still depend on how much of the stock is left after fishing in the EEZs of both countries. Country A’s command over the stock will be steadily eroded and so will its previously strong incentives to protect it, while Country B will acquire an interest in the stock, at first fleeting but then a more substantial one. If things continue in this direction, B will ultimately acquire a stronger incentive than A to preserve the stock for reproduction and future growth, while A will become a player which only has a minor fraction of the stock and which in fact will be able to demand a disproportionate share of the stock, since it will in any case benefit from B’s conservation efforts without making much of a contribution itself. But how quickly will the players realize this reversal of roles and how timely will they adjust to it?	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/889b3c8e-en	1bcd7d2dda2745e1c963f3f70f73f432	To fully address all needs and challenges for children in urban settings, urban planning must simultaneously address the different scales of possible spatial intervention. However, it actually covets good design for all. In this sense, applying universal design helps create buildings, tools, spaces and learning or communication systems that are useful and usable for everyone. Universal design accommodates diverse literacy skills, and promotes designs that are safe and easy to use.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	1bd2f5b9e6690db6f19e645367fe87a4	For manufacturing companies to understand the market opportunities and the needs of the wind industry, the states of Michigan or Ohio provide technical assistance to companies to retool their operations to become wind energy suppliers. For example, The Ohio Energy Office is financing a collaborative project, led by the Great Lakes Wind Network (GLWN) and Ohio’s Edison Technology Center, to identify suitable companies for retrofitting of their facilities to produce wind energy components (AWEA, 2010). Strengthening the regional wind energy supply chain in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region may require both informing firms about this new business opportunity and connecting these firms with those managing the supply chain. One study has identified particularly strong opportunities for local gear and drive train manufacturers to penetrate the wind turbine component parts market (CMC/JARC, 2009).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	1bd3243de6ed25ee7a72ddd3f0905e0b	According to the company’s management, these supplies are supposed to cover processors’ seasonal deficits of raw meat and eliminate middlemen from the livestock supply chain to lower consumer prices (rather than to support prices for producers). Since the beginning of its operations in 2001, KAP’s total expenditures on purchases of livestock products have not exceeded USD 20 million, averaging around KZT 1.2 billion (USD 8 million) in 2009-11 (Figure 2.7). Thus, the activity of KAP as a state buyer of livestock products is limited and unlikely to have a significant impact on producer prices. In 2007, KAP made intervention purchases of meat, for which KZT 1 billion (USD 8 million) were allocated, and in 2008 it spent KZT 795 million (USD 7 million) on imports of milk powder to supply milk plants. This was undertaken to limit consumer prices during the exceptional increase in 2008 of world milk prices. It was introduced in 2008 in response to recent price volatility on world agricultural markets.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	1bd5a9c370947fa3d08ae86c57019ccf	Direct planting is also associated with the use of GMOs, which leads to less use of pesticides. On the supply side, producers are expected to benefit from continued productivity growth, complemented by a depreciating Brazilian real (BRL). The current projections assume that there are no significant changes to agricultural policy settings over the next ten years, and that “normal” weather with no severe events prevails from one year to the next.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264249400-7-en	1bd850c225d94a79d7660176383031e2	Community management is the prevailing business model for WSS in rural areas. At a crossroads between decentralised and centralised WSS management models, the country is considering regionalisation as another option. Although coverage rates in urban areas seem relatively high, water supply and sanitation systems are neither reliable nor safe: there are serious problems with water quality in Tajikistan.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	1bd98670a1d3281b4006674e0e36e402	This structure can be observed for most tourism industry branches. One can state that tourism products and services in the destination area are traditionally delivered primarily by local SMEs, while intermediate organisations are usually either international or located in the tourists’ home country and of bigger size. However, location characteristics do affect industries’ structures.	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	1bda0a2cfd4aa3e18804a4a1e900e0f4	A UNESCO biosphere reserve (Repetek State Biosphere Reserve) was designated in 1978. The State reserves have a strict protection regime and exclude natural resource use by local inhabitants, with very few exceptions. All have management authorities, which report to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna under MoNP.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	1bda19e652fe2c4bcdd316bba5afa9ec	This means there are fewer women in the parliament in Denmark than in the rest of the Nordics. According to data from 139 countries compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (2016), Denmark ranks 21st based on the proportion of women in parliament. As of 28th November 2016, nine of the 22 ministers in the Danish government are women (40.9%; Statsministeriet 2016). The purpose of the Equal Treatment Act is to prevent discrimination based on gender (Ministry of Employment 2002), and the purpose of the Gender Equality Act is to promote equality between men and women, including equal influence and opportunities in all spheres of the society (Ministry of Social Affairs 2000).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	1be0c03c958a86fe3d8cba347b76950a	Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level. In addition, NCESE (whose services, as of 2015, were integrated in IAC) also conducts surveys to assess societal views of education which include the collection of views and perspectives from principals, teachers, parents, students and potential employers. By contrast, there is no framework to evaluate the work of rayons’ and oblasts’ Departments of Education even if the monitoring of their work can be followed on the basis of student learning outcomes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289339766-6-en	1be787f480fa4c82b5046dca40dba1df	For some countries and habitats these can directly be used for defining levels of degradation in the EU 4-level model. Finland and partly Estonia have used this approach and have implemented it in management, but this is now abandoned for Finland (see below and chapter 6.2). Remaining countries have not done so, but Norway and Iceland seem to have systems that can be adopted or transformed into the 4-level model.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	1be8d6fedc026aa4dd664ed23e2cfd3c	Similarly, driving can be more dangerous than cycling for some demographics (Feleke et al., Longitudinal or even experimental studies would be key to strengthen this observation, which is based on cross-sectional data alone. Nevertheless, this finding suggests that an overall decrease in fatalities is possible in cities planning for a modal shift towards cycling.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1be9da7ae4ca9c802c9a523bc1956016	Protecting the environment and fighting global warming were mentioned by 29% and 13% respectively. Again, the price and security of energy supply concerns are uppermost in the minds of Europeans when they consider the desired priorities for their countries’ energy policy. More importantly, the evolution of public opinion between 2007 and 2010 shows that more and more Europeans consider nuclear energy as an option to help the energy supply situation faced by developed societies.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	1becaec2af7ebc574e64116ccb7703f0	The total first-hand value was slightly higher in 2007 compared to 2006. At the same time, fuel and lubrication oil costs increased. At this point of time it is, therefore, difficult to estimate the results for 2007. More details are available on the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries website (luiow./isfeeridir.no).	14	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	1bf025178e2123be7da826bfa51b3e7b	Compared to other European countries there are low levels of inequity in smoking rates and obesity across education level in Denmark (Mackenbach et al., Furthermore, a recently published report on social inequalities (Juel and Koch, 2013) suggests that 60-70% of the inequalities in life expectancy in Denmark are caused by smoking and alcohol consumption. The Folkesundhedsprogram 1999-2008 and Sund hele livet programmes do, indeed, focus on health behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity, and health education, promotion and voluntary initiatives that stress individual responsibility (Diderichsen, 2008). However little is known to date about whether local initiatives to address risk factors in health and measures to change behavioural incentives such as through “sin taxes” have yielded any effect on populations most at risk.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	1bf581b7b4ca0ec93fd5252c27754fd8	Recent studies (Corak, 2013; OECD, 2015a; OECD, 2012; IMF, 2015) point to growing economic and social inequality around the globe and cast doubt on the notion that everyone can succeed. To begin with, the global economy has become more knowledge intensive. Together with skills-biased technological changes, globalisation and the growing influence of the financial sector on the economy, the demand for high-skilled workers and jobs with non-routine tasks has increased over the last three decades. As a result, a premium has been put on the wages of high-skilled workers, raising the wage gap between high- and low-skilled workers (Sill, 2002; Card and Di Nardo, 2002; Autor and Acemoglu, 2011).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	1bf623143e7014fc9dd682a2ef7a6c2c	However, line ministries have greater influence in setting NTBs. They are generally more protectionist and influenced by interest groups. Hence trade policy is a continuous battleground, and a change of key ministerial personalities can easily result in a more protectionist trade policy regime. This is the crux of Indonesia’s trade policy challenge: no minister or agency has control over the full array of trade policy instruments, and is able to adopt an economy-wide public interest viewpoint.	2	7	1	0.75
10.14217/69e63ace-en	1bf8273eeba69b2c0451dbdb3911df9a	The issues considered in the papers may be evolving in nature, leading to further work and refinement at a later stage. The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat. In 2005, the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration gave a mandate on negotiations on fisheries subsidies aimed at strengthening disciplines on fisheries subsidies as well as to prohibit certain forms of subsidies that lead to overcapacity and over-fishing.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	1bf9db677e7bd0966eccbf44a655e118	The scholarships cover a range of costs in addition to tuition, such as materials, food, transport and lodging. Applicants for the benefit must have completed secondary education and live in a household in a situation of poverty or extreme poverty. After graduation, scholarship recipients must work during the first three years in a State agency. The programme gives priority to adolescents and youths from marginal rural and urban areas, as well as some indigenous communities.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	1bffd35f45c4f42509e1048e90a8d301	The employment of older workers was about as cyclical as overall employment in past recessions, so it is a notable departure from historical patterns that employment has increased for this group this time. This novel development may reflect, at least in part, labour supply responses in some countries to sometimes large losses in retirement savings consequent to the financial crisis (Coile and Levine, 2009; Gustman et al., Employment losses were also above-average for medium-skilled workers and men, groups whose employment had previously been about as cyclical as overall employment.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	1bffec126d8c350c7f665fdf69d5a48a	In some states, there is scope to increase tariff levels and change tariff structures to enhance efficient uses of water, allocate water where it creates most value, and at least cover the operation and maintenance costs. Setting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial path will contribute to commitments 6 and 65 of the Pact, and will facilitate the implementation of commitments 50, 51 and 52. There is a need to identify and clearly allocate the responsibilities at each level of government; strengthen enforcement and compliance; and sharpen focus on the capacity and financial sustainability of utilities, the efficiency and quality of service provision, and the responsiveness to users. Commitment 52 of the Pact, to approve a new law on drinking water and sanitation, provides the opportunity and the political momentum to define responsibilities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	1c0264d66ed58456dc6fb26445986fa4	The Ministry of Finance, through the General Directorate of Customs, coordinates and ensures the arrival and departure in the country, on the basis of authorization issued by CNCAN, of all goods which require authorization under Law No. Ill (1996) on the Safe Development of Nuclear Activities, as amended by Law' No. Approximation of legislation to EU standards has set stringent requirements for Government, municipalities and waste management companies.	12	3	0	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	1c0379c59d2dc67e695bfc026d0c16b4	The presence of high BOD may indicate faecal contamination or increases in particulate and dissolved organic carbon from non-human and animal sources that can restrict water use and development, necessitate expensive treatment and impair ecosystem health. Human ill health due to water quality problems can reduce work capability and affect children’s growth and education. High levels of oxygen consumption pose a threat to a variety of aquatic organisms, including fish. It helps to identify communities where wastewater treatment action is required to protect the ecosystem. Untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater can result in increased nutrient levels, high levels of organic matter and hazardous substances, posing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. It can be calculated separately for different terrestrial ecological regions.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	1c054771240e8e8e8bd424f8d795479f	In a similar way, benefits could be reported as benefit amounts per capita, or as percentages of household incomes. The latter would help for comparing benefits with costs, proxied by the average household WSS bill. This would also improve the comparability of results from one country to another, and allow overcoming differences in purchasing power parities.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	1c0a40cb50f586f20aa7eea0056dcf39	Its aim is to represent the interest of women entrepreneurs before national and international organisations and institutions; to reinforce the presence and representation of women within employer organisations and national chambers; and to promote women’s entrepreneurship and the advancement of women-owned enterprises by providing a supportive framework responsive to the specific needs for assistance, training and information for women entrepreneurs. It also showcases the accomplishments of women entrepreneurs and encourages women to consider entrepreneurship as a career option. An innovative way of promoting women-owned enterprises and their products is the CNFCE branding initiative to encourage women entrepreneurs to use the “Made in Tunisia by Women Entrepreneurs” label. Soon after the formation of the Council, the local chambers of commerce within the UAE, including Dubai and Abu Dhabi were encouraged to establish their own Businesswomen’s Committees.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ff1be167-en	1c0bbc0a92f70965ec318f5c95ae7def	The intensity of total child poverty also fell sharply across the region during the period in question. The biggest decreases were observed among children and adolescents with at least two deprivations and at least three deprivations in 2000 (more than a 15-percentage-point drop in both cases). While the decline is much smaller among children with at least five deprivations (from 3.4% in 2000 to 1.1% in 2011 in total child poverty) who, by definition, suffer an appalling violation of their rights (see figure II.4.B), it does point to positive outcomes in tackling multidimensional child poverty over the decade: not only did its incidence decrease, but the percentage of children and adolescents with the largest number of deprivations also decreased.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	1c0c35e85323268897f374cb80037192	"Article 24 states that ""indigenous individuals have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"" and that ""states shall take the necessary steps with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of this right"".467 ""Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals. Article 8 of this law entitles indigenous people to free medical care in state and municipal health care facilities within the framework of the Programme of state guarantees for mandatory health insurance.48' As described above, the legal framework is comprehensive and includes specific provisions for indigenous peoples' access to health services. The first framework focus is on the core elements of the right to health; the second on the core elements of health care access; and the third on the determinants of indigenous health."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	1c0f21887df0116ca1b67aa3d8f51f24	One trend dominates in particular: the relative gain in income (+13%) for children whose parents ow'n the home compared to poor families who rent their homes but who otherwise share the same characteristics (Annex B). Declines in home ownership tend to push the standard of living down. The proportion of poor children in a two-parent family renting a dwelling increased sharply, from 36% in 2007 to 50% in 2014.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	1c105734b0ff3a170edfff4ec0921d30	Assessment criteria and methods are defined by each school and reflected in the respective School Education Programme (SEP). There are no externally-based national final examinations at the end of basic (and compulsory) education (but some regions make available to their secondary schools standardised tests developed by private companies, to be used as entry examinations). By contrast, externally-based exit examinations are mandatory at the end of secondary education. These refer to the school-leaving examination and the final examination to obtain the apprenticeship certificate.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	1c1251567e015de588dcd4b69e3a2273	Overall, this suggests it takes some time to successfully complete the transition from school to work. Transition rates are calculated as the ratio between flow of people moving that transitioned from Condition 1 (school) to Condition 2 between time 0 and time 1, over the total stock of people in the population in Condition 1 in time 0 (i.e. in school: only in school and in school and working). The transitions are year to year (from year t to year t+1). This analysis is limited to urban populations owing to data limitations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-4-en	1c131e39dd6687f8cc8294cce3c2914e	"While the three ""worlds"" of Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth, of Citizen-Driven, Sustainable Growth and of Fast, Globally-Driven Growth all present common risks, such as those related to the environment, their magnitude varies substantially between scenarios. The performance of each of these scenarios is compared in order to facilitate the identification of strategies to manage risks and avail of future opportunities, which will be discussed in Chapter 3. Generally, food and nutrition security is defined around four pillars or dimensions, including the availability, stability, access and utilisation by the body: ""Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life"" (FAO, 1996, 2009)."	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-10-en	1c156704b3b5b03bae84f04a88ba3dd2	As previously expressed, Chile’s education system can open the door to stronger economic, democratic and social development within the country. Education has been an important topic on Chile’s public agenda since 2006, and the ongoing education reforms carried out by the Chilean government show an enduring commitment to education. However, the country’s capacity to unite these reforms into a coherent vision will be key to the reforms' success and sustainability from the implementation period onward.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	1c15e4aaa1c1abf6b110b48b850a1d93	Evidence on specific vulnerabilities to date show little pattern: of all cholera cases in Uganda in 2005-10, 54% were female and 46% male (Bwire ef al. Almost 90% said V rape occurred outside a populated village; 82% were raped while pursuing ordinary daily activities such as W searching for firewood or thatch, working in their fields, fetching water from riverbeds or travelling to a market. According to recent WHO estimates, 58% of total cases of diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries are attributable to environmental factors (Pruss-Ustiin ef al.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/785f021c-en	1c17a1e88298e3d9aa8bf6dc5be0f268	There is empirical evidence, for example, that labour-intensive manufacturing activities tend to be concentrated in countries with low labour costs while high-tech industries are more likely to emerge in wealthy countries with access to a high-skilled workforce. This, inter alia, provides an explanation for the changing pattern of manufacturing employment across the world (UNIDO, 2017a). It shows the use of industrial robots as part of the recent trend of automation across industries, and indicates that increasing automation within certain industries plays a special role in the transformation of industrial development patterns through technological innovations.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	1c1b938af6cdf22f828e47661f35da06	More equitable within-household divisions of labour are generally observed in couples who are unmarried, dual-earners, well-educated, younger egalitarian in their attitudes, and childless. Households in post-communist countries also share housework more equally. Family policy can play an important role and Germany has already made substantial progress in supporting families ahead of and after the birth of a child (Chapter 3).	5	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	1c1cd6c7278aecfdaeb4b5b2b5c1783a	Therefore no studies on the time-slot allocation problem consider both multi-time-slot bonding and asynchronous time-slot phase without adjustment of fiber length. In this section, we show simulation setup and results. Using the shortest path based on Dijkstra’s algorithm with its metric being hop count, we performed routing of the traffic from node to node.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	1c1eaac0c7880d2b22b4f5882df21397	To some extent, it may bring w'orking-time legislation closer to practice, as undeclared overtime appears to be common in Lithuania. But this may come at the cost of work quality and work/life balance for employees and so changes in working-time practices should be monitored closely following the reform. In the 2002 Labour Code, workers with specific problems or characteristics, such as health issues testified by a health institution, disability, mothers of young children, workers aged less than 18, and carers of a sick family member could request part-time work. This is still the case in new labour code, but all workers with job tenure of less than three years are also entitled to request part-time for a temporary period of less than a year, which the employer can refuse only for valid reasons.	8	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	1c1ffdc22aae5048a9e1c683a1c7f76d	With additional high-speed backhaul infrastructure in place, it should make it cheaper to extend mobile broadband coverage into more rural zones. This in turn should increase demand resulting in lower mobile broadband prices. Integrated report for the year ended 31 December 2016. Figure for Rwanda from RURA. Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the Fourth Quarter 2016.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	1c228c8f6f377c94d0b26943fdbc1750	Promote the VET sector as a leader in sustainability learning, continually strengthen teaching capabilities and demonstrate the adaptability of Sydney’s VET training packages at a local level to meet local needs and demands. In particular, it summarises the key international policy debate before setting out a broad analysis of Sydney’s economy, the labour market and the potential for “greener” jobs. It finishes by providing an analysis of the labour market and a series of recommendations to aid Sydney’s transition to a low carbon economy.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	1c2527336ca3061e3bf70400620f9584	It arose from calls from women’s rights scholars and activists, as well as the women’s and feminist movements, to address the power and patriarchy that lie at the root of discrimination and inequality. This introduced a need to broaden and deepen the development focus beyond women, to address gender roles and relations, differential access to resources and control of them, and ultimately the power imbalance between men and women. In doing so it opened an opportunity to question how traditional social roles, norms and expectations formed the basis for inequality in the private and public spheres, as ensconced in unequal institutions—whether in families, communities, schools, the professional sphere, politics or beyond.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	1c27c976c414ed7e28fb172c04d86439	Luxembourg has been slow to implement certain laws (the Sustainable Development Plan, sectoral master plans) and European directives. For example, there are gaps in Luxembourg’s implementation of the Seveso Directive, which calls for external emergency plans that entail active obligations to notify local residents. Over the period 1990-2007, its economy grew strongly, with GDP rising by 118% for an average of 4.7% per year.	6	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	1c2dc9a95b64dac3f8410088c1859776	Some of these shortcomings are addressed by the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which is discussed at the end of this chapter. It is important to put in place harmonised instruments that measure other types of skills, which are critical for innovation and economic growth but also for living a good life in general (e.g. social and emotional skills1; Almlund et al., For the moment, these exist at national level only. They inform about the competencies that help individuals undertake a broad range of the activities needed to live in modern societies. These include reading, writing and numeracy as well as the skills needed to use digital technology and access and interpret information in a knowledge-based society.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-8-en	1c30523b2a258cb264a1ea24664c8254	Ethiopia's first sectoral resilience strategy, which focuses on agriculture, revealed that 38 of 41 priority climate resilience options are already being carried out to some extent. This indicates that most early resilience efforts will concentrate on scaling-up and enhancing the resilience of existing measures, rather than crafting new ones. As Ethiopia's future climate conditions are highly uncertain, it will be crucial to adopt an iterative and flexible approach to building resilience. At present, Ethiopia primarily relies on disaster response financing from official development assistance.	13	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	1c34970468a2a25d2d7ea2d226a346bf	Also both countries have long and vast traditions in using traditional firewood in energy production in small-sized dwellings. The recent increase can be explained in the growing use of forestry residues and wood pellets in energy production. The reason for this is mainly that the use of wood in energy production is very minor. According to Iceland Forest Service, in Iceland the vast majority of forest products consumed in Iceland are imported due to the country's very small forest resource.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	1c3529accd44a7f888d72b2f81c154f0	While developed countries have substantial resources available to spend on addressing water issues, developing countries often have far fewer resources, and as a result, water stress can be a much greater problem. In Africa, for example, despite abundant water resources at the continental scale, only 4% of the total available freshwater supply is currently accessed for human use (UN, 2007), thereby creating water stress problems in many African countries. Consequently, worldwide assessments of water resources can be misleading and measures of water stress need to be undertaken at a regional scale which accounts for both demand and supply of water, as well as the level of economic development.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	1c37db14702fbd41f3c89f80bc8c365d	It comprised mass media campaigns (both in Spanish and indigenous language); advocacy aimed at Congress and key decision makers; local fairs and expositions; forums for consultation and debate; and locally trained peer facilitators working in schools, peasant unions and women’s organisations (OECD, 2012c). • A call for innovative solutions to those challenges is then issued on an online open innovation platform, where solutions can be publicly discussed and then submitted to the “Prototypes of Social Innovation” solution competition. • Technical expert teams elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities, which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	1c3955f153067a6a67cff32c3574088e	The absence of targeted policies to foster the growth potential of women’s enterprises is a critical policy gap. In non-MENA countries, women's entrepreneurship often falls under the umbrella of SME policy. While such policies may have a rather important impact, as this is the segment where women entrepreneurs are mostly represented, it needs to be stressed that this inclusion may also perpetuate and reinforce existing stereotypes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-26-en	1c3e32bd6b42d46c3eebf5921a3bcd22	At the same time, there was decrease by 7% in 2008 in the South and in the islands, as compared to the average rainfall in the period 1961 to 1990. Water stress may increase by 26% in this century with a growing demand for irrigation water. Reduction of water availability in the North and in the Centre of Italy.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	1c3ee30ad18bc8f63490c0405c4eb01e	Out-of-hours access to specialist care in Japan is primarily via emergency departments. Japan has begun to address this through the fee schedule changes in 2014, but there are more options that could be explored. Where they do exist - and they are relatively widespread in OECD countries (OECD, 2014a)- crisis and home treatment services can form a central role in out-of-hours access to care. A recent Cochrane Review of crisis intervention for people with severe mental illness (Murphy et al.,	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	1c42f9695d867294a998a162a6046601	As a large country with huge tracts of carbon-absorbing forests, Indonesia is well positioned to play a significant role in minimising the impact of its development on climate change. To enhance its role in this respect, it must nurture institutions that can make effective use of international funds including the USD 30 billion of fast-start funds pledged at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009. Malaysia too has implemented policies to shift the economy structurally away from polluting, energy, intensive industries.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	1c4726c517c31453aa0680527a4db574	Statistics have an awesome power, and these global accounting exercises present statistical data to journalists, researchers, practitioners and activists as irrefutable facts. What, then, are those ostensible facts? The present chapter provides a summary of the currently most influential versions, largely associated with the World Bank’s dollar-a-day poverty estimates.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264248908-4-en	1c4b951c739d929f02acb8a46ba75bc9	Colombia has achieved financial protection against excessive health care costs for almost all citizens, as well as an equal basket of services for those in and out of formal employment. Insurance coverage has risen rapidly from 23.5% of the population in 1993 to 96.6% in 2014, with individual’s out-of-pocket spending on health care falling from 52% in 1993 to 14.4% of total national spend on health in 2013, one of the lowest figures in the region. Per capita allocation of funds for health care is equal for those in contributory and publicly-subsidised insurance schemes.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	1c4b96278bd0db1f72ccb66ea2582505	This represents a challenge for the provision of public services and for the sustainability of smaller settlements (see section 1.2). Finally, each of the four NORA territories is small in terms of population and GDP and lacks the critical mass to achieve scale economies in most economic sectors. Weaknesses in the transport infrastructure amplify these challenges, but lack of critical mass makes it difficult to develop the transport network.	14	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e1196521-en	1c4e0e93da40bc305d44546ba12ada49	Additionally, renewable energy depends on variable wind, sun and exogenous conditions that are intermittent and more difficult to schedule than conventional fossil fuels. Given the limited and still developing electricity storage technology' at utility scale, it is economical to integrate intermittent renewables into larger, flexible electricity systems. The fossil fuel-based generation can be backed down when renewables are available, and with an electricity grid system that covers large geographical areas, the available average renewable resources would be easier to schedule.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	1c508c939dabde39384bf8b427f8a404	Crossnational uariations in childcare participation of 0-2 year-olds tend to be related to the degree of public financing of childcare. The price of childcare also plays an important role, and in some countries it does not pay to work once childcare costs are considered. Extensions of parental leave entitlements also had modest but negative effects on weekly working hours and the gender wage gap. Table 4.1 provides an update of Ruhm’s analysis investigating the influence of the increase in paid leave entitlements on female employment rates and on the gender gap in 30 OECD countries from 1970 to 2008.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	1c51186f2d4f77c8cdea52e4be4cedf2	The Mediterranean region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which presents the Adriatic (Mediterranean) Sea Basin, is composed of Neretva, Trebisnjica and Cetina River Basins, and of the narrow coastal zone around Neum Municipality. Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basins have an area of 10,100 km2 or 81.4 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area, w'hile Cetina River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina has an area of 2,310 km2 or 18.6 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area. The Eastern Adriatic Sea, including its Bosnia and Herzegovina part, is a shallow transitive area with a great number of typical pelagic and benthic species adapted to the high salinity.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	1c513c9be8aaf8d93ad59b14a3c83909	Within their regions, PRDU aim to co-ordinate urban development, setting out the roles of urban centres, their spatial and functional relationships, connectivity and growth targets. It should also include guidelines for the allocation of national roads, highways, railways, airports, seaports and international borders; definition of settlements that may require priority treatment; the equipping and requirements of health infrastructure, energy and telecommunications. The MINVU SEREMI are responsible for developing the PRDU, which is then approved by the region’s Intendente and the Regional Council.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	1c53d758351ddc51cefc52442a087840	If microfinance institutions extend lending to the very poor in these circumstances then they can help break the power and hold of moneylenders and landlords. Unfortunately, however, most microfinance institutions have been found wanting when it comes to lending to the very poor. Nonetheless, it seems that microfinance has made a significant dent in the informal usurious credit markets by undermining usury and debt bondage in some agrarian societies.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1e13e538-en	1c554b853d491c729f1d589acba15e81	"Cross-references and box texts with additional information help readers in this navigation. A more causal, analytical assessment of water issues in the identified shared basins may take place as part of future updates of the Inventory. The research process was markedly different for the surface water and groundwater sections of the Inventory. For each basin, information packages were compiled according to the core themes and chapter templates, which were later used, where necessary, as a basis for consultation with countries (Box 2). Research for ""Part II: Groundwater"" therefore started with the screening of all available geological and hydrogeological information and its interpretation in view of identifying potentially shared aquifers and aquifer systems (see ’Overview & Methodology: Groundwater’ chapter)."	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1c5958df901a18680e3f9d7c9d784dfe	Maps could be updated over the air, and C-ITS could enable dynamic ISA systems in which the speed limits were adjusted according to the prevailing conditions, just as they currently are in Smart Motorway management. So dynamic speed management could be extended to all roads, without any need for the expensive installation of variable message signs. The communications technology for this could be based on existing mobile phone networks.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	1c5bc3bf0c2bc5bfae039827a59de0ee	Then, Renewable Funding purchases them and transmits the proceeds to individual property owners on demand, who then pay for the cost of the system minus the rebate granted by the state under CSI. The owner services the debt via a surcharge (First Special Tax) on its properly. Interest on the loan is attractive because Berkeley can secure longterm (20 years) low-interest debt through these dedicated bonds. The tax stays with the property even if the owner sells, although the owner would have to leave the solar panels. The First Special Tax, like other property taxes, will be secured by a lien on the property, which ranks senior to the first mortgage.	7	3	2	0.2
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	1c5e4dc5fd7019ca6a644be458ae5244	While this has been an established fact in the literature, it is particularly relevant in Jordan, given that during the 10-year period before the survey more than 30 per cent of all children were breastfed for less than the six months recommended by the WHO (see table 3). A recent report on child and maternal nutrition paints an even bleaker picture of breastfeeding behaviour in Jordan (UNICEF, 2009): According to the latest data only 22 per cent of children were exclusively breastfed during the first six months of their lives, well below the average for the developing world, which was estimated at 37 per cent in 2008. Against this backdrop, government agencies should support measures to facilitate breastfeeding, in addition to further increasing their efforts to advertise its benefits.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	1c6058a799b99d960bfb667d4c803eb9	The GSTP provides a framework for the negotiation of progressive tariff reductions, direct measures and sectoral agreements among its 43 signatories - including seven LDCs (Bangladesh, Benin, Guinea, Mozambique, Myanmar, Sudan and Tanzania) -, under a reciprocal scheme.3 Although only a few LDCs participate in the GSTP, the framework has recognised their special needs, granting its LDC members preferential treatment and non-reciprocal concessions. Importantly, signatories of the GSTP are not required to provide reciprocal concessions to developed countries nor its concessions are available to all WTO Members on a most-favourednation basis. As of January 2011, 31 of the 48 current LDCs had successfully become WTO signatories and twelve other LDCs were negotiating their accession.	10	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	1c6153ae5d3d4a3b4c99a67cfbd7d58c	Through the identification of areas of improvement, appraisal results can, furthermore, feed into the preparation of individual development plans and/or inform the professional development opportunities a school leader takes part in. In all of these three appraisal frameworks, appraisal is based on and systematically tied to professional development plans that are embedded within wider school goals. In Ontario, Canada, and Victoria, Australia, school leader appraisal is also firmly grounded within a wider system of professional development for school leaders (see Box 7.3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	1c63ab24b61a06671ebd18f2b864ca9c	The distribution between the three main infrastructure sectors is comparable with that of ODA. What is very different from the ODA disbursements is that OOF is mainly destined for UMICs (50.8%) and LMICs (44.6%), with LICs only receiving 2.8%. Official development partners in general financed between 6-7% of these infrastructure investments, which amounted to about USD 55 billion, with bilateral donors financing around 46% and multilaterals 54% of these amounts.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/18db943d-en	1c63c5806080580791cfce221183e18a	Among the valuable early warning activities supported at the country level were participatory risk mapping in Indonesia, integrated flood risk management in the Philippines, and community resilience in Viet Nam. Its original mission was to support tsunami early warning systems in Indian Ocean and South-East Asian countries. In 2010, following an independent review, the member States and ESCAP expanded the thematic scope of the Trust Fund to include overall disaster and climate preparedness, while retaining a focus on end-to-end early warning for coastal hazards.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	1c6457a1ddae0b65e4b824c274c78799	The PES traditionally provides labour market information services and vacancy notification services for employed registered jobseekers, and further in-work support measures are discussed in Section 3. In the 1980s and 1990s, policy reforms were largely focused on recipients of unemployment benefits. In some countries the traditional model, where the labour exchange held lists of local vacant jobs and sent unemployed people to apply for them, was no longer operating effectively, and reforms introduced a new emphasis on independent job search. In other cases, ALMPs had already been expanded and diversified in response to higher unemployment, but reforms put less emphasis on the volume of places created and more on the obligations for the long-term unemployed to participate in specific programmes.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	1c66d99476fe544481418b3c2110caa6	It shows: (1) the distribution of the number of deprivations, (2) the deprivation overlap between dimensions, (3) multidimensional deprivation ratios, (4) the profile of the multidimensionally deprived and the most vulnerable, and (5) the contribution of each country and dimension to the total adjusted multidimensional deprivation ratio. The results create an understanding about the intensity of deprivation and the overlap of certain dimensions. At a country-level these types of results can be used as a basis to further identify the most vulnerable in the society. In a cross-country context, these findings are telling about the overall level of deprivation among children in the region, and the differences between multiple deprivation levels across countries. More than half of the children under five in these countries (54% or 64.3 million) are deprived in three to five dimensions. Among children of the older age-group the breadth of deprivation is relatively lower, with 36% of children between the age 5 and 17 deprived in only one or none of the five dimensions studied.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1c689cfd8ce974747a00dd8f28d8dc96	Since renewable generation disposes of the lowest marginal costs and generation follows demand, it replaces other baseload generation at times of high output. Consequently, the average load factor of baseload plants will decrease, which decreases income if they cannot compensate for this tendency with higher prices at times of low output. If income decreases, investments in new generation facilities will be postponed or cancelled. Therefore, the average load factor of baseload plants (= electricity generation/maximum possible generation) may be an important indicator for future investments. Thirdly, procedures, time and cost to obtain construction permits, inspections and network connections give an impression of the ability to realise new investments. Up to now, in network planning reserves are usually determined on the basis of deterministic “n-1” and “n-2” requirements, which require network operators to transport the power along a different route in case a contingency occurs (even when certain network components are not available due to planned outages, i.e. “n-2”).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	1c693d2ae14352c9e017ad7abf724d7b	One shortcoming is that they do not incorporate a land use component and so provide no information on the interaction of transport and land use. These indicators can potentially include the individual and temporal component by measuring access at a particular time for a particular social group. Additionally, infrastructure-based indicators tend to disregard the equity and distributional and justice effects of accessibility and thus are less suitable for social evaluations in the form of equity-based analysis.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	1c6b8bf5178ae92344d35e468464d3eb	This will demand that infrastructure reforms are undertaken to allow a better connection of people to jobs and service, and - through a better overall mobility in the state - increase w'ell-being. If well-managed, policy complementarities should undoubtedly help the state of Morelos in achieving a sustainable and inclusive form of regional economic growth. The Council for Human Capital aims to develop an integrated strategy to strengthen the skills of the region’s population. However, the Council does not intend to focus merely on the supply of skills.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	1c6f9f5707872a7af4d20088b9270bcc	Examples of informational challenges noted in NBSAPs of India, Ethiopia and Uganda are highlighted in Box 2.3. Barriers to collecting comprehensive data include lack of technical and scientific capacity, lack of financial and institutional resources, and fragmentation of existing data. Another challenge often raised is the capacity needed to manage and report the existing data in an accessible and policy-relevant form.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	1c7447807e1854500a8acd20c191ad53	Since Yunnan province approved an opium substitution development programme for Myanmar and Lao PDR in 2006, the Chinese government has been actively mobilising Chinese companies to take part in the scheme by offering them subsidies, tax waivers and import quotas (TNI, 2012). Almost every rural household raises livestock which contributes to household nutrition and income and provides draught power and byproducts, such as hides and leather. In the past two decades, poultry has seen tremendous growth, with the number of birds increasing seven fold, particularly due to the spread of commercial production techniques in peri-urban areas (Figure 9.5).	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/86ec538f-en	1c75da78787da1bb0ddd19bb717b753a	Supporting practices that are accessible for all, while increasing quality of life and livelihood opportunities along the supply chain, would need to become a priority of learning programmes. While some interesting examples of such practices emerge in various corners of the globe there is still a need for more systematic actions engaging economically or socially underprivileged communities as part of the supply chain. Their inclusion in the supply chain may require the development of new business models that not only deal with the question of what kind of a product or service is a priority for the poor, but also how to satisfy their consumption needs while facilitating their livelihood options. Numerous examples exist where corporations have engaged with vulnerable communities to provide essential products and services, accompanied by learning and training opportunities for both the companies own staff and members of the community.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	1c77809582772ea590eb86488058c933	These involve economic liberalization and the concentration of productive and financial activity geared to short-term profits; unrestrained material consumption; unparalleled levels of militarism; and the privatization of public goods and services, all at the expense of state regulation and redistribution. Such processes have caused, in many places, crises of care, which means the breakdown in the abilities of individuals, families, communities and societies to sustain, care for and educate themselves and future generations, thereby undermining people's rights and dignity (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), 2014). These risks and vulnerabilities undermine the viability of market models even on their own terms. The fruits of economic growth have also been unequally divided.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	1c77cf871e371e31096c61c2159b5ec7	Private-sector initiatives have generated some results. For example, ASOCANA, the association of sugar cane producers of the Cauca Valley, increased the amount of green cut of sugarcane harvested without burning from 23% to 39% between 2006 and 2012. In a city of 7.6 million people, it accounts for more than 1.5 million, or 74%, of public transit trips in the city.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264267787-en	1c79722f3128bca7c2a0113b6a7e186e	The lack of comprehensive accreditation programmes for primary' care is a major weakness in the Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway and Sweden. Norway, for example, only carries out planned, risk-based audits in primary care. By contrast, Australia, England and Portugal pursue another path by extending accreditation to the primary and community care sector. In particular, England’s approach to health service accreditation is at the forefront of OECD efforts, and is a model for other health care systems to emulate (see Case Study 11). It is unusually comprehensive as it accredits all providers of primary and social care (OECD, 2016a).	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1c7a76b5bcd0622608e3fd0ae48a6ec4	Such correlations are, of course, an indication that further research is required on the importance of labour in the manufacturing and operating costs of renewables. As shown in this table, most of the positions (46% of the occupations identified) require an apprenticeship, generally available through craft unions; 31% of the positions require graduation from high school; and 23% require some form of college degree, and 7% require an engineering degree. While not comparable to the operation of NPPs (it would be comparable to a module fabrication factory for a small modular reactor (SMR), however there is little publicly available information on the organisation of an SMR factory; see EPI, 2010: p. 28), the number of engineers required to produce wind turbines is far below the number required to produce and operate nuclear reactors, although it is similar to the number of engineers required to operate a waste management facility (NEA, forthcoming: p. 79).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	1c7be2bdf7d1cc6ff36e5369cfef850c	On the other hand, some men may accept this increased position of women in the household and decrease IPV in order to keep her satisfied in the marriage. The items in the far-left box represent different elements of the program design that can influence its impact, such as the size, frequency and duration of transfers, and the targeting criteria, including the particular vulnerability and poverty profiles of the beneficiary population and whether or not women are explicit recipients of the transfer. We hypothesize that the specific pathways or causal mechanisms that become operative in any instance may be a function of: 1) the design features of the CT itself; and 2) how a woman's partner reacts to the transfer; and 3) the context of the CT program, including underlying contextual factors such as the gender regimes, social norms, and local laws and policies. In the following sections, we explain stylized versions of each pathway, relying where necessary on a broader evidence base than the CT and IPV literature, and analyse the degree to which data from the review either supports or refutes the hypothesised pathway.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	1c7fc9e549c91c68ad4ccad03d5af83c	The project is focused on forest rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management, contributing to climate change mitigation, institutional capacity building for forest management, and resource mobilization. The expected outputs of the project include some 6,000 ha of newly planted forest, and as much as 60,000 ha of rehabilitated forest. The project feasibility study started in October 2015.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/13c3d6e4-en	1c80fbef6e99c367153ea70b5afa77a3	However, other groups show an opposite trend. During the same period, catches of pelagic fish increased from 32,046 tons in 2005 to 58,687 tons in 2012 (+83%) (table 8.6). The construction of hydropower plants and accumulation pools has significantly modified river flows, with negative impacts on the whole series of habitats and living communities that belong to them.	15	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2faee448-en	1c810e23b685558db80adce225204fa8	Partnerships among the governments, civil society and private sector should be enhanced to promote gender equality. The NGO-IRENE/Asia-Pacific, as a network having effectively operated for five years, should be encouraged to strengthen its role as a platform to coordinate and assist both regional and national NGOs to move further toward gender equality and help the implementation of Goal 3 as well as other MDGs. The stereotypical attitudes and behavior toward women and girls should be changed, and men should be encouraged to bear equal responsibilities with women in areas such as domestic and caring work;	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	1c8357565a4d93786c114b4eeb047492	For all types of OECD regions, human capital appears to be the most critical and statistical robust factor influencing regional grow'th and development. The cross-regional analysis finds that, overall, reducing the proportion of the people in a region with very low skills seems to matter more than increasing the share with very high skill levels. Furthermore, the gains to human capital are multiplied when other framework conditions in the regions are in place, which indicates the importance of adopting a broader holistic approach to regional development.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/45094dde-en	1c84ee62f2a4eb2d8f16cdc5476b24e8	The Procedural Manual of the Codex Alimentarius Commission states that “[w]hen elaborating and deciding upon food standards Codex Alimentarius will have regard, where appropriate, to other legitimate factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair practices in food trade” (CAC, 2008b). However, there is some disagreement over OLF criteria. Some consider OLFs to include all factors other than science, including economic (cost/benefit), social, cultural and ethical factors.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7f55e015-en	1c85b691fb51d686863b5e9367afa737	This is in crucially short supply for SMEs in developing countries. On average, 38% of small businesses in low income countries rate access to finance as a major constraint on their operations, compared with only 14% of small businesses in high income countries.37 In other estimates, of the 360 million to 440 million formal and informal micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries about half are unserved or underserved by the formal finance sector,38 especially by banks that dominate the sector today. This signals a relatively significant demand by SMEs and a financing gap. About 20% of MSMEs in developing countries use cash-on-delivery services as a means of payment for their e-commerce transactions, whereas in developed economies the use of cash payments is negligible.41 As for bank lending, although access to it is difficult for SMEs, those that manage to obtain finance do so mostly through banks.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	1c8beb5bc887d875d3c868ae6a500d0e	Where multiple communes exist in close proximity but have different objectives, there is a need for a mechanism to resolve these overlapping, but incompatible objectives in land use and other topics. As copiously illustrated by the example of the Grand Clermont metropolis, different laws and rules promulgated by national and local authorities as well as rules and land use zonings issued from EU decisions (like ZNIEFF or green and blue corridors) structure these relationships and ensure a coherence between all these institutional constraints and the various levels of decision making. But at the same time, one has to cope with the issue of the multiple planning documents and the governance structures that support them.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	1c8e5fd9598bc6d66db6f3d195cb4865	A third of the 15 BDS organisations offering entrepreneurship training report that up to 75% of their beneficiaries are women, but another third estimate that women make up less than 30% or fewer of these trainees (Figure 2.1.). On the other hand, a majority of the organisations offering management consultancy services estimate that fewer than 20% of their clients are women. Similarly, in about 40% of BDS organisations, women represent less than 20% of clients receiving advisory/counseling services.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	1c92b4e392013af69a3c845624cd9371	However, average female representation was still below 15 per cent in Northern Africa (10 per cent), Eastern and Western Asia (14 and 9 per cent, respectively) and Oceania7 (3 per cent). The highest proportion in the world was registered by Rwanda in its 2008 elections. The first country ever to have achieved a gender balance in national parliament, Rwanda’s achievement (56 per cent) is a marked increase over the 17 per cent representation of women in 1995,10 and can be attributed partly to focused and coordinated efforts to address the issue of gender balance during post-conflict reconstruction, and might also be associated with the fact that the majority of survivors of the preceding conflict were women. In fact, a number of post-conflict countries rank high with regard to women’s participation in both lower and upper chambers of legislative bodies (see Statistical Annex). This development stems from the country's shift towards merit and political competency from an association with tribal ties and expediency. That all four hold PhDs, have a formidable reputation for professionalism and now represent 54% of eligible voters points to a radical shift in opinion across Kuwait's society.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	1c95720ea117e164d3d7743fb471d03e	Financial instruments which directly address observed finance related barriers need to be embedded in a stable and supporting policy environment and accompanied by a wider range of readiness activities including technical and capacity building measures. In many cases policy and regulatory measures are most effective to drive change and prepare the ground for investments into mitigation and adaptation related projects and infrastructure. In some sectors the business case and associated risk-return profile is much clearer and more attractive than in others. Where large scale investments in infrastructure and planning are needed, for example to increase long-term urban resilience, public investments will need to play a significant role.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/665c59ff-en	1c97754fcab1bd08243fe8df70f8aacb	"They specify the requirements of the lead firm (at the buying end of the chain) for supplier firms to ensure systemic chain competitiveness. They are industry specific or relevant across a range of sectors, such as IS09000 on quality and IS014000 on environmental management. They include food safety and energy efficiency, and those set by international bodies include the EU ""farm-to-fork"" food standards and vehicle emission standards. They include labour standards, organic standards and Fairtrade certification."	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	1c9ad1b29b06b339e779a8a1f066aeba	There are national committees for GEF and for biodiversity, to enable communication, cooperation and collaboration among the NFPs of these and other areas. The committees meet regularly to discuss projects of national importance, provide follow up, and discuss national reporting on biodiversity. The agenda of the committees recently expanded to include the country’s NBSAP. The effectiveness of these committees is reasonable.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	1c9ade73646f48cb50498a32298982c5	Target 5.4 not only recognizes and values unpaid care and domestic work* but also indicates the ways in which this recognition should take place, namely: “through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies’’.4 Unpaid care and domestic work, therefore, must be recognized, reduced and redistributed by means of care policies (see also box 3.3). Providing for the care needs of children frequently makes women—the main unpaid care providers—both income and time poor,9 and can carry long-term labour market penalties if they interrupt their employment careers in order to provide care (box 3.1). What are the innovations that can arise when a “care lens” informs social policies?	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	1c9f71222bd09c3f4b63f42f6feea192	On the other hand, if the technique used to provide the funds limits the willingness at the sub-national level to raise its own revenues, and increases its dependence on transfers, laws and legislation can serve to widen the funding gap. With respect to the capacity gap, legislation can be used to help establish frameworks or parameters that build sub-national capacity by allocating competences and resources. If it helps to define roles and responsibilities clearly, legislation can overcome problems of duplication and overlap. Assigning tasks, rather than allocating funding, can be a better way of managing problems of resource allocation.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/ad0bffd4-en	1c9fa1f0fcd299fab2f6fc62146f15ad	This is typical for developing countries. The municipally owned company employs 350 people and operates a fleet of collection vehicles, and a transfer station and landfill at Tintareni. The company is modernizing the collection fleet. In addition, containers of a Russian type (0.75 m ) are being replaced by standard Eurocontainers (1.1 m ).	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	1ca0de6d7efee7978f5fe07a4a741002	Results also point to the fact that symptoms and work functioning are two different areas, with betterment of work functioning lagging substantially behind symptoms’ improvement. This is significantly less than the 10 to 15-fold risk for serious and severe mental disorders; however, due to the much higher prevalence of mild and moderate disorders in the general population their overall impact is likely to exceed the burden stemming from severe mental illness. This was already found more than twenty years ago by Broadhead et al. ( Again, due to their high prevalence, the milder forms of depression accounted for a much higher amount of total disability days.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	1ca1dcae979f6733c83bc9242475da3f	Together with the reduction of subsidies for public transport, this has resulted in deteriorating service quality and a dysfunctional, fragmented transport market and system. Today, the city of Krasnoyarsk alone counts almost 100 private transport businesses, in addition to several municipal public transport companies, operating buses on various routes in the city (Krasnoyarsk, 2013b). Such factors are not unique to Krasnoyarsk, but they have a particular impact on congestion there because it is a regional transport hub in its own right and it straddles a major river.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	1ca50cbb533b0a1f62d6a7fe49f74c3a	Higher energy consumption, rising greenhouse gas emissions, road congestion and deteriorating water quality are the negative externalities that have come with urban growth. The City of Chicago has declared its ambition to become the most environmentally friendly city in the US, and has grown into a model for green buildings and infrastructure. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region is home to important and growing green clusters, particularly in the professional energy services.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	1ca5ae71ed9d73acab916eb57f2c962b	Indicolors of Ironsport efficiency in 37 global cities: V.A.: Institute for Science and Technology Policy. A Risk-Based Method for Modeling Traffic Fatalities. Risk Ar 5 Dumbaugh and Roe. They found that area crash rates decline significantly with increasing bus stop density, percentage of public transport-km travelled relative to total vehide-kms travelled, and walking, biking, and public transport-commute mode share. Their modelling indicates that a strategic transport plan that encourages use of alternative modes tends to reduce total, severe, and property damage collisions.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-11-en	1ca6b9547fd2d12145b16233ae1c176a	While senior managers lead many gender units, some are not allocated large enough budgets to operate to plan. Nor do government departments assign them the same mandates, authority or functions. Mexico is, however, stepping up efforts to establish a unified approach to defining the functions of gender units as advisory units that help FPA departments incorporate the gender perspective into their activity.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	1ca72de091eeed6ade1113d7ec743fd1	The Ukrainian part of the basin of the San River is characterized by a high content of organic substances, ammonia, sulfate, total iron and petroleum compounds. In recent years, in the Shklo River (in the San sub-basin, crossing the border) there is a steady tendency for quality to deteriorate, with increase in nutrients concentration, associated with an increase in discharges of untreated sewage. The town of Yavorov in Ukraine has virtually no working sewage treatment plant.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	1ca7b29c9b1b93e03b31fba69ed9f4a5	A growing number of inter-ministerial mechanisms have been introduced to increase policy coherence and enhance implementation. The scale and pace of these changes has made it difficult to ensure that high quality projects were identified and implemented, that consultation with the public and local authorities was conducted according to the spirit rather than the letter of the law, and that sufficient capacity for policy implementation was developed, particularly at the local level. The enactment of so many laws and regulations in a comparatively short period of time also resulted initially in the business community facing a complex set of environmental requirements, though this has now improved.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/09b7b73e-en	1ca82c9eb7b2a9c1890f7ae428e06674	Average gas-fired generation efficiencies in the region improved from 37% in 1990 to 49% in 2014, the highest globally. Electricity transmission and distribution losses declined from 8.2% in 1990 to 7.2% in 2014 (8.9% globally), the least among all world regions, while natural gas transmission and distribution losses fell from 1.2% to 0.6%. The reasons for this outcome include strong support mechanisms. In addition, the increased application of more flexible market-based support mechanisms such as auctions, the overall decrease of installation costs, and increased awareness of the feasibility of renewable energy projects across most of the region all contributed.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	1ca93e8dba30be1f9f66dc9daf8fa700	This underlines the importance of balanced rural development in order to create opportunities outside as well as within agriculture - and ensure that labour is “pulled” rather than “pushed” out of the sector. Attracting private investment in agriculture relies on a wide set of policies that go beyond agricultural policy, including macro-economic and sectoral policies. A coherent policy framework is an essential component of an attractive investment environment for all investors, be they domestic or foreign, small or large.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	1cacd05b8762af97a5665060db9b3b0b	For example, all agree that scaled-up climate finance is needed, that both public and private sources can play a key role, and that the (self-) sustainability of a project and transparency is important. However, different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness. These differences in emphasis and priority could make distilling a common definition of climate finance effectiveness challenging, and whilst common and clear understanding is important, it is not clear that a single definition is necessary.	13	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289331425-5-en	1cafc4b3e110f3f2fc6b512f9ea4086a	Removal of slash (branches and tree tops) might on the other hand reduce long-term nutrient fluxes to aquatic systems but possibly at the cost of lower long-term forest productivity. In areas with steep slopes and high precipitation, such as western Norway, increased harvesting on slopes could lead to increased erosion and high sediment loads in streams affecting water quality and reproduction of fish. The impact of a given forestry operation scenario may vary geographically, depending on, for example, soil type as well as on operational details, such as proximity to streams and lakes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	1cb59fa45da5e901ecb2688f2473f00d	Similarly, input subsidies are often considered an instrument that can support both rural incomes and productivity improvement. Yet, as show'n in Brooks (2012), both of these types of measures are too blunt. Price support is not only inefficient, resulting in market distortions and a consequent waste of resources that poor economies cannot afford, it is also ineffective, if not counterproductive, because many rural households are net food buyers and are worse off when they have to pay higher prices.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	1cbd06fe251a1d57792fae605bdf465a	For preventive activity such as the general health check, however, they are paid an additional fee, incentivising them to offer this service. This focuses on improving health and reducing health inequalities across four priority areas: investing in a life-course approach, tackling the major non-communicable and communicable diseases, strengthening health systems and creating resilient communities. Most of the content around tackling non-communicable diseases, however, focuses on implementation of existing declarations and strategies such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control or the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	1cbe4558ec722f222e85f20402fa1b90	A 2005 analysis found similar substitution among agricultural outputs in Spain (Custa etal., This economic behavior has implications for choices in which surface water versus groundwater infrastructure could each be improved or restored. For example, irrigators will invest $1000 today in a water conserving land improvement like drip irrigation if net farm income increases by more than $1000 over time, in present value terms. If not, irrigators will avoid making the investment. A range of resource allocation management decisions faced by farm managers can be addressed by applying one or more of these budgeting economic principles.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	1cc003ae843e77cd4ece2d35794996fb	Second, well-targeted investment can be anti-inflationary if it addresses supply bottlenecks that drive up prices. To discuss the potential to address gender inequality, it is useful to divide public investment into two subcategories: physical infrastructure investment and social infrastructure investment. 2010).Targeted investments can reduce women's unpaid labour burden, freeing up time to spend in remunerative labour activities, with benefits for gender equality and intrahousehold bargaining power (Chiappori and Meghir 2014; Johnston et al. Children’s well-being and economy-wide long-run productivity growth also benefit. In economies at all levels of development, transportation improvements reduce the time women spend in marketing goods and in provisioning for households. They also enhance women’s ability to access services and labour markets.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	1cc042acbcd384728f9da08c04e094d1	At the same time new jurisdiction or wider jurisdiction is given to other bodies, thereby increasing their involvement in the licensing process. It should be pointed out that municipalities are currently responsible for licensing establishments that process fisheries and aquaculture products. The General Directorate for Fisheries and Aquaculture is no longer responsible for licensing industrial activity. This breakdown is much the same as in previous years. Facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and frozen fish are still most numerous, followed by those for producing dried and salted products.	14	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	1cc07454404f962b4d77b44be690b8e7	It is therefore vital that initiatives are rooted in local operations and have the backing of local stakeholders. For example, despite the aim of the GGWSSI (Box 6) to integrate actions in national policies, progress reports have showed that this remains a difficulty. However, this issue has been mentioned by the initiative itself, thus recognizing areas for improvement. If technical, financial and other professional capacity resides mainly with external partners, the initiative is vulnerable to lacking such capacity if external partners lose their affiliation with the initiative or become preoccupied with other projects.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4e17cc4e-en	1cc311b2ecd4399b906d5b239a42553c	A. aegypti appears to thrive in artificial habits created by discarded tyres, cans, plastic containers and other temporary reservoirs, and advice has been issued to minimise these potential breeding sites*. The rapid spread of Zika in South America and the Caribbean in 2015 and 2016 may have been exacerbated by a lack of effective waste collection and management. The American Administration asked Congress, on 6 Feb 2016, for more than US$ 1.8 billion in emergency funding for use both domestically and internationally.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1cc34999d2e1ba7f1d3f43dca619cf5a	Creating markets, such as emissions trading systems, by defining tradable products and allocating property rights, which allow private actors to engage in achieving efficient outcomes over parameters that previously had impossibly high transaction costs. Climate policy is a case in point. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions are impacted by an unacknowledged struggle about who should possess the use rights over the earth’s atmosphere. While historical use rights were on the side of carbon emitters, current policy prescriptions somewhat breezily assume on the basis of a “polluter pays principle”, whose real-world application is often more difficult than the casual observer might assume, that current use rights belong to the general public. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with this. The problem is only that the hidden distributional issue, which is of considerable magnitude measured in billions of dollars, is defining the strategies of the different actors and blocks any overall progress towards meaningful GHG emissions reductions.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	1cc5e1940ced6ddfd8e4c3978e7550f1	This is so although by 2030 there are expected to be nearly five million sales per year in other BRICS countries and about 2.5 million in the rest of the world. After 2030, sales in other BRICS countries are projected to take off, and by 2050 there should be 30 million sales per year, with 24 million more in China. Together the five BRICS countries are expected to account for over half of the world's EV/PHEV vehicle sales.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	1cc99a5ec61d743a5d8c19bb4b08076a	Land consolidation and regulations on land transfer imposing minimal size constraints are used as the main instruments to achieve these objectives. The first consolidations began in 1961 in Konya province of Turkey, but it was not until 2011 when this activity became large scale (Figure 5.3). Between 1961 and 2014, almost 5 million ha was consolidated.	2	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289350167-9-en	1cc9d6c6a27b27a7b89ab773a5b9326b	Estimated environmental benefits yield up to 11 million tonnes of saved C02 during the 20-year lifespan ofthe plants (GET FiT, 2017). The program has already delivered 30 MWs of commissioned capacity, with 86 MW in construction, which created 1,500 jobs in 2016. The scale ofthe impact is amplified, because through USD 104 million in Premiums GET FiT has leveraged an estimated USD 428 million of investments (GET FiT, 2017). Strategically, NDF's focus is on being catalytic, supporting innovation and private sector development, project development and piloting of high-risk interventions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	1cccae6fff41d8249a89f9cbfc0f7b52	Les projets dans le domaine des energies propres peuvent repondre a ces criteres. Parmi les raisons expliquant l’hesitation des investisseurs institutionnels figurent d’une part un manque d’information et de connaissance des differentes formes d’investissement direct dans des infrastructures permettant le financement des projets d’energies propres, et, d’autre part, un environnement reglementaire peu favorable. A ces obstacles s’ajoute l’absence de vehicules d’investissement adaptes offrant le profil risque/rendement dont les investisseurs institutionnels ont besoin pour gerer les risques propres a ces projets.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	1ccd6f02078d72a3102bbcf4e6db0a9d	In practice, several schemes are hybrids. There are also regulations mandating specific actions, such as labelling requirements for energy efficiency. One unusual aspect of the UK policy framework is that, since 2008, it has been underpinned by a Climate Change Act, which gave statutory force to domestic carbon-reduction budgets. The Act also set up an independent body, the Committee on Climate Change, with statutory responsibilities to propose appropriate carbon budgets, assess progress towards the statutory long-term emission reduction targets and give advice to government on climate-change policies in general, covering both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. Originally intended to support nuclear electricity generation, the NFFO and SRO were expanded in 1990 to include renewables.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	1ccdbe343e82c71f69dc555e08780e79	Those with low levels of educational attainment were particularly at risk of losing their jobs during the economic crisis and have experienced much slower recovery in finding jobs (OECD, 2016d). On average across OECD countries, 31% of NEETs have attained lower secondary or lower level of education attainment, 43% of NEETs have upper-secondary or post-secondary education and only 26% of NEETs obtained tertiary education. Those who left the education system early and have not obtained baseline proficiency are much more likely to experience challenges in the labour market and fall into the NEETs category.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	1cd03344c7d26b5135c1810794965af4	This is not a foundation on which to develop higher levels of student learning. Second is building the capacity of schools to take the lead on improvement. The centralised system that achieved universal coverage needs to evolve to give schools more space and capacity to shape teaching and learning practices.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	1cd345c6904624c848392efddada57b9	In addition, the report finds that in about 60% of working poor households, the main source of earnings is non-standard work. One-quarter of men and 40% of women are in non-standard employment, mainly stemming from gender imbalances in part-time work. Women often work part-time, since this facilitates combining work and family responsibilities, but this frequently comes at a cost to their longterm career and earning prospects (OECD, 2012). Youth and workers with a lower level of education are over-represented among the non-standard employed adults. Close to half of temporary workers are under 30 years of age, and the incidence of temporary employment is 30% higher for those with lower levels of education than for those with medium levels (OECD, 2015a).	4	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	1cd35b929d9d744b60c2c2a7dc8575fe	Further, capacity building (cf. The text on adaptation is rather conceptual and sets out principles for adaptation action, but it gives no mechanism for action. Adaptation in the frame provide by the PA appears as an opportunity for agricultural action, but the agreed wording of the PA does not facilitate or support concrete action. If no decision is taken to use any of the opportunities, all climate action taken by all parties in orderto deliver on the NDC can be targeted at other sectors, such as energy or transport.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591172-3-en	1cd6ccca5d683db647c18d6313ba46ab	The third section highlights select areas of progress and challenge with partnerships at the national, regional and international levels and offers some policy recommendations for overcoming such challenges and advancing progress. A fourth section concludes the chapter. Generally, partnerships seek to identify common interests between actors in the development process at the national, regional and international level and to combine the resources of these actors towards the attainment of agreed development objectives.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	1cdc51cd1662e433f741d5971d55b94c	This has happened in Croatia, which has switched to a summer peaking system11 in recent years to respond to the growth in tourism and accompanying demand for air conditioning. While the six SEE economies typically have significant hydropower generation capacity, the increasing extremes of weather associated with climate change may render these electricity systems vulnerable in prolonged periods of very dry weather, especially as they are likely to coincide with heavy demand for air conditioning during the summer months. The second factor is the need to replace the large proportion of the generation capacity that is due to retire in the next ten years, while simultaneously building an energy system that allows the economies of the region to comply with their sustainability obligations under the Paris Agreement by investing in new clean energy technologies. No data available for Kosovo. One of their roles is to ensure a stable and predictable regulatory environment so that investors are confident that they will be subject to the consistent application of rules and regulations, including for example the licencing and permit granting procedures undertaken by regulators.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	1cdcfa7ceecf050d59d591fc834a17ca	Individuals, groups or co-operatives are eligible to access this program with maximum credit amount of IDR 500 million (USD 55 000) per customer. For agribusiness, the eligible fields range from production inputs to the procurement of agricultural tools and machineries, on-farm activities, and processing and marketing of the agricultural products. Only 16% of the credit taken out through KUR is used for agribusiness activities.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	1cdd4fb6930f41597069dee517e1d419	As in the case of any emerging concept, the scope and limits of the concept of care may appear blurred, since, admittedly, it could be argued that the ultimate aim of all human activity is, in reality, reproduction of human beings and of the social system (ECLAC, 2009, p. 174). The concept of the care economy seeks a more limited scope: it refers to those elements that care for or “nurture” persons, in the sense of providing them with the material and symbolic elements that are essential for their survival in society and which are associated with the economy, since in that space they generate, or contribute to the creation of, economic value (UNIFEM, 2000). Nevertheless, the concept is still very broad in that it could encompass much of the field of education. Its true worth as a significant activity and as a citizenship responsibility must now be recognized (Williams, 2002, quoted in Roberts and Mort, 2009).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1cde4a4c3b968319257284ec0f9a4f8d	An alternative view, however, favoured by the United States and the Australian Law Commission, is to hold that patent incentives to medical treatments are too important to exclude them from eligibility. Instead, while broadly allowing the patentability of medical tools and techniques to encourage investment in R&D, the United States has adopted a narrow exception to shield medical practitioners (and, for example, the hospital employing them) from patent infringement when carrying out “pure medical methods”. Integra sued Merck for patent infringement.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	1ce093591d42177bcff8f2dc4c6f9cce	There can also be gender implications, as women in some poorer communities are less likely to have mobile phones. Even in these circumstances, however, disseminating disaster warnings by text message is likely to be effective since the news will be passed on rapidly through communities and households. Nevertheless, when promoting these tools governments should be more sensitive to issues of access and marginalization. One is physical damage or loss of power.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	1ce42add6c3e36b7eed03f4b7f3ccc58	But as more people attained higher levels of education, skills have become less scarce and skill premiums have declined accordingly (Figure 12). The wage premium for a completed tertiary education, for example, fell to 31% in 2012. Concretely, this meant that even people that were not able to improve their educational attainments personally saw their earning opportunities rise with the emergence of more skilled labour. In other words, improving access to education has had positive externalities on low-educated individuals.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	1ce6797f1811b8a245eca6814698e2a3	This project consisted in upgrading infrastructure, providing housing improvement loans and building capacity in four selected cities which led to the upgrading of 295 low-income areas, benefiting 2.5 million people. This demonstrated the benefits of a more flexible approach to informality, and of trying to enable people to stay in their homes through upgrading. Following the success of the project, the government upscaled it in 2009 into the National Urban Upgrading Programme to 2020. The programme covers 95 cities of Class IV and above, which has reached 90 000 households, servicing unplanned housing areas and providing financial assistance for housing improvement and tenure regularisation (World Bank, 2015b).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	1ce7af2242f85bfa8e099090cd0b1a1e	In Australia, mandatory corporate GHG reporting commenced two years before the establishment of a national carbon price, which helped to minimise data problems prior to carbon pricing coming in (Prag et al., As noted in Kauffmann et al. ( Key steps to address these challenges include: using standard methods of measurement (e.g. GHG Protocol); streamlining regional and local reporting schemes with the national scheme; aligning the frequency of GHG reporting with that of financial reporting to provide a stronger signal to investors; and establishing the reporting scheme in an inclusive and transparent manner to ensure buy-in from all stakeholders. If so, how have these been defined?	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	1ce94db7346e9786588f2d3e46517b3f	Even if school leader appraisal results successfully feed into a school leader’s professional development, opportunities for professional development may fail to support school leaders in the improvement of their leadership practices and behaviours and the development of their pedagogical leadership. School leaders in various OECD countries have often reported a feeling of inadequate preparation for their roles, a lack of continuous feedback on their performance, and a lack of opportunities for professional development (Pont et al., To give an example, the management of resources needs to be sufficiently aligned with pedagogical purposes to improve teaching and learning. However, school leaders in many contexts often lack adequate training opportunities to enable them to do so (Pont et al., The Czech Republic, for instance, passed new legislation in 2012 that changed the regulations for the dismissal of head teachers. While school organising bodies could previously only dismiss head teachers in the case of gross violations or their failure to fulfil their legal obligations, school organising bodies now decide on head teachers’ reappointment after a term of six years, as informed by the appraisal process (HE [Institute for Information on Education], 2011).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	1ce9fc7e104798410ec86de936ed2aee	In 2003-08, Brazil accounted for over 70% of the global new terrestrial area placed under environmental protection. The National System of Protected Areas (SNUC), established in 2000, laid the groundwork for this remarkable expansion of official protected areas, or “conservation units” as they are known in the country. It consolidated the pre-existing highly fragmented assortment of federal, state, municipal and private protected areas into one consistent framework.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	1cea9b0bf9e79fd498d4fcfc3c1da872	Major agro-food imports include wheat, cotton, soybean, dairy products, sugar, tobacco and beef. The United States and Australia are the most important suppliers accounting for 19% and 17% respectively of agro-food imports in 2008-10. While the Asian crisis temporarily reversed this trend, poverty reduction resumed in the 2000s with the poverty rate falling to 13% in 2010 as measured by the Indonesian poverty line (in 2010, equivalent of USD 0.83/person/day for urban population and USD 0.68/person/day for rural population, both in current USD terms and at current annual average exchange rate).	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1ceb5ccf550c5f7fefffc963ed4518d5	Depending on the size of a VPP, a small nuclear load following power plant could be part of it. More interestingly, however, a VPP would deliver dispatchability to a system and could thus complement the constant output of baseload nuclear plants by absorbing the fluctuations of demand and variable renewable production. Here, geographical smoothing can be enabled by building sufficient transmission capacity.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1ced9d0f5910237a8ccaeb50b019ed2a	Over the last two decades, entrepreneurship has received growing attention from both theoretical and public policy perspectives (Othman et al., Since the late 1990s, particularly ICT has played a central role in new firms creation by technopreneurs in Malaysia (Ariff and Abubakar, 2002). Are there gaps in delivery where performance could be improved?	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/gov/glance-2015-6-en	1cee28a6e64f5d55cdcb42ec1c6b081e	The results presented here also illustrate the data gaps: additional breakdowns by ethnic and religious minorities, disabled people, immigrants or indigenous populations are not available, as no internationally comparative data exist about their representation in public employment in OECD countries. In the last three decades, efficiency became one of the most important guiding principles of how governments operate and how services are delivered in OECD countries, often putting equity or fairness considerations on the back burner. In pursuing inclusive public policies and practices, efficiency and equity are not viewed as mutually exclusive; rather, inclusiveness becomes a key dimension of effectiveness. In an inclusive approach to public policies, equity and fairness considerations are introduced by looking at the impact of various policy options on different groups in society.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	1cee8e9e96413374f3ffc6200e959a32	The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) framework launched in 2015 creates opportunities for advancing energy efficiency, deploying renewable and alternative energy, and ensuring individual and regional energy security. Both resources must be developed aggressively to enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of energy use in the region. Energy efficiency and conservation is viewed as one of the most effective ways to meet the growing demand in terms of energy supply security and to reduce the environmental impacts of development. Energy efficiency and conservation can contribute to economic savings, energy security and climate change mitigation.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	1cf34c7e4217a7e1a0ff52c0a736fedc	In this sense, retrospective reimbursement could support broader portability of services in Mexico by facilitating compensatory payments between purchasers when users are treated outside the geographical area covered by their insurer (as currently the case in countries like Sweden). Significant savings have already been realised through consolidated purchasing of pharmaceuticals. The Comision Coordinadora para la Negociacion de Precios de Medicamentos y otros Insumos para la Salud (CCNPMIS, the Coordinating Commission for the Negotiation of Prices of Pharmaceuticals and other Health Inputs) has helped standardise the prices paid for patented or single-source drugs by SP and the SS institutes.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	1cf37f95334d3447d85215b481db85ba	As already noted, social protection systems, including safety nets, as well as broader social protection policies and programmes, are designed to protect the most vulnerable against short-term economic and food price shocks, thereby enhancing their coping capacity. At the same time, they can also contribute to long-term resilience, by strengthening the ability of small-scale farmers to manage risks and adapt. Evidence has shown that climate change reduces investment incentives in agriculture and the ability to adopt better adaptation strategies, with negative effects on food production. As observed in Ethiopia’s Nile Basin, which has been affected by changes in temperatures and rainfall over the past 20 years, farmers experiencing financial constraints were less likely to introduce recommended adaptation methods, while those who could afford to adapt undertook soil conservation, used different crop varieties and irrigated their farms (Deressa and others, 2009).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	1cf3d85addf4d355442926774ff2941f	Founding member states are Australia, Cook Islands, the European Union, France on behalf of its overseas territories, Mauritius and the Seychelles. The Convention text on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean was adopted in February 2012. The Commission covers all species except tuna and tuna like species, salmon, and pollock in the North Pacific Area. Species of particular interest include Pacific saury, Neon flying squid, and splendid alfonsin.	14	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	1cf434e73201d9358e97050112f61de0	Such meetings provide an important forum for sharing of information and experiences, and rollout of programmes related to ESD. In the case of Jamaica, accompanying environmental education programmes, the Management Institute for National Development (MIND), which is responsible for training government employees, offers ESD courses for both teachers and school leaders. In addition, some of their core programmes, such as one focused on school management, have been adjusted to include ESD and related issues. As quality-related education reforms continue, and ESD implementation progresses in the focus countries, one area where the two could come together is in the development of professional standards for school leaders which incorporate ESD awareness and/or practices. If this approach were combined with standards for school inspection and supervision that incorporate environmental audit criteria, school planning frameworks which include greening initiatives and professional development around ESD, a strong push towards the implementation of whole-school approaches could be generated.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264213715-9-en	1cf5f57f7db7967fefeaeaa3a3471082	This provides an opportunity to streamline the main marine programmes and improve coherence with policies in other sectors. For example, the exemption of fisheries from the fuel tax can encourage large-scale fisheries. At the same time, a variety of grants are provided to fishers for the protection and sustainable use of fish stocks.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	1cf9262fc66d49b6d0a0c6d34950c7e5	This is a striking result, given that the shares of agriculture and food in global GDP and trade are only 3 and 6 per cent, respectively. The contribution of farm and food policies to the welfare cost of global trade-distorting policies for just developing countries is estimated by those authors to be even greater, at 72 per cent -of which more than half is due to policies of developing countries themselves. Even so, the estimates of price distortions that went into that modelling study showed that many developing countries were protecting their less-competitive farmers from import competition, so some of that subset of farmers might be hurt if all markets were opened (Anderson, 2009). The latter trend for developing countries is mainly because of the phasing out of agricultural export taxes, since assistance via import restrictions has risen over the period shown.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4413a3e2-en	1cfc39c8e55b2e7e7c6c12a62e168db9	Adhering Governments have committed to promote them among multinational enterprises operating in or from their territories. The instrument’s distinctive implementation mechanisms include the operations of national contact points (NCP), which are government offices charged with promoting the Guidelines and handling enquiries in the national context. Adhering countries comprise all OECD countries, and 10 non-OECD countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, Romania and Tunisia).	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	1cff54e94eb905b176e90b95000db8bf	The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement was signed in 2005 by eight US states and two Canadian provinces, to regulate and promote co-operation as regards diversions and water withdrawals in this vast and complex hydrological system. In Australia, the federal government has no competency to manage rivers under the Constitution, but has recently been referred powers by the state governments to assume some responsibilities for the Murray-Darling River basin (Box 4.20).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	1d01e2f98587764df99f321c3e0f5510	Furthermore, available evidence suggests that investors in the harvesting sector are likely to withhold investments when secure and enforceable user rights are not present (see Box 2.7 for a risk assessment note by Aker Seafoods for a share offering prospectus). The extent of the fish and shrimp resources exploited by the Company is monitored by the Norwegian government. Current research causes the Group to believe that fish and shrimp resources in the foreseeable future will be sufficient for the Company to realise its objectives. Fluctuations in the fish and shrimp resource in areas in which the Company operates can adversely affect its profitability, and cannot be predicted or foreseen.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	1d049a0dd18b85468f103ff93b5e5dca	It is therefore necessary to adjust international comparisons to get an accurate picture of the workload. One of the areas in which school directors have the least authority compared to other countries is in managing human resources. Strengthening school leadership is one of the most crucial challenges for education reform. However, the third year counts as two in term of points gathered as an incentive, which also means that at the end of the third year, teachers in undesirable/remole schools are more likely to leave and be transferred to big urban centres, since they will have accumulated more points than other teachers in more desirable schools.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jm0v3s71fs5-en	1d06f689be076fe693a6e72a4a804ee2	In practical terms, these measures include investing in the capacity to understand contextual risk, and building feedback, evidence and reflexive and dynamic analysis into programming to allow for the early detection and management of risks. For example, Australia combines the partial use of country systems where capacity is assessed as being low, with investments to improve public financial management. Other donors have devised specialised instruments to balance the multiple requirements to use and strengthen local systems with managing fiduciary risk (Box 7).	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	1d0d4ca0913a51825d4aec5da8641619	In many cases it will be difficult to move emergency food supplies into the region, because transport connections and market links are weak. Moreover, the four key challenges for implementing a spatially nuanced policy to address food insecurity and malnutrition are precisely the challenges facing efforts to implement a bottom-up regional policy. This requires identifying local impediments and opportunities for growth and engaging the local population as key actors in bringing about change.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	1d10261a42d314ed7ff780051483dadc	This result can be explained by the fact that the top EPP exporters are low-income Asian and African countries that have not attracted significant levels of FDI. This correlation is robust and positive for eight of the ten categories of EGs. In most cases the elasticities are also very high - significantly more than one - indicating the crucial role of technical assistance projects in explaining trade in EGs. The profile of these projects indicates that tied aid may be an important factor contributing to trade in EGs to developing countries.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	1d128959c63799facff1c00821d36bdf	This in turn assists in planning for present and future waste management in terms of transportation and facilities required. Statistics on waste are also needed to develop strategies to encourage waste reduction, reuse and recycling. This topic includes statistics describing the amount of waste generated before any collection or treatment, by waste type, and by generator (by economic activity (by ISIC) and households).	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	1d12cf2cfa016be27c440c6bfa4bb90a	If large portions of these customary lands are leased to private holders, it affects food security and all subsistence activities for those who have previously relied on these natural resources. The dispossessed then squat in urban areas close to the capital. Twenty-one per cent of the participants did unpaid voluntary work in a church or NGO. Only 30 per cent had regular wage employment, and the majority of these were men. Twenty-five per cent said they had a bank account, and 25 per cent said there was a bank near their home. These last considerations are very important logistically when deciding whether or not social protection interventions should be cash transfers.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	1d1443954ec86559b48a0da86cb6d9f4	At the same time, clean transport such as rail systems, ferries, E-jeepneys and shared-bike schemes need to be encouraged with the supporting infrastructure. Current consumption pattern still follows a linear trend with the end fixated on disposal as opposed to a circular consumption pattern where resources are continuously reused. The “no separation, no collection” policy encouraging waste segregation is a laudable strategy but suffers from a number of implementation challenges which urgently needs to be addressed.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	1d1652455ba0fc37c92404846732f50a	The Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis CPB Background Document. Projecting long term medical spending growth. Linking microsimulation and macro-economic models to estimate the economic impact of chronic disease prevention. In: Zaidi A, Harding A, Williamson P, editors. New Frontiers in Microsimulation Modelling. Ashgate: European Centre Vienna: 527-556.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3665dc3f-en	1d1a2e7af453ca5a8adc67f65aacee55	Five mutually exclusive forms of work — including employment work — are identified in this Resolution, which are distinguished by the intended destination of the production (i.e., whether for own final use or for use by other economic units) and the nature of the transaction (i.e., whether monetary or nonmonetary transactions and transfers). Employment work refers to work performed (for use by other units) in exchange for pay or profit. The form of work identified as employment at the same time sets the reference scope for the definition of the labour force.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	1d1b32fdb27f2a82886f364829589a8c	Policy makers need to address a range of government and market failures, as well as other investment barriers, which collectively favour investing in fossil fuel-intensive activities over investing in clean infrastructure. In addition to core green growth policy settings (e.g. pricing mechanisms, regulation), this means examining existing rules, regulations and policies that may restrict green infrastructure investment; creating investment vehicles that generate the risk-return ratios required by investors (OECD, 2015c); promoting collaborative dialogue among investors and across different levels of government; and compiling and sharing the data needed for investors to evaluate the risks and performance of green infrastructure investments (Kaminker et al., Governments also need to pay attention to barriers to international investment (e.g. local content requirements) that may hinder green infrastructure investment (Bahar, Egeland and Steenblik, 2013; OECD, forthcoming a).	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	1d1c91ed35ef8df025070af3e0503d22	With national data from 18 OECD countries between 1980 and 2007, Thevenon (2013,2015) analyses how aggregate levels of female labour force participation respond to policies that support the work-life balance. The analysis takes in variables on paid leave (public spending and duration), child care serv ices for children under the age of 3 (public spending and enrolment rates), public expenditure on other family benefits, and financial incentives to work (such as tax incentives that encourage both partners in couple families to go out to work). The results reveal, in particular, that expansions in child care service provisions significantly boost women’s labour market participation and exert a greater positive influence on female employment than variations in the weeks of paid leave. Child care provision for the under 3s doubled, on average, betw’eenthe mid-1990s and the late 2000s, producing an estimated 2.5 percentage point increase in the employment rates of 25-to-54 year-old women - a quarter of the total increase between 1995 and 2008.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	1d1d30a105c1756c4ccf97613be79542	In parallel, the company has rolled out a WiMAX network. Several other Internet service providers have also rolled out their own wireless infrastructure, which improved overall wireless networking that raised the Internet profile of the country. Given the widespread penetration of wireless technologies throughout the LDCs, LTE is the logical next step and provides a solid platform for the data-intensive applications that could hugely impact social and economic development in the world's most vulnerable nations.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	1d1fc22c3bec82fc975f91b5daa1e8f6	Several studies point to the importance of family engagement in monitoring service quality practices (Edwards et al., Research has indicated that family involvement in early education has a great influence on children’s learning and development. Hidalgo, Epstein and Siu (2002) found evidence that family involvement is highly important in helping children succeed in education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1d2083d4325cf3b0b09274916e196909	Should the plaintiff be unable to demonstrate these cumulative requirements, he will have to tolerate continued use of the patented invention by the defendant, in exchange of a royalty payment. Governments interested in promoting local pharmaceutical production may use market incentives to attract foreign patent holders to invest in their domestic pharmaceutical sector. A RPSC’s main responsibility would be the procurement of medicines for the entire region.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	1d2101be951cb6084cc05bb20cdaa2d1	Price vs. Non-Price Conservation Programs”, A Pioneer Institute White Paper, No. In 2010, this amounted to EUR 154 million, of which 140 were earmarked for flood prevention. Compare with EUR 1 300 million, secured to cover the costs of natural disasters. It reviews empirical evidence on the actual performance of economic policy instruments for the management of water resources. The interim report builds on over 30 case studies, in Europe and in selected non European countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	1d23af45626513c3bc8cd4199bce0503	Without oversight and accountability mechanisms w ith adequate authority, gender equality work can stall once mechanisms are established and may fade from the legislative agenda. The presence of sound accountability and oversight that involves reporting to the highest possible level of government maximises the opportunity for gender mainstreaming initiatives to be successful and sustainable, and for gender equality to remain a legislative priority. This requires sound policy co-ordination (vertical and horizontal) and collaboration mechanisms, which are also noted as important enablers for gender mainstreaming.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	1d23ed0770118d1789ccf49cacc914df	There are the IPLOS registry, HELFO database, KOSTRA system and registries covering different diseases, health outcomes and professional areas. In primary care, some broad indicators are collected such as prescribing patterns, hospital admissions for chronic conditions, but little is known about the quality of care. At the same time, Norway has no information infrastructure at local or at national level to systematically collect a dataset that would allow GPs, patients and authorities to benchmark quality and performance against peers or against national guidelines.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298781-en	1d2445e18de33e926a7d3282842ee4f4	As ever, the OECD stands ready to contribute to these efforts to design and implement better skills policies for better jobs and better lives. This inter-ministerial project team funded the project work, worked closely with the OECD team and was responsible for organising workshops with stakeholders. Members of the inter-ministerial project team included: Ann Kristin Nilsen, Joakim Bakke, Lars Nerdrum and Lene Guthu from the Ministry of Education and Research; Lene Rathe, Agnes Marie Simensen and Thomas Saheim from the Ministry of Labour; Yngve Schroder Tufteland from the Ministry of Trade and Industry; Kari Mette Lullau from the Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation and Tonje Lauritzen from the Ministry of Finance.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1d24fc4a6e0865286a07dc2474c9bd66	It should, however, be noted that in Graz (as elsewhere) 80% of injury accidents occur on arterial roads. Recently the principle that most urban roads have mixed uses (vehicle traffic, cyclists, motorcyclists, pedestrian activities) has been used to apply traffic calming measures on arterial roads in urban areas. Perhaps the best-know example of a city that has used a variety of calming techniques on urban arterials is Portland, Oregon.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	1d25e831cbdcd1aef04308aa58d38a54	In other words, maximising the minimum outcome (von Neumann, 1928). The principle is to take the worst-case scenario for any given instrument and choose the instrument that has the highest value for cost-effectiveness indicator in its worst-case scenario. This criterion is very conservative, representing high uncertainty aversion, and has the advantage of choosing a single instrument across all scenarios. They can be used to prioritise policies and investments for adaptation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	1d2811c85968a7c6a2b056b9cbe04d1d	Available evidence also suggests that unemployed youth in South Africa are at higher risk of contracting HIV than employed youth (UNAIDS, 2004). Even for non-infected youth, HIV infection of other household members may bring onerous care burdens, either of the sick individual themselves or their children who require care, sometimes requiring the healthy individual to withdraw from the labour market. Such care burdens may also constrain the amount of time available for employment or job search activities. Over the past decade there has been a substantial expansion in three main categories of social grant: the pension grant, the disability grant and the child support grant.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	1d29cd703c541b3320999c15bbb0753f	Substitution of occupational care (which is partly financed by employers) or private care (with large co-payments) for public care reduces costs for municipalities. User choice, which has so far been very limited in the public system, is thereby expanded at a limited cost for public finances. However, the system produces incentives for cost-shifting between activities financed through different channels, which lead to sub-optimal decisions regarding the provision of care and large inequalities in access between socio-economic groups with different coverage and financial resources, and regions with varying health care supply.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	1d29e3c04e944e4f1a231e410d4c863c	In 2015 Nepal was hit by a devastating earthquake and in 2017 by severe floods. Fuelwood accounts for 85 percent of household energy and for the vast majority of harvested wood. Forests and trees also play a key role in watershed protection and climate resilience and are important for biodiversity and agricultural landscape management.	15	0	7	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	1d2ab136269d6bf51f202df56fece594	This highlights the international competitive pressure existing in the aluminium industry, and underscores how extra C02 costs could intensify this trend. Most nitrogen fertilizers are made from ammonia, which is made by extracting C02 (and other chemicals) from a carbon-based feedstock (typically natural gas). Thus, in this process C02 emissions is an unavoidable by-product.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1d2b80f2796cdcb9089fd2765301e8a6	Moreover, while a majority of countries have included some information on adaptation in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), their scope, timeline and clarity vary considerably. Many INDCs indicate that their country does not yet have systems, methods or indicators by which progress with these adaptation contributions can be identified. Some INDCs also imply that certain indicators may relate to those needed to track progress under the other development processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/488a38e7-en	1d2be08d15053dc526c7e7f81c1814b1	Moreover, the subordinate status of women in the household has been argued with reference to time use and violence against women.18 Women work longer hours than men and they may have fewer chances in the formal labour market because the domestic tasks are not equally distributed in the household (see Chapter 4 — Work), and significant proportions of women are victims of domestic violence (see Chapter 6 — Violence against women). Women experience more disadvantages when they live in poor households. For example, in countries such as Pakistan and Yemen, girls and boys from the wealthiest quintile have relatively similar net school attendance rates in primary education, but in the poorest quintile the net school attendance of girls is lower than that of boys by 17 and 25 percentage points respectively.19 In households with poor access to clean water and energy, women bear most of the resulting work burden and harmful health effects (see Chapter 7 — Environment).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-4-en	1d2fedb48198cfc1d22f41ef8dfe97f9	The lesson its leaders have drawn is that a high income doesn't compensate for shortcomings in education. But that isn't the case. For example, one in four 15-year-olds in the United States does not successfully complete even the most basic tasks in PISA. So even high-income OECD countries would gain significantly if all of their students left school with at least basic knowledge and skills. For this group of countries, the average future GDP would be 3.5% higher than it would be without this improvement.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fbc5a6db-en	1d2ff6817d792073f7db9a4eaf2ef580	But as countries adopt more energy efficiency technologies and energy conservation measures their energy intensity tends to fall (as it has in the US over the past 20 years). It is reasonable that as a country develops its economy it will need to supply more energy to its citizens to raise their standards of living. In this regard countries with very large populations have much further to go to deliver economic growth; China and India may have moved far up the development scale in recent decades, but they still have very low consumption of energy per capita.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	1d32b2ba3c438fcd2ab9c525b62edd21	Australia to 2050: future challenges. The model breaks down total health expenditure into several subcomponents, corresponding to a combination of financing agents and functions. Depending on the nature of the subcomponents, CIHI employs various forecasting techniques, ranging from the use of provisional public budgets to pure extrapolation of past trends.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	1d378d1ed9c0a8d13fcef14e1e61ec63	This empirical information is used to calibrate a microeconomic model to simulate farmers’ responses to different risk environments and policy changes in the UK and Australia. This stochastic simulation allows for estimates to be made of the policy impacts on the distribution of farm income, farm welfare and farming risk management behaviour. The yield risk at the farm level tends to be greater than at the aggregated level and is comparable with price risk. In many cases, farmers benefit from the negative price-yield correlation and imperfect correlation of yields and prices of different crops through output diversification.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	1d3daec2ada2421b3372b79a9462dbf0	The exact amount of pension fund commitments are not known and are not disclosed by the database but are likely much lower. See OECD 2012e forthcoming — Largest Pension Funds 2011 Survey). In 2011 Pension Funds (notably PensionDanmark, see Box 2) directly invested USD 4 billion in offshore wind energy through a combination of balance sheet financing (USD 1.6 billion) and construction convertible/term loans (USD 2.4 billion).	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	1d404ccb441263dd3a8c2ba9fe102de0	In Mexico, social security covers more than half the population. Second, those not covered by health insurance have open access to a public provider network, financed out of general taxation. This appears to be the case particularly in India, where the public health infrastructure is underdeveloped, and, given that health expenditures are decentralised at the state/local level, very inequitably shared across states and regions (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007). But lack of physical access in some regions is observed in many countries.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	1d405b97b5c7df2d8f997e5ce4a58456	In fact, this simple hypothesis is not confirmed by the data, with the corresponding exercise providing inconclusive results. Similar findings are obtained distinguishing countries based on the differences in the distributive impact of Education. The metrics for such classifications were alternative ad-hoc indicators computed in “Divided we stand” (chapter 8) such as the income increasing effect of benefits from public education services for the bottom quintiles of the distribution, or the change in the Gini coefficients when the redistributive impact of education is accounted for. In particular, each individual is asked to report the number of years spent in paid employment (experience), and the number of years since she left the educational system (potential experience).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	1d4401033ccc8ce3377f25bb521ec8e0	Moreover, the water application rate per hectare irrigated in Turkey increased by 39% between 1990-92 and 2002-04 (Figure 2.2), partly explained by losses from the irrigation infrastructure and inefficiencies in managing irrigation systems due to lack of irrigator management skills and poor advisory services (OECD, 2008a). But water policy reforms in both Mexico and Turkey are beginning to address these deficiencies in managing the irrigation systems (Box 3.8). The sector’s share in total groundwater utilisation, although data are limited, was above 30% in 12 OECD member countries in 2002, notably for Greece, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and the United States (Figure 2.4).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	1d4a3d7156bc5f86474c62fc0a09475d	In Canada, Portugal and Spain, the levels are one order of magnitude lower in the GWI sampled cities. In some countries, pollution charges are increasingly tailored to environmental challenges and used as an incentive to reduce pollution. However, in most cases, these instruments tend to be used as sources of revenues.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	1d4c2fad0a1586545cd0e5706aabead4	Indeed, most critics of early mitigation efforts, including those challenging the science of climate change, tend to defer all policy needs to support to R&D efforts. They argue that if the science confirms the necessity of mitigating climate change, the necessary carbon-lean technologies will be made available (Lomborg, 2001). One is climate change, due to the negative externality of GHG emissions: the other is underinvestment of private firms in R&D activities.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1d4fe7e0a58af3039170bdfe2120d965	Consequently, the optimal level of subsidies for R&D on low-carbon technologies depends on the magnitude of knowledge spillovers from these technologies, relative to the spillovers generated by other technologies, in particular the fossil technologies they replace. It also needs to cover not only the public sector, but also the private one. The intellectual property argument, while valid in some cases, should not impede the development of standardised mechanisms to collect, compile and publish urgently needed global data on budgets for energy technology innovation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	1d523f2dd7766d4b5ca08b135f28fe68	"Similarly, a study by the Commonwealth Fund of care management programmes that spanned care settings and engaged interdisciplinary teams across the continuum of care found that multifaceted, boundary-spanning approaches were associated with reduced hospital use and readmissions (McCarthy et al., The reforms undertaken to date clearly reflect this. Moreover, the strengthening of primary care continues to be supported by the State Health Development Programme of the Republic of Kazakhstan ""Densaulyk"" for 2016 - 2019. Key measures envisaged include reducing the size of patient lists for generalists, from the current 2 200 to 1 500, and the increased delegation of tasks to nurses."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	1d546c07cb3ea0f58c87617ff65945eb	In addition, air pollution monitoring per se is not clearly mentioned in MOT’s mandate; the mandate only includes establishing vehicle standards and energy efficiency labels. This also creates some confusion about which actual policies can be decided by MOT. Department of Transport (DOT) under MOT is not in charge of urban transport.	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	1d55d13f181926d918f2ba9553b9df9e	The water solution both slows the escape of the gas and speeds up the chemical reaction. The project began to inject part of the C02 from the HellisheiSi geothermal power plant in 2012, and has found that over 95% of the C02 is mineralized already after 2 years (CarbFix, 2016). A drawback isthatthe method requires basaltic rocks with relatively high concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron, and with sufficient porosity to capture the C02. These are primarily found in young basalts near oceanic rift zones. Apart from Iceland and a number of usually small volcanic islands, such rift zones are usually located in deep ocean, which makes transporting and injecting the C02 a challenge.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	1d5611f79b25a04b96af7e8e42f4834d	As gains are achieved, other deprivations may become more critical, and new groups may bear the burden of being left behind. Many people appear to be doing well according to measures such as minimum schooling and income, but the quality of education and of work conditions are low for many millions of people. Likewise, people are living longer and healthier lives, but many face deficits in political freedom and in opportunities for political participation.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/150942f1-en	1d581ce6cbc9e324d4e3fed29bf6b86c	For information, our national poverty rate (44 per cent), based on the latest available household survey (2003) and calculated with a per capita equivalence scale for the whole population, is very close to the official one (46.4 per cent) (World Development Indicators 2009). Numbers in parentheses refer to the base-year values. As already discussed above, the lower rates in Cameroon might be at least partly due to the better quality of data used to calculate hunger rates. However, the simulated changes still give some rough basis for discussion. In terms of BaU hunger rates, figures for Cameroon are broadly in line with those for monetary poverty rates. On the other hand, Burkina Faso and, to a greater extent, Ghana show a trend in hunger rates to some extent different from that discussed above for monetary poverty (figure 12).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	1d5aca2852c9796fc359813032f9cd67	All over South Asia, the ideal of purdah (seclusion of women) - which assigns a symbolic capital of honour and respectability to the control over women's realms of action30 - has hampered women’s mobility. Only in recent years have India (e.g., Kerala) and Nepal witnessed a feminization of international migration, linked to a global demand for domestic workers reproducing the traditional gendered division of labour.3’ The Government of Nepal issued temporary bans on women's labour migration in 2012 and 2015. This last ban was eventually lifted in 2016.32 Yet, as compared to other countries in the region (see Table 3-1), in Nepal there are fewer age restrictions, and in 2012 women officially accou nted for 13 per cent ofthe total absentee population.33 This figure certainly underestimates the magnitude of female migration, as it does not account for cross-border migration to India, and restrictive provisions on the mobility of women migrants often increase undocumented migration.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	1d5b5c0fb1f81d957d2cb37a5bae79d0	With the same level of climate change impacts, but with universal access to basic services, reduced inequality and extreme poverty affecting less than 3 percent of the world's population, the number of additional poor is projected to be just 16 million (Rozenberg and Hallegatte, 2015). Under the worst-case scenario, much of the forecast increase in the number of poor occurs in Africa (43 million) and South Asia (62 million). Reduced income in the agricultural sector explains the largest share of increased poverty as a result of climate change.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	1d5d805a2e1e1fe494576952e027022e	First of all, employment opportunities, despite their expansion, may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work. Second, certain segments of the population may not be, for various reasons, in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income. Third, even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low, which creates the problem of the “working poor”. While most of these programmes were launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns, in more recent years, they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	1d5f03efa267ed131a2898e36b85564e	Disposable income declined also which suggests that transfers were not sufficient to compensate for the loss of market income. Figure 19 panel B also suggests that homeowners were disproportionately affected by the loss of income, all other things being equal. By contrast, the income before and after tax and transfers both increased when fathers are employed, suggesting that the quality of their jobs has improved.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	1d62ab22948745b60bf635f69cda4e60	While efforts are under way to develop common strategies to tackle priority issues such as local air pollution, national environmental authorities are often unaware of the state of environmental management in the ever-growing number of municipalities (from 147 in 1995 to 211 at present). The adoption of the Balanced Regional Development Act in 2000 encouraged better co-operation among Regional Development Agencies (RDAs), Councils of Regions, and associations of municipalities and towns. However, oversight by the national government is still insufficient to ensure that environmental requirements are implemented consistently.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	1d64dd4fc234f82d0adfd725ed664f17	"We first present the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as measure for social institutions (III.l) as well as our data and estimation model (III.2). We start our empirical analysis by estimating the impact of the SIGI (and its five sub-indices) on women's labour market participation (III.3) to see whether social institutions generally affect women's activity patterns. Then, to test our hypothesis that social discrimination against women leads to an overrepresentation of women in ""bad jobs"" and an underrepresentation of women in ""good jobs"", we estimate the impact of the SIGI and its sub-indices on the gender segregation by sectors (III.4) and on the gender segregation by working status (III.5). The five components of the SIGI — ownership rights, civil liberties, son preference, family code and physical integrity each measure one dimension of the underlying concept."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	1d64f39626e25e9f24509a410c1fe30e	However, their combined value could be strengthened if the RSAs were more effective and there were more opportunities to share good practice across the higher education system. However, there is limited use of this practice, and no institutional plans to use it beyond a few key fields where it is well-established (Frplich etal., This type of arrangement may be constrained by the appointment and promotion regulations for teaching and research academic posts, such as the requirements of a certain minimum qualification to teach and the role of research in career progression should social partners personnel wish to stay long-term in the academic profession.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1d680077ac0bf97447d871a6382a39b9	However, unlike alcohol, which has a marked decrease in crashes during daylight hours, speed crashes are much more evenly distributed over the whole day. Table 5.2 indicates that speed enforcement will have more impact if it is concentrated in the high risk periods of evenings and weekends. Its puipose was to deliver an improvement programme to ensure that its road policing delivery is doing the right things as cost effectively as possible.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	1d6818deb07de9d9d5e1da4a8184ce04	A pre-requisite to benefit from all school-related Foundations for Success is to be in school, therefore, access pertains to equity: do children from various sub-populations differ in their access to inclusive environments, quality instruction, learning time and material resources? Thus, access also has to do with equality: do children from various sub-populations differ in their distribution of attainment and performance? They are mainly from rural settings, and more likely to be girls. Youth with disabilities and those belonging to minority ethnic, linguistic or religious groups are also more likely to be oul-of-school. All of these factors are usually confounded with poverty (Carr-Hill, 2015).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	1d68af89e25d6b4c321f7a11dad3f3b3	Previously isolated herders will be able to command a higher price for their goods and children will have improved access to educational facilities. Additionally, in the context of sustainable, “green” sector development, labour-intensive techniques have been used with success in reforestation, watershed management and erosion control initiatives for improved husbandry and agriculture. Environmental conservation projects coupled with sustainable land management have played a critical role in supporting the small and medium sized forest enterprise (SMFE).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	1d6998fcef25400ddd41c41548a9721e	As a result, analyses based on household panels model receipt sequences where receipt is measured at the time of interview.52 This is the procedure followed by Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a) for Britain, and Kdnigs (2013a) for Germany. By construction, the rate of benefit receipt obtained from using the ‘SA year’ approach is larger than the comparable rate calculated at any single point in time. The difference of the two gives an idea of the turnover in benefit receipt as discussed in Section 3.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	1d69c89e68739be4cd18a95764ce7c9a	In Australia, HoNOS is mandated as a standard outcome measure for all patients using in or outpatient mental health care. It is expected that all patients should have the HoNOS completed at least twice (Jacobs, 2009). In 2006, the Dutch Government introduced a competing insurance market for health care including mental health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	1d726d0a09efd32c0dc369d79800ddc2	Investments were designed to become profitable for the farmer and beneficial for water quality. Grants were funded by investment from South West Water and some public support (in some cases from the EU CAP’S rural development programme). The plan was to include the approach in the company’s 2010 business plan.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	1d739c81852aec6acdf3904d919d0524	The 2015 OECD/INFE survey showed that in 15 countries and economies men are less likely than women to agree with at least one of the statements: “Before I buy something I carefully consider whether I can afford it” and “I keep a close personal watch on my financial affairs”. In 13 countries and economies men are more likely to agree with at least one of the statements: “I tend to live for today and let tomorrow take care of itself’ and “I find it more satisfying to spend money than to save it for the long term” (Table 10.A 1.3 in OnUne Annex 10.A1). Fewer women than men in 19 out of 30 countries and economies would be prepared to risk some of their own money when saving or making an investment.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	1d73f4c1f5c57f8a555f14501af3d7b5	Additionally, regional governments were established in 2002, which started creating their departments for natural resources and environmental issues. To coordinate efforts on biodiversity relevant policies, the Commission on Biodiversity started bringing all related national governmental actors together with NGOs, private actors and scientists in order to discuss the relevant issues and to generate trust and stimulate collaboration. The department for biodiversity in MINAM, where the CBD, the Ramsar Convention, CITES and other biodiversity-related issues are managed, coordinated the development of Peru’s NBSAP 2015-2021, which was adopted in November 2014. An extensive participative process, involving governmental, non-govemmental, scientific and private actors from all 25 political regions has been undertaken in order to ensure informed policy-making and create ownership across society.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	1d76faf7ffd2da55958fedbc5cc50431	Finally, these children are less well covered by social assistance than children in the previous group, since about 1 in 5 children in this group are in a family who receives a social assistance allowance against one third in group 1. Only a very small minority of children (about 90,000 children, i.e. 1.4% of all children aged 0 to 17) experience deprivation in all areas, but some of their characteristics (single parenthood, unemployment or joblessness, low parental education) make them more vulnerable than others. Very low-incomes, lack of employment and the presence of parents bom outside Canada are factors putting children at a greater risk of facing multiple deprivations. Although the families of these two groups of children usually receive financial assistance (child tax credit, social assistance benefit), a significant minority of them still face multiple deprivations.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	1d7a83309158191d710053e78e872301	Figure 12 illustrates the yield effects in the OECD when each of the five R&D and water management adaptation scenarios are combined with the Reference scenario and with each of the four climate change yield scenarios discussed in Section 3 (the Alternative SSP scenario is not included). The largest price decreases for any specific commodity occurs in the R&D scenarios, which assume increases in maize and wheat yields. The price for maize decreases by more than 4% in the technology transfer scenario.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-e4d7f1ba-en	1d7cf661ba474ede0ffdc3244f9a5cc1	A significant part of the efforts to meet those commitments should be focused in the rural areas of the developing world where 70% of the world's extremely poor people live, including most of the hungry. Improving rural people's livelihoods and smallholders' capacities is a central element in ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. In fact, over recent decades, we've seen the socioeconomic benefits of, for example, mobile telephony in improving the lives of many poor rural people.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ab381733-en	1d82dc0f313052a5d3ed6923fe23746f	Composition of municipal waste (table 5.1) was analysed in the regions of Tbilisi, Kvemo Kaitli and Kutaisi, which is accepted as representative of the whole of Georgia. It is estimated that about 70 per cent of generated municipal waste is collected by regular services and delivered to local disposal sites. These are located along main streets, enabling easy and fast collection.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	1d8597f0ad9de4c4094bbe8f4f0a9fb4	The unsustainable extraction of marine resources is caused partly by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Stocks of aquatic resources are difficult to measure in inland and marine waters, although certain estimation methodologies may be considered for this purpose. Aquaculture stocks can be estimated more frequently. Aquatic resources may be either cultivated or natural biological resources. Aquatic resources produced within aquaculture facilities (for breeding or for harvest) are considered cultivated biological resources. All other aquatic resources harvested as part of capture production processes are considered natural biological resources.	6	3	5	0.25
10.1787/059ce467-en	1d88fe85b0925f23e18e0a035f7e8341	This is in contrast to countries such as Germany, where returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage were respectively 16 and 12 percentage points less likely than native students to do so. First-generation immigrant students are foreign-born students of two foreign-born parents. Second-generation immigrant students are Swedish-bom students of two foreign-bom parents.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	1d8ac28b842d15355e516d54f679d2da	The number of oncologists has also been increased in France and Korea. In Norway, due to the growing demand for cancer care, the number of radiotherapists has been increasing in the past five years, and the number of training positions at hospitals has been also boosted for oncologists and pathologists. Similarly, to cope with an expected shortage, in Singapore more radiologists have been trained in recent years, and the numbers of other medical specialists, including medical surgical oncologists, have also increased since the early 2000s. For example, Canada developed a certification programme in oncology for registered nurses, and the Netherlands also utilises nurse practitioners in oncology. Hungary is trying to use its professionals more efficiently, and primary care personnel (i.e. nurses and midwives) are now doing smear-taking, which was traditionally done by gynaecologists. This is undertaken not only to tackle the shortage of doctors in cancer care but also to reduce costs related to cancer care delivery.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	1d8e3a773fd66aee5d13c3cb5e43d50e	The tariff collection rate fell to 86%, and user charge revenues covered just 40% of water production costs. Tariffs were increased only once in April 2008. The tariff for domestic customers was increased from UAH 2.94 to UAH 4.66 per m3 (respectively 0,38 EUR/m3 and 0,60 EUR/m3) whilst the tariff for public organisations was increased to UAH 5.93 per m and for other customers to UAH 8.61 per m3. At the same time, the lease agreement did not contain requirements to invest into the development of utility infrastructure facilities. For instance, in the Russian Federation some PPPs were cancelled after municipal elections. Possible solutions entail consolidating utilities at regional level or pooling services to invite one operator in a larger area.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	1d8f0a7e6c21f5b2668e7361ccb33247	Policies to promote a “girl-friendly” school environment, such as hiring more female teachers has also proven to have a positive impact on girls’ attendance. The evaluation of a randomised programme in India found that hiring additional female teachers increased girls’ attendance by 50% (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006). This is true especially in rural areas and for married girls.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	1d923a5d6c98c5b57a1a3b11910804c9	The World Values Survey, for example, found that a majority of respondents from Arab countries believed that men should be given priority in hiring in times of economic hardship, presumably due to their traditional role as bread-winners.210 Legal frameworks in most Arab countries that require employers to bear the costs of maternity leave (discussed in more detail below) may also act as strong disincentives to the hiring of young women. Only a handful of Arab countries currently meet the international standard of ensuring a minimum of 14 weeks of maternity leave,213 and the duration of maternity leave established by the law falls below this mark in most Arab States (see Table 12). The challenges faced by women who are contending with short maternity leave are further compounded by the limited availability and costly nature of early child care and education services in the region, which leave many women with limited options to care for their children until they reach primary school age.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	1d924e89ca1bc8ecfcf71fbfdeccb90a	The “precautionary motive” also suggests that they may be aware of the relatively low old-age benefits provided by the state and so consider buying a house to secure future retirement income. Public pension expenditure is taken as a proxy for pension generosity. It should be interpreted with caution, however, as high expenditure does not necessarily entail high pension benefits: people may actually receive relatively low benefits but have retired at an early age.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	1d92bc44017c1e30cbd6fc94022e4e5a	The existing appraisal system is not used as a genuine development opportunity; over 98% of teachers receive an “excellent” or “very good” rating, despite clear evidence of knowledge gaps. The low level of teaching knowledge in core subjects points to serious weaknesses in the initial selection and preparation of teachers. Just 19 out of 259 initial teaching programmes are quality-assured through accreditation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	1d93bf38aec8046a489b960886776423	This is likely explained by the characteristics of the services sector in LDCs, wherein a large part consists of traditional and mostly informal services, which tend to consume more traditional forms of energy and fuel as compared with modern forms of energy. The reciprocal causality between electricity supply and structural transformation is found for agriculture and industry for both LDCs and ODCs. For those sectors which are most dynamic in ODCs — manufacturing and services — however, there is a difference between these groups of countries.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	1d95ee0349c717433aa91df7efdf8a12	Building stock is also of poor quality with low thermal capacities and significant losses of up to 30%. Overall, building-stock energy efficiency is estimated to be only one half to a third of Western Europe’s. Grid infrastructure and management are poor, resulting in high inefficiencies and large technical transmission and distribution losses.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264311626-6-en	1d9674aad315c5f119534ea50b11ff1c	More precisely 41% of the firms kept all of their apprentices while 38% kept more than two thirds of them. Among respondents, slightly more than 36% said that they would like to have more apprentices in the future and 16% the same amount. Only 12% said that they did not want apprentices in the future. In line with previous OECD findings (OECD/ILO, 2017(22]), the vast majority of respondents stated that apprenticeships contribute to maintain and improve skills levels of the firm.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	1d988b58dd913d86eedef9565c00044b	It stipulates: /) developing an overarching framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area, notably comparable degrees organised in a three-cycle structure and a common definition of learning outcomes in this three-cycle structure; ii) a common quality assurance system; iii) the recognition of foreign degrees and other higher education qualifications. Graduate studies lead to a Specializacija (one to two years after earning an undergraduate degree in the Pre-Bologna system and does not exist in the new system), Magisterij (equivalent to the Master of Science degree in the pre-Bologna system and earned after one to two years in the new system) and Doktorat degrees (Doctor of Science). There are three main ways for continuing education and training. First, for adults who failed to or did not complete their upper secondary education, it is possible to continue vocational and Matura preparation courses, allowing them to obtain upper secondary school certificates.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cef10c20-en	1d9b43b75d9bf85ad2b1ddc001342b95	Its approach to urban planning is a natural outgrowth of this view. The lesson is clear: where the political interests of national governments are at odds with the objectives and efforts of city authorities, urban development is retarded. Where national governments offer support and autonomy to local authorities, rapid and significant change is possible.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	1d9c7383974fe771fe8f8b76b1f1c5fc	These include the use of algae and mussels (Nordic Innovation initiative) in trout and tilapia farming and changing feed compounds for turbot aquaculture. Such substitution of novel feed sources can also provide significant costs savings. Recirculating systems and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture productions systems are among the ways proposed to capturing the nutrients that would otherwise be discharged to the environmental (Box 1.9).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	1da1d3787d2de9e6a8968fb5fedc29af	In addition, indigenous lands cover about 13% of the territory, mostly in the Amazon region. Brazil thus has already exceeded the Aichi target of protecting at least 17% of its terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020. The Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme, launched in 2002, has been at the heart of this progress. One of the world’s largest tropical forest conservation programmes, it created more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas in the biome, including along the so-called “deforestation arc” and in areas expecting road infrastructure development. The ARPA programme complemented the PPCDAm in reducing deforestation in the region (Figure 3) and, in turn, greatly contributed to the achievement of Brazil’s climate change goals (see also Sections 1 and 4). More efforts thus are needed in areas outside the Amazon biome if Brazil is to meet its ambitious targets of protecting at least 30% of the Amazon and 17% of the other terrestrial biomes by 2020.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	1da3297fa92879581efabe452876679e	The implication is that, more than elsewhere in the OECD, German women work short paid hours per week. For the United States, the full-time equivalent is calculated from usual working hours for dependent employees only. For Korea, data reflect actual rather than usual weekly working hours. Most men work full-time.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	1da83008057ab71fe5fc64a251125045	Although public hospitals are nominally evenly spread across the country. Current efforts to give better access to medicines are complicated by concerns that the low prices of some medicines compared to other EU countries may lead to parallel exports, undermining access within Romania In response, the Ministry of Health has obtained EU approval to stop parallel exports of vaccines for a limited period (2017). There is also some anecdotal evidence that cost is creating a major obstacle to access for certain new treatments. Reforms are expected to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure as well as to improve overall health system funding.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	1da97c001db2fbf5e0d324c30ed19c95	As for other infrastructure projects, the multiplier effects of energy investments in LDCs are expected to be particularly pronounced, at least during the initial phase, owing to the labour requirements for the construction of power plants (especially large hydroelectric dams), and transmission and distribution networks. Energy-related infrastructure could thus play a prominent role in a “big push” strategy for LDCs. In the average LDC, less than 11 per cent of people in rural areas have access to electricity, compared with 59 per cent in urban areas. Since populations in most LDCs are predominantly rural, this means that 82 per cent of those currently without access to electricity in LDCs live in rural areas (chapter 1).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	1da9bd1c9bba6375875635e3d4552c26	Formative assessment is a theoretically and empirically well-established concept in educational research and can be viewed as “the bridge betw een teaching and learning” (Wiliam, 2010: 137). It is thus an integral part of the micro-adaptations of adaptive teaching (Mandinach and Lash, 2015), though the term itself is not used by Como (2008) when she describes the necessity for teachers to make informal assessments in micro-adaptations. However, formative assessment does not necessarily imply that teachers will adapt their instruction.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/08a21a66-en	1dab1fb9facac22953d4a0a9d6e3e903	If looking at the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), onshore wind has the highest abatement potential: 12% of net GHG emissions in 2030 in Estonia, 14% in Latvia and 16% in Lithuania. In relative terms, these percentages are the highest abatement potential in the studied countries. Hence, the big amounts in absolute terms do not necessarily mean high potential in relative terms and vice versa. As can be seen, the highest abatement potential is derived from the buildings and household sector: together these would amount to about 67 Mt C02eq.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	1dabbd9d25f090d769c2c89554f92b38	In sum, the gap is a result of gender differences in key strategic choices: women’s choice of industry, their preferred size of business, the level of risk they are willing to accept, and the hours they can devote to their business. Further analysis of the reasons behind these different approaches can help policies to target specific market failures and the stereotypes that affect women more than men. A mix of general policies for SMEs and instruments explicitly targeting women can be effective in prompting interest and entry into entrepreneurship. The Small Business Administration (SBA) in the United States has explicitly explored a mix of general gender-mainstreamed programmes and women-specific policies and has continuously experimented with new ones.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	1dac2895e40d561f912d3fde69956acf	Many high-income countries have already implemented the Kyoto Protocol by implementing low-cost emission reduction strategies. As low-income countries in an early stage of industrial development are still at the beginning of establishing their industrial activities, they are key players for reaching a global emission-per capita convergence target. One essential factor for reaching this global goal of emission reduction is technology transfer from developed to developing countries.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	1dad7d1b83fbc6692f708278c94c1545	Annual employee earnings are available from the survey, while annual hours worked (total weeks work*hours worked per week) are derived using monthly vectors of labour force activity (PL211A-PL211L) and as well as weekly hours worked variable (PL060). All wages are expressed in national currency units and are CPI adjusted. Hourly wages are computed as monthly earnings divided by the total number of hours worked per week (x4).	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb366761-en	1daecd588ace044156e92e055f44126e	Moreover, the indicators should be developed which support the monitoring of the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. This will ensure more accurate assessment of sustainable development progress and, if necessary, lead to adjustment of urban development policy. For example, a private construction practice of building several houses on six-acre (rural areas) and four-acre (urban areas) plots exists. It is essential to monitor this process and update development density and infrastructure indicators.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	1db08a3d11945499a4fb4c59fae138d5	In recent years, rural to urban migration has been more prominent. In this context, latest estimates suggest that China's urbanisation rate will increase by nearly 1% per year during the next 15 to 20 years, which represents around 300 million people who will move from rural areas into cities (China Daily, 2009). Today, China's average population density is Page | 36 approximately 138 per km2 (Wikipedia, 2009b), but with extreme variations in rural population densities, ranging from less than one to more than 400 per km2. In stark contrast, the highest urban population density per km2 is 50 000 to 60 000 as in the case of central Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing (China Daily, 2009).	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	1db11b151ad47369952760bd05356bd2	The government has made considerable investments in boosting leading-edge research and innovation: over a ten year period, 1999-2008, AUD 620 million was spent on the Science, Technology and Innovation Initiative. Their combined knowledge base has a considerable potential for new business formation and attraction of external firms. In 2007 Victorian universities received a total of AUD 653.9 million in external research income. Victoria’s two largest universities, the University of Melbourne and Monash University, accounted for 82% of research income for the region. The main expenditure on research by the universities has been in medical and health sciences. It has contributed to winning competitive national funding and has boosted the knowledge generation in universities.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	1db6bb8c5d9b4f5c920297b3e5876a56	Schools with a specific educational orientation are allowed to hold entry tests. A survey found that the two most important criteria used by parents when choosing a school for their children were the distance from home and the quality of the teachers (NCESE, 2013). This hides considerable variations across oblasts and cities: from 9.9 students in primary education in North Kazakhstan to 25.6 students in primary education in Almaty City. The average class size in small-class schools (8.4 students) more than halves that of other schools (20.8 students) (see Table 4.1).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	1db73e9e6e74824d320c6dbdc5fbde87	There are two types of public stocks that can influence prices, namely buffer stocks and social safety net stocks (dependent on their size and operation). Emergency stocks have no impact on prices since they are only released to respond to humanitarian emergencies and the stocks held are usually not sufficiently large so that acquisition or disposal of stocks has any significant price effects on markets. Buffer stock programmes influence prices directly as they aim to stabilise prices and/or alter the level of producer and consumer prices. Social safety net stock schemes aim to assist the impoverished and chronically food insecure by distributing food at subsidised prices.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	1db7a8341b12e57bde1ad8b163cfeae3	"In that case, the petitioner challenged the application of article 168 of the Peruvian Civil Code, which stipulated that when a woman is married only her husband is entitled to represent their matrimonial property before the Courts. It also stated that in countries undergoing agrarian reform or land redistribution ""the right of women, regardless of marital status, to share such redistributed land on equal terms with men should be carefully observed. In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	1db7b6f5a0a5bba354bfa0d32b1250dd	Efficiency should be assessed by considering the contribution of health inputs to the ultimate goal of improving the population’s health status, rather than the mere production of health services, which in some cases might not be provided in an optimal way or may even have limited effect on health. The analysis estimates that if Finland reached the efficiency frontier - the performance achieved by the most efficient OECD countries - life expectancy could be more than 3 years higher for the same level of spending (Figure 2.10, Panel B). A scenario assuming a move towards the efficiency frontier over a ten year horizon suggests that health spending could be about 2 points of GDP lower at the end of the period compared to a no-reform scenario.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	1db93c037369f50345858afdd100999a	The following sections analyse progress made in four key policy areas underpinning the transition to green growth. Section 4 discusses Japan’s use of environmentally related taxes, other market-based instruments and subsidies to create market signals that could encourage more environmentally friendly decisions. Section 5 presents the evolution of public and private expenditure to control and abate pollution. Section 6 presents the trends on environment- and climate-related innovation activity through patent counts, and assesses the role of public policy in determining such trends.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	1dc253c875813ad65f7ff070c90ba06d	It is tasked to: prepare a land use policy in collaboration with local and international experts; ensure that land use plans clearly demarcate forest land, secure access to water for local communities and allocate land to commercial plantations; and provide recommendations about reforms required to ensure that the use of land and natural resources is equitable and promotes socio-economic development. The committee should also examine the existing legislation and recommend and prepare revisions, particularly by conducting a review of the land revenue system. It monitors whether land confiscation has been carried out in compliance with existing law, whether land has been used for its intended purpose and if the project has been completed as planned on allocated land, whether land has been allocated through a transparent process and involved negotiations with local communities, if adequate compensation has been paid, and if the costs of resettlement have been covered.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	1dc2ba9a02c3c196a285ca105cb97570	As of 24 June 2016.161 INDCs had been submitted, covering 188 out of 197 UNFCCC parties (parties are the 193 UN member states, Palestine. Cook Islands and the European Union, which submitted a single INDC on behalf of its member states). To date, only seven parties have not yet submitted an INDC: the Democratic Republic of Korea, Libya. Palestine, Syria, Timor Leste and Uzbekistan.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/35f875c3-en	1dc7494b320ad68100796da71f874771	"The term ""gender"" refers to socially constructed identities, attributes and roles for women and men and society's social and cultural meaning for these biological differences resulting in hierarchical relationships between women and men and in the distribution of power and rights favouring men and disadvantaging women. The Politics of Rights: Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis; D. Tsikata, ""Announcing a new dawn prematurely? London, Zed Books, 2007), p. 214. Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart, 2005), pp."	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	1dc7f2c564aaed780a58296209b01e95	In the same way, conscientious objectors’ organizations in Israel, for example, contribute to desecuritizing impacts by questioning the status quo of accepted male behaviour to serve the nation’s cause of survival. A comparison between associations of male and female victims across and within different case studies would be interesting to evaluate the impact of more fluid and inclusive gender identities on conflict. These organizations act to promote the formal protection or reparation for violation of women’s and LGBTs’ rights and further inclusion of women and LGBTs in the post-conflict society.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	1dc7ff72b7bb0a397d90d0ced3976745	By improving the understanding of what climate finance is, and tracking its flows, it can help countries integrate and mainstream climate change considerations into fiscal policy, expenditure planning and programming and to align national climate policies with development policies and budgets. The information and analysis from CPIERs can also provide a useful basis for a more open and transparent discussion on climate-related activities and finance. To date, CPEIRs have been carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Thailand, Samoa and Indonesia.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	1dc9ae290ae44219ac5833f5ab86c0fd	The project, Berufsbildungskooperation Schweiz - Indien, which offers vocational education and training, is led by the Swiss-lndian Chamber of Commerce in co-operation with the Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (SVIVET) and Swissmem (the association of the Swiss mechanical and electrical Engineering industires). The Swiss Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology (OPET) supported the pilot phase of the initiative by providing funds and access to government agencies. In 2011, the first students completed their training as production technicians according to Swiss standards. The project started as a public-private partnership, with at least 40% of the costs in the launch phase covered by private industry.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	1dcae0e7d4e74f96749661523838b3c8	The profitability of the fishing industry rose from 9 to 20% in the years 2007-08 and investments doubled as old vessels were replaced with new ones and gear up-graded, with fishers focusing on value rather than volume of catch. From that date licensed fishers have been allowed to transfer their quotas. Sprat in Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. Fishing is just one of many activities that take place in the world’s oceans.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	1dcf5991248a89c83d6cb4a323a77996	These have been extended by extrapolation using consumption data used in this Outloofe by the OECD and FAO Secretariats. This reference is provided as a benchmark only for comparison purposes not an indication of what calorie or protein intake should be. The biological potential reflects purely exogenous climate factors and varietal characteristics, but no other biotic or abiotic stresses (considered manageable), and hence represents a theoretical physical optimum.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	1dcff90b835dd5008c4026a19409973f	For example, in recent years the European Union has adopted two instruments, the 2002 EU Recommendation on Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the 2008 Marine Strategy Framew'ork Directive, which offer a comprehensive and integrated approach to the management of all European coasts and marine waters, and set medium- and long-term objectives (to 2020 and beyond) for member states for managing their ocean activities. East Asia has its Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), an international organisation focused on coastal and ocean governance in east Asia, scaling up integrated coastal management initiatives and aiming to improve technical co-operation in ecosystem-based management of watersheds, estuaries and adjacent coastal seas. In addition to the lack of protection that such gaps afford the ocean environment and its biodiversity, they create a decision-making vacuum for many ocean industries, notably in respect of future investment. By way of illustration, the negotiations around the implementation of the UN agreement to protect marine biodiversity promise to usher in a period of considerable uncertainty for those ocean industries operating in the high seas.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1f11729d-en	1dd2040864ac6d5a99c079becd044df7	Nonetheless it is necessary to complement child deprivation rates with the evidence reflecting the actual living conditions of children, which, in some circumstances, can differ from those of their parents, as well as to look at the specific dimension of material deprivation e.g. relating to education. The 2009 round of the EU-SILC included a dedicated child-specific deprivation module, which is preferable for the analysis of children's circumstances, as it contains specific material deprivation measures depicting the situation of children (see Bradshaw et al. In 23 European countries, the percentage of children living in large families is more than 20%.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	1dd27cf6d36bcab5176d4dfd21fa71b1	Some other European countries show similar patterns but, in most of them, the gender gap in working hours is much narrower. In all European countries - except, to a certain extent, the Netherlands (see Box 5.3 in Chapter 5) - and in the United States, working full-time is the norm among men of all ages. When it comes to women, though, the picture is much more mixed, as examination of the variety of working arrangements for men and women in selected OECD countries.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	1dd5d3b56adfa54d72d08cf9f1a06ceb	But there is a wider challenge: climate change and urbanisation are reducing the amount of fertile land capable of delivering life essentials and increasing the potential for weather and human conflicts to intensify commodity shortages and price spikes. Countries should be looking to make more of the green growth potential of their land, though the amount of exploitable land is likely to shrink. A key question, in the interests of the long-term global economy, is how countries will reconcile the competing pressures on land locally in a way that can contribute positively to the global imperative.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a68df323-en	1dd903e3754c4f948de07f9c45e71eb7	In a similar way, ICPR grants observer status to the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine established in accordance with decisions of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, as well as to the Mosel-Saar Commissions. Many of above mentioned commissions grant observer status to each other. However, in some cases, there is also no need for a formalized cooperation, since the same officials participate in activities of several joint bodies.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	1ddd751ecb6f0e598208dec188a9831b	As the strategy was only approved in 2012, it is too early to assess its implementation. However, the process of its development has demonstrated some clear strengths, as well as challenges that will need to be overcome in order to achieve the strategy’s objectives. Climate change observations, future scenarios and a qualitative vulnerability assessment provided a sound basis for adaptation planning. A status-quo report about ongoing adaptation initiatives highlighted gaps.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	1dde311db018806afe670791fa14cf3d	A constellation of local and national organisations is influencing policy and programming within the ECOWAS-UEMOA-CILSS framework and the African Union, complementing their role as implementation agencies of region-wide projects that support women's economic empowerment and resilience. With a triple focus on the most vulnerable individuals, organised groups and collective institutions and systems, resilience is an essential means to achieve the multiple challenges of empowerment. At the same time, given the centrality of women in West African societies, empowerment is also an evident way to build the resilience of the region's populations in the face of different shocks and stresses.	2	3	3	0.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	1de02b361fb3c4da28cb55fded281bde	People with disabilities are subjected to degrading procedures and confinement in institutions, often with high rates of abuse. They have highlighted the emotional and financial costs of caring and constructed a comprehensive policy agenda around greater recognition and material support for carers in terms of time, money and services.207 The rights and needs of care receivers, in contrast, have received relatively little attention in debates around care.208 The disability movement has forcefully exposed this bias. In fact, however, both constituencies share common histories, goals and interests. Both have struggled against oppression, inequality and discrimination. Both suffer from a lack of entitlements and social support systems that would protect them against impoverishment and exploitation.212 While each side has its specific concerns, there is a common agenda to be built around recognition and resources.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	1de0bc581f9e446c742b9281001a81ae	As a result of the energy savings and increased prices, Finnfjord has continued to increase production capacity and productivity while reducing power consumption by 10%. At the same time, they have improved their process understanding and raw material selection. Compared with 13 500 kg per metric tonne in China. However, half of the energy used is wasted, one-third is chemically bounded in the product, cooling water, and auxiliary processes.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0196687-en	1de2814dedb1f2d8d6fea6967842ca6d	This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as improved forecasting, more rapid scheduling, ancillary services and demand response and storage. Greater focus must be placed on building national technical capabilities in Asia and the Pacific for more sophisticated grid management. More attention must also be directed towards establishing institutional arrangements and coordination between grid balancing authority areas, including cross-border coordination. Through multilateral market integration, unevenly distributed regional renewable energy could be delivered more broadly, while wider balancing areas can be created to enable an increased uptake of renewables.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	1de642559ac8c53a44953bffb7be14de	Although developing countries initially appeared to be shielded from the sudden stop in private capital flows that characterised the financial crisis from October 2008, they were later affected as the financial crisis spread to the real economy. In developed countries, household incomes are also stretched and consideration will need to be given for people on low income or with special needs who face increases in the cost of their utility bills and other costs in general. According to OECD (2009a), the allocation of public funds to WSS can be justified for a number of reasons, including to promote the consumption of merit goods (whose value consumers may not fully realise, such as household sanitation and hygiene) or to compensate for market failures, by rewarding WSS providers for supplying public goods (public health) and external benefits (such as avoidance of groundwater pollution).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	1dee9e51f3a24d7ed977193517019841	However, the impact of social policies on inequality has not been fully evaluated yet, as many of them have been implemented only in recent years (Ravallion and Chen, 2007; World Bank, 2009). Section 3.1 reviews income inequality trends in China. Section 3.2 analyses the main trends in income inequality and poverty in China and examines their links with labour market changes. Section 3.3 explores the role of labour market institutions, regulations and policies that have changed considerably in recent years and points out their implications for income inequality.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	1df11d83a559046e57f1f13704298b61	They also come with challenges as to the definitions used and purpose and scope of the analysis, for which there are differences between the development and STI communities. The approach taken in this paper is to assess STI financing based on individual development activities using the CRS as the main data source. As such, the analysis conforms by the available information on the purpose and implementation of development activities and the structure and definitions of the CRS. However, the CRS is neither designed nor tailored to identify development activities according to official STI definitions, such as the definitions of R&D and innovation as described in section 2. The description field in the CRS provide valuable information about the specificities of development activities.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	1df4ccfe76183b3a9904855b50842e06	They complement the recent drive in public policy to expand child care services and parental leave reform. The signatory stakeholders and the employers’ association (BDA) followed up the charter in 2015 with the “Neue Vereinbarkeit Memorandum” (New Reconciliation Memorandum) on ways to balance work and family life. Its guidelines appeal to employers to offer “flexitime” arrangements as part of the “Arbeitgeberattraktivitat 2020” attractive workplace branding exercise and to promote vollzeitnah, the reduced full-time working-hours model (generally accepted to be around 28-30 hours). They also emphasise that equal sharing involves fathers as much as mothers and call for the provision of affordable high-quality child care. It shares information and best practices among family-friendly companies and other stakeholders, and holds competitions and events to raise awareness of family-friendly workplace issues.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264262959-en	1df761a5eeab2e090acc289b4092666c	This has corresponded with improvements in diversity indicators in companies. Denmark, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom are good cases in which the majority of the population knows that hiring discrimination is illegal, in part because of public measures like the publication of statistics on discrimination, information campaigns to change public opinion, the publication of good codes of practice for employers and information campaigns to inform the public of their legal rights (OECD, 2008). Raise awareness of violence against women, take measures to prevent assaults on women and improve women’s access to justice when they are the victims of violence. Mexico’s National Commission to Prevent and Eradicate Violence against Women, for example, has a cross-cutting mandate which includes a comprehensive set of policies aimed at the prevention, treatment, punishment and eradication of harassment and violence against women in workplaces.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	1df83eb6ae92ed0a5cd80a5d32d003b8	Since the beginning of climate discussions, global energy-related carbon emissions have increased by 50% and electricity sector emissions have increased by 65%. The Durban Conference decided to work toward a new global agreement by 2015, which will come into force in 2020. Meanwhile, IEA analysis suggests that if investment patterns do not shift toward low-carbon by 2017, the lock-in of high emissions plants will mean that the 2°C target will be much costlier and more difficult to achieve.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	1dfb2035baa1ec0772087e44b2c5b644	Cuademos de la CEPAL, No. Documentos deTrabajo, Economla y Finanzas, No. Consumo critico, feminismo y soberania alimentaria, X. Montagut, C. Muriasand L. Vega (coords.), Barcelona, Xarxa de Consum Solidari/Marcha Mundial de las Mujeres (online) http://www.xarxaconsum.net/mm/file/LIBROS/Tejiendo_alianzasjDara_una_vida_sostenible.pdf.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	1dfc71e2c8d55d48f37e649cf6119fd2	An ethnic minority group may penetrate the political space that has been occupied by the majority—a success from the perspective of equity in political participation —but the members of the ethnic minority who occupy the space may then use class divisions to exclude others in the same ethnic minority from participating in policy decisions. It is thus important to recognize that group identity and barriers of exclusion tend to shift under strategies to protect advantages. Today, trends in global income distribution present challenges to collective agreements and cooperation across countries and population segments.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	1dfe29e1f59d215094a81c6541cfee5f	The national government adopts new' programmes without examining the effects of the previous ones. This has negative consequences for the effectiveness of spending, as no targeted corrections can be taken during policy implementation. Moreover, policy makers do not always have at their disposal information (facts, indicators) upon which to draw' conclusions for decision making. The information may not always be readily available to public servants and the public.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	1dffbf100e566609dcefc830496e0b28	Will blockchain technologies become widely accepted? If so, for which uses? When making investment decisions, TIPOs have to assess the likelihood that specific technologies or tools will continue to be used over time. While they will be able to find guidance and information, they will have to take risks as to the timing of investments and the selection of technologies.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5eb49706-en	1e0296da1fc5d51b200192412dd75fef	The first two appear to be addressed, at least in part, by the new legal framework for such areas, but future monitoring of conservation progress in such areas is undoubtedly crucial, particularly in the light of evident threats within these areas. It also appears that, in many cases, human resources within protected areas are simply too limited to be able to adequately manage such resources on the ground while, with respect to some protected areas, assignment of protection has been little more than a paper exercise. As in the case of species/ecosystems, there are information gaps relating to aspects of the protected area network.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf70833b-en	1e03e9a9a67e91d99e4ba2634ecbd610	Guidance on how climate change shall be taken into account in the RBMPs is still under development within the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) of the WFD and is expected to be finalized at the end of 2009. It entered into force in October 2007. Member States shall, for each river basin district, or unit of management or portion of an international river basin district lying within their territory, undertake a preliminary flood risk assessment.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	1e0445433433747a0dac0648b58f1cb4	In the Caribbean, countries have begun playing an increasing role as secondary distribution points for cocaine shipments to Europe.26 Impunity, corruption and weak institutions undermine drug control efforts and the rule of law in the region, despite attempts to reform law enforcement and judicial systems. Drug trafficking activities are often carried out under the protection of local gangs (maras) operating in border areas, especially in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. There are indications that links have been established between drug cartels and criminal organizations operating in the region. Drug trafficking has become a major security threat and is contributing to an increase in drug abuse in the sub-region.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	1e0a700a4aabfbb4408648e08f6daf33	For purposes of this paper the definition will focus on ‘forced marriage’ and ‘early marriage.’ The reason for this is that by definition, ‘child’ marriages7 can be considered ‘forced marriage’, or a form thereof, because children especially those under the age of 15 are not able to make an informed decision as to whether or not they want to be married. Most often this decision is influenced by a parent or family member.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	1e0cbd2d1a149fd5c28719fd06c8312b	Subnational authorities (such as county boards, water councils and municipalities) finance regional and local monitoring programmes which for all subjects (air, water and land) may add to SEK 130 million. Estimates of public funding for research in WRM are not available. National research funds from SEPA for water were SEK 23 million in 2008. Expenditures on the flood warning system operated by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute are not available.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	1e0d369cfa52d6a1ea71b3a380b8cee4	In this respect, the case of Ghana shows that rapid decline in household income poverty and caloric undernourishment can be insufficient to address malnutrition (Leach, 2015:89). Enduring malnutrition is generally linked to either ineffective utilisation of food due to poor health and environmental conditions (e.g. absence of clean water and sanitation), or to the unequal distribution of power within the household. Those who prepare and serve a meal are often the last to eat (SWAC/OECD, 2016).	2	0	8	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	1e0fc11d9ccd6abf2378b78754bd1ca4	Many of the proposals made with a view to improving both surveys in general3 and multidimensional measurements of poverty0 would not necessarily incur greater costs and could bring significant benefits for poverty measurement and for public policymaking. The dimension of health, which is conspicuous by its absence from this index, is a salient example. The only indicator which is widely available in surveys is access to health insurance, and that fails to take account of effective use of services or health outcomes.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	1e0fe0356ea0dc3a46913371f2628def	The spike in capacity funding in 2007 reflects a one-time transfer of funds from a non-competitive programme to the Hatch programme. Qov/budsum/budaet summarv.html. Solid and transparent evaluation procedures are needed to improve the performance of the research and innovation system. The main tool for evaluating all federal agencies, including research agencies, is the Government Performance and Results Act. Each National Program Team (NPT) prepares an annual report featuring the National Program major accomplishments.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	1e12576bdb92d2f9acc2024be379a79c	In England, for example, initial teacher training programmes have been described as too generic and theoretical, and insufficiently related to the professional and occupational expertise of college lecturers (Lingfield, 2012). In contrast to secondary school initial teacher training, where trainees are grouped by subject, programmes for teachers in (often vocational) further education cater for a huge diversity of trainees and subject and occupational areas. Programmes designed to teach how to go about conveying practical and vocational skills are rarely available.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	1e127c24b7fa03190cb55f682e563ca0	In Italy, low-skilled women are 44% less likely to be employed than the well-educated ones; in the United Kingdom and the United States there is a 30% gap; and in Finland and Norway a gap of around 20%. Only in France is the employment gap less than 10%. Raising female employment levels and increasing their earnings has reduced inequality across households (Cancian and Reed, 1999; Reed and Cancian, 2001; Pasqua, 2008; Del Boca and Pasqua, 2003); Birkelund and Mastekaasa, 2010), although there is some evidence that recent increases in female employment may have a smaller effect on reducing household inequality today than they have had in the past (Harkness et al.,	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	1e13a6620b11d7cca96e1a26db7951fc	Whereas the employment rate for people not experiencing any type of mental health disorder was nearly 80%, for those suffering from a moderate disorder that number dropped to approximately 75%. The percentage plunged even further for individuals experiencing severe mental health disorders, to a 45% employment rate (OECD, 2012a). A difference in the level of income can also be noted.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	1e145602c656a28a6e2715f940dbe1b3	First, levels of human capital track regional income levels well. The world's richest regions (OECD, EECA and LAC) have the highest levels of human capital (with a human capital index ranging from 2.6 to 3.0) and high educational attainment (people is these regions spend nine years in school on average). Second, capital stock per capita is lowest in regions located at the bottom of the world's income distribution (USD 9 100 in SA and USD 8 100 in SSA), while top income regions have the highest accumulation of physical capital (USD 11 500 in OECD).	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	1e166e05d81c5b925ac490149c4827ec	In Brazil, Peru and Uruguay (data for urban areas), the poverty rate fell by at least three percentage points; in Costa Rica and Paraguay it declined by more than two points; and in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Panama it dropped by around one percentage point. Only in Mexico did the situation worsen, as the poverty rate rose by 3.1 percentage points between 2006 and 2008, reflecting the first effects of the economic crisis that began late in 2008 (see figure 1.2). For their part, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama posted increases of between 1.4 and 2.5 percentage points, while Costa Rica and Uruguay recorded slight increases. In Colombia, indigence increased by 2.7 percentage points between 2005 and 2008, which is the equivalent of a 0.9-point annual increase. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying the percentage variations implied in the figures officially published by the country for 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC). All countries in the region reported poverty rates that, for the first time, were lower than those of 2002.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	1e16909b2d727d744f15646738998f0e	In contrast, North America, with 25 percent of events, experienced 7 percent of fatalities/ Similarly, the solutions employed to address climate change, whether technology-based or not, have differing impacts for different groups of people. Social issues cannot be disassociated from their ecological context and environmental repercussions. The chapter thus explores the role and scope of eco-social policies in addressing climate change and other forms of large-scale environmental degradation in conjunction with social justice issues, drawing on different country and city examples from the Global North and the Global South.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	1e1800de03a0ff4bdcf91b9c571f28fe	As indicated previously, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition does not identify whether the unexplained part is discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity. Three combinations are taken in the matching: set I takes age and year, set II adds education measured by three dummy variables, and set III adds the head of household dummy variable. As Marquez Garcia, Nopo and Saiardi (2009) highlight, the greater the number of characteristics used in the matching, the smaller the chances of finding exact matches.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	1e18a58425edbaad80ebcff1d9064528	Much less is known about the costs of harm in LMICs but given the evidence on occurrence and severity of harm, one can assume that the costs on health system and on society are comparable to those in developed countries. The key challenges to improving safety in both developed and LMICs relate to the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care, no integration of information and measurement systems, and under-resourcing. These challenges cannot be overcome without leadership, co-ordination and culture change.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	1e1b4c7cbfda1e37aafaaaf331e43e4e	The policy interest rate has been maintained at 2.5% since March 2011 when it was cut by 50 basis points after the earthquake. In Australia and New Zealand, the policy interest rates at end-2012 were similar to the troughs observed during the global financial turmoil in 2009. As a result, Australia’s output growth is expected at 2.5% in 2013, supported mainly by mining exports to Asian countries, particularly China.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	1e1bee57b5c69ed0d0fc25832fe22d31	"The most significant trend is the declining share of total employment that is based on hunting and fishing. This is important in many ways, not least because hunting is an activity that is considered an inseparable part of Greenlandic culture (Caulfield 1997, Lynge 1992, Petersen 2003) and an activity closely connected to the male gender role in the traditional Greenlandic household. In the old Greenland society the hunter was the ""bread winner"" in the families."	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/50e33932-en	1e1c436057b066b7a65b96e56601ca97	First built in Ulsan in 1960s, industrial complexes, totalling 1,074 across the country has significantly contributed to the Korea’s industrialisation and economic growth to date. The investment in building industrial complexes was followed by heavy investment in infrastructure, particularly in transport such as expressway networks and rapid-transit railway (KTX). While the central government support had been focused on large scale complexes usually located in cities, since the 1980s agricultural and industrial complexes have also received the government support as ways of revitalising small and medium-sized cities and regions.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	1e1d551562d5a554e78590c6d3df1691	Careers New Zealand provides career support and guidance services for individuals and schools, and schools employ specialist career advisers. Still, a slightly smaller share of 25-34 year-olds in New Zealand (80%) has attained upper secondary education compared to the OECD average of 82% (see Figure 2). The government indicates lower and Pasifika students’ academic performance and completion rates in NCEA level 3. Completing this level can help prepare youth for employment or further learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	1e1ff85737474f25d41d65e9303eda49	Agreements to do so can be reached at the bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. The pursuit of food self-sufficiency to mitigate international risks is a costly policy that undermines the function of the international trading system, making markets thinner, more volatile and therefore riskier than if countries were to adopt open trade policies. In the face of both international and domestic risks, such as that of a failed harvest, a country which uses trade barriers to promote self-sufficiency because of the fear of trade interruptions may find itself exposed to greater potential losses than if it had remained open to international trade. At the national level, some developing countries may be vulnerable to imported instability, notably if their consumption is centred around just one or two food staples, and if their imports are sourced from just one or two countries. These risks can be mitigated by promoting more diversified diets (something that happens naturally to a degree as incomes rise) and by diversifying trading partners.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1e238c3f7fba056d7bf3cce807a1279f	The economical benefit resulting from the reduction of variable cost can be estimated at EUR 72 million if nuclear production were replaced by coal, and EUR 245 million if replaced by gas.20 This corresponds to a yearly benefit of EUR 0.07 and EUR 0.25/MWh, respectively. However, this last consideration applies only to a situation in which nuclear energy is often at margins and is therefore peculiar to countries with a large share of nuclear power. Table 3.6 summarises the results for the 2007-2009 period.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1e26ce5947aa1e19a6aef9999d9651ee	The Penang State Government has a reputation for its proactivity and entrepreneurial strength, effective administration, innovative policy-making, strategic liaison and communications with international investors, and development planning. One of its most successful agencies is the semi-autonomous Penang Development Corporation (PDC) established in 1971 as the government’s implementation arm, charged with overseeing economic growth and spearheading industrialisation. In the 1970s and 1980s, PDC monthly meetings included USM-related activities as a regular item on its agenda, giving its research activities a high profile. After significant restructuring in 2004, the Penang State government downsized PDC, creating InvestPenang which is the chief agency currently facilitating investment and fostering industrial development for the state.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	1e28ae37fdedba279fd584c2533895f3	This category also includes liabilities for such direct transfers as a result of transfer of risks from energy producers or consumers to governments. In other words, the value of this support equals the deviations from the national benchmarks of the respective corporate profit tax, property' and land tax, royalties, fees on infrastructure use for producers, and reduced rates and exemptions with respect to VAT, excise and other possible taxes on energy sold to consumers. These have been singled out because of the obvious cost of such measures for the budget.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	1e2b06ad25a1298d77326431f6a3bdd3	In conducting these benefit-cost assessments, the focus should be on final environmental “outcomes” (e.g. expected or actual improvements of water risks) and on the impacts of these outcomes (e.g. in terms of changes in health conditions) - rather than on intermediate “outputs” (e.g. the sharing of water volumes among stakeholders). The idea is to quantify how much the public-at-large value changes in water security. This quantification can facilitate analysis and policy-making in situations where some water impacts pull in opposite directions (e.g. risk-risk trade-offs); it can also make it possible to compare the (private) costs and (public) benefits of a given target for water risk.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwm62b3bvh-en	1e2c8f7ac600872bb21252fe6d652721	This better captures the active involvement of the educator in their own learning (Stoll et al., As Easton (2008, p. 756) argues that “it is clearer today than ever that educators need to learn, and that’s why professional learning has replaced professional development. Educators must be knowledgeable and wise.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	1e2ef4627fefc7624c2022b324a29f0d	The learning environment recognises the learners as its core participants, encourages their active engagement and develops in them an understanding of their own activity as learners. The learning environment is founded on the social nature of learning and actively encourages well-organised co-operative learning. The learning professionals within the learning environment are highly attuned to the learners' motivations and the key role of emotions in achievement.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	1e329ce775e83c3c828cf6fb5e5a9553	Climate change impacts agriculture in many ways, with changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity (Agrawala and Fankhauser, eds., As a proxy, the remotely sensed NDVI, which has been shown to be related to biophysical variables that control vegetation productivity and land/ atmosphere fluxes, is also used to estimate vegetation change (Bai and others, 2008). For instance, it is estimated that, in Southern Africa, yields could fall by up to 50 per cent between 2000 and 2020 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007b); and that, by 2080, 600 million additional people could be at risk of hunger as a direct consequence of climate change (United Nations Development Programme, 2007, overview, p. 9). They also impact land-surface albedo so as to engender adverse weather patterns (University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group, 2006).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	1e32a072aa33cb434e04b3a1d18be224	"Several types of cash transfers are covered: housing benefits, unemployment and incapacity benefits, family and parental leave benefits, and pension benefits. Two different sets of measures are used to capture social cash transfers - a series of measures of aggregate social spending per capita on each type of cash transfer, and a series of measures of social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family. Moreover, the estimates are based on two indicators of child poverty: the relative poverty rate calculated on the basis of a ""floating""poverty line, i. e. which changes annually but therefore ignores the upward or downward variations in living standards that are absorbed by the annual variations of the poverty line. To take this into account, the estimates are also made using a poverty rate obtained with the 2005 poverty line and kept constant over the years (after adjusting for changes in price levels)."	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	1e34a4cf8c650256e2927319601a0114	Even relatively simple gender-based divisions of labour can affect how they experience the environment. If only men fish in the open sea and only women fish in coastal mangroves, they will inevitably have different sets of environmental knowledge and experiences. Or if most men drive to work in a car while most women use public transportation, they will seethe environment and changes in it from different vantage points. Further, because of the social construction of gender roles, they may have different - usually unequal - capacities and approaches with respect to environmental interpretation and change.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	1e3817147a2b0a1c4d64989399718701	On pourrait egalement rchausser la qualite de l'cnseigncmcnl en developpant la formation en cours d'emploi des enseignants et en renfonjant les mesures d'incitation qui recompensent leurs bons resultats. Le bilan des services publics est mitige dans les domaines de la sante et des transports. Les services de sante publique sont largement accessiblcs mais ils patissent dim finaneement insuffisant, et le nombre de places offcrtes pour la formation du personnel medical doit etre accru.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	1e3a4655fd1772034d192eb259ada5ef	There would be value in exploring the potential for increasing involvement by the private sector in financing adaptation actions, which could reduce pressures on public finances while also building awareness and capacity in the private sector. The legal framework governing EIAs explicitly states that projects’ impact on emissions has to be described, and, if necessary, offsetting measures must be included. There is no corresponding requirement to consider the effects of a changing climate, even though many of the types of projects subject to EIAs are also likely to be sensitive to such effects.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	1e3c52e30ed52f7998043365134bb7db	Major drivers include the potential rise in commodity prices and agricultural policies supporting irrigated crops with high water consumption per unit of agricultural land, or the increasing competition for land use across agricultural, forest and urban areas. Analysis of these major market and policy drivers is beyond the scope of this study; however, they suggest that policy approaches to managing droughts and floods are likely to take on greater importance in the context depicted by projections. Although there are several ways to define and measure these events (Sheffield et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	1e40948940397545a102a007cddeb737	Unlike other GHGs, methane is the primary component of natural gas and can be converted to usable energy. The reduction of methane therefore serves as a cost-effective method to reduce GHGs and increase energy security, enhance economic growth, improve air quality and improve worker safety. The programme achieves this objective by supporting the creation and sharing of knowledge, approaches and practices related to climate change adaptation.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264303119-en	1e414b44c1f8213bce9063b22a466c71	While being far from an exact science, a comprehensive body of knowledge about airborne pollutants and their health impacts has now been assembled and continues to improve. Economists and public health researchers have long focused on mortality when investigating the costs of air pollution. The basic methodology to estimate mortality from air pollution is the formulation of CRFs, also referred to as dose-response functions (Caiazzo et al.,	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	1e41bfedc01fba7ab491368658dc4c35	The assessment of the depth of coverage is based on the quality of the discussion: i) detailed, ii) generic, iii) limited, or iv) lacking. Explicit incorporation of adaptation in projects. Where there was no coverage of activities for a specific component within a country’s NC, but complementary sources indicated that actions had been taken or are currently underway, these additional activities have been identified in the table using cross-hatching. In this study, adaptation strategies refer to countries’ initial planning or framework documents, which commonly set out governmental approaches to adaptation and communicate priorities.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	1e4828a49296700af870267e250e6069	Increased water security and economic efficiency are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for improved welfare. Another key dimension is the “social” dimension, including equity. Most people in society will feel their own welfare depends not only on their own individual exposure to water risks but also on the distribution of risks among citizens. When considering which particular instruments should be used to meet a given target for water risk, an assessment should be made of how much each instrument (or each “instrument mix”) is likely to contribute to the goals of water security and economic efficiency (in part, following OECD, 2008).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/787cb9be-en	1e4cd65277b41c03d57b2a58a7261558	Dotted lines indicate 95 per cent confidence intervals for market and net Gini coefficients. Global market and net/disposable inequality indices are computed as population-weighted averages of within-country Gini indices as defined in the SWIID database. See figure 1 for an illustration of the difference between market and disposable/ net income.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	1e4cdd51fed4138d01bc23ebecb87425	So far, though, little progress has been made both in terms of providing financing on preferable terms and in enhancing green market access opportunities for LDCs. The pillars of this approach are: sustainable production and consumption; the greening of businesses and markets; sustainable infrastructure; green tax and budget reforms; and investment in natural capital (see ESCAP 2008). Similarly, the LDCs can use the flexibilities provided in the TRIPs Agreement to facilitate the adoption of environmentally sound technologies.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	1e554d8d3ff3b7d95fca033d36026314	Within government, the Ministry of Health is both a supervisor and operator (Table 2.2), which is the subject of some debate. Also, as in other areas of Israeli policy, the Ministry of Finance’s powerful position means that it plays a prominent role in reform and management. As in most countries, the professionals (particularly the doctors and nursing bodies) are relatively powerful. Among the other bodies, the parallel system under the Ministry of Defence is worth noting, as the armed forces are relatively large.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	1e5aae0abbef00e7c55949dd2f9e30aa	Child labour in the construction sector is most prevalent in urban areas. In 2015, most of the children working in construction were boys and had begun work aged 15-18. They did not have a written contract, many were not equipped with proper safety equipment and almost half of them suffered injuries at work. Safety equipment is used only occasionally and over half of them suffered accidents at work.	3	3	2	0.2
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	1e5ce94f1075c4e44dcbb8cb0bb3f90a	Others, such as Pakistan, are only just developing policies. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh already have policies, but these appear to have little impact on the ground. Quite a few countries have policies that amount to integration, but not inclusion as defined here and in Article 24, for example Malaysia and Singapore.	4	4	0	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	1e5ef9b97eeba783411863773f9f5592	Section III explains the methodology and section IV presents the empirical findings. Lastly, section V concludes with a summary and discussion of the findings. Below, we distinguish between different types of social policy that affect work-family tensions,3 then discuss how these maintain or change socioeconomic and gender relations.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	1e605828bb75b5b3b5814e79325d8c35	Government spending on health care and utilisation rates are very low. Because of the low coverage of public health care programmes, health care expenditure is mostly privately financed, with out-of-pocket payments accounting for the bulk of it. In 2009, the government introduced the requirement to spend 5 and 10% of central and local government budgets, respectively, on health care (excluding wages and salaries).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1e60cfaa7d9726a26790bfe62b527b56	However, the diversity of adaptation priorities and plans, as well as of possible criteria to monitor progress, may make it difficult to assess overall progress at a national and a global level in a complete and consistent manner (see, e.g. AC, 2014). The Paris Agreement only states that “(e) ach Party should also provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7, as appropriate”. The CMA currently plans to undertake the first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter (Article 14.2).	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	1e61eaf0a6e9c0ea69a15b548103a949	The goal is to add economic value by introducing specific substances or tissue modifications. This could produce unintended environmental effects relating to the place of introduction or the nature of expression of GMOs. Despite these prevalent environmental implications, however, livestock contributes to the livelihoods of millions of the world’s poor, providing an income source, and sometimes the only source, for many. Therefore, measuring livestock impacts and driving efficiency in the production line is vital. Environmentally relevant statistics on livestock include the number and characteristics of live animals, as well as antibiotics and hormones used for them.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	1e674a652d21fc80b8bf95c02ea9bc24	All of the 25 countries assessed experienced growth in capital formation in ‘Other machinery and equipment ’ category, but only 9 did so with a reduction in GHG emissions. The 9 nations achieving green growth in this sector included both western and eastern European countries. The OECD estimates that less than 1% of pension funds’ assets globally are allocated directly to infrastructure investment, let alone to clean energy projects.27 Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around $19.3 trillion.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1e678cd8790343632afebe7824798e49	Such measures would nowadays be inconsistent with the TRIPS national treatment obligation, which requires Members to treat foreign IP right holders no less favourably than domestic right holders (Article 3, TRIPS). As another example, Switzerland, today a dedicated supporter of effective IP protection, prohibited patents between 1802 and 1888, due to the fact that free access to new technologies was thought to be more beneficial to its gradually developing industry than exclusive rights. As far as pharmaceutical products are concerned, Switzerland did not introduce patent protection until 1977.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1e6d6a5deb507d04aaa8cb2c0050e9f5	However, as the share of renewables increases, baseload plants such as coal-fired and nuclear power plants are increasingly called upon to contribute to the flexibility of the electrical system: this trend will continue in the future. However these options are frequently still more expensive than traditional back-up by dispatchable power plants. Chapter 5 discusses how these various options can be combined in order to arrive at a least-cost provision of flexibility.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	1e73c5afd686a3858a77c1ca120362d3	The quality of investments made in children, however, is correlated with households' socio-economic status, providing a channel for the transmission of poverty and inequality across generations.10’ In order to prevent social inequality deepening over time and to equalize real opportunities, macroeconomic policies need to support adequate investment in the childhood development of low-income households in particular. ’02This direct care represents a critical component of the unpaid labour necessary to keep an economy going, and which, because of its long-term consequences, needs to be recognized in macroeconomic policy. Care work is necessary to the investment in human beings required to support a viable macroeconomic environment.	5	5	0	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	1e76d4f38a00bb9d115054bdf118ecb3	These principles will contribute to policy coherence at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels, and ensure that development activities are mutually reinforcing. Family planning is therefore a matter of equity and social justice. A human rights-based approach to family planning entails for more than solely protecting the right to access family planning services.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	1e7d202f13bdd8cd02ece74d88157e8a	Data are obtained from the works of Dasgupta et al. ( For instance, it currently fails to take into account the vulnerability to melting snow and glaciers, which is a major issue for countries such as Bhutan. However, this can be remedied by not limiting the risk of flooding to that resulting from the sea level rise.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	1e7e6c6da669e1ccba8b576c462ec402	As such, it is important to note that each of these 11 guiding elements — six framing conditions and five instruments — is consistent with the principles guiding general water resource allocation systems. At the system level, requirements for accountability and information and knowledge fit with the proposed information requirement. Furthermore, effective monitoring and enforcement, assuring the system's interconnectivity (conjunctive surface-groundwater management), and policy coherence across sectors (no price distorting measures) are mentioned above.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	1e806368360fb616ef3a0bd18f7c9345	Responsibility for balancing urban and green areas at the regional level is left to the provincial authorities. To this end, the central government has abolished the national landscape policy and reduced the number of nature management regimes. The government also strengthened the cohesion between the various modes of transport and between spatial development and mobility.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	1e81a8d2ce918ce52e6a4ed78550100e	As a result, the PCF labelling schemes used by different private retailers are a concern. Ecolabels (like other quality standard systems) will tend to work against smaller producers.7 The fixed costs of certification and the inevitable restructuring of management systems are more easily borne by those producers with larger revenues over which to spread those costs. In addition, buyers tend to prefer larger producers, and will buy from them in preference to smaller producers.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	1e824becd630a93cac2a8da77445d47e	"Furthermore, in all five countries, agricultural policies are normally embedded in a broader national strategy of social and economic inclusion and poverty reduction. The budgetary allocations spent on small-scale farmers in this table only consider agricultural programmes that are part of the PSE calculations. An estimation on how much of each programme is directed to small-scale agriculture cannot be obtained. """	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086180-en	1e8752890c7a6a28a378f34778bde990	With the EU enlargement in 2004, immigration pressures became stronger, partly due to the concentration of new members in a small geographical region bordering Austria, with very large wage differentials (OECD, 2009a). The 2006 law also makes access to Austrian citizenship more restrictive. Over recent years, there has been a decline in the number of immigrants coming from traditional sending countries, such as Turkey and former Yugoslavia (OECD, 2008a). At the same time, the share of EU citizens, in particular German nationals, in the foreign work force has increased considerably since 1995. Among Austrian provinces, Vienna has by far the largest immigrant population in Austria, with the largest groups coming from Serbia/Montenegro, Turkey, Poland, Germany and Bosnia/Herzegovina (Table 1.1).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	1e8784b49d0a1a8d0f8ac605d8afaf38	Further, the paper attempts to bring forth various debates associated with no-stakes standardised tests and it summarises empirical evidence on the effects of testing on teaching and learning outcomes. Standardised testing is often used in OECD countries as a means to assess students, teachers and schools; however across countries substantial differences exist in test purpose, design, implementation and use of test results (Kellaghan et al., The term standardised test refers to tests that are designed externally and aim to create conditions, questions, scoring procedures and interpretations that are consistent across schools (Popham, 1999; Wang et al, 2006).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f85ba82d-en	1e8ec446526c0f82ddb06721e073294f	The rural poor need to overcome many obstacles in order to reap the benefits associated with national growth, which include: high transaction cost differentials between rural and urban areas and their buying and selling prices; barriers to accessing technology, finance and public services; and widely differing capacities to participate in non-farm income generating activities.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	1e99bd8cb9a686010a97858f13bc54bd	The contracting authorities also have to ensure that there are sufficient resources for overseeing the implementation of a PPP project. The contract can define how tariffs or payments may be adjusted and whether, and how, the private partner can make payments to the government for carrying out the project. Tariffs are ultimately approved by the Council of Ministers, with several other entities such as the WAJ, JVA, MWI and PMU able to make recommendations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	1e9a3bfc61455e8a5d426804673776ad	According to later estimates which defined the term statistically, the number of freeters grew from 0.5 million in 1982 to 1.01 million in 1992 and 2.08 million by 2002. However, it may also be the lack of demand for graduates that causes the problem. The “Independence and Challenge Plan for Young People” of 2003 and the “Independence and Challenge Action Plan for Young People of 2004 and revised in 2006” supported the tr ansition of freeters towards regular employment mainly through five measures.178 The quantitative objective was a successful transition of 200 000 freeters into regular jobs (MHLW, 2006; and OECD, 2009a). These objectives were pursued subsequently with the introduction of the Job Card system in 2008, and programmes focused more specifically on new school graduates, the problems of NEETs and the employment of older freeters as regular workers have featured prominently among the post-financial-crisis employment measures (MHLW, 2009a).	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3njpt6r0-en	1e9a484e288b0b0eda23e8c5890e3b89	The new biofuel sustainability criteria in the US and the EU could thus drive the development of second-generation biofuel production in the long-term. However, they do not currently provide sufficient certainty to producers in order to invest into second-generation biofuel production. This is particularly true when it comes to second-generation biofuels, which require more advanced feedstock logistics and highly skilled labour.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	1e9b59ee4cbb344a0f0e956adeb96d98	Therefore, the proportion of patients re-admitted to hospital within 30 days has been used and collected by the OECD as an indicator of the lack of proper management of mental health conditions outside of hospital (OECD, 2013a). Whilst there are some limitations with regards to this data, including the small number of countries able to distinguish between “planned” and “unplanned” re-admissions to hospital, this can be a useful indicator (OECD, 2013b). Unplanned re-admissions to the same hospital for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Norway are quite high.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	1e9cd9dc09597dc17b1ad5999e1522c5	The ILO (2016) estimates that only 0.1% of the approximately 2 million domestic workers in Mexico are enrolled in a social security programme. Across the OECD, on average, 10% of employed women and 18% of employed men were self-employed in 2014 (using the combined count of own-account workers and employers). Rates are much higher in Mexico: 25% of employed women and 27% of employed men in Mexico were self-employed in the same period (OECD Gender Portal, 2016). These patterns hold in Mexico, as well: earnings from self-employment are significantly lower among women and most of them do not hire any employees.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1e9e2c5ec69585ff085aa8150547b15a	Most of the values have been derived from national reports or international studies. However, the NEA developed its own method based on a Monte Carlo analysis of the reported production from variable renewables during 2011 in France to estimate capacity credits when no other detailed studies were available. The assumed unplanned outage rate is of 3% for nuclear and gas power plants and 3.8% for hard coal power plants.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	1e9fa32c1834d895427b21e885dbd280	"The Committee has applied this principle to State parties' failure to prevent and protect victims from gender-based violence, such as rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation and trafficking. According to the Special Rapporteur, the powerlessness of the victim and the purpose of the act are the most decisive elements to determine whether an act amounts to torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The Special Rapporteur has further pointed out that, given the particular vulnerability of women with disabilities, forced abortions and sterilizations of these women if they are the result of a lawful process by which decisions are made by their ""legal guardians"" against their will, may also constitute torture or ill-treatment. Violence in the name of honour, sexual violence and harassment, as well as slavery-like practices often of a sexual nature, domestic violence (in the form of intimate partner violence), female genital mutilation and human trafficking can also constitute gender-based torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, according to the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/7/3)."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	1ea0aef9e863896adb602c5aa201fa02	In these systems, health care is mainly provided by the public sector and financed through taxation. Two distinctive features of the Finnish system are a high degree of decentralisation and a parallel system of funding combining taxation and national health insurance (Figure 2.4). Excluding occupational and student health care as well as dental care. Gross health investments, occupational and student health care and therapeutic appliances.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	1ea2b559b59ced618dbb93fa6952454d	Some of the responses have been used in this report (see Appendix 1, “Country Questionnaire”). Special attention was given to the dates and to the last revisions of the documents in order to ensure the relevance of the information collected.3 Official country reports, work plans, official texts (decrees, laws) and articles constitute the main material of this study. Multiple sources have been used: databases, official government websites, key stakeholders (see References).	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	1ea3d3c2733c5663ff199c61e9d65313	As part of the Orange River Development Project, another dam - Vanderkloof Dam - was built downstream in 1977 to generate hydropower; the Gariep Dam controls water from Vanderkloof Dam (Anon, 2016a). However, irrigation charges have been increased to cover operational costs. The initial rate for agricultural water use was 4% of gross income per morgen of land (about R12/morgen). However, initial analysis showed it should be more than R502/morgen (1 morgen equals approximately 0.2 to 1 ha).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/937bb150-en	1ea70cd3a62ecbe16dcf61ea215ec0ec	In addition, the government made maternal health and family planning priorities within an expanding health budget, and health spending per capita doubled between 1995 and 2011. During roughly the same period, antenatal care coverage increased five-fold. The number of births assisted by skilled attendants doubled between 2006 and 2011, to 36 per cent of the total.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	1ea9af49d78cb083d6b4def07fb30d62	Once all 90 sites are fully established, HeadSpace centres aim to help up to 72 000 young people each year, and HeadSpace services should be accessible to almost every young Australian. This has resulted in better reported mental and physical health and reduced psychological distress (Muir et al., Approximately half of the clients surveyed also considered that HeadSpace had a positive impact on their willingness to be in education or employment.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	1eadbd42e37b63e94c9123d89536753c	Policies that promote this include technology link foundations. The impact and the effectiveness of policy interventions should be monitored and assessed using a set of domestic policy indicators for policy review, monitoring and evaluation. Resources spent on promoting research and development activities need to be linked to local demand for specific products, processes and services in agriculture.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	1eae07a92b66cf915a5dd5881d137564	Many of the jobs created were related to the maintenance of the solar installations. Women’s participation in the project declined as a result of this type of work that was perceived as inappropriate. While there were other advantages, not least enhanced energy access which freed up time spent on fuelwood collection and other domestic work (chapter 3), the project would have benefited from more active female participation in the design phase to avoid these problems and develop alternatives. Gaps between policy objectives and effective implementation often remain a major problem.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	1eb4d1117f122fa1a652072d1599b630	Such expectations can have profound implications for the policy mix and governance arrangements. The greening of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies is particularly noticeable, as technology and innovation are increasingly seen as ways to mitigate climate change. In this context, broader and denser ties are being formed between public and private actors, beyond traditional intellectual property (IP) links and incubators, with a view to exploit more fully the potential synergies between the two sectors. Innovation policies now require a “whole-of-government” approach.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-12-en	1eb53a520eaac5f2cc1cec004aa8b8b9	Wide areas were closed for production by sanitary authorities. An extremely high concentration of toxins in harvested fish and cultivated mussels months after the outbreak resulted in a series of modifications in sanitary' control and surveillance processes. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR' numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	1eb82cead7ebd3af3539dd9ea81c323f	In 2013, nearly half of a million women and girls under age 20 became mothers, equal to almost one in five births in Mexico. Teenagers with lower socioeconomic status and/or indigenous backgrounds are far more likely to become adolescent mothers than better-educated, wealthier, and non-indigenous teenagers (Ward et al., The percentage of households headed by women was 29% in 2014, a share that has steadily risen from 13.5% in 1976 (INEGI, 2015). These are largely single mothers. For both men and women, Mexico lags behind the OECD average in many chronic health outcomes, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	1eb8f57cbc0f3c5efbf6ecb80704e369	Education levels are defined as follows: ‘low-educated’: at most lower-secondary education (ISCED levels 0-2); 'medium-educated': upper- or post-secondary education (3-4); ‘highly-educated’: tertiary education (5-6). Due to missing information on educational attainment for some individuals, there are disparities between the total change in the number of employed youth (diamonds) and the variation aggregated across levels of education for Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey. Information on the level of education of employed youth is missing or incomplete for Chile, Japan and Korea.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	1ebae5b0ac09caa06f5f969dd4cee319	It is rolling out the upgraded family medicine ‘model practices' nationwide and has also increased medical training capacity, both to improve access to care in underserved areas and as a more efficient way of meeting need. Increasing the use of day care, further rationalising the hospital sector (and the oversupply of small regional hospitals), as well as improving the payment and procurements systems could all boost efficiency further. After years of delays and abandoned reform efforts, the government has made tangible progress with a new National Health Plan that sets out future directions. It is unclear whether proposals on longterm care will be supported, which aim to develop an affordable, effective and sustainable response to the needs of a rapidly ageing population.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	1ebb15174747ad2805bb4b0599560264	In such an economy, the value of cr is critical to the potential for long run growth in this economy. If firms and households can take advantage of the increasingly abundant capital to invest in water-saving or reuse technologies, and if these technologies are sufficiently effective, then growth will proceed apace. This is indicative of an economy with a large value of a. Indeed, provided <j>\, even in the absence of water-saving technological change, the share of water in GDP will diminish over time as the economy becomes more and more water-efficient through capital-water substitution.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c271815-en	1ebb6a78493ac71f332a953019d53b2d	In Honduras and Mexico, the poverty rate rose by between 2% and 3% a year (see table I.2). The poverty gap indicator weights the percentage of poor by the average gap between their incomes and the poverty line; thus, it considers how poor the poor are. The squared poverty gap or poverty severity index shows something similar, while also considering how this income is distributed among the poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1ebb78e2a5de43253bc9fce4416b4cdb	There are technical synergies between production and transport, not only in the provision of network services such as load balancing but also in the localisation of production and/or transport facilities. The debate about ownership un-bundling (severing not only the managerial but also the financial link between producers and transporters) has destabilised transport operators who no longer know how investment decisions will be coordinated between owners and regulators. The progressive integration of national electricity markets poses the question of investment in transnational interconnection capacity and its’ financing.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	1ec241b9e1dd74e6559b71fe737bcaf6	The initial report will be submitted to the Council of Ministers in 2015, but the system will not be fully operational until 2020 (IIED, 2013b). Similarly, the statutory duty of the UK ASC was identified in the UK Climate Change Act 2008, but the first report to the parliament on the UK National Adaptation Programme is scheduled for 2015 (ASC, 2011). This ensures that the results are useful for domestic policy-makers, while also making it more likely that the process will be sustained over time.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	1ec53739171e7dd4e6158adc59bae7e9	India’s tractor density, at about 16 per 1000 ha, is less than the global average of 19. Studies show that while technical progress has been the key driver of productivity change, productivity growth in India has not been consistent over time. Production efficiency improved in the 1980s, plateaued in the early 1990s, and then declined in the period from 1997 to 2003, likely due to weather shocks.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	1ec59f6deac3748fb47f0aea36d4d873	This is significant since it can take more than five years to develop, permit and construct a new renewable energy plant. Even where policies survive attempts at legislative intervention, agency and/or court rulings can significantly alter a policy’s applicability and implementation. Table 2 (adapted from Szabo et al.,	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	1ec60e2144e7df700a37cd64b8d38bcf	Source: Portuguese Environment Agency. The CECAC recently launched an innovative emissions monitoring and forecasting website (www.cumprirquioto.pt). Monitoring indicates that the implementation of some measures has outperformed expectations, for example in the case of the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity consumption by about 1000 GWh by 2010 (Table 5.6). The vehicle scrapping incentive programme has also been more successful than anticipated.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-est-2015-6-en	1ec6bd9d497a45816d0dd673f23e5b7d	Unemployment fell, but not all the way to pre-crisis levels. The share of the population of working age has declined. Rising cross-border work has detracted about 1 percentage point from domestic labour utilisation since 2007. The effect of cross-border work is not included in Table 2.1, which covers the resident population.	4	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	1ec6c6fce4d447604f268609eb7a4f3b	Not only fish stocks are at risk. Harmful fishing practices can adversely impact aquatic environments and harm non-targeted species. This adverse impact to the overall marine environment is troubling for many reasons, but it also ultimately reduces the capacity of the ocean to produce the fish sought after by fishers.	14	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	1ec9c87ced21ffd8f0d0f861537e8b05	The cooperation is regulated by contracts signed between the Almaty City and Astana governments and their respective regional governments. The city of Shymkent is left under the same regional oversight as South Kazakhstan oblast, dealing with the same administrative and fiscal constraints that second-tier cities face. Shymkent is the second most populous city in the country and the largest in territorial area, but has a much lower budget than Astana and Almaty (Table 2.1).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	1eca8ed6b1524091c49d41c1ad9f53ed	The great majority of countries also centrally regulate the total working time of teachers, which averages 39 hours a week. On average, teaching time constitutes 44% of a teacher’s total working time. In 18 education systems, teachers’ obligatory time of availability at school is contractually specified either in addition to or instead of teachers’ teaching time and/or working time.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e333ca08-en	1eca910742f0434b93cbfacb51f112f0	This chapter therefore focuses on those linkages where maximum benefit can be derived in terms of water for people, for a healthy environment and for the economy. This reflects the integrated, indivisible and interlinked nature of all SDGs. Water and sanitation have a particular role to play in the 2030 Agenda, because of their centrality to each of the three dimensions that cut across all SDGs (society, economy and environment).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	1ecb47d66eb9222607672d8bd108fb68	The costs of services may vaiy by location for at least three reasons (Tomalty and Skaburskis, 1997). First, the distance of each development from major facilities makes a difference. A development far away from an existing water treatment plant, for example, may require an additional pumping station. To be efficient, development charges would be higher in these locations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/973d5b65-en	1ecc59b1979484760e3c300cfbd994bd	Buildings' energy accounts for one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions, and if today's context continues, this share is predicted to rise. The low-carbon transition can be accomplished through energy-efficiency measures, behavioural interventions and incorporating carbon sinks such as urban parks. Cities and their energy systems should be resilient to natural and human threats.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	1ece7bf147f15b7d4e3defa1ec2a70b4	It contains more than 400 islands, hundreds of rivers and lakes and, during the dry season, white sand beaches. In the early 1980s, an ecological station was established to strictly protect the area and allow access only for scientific purposes. In recognition of the area’s tourism potential, the protected area was reclassified as a national park in 2008.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	1ed2226959e4b95475ae9831c2c94738	Over-medication has been reported as an area for concern in Japan, and is an area on which the ministry is taking fee schedule-based action through adjusting prescribing fees and prescription fees when more certain drugs are prescribed simultaneously (in cases where more than three anxiolytics or sleeping drugs are prescribed, or more than four anti-depressants or anti-psychotics). Such policy, and indeed quality efforts more widely, would be very much supported by a broader arrange of relevant quality activities, for example systematic collection of data on prescribing practice and good clinical guidelines. A number of quality indicators are in fact under development by a small but impressive group of hospitals, led by National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, and such efforts should be promoted.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1ed355eff90d20c700bde9765daf5ec6	It is set in the context of the OECD's wider work on skills and job quality. The perspectives of national tourism, employment and labour administrations, the tourism industry and other relevant experts including specialised labour market, skills and human resources agencies and academics are captured. Short case studies from Australia, Canada and Denmark are also presented, which may serve as learning models.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	1eda7f798ebb2030f524b977b002f81c	Existing evidence shows that female students are less likely than males to study disciplines with higher labour market returns (e.g. STEM subjects), as discussed above (OECD, 2014b, 2015a). Special efforts should be made to get girls more interested in mathematics and science and boys more interested in reading. Gender bias in curricula should be removed (e.g. by phasing out gender stereotypes from textbooks, promoting female role models, and using learning materials that appeal to girls). Awareness should be raised on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study for careers and earnings (OECD, 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	1edb493df57004646bc8c162e17a5dfd	The development of recycling systems for irrigation is particularly promising in that it does not increase water withdrawals. Rainwater harvesting can also provide simple solutions. Israel is using treated wastewater to recharge groundwater and for irrigation (OECD, 2012c), and has developed water harvesting in individual households to combat water scarcity (Ronen et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	1edce2527c637a0e3ed6da876bf8d46e	At present, approximately 80% of agricultural products are exported in the form of raw materials, with only 20% in processed form. At the end of 2014, the target is to have 50% of agricultural exports in processed form. Improvement in the quality of agricultural products (fresh and processed) is measured through the increased number of agricultural products that receive certification for quality guarantee (SNI, Organic, Good Agricultural Practices, Good Handling Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices). At the end of 2014, all products of organic agriculture, fermented cocoa, and processed rubber (bokar) must be certified and a mandatory certification policy will be in place (MoA, 2010). As the primary source of rural income, returns from agriculture have a significant bearing on rural poverty.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	1edda33e74fb408587cb75092db9c826	Agricultural production expansion in LDCs since the early 1980s has occurred partly as a result of extensive growth, i.e. the expansion of the area used for agricultural production. In LDCs as a group it has grown by 10 per cent, slower than in ODCs, while in developed countries it actually contracted by 11 per cent. The extension of agricultural land use has been strongest in African LDCs and Haiti and in island LDCs.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	1ee57791aa48c07b625290b8010a86ff	Focus on the functional relationships and processes within ecosystems. Carry out management actions at the scale appropriate for the issue being addressed, with decentralisation to lowest level, as appropriate. It will address issues related to Goals A and E of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the relevant Aichi Targets (in particular Aichi Targets 1, 2, 3,4,17,18,19 and 20) as well as Target 16, see Annex 8 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. One example of earlier developments that related to the potential Nordic Assessment is the Ecosystem Approach, see Box 5, which has been developed under CBD and supports a landscape and seascape perspective on ecosystem management. Strategic partnerships and collaboration will help deliver the Nordic Assessment.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	1ee62f5860de05032dba7418f339dad8	Working Paper, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. As a statistical system, the DAC uses standard, internationally agreed definitions and reporting categories, from currency conversion rates to types of financial instruments. Activity-level data on financial flows is available in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	1ee71a01863183d3d29505549dd1167a	The Agreement does not define this notion. However, national legislation in developed WTO members has traditionally excluded, inter alia, discoveries and scientific theories.115 The reason for the exclusion of discoveries stems from the basic rationale of patent protection: to reward human ingenuity and creativity as a contribution to the advancement of humankind. The inventor, in exchange for his/her efforts and readiness to make his/her invention available to the benefit of society is granted a reward, i.e. a monopoly to exploit the invention over a limited period of time.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	1ee7e505e9aa828af93229d68a503152	The System of Social Protection in Health also sought to inject new resources into the health system, and improve resource transfers between federal government and the states. Indeed, public investment in the health system rose from 2.4% to 3.3% GDP between 2003 and 2013. Having operated as a pilot programme between 2001 and 2003, and following reforms to the legal framework underpinning Mexico’s health system, Seguro Popular (SP), was fully launched in January 2004. Some important high-cost interventions remain excluded from the SP package, as discussed in Chapter 3. The significant increase in SP affiliation also represents a significant increase in total population coverage, and an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	1eead1f99f7e2b0c990699a7a7c8713e	It has a diverse economy, which includes a financial capital of Europe, Milan, and one of the continent’s most productive agricultural sectors. The region’s strength in the arts, design and craft provides the basis for constant creativity. It is also the leading region in the Italian economy as measured by total production and exports. A strong economy has contributed to foreign immigration flows, making Lombardy the most diverse region in Italy.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf400991-en	1eeccdb73a63194dd739c7d9effe9ed4	The element of inadequate housing would be reported separately. Housing affordability is affected by many factors including capital variables such as land, infrastructure and building materials; and occupational variables such as land leases, service costs and interest rates. However, when it comes to measuring affordability there are three common measures which fall into two components: housing costs and household income.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/3726edff-en	1eeeacd25ddcb9984e9c176aca9f1b6c	Commitments were used as proxy for disbursements for the Caribbean Dev. Bank, Global Environment Facility, IDB Invest, IFAD, DFC, and the Islamic Dev. The USAID Global Health Research and Development Strategy 2017-2022 aims to strengthen the capability of researchers, improve the evidence-base on health and development interventions, and accelerate the development use of health technologies and approaches to address critical unmet needs and emerging challenges. (	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1ef15f6df6ddc74be7fa04a17a9678eb	Storage assumes a particular importance in this context, as it can provide a temporary buffer for variations in supply and demand. Two issues have particular bearing on this trade-off. First, social preferences for either a low cost-high risk structure of supply or a high cost-low risk structure of supply need to be translated into policy action.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0899dee9-en	1ef31cbf025c68012a6d6a498f8ed493	Care is required by all, but when public care provision is absent, it is only the better-off who can resort to private care services. They include direct provision of care services or subsidies to access them, payments to hire care workers, regulations, and complementary service provision such as transportation, water and sanitation, and energy. Care policies serve a range of different objectives, including poverty reduction, enhanced women’s labour force participation, employment creation and the expansion of future generations’ human capabilities. Because care policies mould the ways in which care is provided and funded, and can determine who provides and receives care, they have the potential to contribute to gender equality and mitigate other dimensions of inequality such as class, caste, ethnicity or sexual orientation.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	1ef4a0439c33c284964548ff26c8d928	Packages stress public investment in physical infrastructure but little emphasis on social infrastructure, which has higher concentration of female workers and can help to free women’s time from non-remunerative activities. Moreover, the dominant perception of women as farm helpers and not as main farmers affects the way in which assets, information and productive inputs are directed to farming families. Emphasis should be placed on strengthening the social infrastructure, the provision of care for young children and old persons, health and education services and specific segments of physical infrastructure, such as water and energy supply.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	1efb5456bd64d7af6d7423befa45164a	In 2006, around 11 000 individuals - equivalent of 10% of the population of Grade 12 students -were enrolled in pre-university colleges or courses such courses, the vast majority were aged under 25 (OECD, 2009). The only open access higher education institution is the Open University. In 2006/07 this percentage was 11%, compared with only 7% in 1995/96.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	1efb5ed639b675500b2d7b2e4e6940d9	Modernisation of irrigation schemes within the central government is the responsibility of the Directorate General for Water. In Israel, recycled water for irrigation and increased water-use efficiency in the agricultural sector are two examples. One-third of the water used in the agricultural sector each year is from treated domestic (grey and black water) waste. Reductions in quotas are therefore made by the Water Authority (originally called the Water Commission). The agricultural sector adapted rapidly to these restrictions through necessity thanks to the production and promotion of domestic recycled water, as well as through innovations in irrigation with semi-saline water, highly advanced crop irrigation practices and increasing crop tolerance to low water regimes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	1efc8fe71af21e2c718c2c5997b21967	There are often cost incentives to improving existing systems rather than building new ways of delivering treatment, and evidence suggest that mild-to-moderate disorders can be cost-effectively treated from primary care. However, in order for treatments to be effective and of high quality, the right capacity and knowledge, incentives, and information systems must be in place. In addition, some OECD countries have had some success in building additional tailored services to address unmet need for treatment of mild-to-moderate mental illnesses.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	1f002f8159798185610ef720dadad4a6	Reform of market regimes for key agricultural commodities moved domestic prices in the European Union close to the border price levels, with the price differential between internal EU prices and world prices falling from 33% in 1995-97 to 5% in 2011-13. The reduction in the price difference is also significant and gradual in Israel, where the price differential fell from 19% to 8% between the two periods. More importantly, producers in Australia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United States receive at present prices which on average are either fully or closely aligned with international levels.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	1f010eeceb71f05599aa53568a7d94f0	"Citing international law and the European Convention's intention, the Court stated that remedies must be effective not illusory, noting that many civil and political rights had social and economic implications involving positive obligations. Accordingly, there is a right to legal assistance if legal assistance is indispensable to have effective access to the courts. Furthermore, the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law call for ""proper assistance to victims seeking access to justice"" including legal aid and ensuring adequate, effective and prompt remedies for victims of serious or gross violations (General Assembly resolution 60/147)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	1f01380ea59a47d3cca6fd050e9fee2a	Where there is public transport, it may not always operate in a regular or reliable fashion. Disadvantaged students may also have more responsibilities than advantaged students, such as the need to look after younger siblings and other family members and to undertake paid work before or after school. However, these improvements were largely among advantaged rather than disadvantaged students (OECD, 2016b). Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia were not included in this figure, as coverage is too small to ensure comparability (see Annex A4 of OECD, 2016a).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	1f017f6f487b56448c7ee47dcba2a828	In South Africa the situation is even more extreme, with 3 million young people in NEET and 600 000 unemployed university graduates versus 800 000 vacancies (The Economist, 2012a). A survey among recruitment and temporary work agencies conducted for this report in nine African countries shows that such agencies have a greater struggle to find suitable candidates with tertiary education in South Africa and TVmisia than in countries with much lower incomes such as Kenya, Ghana and even Niger. Taking into consideration NEET youth, Figure 6.11.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	1f05028b9a688893e26aee5d2a930c63	The difference between this indicator and the beginning poverty rate is the distribution effect. The two effects can also be calculated with the beginning and ending periods interchanged. First, it is not exact: the residual has no analytical interpretation. The changes examined therefore encompass a longer period than the crisis itself. Of particular interest are labour income (as the primary source of household resources) and public transfers.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	1f0573b1ee8d018b6815ae2ce50ebed7	An example could be to progressively move to a mixed payment system that provides some capitation payments for patients that register with a medical practice as their chosen first point of call for health care services and fee-for-service for important services like measuring blood glucose levels and lowering it for patients with diabetes. The National Health Insurance Corporation’s (NHIC) activities are focused on reimbursement and claims process, and it has little scope to use the financing of health care services to drive policy changes. This is instead located in another agency, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), whose mandate as the assurer of insurance claims limits it to paying small amounts of funds to providers. The consequence of this functional separation between HIRA and the NHIC is that no one organisation has the in-house capacity (or incentive) to proactively design and implement a payment arrangement that embeds quality into purchasing.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	1f05d965595c645b81230b6837cecff3	Conventional welfare analysis would suggest that policymakers should use targeted non-trade policies to offset negative impacts, on the grounds that they do not forfeit the efficiency gains from trade reform and can be targeted to specific beneficiaries. However, there are concerns that some countries, in particular poorer countries, may not have the institutional or fiscal capacity to make use of these instruments, and that some recourse to the levers of trade policy might be necessary. This definition implies that people will only be food secure when sufficient food is available, they have access to it, and it is well utilised. A fourth requirement is the stability of those three dimensions over time, which means the ability to manage risks effectively.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	1f0a96afe06e74bb6afa880a8745a85f	For example, Thailand’s 2nd National Communication outlines the models used to develop higher resolution climate impact projections (MNRE, 2011). Some national climate/adaptation action plans also include indicators used to assess climate impacts or vulnerability. For example, the 2nd Brazilian National Communication to the UNFCCC summarises information on expected changes under different climate scenarios in the extent of low-risk areas for growing particular crops.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	1f0eace837213adcfef95f99143a3db8	Unlike most Asian economies (especially China), which have benefited from this global dispersion of production, African economies have reaped these benefits far less. The World Trade Organization estimated that a quarter ($5 trillion out of $19 trillion) of global trade in 2010 involved double-counting, that is, the value of intermediate products traded directly across national borders and indirectly, through subsequent incorporation in final products (UNCTAD, 2013; UNECA, 2014). As Chang (2015) notes, this flow of resources and revenue within GVCs represents a huge concentration of profits and power within the large multinational firms that can accrue technological dominance, brand recognition and access to low-cost capital because of the large scale at which they operate.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	1f11fe84955d1221255dd77d692fa043	Since it is not possible to control for year and country specific effects, findings may be partly due to omitted variables. Finally, at the micro level, more research is required in order to collect data on immigrants and return migrants to allow for an estimation of the spillovers on family structures in origin countries. Nevertheless, this paper is a first contribution to the literature highlighting the bidirectional nature of the migration-gender nexus and the importance of discriminatory social institutions.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	1f15e69d5318d9a9e1828a2ca0c7e404	There is a sharp rural/urban divide in the utilities dimension: 87 per cent of children in rural areas are deprived in utilities, a combination of poor access to water and heating. However, there are no differences in leisure deprivation rates by area of residence. At the same time, there are no significant gender differences either in deprivation distribution or particular dimensions. These children are the most vulnerable, and should be prioritized by social policies.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/77cccad1-en	1f160aa63d9e9879b71f62f3beba6f41	In respect of MDG Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, Belarus’s indicator has increased from 22.9 m~ of residential floor area per capita in 2005 to 26.1 m2 in 2014. The new energy efficient housing output in 2009 and 2010 followed the planned volumes of the Integrated programme for design, construction and reconstruction of energy efficient residential buildings in the Republic of Belarus for 2009-2010 and until 2020. However, in 2011, it was 20 per cent less than the planned 600,000 m2. These norms depend on the type of residential building and structural solutions used (i.e. heat recovery ventilation).	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	1f164e7b6b7cb6d34eb35a0a9abfdf8e	Wheat farms with an arable land area of up to 3 000 hectares are considered to be small; few of these farms have drying facilities and storage space. Medium-sized producers operating on 5 000 to 20 000 hectares are typically equipped with a fleet of modern machinery, grain storage and other facilities. Large producers with over 20 000 hectares often have direct contracts with buyers overseas - either foreign traders or mills.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	1f1aba2e238be09f435b6de8207c875a	Clearly, there is no one-to-one relationship between health care functions and the provision and financing categories. The same type of health care goods and services can be consumed from different types of providers and at the same time purchased using various types of financing schemes. But to achieve the tri-axial perspective (consumption-provision-financing), the starting point is to measure consumption (see Chapter 4), which in a health functional approach describes the direct consumption by the population according to the type of health purpose. The boundaries of health care are set based on this consumption purpose.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	1f1c35a60d67ffe26ae6271ccb177591	See, e.g., UN Human Rights Committee 2000, para. For example, Case of Nicholas Toonen v. Australia, Human Rights Committee Views of 31 March 1994, Communication No. In areas relevant to the concept of family, that evolution is found, for example, in the protection of children born out of wedlock,44 same-sex partners45 and single-parent families.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	1f1e71dba283e671b1e9a7e4a791b3c5	Transition rates for Germany and the United Kingdom have been calculated using individual sampling weights. For Luxembourg, for instance, a very low average entry rate of 0.6% translates into 1,400 new benefit recipients from one year to the next. The average exit rate of 14.4% by contrast corresponds to less than 1,000 individuals that leave benefits from one year to the next.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	1f1fec556df084c144f0603302ffda73	The Albanian authorities have intensified cooperation with their Italian counterparts in mapping illicit cultivation areas through aerial surveys. The quantity of cannabis seized in Albania in 2014 (101.7 tons) exceeded the total quantity seized during the previous nine years (96 tons). Seizures of cannabis plants in a country may indicate the production of the drug in its territory.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en	1f23eff8bc44c325755cc506046d7307	Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation. Different policy instruments interact with each other to improve overall effectiveness. In particular, the coverage of childcare services is found to have a greater effect on women’s participation in the labour market in countries with relatively high degrees of employment protection. The effect of childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in Anglophone and Nordic countries.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	1f257b3c940e0f5d8b5b6b41673eb9c0	Responding to this need, a Caribbean Network of Teacher Educators was formed in 2004 to address sustainable development, and a number of related regional events have been held, including the development of a teachers’ guide to ESD in the Caribbean and an online discussion group. A relaunch of this network is planned for November 2012, which should help to reinvigorate a focus on teacher ESD in the region. However, there is some excellent work being undertaken by teacher training institutes themselves to raise the awareness of ESD issues and practices among graduating teachers.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	1f257bebfdfb79f3e6a02a28f118fc69	Ethiopia Climate Project Receives Africa’s First Forestry Carbon Credits under the CDM, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/10/090/ethiopia-climate-project-receives-africa-s-first-forestry-carbon-credits. Ethiopia: A Country Study on the Economic Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: World Bank, Sustainable Development Department, Africa Region. They also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	1f25fba5565bd09d57c02caa2f6ba682	Research found that students who opted for the apprenticeship track do not feel well prepared for the labour market. The apprenticeship track contains 30% general education, while the technical track has 60%. According to government sources, the dropout rate in apprenticeships is high, and the government is concerned that occupations that used to be covered by this track will not find sufficient numbers of skilled workers in the future. Improving the quality of teaching, the relevance of different options as well as the quality of and access to workplace training can help strengthen this pathway.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	1f2cfc75634e167e3e858d099caebc41	Anyone whose income is less than 50% of the median equivalised income is said to be “at risk of poverty”. The European Union uses a 60% cut-off point (before housing costs),12 while lower thresholds give rise to what is sometimes termed “severe poverty” measures (Brewer et al., A headcount ratio in the late 2000s revealed that 12.8% of the over-65s were poor in the OECD area (Figure 2.8).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	1f2df28adfd787f4d983a10159adafd3	Individual micro data is used to analyze the statistical properties of the farming environment (risk exposure) that can hinder or facilitate the management of risk at the farm level. It is found that the individual risk environment can significantly differ from sectoral or aggregate risk, and that farmers can benefit from some correlations to manage their risk (e.g. imperfect correlation between yields and negative correlation between price and yield). A microeconomic model is then used to simulate farmer response to different risk related policies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	1f329f03488208d3298713f0345637e9	By providing these entrepreneurs with customised professional consulting services, they can develop “incubator-ready” proposals for consideration by the PICTI technical and evaluation review panels. The pre-incubation period can take from one to three months. With support from the International Youth Foundation/USAID, PICTI launched the Palestine Network of Mentors with more than 50 mentors who are available to mentor incubating enteiprises.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	1f3464de53fc2029469a776c7bdf6787	This suggests that descriptive representation can actually translate into substantive representation for women. There are multiple causal pathways: elected women pay more attention to women’s needs, they are more effective in bringing these bills on the agenda and they can indirectly (or directly) influence male legislators’ priorities (Schwindt-Bayer, 2007). In Latin America, the presence of female legislators lias helped prioritise children and family affairs, as well as on sexual abuse and family violence issues in Argentina, Colombia and Costa Rica (Schwindt-Bayer, 2007).	8	4	1	0.6
10.18356/442a2283-en	1f357d8c6a34013a9a4828916aa79e29	The latter remained actively involved throughout all stages of the project, from planning to evaluation. The number of schools involved in the project increased because of demand from parents and communities. Although self-determination is frequently associated with access to lands, territories and natural resources, it is also extremely relevant to indigenous peoples' education. Throughout the world, indigenous peoples have experienced education as an outside influence, something that has been imposed on them without consulting them or seeking their consent.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	1f3a8012a76e0f0beb2535ea8911c2b0	Considerations include the effects on the animal eating the feed and on consumers eating the resulting animal product, worker safety and other environmental aspects of using the feed. As the production process for the enzymes used in animal feeds takes place under controlled conditions in closed fermentation tank installations and eliminates the modified DNA from the final products, these products do not pose any risk to the animal or the environment. The enzyme phytase has particular benefits in feeding pigs and poultry, including a significant reduction in the amount of phosphorus released to the environment.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1ea53441-en	1f41ce5b06894aa72bd3a19d26502d60	In fact, taxation may have much to offer and even be a more desirable instrument than trading. Examples are: “feed in” tariff systems to stimulate decentralized power generation; insurance or guarantee systems to cover policy and economic risks; social impact bonds related to climate and agriculture; tax credits (on investment, production); sectoral crediting mechanisms for reductions beyond a certain baseline; credits related to NAMAs (nationally appropriate mitigation action); “suppressed demand” and “blue carbon storage” extensions of clean development mechanisms (CDMs). Countries may find certain types of instruments to be more or less compatible with prevailing political and/or sociocultural conditions; new instruments sometimes aggravate power asymmetries in relation to resource use.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	1f45dfc799d7ea1e29bb4fda88f06237	The NBAP was updated with an addendum in 2014 containing 12 national biodiversity targets along with relevant indicators and monitoring frameworks based on stakeholder consultations and a review of the programmes and activities being undertaken by ministries/ departments of the Government of India and State Biodiversity Boards. The review process included inter-ministerial meetings and public stakeholder consultations. The national-level consultations involved 41 government and non-government agencies, including meetings with the Ministry of Finance and the National Planning Commission.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	1f479006c58803176fb2b0375e71d21e	Poverty rates also rank among the highest across the OECD area (Figure 3.1). The relative poverty rate, as measured against 50% of equivalised median household income, was around 17% in 2008; this is comparable with relative poverty rates in Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the Unites States, but not as high as in Israel (OECD, 2008a and 2010a). Available income data based on a small panel-data set suggest a Gini coefficient that is about 5 percentage points higher (Figure 3.2) than the Rosstat statistics on income distribution and poverty (Box 3.1).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	1f47e0fc32ce320ab4d714fd81bfb00a	These have often been through public-private partnerships with health insurance companies (ISSA, 2013). Rising government spending is paramount to improve health care provision. Financing the expansion of the public health care system through general taxation may be more effective to reach universal coverage and increase risk pooling, given the large labour market informality and the high number of self-employed.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	1f48e75118c611160c9d10c5646435a8	The hassle of upgrading technology or modifying established operations was considered to offset the potential cost savings. But it is important to distinguish between relative and absolute savings. For example, a Colombian coffee producer was spending more than $3 million a year on energy - only 1.4 percent of production costs but clearly a substantial absolute sum - and potential cost savings were large relative to the profit margin. (	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	1f4b1cdef6065618c12a20ec487540f3	Rural centres of excellence, France France’s rural centres of excellence programme were inspired by the idea of competitive urban clusters. Projects under this program are awarded State funding for economic development projects in rural areas that involve a partnership between local authorities and private firms. This program was created to support the 2005 law on the development of rural areas.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsjqtp90v-en	1f4e45254d8c2d119004910502320fd6	In decentralised countries, such as the United States, Germany and Australia, it is the local authorities who decide what components of teacher performance are to be assessed and how. In England and Chile, teacher evaluations are defined by the central government, (Manzi, 2010; Sclafani, 2009). In addition, and contrary to what was believed a few decades ago, teaching performance can be assessed in valid, fair and reliable ways. More importantly, it can be carried out in such a way as to be acceptable to teachers, even when the results have an important impact on their professional careers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	1f50bd05df2904a001a3976d7318b093	In the health care sector, reforms have aimed at introducing more competition. Despite major changes and some positive effects, the reforms run the risk of getting stuck in the middle between a centralised system of state-controlled supply and prices and a decentralised system based on regulated competition, providing insufficient incentives for provision of quality services and expenditure control. The main challenges are to complete the transition to regulated competition in health care provision, to strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and to secure cost containment in an increasingly demand-driven health care sector.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	1f58c4b1c412bf3dfc7812daa145daa7	Many off-shore wind farms have already been built and some governments are actively pursuing the large-scale deployment of this technology. Other low-carbon technologies such as CCS, which has a huge potential, are less mature and require a longer-term vision. Even where carbon pricing has been introduced, these technology policies have been kept or even accelerated.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e3495d86-en	1f5a69ed4eb30496de2cd1006decdec3	On average, developing countries in Asia and the Pacific collect 3.6 per cent of GDP from CIT, which is more than the OECD average of 2.9 per cent of GDP. However, average PIT collection in the region is merely 2 per cent of GDP, compared with 8.8 per cent in OECD countries. However, in an increasingly integrated world where capital has greater mobility, there is growing pressure on the tax due to tax competition113 and the risk that CIT burden could be shifted to labour (Harberger, 2006). The United States 2017 tax reform is a latest initiative in this direction. However, past experience also shows that PIT only performs if it is well-designed and well-administered and has sufficient coverage (Bird and Zolt.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	1f5ca14c63b0cd97c293cf318b1da742	They have come to rely on public services that were not available before and now they want to improve the quality of those services. Millions of Brazilians can now buy a car for the first time and can also travel by plane. The counterpart to that, however, should be decent and efficient public transportation to facilitate urban mobility and make life in the big cities less painful and stressful. The Gini coefficient is commonly used as a measure of inequality of income or wealth, where a coefficient of one means maximum inequality, and zero means total equality.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	1f6211fd56ed383c4746400fe96d1245	If China is excluded from this calculation, real average wages contracted by 0.3% per annum. Some countries have only one national minimum wage rate, whereas others have multiple minimum wage rates by districts, occupations, age. Available from tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm; and CEIC Data Company Limited. Available from http://ceicdata.com/ (accessed on 30 March 2013). Note: LHS panel: y-axis refers to monthly values of FAO food price index and crude index; RHS panel: y-axis refers to the year-on-year monthly values of CPI of the selected economies. Available from http://ceicdata.com/ (accessed on 30 March 2013).	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/3726edff-en	1f633066c1605ec27d0bed9c0857080b	New applications and tailored ICT tools can be developed to improve communication, enhance data collection on results and geographic location of development projects, and strengthen monitoring and evaluation for better analyses and more effective development co-operation. The OECD-WTO aid for trade monitoring exercise found that ICT is already prioritised in the development strategies of two-thirds of donors and that nearly all developing countries (90%) anticipate the need for future assistance in this area. Aid commitments to ICT project stood at USD 1 billion in 2017, mostly in the form of technical assistance for regulatory form (OECD/WTO, 2017[3oi).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	1f64a5cba022521e7f2ece697db488b4	All regressions are based on the same 36 observations at the national level and 360 observations at the sub-national level per year and are weighted by the sample size of the education’experience’year cell. All regression models include education, experience, and period fixed effects, and a full set of two-way interactions. In this context, the educational attainment of foreign- and native-born workers is also taken into account. Thereafter, the chapter looks at factors that help explain why the contribution of foreign-born workers may be different from native-born workers based on qualitative studies of selected sectors.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	1f653d4d0dd33bbbb938b5b137f0e033	Moreover, there are concerns that the current framework for teacher professional development is not responding adequately to teachers' needs: there is little flexibility in the current provision; it is unclear whether adequate learning opportunities for teachers are available; and incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement. Finally, Kazakhstan shows a clear commitment to external accountability based around school evaluation with a regular cycle of external school evaluations (school attestation) and a formal certification process for teachers (teacher attestation). However, the review team formed the impression that there is an over-emphasis on the accountability function of both teacher evaluation and school evaluation, with less attention paid to genuine professional discussions about effective teaching. The “Standard Staffing of Public Educational Organizations and List of Teaching Positions and Equal-Status Employees” (Decree no.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	1f66166140d4743368ce98299d76ffca	In particular, topics like politics (23% women), the economy (14% women) and crime (22% women) feature low proportions of women in the 2015 GMMP. When looking at Danish web news on politics, the proportion of female news subjects was only 10% in the latest GMMP (Jarndrup & Bentsen 2015). Only 33% of the guest politicians in factual programmes were women even though at the time of the study nearly half of all Danish ministers and 40% of the members of the parliament were women (Andreassen 2016: 91).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	1f666f74945a138f591dbc5a75de2c41	This section identifies adjustments that might be needed for LEAP to be more effective in the urban context, looking at the areas of communication and outreach, targeting and registration, and benefit packages. The ideas and suggestions presented here emerge partly from assessments already conducted in Ghana and partly from the above review of experiences and lessons in other countries. This is reflected in the use of social networks in rural communities for outreach initiatives, and the use of GLSS data to identify indicators for proxy means testing, which has resulted in underperformance of PMT in urban communities and low qualification rates.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	1f669e9a676e811f3cee2218751bfd1e	It also promotes improvements in prevention, diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation for targeted diseases. Construction and renovation represent about 30% of the total budget. At the same time, regional governments are supposed to develop regional programmes aimed at reaching the goals under the “demographic concept” (action plan) mentioned above and are required to transmit information on fertility, morbidity etc. They also co-finance number of target federal programmes from regional budgets. Initially, this programme covered 15.9 million public sector employees and 10.9 million persons who work in jobs with harmful or hazardous working conditions (Sheiman and Shishkin, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179806-en	1f699796e51dacb78d39a05682ed9951	Students who successfully complete their programme and pass rigorous assessments, should obtain a credential that is recognised by employers as a meaningful proof of occupational skills. Depending on whether a unitary system is chosen or not, this may be called a NQ or a degree, the crucial point is that junior college graduates should hold a credential that is widely recognised in the labour market. To address these issues, the chapter recommends further enhancing the career information provided to prospective students and balancing student choice with signals of employer needs.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	1f6daecad1d3574c627ddc38201135e5	An exchange of experiences was facilitated through the organization of a dedicated global workshop17 in February 2018. As some benefits are not familiar to all audiences, a typology such as the one proposed in the Policy Guidance Note can be a useful tool to guide stakeholders in the identification of benefits: these can be economic benefits, social and environmental benefits, regional economic cooperation benefits, as well as peace and security benefits. The benefits are then screened, and the most important can then be selected for assessment, based on their magnitude and other policy-related criteria.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	1f6f09e1f37dad3e6696c8126171d064	If they do not, the answer is considered favourable. The Directorate of Planning is the strategic advisory body of the MOP in matters of planning, policy definition and general co-ordination. It is in charge of proposing policies and development plans in such infrastructure as roads, ports and airports, or water resources.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	1f78aa7c68a85142667df2be7346cf68	In addition, the law on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues and precursors, the main drug control legislation of Kazakhstan, was also strengthened and supplemented with provisions on analogue scheduling in July 2014. In 2014, the Government of Kyrgyzstan approved a counter-narcotics strategy and implementation plan which defined measures and activities in the field of drug control for the period 2014-2019. The strategy also aims to strengthen the law enforcement agencies of Kyrgyzstan and enhance drug demand reduction and prevention efforts, including the implementation of tertiary prevention measures such as needle exchange, counselling, the provision of health care, and educational activities, as well as treatment and rehabilitation programmes.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	1f791555227a3b44af015773217cddf0	When ethanol is produced from sugarcane or lignocellulosic feedstocks, process by-products (bagasse and lignin, respectively) are used for internal heat and electricity. Here, lower range numbers refer to system designs allowing for export of electricity in excess of internal requirements. This would require 170 km3 of additional evapotranspiration and 180 km3 of additional irrigation.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	1f7c49e19e89b9d14a123eaaf62572f2	Tugliq sells the electricity generated under a long-term PPA to Glencore. Operating in severe climatic conditions of up to -40 °C, the project is a first-of-its-kind, and was completed in a record time within a short Arctic summer. It costs nearly CAD 19 million, with a front-end engineering design (FEED) study worth further CAD 2 million (NRCan, 2016a; 2016b).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	1f7e2ff7f6b501d8b8fb7ffd7e5052e2	The New Zealand Treasury set up the following key principles for public management in all state agencies; clarity of objectives, freedom to manage, accountability, effective assessment of performance, and adequate information flows (New Zealand Treasury, 1987; Cook, 2004). For the education sector this means that different education agencies need to co-ordinate their strategic direction so as to ensure that monitoring of education quality is related to high level goals of system performance. The Management for Outcomes framework provides a common model of a quality management cycle for all state departments.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113718-en	1f83f39d924c90e3400844fa4ce367d0	Research from Germany shows that the suspension of formal training for apprentice supervisors seems to have had a negative impact - higher drop-out rates and more complaints from companies about the performance of their apprentices (BIBB, 2008). In Flanders a study of internships (Ruelens etal., It would be therefore important to ensure that in-company supervisors are adequately prepared - the stronger the workplace training element in a programme, the more it is necessary to give targeted training to in-company supervisors.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	1f84e285ec051351e5707cb4987f6f2d	The high quantities of protein - up to half of their weight - make algae one of the most interesting emerging food sources. Algae are simple, single-cell organisms that can grow very rapidly at sea, in polluted water and in places that would normally not generate food crops, ranging from giant seaweeds and kelps to microscopic slimes. Algae would be a cost-effective, land-and climate-neutral alternative to meat proteins while at the same time fixing large amounts of C02 from the atmosphere.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	1f8bca59385a093adb7e43ed41debc57	Such a system implies technical norms and regulations which are both responsive to international demand and adapted to local circumstances, but also sufficient capacity to ensure compliance with those norms and regulations. In many developing countries relevant agencies lack adequate expertise and equipment, both at the standard-setting and at the enforcement stage, including at the border. They also lack clearly defined mandates, resulting in overlapping, uncoordinated activities, for which existing resources are spread too thin, and generating confusion, delays and duplicative expenses. As documented by Brenton et al. (	2	3	0	1.0
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	1f8f0a6ef05798a72a1d83d777350702	"Naturally, computers have become widespread and are used for a wide variety of purposes beyond solving computationally difficult problems. Gilder's Law"", a conjecture like Moore's Law, predicts that total bandwidth — a measure of the carrying capacity of a communication system — will grow at least three times faster than computing power (Gilder, 2000). Thus, if computing power doubles every 18 months, as projected by Moore's Law, then Gilder's Law predicts that bandwidth will double every six months."	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	1f8fa345187da78de848c5c1e0f15615	Extensive data from productivity enhancement studies in Africa and Asia demonstrate the enormous potential to enhance green water-use efficiency as well as increase the availability of green water (Wani Pathak and Tam, 2002; Wani, Pathak and Jangawad, 2003; Wani, Joshi and Raju, 2008; Wani, Sreedevi and Marimuthu, 2009b; Wani, and Rockstrom, 2011c; Rockstrom, Hatibu and Oweis, 2007; Barron and Keys, 2011). Of the 1 338 million poor people worldwide, most live in the developing countries of Asia and Africa in dryland/rain-fed areas (Rockstrom, etal., The reliance on rainfed agriculture varies regionally. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 percent of the farmed land is rain fed, with almost 90 percent in Latin America, 60 percent in South Asia, 65 percent in East Asia, and 75 percent in the Near East and North Africa (FAOSTAT, 2010). A large proportion of the global expansion of cropland areas since 1900 has occurred in rain-fed regions.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	1f922e21028b303c7ffcf9945e651855	In 2000, China was the 11th most important import market demanding less than USD 0.5 billion or 3% of the total. By 2013, China was the largest demander of Brazilian agricultural produce, buying almost USD 20.5 billion, or 23% of the total. The second biggest market for Brazilian agricultural goods in 2013 was the European Union, importing almost USD 18.3 billion (almost 20% of total), followed by the United States importing roughly USD 4.6 billion.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	1f939f813a8d5cb03aa4c3b32ea0f965	The Slovenian education system has a combined school and work-based apprenticeship programmes, but only 1.6% of upper secondary education pupils participate in such programmes, although around 60% of them are enrolled in vocationally-oriented programmes. The 2002 reform of VET allowed 20% of the curriculum to be flexible, based on local needs and conditions. The authorities should introduce sufficient incentives to ensure greater involvement in the determination of curriculum and work-based study programmes. International evidence suggests that the employment performance of vocational upper secondary education graduates tends to be correspondingly favourable where participation in apprenticeship programmes is particularly high.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	1f93c599e65c29104132e29d4336af56	All these challenges must be tackled within a context of climate uncertainty, which poses its own particular problems with respect to the assessment of policy options: different climate scenarios may require different policy options. Making decisions under scenarios characterized by uncertainty may increase the risk of path dependence and under- or overinvestment, depending on whether or not the climate hazards actually materialize and if they do, on their characteristics. Proper timing and phasing of actions, including the separation of those requiring immediate attention from those that can be deferred or that cannot be pursued without additional information, is a first step towards incorporating uncertainties into the process of designing and implementing policy interventions (Watkiss, 2015; Wong and others, 2014).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1f9830fdca6ec29879e9f0ee5126dd11	According to the IEA/NEA 2010 Projected Cost study, load factors in OECD countries vary between 22% (Italy) and 41% (United States) for wind and between 10% (Netherlands) and 25% (France) for solar photovoltaic (PV). Assuming an entirely realistic average load factor for wind-power turbines of 25%, this means that the share of wind on windy days is four-fold its average figure. This means, for instance, that the Danish system can only be balanced by being closely integrated with the Nordpool electricity market with its ideal balancing conditions due to the almost exclusive reliance on hydropower by Norway.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/78349259-en	1f99b7addae957cabf19eb3cfc347238	The proportion, however, is lower in the LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), with an access rate of only around 70 per cent. Meanwhile, the Pacific developing countries are even further behind, at 49 per cent. Progress has been slower for sanitation. This section looks at some of the emerging threats to sustainable agriculture.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	1f9ada53174e1b6a749232cab3affaa4	Females are less likely to engage in vigorous exercise (Figure 10) in every OECD country, with an OECD average difference of -16.58 p.p., Successive governments have implemented policies and programs aimed at supporting families with children sometimes building in progressive adjustments to increase allocations for families with low or modest incomes. In November 1989, for instance, the House of Commons adopted a unanimous all-party resolution to strive to eliminate poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000. This commitment has been reiterated with the aim to put in place a long-term investment plan to allow poor families to break out of the welfare trap so that children bom into poverty do not cam' the consequences of that poverty throughout their lives (Lefebvre and Merrigan, 2003[9]).	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	1f9e38111645e603aa0ab07d341c3909	Every worker is entitled to a minimum wage. This is the lowest pay that the worker must receive for the services rendered during an ordinary workday. The powers and functions of trade unions include advocating for the creation and improvement of systems of protection against workplace hazards and prevention of accidents and diseases, and requiring that their members use protection mechanisms.	8	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	1f9e732f258eb1dfd607cf4f0aa12bf3	It emphasises the importance of designing and implementing effective systems for helping young people make good linkages between their education choices and their potential employment options. This ranges from creating opportunities for stimulating a young person’s imagination on different career possibilities to providing specific guidance about the importance of STEM studies for opening up careers in the new green economy. Good linkages of this type are influential in motivating learning in schools and contribute to producing school leavers who have the skills needed by industry for employment growth.	7	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599642-10-en	1f9f934db9f2469739d261940ce5bfdf	E-commerce, though not entirely a new subject area in international trade discourse, is coming to the forefront now given its rapid expansion and the need for governments and the global community at large to look more carefully at the implications of this and to come up with relevant policy measures. This chapter does not purport to build the case for a particular stance by these countries on e-commerce, but rather looks at the potential benefits that could accrue from e-commerce development and at the same time the serious challenges they face, given the constraints that exist, as well as ways to address these. While the focus is on small developing countries, many of the issues covered will be relevant to the larger group of developing countries.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	1fa149740e58be78c5a633bd51a15964	These regions, within the scope of their competence, ensure planning and co-ordination of regional development and co-operation between local government and other parts of the administration. In accordance with the Law on Regional Development, the Riga planning region as an institution is a derived public entity supervised by the Ministry of Regional Development and local government. Its decisionmaking authority is the Riga Planning Region Development Council, whose 18 members are appointed at a meeting of all heads of municipalities in the planning region.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	1fa33c040bbfe8fb5da975fe8d07d349	These results hold for both genders, even when we distinguish between on-the-job and off-the-job training. Interestingly, the negative effect of a vocational curriculum is larger in absolute value in countries with higher employment protection. It is often said that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school. Our empirical evidence shows that upper secondary VET is associated to substantially higher hourly earnings, employability and skills with respect to lower education.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	1fa6b27a6d1e2d28d80fa8b0e54173a0	European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(2), 157-184. Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly? A time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950-1998. Nervous and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal study of youth unemployment—selection or exposure?	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/2d08a027-en	1fae05f174769e113a69396acdae9f52	In Sierra Leone, women are involved in political peace-building initiatives at both the local and regional levels. On its dedicated webpage, it documented some ofthe facts and figures relating to violence against women in elections. To operationalise this service, victims and/or witnesses were directed to send a brief text message to a dedicated number, describing the violence and providing the location of the incident.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	1fafb28e13ce706385176b3002dbb4c7	The impetus for this ban was the ban imposed by Europe in 1996. Europe’s own scientific authorities have, however, found no health basis for the ban. As European grain productivity falls progressively further behind that of North America, it seems increasingly likely that the ban will be relaxed, probably country by country.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	1fb1f997f06834e9412f67099532861d	Compared to other types of statistics, few manuals and training resources have been dedicated to the development of gender statistics. The United Nations Statistics Division led many of the technical developments in the field of gender statistics, mainly during the period from 1975 to 1995, before the Fourth World Conference on Women (United Nations, Economic and Social Council, 2010). The Division provided leadership in the production of technical materials and the compilation of statistics on women and men.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	1fb82cce929eaad44e7401f01c4167bd	A high value (near the outer circle of the diagram) indicates good performance. Dhaka, Ho Chi Minh City, Surabaya and Surat. The development of a joint monitoring framework is spearheaded by UN-Habitat in collaboration with various partners, and spells out a budgeted activity plan covering the next few years.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	1fc060a67eb0e93d7256feb506edf706	Both government and external imbalances have to some extent narrowed over the past two or three years, and given widespread commitments and - in some cases - market pressures for budget consolidation, government imbalances are expected to continue to diminish over the next few years. But in the case of current account imbalances, the extent to which the recent narrowing reflects cyclical rather than structural factors remains unclear. This section highlights the likely impact on budget deficits and current account imbalances of recommendations for OECD and BRIICS’ countries in the areas identified as country-specific policy priorities and reported in Chapter 1.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	1fc2522003df5e2e29ffdff339e95caf	Staying in good health by living a healthy lifestyle and preventing disease can lead to healthy ageing. There are various tools and methods to support healthy ageing, such as education regarding health care and continuous biosignal monitoring. Electronic health records and health information systems document and organize information on individual patients and die clinical population in general, which helps to determine the care required by older persons.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282261-15-en	1fc258518222e5be5d03c811cca4a6f1	The funds will support aquaculture in the aim of making the sector more productive without compromising sustainability and conservation goals. The total budget for the Operational Programme (OP) is approximately EUR 41 million (USD 55 million) for the period 2014-20. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	1fc33a5154e0b4e8c328175cc5f40b7c	In order to assess the effects of a lower availability of wind and solar resources on the configuration of a least-cost electricity system operation, the annual electricity generation of wind and PV power plants is reduced by 15% for the scenarios with a renewable share of 80%. With the reduced availability of variable renewables, pump storage is used less, but curtailment of wind and PV power plants still amounts to approximately 4% of their annual electricity generation. In total, renewables show a share of 68% in the annual electricity demand.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	1fc3e286d3ca524e23ae078da770eed4	At the same time, the higher market participation brought about by higher wages for women actually lowers human capacities production because of the time squeeze type effects of the low road. These effects can be so pronounced that human capacities investment plays no role in moderating profit-led growth. Thus the term exploitation refers to how production and growth are predicated on exploiting women’s reproductive labour and human resources in general.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	1fc65f82428a26545ae5f07ae557bead	These models can generate valuable information on the prospective cost-effectiveness of nuclear as well as its contribution to future supply security. The indicator aims at identifying short-term actions that can obtain results within weeks rather than months. The indicator combines an assessment of a member country’s risk to be confronted with sudden supply interruptions and its potential impacts, the risk assessment (RA), and the capability of that country to mitigate these impacts, the mitigation assessment (MA). If the risk is high, more emphasis should be put on effective crisis capabilities than when this risk is low.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	1fc7da19ce080554a3b0f81ea92919e2	The MDB methodology, by focussing on specific climate components, differs from the CRS Rio markers, which capture total project costs. The MDBs and the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) have also established common principles for climate finance tracking for mitigation (MDBs and IDFC, n.d.) The principles consist of a set of common definitions and guidelines including the list of activities. This is a publishing standard that aims to make data on aid “easier to use, access and understand” (IATI, 2016a). Data from more than 480 organisations9 - many not working on climate, but some working specifically or partially on climate issues, such as the Adaptation Fund and Agence Franqaise de Developpement - is available. In theory, the dataset allows searches via a “policy marker” (such as climate).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	1fc815ed8bac73c0ee89a6db3788008b	The data analysis, modelling, engineering, planning, designing, construction and operations expertise that will be developed by local and regional firms just to implement the Green Transformers concept alone, if appropriately nurtured and marketed, could be the foundation for making Sydney one of the leading centres in tri-generation technology. The City recently released a Decentralised Energy Master Plan, one of five Master Plans that together will comprise the Green Infrastructure Plan that determines the pathway for achieving the City’s Vision. Although the Green Transformers concept was the brainchild of UK energy expert Allan Jones, the Decentralised Energy Plan was prepared by a consortium of three Australian companies using metered electricity and gas consumption data that was provided by Energy Australia and Jemena.115 By building the expertise of local companies, rather than by continuing to import knowledge from abroad, the City is creating the beginnings of a local supply chain of talent and experience.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1007f69a-en	1fc8a6331af5827c486552f0ef235efb	This represents a large share of all methane emissions. As a powerful greenhouse gas, methane emissions must be significantly reduced. Coal mining-related activities (extraction, crushing, distribution, etc.) As with coal, the geological formation of oil can also create large methane deposits that are released during drilling and extraction.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	1fcd33e8928eb1c9400a2fa354ea547d	Economic opportunities can also result from newly created jobs, efficient management of natural resources and productivity gains (OECD, 2015a). Water scarcity, worsening resource bottlenecks, greater pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss have the potential to undermine growth and development. Imbalances in natural systems raise the risk of more profound, abrupt and highly damaging environmental impacts that are not necessarily foreseeable on the basis of past experience.	7	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	1fce3c5179ad1ffae729c660fb25af37	"Urbanization also requires a governance system that we hope and dream of as democratic, open, transparent and caring for the common interest, while respecting privacy. This is why urbanization is guided by policies and is governed by the principle of ""the rule of law"" being the most fundamental element of urbanization, as embraced in the New Urban Agenda. The achievement of a model of urbanization that induces prosperity and well-being demands a relative degree of participation and social consensus on the aim of enhancing the positive effects of urbanization."	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	1fcecfb284c4dd816147bd5faff3f604	In addition, local labour markets can differ in their skill requirements. Most countries have projections of future skills needs from independent or public institutions. International organisations also undertake these types of analyses, but few countries use this information to evolve their education systems.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	1fcfb34f4d54151c105353a1676fa425	Low-, middle- and high-income countries are defined in line with World Bank definitions, see http://data.worldbank.org/aboul/comiuy-classificaiions. In middle-and high income around spending per beneficiary was about 8.5 % of GDP per capita in 2012. Among middle-income countries spending per beneficiary is particularly high in Armenia, Azerbaijan and particularly Uzbekistan where the average pension payment is close to average GDP per capita (ADB, 2016).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/50e33932-en	1fcfde45e3951cd2e1f8cc7126956bc4	Therefore, the third CNTP (1992-2001) set four targets: regionally decentralised development; efficient land use; improvement of the quality of life, and enhancing amenity and unification of South and North Korea. The intention was to balance regional development by strengthening industrial centres along the west coast and the regional and provincial cities. In order to ensure support for less industrialised areas, the Law on Regional Balanced Development and Promotion of Local Small and Medium-sized Firms was enacted, establishing eight area-wide development plans.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	1fd672151e45c33b31646cd67949613d	This allowance is given to teachers in isolated, rural, culturally-diverse and disadvantaged schools (see Chapter 5). School leaders working in schools with a high concentration of vulnerable students also receive a higher compensation (see Chapter 4) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Private-subsidised schools can charge tuition fees to families through the shared funding system (see Chapter 2).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	1fd6c576ea36e79edeb35415022ca174	However, based on the criteria used, the analysis can be considered to both under and over-estimate the available amount of resources. The quantitative data here presented is indicative (or best effort), due to the lack of precise identification of STI in the underlying statistical classification. While lots of detailed information exists on development activities through the CRS, the lack of adequate classifications that conforms to official STI definitions and standards pose a challenge in assessing the portion of development finance targeting STI.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/52043f6e-en	1fda8a9c2248c4dca97742692593b972	The United States Department of Health and Human Services issued regulations regarding the implementation of the Family Violence Option in April 1999. The Uruguayan Law for the Prevention, Early Detection, Attention to, and Eradication of Domestic Violence (2002) mandates the design of a national plan against domestic violence. Article 46 of the Kenyan Sexual Offences Act (2006) requires that the relevant Minister prepare a national policy framework to guide the implementation and administration of the Act, and review the policy framework at least once every five years.	5	2	6	0.5
10.18356/cee83719-en	1fdd2074d6f92d71c311e2a38d09ea9c	However, the institutional framework for coordination of SDG implementation and monitoring still needs to be operationalized. A weak point of the planning system, especially from the environmental perspective, is the non-application of the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) tool for evaluation of environmental impacts of future sectoral policies. The environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent. Furthermore, enforcement of environmental laws and environment-related provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge. Nevertheless, there are still a number of deficiencies. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted late in the permitting process.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	1fddb994c4007125f554820eda3cb948	It can also vary by skills level and is more likely to be lower for managerial levels than for line employees. In France, for example, an estimated 50 000 positions are unfilled in the sector at any one time, even though the number of tourism graduates is at a sufficient level to meet the vacancy rates. In Australia, the turnover rate is 64% and is more pronounced in regions where tourism is competing with other, higher paying sectors, notably the resources sector, while the job vacancy rate in tourism is 9%, almost five times the rate for the overall economy (2%).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	1fdef68230635499bd383367e41e37d5	As a matter of fact, WHO estimates that meeting that goal would yield annual average benefits of $91 billion worldwide (cited in IEA, 2006: 440, table 15.6). However, these costs concern exclusively biomass and cooking fuels, and not the costs of providing other types of energy (e.g. electricity). In fact, other than project-specific information, there seems to be little information available on the costs of RETs as a source of household energy relative to fossil fuels. Moreover, the training, technical assistance and capacity-building that are needed to support rural electrification schemes add to capital costs. Given large capital costs and high associated risks, service providers would need to charge high connection fees and monthly rates to recover their investments, which would undermine the affordability of electrification for poor consumers.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	1fe05c6c08ea3737f6c6313da92f5c9d	It is also consistent with the results of recent OECD research, which showed a strong positive relationship between the amount of developed land per capita and the number of cars per 100 residents (see Annex 1.A2).5 However, Korea’s motorisation rate is below what many European countries, the United States and Canada registered at comparable income levels (Figure 1.6). It also remains one of the lowest in the OECD (Figure 1.7). This is likely the result of a comparatively efficient public transport system, coupled with population densities that allow for widespread use of public transport, which indicates bus and rail hereinafter except some cases including the national public transport master plan in Table 1.1. Korea’s low motorisation rate relative to its income level bodes well for its capacity to prevent further congestion and to enhance ecological sustainability. Org/l 0.1787/9789264235199-17-en.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	1fe21f3e065f188c19d34a2da5de0e15	The demand for non-agricultural use of water is calculated at the world region level and down-scaled to grid-cell level using the spatial distribution of people and GDP as a measure of human activity. Together with demands for irrigation per grid-cell (see below), the run-off is then corrected for the total withdrawals in the cell. The resulting run-off is passed on to the next downstream cell and so on until the entire water basin is covered. The gap is filled by irrigation, using surface water and groundwater available in the same or neighbouring grid cells.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	1fe2be9661e7f0afe625bc2e1f9153e6	There may be nothing wrong with the design of the policy, nor the willingness to implement it, but a given initiative still falls short of full realization because there are structural obstacles. Structural variables are slow-moving, that is, it is unrealistic to expect that they will bend to policy initiatives right away. They take time to conform to and facilitate the reforms that policymakers seek.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/52043f6e-en	1fe591dff9292c3712f3193d7b0836cf	In the United States, the Violence Against Women Act (1994), and its reauthorizations, provides a significant source of funding for non-governmental organizations working on violence against women. It is important that any budgetary allocation be based on a full analysis of funding required to implement all measures contained in the legislation. When public officials involved in the implementation of the law are not comprehensively trained regarding its content, there is a risk that the law will not be implemented effectively or uniformly.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	1fe6d4f0385f310431defccd2016c941	At country level, the prevalence is a subject of concern in Albania (10.5 percent), Georgia (8.9 percent), and Tajikistan (7.8 percent). Household income and livelihoods largely affect economic access to food, but high market prices of basic food items also limit their economic access, particularly among lower-income groups who spend a large share of their income for purchasing food. Vulnerability is influenced by factors affecting one or more dimensions of food security - such as market shocks (prices and infrastructure), droughts or floods, or instability and conflicts -combined with poverty, low incomes, lower access to adequate social protection, and inequality due to gender or age group. When including children in these estimates, there were 19 million people in the region who suffered from severe food insecurity during the same period.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	1fe862a4f0dafd8cb6f1078e38654952	In fact, 63% of education woikers and 57% of health woikers are employed in the public sector. The occupational structure of care work differs substantially from that of other woikeis, among whom own-account woric is more prevalent (see figure 111.21). In contrast, self-employment is practically unheard of among care woikers, with the only exception being the almost 5% of health woikers who are self-employed.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	1feb6ad3f5aabc51bf00bd53661fc52a	Reduce the teaching load for those involved in “strategic” entrepreneurship activities, such as entrepreneurship ambassadors and mentors should be considered. Drug abuse, demographic changes such as ageing and ethnic diversity also pose challenges, while Malay, Chinese and Indian populations feature diverse health profiles. At the same time, Penang is making progress to become a medical tourism hub in South East Asia by providing high-quality but more affordable specialised medical procedures.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	1feba340c3aecedec0669c28a04a5f58	Renewable energy sources represent a very small share of the metro region’s energy supply. In March 2010, 46% of the power supply sold within the ComEd service area was derived from nuclear power plants, 40% from coal-fired power plants, 10% from natural gas, and only small amounts of wind power (1%), biomass (1%), hydropower (1%), and assorted other sources (1%) (ComEd, 2010). However, wind power is a growing industry that is attracting headquarter functions to the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. Together with other Great Lakes states such as Michigan and Ohio, the Chicago-area 21-county region has one of the highest concentrations of wind energy component suppliers in the US. Thirteen wind industry corporations have set up their headquarters in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, including some of the major international firms involved in turbine manufacturing and renewable project developers, such as Goldwind, Acciona, Suzlon, Nordex or E.On. The Chicago-area 21-county region counts over 60 wind companies, which cover a large part of the supply chain, including turbine and tower makers, manufacturers of gears, couplings, bearings and fasteners, as well legal, financial and engineering consulting and diagnostic software designers (ELPC, 2011).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	1fee53abfe7b83e38e80062d94be5736	Some research shows that young entrepreneurs in Hanoi rely mostly on informal social networks, such as family and friends, to get financial help to set up or expand a business, because bank loans and other forms of formal credit are difficult to obtain for smaller businesses (Turner and Nguyen, 2005). In such cases, however, kinship ties may oblige entrepreneurs to employ unskilled family members. Mutual trust is established by kinship, which also underpins relationships based on paternalism.	10	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	1ff12abb01a6fd0965b7b82b0512f0c8	The potential of these already fragile economies to produce, allocate, distribute and regenerate is significantly compromised in the presence of HIV/AIDS. The literature and the experience of other countries which have previously walked this path paint a very grim picture for the Caribbean. Not only do high prevalence rates hurt the economy but economic stagnation provides an ideal breeding ground for the spread of the disease. Research into the effects of HIV/ AIDS reveals that its impact in terms of its social, human and economic costs is perhaps much more significant than previously thought (Bell et al.,	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	1ff1314f5c2b727ba2a0f36274508e13	"One notable experience benefiting older adults and other groups has been under way in Argentina since 2002: the National Medication Policy, which promotes the prescription of generic drugs. This gave rise to the ""Remedy"" programme, which provides free outpatient medication through primary health care centres, while the Ministry of Health monitors prices to detect any unjustified increases (Escobar, 2007). Some medicines are supplied free of charge in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and in Paraguay, with the latter supplying free drugs to vulnerable individuals aged over 70 through the Institute for Welfare of the Ministry of Health. In June 2007 300 people were benefiting from the programme, which aimed to reach 1,000 people by the end of the year."	3	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	1ff5ee9970be9a7eec16fac58dec0022	This important project is promoting the advancement of SDGs 1, 9,10 and 11, making communities resilient, inclusive, safe and sustainable. With the continuous growth of mobile broadband worldwide and the continuous enrichment of digital services, mobile broadband services are the key drivers of the digital economy. However, there is still a large number of subscribers in some developing countries who can't afford a mobile broadband terminal due to the price of mobile broadband smartphones or other factors.	9	0	9	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	1ff6328395fc1929ee12523cbfa5fd06	The experience of a number of developing countries, many of them in Latin America, which have bucked the trend of growing income inequality shows that it is possible to reduce income inequality through economic and social policies while remaining integrated with the global economy (UNDP, 2013a). In 2010, high-income countries that accounted for only 16 per cent of the world's population generated close to 55 per cent of global income; low-income countries, by contrast, created just over 1 per cent of global income, even though they were home to 72 per cent of the world's population. The average GDP per capita of $2,014 in sub-Saharan Africa stands in sharp contrast to the average GDP per capita of $27,640 in the European Union and $41,399 in North America (United Nations, 2013b). For example, high levels of inequality within countries make it harder for societies to reduce poverty through economic growth.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	1ff634e44649e040a360c9cb84a2900b	Until the 1920s or 1930s, they assumed the police were there to protect them and their property from the ‘riff-raff and became angered when the police treated them as perpetrators when it came to traffic offences (Setright, 2003). He argues that the relationship never quite recovered and the vociferous attacks on speed cameras in the United Kingdom and the constraints on their use suggest there is merit in this argument. Having high profile, educated, supportive spokespeople available that are independent of police to support the rationale for the enforcement is particularly helpful.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	1ff9bc1a11ff5223046461d4308e88f7	"Lessons can be learned from applying traditional knowledge, involving fishers and building on practices supported by those individuals"". While not extensively discussed, the need for adequate fisheries data in light of climate change may be an important consideration given that many fisheries management practices are based on historical, single species data sets. If the ocean changes beyond our historic scientific experience, managers and scientists may have a weakened foundation for making predictions and assessing which management actions to take, and also in terms of developing ecosystem strategies. A number of developed nations are actively anticipating, designing and implementing actions to deal with expected climate change impacts on fisheries."	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	1ffff17b32566f5b7cf57b570826acef	In addition to agriculture and cattle ranching, pressures include forest fires, land grabbing, timber extraction, road construction, hydropower and mining projects. Together with forest fires, these activities pose a serious threat to species and ecosystems. The Cerrado has been losing original vegetation cover at a faster rate than all other biomes and it has suffered a vegetation loss amounting to an area roughly the size of Egypt. It is one of the richest xeric shrub lands in the world and the only biome exclusive to Brazil.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	20009bb3b58212c0e8f432d9de9c77dd	The CRS includes bilateral donors' funds; these are outside of the scope of the CFU. Both datasets consider some of the same climate funds. For figures and tables in this chapter, which include both CRS and CFU data, we have therefore adjusted each dataset accordingly (removing funds shown as greyed out text in the table from the respective dataset) so that as little double-counting as possible appears in the figures. It is not possible to identify and thus remove the ASAP funds from either the CRS or the CFU data.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	2006cf91bb0151f3a7e46a68344f7228	Among pedestrians, elderly fatalities are overrepresented and Korea has the highest elderly fatality rate among OECD countries. However, Korea records one of the highest total fatality rates when the elderly are excluded, which indicates that elderly fatalities are not the only safety concern. This data allows an analysis of country level determinants of traffic fatalities. Multivariate regression analysis shows that the per capita number of vehicles active on a country’s roads significantly increases per capita traffic fatalities, whereas the percentage of drivers and passengers wearing seatbelts significantly reduces this figure.14 The protection afforded to passengers by seatbelts is widely recognized and most countries have law's that make it mandatory to wear a seatbelt. Such a modal shift requires the creation of compact mixed-use communities that offer alternatives to car use, such as w'alking, cycling and high quality public transport. “ People first” shifts the focus from the pre-2000s transport policy aimed at traffic efficiency towards comfortable and convenient (public) transport.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	200805e4751e5c2bceef6a25c4db34a7	It represents a wider grouping of stakeholders, including agricultural, industrial, urban and environmental organisations with interests in water management. The aim is to conduct a collaborative governance process led by stakeholders, to recommend reform of New Zealand’s fresh water management. The Forum leads a consensus process to identify shared outcomes and goals for fresh water, as well as relevant policies to achieve them. Co-ordinating strategic planning of water policy: OECD examples (cont.)	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	200ca2826d47bedf35810cbcde6d1fc3	In most cases, municipalities are therefore responsible for public service delivery, but have no legislative functions and heavily depend on federal and state transfers (tax rates that have to be approved by State Legislature), and the hyper-fragmented water sector. The Constitution also gives them the possibility to subcontract this responsibility to autonomous service provider under their supervision. In a few instances, municipalities have relinquished their prerogatives to the State and water is managed by a “Water Commission”.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	200d2bd4ef2e66feee01f629426472f8	Improvements in technical assistance for farmers and the diffusion of new technologies will help. So will policies that better align the price of production inputs with their true social cost. Consumption of nitrogen fertiliser per unit of arable land in China is more than double that of other countries with large agricultural sectors (Figure 11). The costs of excessive use of chemical fertiliser are significant. Soil acidity is often affected, leading to longer-term impacts on crop yields.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	200e437d420fedc6d5df521e1b8d21e7	Whether earth observation or meteorological satellites, space communications or global positioning systems, space systems are becoming an indispensable tool in the international effort to track and better understand our atmosphere, oceans, forests, fresh water resources and land use. In this context, space applications play a vital role in providing more accurate and timely infoimation on agricultural production prospects. In India, a dozen or so remote sensing satellites are used to award land titles and improve land-use planning nationally.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	200eabbe18a7fb1417784d4b31e6fd6f	Paradoxically, the water that once afforded Venice its power as a maritime empire now compromises its physical integrity. Periodic flooding threatens both the historic city and the mainland. Specifically, the increased frequency and severity of flooding is perceived by many as a threat not only to public health, but also to the liveability and economic viability of the historic centre. Floods have both short-term implications (reduced tourism-related income, increased costs of routine logistics) and long-term implications (notably damage to the city's building fabric and architectural heritage) for the Venice city-region.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	2010446342aae5f01766b611275cc56b	Overall the paucity of awareness-raising measures means that opportunities to reduce emissions and improve the welfare of large numbers of households are being missed. It is obvious from the average score of 1.7 for this sub-dimension that the development of Third Energy Package-complaint polices and action plans is a significant challenge for several of the assessed economies. For those with compliant policy framew'orks, renewed emphasis on full implementation of existing policies and revision of those which are not delivering is the only way that they can achieve the transition to a sustainable energy sector.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	201338a0fa6cd447c80b50b828984672	Combining the duration curve with data on fixed and variable costs of different generating technologies, it is possible to derive the optimal generation mix to satisfy a given electricity demand. The residual load curve is obtained by subtracting the electricity produced by the low marginal cost technology from the electricity load. Once calculated the residual load curve for a given amount of renewable energy, it is then possible to derive the “new” optimal generation mix, which satisfies that specific load at the least-cost.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	20171e101652b96998ee51eb743c6963	The strong fiscal dependency of education financing on the central government has exacerbated fiscal sustainability, since the fiscal responsibility for education financing is not linked to the beneficiaries of regional education services. The education financing system in Korea now' encounters a new' paradigm for inclusive grow'th. The new paradigm might be the reform of fiscal decentralisation of the education financing system.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	2019a9c6eeb92b9abf6a822aa5cb683f	Slovakia also made significant progress towards establishing its Natura 2000 network. It adopted a wetland programme for 2003-07, later updated for 2008-14, along with an action plan for 2008-11. Three additional Ramsar sites have been designated since 2000.56 The Carpathian Wetland Initiative was approved as a Ramsar Convention regional initiative. The primeval beech forests of the Carpathians were added to Slovakia’s UNESCO World Natural Heritage sites, and the area of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst cave site was extended.57 In 2003, environment ministers of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia and Ukraine signed the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204638-3-en	201aab2b2fb95c0c8a9c4ea0dbee8205	Overall, framework conditions for innovation have improved, notably through the opening of the Colombian economy. The commodity-based export boom, while it has slowed recently, offers a window of opportunity to tackle some of the major issues facing the Colombian innovation system. In particular the policy-relevant knowledge base of indicators and analysis should be extended beyond manufacturing. This would preferably involve more internationally comparable data and indicators in the OECD framework of STI statistical manuals.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	201bac510c7a3df90a04436012f516cc	Despite such initiatives, respondents noted that applications of genomics for stratified medicine delivery remain somewhat limited at present. However, they did mention some important innovations, notably in the field of cancer therapeutics, while national audits show an increase in the provision of novel drugs requiring companion diagnostics. Stratified medicine was seen as helping to address these problems by transforming understanding of the role of genetic variation in disease and enabling more accurate disease classification, diagnosis and targeting of drugs and other interventions.	3	52	864	0.8864628820960698
10.1787/9789264279643-4-en	201e03425a3b7523299a71d24e5b470b	The market analysis reviews the current status of the country’s existing bus fleet (ownership status, age, fuel type used), the market for compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas as transport fuels, domestic production and import of buses, bus fares for urban transport, and the co-financing available for investment projects.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	201e8a44f71f4eb805fbec6615fa85a8	The public sector has an important role to play here, to improve knowledge and build capacity. It comprises five flagship projects in three categories: Nordic Green, Nordic Food and Welfare and Nordic Gender Effect, each based on different Nordic core competencies. Such as the Prime Ministers' Globalisation Initiative (Top-level Research Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment), Prime Ministers Program Nordic Region Leading in Green Growth, Prime Ministers Program on 5ustainable Nordic Welfare, as well as current key themes within Nordic cooperation including among other New Nordic Climate Solutions and Nordic Bioeconomy.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/550b76bf-en	201ee7a3c5adeed640e8ba61f9ef4252	Combined with a low level of investment, this will lead to a water supply system crisis at some point in the future unless maintenance levels and practices are enhanced. The remaining 60-70 per cent will have to come from central government sources and own financing by utilities. Limited financial viability and the lack of economies of scale make it difficult for WSS companies (WSSCs) to finance and implement large capital investment programmes.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c2dea192-en	202083e2ef6aac593ae8cbc98a8994f3	Updated in 2010, this policy targets'nearly zero energy buildings'in 2020, by MEPS for buildings and certification of building energy performance. Building codes and Labelling emphasizes market preparation activities, an increased focus on code requirements for building retrofit projects, better efforts to track actual building performance, improved third party inspection and enforcement, measures to minimize peak electrical demand as well as building thermal energy, measures to encourage better design as well as prescriptive and performance measures, better enabling of new technologies, http://aperc.ieej. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for buildings in Denmark are at a relatively high level and keep being regularly tightened and can be considered as an example of good practice.. Furthermore, future standards are defined well in advance making the transition easier.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	2021963a0671806e02fb5503f637a7b8	However, despite these relatively low poverty rates and a solid economic growth, Costa Rica’s economic success is concentrated in a small elite group and thus, large socioeconomic inequalities persist in the countiy . According to the Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2015, from INEC, the Household Gini Coefficient1 0.510 whilst the Person-based Gini Coefficient was 0.516. These are considerably higher than the OECD average of 32.2 (although lower than the Gini Coefficient in Chile that was 50.5 in 2013) (OECD, 2016).	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	2021ba65f8fc18999bc3204d7bd0ff0e	Linguistic and family bonds, which are prevalent in informal trade, make up for the non-availability of credit, but they are often insufficient for long distance trade, for which credit and guarantees are required in order to reproduce equivalent levels of trust. The challenge is even more significant for agricultural exporters, who often state lack of access to credit as the single biggest factor constraining their growth (Cardno, 2010). Financing trade is complicated further by the lack of efficient payment mechanisms to cover insurance requirements and customs guarantees for transiting consignments, as also shown by the case study on the cashew nut sector in Mozambique, as well as by the non-convertibility of certain currencies. The system relies on individuals feeding prices for standardized commodities through mobile phones to a server that makes these data available to others on their mobile phones. It allows access to prices, stock, offers and harvest information, communication with clients and members, tracking stock and inventory, finding buyers and sellers and pulling interactive data from the field.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	202279cf2597d3f4bf3a55b055d80ae4	Second, spectrum is a limited resource and telecommunication operators compete with other actors in the use of spectrum. As such, the capacity of mobile broadband is limited and more traffic can affect speed and quality of service (ITU, 2018(13]). Therefore, it is imperative for developing countries’ long-term development to also invest in fixed infrastructure and offload traffic through mobile networks. By 2018, half of the world’s population is using the Internet.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	202dd0b9ee9ee13176f00db04c521392	Tajik women in labour migration: forced tactics of survival or choice of emancipated women?]. Globalizing 'postsocialism': mobile mothers and neoliberalism on the margins of Europe. Gender inequalities in labour markets in Central Asia. Available from www.eurasia.undp.org/content/dam/ rbec / docs / Gender%20inequalities%20in%201abour%20markets% 20in%20Central%20Asia.pdf?	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	202ed377a4ff00bee1b37a6c668ee0de	The categories in which information was gathered and classified for each suggested indicator were: 1) status of importance or applicability, 2) the focus, issue or content of indicator, 3) measurement unit, 4) description of value/s of the measurement units, 5) description or information of the frequency of measurements and the history of past measurements, 6) the possible producer or provider of the information, and 7) others aspects/problems/future perspectives, and if used in another sector. In table 1, suggested indicators for nature-based recreation are presented. For these two indicators, there was quantitative and up-to-date data available at the national level.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	202ee71b6ba9284832b2124632207a03	Capturing these broader benefits in concrete terms can also build a case for more ambitious, scaled-up actions. This includes issues such as reducing disproportionate social and environmental impacts on women or indigenous populations. For instance, many institutions include guidance to disaggregate results by gender or impacts on indigenous peoples, where appropriate (UK, 2013; Mulenga, 2013; CIF, 2011, 2012a, 2012c; GEF, 2012).	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/e027915b-en	202f50daba5cb9142805ae670625db07	Indeed, one key response to insufficient knowledge is to reconsider the types of decisions that are possible. Low availability and poor quality of data and information unfortunately add to the uncertainty in the projections. For instance, companies that focus on energy production, mining, petrochemical extraction or manufacturing, beverages, commercial agriculture or commercial transportation may have established networks to gather, monitor and analyse information that could be deeply relevant to climate change impacts and adaptation.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	202fb1584bb72cd7fe3c7c1d0ad7e0e4	Although Betts and Kaytaz’s study is written of a context in which migration is not primarily a response to conflict, there are still lessons to be learnt. If they receive recognition, they are entitled to live in the refugee camp but can apply for a work permit if and when they find work. There is very little additional legal provision that relates to the situation of the Zimbabweans (ibid.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	20320435f8088e6bde965980684519f7	These datasets are very complete, but they were not created for the purpose of describing people’s perceptions of deprivation. We therefore decided to use a methodology similar to the one proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007). The first step was to define the main dimensions of the functionings and capabilities to be studied: housing conditions, health, education and participation in the labour market.1 These dimensions were then divided into 13 indicators, as shown in table 1.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	203364ed5b16ee950bceb47889491db2	This emphasis on disaggregation helped to tailor policy recommendations for each region and product. Figure 3 presents FAO’s (2013) useful overview of the details of these three dimensions, which provide possible entry points for diagnostic analyses of specific cases and for possible policy interventions. As the FAO (2013) notes, “The first challenge for governments is to determine which factors to target, namely, which constraint or risk is holding back smallholder market participation. The second challenge is the sequencing of policy measures during the process of market transformation.”	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	20345d41fa704eff2a2c66bc869de7b7	Thirdly, rural households are often able to pay for their electricity consumption. Lack of payment for electricity use not only weakens the financial stability of the electricity provider (World Bank, 2000), but also discourages investors to join in on the rural electrification efforts because of uncertain revenues. Adequate metering, billing and payment recovery are fundamental to a sustainable electrification system.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	203557ffb03f1689a2539718e6e45fb0	Out of the 47 prefectures in Japan, 5 have food self-sufficiency rates greater than 100 per cent (Hokkaido, 195 per cent; Akita, 174 per cent; Yamagata, 132 per cent; Aomori, 118 per cent; and Iwate 105 per cent) (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2009). Japan’s energy self-sufficiency rate is only 4 per cent (19 per cent if nuclear power generation is included) (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, 2008). Most potash and phosphate supplies are imported and dairy farming in Japan is heavily reliant on imported livestock feed.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	2036f9508ed6f6f52fc1aaf2138bff36	One key finding is that education and anti-discrimination policies, well-designed labour market institutions and large and/or progressive tax and transfer systems can all reduce income inequality. On this basis, the chapter identifies several policy re/orms that could yield a double dividend in terms of boosting GDP per capita and reducing income inequality, and also flags other policy areas where reforms would entail a trade-off between both objectives. In some countries, top earners have captured a large share of the overall income gains, while for others income has risen only a little.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	20384cd06a06446a9e92238fbd5e08a5	Those who absorb the cost of anticipatory actions are not necessarily those who will benefit. There are competing interests for ecosystem goods and services that make it difficult to build consensus around trade-offs and create winners and losers when trade-offs are made. There is the path dependence created by the history of management.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	2039b6231282084bfa6a119a28bf972a	These are interlinked areas yet, there are power dynamics that can undermine co-operation efforts. For instance, peripheral communes tend to want to retain influence and related to this, tactics may waver from subordination to co-operation with the main city depending on the issues at hand (Box 2.4). Smaller communities may feel like they will be subsumed by urban priorities for growth, and thus seek to maintain independence.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	203e02d2cf31037e1cd8214f2b4e1138	This can refer to a situation in which many students have a different mother tongue than Swedish and thus requires the teacher to have a certain knowledge in order to incorporate their mother tongues into their learning processes. It can also refer to schools with weak skills outcomes in which the students need extra support to be able to complete their studies. Teachers’ average wages have risen at a higher rate than in previous years which has led to stable conditions, including long term wage progression (Lofven and Knutsson, 2018[i22i; Statskontoret (The Swedish Agency for Public Management), 2017n35i).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	2044b2098578e12ce87969032c928656	Availability of sanitary facilities in the household and outstanding credit per capita represent proxies of the district stage of development. They allow for distinction between average income per household and the overall wealth of the district. The district level product, an equivalent to state and national level GDP would serve this purpose better, but as its availability is limited the model needs to rely the aforementioned proxies.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	2046efe889f616b5d7b6011815f7742d	This instrument establishes land-use planning and zoning principles to promote development that simultaneously protects and conserves the environment. By July 2012, SEMARNAT had supported the development of 85 ELUPs at different geographic scales, of which 43 were decreed in the last six years. Further efforts are needed to ensure that the regions with the highest development potential for tourism, industry, agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries are covered by ELUPs.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	20489294be4bbd057cf14391b675ccd9	The number of women in Inatsisartut, the Parliament of Greenland, after the two elections were 12 in 2013 and 12 in 2014 whereas the proportion of women in Naalakkersuisut, the cabinet, was two (including the first female premier in Greenland) in 2013 and 3 out of nine in 2014 (http://www.inatsisartut.gl/ inatsisartuthome/sammensaetning-af-inatsisartut.aspx). The women have reached a considerable and slowly increasing proportion of the seats in the Greenlandic Parliament although there is still some distance to an equal gender distribution in both the Greenlandic Parliament and the Cabinet of Greenland. This may or may not be paid work.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	2048d13f5298824de5300538eca845a8	Existing research demonstrates that child food insecurity is both consequential and common, but limitations in the range of countries, contexts, and time points for which data have been collected, and a lack consistency in what is being measured and how, has resulted in incomplete information for addressing child food insecurity, its causes and consequences. The effectiveness of a global monitoring system rests on two components: measurement of child food insecurity that reliably and accurately captures the phenomenon, and a vehicle for delivering that measurement to samples that support reliable and accurate inference to the populations of interest. In addition, the prevalence of food inadequacy is estimated indirectly, based on national food balance sheets reporting the quantities of food available in 113 countries [15]. These monitoring systems give a panoramic view on what is happening in a country, and they provide information about the adequacy of wages, existing resources, and benefits to meet food needs at household level, for the populations to which household samples are representative.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	204fc57532c5bc96d4d64ac4a93773d7	The Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session, agreed to establish a Climate Technology Centre and Network, which aim to support technology transfer and local technology innovation capacity. Efforts of emerging and other developing economies to support clean energy technology have typically focused on domestic research, development, manufacturing and export capacities. China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan, endorsed in March 2011, encompasses a green growth strategy geared towards building technology leadership, through special efforts to develop and deploy wind, solar, hydro, nuclear, energy efficiency, electric cars, “smart grids”, infrastructure and high-speed rail. It includes a plan to install 10 million charging stations for electric cars and to increase installed renewable energy capacity by 47 per cent by 2020.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	20509a83b5349581f388acca8418f4ba	Around 75% of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways, and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have otherwise had. The survey instruments measure both the local contexts in which the intervention takes place and the effects of the intervention on a series of outcomes of interest for students and teachers, including the change in teachers' pedagogical practices, attitudes and beliefs, as well as the effects of those practices on their students' tests scores, their understanding and attitude towards creativity and critical thinking, their engagement in school, and their scores in standardised creativity tests. While the results are tentative, the initial analysis of the pilot student data shows that the intervention has promising effects on the outcomes of interest. The next phase of the project should entail a validation (or efficacy) study before countries scale up the effective approaches.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	205adab69b61e5c7b70f779aa48d5d7b	Thus, even a relatively lower level of agricultural support places a higher burden on the Turkish economy than a much higher support in countries where agriculture represents a far smaller share, e.g. Norway, Switzerland, Korea or Japan. Following profound economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, previous agricultural regulation systems were dismantled or largely liberalised in these countries. In some, relative agricultural prices declined far below the international levels in the early post-reform period, with the result that agriculture faced considerable price taxation (or negative market price support).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	205b9e35a6acb416f2b309b8eb43a7cd	The agency determined in FY 2007 that 99 percent of its facilities met those standards. They stated that the reliability index may fall below 90 percent in FY 2009 and later. Much of Reclamation's current infrastructure is now 50 or more years old, and its proper operation and maintenance are important to the sustained delivery of water services. However early reclamation cost-sharing policy resulted in repayments to the government falling short of planned levels. This led to a series of changes in the repayment provisions culminating with legislation in the 1930s that completely revised reclamation policy from total repayment of construction cost to repayment of those costs based on ability to pay basis. Since that time, charges for Reclamation supplied irrigation water have generally not been required to reflect the construction cost of water supply.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	205d6305f09b8eafcc9d686e0d180b9c	Therefore they need to develop strong collaborative links with each other in order to improve their education, service and applied research capacity. Recognising the need to increase geographic accessibility, some colleges have proposed extension centres located in Arab villages, but authorities have rejected these initiatives. Authorities should consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the Open University, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates. However there are considerable gaps in terms of regional delivery and the Galilee and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University provision.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	205f05194e9c119e1f14dcc146c54b5e	These include a higher El contribution rate for fixed-term contracts, or experience rating of employers by hacking layoffs which result in benefit claims (as practiced in the United States). Also, the traditional PES emphasis on placing unemployed workers so far as possible in stable jobs rather than temporary jobs should be maintained. Until recently, employment insurance (El) contributions were due only in case of employment relationships expected to last for a year or more.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	205fc9b94f1514511d77e78751aa0039	For example, in Jordan women represent fewer than 5% of the self-employed, in Morocco, between 10%-12% of business owners, and in Egypt about 20%. Consequently, one cannot expect women to constitute a significantly larger share of BDS clients. However, an interesting example comes out of the survey in Jordan: 75% of the clients/beneficiaries of the Jordan River Foundation, the Noor Al Hussein Foundation and the Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development (JOHUD) are women.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	2062b67983780f10cdd5d13b7904ef4d	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The CCXG Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	20635f6caac7ce530f4cf9f92a1f97b5	Such investments are therefore more properly classified as social infrastructure spending rather than government current consumption or even simply human development expenditures. Social infrastructure refers to the fundamental social, intellectual, and emotional skills and health of individuals—or level of human development—a country relies on for its economy to function. Unlike physical infrastructure—such as bridges, roads and, telecommunications systems— whichtendto bepubliclyowned.social infrastructure is embodied in people, and enhanced via social spending by governments.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-6-en	2065c0e7ce85bae52d0da3ffab10b168	In addition, the country faces severe water scarcity issues, adding to the pressure put on water resources and systems. The Clean Water Act of 2004 requires LGUs and water districts to create septage management programmes in areas w'ithout sew'erage systems. However, most LGUs and water districts have lacked the capacity, technical knowledge, or funds to take action since the passage of the Act.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	2067ae70e3bf889da9a0e671cdafc76e	This might indicate that information is not yet available. Expenditure on infrastructure development and maintenance and on marketing and promotion is generally lower due to the narrower definition, focusing on primary agriculture. In the US estimate, this leads to the removal of major programmes, which results in a striking reduction of expenditures for marketing and promotion.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	2068740fc12c8947baca65d0c74cb080	They also imply, however, that for an important group of young NEET, low-intensity short-term interventions - like job-search assistance workshops - are unlikely to be sufficient to increase the chances of employment. To the extent that a lack of professional training or even basic numeracy and literacy skills is the reason for a young person’s NEET status, more intensive - and likely more expensive — programmes may be needed to bring a young person back into education or employment. A range of different such interventions that have proven successful are discussed in Section 6.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6ccfb032-en	206af4e2a38a1f918e5d059060c0d93b	This chapter discusses the progress of ESCAP member States in Asia and the Pacific on the three SDG7 targets - energy access, renewable energy and energy efficiency. Financial viability of policy options. Therefore, consideration has been given to technological and policy options that support the achievement of other SDGs, including social equality, increased jobs, better health and improved access to education.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	206d10ab5dd6cbc8806aef36303b15f9	Information given above derived from IPCC (2007), “Summary for Policymakers”. The Government has stated that “it would be irresponsible to acknowledge this reality and not do anything to prepare our community for eventual migration”. See Republic of Kiribati, Office of the President, “Relocation”, Kiribati Climate Change. Available at http://www.climate.gov.ki/category/action/relocation/ (accessed 25 January 2016).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	206e95905c602b2ea8da611cef43e250	It is also harder to prevent different—and more pluralistic—forms of expression that can inform those who would otherwise remain unaware of actual trends, including in inequalities, and how policies can affect them. However, the digital divide remains large, albeit narrowing, even in developing countries where mobile telephony is fulfilling many of the earlier functions of personal computers. Moreover, blogging and similar forms of media interaction are still strongly class-driven (Schradie 2012), even as race and ethnicity become less important as determinants.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/cac71849-en	206f42833ab4710cdf3ecfaf8f89c6c7	Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity, as forests provide food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006). In a case-study analysis of seven developing countries, Berry, Olson and Campbell, (2003) estimated that problems of sustainable land management reduced agricultural GDP by between 3 and 7 per cent. Poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier, less fertile soils and in more remote areas (World Bank, 2003).	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	206f4fcb1c851ccad1d8a03243e86f6e	The conservation hypothesis finds less supporting empirical evidence, in 28 per cent to 29 per cent of the studies. Finally, the hypothesis of no causality between energy and economic growth is indicated by just 13 per cent to 22 per cent of the studies under review. The former concentrates on developing countries, and this report presents the results of the latter solely for these countries.	7	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	2071d5803f3345a6f74d642e516185fe	Reporting and progress reports were made to the Minister for Women and Equalities, and the overall report and recommendations of the WBC were delivered to the government and disseminated across UK ministries. The WBC approach is built on the idea that improving gender diversity will lead to greater creativity, problem solving and flexibility, all much-needed skillsets for the UK to adapt to the changing economic environment. Aiming to both increase resources and change organisational culture, WBC took a long-term view, ensuring that longevity and continuity be applied to all suggested strategies.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	20723afae961c1e76eb3b7f47f8f25e2	Where applicable, the alternative fuels to gas-based generation (such as diesel, fuel oil or coal) are mainly stored on the site of CCGTs. The period of load duration depends on a number of factors; including the ability to restock back-up fuels, generator characteristics, the type of gas supply contract - either firm or interruptible - and expectations about the variability of electricity prices as these determine the installation of back-up facilities (BERR, 2006). However, when information on this indicator remains disaggregated, the overall picture for the national energy system may be less clear.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	2072a323c5034f065e06c6e32692cfd1	Although the mailbox obligation does not affect the LDC members’ right to refuse to issue or enforce patents on pharmaceutical products until 2016, it does require them to install and maintain administrative procedures that permit the receipt and retention of pending pharmaceutical patent applications for the purpose of later examination (i.e. from 2016 on). That Decision extended the transition period under TRIPS Article 66.1 in 2013. The Decision on the 2013 Extension expressly refers to the LDC transition period “under Article 66.1 of the Agreement”, i.e. the transition period that had to respect the mailbox obligation under Article 70.8(a). This reference has to be understood as carrying over into 2013 the original mailbox obligation under the original transition period.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	20748fcf234c3af5d607253d71604a1e	This is in line with the previous conclusion that youth with limited or no work experience are usually not entitled to these benefits. Disability benefit receipt rates are much lower, averaging only around 2% of all youth in OECD countries. Exceptions are Norway (7% of all youth) and Finland and Ireland (5%). Social assistance, housing and family benefits play an important role for youth living in low-income households and those lacking work experience.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	2079b834c65bc1dcaf7f8169ffd7f735	To reach this goal, Parties agreed on the need for global emissions to peak and start declining as soon as possible - recognising that this will take longer for developing countries - and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. Nevertheless, both the text and the country-level strategies for emissions reduction, which are outlined in the forni of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), recognise the threat which climate change poses to sustainable food production and offer opportunities for agriculture to be an active part of the solution to climate change. Article 4.1, for example, states governments' aim to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century. Reference is made in Article 5.1 to carbon sinks which should be conserved and enhanced. These include financial support by developed countries, such as the ongoing collective goal to mobilise USD 100 billion per year until 2025 for adaptation and mitigation in developing regions, a figure which should be increased from 2025 onwards.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	2079ce6c9b728abe4d6b0083208a1e7d	The requirement to demonstrate labour market relevance is thus one of several quality criteria examined during the accreditation process conducted by Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) at the institution level and by accredited institutions at the programme level. In addition, the regulations state clearly that institutional accreditation conducted by NOKUT must include one representative from “social or working life”, which ensures that the perspective of social partners is captured during the accreditation process (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b). The RSAs were created in 2011 by the Norwegian government to facilitate a more structured and binding collaboration between higher education and the world of work and strengthen the labour market relevance of degree programmes and continuing education and share information.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/797ccf27-en	207af37d322e7332acdda072b3fe07b8	The financial crisis in the United States is affecting —and will continue to affect— the growth of exports and the remittance flows the region has benefited from in recent years. Some current features of the Latin American economies, such as their lesser external vulnerability, greater fiscal solvency and high levels of reserve, should make it possible to implement countercyclical policies to mitigate the effect of external developments on the region’s performance. Nonetheless, although it is better prepared to cope with this international situation than in the past, one should not assume that Latin America and the Caribbean is immune to the changes that are taking place, and trends in the second half of 2008 and in 2009 will reflect developments in the current setting.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	20802c7e3b39790fd189e5ae48893a8c	Despite the current economic recession, according to World Bank Fast Track Lesotho Report 2009, the country allocates 20 per cent of its budget to education and this expenditure on education is considered high by international standards. Indigenous education was the type of education that was mainly controlled by Basotho themselves, before the colonial era, and it was the informal type of education. In the indigenous education, the type of learning was oriented towards practical activities for boys and girls at home and in the plantation fields.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	208209ee97c8f0fbe18141fb4f405012	"It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.” ( United Nations General Assembly, 1997, ch. In addition, paragraph 203(b) recommends that national women’s machineries “have clearly defined mandates and authority; critical elements would be adequate resources and the ability and competence to influence policy and formulate and review legislation."" Many of these institutions actually engage in a full range of research and operational activities, as is described in detail below."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	20864f0104d9aecc1208e7b69843f522	Investment is being mainly used to purchase water entitlements for the environment and infrastructure upgrades and reconfiguration, with water savings being returned to the environment on a shared basis. Under Australia’s national Water Act 2007, the Federal Bureau of Meteorology is authorised to collect and publish high-quality water information. The publications will include an annual National Water Account and periodic reports on water resource use and availability.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599642-8-en	208b9332418c28a0ad3e2a8942dd894b	These are typically the drivers of integrated supply chains, comprising traders and retailers as well as multinational and transnational enterprises. As patterns of global trade have changed, these have subsequently been linked to qualitative changes in the governance structures associated with GVCs. With reference to Sub-Saharan Africa, Gibbon and Ponte (2005) argue that these shifts have resulted in the region ‘trading down rather than up in GVCs. This is through increasing producer specialisation within the lower value-added nodes of a given value chain, rather than facilitating movement up towards higher value-added nodes such as processing, retailing and marketing.	14	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	208f251ffb10ce51b4ccf1f0addb6153	"The example of the Yunnan Province demonstrated that rural end-users limited their monthly electricity consumption to a level that makes it completely unattractive to the electricity company to invest further in infrastructure and maintenance. According to the Chinese ""one county one supplier"" policy, the supplier is to provide the full range of services at a given price. Market access by other investors is difficult if not impossible. This, along with rigid rules on production, supply and marketing of electricity, prevents innovation, competition and reform."	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	208f43b1810c5538c5beb27beb407abd	Cocreation, the active involvement of stakeholders in the development of policies, presents an attractive strategy to cope with the demand for better and more responsive policies. Co-creation can take place during different stages of the policy cycle and take a variety of different forms. The conceptualisation of participatory mechanisms requires careful considerations. One-size-fits-all solutions are not feasible, because the interplay between public officials and stakeholders depends on the national and policy sector context. However, by comparing co-creation mechanisms in social innovation across seven EU countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain, the United Kingdom), Voorberg et al. (	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	208f63ca326386b5fb50539282a01ef5	Enforcing standards on fuel quality and vehicle emissions can reduce dangerous emissions from motor vehicles. Many countries in the region follow European standards for emissions, which define maximum acceptable emission rates of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide per kilometre travelled. Vehicle retirement or scrappage programmes are another way of reducing air pollution and road safety.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	2090f4e6cfe190a7dc67fa9c4effa8b1	The leaseholder accumulated a large debt (about UAH 8 million or EUR 700 000) for power supply and purchased water, tax arrears and other payables. As a result, water supply continuity dropped from 24h hours to intermittent supply. In 2008, user charge revenues covered 73% of the average costs of water services and 85% of the costs of sanitation services. Because of the poor quality of service, consumers refused to pay their water bills in full.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231122-9-en	209223648d8c35312af1353b08e4d155	In its various multilateral forms, ICT-enabled engagement can improve inclusiveness by providing a shared ground where exchange of knowledge and opinions is possible (Box 5.3). Web-based water information systems: The case of Italy and Portugal (cont.) In this regard, the “Pawa” project developed water accounts through recognised standards and activated an inclusive decision-making process as regards the selection of the most appropriate measures to face water scarcity and drought conditions. The information system not only contributes to information exchange among different stakeholders and public authorities responsible for the directive’s implementation (i.e. regions, water utilities, etc.),	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2094fc9f4477c70fcde0136abe1638d2	All three deal with outdoor air pollution due to fossil fuel combustion and focus on policy-relevant, global headline figures. The WHO report, for instance, states: “Air pollution represents the biggest environmental risk to health. In 2012, one out of every nine deaths was the result of air pollution-related conditions.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	2095f45a118d3587c7188eb13f0ff5cd	In general, for each indicator to be comparable across time and countries, it is crucial that countries use similar concepts and methods in their calculation. In particular, it is important that countries use data that are similar in terms of worker. Parental leave refers to longer periods of leave with the right to return to one's job that is normally taken after maternity and paternity leave, respectively. National legislation and statistical practices with regard to parental leave vary greatly among countries.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	20981fe51f9a969adf51aa41fba01822	Impact evaluation focuses on disentangling the effects attributable to a particular policy intervention (e.g. protected areas) on an outcome variable (e.g. deforestation) from broader changes in a region (e.g. widespread development or government policies) (Ahmadia, 2015). More generally, according to one source, the resources currently allocated to monitoring and evaluation — on average, less than 5% of a conservation project’s budget — do not come close to what is needed to satisfy the increasing demand from policymakers for more and higher-quality evidence on the impacts of conservation and development interventions (McKinnon et al., This involves the main impacts and effects resulting from the activity on the local social, economic, environmental and other development indicators.” (	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80c5340c-885a9460-en	209b6fa06e51fe55207801f5e68fcdeb	"In effect, regulation simulated the desired effects of competition. Prompted by recent market and technology developments, government policy-makers face even greater calls to ensure access to digital infrastructures -particularly fixed and mobile access networks. Broadband networks and Internet services are increasingly viewed as non-optional utilities (or ""rights"") whose availability and performance impact every aspect of the economy and societal development."	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264176713-en	20a22a77efab39878235073397e49ec1	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Such evidence has driven policy makers to design an early intervention and re-think their education spending patterns to gain “value for money”. At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC that children experience.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	20a3ab62eced2eb6f013c92802046dc8	This perentage varies from less than 30 per cent in selected cities from developing countries to over 90 per cent among cities from more developed countries. More interesting global analysis on availability (regularity of services) and affordability of transport on these arterials roads networks will help clarify questions on how convenient the public transport is in the coming years. Laying this excellent foundation is key to sustaining the monitoring and reporting needs for the next 12 years.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae512255-en	20a56ad525fc705c672861bd0e64a674	One widely used indicator is women’s life expectancy relative to men’s, a crude summary of gender differences in overall health status. Women generally live longer than men, a matter of genetic make-up and less unhealthy lifestyles. They exclude much of the informal work that makes up labour force activity in poorer countries and should therefore be treated with caution.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	20a5b777e3521776312e02932636491b	With the dynamic limit of 80 km/h, there was a further reduction of 3.4 km/h. In those situations when the lower limit was accompanied by the slippery road warning sign, the prevailing weather and road surface conditions reduced traffic speeds by 9.3 km/h with the combination of lower limit and slippery road warning bringing about a further reduction of 1.8 km/h. There was also an effect that the signs reduced speeds on adjacent road sections.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	20a8478afed25ab4e8d1ee5ed3f99ab1	It therefore follows logically that not only are tailored products and services required but it makes business sense to provide them. Yes, it’s the right thing to do, but it’s also the strategic thing to do for Westpac.’ Westpac is Australia’s oldest bank but it was on the brink of a meltdown in the early 1990s, posting a loss of AUS$1,6 billion in 1992. When Bob Joss was appointed CEO in 1993, he instituted a major sustainability drive, born of necessity rather than opportunity, as part of the bank’s turnaround. A diversity unit was established to push forward changes and a number of initiatives were successfully implemented, including the establishment of a Women’s Markets Unit in the late 1990s. This supports businesswomen by facilitating knowledge, information and networking.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	20a8bc55f18fd31e5a2e656ba73aad5d	This problem is further compounded by the lack of competence of employment services centres that fail to channel VET graduates to employment or further training. Resource mapping identifies funding available for a specific purpose (e.g. workforce development) that various parties receive from the central government, local government, NGOs and other sources in a region. This exercise helps level funding surplus and deficit of programmes since some funds are flexible in its usage. Successful management of these processes and customisation to the needs of local communities and markets is a complex task, but certainly one that will result in advancing growth rates and employment levels. More importantly, providing professionals in private and public organisations with the knowledge to collect and analyse relevant labour market information and the capacity to put strategic plans into place to address emerging issues can help to prevent stagnation of economic sectors, underemployment, rising unemployment levels and social exclusion. Industry transformation towards a low-carbon economy challenges traditional labour market measures and emphasises new needs and priorities to be taken into account for workforce development and for the support provided by strategic employment services.	8	0	9	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	20a9834d86d7518863e04377f0cf3984	Some of the ambassadors later acted as mentors or coaches. Lead entrepreneurs support these aspiring businesswomen in setting and achieving growth objectives for their businesses in interactive roundtable sessions where everyone can share experiences and thoughts (OECD/EU, 2016). In Korea, WISET’s Girls Mentoring Program aims to help young women in high school develop their college study plans, with female professors and college students as their mentors. An online mentoring system and cyber community also allow mentees to communicate and conduct online activities with other members.	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	20ab28a9e91264f69b75d4302bd115f7	This paper was developed following a three-day workshop organised by the Commonwealth Secretariat and held in Nairobi from 24 to 26 February 2016. The purpose of the workshop was to review and validate a Commonwealth Judicial Bench-Book (JBB) on Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) for East African jurisdictions. The participants comprised mainly judges from the four East African Commonwealth jurisdictions and other experts who deliberated on the adequacy of the JBB in addressing judicial intervention in tackling VAWG in East Africa.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	20ae6396a7fb1950814e4f67c175f6d0	This is particularly of concern where contaminated water resources are used for municipal water supply, crop irrigation, and for recreational purposes (Amirat et al., Furthermore, microbial contaminants from wastewater can exacerbate biodiversity loss (European Commission, 2013). Despite the investment in, and establishment of, wastewater treatment plants, many developed nations still suffer from microbial contamination due to sewage spills and diffuse agricultural pollution, particularly during high rainfall events when combined sewer overflows operate more frequently and runoff from agriculture is induced.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	20b181d472e29e60a924cf2e9874db31	While differences between innovators and non-innovators are diminishing over time with regard to adoption and use of basic ICTs (such as broadband), they persist and even grow with respect to the use of more advanced ICTs (such as cloud computing). Evidence also shows that firms using data and analytics are more likely to innovate. Furthermore, ICT investments have relatively more profound effects on innovation in services, compared to manufacturing where investments in R&D are still more significant for innovation performance.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	20b37085f4a674a714f69e1220eceb16	The metro-region’s large architectural and engineering community overall accounted for more than 39 000 jobs in 2009, including more than 4 000 LEED-certified experts in the City of Chicago alone. There are currently 1 600 members of the Chicago chapter of the US Green Building Council (USGBC, 2009). Energy-related activities account for the second-largest share of the green sector (11%), and include nuclear energy, biofuels/biomass, wind, battery technologies, smart grid, solar photovoltaic, renewable energy services, solar thermal, geothermal and fuel cells.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	20b3b9b9e236f889456c12c40395157b	This activity generally requires the deployment of scientific observers on board vessels, or involving fishers in data collection. The former is costly and prone to biases, while the latter presents confidentiality and privacy issues. Automated systems based on image recognition offer potential but are unlikely to see widespread application soon.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264271654-8-en	20b3e75037a79b73b5cd0b84b2128d68	Law 5048, which created CONICIT in 1972, states that CONICIT was to receive a fixed annual endowment of CRC 1.5 million44 to implement and finance its activities. The provisions of Law 5048 were not fundamentally altered except from the fact that earmarked appropriations would simply “transit” through the MICITT’s budget without any question about their continuing rationale. Financing through a trust fund may have some advantages, as the schedule of transfers of resources to beneficiaries is not constrained by the fiscal year commitments requirements.	9	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	20b6d088c2af1662099c2efaddd1c5cd	As a result, global SMS revenues fell from USD 82 billion in 2015 to USD 75 billion in 2016, and analysts expect that global SMS revenues will continue to decline in the next few years. Investments in developing economies are largely driving this growth, with capex increasing by USD 23.5 billion during this period, compared to a USD 10 billion reduction in the developed world. Growth of the Internet of Things (loT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is creating revenue opportunities for service providers operating in mature markets, which may help to offset declining revenue trends in core business segments.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	20b7280b668500ba7bbbf761176e34a5	In the second phase, which will commence in late 2012 to coincide with the introduction of the ‘Green Deal’, households will become eligible for long-term tariff support. Currently awaiting Report Stage in Parliament, this bill includes provisions for a ‘Green Deal’ on energy efficiency, greater security of energy supplies and more low-carbon electricity. More detailed secondary legislation for the ‘Green Deal' will be prepared during 2011 with a formal consultation process recently completed. Secondary legislation will be laid before parliament in early 2012 with the first ‘Green Deal’ expected to be available in late 2012. This policy will be accompanied by funding for training for up to 1,000 'Green Deal' apprenticeships.	13	1	7	0.75
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	20b74b2250c1b534f530f9ce77101159	"Japan's KDDI, Sumitomo Corp to invest $2 bln in Myanmar telecoms."" Although Tanzania has long had a competitive mobile market, the entry of Vietnamese owned Viettel, operating under the brand Halotel, in October 2015 caused disruption. It launched a 3G only service on the back of extensive investment in a fiber optic backbone emphasizing that it was possible to bridge the Internet gap in a short period of time.156 Halotel's entry triggered a price war with a 500 MB mobile Internet package dropping 70% between 2015 and 2016, resulting in affordability reaching the threshold of less than 5% of GNI."	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	20bc543040454fc41627c5418b08ec7b	Their primary objective is to help conserve and ensure the sustainable use of marine ecosystems. These environmental objectives can, for example, be to protect depleted, threatened, rare or endemic species or populations; conserve habitats; or prevent outside activities from adversely affecting the MPA. In the Galapagos, for example, the marine reserve introduced in 2000 was intended to: 1) reduce conflicts between uses, principally tourism, fishing and scientific research; 2) protect marine biodiversity; and 3) promote sustainable uses. The goals of other MPAs are highlighted in Annex 3.A1. In terms of zoning, for example, if an area is to be designated as an MPA with the sole objective to protect vulnerable corals and sponges on a deep ocean bottom, there would be little or no risk posed by allowing non-bottom contact fishing in the area.	14	0	10	1.0
10.18356/9e191156-en	20bd37bd9e71fb890dd8d325b97eee0d	The 1996 Law on Ambient Air Protection is the legislative base for implementing measures for climate change mitigation. Several articles relate to GHGs. For example, according to Article 6, the State Committee for Nature Protection (SCNP) sets the atmospheric air protection standards for all kinds of objects, ozone preservation and climate change. Article 24 focuses on enterprises and lists their responsibilities in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of GHGs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	20be1214c4b8e6c7b1a0eab60228ea21	Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue.” The infoimation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. In some contexts, groundwater users may not wish to divulge pumping information for strategic reasons (as observed in the west of the United States (e.g. Christian-Smith et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	20bedbb0efcbf4dbe2179e389dcd6ea7	In particular the Transitional Allowance (TA) is for lone parents only and it is probably this factor which explains why the estimates of APE and PPR are larger for the broader second and third definitions of SA. In sum, and taking the estimates from the studies discussed at face value, it is clear that there is genuine state dependence that exists over and above the spurious state dependence that is attributable to observed and unobserved differences across individuals. Moreover state dependence varies across groups within national populations, with a tendency for greater dependence for groups typically seen as more disadvantaged (e.g. lone mothers, immigrants, etc.) Annexes 4.A and 4.B provide a discussion of a number of issues concerning the reliability of these conclusions.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	20c3972e2bf299c453fa7a0279b9cec4	While cereals remain a key dietary component, particularly in least developed countries, rising protein consumption in other developing regions will require an increased production of livestock and dairy products, which also implies greater demand for feed grains and oilseeds. These factors are particularly relevant in most developed countries and some highly populated developing countries, limiting expansion in these countries while presenting opportunities to regions that are less affected by these limiting factors. As in the past decade, projected production growth through the outlook period will be led by Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia, with production growth in Western Europe increasing only marginally.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	20c8dbd9caf67306f53df86e044e0fbc	These include executive secretariats, councils, social ministries and others (ECLAC, 2016a), which form part of the construction of a long-term strategy and represent a stable component of the region's social institutions. This not only means formal articulation, so that care programmes can be officially included in social protection systems, but also the possible redesign of instruments to guarantee gender mainstreaming. For example, cash transfer programmes may involve conditionalities that reinforce the unequal division of productive and reproductive work (ECLAC, 2013b), especially if there are no incentives for care to be provided jointly by men and women.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	20c977bbe5499be647af873a8a3d254e	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to els.contact@oecd.org. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	20c9a6237916954705d7690b19e3ec1d	In most OECD and partner countries, boys are at least 40% more likely than girls to enrol in vocational education (Figure 2.a), and students whose parents did not attain tertiary education are more likely to choose upper secondary vocational programmes than general programmes (Box B3.1). By including formal and non-formal education, this indicator captures participation in any type of programme that aims to improve knowledge, skills and competencies from a personal, civic, social or employment-related perspective (UNESCO, 2016(2]). In most OECD and partner countries, at least 20% of 25-64 year-olds have participated in formal or non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, with participation among men and women varying greatly across countries.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	20c9f70eadb1930322174cff3b8dcb52	Third, some couples managed to ‘buy’ their sponsorship papers and regularize their residence status (although they are technically breaking the law) - as the husbands of Aida and Emebet had done, at least initially. Fourth, and most precarious, there were women like Rubka who entered into relationships with men of different nationalities (Syrian, Egyptian or Sudanese) who were irregular migrants themselves and/or were unwilling to marry the women. The children of such relationships often have liminal status if their father does not acknowledge them, as the Ethiopian Government requires documentation of paternity to register the child as Ethiopian.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	20cca06403a1cd11e41d31a7dc704f80	About one third of OECD countries have achieved absolute decoupling. Groundwater withdrawal has increased in many parts of the world, at an alarming scale in India (Shah et al., Groundwater is a key source of water supply for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes in many parts of the world. More than 60% is consumed by agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, producing 40% of the world’s food (Morris et al.,	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	20cf8e770dcee22e9af2dde88bc2d560	On average, men are more likely to be employed in the production of goods and construction, while women are considerably more likely to be employed in social and personal service sectors. Working women often hold lower-quality jobs, as indicated by lower pay, less job security and a greater risk of extremely low pay. Women are also often severely underrepresented in managerial positions (Figure 19.4), even if women in some emerging economies, like the Russian Federation and several Latin America countries, fair better in this regard than women in OECD countries, on average.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	20d0a18cbb58770363225fd93ac14a81	Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a clear model of information flow between different sectors, competences frequently overlap, and it is not clear who is responsible to whom, who takes data from whom and by which methodology or how data are delivered. They then dropped to 21,816.43 Gg CCh-eq. At its 113th meeting, held on 27 November 2014, the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the Decision on Amendments to the Decision establishing the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects, which, in addition to the existing activities of the DNA, has added development, receipt and approval/rejection of NAMAs.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7f55e015-en	20d70e5ee00206349ba4b85f9017a6a0	Each member can update the ledger to reflect the most recent transactions, therefore revolutionizing the way that products can be tracked and traced. Moreover, the broadcasting of all transactions to all members makes the system transparent - at least to its members - and thus easily verifiable. At the same time, encryption of the transactions ensures privacy, making the application difficult to hack and thus highly secure.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	20d7cb7dc09a450a502e427aef7f68aa	The matura examinations appear to create, in most instances, incentives that are at odds with the stated goal of providing a competency-oriented education. Furthermore, policy makers and educators recognise that matura examinations focus the effort, attention, and investment of learners disproportionately at the end of studies, while the preceding years of study - such as grades 9 and 10 in the gymnasium - are weakly incentivised. Students w'ould be required to plan, implement, and present a project and to be assessed on this work by their teacher and an independent assessment board of subject professionals. It is hoped that this project-based learning w ould encourage not only the development of subject knowledge, but wider competencies including creativity, analytical skills, critical thinking and communication skills.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	20da4e61588876323b4ab6ede532ebc8	Thus, the proposal on debt restructuring as it currently stands foresees considerable concessions to agricultural debtors. It would perform the function of a “bank of the banks” by providing financial resources to commercial banks which will direct them for agricultural loans. This is driven by the desire to strengthen the incentives of commercial banks to engage with agriculture and, in particular, to increase longer-term lending. In principle, this breaks the privileged access of KazAgro’s own credit agencies to budgetary funding.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	20dbda683fd70e230bc7108f2ce6da20	Extending the age of compulsory education laws can also reduce early marriage. A number of government initiatives have also been introduced in recent years to enhance skill training to women such as vocational training programmes to teach skills like sewing, computer literacy and spoken English. These efforts have been supplemented by the work of hundreds of NGOs, such as the Mann Deshi Foundation and the Sambhali Trust, working at the rural level, encouraging women's co-operatives in agriculture, livestock rearing and handicrafts. These policies should be expanded. As biases can begin very early in life, sometimes in subtle ways, it is important to influence early trajectories of inequality that are more difficult and costly to resolve over time (World Bank, 2012). Strategies in other countries that have shown positive results by addressing gender-specific constraints include increasing the proximity of schools to homes and building “girl-friendly” schools.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/58d686e0-en	20dde3e719937df428c8c2be74e0f4b6	It has great potential and can advance gender equality by empowering migrant women, since many migrate independently nowadays and become the main breadwinners for their families. However, migration can also increase vulnerabilities and put migrant women at risk of discrimination and violence. Women and children who migrate also become more vulnerable to other forms of exploitation. Those in an irregular situation are particularly vulnerable. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants noted in his 2012 report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/20/24) that migrant women who are detained may be vulnerable to sexual violence committed by male detainees or guards. The Special Rapporteur encouraged States to give particular attention to the situation of migrant women in detention.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289346290-5-en	20e11770d5088e1df8a4640696f282a3	Greenhouse gas emissions lead to global climate impacts largely independent of where the emissions occur, and consequently a global policy response is most effective. In contrast, local water pollution covers a limited geographic extent, and policy measures to reduce local water pollution in distant lands may not be of policy interest Policies addressing material, land, and water footprints may lead to better resource efficiency, and ensure the future supply of potentially scarce resources. Thus, policies and measures relevant for one environmental issue (e.g., climate change) may not be relevant for other policy domains (e.g., water use).	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/774c08c9-en	20e55473ecc29a87847fe1e990147c9a	Here, equality refers primarily to what can be considered relative equality in the distribution of incomes, rather than absolute equality in terms of civil rights. On the one hand, buyers and sellers in different markets are formally equal: they are free to accept or refuse a transaction at a given price. In addition, market institutions assure justice through the equivalence of exchanges (Habermas, 1973).	10	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	20e9f96039dc03ac80f39579616d2f28	Andreassen also states that there has been a five percentage point decline in the proportion of female news subjects in news stories on politics in the two last GMMPs even though women have climbed up to top-level political positions.7 An example of this is Helle Thorning Schmidt, Denmark's first female prime minister who was elected in 2011. In the current government nine out of 22 ministers are women (40.9%; Statsministeriet 2016). This focus is reinforced by both female and male reporters.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	20ea05ff98755072e6a6b51390a7f91d	Non-contributory pensions are not common in the Pacific island countries. Government-funded health care for all is provided by most countries, usually free or on a cost-sharing basis depending on the patient's ability to pay. However, a significant percentage of the population in a number of countries is unable to access basic health care.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	20ea8a0c1ba85468e646acf6efa8a1ed	This initiative is implemented under the OP IE Sub-measure 6.2.1 Support for network of investor and exporter service centres. They co-operate in developing and financing some projects to co-ordinate research and the implementation of projects of special importance to the national economy. The ARP supports investment and advisory projects connected with the creation of science and technology parks, industrial parks and technology incubators. The Polish Patents Office carries out activities to create more awareness of the importance of intellectual property protection (IPR) issues and facilitates the patenting process.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/95417570-en	20eb4e7cc47940bf17663ad6a44f6a99	The C02 emissions increased even less, indicating a pervasive historical trend towards decarbonization of the global economy at about 1.3 per cent per year. The share of fossil energy sources, taken together, increased (from 20 to 80 per cent) between 1850 and now, as did the emissions of C02 (as an unavoidable by-product of combustion). Consequently, energy-related emissions of C02 increased 21-fold to about 6 billion tons of carbon (6 GtC) in 2000. Nevertheless, their increase has remained at a substantially slower pace than that of energy requirements, indicating a strong historical trend towards decarbonization of societies.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fbc5a6db-en	20ed2b40110afbc2092422006002cba3	But in spite such low energy intensity for India, the data on electricity consumption per capita show just how far India has to go to raise its peoples’ standards of living. These data also show that Kazakhstan, alone of our group of countries, is near the European level of electricity consumption, but nevertheless has a very elevated level of energy intensity and so perhaps it does not need much new capacity to be built in the coming decade. It does indirectly indicate the likely rate of power demand growth that is likely to occur in the near term.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	20ed7f202d9e17318b5b523d8c027d76	Local governments created 604 new childcare places in 2015 with financial support from the European Social Fund. More recent data from 2015-16 shows that 75% of two year-olds were in pre-school education in Estonia, and that the overall proportion of those aged 0-2 in pre-school education had increased to 34% compared to the 20% for 2014 shown in Figure 27 (source: Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia). A further call for 600 additional childcare places will be launched in 2017 with funding from the same source.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	20ef2b8a18c3cd227dffb6a8d7b11977	The national government could oblige municipalities to have an urban development plan when providing investment funds or have access to the resources of the Metropolitan Fund (Fondo Metropolitano). The sustainable use of natural resources, such as water, green areas, and maintaining air quality are crucial for sustainable development and achieving a high quality of life in the region. In the state of Morelos, the abundance of natural amenities is moreover a source of competitive advantage for the tourism sector and the economy of rural areas.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fd217899-en	20ef694fe719ae44b4f7578641050a53	"Aiming to increase forest cover by 10 to 20 per cent by 2010, SFLC is one of the largest PES projects implemented in any developing country. The central Government paid for the environmental services using cash and grain. As a result, this programme has also been referred to as the ""Grain-for-Green"" policy."	15	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	20f29684593dee3ca939fc338f438318	A social cohesion strategy must therefore tackle exclusion by means of both prevention and cure. During the twentieth century, Western European States came to accept responsibility for achieving a balance between economic growth and social justice. Despite the considerable variations from country to country, the European approach is sufficiently distinctive when compared with other world regions that it has often been referred to as the European social model.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-7-en	20f41bd5aa5f21ffe8077bc3130bedd0	This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policies adopted across OECD countries to promote development of skills required for post-secondary education or for entering the labour market. The policies examined comprise those ensuring effective completion of upper secondary education, delivering quality vocational education and training (VET), improving the quality of tertiary education, and strengthening and facilitating transitions across education pathways and into the labour market. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	20f56802531c7a62f5205c8f3b585b44	The gender profile for deaths from diarrhoea due to poor water and sanitation is consistent across most regions: more males suffer and die from diarrhoea everywhere except South-East Asia, where the share of female deaths and illness is notable and produces a global tilt towards higher female deaths and DALYs overall (Table 2.2.1). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that this is the main cause of around 28% of child deaths worldwide (WaterAid 2009a). Among children under five diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, responsible for 20% of total deaths in this age group (WHO 2015, Walker et al.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	20f5a2cf0f17d3ddf7451387b89d24ff	The system effects of variable renewables, although discussed here under a separate category, are a fine example of this progressive organisation of the search for conceptual and organisational responses. New technologies create new effects and new impacts, many of which are not foreseeable and can thus not be taken into account in their conception and implementation. An externality is then the impact of a new process on aspects of life which has had no prior consideration.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	20f821c26b8ce6c3845a238bb48bc8e1	Andrews et al (2001) found that 60% of individuals with a mental disorder had this disorder a year earlier already. Hughes and Cohen (2009) found a majority of patients with a depressive disorder still suffering from recurrent depressive episodes ten years later. Chronicity has also consistently been found to be strongly related to a high utilisation of medical services (e.g. Fasel et al, 2010), and to be a decisive factor for long-term sickness absence and disability (e.g. Bergh et al, 2007). In schizophrenic disorders, for example, around 70% show substantial social and vocational impairments or residual symptoms (Moller et al.,	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	20f83506027307b0103a14e4915d5efa	Recent surueys of adult skills and educational performance suggest that younger cohorts are doing less well than their predecessors. Many immigrants struggle both in school and in the labour market partly because of low skills and language difficulties. Educational outcomes could be improved through raising the attractiveness of the teacher profession, improving teacher education and increasing support for struggling students. A more flexible labour market would facilitate access to jobs for youth with low qualifications and immigrants. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214682-4-en	20f90cd9c27d42c85ca569eb08e52fe7	These boundaries are often contested, not least because they are more attractive to those on the favoured side of the boundary than to those left out in the cold. Post-secondary vocational education and training, uncomfortably straddling these contested boundaries, inevitably finds it hard to define its own territory.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	20f9cd16f67ea80c2f84c2c7fc3f9769	In 2010, for example, the share of income from work was relatively high in the United States where the normal pension age is over 65. In France, by contrast, where workers who had contributed for 41 years could still retire at the age of 60 in 2010, income from work accounted for less than 10% of old people’s incomes. Capital income includes private pensions as well as income from returns on non-pension savings.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	20fdade534acb0a725373bf4707df8e3	"Life Is Not a Rehearsal, it's a Performance"": An ethnographic enquiry into the subjectivities of children and adolescents living with antiretroviral treatment in Northeastern Tanzania. Children andYouth Services Review, 45, 28-37. Reflections on Africa's Indigenous knowledge on Parenting: Indigenous parenting practices of different communities in Africa."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	21010899a030235c41c8be2d43b67ae3	Infonnation on the quality of care is also limited on this website. For example, it reports on preventable hospitalisations, unplanned hospital readmissions and separations for falls resulting in patient harm in hospitals by remoteness. However, data on sentinel events, adverse events and episodes of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) bacteraemia in acute care hospitals are not provided by remoteness.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	21019f9bb628e09c5fe2c5f5daddfa2b	The same effects could be found due to educational investments. It is believed that improving education in poor areas will be helpful to increasing the beneficiaries’ long-run income. It questions the commonly-held notion that general inequality and the rural-urban income gap have been increasing over time. Taking note of the exclusion of long-term rural-to-urban migrants from official income statistics, the chapter tries to identify these omitted people in order to examine their income in comparison with both rural and urban household incomes.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	21021bf268913c545844764febc14d68	Thus for example, by increasing demand for output from forestry and hunting, the annual income of the rural poor increases by TSh 48,700 (equivalent to TSh 4,058 or US$ 2.4 per month). A similar exogenous increase in demand for output from agriculture translates into an annual Increase of TSh 44,325 (TSh 3,694 or US$ 2.2 per month) in the income of the rural poor, while a similar exogenous increase in the demand for output from wood, paper and printing translates into an annual increase of TSh 14,950 (TSh 1,246 or US$ 0.8 per month) in the income of the rural poor. This means that the increased demand will spur economic growth in the interdependent sectors, which will ultimately be reflected in the welfare of households. This section seeks to answer the question: how will this sectoral input affect the annual incomes of the household sectors (rural poor, rural nonpoor, urban poor and urban non-poor)?	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8b39690f-en	210757e61f1d86e22058e9f13efed792	The Agency is the National Administrator of the National Registry for GHG Emission Allowance Trading. The Institute has several weather stations included within the Regional Basic Synoptic Network and Regional Basis Climatological Network in RA VI (Europe) - about 40 synoptic and more than 90 climatic stations across the country. There are no Global Surface Network and Global UpperAir Network stations in Bulgaria.	13	0	6	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	2110f3fb2b81779e3aff0268e40f90ff	To the extent possible, the nu merator includes su rvivors' a nd disability benefits once the beneficiaiy reaches the statutory pensionable age (or the age of 65). I n other words, the numerator should capture all beneficiaries of a n old age pension, whether they themselves were participants in a social security scheme (contributors) or not, for instance, family members of deceased contributors who receive a part of the latter’s pension. Both in the case of survivors’and disability benefits, it is important to note that only those who fall within the age group are counted.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	2113eec1708848c2330a594c5cf9acd2	Depending on individual circumstances, single companies with market shares above 25 per cent may have the capacity to prevent workable competition.50 Given the technological gap between R&D-based pharmaceutical companies and local pharmaceutical producers in small developing countries or LDCs, foreign patent holders will in many cases have the capacity to prevent competition in the above sense. It is important to note that under the TRIPS Agreement, developing countries are not prevented from applying stricter criteria to determine market dominance and anticompetitive conduct. Such practices may occur through unilateral conduct or contractual agreement.507 They do not necessarily have to constitute anti-competitive conduct.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b9509058-en	21149dd2445a352f9ddc4b72f9757ce6	This supports sustainable economic development and a competitive advantage (see also the chapter on sustainable consumption). Governments have an interest in promoting corporate responsibility because it is key to sustained competitiveness in a globalizing economy. Full information for consumers is a basic economic tenet of successful markets.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	21151c87b9116a4f11db6146f077952e	These results demonstrate the complexity of dealing with gender issues and set the stage for the objectives of Plan Avanza 2. Family Caregiving: What Are the Consequences?, Child Care Center”, http://careers.state.gOv/specialist/benefits#ccc. What Are the Highlights of the Act?”, Advancing Pay Equality in the Federal Government and Learning from Successful Practices, 10 May 2013.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	21165287c95a8675305ce29de0a56ac8	There were also more unintended births among first-order births than among subsequent births. Logistic regression results show that compared with mothers of intended births, mothers of mistimed and unwanted births were more likely to have attempted to abort their pregnancy. Mothers of mistimed births are also less likely to have begun prenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy than mothers of intended births.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	2116d28a9c0d8060ed80ddc8a700f990	This is not a comprehensive review and we have not considered open ocean ecosystems, but for a fuller treatment see Stenseth et al. ( Catches of small pelagic fishes have been as high as 11 million tonnes per year, representing more than 10% of world capture fish production (FAO, 2004). However, these show pronounced fluctuations often associated with ENSO effects on upwelling dynamics and productivity (Lehodey et al., The strength of upwelling off the South American coastline is strongly determined by the ENSO phase, with warm phases associated with a lower thermocline, which reduces phytoplankton production through inhibited upwelling of nutrients.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	2117cbcea37937e9756ac2c4e5eac7cc	"Two main concerns underlie recent changes in groundwater policies in some OECD countries: long-term aquifer depletion and surface water-groundwater interaction (e.g. McCarl et al., In the United States, concerns about groundwater pumping externalities are manifested in ongoing litigation over water resources and rapidly changing water management institutions (Hathaway, 2011; McKusick, 2002). Surface water-groundwater interaction has also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013; Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014); surface water flows are the subject of both transboundary legal challenges over river basin allocations and potential environmental impacts to instream habitat and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (e.g. McKusick, 2002; Delaware River Basin Commission, 2008). These entitlements are the cornerstone of most regulatory approaches for groundwater management, ""the central element of groundwater laws"" (Mechlem, 2012), and have been found to be critical in reducing groundwater overdraft (Kemper, 2007)."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2118c2c2437bdc5514d075a445ec93c4	The programme sought to define a model of rural settlement. The related tasks included the monitoring of the socio-economic development and economic situation in rural areas; assessment of land resources; development of norms and standards for social and infrastructural services for rural residents; re-settlement of rural residents in areas with more favourable conditions. Criteria were established incorporating economic, environmental and social indicators to determine the potential of rural settlements. By the end of the programme in 2010, the share of settlements with the highest potential had increased to 37% from 16% in 2004, and the share of population living in such settlements increased to 56% from 25% (Table 2.21).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	211961e760a03af7860d9691a7614fd9	Excess bureaucratic procedures, poor coordination and limited financial planning capacity were also highlighted, and a lack of technically qualified PA staff (particularly among younger staff) was noted. The capacity of State sanctuaries, which have no administrations of their own, was assessed as being much lower than that of the State reserves. Some reserves appear relatively well developed.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	211d14c406adde9d29ba398b8458169c	The data do not support the “virtual water hypothesis.” Water-scarce northern China exports a range of water-intensive goods and services, while water-abundant southern China imports water-intensive goods. The authors suggest that several factors influencing agricultural input use and productivity — water price, labor availability, and soil and land quality - might be responsible for the results they have observed.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/12698017-en	211da18c7f580ec9a69f19814b64c910	Attempts to measure and interpret the distribution and abundance of floating plastics in the surface ocean need to be placed in the context of this natural variability. Plastics occur in all five compartments, and there will be processes acting both within and between compartments which will affect the fate and distribution of the plastic material. Plastics that are inherently buoyant (e.g. PE) can be expected to remain in the upper ocean, unless there is a change in density, for example by the attachment and growth of sessile organisms.	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	211f1869d2a845f19dddd76b2aac0b80	Global scientific efforts to raise the profile of other environmental issues (for example, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, or the Natural Resources Panel) have had a much lower impact. This prominence, however, can be a source of vulnerability as well, as became clear in late 2009 and early 2010, when the soundness of IPCC reports and the scientific basis for its work came under widespread attack. The advantage of a multi-dimensional organisation such as the OECD is that it is able to explicitly connect its environmental work with relevant non-environmental issues with a view to drawing out the broader policy implications which may be important for policy reform to be implemented.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0543d374-en	21201be3b27ce75bf49d7bf6385ab1b7	Desert forests are of great significance to the inhabitants of sandy regions (koomly), as they supply them with pastures, firewood and, on a small scale, household construction materials. As for sandy areas, continuous sowing and planting have resulted in 680,000 ha of woods and pasture-protection forests. According to nonofficial sources, including experts’ estimates, the annual supply of wood from sanitary cuttings does not currently exceed some 10,000 m3, while demand is estimated at about 50,000-55,000 m3. The provision of free natural gas to the population has proved to be an important means of preventing illegal logging.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	2121e0f00c46a9dc0f92d51e6e96f4c3	Except in rare cases of external causes, it should be possible to define success or failure at the institutional level and identify remedies when the latter occurs. These mechanisms must meet two conditions. First, the set of decisions that can be appealed and under what circumstances needs to be delineated in order to avoid repeated challenges by small minorities or by eternal challengers, which could make the process intractable.	14	3	1	0.5
10.18356/894b85fa-en	21251492430a723c72786bbb01c2e4dd	In addition to political will, this package requires governments to mobilize sufficient resources. In order to close income, health and care gaps, for example, a quarter of countries (41 out of 155 studied) could implement the required policies for less than 3 per cent of GDP; just over half of the countries (79) could do so for less than 5 per cent of GDP. For one fifth of countries, these policies would cost more than 10 percent of GDP, which means that additional international support would be required.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283299-en	2129b93e1f4e48d5f6b87af28486c2a5	People with preferential reimbursement status have lower co-payments (Box 2). The third-party payment system is gradually being enlarged to improve access to ambulatory care, notably for vulnerable people. Since July 2015, patients with preferential reimbursement status only pay co-payments for GP consultations.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/859159ab-en	212b0b97a0a8b6103391276a94d0e38d	Malaysia’s trade position improved, but it was outdone by a net outflow in gross transfers. In the Philippines, payments for capital and intermediate goods imports continued to drive the widening of trade and current account deficits, although this was partially offset by robust remittance inflows from overseas workers. Thailand’s large trade surplus shrank, while a deficit in primary income transfers increased. Viet Nam saw its net trade earnings rise substantially in the first half of 2018 from the previous year, and this more than matched an increase in net transfer outflows. Elsewhere in the region, Singapore’s CAB stayed healthy in 2018 on the strength of its net goods trade position, while Brunei Darussalam’s surplus decreased.	11	3	0	1.0
10.18356/680c1b02-en	212bb7a085f5ec04e580b750cc42b219	Where both income and consumption data are collected at household level, attribution to individuals is impossible. But these measures are still unable to take into account the distribution of resources within households. In households above the poverty line, resources may not be shared equitably between women and men; by the same token, even though a woman without her own income may lack financial independence and agency, she may still benefit from collective goods such as housing.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264273153-6-en	212bb994dd8f139229a76a965248a73f	Emerging and developing countries are searching for new policies and practical responses in order to promote decent work for millions of young men and women who are engaged in the informal economy. These two policy instruments align with each other and reinforce the clear policy guidance on youth employment and their transition from the informal to the formal economy. This is the first international labour standard to focus on the informal economy in its entirety and diversity and to point clearly to the transition to the formal economy as the means for realising decent work for all and achieving inclusive development. The Recommendation, of universal relevance, acknowledges the broad diversity of situations of informality, including specific national contexts and priorities for the transition to the formal economy, and provides practical guidance to address these priorities.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	212c704ee3827f281fb72b82fead9951	Les depenses de sante en France : determinants et impact du vieillissement a I ’horizon 2050. The function specification is logarithmic. The model assumes long-term equilibrium among health expenditure and income at constant prices, demographic trends, prices, and technology (pharmaceutical research spending is used as a proxy).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/09e92b30-en	2130bdbaccd5d8857a544db479346285	Cependant, le developpement de mecanismes de remuneration a la capitation qui permettent d’avoir moins d’incitations a multiplier les actes et d’encourager les professionnels de sante a s’occuper plus longtemps des patients, tout comme les paiements en fonction des resultats dans les soins primaires doivent etre renforces afin de faire face a la prevalence croissante des maladies chroniques et de reduire la demande induite par 1’offre et les disparites sociales en terme d’acces aux soins. Various measures of life expectancy are among the highest in the OECD, notably for women (Figure 1, Panels A and B). These measures have also shown steady improvement (Blanpain, 2016).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	2132df854eab9a9df71a43c798609d25	For planning purposes, regions will pursue integrated planning and broad economic development strategies; departements will focus on providing social development and related services; and communes will focus on land use plans and local public services. The argument for consolidations follows both a cost-savings approach (eliminating about half the regional governments) and a scale approach (creating bigger regions that can be more efficient providers of services and investments). However, it is a contentious project and, as the map below indicates, some former regional capitals will lose their status along with the attendant public sector employment, services and other associated advantages (a point returned to in Chapter 2 in the case study of Clermont-Ferrand).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	21340aff9804d702f06051393a608b60	Results from Phase II, which are available on line,1 helped develop guidance for end users to carry out the self-assessment, engage stakeholders and collect data. This assessment provides a static view of who does what and how. Compared to the “static” assessment of identifying the existence of framework conditions, this phase of the assessment aims to be a “dynamic” one.	6	9	0	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	2137d074a26ffbb9f9cf088ddd50f45f	Climate change was well suited to this paradigm and emerged from it as a key priority, as advances towards global public goods, such as global health, poverty eradication and alleviation of humanitarian crises, are impossible without ambitious action to combat climate change and build climate-resilient societies. The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol was to begin in 2008 and extend until 2012. While negotiations had been launched under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) aiming to negotiate a second commitment period under the Protocol, the broader question remained: how to address climate change at a global scale post-2012?	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	213b4da11dd4ba7f6213fec7bac92d55	Japan, and to a lesser extent Australia, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, combine above-average performance with a high level of equity. France, Germany, Poland and the United States all show both below-average performance and large social disparities. In Korea and the United States, for example, the relationship between socio-economic background and skills proficiency is much weaker among younger adults than among older adults. In Australia and the Slovak Republic, Ihe reverse is true.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	213fb4af409528cd6d3f7f1e7bbe6956	For these series, adoption rates for intervening years have been interpolated. Maize irrigated area is from USDA (2015g), Census ol Agriculture. Adoption rates for herbicides, insecticides, no till, tractor guidance systems, and N application rates for fertiliser are from the USDA (2015h), Economic Research Service. In 1992, about 190 000 farms had swine onsite.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	213fe46aad2f89cb64329642234c1031	Tarasuk, V. and G. Beaton, Women's dietary intakes in the context of household food insecurity. Journal of Nutrition, 1999.129: p. 672-679. Bernal, J., E. Frongillo, and J. Rivera, Food insecurity reported by children, but not by mothers, is associated with lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	214341ee079571f94ff09e1b3e42f034	Its importance as a pressure factor, according to Belarus, is local but severe. Chemicals are transported to the river from agricultural facilities, and pond fisheries are a major source of pollution. Industry in Lithuania is mainly located in Alytus, Kaunas and Vilnius; in Belarus mainly around Grodno (assessed as local and moderate by Belarus).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	2146ed5bbc01ffbe4c6ebbcc30110528	These include NGOs, organizations representing private industry and intergovernmental organizations. The auditors’ nationality cannot be the same as that of the President and the Executive Secretary. The sources of the Chu and Talas lie in the territory of Kyrgyzstan, where water management facilities such as dams, water reservoirs and canals are also located.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	2149dc051daa231a430fa14b3293209b	Such a foundation is essential to ensure that policy can be guided by a strong evidence base. For VET, knowledge of job prospects allows students to make informed choices about training programmes, and policy makers to see whether graduates are obtaining relevant work; clear information about learning outcomes helps employers to understand what qualified recruits have learnt. Better data and information can be provided either through one-off surveys of those leaving vocational programmes, or by tracking cohorts of individuals through vocational programmes into employment.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	214c074523e8da0932ef7481b5560cfb	Community-based, non-statutory, regional NRM bodies develop, review, implement and co-ordinate regional natural resources management plans there, which guide state and Commonwealth government investment. River basin management in Australia (cont.) They would help to identify necessary projects and develop strategic plans at the basin and sub-basin levels, and they could expand work previously started through state and regional water programmes.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	214fbe483f37306be800ebbf1ec2ed99	First, there are strict boundaries between school networks and, sometimes, even between school groups and school associations, concerning the acquired statutory rights of teachers. While teachers moving to a school in another network generally keep their pension rights and salary level, they will lose their permanent teacher status. Sometimes this is the case if they only move to another school board in the same network.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	2150fb1325bd4e224c25b99eba5b02ea	The positive change in the sex ratios since 1991 is due to many factors including improvements in the education of women, falling fertility rates and better health outcomes. At the same time, longevity increased due to better health facilities, improved socio-economic conditions and higher levels of education. The present population structure is due to the combined effect of all these factors.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	2151466950156c7de15d4a51b697fa03	As a result, teachers may perform at a level lower than expected at the concerned career stage for a number of years. While it is a strength of the system that processes exist to move ineffective teachers either out of the school system or into non-teaching roles, there remain opportunities for underperforming teachers to remain in the system for long periods of time. If sustained underperformance by teachers is not tackled this has adverse consequences not only on student learning but also on the reputation of both schools and the teaching profession.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	21539262eb120790ccfdd62766d6acad	In addition, as the retirement age increases in future years and while improvement to equal opportunities legislation helps hold older people in employment for longer, pensioners are increasingly likely to be able to supplement pensions with earnings. These trends are likely to reduce the risk of poverty among future pensioners, although it would also seem likely that among future elderly cohorts inequality will rise. This is particularly the case as the generosity of state pensions is likely to fall as public spending is increasingly squeezed.	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	2156b605c2bccef43a6c703d05e4d86e	According to Maria Brandstrom, a news presenter at SVT Nyheter Vasterbotten also responsible for gender equality at the workplace, the editors count women and men in the news on a daily basis.24 The reporters are also required to try to find women for interviews, both when working outside the office and when making telephone interviews. In the autumn of 2016 the newsroom also started counting women and men in web news using the web tool Prognosis. The share of women in television news was 49% in 2013, 2014 and 2015.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	215a0be840838ca0c34b9662e218e3c4	Still, the pollution of surface water and groundwater that comes with industrial wastewater discharge remains a problem. Air quality remains satisfactory in cities with heavy industries and high traffic concentration (i.e. Minsk, Mogilev, Novopolotsk and Soligorsk), although there are problem areas within these cities. More than half of the major cities monitored in the period 2005-2013 have reduced emissions from stationary sources, while Zhlobin city (Gomel Oblast) and Novopolotsk (Vitebsk Oblast) have remained the major contributors of pollutants from stationary sources.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	215d2ee233af6dc5d931ace1a7501373	These are important metrics that allow agencies and authorities to understand how well users view the mobility offer on hand and whether or not it is compelling enough to effectively compete with car transport. This typically has occurred in an uncoordinated manner across different cities and countries but there are increasing calls for some form of standardised data-sharing from ride service companies to cities. Certain cities, like New York and London, have compelled ride services to share data in return for operational licensing, while yet others have been unsuccessful with the same companies - possibly because of a poorly structured or overly broad data requests.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	216245054c56f7a629304b8380efd643	It elaborated further on SDG 11 to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Unplanned urbanization is causing cities to choke with congested traffic and air pollution; basic services like water and sanitation are not reaching citizens, particularly the poor; joblessness, crime, conflict and social strife are major problems, including in so-called developed countries; and natural disasters are becoming more destructive as people concentrate in dense areas. The relevance of cities in economic terms is absolutely remarkable, considering they occupy only between 3-4% of the world's available landmass.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	2162e8ca8204a5cc1b212bc7f86c6f58	Although difficult to quantify, ecological demand represents an important user of water and water itself is needed to maintain the productive ecology of the island’s rivers and wetlands (Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 2003). The poverty rate was estimated at 22 per cent in 2005 (Kedir and Sookram, 2005). In 2004 the country’s Environmental Management Authority (EMA), highlighted that income disparities and poverty are driving many persons, households and communities to seek affordable living space, homesteads and livelihood opportunities on hillsides, in peri-urban areas, and along access routes into the valleys. This pattern of settlement is associated with deforestation which degrades the country’s watersheds and pollutes its main water sources. The population of a country at risk to economic inequalities also places the environment at risk.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	2163bcb4727ddec0a3f3c9c934726233	This strengthening of internal co-ordination not only encourages the dissemination of gender-related knowledge within institutions but also promotes the emergence of clearly-identified communities, able to forge links with other specialists working on the promotion of women's economic empowerment in the region. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the Wesf and Fails Everywhere Else, Basic Civitas Books, New York. Global Food Security, Vol.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	2168dcb21571a7fd45b48d6553d2dd82	As far back as 2000, teacher education innovators at Jamaica’s Mico Teachers’ College were exploring how teachers could use literature in the classroom to address issues of active citizenship and violence, as well as broader issues related to sustainability and social development. In a related initiative, academic staff at UWI developed a graduate course on literature and ESD, which has gone from being an elective to a course requirement in the language education programme. Another core course in teacher education, entitled Changing Cultures Changing Schools, explores school culture and change management, including an exploration of eco-schools.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	2171dd2b8c0d5f901515998ad81207bb	Examples of indicators to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities in the agricultural sector (cont.) For example, a preparedness indicator such as the identification of funds for adaptation does not say anything on their actual use. Even if it were possible to know how much of the designated fund was actually used, the exact extent to which it enhanced adaptive capacity would remain unknown. The same would happen if only a project-based approach were used. Although pilot-projects can be very helpful to shed light on what successful adaptation is in a specific area or sector, “summing up” all the projects taking place in a given country does not always say much on the country’s overall preparedness to face climate change and adjust to it. Additionally, such projects in reality tend to be regionally confined and few in number.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	21762dccd71a2863fad3def32dccb9f3	Yet, even where they have made progress, as in some of the ‘glimpses of a green economy’ we laid out in section 3, there is no systematic attempt to catalogue them, learn from them and then improve the enabling conditions for scaling up successful approaches. This might explain why the CRGE emphasises new initiatives and foreign technologies, rather than scaling up what already works in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, as in most countries, there is a realisation that restricted monitoring of poverty (against narrow criteria of cash income and food basket cost) is inadequate; as is restricted monitoring of environmental conditions (which rarely addresses aspects that matter to poor groups) -but action towards this is limited. Finally, with relevant data in short supply, accountability for the CRGE is inevitably constrained. In section 1, we outlined how prevailing economic signals within the Ethiopian economy often cause businesses and individuals to degrade the environment - or at least not to invest in cleaner approaches.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	217a68a266136f86ea45c5a71f965fc7	This paper outlines the changes expected in the field of development co-operation post-2015 as development is recast as sustainable development and coherence between policies at the international level is expected to improve. From 2016 onwards, the focus is on implementing these new agreements and shaping coherent and effective domestic policies and plans in all countries. The role of development finance is changing as domestic resources and private finance play a larger role and the links between finance for sustainable development and climate finance become more evident. The paper presents key factors that can strengthen coherence between development finance and climate finance and explores the role that development co-operation providers and their partners can play in this process.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3abd3198-en	217b3efbdbe8452d32085a021215d540	Section A outlines the prerequisites fa effective innovation systems in terms of capabilities, connections and the enabling environment, and addresses key policy issues in the areas of innovation financing and intellectual property protection; sectbn B places STI policy in the wider context of overall development strategies, highlighting the importance of policy coherence and coordination; and section C discusses the reorientation of STI towards the goals of sustainable and inclusive development in the context of the 2030 Agenda. The latter is now the main theoretical foundation of innovation policies in developed and developing countries alike. Such systems develop over time, co-evolving with their economic, political, social and environmental contexts. They are less developed and more prone to systemic failures and structural deficiencies in developing than in developed countries (Chaminade and Padilla Perez, 2017).	9	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	217bfa33c68aa566a06613a94a28155d	Therefore, we adopt multiple successive time-slot bonding method to the sub-A switching network, and set the time-slot length to 10 ps, which equals to 2Tg. However, the proposed network requires new features for the assignment algorithm; time-slot allocation considering multi-time-slot bonding and link propagation delay. Here we propose a “ global time-based scheduling algorithm ” in Section 4.1 to satisfy those requirements.	7	5	3	0.25
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	217c90a27a1d6fb5b3d74b67c4367db1	The shortage of cold and dry storage facilities is partially responsible for high post-harvest losses related to spoilage, together with low quality packing and inefficient handling and transport. The lack of high-quality warehousing limits bulking which would enable contracts with larger buyers and improve negotiating capacity. However, controlled temperature storage is among the most energy-intensive activities in the agro-food industry. In many rural areas reliable connection to the national grid is economically and logistically unfeasible, so that farmers need to resort to decentralised power production, based on renewable energy, fossil fuel or hybrid systems. Rising energy prices have a significant impact on production costs. This is both a matter of increasing agricultural yields during the main harvest season and through improved possibilities for year-round cultivation, but also opening up previously barren lands for cultivation.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	217ce7202929f542a18dee06e09eca22	"Other parties approach the d.school weekly about possibilities to create similar educational programmes and the staff “has helped construct curricula, demonstrate classes or offer workshops in more than 30 countries"". For example Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis (2009, p. 57) argue that direct instruction “tends to focus students’ attention to the told-solution procedures, not problem situations, so students learn answers to a problem space they never come to understand”. With conventional approaches, students risk noticing only the eye-catching surface features of a problem and fail to recognise the structure beneath. As a result, they might not be prepared to transfer their knowledge and skills to new situations (Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis, 2009)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	217ddc8a884ce7055b138b6d1f82e4ad	However, these arrangements pose distributional dilemmas (transfers from single individuals to married couples) and tend to reinforce traditional family patterns and gender roles. Other arrangements, such as contribution credits that compensate for the impact that time dedicated to take care of children or elderly members of the family can have on women’s pension entitlements, are a positive measure but may not overcome all gender gaps in pension benefits on their own. Policies need to includes package of measures to address inequalities from their origins (i.e., reducing gender gaps in the labour market, promoting a more equal distribution of care work in the family and avoiding gender-blind policies) as well as to compensate for gender gaps in old age protection when they emerge.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283329-en	217df32eee34d7dbd75f072297be190c	The Ministry of Health is also currently responsible for nearly all aspects of the current public health care system. Under the new national health system, the Health Insurance Organisation will take on a key administrative role. The success of this shift in responsibility will be dependent on clear, distinct lines of accountability. Mortality rates for common causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, are below the EU average.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	21800c38f701b48fc220105fe592201e	The total value of transfers arising from support to agriculture was equivalent to 1.17% of GDP in 2009-11. A similar picture almost certainly applies to Kazakhstan as price liberalisation removed the benefit of receiving output prices at above and key inputs at below world levels. As the government was focussed on more pressing priorities, such as macroeconomic stabilisation and the creation of a basic legal framework for a market economy, other areas of agricultural policy remained largely neglected.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	21807ebf1890f8214233987bd9578c47	Unemployment is included in this index because of the risk it implies of social exclusion and detachment from the lifestyle and the prevailing culture of society (Atkinson and others, 2002). Recent practice in the multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region has been to consider lack of access to social protection —in terms of health insurance coverage, affiliation to social protection schemes and receipt of pensions— as deprivation (see CONEVAL, 2010; Angulo Pardo Diaz and Finch, 2013; ECLAC, 2013). Households in which no member has any form of contributory insurance (based on mandatory or voluntary contributions from individuals) are considered to be deprived in respect of social protection. This cut-off is used for both social security and health, and has the advantage of using a constant delimiting criterion across the different indicators of social protection. Receipt of a non-contribution-based pension (such as a solidarity-based or basic pension) is thus insufficient to prevent an individual being considered deprived in respect of social security. This definition was adopted on the basis that, to a greater or lesser degree, fees in the health systems of all of the countries covered by this indicator are adjusted for purchasing power.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	2182c4af8d7e16b76aee62589add33ea	However, global economic uncertainties persist following what is sometimes referred to as the Great Recession43 Low growth and higher unemployment is profoundly affecting many economies (e.g. USA, UK and Southern Europe). The Great Recession is likely to alter the way in which academics and policy makers think about how best to deliver economic growth in the years ahead. This has led leading economists and experts to explore to what extent economic growth alone should be seen as the ultimate goal, and whether other measures of success, such as happiness and environmental sustainability, should be incorporated as part of a wider more sophisticated measure of economic and social progress.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	2184b1e409865519ddefc0cb93021832	The smooth implementation of market liberalisation in order to increased infrastructure investment in the region requires adequate and effective mechanisms to protect consumers. Countries that are self-sufficient in energy production may have concerns about preparing for energy emergencies and their ability to react to growing demand. Countries which import energy may be vulnerable if they rely predominantly on imports of a single fuel or from a single countty. In the long term it is principally about investment in energy infrastructure, so that energy supply keeps pace with economic development. Clear policies and measures to increase energy security improve the competitiveness of the sector and send positive signals for investors across the energy system and economies more generally. However economies across the region have ambitions to create gas markets and are developing enabling legislative and regulatory frameworks in preparation.	7	0	5	1.0
10.6027/28b76697-en	2184bfcdd42397a24101e770ff9c7017	Similarly, highly educated foreign-born persons were more likely to be employed than their lower-educated peers. The advantage of persons with high educational attainment also holds when comparing highly educated foreign-born persons with lower educated native-born persons. Across the Nordic Region, the latter group overall had lower employment rates than the former.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	2186a2325cf67acf84393267d9a262cc	Allowing for the spillover benefits into other states, state-specific agricultural research investments generated national benefits of between USD 10 and USD 70 per research dollar, averaging USD 32 across the states. The marginal benefit-cost ratio for USDA intramural research was comparable, at USD 18 per dollar invested in research. In fact, however, these ratios are consistent with internal rates of return at the smaller end of the range compared with the general results in the literature as reviewed by Alston et al. ( Some internal rates of return are reported here to facilitate comparisons with other studies.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	21878b9d9b2a25dbf4e1f3dbd1600c43	The overwhelming majority (98 per cent) of the world’s undernourished people live in developing countries, with two thirds of them concentrated in seven nations (Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan). Most hungry people (578 million) reside in Asia and the Pacific, although the highest share (30 per cent, or 239 million people) are found in sub-Saharan Africa (figure III.2). The proportion of undernourished people ranges from under 15 per cent in Cote d’Ivoire to almost 70 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010a).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	21897c57a3f37b99fbf5c586918fab9d	Mexican parents of boys are more than 20 percentage points more likely to expect their sons to work in STEM occupations, compared to Mexican parents with daughters. Although it is a small area of study, women account for 40% of bachelor graduates from computing in Mexico, compared to 20%, on average, across OECD countries (Figure 2.4). The fact that women are nearing gender parity in this field is a promising sign, given the importance of computing in the growing and globalised digital economy (OECD, 2015c).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	218a635a78e2a5516d92c1e83cf9361c	The Ministry has a duty to provide the policy framework and legal means for the institutional development of the energy sector of Georgia. As of 2014, the Ministry has no formal sustainable energy executive agency within its responsibility or budget provision for the implementation of sustainable energy programmes. Its main responsibilities include promotion of the programmes and projects supporting the development of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources, and CDM projects. Both times, masses of mud blocked the only road connecting Georgia with the Russian Federation. While the disasters were not caused by the HPP construction, they do indicate the high geological instability of the area. In May 2014, just days before the first landslide, the EBRD approved a US$80 million loan for the development, construction and operation of the Dariali HPP, which is a part of a larger plan to develop the hydropower potential of the Tergi River and its tributaries.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	218af6e51696dc19c03b169652b985bb	Courses are assessed for their public value, taking into account a number of factors including: alignment with government priority industries, industry growth prospects, and the extent of the employment outcome from the qualification. The list is routinely updated. They also include a measure related to the rates of graduates employed in their field of study.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	218b61be39751ff57994660b6450f87f	While inter-connection of urban clusters and their linkage to international transport networks is invariably crucial to national economic development, this review will focus more specifically on transport within urban areas, as opposed to inter-urban transport, given the urgent transport challenges observed especially within large urban areas in Viet Nam. Taking a balanced approach to transport development, this policy framework gives attention to transport needs in rural as well as urban areas, while also acknowledging the interdependence of rural and urban transport systems. The 2013 adjustment has given priority to the development of mass transit systems, initially in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, in order to decongest these cities and to improve safety.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	218bd6334a2f92cd392a2c9a46bf6662	It also includes most expenditure on national defence and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. The Gini index, a coefficient that measures the income inequality in a society and that ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality), has decreased steadily in the past decade, from 0.34 in 2001 to 0.28 in 2012 (LAC, 2014). The proportion of the population living below the poverty line fell to 3.8% in 2012 (IAC, 2014). The gap between rural and urban populations remains wide, with twice as many people living below the poverty line of USD 2.3 per day in rural areas than there are in urban areas (World Bank, 2012).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	218c0ade132b1a9269faa8884d6d41b1	Dependence on external donor resources to drive implementation was also noted as a major hurdle. Involvement of all national stakeholders from the conceptualisation stage provided national ownership, direct linkages to development and a focus on livelihoods and poverty eradication through targeted and practical sector-based, on-the-ground interventions. The study highlighted that - given the limits to national capacity - the green economy-enabling institutional framework should be concentrated in a single sector linked to other building blocks and sectors, and mainstreamed throughout the economy. It was also deemed necessary to determine sectoral indicators of greenness for monitoring, evaluating and reporting purposes, to create a feedback loop for policy adjustments.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	218e7847311d5183ebaa7959da70addc	Many universities have not yet aligned their programmes to the new curricula, though as noted efforts are underway to encourage more institutions to update their courses. The operating requirements and oversight for private universities in Costa Rica are extremely low (see Chapter 5). Of the 19 initial teacher education programmes that are accredited, only two are from private universities. In contrast, more than two-thirds of OECD countries have some form of quality accreditation requirement for initial teacher education programmes (OECD, 2014).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	218f640106fd1253c8d730082f5cf726	Some environmental subjects are integrated in courses on natural sciences and on health and healthy lifestyle. Manuals were developed on Biodiversity, Man and Earth, Man and Air, and on Water as Source of Life for use by pupils of levels 5 to 9 as supplementary learning materials. In 2005, a methodological guidance on Environmental Education in Primary School was developed. In 2009, a manual on Man and Nature was published for teachers of levels 5 to 9. The SCNP published several manuals on environmental topics for preschool educational institutions and schools.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	218f976ef0f3fa860750ae1c9d0eff51	Often they are ostracized by their own families, friends and community. First, judicial practice does not grant them redress for rape as long as graphic evidence is not brought out into the open. When the conflict was over, these women were abandoned by the militia. Because of the social stigma, their families and communities did not accept them back. In Guatemala, Mayan women who witnessed violence or lost family members have suffered from psychological and physical ailments (tristeza) such as “chronic headaches, gastritis, chest pains, visual problems, respiratory infections, and psychological manifestations such as recurring dreams and nightmares, sadness, and depression”.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	2192d174c496d70660ab428eeae6c51b	The technique assumes in particular, that the conditional quantile of an individual remains the same when his/her characteristics change. Since this assumption may well not hold in practice, the results of conditional quantile regressions must be interpreted with caution (Koenker, 2005). Unconditional quantile regressions, by contrast, allow estimating the effect of a small change in workers’ characteristics on each quantile of the overall distribution. Since UQRs allow assessing the impact of a particular variable on overall earnings inequality, they are also more suitable than CQRs in the context of this article and are thus used as the baseline method.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	2194f3ae45e4f15e3895114fdb3e0dcf	This value is based on the WTO definition of agricultural products which does not include fish and fish products. Petrobras is a semi-public Brazilian multinational energy corporation. Petrobras’s activities include the exploration and production of oil and natural gas, oil refining, transportation and distribution of natural gas and oil products, electricity generation and petrochemical production. The different perspectives are summarised, for example, in Box 1.1, “The impact of agriculture on the Brazilian Amazon” in OECD (2005), and in FGV (2013), pp.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	219792c3f5519a5d79b760b2b5274003	Exchanges between tertiary education institutions and the Victorian state departments can be organised as round-table meetings and could feed into the state-level policy making. The most informative results for policymaking come from effectively merging geographic information system databases (GIS) with socio-economic data. The Community Indicators Project (VCIP) is a good model to follow.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/80c371eb-en	21989a3528546f543928ee5c315d1e96	Fishing activity with bottom trawlers is prohibited in these FRAs in order to the conserve and manage demersal stocks, including European hake and deep-water rose shrimp. The three FRAs cover a total area of 1 698 km2 (on average 566 km each with a mean depth of 280 m, ranging from 20 to more than 1 700 m). The proposed areas were selected on the basis of the extensive scientific knowledge on the importance and stability of the nursery areas found, on the ecological and biological particularity of the areas for critical life history stages of commercial stocks, and on the long history of overfishing of demersal resources in the northern sector of the Strait of Sicily. Vessels authorized to fish in zone B are subject to fishing effort restrictions.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	219bebdcc60120009fb52abd358c1340	This approach is common in the assessment of economic impact of infrastructure (given that no deployment has an immediate economic impact.) However, the premise underlying the lagged effects assumption comprises a more complicated process of broadband adoption. First of all, purchasing ICT is not the only requirement for improving productivity. In fact, both management and economics literature have shown that it is necessary to modify business practices in order for information technology impact firm efficiency.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	219d422ed89723e5e64750d70dc66bcb	In those countries, the proportion of couples where the male partner works 30 to 39 hours per week and the woman over 40 is also higher than in other European countries (results not shown). The “main-breadwinner model” is, at 34.8% (Figure 4.9, grey bars) the most common in German couple families, followed by the traditional “male-breadwinner model” where the mother is inactive or unemployed (23.9%, white bars). In France, the combination of two full-time earners is much more common with couples most likely choosing dual reduced full-time, or one partner working full-time and the other partner working between 30 and 39 hours. The third most common practice in France is the “dual full-time earner model”. The distribution of work arrangements in which the male partner does not work is much the same in both countries.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	219f1978c4c63917110ee1f3e007ab59	The global budget is made up of an activity-based prospective payment involving systematic DRG grouping and case-mix adjustment for inpatient and ambulatory surgery (the DRG component accounts for nearly 50% of hospital financing), while the remaining hospital revenue comes from fee-for-services (for outpatient and emergency visits), bundled payments (for some chronic conditions), and some quality-based payments. Since 2011, each hospital has to establish a three-year action plan for hospital reorganisation with the Regional Health Authority so that reform implementation can be continuously monitored by regional authorities. Overall, the results of the past and ongoing hospital reforms have had positive impacts on both quality and efficiency (OECD, 2015c).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	21a086a9c465df2b01c322b89a116552	Under laws enacted in 2003, they may collaborate formally through the creation of metropolitan areas and inter-municipal associations. However, as experience with inter-municipal associations has been varied, the 2003 laws are under revision with a view to increasing collaboration among municipalities and, in particular, rationalising public infrastructure projects and developing management capacities (OECD, 2008a). The 2007 Local Finance Act introduced measures to further expand municipalities’ competencies and increase their revenues.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	21a14b44f92e5262e6ae47ae1c0ffb1a	In the period 2003-2014, six of the 12 years (2003, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, and 2013) were either very dry' or extremely dry'. In 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 and 2014, there were large to disastrous floods. Extreme climate events w'ere especially pronounced during the last eight years (in 2009, 2010 and 2014 major floods were recorded; in 2011, 2012 and 2013 there were severe droughts and waves of high/tropical temperatures; early 2012 saw a wave of extreme cold and there were windstorms in mid-2012).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	21a4904ee5c68e2ce89ab597db3afcc0	It remains, however, that fleets continue to search globally for new fishing opportunities. The following will look at three principal ways that this takes place: 1) through investing abroad in foreign countries; 2) through bilateral fisheries arrangements; and 3) through fishing on the high seas within or outside RFMOs (both of which may include legitimate fishing or IUU activities). While the reasons for seeking new opportunities may be the same in the three cases (more profitable fisheries operations, spreading activities and thus reducing risks3), different policy challenges are associated with the three methods of “going global”. Government policy in respect of these areas in the country to be invested in is therefore crucial in enabling an investor to gauge the risk of investing.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	21a5246196c0dc02b871abe940d5e88b	But a note of caution is important when considering the discussion here as the potential impacts on water quality from growing agricultural feedstocks for bioenergy production, have not been fully evaluated (National Research Council, 2008a; OECD, 2008). Since many of the known adverse impacts on water quality from bioenergy production are due to the type of feedstock cultivated, there is potential to mitigate these impacts through the adoption of conservation practices and systems (USEPA, 2011). Changes in climate and climate variability that affect the profitability of agriculture will in turn lead to changes in locations of crop and livestock production, and technologies and management practices used to produce individual crops and livestock (Abler etal.,	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	21a79eeb52172d0eb8fcb4764157ab5d	"It includes ten targets, two of which will be measured by ICT indicators. Target 4.a seeks to ensure provision of educational facilities which are 'child, disability and gender sensitive' and to provide 'safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.' As well as two ICT sub-indicators - the availability of computers and the Internet - it will be measured by sub-indicators concerned with the availability of electricity, adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities, basic drinking water, single-sex basic sanitation facilities, and basic handwashing facilities."""	9	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	21aaa0131c39f44dad27f7f8c17b8049	Smaller households are becoming the global norm. That figure masks differences between countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has 39 countries with a total fertility rate above 4, and among these, 10 countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, the Niger, Nigeria, Somalia and Uganda, have total fertility rates above 6.34 Nevertheless, fertility rates are declining in most of these countries, especially in urban areas.	5	3	1	0.5
10.14217/f81b7706-en	21b6c1f1c2393b31f290b6deef547d3f	Dignitaries in attendance included the former US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton, the former Head of UN Women, Michele Bachelet, and five female presidents and Heads of Government at the time. The resulting Joint Statement signed by female world leaders resulted in the adoption of the UNGA Resolution 66/130 on 19 December 2011. Although institutionalised deputyship for women is not a desirable phenomenon, more women running at this level can have the potential to normalise their presence at the top.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	21b7427def15400df67e89f1abdae295	Instead of directly appraising teachers, a more appropriate role for the school board would be to ensure that school staff are complying with the legislated requirements of the appraisal system. They might also determine how' to make the appraisal process more relevant to their school, for example by supplementing common professional teaching standards with other appraisal criteria that are particularly important to their context. This is not a good setting for open feedback.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	21b83036713f2e9209b8ad0ee4ee8422	These recent payments amounted to almost half of total budgetary transfers in 2009-11. This situation in Kazakhstan fits into a broader picture observed across emerging economies: the share of the most distorting support in the total PSE was 68% in Brazil, 81% in Russia, 86% in Ukraine, and 74% in South Africa in 2008-10. In China, this share is notably smaller but still around one-half of the country’s PSE. In terms of its use of the most distorting support, Kazakhstan and the majority of emerging economies stand approximately where most of the OECD countries were in the mid-1980s.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	21bc60198f83bbf9a23750f730c3a75d	However, in rural areas characterized by dispersed populations or hostile terrain, trade-offs often exist between the achievement of economies of scale and scope in the provision of a differentiated service that supports transformational energy access on the one hand, and providing only for basic needs as the most profitable option on the other. Similarly, there may be tensions between the roll-out of stand-alone solutions and grid extension in areas where the latter could be a viable longer-term option. This further underlines the need for a system-wide approach to electricity system design and transition.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	21c1ecdb72b49ceb912cfec6b20b5342	Connected areas can participate in a single market, pooling balancing responsibilities as dispatchable balancing resources can be shared through market coupling. Such co-ordination among system operators requires strong technical infrastructures. The term balancing area can imply different degrees of integration depending on different constraints: transportation capacity, power generation adequacy, availability of dispatchable resources and so forth. Geographical and technological diversity also contributes to better integration.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	21c2a1578942d89cbeb2c1afece27213	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. In turn, effective appraisal and feedback for teachers is essential to increase the focus on teaching quality and teachers ’ professional learning. Teacher appraisal can also support the effective organisation of schools by allowing teachers to progress in their career and take on new roles and responsibilities based on a solid evaluation of their performance. This chapter describes the approaches that countries take to appraise individual teachers.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	21c3772f00fb41dafac84f40190893dc	Differences in the Gini coefficients between any two periods are decomposed into the composition and the wage effects, as mentioned. Nine groups of covariates of interest are considered in the decomposition: demographic, education of the head, household structure, employment (men and women), work intensity (men and women) and skilled occupation (men and women).2 We focus, in particular, on three composition effects due to changes in women’s employment characteristics. Composition effects due to changes in men’s employment status are also discussed. Then a standard Stata programme oaxaca is used to perform a OB decomposition using the RIF as dependent variable.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283510-en	21c5fea752b61f3b4b772c25791af7e0	About 7% of the population reports some unmet needs of this type, with a considerable gap between high- and low-income groups (Figure 11) and between regions. About 4% of high-income households report unmet medical needs compared to 10% in the lowest income bracket Costs and waiting times are the greatest contributors to unmet needs in Poland. While most conventional medical procedures are included, the list of reimbursable drugs is nanow. Consequently, the share of out-of-pocket expenditure on pharmaceuticals in Poland (60%) is the fourth highest in the EU (after Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia) and considerably higher than the EU average (44%).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	21c6878d01027fe601f07db7a7d311ce	For poorer retirees, public pensions and other income transfers are generally the only source of income. Other sources of income are private pension schemes and the workplace, since older people in many countries continue working to earn part of their retirement income. But that is not the whole picture.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/803655cd-e9193a64-en	21c6c05a4d51e3f133757f5d2ebad65e	Insights into the direction in which information societies and technological advances are moving reveal a changing vision and a shift away from traditional practices. The impact of technological change on education calls for a critical examination of national policies, past and present. Thus, there is a need to review education, from the earliest levels of schooling to the tertiary level, and to reorient and improve existing curricula so as to capitalize on technological change.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	21c883d64588de984929aefaeaae61a3	"Secondary prevention thereby increases opportunities for less costly and invasive interventions in order to prevent the progression of the disease and the emergence of symptoms, or the ""stock of illness”.30 Examples include screening for diseases such as TB, diabetes and breast cancer. One characteristic of secondary prevention is that it occurs before the diagnosis has been made. Often these early case detections involve laboratory and imaging services."	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f11b7d9e-en	21c91548fadadd9dce96fe3b19c5dbd4	Technological solutions with the potential to contribute to decoupling are described for the agricultural, industry and municipal water-supply sectors. Systems-level technological solutions are also presented. Obviously, the tools described here are not an exhaustive collection of all those available (such a list would be constantly changing as new technologies are developed], but they provide a broad introduction to some of the best-known and documented tools.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	21ccf75ba363d073953666554ae4265d	Moreover, subnational authorities, and cities in particular, cannot determine how their budgets are spent. The system for allocating charges between levels of the budget system turns local authorities not into partners of the government - who ensure financing and perform important duties - but into clients petitioning for resources. Although maslikhats are invited to participate in the discussions, this exercise is rather a post-factum consultation on local programmes and budgets.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f2ac3c1-en	21ce12a0abed27d027adeb0548c71949	It is highly unlikely that Blade Runner will provide an accurate portrayal of life in Los Angeles—or that of any other major metropolitan area, for that matter—in 2019. However, reality does tend to imitate art. Major projects within existing urban centres2 or entirely new satellite cities are inspired by high-profile city investments in Dubai, London and Singapore, with significant private-sector involvement. These developments and commercial centres include Hope City, a US$10 billion development to be built outside Accra in Ghana, and Tatu City, a development planned on coffee-producing land outside Nairobi (Figure 11.2). However, the benefits to the urban population currently living in informal settlements in prime locations near urban centres are unclear. Public investment in these new projects may leave less cash for basic infrastructure and services and could accelerate further social and spatial segregation.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	21cffd2895d836599b0bf431a036c37b	This number is thus an underestimate as it does not include congressional earmarks for aquaculture, aquaculture spending by other NMFS programs, or aquaculture spending by other US agencies (such as the USDA). With the exception of the BSAI crab fishery, all vessel/permit buybacks to date have involved some public funding. Aggregate public costs have amounted to almost USD 70 million, or approximately 25% of total buyback costs.	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	21d367ef211ccfaa7a5ad80fbca3d0cd	They are classified as mixed-owned if the shares of women and men are the same (e.g. companies owned by couples), and if neither men nor women alone account for more than 50% of the shares (e.g. a company 30% owned by women, 40% by men, and 30% by a non-physical person). In order to assign a gender to the different owners, an algorithm was developed to identify male and female owners on the basis of their first name. The algorithm matches the first names of the owners in the ORBIS Database with a database of 173 000 unique male and female first names by country compiled by the OECD and which expands the one used in Frietsch et al. ( In each country, at least 96% of the owners’ names are identified as masculine or feminine. The main comparability issue is represented by the fact that ORBIS’s coverage of firms is still uneven across countries.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	21e01d23a77cf0f55ac046c4ab3b57a2	It would be important to recognise various forms of human trafficking as a separate offense in the penal codes of MENA countries. However, some countries have taken appropriate measures to overcome gender-based violence. Other MENA countries have abolished legal provisions offering a pardon to the abductor who marries his victim (Egypt).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	21e0ecdc52f8ea97396ff29f66982972	Given the resource and capacity constraints of the formal sector, there is a need for strengthening and building informal social protection system and practices. A greater coordination of the formal social protection programmes of government together with programmes run by civil society organizations is needed. There is a need for integration of social policy, social planning and social development for achieving cost effectiveness and a sustainable social protection system.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	21e292d4d3a7473f74644d7bfcec0bbb	Legally, the UZR data system should be created based on information extracted from the approved urban design projects, cartographic materials, geological surveys, environmental and statistical data, and other information important for regulation of city development. The UZR must be used not only for implementation of architectural and construction control, but also for property taxation, and development and implementation of urban design projects such as general plans. Not all city administration can afford to have workable decision support systems.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599178-4-en	21e32fc548fc56a9f4f869cf81bebfb6	Most of the protected areas (PAs) are located in northern and western Botswana. As a result, the country’s population density is only 3.5 persons per km2. The annual population growth has slowed down rapidly over the last few decades, because of declining fertility and the impact of HIV/AIDS. Annual population growth is currently estimated at 1.9 per cent compared with 2.4 per cent in 2001 and 3.5 per cent in 1991 (SB 2011a, b; 2012).	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f61073ef-en	21e33eacea19f895f38f4aa4d9273140	In the second stage, residuals obtained in the first stage are used to build a consistent estimation of a variance-covariance matrix, thus relaxing the independence and homoscedasticity hypothesis. The second-stage estimator is asymptotically more efficient than the first-stage estimator. The GMM system thus reduces the problem of estimation bias, as there is a one-period lagged dependent variable on the right-hand side of equation (8).	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	21e33f33063db5c9fd4406bb83b06c05	People also modified their habits, turning off lights when not needed, discarding freezers that were barely used and reducing their use of air conditioning. This market shrinkage had long-lasting effects, postponing the need for investment in new supply facilities. It was the largest experiment of its kind in the world and it showed conclusively that conservation measures can be very effective in meeting society’s energy needs.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	21e34282967745a021df8d83f88dfd20	Platform-mediated ADA vehicle requests also enable the pooling of adapted vehicles across multiple suppliers. The potential increase in efficiency and improvement in wait times and other outcomes are what motivated MBTA to pilot its RIDE service with Lyft and Uber in the first place. This ensures that specific initiatives, measures and partnerships contribute to shared and clearly articulated outcomes.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	21e40f2491d0ed04943062ad1dfd1fbb	This would imply that the programme effect may be to reduce cereal consumption and use the additional income to buy other goods. Against this perspective, the model used in the preparation of the Outlook employs a demand system with positive income effects. These elasticities vary by product, and in the case of cereals, the value is small at 0.13 in 2013.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264234246-5-en	21e4dbe9c4731e134e3caaad58c4e380	It begins by outlining the importance of assessing and quantifying disaster risk and losses. This is followed by an overview of the various approaches to completing risk assessments, including scenario analysis and probabilistic risk assessment and modelling as well as approaches to assessing the indirect economic impact of disasters. Specific efforts to identify financial vulnerabilities in some economies are described.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	21e56a33892216700856276f8cd79f31	Management plans are proposed by the relevant Management Committees, with participation of the relevant Scientific and Technical Committees, and approved by the Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture. These Licenses are divisible, and last 20 years; after this period, they can be renewed or rendered expired, depending on the owner's behaviour regarding environmental, fishing, and labour matters. Licence holders are required to pay annually a fee for each vessel registered in a fishery managed under TQL. If the owner operates with the same vessel in a fishery that is not under TQL, the owner is only required to pay the non-TQL fee, which has a lower value than the TQL fee.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	21e68fd7ae76659297cc0ad7d2eb44e6	However, it is also an issue of methodology. A focus on the implementation of actions in the NAS is important, but it is not sufficient to inform the revision of future iterations of the strategy. Some other OECD countries, including Germany and the UK, are developing systems that also provide information on key trends in climate-sensitive sectors, for example losses from flood damage.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	21e82ddbd71640cfa43885349340be7d	The seminal contribution by Arrow (1963) underlined how the pervasive market failures in health care markets lead unfettered competitive forces to lower rather than raise welfare. Nonetheless, several OECD countries have recently strengthened competition by introducing regulated choice mostly among providers and to a lesser extent among insurers. These reforms are based on the presumption that competition coupled with a good regulatory setting will improve health care service quality while limiting the adverse effects of unfettered market forces, most notably cream skimming, selective coverage, and unequal access to services. Recent evidence, mostly covering the United Kingdom and the United States, shows that competition among hospitals, if accompanied by strong and effective regulation, can lower expenditure and/or enhances quality of care (Gaynor etal., An early evaluation of the reforms initiated in Sweden in 2007 with the goal of increasing choice of primary care doctors indicate that they have improved access to health care (Anel et al., For a panel of OECD countries, de la Maisonneuve et al. (	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	21e88596969ee3a7d3e4082030d24822	It requires workers telecommuting not to be covered by less than minimum labour standards under law and that firms offer similar treatment to these workers as to those working on the employers’ premises. This includes guarantees on working hours, overtime, rest days and leave benefits. Employers adopting the standard agree to inform their employees of available FWAs, offer clear and transparent approval processes for employees seeking FWAs, and appoint a senior manager to champion FWAs within the organisation, among other steps. More than 250 companies, with a combined workforce of 210 000, including many domestically-owned SMEs, quickly signed on.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	21e8b527c95857a2b0fda648305fa726	Greenpoint was hit in the late 1950s by a major oil spill of an estimated 17-30 million gallons, predominantly from facilities owned by what is now' Exxon Mobil. Decades of environmental activism by long-term residents and collaboration with more recent, and often wealthier, in-movers, have led to a cleanup process that does not automatically or exclusively lead to the “parks, cafes, and a riverwalk” model of a green city - but instead makes room for continued industrial use and blue-collar work. The core feature of a “just green enough” strategy aims at the existing working-class population and industrial land users, not just new development. Activists in Greenpoint want to achieve the cleanup of Newtow n Creek while maintaining its industrial base, a strategy designed to put a stop to speculative development attracted to a neighbourhood experiencing environmental improvements. Initiatives ranged from the recent declaration of Newtown Creek as a Superfund site, to historical battles against a waste incinerator and a new power plant, to other interventions such as the construction of a local nature trail (Newtown Creek Nature Walk).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	21eb78cf69bc6507e2cab986927a9acd	The IESP is responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental, spatial planning and housing laws and regulations.3 The Chief Inspector of the IESP is directly responsible to the Minister of the Environment and Spatial Planning. In 2011, the Environment and Nature Inspection Service had 56 inspectors at its head office and eight regional units of different sizes. Besides the IESP, other inspectorates (including those for chemicals, agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing, construction and health) oversee environment-related activities under other ministries.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	21edf6a9c776fcdeae00a713c21303b6	The net wage gap, which controls for observable differences, sits at 6.9% (18.4%-11.5%). More often than men, women tend to leave their jobs or fail to move up the pay scale, a phenomenon known as the “the leaky pipeline” or the “glass ceiling”. As a result, the share of women in managerial or direction positions, at 33% in Switzerland, does not match their 45% share of the labour force.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	21ee330a54830d1d08b824808093fe7c	In other words, governing through laws can easily be interpreted as lack of trust in teachers, which may in turn lead to feelings of being controlled, which could potentially harm their creativity, motivation and self-respect. On the other hand, if the quality of the teaching is not good enough, and parents and students do not feel that teachers are following the Education Act, public trust in schools may decrease. The way forward seems, therefore, to be to continue to support those teachers who seem to have taken up the four principles in the Education Act, and support the good schools and teachers as examples for other schools.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	21f2e5e808619ba2aa00343ede4b663a	This affects their autonomy and empowerment to make their own choices. The abrogation in some countries of women’s obligation to obedience should be acknowledged, as should introduction of the principle of mutual consent to, and reciprocity in, marriage. Laws regulating polygamy and divorce have also been changed.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264204638-6-en	21f437d852aecb2809f963c9b7d36cc0	Various aspects of policy debate and policy formulation in Colombia view' science, technology and innovation (STI) activities as a distinct domain of the economy. Other perspectives see a central feature of effective innovation systems, and hence also of STI-related policy, as involving STI activities that are deeply and pervasively embedded in all areas of the economy and society. An extension of this idea views the national system of science, technology and innovation as a collection of actors that is distinct from, and provides support to, sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing or energy.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	21f7aef87ae1171a4e747b164d99156a	Information provided by the government of Bahrain. The Millennium Development Goals and the post-2015 policy agenda for international development represent an opportunity for increasing the focus on national-level implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, and - through the specific targets and indicators established - for measuring progress and outcomes. While almost all MENA countries have ratified the CEDAW convention, review of their national legislation, however, shows that despite a number of steps taken to promote gender equality and address gender discrimination in law, most MENA countries do not fully comply with their international commitments. The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was ratified in 1989 and the CEDAW in 1996.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	21fcb6c4247d610ddc994c938949fba7	"As long as employee income is treated the same way within the same country across all years under observation, it does not matter whether it is net or gross because we look at relative per cent changes in employee income between two consecutive years. We excluded the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Poland from multivariate analysis of poverty transitions due to inconsistencies in the treatment of employee income. Relative changes in equivalent employee income within 5 per cent are coded as ""no change'/ while decreases (increases) in employee income in excess of 5 per cent are coded as decreases (increases) in non-zero employee income."	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3665dc3f-en	220076521510f050e3a602577f3acf2c	Furthermore, the allocation of the elements to the three levels will to some extent depend on the institutional and cultural context. Taking the perspective of the individual worker should not be confused with establishing indicators only at the micro level. Any assessment of quality of employment will to some degree depend on the point of view taken.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	2200adad683f78316a2ce11e77893610	Les documents peuvent etre telecharges a partir de: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp ou obtenus via le mel (dev.contact@oecd.org). Fontana and Paciello (2009) show for Kenya that the participation of women in sugar production has entailed a decrease of their body mass index because additional work exceeded the increase in caloric intake. In the same country, most women belonging to tea-producing households have a high level of malnutrition because they have not enough time for their own crops, whereas husbands tend to spend the income from tea for their own consumption.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	220205c407f12ac4f666f7a80283faf9	Sponsors included the FAO, the World Bank, UNDP, donor countries and other international institutions. This was the original movement for the creation of CGIAR. It is important to note that it was written in the midst of CGIAR reform.) Each CGIAR Center is an independent institution with its own charter, administrative board, head of the secretariat and staff members.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	220bacc253a71239fd23c3e38b1536d5	Particular thanks are due to Remy Pigois, Yves Dublin and Vincenzo Vinci from UNICEF and to Sarah Coll-Black and Colin Andrews (World Bank), as well as to the National Social Protection Platform of Ethiopia. Pamela Dale and Gaby Guerrero Serdan, also from UNICEF, also provided valuable guidance. These workshops were attended by representatives of the Government of Ethiopia, development partners and members of civil society.	1	9	0	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	220cffefb00cc094b21351eefeeba2e2	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decisionmakers.	13	0	3	1.0
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	220db698ec18c24bea36d86f3ca00b50	Robotics includes approaches in which an Al system engages with and responds to environmental conditions. Symbolic systems attempt to represent complex concepts through the logical manipulation of symbolic representations. Samuel Butler's Erehwon is sometimes identified as the first literary work to allude to artificial intelligence. In the 20th century, authors such as Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke wrote compelling works of science fiction on the subject of Al.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	220fecae496cc424eccaff8146a0202e	Overall employment is just under 0.2% lower relative to the baseline. As expected carbon pricing has a stronger negative impact in energy-intensive sectors, with coal mining and power generation declining by around 1.1% and 0.7% respectively (Figure 2.14, Panel B). Assessing the impact of carbon pricing in China (cont.) The overall impact is more muted than under the first scenario, with GDP declining only marginally, while the decline in carbon emissions is only slightly smaller. One of the main reasons for the different overall impact under this alternative scenario is that consumption rises in response to the tax cut, thereby improving the domestic balance of the economy and boosting production in some sectors.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	22115c8c974a6ee7be5e53dafb19d359	Climate change is likely to influence fisheries and aquaculture production in various ways. For capture fisheries, climate change affects fish productivity and distribution through changes in recruitment, growth rates and mortality rates, as well as in the migratory patterns of some stocks. From an economic point of view, these changes will result in losers and winners, between regions or countries as well as within national jurisdictions. With respect to aquaculture production, climate change may necessitate changes in the species composition farmed in some areas depending on tolerability of the species to temperature and other changes.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	221179afff531eb8d7b95eecdf875cbe	Some large investments have managed to achieve broad-based benefits via such partnerships by formulating innovative schemes for sharing both risks and rewards (Box 9.2). One important condition for success is to adequately share the risks between companies and smallholders depending on the capacity of each party to shoulder them. The higher business risks of this arrangement were addressed through crop insurance, while transactions costs associated with dealing with a large number of farmers were reduced by avoiding the geographical dispersion of outgrowers. This scheme resulted in higher levels of contractual compliance among the outgrowers (FAO, 2013).	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-7-en	22118a41269d5413c93e075786857402	Most of the expansion is projected in the RoW group, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa. After peaking (before 2030), global food crop area is projected to decline, particularly in North America, Brazil, Russia, South Asia and China. This is based on the assumptions of slowly growing populations in the OECD and a shrinking population in Russia and China, stabilising diets (i.e. maximum caloric intake being reached) in most OECD and BRIICS countries, and increasing crop yields due to technological improvements (for a further discussion of the agricultural land projections under the Baseline scenario, see Chapter 2).	14	7	1	0.75
10.18356/58d686e0-en	22122486a1789770b3b5984ca6bf7e46	"She was denied a legal abortion. The Committee found a violation of article 7 of the Covenant (torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment), since the State's failure to guarantee her right to a termination (which in this case would have been in accordance with Argentine law) had ""caused L.M.R. physical and mental suffering constituting a violation of article 7 of the Covenant that was made especially serious by the victim's status as a young girl with a disability."" The Committee called on the State party to provide the victim with redress, including adequate compensation. She requested an abortion, but the service was denied since abortion was legal only to save the mother's life but not in cases of foetal impairment."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	221245e58683fa4a6b1c9cb7e9456bb6	Moreover, unemployment rates have reached record low levels. Since late 2011, the unemployment rate has fluctuated around 6% per cent, the lowest in the past 15 years. Accordingly, real wages have been rising, though their growth has recently been volatile (Figure 1.1). More than two million new jobs, accounting for 13% of total employment, have been created since 2000, half of which have been since 2010.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	22124cf7972e7d94ff38517e06d47d42	Some of them participate intensively in the developing of the national assessments. A wider group used to participate in the conferences after the national assessments; however, in recent years, the scope of participants has been narrowed down to keep focus and increase effectiveness. Unfortunately, one side effect is that the Ministry has lost an opportunity to create common understanding and ownership and build capacity among a broader range of stakeholders.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/286de074-en	2214048a162bbfdaa7fd963e4001494e	Adolescents are able to critically address the gender roles and expectations they are exposed to and can benefit from learning new roles and expectations as they transition into adulthood. Adolescence is seen as a 'second window of opportunity' to build on earlier investments or to change behaviour and provides new opportunities for those who have not fared well in childhood. Numerous efforts are being made to transform gender norms, or rules that socially regulate gender roles and expectations, and these can work alongside policies and programmes that enable women and girls to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to improve their health, economic or social status.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	2215088588cc3c6ce39b8ddd16ab8a79	The previous documents also mentioned honey production and the growing of medicinal, aromatic and ornamental plants. One may distinguish a specialisation among regions around these off-farm activities. For example, specialisation in manufacturing is found in Samsun, Tokat, Qorum, Amasya, for fishery in Trabzon, Ordu, and Giresun; for forestry in Bursa, Eskisehir and Bilecik and for trade, in Manisa, Afyon, Kutahya and U§ak.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/b1ccac57-en	2215a0758aba6ae69c3f363bf3aae849	Tourism in the Mashreq and Maghreb dwindled in the face of heightened security risks. Balance-of-payments conditions have generally tightened in the region, reflecting the lack of foreign funds available to countries with current account deficits. In GCC countries, weak international commodity prices dampened other inflationary pressures, such as the rising price of utilities, owing to subsidy reforms. Low inflation in the eurozone had an impact on several countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and Mauritania.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	22170f4e7bd9538c204748e6a9229a66	If the temperature gradient exceeds a certain level, fatigue could induce localised structural damage causing some components to creep and crack. More pronounced load variations, such as steep changes of reactor power level (up to ±20% Pr with the speed of 10% Pr per minute) or load following in the power range between 50% Pr to 100% Pr (with ramping rates of less than 5% Pr per minute) are limited to 20 000 cycles in the reactor lifetime. In addition, preventive measures, such as the automatisation of operation control, have already been taken in order to mitigate the impact of load following on material fatigue. Continuous monitoring of equipment fatigue (temperature measurements, non-destructive material tests) is routinely performed, especially on safety-related components.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	221758f1c837a4e4a9f4dba4c1f78161	Figure 2.4 presents standardised gender gaps in order to allow' comparisons across surveys. Results suggest that in Norway, as well as the vast majority of other countries, gender gaps in favour of girls grew from grade 4 (around age 10) to age 15. England, the Netherlands and New Zealand are the only countries where gender gaps tend to remain relatively stable between age 10 and age 15. Figure 2.4 however also shows that between the ages of 15 and 21-22 the gender gap in favour of females is greatly reduced in Norway as well as the majority of countries except for the Netherlands.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	22187dbc40a38da5c424857546e61a38	In 2004, the public enterprise “Oskemen-Vodokanal” was transferred to trust management for 25 years to Almaty company IR-Group, LLP. During the tendering process, the rules of transfer of water supply facilities for lease and trust management were violated. Government expectations about enhance d efficiency and reliability of Ust-Kamenogorsk water supply and sewerage networks were disappointed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-6-en	221a9082f6fdc435b097a144c0a2812e	The majority of Metro Cebu population (80.4%) owns pour-flush toilets, the remaining population uses flush toilets (4.4%), pit latrines (8.7%) or do not have any toilet at all (6.5%). Only 3.4% of households evacuate black w'ater (i.e. wastewater w'ith human wastes) through sewers, while 86% is evacuated into septic tanks and 10% through drainage and therefore have no treatment. In addition, only 7% of grey water (i.e. wastewater without human wastes) is evacuated through sewerage, most being evacuated through drainage with no treatment (80%) or into septic tanks (13%) (Figure 3.3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	221b2b2181fe374305eca2f8cee841ae	Its current research includes work on the development of wind, solar and oceanic energy. This financial support has allowed Indonesia to organise workshops, train staff in key institutions, develop the National REDD+ Strategy and set up a UN-REDD project management unit in the Ministry of Forestry. But unlike Indonesia, it is a middle-income rapidly industrialising, more urbanised country that hosts a large export-oriented electronics sector. Several decades of sustained economic expansion have greatly changed its natural environment, especially in East Malaysia where logging operations have led to deforestation.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	221cb6d5147466d0ddacab4050f38234	Most GHG emissions attributed to the industrial sector and a significant share of those attributed to the residential, commercial and ‘‘other buildings” sectors result from the use of oil, natural gas and coal. As a result, more than half of all anthropogenic GHG emissions can be traced back to the energy sector. Specifically, electricity and heat generation (as well as industry) are the major sources of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions, accounting for 25 per cent and 21 per cent, respectively, of GHG emissions.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283350-en	222363ef20220d00b6d1a31ad3b6631a	Non-contributing individuals (children, pensioners and registered unemployed) account for a high share of the insured population (around half). This threatens financial sustainability, not least because the population is ageing. It makes the system particulady vulnerable to economic downturns, as happened with dramatic impact during the economic crisis in 2008.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264285712-4-en	2226c4c6b609b0c8dd609d4d795be9a8	The current state of play may actually reflect the low willingness to charge rather than affordability issues. The lack of data or projections on users’ ability to pay and wider needs of the basin has led to the implementation of rates that are generally similar across different basins and fail to reflect local conditions. Parts of the revenues from water charges could be allocated to strengthening the capacity to monitor water abstraction and pollution in Brazil.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	222823c5cda0a145be3c0e0e3d728296	Policy-wise, the rhetoric of the PWC is comparatively state-friendly but in a limited and piecemeal way, with intervention only justified on a casc-by-case basis, should it be demonstrable by mainstream criteria that narrow economic benefits would most likely accrue. Despite its obvious limitations, the PWC offers a rationale for discretionary intervention across a much wider range of economic and social policy than the WC. Nevertheless, the PWC tends to exaggerate the contrast with the traditional WC concerns, allowing Stiglitz to protest stridently policies imposed by the IMF on the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, in particular, which triggered his enforced departure from office at the World Bank (see, for example, Wade, 2002).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	2228fa3017d68099c1e84abb567fa6ff	Some countries have also reduced the role of treating doctors in order to objectify the process. Countries have struggled more w'ith influencing the quality of sickness certificates which are still in the hands of an individual’s treating doctor. Sweden has introduced illness-specific guidelines for the certification process w'hich are binding for treating doctors, and the United Kingdom has replaced the previous sick note with a new fit note to increase the treating doctor’s attention to work-related matters (Box 3.8).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	222b3645cfff5bc60a3283fa9c149b48	Cultural values of filial obligation and inter-generational coresidence are commonly observed, although the culture and practices are changing. Net private transfers are significant and positive in countries such as China, Thailand, Republic of Korea and Singapore. Older persons aged 65 years and over in Thailand and Taiwan Province of China receive on average a third of their consumption from private transfers (Chawla, 2008; Tung and Lai, 2013) and the figure for the Republic of Korea is about 13 per cent.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	222ef07b76969bc3320fe8dd82fa62ce	All these emerging areas are important, but the take-up and adaptation of technologies and practices is a key issue that has not been sufficiently emphasised. In a landmark report on skills for sustainability41, a key finding was that, “in order to be effective, implementation of climate change strategies requires a broad skill set and mechanisms to diffuse knowledge about sustainability technologies and practices across the economy. Up-front investment in R&D is necessary although not sufficient. More emphasis needs to be given at all levels of the economy, not only in research laboratories”.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	223007bd9a4961e0f71ca298b105ce96	The ageing of the forest also increases the risk of infestation by insects and other parasites. Insect attacks have affected 8 800 m3 of beech stands in Oesling and 3 750 m3 in Gutland, adding to the damage caused by overabundant populations of game, whose browsing has affected 5% of mature trees and 66% of replanting. The national forest inventory, conducted in 2000, found that the equivalent of only 14% of the country’s annual C02 emissions (1 250 0001.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	22308b88cf14002a773425609826b928	Research in both the US and Europe has demonstrated the link between certification of lower energy consumption and higher real estate values (Popescu et al., Policy makers in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region could take this one step further by requiring a full assessment of the viability of clean and renewable energy retrofits any time a commercial or industrial building is sold. The new owner would not be obliged to pursue any specific installation, but ready access to this information could incite owners to voluntarily take action shortly thereafter.	7	1	7	0.75
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-bc36f70d-en	223734d72f4abf71874be8773520ddc6	The use of technology, manufacturing and production therefore have the potential to support upskilling, redeployment and productivity enhancement29. Mobile broadband - or using tablets, mobile phones and other portable devices to access the Internet - represents the fastest technological uptake in human history. Hotspots are being set up by individuals and technology companies are experimenting with drones, balloons and other innovations to extend access to and use of the Internet30. Technical and ICT-related skills across industries also need to be supplemented by broader, stronger collaborative and social skills -such as persuasion, emotional intelligence and the ability to learn and teach others.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	223a7441161d81b914e59137e520c797	Devising a stable funding stream is critical to ensuring a realistic planning process and encouraging co-ordinated decisions. An example is found in the United States, where metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) were explicitly created for planning and programming federal transport funds (Box 2.2). The goal was to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transport projects and programmes were based on a “continuing, co-operative and comprehensive” (3-C) planning process. One of the most sophisticated examples of metropolitan transport co-ordination can be found in Germany. All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as w'ell as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	223b265d9844648396cf64daabc1c1ba	Federal funds are also used for the financing of the commission. These are autonomous in decision making but controlled by SEMARNAT in administrative issues such as human resources and finances. They include the National Water Commission (CONAGUA), the National Protected Areas Commission (Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas, CONANP), the National Ecology and Climate Change Institute (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico, INECC) and the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (Procuraduria Federal de Protection al Ambiente, PROFEPA). Decentralised bodies exist as legal entities with their own budgets, such as the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, IMTA) and the National Forestry Commission (Comision Nacional Forestal, CONAFOR).	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/355832ee-en	224424da87434ecf8d3a577bcfcd9395	"The following groups tend to be at a higher risk of poverty and/or deprivation in the EU: workless households, large families (with three children or more), lone parent families, households with lower educated adults (see Fusco et al 2010). Furthermore, there may be substantial differences between migrant and non-migrant households and between rural and urban households. The UNICEF Office of Research presents the MODA results on an interactive web-portal (the ""Dashboard"").24 The underlying statistics are visualised in charts and tables. Primary sampling units and primary strata are re-created in the EU-SILC user database file according to Goedeme (2013). A work intensity index value of 0 corresponds to no one being in employment - i.e. a jobless household. This helps users zoom in on the results they are most interested in."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2245225244f06f9a69e651bd27931e0a	Finally, the largest generating units owned by Italian utilities are shown in Table 6.2, in the current situation and according to the two scenarios analysed. The construction of a large nuclear unit in every area would require, on average, a 61.8% increase in spinning reserves, while the construction of SMRs would not vary the current situation. In this context the choice of SMRs would therefore result in lower system costs.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	2247ea809c4b3069265b106b3819af19	However, both face a number of challenges in implementation including the establishment 0/effective targets. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the opportunities, challenges and important considerations faced by policy makers when setting and implementing SMM-related targets. Finland attributes waste management improvements to changes in EU legislation, specifically stricter waste management standards and requirements.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	224dbf31bad9ca93b423335245ff4726	Partial information is available on infrastructure needs and on the costs of water resources management. In the OECD and Big 5 economies annual expenditures in the range of USD 770 billion are projected up to 2015 and over USD 1 trillion by 2025 (see OECD, 2006)!. Not least in OECD countries, environmental pressures will continue to grow, as will the expectations of the general public with respect to environmental protection and natural resource management. These factors are expected to add significantly to the costs incurred in the supply of water services and wastewater treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	224e0305b346c6c151f00de67f2188b6	As an illustration, households’ net worth in France is five times higher than GDP and it has grown by over 7% on average per year and in real terms between 1997 and 2007, compared to a 1.7% increase for GDP (Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires, 2011). Taxing wealth at a rather low rate should thus generate large and rising tax revenues. Second, real estate accounts for a large share of household net worth (Fredriksen, 2012) and the tax can thus hardly be avoided. Third, inheritance and gift taxes, not only on immovable property but on all net assets, could offer an alternative to the taxation of lifelong saving.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	224eb94947516aa8b86ce6d86ee5a824	Between the social and the spatial - exploring multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion (pp. Using non-monetary deprivation indicators to analyse poverty and social exclusion in rich countries: Lessons from Europe? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), 305-325. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	22501bec20f1bbbfca3ee145f4250f38	While disability benefits are often the primary source of income for people with mental disorders, other public assistance schemes, such as unemployment benefits or social assistance, also play a role, especially for those with mild-to-moderate illnesses. These multiple sources of income have important implications, as the lack of a co-ordinated approach and well-defined responsibilities may create incentives to move these individuals from one public assistance scheme to another for cost-shifting purposes. Administrative data on the mental health status of job seekers or unemployment and social assistance recipients is scarce and rarely collected across OECD countries, which hinders employment and social service providers’ abilities to take preventative measures and intervene early.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/67cf23d2-en	2255a4790a0f46b141bcc7199570541e	The Food and Agriculture Organization food-price index rose to a record high in February 2011, topping the previous all-time high set in June 2008, following unexpected shortfalls in major cereals owing to bad weather in 2010. Food riots and protests threatened Governments as well as social stability in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and the Caribbean. Massive public protests in response to higher food prices erupted in very diverse countries, such as Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Senegal, Uzbekistan and Yemen (Baker, 2008; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development and World Food Programme, 2008). The number of people in need of emergency food aid in low-income food-deficit countries also increased. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network of the United States Agency for International Development, an estimated 2.7 million people in Niger were likely to be highly or extremely food insecure in 2010 and an additional 5.1 million people were at risk of moderate food insecurity. Altogether about 60 per cent of the population would face food shortages.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	2255a909f3db661528a4487583f12fec	In the case of income deprivation, the headcount ratio decreased from 37.6% in 2006 to 32.8% in 2010. Transfer Axiom: Given other things, a pure transfer of income from a person below the poverty line to anyone who is richer must increase the poverty measure” (Sen, 1976, p. 219). These figures show that one third of the population has income below the official poverty line (US$ 57.29 per capita per month in 2006) and half the population in rural areas suffers from monetary deprivation.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	2255c08e9f110b1c54f03cf243132cc5	Panel A of Figure 5.13 addresses this question by showing that the majority of informal workers who transit to formal jobs moves into fixed-term employment in urban Colombia and urban China, while the opposite holds for South Africa and Hirkey. Low transition rates from informality to fixed-term contracts in Hirkey and South Africa can be, at least partly, explained by the relatively restrictive legislation on fixed-term employment in the former and the very light employment protection rules applying to permanent contracts in the latter. This evidence points to the potential existence of a vicious cycle, in countries like (urban) Colombia, where some workers may be stuck in a back-and-forth between informality, fixed-term formal jobs and joblessness. Such a possibility weakens the claim that informal employment typically serves as a stepping stone towards good careers.	8	0	6	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	2256b42c731b2f4dc382cbaa19b55c6c	Women are now being oppressed by their own men, who do not believe that we are capable of contributing meaningfully to the society in more ways than being child bearers'. Achieving the goal of equal participation of women and men in decision-making will provide a balance that more accurately reflects the composition of society and is needed in order to strengthen democracy and promote its proper functioning' (United Nations 1995: paragraph 181). If local government is to meet the needs of both women and men, it must build on the experiences of both women and men'. Less work has been done on the actual impact of women on the nature and work of legislated bodies.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5e354935-en	22587161259c41e87b5dd2d3275476fe	As such, what Parties can report will be constrained by their domestic capacities to gather and process information. Support for improving these fundamental capacities, which in some cases may take years to develop fully, will be essential for the Paris Agreement’s enhanced transparency framework to function and to actually enable the sharing of information that Parties want from each other.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	225bf9ea64e5edbad3c334e289977b53	Therefore, to attract more women as clients, BDS organisations should make extra efforts to give their services higher visibility among women as well as educating them about the value of their services. However, mainstream BDS providers often do not have enough information on the specific needs of women entrepreneurs or how to effectively respond to those needs to provide such information. For example, women often lack innovative ideas for businesses because their past experience has been limited to traditionally female areas of the economy.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	225c7280bfbbbcc2f6e15a3ce5ed0adf	The LDCs could also explore ways of improving access to IT products in their own markets, thereby benefitting the consumers. While none of the LDCs are currently members of the ITA expansion agreement, as part of its WTO accession package Afghanistan committed to joining the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 (WTO, 2015b). The telecommunications services sector is one of the most committed services sectors under the GATS (van Grasstek et al, 2016). Twenty-two LDCs have not taken any commitments in the telecommunications sector under the GATS.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	225d0abeba1af70bf5416c8d3d66d87e	Similarly, investors in the Philippines are struggling with a slow regulatory approval process. This does not only restrict project developers of renewable energy, but potential investors in any type of power plant, who are requested to sign a large number of permits from multiple government agencies before becoming operational (Pangalangan, 2016). With the Philippines suffering from frequent electricity outages and some of the highest electricity prices in Asia, there are multiple economic benefits to be reaped by simplifying permit procedures and easing restrictions on foreign investments.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	225e5e37030cd452453660b36ed1005c	While the first one covers ‘the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders’ (SOU 2006:91), the other concentrates on developing psychiatry in general (SOU 2006:100). The second report, focusing on the needs for development in the field of psychiatry, made several propositions. For instance, it suggested that government funds and ’’supports local counties to establish housing sensitive to the needs of various subgroups of people with mental health disorders”.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	225ef5c2626b65cd31ab31490445e34a	The OECD applauds these efforts and outcomes (some of which exceed OECD averages, as this report details). The social and economic ills of the development process -including pervasive informality, high rates of poverty, weak rule of law and inadequate institutions - affect everyone, but hit women especially hard. Men in Pacific Alliance countries are at least 20 percentage points more likely to be in the labour market than women. This is a daunting gap.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	2260818a29d8aa09a2584cefd06c6e73	Estimates show that just correcting for tax evasion makes a significant difference on the share of the income distribution (Lopez et al., In particular, the average participation of the top 1% on GDP over the period 2005-2009 decreases by 2.5 percentage points of GDP. This reform will increase revenues and has the potential to reduce inequality (Lopez et al., The reform could negatively affect investment and growth because it reduces after-tax returns on investment, , however this could be compensated by a positive effect on long run growth through education, if the funding is used successfully in reforming the school system. Furthermore, there is some uncertainty about the revenue yield of the tax reform, stemming from how the private sector will adapt. The envisaged gradualism of implementation is thus welcome.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	2260f217ea42902066a6f303c77fb71e	This time the initiative should come from LDC governments themselves. They should collectively propose a common standard for foreign investment to which they are willing to adhere. The proposal should include arrangements for independent adjudication to settle disputes and enforcement procedures for decisions.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264200449-32-en	22636eee87b41b91085eaf1d0cdd426d	Both industries are climate dependant. This is most likely to be the result of natural decadal variability, although a contribution from climate change cannot be ruled out. Sources: Ministry for the Environment (2008), Climate Change Effects and Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ climate/climate-change-ejjfect-impacts-assessments-may08/c!imate-change-ejifect-impacts-assessment-may08.pd/ (accessed 9 July 2012); New Zealand Government (2009), New Zealand’s Fi/th National Communication under the UNFCCC, http://unfccc.int/national_reports/ annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/items/4903.php (accessed 22 June 2012).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	2264b3077df1ae2547bab010792f243e	Since 2000, worldwide public investment in RE R&D it has steadily risen to close to USD 2 billion as of 2008 (IEA, 2010). “ Technology Development” refers to the demonstration and pre-commercial stage of the technology’s life cycle and is generally financed by venture capital (VC) investments. Once commercial viability has been established, they often seek to recover their investment either through a sale to established companies in the sector or through the public equity markets (Ghosh and Nanda 2010). While the R&D risk lands on the shoulders of the competitors, they have freedom in the way they approach innovation and the competition process is sometimes easier than applying for public grants (contracting, reporting, control). Newell and Wilson (2005) focus on inducement prizes in the US targeted at the middle stages of the technological change process: applied research, development, and demonstration and present considerable evidence that technology prizes have a role to play in the portfolio of inducement mechanisms available to spur climate change-related technological advances.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	22655fde13853c757e9837b507301ce4	For example in 2010, MPS for rice alone represented one-third of total PSE. Budgetary support to agriculture has increased from 1.4% of gross farm receipts in 1990-94 to 2.0% in 2006-10. The vast majority of this, 98% in 2006-10, is provided through payments for variable or fixed inputs that are known to have low transfer efficiency, meaning that typically a small portion of the transfers from taxpayers ends up as additional farmers’ income (OECD, 2002 and 2008).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	2265bc3c62ab08eb97c494ed673925aa	In 2014, the dependency ratio was relatively low at 50% - there were 100 working-age people to take care of 50 non-working-age people (elderly and children). This temporarily favourable age structure of the Chinese population caused a “demographic dividend”, which underlied one quarter of per capita GDP growth (see Cai and Wang, 2006). Demographic change in China, Japan and Korea (cont.)	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	226caea4e9dcd0439a99b9fa5c6e92f3	Statistics on water resources include the volume of water generated within the country or territory as the result of precipitation, the volume of water lost to evapotranspiration, the inflow of water from neighbouring territories, and the outflow of water to neighbouring territories or the sea. The statistics are sourced from hydrometeorological and hydrological monitoring, measurements and models. Statistics on the quality of water in water bodies are discussed under Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality and Topic 1.3.3: Marine water quality.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	22705025fdecf6d788f32ffe39fa9328	In addition, air emissions can be more easily happed by dense urban construction and thereby lead to higher pollution concentrations (Gaigne et al., The environmental Kuznets’ curve (EKC), which gained recognition during the 1990s, is at the heart of this debate. Selden and Song (1994) were the first to study the environmental Kuznets’ curve empirically.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	227302f3f175f23c6cf81ad01635d89e	Gender-responsive oversight can ensure inclusive, needs-based security policies; strengthen the operational effectiveness of security system institutions through monitoring and evaluation; and enforce equitable budgeting. This can include providing training on gender and security issues to parliamentarians and their staff, especially those on defence and security committees; supporting gender impact assessments of proposed and existing security legislation and policies; and supporting mechanisms for public debate and consultation, such as a national consultation on security that includes urban and rural women's and human rights organisations. Supporting electoral and party reform can ensure greater participation of women and other under-represented groups in the political process. Constitutional, electoral and/or party quotas can help to achieve this.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	2273e297af39cefb65a30f0081077cc4	Africa's municipal authorities have growing knowledge of what they can achieve by rethinking how they design buildings; public spaces; and energy, water, transport and waste systems. The city of Durban, South Africa, shows what can be done by careful planning for resilience to climate impacts in ways that generate jobs and security for the urban poor. Starting in 2004, Durban's Municipal Climate Protection Programme has prioritized the need to tackle the challenge of climate risk within the context of poverty, escalating urbanization and deteriorating environmental conditions, and has become a national and international leader in the field of climate change adaptation planning and implementations (Roberts, 2008).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	2274fc83caa196a75606f7ec3f361da2	This standard represents the target for energy efficiency that has to be reached by all products of a product category within a certain time frame. For example, the energy efficiency of air conditioners improved by 68% between 1997 and 2004, electric refrigerators by 55% (1998-2004), passenger vehicles by23% (1995-2005) and computers by 99% (1997-2005). Overall, the Top Runner program is expected to achieve 0.35 exa Joules (eJ) of energy savings between 1998 and 2010.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	227500b351723bad60faeee4ea91143d	Teen mothers are allowed to continue their education at the Centre location nearest to them for at least one school term, and then return to the formal school system after the birth of their babies. To survive with my children, I work in people's gardens for 700 Rwandan francs [about $1] a day or wash people's clothes. Compared with adolescent mothers not participating in the Centre’s programme, the rate of repeat pregnancies has been lower among girls in the programme, and more girls have continued their education, including sitting exams and re-entry into the formal education system. The more successful interventions have promoted gender equality, helped keep girls in school or reduced poverty and the economic incentives for child marriages among the most disadvantaged segments of society (Blum et al., Developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health and implemented in Rwanda in conjunction with Catholic Relief Services, the project increased knowledge and improved child-parent communications about sexuality and gender roles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	227a9e303a8bf6bbcf3ce290f3b18a97	First, the predominant form of innovation in firms is incremental, and this points to the central role of the broader workforce in the generation, adaptation and diffusion of technical and organisational change. Second, achieving high academic standards within a country for the largest proportion of school students not only supports high participation in post school education and training but creates a workforce with greater potential to engage productively with innovation. Third, the extent to which a firm’s workforce actively engages in innovation is strongly determined by particular work organisation practices. Finally, there are large differences across advanced nations in workforce skill formation systems, especially for vocational skills. Such differences result in large disparities across nations in the share of their workforce with formal vocational qualifications, and in the level of these qualifications. The resulting differences in the quantity and quality of workforce skills are a major factor in determining the observed patterns of innovation and key aspects of economic performance.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	227ebf4be257aff1ec67828150e77286	Exposure to emissions has resulted in respiratory diseases, high health costs, productivity losses, reduced visibility and a lower aesthetic value of the natural landscape (World Bank, 2010). To respond to the problem, the government has commissioned a number of wastewater treatment plants to recycle wastewater in an efficient way. Moreover, it has identified a series of reforms that could address the water and waste situation in the Kingdom (see water and sanitation section below).	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	227fea5da4633e9a0094353c585ead8c	In particular, the analytical solution by Glover and Balmer (1954), while being one of the simplest, has been widely applied in a policy context (e.g. Jenkins, 1968; Nebraska DNR, 2007). This equation allows to derive the stream depletion caused by a specific well after a defined pumping period at a constant rate of impacts based on pumping rates, distance from the stream, aquifer coefficients (storage, transmissivity) and a complementary error function (see Annex 3.A for details). The equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping. Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999; Hunt, 2012).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	22802b724e103bfe3748849d1196f3df	Comprises all pharmaceuticals, including branded and generic pharmaceutical products, which are provided in response to a prescription issued by a licensed medical practitioner or pharmacist. Comprises all pharmaceuticals, including branded and generic pharmaceutical products which may or may not be available without prescription but have been purchased independently. Includes adhesive and non-adhesive bandages, hypodermic syringes, first-aid kits, hot-water bottles and ice bags, medical hosiery items such as elastic stockings and knee supports, condoms and other mechanical contraceptive devices.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b620ec70-en	2280972e69274910737519c1b34647c8	Training needs for professional staff in health care and nursing reflect the specific care needs of the elderly and the chronically ill. Most unskilled staff tend to enter care work after periods of economic inactivity (for example, women who have been homemakers or people who have been unemployed) and therefore have major training needs. Health at a Glance 2071: OECD Indicators, Paris, 2011; Help Wanted?	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f47faf05-en	2281ccbcae556563a93a7762f046e84f	Alternatively, the country may follow and adapt other ecosystem categories used internationally, such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reporting categories. The broadest reporting categories used in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment32 are forest, cultivated, dryland, coastal, marine, urban, polar, inland water, island and mountain. As recognized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, these ecosystem reporting categories can and do overlap, so countries may wish to decide as to the exact composition, inclusions and exclusions of the main ecosystems in accordance with national or existing international definitions. Ecosystem categories are complicated to describe because of considerations of scale. Ecosystems may be grouped alternatively into biomes, biogeographical regions, habitats or river basins/sub-basins. A biome is a distinct community of plants, animals or fungi that occupy a distinct region.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	228482ce22410a6b094e46fbfc1b6cb2	Pressurised fluid storage (often referred to as compressed air energy storage) represents a very small percentage of the total. There has been no obvious acceleration in the rate of invention. The converse is true of France. Both Sweden and Switzerland have relatively higher counts than is generally found in other fields. In terms of technology types, active power filtering, superconducting transmission lines and flexible AC transmission systems make up almost two-thirds of the total claimed priorities (Figure 4.8). This is a first (and necessary) step in determining whether public support for RD&D in the area of energy storage and grid management will lead to increased penetration of renewable energy in the grid.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	2284c24f70903888ae6922372f7dc34f	There are also goods placed under the highly sensitive lists that are subject to a different reduction schedule. An exclusion list is also provided although these are subject to an annual review with a view towards improving market access. India, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam, Brunei and Indonesia have implemented this agreement on 1 October 2010.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	2286b35452d88e3368ce53068e55f223	These limits, along improved gatekeeping in the form of stricter health examinations, help explain why, on average, disability programmes are still paid to only a relatively small share of youth (see the analysis below and OECD, 2012d). Benefit receipt rates are likely influenced by a range of different factors, including of course for instance the non-employment rate among youth or the share of young people who live alone. Differences in the economic environment and in living conditions are thus likely to be reflected as disparities in receipt rates across countries.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088986-en	22891b05e040adf63fb8f9c8b0c7a6f4	Necessary responses include increasing geographical accessibility to higher education, improving preparation for higher education through long-term investment to schools and closer linkages between schools and higher education institutions and improving campus culture and academic and social support measures to improve retention and success in higher education. Considering the current underrepresentation of Arab population in tertiary education, steps should be taken to provide adequate support to NAI, which is the first comprehensive Arab higher education institution in Israel (see Box 2.1.). Support should also be provided to the Arab colleges of education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea26e442-en	228965bda16129bf26b34f94b5aa0980	However, cities also present potential opportunities, such as increased economic independence and capacity to challenge rigid gender norms. At the same time inequalities in access to health care between migrant and non-migrant populations exist in many urban locations which affect the individual and public health of urban communities. Migrants themselves can play a key role in building resilience.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	228a13dd3745d744684b51c4355381f4	In most countries to date, environmental, land use and investment policies have functioned quite separately and sometimes worked against each other. This can undermine or slow investment in green infrastructure and development. Such a framework can guide domestic reforms to steer use of limited public funds while also enabling private investment to support a transition to green growth across relevant sectors and regions. Goal setting and aligning policies across and within levels of government.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	228a2fcf0c6fb7169dcaa7e278cac8fc	Implementation problems have been attributed to several factors, including insufficient funds, implemented' lack of awareness (or deprioritization) of the programme's creche provision and limited demand from women participants, some of whom may have been concerned about leaving their children with strangers (Holmes and Jones, 2013).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/01772a94-en	228b757785f39a26a81fa22b3aec2d87	For a more accurate prediction, other factors should also be taken into account, such as resource use and distribution in the society, availability and affordability of public and private goods and services, legislation and legislative accountability, as well as societal behaviours, beliefs and traditions, among others. Deprivations measure the individual deprivation status in each of the various sectors considered as crucial for individuals' survival and development. Deprivations can stem from the lack of financial means (i.e., monetary poverty), but they can also be the result of unavailability of basic goods in the market, the lack of service provision, or societal beliefs, customs and behaviour, among other reasons. Especially regarding children some differences between deprivation and monetary poverty are expected, as children need goods and services that are more likely to be subject to missing or incomplete markets (e.g. health care, school or nutritional needs).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	228e04d6c80f905fcd1525310572ea58	Since the mid-20th century, education systems have expanded enormously and human populations have never been more highly educated than today. Emerging economies and developing countries are now also relentlessly expanding their education systems, seeing education as an indispensable ingredient of modernisation and progress. Indeed, the benefits to individuals and societies of ever more education remain very impressive.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	228f3e4448a251cf9df5d6a35faa3d88	Energy costs will be controlled through improvements in energy efficiency and the limits that higher energy prices put on economic growth. There will be continued reliance on fossil based sources. Scarcity will exist for those without indigenous resources, but those with indigenous resources will progress, creating tensions on resource availability.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	2297fcffb11a75222ac9a742164dfbb9	Mainly dependent on commodities export (minerals, coffee and other raw' materials), Colombian gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.9% per year between 2003 and 2008, and 2.7% per year between 2008 and 2013 (OECD, 2015c). Colombian GDP per capita was USD PPP 12 750 in 2013, up from USD PPP 6 611 per capita in 2000 (standardised to 2015 prices in each case). The gap in GDP per capita between Colombia and OECD economies has started to narrow, although remains large (Figure 1.3). Even though poverty in the country as a whole is decreasing, large disparities between different regions persist.	3	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	22980eeeaef4125b4655d33131263e62	The Netherlands has the lowest incidence rates in terms of monetary poverty, financial strain and housing problems but slightly higher proportions of children experiencing neighbourhood problems or difficult access to basic services than other countries. Deprivation patterns in Germany and France are also mixed with their ranking vis-a-vis other countries being very dependent on the domain under consideration. Financial strain is the most prevalent problem in all countries with incidence rates ranging from 22 per cent in the Netherlands to 41 per cent in France and the UK.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	22986d091348ef6a653817eb583b74b4	Property tax systems in many OECD countries favour single-family homes over multi-occupancy dwellings (thus stimulating urban sprawl) or owner-occupied housing over rental accommodation (thus reducing labour mobility). Such tax arrangements coexist w'ith national and city-level policies intended to curb urban sprawl and improve labour market efficiency. National housing strategies tend to stimulate the housing supply, via direct spending to support new housing construction or facilitate access to home ownership, regulatory tools (e.g. to require municipalities to build social housing as in France) or tax incentives (e.g. deductible interest on mortgage in the United States), for example.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	229a7dafa8802aceacfea7ba2f97cac8	Adequate transport infrastructure is vital to overcome this gap and connect SMEs in low-density remote areas to hubs, ports and airports. The lack of such infrastructure results in a business ecosystem with higher costs than that of urban businesses. In addition, the goods and resources that provide the necessary value fail to reach the next step in the value chain or end up being more expensive and of lower quality.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	229d51baaa3e76c88692e28a318c6720	Nigeria’s severe shortage of energy prompted the government to establish the University of Lagos National Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation in 2008, which is responsible for R&D in energy-efficiency and -conservation options and technologies. Following the 2010 enactment of the Russian Federation’s energy-efficiency legislation, the country has intensified efforts to create an R&D capacity in energy efficiency. The Russian Federation recognizes the role of a growing number of organizations engaged in research on improving energy efficiency, such as the Centre for Energy Efficiency, the Sustainable Energy Development Centre and the Institute of Energy Strategy. Standards for industrial equipment and system optimization can make it easier for firms to trade off capital and energy costs, but they can also impose limits on product choice and undesirable costs for adopters.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	229db13528d16a809e521376abed0ee6	As shown in Figure 8, 80% of mitigation finance flows goes to middle income countries. This imbalance in climate related ODA has come under scrutiny by some commentators (Steele, 2015; Sachs and Schmidt-Traub, 2013). Meanwhile, adaptation receives 25% of climate-related development finance, with 39% of these resources targeted towards least-developed and low income countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	22a1be162dd20b3b20256574f0086bcd	The distribution is more symmetric in Romania: fewer than one in ten children are not deprived in any dimensions (7%) or all six (3%), while about as many are deprived in one or two dimensions (34%) as in four or five (30%). The distribution peaks at three dimensions (26%). Thus, the vast majority (93%) of preschool-age children in Romania are deprived in at least one dimension, while one-third (33%) are deprived in at least four.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	22a2eb756ea5d4226939b47ea6285cad	Gender inequalities are often altered, for better or worse, during post-disaster social reconstruction. Originally launched in its 2013 pilot phase as a gender-environment index, the EGI project is being transformed into an umbrella gender-environment knowledge platform. Having developed a methodology and toolkit for almost 50 high-priority gender and water indicators, WWAP plans to pilot test the project.	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	22a986cf7e1247e530e35139708a1ee3	In fact, this would simply reflect that the production of the same service takes place in another institutional sector instead of the household sector. Some countries have started to value these activities through a Household Satellite Account, which provides important information on the economy and society. However, there is currently no general agreement on the methodological choices in resolving the measurement challenges.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267886-en	22ae14ce5799280e98b466e35e00c45b	Several OECD instruments highlight that fiscal and in-kind incentives provided to firms - such as tax exemptions, subsidies, or Special Economic Zones (SEZs) - should be periodically evaluated to ensure their relevance, effectiveness and cost-efficiency (OECD, 2015a; OECD, 2003). Such evaluations should not only consider the direct costs and effects associated with the support but also indirect effects on employment, competition and regional development, for example (Cizkowicz et al., There are currently 14 SEZs operating in Poland, whose functioning was prolonged until 2026.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/857c81f8-en	22af5a9bb1c30e4d46c521651b160a0a	"Despite vast changes, the Norwegian Structural Quota System kept a strong focus on regional distribution and this was also partly the ambitions with the Swedish introduction of market mechanisms in 2009 and 2017. The latter example, including Finland in 2017, can, perhaps, be seen as part of an emerging third phase where different objectives are increasingly balanced through regulated quota markets and the complimenting management instruments. Recent changes to the Danish, Icelandic, Faroese and perhaps soon also the Greenlandic systems also point in this direction - a ""softening"" of market mechanisms. This makes sense since most of the introductions of transferable quotas have been concerned with improving the economic situation in the sector."	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	22b046b966cf937e50fe676d9814851a	Even the most dynamic OECD countries (Chile, Israel, Korea and Hirkey), which grew by more than 2.5% in 2013, are expanding more slowly than before the crisis. In 2013, some major emerging economies showed the first signs of an economic slowdown and revealed their sensitivity to fluctuations in US financial markets. The rise of China, driven by its economic dynamism and its long-term commitment to STI, should continue.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	22b5b63879e707cc4ab45af1f0fbc0fd	Dacha” is the term for seasonal or year-round second homes of urban dwellers, typically located in city exurbs. Lands used for defense purposes, lands of forest and water funds, protected natural areas, lands with natural objects that have special ecological, scientific, historic, and cultural value, health and recreation localities, as well as public-access lands in the centres of population. When farms went bankrupt during the second half of the 1990s, farmers, mechanics and others in the rural economy received land or equipment in lieu of wages. Gray (2000) and Petrick et al. (	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	22b602f779da482f26cce1b2462f5757	Of all commitments in the EECCA countries in 2013-14, the six largest projects were directed to either Uzbekistan or Ukraine (i.e. those supported by Japan, the World Bank Group and the European Investment Bank). This has significantly affected the entire landscape of climate-related development finance committed to the region in 2013-14. Such projects include high-efficiency gas-fired power plants, district heating, energy efficiency, transport sector infrastructure investment and water resource management (for adaptation).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cefc94d2-en	22b716dcbe28c399838359be29b5fb76	Although progress has been made in the last few years, and despite large-scale deployment of renewables, the share of renewables in the energy mix remains low, exacerbating continued air pollution problems across the region and putting stress on emerging economies as a result of fluctuations in oil prices. Furthermore, the rate of energy efficiency uptake still needs to be accelerated in order to unlock the immense cross-sectoral benefits. Financial barriers are of particular concern as energy transition strategies require vast sums of investment In order to bridge this financing gap, governments need to leverage funds for increased private-sector investment, which requires more stability and predictability in policymaking and the introduction of financing tools that help manage the often high investment risk.	7	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c293d4-d194980d-en	22bc84c637e02ea9eb996181bf505b3e	Regular household surveys are not yet undertaken in many countries, especially LDCs, and do not always follow the same guidelines for data gathering on ICTs. The rapid pace of change in technology and markets also affects the comparability of data, so that targets and indicators need to be kept under review and updated from time to time to meet changing data availability and policy requirements. More attention also needs to be addressed to building the capacity of national statistical offices and others concerned with data gathering and analysis.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	22c1cc286270792f8f3a792183675d90	There are also structural challenges, such as the domination of subsistence-oriented producers in key product sectors, the weak integration of domestic food chains, and difficult access to external markets. Qualified labour is scarce, commercial credit markets are narrow, and much of the credit resources, especially for long-term investment, depend on state provision. Public resources should be shifted to remove significant deficiencies in transport infrastructure, water and land management, plant and animal health and food safety systems, information, research, education, and knowledge dissemination. Policy reform should not only include a stronger emphasis on the provision of public goods, but would also require developing new policies to manage risks in agriculture and promoting sustainable use of agricultural resources.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	22c464dc22488d7312d64294457e3fa1	The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems designed with the principle of accessibility at their core is dependent on the participation of all stakeholders in cities, the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, along the lines of principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighborhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding. The accessibility, in turn, is influenced by the availability of an efficient and effective transport system.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	22c84560a42a2dc3a0d07fc8215aa71c	This is because Brazil is finally approaching the hard core of extreme poverty - those who are lacking in everything. Limited access to infrastructure and public services, low levels of education, precarious relationships with the world of work, minimal and unstable income, and little or no knowledge of their civil rights are some of the characteristics that combine to keep these people in poverty. Left to themselves, they do not have the necessary tools to break this perverse cycle, nor do they possess useful skills to offer the market.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	22cb015183ddafc3e836c55ae56fc67b	These include measures for residential EE (driven by utilities or local authorities) and public buildings, boiler replacement programmes, lights and appliances (e.g. utility-driven), and a switch to cleaner cars (fleet renewal) (Bowen et al., Several countries provide (or are considering) support for the construction of new energy infrastructure, especially renewable sources of energy, and incentives for EE improvements as part of their fiscal stimulus programmes. The latter include tax credits for the purchase of energy-efficient furnaces, windows and insulation, $5 billion for EE improvements in over one million lower income homes and $6.3 billion for improving energy efficiency in public housing. In 2009, the European Commission decided to allocate €3.98 billion to clean energy projects, gas and electricity infrastructure, offshore wind energy and CCS (but not to EE projects) (European Parliament, 2009).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5af5698-en	22cfd64caf465ea4ebb737a7da591244	Public goods for agriculture, such as R&D, education and rural infrastructure, are a fundamental part of the enabling environment described in earlier chapters and they are essential for agricultural growth and poverty reduction. However, governments everywhere face financial constraints and competing demands, so they must make difficult choices in allocating public resources. Which public investments have the highest returns in terms of agricultural growth and poverty reduction?	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	22d27d8bac7cd13bd97671bee1c0f7a7	By way of example, projections based on this method are set out below for Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The forecasts are based on both future changes in educational distribution across the population and changes in fertility rates within each education group. Changes in the educational composition of the female population of childbearing age were based on projections made by IIASA.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	22d2d2b5f475439167db3cd8f06f9f44	In particular, collective bargaining strength in the private sector remains weak. Although the percentage of contracts that are negotiated through collective bargaining has risen since 2001, only 11 percent of all contracts were collectively bargained in 2011. Collective bargaining in Chile has significant levels of decentralization and fragmentation, where negotiation occurs at the level of the firm, but in contrast to similar cases such as in Japan for example, in Chile the coordination is particularly weak.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/db521e55-en	22d4977b9c1f4bb20a51a21b1993fa64	At a minimum, the high expectations for the process and the comparatively weak outcome, combined with the significant lack of trust generated by an opaque negotiating process, led in the following months to a lack of confidence in the UNFCCC process. The resulting mobilization across the system helped to demonstrate critical linkages between climate change and sustainable development, disaster risk reduction and humanitarian efforts, as well as the feasibility and readiness of the multilateral system to support countries' actions on climate change. In addition, building on the commitment in the Copenhagen Accord to increase funding for climate change adaptation and mitigation in developing countries to $100 billion by 2020, Ban Ki-moon launched the High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Finance86 to assess potential sources of climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	22d990d36320a625c0ee14871671231d	For example, some climate funds focus on adaptation, some on mitigation, some on specific geographical regions. This means that it would be challenging to distil a common definition of climate finance effectiveness. For example, climate finance that is also ODA is required, by definition, to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries (as well as leading to climate benefits). Thus, existing approaches and frameworks in use to assess effectiveness at the level of specific interventions are often multi-dimensional. The range of objectives of different sources and channels of climate finance can also influence assessments of climate finance effectiveness. This is because managing the results of an intervention to meet multiple goals (e.g. carbon sequestration, improved local livelihoods, increased biodiversity) may lead to different choices in allocating climate finance to specific intervention types and/or locations than managing an intervention to maximise an individual goal (e.g. carbon sequestration).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	22d9b4ecf9ab9686242f91b27f92fc86	For instance, a drone delivery service provided by the United States-based company Zipline in partnership with the Rwandan health ministry, has slashed the delivery time of life-saving medicine to remote regions of Rwanda from four hours to an average half an hour225 (see case study on Rwanda in Chapter 2). Unassisted robots for some time have been planting seeds and picking weeds, and agricultural aircraft are spraying crops with precision to reduce chemical infiltration of groundwater in some parts of the world. Nevertheless, adoption of aerial survey vehicles is not yet within the reach of most farmers with low purchasing power.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	22da10a3fea134005e18a78c1367a4c8	Synergies between transport policy and tourism policy in aviation transport hubs such as Singapore, Dubai and Kuala Lumpur demonstrate that policies can provide both sector specific and collective benefits. A trade-off between the two policies does not have to result in reduced outcomes for each policy area, but can be strategically managed to maximise outcomes. For example, in the case of Mauritius, exploiting a policy trade-off between tourism and transport policy has enabled tourism to thrive in this fragile island ecosystem. In this case, the government has successfully promoted the island as an exclusive destination by adopting policies that limit air access and encouraging premium accommodation supply (Seetaram, 2008).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	22dc79df9ba41546037472c356b2e87e	Bars and diamonds indicate ranges and averages across models, respectively. The three world regions are defined to include the Americas; Europe, Africa and the Middle East; and Asia and Oceania. Changes shown are relative to the respective scenario without policy change. A well-functioning trading system has an important role to play in cushioning local and regional supply-side shocks, such as those related to extreme weather or civil unrest, and in mitigating their adverse impacts on food security (Baldos and Hertel, 2015).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	22df3b2c7ca1094a5156b960210f4283	It addresses ongoing and future water risks and identifies what complementary role governments may play in that setting. Water risks that farmers face exogenously—which will be denoted as exogenous risks—including those related to climate change and competing water demand on which an individual farmer (and food company) has limited effect. In contrast, endogenous water risks are risks to which an individual fanner (or company) contributes, e.g. nutrient runoffs leading to water pollution or intensive groundwater use leading to aquifer depletion.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	22e0ec8446d9f94963ad92340b5f10c7	Another would be for TIPOs to team up with platform providers for the provision of market information and matchmaking. Any move in this direction would be aimed at ensuring that big data will ultimately be used to the benefit of small firms and in the interest of the objectives pursued by individual TIPOs. Chapter 2 shows platform providers to be increasingly bundling matchmaking services, financial services and logistics services. Some of them are already doing this (Chapter 5).	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	22e2b946731af8a1bb1a0d07c3cd6915	States to establish institutional framework and enforcement mechanisms such as specialised Children’s Courts, and Child Protection Police Units. Institutions such as National Human Rights Institutions, the Office of an Ombudsperson for Children, National Commission for Children, responsible for coordinating the implementation of children’s rights must also be established and operational. States to conduct further research into the prevalence, causes and consequences of child marriage and endeavour to have disaggregated data. This could be further enhanced by establishing, at national level, an EAC Data Collection Centre on CEFM in readiness to compile such disaggregated data.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	22e35ad0d5fa4901f3615f2f8f9331b0	This definition of food security is the translation of changes in food insecurity driven by market dynamics. To grasp the major transformations and consequences inherent in the emergence of an agricultural market economy, a clear understanding of what the market actually encompasses is crucial (Box 4.1). This narrow view biases analyses of agricultural transformations in important ways.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/16f915a4-en	22e557f743a4ee88c4610ec5ffce8d6f	Nearly four million m3 of timber are processed currently in the concern’s factories and mills; it is the largest single consumer of timber in the country. Despite the effort to outsource forest products and non-forest-products harvesting, only a limited share is undertaken by private companies (e.g. 13 per cent of forest products harvesting). It organizes SEE of forest management projects.	15	0	6	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	22e645d039d917909c166fdcb31db1c8	There are limits to this practice because, in the end, forms of deprivations and poverty are neither theoretically nor empirically fully separable. For example, the nutrition deprivation that can be measured by stunting among children or adults implicitly uses information that is directly linked to other forms of deprivation, since stunting is not only the result of malnutrition, but also neglect, lack of access to clean water and lack of access to timely healthcare. While MODA is strict when financial information is concerned and tries to be reasonably strict when forms of deprivation are concerned (e.g., stunting is not used as an indicator in the nutrition dimension in CC-MODA), it should be acknowledged that specific analyses may relax the decisions depending on the objective of the analyses, the further use of the indicators/ratios/indices in causal models and the availability and quality of the data.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264283473-en	22e81c89161812520c161d1fd07bfcf4	Effective screening programmes for these cancers can aid detection at an earty stage and potentially reduce mortality. Specialist nursing positions in diabetes and cardiac care for chronic patient groups have also been introduced. In 2003, a list of activities for which primary care facilities are paid a small fee was introduced, which complements the primarily capitation-based reimbursement system.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	22ea3e520f4e810fabf75f680f9c398e	The DoE could support this pioneering initiative with technical capacity to enable the local government to contribute to the overall renewable energy programme of the country. This has been combined with regulation, financial and information instruments. Solar obligations have been useful in providing a minimum share of solar powered energy in new constructions as well as renovated buildings. Increasingly municipalities and metro governments are playing a leading role through their regulatory' and planning powers.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	22ed8b41e7c4584382ba7b65eb4cf961	It aims to improve the responses that people in mental health crisis situations receive from services, and in particular, to keep people in mental distress, who have committed no crime, out of police cells. The amount of activity from local leads on mental health and policing is unprecedented, and people are set on finding local solutions and agreements through joint action planning. There were 7,881 cases in 2012/13, down to 6,028 cases in 2013/14) The Department is working closely with the Police to monitor further progress this year. Previously, some Trusts did not treat these cases as emergencies, now all have signed up to provide initial clinical assessments within 30 minutes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	22f080d37e3f6c3a7df55b8cbfab6d95	Of note, however, son-preference in urban areas lias declined over the years due to the empowerment of women and higher gender equality. They are found to be lower than their maximum value as a result of delayed marriage and marital disruption, the use of contraception and induced abortion and post-partum infecundability (Bongaarts, 1982). The indices of marriage, contraceptive use, induced abortion and postpartum infecundability, as well as the TFR and TF, as obtained from the Bongaarts model for the years 1997 and 2002 by residence are presented in table 5.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	22f0b95b013db406640c6255199e51e7	According to one of the authors of the IPCC's special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, reaching this target is 'technically possible, [but] it's extremely improbable, absent a real sea change in the way we evaluate risk. We are nowhere near that' (Drew Shindell in Milman 2018, September 27). The fulfilment of its goals depends on creating a positive cycle of climate action that will raise ambition over time among state and non-state actors.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	22f18c9a88bdac9fcbdd0a44bb2e32bd	In its 17th electoral term, the Bundestag set up 22 Permanent Committees, including the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. It shares its opinion on all bills, motions, reports, resolutions and European Union issues that concern families, senior citizens, women and youth. It focuses on support for children and families, measures to help parents balance their work and family lives, promoting equal treatment of men and women, helping senior citizens to lead independent lives and involving youth in communities. Advisory and consultative councils, particularly widespread in Latin America, also are useful in maintaining relationships between national gender institutions and civil society actors and women’s organisations; such councils can exert “soft” pressure on governments to help hold them accountable for gender equality commitments.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	22f7c93b78963a6ce9c592040f3451e0	Denmark performed around OECD average in problem-solving in PISA 2012. Less 15-year-olds in Denmark are excellent problem-solvers (8.7%) compared to the OECD average (11.4%). Pre-primary education in Denmark includes kindergartens and pre-school classes. Children have guaranteed access to day care, as local councils must ensure the necessary number of places for children in their municipality.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	22f86abf3fb911ab7f6cd684f0e6be3d	There is also the wubao programme that aims to maintain the basic living standards of the elderly, the disabled and some children (those with no supporting family, no income and no ability to work) often through the provision of in-kind services. Benefits usually include food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses. Depending on the physical condition of the person, care can be given either separately or collectively. Such policy instruments are important for safeguarding the living standards of vulnerable members of the rural population.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	22f9851bb6e4837b97c29a22285385cb	It is grounded in the fact that there is a correlation between the weather index and insurees' losses. This is especially true in the case of systemic risks, i.e. risks that are highly spatially correlated in a given area, which is often the case of droughts. The main advantage is to reduce administrative costs linked to the monitoring of insurees' losses, as well as moral hazard costs.	6	3	2	0.2
10.30875/423532ad-en	22fc4a640c8324104ee22209401f8c66	It aims to connect the various parties involved in international trade in order to cut the filing, verification, processing and coordination costs associated with cross-border transportation - according to Maersk, documentation and bureaucracy can represent up to one-fifth of the total cost of moving a container. Many start-ups are developing autonomous robots that operate alongside humans and track inventory on shelves in warehouses, factories and distribution centres. A German online retailer that uses machine-learning algorithms to predict what customers are going to buy has developed a system so reliable that it can predict with 90 per cent accuracy what will be sold within the following 30 days (The Economist, 2017b). This results in better supply management by cutting down inventory, and reduces the time required for delivery.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	22fcef2266f0328636ea726085cbc5d4	Under pre-independence customary law, women’s access to land was primarily through their husbands, fathers or some other male relative. Under the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002, there are no bars to gender equality in the allocation of communal land - but there is no direct articulation ofthe principle of non-discrimination, nor any affirmative action for women. Land continues to be allocated by traditional leaders, with the allocations being ratified by community land boards, about one third of whose members should be women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	22fd2eaec1fc7535ed07b65c624cf4b9	Multilateral ODA are official contributions to multilateral agencies, whether negotiated, assessed or voluntary, for which the governing boards have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation’s charter. However, DAC statistical system also tracks flows from multilateral organisations to countries, or multilateral outflows. The use of multilateral agencies as an intermediary is illustrated in this figure as the provision of fixed broadband (right side) in which a router transforms the signals coming from cables and creates a Wi-Fi network.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	22fe6be6c1a2f51c55d9a0a364f42768	As illustrated in the example of Frankfurt, the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, which can support more inclusive economic development (Box 5.9). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning, which can help guide an integrated urban development strategy and promote inclusive growth throughout the entire metropolitan area. The widely documented experience of Bogota and Seoul in conducting extensive reforms of their public transport systems suggests that urban transport systems can help reconcile economic, social and environmental objectives (Box 5.10).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	22fee2e6e8380053d3fef16c42173540	It compares these financial needs with expected biodiversity expenditures over a medium- to long-term planning horizon. National biodiversity targets are typically articulated in NBSAPs and other key national strategies such as NDPs, sectoral development plans and climate change plans. The plan proposes steps to implement a balanced mix of prioritised finance solutions to sustainably manage biodiversity finance and achieve national biodiversity targets. Based on the findings from the Biodiversity Expenditure Review and the Financial Needs Assessment, the amount that is currently financed is 20% of the total annual requirement.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	23017a1abf369a4ec85388b546815c9b	In the region, this segment accounts for 15% of all adults aged 60 or over and is growing at a rate of close to 4%. It is expected to double towards 2070; by the end of the century, 36.6% of the older population will be very elderly (ECLAC, 2012). Estimates based on official figures for 2001-2010 put persons with a disability at around 43.5 million, or 8.3% of the total population. Thus, account must be taken of the existing demand for care, the people who provide the sendees and the welfare system that has to meet that demand.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264221826-en	23036aec882117b25c69b9bf0ac8bd86	These simpler exercises are largely descriptive but also including an assessment of strengths and challenges in the country system. The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. It builds on the success of the OECD’s previous study, Learning for Jobs which examined vocational education and training policy, mainly at upper secondary level through 17 country reviews and a comparative report. Full country policy reviews were conducted in Austria, Denmark, Egypt, Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea, the Netherlands, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (England), and the United States (with case studies of Florida, Maryland and Washington State). Shorter exercises leading to a country commentary were undertaken in Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Iceland, Romania, Spain, Sweden and in Northern Ireland and Scotland in the United Kingdom.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	2304f5665e08dfc6ff03eb59a63365f6	Telecommunications operators in Sudan have difficulties trying to expand their coverage into conflict-ridden areas. Drug trafficking, terrorism and illegal immigration affect Mauritania's national security. While in Yemen, there are ongoing conflicts in some regions between the government forces and local insurgents.	10	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	2305b4e6947aede52a892eee6952f316	In addition, the use of products and energy from sustainably managed forests to substitute for non-renewable materials and energy sources contributes to climate change mitigation. There is potential to further develop all these approaches, although, there are tradeoffs between these strategic objectives as well as with other forest management objectives. The benefits for biodiversity can already be seen in the recorded increase of the dead wood component in commercially managed semi-natural forests. In some ECE countries the international commitments on biodiversity, notably the Aichi biodiversity targets, are being implemented, although there is no authoritative progress report yet.	15	0	4	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	230a8ea29c996659a988a789fc11eb48	Trade can act as a mechanism to transmit a country-specific shock from one country to others. Since many low-income countries’ exports are concentrated in a narrow range of commodities, shocks to trade often translate into significant volatility in overall output. Such trade shocks can also cause prolonged recessions by leading to a decline in investment associated with the traded sectors of the economy. Although there are long-term benefits for macroeconomic stability through trade, as noted above, the vulnerability created by such shocks is an important challenge for developing countries and emphasizes the benefits to poor countries of diversifying their exports, in terms of both products and markets.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	230aa7a2c08bba4177260573cbc240fd	In particular, participants underlined the need to engage stakeholders through fisheries co-management processes and to develop synergies between SSF and other related sectors, such as tourism and recreational fisheries. As such, the need to develop indicators to measure the economic and social impact of SSF both in quantitative and qualitative terms was highlighted, including the impact of SSF on coastal communities and the interaction between SSF and other marine industries (transportation, tourism, oil and gas, etc.). The need for a characterization of SSF was also discussed and was highlighted in the context of improving SSF data collection. Participants also called for a study on social protection programmes for small-scale fishers, recognizing the importance of these programmes in supporting management measures. In addition, best practice guidelines for the enforcement of SSF co-management schemes in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea should be produced.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	230aa9eb665e1ca54b5d2a9c24898851	This is one of the highest rates in the OECD. Similar to other Latin American countries, income inequality in Mexico is also very high: in 2012, the average income of the top 10% in Mexico was 30.5 times greater than that of the bottom 10%. This is the largest difference in the OECD, and compares unfavourably to an OECD average of 9.6 to 1 for the highest versus lowest decile (OECD, 2015d). Poverty is more pronounced in female-headed households (USAID, 2012).	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	230aafd984c2e2b8da34c32a3773c6e7	However, the economy will need much more in the way of investment, technologies, technical know-how and market access from the developed countries that have made repeated promises to earmark resource transfers to support the transformation process in developing countries. Green Globe Members save energy and water resources, reduce operational costs, positively contribute to local communities and their environment and meet the high expectations of green leisure and business travelers’. See: http://greenglobe.com (accessed 18 February 2014).	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	230f4ff660e74bce4ba4b78c658a534f	Bunnings Hardware staff provided a list, for the online programme, of the top 10 questions asked by customers in regard to sustainability/sustainability product options. The answers to these questions were included in the product content to ensure that all Bunnings team members were equipped to answer them when asked. Once participants have completed the quiz, they are guided through the four topic areas. Audio is provided over each of the slides in the presentation.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	230f52e6ef1bbd85ab99bd825e10d8f9	Resistance among people living in risk zones to moving to secure places is another example. Citizens are aware of environmental problems, but not of their role both in creating the problem and resolving it. The strategies for development and climate change in both Mexico City and the State of Mexico promote the need for public consultation in forums and seminars, but there is little evidence of a strategy to actively engage the public in policy decisions, and the voluntary sector’s involvement in climate change actions is limited.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	230f5ab2c873869772e462c22a19744a	To boost Kaznex Invest’s effectiveness in attracting investors to the key strategic sectors, the government of Kazakhstan requested a review of Kaznex Invest operations from the OECD and a benchmarking in relation to best practices in other agencies, with a view to making adjustments in its mandate, structure, or operations (OECD, 2015d). Investment Promotion Agency of Kazakhstan: how well is it doing? ( Only 5% of total FDI inflows were estimated to have been directly generated by Kaznex Invest in 2013, as compared to 11% in Nicaragua or 33% in Czech Republic. Reasons for this relatively poor performance included, the relatively large mandate of the institution, which resulted in lesser attention given to investment promotion and facilitation; its focus on serving the needs of the ministry1 rather than of investors; and a lack of clear strategy', well-identified priority sectors and key performance indicators that were outcome- rather than process-oriented and in line with the pre-identified strategy .	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	230fd1512a05bdcd6301a7c77ba7b1ea	In particular, they do not link to the extensive field of the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS), and do not fully touch upon how innovation is financed, adopted and diffused. Technology push and market pull policies need to be properly modelled because it is the proper combination at both ends of the innovation chain which offers the best prospect of accelerating the pace of innovation. This is equivalent to a technology supply-push and contrasts with the accumulating evidence around market-based technology learning.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	2310102757c33a0ab99c967444dbedbc	The Act gives the authorities the ability to regulate recreational fisheries by foreign tourists as well as by Norwegian citizens. Each recreational fisherman may combine these types of gears according to the number of gears listed. Norwegian citizens may sell the fish through the sales organisations.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	2316b3508db2d4e5234fb4d1d47e4bb5	If these improvements would have taken place anyway, using them to offset biodiversity losses jeopardises the equivalence of an exchange. Conservation measures already required by law, such as noxious weed control, may be required even in the absence of offsets programmes, so allowing them to contribute to an offset overstates their actual contribution to conservation. The principle of ensuring that offsets comprise demonstrably new contributions to conservation is known as additionality (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013). In the Netherlands, for example, the additionality of biodiversity offsets is a legal requirement under the Dutch Nature Conservation Act (de Bie and van Dessel, 2011) and in England, the Guiding Principles for Biodiversity Offsetting state that “offsets should not being used to deliver something that would have happened anyway.”	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	23181bef60a8b2fc7ad8b932346c84b0	Ecotourism is an important sector with green growth potential and should be further promoted. In addition to access fees for federal protected areas and reserves, other instruments to capture the international public good benefits provided by protected areas should be explored (see also Alpizar, 2006). For instance, in Belize, an environmental tax is levied on visitors upon departure.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	2319807fe248022508ce7321d85d9add	Oftentimes, women start businesses to be personally challenged, and as a way to balance work with family demands. Women are therefore more likely to set limits on the growth of their businesses in order to maintain this flexibility. Third, women tend to start smaller businesses in sectors where the barriers to entry and, consequently, the potential for growth are lower. ( Hadary 2010; Ernst & Young, 2009; Kepler and Shane, 2007).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	231a198c0d471877e593aa6e823065d9	Available from https://www.zawva.com/ar/storv/ij i A'1 lj«Ji 13 qL jjijL. jjUo; -ZAWYA20140822070302/ (accessed 30 March 2015). To mitigate these losses, AOAD identified several measures that need to be implemented, among which are the development of storage and transport infrastructure, such as refrigerated warehouses, silos and refrigerated transport means, and the improvement of marketing services and information systems. An example of the last is the establishment of the “Egyptian Food Bank” in 2006 aimed at ending hunger by 2020 by limiting food waste and distributing saved food to the needy. It is logical and fruitful to think of the marriage between natural resources (land and water) that are available in some countries, such as Mauritania, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, and the economic capacity of the GCC countries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	231bc5d124a056af440fea069c717c6d	With the possible exception of sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of stunting is rapidly decreasing, but child overweight is increasing [43]. Undernutrition in children is expected to be associated with greater child food insecurity. The magnitude and direction of any association of overnutrition with child food insecurity probably depends on the severity of the food insecurity. In part, the slippage among these constructs reflects limitations in the data that are currently available.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	231fe96f13ef219fb028853240bf61e0	Indeed, the number of hospital admissions is high, and the duration of stays remains relatively long (Figure 16). Adjustments for care quality have been piloted and scaled up, though their amount remains below 0.5% of the participating hospitals’ medical spending. In 2017 grants for acute-care equipment increased to better take into account fixed maintenance costs. In addition, the authorities plan to develop bundled payments for acute care and rehabilitative services to improve pathways for patients with chronic illnesses.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/4a540597-en	23208454a6b99da9c8542aa3f3ba5507	Recently decentralized governments often struggle to And resources necessary to fulfil their responsibilities.63 Planning in transitional countries is diverse, reflecting the divergent paths of economy and politics chosen. In most cases, economic and physical planning are separated institutionally, making the kinds of integrated planning discussed in this chapter difficult to achieve. Levels of income inequality are staggering.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	23228659da4fcf96ee158aad6778712f	The definition “good status” follows the EU Water Framework Directive. A quantitatively good status requires that abstractions do not have a significant impact on related surface water bodies. These wetlands and their small ponds make a very large contribution to bio-diversity in semi-arid climates. By offering breeding grounds for migratory species they also have considerable international significance.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	23266d8a1b47923fccab1a4a908ffc2d	As with many of the determinants of adolescent pregnancy, long-term solutions must be multidimensional and address underlying problems, such as gender inequality, negative attitudes of boys and men towards girls, norms that perpetuate violence and impunity, poverty that compels girls to engage in sex as a survival strategy, and inadequate protection of human rights. Narrowly focused interventions are not enough, and efforts centred on changing a girl’s behaviour fail to reflect the multidimensional nature of the challenge. Keeping girls on healthy, safe and affirming life trajectories requires comprehensive, strategic, and targeted investments in adolescents that address the multiple sources of their vulnerabilities, which vary by age, income group, place of residence and many other factors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	2326796e4ae7f537bbfc8002a0dc4ea0	Some of these things were discussed in the “patriarchy debate”. Men thus have a common interest in having a woman available to serve them within the home. As women gain access to the labour market and secure other measures of social equity, men’s authority within the family declines and gender segregation in jobs becomes the main way of perpetuating the economic dependence of women in the patriarchal family. Mies (1986), the main exponent of this approach, contends that capitalist patriarchy is a global system that subjects women.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	2328935c7d819c7cfdc127bf74036f6b	The GDP per capita and household income equations include country fixed-effects. The GDP per capita equation systematically includes a time trend and country specific time-trends. The baseline analysis is presented under two variants defined by a differential treatment of time in the household income equations: i) the household incomes equations are first estimated without and then ii) with time trends and country specific time-trends.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	232d3d29d3a6c921bb3040e40af763f8	Studies of changes in EPL for Chile and Colombia do find that weaker EPL is associated with declines in job tenure, higher separation rates, and increased hiring in the formal sector (Freeman, 2009). Using a firm-level dataset for a set of 16 industrialised and developing countries, Haltiwanger et al. ( If labour legislation reduces the ability of firms to adjust their workforce accordingly, particularly in downturns, it may have effects on aggregate performance.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	232e7f58bc9e03db98780978961fdec8	As the Committee explains in its general comment No. States should therefore take measures to reduce to the extent possible the number of workers outside the formal economy (predominantly women) who thus lack any protection by the State. Work must be available, accessible without discrimination on any grounds, and acceptable to the individual worker.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	232ea555dad6496484a8c45cc9b9ab8f	Their ability to consider multiple independent criteria in evaluating the acceptability of a given policy strategy does not require the heroic assumptions necessary for formulating an aggregated welfare function in policy optimization models. Because the algorithms applied by policy guidance models are similar to those of optimization models, they also require a highly simplified representation of dynamic system components. Optimizing models either apply global averages or distinguish a limited number of geopolitical regions. Most policy evaluation models, in contrast, determine climate impacts on a geographical grid (often 0.5° latitude by 0.5° latitude).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	232eacf9e4041966bfe14a640dc1388f	It is organized as a framework of drivers, enablers (at the levels of the national system of cities and within cities), barriers and policy levers (figure 4.1 and box 4.1). Cities themselves can be enablers of industrial productivity due to agglomeration economies. As Africa urbanizes, the purchasing power of the middle class is growing.3 The power of Africa’s growing consumer class can be leveraged to stimulate industrial development to meet rising demand domestically and regionally as a stepping stone to broader global integration. While this relationship is not independent of per capita GDP growth, some categories of consumption are associated with urbanization, independent of total income.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	232fcf21381d639d2a46236ab8b9a36f	This difference is attributed to the role of SP in insuring liquidity since SP is estimated to be over three times as large for this group compared with formal-sector job losers with between 24 and 48 months in their previous job. The quantitative difference is relatively large. Hijzen (2011) shows that the probability of returning to work would have been about 1.7 times as high without the difference in severance pay at the start of non-employment.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	233187c00650cabebd7434c6d3f2a761	The lack of social supports, combined with Mexican women’s disproportionate responsibility for unpaid work (Chapter 4), inhibits women’s labour market entry, permanence, earnings, and career progression. The gender gap in NEET rates in Mexico is 26 percentage points, also the second highest figure in the OECD. The vast majority of female NEETs are inactive (32.4% of young women) rather than unemployed (2.6% of young women).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	2333faeeb1b921196cf255519c55647e	The most structural reformer in the region was Hungary, which in 2010 effectively closed down the systems of individual accounts implemented in 1998 (Calvoetal. In Latin America, Argentina also ended the private system of individual accounts in 2008 to return to a fully public defined benefit and PAYG pension model (Arza 2012b). However, since women are more dependent on public support in old age,theyare likely to suffer most from pension cuts, including less generous indexation rules, because they live longer, receive benefits for a longer period and thus face higher risks of benefit depreciation over time.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	233418be95d2e56ca5f850d6195978bd	Unless otherwise noted, comparisons of student performance refer to the performance of students on the mathematics scale. The analysis is conducted both before and after accounting for the school systems' per capita income (i.e. per capita GDP). The analyses are undertaken first for OECD countries and then for all countries and economies that participated in PISA (Tables IV.1.1, IV.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2334429e81faf8d637bc157330f3da64	Nevertheless, capacity credits remain low in the best of cases, usually in the 10% range or below. Furthermore, the capacity credit declines with increasing penetration of variable renewable resources, as stable 24 hour demand needs to be met and the system no longer can rely on the fortuitous matching of intermittent supply and peak demand. Their advantage, however, is that such outages are rarely correlated and can frequently be co-ordinated over time (see Chapter 3).	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	23357d6a51dfebdbfcf41e43d5e62306	In Myanmar, eight ministries are involved in the energy sector (Nam et al., In the absence of effective coordination, the involvement of multiple actors raises governance challenges and concerns around policy development, coherence, implementation and evaluation; and it inhibits holistic perspectives and approaches to national planning, policy formulation and sector governance. This may in part reflect a recognition of the different governance structures required for distributed systems and the need to avoid the delays associated with adapting existing governance frameworks.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	23366afcbd9498f3a4d7926ca4e6f1d3	The Australian Industry Group (AIG) is concerned that there is a lack of comprehensive skill development pathways for the emerging technology sector, with sustainability one of the key areas. The report argues, in relation to construction for example, that the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings is emerging as a major driver for skills, including the design of new buildings and components, as well as the installation of new technologies and retrofitting or upgrading of current or old technologies. Skill demands vary, with some tasks requiring a variation of existing skills whilst others require a set of new skills and knowledge, as well as integration of skills from different trades, such as electrical and plumbing skills. Sustainability has become a high priority training area for the community-based Registered Training Organisations (RTOs). Interest in sustainability skills is also increasing in most disciplines.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	2339a3803320e15422e615d9e49d57b4	Some studies focused specifically on these themes, while others were more general, exploring the impact of CT on poverty alleviation with sub-objectives focused on gender relations and household decision-making (column 10). Five of the studies reviewed showed a reduction in IPV after receipt of the CT (Buller et al., For ease of reference, we have named these the: 1) economic security and emotional wellbeing pathway; 2) intrahousehold conflict pathway; and 3) women’s empowerment pathway.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281318-7-en	2339d2692680df50e334f30629a8c757	Men are most often the main earner and women the main carer. However, opinions towards working mothers have become more positive-particularly in countries where the government has increased support for parents seeking to combine work and family commitments. Men, especially the highly-educated, are increasingly involved in parenting. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	233a70eb4030e0aae57a755a958df070	The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in 1966, states in article 10(2) that marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending spouses. In its general comment No. It also notes that States parties are obliged to prevent third parties from coercing women to undergo traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation. In addition, the Convention contains specific provisions in relation to forced marriage (article I6(l)(b)) and early marriage (article 16 (2)).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	233d27eb3aa70a0d11d402b4ecac6d7f	Only in the Dominican Republic and Uruguay did GDP rise by more than 2% (see table 1.1). The countries drew on solid macroeconomics built up during the economic and financial boom, applying countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. The simple average inflation rate for the region as a whole was 4.7% in 2009.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	2344ee598a14ec17b62d83fa9aa246f1	Education systems can also consider providing financial incentives for oversubscribed schools to enrol migrant students (Field et al., For example, school funding may be weighted according to socio-demographic characteristics of the student population. The idea is that good schools will seek to enrol migrant students from low socioeconomic backgrounds because they know that with the additional money provided they will be able to provide additional support for the child to show improvement trends and reach performance levels (Hoxby, 2001).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	23471b856b33033a0a1ee0e2d83e5a87	The average income of people with a moderate mental health disorder is slightly below 90% of the average income of the total population. The figure for people suffering from severe mental health disorder is lower, at around 85%. As a comparison, however, Australia and the United States exhibit figures below 70% (OECD, 2012a).	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264167407-3-en	2347398706d4dceeb074fb0c94df17f1	Remain on track while crossing this rocky terrain - a considerable period of time will be needed for all the reforms to take hold. This includes remuneration systems that separate compensation for teaching and research. Incentives provided with project and programme funding need to be aligned with the goals and processes of university reform. Whether these are returning expatriates or researchers without a Slovenian background, whether doctoral students or end-of-career professors, all should be welcome in principle.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/508a648f-en	23482119bc44460cad9fce1eadb431f5	However, the magnitude of the decline of top tax rates was a good predictor of the increases in pre-tax income concentration in these countries (chart 5.2B).1 Reduced top marginal tax rates also encourage a greater distribution of corporate profits among shareholders - who are mainly to be found in the top income groups -rather than reinvestment of such profits. Such income, in turn, is more likely to be saved in the form of acquisitions of existing assets, rather than being spent for consumption (Bakija, Cole and Heim, 2012). But despite the reduction in progressivity of the tax systems and lower corporate taxes, growth remained slow and unemployment relatively high. In developing countries, especially in Latin America, as well as in the transition economies, the share of income taxes in total public revenues is much lower than in developed countries.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	234be83510edb737688e5022f9992744	Some of these measures can be considered as earnings replacements for individuals with no (or weak) labour market attachment (e.g., unemployment insurance, maternity leave payments, disability benefits). Others operate mostly as income top-ups and may be available irrespective of work status (family benefits, housing allowances). Earnings-replacement benefits can be categorised into one of the following categories: unemployment, social assistance (guaranteed minimum income benefits, GMI), family support, disability and early retirement.5 Figures 7 and 8 summarise recipient numbers and spending levels for each of the main categories, while Table 4 provides more detailed information on amounts, benefit durations and the main entitlement criteria. Maternity, care and parental benefits together covered about 3.3% of the working-age population in 2014, and another 2.4% received unemployment benefits (Figure 7).	8	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/34cef9e3-en	234e2ed8f8b390c840e30edff433fac6	In other words, at the global level, there has been no decoupling of material footprint growth from either population growth or GDP growth. It is imperative that we reverse that trend. In 1990, about 8.1 metric tons of natural resources were used to satisfy an individual's needs. In 2017, that rose to 12.2 metric tons, an increase of 50 per cent.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	2353bc7118377caef1a41fcbf73dc17d	Spending one hour per week on homework is associated with a 15% reduction in the probability of scoring poorly in mathematics, compared to doing no homework. Devoting two hours per week on homework is associated with a 36% reduction in that likelihood, and three hours per week is associated with a 50% reduction. The probability of scoring poorly continues to decrease as the number of hours spent on homework increases, but only up to a point, after which there are nil returns on the investment (OECD, 2016c). They can include the lack of a suitable, quiet place at home to study, the need to contribute to family and other activities, inadequate parental guidance or supervision in students' younger years, lack of confidence in their ability to understand or complete the homework, and lack of interest in the task and/or subject matter.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	23557d20712fab4ccbfdad1c4e958bdd	Its outstanding position as a global leader in financial and business services has attracted the headquarters and facilities of a substantial number of large international firms, making the metro-region a leading employer in financial and business-related activities in the US. Chicago is the global centre for derivatives, hosting the largest derivatives exchanges, and home to 57 headquarters in the Fortune 500, including Boeing, McDonald’s, Motorola Solutions, Discover Financial Services, Abbott and United Airlines. Professional and Business Services and Financial Activities combined represented 26.2% of total employment in the region in 2010 (Table 1.2).	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	2356d3ed5871eef604abe8c039aa1c69	Speeds are enforced with automatic enforcement (video-based time over distance cameras in the more recent schemes). The use of the hard shoulder for through traffic at times of high congestion is a common feature. The aim of ISA is to discourage or even prevent speeding, by informing drivers about the speed limit for a road, warning them about excess speed and in the most sophisticated systems preventing speeding by use of an electronic speed limiter. The fundamental distinction in ISA is between advisory (warning) systems, which typically beep at the driver when speeding over a certain threshold is detected, and intervening systems, which typically limit speed at, or just over, the speed limit.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	235e737f59df33a4b26eb3ffdfd44c5b	Social protection interventions can also influence the behaviour of non-beneficiary households, such as by encouraging more regular school attendance and more frequent health checks (Fiszbein eta/., 2009). Properly conducted public works programmes can provide important public infrastructure and assets to facilitate household investment and economic activity (Alderman and Yemtsov, 2014). Strategies to deal with risk are classified as: (1) risk reduction, i.e. ex-ante actions to raise income or reduce income variability; (2) risk mitigation, i.e. ex-ante actions to reduce income variability if and when a shock occurs; and (3) risk-coping, i.e. ex-posf actions to alleviate the impacts of shocks after they occur. The extra disposable income is spent on goods such as livestock products and simple agricultural and household goods and services, which may be produced and provided locally, often by non-beneficiary households.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264243606-en	23601ce31c774df74ea8ad745894e52e	Thus, all countries need to borrow results of either cost or effectiveness studies from other settings, but the fact that most published studies are very specific to a particular context makes this difficult. To address this need, WHO-CHOICE reports results by 14 global subregions (i.e., sets of similar countries), and has developed tools enabling country-level analysis too. Like all cost-effectiveness analyses, GCEA focuses on only one outcome: population health.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	2363e190b1212457b4656cc0b4f0e262	The Carpathians form part of the WWF Global 200, a list of the world’s most biologically distinct eco-regions. In 2009, Slovakia adopted the protocol to the Carpathian Convention on the conservation and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity. There is also a lack of communication with the public as owners and users of land, and a related lack of public support for management of protected areas, particularly Natura 2000 sites.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/e6deef25-en	2364d85b673ce72cea27756a36720f4f	While not as high as some of its European Union (EU) neighbours, the result is nevertheless encouraging. Africa has also been a world leader in gender diversity at the corporate board and chief executive officer (CEO) levels, with African women holding 23 per cent of positions in executive committees in 2016. At the CEO level, women occupied 5 per cent of positions, compared with a global average of 4 per cent that same year. It also reviews women's ownership of companies and agricultural holdings and the extent to which they are overcoming barriers to ownership such as inheritance.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	2368dc22d9afa97803f954c4c7193e93	The relationship between population density and the concentration of specific air pollutants is also analysed. Due to these differences in emission sources, urban areas do not face the same patterns of concentration of different air pollutants. The choice of the appropriate empirical specifications is hereby guided by a state-of-the-art econometric model selection method (Bayesian Model Averaging - BMA).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	237185b6ff149717792baf2129927bc0	Private Sector Development in the MINA Region; OECD (2012d), Untapped Skills: Realising the Potential of Immtcrant Students. Information on the number of international students (that is, students who obtained prior education abroad) is not available for all OECD countries, but the available evidence suggests a strong increase over the past decade. To make better use of this important source of skills, several OECD countries have eased their immigration policies to allow international students to work during their studies and encourage them to remain after their studies to work (Box 1.27), The overal I percentage of those who remain in the host country after their studies varies/0 averaging 25% in 2008-09 among international students who did not renew their student permits; it is above 25% in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Since not much is known about the career paths and mobility of this high-skilled group, the OECD, UNESCO and Eurostat are working together in the Careers of Doctorate Holders project to provide statistics for this specific group.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	23719c0084f64f955c1182cd51a2c80c	In relation to supporting skill development and training provision for people working in the tourism sector, ServicelQ also facilitates a Sector Skills Advisory Group activity which identifies goals, strategies and actions for the tourism sector. Aligned to this, ServicelQ facilitates an Industry Advisory Group, one of the functions of the Industry Advisory Group is to prioritise projects resulting from the Sector Advisory Group activities. This has helped to enhance the visibility of the qualification and was achieved in dialogue with the training and educational institutions and industry to ensure the training programme meets the needs on the ground. These mechanisms help to identify training pathways, guide training programme design and support skills recognition, nationally and internationally.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	23723e9847fc5d22f9816c87027bbc4b	However, removing the charge for water does not support the objective of improving resource efficiency and supporting environmental sustainability. However, there appears to be potential for overlap in projects awarded at the central and local government level. Moreover, extension projects have a strong production focus with less attention paid to meeting demand requirements, e.g. how to market, engage in contracts, meet food safety requirements, etc. The simple average MFN applied tariff on agricultural products was 16% in 2013. The average agricultural tariff is just 3.4% and 5.4% on imports from ASEAN members and China respectively.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	2372c304802cb4aadb885b65693c5624	"When necessary, these lists are split and then grouped according to the sectors being analysed. Specifically, the governance analysis of a nexus assessment looks at the legislative, insti' tutional and policy framework of the basin, the countries and the region."" For other definitions, see the Glossary of Terms in ECE (2015)."	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	2373812fe9e7fc8a916f3eccb7f6638f	The total net government financial expenditures in support of the fishery sector were 4.9% of the total export value in 2006/2007. Its purpose is to provide for the utilisation of national fisheries resources while ensuring their sustainability and avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse environmental effects. The Act and the subordinate fisheries regulations provide for the fishing interests of commercial, recreational, and customary Maori fishers.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	2376181eefadc347dc6ada174ec2dba7	For instance, the ITF's proposed benchmark makes it possible to combine information on the levels of access to services by different transport modes with data on income distribution of an urban population. This type of analysis sheds light on the link between income inequality and access to opportunities in urban areas. Similarly, this approach has potential for analysing links between transport accessibility and greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/841f762a-en	237693b218a895b3d0a46a5ac7835403	At the same time, inadequate governance arrangements have trivialised traditional management systems and have created discontent, including non-compliance with resource protection (Cinner and others, in press). In areas where the formal integration of traditional or customary systems of governance into national environmental management policies has been possible (eg Madagascar, South Africa), it has permitted local communities to sustain their livelihoods according to a more culturally-sensitive process, which is also beneficial to the resource base (Sunde and Isaccs 2008, Westerman and Gardner 2013). The need for conservation arose after overexploitation of the fisheries due to population growth and commercialisation of traditional fisheries which led to destruction of the surrounding reefs and a decline in fish catches that people depended on. The ensuing efforts to put in place a management framework resulted in the Velondriake network, which is largely a community-based management system. '	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	23771b1f59f2028bc1ff36949a90df35	The S90/S10 ratio is the share of income received by the top decile divided by the share of income of the bottom decile. By contrast, household disposable incomes started slowing down for the European Union as a whole as early as 2008, and were already declining in 2010. Research note 01/2012, European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion, December.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	2377a65f4fd69422350cc69234781d60	Depending on the country context, ethnicity, religion and language may reflect equivalent characteristics and may not therefore all be needed. Ethnicity can be measured using a variety of concepts, including ethnic ancestry or origin, ethnic identity, cultural origins, nationality, race, colour, minority status, tribe, caste, language and religion, or a combination of these concepts. Because of interpretative difficulties that can occur, it is important that the basic criteria used to measure concepts are clearly explained to interviewers and respondents. The method and the format of the questions used to measure ethnicity can influence the choices that respondents make regarding their ethnic background and ethnic identification. Because of the subjective nature of concepts and increasing intermarriage among groups in some countries, information on ethnicity must be acquired directly from respondents (as opposed to interviewers making that assessment based on personal appearance) and respondents must have the option of indicating multiple ethnic affiliations.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	237bbf0d3a7d54c75eddfb6ff8c3e569	The National Economic Advisory Council cited evidence from the Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR) that an estimated 350 000 Malaysians adults are working abroad in 2008, over half of whom had tertiary education (NEAC, 2010). The establishment of the Penang Skills Development Corporation (PSDC) in 1989 was a critical step in the effort to provide skilled workers for the rapidly expanding multinational corporations (MNCs) primarily in electrical and electronics (E&E). The underlying issue for Malaysia and for the Northern Corridor Economic Region and Penang in particular is the need to move “up the value chain” from a low-skill, low-production economy to a higher skill, higher wage economy. The ability of Penang to compete on the basis of low-skilled labour is increasingly limited by competition from other countries in Southeast Asia and restrictions on foreign workers. At the same time, the region faces competition from Singapore and other countries that do have the human resources and access to research and innovation needed to compete at the high-end of the value chain. As emphasised by the National Economic Advisory Council in the New Economic Model, the problem is not only an inadequate supply of graduates.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	237d94eaca4715d9d25199fd86922d66	This information was previously requested on a voluntary basis, and may be challenging to provide. The Paris Agreement also includes various qualifiers related to climate finance. For example, financial resources provided must be “scaled up”, and take into account developing country needs and strategies. Mobilisation should also represent “a progression beyond previous efforts”.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	237dc11995beba19a8e8efbb37b776db	"These studies are based on household data for Ethiopia (Chamberlin et al., They observe that the distance to a passable road and the cost of transporting rice significantly decrease the use of fertilizer in rice production. Controlling for soil fertility, they demonstrate that crop yields for the three major staples in Madagascar — rice, maize and cassava — are lower in isolated areas. In other words, reducing travel time to major cities has significant effects on agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been found that investments in corridors have a limited effect on smallholders and agricultural production. A study of corridors in Mozambique and United Republic of Tanzania suggests that these routes are likely to be “corridors of power” that benefit relatively few, rather than “corridors of plenty"", with 90 per cent of smallholders likely to be left out of value chains."	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279322-6-en	2382ad02f38d330257f6317ba235d499	For reforms to take root and bear fruit, however, aspirational legal commitments to equality must permeate national laws and eventually evolve into social norms. States that commit to international conventions and principles establishing general standards must incorporate them through their constitutions and amendments to domestic legislation. They are also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination. In Libya, the ratification of a permanent constitution is expected to replace the provisional Constitutional Declaration, in place since August 2011.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	23831d4fe5cca47f053f21f7425f2ef9	At the moment, female educational attainment clearly dominates male educational attainment in a majority of industrialized countries. This is true for several measures of attainment. Women are in a clear majority among secondary school graduates, among students enrolled in tertiary education, and among tertiary graduates. Furthermore, judging from recent trends, it seems likely that the gender gap in educational attainment will keep on widening in favor of women in the future.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	23846b97632ae1a069dd2e0a3015b909	In contrast, USM School of Computer Sciences had extensive collaborative relationships across its teaching and research mission. In addition to wide research collaboration, the school has extensive linkages related to human resource development including industry involvement in curriculum development. The school also provides industrial training and certificate programmes to upgrade the knowledge and skills of existing of Multi National Corporations in the E&E industry.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	238853ed2b53b4cf696b6e377b950f6c	Emergency care units in hospitals, mainly those in big cities, consult with ambulance teams to identify the appropriate hospitals for transfer and if needed, doctors are sent from large cities to care for patients coming from other regions. Emergency care is provided based on guidelines, and the compliance to guidelines is monitored. Although this is a promising achievement, it does not yet appear to be reflected in key indicators of the quality of acute care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	238949fe6905adeb7fdbcfd4ea861ad7	The lack of legal clarity about the compensation clause led to the reform making all efforts to avoid severe prejudice to the economic viability of enterprises. In the case of Alberta, Canada, measures were put into place to do just that. This measure was the allowing for the possibility to transfer the assignment of priority from one rights holder to another.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	238f9bdb783c40718288c512561ab07f	These include the development of comprehensive, coherent policies, as well as a stable policy environment and well-functioning institutions (IIGCC, 2011; Mani, 2012). Developing an agreed national strategic vision and systematic response to climate change across government and within national plans encourages donors of international climate finance to respond to “demand-driven” country priorities. This facilitates the ability of countries to meet aid effectiveness principles. For example, donors can only meet the Paris Declaration principles of aligning climate finance behind domestic objectives and ownership if national strategies, plans, and priorities have been developed. Many developing countries (e.g. Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya) have established such strategies and plans, but they are not yet place in all countries benefitting from international climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	239516078788ad6930f9f04451ea4539	However crude hospital mortality rates do not account for the complexity or severity of the cases treated, are thus too blunt an instrument to measure or compare the quality of hospital services across facilities. In Kazakhstan, around one person dies for every 10 000 hospitalised. This does not mean that hospitals in Kazakhstan are 100 times safer. A more reasonable interpretation would be that the nature of hospitals and the range of treatments they provide in Kazakhstan differ profoundly from those of OECD countries; that patients in Kazakhstan hospitals are likely to be less unwell or are admitted for the treatment of less serious conditions that in OECD countries might not be considered to require hospital admission.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/062acf72-en	23961dc90ba01e87af8a816ebc65da2c	As a result, existing information is often fragmented and outdated; moreover, it is scattered among different sources and not available in digital form. All available data should therefore be perceived as rough estimates, and be interpreted with caution. Proper assessment of the current state of a particular species population, its conservation status and trends is also not possible. This applies to all kinds of flora and fauna species, regardless of whether they are widespread or rare, indigenous or alien.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/50e33932-en	239985989743535f3e1f08406f7bc427	The share of tradable goods and services explains more than half of the Gross Value Added of three (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do) out of five predominantly rural regions in 2016, in contrast to the remaining two rural regions (Jeju-do and Gangwon-do), which depend more on non-tradable sectors have recorded lower rates of GDP per capita growth over 2000-14,. However, challenges related to the quality of environment are not rural specific per se in Korea as it concerns the country as a whole. The level of air pollution is slightly lower in the selected TL2 region than at the national level.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	23998c0ef1e2bcd07bf91896894d3b06	Again, both unemployment and employment in the low-productivity sector of the economy continue to affect the young and the poorest women most. The same is not true of differences in perceptions of the labour market that might derive from the different positions and experiences of people in that market. This review will concentrate on detecting subjective divides associated with subjects’ position in the labour market, whether through direct measurements (employment or job type) or indirect ones (sex, age and education, among others).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	239a7acbc3faf4f7d97154611f7d07f5	Already the NSF-led programmes in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on the expertise of academic specialists and, to a lesser extent, on teachers, in designing a new type of content and novel strategies for its delivery (Cuban, 1992; Elmore and Sykes, 1992; Elmore, 1996). In Korea, the recent curriculum development process built on commissioned research and was conducted by a working group composed largely of experts from the Korea Educational Development Institute (Box 4). Indeed, in most OECD countries, experts tend to participate in curriculum development work undertaken within specific governmental committees or working groups - sometimes even within agencies particularly specialised on curriculum. In Ireland, curriculum development is undertaken by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment, an advisory body to the Minister of Education (UNESCO, 2007f).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	23a81ac5e5ce37f5cc8e4344a06ad699	Development charges that reflect the true cost of providing services can buttress planning tools by guiding development away from high-cost areas to more efficient locations (Tomalty and Skaburskis, 2003). Pricing policies can be an effective planning tool because “they directly engage developers, they make them accept the full project costs, they recognise and publicise the need to correct for the external costs of development by increasing the cost of land, and they raise funds for infrastructure development and compensation programmes” (Skaburskis, 2003). For example, the extension of the metro-line in Copenhagen was financed through fees from the development of the 0restad area of Copenhagen (OECD, 2009). In order to have the required effect, the charges have to be differentiated by location to reflect the different infrastructure costs.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c544899f-en	23ab819de026746f945fd066c4fa56eb	The developed economies are in a technological race to develop more efficient electricity generating systems without C02 emissions; and governments are providing major support to R&D in this sector. The United States Energy Secretary has recently said that the country could either develop the next generation of clean energy technologies, which would help to create thousands of new jobs and export opportunities in the United States, or else it could wait for other countries to take the lead (see [ online] http:// energy.gov/articles/energy-department-takes-first-step-spur-us-manufacturing-small-modular-nuclear-reactors). Clean energy technology transfer is one of the negotiating points in international conversations on climate change mitigation, and although no specific proposal has yet emerged in this regard, FDI in renewable energies can be expected to be one of the main vehicles for this transmission (Peterson, 2008).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	23abe69459793609aeb9de7883548482	In 2010, there were an average of 3.6 beds across the 27 469 small clinics (HIRA/NHIC, 2011), despite the fact that Korea population is concentrated geographically. The tendency towards having the physical infrastructure for complex services readily available suggests that these facilities may be delivering services of a higher clinical intensity than may be medically appropriate. Clinics and general hospitals provide basic surgery and limited inpatient services, and most major hospitals have large outpatient departments. Over time, these hospitals have benefitted from a prestige factor amongst consumers who often turn to the most qualified medical specialist they can access rather than general practitioners who specialise in managing the range of a patient’s needs.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	23ad8954af8caf9cfd0c5b3c4c66b7fa	Each criterion is composed of several indicators. Questions for each indicator guide the user through the assessment process.3 Some of the indicators can be quantified while others require a qualitative assessment. The tool provides a menu of options for the qualitative indicators, such as no/low/high potential for averting irreversible damage. On the basis of the answers, the tool automatically calculates a value for each criterion.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287747-en	23af59fd23b31df4c42ee1ee4dcba372	However, in absolute terms, new immigrants add to the net inflows of every major occupational group. This means that the inflow of new foreign-bom workers deviates from the native-born pattern of occupational growth. Considering gender differences, the same pattern is observed for both men and women. Occupations are ranked in order of increasing average annual employment growth rates from 2000 to 2010. A positive difference in shares means that proportionally more new immigrants entered the group. ( Ol) Legislators, senior officials and managers, (02) Professionals, (03) Technicians and associate professionals, (04) Clerks, (05) Service workers and shop and market sales workers, (06) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (07) Craft and related trades workers, (08) Plant and machine operators and assemblers, (09) Elementary occupations.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	23b0d5a5cf615db3ee2ae8f9a5475c8a	Using words and phrases that are unfamiliar to local farmers, as technical people often do, can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. By speaking the same language, and by using farmer representatives who are leaders in their community, there is considerably more uptake and credibility in the trading programme. This peer-to-peer networking therefore improves communication and understanding of the programme. They are paid for their time and expenses, and in one year, 110 site visits cost CAD 4 500.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/841f762a-en	23b216370e041c3554bae9cba553813d	Of the entry fee of $3 that the MBCA charges, only $1 is supposed to go back to the 19 villages adjacent to the Park; other returns are shared by boat owners (hotels, restaurants, individuals) and tour guides from outside the area who organize the trips. The proportion of tourists that use local accommodation facilities is also very low, suggesting that most of the benefits accrue outside the communities (Gautam 2010). This is evident in the dugong protection project in Mozambique and boat-based whale watching and shark diving in South Africa.	15	4	4	0.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	23b2d51f119ea2f511d3f1ad49691274	More funds should be provided, however, to help implement these strategies and support the development of new ones so as to reinforce the resilience of the food production system. Several policy scenarios illustrate the potential of Government investments in physical infrastructure to drive productivity growth and enhance food production capacity. The first scenario assumes an increase of public investment in agriculture by the Government equivalent to 2 percentage points of GDP over the period 2016-2030.	2	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	23b7846fcc12fccfccd60235ee839031	Moreover, reserve seats on local councils should have the same status as general seats, with clear mandates and roles gazetted for all decision-makers and with equal access to resources and funding. Financial resources - Many women are limited by financial resources, which further inhibit their effective participation in politics. A dedicated fund should be set aside through state or party mandates to support women's advocacy and political campaigns.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	23b85c32276524c1d91b45c393c77a8b	High judicial appointment records show minimal, if any, consideration, for gender balance as a criterion for selection. Overall, women held less than one-third of senior positions in the judiciary in 2015 and occupy only 2 of the Supreme Court’s 11 seats (Figure 5.5). It has also contributed decisively to a series of reforms that have introduced and effectively implemented quota requirements in the Federal Electoral Law.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	23bb2a2d0f4cc3616bdd2d7bc78b87a4	By 2007, UCLG ed that local expenditures in Brazil were to 8.3 per cent of its GDP - the highest n Latin America. While it has waxed and waned in many countries as central governments have failed to fully relinquish financial control over municipalities even when directed to do so by legislation, cities have emerged with generally stronger financial tools than they had going into the period. But as their growth has continued to outpace their ability to provide services for their citizens, they have had to deal frontally with one of the central issues of the Habitat Agenda: the need to provide adequate housing, particularly for the poor.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	23bc458579b9de741420e0f769fbd216	One of the ways of doing this is to estimate the model in first difference using, for example, the system-GMM estimator. The OLS and within-group estimates are given only as a means of showing that the estimated value of the lagged dependent variable falls between the estimated values obtained using these two methods. This may be viewed as an indication that the bias generated by the presence of endogenous variables and unobservable fixed effects has been corrected for by using the system-GMM method.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264290747-en	23c064473c0537a4b50162c8ff0a1bf7	As defined in Chapter 2, the following five policy sectors are considered: economic development, spatial structure, human development, environmental sustainability and climate resilience. Section 4.3 presents a qualitative assessment of the goals and objectives of NUPs at the regional scale. Section 4.4 interprets the results and makes conclusions.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	23c182fb78966ced43c52c4d85562977	Sustainable and equitable agricultural development”, Futures, Vol. Cunningham, K. (2009), “Rural and urban linkages: Operation Flood’s role in India’s dairy development”, IFPRI Discussion Paper, No. The number increased to 246 million in 2004-06, but higher agricultural production and stronger economic progress resulted in a reduction of about 33 million undernourished people to an estimated 213 million by 2010-12.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283473-en	23c28da89e1d2d07866e443e52d3b2e4	The private sector is very limited in providing inpatient care, but plays a substantial role in other areas, such as primary care and dental care. Total health expenditure per capita is half of the EU average (Figure 6). One third of health spending comes from private sources - largely out-of-pocket payments Although most of the public spending on health comes from the NHIF, a substantial share (30% in 2015) of NHIF revenue comes from the state’s budget (NHIF, 2017), which funds the insurance coverage for the nonwoiking part of the population (see Section 5.2).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/056eee1d-en	23c4105c383911ad43d1399258d97f1e	Turkmen gas has high hydrogen sulfide content and therefore requires considerable processing to be marketable and more environmentally friendly. Apart from the southern Korepzhe-Kurt Kui pipeline (a spur to the Islamic Republic of Iran, with relatively low capacity, that was constructed after independence) the only export route was an old pipeline via Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Turkmenistan remains confident that it has enough gas reserves to serve all potential customers in the medium to long term.	7	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289348485-3-en	23c4b08a1c71d04c228cff24e0253d7b	These product groups end up in mixed waste fractions to energy recovery or in waste fractions subject to recycling. The data presented is not always the most recent, but is regarded accurate enough to give an overall picture of the plastic waste streams in the studied countries and their quantities in relation to each other. A more detailed review of the existing collection and recycling systems for plastic waste in the Nordic countries is found in Frane et al. (	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	23c5c4e50e69569efaaa13509d5c2bcb	Agricultural modernisation inevitably leads to farm consolidation and the release of labour, which creates a clear employment problem for current small farm operators and farm workers. These points to the need for broader rural development initiatives that can provide a more diversified regional economy in rural areas, to absorb these released workers. This has been the experience of OECD countries over the last 100 years, as they increased agricultural output, reduced the number of farm workers and increased the financial well-being of farm households to close to, or even above, the level of their urban population.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	23ca679f196249e3bf1056afee9c3af3	In Portugal, patient experience indicators are among those used to contract primary' health care. While most OECD health care systems have at least few surveys to collect PREMs, it is often not done in a standardised way (as seen in Korea and Australia) and it is often collected infrequently (in Japan, for example, PREMs are collected once every three years). In a system where PROM data are publicly reported, they can be used to help patients make better-informed choices. Ideally, PROM data should be fed back to clinicians to help them improve the care and outcomes of patients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	23cadacd6d472960679bd1aa01b401dd	Putting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial basis can effectively contribute to several commitments of the Pact for Mexico, in particular the one related to the National System of Programmes to Combat Poverty (commitment 6) and the one related to making farming a more productive activity (commitment 65). Should this initiative be revived, it would be an opportunity to ensure that the framework conditions are set to enhance the cost-effectiveness of water policies in Mexico, and to make sure that initiatives in other sectors do not work against and add costs to water policies. It would aim to make the best of public budgets and to enhance the financial contribution of water users. Well-designed and targeted accompanying measures would be needed to facilitate transition.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	23cb994e4148829fc98505df6a601df8	Ill health is both a consequence and a cause of poverty. Yet, globally adult well-being. This is the grim picture for the general public; the situation among youth is likely worse. The relationships can be controlled by adults or youth, or the control can be shared. For example, a variety of youth-led initiatives have been developed in the Arab region such as the Y-Peer network, the Arab network for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and the Middle East and North Africa Youth Network of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	23ce7e075d48b16d13ca0ef7d9cf5986	As a result Chile’s old-age pension system has reduced elderly poverty from around 23% in 2008 to 20% in 2011, thanks to this reform in that introduced a solidarity pension. However, the average pension remain modest among other things because they are mostly financed by mandatory contributions that remain low (10% of earnings - compared to 20% on average across the OECD). In Chile low earners’ pension benefits replacement rate is only between 50% and 60% of their pre-retirement earnings, among the lowest rates in the OECD (Figure 6).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	23d2669d575916dab180626be36c8401	While the UNDP’s Gender Empowerment Measure and the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index take such factors as accessibility of skilled or high-paid jobs into consideration, the indicators used here cover the majority of the elements of the UN’s Gender Related Development Index and the replacement Gender Inequality Index. One issue with internationally comparable indicators is that they are insufficient for many purposes, because they do not provide information on the socio-cultural environment, including culture and embedded social relationships (Malhotra, Schuler and Boender, 2002; Bartlett, 2004; Oxaal and Baden, 1997; Ibrahim and Alkire, 2007). For a more detailed discussion of the issue, see Branisa et al. ( The year men were granted the right to vote is defined as the year where universal suffrage took place, meaning all men could vote regardless of their income, ethnicity or any restrictions, whereas such a distinction has not been made for women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	23d7e69d43715ba3487ba8b8ae0c382d	The report is published under the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or its member countries. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States. In western states, irrigation provides most of the crop water requirements, while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	23d91e1df693ab5140e210f8b88a6293	An export ban on oilseeds effectively constrained increases in domestic oilseed prices during the peak of world food prices in late 2007 and 2008. As of 15 April 2008, when prices on the world grain market were rapidly increasing, Kazakhstan applied an export ban on wheat for five months. This had a negative impact on the grain sector, in particular given the high crop harvested the following season. Consequently, after the 2010 drought-affected crop, the government resisted applying export restrictions.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	23d99adb2a0a4db909f09acb50b29f09	"This structural feature of the system makes it difficult to create school units of appropriate “size efficiency"", although there are many basic schools with only primary education classes (Years 1 to 4). Furthermore the Slovak Republic, similarly to other Central and Eastern European countries inherited a very extensive sector of secondary vocational schools providing specialised training in many, rather narrow vocational areas (in 2013, there were 460 secondary vocational schools). Education in secondary vocational schools is typically more expensive than in schools providing general education and the relative isolation of this sector from the world of work (especially when compared to work-based or company-based skills development forms), the often high drop-out rates and the relatively high proportion of graduates who find jobs in areas that are different from the profile of their original formal VET qualification shows serious efficiency problems in this typical Central and Eastern European model of skills development (World Bank, 2006)."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	23da0c7db5ace5c3150cc5c72d9ee1f0	Most of these measures are market-based or market compatible. Governments can (and should) play a role in facilitating the adoption of such practices in the market-place but not substitute themselves for the market process, for instance through bilateral bargaining with favoured supplier countries. Shortening the terms for sales contracts (currently between 8 to 15 years in Europe and 15 to 20 years in Asia instead of the more traditional 20-25 years). Enhancing market access by facilitating investment into LNG re-gasification terminals and import pipelines. Developing adequate financial instruments for risk management. Adoption of portfolio approaches by buyers.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	23da17b98af1ad6c71723e242a86cd0e	In the first case, you will have to repay the money lent; in the second situation, loved ones may participate in decision-making and receive a share of the profits but you will not have anything to pay back. Their goal is to help finance the long-term needs of a business creation, such as the initial investment, or the working capital requirement (WCR). Check with the national agency for business creation if necessary.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	23e0d585a9d545458be324f7198256da	However, lower government expenditure on general services in proportion of total support in 2011-13 compared to the mid-1990s reflects the decline in expenditure in real terms. This decline may compromise improvements in the sector’s productivity and competitiveness, which are more likely to be achieved through investments in these areas than with production subsidies. In some countries, however, these services are increasingly provided by the private sector, including as part of public-private partnerships. In all other OECD counties, the share of GSSE in total support, although generally rising since the 1980s, constituted only between 5% and 18% in 2011-13. General services for agriculture accounted for relatively minor share of GDP in 2011-13, ranging between 0.5% and 0.15% in most countries, except New Zealand (0.21%), Korea (0.24%), and Iceland (0.2%). The agricultural knowledge and innovation system was the most heavily supported general service in Australia, Mexico and Norway, the European Union and Israel in 2011-13.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	23e1213effad879970caaf268dbfe44d	The achievements in terms of expanded coverage have been remarkable. The programme now constitutes the single most important source of day care for children under the age of 4, running 84 per cent of day-care centres in the country and absorbing 56 per cent of total enrolment for that age group. However, there are concerns over the quality of services. The quality of jobs that have been created is also questionable.	5	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-d5917bb0-en	23e4dac6127b58fe20d15b05d5ca1bf5	Yet, mobile learning can take place not only across contexts but also across lifespans - at any age -and for broad-ranging purposes (Figure 6.1). In low-and middle-income contexts1 LmL4SD is gaining traction as a mechanism to help people of diverse ages acquire skills that may eventually lead to employment, the creation of new business ventures, and/or improved business practices. Mobile learning is uniquely placed to facilitate skills development opportunities for people in low- and middle-income contexts because this learning process can help facilitate more flexible, cost-effective, and relevant learning and development experiences. ( Then, it will explore reasons why there is an increasing need to explore mobile learning as an emergent lifelong skills development medium in low- and middle-income contexts.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	23e7c93d1e7f1b8ef505832e1153b287	Yet, the distance of the Gender Equality Unit from the apex of decision making has significantly curtailed its influence. It has been transferred to the Presidential Office of the Court to increase its leverage, but its influence on decision making is still uneven and depends on the personality of the President of the Court. Its task is to assess gender equality in the activities of the three branches of the judiciary (the Supreme Court, the Federal Judicial Council and Electoral Court) and play a co-ordinating role among the three branches of the judiciary. Parliament uses such gender-sensitive practices as flexible working arrangements and teleworking.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	23e91e583bd38be6191174921165acb3	It is intended to inform professional learning, to guide self-reflection, self-improvement and development, and to guide the management of self and others. The development of the standard lasted from early 2010 to mid-2011 and involved research, drafting, critical review, feedback and testing through a series of pilot studies, guided and supported by an external expert steering group. The group included expert representatives from state and territory government employers, the catholic and independent school sectors, national professional associations and education boards, leadership institutes and Commonwealth and national school leadership experts.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	23ee6100253241948c10a785b6923588	There are emerging concerns for the vulnerability of senior citizens in rural areas with non-communicable diseases, in particular diabetes. In 2008 it was measured at US$470 million, equal to around one third of overseas development assistance (ODA) allocated by those countries in that year. The remittance figure is also understated: money is frequently carried in person when traveling ‘home’. In Tonga and Samoa, remittances far exceed ODA receipts: in Samoa in 2008 remittance flows were US$135 million and ODA was US$39.5 million; in Tonga the figures were US$99.5 million and US$27.5 million, respectively.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	23ef1cfdcc273b244d5a341464212469	Social integration is essential for the entire population to participate in the development process; otherwise the demographic bonus will be lost. As a result of a failure to plan well for integration, once the demographic dividend ends a country faces the burden of an ageing population in a situation of weak social and economic development. With the dependency burden on working-age adults increasing, the focus needs to shift towards increasing labour force participation by providing training and more job opportunities for women, persons with disabilities and older persons. Social integration issues can and do coexist with high per capita incomes and an absence of poverty.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	23ef2758c780c35f8738679a5a540028	The increased volume of old, inefficient vehicles in Georgia supports the increase of total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from 2008 onwards (figure 7.2). After the repair of gas pipelines and improvements in accounting, losses decreased to 3.44 per cent in 2006. Kaztransgaz (the Tbilisi gas distribution company) launched a project in 2008 to reduce methane leaks in above-ground infrastructure in the Tbilisi gas distribution system under the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-4-en	23ef469b936fde036c99324e3760e1be	The current challenge is to practically and effectively implement the principles advocated in these agreements. Diverse ecosystems are considered to be more resilient and have a greater ability to withstand changes in the environment, such as ecosystem shifts and climate change. For example, the abundance of northern shrimp and crab stocks in the North East Atlantic may be a result to some degree of the overfishing of their predator, Atlantic cod (in addition to potential changes in oceanic conditions). For example, large sharks (which are slow maturing, long living species) play a role as a key predator in the ecosystem.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	23efa5121d12f3950ce75bf834522b31	The link between age and benefit duration should be eliminated by aligning the benefit duration for older workers to that of young workers. At the same time, the eligibility conditions should be made less stringent to extend benefit coverage, especially for young workers. The minimum wage rose significantly between 2007 and 2010, and then remained frozen at the same nominal level of EUR 485, until it was raised to EUR 505 in September 2014.	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	23f060443976d4d08d01c6e9e6656ff2	In 2013, over one sixth of the country’s grassland was unavailable for utilisation. With increasing consumer demand for livestock products, pressures on grassland may be further exacerbated in the coming years by a rise in China’s livestock production (OECD-FAO, 2014). For example, Henan province has begun to encourage the establishment of livestock parks that comply with a list of standards regarding environmental management and animal health.	2	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	23f59c31e9d0ddbb55a5f4b2df177abb	Although its ranking in terms of GDP per capita among OECD metro-regions is not as high as it is in terms of GDP (16lh among the 90 metro-regions vs. 8lh), Chicago still counts among the big players in the OECD urban world. With GDP per capita over USD 55 000 in 2008, Chicago ranked higher than traditionally rich European metro-regions such as London, Stockholm, Helsinki, Amsterdam-Utrecht, Paris and Milan (Figure 1.2). Among US metro-regions, Chicago’s GDP per capita is similar to that of San Diego and Philadelphia, but below that of a number of US metro-regions such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco-Oakland, Boston or Houston.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	23f5ebfc59b36d25718edd3c1df642ad	Decisions should rely more on analysis, including the calculation of CO2 abatement costs, to identify the least costly options for mitigation and to target measures accordingly. In addition, evaluations of different programmes were initially not designed to strongly influence decisions on environmental policies as the monitoring process did not rely on interim targets and indicators w'hich w'ould facilitate continued assessment of the impact of policies. Thus, the recent decision to evaluate the implementation of the Energy Concept every year, based on selected indicators in order to make rapid adjustments to the policies possible is a step in the right direction.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/967bd43c-en	23f6009843f40592424df617db5c806b	Another common practice within this ethnic group is where a victim of defilement is required to get married to the perpetrator. This practice is extended within the Buganda region and in some clans in Acholi region, whereby when a girl is defiled the parents will offer the girl to the defiler for marriage,22 even if the girl does not wish to marry her defiler. Among the Baganda,23 prior to the enthronement of the king, it was a customary requirement that he have sexual relations with a virgin girl commonly known as ‘Nakku’.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	23f7ed258b36247781b6e98376c60ada	The programme, its application (to what extent the “preferable” condition is enforced) and its effect on women’s behaviour (how they might behave in the event of domestic violence) is yet to be evaluated. Interventions such as public awareness programmes or community mobilisation activities can be effective. The USAID “Safe Age of Marriage” programme in Yemen, for example, uses community education to tackle attitudes to early marriage. Initial results of the programme found an 18% increase in awareness of the benefits of delaying marriage, a 34% rise in the recognition that delaying marriage would increase educational opportunities, and a 19% increase among respondent who agreed that it would increase employment opportunities.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208469-5-en	23f7f9b1718d2538e32887b58e3032dd	Overall responsibility for the health care sector rests at the national level, with the Ministry of Health and Care Services which determines national health policy, prepares legislation and allocates funds. The Ministry of Health and Care Services owns four Regional Health Authorities which are responsible for the provision of specialised somatic and mental health care. The 19 Norwegian counties are responsible for the provision of statutory dental health services while the 428 municipalities have responsibility for primary somatic and mental health care as well as nursing care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233256-en	23f8be02c6337358c094b7132acc9140	Strong co-ordination between these bodies could help to undertake skills development more comprehensively and, in turn, should facilitate the involvement of social partners. A national steering body would be of great help for this task. However this body is not in operation and other initiatives have emerged, like the inter-institutional working group about human capital for competitiveness whose aim resembles that one of SINETEC.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	23fd204172261f05d483e4e10d6a5f59	It presents a conceptual framework for indicator use and, building on the indicator frameworks under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provides an overview' of indicators that are beginning to emerge. The chapter concludes with an overview of possible indicators that could be used to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming biodiversity efforts across the range of different types of policy responses. Other structures see failure to deliver expected results as an opportunity- for learning. National Climate Change Adaptation: Emerging Practices in Monitoring and Evaluation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229679-cn.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	23fd8d7d4d638a9a4b35a86751c20d38	It thus pays to have highly qualified teachers who address gender-specific attitudes within the classroom. Many studies and test results show gender differences in competency levels in these subjects. According to the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an evaluation of competencies in reading, mathematics and science for 15-16 year-olds, on average, students in OECD countries perform better than students across the Asia/Pacific region (Table 2.1).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	23ff71bd86cc0ff115e9b1be5a39a5e8	This is a revised and updated version of the Working Paper published in January 2014 (April 20114). Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA): Technical Note, Innocenti Working Paper No.2014-01, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/062acf72-en	240103c1fc54951592099a9586602556	The currently available inventories, statistics and other official documents do not yet follow the protected area categorization mentioned in the 2011 Law, and continue to use previously assigned, traditional designations, e.g. national park or historical-natural park instead of state nature park. This is probably caused by the fact that the area of Muzkul nature preserve, entirely located within the boundaries of the Tajik national park, is always counted separately, which adds to the total. Other protected area categories occupy much smaller territories, as the total area of five botanic gardens, 13 botanic stations and field nurseries, and three tourist-recreational zones amounts to 731 ha, 10,000 ha, and 15,300 ha, respectively. The area of all 26 state monuments of nature is so small that it is not even indicated in statistics.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b505e041-en	24022e55d9323da0d9f7a4e9f927af97	Given the nature of health and emergency needs, it might be too expensive to finance such costs through private means. One possible approach would be to explore health insurance options and if there is any scope for group welfare schemes for the slum dwellers as a whole. Surprisingly, none of the respondents showed any awareness of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), a health insurance scheme for below poverty line families, which was launched in 2007.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b656887e-en	2405c6c315705a26b7d575132e5bfe57	In addition to this recommended minimum disaggregation, further disaggregation would in many areas be of policy relevance. For example, the child population could be disaggregated into smaller age groups as there are often significant differences in poverty rates between these age groups. Different rationale can be applied to this, for example related to policy objectives (for example pre-school; school age; secondary school); or age groups (0-4; 5-9; 10-14; and 15-17).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	24073e8e65526c2999d83f57c088b5dd	Continued increases in productivity would more than offset further reductions in areas that would drop by about 13% during the decade. The domestic market is expected to continue to absorb only relatively small volumes of fresh fruit. Its output is largely absorbed by the domestic market. Among the major fruits produced are bananas, apples, grapes, melons and tropical fruits, particularly mango, avocado, pineapple and papaya.	2	2	6	0.5
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	2408b77c8c34618de2c5824ebcee64e4	The Peruvian case shows that, when agricultural programmes aim to reach the poor, the targets of these interventions could overlap with social protection programme targets (Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusion Social, Gobiemo del Peru, 2012). The synergies created by the targeting system in Peru allow for implementation of a more cost-effective targeting strategy and also for improved monitoring of the coverage of social protection and agricultural programmes (Cirillo, Gyorgi and Soares, 2014). The options range from stand-alone, sector-specific, social protection or agricultural programmes, to integrated interventions that combine social protection and agriculture, to sectoral interventions that are aligned to maximize complementarities. In certain circumstances, categorical targeting can be cost-effective for selecting programme beneficiaries based on easily observable characteristics.	2	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	240b6e629ab06ddddc318b6d4dd84476	While the workings of mass media may run contrary to much of the established thinking on ‘good ESD’, the reach and impact of mass media as mechanisms for raising awareness and even affecting public opinion are undeniable. As such, there is probably a great deal of untapped potential in the use of these media for awareness-raising campaigns related to sustainability issues. The review of available information turned up no reference to systematic work with mass media for ESD.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	240d94dce586823158b7fa0080301a6e	Due to the absence of widely available and economically feasible storage, each electricity system has to maintain a constant balance between supply and demand by adapting the generating power. Load also needs to be adapted to forecasted and unforecasted changes in supply and demand as well as to unexpected faults in the system, such as the unscheduled shutdown of a generating unit or transmission line. Such load following allows the alignment of the overall system supply with daily, weekly and seasonal demand variations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	24160072de4059a80e7d6f3db71f1d6d	By imposing an additional constraint on the way aid money is spent, Aid for Trade has the potential to have a negative impact on developing countries. More importantly, Aid for Trade may not be addressing the fundamental concerns with the global trading system and aid system that gave rise to it, and instead has become a means for both the aid and trade communities to paper over their weaknesses without doing much for the fundamental concerns of poor countries. Our proposal is to make aid and trade liberalisation work for poor countries and tied directly to specific development objectives. In fact, perversely, the global trading system is still stacked against the poorest - the areas of trade where barriers are the highest (agriculture, textiles etc.)	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-4-en	2417a1f559325f153649d8ae43d8ffae	While economists have tools to provide proxy values for these non-marketed goods and services (e.g. contingent valuation) there application to guide policy decisions can be difficult. As a consequence the short-run marginal cost of water supply for irrigation systems can be very low except for the costs of pumping water through the delivery system. These characteristics of water supply make it likely that there will be a monopoly supplier in any given area, requiring a high degree of managerial and social control.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	24190f037d5cc55177751a6a0fd424c4	Nonetheless, they are not the only things that matter (box 3.1). Indeed, what are the drivers of transformation? Indeed, they challenge preconceived and prescriptive approaches: on the one hand, they set aside a number of collectivist, centrally managed precepts; on the other hand, they diverge from the unfettered liberalization espoused by the Washington Consensus. This new perspective recognizes that development does not happen automatically and that transformation cannot be left to markets alone.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	241b480365fd383e14085fd0fc637cac	He consults the elders on the onset of rainfall and defines the sowing date, which mostly coincides with the first week of June. Through this ritual the message of the onset of rain is communicated to the entire community. The elders use the same occasion to informally educate the younger generation about the traditional rain classification and appropriate cropping practices.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	2421f6b608ad1bd7a34d69ee4bb3ef15	It then looks at the evolution of inequality across the groups of countries defined by the four-speed world classification presented in Chapter 1. In many cases, fast growth has been accompanied by increased inequality, further complicating the challenge of poverty reduction. The chapter further looks at efforts to make growth pro-poor and goes on to argue that, measured in relative terms, poverty remains a significant obstacle even in converging countries that have successfully reduced absolute poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	2423714e0d4233138e0337e94092ca73	The management system and tools used in a multispecies fishery can have large impacts on the cost of rebuilding. Using economic incentives such as those created by individual or group quota systems can reduce rebuilding costs by harnessing the knowledge and skills of fishermen to the task of reducing catch rates of a rebuilding stock. Most fish stocks are still managed as if their productivity is static and unaffected by the dynamic ecosystems of which they are a part.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	24244ed17a621f525fd2c5b4c71687b2	The excess intake of calories is another major global public-health concern, as overweight and obesity cause more than 2.8 million deaths per year among adults. On the demand side, population growth, rapid urbanization and consequent changes in consumption patterns will require additional food. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food production will have to increase 70 per cent globally to feed an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050. At the same time, food demand has been shifting towards more resource-intensive agricultural products, such as livestock and dairy products, thereby exerting additional pressure on land, water and biodiversity resources. Many of the current agricultural practices have relied on cheap energy and abundant water and land, and are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions (The Hague Conference, 2010). These practices are now proving unsustainable for the environment and health, due to contamination of air, land and water sources.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46a5795c-en	24274309f50d0fb2a90cf25ca20f7f8a	When using establishment survey data, due care should be taken to ensure adequate geographic and industry coverage. Administrative record data from medical insurance schemes can provide up-to-date and comprehensive information to calculate the numerator for this indicator. However, the availability and quality of such data vary across countries, and across schemes within countries.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	242a3b3724dbb269723e2f8bf524b6f4	Indigenous representation and participation in decision-making with regards to health policies, planning and evaluation at the national level and their right to participate in decision-making in local health facility management are critical to improving indigenous access to health services. Indigenous peoples seems to fall behind in all major health indicators employed by the existing mainstream health policies and programmes even when the state has made significant progress in economic growth and social development. Irrespective of the HDI of the country and growth rate, indigenous peoples have a lower rate of life expectancy, higher infant and child mortality, poorer maternal health outcomes and lower levels of access to health services provided by the government, including development of and access to information on indigenous health and health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	242b02415cb4079ba4b5ccb4c39d81f1	Offering free entry to visitors, Ariel Sharon Park is an ecological masterpiece offering 360-degree views of Tel Aviv and central Israel. According to Section 32 of RA 9003, each Barangay should have a MRF for final sorting, segregation composting and recycling. Yet as at 2011, out of 349 barangays only 101 (29%) had operational MRFs. This is mainly due to lack of financial resources as well as inadequate capacities of barangays to plan and operate such facilities.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	242c77e7327fcfbfaf9a1b27a48542e5	It is important to keep in mind however the limitations of using survey data for such an analysis. First, household surveys typically provide reliable information only on the amount of different types of benefits received by an individual or household over the period of a year. The measured share of youth who receive benefits at any time during the year will generally not be a good estimate of the benefit receipt rate at a certain point in time (i.e. in a specific month) unless if benefits are typically paid for periods of close to a year. For this reason, receipt rates estimated using annual survey data may be different from those obtained from administrative records, where shorter spells of benefit receipt can often be observed (for a discussion see Immervoll, Jenkins and Konigs, 2015).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	242dd86ce9b97377c32b8aa92b3d7204	In Latin America and the Caribbean the five countries with available data show a wider spread of the proportion of female candidates, from a low of 3 per cent in Belize to a high of 51 per cent in Costa Rica. For the more developed regions, the proportion of women candidates ranged from 12 per cent in Japan to 49 per cent in Belgium and tended to cluster within the range of 20 to 45 per cent. Regionally, the average likelihood of women candidates winning a seat in the lower or single house of parliament is higher than that of men candidates only in Africa — by a factor of 1.17.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/76afd318-en	2431082e0009baee90ccb670d52f3c3d	The situation is similar at the level of local government: female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so. Furthermore, the “glass ceiling” has hindered women’s access to leadership positions in private companies. This is especially notable in the largest corporations, which remain male-dominated.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	2431c96d6df83e5e1036bfa2cbaf90af	Mismatches between employers’ needs and what the education and training system provides lead to skills gaps, over-reliance on imported labour, domestic unemployment and economic under-performance. The position in 2008 of OECD member, accession and enhanced engagement countries is shown for comparison. In column (2) from 2007. The exceptions are the rate for Belarus - which some independent commentators suggest is lower than in reality23 - and Georgia’s rate, which is not only much higher than the OECD average but also twice as high as the highest of the four partner countries shown.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	2434348ea4bba0e6efe9acbbec45963b	If education w'ere all about imparting content knowledge, developing and evaluating pedagogy would be all about establishing the best methods to promote memorisation and understanding of knowledge and concepts. But discipline-centric pedagogies cover only part of what a teacher, school or system might want to develop in students and there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which develop higher-level personal and social competences, driven by at least four factors. Second, societies and industries founded on digital technologies require people to manage and use a more complex array of information and increase the value of social skills. Third, societal changes have increased the complexity of choices and tasks young people face as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. Finally, in some quarters there has been a pushback against the intensified focus on standardised assessments of cognitive skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	2434cd7580151ca7be67fb847c743a8c	Regulatory restrictions, notably in the number of competitors, further limit competition. Lifting entry barriers and reducing government influence over PT Telkom Indonesia could encourage new entrants and greater innovation. The Ministry of Tourism dedicated 30% of its 2016 budget to digital promotion with an objective of reaching 50% (Tempo, 2017).	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/937bb150-en	2434e610664f1b94f797417a4b5e7fc1	In many countries, health workers are concentrated in urban areas or facilities serving more advantaged populations. They may be reluctant to work in remote areas because of low remuneration, lack of continuing educational opportunities, difficult working conditions, shortages of supplies and equipment, or a lack of social services for their own families. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and many high-mortality countries in South Asia fall well below the threshold (see Figure 1.9).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/afa296fe-en	243722edc6261486194221bf7d567b28	Notably, development processes must be adopted to take account of the connections and disconnections among development-related actors, policies and laws in a non-homogeneous and non-harmonious society. Social exclusion results from either the systematic exclusion of poor people from having choices and using their capabilities, or more circumscribed social, political, economic or cultural barriers to their participation. Whether through deliberate or circumstantial marginalization, social exclusion reinforced and perpetuates poverty.26 Temporary access to income or a temporary fulfilment of basic needs does not generally address such deeper facets of poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	2438da4d8de37f60d365023f9e0ceb37	A pilot of this programme in 2010 supported nine projects. The extent of the benefit depends on the score obtained in the university selection test (PSU). It includes at the minimum the payment of 100% of tuition fees if the student is above a given cut-off score. But it can also include a monthly stipend (if above a higher cut-off score) and a semester studying abroad (if above an even higher cut-off score). There are indications that, as a result of this initiative, the average PSU score of students entering teacher education has increased in 2011. A further initiative is the “Choose to Teach” (Elige Educar) campaign which seeks to promote teaching through a variety of actions, including the monitoring of the social status of teaching, scholarships for individuals with experience outside education who would like to join teaching, and interventions in schools to provide information about teaching and raise awareness among school agents of the importance of teaching as a profession.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	2439ae32f878835457aa23b54a9cb4a6	Although there are isolated examples of increased efficiency and water savings, there is currently no comprehensive and solid assessment of the overall effectiveness of these investments. An allocation frameworic was developed, which identified the capacity for reducing the water entitlements of existing white farmers and reallocating that water to black farmers. While a framework was developed, it has not yet been implemented due to technical and political challenges.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-6-en	243ac1b3c5d465544764cc120221c5fc	These new charters were enacted following citizens’ calls throughout the region for greater democracy, better governance and reduced inequalities. They guarantee gender equality and set the basis for a more balanced involvement of women in their countries’ economies. Nevertheless, governments may engage in further efforts to align with international instruments and work towards equal access to economic opportunities for women and men.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c530cc54-en	243c123055877ad4dbebbdf6609541f7	"Most social protection programmes in Ghana aspire to be universal in coverage, consistent with ensuring equal opportunities for all. For example, the capitation grant and free exercise books programmes aim to reach all children attending public schools, while exemptions under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) are supposed to cover all children under the age of 18, all older persons above 70, and all pregnant women irrespective of socio-economic status. Implementation often reflects this universalistic aspiration. In line with the government's characterization of the programme as a ""national"" programme intended to benefit public primary schools in ""all 138 districts in Ghana"" (Government of Ghana, 2006, p. ii), implementation of the programme started in late 2005 with 10 primary schools drawn from each of the 10 administrative regions (i.e. one school per region)."	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	243ca7dbf30b3dfa2b2b29b686e15544	In Kansas, analytical methods have been used to determine whether additional groundwater is available for appropriation. For the Lower Republican River Basin and Belleville Formation in Kansas, the Jenkins method (a graphical approach based on the Glover-Balmer equations; Jenkins, 1968) has been used to estimate the cumulative volume of stream depletion that occurs in one year after the day pumping begins for an application to appropriate groundwater to see whether the new appropriation is acceptable (Kansas Department of Agriculture, 2010). The Glover and Balmer method has been employed in Colorado to evaluate the current and projected stream depletion impacts of water pumped and discharged during coalbed methane production (Papadopulos and Associates and Colorado Geological Survey, 2007).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	243e1ee8167f4654c910b8178644a953	For example if most of the costs fall on students - as in some forms of post-secondary training in some countries - then it is reasonable to expect that student choice will dominate the mix of provision. But in Tunisia, the cost of providing VET at upper secondary level mainly falls on the government rather than employers. One very constructive way for employers to make more of a contribution to training, and at the same time obtain many benefits for themselves, might be through the provision of workplace training and experience, which they already do quite successfully in the programmes under the ATFP, but that could be replicated in the rest of the system, in particular in the licences appliquees (professional bachelors) in universities. In this context, Box 4.10 provides some interesting examples of mechanisms to influence the mix of provision, drawing from the experience of OECD countries.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	244217cc21dfb754bb9b56bc6120e1d0	As mentioned in the ADB Asia-Pacific Energy Outlook 2013, energy efficiency and conservation is a means of enhancing energy supply security, especially for countries facing limited resources. It is affected by various factors, including industry structure, technology, lifestyle and climate conditions. In addition, energy prices as well as access to infrastructure can also affect energy intensity. Energy efficiency is positively correlated with economic competitiveness. Thus, economic development in countries such as Armenia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are hampered by energy usage inefficiencies (figure 10.21). Implementation of the framework agreements on trade in services, trade facilitation and investment will promote intraregional investment flows as well as establish backward-forward linkages between industries and a regional supply chain.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k92p0c6j6r0-en	244338bee295c9f1939e164c604b9d4d	Cities are essential actors in stimulating green infrastructure; and urban finance is one of the promising ways in which this can be achieved. Cities are key investors in infrastructure with green potential, such as buildings, transport, water and waste. Their main revenue sources, such as property taxes, transport fees and other charges, are based on these same sectors; cities thus have great potential to “green” their financial instruments.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	244503dc68c43e5501929c10859c751a	Funding has been shifted to support greater use of apprenticeships, which are seen as employer-driven and an approach that can boost individuals' skills. The London government has established the Mayor's Apprenticeship Campaign to boost engagement in this type of training. As a result of the campaign, the number of apprentices in London doubled in one year alone: from 20 000 in 2009-10 to 40 000 in 2010-11.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b620ec70-en	24474328ba3d80705d3643c27cc54740	Demographic dependency ratios (the ratio of the number of people of working age to the number of dependent persons) may vary as well, and public policy reforms may alter the benefits provided, which may in turn sparic intergenerational conflicts (Colombo and Mercier, 2012; OECD, 201 la, p. 12). These issues are analogous to the ones surrounding pension-system funding and benefits, which, with some adjustments, may inform the discussion (on pensions, see Barr and Diamond, 2008). In Latin America and the Caribbean, however, the social protection systems for pensions and health are so unequal and have proven so hard to reform that funding for long-term care should not be aligned with existing social security schemes.14 A network funded in this manner should ensure that care sendees (health and social assistance) interact effectively with the existing network of social protection providers, with regulations that prevent market skimming and safeguard quality by aiming for universal access and equal care opportunity. Bertranou and others (2011).	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	244a4b192d99fdd9c6f60761ddee11b8	The Association holds conferences and forums; launched the Qatar Business Women Award in 2007 to recognise Qatari women who contribute to Qatari society and the economy through their professional and entrepreneurial achievements. The QBWA announced a partnership with the Qatar Businessmen Association in 2010, a partnership that aims to extend its platform to include different sectors and build relationships with Qatari organisations to support its vision and help achieve its objectives. These committees provide support for existing businesses, help establish new ones, identify the obstacles to women’s enterprise development, lobby for the removal of these obstacles so women can become empowered both economically and socially, seek to reform current legislations and policies to become supportive of women’s advancement, and provide networking and educational opportunities for women entrepreneurs, working women, job seekers, and potential entrepreneurs. The mandate of these committees is to enhance the role of businesswomen, promote skills development, and assist women to establish their own businesses.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/967bd43c-en	244c387f232fa8b0e81f78f3793a63f5	In Article 198, the law defines ‘marital rape’ as any act of sexual intercourse committed by one spouse on the other by violence, threat or trickery. The penalty for ‘marital rape’ is found in Article 199, where is provided that such a person shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of at least two (2) months but less than six (6) months and a fine of one hundred thousand (100,000) to three hundred thousand (300,000) Rwandan francs or one of these penalties. If ‘marital rape’ results in an ordinary disease, the offender shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of six (6) months to two (2) years.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	24512d1317a644532d5d9b3b4ff7bf0b	On average, for every 1 % of additional pre-crisis health expenditure growth there was a 0.9% drop in health expenditure after the crisis. This recession was in many ways deeper, has lasted longer and has experienced weaker recovery than previous recessions such as those experienced in the 1970s and 1980s (OECD 2012). Patterns of health care expenditure have also been remarkably different during the psot-2008 recession.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	2451c315efdb388db26c2b7b8c8c171a	In some contexts, rural non-farm activities are also major sources of local economic growth (e.g. tourism, mining and timber processing). The RNFE is of great importance to the rural economy because of its production linkages and employment effects, and the income it provides to rural households represents a substantial and sometimes growing share of rural incomes. Often this share is particularly high for the rural poor.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	24539c574ad6eed02d2a4515a60d298c	Criteria on the attribution of costs to services with public goods characteristics, such as flood control, should be harmonised according to transparent criteria. Higher, cost-reflective prices for irrigation water would also go a long way in reducing groundwater pollution through the use of chemicals. Numerous studies have shown that more efficient water use reduces agricultural pollution (e.g. Calatrava and Garrido, 2010). A recent government report (MMA, 2007a) shows that access to these data needs to be improved.	6	0	3	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	245551d5a5fcc1fadb6edf4635872a60	"While the share of the population in extreme poverty in each region has fallen since 1990, with important variations across countries, the decline has been faster in South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa looks set to be the only region that will not achieve the first Millennium Development Goal target of halving extreme poverty at a S1.25/day level by 2015.10 Of the remaining extreme poor, 161 million live in East Asia and the Pacific — with the largest number in Indonesia. Other regions together account for less than 50 million (just 3.5 percent) of the world's extreme poor."""	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/b2f16918-en	245574100b5d2f40ce06eabf9a7dc48d	During an electricity overproduction phase, hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, compressed and stored for later use in a fuel cell for electricity generation. The disadvantage of hydrogen is the tow energy efficiency of the storage system, at slightly above 50 per cent, when electrolysis is applied for hydrogen production, in comparison to 75-85 per cent for PSH, batteries or compressed air (Hammerschlag and Mazza, 2005). The biggest advantage is the longer time horizon over which energy can be stored.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	24559806ae910f3968a739b75e74cf0c	They have the potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in Penang. The scale and expertise in health and medicine should be applied to develop strategies to increase the quantity and quality of health care provision across Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region. There are many opportunities to improve regional development in Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region, for example by providing an opportunity to: i) address the regional health challenges, ii) undertake multi-disciplinary research on the inter-connections between improving education, social and economic conditions and improving health outcomes, iii) provide community-based medicine and ambulatory care facilities and iv) provide innovations in medical education and health care delivery.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	2455d38c6f5941a189a68d3d65d60b0c	"Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity, which are part of our common heritage."" Establishment and management of these national parks are in accordance with IUCN Category II (table 11.1). This publication provides an overview of information on habitats and species from Annex I and II of the Habitats Directive that are located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data overview was based on field research and, to a greater extent, on existing reference data."	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/eca72908-en	2456a7930e4af347fc2cf70a83ffc1f9	Formerly known as Durban, the city has been praised for a renewal project (Warwick Junction), which has opened spaces to informal businesses such as street vending.17 The new planning approach was a joint cooperative initiative between public officials and organized street vendors, highlighting the suspension of traditional master plans in favour of a more collaborative approach. This included the type of inter-departmental coordination and participatory planning needed for street trading, bringing public agencies, which otherwise work in silos, into collaboration with one another. The municipality also made sure that street vendors and their preferences guided the (low-budget) design, facilitating project ownership.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	2458eced9b3db6f52e809bf388ec853a	This is partly due to weak regional job creation, but it is also connected to a lack of information from the private sector to orient young professionals toward existing needs and opportunities in the region. Public authorities could strengthen existing institutional mechanisms to intensify a more comprehensive region-wide dialogue between training service providers and the private sector. The resulting information-sharing could allow a more efficient allocation of scarce resources to the large number of training services and providers within the currently highly fragmented workforce development infrastructure.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/67989bf6-en	245a8a1fa40436940a89725d640162bc	In Austria, at the federal parliamentary level, members of parliament will be excused to take “maternity leave” when appropriate. There is no provision or practice that allows a member of parliament to take parental leave (that is, and have a substitute for his/her absence from parliament during that period). It is noteworthy, however, that some regional councils in Austria have adopted maternity, paternity and/or parental leave for parliamentarians. In terms of paternity leave, seven respondents (46.7%) noted that the provisions are the same as those prescribed by national law, while two parliaments had adopted their own policies (Latvia and New Zealand).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	245c9a47c0b1492332537843d7232677	Regional governments select a portfolio of projects (not comprehensive plans) to be financed by the FNDR.12 However, this fund is also available to municipalities that submit project proposals, most of which are oriented to financing basic local infrastructure and services in order to make up for revenue shortfalls. From a municipal perspective, requests for FNDR funds must pass through a complex set of filters that can vary depending on the project’s size. Larger projects, for example, may pass through regional governments, the Ministry of Social Development’s SEREMI, and the Ministry of Finance, while smaller ones may only go through the regional government and one SEREMI (generally that of Social Development).	11	6	2	0.5
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	245ce6daa9c166dc1488508a5f32fdff	In addition, a consultation with 14 returnee migrant women from 14 districts was held in September 2016 in Kathmandu in order to better understand the reintegration process. The interaction focused on the challenges and opportunities of reintegration after women’s migration journeys. Following the focus group discussion, five in-depth interviews were conducted to further consolidate the data.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/13616d1f-en	246274d4deaf2f3d09437e8113ae288a	"One can now also demonstrate how operators in different sectors are incorporating ""nexus thinking"" into the exercise of their mandates on an increasingly regular basis. Water, soil and nutrients, for example, are underlying resources for the production of food and energy. In his review, Roidt (2017) infers that the rationale behind majority academic support for a nexus approach is tied to a critique of the IWRM approach and its shortcomings."	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0492621a-en	2462c2842d2a1d90ec55a8b9754c4bf2	It would be beneficial for Central Asian railways to offer integrated freight-forwarding and logistics services across the region. Practically, this means they are organised around a significant number of terminals - which, in turn, are connected to warehouses within the urban railway network. Moving a single wagon typically requires a long series of logistics operations. The wagon is first loaded at a warehouse connected to the railways. It is then sent to the main terminal of its city to be consolidated into a freight train. It might then go through successive marshalling before reaching the terminal of destination.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	2465a11b71b8c2f922c844c307cd5648	Second, due to a significantly narrower tax base in emerging economies than in most OECD countries, a switch towards general taxation might not be as advantageous in terms of reducing the distortionary effects of taxes on labour. Raising income and corporate taxes, which weigh mainly on the formal sector, would limit the reduction in disincentives to formality. There is thus room for more risk pooling, as it would reduce the overall cost of contributoiy programmes. Risk pooling refers to the collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risks from an individual to all members of the programme. From a policy perspective, risk-pooling arrangements attempt to manage the need to subsidise care for people with the highest health risks (horizontal redistribution), the lowest ability to pay (vertical redistribution), or both when facing a health shock (Baeza and Packard, 2006). Besides, by exploiting economies of scale, risk pooling can reduce the average cost of the benefit package compared with multiple programmes, each with their own administrations and information systems.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	246658c8b85bc7c75378c61e0a126f1d	Knowing whether particular deprivations are stand-alone issues may be useful when identifying possible entry points for policy interventions. Figure 6 demonstrates the deprivation incidence for three dimensions, subdivided by the extent of overlap with other dimensions by urban and rural areas separately. The first part of the bar (on the left) shows the proportion of children deprived in only the specified dimension and no other dimensions, while the other parts of each bar show how many children are deprived in the specified dimension and also other dimensions simultaneously. The graph shows that although the percentage of children deprived in nutrition is similar among children below the age of five in both, rural and urban areas (the entire bar; 39% for both), the extent to which children experiencing malnutrition are exposed to also other deprivations differs depending on where children live.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	246b6d76a8b30784bc8bcac05d5591f5	The key finding was that students’ general cognitive abilities interact with the level of structure provided by the teacher: students who score lower on measures of general ability do better in teacher-controlled learning environments, in which teachers maintain a high level of control, lessons are broken down into small units, with direct instruction and frequent feedback. The contrary holds for students with higher general ability, who benefit from so-called discovery or learner-centred learning environments. The concept of “adaptive teaching” was a response to this realisation in which teachers are seen as best able to make moment-to-moment decisions about what works for each of their students. As learners gain in aptitude through experience with respect to the instructional goals at hand, such teaching adapts by becoming less intrusive.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	246cae63eca7b9174d5666f791f5357f	Costs relate to repeated travel expense and potential (unofficial) payments to obtain the document. The application process itself may require repeated travel to a district centre. These direct costs together with opportunity costs may be too high especially if the result of the application is uncertain and/or the benefit is too low.	1	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	246efc78caccc79b3f6fc385b656bc8a	This envisages all children with different impairments being integrated in regular schools. The policy requires differentiation and work against the stigmatisation of disabled children. The Commonwealth Education Fund (CEF) was set up in 2002 to co-ordinate international NCO funding for education in 16 Commonwealth countries.	4	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-10606f78-en	246f896f2126ba4ec84aadbe44b248c8	The maritime sector, a truly global industry, can directly support the achievement of the SDGs as shipping has a significant role to play in helping create conditions for increased employment, prosperity and stability through promoting maritime trade. Much of what happens within the oceans is in fact hidden, so it can prove challenging to engage people compared with other Goals, where the objectives may be far more visible and relatable. But given that ocean life supports all forms of life on earth, Goal 14 is an important Goal nonetheless.	14	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	247040a21ff3ac5fcc2dfd69c67f114b	According to climate experts, this would result in a surface temperature increase of 4.8°C over the period 2081-2100 as against the average for 1986-2005, a rise in sea levels of almost one metre, the proliferation of extreme climate events (such as droughts, torrential rainfall and stronger hurricanes), together with worsening food insecurity. Measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii went up by more than three parts per million (ppm) in 2015. The spike is due to a combination of human activities and the El Nino weather pattern.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	2470acf4e3b4533f8d8ddcb69663f405	Another example of requirements within this category could be to set a requirement to an automatic detergent dosing system for washing machines avoiding over-dosage and overconsumption of detergents. By including requirements to the manufacturing the labels expand the scope from a product focus towards a production focus. The Ecodesign Directive, as the name states, mainly sets requirements to the design of the product, however targeting the environmental performance of the entire product life cycle. Therefore setting direct requirements to the manufacturing process might be outside the scope of the Directive.	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	2470c1075a6e0c469563259344143620	Brochures are available in Romanian describing the national and nature parks but more could be done to attract tourism, as administrators are responsible by contract for establishing a tourism strategy and a communication strategy with the local communities on tourism. This plan allows the Park to mobilize resources for financing its activities. It has already made progress in building the necessary infrastructure to receive more visitors.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	24716d93920fb930a6fa6637887dc34e	"Waara concludes that the gender identity of the youth contributes to their feeling of being in or being out of the local context. Thus, he finds that the young people, who have a traditional gender identity, to a greater extent, are involved in and connected to the local community, as opposed to the young people with a ""modern"" gender identity who display a weaker place attachment. Waara additionally concludes that young women feel more tied up with the locations and the gendered position they are offered, and that this contributes to their desire to move: ""Insofar as young women have more ""to gain"" than young men by leaving the asymmetric gender roles, an explanatory dimension around the skewed sex ratio is established at the cultural level"" (Waara 2003:198, own translation)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330732-5-en	247209e8738173430f30320eb704da8c	In line with this approach it is the sexual exploitation that is central for the violation in sex trafficking, not the actual movement of crossing borders. The exploitation of women in prostitution is considered as the most severe form of male domination, and can according to the approach in this study, not be separated from sex trafficking. A methodological consequence of this is that both sex trafficked women and what others perhaps would define as migrants for sex work and sex workers are categorized together in the study. The thematic fields and the questionnaires that were formulated in the study reflect this approach.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3eecb8cd-en	2473accc700ff6b9f8ce7c4de0480390	The data are based on previous studies (including Angelsen et at., Data sources are the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FAO, 2015a) and RRI (2014). Data were adapted from Zomer et al, (2009). Data sources include published literature and case studies. Data sources include published literature and case studies. Nonetheless, given the scale and the nature of opportunities that the forest sector presents, it has the potential to help overcome gender inequality within and beyond the sector.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	24770affce7c1f69e7a101a0dfeed79b	This means that it is not currently possible to quantify total needs by developing countries for adaptation finance or other support. For example, it can be difficult to disentangle “adaptation” from development funding, whether a specific activity could help increase adaptation or not depends on site-specific characteristics, and whether the activity should “count” as adaptation will be influenced by the intent of the project. This complicates an assessment of public climate finance for adaptation. Assessing mobilised climate finance for adaptation is also complicated given the complex financing structures of several adaptation activities and the long time delays between providing support for an adaptation project (particularly in the form of technology assistance or capacity building) and climate finance mobilisation (see e.g. CPI and OECD, 2015 for a more detailed discussion).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	24774df231ed70ee359776c2f506a85a	Some colleges developed partnership-teaching, in w hich basic skills specialists and course tutors worked together to offer support as part of a course. This approach had two advantages: it allowed to support those w'ho were reluctant to attend targeted workshops, and it related basic skills development to the student’s course. Those who received basic skills support were three times less likely to drop out. They also had better completion (those on a two-year course) and qualification rates (those on a one-year course) than those who did not receive support. The Relationship between Basic Skills Support, Drop Out, Retention and Achievement in Further Education Colleges, Basic Skills Agency, London.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	2478ef46d53cbe38432f2ddcca23c2fa	In mathematics, 67% of students scored at level 1 or below which indicates that they struggle to undertake very basic operations and interpretations (PEN, 2015). The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which focused on the performance of 15-year-olds in science in 2015, shows that Costa Rica performs well below OECD countries and at no more than the average level for Latin America (see Chapter 1). The high proportion of 15-year-old students who lack basic skills in science (46%) and do not reach the level of achievement (level 2) regarded as the minimum needed for full socio-economic participation is one of the largest among PISA participating countries and more than double the average across OECD countries (21%).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	247c6fdaf1d4aa6f1b954cf562622eef	A strong mismatch in Russia between needed investments in road infrastructure and growing car ownership results in congestion, overused roads in poor conditions and deteriorating public transport systems. The share of car trips in Russia (68%) is still lower than in such OECD countries as France (84%), Sweden (83%) and Belgium (75%), and it is likely to increase further, to similar levels (Donchenko, 2013). Investments in transport, particularly urban public transport infrastructure, are insufficient to accommodate growing urban mobility needs and to compensate for chronic under-investment during the late Soviet period. Sub-national investment capacity for urban transport infrastructure is low and federal investment programmes are too sparse to have a sustainable impact on municipal transport systems (Box 3.10).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	247ecd10aefc806aac62b29c9dded8ef	But reported cases of lowering water tables, ecosystem damages, saline intrusion, stream depletion, and land subsidence observed in some of the most important OECD agricultural regions provide evidence of highly damaging external effects that call for policy responses. Lack of information on groundwater resources is bound to lead to an inability to identify and adequately treat groundwater problems. Information collection is costly and needs to respond to a demand, but insufficient investment in groundwater information and data will prevent effective management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	247efa3868193848883d728b24bc8813	Even controlling for differences between the countries in demographics, socio-economics, and land use, logistic regressions show that Germans are five times as likely as Americans to use public transport. Moreover, public transport in Germany attracts a much broader cross-section of society and for a greater diversity of trip purposes. The authors explain the success of German public transport by the application of a coordinated package of mutually supportive policies that include: (1) more and better service, (2) attractive fares and convenient ticketing, (3) full multimodal and regional integration, (4) high taxes and restrictions on car use, and (5) land-use policies that promote compact, mixed-use developments. Rolph BUEHLER and John PUCHER, Demand for Public Transpori in Germany and ihe USA: An Anolysis of Rider Characteristics, Transport Reviews.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	247f8e5e6741373281a27acd52d35c2a	"The OECD and EU28 (i.e. European Union) aggregates refer to the unweighted averages of those countries that have minimum wage policy and are included in the chart. When taking up a job, a significant portion of these new earnings can be ""taxed away” through reductions in benefit entitlements combined with imposition of income taxes. These participation tax rates, which are calculated by the OECD for many countries, are significantly below the OECD average in Portugal."	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	248349fe6c754d7f9ed25aceb00517fe	The layout of questions and answers on the questionnaire should be uniform in order to assist with the flow of questions and responses. Uniformity refers to applying a particular layout consistently to all questions and another consistently to all responses. Different coloured paper can be used to differentiate components of the questionnaire so that interviewers can easily move through sections and omit those that are not applicable.	5	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	248e4698b00a5b5286675a3bcefe9fb3	However, with global subscription penetration crossing the 100 per cent threshold in 2016, mobile markets in both developed and developing economies are poised for slow or declining revenue trends in the near future. With greater maturity levels comes increasingly intense competition, forcing service providers to transform their business models and seek alternative sources of revenue and efficiencies. Mobile phone usage patterns reflect the growing consumer appetite for mobile Internet services fuelled by the wider availability of affordable smartphones and richer media content platforms and applications.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	248e5ace3131c7f35855b29f690d57a4	Proper and repeated application of the plan-do-study-act cycle should underpin this, focussed on patient outcomes to steer local and national policy making. While OECD health care systems are getting better at embedding evaluation of local initiatives, system-wide assessment of health care system performance is still lacking. Such evaluation should be more systematically conducted to assess the impact of policies and to fill existing gaps in knowledge.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	248e67fba17299506c35d2eb8d792da2	Data for 2012 show that some 54% of the country’s electricity exports went to Hong Kong, China, while 46% of its imports came from Hong Kong, China. Viet Nam and Macau, China are the two other major export destinations of China’s electricity. China also supplies electricity in smaller quantities to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Myanmar.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	248fed42399a7e21ee34d29dc2902acb	Innovative pedagogies can play an important role in this. Assessment of such competences demands the use of complex and authentic tasks rather than being excessively focused on discrete knowledge. Teacher modelling, demonstrations and the presentation of information remain highly relevant but framed with the ultimate objective of promoting students’ performance and their active role in solving tasks.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	24944ec10d30dd0aded3f6df8e5e44e5	In addition to largely one way broadcast type communications a number of countries are using communications for interactive, two way conversations. These methods may be important for building understanding, capacity and in mobilising demand for safety and the safe system. Public transport remains vital to the safe system. This can involve significant challenges but also opportunities for leadership and management as discussed earlier in this paper.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	2494551bfcfecd74985d4954f45d0caf	Hong Kong, China as well as Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore have developed well-functioning integrated urban transportation systems that are based on attractive pub lie transport and restricted use of private vehicles. Country and city authorities could initiate policies to promote their use through providing tax rebates. Many guidelines,14 technical standards,15 case studies16 and sourcebooksl7 that focus on a particular aspect of urban transport and mobility are readily available.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	2494ed32d925445814ed0f47a1746614	However, when compared to other Latin American countries participating in SERCE, a smaller share of school principals in primary education are women (52.5%, SERCE average: 62.5%). In private urban schools, only 38.8% of primary school principals are women, the lowest proportion for Latin American countries participating in the survey (Murillo, 2012; Weinstein and Munoz, 2012a; Weinstein and Munoz, 2014). In public schools, school principals are subject to the Teacher’s Statute.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	249805c5bea2097d847abe8c9f88ef4e	But pensions are not an adequate instrument for addressing income shocks triggered by macro-economic crises or natural disasters. It does not directly discuss the impact of natural disasters or political events that took place in the region. The food and fuel crisis and the subsequent economic crisis were triggered by global events.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264303119-en	249854cd805a069db01dcb718faab275	It is also clear that transaction costs do not constitute a once-and-for-all barrier to exchange and the existence of markets. Technological advances, for instance, could make the collection and transmission of information easier and may thus contribute to the creation of new markets. A case in point is the market for sulphur emissions, which has been working well under the “Acid Rain Program” in the United States since 1993.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	24a06973f226343d2e94c1830e4852d3	In Sweden, for example, a school reform which allowed independent schools to select students by ability led to a marked increase in segregation across schools by immigrant status (Bjorklund et al., In Denmark, for example, research suggests that since public school choice was introduced in the 1990s, segregation has increased because native students tend to choose schools with fewer immigrant and low-SES students (Bloem and Diaz, 2007). Rangvid (2007b) shows that native Danes tend to “opt out” of local schools when the proportion of migrants is between 35 and 40%.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	24a370db075c87e1180a8b34b7cd07d1	Land-embodied technical change is equal to the sectoral exogenous yield shift factors (source). Empirical results indicate that the assumption of uniform technical progress across sectors is generally not realistic. Studies indicate that TFP growth in developed countries is highest in agriculture, followed by manufacturing and services (Dollar and Wolff, 1993 and 1997; Kets and Lejour, 2003).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	24a61a31637bd2e57f986625f3ad392d	Waddington (2009)14 points out that while water supply interventions appear ineffective - averaging a negligible and insignificant impact on diarrhoea morbidity compared to controls - water quality interventions on average lead to a 42% relative reduction in child diarrhoea morbidity (with a 95% confidence interval). Such authors argue that treatment at point of use is more efficient than treatment at the point of source (via a community water treatment plant, for example) given that there are many opportunities for treated water to become unsafe alongside the transportation process (Waddington, 2009; Wright et al., These interventions can include ceramic water purifiers, SODIS, sand biofilters, etc. An example of efficient water treatment interventions at household level is described in Box 2.2. Only certain areas are affected by high arsenic levels, but tens of thousands of people have already been showing skin discoloration and other more serious manifestation of chronic poisoning, including neurologic, vascular and carcinogenic effects. Water quality interventions conducted over longer periods tend to show smaller effectiveness, while impact appears to fall markedly over time.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e8a00c8-en	24a65f9fac060eba2b687bc5ccbd50e0	The Myanmar-China 2,520 km gas pipeline, with a capacity of 12 BCM per annum, became operational in October 2013. Furthermore, China started construction of the Eastern Russia-China gas pipeline for importing 5 BCM per annum from 2018 (the volume will increase to 30 BCM per annum from 2023). The length of the Chinese part of the pipeline is 3,170 km, which extends to Shanghai, and the Russian part is the 2,680 km Power of Siberia gas system connecting the Irkutsk region to Vladivostok.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	24a88fcd5e7d9d27d72316c386171e7b	A one point increase in perceived income inequality (on a scale of 10) reduces life satisfaction by 0.1 points. This is lower than the OECD average, but consistent with findings in other Anglo-Saxon countries (di Telia et al., Unemployment, inequality and well-being (cont.) However, the literature provides clear evidence that unemployment operates also through non-pecuniary channels.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	24aa3ae95a4b2aaf584daed9e4ffed7d	Taxes and transfers now lower inequality by about 29% (column 5); more than in the mid-80s, but less than in the mid-90s. Households headed by a working-age individual (15-64, except in Sweden where 25 was chosen as the age cut-off in order to minimise the impact of a change in the definition of a household that occurred in the mid-90s). Gini values (G) are shown in percent.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	24ab51abe4913d324e299b069463aed7	Pharmaceuticals (on the PBS) are provided to patients of Aboriginal Health Services at the time of consultations and at no cost to the patient, by a suitably qualified and approved health professional, in accordance with state law. Pregnant women are exempted for inpatient and outpatient care related to the pregnancy. Children under 4 only pay EUR 1.30 per prescription medicine and no co-insurance.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	24abc47d032fa9e70353863f0822190a	Accompanying measures can play an important role: water pricing (in Jersey; or Southern Water’s transition scheme in England), education and information (in Australia), and competition for nondomestic consumers (in Scotland). The Netherlands, Singapore, Israel and Ontario have worked on linkages between their utilities, industries and universities to develop innovative w'ater enterprises both for the home and international markets. The response from the private sector comes from several perspectives.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	24ae95ebe1d08bb4843e8c62687f8f01	In the area of seed development, funding of farmer participatory crop-breeding has led to the release of 68 locally adapted varieties of crops such as cassava, bean, sorghum, and maize. Many of these varieties incorporate traits from varieties developed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and Africa’s national research organizations, along with farmers' own traditional varieties. Twenty four small- and medium-sized seed companies and cooperatives have experienced a near doubling of their seed production in two years. Their understanding is influenced by the quantity and quality of information available on fertilizer and by their access to that information. For example, the ratio of farm-gate price to cost, insurance, and freight ranges from 1.42 for the United States to 2.04 and 2.56 for Nigeria and Angola respectively. • It is important that African countries assess and prioritize the IP issues (trademarks, patents, geographical indicators, plant breeder’s protection, and traditional knowledge) according to their short-, medium- and long-term implications on their modes of agricultural productivity.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	24b547ab7f2e496b1ba39671d6cf1872	On the one hand, this could be indicative of low payroll costs because staffing is not sufficient to meet municipal administrative, operational and service delivery requirements, or indicative of low remuneration levels. It could also signal that the municipality is not willing or able to bridge this gap with consultants, a frequent practice in Chile. When evaluating 2011 human resource levels among top-ranking municipalities in the Quality of Life Index,3 Antofagasta had below-average levels of two primary consultant categories - honorario and honorario a programas -and was just above average for total human resource4 levels (Table 4.3). The city may need to further evaluate whether it needs to spend more on human resources by taking on more staff in the honorario categories. One of the marked differences in looking at the employment spread is that with the exception of Vitacura, the high scorers on the Quality of Life Index depend more on consultants. Ultimately, however, the question is not how much is spent on human resources but how it is spent.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	24b63ae14ed0411088da25a0825bead6	On the export side, the increases in trade were driven principally by wheat exports, for which the annual volume almost doubled and annual value more than tripled between 1995-97 and 2008-10. Kazakhstan ranks today among the world’s top ten wheat exporters (sixth in 2011/12). On the import side, trade growth was underpinned by the improvements in incomes and the strengthening of the national currency.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	24b84f8a3654be674693cc4eac3e149b	Its policy is to introduce separate collection and appropriate management systems, together with information targeted at households and consumers, as well as advisory services, training and assistance to businesses. Separate collection applies to all recoverable items and “problem waste”. The volumes collected by voluntary delivery to PDRs have more than doubled since 1999. Many PDRs have set up a “trading posf. One of the three inter-communal syndicates, SIDEC, has established an exchange that is accessible by Internet.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	24c03a8296db31fbc4f74f781455f812	This has led to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for personal and professional development. Research on time use, and particularly the analysis of time-use survey data, has revealed patterns of inequality in time distribution and allowed the quantification of time allocated to daily activities. It has also identified the conditions that affect time distribution and allocation for specific tasks according to the rules of the patriarchal system within families and the dominant gender system in the public arena, providing statistics to reflect unpaid domestic and care work and their effects on the lives of women and on gender relationships.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	24c26bbbd042f0286f7106fe9ba00ba5	While most developing countries have more youthful populations, and hence more demographic momentum, declining fertility rates mean that they too will increasingly face the phenomenon of population ageing. However, a narrow focus on contraception and family planning overlooks the complex interplay of social, economic and cultural factors in demographic transitions to lower birth rates. Family planning policies should be situated within a broader sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender equality framework, rather than solely focusing on fertility reduction.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	24c42e098b2825d0a8f0d3da1e7e180d	It imposes costs not only on women themselves, but on the agriculture sector, the broader economy and society as a whole. Closing the gender gap in agriculture would generate significant gains for the agriculture sector ■ and for society. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has warned that the current dominant model of food production cannot meet the food security challenges of the 21 st century and that food production systems need to become more sustainable, inclusive and resilient (FAO 2015a, FAO, IFAD and WFP 2015, FAO 2015c). The negative environmental impacts of current agricultural practices include soil erosion and damaged soil structure; altered food web structure and function; contamination of the atmosphere, soil, groundwater and surface waters; deforestation to meet new needs for farmland; nitrogen and phosphorous losses to the ocean and inland water bodies, resulting in algal blooms and reduced fishery resources and biodiversity; greenhouse gas emissions; disrupted marine food webs; and unsustainable water use (UNEP 2012).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	24c67335f93fcf883d24678b6aef28a9	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. There is a strong movement in Antofagasta to ensure that the city is prepared for its future and can provide a higher quality of life for its residents. Yet the ability to manage the challenges ahead and engage in a vibrant process of transformation is constrained by public governance institutions and frameworks that are not adapted to Antofagasta’s dynamic context. This chapter explores some of Antofagasta’s governance challenges, particularly with respect to financial and human resources, to the development and implementation of a comprehensive strategic vision, and to the role of citizens and external stakeholders in public service delivery.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	24cd949644e98ba7ccc0a731c96f8847	The Canadian federal government provides financial incentives for the period 2008-2017 for the amount of litres produced in Canada under its established the ecoENERGY for Biofuels Program (Natural Resources Canada, 2012). In addition, there are programmes at provincial level in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan, the duration of which varies per province (Laan et al., At federal level for example these are the National Biomass Ethanol Programme, which accepted applications until 2006, the Ethanol Expansion Programme, which ran between 2003 and 2006, the ecoAgriculture Biofuels Capital Initiative, which lasted from 2007 to 2012 and the Biofuels Opportunities for Producers Initiative, which provided grants to biofuel producers between 2006 and 2008 (Laan et al.,	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	24d006dec247dd43530ef55cbce9edfe	The programme has grown to 56 in 2007/08, 242 in 2008/09, 332 in 2009/10, and is projected to enrol 422 in 2010/11. The project involves students from all Israeli universities and colleges with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in undertaking cultural and educational activities. Perach student mentors work in all sectors of Israeli society - Jewish, Arab, secular and religious.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	24d2ba2006770c8834aaf7271e738b75	Because experts make scientific value judgements in the process of risk assessment, such as the use of default assumptions or scientific choices among a number of alternatives (FAO/WHO, 1997), the question has arisen of whether such judgements should be within the realm of risk management. Particularly in cases where assessment involves uncertainty, it is argued that how such scientific value judgements were undertaken must be clearly explained because they can affect the entire outcome. These were some of the focuses of discussions by several Codex committees (including the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues, the Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods and the Committee on Food Additives) about the application of risk assessment policy,3 which comprises documented guidelines on the choice of options and judgements at decision points in the risk assessment that are established by risk managers in consultation with risk assessors and the relevant stakeholders in advance of risk assessment.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	24d2f552cf7f0be5e20baab64b1b4959	This calls for the adoption of clear responsibilities for financing investments that would better take into account the bigger picture. It declines when several levels of government are involved in key health-care decisions, as is the case, for example, for financing new hospital building and high-cost equipment in several countries, including Poland (OECD, 2010a). According to Zukowski, the NFZ should play such a co-ordinating role, including planning of long-term needs, prevention, and financial and quality supervision.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	24d6bc89cfe08b084330127948d39aff	Applying consistently this scoring rule to all countries led to a number of revisions of previously published figures, notably in Spain. Second, normally only regulations concerning dismissal for redundancy or personal reasons but without fault are considered for the computation of the scores. This choice is justified by the fact that procedures for dismissal for fault are usually faster.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	24d8df4f96570e52beebfb404fad6605	This makes the analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power vital for understanding household dynamics and women's labour market participation in China; these insights will contribute to the development of policies that promote gender equality and improve women's well-being. More specifically, we examine whether women's relative bargaining power decreases their time or share in domestic and care work. We focus on a sample of 13,505 couples drawn from die 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS) data.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	24d931610f0b256a7cab1a3ebea1b12f	The first source is statistics of the former Federal Migration Service4 of the Russian Federation as well as data of international organizations. The second block comprises data of projects conducted by the authors as part of the Group for Migration and Ethnicity Research (GMER) of RANEPA as well as the doctoral thesis of Rocheva (2016). However, this method has limitations which are connected with missing non-users of the Internet and social networking sites and those users of social networking sites who have no identifiable attributes tying them to specific countries.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	24dc3967a0db2580ad20f84a4ea6ee6a	Vulnerability is reduced through physical and socio-economic measures, better land-use planning, equitable access to resources and weather-risk transfer mechanisms. Subsequent sections review the evidence linking social protection to investment in household farm assets and resources, to savings and to entrepreneurial activity, before moving to the wider community and economic impacts of social protection. But how well do social protection programmes improve the different dimensions of human resources such as health, education and nutrition?	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	24de5b3e247b19cf84abfe237b1f02e7	The brokers overcame this by engaging directly with front-line advisors locally and developing a range of marketing tools outlining the offers and scale of the potential future job opportunities. Currently there is a strong focus across the city on retrofitting “brown” buildings and investing in the infrastructure to improve energy efficiency. For instance, in the City of Sydney Authority alone there is a particular focus on installing new photovoltaic sites and a commitment to further lowering the carbon footprint of large commercial and public buildings through the Better Buildings Partnership.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8b39690f-en	24e67d87962867da9c5d12325e85e236	The share of the removals in the base year was -11.8 per cent of total GHG emissions in CO2 eq, while in the inventoried year the share was -13.05 per cent. There are two separate trends contributing to this decrease. At the beginning of the period, for economic reasons there was a transition from liquid fuels, which were previously used for heating, to electricity. Some societal groups also drastically reduced their use of energy for heating, due to their very low income.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	24e6948d2cd33cf5dd5131894b37d06e	The central government would need to keep a certain level of authority to monitor its development, to hold akimats to account for their handling of their delegated authority. The Ministry of the Civil Service that traditionally controls HRM in central and subnational levels of government would need to redefine its role and functions. Its role could be more strategic and less managerial, as seems to be the case so far, and as is typical of OECD countries such as Finland, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ab381733-en	24e94a212d0d1d57dc5c7d82c1a4a2bc	The unsold recyclables are stored at the sorting plant. Daily coverage by inert material is not regular, because the landfill is lacking stable supply of inert material. Therefore there is a restriction to receive only municipal waste, and the need for supply of cover material was omitted. The Rustavi landfill is the ideal place to test new approaches on how to change the current practice of waste management on a small scale. The cost of the first phase, which includes landfill infrastructure, roads, buildings, leachate collection/treatment, gas collection/treatment, fencing, gate, weighbridge and first waste disposal cell, was US$7.85 million (15 million lari). The second phase was budgeted at US$5.47 million.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	24e968157e84f06a8cdac4b6bfa2f00b	In the broad-base system, social housing is open to all citizens without necessarily applying any priority criterion in the allocation of dwellings. In targeted systems, social housing operates apart from the private rental market, and only households for which the market is deemed unable to deliver housing will benefit from it. Income thresholds or vulnerable groups could be criteria for eligibility in this system. Table 2.4 shows a comparison of types of social housing systems across OECD countries that may lead Kazakhstan’s leadership in its debate to define the best system for the country.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	24eb91706900f1da8872e431d4183fb4	Eleven of the 36 LDCs for which assessments have been undertaken are at high risk of debt distress (Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, and Tuvalu), while three (the Gambia, South Sudan and the Sudan) are already in debt distress (IMF, 2017b). Moreover, an increased tendency to borrow on international markets increases LDCs’ exposure to global financial shocks while also heightening risks that offshore markets will draw liquidity away from domestic markets (Black and Munro, 2010). Estimates presented in this report suggest the total investment cost for basic universal access by 2030 to be in the order of $12-$40 billion per year across LDCs as a whole; and increasing supply to fulfil the needs of transformational access would raise these costs considerably. While there is some potential for greater mobilization of domestic and external sources of financing towards energy-sector investments, this is very limited relative to the resulting gap.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	24ef0f7e7ac290800521950b58c7cf7e	The latter is innovation that adapts existing technologies for local uses, making those technologies more widely available (Dutz and Sharma 2012). One is the new market mechanisms that will be set up as a result of the Agreement. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) proved to be an important mechanism for delivering investment to developing countries in areas that mitigated climate change.12 Chapter 6 of the Agreement provides for a market mechanism that will be further elaborated by the Parties in subsequent meetings (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2016).	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	24ef40f5732472668b1ecb58b22e8d33	Although the timing of national policy evaluations may be more flexible, political pressures would make it difficult to commit resources for adaptation evaluations on the basis that results will potentially only be known 20-30 years in the future. At the same time, the value of an evaluation and the lessons it generates may be lost if the evaluation is postponed too far into the future. One option to overcome this challenge is to focus assessments on the achievement of intermediate outcomes, through ongoing monitoring and real-time evaluation.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	24f0f23daa549224332b5b222480bb8a	This first step (Section 8.2) is needed to obtain a quantitative and objective index of vulnerability which could be used to monitor the actions recommended by the IPoA. Revealing the overall characteristics of the LDCs in terms of vulnerability to climate change as well as their heterogeneity in this respect, and consequently in the required adaptation policies, constitutes the first step of this chapter. We highlight the highest vulnerability of LDCs to climate change compared with other developing countries and we analyse the heterogeneity of their vulnerability profiles. Progress has been achieved in this regard under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through the adoption of decisions at the sixteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010.’	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	24f476712942816a7f9f9021348af7a5	Unlike other regions, LAC has extreme levels of violence within society; in fact, the region has the world’s highest homicide rate (UNODC, 2014). As seen in the earlier section, crime has climbed to the top of youth concerns in the region during the past decade. Shanty towns and slum areas are both poor and violent; this dual burden reproduces and exacerbates social exclusion.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/14fbf2b0-en	24f54830abdd5d23e4a0716863cb3680	Referral for family-planning services and further diagnosis and treatment for complications of pregnancy, delivery and abortion, infertility, reproductive tract infections, breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS should always be available, as required. Active discouragement of harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, should also be an integral component of primary health care, including reproductive health-care programmes. Reproductive health-care programmes should be designed to serve the needs of women, including adolescents, and must involve women in the leadership, planning, decision-making, management, implementation, organization and evaluation of services.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	24f561316c9de8ea753de66f8b890afb	Poverty statistics and their comparability could also be improved by greater harmonization of criteria, such as those for calculating poverty lines. The absence of this information also precludes analysis of labour earnings or of the impacts of government transfers and taxes on household welfare. The debate about relevant capabilities and the best way to measure equality in these has been wide-ranging (see, among others, Nussbaum, 2001; Robeyns, 2005), but remains open.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	24fd90f179dcf8c2d0112ae07ff4be8d	Between 2005-10,122 815 ha of land was drained at a cost of IDR 1 million (USD 110) per ha. Between 2005-09 it built 32 farmer markets, 61 agribusiness sub-terminals and 74 cattle markets. It developed processing facilities for horticulture product (116), plantation products (40), livestock feed (78), milk (27) and meat (88), and established 300 units of artificial insemination (MoA, 2010).	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	2500d117148976b4ba78fbc290288ad5	Under the third mechanism, donors transfer funds directly to federal ministries such as the Ministry of Education for specific purposes agreed between the federal ministry and the donors. Finally, the fourth channel involves the transfer of funds to implementation partners selected by donors based on bilateral agreements. Despite declining slightly in 2011/12 (in 2010/11 prices), it increased at an average annual rate of 9.8% between 2010/11 and 2015/16 (Figure 2.7). Public spending fell from 18.2% of GDP in 2010/11 to a low of 16.6% of GDP in 2012/13 before recovering to 18.4% of GDP in 2015/16.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c341a207-en	2501a9d909b451abf103b61c576e9555	The NSC approach has been piloted in several countries including Botswana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Tunisia. Many of these tools were refined and modified in readiness for supporting the global monitoring of the urban SDGs. Other United Nations bodies have developed complimentary initiatives to support SDG 11 monitoring, one of the most recent being the United for Smart Sustainable Cities Initiative.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-5-en	2501b3358523ab5eb714690f65e029f6	"It is driven by the intersection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability. Water shortage arises from conditions of scarcity, which can be defined as “an imbalance between the supply and demand of freshwater as a result of a high level of demand compared to available supply, under prevailing institutional arrangements (including price) and infrastructural conditions"" (Winpenny, 2011). Economic scarcity exists when there has been underinvestment in water infrastructure to supply sufficient amounts of water. Absolute scarcity exists when there is no affordable source of additional water, or where the costs of additional water supplies exceed the benefits of their provision."	6	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289351171-4-en	250201759c217052e79f92cfffad8599	However, Hertwich and Peters (2009) state that 72% of global GHG emissions are related to household consumption, and the rest to government consumption and investments. The potential of mitigating climate change by changing consumption patterns is modelled by Girod and colleagues (2014), who propose that low GHG-intensive choices in housing, passenger transport, food, and other goods and services would make it possible to reach the 2 °C climate target by 2050. In addition to the end-of-pipe emissions of production, we should focus on the unsustainable footprint of our normal everyday life.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	2503a9f19663d4c11a1f97b18bbaecc9	In India, for instance, factories employing more than 100 employees are required to gain permission from the Ministry of Labour before making any dismissals. Figures from the Ministry of Labour’s annual report show that in 2006, only 24 firms were given permission to dismiss a total of 884 workers. Despite this, job destruction rates in large manufacturing firms are relatively high, suggesting that many enterprises are able to evade this requirement (Venn, 2009). A survey of judges, labour inspectors, employment centres, employer organisations and trade unions in Russia shows also that labour law enforcement is seriously lacking: almost 85% of respondents think that non-observance of labour law is a serious or very accute problem, with hiring, contracts, dismissal, pay and working time being the areas of labour law most frequently violated (Gimpelson et al.,	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	2503b60053be78d66f5a92828e6e2160	A wide range of studies agree that involving stakeholders in the design of policies, such as the development of teaching standards, is a crucial element of effective governance (Burns and Koster, 2016[44]; OECD, 2013(2]). Inclusive stakeholder involvement was also identified as one of the four key elements of effective education policy implementation in a recent OECD working paper (Viennet and Pont, 2017[45]). Teachers taking ownership of the standards is also thought to contribute to recognising their professionalism (OECD, 2013(2]).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f47faf05-en	2503f931dee7f9d3567d1d9957fbb79b	Soil pollution directly affects human and environmental health and land productivity based on factors including pollutant concentration, depth of contact with biota and density of humans in polluted areas. However, soil pollution is rarely monitored. It is usually documented and measured after major pollution events that require clean-up or intervention.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	2503fe8318c1dc2be29f302fc355bcc0	However, to support long-term on-farm adaptation, the focus should be on helping farmers assess and manage their risks rather than on removing or reducing risks. Additionally, a choice of well-defined indicators may help to measure the progress and success of specific adaptation measures. These caveats notwithstanding, the assessment provided in review paper, and the resulting observations, can be used as input to help governments to design, implement and adjust their adaptation strategies.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	250bf7e8ecb34c53bad7286394377082	The countries with the lowest percentage of children and adolescents with moderate or severe deprivation in sanitation nationwide are Chile (3.5%) and Uruguay (2.6%). A major decrease was observed in all countries. The biggest reduction occurred in the Plurinational State of Bolivia (15.2 percentage points), followed by Peru (13.8%) and Honduras, El Salvador and Brazil (in that order). Around 2011,10.8% of children across the region (17 countries) were moderately or severely deprived and 6.2% were severely deprived of access to drinking water. In 10 of the 16 countries with national data (Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), over 10% of children and adolescents suffered some kind of deprivation associated with access to drinking water, and in three countries (Nicaragua, Peru and Plurinational State of Bolivia), the figure was over 10% for severe deprivation alone (see tables 11.5 and 11.6).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	250f5fd5c55bbe536c21830053cbfb74	It would need to include targets for mixes of land-uses, density and access to services including transportation and education. A national land-use framework that encourages municipalities to increase their share of flexible, mixed-use zones would also facilitate this. In areas of conditional planning that lack zoning, an alternative set of standards would need to ensure a minimum level of services and manage negative externalities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	250fc691a8efb146b7db8dbf20f7bb98	From 1970 to 2004, average daily calorie intake per capita has fluctuated in the range of 1 950 to 2 350 kcal. Average intake of calories in 1980 in India was about 63%, and by 2013 it was 73% of OECD levels.4 For protein, intake was 50% of OECD levels in 1980 and 59% by 2013. While some progress is evident over time, the extent of the difference has not changed rapidly. However, there does appear to be an upward trend in this ratio since the middle of the last decade.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	25114c9a3abe622eb732b181838f81e6	These energy-related charges and earlier charges for surface water abstraction are currently collected by the state-owned Slovak Water Management Enterprise (SWME) Banska Stiavnica, the main provider of raw water to users across Slovakia. In the future they should be the major source of funding at the river basin level. Steps taken under the flood protection programme of 2000-10 included development of a flood warning and forecast system and investment measures (amounting to EUR 170 million) carried out by SWME Banska Stiavnica. However, estimates show around a EUR 450 million shortfall of funding for flood prevention.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	251151c935bd55c53fb8405b8a5e35d7	The general tendency of the urban poor is to spend a higher proportion of their income on food and housing, while lower priority is given to health and education costs. The present section depicts the extent of the slum poor’s access to primary and public health services in the capital city of Bangladesh. As mentioned before, 60 households (15 from each of four slums) were the key respondents.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	2511a591d25eab439b3fcbfb2c81baaa	There is recognition within the MEP that the reformed assessment should move from assessing content knowledge to examining students’ skills in applying and using knowledge in ways that demonstrate higher-order competencies. This will be a significant improvement on the previous assessment, which captured only a limited range of learning activity. But the new assessment should include other modifications as well.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	25144b479b48aaf0ad2ae561baf1f6bb	However, it is important to note that facilitated procedures for the grant of such licenses will only be available to the extent that the patent holder’s behaviour has been characterized as anti-competitive (Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement). An existing exclusive right may contribute to the establishment of a dominant position in a given market, which in turn may enable the right holder to have recourse to predatory pricing practices. Where, by contrast, the patent does result in actual market exclusivity, the rights holder might have recourse to predatory pricing after compulsory licenses have been granted to generic competitors.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7c579957-en	251905e773e7cd040de0ba853b0489da	"Their first initiative was to obtain the legal status of “fisher’s wife"" in order to ensure professional rights to small-scale fisheries and secure social security benefits. After several years of campaigning, on 18 Novem ber 1997 the Fisheries’ Orientation Law was passed, which granted wives of fishers the status of ""collaborative spouse”, with retirement benefits and rights to represent their husbands in economic councils. Following this, eight regional women’s organizations formed the Federation Interregional des femmes du Littoral (FIFEL - “Interregional Federation of Coastal Women”) in May 1998 to further promote the role of women fishers as agents of economic development, and to promote a global vision of social, economic and environmental development for the small-scale fisheries sector (Roux. The social security benefits granted to the newly formalized role of collaborative spouse were in line with Para 6.3, which calls upon States to promote social security protection for workers in small-scale fisheries."	8	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	2519e5bda1461311e4a8089fc389c552	First, if any of the involved bodies do not agree with the result, it is possible to request an opinion or decision of the Ministiy for Regional Development on the matter. Afterwards, there is also the possibility to appeal to the regular court. Further, the process is administratively onerous, requiring the binding opinions of 23 authorities for both steps.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/441bff2d-en	251b9299316823651f2c7eaad5c22602	Lastly, Ribas and Soares (2011) show that in poor areas Bolsa Familia negatively affected the hours worked but impacted positively on the participation of other household members in the labour market. Chile Solidario promotes public work projects or facilitates the process of looking for a job via enrolment at the local employment office (OMIL). Indeed, table 3 shows that the programme is successfully achieving this aim given that the share of households working thanks to Chile Solidario or OMIL (5.4 per cent) is higher than for the control group (2.5 per cent), the difference being statistically significant. A similar pattern has been observed by Galasso (2006), who showed that the programme directly increased employment among beneficiaries in urban and rural areas by 6 and 4 per cent, respectively.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	251b9bcbcc5f6a00f5095eefda6aed71	Threat levels are particularly high in countries with high population density and a high concentration of human activities. Sharp declines in many formerly common and widespread species signal wider environmental problems and the erosion of biodiversity' as a whole. A wild bird index combining data from Europe and North America show's that specialist birds have declined by nearly 30% in 40 years.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	251cc943f9d239b5761aa8be749ba348	In 2000, about 76% of lone-mother households received their main income through wages and salaries (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Table 2-19). In 2006, the single-mother employment rate was 84.5%, the second-highest reported by an OECD country (OECD, 2007b; Sekine, 2008; and Zhou, 2009). Although many single mothers work full time, their earnings and incomes remain relatively low (see Chapter 4).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	251ff99756b89fe41bba0cb0182aaeee	What kinds of interventions are most effective for these schools? Teacher shortage and disciplinary climate are inter-related: most teachers tend to avoid schools with more disciplinary problems, while a shortage of qualified teachers adversely affects disciplinary climate. What is needed in these schools is an intervention to break this vicious cycle. Countries that have improved their performance in PISA, like Brazil, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, japan and Poland, for example, have established policies to improve the quality of their teaching staff by either adding to the requirements to earn a teaching license, providing incentives for high-achieving students to enter the profession, increasing salaries to make the profession more attractive and to retain more teachers, or by offering incentives for teachers to engage in in-service teacher-training programmes.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	2528495501d21ead8a0daea5549fa162	In a previous OECD review of evaluation and assessment in Denmark, Shewbridge et al. ( It could draw on the professional teaching standards that Denmark once these have been developed, but also take school-based indicators and criteria as well as school objectives and contexts into account. It can be low-key and low-cost, and include self-appraisal, peer appraisal, classroom observation, and structured conversations and regular feedback by the school principal and experienced peers.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	25285323de57e8c53f1bd3ef16dbc821	They can also be obliged to do so if the aquifer they exploit is declared overexploited. The associations establish norms for distribution and control, regulate the use and maintenance of shared hydraulic systems, organise the shared payments and resolve problems among members. They play an important role in the RBAs, to which they assign members in the users’ assembly, which in turn elects at least a third of the members of key decision-making units in the RBAs, including the governing board.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	2528ae167acfec392716fadf709069bf	They describe several challenges that might limit the ability of some countries to implement virtual water strategies, such as the potential risk of losing food sovereignty, the lack of markets for non-food crops, and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas. The authors suggest that improvements in water management practices might be more helpful than implementing virtual water trading strategies in some countries. One goal of such improvement in the discourse might be considered as determining how to utilize the attractiveness and compelling nature of the virtual water and water footprint metaphors as starting points for enhancing public interest in water resource issues, while not relying on virtual water discussions alone to guide public policy decisions. Since the mid-1990s, these metaphors have generated notable public attention and interest in one of the world’s most important, yet limited, resources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	2528f76d29c8a44be2769f22b552e9a8	Scepticism about the science is no longer an option: the world’s scientists have never been so unanimous, and so ominous, in their projections of future perils. The bad news is that too many participants in the debate consider a climate policy as consisting primarily of manipulating markets and prices. If the only tool available were market liberalization, then the solution to every problem would seem to be a matter of getting the prices right. But setting a price for carbon emissions is only the beginning of climate policy - not the end.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	252b4d5ea19c51bbd2c0d8b7060dde4c	Countries who are in the phase of building up their research capacities often begin by establishing projects with teams in scientifically advanced countries (both in the global North and South). Programmes such as the European Union’s Marie Curie grants have helped promote collaboration and mobility and created regional and international scientific networks of researchers. The STI policy review framework is being revised to strengthen the focuses on STI for the SDGs. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) carries out reviews of innovation policies in countries with economies in transition, for which the question of the absorption is particularly relevant.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	252c3eedff822008e102022957ead9d6	At the same time, price volatility has also become a major policy issue since the recent price spikes. Recent work in this area (OECD, 2011) has demonstrated that to focus policy on a single source of risk is not an efficient risk management approach. Rather than pursuing the reduction of farming risk or the stabilisation of farmers’ income, policies should focus on assisting farmers to manage risk. Risk management policies are more efficient if they are restricted to catastrophic risks for which markets tools are likely to fail. However, a risk layering approach would contribute to more effective policies as risks have different characteristics that require differentiated responses.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	252dfb592293d3e28b286d9fbfd83144	Unequal access to educational services, large gaps in the quality of education between private and public schools, or persistent financial access constraints perpetuate income inequality. Experience in OECD countries suggests that education is also a key driver of social mobility (OECD, 2010). In Colombia however, the link may be weaker (Angulo et al.,	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	252e8044392c81578817960afbcc7b2c	In parallel, Hungary reformed its subsidy system; today, the subsidy is targeted towards areas that face very high costs of service. Municipalities can apply for central subsidies if the costs (before subsidy) faced by the residents exceed a certain threshold. In 2010, the threshold was HUF 321/m* (EUR 1.2/m*) for bulk water bought, HUF 485/m* (EUR 1.8/m*) for total residential water supply costs and HUF 985/m* (EUR 3.6/m*) for combined residential water supply and sanitation costs. Subsidy claims are resolved by an inter-ministerial committee, led by the Ministry of Rural Development, which allocates the total available budget appropriation taking into account criteria such as the residential water consumed during the previous year, the expected changes in water consumption, the effective and predicted costs of service and whether the claims of concerned municipalities are supported by the board of representatives.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	25307aa4ccf1acfc6d9bde090ab13deb	Many of these disadvantages are compounded. To provide just one example: the likelihood of a young, Black woman living in the Northeast of Brazil being unemployed is 28.6%, and the probability that she is NEET is 31.7%. This compares with an unemployment rate for White males living in the South of 7.6% and a NEET rate of 9.1 %.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	253181f9261cc93f12019604fad5f9d1	Importantly, it also looks at the role of specific health system characteristics and policies to determine their importance in explaining cross-country variation in the quality of CVD acute care. It examines cross-country variation in recommended heart failure practice and analyses whether the degree of adherence can be explained by health system characteristics and policies. These data provide a comprehensive picture of health care expenditure, health care use and resources, lifestyles and risk factors, health care quality and health outcomes. The statistics that relate directly to CVD and diabetes care and outcomes provide the basis for the statistical analysis presented in this report.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	2532065ecd054ca65ed9d5102de8d99a	The main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under Inspection Services and Marketing and promotion into new sub-categories. In particular the inspection and control programmes implemented by the inspection agency SENASICA include inspection, pest and diseases and input components. Good budgetary information for the allocation of this expenditure to different sub-categories was not available and allocation was provisionally done in equal amounts. New information is being collected with the view of improving this allocation in the next monitoring cycle.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	25333b2a1f80287efc77da8e302a03ae	Individual and social participation and engagement in environmental processes intended to improve and protect the local and global environment are a concrete manifestation of understanding and motivation of, and commitment to protecting and improving the environment, expressed through behaviour. This topic is intended to capture any available statistics on a country’s pro-environmental activities and programmes. Pro-environmental activities are those undertaken by civil society or community groups to protect, improve and manage the environment.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	2535439098e7d734e40122807e888d3f	Regulations from 2005 setting maximum allowable biomass have been effective in addressing eutrophication for older fish farms in several fjords. Forthcoming new regulations will increase the monitoring obligations (MOFI, 2009a). Meanwhile, further efforts are needed to regulate cod farming, given the magnitude of its environmental impact relative to the current size of the business.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	25359f07138233a1e712b816408df815	The latter are headed by lntendentes, who are the direct representative of the President of the Republic in each of the 15 regions. Councils (Consejos regionales, COREs) supervise the lntendentes' duties and approve the Regional Plan for Urban development (Plan Regional de Desarrollo Urbano, PRDU) as well as the Inter-Communal or Metropolitan Master Plan (Plan Regulador Intercomunal o Metropolitano, PRI or PRM), as proposed by the SEREMIs. In addition, communal master plans (PMC) need to be submitted to CORE’S approval if they are not included in existing PRI or PRM.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	25381db52061d646cbf0893d279b66e7	The new mental health indicator was designed to measure the response to anxiety and depression disorders through the delivery of the improving access to psychological therapies programme (NHS Outcomes Framework 2013/2014). Spending on disability benefits represents a significant economic burden on the public finances of many OECD countries. On average, spending on disability benefits is equal to 2% of GDP in all OECD countries, with spending as a percentage of GDP as high as 4-5% in Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden (OECD, 2010).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	253a5bf148d14f8e9c66048c01fac314	Proper treatment - At the Right Place and Right Time (Summary in English), Report No. Changes in the State Budget for 1998], Proposition No. Om psykiske lidelser og tjenestetilbudene” [Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision], Sosial- og helsedepartementet, White Paper No.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	253af3501392c18c82d6ae90b1a670cb	By comparison, households of couples with or without children in the same region that are headed by women tend to have lower or similar poverty rates compared to those headed by men (figure 8.3). For example, in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, households of couples with or without children have a poverty rate of 18 per cent when headed by women, considerably less than the 36 per cent poverty rate when headed by men; in contrast, households of lone mothers with children have a poverty rate of 34 per cent, higher than the 17 per cent poverty rate for lone fathers with children. Their proportion in total households varies from 15 per cent in Belize to 28 per cent in Haiti. They may include de jure female-headed households, where women do not have a male partner, or de facto female-headed households, where the male partner is temporarily absent and may or may not contribute remittances to the household's welfare.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	25413061db6dd9cfa0cebb2e73f24a24	The greatest reduction was estimated for East Asia and Pacific5 - the only region consistently on track to meet the MDG target of halving the 1990 poverty rates by 2015 - where the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day decreased during this period by almost 0.6 billion while the poverty rate fell from 55 per cent to 17 per cent. Much of the decline was contributed by China. At the other extreme, sub-Saharan Africa lagged behind the other regions in poverty reduction: the poverty rate decreased by only 7 percentage points, from 58 per cent in 1990 to 51 per cent in 2005, while the number of poor increased by 91 million due to population increase.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272392-5-en	2543904e0720466d9cd6e6e1b0c29fe4	In contrast, the medium-term outlook predicts that the absolute number of undernourished people in Africa will remain relatively stable, whereas in India, falls in undernourishment are expected to occur, but at a later point. While incomes are increasing across the ASEAN region, so too are populations. With a rapidly-growing population, the absolute number of undernourished people in the Philippines, for example, actually rises, even though the undernourished share of the total population falls (Figure 2.14). Such differences mean that food security will remain a concern for a number of countries in ASEAN over the medium term.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	25454f6c73fb179ec12f29a7920d8d66	Lastly, professional teacher training and mid-technical level curriculum hours are set aside for working on the subject with subject teachers. Although the programme is designed for all levels of education with these variants, it is currently mainstreamed only at the secondary education level, with sexuality education workshops assigned to lead teachers. Uruguay has also set up a team of lead teachers on this subject who support and train other teachers to enrich their work and foster opportunities for reflection in the classroom.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	25473dca303be53b5a05d6b0b7ca74e5	The short-term intermittency of wind and solar plants puts great demands on the dispatchable providers of residual demand to vary substantial portions of their load in very short time frames. The ability to follow load will become an increasingly important criterion to choose between different back-up technologies. In this context, only nuclear and hydro do not emit any greenhouse gases during electricity generation.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	254872bcd39d72be4947326930cce896	Some moderate deterioration of groundwater quality is expected. Even though indirect or secondary impacts are expected to be appreciable in Armenia, water use will not be greatly influenced. The lake is Basin of Lake Jandari with a maximum depth of 7.2 m and average . Water comes mainly through the Gardaban m capacity 15 m3/s) from the Kura River, and arting from the Tbilisi (Samgori) water rcscr-quite rich in fish (carp and catfish). There are no direct wastewater discharges to the lake in Georgia. The lake is an important area for commercial fisheries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	254ac1ea774e1ed777c498a2296178f5	Large developing countries may be especially well poised to adapt advanced technologies to developing country skills, labour markets and natural resource endowments. But few international efforts focus exclusively on R&D for industrial energy-efficiency technologies. Perhaps the only exception, which focuses on the full range of energy technologies, is the IEA’s technology cooperation programme, bringing together member and non-member countries in joint technology development projects.	7	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	254f36fc70ee7cfe886aacb59b03a9c4	That is why they cannot afford the expenses to run an election campaign, for meetings and other expenditure for political purposes (Panday 2006). Education is not a requirement to become a Union Parishad member, so many women who contest elections are illiterate and may not know about their rights and responsibilities. Often relatives or vested interest groups control them (Islam and Islam 2012). Nonetheless, NGOs play a highly effective role in creating consciousness among the voters.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088986-en	255087a8e35e6ce3589bba401ed4ea53	The privatisation of the commercialisation process is not without risks. Israel has many serial entrepreneurs but the success rate of Israeli entrepreneurs is limited. Part of its work is focussed work on specific needs of the north (e.g. road accidents in bypassed towns; route choice modelling or bituminous mixture for pavements).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	2551ba608aa7e1479b6888116686012f	As a consequence Indonesia moved from a position where it imported almost a third of the world’s traded rice in some years, to self-sufficiency by 1984, a goal that had been thought unattainable by informed commentators (Temple, 2001). A “transmigration” programme resettled farm families from densely populated Java, and elsewhere to these regions. A “nucleus-estate scheme” (NES) provided corporations with subsidised capital and long-term leases to public lands for estate crop production, on condition that these companies provide technical and marketing services to smallholder estates surrounding the company plantations (Fuglie, 2010). In 1981, BULOG was given full monopoly over the marketing and distribution of sugar, both domestic and imported, and set prices at all levels of the supply chain.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	255789cf1be5842372a5cc6e527cb796	As inflationary pressures continued to abate, the central banks of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan cut their policy rates sharply since the beginning of 2012. With economic growth slowing and policy rates already low, the prospect of a rise in food price inflation in late 2012 created a potential policy dilemma. Although the refinancing rate has not been changed since September 2011, the bank's conduct of monetary policy would have only a limited impact on inflation due to its weak institutional capacity and the relatively undeveloped domestic debt market.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	255bbbb7150ecc611088aca4615bc26e	However, bringing together a variety of different stakeholders’ views and experiences on how to effectively manage international climate finance can help to identify points of common interest and agreement, where further discussion is needed and where best practices can be identified and shared across countries and communities of practice. A key benchmark for climate finance is the commitment taken by developed countries under the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion in support for developing countries to act on climate change. The USD 100 billion climate finance goal is to be mobilised from a range of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral3.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99118340-en	2561922a0e191095a3f10bc867dcf35a	Young people between 15 and 24 years of age are more likely to be among the working poor: 16 per cent of employed young people were living in poverty in 2015, compared with 9 per cent of working adults. A total of 20 per cent of people received social assistance or social protection benefits in low-income countries, compared with 67 per cent in upper-middle-income countries. By 2013, poverty rates, using the income measure of $1.90/day, in Africa (excluding North Africa) had been reduced by at least 15 per cent, from the 1990 rate of 56.9 per cent to 41 per cent (World Bank, 2016b), with the fastest reductions occurring between 2002 and 2012.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	25633859fea2b5b6f558f0dd8382da84	Girls are disadvantaged in regions with low overall enrolment rates, while in regions with higher rates - such as South America, Central America and Southern Africa - it is the other way round. As girls’ educational expectations rise at a faster pace than boys”, so does their academic performance. Once they have gained access to higher education, women outstrip men in grades, evaluations and degree completions (UNESCO, 2012a). Regions are in descending order of 2010 enrolment ratios.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	2564e3dc2373f7725c7f0cdd113937a2	Post-2015, there will be a need for substantial increases in the concessional resource flows to low-income and lower-middle income countries, on a stable and predictable basis, to support productive investment and the provision of public goods. The 2005 Paris Declaration and the subsequent Accra Agenda for Action in 2008, along with the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation in 2011, are the clearest results of those efforts. Although not yet fully implemented, these agreements imply a certain rebalancing of the relationships between partners and donors.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264282735-7-en	2565848e0c7cbaf8f3d71a5794362744	Political sustainability - which refers to the continuity and commitment of policies and strategies by key actors; and, financial sustainability - which refers to the adequacy resource flows to guarantee the continuity of the expected outcomes of the policy (Mokate, 2001). The analysis of efficiency, in Section 3.2, examines how well available resources are being used. In both sections, the focus is on the government-funded sector of the Peruvian health system, that is, the Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS). Inefficiencies put the financial sustainability of the system at risk, while political instability can also lead to inefficiency, if governments close programmes implemented in a different administration, for example, or use programmes for political gain.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264091269-en	256965ce11bb60432ec82be2fcdb0bec	Respondents who completed two or more tasks correctly were then given a much larger variety of tasks drawn from a pool of 170 items, printed in one of eight test booklets. Test booklets were randomly assigned to respondents to ensure good representation of the domains of interest. The assessment was not timed and respondents were given maximum opportunity to demonstrate their skill proficiency.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	256cb5230df3964b34e1e18ab59f2794	The imperative of affordable, clean and renewable energy access to all should be acknowledged. Moreover, the recent evolution of financing structures, along with substantial policy support to RESs has boosted increased investment in renewable projects and contributed to decreasing technology costs. Global new investment in renewable energy has reached an all-time record of USD 286 billion in 2015, with a shift in geographic deployment towards Asia (FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2016).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	2574158fe6cff6f2496beea8ed1cd107	Bringing together Muslim women from across geographical borders has been important in building solidarity, and women across the world realize that they are not working in isolation, but that they are fighting similar battles. Musawah’s transnational ties represent a channel that is important to women activists in sharing information and strategy. Musawah has established an affinity group for young women advocates, the Young Women's Caucus, in which some 30 Muslim women under age 35 are working on issues among young Muslim women and based on the Musawah framework. Social and economic norms that cast men as breadwinners and women as caregivers shape how young women find marriage partners even if the realities are somewhat different for other reasons. The idea that higher education is inappropriate for women, especially if the education would require women to live far from home, is an obstacle in some settings, mainly in lower class and suburban areas. The family is also a key source of emotional and social support for many young women.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	2575c343d288d968cb716efd6286c2d3	From the early 1980’s, energy consumption in households experienced high rates of growth. In fact, household energy consumption continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate. The number of vehicles in Sydney increased to almost 2.4 million in 2007, with the number of vehicles increasing at almost twice the rate of population and household growth over the past decade12. More people in outlying areas are dependent on cars for commuting, shopping and education because public transport services are poor.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/855edf42-en	25766ce02326952a35b61806b6dadc2b	As a result, members of LGBTI communities are often reluctant to disclose their sexual orientation or activities to health providers, inhibiting their ability to receive quality care that is reflective of their needs. This population continues to be marginalized within the family planning movement, reflecting both direct prejudice and the perception that reproduction and reproductive matters are not relevant to them.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1ea53441-en	2577b3c689d47acda88fbd105cc3fb70	Investment-led green and climate-compatible innovation strategies need sectoral policies and overarching structural or industrial policies to encourage market development where this is appropriate and necessary. Such arrangements can be based on local/ individual entitlements or communal use rights, and develop collective systems of rewards, incentives and penalties in relation to the use of collectively used resources such as land, water systems, forests—which are significant in the face of the climate challenge either because of mitigation or in view of adaptation options (Ostrom, 1990). In order to make these common pool systems work, states would have to protect the rights of small-scale producers to their resources. Direct interventions include (i) public programmes (for reforestation and technological innovation) and (ii) regulatory measures such as the setting of targets or caps on GHG emissions, zoning, standards (on emissions, products and technology).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	2579f07c3e1052b6be9d28118654f338	The figures presented here include part-time, part-year employment. Male earnings inequality rose by 17%, on average, compared to 9% for females, or by 5 Gini points for men and 3 points for women. In some countries, such as Australia and Norway, earnings inequality declined for women while it increased for men.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d004d8b3-en	257a0f1ef3531945b6a3a8af553b2c7a	Note: Comments provided by the experts do not necessarily imply the endorsement of suggested indicators. Inadequate information about risks can lead to mispricing of assets and misallocation of capital and may give rise to concerns about financial stability. The report provides a number of recommendations on how to facilitate disclosures on climate-related issues, including by considering metrics on climate-related risks associated with water, energy, land use and waste management, where relevant and applicable.	12	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	2580412cbb130f68cdd98439a657c494	Section 2 presents the latest data on EPL in OECD and G20 countries and discusses cross-country differences. Section 4 examines existing procedures for dispute resolution and their likely impact on the cost and effectiveness of employment protection, even though these dimensions are not included in quantitative OECD indicators at the moment. The chapter concludes with some brief remarks about the need to accompany employment protection reform with adequate employment assistance to workers affected by the reform.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	2581bf4d1cbf6b2ca3e5ffa721efa7b1	Only a small amount from retail shops Mainly food producers and wholesale companies. Allwin support mostly charity organisations in the Gothenburgh region and do also receive most food from the retail sector and food industry in the same region. Allwin is planning to establish redistribution activities also in Stockholm in the future (S. Eisner pers. In Oslo, Matsentralen deliver to as many organisations around Oslo as within Oslo, although this not necessarily reflects the amounts being redistributed.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264082106-5-en	2581cdabee611c647f5aa694d747a6dc	Between 1997 and 2006, the two upper secondary education options were Technical Vocational School (TEE) and the Integrated Lyceum (Eniaio Lykeio). Before 1997, four upper secondary routes existed ranging from entirely vocation to entirely academic. To this date, all available studies on vocational education refer to this earlier structures. First, Greece is one of the countries in the OECD with the lowest age of compulsory schooling.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	2582a95f09dc086ac1badbd56600f31c	The ability to monitor progress at the school level in a comparable manner was a major achievement and was very helpful in linking funding with performance improvements of the education system. Another important direction was the substantial increase in conditional cash transfer programme Bolsa Familia (initially, Bolsa Escuola) which created both incentives and the means for poor parents to send their children to school (De Mello and Hoppe, 2005; OECD, 2011). This has recently received much attention, with enrolment in vocational training more than doubling since the early 2000s.	2	7	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289352758-1-en	25833e5fb03622720a3c8060eb669f89	Some of the brands are also designing products for ease of recycling, through avoiding fibre and material blends or design for ease of separation of different materials. These require not only designing of products from which materials can be recovered for the next generation, but also systems to collect post-consumer products. All the brands we spoke to have committed to moving more deeply into circular thinking in the future. For many the starting point has been to use readily accessible and consistent quality recycled fibres such as recycled PET or pre-consumer cotton waste from factories. Design for recycling may eventually lead to take-back systems, which once in place, can act as a catalyst for spreading closed-loop thinking to other products.	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	25865e127030ebf2270e8d4ce83621ac	As expected, low birth weight is associated with higher infant mortality, as is being part of a multiple delivery. Mortality rates also vary with birth order: infant mortality is highest for children of birth order four or higher and is lowest for children of birth order two or three. While this is in line with other studies on infant mortality, it contrasts with the findings of an earlier study on Jordan by Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa (1996). Analysing mortality statistics for the period 1980-1990, these authors find that infant mortality rates were lowest for first-born children.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	258934e8e008d45dbe72633e37384a14	Pre-school and kindergarten teachers must have a bachelor's degree. Every spring, thousands of high school graduates submit their applications to the Departments of Teacher Education in eight Finnish universities. Normally it's not enough to complete high school and pass a rigorous national Matriculation Examination; successful candidates must have the highest scores and excellent interpersonal skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	258c80406e81f4b1310c6181a5682e31	Some other countries, such as Australia, prepare the same foundation education for primary and pre-primary teachers, but a specialisation is to be selected for one of the two qualifications. Licensing can be obtained by demonstrating the abilities to practice the profession or duties in ECEC. In, for example, Finland, no renewal is required.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	258dc0f26d6dc5c5c06d16901dc4637c	A smart grid demonstration project is currently underway in the island of Jeju. The ability to collect and transmit real-time data as well as measurement devices permitting two-way communication allow for remote reading and greater demand-side participation. Smart meters also offer a broader set of tariffs based on real-time prices. Distributed energy resources are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 to 10 000 kW) located close to where electricity is used (e.g. a home or business) to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system (California Energy Commission, 2008).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	259072965734b443145b2df5bc7429ce	It first describes the project on Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination (ECLM). It then addresses the economic impacts of immigration on the country. The chapter presents the report’s key results regarding the foreign-bom population in Ghana, such as the labour market and fiscal impact of immigration, and regarding the broad contribution of immigrant workers to gross domestic product. The chapter ends with policy implications related to how immigrants affect Ghana’s economy.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	25911ca0ddc7c5c23f6e6455993643bc	Differences are lowest in the public sector, and the rural employment programme provides equal pay for both genders. The differences in wages can partly reflect overall education levels and the types of sectors where women work (World Bank, 2012) but discrimination by gender is also likely to contribute. The legal framework for equal pay is not always enforced (Equal Remuneration Act of 1976), partly reflecting the large share of the informal sector (about 95% of employment). Unpaid family workers do not report wages therefore they are not included.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	259327e8c2634799c0dccf8e13446f70	In Alagoas, youth are over twice as likely as youth in Santa Catarina to be NEET (Figure 1.13). Educational inequalities, which are also marked, will be explored in some further detail in Chapter 2 of this report. Addressing geographical inequalities in opportunity should therefore be a priority for the Brazilian government, and policies aimed at youth should be more strongly targeted at the most disadvantaged areas.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	2594be51639019434f9b75c1b2c7e36d	Stanislawa Golinowska is an economist at the Center for Social and Economic Research in Warsaw and Institute of Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Patrizio Sicari is research assistant in the OECD Economics Department. The authors are thankful to Andrew Dean, Robert Ford, Peter Jarrett, Isabelle Joumard, Andrzej Kwiecinski, Gaetan Lafortune, Yuki Murakami, Valerie Paris, Artur Radziwill and Polish government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/137d57b2-en	259637989620bd5f167fc67894ccc7c9	Successful programmes, she says, provide timely, sufficient and scientific information, tailored to the needs of each age group. “ Evaluation studies have shown that sex education has an impact in delaying the age at the first sexual intercourse, in increasing the use of contraception methods and condoms, and in decreasing the levels of violence against young girls,” she says. “ The above implies the reduction of early and unwanted pregnancies, and the decrease of HIV/AIDS.” It looks at the decisions that individuals make—or would like to make, if they had the opportunity.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	25a009a69a275f502e66c0c242374758	It is generally measured as energy consumed divided by GDP, or in a given sector it is the energy consumed divided by value-added for the sector. Energy conservation: implies meeting our needs with less energy consumption. Energy conservation is measured in terms of reduced energy units alone or the ratio of before and after energy consumption.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	25a0db51bdf23d4da134af5f1861a789	In Brazil, the Bolsa Familia programme began in the mid-1990s as an experiment in two municipalities and currently covers 11 million families. In Colombia, the initial target of the Familias programme had been 400,000 families, but it had expanded to cover 1.5 million households by 2007. Smaller programmes in poorer countries such as Kenya and Bangladesh cover a few thousand families (World Bank, 2009a).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	25aacf3a81dee9af4b5f2dfb1e3f027c	In the first two years of GEF-6 (2014-18), grants of US$566 million have already been made available through 52 projects and programmes to enhance the economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests. In addition, the GEF has also launched a US$45 million integrated programme to take deforestation out of commodity supply chains. Multilateral funds support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions that are not covered by existing ODA-supported development programmes.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	25abf40dc574878d60f6391c7b077c46	The 2040 Growth Concept emphasises co-ordination of land use and transport in order to preserve the region’s locational advantage as a relatively uncongested hub for trade. It also states that the preferred form of regional growth is to contain growth within a carefully managed urban growth boundary' (UGB), a land-use planning line to protect farms and forests from urban sprawl and orient growth in the form of infill and redevelopment with higher density where it is appropriate. The UGB has been expanded more than 30 times since it was first drawn up, in accordance with forecasts of land supply needs. In its quality as an MPO, Metro is also tasked with preparing a Regional Transportation Plan (RTP), which evaluates federal, state and local funding for transport improvements, estimates project costs and proposes funding strategies.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	25ae221fa95d8a44f87c08df57967aa3	Information reported directly by patients offers insights that cannot be identified through other means. It empowers patients to play a greater role in decisions about their health care (Fujisawa and Klazinga, 2016). There is great promise in translating these metrics into actions that can improve patients’ experience and their clinical outcomes.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/73320136-en	25b00779223683f93db3e56cf400bd87	Young women and girls, especially lone women heads of households, may be at greater risk of turning to prostitution, which brings new risks such as sexual violence, pregnancy, and exposure to disease. Reports of Syrian refugees arriving in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey and marrying off their daughters at a young age are increasing. In Libya, observers have noted the establishment of offices devoted to organizing marriages between Libyan men and young women refugees from Syria.4 This phenomenon is often assessed in certain categorized ways, measuring rates of child marriage, early and forced marriage and polygamy.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	25b03bdf6023b7ed87fa559a891424bb	Subsidies for agriculture were abandoned, credit policies for farms were tightened and farmers entered a market with competitive prices (including imports); however, the supply of farm inputs remained monopolised (Kowalski, 1993: 35). Unemployment in both rural and urban areas increased significantly during this initial period of transition, though less so than that experienced in most other Central and Eastern European countries during this time (Swinnen, Dries and Macours, 2005). The early 1990s was a transformative period and led to, among other things, a shift away from the extraction of raw materials and towards the production of processed goods for export (Gomulka, 2016).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283411-en	25b5f8ba1b0b51d459b7f3004cc9304b	Yet a national colorectal cancer screening programme is notably absent, due to several reasons. First, no professional consensus existed on the preferred methods for colorectal screening in Hungary. Second, a shortage of health professionals made it difficult to launch a colorectal cancer screening programme for large segments of the population. Third, investment in the necessary equipment and the overall cost of this programme were considered prohibitive during a period of tight budget constraints.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	25b6ec3c2655154d07e3156ccc7651dc	Previous OECD work has shown that access to a job is a major factor limiting the risk of poverty, but being employed per se is often not sufficient to escape poverty. While the poverty rate among jobless households is more than double the rate observed among working households, there are also significant in-work poverty risks in many countries. Indeed, 7% of individuals living in households with at least one worker are poor in the OECD, and the working poor comprise more than 60% of all the poor individuals of working age (OECD, 2008a). To address this issue, a conventional poverty threshold is used with 50% of the median equivalised household disposable income.21 The analysis presents the proportion of households falling below the poverty line, for various household work types (Figure 4.18).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264300002-4-en	25ba9721b9930ca745aca111796d4f9c	So the degree to which a country values education seems to depend at least in part on the country's view of how knowledge and skills fit into the way it fills its national coffers. Placing a high value on education might thus be a prerequisite for building both a top-notch education system and a thriving economy. Again, this is just the direct economic benefit; imagine the social impact on large parts of populations that currently lack basic knowledge and skills.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	25bb28be27f145d3fb38f4df94087299	Wide inequalities exist in the prevalence of these chronic conditions by education level. However, differences in self-rated health by socioeconomic status are observed: 82% of people in the highest income quintile report being in good health compared to 68% of those in the lowest quintile (Figure 4). Yet this gap is smaller than in most other EU countries. Accoiding to estimates, over 30% of the overall disease burden in Derenark in 2015 could be attributed to behavioural risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, diet and physical inactivity, with smoking and metabolic risks (e.g. obesity and high cholesterol) contributing the most (IHME.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	25bc4d804102df415af172e156812572	"This is particularly the case in countries where the level of social spending is comparatively low (as for instance in Greece and Mexico) and/or where support already targets poor families (as, for instance, in Belgium and Slovenia). To reduce poverty effectively, a redistribution of benefits also involves correcting the ""losses"" of income that can be induced by interactions between different benefits and/or with tax rules (Bradshaw et al., In addition, while a redistribution of child benefit and/or housing benefit may provide a greater income to the poorest children, it should be accompanied by a reinforcement of measures enabling parents to take up a job and reconcile work and family life in the more or less short term so that such a redistribution is not a factor discouraging work."	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	25bdd34d61dbca5c7f364b331ede2010	This centre is a pioneering tripartite industry-led skills training and education centre. It has now attained both national and international recognition as a model of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industry and one stop human resource development entity. The centre has an international consultancy programme and it has exported its expertise in places such as Chittagong and Manaus (see Box 3.9). As a result, its international network appears to be more established than the links with the higher education institutions in Penang. It aims at promoting linkages between MNCs and local companies and to promote fast track for radio-frequency, computer-embedded and green technologies. Initially there were 589 participants to the programme (1989/90).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	25c00139e3999e50238884127b562803	In Bangkok, policies to restrain the use of private cars were never implemented (although they were often proposed). In contrast, Tokyo has prevented car dependency with travel demand-management strategies. One of the most stringent is requiring buyers of cars to secure a night-time parking place before they are granted permission to register a car.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	25c0b7caa2586f5aa1a050ff771886e3	However, reported methane emissions are often based on production volumes and standard emission factors (in large part derived from US EPA work) (IEA, 2013). The 100-year global warming potential cited here is most commonly used, but in scenarios where climate change impacts become severe already in the near term, one could argue that a higher value / shorter time scale should be used. According to the industry itself, this is not primarily the result of a specific focus on reducing methane leakages, but rather due to strict safety regulations and high-quality equipment (Statoil, 2013). All oil and gas production in Norway also takes place offshore, which requires greater attention to pipe sealing and equipment durability than onshore production. We do estimate what the impact of this would be, but do not use it as the main scaled abatement potential for this solution. By 2010, this had gone down to 2.8kgCH4/TJ, an average reduction of 2.3% peryear.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	25c24275fd0209e7e75d8259358e775e	"When it was found that settlers inexperienced with irrigation would not earn enough farm income from the water for several years, the repayment period was soon extended to 20 years and later to 40 years. Water prices charged to irrigators on reclamation projects were originally based on a cost recovery basis. So irrigation water was priced at its marginal cost of supplying the water. However the price of water was later changed from marginal cost to ""ability to pay"", based on the principle of repayment capacity."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	25c2b0619ff2b438b9c86736b7aaecdc	In the case of paddy, the programme avoided the complexity associated with ascertaining individual loss by using an index system. A committee of county officials establishes the natural disaster conditions and extent of loss based on area wide surveys. Livestock and fishery coverage is based on assessment of individual loss. Payments of subsidies are handled directly by MOF with the insurance company and loss coverage payments are handled directly by insurance company with the insured party (JICA, 2012).	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	25c2c8ab5b8503d9facedbacc9720b39	It also sets out the importance of defining different stages in the creation and implementation of a strategy for financial education in schools: create awareness of the need for financial education and secure the support of the educational system and of teachers in particular. Within each state and territory there are also three sectors of education: Government, Catholic, and the Independent school sector. In each jurisdiction schools systems and individual schools have to juggle and respond to local, state and national priorities. These priorities impact on jurisdictional curriculum frameworks and require states and territories to make difficult decisions on how these priorities will be addressed.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	25c452da0d043da04ba7d5a2402b95b8	"This is partly due to worries that a persistently unbalanced sharing of the growth dividend will result in social resentment, fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments, and leading to political instability. Recent discussions, particularly in the US, about increased inequality being one possible cause of the 2008 financial crisis also contributed to its relevance for policymaking."" Is inequality a pre-requisite for growth? Or does a greater dispersion of incomes across individuals rather undermine growth?"	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	25c52622f975256ea7fd59aab9f06bd5	Although programmes of this type are less frequent, some are under way, such as the National In-home Care Programme in Argentina; the In-home Care Programme for Severely Dependent Persons in Chile; the Comprehensive Elderly Care Programme in Cuba, and the home care programme for severely dependent persons within SNIC in Uruguay. There are also training and education programmes for caregivers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Joaquin Gallegos Lara voucher in Ecuador provides US$ 240 per month to the caregiver; and, the voucher and the provision of the Home Care Programme for Severely Dependent Persons in Chile pays US$ 35 per month. In terms of articulation between social care and protection policies, the Tekopora conditional transfer programme in Paraguay, implemented by the Social Action Secretariat (SAS) of the Office of the President of the Republic of Paraguay, in coordination with the National Secretariat for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (SENADIS), includes a cash transfer to families that have a person with severe disability, in order to contribute to their care.20 Another interesting case is the Pregnancy Allowance for Social Protection programme in Argentina.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/cfd32100-en	25c6d47bcb0837c56cfd0c6fd9e20c0c	Men are more likely to be in informal employment in all countries in North Africa and Eastern Europe and in more than two-thirds of countries in the Arab States and northern, southern and western Europe. In Iraq and Jordan, the proportion of men in informal employment is 20 percentage points more than the proportion of women. In Poland, Slovakia and the Russian Federation, the gap is between six and ten percentage points to the disadvantage of men.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js08hwhg8mw-en	25cba92f76adc64fdbc6aeaeb13926e8	This indictor set is largely composed of pressure indicators rather than condition indicators reported at high levels of spatial aggregation. Another source of indicators is the OECD Environmental Data Set and Agri-Environmental Indicators OECD, 2013b). These are also largely pressure indicators though there are some condition indicators.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	25cec018badd7d064fca354224298b78	The main findings and recommendations have fed into the internal discussions leading to the definition of an OECD Green Growth Strategy, launched at the 2011 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting. The project has benefitted from the participation of Extremadura (Spain), London (UK), Podlaskie and Pomorskie (Poland) and Sydney (Australia). It has also received financial support from the European Commission. I am convinced that the content of this report will be a valuable tool, not only for Sydney, but also for other cities and regions seeking to improve their environmental impact while creating jobs and economic growth.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	25cfb0807fa144a4a6f7f2b45e0e9e39	Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research', Working Paper 2014-04, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA)', Working Paper 2012-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Cross-country MODA Study: Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) - Technical note', Working Paper 2012-05, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	25cfc1c825b3024905e4d0b1da139801	Such unobservable factors (or not controlled for) seem to play an important role in equalising the distribution of household income and are likely to be captured by the unexplained wage structure effect. Changes in women’s wages accentuated the equalising impact of women on household income inequality. The combined effect resulted in lowering income inequality by about 2 Gini points. Overall, it shows that the increased participation of women in the labour market over the past 20 to 25 years up to the economic crisis has tended to make the distribution of household earnings and income more equal.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	25cfe8c8ce396f00bb22c0d9e3a44836	The strategy is process-oriented, not only describing activities but also defining a set of ideas, guidelines and action plans to raise the resources required, and linking the strategy with the overall concept of sustainable development. The strategy aims to sustain and scale up existing successful initiatives to increase funding and enhance the productivity of biodiversity resources and ecosystems services. It aims at establishing appropriate and coherent mobilisation, and proper use of financial resources based on national biodiversity priorities and needs. The strategy was developed in a consultative manner, and in response to CBD Decision X/3 on ‘developing a strategy for financial resource mobilisation’.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3f10390a-en	25d1d9d8e2400fff393df5b4691f61a6	These changes include the calibration of expansion factors, the method used to correct for non-responses to the income questions, and the construction of income aggregates for items that are not of monthly recurrence. The various changes, such as enlargement of the domains studied, the change in informant type and the increase in the number of questions and alterations in their wording, made it necessary to splice the employment, income and poverty figures from the two sources, a task which was carried out by the Mission for the splicing of employment, poverty and inequality series (MESEP). The methodological changes introduced mean that the findings of the new ENAHO 2010 are not directly comparable with those published on the basis of the previous survey. The country expects to produce a spliced historical series soon.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	25d2802def4244bd8884a30eccad3de6	In the case of tea, coffee and cashew nuts, the negative producer SCT has become smaller over the period under review indicating an improvement in their situation. However, natural rubber has switched from being supported in 2000-02 to having the highest negative SCT of any commodity evaluated. It should be noted that in all cases it would be incorrect to interpret implicit taxation of crop products exclusively as a policy outcome.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	25d4172221722c92c3d59ba8cd9e7351	In the case of Jordan, publishing draft laws on the Prime Minister’s Official website is very recent and is part of Jordan’s action plan as member of the Open Government Partnership (OECD, 2013b). To ensure that policy makers are aware of the interests of all women, it is important that decision making relies not only on a limited set of civil society groups, as the ability of such groups to accurately represent the views of all women is difficult to measure. This may require developing alternative participatory mechanisms (e.g. women-only focus group discussions, meetings with women’s NGOs, meetings in communal locations for women at appropriate times when they are able to attend, e-consultation, advisory groups) and broadening the information campaign, so that it also engages a female audience effectively through a “multi-channel” system combining different tools to reach out to stakeholders. In OECD countries, Belgium, Finland, France, Israel, Korea, Mexico, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Sweden report always conducting such analyses for their central budgets.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	25d70449db0c87f60aca93484b001871	Competence in the use of ICT in the classroom is one of the many competences that must be demonstrated by student teachers during their periods of school experience. As a result of these measures, all teachers reached a basic minimum competence to use ICT in their teaching by March 2003. At all stages of teacher education, teachers are required to use ICT to enhance children’s learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	25d79d05dc00a196be70c4c9f8ccf356	The budget is also overseen by the Krai Ministry of Economics and Regional Development, which is responsible for implementing regional policy measures that imply inter-regional co-operation. During the 1990s, it was opaque, largely ad hoc and focused on: i) supporting the poorest regions; and ii) responding to political pressure from stronger regions for fiscal privileges and greater autonomy. This changed in the early 2000s as bilateral agreements between the centre and the regions were scrapped and the system of fiscal federalism was reformed.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	25d84abfcf3fb82efa4778f7479d0545	The State of Mexico has an initiative to protect forest lands, under w'hich the government gives a type of subsidy to land owners as an incentive not to build on the land. However, this scheme applies mainly to municipalities that are not part of the ZMVM. The preservation of the conservation land will not only require legal reinforcement, but adopting the technical instruments, such as land-use planning.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	25d86b9e4cc70c61168597902a62d8e8	Often they are also unable to engage in productive economic activities and, along with their dependent children, elderly or sick under their care, subsequently suffer from abject poverty and deprivation (Chapter 3). Marginalized by their community, some women support polygamy in the often-vain hope that it will offer protection for themselves and their children (Chapter 7). Recruitment practices often fail to reach out to pools of qualified and interested female candidates, as is demonstrated by strikingly low rates of female participation within many of the institutions of the security sector, including the police services and armed forces. Even when women do gain access, they face considerable difficulties in coping with discrimination, harassment and violence, all of which pose formidable barriers to women’s retention and promotion.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	25d90657b66a31d09fb28f8c1c3c3574	The CRS sector classification aims to responds to the question “which specific area of the recipient's economic or social structure is the transfer intended to foster Traditionally, only the primary sector of the activity was reported. However, it is possible that one activity can support multiple sectors. In 2016, members at the Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT) agreed to introduce a new system allowing multiple purpose code reporting to better track activities benefitting several sectors. The introduction of this new system will facilitate more granular reporting as activities will be able to be split upon several sectors rather than only one sector, and is expected to increase the quality of the data and provide better estimates of the aid volume targeting different sectors.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	25da85d87ce7210bce8c4556e07d9897	A Study by Cologne Institute for Economic Research Commissioned by Vodafone Institute for Society and Communications. Cologne, Berlin: Vodafone Institute for Society and Communications. Economic Potential of Smart Electricity Meters in Germany. The G20 Compact with Africa. Baden-Baden: AfDB, IMF and WBG.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	25dfe2d53214c6ae5fec6fb0e130c026	The difference in life expectancy between Japan and Southern Africa increased from 18 to 31 years, mostly due to the impact of the AIDS epidemic in the latter, and remained high in Middle Africa. The gap between Japan and all other subregions has shrunk. In recent years, the decline in child mortality has slowed in South Asia, such that the regional gaps in child mortality have remained significant.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	25e19d169f85751a0216c10a382e3070	In December 2007, the Thai Trade Competition Commission found that Abbott’s withdrawal of drug registration applications did not constitute a violation of the Thai Trade Competition Act. According to Thai health officials, the grant of the compulsory license on Efavirenz has resulted in important price decreases for the patented medicine, from 58 baht/month (price of the patented drug before the compulsory license was granted) to 24 baht/month (price of the patented drug after the compulsory license was granted). The compulsory license also enabled the introduction of a generic version of Efavirenz, at only 7.5 baht/month.421 The patent holders receive a remuneration of 0.5 per cent of the total sales value of the generic copies.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	25e20ceec02e473dc8ee65ae14e040bd	The share of teachers leaving the profession has been stable over the last 20 years (Adermon and Laun, 2018(123))- Nevertheless, a survey of trained teachers who had left the profession indicated that more than 70% of respondents cited the work environment (such as stress and heavy workload) among the main reasons for leaving the teaching profession, followed by working conditions and salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017(128]). Around 60% of those who left the teaching profession would consider returning for a more reasonable workload in relation to working hours, a greater opportunity to control the work situation and a higher salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017[m]). Teachers in Sweden also work longer hours than their colleagues in many OECD countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/968bac18-en	25e292e4f9fa2367b47ca76ef22fab9b	Inclusive economic growth that gives priority to employment generation for poor women and men, strong cross-sector linkages, effective government services and sound governance emerge as fundamental factors for ensuring equitable benefits for all. The country obtained large windfall gains when the copper price (Grade A cathodes, London Metal Exchange) surged from an average of $1,779 per ton in 2003 to $8,822 per ton in 2011. Soaring prices increased copper export earnings more than tenfold, from $518 million in 2003 to $6.5 billion in 2011 (figure 33(a)).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	25e3da3b90c72d63f730094248581598	Norway, on the other hand, provides grants to immigrant organisations and other NGOs to strengthen the local participation of immigrants and help them find their place in social networks. Incentives can take several forms, but largely focus on fine-tuning the mix of tax and benefits in a way that favours activity over inactivity. One example, again from Norway, involves transitional into-work benefits that combine benefits and training with work for an initial length of time. As part of a broader activation strategy, the Netherlands have combined work and disability benefit programmes in an attempt to bring down barriers to retraining and employment. This is particularly true for low-educated women with several children in countries where public childcare is expensive, as childcare costs accumulate.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233836-5-en	25e8693e651430cdee2d965bdd7b094c	Overwhelmingly, there appears to be national consensus in making quality and safety a policy priority. This is marked by an improving culture of transparency and a move towards compulsory standards and hospital accreditation. This work needs to be evaluated and refined to ensure that quality improvement evolves from measurement to change management. While much of the attention has been on hospitals, quality in primary health care has received less consideration.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	25e8fc216c5e16a214d7c440db3f46e8	Coverage for 3-5-year-olds is above 70 per cent in most OECD countries and close to universal in some, whilst average coverage for 0-2-year-olds is only about 33 per cent, with important variations across countries.216 Coverage is particularly low among Eastern European countries, where public support for family-friendly policies declined significantly with the transition from state socialism to a market economy. In OECD countries, the average cost of full-time care for 2-year-old children is just over 16 per cent of average earnings, but this ranges from less than 5 per cent in Greece to over 30 per cent in Switzerland. Pre-primary enrolment for children in these two regions jumped by 30 and 21 percentage points, respectively, between 1999 and 2012.220 Figures 3.11 and 3.12 show, however, that in Latin America and the Caribbean, where more detailed data are available, average coverage for under-3s remains at very low levels and inequalities across income groups are significant.	5	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	25ebf3462bd556ecd90f7356ad6c4630	This breadth and depth of autonomy has fostered high teacher professional self-esteem and the internal motivation for continuous professional development. Even with low-performing schools, the government does not intervene in school management; it relies instead on the decision-making power of the school administration and teachers (OECD, 2014a). By contrast, in Shanghai (China), the municipal government designs the policies, manages the schools and improves instruction (OECD, 2014a).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	25ed4e9d41de81c421e9a3efaa824a66	However, the degree to which they face particular vulnerabilities is often contingent upon their intersectional gendered identities. Girls, for example, are at an elevated risk of early and forced marriage; single women (including widows) risk various forms of sexual exploitation and persons of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI) face a w'hole range of risks from extortion to targeted killings. Men and boys may seek to control women’s and girls’ access to services, in particular in situations of fragility and conflict, where men may seek to increasingly control women, be it out of a sense of protection and/or to compensate for their own loss of control.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	25ed93baab98d7b6c67643b16bc340a6	The Country Background Report (2014) noted that proportionately fewer students enter SMK schools because of a lack of information on the potential job opportunities their programmes offer. Since 2012, the number of SMK institutions in Indonesia has increased from 10 256 to 11 727. The majority of SMKs are located in Java (57%) and Sumatra (21%).	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	25eee1a5725e2a00fbfcd4fa76211a71	The main section (Section 2) provides an account of the available knowledge concerning health effects, and the corresponding impacts on healthcare costs, of the following health-related behaviours/conditions: smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, nutritional choices and physical activity. In Section 3, I go through the available evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of public policies constructed in order to modify health behaviours (primary and secondary prevention) and to reduce weight. The paper ends by a summary' of the findings and an identification of important issues and challenges for future research. Performing systematic reviews of the evidence published in the different research areas spanned is considered to be beyond the scope of this study.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264221826-en	25ef17e8b7ffaad503708f1630c010e5	In 2008, 45.1% of the unemployed had only attained primary education; 39.7% secondary education and only 15.2% of them had attained tertiary education (World Bank, 2014). At the same time, female workers seem to be more likely to be in vulnerable employment than males, understood as unpaid family workers and self-employed workers. In 2008, 29% of the male employed are in vulnerable jobs compared with 32% of female workers (World Bank, 2014). Extracurricular organisations, orphanages and boarding schools ensure pre-school provision to those children left without parental care.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264209527-6-en	25f0c080b9093af89141f0d170116670	Although these policies can have a profound effect on urban development, there is currently no explicit national urban policy framework in the Netherlands with a holistic and strategic focus aimed at enhancing the growth potential of FUAs. It then focuses on the impact on and the role of regions in the newly created Top Sector policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The presence of several policies with a potential impact at the regional level requires an understanding of the possible complementarities that should be taken into account when designing the policy. Regional development elsewhere is seen as the responsibility of provinces and municipalities.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	25f100671b8866c9a206b88867883026	These often involve standards or regulations designed to take into account customer expectations, industry standards and national policy objectives, such as public health or national security. Collectively these are often known as ‘quality infrastructure’. The returns on investment are likely to be significant.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	25f36337d0c507aa4bfdfdcbd20198c2	In the 2011-2012 hunting season, the revenues of the Hunting Fund amounted to some 32.8 million dirhams (US$4 million), an increase of 8 per cent over the preceding hunting season. Official development assistance (ODA), accordingly, plays a much less prominent role than in low-income countries. The government budget has a separate chapter for the Department of Environment, in respect of both recurrent and investment expenditures.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	25f5c70b62f53a518bd1d7fe4d73d124	The results emphasise the importance of the patient opinion and experience in obtaining a fuller picture of patient harm and lapses in safety. This is a key ingredient of learning health systems at local and aggregate level. In developed countries, education of professionals and systematic patient reporting were the most frequently selected, followed by improving organisational culture, an integrated national incident database, more incentives for team-based care, and patient involvement strategies.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	25f9d75cea597f442007a603ef857c40	Thus, all projections assume current technology and treatments are maintained in the future. Other drivers of health care expenditure seen in other models are not included, such as administration, infrastructure and human resource costs associated with a growing burden of disease. There is an assumption of constant prices. London: Government Office for Science.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92pghq4247-en	25fc5026c8109889e55934d74b33b916	All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to riehtsjaloecdMre._____________________________________________________________________________________ Employer feedback on student performance can furthermore provide guidance to TEIs on skills sought by industry, which can be used to adapt programme curricula. Whereas co-op and internship programmes are well integrated into the curricula of most community colleges and polytechnics, they are not widespread across university campuses.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/952404bd-en	25fde17d208a1088ac8b5dabd8f8c9f9	One goal is to help them independently manage their resources through free, weekly financial literacy training at integration centres. Vulnerable groups, including children, women and persons with special needs, are prioritized for personalized assistance (IOM, 2018). The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, in a programme called Dina pengor och din ekonomi ('your money, your finances') provides a film, a brochure and other resources for teachers working with migrants on personal finance. Modules cover Swedish economic terms and the Swedish banking and payment system, and clarify rights and obligations in the financial marketplace in plain language (OECD, 2016a).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	25ffbc91cc90362e0c0eacf0024638c7	It will however, provide multiple social, economic and environmental dividends and constitute much-needed first steps towards low-carbon social and economic development. A marked shift from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to the 2012 Rio+20 Summit has been the role of emerging economies. Although the five countries have different economic endowments, they are facing similar challenges to sustain economic growth, save natural resources, and protect the environment. Reflecting the broadening of the BRICS agenda since the first BRICS summit was held in 2009, the first ever meeting of BRICS environment ministers was held in the Russian Federation in April 2015.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	260143b008f04f1c449d1233fe6456e1	In fact, there is a disincentive for the municipality to strongly advocate for its priorities. This puts municipal planning in a passive role, and in the worst case, can undermine the municipality’s autonomy and credibility for planning with citizens and businesses. Antofagasta will have to continue working within these constraints moving forward. While it cannot change the frameworks, it can be more strategic in what it implements, take a better approach to prioritising its initiatives, identify strong mechanisms by which to advocate priorities and build multi-stakeholder interest and support for its programming.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	2601cc5a3203c245666a417fa563c421	For example, the poorest 20% of farm households in the Philippines tend to be small-scale producers and landless workers whose rice production does not satisfy their own needs and who therefore purchase 77% of the rice that they consume on average (Chapter 4). Regional levels of stunting among children under five years of age, for example, remain worryingly high (Figure 3). While economic growth has enabled significant declines in populations suffering from chronic poverty, for some households, it may have only altered the nature of food insecurity from permanent to transitory, rather than eliminate it entirely.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	2601cf6b809d56d835e6115e02ba1141	In the Slovak Republic for instance, overall youth employment in 2012 had declined by 23% compared to 2007 while employment among highly-educated youth rose by 3 percentage points. In Portugal, the decline in youth employment was 29% with employment of highly-educated youth remaining stable. Only in Ireland, Greece and Spain, where the decline in youth employment was strongest, the number of jobs for highly-educated youth also fell.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	2604088802978a8bc01aba4ea3af102e	At a general level, uncertainties with all of these technologies arise with respect to the speed of technological development, the impact of advances in individual technologies, and - perhaps most importantly - the convergence of ICT, sensors, robotics, nano- and biotechnology. Advances in one technology may amplify developments and outcomes of other technologies, leading to disruptive changes. This is already becoming visible in green technologies, which typically operate at the intersection of these emerging technologies, in the creation of ‘'programmable matter”, and in advances in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.	14	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	2604dbd3ea6bdc7ac4f756df90fb6349	The case of Bangladesh is important because it highlights the role of supportive technological innovation, investment and rural infrastructure policies in promoting rural non-farm employment and diversification. However, a lack of investment in public goods, especially in remote rural areas; high barriers of entry for the poor or vulnerable groups to various dynamic RNF markets; high transaction costs for access to existing markets; and a general asymmetry of market information may limit this potential. The services sector has accounted for a greater share of the LDC labour force over time, and that share is probably under-reported, since much of the sector is composed of informal activities.	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	260783d1563a91ebc1b382ed03c7fdbf	Along these lines, it is worth noting that significantly more funds are dedicated to agricultural mitigation than to adaptation, although in the case of Africa, for instance, adaptation is just as important, if not more important. However, in section 2.4, the SWOT analysis is complemented with specific examples of some initiatives, which have incorporated various best practices. Note that no initiative contains all of the elements contained in the table; the table is an aggregation of SWOTs across various initiatives. The elements are not listed in any specific order, meaning that those written at the top of the list are not necessarily found more often than those below.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	260965d0dfe07b4975373698096c0040	The OECD average is non-weighted. Declines in NEET rates are observed for Turkey (-7 percentage points), Germany and Israel (-2 percentage points) and Austria (-1 percentage point). The decline in youth employment affected most severely individuals with low educational qualifications. As illustrated in Figure 3, the number of youth in employment was lower in 2012 than in 2007 in most OECD countries, declining by 9% on average.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	2609b90469f09a7793b3197c37528a1e	Private sector investments that target at-risk areas, due to the relatively low cost of land coupled by short-term gains to be made by business and local government officials, further binds informal settlers to this risky land given the new livelihood opportunities, maintaining or increasing disaster risk for these people. Actions beyond preparedness and response can be difficult to sell to local government due to the lack of quick and visible impacts, particularly in areas where officials do not tend to look beyond an election cycle. Lack of sufficient resources at local level compounds the problem.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	2609cf0b3506a32e6636100a1652bca5	Yet, people can live long lives without being healthy. Thus, an important task in the case of Iceland, and as well in the other Nordic countries, is to add life to years rather than years to life. To take an example, in the period 2010-2050 the increase in life-expectancy for a 65 year old Swede is estimated to be 2.6 years (Regeringskansliet 2010). The challenge for the government is thus to compress morbidity in this final stage of life.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-27-en	260b11938adabd7bc0d3a8b3aec4a70b	Since 1976, the number of permits authorising Cuban vessels to fish in Mexico’s EEZ has decreased as a result of a reduced surplus species and the consolidation of Mexican vessels. During this period 27 metric tonnes were caught, and mechanisms were implemented to verify Cuban vessels’ operations (such as VMS, national scientist observers on board for sampling, capture statistics records, fishing logs, capture reports, arrival announcements per fishing trip, and others). Additionally 123 525 permits were issued at the San Diego International Office of CONAPESCA. Sport fishing permits can be obtained by fishers through CONAPESCA web site.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	260dfef68c0f764b5f5a4861e32bc191	Finally, it would increase their assets in the case of divorce or the husband’s death. Tunisia introduced an optional matrimonial property regime of communal assets in 1998, which the spouses may adopt at the time of marriage or thereafter. Morocco and Algeria also introduced the possibility of joint ownership, in 2004 and 2005 respectively.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	260ee8c6adec487dc6cc8f4bdb2020e1	"Box 2.4 presents some initial lessons learned from development provider efforts to work with small businesses. For climate change adaptation, development partners support projects that are building resilience capacity and piloting risk transfer approaches among firms, as well as building awareness of the risks of impending climate change on business supply chains in developing countries (Trabacchi and Mazza, 2015). One example is the ""Private Sector Adaptation to Climate Change"" (PSACC) programme implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), whose four-pronged approach focuses on raising awareness, providing advisory services (including on vulnerability analysis and adaptation financing), capacity building and dissemination of knowledge (GIZ, 2015a, 2015b)."	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	26114efbe869f78772b18c9cb45e2a85	In conflict societies a strict division of sexual labour is enforced, and highly dichotomic understandings of femininity and masculinity become hegemonic. Gendered dichotomies, self/ other, friend/enemy, masculinity/femininity, “just warrior’’/“beautiful soul” (Elshtein, 1987) contribute to postulate the “other” as an existential threat. The warrior, the conflict’s hegemonic masculinity, is a “male identity” (Karner, 1998) shaped by purging, on individual, symbolic and structural levels, typically feminine characteristics such as compassion, feeling and forgiveness.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	26114f1cd143cf300fa6ebbccac7c33a	When she started she set herself a target, 'To prove to the male councillors and others that I could deliver'. During Gender Links' study, At the Coalface: Gender in Local Government, she said that she is more confident because of the support offered to her by the Multi-party Women's Caucus (MWC) and a unique capacity building project that she participated in, the Gender, Local Government and Communications pilot project, undertaken with Gender Links and the University of Witwatersrand from October 2004 to May 2005. Also I have learned more about policy-making and implementation and the processes that are involved in coming up with policies.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	26117077cde93ce4ed6c340eddbfa099	As defined by UNCTAD (2007), greenfield FDI is one of the three components of FDI. The other two components are mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and intercompany loans. Of the three types, greenfield investment, i.e. investment for new facilities and operations, is arguably of most importance to development.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	26125b0aef1f81d7188e3a0589454250	There are over 6,000 species of plants, around 860 bird species and 277 species of mammals. However, many of the protected areas in the country are only “paper parks”: there is de facto open access to legally ‘protected’ areas, which are being converted to agriculture. Regional and District investment bureaus allocate land inside protected areas for development.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74f4872a-en	261358ec9369cc2935cbdb1d379bdbe7	"What is less clear is the best way to manage those interactions, the precise channels through which large infrastructure projects can help generate sustained development, whether the benefits derived match the costs incurred and, perhaps most difficult, whether those benefits and costs are shared in ways that generate inclusive outcomes. Nor is it surprising to find that many successful infrastructure programmes were as much the product of political ambition - ""bold endeavours” as Felix Rohatyn (2009) put it - as careful public accounting and cold statistical calculation. Indeed, Albert Hirschman, in his seminal study titled The Strategy of Economic Development published exactly 60 years ago, was right in describing laigc-scalc infrastructure planning as “a matter of faith in the development potential of a country or region” (1985: 84)."	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	2613b84e60debfb9f815fdabb439ad3c	If employers cannot perfectly observe an applicant’s productivity but believe that women are on average less productive than men, they will tend to discriminate against female employees so as to enhance the overall productivity of their workforce.28 This type of discrimination might progressively disappear as women close the skills gap, but if stereotypes and social norms adjust with a lag, change will be slow to materialise. Employers’ perceptions may be particularly hard to change in countries where discrimination is strong. In such contexts the fact that women are unable to access the best jobs (itself a result of discrimination) may reinforce employers’ misperceptions and fuel a vicious cycle of self-reinforcing discrimination and stereotypes.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.30875/c7f78275-en	2615e508a409ec6e7469abc36f9e8f54	At the same time, however, the reduction of trade costs may lower the prices of imported products relative to those of domestic products, possibly generating protectionist pressures from domestic producers subject to import competition. This raises questions as to how governments, in particular those of smaller and poorer countries, can seize new trading opportunities. An important dimension of this issue is the digital divide between richer and poorer countries.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	26163b280c1d9032003a1b33e8b58e49	The goal is to work more closely with community partners to meet the diverse needs of families in need of support. The programme is being expanded to 15 more communities and organisations throughout the province. Several teachers we met discussed the strain teachers face in isolated settings and an increasing focus on the mental and physical health of teachers. One approach being developed is the Mindfulness programme, which is accessible online to all teachers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	2619f36e9742dfe92717ebfcf7b0250c	Addressing structural inequalities also requires an approach that cuts across silos. For example, promoting women’s business ownership requires a smart policy mix, which, among others, takes into consideration gender impacts of regulatory policies and competition frameworks, while removing potential barriers in access to public procurement and finance. These efforts must be coupled with an enabling social infrastructure (e.g. accessible and affordable child/elderly care) to reduce the burden of unpaid care work; as well as partnerships between the public and private sectors.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	261a21d1176d1fc46fed92a996e09fe4	Primary care staff, in both public and private health centres, are predominantly salaried employees. Licences are not time-limited and GPs do not have to re-apply to keep their licence. As with other health care staff, there are no formal, national systems of continuous medical education and professional development for GPs and other primary care staff, or for recertification.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	261b39fbe9bf3d0ac103e946ec8bc9df	An objective gap is often experienced in the areas of tariff setting, zoning and construction policies, electricity subsidies and irrigation. While CONAGUA and municipalities have different approaches for at-risk settlements in urban areas or the connection of new settlements to infrastructure networks (e.g. potential flooding), there is no mechanism compelling municipalities to follow CONAGUA’s guidance and declare at-risk zones as dangerous for settlement. Construction permits are issued in an uncoordinated manner, and unsafe human settlements have proliferated increasingly in recent years.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	261cca10f0de2cd0c10934ce1b7d6c48	The federal and state universities are also active in applied research in the agrarian sciences, especially those linked to the agricultural sciences. The collaboration of Embrapa w ith other developed countries benefited from a pioneer mechanism, the LABEX (Virtual Laboratories Program), which is being implemented by a growing number of OECD countries. This mechanism could also facilitate participation in global or regional agricultural research networks.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	261d4e31cb328367487a5d2d947b4eeb	An action plan to reduce the use of antibiotics in animals was also introduced in 2013 (DGAV, 2013; DGS, 2016). The standardised in-hospital mortality rate per 100 patients for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Portugal (7.9 in 2015) has halved since 2000 and is similar to that of Spain but higher than in other countries such as Italy and France. A similar scenario can be found for 30-day mortality after admission to hospital for ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke. With regard to the quality of primary care in dealing with chronic diseases, Portugal has some of the lowest age- and sex-standardised rates per 100 000 population for avoidable admissions due to asthma, COPD and congestive heart failure (CHF) (Figure 9), suggesting that these conditions are being effectively managed at the primary health care level and that such care is of good quality.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrnzm39w45l-en	2620e706464204a6e9b9796e19b114ed	It discusses the different mechanisms through which learning support staff can have an impact on teachers’ work and student achievement and reviews the related empirical evidence. While the available research provides mixed evidence on the impact of learning support staff on student achievement, it suggests that learning support staff may improve teaching and learning as long as adequate strategies for their training, deployment and use are implemented. There are several ways through which learning support staff may have a positive impact on student attainment. Students receive more individualised help and attention from either the support staff or the teacher; and the learning environment can be made more flexible possibly leading to increased engagement and inclusion of children in classroom activities.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	2626651aeef77c298dd2f5f0ab7b1e68	While there is considerable debate as to whether households headed by women are overrepresented among the poor (Chant, 2003), there is evidence of a strong association between household poverty and sole or primary reliance on female earnings (Kabeer, 2008a; Chen and others, 2005; Sender, 2003). Research carried out in the aftermath of financial crises in Asia and elsewhere confirmed that, in the absence of social security provision for informal workers, womens paid and unpaid labour helped to sustain their households (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), 2003). Womens access to land and housing has been shown to have important implications for household productivity (Deere and others, 2004; Katz and Chamorro, 2003).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	2626f9582d80623f891ff8f1949385ec	Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. Korea, Mexico, Chile and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	262a58dc017bd9fc2e41bbad4159b629	This approach examines the contribution of adaptation initiatives in keeping development on track (Brooks et al., In doing so, it uses bottom-up county-level indicators to assess the level of integration and capacity of climate risk management processes. At the same time, resilience outcomes and development performance are assessed using top-down national level indicators (see Chapter 4). Instead, developed countries commonly outline how the broader objective of reduced climate vulnerability and enhanced resilience may be achieved (Casado-Asensio and Steurer, 2013).	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2640b601-en	262b5716385fde4bcd375cb6d03b70de	These contrast with “technology-banded” policies, which set differential support for technologies depending on their market readiness (e.g. Germany’s feed-in tariffs). Large-scale energy modeling studies described compare the most influential technological and market uncertainties across a set of scenarios (Nakicenovic et al., Scenario analysis can also be used to explore how optimal energy technology portfolios change under different socioeconomic, technological, and climate outcome assumptions.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264188617-en	262b5dcfe01b3792d72638cb8a987a01	Nevertheless, even at that level, the figures show convincingly that system costs are heavily context-dependent. This requires considerable resources and such studies would best be done at the level of the single country according to a common methodology. It does, however, provide numerical examples of this process, as the arrival of intermittent renewables has an important impact on the absolute and relative profitability of existing dispatchable plants both in the short run and in the long run.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	262b9eef7cc5235e370bbc9b0e746e48	It is important to ensure that holders of knowledge are obtaining meaningful outcomes from the process, in relation to their livelihood realities. In the consultation process within the ILK part of the Scoping Study, many ILK representatives mentioned linguistic barriers in participation of the work. There is a need for a series of Nordic, national and local dialogue workshops to be held in local languages, in order to obtain an initiated understanding of the reality of the different local communities and a diversity of inputs regarding the use of ecosystem services as well as their local status and trends.	15	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	262ba62792d0e459a2c37b8a6b238961	In Sub-Saharan Africa, the overwhelming majority of LDCs have a fixed broadband penetration of less than one percent. Two LDCs among the Arab States, Djibouti and Yemen, have fixed broadband penetration of more than one percent. There are four Asia-Pacific LDCs—Bangladesh, Bhutan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu—where fixed broadband penetration is greater than one percent.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	262d0df1766145251f4431dde335e094	In eight countries, inequality fell more during the second subperiod than the first. The Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay posted the largest reductions, of more than 3% per year. On the other hand, inequality increased in Costa Rica, Fbnama and Paraguay in the second subperiod, although only Costa Rica recorded an overall increase for the entire period. The mid-1990s marked the beginning of debate in the region on the juvenilization of poverty; an increasingly relevant concept given that children and adolescents are overrepresented among the poor, compared with other age groups. Those worst affected are usually caught in situations where insufficient household income combines with deprivation of the right to survival, shelter, education, health and nutrition, among others. In other words, they are denied the assets and opportunities to which all human beings are entitled.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	262dab3d8e0a55201ae68d7e66106ce2	This is mostly due to the inaccessibility of larger forest complexes on account of the underdeveloped forestry road network, as well as the general absence of modern optoelectronic equipment for early detection, reporting and warning of forest fires, and limited technical capacities resulting from the lack of modern fire-suppressing equipment, vehicles and special aircraft. Estimates from 2004 show that, on average, over 7,400 tons valued at US$ 10 million are exported each year. Control over unauthorized collection of such plants has improved in recent years, and the pressure has slightly decreased, which is also due to the educational campaigns, training and technical assistance provided under the Private Forestry Development Programme.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	26317e95c657ad3a3cb480a0e4adb0ce	Its 13 members include 9 governmental officials from the ministries of planning, finance, health, regional administration and environment and four representatives of the private sector, universities and other local bodies, such as the Union of Water Development Services. The council sets policies for the water sector and ratifies PWA plans and reports. The role of the Palestinian National Water Authority is to plan and oversee implementation of these policies through legislation, laws and management systems to ensure sustainable water use.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	2631f1c319e1762996280665684c748b	Article 36 of the 2005 Algerian Family Law. Thus in Tunisia, both spouses must fulfil their conjugal duties “in accordance with custom and usual practices” and “the husband, as head of the family, must support the needs of the spouse and the children within his capabilities and in accordance with their status in the context of maintenance payments. The wife must contribute to family expenses if she has the means. While the woman should have a certain autonomy in her decision making and ability to work, the change may not immediately affect social behaviours (Box 3.3).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	2632643fa05ed02cfadde7446b4fb03e	A better approach may therefore be the adoption of non-exclusive incentive regimes (i.e. compensatory liability) for new uses of known products, as discussed above. The original patent would comprise all uses, even those not known to the patentee at the time of filing the application. In countries where generic producers are capable of discovering new uses of patented pharmaceuticals, a government may favour the implementation of use-bound claims to provide generic producers some freedom to operate outside the original patent claims, in combination with provisions on “dependent patent” or public interest compulsory licenses, as outlined above. In addition, in order to minimize the risk of blocking effects, the protection of new uses of known products could be limited to nonexclusive models, such as a compensatory liability regime, recommended above. Due to the fact that such process claims may not cover all possible ways of manufacturing the resulting product, competitors are free to make the (pharmaceutical) product through a process that has not been claimed.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	26348580c5a5747922d7af30f784ac07	At the same time, it concerns the coverage and qualifying conditions of the insurance schemes, financing of the schemes and worker contributions and the level and duration of the benefits. Furthermore, the public social security expenditure as a share of GDP is another type of context information that provides an indication of the overall public redistributive effort of a given country (yet its interpretation presents inherent difficulties). Indicators regarding social protection (e.g., unemployment insurance) might be correlated with the economic cycle and countries may consider to analyse the indicators together with GDP growth (e.g., if employment growth after a recession concerns predominantly jobs that are not covered by parts of social protection). Further potentially relevant context information includes the percentage of persons at or above the statutory retirement age (or 65 and over) who are employed, the percentage of unemployed persons receiving regular periodic social security unemployment benefits (contributory and noncontributory schemes) as well as the percentage of the population above the statutory pensionable age (or aged 65 or above) benefiting from an old-age pension.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	26351463a14088dd91d64a63e691af49	Chronic conditions such as cancer, heart disease or diabetes (also known as non-communicable diseases, NCDs) now' place the greatest demand on Colombia’s health care system, accounting for 71% of all deaths (Figure 1.5). At the same time, deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal or nutritional conditions (12%), and deaths due to injuries (17%) remain substantial. Cancers were the second most common cause of death, amounting to 17% of all deaths in 2012.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	2637661cadae17b652aa0d8a9c4d9fda	At the same time, citizen engagement requires governments to share in agenda setting and to ensure that policy proposals are collaboratively generated and citizens’ needs are taken into account in making decisions. Citizen engagement is best incorporated into every stage of the policy development and implementation process (OECD, 2010b). The OECD’s “Guiding Principles” for successful citizen engagement in policy making include: commitment, rights, clarity, time, objectivity, resources, co-ordination, accountability, evaluation and active citizenship (OECD, 2001).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	2638a0c5b1f3fc57f66730d43ea2b60f	They all include more sectoral and product disaggregation than the global models, and cover multiple types of households and types of labour. All of the national studies include micro-simulations drawing on the model results. Given falling consumer prices, real household consumption would increase by considerably more in most cases.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	263cb9d2fe7c411e3078598581ceb44e	Poverty also rose among the working population. Indeed, not all of the poor are out of work, as the poverty rate of 10.5% among those in work demonstrates. This can be explained by the significant number of low-paid workers, many of which work less than full time. Retirees, by contrast, saw their relative poverty levels decline as median incomes fell. Comparing different household compositions, poverty rates are highest and have increased most among families with children, with families that have more children being particularly affected by poverty. The poverty line is 60% of median disposable income in each year, adjusted for household size.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	263dbd8781208cd11753154df2f37816	It is much more relevant and constructive to try to outline the major characteristics, which can help us identify who are the indigenous peoples and communities of Africa. She received her undergraduate degree in medicine and postgraduate qualifications in Paediatrics and Child Health from the University of Nairobi. She has worked in various capacities in the Ministry of Health and in private health sector. Since 2004, Dr. Migiro has worked in the ministry's headquarters where she worked her way to become the Head of the Division of Child and Adolescent Health, where she has been involved in development of policies, strategies and guidelines in child survival and development. Since June 2012, Dr, Migiro has worked in the Department of Health Promotion involved in development of policies, strategies and guidelines of health promotion.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2641e6b482dc22cb87aba17313dd2c66	The intuitive reaction by a public avid to understand a traumatic accident is frequently that “the true extent of damages is hidden”. Transparency about the extent of the full costs of all energy chains must be the primary strategy to address such dissymmetries. Such transparency requires a dedicated effort from all stakeholders in the energy sector, and it is the objective of this publication to contribute to this task. Policymakers have the difficult task of balancing both aspects, the legitimate emotional reaction in the moment and the need for a longer-term structure of an energy-system constituting the best available option to minimise accidents and hardships in a 360° perspective. Dispassionate reflection with an aim to improve general welfare suggests that the large number of casualties caused by air pollution demand at least as much attention as the rare accident.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	2642f2811233ad8522826d1c4967054a	With 240,000 overnight stays the C02 emission per overnight stay amounts to 28.5 kg. In total, hotels and restaurants in Greenland account for close to 7,000 tonnes of C02 emissions annually. It has only been possible to find concrete data on energy consumption from hotels and restaurants in Greenland. In Iceland, the centrally supplied electricity and heat is produced using primarily hydro and geothermal power.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	2643a43ce7f6e5ff98c397728a34f436	Crops vary in their tendency to outcross, and the ability of a crop to outcross depends on the presence of sexually compatible wild relatives or crops. If a resulting transgenic/wild hybrid had some competitive advantage over the wild population it could persist in the environment and potentially disrupt the ecosystem. Research is needed to improve the assessment of the environmental consequences of gene flow, particularly in the long run, and to understand better the gene flow between the major food crops and land races in centres of diversity (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel).	2	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	2644278185126a9e4dc87ca92126226b	Also significant are the timeliness of employment in relation to seasonal income and food fluctuations, the scale of interventions, as well as the appropriateness of assets created. There will be limited impact on incomes and food security unless the programmes are implemented at scale and are operating long-term. Opportunities to improve the contribution of community assets to increasing productivity include ensuring that assets are built based on need and that they are of quality, accessible to the poor and sustainable.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/18db943d-en	26443f27488420a4af1a208fd73f5bbd	In 2015, the geographic scope was expanded to include small island developing States in the Pacific. It contributes to the narrowing of capacity gaps through regional and South-South cooperation, sharing of resources and the development of an integrated regional warning system comprising a network of collaborative centres. Civil society innovations and business sector initiatives.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	2644ac6208611b23e0a239d4486ceedd	On average, school associations comprise between 6 and 12 schools. In 2010, the vast majority of schools (96.7%) belonged to a school community, and most of the schools that have not joined a school community provided special needs education. The key goal of this initiative is to strengthen schools’ organisational and leadership capacities through increased co-operation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	2645fd7f70c682b417258c52af48265e	But lack of success under earlier programmes has also partly stemmed from a lack of financing to carry out the programmes successfully and continuing lack of compliance by drivers with safe driving practice. Drinking and driving remains a particular problem. A number of policies have been put in place. Over 500 health centres were opened as part of the implementation of NPPH.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	264bf38c70d3a8d0f23b1409e667098d	Most of the discharges into Lake Peipsi/ Chudskoe arc insufficiently treated. Other pressure factors — unauthorized dumping, discharge of untreated mine waters from oil shale mines and deforestation (also in protection zones of water resources) — contribute moderately and locally to the nutrient loading. Of similar impact is unorganized recreation on the banks, leading to detritus getting into the watercourses (see the assessment of the Ramsar Sites). According to the Estonian classification, it is moderate.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	264d3543db9400381d1c85d56d3426dc	"The analysis was ultimately aimed at achieving insight into the (policy) ways of stimulating the use of LNG as clean shipping fuel."" Access to capital is not as easy as it was in the pre-Lehmann times. Consequently, tax incentives are not an instrument to promote using LNG as ship fuel. The additional investment for the LNG equipment needs to be financed from the price differential of LNG and other low sulphur fuels based on market prices. Cases where product specific aspects have not been understood by authorities, such as flammability, dispersion etc., A similar situation was seen with authorities who did not accept ships as safe, even though they had been certified according to IMO's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Class Rules."	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	265171bd6c99496612cdabe8f73f4e4a	In the same year, 36 substances were added to the list of substances subject to control in the Russian Federation, including 27 new psychoactive substances. In addition, Belgium adopted a law providing for the listing of controlled substances according to definitions for generic groups. In December 2014, Finland brought into force new legislation introducing a definition of “new psychoactive substance” and listing 294 substances as psychoactive substances banned from the consumer market. The new legislation prohibits the production and supply of those substances, although it does not establish criminal liability for their possession or use.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	26541473c7cde74f102a009e0adacbc6	Youth LFPR refers to the sum of persons aged 15-24 in the labour force as a percentage of the working-age population. The youth employment-to-population ratio, also referred to as the youth employment rate, is the number of employed persons aged 15-24 as a percentage of the working-age population. In the Philippines and Thailand, the female youth LFPR and employment-to-population ratio is lower than that of males.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	265421d7f55b983e1b9ed2f94742235e	A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Economic Policy Research Institute, Commissioned for DFID. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	265443645190c94c7c029925f8e7764c	Land allocations remain similar to their current form. In OECD countries, wheat continues to be produced predominantly in Europe and Australia, while maize is produced in North America and rice in Korea and Japan (Figure 7). The IMPACT model shows relatively modest effects on land expansion in comparison to other models included in the AgMIP project.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	2657c00cecd01b64a6d891e21b89959d	This raises the question to what extent the conditions and circumstances of early life constrain success in adulthood, particularly inequality of educational and health opportunities. Increases in the perceived returns to education and health might be accentuating the diverging fortunes of children from advantaged and disadvantaged households as more advantaged households invest more heavily in their children’s quality of education and their health inputs. This chapter looks at intergenerational mobility in terms of both health and educational outcomes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	2659b900dcb9a7262eccb77533a11d7e	Revenue from a dedicated transport tax (versement transport) levied on employers and based on payrolls has enabled the STIF to extend and maintain the public transport network and non-motorised transport facilities. The city’s success results from close co-operation between its Urban Transport Planning Authority (URBS), responsible for transport, and the urban development authority' (IPUCC), which is in charge of land-use planning. From its start in 1974, the Curitiba BRT was notable for its careful alignment with the 1965 Curitiba Master Plan, which focused the city’s growth along major corridors, through land-use and zoning regulations.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	2659ce2623b77721948278035a6baff8	Trial installations started in 2012 with smart meters being offered to all households from 2014 on a voluntary basis. The Dutch public and private sectors have established the Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP). The principal aim of the NWP is to co-ordinate Dutch activities abroad and to promote Dutch expertise in the water field worldw ide.4 The Netherlands is seeking to be seen as a world leader in sustainable water management. As customer interests are not normally taken into account, utilities can encounter unexpected opposition and not be able to respond to it, therefore rendering policy impotent.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	265b21476fab2a333e9c066f3bf205d4	In addition, local governments provide a direct contact point for residents on questions of water conservation. In this sense, they have a greater ability to adjust policies to adapt to changing behaviour and are more likely to influence popular water habits than higher levels of government. While each province of Argentina has its own set of laws outlining water roles and responsibilities, most LAC countries have a national water law to allocate roles and competences in water to lower levels of government. More than half of the LAC countries surveyed have also enshrined sub-national responsibilities in the water sector in their constitutional arrangements.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	265b71c43f80dd374cce497a6ccd5b09	Specifically, the results have been used to design development indicators for national policy. For example, the National Program for Equal Opportunity and Non-Discrimination Against Women 2013-2018, included the “estimate of women's contribution to GDP by the economic value of unpaid household work”. Globally, the ILO estimates unpaid care work to be around USD 11 trillion, or 9% of global GDP, when using hourly minimum wage (ILO, 2018).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	265b9111861423e112bf090355fe412c	The major advantage of external assessment is their reliability. They ensure that all students are assessed on the same tasks and that the results are measured by the same standards. Moreover, external assessments are usually conducted under supervision, which ensures that what is assessed is the students' own work.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	265d891d2a313ebdd768c6ad8c0063a5	"Demand for ""luxury"" foods, meat, dairy products and vegetable oils, increases (de Haen et al., It is also associated with dietary shifts towards more processed and pre-prepared foods (Popkin, 2001; de Haen etai, 2003). Many basic food staples consumed today in Africa, such as rice, maize, cassava, banana, groundnuts, etc., Consumption of these products were first introduced in urban centres and then spread to rural areas."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/441bff2d-en	265eb0d7b79914ac3cf6a8b5a1ea6916	This support consists of intensive working sessions with the objective of better targeting the intervention to fit family needs (Government of Chile et al, 2004). This is done through an assessment of seven dimensions (identification, health, education, family dynamic, housing conditions, work and income) according to 53 minimum conditions for quality of life. The assessment provides the basis for the family’s action plan, which is monitored during participation in the programme, and favours access to services which therefore correspond to the specific necessities emerging from the psycho-social support.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	265f39ebcbd21eb2802a0755541ea57e	Special education belongs to all teacher-education programmes and all teachers are expected to have at least basic knowledge and skills related to students with special educational needs. There are two main kinds of practicum within teacher-education programmes in Finland. The first -a minor portion of clinical training-occurs in seminars and small-group classes in the Department of Education, where students practice basic teaching skills in front of their peers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	26600446dc6c7b340abfd9688891584a	Expansion efforts should do more to build on the existing capacity in primary schools as a means to expand access in underserved remote rural regions. The new child identifier should be used to ensure that care sendees provided for children over the age of four complement but do not replace participation in preschool. More emphasis needs to be given to developing the capacity of teachers to implement the new preschool curriculum, in particular in the domain of early literacy. This will require both a review of initial teacher education programmes and more in-service training opportunities, together with measures to reduce child-teacher ratios where this is an issue and provide more reading resources.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088757-11-en	266244302cfc467c55718271a62eadf2	These adults need training that is adjusted to their interests and their previously acquired competences. Finally, competitive enterprises that are keen to improve the skills of their staff, represent another highly demanding group of users. A quick look at figures shows that VET I schools are indeed already offering training to non-tradi-tional groups as well. Table 8.6 conveys official statistics from SAPTE that might not include non-formal training taking place in some VET schools and some rare partnerships with local authorities and NGOs in the framework of projects sponsored by international donors.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	2662c39786dae46250a758b1ba81ca25	Increasing export shares in almost all commodity markets is being achieved by a combination of strategies. Not only are they displacing traditional exporters and competitors with lower cost products or by growing faster, they are also becoming dominant in regional markets which can provide a springboard for further international market expansion. From Figure 1.10, non-OECD countries are projected to show the strongest percentage increase in exports by 2019, relative to the 2007-09 base, for oilseeds (59%), poultry (54%), wheat (50%), skim milk powder (43%), and cheese and vegetable oils (39%). On the other hand, OECD countries as a whole will tend to lose export shares in many commodities to non-OECD countries over the Outlook period. For the OECD area the largest gain in exports by 2019 compared to 2007-09, are for protein meals (49%), vegetable oils (38%) and rice (16%). Trade shares continue to be dominated in absolute terms by the OECD countries and their long established industries for a range of products (with projected global market share in 2019 shown in brackets) such as for: wheat (54%), coarse grains (60%), pig meat (80%), butter (79%), cheese (65%), whole milk powder (66%) and skim milk powder (73%).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264107243-en	2666f3c2ae527d5188c8d71e56a4db60	Mexico, however, still has the lowest percentage of top performers in mathematics in 2009 among OECD countries and the third lowest percentage among the 39 participating countries with comparable data (after Indonesia with 0.1 % and Tunisia with 0.3%) (PISA Results 2009 Volume V,TableV.3.2). Similarly, of the Canadian students who performed below Level 2 in 2000, over 60% had not gone on to any post-school education by the age of 21; by contrast, more than half of the students (55%) who had performed at Level 2 as their highest level were at college or university.' Students proficient at Level 2 in mathematics can employ basic algorithms, formulae, procedures or conventions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176744-en	2667270a48b76d7c395f9632f8f58b63	These three countries seek to integrate education and care in order to provide holistic child development. This means that the development of children is seen as a dynamic and closely interwoven interaction between their physical and mental circumstances and the environment in which children grow up. The school starting age may differ: in Sweden it starts at the age of seven, while in Norway it starts at the age of six and in New Zealand at the age of five. Many countries with a split system have created a learning framework for children in the older age bracket of ECEC only: from around age two-and-a-half or three to compulsory schooling. Portugal’s Core Curriculum Guidelines for Preschool Education issued by the Ministry of Education covers children from the age of three until the age of six - the compulsory schooling age in Portugal.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	2667b927b029d13cb2f5926813f474c2	Changes in water quality and ecological status are considered likely, but have not been investigated. Current practical information needs — as demonstrated by the case of the Tisza — include the quantification of the predicted impacts on water resources and a better knowledge about their spatial distribution. A number of research projects, funded in particular by the EU, aim at strengthening the knowledge base. The necessity of strengthening interdisciplinary research of climate change impacts on water-related sectors of the economy requires coordination between different sectors and agencies.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3615596e-en	26699b4c53eb7f62739ced65d08636c4	It presents indicators for women’s participation in economic and production activity and analyses the characteristics of women's employment. It also includes an analysis of female and male time use in paid and unpaid activities, an issue connected to the sexual division of labour and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles, something that affects the real potential for women to enter and remain in paid employment. Accordingly, the third and fourth sections examine, respectively, women’s participation in jobs with higher average pay (executive positions) and women's empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d35e799b-en	266a7f4a15955080fc037ce913a107aa	In 2015, the situation is most acute in Northern Africa and Western Asia, where the proportion of young people that is employed is only half of that of the entire working-age population. In 1991, close to half of the workers in the developing regions were living with their families on less than $1.25 per person per day. This rate has dropped to 11 per cent in 2015, corresponding to a two-thirds decline in the number of extremely poor workers, from 900 million in 1991 to 300 million in 2015. However, progress across regions has been uneven.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	266edfffcbb1d4d79abe403b8edb76b8	Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels have been the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom and others, 2009). In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 6 per cent, hydroelectricity for 3 per cent and biomass for 4 per cent.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	266ef723eccda30474fb4b7c84950b45	Labour regulations focus on conditions of work and pay, and are quite detailed. The rigidity of regulations sometimes restricts the establishment of mutually beneficial labour agreements, resulting in a discrepancy between common practice and the law', thus posing legal risks to companies. It is not uncommon that the interpretation of labour regulations by labour courts is surrounded by uncertainties and some sources highlight the considerable difficulties that Brazilian businesses face in complying with labour laws (The Economist, 2011). Innovative firms are likely to be more dependent on adequate conditions for hiring and dismissing people, complemented by good systems of unemployment insurance and support for job placement, skills improvement and continuous learning.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a81ec314-en	26727e6ce93735c427b72cbe6402447a	Approaches varied, but countries such as Cambodia and the Lao People's Democratic Republic combined grid extensions with broad solar home system distribution efforts to boost rural electrification. Other countries, such as India and Nepal, have demonstrated the potential for microgrids to offer higher quality and economically sustainable off-grid power. Public-private and public-civil society partnerships have also emerged, pioneering new models to incorporate the latest technologies and approaches to off-grid renewable power systems.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	2674053c0093c05204a0dbe422f2d764	This course of action remains, of course, within the money-metric approach itself. This involves a rejection of targeting the poor, in favour of profiling and addressing deprivations for the entire population in each of a wider range of specific dimensions of well-being. The monetary approach assumes that all dimensions can be measured and accessed in money terms. It is then assumed that if a household has enough money to procure its basic needs, it is up to that household to make its own consumption choices.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	267507f0c53f6938e1200f8dd2299733	Better data on health care outcomes at the system level are being developed by the OECD, in particular on amenable mortality and health care quality (Box 2). Because their coverage is still limited, these data cannot replace health status indicators when assessing health care efficiency, but they can complement them. First, panel data regressions have been run to shed light on the contribution of health care and other determinants to the health status of the population (Joumard et al., This empirical work suggested that changes in health care spending, lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption as well as diet), education, pollution and income have been important factors behind improvements in health status.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	26780117244691db60ded53687bec5f9	However, in the case of more complex requests for particular data on the environment (e.g. on transboundary watersheds) requiring the collection of specific data, the Ministry may not have the capacity to do so and may not be in a position to fulfil the request. Requests to NAMEM for multiyear data on air quality' can be responded to upon payment (a rate is applied per digit of data). If the request asks for information about a person or a company, such information is considered confidential and is not provided to the requester.	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	267a83f9e85f4f400206d1a190f43cb5	First, more effective monitoring and verification of performance on international commitments are needed. As regards establishing the corresponding mechanisms of common accountability, lessons can be drawn from existing modalities in other areas, such as the trade policy review process of the World Trade Organization.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	267c9d03c35f762750d10dea5d35f15e	Non-knowledge-intensive services” corresponds to electricity, gas and water supply; construction; trade; hotels and restaurants. “ Skill intensity” is based on the distribution of average wages across firms where “Low skilled” refers to the first quartile, “Medium skilled” to the second quartile, “Moderately-high skilled” to the third quartile and “High skilled” to the fourth quartile. Standard deviations are first averaged within each group and country, and subsequently averaged across the following countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using weights by firm size category and industry within each country does not qualitatively change the results.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	267fa78f3e57b21a56a50512ab3d9c3c	China and India are expected to grow on average 7% and 6.4% p.a., Although impressive compared to developed economies, these rates are below the growth rates experienced during the previous ten years. Asian countries also maintain high growth rates, but the slowdown in China and India will curb growth rates in the region. Income growth in Latin American economies is assumed to be weaker compared to other emerging economies, but the resilient US economy is a positive factor for the region.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	26827662c96b138905d14253600f37d2	In Viet Nam, the source of supply varies depending on the type of method used with an increasing number of private pharmacies and outlets opting for pills, three-month injectables and condoms. Their sales are expected to grow as the market liberalizes further, in line with the 2006-2015 national strategy on contraceptive commodity security developed with the support of UNFPA and other international agencies, which advocates for more involvement of non-governmental sectors and social marketing to encourage greater diversity in contraceptive supplies, at least for those who can afford it. Moreover, the Governments of Viet Nam and Indonesia have preferred to defer distribution of condoms for STIs and HIV prevention to international and local NGOs.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	2682930a8ba495959ad488a9d1b946f1	Hence the bank can charge lower interest rates to safe borrowers groups and higher interest rates to risky ones. The interest rate also diminishes according to a client or group reliability and punctuality in repayments for more than one year. On average, 90% of the clients of microfmance institutions (MFIs) are women.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3400179e-en	26853b7470edebbc589b5f9be7565e38	Policy failures in developing countries should not be used as evidence of incapacity but rather as a learning resource. Trial and error are part of the process of continuous evaluation of the experience of policymaking and policy implementation; given that the domestic environment is complex and the international environment fast-moving. International institutions and practices need to exhibit greater humility, less certainty of correctness, and greater respect for local knowledge.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	2686c7558e95b5c72c35d9621e9bc0bd	These coefficients indicate the percentage gaps for each subgroup with respect to similar workers from outside the care sector, as control variables have been taken into account in the calculations. In 9 of the 14 countries in the study there is a monthly wage penalty for domestic workers, except in El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. There is an hourly penalty as well, though it is considerably smaller and, in Mexico and Paraguay, no longer statistically significant.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	26887666888fffe6e329ead1ab440725	These data discrepancies are important to understand since, in the absence of fully comparable data (especially as regards travel distances), the report estimates traffic impacts on the basis of other data sources, including aggregate travel distance data gathered from ride service odometer data. In 2015 and 2016, they have been the leading source of growth in non-auto (i.e. non-personal car) travel in the city. They have also added significantly to vehicular travel and mileage on city streets.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	268952e00b2cdd3f1e2a50800ddeb2cf	For example, the Forum for Environment’s Green Award Scheme has been encouraging of leaders in the industry; more could be done for government officials and scientists. Thus incentives aimed at individuals will need to be followed up, in a step-wise manner, by sector-wide schemes that (1) shift subsidies from ‘bads’ such as fossil fuel use to ‘goods’ such as energy efficiency and renewable energy, and (2) offer payments for defined and verified environmental services through both domestic and international payment mechanisms. Such incentives can have a wide-ranging impact, and be a cost-effective and sustainable complement to implementing specific green growth projects designed top-down. Richer households spend a proportionately larger amount on fuel products; this would indicate that they benefit more than poorer households from any universal fuel subsidy on these products (Mekonnen et al.,	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088979-en	268ac70a8d1824c45756386c2c07cbf6	Incentives enable isolated initiatives, the impact of which is diminished by their non-co-ordinated character. Tertiary education institutions are each delivering their own range of activities and services with limited co-ordination, collaboration and sharing of good practice, leading to duplication of efforts and difficulties in monitoring the results. The co-ordination of information and action on the part of the public agencies, tertiary education institutions as well as various stakeholders is also in need of improvement.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	268ccaeb165d69497beff5095b95bf4c	"This is lower than the total impact for EU15 countries (2.6% of GDP) and for the 10 “New EU Member States"" (2.0%)."" In Poland’s case, those challenges seem to be manageable, given the tight grip on the supply of health services and the currently low level of and controlled growth in health-related public spending relative to other OECD countries. Public health spending is also low relative to total general government outlays (Figure 18), which suggests that public finance consolidation efforts should, as needed, be directed towards other expenditure items."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	268db3c743f33efca7a7da3e6f30ce0f	The latest three volumes focus on quality, monitoring and transitions from ECEC to primary school. They have been influential in the development of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey and have informed this conceptual framework. The analysis and reporting of the survey data will be embedded in the policy insights from the Starting Strong series, drawing on contextual information and concrete examples, as applicable.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	268f020c46d1d160a5032f303f247b25	In all cases, a much lower percentage of persons aged 15 and over with one or more types of disability are economically active than those who have no disability. This situation impacts heavily, both emotionally and financially, on family well-being, and highlights the shortfall in the supply of care services provided by the State, the market and civil society organizations. The governments of a number of Latin American and Caribbean countries have also developed programmes of integration and inclusion in education for children with disabilities.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264215696-21-en	26970a10d7bbca627549427276ebaa92	The highest scoring education systems at 4th grade maths (Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong and Japan) were all above average in terms of innovation at 4th grade. The following Figures indicate that there is a positive association between overall innovation and trends in 8th grade mathematics outcomes between 2003 and 2011 (Figure 18.7). However, positive change has also occurred without such high levels of innovation: Chile is an example of a country that has improved performance whilst levels of innovation remain below the OECD mean. This may indicate that the marginal return to innovation has been diminishing. Ontario is also characterised by above average levels of innovation and negative trends in maths performance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	269975ffd374b63c588285675843a38b	In total, the service sector constitutes a far greater proportion of the labour market of the metropolitan area, gender segregation is particularly widespread in the countryside and immigrant workers are clearly overrepresented in the processing industry - particularly in the part of the industry located outside the metropolitan area (Juh'usdottir etal 2013: 271). Thus, the export of fish constitutes 39% of Iceland's total export earnings (Haagensen 2014: 133). Edvardsdottir (2013) emphasises how the business life of small Icelandic communities are particularly unified and highly dominated by the fishing industry which is a profession highly dominated by men. They don't see themselves as fishermen although they take part in the fishing process, e.g. baiting the line, working in the fish plant or doing the book-keeping.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	269ab1c92a402a1d14d0826af10bc9d6	An integrated territorial approach to the development of those policy areas would require that different elements be taken into account, such as the alignment of spatial and land use planning with transportation objectives and investments and environmental strategies. For example, the development of a BRT network is promising, yet too often remains divorced from broader urban planning efforts. The use of the Metropolitan Fund could be improved to serve metropolitan-wide challenges and advance cross-sectoral, integrated solutions to them, from transportation to environmental and spatial planning issues. Effective governance at the metropolitan level can reduce policy fragmentation and raise the productivity of cities. It can also provide the right conditions to take advantage of agglomeration effects from its proximity to Mexico City. How governments regulate land use and address public and private investment, how competencies are allocated across levels of government, and how land use is taxed, is critical.	11	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	269d1ccae39d3be00017bd771dc538ac	There are risks of advancing a GVC integration agenda without effective global economic governance structures. This is because lower value-added activities are either outsourced or offshored by lead firms, while higher value-added activities are retained. The sector is a major employer of women. This is around the same level reported by Dolan and Humphrey (2000) for the horticulture sector, and by Kaplan and Kaplinsky (1998) for the deciduous canned fruit sector.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	269fd061d9ded78d195bdd647df8c76b	Curricula should include multiculturalism and diversity as content topics in language classes, history and civic education. Sweden should apply and implement a diversity-conscious curriculum consistently across schools. For immigrant students, inclusive schools can increase their opportunities to learn because they are able to interact with other children, which in turn can promote their family and community participation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	26a1d16404b2e88b1984e53e4d60698e	Eventually this could become a significant drag on the economy. In the literature review provided here, it appears that, at the level of individual sectors, this relatively inelastic response to water scarcity is indeed prevalent. However, it remains to be seen what scope there is for the economy to substitute more aggressively away from water intensive activities and consumption goods. Quantifying this potential should be part of the research agenda undertaken with the kind of global CGE model discussed in this report.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	26a21c0849a7ad0b99c7aeebd39a031b	The Youth Labour Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. A Review of OECD Countries’ Experiences with Active Labour Market Programmes”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, Vol.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	26a325aac189f591931881d7442ebaef	Hi K-SJStJJA 97,0 .95.5 95.3 . First, despite certain variations between countries in the proportion of w omen employed in the care sector and other sectors, in all cases the share in the former is at least double the latter. Second, the overwhelming presence of women among paid care workers has changed little in the last decade in terms of the regional average and for individual countries (see figure III.8). The proportion of women is higher among domestic workers (95.2% in 2000 and 90.6% in 2010) than among other care woikers, and it is higher in education services and community and household services than in health services (94.4% and 95.2%, respectively, in 2000 compared with 85.9% in 2010).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	26aa64919d24eaec3c126e0a16ed58bf	With that aim, Reporting Item (HC.RI.3) equates to HC.6 in SHA 1.0, and is within the boundary of health care. The proposal is to keep them as is, so as to promote a continued reporting practice, notably during the transition to SHA 2011 (see Table 5.2 for a mapping of these categories). This includes basic medical treatment, such as dental treatment, if provided as an integral part of the public health function. It excludes, however, remuneration-in-kind of health care goods and services that constitute household actual final consumption rather than intermediate consumption of business. As the health care components of long-term care are contained in HC.3, the complementary social components are included as a health care-related category that is further subdivided into in-kind and in-cash components. The health and social care components, HC.3 and HC.R.l, can be summed up to obtain a total value of long-term care (LTC).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5940d90a-en	26ab016ca787bd737c4148cfba47ab9b	While the MDGs started from ground zero, creating a baseline for global hunger and poverty targets, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) will hit the ground running, propelled by over a decade of lessons learned. Given this experience, the coming years offer unprecedented potential for human development. Nutrition has captured global attention and has remained a featured agenda item for most development partners. A number of international initiatives, multi-stakeholder processes and commitments add fuel to the fire, ANNA LARTEY is Director of the Nutrition Division in the Economic and Social Development Department at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	26af852b06f2348d768a212015113abd	On both metrics, the largest poverty reductions, above 60%, are observed in Slovenia and Spain. By contrast, imputed rents have almost no effect on reducing exposure to poverty in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, or Luxembourg. Portugal’s adoption of a floating poverty line actually leads to a greater risk of relative poverty among the elderly.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	26b216fcbaa2d5ffee20dc69cbc4f14d	During this process, it is also important to ensure that there are adequate analytical skills at the different levels to make good use of the data. Building a culture of evidence in which a few key indicators are tracked with benchmarks for improvement and goals established will go a long way toward reinforcing government priorities. The selection of indicators, of course, must be preceded by the establishment of a consensus about policy priorities.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	26b27c49008b0f5bc8f58f6f07ce5779	Using data from the Integrated Living Conditions Surveys of 2013 and 2014, this report also assesses the overlap between child multidimensional and monetary poverty, as measured by the national poverty line. Almost one in three children are both poor and deprived: 28 per cent of children are deprived (in two or more dimensions) and live in monetary-poor households. These children are the most vulnerable, and should be prioritized by social policies.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	26b748a68fa8063334ae8261e5cb477b	The positive trend is particularly visible for the legal designation of protected areas corresponding to IUCN category II (national parks), category IV (habitat/species management areas) and category V (protected landscapes/seascapes). Such new developments included the national parks Butrinti (2005, 8,591.2 ha), Mali i Dajtit (2006, 29,216.9 ha), Divjake-Karavasta (2007, 22,230.2 ha), Shebenik-Jabllanice (2008; 33,928.0 ha), Bredhi i Hotoves-Dangelli (2008, 34,361.1 ha) and Karaburun-Sazan (2010, 12,428.0 ha). As a result, the proportion of national parks in the surface area of the ecological network of Albania has more than triped (from 15.68 per cent in 2002 to 49.88 per cent in 2011).	15	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	26b7ae562972449b83f13228444507c2	Cameroon’s Inter-ministerial Biodiversity Committee was created in response to the Minister of Environment’s coordination mandate, and the National Committee on Biodiversity and Combat Desertification of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was created in 2012 to tackle the national responsibilities of biodiversity protection. The committee has since functioned in an ad hoc manner and is yet to have statutory or permanent status by a decision of the Prime Minister. However, the Minister of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development has the mandate to carry out consultations on cross-sectoral issues.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	26b82c3a47bdf6ff11f146fe50309125	This 2002 study covered drinking and driving, seat belt and child restraint use, local infrastructure improvements on urban and minor rural roads, and safety on main interurban roads. The thinking is based on a road safety target hierarchy of the final outcomes (the number killed and injured), intermediate outcomes (Safety Performance Indicators), safety programmes and measures, and “structure and culture” as shown in Figure 4.5. This approach is adapted from a consultation document on a road safety strategy in New Zealand (LTSA, 2000).	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	26bdbcd259e89ead80b5f5353019a521	The point is that there are new and significant markets for exports that will provide powerful economic benefits for those economies that manage to capture portions of the market. They are best taken as rough indicators of the magnitude of opportunity. Even economically similar countries will have widely different comparative advantages, and Commonwealth member countries are extremely varied in terms of size, geography, history and level of economic development.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	26c0fbf5cabb429da27509a48dc104d1	Continued employment participation may also open up career opportunities and will, in all events, strengthen pension entitlements so reducing the risk of poverty in old age (OECD, 2015a). There are intergenerational effects on future gender inequality when mothers are in paid work, as egalitarian attitudes are shaped both at home and in the public sphere. Equal sharing of unpaid work between mothers and fathers is also associated with more gender-equal attitudes and behaviours of children once they grow up (McGinn, 2015; Davis and Greenstein, 2009).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	26c5a36529f9a081dbb41c5a2e6256fd	South Africa has one of the best sun regimes in the world. Yet it has one of the lowest penetrations of solar water heaters (SWH). Experience with non-grid electrification through solar heating systems (SHS) has taught a lesson that solar panels are subject to theft and vandalism. Information campaigns and community development programmes help reduce vandalism.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	26c73be89353c5968f16636201627a8c	Further steps need to be taken to halt excessive groundwater abstractions, including through improved monitoring and the introduction of charges on abstractions from overexploited aquifers. Its climate and the physical characteristics of its environment, such as the prominence of mountain ranges close to the coasts or soil characteristics, make natural water endowments highly unequally distributed across space and time. These characteristics have determined water policies, which used to aim at increasing supply by constructing large dams with government support. With over 1 300 dams, Spain is estimated to be the country with the 4th largest number of dams in the world (after the United States, India and China; Martinez-Cortina, 2010). Over the past century this policy increased water abstractions per inhabitant to a higher level, on average, relative to renewable resources, than in most other OECD countries (Figure 4.1), relatively low population density notwithstanding.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	26c89c5aec42cca27823643de56972ff	Such definitions have not yet been agreed. Further, National Communications, adaptation communications or other country-specific adaptation information would need to clarify what levels of international support for adaptation are needed. ( At present, adaptation support needs presented by countries are patchy and/or out of date, and for those INDCs highlighting quantified support needs, it is not always clear which part of these needs are to be met from national and/or international sources). These are outlined further in Table 11.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	26c942f21ac98947ff7e0536eb6fe406	Since 2002, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has been the governmental agency responsible for implementing the Energy Conservation Act. The RGGVY also planned to communicate massively through the media in rural areas in order to promote energy efficiency, and sound management of the local electricity distribution system. First, India's rural distribution system is essentially low-density with high technical and commercial losses leading to a high delivery cost. For this reason, utilities were generally not inclined to take up rural electrification projects through funds arranged on a commercial loan basis, for fear of further deterioration in their financial health. During the 10lh Five-Year Plan (FYP) there was only limited financial outlay for the implementation of the RGGVY, and some cases of government corruption and mismanagement of funds have plagued the system.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/31959a6d-en	26c94e38bbf357f00839657db92fbbf8	Widowhood can bring economic hardship and vulnerability for women. The conditions for entitlements also relate to more specific pension rules - for instance, how many years of contributions are required (the so-called ‘vesting period’), the income or asset threshold for means-tested benefits, and whether benefits are right-based or depend on resources available and waiting lists. The conditions of entitlement define who can get a benefit and how coverage is ultimately distributed.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	26cb067e9be7a7def04d550e2c1893d8	In Ohio, treatment admissions for the drug increased by 34 per cent from 2009 to 2012. In the county of San Diego, deaths related to methamphetamine increased by 70 per cent from 2008 to 2012. South America has a relatively strong institutional capacity in the wider context of Latin America and the Caribbean, and countries in the region have been making considerable efforts at the national and international levels to curb the illicit supply of drugs and address the increasing rates of drug abuse.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	26cc150b26d891874c79a1c2dfd271c4	While Danish residents currently experience low unmet need for medical care, this 'skills mix' provides opportunities to expand the scope of practice of nurses to better respond to growing and changing requirements. Many nurses work with more advanced tasks under delegation from a physician in a legal framework established to improve the scope of practice for nurses. This and other possible extensions in scope of practice will require revision of curricula or investments in more postgraduate education and training for nurses in Denmark, as scope exists in the Danish primary care payment schedule for nurses to perform some tasks traditionally done by physicians (OECD, 2017a).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	26cca391ebb5d8f117b351f841bc6b7b	This includes the merger of the two operators of combined heat and power plants CHP-1 and CHP-2, with Termocom, the state-owned company that owns and operates the district heating network in Chisinau. This means that the company may be private, but has some additional social obligations. For example, it is subject to certain restrictions on cutting supply to customers in case of non-payment of bills by customers. Source: Energy Community (2015).	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	26d10c0924da8a55cf710d2621eda89b	In the past, they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative. This report argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become ‘cautious revolutionaries’ to remain relevant. Such a development would not necessarily benefit SMEs and inclusiveness, as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that non-profit service providers can address but private sector players are free to ignore. For this purpose, they can create their own online platforms to facilitate contacts between local businesses and potential buyers in foreign markets, modernizing their traditional matchmaking services.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	26dcf4aa5f381e206fdaf0ece4305dbd	Furthermore, a range of funding mechanisms have been developed to provide medium- and longterm capital financing, such as the “Cradle Investment Programme” (CIP) and the “Start Your Own Business” by the Multimedia Development Corporation. The Malaysian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association targets high technology and knowledge-based enterprises of all sizes. Penang has a rich support framework for new firm creation and increasing investments are being made to support the creation of new business formation in knowledge-based fields.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/60a8d482-en	26dde187d3c0658e00d54de0f85c7726	"The project was put on hold. In 2012, the Government said they planned to scrap the entire programme, outraging the women of Ain El-Sira. "" I got a phone call from the head of security at the Ministry of Social Affairs telling me that these women were protesting and were barricading the building,"" Hania smiles. """	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	26e0cbc90c5325367ebebfb95b7ed8f4	The share of all women in the labour market (age 15 and over) grew from 33.9% in 1991 to 43.3% in 2014. Indeed, Mexico has the second-lowest rate of (working age) female labour force participation in the OECD, after Turkey. Mexican women also participate at lower rates than women in Colombia and Peru, two other upper-middle income Latin American countries (OECD, 2016b). There is a 35.3 percentage point gap between Mexican women and men’s labour force participation rates.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	26e6b3f2c6aaae81e97d866ffcdaa75e	"According to the study, ten years of excellence in research policy in Swedish research funding has had serious negative consequences for gender equality in academia. It also appears that these initiatives have so far avoided an analysis of the measures they themselves have planned to initiate to improve gender equality. The European Commission focused attention on the gender-related ramifications of the excellence in research initiatives and the definition of scientific excellence as early as 200440 and established the expert group ""Gender and Excellence"", which studied research funding in 33 European countries in a gender perspective (EU 2008). There is good reason to raise the issue of quality criteria and excellence in research in the Nordic countries and at the joint Nordic level as well."	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	26e941683772c94a455d976225dc53aa	Blood pressure screening also increased from 30% to 34% (of the undiagnosed population) between 2013 and 2014. In contrast, adequate control of cholesterol levels was achieved in only around 45% people with dyslipidaemia. The evaluation considered reasons for falling short of the 55% target, including poor adherence to clinical guidelines or deficient information systems.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	26e987509f9c2c45916150e3080e82cd	Modern science can exploit the qualities of these marginal crops and deploy it in varieties that will be more widely grown. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) has one of the world’s largest gene banks in the world for dryland crops. Excessive rainfall could wash away soils from the land to complement the impacts of degradation of the natural resource base due to agro-chemicals, overcultivation of soils, deforestation, slash-and-burn agriculture and deterioration of water sources.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	26e9a7f07a087a6c540e11669ccdf6f2	Increased public/private collaboration can also contribute to investment risk-hedging and confidence-building in investors. Training and education, including data and information sharing, serves to increase capacity building among investors and lenders, especially in emerging economies. Evidence similarly suggests that EE stakeholders are looking for increased guidance from government before scaling-up private investment in energy efficiency. The study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN);4 an international platform to enable regular cooperation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. Financial instruments that guarantee EE projects address such risk perception.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/08a21a66-en	26ea8a9d884543ffcf19e3741d113d7e	The energy sector solutions would present abatement potential of about 41 Mt C02eq, mainly resulting from onshore wind and solar power. In the studied five countries onshore wind, which can provide the biggest impact in the Baltics, has an abatement potential close to 20 Mt C02eq in total, solar power 17 Mt C02eq and bioenergy for heating about 14 Mt C02eq. The transport sector and the agriculture and forestry sector would provide 10 Mt C02eq and 6 Mt C02eq abatement potentials respectively.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	26eb72cb2b380b1c3d9fdf353f12e8d9	High turnover rates can have a negative effect on ECEC quality since staff provision is less stable, which, in turn, can impact child development. When staff members regularly change within a group of children, staff and children are less able to develop stable relationships; and nurturing, stimulating interactions take place less often (CCI, 2006). This is mainly because there is a complex inter-relationship between staff-child ratios, staff qualifications, quality and type of provision that makes it difficult to single out the effect of a particular characteristic of working conditions (Sammons, 2010). Available research findings focus on the effects on staff satisfaction rather than on child development.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	26eec3a9d3b782d84c104efb87607934	Use of pesticides and chemicals in agriculture is a joint responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry- and Ministry of Health (chapter 1). Among other tasks, GASI performs inspection and monitoring of water sources and distribution points for drinking water control. For food safety' control, inspection focuses on the entire process, from raw material to the final product.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	26f1842b080db9cbee110c338a794bad	Greater co-ordination among state agencies may well help get several pending projects off the ground. The PND is also missing a more integrated tourism strategy conceived around the development of specific areas as tourism priority economic hubs, allowing for tourism opportunities to be exploited in co-ordination with other policy areas and sectors. Rural areas would lend themselves particularly well to such a strategy, drawing on their connection to the agricultural sector. Yet, the inclusion of mral communities is not perceived as an objective of tourism policy, despite the high potential that exists in making mral communities direct beneficiaries of major tourism attractions around the country.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ee52a573-en	26f6a8b2528b115e212cc1397641f68f	Metals, minerals, wood, water, glass energy, etc. Over the years, largely due to climate change discussions, there has been increasing understanding of the impact of transport and mobility on society and the environment. The production of motor vehicles is resource intensive; their use requires constant GHG-emitting fuels and the construction of roads; and at the end of life the scrapping of cars takes up space, requires energy and may release harmful substances with potential impacts on human health.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	26f757e9feba00ec372bbc82dee02c2e	Constantly prodded by federal authorities and an increasingly demanding public, the states progressively agreed and implemented such standards. Second, along with the standards, the states developed a range of resources to implement them in classrooms, including guidelines for instructional design, lesson plans and pedagogy. Capacity to implement the standards was developed at all levels of the education system.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/808599e4-en	26fb0136ce4f303c5467a296b3883c8e	Such youth are more at risk, as they are unable to secure enough work and income to climb out of poverty. Even in the developed world, young people seeking initial employment are increasingly at risk in terms of underemployment, as employers respond to weak demand or avoid the costs of formal employment (including healthcare and social security mandates) by providing part-time work to new entrants. Moreover, quality part-time work-including internships that provide no monetary compensation but offer job-relevant skills development—often excludes the poorest youth, who cannot afford to work for little or no pay.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	26fd20f5b83f18648d5ef1649ca27ccc	The public works component also aims to create infrastructure and community assets, including roads, water and fuel sources, all of which potentially benefit women. The design of the PSNP takes account of their practical needs on a number of levels.88 It foresees the provision of community-based childcare services and reduced working time for women with children and provides for women to receive direct support without work requirements before and after childbirth. Some governments are responding more effectively to this challenge than others, as this section will show.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	26ffaa5d50c614fa211900227013308b	"In the end, the infrastructure needed to support significant and sustainable tourism growth is sizeable and will take years to be in place. Private investment has an important role to play. The focus of the government on four ""new Balis"" (Box 2) is a positive step, even though sustainability remains an issue (see below)."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	26ffc8086adaf1c1856fd324536d72c8	The high yield variability/export availability from this region has already demonstrated its impact on world commodity price volatility. Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s freshwater withdrawals (45% in OECD countries). Water use projections to 2050 suggest that the water supply to some 47% of the world’s population, mostly in developing countries, will be under severe stress, largely because of developments outside of agriculture. In some instances, supporting agricultural production may not be regarded as the most socially or economically desirable use for scarce water supplies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a84cce24-en	270003cd6789740f231bd456272627dc	In this context, development policies would need to become more concerned with macroeconomic stability and to rely much more on deregulated markets and private initiative not only in productive activities but also in the provisioning of social services. The market reforms would be conducive to “getting the prices right” and provide the necessary incentives for businesses and households to improve efficiency and invest in a better future. Different levels of success in achieving development were no longer explained by differences in initial conditions, but rather by whether the “right” policies (market-friendly, fiscally sound) or the “wrong” ones (interventionist) had been conducted.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	2700d850c1a1604de3f32e3a8ef93803	The Habitats Directive calls for the establishment of special areas of conservation for habitats or species. The protected areas defined by these directives are legally binding and restrict or forbid certain human activities. Member states must put measures into place to achieve the conservation goals for each site.	14	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	2703cd389ed4f66244212a7bd8af3124	It is moreover possible that schools share the same kit across classes, so that the above figure constitutes a lower bound for exposure: some schools purchased “mobile kits” (mobile IWB and laptop), or share classrooms between different classes. Although traditionally, each classroom is used by a single class group, and pupils stay with the same class group throughout the day and school year, schools are free to adopt a different organisation of their space. Of all IWBs purchased with funds from the “Piano LIM”, 10.6% are mobile kits, and 29.1% are located in dedicated labs (science, music or arts labs; multimedia rooms; etc.).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	27048ba4618ada6c71778d762644fbe0	Between January 1999 and February 2009, Universiti Sains Malaysia received 4.08 citations per paper with two other Malaysian universities (Universiti Malaya 4.16 and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 3.68) receiving approximately the same (Wong and Ho, 2010). This was lower than the other comparison Asian universities such as Seoul National University (8.04) and University of Hong Kong (10.02). In terms of commercialising of research output, USM had three US patents cumulative to 2005, compared with Seoul National University’s 22 and University of Hong Kong’s 52 (ibid.49). Nationally, however, Penang as a region is a key player in the development of Malaysian-invented patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Reviewing Malaysian patents by region, Penang residents invented one-third of all Malaysian patents. However, on examination the bulk of these patents were owned by foreign-based multi-national companies (Wong and Ho, 2010).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	270570d69b9a3dc096819d641b83a7ab	The vast majority of households do not have the capacity to pay for such services. For households that do report care spending, the actual market demand expressed in monetaiy terms depends on total household income and on the range of needs they need, want and are able to meet. Spending on health care inside and outside the household was grouped together, showing that most of this spending goes on older persons in the household, the sick and persons with disabilities.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	270584c0df7d9057ce135731501032c9	Examples of such constraints include IPRs, licensing prohibitions, domestic technology absorptive capacity constraints, and trade-driven economic distortions, such as prioritization of export-oriented production in a few goods over diversified production for the domestic or regional market. Its evolution so far has been governed largely by considerations of environmental protection. Issues that affect development (i.e. climate change as a development challenge), related investment and R&D have been left to other forums and institutions although the UNFCCC process has sufficient mandates in this regard (UN-DESA, 2009b).	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	2706acf2079e7e2f1a47a0cacebe7efb	Women entrepreneurs who registered through the programme report improvements in their business operations, costs of credit, and work security. One risk of the programme is that it might create incentives to under-report real revenues (in order to benefit from the special MEI status) and reduce the attractiveness of other legal forms of business (limited-liability companies and corporations) that are generally more conducive to enterprise growth. Complementary measures are needed to enable higher growth in female-owned enterprises.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	2706d0b6d80d5f03c4be99998a7bf033	Section 5 concludes by summarizing the findings. However, the intensity of fertiliser differs widely across countries (FAOSTAT, 2013). At 30% of global use of fertiliser nutrients (NPK only), China is the largest user of fertilisers - and with close to 300kg and more than 100kg, it also has the highest use of N and P fertilisers per hectare of cropland, respectively (based on FAOSTAT data on fertiliser use and cropland).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	270d0efabfb858259319c6c581ec25f0	Hence, the survey offers the possibility to estimate model (1) using as dependent variable one of the available measures of skill proficiency. These are a potentially better measure of Human capital than standard indicators of the highest level of formal education attained. One obvious concern, however, is to what extent they actually reflect skills acquired while in education. On one hand, proficiency in literacy and numeracy as accumulated at school is likely to depreciate with age.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	27145c28575b5ab8690dcc441de8af0a	New Zealand livestock farmers operate in an environment of relatively high price instability. Over the period of 1999-2007, prices for cattle, sheep and wool fluctuated roughly between 14% and 27% around their means observed at farm levels, while this fluctuation reached 36% for deer farmers. Consistent with findings for other countries, the variability of prices at the farm level in New Zealand is higher than at the aggregate level. However, the divergences between the farm-level and the aggregate-level variability are not significant.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09ba747a-en	2714a7b32985689e76d30dbba5d1da07	For instance, in Mexico, higher income households capture the largest part of the benefits in absolute terms (OECD Economic Survey of Mexico, 2011).7 In France, although reduced rates for essentials and services are usually justified on equity grounds, empirical evidence suggests this is misplaced. The 2013 OECD Economic Survey of France notes two studies that illustrate the ineffectiveness of these policies. Unsurprisingly perhaps, Ruiz and Trannoy (2008) conclude that reduced VAT rates for restaurant meals and yachts are of greater benefit to better-off households than to lower-income persons.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b9509058-en	2715215a0a7be28abf5b3a804688d724	However, as prices of natural resources and commodities rise, as climate change deepens and accelerates, and as mountains of waste overflow landfills and stretch municipal budgets, sustainable consumption is emerging as a necessary condition for continued economic growth, even in developing countries. But as incomes in the region grow, consumption patterns become less and less eco-efficient. Sustainable consumption strategies make it possible to achieve eco-efficient economic growth while people rediscover, reinstate and revitalize rich Asian and Pacific cultural values and traditions.	12	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	271585ce579b6c819fca000dfae95009	In particular, the World Bank (2012b) estimates that price volatility6 between January’2005 and May 2011 reached 12% in Kenya and 14% in Zambia, w'hile it was only 9% in South Africa. In Kenya, average price levels increased around 20% between 1995 and 2004 (Jayne et al., However, the food security impacts of the stocks are not unanimously positive.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	2718d3232ba2d95aa5f2f53e9cf1eeaf	It is important to note that multidimensional poverty remained unchanged12 in the urban Amazon between 2006 and 2010, which ties in with the increasing deprivation levels (gaps) in all dimensions other than work and social security. While relative poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians decreased from 1.2 times the national level in 2006 to 1.1 in 2010, the relative level for indigenous people increased from 1.6 times the national level in 2006 to 1.7 in 2010, meaning that despite the absolute reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the indigenous population was worse off in 2010 than in 2006 in terms of equity. Rural areas, and especially the rural Amazon, have the highest levels of poverty but a lower absolute number of poor. If the figures are broken down by age group, children and adults together accounted for 57.9% of multidimensional poverty in 2010 (20.2% and 37.7%, respectively), both by number of poor people and by poverty level, while the elderly are the group with the highest level of multidimensional poverty.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	27190fb513729e8589df38b3d5915cb4	A sharp fall in TPES and TFC in 2006 was also linked to decreased use of energy products as feedstock, especially in the petrochemical industry. In 2007, Portugal consumed 0.17 toe per USD 1 000 of GDP (2005 prices), against an OECD Europe average of 0.12 toe. The difference is less when GDP is corrected for purchasing power parities.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	271a3d85e18daa6d57f166fad204375a	Most of the aid to countries in protracted crisis is humanitarian, notably food aid, while much less is development assistance (Afghanistan and Iraq are exceptions). Relatively small amounts of aid flow to agriculture and education, two sectors of particular importance for food security and nutrition. For example, only 3.1 percent of overseas development assistance received by countries in protracted crisis in the period 2005-08 was dedicated to agriculture (FAO and WFP, 2010).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	271a7afd39cf3a461a3cb1c342179d11	Therefore road safety advocacy and information should focus on informing those fleet operators. In general in this increasing pace of life, many citizens desire to go faster and as discussed earlier often an individual’s appreciation of the risk of speeding and crash risk is not well informed and the collective risk accumulating in society and the resulting speed related crash problems is one of the classic public health dilemmas or disconnects as described earlier by Prof. Kare Rumar. For example in the enforcement of low level speeding by many more people vs a focus on catching the high end speeding motorists who are relatively few.	11	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	271f0a9b6cb7a93ab809a464d753cf35	For customized printed objects, the potential differences between the 3D printing cost and the equivalent retail price are anywhere between eight and 80 times (DHL, 2016a). Small firms trade smaller quantities than big enterprises do. This suggests that fixed trade costs, such as logistics costs, often make up a greater share of the unit cost of their goods as compared to their rivals which export larger volumes.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	2724e555fd1b89f9a8dfce0f3264e03b	For example, the World Wide Fund for nature has played a major role in pushing for reform of fisheries subsidies and in framing the WTO debate subsidies disciplines (see the series of publications on the issue in WWF 1998, 2001,2004). However, because of its diversity, its position in relation to the fisheries is equally mixed. In most cases the tourism industry does not seem to have a clear-cut interest in the fisheries industry and how it is organised or managed.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	272708488bd20e01f18b393f17009bf0	Implementing a national payment system for mental health is understood to be a key enabler to achieving parity of esteem between mental and physical health, and is expected to help drive up the quality of mental health services. A national payment system for mental health would enable better commissioning and more efficient services by incentivising the provision of services that achieve the best outcomes for patients. A national payment system for mental health would ensure the best services, that deliver the highest quality with best outcomes, receive the most funding. Many adults receiving care are allocated to a mental health cluster based on their need; services are then tailored according to the needs of the people they treat. In some local health economies, clusters are also used as the basis of payment replacing a system of block payment arrangements, based on historical funding rather than current service provision.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	272908891c5f278793cc8919e0434ada	This is true in the Nordic countries, which were among the first to make the change in the 1970s. One of the most recent reforms was undertaken in Poland, where early tracking was postponed one year, until the age of 15. The reform raised students' performance substantially, particularly for those students who would have been assigned into vocational tracks, without undermining the performance of top achievers (Wisniewski, 2007).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	272b5aab038b2d854e29638d9f7b0aec	A brief description of the institutions providing concessional credit and their concessional credit schemes follows. The task of the ACC was to provide start-up capital for the newly formed CPs on the basis that once CPs have accumulated sufficient own funds for operations, the ACC would terminate its participation in authorised capital by selling its stakes to current or entering CP members. At present, 161 CPs operate nationwide, covering 89% of administrative micro-regions in the country. However, it is evaluated that only one-third is in stable financial condition.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264283558-en	272ccd05275d66c7791292426d11388a	This has contributed to the fall in death rates related to external causes, although these remained above the EU average in 2014. Since then, lung cancer mortality has decreased - although this probably partly reflects a decline in smoking prevalence that started even before these prevention measures. The same restrictions apply to e-cigaiettes, herbal smoking products and novel tobacco merchandise.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	27359226d58b307f363595a5325d9e17	These campaigns not only demonstrated the feasibility of working across sectors, but were also 15 per cent cheaper than separate campaigns. For such efforts to succeed however there is need for community participation at all stages and multi-stakeholder engagement. These shelters are in the hospital compound and encourage pregnant women to come and stay there towards the end of their pregnancies. For example, one such shelter is found in Oarissa in the North-Eastern part of Kenya.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/56f09402-en	2736dc63444e2cf21f4ae9c7bbff0805	Both have worked as consultants for the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). This is, first, because adolescents are, along with children, overrepresented in poor families. Fertility patterns in lower-income, less-educated sectors largely explain this overrepresentation, combined as they are with today's very low fertility rates among the middle class, especially in the countries of the Southern Cone of Latin America.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	2737def6e9f2bd12dbb9c0a4a8dbe49f	They are involved in producing staple food crops that are among the top ten crops grown in the region (in acreage): millet, sorghum, cow peas, maize, groundnuts, cassava, rice and yams (World Farmers' Organisation website accessed on 26 February 2016). The horticulture sector mainly employs female labour as well. Cereals, roots and tubers, fruits and vegetables are essential for food and nutrition security and have a growing regional market.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	2738410b14b93b4d7c6bf0f2e472ed9d	This reduction resulted in a decrease in the average annual exposure level of urban residents to outdoor PM from 46 to 36 pg/m3 over 2000-11 (World Bank, 2015).11 Annual average concentrations remain above this level in several metropolitan areas, however, and peak concentrations still regularly exceed national air quality standards in many cities. Rio de Janeiro, among the cities with the greatest traffic congestion problems, registered the highest levels of PM10 exposure in 2010: both the highest annual mean concentration (67 pg/m3) and highest peak concentration (574 pg/m3) among monitored cities. In Sao Paulo, PM10 concentrations decreased over the 2000s, but the city faces high 03: concentration levels exceeded the national eight-hour average quality standard 257 times in 2010, or more than 70% of the year (IBGE, 2013). Estimates suggest that in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro alone, 135 000 people died from diseases caused by air pollution over 2006-11 (ISS, 2014).	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	273b398e776cb28460b780ad31d26670	For example, in Australia the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centres (EPPIC) scheme was extended to young people to improve their access to mental health care. The motivation for doing this came from survey findings that 25% of people reporting mental disorders in Australia have their first mental ill-health episode before the age of 12, and 64% before the age of 21, and that a large treatment gap existed for this group. To take an example from Finland, when survey information highlighted groups with a particularly high suicide rate, suicide prevention was appropriately tailored towards these groups and successfully contributed to a reduced suicide rate. Investments in population-targeted surveys are most fruitful if such surveys are used to promote access to appropriate treatment, which necessitates investment and reflection around good referral and treatment pathways.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	273b722cfd79b8ea27cbbbbae4b09a79	Minister for Rural Development Jairam Ramesh, speech outside of parliament on 7 March 2013, reported by The Hindu newspaper, 8 March 2013, see www.thehindu.com. From a speech made by Rwandan Prime Minister Bernard Makuza (2008), at the International Social Security Association (ISSA) Regional Social Security Forum for Africa, 18-20 November, Kigali (ISSA, 2008). For example, the World Bank has estimated that an increase of four percentage points in Mexico’s poverty rate from 2008 to 2010 can be attributed to the global financial crisis (Habib et al.,	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	273f7c7f2881f436634064cd36516cd3	The higher the Gini coefficient, the more unequal the income distribution becomes, while the higher the ratio of the two U5MRs, the more unequal the health outcomes are. If Peru, an outlier, is removed from the sample, it becomes-0.166. In this case, however, the correlation is negative: the lower the share the higher the U5MR.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	274202fceee3fb397d1e60a1cb99a587	As an example, UK has recently reorganised their technological service system into seven so-called Catapult Centres. Two of these centres - Digital Catapult and Advanced Manufacturing Catapult - play a key role in the digitalisation of the UK production sector. It is thus important to stress that it leaves most general innovation schemes out - and therefore does not give a full overview of all policies that in reality affect the level and pace of digitalisation and automation in manufacturing.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/799337c2-en	2743da36a962f0504f5ebc5ca8cfc3e6	The first is our greater appreciation of the importance of how schools relate to their communities, contexts, and other social services, such as those that exist in extended or full-service schools (Cummings et al., The second is the need for schools to be interconnected and to collaborate in order to maximise positive outcomes across communities and enhance social justice (Hadfield and Chapman, 2009(63]). There is, how'ever, growing - though contested - evidence of the relationship between collaboration and school improvement (Chapman and Muijs, 2014|64]; Croft, 2015(65]), and of the challenges collaboration poses for school leaders, not least in moving from hierarchical to equal peer leadership relationships (Muijs, West and Ainscow, 2010(49]). The increasing call for leadership across systems and networks of schools provides impetus to include items on this new topic in TALIS 2018.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2745bc49757376cd53889d75d8275a13	It shows that indirect carbon emissions of all technologies are at least an order of magnitude lower than the direct emissions from fossil fuel combustion. It includes the warming of rivers and lakes due to the cooling requirements of large thermal power plants, in particular nuclear plants, as well as the landscape impacts of renewables with large requirements in terms of land use such as wind, solar and hydro.15 In case of biomass-firing, it is important that woodlands are forested sustainably. The European project on the Cost Assessment for Sustainable Energy Systems (CASES) draws together much of the available information on the external effect of power generation in monetised form. While here is not the place to discuss the merits, limits and proper utilisation of the monetisation of external effects, such synthetic estimates if carefully prepared provide a good qualitative indicator of the areas in which policy action might be needed.	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	274754a8332dc5c7ad532fe19cd5443b	These modelling exercises typically follow a pattern of reporting 'with AIDS' and 'without AIDS' scenarios. An example is the widely dted ING Barings model produced for the July 2000 HIV/AIDS conference in Durban, which showed that long-term economic growth in South Africa would decline by 0.4 per cent per year due to HIV/AIDS. Recent research, however, suggests that these studies may be too optimistic.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	274a5f0f9349ab5576995e7830f643e9	These remittances are used to buy food and support family healthcare and education, thus, reducing significantly the incidence of extreme poverty (Neak and Yem, 2006). Nevertheless, risks remain as the garment industry can easily be relocated to other countries and there are limited job opportunities in other areas of the formal sector for the unskilled. Furthermore, workers in smaller garment factories remain susceptible to health and safety risks due to frequent resort to overtime to increase income (Neak and Yem, 2006).	1	2	3	0.2
11.1002/pub/8111728e-bf10a624-en	274bb50ba9576afee657b42303ef3764	The database provides information for natural resource management processes and allows the cross-referencing of data and the making of more accurate comparisons. This methodology, besides achieving the standardization or uniformity of the use of centralized information - both local and national - will give an analysis of the data suitable for feedback to the communities.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	274e5349edcc0c891cd6cacbbedac72b	At present, individual Parties report on their contributions (i.e. climate finance provided) to MDBs, but not on private finance mobilised by the finance they channel through MDBs. Further, as MDBs are not Parties to the UNFCCC, they do not have reporting obligations under the UNFCCC (although they are accredited entities of the GEF and GCF, which are to report annually to the COP). It is therefore unclear how any quantified, collective estimates of climate finance reported by MDBs would feed in to the UNFCCC process.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	274f239ed1df55d49e2df8f02feaad59	The inevitability of leakages to other agents in the supply chain, and the difficulties of targeting have already been noted. In addition such measures may crowd out the development of private input markets, may lead to the over-use of inputs, and once introduced have historically proven difficult to rescind. Nevertheless, there has been renewed optimism that a new generation of so-called “smart” subsidies, by virtue of innovative design features, such as exit strategies, can deliver income benefits while limiting their known shortcomings (Dorward, 2009b). These arguments are considered in (OECD, 2010b).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	274f7f4738053eae53bfba25a217b581	Foreign vessels would be subject to the same, effective system of surveillance as Icelandic vessels to hinder illegal catches and unreported landings. In 2009, a Committee appointed by the Minister of the Environment published a report on reducing GHG emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2009). According to the report, from a purely technical viewpoint the fishing industry can contribute considerably.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	275291138ec427a2282abaa64aaaf341	While reliable data are lacking, the agriculture and fisheries sectors represent around 34.8% of GDP (MOAI, 2013). Around 61.2% of the labour force is engaged in crop and livestock production or depends to a significant extent on it for its income (MOAI, 2012b). A significant proportion of industry is also related directly or indirectly to agriculture.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	27541cb8dcb3faadf98e52fa2be267c1	However, clearly energy efficiency improvements that do not lead to reduced fossil fuel energy consumption will not cut greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, it is important to be able to accurately assess the outcomes from energy efficiency measures in order to plan realistic greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies. All else being equal, if the demand for energy services decreases, energy prices should fall, and energy efficiency improvements are expected to deliver the necessary energy demand reductions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	27568d50d2136e81e43d83b879d6be8b	They act as a forum for aligning interests and timing across ministries and public agencies. A prominent example of a high-level structure acting as co-ordinating body is CONAGUA, the national water commission in Mexico (Box 4.1) and many LAC countries have also set up national water agencies, including Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Panama and Peru (Box 4.2). It follows previous water-related administrations such as the Direction for Water, Land and Colonization (1917); the Nation Irrigation Commission (1926); the Ministry of Water Resources (1946); and the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (1976). This decentralised agency of SEMARNAT is the highest institution for water resource management in Mexico, including water policy, water rights, planning, irrigation and drainage development, water supply and sanitation, and emergency and disaster management (with an emphasis on flooding). The 2004 amended National Water Law (NWL) restructured CONAGUA’s key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to sub-national entities.	6	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	2757b7fd3cb99ff8de0c0d4e244bb717	The ACCLIM data were chosen for this case study because they represented the latest knowledge of climate change affects on the Finnish climate at the time of this study. The winter will become shorter and the growing season will lengthen. Precipitation is also expected to increase, although the biomass growth is unable to fully exploit the increased precipitation because of simultaneous increased evaporation.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	2758d3267372247fc197f2799aa229d2	Family planning policies and the availability of contraceptives provide households with more control over their fertility decisions which can also help reduce poverty risks. The assessment of key drivers of child poverty is based on a time series analysis of pooled cross-section data for 29 OECD countries for the mid-1990s to 2013/14 period for the first stage, and for 22 countries for which data for the second-stage analysis are available for the same period. The data on child poverty are taken from the OECD Income Distribution Database.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	2760c1a9f002d56bd7afa637df0b81bf	Because gender may not be the most pressing source of inequality in every situation, however, there have been calls to shift focus from “gender” to “diversity” mainstreaming, thus taking a wider approach to inequality (Siltanen 2006, p. 9213). High quality, readily accessible gender-disaggregated data supplies the foundation for both sound evidence-based policy making and gender monitoring and evaluation, and is integral to gender impact assessment. Conversely, the absence of differentiated data (Box 4.11) makes it very difficult to understand the impact of gender equality and mainstreaming strategies and efforts.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aefb0a67-en	2764993217ebdfac9dc5ad551d1385b0	In some countries, girls are not able to inherit property, while in others, women are required by law to obey their husbands, their voices stifled and their agency eroded. The recognition of families as a contradictory space for women and girls is at the heart of this Report. Therefore, the urgent challenge for policymakers, activists and people in all walks of life, is to transform families into a home for equality and justice, a place where women and girls can exercise voice and agency, and where they have economic security and physical safety. Meeting SDG 5, gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, for example, demands the elimination of violence and an end to harmful practices; ensuring women have access to economic resources, including through equal inheritance rights and equality in family laws; and promoting shared responsibility for the provision of unpaid care and domestic work, which falls disproportionately on women's shoulders.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2766911136d5a904d00697153c6bc8c4	Logically, they would need to compete for these funds on equal terms with commercial banks if the government intends to provide effective incentives for commercial banks. This seems to be a logical change if the government’s goal is to attract commercial banks into agriculture - interest rate subsidies represent a more flexible policy instrument than do administratively fixed interest rates currently implemented by state agencies. In addition, with the interest rate subsidies the cost of credit support policies becomes more transparent.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	2768b33cff8ed2b68ef380e556591b15	Furthermore, some countries also have so-called “club houses” offering prevocational training and transitional employment programmes as well as other psychosocial interventions (Rosen and Barfoot, 2001). The underlying rationale of such programmes is that clients are in need of a stepwise approach to employment, with clients needing some training in a safe environment to reach their goals. One problem of prevocational training - which normally yields substantial positive effects in a supporting environment - is that these positive effects are hard to replicate in non-sheltered environments.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c45e5372-en	2769b952831e3492aaa4afe20173d616	These groups have enabled small informal producers to become part of the formal economy, the chapters have provided a marketing channel for their coffee and have secured more than US$ 3 million in coffee exports to international buyers seeking small lots of specialty coffee. These countries are incorporating lessons learned from their earlier experiences with implementing these policies. Intormation and communications technology (ICT) has the potential to facilitate connectivity and increase women's access to markets.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	276a402ac47849eb0d3b88308c0603d2	There are many clear benefits to improving energy efficiency, including increased energy security, a more sustainable environment, improved quality of life and economic competitiveness. However attempts to increase energy efficiency are undermined by inadequate national policy and legislative frameworks, or a failure to implement them fully. To overcome this inertia, countries have developed ambitious but ineffective energy efficiency polices aimed at households and utilities. There is clear evidence that energy efficiency measures can be cost effective. For example, starting in 2014, Italy offered a 55% tax deduction for energy efficiency investments in the residential sector (subsequently increased to 65% for some measures). Between 2007 and 2013 more than 1.8 million applications were approved and households accessed around EUR 23 billion of investments, at a cost of about EUR 13 billion in undiscounted forgone tax revenue.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	276a52cd8109713a6aa17801db6c1b5c	In 2013 the share of long-term care recipients aged 65 and over receiving care at home was below the OECD average (OECD, 2015b). They had planned to raise home-based long-term care to 1.2% of hospital stays by 2018. However, it remains less developed than in most other comparable countries, and past measures have failed to raise the level of home care and to reach a balanced geographical supply (Cour des comptes, 2016b).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	276b312d809e5c33fd577269cc591887	Figure 4.12 shows that time poverty often doubles with the presence of children in the household, and this increase is greater for women than for men. Multivariate analysis, controlling for individual characteristics other than gender (age, employment status, education, employment status of the spouse), shows that an additional child generates a reduction in discretionary time for women of 2.3 hours per week (1.7 hours for men), and an increase of 3.5% in the probability to be time-poor (2.6% for men, see Annex 4.A1 for detailed results). Low-income individuals have lower rates of time poverty, but the relationship is ambiguous.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	276bf158c900c405d355e2f315dfcedc	Still, LGBTI persons in contexts of conflict are often neglected and violations against them underreported. Efforts should be made to actively seek information on the situation of LGBTI persons, including through organizations that protect their rights, while ensuring confidentiality and the safety of the persons concerned. The team might need to consider different approaches in order to ensure that women's and men's voices are equally represented. The team might choose to map out possible challenges and develop appropriate strategies in order to gather information, as indicated in the examples below.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	276cfbd92cd54a9b776854b4f277a09b	Often computed at national level, road mortality can be misleading when computed at city level, as activity levels in some cities cannot be measured by resident population alone. In urban cores, where many jobs and services are concentrated, the daytime population can be much higher than the resident population. This figure is important to better capture the activity level within an area and was provided by 19 cities. In FUAs, the assumption is that resident and daytime population are not significantly different, since the FUA definition is based on commuter flows.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	277a5775c697ec41a8e7bf7224bf8e80	It examines Colombia’s biodiversity policy and institutional framework, and the priorities and actions outlined in the National Policy for the Integral Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The chapter assesses progress in using various instruments, including payments for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsets. It also examines measures to integrate biodiversity conservation into other key policy areas, such as agriculture, forestry and mining. Much of the biodiversity resides in forests, which cover more than half the territory, considerably more than in most OECD countries.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/936b4e2a-en	277f37482944507413cfaebe9af0f5f0	For children, it means unhealthy and unsafe environments, limited options for walking and playing, limited connectivity to social networks, services and local economy. Although mostly overlooked, inequity has a spatial dimension that makes children vulnerable. Spatial inequity manifests itself in various ways and reveals the importance of land value, land tenure, land use and the planning and management of the spatial characteristics of the built environment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	278367efaeb1b1594d053e4ff8edc3dc	Methodological choices of how to “individualise” services matter a lot. This is based on the assumption that all individuals with similar characteristics benefit from a service knowing that, in case if need, they would have access to it. In this chapter, estimates for three of the five services analysed are based on the actual consumption approach: education, early childhood education and care (ECEC) and social housing, while the remaining two (health and elderly care) are based on the insurance value approach.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	278a090dc55675b9948dc465619c0178	Around Asia and the Pacific such systems save thousands of lives and many millions of dollars. An effective warning system combines science and technology with practical local approaches and is fully integrated into broader national and regional strategies for building resilience and reducing disaster risks. In disaster risk management, this will mean combining scientific information with practical approaches. But many hazards cut across national boundaries and affect multiple countries simultaneously - those that share coastlines, for example, or mountain ranges or rivers.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	278d7cd0f85c7d3b5dab3201a664ca8a	Instead, the guidelines suggest that a risk assessment may be considered in adult men over 40 years old and in women over 50 years of age or post-menopausal women in specific circumstances, namely if the person requests it, if risk factors such as smoking, overweight, or hyperlipidaemia are present, if there is a family histoiy of premature CVD or of major risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia or if there are symptoms suggestive of CVD (Perk et al., Importantly, the guidelines recommend that risk is assessed on the basis of age, sex, smoking status, blood pressure and total cholesterol - rendering some of the elements offered in the Czech programme, such as the electrocardiogram, unnecessary. The Cochrane Collaboration, in a meta-analysis of 16 large randomised trials with long follow up periods, found that similar health checks no effect on mortality from all causes (risk ratio 0.99, 95% Cl 0.95 to 1.03), cancer (1.01, 95% Cl 0.92 to 1.12), or cardiovascular disease (1.03, 95% Cl 95% Cl 0.91 to 1.17) and did not prevent disease (Krogsboll et al.,	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	278d903de1f2d1e2c4c770a7fc29cf0a	This shows the existence of ethnic and gender inequalities, but on a different level. It is important to note that the coefficients remain unchanged when the regression is not controlled for time effects, which means that despite the reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the level of inequality did not change between 2006 and 2010. One additional point on the household dependency ratio is associated with a multidimensional poverty level that is 0.6 points higher. A single-parent household has, on average, a level of multidimensional poverty 0.7 points higher than that of a household with two parents.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	278d9b1a0a32d5c12b149993d499ab5a	This framework identifies seven co-ordination and capacity challenges that countries frequently face, regardless of their institutional setting (unitary, federal), hydrographic characteristics (water-rich, water-scarce) and organisation of water policy (centralised, decentralised) (Table 4.1). The degree to which effective co-ordination and implementation of integrated water policy may be hindered by multi-level governance gaps varies across Italy’s regions, but common governance challenges can be diagnosed. The following sections address key governance issues in Italy’s sector through the lens of the gap framework.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	27960e671b346ffd54572fcbc1201c2d	Pork production is projected to increase by 17 Mt, by 2023, 15% higher compared to the base period. China continues to dominate the market and is expected to produce almost half of the additional pork. This increases the extent to which the supply response is conditioned by feed prices that remain relatively high through the outlook period compared to historic norms.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	279dac3fef627b7343cbfbff38ca11fa	"Whilst in some parts of the world malnutrition affects maternal and infant health and child development, in other regions it contributes to an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease among indigenous peoples. In the State of Arizona in the United States, for example, the Pima Indian tribe has the highest rate of diabetes in the world, as ""some 50 per cent of the Pima between the ages of 30 and 64 have diabetes. The contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the disappearance of wildlife plants and animals have resulted in the erosion of traditional food systems and decreased food security."	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	279e821524b29196f08991031b7b2422	Consequently, cities should support the business services development, including finance and information technology, and their linkages to industry. This requires both targeted and integrated urban economic policies. Governments attempting to select a location for industrial development should, for this reason, consider natural location-based characteristics as well as the powerful forces of infrastructure and agglomeration.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	279eb1c20ebfea576e0dc38257c0cd58	These initiatives were mostly implemented in the northern part of the country where areas suffer from water shortages (especially surface water, as groundwater is already overexploited) and provided enough experience to launch similar desalination plants in other cities, such as Arica, where the positive consequences in terms of water resource management and territorial planning lowered the pressure on groundwater as well as the contamination levels. This experimentation also illustrates the effectiveness of a combination of local government and private companies in financing this kind of initiative. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	279f1cce36e09fee7ed5ccb99598878c	According to this, population size in a certain region could result in attractive markets, which would attract firms to the given region, therefore driving economic growth. The coefficient in this case was statistically significant containing the right sign. On the other hand, according to the traditional development theory, the population growth variable was included.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/42b33a50-en	279f6a4679a90a413a31a18b36a71b70	This law will contain basic principles on implementation of EE measures in production, transmission, distribution and energy consumption, reducing the cost of production and service, reducing of energy consumption, higher efficiency, eco-design requirements, use of EE technologies, sustainability in terms of environmental impact as well as integrated approach to reduce primary energy consumption and environmental impact. The establishment of the Energy Efficiency Fund is seen as a necessary tool to increasing energy efficiency and stimulating rational energy use. The new Energy Law was adopted in 2011 and amended in 2011 and 2013. The timeframe of the strategy is until 2030.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	27a03ed75f1ed6d3e503fc9df5cff43a	Care centres should also proactively engage and support parents. The curricular guidelines that the MEP is developing should include a parenting component, and staff of care centres should be trained in ways to promote effective parental engagement. Establish and enforce minimum quality standards for care centres.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	27a10288839cf5779bacea91582d38c7	The difference between the most and least wealthy households is largest in Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay. Two-parent families in which both spouses are employed are more likely to spend on care, as are households w ith children under five years of age. Nevertheless, a very high percentage of tire latter spend nothing on care; this highlights the crucial role of unpaid care work performed by women.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	27a23a89c352f212f33c273f73f9b288	A questionnaire was completed by 600 students out of which 112 were selected for a test and 60 passed a detailed interview. Graduates are awarded a nationally recognised certificate issued by FINPIN, the respective university and the Finnish Ministry of Employment and Economics (15 ECTS). Since then, BSS activities have been integrated into curricula.	8	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	27a2624b1dfb22235bfa353576292358	The main town in this canton is Mostar. Neum is the only coastal municipality. As regards delimitation of the territorial sea, a treaty on the maritime borders between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was signed in 1999, but it has not yet been ratified. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s territorial sea is entirely surrounded by the internal waters of Croatia.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	27a290ddfcd93ccf37fc9027e8c9e3cb	The authors would like to thank Andreas Schleicher, Dirk van Damme, Deborah Roseveare, Viktoria Kis, Benedicte Bergseng, Francesco Avvisati and Deirdre Hughes for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report. Gender, ethnicity and socio-economic factors all strongly affect these choices. Career guidance is both an individual and a social good: it helps individuals to progress in their learning and work, but it also helps the effective functioning of the labour and learning markets, and contributes to a range of social policy goals, including social mobility and equity. This justifies the public investment in career guidance activities.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	27a862dffcef9c8cb6d5f74edc153ad5	In Mali, the Syama gold mine, majority owned by Australian-based Resolute Mining, is preparing to become the first fully automated mine in the world. This means that automated machinery will perform activities such as clearing of the drill point, extraction of the ore and loading of the ore onto haul trucks. However, the downside of adopting autonomous technologies is that this may lead to job tosses in the mining sector. Most of the gas flaring takes place upstream in the oil sector.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-4-en	27ae2ca61ca5fdcaeb76f037c03a73ec	It has a major potential role in reducing poverty and contributing to green growth. Green growth issues in aquaculture differ from those in fisheries and the role and sphere of policy is different. A major concern for green growth in aquaculture is the stress it creates on feed resources, as aquaculture is the biggest fishmeal and fish oil consumer in the world.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-16-en	27af1f01c6ec63d674f11357becc89b5	The Committee can, like the regional committees, issue licences endorsed by the government for certain fisheries. The regional and local* sea fishery committees, for their part, provide the industry with technical assistance and information and are actively involved in drawing up measures taken at the national level regarding regional committees (issuing of licences) and social initiatives.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	27b02959b11dbe87e264269d14c5010a	In lower secondary schools, a stronger emphasis on distributed leadership is also related to teachers who are more often involved in reflective dialogue and collaborative actions. However, these findings were not corroborated in primary and upper secondary education. Induction and support programmes for beginning teachers can improve the effectiveness and job satisfaction of new teachers - and thus make it less likely that those teachers will leave the profession at the first hurdle.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	27b2ce5916dcf065f9f36d3451f881f6	"Under the ITPGRFA’s multilateral system, parties to the Treaty agree to make freely available genetic diversity and related information stored in gene banks concerning, at present, 81 forage species from 29 genera and an undefined number of crop species from 51 genera (covering the vast majority of plant crops consumed by humans but with important exceptions such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, soya or tomato). Breeders and scientists who wish to utilize the plant genetic resources and improve on these varieties are required to seek access in accordance with a standardized material transfer agreement (MTA) (Article 12.4, ITPGRFA). Those who access genetic materials through the system are required not to claim any rights that ""limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received"" (Article 12.3(d)), ITPGRFA."	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	27b44c9f2e83fc938db0e4b5048960a9	Primary health care is defined as essential health care made accessible at a cost the country and community can afford, with methods that are practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable. Accessibility of health services, going beyond just physical access, and including economic, social and cultural accessibility and acceptability, is of fundamental significance to reflect on health system progress, equity and sustainable development. Good management of immunization programmes is essential to the reduction of morbidity and mortality from major childhood infectious diseases, and is integral to the achievement of sustainable development. It is usually calculated for women married or in union of reproductive age, but sometimes for other base population, such as all women of reproductive age at risk of pregnancy.	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	27b4bb09d5f7954352c4ae80478232c8	This trend was disrupted by the agricultural price spikes of 2008, 2010 and, to a lesser extent, 2012 owing to a variety of factors, including major droughts, bioenergy policies and price increases for agricultural inputs. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013 projects that prices for crops and livestock will remain at high levels for the next decade (OECD/FAO, 2013). The prices of grains are expected to remain near their 2013 levels, but the prices of oil seeds may increase towards 2020 owing to increased demand in the food and energy sectors. As a result of increasing demand for meat, the price of livestock will also be pushed upwards.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/cac249e8-en	27b8ba68087d7d751ebd6538c9e2bf15	High forests contain communities of large mammals such as the grey wolf, European brown bear and Eurasian lynx, and a versatile community of birds. According to the 2016 NBSAP, approximately 70 water bird species with a population of approximately 180,000 individuals are found in Albania during the winter period. According to the 2016 NBSAP, 6 of the 14 endangered algae species in the Mediterranean region are found in Albania. So far, there are 930 taxons of microscopic organisms documented.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	27bc07c8e45390830bb0acfd2a547a6a	"For a fuller elaboration of the principles see Kim (1992); Harding & Shambaugh (1987); and Zhu (2008). And while the G77 is far from unified on all issues,119 China takes its leadership role within the group seriously - not least by offering support for many of the smaller countries. Although inconsistent across sessions, China has sometimes compromised its own negotiating position in order to remain consistent with the broader group line.120 Consequently, in the practice of foreign policy, while China's emissions profile demands it take a more active and more ""responsible"" stance in the international negotiations, China's image of itself as a developing country - with matching interests and coherent allies - is not likely to wane any time soon. This goal that was formalised in the Cancun Agreements in December 2010 and is further covered by domestic legislation under the twelfth five-year programme (2011 to 2015]."	13	4	4	0.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	27bd3434edbc8b9df40173c189089d9c	Guatemala and Puerto Rico have mechanisms to oversee long-stay institutions. In Guatemala, long-stay institutions are monitored by the Ombudsman for Older Persons, and in Puerto Rico, the Governor's Office of Elderly Affairs has a Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programme. In demographic terms, the country’s low fertility levels and low birth rate are expected to fall further and mortality will likely continue to be pushed towards older ages. With the combined effects of fertility, mortality and migration, population growth will be slow and could even stop or go into reverse in coming years.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	27bef7a5b9f44a1347930a17d057a6d4	So far, only Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom have invested in such tools, while Japan has started to publish a list of Choosing Wisely® recommendations. Not only do they help deliver better patient-centred care, they can also help ensure that the benefits of clinical guidelines or standards of care are not lost at the point of care. The campaign hinges on changing doctors' behaviours and practices and the public's knowledge and attitudes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	27c3156a984f141b0afce9be307e0b12	Among the eight remaining countries - Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia and Switzerland -there have not been any significant changes in the multidimensional child poverty rate between 2013 and 2014, except (marginally) in Bulgaria and Portugal (Figure 10). Assuming that there were no real changes in multidimensional child poverty between 2013 and 2014 in these countries, this suggests that the multidimensional poverty measure is robust to changes in the underlying sample of children. However, another two countries saw significant increases in the multidimensional child poverty rate: Iceland and Italy. ( So did the United Kingdom, but the trend may be driven by the break in the series due to changes in data collection methods.)	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	27c358fd76686ec0cf1d795c09d689dd	On the other hand, poorly managed urbanisation generates significant economic, social and environmental challenges. Urbanisation is a complex process, requiring a coordinated policy approach. As such, a National Urban Policy can bring together national sectoral policies which affect urban development and help to clarify roles and responsibilities across ministries as well as between the central and local governments. The role of National Urban Policy was widely recognised during the Habitat III process.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/76c9b151-en	27c3ec75866bf29c3f74587c9ba6fedb	When excluding China the signs of progress between 1990 and 2005 diminishes sharply, with 5 of the 10 reported importers showing a decline in their Pll figure during this period. The results show that across the ten importers fuels play an insignificant role in the PII calculation, with trends in growth between 1990 and 2005 the same across all importers, and actual Pll figures at most declining by just over 5% (for Canada) with this exclusion (see table 19). The poor within LDCs, although the very poorest and most in need of revenues from abroad, in fact receive only a miniscule share of the money spent by developed countries on imports, an un-weighted average of 14 US cents per $100 of the imports.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	27c46a398700b30c567eba73ea2d8c35	For those in developing countries who do have access to electricity, the supplies are often sporadic, which imposes economic costs due to reduced production and the need to invest in back-up supplies. Most developing countries are also substantial importers of energy, so the economic cost and security of supply are important issues. Many subsidize energy production or consumption, yet these subsidies are costly, economically inefficient, and generally provide least benefit to those in greatest need.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	27c89963d360e14d857a1e08960428ff	Secondly, because, by failing to recognize this dimension, economic analysis has become lopsided and not only provides an incomplete diagnosis of system functioning, but is subject to a high likelihood of error when the real repercussions of economic policies are evaluated. Thirdly, because the way care is organized in society, i.e., the way care responsibilities are distributed between State, market and households, on the one hand, and between men and women, on the other, accounts for a substantial proportion of the inequalities that currently exist. At least two things need to be highlighted here.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6af97a78-en	27c9ecdd190c8d0345882f16e5667fa5	Further, from 2000 to 2050 Asia’s urban population is predicted to increase by nearly 2 billion people (IHT 2008). Cities are voracious consumers of water and environmental resources such as timber and mined construction materials that are often extracted from river basin regions at levels many times greater than those appropriated for rural uses. Much of the destruction of the upstream ecologies, even when located in a different country, is the result of the growth of cities and their unrelenting demand for natural resources and hydropower, supplied by very large dams that have system-wide impacts. A good number of these cities -Dhaka, Mumbai, Kolkata, Rangoon, Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Manila, Hong Kong and, to a lesser extent or indirectly, Bangkok and Shanghai - are port cities created in colonial times, that have since become the principal city regions of their respective countries.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	27cb62349e531d62081aee4d6486ed75	Canadian data include only Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Yukon. The extent of a later start in education is much smaller, and participation levels throughout schooling remain higher. However, retention at senior secondary schooling in New' Zealand drops when students reach age 16, falling below the participation rate for Canadian Indigenous students at age 17 (Figure 5.6).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	27cc08c438ec47bc1d4f86ca49bb3bda	A somewhat lower pace of expansion has been observed over the last decade. This is also the conclusion of the OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook to 2020 (OECD/FAO, 2011). A converging GDP per capita and a growing population will both increase the demand for food, especially animal products. Moreover, policies that stimulate the use of biofuels also increase the demand for agricultural production and land area (Chapter 4). Given the limited supply of land, this means that in the short run deforestation will continue, although at slower rates than in past decades. Hydropower plants, biofuel plantations, solar and wind “farms”, for example, require significant quantities of land, and sometimes even require relocation of existing activities and local communities (Bazilian et al.,	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	27d11dd137de32387f7e61658bc0f972	Several countries have ministries that explicitly include “water” in their prerogatives, but also embrace other policy areas such as rural affairs or agriculture. In most cases, these have wide responsibilities over a broader set of areas than water policy. Positive implications in the concentration of different water-related responsibilities within the same line ministry include a more open, coherent view for water policies, the concentration of technical and administrative skills, and the possibility for a more integrated programming approach. Examples of line ministries in water policy making can be classified into three main categories: a first category where water policies are encompassed within broader environmental issues; a second category where water policies are included with infrastructure and public works; and a third category where water policies are grouped with environmental challenges and specific rural concerns. This categorisation does not necessarily imply that the allocation of water responsibilities will generate a situation where one sector plays the dominant role in water policy making, although the assumption can be made. Providing an adequate response to the needs of water policy therefore requires an association of the how (which ministry?	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	27d348f20ec3cd8a6da415d0a55de483	This was not an issue when Clermont-Ferrand was the capital of the Auvergne Region because of the polarisation around the agglomeration in terms of various public services. With the emergence of Lyon as the new regional capital, an important part of local economic activity may turn away from the Clermont pole. Overtime, this could reduce Clermont-Ferrand attractiveness for residents and business, which could reduce the rate of demographic and economic growth. Nestled in the Massif Central Mountains, the area’s transport connections are relatively poor. There is no high speed train (TGV) connection, and there are no plans for one to be developed at present. It presently takes more than three hours to reach Paris by train.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	27d3ba9607ab7320a02e965ae60a0430	Seventh, capital account liberalization can lower the cost of capital. However, it should be gradual because excessively rapid liberalization introduces avoidable macroeconomic risks. Capital controls should be imposed if necessary (CGD, 2008, p. 57).10 Eighth, social safety nets are necessary, not primarily for pro-poor reasons, but for instrumental reasons: without them, “popular support for a growth strategy will quickly erode” (CGD, 2008, p. 6).	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	27d61d5b7952a68995db061587d42f88	The number of species decreases with increased distance from the North Sea. In the Baltic Sea, several essential ecosystem functions are supported by only a few species, which are of either freshwater or marine origin and live at the border of their physiological salinity tolerance (Figure 25) (HELCOM, 2010). For example, there is a decrease in diversity of benthic sediment communities with decreasing salinity, from 25 functional groups of benthic species in Skagerrak (K. Norling, Rosenberg, Hulth, Gremare, & Bonsdorff, 2007), to only 5 groups in the Baltic Sea sediments (Bonsdorff & Pearson, 1999).	15	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	27d8929703a196f5ce0af277932e19b0	Finally, given the current saturation of public transportation in cities like Santiago, such a fee reduction policy should be introduced with measures to increase the system’s capacity and improve inter-modal co-ordination. This is less costly than single-ticket prices in Madrid (between EUR 2 and EUR 1.50) or Paris (EUR 1.90). However, a traveller buying a set of 10 tickets in these two European capitals can lower the cost per trip to a price almost equal to that of Santiago’s during peak hours (close to EUR 1.20 both in Madrid and Paris).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	27d8a54ed06132ac5c595f2fabc3eb93	In recent years, some cities in Belarus have become pioneers in integrating some elements of a green city approach into their urban planning and development practices to address some of the problems they face in a more systematic, integrated way (box 13.3.). Multifamily housing constitutes about 140 million m , or 60 per cent of the total. Private dwellings made up 89.5 per cent of the total housing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	27da1908c15de79bc975a11312686764	Tous les 26 pays de l’OCDE qui ont repondu mentionnent f amelioration de faeces au logement comme faisant partie des cinq principaux objectifs de la politique du logement. Parmi eux, 18 pays citent explicitement f amelioration de 1’accessibility financiere. Les pays de l’OCDE utilisent un large eventail d’instruments complexes pour mettre en ceuvre leur politique du logement, mais tous ces instruments ne semblent pas cadrer avec l’objectif de faciliter faeces des menages a bas revenus a un logement abordable.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	27da55ee2d07c1a17bb42ad3fc3a5bcf	"With regard to water quantity', however, ""ecological demands"" might conflict with anthropogenic water uses. Actually, required ecological flows - supporting the healthy functioning of aquatic ecosystems - can even differ between different segments of rivers and lakes/reservoirs. This has finally to be determined through monitoring and assessment of the relevant biological quality elements, such as benthic invertebrate fauna, phytoplankton, phytobenthos, macrophvtes and fish."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	27db06551117325c02cb6fe8609b5fa4	This chapter presents common factors across OECD education systems that contribute to develop success/ul innovative learning environments, as identified from the research literature and from ILE programmes implemented in recent years. Reviewing past experiences in innovative learning environments can help policy makers seeking to design and implement reforms. It defines and reviews the main purposes and contextual features of ILEs, identifies the key elements of successful policy design and explains, through the analysis of past reform experiences, which practices and factors can contribute to efficient policy implementation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	27dc055caaf0878cb0495b7fc307884a	The city is located in the middle of Korea, reachable from Seoul within an hour by express train. It resulted from the merger of Yeongi-gun and several towmships of Gongju-si and Cheongwon-gun, mainly on what used to be agricultural land. Today, 74.7% of the city’s land surface remains fields and farmlands, and over half will be reserved as parks and green space, according to the Sejong Urban Master Plan 2030.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	27dcefe31df9ed6bdab75c182d14017f	The lesson from this experience is that family law and property law need to be in harmony for there to be effective protection. Similarly, Namibia’s National Gender Policy 2010-2020 provides for removing all components that discriminate against women, to bring customary laws in line with the Namibian Constitution. In India, the National Policy for the Empowerment of Women of 2001 encourages changes in personal laws such as those related to marriage, divorce and maintenance so as to eliminate discrimination against women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	27de2db828d72f80ec08257f1183377f	Moreover, inefficient and unplanned urban expansion has resulted in the conversion and loss of forests, wetlands and other ecosystems and has increased the already high exposure to disasters. This is important keeping in view the persistent challenges of poverty and inequality, the further risks arising from demographic transitions (risk of skills shortage among youth on one hand, and risk of old-age poverty on the other) and labour market disruptions associated with reforms and technological innovations. Understandably, tradeoffs are involved among the three aspects of social protection systems - universal coverage, sufficient benefit levels and financial sustainability.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	27e389324f83149986c8ee1761c6d4ce	Further to the Kenyan Water Act of 2002, the small water project has to sign a Service Provision Agreement (SPA) with the Water Service Board (WSB) in whose jurisdiction it falls (for example, the Athi Water Services Board-AWSB for the area surrounding Nairobi). Upon successful completion of the project, the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid (GPOBA) pays subsidies to the small piped water project (figure below), which reduces the overall size of the loan to the communities, and keeps debt service payments affordable. It also provides better risk management from the lender’s perspective and increases incentives for project completion as the subsidy is transferred upon the delivery of agreed outputs (including the increase in the number of connections and changes in revenues collected).	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	27e402bf857d34c8d637bad48c0aabe8	Linearization has the clear advantage of requiring much less computational time. The JRR procedure, by comparison, is more attractive because the same variance estimation formula can be applied to different types of statistics. Both linearized and resampling methodologies can be extended to longitudinal samples and to measures developed over multiple cross-sections.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74d03702-en	27e561f4514129767376a033830ef013	For example, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate, with 1,100 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, while Belarus has a rate of 1 maternal death per 100,000 live births. Almost one third of all global maternal deaths are concentrated in two populous countries: India, with an estimated 50,000 maternal deaths (17 per cent), and Nigeria, with an estimated 40,000 maternal deaths (14 per cent). There are well-known health-care solutions for the prevention and handling of complications.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	27e6ff77fc2b08ca523f3d9ad6a30d38	Instead, the customers must be convinced of their benefits over present technologies (World Bank, 2010a). The physical infrastructure required for modern fuel use (such as natural gas or biogas lines to customers) and distribution or supply chain frameworks (such as countrywide LPG bottle distribution and refill services) will require time and resources to establish. Improved cookstoves, alternatively, improve the efficiency and safety of existing stoves with chimneys but still anchor the user to reliance on traditional biomass.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	27e7d7c547aedc9a81ffb6b9cd8434c7	In France, Bouygues Telecom and SFR concluded a network-sharing agreement in February 2014, enabling them to reduce cell sites by about 40 per cent. This has generated savings of about EUR 100 million per year for Bouygues Telecom and EUR 200 million per year for SFR12. Tech City is a cluster of technology companies and support-service firms based in East London and endorsed by the UK government and the Mayor of London14.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	27e8f0e6ad28a164e5b54b6780ee4c55	Bargaining” models attempt to account for other factors, such as power differentials within the family and the possible effects of the threat of divorce (see Lundberg and Poliak, 1996, for an overview of this literature). These models assume that partners still work together up to a point, but also compete and negotiate over roles and resources based on their relative bargaining power. Men’s higher eamings, together with other resources such as education, often afford them greater say in decisions and allow them to opt out of less desirable tasks like housework, even if it is not efficient for tire family.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	27eb222772065a3a25536695a012e91e	The impacts are reported both in terms of percentage point changes of real export growth and in terms of export benefits or losses. The ESCAP calculations assume that under the rebalancing scenario, the share of China in global consumption will continue to grow at the 1999-2011 average rate, while the share of global consumer goods imports will speed up to grow proportionately with consumption share throughout 2013-15. Despite a growth slowdown, largely the result of a fall in investment, an increasingly consumption-driven economy would benefit exporters of consumer goods through increased penetration in the Chinese market.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	27eb57220ca55151c957937e81511124	The results of this part of the survey mirror those of a similar survey conducted in April 2014 by the Reiner Lemoine Institut (Energypedia 2014). Scientific assessments from the US Global Change Research Program suggest that tropical storm intensity, not frequency, is likely to increase over the coming decades (USGCRP 2010). Infrastructure that is often situated in coastal areas is invariably vulnerable to storms, erosion, temperature extremes and other aspects of the physical climate system.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	27eb9fe45954bb367f37662ec2e912c2	Part IV: The Preferences of the Population]. - Danish Forest and Nature Agency, Copenhagen, 43 p. Available at: http://www.naturstyrelsen.dk/NR/rdonlyres/6BA78078-1188-494B-841E-EF89ECF0C064/13461/dnf_eng.pdf. [ Cited 29th July 2013]. More than half of the country is covered with forests, which account for about 2.2 million hectares of which about 40% is state owned.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	27ec7723736c24f86d827690a87c75c3	These open trade policies and the marketing opportunities they have created for Ugandan producers encourage increased production from maize and beans farmers and promote efforts to meet WFP’s quality and quantity requirements. In particular, education and training are important factors influencing developing countries trade performance through their impact on labour productivity. Besides the high transport costs and poor market integration generated by poor physical infrastructure, a major obstacle for converting from smallholder, subsistence farming to commercial farming according to Azam etal. (	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	27ecff0d838a0277af41fd5c5942d440	The contract for the supply base is still under negotiation. Local workers are said to account for 70 percent of the construction workforce (10 women out of 220 local employment, nine of which were in domestic roles), but local communities hody deny this.28 Local women’s groups have complained that Indonesian women were being brought in to cook for the official launch of the Suai airport project, depriving local women of economic opportunities.29 A community on the land designated for the airport is being relocated. New housing is being built, employing 200 local workers (predominantly men), who arc being trained in brickmaking and building skills that they can use in the future, thereby offering new skills to the community.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	27ee9f747f340ef8896f482976b322d3	The MRA forms an important platform in this regard with voluntary municipal commitments to a joint spatial vision. The regional transport authority offers another venue for inter-municipal co-operation. These metropolitan governance structures are discussed in Chapter 3. One of the few organisations in place today that can provide such co-ordination is the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning (Osterreichische Raumordungskonferenz, OROK) that assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies. Further, as it is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), it may also be able to carry out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. Its decision-making body is chaired by the Federal Chancellor and its members include all federal ministers, the heads of all federated states and representatives of associations of local governments.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	27f04e7f9d2895b19d9afe84781e2701	The metropolitan area acts as an Environmental Authority and has created a Metropolitan Environmental Council. It has established a Transport Authority, in charge of mass public transport, in particular the bus, rail, metro and metrocable systems in the Medellin area. The metropolitan area also promotes co-ordination across levels of government to align development objectives.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	27f18edb66f57b5c4b97130c206111b8	Interviewed women explain that the gender division of labour shifted, since they now have to take over several male-specific activities. Moreover, wives in migrant families state to have higher decision-making power, with the decision of how much money to invest and what crops to grow lying in their hands. Similarly, evidence from Nicaragua shows that fathers assume new gender roles when their spouses migrate, taking charge of the housework and children (Avellan, 2003).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	27f34b6e7c329ab03e14fc8b6c0af829	"This trend is not new. In 1990, the Network of Surveys on Migration and Urbanisation in West Africa (NESMUWA) recorded 22000 occurrences of migration from West Africa to the European Union, as opposed to 258000 such cases between West African countries. In addition, Beauchemin and Lessault (2009) note that ""flows towards Europe have been offset by 6600 cases of migration in the opposite direction."	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	27f59d7e5bffe87d633b654c14b7dd21	Indeed, the CRGE itself does not seem to have been subject to an assessment; it seems to be assumed that the CRGE is good for the environment as a whole. In addition, there are inadequate guidelines for, and practice of, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), which is the more appropriate mechanism for assessing both negative impacts and social and environmental potentials of new policies. We do not know what the government spends on environmental investment or protection: the budget is not coded for environmental expenditure. Neither do we know about changing environmental values and the costs associated with environmental risks - public expenditure review processes do not ask specific questions about environmental costs, benefits or risks. Consequently, the pros and cons of green growth projects cannot be highlighted. It is not surprising that government procurement - the purchasing of buildings, equipment, supplies and services - also pays no attention to sustainability issues; indeed, it is currently not allowable to include environmental conditions in ‘requests for proposals’.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	27f7e1aaa84c90cd2d5ec928fc49b2fe	This should including availability to less mobile populations, for example with practitioners with mental health training going into elderly care facilities, or psychologists visiting the elderly in their homes or in care settings. Nonetheless, Japan’s mental health system lags behind those of other OECD countries which Japan would usually see as peers in health system quality. Inpatient care is still dominant, information on quality is poor, and patient wishes and demands are not put at the centre of care delivery. To build a modem, high quality, patient-centred mental health system Japan must be ambitious, ready to make difficult choices, and drive important and significant change. Patient wishes should be the centre of the mental health system, which can be helped by making a range of services available in inpatient settings and in the community, where they should be easily accessible and close to population centres.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	27f8b475ac53da2320752056d9cf464d	To reduce migration to the city and to favour local income generation, the Government also introduced the One Tambon-One Product programme in 2001, which provides people with advice and technical assistance for the sale of their home-made products. Finally, in 2005, the Government implemented the Special Purpose Vehicle programme which focuses on the creation of a State enterprise for supporting agricultural activities through the provision of inputs. See Prabhu (2009) for details about the many schemes at the state level. Optimal capital income taxation with incomplete markets, borrowing constraints, and constant discounting. Journal of Political Economy, 103(6): 1158-1175. Social Protection Index for Committed Poverty Reduction.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	27f959440c553ccf2cefd0521d66460f	To redress this disadvantage and advance substantive equality, public investments in basic infrastructure and social services can be made to reduce and redistribute unpaid care and domestic work through, for example, investments in basic social infrastructure and childcare services (see Chapter 3). Studies suggest, for example, that conditions experienced before the age of 18 explain approximately 50 per cent of the variation in lifelong earnings.103 Youth transitions are therefore not only critical for employment policies but also have far-reaching implications for macroeconomic performance and human development. As the youth population enters the labour force, productive activity increases and contributes to growth. At the same time, the number of dependents (young children and older adults who are no longer economically active) falls relative to the working age population, helping to raise average living standards.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	27fb4d1c05312bddb8ada4d17838a28e	The regional average dependency ratio (i.e. the ratio of people younger than 15 to the working-age population in the 15-64 year range) totalled 74.7% (UNFPA, 2015). An ever increasing and younger population is a distinctive feature of West Africa: the total population is projected to almost double and approach 600 million by 2050 (OECD/SWAC, 2013). From 1950 to 2010, the percentage of urban dwellers increased from 9% to 41% and this figure is projected to soar to 67% by 2050 (Moriconi-Ebrard, Harre and Heinrigs, 2016; OECD/SWAC, 2013). Urban growth concerns old and new towns, larger cities and smaller and rural centres alike (Ibidem).	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	27fd58e17b750d546b22d303179ed6e7	Some of them mainly consist of input or output indicators (e.g. introducing X km of irrigation systems) while others are outcome or impact indicators (e.g. improving water access of populations in the arid area by X thousands people). For instance, Malawi’s INDC adopts mainly qualitative input or output indicators such as action plans for capacity building and policies for supporting construction of climate resilient infrastructure. Vietnam’s INDC contains indicators that can be considered to be quantitative impact indicators, such as: decreasing average national poverty rate by 2% per year (and 4% in the poorer districts); at least 90% of city-dwellers and 80% of rural inhabitants to have access to clean water; and increasing the population with access to health care services to 100%. For instance, Indonesia’s INDC takes into account the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals on, for instance, climate change, food security, and agriculture, amongst others.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a29f7945-en	28002d0ff8f0560d5407be55a7cf74cd	African exports of manufactures and food have declined during this period, while exports of minerals and other agricultural products have risen, reflecting de-industrialization and more export-oriented agricultural production, but also heavier reliance on resources, especially mineral, particularly petroleum exports. Asia has emerged as a major trading partner while increased SSA trade integration has reduced the share of exports to the developed world from 74- per cent in the 1970s to 60 per cent in 2000-2009. The SSA export share to East Asia - which includes the ten ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea - more than tripled from 5 to 16 per cent. However, much of this trade expansion is fairly recent. The growth of China's demand for primary commodities since the late 1990s has been the driving force behind this trend. Intra-regional trade also has significant development potential, if it relies on and strengthens developmental linkages.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	2801ea9758ff3bf21a66004ff9969bbf	Due to accumulation of problems in the past, current activities are focused on the most severe and visible cases and the results are positive. Currently, all waste streams and waste accumulated in the past have a well-defined owner. This has positively influenced the situation with regard to old accumulated waste, as well as waste currently generated by old technologies, and will continue to do so in the future. The industrial area of Baku is being replaced by residential buildings.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	28083b8145ba52026ec31678f16bfc76	Furthermore, the nature of abusive behaviour, especially that of physical and psychological violence, varies greatly among countries and regions. Survey questions should be formulated in such a way as to capture commonly occurring acts in a local sociocultural context. It is recommended that questions on psychological and economic violence should apply only to intimate partners. As discussed in chapter II (see paragraphs 57 to 59), women may experience a wide range of physically abusive acts.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e237bee-en	28085ec959af8b7353bde21166d582ee	At the same time, it is mandatory to acknowledge and recognize the differential knowledge in the community while reviving interest in traditional knowledge. The vertical and horizontal stratification operating in a given society defines the access to various resources including cultural and natural resources. The approaches of organic farming and LEISA are potential alternative systems and more environment-friendly forms of agriculture, which provides scope to create links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems. The promotion of organic farming and its standards needs to respect the traditional ecosystems and knowledge of the farmers. It is important to assimilate strategies that combine traditional knowledge and modern science-based practices to achieve sustainable and equitable use and development. Such changes would require a shift in research and development approaches towards farmer/user-led participatory development, which is right now being practised among developmental agencies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	28097f83ced67cdd7986ad20896294eb	This shows no change from the previous data point, 2011/12, when the indicator was introduced (the indicator is a score between 0 and 100, but not a percentage value, with higher score representing better outcomes). Since 2008, this level has fuctuated betwen 74% and 77%. For example, in the case of health care-acquired infections, the website explains that improvements can be achieved through measures including hand hygiene, hospital cleanliness, equipment decontamination and optimal antimicrobial prescribing. The data for this indicator, however, relate to 2011, and some of the other indicators are also based on old data, making them less useful.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	280fb06255882842723dbe1abc6554d9	Green growth has been recognised as a key policy, as it can address economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability at the same time. Especially, fostering green growth in cities is critical because cities play disproportionately large roles in the economic and environmental performance of countries (OECD, 2013) (Box 3.1). To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities” (OECD, 2011). The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) defines green growth as “a development approach that seeks to deliver economic growth that is both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive” (GGGI, 2017).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-10-en	2813d8997c128891a8784af7eb8c0135	In the Netherlands, the ministry establishes norms and policies and supervises, while schools are highly autonomous. Regional governments deliver education with different degrees of autonomy and with the support of co-ordinating institutions. Germany also has the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Lander in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK), which defines agreements and reviews and shares information. Intergovernmental arrangements and co-operation exist, while sovereignty is maintained. At the federal level, responsibilities are limited to broad education issues, such as age of compulsory education. Federal systems may look for different options to steer the system, as states or provinces have responsibility for delivering education and therefore require different types of policies or institutional arrangements for their education systems to progress.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5be883c5-en	281769887a8727d0d18ece4e2b3958f1	But the promise of these growth paths will be challenged by a low-road distribution of social reproduction. Diagonal movements in Table 5-1 involve changing both the supply and demand regimes, seemingly a more challenging prospect but one that is facilitated by the role of care in both growth and the distribution of social reproduction. A globalizing developing economy that seeks to protect its citizens from the volatility of global integration by implementing social insurance may simply exchange time squeeze for wage squeeze, thereby continuing to struggle with finding a sustainable path for growth and development.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5775ac71-en	28177afffa68ab1bf6c2b0548bb82c01	As shown in Figure 2, in countries such as Czech Republic, Finland and Korea the percent of variation of students’ scores on the PISA test explained by their SES status has increased since 2006. This means the educational systems in these countries have become less inclusive and/or supportive to students of disadvantaged backgrounds. In contrast, countries such as Chile, Mexico and the United States improved on this measure.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	281b177f98773c09462420cdd8249dd2	The authors would like to thank the Swedish authorities, as well as OECD colleagues; Christophe Andr6 and Vincent Koen (Economics Department), William Thorn (Education Directorate), Emily Farchy, Kristoffer Lundberg and Guillermo Montt (Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Directorate) for helpful comments and suggestions. Thomas Chalaux provided statistical research, and Mercedes Burgos and Nadine Dufour secretarial assistance. When controlling for a set of socio-demographic variables, a one-standard-deviation increase in literacy proficiency is associated with 85% higher odds of being employed.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/92601435-en	281b8905e0b1001d2d5f260d6e187043	The results are based on a number of simplifying assumptions described in section 4.2.1 and should interpreted in that light. In this case, the TIMES model was specified with focus on technology choices in the absence of distortions from taxes and regulation. The results will point to trends in the relative cost of different technologies and how a green transition can be achieved in the least costly manner.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289330732-5-en	281c65bd8feeaf3171aa83713b168116	"Some of the thematic fields and figures are, ""Violence, means of control by recruiters, traffickers and clients"", where 82% of all surveyed women reported emotional abuse, 80% reported physical harm, 72% verbal threats, and 68% experienced being controlled through drugs and alcohol. Another thematic field is Injuries"" where the physical health consequences were in focus. The highest rates reported among all surveyed women were 38% for bruises and vaginal bleeding, followed by 33% for internal pain, and 28% for head trauma."	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	281f87cc9f14dd145a47d5aad5e57c26	Of course, the incentive to over-fish and sell the fish outside the set of monitored ports (in the case of Norway, this means outside Norway) remains the same, so that the equilibrium may well involve more over-fishing. Even if it does result in higher over-fishing, the advantage of a better recording of catches is not insignificant. Conservation efforts depend on accurate statistics and biological models that properly reflect stock dynamics (even with accurate statistics on catches, estimation of the underlying stock is still difficult).	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	2820f1775445c1bb871e29622ead5424	It should be noted that gender inequality can also be used to denote a situation where men are disadvantaged vis-a-vis women (as nowadays can be observed in some countries in the case of certain measures of educational attainment or of health status); however, as this is historically almost never the direction in which the inequality runs, the bulk of this chapter looks at how gaps disadvantageous to women have been closed over the past century. This is also to address an imbalance in the rest of the book by which almost all the other chapters either are focused on men or provide no data on indicators disaggregated by gender. Others include the Gender Empowerment Index by the UNDP, the Social Institutions and Gender Index by the OECD, the Global Gender Gap Index by the World Economic Forum and the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The UN uses a correction of five years because there is some evidence to show that at a biological level women have a greater life expectancy.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	282105b72a9277df6468d85bae230c9c	A diverse range of nationally-determined mitigation commitments is likely to be put forward, reflecting the widely varying national circumstances of countries. An effective agreement would have broad participation as well as high ambition. Incentives are therefore needed to encourage countries to participate in the process and to put forward strong mitigation commitments.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	2823c7315893445db7f684b8b3d67319	The SNA data on household income are first divided by the population size. They are then multiplied by the ratio of the average household income of each decile to the average household income in the IDD, to give an estimate of an average household income by decile that is consistent with the SNA totals. Unemployed persons are defined as those who are currently not working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	2823f264335c1368f09c94f1d258542b	The service sector, however, is highly uneven. Higher value-added services (e.g., information and communications technology) tend to generate very little employment relative to their added value in emerging economies (UNCTAD, 2010). The programme is also a major employer of women in a country where employment opportunities for women are rather limited.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	2826ba199ed677e15aa1ff94cf560ca0	The strong desire to remain at home is outweighed by the need to alleviate poverty and overcome vulnerability. Emigration destinations of those in PICs are largely connected to past and present political affiliation of the countries. For example, there are more Niuean in New Zealand (about 20,000) than Niue (1,500). Similarly, about 6,000 Tokelauan are in New Zealand and nearly 8,000 Cook Islanders are living outside the country.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	2827205fe7e4aa3933f33d9643b0e499	The fourth approach added to training sessions and follow-up mechanisms the shaping of a professional learning community: school meetings, school visits and digital platforms allowing teachers to share lesson plans and exchange on their practice. The only approach that was arguably not very effective was the first one: limiting professional development to induction training. While this could work with expert teachers who are very motivated and already master most of the teaching repertoire that fostering creativity and critical thinking calls for, this approach proved less effective in sustaining teachers' engagement with the project ideas and materials over time. Across teams, more than 400 primary and secondary level teachers were involved in intervention classes, thereby gaining access to new materials and training opportunities.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	2832186fc2dac4acec63ee6da6a8c16e	Aid-for-trade providers include some 60 bilateral and multilateral donors that report their official development assistance to the OECD-DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Since 2006 bilateral donors have provided almost two-thirds of total support for aid for trade and multilateral donors the rest. Regional and global programmes have attracted almost 15% of total aid-for-trade disbursements.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	28324fde7835d5a2deb37f2f881aa9ad	Children living in households with no income from employment, as well as in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least 5 per cent, are consistently at a high risk of entering poverty. Meanwhile, employment events have less of an impact, except reductions in the number of employed adults, which consistently increases the risk of poverty entries. Demographic events, which are quite rare in the short EU-SILC panel, have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	28356b3071806cdbc487b9536d985aca	Public resources oriented at long-term productivity improvements, environmental sustainability and rural diversification yet attract a small share of government spending. Groundwater irrigation is under the management of fanner irrigation cooperatives, with their largest number being in the Central Anatolia and the largest-size cooperatives operating in the Aegean region. In the case of the Kalecik, Akinci, Asartepe, Gokceoren, Koprukoy right bank and left bank, Bolu, Kizilinnak and Kumbaba irrigation associations.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	283612d7192a0300181f17ef9be8ccd4	"According to the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, between 1994 and 2007, the share of the population which paid for medical services increased from 4% to 15% for doctors’ consultation; from 8% to 26% for diagnostic procedures and from 30% to 50% for hospital stays (with a peak of 60% in 2002)."" Survey was not conducted in 1997 and 1999. Roughly 50% of patients paid something for hospital stays, although the average size and distribution of the payment is not known (Figure 3.9)."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	283bf95165e3e6baef90aca079b8b652	The United Kingdom also plans to develop proposals for the government’s biggest suppliers to publish data and provide action plans to address key social issues and disparities, such as ethnic minority representation in the workforce, the gender pay gap throughout the company and the actions undertaken to tackle inequalities. They could also be governed by “light-touch” regulatory approaches and policies as in the case of Australia, Canada and Spain. In Australia, the Workplace Gender Equality Procurement Principles is a procurement connected to social inclusion policy.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	283dca76b26a284887762cac41a10717	The involvement of numerous stakeholders results in a multiplication of evaluation and assessment mechanisms. For example, schools report information to their board, to the Windows for Accountability website, to the Inspectorate, and to the Ministry of Education. They receive evaluative feedback from the school boards, the Inspectorate, external consultants of the Schools have the Initiative project (for participating schools) and, in many cases, other experts and service organisations hired to support internal quality care and school development.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	284439eb372a034c744b869790a8c27f	This includes the creation, in collaboration with leading United States institutions, of three major programmes aimed at development of molecular diagnostics: the Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, and a pilot programme to find and validate biomarkers for use in disease management and therapeutic follow-up in lung cancer. In 2010 these and a number of other research programmes were brought together to create the Personalized Medicine Consortium to co-ordinate and support research in the areas of cancer, type 2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Respondents also mentioned that commercial development in the area of molecular diagnostics is also promoted through the Luxembourg BioHealth Cluster.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	2847e2f7f39a5d9d6ed882ff83272171	The university sees R&D as a means of diversifying funding and taking advantage of its 600 researchers. Commercialisation of research is a crucial activity. Results are substantial but limited: in 2008 the Technion Research and Development Foundation was directly involved in initiating six new companies in areas such as medical equipment, environment embryonic stem cells, alternative energy and imaging system. In addition, licensing agreements were signed by the faculty.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	284de1b6968f76adfb4cc706ec331899	Next, market instruments for risk management are considered, as are the policies in this area, followed by a discussion of government measures that deal with catastrophic risk. The concluding section provides an overall assessment of risk management policies in New Zealand. The only explicitly expressed characteristic of an adverse event is the inability of local communities to cope with it (MAF, 2006). Importantly, the assessment concerns the economy-wide impacts and is not specifically focussed on farming.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225817-6-en	2851a7ef1bdf9a14ddec159847d9ba97	Recognising these challenges, Japan plans to introduce a distinct, specialist primary care workforce throughout the health care system, as of 2017. This chapter examines the steps that are needed to achieve this, and to embed quality monitoring and improvement activities from the start. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, primary care in Japan is delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semispecialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	2852565f68a9a23d2d6dc5fbf11f1228	In particular, between June 2013 and June 2014, the survey administered a Child Needs module, somewhat similar to that used for the EU-SILC surveys in the European Union and to the Expanded Household Budget Survey (EHBS) conducted in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 2011 (see Chzhen and Ferrone 2016).The Child Needs module includes items specific to children aged 6-17, although the household reference person answers these questions on behalf of all children in this age group in the household. In other words, children do not fill out the Child Needs module themselves. The final sample for the study consists of 5,519 children 0 to 17 years old, in 3,461 households, interviewed over 2013 and 2014.This is a subsample of the general ILCS sample, but is still representative at national level.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	2859e795a19b6159219597bec14e2cb9	With this kind of balancing market, market participants prefer to have gate closure closer to real time in order to adjust their generation plans and reduce their exposure to the imbalance risk. Moreover, regional integration of balancing markets and even other reserve markets over wider geographical areas could yield efficiency gains. This includes the definition of reliability standards; the publication of adequacy projections or the definition of technical requirements, such as flexibility of power plants, controllability of wind and solar power plants or controllability of electrical appliances. Even where operations and investment decisions are market-based, governments and system operators will continue to define, in one way or another, the reliability criteria, some dispatching capabilities and requirements for new generation capacity and electrical appliances connected to the grid.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	2859eef453eb010d0ee5412e31b92c79	Some EECCA countries (e.g. Moldova, Georgia and Armenia) have already been developing national-level climate strategies that can serve as “action plans” for their NDCs, such as Low-Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), as well as country-specific national or sectoral plans on climate change, including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Some of the results from the Technology Needs Assessments (TNAs) in many EECCA countries should be better used to improve actual uptake and market penetration of technologies needed for low-carbon, climate-resilient development. Further work is needed for key institutions of the EECCA countries to better access and absorb international financial resources to implement climate actions.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	285a576bd9bf33fc943b23e8767a5e4e	Past experience has shown, however, that such an approach can result in agricultural policies that are dominated by distorting forms of support, including price support, which in turn threaten the food security of poor consumers. These negative consequences are particularly acute when food shortages occur for other reasons, like an economic downturn or a natural disaster. The APEC Policy Partnership on Food Security (PPFS), formed in 2011, is a forum for discussing issues related to food security, bringing together individuals from the private and public sectors to help facilitate investment, liberalise trade and market access, and support sustainable development.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264113-5-en	285c645be5f75567656ef4617c70aa22	Preparation is critical to anticipate the intensity, frequency and extent of environmental hazards, as well as to identify vulnerable urban population groups, assets and infrastructure. A VRA and asset inventory would provide such information and provide a basis to manage and limit damage, while also considering the cost and time required to recover from a natural disaster, among other factors. Bandung’s approach to hazard assessment could expand upon that of other Southeast Asian cities such as Cebu (Box 2.1).	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	2863275e558f3016253dcc4efbab5ff7	Social protection in poor countries”, Practice Paper, Social Protection Briefing Note Series No. Civil Society and the maintenance of peace and good order in Papua New Guinea”, paper presented at the Suva Symposium on Civil Society and Governance, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, October. Fiji Australia Association of Tasmania Services”, accessed from http://www.infoline.tas.gov.au/content/Fiji_Australia_Association_of_ Tasmania. Annual Report 2003 (Suva, FCOSS). Report on NGO Activity on Social Welfare in Fiji (Suva, FCOSS).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc778895-en	2865dc4e2cfcfd13d4a77c6ac62003c2	The second focuses on an analysis of the relationship between poverty and inequality. The third covers the literature on the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. These studies’ findings corroborate each other to the extent that they all indicate that, as noted by Araujo, Tabosa and Khan (2012), there are two fundamental factors at work: the average growth rate and the initial level of income inequality.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	2868babba16cf3d14cfa6bfb85702355	Access to irrigation reduces the risk of crop failure, encouraging the adoption of higher-yielding varieties of food crops, diversification into higher-value cash crops, application of fertilisers and pest management, and intensification of farm labour and practices (Van Koppen et al., According to the World Development Report 2008 (World Bank, 2007), irrigated land does not exceed 4% of total agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa, compared with 29% in East Asia and 39% in South Asia. In areas where farmers mostly rely on rain-fed agriculture, water availability is one of the most binding constraints on agricultural production.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	286cd3967f6c8e4909073e443e7d8ac8	The government tries to reduce the number of fatal road traffic accidents by awareness-raising campaigns in public places and a national day of road safety. The vaccination coverage rate against DTP3, measles and Hepatitis B for infants stood at 99% in 2015, while vaccination coverage for influenza among people above 65 years stood at only 41%, but this is comparable to rates in neighbouring countries. However, there seems to be room for improvement regarding care of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as the 30-day case fatality rate is above the average. The DSP enables patients and professionals to access all relevant medical data It is currently in a pilot phase involving patients with multimorbidity and chronic diseases before being extended to all insured people (see also Box 3 below).	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	286d58b72b69da63110c9125a8e13738	Herd or flock sizes remain typically small, averaging only two for cattle, four for buffalo and pigs, and 17 and 30 respectively for poultry layers and broilers. Of the almost 3 million holdings registered in 1993 as possessing livestock, less than 200 000 (6.6%) were recorded as predominantly livestock holdings. A Livestock Federation, present down to the district level, represents business interests and is responsible for monitoring production and prices and discussing sectoral issues with the government. Over the past two decades, the production of both freshwater and marine fish has steadily increased, being multiplied respectively by 14 and 4 (Figure 9.6).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	286d91043c7c28e294aafab2cfaf7ba9	Insecurity and risk undermine the long-term sustainability of cities worldwide. The spread of disease in cities often occurs as a result of inadequate infrastructure and services. High incidence of traffic fatalities, air pollution related respiratory infections and premature deaths, and communicable, vector, and waterborne diseases can all be related to inadequate, poor, or inefficient urban infrastructure. The number of Ebola deaths in that slum will likely never be known, as bodies have simply been thrown into the two nearby rivers.	11	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	286f80b7bb8d64333b2793dba8e458f9	From 2010 to 2012, the position of women in leadership positions increased from 9.32 per cent to 14.75 per cent and is projected to reach 22 per cent by 2016. While increasing numbers are a positive factor, this example illustrates the very marginal gains women are making in leadership positions, particularly in private sector management. For example, due to heightened awareness and attention brought by MWA, the State Services Commission, in partnership with public service chief executives, has developed a centrally co-ordinated talent identification initiative for senior public servants.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	28720fa9da9d5ef7f9b920d195a4b5f8	Capital productivity growth would lead to rising profit shares and allow for higher savings to finance domestic investment. In many instances, new industries also tended to rely more heavily on imports than on inputs provided by other domestic sectors, thereby limiting the coming into play of employment dynamics through inter-industry linkages. Furthermore, the focus on industrialization led to an urban bias and a relative neglect of agriculture, despite the fact that most of the population would depend on agriculture for employment and income. The newly industrializing countries of East Asia also relied on import substitution and imported technologies at the initial stage of their development. However, unlike those in Latin America and Africa, their industrial policies tended to be more selective and oriented towards the building of export competitiveness and the creation of domestic linkages, while raising agricultural productivity, which was a central policy objective in the early stages.	1	3	3	0.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	28741f02fafdb95485f97161028c8bdb	Globalization scholars have pointed to the changing nature of the global economy and its impact on American cities, for instance. Middle-class workers who until recently had secure formal-sector jobs and reliable safety nets now find themselves expelled from the labour market. “ Expulsions” instead of forms of exclusion are taking place in these countries with social groups who until just a couple of decades earlier were secure participants in formal labour markets.10 Moreover, informal workers in developed countries are mostly undocumented migrants from lower-income countries who, because of their legal status, fear going to the police or seeking out legal help, thus further entrapping them within these informal conditions. In the US, for instance, the neighbourhood of Harlem in New York City was documented to have a thriving informal economy exceeding one billion dollars.13 The findings of the study led a large American bank to recognize the financial demand at the bottom of the pyramid and to open two new branches in Harlem.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	28756f93f1fdcd1a3fd94bad06e31c9e	It is likely these two funds can utilise their superior financial clout to drive health providers to improve performance more effectively than the smaller plans may be able to. Evidence of improvement across key indicators highlights that monitoring and feedback is a useful force in driving improvements in the quality of care. As a start, Israel should expand the number of domains covered to include major chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and mental health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	2878687b86e778ca04064ab3652f7f6e	This corresponds to an increase of an average employment per enterprise by 4.5 persons, or more than a doubling. For all IPARD-I projects, the increase in the average employment was estimated at 5.5 persons. These estimates, however, do not consider employment generated indirectly in activities such as purchasing and selling, transportation, and others.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	287b8e0bb6fe623741625f3f78e41a1f	In the projection model, urban attractiveness is the result of four different factors: expectations over production volume; capital returns; market size; and local environmental conditions. The first three indicators are positively correlated with attractiveness. The modelling exercise shows that the attractiveness of the 78 metropolitan regions included in the OECD metropolitan database is strongly positively correlated to firms’ expectations about production and reflected in the average production growth rate (Figure 5.4).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	287cb9c92a218086385105d02299ec48	The spectrum of poverty measurement approaches varies from purely monetary to non-monetary aspects, with much variation {see Table 2.1). Measurement choices are often implicit, and can have a profound impact on results and related policies. The first choice is what to measure: income, consumption, or broader capabilities? The most common approach is to measure monetary poverty, based on indicators of income or consumption as proxies for material living standards.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	28802c04861d44f66249f687bfdd504b	While it is desirable for predictive models, like weather forecasting models, to produce projections that are as accurate as possible; the most important feature of a longer-term health forecasting model should be its ability to influence policy makers. To do that, health expenditure projections not only need to be scientifically sound, but must also be considered credible (Zucchelli et al., The credibility of health expenditure forecasting models, in turn, relies on their validity, accuracy, tractability and transparency (Harris et al., The validity of a model refers to its ability to address the request of policy makers. A model is valid if its structure reflects relevant features of the policy environment and avoids nonessential elements.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	2882c9be30e285f8ae50e7c1caeb812e	At its summit held in Ufa, Russian Federation, in July 2015, the Shanghai Cooperation Organizations Council of Heads of State decided to accept the accession of India and Pakistan to the Organization. The Organizations main goals are the provision and maintenance of peace, security and stability among its members, including drug control. At the summit, the Organization adopted a development strategy outlining priority areas until 2025, including issues related to regional stability and drug control, and plans to address drug challenges were incorporated into the declaration of the Council of Heads of State issued at the summit. The Organization’s member States expressed concern at the scale of narcotic drug manufacture in Afghanistan, which posed a threat to development and security in the region. The Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre, a standing intergovernmental body for combating trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, continues to serve as a regional platform for exchanging information and experiences on countering drug trafficking and promoting law enforcement cooperation. In June 2015, the Board participated in the 11th international conference on drug control, organized by the Dubai Police.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	28864cb50226b7db366cf8178d1a66aa	For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Sometimes curricula and the mix of provision are too constrained by the interests of training providers and not sufficiently driven by fast-changing industry requirements. For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Difference in earnings is expressed in % (no difference = 0%).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	288b382ec45cf5ae168f9d2a865c3d4d	Energy production from waste is far from reaching its potential in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. The early generation of waste-to-energy incinerators that were built in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region during a period of limited landfill capacity in the early 1970s have proven to be environmentally and financially unsustainable. Tighter federal environmental regulation led to their closing or to costly retrofitting (Sendzik et al, 1996).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	288da4d368df61da801e33a47ab029c0	Some countries also stood to lose from the erosion of benefits of preferential trading arrangements with OECD countries. On balance, OECD analysis concluded that most developing countries would gain from OECD country liberalisation, although the gains were small relative to the benefits of reforming their own policies. Moreover, a large share of the gains were concentrated among a few emerging economy exporters, in particular Brazil (OECD, 2006).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	288ee677797c3bbd17a7bac765fd4e96	Regional prefets define State strategies at the regional level—they submit a strategic proposal document that has been known since 2004 as the Project for State Regional Strategy (Projet d'action strategique de I’Etat en region, PASER). A National PASER Monitoring Committee, co-chaired by the minister responsible for State Reform (the Budget Ministry) and the Ministry of the Interior and Territorial Planning, serves as the framework in which the central ministers define State strategy in each region, in collaboration with the regional prefet. Departemental prefets have administrative authority to assess the legal compliance of local authorities in the adoption of spatial plans, among other functions. They are mainly electoral districts for departements, with each having roughly the same size population.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	2890345f29b0e1d375adc6f7d895b3da	But much more needs to be done to remove gender biases and move towards universal coverage. There are many ways to do this. Minimally, policy and programme features that perpetuate gender stereotypes or social stigma need to be removed. Social transfer schemes, for example, should not impose conditionalities that increase women's unpaid care and domestic work and should gradually work towards universal coverage in order to avoid stigma.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	28916a987986025895ff87fffe49fe94	The conclusion of their work is that that the benefits of management or groundwater irrigation will not always be significant, and that they depend highly on economic, hydrologic, and agronomic parameters (Koundouri, 2004). There has been significant discussion in the literature on possible criteria to define when groundwater pumping is detrimental (see Chapter 2, and Llamas and Garrido, 2007). In particular, fighting against stock depletion is rarely found to be appropriate (Giordano, 2009; GWP, 2012).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2956c59a-en	28946ac7263232b31ca190d56a72ae39	For nearly half of the gender-specific indicators, the methodology is developed but country-level data are limited. As of December 2017, the framework contains 93 indicators classified as Tier I, 66 as Tier II and 68 as Tier III. In addition, five other indicators are classified as multi-tier, with different components of the indicator classified into different tiers. Additionally, the lAEG-SDGs is currently liaising with custodian agencies to discuss available data sources and methodology to improve the availability and quality of country-level data related to Tier II indicators.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	28977f474a113960ccdfa779ae7602c5	This provided an opportunity to align biodiversity outcomes with an important business outcome: the reduction of risk from improved regulatory predictability. The development of guidelines for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining industry was, therefore, a strongly user-driven project, in response to a specific sector need. This provided a synergistic window of opportunity when the DEA and SAMBF approached SANBI to be involved in a mining and biodiversity guideline.	15	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	289b38cd89bf6b7a58ab204d45514fb2	This is because electricity generation is likely to be affected by a decrease in precipitation, more inconsistent rainfalls and a decrease in spring run-off from glaciers and snow caused by climate change. About 10% of climate-related development finance was committed to agriculture, forestry and fishing, which is almost the same share as the global level. A range of actions in agriculture can contribute to poverty alleviation and low-carbon and climate-resilient development in the rural areas in some EECCA countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	289bcbc0fd0ee6219261f06b5aa54d4a	Seizures of methaqualone in India registered a sharp decrease, from 3,205 kg in 2013 to 54 kg in 2014, the lowest in five years. Methaqualone is often trafficked by means of courier parcels to Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, South Africa, the United Kingdom and countries in South-East Asia. India and China are perceived as major sources of various new psychoactive substances.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f7cce716-en	28a037af70262e8f1821a8fe1cb6e621	Under these criteria, local communities are recognized as the front line in the search for solutions to reduce their disaster vulnerability and increase their resilience (Gaillard, 2010). Accordingly, Gaillard (2010) argues that an approach that considers the community entails working both to strengthen individuals' means of subsistence and also improve their capacities to cope better with disaster situations. Both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation use geographic areas or population groups as their units of intervention, in contrast to work at the individual or household level, which generally is applied in intervention specific to social protection. Unlike disaster risk reduction, which seeks to minimize the effect of extreme phenomena, the climate change adaptation approach develops intervention tools to deal with immediate upheavals (floods, droughts, epidemics, wars, civil violence and ethnic or other types of persecution), and gradual situations of short or long-term tension (such as increases in temperature or rainfall that cause soil degradation, demographic pressures, or temporary resource shortages) stemming from a change in normal weather conditions, (Chambers and Conway, 1991).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	28a2882a2fc80ac1e9c60d46fe02e47d	Private banks would still be responsible for determining the creditworthiness of borrowers and thus retain a great deal of autonomy in lending practices. Thus, even with the use of ARRs, governments must adopt additional tools to expand access to credit for women entrepreneurs and farmers. One approach is for the central bank to offer guarantees on loans to targeted groups.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	28a3eb83e9336c549bbda48fbd60c242	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Recent data indicate that about 96% of Colombians are now covered by health insurance arrangements. Progress in formal coverage has been accompanied by remarkable improvements over the last 20 years in access to services by disadvantaged populations and increased health sector funding, while reducing the participation of out-of-pocket payments as a source of health care financing, with likely positive implications for overall levels of financial protection. Some of these challenges are common to countries at similar stages of economic development as Colombia, including a rapidly ageing population and declining workforce.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264262959-en	28a8a9dd236a78633c5ee2a7fc08005e	Pacific Alliance countries should expand the number of days offered to fathers and governments and workplaces should encourage or mandate fathers to take the leave for which they are eligible. All Pacific Alliance countries legislate lactation breaks for mothers, but duration varies: Chile legislates two one-hour breaks per day until a child turns two years old, whereas Mexico and Colombia offer only two 30-minute breaks per day until an infant is six months old (Mexico also offers the alternative option of reducing a mother’s work day by one hour). To give mothers the choice to breastfeed, which has especially significant health payoffs when water quality is inadequate, it is important to ensure that mothers have access to a legally-mandated private and hygienic space for expressing milk. In practice, these hygienic spaces for preparing milk are underprovided and women are often forced to use restrooms to prepare their baby’s milk.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	28a8f41009468a13c6346ac37fd9f038	The best way to do this is to calculate tax burdens and benefit entitlements for representative samples of households for different periods. This permits straightforward identification of the relative contribution of policy changes and trends in market-income inequality on redistribution. Box 3 provides an illustration of such an approach using data for the United States.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	28aa3b69d1d608d3934155def18aaafd	However, the analysis did not address important parameters for the planning of wind energy projects, such as security and environmental protection. Based on the data in the Wind Energy Atlas, the technical potential of wind energy was assessed. The calculations have shown that about 2,000 MW of capacity and 5 TWh of energy per year can be obtained.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	28aaade8f51427c63715fe35e201d925	Slums may be housing a gradually reduced portion of the urban population as local policies take effect and as incomes increase. However, for the hundreds of millions at the bottom of the urban system, garbage pickup and removal is almost non-existent; toilets, let alone public toilets, are rare; running water to one's premises is an impossibility; well-funded public education is unavailable; and the quality of health services, transport facilities, leisure and open spaces, and even good local food markets is low. Investing in infrastructure is therefore an absolute necessity for the new urban agenda. In this regard, Goal 13 of the Sustainable Development Agenda, which urges countries to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, could not have come at more auspicious time. Urban areas concentrate economic activities, households, industries and infrastructures which are hotspots for energy consumption as well as key sources of greenhouse gases.	11	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-2-en	28ab6ce0fc2a0292e8f61f43925edc20	This kind of forest management has also changed the forest landscape profoundly. Natural forest dynamics produce key resources and processes important for the maintenance of native forest biodiversity, in particular a rich supply of dead wood and old trees, as well as a varied landscape pattern of such resources, critical for the long-term survival of many forest species. In addition to the dead wood and old trees resulting from natural forest dynamics, forest biodiversity will also benefit from productive forests with a rich supply of temperate broadleaved trees or aspens, willows and rowans, as well as special forest types like swamp forests, forests on calcareous soil, or recently burnt forests. Several forest properties of high importance for biodiversity are monitored in national forest inventories, e.g., tree species and age, dead wood, and site productivity.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	28ad355e3edf717bfa23213a37256eac	The amount of hours lost due to extended maintenance is therefore between 60 and 120 hours, which represents a loss of 0.7-1.4% of the availability factor. Additional studies performed by EPRI and a Slovakian operator concluded that load cycling should have an impact on O&M, but no statistically significant effects were observed. The economic aspects of load following have received increased interest due to the extreme price volatility induced by variable renewables (including negative prices) in countries with large shares of renewables, such as Germany.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/09e92b30-en	28b460622484196dc6ab45eb188a27e0	However, TFR was applied only to 16% of generics in 2015 (Drees, 2016c). They should be applied much more widely. France’s prescription rate is one of the targets of add-on payments to physicians who can compare themselves to regional averages (CNAMTS, 2016b). Moreover, the 2016 antibiotics strategy aimed at reducing resistance to antibiotics foresees additional information campaigns, training of health-care professionals and higher spending on research and monitoring (CIS, 2016).	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	28b4dc4d116c00be3688d5c737ac8b09	The proportion of women who run their business at a loss is somewhat lower than for men in the United States (7.5% of women versus 8.7% for men). The reason for their careful risk management may be greater concern about the consequences of failure (Chapter 22). Indeed, the Small Business Service (2005) in the United Kingdom found that women with family responsibilities were “particularly wary of extending commitments” and that any business venture they embarked upon would “need to be independent of family finances and self-sufficient”. However, there is no conclusive evidence that women entrepreneurs are always less willing to take risks than men (Croson and Gneezy, 2009). On average, 22% of self-employed women across 30 OECD countries work less than 40 hours a week against only 10% of self-employed men.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	28b4f065413176ed4793e772159d7788	This approach strongly mirrors not only that of late industrializers but also of the early history of central banking in the United States and United Kingdom, as well as the more recent innovation in policy tools utilized by developed country banks in the wake of the 2008 crisis (IMF 2013). Inclusive monetary policy cannot be unanchored, however. To be effective and well-targeted, it must be coordinated with public investment goals. To the extent that public investment red uces i nflati on a ry press u res, ce ntra I ba n ks ca n afford to lower interest rates, in turn making it less costly for governments to finance public investment. On the contrary,financial liberalization appears to have had a deflationary effect that has reduced GDP and employment growth, hindering development and limiting resources to promote gender equality and other SDGs (Elson and Cagatay 2000; Ghosh 2005). This is an important exercise because their widespread effects are not immediately obvious if we only consider the impact on investment.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	28b8cbfdf68fd24832b298c1d19ce0cd	The Ministry of Education has developed guidelines for a quality assurance system to be set up by each centre including figures regarding the scope, results and effects of the guidance provided, and a procedure for evaluating the services provided through user and employee surveys. Centres are also required to publish objectives, methods, planned activities and performance on die Internet. These programmes combine catch-up courses in foundation skills with vocational classes, counselling and career guidance, and often enable participants to obtain an upper-secondary' qualification.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	28b92041a96bc1fbd110a2b48a3c694c	The recruitment of banksaathis (commission-based agents) was an innovative experiment that allowed women clients to transact with the Bank in flexible hours without leaving the confines of their homes/shops. The banksaathis, who come from the same communities as the clients they serve, are now the Bank’s frontline workers. Other innovative products include insurance (life, health, assets, widowhood and accidents) and pensions in collaboration with the UNITTrust of India Asset Management Company. In 2011 SEWA Bank was also appointed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority in India as an aggregator to distribute the National Pension System (NPS)-Lite Pension product.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	28b940640a8b06da8c7218495ec9e48e	Finnish experience and international research show that investment in primary education pays off in later grades through better aptitude and learning skills, as well as through positive overall outcomes. Schools are typically small, with class sizes ranging from 15 to 30 students. In 2004, more than one-third of Finnish comprehensive schools had fewer than 50 pupils; just 4% of all schools had 500 or more pupils (Statistics Finland, 2011)’.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	28bd1cb155fb6fd559d3683f493f98af	However, some national studies show that up to 70 per cent of women have experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime®*™ (WHO, 2013). There is also a high prevalence of psychological violence against women as 43 per cent of women in the European Union have experienced this form of violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime®*™ (AFR, 2014). As a result, significant progress has been made regarding the institutionalization of development and management of public spaces over the past decade. Several global and local movements have been formed to demand more friendly living areas attainable through public space provision.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	28c123498bb38c294b04fa58e522781a	For 2016, NEDA was tasked to start the pre-work of drafting the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) (up to 2022) for the next presidential term. This w ill serve as the basis of the Philippine Investment Plan and all other regional, provincial and local development plans and investment programmes. In the section on priority legislation, BIOFIN lobbied for the inclusion of the Expanded NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System) Act, Philippine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing, and proposed amendments to the use of the Malampaya Fund towards biodiversity conservation as priority environment and natural resources legislation supporting PDP.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174269-5-en	28c288173b76e555de939035ce178f4c	It can also provide a common basis for dialogue among stakeholders and facilitate information sharing to improve the communication, uptake and acceptance of SMM policies and principles. Such analysis encompasses a range of economic techniques based around cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis and is used to assess the potential impacts on social welfare from policy initiatives. Issues such as environmental valuation techniques, the distribution of costs and benefits over time and groups within society, and appropriate discount rates all play an important role in the use of cost-benefit analysis (OECD, 2006). Belgium and the US, among other OECD countries, have many voluntary partnership programmes.	12	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	28c40dc0d8f86ee02a61097c54a66089	China is promoting the use of telemedicine for medical institutions as a core element of the health-care system reform. Among enacted policies thus far, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has responsibility for establishing the basic principles and guidelines related to telemedicine. The 2009 Notice on Multiple Tasks of Doctors allows doctors in medical institutions to freely perform remote medical services in addition to their hours of consultation.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	28c4686c5a95fe9a613a2fa887922dd5	Throughout the OECD, employers are increasingly aware of the value of diversity in the workplace and they are showing a growing willingness to take concrete steps to promote it (BIAC and Deloitte, 2014). The weaker position of women in the labour market results in weaker networks, thereby sustaining gender gaps in access to employment and job quality. Specific interventions may be devised to strengthen women’s networks.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	28c4be178de2f14a9d16b4546d1fb939	Most of that volatility originates on the supply side: output depends on the vagaries of weather and other natural factors, which vary from year to year. Cyclical swings of output, reflecting lagged response of supply to price changes, can inject an additional degree of volatility into agricultural markets. As it happens, such output fluctuations on agricultural markets hit a demand that does not respond much to price variations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	28c772636e7a93a1a0f0fa7712ab4b73	They result from the research project “The innovative behaviour of women-led young firms”, submitted by Mario Piacentini in August 2011 and approved by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in September 2011. Women-founded businesses are those which have been founded by one woman or by an exclusively female founding team. Enterprises founded or owned by mixed teams are excluded. The variables relating to founder/owner characteristics are calculated as averages for the individual members of the founding team.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	28ca7af5e0541151f792e178c75bce07	Practitioners (SEA Change and UKCIP, 2013, 2014) and the Adaptation Committee (AC, 2016) have developed syntheses and inventories of existing adaptation monitoring and evaluation tools and frameworks.7 In addition to the aforementioned LEG guidelines for National Adaptation Plans, a subset of the literature focuses on providing guidance to develop national level systems for monitoring and evaluation (GIZ and IISD, 2016), or providing information and insights from a set of existing systems (OECD, 2015b; EEA, 2015; GIZ and IISD 2013). The large majority of the Parties mentioning adaptation monitoring and evaluation in their NDCs indicate that they are still in the process of developing their national approach (Kato and Ellis, 2016). This means that there is limited experience with mid-term and end-term evaluations of policies at the national level.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	28cb8de6735cb166a60b1694632dc3ab	The most advanced country in this area is Algeria, which does not impose any conditions in either case. It is critical to protect women’s rights in all areas of life, including economic participation.32 Access to justice mainly means: legal mechanisms and legislations that establish a right to access to court and to a fair judicial remedy; that promote legal and judicial assistance to women; that help them become aware of their rights to access justice; and that provide legal services and advice. It also means the right for women to go to court, the right to work in a legal profession, a chance for women to access the same positions as men in the judiciary, according to principles of equality and fairness.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	28cda5453d6dbcbac888b35bab03eacd	Nuclear power also has negligible greenhouse gas emissions. These targets both decrease dependence on fossil-fuel energy resources, and deliver energy with significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008). The main opportunities to mitigate climate change in the energy sector are de-carbonisation of the power sector and end-use energy-efficiency investments. For developing countries these options should also lead to enhanced energy security, reduced dependence on foreign imports of fossil fuels, and creation of local economic activity through renewable power investments in micro-grid systems.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	28ce8b7ba7370940136d406fcbbc1e02	Over the last 70 years, a whole body of human rights and entitlements, which have been defined and accepted by the international community and the African region, transcend political, economic, social and cultural differences among countries. These international and regional legal standards set the bar for gender equality and women’s empowerment. Leaders and policymakers therefore need to understand the long-term nature of deconstructing harmful social norms and replacing them with positive social norms.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	28ceb76d366d8d9a86344ec59581a1cb	A worsening external environment dampened demand for mining, quarrying and metallurgy products, and poor weather conditions weighed down the growth of agricultural output. Available from http://ceicdata.com (accessed on 30 March 2013); and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Reports. Remittance inflows from Italy, Greece and the Russian Federation, the main destinations for Georgian workers, also slowed but held up relatively well.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	28d41b6c25c810065e8bef0d7b0921f0	Students were asked about how motivated they felt to perform well in school, their relationships with peers and teachers, their home life and how they spend their time outside of school. The results, mostly based on self-reports, complemented the standard PISA proficiency data by providing insight into teenage students’ hopes, aspirations and thoughts about their own lives. In fact, across almost the whole OECD, girls report significantly lower life satisfaction than boys.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	28d47be891b04f4bdd17efb3017a8fe7	Interestingly, it uses the example of International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) management of Atlantic Bluefin tuna, which it depicts as a success story of rationale fisheries management because the 2014 Bluefin stock assessment revealed a surge in the Atlantic Bluefin spawning stock, leading to an increase in the total allowable catch in the fishery. Part of this process includes technical briefing sessions with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and RFMOs. What sorts of fisheries subsidies should be prohibited?	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	28d5d7f8beecab53f242ccd7ab88d2d7	In the absence of these, migrant workers are not able to contribute adequately to the economy of their countries of origin. Freund and Spatafora (2008) reported that recorded remittances depend negatively on transfer costs and the parallel market premium. On the other hand, it is also interesting to note that highly skilled migrants tend to remit a relatively lower share of their income to their countries of origin (Niimi and Ozden 2006; Faini 2007; Adams 2009), although the amount itself was found to be higher.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	28d5dc826f266fe746242192a31294c3	Significant at the 1% level. The mobile sector has also been subject to more incentive regulations rather than obligations imposed, as in the case of fixed networks. These are well-known facts remedied by regular reviews and upgrades of existing policy and regulatory settings, as well as by the adoption of new measures and policy initiatives to address the changing nature of the digital ecosystem. It is worth noting, nevertheless, that the impact of urbanization on the take up of mobile-cellular services is lower than on fixed-broadband penetration levels, mobile-cellular being less infrastructure-intensive and thus deployed at a lower cost beyond urban areas.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174269-5-en	28db5577ebd86eb0f9664e7d9fe49039	Integrated policies and policy instruments can successfully drive actors in the same direction and can accelerate progress, and generate synergies. In all cases, open multidirectional information flows can facilitate sustainable outcomes by providing feedback on the full range of policy impacts. This helps to build the participation of critical economic actors and other stakeholders, to lower potential resistance to innovation, to increase idea generation and to allow appropriate policy adjustment over time. To begin, policymakers could consider upgrading measures of success at the systemic level that would encourage assessment of policies not only in terms of the shortterm quantity of economic wealth generated, but in terms of overall tangible and intangible value created in the entire ecological-social-economic system over time.	12	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	28dd622884cd01d2f3bbdd7795e970c4	The development of processes for monitoring and evaluating drought situations, supported by research and experimental development, together with technological changes in using water and adapting crops, will play a role in the context of climate change. There have been few policies that directly seek to adapt agriculture to drought risks, leaving aside the widespread use of disaster relief payments and loans. Canada, Hungary, Turkey and the United Kingdom, for example, are all in the process of examining their national drought policies as they affect agriculture.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	28df91bc45949d5294646733da153fb6	Their prices, given the informal nature of production, are lower than those of charcoal from planted trees, although the latter is generally produced in industrial, more efficient, facilities. Worse still, there are no incentives for the industries to exploit the gases from combustion, which can be used both for energy and non-energy production purposes. The rudimentary kilns used in the forests to carbonize native wood are unable to preserve the fluid by-products of charcoal production, but neither is this done even in the majority of the relatively modern facilities.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/059ce467-en	28e17b74865dfdd0c39869a2ee920d2a	National policy-makers can impact teachers’ salaries, but also working conditions, such as how teachers spend their professional days (e.g. total instructional time, preparation time, meetings with other teachers, etc.). For example, Denmark introduced a new framework for the utilisation of teachers’ working hours (Act no. This report discusses how teacher shortages particularly relate to immigrant and newcomer students.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264243606-en	28e273a53e2320e19b2f6ccb9ffd23c3	There are many other possible outcomes people care about, such as inequalities in health, responsiveness, and fairness of financing (Murray & Evans, 2003). Accordingly, the results of GCEA cannot be used to set priorities by themselves but should be introduced into the policy debate to be considered along with the impact of different policy and intervention mixes on other outcomes. The analysis was undertaken by developing a microsimulation model of the health outcomes arising from lifestyle risk factors typically associated with obesity.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	28e70e2dfa785d69e6a69c70358f2b23	This study uses input from two different crop models. The results produced by different combinations of climate and crop models may, therefore, present a plausible range of possible future scenarios. These indicators include the world prices of various agricultural commodities, average crop yields and land allocations.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/81d39474-en	28e7add1c01aa6ba354f2fdb9401af7b	These children and young people can become subject to physical and sexual abuse, psychological problems, addiction and other harmful consequences. Women are acutely affected by particular consequences of drug abuse, such as sexually transmitted diseases and the consequences of domestic violence, in addition to being more likely to be affected by drug-facilitated crime. Drug abuse and poverty are often linked in multiple ways.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	28ee014c6d78b47946e65b868c61b4a5	They also offer preferential loans to develop projects of production and storage facilities for such purpose. These loans could be up to 70% of project value and last at most 12 years. The financial support provided for these loans is the difference of payment between interest rate of commercial loans and that of state credit for development (currently 10.8% per annum). These preferential loans are channelled through five designated state-owned commercial banks, namely VBARD, Mekong Housing Bank, Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Viet Nam, Viet Nam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade and Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Viet Nam (MARD, 2014b).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	28ee161bc07a603871f234407ef6761d	For example, the knowledge about indigenous peoples in different countries within subregions varies greatly. Five subregions are conventionally categorized as western, south-eastern, southern eastern and central Asian subregion. The regions include a multitude of indigenous groups who comprise 70 per cent of the estimated 350 million indigenous peoples worldwide.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226319-6-en	28f6ee4da3de4ce83512e5b03532d692	However, compared with the international average, twice as many primary teachers in Mexico participate in formal induction programmes if they have access to them. Even for the teachers who do have access, very few participate in mentoring. In most countries, primary teachers receive peer support from elsewhere.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	28f87f4dfed9bae511a98b81da08c129	In Figure 4, the cases are clustered in categories of action that all account to addressing the three main challenges described in section 2. , One of blockchain technology’s most promising applications is the idea of a decentralised financing platform for infrastructure. Chapter 3.1 of this report presents an original case study on this subject.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/584f8730-en	28f91ca9d15c5b19267b8aa5e7254c52	For example, the Republic of Korea suspended production in the Kaesung Industrial Zone in February 2016 to protest nuclear testing by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. On the outlook for the future, the economy is likely to experience a slowdown in 2016, mainly due to China’s lower demand for minerals. Growth performance was, nonetheless, weaker than expected amid the economic slowdown in China which constrained business investment and exports.	8	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-8-en	28fc386c773664b02a1631a79c36eb04	In addition, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community regularly convenes meetings of senior planners and statisticians in the region, to guide regional support for improving national-level statistical databases, that are feasible and sustainable, but which also respond to the needs of policy-makers and planners. Through this process it offers opportunities for building on aspects of the Forum Compact of sharing lessons learned and promoting south-south co-operation and knowledge management. Critical to the success of this recommendation is agreement within governments of which an agency or agencies are responsible for leadership and implementation of the various policy objectives. The NSDPG also offers opportunities for drawing on lessons from other regions, which can be facilitated by the Commonwealth Secretariat.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	28fdfabb5c08f4c401f53b0e6e741406	As a result, the quality and sales of shea butter have risen substantially, and Coprokazan and AMP were able to continue their work, using the additional revenue they made. Farmers with access to accurate information on the use of inputs, as well as on yield results for different crops, are better positioned to take decisions on what to plant the following year. Women who are in charge of farm management can be helped to improve the smallholding's economic sustainability by using simple software, In addition, weather stations, pest traps, suitable irrigation and sensors to measure soil moisture can all help to reduce the cost and use of agricultural inputs, achieving greater environmental sustainability as a result.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwm62b3bvh-en	28ffd370c85d0545a1ea6ee18bb517be	Team learning, therefore, is not collaborative learning per se, but the collective learning of minds coming together. Neuroscience confirms that we learn through social interaction (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010) as knowledge is socially constructed, and socio-cultural theories also highlight the importance of learning through par ticipating in communities of practice (Wenger, 1998) - reflecting what learning science informs us about effective learning of students, so a SLO encourages collaborative work and collective learning among its staff. This makes teaching more than a process experienced by professionally isolated individuals in their respective classrooms and instead enables a professional growth process in which teachers learn from and with each other by sharing of knowledge and expertise (Husband and Short, 1994; Kruse and Louis, 1997; Newmann, King and Youngs, 2000). But teamwork and collaboration can be shallow.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	2902175d95b4c7ea30dfa9e6ffe1da3f	The expansion of technology, particularly the advent of digitalisation, presents new opportunities and challenges to prepare students to be lifelong and lifewide learners. Students now need to not only learn information but also understand how to use it, they need to interact successfully and respectfully with others, and take responsible actions and work together towards collective well-being. Equipping students with these skills requires innovation and a change in the approaches towards teaching and learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	29041a888c185d894c61196690614ae1	Access to water is fundamental for productivity in agriculture in most of Spain, contributing 55% to total agricultural value added. While some new irrigation projects, for example in the Ebro river basin, were maintained in the revised national hydrological plan (2005-08), the government does not expect further expansion. Water abstractions for irrigation remained broadly constant until 2004. These developments resulted in a 9% reduction of irrigation water application rates between 1990-92 and 2002-04.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-8-en	290654a669a603a1c63486bd730d0a3b	As a consequence, low-carbon growth as an alternative to ‘business as usual’ is fast becoming the preferred model for major economies in both developed and developing countries. Its relevance lies in the fact that one of the objectives of low-carbon growth of the green economy is to manage risks posed by global warming and climate change, and to take advantage of the opportunities that they offer in terms of new technology development and greater efficiency in industrial processes. It has now been clearly demonstrated that sustainable development makes economic sense, as more jobs are created and the externalities that traditional models of development generate are limited.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	2906e03a36962994aef0aa2f8395d25b	The process could be made more effective if the performance of new teachers was assessed jointly by the school principal and a qualified external authority, such as the school supervisor or regional pedagogical advisor. Once clear terms for the probation appraisal are established, Costa Rica could introduce a requirement that all teachers must complete the probation to a satisfactory standard before being confirmed in a permanent post. In most countries, probation typically takes place alongside a structured induction programme.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	2908b74f1ad598ae97a02087ade2932c	The hub project will identify, document and disseminate best management practices in order to inform regional and national policies and to upscale and out-scale viable approaches at the national level. Partner countries are Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda. Availability of resources is not the only constraint many developing countries face, however.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	29094faeac35848447d5f5c1125dc8b6	As regards patented drugs, preferred drug lists are used in the United States only, as insurers negotiate discounts with manufacturers. There is evidence that preferred drug lists have led to cost savings, as pharmaceutical companies lower prices to avoid going off list (Kibicho and Pinkerton 2012; Elzinga and Mills 1997). The fundholder is expected to be to obtain services at the best price/quality ration or suffer the consequences of budget over-runs.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/973d5b65-en	290c22e8eec481ae91d9453d57bd4a59	The architects and families developed a unit configuration that provided residents with the most essential 'half' of the housing unit; the remaining components were incrementally expanded and customized by the residents. After only one year, property values increased dramatically and residents reported the desire to stay and continue to improve their homes and strengthen their community. The mixed-income residential development incorporates urban agriculture into affordable housing practices. Via Verde brings together residents of varying income levels to engage in civic management in on-site community service programmes.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c45e5372-en	290cccf721087d8cfd64f720caf883b2	Companies with appropriate certification can register as diverse suppliers in a Supplier Diversity Registration Portal. Its global Supplier Inclusion and Diversity programme started in 2002 in the United States and now spans more than 16 countries and three regions. The focus is to integrate more women-owned businesses into supply chains.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	290decb6c2683073b63af2e242b08558	The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management is the line ministry, a ministry with specific responsibility for strategy, planning and priority setting for water resources. This includes irrigation water for agriculture, wastewater treatment, cooling water for industry and the water quality of the main water bodies. The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment is the line ministry responsible for water services (i.e. water supply for households and industry) and sewage.3 A closer look at their prerogatives shows that such ministries embrace a wide diversity of areas, including transport, public works, water management, housing, spatial planning and the environment. This may in fact be equivalent to having six different ministerial departments or agencies, with a silo approach not only between but also within ministries if co-ordination tools are not set-up.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	290f73f3beca8d08996187b28f6dbf77	This is especially noticeable in sub-Saharan Africa, which experiences the highest level of food insecurity, affecting almost 30 per cent of the population. Conflict and fragility have also worsened food security and are often compounded by floods and droughts, both of which can devastate crops and harvests. Water-related ecosystems include wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes, and sustain a high level of biodiversity and life.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	2910f55025c88749e1bb9d26089f3579	Data for Indonesia represent 2011 and for China represent 2010. The challenge facing Brazil in this area is largely rooted in the fact the quality of instruction and teachers lagged behind the growing number of students involving large teachers’ hiring over a relatively short period of time. The policies should be oriented at setting uniform standards for teachers, funding of teachers’ training and learning materials, linking teachers’ pay with performance more strongly rather than with the seniority status.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	2911a61d01484e3df5573be317b57dd9	It is the most important breeding site for Dalmatian Pelican, with more than 1,100 pairs, about 18% of the world population of this vulnerable species included in the IUCN Red List. This affected natural ecosystems and made shoreline areas less attractive for tourists. Combined with increased nutrients input, this has led to increased eutro-phication.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	29127def7e81b999b87c8e887a4fe882	"To Share or Not to Share: That is the Question."" Volume 2: Gender, Politics, and Financial Stability. R. Holzmann, E. Palmer and D. Robalino (Eds.).Washington, DC: World Bank. The Political Economy of Pension Reform in Europe."" In Handbook of Ageing and the Social Sciences. R. Binstock and L. George (Eds.).San Diego, CA: Academic Press."	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	291619b010f796f6d91128ff1d9bd24e	The additional energy is sold to the national power grid, at a profit to the builders. This allows them to further reduce the costs of the desalinated water-product (thereby further increasing their score). Third, builders who choose to rely on the national power grid rather than building their own natural gas system are required to pay half of the construction costs of such a power system to the government. Thus, they save only half the construction cost of a power plant.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	29188d55fb55db6b52fff61464424003	The six countries have amended or adopted new constitutions since 2011 that incorporate the principles of gender equality or non-discrimination. They recognise that the participation of women in the economy is key for growth and shared prosperity. This recognition at the constitutional level sends a strong and encouraging signal. As it is incorporated and implemented through the domestic legal framework, it will facilitate women’s involvement in the economy.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	291e45ba3d58dbcd14876fd9497d0f49	A good example is the case of Medellin, Colombia, which being spread over a valley and overhanging hills is one of the most spatially divided cities in the world. Since then, five cable car lines link the poor barrios located on steep inclines to the rest of the city, providing quick, safe transit for commuting workers and vendors and providing a sense of civic belonging to one single urban space. For instance, informal settlements or slums are not just an expression of economic exclusion (the poor unable to afford formal land/ housing), but can also be produced at the intersection of these various forms of exclusion (Chapter 5 “Just” Environmental Sustainabilities).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	291fef8c6e48972332d63f5ab0ffdff2	Policies that increase and improve family contact are also essential as well as policies to prevent and respond to sexual harassment and rape of male and female prisoners. Female prisoners are likely to find strip searches particularly traumatic, and policies regarding strip searching should be separately and carefully formulated as it regards male and female prisoners. Other matters to be considered include: arrangements for privacy when people are required to remove their clothing; privacy in toilets and showers; use of private locks on cells; provision of hygiene items for women; and minimising indignity in the way urine and other samples are collected for drug testing. Poor prison conditions, lack of proper care and facilities, and the high level of stress that accompanies incarceration may place at risk both the health of a pregnant woman and that of her unborn child. Pregnant women should only be held in prison in the most extreme circumstances, such as when there is a concrete threat of violent crime. Special provisions should be made for ante and post-natal care and treatment, and babies should not be born in prison.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	292a3014a375f8da6c77c70ef3578b3a	Alcohol abuse is a cause of presenteeism. The after-effects of heavy drinking include inability to concentrate at work, deterioration in job performance and relationships with colleagues, higher safety risks and reduced overall output. These in turn can lead to disputes, grievances, loss of working time and reduced productivity (ILO, 2012).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	292aabf85b55465576c22d307adc432a	Although these comments refer specifically to the World Bank, it would not be unreasonable to assume that other donors are also experiencing similar issues relating to M&E in general, and related to CDE specifically. As well, poor linkages between environment and other ministries in government can result in poor coordination and non-complementary or competing objectives. This is a challenge for donors, since ideally energy policy should be integrated with key national policies such as Poverty Reduction Strategies, Economic Development Strategies, and other national policies. It is vital that donors’ support strategies and policies are harmonised, and that they work together to avoid duplication. Given the diversity of the energy sector, and the wide economic reach of the sector, this can be a challenging goal. This may be especially the case in the area of subsidy removal.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264300279-en	292b649e76b7f229af110555b7f9b8bb	The trial period for open-ended contracts remains short, at 90 days for most workers (OECD, 2014e). Income taxes, social security contributions, payroll taxes, and other hiring costs create a wedge between what it costs to hire a worker, and what the worker takes home as disposable income. When this wedge becomes too high, it can become too costly for a firm to hire a worker. It can also become insufficiently rewarding for a worker to work or to upskill.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	292c7b49974c6c115614efb451a8cefb	In addition to domestic back-up capabilities, international interconnections thus play an important role in maintaining the supply and demand balance. In some cases, this allows countries to gain reciprocal benefits from complementary structures of both production and demand. French nuclear baseload production exported around the clock can thus be exchanged against German or Swiss electricity produced by wind, gas or hydropower at peak times.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	292cff680da029487df574307758f4a2	Monitoring will be important, and it is encouraging that the CRGE will be building up a national data centre: this will need to cover the breadth of inclusive green growth criteria above. While a monitoring and statistical system that assesses linked human and ecosystem wellbeing may be missing and is far-off, Ethiopia’s separate environment and development/poverty monitoring systems could now be encouraged to find areas of convergence. The CRGE’s international strategy is aimed at attracting international climate finance and support from development partners.	13	2	6	0.5
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	292d24070324bc1bd8dea4223b12c8a3	Although our results are robust to specifications and estimators changes, caution should be applied in their interpretation, in particular regarding causality. For example, OLS regressions of Model 1 will give results that do not correspond to the causal effect of discriminatory social institutions on subjective well-being levels: upward or downward biases are possible. Hence, we interpret our results as robust correlates.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096356-en	292da18ef2d38fa7c06bbf36a82d70cf	Liberalisation and an increasing share of renewables created more volatile production patterns and have made load management a greater challenge. Vertical separation has brought new responsibilities and financial constraints. New technologies such as real time metering and “smart grids” offer new opportunities for clients but their integration and financing creates put the mangers of transport infrastructures to the test.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	292df3e39e96a7db3fd7abc2f30922d2	En lugar de centrarse en una critica (por otro lado muy necesaria) de los mercados detrabajoyen los elevados costos humanos.socialesy financieros de la migracion, este estudio pretende dar voz a las subjetividades de las mujeres migrantes en Nepal, dado que, por el momento, este aspecto no ha recibido tanta atencion. El estudio pone de manifiesto las razones que tienen estas mujeres para emprender la migracion internacional y sus esfuerzos por adquirir capacidades que les permitan ganarse la vida en el contexto de la globalization. Sus experiencias revelan como se aprovecha la experiencia migratoria para (re) negociar el papel de estas mujeres en el seno de sus familias y comunidades, asi como para cuestionar el estigmay la mistificacion que todavia hoyacompahan a la migracion de las mujeres. In recent decades, with rising new demands for cheap labour worldwide, along with the continued inadequacy of rural employment opportunities and increased connectivity, increased male outmigration has brought transformation at many levels, including in gender power relations.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	29330733ce49a13698f52aeb2104754b	The retreat of the ice sheet formed a variety of post-glacial formations, like De Geer moraines, a specific feature of the Kvarken Archipelago. The High Coast, on the other hand, is known for its high islands and steep shores, characteristics very different as compared to its eastern counterpart that displays totally contrasting features-shallow waters and big boulders. Maintaining traditional land use forms, preserving the built heritage linked to the fishing communities, and documenting traditions like seal hunting, form the basis for displaying the rich history of the region.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/92a064e5-en	293539159874fe17f32fe069c99f9d42	While the increase is modest as a percentage change, it is considerable in coverage when viewed as a net number. This reflects the high population growth rates in Arab countries and the importance of pursing water-related investments for increased service provision for the un-served as well as keeping pace with population growth trends.27 Figure 8 compares access to drinking water from the “piped on premises” source (or house connection), other improved sources and unimproved sources for the years 1990 and 2011. Despite the lack of complete data sets for all Arab countries, available national averages were used in calculating the regional average in order to compare and report on the progress of access to drinking water sources and sanitation facilities in the Arab region during the period 1990-2011. It is therefore important to highlight that the presented number of population with access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities at the regional level are approximate.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	2937533f8b0c30a34c4db07e2e5744e1	As has been highlighted, industry good bodies are one of the principal providers of market information and analysis for farmers (section 1.5). As discussed earlier, these bodies are part of the National Adverse Events Committee and participate in the assessment of adverse events and the establishment of any eventual government assistance to farmers. Finally, in the wheat sector the only function of the industry' good body is to act as the farmers’ agent in contracting yield insurance with the commercial insurer. The primary role of the government has been to develop and enforce basic rules and regulations, and to ensure that the economic system remains competitive and the macro-economic framework stable.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	29377386224b0a5f75cf98cf2790a93e	The exhibit shows the treatment costs, additional health care spending and cost per additional life year associated with ten promising medical innovations. Treatment costs refer to the costs of providing the listed breakthrough technology and are based on comparisons with existing technologies as identified by expert panels. Costs per additional life year do not include improvements in morbidity and disability during a Irfeti me and hence should be thought of as upper bounds on a cost-effectiveness ratio.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	29387dbe605be7e2a3a46f73306f4be4	"Such technological changes are occurring at a very rapid pace for an industry accustomed to planning on a 30-40-year time horizon, creating significant uncertainty (Bharath Jairaj, 2016). At the same time, the entry of actors new to the electricity sector, and the active engagement of consumers as a result of these new technologies, raises multiple technical, commercial and regulatory issues, requiring a “whole-system"" approach and fresh thinking about electricity supply chains. The loT is defined by the International Telecommunications Union as a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things, based on existing and evolving interoperable ICTs."	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	293a84246649e0b3e29f89dec7ec5eec	The frameworks are aimed at improving comparability. Therefore they include definitions, guidance on reporting boundaries, and methods on how to measure each indicator. They also include guidance on the concept of comparability itself - e.g., that methods used to calculate data and underlying assumptions to prepare the information should be used in a consistent manner over time.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209503-4-en	293d3560f6523e933c35f13903d6cdfa	Improvements in climate resilience can support development, while inclusive development can help to build climate resilience. Achieving this will not only mean climate-proofing existing development pathways, but also considering how the pathways themselves may need to change in light of the challenges posed by climate change. This chapter outlines the need for climate-resilient development, which provides a strategic approach to addressing current vulnerabilities while preparing for the effects of a changing climate.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	293e0ec89e2639d5d66b510e0d7c4479	Technology Transfer Offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it. Incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer “agents” to bring non-local knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships. Incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed. The government should seek to encourage greater collaboration between higher education institutions through joint investments in R&D facilities and incentive programmes.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/3726edff-en	293e9d157861a283b2f02966427090f3	While not being specifically classified in the CRS as research activities, it can be argued that these activities support STI development, and therefore should be included in the analysis of external support towards STI. This included activities supporting the understanding and use of ICTs and broader projects such as the FHI360 Mobile Solutions Technical Assistance and Research (mSTAR), a technical assistance and research program, which aims to fostering rapid adoption and scale-up of digital finance, digital inclusion and mobile data in developing countries. Many of these additional activities have an ICT or technology component, but are classified in the CRS according to a different sector, e.g. the mSTAR project is classified as “Business support services and institutions”.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	293ee1ca9138e0a16376d45d4f830111	Expertgruppen for Bistandsanalys, 2014:03, Sweden, February 2015. Article 2 of the Declaration forbids discrimination based on sex (meaning the biological and physiological characteristics defining males and females, not gender32), race, language, politics, religion and other social categories. Although the Declaration is not binding, it is referenced as the foundation document establishing a global normative framework and enshrining the protection and promotion of universal human rights.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	2942683bceabfb2534c518d191c9a1dc	The models assume that, after labour market entry at the age of 20, a woman with two children aged 2 and 4 interrupts her career for up to ten years between 30 and 40 years old, then resumes full-time employment up to the national retirement age. The indicator illustrated is the ratio between the pension entitlement of that woman and the pension entitlement of a woman with two children who works a full career without interruption - which is the baseline in the figure. The pension entitlements are forward-looking and assume that the pension rules of the year 2014 will apply throughout the worker’s career until she reaches the standard pension age in her country.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	29444ffde5380ee9b4a2266ea97bdb64	"The transportation sector, ""other energy” category and buildings account for 14 per cent, 9.6 per cent, and 6.4 per cent, respectively. Emissions from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) category represent 24 per cent of global GHG emissions, some in the form of methane and nitrous oxide. In addition, clearance of forests for agricultural expansion or mining projects releases C02 to the atmosphere, thus also contributing to climate change. For example, heatwaves, floods, hurricanes and rising sea levels and sea temperatures destroy crops or reduce crop yields and fish production."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/208cb99e-en	29486269109f75e0de82f4e4bf73b345	"Data visualization examples include maps, poverty composition graphics, bubble charts of incidence and intensity, and so on. Because the MPI is additive and decomposable, and because the data it uses are directly comparable across populations, the MPI, headcount ratio (percentage of people who are poor), intensity (average deprivation score among poor people), as well as all indicator levels and trends can be disaggregated by any subgroup for which the data are representative, such as subnational region, ethnic group, age group, or other social categories. This supports the SDG goal of ""leaving no one behind"" and seeing whether the poorest groups are catching up over time."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	294a383f280fb5b8f5d7e3d1e8cc6a24	Although in Chile mandatory contributions of self-employed were expected to start in 2016, it is under discussion a proposal to implement it gradually since 2018. The Chilean government set up an expert commission (Comision Asesora Presidencial sobre el Sistema de Pensiones) to assess the pension system, identifying its strengths and limitations, and elaborate a set of remedies (Bravo et al., The commission examined a wide range of issues, but focused particularly on the large number of future pensioners who have low contribution densities and low replacement rate that the pension system have.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	2951791e58669aa728f49a529436a898	As the number of these types of systems increases, there will be an increased market size for a larger number and wider range of such end-use technologies. Patterns of travel vary tremendously around the world, as do the levels of travel per capita.18 Given high car ownership levels in OECD countries, an average of around 5 000 kilometres per year is travelled by car (except in OECD Pacific). In emerging economies and developing countries, no country or region has been found with more than 5 000 km of travel overall, across all modes (Figure 10).	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	2951c5f4443f9174ea2b0019e74a2cea	Fourth, amenable mortality, like longevity indicators, does not account for health care interventions aimed at improving the quality of life without prolonging it (e.g. pain relief therapies and mental care). To reduce this data gap, the OECD's Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project, that started in 2001, is developing a set of indicators (Garcia Armesto etal., The 2009 edition of Health at a Glance presents a selection of 23 HCQIs, including screening, survival and mortality rates for selected cancers, vaccination rates and avoidable in-patient admission rates for several chronic conditions.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	2953595f81bed836c2c3dda14d3a7302	In these cases, the most informative indicators for gender inequity are differentials in primary education, access to credit and property rights. Some of these studies focus on long-term determinants of productivity growth and supply, while some of them model the maximization of producers' profits based on the selection of a suitable level of human capital, whose availability is reduced by the failure of potentially productive people to enter the market (Esteve-Volart, 2004). These studies take the non-inclusion of women in employment as a distortion that reduces the total sum of talent, in the case of employees, and lowers productivity, in the case of unequal access to technology and other production resources (Blackden and others, 2007).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	2956c4444ef0f5d43362bc0c54fa0d67	And second, it is key to minimize the mismatches between new opportunities created by the growth process and die level and structure of endowments of die poorest groups. However, it may not be adequate to help die most disadvantaged groups via growth alone. This would require context specific complementary policies to remove the constraints that prevent them from accessing and benefit from the emerging opportunities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	29571bc97b73b874b1fbf4c7ae09a2e1	Producer organizations can help build farmers' skills; provide information and knowledge; help them tackle legal issues, certification and registration; and give them some voice in national and sometimes international fora. Governments can support producer organizations by providing enabling conditions and a supporting policy and legal framework as well as economic incentives (FAO, 2012). Among the better-known producer organizations is the Indian Dairy Cooperatives Network.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	29597f63e44a1b621c890a6943c097b7	Responsibilities and functions of different agencies as well as of different levels of administration should be clarified to improve the effectiveness of public programmes in meeting stated objectives. Coherent data on budgetary support to agriculture combining support from all sources, including various ministries, central and provincial governments, and overseas development assistance are missing. While data on budgetary expenditures on key programmes under the responsibility of MARD are publicly available, data on expenditures to support agriculture from other sources remain sporadic and not necessarily defined in a way allowing comparisons over time and matching them with other funds targeting the same objective. Moreover, while data on budgeted amounts are occasionally released, data on amounts actually spent are missing.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	2959948b9b2e3d06d66be29bc40317a9	The information reported by Israeli school principals as presented refers to the time before implementation of the new system and relates mainly to informal appraisal processes at a local level. It was established in 1990 to: 1) provide elements of the Education and Library Boards’ training programmes which can most effectively be undertaken on a regional basis; 2) undertake responsibility for the longterm management training of principals and senior staff of schools; and 3) provide training for school governors and for Education and Library Boards’ staff and its members. The arrangements for professional support are envisaged to transfer to the new Education and Skills Authority from 2013 onwards (Department of Education, Northern Ireland (forthcoming). Congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards”, International Journal of Leadership in Education, Vol.	4	0	9	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	296121251b175eafee24d05fc650c7a3	The figure shows that, although both farm and non-farm activities actually increased their consumption levels over time, people involved in non-farm activities are on average characterized by higher consumption levels than farmers (the highest consumption is registered by households involved in non-traded non farm), followed by export industries and import-competing manufacturing (and, more recently, by export crops). Conversely, households involved in rice production (actually the vast majority of sampled ones, see Table A.2) show, on average, the lowest level of real per capita consumption. This is consistent with the fact that incidence of poverty is lower in nonfarm sectors than in farm sectors (with the exception of farm main-exports and non-traded crops) and fell sharply in households engaged in non-traded farm activities.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	2964151e734568130c4d7a1a067f23ba	To assess the effectiveness of projects in reducing longer-term vulnerability, the Fund tracks headline numbers such as “number of people with reduced risk to extreme weather events.” Thus, adaptation interventions often use results frameworks that contain indicators that are relevant to broader development objectives. While some sources of climate finance have a narrow focus, e.g. specifically on climate impacts, others are much broader.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	2966d1d5dbfee4484539fb5fa48c0055	The programme is being implemented with the support of the Inter American Development Bank, WWF and the Fundacion Gonzalo Rio Arronte, and is also focusing on establishing and protecting eflow reserves for the environment and reducing the vulnerability of river basins to climate change. During that time, up until the 1970s, water rights allocation was essentially done on a “first come, first served basis” and it was shaped around strong social concepts of equity. The water licenses granted by the country were allocated based on the pre-20th century economy, and did not foresee the huge demands the new economy would stake.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	2967f5c819a88b87d2cca625d3b4927b	For this variable, the 2010 value is taken, since civil liberties achievement is a progressive and dynamic process measured by a categorical variable that cannot be calculated with averages or sums. Time-invariant variables are obtained from the CEPII's Gravity Dataset (Head et al., This variable comes from the COW database.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	296aab60d4406d866e6147da75162cac	Depending on the type of commodity and its extraction processes, heat can also be an important energy need, for example, in the electro-winning of metals from ores (Philibert, 2017). In the past decade alone, the prices of crude oil and oil products saw a number of peaks. In 2008, prices reached an all-time high, followed by a fall, and another rise in 2011, remaining high until a new decline started in 2014, leading to record low prices in 2016. Given that energy costs can represent up to 30% of mining companies’ operating costs (Soliman et al.,	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	296eaf6504f331243532c0d63d99dfbc	In addition, international co-operation for EAF needs to be strengthened. Furthermore, the Korean government has made practical efforts to manage and recover fishery resources through the Fish Stock Rebuilding Plan, community-based fishery management systems and the active participation of fishers. Those measures that were implemented have had different effects on other fishery resources, and have become less efficient in managing the resources and aiding their recovery from over fishing.	14	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	296eb43a088679e3c8789c590dbf89fe	"We will henceforth referto estimates based on only these emissions as ""restrictive"". In many cases, the C02 may be transported with the gas to a downstream processing facility and separated and released there (i. When these fields are included, total emissions in the reporting countries rise to 48.7 Mt in 2013."	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	296f13092688504947e193a9aa3ba78f	Low-regret interventions reduce peoples vulnerability, including to climate hazards, while contributing to the closure of development gaps that remain. This could generate a virtuous cycle of lower vulnerabilities and exposure, better socioeconomic opportunities and outcomes, and a greater resilience of livelihoods to climate. The various facets of these objectives are well reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals, which constitute an important global framework for national policy decision-making. However, meeting the goals of sustainable development and climate resilience will require a systemic improvement in policymaking systems, particularly in those countries where population groups are most exposed and most vulnerable to climate hazards.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	29725eeba0442244c5b91c24eee7aec3	However, women are significantly less likely to work as employers in those three countries. Figure IV.A1.2 shows that this is true of all European countries, except Luxembourg. Figure IV.A1.3 shows the proportion of female- and male-owned enterprises in three size classes of the number of persons employed (1-4, 5-9, 10 or more).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	297421f795697cddcb5d1134c8b06a07	The list in Saunders and Wong (2012) comprises 17 items, ranging from clothing, medical needs, housing, social participation, and savings to car insurance and holidays. The authors stress that the list reflects community views rather than the decisions of experts and researchers. For example, the 2008 Ontario material deprivation survey (OMDS) prompted respondents who did not possess listed items to state whether it was because the household could not afford them. It covers around 38 000 people in more than 40 countries (see Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	29772033c9123f1563e9656cd80feb4d	Nevertheless, the rise in operating costs and increased competition are weighing on the financial position of French fisheries businesses. Moreover, the fisheries trade balance remains in deficit. The introduction on 1 January 2015 of the initial provisions of the landing obligation will require more detailed catch documentation.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	297793c6ee563277436591a8206ac517	The idea is to match comparable people based on their individual characteristics to create two groups (the treatment group -chronically-ill people- and the control group -non-chronically-ill people), and then compare the labour market outcomes in the two groups. For instance, Cawley (2004) uses this technique in examining differences between siblings or twins. Two main types of matching are generally employed: the exact matching or the propensity score matching (PSM).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d91c28bf-en	297d4aa5264da5ba6e181f3816b4c004	Measures are needed to address the disadvantages which the poor face in every aspect of their lives and livelihoods - in social networks and access to land and capital, in reducing vulnerability and uncertainty as well as enabling opportunity. Such measures must have at their heart efforts to raise the capabilities and capacity of the poor, through formal and informal education and through information resources at the point of need. These give the poor opportunities to take the enhancement of their livelihoods into their own hands.	9	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	297ed19434027a98f07ca9a6d4aad3bd	For example, imports of cereals do not have VAT applied but processed cereals such as flour do. Similarly, raw fruit and vegetables do not have VAT applied but preserved products do. In terms of agriculture related products, the only luxury tax levied is a rate of 10% on some milk products and 40% on alcoholic beverages.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	297faeb0c1466fbbed093e3a85f6fc6e	It considers the level and distribution of resources within the education system and reviews the main time trends. It analyses the operation of the school grants system and considers both its strengths and challenges. Special attention is paid to incentives for effective use of school funding and the accountability mechanisms in place to achieve it.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	2984f887db64e78346b7f2156fdee1ed	This system is called notional (or non-financial) defined contribution (NDC) and was implemented in countries including Italy, Latvia, Poland and Sweden. The NDC system is similar to individual accounts in that the benefits reflect lifetime contributions and consider the number of years during which workers are expected to collect benefits (life expectancy on retirement). However, unlike individual accounts, NDC systems are publicly administered and involve no financial accumulation. Instead, revenues from workers’ contributions continue to be directed to pay for benefits in a PAYG model.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c530cc54-en	2988aea8bb7232ba8d2604dc6fb945a0	Ghana School Feeding Programme; Programme Document 2007-2010, Accra: Government of Ghana. The Evolution of Social Protection Policy in Ghana's 'Fourth Republic': Contributory social insurance reform and limited social assistance for the 'extreme poor' under NPP and NDC governments, 2000-2014, CapeTown: Centre for Social Sience Research, University of CapeTown. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality, Washington DC: World Bank Publications. Pol ideas sociais, (Vol 15), Brasilia: Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-9-en	2989b45208f3cc78c24136ef844f8644	Is there a clear legal definition of water entitlements? Are appropriate abstraction charges in place for all users that reflect the impact of the abstraction on resource availability for other users and the environment? Are obligations related to return flow's and discharges properly specified and enforced?	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	298a9887982d0363d39eccd96caa7261	There are a range of water management authorities at regional and local levels, notably in Albania and Kosovo. All ministries of agriculture except those in Bosnia and Herzegovina provide some form of support to farmers to purchase individual irrigation machinery and equipment, such as water pumps, (drip) irrigation pipes and sprinklers. However, this support is rather limited, sometimes only enough to install an irrigation system on about a hectare.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/60243856-en	298b327604c8d5e8a4d7580ce3aeaf0b	As such, the targets in place to monitor the progress made in these areas cover the following: resilient and upgraded infrastructure; inclusive and sustainable industrialization; financial support for small-scale enterprises; enhanced scientific research; development of domestic technology; and increased access to information and communications technology. First issues concerning reliable infrastructure with respect to the movement of passengers and freight will be discussed, with a focus on port container traffic and passenger movement by air. Next, issues pertaining to progress in research will be addressed by examining changes in countries' expenditure on research with respect to GDP and the nuber of researchers per capita over time in the region.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c271815-en	298c1a40736f228baf512ef038c3f400	Thus, between 2008 and 2013 the trend was for a more marked increase in home Internet access in the more developed countries. In the case of Brazil, for example, the absolute difference between the two in 2008 was 65 percentage points (70.52-5.36). In 2013, it was 60 percentage points (80.76-21.05). Thus, 60-65 = -5 percentage points.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5ff49553-en	298c6596c78568436ad7ba4a5882ce8a	Compacts are agreements at various levels that seek to generate institutions in the broadest sense, that is to say, a set of rules or patterns of behaviour around which the expectations of social and political actors converge, and that effectively structure or coordinate their interactions. These compacts must change the policy and incentive framework to transform the existing structure and old institutions. They are a new point of social and political engagement for the stakeholders to achieve a collective vision on a path of high productivity with equality and environmental sustainability.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	298fb3165cdca799c711036c54b2e839	Increased participation in health promotion activities and development of disease management programmes for chronic conditions have also been observed as strategies to reduce future treatment costs. Second, insurers have been more active in pushing for lower prices when contracting with individual providers, an outcome facilitated by the low level of vertical integration. The cost-containment measures adopted by Dutch health insurers do not seem to have had negative effects in terms of the quality of care provided.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	2991e78d47dd1651888a2537f2dae7c1	Consolidation of polytechnics is expected to accelerate moving forward, including reducing fragmentation across campuses within single institutions. Finland also began merging government research institutes with higher education institutions in 2015, and should be reinforced through 2017-2020 performance agreements. The Strategic Research Council has also promoted greater collaborations between these bodies.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	299425ec643a4bf9b42e2a7ef93e082b	Cotton is cultivated in South Kazakhstan and rice in Kzylorda, both of which depend on irrigation systems based on the Syrdarya River. Almaty oblast has mixed farming with both irrigated agriculture in the south and rain-fed agriculture in the eastern foothills. For example, wheat yields vary strongly within the northern grain region; in the parts of North Kazakhstan and Kostanay adjacent to the Russian border, with more reliable rainfall and better soils, wheat yields are two to three times greater than in the southern part of Kostanay oblast or in Akmola oblast. From 1993 to 1998, there was a pronounced downward trend in both crop and livestock output. The only years when positive growth occurred were the good grain harvest years of 1992 and 1999.	2	0	7	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	29991bc9821a9491989f68621ec82dd5	With the application of pesticides, a negative correlation will eventually develop between the amount of pesticides used and the availability of skylark food resources. As such, the food availability is considered to be a result of the chemical environment of the skylark breeding site. Nest site quality depends rather on the physical environment of the skylark breeding site. If it is assumed that the nest site quality can be measured in terms of the survival rate of eggs and nestlings and that survival can be expected to increase if the nest is located in suitable vegetation outside the arable fields, then nest site quality will be correlated with the availability of natural habitats in the agricultural landscape.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5c639880-en	2999c735f474c582d84b6a7519fdef9a	Collection is organized mainly in urban areas, while rural areas are less well covered. The majority of local governments have equipment and vehicles for waste collection, but various vehicles are used, ranging from specialized waste collection vehicles with a press to ordinary trucks and tractors with a trailer. Only the bigger cities have specialized waste management companies.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	299a61dca24b784220b13be197c454f4	Some of these countries have made a clear distinction between small and large farms in their policy design. They are in addition all included in the PSE database which provides information about spending on related policy instruments. After comparing the five countries and analysing how each distributes resources among its programmes, main findings are drawn and policy conclusions are presented.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	299af75c80cac0b5adabddc57d46416d	All decisions relating to the education of disabled students should lead to a high standard of education for such students, as reflected in improved educational outcomes and the best possible quality of life, for example as outlined in the UK's Every Child Matters outcomes for children and young people. The rights of disabled students to a quality education and to be treated with respect and dignity should be honoured. National curricula and assessment regimes should be accessible to disabled students, taking account of the principles of universal design for learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	299ba84521879387ec832668e8cd1292	Furthermore, agricultural insurance schemes are not widespread due to the myriad of associated information problems. Index-based insurance schemes can help overcome some of these problems. Most common are weather index-based schemes, where the contracts are based on deviations from some weather-related index, such as rainfall overtime.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	299d6ef7d548f717a0153251b19bd338	"The information on climate-related development finance presented in this paper is derived from the analysis of data contained in the DAC Credit Reporting System (CRS) database, using the Rio marker methodology. The Rio Conventions were established in 1992 on Climate Change, Biological Diversity and Desertification. Developed country Parties committed to assist developing countries in the implementation of these Conventions. The Rio markers use a scoring system of three values, in which development cooperation activities are “marked” as targeting the environment or the Rio Conventions as the “principal"" objective or a “significant"" objective, or as not targeting the objective."	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	29a9e00c537d88021d78f659102b6252	Various ‘‘drop-in fuels”, such as synthetic paraffinic kerosene (a substitute for jet fuel), which do not require blending with fossil fuels, are currently under development. Given the large size of fossil-fuel markets relative to the market for agricultural commodities, implications for agricultural markets are potentially significant (OECD, 2008). This analysis is undertaken in a forward-looking manner: alternative policy settings are compared with a baseline scenario that assumes current trends and policies to be continued to 2025.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	29aeaa16a0e583f325496868f0af4c9a	The capacity of testing agencies is limited, leading to inconsistent enforcement that adds to uncertainty for foreign producers (Arita and Dyck, 2014). Depending on the product, these may include a certificate of free sale (CFS) from the competent authorities of the exporting country, stating that the product is produced and freely sold in the country of origin. In terms of agriculture, the goods affected are mostly non-food agriculture and fishery products but all products containing genetically modified materials, products that were irradiated, and products that were produced by new technologies require a CFS when imported to Viet Nam (WTO, 2013).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	29b048f8f96001d334089944d4a380bd	The age groups are 0-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-14 years and 15-17 years. The younger age groups have 7 dimensions of deprivation while the older age groups have 6 dimensions. The deprivation rate is based on a threshold of 4 for children 0-59 months and 3 for children 5-17 years. The deprivation headcount is 60% in rural areas versus 16% in urban areas.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/63fef40d-en	29b14c84a982842d81c0feb3200090e8	As forests are lost, their capacity to sequester carbon is reduced. However, the extent to which the carbon loss due to tropical deforestation is offset by expanding forest areas and accumulating woody biomass in the boreal and temperate zones is disputed. Also relevant are biomass fires, including peatland fires and drained peatlands, which account for emissions of 0.3 and 0.9 GtC02-eq a year respectively). It retains biodiversity and ecosystem functions and, in large land areas, influences local weather patterns, which can have impacts on food production (Siikamaki and Newbold, 2012). Reduction of forest fires improves local air quality which has health benefits for communities living in and around forests Mery et al.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	29b1901a5429c2179862f8d5317dc861	Since 1994, for example, an annual ecosystem status and trends document has been prepared to inform the fishery management process - especially with respect to stock assessments. Definition of a longer term apparent Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Mantua et al., These and other studies have led to detailed multi-national efforts to document climate variability in the Northeast Pacific through Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations FOCI (Macklin, 1998), the North Pacific Science Organization (PICES), and the North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission (NPAFC) (Beamish, ed.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	29b28526a81def18944a4c108d332f16	This means that competitors of the data originator pharmaceutical producer must be prevented from obtaining the latter’s data through unfair commercial means (“misappropriation”),569 and of using it for unfair commercial advantage, such as to shorten the time and reduce the cost for reverse engineering. This leaves competitors free to either license existing data or to generate their own (such as through reverse engineering without unfair access to secret data), if the DRA so requires. In this connection, the generic producer is not obliged to submit to the DRA clinical data proving the safety and efficacy of his medicament, if he can show that the generic drug is bioequivalent to the originator product.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	29b29787b558969b4d8c8767ae294f1d	I had completed 10 years of schooling, so I joined high school, which I have completed successfully. I am positive that with my work experience and qualification I can get a good job and provide a good future to my children.” As noted above, a symbolic capital of honour39 is attached to household ability to control women’s mobility: the higher the status of the household, the less the freedom to leave it and be seen outside alone. In Nepal, things are changing fast and women have always been involved in agriculture at the farmhouse level.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	29b61d6aa818f61068af9176366a0e67	In 2014, the government selected seven provinces to host pilot markets for trade in water rights. The existence of the “governor’s grain bag policy”, whereby each provincial governor must ensure grain demand and supply is balanced within their province, may constrain the ability of provinces to produce the most appropriate crops given local water endowments. For example, under this policy, relatively dry provinces still need to produce water-intensive crops such as rice. In future, grain quotas at the provincial level should evolve to better reflect water availability. Other types of infrastructure such as transport, electricity and IT networks will also be important to enable agricultural producers to lift productivity and to connect those wishing to pursue off-farm work or education with desirable locations.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/785f021c-en	29b76b11d926fe309bf4326a61508b64	Small low-income countries, in particular, often cannot rely only on domestic demand and supply of inputs and human capital; hence, regional policies and a focus on regional integration may pay off in terms of developing a sustainable industrial sector by enabling access to larger markets (UNIDO, 2009). Box 3.1 illustrates an example of UNIDO's support for trade facilitation and regional integration through the establishment and capacity development of a regional accreditation body. While low-tech industries such as food and beverages might only involve a limited number of stages of production in the value chain, medium- or high-tech industries (like automotive or machinery) often entail a high number of value adding activities for the production ofthe final good.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	29b81faea08352d9eca1f2ce65c5de26	Column 2 describes the poverty rate if there were no single-parent jobless households. The following columns consider different scenarios regarding the situation of families with two parents. This scenario indicates that poverty reduction would occur if working par ents were not penalized for job quality or received benefits to compensate for this penalty. In Table 4, the order of magnitude of the reduction in child poverty rates induced by the different scenarios depends on the proportion of the population represented by each family category. To complement this information, the reduction in poverty rates that can be expected within each category is presented in Table 5 (for single-parent families) and Table 6 (for two-parent families). Across all scenarios, the poverty line is unchanged at its current level, which makes it possible to estimate the benefit of a change in the employment status of parents.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	29b8878054fb8225dcbbd9ac4f8d8673	Many young women are lost in the transition from secondary education to tertiary education or the labour market, and girls and women are underrepresented in potentially lucrative fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Nearly 60% of working w'omen are trapped in informal jobs without social protection - a rate that has changed little over the past decade. Poverty rates are especially pronounced for rural and indigenous w'omen.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/425ac0ec-en	29bb4aeb8e8af977ccb4e405f3d6fddd	Social protection often provides marginalized groups with their first contact with the State and their first awareness of their status and rights as citizens, fostering social cohesion and inclusion. Basic social security for all would contribute to the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals. Experimentation with social protection measures has also provided important lessons for developing both long term social protection strategies and responses to crises and their aftermath.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	29c07718d2d11886506ad937c2c7df66	Activities carried out by the CAMe will be supported by federal yearly funds (MXN 42 million in 2015), and a fund integrated with resources allocated by state-level governments from the inspection and maintenance programmes. This mechanism substituted for the funds allocated to the CAM from the gasoline charge. The public enterprise Ruta 100 was dissolved in 1995, mostly because of financial problems, and the industry turned back to private operators.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	29c32eb9afa02e3dad32b3dbe5c340ad	This proportion increased by 5 percentage points between 2006 and 2012, but it had no noticeable effect on market and disposable income. This lack of effect may be related to the decline of maternal employment mainly for mothers with low-income jobs whose remuneration only marginally impacts the overall standard of living of poor families. Unlike data for other countries, the Korean data do not facilitate the identification of changes in job quality - measured by industry and occupation.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	29c98339bcb70e08f51dab4a93953d16	Therefore a three steps approach was chosen. Then these sub-populations were narrowed down to those that differ significantly between at least two of the four regions. To judge whether two given shares of a variable are substantially distinct, both the statistical significance of the differences and their order of magnitude was used.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	29c98a4e41cb336085720ccb65b50373	For students from disadvantaged backgrounds in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, this performance penalty was higher than the OECD average. Disadvantaged students in Australia, Canada and New Zealand were also more likely to arrive late for school than disadvantaged students in other countries. In New Zealand, more than one in two socio-economically disadvantaged students reported having arrived late for school at least once in the two weeks before the PISA test. In some countries, disadvantaged students may have no private means of transportation to school and may need to use public transport or be responsible for getting themselves to school, even at a young age.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	29c9a1e82782d9167c14971cd521fcc8	Prior to exploring the action that countries have taken to address issues of equity, it is crucial to understand which factors affect individual life outcomes, in order to identify areas of intervention for policy makers. This report presents a conceptual framework that captures various factors affecting individual life outcomes on three levels: namely, individual backgrounds, learning environments, and socio-economic and political contexts (Figure 1.2). The framework highlights comprehensive and multidimensional factors affecting outcomes that are not confined to parents’ socio-economic status.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	29cb23793f8b4f6a49ceb9c9d35c43e3	Under this assumption, real GDP would reach ETB 1.13 trillion at the end of the GTP II period and ETB 2.1 trillion by 2025/26. Under a fast-growth scenario, real GDP would approach ETB 2.3 trillion by 2025/26. As a result, the first and third scenarios (low and fast growth) are used in this chapter for the purposes of projecting key variables, including public expenditure, public revenue and social protection expenditure relative to GDP.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	29cfff994744499bc3be444f01b9a807	Understanding the dynamics of masculinity and femininity is pivotal to bringing about progressive gender change and building more equal societies in conflict and in peace. In peacetime as well as war gender is structural to the definition of ethnicity and culture. In contemporary Western societies, minority groups have often claimed rights on the base of their ethnicity.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	29d14419ae3f459812c7119987fdb40e	Today, it is by far the largest crediting agency for publicly supported investment projects in the agro-food sector. Investment grants would be limited to several “priority” areas of investment. These programmes are implemented under the umbrella of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade. Public support in this case is provided in the form of interest rate subsidies on investment credit.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	29d26e31268ebfd6a843a27e44e4c464	The programme of making further reductions in subsidies has been halted now. The economy is estimated to have contracted by 0.9% in 2012 compared with its 4% growth rate in 2011. To promote economic self-sufficiency, the Government discouraged the export of agricultural goods, such as wheat, flour and sugar, and industrial products, including steel, aluminium and other metals. The Government is prioritizing investment in the oil and gas sectors to arrest falling output.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-7-en	29d3a3ba26c6a9d2096565b4128b90f6	Over past decades, almost all OECD countries have seen significant increases in educational attainment, especially among the young and among women. The size and the characteristics of this group vary across countries, and it is important to analyse these elements to better understand the composition of a country’s population. It is also important to consider how a country’s geographic location or proximity to other countries affects the demographics of the country’s foreign-born population.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	29d5da40fe85cc32f02d021b960ce2f8	Large areas of about 500 000 km2 between Mumbai and Bhopal and in Gujarat are covered by thick basalt layers. If basalt is shown to be a suitable cap rock, it is estimated that this would allow storage of 300 Gt C02 (Sonde, 2007). Three of the nine sites designated so far for UMPP projects are on the coast not far from these potential storage areas.13 For inland sites relying on domestic coal, additional costs of USD 5/tC02 for transporting the C02 are expected compared to coastal sites (Mott MacDonald, 2008). Gas consumption has been rapidly growing at a rate of 8% between 1990 and 2009.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c45e5372-en	29d90ef362cca69cc988584577dbcda2	It conducts gender sensitization training of officials dealing with women in trade for customs, licensing and inspection. ( More details on the work of MATRADE can be found in Annex II.) The organization supports their members - women coffee growers, roasters, exporters and buyers - to achieve the best quality in producing and processing ot coftee.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	29d94dcebb900164c723f2bc21a92c44	Moreover, irrigation is becoming an important measure for adapting to climate change, given the expected increase in air and soil temperatures and lower rainfall. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro have very low shares of land equipped for irrigation: just 0.1% and 1% respectively. While irrigation systems are being modernised and most commercial farms use drip or low-pressure sprinkler irrigation, many small-scale farmers still use less efficient water conveyance and application systems, such as open canals and surface irrigation. Across the economies, irrigation infrastructure is addressed in either or both their strategies on water, and on agriculture and rural development.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	29dd5d3faac870eb169d82577d3a96a6	At the time of writing, the government was finalising the establishment of an independent body with all of the recognised prerogatives of an ombuds office. Some 70% of those cases involve social security or pensions, and over the previous four years, 65% of cases have been resolved. The remaining 30% concern employees of the Ministiy of Finance who have been dismissed, passed over for promotion or arbitrarily transferred. Each equal opportunities unit meets periodically with the National Council for Women.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	29de99018bdc88d1e5cdcdd833c54831	Another is the highly sectoral organisation of the public administration system, in which water resources management responsibilities are scattered amongst a plethora of government departments and statutory authorities that restricts the systematic application of these official policies. The dichotomisation of policies and fragmentation of responsibility is clear. The EMA (2004) also noted that there is no co-ordinating mechanism to ensure that all relevant agencies are operating consistently with these policies, or to make use of synergies or manage tradeoffs among their objectives. Finally, the discordance in policy and action arises from the non-existence of practice in the public sector to monitor and evaluate outcomes and impacts of activities on water resources management.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	29deb3a981a28a3128ec34f361138513	The monthly minimum income threshold value for each adult equivalent was EUR 189.52. For a family consisting of two adults and two children, the RSI would lift the monthly income to EUR 568 if the household’s own resources fell below that level. The two reforms reduced the weight of adults beyond the first one to 0.5 and the weight for each child to 0.3.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	29e01ffbd47ff6b2a224871d36105e1f	Montenegro’s lower secondary school network has the most advanced integration of entrepreneurial learning into its curricula, perhaps in part due to the size of the school network. It is one of the few' countries to have organised specific training on entrepreneurial learning for school management and teachers. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has also included entrepreneurship as a compulsory part of the curriculum in secondary education (both as a separate subject and cross-curricular competence) and has begun training teachers and school management.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f501027d-en	29e078639a68cdfa7162c1508671aacb	Increasing productivity in agriculture and industrializing the rural sector will therefore be vital to strengthening domestic demand. In this respect, productivity gains need to be shared more equally with workers. Thus, increases in productivity must be coupled with commensurate increases in real wages to enhance the well-being of societies.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	29e6f9b7ee9f7c546729328420f8326b	The indicators are a mix of measures for procedural quality (e.g. number of HbAlc tests) and intermediate outcomes (e.g. share of diabetics below HbAlc thresholds). They also include cholesterol thresholds and indicators to measure the intake of statins and aspirin among diabetics at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CNAMTS, 2014; Cashin et al., The bonus payments GPs can generate through the ROSP accounted for 4.1% of total GP payment in 2014 (Rapport de la Commission des comptes de la securite sociale, 2015). In 2015, the average bonus was around EUR 6 800 (CNAMTS, 2016).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	29e8f37a4e02270313b8a9e12d42868e	Recently, the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) developed a national set of professional standards for school principals to provide a national framework for use in all of the country’s schools and education systems as a step towards a more consistent nationwide approach. The National Professional Standard for Principals aims to define the role of school principals and to unify the profession nationally, to describe the professional practice of school principals in a common language and to make explicit the role of quality school leadership for improving learning outcomes. The national content standard is designed to assist in attracting, developing and supporting aspiring and practising school principals.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	29ead41fbd5d693f5568ebb856da8567	Countries should consider improving reporting of these categories by all means. As they will continue to face budget constraints and ever-increasing financing needs, policy-makers might have to operate choices concerning the range of benefits covered or the level of coverage of covered benefits. Yet, increasing cost-sharing and restricting the range of benefits covered to priority areas to be covered collectively are not equivalent choices in a society.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301016-8-en	29ec2e71ca0a226eb67c52ae712a2aff	In recent years in the UK and Europe, there lias been an increase in the amount of business being carried out by outsourcing companies that broker waste management and facilities management services. There are numerous operating models involving different combinations of: wholly municipal-operated services; wholly private sector delivered services; joint public and private services; publicly-owned municipal services. These can operate together with or alongside the activities of micro and small enterprises, community-based organisations, non-governmental organisations and the informal sector.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/08e82310-en	29ec55cb011b129310f9e4244a574b70	Accidents that took place in the past at the Bor tailings pond have deposited tailings at the rivcrbanks. An accidental pollution incident resulted in severe contamination of over 40 km2 of the most fertile agricultural land along the banks of Borska and Timok Rivers in Serbia and in Bulgaria (4.5 km3) by heavy metals and other toxic substances. Old plans for the re-cultivation of the contaminated soils have not yet been realized due to financial constraints.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	29ed2b920380c265175968bf52d7627a	In Uganda, for example, although wage jobs grew at 13% every year between 2003 and 2006, they only accounted for one out of five of the new jobs created (World Bank, 2011c). According to Gallup World Poll data only 21% of those aged under 30 with at least secondary education work for the government, compared to 37% among adults aged 30 and over, or almost double. In many countries, this discrepancy is even larger.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	29eff581258b80edb918583680aba4f0	Cyberjaya in Malaysia was built between the new national airport and Kuala Lumpur, with fast road and rail links to the airport and high quality communications infrastructure to attract international ICT companies. Biotechnology is one sectoral focus -often fostered by regional biotech strategies. In Germany, regions developed strategies as part of their participation in the national BioRegio initiative. North Carolina State University’s Centennial Campus is being developed around four main technologies which lie at the heart of the university’s strategy - IT, genomics/biotech, advanced materials and environmental technologies. The different objectives can work against each other, such as those relating to innovation and technology transfer being undermined by commercial expediency in filling space. The strictness of criteria for entry will be weighed against the market premium for space rental based on tenant quality.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	29f0e38682b4298bb8585d6e3dde787b	Virginia’s Nutrient Credit Exchange has proven to be an effective mechanism for facilitating compliance trading between point sources with permanent phosphorus offsets selling for upwards of USD 20 000/pound, largely generated by land conversion activities. Maryland’s nutrient trading program has yet to experience any trades. This is likely due to a lack of binding regulations, which may have led to uncertainty and risk for regulated entities to purchase credits in lieu of addressing requirements onsite. Because of the long ecosystem response-time delays associated with nutrient reductions, water quality improvements in Chesapeake Bay, and the effectiveness of the water quality trading programmes, are yet to be verified.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ec606c8a-en	29f22f29f3d9101b83e63401d1b52f60	Even if the need for integrated and coherent approaches to address the multiple threats to the oceans is well understood, there is no State, organization or other institution that bears the overall management responsibility for ABNJ, and the current regulation and institutional arrangements, with the exception of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), are sectoral in nature. Thus the decision by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 69/292 to establish a preparatory committee to provide the Assembly with recommendations on the elements of a draft text of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of ABNJ presents an opportunity to greatly improve ocean governance. This is due in large part to the considerable practical difficulties of implementation, including the availability of suitable information and lack of analytical and scientific tools to support the process.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	29f387e511d24fecef5e6d43ac46c6f7	In countries such as Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, the Philippines and Viet Nam, despite the high unemployment rate among college graduates, vocational training paths are not chosen and high school graduates and their parents value academic studies over vocational studies and aim at white collar jobs unrelated to industry demands. To improve the status of vocational training and attract youth to where there is demand, competency based training is needed. A National Qualification System (NQS) needs to be constructed.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	29f76dcf3c53f10fc9022164c5c1b5b4	As recently as 2002, only around 30% of Korea children aged between 0 to 6 years old used child care or preschool facilities. Between 2002 and 2012, ECEC participation rates among the 0-to-6s grew at an average rate of 3.5 percentage points per year, with the proportion using child care or preschool more than doubling over the same period. Although growth has slow'ed slightly in the past couple of years, more than 66% of children under age 6 were enrolled in some form of child care or preschool service in 2014. In large part, it has been driven by the scale of public financial assistance for parents using centre-based child care.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	29f96ad63bfaf481d99cf741d2212924	Indirectly women play an even more important role through their support for poor family members in rural areas. A garment worker received an average monthly wage of USD 60 in 2004. Such workers send about half of their monthly wages to their families back home, typically supporting another four or five members.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	29faba8f030effc41a4955f56dc2ee84	"Illegal wells are frequent in some of the large agricultural groundwater-using regions, thus preventing other groundw'ater measures to be effective in reducing pressure on an aquifer (see Chapter 4 for details). Development and the Environment: The Implications of Agricultural Electricity Subsidies in India"", The Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. Frontiers in water resource economics, Springer, New York. Water Markets for the 21s' Century: What Have We Learned?,"	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	29fb7e73d1829b751a8a93d769a35d1f	As part of this analysis, these variables are disaggregated by gender so that the differing responses of women and men to deindustrialization can be tracked. The level of remittances as a percentage of GDP was one of the independent variables that has been factored into the equations with a view to determining what role it plays in the labour market within a deindustrializing economic system. Section IV presents the results of estimates arrived at using cointegration equations to gauge the impact of deindustrialization on the behaviour of the labour market. Section V explores the role that deindustrialization may play in heightening social exclusion and the prevalence of violence. Over the period 1990-2013, the agricultural sector’s share of value added in GDP fell from 14.6% to 10.84%, while the services sector’s share expanded.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	29fb8713bc0a8499d5e54458ae4d0bd5	Access to banking services for women has increased over the years, even though this has favoured more urban women in more developed regions and socio-economic groups (Chavan, 2008). The Indian National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) has various initiatives to promote the financial inclusion of women, for instance facilitating self-help groups (SHGs), which are mostly composed of women, to access credit from formal banking channels (NABARD, 2007). Similarly, many women face difficulties in accessing credit at sustainable interest rates. To alleviate this constraint, the government provides credit guarantees through the TRADE scheme, with a specific target for women-owned enterprises.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/3adc8369-en	29fc9c3dbf7863118ae69d751a0d31c0	This is seen to be necessary in order to devise integrated strategies and policies that foster synergies across different goals and explicitly address tensions and potential tradeoffs among them. The editions of the UN Global Sustainable Development Report published in 2015 and 2016 adopted the SDGs as an integrated network of goals as their basic framework (United Nations, 2015 and 2016a). Generic network maps of the SDGs were proposed in Le Blanc (2015). Systematic lists of relationships among the targets under one SDG and other SDGs have been published for SDG6 (UN-Water, 2016), SDG4 (Vladimirova and Le Blanc, 2016), and similar work is ongoing in other SDG areas (ICSU, forthcoming).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	29ffdd1d4114218b24684c4152a68b69	For instance, there is a risk that decisions at river basin level fail to take into account national policy priorities. This is the case when the costs of using the resource (including environmental or opportunity costs) are not reflected in the price paid by users. This is also the case when subsidies originate in non-water policies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	2a00e60a6ae245ae7dba4a00d967c149	It handles more containers than Los Angeles and Long Beach combined, and three times as much as New York and New Jersey. Not surprisingly, trade, transportation and utilities activities are the largest single employer sector in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, accounting for 23.1% of total employment in 2010 (Table 1.2). This sector includes air and ground passenger transportation as well as goods’ transportation services for which the Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s employment level and share of the US total have been growing over the past ten years.	7	4	1	0.6
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	2a05032c0b46e298f8bab07376cace4d	The lack of poor-friendly services at the facilities is another major factor impeding access to services. The health service institutions, particularly the public facilities, are allegedly not poor-friendly for a few reasons. In part, the service providers are not properly educated about patients’ rights, as this vital component is missing from the medical training curricula; doctors are also apathetic about their duties due to low salaries and a lack of incentives. Another reason may be that the facilities are overcrowded (due to the lack of a referral system), which overburdens the providers.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	2a0a93520dd92ef065c34fcd1eba2cc6	Data from England show a premature mortality rate among people with severe mental illness that is three-fold higher compared with the general population; in Australia a life expectancy gap of almost 16 years for males and 12 years for females has been observed (OECD, 2014a). This “excess mortality” is due to a complex combination of factors related to mental diagnosis and psychopathology, adverse side effects of psychotropic medication, lifestyle and health behaviours, professional attitudes and roles, and health system organisation and funding (OECD, 2014a). Japan would do well to explore the extent to which such health outcome and life expectancy differentials exist amongst the Japanese population with severe mental illness; the OECD reports on excess mortality for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but Japan is not yet submitting data for this indicator due to the lack of regular data linkage as discussed in Chapter 1. Action is needed in order to properly address these disparities.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/17c619e3-en	2a0ddd8e8f3e816caaf867ded35c1156	According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), three-quarters of households without access to drinking water on their premises task women and girls with the primary responsibility to collect it (UNICEF, 2016). Although water collection routines vary in different parts of the world in terms of frequency, a study of time and water poverty in 25 Sub-Saharan African countries estimated that women spend at least 16 million hours a day collecting drinking water, while men spend 6 million hours, and children 4 million hours on the task (WHO/UNICEF, 2012). On average, “women devote one to three hours more a day to housework than men; two to ten times the amount of time a day to care (for children, elderly, and sick), and one to four hours less a day on market activities.” ( World Bank, 2012, p. 80).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	2a0f4a9a4de48816d13657f08dc2edbe	Stronger legal basis and greater institutional capacity introduced in 1999 has been instrumental in improving co-ordination (Huisman et al., However, it is estimated that the Action Plan on Floods will cost EUR 12 billion by 2020 (ICPR, “Action Plan on Floods”, www.iksr.org/index.php?id=123&L=3). The agreement does not involve Turkey due to a breakdown in negotiations: AFED Report, 2010.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	2a1297c81b17a40a6175d9cf636e46ec	These studies have been less successful at evaluating differences in the mental health of young people who are with or without the programme. However, some countries have initiated large randomised control trial (RCT) evaluations of programmes targeting disadvantaged youth. Two recent programmes are discussed: Australia’s “YP4 Programme in Victoria, and the United States’ nationwide “Youth Transition Demonstration Project”, which both produced mixed or insignificant results. Participants receiving treatment were assigned a case manager.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	2a14584270ac9bdf0a3660e2883cf7c8	It focuses on how well these levers are working and where new policy responses may be required. Evidence from formal evaluations, recent OECD reviews on related topics, as well as evidence gathered as part of the OECD review team's interviews and workshops with key stakeholders are used to ascertain the effectiveness of current policy approaches and to identify where gaps exist. The chapter also provides international examples that Norway may wish to consider when thinking about ways to better support the labour market relevance of its higher education system.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7707d4f1-en	2a16699c43ebed76fbd82932c5d54649	Romania's commitment to tackle climate change continued. It was the first annex I country, i.e. a developed country or a country in transition, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, via Law No. The year of 1989 was selected instead of the standard 1990 because it was thought to better reflect Romania's potential economic output and hence its potential emissions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2a1a0bde0e9afa88ebfd2ca593326920	Packaging is largely basic (plastic bags, simple cups with lids) and only a small number have leased packaging equipment. Home dairy processing primarily occurs on household farms with up to four cows and produce up to 100 litres per day. Above these amounts, households encounter logistical problems in processing and marketing dairy products, and they sell their surplus milk to an intermediary or directly to a dairy with a collection scheme. This obliges farmers to process and market their entire milk production.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	2a1b96aa725beea37887bf12e5053d50	"This work found that active spending is associated with higher growth, whereas more ""passive"" social spending is associated with lower growth. While the approach is different from the one followed here, it suggests that not all redistribution is necessarily equally good for growth. A further step in the empirical analysis is to look at the growth consequences of inequality in different parts of the income distribution (see also Voitchovsky, 2005)."	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/55e1e2ba-en	2a1ddc649e7f13baafd80076ffbe3606	This led to a shared understanding of the need to integrate the gender perspective throughout the education system. If we are to change ideas about gender, we need to change the way we behave. We need to provide examples from day-to-day life because these are more important in the lives of children, unlike adults whose characters have already formed.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	2a23d6814ea588b87182f579f304d430	This is especially stressed in small firms whose financial information is opaque to the lending institution due to a greater degree of informality in management practices but also to more limited compliance requirements with rules and regulations. The lack of sufficient collaterals to guarantee the bank loan often makes access to credit even harder for SMEs. In theory, banks could put a higher premium on loans floated to firms for which they do not have sufficient information to assess the credit risk. But this would pull out safer borrowers and pull in riskier ones, resulting in adverse selection.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2a27487a332e1c236a51232740beb6ca	Of course, such a shift could be counteracted by appropriate carbon policies or higher gas prices. However, nuclear operators must be watchful to install the appropriate safeguards right from the start, as the revenue risks come both from the side of prices as well as quantities. The question is complex and is discussed in the following section. In any case, quantifying the economic costs of such dynamic, pecuniary system effects would have largely exceeded the objectives of the present study.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	2a2c5935de13eb47d9a9fee41557e288	However, the largest differences tend to be gender - rather than migration-related. And because such countries also have high overall rates of education, the gap between migrant and native women may stem from other causal factors. In a forthcoming publication, the OECD (2017) compares the employment rates of four cohorts of family migrants in Europe between 2014 and 2008. They were significantly higher among female family migrants in 2014 than in 2008 in all four cohorts.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	2a2e24926e7477e6566f5d9cfef6aa8c	An expert workshop in Morocco in May 2015 discussed, validated and agreed on the project approach, methodology and issues to address in order to identify and quantify the current extent and impact of fisheries' discards throughout the world. The workshop also identified a range of potential data sources for the project. A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-7-en	2a2f31687c502e6cb94145b099a9b9c3	The intention is to ensure that employers have a clear understanding of the competency mix and professional development needs in their schools. The competency files should also help create greater transparency about each teacher’s career development and potential, and ensure that all teachers meet minimum competency requirements. When there are indications that a school’s quality of educational provision may be at risk, the Inspectorate examines whether the school board has fulfilled this obligation. Based on the idea that teacher peers are best placed to evaluate teaching practice and provide constructive feedback, the peer review project comprises teams of teachers visiting each other’s schools and developing tools to observe and evaluate teaching practice.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	2a2f6dd26bb76f9d3dfe80e4adba253c	Yet in the longer term, approaches which better address goals of green and inclusive growth should offer the surest paths to lasting and sustainable development for all urban areas. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. However, the adoption of ambitious national level urban policies since 2000s has not necessarily been successful at least in two ways. First, the succession of plans and programmes has introduced complexities that had the net effect of allowing ad hoc approaches to urban development to prevail.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	2a3299cf7573df8f9da3f40f5a2654b9	Once identified, gaps could be addressed either through an effective community nurse outreach scheme, or through appropriate training for care providers in long-term care settings. However, despite more frequent GP visits, low income patients still have worse health outcomes. Given the high access to GP services, this is likely to be due to lifestyle factors, treatment adherence, delays in diagnosis and referral. Considering that low-income groups are less likely to see a specialist in Denmark (see above), there may be disparities in referrals and treatment from GPs that warrants further examination.	3	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	2a34c015affc9549bfab324f817a7e50	Currently, some of the most extensive uses of the loT in developing countries are in projects where the objectives include the improvement of clean water delivery and/or sanitation. The wireless COMMON-Sense Net has been deployed over a small area of two acres to measure temperature, humidity, ambient light, and barometric pressure in rural Karnataka. Soil moisture has been measured with a special probe since April 2005.,4 Data from the sensors are visualized on the project's website for real-time monitoring.	15	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264309470-en	2a36347c41c749c3cbd35c4dd968909c	At the institutional level, the foundation of the 1ST Austria has been a prominent example of funding excellence. Recent initiatives are addressing a number of issues of relevance for research excellence across institutions. Developments that can be expected to contribute to overall research excellence include the increased university funding over the 2019-21 performance agreement period, disbursed under the new university funding model, an increase in the budget for competitive funding of basic research through FWF (albeit less than expected), and recent reforms towards an Austrian tenure-track model.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	2a370e382d30cc29e5eb2d80c4c77c20	Its second phase integrated a personal health record (containing diagnoses and treatments), with the national appointment system, for planned elective care. Importantly, EDUS also contains a “family” record for each individual, systematically recording broader determinants of health and well-being, such as other family members with complex illnesses, and any financial or housing difficulties. This allows a fuller assessment of the individual’s needs, as well as enabling local population health profiles to be built, and needs predicted. Future development will link EDUS to digital imaging, laboratoiy records, pharmacy records and in-patient clinical notes (nursing as well as medical).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	2a38752f0ef2f7b39f643af1fd9016ae	"The 13th five-year plan (2016-2020) for fisheries development has come into effect and provides the main policy directions for fisheries'. It sets out policies for the ""‘transformation and upgrading” of the fisheries sector, which means accelerating the reform of fisheries management and providing a new industrial policy for the structure of the sector. The introduction of output controls in the form of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is a priority."	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2a3d90d63ee06401c5fc62c8f9af2938	The role of productivity improvements is expected to progressively increase given the tightening of resource constraints for agriculture. Productivity growth is a prerequisite for sustained competitiveness and is thus critical for agricultural development. These relationships are recognised by the government of Kazakhstan; the essential task is to develop a set of policies to deliver the desired outcomes. They are not exhaustive but outline how Kazakhstan’s policies could be reoriented to achieve its agricultural growth objective more effectively and efficiently. These proposals are meant for consideration by Kazakhstan’s government in its future policy formulation and design of relevant policy instruments.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	2a4320b077459fb826640cfb8776fe79	The instrument is flexible, in the way that they can meet the vessel owmer’s individual needs. The principle of user pays -user gains is important, as it gives the vessel owners who utilise the instruments a direct benefit from their initial investment. In order to also balance between the different political objectives, there are some restrictions in place.	14	2	2	0.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	2a461e4a2f07cf9ea325442809212c1f	In Iceland, poverty rates for children in migrant households went up by 38ppt from 8% to 46%, compared with the increase of 19ppt (from 11% to 30%) for the rest. In Greece, poverty rates went up by 35ppt (from 42% to 77%) for children in migrant households, with the corresponding increase of 15ppt (from 20% to 35%) for the rest. By 2012 there were two countries where more than half of all children in migrant households were poor: Greece (77%) and Spain (62%).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	2a486fbe9c110d80c0a5db8db1a7a581	"About 70 000 km"" are inshore (estuarine and brackish waters and embayments), and about 170 000 km' are coastal offshore waters. In total, about 4% of estuarine/brackish water and about 5% of shelf area are affected globally by hypoxia of some type. This translates to losses in ecosystem services estimated to be billions of US dollars (Diaz, Rabalais and Breitburg, 2012)."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	2a49d1662ab9b65fceda26e95ef785d1	Health providers have been trained, with support from UNFPA and the Auckland University of Technology, to follow a women-centred approach, allowing survivors to speak, finding solutions that they feel are safe for them and connecting them with other services. Special measures have been put in place to reach adolescents through community outreach, peer education and comprehensive sexuality education programmes. This connection is particularly visible in the case of care for people with HIV and AIDS.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	2a4a860f00bf75ceb5044e7061fd399c	Those efforts usually require discrete but complementary top-down actions by governments. Some cases exist, however, in which a natural, market-led and bottom-up co-evolution of development occurred, as with the Kumasi Hub recycling project in Ghana. This vehicle repair and metal-working cluster in Suame, a constituency in the Kumasi Metropolitan district, is remarkable for its scale and the technical skills available.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	2a4ba3395e8d8e115b8baa011d735d48	On average, in the countries covered, 19% of women (compared to 14% of men) reported getting support from their spouses in looking for a job, while 14% of them declared relying on a friend (compared to 21% of their male counterparts). However, significant variation exists across countries. In France, Finland, Ireland and Italy women tend to rely equally on both partners and friends, while in Austria, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom women report getting far stronger support from their spouses than from friends.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	2a4cdf1a2cd4251c08e26cef3f74ee89	Equation (2) also shows that any investment in infrastructure that increased national benefits by more than the cost of the investment is justified economically. In fact the economic value of these improvements are what can be used to pay for the investments. From the private financial view, it is the net present value of additional net farm income minus the cost of developing the infrastructure. For a national economic view it is the net present value of additional benefits from all water users minus the cost of developing the infrastructure. In irrigated systems, the optimum level of irrigation infrastructure differs for different levels of water availability, but only one level of irrigation capacity can be maintained in the short run once that capacity has been established.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	2a51f99163c98fb081ccd8b68b41a02f	Despite a higher C02 content, diesel is less taxed than petrol, contributing to a lower diesel price in Germany compared to other OECD countries. Also, many exemptions are targeted to energy intensive sectors and sectors exposed to international competition. For example, the eco tax is not applied to energy intensive industries and is refunded to export manufacturing firms under a peak equalization scheme which guarantees a refund of 90% of eco tax payments exceeding the relief on social contributions. Such tax exemptions aim at limiting the negative impact of the tax on firms' competitiveness. While concerns about international competitiveness are legitimate, the risk of competitiveness losses in some exempted enterprises is likely to be overstated (OECD, 201 If; Thone etal.,	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/76c9b151-en	2a5645346bb3ff64c12de81a51dbbcae	These indicators are then cross multiplied and summed to estimate a given importer’s Pll. Given that our sample includes only 89 developing country exporters, including Mexico which became an OECD Member, including 33 LDCs (of 49), and the corresponding 10 importers, it is desirable to assess the degree to which these countries represent global population, poverty, and trade (for each importer). The importer’s share of imports represented implies the theoretical maximum Pll for that importer, because it is assumed that the share of income accruing to the poor in exporting developing countries was proportional to the imports (which may be considered optimistic).	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	2a58821ec5bd978e0d8f2139dfb76822	Transport is another sector where GHG emission reduction can be made quickly. More fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly cars would lower GHG emissions. Such cars are more likely to be made and bought if taxes and subsidies encourage the production and purchase of green cars. The ministry works with the key on development planning agency, the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) on climate issues. It is tasked to expand research and adaptation capabilities for climate change and to promote public awareness on climate change. Within the next five years, Thailand will focus on the alternative energy technology industry.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289352758-3-en	2a59b0e1a65fca54c5467dc406efe220	There is a clear need for increased coordination and exchange of information between actors; in particular between designers/brands/producers and sorters/ recycling companies and technicians developing new recycling technologies (Elander & Ljungkvist, 2016). A reliable supply of recyclable used textiles needs to be secured and the demand for fibres, yarns and fabrics with recycled-content needs to be increased. Of special interest are examples of full closed loops. This is explained in more detail in the next chapter.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	2a5aff40fc962e684e2cdbaf70f9a0af	These provide cash to households conditioned on their investment in their children’s education, health and nutrition. In most cases, CCTs are channelled through women heads of households, who are then responsible for compliance with the conditionalities. The conditionalities (often called ‘co-responsibilities’) refer to activities such as taking children for vaccinations and health check-ups and/or ensuring children’s attendance at school. In most cases, non-compliance with these requirements is penalized:sanctions range from warnings and temporary loss of benefits to permanent exclusion from the programme.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	2a5de76aca3f1f422c9bdd559dc3a431	Singapore has made the greatest improvements in this area, with publication intensity in the most recent period higher than both the United States and Japan. Malaysia has, nevertheless, consistently achieved the highest publication intensity among the ASEAN4 countries - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines - and is more publication-intensive than both China and In dia. Over the last three decades, ASEAN4 countries have regularly increased their publication intensity. However, its level is very low compared to the newly industrialised economies in Asia (0.51% of world total publications for ASEAN4 as a whole and 0.14% market share for Malaysia) (Wong and Ho, 2009).	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	2a5fc41be5d2d926bb1696e09e74f252	There is also attachment to horizontal connectedness, which defines Principle 7. Somewhat less apparent is the personalisation inherent in Principles 4 and 5, whether because it is viewed as less important or because they are understood as subsumed by the other learning principles. Measurement of students’ deep learning competency development differs greatly from the types of assessment common in education systems globally.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	2a60bd8f2c23ff0cb4a70e1a73749b44	Interestingly, the basic family policy schemes have changed little in the recent past, even after the fall of communism. Indeed, countries introduced paternal leave mainly upon pressure from the European Union and, except for Hungary, the cut support for nurseries so producing further obstacles to the resumption of work among mothers with children under 3 years of age. Sweden has historically encouraged women to work and could rely on a traditionally unified, highly regarded child care system of nurseries with no minimum age requirements.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3400179e-en	2a6100a3fa82b678e01dd7c67016dc57	In doing so, special attention should be given to the anticipated changes to the natural environment brought about by climate change and the need to adjust crops to these new conditions. There is an urgent need to make agricultural production environmentally sustainable, while at the same time substantially raising productivity. Commodity exporters, in particular those exporting fuels, metals and minerals, face considerable challenges linked to the volatility of their real exchange rate, Dutch disease, high income inequality, strong dependence on imported food, environmental degradation, and lack of diversification.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	2a637b4432d8531f31510f1589cc5f2e	Identifying progress towards such goals or efforts would require regular reporting by countries whose performance significantly contributes to meeting those efforts. For example, a commitment by “developed countries” to mobilise climate finance would logically lead to a commitment for all developed countries (rather than “Annex II” countries, as at present) to report on the climate finance they have mobilised. Similarly, identifying progress towards a commitment to long-term emission reductions would require information on current and projected emissions from all but the smallest emitters.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	2a678f26ee1012ffd2f13e781a70ad92	In its recent national plan, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19, the government has focused on improving infrastructure for the energy sector, including in renewables. The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management notes the vulnerability of women, youth and children. In the past, Nauru’s economy was dependent on the phosphate industry, which also fuelled its energy demand.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	2a6816f16ad852bc05c37be66da4caec	There has been some progress over the past three decades in the fight against HIV/AIDS and the incidence rate has declined trend from 3.1% in 2010 to 2.23% in 2013, to 1.94% in 2015, but the HIV prevalence of 26% among 15-49 year olds is among the highest in the world. This has translated into increased health spending and high numbers of orphaned and vulnerable children requiring social protection. It is projected that the share of the population living in towns and cities will rise to 26.5% by 2030.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	2a68d4cc49846de8044afd3fe6a11e81	Governments can and do take steps that are remarkably successful in counteracting child poverty. ” The principal league tables of child poverty with which this report began provide one overview of the record of different governments in helping families to protect children from the sharpest edges of poverty. But the available data also allow more specific comparisons to be made.	1	0	5	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	2a69f4d758cb3f7afbdcaab66a860638	As shown in subchapter 2.1, these industries use more biofuels and electricity than their European competitors. First, using C02 intensity involves debatable assumptions about the C02 content in electricity. The European Commission uses an average C02 content across the EU which is much smaller than the marginal and actual C02 content. Thereby, they underestimate the risk of carbon leakage in industries using electricity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	2a6d4bff19960c6ea9628fc08400683c	Overall, two-thirds of non-regular workers are women. Data from business and labour force surveys since the 1990s (JILPT, 2009a) indicate that an increasing proportion of employers cite reducing labour costs as the most important reason for hiring non-regular employees, regardless of their particular category. Indeed, firms can save wage and non-wage costs by paying workers less on an hourly basis {e.g. in 2006, part-time workers were paid only 40% of hourly wages of full-time workers); by paying lower or no bonuses and retirement allowances; and by using current exemptions of certain worker categories from health, pension and El contributions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	2a72bd20992fb8a4573e1cc83a5314ad	This slowdown was caused by the impact of the drought on the agricultural sector, which grew by 2.3% in that year, down from average annual growth of 6.6% over the previous five years. Due to the growth of the industrial and service sectors since 2000, this marked slowdown in agricultural output did not slow GDP growth by as much as it would have done in the past. However, this does not alter the fact that the drought put the health and livelihoods of millions of rural households at severe risk and required a massive increase in humanitarian relief to avert catastrophe. The proportion of the population below the poverty line fell from 45.5% in 1995/96 to 38.7% in 2004/05, 29.6% in 2010/11 and 23.5% in 2015/16.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	2a739475b0a270911190f6773a5aa16a	Such efforts can help adults make informed decisions to prepare them to transition into the labour market (OECD, 2015b). Some countries establish physical centres where job seekers can come to speak to counsellors and learn about local employment or education opportunities. Canada boasts over 10,000 career guidance centres, and the province of Saskatchewan has developed a network of 20 centres to provide advice on finding jobs, changing careers and the education programmes that can help accomplish these goals (OECD, 2005). Virtual guidance centres can also be established through online platforms.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5eb5ad13-en	2a79ce0705fbbcf1435b11b9c0580723	Governments in 20 countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector or non-governmental organizations. The remaining 17 Governments did not support family planning, including the Holy See, which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction. By contrast, the percentage of Governments in developed regions providing direct support for family planning declined from 58 per cent in 1976 to 38 per cent in 2005, but then increased to 45 per cent in 2013. Thus, Governments in developing regions were more than twice as likely as those in developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in 2013.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-26-en	2a7ca27c516da2c5deabc6c770237646	Total employment in all sectors was approximately 4100 persons in 2008. Professional personal fishing licenses for inland or marine fisheries were held by 1 800 persons; 379 were employed in aquaculture, and 1934 were employed in fish processing. The general principles governing national policy are established by a Parliament Act which authorises the Government to supplement the EU legislation and to regulate fishing outside the scope of the CFP.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	2a7cec55860d50469d36d821fecfc935	This is especially true in the area of ICT and software which is rapidly evolving. There is a need for continuous adaptation to changing market conditions and emerging technology trends (for example, related to FOSS, mobile applications, cloud computing and Web 2.0 technologies). Given the crosscutting and multipurpose nature of software, with consequences for both public service delivery and business competitiveness, it is important to integrate the strategy effectively into the overall development plan. When designing the strategy, a natural starting point is to identify the development objectives towards which it should contribute. At this stage, a series of questions can be raised. What are the current status, strengths and weaknesses of the national software system?	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	2a7f70cdb5a78088e36c706a877821ef	Demand for redistribution has increased in some of the same countries which have experienced growth in inequality. Figure 4.12 shows that in China and India the percentage of individuals who feel that there should be action to equalise incomes has increased since the early 1990s. The Russian Federation, a country which has undergone dramatic structural transformation in the last two decades, has seen inequality both rise and fall and a growing number of people feel that incomes should be made more equal.	10	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	2a8078d134606ce8051680a172d1a373	In this paper, this coverage is considered to be a “secondary source of coverage”. Depending on the scope of basic health coverage, on country-specific regulations and on demand for additional coverage, VHI as a secondary source of coverage covers cost-sharing left by basic coverage and/or benefits that are not covered by basic coverage. Hence, the boundary between what is “basic” and what is “additional” is not universal and varies across countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	2a81ad58bcce2aa4f635a845ea18cb88	Black and Hispanic adults are substantially over-represented in the low-skilled population. In the United States, the odds of being in poor health are four times greater for low-skilled adults than for those with the highest proficiency - double the average across participating countries. The results show that, overall, there is a reasonably close correlation between countries' performance across the successive PISA assessments and the proficiency of the corresponding age cohorts in literacy and numeracy in the Survey of Adult Skills.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/18a859bf-en	2a840cf424263797eb67f6409ae6325b	Providers of development co-operation have experience in mainstreaming environment and climate activities in their development co-operation portfolios. The need to improve the sustainability of all development activities will necessarily imply an opportunity to integrate environment and climate into all activities. Among OECD DAC members, the majority have defined environment or climate change as basic pillars of their development strategies. Some countries have chosen to set specific targets for “green sectors” 1.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	2a844c228258e61fb167a17fa3fa60bd	Care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family, the community, the State and the market and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group. Public policy impacts monetary and non-monetary transfers between generations; this is a complex aspect of the social contract for care. While there have been no substantial systemic changes, in some countries the consolidation of national systems and care service networks is making its way onto the policy agenda. In other countries the discussion centres on making care one of the pillars of social protection.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	2a84a22ef455ad4d244a9e25fb5cabcf	It also establishes sectoral policies which have spatial implications in the areas of economic attractiveness and competition, transportation, local digital development, public services and finally, higher education and research. The Ministry of Housing and Territorial Equality also has an important role to play in shaping spatial policy objectives at the local level. This is a particularly French institution, although it also exists in Chile, w'here a national official exercises direct authority in parallel with local elected government on various matters, some of which have overlapping jurisdiction.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/b2f16918-en	2a86ed52dcf95370ca43ae622cc03320	As a result of the minimal storage capacity, most of the power produced must be immediately consumed as it is generated; otherwise, the system will become unstable. Still, the electricity market is driven by power consumption. Therefore, this balance is typically achieved through the control of power generation in order to follow electricity consumption6. While consumption can differ significantly on an hourly basis, individual power plants, depending on the technology used, require considerable time to ramp up and down generation, and thereby cannot match the swings in demand.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	2a878a64ca724e1e5db72984bd2d79d1	A major difference is that the UNECE’s framework does not have support any particular policy agenda, and as such does not have any policy focus, and the indicators are selected and presented as a toolbox for National Statistics Offices. By contrast, the OECD's Framework is meant to be more operational and policy-based and builds on the UNECE toolbox. Therefore the two approaches can be considered as mutually supportive. Furthermore, they should also fulfil standard statistical requirements, e.g. come from official or other well-established sources, be defined in a comparable way, have data collected regularly and be timely.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	2a879fe196a4858f286d4da994f52cb5	The Network of Networks on Impact Evaluation (NONIE), comprised of the OECD DAC Evaluation Network, the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG), the Evaluation Cooperation Group (ECG), and the International Organisation for Cooperation in Evaluation (IOCE), was formed in 2006 to promote quality impact evaluations. The group has also developed NONIE guidance on impact evaluation (Leeuw and Vaessen, 2009). Systematic reviews examine the results of a synthesis of individual impact evaluation studies to identify general relationships and treatment effects.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/46a5795c-en	2a87e73f7a69fb63cadad2fac6cb5fa3	The target population for this indicator is the set of working-age employees below the statutory pensionable age, for example, 15 to 64. If data sources are used that do not provide information on employee age, the full set of data should be used. The scope of the numerator for this indicator is the set of employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme that provides entitlement to periodic cash unemployment benefits in case of unemployment.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	2a88e28c20fe7769a535926d6dd1b965	Results for countries using national panels added additional controls - industry, firm size and job tenure (for Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom). The wage differentials between other age/skill/contract groups can be obtained in a similar way. Table 4.4 provides information on annual changes of contract and the unadjusted rates of moving up/down or staying in the same earnings quintiles over any two consecutive years.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2a8da8c104b7774a418564233df50309	All existing technologies experience a reduction of load factors. This reduction is relatively more significant for peak- and medium-load technologies than for baseload power plants since they are penalised by their high variable costs, which will push them out of the merit order. Finally, both electricity prices and C02 emissions decrease in the short term, due to the integration of a low marginal cost, low-carbon emitting technology, such as wind or solar.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	2a8ed5fd380db3a5924cbedff8a4e393	This could in turn enable public finance to provide more targeted support through grants for low carbon, climate resilient development in LDCs. This guidance suggests the need to increase the emphasis on gender mainstreaming and pro-poor, human rights-based approaches to development and climate action. Likewise, the role of social protection systems in safeguarding poor people from both the negative impacts of climate change and climate responses (e.g. rising energy or food costs) will also be a focus as the SDGs and climate policies are implemented. The 2015 agreements have direct implications for the work of development co-operation providers and for the use of development finance.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3f10390a-en	2a8f7c798c2863cd3ac310b3953baa9b	In both Brazil and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the distribution effect came to outstrip the growth effect, with its contribution rising from 45% to 55%, and it increased substantially in another three countries. While the changes observed are small in size, they do indicate that countries have scope to deal with adverse economic situations by safeguarding the living conditions of the most disadvantaged in society. Other income sources, particularly transfers, also contributed, but to a lesser degree. In the second period, however, transfers played a much more important role. In fact they were the main source of poverty reduction in Chile and Panama and played an important role in Argentina, Colombia and the Dominican Republic (see figure 1.5).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/ed3c16ff-en	2a91d5f2ccd356808e9929f9ec7c96ee	However, if prices are set too high or too low, they can easily overshadow the incentives in payment mechanisms. It builds on newly commissioned case studies and lessons learned in calculating prices, negotiating with providers, and monitoring changes. Recognizing that no single model is applicable to all settings, the study aimed to generate best practices and identify areas for future research, particularly in low-and middle-income settings.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3af953a4-en	2a927d12a83053c79598175d049b6b06	"The obligation of States to respect human rights, including women's rights, referred to the obligation to refrain from doing anything that could violate those rights. Any wrong committed within the private sphere, without any direct intervention by State agents, was not considered a human rights violation. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women covers both public and private acts. Its article 2 (e) specifically addresses the obligation of States to address discrimination against women perpetrated by any person, organization or enterprise, and its article 2 (f) concerns the modification and abolition not only of discriminatory laws and regulations, but also of customs and practices. Its article 5 (a) requires States ""to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women"". Rutgers University Press, 2001)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-26-en	2a92b76da3c89053dadadf4ef5a1d2e9	This application relates to both fresh lampreys and cooked lampreys in aspic (European Commission, 2014). Fishing and especially fish processing is traditionally export-oriented economic activity and forms a significant share of total exports (Table 8). Latvia has stable demand for seafood products and well-developed fish consumption traditions. Latvian fishers and fish processing companies provide a wide variety of fish products and canned fish for the domestic market.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	2a92f346cbd2cb2721a007cf210c2bc6	Resources should be allocated across the system to maximise the value-for-money and impact of social protection through a constant process of reprioritisation. This is a way to safeguard the overall allocation to social protection. In contexts where reprioritisation does not happen in a regular and timely manner, ministries of finance are apt to shift funds from non-performing programmes to whatever aspect of public spending needs additional support, social protection or otherwise.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	2a956ed485861f0941cc84af343a2a7e	Of the 31 OECD member countries at that date, only 24 had sufficient data to be included in the final comparison (Figs. The criterion for inclusion was the availability of suitable and comparable data for at least 2 out of the 3 indicators used to measure inequality in each dimension of child well-being. Indicators and dimensions The report assesses how far the most disadvantaged children are allowed to fall below national norms in each individual country (represented by the median value).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	2a9b9be7ffa3749c26920595737f4d65	"It is assumed that sufficient, direct and in-kind funding, as well as technical support, will be available for the preparation and implementation of the assessment, but this is a risk, see further under ""Risk Assessment"". They should interact with each other, with similar groups undertaking global, thematic and methodological assessments in order to ensure conceptual and methodological coherence. They should also work as closely as possible with the IPBES-rele-vant task forces, expert groups and the ECA."	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/74d03702-en	2a9dce2339eac95022fbec93ca2d7921	In Southern Asia, the birth rate dropped from 88 to 50 births per 1,000 girls, which was accompanied by an increase in school participation, an increase in the demand for contraception, and a decrease in the proportion of adolescents who married. However, the birth rate dropped only slightly in sub-Saharan Africa, and remained at 117 births per 1,000 girls in 2011, a much higher rate than in other regions. The adolescent birth rate also stayed high in Latin America and the Caribbean, at 76 births per 1,000 girls in 2011.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	2a9e760140d49f6549afd54087f86d0a	Prospective studies, which compare early career aspirations with actual careers observed during follow-up surveys for the same individuals, confirm the importance of adolescent career aspirations for career choices more generally (Ashby and Schoon, 201 On?]; In PISA 2015, teachers reported whether pursuing a career in the teaching profession was their goal after completing upper secondary school. On average across 14 countries that distributed the teacher questionnaire in 2015 and that have available data in both PISA 2015 and 2006, about 62% of 20-35 year-old teachers who teach 15-year-old students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school (Figure 4.1 ).4 The data also highlight substantial variations across countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264205208-8-en	2a9e957a95a0ba11c9aaa5d493f47ce0	Fuelled by the thirst of world markets for its leading exports - oil, gas, metals and grain - and following a first wave of successful reforms after independence, national output has been increasing by 6.5% on average annually since 1996, closely followed by an average of 6.2% increase in GDP per capita. In 2006, Kazakhstan was classified as an upper middle income country and in 2011 its real per capita income reached USD 11 5682 (WDI). This is well above the average for Central Asia (USD 6 964)3 and for the upper middle income group of countries (USD 9 235),4 and above GDP per capita in countries which are now recording higher average growth rates, such as China, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan or Tajikistan (WDI).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/becaa395-en	2aa122b88d2ac4c95e8c89fc1da4cae1	Using the high range IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario, they project a decrease in landed fish value of 21 percent, a total annual loss of US$311 million compared to values for 2000, and a loss in fisheries-related jobs of almost 50 percent, with Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo suffering the most severe impacts. Using an optimistic scenario of low population growth and high income growth, and the mean results from four climate change scenarios, it plotted mean projected price increases by 2050, compared to 2010 levels, of 87 percent for maize, 31 percent for rice and 44 percent for wheat (Nelson et al., While trade can help in adaptation to climate change and to shifting international patterns of production, ultimately global markets will only be accessible to those countries and segments of population that have sufficient purchasing power. This makes inclusive economic growth an essential precondition for stable food security.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	2aa1a5d8d0309faf4e0bf123ec7c1631	For example, data on the rate of pesticide use covers only selected countries - none in the North and Central Asian subregion, and the timeliness of data is also a problem with no country-comparable data being available since 2010. Similarly, some important factors supporting an increase in labour productivity, such as the mechanization of agriculture, could not be included in this chapter due to a lack of recent and country-comparable statistics.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-25-en	2aa5cfbd10a2710e121aa11298d0b76d	This groundbreaking piece of legislation will greatly improve the way the United Kingdom uses its marine resources and maximises the benefits it gets from them. Through the Act UK Administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a UK Marine Policy Statement adopted by all UK administrations in March 2011. England’s first marine plans and a National Marine Plan for Scotland will be published for consultation in 2013. Verified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fa683360-en	2aa9c6abac288b3d1963550eeb7113ab	The Soweto Thuthuzela Car Centre in Gauteng Province attends to approximately 165 survivors per month, including many children as young as two years old. The trial completion time for cases dealt with by the Centre has decreased to 7.5 months from the national average of around 2 years, and conviction rates have reached up to 89 per cent. Johannesburg, Tshwaranang Legal Advocacy Centre, the South African Medical Research Council and the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconcilation (July 2008). Generally fewer than 20 per cent of women reported the last incident of violence they experienced to the police.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	2aaeebfa5a849663251b2587c198bdaf	Depression has also been shown to increase risky and unhealthy behaviours, including smoking (Naylor et al., Work in Scotland by Barnett et al. ( People with mental disorders, especially with anxiety disorders, have been found to be more likely to divorce, and to be married for a shorter period of time than populations without a mental disorder (Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate mental illnesses have been shown to have a strong relationship with higher unemployment, higher absenteeism, lower productivity in the workplace, and a rising burden of disability benefits claims (Alonso et al.,	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	2aaf3079cfcb78ad6a1c15588fd7c39e	These efforts - strengthening care in the community provided by municipalities, increasing specialist services, increasing resources going into the system and making mental health a policy priority - suggest that Norway is moving towards having a strong and comprehensive mental health system. In terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality Norway is also making impressive progress in many respects. There are opportunities for Norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes, to ensure that all mental disorders are appropriately treated, to make sure that responsibilities for service delivery amongst health authorities are clearly established and followed through, to promote better co-ordination, and to assure high quality of mental health care across the country.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	2ab11d58911590b9ed0584af3bbb4d8f	Almost all men (98.5%) and women (98.1%) below age 35 have attained at least upper secondary education in Korea, which is above the OECD average (Figure 4). For men, this proportion is 10 percentage points higher than for their older counterparts, and for women this is almost 15 percentage points higher than for the older generation aged 45 to 54 years. The increase in female employment is a factor contributing to the rise in the number of couples with two earners, whose proportion has increased by 4 percentage points since 2006. Yet, a large minority (43%) of two parent families have only one or no parent working. Source: OECD Employment database and Income Distribution Database.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264201415-13-en	2ab274e35885863df239671584cdf744	Globalisation has led to a loss of jobs - especially in the manufacturing sector - and this has been amplified by the economic crisis. Many cities, especially non-capital cities in Central and Eastern Europe, but also old industrial cities in Western Europe, face the serious threat of economic stagnation or decline. Our economies in their current form are unable to provide jobs for all.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2ab34c875194a2b50d7345c5f7de10ac	It is quite obvious that the presence or absence, as the case may be, of specific pollution control equipment or certain physical barriers could reduce or increase such impacts. In those cases, pragmatic good judgement needs to be applied to the decision on which reference technology to use. This is one of the reasons why this report is organised according to subject areas rather than according to technologies.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	2ab5cc24daae0ce0c8f7d241ca4a11e0	These standards have been defined through a project by Storbynettverket (a network of large cities), which is partly funded by national authorities. The defined standards distinguish four different levels of quality through description of practice. The standards are based on topics covered in the Framework Plan for kindergartens.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	2ab7101f0e114503c6dd903bee8a5160	The paper also estimates that the majority of private climate finance is employed within developed countries, suggesting the discrepancy is partly due to a difference in maturity of the financial services industry between different income groups. Domestic resources were also estimated to far outweigh cross-border investment for renewable energy, which highlights the need to strengthen domestic policy frameworks for low-carbon and climate-resilient investment in partner countries. Similarly, Buchner et al. (	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	2ab93a397a3d2353836860fa4c96f805	This case study highlights mechanisms for identifying ‘board ready’ women and tracking appointment to boards, strengthening private and public sector partnerships, and developing an evidence base to demonstrate the importance of women in leadership for both organisational productivity and the wider society. Awareness-raising challenges stereotypes and myths around women’s lack of skills or the association of leadership qualities to specific gendered characteristics, and helps to overcome invisible barriers to women’s participation. This requires shifting employer attitudes to breaks in employment, to support women to maintain an upward career trajectory. Informal social norms attribute women’s role to be as primary caregivers; these need to be challenged or at least matched by flexible arrangements enabling women to meet family or child-rearing responsibilities. Unless these barriers are addressed, pipeline challenges will continue for women, including at the height of their careers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	2abaf064d435bf6038d3a9597e0b8eb1	In short, rather than seen as 'carers' (in the narrow sense of the word), they are seen as champions of, and advocates for, adolescents. However, they experience paternal absence as a gap in care, nurture and protection at particular points in their development. For example, adolescent males whose fathers or responsible male relatives were absent were at greater risk of severe infection or even death because of family hardships relating to poverty, and the boys themselves lacked both nurture and the recognition that comes with initiation rites (Ramphele, 2002).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	2abd43b5b0340fbd88a350199d7de247	The legal, regulatory, and policy framework in most countries has yet to catch up with the commitments that most countries have made to the various international treaties and agreements guaranteeing the rights of adolescents and young people (Greene et al., In many countries, the framework has yet to catch up with the realities of adolescents and youth.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	2ac0d2a5e7a1f13cdac2a3c7a43722f3	The definition should seek to avoid simply creating rigid new borders. Cross-border partnerships serve to overcome barriers to cross-border flows. Common problems are related to labour market regulation differences, transport systems, environmental issues, tax systems and other very practical issues.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	2ac13be97702728d66507cd8c90492d0	First, these industries do not require high levels of technologies and skills; therefore, entry into such industries is easier. Second, even in low- and middle-income countries, demand for these consumption goods is high because they satisfy fundamental human needs. Third, the existence of preferential market access schemes (a generalised system of preferences and duty-free, quota-free access for least developed countries) provide ready access to large consumer markets if rules of origin and other non-tariff measures can be successfully navigated.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	2ac570b397f379921947ee307eba40da	In addition, as five-year budgets involve planning spending in given areas within education (e.g. staff compensation), there is greater room for stability in industrial relations with teacher unions to the potential benefit of the daily operation of schools. In fact, in this context, teacher remuneration would not need to be negotiated every year. Nonetheless, conflicts with teachers over salaries and working conditions are somewhat common (INEEd, 2015).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	2ac759bb4f543c87b9f7cb3a510f155c	These efforts will help establish practical policies to prevent ecological and economic overfishing. This result has significant implications for those assessing fisheries management measures and developing alternative measures to adapt to climate changes. Based on the results of the IFRAME analysis, alternative measures of fisheries management need to be used to reduce the fishing effort (fishing capacity) in order to decrease the level of fishing mortality by 25%. These measures could include a reduction in the TAC in order to decrease the number of fishing days when vessels are operated, a revision of licensing limits to reduce the number of fishing boats, and limiting the number of fishing days per trip.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	2aca66bc4e9ec5786ad601adcda48ba7	In general, these numbers are a little larger than those generated by the global Linkage model, but they are still generally much lower than would be the case had dynamic models been used. One should not necessarily expect the unweighted averages of the poverty results for each region to be similar to those generated by Hertel and Keeney (2010), but for comparative purposes the latter’s unweighted averages of national poverty effects for each of the key developing country regions are reported in parentheses in the last four rows of annex table 7(c), in order to make it easy to compare with the unweighted regional averages for the national case studies. When all merchandise trade is liberalized, the extent of reduction ranges from close to zero to about 3.5 percentage points, except for Pakistan where it is more than 6 percentage points.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	2acad7433380fdd57ec94e629e0790d4	Many projects do not have defined baselines against which impacts can be assessed.30 There is only a weak framework to evaluate the impact of Aid for Trade projects and programmes on welfare, growth and inequality. The model of bilateral disbursement (which has been de facto adopted by donor countries) has meant that Aid for Trade comes with all the challenges of traditional development aid. Priorities may be skewed toward the interests of preferences of donors, and there may be limited country ownership and a range of explicit or implicit conditions.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	2acc54d0502bb3de6b1f7f822c844a3a	The six Sydney based partners in this project are well placed to engage other industry, community and government partners in order to strengthen metropolitan wide partnerships. The project partners, as well as governments, industries and communities, are seeking to articulate a vision for Sydney as an innovative, skilled and sustainable economy. Sydney’s competitiveness will benefit if the six partners actively engage with local government, enterprises and state agencies in each metropolitan regional catchment to build regional leadership and initiatives to support the growth of green industries, sustainability practices and green skills. In particular, the City of Cities, which emphasises the importance of strengthening employment centres close to where people live, reinforces the importance of investing in infrastructure and skills in high growth regions.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/520b80a5-en	2accbdda1ac0d855aaa513bcc825fc60	As pointed out by Krugman (2012), this probably reflects the fact that there is a flight to safe assets issued by advanced country governments that “still own their currency”. Developed economies include: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the economies of the European Union.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	2acdc83101c536e50d1eb2b3387f137a	Authorities of the State of Mexico have announced they are developing their corresponding new Mobility Law and programme, but details are not yet available. This section analyses the changes introduced by the Federal District. The new legislation reflects a shift from a transport policy focused on road management, evident in Article 3 of the former Law for Transport and Roads (Ley de Transporte y Vialidad, LTyV), to a mobility policy focused on “providing the necessary means to the population so that they can choose freely between different modes of transport in order to access goods, services and opportunities offered by the city” (Government of Mexico City, 2014a: Article 6). According to Article 6, “priority for the use of road space and distribution of budget resources will correspond to the following hierarchy of mobility: I. Pedestrians, especially disabled people and people with limited mobility; II. Users of public transport services; IV.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	2acf16281c340c5db3bdc9fa2bcd2f2e	The Paris Agreement calls for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance and establishes an Adaptation Goal, raising the profile of adaptation and encouraging developed countries to increase support for adaptation, particularly amongst the most vulnerable developing countries. This emphasis on LDCs and SIDS is a recognition of the needs of countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the case of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), strong growth has been registered in the volume of official climate-related development finance received over the past decade, reaching an all-time high of 15% of total ODA they received in 2013 (OECD, 2015g). The share of climate finance targeting adaptation activities - which support many key development challenges facing SIDS - has progressively increased as well.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	2acfa6af935d4723f6cfb9d7a27b69db	Municipalities, usually in charge of public services of water, can also have planning functions. “ Departments” (sub-national government between municipal and regional layers) contribute to territorial development and rural equipment through a series of financial subsidies to municipalities for investments related to water and sanitation infrastructure, and regions can also co-fund water and sanitation networks in the framework of the Contrat de Plan £tat-Regions. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. In unitary countries such as Japan (regional offices of individual ministries), Israel (Israeli Water Authority) and Korea, representatives of line ministries in regions are the main actors in charge of implementation at sub-national level. Central services representing line ministries in regions can also play an important role in countries that have somewhat decentralised their water policy making, whether these are federal states (Belgium) or unitary (New Zealand).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	2ad0c4cfe717f554ebc3b3f79159d0ef	To some extent such low expenditures are linked to strong economic growth, but the low spending levels also raise concerns on the adequacy of supports. Investment in children, whether or not by means of conditional cash transfers, and associated health and early and primary education services is key. Greater investment in active labour market programmes would provide informal workers and the poor and vulnerable population with greater access to employment guarantee schemes or skill development and training. The increase in average income in Asia has increased the scope for increasing public revenues, whereas the administrative capacity to effectively introduce and operate a contributory' system of social support which provides opportunities to give large groups of the populations access to forms of social protection that are tied to employment.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	2ad4507ae56f0d69f7f97b16b1caaa3b	Centralised decision making, they argued, makes it difficult to (i) use public funding to support tailor-made training solutions, and (ii) for local providers to adjust their staff and financial resources to respond quickly and adequately to demand. In this chapter, the levels, sources and uses of adult-leaming funding are discussed, as they all contribute to shaping the adult-leaming system and its outcomes. The way funding is used, for example the level of targeting governments adopt, and the mechanisms through which it is distributed, can influence the performance of the system, and participation rates in particular (Desjardins, 2017jij; OECD, 2017,2]). However, according to some stakeholders, employer-sponsored training tends to be of little relevance to firms’ productivity and to the employability of workers.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	2ad70a5ba808eeaf56c8a8536d536012	National parks attract by far the most visitors. Iguaqu and Tijuca national parks alone accounted for nearly 60% of visitors in 2013. Public investment in infrastructure and services, under programmes such as Parks of the World Cup and Tourism in the Parks, and concessions to private operators have helped increase tourist arrivals (ICMbio, 2012b).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264252820-en	2ad75c06d4718535e53e8eda8be392e7	Gender-balanced leadership and gender-responsive policy making are more likely to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared equally. Women’s full involvement in decision-making and agenda-setting are crucial for adequately reflecting the priorities and needs of all members of society. It also contributes to generate greater trust of citizens in public institutions. Women’s participation has been increasing in middle/senior management levels in many OECD countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	2ad78e270185cada7f1340645425438a	In fact, female-led firms only receive 7% of venture capital financing according to the recent study by Gompers and Wang (2017(13]). In addition to starting their businesses with significantly lower levels of financial capital than men, women raise significantly lower amounts of incremental debt and equity in years two and three (Coleman and Robb, 2009[i4]). A significant gender gap is also found in the early-stage angel investment market (Becker-Blease and Sohl, 2007(15]).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	2ad883c0994d7465243ccebaacffa9fd	Nonetheless, heavy traffic is the major cause of repeated exceedances of standards for NOx and tropospheric ozone in the capital city of Luxembourg (Chapter 2). Around 3.5% of the national population under 15 years lives in proximity to a major road, the highest proportion (together with Belgium) in the EU15. These children are at high risk from air pollution, noise and traffic accidents (Dalbokova et al.,	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	2ad8f68a4ed6c1067263e7b3d858aea2	It shows how fisheries can contribute to the overall GGS for a country, and how the GGS as a strategy can be applied to fisheries itself It emphasises the need for a strong, science-based approach to stock management as the foundation of resource sustainability, combined with a transparent and reactive policy development cycle to ensure that fisheries deliver maximum possible benefits. The GGS offers a structured approach to help policy makers identify and overcomes current problems and establish a policy development process that is focussed on achieving clear objectives through pragmatic reforms. Identifying current problems and risks is the first step in demonstrating the potential gains from improvements. Overfishing and illegal fishing, overcapacity, waste and inefficiency are problems faced by all countries to some extent, and this section w ill discuss the costs of these problems.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	2ad905d42f1e816e3f6da59515ed16aa	This includes an extensive set of performance measures for each of its five goals and component strategies (Metro Vancouver, 2014a). Assessments are also made against the baseline performance report (Metro Vancouver, 2014b). Often found in instances of polycentric urban development, lightly institutionalised platforms for information sharing and consultation are relatively easy both to implement and to undo. They typically lack enforcement tools and their relationship with citizens and other levels of government tends to remain minimal.	11	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	2ada74a66ef5464e3c2b7e73de13cacf	One of the contributing factors to this problem and a large hurdle for healthcare providers is vaccine spoilage, as many vaccines need to be stored at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius. With over 200,000 vaccine refrigerators in use in the developing world alone, most of them in harsh and remote environments, keeping the cold chain up and running is a major challenge. Now, using loT technologies, Nexleaf's ColdTrace system monitors and records the refrigerator temperatures and send out SMS alert messages whenever there is a problem (i.e., when temperatures rise above a predetermined threshold). Nexleaf has developed a mobile-enabled temperature sensor device that uploads data to a cloud-based serve in near real-time via GPRS or SMS.	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1bb49a04-en	2ade1ca82ddaf47424ed0d8a9798a2ee	These terms are often used for technical purposes and do not necessarily bear any relation to size, population density, or indeed to governance structures. Most national statistics, when disaggregated by rural and urban, use such imprecise definitions. As a result, when aggregated at national level, there is seldom any pattern and it is impossible to compare one country figure with another (see Figures 7,10 and 13 of the Prologue).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	2ae4c9494e6ff3d42e340e56411aae2d	Their new or amended constitutions since 2011 include provisions in support of gender equality or non-discrimination that strengthen the status of women and set the basis for their more balanced involvement in the economy. In light of this progress, governments could engage in further efforts to strengthen alignment with international instruments and ensure equal access to economic opportunities for women and men. While women in the six countries have access to courts in principle, they face various barriers in practice, from lack of knowledge among judges of current standards to slack enforcement by courts of law and a deficit of women judges. Women themselves are often not aware of their rights, and social norms and financial constraints may discourage them from going to court.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	2ae51a49934bf860fe4e72f5d77f4798	They also have access to various EU funds that are made available outside the national budget process. The regional level in France plays a major role in planning large infrastructure investments and in constructing strategies for economic development, education and environmental protection. The role of regions in spatial planning has recently changed.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	2ae783005268bfb368c6b269cb0aeaa5	At the same time, medical students themselves seemed to be disenchanted and bored with their education because they had to absorb vast amounts of information of which much was perceived to have little relevance to medical practice (Spaulding, 1969, cited in Barrows, 1996). Addressing many of the concerns of traditional instruction, PBL was designed to foster problem solving, critical thinking, collaboration and self-study skills as well as to increase the retention of facts and their recall in clinical situations (Barrows, 1983). The medical schools at the University of Limburg at Maastricht in the Netherlands, the University of Newcastle in Australia, and the University of New Mexico in the United States were among the first that adapted the McMaster model of problem-based learning in the 1970s and 1980s.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/22919e33-en	2aec518f117e6fd750569aa3c928e6fd	"The Government of Angola (scheduled to graduate in 2021) has also set up a high-level committee to oversee the graduation process. Such aspirations are expressed, for example, in the national development plans of Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. The aim of Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation Plan is to take the country to middle-income status10 between 2020 and 2025; Zambia’s National Vision is to become “a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030""; and both Rwanda’s Second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy and Uganda’s Second National Development Plan set a goal of achieving middle-income status by 2020. For Senegal, the Plan S§n6gal Emergent aims to make Senegal an “emerging’’ country by 2035, while Cambodia’s Rectangular Strategy Phase Three aims “at graduating from a low-income country to a lower-middle-income status in the very near future and further to become an upper-middle income country by 2030”."	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	2aeecb0e634dff4387d1ede8fcc99461	Expenditure on formal health-related LTC represents 0.4% of GDP in Poland and is fully publicly funded. This level, although potentially underreported, is relatively low within the OECD but similar to other less affluent Member countries (Figure 22). In 2008, approximately 0.9% of the over-65 Polish population received long-term care in an institutional setting, well below the OECD average of 4.2% (OECD, 201 lb), reflecting a lack of supply.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	2aef9af2f97f273428313f085fa6a43d	This is especially true in countries where women lack crucial assets (e.g., experience, capacity, cash flows, collateral) that are valued by lenders, as well as in countries where there is a cultural bias against women’s ability to be business owners (OECD, 2012). Although participation in formal banking has improved in Mexico, access to formal credit remains low for both men and women. Although micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises account for almost all of the companies in Mexico, the financing they receive is quite low in comparison to larger firms, and the interest rates for these smaller companies tend to be higher than what their levels of risk should imply (CONAIF, 2016).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	2af154fa0ba8dcb1f8c5b4751bbf3485	Some member States provided considerable information on a few indicators but not on others. In a number of cases, few comments were provided to clarify or enhance the quantitative data. For example, one of the benchmarks considers success to be “Themes related to social, environmental and economic dimensions are addressed in the curricula at a minimum of four ISCED levels”.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	2af354e706c884f2e3296c1341ad5b11	Life expectancy gains have mainly been driven by reduced mortality rates after the age of 65. Stroke is decreasing as a cause of death, but a growing number of people are dying from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Overall alcohol consumption per adult has increased and one-fifth of adults report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-9-en	2af52928fdfb908e4137a930b2a3e3bc	The REDD agenda was first introduced in the UNFCCC COP-11 in 2005. The COP-13 adopted the Bali Action Plan which includes possible financial incentives for forest-based climate change mitigation actions in developing countries and a decision (Decision 2/CP. The decision broadens the concept of REDD by including conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of carbon stocks, which is collectively referred to as REDD+.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/80c371eb-en	2af5b26514b3b733ff1a0d464bde8af0	In addition, fishing fleet capacity or fishing effort should be maintained at the levels authorized and applied in recent years. A total allowable catch (TAC) is set at 644 tonnes for 2018-2019, and each authorized vessel shall not exceed a maximum number of 180 fishing days per year. In addition, the status of the turbot stock must be regularly assessed and the level of current fishing mortality established in order to provide the GFCM with necessary elements for setting target reference points.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	2af7bce0afdce6f50f910b860c4c74f7	Additional stakeholder interviews and desk research were conducted to outline the role of specific policies and governance frameworks, to highlight practical solutions and to make recommendations for improving urban road safety. Yet counting fatalities may not tell the full story of a city's road safety performance. In addition, fatalities are challenging to analyse statistically because of the relatively small numbers at the municipal level.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f47faf05-en	2b089c95518b64a19eb99b95f0872983	The technical capacity of individual establishments to respond adequately to environmental protection and resource management questions is also an important factor. Annual corporate environmental protection expend!* To provide a holistic view of a country’s efforts towards sustaining and protecting the environment, policymakers, analysts and civil society require statistics on environmental governance and regulation at the national level. The magnitude of these activities can inform about the extent of institutional development, availability of resources, and the existence and enforcement of regulatory and market instruments whose primary purpose is to protect, regulate and manage the changing environment. Successful national environmental governance requires institutional strength, as well as regulatory capabilities.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/93b802f6-en	2b0bf72b489d144a0979032ffca456ab	Chapter 4 describes reform initiatives to reduce this bias in three African countries. Where there are limited rights to family capital for collateral, women have difficulties accessing credit. Among women entrepreneurs in five countries (Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates) 50%-75% applied for external financing for their businesses, and the majority were not successful.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	2b0dcd6d48c8df2fd570bb2a5ac97607	Examples of some of the key specific strategies of sustainable agriculture are: organic farming, low external input sustainable agriculture, integrated pest management, integrated production and conservation tillage. Moreover, increased diversity of food crops available to farmers resulted in more varied diets, and thus improved nutrition. For 20,000 farmers in Tigray, previously one of the most degraded regions of Ethiopia, crop yields of major cereals and pulses have almost doubled through the use of ecological agricultural practices such as composting, water and soil conservation activities, agroforestry and crop diversification (UNCTAD, 2009a). Today, LDCs have lower productivity in agriculture than half a century ago: between 1983 and 2003 agricultural productivity declined in two thirds of the LDCs for which data were available (UNCTAD, 2006).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	2b115e4f8a94ff59ea94cd0152ff103e	In 2002, it sold Red Electrica de Espana (REE) the electricity distributor in the Plurinational State of Bolivia; and it sold its holdings in the Dominican Republic’s energy distributors to that country’s government. The purchase of Union Fenosa by Gas Natural, decided on shortly before the recent financial crisis, required it to sell assets in the region to comply with competition regulations; and it also had to reduce the level of its debt. As a result, a new round of sales was launched, including EPSA in Colombia, for US$ 1.1 billion (2009); the combined-cycle power plants belonging to Gas Natural in Mexico, for US$ 1,465 million (2010), and the distribution companies in Guatemala for US$ 345 million (2011).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	2b1a9249408f6c0c18f6270bf05496c4	Third, the fund—unlike the usual fiscal incentives, many of which are giveaways to investors—would enable the government to keep an equity stake in the projects it finances. Nevertheless, the question still remains, how will the fund go about choosing which investments to finance? The answer to this question is particularly significant in the present context, because it offers insights relevant to the broader question of how a government should go about choosing its investments.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	2b1c3651346dda44cf6cda78a1d058aa	However, while the programmes in place could achieve their objectives in the short term, it is likely that in the long term they do not contribute to structural transformation as this type of support encourages agricultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not. Furthermore, for the majority of programmes in these countries an “exit mechanism” does not exist in which farmers can “graduate” from the programme, which may create a condition where farmers benefit from the resources allocated by the government even if they do not meet the requirements anymore (i.e. do not need it). This can lead to situations where farmers lack incentives to diversify their income or to increase their productivity (OECD, 2010).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	2b2065078a74dfdab747cdc7aeafa177	Another common assumption is that victims of sexual violence have suffered only this form of violence and may not be regarded as good sources of information for other types of violations. At a later stage of the interview, order the interview chronologically and return to points that need clarification. Be aware that, if the person being interviewed experienced trauma, it may affect their ability to coherently or fully recount an event.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	2b20b553bf85fe1ac7c36ea41c677a11	The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom and the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IqWiG) in Germany are two technology assessment agencies that advise decision makers on reimbursement and formulary placement policies based on available clinical and economic evidence. Many countries are engaged in comparative effectiveness research and much of the work centers around people with multiple chronic conditions. Comparative effectiveness research offers tremendous potential to provide evidence for people with multiple chronic conditions.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	2b27ce0512dff67dc2b613de5926bac7	The share of individual facing different employment barriers is lower than or broadly in line with the six-country average for most of the indicators. In particular, the recent strengthening of the labour market in Estonia led to relatively few individuals in the target population being affected by “scarce job opportunities” or “no past work experience”. An exception is the share of individuals facing health limitations, which is significantly higher in Estonia (43%) than in other countries (the six country average is 32%). “	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	2b2958ee8a686d26d4213ac4cbd4ecdd	School principals must also have had training in administration, supervision, evaluation or vocational guidance. For the private-subsidised sector, the training and qualifications requirements are not specified further. In public schools, the recruitment and selection process is specified through the Teacher’s Statute.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	2b298d53f9d2072e22254216a758e5f8	"Some aspects can be local, such as traditional social norms and hierarchy, while others are global. In general, socio-economic inequalities, such as in economic status and educational achievements, are critical determinants of health inequalities. A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured"", Plos Medicine, vol."	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	2b2994c83230bd999a20f7b9111a6e7c	In the interest of effective transport planning, it is important to measure the theoretical walkability of an environment based on geographic indicators, the amount of walking activity that is actually undertaken, as well as the perceptions that people have regarding the feasibility and enjoyment of walking, as these factors strongly influence decisions to undertake trips on foot. Another challenge for transport planners is improving walking infrastructure and encouraging greater walking at the expense of individual motorised transport specifically, while maintaining or increasing the ridership and mode share of public transit options. This means making walking spaces more enjoyable and improving the connectivity of and ease of transfers between modes. It is important to recognise that greater walkability in cities will not be achieved one street at a time, but through comprehensive strategic planning in urban transport design regarding the location of places of employment, transport hubs, education sites, sports and leisure sites, health care sites, and retail locations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	2b2bef5ec1cae1868c4286ca8ec4d579	Different groups are not affected in the same way by EPL. Strict EPL for permanent jobs has negative employment effects for vulnerable groups (OECD, 2006). Vulnerable groups are more likely to be on temporary jobs, and, when there is an asymmetry in the legislation between temporary and permanent contracts, are more likely to be hit harder by job destructions in times of crisis. They are also less likely to get training (Wallette, 2005) and earn less than workers with similar characteristics on permanent contracts (OECD, 2012f).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	2b2dc0d04049272b1bf5d23598464ad8	The high rate of transmission of educational capital between parents and children and, hence, job opportunities, is one of the greatest influences on the glaring socioeconomic inequality and high levels of absolute poverty prevailing in most Latin American countries. In high-education households, on the other hand, both in higher and in lower per capita income countries, the incidence of extreme poverty is no greater than 10%. This shows that household educational capital is an appropriate dimension for identifying population strata with different probabilities of being extremely poor.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	2b2ec1a1a280d6acddf5b1972353934a	Similarly for stroke, case fatality within 30 days of hospital admission is the third highest in the OECD (11.8 per 100 patients), following Mexico and Slovenia. These data signal the need for prioritising monitoring and improvement initiatives. There is still insufficient collection and public reporting of quality measures, including from the private sector. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	2b32d8b0c4a174e346797f666d7fd82f	There is a great deal of variation in the design of such measures in the choice of the payment base, which may be area, livestock numbers, farm income or receipts, as well as to whether these parameters correspond to current or base (historic) levels. In addition there are different conditions attached to the granting of payments. Farmers may or may not be obliged to actually produce agricultural commodities in order to become recipients of payments.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b505e041-en	2b3372e0854959e1794d153ce960790a	We are grateful to Dr. Sreedharan of the Public Affairs Centre, who patiently monitored and supervised the surveys by personally visiting the slums in Chennai. We thank Nivedita Kashyap, who provided assistance during various stages of the study. We thank Tamil Nadu’s Secretary, Housing and Urban Development, for extending his support to the study.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2b36c6b351510e8b4ce912693b1c2f1e	The contrast between such a transport facility and a cattle dealer picking up animals in a private car is stark. Large investments are foreseen in large-scale modern cattle breeding units, improvements of breeding stock, and increasing the provision of feedstuffs, including through better pasturelands. This programme largely focuses on the development of a large-scale commercial production. Its cost, however, should be compared to that of other policies.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	2b36ebd2601ae3e8c3e7b573520c6df7	While political cycles create incentives for focusing policymaking on short- to medium-term measures, in Chile the challenge is particularly acute because of the four-year electoral cycle combined with the single presidential term. Chile’s government lacks institutions and a culture that promotes more long-term thinking and evidence-based policy-making, two key competences required for developing the sort of infrastructure that will prepare the country for the future. Source: OECD (2016a), OECD Suivey of Infrastmcmre Governance.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	2b3ac58724b53a9e858c24d61957063a	The New Zealand data covers only specialised meat and wool farms, thus the analysis for this country focuses on risks in livestock farming3. This differs from other countries where databases include mixed farms, and the risk assessment is mainly focussed on crop farming.4 The fact that data for New Zealand concerns only livestock farms somewhat limits the scope of the analysis. Thus, no attempt has been made to assess output risks, as was done for other countries, due to the difficulty of disentangling “normal” variations in the numbers of livestock sold that arise from stock cycles from any other output variations. The farm-level risk analysis for other countries also included stochastic simulations of risk management strategies; this is not done for New Zealand as the model used is not adapted for livestock farming simulations. These limits notwithstanding, the analysis of farm-level data provides interesting insights into farming risks in New Zealand.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	2b3eb5ba5e1e265e65a13f78f4209f65	For instance, the value of an agricultural plot of land rises dramatically if it receives a building permit. The key point is that this urban profit is created discretionally depending only on land-use planning criteria. Therefore, this added value should not go into the hands of the private sector but be redistributed and used for the public good. In Catalonia’s urban system, there is a minimum public participation in the uiban profits, established by law'. Green spaces and streets with all its infrastmctures systems needed (sanitation, electricity and water supply) are built and paid by real estate developers. In addition, the public administration will receive a portion of land where it will be able to build up to 10% of the permitted square meters, free of charges.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	2b3f4dcfb82b2cae96a5d4e6c46ce4e9	From Medicare data, the ratio of beneficiaries to the population for each age, sex and time-until-death group is estimated for a current year. These ratios are fixed and applied to the population matrix for the entire projection period. For the first 10 years of the projection, beneficiaries are scaled to match the official CBO baseline budget projections.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	2b4012c30091fe6b7a992a6546f61488	These proportions greatly outnumber any domain incidence rate, including monetary poverty and financial strain, and underline the degree of mismatch when identifying poor children on the basis of single domain indicators. Low proportions of cumulative deprivation in the Netherlands hold across all levels of accumulation. In the UK, however, children are more likely to experience 1 or 2 deprivations compared to children in the other three countries but this result no longer holds for higher levels of accumulation.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/18a859bf-en	2b427c0b928616df455cc127e7bb5241	Nevertheless the issue of competition between development and climate finance is a contentious and highly political aspect of climate and development financing and leads to continued calls in the UNFCCC negotiations for climate finance to be new and additional to ODA. Given the limitations of an analysis of the data at the global level, further studies are needed at the national level to have an accurate assessment of the situation. The role of international public finance versus other forms of climate finance will be an important consideration in the coming years.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	2b430fb2fe8a1bf34b92242f87b79fd7	It states that “Member States shall take account of the principle of recovery of the costs of water services, including environmental and resource costs, having regard to the economic analysis and in accordance in particular with the polluter pays principle”. They can be understood as constituted by the principles that define who should pay for water management and the mechanisms that allow to put those principles in practice. They increasingly acknowledge that meaningful participation of water stakeholders in the definition of the policy framework would help to get it right and facilitate its implementation. This section sketches such a policy framework.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	2b44494c1375ef05893adc223dc9a5ce	In absolute terms, the sharpest contrast is seen in Ecuador, Haiti and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where women with no education have upwards of three children more than those who have completed secondary education. Based on the most recent surveys conducted in each country, the average number of children bom to women with no formal education is at least double the number bom to women who have completed secondary education. The widest gaps are in Brazil, Haiti, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Ecuador and Guatemala.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	2b47b23475b0ae7a76bb9ac5c974bc87	Control is always charged in Finland and control costs would be too expensive for these premises with the consequence that they could not operate. Every food operator in food producing chain who donates foodstuffs to charity purpose has it's responsibility of the food safety. Also food banks and charity organisations are responsible for the safety of the foodstuffs they handle.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	2b4a1225ee72e9ff28073a9432b47de3	The Survey estimates that developing countries will require a little over $1 trillion a year in incremental green investment. While a large proportion of the incremental investment would ultimately be financed from developing countries’ public and private resources, international financing will be indispensable, particularly in the early years, in jump-starting green investment and financing the adoption of external technologies. The Copenhagen pledges do not appear to match the required scaling up of the global effort.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	2b501eb30df7bc83bb2aa69759bec739	In addition, the Court ordered Mexico to comply with a broad set of remedial measures, including building a national memorial, conducting renewed investigations and providing reparations of over $200,000 each to the families in the suit. According to the mandate, an isolated private killing is a domestic crime and does not give rise to State responsibility. However, where there is a pattern of killings and the State's response (with respect to either prevention or accountability) is inadequate, the responsibility of the State is engaged.	5	9	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	2b530d1b19c34da2fb4b94eb5799c5af	Raymond et al (2014] analyzed black carbon (BC] emissions and found a proportional relationship with the aromatic content of alternative jet fuels. The RF of aviation BC emissions is approximately 34% of the aviation CO2 RF (Stettler etal., The results indicate a need for further research and development of a holistic framework for quantification, as an extension to the current GHG metric, before absolute comparisons of the climate impact of alternative jet fuels can be fully trusted.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	2b57c27efcab467577d0bc413748b34a	These are designed to facilitate adaptation to the existing and expected effects of climate change, and to help anticipate and mitigate future impacts. Thus, in relation to the tourism industry, UNEP developed from 2007 and 2009 several seminars on climate change adaptation and mitigation in the sector, with the University of Oxford as academic partner and UNWTO as co-host, on frameworks, policies and practices targeting government and industry experts. Additionally, UNEP in partnership with the Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism produced in 2009 a handbook to support climate change adaptation efforts in tourism destinations and communities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	2b59b65594b09aa2bfbfdb74a7f933e4	As in other countries with fund choice, switching declines with age. As of 2013, the overall switching rate was 1.6%, but the rate was 2.0% among 15 to 24 year-olds, and only 0.3% among those aged 65 and over. In addition, switching is more prevalent among low-income households; the same study found that the average income of those switching accounts was some 20% below that of those who did not. Indeed, it is interesting that, according to one survey (Gross et al.,	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	2b5a9b856a7daa730218b07c66278362	The additional demands on women’s time created by these programme requirements have a discriminatory impact on women and on their enjoyment of several rights on an equal basis with men (e.g., right to education and health) and further deprive them of scarce leisure time. These have included the provision of higher transfers for school-aged girls, who are more likely to drop out of school, particularly in secondary educa-tion,and the provision of free health care for pregnant adolescents and women. These features have great potential to improve gender equality within the family.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	2b5f26f9cc85593734814989a1a4dd0e	Experience from monitoring and evaluation of poverty reduction strategies suggests that placing the institutional lead close to the centre of government will ensure greater authority of the monitoring and evaluation unit and create strong links to the policy planning and budgeting processes (Bedi et al., Although an increasing number of developing countries are starting to report on climate variables in response to the need to monitor and evaluate their NAPA’s and NAP’s, the lack of good climate data continues to pose a challenge for many. While data availability is a particular challenge in countries that are in conflict or that have recently emerged from one, this challenge is not limited to fragile states.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	2b5f5e6edd34d278480d0249a02f15b0	Splitting tenders into smaller bids leads to supply fragmentation, which entails processing more bids, assessing and monitoring the quality of several different lots and organizing transportation. There are also the costs of providing training programmes to cooperatives and the higher default rates among farmer groups, as they are more vulnerable to risks. However, these costs can be reduced with appropriate investments in capacity building targeted at producer organizations. Bureaucratic systems and burdensome requirements make it difficult for small producers to participate without effective targeting.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a22d206d-en	2b5f9c95a5234d056eb8c5aab6c999d3	Not surprisingly therefore, research suggests that the social, political and cultural expectations regarding a women’s responsibilities for the home and family is one explanation as to why women-owned businesses do not grow as large as those owned by men (Ernst & Young, 2009). In general, women are less confident than men about whether they have the knowledge, skills and experience required to start and run a new business (Kelley et al., Differences between genders are particularly stark in developed economies, such as Japan, Western Europe, and the United States. In addition, women tend to be more risk-averse than their male counterparts and more likely to let fear of failure prevent them from starting a business (Kelley et al., Not surprisingly, there is a direct correlation between capability perceptions and the rates of early-stage entrepreneurship. In other words, in those economies where women have less confidence in their ability to startand run a new business,they are.infact,starting and running fewer businesses.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/859159ab-en	2b6162f6ca779bcac4dda57e511ee2a9	However, exports contracted anew after a mild recovery in Q4 2018 (Figure 1.6). Continuation of price support measures, and recent tourism incentives like visa waivers, tax breaks and free flights to second-tier destinations, should buoy private spending. On the other hand, the banking sector still exhibits pockets of vulnerability.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	2b6310f4143c044a9547c0530bbfa369	This focus on individual institutes created the model under which researchers would focus on single diseases such as AIDS, breast cancer, diabetes, or renal disease. Biomedical research became focused on studying discrete illnesses instead of addressing the multitude of diseases a person might have. Disease specific research became the predominant model of biomedical research in the latter half of the 20th century. The approach to conducting biomedical research may require a new model to respond to the growing prevalence of people with multiple chronic diseases.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	2b6448bf1c844c6968b3c2e1b5303c3e	Taking this double certification into account, the world's total certified forest area as of May 2015 was about 439 million hectares, which is 10.9% of the total global forest area (4.033 billion hectares). Nevertheless, substantial growth in these regions seems far away, and it may be time for diversification and new approaches to certification. For example, a monitoring tool for REDD+ is under discussion; the drivers and incentives of certification could be enhanced if certification schemes could be used simultaneously to ensure sustainable forest management, monitor illegal logging, and deliver other accountability benefits. The IGIs are now available to be used in the development of national or subregional FSC standards (FSC, 2015b). This resulted in the immediate termination of DLH's FSC membership, while the suspension of its FSC certificates was to take effect within three months.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	2b646f6588847529137134b91d541a17	The main comparability issue relates to the classification of the “incorporated self-employed”. While in the official statistics of most OECD countries the self-employed who incorporate their businesses are counted as self-employed, some countries consider them employees. To improve international comparability the number of incorporated employers and own-account workers in the United States was estimated.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-5-en	2b65613e16ad2fc00c49f972ba9cd844	Both self-governing regions and municipalities finance their “original competences” from own funds. Additionally, they perform some tasks delegated by the state as part of the so-called “transferred competences”. To perform their tasks within the transferred competences, self-governing regions and municipalities have a legitimate claim to use funds from the state budget (Educational Policy Institute, 2015).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	2b65ba84c46204d1bdfcea42ebe25fed	Unlike what happened in the late 1990s, when Asian governments severely cut national budgets in reaction to regional financial turmoil, most governments made efforts to maintain or even increase their social spending in the wake of the global economic crisis.12 Measures involved, among others, the strengthening and scaling up of on-going programmes for poverty alleviation, in particular innovative programmes that had been launched recently, that proved successful and could be replicated rapidly and with minimum administrative costs. Both approaches, moreover, build on the common underlying notion that social insurance and social assistance are not just redistributive welfare measures but are integral to economic growth and social development. In other words, they are about investment as much as about consumption.	8	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	2b66ab8370366fe1106d6cf525fc7f97	Water abstracted for hydropower is even smaller, at 0.01% of the base fees, amounting to EUR 0.0000002/m3 and EUR 0.0000004/m3 in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, respectively. All hydropower schemes, for instance, disrupt river regimes, to different degrees and in different ways. Projects involving water storage interrupt the downstream flow, and the timing and location of releases may be inconvenient for other riparians. Annual evaporation from reservoirs typically amounts to several percentage points of the stored water volume, and larger rates in warm climates.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	2b66fcd4483b42f4daae38c68a2dc44c	They argue that social protection programmes are more likely to have nutrition impacts when targeted at the poorest and most vulnerable and accompanied by other interventions that target health, sanitation and maternal education. They find that unconditional transfers can also be effective and that conditionality appears to be much less important than other issues, such as the age and sex of children in the household and access to health care. Finally, better quality of service delivery, in addition to better targeting, would improve the nutritional outcomes of cash transfer programmes.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	2b67e2e6caeff5af4e62ef6256c32a05	Both direct and student-oriented instruction methods can be used (Box 4.11). Direct instruction is built around problems with clear, correct answers that can be learned quickly. Student-centred instruction is associated with the teacher facilitating students' own inquiry by allowing them time to find solutions to problems on their own before the teacher demonstrates how a problem is solved.16 While there is no consensus in the literature on which approach is better, an over-reliance on either approach is not recommended (OECD, 2008b; Rowe, 2007). As much as possible, classroom activities related to the curriculum should develop student knowledge of real-world problems (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010; Faubert, 2012; OECD, 2008a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	2b69fea4929cc5f6a6d01507e80fb68c	In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, a country's population will tend to have a higher proportion of children. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, urbanization rates are high and must be coupled with better efforts in urban expansion planning and slum upgrading. Based on the concept of the demographic dividend, however, this rising urbanization phenomenon could be called the urban dividend, urbanization as a window of opportunity to improve people's well-being when planning is properly undertaken.	11	0	8	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	2b6ca16e36e55d40c756c329d710fbff	See C. Correa, “Protecting Test Data for Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Products under Free Trade Agreements”, in Negotiating Health, pp. As mentioned before, however, it is widely recognized that this obligation creates insurmountable barriers for generic producers in terms of financial resources and time. Where the protected data concern off-patent substances, a data exclusivity regime therefore erects an important new market access barrier for generic producers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	2b6e372bc63de4f6bf32e3a555c263b7	Since then, uptake has increased tenfold (Eydal and Gislason, 2014), although there have been recent falls: in 2013, 28.5% of fathers took their leave, lower than the 32.7% share in 2005 (NOSOSCO, 2015). And, while eligible fathers took an average of 101 days of leave in 2007, the number had fallen to 73 days by 2014 (Directorate of Labour, 2015). The decline is probably related to the reduction in benefit in recent years. In the wake of the economic crisis in 2007/08, Iceland lowered the ceiling on its eamings-related parental benefit - which nominally replaced 80% of earnings.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	2b6e9d7d0f1d6a1dacd09eb72fc40df7	Every year, the Ministry sets objectives in a Statement of Intent, a planning and accountability document with a five-year horizon. Since 1988, there has been a devolution of management responsibilities to schools along with increased power for the Ministry to intervene in failing schools since 2001. In 2007, 24% of decisions at lower secondary level were taken centrally, with schools taking the remaining 76% of decisions (see Figure 7 for 2010 OECD average). From available data, only English and Dutch schools had higher decision-making capacity. Elected governing boards run individual early childhood education providers, and are responsible for staffing, financial management, compliance, reporting, and setting and measuring performance targets.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213562-16-en	2b7118e8a45af76d911c9ee5f6d97a72	One possible approach that is beginning to be explored is to place baiting stations (cotton balls soaked with sugar and bacteria and placed in clay jars) around villages where malaria is prevalent. Other major topics that need to be addressed are the resolution of regulatory, ethical and social issues related to the release of genetically modified bacteria in nature. First results of Phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children”, New England Journal of Medecine,No.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/14fbf2b0-en	2b71fc27d830211faf1e21aafc5fb3e0	In the coming years, all family-planning programmes must make significant efforts to improve quality of care. Governments should take appropriate steps to help women avoid abortion, which in no case should be promoted as a method of family planning, and in all cases provide for the humane treatment and counselling of women who have had recourse to abortion. In order to meet the substantial increase in demand for contraceptives over the next decade and beyond, the international community should move, on an immediate basis, to establish an efficient coordination system and global, regional and subregional facilities for the procurement of contraceptives and other commodities essential to reproductive health programmes of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	2b7243f67d63d456e27f2a01a294af7b	This variation is shown in various studies’-4. Demand for high quality transport service (such as e.g. express commuter buses or frequent rail transit, with public transport-oriented development) tends to increase with income until a medium to medium-high income is reached. Moreover, the demand for a high quality public transport service is potentially much greater in total than for a basic service. Furthermore, even if, as suggested in other studies', changes in income affect public transport demand either directly (positive impact) or indirectly through increased car ownership (negative impact), the indirect impact may be negligible for urban public transport. This is because car owners may still choose to use public transport for urban mobi lity instead of the car, or use both.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264091269-en	2b74ccf813cbb9b3fe16839a822f27fd	Respondents were first asked a series of questions to obtain background information on a range of variables thought to influence the formation of skill and in turn impact on a range of educational, social and health outcomes. Annex B describes in more detail the survey design used for ALL, including details about survey methods, coverage, sample sizes and key indicators of quality. If the respondent failed to complete two of these tasks correctly, the interview was adjourned.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	2b76bafffe927ea33d112783bc502b47	In this sense, attaining an egalitarian distribution of human capital is similar to attaining an egalitarian distribution of physical assets through pro-poor distribution of incremental income. Both are time-consuming processes. However, allowing more people to acquire more human capital (by providing them with access to education and training) may be less of a source of conflict than directing more incremental income to the poor in order to build up their physical assets. In this sense, acquisition of human capital may provide an easier route to the attainment of a more egalitarian distribution of assets.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d85bcb9c-en	2b76e51c238ec3325f9888c4de210b3c	Internal risks as they apply to individual public institutions or to the institutional system as a whole are not considered in detail here. For example, although risk management is an essential component of public procurement processes, it is out of the scope of this chapter. Similarly, anti corruption, for which riskand vulnerability are key considerations for effective strategies, is not addressed here (see chapter 2 in this report for a treatment of risk i n corruption).	13	8	2	0.6
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	2b7a058a773fc97171694fbcdd1ca2e7	Scenario analysis can be used for risk hedging through identification of “robust” technology portfolios. In this context, a careful balancing of technology-neutral policies (for example, carbon taxes) and technology-banded ones (for example, feed-in tariffs), as well as short- and long-term policy targets, should be considered (Sanden and Azar, 2005). New technologies may not need subsidies if they exhibit high performance despite much higher costs.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	2b7af1566eb14d6637e35ff9dde39c84	"The market value of Clean Development Mechanism transactions had reached $6.5 billion in 2008, but dropped thereafter by about 60 per cent as a result of the financial crisis and uncertainty about the future climate policy regime. Looking ahead to 2012, renewable energy projects are estimated to make up 61 per cent of the total number of CDM projects, accounting for 35 per cent of certified emissions reductions (CERs), with industrial gas and methane projects accounting for just under half of the remainder of CERs. If fully implemented, CDM projects contracted during the period 2002-2008 would require $106 billion worth of low-carbon investment, primarily in “clean"" energy (Kossoy and Ambrosi, 2010). In 2008, the World Bank also established the Climate Investment Funds which represent a collaborative effort among the multilateral development banks to address climate finance gaps."	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2b7f5da380e6c38bbe716859d1663037	Both calculations also show a rapid decline in wholesale electricity prices as a function of the increasing share of low marginal cost renewables. Electricity systems with very high renewable shares will have electricity prices equal to or below zero during a high number of hours of a year. This remains a major challenge for dispatchable technologies which, unlike renewables, do not receive any subsidies. Currently, dispatchable producers ensuring the public good of security of electricity supply are exposed to increasing commercial pressures due to the lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of electricity from subsidised renewables. Electricity price is assumed to be the cost of the marginal technology plus a mark-up of USD 10 per MWh.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	2b81517e1b0a7e93b47d02860c45f0f5	In addition, by putting less weight on the upper part of the earnings distribution, the Gini index of the logarithm of earnings may yield a country ranking that differs from that of the Gini index. The logarithm of the 90/10 percentile ratio does not have these two weaknesses and is therefore preferred in this article. The main limitation of this measure is that it only builds on the estimated effect of explanatory variables at the 10th and 90th percentiles, and leaves aside effects on the middle class.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	2b82894e98b1908ef9d1f8c165c8c14a	The Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) is a more ambitious undertaking (see box 1.3 in chapter 1). The figures are computed by ECA using data from UNCTADSTAT. With the industrial revolution the urbanization process and its speed went through a dramatic shift—ultimately forming today’s megacities, transforming the world's population to a predominately urban one and now rapidly transforming Africa.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	2b830fd34442f96ee549cb9bcc460f4e	Like decisions about time, these financial decisions are the result of intrahousehold bargaining,though they also reflect social bargaining over the size and structure of the social welfare system. Therefore, the impact of income on human capacities depends not only on how much is earned and spent but also on what is purchased and whether these commodities provide good substitutes or complements for unpaid care time. Think of professionalized and well-paid versus informal and underpaid care sector workers, purchasing a refrigerator versus a television set, or devoting publicfunds to the provision of childcare services versus expanding national defence. All of these arguably contribute to social reproduction, just to varying degrees and in ways that reflect gender. Whether goods and services are provided through primarily public or private channels, by government, community or for-profit institutions relates to both their quality and price as well as affecting the gender division of reproductive labour.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b7f1b74c-en	2b8409865abff458cf54a942cbb4a9fe	The Human Rights Committee has joined other rights-monitoring bodies in recommending legal reform to eliminate child marriage. The decline, which has been rapid in some countries, is attributed largely to a decrease in very early arranged marriages (World Health Organization, 201 lb). Still, one girl in 10 has a child before the age of 15 in Bangladesh, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Mozambique and Niger, countries where child marriage is common. In this region, such births are projected to rise slightly through 2030.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	2b845f4fa4758b0e346dda852a724def	The federal republic owns less than 4% of the forest area. German federalism and the resulting division of powers assign power of legislation in forestry to the German federal states. They set up states forests and nature protection acts (Landeswaldgesetze, Landesna-turschutzgesetze), which govern forest management on state level.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	2b8962fd6e171ddd50d884bb69950e34	Members of the sub-committees usually hold monthly meetings in Lebanon or Syria to discuss issues related to the basin, and exchange hydrological data and results of water quality analysis. Syria and Turkey launched a joint dam project on the Orontes River in Syria. In 2009, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding for the construction of the Syrian-Turkish Orontes River Friendship Dam to provide water for irrigation and hydropower.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	2b8a001d903b7878ebd19dee06b0bb62	In the case of spending public funds, one also needs to look at the wider societal costs and benefits of any investment project. In many cases, waste management investments are competing with investments in health, education or other infrastructure, so weighing the relative benefits to society becomes crucial. The economic analysis is analysing costs and benefits, where possible attaching a monetary value to different positive and negative environmental, economic, social and health impacts of the investment.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a25027f3-en	2b8c305b7b1b7c6891ad32665ca63ced	Interference in macroeconomic stability may come directly from inflation that can redistribute income towards the rich, capital flight that can trigger exchange rate instability, and balance of payments crises that can limit essential imports, or indirectly from expectations of instability that can erode support for the policies of the Government. While the rights-based goals should be described in detail and achieved within a given time frame, the optimal policy stance with respect to macroeconomic stability is country-specific. Macroeconomic imbalances need to be addressed on a case by case basis in order to minimize the economic and political costs of achieving distributive goals.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283572-en	2b8d816fc2a6144ad6781540f88e28bd	S years in 2015 (up from 20.2 years in 2000) and Swedish men another 18.9 years (up from 16.7 years in 2000). In 2014,32 600 people died from cardiovascular diseases (accounting for 37% of all deaths among women and 36% of all deaths among men) and 22 400 from cancer (accounting for 23% of all deaths among women and 27% of all deaths among men). The strong rise in the number of deaths from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias reflects population ageing, better diagnosis, lack of effective treatments and more precise coding of these conditions as the cause of death. Major depressive disorders are another leading health problem that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	2b8eb28da79412d765c820359ce9690a	However, the level of education is also a way to a “good marriage”, so that the simultaneity issue with a high level of education remains limited. The number of children could also be determined simultaneously with participation in the labour force. ( Didier et al 2014). The probability of participation of each woman using the linear model and the proportion of individuals whose probability of participation is not comprised between 0 and 1 (extreme values) were predicted. These latter individuals were removed, and the results were re-evaluated. A prediction is considered accurate if the predicted probability of participation is below 0.5 and the woman actually does not work, or the predicted probability is more than 0.5 and the woman actually works.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-4-en	2b8ec8fd8403cc46e4de4753ff4b260d	Countries that exhibit similar levels of overall income mobility may contrast greatly in terms of the underlying forces driving mobility processes. A low level of income mobility may be a result of market inefficiency (lack of opportunity) in one country, while a result of generous welfare (stability) in another (Jantti and Jenkins, 2015). It concentrates on income changes over (working-age)3 individuals’ “life course”, ranging from medium-term income mobility (four years) to longer-term income changes (nine years). The chapter first identifies how taking account of income mobility changes our assessment of existing levels of income inequality.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	2b90434729febe93bd071581e7660689	Figure 3.9 shows how the value of the State Old Age Pension has changed over time. In 1970, the size of the State Old Age Pension for a white person was more than seven times the value of the pension for an African. This gap narrowed rapidly to a ratio of just over three in 1980, partly through a reduction in the real value of a white pension, but also through real increases in the size of the pension to Africans. The 1992 Social Assistance Act finally did away with all racially discriminatory provisions.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	2b9179018311334a6a8f342b42effbb0	In addition, initial preparation could prepare school principals better for their role and there are no further development opportunities for school principals. Also, the administrative responsibilities of principals and the lack of a stable teaching body may make it difficult for principals to develop learning communities in their schools. Finally, school principals could require further support from teacher leaders and the high degree of centralisation makes it difficult for principals to build a leadership team. In addition, it is important to keep the curriculum of general programmes relevant for the continuation of studies at a higher level while increasing the flexibility of its delivery to take into account the increasing diversity of student achievement as students make progress within the education system.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	2b952a107ec51291679320720ae3ce08	For instance, there could be agreement that renewables constitute EPPs based on the source of energy (i.e. the resource) rather than on the use of the products, as their categorization is not so much based on the specific category of technologies (e.g. electricity-generating motors, power converters or inverters) as it is on the source of the power (e.g. biofuels, low-head hydro, solar, wind or geothermal). Other goods using a particular source of energy could be classified as a single source within a category (e.g. electric cars or trains which fall under HS 8703 or HS 8601). However, the majority of these goods owe their environmental performance to a combination of features, and can only be definitively identified through testing.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	2b9b1693fc22a6e7c23da2a5806af5bd	Particular attention should be paid to targeting investment towards populations, care segments and regions which lag behind. Quality improvement measures must be implemented at all level and their impact on process and health outcomes better monitored. Pay-for-performance arrangements could be based on improvements in these health outcomes, rather than on process measures or the occurrence or avoidance of rare events. Quality improvement initiatives should also prioritise further modernisation of health information systems, in order to integrate health care data and support continuity and coordination of care for patients. To accelerate improvement in health outcomes and close the gaps in key health indicators, greater public funding is likely to be required.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	2b9c5533929c272e622d0dba4607ff25	Usually, population agglomerations of 5 000 people constitute the lower threshold for what is officially defined as an urban area (Haggblade et al, 2007). Institutions are understood here as the “rules of the game” that shape and guide human behaviour (North, 1990). The distinction between formal and informal lies largely in the enforcement mechanism.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	2b9e07b6682c3224ffca759b85c8cdf3	Fiscal administrative data sources for the last centuiy indicate that the widely observed rise in top incomes in the rich countries (OECD, forthcoming) is also true of China, India, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa (Alvaredo et al., Figure 4.7 shows that the richest 1%’s share of national income has grown significantly in those countries over the last two decades. On the one hand, there are those who perceive high earnings as the right reward for talent or hard work and who see the possibility of high earnings as an opportunity.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	2ba030956496f79d7078f8183bdef93d	Only a few studies have estimated the overall benefits from WSS investments at the level of a given country on the economy as a whole (using economic indicators such as percentage of GDP). Taking a comprehensive view of benefits is important as certain economic sectors can benefit from combined actions at different steps of the WSS value chain. For example, the agricultural or the tourism sectors can benefit from investment in both up-stream and down-stream activities of the value chain. In a first phase, the ESI carried out comprehensive assessment of the impact of poor sanitation on the economies of five South East Asian countries (see Box 5.1).	6	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	2ba09c36316fa6aa7427d27a7fbf94fa	However, it is important that public participation does not turn into an obstacle to urban projects. In some cases, citizens who have opposed plans have taken the case to court to block infrastructure projects. This indicates how important it is to get citizens involved in public deliberations from the earliest stages. For that purpose, local communities need to be given a variety of tools and mechanisms to participate in resolutions adopted by the akimats. To engage the broader public, focus groups, media campaigns and an interactive website could be considered.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	2ba2e7dab4f5e7e4b1cb108879d659e4	They also thank Marfa Cristina AlcAntara, Felipe Sterquino Itaborai and, especially, Diana Le6n for their rigorous and enthusiastic research assistance. Any error of assessment is the sole responsibility of the authors. Second, women with income of their own are overrepresented among the self-employed and in domestic work; in the latter occupation three quarters of individuals, almost all of them women, had no pension provisions in 2008 (ilo, 2011). Women in the labour market thus have less protection than their male peers —in urban areas only 36% of women have social security provision, compared with 49% of men (ilo/undp, 2009)—. Third, those who shoulder heavier care burdens have less social protection: in 12 Latin American countries, women with incomplete primary schooling have between 2 and 3.5 more children than those who have secondary schooling or more (eclac, 2011, p. 85).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	2ba48d6e3bb7f72641c61e5f21d15843	The company started a project for development of a WPP near Gori. This is the first attempt at introducing wind-power technology in Georgia. Although cooperation among ministries has improved since 2004, there is still not enough consideration given to the potential effects of energy sector development on other sectors of the economy.	7	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-5-en	2ba4edfebe5f9ebf6f2c3a9e5a8e71ec	The purpose of the analysis will be to identify commonalities and divergences where possible within the available comparative data. As already noted in the introductory chapter, the Commonwealth membership has a limited number of countries in the global South, where the feminisation of the teaching profession is widespread. Of those that do have indicators that warrant investigation, there are some clear similarities between them. This study has sought to maintain a cross-regional approach, and - within the limitation of countries available for study - has tried to offer varied experiences. However, it is noteworthy that three of the countries are small island states within the Commonwealth - Samoa, Dominica and Sri Lanka - making the study representative of the majority of Commonwealth countries where high female teacher percentages are a distinct characteristic of their education systems (see chapter 1).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	2ba74249141d7d661b57f7983b19e522	The application of clear licensing criteria should underpin this in practice. Creation of academic departments ofprimary care in Mexican medical schools to undertake research in primary care, develop clinical guidelines specific to primary' care, as well as teach the speciality, would support this. Development of the information infrastructure underlying primary care will also be critical, so that a richer picture of the effectiveness, safety and patient centredness of primary care can be built. Candidate indicators would be around prevention and management of chronic diseases, elderly care, child health and mental health care, as well as patient experience. Linked to this, Mexico should consider the introduction of a system to allow all patients to register formally with a named primary care specialist, as happens in the SS institutes and in many other OECD health systems.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k44t787zcwb-en	2ba7808b13f68b55df5a16844c23d3b4	The impact of the 2010 retirement reform (which increases the minimum legal age of retirement from 60 to 62 by 2018) would be to increase the supply of nurses in public hospitals and in all settings by 3.5% by 2030. Etudes et resultats, No. The objective of the QuBe project is to simulate complex interrelations and effects of political decisions and social measures on the national education system and the labour market. In addition to the analysis and results described below, occupational mobility was measured for the occupational field 'health care professions without license to practice medicine' and assigned to the nursing professions and its effects were assessed.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	2ba7eee0450875a7e74c8412db26a315	The developed Gulf economies and Syria were the latest to agree to the Convention, sometime between 2000 (Saudi Arabia) and 2009 (Qatar). They often commit to actions to increase women’s participation in the labour force and different sectors of the economy. As an example, policy statements in favour of the advancement of women in employment and entrepreneurship in Qatar's National Development Strategy 2011-16 are highlighted in Box 3.1.	5	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289330503-9-en	2ba83c6c5b15c8b52b0cb7df5ce9cbef	For example, it is argued for a decrease in food loss and mentioned that it is important to make people aware of the food's value. The aim of the group is to work for prevention of food waste using the options possible for each party. The organisation is a consumer movement founded to raise public awareness about the food waste subject and hopefully to eliminate avoidable food waste in Denmark.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	2babfe07ad89b13d5e55815f5fcf2837	The effect of these low screening rates is seen in the modest impact that these screening programmes have had in diagnosing cancers at an earlier and more easily treatable stage, with the exception of breast cancer. Given increasing rates of smoking, obesity and alcohol abuse, including among children, more effective means of primary prevention of ill health must be found. Additionally, although guidelines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk exist, nothing is known about adherence to them. In terms of preventive interventions for cancer, linking screening data to clinical outcomes held in the national cancer registers is an obvious necessary first step.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	2baf299719941b2abc0644fb6bb29d42	The low-priced products are imported in parallel to the official channels of distribution established by the IPR holder (in this context the holder of a pharmaceutical patent). It is important to note that parallel imports are not counterfeits; they are original products of the patent holder sold by himself or an authorized person on a given market, and purchased and subsequently re-sold legally by a third party. Domestic marketing of the patented product will in any case exhaust the domestic exclusive using and selling rights.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	2bb25af4495363db5b50012a96f82a48	We first present the thoughts of these stakeholders regarding the predicted and possible energy mix in 2050, before discussing perceived barriers to a transition towards sustainable energy systems. Figures 5.6 and 5.7 breakdown the predicted and possible energy share by sector, and reveal that opinion is often divided among the stakeholders as to which technologies will prevail. In fact, even among survey participants from within each sector, opinions on technology choice varied quite substantially - some experts predict that geothermal will form a substantial share of the energy mix, while others opt for OTEC, wind energy or natural gas. The one technology almost all stakeholders agree will play a significant role is solar PV.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/da48ce17-en	2bb2f1a460440cea7083f2f8c526d681	In particular, climate risks need to be considered in development planning (OECD, 2015a, 2009). It is therefore important that monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation responses are developed in coherence with systems tracking the progress of development plans or of broader sustainable development goals under Agenda 2030. National approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation pioneered to date can provide examples and insights to the many countries interested in developing their own approaches.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	2bb4b2779a8b85f0d1fb29e8ba415507	Occupational injury: any personal injury, disease or death resulting from an occupational accident; an occupational injury is therefore distinct from an occupational disease, which is a disease contracted as a result of an exposure over a period of time to risk factors arising from work activity. If a person is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period, each case of injury to that person should be counted separately. Incapacity for work: inability of the victim, due to an occupational injury, to perform the normal duties of work in the job or post occupied at the time of the occupational accident. Nonfatal occupational injury: a nonfatal injury caused by an occupational accident.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	2bb4b6fd5c88b697f3a0ba5ed1c7a90f	A broader process of expert engagement then took place through written consultations and several mini-workshops. This work was used as the basis for the initial policy paper, published in June 2009. The NAS identifies relevant parties for each action, but does not clearly assign responsibilities or indicate timescales for delivery, although these are sometimes implicit in the recommendation. It is particularly important to actively involve all relevant ministries and to effectively organise the modes of co-operation (e.g. by establishing an ad hoc interministerial working group or strengthening existing institutional groups), with clear agreements on the roles and functions of process leader and process partners.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	2bbafecac683bd441e62cd78d69a15a5	This policy target might face resistance from local power generators and utilities, claiming system capacity will remain the same while the demand will fluctuate during day and night. Although this policy might reduce revenues for utilities, the long-term benefits are paramount and such commercial concerns should not hinder the further expansion and integration of the electricity grid and trade. Infrastructure: including natural resources, country overall infrastructure, grid capacity, market infrastructure, electricity access rate and projected demand. Institutions: public and private institutions related on renewable energy, key policies, access to renewable energy finance, macroeconomic environment.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	2bc1517bad8cf17a53ac598187c561be	Data reflect children in pre-primary education (both public and private), but also in some countries children enrolled in compulsory primary education. Data for Australia refer to 2005 and for Bulgaria and Romania to 2007. Data for Japan refer to 2010 and for Australia, Chile, Mexico and the United States to 2011. In Chile, Colombia and Mexico, a mother is more likely to work the more education she has, perhaps because she earns higher wages and can afford formal ECEC (OECD estimates based on CASEN (2013), ENCV (2015) and ENIGH (2015)). The exclusion of low-income families and children in ECEC can have harmful effects and not only in the fonn of a mother’s lost wages: the pay-offs to investing early in children are large, especially for children from disadvantaged backgrounds (Heckman, 2006; Heckman et al., On average in the OECD, just over 10% of women are entrepreneurs (OECD Gender Portal 2016).	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	2bc20f573bfa96a92c7334c9d5348af8	A recent study by de Carvalho Filho (2008) on Brazil uses a triple differences-in-differences approach and exploits a major reform of Preuidencia Rural that took place in 1992 and introduced a simultaneous change in age eligibility, an increase in the amount of the benefit and expanded eligibility to non-heads of households. The study presents evidence of reduced employment rates and total hours of work associated with the generous transfer to rural labourers. Given that the programme is not means-tested but instead universal for workers in rural areas, the negative impact of Preuidencia Rural on labour supply reflects a pure income effect associated with a fairly generous transfer amounting to 36% of average wages.	10	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264079915-9-en	2bc95a2157a5f670953c41f8cd19c880	The first is purely physical. The English landed gentry and US cattle barons could use hedges or barbed wire to fence off the land they claimed (or stole, depending on your point of view), however vast the extent. Second, there was a government actively promoting the new property regime, with the means to enforce it if private attempts failed.	14	7	0	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	2bc98cd8b1721da3e0f8a451e7b82d1d	According to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, currently operating gas-fired power plants do not cause local air pollution due to the height of stacks and natural gas consumption. However, due to the fact that more coal-fired TPPs are currently in the pipeline, an increase in effects on the environment might be expected to take place in the future. However, the limited capacity of the country’s electricity transmission grid prevents this natural advantage from translating into major economic benefit.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/35651950-en	2bca0a86c3ec2700b42a2637693b5bbf	For example, in France the authorities identified the third National Plan on Health and Environment as a key plan to be targeted for mainstreaming equitable access concerns (see Box 4). The results of the self-assessment should inform thegeneral design of targets. The development of the Action Plan would provide more specific proposals for targets and target dates to be set under the Protocol. Moreover, given that the target-setting process is an official process that covers equitable access (in accordance with article 5.1 of the Protocol), it could constitute a natural avenue for presenting and discussing the draft Action Plan.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	2bcaba150d0868d00605b775b8827f0a	All three competencies are important in order to understand and engage critically with issues that involve science and technology - which are fast becoming ubiquitous. They also show that engagement with science and positive attitudes towards science are strongly related, in ways that also depend on students' proficiency in science. In particular, the positive relationship between performance in science and expectations of future careers in science is strongest among students who enjoy learning science the most.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	2bcc6062a2e2e4786f9135398ac7669f	A World Bank study has found that subsidising the upfront capital costs - rather than consumption - is more effective to promote investment in electrification projects (World Bank, 2008). In general, tariff subsidies disproportionately benefit the higher-income and higher-electricity-consuming social classes. In fact, connection costs to the electricity grid are still a major barrier (IEG, 2008). Alternative tariff structures could include the cost in monthly payments. Access to electricity increases economic output and income; in some cases, the benefits resulting from connection enable the user to later upgrade to higher power. The projected increased demand provides strong incentive for private companies; however, the need to transform the entire energy system creates additional risk.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	2bcc62bb7397bf0abdba9227a4ae4472	It is a framework that is centred on the rights and freedoms to which all are entitled by virtue of being human. The focus is on women's socio-economic disadvantage, but economic, social, civil and political rights are deeply intertwined. Economic and social rights are closely interlinked with all other rights, especially the civil and political rights that enable women's organizing and claims-making.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	2bcc9a7f2bc76c6ceefd54d47dad5a2d	These have been of particular importance in fostering social identities approving of bicycle cultures, facilitating a co-evolution of behavioural and infrastructural change. For bicyclists, positive perceptions of safety, speed and comfort have been key in achieving high bicycle trip shares. To justify infrastructure costs (bicycle tracks, etc.), The analysis revealed the net social gain for each cycled kilometre to be EUR 0.16, compared to the net social cost of EUR 0.09 per km driven by car.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	2bcd7458dd9eab348f78a6d84707a1be	Instead remedial support for established migrants whose foundational skill requirements exclude them from educational and labour market programmes must be built into the integration infrastructure and systematically available for those that need it. In December 2017, a new curriculum guideline to create literacy training for adult migrants within the education system was issued by the Finnish National Agency for Education. The new training is part of a more extensive refonn transferring responsibility for literacy training to the Ministry of Education and Culture.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en	2bce049906fa40be670603bdb997d232	There is also a risk that they will give rise to a corresponding fragmentation of investments in recipient countries at the expense of more systemic and holistic approaches, and that investment programmes will become driven by the priorities of funders rather than countries’ own needs and priorities. However, the limited progress made towards fulfilment of commitments in these areas in the decade since the Paris Declaration (OECD, 2005) indicate the need for an alternative approach if this is not to be a serious obstacle to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It could greatly enhance the efficiency of the process by which the investment needs identified by each country are matched with funders’ priorities; reduce funding delays and uncertainties; lessen the administrative burden on LDCs associated with securing investment financing; and support the movement towards greater country ownership and more country-led development strategies, as envisaged in the Paris Declaration and the 2030 Agenda. It could also play an important role as an advocate, both for improved delivery on financial commitments to financial ISMs, and for improved donor coordination and harmonization.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	2bce596b569930c7bcd0a96b763729a1	About 73,000 credits were issued, and the credits were purchased by the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which generates income for Humbo residents (World Bank, 2012). The Sustainable Land Management (SLM) programme was initiated by the Government of Ethiopia in collaboration with donors (e.g. World Bank, Finland, EU and Germany) and other stakeholders to reverse land degradation and improve agricultural productivity. This kind of programme could form the core of any local green economy - protecting the natural assets that underpin development and livelihoods.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	2bd43b34e67408fd41c3ca2979dd63d9	As in other OECD countries, technology is expanding possibilities for life extension and quality, and spending is rising steadily, while an ageing population requires substantially more and different services. The main challenges are to promote prevention and cost-efficient behaviour by care providers, tackle the high spending on pharmaceuticals, strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and secure cost containment. Good-quality information and appropriate financing schemes would ensure stronger efficiency incentives.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	2bd456ecc5c9b4ae6ead640f06a35001	Moreover, it has been estimated that an increase of 100 kg in the food ratio contributes to an increase in attendance rates of 17 and 16 percentage points for boys and girls respectively (Ravallion and Wodon, 2000). Receipt of the child grant in South Africa is positively correlated with the beneficiary attending school, an increase estimated in the range of 25 per cent (Samson et al., The grant's effects are most positive if women are the recipients (Santana, 2008).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/922d178c-en	2bd5ea068e34b6efe6bfe3667efbb110	Out of this figure, half was contributed by mothers aged between 15 and 24, and the other half by mothers aged between 25 and 29 (Iran, Civil Registration Organization, 2010). Considerable health risks are associated with unintended pregnancy and clandestine abortion where there are no routine pre- or post-abortion health-care services (Hosseini-Chavoshi and others, 2012). Among teenage women in developing countries, health risks associated with unintended pregnancy include higher rates of anaemia, pre-term labour and low birth weight (P£rez-Lopez, 2011). Moreover, in the event of an unwanted pregnancy being carried to term, the risks to the child include stillbirth, low birth weight, mental and physical dysfunction, or neonatal death due to neglect (Marston and Cleland, 2003a).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	2bd69772939bf763aeb505c824f55b3d	As the supply of affordable housing is also expanding more slowly than demand, social renting is an increasingly restricted alternative. Fiscal consolidation since 2010 initially reduced inequality, as tax increases hit high-income households the most, but phased-in benefit cuts may have the opposite effect going forward (Jin et a I., 2011). The council tax, which is regressive, should be replaced by a property tax based on market values, with safeguard mechanisms for housing rich but income poor households. As well as reducing inequality, this could improve the stability of the housing market (OECD, 2011a, Chapter 2).	10	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	2bd9773b8ada80bab1190d8fa213f413	Substantive equality may consequently require positive action by the State to address the specific disadvantages and needs of women.16 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women encompasses substantive equality, recognizing that gender-neutral laws can have discriminatory effects and that formal equality is not enough to address them. Its article 4 on temporary special measures, the Committee's general comment No. In the Committee's view, the Convention requires that women should be given an equal start and also that the State should create an enabling environment for the empowerment of women in order to achieve equality of results (also referred to as equality of outcome). Equality of results is the logical consequence of de facto or substantive equality, according to the Committee.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	2bd979824e76cec022530cdf78e62826	Norway can do more to makes sure that quality of mental health care is not uneven across the country, that co-ordination between services is good, and that all mental disorders are appropriately treated. Governance responsibilities for mental health care are an area for attention, and there is a need to ensure that responsibilities for commissioning and delivering services are fulfilled, and that co-ordination between administrative bodies is strong. Section 4.3 then looks at available information on mental health care, and suggests that whilst Norway has a quite impressive array of available indicators, there is the potential to further improve data sources to give better information on quality of care. Finally, the chapter takes a system-level perspective, and addresses the need to improve co-ordination of service provision and care delivery across governance bodies, and to better define service responsibilities, so as to maximise the use of existing resources , to guard against gaps and duplication in care provision, and to promote high-quality care at all levels.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2bda0c9c2f2f7dcbe4b7fb43b61975d0	However, the intellectually coherent manner to proceed towards this internalisation would have been to tax the externality itself, i.e. to impose taxes on GHG emissions and the use of imported fuels, rather than to impose certain technologies on the market. Guaranteeing long-term revenues to VREs only, whether through feed-in tariffs or other instruments, is thus at the origin of the technical and pecuniary externalities that are created by the variability of wind and solar PV. This reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production, which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply and thus will require additional revenues through capacity mechanisms.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264282988-5-en	2bdbcba6aa9ffe2caa0e35fc1ae3c5f0	Levels of GDP vary greatly by region with per capita income in the richest department (Moquegua) eight times higher than in the poorest (Apurimac). While years of strong economic development have seen poverty rates decrease, it remains a considerable problem. In 2015, 22% of the population were living in poverty (18%) or extreme poverty (4%), even if this is approximately half the rate compared to ten years ago.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	2bdd0acb1052d0c8d4d800fb563b1e87	This is because their fiduciary responsibility to their own taxpayers leads them to be fearful of contexts in which aid can be shown to have been used badly. Looming fiscal pressures in OECD countries can only intensify such concerns and threaten to undermine provision of budget support. Having recognised the nature of the problem, governments of LDCs need then to do something about it. There are two approaches, potentially complementary.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/daadf51f-en	2bdeee9dff95a4a110cbb75648582558	Concentration of refugees in remote camps, as in Kenya, may result in only partial inclusion and geographical separation. Resources can be a key constraint Lebanon and Jordan, with the most refugees per capita, have adopted double-shift education, producing temporal separation. In several contexts, refugees continue to be educated in separate, non-fbrmal community-based or private schools, the largest recent displacement of Rohingya fleeing Myanmar for Bangladesh being a prominent case.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6236c858-en	2bdf15bf8d9cc2790080a972f84771b5	If a demand exists for unnecessarily resource intensive products, then one manufacturer or the other will meet the demand. Resource efficiency is thus inextricably linked to both consumption and production. Although the target has proved difficult to meet, automobile manufacturers have made great strides in facilitating compliance for example, by using recycled material, improving material identification, improving ease of dismantling, ease of re-use and ease of recycling. Environmentally harmful materials and ingredients in materials are being eliminated entirely or their usage minimised.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	2bdf3dab987024ca58e3e363032511e8	Decentralised power in the school system can provide good conditions for efficiency and high performance (Barankay and Lockwood, 2007; Clark, 2009; Falch and Fischer, 2012; Hanushek et al., The Danish system is highly decentralised in the sense that the central government does not interfere in specific municipalities and schools, but governs the system mainly through general guidelines agreed in national negotiations. Central funding is related to national goals and targets as negotiated in the annual agreements between the central government and LGDK. A key central initiative to reduce spending following the financial crisis was the introduction of multi-annual expenditure ceilings for the central government, municipalities and regions by the Danish parliament.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	2be002bf2c94954b927cef76e3f7c87f	The project is also financed by a grant of $2.74 million from the Global Environment Facility (World Bank, 2015). Efforts have centred on policy development, institutional strengthening, information and land-use planning systems, and strengthening regional forest inventory and pest management organizations. The project's development objectives are to improve forest fire prevention and suppression efforts in select forest ecosystems, including targeted protected areas, and to enhance forest management in pilot regions.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	2be262c24f0b444bd31d18804bc71802	These are the basis for annual publications with indicators on education at the national and regional levels. Both the central government and regions prepare annual editions of the Status Report on the Development of the Education System to assess progress towards their respective Long-term policy objectives. Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	2be6d336fa0eb735f87a7cd61e14389e	Austria and Iceland reported using gender diversity preference in hiring in 2010, but not in 2016, while France and Japan said they had discontinued preparatory training for civil service entrance examinations specifically targeting women candidates. France did, however, report in 2016 that it rewarded public service departments that had recruited more women and/or meet gender diversity targets. Ireland, for example, established a Judicial Appointments Commission in 2016 which states that one of its priority goals is gender balance in judicial office.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/ee1d4926-en	2bea697dea743a8578b68843f0a0264e	Unfortunately, several oases are suffering from the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices because of the soil salinization and water quality degradation, allowing desertification to proceed. In the southern Ouarzazate region, 80 per cent of soils are affected by salinization. Certainly, between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of economically accessible surface water resources have already been regulated through dams and inter-annual storage reservoirs in Morocco.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3136863b-en	2bf0da27e0e59dd08695e9befc4fe06b	For example, Ethiopia, which is home to an estimated 2.6 million 10-year-olds, half of whom are girls, has a gender parity index of 0.6 for secondary school, a marked decline from parity in primary school. In addition to shouldering the burden of unpaid work, such as household chores, many 10-year-old girls and older adolescents also work in family enterprises or wage-earning activities. These responsibilities invariably mean less time for schoolwork, place them at risk, and may contribute to their dropping out of school.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	2bf19ab3add726d0cb79987bfb78ef89	Differences up to 2050 are relatively limited however, and are not quantified here. The largest difference between the Baseline and this scenario is brought about by reducing water demand from electricity generation (down by 37% in 2050), followed by domestic and manufacturing demands (each down by nearly 30%). Human nitrogen (N) emission is the N emitted in wastewater by households and industries that are connected to the same sewerage system. Dividing by D results in a value that applies to the total population.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283534-en	2bf2bf6af4d8c1323096030863a6af29	In fact, 50% of Romanian respondents (compared to 19% across EU countries) said that they felt they had to make the extra payment or gift before the care was received In contrast, 28% said they made the informal payment or gift after care was provided. Moreover, about one fifth of respondents in Romania (19%) said that they had been asked to go to a private consultation with the doctor in order to be treated in a public hospital. There have also been some unfavourable trends, including rising mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and lung, breast and colorectal cancers), increasing numbers of new HIV/AIDS cases and falling immunisation rates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	2bf30dceda6e9df4ca066f84866e0839	They may also face a restricted social and physical environment, which when combined with diminished personal capabilities can hold back older people from taking advantage of opportunities available to them and from being resilient to threats that affect them. Women’s life expectancy is longer than men’s, so women may spend more time in poverty than men. Women are more likely to lose their partner and less likely to remarry. Lower education and the need to combine work with childcare means that women are more likely to work in the informal sector.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	2bf49bb784ae2cbedee83e74fd82b816	This is most visible in Coumon d’Auvergne, which has grown from an agricultural village to become the second largest city in the departement. The “city in the countryside” feature has had a major influence on the Eastern side of the Limagne plain, but also on the hills after the collapse of wine-production. This has led to a need for new infrastructure alongside these main channels in order to service new developments. In turn, this opens up the area for development and leads to further urbanisation, including in areas that are costly for the municipality to provide services to and that impose environmental costs (e.g. the cost of expanding infrastructure and the costs of commuting).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	2bf8b983969ae956f3c87980ea7f836d	Considering the WEO data of USD 2.55 trillion for the building sector and USD 3.1 trillion for other major economies, and assuming the ratio allocated to the building sector across region one estimates that USD 713 billion should be spent in the building sector in other major economies from 2010 to 2030. Hence, an estimated USD 17.8 billion /year should be spent from 2010 to 2020, while USD 53.5 billion should be spent from 2020 to 2030. Do the low levels of EE investment result from a lack of financing, or is more complex decisionmaking behaviour at play? What do business and asset owners (and households) really consider in deciding whether or not to invest in an energy efficiency asset with apparently high returns? Observed incongruity between paper assessment and physical results raises the question of whether EE investments are about more money - public or private - being made available or whether other factors such as risk perception and project complexity are at play.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	2bfcbc0d56db1be3bcf75b0352119e35	Providers highlighted the importance of monitoring and evaluating the results associated with finance flows, while recipients prioritised building systems for tracking the finance flows. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), developed countries committed in 2009 to jointly mobilise USD 100 billion of climate finance to developing countries annually by 2020. The new 2015 Paris Agreement continues this collective mobilisation goal through to 2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation. These expected finance flows are of similar magnitude to the current level of net official development assistance (ODA), which was USD 135 billion1 in 2014, and climate-related ODA is one of the main sources of climate finance reported to date (OECD, 2016).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	2bfef9cdfac636a1c4e1447a72bdd90a	Each minister in Sweden is responsible for fulfilling the gender equality goals in his or her specific policy area. In the pursuit of gender equality, Korea has focused on developing women’s capacities, increasing women’s political representation and improving the welfare and civil rights of women. To ensure gender equality, Korea actively promoted gender-mainstreaming strategies in the policymaking process.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	2c02bbda2efa3268a6be930b73f2792b	Indeed, compared to the HDI, several developing countries, such as Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, advance considerably (by 16 or more places) up the “human sustainable development index” when carbon emissions are factored in.6 Some richer countries, notably the United States and Canada, fall significantly. The success of the eco-social turn depends on whether a social and political perspective can be adopted in policy responses to environmental degradation and climate change. Section 3 analyses the social dimensions of green economy approaches and highlights the need to adopt an eco-social lens in order to ensure that economies are not only green but also equitable and inclusive.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264212664-en	2c044009b622142a18a80a37071436ea	Thus, to best benefit from tenders, governments should first clearly identify the objective behind the tender based on due diligence and needs assessments. Bid design should also minimise opportunities for bid rigging (see question 3.9). Prime mover technology must have been in use for at least 12 months with 80% technical availability.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	2c05bdc93e55d3c0226e4b61a7afeb46	The formal sector (or workers with social security benefits) covers less than 10% of total employment. Despite different methodologies in collecting the data, the main trends of low and declining female labour force participation are similar in the different sources. This study uses the NSSO data as it provides the most recent information and is broadest in coverage. Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ae18b798-en	2c07aea332e388d592c140fdca49a8dc	While poverty rates remain high in a significant number of countries, the rate for the region as a whole is the lowest to be attained in the last 20 years. While this was lower than the 4.8% per capita growth rate posted in 2010, it nonetheless consolidates the region-wide recovery from the 3.0% downturn seen in 2009. Argentina (7.9%) and Panama (8.9%) boasted the highest per capita growth rates, followed by Ecuador (6.3%), Pem (5.7%), Uruguay (5.4%) and Chile (5.0%). Per capita output rose less than 2% only in Brazil (1.9%), El Salvador (0.9%), Guatemala (1.4%) and Honduras (1.6%) (see table 1.1). The steady downtrend in this rate seen in every year since 2002 except 2009 has yielded the lowest figures since the mid-1990s, and almost all of the Latin American countries had rates below 8%.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	2c07be5596159070d5ddc0d3e8f2725f	The direct payments for core farmers that are based on historical land, income and output were maintained in 2010. It was also decided in 2009 to reorganise the various direct payment programmes and the country is testing a farm income stabilisation programme. The programme is addressing managerial risk at the farm level by subsidising the gap when the farm income is bellow the target income. Once the feasibility test is concluded the programme should be implemented on a wide range.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-26-en	2c0ac0cd09f1c0461d3ec09b67b406b7	The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD, Fish stocks data were sourced front Japan's fish classification system group stock assessment.	14	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264088986-en	2c0b302518591ac47b0a99d0641a2ebc	The higher education institutions should also develop a practical engagement with business and a collaborative way of referring enquiries from businesses and industry with the help of virtual and face-to-face collaboration. Authorities should channel funds to enhance SME/business/college linkage and related applied research projects that would contribute to strengthen the Galilean innovation system. The RAAK procedure in Netherland is an example to consider. Finnish, German and US initiatives are examples that could be emulated.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d902f55-en	2c0b45e6036bfb9bd37dd50b6cfc91a3	Regional coordination of research agendas could manage the necessary overlap of research activities in trans-boundary areas. Common priorities and coordinated research efforts could also attract funding from outside the region, especially where synergistic partnerships can be developed and coinvestment can be leveraged. The sections below briefly consider some current global and regional research priorities.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	2c0bdec7b8283396a8b9b44a868e1e40	Both rural incomes and food supplies would improve as a result of well targeted investments. To achieve that vision, a reorientation of policies is necessary in most of the countries covered in this report. Creating an environment in which farmers have the greatest possible freedom to respond to market signals will allow farmers to become more innovative and competitive and will reduce many of the distortions associated with the current policies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	2c0d0993585b080fb755ea25503d31f3	Thus, while among Finland’s Estonian population the employment population ratio, at 66%, is less than four percentage points below that of Finnish citizens, among the Russian, Iraqi, Somali and Afghan population conversely, employment population ratios are substantially lower, standing at 37, 12, 11 and 15% respectively. However, as the number of migrants from Iraq, Somalia and Afghanistan continues to grow, efforts to improve their labour market integration is becoming an increasingly pressing concern. This represented a substantial increase in the number of asylum requests compared to the preceding years, during which it had hovered between three and four thousand. The country has been grappling with the implications of these numbers, both in terms of meeting the immediate needs regarding housing and initial settlement, and in terms of long-term integration into the Finnish labour market and society. Of the asylum decisions made in 2016 in Finland, only 27 % were positive, rising to 40% in 2017.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	2c0d93bb7ada0cc385c2e6e5d68f4f40	This makes it difficult to assess the risk in these investments and to understand the correlation with the investment outcomes of other sectors (i.e. whether infrastructure assets move in line with other asset classes, such as equity markets, or not). Recent developments in accounting, in particular the introduction of fair value principles, have brought greater transparency and consistency to financial statements. However, the move towards fair value has also brought a greater focus on short-term market fluctuations, and some would argue that this has been to the detriment of the long-term investment horizon.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	2c0e54da8c5bd7c194c1852cb227f58b	Law (2016) indicates that today many funders now request or encourage rigorous conservation evaluation as a condition of funding, and conceptual and technical how-to literature is increasingly available (Ferraro 2012, World Bank Group 2013, Fisher et al. There is also an expanding drive and capacity to collate the required data (Ferraro and Pressey 2015; Bare et al. The lack of studies using rigorous impact evaluation methodologies may be partly explained by the fact that their use was not planned for in the design of the policy, meaning there is no counterfactual to measure against. From Development Cooperation to National Policies, German Institute for Development Evaluation (DEval), Bonn.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	2c0fef3b9cc38e498a880eba4a71d79e	The GCF’s support can be in the form of loans, loan guarantees, equity financing or outright grants. It has always been recognised that creating resilience involves economic diversification in some economies, particularly in countries that are over-dependent on exports that are exposed to climate risks (e.g. hydrocarbons, agricultural commodities in areas of climate-related water stress). In addition, and linked to this rationale, countries could make the case for investments to protect trade-related infrastructure from the impacts of climate change - to protect ports from storm surges, for example. These sorts of investments would fall under the theme ‘infrastructure and built environment’.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	2c0ff4f406977995b1bf7bb3bc5d33a0	This means that multidimensional poverty declined in Brazil between 2003 and 2008. This shift is attributable to two different trends: the relative number of people in deprived households dropped; and the proportion of deprived households that were experiencing deprivation in respect of a single indicator rose. The proportion of the urban population of Brazil experiencing deprivation (H) as measured by at least one indicator amounted to 68.9% in 2003 and 61.7% in 2008. If the cut-off is deprivation as measured by at least two indicators, the figures drop to 33.8% and 28.0%, respectively.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	2c123d13d110878509e04fabd902e082	Some people in rural areas are still highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, and reducing poverty in these areas is a key concern for the government. Unsustainable use of natural resources has resulted in increasing degradation and pollution. These trends are exacerbated by the country's vulnerability to climate change, which threatens progress made towards economic growth and poverty reduction. Attracting investment in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency or waste management could help create jobs and spur growth and development.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	2c13596fb6449ccf8e8c0387b87fbc63	In the 1990s, developing countries on balance made that switch, with their average nominal rate of assistance (NRA), which measures the degree to which domestic farm gate prices are above adjusted border prices, becoming positive (Figure 1.8).12 On average, they thereby joined high income OECD countries in providing protection to their agricultural sectors. Note that this measure only takes account of relative prices, and ignores subsidies to farmers or other aspects of agricultural spending. The horizontal axis of Figure 1.9 shows agriculture’s share of total employment, while the vertical axis measures the NRA.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233348-en	2c14f20cf4d88c527cd312aaf3305bbb	A widely recognised qualification framework and a register of professions are also currently lacking in the Slovak Republic. In contexts such as the Slovak Republic where formal qualifications in some study fields are poorly understood in the labour market, work experience may be used by employers as a screening tool for a set of skills and characteristics (Kurekova et al., The Ministry is in the process of developing a qualification framework in cooperation with stakeholders, and this may contribute to correcting the existing information asymmetries and improve labour market matching. First, more substantial work-based learning throughout the Slovak VET system would improve school to work transition.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264044135-3-en	2c157773a572f6cab7fa1d9298e78709	We have established such partnerships in several areas - water technology and windmills for example - and it seems that former competitors are now willing to co-operate on new solutions. There are substantial benefits from taking environmental sustainability systematically into production strategies.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	2c1645a5344cd3758e238717f1dcc2c4	With an estimated production of 140 Mt of milk in 2013, India is the largest producer of milk in the world.14 Milk yields remain low by western standards, and the size of the cow herd is large, consisting in 2011 of some 45 million dairy cows, 38 million buffalo cows, 32 million goats, for a total of 115 million head. This number is projected to increase to 143 million by 2023. Milk production is projected to grow to 202 Mt by 2023, growing at a rate of 3.7% p.a. However, even at this pace of growth, India’s average consumption of milk and milk products will still be below those of Western Europe and Pakistan.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-10-en	2c1c552a7949e00c23226c287b2c38cc	World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fostering the implementation of the Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) (UP6). The total budget allocated to these priorities is EUR 68.5 million (USD 91 million) of which EUR 41.7 million (USD 55 million) is contributed by EMFF. Innovation and investments wall be supported to achieve this goal.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	2c1f4bef92983c9255b13a4455ab8098	By mid-2012, 2.8 million elderly people (around 60% of all eligible individuals) were receiving a monthly flat-rate benefit (non-taxed MXN 500) payable every two months (SEDESOL, 2012). However, 70 y mas overlaps with other transfer programmes also intended to tackle old age poverty, including Apoyo Para Adultos Mayores (itself a component of Oportunidades), Programa de Apoyo Alimentario, Liconsa, Procampo and Acuerdo National para el Campo. The most important among these are schemes to improve education and employability, often targeting women more specifically: Programa de Infraestructura Basica para la Atencion de los Pueblos Indfgenas; Programa de Education Initial y Basica para la Poblacion Rural e Indigena; Programas Albergues Escolares Indfgenas and Programa Organization Productiua para Mujeres Indxgenas.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	2c2028d1f47935055e01ca9d7d0d8be6	Sugar production is promoted by government support schemes such as the US sugar programme and, through the increased interest in sugar-based ethanol, is also affected by biofuel policies. The future of biofuel production and the associated feedstock is hence greatly determined by how the main producers of biofuels will design their policies. The uncertainty that currently surrounds these policies, especially in the European Union and United States (see also Biofuel Chapter), implies that policy changes could completely change the production outlook for these commodities.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	2c205c4215df2660754da9cc5e3f936c	In considering its high openness to trade, the region's relative resilience to weak external demand may come as a surprise. One explanation is the increased size of domestic and regional demand. The region's developing economies now account for a third of the world's output, only slightly less than the combined share of the developed economies in North America and Europe.	8	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	2c2453ccacd45f58be9ee7be5adf901c	The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of approximately 25-30. One of the central tasks of OROK is the preparation of the Austrian Spatial Development Concept (OREK, Osterreichisches Raurnentwicklungskonzept), which covers a planning period of approximately ten years and provides a vision and guidelines for spatial development that is shared by all levels of government. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	2c2e1e92234b0f3eaaae7e1b543d5e73	The government of India, through laws and reforms which have shaped the country's institutional and legal framework, and through the establishment of dedicated rural electrification institutions, has opted for long-term planning, with centrally determined objectives and target years. Without firm implementation policies and goals that can be enforced through legislation, the electrification process will fall through. Before 2007, lack of sufficient funds was the main reason for the slow implementation of rural electrification in India during the 10th Five-Year Plan. Moreover, if secure and dedicated funds are not available for the longer term once the project is implemented, there will be financial losses and perhaps the de-Page | 100 electrification of previously newly electrified villages.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	2c307efb105f08f5d5423057b3b4b700	In Nepal, for example, during the 2015 earthquakes the national core telecommunications backbone, which had benefitted from significant investment, stayed functional. But other components of the network, such as cell phone towers, suffered significant impacts, making it difficult to restore communications to hard-hit areas. This experience illustrates the value of investment, but also the need to consider the complete service delivery chain.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	2c32c0dc9c8e6f8a060c19efb631a116	A law passed in 2009 reinforced regional responsibilities. Reform in 1999 reduced the number of counties from 24 to 21 (creation of Vastra Gotaland and Skane). Further regional mergers were investigated in 2015-16 but were eventually dropped. Latvia is not included due to tire lack of data availability.	11	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	2c33df005c82e34cbb684af4bbe8cb33	The experience of Thailand shows that a universal coverage system contributes to the affordability as well as the wide availability of contraceptives in an effective manner. Countries with a similar level of economic development as Thailand should work towards establishing national insurance schemes comprising a reproductive health package that ensures that contraceptive commodities essential to the population's welfare and the development of the country are covered. After all, contraceptive security in its broad sense of availability of a wide range of quality contraceptives is meant for all and not only for the advantaged groups of society.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	2c3585326b7f6db21976d1ec2209403b	Target industries have shifted as well over time, from export-oriented industries in 1960-70s to R&D and innovation activities and investments were made to transform industrial complexes into knowledge-based centres. ( Many of government ministries and public organisations have been collectively relocated to the Multi-functional Administrative City Sejong, and other public organisations including research institutions have transferred to 10 newly constructed Innovation Cities to play leading roles in forming regional innovation systems. Enterprise cities aim to revitalise regional economies through encouraging private investment, providing incentives on land use and tax. (	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	2c37305b6439cba400fdc2ed30548cbd	Entire institutions have been designing PBL curricula, and new PBL programmes and courses have been adopted and further developed by institutions and educators around the world - shifting the curriculum from a faculty-centred approach to a more student-centred, interdisciplinary process (Barrett and Moore, 2011; Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). In the United States, Stanford University is involved with PBL in several departments in varying degrees. For example, at the PBL Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, multidisciplinary, geographically distributed teams each project team member has a unique area of expertise. Stanford University has also launched a specific, non-degree teaching centre, the d.school, to unblock students’ imagination, creativity and innovation (Box 3).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	2c38f503e3e62e78469b3d118fc56010	Overall poverty among the older population is one-and-a-half times higher than among the population as a whole. The lack of old age income security means that many must work even at a very old age - a phenomenon particularly frequent in the countryside. Recent longterm projections by the Consejo Nacional de Poblacion (CONAPO) indicate that the population aged 65 or over will more than double during the next 20 years, from 7 million in 2010 to around 16 million in 2030.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	2c3a0cf5a380e1ca9413faf23eb39224	Ces deux mesures ne sont pas compatibles et risquent de compromettre la realisation des deux objectifs. Des marches plus concurrentiels requierent, au minimum, une information de bonne qualite, un financement approprie et des incitations plus fortes a l’efficience. Compte tenu du vieillissement de la population, les politiques actuelles feront plus que doubler le cout des soins de longue duree au cours des decennies a venir.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	2c3fd3f7b19cdf61c2c0b302d108e05e	Intervention does not guarantee success and, as argued earlier, some may be perfectly unjustified economically. But there is no evidence of an evolution in public policy interventions with the severity of stresses. Spain's experience following its 1983 Water Act has shown that implementing this type of reform is challenging, especially in areas with past intensive use of groundwater for irrigation by thousands of farmers (Llamas and Garrido, 2007).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	2c40f8059fb0ed2566dce988a48b8f04	The authorities need therefore to look for solutions that secure investments into public transport infrastructure and vehicles and keep the ticket fares at an affordable level. This would be important for all cities, however, it may be of particular importance for cities, where the proportion of public transport in comparison to car use is still negligible. To balance the needs for economic and social sustainability, cities have tried setting fares for cost-recovery and offering targeted subsidies for specific segments of the population.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2c42343efbac0b6b3ec8d2042e3f9ff1	In essence, this means that an outside actor, the government, the regulator or the system operator, needs to step in to ensure that such external costs are not overproduced and are correctly internalised. Economic theory has devised a number of corresponding instruments, including standards and technical regulations, pollution taxes, new markets such as emissions trading, better information and research, as well as an overall strengthening of the legal system. Overcoming the knowledge gap is also part of moving towards sustainable electricity systems.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	2c46e023e42ea15b008c7cabf220bcee	The dollar cost for removing each kg of P was determined by SNC based on its history of delivering projects. Using earlier trading formulae (Batchelor, 1999; Draper, 1997), it was possible to calculate the amount of P controlled for a number of projects completed by SNC prior to the trading programme starting. Since the total cost for each of these projects was known, it was possible to derive an average cost of CAD 400 (2009 figures) for each kg of P. This figure is reviewed by South Nation Conservation annually, and is generally increased by yearly inflation figures.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	2c47d5aafc05d7d8548a27400e031031	This does not imply, however, that they do not co-operate on issues of mutual interest. The poverty studies carried out by Universiti Sains Malaysia in the 1980s were not only useful at the regional level; they were also useful for developing anti-poverty strategies at the national level. These studies were carried out by the Centre for Policy Research which Universiti Sains Malaysia established in the 1970s and which was funded jointly by national and local governments.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	2c47fa830017b8e701a44af14b7a951d	It was the second IEO exercise dedicated to the theme; the first, an evaluation of gender mainstreaming, was in 2006). The evaluation covers two distinct but linked results areas as framed in the GES: development results and institutional results. Specifically, the evaluation assesses the extent to which the GES functioned as “an integrating dimension of UNDP’s work”3 in implementing the Strategic Plan. Instead, it serves as an inquiry of the extent to which the GES played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions UNDP made to GEWE during the implementation of the 2008-2013 Strategic Plan.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	2c47fca295e2e8af116655cd4179ac0a	With a length of 855 km, the Odra is the sixth-largest tributary of the Baltic Sea. The average area size of the established groundwater bodies varies: in Poland it is approximately 1,793 km2, in the Czech Republic 812 km2, and in Germany around 413 km2. This variation is due to the aggregation procedure of the groundwater bodies. Transboundary groundwater bodies have not been determined.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	2c493051ee5aa5181dec83b22b737148	In the 2012-13 school year, 53 272 such hobby groups, which operate on schools’ premises, offered activities to nearly 881437 enrolees; since some students may participate in more than one “hobby group” the number of enrolees may be greater than the number of individual students. These after-school “hobby groups” or “clubs” engage students in such activities as fine arts, choreography, vocal and choral groups, and performance groups. In addition, more than 30 000 children participate in sports clubs throughout the country and a growing number of “extended education” institutions (680 in 2013-14) provide further extracurricular activities in areas such as ecology, technology, tourism, music and fine arts, recreational camps, and sports.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	2c493d82d0293ba51e072042082dba82	"In addition, with CMU-C patients do not have to pay """"up-front"", which is the common rule in France. Low-income patients and recipients of social benefits have reduced co-payments on pharmaceuticals. The government subsidises so-called Very-Low-Cost-Access (VLCA) practices, which typically serve disadvantaged areas under the condition that they forgo revenue from patient fees."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	2c4aa21ba5f79ce28bc280c1601c6d94	The use of charges and fees, such as water charges and entrance fees to protected areas, is very limited (see also Sections 3 and 5). The Water Producer Programme, launched in 2011 by the National Water Agency and replicated by some states and municipalities, financially compensate investment in soil and water protection in river basins that provide water resources to a large population. Bolsa Floresta, in Amazonas state, has helped control deforestation, although it is implemented mostly in areas experiencing little deforestation pressure (Borner et al.,	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	2c4da82135bf8ef146da4803024602ef	It can be defined as “the implementation of a new' or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new' marketing method, or a new' organisational method” (OECD, 2007, p. 46). Innovation can be new1 to the world, a market, a sector - or to an organisation such as an enterprise or a school. In addition to radical, new'-to-the-vvorld inventions such as the Internet, the concept of innovation includes also incremental adaptation and gradual adoption in different contexts.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283404-en	2c4e534a7d032af95f2b78e42ea72a21	There is enormous variability between the highest income quintile (3.9%) and the lowest (18.7%), highlighting unequal access to services experienced across income groups (Figure 10). Among the poorest quintile it reached 17.4%, the highest in the EU where the average is just 4.1%. Moreover, a copayment for ambulatory visits (EUR 5) was revoked in 2015 following concerns about its impact on access. The rate of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments has been rising steadily since 2004, and affected 3% of all households in 2014 (Figure 13).	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264190672-7-en	2c4e8da4268a1bdacedf4c570aabc61e	In Ihe 1970s and 1980s, a shift to more skill-intensive manufacturing led to an emphasis on technical fields. From the mid-1990s on, Singapore has sought to become a player in the global knowledge economy, encouraging more research and innovation-intensive industries and seeking to attract scientists and scientific companies from around the globe. The results of the government's economic policies have been stunning - rapid economic growth to reach developed country levels and an average per capita income in 2009 of about SCD 52 000 (USD 39 000) estimated at current market prices.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	2c52bf60b78f3c4a85968c4cd6a8b3c4	In addition to the volume of wastewater returned to the environment, it is also important to measure or estimate the volumes of different pollutants emitted with the wastewater or otherwise released to water bodies. Emissions to water are the substances released to water resources by establishments and households as a result of production, consumption and accumulation processes. Emissions to water should be disaggregated according to the releasing economic activities and should cover the most important substances. This subcomponent includes statistics on the amount and characteristics of waste, defined as discarded material for which the owner or user has no further use, generated by human activities in the course of production and consumption processes.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/223159ab-en	2c540271f8e787ab2f115b4b798dd779	Among males, it was slightly lower than the EU average also in Germany and Portugal. Among females, it was lower than the EU average in several Western, Northern European countries: Sweden, Germany, the UK, Netherlands, Ireland and Denmark, with Denmark being almost one (0.8) year lower. In all countries, life expectancy at 65 in females (EU average 21.6 years) exceeded that of males (EU average 18.2 years).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	2c5416c8ced04e37bfc590ed490f20d3	In Belgium, pollution fees are based on measured concentration or conversion coefficients for organic matter and suspended solids, heavy metals, nutrients (N and P) and cooling water. In Mexico charges are linked with discharges’ quantity and strength (in excess of permissible biochemical oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD] and total suspended solids [TSS] levels) and with the carrying capacity of recipient bodies, which is differentiated for industrial and municipal wastewater discharges. In Hungary, the “environmental load charge” applies to all activities that require a discharge permit (e.g. wastewater companies) and takes into account both the vulnerability of receiving waters and the technologies used for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal; to strengthen the incentive nature of the measure, a rebate applies for polluters that adopt approved pollution reduction measures (pre-treatment) and fines apply for discharges in excess of permits (OECD, 2008a). In some instances (e.g. Czech Republic and Slovak Republic), revenues are collected nationally but allocated to specific national environmental funds.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e8741432-en	2c5433199c475879ebb98a4c8135964b	This is below the 25 per cent withdrawal threshold that defines the start of physical water stress, but this global figure masks large differences between regions and within countries. In 2011,41 countries experienced water stress, up from 36 in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—from the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa and Central Asia—withdrew more than 100 per cent of renewable freshwater resources.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9897593b-en	2c54885258b19b7bf220bd7a8f6fd84d	In some regions, including Europe, indiscriminate violent attacks are a concern. The diversity of threats has increased but so has the range of responses (Europol, 2018). Prevention is seen nonetheless as a necessary first line of defence against terrorism, and several observers argue that education has a key role in policy and programme design (Bhatia and Ghanem, 2017).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	2c55304e794bb12dae20859a74c7839f	In urban areas housing is a key livelihoods asset. Government action can destroy people’s homes and consequently those livelihoods which are dependent on home-based informal enterprises or on homes being close to sources of work. In some countries federations of urban savings and self-help groups have formed to defend and promote their members’ rights to shelter and claim citizens’ entitlements (Satterthwaite, 2008). Donor support for networks such as Shack Dwellers International and the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights has proven to be effective (Good Practice Note 3. Empowerment through local citizenship). It can also allow families to save and accumulate reserves which increase their resilience and allow them to better manage sudden needs, household crises and external shocks.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/85ff2ca5-en	2c59f970823503a66b2cf083dd17bef7	Investing in and enfranchising SMEs in developed countries and LDCs will encourage growth, investment and jobs. The successes of Turkey's tenure will be enduring. That is why in May 2015 we set up the World SME Forum to be a permanent structure in global economics. Since the first G20 Business Summit in Seoul in 2010, the B20 has called upon the G20 to address the constraints SMEs face in the global marketplace.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590908-en	2c5ae40c17c354f6d1e7fe5fa4f84652	The Teachers Forum at 17CCEM called for a renewed focus on teacher professionalism within the broader context of the impact of the global recession and the potential changes in the migration patterns of teachers. In 2006, the Secretariat commissioned SAQA to conduct an eight country pilot study. The Commonwealth has benefitted from the professional expertise of SAQA, which is responding to national, regional and international needs in the area of professional qualifications and accreditation.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	2c5c0837ec54a8f1a02e2bffe358c4a8	Disturbances due to increased traffic or caused by rotating turbine blades in wind farms can render areas near roads, rails and wind turbines less usable to species even if there are no physical changes to the habitat. Hence, the effects of the risk of fatal collisions can basically be neglected on a larger scale. On a regional scale, the effects of urbanization on biodiversity may be insignificant and impossible to measure on a short time scale.	15	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289332705-27-en	2c5e9ceb1019ce09027e84e46a6d146f	Communication, education and public awareness are critically important, together with the need for transparent information about the state and trends of ecological, economic, social and cultural/spiritual dimensions of landscapes as social-ecological systems. The term landscape approach captures this and can be operationalized by applying concepts such as Model Forest, Biosphere Reserve, and traditional village systems. In this paper we advocate an approach that supports communication, education and public awareness and that relies on landscapes as laboratories for learning and knowledge production. We stress that to implement policies about sustainable development and sustainability, the context of landscapes in terms of environmental history, biophysical conditions, cultural heritage and modes for government and governance in the landscape need to be considered.	15	0	9	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	2c60e68e6e9ef1f9a329af9b2dcd79bb	Data refer to 2012 for New Zealand; to 2010 for Ireland and Japan; to 2009 for Chile and to 2006 for Mexico. In Panel B countries are ranked in ascending order of the ratio of men to women reporting limitations in daily activities due to health problems. Data refer to 2011 for Australia, Brazil, Chile and Israel.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	2c63770475beea2f30ecd591743cd638	They have also contributed to providing supportive and welfare services for poor, older persons and training for those providing care to such people, and assisted in establishing older persons' associations. In Mongolia, the Mongolian Association for Elderly People has partnered with the Government in collecting data on older persons as well as in training trainers to benefit older persons. In Cambodia, HelpAge International has participated in establishing associations of older persons.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	2c63f37b8cda48db123409f415e6a5ec	Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat and OECD estimates based on PNAD (Brazil). Only two decades ago, the situation was very different, with sizable gaps still present in a number of countries at all levels of schooling. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, South Africa, TUrkey, Indonesia and India.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/c78b2675-en	2c63fb0ac4aee502fae027bf2b4663f3	In a cap-and-trade system, a cap is set on company emissions (such that the overall level of emissions is reduced) and permits (allowances) up to that cap are granted or auctioned to companies. Then, permits can be traded. The first cap-and-trade system was implemented successfully in the US in the early 1990s to curb emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) responsible for acid rain.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	2c659c27ea93f5c0ac5e9c2af2cb26ca	Poor countries rarely produce these products and therefore have to import ICT-related equipment and devices, and import tariffs can have an impact on accessibility for small businesses and low-income consumers. Tariff and trade analysis of data from World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS) based on the WTO Integrated Data Base (IDB) show that average applied Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) tariffs on telephones and computers are higher in the LDCs than in other developing countries. High prices are partly responsible for this, but other reasons, such as unreliable electricity supplies, also discourage households from buying IT equipment. However, the LDCs have experienced a significant increase in imports of telephones, which rose from USD 526 million in 2012 to USD 2.6 billion in 2015; mobile phones represent over one-fourth of this total. While the number of people owning mobile phones in the LDCs is growing, smartphones that help enhance Internet access are not as common.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	2c65ae1d5758f9bc8ea933b1a49a8cac	Teachers might focus on higher performing students and thereby direct less effort to lower performing students. Schools tend to group students by ability, a practice that doesn’t improve the overall performance and can be particularly harmful if lower quality teachers are allocated to lower performing children. In addition, schools that cater to gifted students, such as the Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, receive considerably higher levels of funding than mainstream schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	2c69115b9337698a8e4962945f2ccec7	The Food Safety and Animal and Plant Health Programme provides services for the food safety and animal and plant productive projects, that help farmers to deal with livestock diseases and plagues that may affect the crops, avoiding further spread and financial losses. Commercial farmers also receive an implicit subsidy through preferential rates of electricity. Electricity is used in agricultural activities particularly water pumping for irrigation.	2	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	2c6d001d92cad3efbcdd80772a627bc1	Both waiting times and copayments can help contain excess demand, though the demand is generally inelastic with respect to waiting times and co-payments (elasticities of -0.1 or-0.2). This does, however, defeat the very objective of health insurance, which is to reduce out of pocket expenses when the need arises. Information problems imply that it is not always easy for the patient to know the true benefit.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	2c6e140de3b86250ee5ba5495e844323	In most countries public sanitary facilities tend to be regulated at the local level. Such facilities are inadequate - especially for women and girls - almost everywhere in the world, including in markets, train and bus stations, and public event venues. The problem is compounded for women and girls living in slums and informal settlements without access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities, or to durable housing, sufficient living area and security of tenure. In the Netherlands a law passed in 2004 prohibits drinking water (but not sewerage or wastewater treatment) services from being privately owned (Hall ef al.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264075788-6-en	2c709277eda856d40f17e6d4666bf8c2	Common features of the project were strategic use of data, strong leadership, curriculum, staff training, mentoring and parental involvement. There was also some evidence that educational attainment of African Caribbean students had increased. Furthermore, in some schools the gap in performance between African Caribbean and native students was closed, although these improvements were not consistent across all the Aiming High schools. The aim of the EMAG is to raise the achievements of particular underachieving ethnic minority groups.	4	0	7	1.0
10.30875/9e478973-en	2c78ac6511c9b4d982974ea20612ddb6	This debate has focused largely on the impact of trade in advanced economies, which has risked diverting attention away from the impact of trade on people's lives in developing countries, and especially the extreme poor. This volume brings together new research, using a range of different analytical approaches, that examines how the extreme poor have fared following trade liberalization in various developing countries and regions and the challenges that poor people face in benefitting from trade. The 2015 joint WTO-World Bank publication, The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty strengthened the evidence that trade has played a critical role in poverty reduction and that the further integration of developing countries into an open global economy will be essential for achieving the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	2c7a7902857366469d091ce0ebaf099a	This is followed by a history of international climate diplomacy from the 1992 Rio conference to the 2015 Paris climate summit, with an emphasis on the 2009 Copenhagen summit that laid the foundation for the Paris Agreement. Thereafter, we assess the potential and limitations of the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions before offering an analysis of what this agreement means for future international cooperation and effective policy response to climate change. We conclude by examining the prospect for global de-carbonization and offer policy recommendations. Ultimately effectiveness, however, depends on how the Paris Agreement is able to fulfil the objectives of the agreement, where the temperature target provides the clearest measure of success.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	2c7d83563c27f49b7dc29ea88d7a9e76	Soil degradation is also manifested through reduced fertility and in loss of organic carbon. Mexico and Peru (2012). At the same time, there is more intensive use of pesticides, such as fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that threaten people' health, the environment and the services it provides. These trends are captured by analysing land productivity dynamics.	7	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	2c7e6b7626e081509423a2dc29860b4f	"Similarly, as a result of 40% lower broadband penetration in the United Kingdom, Liebenau et al. ( This would imply that innovation effects increase with broadband penetration, a concept akin to ""return to scale”. For example, the entertainment sector is an important component in the supply and demand for digital content. Our analysis of the 100 most popular Internet sites by country around the world indicates that in many emerging countries, locally developed sites represent only between 15 and 20."	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/42b33a50-en	2c823919cd7fad95de8e1e7952111e58	The Energy Action Plan for its implementation of was updated in June 2007. The primary objective of the Strategy is restructuring of energy sector based on market economy principles and developing a modem energy policy. The main goals of the Law are the reduction of transmission and distribution losses, enhanced enforcement of the energy provisions of the Building Code (2002), greater use of solar power for water heating, improved use of decentralized heating and hot water systems, and the promotion of public transport. This law stipulates that the designing and construction of buildings should meet necessary technical parameters for conservation, saving and efficient use of energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	2c8367084ba93fc12d94728559fd78f2	"For further information, see Annex 7, ""Box 12. The procedures cover all different kinds of deliverables, such as assessment reports, synthesis reports, summaries for policymakers, technical papers and supporting material. The most relevant deliverables to conform to in a Nordic Assessment context would be assessment reports for subregional assessments, summaries for policy makers, and supporting material."	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	2c84a907afff6c77ad37fb5f99e6d4a2	In learning about their rights and active citizenship, girls can bring fresh perspectives to family and school issues, and even to the development of their communities (UNICEF, 2011). School speaking or debate clubs, community forums with space reserved for girls to voice their ideas, and youth parliaments that include younger age cohorts are among the options. Processes to foster participation need to be carefully managed, however, since many end up dominated by adults, and even among young adolescents, girls are already likely to be more reticent than boys. One essential protection from these risks is as simple as a birth certificate.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	2c8595b3d929a35a75d2226de5d26ba3	Ensuring that these guidelines remain up-to-date and relevant, however, appears to be an ongoing challenge. Several activities help build awareness to support the implementation of clinical guidelines. They are designed to draw on current evidence to assist in meeting the aims of reducing variations in practice, and improving patient outcomes. Guidelines are disseminated to health care professionals and organisations in Scotland and patient versions are available.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e79e9221-en	2c87b0d8e190cd66a67d79808e1f42fb	As of August 2014, the Open Working Group had proposed 17 goals and 169 targets to guide the international community over the coming 15 years (United Nations, 2014). With sustainable development at the nexus, the goals cover economic, social and environmental dimensions aimed at improving people’s lives and protecting the planet for future generations. The new goals and targets would also aim to fully realize the MDG agenda.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/b36e562d-en	2c883b376696ae9b67f524429c7f932c	Many countries with low access rates also have large disparities in access between urban and rural areas. While 97 per cent of urban residents in Cambodia had access to electricity in 2012, this was the case for only 18 per cent of rural residents. Solid fuels, such as wood and other types of biomass, is the primary source of energy for four out of five people (84 per cent) in low income countries, nearly two thirds (61 per cent) of people in lower middle-income countries and more than a third (39 per cent) of people living in upper middle-income countries. ( This situation is caused largely by the unreliability and lack of affordability of electricity services. In some places, however, people find that cooking with traditional fuels and technology makes the food taste better.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	2c890421e6a79ac29b7b3952b3755793	By reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariff barriers for renewable goods, services and technologies, the sector can avoid bureaucratic redundancy and reduce the transactional costs of renewable energy to be deployed throughout the country. At the same time, major obstacles still remain to be overcome in order to boost investments in renewable energy further in emerging Asia. In ASEAN, China and India, grid issues are a key barrier to renewable energy generation, albeit in various ways. First, physical issues stemming from underdeveloped grid infrastructure and the lack of investment in grid upgrades are restraining investors from developing renewable energy projects.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	2c8abf7f838fe33192f442207729d869	Imports to China ballooned 349% from 2007 to 2011 alongside dwindling exports. Their combined coal exports of 793 million short tons in 2011 represented 62% and 86% of the world and region’s total exports, respectively. Coal exports from those three countries increased by 33%, from 2007 to 2011, due largely to the high growth of coal exports from Indonesia (59%, from 2007 to 2011).	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	2c8d23eef5d3ab6fc7f904acf4003a5c	According to forecasts, it is estimated that Africa will have almost 300 million more young people by 2060 (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015). The continent has, however, struggled to provide employment opportunities for youth. While unemployment is a widespread phenomenon in Africa, figure 13 demonstrates that young people are particularly affected. In the last 25 years, the youth unemployment rate in Africa has fluctuated around 18 per cent.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	2c8d7bbc67994c08d99e89a5db776490	The share of renewable energy in the total energy supply is low in many of the EECCA countries where hydropower is not the major source for energy supply. The most vulnerable sectors in the region include agriculture, energy, water, disaster risk management, healthcare, forestry and biodiversity protection, although the needs and priorities vary among different countries. Even in countries with rich water resources, climate change may have significant negative consequences to their economies.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	2c8de02962bcb576f3ae3a1fcae6a101	The marginal effect of ownership status on the probability of adoption is approximately 0.06 to 0.10. The effect relative to households who do not pay for their water at all is similar in magnitude to the effect of being an owner rather than a tenant. If the respondent stated that they took the appropriate environmental label into account in their purchasing decisions, this also increased the probability of adopting indoor water-efficient equipment, particularly for water-efficient washing machines and water flow restrictor taps. There are, of course, likely to be significant interactions between these three factors.	6	1	7	0.75
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	2c8e6ae6d6e48dd3ae8da52ce7cf1029	They found that participation in all three programmes significantly increased expenditures on food consumption, translating into statistically significant increases in caloric intake of 164, 247 and 194 kilocalories per person per day for participants in the IGVGD, FSVGD and FFA programmes, respectively. For Kenya, Asfaw etal. ( While the programme had no effect on spending for most food consumption categories for larger households, the programme had large, positive and significant effects for dairy, eggs, meat, fish and fruit for households with fewer members and for female-headed households, in part from higher own production.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	2c8ef1fc0a04e929af352777c59d1b6c	This allows the parent company to pursue an “asset light” capital structure, freeing up the capital invested in plants so that Hyflux can develop new projects, which is where its managers see Hyflux’s greatest value added. It has concessions to operate these under 20-30 year contracts, with minimum off-take agreements for 45% of total output. Since its establishment, it has acquired stakes in four further project companies, including both water and wastewater treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	2c8f8943c79b46c9b54523a46ff42555	From 2005, a recreational fisher may realize sales up to a maximum of 2 000 kg of cod. This will be reduced to 1 000 kg for 2011 as a part of the measures to rebuild the coastal cod. Tourists are not allowed to sell the catch. In June 2006, there was introduced an export quota on fish and fish products for personal travellers.	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	2c95a2dd22c9ac33024dcf47c78b1855	With its notions of consensus and harmonious interaction by different groups, social capital is in some senses the practical tool to achieve social cohesion’ (Zetter et al., What makes social networks even more interesting, however, is that they also have implications for bystanders. So while one can point to no end of studies in which a variable that is asserted to proxy for social capital has some effect on individuals or groups, it is very difficult to treat the finding as establishing a causal role for social capital.	10	3	3	0.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	2c95ee1e5eab57816ccfc1fff3475931	This is problematic because it means that young people are deferring saving for their pensions, and older persons do not have access to the full range of health services. There is a need to safeguard the efficiency and quality of social security systems and forge proper links between benefits and their funding, so as to make the benefits more attractive and therefore more highly valued. The exceptions are El Salvador, which registered a minor setback, and Uruguay (urban areas), where affiliation was already very high in 2002 (over 98%), and only marginal improvement was recorded.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	2c97c82c5fad0ce0ce4668189e36d37c	"Gender equality also depends on how markets and formal/informal institutions have evolved, how growth has played out, and how all these factors have interacted with household decisions (World Bank, 2012). Interestingly, Rees and Riezman (2012) wonder whether globalisation may influence gender equality. Following this intuition and the migration literature on ""transfers of norms"", the paper assumes that beyond the movement of people, migration involves norm exchanges."	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	2c980afce97ec28e4659ed7d45edfb42	Thus, the poorest groups have the greatest imbalance in terms of the distribution between the sexes of unpaid domestic work, which is yet another factor that militates against these households’ ability to lift themselves out of poverty. In the other groups, the largest proportion are employees (50% for the non-indigent poor, 57% for those at risk of poverty and 64% for those not at risk); this nevertheless indicates that being employed as a wage earner does not provide protection against the risk of poverty. Renters account for between 12% and 17% of the total, and there is no clear correlation between these figures and poverty status. The only kind of situation in which the type of tenure appears to correlate more directly with income levels is when ownership is unclear or undocumented, since the percentage of people in this situation descends from 16% in the lowest-income group to 9% in the highest-income group.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	2c98e82f00885cc7049ece7aafa186b1	It also reviews how greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture sectors contribute to climate change. The implication is that the agriculture sectors need to both adapt to climate change by building resilience and contribute to climate change mitigation. As well as providing a better understanding of potential changes in precipitation, the report uses improvements in modelling and data collection to make better medium-term projections. Accordingly, the cascading impacts of climate change can now be attributed along chains of evidence from physical climate through to intermediate systems and then to people (Kirtman et al., Several studies document the biophysical impacts of the expected changes specifically on agroecosystems (Box 5)- The impacts range from yield reductions and increased yield variability to displacement of crops and the loss of agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	2c995acb1208e9d5e9b3af3fbdbc606c	They want to understand how to ensure the safety of their business information in cyberspace. Generating trust will be one of the key roles of business ecosystem players in years to come if new technologies are to be embraced by businesses, and societies are to accept change. Both the digital and platform economies are drastically altering the way the business ecosystem is structured, and are also changing the functions of these institutions within that ecosystem.	9	0	8	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	2c996ab078659b612e20f02bf9a9f848	In doing so, it situates adaptation along a continuum of broader development policies for transformation—critical components of which are efforts to address immediate needs (for example, poverty alleviation and disaster risk reduction and management) while reducing structural inequalities. The capacity for integrating these policies will be at the centre of the challenge of implementing the 2030 Agenda. However, it is important to understand that while these policies will contribute to sustainable development in general, they will at the same time help build the climate resilience of the particular countries and population groups that are most at risk.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	2c9a306b4c1bf500abf2b180f8e8be35	Luxembourg had already set an example by reaching this objective in 2000. Luxembourg’s ODA rose steadily over the review period, increasing by 6.7% a year by volume, demonstrating the Grand Duchy’s determination to achieve the UN target of 0.7% of GNI, and its own goal of 1%.* After a 16% jump in 2007, Luxembourg’s development co-operation budget edged up by 2% in volume to EUR 278 million in 2008, or 0.92% of GNI (Figure 7.1).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	2c9b57dca7c5c7bfec9eb546faa61e63	Their main focus was to compile inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries. The situation is different today, as the number of academic and research institutions that deal with different aspects of marine science has increased significantly, with all the WIO countries having more than one institution (Table 35.3). Various capacity-building activities have been undertaken within and outside the region under the auspices of a range of donor organisations.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	2c9b9bd86dc462c95b07bdbbd88e674f	The landscape of these high applied tariffs levels has changed since 2000. Trends in high applied tariff levels, defined as those either 10 or 25 times or higher above the world agro-food average (simple average) in any given year, indicate that there has been an increase in the number of bilateral flows that are attracting high tariffs (Figure 2.11).6 For example, in 2000 around 1 300 bilateral trade flows at the HS 6-digit level attracted applied duties that were at least ten times higher than the world average tariff applied to agro-food trade. By 2013, this had doubled to around 2 600 bilateral trade flows (a similar pattern exists for tariffs 25 times the agro-food average in any given year).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264221826-en	2c9d93464d2477b69ac77db7de3ce934	First, employers’ participation reinforces the value of certification. Second, additional routes to prepare examinations to obtain certification facilitate the recognition of prior learning and other forms of learning. Criteria and procedures for federally regulated examinations are defined by top level employer and trade union organisations (German Employers’ Organisation for Vocational and Further Training and Confederation of German Trade Unions) (Hippach-Schneider et al, 2012).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/83b92212-en	2c9fad6e9f7d4c1bc0bd907a97a6186b	Governments can also promote transparency and access to information to unveil barriers to equality and enable women to act based on the knowledge of their rights. They can stem or prevent corrupt practices that constrain women's access to public sen/ices and introduce accountability mechanisms to engage women and girls in decisions that affect their lives. The array of instruments that governments have used to foster gender equality is vast, and ranges from constitutional and legal approaches to regulatory frameworks to reform within organizations to the use of instruments such as gender-responsive planning and budgeting to broader attempts at shifting social norms. It documents various institutional mechanisms, tools and instruments used by countries to this end.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	2ca1a32fbad0162b4d843e898ebebbf3	This expansion has made it possible for new ways of encouraging business innovation to be adopted, such as the granting of a subsidy to any company carrying out Technological and Industrial Development Programs (PDTI). The Fund will also incentivize the formation of venture capital funds. The reference model has continued to be the formation of offices of technology transfer and licensing, with little attention given to increasing the generation of useful knowledge as input for the technological advancement of companies through partnership.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e2fce481-en	2cac07537cf8537b46b1033ad908f099	Science, technology and innovation (STI) must play a central role in the achievement of these goals. However, new technologies threaten to outpace the ability of societies and polbymakers to adapt to the changes they create, giving rise to widespread anxiety and ambivalence or hostility to some technological advances. Big data analysis can help to manage or resolve critical global issues, create new scientific breakthroughs, advance human health and improve decisbn-making, by providing real-time streams of informatbn. The Internet of Things allows the conditbn and actbns of connected objects and machines to be monitored and managed, and allows more effective monitoring of the natural world, animals and people. These two technologies have important applications in health care, agriculture, energy and water management and quality, as well as in monitoring devebpment indicators to assess progress towards the Sustainable Devebpment Goals. Governments should consider developing strategies to harness these technologies towards their devebpment goals.	9	0	7	1.0
10.14217/128123a5-en	2cb0e6212ec49e78638a24fd611ce980	The laws should empower EMBs to demand accountability on key parameters, including women’s representation as candidates and party leaders. The laws should also ensure adequate independence of EMBs and require gender parity in the composition of key election management personnel. This will help in tracking progress and documenting compliance with international and national norms.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	2cb1ba20a474859d87d849359afc725f	Even countries with similar water stress levels show greater cost of abstracting water: Spain and Turkey charge four times the Mexican rates. In the case of Chihuahua the lion’s share of irrigation is done through underwater sources. Based on the Mexican Constitution’s Article 27 and the National Water Law of 1992, Mexico transferred the management of many irrigation systems to local user groups (i.e. farmers) (Garrido and Calatrava, 2009).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	2cb2ddff0a8a658e6cc9311cd2882173	With international help, power production from the Nurek HPP has been improved by replacing the generators. The country’s northern and southern networks were not directly interconnected. Bulk transfer of energy' between the north and south was achieved by power exchange using a 500 kV transmission line through the territory of Uzbekistan.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	2cba310b14bb51f069126d9a4d424320	Computational issues might require forming much fewer computational units, such as creating ‘pseudo-cluster’ from random groupings of sample elements, and then random pairing of these ‘clusters’ to construct computational strata. Grouping of units and strata can help in preserving confidential nature of the data. Reducing the detail included in this manner would make unnecessary the suppression of information on sample structure as has been done in the microdata disseminated by Eurostat.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	2cbc0c2e29856cbdcf43c0974586ddfe	The distribution of disposable income may then give a reasonable indication of the distribution of economic welfare or the base on which to allocate public support (Jantti et al., As mentioned earlier with respect to UB benefits, there are pros and cons associated with the implementation of discretionary policy changes after a recession has begun. In the past decades, most structural adjustments have aimed at reducing the role played by assets-testing in determining overall benefit entitlements under the last tier of income assistance.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	2cbd14e214b9b6d757b2dc15db5264f6	The government has adopted a wide range of measures to restrict the promotion of alcoholic beverages and on-and off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (e.g. to minors and in petrol stations). However, compared to other OECD countries, France maintains lower levels of tax on alcohol, particularly on wine (OECD, 2015c). It is also noteworthy that taxation has been independent of the degree of alcohol since 1990 (Panel B).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	2cbd735e7dd20df5454c02cfc78f456e	Workers will benefit from that right and will comply with the duties of social security pursuant to the law. A fine will be imposed on employers that pay a wage below the minimum wage, or fails to pay the wage on time, in addition to vacations. Establishes, among other working conditions, a healthy work environment, and the protection of life, health and safety at work.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	2cbe52bfa26f0c734f4344e299d1e0ae	Family incomes consists of spousal earnings, stipends by religious schools (around NIS 1 400 per month, of which about half is paid by the state), income support by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (NIS 1 200 per month), child allowances and transfers from the Diaspora. Compared with Jewish men, Arab men are more likely to work in construction, agriculture, commerce and traditional manufacturing (Habib et al., Arab workers, particularly Arab men, are less likely to be employed in their chosen occupations, sometimes accepting jobs for which they are over-qualified because they cannot find employment at the appropriate level. ( Abu-Bader and Gottlieb, 2008; Yakoobi et al, 2009; OECD, 2010).	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	2cbff8472a29ec367ebb441ea76c5be8	Water filters for hand-washing stations in Indonesia. These sensors use Wi-Fi or cellular via GSM using a local SIM card (in East Africa, Airtel or MTN or Safaricom offer data plans for around US$6-10 a month to transmit data). The data is then integrated into SWEETData™, an Internet database monitoring summary statistics on performance and usage to front-end users.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	2cc009dd9dffb00802a9ff617a66100d	According to official figures, there were 7,133 humanitarian entrants from Ethiopia in 1991-2015 (Government of Australia undated). Several thousand more Ethiopians have been sponsored under categories of spouse or family reunification visas, and the 2011 census records 8,452 Ethiopian-born people in the population. Like other humanitarian entrants who have been granted Permanent Protection Visas, Ethiopian refugees receive resettlement assistance through the Humanitarian Settlement Strategy (HSS), which was introduced in 2000 to provide a range of specialized services for humanitarian entrants.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	2cc011786d7ae86148235aeb27190d0b	Owing to this mismatch and problems with grid connectivity less than 70% of installed wind capacity had been connected to the grid in 2010 (Ni and Yang, 2012). Some of the problems have been resolved since then with better planning. The State Electricity Regulatory Commission estimates that on average only 16% of wind electricity was lost due to curtailment problems in 2012.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2cc568932498070a3ddb51a85d46df39	Through installation of sufficient storage near to the generators, a constant power output (renewables + storage) can be delivered to the grid. In such a system, the grid investments to the main grid can be minimised. A special case is a small city, neighbourhood or other sub-grid that tries to have a balanced energy supply and demand so that in case of problems the sub-grid can even be de-coupled from the main grid and be operated as an independent island grid or micro-grid.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	2cc57655160862962058b0d61dce4bd9	This number increased to slightly over 40% in 2010.41 In Algeria, 38% of magistrates are female. Similarly, Egypt and Jordan have undertaken strategies to increase their number of female judges (see Chapter 4). Given that there is officially no requirement for gender-sensitivity training, some police officers may lack sensitivity and understanding when dealing with women who are abused. In some MENA countries, initiatives to support reform of the police and security sector are provided mostly on an ad hoc basis with the support of donors.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	2cc6297d0b126c05774dd27255af5cf0	To date, it has been difficult to raise the prestige of doctors that specialise in general practice - both amongst the medical profession and in terms of how they are perceived by consumers. Indeed, the number of doctors trained in “family medicine” (broadly equivalent to “general practice”) and working in clinics was only 2%. With such low numbers of generalist doctors and a high proportion of specialists working in the community, a major hurdle in establishing generalist primary health care services is the fragmentation of the delivery system.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a6267136-en	2cc9748a883b7760ed1716d62b76da33	The policy implications of the rising significance of middle and large settlements in the next 15-20 years are worth noting. In the future, these cities will be primarily located in low- and middle-income countries. In many developing countries, rapid urbanization calls for additional resources, and capacity development of local governments has become a pressing issue.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	2ccc0942337d77d972d3e9165713ed98	In view of the relatively high costs of desalination, the provision of desalinated water to agriculture risks generating inefficiencies and costs to public finances. Unit costs are a multiple of current prices typically paid for the supply of fresh surface water even in these areas (MMA, 2007 a), even though technological progress has allowed the production cost to be reduced by about 50% over the past ten years according to government estimates. Desalinated water is supplied at subsidised rates. The high energy intensity of the production process may continue to constrain its development as a large scale water resource base and the environmental consequences of the residues of desalination are not yet fully understood.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	2cccd54560fbf440de9f102d9ed39770	The report of the Secretary-General, A/64/93, prepared in response to this resolution, was presented to the Second Committee of the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly in October 2009 and forms the basis for the present publication. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires States parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure the practical realization of the principle of the equality of women and men in the political, economic, social, cultural and any other fields. States are obligated not only to refrain from engaging in acts of discrimination, but also to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e5cda530-en	2ccf4f1357559d5c97ebc3fb5a100165	Furthermore, through forest land allocation and community forest management programmes, reforestation efforts involve communities, groups of households and individuals. Land is owned by all people, but the state is the people’s representative; allocation of forests and forest land with multiple types of owners. A number of studies in Viet Nam showed that local communities are able to manage their common-pool resources in a sustainable way (Tuan 2007; Ngai 2008; Tuan 2011).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1ea53441-en	2cd1f82dde7bbc3d4ab7bb84b9c8e518	Socioeconomic and ecological processes are susceptible to external shocks and turbulence, which has prompted an approach to sustainability that is less interested in a system’s final state than in its resilience, defined as its capacity to survive, adapt, and develop in the face of exogenous changes—it is the opposite of vulnerability. In this resilience perspective, policies for sustainable development aim at enhancing adaptive capacities and inducing behaviours that anticipate future events or trends. Sustainable development is to be guided by the Rio Principles of Sustainable Development (UNCED, 1992), which include poverty eradication as a priority (no.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	2cd2c22cc7a4bcd2375939c552fc554f	However, preliminary information points to a non-negligible impact of this sector, both in biological and economic terms. Here, too, the contribution of these fisheries to local tourism has enormous potential. This chapter seeks to review current available knowledge on SSF and recreational fisheries, and provides an overview of the actions being taken at the regional level to address these two important fishing subsectors.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	2cd2edce8efee1c0ba19e119432e6abf	For the headcount ratio, the odds of being deprived can be compared for children with different characteristics, with statistically significant differences highlighted. The adjusted headcount ratio can be decomposed into the shares contributed by various sub-groups of children as well as into shares contributed by different dimensions. For instance, if there are two groups of children, ni and nr.	1	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	2cd58e48cab68c9266120767bcc7b886	Subsequently, variations in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells are used to assess the impact of immigration on labour market outcomes (see Annex 4.A1 for methodological details). One can imagine a broad range of other meaningful labour market indicators which can be similarly analysed, including unemployment or underemployment rates, vulnerable employment rates, wages, or hours worked. The degree to which these indicators can be analysed depends on the quality and availability of data, which in the case of Thailand is challenging. As unemployment data were not recorded in the 2010 Thai census wave, it was not possible to look at immigration impacts on unemployment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	2cd5ec8c269ed03f1c1bf3bb39fc6891	"Six countries stand out with ratios significantly over the OECD average. Of these, Mexico, Italy, and Japan are also relatively large users. Portugal also presents important irrigation intensity, but without specific information for ""groundwater irrigation area"", not being the reference values (national statistics) comparable to the present study.15 The United States, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Australia, on the other hand, despite being among the largest users, have a groundwater irrigation intensity under the estimated OECD average of 5 194 m3/ha in 2010."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	2cd7f84f1532ef25d91e4a08d7627f28	The initiative seeks to make significant progress in addressing the obstacles to effective environmental policy implementation by setting out standards and assessment mechanisms. These include the shift away from using economic growth as the sole criterion to assess the performance of government officials, and creating a strict accountability and penalty system. Another important feature of the document is the collective responsibility for ecological advancement, in which all actors from the government, to the private sector, to individuals are expected to contribute their share.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	2cd8107113af827957e9b621aa686b1d	Systematic health planning and needs assessments do not figure in the purchasing decision of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA). In addition, systematic performance measurements are also lacking, with accountability measures being restricted to audits that chiefly focus on legal and financial aspects of the operations of providers (Gaal et al., The authorities should allow the NHIFA to engage in selective contracting to avoid oversupply while building commensurate capacities in the NHIFA to enable it to perform the new tasks.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	2cdbadfc58b0f46df49c82e640380c76	Seagrass meadows providing food, shelter and nursery grounds and thus eccential coastal ecosystem services. With less than 4% total coverage of the sea surface area, they are estimated to contribute to almost 50% of all carbon deposition in the ocean (Duarte, Middelburg, & Caraco, 2005; Krause-Jensen & Duarte, 2016). Of these, nine species are considered critically endangered, including spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), common guillemot (Uria aalge) and bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22919e33-en	2cdeb69e80eac58a792e3e3c271a1c85	These countries have diversified their exports into tourism (particularly the island LDCs, but also Nepal) or government services (Afghanistan and Djibouti). Diversification of exports towards services has an impact on the economic vulnerability index (EVI), but does not necessarily mean structural transformation of the economy. It tends to boost income growth, but this is not necessarily associated with commensurate human development or with economic diversification.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	2ce23ba1ca724800a7753d7728b03791	The discussion covers a variety of international and national actors, including development finance institutions, international climate funds, governments and relevant government agencies. Data regarding global finance flows are mostly drawn from the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) reports as they represent the most comprehensive source of such flows to date. Second, the paper focuses on the regional landscape of climate finance in the Asia-Pacific region, with particular attention given to active climate funds, multilateral development banks, the distribution of climate finance across countries, and national-level initiatives.	13	0	10	1.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	2ce77f2d88afce517799327d8f3e204c	As ODA-supported activities potentially relevant to building capacity for climate change activities can be quite extensive, reporting in BRs may only present a partial picture of such support. Capacity-building support in adaptation is increasingly linked to support for broader development priorities, for example, recognising the need for enhanced capacities across a broad set of economic actors. Donors integrate capacity-building into all funding programmes as a matter of good development practice, making support for climate-related capacity-building more difficult to independently track and report (Ellis et al., Germany notes in its third BR that “technology transfer and capacity-building are components of virtually all of the German government’s bilateral cooperation projects and cannot be categorised separately” (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, 2017[i7]). Denmark raises this challenge in the context of its biennial reporting; its second BR does not distinguish between public and private sector activities (UNFCCC, 2016(igj).	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	2cea0a8eef322a884fd23a6453846818	G = poverty gap: FGT2 = Foster, Greer and Thorbecke squared poverty possible degree of regional comparability, the aim being to maintain a common methodological st they use in their own official measurements. As a first step, the anainment figure for quintile I (AQI) is expressed as a proportion of the figure for quintile V(AQV).The gap is then calculated using the following formula: (HAQI/AQV1)' 100. The annualized relative gap is calculated using the formula I1 (AQl/AQV)I' 100/AT.	1	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	2cee6f7e61448b5e9f321998bf7332b7	They have a strong track record in providing technical and policy support as well as advancing innovative finance instruments such as results based payments schemes in the energy and forestry sectors and green city level bonds for related infrastructure development. Table 2 presents a summary of the key aspects of the sector case studies focusing in particular on the identified barriers and potential solutions to address these.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	2cef9684f22c2a021bbf4596cd891e3f	Young Latvian men are twice as likely as women to leave school without completing upper secondary education (the OECD average is 1.4 times) and this is one reason for higher NEET rates among men. In addition, early drop-out rates in rural areas are about twice as high as in urban areas (Ministry of Economics, 2014). Local governments need to be able to react quickly in case of premature school drop-out.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	2cf02eba7352bba585193c3842f90f6a	Though less is known about the impact of unintended parenthood on young fathers, the limited evidence we have suggests that effects on their earnings potential are also negative. All capitalized on their potential demographic dividends through economic policies as well as social investments in health, education and gender equality. Girls’ enrolment rates in secondary school increased substantially from 1965 to 1980, and gender inequities in enrolments diminished. Trends towards fewer children and later marriage resulted in more women entering the work force.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5e122a91-en	2cf17dbba10a7bde3265dc930c4008d6	This may include, for example, encouraging targeted training for apprentice supervisors and offering tools and resources (e.g. website, online forum for instructors) that help firms effectively manage apprentices and overcome any difficulties. Lehraufsicht”, Amt fur Berufsbildung und Berufsberatung, Thurgau, Amt fiir Berufsbildung und Berufsberatung, www.abb.tg.ch/xml 63/internet/de/application/dl0079/d9739/f9309.cfm (accessed 26 February 2016). Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	2cf1913004b861b160c5a1f212391379	The dynamic framework ages the individual through their lifecycle and allows for time spent with multiple health conditions. Recent cancer models project expenditures in constant 2008 dollars. The time horizon of the projections is usually twenty to twenty-five years w ith recent projections from 2011 to 2030. This differs from other models where future health status is incorporated as a model assumption.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e79e9221-en	2cf60821a9e59b1c88547521d95e4403	Inequality is a threat to social cohesion, empathy and shared responsibility because it generates and exacerbates social segmentation. A broadly educated, healthy, secure and empowered population is the goal of development, and also necessary for inclusive economic growth. Young women and girls may experience the most severe forms of inequalities, often reflected in sexual coercion and violence, including domestic violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and other harmful practices that violate human rights and lead to blocked access to sexual and reproductive health information and education (including comprehensive sexuality education).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	2cf7e298b1a5a8e44bc4ad519a538790	This sort of technology park tests new unconventional sanitation techniques for small and isolated communities and identifies the best option according to climatic conditions and the specific pollutants involved. However, far slower progress is expected in developing countries (RoW). The United Nations estimates that by 2015, 89% of the population in developing regions are likely to have access to improved sources of drinking water, compared with 70% in 1990 (UN, 2011). The MDG of halving by 2015 the 1990 level of population without improved water supply is expected to be met in most regions, but not in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is so for three reasons.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	2cf9856fcfc8f037bff4ef57a9c74f43	"As a practical example, guidelines were established in Finland in 2004, involving the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Joensuu, Tampere, Turku and Vantaa (Project ""Helsinki for All""). The guidelines form the basis for the City of Helsinki Accessibility Plan and are freely available for use by other municipalities, corporations and planners. The guidelines contain criteria for evaluating the accessibility of outdoor locations: pedestrian crossings and pavements; pedestrian streets and squares; public courtyards; park paths and resting places; public bus stop areas etc."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	2cfa66f0e88f1a44cfa7ad91eafc1a04	Market failures result from asymmetric information between health insurers and care providers and between care providers and patients, creating scope for supplier-induced demand and up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes). Empirical analysis suggests that no health care system performs systematically better in addressing these failures and delivering cost-effective health care (Joumard et al., The Netherlands has opted for a system of regulated competition and private insurance, with wide-ranging reforms implemented since the mid-2000s to reinforce the role of market mechanisms.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	2cfebd034f119660fcf2a2d04396b0b9	It has also brought numerous issues related to cases whereby one person buys the titles for a piece of land, after being granted approval by the current Assembly of Ejidos, but the future leaders and administrators of the next Assembly of Ejidos may choose not to recognise the authorisation and, given the lack of officially-recorded evidence, a person is forced to pay for the same plot of land several times without ever gaining official recognition. This has also created situations in which a same plot of land belongs to several people and, due to the fact that the transfer is unrecorded, after some time people lose track of who the land belongs to. As such, during mission trips stakeholders reported the relative ease with which constructions could be undertaken on ejido soil based on the relationship of the ejidatarios with municipal authorities, often with limited compliance with urban norms.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	2cff3674ec3a69404a627971f8166f3b	"States with fairly large fisheries agencies include: Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, Texas, California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. These agencies generally deal with both freshwater and marine fisheries, and are funded from both State and Federal sources. It is assumed that the large bulk of their programs fall in the “general services"" category of transfers."	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	2d063e6b8b4f82a7f02653713342807c	Of these, 22.5 million were refugees, 40.3 million were internally displaced, and 2.8 million were asylum seekers. Many displaced children travel alone or are separated from their parents. Among the children making the dangerous passage from North Africa to Europe, the vast majority—92 per cent—of those who arrived in Italy in 2016 and the first two months of 2017 were unaccompanied. In 2015, for instance, almost 27 pe of women aged 20-24 were married before the age of 18—a pra commonplace in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Women spent almost three times as many hours on unpaid domestic work as men.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	2d07091f600531da1a467009c9380a1d	As elsewhere in Central Asia, the rapid population growth in cities (especially large and medium-size) since 2001 has led to a shortage of affordable housing for low-income residents, incoming migrants and even middle-class households. It shows the percentage of people replying “satisfied” to the question: “In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the availability of good, affordable housing?” Initial Assessment, Chapter 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.l787/9789264246768-en.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	2d08cbe0a16cf220dc9b48375e0ac7ff	In its broadest sense: “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO 1948)-1 While this definition does not lend itself naturally to measurement, it illustrates well that the concept of health is a broad and overarching one, and that health affects many aspects of life. This definition also highlights that objective health conditions and subjective aspects of health are important for everyone. Developing better measures would help not only to better assess people’s health status, but also to gauge the performance of health systems in preventing or treating ill health, and to design more effective policies.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	2d09d2929ac18e9624b7f3f9daf560f2	The “monetisation reform” has improved the reporting of social spending (for example, see Table 3.3). Nevertheless, experience with OECD countries that have a federal constitutional set-up suggests there is likely to be under-reporting of social spending by lower tiers of government (Adema and Ladaique, 2009). In the case of disabled children up to 15 years, this is 120 calendar days. For example, there are benefits for war veterans and disabled children, while the pension fund of Russia also pays old-age, survivor or disability pensions based on employment records to people who are categorised as disabled.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	2d0ad79aea40a714c83fffe073c226fe	Funding is provided for projects and activities that align with these regional plans. The government appropriates SEK 1.5 billion annually to support regional growth measures, and is mostly used alongside other funding sources from the region, municipalities, and the European Union. Rural policy in Sweden is defined in a narrow sense at the moment, to a large extent around the parameters of CAP Pillar 2 funding.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	2d0e40c0e6dc764c8765dec4639ed177	Information often exists but is very fragmented, inaccessible (and often lost) or collected according to different standards. In many cases, the information is collected in isolation and without keys for connecting pieces with one another. This constitutes a major challenge to the implementation of cross-sectoral management as called for by the BGI. Such integration also entails the exchange of expertise and related methods and tools, while catering for particular requirements of aquatic resources.	14	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/0ec26947-en	2d0f86ecf0b94fa291a5f92089c07b81	Section 2.2 summarises today’s representative use cases and application areas of blockchain, based on the challenges in the low-carbon transition. As observed in other areas in the public and private sectors, managing climate-related action will require the adoption of innovative digital enablers. Interoperable and well-entrenched “end-to-end” digital data services will be required to increase efficiency.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	2d10a180f8be4835e1a8764cc7d3fdb1	Against this background, this section uses the results from this study and previous OECD work on the drivers of growth - most of which has been published in various editions of Going for Growth - to assess possible policy trade-offs and complementarities between growth and income distribution objectives. In doing so, growth-enhancing policy reforms are classified into three categories: 0 those that are likely to reduce income inequality; ii) those that are likely to raise it; and Hi) those that seem to have an ambiguous effect. While the discussion focuses on labour income inequality, any fall in labour income inequality should translate into a fall in disposable income inequality, all else equal (in particular the tax and transfer system).	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	2d111e7c8248ccbdc9bd0469db3c5895	Financial incentives could assist owners to replace their vehicles with low emission vehicles or even electronic Jeepneys (e-jeepneys). Metro Cebu could set a target and support such transition. Globally, under the Urban Electric Mobility Initiative, city governments have pledged that electrical vehicles will account for 30% of light duty vehicles plying their cities by 2030 (UEMI, 2017).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2d112de4b88f8d7ae650196618ef2209	One of them, the Enhanced Industrial and Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-14 (PEIID) aims to transform the heavily oil-dependent industrial structure into a more diversified one by promoting competitive and export-oriented activities. The agro-food sector is identified as one of the eight priority sectors for diversification. Sectoral programmes were developed to implement the PEIID, including the current programme for Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex for 2010-14, which was succeeded by the next one for 2013-20. In the short-term, strategic plans of state bodies are adjusted to priorities set out in the President’s Annual Address.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fb79328d-en	2d129daebd4a9c2d302351e88fc478fa	Yet, even if backward linkages are initially absent, concerted efforts can help in developing such linkages over time, as the East Asian newly industrializing economies demonstrate (see Wade, 1990). In fact, emphasis on backward linkages is often necessary even for the very survival of the current lines of production. For example, the experience since the elimination of the international quota regime on textiles and clothing suggests that poverty reduction through labour-intensive exports is not sustainable without the development of backward linkages.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	2d15478caa29a467ed06e2aa32c85baa	With the increasing population pressure, the availability of freshwater for food production is a concern. An estimated 6 700 and 15100 km3 y' of freshwater is used by croplands and grasslands, respectively, to generate food and animal protein for human consumption. This quantity is 30 percent of total green water flux on the Earth (Rockstrom and Gordon, 2001).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2d16110adfe9945fc1f5bb483359b166	Research into tidal energy’s potential impacts on ocean flora and fauna is limited, but shoreline plants could damage sensitive ecosystems like bird-nesting grounds. Development in such areas would be avoided, though. There may also be aesthetic concerns like those with wind power, which may be reflected in changes in property values.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b2f16918-en	2d19173d23d9347b6b9cb17b707b1d40	Should the VRE in one region have tow output, other regions experiencing overgeneration can transmit excess electricity. In 2009, Germany produced 592 TWh of electricity3, which gives an average power consumption of about 826 W per capita4, implying that a city of one million inhabitants needs on average nearly 1 GW of electricity supply, with considerable variations. The highest capacity transmission project being constructed is for the capacity of about 7.2 GW of high voltage direct current (HVDC) overhead line5, which could sen/e a region of about ten million inhabitants. Transmitting hydropower over long distances is common in Brazil, China and India, due to inexpensive electricity and remote locations of hydropower. Current electricity storage capacity is usually nearly negligible in comparison to instantaneous power generation and due to nearly instantaneous power transmission.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	2d1bbe324bdc9386e7147c73853fef85	They are determined by the economic sector the project is part of (ANLA is the only reviewing body for oil and gas projects), its size or its potential environmental impact. Exploration activities3 of extractive industries are not subject to environmental licensing and EIA requirements. At the same time, ANLA does not systematically consult CARs and municipalities on projects that will be implemented in their territory.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	2d1be09bb96bf3b3d3c61362d18a60d5	This observation raises two important issues. First, in those countries where the change in trade policy w'as rather radical (e.g. an export ban), trade most probably had a more significant impact on volatility than stocks. The reports do not explicitly provide proof for this statement as none of the studies control for any of the confounding factors that might have influenced price volatility'.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	2d1d85973f45fb19343138a280a35781	More needs to be done to exploit satellite images to monitor changes in land cover. Wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance. The area of other types of semi-natural agricultural habitats (farm woodland and fallow land) has increased or remained stable. Farmland has mainly been converted to use for forestry and urban development. Despite this overall trend, agriculture remains the major land use for many countries, representing over 40% of the land area in two-thirds of OECD countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3ad10876-en	2d1e64789880aaecbc6575fdad825a5e	Mongolia established basin councils for the Eroo River in 2007 and for the Tuul River in 2010, with the support of a project for strengthening IWRM in the country. However further efforts are needed in this area and, where established, councils need to be strengthened to function properly. Afghanistan is also making preparations for their establishment. The emergence of the water user cooperatives illustrates a shift to a more decentralized operation of irrigation facilities, an important step in reforming the irrigation and agriculture sectors.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/daadf51f-en	2d1f8fe164bed8adddb198eefe1ab7b2	Since 2006, the government has progressively revised the system, requiring local authorities to provide education to migrant children, abolishing public school fees for them and decoupling registered residence from access to education for migrants. In India, the 2009 Right to Education Act legally obliged local authorities to admit migrant children, while national guidelines recommend flexible admission, seasonal hostels, transport support, mobile education volunteers and improved coordination between states and districts. They may be kept in preparatory classes too long, for instance.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	2d21080d1ce1a65ce98b88faecfc85db	At the same time, the area is prone to floods. Such cooperation could involve sharing data and knowledge, including innovations such as nested modelling solutions that couple climate scenarios, river-basin hydrology and flood forecasting. Cooperation can also take the form of dialogues and institutional partnerships based on an integrated flood management approach. There have already been a number of initiatives including those from WMO, PTC and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	2d212b7f0869f357b2c0f4949aa057d4	Between 2006 and 2012, overweight or obesity prevalence increased from 69.5% to 71.3% of the adult population (OECD 2015), while the rate of obesity rose from 30% in 2006 to 32.4% in 2012 (estimate). Mexico is now one of the countries with the highest child obesity rates in the world with one in three children being overweight or obese. Data are based on measurements rather than self-reported height and weight. More disconcertingly, deaths from heart disease have only decreased by 1%, in sharp contrast to the 48% reduction seen across other OECD countries (see Figure 1.8).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	2d23fd21cfdc8e585c9ca0c620e8446e	Next a brief description of major policy instruments directed to smallholders are described. The agricultural and Livestock Insurance Support Programme facilitates access for producers of crops, fruits and livestock to insurances related to climate risk or livestock diseases. The insurance indemnifies the beneficiary up to two thirds of the insured annual production. Beneficiaries receive technical advice and financial support for their projects. The main purpose of the Technical Training Services (SAT) is to provide small farmers with technical support in order to improve their productivity and their responsiveness to technical and climatic challenges. The Management and Productive Development Services (PROGYSO), aims to improve small farmer's communication with both public and private sectors and to promote extension activities (OECD, 2013b).	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fe9e0125-en	2d245d679656f8b7e1a53aaa3d120c5d	Following the creation of modern nation states in Western Asia starting in the first half of the 20th century, most of the region's major rivers and many aquifer systems were found to cross political borders. However, their management did not emerge as a major problem until increasing freshwater scarcity exposed dependencies on internationally shared water resources. Large-scale irrigation projects boosted investments in and socio-economic dependencies on the water and agricultural sectors.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/c7f78275-en	2d25122a762d6db500c3c39d6f06acf5	"Although Blockchain technology presents interesting features in terms of security, immutability, transparency, traceability and automation, its wide-scale deployment currently hinges on various challenges. Scalability remains limited, existing blockchain networks and platforms do not “talk"" to one another, and there are a number of unresolved legal issues, ranging from the legal status of blockchain transactions to the question of liability. Companies also rely increasingly on artificial intelligence (Al) and big data to analyse consumers' online shopping experiences in order to profile preferences and adapt products accordingly. Digital technologies such as 3D printing are making it feasible to supply customized goods and services to consumers who show a preference for personalized products."	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	2d26412c9a434e9664cd77aa5fa5d5b6	For the poorest households, social assistance accounts for almost 20 per cent of total household consumption. Looking at the different programmes separately, social allowances have the largest impact. They account for 23 per cent of total consumption among the poorest households that receive social allowances. In the absence of social assistance, the poverty rate would have been three percentage points higher, representing a relative reduction of 19 per cent.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48fdc937-en	2d2beebe05dc154a9ff7f41c7ef75461	In the context of climate change, these responses are referred to as mitigation and adaptation measures, respectively. Figure 4.7.1 depicts a flowchart of climate change issues posed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including both impacts and countermeasures. In contrast, adaptation serves to adjust human and natural systems on the assumption of ongoing climate change, e.g. disaster prevention, changes in cultivated plant species and breeding new plant varieties.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	2d2d780547a96514a825760b5bf57e8b	These issues are particularly salient since enrolees are not able to choose their insurer, maintain their insurer given a change in employment, or receive care free-at-the-point-of-service from providers who are outside of their scheme (w'ho may be perceived as offering higher quality services, be more conveniently located, or have more flexible working hours). This leads many to pay out-of-pocket to receive services in the private sector. While creation of a single pooled fund that distributes resources across schemes according to needs may be a long-term goal for some stakeholders, in practice there are a number of important barriers to attaining this in the short term, including the presence of a large informal labour force that impedes revenue generation, the long-standing position of social security schemes as distinct societal institutions. Nevertheless, a structurally-defined single pooled fund is not an absolute necessity; in practice, the policy objective of improved equity of access can be achieved through alternative incremental financing reforms that functionally bring the schemes closer together from the user’s point of view.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	2d335f8b0296623f6434c3a4fd29acc6	The desert around livestock (arms is degraded by intensive cattle grazing and firewood collection. Moreover, the invasive Common Myna bird is expanding into the desert areas. Uncontrolled hunting, fishing and water use are additional pressure factors, the use of bottom gill nets presents a particularly serious threat to waterbirds.	6	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	2d35745078d32612862bbde75ed3ca2e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Infrastructure designed to deal with periods of water scarcity (reservoirs) and investments in flood management have a public good nature and tend to be under provided by private markets. This leaves a significant role for government (Shaw, 2005; Grafton, 2011).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	2d35d5ab23eff295d1f9efc39187aaf2	To some extent, this may be related to a significant proportion of children living in multigenerational households with retirees in some countries. By contrast, poverty rate of jobless single-parent families does not appear to be affected by the level of payment rates for assistance and housing allowances, probably because their standard of living before tax and transfers is so low that increases in the rate of payment of housing allowances have been not high enough to lift these families out of poverty. The standard of living of children - measured by the family equivalised disposable income - fell in about ten countries for children with two parents in the first quarter of the income distribution.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	2d37257100a3b4a74152981b1826aa4f	First, making such arrangements universally available would be prohibitively expensive as the default risk is assumed by the public sector. Rationing such loans on the basis of means-tested parental resources is a solution but it raises difficulties for students that do not have access to either these loans or the resources of their well-off families. Second, as the repayment of such loans does not take into account the future capacity of borrowers, some risk-averse students would be unwilling to undertake these loans, especially if defaulting is costly. Third, graduates facing high loan repayment obligations would be more likely to choose careers with high earnings rather than low-paying but socially productive ones. The defining characteristic of ICL schemes is that the collection of debt is tied to the borrowers’ future capacity to pay. Repayments are not required in periods of low income, ensuring that borrowers are able to meet their repayment obligations and to smooth their consumption across periods of high and low income.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	2d3a1e61136849cee8a391d59cdce163	By the mid-1990s, it w'as investing more in education than any other country (relative to GDP). Important efforts w'ere made to increase the quality and supply of human capital and a number of reforms were introduced along with expanded public investment in education and R&D. Finland was thus able to upgrade its human capital by transforming its education system from less-than-average to one of the best international performers, becoming a modem publicly funded system with a high degree of equity, good quality and wide participation. Countercyclical policies compensated for the decline in business R&D expenditure during the crisis. Domestic investment in research and innovation started to expand rapidly in the second half of the 1990s.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	2d3a403960f1e549b06e177082e19308	For example, the Productive Territories programme in Mexico, which critically relies on experts to implement business plans, suffers from shortage of staff in regions. The Kiut programme also proved difficult to implement because of the wide range of skills required to field workers (as they were requested to act simultaneously as mentors, community workers and loan agents). Such experts have a good knowledge of local conditions that might hinder adequate deployment of programmes and of how to address them, and are likely to be more committed to the objectives of the programme. The ICT solutions may include online databases maintained by central or regional bodies to register experts and online platforms.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	2d3bedd8ce636f9b2633ccb59dc2b75d	The collaboration between the national and provincial levels on environmental compliance and enforcement is viewed quite positively by both sides (Box 6.6). The Human Capital Development Strategy for the Environmental Sector (2009-14) lays down a strategic objective to “address the scarce and critical skills that currently exist in the environmental sector to enhance vertical and horizontal governance” (DEA, 2009). In particular, it calls for an urgent national initiative to strengthen environmental skills in the local government sector.	6	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	2d3f15a9e1c1edfe15fff8e8f263019a	However, there has been a strong focus under the National Action Plan for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol on the creation of a GHG inventory and supporting the development of carbon market mechanisms - namely Joint Implementation (JI) projects and the development of an Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS). In April 2017, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine presented a roadmap for the establishment of an ETS in the country7. A related draft law on Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) was published in early 2018. As of October 2015, 276 JI projects had been registered in Ukraine, w'ith more than 500 million Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) issued.6 Ukraine was also the fourth largest Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)7 seller by volume, w'ith 47 million AAUs contracted between 2008 and 2012.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	2d413b12e7eafc27cb47d88423571223	While gaps still persist across certain policy sectors, the trend is to increase the availability of data disaggregated by gender to enable a sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women (Figure 4.11). There is significant progress globally in terms of the development of gender indicators and the collection and dissemination of gender statistics. Among EU countries, several national mechanisms (for example, in Finland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden) report close co-operation with national statistical offices and the regular gathering and publication of statistical profiles of women and men (Tavares da Silva, 2010). Sweden’s Ordinance of Official Statistics stipulates that all official statistics concerning individuals or groups must be presented disaggregated by sex (Horsburgh, 2011).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/55e1e2ba-en	2d42ccd82b2d11609ba36f7bd1d7fc75	In addition, we met a woman on the national soccer team who told us that even the national team had to fight to have access to the fields primarily used by boys and men. The trip reaffirmed my belief that access to sports can be a life-changer for young people and, after this experience, I know more than ever to look at it through a gender equality lens. Today's youth have the power to bring about systemic change for generations to come as we work towards achieving gender equality.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	2d43eed5e265153e2f062a6e7fa58362	Additional funding from general taxation would finance specific programmes (traineeships, medical specialisations and tertiary education). The bill also envisages the abolition of the complementary VHI scheme by 2019, and its replacement with an income-dependent contribution that will be more efficient to administer. This reflects a number of factors: the shift from bed-day payments to case-based (DRG) payments; tariff reductions and rationalisation during the crisis; and the rise of day care (from 11.1% of all hospital cases in 2005 to 30% in 2013).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	2d44ca41c9f5ec17dd54549d8a586516	After May 2017, rural properties not included in the CAR will not have access to agricultural credit. However, farmers may commit to complying with environmental requirements according to the relative Environmental Compliance Plan (PRA), including forest restoration, soil conservation and the above-mentioned maintenance of a share of the property under natural cover. In addition to having 20 years to comply with the PRA, they will receive financial support (particularly small farmers) to assist rehabilitation. Implementing this Plan, which aims to better regulate land use, preserving river bank areas, reducing deforestation in the Amazon and strengthening reforestation efforts, is a major challenge for the government and the sector. The Brazilian government has provided strong support for biofuel via measures, which include: lending to construct ethanol plants and storages; tax incentives on flex-fuel cars which can run on any combination of ethanol and gasoline; and mandatory blending ratios for both gasoline and diesel. The mandatory blending of ethanol with gasoline in fuel mixtures continues to take place, as well as the mandatory blending of biodiesel with fossil diesel.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/80c371eb-en	2d5075fe39a9f1cfbcab839a2719a755	"In the MR the data generated by the OM are used in an assessment that generates an observed (or ""perceived"") stock, which is, in turn, fed into a harvest control rule resulting in a management action (e.g. a total allowable catch [TAC] or allowable fishing effort). It is the presence of this feedback control that distinguishes MSE from risk analysis or projections. Stakeholders/decision-makers must be involved in the identification of the general goals of the MSE (i.e. the management objectives) and of the management strategies to be simulated. The final results should be presented clearly, allowing decision-makers to take decisions on the final management strategy to be adopted and to make the policy call."	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	2d508cdc6b4c9c757a6d480bc0e4ef68	Together with the need to better articulate, harmonise and streamline existing information systems as well as performance indicators and monitoring tools, this is an important reform option to consider in the implementation of the 2030 Water Agenda. The Programme for Modernisation and Technification of Irrigation Units provides the financial support (mainly through subsidies) to users and well owners for optimising the use of water. In 2012, CONAGUA published a manual as part of its programme for rehabilitation, modernisation and equipment of irrigation districts. It features detailed information, complementary data and various criteria to support irrigation users to comply with the rules set by the hydro-agricultural infrastructures programme.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	2d55460a5f445b5909751bd77e978978	These receive anyone who wishes to be examined and obtain information on health risk factors and personal advice on leading a healthier lifestyle. Data from the authorities suggest that these have been widely used (with over 2 million contacts in 2009 and 2010). An additional 190 centres have been opened for children.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	2d569c0cb84578ff12d0832f970fceae	The recognition of the existence of various forms of families and the slow blurring of gender-defined roles should encourage policymakers to design and implement unpaid care policies that benefit equally all families within a country. The recognition of this role requires the adoption of public policies to support and protect families in a manner that is compatible with international human rights standards. Agenda 2030 for sustainable development provides an opportunity to rethink the ways in which public policies with impact on the family relate to human rights obligations.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/eca72908-en	2d56c37de104456b52e8b1fa5578179c	This experience shows how planning and other rules can be turned from forbidding to facilitating and inclusive through participatory decision-making, in the process recognizing the social and economic value of the informal services sector. Ensuring equitable urban development and inclusive growth and empowering civil society are fundamental principles of what the New Urban Agenda should address (Chapter 9). These movements were not just about socio-economic injustice.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	2d57c8c7b2e94dd5c8e32c45af402c08	For the same reason, the uncertainty surrounding the conditions for the United Kingdom leaving the EU (Brexit) continues to be a downside risk. Rising housing wealth combined with continued very low interest rates, resulting from the currency peg to the euro, could trigger a boom in private consumption, resulting in overheating w ith higher wage and price inflation. A faster and larger-than-expected interest rate hike, on the other hand, risk prompting large property price drops in some parts of the country with macroeconomic spillovers and financial sector losses.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	2d58ef36c191dd2547c9c822e99283f7	Because it catalogues where these partnerships have been deployed, it focuses largely on North American examples where many of these pilot programmes have been initiated. Examples include Lyft (and Uber, at the outset) offered as an option in Los Angeles Department of Transport Go LA app designed by Xerox and in the Dallas Area Rapid Transit trip planning app. These initiatives are analogous to those offered by several commercial third-party routing apps described in Chapter 2.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	2d59635a2038ad15a5d39cce089b261a	Existence of public institutions to take care of children or subsidies for workers to pay for day-care centres. All work by a child under 16 years of age is prohibited, except as an apprentice if over 14 years old. Prohibits restrictions applied to contracts for reasons of marriage or pregnancy in women.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	2d5a5913b23790da0dc3ca8400ef4809	Maintenance costs should be budgeted at the onset of projects, and maintenance funds could be created. Fiscal incentives for road maintenance by local governments could be based on the year-on-year quality of the road maintenance that they undertake. The government has taken steps to improve access to credit through subsidised interest rate loans, credit guarantees and the direct provision of funds (PUAP) to farmers groups for distribution to members based on the microcredit model.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	2d5beabe9653bf9c7d73f203eec4cf85	In other words, the lack of exclusive rights means there is a lack of incentives for fishers to exert the socially optimal amount of fishing effort. The problems arising from these negative externalities are not solved through market channels because there are no property or access rights in many fisheries. For this reason, several management systems seek to assign exclusive rights to fishers in order to internalise the negative externalities.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	2d5bf5ab9136e1393e2ab8056b7ad059	Even if r - 0, which means that there are no income constraints, these vegetables are not allocated any areas. This is because these vegetables provide only economic benefits; they do not provide any energy, nitrogen or feed. Cows can effectively increase income. As the number of cows increases, pasture and/or dent corn areas also increase.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	2d5c265dbec351ade2aac31b22a01d86	But the governments will also need to pay greater attention to watershed and river basin development and management. At the same time, policymakers should set limits on water withdrawals from rivers and groundwater sources, encourage environmentally sustainable water consumption, and promote the use of water-saving practices and technologies in increasing water efficiency and productivity. This would apply to consumption in excess of a minimum allotment for irrigation of food crops, especially those grown by small and marginal farmers. There is an emerging crisis of ground water in drier areas of the region.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	2d5ee5db980af11e01382a34f035de1f	Consequently, the CAREC countries have refined their strategy by shifting the focus to improving the quality of logistics services and increasing the level of connectivity. For hard infrastructure, there is a new emphasis on longdistance freight movement. In services, the need to connect the six CAREC corridors and major seaports is emphasized. The refined strategy also stresses the importance of extending and completing the six strategic multimodal corridors (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 107).	9	0	3	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	2d63840fa8ea5f96e26f71289089094c	A rather large number of species of birds, invertebrates and plants as well as a few species of mammals are closely connected with such habitat structures, in most cases originally found in steppe or dry grassland habitats. Fields under regular cultivation hold just a fraction of the biodiversity generally found in farmland landscapes. With an increased fragmentation and reduction in size of natural and seminatural habitats in the farmland landscape, it has become increasingly difficult for farmland biodiversity to persist in the gradually smaller and fewer suitable habitats and to spread between habitats of sufficient quality to maintain viable populations.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6a19440a-en	2d659f4fa9ae693ba40d71249db2b5c1	Progress is slow, however, as illustrated by the difficulties in reaching consensus even in areas such as transparency and notifications. Financial and technical assistance, as well as technology transfer (Target 14.a), will be important to many SIDS and LDCs as they look to create and implement national and regional strategies for sustainability, preservation and protection of their fisheries industries. These interlinked goals provide a new framework for advancing sustainable development over the next 15 years. Today, the global population is about 7.3 billion, a figure projected to reach about 8.5 billion by 2035 (UNDESA, 2011). Some 2 billion more people will populate the earth in 20 years from now.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	2d66ec36064525acbf1d5a7e0eaf825e	Homicide rates in the region have diverged markedly in recent years, with sharp increases in certain countries —such as Honduras, El Salvador, Peru and Mexico— and decreases in others, such as Nicaragua, Jamaica and Colombia (see figure 11). The available statistics show that a very high percentage of women aged 15-49 suffer or have suffered at some time physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner, ranging from 33% in Colombia to 14% in Haiti. The most common forms of punishment used by both parents with their children include verbal reprimands, but physical punishments, including smacking, are used against a high percentage of children, showing that physical violence towards children is an everyday reality in the region. Conversely, with lower levels of violence, citizens become more inclined to use the city in constructive and sustainable ways.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/9303a7a3-en	2d695d36a6594d60ae4682780b19f24b	Infrastructure provides the basic physical facilities essential to business and society; industrialization drives economic growth and job creation, thereby reducing income inequality; and innovation expands the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills. However, inequalities in the value added in the manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced by the most disadvantaged countries, as well as their potential for growth. For example, in 2015, manufacturing value added (MVA) per capita was less than 100 US dollars a year in the least developed countries (LDCs) compared to 4,926 US dollars in developed regions.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264088726-24-en	2d6bb66e8c1f340a3556a64d09372a62	The contribution of aquaculture to the global food fish supply for human consumption reached 47% in 2006 (FAO, 2009), an impressive figure, especially in view of the G8 leaders’ consideration of food security after the 2008 food crisis. These figures decreased to 18% and 9% respectively in 2007, underscoring the increasing importance of developing countries are aquaculture production (Figure 18.1). In terms of value, Japan, Norway, Korea, USA and Canada produce 73% of the total in the same year (Figures 18.2 and 18.3).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	2d6d0088c3ccaf18990fae7c2c4cfabc	The economic outcomes capture three concepts: the participation gap (the difference in labour force participation rates), the remuneration gap (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and the advancement gap (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers and technical and professional workers). The political outcomes refer to the gap between men and women at the highest level of political decision making, through the ratio of women to men in minister-level and parliamentary positions. First-Year Law Students’ Work Expectations and Aspirations”, Legal Education Review.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	2d6d37c92b574f9cdb71d6a08d7fd596	One of the first tasks of the IATT was therefore to assess different STI initiatives conducted by IATT members. The mapping included 1600 activities across 20 different UN agencies with a total budget of around USD 1 billion. The mapping revealed that the primary objectives of more than half of the initiatives were related to technology, one-third science-related, and roughly 10-20% related to innovation (IATT-STI, 2017[3)). The mapping also showed differences in priorities across agencies. Other agencies, such as WIPO and the World Bank have a more diverse focus.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	2d6e45c79cd83218ce1646a2978be6f3	One of the most important policy documents is the Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2020, which has been published in 2007 and has three strategic objectives: security of energy supply, promoting energy and economic efficiency, and liberalization of the energy market and restructuring of power industry. The Ministry of Economy monitors the progress of strategy implementation on a quarterly basis. Energy efficiency is a priority in the Republic of Moldova and strategic policy objectives for energy conservation have been defined in the National Programme of Energy Conservation (2003).	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	2d718b2b3b5da20a049dae16857a9825	Water problems will also hinder the ability of countries to produce food. On the other hand, water plays a central role in OECD’s Green Growth Strategy because well-managed water systems can generate huge benefits for our health and our economy (see OECD, Water and Green Growth, forthcoming, 2012). In 2008, several recovery packages included investment in water infrastructure.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	2d72f4c31ec16ea7aea4df6bd48465a3	The lack of a unified transboundary monitoring programme and GIS system for the basin is a shortcoming. Surface waters are monitored for pollutants, and groundwaters are surveyed for possible impact of landfills. Radioactive elements are periodically monitored. A new scheme of complex use and protection of water resources of the Don (including the Siversky Donets) is planned for 2014 in the Russian Federation.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	2d73505158590bc63b306cc9ccf2684a	Such arrangements are also common in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia (Abdurazakova, 2010). Ministers or deputy ministers usually lead national gender institutions that function as separate ministries or those that function as part of another ministry, providing high-level support. Attention to women’s equality may be sidelined by the competing demands of other portfolios; additionally, institutions that combine gender equality with either family or children’s affairs may risk defining women narrowly in their roles as mothers and caregivers. This affords excellent access to the apex of decision making and facilitates co-ordination, monitoring, accountability and policy development.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	2d75785cce1cdf5ac1035370955bf023	By contrast, infectious diseases pose potentially global threats, and the benefits of genomics for infectious disease control may therefore be felt on a global as well as a local scale. Meanwhile, richer countries appear more inclined to invest in lines of genomic research and development that orient them chiefly towards domestic matters, and that provide less incentive to collaborate internationally in research and implementation. Also, the findings represent only a snapshot of a rapidly developing field, as of summer 2012.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	2d758f29a06abe295eba996a2576d1bd	For the poorest and the hungriest in most LDCs, being assetless means being landless. In addition to low income, poor households are constrained in benefiting from land due to a lack of access to credit and savings, a weak land rental market, and other social factors. In many LDCs, women are constrained in acquiring land ownership rights.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	2d76002a3c81e7cfde58d0ed7a0d1887	As children from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to have lower educational aspirations and in turn lower employment outcomes, enhancing their aspirations may have a positive effect on reducing inequality and achieving higher social justice. The socio-economic status of the family represents the first and most immediate environment affecting children's aspirations. Other external factors may also influence children's knowledge, development and aspirations contributing to their inter-generational mobility.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591448-10-en	2d7818c986fb5921224bb9a28dc7d9cd	There were no missing data on this indicator for the 46 small states. Nauru, for instance, did not reduce its level of child mortality of 30 per 1,000 towards its 10 per 1,000 target between 1990 and 2007. In Trinidad and Tobago the child mortality rate increased over the period from 34 to 35 per 1,000.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/63fef40d-en	2d7d2d13529743039c2cafa519fa90b4	The substantial mitigation potential of forestry will not materialize without appropriate financing and enabling frameworks that create effective incentives. For example, policies in the European Union to increase the use of biofuels, including wood fuels, for energy generation are affecting how foresters in the region manage their forests, and how land in developing regions is used (EC, 2013). There are several reported cases of land grabs for biomass production, which has implications for food security. Losses can be lowered or SOC returns to the soil increased by reducing fires, overgrazing and soil erosion, or by recycling crop residues and manure. Large gains in crop carbon balances can also be achieved with improved crop varieties, nitrogen-fixing legumes and organic and inorganic fertilizers, which boost the amount of crop residues available for returning to the soil. Improved water management is also a strong driver of primary productivity, and complements all of those practices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-12-en	2d7f126ee4a90d611bf5da1d49695177	Nonetheless, the capture sector will remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security. World production of fishmeal is expected to eventually return to the 5 Mt level by the end of the outlook period and world fish oil production should hover around 1 Mt. In both cases, the share of production of fishmeal and fish oil obtained from whole fish is expected to fall compared to the previous decade. All aquaculture production is assumed to be destined to human consumption. The average annual growth rate will be lower in the second half of the outlook period, due to more competitive meat prices.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	2d85ea041b48cc06ceaae2a5d98a0e42	However, Article 60 gives the divorced mother who has custody of her children new functions of guardianship in regard to the management of her children's civil and commercial affairs (travel, education and the management of financial accounts). The judge may also grant all the prerogatives of guardianship to the mother and attribute to her the function of guardian in the event of the death of the father or if he proves unable to exercise or transgresses his prerogatives. The mother, along with the guardian, must give consent for a minor child to marry (Article 6). Algerian Family Code amended in 25 Februaiy 2005. Djibouti Law on Family Matters n 152 dated 1992 as amended in 2002.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/62212c37-en	2d86307b343d142af6e8e31c884d2091	The rubrics aim to help teachers be more systematic and intentional about the teaching and learning of creativity and/or critical thinking. The examples of lesson plans provided to the project teachers included a mapping of the different steps of the lesson against the sub-skills of the conceptual rubrics. Teachers were requested to do the same for their own lesson plans, at least those they submitted to their local project co-ordinator before possible further transmission to the OECD. Building a professional language around creativity and critical thinking actually requires more than just good definitions and descriptors of the skills to develop.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	2d8bfbe5faadd07c9dc28b4d261696d6	Source: OECD (2016a). Largely due to its small population size, compared to other regions such as South of Sahara, South and Central Asia (excluding EECCA) and Southeast Asia, the EECCA region receives a relatively large amount of climate-related development finance per person. However, needs, socio-economic circumstances and populations differ significantly across countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	2d8cc9134b30bbfc3ba97978146557bb	For example, already incurred costs can be particularly relevant if a bulk supply agreement is being changed or terminated. This is because investment decisions, potentially involving significant cost commitments, may have been taken based on the existing agreement. If a service is provided using a network, it may be difficult to distinguish between the costs associated with providing an individual customer with a service, and the costs of other services.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/49f729e3-en	2d8f9c94c1f50bae91650bc0b0fbd376	In the same year, UNDP's Executive Board reported that “.. .since 2008,UNDP has invested great efforts in strengthening capacity for gender mainstreaming, and requests UNDP both to continue to maintain and to increase its investments to accelerate the strengthening of capacity and the delivery of programming for gender equality and the empowerment of women in line with the Gender Equality Strategy.” It also co-chairs the United Nations Development Group subgroup on accounting for resources and will serve on the UN-SWAP Gender Marker Help Desk in 2015. The Global Gender Team also provides technical support to the World Food Programme in its development of a certificate of excellence similar to the Gender Equality Seal and has advised on its gender policy. The vast majority of this support was policy advice and advice on piloting new approaches and tools.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	2d9020466b5292b7a7e34b4d706eef80	This kind of system has been used successfully in Norway over a decade. As trees grow they continuously sequester carbon from the atmosphere. As cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other wood and bark components will be used for new purposes carbon can be stored for longer times in plastics and fabrics, and for shorter times in pharmaceutical products, chemicals, food and beverages, and so on.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	2d938086b19a3faab6033c2d7ea3a1bb	In order to ensure a proper co-operation between the different levels of government in the management of water resources, the constitution of the Committees of Competent Authorities should be accelerated. This enhanced participation should take place through the appropriate institutions, including in the river basin authorities. The law should allow the inclusion of environmental and scarcity costs in water prices.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/a332dae1-en	2d99db9f428f036243e59a0e7aa673d0	The potential for countries in transition is provided in the following table. The numbers in the table are total numbers for the whole region. For example, potential of forestry measures in Central and South America is 3,145 Mt C02/year, in Africa 1,925 Mt C02/year and 1,915 Mt C02/year in East Asia. In countries of transition, the potential is 1,685 Mt C02.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	2d9b57dd5836ba6bac296b3ba499f061	Land Cover Classification System, available from www.fao.org /docrep/003/x0596e/x0596e00 .htm (accessed 4 August 2017). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework, available from http://unstats.un.org /unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev /SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Washington, D.C., Island Press, available from www .millenniumassessment.org /documents/document.356.aspx.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2d9d962f9559f21343f08eae44972ce1	In such cases, ecosystem services and external costs decline. While the total area covered by forests and wooded land has remained roughly stable in OECD countries over the last 50 years, forest cover continues to decrease at a global level because of persistent deforestation. Worryingly, this concerns in particular the world’s most sophisticated ecosystems, tropical rainforests.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	2d9f327d2dfa109308861c0d70e2031b	Understand the importance of mutual interdependence among companies and governments at all levels. Foster relationships between suppliers and consumers in recognition of mutual interdependence. Create a proactive physical security framework that involves both producers and consumers. Provide good quality information to the public before, during and after a problem occurs. Invest regularly in technological change within the industry.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	2da0a654fccfed8683638e08038524c9	Along the Texas and Louisiana shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, interannual variation in landings of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) is negatively correlated with size of the hypoxic zone (O’Connor and Whitall, 2007). However, Texas fisheries regulations may contribute to the apparent strength of this correlation as fishing is prohibited on the inner shelf that serves as a refuge from hypoxia during much of the summer when northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxia is most extensive. Hypoxia already forces movement of wild stock from large areas both inshore and offshore and at times can cause extensive mortality.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlphd2twps1-en	2da62715a3e8aaaf6a43c7c3ddfed1c3	In order to distinguish between age and cohort effects, we use the IALS, ALL and PIAAC data to create synthetic cohorts. We thank our discussant John Martin and conference participants for their helpful comments. However, in these countries educational attainment, a crucial variable in our analysis, is unreliable.	4	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	2dab668a2bed8df8882ccdf592ebbaf3	Monitoring of spatial disparities in income and nonincome dimensions of well-being is essential to establish the extent of territorial imbalances, and to support the formulation of more balanced and coherent development policies at sectorial and regional levels. There are large regional and rural-urban disparities in education, health and employment outcomes. In 2012, the tertiary attainment rate ranged between 1.99% in the Red River Delta area to 0.77% in the Central Highlands, and from 2.56% in urban areas to 1.04% in rural areas.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	2dad268f68bed2e3b3440704b69a730b	Other services of medical diagnostic and curative care are virtually free of charge. In addition, co-payments paid by patients enrolled at a GP practice offering the VLCA scheme are capped (to NZD 17 (USD 11.49) for an adult). Annual cap on co-payments for pharmaceuticals, set at SEK 1 800 (USD 203).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	2dae929425adda560e18d89012a9e916	Prisons in several states have allowed indigenous inmates to practice sweat lodge and other tribal religious ceremonies as part of their rehabilitation. Traditional medicine uses a holistic model of well-being through the integration of emotional, physical, mental and spiritual aspects of being. Even though specific practices vary between different tribes, all traditional medicine is based on the understanding that humans are part of nature and health is a matter of balance. Therefore, there is respect for the land and all of her offerings. Traditionally, elders understood the importance of respecting and using their environment for foods, medicines, and ceremonies for overall health.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	2daf6f478dbc29d3c60efb19e37008da	The predominantly market-drive nature of ICTs means that companies are seeking to compete by looking for new niches in the variety of services or the expansion of geographical areas. Even without incentives, this sector has seen rapid growth. There are different views about how ICTs will influence the nature of human settlements. On one hand, telecommunications could facilitate access to services when living in low population density areas, enabling the continuation of urban sprawl and suburbanization.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	2db319f2edeacb8ce70f07e4fd0e515e	Building Green, a series of conferences organised by the Philippine Green Building Council to highlight best green practices of the industry, promotes the work of BERDE. Green policies in the Philippines aim to improve environmental quality for present and future generations. They focus on a few areas. Particular attention is given to improving air quality in the Metro Manila area and water quality in 19 rivers and coastal areas.	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	2db45c7c1ff0591ae6999d11f8d05f2d	This may have tempered the disappointment of many countries with the initial exclusion of certain products. Given that developing countries are currently not significant suppliers of climate-friendly goods and technologies, priority should be given to additional products being submitted by developing countries for inclusion in a future review. However, the downside of this ITA mechanism is that no new products have ever been added since 1997. Thus developing countries may be suspicious of this offer for review, and feel reluctant to join. While such a plurilateral agreement would not be ideal, it would still have value, particularly if the key trading parties were involved. Such an agreement could eventually be made multilateral once a certain number of members representing a minimum percentage of trade in climate-friendly goods and services joined.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	2db6313eb06f667185cc8ccb7862a788	Brazil provides a valuable model of how to succeed in integrating small-scale farming into agri-export business without incurring huge losses. A 2007 study looked at the impact of the programme on food security and focused particularly on two feedstocks: sugarcane and coconut. As expected, value-added in food processing declines, but by a lower amount compared to the increase in the sectors producing feedstock. This suggests that, due to the change in relative prices, variable inputs tend to move towards the production of biofuel feedstock.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	2db648d56d623acdaff3a759b3087d26	Linking existing education information systems to labour market information and making better use of assessment information are needed to raise performance, and greater attention to presently overlooked disadvantaged students is needed. National education policy makers in Lithuania sometimes lack the organisational and analytical capacity to play the convening and steering role for which they are responsible. Likewise, education institutions sometimes lack the capacity for self-management they need in a system providing wide autonomy.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	2dbccaf6e385ab6e061cf8115765ede4	The current long-term plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional, or RPJPN) covers 2005 to 2025 and is translated into the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, or RPJMN), currently in its third period (2015-19). Most of the SDG targets are aligned with national targets (under the President’s agenda, known as “Naw'acita”, and the Medium-Term Development Plan), thereby securing resources for their achievement. Related tourism planning is also well established (see above).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	2dbe0fd8a6df750d49b22e0c04a0f536	The peak in expenditure on passive measures in 2000 reflects the rise in unemployment during the 1990s, while the subsequent fall - despite still rising unemployment - was also strongly influenced by the 2001 and 2003 reforms of the El system (see Chapter 4).158 There has also been a long-term trend reduction in expenditure on PES administration. Expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with GDP between 1990 and 2007, although near-stability of expenditure as a percentage of GDP contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate. Total expenditure in FY 2006 and FY 2007 on active programmes other than PES and administration was about JPY 250 billion. This was mainly for the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to “conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers”: JPY 250 billion) and the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres, “for non-regular workers and middle-aged and older people, etc.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	2dbf0cebf418298a8c5ce94f9c2ec94d	At the same time the number of teachers also dropped, although at a lower rate (14%), as well as the number of classrooms (8%) and schools (7%) (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). By 2025 the number of children aged 15-19 is expected to be more than 20% higher in 59 out of 72 districts. There are, however, significant differences in population projections between regions and districts.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	2dc36a5fb2b641788db761f9b086af3c	If the RA sub-index is much higher than the MA sub-index the country may be vulnerable for sudden supply interruptions, i.e. the CCI has a value of less than 100. In that case the CCI will be 100. It should be noted that if the MA sub-index is much higher than the RA sub-index the costs associated with crisis capability measures may be exceeding the probability and costs of sudden supply interruptions.	7	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	2dc37b18c5f147e16bf3be627e60334f	It combines an international comparison of traffic safety trends with a detailed analysis of Korean accident data. The analysis on Korea uses a novel data set that contains more than 1 800 records of individual road traffic accidents with more than 6 500 affected individuals and data from the detailed analysis of 1 000 accidents around “accident hotspots”. The analysis of accident data is complemented by an in-depth assessment of the complex traffic safety governance arrangements in Korea and an identification of key areas for further improvement. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	2dc537902c41b2b8ea62c34b3eff1550	Several recent initiatives have begun to introduce such activities in a successful way. These include forward contracting and warehouse receipt programmes that can serve as collateral for loans, and supporting value-added production and local food processing. Other options include improving tendering systems so that small-scale farmers are in a better position to compete for locally issued contracts, supporting producers’ access to market information systems, and improving regulatory structures to govern quality standards and address the problem of speculation in commodity markets.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	2dc93c29c0341c416abdd3dacec7951c	In OECD databases, the administrative data are used as input for datasets on the number of “professionally active” workers, while the LFS data are used to indicate the number of “practising” professionals. The OECD definition excludes those working in jobs where the relevant qualifications are not required, and those that are unemployed, retired or working abroad. These groups cannot be properly filtered out of the Israeli data; as an approximation the “professionally active” data for Israel represent all those aged less than 65 years licenced to practice.	3	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	2dc998317f7d9cc4ec8557c77669969d	American Journal of Managed Care 13,670-676. The Community Care Act (2003) and the effect of financial incentives on delays in discharge from hospitals in England, Journal of Public Health 29, 281-287. Pay-for-performance and the quality of healthcare providers, RAND Journal of Economics 41, 64-91. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75, 879-883.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2dce476347efef847b6ffcf8e256170f	Governments also have a role to play with regard to the provision of adequate levels of transport, distribution and conversion capacity. Partly, such capacity can be provided by markets themselves, but in other cases it requires regulation and supervision. First and foremost, such regulation must provide sufficiently attractive financial conditions for investment in transport and conversion infrastructure.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	2dce83399ddd2b79a1a1152d71b05c6d	There are examples of private sector leadership. Indonesia’s Malang Migrant Workers Training Centre is a privately owned training centre for female migrant workers, specialising in domestic works in Hong Kong, China and Singapore. The company that runs the centre has branches nationwide and offers training services for prospective migrants to the electronics sectors of neighbouring Malaysia (mostly men) as well.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	2dd52cfbc3c175ab0b0e65fea5718dd5	How successful this is depends on market concentration and how vigorously these measures are pursued by the countries where the major markets are. To the extent that fish migrations into the high seas increase, fish stock management is bound to become more difficult. That difficulty is due to the fact that it is more difficult to reach agreement the more parties that must agree, and on the high seas there are more parties to be reckoned with than there are for stocks that stay within the EEZs. This problem is aggravated to the extent that the number of parties with an interest in a high seas stock is indeterminate, while the number of countries with an interest in stocks that stay within EEZs is either just one or at any rate defined by the migratory habits of the stock in question (and which may change as already argued).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	2dd5b1cde5b283c6fdb0fe865be7b7e3	Since its introduction in 2003, the PSAH has been adjusted several times to improve its cost-effectiveness: by targeting areas with high biodiversity benefits, areas with high risk of loss (to ensure additionality), and areas with low opportunity costs. Given that there were 1.8 million hectares enrolled in the programme, its conservation impact has been fairly low. This can be partly explained by the low weight given in the design of the programme to environmental criteria vis-a-vis social and administrative criteria (such as complementarities with other programmes) - environmental criteria represented 40% of the weight in 2006 and 29% in 2010.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-d5917bb0-en	2dd71c29e9fc1cd987488e713e52e5d3	Subsequently, briefcase studies on LmL4SD will be shared from low- and middle-income contexts in the following countries: the Philippines, Tunisia, as well as an experience from the United States and Canada that has global reach. Org/wiki/File:Voung_temale_students_at_ Samangan.jpg; Photo 2: Jisc infbNet. ( Social Space Seating, Dungannon Campus (Formerly East Tyrone College), South West College. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jiscinfonet/434855667/in/album-72157600028008635/; Photo 3: Pierre Holtz for UNICEF. (	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	2dda6a5c0e8b08ce8e140e1e061aed94	In 2013, China replaced the European Union as the single most important market for Brazil’s agriculture-based exports, reinforcing the recent trend towards new commercial partners, such as countries in East Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East, and Latin America. However, since 2011, the economy has grown at just over 2% per year, compared with over 8% in China and more than 5% in India. Growth remains hampered by structural weaknesses in the economy, which include weak infrastructure, an onerous indirect tax system, burdensome administrative procedures, low engagement in international trade and low levels of education and skills.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	2dda9d99b74cc832efce2e28333351db	When political pressures interfere with the distribution planning, they cause financial difficulties to the utilities or distribution companies if they are forced to operate in a non-commercial manner or are unable to cut the power supply to non-paying customers. For this reason, rural electrification efforts should follow a predetermined, inviolable plan that involves a structured institutional setting. An apolitical monitoring of how rural electrification progresses is recommended. This task can be undertaken by independent institutions created or designated for that purpose.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	2ddc19f9a6325a03e45e87810d128d1c	Emerging technologies such as forensic methods, remote sensing and DNA analysis can aid in verifying the origin of wood and wood products (WWF, 2014). A key output of the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, which marked its tenth anniversary in 2013, is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. By May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/973d5b65-en	2ddd94b9ea876f92f8d798244b53ebed	This leads to inefficient resource management that ignores the environmental impact of the waste, and in addition provides a commodity which is an economic resource to be taken advantage of. Children, who are already exposed to contaminated environments, bear the burden of poor waste management: as they will have to deal with the waste in the future. 'This results in polluted and unsafe settings, often in dense, informal settlements in urban and peri-urban areas.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2de160b6f8ea57bccd868e22bdc5a428	In Slovakia, foreign investors came after 1999, but the subsequent path was similar to Poland’s. In Bulgaria and Albania, foreign investment began after 2002, and the surveys were undertaken too early to identify the consequences. Processing companies signed contracts with supermarkets, which imposed quality demands but also opened up national markets which allowed greater specialisation by processors.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230750-8-en	2de486109e827ed0150a68b32127e465	Standards are also set out in regulation and are used as the basis for school accreditation. At the senior secondary level private enrolments accounts for around 55% of provision. The government can provide support to community-based institutions at the senior secondary level but is not required to do so.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	2de48cf6b31f4e984023d4229df9158c	Amended Law of 29 July 1993 on Water Protection and Management. Following a formal notice from the European Commission, the Regulation was modified in 2007 to strengthen the role of the Commission in granting derogations to water suppliers for non compliance with chemical parameters. Under the Regulation, such derogations may be granted, on request, provided they do not create potential human health hazards and where there is no other reasonable means to maintain water supply in the area. Directive 2006/7/EC retains only two of the three bacteriological parameters included in the old Directive 1976/160/EEC, namely intestinal enterococci and escherichia coli (which are assimilated with the parametres for thermotolerant coliform and fecal streptococcus).	6	0	10	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	2de5334cb385fb302304e919c2c5afb5	All had potential relevance for the mining sector, but were not available in relevant, user-friendly and accessible format. The guideline development therefore presented an opportunity to integrate all of the available information into a single spatial product tailored to the mining sector. The envisioned map would provide not only integrated spatial information, but also standardised interpretation relevant to the mining sector. After an initial draft had been developed, sequential iterations were revised based on input from the private sector, government, environmental organisations and other stakeholders.	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	2de88bd28d8e164e6db8e77fef98e537	Jones and Kierzkowski (1990), in a non-theoretical paper, allude to a similar effect. They argue that offshoring, which is also akin to technological progress, can lead to instances where workers whose jobs have relocated offshore rise as is predicted in Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008). The productivity effect occurs not so much because of the additional units of unskilled labour that can be offshored in reaction to falling offshoring costs (second order effect) but because of the costs savings associated with the part of the low-skilled tasks that had already been offshored before (first order effect). The productivity effect would then be large when the extent of offshoring is already large. The labour supply effect would be large when the share of skilled labour in total costs is large and when high-skill tasks substitute poorly for low-skill tasks in the production process.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	2dea1c8616e34c8be8e084e955523873	For further details, see: Smailova, A. et al. ( The remotely located single-industry based towns and villages are losing their young and adult population, as they move to seek professional education and jobs. See: Musabaev, T.T. (2013), “Master Plan for the Organisation of the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan”, White Paper, Valeiy, Astana.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191761-en	2dea3931b76a81ad0c26ea0b1e8fa7d6	Dostyk railway station in Almaty oblast is the point of exit for the sole rail line between Kazakhstan and China. It should be noted that transportation costs change considerably over time; for example, between 2007 and early 2012 rail freight for 1498 km from Tobol to Aksarayskaya station (the station belonging to Kazakh railways situated in Russia) increased from USD 19.6 to USD 25.9 per tonne. Table 3.4 shows the main components of these costs based on data for exports passing through Novoishimskaya rail station, a major crossroad in the northern wheat region.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	2decde364a6b744f60a1a47e20f2272a	Besides, skills and social outcomes are both influenced by schooling, which in turn can be affected by skills and expected social outcomes. For instance, the number of years spent in education may be influence by the level of unemployment. For these reasons, a possible strategy to correctly identify the distinct effect of skills on various social outcomes is to measure them early in life and to control for the level of schooling reached.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	2ded672965059ffa79507f0aa980a167	First was the food and fuel price crisis which seemed to have abated in 2009, but resumed in late 2010. The global economic and financial crisis, which affected households through incomes, employment and remittances, is presumably over as indicated by positive growth rates and recovering remittances. Finally, natural disasters and internal conflicts further threaten fragile economies. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge vulnerable households’ ability to cope and maintain their living standards.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	2df236d671e6cb04ddb7be0a63f77c97	Once assembled there, the items are exported to high-end markets. The firms belong in the formal sector, not the workers. In Tunisia, during the country's fastest growth period, over 54 per cent of the labour force consisted of informal workers who were subcontracted by large export-oriented formal enterprises.9 Amongst these informal workers, females are predominant, being preferred over males for a number of reasons: willingness to work for lower wages, lower propensity to organize compared with male workers, and higher degrees of pliancy.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	2df241912e6539bd9545f2d7a34a2fe0	Structural change with equality cannot be achieved without widespread participation in the information society. It is, therefore, a strategic element in structural change that permeates the whole of society rather than being confined to sectors al the technology and production frontier. Figure 11.5 shows how, for the nine countries for which information was available, the usage rate for high-income segments is 64.9% on average, compared with 24.6% in the low-income segments.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	2df59f97defbb8ddf37c72f249440ca2	This could potentially cover the provision and mobilisation of support, as well as indicative information on support to be provided (Article 13.11). This section provides an overview of how climate finance information has been reviewed or considered to date, and how this could be strengthened in future. The focus of these reviews is whether countries report mandatory information in a complete and transparent manner.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	2df6e71771e188035a6cb9624a00b6d2	There could well be much frustration and discontent - among students, parents and employers - if upper secondary and tertiary education is not reconstructed and made more relevant to Indonesia’s economic circumstances. Significant steps have been taken to widen access to and improve the quality of early childhood education, building on initiatives since 2001, and following the 2010 “Grand Design”, a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education (ECCE). Much more rapid expansion is needed, however, if Indonesia is to realise the targets it has set in its Grand Design blueprint. The allocation of funding to early childhood development and education remains relatively low at some 1.2% of the education budget, compared with the international benchmark of 4-5%.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088986-en	2df872b230a2f384b0507aeae4734238	In addition, the college provides college-level opportunities for special needs adults who by Israeli law are entitled to state-supported education till the age of 21. The college also has a centre for giftedness and excellence which prepares students to teach these special needs students and provides services to the region's teachers and schools in this field. Key needs of the Arab community in Israel were recently identified in a market survey that helped the institution to identify its focus areas: occupation therapy, computer science, environmental science, entrepreneurship and business management, theology and Holy Land studies, speech therapy, biotechnology and nutrition science. Study programmes integrate practice, education and theory.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	2dfc5d2bdd60c6f25fb1b68d675125e8	The regional context statement is adopted as part of the OCP by the municipality and must be submitted to the regional district Board of Directors for acceptance. There is a dispute resolution process prescribed if the two parties are unable to agree. The regional context statement must be submitted to the regional district within two years of a new regional growth strategy being adopted, and must be renewed every five years.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/56f09402-en	2dff2fe796bb3e7ee8ba9ad4c84e976b	Figures IV.5 and IV.6 compare paths to adult roles in two groups of countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, on the one hand, and El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, on the other). The lines show the percentage of people in each category who are young or not yet emancipated in each dimension. At the younger ages nearly 100% of the people are in education, are not in employment, have not formed a conjugal union and report being single.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	2e02860eee399499d9f188a43de8e23c	Victoria in Australia has just conducted a trial with recidivist speeders that combined a course with installing a voluntary ISA system on the vehicle. Results will be available shortly. The review should focus upon legislation and penalties (fines, driver demerit schemes) relating to alcohol impaired driving, speed offending, failure to wear safety belts/utilise child restraints, commercial vehicle safety standards and permissible maximum driving hours. Walking is generally the most common mode of transport for the elderly and particularly for the very old although they tend to accumulate less mileage than other age groups.	11	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	2e02d6faf61e80eb13c90796eef26ee3	In many cases, time-slot length is designed much longer than guard-time length to increase the link utilization rate upper bound determined by the ratio of guard-time length to timeslot length. This technique can reduce the number of guard-timcs and improve network utilization efficiency. Assuming Tg, F, B, and V are the guard-time length, the frame length the requested bandwidth and the link capacity of the network respectively, T, which is the required time in a frame to cany' the requested bandwidth, can be calculated by F(B/V)). The number n of timeslots required in single time-slot method and multi-time-slot-bonding are given by \T/(TS - Tg)] and \{T + Tg)/Ts], respectively, and the link utilization ratio is represented by T/(nTs) The utilization ratios using single time-slot method and multi-time-slot bonding for Tg=5 ps and Ts=10 ps or 50 ps are shown in Fig. The link utilization ratio using multi-time-slot bonding with Ts=10 ps is higher than that using single time-slot method with both of Ts=10 ps and 50 ps.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/de83ab61-en	2e03618109eb10c8c47c46dc91017525	Taking advantage of scale economies could also be appropriate in serving large markets and accessing inputs and credit. Increased agricultural productivity raises rural incomes and frees labour for the industrial sector. Water conservation, soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach aimed at sustainable management of land and other natural resources and also need to build on synergies between the forest and agriculture sectors. In the context of competitive land uses, many solutions, involving difficult choices, will be reachable only through open and inclusive negotiation and discussion.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	2e04256bf514c4299505a7ba83e60f8a	This in turn means that farms in Chihuahua are under far more pressure to increase productivity to the level of their US peers than are the more geographically insulated farms of southern Mexico. Due to significant variability in elevation across the state there are considerable variations in temperature and the length of growing season. In particular, higher elevations offer opportunities to produce crops, such as apples, that would normally not be expected to be found at latitudes this far South. While agriculture in the majority of the state is not limited by the length of the growing season, virtually the entire state faces limitations caused by low levels of precipitation. This makes irrigation necessary for virtually all forms of arable agriculture.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	2e06a9d6375fbac63d085ec6e562d498	As a result, densities are declining. Cities that use land more efficiently have far better conditions to provide public goods and basic services (for example, water and sanitation, transport) at a lower cost. Such areas can consume less energy, manage waste better, and are more likely to maximize the benefits of agglomeration.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	2e078d84b1358e48dc3dfbdcf0b9fac0	The most recent studies, such those conducted in England and Scotland (Bajekal et al., To a great extent, both the English and Scottish studies show that better treatments and improvements in risk factors are equally distributed among various socio-economic groups. However, the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity, particularly in lower socio-economic areas, has partly negated the improvements in mortality increases.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	2e0bd409dd7ffe6816c2aafe90ca575f	The Strategy does not include actions to protect water sources from anthropogenic pollution, however. To achieve the goals set in the Protocol, the Republic of Moldova had to establish national and local targets and target dates until 2020, taking into account the entire water cycle. The targets and target dates were established in 2011 by the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Health, with the assistance of ECE and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en	2e0d999ac53592934b0c3e3fdbe38e84	It seems clear that not all of those countries that are projected to meet the statistical criteria for graduation by 2021 will have achieved this. While they may graduate by 2024, they may thus expect to remain subject, to some degree, to some of the structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities characteristic of LDCs even after graduation. This is the theme of the present chapter.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264077287-en	2e0efd4fcb6884262ed2455603eed3c6	The 2005 Act provides some exceptions (requests deemed frivolous or too general; damage to international relations, public security, privacy or confidentiality, etc.). Applicants must be notified of the grounds for refusal. The main obstacles reported by the Ministry arise in complying with the deadlines for providing environmental information (CEENU, 2008).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	2e11b542c21f4709a66768db079a46b9	These should include responsible ministries, social partners, social welfare centres, educational establishments, local authorities and employers. It is important that the criteria filter out those who may be working in the informal economy or have no intention of accepting work - otherwise there is too much pressure on the employment service to make sure that those who register adhere to the active job search rules and are available for work. Overall, in the assessed SEE economies the eligibility criteria tend to be rather liberal, however, and there is often no clear distinction in status between the employed, the unemployed or the inactive.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302037-en	2e15015494c848f3c3f2ae3134bbc7f9	Migration to and from Ghana has been predominantly regional in scope, but this deportation also marked the beginning of a broader dispersion of Ghanaian emigration, with many highly-skilled workers moving further afield in search of employment to countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Many Nigerians have been involved in trade in diamonds, vehicles, building materials and related activities. Nigerian banks, telecommunication and other companies have also invested in the Ghanaian economy.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/042f5056-en	2e15e98e0cd6e9bd8088c06063ae66d6	The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines clear targets and priorities for action to prevent new disaster risks and reduce existing ones. In the latest reports (2017-2018) from 70 countries, 67 had strategies that were aligned to some extent with the Sendai Framework. The biggest challenges are investment in disaster risk reduction for resilience and promoting policy coherence between the SDGs and climate change.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	2e1607c58a6e1eb4d76e4aa05c1a9b12	Although it operates mainly on the demand side, through the provision of a monetary transfer and the implementation of psychosocial support, its success in improving household conditions has been favoured by the state's ability to supply adequate supporting services to its citizens. Moreover, the achievements in terms of educational and health outcomes could be related to the approach involving the intense collaboration between beneficiary households and the social worker, who emphasizes the importance of being enrolled in school and the health system for the physical and cognitive development of their children. While in the case of universality there are major concerns over the cost of the interventions, problems of inclusion/exclusion arise when the programme is targeted.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/308db089-en	2e16872a7e9340b6fba461772936065b	Children, often traumatized and unable to comprehend the reasons for separation, are likely to suffer from acute emotional and developmental problems, as well as being at risk of inadequate care in under-resourced state institutions or by alternative carers. Health services in prison, which are usually not geared towards children’s healthcare needs, are inadequate to cope with the needs of babies and small children in a large majority of countries. Most often, children in prison cannot mix and communicate with children outside prison.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	2e17b5e915cb470744643eb3bd88adbf	A further refinement is proposed by the UK HM Treasury model, which distinguishes between the use of acute and long-term care. The “dynamic equilibrium” is assumed in the solid progress scenario; whereas the “expansion of morbidity” hypothesis is assumed for both acute and long-term care in a pessimistic scenario. Using a microsimulation approach, individuals’ current and future health status can be projected conditional on their background characteristics, such as ethnicity and socio-economic status, as well as their exposure to risk factors, such as obesity and smoking, and their current and past health status and chronic health conditions (see Annex A 1.7 and A 1.23). As an example, the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in Sweden (see Annex A 1.17) forecasted the potential impact on health and elderly care expenditures under different scenarios of the future health status of the population.	3	1	3	0.5
10.30875/423532ad-en	2e197890b47fe77cb0d689ea2b3480d2	Regulatory uncertainties, including liability issues and the lack of interoperability of existing platforms, remain challenges that stand in the way of widespread deployment of the technology. Until these are addressed, key players providing for legal security to a very large market of US$ 2 trillion annually will not commit (Manders, 2017). Although the technology holds interesting promises to cut a variety of costs associated with cross-border payments, its disruptive effect will only be felt if and once these challenges are addressed.	9	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	2e1b7f8bac0766774af0a12f28bc0e04	In some cases, these laws take the form of new “acts” with strong political commitment in the framework of nationwide water policy reform, which almost cancel out and replace previous legislation. For instance, in Australia, the 2007 Water Act (amended in 2008) established an independent Murray-Darling Basin Authority to ensure sustainable management of water resources in the national interest, and empowered the Bureau of Meteorology as the primary agency responsible for managing information regarding water, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to provide national regulation and advice. In other cases, any new legislation enacted has to be consistent and in line with a “major” law passed in previous decades.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/751d274f-en	2e1e1f9f8203bcdaa4729aebf956e955	Overall, preferential trade agreements are strongly influenced by the multilateral framework. Data on Rules of Origin were provided by Julien Gourdon, and additional input was provided by Susan Stone. Comments by delegates of the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Trade, and OECD colleagues, were also much appreciated, particularly those from Carmel Cahill, Julia Nielson, Frank van Tongeren, Julien Gourdon, Jestis Anton, Marie-Agnes Jouanjean and Martin von Lampe. The publication of the report was co-ordinated by Anita Lari and Michele Patterson.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	2e1e466eeb7b51b0d2ba5190c7b2ee0e	Some approaches to reach rural areas are health worker rotations, new uses of mobile technologies, and rural-urban links in the health system and related areas such as transport. Health services also improve when ordinary people are consulted about their needs and about how they experience the health-care system. Universal sexual and reproductive health services, for example, would build momentum towards a demographic transition, which in turn could accelerate economic growth in countries with large and growing youth populations. Making these choices can start in public budget processes modelled on the gender-budgeting exercises that have been applied in a number of countries, at both the national and subnational levels.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	2e285eff6f2991cade113366e31701e4	Although enrolment and attendance are relevant achievements per se, the previous results say little about the consequences on children's social and cognitive capacities. This is certainly due to the difficulties of discerning a causal relation between a single intervention and an outcome which may be influenced by a number of other (often difficult to measure) factors, ranging from the quality of the education provided, to the socio-economic characteristics of the recipients. In Chile Crece Contigo has a proven positive impact on language, and the cognitive development of children older than 2 years living in rural areas (Ministerio de Educacion, 2007), though these differences are likely to disappear at the secondary level (Ministerio de Educacion, 1998). Indeed, there is evidence highlighting this from different contexts in the developing world.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	2e2d4fdf7d2cfd1415b5f541948a7897	Fishing is, to a large extent, a low-wage or subsistence-based activity and its decline due to climate change would be expected to affect large population groups. Populations in these areas largely comprise nomadic, semi-nomadic and sedentary agricultural inhabitants. Large areas of populated drylands with growing subsistence populations, in particular, pose challenges to agricultural development and food security in Africa and large parts of central and South Asia.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	2e31c53b4dcea87b81ddccfcdcb76bd7	Re-export of raw materials exempted from export tax is prohibited. After the establishment of the common market for oil and petroleum products, EAEU member states will have to give up their regulation of internal prices for petroleum products (which remain in effect in Belarus and Kazakhstan) and unify export taxes for oil and petroleum products outside the EAEU (or even cancel them). The Russian Federation does not levy export tax on oil and petroleum products supplied to Belarus, but Belarus levies an export tax when selling refined petroleum products made from Russian raw materials to countries outside the EAEU. The Russian Federation thus insisted on the harmonisation of Belarus’ export taxes on energy with its own.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	2e3addc6c0a77c121a6dde3e8e832358	A focal fuel for many countries especially in the developing world is oil. Focusing on fossil fuels, if international (world or regional) markets for fossil fuels were perfectly competitive with no dominant market shares for the largest market participants, fundamental fuel scarcity would be reflected in fuel prices. The supply side of these markets is fundamentally determined by the evolution of the aggregate volume exporters intend to offer under the given market conditions and supply flexibility, whilst on the demand side the evolution of the level as well as the flexibility of demand are the fundamental factors.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	2e4280488c6e79eb25dcc645ef99da50	The oil price increases of the 1970s, the high capital costs of increasing electricity supply and the need to cope with a serious power supply crisis in 2001 led the Brazilian Government to adopt several programmes and legislation which were designed to promote end-use efficiency. Managed by Brazil’s Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES), it was discontinued when international oil prices fell. Under the programme 22 types of appliances are currently labelled.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	2e44fb3399fc4c0e2edd5eb4c092a00e	Even if, at first, the ecological development of this new freshwater basin seemed to develop favourably, from the beginning of the 1990s, this water body was confronted with unexpected water quality problems. Especially during summer, these circumstances culminate in extensive blooms of toxic cyanobacteria, which severely destabilises the ecosystem and poses a danger to human and environmental health. It can also pose a health risk to inhabitants, and makes the water unsuitable for swimming and drinking water for cattle.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	2e45cffac730aea7ca90e17611bc8e35	Given the depressed state of the international carbon market (some USS4 per ton), this corresponded to only some US$4 million/year at the end of January 2013. There are bi-annual donor co-ordination meetings organized by the Government in the environment sector, but this is mainly about the sharing of information rather than joint planning and implementation (chapter 5). The Department of Environment maintains a register of bilateral and multilateral projects that are managed by the Department.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	2e4801010ed7f969def90921daa3c674	Beyond these specific national approaches, issues that are common to many OECD countries are ageing infrastructures and the need to finance modernisation plans. These criticisms continue and have become even more important since environmental concerns have become a major issue world-wide. On the other hand, increases in water scarcity and extreme water events associated with the projected acceleration of the water cycle due to climate change may lead certain countries to re-examine the costs and benefits of their water storage policy strategies for adaptation purposes. A recent example is the drought in California, in which the development of alternative sources of water supply is discussed among the set of possible policy responses. Ensuring food security can also play an important in the overall political balance regarding water storage strategies.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	2e4907c234ce336cac9f26487a917263	"Istanbul Technical University Women’s Studies Center and the Levy Economics I nstitute. Unconventional Monetary Policies—Recent Experience and Prospects.” How Can a Currency Transactions Tax Stabilize Foreign Exchange Markets?"" Agriculture, Gendered Time Use,and Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review."" Women's Economic Empowerment and Inclusive Growth: Labour Markets and Enterprise Development.” Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win?"""	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	2e4a50eb234ec20e10bb43af1056565f	It requires a sufficient number of nurses and other specifically trained LTC workers to meet the needs of dependent people. Compared to other OECD countries, there are relatively fewer nurses and other caring personnel providing formal long-term care for people at home or in LTC institutions, but this may be due partly to the fact that a large share of LTC services are also provided in hospitals (these hospital staff are not counted here). This was up from 2.7 LTC workers per 100 people 65 and over in 2009, but nonetheless remains below the number in Japan and the OECD average (around 6).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	2e4a8332b03a42299111e612e992feef	The total response rate of the UIS metadata survey was 32 per cent, with 66 of 207 countries and territories responding. The response rate varied greatly between SDG regions. Europe/North America and Northern Africa/ Western Asia had the highest response rates with 59 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	2e4b5b2cd19ee80f4afbf4b5eb08621d	Another reason why large multinationals devote more attention to these markets is to build brand loyalties among the poor, as these consumers will likely belong to higher-income consumer groups in the future. Yet another factor facilitating the development of inclusive innovation initiatives is their greater emphasis on corporate social responsibility. As a result, the lack of access to banking services is a major obstacle both to grassroots innovators and consumers. As a general rule, novel financial tools (e.g. mobile banking) are still only rarely used (Figure 1.1), with some exceptions: in Kenya, only 19% of the poorest 40% of the population had an account in a financial institution, but 53% used a mobile phone to receive money and 43% to send money (World Bank Global Financial Inclusion Database).	9	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	2e4de7d92eecc184a06e12e27e05bbdb	Such programmes typically aim to build women’s social capital, but need not be limited to that objective. For example, they may be coupled with training and upskilling programmes. A prominent example is the Self Employed Women’s Association in India which gathers together a large number of informal sector workers and entrepreneurs in order to represent their interests, and provides support, information and training. All the countries analysed in this chapter except Argentina, Chile, China, Morocco and the Russian Federation, have an anti-discrimination clause in their constitutions and that clause typically mentions gender explicitly (except in Costa Rica and Indonesia).	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	2e4ee031672efc1860df09196023abcf	They may also be delegated without payment to persons outside the family or be provided formally through an institution. The paid or unpaid delegation of caregiving to persons or institutions does not mean that the work or effort involved is simply replaced or eliminated. If the quality of the services or related infrastructure (for example, transport infrastructure) is not up to standard, these tasks may take longer or be more difficult to complete owing to the distances involved.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	2e4fdad67ff12760d51af0d15149dd84	In particular, developers must pay a one-off tax. For example, in 2009 the water company Aguas de Algarve paid EUR 6 million into the fund to offset the Odelouca dam’s negative impact on the habitat of the Iberian lynx. It will be used to finance ex situ protection through the creation of a reproduction centre.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b795325-en	2e51add668b0b8a27ec3206240ebd034	This has been attributed to a number of interconnected factors, including the lack of mother-tongue education for most San communities, cultural differences between home and school, cultural practices such as hunting trips and initiation ceremonies that keep students from attending school, frequent abuse at the hands of school authorities and other students, and the experience of alienation in boarding schools. The aim of this initiative is to support teachers in applying mother tongue-based bilingual approaches to literacy and numeracy development and to provide tested tools for strengthening the child's learning of the home language and acquisition of English. Available at http://www.unicef.org/esaro/ UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthAfrica.pdf.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	2e55cc782a46b72c446b8ccb4fbd53c8	Using the long time series available in the United States, studies report high rates of return to agricultural research (see section 7.6 for some examples). Because of the atomistic structure of production (comprised of relatively small firms producing multiple homogeneous products), few farms are willing or able to investment in formal R&D for their farms. Furthermore, because of the biological nature of agriculture, improved crop seed and animal breeds are self-replicating. This complicates the ability of innovators to protect intellectual property.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/78349259-en	2e58d1d6d4c35760e4fb9e935a5ae437	With the application of fertilizer and irrigation, this has produced more grain than the traditional varieties. To some extent, particularly in its initial stages, the Green Revolution, apart from boosting national production, also benefited the rural poor, who are food-insecure. First, the new technology could be used not just on large farms, but also on small ones.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	2e5ac60c6f3c13cc3cb220dca29b5c5f	The content of the national policies has also been presented in different tables in order to highlight the possible key points of comparison implemented in each category'. The analysis focuses on Category 3, in which countries have implemented policies in the field of ICT in initial teacher education through several levels. The following table aims to give a complete overview of the national policies developed or implemented in these countries.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a2206e44-en	2e602566d05b4d39fe3731c723f0ffdc	The other is for “outcome testing” through bilateral or plurilateral discussions as Members seek to clarify the deal, its value and the scope for flexibilities.30 On a technical level, there are open questions relating to product coverage and negotiating modalities. Is there a scope for a sectoral agreement on tariff reduction or elimination? Are there alternatives, considering climate friendly goods are, by definition, environmentally preferable products (EPPs)? Can they be redefined as a class of their own based on the source of energy, i.e. the resource rather than their use? And would it not make more sense to refocus the negotiations on non-tariff barriers to trade? Does a straightforward approach to the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and services square with the real life economics?	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	2e63d5a1c80807eacc0af1d60e95d49f	The 100 points are distributed across three main domains: level of seniority (up to 20 points), attendance (up to 20 points) and the assessment of the actual work of teachers. This annual score - the teaching aptitude - is needed for each teacher’s record. Scores for teachers need to be approved in an annual meeting at the school level with participation from the school principals, who have a voice but no vote. Inspectors are supposed to express their views about the performance of each teacher to the school principal.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	2e645d411a5ff2f80eea0ecaef0b4321	Dominica, an upper middle-income country, outperforms Vanuatu, a least developed country, in terms of income per capita and ranking on the Human Development Index. Vanuatu has much lower poverty and unemployment rates, as well as a strong traditional social safety net system, and has consistently ranked high in the Happy Planet Index Score. Both countries gained independence from the United Kingdom around the same time and they also have similar systems of government based on a unicameral parliament.	11	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	2e6558710315f5dc9a302255fb8d3b6b	Explaining the reason for eating unsafe food, a respondent said that it was cheaper to eat a purchased bun than making one at home and that the poor had to live with this food and shouldn’t be bothered about freshness or hygiene. A good number of people (23 per cent) also admitted to having had diarrhoea, while 8 per cent reported vomiting and another 8 per cent reported having had both diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the purchased food. In fact, the deprivation of the urban poor is worse than that of the rural poor.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/57a5b8c9-en	2e6724b69ab17e0515d72c4ce292e36e	The traditional measures of poverty have been based on household income or consumption as welfare indicators obtained through household surveys.4 in table 1, brief definitions are furnished, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these two indicators of welfare. Relative poverty lines that are usually used in developed countries are based on a selected cut-off point in income distribution or consumption, such as the level below which one third of the population finds itself, or that proportion earning half of the median income. The most common basis for constructing an absolute poverty line at the national level is the use of the basic needs approach.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3615596e-en	2e6926f87c04da3e01e83a2d6a96d615	If the board comprises eight directors or fewer, the difference between the number of directors of each gender should not be greater than two. Listed firms are required to reach a preliminary objective of 20% minimum male and female participation. The programme includes coaching initiatives and establishes a public database of male and female candidates for directorships.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	2e69819c0cf95ff1d33e4cc524fb6d6e	Myanmar is one of the main destinations for trafficked preparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and precursor chemicals seized in Myanmar mainly originated in nearby countries, primarily China, India and, to a lesser degree, Thailand. To circumvent national legislative controls on precursor chemicals, more non-scheduled precursor chemicals and/or pre-precursors are being used. In 2014, more than half of the crystalline methamphetamine in the country was synthesized using 2-bromopropiophenone.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	2e6ae3e23d64184ee38fe44105df4a7a	Por el contrario, las politicas que establecen niveles minimos de proteccion adecuados, amplian los derechos de pension a grupos no cubiertos anteriormente y flexibilizan el acceso de los trabajadores informales o no estandar a las prestaciones pueden contribuir de una manera u otra a mejorar los derechos de las mujeres de edad avanzada a recibir una pension. El informefinaliza con algunas recomendaciones para aumentar la equidad de genero de los sistemas de pensiones y sugiere que las politicas destinadas a alcanzar la igualdad de genero en derechos de pension y prestaciones deben ocuparse de varios frentes complementarios (que incluyen las medidas relativas al disefio del sistema de pensiones, asi como la regulation del mercado laboral y la conciliation de la vida familiar y laboral) y tener en cuenta la diversidad de situaciones de las mujeres en los diferentes estratos sociales yen losdistintospaises. However, in a context of widespread inequality, not everyone enjoys the same level of protection.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	2e6b8109d08139e73d59977041a848b5	This shows the danger of too rigid adherence to traditional knowledge but in this case had the curious result that the tradition was pre-adapted to present-day climate changes. The solution to the mystery is found in the history of our calendar system: Pope Gregory VIII arranged a calendar reform in 1582, whereby the differences of the Julian calendar could be corrected to the sun year to a large extent. The day of the “Cold Sophie” (15 May) was the date in the old calendar and corresponds to today’s 22 May. Therefore the effects of the “Ice Saints” were traditionally felt in the period 19-22 May. (Today’s warmer climate means that the new saint’s days earlier in May correctly predict the period of cold spells). Sensitive transplants should only be put in the garden beds after this date. (	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	2e6c6990b2e71530cd4e657678913637	Inversely, where the solid line is outside the OECD average, the variable is above the OECD average (the cash transfer/GDP ratio in Germany is higher than the OECD average, tor example). The indicators are presented in units ot standard deviation. Less income inequality and more growth - Are they compatible?	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	2e71385bc3f47269a4c60042a91db8ff	Importantly, it is expected in a drought year that all inputs will decrease, but that both crop and vegetation water demands will increase, leading to reductions in streamflow for rivers that are hydrologically connected to the aquifer, as well as reduced water availability for other groundwater-dependent ecosystems. These spatial externalities may include stream depletion and local water table lowering. For example, ongoing pumping by well B will lead to stream depletion and reductions in streamflow.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	2e716560b9ed823534ca8a3bdf880d18	These imply rates of domestic savings which are exceptional by international standards, particularly for an economy at China’s level of per capita income. Such high and rising rates of domestic savings in turn imply a suppression of domestic consumption out of incremental income, which reflects a combination of the sheer rapidity of the growth itself, as well as growing income inequalities, especially in the functional distribution of income. The available evidence clearly suggests worsening inequality in China, as shown in Table 1.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2956c59a-en	2e719ef85dfd2f02b6cac8e9dfda904c	It includes 54 gender-specific indicators (see Figure 2.1) and covers areas such as unpaid care and domestic work and violence against women and girls that are new to global monitoring efforts. While the global indicator framework is an important tool, it is only the tip of the iceberg of what is necessary. Below the surface is an urgent need to construct and improve statistical information at national and international levels. Areas traditionally underfunded and deprioritized, including gender statistics, are most in need of attention.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	2e7258485b0b691dd28b895bb99b9b00	As in the Strategy, the public buildings sector is not a separate sector, but falls under the commercial and services sector. It also emphasizes that capacity for EE needs to be built in both the Ministry of Energy and the Energy Agency and that an EE Fund should be established. So far, no evaluation on the level of implementation of the first NEEAP has been prepared by the Energy Agency, mandated by the Energy Law. The second NEEAP has to be adopted by the end of December 2013. It also includes the establishment of a Concept of Energy Security (2007), Strategy for Development of Energy Potential (2010), National Programme on Energy Saving for the period of 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of Local, Renewable and Unconventional Energy Sources in 2011-2015, National Programme on Development of local, renewable and unconventional energy sources in 2011-2015, Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on Development of Entrepreneurship and Business Activity Stimulation in the Republic of Belarus (2010).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	2e72a607daca412e4f5d98a866c31979	They are very well documented for all countries and years and available by age, gender14, and in some countries, by educational attainment (Sen 1998, Mackenbach et al. Also, there are large and persistent inequalities in longevity within countries that tend to be correlated with the socio-economic background of individuals. Furthermore, the socio-economic determinants of inequality in longevity, such as the education gradient of mortality, are very different across OECD countries.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ed8628cc-en	2e72b9192d9ad8b7190d434b52513c61	As an island nation surrounded by the sea, we are, on the one hand, at the mercy of the ocean but, on the other hand, the custodians of its resources. Changing winds, ocean currents, hurricanes and storms are all a result of the interplay between the ocean and the atmosphere. In addressing these issues, reference is made to the Pacific SIDS as a whole since the challenges identified are not unique to Fiji but common to all Pacific SIDS. Currently, the Pacific SIDS do not enjoy equitable economic and social benefits derived from the use of living marine resources despite our overwhelming dependence on them. The disconnect between the international instruments governing oceans on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other hand, has created barriers to the full realization of development aspirations of SIDS and, in many instances, is a primary barrier to the achievement of national economic development goals.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	2e76fb646edd76c00a4847a4671047c6	Drug trafficking in West Africa may have an impact on the abuse of certain types of drugs, such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, in the subregion. The increase in drug trafficking has been accompanied not only by growing illicit drug use, especially among younger people, but also by increasing activities of organized criminal groups. In West and Central Africa, organized crime continues to contribute to social and economic costs by increasing drug trafficking and addiction and by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of comparatively few well-armed criminals.	3	3	1	0.5
10.18356/36457e13-en	2e776114f1371fa50c25a00d5efa2f73	In addition, there is no system or institution responsible for collation, aggregation and maintenance of reliable biodiversity information, either for the entire country or for the entities. This makes any analysis of or reporting on biodiversity very challenging. However the EPR mission demonstrated that there is a lot of information on many aspects of biodiversity spread around different institutions (governmental bodies, museums, research organizations, NGOs, projects and programmes etc.), Sometimes it appears in a form which requires additional work to make it usable, predominantly in local languages, veiy often only in hard copy.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	2e77e203799ceb986fb64114265926cd	Central government provides up to 80% of this for farmers in mountainous provinces and the Central Highlands, and up to 70% for farmers in other provinces. The remaining part is supplied from provincial budget. When initially approved in 1998 it was scheduled to last seven years.31 The programme was extended in 2006 for a further five years (Phase II) and has recently been extended into a third phase from 2011 to 2015.32 The initial phase consisted of four major components: infrastructure development, e.g. roads, health centres, irrigation systems, water supply systems, markets, etc. Emphasis was given to developing village, communal and inter- communal infrastructure, with over VND 9 142 billion (USD 600 million) spent during Phase I from 1998 to 2005.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	2e7c8a2b04c56a71ad81eb94da5752d2	However, most of the donors are yet to reach the target. However, the unilateral tariff cuts by both developed and some developing countries since the adoption of the BPoA have provided the LDCs with only limited benefits. In particular, subsidies and nontariff measures for agriculture in developed countries continue to act as a disincentive to agricultural production and exports, especially in the Asia Pacific LDCs. In addition, many LDCs lack the capacity to utilize trade concessions already available due to infrastructure and other capacity constraints to raise and diversify export related production. In this respect, two areas are important for poverty and hunger reduction in the Asia Pacific LDCs.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599451-13-en	2e7d226738de1aadda0fc41b6736d485	The Fund provides accessible and affordable credit to women to start a new business or expand an existing one. C-WES ensures that all women at the constituency level, especially those living in areas not well served by financial intermediaries, are not disadvantaged in accessing the Fund. It recognises that women and men have different needs regarding entrepreneurship support and that until women’s needs are addressed they are unlikely to be able to start, sustain or grow their enterprises.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	2e7d90e2648e88fb955fd4230a415382	Groundwater pumping can result in desiccation of natural reserves, as seen in the Netherlands, and contribute to the drying up of wetlands, as seen in southern Europe, with significant loss for water quality filtering (Hellegers et al., In Mexico and western United States, it has resulted in significant land collapses (Foster, 2008; Sneed et al., Intensive pumping in coastal aquifers, or aquifers connected to saline water bodies, is a significant source of salinization of groundwater, affecting the crop choice for agriculture and ecosystems, in particular in the wetlands, rivers, ponds, springs and streams to which it is connected (Schoengold and Zilberman, 2007; Fuentes, 2011; UNECE, 2011; Amores et al., Farmers using groundwater beyond recharge may lose a source of future income (an option value, e.g. Howitt et al.,	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	2e7e1e746eced32229140b65a31626e8	In addition to conventional gas, India has estimated coalbed methane (CBM) resources between of 1.4 tern and 2.6 tern, mainly in the east in the area of the coal resources. Just 0.05 bcm of CBM have been produced in 2008/09, but it is planned to expand production to 2.7 bcm by 2015 (Srivastava, 2010). The Damodar basin in West Bengal and the Cambay basin in Gujarat are, according to the state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India (ONGC, 2010), promising formations for shale gas. In November 2010, the US and Indian governments announced that the US Geological Survey will help India to assess its shale gas reserves.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	2e7f69ecab732e45427100465ff17242	Additionally, several national courts have considered that the denial of same-sex marriage violates constitutional anti-discriminatory provisions. See, e.g., Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage [2004] 3 S.C.R. 698, 2004 SCC 79 (Supreme Court of Canada); Minister of Home Affairs and Another v. Fourie and Another, Lesbian and Gay Equality Project and Others v. Minister of Home Affairs and Others, [2005] ZACC19 (South African Constitutional Court); James Obergefell et al. See, e.g., General Comments adopted by the UN CESCR, in particular No.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	2e7f96c64980d6e806b1987f2de0d413	Both production risks (say rainfall and pests) and price risks can be overwhelming for the small farmer trying to specialise and scale-up for entering product markets. In trying to overcome these barriers, in some regions, women face higher hurdles to access resources, including land. In any event, there will be many small farm families who would remain at semi-subsistence farming, if they are unable to find other livelihoods or unable to exit.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	2e80b81ca6ab0abad0d10882b764a262	Moreover, with the BR1CS now accounting for about 28% of world GDP (at PPP rates), a slowdown in growth has larger effects on the global economy and OECD countries than in the past. In OECD countries, direct trade relations with non-OECD countries have grown substantially in importance over the past two decades. Financial conditions have tightened significantly in some emerging economies, and financial linkages with OECD countries could increase the impact of a decelerating growth in the emerging economies. Similarly, as the links in the banking sectors of several developed and emerging economies have grown stronger since the financial crisis, tightening financial conditions in some emerging economies may also influence income growth of OECD countries.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	2e813b4c5cfef3aae34c01d4d03cbf07	Defining child poverty in South Africa using the socially perceived necessities approach' in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds), Global Child Poverty and Well-being: Measurement, Concepts, Policy and Action, Studies in Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion Series, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. Multidimensional Poverty Orderings', DELTA Working Paper No. The Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty', in Journal of Economic Inequality, pp. Overlaps in dimensions of Poverty', in Journal of Social Policy, 32, 4, 513-525, Cambridge University Press.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	2e81a8102e127a060b660569d364ea1e	They also enable farmer groups to bulk their crop into economic lot sizes that can be sold further down the marketing chain to processors, millers and other large traders, developing a greater direct involvement of smallholders. Used as collateral, warehouse receipts provide easier access to commodity finance, help reduce trade margins and seasonal price variability and enhance the involvement of the financial sector in agricultural marketing. Confidence in the reliability of the receipts is an absolute prerequisite for such schemes to succeed and the lack of confidence has led to the failure of previous attempts to introduce a warehouse receipt system in Zambia92.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	2e903dbd71371216b82e9c4f7a93c6c4	This has historically been the case in countries such as Japan where these resources have been particularly costly, leading to stricter standards and economic incentives to improve efficiency of use. Such conditions support further reductions in resource intensity as the economies of successful countries tend to move towards higher value-added activities. Although it will be essential for policy makers to carry with them their key stakeholders when implementing change, lobbying positions of firms are not always in the economic interests of the country as a whole.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0f7239b1-en	2e922725c0a320514998063f6975cf76	As in other countries, counsellors in Liberia say it can take much longer for a man to seek help. Liberian women, many of them from among the market stallholders who are the backbone of much West African commerce, demonstrated in 2003 that the seemingly impossible could be achieved by a mass peace movement that relied heavily on broad solidarity, persistence, song and prayer, but almost no money. Their story, told in the dramatic documentary Pray the Devil Back to Hell shows how women were able to demand an end to civil war.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	2e93e92a0f0242ad9fa9d13821ddd481	Chile specifies its BUR only includes resources channelled through the public sector, Brazil only the federal public sector, excluding sub-national governments, and Indonesia includes some flows to NGOs. This will likely continue to vary by country, though Parties could indicate (as some do in their BURs) the receiving institutions included. High: Common guidance could be provided for how to report the information, e.g. using specific terms or terminology with consistent definitions. Note that the coverage of information included would likely still vary by country.	13	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	2e9aee0b629e7a0526546b9d3fa09c01	In addition, limited autonomy disempowers school and local actors and makes it more difficult to hold local players accountable, in particular school leaders, as they do not have the responsibility to take most of the decisions. Besides, as local actors (namely school principals) have limited leeway on the operation of schools, they have few opportunities to build their capacity to guide and lead school development. In such a context, the few initiatives such as the Regional Campuses for technical-professional education providing some leeway at the local level merit support. Indeed, teachers elect representatives to CODICEN and to each individual education council.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	2ea254e1a3d2dc120275feae88286ca7	While about half of female movers first enter inactivity, this percentage is much lower for men, with the exception of Brazil. A high percentage of young men manage to enter into employment (ranging from 53% in Mexico to 35% in Brazil), but many of them find an informal job, particularly in Argentina. Additionally, a conspicuous percentage (around 20% for both men and women) of young people ends up in unemployment.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	2ea29b8845d641e1af620d8e87dfcfef	Situated 60 km from Ngaound6r6 on the old route, its supply of Ngaoundere was based on two practises: urban wholesalers and semi-wholesalers came to the weekly market (Wednesday), while motorists and travellers made day-to-day purchases as they passed through the village. Roadside stalls had sprung up along the road through the village, bringing local residents additional daily income. Traffic on the unpaved Tchollire-Touboro regional road, which used to carry 80% of foodstuffs from Touboro, has fallen by over 70% in favour of the new, paved road (Touboro-Ngaoundere), making Ngaoundere a major redistribution hub between North and South Cameroon.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	2ea848067425079f87dc83e572ede913	However, funding from international partners is likely to gradually decline in the years to come. Funbio was mandated by the MMA to carry out the financial management of the programme (Box 5.8), which receives large international donations (Germany is the largest donor). The Amazon Fund also helps finance the ARPA programme and other activities to control deforestation, including in protected areas (Chapter 4).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	2eace2f92c521841e70a49e945afdc04	A few more estimates are available for developing countries. The cost estimates presented in Table 3 are relatively high in comparison to most of the estimates in the literature. Furthermore, making a direct comparison between these different estimates is difficult because the effectiveness of measures varies across the studies. Although it is impossible to compare these estimates due to different approaches, and to different regional aggregations, and because the low number of available studies does not allow for thorough analysis, some general observations can be made. One observation is that adaption costs will be high.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	2eb51f65d4ddb5ea08049373e28ee9fa	It region ranks among the top 12% among all OECD regions in the indicator for civic engagement which is measured by voter turnout (84.2%). It also ranks high among all OECD regions for community (in the top 19%)—that is, the perceived social support network which for Pays de la Loire is 92.3%. For safety, which is measured by the homicide rate. Pas de la Loire is less competitive.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	2eb5922895b0a3fd085d7609b88a6e38	Constructive, co-ordinated action between all of these actors is therefore key. General economic policies and investments, including macroeconomics, general education, growth policies and broader rural development, can all have significant positive spill-overs for a number of challenges identified above, such as food and nutrition security, for example. This is also evident from comparisons of the Fast, Globally-Driven Growth and Individual, Fossil Fuel-Driven Growth scenarios: international co-operation in various areas, trade and technological developments included, has major implications due to the generation of income opportunities, not least in developing countries. Agricultural Innovation Systems comprise not just investments in R&D, but also, crucially, include the whole framework of institutions and infrastructure which enable private and public R&D - as well as private-public partnerships - to develop future-proof methods and technologies, test and showcase these developments within the agriculture and food sectors, and ensure their broad and international application.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	2eb669eb8dbdd9ae340bfa1b82140b9f	The OECD, with its Strength through Diversity project, stands ready to support Sweden in developing an education system that promotes the integration of immigrant and refugee students into its education system. Special thanks are due to Swedish team members Kjell Nyman, Veronica Borg, Asa Kallen, Charlotte Persson, Cristina Pontis, Amanda Johansson and Lovissa LH Heiberg for their guidance and support in developing this report. We are also grateful to Katalin Bellaagh, Anna Ambrose, Anders Auer, Therese Ahlqvist, Ingalill Hagglund, Camilla Holmberg, Eva Lundgren, Maria Schwartz and Isabell Zupanc from the National Agency for Education for organising the meetings with stakeholders and for their comments, and to Kjell Nyman, Peter Johansson (in early stages) and Veronica Borg for co-ordinating the whole process.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	2eb84e7ebf1bf3c514cb19136d3794ad	This has affected all types of NGOs, including environmental ones. The number of registered environmental NGOs diminished from 706 in 2014 to 487 in 2017, although this decrease might be partially attributed to the number of NGOs that ceased functioning and therefore were not present to reregister. The General Agency charges a one-time registration fee of 44,000 tugriks (approximately US$20) to all newly established NGOs.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	2eb9f474b8ad94eb7a9233ba333e1730	As the organisation of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education is a very fast changing policy field, this paper only refers to recent studies for the comparison of policy practices. Section 3 presents key features of upper secondary education that influence student assessment practices at this level. Section 4 then looks at the design and governance of assessment for qualification and certification in different contexts.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	2ec0e53d64b3accd6857e37a3dd636a5	Inevitably, this increase in obesity will result in more Koreans suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory conditions (Berry et al., While having fallen considerably from very high levels during the 1980s, Korean males still have smoking rates that are among the highest across OECD countries (Figure 5.2). While the proportion of women who smoke is the lowest in the OECD, those that do are likely to start at a younger age and are therefore exposed to the harmful effects of smoking earlier in life.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	2ec1f150073f99e9f8f856665de3fcbb	More incentive based licensing systems are, as we see it, necessary for getting this environmentally beneficiary method in use. It is a strong consensus that the world population will continue to grow and that agricultural and marine crop will be utilized more thoroughly for direct human nutrition. Finding totally new feed resources is a necessity if aquaculture continues to grow. Microorganisms are among the most promising alternatives for viable use in the northern latitudes and focus should be directed towards supporting this development.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264309470-en	2ec2e5b5f583e01d666efdeac20c2bec	Austrian policymakers have helped create centres of research excellence, including through the “greenfield” founding of the Institute for Science and Technology (1ST) Austria which was recently included in the Nature 2018 Index of the Top 30 (universities) under 30 (years old). Up to EUR 280 million are budgeted for a period of five years, at the end of which around 400 researchers in the fields of electronics-based systems and microelectronics are expected to be employed at Silicon Austria Labs. Policy makers recognise the transformational importance of digitalisation, and through many channels act to accelerate its diffusion. There has been considerable experimentation over decades with varied institutional models to support innovation, and evaluation of innovation policy instruments is a widespread practice.	9	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	2ec317186147b049f0fabebadc80af5b	The ambitious mission included a target to connect health centres and hospitals. The health sector is recognised as information intensive; processing the vast volumes of data generated can no longer efficiently be done manually. Today, ICT is becoming central to the effective operation of health systems and services, although progress is uneven. Facilities can vary within and between countries, thus making standardization of measurement difficult.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	2ecb2bc173668480d116b288e467a99d	Examples of the above are support to national human rights commissions or Ombudsmen offices (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements). A sense of autonomy and self-value is an important and direct contributory factor for enabling someone to participate in politics and take optimum advantage of services, such as health and education.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	2ecc3aa1e8199ccad0abfeb46b14d477	Many scientists say that emissions must peak within the decade, given that climate change and its adverse effects are driven by the cumulative build-up of greenhouse gases that remain in the atmosphere for many years, and, in the case of C02, for centuries. The challenge now is to scale up ambition and to immediately accelerate the transformation towards low-emission, climate-resilient sustainable development that supports the health and well-being of all people and of our planet. As the Secretary-General has often stated, we cannot achieve the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals without reducing the risks of climate change. To make lasting progress in eliminating poverty, reducing hunger and achieving all the other SDGs, we must radically decarbonize our economies to protect the Earth's climate and ecosystems that are essential to our survival.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190658-7-en	2ecf1fb05f92f97f9860fc837277db1c	The chapter concludes with a set ofpointers for policy development. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It focuses on how student assessment influences the learning experience of individual students and considers both summative assessment (assessment of learning) and formative assessment (assessment for learning) of students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	2ecfed829c0151bbff234a12814c0073	In Southern Europe, the Czech Republic, and Poland, more than 30% of family carers provide intensive care, with the share even higher in Spain (over 50%) and Korea (over 60%). While care can alleviate the poverty risk to which old people are exposed, it jeopardises the adequacy of carers’ future retirement entitlements, as the vast majority are not sufficiently covered by pension systems. Healthcare services, in particular, lift incomes by an average of 14%, particularly in France (17.9%) and Sweden (17.2%), but much less in the Netherlands (10.9%). Everywhere eldercare services still account for a small share of public expenditure, however.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	2ed283a4d1338968f87ed7deaca40bd5	Income dispersion largely originates from the labour market, which is characterised by a still high unemployment rate, a pervasive informal sector and a wide wage dispersion reflecting a large education premium for those with higher education. Wealth, and thus capital income, is also highly concentrated. The tax and system does little to reduce income inequality. It is small and dominated by non-redistributive transfer schemes, in particular contributory pensions, and consumption taxes which tend to be regressive.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	2ed41bff7215c83a3b15614ff14601fa	Better incentives for both insurers and insurees are required to encourage managed care products that are successful in improving quality, efficiency and care co-ordination. Managed care products should encourage care providers to work as teams to deliver co-ordinated care, driven by incentives for quality and evidence on best-practice medicine. They could also be used to encourage the introduction of alternatives to fee-for-service payment arrangements. In Switzerland, the health insurance benefit package is centrally determined and the Health Insurance Law requires effectiveness, appropriateness and efficiency for inclusion of goods and services in the benefit basket.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	2ed4ee2a8f03ea2164acfd13050888e5	Transactions by the official sector with countries on the DAC List of ODA Recipients, which do not meet the conditions for eligibility as Official Development Assistance. The puipose codes are also commonly referred to as sector codes as they provide a classification of the sector of the activity. In total, there are 261 purpose codes with 207 mandatory and 54 new voluntary codes, which have recently been added to the CRS to more easily link development activities to developing country budgets. These activities are considered core STI activities as their ultimate aim are clearly focused on obtaining new knowledge through scientific studies in their respective sectors. All activities reported under these codes are considered as core support to the ICT sector.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	2ed54ca1d8eda73bec1654891370a5b4	If we consider only deprivation, 48 per cent of children are deprived, while their head of household does not consider the family to be poor. In fact, the mismatch is quite substantial. And secondly, adults can have a different opinion of a child's well-being that may disregard the objective situation and most importantly children's rights.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	2ed8da097e3425ff68a2fa20da8f57b3	In five countries the gap widened.9 In the remaining four countries out of the 13, reductions in the national U5MR had a neutral impact on health distribution. Indeed, such society-wide improvements seem as likely to be accompanied by increasing as decreasing inequalities. Moreover, reaching some groups requires efforts in other areas such as improving communications between local authorities and targeted groups, facilitating increased participation by local communities, and greater access to education and information so as to increase people’s awareness of health issues, among others.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2014-6-en	2eddf77fc50c55edc5868479ee19fd1d	To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.	4	8	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	2edec96fbb6e9ec21a9962cb278c68b0	For Israel, changes are given only between 1997-99 and 2011-13. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The OECD total does not include the non-OECD EU member states.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	2ee0d1da577a596326c9131814af5bda	In OECD countries, there is a trend to move away from compulsory towards elective courses which are open for students from different faculties and schools. This approach facilitates the formation of teams of students with different backgrounds and interests. Interdisciplinary team efforts allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service. To what extent these courses use creative teaching methods and are tailored to the needs of the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students is not clear.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	2ee14fa0c57d01a7ab0d65c43eab1c4c	These have done much to stimulate public awareness of evaluation and assessment and to develop an evaluation culture within school systems. It includes national student assessments at key stages of education, a range of user surveys, a web-based School Portal, and a range of tools for schools’ self-review (e.g. diagnostic “mapping tests”). With the establishment and development of NKVS, policy makers aimed to move policy attention away from inputs and processes to focus more on the outcomes of education (Nusche et al.,	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	2ee1fb66f9a109ffbddfa6db2917f839	"Take Gabon, for example. The nature of demand in China (figure 6.2), however, was such that it led to a relative de-greening of the Gabonese timber and wood value chain. Certifiers assess forests' operations against a predetermined set of standards developed by the council. This allows wood to be sold in the market as ""certified"" wood, bearing the FSC trademark logo."	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	2ee59f127c2c613b7e8ad96f04ac8b4e	It holds the overall responsibility for schooling and is in charge of developing the curriculum, national objectives and guidelines for the education system. To reduce the gap between immigrant and native students, Sweden’s government will need to use tools such as funding and guidelines to promote policies to reduce it. One of the core components, school choice, was a radical change from the previously enforced location-based system. The reformed policy mandated the provision of vouchers for any school, public or independent, regardless of geographic location in order to create a more democratic educational system by introducing ‘freedom of choice’ and allowing local schools a higher degree of autonomy (Lund, 2015(12]).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	2ee5a76032c18bb8007d0c6f1ae884b8	Overall budgetary transfers in the PSE database (Section 2.4) include, in principle, central budget transfers and funding from external donors (bilateral and from international banks) but does not include local co-financing as there is no data on this. The allocation of DAK funds has not been entirely transparent. The allocation mechanisms set forth in the regulations are not yet well understood by many regional governments (ADB, 2010). Plantation SOEs were originally established in 1958 when the government nationalised the Dutch plantation companies. The current number of 15 is the result of a series of mergers, based on geographical location, undertaken by the government to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the SOEs. Perum is the abbreviation for perusahaan umum, meaning public corporation.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	2ee78670d3be4ce2988819be97a83c4c	Japan has successfully developed several subsidy programmes for solar installations since 1993. However, the 2008 peak in the Pacific region might be a result of recent tax incentives coming in to force in South Korea. The total gross capacity entering the market in the three Pacific countries is rather low compared to Europe and North America.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	2ee8f390b5228c85d0947a5639430eb6	Klein and Wayman (2008) and Bauer (2011) found that training programmes improve both the economic and non-economic lives of women who own small and micro businesses. International networks, such as the World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (FCEM), have the potential for transferring knowledge and experience between North and South, and East and West. Finally, many top performing women entrepreneurs in growth-oriented firms have senior management experience in corporations, where they gained experience in leadership and acquired access to valuable networks.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	2ee9b264678c389787e4710b75935ccd	On the other hand, affirmative action by imposing gender quotas in the labour market can entail greater efforts of firms to identify qualified women (Holzer and Neumark, 2000) and can encourage more women to participate in the competition for jobs (Niederle et al., It distinguishes between “legitimate” differences in outcomes due to different choices made and “illegitimate” differences in outcomes that arise from discrimination or other impediments beyond one’s control (Robeyns, 2006). The pursuit of equality of opportunities between the genders means to strive for equal access to education, health and the labour market, and, in a nutshell, the elimination of any barriers that may hamper men and women to realise their individual aspirations.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	2eeab9464a948e5f130bd9b4a7e5b551	A user satisfaction survey showed that 86% of export drivers and 28% of import drivers were satisfied with the infrastructure changes changes (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 80). Afghanistan, Iran and India recently finalized the trilateral transport and transit pact that regulates infrastructure improvement in the seaport of Chabahar, located on Iran's South-Eastern coast. India had previously invested USD 135 million to build the Zaranj-Dilaram highway connecting the Kabul-Herat Highway to Chabahar port, providing land-locked Afghanistan with access to the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	2eec3b4e46574e7934d974f5052598d6	The SCP and BTC Pipelines pass through the buffer zone of Botjomi National Park and the Boijomi-Kharaguli Nature Reserve. The current Georgian legislation does not define the methodology for calculating the environmental flow. In practice, two methodologies coexist: for the oldest dams, the Soviet standards are applied, and for the most recent ones, a more simplified methodology is adopted (chapter 4).	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	2eee8e67fb49cb6a7045e0c0113d76bd	Though the share of food and agricultural products in global trade is small and declining, agricultural trade continues to play an important role for both overall economic development and food security in many developing and emerging economies. Moreover, in multilateral trade negotiations, tensions over agriculture have time and again caused particular difficulties and retarded progress in other sectors. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) concluded in the Uruguay Round w'as a milestone in multilateral efforts to create operationally effective disciplines governing agricultural trade. It established firm rules and clearly specified quantitative reduction commitments.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	2eee9a21ad032fce391d4d68eae6f95e	First, for financial sustainability to be respected, a nonmarginal number of users will have to pay more than the long-term average cost of service provision. A second key aspect is the capacity of the structure to appropriately target the poor, defined by Komives et al. ( This tariff structure does not qualify as a social tariff as it has not been established that poor households consume much less water than more well-off ones: empirical research tends to indicate that income elasticity of water demand is low; in other terms, the poor do not necessarily consume less water than the rich.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	2ef3d739933032cff93ce6fa93448e02	In the school district of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for example, the Pittsburgh Urban Leadership System for Excellence entails the use of appraisal results to determine performance-based pay.34 With the introduction of this system, compensation is no longer based on annual salary increases for all school principals or a system based on salary steps determined by length of service. Under the new system, school principals can earn an annual salary increment of up to USD 2 000 that becomes part of the base salary if they are rated proficient across the seven performance standards and 27 components of practice laid out in the district’s performance standards or if rated as satisfactory in completing the professional growth project. School principals can earn an additional achievement bonus of up to USD 10 000 for raising student achievement that is not retained in the base salary. The effects of such schemes will, however, vary among individuals and contexts, and also depend on the career stage a leader is in. Links between appraisal and school leaders’ salaries and financial bonuses, in particular, are contentious.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	2ef3dc7fa8465c284a5f0f47166491e8	Some educational institutions, for example, encourage their staff to work in industry during the summer period. The operation of hotel schools can further support this, in addition to enabling trainees to learn in a real-life context, such as the Hotel School Astoria in Slovenia and Hong Kong Polytechnic University’s Hotel ICON, as can inviting people working in industry to participate in workshops and give guest lectures. Work needs to be organised in a way that is conducive to learning and certain conditions need to be in place for this to be effective.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/edf15661-en	2ef3eeeabae43b012429c09144c5f831	Young women in conflict situations suffer from higher rates of gender-based violence. Such rates are usually even higher if the women also belong to a minority or marginalized group. No stratum of society is immune to gender-based violence; however, the ability to seek judicial redress or medical treatment or the opportunity to seek services to escape from gender-based violence depend heavily on a woman’s social standing and access to economic resources (box 4.2).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	2ef483f5bdda6b581423913b803c3aa0	However, there is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints and a lack of environmental regulations on diffuse pollution. The greatest challenge of regulating outputs of diffuse pollution is how to allocate a pollution “cap” (or maximum permitted load) to individual land owners in a way that is equitable and cost-efficient. A natural capital based approach to allocating diffuse pollution limits is an emerging development that has the ability to reach the full economic potential of natural resources, based on the underlying capacity of the soil to filter and retain water and nutrients. Water quality trading offers a way to promote practices that reduce pollution at least cost to society by revealing preferences and water pollution costs. Markets and payments for ecosystem services are not a perfect substitute for robust regulations. Equity and fairness in burden sharing do not preclude efficiency.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	2ef5da07001e655477feeb0f67cdfd04	Burned areas also increase risks of invasive plant species, proliferation of pyrophytic species, soil loss, and depleted seedbank and regeneration potential. Although the extent of open landscape affected by wildfires has declined in the past decade (Figure 5.1), the number of fires per year has recently shown a notable increase. This trend warrants further monitoring, especially in light of increasing temperatures and drier winters due to climate change.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	2ef85e5a3ec6f9c1a4cc365a5a1b7255	Some private professionals can participate in the committee according Transport Safety Act. In practice, the committee does not convene often. Attempts have been made to create such a body. In 2000-2002, the prime minister created a Safety Management and Improvement Committee responsible for co-ordinating safety policies and measures among various governmental agencies.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/irtad-2013-en	2ef88d2c683a670cab503975595695c9	In 2011, the best performing countries recorded risk below five deaths per billion vehicle-kilometres. In the absence of data on vehicle kilometres for many IRTAD countries, the fatality rate per registered vehicles may be used as an approximation of exposure in order to describe risks and make comparisons between countries. Data on fatalities are usually reasonably complete, although police records miss a certain number of deaths resulting from crashes in all countries, and in all IRTAD member countries based on the same definition (death within 30 days of the crash), and therefore adapted for international comparisons.	3	4	4	0.0
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	2ef914dd33041fc6cf562fae163ad4a9	This made negotiations more complicated. When negotiations over the Euphrates between Iraq. Syria and Turkey were initiated in the early 1980s, Turkey insisted on including the shared waters of the Orontes, while Syria at the time refused to discuss Orontes water with Turkey. The River Protection and Environmental Preservation Sub-Committee is responsible for coordinating and supervising issues related to river hydrology, river pollution and river infringements. The Sub-Committee for the Expropriation of Lands in the Vicinity of the Zeita Canals (Figure 9) addresses issues related to lands that straddle the Lebanese-Syrian border in the vicinity of the Zeita Dam.71 The parties have agreed that Syria is to compensate landowners for work related to the canals on Lebanese territory, while Lebanon is to enlist its local authorities to enforce the rule of law and prevent damage to the infrastructure of the canals.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/84974ecb-en	2efb7a0ca6c4e496e10fc92b296bfd2e	Starting in 1975, which was also International Women's Year, Mexico City hosted the World Conference on the International Women's Year, which resulted in the World Plan of Action and the designation of 1975-1985 as the United Nations Decade for Women. In 1980, another international conference on women was held in Copenhagen and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was opened for signature. The third World Conference on Women was held in Nairobi, with the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women having begun its work in 1982.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	2efbe487e428e192a5290688a8ddbf6d	Resources also should be allocated to various public institutions for developing and implementing a holistic prevention strategy and actions that proactively engage women as well as men, and the government sector as well as the non-governmental sector. Advertising and national campaigns may be used to spread information about hotlines for reporting violence. The education system and the news media are also well positioned to raise understanding and awareness of the unacceptability of violence against women. France offers an example of a communications strategy that also incorporates government directives and the establishment of an emergency helpline (ministere des Droits des femmes, n.d.).	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	2efd3e09ff072143ad93ee3a62c7a902	When located in the arable fields, the nest may be destroyed by vehiclesand other agricultural equipment used in the cultivation ofthefields. Ifthe nest is located in permanent habitats such as field edges and road sides etc. To some extent, both elements are controlled by the chosen agricultural scheme: Organic farming or intensive farming. In organic farming, no pesticides are applied and thus there is no control of the availability and production of non-crop plants and invertebrates.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	2eff3018549c308229b43777daf99f07	These facilities can deliver pharmacological treatments, and some talking therapies such as counselling depending on capacity and can refer people to specialised mental health providers. Family doctors and other physicians performing a primary care “function” in Japan can provide care to patients with mild and moderate mental disorders, and can prescribe a fairly standard range of pharmaceuticals for mental health care. However, in reality, unlike in other OECD countries generalists or primary care physicians (except for those specialised in psychiatry) do not play the central role in the provision of care for mild-to-moderate disorders.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	2f05c7663e2802e23ad667fc0ed501f4	The Swedish municipal federations are legal entities, whose tasks and obligations are formally agreed upon by their members. These inter-municipal co-operative organisations are usually run by boards, whose members are not directly elected but instead nominated by the member municipalities. Over the years, inter-municipal collaboration among Swedish municipalities has increased steadily: in 2005 there were 80 municipal federations and by 2011 the number of federations increased to 110 (Regeringskansliet, 2005[26]) (OECD, 2017[25]).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	2f0919e4d65a48be0c23da3af09f1263	This estimate is based on two alternative experiments that show, respectively, that the impact of UI on unemployment duration is greater in liquidity-constrained than in unconstrained households and that SP also increases the duration of unemployment, despite not being conditional on being unemployed (Chetty, 2008). Similarly, Card et al. ( Moreover, an extension of the maximum duration of unemployment benefits from 20 to 30 weeks lowers the job-finding rate in the first 20 weeks of search by 5-9%.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/becaa395-en	2f0923f2b5f8443c26a5f3f56aab1f8a	The sector emits three types of anthropogenic greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), the hydrocarbon methane (CHJ and nitrous oxide (N20). The main sources of those emissions are deforestation, enteric fermentation in livestock, manure left on fields, applied chemical fertilizers and rice cultivation practices. Carbon dioxide and methane account for 49 and 30 percent, respectively, of the emissions generated by agriculture, forestry and land use. This represents 14 percent of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and 42 percent of all methane emissions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	2f09770537d6b783792c984b392b8de5	Production of poultry meat will be responsible for more than half of the projected increase in meat production fuelled by both domestic and international demand. The remaining expansion of the meat sector will be shared between beef and pigmeat (Figure 2.16). When adjusted for inflation however, prices mostly rise at a modest rate. In general, per capita consumption of the three primary meat types is poised to increase reflecting Brazil’s continuous economic development. Per capita consumption reaches 83 kg/p in 2024, adding 5.8 kg/p to each person’s diet relative to the base period driven primarily by additional consumption of poultry meat.	2	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	2f0a4d94f586b7cb8d31481a0c2acf59	This is demonstrated in the science, technology, education and mathematics (STEM) industries, where women make up only 13 per cent of engineering and 18 per cent of technology placements at universities, yet hold 89 per cent of nursing and 85 per cent of education positions (WBC 2013a). The WBC has also created tools and resources to counteract some of these discriminatory practices. For example, the WBC website provides different interventions that have been used in order to support young girls in broadening their career goals and challenging gender biases that keep them from STEM activities.	5	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	2f0abfb5618890d9d5e1da84930c7416	In many more environments, smart meters can coordinate the energy consumption of appliances to smooth out variations in overall energy consumption and achieve more effective use of variable renewable energy sources. Impactful loT interventions in development either improve efficiency (achieving similar levels of impact with fewer resources) or effectiveness (increasing impact with similar levels of resources).6 loT applications could help promote monitoring and evaluation, and achievement of nearly all the existing Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Table 3, pages 39-40). For example, sensors in agricultural fields are monitoring soil conditions and moisture levels.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	2f0c92ec4a2bef7fbd3fe5b50c77f3e4	Starting in the 1980s, macroeconomic policies became narrowly focused on controlling inflation, fiscal prudence and promoting export growth, an approach that would bring, so it was believed, economic stability, growth and poverty reduction through trickling down effects. As discussed, this promise was not fulfilled. In contrast, the fast-growing East Asian economies embedded macroeconomic policies in a broader development strategy and did not substitute industrial policies for generalized trade liberalization.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	2f0ccfb7e84ec469de1fab62ba3131d1	Provider coverage is initially limited, but envisaged to cover all providers in future years. Of note, Latvia has been working closely with Estonia to leam from their experiences in introducing e-health system. For instance, health care providers can issue e-prescriptions so that patients can purchase medications in any pharmacy in the country', and this will enable providers to monitor medication safety' when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, co-ordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.	3	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-4-en	2f0cd0912e87415b16eb67dd69bca2ca	By then, nearly one-third of the total primary energy supply was generated by the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, located at the eastern border of the country. Closedown of this plant was completed in 2009 as part of the country’s accession agreement with the European Union. In order to reduce Lithuania's dependence on fossil fuel imports for energy production, plans call for the opening of a new nuclear reactor by 2016.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	2f0ea7e1a6e62962ef7178ab1695cbc1	When a disaster occurs, based on the functions and tasks of the branches and units, the Committee is responsible for co-ordination, creating favourable conditions for the effective collaboration of all agencies in the response activities. Members of the committee are heads of Hai Phong departments, agencies and government units. Every year, they are asked to prepare local plans for natural disaster prevention and submit them to the committee so it can prepare a master plan for the whole city.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	2f0f2145d39487f55262e97e25f08a10	The Figure above shows some of the metropolitan areas with the highest values of the sprawl index. Several metropolitan areas of Japan, Las Palmas and Zaragoza (Spain) and Tallin (Estonia) show values higher than 10%. However, these metropolitan areas had relatively lower levels of built-up area per person in 2000, compared to metropolitan areas in the United States.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	2f1079f04e0fb267991be5ea8f7c98c2	The processing of tax returns and the collection of taxes by local bodies is at least ten times less than is required for the efficient management of public services (Asian Development Bank 2008). Although holding taxes account for two thirds of the total tax revenue, they are collected inconsistently, as people have a tendency to evade taxes and the tax administration is not efficient enough to raise a fixed amount of tax regularly. There is no dedicated project targeted towards public health care, in general, and towards urban primary health care, in particular, except the Second Urban Primary Health Care Project. Finally, as a wide variety of functions compete for limited resources, public health receives a lesser allocation (as a lower priority issue).	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4845d1b0-en	2f113e7184b2fe71d5dbf5b4092b7cc9	"As such, the consumption of goods manufactured in Asia and the Pacific has created a large ""material footprint"" across the manufacturing sector's supply chain, involving many different kinds of material. The growth in material use by the manufacturing sector has resulted in economic growth in many parts of the region; the less developed countries are now starting to catch up with the living standards enjoyed by their more developed counterparts. An expanding middle class has increased the demand for and consumption of materialintensive products, such as cars, furniture and household appliances."	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	2f143a0af4ae1557b7afbb25dab230f8	"For example, Decision 1/CP.21 does not specify when the first national inventory reports and progress reports under the Paris Agreement are to be submitted. However, the timing of final biennial reports (BRs) and biennial update reports (BURs) has not yet been set."" Further, Decision 1/CP.21 does not include any guidance regarding the future frequency of national communications for developed and developing country Parties."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	2f16e056cdb107670568503d6d08ce8a	In Peru, development co-operation has been a key partner in creating the Ministry of Environment and developing a policy framew'ork to promote public investment in biodiversity. A number of initiatives that have become important enablers of mainstreaming, such as the World Bank WAVES programme, the UNDP BIOFIN and financing from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), have been implemented through continued development co-operation support. There are also examples of rigorous screening systems being implemented to realise biodiversity co-benefits, or at a minimum to identify and mitigate potential risks to biodiversity in development projects and programmes. Despite the progress achieved, considerable potential remains for further support to mainstreaming efforts of partner countries, and better biodiversity mainstreaming within development co-operation operations and portfolios.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9699195-en	2f1bc7091a5204a35e285a97f772c666	"But it is also recognized that the costs and benefits of a sustainable system must also be reflected in decisions made by consumers and producers, as well as policy-makers (FAO, 2012b). Sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources"" (Burlingame and Dernini, 2012, p. 7). They also mean a reduction of losses and waste throughout the food system. Such profound changes are likely to require significant changes in the food systems themselves."	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	2f1c8e02ee6e0aa157df68d40aad9e9d	Mexico spends a little over USD 20 000 per student from the ages of 6 to 15. More precisely, expenditure per student is almost four times greater in higher education than it is in the lower levels of education and, because expenditure per student for each level of education is determined at the federal level, the same is true in Morelos. Studies based on PISA show that the quality of educational resources is most strongly associated with the incidence of low performance in mathematics at the country level, followed by the quality of physical infrastructure (OECD, 2013a).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	2f1f5ddb0ff2f0af366af47eb9b3bed9	When Cyclone Pam struck Vanuatu in 2015, for example, it affected about 80 per cent of schools. Some were damaged and others were turned into evacuation centres.173The problem exists throughout the Pacific region, where many schools in small island states are unavoidably located near coastal areas. Throughout the region, climate change and weather-related emergencies have hindered efforts to provide children with good-quality learning opportunities. Less than 2 per cent of the funds raised by humanitarian appeals went to education.176 This figure suggests that education is considered a low priority in humanitarian contexts, a viewpoint that is curiously out of step with the aspirations of parents and children affected by crises.176 For them, a return to school can help restore a sense of security, normalcy and, above all, hope for a better future.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/45094dde-en	2f214b0ec5ded987f4a2ddc8f30911ff	In the CGIAR system, a high degree of centralization in terms of funding means that each donor country provides general-purpose funds to the CGIAR system and enables it to allocate the funds to the Centers based on priorities set by the CGIAR system. The degree of centralization has been decreasing, however. Because there was no written charter, there were no clear definitions of the roles and responsibilities of the various actors until it was acknowledged that fundamental components of governance need to be made explicit and a charter was approved in 2004.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/469d7fec-en	2f2179ee8e5cbf479c7d2059608e4faf	The consultative group of experts (CGE) developed tables for reporting on this information from multilateral and bilateral sources (UNFCCC, 2013). Of 156 non-Annex I countries, 32 have submitted BURs, of which 30 include some information on climate finance received. These tables divided support received into two main categories: for the preparation of the BUR, and for activities contained in the BUR.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	2f30be8efd6685570c861531d7b4ce12	In addition to strengthening automatic stabilizers to reduce vulnerability to shocks and job losses, Governments should also adopt short- and long-term policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of economic reforms. The fact is that there are many targets and there are many instruments. How you map the instruments onto the targets, and how you use these instruments best is a very complicated problem.” ( As noted earlier, social wage provisioning (through subsidized public education, health care, housing, etc.) Therefore, fiscal policy should be judged from the perspective of its impacts on productivity and employment, and not merely from a simplistic accounting perspective of balancing the budget in all circumstances.	8	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	2f311433f726868bf574c934bd08dfee	However, these approaches are often threatened by competing priorities such as academically-oriented exams - sending a clear message to students about what is actually important. Since exams are a driving force in many education systems, one approach to encouraging a reorientation of classroom life towards sustainability would be to incorporate ESD more centrally into exams -not through the superficial inclusion of content, but by requiring a demonstration of relevant problem-solving and application skills, as well as critical thinking in relation to that content. Ultimately, for ESD to be successful, it will be important for MoEs to re-evaluate existing exam structures and assessment mechanisms, as well as other common drivers such as textbooks, and rework those drivers so that students, teachers, principals and supervisors have incentives to work with ESD more earnestly and comprehensively. While existing exam structures and contents do not yet reflect a strong commitment to ESD, the basis for the ongoing development of CXC exam structures and related syllabus development is grounded in the concept of the creation of‘the Ideal Caribbean Person’ (Jules 2011), as defined by the heads of government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).	13	6	2	0.5
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	2f3129a9b593ca84dac820f6225a4e13	The method of calculating this new measure involves “replacing total inequality in the denominator of the conventional ratio with the maximum between-group inequality [that can be obtained, given the criteria above]” (Elbers, Lanjouw, Mistiaen, & Ozler, 2008). This has the added advantage of allowing for a more natural comparison of inequality across different times and settings because the measure itself is normalised by parameters present in the data. Calculating the achieved between-group inequality as a percentage of the maximum possible between-group inequality yields some very interesting results (see annex III, Table A.3.10).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	2f314663be83222187ac5b08e5bd968f	It is therefore critical for policy makers to help adults improve the skills and educational qualifications they need in the job market. This includes helping them find jobs, for example through career guidance and mentoring, and also motivating employers to invest in their workforce, and especially in the disadvantaged population. Adults with a higher level of education have a higher chance of being employed and earning higher wages.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	2f34614e9a98e6ce1e157c923235773c	Clearly, meeting this goal will entail stepping up the pace of short-term efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals as they are defined today. This is a necessary prerequisite to full implementation of a green and sustainable economic model, in terms both of social inclusion and of economic development. Consequently, it would not be USD 1.6 billion in grants that would have to be harnessed for Africa, but at least some 6 billion. Throughout the world, the amount currently wasted in the water sector through lack of efficiency was evaluated in a 2010 report by the World Bank and the French Development Agency at around USD 2.7 billion.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ae96c002-en	2f3482b5d4fb15f29149ef6f4301c71d	Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Requests to translate the publication in its entirety should be addressed to: Communications Unit, florence(S)unicef.org. Most of the students stand up.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	2f35fd498ccae15ba9be1f828e195f73	Since Chile devotes little public spending to active labour-market policies by international standards, more spending on this area can contribute to reduce the gender gap in labour force participation. Programs like MdsCapaz are a step in the right direction. This should be accompanied by steps to reduce the opportunity cost of joining the labour force, such as family benefits and child-related entitlements.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	2f3f07194b1807976b28197a56f18863	The Ministry of Tourism heads the Secretariat. These working groups identify and work on issues of transversal public policy importance with the aim of progressing Mexico's National Tourism Policy. More than twelve government agencies participate in the working groups with the private sector and civil society organisations invited to participate where appropriate. In 2010 the Travel Promotion Act was passed into law, which established a non-profit corporation, known as Brand USA, for the purposes of promoting travel to the United States and improving the image of the United States as a destination. This Strategy seeks to address a lack of co-ordination through a reinvigorated interagency Tourism Policy Council (TPC), with representatives from over 18 agencies and offices of the government. The TPC is comprised of high-level representatives from key agencies, and its aim is to develop commitment and policy coordination across Federal agencies, with the private sector, with state, territorial, tribal and local governments.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-12-en	2f465f27cc9c8b6ab8e7c2157f9a6efd	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This chapter presents evidence on different approaches to education system evaluation at both the national and sub-national levels. It examines governance issues, different procedures used, the capacity for undertaking and using the results of education system evaluation and the reporting of results.	4	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	2f46b696cb85f68f96a31ea6de59816e	Except in some specific cases, this increase in unskilled and semi-skilled labour supply does not appear to have displaced domestic workers. Instead immigrants appear to have generally replaced domestic workers in jobs left vacant due to a decline of the local labour force, higher education of local workers and expectations of finding employment in higher paid jobs. Migration may therefore have contributed to the observed rise in the skilled/unskilled wage ratio by causing a stagnation in the unskilled labour wages in countries of destination (as observed, for instance, in Italy). In contrast, inequality rose in the majority of the developed, developing and transitional countries between 1980 and 2000.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	2f48695bd71cbc9c181e13ba073b5bdd	It built on the 2008 Farm Bill (Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008) that included AWEP, one of the first landscape and partnership programs involving water conservation. First, since federal funding comes through ongoing USDA programmes, the additional budget commitment is reduced. Second, that fact that the programme leverages non-federal conservation funds - partners are expected to cover at least half of total costs - was a major factor facilitating its approval. Third, the programme’s reliance on voluntary engagement with stakeholders at the regional level gave it broad political appeal, considering increasing concerns by agricultural producers about the consequences of regulatory actions and the emphasis on regional solutions.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	2f4e9c9b2d5888116834c3503586152b	There are considerable differences in the use of forced admissions both between counties and between hospitals. This trend is difficult to explain fully, and various explanations have been proposed, including different treatment cultures and different attitudes to the use of compulsory admission among referring physicians, in hospitals and in DPCs; differences in competence, co-operation procedures and personnel resources; differences at a municipal level, and unequal access to hospitals and mental health specialists between geographical areas; and differences in rates of mental ill health across the country. Reduction in involuntary admissions is a priority, but greater co-ordination across regions is likely needed to better understand the root causes of these disparities. A national network for research, led by the south-eastern region, is looking to register involuntary treatment and use of seclusion and restrain nationally, which could be fruitful.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	2f5b6c3c9a80c546fd26ea24abe17037	Some examples of how development co-operation providers are supporting the enabling environment for green investment in a country are illustrated in Box 2.2; research on this area of development co-operation support is ongoing (e.g. DCED Green Growth Working Group). The need for clean infrastructure, particularly solar and wind energy, and the potential for energy efficiency and technological innovation, provide entry points for private sector participation. Increasing demand for environmental services, such as waste and water management, also create opportunities for private investment, both foreign and domestic.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	2f5c429a919c9d4bb52f588860c697ed	Territorial approaches place the functioning of institutions (formal and informal) at the core of development initiatives and require strong local participation and representation in the policy process. This calls for strong vertical and horizontal co-ordination in the formulation of local priorities. First, addressing FSN requires an approach that views the term comprehensively, taking into account the four dimensions of availability, access, utilisation and stability. Second, there is a need to integrate agendas for both competitiveness and social inclusion at the level of economic regions, to target these issues in the most inclusive and efficient w'ays possible. Third, these policies should be spatially integrated, allowing sub-national authorities to be pro-active in the design and delivery of development strategies, but in ways that do not ignore the importance of multi-level co-ordination and the regulatory role of central governments. One of the principal virtues of a territorial approach to development is that it can be applied to virtually every territory, regardless of initial conditions.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	2f5f6a2de8d9c6c8e6e1d85370e2da1f	In addition to these facilities, some pourashavas have specialized hospitals, such as tuberculosis and diabetic hospitals. In pourashavas, other than the government facilities, there are, on average, 2-15 private clinics, 1-4 NGO clinics and 2-20 diagnostic centres. In addition, there are 35 urban dispensaries across the country that provide primary health services, mainly to the urban poor. Many private for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals also provide health services in urban areas. Private hospitals are mostly located in big pourashavas or city corporations. To provide insight into this deprivation, the following two sections depict the nature of urban poverty and the limited access of the urban poor to the existing services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	2f5ffd83f18519450914b0b4b111a629	The government has worked to improve the participation of children in education, but participation rates in early childhood education and care are low compared to the OECD average. Turkey has a higher-than-average proportion of underperforming students, and academic achievement is particularly low amongst disadvantaged students from low socio-economic backgrounds. System-level policies, such as the use of academic selection to select and sort students into specific pathways at an early age, hinder equity.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	2f6035b73c3f34ea7e6d11825a122903	The future challenge for the NHS is to be able to maintain the motivation of its workforce, and to contain and reverse the drain of professionals. The low number of nurses, however, is not likely to grow in the near future: while the number of medical graduates has increased consistently over time, the number of nurse graduates has been decreasing since 2009. In particular, health gains and increased activity in the NHS were obtained without extra resources, indicating both an improvement in value for money as well as the existence of large inefficiencies in the system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	2f60fa3b7487c81ed581399ce18c414e	"For instance, it gave the central authorities the right to choose the location of large infrastructure projects. This led to ambiguity about the roles of the national authorities and CARs. The law allows territorial authorities to adopt ""contract plans” whereby they agree to co-finance large, strategically important projects - but no definition of “large projects"" is provided."	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	2f630fc99f6c08b6159b23c41df6e9c5	Traditional medicine is also said to be more effective in the treatment of psychic and psychosomatic conditions. This is because the healers have knowledge of the patient's background while conserving African culture. There are countries where traditional medicine practitioners have been registered and have associations.	3	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	2f648888ee3c6c8567dc2b427206e2c2	Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards. The platform can realize data parsing, data storage and data management, thus achieving the comprehensive telecom operation analysis among users, services, networks and terminals. Based on the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data Platform, some CUXBDP-supported products were produced for a series of industries, including finance, transport, tourism, government, etc.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	2f6554544e6ba4183bb940eb41d353fb	If supported by extension services they could more effectively help farmers access agricultural inputs, training, technology, and market information. While the waiver of irrigation service fees has increased farmer income, it has reduced the incentive for farmers to save water, made the national budget fully responsible not only for capital investment, but also for financing operation and maintenance costs, and diminished incentives for irrigation and drainage management companies to provide quality irrigation services. While the government could remain responsible for all capital investment in the irrigation systems, farmers should cover all operation and maintenance costs.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2f6571a3c4fba13243b4f2612066f046	The perception that there was a need for the study of the full or external costs of electricity generation beyond its plant-level production costs was very much motivated by concerns about the external cost of air pollution. While in the meantime climate change risks have assumed comparable importance, the costs of air pollution remain a top priority in the planning and regulation of sustainable electricity systems. These emissions arise during the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas or biomass) that impact primarily the respiratory system leading to bad health (morbidity) or premature death (mortality). Economics has long attempted to monetise these impacts by assessing an individual’s marginal willingness to pay for marginal changes in the probability of incurring mortality risk, from which the notion of the value of a statistical life (VSL) can be derived. Methodologies for monetising morbidity damages also exist but are less stabilised.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	2f660494ada74f31a9a2ff2a3b05b82b	This law also reorganised the central administration, introduced measures to facilitate co-ordination among public entities and strengthened the Prime Minister’s Office’s function to co-ordinate and evaluate public policies. Efforts to ensure open policy-making are also supported by Open Government Initiative, which promotes a digital agenda to: better engage citizens in policy making; simplify bureaucracy; and increase transparency. In particular, skills policies and programmes are perceived as complex and ever-changing, making it hard for stakeholders, and in particular business, to interact effectively with public authorities. Accordingly, lack of co-ordination and co-operation within the public sector and between public authorities and the private sector were identified as key issues.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	2f68c6c2cd90c0c60c3291aaed09a653	Artificially low disclosures of experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual violence can be associated with the way in which the introduction to the survey is framed, as well as the framing of specific modules of questions concerning experiences of violence. Surveys that ask respondents in the early stages to think about crime in the neighbourhood, for example, may orient respondents away from thinking about intimate partners when asked to divulge experiences of violence. Introductions also provide essential instructions to respondents concerning measures that have been put in place to ensure their safety while they respond to sensitive questions, such as rescheduling to another time or switching to a neutral questionnaire if a family member comes on the scene.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	2f6a6aa9eb12cfbf47940e452aefa6f2	It argues that education systems and learning practices need to adapt education services to fit local needs and conditions. The report advocates a shift from viewing knowledge as a standardized commodity to seeing it as a distributed resource that has led to pressures for decentralization of control and decision-making, local adaptations, and increased use of technology to access knowledge. The attainment of education (whether formal or not) is an investment in human capital. The outcome of this investment is knowledge production and transfer that ensures the livelihoods and prosperity of Arctic communities.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	2f6b10171127f9e8c9f0afa36dc3dae3	In such countries as India and Thailand, a large net positive contribution was more a reflection of weak domestic demand, particularly investment, rather than strong exports. In particular, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Myanmar have benefited from increased inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years, partly due to relocation of production from China. The inflows have supported relatively strong manufacturing growth in these economies (see figure A).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	2f6f5c3b1d5e2da6fec22566e7bd444b	The programme is delivered through 12 medical specialist colleges under funding agreements with the federal government. The colleges then provide funding to health care settings that have successfully applied to support these placements. More than 50% of training posts have an element of training in regional and rural areas.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	2f724e72ef612a7a03583681e6803e14	For example, transfers to poor households with children are generally targeted according to level of income, but evidence shows that - despite their positive impact on poverty - transfers have been affected by large errors of inclusion/exclusion, as in the case of allowances in Eastern European countries, or by other inefficiencies linked to the high costs of targeting, evident in the South African child grants (European Report on Development, 2010). In the case of school feeding, for instance, we observed that combining the means of providing meals (on-site, take-home), as in the case of Cambodia, has achieved multiple objectives in terms of a household's decision to send their children to school and to keep their attendance rates high. On the other hand, programmes combining measures that foster access with supply side interventions that provide structures and services to poor children, has proven relevant in supporting their participation in school, such as BRAC in Bangladesh and BRIGFIT in Burkina Faso, while the milk supply programme in Mexico contributes to improving nutrition standards.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264091269-en	2f74311f976d4307f4e71534e8c46d52	The respondent has to reason from a meta-perspective, taking into account an entire system of problem solving states and possible solutions. Often the criteria and the goals have to be inferred from the given information before actually starting the solution process. The study design combined educational testing techniques with those of household survey research.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	2f75bfe000e077b2b908108e95f77135	They will invest in additional abatement wherever possible, thus creating a positive dynamic effect towards less pollution per unit of output, even though the absolute levels of pollution will remain fixed. From the former it takes the pricing of all units of emissions; from the latter it takes the idea of creating markets through the allocation of property rights. Last but not least, from the neo-Coasean approach it takes the idea that government’s role is primarily to reduce transaction costs in order to allow for new and more efficient forms of internalisation. Switching from a free allocation of quotas consistent with historical use rights to an allocation by auction has increased the need to pay attention to the plight of historic C02 emitters, which previously had been able to cushion the choc.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	2f77b2998aaaafa9465bbf9dea567aca	This would help to facilitate the achievement of Viet Nam’s ambitious goals on both trade and food security. The current system creates a conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security. It limits competition, creates market uncertainty and reduces the incentive to develop long-term marketing arrangements. The result is a continued focus on supplying low-quality rice. The failure of the system to prevent the transmission of rising world prices onto the domestic market in 2008 suggests that the rational for maintaining the policy in place is not sound.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	2f79336d2b80eb579a090fba428a6f1d	However, the percentage of computers connected to the Internet in socio-economically disadvantaged schools is lower than in advantaged schools, and is also lower in rural than in urban schools (Table 11.6.6). There are considerably more education systems (26) where school computers in private schools are more frequently connected to the Internet than those in public schools, than there are education systems (3) where computers in public schools are more frequently connected to the Internet. There is a similar number of PISA-participating countries and economies where the relationship is positive (7) as education systems where it is negative (11), after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264204638-6-en	2f7c92b52b6b3c05b0a8f9fc96dbe40f	A further 7% is technical. The remaining 4% is technological. While this is a small proportion of SENA's total effort, it accounts for over half of the national effort in the area. Important efforts are under way, guided by the Ministries of Labour and Education, to develop and implement a national competency framework to integrate the national training effort.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/01a171e9-en	2f7cfd5827729bb18fbb1230e480b424	R&D gaps limit the ability of developing countries to assess not only the technological but also the economic, social and environmental opportunities, challenges and risks that may emerge from frontier technologies, and put in place the relevant policy frameworks. Synthetic biology for example is a key frontier technology with significant potential impact on food security, health and the environment. As discussed in chapter I, digitalization and automaton will give rise to profound changes across many sectors, including manufacturing, which has historically driven structural transformation and provided better jobs for workers displaced from lower productivity sectors. A labour force with skills that are complementary to technological advances is essential if technological change is to be compatible with social inclusion. Rapid technological progress requires the labour force to devebp a broader range of skills, focusing on humans’ comparative advantage, to increase empbyability.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	2f7f95ef1a89f0817d747d581605782e	Emphasising non-climate-related policy benefits can be an effective way of building local support for measures such as congestion charges and land value capture tools (Ang and Marchal, 2013). Environmentally related taxation ensures market prices reflect some proportion of the environmental costs associated with economic activity. By adjusting relative prices, it helps shift producer and consumer behaviour towards more environmentally beneficial activities and products.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	2f7fdb0e5703901deeb205df9ef8e25f	Because of both public health and clinical advances, there have been tremendous reductions in the rates of infectious diseases in all eight countries. Similar reductions are seen in other OECD countries over different time periods. Note the number of deaths from infectious diseases include AIDS. As the prevalence of infectious diseases declined; more attention turned to acute illnesses. In most OECD countries, all five components of the health care system became focused on preventing and treating acute illnesses. Acute illness became the primary concern of the latter half of the 20th century.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	2f815710eee60a909a987557cc085baa	It gives more time to fathers to spend with their children which also supports child development; while it gives mothers more scope to pursue their labour market aspirations and career opportunities, strengthen their long-term labour force attachment and pension entitlements, enhancing both their financial independence and their families’ resources. It could also have benefits for the economy and society as a whole as a better allocation of labour market resources can spur on economic growth. Both are in a similar work situation and are eligible for paid leave.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283428-en	2f868507bd28eb71d4bd61d02a18b25d	Nevertheless, some groups are exempted from these user fees, such as children under the age of 6 and people over the age of 65, low-income groups, pregnant women, people with severe disabilities and people with many different medical conditions. Concerns are growing regarding individual regions' ability to provide the services that the benefit package defines at the national level. When the first Essential Levels of Care were published in 2001, the legislation only provided a general description of the sublevels of care that regions had to provide.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	2f88edd3f3abfe6c8af26ffffc0e6833	The worst affected countries are the Andean countries (Ecuador, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), some Central American countries and Haiti. As a result, over 100 million people in the region are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO recommended limits (Cifuentes and others, 2005), which causes serious health problems. Particulate emissions, including precursors such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, have various points of origin. Transportation is the main source of pollution, both directly and indirectly by loosening and stirring up dust. Paving roads, reducing sulfur content and making cleaner fuels, implementing vehicle inspection systems and modernizing the automotive fleet are some steps in the right direction for resolving these problems, but they must be strengthened. The truck and bus fleet is very old and poorly maintained and growing congestion is increasing emissions, production losses and other externalities.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	2f8aff4df1b73297a8e7a501bd949f2d	"These findings, which are based on a large sample of countries, including OECD and emerging countries, are corroborated by previous research reviewed in de Looper and Lafortune, 2009. Data refer to 2008 for ""IUrkey; and 2007 for Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Adults are generally defined as individuals over 15 years old."	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jxx20dk8jf5-en	2f8cf7dffafc92612d78cc89b0f0aa4d	So SIDS have the ocean space with its living and non-living resources that can be developed sustainably to support economic growth, trade and development. At present, some steps are being taken especially as regards common fisheries agreements for their common benefit. Such agreements could also be applicable to the management of other living and nonliving resources including genetic resources, algae for biofuels and food production, and even mining in the seabed. In the case of SIDS, the joint development of joint oceans space can enhance the scope for sustainable management of oceans resources.	14	0	7	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	2f8f0864175981b012ee1244380f2415	However, in general, inthe 20th century, access to the marine resources in Nordic countries has been based on principles of equal and free access for all coastal dwellers. In addition, and also based on an economic motivation, the time limit on quota shares were lifted to increase the stability and base for investment. The inclusion of vessels under 10 GT meant that more than a further 700 vessels now entered the ITQ system, which was now mainstreamed across species and sub-sectors.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-4-en	2f8fa895fbd90721361b90d88bf77e60	Reports indicate that acid attacks are on the rise in Pakistan (Ilahi 2014). In 2014 alone, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan found that 232 women in Pakistan suffered acid attacks or were burned, the majority by someone they knew (International Crisis Group 2015). Eight female parliamentarians have dedicated the development funds allocated to them to establish burn units in their respective district hospitals. For example, in 2010 WPC convened the first Convention of Women Parliamentarians on ‘The Role of Women Parliamentarians in Peace, Security & Reconciliation, which included women legislators from federal and provincial assemblies.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-10-en	2f911741f0465fdee27aa4ec828a9240	One way to solve this bottleneck is for actors in the food supply chain, charity organisations and especially national authorities (food security, social security and environment) to make a clear statement and develop guidelines supporting food redistribution as a positive activity, as long as the food in question is not fit for selling in ordinary ways. It is important that the well established systems for local direct redistribution, especially from retail shops and other local sources (primary producers, local food producers, food markets, festivals etc.) Food redistribribution is a very cost effective way to prevent food waste and increase the quality of life of low-income and social clients, which should imply that both the food donors, the social welfare authorities and governmental authorities could have a role to contribute to a long term and more solid financial situation. Price per meal distributed for serving through the food banks operations will be about NOK 4,40 based in net costs for food banks in 2013 (see Table 4), which is a quite low cost for the society.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	2f919daea40679b218b69d90f10ef5d3	In Norway, only GPs have the choice to re-license eveiy five years, although the system is not mandatory. Higher fees are offered to GPs who undertake re-licensing. Current approaches to developing health professionals’ skills and knowledge need to be strengthened in such a way as to be best matched to changing population needs. To some extent this can be included in CME and CPD activities, for instance by tailoring available training to areas of professional weakness. Italy did this in 2013 by requiring CME and CPD providers to offer certain high-priority training such as maternal health, sexual health and preventive health (OECD, 2014a).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	2f91c7ae7b8d20ef3ab569f4b070884f	In total, around 45% of total EU emissions are covered by the EU ETS (EC, 2013). Installations are required to measure direct emissions each year, and provide emissions reports verified by an accredited verifier. In addition, the EU Directive on financial reporting was amended in 2014 to require large public interest entities with more than 500 employees to also report on non-financial information (EC, 2014).	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	2f93232fb463884b8976404633b06b2b	Larger firms (55%) are more likely to be partnering for innovation than smaller firms (36%), while the same holds for exporters (58%) and cross-border traders (53%) compared to domestic firms (31%). Exporters have a systematically higher rating in all kinds of business innovation attributes than cross-border traders, while the latter display higher ratings than domestic firms. These relationships are focused heavily on clients/customers and suppliers, with collaboration generally much less widespread for other partners. Overall, international partnerships are more widely reported than cross-border relationships for links with suppliers, higher education institutes, intermediaries and business services.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	2f950d73dcd79932299567021c408ff7	Portugal, Italy and Sweden should also foster leadership of PCPs in prevention programmes (OECD, 2013b, 2014c, 2015d). These countries lack measures to support PCPs to take on responsibilities for managing chronic conditions. England’s QOF is one of the largest programmes worldwide to embed evidence-based measures for secondary prevention in chronic disease management in primary care. The programme gives GPs a financial incentive to provide evidence-based care for a wide range of LTCs, including diabetes.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	2f95a5b2c9be3cb5e1324299925845b9	The operation of USAINS represents a major success for USM in generating income and enabling its staff to supplement their salaries by commercialising their professional services. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence. In the case of federally funded research institutes, they are under less pressure to be attentive to city development since they are profiled to respond to national needs. Furthermore, there is no formal process for monitoring outcomes and assessing the impact of local engagement.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	2f9612c18338e98d50823e4fea966f78	As the formula already includes a weighting for teacher qualifications, on the grounds that schools with higher qualified teachers should not be penalised for having higher per teacher costs, so the same argument applies to higher per teacher costs due to experience, unless the data on years of teacher experience are difficult to collect. A further consideration that would militate against this proposal is if the Ministry of Education wishes to give schools a financial incentive to employ younger teachers, especially given the provision that retired teachers can continue in post without foregoing any pension. This would be contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. An example of such a grant is the United Kingdom’s Education Maintenance Allowance (replaced, in England, in 2011 by a 16-19 bursary scheme) (see NIDirect, 2014), which evaluation studies showed to be effective (Middleton et.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en	2f984cdea3ffc3070fbbe28f2fe98941	There are therefore many documented examples of how different countries in the Commonwealth use sport to support some of their main policy priorities for health. The network believes that sport and physical activity are effective ways of attracting youth while serving as creative mediums to facilitate and share positive messages about HIV and AIDS and other critical health issues affecting youth. Sport and physical activity are used to build awareness about HIV and AIDS while also encouraging peers to discuss issues affecting their lives and their communities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.30875/32bff34e-en	2f9918f27bac4bc626b26f932fd4b251	The EIF is also assisting South Sudan in producing its first national trade policy and is supporting the country’s WTO accession process. In addition, the EIF is financing the preparation of e-trade readiness assessments in Liberia, Nepal, Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. New projects have been approved in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Djibouti and Guinea to finance the development of pharmaceutical products, electronic commerce, tourism and quality standards. Through better farming practices, farmers are able to receive double the market price for their products and increase their exports by working collectively.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	2f9b79d798dc66b3308e46e2fefcdcaa	This also points to the fact that constructing a deprivation indicator explicitly means reducing the underlying dimensions to one single dimension; items that do not scale on this, are then left out of the analysis (see de Neubourg and Plavgo, 2012 for more detail). In order not to lose the information revealed by these indicators we will take them again into consideration when discussing the overlap between the domains in section 4 of this paper. One item (holidays) was excluded because the data were lacking for 9 countries; an attempt to make a holiday composite by using the adult holiday question failed because we found that this was not a reliable proxy4 for children’s holidays.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	2f9d60742d10d673eb5c84b87ce16dee	Incentives to delay early marriage and curb teenage pregnancies are also critical to keeping adolescent girls in school. Policy should also ensure that women have the same chances as men to develop the skills they have acquired in school, the workplace and everyday life. A Systematic Review of the Evidence”, EPPI Centre, Social Science Research, Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, London, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08abaed915d3cfd0008e0/Birdthistle et al 2011.pdf.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	2f9d9c488de3bc590694165960843aae	International projects, such as “Sample” and the “ESS-Net on Small Area Estimation” have consolidated methodologies in this area, produced flexible software routines and facilitated dialogue among statistical offices16. Two caveats, however, apply. First, there is no model that is good in general: each application of small area estimation must be adapted to its expected use and users. Second, these models are best implemented at the national level.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	2f9db9673fa6c2283a5d3881e5d2f293	The reality is that many good ideas get stuck in the process of policy implementation. Governments are under pressure to deliver results in education services while ensuring that citizens' tax dollars are spent wisely and effectively. They set ambitious reform agendas and develop strategic plans to achieve them.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg0nvfvwjd0-en	2fa1fc0d8a1bc27b003b4cba003a8b82	The creation of “one-stop” help centres may prove effective. Expanding public procurement processes to support green businesses and lead by example is another way in which business development in the green economy could take place. The example of Toronto public schools is interesting in this context.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/be112931-en	2fa3b2b81f0025174e1c5070053615dc	Third National Report or   i Biodiversity Conservation i  n Kyrgyz Republic. According to the new forest policy, the State is going to broadly involve local population in joint forest management. This process is aimed at mobilization of international efforts of Governments, producers, consumers and donors to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forestry sector.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	2fa4af843729fcd636c83603fc9ccdae	At the same time, however, ageing populations will also increase the demand for long-term care (OECD, 2011b). In many emerging economies, the fulfilment of family obligations such as caring for aging relatives is a priority for women, regardless of their personal career ambitions. In China, this issue is of particular concern due to the prevailing one-child policy which, amongst other things, means that such care obligations cannot be shared between siblings (Hewlett and Rashid, 2011).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	2fa74f0ce3abeb27e5ac7d3d3742441d	Getting energy provision right—in terms of shifting to sustainable energy production and energy consumption—is crucial as it holds the potential to mitigate climate change by shifting from fossil fuel sources to renewables and to support social and economic development by providing universal access to sustainable energy. In the case of India, which is expected to be one of the key driving forces of increasing global energy demand, the above case studies can inform decisions for sustainable and inclusive energy policies. Past experience has demonstrated that the implementation of renewable energy projects can have negative environmental and social consequences and, at times, generate strong popular opposition. Adopting social and technical innovations in energy projects can be a way to achieve eco-social benefits.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	2fa94e7cda459f68ace58c03790771e2	To ensure rigour, transparency and replicability, the systematic process suggested in recent guidelines for this type of review was followed (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013). The scale and diversity of these countries could not be covered within the scope of this review. Absence of high-intensity conflict.	5	8	0	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	2fa98f24b47a5b366b38b892771cea9d	For instance, in Finland the reduction in the number of doctors enacted in the early 1990s to curb health spending resulted in a steep drop in the number of medical students, resulting in an insufficient number of doctors in the following years that is slowly being reversed (OECD, 2012a). Drug price controls usually fix a maximum price for drugs or set a cap on the profits of pharmaceutical firms. The vast majority of OECD countries apply some form of pharmaceutical price regulation (Paris etal.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	2faa3de0316c1611ca76bae0abbff1fc	This may entail greater support to partner countries for administrative functions rather than for the implementation of particular activities or surveys (Bedi et al., Support for capacity building initiatives can help to ensure that data users are in a good position to infer policy implications based on documented risks and impacts. At the individual level, capacity building support can promote learning, critical thinking, team building and action planning. At the organisational and system levels, it can contribute to an environment that is open to self-reflection and learning.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	2facd226cd3eef718979781a8b3500c6	While it is still early days for measuring the impact of the legislation, studies are showing some positive signs. Public support for the Australia’s antitobacco policies is also high, with 75% of survey respondents supporting or feeling neutral about plain packaging and only one in three smokers opposing the measure (Rosenberg et al., Furthermore, the decline in the proportion of daily smokers appears to have accelerated in period during which plain packaging was introduced in Australia (AIHW, 2014). While further evidence about the effectiveness of plain packaging is still being gathered, these initiatives may provide the next set of policy instruments for governments to help further reduce the harmful impact of smoking in society.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	2fae377c9ecb2a7cb28827608226508b	The total system costs include also the complete list of non-monetised externalities that are not mediated by the electricity grid and that affect a country’s wider economy and well-being beyond the electric power system itself. To the extent that such externalities are monetised and emitters are held responsible for their emissions, they can also be integrated into plant-level cost accounting. The 2010 edition of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (IEA/NEA, 2010) thus imputed a tax of USD 30 per tonne of C02 on the emissions of fossil-fuel based generators.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/ecc83295-en	2fae45c45515a60e4979755e6bb4eda7	Fertility has been below replacement level—fewer than 2.1 births per woman—for years, if not decades, in 53 countries and territories (figures 29 and 30). Of these places, Taiwan, Province of China today has the world's lowest fertility rate: 1.1 births per woman. It has therefore enabled women to become economically independent (Goldin, 2006).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6a39744b-en	2fb1b5caa9ff5f318c7b9d1a157eae10	Wood-based energy comprises over 90 percent of wood removals and 90 percent of household energy consumption. Deforestation rates are about 1 percent per year, related mostly to the expansion of subsistence agriculture. The National Forest Programme promotes forest management within the context of the overall development vision and provides for cross-sectoral linkages with the environment, agriculture, energy, health, lands, minerals, water, wildlife and gender.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	2fb34f8590d2b37c8b67f6722496c1b9	In the absence of re-ranking, the reduction in inequality is exclusively determined by the size and progressivity of the income changes illustrated by V. Hence inequality is reduced by pro-poor income growth unless more than offset by concomitant income mobility. This shows the raw (transition) probabilities of moving into poverty or remaining non-poor at time t+1 for children in households that are non-poor at time t as well as the probabilities of moving out of poverty as opposed to remaining poor at time t+1 for children in households that are poor at time t. We are particularly interested in those who make a transition into poverty and those who remain in poverty in two consecutive waves. The dependent variable in the 'poverty entry' model is a change from poverty status 0 ('non-poor') at time t to poverty status 1 ('poor') at time t+1, and the reverse is the dependent variable in the 'exit' model.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	2fb45921615206b3e79f55c95c1a9c32	In 2009 the program was better established in North and Central India, where it was also initially started (Figure 13). Among the women in households that participated to NREGA program, many are Hindu, have relatively low education, or technical or vocational education, and scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented (see Annex 4). Labour force participation is significantly higher for women whose household participates in the program (44% versus 22% for those who do not). When a woman lives in a household that participates in the program, her probability of participation in the labour force increases on average by 0.06.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	2fb776daeb302f8c99a067afbb626dee	Their ‘fertile ground rule’ requires that schools interested in participating in the programme submit an application endorsed by at least two teachers, as well as the principal. The application process helps to ensure a minimum level of commitment, as well as ensuring that there are a sufficient number of interested parties in the school to give the programme life. When training is provided in this context (typically at least twice per year), it occurs alongside a number of programme support structures, which reduce barriers to teachers implementing what they have learned.	13	3	1	0.5
10.18356/81d39474-en	2fb883784a3dbf93e3ea6269f6b19b06	For example, it has been shown that from 9 to 20 per cent of the United Kingdom’s domestic cigarette market now consists of smuggled cigarettes. In Canada, smuggled cigarettes represent about 33 per cent of all domestic cigarette consumption, although that proportion varies from province to province. In the United States, three quarters of the cigarettes observed in a Chicago neighbourhood as part of a research study had no tax stamp, indicating that they came from black or grey market sources.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	2fbf8107aea2aaa42b28b0980a1158b7	On the other hand, necessary steps should be taken to ensure support to users who do not have access to services online, and to users who face challenges when going from weekly to monthly budgeting (Finn and Tarr, 2012). Take-up of benefits will increase after reform, since households who are today taking up only part of the benefits are eligible to will automatically receive their full entitlement under Universal Credit. The integrated nature of the reform will also remove the need for separate applications when moving from one benefit to another and when moving in and out of work, as the separation between out-of-work and in-work benefits is removed. This represents a take-up rate in the range of 75 to 85% (DWP, 2010b).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	2fc009c7eb011ac705fb727002e27511	Today, a pervasive network of linkages exists between Philips with private organisations (SMEs and multinationals) and research and academic institutions across the three countries of the TTR-ELAt (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands). Those cross-border areas often have a long history, and sometimes represent historical regional definitions. For example, the Swedish part of the Oresund was part of Denmark until the end of the 17th century, and Danish remained an official language for two centuries.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-4-en	2fc0852cabd9e5fc9c736a8ab7b5134a	Education policy-making environments have become increasingly complex, due to increased decentralisation, institutional autonomy and greater accountability. Furthermore, educational contexts and institutional and policy approaches vary, depending on a country's historical development and political and institutional frameworks, as do distribution and approaches to education funding. To do so, a range of policy options are available to them, of which funding mechanisms and incentives are key.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	2fc30eeaa635d890fc6e9288037ceafb	Many estimate that this will result in care that is of higher quality, safer and more responsive to patients’ needs as well as more efficient (appropriate, available, and less wasteful). In areas with large rural or remote populations, broadband is enabling increasing use of telemedicine to overcome the impact of the shortage of physicians and improve access to care. This is particularly important as the percentage of the population over age 65 rises significantly. Electronic health records can make medical information on individual patients readily available and can be used to follow the effects of disease and therapies on the patient over time and to detect and prevent medication errors (OECD, 2010c).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	2fc5b86f741935ce19a6a09bedc291fa	Dahl (2010), for example, finds that teenage marriage leads to increased risk of poverty for young women in the fiiture. Several researchers have, however, suggested that the relationship may work in the opposite direction, with the falling rate of marriage resulting from the poor economic prospects of low-skilled men (Blau et al., Other studies have linked declining marriage rates to rising inequality (Gould and Paserman, 2003) while improving employment and earnings opportunities for women has further reduced the incentives for women to marry (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). However there is very little evidence that marriage would lead to better outcomes if cohabiting couples were to marry.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	2fc826152864e1221f9d0b44f9c6ac74	With an average of 3% carbon content in FW kelp tissues, 306.43 tonnes of carbon would be removed per year. With the value for carbon removal often cited to be around USD 30 per tonne (Lackner, 2003), this would represent a CTC of USD 9 192.96: a large amount of carbon, but for a much smaller financial amount, underlining the difficulty in removing dissolved nutrients from aquatic systems and the acute issue of their presence in coastal systems. In the case of shellfish, accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon should be considered both in meat and shells, especially rich in calcium carbonates.	14	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	2fc9e4f610c62e01677512bdb5f0ded4	Extractive industries represented 65% of Kazakhstan’s exports and attracted 70% of the inflow of foreign direct investment in 2009 (OECD, 2012). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently identified indicators suggesting that the country is affected by Dutch disease (the apparent relationship between the increase in the economic development of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector or agriculture) (IMF, 2013). Despite efforts to diversify the economy around transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing, these continue to be less productive and not very competitive sectors.	4	9	0	1.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	2fcc9b352ce5089015cc8e3d23262c49	Today, around 50% of the heat consumption in the Baltic countries is served by biomass, mainly wood chips and wood waste. The development of heat pumps and municipal solid waste is driven by the economic competitiveness of heat pumps and the requirement to incinerate municipal solid waste. At the same time, efficiency measures reduce overall heat consumption in district heating systems.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	2fcdec78a2be358d578a553418c3e812	The report recommended various incentives for excellence in research and teaching in universities, a separate staff bonus system for other institutions and a special budget for encouraging poorly performing staff to take early retirement. In addition to these recommendations, there is a need to reduce the demarcation between the colleges and universities to improve the capacity of the colleges to respond to the regional needs and build their capacity in applied R&D. Continuing disparities in educational attainment and labour market outcomes also call for a structural change in education increasing vocational training opportunities, stronger efforts in upgrading the skills of the adult population and equitable investment in education between population groups. The population is characterised by a high degree of ethnic diversity and considerable presence of Arabs who represent about 50% of the total population.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	2fceff92708c0b6f4104b8082e25a737	Where data are insufficient or differences small, lower and upper middle-income countries will be looked at as a single middle-income country (MIC) category. Then the definitions are detailed for each labour market concept used in this report, which concludes with an explanation of the data used. Young people under 15 fall under the ILO’s child labour convention and should not be working.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	2fcf5450c96803b6cb047acaf6e40b00	Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy, and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	2fcfecff4edbd86f5220d0832b9117c3	Some countries are raising the relevancy of career guidance services by developing indicators of labour market outcomes of alumni by institutions and programmes (Box 3.12). These indicators have to be of good quality and easy to understand. To ensure transparency, they should exist at institution and programme levels.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	2fd023254fb8f4c4e1a0d8f6a96a396c	Between 2000 and 2010, it increased by 86.9 million, and between 2010 and 2020 it is expected to grow by a further 109 million (equivalent to 30 per cent of the 2010 labour force) to reach 474 million (chart 15). A significant share of the 30 per cent increment in the total labour force between 2010 and 2020 will occur in Ethiopia (accounting for 12 per cent), Bangladesh (11 percent) and United Republic of Tanzania (9 per cent). However, all LDCs will experience substantial growth in their labour force during the same period.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	2fd02d9b60adec983dffc56bffc282b2	A clear objective is to lower the cost of capital for infrastructure projects, along with improved liquidity, transparency, and expanded access to finance. Blockchain-enabled platforms are a way to standardise data, assess asset performance, and enhance compliance, which may be further augmented when they are integrated with remote sensors (internet of things), or linked to deep analytics like artificial intelligence application ns. For further consideration, four original case studies with the highest expected impact for achieving long-term and sustainable provision of infrastructure services are discussed. Acting as an open application platform, analogous to Android, a diverse set of enabling functions can be handled on the globally interoperable data infrastructure.	9	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	2fd168eb5d08a135fb0fd0d95fa4eee2	Macroeconomic policies shape the overall economic environment for realizing women’s economic and social rights through their impact on employment creation and fiscal space in particular. How macroeconomic policies are designed and implemented will thus have a direct impact on the likelihood that gender equality is achieved. Two broad categories of macroeconomic policies are fiscal policy and monetary policy.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/79c6e404-en	2fd38720fc298ff0d95b40280c4f87fe	This deficit is particularly acute in rural areas, where a large proportion of the inhabitants have to travel a long distance to reach a road or railway. Transport infrastructure and services play a critical role in reducing rural poverty, in addition to facilitating access to schools, medical clinics, hospitals, cultural and religious institutions, and other facilities. Thus, transport infrastructure and services in rural areas have a major impact on food prices and on food security.2 They also provide physical access to markets and employment while opening up previously closed markets to competition.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	2fd4dd5f15e293cbebfb535d8c60ea49	This is the basic precondition for starting to record the waste amounts delivered to the site and obtaining accurate data on MSW waste amounts, which was not possible until now. In parallel with the rehabilitation and improvement activities at the Balakhani disposal site, preparatory' activities for its closure in future will be conducted. What is more, the closure and rehabilitation of other disposal sites on the Absheron peninsula will be financed by this project. The World Bank has lent US$ 29 million for the project, which is to be provided through the International Reconstruction and Development Agency, with the balance to be contributed by the Azerbaijani Government. Public hearings were conducted and the comments were taken into consideration.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	2fd58052ada30aaf21b1ed1793a81217	There are also opportunities, such as with the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies, to both reduce demands on public finances and improve climate resilience. Estimating needs and identifying funding sources is an essential element of the planning process, and for successful implementation. Options may require mobilising sufficient funding, or ensuring the effective use of existing resources.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	2fd58ae02c4af915d8775809acf73e91	In 2003, 2100 people were employed in the public sector alone, and the sector is estimated to account for more than half of the total employment. Shipping accounts for nearly 20% of the total employment (Dahlstrom et al. In general, women's income is lower than that of men - an average of 82% of men's income (ASUB 2012: 4) One explanation is that more women than men are in part-time employment. Thus, the Alandic women only account for 43% of the total taxable income in the islands of the 2012 tax year (ASUB 2015: 15); however, there is a slight tendency towards bridging this gap (ASUB 2012: 17).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	2fd8b764faf5d87fb90a3393fc8c66d8	Population growth correlates closely with the number of square metres of new housing space, both at the regional level and in the 38 cities of regional significance (see Figure 1.19). However, some smaller towns, where population is stagnating or falling, are nevertheless seeing significant housing stock growth. In the city of Shu (Karaganda oblast), where population is stagnating, the housing stock has increased by 2.7% every year since 2011.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	2fd9dfb30f010723c7d6b7a77aa67c62	In order to prevent the abuse of substances not under international control, Turkey placed 246 new psychoactive substances under national control in 2014. In addition, article 19 of the national law on the control of drugs was supplemented with provisions on generic scheduling in January 2015. The Government of Israel has taken legislative measures to curb the growing market for new psychoactive substances and their popularity among the youth in particular. In 2014, new synthetic cannabinoids and their derivatives were listed as narcotic drugs in the national legislation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	2fdce26096684aeae1dcccfdccd1258d	Available from www.psi.org/sites/default/ files/publication_files/cambodia2.pdf. Available from www.psi.org/myanmar, accessed 4 July 2011. Meeting the Need: Strengthening Family Planning Programs. Seattle: PATH/UNFPA. Available from www.path.org/ publications/files/RH_UNFPA_fp.pdf. The Philippines' birth control battle.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	2fde205649072abe12113708a397083d	At age 65 both women and men are entitled to the guaranteed pension if they have no other pension income and 40 years of residence in Sweden. The change was significant because benefits were individualized (i.e., not derived from family position) and the family ceased to be considered the primary economic unit (Stahlberg 2012:72). Fully funded defined contribution schemes provide individualized pensions that aim to be distribution-ally neutral. In these systems, derived benefits can be replaced by joint annuities, which incorporate a widow’s benefit in case of death.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	2fdeedcfce93c54ec86d525bafeb5a8c	Impact analyses are considered difficult to use because they tend to be medium and long term endeavours. Criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial planning are mostly sectoral, at least when it comes to short-term evaluations (e.g. concerning regional economic development, transports and communications). These evaluations are mostly process oriented, while the effectiveness can only be assessed after some years. Performance measurement is further complicated by the fact that planning systems is only one among many influences on regional development.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	2fe47e1ac35b1ef6bcdf163c01ac4e2f	The Committee has further explained that any restriction in this field seriously limits the woman's ability to provide for herself and her dependants. The Committee has also noted with concern the high number of reservations to articles 9, 15 and 16, and called on States to withdraw them and to enact and enforce legislation in accordance with these articles. In 2004, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health defined sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality, not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity (E/CN.4/2004/49).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	2fe614e3c88f86e2d1c7e53a427d6094	Given its existing production infrastructure, the Columbus basin off Trinidad and Tobago is considered the least risky frontier in the Caribbean. In 2011, the country produced 135,000 barrels per day of oil, and in 2010 the country produced 42 billion cubic metres of natural gas, more than three times the level seen in 2000. Currently, Jamaica has no history of production of its own, despite trying hard to encourage interest in its offshore acreage over the years. In 2014, the government secured a production-sharing agreement with Tullow Oil to explore the Walton Basin and Morant Basin areas, covering 32,065km2. The Bahamas could hold up to 4.3 million barrels of oil.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/73320136-en	2fe7a896c5edd7ac7b372dc95d480edc	Life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds was 54.4 years in 1990 and had risen to only 54.7 by 2010. In a comparable time period, life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds increased from 54.7 to 59.0 years in neighbouring Syria, which had not yet experienced violent conflict. During the invasion of 2003, public institutions, including health care facilities, were frequently looted.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	2ff41916162dce897b87c16afa2b3e6a	If a person is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period, each case of injury to that person should be counted separately. Fatal occupational injury: an injury caused by an accident at work which leads to the death of a victim within one year of the accident. Note: cases of occupational disease and cases of injury due to commuting accidents (see glossary) are generally excluded from the numerator. Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary).	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	2ff5f26a32ac232b15205037d7699efe	Romania reported that the quantity of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in 2014 was almost 11 times greater than that seized in 2013. In 2014, Austria reported the detection of three amphetamine and nine methamphetamine laboratories, while German authorities dismantled 11 amphetamine laboratories and three laboratories that had been manufacturing methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine extracted from nasal decongestants. In the Czech Republic, the number of dismantled methamphetamine laboratories slightly increased to 272 in 2014, compared with 262 laboratories dismantled in 2013.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	2ff683c16602a5573eba9e277ae5a06b	They were in fact direct translations of the English items used in the English-medium sector. The Ministry is now collaborating with Maori assessment experts to develop a national monitoring study for the Maori-medium sector. However, it remains voluntary for schools to purchase and implement student management systems. In a 2006 survey, almost a third of the responding primary school principals reported that they had no SMS yet (Hipkins et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	2ff910db35dee11d8ac9644fa1188126	A few small economies such as Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay also spend less than 2 per cent of GDP on infrastructure. In contrast, Andean countries such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru spend above 6 per cent, followed closely by smaller economies such as Nicaragua, with expenditure of nearly 6 per cent in 2015. At the other extreme, South-East Asia spent just 2.1 per cent, as the economies hit by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997 (such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) experienced significant declines in public spending as a proportion of GDP that have not fully recovered thereafter (ADB, 2017:28-30). In Africa, the biggest infrastructure deficit is thought to be in the energy sector (AfDB, 2013: 3, 2018), although even here, transport stands out as the sector with the largest financing needs over the coming decades (see figure 4.3).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	2ffbfd0b83814a005ca1962c1687aeb5	They are complemented by regulations on land use, the specification of which agricultural zones are suitable for given crops (and therefore more likely to receive official credit), as well as regulations on biofuel use and organic production. Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. These funds provide disadvantaged groups with access to agricultural land, financial resources, and the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake farming and other economic activities. Support is classified according to its tendency to distort production of trade, but it also gives an indication of how policies priorities vary across the sector.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	2ffcd17ed16575a357eaea7d22ed9dae	"In the concluding observations examined in thissurvey.all the committees frequently expressed concern at the absolute ban on abortions and the lack of availability of free contraception, and stress the right to reproductive health.95 In LC v Peru the CEDAW Committee required the State party to provide an appropriate legal framework for therapeutic abortion providing for rapid decision-making to avoid risk to the pregnant mother. This decision related to a situation where a 13-year-old girl, pregnant following rape and injured after an attempted suicide. Thus in the concluding observations in this study the CRPD Committee consistently calls for States to insist on informed choice on the part of women with disabilities in relation to both abortion and sterilization. Concluding Observations China First Periodic Report.” Concluding Observations Spain First Periodic Report."""	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	2ffd2dd4a6bf1de2f681f0b4bcc490e1	In India, for example, the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company allows customers with no arrears on electricity bills to purchase Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs from approved retailers, either via direct purchase at a discounted price or via payment in instalments over 9 months through electricity bills (Arquit Niederberger, 2008). In Mauritius, the Central Electricity Board provides CFLs at half price, supported by a government grant under the Maurice Isle Durable programme. Decoupling reverses that logic by providing an incentive for utilities to promote EE.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	2ffd75527931cbbeaa6c41a04a0ba995	The OECD Principles on Water Governance, rather than providing a general toolkit unfit for most situations, deliver and widely diffuse recommendations to policy makers to consider when reviewing existing policies or defining new ones (Table 1.4). Moreover, rules are not necessarily embedded in laws: in many countries, they are rooted in customary water rights. However, there is an institutional layer (meso-institutions), which is often either neglected or even missing, and that links the macro-institutional layer at which rules are defined and the micro-institutional layer at which implementation takes place.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	2ffdce73077092a8d3c2b6a6800c30c3	"Masanet and Walker (2013) investigate in detail the opportunities for reducing steam requirements - which has the great advantage of also reducing energy requirements (since energy is required to convert water to steam) - in the major steam-using sectors of the manufacturing economy: chemicals, paper, petroleum refining and food production. They find ample opportunities for harvesting ‘low-hanging fruit"" and significantly reducing energy and water usage in these sectors through more efficient use of steam in manufacturing. The approach to demand analysis in the case of industrial use is often through mathematical programming of the industrial operation (Griffin 2006). Such studies may or may not report the implied price elasticity of demand."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9edc576b-en	30014c43c9eb102f66477a428bdc1f2e	The total annual flow is 39.22 billion m3/year with 86 per cent of the annual flow in the humid winter season (October-May), and the remaining 14 per cent of the annual flow in the dry summer season (July-September). Overall renewable water resources amount to 13,300 m3 per capita, of which 65 per cent is generated within Albania and the remaining 35 per cent from countries upstream. In combination with the characteristic porous, karstic and fissured aquifers, this results in huge renewable groundwater resources of an overall 1,250 million m3/year in seven main geological strata.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	3001fe4961a34caed85c9ade8a96a936	Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa is likely to triple and that of Asia to increase by 61 per cent, so that by 2050 most of the world’s urban population will be concentrated in Asia (52 per cent) and Africa (21 per cent). In 1990, 10 urban agglomerations were characterized as “megacities”, with each hosting more than 10 million inhabitants. Together, they accounted for 7 per cent of the global urban population.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	30022a2a8ea78732ecc746ad71dcf7aa	"Calculations are based on net hourly earnings adjusted for social transfers. The corresponding risk figure therefore represents the share of employed working-age individuals living in households with a monthly disposable income of less than 6 000 Russian rubles (this corresponds to an hourly low-pay threshold of 1.14 PPP-adjusted international dollars for a member of a two-earner family working full-time). In most countries where data are available, women’s jobs are less secure than men’s along both dimensions (Figure 4.17). Focusing on the risk of unemployment per se, however, does not paint a comprehensive picture of labour market risks in emerging economies, as the lack of effective safety nets makes unemployment unaffordable for many workers and pushes them into jobs of ""last resort” (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5)."	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	3006d0c400ddf9ca6722ca858a1a39e1	The local education council advises the municipal government and its education department on regional matters of education policy - such as the consolidation of the school network. In the Alytus region, for example, the review team met with representatives of a local education council that brings together more than 80 members representing teachers, parents and students of all general education institutions, though councils are more often comprised of approximately 15 members. Nearly all schools delivering the primary and lower secondary curriculum are subordinate to municipalities, the main public school founder.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	3007271371cf39aaf33f7b4185512587	The centrepiece, and one of the keys to success, will be a high-profile lead initiative that pilots an integrated set of green building and sustainable settlement approaches in Eilat, as a model ‘green city’. The effect could be catalytic, transforming perceptions of the region, providing new skills and employment opportunities for existing residents and supporting local green business start-ups. It needs to be recognised that these training and employment opportunities will not be limited to green skills per se, but will likely be even more prevalent in traditional skills areas in construction, electricity, etc.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264116672-5-en	300ae4c728958a2cd606d418669e4228	The risk of a limited integration is that there is little guarantee that evaluation and assessment procedures in the Catholic and Independent sectors are sufficiently aligned with student learning objectives and educational targets at the national and systemic levels. Evaluation and assessment practices in Australia benefit from outstanding expertise in areas such as standardised test development, common reporting frameworks, national comparable data on student outcomes and externally-based student assessment and relies significantly on the investigation generated by a large and active educational research community. An example is the development of teacher capacity to assess against the whole range of curriculum goals to ensure consistency of A-E ratings across schools (see Chapter 3).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	300df3f582241afc5e23ad36753ef3b9	Notably, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) founded the original Mekong River Committee in 1957, and continues to support the Commission established in 1995. It assists in the development and strengthening of multicountry river basin institutions, fostering policy and legislative reforms, and promoting broad stakeholder involvement in addressing key threats and priorities. It has allocated USD 9.2 billion, supplemented by more than USD 40 billion in co-financing, for more than 2 700 projects in over 165 countries. For example, GWP has been leading since 2000 the Dialogues on Effective Water Governance with the International Council for Local Environment Initiatives (ICLEI).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	3011dcab60f9028d9ec54119e22336dc	A gender perspective calls attention to these differences, and seeks to ensure that the security needs and capacities of women and girls (circa 50% of the population) are not excluded. Acknowledging and responding to the different security and justice needs of women, men, boys and girls. For instance, women face a higher risk of domestic violence and men face a higher risk of gun violence. Only through fully understanding and responding to these context-specific differences in security and justice needs can SSR initiatives increase security and justice equally for women, men, boys and girls. Ensuring the full and equal participation of men and women within security decision-making as well as within security system institutions.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	3014b128f6f6da5a92f3281319bee0f5	In the Greater Mekong subregion, remittances exceeded ODA and FDI inflows in terms of volume in Viet Nam (Jalilian, 2012). Remittances are valuable as they increase the capabilities of individuals and households, but they do not help in the manner that ODA does with regard to the provision of public goods, such as roads, water supply, education and health care. Therefore, the current curtailment in the magnitude of ODA as a result of the global recession of 2008-2009 in the developed world is of concern.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	301583f578d61f0c7c5ace497d7666df	It has been increasing in Kazakhstan at only a relatively slow pace, from 5% in 1965 (World Bank, 2016; Committee of Statistics, Kazakhstan, 2016). Over the same period, it increased on average from 9% to 16% in OECD countries, from 8% to 17% in Central Europe and the Baltics, from 8% to 15% in Ukraine, and from 7% to 13% in Russia (World Bank, 2016). The age dependency ratio is the number of persons younger than 15 and older than 64 as a proportion of the working-age population (ages 15-64).	3	3	1	0.5
10.18356/665c59ff-en	3018f15995ded1244ed2b77adf95effb	"Early investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure will avoid “lock-in"" to systems of markets, urban density and distribution, which confer a heavy environmental burden and constrain future options. A great deal of policy on energy generation in advanced economies has focused on the need to reduce carbon emissions, and that focus has promoted major investments in developing and deploying renewable energy. The facilities to produce renewable energy are generally smaller than those for carbon-based generation, and they offer the combined advantage of decentralized production and off-grid access that supports greater social inclusion and security in supply. The roll-out time for renewables is quick, requiring much less basic infrastructure than does energy generation based on fossil fuels and hydropower (Rwanda; Chapter 6). Renewable energy production also tends to be more employment intensive than traditional forms of energy generation (ILO, 2016). However, the take-up of renewable energy has been hindered in some countries by a policy regime that favours traditional, large electricity generating systems."	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	3020d1819ecb3e81559fd9028ebb8a0b	The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. This target is supplemented by ambitious targets for the energy mix and electricity mix that are defined as a share of different metrics. In particular, Thailand aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% of electricity capacity by 2036, while the share of large-scale hydropower is expected to be 15-20% in addition.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	30224fc8f22c2aaf6f3b27dcacc98ebe	Summary of recommendations for increasing labour utilisation (cont.) One issue that appears to have caused the jump in labour force participation (and employment) at the time of the replacement of the October Household Survey by the Labour Force Survey is that coverage of agriculture, especially subsistence agriculture, improved. Among the many analyses of South Africa’s unemployment problem are Bhorat (2004), Kingdon and Knight (2004), and Baneijee et a I. (2007). The low unemployment rate shown in Table 3.4 for those with no education, and to a lesser extent to those with some or completed primary but no secondary education, probably reflects the greater tendency of those groups to be in subsistence activities or discouraged, and thus classified as not in the labour force.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	30241a91b516883006f2d8c222253370	Mexico’s BANOBRAS (National Bank of Works and Public Services)15 and Turkey’s IlBank (Bank of Provinces)16 are examples of development banks that provide financing to local governments for investment projects and that could be of inspiration to Kazakhstan. These banks finance public investment in infrastructure and public services that contribute to social development and competitiveness. Local authorities are accountable only to higher-level government bodies and do not serve at the will of citizens (Makhmutova, 2006). In 2013, SNGs’ expenditure accounted for 9.4% of GDP (17% average in OECD countries) and 46.3% of public expenditure (40% in OECD countries in 2014) (Table 3.8).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/864d004f-en	3024776947b9a25c9478a6c0eceef56b	Nevertheless, there are frequent cases of late payment of waste-related invoices by municipalities and an associated accumulation of arrears. In a similar vein, a financial guarantee is required for the operation of installations of treatment and processing of hazardous, industrial, medical and pharmaceutical waste. There are provisions for fines in the event of non-compliance with the established legal standards.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	3027d8a8a6aa1fec2565f15458b08463	In the outer coastal region, visiting baleen whales migrate northward toward the productive Barents Sea during summer months, where they feed on the large abundance of zooplankton and smaller fish species. These species include the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and fin whale (Balaenopters physalus). It is beyond the scope to provide a complete overview of trends in biodiversity and ecosystem function of the entire North-East Atlantic region here. Indicators within the Nature Index of Norway represent populations of characteristic indigenous species, and the indicator values are based on data from monitoring, model estimates and expert assessments.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	30281a070f6600f87a8fd441d347f6a6	However, these results only indicate the existence of some sort of collaboration, not its frequency or intensity. Nevertheless, they are noteworthy because most innovation is incremental and involves small-scale change which would not necessarily require collaboration with universities and government research institutions. There is also considerable diversity; in all countries with available data, large firms report more co-operation with higher education or government institutions than SMEs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	3028302ca35dcfb8ec61e5614c13a98a	Individuals are considered as fuel poor if they have required fuel costs that are above the median level and would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line if they were to spend that amount. The number of households in fuel poverty is of the same order of magnitude under the current official measure, where fuel poverty is defined by required fuel costs exceeding 10% of income. More than 7 million individuals in nearly 3 million households are affected in 2009 and the fuel poverty gap is £1.1 billion, defined as the amounts by which the assessed energy needs of fuel poor households exceed the threshold for reasonable costs (Hills, 2012). Current policies are estimated to reduce the fuel poverty gap by only 10%.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	3028b186d1a841133806f70ec0a54a1a	However, it was also large in a number of other English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom). Elsewhere, increases tended to be greater in the Scandinavian and Mediterranean countries than in Continental European countries (Figure 12). In the United States, for instance, the share of the top 0.1% in total pre-tax income quadrupled in the 30 years to 2008.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-14-en	302d0939fecc2974e492ce89aefa98f5	In terms of value, the biggest export market for Chinese Taipei's fisheries products was Japan, followed by Thailand, and the people's Republic of China in 2012, while in terms of export volume, Thailand was the biggest market. China was the biggest exporter to the Chinese Taipei’s market, followed by Viet Nam, Japan, Peru, and Noiway. (	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	302e0c98ba06e9ea836a53c4ecb88642	Under this project, the Puhovichi rayon was selected as a pilot rayon, where an inventory of disposal sites, a waste management strategy and a modem landfill project were prepared. The EBRD is considering financing the construction of an EU-compliant regional sanitary landfill, together with a sorting facility, composting facility and vehicles and equipment for improvement of the waste collection system for the Puhovichi and Cherven rayons. Under the project, national and international experts work on improving environmental legislation on biodiversity conservation, MSW and water management, and ecological certification.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	303007fde08b399ed830d5caed69c58c	It promotes the implementation of a strategy that considers both consumptive uses of water and the protection of the environment within a framework of public participation. The plan also lays down the principles of a management of water at the river basin scale with a priority regarding the conservation of land and aquatic ecosystems as part of the large hydrologic cycle, covering the extraction of water to its discharge. The strategy explicitly underlines the need to set official prohibition for maximum extraction to ensure water balance.	6	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	30304dceb2c7f0b3ead51df4341f5d06	This has given the farmers an opportunity to seek additional income possibilities and thus reduce rural poverty. Also, the EbA approach resulted in benefits for biodiversity and the environment as fewer chemicals was used, restoration of the hydrological cycle because of revegetation and reforestation and better nutrition. Information flows can be hindered by lack of communication means or channels, or can be hindered by excessive bureaucracy that prevents ease of sharing and distribution. Further, lack of technical or other capacity increase the risk of information, tools, or knowledge not reaching the intended beneficiaries.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	3030e1a895c15cfaabd96720ba658684	Also national food security evaluations depend on this information since they determine the quantity of food that is actually available for consumption. Intra-regional flows are particularly important, as they impact availability in importing as well as in exporting countries. Even in the absence of trade, or with only small quantities traded across borders, market integration creates interdependence.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-12-en	3034cd140f976e4639cdcfac82c97926	Per capita fish consumption is expected to increase in all continents, with Asia showing the fastest growth. In contrast with previous Outlook Reports, for the first time, a slight increase is projected for Africa. Lower feed and crude oil prices reduced production and transportation costs enhancing African aquaculture production and imports.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-8-en	30357b0838fb3c0a72e7efebe86944e8	In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1). In the context of cross-sectoral mainstreaming, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) Decision XIII/3 invites parties: “To enhance monitoring of the use of natural resources, such as land, soil and water in all sectors, including agriculture, forests, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism, among others, and to improve data collection, management and public access to monitoring data” (CBD, 2016c: para g). Though it is difficult to determine whether more recent biodiversity mainstreaming efforts have been effective, indicators to monitor this are beginning to emerge. This chapter therefore examines the types of indicators that could be used to track progress on biodiversity mainstreaming.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	303d139fe5b3deabd1735a742d0c7b87	The sector involved millions of smallholder farmers and more than 10 000 processing workers, making it the fourth largest employer after the railways, sugar and textiles. But by late 1990s the post-independence civil war, a slowing economy and poor policy decisions had destroyed the sector. Abandon and neglect gradually led to the spread of pests and diseases, the over-maturing and halt of replanting of cashew trees, and uncontrolled forest fires which affected important parts of cashew orchards. Processing capacity also deteriorated, both physically and in terms of human expertise.	2	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	30408abccbac1a51072c4c11d49c6c0d	In any event, while citizenship education might open the possibility of global allegiances and responsibilities, the current reality of the nation-state must be acknowledged, and educational interventions must also prepare students for this context. In development studies, Nussbaum is best known for her contributions to the capabilities approach, along with Amartya Sen. This report, however, will draw primarily on the proposals for educational aims relating to citizenship. The most extensive formulation of these is found in the book Cultivating Humanity (1997), and relates primarily to a defence of the liberal curriculum in universities, although it can be applied to all forms of education. The first is the ability to examine closely one’s own assumptions and positions, and the arguments put forward by others, to be able to question and critique them, and put forward coherent responses.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	304421d7a5bdda247be14fe87eaf1acf	It has also united parents to their bigger children. ” ( Overall, evidence confirms a strong relationship between poverty and mental health in developing settings. A recent review of programming concluded that although there is good evidence that a variety of mental health programs have positive impacts on economic outcomes, overall the mental health effects of poverty alleviation programs are inconclusive (Lund et al.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	304765523693fa78e801861e3e77cbb7	For example, fast-growing cities in Viet Nam, as elsewhere, lack public transport to accommodate travel from suburb to suburb as opposed to a purely radial system designed to move people only between a given suburb and the core of the city. In addition, silo approaches, in which the transport sector lacks co-ordination with other sectors such as construction, land use and housing development, often create a spatial mismatch between the demand and supply of public transport, resulting in inefficient public transport networks and perpetuating inequality'. Housing will be built in areas where land is cheaper, meaning most frequently that low-income residents will be located in outlying and peripheral areas where public transport is either non-existent or is so expensive that ridership is limited and investment is accordingly difficult to mobilise. Indeed, nearby municipalities may come into conflict with one another if they perceive that a neighbour is lacking in commitment to transport integration or is unwilling to invest in a way that is equitable to all partners.	11	0	10	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	304791f4a5709148ee029fd9331d9523	In the 5th edition of the balance of payment manual, the current account components are the balance of trade in goods and services, balance of income (compensation of employees working abroad and income from foreign investments) and current transfers (workers remittances and government transfers). Along with net capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of nonproduced, non-financial assets, the current account balance represents the net foreign investment or net lending/borrowing position of a country vis-a-vis the rest of the world. Persistent current account deficits or surpluses indicate a macroeconomic instability that is not conducive to sustained economic growth and, therefore, to sustained means of implementation of sustainable development goals. A current account deficit has to be financed through an increase in financial and non-financial liabilities vis-a-vis the rest of the world or a decrease in reserve assets.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d09309d1-en	3049bbee1864364796bc491f83e2d766	The global context, too, is important, and the discussions on systemic drivers and some of the more central BAU scenarios relate Africa to the rest of the world on key aspects of green growth and industrialization. The methodology is explained in box 5.3 with detail in Annex 1. Their operations also are often inclusive of small farmers who help to improve productivity and maintain economies of scale (Sheahan and Barrett, 2014).	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	3049ca62b3a2c60425afc5fd25e49d98	Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia; for 2010 for tire Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; and for 2009 for Kosovo. As seen from their average score of 1.5 (Figure 8.15), the SEE economies need to improve their legal, institutional and policy frameworks for employee training. Doing so w'ould encourage enterprises to offer regular training to their employees. While there are legal provisions in their respective labour laws which either oblige an employer to provide training under specific circumstances, or not to discriminate against an employee who would like to take on training, there are no other measures in place that offer incentives to enterprises.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	304a13bdbd42a06a4a9bd7f799621ac3	The policy measures suggested below, however, are those specifically related to food access and availability. It is particularly important to address the multiple food insecurities that women and girls face. This may require, among other measures, the review and amendment of legislation and practices to ensure gender equality concerning inheritance and ownership of productive resources so that women’s equal right to food is explicitly protected. Public distribution systems should offer a wide variety of locally produced foods and also include secondary crops such as corn, millets, and sorghum.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	304d61251556d4efb9e95a7d16186049	They then assume that the needs of the recipients of these services are the same across all countries (by using the average of per capita spending amounts), they recalculate the equivalence scale and test the sensitivity on inequality outcomes of this adaptation of the equivalence scale. Below, these approaches are applied empirically in order to test the sensitivity of the results for applying alternative equivalence scales. Figure 8.A1.1 shows the Gini coefficients for cash and extended income, with three equivalence scales for this last income concept. This is the case for all countries.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	304dc0f178a237b2a3ac2aa92176c741	Problems emerged in situations where irrigation expansion followed individual plans and decisions, as individual entrepreneurs failed to factor in the consequences of their decisions on the local community. The objective was to define an institutional framework or policy tool that could provide for the revision of water entitlements, revisit the “first come first served” practice, and grant local farming communities the capacity to self-manage. The policy positions were developed arising from the consultative process and under the strong political guidance of the Minister of Water Affairs. To guide the reform, the Department of Water Affairs, in consultation with stakeholders on a national and regional basis, developed a set of underlying principles.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb61760a-en	305015ae84bec65f0d5c3381f18e89fd	The highest unemployment rates are among the younger people (15 to 19 years of age) and are four times those of the adult population (see figure 11.12 a)). The unemployment rates reported on the basis of household surveys in Colombia, Panama and the Dominican Republic included hidden unemployment. The figures for Argentina correspond to Greater Buenos Aires, for Bolivia to eight main cities and El Alto, for Uruguay to urban areas and for Paraguay to Asuncion and Central Department. As reported in a recent study by ECLAC and the Ibero-American Youth Organization (OU) on the current situation of young people (ECLAC/OIJ 2008), it is precisely the poorest young people who are most affected by unemployment: around 2005, the average rate of unemployment among young people between 15 and 29 years of age belonging to the poorest per capita income quintile was slightly over 24%, a percentage which decreases gradually to reach 6.6% among young people in the richest quintile.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	30504df6967f86f3d46f87c8f668054e	At the same time, class sizes are small, although OECD evidence suggests that class size is a far less important factor than teacher qualifications for student’s learning progress. Increasing class sizes may be one way to free the resources needed for providing extra teaching time to those at risk of dropping out of the school system. Socio-economic status is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. Enrolment in adult education programmes has risen sharply as of the school year 2008-09, although most of the sharp increase was accounted for by the national scheme of recognition, validation and skills certification (RVCC).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39291afb-en	305180565803b27df9f7fd94059a52c8	Between 2012 and 2017 the incidence did not vary significantly from one group to another, so the gaps remained constant. In 2017 the incidence among couple households without children was around 3.7%, while it was 5.4% among single-person households. The highest incidence of extreme poverty was found in single-parent households (12%).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	305254be699b0759eb03d5ef6b6c603d	More specifically, it analyses the impact of risks - actual and perceived -associated with EE projects. Much has been written about the many barriers to energy-efficiency investments, including market organisation, price distortions, split incentives, lack of information, transaction costs, institutional biases, product availability, regulatory policy, and others.3 This report does not delve into the full array of these barriers. Instead, it focuses on the financial and risk barriers.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264089457-en	3054a4e9da18d4dc88ecc11149ddae8b	As the Penang self-evaluation report notes higher education institutions in the region do not have courses that are especially designed to meet the needs of the Penang region or are “drawn upon based upon the specific characteristics of Penang.” ( There is no systematic regional strategy at the federal, supra-regional (Northern Corridor Economic Region) or state levels to engage higher education institution in addressing the region’s human resource challenges. The engagement of the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in the region is largely a consequence of being the largest institution in the region, not a result of deliberate strategy of the institution or region.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	305706b3c3c72982ef3ba4d65ba70be4	The only difference between a tariff surcharge and a tariff was that the rate of the surcharge could be changed by administrative decree, whereas tariff rates could be altered only by an act of the legislature. Under this measure, domestic dairy processors were permitted to import material inputs (such as skimmed milk powder) only after they have absorbed all domestically produced milk. When first introduced the ratio was 1:25, which means that for every 1 litre of domestic production that is absorbed, processors were permitted to import 25 litres of milk (or milk equivalent), indicating that the local content was only 4%. The ratio was gradually strengthened over time and was 1:1.7 for the second half of 1997 just prior to its removal.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	3060d81bfd8bf21d04f39014a6f3624a	The cocaine was found diluted in drums of sunflower oil believed to have originated in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The seizure seems to confirm the existence of new routes and markets for cocaine, which recently seem to be finding its way into countries in South Asia. According to experts, most of the heroin seized in Bangladesh was either manufactured in India, or originated in Afghanistan and smuggled through India.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1ac856f7-en	3062d22a316e0fa4a97208d7484017b5	Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani. In this case, this form of decomposition is applied to 2002-2016, divided into two subperiods — 2002-2008 and 2008-2016. Average income growth accounted for an average of 71 % of the variation observed between 2002 and 2016, and even more in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and Peru. In the other countries, the distribution effect accounted for over 30% of the poverty reduction, approaching 40% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and 50% in Uruguay (see figure II.5).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	3063bd6a46f93cd9d37886f19e33f56c	With the advent of digital and computational technologies, TV sets extended their capabilities to become a more general user interface for selecting and retr ieving content. Such collaboration does not mean replacement of one network by the other; rather, it creates an environment in which both systems can co-exist independently or cooperatively. A telecommunication service, on the other hand, provides personalized delivery of data requested by the users or, by extension, their media systems. Nowadays, consumers expect this to be available irrespective of user location (‘any place’) and at any moment of time (‘any time’).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	3067b50ea9754355ae2354f18130508e	Housing, through backward linkages, can encourage construction industries to form, including basic industries such as cement and steel. Strategies to expand housing and construction employment should focus on reforming regulatory barriers and supporting education and training, particularly for women and youth. Housing is 55 per cent more expensive in urban Africa than in other developing countries’ urban areas (Dasgupta, Lall and Lozano-Gracia, 2014). The typical house price to income ratio globally ranges between 3:1 and 5:1, but often in Africa, even for public service employees whose average income is higher than the majority’s, the ratio goes above 10:1, which is far above the 4:1 threshold that development practitioners suggest signals a serious problem with housing supply (Bertaud, 2015).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	3068945344dd4bf523bd665509743a03	For Norway, results are based on a 10% sample from the population. For Sweden, the NBHW data set provides monthly data only from 2001 (and annual data before). For the Netherlands, the analysis is based on two datasets: annual data come from the IPO: monthly data come from the SSB from which a 0.5% random sample is drawn.	1	4	1	0.6
10.18356/cc778895-en	306a8f367ba5cd9a67ad9f9c04a7bdd7	Their findings indicate that the methodology that is generally used in empirical studies on growth, poverty and inequality usually overestimates the effects of growth on poverty. This implies that economic crises or economic booms have less of an influence on poverty than they are generally assumed to have. This supports the focus on raising incomes which has been the preferred strategy for fighting poverty in Brazil. They find that the growth of mean income and income distribution are sufficient to account for a large part of the variations in poverty rates observed at the state level in Brazil.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	306ca54b225fa8bda4673d25def51733	In order to estimate the financial burden of ADEs in Germany, Stark et al (2011) based the cost study on a model originating from the American healthcare system. Their estimations quantified health care costs related to ADEs emerging from ambulator)’ care settings to a total of €816 million, or 0.22% of German health expenditure in 2011. Almost 60% was due to hospitalisations, 11% to emergency department visits and the remaining 21% from expenditures made in long-term care. However, these costs are only approximations.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	306dd4528c6eb97a505bc40f6ff433d5	All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to riehts@oecd.ore. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Much of this rise has reflected a widening dispersion of labour income. It seems that the benefits of economic growth have not been shared equally across all parts of the population.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	306e4665f9ca10bf8c3ba48516782578	A national monitoring programme for biodiversity in Israel (MARAG) was also completed in 2010. The Red Book of vertebrates has been published and updated periodically, and the Red Book of flora has been compiled with data collected from a 12-year monitoring field survey of Israel’s botanic heritage. The survey was conducted by the Rotem Israel Plant Information Center, which developed an ecological database of Israel’s flora including some 600 000 records concerning the distribution and phenology of native plants.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	306ecffbfaa4d5cb37700b1683770a4f	In all these cases, a clear target and transparent plan of action should be set over a long-term horizon. In California, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act relies on semi-autonomous management in groundwater bodies. All groundwater bodies have to reach sustainability objectives by 2042, but they have the liberty’ to decide how to get there (see Box 4.3). In the case of water quality risks, Denmark has been introducing a targeted regulation for nitrate pollution into groundwater, imposing more strict oversight on farming zones that are more likely to lead to increased groundwater pollution (Hojberg, 2016).	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51eba28c-en	3070eeb298e2a5cf57e9dffbc07207cd	Measures to address and eliminate VAW are discussed in the context of national legislation, national policy instruments and country reports submitted by states to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Committee, among other measures taken by individual states. Rape/defilement: any form of non-consensual sexual intercourse. This can include the invasion of any part of the body with a sexual organ and/or the invasion of the genital or anal opening with any object or body part.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	3072c31568cd057028af75230258dc59	In Italy, primary care is free at the point of care, but specialised care is not. In the Netherlands, outpatient care is free after the annual general deductible has been met. Outpatient specialist contacts can be free at the point of care when provided in public hospitals, or with a copayment when provided outside of hospitals and covered by Medicare (typically when a patient has been referred by a GP to specialist care).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/0ec26947-en	307404ff87be58fa97d7e70e20c2a331	A prominent example is the track and trace case for tuna to combat illegal fishing. Using devices for tracing (e.g. RFID tags, QR codes, NFC devices, or cameras), information about the fish can be collected at almost any point throughout the supply chain (Visser and Hanich, 2018). As the data is recorded on a transparent and immutable registry, each fish can be tracked back to its origin by respective regulators, NGOs, and consumers. The technical implementation of this use case can be applied to other natural capital in agriculture, livestock, and forestry.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	30758246403a4d239edc7695ff26939f	What are the objectives behind these measures and is the government evaluating alternative ways of achieving these objectives? This has led both OECD and non-OECD countries to discriminate between national and foreign investors in several different ways. First, a strong local-content requirement or high import tariff may prevent rapid and diversified deployment by making the latter dependant on the capacity and quality of the local supply chain.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	30766b7073d39d6fb3fa3faa7c9eea4a	This can become particularly problematic in countries with high demographic growth and inequality, such as in LAC, where new generations put pressure on economic and social development. It goes beyond the basic pillars of education (covered in the next chapter) and employment to encompass other dimensions of social inclusion. Young people need to progress not only in the objective parameters of inclusion, but also in subjective ones. In this way, they can feel more that they belong to a society they are helping to build.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	30773134e9bdcbfa9cb4a941581aec72	One way of minimising the reporting burden would be to report adaptation communications as part of existing reporting tools (e.g. NCs), and to maximise the overlap between what is included in these reports and information needed for efficient national adaptation planning and implementation. At a national level, these benefits could include communicating priorities in adaptation-related needs and actions, evaluating progress towards any national goals, and identifying where support for adaptation is needed. While international reporting of such information would require some resources, this is likely to be small compared to those needed to identify and collate the relevant information for national purposes. International reporting of a country’s adaptation response may also bring further benefits such as attracting international support for proposed adaptation actions or plans.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	3077bbdf2c0be1b4e2b2ec3537a673e7	The parties would also regularly hold discussion forums and workshops to bring together staff and researchers from the two organisations. Information on best practices, innovations, technologies and approaches would be shared at these events, as would ideas for new initiatives and ongoing collaboration. Finally, the parties would seek ways to better engage UBC students in specific projects identified by Metro Vancouver. In past years, collaboration on these issues lias been largely reactive and inconsistent.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb47180e-en	307a99481f61f70bcea5f70960fe1b82	The CRPD also includes a provision for access to a range of in-home, residential and in community support services (article 19, paragraph (b)), and the equal availability of services and facilities for general populations on an equal basis to persons with disabilities (article 19, paragraph (c)). Article 30 further adds that States Parties shall take measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to sporting and recreational venues. Target 11.7 calls for universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible green and public spaces, in particular for persons with disabilities.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	307b44b6ed04273e3c5f5ee94344b1f0	Second, over the long-term, structures change and the sectoral transformation implies that the inter-generational future for the majority of smallholders cannot lie exclusively in farming; hence there is a need for policies that enhance households’ opportunities outside the sector as well as within it. In other words, agricultural policies are not enough. Third, in order to improve both agricultural competitiveness and the prospects for earning more outside the sector, the most important policies may not in fact be agricultural policies.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/77d08b03-en	307b9f543ab9698828eeec3303dc2a85	Properly interpreted, these data should also reveal the relationship between informal working and childcare. Likewise, more general time-use data need to be considered in public employment programmes, ensuring that the policies needed to accommodate women's situation do not tend to reinforce gender roles and maintain the current distribution of time use in households. Furthermore, these data should provide the State with the information it needs to encourage greater participation by men in care and parenting, for example by means of paternity leave, which is part of labour regulation policy. Employment is what gives access to social security in Latin America, and disadvantages women in the labour market because the time they spend on unpaid work also undermines their social security position. The average economic value a housewife generates each month by her unpaid work should underpin such integration (UNESCAP, 2004).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	307f98f699b95316625ec20a92af04d2	These schemes only covered 1% of the population in Ghana by 2002. These community-based units identify and categorise beneficiaries, including those who are exempt from payment (the core poor, those aged 70 and over, and retired contributors to the social security system). By 2008, some 12.5 million Ghanaians or 61% of the population were registered with the NHIS (ILO, 2010b).	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	308487182f86cfaf6a5fa93233c94878	Such trade performance across a relatively wide range of commodities for a country the size of Viet Nam starting from virtually no export market penetration and experience, and within two decades, is unmatched. Exports are around double the value of agro-food imports, contributing to a positive balance of agro-food trade of about USD 10 billion in 2011-13. It is recognised in Viet Nam that moving up the value scale in food markets allows exporters, and usually farmers, to capture higher prices without having to increase production or find more inputs such as scarce land.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	3086996f70718c71142c8f164ff083c0	Since its founding, the university has made great strides in the quality and breadth of its academic and research programmes, quality of its academic staff and in undergraduate and graduate enrolments. Designation as an APEX University, a designation to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide in international ranking, is a singular achievement (MoHE, 2007). In its vision as an APEX university, the Universiti Sains Malaysia has set forth an impressive agenda, Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow (USM, 2010).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	3086f7b0f7a910f5d69db835fa3a5d4c	Many of the agricultural practices proposed are relatively low-cost and have both mitigation and adaptation benefits, which increases their cost-effectiveness. It is useful, however, to distinguish between public and private sector financing since they can play complementary roles in mobilizing resources for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Farmers, from small to large, are the biggest investors in agriculture, providing many times what governments provide for rural infrastructure and agricultural research and development.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	30877dcc4ef5039842890d81feec8065	The economic dimension was discussed in the previous chapter, while the cognitive and educational components are the focus of subsequent chapters. There is also the question of how social it is understood to be, as opposed to so many traits attaching to individuals. In our view, while the measurement of well-being might often rely on charting characteristics of individuals, well-being understood in this multidimensional way is fundamentally about relationships and the nature of social relations. Such definitions as there are coalesce around the holistic.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3087b16968c2c8198f02db5b576c71e8	And it requires a keen focus on social issues, so that it is not only well-placed people and businesses that can benefit from newly-favoured areas. For example, the proposal to reduce GHG emissions from the livestock sector makes broad sense in principle, given its 40% contribution to Ethiopia’s GHG emissions. But in practice, some of the CRGE’s plans - notably to shift beef producers to poultry production - are extremely challenging.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-10-en	308932d8efede79364acaa099eead806	Eight countries participated in the first wave of data collection, which took place in 2011: Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan province of China. The second wave, which look place in 2012-13, involved five countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya and Macedonia. The STEP Survey asked respondents to report on their use of such skills in daily life and at work (if they work).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	308da5cc38a3c8a8368c99c223638806	Another BDS service that needs to be expanded is support to help women transfer their businesses from the informal sector to the formal sector. They could also leverage technology and social media as vehicles for providing support to women who wish to manage work schedules and family commitments more successfully by starting a home-based business. In addition, BDS staff directly involved in delivering training, advisory, counselling or other BDS services should be given opportunities to gain experience and knowledge and learn about best practices in the promotion and support of small businesses and women entrepreneurs in particular.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	30901bd7fcf83845d648dbaa30f96673	Government health services principally serve those from the low and middle-income strata; whereas private facilities mainly serve the smaller subset of wealthier households and take up a significant share of overall health spending. Indeed, South Africa relies more on voluntary private health insurance financially than any other country in the world. Yet experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary private health insurance rarely provides adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often has high administrative costs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	30936a88ae0ff3b8b66d8e70e17bbab4	The governments also agreed to continue with the distribution quotas set during the Soviet era. Adaptive responses by households to floods and droughts tended to take two main forms: (i) shelter, communication and other physical infrastructure; and (ii) livelihood strategies that either de-linked income from water resource conditions or moderated the impact of resource scarcity and climatic variability on income streams. Sudostasien Aktuell 4: 31-55.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	30938adb2f8a3c54b332ffbfe0738d3d	Indeed in the United States and in Europe, the average probability for male founded companies to receive any funding is equal to 65%. However, in the United States the gender gap is slightly less pronounced: female founded companies are 62% likely to get funding while in Europe they are less than 60%. Both male and female founded companies in Asia have a lower probability to get funding (around 56%) and the difference between both types is not significant. In Europe this figure is similar, but the gap is not significant in Asia.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	309593444f479354650d09d45c8bea52	The Czech Republic cancelled plans to temporarily increase duration and replacement rates for some unemployed because of pressure on public finances. Poland continued with a reform to improve the effectiveness of activation by increasing benefit levels in the first three months of receipt (a change in early 2009 reduced duration from 18 to 12 months). Since mid-2009, income support specifically targeted at workers receiving training was introduced or extended in several countries (Australia, Japan, Turkey and the United States).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	309657fbfffe846b3d2399a314cef031	Whole milk prices are subject to seasonal variations, and in 2011/12 the farmer received a high winter price of KZT 81 per tonne. Maximum farm gate prices are observed from November to March and decrease from April to September due to mass production of milk. A collector takes milk from neighbouring producers and sells it to the nearest dairy in Akmola oblast at the price of KZT 103 per tonne; the average price of a one-litre Tetra Pak is around KZT 205.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	30971102eb07173ca1f141ca92b6e3b1	For example, KTH Chalmers Capital fund has established itself as a leading investor, and is one of the largest privately financed Swedish venture capital companies focusing on technology investments at an early phase. Exits include well-known companies such as Avinode, Vehco, Ambria Dermatology and ICU Intelligence. The close collaboration with Chalmersinvest, allowed CSE ventures to link with external private venture capital investors. In two major business reviews per year the venture projects are presented to potential investors. Over 35 companies have been founded through CSE.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	3097d8cfbeef6b7373c75951193c1cee	In much the same way that shifting wealth raises concerns about inequality in countries with strong growth, notable reductions in absolute poverty levels prompt questions about the evolution of relative poverty. These comparisons are all the more interesting given the wide variation in relative poverty within the group of OECD member countries (see OECD [2008a]). Figure 4.4 displays measures of relative poverty for selected emerging and developing countries that have achieved significant reduction in absolute poverty, and compares them on the same measures with a variety of OECD members.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	30985c4d5d058da0a2044d07e675e397	Shortly after, on 22 September 2009, he hosted a Summit on Climate Change to promote leader-level engagement in the final push towards a global agreement in Copenhagen. The Summit, presided over by Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen, attracted what was then the largest-ever number of Heads of State and Government to gather and focus specifically on climate change. While negotiations made little progress throughout the fall, the unprecedented engagement of global leaders, the private sector and civil society on the issue, the unequivocal urgency of the issue according to science, and the election of Barack Obama as United States President led many to think that an ambitious outcome to COP 15 was assured. While this was beginning to change, world leaders still lacked confidence about what or how their country could contribute to climate change mitigation.81 In addition, deep mistrust prevailed between developed and developing countries.	13	1	7	0.75
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	309a7ed8fb433468841c9af6a5153981	This included two main waves of trade liberalization, one in the 1990s and a second in the 2000s (Coello at al., The first wave lasted From the initial opening of the country until approximately 2001 and foresaw the total abolition of trade licences and the removal of most quantitative restrictions (Thanh and Duong, 2009). The second wave—still ongoing—includes the full involvement of the country in the global network of reciprocal trade agreements (both multilateral, WTO accession in January 2007, and bilateral, such as agreements signed with the United States in 2001 as well as FTA negotiations with the EU concluded in 2016). Empirical analyses consistently highlight the increased importance of international trade in the Vietnamese economy as well as the positive correlation between trade liberalization, growth and poverty reduction.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	309ae5be03963a8c3199ab3910699e8a	Governments are advised to intervene when there is evidence of underinvestment in education and training. Repayments are not required in periods of low income and the costs of investment are repaid when the returns materialise. Spain, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom also have successful schemes. This direct funding is justified by the benefits that skills development brings to society.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	309c204a67bc00fdc27b6d3d877960ca	Uzbekistan has made significant progress towards the objective set in the Plan to improve the emission monitoring system and the monitoring of surface water quality in transboundary rivers in Uzbekistan’s territory. There is no evidence, however, that Uzbekistan has implemented the measures listed in the Plan related to upgrading the system to monitor the transboundary movement of air pollutants or to set up an online information exchange system and computer databanks. Although state financing was intended to be the main source of funding for programme implementation, the programme was actually prepared for potential international donors.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	309c3c5a88efa06670115421e5b2031a	On average across the countries for which data are available, 5.5% of workers earned at or below the minimum wage in 2010, the latest year for which comparable data are available. At 14.2%, Latvia’s share was more than twice as high, and also higher than in any other of the European countries shown in Figure 3.8. As a result, changes in minimum-wage provisions can be expected to have a strong impact on the labour market.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/13c3d6e4-en	309f4ba875941cdbb815748ea80100d1	National parks had a “physical plan” which the Government recognized was inadequate in providing management solutions. The management authority and protected area directors are now responsible for developing protected area management plans. Protected areas in Croatia are obliged to have management plans. Of the eight national parks, five have management plans, tw'O have plans in the final consultation phase and one is establishing a draft management plan. Eight of the eleven nature parks have management plans. Visitor management is included in the management plan framew'ork.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	30a29dff9b02c530bf9a81e413330d1e	In particular, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) and the Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013) provide agreed international frameworks to address some of the heavy metals and hazardous substances. In many States, however, a great deal of capacity-building is still required in order to implement these frameworks. The agricultural revolution of the last part of the twentieth century brought with it problems for the ocean in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients and pesticides.	14	3	2	0.2
10.18356/872035ff-en	30ad7e846e1c9b9b7ec5bcd6dbd654b2	Among other good practices, this also required changes in species composition, such as replacing hybrid poplars, which have damaged the soil, with willows and Prunus avium (wild cherry tree). The agreement of the Coca-Cola® bottling plant with local forest owners in Portugal is a good example. Payments were made for the owners to maintain their forests in good condition to keep theTagua Reservoir pure.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	30ade8382b3d14477ad17c75d144317a	This target is aligned with the European objective of halving the number of people killed in 2020 and it will be reviewed in 2015. The safety performance indicators established by Spain are shown later in this paper under monitoring. The elderly (people aged above 65) represent more than half of total fatalities. The 9th National Traffic Safety Programme covering the period 2011-2020 was launched by the Government of Japan in April 2001.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	30b2cffd14507d0734fb1a81f692de31	In the second year (2018/19), the programme was funded by private donations. The programme has already attracted international attention, winning the SozialMarie prize for social innovation in 2018 (Unruhe Privatstiftung, 2018,2oi]). The programme seeks to help participants orient themselves in the school system while also gaining further qualifications.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	30b35d597e27e25b05faf04f99d7309a	However, some studies suggest that the assessment of beginning teachers should not be carried out by the same people who support their induction and early professional development, since (for example) in such circumstances beginning teachers are less likely to admit to areas of weakness and thus to identify their professional development needs (Hobson, 2009; Abell et al., Such a registration system often involves different registration levels and requires teachers to renew their registration after a specific number of years. In Australia (Box 5.3), New Zealand and Sweden, such registration is mandatory for all teachers. These processes can provide useful information for accountability, hiring and tenure decisions, promotion opportunities, or, in particular circumstances, responses to underperformance.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	30b42c58fec71bb97cbda5573f5486dd	Such cases have been considered in the long debate about the multifunctional character of agriculture and its potential implications for policy design. The OECD has conducted a suite of studies in this domain.31 The issue is that while producing commodities, agriculture may also generate non-commodity outputs (NCOs) such as rural development, environmental amenities or food security. Where these NCOs are desirable public goods or externalities, governments are called upon to provide them.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	30b6e8aa06796b0da9136c1dda6ea651	Similarly, after the Seven Years War between the British and the French (1756-1763), the British debated whether to take Canada or Guadeloupe as reparation. Several centuries later the former proved to be more successful than other economies in the hemisphere. About half the progress in development, measured by the HDI, over the past 30 years is unexplained by the initial HDI value in 1980. Countries that start at a similar level—such as India and Pakistan, Chile and Venezuela, Malaysia and the Philippines, or Liberia and Senegal—have ended up with different outcomes.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	30b76245964162b9f8ecd0fd8b5c01c6	In this regard, the MCDA should be able to sign PPP contract, involving several LGUs of Metro Cebu. In the future, it will be critical to develop PPP projects in green growth opportunity areas that will spread over or involve multiple jurisdictions (BRT, metro system, drainage and recycling facilities etc.). Likewise, by comprising big cities such Cebu City and smaller municipalities, the establishment of MCDA should help to integrate municipalities with lower tax authority and borrowing capacities into metropolitan projects with the private sector.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	30b7a3eaee1a5a84a420147129fc942b	"This provides a powerful impetus for the ""traditional"" DRR community, seeking to redress practice that has for many years seen ex ante action articulating the complex risk drivers from which disasters materialize eclipsed by action responding to the manifestation of disasters. Translating this shift into informed, systems-based decision-making, investment and practice in all contexts and at all scales, and reflecting this in local to national strategies, is arguably the principal preoccupation of this community. Contexts in which humanitarian response427 and DRR428 are implemented are therefore more complicated and challenging than is often acknowledged or represented in policy and programmatic documents."	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	30b87785724b6be54503b74a62bc6316	An example is the Maharashtra Life Skills Programme in India, which taught girls about social institutions, life skills, and health, including child health and nutrition (Pande et al., Quality schooling provides a viable alternative to marriage for some girls by providing them with social networks and raising their expectations of their own lives. Weak schools can contribute to parents’ views that marriage is the best place for their daughters.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	30ba2dcd9a00c0700057ba7028e870a1	For example, Food-for-Work, Cash-for Work and Canteen feeding are routinely used to treat structural vulnerability-to-disaster issues such as environmental degradation and gender. These are incompatible with the long-term and sustainable measures required accompanied by predictable donor investment. Further, efforts to increase commercial agriculture are prioritised at the expense of investment of small producers, again, propped up by a continuing reliance on external investment.	11	2	6	0.5
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	30bbdb319a3211e70ec720e81133cd16	The statements in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF and of their own respective affiliations. The case for a child focus in poverty and development debates can be made on moral, rights and efficiency based grounds. It is now widely recognized that children have different basic needs from adults and are harder hit, both in the short- and long-term, when their basic needs are not met.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	30bc2eb4e51d5905ddd76ae5665db104	This could suggest that the high level of points attributed to GPs for mental health services successfully rendered encourages patient selection and the deliberate exclusion of more difficult cases from the data. Concerns have also been expressed that GPs are directing attention away from activity not rewarded by the QOF, and as such care delivery quality is declining in some areas (Cashin, 2014). In June 2011, there were concerns raised about the depression indicators and their incentive to improve diagnoses of depression: the QOF indicators included incentives to follow up assessments and depression checks following diagnoses, and to perform depression screening for patients on the diabetes register, but they offer no incentives for increasing or improving depression screening across patients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	30bc7d6dea94d02a4a0e27b764ea1442	Water governance gaps in the Venice city-region (cont.) But co-ordination capacity (horizontal or vertical) is relatively weak. The region is responsible for monitoring water quality in areas upstream from the Lagoon, whereas discharges and enforcement (including fines/penalties) are the responsibility of the provinces. Water quality monitoring in the Lagoon, on the other hand, is carried out by a combination of central government, regional and municipal agencies. In this context, the link between upstream and downstream impacts, and co-ordination of effective monitoring and enforcement, is attenuated.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	30c022b4b566f247db7b93557f135b9c	The chapter also discusses how schools could be more accountable to and involved with parents and the community. The school director's main tasks are to define goals, strategies and school operation policies; to analyse and solve pedagogical problems that may arise; and to review and to approve the work plans elaborated by teachers. An important part of the director's job also includes managing educational programmes, one of the main ways through which Mexican education is provided. Programmes may have a budget attached, have requirements and there may be time-consuming administrative processes involved in responding to them. Nevertheless, Ornelas (2008) notes that the functions of school directors suffer from imprecise job expectations that lead to excessive routines.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	30c3b7f84495798486665bc624468979	The Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning are responsible for improving water supply, and the Ministry of Health is entrusted with monitoring the quality of drinking water (through the Public Health Centres). Water is managed in cities and some rural areas through the Public Enterprises of Communal Hygiene (under the Ministry of Transport), while 29% of the population relies on piped water systems managed by the municipalities and 6% on local sources of water. But water quality is often not a priority for rural municipalities.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	30c76d9a4a04f3941f20c458f49bf1a0	Total cost of the programme is KZT 73 billion. Local authorities are currently reviewing the project applications (meaning that this programme is at a very early stage). These applications include construction of a railway to a cement plant in one of the rural areas; construction of water pipelines for dairy operations in one of the settlements; construction of roads to connect local production facilities, electricity networks and water supply systems for feedlots, and a pipeline to the “multi-functionar market in one of the rural settlements. Estimated cost to support these projects is KZT 8 billion.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	30c83a848738f5d86d6bd284107e5232	In the EU, for instance, there was a rapid increase in the market share of the most energy-efficient appliances. Sales of Class A refrigerators increased from less than 5 per cent of total sales in 1995 to 23 per cent in 2000 and 61 per cent in 2005; in addition, 19 per cent of refrigerators sold in 2005 were in the two new, more efficient classes (A+ and A++). For washing machines, progress was even more rapid: with an increase in sales of 1 per cent in 1996, 38 per cent in 2000 and 90 per cent in 2005.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	30cd5e9cde8d6c9d69730b143216c023	The construction skills levy, managed by the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), charges employers 0.5% of their pay bill annually5 and these funds go towards training activities identified as needed by the construction sector, including supporting apprenticeships. In 2015 the CITB collected GBP 182.8 million in construction levy income and about 80% of that was issued to employers in the form of training grants, while the remainder was used to fund other activities, like attracting new entrants to the industry (CITB, 2016). Small firms are exempted from paying the levy but can benefit from claiming training grants.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	30cd814c8d8ff41e53acdba78b65ce07	Costa Rica is considering, for example, whether local taxes could fund some health care services, such as primary care. “ Sin taxes” on alcohol, tobacco and other products are also being discussed. Formally defined user charges or co-payments may also be an option at the margin, to substitute and better target rising levels of OOP spending by encouraging use of high-value services and discouraging unnecessary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	30cf7cb0272f7641ab2ae89c8e7fa968	Commercialisation helped streamline cumbersome bureaucratic processes (e.g. for procurement); provided incentives for staff and management; decentralised technical and financial planning; strengthened customer orientation; and reduced long response times (USAID, 2011b); with the result that Aqaba has lower non-revenue water (NRW) and provides continuous water service through new and upgraded systems (USAID, 201 la). It is headed by a CEO that is appointed by the Board of Directors. It is fully ow ned by the WAJ and has a staff of 1 500 active employees (Miyahuma, 2013).	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	30d31ac526e945d35abe18b5c94a4b4b	In the course of 2009 and 2010, Russia has temporarily restricted imports of various products for sanitary reasons from a number of countries. The ASEAN, Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) was signed in February 2009. Negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) started in early 2010. The current participants in these negotiations are Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, the United States and Viet Nam.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1afad1f4-en	30d5944392a470e0ff6642c8168f98d7	In contrast, while least developed countries and small island developing States are more likely to need to improve their physical infrastructure to primarily strengthen social infrastructure, landlocked developing countries need to join regional infrastructure networks as part of regional connectivity and integration, and thus improve the flow of goods and services across borders. For example, of the 400 million people living in the 36 CSN of the region, 133 million people still lack access to improved water sources in rural areas; 74 million people lack access to improved sanitation; 144 million people lack access to electricity; and 320 million people (out of 392 million people in 23 CSN) lack access to the Internet The CSN therefore need to improve the availability and quality of infrastructure. Thus, even though some countries may face greater development challenges than others, they may demonstrate better infrastructure performance than countries that are naturally more 'advantaged'.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/680c1b02-en	30e4e705e5e45b005341f37d7de7712b	Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) is a three-year initiative led by the United Nations Statistics Division and UN Women, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). One example is the measurement of gender pay gaps. Besides the difficulties in measuring these gaps for self-employed workers, the raw unadjusted gender pay gap, as presented in Annex 4, captures the difference between men's and women's earnings but does not tell us enough about the underlying drivers of gender inequality in pay.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	30e6ecc2c5a3c23bfc98d6735ea34de4	Since this effect implies a transfer of norms from host to sending country, the sign of the correlation is expected to differ according to the discrimination levels in destination countries. According to these expected links, male and female migration may have the same effect on gender inequality at home, with a higher effect of female migration due to the first channel of transmission. More precisely, the net migration flows by sex and country of origin in 2010 are used as dependent variable. To distinguish the effect of discriminatory social institutions between female and male emigration, sub-samples are used.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e8a00c8-en	30ea29e9eac083aee1cc41b4e1fba9e5	There are also plans to implement another LNG terminal.53 Potentially, Singapore could become a regional gas hub in the future. Maintaining an adequate reserve margin in electricity generation and transmission capacities ensures the reliability of electricity service. Very often, distinct from the electricity flows, the wholesale buyers (large consumers, aggregators or distribution companies) may be paying the wholesale electricity suppliers (either producers or aggregators) according to separate contractual agreements.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	30eba1b33b6403295e0887f9fd2b1f5d	Instead they consider only the amounts of water used in production and consumption activities. Hence, ecological water footprint analysis is not sufficient for determining optimal policy alternatives, as it does not account for the opportunity (scarcity) costs of water resources and the ways in which water is combined with other inputs in production and consumption. Water footprints enable one to compare estimated water use per person or in aggregate across countries, but they are inadequate for evaluating the incremental costs, benefits, or environmental impacts of water use. Virtual water and water footprint concepts will be helpful in policy discussions in many settings, in combination with other environmental, economic, and social indicators.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/985d3253-en	30ecc55cc9e59bb073aa42d95c874b19	Constant changes in law, structure and leadership as well as the lack of investment in human and technical resources had a negative influence on the forestry sector of Georgia. Due to a lack of a clearly defined strategy and action plan the establishment of a sustainable forest management system was impossible during this period. In December 2013, the Parliament of Georgia adopted the National Forest Concept - Georgia's first national forest policy - which was developed with strong stakeholder participation.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	30ecd9eadd73418f50c3750d5a6eb5d3	A closer look at these differences will be pursued in greater detail below. Third, there are perception factors which play out at the household level. Females are seen as: a smaller loss for an agricultural household; more reliable remitters; more assertive in collecting their earned salary from their employers; and being less frequently harassed by police than males.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b276eed7-en	30ed007615abadef5313f8e65ad86fe9	This does not preclude the implementation of targeting mechanisms to allow social protection to address the resource shortage and prioritize those in situations of greatest poverty and vulnerability. One of the biggest criticisms levelled at the concept of protection as a citizen guarantee is that it could jeopardize the fiscal ability to defray its cost. Each country must therefore define the quantity and quality of the social protection components that it considers important to guarantee, in keeping with its own financial capacity.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	30edf5886bb93574a2d9c055c89cec82	The difference between top and bottom quarters is negative and statistically significant in 27 out of 70 participating countries and economies. The difference is particularly large in Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Montenegro, Peru, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The difference is non-significant in 32 countries and economies while the opposite is true in 11.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264205208-8-en	30ef29596f62564b337cf5c457a6d335	If its GDP growth persists, Kazakhstan is likely to qualify as high income economy in the foreseeable future (Figure 5.2). In 2011 the total public budget amounted to USD PPP 23.1 billion (current prices), an increase of 56% compared to 2005 (World Bank, WDI). This represents, however, a relatively modest share of national income. In 2011, general government total expenditure equalled only 22% of GDP, below relative government spending in economies with comparable per capita income (emerging economies: 30%), historical legacy (Central Asian region: 28%), and also the average for OECD countries (43%) (Figure 5.3).	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264283411-en	30f1e29fbee136dd9c3c7d46a12de48e	Hungary has among the highest rates of amenable mortality in the EU, suggesting large scope to improve access to timely and effective health care for life-threatening conditions. Strengthening primary care, and prevention is are key challenges to improve population health and reduce health inequalities. The life expectancy at birth of Hungarian men is almost seven years shorter than that of women (72.3 years compared to 79.0 years).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	30f22bddfb5a3ca5d947a4d6252c7051	Within those states, water is withdrawn and delivered for irrigation by both private and public purveyors. Many landowners withdraw groundwater from private wells and irrigate without restrictions on pumping rates or volumes. Some states have groundwater management programs in which withdrawals are limited and new wells cannot be constructed without permits, while other states do not impose restrictions. Many private and public irrigation entities also withdraw groundwater, often for supplementing surface water supplies. Boards of directors comprised of landowners in the district hire managers who are responsible for hiring staff members to operate and maintain canals, and deliver water to farmers at reasonable cost and with good reliability. These companies and districts must charge prices for water and service that enable them to recover their costs of securing water, operating, maintaining, and repairing their systems, and also generate capital replacement and reserve accounts.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	30fe572004a9c95b4d49cbbb96967fbb	These strategies should be viewed as complements to the suggested reforms to the housing finance system. Generally speaking, this can be achieved by encouraging within-city development activity and/or discouraging construction outside the existing city limits. To that end, policy makers could make infill and redevelopment cheaper by reducing regulations and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	30ffbb07842be5b95c49ef6fbb066180	The new Basel III banking regulations are expected to have a very negative impact on the type of long-term project financing required to fund clean technology. The new requirements will force banks to hold more equity on their balance sheets for higher risk lending and it is predicted that the long-term capital commitments associated with clean energy infrastructure projects could become too expensive for banks to finance. Current expectations are that conditions for bank loans and refinancing will likely become much less favourable and more expensive.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	310524123e240534040e3293e747e63b	Kaznext Invest could also organise an annual forum for ISC staff to share experiences and good practices and provide them with dedicated business training. Many ISCs do not have websites and are thus not easily visible in the main investment portal for foreign investors in Kazakhstan (http://invest.gov.kz/). Online visibility, including from Kazakhstan’s main investment promotion website (http://invest.gov.kz/).	11	4	1	0.6
10.18356/a6267136-en	3107a670a9bd5399420425a4ffd172c4	This baseline scenario assessed whether the countries would be “on track” or “off track” to achieve the targets, taking into account non-linearities in the effectiveness of social spending in achieving those targets. All 27 country-level studies found that, while substantial human development progress would be made with the current public expenditure scenario, only two countries (Chile and Cuba) would fully meet, by 2015, a set of targets for primary school completion, reduction of child and maternal mortality rates, and expanded coverage of drinking water and basic sanitation. The public spending needed to meet the targets in the countries studied was estimated at about 7 per cent of GDP and, in some cases, the estimate was even higher.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283428-en	31091bcde963cbccc8ec6188656c8068	The trend of the prevalence of overweight is almost stable, with a slight decrease in 2014 and 2016 with respect to the previous rounds: the prevalence of obesity shows, instead, a steadily decreasing trend. However, profound regional differences still remain, with southern regions such as Calabria, Campania and Molise showing rates of overweight and obesity above 40%, while northern regions remain below 25%. The Okkio report identifies large regional differences in the availability of gyms in schools, initiatives for the promotion of healthier eating habits, and the percentage of schools that offer lunch, which is generally thought to result in healthier meals (below 50% in the south compared to 90% in the north).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	310a3199103cafba954164800b4596c1	Building on this reform, Kazakhstan may consider, in the long term, the election of akimats at all levels (including those of Astana and Almaty) through the maslikhats, rather than appointment by the central government. A reform of this kind would increase the responsiveness of local governments to their citizens through democratic institutions, since members of the maslikhat are publicly elected. The aim would be to reinforce the weak local authorities and councils. This would be comparable to the Netherlands, where mayors are indirectly elected.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	310b66e5d67fa16d025f90149b5955fd	The Mosaic Enterprise Challenge of The Prince’s Trust in the United Kingdom is an annual inter-school competition where students aged 11-16 years, with mentor support, learn about establishing and running a business through a business simulation game. The winning team is then supported in developing and launching their business idea (Prince’s Trust, 2016). These courses allow reaching more disadvantaged groups that are less likely to attend higher education institutions.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	31123a028483df5a7a65c94885d54f8b	Debt rescheduling has been necessary for many of the MATEP loans. Managing the loan portfolio under conditions of poor credit quality was more expensive than anticipated and the project did not provide sufficient resources to allow constant contact with borrowers, including unannounced on-site visits, periodic financial reviews, verification of sales orders, and efficient legal action for delinquent loans. Although the situation seems to be improving slowly, interest rates remain relatively high, repayment periods are short, and banks often take months to reach a decision on whether to grant a loan, which is a major issue for agricultural producers. The constraints are now well understood by partner governments and the donor community, but the actions undertaken to address them are confronted with several challenges.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	3112ee82222eaf04c5b7263ecddebc75	In 2016, the highest STI incidence rates were registered in Bayankhongor (36.5 cases per 10,000), Domod (34.7), Sukhbaatar (31.5), Khuvsgul (26.5), Govi-Altai (24.0), Tuv (23.7), Govisumber (23.6) and Domogovi (21.3) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (22.2). The morbidity of trichomoniasis was higher in Domod (60.7), Bayankhongor (53.3), Bulgan (17.5) and Sukhbaatar (15.8) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (15.4), and was higher there than the national average (14.3) and aimag average (13.3). The incidence of HIV infection has slowly increased in Mongolia since 2005.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	31131460d6438970c3e4442f3f4ea2f4	It discusses how innovation is defined and measured and how the concept has broadened to include non-technological activities such as organisational change and marketing. It presents a selection of data and indicators which show that not only R&D but various other inputs are needed for effective innovation. It looks at how the innovation process has opened up and why collaboration has become a key to innovation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	311340c99053e5425e697657c94071de	Although formal remittance outflows from Russia to CIS countries contracted by 31 per cent in the first quarter of 2009, latest data indicate that remittance inflows to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in 2010 are almost back to 2008 levels (World Bank 2011). The idiosyncratic component19 of the shock is reflected in that not all families are affected equally. Some are better able to protect their living standard than others. In the event of a shock, households refer to various coping strategies.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264212664-en	3116e641f6b803c71c9baea1ae03880a	It can facilitate cost-effective access to energy in rural and remote areas, improve energy security and decrease excessive reliance on fossil-fuel imports, and stimulate technology transfer and innovation across the clean energy value chain. Given the current strains on public finances, reform options must focus on ways of leveraging private investment at an unparalleled scale and pace. An important challenge is the need for coherent and consistent signals across different policy areas which traditionally do not take climate-related objectives into account.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	311a043e6fc0bf0450e898f1bf1b8215	Recognition of the urgency of moving towards sustainable development pathways comes at times when “warming of the climate is unequivocal” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 20l4e, p. 2, SPM 1.1) and is “increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems” (ibid., The evidence points to the great economic, human and environmental losses brought about by climate hazards which, if left unattended, are likely to continue. The Survey addresses the challenges of strengthening the capacity of countries and people to avoid development reversals from those hazards. Recent data suggest that the world has already warmed 0.85° Celsius from pre-industrial levels and will continue to experience warming even if greenhouse gas emissions were immediately brought to a complete halt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	311b7de6d6fa705d82f57095812bedbe	Fifteen-year-olds in the OECD spend about three hours on the Internet on a typical weekday, and more than 70% use the Internet at school. In OECD countries, 62% of Internet users participate in social networks and 35% use e-government services. About half of individuals in OECD countries purchase goods and services on line, and almost 20% in Denmark, Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom use a mobile device to do so.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	311b82b829391813b8622de9c545b5a9	Partly owing to the invention of the techniques described above, partly owing to renewed concerns about the social costs of energy production and consumption ranging from local air pollution over climate change to security of supply, a number of large-scale studies on the external costs of energy were thus funded and undertaken. Estimating Fuel Cycle Externalities, co-ordinated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE). New York State Environmental Externalities Cost Study, co-ordinated by RCG/Hagler Bailly and funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp. and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). All these studies are part of a first wave of social cost accounting that had united a sizeable community of competent and committed researchers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	311e98706929ba8d8aa072bf8d186f65	Similarly, IMF (2015) found that on average about 30 per cent of the potential benefits of public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in the investment process. Between 2005 and 2014, the impact of better governance on public sector efficiency was as high as 57 per cent in Georgia in the health sector and as high as 32 per cent in Indonesia in the education sector (ESCAP, 2017a). Moreover, as will be discussed in chapter II, good governance could help better leverage private capital for infrastructure development.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	31209d1db4c3c7355cccca6f194c13f6	They may also renounce asking for their rights for fear of reprisals and to avoid stigma from their family and society. Heirs must register their inheritance, and all transactions involving a transfer of property rights is forbidden during three months following the death of the testator (Box. This regulation obliges all heirs to register their immovable inheritance in their name and prohibits any transactions involving a transfer of inheritance rights until three months after the death of the testator.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	3122fa6a9f60deff3f77b8387232ded7	The original contributions can be found in full in an OECD Education Working Paper, Peterson, A. et al. ( Amelia Peterson's first contribution on pedagogy and purpose, and Hanna Dumont’s contribution on adaptive teaching, are wide-ranging in scope and cover a broad range of pedagogical approaches. These are followed by Amelia Peterson's analyses of combinations of pedagogies, where it is discussed the role of networks promoting particular innovative approaches.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282735-7-en	31230397684672b1ce201417e4ee64e8	In 2009, the AUS Law adopted the so-called semi-contributory regime. This tax regime was created as an incentive for independent workers to file taxes, and hence increase the tax base. Affiliation to SIS is automatic through this mechanism, since SUNAT provides the list to SIS of the population enrolled.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	31247fa0be5ea5ef850dc5525658853a	In 2010, the value of tractors leased by agricultural producers was KZT 9 674 million (USD 65 million); machinery leasing was concentrated in the grain and oilseed oblasts of Akmola region (32.8%), East-Kazakhstan (30.8%), and Kostanay (13.8%). In the late 1990s, the government introduced a state leasing programme which offers preferential leasing and taxation terms for producers (Chapter 2). Production and use of high quality seeds is supported by a number of government subsidies (Chapter 2).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	3126183f6f572087fb8dbd563c51d4ec	The third proposal assumes that health systems are exposed to common drivers and should move together. Finally the two econometric models take into account the potential influence of income and inflation on expenditure growth. They require long-term time series of aggregate data with clear and undisturbed trends.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	312a781b02ec50476c6e935de3857497	Over that period, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels increased in most OECD countries (by an average of 19% across the OECD), with an average increase in expenditure of 15% and a slight decrease in the number of students (3%), due to smaller cohorts reaching school age (OECD, 2014). However, as noted earlier, differences in the quality of education systems can lead to significant differences in the level of skills attained by people with the same level of educational attainment. According to findings from the Survey of Adult Skills, the magnitude is such that university graduates from countries with low-performing education systems have skills levels similar to those of students who have attained only secondary education in top-performing countries (Figure 1.1).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	312d69f684778345805219c40990bac1	Recently, progress has been made to harmonise reporting methodologies used by bilateral and multilateral development banks, as well as national development banks in developed and developing countries. A common standard and system for tracking international climate finance between its providers and recipients is yet to be developed (Forstater and Rank, 2012). Most respondents regard the development of a monitoring system and impact measurement framework as a pre-condition for effectively allocating finance.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	312fc2e2f7af4652f30e7ad4ee641607	It should be emphasized that monitoring coverage in soums varied between 30 and 100 per cent, depending on the aimag, except for Khentii (17 soums) and Bayankhongor (20 soums) Aimags, where no drinking water monitoring was performed in 2012. In 2015, in accordance with bacteriological indicators, 12.8 per cent of centralized and 28.1 per cent of decentralized water supply sources did not meet the drinking water quality standards. Calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate ion concentrations in the drinking water of 80 soums exceed the corresponding Mongolian National Standards and could affect public health in the region.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	312fca4b0ebc3ceb11fb50ee6c8f04e4	Therefore, mass media provide an incomplete indication of correlations between events and resulting actions. Finally, human interpretation of specific events could influence data processing and the results of the assessment, although this can be reduced somewhat through expert participation. Among the security of supply aspects evaluated were included cost effectiveness and fuel reserves, besides reducing national CO2 emissions. Nuclear energy in the Japanese situation decreases fossil fuel imports and total power generation costs, which consequently boosts national macro economy by stimulating consumption through increased investment and lower consumer electricity prices.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264229679-6-en	3131ecedb020ef77299eb7f98218b767	On their own, however, indicators cannot explain how the change came about. Reporting on, and using indicators, is resource intensive. They must therefore be carefully defined, and when possible, draw on existing data sources. This information may be particularly useful when resources are specifically earmarked for adaptation.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	31337b03c64202926f4cccb11150500e	Those schools and projects that participate in innovation programmes with additional funding may be required as a condition of their participation to write up their approaches and materials into handbooks to be shared with others, as in the “experimental” schools chosen by the Experiments and Entrepreneurship Division of the Israeli Ministry of Education. The identified longer-term impacts included the value of literature and research as the basis for discussions about innovative practice, the validation of innovative practices, and in general for enhanced understanding and better design. In the case of the Austrian NMS Reform this was achieved through the creation of the National Centre for Learning Schools (CLS). Similarly, in Slovenia, the National Education Institute has been crucial to the reform - in partnership with the ministry and the consortia of gymnasia.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	31350ef82ad16166c04c590ca8256b51	Teaching standards could help to give impetus to reform, but only if all stakeholders in the system - universities, administrators, supervisors, principals and above all teachers - are accountable for putting them into practice. There is also a strong perception that the teacher recruitment process is neither fair nor well designed to identify those candidates with the requisite qualities to become a good teacher. Costa Rica has already taken steps to address these challenges in the last five years; these need to be accelerated if the country is to ensure that all students are taught by a teacher that is qualified to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, most of the largely private universities providing teaching programmes in Costa Rica do not have a selective admission process, and the number of places available in initial teacher education programmes is not based on a projection of teaching needs.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	31395d429732d82b2df5f169542f240a	The five most important countries33 (France, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Greece) accounted for about 75% of the total value and volume, and the following five countries accounted for a further 17%. There are approximately 15 000 aquaculture firms in the EU. Regarding the structure of the sector, the vast majority of the enterprises are SMEs.	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	3140077d364a1eebf581ede96dad023a	The highest owner-occupancy rates are found in Easter European countries, largely as a result of the massive sell-off of the state-owned housing in the 1990s. The social rental housing sector is largest in the Netherlands (31%), Denmark and Austria (22%) while it basically does not exist in Chile, Mexico and Turkey. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Data refer to 2013 for Austria, Denmark Estonia, Finland, Latvia, New Zealand, and the United States: to 2012 for France and the Netherlands; to 2011 for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Turkey: to 2010 for Mexico and 2008 for Japan.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	31437a833d99888b607b23e49e34e0ea	For Germany, the EU commitment is 18% of final energy consumption from RES by 2020 (from 5.8% in 2005). The government fixed a 35% target for electricity consumption by 2020 (50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050) and a 30% target for final energy consumption by 2030 (60% by 2050). Trying to over-achieve the targets fixed by EU commitments is inefficient if it requires reducing emissions in those sectors that are already covered by the EU ETS on top of the abatement induced by the ETS allowance price (OECD, 201 lb). As emissions are capped under the scheme, such a policy would not have any impact on total GHG emissions at the EU level, as lower German emissions create room under the cap for higher emissions elsewhere.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-14-en	3144c4e1782686628ba42e5803434f40	Among these resources, only shrimp stocks in NAFO 3L and 3M are in good shape. Fisheries permits are to be issued for at least ten nets at a time. This requirement entered into force in 2009. There are no restrictions for foreign capital, and foreigners can freely invest in the fish harvesting and processing sectors.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-4-en	3144f80b0dadf8bb29e5d81bed2a1599	The following sections shed light on four sets of issues that need to be addressed and inform on the key messages and recommendations of the report. Several institutions, agencies and bodies are involved in water management at federal, state, municipal and basin levels. While some progress has been achieved in better managing interdependencies across stakeholders and creating an overarching framework for water resources management, much remains to be done to overcome the scattered regulatory framework for water services.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	3146418bca2690d5154d48beb92291bd	Some banks mention loans for more high-tech projects; the Jordan Ahli Bank financed architecture, civil engineering, technology and web design projects. The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance in Jordan states that it provided 79 loans with an average size of JOD 80 000 (EUR 82 000) to women-led businesses in Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, the Palestinian Authority, Bahrain and Algeria. In Jordan, the Capital Bank of Jordan (CBJ) reports having issued loans for 5 projects, each valued at approximately JOD 200 000 (EUR 205 000).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	31476fa149df547b55806bc34e286666	The sectoral vision is focused on the agricultural sector rather than on the rural territory. A sub-regional perspective in rural policy is recognised in budgetary planning, but a similar recognition does not serve urban-rural project developments. One reason for the sectoral approach at the state level is that federal resources to support state and municipal governments are defined according to sectoral objectives, rather than in a way that could contribute to consolidating strategic development projects in specific rural areas.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	31486e2678236e5f5e6d5afadcd82c04	Governments have a key role as platform and broker, as stimulator, incentiviser and enabler, and they can focus resources, set a facilitative policy climate and use accountability and reporting to encourage new practices. Governments can support the shift in paradigm by setting ambitious goals that foster innovation, providing opportunities for autonomy, choice and competition, empowering agents of change, encouraging risk-taking, and rewarding and giving exposure to success. The good news is that our knowledge about what works in education has improved vastly.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	314a60b2f73efd4cf2f9dcd6200dacd4	Relatively new products in Morelos include: Jatropha seeds from which biodiesel can be produced from its inedible oil; fruit such as figs; grains such as triticale (hybrid of wheat and tye) used for the production of animal feed; cucumbers; fine herbs for food consumption; and plants with special health properties, such as stevia and neem. These may be produced as the primary crop on a farm or may be produced as a supplementary source of income. Aquaculture is another activity that is being supported and shows favourable prospects for export.	11	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	314b1ca751356a258075121544808cdc	Furthermore, the capacity of domestic firms to absorb advanced technologies and management practices is weak. Innovation policy may have a useful role to play in strengthening the absorptive capacity of domestic firms, for instance by promoting training of Chilean workers in foreign firms and by strengthening links between public research institutions and private firms. Similarly, trade and investment policies need to be re-oriented towards strengthening links between foreign and domestic firms, particularly in the services sector. The example of resource-rich OECD countries, such as Australia and Norway, shows that services linked to natural resource extraction may have considerable growth potential in Chile. Promoting environmentally friendly policies may also contribute to the further diversification of the economy and sustainable long-term growth. For instance, protecting Chile’s exceptional biodiversity through appropriate market-based and regulatory instruments would boost Chile’s attractiveness as an eco-tourism destination.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	314bb89f4ca428370e14b61d3f15fad4	Disputes over water are often related more to the social, economic and institutional context than they are to the technical factors governing the availability of water resources. In many countries, enforcement of legislation is weak and judicial systems are inadequate. This is detrimental to sustainable water use and service provision in many ways. It reduces economic growth, undermines performance and effectiveness, discourages investments in the water sector and frustrates stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. In most OECD countries, decision-making power over water has been delegated to lower levels of government. Bottom-up, demand-driven approaches that combine the experience, knowledge and understanding of various local actors need an overall framework for managing mutual dependencies and creating synergy.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/becaa395-en	315020b64b2d0ee47730f72f1598f4de	They show that in the medium term - that is, until about 2030 -the positive and negative effects on yields could offset each other at the global level, the balance after this date would be increasingly negative as climate change accelerates. The data also show that projected impacts of climate change on yields of maize, wheat and rice in the second half of the 21st century are more often negative for tropical regions than for temperate regions. However, in many locations in temperate regions, as well, crop yields may decrease (Porter et al.,	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	3150eeb4e7a1efc0d02de6a412ba00e4	Independent panel review of the Doing Business Report. Available at: http:// pubdocs.worldbank.oig/en/237121516384849082/ doing-business-review-panel-report-June-2013 .pdf. Growth and distributive effects of public infrastructure investments in China. In: Cockbum J, Dissou Y, Duclos J-Y andTib-erti L. Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia. Cham: 87-116.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	3152f4a595940c9f62e6810288743d5b	After the end of the military regime, the new coalition - made up of centre-left parties (<Concertacion) - implemented several reforms in the labour market and in the social sector, financing them through a new tax reform (1990) and supported by the favorable external conditions and sustained economic growth. During the first half of the nineties (1990-1996) the moderate poverty rate dropped from 38.6 to 23.2 per cent and the indigence rate followed a similar trend, falling from 12.9 to 5.8 per cent (de la Guardia et al., Conversely, the second half of the nineties was characterized by relative stagnation, especially for extreme poverty, which decreased by just 0.1 points between 1996 and 2000.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	3155286a5d711adf97fe85611746a9e4	Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011)1' At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012)2.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3155e563e69a829de25c54453bd25382	A policy cycle normally begins with the formulation of policy objectives, followed by the evaluation of current policies, the establishment of characteristics of a new policy set, the implementation of new policies, and concludes with the monitoring and evaluation of policies. The policy cycle in Kazakhstan could be improved by strengthening the evaluation and monitoring of current and new policies. This implies building the relevant information systems and employing analytical tools, including surveys and economic models to analyse policies.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	31569334561797a8d103935479111aa6	An independent review of the RIA operation, committed to in the Social Partnership Agreement “Towards 2016”, was published in July 2008. It indicates good progress overall on RIA, and identifies areas for further progress. In particular, it suggests that visibility and dissemination of RIAs should be improved, along with management and cross-departmental co-ordination, especially for RIAs of EU legislation.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	31573c5a7b668e10a6b852b563c787e8	This caveat must be kept in mind while reviewing the results of modelling exercises, including those described below. The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development’s (ICTSD) recent work,10 focused on LDCs, shows that the aggregate impact of a successful Doha Round on LDC exports will be a measly 0.16 per cent, with wide dispersion of gains and losses across countries (Figure 7.9). Even if overall gains could be assured for the LDC group, the ex post distribution of gains and losses, and the absence of a mechanism to compensate losers, could effectively wreck support for a Doha deal. The losses to Lesotho and Madagascar (see Figure 7.7) are precisely due to such preference erosion, but it is also clear that not all countries that will see their preferences eroded in an eventual Doha deal will actually lose in terms of exports.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	31586892b67125d4534fe32fbdb21112	"First, because, as explained above, it may provide a much too low standard of living in a country relative to what is considered freedom from poverty in that country. Second, because it may only identify the very poorest, which are not the sole object of anti-poverty policy in countries with substantially higher poverty as measured by national criteria, and with substantially greater potential for the mobilisation of domestic resources through redistribution. That is not to say that a policy maker would not want to know the effect of social policies on the dollar-a-day poverty headcount, but they may not be willing to judge the success or failure of social policy on that count alone. However such a solution is impractical, because it requires the definition, calculation and estimation of poverty depending on the group of countries studied. Moreover, if poverty has an inherent relative component, the necessity of using a common absolute poverty line is not borne out by either practice or theory. The preference for absolute, rather than relative lines to compare poverty between developing countries is often justified by the lexicographic relationship embodied in the ""hierarchy of capabilities"" described by Atkinson and Bourguignon (2001) and World Bank (1990)."	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	3158edabdf00dd3d6cbf764f24bd7a9b	Furthermore, there are significant challenges related to the operation of the programme having to do with health workers. Actions under the programme include universal delivery of a welcome kit and social assistance work focused on diet, inclusion in social protection networks (family allowances, payment for prenatal, health and housing programmes), construction and support for construction of information systems and action on universal policies to increase their intake capacity and the quality of care for the most vulnerable population. Some 10 months of intensive social assistance work with each family or pregnant woman brought about a marked reduction in the rate of childhood anaemia (from 32% to 9%), depression among mothers and pregnant women (from 31% to 16%) and alterations in height, weight and motor skills of the population under 24 months (from 44% to 22%) (UCC/OPP, 2014).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	31598df99618d9b8f76d67032a204a5c	Moreover, the self-assessment surveys carried out by donors and recipients suggest that donors believe their AfT is becoming more effective according to some indicators of aid effectiveness; to a certain extent, this corresponds with the views of (public) recipient surveys. Furthermore, the growing numbers of econometric studies examining the effectiveness of AfT show that it is likely to be reducing the cost of trade and improving export outcomes. Numerous countries have carried out independent AfT portfolio or strategy evaluations in recent years.17 Finally, at the intervention level, one can evaluate whether projects are achieving their stated goals (through a simple evaluation) and what kind of outcomes would have been achieved in the absence of interventions (through a more sophisticated impact evaluation).	10	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	3159ca9a24355a363fee04d1cf4b5287	Similar NIMBY movements exist against power transmission lines and pipelines. In Germany, there is already a NIMBY movement against CCS long before its commercialization (Roehrl and Toth, 2009). In poorer countries, higher energy prices typically mean higher food prices and potentially lead to increased poverty, social conflict and even revolts.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	315b83d7468f012ed8030ca35ed55a6c	Increasingly, governments in high income nations, such as the United States and regional blocs such as the European Union, set market-entry standards that determine the green content of supply chains, particularly for the agricultural and resource sectors, which account for the bulk of Africa's exports. Their power comes from their capacity to threaten non-compliant multinational firms with reputational damage. An alternative strategy by civil society has been to engage big firms in a collective attempt to raise standards and certify best practice.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	31626d0ec34379ecff3a3784ff6e1287	With the introduction of the e-health system in 2016, the availability and use of health information is expected to increase as the system will record health services delivered, tests and their results, costs and prescription information for each patient by using unique patient identifiers. Provider coverage is initially limited but the system is envisaged to cover all providers eventually. It is intended that the information systems currently used by different providers will be integrated into a single national system.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	3166a32b6b94bf8233f1c5f158a5ed6f	The approach to municipal mergers is a combination of voluntary and forced. Voluntary mergers include some that cut across county boundaries (0stfold/Akershus and Akershus/Buskerud). Sweden has established a parliamentary committee in charge of investigating ways to strengthen the capacity of municipalities to meet new societal needs, which is scheduled to submit its proposal by 2019.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	31679e0a613b77f556d63472ee135e60	Average farm size in China has been at slightly more than half a hectare for some time around 0.6 hectares. More interestingly and important in terms of improving family welfare, the average dependence of farm families on production income has steadily declined in China, and now represents less than a third of household total income (Huang, Wang and Qiu, 2012). Non-farm income shares for Chinese farm households increased from 33.7% in 1985, to 63% in 2000, to 70.9% in 2010 (Table 5).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	31680bbf58f881bad8e9ed2bd7c68e4a	Nevertheless, they raise questions in terms of action co-ordination and coherence. The previous SCoTl was built on the basis of local PLUs and POSs. But now there is a need for greater congruence between the orientation of the new SCoT and the next generation of PLUs, especially the PLUm of the Nantes metropole.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	3169e6a3b87f0a28707b80162563bc62	The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (OECD, 2008b) projects that by 2030 the number of people living in areas affected by severe water stress will increase by another 1 billion from the 2005 baseline to an estimated 3.9 billion people (47% of the world population), mostly in non-OECD countries. Over the last century, water use has increased six-fold while population has increased at only a half of that rate (Bergkamp and Sadoff, 2008). Changes in patterns of withdrawal from nature and consumption are therefore also a major part of the problem. While this may have partly resulted from policies that favoured more efficient water use and its decoupling from economic and population growth, in some countries demand has had to shrink in response to drought.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	316aa5b790e9173ac6d157164431848a	The use is mainly for domestic purposes (88%), -10% for industry, 1% for agriculture and 1% for thermal Abstraction ~95.12x 10* mJ (2007). Groundwater is used mainly for drinking water supply as well as (some) for irrigation and industry. Population -400,100 (density 84 inhabitants/km2). Some 78% of the aquifer area is cropland and 9% urban/ industrial area.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	316aefa175589876fce41b724e44e033	The interviews demonstrated that the more closely teachers and school leaders worked with the DET, the stronger this perception was. Some teachers and school leaders even said that due to the AfL programme they had a better impression of the Directorate than ever before. Some school leaders stated that they felt that, for the first time, someone from the central level was actually interested in what they were doing. One school leader was also actively involved in a DET resource group.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	316b068f16b573575e16ac1f1661b834	Indicators of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty are the most important. Poverty can be measured in absolute terms - a cut-off income line below which individuals are not able to afford a bundle of pre-defined basic goods - or in relative terms -with the relative poverty line defined as a percentage (usually 50 or 60%) of median income. In addition, Sen (1983) argues that the right approach for assessing the standard of living is to focus not on basic commodities or utility but on capabilities or functionings.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	316b127338438827457845f021ab60d8	Relying on a very small fraction of staple crops for our diet has dire implications for both food security and nutrition. The lack of genetic diversity within the gene pools of the dominant cultivated crops, leavesagricultural systems vulnerable to pests, diseases and other abiotic stresses. Agricultural sustainability relies on a healthy interaction between agriculture and nature.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	316b7ec3654393c520f5cf4a2102390a	They can easily undermine reforms in the implementation phase, while blaming policy makers for having attempted misguided reforms in the first place. And teachers in many countries are well organised. But in fairness, many teachers have suffered from years of incoherent reforms that disrupt rather than improve education practice because they prioritise variable political interests over the needs of learners and educators. Many of these efforts to reform do not draw on the expertise and experience of teachers themselves.	4	1	10	0.8181818181818182
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	316b87bd074403d5544669a33de45adc	All farmers are part of a value chain — they require inputs such as seeds and fertilizers and may use transport services to get their product to market. Trade can play a critical role in reducing the price and increasing the variety of inputs available to farmers. As consumers, trade liberalization can be beneficial to the extent that it reduces the prices for imported goods, as well as increasing the prices of exported goods. Enhanced flows of technology are critical for improving productivity and adapting to a changing climate. Technology embodied in imported inputs — for example, seeds or improved crop varieties, fertilizer, agricultural machinery, and animal vaccines —would pave the way for the emergence of more intensive production systems with increased productivity and greater sustainability.38 Other effects of trade on productivity are discussed below. It is competition from trade that reduces the price of products consumed by the poor and increases the variety of products available.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/025e4007-en	316d9fe9d6ed322e76ddd5c31d975d8a	Consequently, the fora in which energy issues are identified and potential solutions proposed are likely to have an inadvertent male bias (UNIDO and UN Women 2013). In addition to the leadership gap, the share of women in the workforce in the energy sector is generally quite low. Reflecting gendered social norms, women and children perform a large share of the unpaid work required to collect biomass fuels, with differences according to regions and types of fuel. Depending on region, season and availability, average biomass collection time in Africa is estimated at four to ten hours per week (World LP Gas Association 2014, Matinga 2010).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	316e89240717d46e0fbd385265fc35e5	Taking a close look at the interplay between different public actors involved in water policy making, the chapter diagnoses seven major multi-level governance gaps, based on selected indicators and data collection from the OECD Survey on Water Governance. Taking stock of existing principles, guidelines, indicators, indexes and checklists for good governance in the water sector, the OECD has designed a framework that identifies seven common multi-level governance gaps. These have been used to assess, based on selected proxies, the relative importance of the different multi-level governance challenges in the water sectors of 17 OECD countries (OECD, 2011). This chapter uses the same framework, to appraise the level of territorial and institutional fragmentation in the 13 LAC countries covered by this study.	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/604a5a2e-en	3170e6ccd61878ce07fbc1a0149eba25	"Pregnant women have blood and body fluids that could expose health workers to the virus,"" Jallah says. I suffered a lot and was afraid I was going to die. The only thing I hoped for was for a miracle to happen,"" she says. One did: Comfort gave birth to two healthy baby girls with the assistance of a nurse aid who happened to pass by at the right time."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	3171b4e432451a723d072e5d37250a34	The plans have to specify the information to be provided to the public in the case of an accident. Some cities, such as Barranquilla and Cartagena, have successfully implemented the UNEP-APELL (Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level) programme led by the business sector. However, it is not clear if the CARs are sufficiently equipped to provide adequate oversight of industry’s efforts to prevent and respond to chemical accidents. The existing arrangements, and associated resource requirements, should be reviewed and strengthened.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	3172a22dd60274439b8bf4a2e846bfbb	More generally, access to credit for business start-ups should be improved, for example by easing collateral constraints. In order to reduce labour market frictions, South Africa continues to need more urban housing, and public transport infrastructure. Financial assistance with transport for job search could also help overcome capital constraints faced by poor jobseekers in remote locations.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/20f4eda5-en	3174d59f54fbc8795700e1ede890c39e	Perceiving dynamics around women's exclusion as the sole power struggle within community forestry risks overlooking differences and inequalities among - or affecting - women and men based on various other socio-economic factors such as ethnicity, class, age and religion. This underscores the importance of both understanding gender as a contextual and intersectional concept and viewing women (like men) as individual agents, constrained by structures of varying flexibility, whose identities, preferences and aspirations cannot be reduced to simplistic, general and often empirically unfounded stereotypes. In an analysis of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya and Community Forestry Programs in Nepal, Boyer-Rechlin (2010) highlighted the importance of taking account of pre-existing gender roles and cultural contexts, as well as investing in civic education and building women's skills.	15	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	31784f1c551c418446a14e5ffed01847	In a dynamic dialogue with their own female representatives, the legislature and the public, parties gradually grasped that gender quotas matched public expectations. The realisation was driven home by mounting evidence as female representation in elected bodies started gradually to grow - in the wake of parties’ voluntary adoption of quotas in the 1990s - and to dismantle the stereotypical view of women as incapable of leadership. Reacting to the public and to the legislature’s enabling culture, parties came to recognise gender quotas and gender equality' as an issue and managed to include it in national legislative debate.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	31789d3b07881f461a75d63cee25ac18	When we examine the ols results for all women together and do not differentiate between the informal and formal sectors, we find a motherhood wage penalty that increases with the number of children (3.8% for one child, 9.6% for two children and 19.4% for three or more children). As predicted, the estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are not significant in the formal sector. In other words, the hypothesis that there would not be a motherhood wage penalty in the formal sector is consistent with the empirical evidence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-5-en	31791b02a0cbf07ee45cedbf1690bfac	In the past decade, Kazakhstan made important gains in gender equality with the enactment of the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. There have been also important advances in women’s participation in public life in Kazakhstan, with the current share of women in the House of Representatives at 27.1%. Other areas of achievement include women's integration in the labour market and entrepreneurial activity and significant drop of maternal death rates. Kazakhstan is close to gender parity in access to primary and secondary education with 98.7% net enrolment of girls in primary education in 2015 and ranks among the top countries in this area.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	317b8bb20622557d17f78cee928d33e9	Cultivation accounts for the majority of the GHG inventory, but the first scenario will also need to consider increased transportation emissions from importing either camelina. Most of the camelina estimates did also not include the effects of LUC and ILUC. Camelina grown in crop-rotation e.g. with winter wheat will in this case be a more advantageous feedstock from a climate perspective.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	317c67dc83f4a03f173f0168c28c2c74	This means that it is possible to work with key stakeholders and gain experience in the development of water-sharing regimes in a few trial areas. Trading in entitlements and in allocations would be allowed and encouraged. Once experience is gained and the capacity to manage the transition from the current regime to a more flexible one is improved, the approach could then be rolled out across all regions in the Netherlands where water use needs to be limited, as appropriate.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	317dd012deeb6178d8def722be2d7788	Studies in the mid-1990s and in mid-2000s either do not mention the strategy (Wilson et al., The finding is consistent with the falling percentage of dairy farmers diversifying on-farm operations between 1992 and 2004. Horticultural farmers indicated to the OECD that they use diversification of various kinds to manage risk.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	317f6986e9028a5fbcd3a52293a6c706	These can take the form of targeted financial, social or academic supports, which can improve outcomes. First, EU funding may decrease in the future, as the EU reconsiders its priorities in a context of increased demands, from migration to security and defence. In addition, the EU budget will be reduced by the United Kingdom’s departure (European Commission, 2017[8]).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264310278-en	317f6fedfea75b909a722648a438d4b6	Barriers can also emerge when mobility within shorter distances is low, due to lack of mass transit, which can limit job opportunities and also access to retraining. Due to the heterogeneity of challenges across States and localities, policy tailored to the local level is needed, but co-ordination is also required to ensure policy effectiveness. Unemployment, which had jumped to 10% of the labour force at the worst of the crisis, has receded to close to 4%, slightly below its pre-crisis level.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	318058cd07404147ea767f0504770129	Men and boys are much more likely to collect water when they can use mechanized transport like bikes, scooters and trucks. A survey of water collection in Mongolia showed that in Ulaanbaatar men made up the majority of water collectors across all forms of water collection, but were particularly prominent in water collection by vehicle and by animal (Hawkins and Seager 2010). In 70% of urban households that collected water by vehicle men were the sole collectors, and in urban households that used horses to collect water only men performed this task.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	3180facb3aff0ea89fb03e3402e40486	"But as absolute poverty began to recede into history, the idea of measuring relative poverty was struggling to be born. Today's comforts and conveniences,"" he argued, ""are yesterdays luxuries and tomorrow's necessitiesThis proposal has yet to find full acceptance in the United States (see Box 10: The United States: redrawing the line). Townsend also pioneered the use of non-monetary indicators to measure poverty and deprivation."	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	3183f071dc337004cb864cf448d5881b	The 2007-08 experience with the surge in international market cereal prices illustrated the unreliability of some of these trading relationships, as export restrictions by India and Pakistan contributed to higher prices for consumers in Bangladesh and Afghanistan (Dorosh, 2008). Liberalising agricultural trade within a regional agreement needs strong political will and countries have to be prepared to give up some autonomy in designing and implementing their domestic food policies. With governments committed to pursue interventionist policies to stabilise prices, regional trade flows are often sacrificed when they appear to stand in the way of national food security - despite the longer-term costs.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	3184d1191442c5ba39fce1f679bee891	Among these expenditures, those related to the development of childcare services increased most strongly, from 0.13 to 0.95% of GDP over the period considered. While the focus of government investment is on childcare services for children aged 0-5, as observed in the Nordic countries or France, the level of expenditure remains much lower in Korea than in these countries, but above the OECD average. Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data, a) Data for Poland refer to 2012 and for Australia, Israel, Korea, and New Zealand to 2014. Data for all other countries refer to 2013.	1	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	318550107f975e56e110c4c289e1818d	The impact of these population projections are discussed for the relevant goals in the ensuing sections. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 12 indicators to monitor this goal, of which only two were Tier 1 indicators to monitor Target 1.1 and 1.2, respectively (see Appendix 2.1). None of the nine countries had also achieved MDG 1 on poverty, with Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu recording mixed outcomes, while Kiribati, Nauru, PNG and Tuvalu failed to achieve the goal at the end of 2015 (PIFS, 2015a).	15	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	3187968bc7cde9bf5ff184f2433d930e	The inter-generational and spatial tradeoffs that need to be made are complicated, compounded by the short-term horizons voters use to judge their political officials and short-term market realities (OECD, 2011). But the consequences of holding back until tipping points are reached would be grave for human and economic conditions. Environmental assets operate in interdependent systems. Assessments from Rockstrom et al. (	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	3189f14271e70a5967aa3033695ca27b	In the Lower Dniester an increase of organic and nutrient pollution and a decrease of water quality into category 4 (or quality class III) are observed. Water in most of the monitored river sections in Ukraine was in quality category 3 (or quality class II). At some monitoring points, copper is also a quality defect that occurs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	318ce7dff4f6cff01b6b66176ea7d1bd	The rights-based approach is also used for the study Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries, carried out in the context of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 7 and 10 on Child Well-being in Rich Countries (Bradshaw et al., Many studies have used relative deprivation by defining deprivation based on the overall distribution of the indicators selected (e.g. Barnes and Wright 2012; Bradshaw et al 2006, 2007; Notten and Roelen 2011; Zelinsky 2010). Similarly, Barnes and Wright (2012) define child poverty as the lack of items essential for children to have an acceptable standard of living.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	318fa46894cc9380b46fc013432c1aa5	Significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors, and lower prices for effluent and brackish water encourage their use for irrigation. A quota of potable water is allocated to the agricultural sector each year; farmers who opt to exchange part of this quota for alternative sources can secure the volume of wastewater they will procure at a fixed price. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	318fe8fdc7167bdb17eedef9d584aac9	Evidence demonstrates that when a critical mass of women participates in decision-making, their contributions and needs are more likely to be recognized and addressed. Even though attention has largely focused on women's leadership and participation in national parliaments, there is a pressing need to realize women’s leadership throughout the daily lives of all Africans - in the home, in the economy and markets, and in society as broadly defined. Reducing inequalities in access to health and education, in addition to giving women greater choice in family decisionmaking, can have significant benefits for women and important inter-generational benefits.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089006-en	31945b3148452feb4914845b75307d10	Finally, to unleash the full potential of universities in regional and local development, it is necessary reform the university governance in Spain, by strengthening the institutional autonomy of universities and building effective accountability structures. Continuing collaboration between regional and local governments, private sector and tertiary education institutions is necessary.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	31951ca41a0285fe6cf5e57fc806af9e	In addition, in a large group of countries, electricity is in State hands. Apart from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (which re-nationalized the private firms), the public sector tends to dominate in the smaller economies, where monopoly situations are also more likely to exist owing to the difficulty of introducing competition between participating agents. In Ecuador and Paraguay, State domination is complete, whereas in the case of Uruguay, the public enterprise Administration Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Electricas (UTE) controls transmission, distribution and all generation, except that using biomass and wind power. Although no new privatizations or nationalizations of electricity firms are foreseen, in many economies of the region private investment has increased in the markets that were open to receive this, encouraged by promising sector growth prospects and stable regulatory frameworks that are attractive for investors. Moreover, the emergence of new renewable energy sources has also opened up new opportunities for private participation (see section E).	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	31986780b66b22c2767b28efb1573ef6	Women in politics are sometimes portrayed as being morally loose; they face sexual harassment and other threats. Young unmarried women are especially susceptible to such threats. Some women who aspire to go into politics may face violence from their own parties and opposition candidates. In some cases, women often must hire their own security; this adds to the costs of campaigning. Beyond that, it raises the importance of girls’ education. It has been a psychological torture to tolerate such humiliation.'	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eb61760a-en	319a689eeced45e57e61a461c86db124	According to various ECLAC studies, this is mainly due to the phenomenon of educational devaluation, since full secondary education was generalized in the last decade and no longer allows rapid access to the labour market in good conditions or guarantees escape from poverty (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008; ECLAC, 2004b; ECLAC, 2000b). Young people with university diplomas are also affected proportionately more, although this is mainly due to their greater willingness to hold out for jobs of appropriate quality suited to their skills (ECLAC, 2002). Gender criteria still play a very big role in staff selection.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	319a72b174f90e51c3d06a1b4b6f84b0	However, women’s labour market participation and employment still remains significantly lower than men’s. In the OECD area, the gender gap in employment tended to converge in the 1990s, thanks to higher employment growth rates for women compared to men, and to remain constant in the period from 2000 to 2007. In the early years of the recent economic crisis, in most OECD countries gender gaps in employment shrank, mostly due to heavy job losses in male-dominated sectors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	319b0cf4e71bcf48e7fe1471dc5c8c14	These concerns were already raised at the early stages of nuclear energy development and have contributed to the creation of special liability regimes and international conventions applicable in the case of a nuclear accident. The analysis is limited to a subset of damage, i.e. fatalities, morbidity, evacuation costs and economic consequences of oil spills. Conventions: the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Civil Liability Convention) and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Fund Convention), together with the Protocol of 2003 to the 1992 Fund Convention (Supplementary Fund Protocol).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	319d27ee5af75054e0292191a99462ae	For example, the outcome document of the 10th Anniversary of the World Summit on Sustainable Development provided different anchor points for a mobility policy from which environment and health could benefit. Sustainable transport is a key ingredient for the achievement of most SDGs, particularly those related to education, food security, health, energy, infrastructure, and environment. Sustainable transport has to do with safety, affordability, accessibility, resilience, climate resilience and efficiency (including resource efficiency and the AVOID, SHIFT IMPROVE approach for increased environmental sustainability).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	31a05d9c9f1cbde1f8a8ac94c8af3e8e	In 2012, the forest sector accounted for 2% of GDP, employed over 300 000 people and had an annual turnover of nearly USD 25 billion. About two-thirds of the flora and fauna found in Poland are associated with forest environments. The Bialowieza Forest is the only primeval forest remaining in Europe.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	31a2d2eda5c52ef92776f4a568146d79	"Entrepreneurship support activities at the Gdarisk University of Technology date back to 1993. The Faculty of Management and Economics played a leading role promoting this field of activity. Recent faculty efforts to gather individual activities have led to the creation of the ""Entrepreneurial Vehicle” initiative, which seeks to increase the number of students interested in entrepreneurship as a career option; to enhance entrepreneurial, innovative and creative ways of thinking amongst students, professors and researchers; and to develop entrepreneurial skills and know-how."	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	31a4732b20e083774d5b832aeb542e38	The MBISC delivers green skills training with a focus on eco-friendly building techniques and sustainability. The Northern Sydney Institute, for example, has adopted an environmental policy committing it “to establishing, promoting and maintaining a culture of environmental responsibility, both within the Institute and in the wider community” (NSI, 2009). This Institute has been accredited with ISO 14001 for Environmental Management Systems, observing on its website that it is the only TAFE institute to achieve and maintain this international standard. The Sydney Institute publishes a “Sustainability Report Card” on its website (Sydney Institute, 2010), which includes highlights such as the establishment of green skills forums and projects to work with industry, annual reductions in its environmental footprint and the creation of new training facilities for workers in the green economy.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8f3d4aea-en	31a6d03655c0d61193c7e46756573284	Many African countries have made either slow progress in this regard or experienced stagnating neonatal mortality rates. The situation is worse for the large rural populations of Africa that have poor access to and utilization of maternal and newborn health services. Health problems from dangerous alcohol use arise in the form of acute and chronic conditions, and adverse social consequences are common when they are associated with alcohol consumption (World Health Organization, 2010).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	31ab44d5e68aa09551e1ed874449d633	Further reductions in traffic volume in urban areas could be achieved through the implementation of a Vehicle Quota System, to directly control the growth of the vehicle stock (as is the case in Singapore). To increase the political acceptability of these types of fiscal disincentives, complementary measures to improve public transport should also be implemented so as to limit redistributive inequities. Fees collected could be invested for improvements in public transit, as in London.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	31ae6ee7633730710193aff22988e1f8	The recent issuance of new licenses that address earlier differences among GSM license terms, while authorising the introduction of broadband wireless services, can boost the level of competition. The Government could consider unifying licenses to make them technology and service neutral to encourage service providers to develop innovative services and leverage advanced technologies. The license award process should be transparent and competitive.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	31b2369ac2f34cd3a41775112ffd9237	Sub-Saharan Africa achieved little structural transformation, with agriculture continuing to be the mainstay of the economy. Many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union even experienced deindustrialization during 1990s, with the share of manufacturing falling; they also experienced increases in poverty during that period. Thus, there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348485-3-en	31b2c307852b321500dfef3fa2c06789	Collection systems dedicated for plastic waste can be organised and practically operated in different ways dependent on the country, the legislation behind the collection and recycling, and the actors involved. Plastic waste can also be collected for recycling as part of another waste stream where the target fractions might not necessarily be plastics. This is the case for example end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The opposite is when the waste stream is meant to completely constitut of plastics, such as the plastic packaging waste stream.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	31b5071cb9472134f6712ff8a51a1628	Standard services include, but are not limited to: marketing assistance, legal and financial advisory, mentoring, and access to business networks. The ability to acknowledge and highlight existing gender differences, issues, and inequalities and integrate these into strategies and actions (World Bank, “Gender and Development: A Trainer’s Manual”). Gender-sensitive approaches use specific methods and tools to provide women more opportunities for their participation in the development process.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/868e7d6f-en	31b6cccd55e2670d4100d7f334e38649	The complexity of agricultural ecosystems makes it difficult to accurately measure, quantify and monitor the biogeochemical and natural resource flows that underlie agriculture. There is a lack of analytical tools and mechanisms readily available to measure, value and account for resource use and loss in agricultural production systems. Several efforts are under way to remedy this situation, for example within the framework of the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technology (WOCAT) and the Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) project.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	31b7bdf98af44b02c97baaa4384686b7	The measures need to be selected based on evidence of the results they can be expected to produce. Detailed ex-ante assessment is employed in countries at the leading edge of achievement. In the United Kingdom, for example, targets for specific users or types of crash are based on ex-ante assessments. In the Netherlands, overall targets for reducing deaths and serious injuries are tightened periodically and the accompanying measures modelled to assess whether they will deliver the improvement required to meet the new target.	11	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	31baed68f163b406c979d006ebce0a78	This more open approach to innovation, however, is not without transaction costs (e.g. sourcing and processing of new knowledge) and even financial costs (e.g. purchasing of knowledge). Quilts of Denmark collaborated with NASA in order to optimise in-house innovation. The quilts made by Quilts of Denmark are based on knowledge provided by sleep researchers who tell Quilts of Denmark about the real needs for quilts, e.g. temperature regulation in relation to insomnia. Quilts of Denmark worked on a technology for regulating the temperature in quilts but it was not completely successful.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	31bd6243bdf4af347596fa38d270bfe4	Health and public assistance programmes are also extended to the municipalities and locations with the highest incidence of extreme poverty. Achieving the goal of overcoming extreme poverty makes it necessary to break with many other paradigms. For example, poor - and extremely poor - micro-entrepreneurs have no knowledge of financial services, nor do they feel comfortable in a banking environment.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283299-en	31be854737a712eee2f246e7d80dd073	In 2014, almost a quarter of adults (23%) who had not completed their secondary education were daily smokers, compared to only 10% among those with a tertiary education. Likewise, almost 20% of people without a secondary education were obese, compared to only 10% among those with a higher education. Compulsory health insurance is executed through six private, not-for-profit national associations of sickness funds and one public sickness fund.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	31bf5beb1aa46a162e3c0465de7ef1cc	Develop an efficient, affordable and cleaner transport system that is flexible enough to adopt and integrate, at the appropriate time, new transport technologies (e.g. efficient and/or electric vehicles, cleaner fuels, efficient ships utilising renewable energy) that are proven and commercially viable. Review import regulations and taxes to promote imports of energy efficient cars, and introduce improved fuel standards. Closely monitor international aviation and shipping emission agreement negotiations, and electric vehicle developments. Picking any single technology ‘winner, e.g. electric vehicles, marine energy, biofuels or offshore wind, should be avoided.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	31c141286de861d67e072dc519337642	For example, premiums from agricultural producers, mainly large-scale rubber plantations and dairy operations, make up only 1% of revenue for the state-owned Bao Viet Group (Tran, 2014c). The high risk of natural disasters and epidemics mean that insurance premiums are quite high, out of reach for many farm households. At the same time insurance offers an attractive policy option for dealing with risk and thereby encouraging production. To overcome this dilemma, a three-year pilot insurance programme was introduced in 2011 and provided through two state-owned insurance companies, Bao Viet and Bao Minh.42 The established insurance premium is subsidised by the government on a progressive scale: 100% for poor farming households; 80% for farming households just above the poverty line; 60% for other farming households; and 20% for agricultural production organisations.	2	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330909-8-en	31c15d46345633350a5568c81a9094fe	It promotes downshifting exoticism or agricultural experiences using the “learning by doing” method. Finland and Sweden are members of ECEAT and have national websites which present resorts available. It promotes local travel experiences by creating innovative packages customized to the needs of the customer.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	31c1ae4555d4bc37e98092cd2e667658	Japan and Korea have traditionally experienced little immigration, and they need to use their human capital more effectively to face the challenge of a potentially dwindling pool of paid and unpaid workers. Japanese and Korean men will have to do more at home, more Japanese and Korean women will have to be part of the paid workforce, and Japanese and Korean workplace practices will have to become more family-friendly. China also faces these issues, but to a lesser extent than Japan and Korea.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	31c2f441c736a82b519b1347768edf54	This includes annual budget negotiations and national planning processes. Table 1.2 provides an overview of some approaches being explored. The majority of the frameworks are still in the planning and development stage, with the exception of three countries where implementation has started (France, Norway, and the UK).	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	31c3893ff30927985209795a26d3079a	These plans are the primary instrument for planning, managing and co-ordinating local development. They integrate a diagnosis of the socio-economic characteristics, strengths and challenges of the municipality and identify its main development priorities in such aspects as infrastructure, productive development, education and the environment (see Box 2.2). Given their comprehensive approach, PLADECO represent an interesting management tool to promote coherence between urban development, land-use planning and general economic development.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	31c3d195d768f699abb763cd76a4f80b	It is therefore difficult to identify an exhaustive budget for road safety in Korea. A substantial amount is for management of traffic operation facilities including traffic signals, speed enforcement cameras, and other safety measures. This budget includes the operating cost of the Korea Transportation Safety Authority (KoTSA).	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191150-7-en	31c40e6509a3d76fdc8d3479fd210813	Policies that ignore or oppose market forces tend to deliver unexpected side effects stemming from the decisions and actions of those they affect. On the other hand, policies that take advantage of the ability of markets to allocate resources can increase the efficiency, sustainability and profitability of a fishery. These systems convert fishing possibilities (individual catch quotas) into fishing capacities (individual effort quotas) and may be most appropriate for sedentary species such as crab and lobster. The situation may also arise where fishers pay non-fishing right-holders for access. This can lead to conflict and disputes.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f4049108-en	31c86bbb9a56134185520220f155447e	There are differences between data from the then Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and INSTAT and data from the then Ministry of Urban Development. The reasons are not yet assessed. Therefore, a precise picture on current waste generation in the country, which is a precondition for proper planning of capacity of the disposal facilities, is not ensured.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283466-en	31ca69a9b64ed7a5ac744f68dac3a637	The life expectancy of Latvian women at age 65 reached 18.9 yeais in 2015 (up from 16.8 in 2000), whereas the life expectancy at 65 for men reached 14.2 years (up from 12.3 in 2000). However, not all of these years gained are lived in good health At age 65, Latvian men and women can expect to live four years of their remaining years free of disability, which corresponds to less than 30% of their remaining years. If the health and functional status of the Latvian population does not improve as they grow older, population ageing will inevitably put additional pressures on health and long-term care systems.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	31cb3f4be8c3af6bd321de4fc3a7bca7	For example, the Federal District should assign new BRS corridors to serve this area, co-ordinating with train schedules. This could contribute to tackling congestion, which in the case of Santa Fe has become a major issue affecting economic activity. Such a transformation would also greatly improve access for low-income residents and workers commuting to these areas. Careful analysis of full origin-destination demand patterns will shed light on the extent to which planned upgrades, such as the extension of a second underground line to reach the train station in Mexico City, can solve accessibility' problems, especially at times of high demand.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	31cbb6d16a80983f9964fad93201e67d	The challenge is that these benefits have not always been well evaluated or considered, and countries vary in their drives for comfort and wellbeing in buildings. The independent Energiesprong market development teams aggregate mass demand for high quality retrofits (and new built houses) in a market and, in parallel, create the right financing and regulatory conditions. With this structure in place, solution providers can go into a quick and transformative innovation process to deliver against this new standard.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/84974ecb-en	31ce547438acd559a3a1d5352a5f3549	"Particularly around the issue of violence against women, civil society activists organized tribunals to put the spotlight on violations of women's rights, previously unaddressed because they were considered part of the private sphere, taboo or simply accepted as an inevitable part of women's lives. The Conference was successful in adopting the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which stated that ""the human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights"" (para. Importantly, the Programme of Action also called for ""the eradication of any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism"" (para."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	31cf19d15596a0786306866e8090c441	"The establishment and management of regional food security policies, an in-depth evaluation, and an understanding of the role and functioning of the informal economy are essential. As Meagher (1996) emphasises, some of those in the informal sector who are involved in the ""parallel trade"" are very powerful. Their power and control over the cereal trade in particular give them an influential role in food security."	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	31d0bd05c310b56f5bae59974ccd8a8f	For instance, in the EUR (European Utilities Requirements), the nuclear industry and utilities defined specifications in terms of flexibility for nuclear reactors (Pouret, and Nuttall, 2009). But governments can also play a role in promoting specifications that reinforce future system flexibility, in consultation with technical bodies. Renewable plants should be equipped with devices to control their output in real time.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	31d24bc8967e3ac4716cde300d224153	Queretaro, Sonora, Colima, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes and Quintana Roo) were more successful at implementing the decentralisation processes, which allowed them to take on a greater share of spending from their own resources (OECD, 2005). These states typically had both higher-than-average per capita incomes and greater financing capacity of their own, and were generally more industrialised with the highest levels of social security coverage. The decentralisation process was re-engaged in the mid-1990s for the remaining states and all states have now been decentralised under the new arrangements.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	31d25c05286b6cefac4b107cd74acff8	It is expected that judicial officers, in handling any case relating to CEFM, will apply creativity to promote access to justice by ensuring accessibility, appropriateness, equity, efficiency and effectiveness.39 In addition, judicial officers are expected to take into account the vulnerability of victims and witnesses. Judicial officers are encouraged to ensure that at all stages of court proceedings, the following rights and guarantees for each victim are applied to the extent provided by law in their jurisdiction. Further during trial, it is incumbent upon judicial officers to exercise procedural fairness.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	31d41306b7486e116e74a09d5ddea562	Japanese firms are increasingly adopting performance-based human resources management strategies (JILPT, 2009a). In 2000, over a quarter of Japanese workers worked 50 hours or more a week, compared with less than one-sixth in the United States and between 2% and 5% in many European countries (Lee, 2004). By 2008, the situation had improved only slightly, as 24% of all workers still worked 49 or more hours.34 Furthermore, under-utilisation of eligible annual leave is characteristic of Japanese employment practices. According to a survey carried out in 2007, Japanese workers in private companies with 30 or more regular employees took on average 8.2 days of annual leave (JILPT, 2009b). Reasons for not taking annual leave are anxiety about a negative personnel assessment; the perceived high workload; and strong work-orientation as a cultural feature, mainly among men in their forties (Ogura, 2006). The introduction of performance-based wage systems seems to further promote long working hours (Ogura, 2006).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	31de0d3a2c3847458708788524b672b0	In Spain, there was significant discrepancies in elasticities of irrigation water, based on water scarcity and crop patterns. Elasticity was higher where water is abundant and lower where water is scarce (because water uses are already efficient). Elasticity is low for high value crops. In developing countries, where irrigation water can be very cheap, even significant price increases (in %) may fail to trigger changes in farming practices.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	31df5c2ec9943738a39f4040ac6633e0	The number of speed cameras installed each year is decided by the Ministry of Transport and based on available financial resources. By the end of 2018 the ministry expects to have installed 100 fixed cameras across Latvia. There are plans to install even more speed cameras in the coming years and to also use average speed cameras. The selection of camera location is the responsibility of the CSDD, with input from Latvian State Police, LSR and municipal administrations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	31e831cbff8bcdc4ed7576e4db05ec74	Second, there is a group of young people who have already gained early emancipation from their household of origin. These adolescents and young people rarely achieve levels of income that are adequate to cover their basic needs, which also contributes to higher poverty rates in adolescence. Beyond the arbitrary nature of any merely chronological definition, for the purposes hereof it is taken to mean an age range of 14 to 29 years. This is a long period in the life of an individual, which in many cases does not correspond to what certain societies consider to be young. It is also true that in much of Latin America, depending on the social strata in question, there are 14-year olds who are in employment, who are not in education and who in some cases have reproductive experience, while at the other extreme there are youths aged 28 who are still in their household of origin, are in education, are not in employment and have not formed a conjugal union.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b553089c-en	31e8d68d526760786ae092090ec40f1e	With a few exceptions, in the developed world these solutions are often inefficient and many of them are neither economically viable nor environmentally sustainable. Water losses through evaporation from conventional water storage devices are also significant. The amount of water lost through evaporation from water reservoirs is higher than the total amount of water consumed in industrial and domestic uses (Shiklomanov, 19991. By 1995, as a result of efficiency gains in water supply and demand management, total world water withdrawal was only about half what planners had predicted thirty years earlier based on historical trends iGleick, 1998).	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	31ea4582030134a06ed5573d4cd94d26	Although there are programmes to specifically become a mother tongue teacher, or a SAS teacher (also only through subject teacher programme), they are not integrated in other teacher programmes (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education and Research), 2018,193]). In 2016, a special committee was set up by the government to investigate this matter. The Committee’s report included several proposals for how SAS, mother tongue and language knowledge could have a larger presence in teacher programmes.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	31ea71ac9e5c102bcfc87e4ea377988a	Cross compliance conditions were simplified and harmonised between the two pillars of the CAP. Changes to market intervention policies were also made and intervention levels were reduced or set to zero. This continues to emphasise direct payments, counter-cyclical payments and marketing assistance loan programmes for the 2008-12 crop years, with adjustments to target prices and loan rates for certain commodities. (	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	31ebdc1fc59d33f45e679cd991457759	Additionally, LADOT has piloted a mobile payment application for its transit services and there are plans to expand Go LA to include reservation and payment capabilities in Summer 2016. Infrastructure as a Service more transparently reflects the costs to build, maintain and operate public infrastructure by charging fees for this service. With a solid data baseline, this approach can also support tiered fees to ensure there is equity in access to the public right-of-way. Infrastructure as a Service can help shift behaviour by incentivising shared mobility, promoting staggered commute times and other active transportation alternatives.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	31efc7c3ab17d11bf9e57f8cacbe3d25	Though these are not the countries where the enrolment of low-income children is the highest, they have the highest shares of beneficiaries of ECEC services in low-income households: the bottom 20% in Hungary and Luxembourg, and the bottom 40% in Iceland. Due to data constraints, estimates for long-term care are available only for 14 OECD countries. Gross and Net Indicators in the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper, No.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/60a8d482-en	31f0a1ad8a17853cf78be77af4502c74	First, women tend to live longer than men. Second, they have less access than men to land and other assets that could help them maintain an adequate standard of living in old age. In India, for example, 60 per cent of women compared to 30 per cent of men have no valuable assets in their name, and few widows can count on family or community support.97 Even in countries with good pension coverage, women are significantly more likely to suffer poverty in old age than men.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	31f16babe517b5d3e4eb4cf6364b9df7	In many developing countries, a significant number of poor families face poverty, hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, which intensify with adverse biophysical growing conditions and poor socio-economic infrastructure (Wani, etal., Crop production, which is vital to global food security, is already being affected by climate change, more so in impoverished communities. It has been predicted that over the next decades, billions of people, especially those living in developing countries, will face water and food shortages, and greater risks to health and life because of climate change.	2	89	826	0.805464480874317
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	31f2fa8ec970db6669444c4367dc7587	Total damage and losses due to floods in 2008 were estimated at US$120 million, of which US$18 million concerned agriculture. Floods in 2010 caused damage, primarily affecting rural and agricultural regions of the country, which was estimated at approximately US$42 million. They impacted on more than 80 per cent of the rural population depending on agriculture. Output of cereal crops dropped more than 60 per cent compared with 2006, and the wheat harvest diminished by some 40 per cent.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	31f3d3c4fee6e784f8f721ec9c2c9e42	There are limited formal mechanisms to ensure the use of citizens’ inputs in the policy- and law-making processes, and to respond to citizens’ concerns, including those of women and women’s organisations. In fact, after the recent incidents last year, the government launched a big crackdown on NGOs and stipulated new rules and regulations on the work of CSOs, and put new restrictions on their activities and their methods of financing. Getting permission or approval from the government on foreign funds is a long and very complicated process in which projects are not always properly implemented as scheduled and planned. (	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	31f453fce68b9dbeda66f24ef3c4b759	Although it has been demonstrated that in the long term, factors such as demographic transition and economic growth have generally had a greater impact on poverty reduction than social policy, some countries have in recent years developed broader, more comprehensive and more coordinated policies, which have been particularly successful in reducing poverty and indigence. These include innovative link-ups between programmes to create employment —public works, job creation subsidies and subsidized lines of credit— and provide training for young people and the unemployed and the conditional transfer programmes. The latter will be considered later in this chapter.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	31f864f1eb73d5091d832bfeb4e02f78	Therefore, detailed studies are needed to complement more general information with a specific focus on care, by type of illness, and to distinguish between the time invested in prevention from time spent on care relating to an illness (Dur^n, 2008b). Good health policies are hard to formulate if the distribution of the workload relating to this type of care is not known. Hence, the information provided by time-use surveys is crucial to the monetary valuation of domestic health services.	5	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	31f86a10225176e7377ca1e0adc9be7b	The IAEG-SDGs proposed 12 indicators to monitor this goal, of which eight were Tier I indicators (Appendix 2.1). However, data are only available for three Tier 1 indicators for Target 9.2 (promoting industrialisation) and 9.4 (resource-use efficiency and clean technologies). Except for Fiji, the manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP is less than 10 per cent for the Commonwealth Pacific small states for which data are available, and based on current trends, none of the countries are expected to significantly grow this sector (Figure 2.6). While there is a possibility that reform could enhance the industrialisation prospects of the larger economies of Fiji, PNG and the Solomon Islands, it will be unrealistic to expect the same for the smaller economies, particularly Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	31fab7140dc3b7b37db03b8d051cfff1	Central determination of curricula and other institutional policy promotes uniformity and hinders adaptation to the unique needs of regions. As a consequence there is limited alignment of education provision to regional needs. Public and private institutions operate under different regulatory and financing rules, resulting in the absence of a unified education system. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	31fadfc090e4a8ea9938938a39428a84	However, they have no significant impact on male migration, suggesting that male and female incentives to migrate differ. Migration towards countries having low levels of discrimination promotes gender equality in social institutions in the origin country, while migration towards countries having high levels of discrimination has the reverse effect, whatever the gender of the migrant. These results are robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneity and simultaneity bias.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	31fb3b86977d490015f56b17078802cd	"Apart from this finding the women rank their contributions primarily among the soft and non-material kinds like domestic duties and taking care of children. The largest group of men aged 25-64 mentions ""job, income and paying bills"" as do their female counterparts. Whereas it was assumed that the different age groups among women would rank ""showing love and affection"" significantly higher than men, it might come as a surprise that also the men (all age groups) perceive ""showing love and affection"" as an important contribution to the household."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	31fbd9ab8a353049be35df76b8748e3e	The first part of the analysis is to estimate how many children (persons) are (multidimensionally) poor and/or deprived under the definitions used. Knowing how many people (children) are multidimensionally poor and deprived is very important. However, multidimensional poverty research goes beyond mere adding up of individuals.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	31ff3ceff3ad78660cff5b182c6b7e0b	Supply side constraints may be the following: there are no schools within reasonable distance, there are no affordable schools, the quality of the schools is insufficient to go through the effort of sending the children to school (there are no teachers, no textbooks, teachers are not qualified/not paid), there are no appropriate schools (schools are dangerous for girls, there is no proper sanitation for girls, there are no female teachers). Demand side constraints could be: parents do not think that attending school is important for (all, girls, older) children, parents need the economic input of the children, and parents need the input of the children in household tasks. Social constraints that could be considered are e.g. families belonging to an ethnic, religious group, caste, political group that is discriminated against; or all boys are expected to go to the army at a young age. The starting point is that children should not only be seen as potential school children, but as children whose well-being depends on multiple aspects at the same time.	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	31ff885504b81a0023f2e1c177ac5d15	Biofuel policies in the United States and the European Union affect mostly the grains and oilseeds sector, but Brazil’s hugely important ethanol sector uses mainly sugar cane and could in principle thrive without support policies. Government support policies make world market prices of these products (and their substitutes) substantially higher than they would be, while mandates add to price volatility by creating demand that is less responsive to prices. Whereas trade between OECD countries accounted for 58% of world agricultural trade in 1999, by 2009 that share had fallen to less than half.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	3200701d51df313700b4dc3a52e5c4ed	By the fourth quarter of 2010, almost 40% of the population was covered by Seguro Popular. All the states had joined the programme by the end of 2006, but the actual availability of the programme at the municipal level took longer as the states had to strike a balance between the two conflicting aims of targeting the municipalities most in need while complying with minimum infrastructure requirements. By the end of 2005, about 65% of the municipalities were offering the programme and gradual expansion led to almost full coverage by the end of 2010.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	320e7d6d0bda2fc01973eb53610ca6c7	Better defining the different types of rural regions in Morelos should help in developing appropriate policy responses to each of their most distinct challenges. Development programmes and institutional support are channelled to promote agricultural production and, where appropriate, support producers. However, an integrated perspective on the complex process of more broadly defined development of rural areas is missing.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	3212acfcc8556bc6baa3e6e525605e5c	It is measured by age-specific mortality rates for selected causes of death (e.g. asthma below age 45). There is no universal definition, however, as the selection of death causes and age-limits often vary from one study to another. Nolte and McKee (2008) as well as Tobias and Yeh (2009) have proposed different lists of death causes and age-limits.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	3214d199845245c7ba620c6948700614	Both power plants draw water from reservoirs and their drainage basins include glaciers. Mel uses water from four reservoirs in Vetlefjordvass-draget. The drainage basin includes part of the glacier Jostedalsbreen. Water from three smaller magazines is transported in tunnels to Nedre Svartevassvatn reservoir which is regulated between 815 and 883 metres above sea level.	7	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	32162388f6e875fab53af48296c2d135	But such a measure ignores the transfer and traditional economies - significant components of the Arctic economy and that contribute to material well-being. Composite indices, which might reflect the contributions of these sectors, also have problems, including challenges with obtaining data and the choice of appropriate representative components and weights. Unfortunately, the perfect indicator may be too costly to construct.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/048348bd-en	321c82cce79455b8b6fbd2d07dc28f7a	To this end, we used so called aligning parameters. For manufacturing industries, for instance, we used revenue as a means to compare the extent of our subset to the activity of each industry on the national level. To limit the amount of work, and to focus on the methodological development, accounts were only compiled for one year, 2010.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	321f714eb19f19282eae9dec039fae8c	If these were excluded, young women (25-34 age cohort) are actually more likely to complete both secondary and tertiary education than their male counterparts (OECD, 2011c). If the trend continues, there will be an average of 1.4 female students for every male by 2025, and almost twice as many women in tertiary education in Austria, Canada, Iceland, Norway, and the United Kingdom (Table II.A2.1).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	32282e63dd170a21f7cb16e599bb8c56	These in turn are divorced from the less common initiatives to counter economic and geopolitical risk. Again, the focus is on large drought, locust invasion and animal disease shocks, with priority placed on food and nutrition security as the overall objective of risk management. Undeniably, these are the critical issues affecting those most vulnerable to disaster, however this prioritisation, at the expense of other risks and risk management approaches, means that flooding, human epidemics (and pandemics) and other (non-negligible) economic and geopolitical risks are inadequately addressed or are siloed from the predominant drought risk management programming in Niger. The disproportional focus on using shorter-term instruments at the expense of longer-term development (as outlined in Section 4.1) is replicated in risk management programming, reinforced by the prioritisation of food and nutrition security and preparedness, traditionally led by humanitarian actors.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	322a76f440f4dee0f6e7384df7255c78	The position may be better characterised by saying that financiers, like businesses, have not always recognised that some things they are already factoring into lending decisions are in fact members of an intangible asset class. This point is explored further in Box 4. The most clear-cut example of this trend is the widespread dependency of all but the most basic forms of hardware on software to make them usable, from highly specialised industrial machinery to motor vehicles.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d712be22-en	322b24cc44375c726d1117be1f54a7d6	Our findings are similar to previous findings in Pakistan and Ethiopia. Interventions aimed at younger children, under age two, yielded larger effects. Hence, an integrated approach using a combination of interventions, which address all the underlying determinants at the same time, is likely to hold the most promise for reducing the burden of malnutrition in Northern Ghana. Such research should also focus on the effect of policy on the underlying mechanisms that determine malnutrition, in order to understand how public policy can contribute to different elements in the complex framework of malnutrition. Washington, DC,The World Bank.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	322cfffe5c80a716d56ee123e9cc88e6	These indicate the extent to which women could inherit and are available at three time points; 1920,1980 and 2000. Murdock’s Atlas includes information on 1 267 societies for the period 1850-1950. It provides information on the gender distribution of inheritance of land and inheritance of movable property. Both are split into 8 possible classifications: missing data, absence of individual property rights, matrilineal (sisters’ sons), other matrilineal (i.e. youngest brothers), children with daughters receiving less, children equally, other patrilineal, and patrilineal (sons).	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/f81b7706-en	322dd0a243baa352e36b10fc90f07ccf	In addition to President Banda of Malawi in Commonwealth Africa, President Monique Ohsan-Bellepeau of Mauritius was also serving as Head of State (Commonwealth Secretariat 2012). She assumed the presidency after he died of heart attack in 2012, becoming the first female president in Malawi’s history. This was relatively short lived (two years, from 2012 to 2014). These range from arguments that women are ‘unsuited’ to decisionmaking and are their own worst enemies to the gender roles that define what women and men do, effectively excluding women from decision-making.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	3231369da0400d775bf50ec2f9c33739	In addition to the Administration of Environment, there are two more units in the State Inspectorate of Environment (for Inspection Supervision and Inspectors’ Coordination). The Law on Water provides a basis for a consolidation in this sector, by stipulating transferral of competence to MoEPP. Within the Water Department, the organizational units responsible for river basin management need to be properly established.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	32338d9f15b285f9cd823dc11c1eb33d	Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era, along with other groups, called for the transformation of growth-based development models towards gender-responsive development (Wiltshire, 1992). Women's Action Agenda 21, a platform of various groups, critiqued existing development pathways and free market thinking, instead embracing the concept of sustainable livelihoods and highlighting the need to link everyday practices of care with resource justice (Wichterich, 2012). Yet many of the alternatives put forward by women's groups and networks in the global women's lobby at the Conference were overshadowed by the prevailing optimism about economic efficiency, technology and markets. Women were considered the primary users and effective managers and conservers ofthe environment at the local level (see, for example, Dankelman and Davidson, 1988; Rodda, 1991).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/508a648f-en	3233f1257d210a58f1bc224b71e07d9c	At the same time, policy decisions tended to place a greater emphasis on achieving fiscal balance, and much less than in the past on other macroeconomic or development needs. The general tendency to reduce the role of the State in the economy meant that whenever budgetary adjustment was considered necessary, it was sought through spending cuts rather than by raising additional revenue. These institutions also emphasized the need to strengthen the financial position of the public sector and reduce government interference in the allocation of resources (TDR 2006, chap. It argues that more progressive taxation can help to reduce inequality in the distribution of income and wealth without curtailing incentives to undertake investment in fixed capital, innovation and skills acquisition.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	323490920056bc889f694ffb100eccbf	Nearly 80 per cent of the ultra poor in rural Bangladesh do not own any land. The poorest also lack complementary assets, like draft animals or agricultural implements. This means that they are also constrained to work as sharecroppers, and these households’ livelihoods mostly dependent on wage labour in farm and nonfarm activities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	32356a7863e57edb96e7bf008464af3c	Where it is more widespread, it does not always favour the most vulnerable students, but rather tends to favour middle-income and lower-middle-income young people. In any case, the support provided by grants must be complemented by actions within education systems, where the available supply needs to be tailored to take in adolescents and youths who, in many cases, are the first generation to attend high school or college. Several countries have made progress along these lines at the primary education level; there are a number of models for full-time schools (Mexico and Uruguay) and full-day schools (Argentina). This policy increased the number of hours a week from 30 to 38 in basic education and from 36 to 42 at the secondary level. It sought to improve the quality of education and ensure equal opportunities by expanding classroom time. And there was the implicit aim of avoiding the risks and disadvantages of exposing children and young people to risk factors external to the education system, in more vulnerable contexts (Staab, 2012).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	323a47212fa1643d8368a029c8ed9f58	They also must be available for and willing to accept suitable work, including part-time and casual employment, and attend all scheduled interview's with Centrelink, the benefit administration agency, and w'ith their employment service provider. While Centrelink is a publicly managed agency, employment services to jobseekers are provided exclusively by a mix of for-profit and not-for-profit private providers contracted by the Commonwealth Government through a system called jobactive (Box 3.2). As discussed in Chapter 1, labour demand and labour supply factors drive regional labour market outcomes in Australia.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	323d33e518e531daf7d2e72799ea4357	It is in fact a ‘social pension’ for people (including children) with disabilities, orphans and elderly persons without pension rights. Eligibility is independent of household income. Until 2009, the value of the MSB was based on the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI), and varied between 75 and 300 per cent of the GMI for different categories (World Bank, 2009; Gassmann, 2010b).54 The MSB is financed entirely from the Republic’s budget. Between 2005 and 2009, the average MSB has increased from KGS 367 to KGS 715 per month.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	323dcfee010020d439ec41a9d865e828	The reserve needed to ensure the stability of the electrical system depends on the size of the largest or two largest units. Also, the system must meet electricity demand and provide sufficient reserve capacity when the largest unit is disconnected from the grid during planned or unplanned outages. A generally accepted rule is that the capacity of the largest generating unit should be limited to 10% of the minimal power demand in the system.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	323ff7a2edf958f01585dac63697d436	At the same time more stringent EPL for regular workers appears to be associated with higher unemployment, at least for certain categories of workers (e.g. Bassanini etal., The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions’, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. However, they may also increase inequality by lowering employment.26 The negative employment effects of unemployment benefits are supported both by existing empirical studies (e.g. Nunziata, 2002; Bassanini and Duval, 2006; Murtin etal.,	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	3242a89c4298e54885168878a6b13563	Their uncertainties increased recently as a result of a gradual change in the mechanisms of financing NGO operations. Previously, NGOs were entitled to 2% of businesses’ tax liabilities. However, from 2011, the amount is to be gradually reduced to 0.5% by 2019 (USAID, 2010). This change will probably result in a decrease in funds for NGOs.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	3242d0a3df2d037333f0e11269308c5a	At the same time, no socio-economic category is immune from negative environmental conditions. For example, even the highest-end housing units can be regularly exposed to high levels of air pollution since they tend to be located on high traffic axes or have easy access to transport flows, as it is the case in Rome (Cesaroni et al., Generally speaking, according to the International Energy Agency, the European Commission estimated the cost of environmental pollution, taking into consideration health costs alone, to vary between EUR 440 and EUR 1 250 billion (European Commission, 2013). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that complying w'ith existing standards would cost USD 65 billion, but would bring potential economic revenue of USD 2 trillion (US EPA, 2011).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	3245b9b529742907abe8eb99481547fc	Most of the funds are leveraged in the water supply and sanitation subsector (MXN 17.7 billion in 2010 and MXN 19.3 billion in 2011 in constant 2009 prices). However, in 2011, leverage rates in the irrigation subsector were higher. The additional resources leveraged by CONAGUA reached 93% of CONAGUA’s support in the case of investments in water supply and sanitation and 155% for investments in irrigation.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	3245f3254ceef6692f3dd80b57da5e91	Research findings show that in addition to fulfilling fundamental human rights, addressing gender discrimination in social institutions is needed to improve individual outcomes for women and ultimately enhance the well-being of current and future generations (Ferrant and Nowacka, 2015). If discriminatory social institutions are associated with lower levels of long-term growth, after accounting for the standard determinants of growth and gender differences in key socio-economic outcomes, then the case is strong for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national development strategies. Little is known, however, about the effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on economic growth.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	32473b3a2ed3e2dbb667e6bd5c06da01	The Awami League, which was not allocated any of the reserved seats, demanded direct election. Parliament passed the 15th Amendment Bill of the Constitution on 30 June 2011 and increased the number of seats for women from 45 to 50 (Deccan Herald 2013). If direct election in the reserved seats is introduced, then women members' dependency on their male colleagues will no longer exist and they will be accountable to the voters.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	3247d05effdbdd1d0be49c55e2eff7c6	In addition, a few countries have pursued active industrial policies, promoting sectors where they can expect to have a dynamic comparative advantage. Small developing countries may in turn rely on FDI as a vehicle of industrial policy, as in Costa Rica. A third approach is microeconomic in nature, relying on a long-term alliance between the public and private sector to support the generation of sector-specific research and knowledge and public infrastructure in areas with a potential comparative advantage. This has been effective in Chile in the case of wood, fresh fruit, wine and salmon.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	324ec84881a2630ec54bd49ad10adb05	Hence in 1995, global water use would have been 6% higher, and irrigation water depletion would have been 11% higher, if not for international trade (de Fraiture et al., The authors caution against inferring that trade will be helpful in mitigating global water scarcity, however, given that water savings cannot always be re-allocated to beneficial uses, and that political and economic considerations might have greater influence than water scarcity in determining national trading strategies. In their analysis of data describing water availability and international trade for 146 countries, the authors find that observed trading patterns are not consistent with those predicted by the virtual water metaphor.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	32510e6081324ce8f8e8aafe95ad10c7	As Figure 3.1 illustrates, a positive relationship exists between the growth of manufacturing value added' (MVA) and of gross domestic product (GDP). Higher productivity growth in the manufacturing sector makes it an important factorfor developing countries to shift activities from agriculture and low productivity services towards manufacturing to achieve growth-enhancing structural transformation (Figure 3.2). In countries that have successfully industrialised, the growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has led to the absorption of large numbers of workers from the agriculture and informal sectors into productive jobs, and has increased the prosperity of those workers' families and communities (UNIDO 2013). Based on the importance of the manufacturing sector, this chapter explores the processes behind industrialisation and how sustainable and inclusive economic development can be achieved through the development of this sector.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	325171b76de5e878c935e17af67a913c	This programme is run by the Social Prosperity Department (DPS) and can be accessed by older individuals who are declared homeless and registered in the Unified Register of Persons Made Homeless by the Winter Emergency. Priority is given to populations living in situations of extreme poverty, registered in the Unidos network; the population registered in the System for the Identification of Potential Social Programme Beneficiaries (SISBEN) with a points score of no more than that needed to affiliate to the Unidos network; or populations displaced by violence who are included on the official register (Government of Colombia, 2011). The programme has two components: (i) temporary emergency jobs in the restoration of public services, reconstruction and upgrading of road, social and community infrastructure, habilitation of land areas for agricultural activity, along with other needs proposed by local or regional governments; and (ii) restoration of the local productive fabric to revive jobs and income through the recovery of micro-enterprises, the commercial sale of surplus production from family vegetable gardens to strengthen local food security, along with infrastructure repair and the activation of local productive chains.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	3255a30230f5038568e4ccb49436fa42	Rights advocacy does not have to wait for a fully-fledged democratic regime to emerge. Activists can employ them as a tool to monitor policies or do advocacy work in order to advance the effective reach of acknowledged human rights. Public debate, political campaigns and collective organizing around human rights are also important means to question discriminatory social norms, unequal power relations and unequal distribution of resources and to encourage poor and marginalized women to see themselves as rights holders.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/4cb348ce-en	32598f26f18471cbd8d02eb6a362de9c	This is the topic of models of technological diffusion in the spirit of Nelson and Phelps (1966), which suggest that education is the key ingredient for absorbing new technologies and adapting to change. These models stress the leading role of the stock of human capital in the adoption of new technologies and in the ability to deal with changing conditions. Empirical research shows that the strongest predictor of long-run economic growth is the cognitive skills of the population in such basic knowledge areas as mathematics, science and reading (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2008 and 2011 a).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	325a3a92a2ad90b71fe61bf018b941cf	Adjust the DRG system to better account for the severity of cases dealt with by university hospitals so as to compensate them. Implement the planned corporatisation (or “commercialisation”) of hospitals carefully in a way that does not threaten equal access to care, especially across regions. Carry out a thorough study of those investments that would correspond to the most pressing needs of the population across the country to ensure that ageing hospital infrastructure is modernised.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	3261f83cde3c48264a334dae235231e1	Growth models measure improvement by looking at how' a school has improved student performance independently of the level of achievement (Figlio and Loeb, 2011). Within each model, teachers are motivated to focus attention on different student groups. In status models, low-performing students receive greater attention to bring them up to proficiency levels; in growth models, teachers are rewarded for improving student outcomes for any level of student. Hence, in growth model systems teachers are less likely to exclude under-performing students, as any improvement in outcome is measured.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	32630c6f875c9c23ba9a834c651b1e8a	In order to be valid, instruments must be uncorrelated with the error term in the explanatory equation and have no direct effect on female (male) migration. To be relevant, the instrument must be correlated with the endogenous independent variables, that is the SIGI. Previous studies on gender inequality rarely shed light on the possibility of endogeneity issues and the validity of the instruments to solve them. A prominent exception is represented by Dollar and Gatti (1999), who instrument gender inequality in a growth equation by religious affiliation and civil liberties.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	3268bc7536115fc2bfb6d23d8047f523	The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	326b9ce654f5cdee3a8b0f663037fd40	The government’s investment in the system is considerable, in terms of both infrastructure development and various types of subsidies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles and renewable electricity generation. The challenge is to further mobilise the private sector, electric utilities and R&D institutions. The Electric Mobility Plan and C02-based vehicle taxes, while commendable, are examples of this underlying thinking.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	326c8cc3a187a55f2ef1f0891aebfadb	It is plausible that a mismatch could exist between aspirations, understood as the level of well-being that people desire, and expectations of well-being in terms of the socioeconomic position that individuals actually hope to achieve. This would be the result of an evaluation of their personal capacities and the opportunities provided to them by the social structure. In the case of expectations, the data are consistent with information that shows that these vary according to the individual’s position in the social structure (ECLAC, 2008a). Nonetheless, this does not mean that the association between welfare expectations and the household’s economic situation has the properties of a direct relation.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	326f3f92493de011771bbd4761e4931c	The services included are those identified as the most important and essential for residents' day-to-day well-being (e.g. the nearest 10 000 low-qualified and high-qualified jobs, or the nearest three primary schools, secondary schools and further education institutions). This approach reveals users' ease getting to essential services while considering a degree of choice in the services to which they are likely to go (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018). For instance, the highest score, A, means travel times to relevant destinations are more than one standard deviation below the average score, while E means travel times are more than two standard deviations above the average. It is particularly helpful when making decisions about the best places to introduce new services, such as health or education, with an aim to locate them in places with good connectivity.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	326f7c1f787619d83334ae7677d47e9d	Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, International Water Management Institute, Colombo and Earthscan, London. Presentation at the International Conference Towards sustainable groundwater in agriculture, Burlingame CA, June 2016. The Korean Herald, 19 September.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	32722f747a1738b77e8a7f2072041c92	Studies have suggested that widening wage inequality has reduced the returns to marriage; as low-skilled men’s relative wages have declined so too have the benefits of marriage, and having a child within marriage, for women. At the same time, improved labour market prospects have further reduced women’s incentive to marry. These changes may help explain some of the increase in single parenthood in recent decades, particularly in countries where inequality is high.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097551-en	3272dda09f8c92bdc3e958132ba1b374	It explains what PSV stands for and how it relates to other components of the education systems. It highlights examples of transition, pathways and collaboration across tertiary education systems. It provides comparable international data on entry to, and graduation rates in PSV and university education as well as information about distribution of students in different field of studies across selected OECD countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	32760758489e4aff96be6b6af7cf6e50	Moreover, voluntary (tax deductible) contributions to private or occupational pension schemes are included in current transfers paid in the Danish definition (see text). By contrast, other countries exclude negative incomes from the collected data. To maximize crosscountry comparability, the OECD definition follows this standard and does not allow negative income elements.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	32791bc17741cfe4f6ee75b072e07fb7	This exercise revealed a poverty incidence of 33.8 per cent. This ranking was then compared with the one obtained using the other criteria. The lesson that emerges from this multi-method field research is that different approaches lead to very different estimates of poverty for the same set of households. This no doubt reflects the very low poverty line.	1	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	32794db214ab97460776b3441a727e4e	In the UK, for example, the Refugee Assessment and Guidance Unit at London Metropolitan University produced an overview identifying a considerable number of programmes in the UK designed to help refugee teachers join the UK teaching profession (RAGU, 2007). One such example is a one-year programme offered by the Institute of Education at the University of London called Pathway into Teaching for Refugee Teachers, offered free to refugees, to support their entry into the formal teaching system in the UK.19 Similarly, the Refugees into Teaching partnership, between the UK Training and Development Agency for Schools and the UK Refugee Council, offers guidance on assimilating refugee teachers into schools (Refugees into Teaching, 2007). It is even less clear how this could be accomplished in developing countries dealing with a sudden large influx of refugees. It should be noted, however, that both this and the Gottelmann-Duret and Toumier study address the formal, state system and do not address education in emergencies, which is often left to non-state actors to provide.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	327a03896a7aae4b49ab97d3471aa14b	The reduction in the absolute number of the poor as the economy recovered from the Asian crisis was due mostly to a reduction in the number of rural poor. However, rural poverty remains significantly greater than urban poverty, both in absolute numbers and in percentage rates. If counted at the World Bank definition of absolute poverty at USD 1.25 at PPP/person/day, the rates are higher, but the decline remains equally impressive from 54% in 1990 to 19% in 2009.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283466-en	327d323c2ac78793a8fe8313df9914e1	The Latvian Ministry of Health has developed an action plan to reduce the risk of contracting a communicable disease, promoting early intervention and diagnosis, which was submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval in 2017. Latvian men tend to perceive their health as being better than women with 51% reporting to be in good health compared to only 42% of women. There are also large disparities by income group: only about one in three Latvians in low-income households report to be in good health, compared to two in three in high-income households.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	327f475e80392e9867a574d1a3985b92	One major reason for this in rural China has been the relatively equitable distribution of land, which has tended to offset other inequalities. While this has been a major factor in poverty reduction as well, as discussed below, there are some areas of concern relating to recent tendencies in displacement of the peasantry as land is converted for non-agricultural uses. Provincial and local governments in some of the more economically dynamic provinces have played a growing role in this.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	3280708d3773872f4f38cfffb17610fb	The Building Directive sets overall requirements to the system, the house, and individual requirements to the individual components. A large inclusion of system thinking in both the voluntary instruments and the Ecodesign Directive could be encouraged and between different regulations and voluntary instruments. Hence if it works for Ecolabels it is likely also to work as requirements in the Ecodesign Directive's IM. In an adapted, less ambitious, version, as the synergies between the voluntary instruments and the minimum requirements should be preserved. It is important to emphasise the different scales of setting requirement in the voluntary instruments targeting a limited section of products compared to setting requirements to all products produced or imported in the EU.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0899dee9-en	3280cedc48e0fe601b1e353fcb7ddeef	"Women’s participation in labour markets can occur at the expense of their unpaid care and domestic work, which can lower the production of human capabilities that ultimately impact growth—an effect that is frequently overlooked when women’s employment rises. They point, in particular, to the need for a sustainable and caring economy, where care is recognized and valued, and the burden is redistributed equally."" This is essential, in particular for women In the global South who spend vast amounts of their time fetching firewood, fuel and water, and carry out other activities related to unpaid care and domestic work and smallholder farming (figure 3.1)."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	32818adb6c094c47f9fd48f397c31e4c	Some countries use audits to ensure implementation of gender equality. For example, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen conduct audits or inspections to ensure implementation of gender equality-related legislation, policies and programmes. The Ministry of Women’s Affairs in Palestine contracts external parties, either from civil society or the private sector, to conduct participatory gender audits on line ministries using the International Labour Organisation’s framework for gender audits.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-10-en	3286f0a4570a3e8824d0c7a6c12aecd6	The objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate change and to enhance their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate. The Strategy includes a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields that are expected to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The assessment is complemented by corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Lander and relevant social groups. The complementary Action Plan published in 2011 outlines how the objectives of the Strategy can be achieved. Both the Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated approach to adaptation. The assessment will draw on climate projections and information provided by relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and on their complementary adaptation measures.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	328740f34395ae88d914a4c5cf01018a	A model for understanding the scalability of TEPIs needs to include mechanisms for change in the innovation adoption process by teachers and schools. Training models focusing on imparting knowledge and skills are not effective in bringing about change in pedagogical practice. Models that report successful change provide experiential, action-oriented learning with teachers collaborating in communities of practice (Looi, Lim and Chen, 2008).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	328bbf0e5fb85f41f095f00dc04bf714	In many countries, trade liberalization has led to a reduction in government revenues, with implications for policies to support gender equality. Trade agreements between countries also often have provisions that limit the policies that individual governments can adopt, such as measures that aim to promote and support domestic productive activities and investment. Such agreements frequently have different consequences for women’s and men’s employment, yet issues of gender equality are rarely considered. Therefore, it should incorporate additional targets, such as real productive activity, employment or incomes. In addition, central banks can use their regulatory power to channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Policies and regulations can also encourage credit to be extended to improve housing, stimulate job-creating investments or promote access to loans for self-employed workers in informal activities, many of whom are women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	328dda504c4b2d941a257856648ede43	It will also result in a situation where the regional economy cannot take full advantage of the productive potential of the Arab population. Many of the higher education institutions in the Galilee - with notable exceptions of Sakhnin College and the newly developing Nazareth Academic Institution - are geographically separated from predominantly Arab communities. Current Arab colleges are constrained by limited resources or missions which confine them to teacher education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/66641c52-en	3290e764fa10133a47a8553bc4fcca74	For instance, the Linz's (Austria) 'barrier-free travel (Ungehindert mobil) for individuals with special needs' project created a transport system friendly to individuals with special needs by a widespread installation of wheelchair ramps, designated spaces in public transport and ground markings to assist individuals with impaired vision, and the availability of public transport maps and timetables in Braille. In another example, an adequately equipped and staffed waiting room for people with impaired hearing was set up in the main train station of Dusseldorf (Germany) in 2007 (UNECE, 2012). Analysis of the challenges and efficiency of such efforts, as well as the dissemination of the lessons learned can provide valuable insights into the different approaches to improve transport accessibility.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	3293584033590d58d091133b2d384f36	However, the level of satisfaction with the education system and schools among the poorest 20% of the population in Korea has fallen to about 44% only. The share of private spending on educational institutions is higher than in the majority of G7 and OECD countries. High enrolment in private non-tertian' and tertiary educational institutions, combined with higher private spending for outside school classes, increase the share of household expenditures on education. At the tertiary level, private expenditures represent more than 70% of total expenditures (with most of these expenditures coming directly from households).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2015-23-en	3295ef2d6d6e075ab0f1e8f71668c649	This collaborative mechanism provides incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A key focus of many of these activities is to help countries establish the necessary institutional structures to reduce their national deforestation rates. Once countries can verify their emission reductions, they qualify to receive results-based payments and other financial support. To date, many countries have come a long way in getting systems and policy reforms in place to reduce deforestation, and in mapping and measuring their emission reductions. Brazil is one example: it receives results-based payments based on verified emissions reductions through reduced deforestation. Guyana - a country that has a high forest cover, but a very low deforestation rate - receives payments for emissions avoided, thanks to its continuing low deforestation (see the “In my view” box).	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3296851b680d1a3cbe3aff32f3541754	These, however, can be complementary. The encouragement of large enterprises and the introduction of capital-intensive techniques in livestock farming are not necessarily inconsistent with measures to integrate smallholdings into the broader agricultural economy. Under the present circumstances, the latter may be seen as a necessary step to promote rural development by a pro-poor strategy and should complement measures aimed at boosting output and export expansion with less emphasis placed on rural employment.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	329a4c8eb7665b77210a6071683e8c04	Further information on the national data sources and earnings concepts used in the calculations can be found at: uiuiur.oecd.org/employment/outloofe. The first available year is 2005 for Poland; 2004 for Greece, Iceland, Spain and Portugal; 2002 for the Slovak Republic; and 2001 for Israel. The latest available year is 2011 for Canada, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States; and 2005 for the Netherlands.	5	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-6-en	329c48244a53ba3864e7dcce6890a8b9	In the medium term, a full review of secondary education pathways and certification could help to create a more comprehensive education system where students have equal learning opportunities and teachers have the space to focus on assessment for learning rather than external summative examinations. Initial and continuing teacher education need to focus on developing teachers’ assessment literacy, including practising formative assessment. Changes in assessment practice will not happen without stronger pedagogical skills and teachers need to be given the room and support they need to develop their professional judgement and capacity to give feedback on student learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	329d7e73ac5a58fef574134ab4067624	However, more recently it has channelled labour towards manufacturing activities and urban areas, but preserved highly differentiated wages and pay structures that permit firms and public entities to realize large savings and investments. This campaign, launched in 1999 is targeting the east-central-west divide. The movement of “constructing a socialist new countiyside”, formally initiated in 2005, aims at bridging the urban-rural gap.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	329d91a3c70adaf47abe556827680aa1	Penang’s institutions can play a significant role as research intermediaries to firms engaged in upgrading technology. The resources of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and UiTM and the two research institutes - the Fishery Research Institute and the Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Neutraceuticals at USM - can contribute greatly to the upgrading of industry. For instance, USM has recently decoded the genome for rubber which can be a source of patents and subsequent product commercialisation.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6af97a78-en	329dce7c33d3ff9c3d972b30bddd06a2	Neither population size nor the size of economies necessarily co-varies with river basin size; nor do conflicts over water or complexities of interactions over space.2 Variations in geography and human occupation of river basins are great. Some, such as those in Central Asia, are in semi-arid regions where water scarcities have become chronically severe and where cross-border governance has faced serious challenges in taking remedial actions. Others are facing the portent of their watersheds being below sea level as the oceans continue to rise from global warming.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	329ebaeaa5ef8097c6cc2af9c6d8aaa7	An example is a case where the derivative significantly increases the efficacy of the medical product, thus contributing important benefits to society. This is the approach taken under the new Indian patent law. Article 3(d) of the new Indian Patent Act has pushed subject matter exclusions in the area of medicines further than most other known patent laws.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	32a02e1418e8d50c47df03e29fcfec27	Figure 1.14 shows that processing and assembling activities have experienced an export growth contraction since the second quarter of 2011. In these types of exports, import content is very high; China generally provides only assembling services while foreign suppliers provide raw materials, parts or components under a contractual arrangement for subsequent re-exportation of the processed products. Imports from China that are for processing and assembling have been declining since early 2011 (see figure 1.15). Imports of equipment used for processing and assembling activities are fluctuating, and growth has mainly been negative.	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	32a05d9e802cf53921e397445b2a8694	With the provision of new infrastructure such as high bandwidth fibre optic submarine cables, it could greatly expand the use of ICTs for VET particularly in extending access to rural and remote areas such as in the Papuan provinces (Harding, 2011). Balikpapan with its growing manufacturing sector and proximity to the mining industries is modelling itself on becoming a “vocational city”. The lack of a feasibility study underpinning its most ambitious project, building a “super” integrated SMK school on its northern outskirts, is of concern, however. This is true of Indonesia, particularly in vocational schooling where the gender gap has been widening over the past 10 years.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	32a2fda1f57d0cf182297651c05e1ff6	Section two examines market-based reforms to encourage energy and water conservation as well as how pollution pricing can be used more effectively. The complementary role of stronger standards and better enforcement are discussed in section three while section four concludes. Progress was especially notable during the 11th FYP period (2006-10).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-7-en	32a3c63afa0f76d22146f103b0e2b025	External assessments may be applied to a full student cohort or only in some schools and classrooms (for example, on-demand assessments that schools can use to measure their own progress and benchmark themselves against national averages). For example, there are also hybrid forms of assessment that are developed externally but implemented and marked internally by the students’ own teachers. How to best design assessment frameworks drawing on a mix of internal and external approaches in order to achieve stated summative and formative purposes will be another guiding question throughout this chapter. These terms are briefly defined below, as they will be used frequently throughout the chapter.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	32a486ee1a30999d805a2171a21bf5a3	Some of the 2030 Water Agenda’s initiatives aim to establish a mandatory ecological land management programme in all Mexican municipalities (Initiative 15), strengthen capacities of municipalities as regards civil defence (Initiative 19) and increase fines to civil servants who allow the non-compliance of land-use plans in urban development (Initiative 22). However, beyond the contemplated creation of a ministry of territorial development, the Agenda does not explicitly address the need to align objectives across multiple authorities with regard to zoning and construction policies. There are multiple areas where conflicting goals and targets work against water policy objectives.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	32a509e3cf8de700d6d001081ae26020	In part, this rise is likely to reflect the growing incidence of diabetes as well as improved access to dialysis care. Nevertheless, the increasing number of patients on dialysis also indicates the potential for reducing the burden of disease through effective preventive actions aimed at reducing disease incidence as well as better management of disease to minimise the risk of serious complications such as ESRF. There is a much greater reliance on dialysis in countries such as Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea, where over 75% of patients are treated this way.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/64d6e2ff-en	32a606da791de0477d16baa0fe53b1a9	There is, however, concern that the benefits of technology may not be available to all. However, innovation is not limited to new breakthroughs: most innovation involves incremental improvements and adaptations of existing technologies, processes and organizational structures. China and India, in particular, have become global leaders in some sustainable technologies, such as solar and wind technology, and electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, in part because they were able to improve existing technologies and production processes. Some LDCs have also begun to develop domestic technological capacities and successfully build new industries, such as the solar photovoltaic industry in Bangladesh. This technology makes transactions possible without an intermediary and thus has the potential to reduce service costs and increase financial inclusion. However, it is important to note that blockchain services are still in early stages and a number of issues, including data and privacy protection, regulatory oversight, and the overall contribution to sustainable development need further discussion, especially at the international level due to their cross-border nature.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	32a6dba42e87c84480ecbd931486ad29	Thus, productivity tends to be higher in urban areas, and agglomeration reinforces the comparative advantage of cities. In addition to such advantages, urban residents have, on average, better access to education and health care - as well as to other basic services such as safe drinking water, basic sanitation, transportation and communication -than rural populations. For instance, in developing countries, 73 per cent of urban dwellers, and only 33 per cent of the rural population, had access to basic sanitation facilities in 2004 (WHO and UNICEF, 2006). Salaries and returns to assets are often higher in urban areas because of higher productivity, as well as better infrastructure and services. According to the World Bank, 75 per cent of those living in extreme income poverty resided in rural areas in 2002, despite the fact that only about 52 per cent of the world population were living in such areas (Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula, 2007).	1	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-9-en	32a8199fb3a4aa00948246c19b015d0f	This improved achievement had positive flow-on effects to students’ enrolment and attendance rates (Graham and Berman, 2013). Children are assessed when they start school, and these results are shared with parents. Parents are asked to undertake learning activities with their child every day. After six months, the child’s assessment results are again shared with parents.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	32a92f9dc02e7a01f2e4e4cd8ec0e0b3	However, experiences from existing interventions bear out the need for this form of support to be “patient”. Singapore took two years before it was in a position to announce the first loans under its IP finance scheme. Most significantly, the figures on loans made in Shanghai (where there is the benefit of longtitudinal data stretching back to 2007) indicate that it took four years following the formalisation of local initiatives in 2009 before a large impact on lending behaviour became apparent. Therefore, whilst any successful scheme should be in a position to demonstrate some shorter-term benefits in terms of additional capital availability for SMEs, levels of confidence in the assets (or sub-categories of assets) will take longer to build.	8	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/00287855-en	32adbadea4fecbb95184fd3081ffd47f	Future OECD work will connect the FSE data to an empirical model to better understand and quantify these impacts, but some observations on the likely effects are already possible from the evidence in the literature and economic analysis. Less than USD 500 million of this type of support is reported in the FSE database in 2015. This does not include non-budgetary forms of support such as market price support nor does it include fuel tax concessions. For example, management that limits total catch will prevent overfishing but will not reduce the incentive for excess capacity to build up in a fishery. The benefits of this support disperses into factor values and benefits only factor owners at the time the support is initially put in place.	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	32ae0d24ae4ae66eb99023b2b80591cb	Estimates offered by IMTA (2009) indicate that water sector expenditures approached MXN 40 billion per year in 2004-2006 (about 0.5% of GDP), MXN 48 billion in 2007 and MXN 60 billion in 2008 (IMTA, 2009). According to Figure 3.3, expenditures exceeded MXN 80 billion in 2009. The increases in the last decade followed a long period of relative neglect, as water investments decreased by a third between 1980 and 2002 (Medel, 2010).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	32b0c9a485c2aa903982672221ada3d8	New forms of management, for example case and disease management programmes, are being developed in some county councils. But the extent to which the reforms will deliver on the goals of user-centered, well-co-ordinated care for older people and people with complex care needs is unclear. This could potentially have negative consequences.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	32b151f8867d9ca88a13487a1070a0fb	For example, IMOFI in Morelos runs a business credit programme which covers the full range of loan size as Capital Semilla (i.e. from MXN 70 000 to MXN 1 million) but offers an interest rate of 7.5% on on-time repayments. Credito PYME by SOFEQ in Queretaro lowers this rate even to 6% for loans of MXN 700 000 averagely. In addition to the budget constraints of the programme, this could explain the relatively low number of incubated firms that apply for the seed capital programme (12% in 2010) and points towards an alignment of interest rates so that similar public programmes offer similar conditions, avoiding to compete against each other.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	32b459cd9495a4af9061e01684b6e974	In some cases the savings in water achieved by more efficient irrigation have been used by farmers to irrigate larger areas of land. Investment in detecting and repairing leaks is important, and improvements to the construction and maintenance of water supply systems have reduced leakage losses throughout the sub-region. In the past 10 to 15 years, 30-50% reductions in leakage have been achieved in the Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands and Spain.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	32b6f5f77f4e502087c070df109239d3	Employment legislation in universities falls within the remit of the federal government even for state universities which are still funded at the federal level. The consequence is that often academics are only offered an acknowledgement as co-workers for a project. An alternative model considered in the incubator in the state university of Morelos is for a university to pay the teachers to incubate innovation-based projects to provide incentives for academics to get involved in translate ideas from the universities into profitable businesses as part of developing an entrepreneurial culture.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	32b941bf00d93652507941a031e40452	The system nevertheless operates to a considerable extent on a degree of trust. There are nearly a quarter of a million recorded landings of fish each year. Of these the Fisheries Directorate of the Ministry makes a direct inspection of about one in a hundred (of which, in 2008, just over llA per cent resulted in either a written warning or police action). The coastguard makes about 2 000 at-sea inspections per year; this frequency has increased recently, though the overall duration of inspection activity has remained the same, so the time devoted to each inspection has fallen. The sales organisations7 main role in enforcement is to ensure that accurate records are kept of declared catches and landings, but in addition they undertake some specific inspections, of about one in two hundred landings in 2008.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	32bed1c25864bccf3f589b598de7ceb9	The same holds, a fortiori, for water bodies in nature protection areas that need to achieve “high status”. Good and high status rivers typically record less than 1.8 and 0.9 mg N/l, respectively. Statutory Instrument 272/2009 (Surface Water Regulations). Ireland’s aquifers are predominantly bedrock aquifers. They have fissure permeability only, where water flow is through fissures or fractures and not through pore spaces in the rock itself, and hence lack the pollution filtering function typical of the sand aquifers that prevail in most OECD countries. Ireland is under the threat of being referred back to the ECJ.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e8d67045-en	32c20ca69894d48e2d32cd58ce13f13c	In its report From Decline to Recovery - A Rescue Package for the Global Ocean, the Commission identified the role of government subsidies in the fisheries sector as a key issue requiring urgent action by the international community (Global Ocean Commission, 2014) According to calculations by the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, such subsidies amount to some US$30 billion worldwide, of which 60 per cent (US$18 billion) are estimated to contribute to fishing overcapacity and overfishing (Sumaila et al., The third of these covered fisheries subsidies and called for a three-step approach: first, full transparency and disclosure of all fisheries subsidies; second, classification of fisheries subsidies in order to identify and distinguish those that are harmful -i.e. The point is that the tuna, the swordfish and the rest of the fish do not know that we humans have drawn a line at 200 miles from shore beyond which regulation, governance and control over living marine resources is either weak or non-existent.'	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	32c298117185c950a95556559994251e	The DoE has assessed that the INEP will have created an estimated 6 000 jobs in financial year 2008/09 (compared to 3 100 jobs created in 2001/02) (Department of Energy, 2009i). The cumulated number of jobs that have been created so far by the electrification programme has reached 32 995 (Department of Energy, 2009j). By declaring that all citizens have an equal right to basic services such as clean water, electricity, access to schools and clinics, the challenge there becomes an issue of delivery, not just allocation of funds.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	32c714e7a44851ae4583101f767b3dda	Providing greater opportunities for informal collaborative learning within schools and through peer networks will be important to support continuous professional development. The current lack of a standard process to address an unsatisfactory regular appraisal result means that weaknesses in teaching may not be addressed. Romania should set out a fair, step-by-step response to underperformance, which could include the development of an improvement plan, additional appraisals and ultimately dismissal if performance does not improve.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	32c72da2d7c08ad35bfbba974b923412	Potential values for the elasticity of substitution then ranged between 0.6 and 1.0 and for the technology share parameter from 0 to 0.4. Without any other constraints on these parameter values, however, the model generates a wide range of forecasts of medical expenditure as a share of GDP. The model is estimated using historical data from 1960 to 20004 and the 10-year forecast (2005 to 2015) from the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The robustness of the results were evaluated by developing the models from two different measures of income, real per-capita GDP and real per-capita disposable income.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	32c80b9ddc7626dccfa3f01f7614c3b7	However, in Amsterdam, the share of the property tax to total revenue is, in fact, substantially lower than the national average; the per capita property tax in 2015 was EUR 193, while the average for the Netherlands was EUR 216 per capita. Part of the explanation for this is that Amsterdam gains revenues from its ground lease system. In the financial statements from Amsterdam over 2015, the total net revenues from ground leases were EUR 236 million (Amsterdam, 2015). This is also explained by the city’s relatively low property tax rates.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/14fbf2b0-en	32ca42b01cea498b45f0255c5282f571	It should be the goal of public, private and non-governmental family-planning organizations to remove all programme-related barriers to family-planning use by the year 2005 through the redesign or expansion of information and services and other ways to increase the ability of couples and individuals to make free and informed decisions about the number, spacing and timing of births and protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases. Specifically, Governments should make it easier for couples and individuals to take responsibility for their own reproductive health by removing unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to family-planning services and methods. All political and community leaders are urged to play a strong, sustained and highly visible role in promoting and legitimizing the provision and use of family-planning and reproductive health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	32cb3c72ce3e4e437b28db6421a6d02f	By providing coverage for risks which are new and are not currently covered by financial actors, or are simply too costly for investors, risk mitigants increase the attractiveness and acceptability of sustainable energy projects. These include a range of targeted interventions generally aimed at reducing, re-assigning or re-apportioning different investment risks (e.g. credit enhancements, cornerstone stakes, and tools targeting different challenges across stages of the project lifecycle). As a subset of risk mitigants, techniques facilitate institutional investment in sustainable energy infrastructure projects by reducing the transaction costs associated with these investments while also mitigating risk in some cases (e.g. warehousing, securitisation and supporting co-investment and collaboration among institutional investors).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	32ccba84d2d547621c7736aeaa495c9f	The fact that many households report negative net worth is probably linked to the tax deductibility of interest payments and student loans are also important. But given the different starting points in terms of household market income distribution and the differences in redistribution via the tax and transfer system (Joumard et al., In around 2008, the Gini index ranged from somewhat below 0.25 in Slovenia to 0.5 in Chile (Figure 7).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	32d07e781bb067e7d25b31ef7fae1860	The rationale and purpose of the transition activities should be explicitly explained to children and parents before, during and after the transition. Parents should be aware that starting school is one of the most exciting, but also one of the most challenging, experiences for young children. They should be aware that while preparing for the start of school, children may experience stress and present some behavioural changes and difficulties - being prepared for these will help enormously. These include regular discussions with parents and children to familiarise them with the process, activities, new learning environment, and staff of primary schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	32d0d6f9e1ee15ef01d485213df58c4b	The rise and decline of specific industries over time can be determined in terms of network connectedness. It is very important to maintain these sectors, particularly those where world demand is increasing. Most of these products are resource-based or primary products, with a low degree of sophistication and marginal value-added, i.e. they undergo very little transformation and are mostly exported as raw products.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	32d1e858a25fe1015f50d114f490ce63	A beaucoup d’egards, la Norvege a en f occurrence fait ceuvre de pionniere en creant tres tot une taxe sur le C02 et des quotas individuels de peche. Quoi qu’il en soit, certaines mesures empechent ces instruments de jouer tout leur role. En effet, des secteurs importants sont exoneres du paiement de la taxe sur le CO2 et, pour f instant, exclus du systeme d’echange de quotas d’emission, et l’echangeabilite des quotas de peche est soumise a des restrictions.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	32d291a7f7fecadbd15bb5014ebe0237	Recent OECD-DAC data show that 21% of climate-related ODA flows address both mitigation and adaptation, reflecting the multiple objectives of donors’ interventions (OECD, 2013c). A more concrete understanding of the specific results from such projects could also serve to better highlight the synergies or trade-offs that exist between mitigation and adaptation. Table 2 presents a number of example indicators in use across governments (in developed and developing countries) and institutions for monitoring the performance of mitigation activities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	32d501ad2a8a4925de54599af2a0d3fc	The Fund is based on contributions of its founders (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) and participants. Other States can also become founders, and international organizations, legal entities and individuals can become participants. Since 1998, the size of contributions is calculated from the budget revenues of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in the amount of 0.3 per cent, and from the budget revenues of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the amount of 0.1 per cent.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	32d5dcf9576d090196749bdb9f064e41	The road system is also inadequate to the country’s needs. Although this network is one of the largest in the world, the share of paved roads is small. In 2010, it was estimated to be only 14%, compared to 23% in Chile and over 50% in China, India and Indonesia (WDI, 2013). Ports represent another constraint, with many suffering underinvestment, inefficient management of public operators and rigid rules for hiring temporary port labour.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/80c371eb-en	32d6dde32057aa9d48133e2fbc09a409	To protect spawning aggregations of fish, the area is protected from possible increase of fishing pressure; fishing effort on demersal stocks by vessels using towed nets, bottom and mid-water longlines,andbottom-setnetsmustbekeptatits20081evel. When the recommendation entered into force, relevant CPCs were asked to submit to the GFCM Secretariat the lists of authorized vessels fishing in the area at that time and were required to prohibit new vessels from fishing in the FRA so as not to increase the overall fishing effort. No studies of deep-sea ecosystems in the area were available at the time, but the presence of rare deep-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata was considered possible, given their recorded presence in similar areas in the western part of the Gulf of Lion (GFCM, 2008).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	32d6e27a8963b711b5d819e592e3dec6	Outside the general competition law, government plays virtually no role in the rural insurance market. One exception is the insurance provided by the Earthquake Commission, which is a public agency offering insurance against damage caused by geological disasters, but this concerns only personal property (homes and contents). Government does not have any form of partnerships with insurance providers. There are no known arrangements between the insurance companies to share information related to agricultural insurance except, according to FMG, the information related to life insurance. Biosecurity New Zealand (BNZ) is the largest department in MAF, accounting for about 80% of MAF’s total budget of NZD 360 million.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	32da0d3f699b1ed7086769272735928b	The Tutubi bike sharing scheme was the first in the Philippines to be launched in Pasig City (Clean Air Asia, 2013). It was a demonstration project supported by the Asian Development Bank intended to demonstrate the feasibility of green transport. Due to the success of the project, plans are underway to expand the system to other cities and set up 250 stations with approximately 22 500 bicycles. Subsequent phases of the project are planned to target Metro Manila.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	32dadfa38d1159cdeb9e51d91ef2bd2d	Second, a minimum wage system might foster labour market rigidity and thus reduce labour demand, which accordingly might increase income inequality. In 1999, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security issued a Notice on Building a Wage Guideline System on the Labour Market, which is important for labour market development and the reform of enterprise wage systems. The Wage Guideline System is helpful for formulating justified wage levels on the labour market, providing external reference standards for employers and employees to determine wage levels, increasing information for employers and employees, and improving the success rate for workers’ job applications and promoting overall efficiency in labour market operations.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	32df0c44e633ef08cdcd2c9102c9d2d6	"With finance” is the Gini coefficient in the raw data. “ Without finance"" is the Gini coefficient when all financial sector employees are removed from the sample. “ Without financial sector wage premia"" is the Gini coefficient when the earnings of all financial sector employees are corrected for the wage premium."	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	32e4448aa85feac47ba0715d3ddec5d0	Furthermore, because of their success in disbursing funds, there is a risk that revolving funds might crowd out commercial sources from serving water and wastewater providers, especially since the volume of funds made available through this mechanism has recently been increased by the US stimulus package (Chapter 4). Bond banks also have the capacity to prioritise development projects according to their financial profitability. Developing the more profitable projects first can secure the initial capital and generate new sources of revenues, which can be used to mobilise new financing for developing a second generation of projects. This process can be repeated several times, so as to increase the number of projects financed in such a way.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2015-23-en	32e4d18687b066795f21b2ca60f919ae	"Finally, Indonesia has made an effort to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forest sector, with many arrests and prosecutions already made. In the past, development meant that the forests were cut down or burned. Now development means that people take care of the forest. In this way we can fight poverty, and at the same time protect the rainforest” (Mangkusobroto, 2012). Norway has also been saluted for its ""hands-off’ approach to its forest partnerships (Lash and Dyer, 2014), with limited intervention in countries’ processes as long as basic social, environmental and fiduciary standards are met. Experience shows that this approach works well and helps to develop a true partnership among equals."	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	32e7cf9dbff60fa958a7fcdac6f30b8e	The “double subsidy” issue arises in this context also, as the federally supported price of ethanol in the United States generates higher market prices for com, thus attracting greater production. Inadequate prices for water and other inputs can increase the public costs of maintaining the ethanol program. A corollary objective is to describe the range of irrigation water prices and other farm-level costs of obtaining irrigation water in the United States. Prices and costs vary substantially throughout the country, ranging from very low in some areas at some times of the year, to quite high in other locations, particularly during periods of peak demand. Prices and costs are increasing over time in most areas, with notable implications for water use efficiency, water allocation, economic efficiency, and farm-level costs and returns. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	32ea764fedc752815d463f6ba8c4d149	Water shortages and reallocation w'ill affect production and exports, magnifying local impacts across the global stage (MacDonald, 2010). Field crops, livestock and dairy products, the most affected activities—due in part to a reallocation of water to high value specialty crops—represent a significant share of exports. In 2014, California’s exports of daily products, beef and related products, rice, cotton and hay' amounted to USD 4.2 billion or 19.5% of the state’s total agriculture export value (CDFA, 2015).	6	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	32ebc23ef0001811308df902bfadf4a6	The European Environment Agency reports that most EECCA countries have problems with the quality of their drinking water supplies. The percentage of samples of drinking water not complying with microbiological standards is between five and 30%, this excess being higher in non-centralised drinking water sources, primarily in rural areas. This situation leads to significant negative health impacts, as illustrated by two charts below, based on WHO data (WHO, 2010).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/08756197-en	32ef40b951253e46e64aad06bd584ddb	Once it reaches the urban area, the water is treated once again, and then distributed to the population. The chlorine value at different points of the drinking water network is analysed every day. Bacteriological and chemical analyses are performed every day on drinking water samples taken from three different places in the network.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	32f3056de83ab64a862aab0f412072e5	As reported in OECD (2015b) plans could shift from a “programme” approach, which always requires someone else to implement, to a “target” approach. An example would be to define water quality targets, limits in water consumption and pollution loads, and standards for water use efficiency to be reflected into water permit systems. Targets not met could then be subject to sanctions.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	32f37a89924c7265ef245669c25614fc	Across the countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, only in Belgium and the United Kingdom the PISA index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status (ESCS), which is based on occupational prestige, education levels and home possessions, is higher among rural than among urban families. Only in six countries, namely Costa Rica, France, Germany, Israel, Switzerland and the United States, there is no socio-economic gap among rural and urban families (Figure 4). In all other countries, particularly in Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Tunisia and Turkey, socio-economically disadvantaged students are more frequently found in rural than in urban schools.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	32f3b68df5bdeb3fb5ed264028fd130a	Examinations are a common feature of career-based teacher employment systems like France, Japan, Korea or Spain (OECD, 2013). Examinations play a vital role in countries where there are concerns about the quality of initial teacher education or an oversupply of teachers - both of which are the case in Costa Rica. While examinations cannot fully discriminate all the requirements for effective teaching, they can be a valuable tool for ensuring that all teacher candidates have a minimum level of know ledge and skills. Established Teaching Standards would help to define the parameters of the exam. A minimum level should be established that all candidates should reach, independently of the availability of teaching posts.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	32f44f50fcc3f9dfccaa4a22c0e4013f	According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which launched its Green Economy Initiative in 2008, a green economy is one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities; it is low-carbon, resource-efficient and socially inclusive (UNEP, 2011). This general definition integrates economic, social and environmental concerns in ways akin to sustainable development. Yet in practice, as the World Survey shows, there are many versions of green economy thinking. It is argued that the emerging green technology economy will be worth $4.2 trillion annually by 2020.’3 Other strands emphasize market-based approaches to environmental protection through financial valuation of natural capital, payments for ecosystem services and schemes for trading carbon and biodiversity credits and offsets.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/5950d914-en	32f6952bc980a503a334f0168b2192e4	In particular, Africa (excluding North Africa) had 95 full-time researchers per 1 million inhabitants in 2013, while other groups had more researchers in place. Developed countries had 3,641 researchers per 1 million inhabitants, developing countries 536 researchers and the world in general 1,083 researchers. During the period 2008-2010, multilateral organizations consisting of the World Bank, AfDB and the European Union provided more than half the official development financing (ODA plus non-concessional funds). Among the bilateral donors, the highest contributions came from Japan, France and Germany and the Arab States.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204638-6-en	32f7dba65a1992363a2ef4a47b6628c2	The process of co-ordinating horizontally across Colciencias and the sector ministries to tackle issues such as climate change and other problems increasingly being discussed as grand challenges appears to be at a fairly early stage. There is no appropriate arena at present and no referee (Salazar, 2010).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	32fd914083652c6e79d75a99d035e452	Section 4 analyses how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction, such as by building productive capacities, connecting the poor to markets, and mitigating the costs of adjustments. Section 5 underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration. Section 6 concludes by summarising the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	32fd9f26e77bca5806c52530b0f654de	Second, while when supply is constrained it may be efficient to ration services on the basis of willingness to pay through voluntary purchase of private insurance, this generates equity concerns (OECD, 2004). Indeed, insurance is not always affordable, and high-income groups are more likely to purchase it. Moreover, the advantages offered by PHI in terms of access to care create inherent disadvantages for those populations without it.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	32fdc33b0b0f791e082f904cd80e37e0	Several studies show a much broader range of benefits, in financial, reliability, system and network, market price and marketing terms, which could accrue to energy providers, but work is needed to refine approaches to measuring these. Energy is one of the highest operating costs in most offices, for example, so the net present value of future energy savings can be added to the resale value. Studies demonstrate that the market is increasingly reflecting this reasoning. From a business point of view, energy efficiency can provide a valuable stimulus to growth, especially in income properties where any reduction in operating costs directly translates into an increase in net operating income (NOI).	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	32fe05a66b3a6dd6733c4e7e7fff6f3e	In MENA countries, the economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion was estimated at 1-2.1% of GDP (excluding in situ values) (Ruta, 2005) (Figure C.15). In China, the cost of groundwater depletion (excluding the existence value) was estimated at CNY 92 (USD 12) billion, based on the scarcity value of water (World Bank, 2007). This is a major concern in nine of the 11 European countries where coastal groundwater overexploitation was reported (Figure C.16).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	3304000bcbe473a0c98686d217438277	Country ownership is a principle of the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation building on the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action. While the past 15 years have tended to separate development finance to achieve the MDGs from climate finance to achieve the goals of the UNFCCC, Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement place climate action into the context of sustainable development. In addition, the emphasis in all the 2015 outcomes on country ownership provides an opportunity to increase coherence at national level, especially if partner countries are supported to strengthen human and institutional capacity.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	3304f81b94a99a34c8d95e748545edbf	The existing shape of the Latvian workforce, which is set out in Chapter 1, presents a number of challenges, including the geographic distribution of health professionals, the ageing workforce, the challenge of low' salaries and out-migration of health professionals, and of the need for the workforce to adapt to meet changing population health needs. Such a plan should consider training needs, based on expected retirement rates. Geographical shortages of health professionals should be considered, and Latvia could consider targeting recruitment for training towards populations in rural and under-served areas who may be more likely to wish to return to practice in the area (see Section 2.2). Financial incentives for physicians, nurses, pharmacists and other health professionals to serve in rural areas could be again considered, although so far higher salaries in rural areas does not appear to have encouraged specialists to re-locate. Other incentives, such as access to a broader range of services such as accommodation and child care, may prove more attractive.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	3305031c036e6cd0516e99fe8bd05309	As for education, its beneficial effects on farmers’ ability to acquire new skills that contribute to improving their productivity are well known. The case studies on Indonesia and Zambia highlight the importance of literacy, numeracy and technical skills in farmers’ capacity to seek agricultural credit and to implement SPS and quality standards. The efficiency of extension services is likely to increase with education, which is also likely to improve farmers’ market participation perspectives.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	33053eb23bbb09678bfa4021e9045108	Housing and transportation programmes are also in place so that rural students have access to schooling despite living in remote areas. There is also a monetary incentive to attract teachers and school leaders to remote areas. Furthermore, the creation and operation of rural micro-centres represents an opportunity to share best practices and challenges rural teachers face.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	33067d09174e3c679ee215019cc5e088	An authoritative report from the United Nations (IAEA, 2005) indicates that: “It is impossible to assess reliably, with any precision, numbers of fatal cancers caused by radiation exposure due to Chernobyl accident. Further, radiation-induced cancers are at present indistinguishable from those due to other causes.” However the IAEA International Expert Group “predicts that among the 600 000 persons receiving more significant exposures (liquidators working in 1986-1987, evacuees and residents in the most “contaminated” areas), the possible increase in cancer mortality due to this radiation exposure could be up to a few per cent.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	3306b55997669bb98f2447272380b5b7	The commitment of organizations in a variety of fields, such as development, trade, disaster prevention and security, are needed for an all hazard responses. To ensure such a commitment from a diverse range of organizations, this commitment must be endorsed not only at the level of the health minister but also from the top national level. International organizations active in the field, such as UNDP and UNICEF, need to acknowledge that enhanced IHR core capacities contribute to the overall strengthening of the health systems in developing countries, and play a role in monitoring whether the IHR requirements of core capacities are met in each country.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	330ef064a049ee8642f36f79434945d7	Este informe se centra en las normas del sistema de pensiones y en su interaction con otras condiciones sociales y del mercado laboral a lo largo de la vida de las mujeres, con vistas a reproducir o mitigar las desigualdades de genero en la vejez. Posteriormente se revisan la estructura, losobjetivosy los instrumen-tos de los sistemas de pensiones, incluido el seguro social contributivo y la cuenta individual de contribution definida, ademas de los sistemas mixtos.y se identifican las principales fuentes de desigualdad de genero en los derechos de pension en un contexto de segregacion de los mercados laborales segun el genero. Tambien se analizan brevemente las trayec-torias que han seguido las reformas mas importantes de los sistemas de pensiones tras la crisis mundial y su efecto probable en las prestaciones de las mujeres.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	3318104ae9dd4ace2d120e45d0140ce4	Students who have not made the transition from learning-to-read to reading-to-learn are unable to handle the demands for understanding increasingly complex subject-matter content (Morris, Bloodgood and Perney, 2003). Longitudinal studies that have followed students through to the school-leaving age have identified a number of demographic and school-related factors related to completion (Barrington and Hendricks, 1989; Crane, 1991; Ensminger and Slusarcick, 1992; Fagan and ftibon, 1990; Gilbert et al., Literacy skills, grade repetition, attendance, engagement and positive behaviours are among the most important determinants, and nearly all studies emphasise the role of family socio-economic status and parental engagement. Recent advances in neurobiology, molecular biology and genomics have provided compelling evidence that children's early experiences interact with their genetic disposition in ways that affect brain development as well as other neurological and biological systems associated with healthy child development (Boyce, Sokolowski and Robinson, 2012).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	331826385b4fdf9a9c4ef24323cf607e	Second, it uses cross-country comparable data from the longitudinal EU-SILC 2008-2013 for a diverse sample of 20 EU countries. Third, it focuses on the effects of employment, income and demographic transitions on poverty entry and exit in a multivariate regression framework and analyses their relative importance in different countries. We expect that employment income events dominate in all countries, but more so in Eastern and Southern European countries with less comprehensive social protection systems.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	331c12b8d2a3fe88f4f30dfd6e6626e6	Estonia introduced a 15% co-payment for inpatient nursing care (van Ginneken 2013). Spain introduced income-dependent co-payments for medicines including for most pensioners with limits depending on their pension level (Casino, 2012). Australia introduced caps on the public contribution for specific out-of-hospital services including private obstetrics and assisted reproductive technology services in 2010, which has resulted in higher co-payments for these services (van Gool et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	331c3ed3b6fa0abc59b5cb2c5e0384f9	Slovakia water basin management plans are part of international plans co-ordinated by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River: the Danube international basin district and the international sub-basin of the Tisza (Chapter 4). This included EUR 120 million from the Cohesion Fund and EUR 21 million from the state budget. Which revised the 1991 Waste Act.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	331da928167777032ea967354a74059d	Nuclear power plants sited in the vicinity of a large source of water, either a sea, lake or river, are generally cooled by running a large amount of water into the condenser and discharging it back to the original source a few degrees warmer, with little or no evaporation. This is known as once-through cooling. The water withdrawal requirements for a nuclear power plant of 1 GW employing this cooling method are about 50 m3/s, which corresponds to 1.3 billion tonnes of water per year. If the water availability is limited, heat removal is generally accomplished via evaporation in cooling towers with a re-circulating system: water passes through the condenser, is pumped to the top of the tower and is sprayed downwards to a collection basin, while being cooled by an up-drought of air. In a wet recirculating system, about 4-5% of the water evaporates and must be replaced.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	33203baca440dcf32035a35128ea52bd	The fertiliser registration process takes about one month in both economies and costs only 0.5% (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 5.3% (Serbia) of income per capita. In both economies there are hardly any regulatoiy obstacles for agri-businesses in producing, marketing and exporting fertiliser. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, only one day is required to obtain per-shipment export documents, which is among the most efficient in the world. They should re-double their efforts to enforce them.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	332daa879d55583ba849dad7d6bf0bdb	Since then, follow-up reports on the Millennium Development Goals have indicated that the subregion with the highest adolescent fertility rates in the world is sub-Saharan Africa, where it is about 120 births per 1,000 women in this age group. Latin America has the second highest rate, which is still over 80 per 1,000, followed by the Caribbean, where the rate stands at 70 per 1,000. The average rate in the developed countries is currently 24 per 1,000; in developing countries it is 54 per 1,000 (see figure II.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264077287-en	332eae5dd4f300d01453dec7d36e584a	The gasoline price gap between Luxembourg and neighbouring countries should be reduced to encourage fuel savings and to reduce the emissions caused by fuel exports (transit, cross-border workers, “gas pump tourists”). These exports in fact account for 75% of fuel sales in Luxembourg. Some tax provisions, such as the commuter head tax, are potentially damaging to the environment. A comprehensive “green tax reform” as recommended in the previous review, has not been undertaken.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd217899-en	332ff571a94c174981a3a5481defad0b	Deforestation is responsible for up to one fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. Markets for carbon sequestration have facilitated payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) on a voluntary basis, and are growing. The expansion of markets for carbon sequestering ecosystem services could have very significant local impacts.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-1-en	33306c21c4f394434a12af6ca0cf3eeb	It is a key source of food, energy, minerals, health, leisure and transport upon which hundreds of millions of people depend. However, the maritime industry landscape is poised to undergo a profound transition. Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, fishing and - since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging that are reshaping and diversifying maritime industries. While traditional maritime industries continue to innovate at a brisk rate, it is the emerging ocean industries that are attracting most of the attention. These industries include offshore wind, tidal and wave energy; oil and gas exploration and production in ultra-deep water and exceptionally harsh environments; offshore aquaculture; seabed mining; cruise tourism; maritime surveillance and marine biotechnology. The long-term potential for innovation, employment creation and economic growth offered by these sectors is impressive.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	3334a5a02b421e8158184c274252c673	Problems of access faced by women in the credit market are likely to be exacerbated by the tightening of banks’ credit conditions. Public interventions to strengthen banks’ balance sheets and extend credit guarantees have generally lead to improvements in the financing prospects of small and medium-sized enterprises, where female ownership is more widespread. However, data monitoring the financing of enterprises in Europe show that, at the end of 2010, access to finance was the most pressing problem for more than 16% of female-owned enterprises, and rejection rates were significantly higher for women (4.3%) than for men (2.3%).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-5-en	3336e376b7ba8101f02e89c7b5c1820a	More recently, a new paradigm has emerged to make “room for the river”, combining innovative architecture, urbanisation and landscape solutions to build with nature and live with water. This new adaptive perspective (building with nature, living with water), also called “the Delta Works of the future”, partly motivated the adoption of the Delta Act in 2012. The act established the Delta Programme, the Delta Commissioner and the Delta Fund to advance an adaptive governance approach to respond to the country’s current and future challenges on water safety and freshwater supply.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c96bb166-en	3337cf501913ca6ace7550821e257907	How do we reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence? Most of these countries are also confronting the increasingly important issue of ageing populations and devising policies to meet the needs of older people while keeping them engaged in their communities. “ Each society, each community, must prepare and put in place structures that can accommodate older people and treat with dignity those who have earned their age,” Osotimehin says.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	3339a091416f9df8153abc9a426ff7d7	By contrast, several countries with rich natural-resource endowments, both the more and less advanced ones, have seen an improvement in their terms of trade over the past decade. Under certain circumstances, this improve-ment has facilitated the adoption of policies designed to reduce income inequality. It starts with a brief account of the trade-inequality debate of the early 1990s, which emphasized the rise in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	333aee8a93f353ce4741be4e7f6320ad	"During the 1997 special session on the review of five years of implementation of the agenda, the United Nations General Assembly identified transport as the largest end user of energy in developed countries and the fastest growing one in most developing countries. The General Assembly also noted, ""Over the next twenty years, transportation is expected to be the major driving force behind a growing world demand for energy."" Subsequent global agendas have increasingly reinforced the significance of transport to global and local development."	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	333f4c7e150e89dac9cf4634736b5f0f	However, the gender gap is narrower for attempted suicide, as women tend to use less irreversible methods than men, and are thus more likely to survive (OECD, 2011a; OECD, 2012c). In Europe, a measure of Healthy Life Years (HLY) has been endorsed as an important indicator to monitor whether years of longer life are lived free of disability. Thus, while women live longer than men, a higher share of their lifespan is limited due to disease and injury (25% of years lived as opposed to 19% for men).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	33444de0c077e75db1d8e6c4f5ee892d	See, e.g., lACtHR Advisory Opinion No. Guatemala, Judgement of 19 November 1999, Series C No. This is often the case. For example, it is not rare to find decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that are contrary to the express intentions of the drafters (see, Mahoney 1990, p. 62 and Prebensen 2000 pp.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/0488519d-en	33457718f6a75f0852b5c2b3d9455d0d	This project has now reached the stage where a single balloon can stay aloft for more than six months and when linked with an upstream telecommunications network can provide cellular service for an area of around 3,000 square kilometres. These principal steps and key enablers all depend on critical ICT infrastructure which need to be protected to underpin their functioning. This involves assessing risks in qualitative and quantitative terms, where possible modelling them with available data, while considering issues of financing and insurance.	13	3	2	0.2
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	3346bf595c92a32932d8036aa05ae629	In Saudi Arabia, the late King Abdullah declared in a speech held in 2011 that women will be allowed to vote and stand for municipal elections in 2015. Saudi Arabia’s Royal Decree 44 (A) of 2013 regarding the amendment of Article 3 of the Statute of the Shura Council also helps to guarantee a certain amount of female representation. Women’s right to vote and to run for elections was also established (or re-established) in Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates between 2002 and 2006.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	33471ef12b55f6aa0b7a112148a1e60a	In the course of the 2015/16 tax reform, it is planned to double the tax allowance per child to EUR 440. It amounts to 0.65% of GDP, that is, approximately a fourth of total spending on family benefits. Since 2009, employers can grant a childcare subsidy to the employee of up to EUR 500 per year for children under ten years of age conditional on the use of an formal childcare facility or a licensed child minder. The subsidy can be paid either directly to the facility or to the care giver either in cash or as a voucher to be cashed in at a facility of her choice.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	334771c7dfbff14485e4248de017d646	Patient Opinion, an online portal, enables people to post their experiences of NHS services anonymously. People who wish to give feedback on a service can leave a comment and can expect a reply from a member of NHS staff, often from the institution concerned. In a recent example, a patient wrote on the online forum about a negative experience with a rheumatology service.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	3347d10c6c5d9fe712fd1bfc1d961ae3	At the same time, the review shows that parents and others charged with the upbringing of adolescents in the region share similar goals and aspirations for those in their care. Their parenting toolkits reflect both local and more global modern ideas and practices. A recent meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of parenting programmes developed in the United States and Australia for children aged 3-10 years in Western and non-Western countries.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	334830e0b01b1c01cf67c59a6aff0ce2	Such a response includes the development and implementation of gender-sensitive programmes and policies. Central gender institutions are expected to exercise a leadership role and serve as advocates and catalysts for action with other government agencies to support a consistent national response throughout government to the needs and priorities of women and men and mainstream gender concerns into legislation and public policy. Central gender institutions can also be located within the office of the head of government or state, as in the United States.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/93b889ee-en	334ee9f7b44375cb3b9e01aa675a2a36	Consequently, this has resulted in an upsurge in the numbers of road accidents in several countries within the region, particularly within metropolitan cities. Worldwide, road traffic takes the lives of nearly 1.3 million people every year, and injures 20-50 million more.127 According to the World Health Organization, road traffic fatalities are predicted to rise to become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030, resulting in an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per year. Roads that are not capable of handling levels of traffic volume, are inadequate for the terrain, are poorly maintained and have poor visibility, can all contribute to road fatalities and injuries.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	3351de1d21641b5ef2c88399abb941bc	She built a methodology identifying people's needs using travel survey data, including data on mobility patterns and people's satisfaction with their trips in terms of travel time (Box 4). A lower value indicates that people's need for a certain activity (e.g. access to employment, school or hospital) is not met due to long travel times related to poor transport provision. By eliciting users' unmet needs, the indicator also served to identify the transport user groups (that are particularly vulnerable due to limited accessibility to activities. With 62% of retirees assessing their satisfaction negatively, analysis showed that retirees' need to reach health facilities by public transport is largely unmet; while 53% of housewives feel their need to do daily shopping is unsatisfied.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	335397edf93042c31195e4296732ff18	Lower-income men and women cease being single and form conjugal unions early, while their peers in high-income households postpone the age of first conjugal union (see figures IV.5 and IV.6). One involves staying in the education system for most of adolescence and youth (although this may be combined with entering and leaving the workforce). This makes it possible to maximize the accumulation of opportunities for entering the labour market and taking on other adult roles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	335463c9642a9eb58dd63541b9e754a5	International conventions guide signatories to emphasise women’s equality' and promote a vision of inclusive governance for women in both rural and urban areas. Many countries aim to advance gender equality through national reform agendas that adopt new laws and institutional arrangements aimed to increase women’s access to justice and protection of their physical integrity. Civil society organisations in the region are active in promoting awareness of women’s rights and advocating for greater gender equality. These efforts need further strengthening to be sustainable, to have a genuine impact on eliminating discriminatory provisions embedded in many laws across the region, and to build institutions capable of protecting women’s rights and granting equal access to justice. This chapter assesses the legal, policy and institutional frameworks guiding some of the key areas of family relations and private life in the MENA region, which ultimately impact women’s ability to fully participate in economic and public life.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	335708e975a1b692b45b2c0a32555122	Roads are built only up to the geographic limits of the city or city administration. Legal obstacles, for instance the Budget Code, prevent the use of budgets for investment projects across cities or even regions. Under the current rules, each territory requires an administrator, but two administrators are not permitted to manage a project, so the project must be conducted under the auspices of the central government. No flexibility is granted to tailor the governance arrangements to the local area, and local co-operation is lacking. Akims have no incentives to work together; and since they are appointed and assessed by akims at the upper level, their relationships appear to be more competitive than co-operative. It is true that vertical co-ordination is mostly guaranteed through the way vertical relations work across levels of government.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/508a648f-en	335c023003563952f63e622260060f1e	At the same time, these measures can support domestic demand and boost growth and employment creation in the economy as a whole. However, there are limits to achieving greater equality in personal income distribution in this way. A comprehensive policy approach to reversing the trend towards greater inequality will require a broader reorientation of economic policy that takes into account the dynamics linking productive investment, growth and income distribution, which are influenced by labour market and macroeconomic policies. These aspects are discussed in the next chapter.	10	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329941-4-en	336488db136154919259e22d7848604b	However recent studies have come to other results based on the fact that the number of servings in the cost sector is at least twice as many, e.g. more than one million servings per day. This gives a total of 148,000 tons food waste from the hospitality sector in Denmark. If we combine these data with the key figure from Miljostyrelsen of food waste per meal, e.g. 125 g, this gives a rough estimate of the amount of food waste.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	336693037c997ccba9374d891bf30a2c	Article 14 BIS 5 of the National Water Law establishes that those who make an efficient and clean use of water will benefit from economic incentives. Article 28 IV establishes that water right holders will have the right to transmit the rights of the titles that they possess (as well as the duty to install water meters and pay water charges), thus paving the way to water markets. The federal level has traditionally been the main actor in financing water resources management and irrigation, but this role has been evolving: first, with the transfer of irrigation districts to water user associations in the 1990s, and second with the current transition towards river basin management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	336714a2adc89cd770f6f5fe952842a1	Sufficient budgeting of resources for surveillance and enforcement is an important element of this (Agardy, Notarbartolo di Sciara and Christie, 2011). The emergence of new technical options to ensure the surveillance and enforcement of remote maritime areas (Brooke, Lim and Ardron, 2010; Game et al., Recent initiatives to use satellite data (e.g. in die Galapagos), massive data processing and advanced software to detect illegal behaviour of shipping vessels may play a big role in boosting enforcement.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	3373bf7bce04f62c88aa8594eeed08ac	In urban China too, access to residential housing has been an important equalizing factor, as the policy of providing title deeds to residents of public housing has led to a more equal wealth distribution. However, actual wealth inequality is likely to be higher because of the underestimation of other forms of wealth among the rich. Yet, in fact, it illustrates quite sharply the crucial importance of growth in agricultural incomes for poverty reduction, in a context of relatively equitable distribution of land.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	33797b30732be872f334bdbe84bed4f4	It does not have the negative connotation of the word “subsidy”, sometimes interpreted as government handouts. “ Government support” also has a broader scope and defines a variety of government policies that benefit various types of energy. This report uses the terms “subsidies” and “government support” interchangeably.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	337abea2e804fb00586d212f2f400539	Such workers send about half their monthly wages to families back home, typically supporting four or five family members. Remittances are used to pay for food, healthcare and education, significantly reducing the incidence of extreme poverty (Neak and Yem, 2006). This industry can easily be relocated to other countries, and there are limited job opportunities in other areas of the formal sector for the unskilled.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	337cb37972dd56e5d066837b353f4a0d	Many of these define her subordinate position at home and elsewhere (Population Reference Bureau, 2016). Harmful norms result in parents thinking that school is not for girls, in educators steering girls into low-paying “feminine” jobs, in health-care providers refusing to provide reproductive health information and services, in police choosing to believe a parent who claims not to be abusing a girl over the testimony of the girl herself. Failing to recognize the power of norms to shape behaviour can undercut the effectiveness of all interventions otherwise aimed at greater well-being for the 10-year-old girl.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a8d81144-en	337cd348a1ec45c6415ac1ca54189e90	"This is only speculation, however, and depends on the modalities of the future relationship between the UK and the EU. The European Commission issued a Note to Stakeholders stating, ""As of the withdrawal date, the recognition as monitoring organisations of organisations established in the United Kingdom is no longer valid. They will not be in a position to carry out the tasks set out in Regulation (EU) No 995/2010"" (European Commission, 2018a)."	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/edf15661-en	337d3139985205ec49c99d8e9af5d70d	This has a devastating impact on their ability to access basic and specialized services in the midst of a humanitarian crisis, when the cumulative nature of such obstacles has even greater impact. Syrian child brides were also significantly more likely than counterparts in the Iraqi, Jordanian and Palestinian communities to marry men 15 or more years older than them. Such stigma can make access to justice a particular problem in the region. If young women are to participate fully in the country's future, then too many have already been excluded through lack of educational opportunity.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	337e306ce76357fbcf72c0f722ece523	The highest density of PET scanners is 5.6 per million populationin Denmark, followed by the Netherlands (4.8) and Japan (3.7). Italy, Japan, Korea and the United States have above-average densities for all these devices. In addition, Greece has high densities of diagnostic equipment except for PET scanners, and Switzerland also has a relatively large volume of diagnostic equipment, although data are not available for MRI scanners. On the other hand, the central and eastern European countries (i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia) and Turkey have low densities of diagnostic equipment.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	337f8c0ca048eb4d4f1674ff097b3ae7	During this time period, the foundations of good physical and mental wellbeing are being laid (Halfon et al, 2010]. Consequently, it is important to nurture positive life-experiences from birth -and even earlier during pregnancy (Marmot, Allen, Goldblatt, et al., Due attention should be given to inequality and its negative impact on the long-term health of children. Unequal access to education influences negatively their physical and mental health, and their possibilities for higher income and good employment at an older age.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186217-10-en	33821eb0f3dd06590c73298ea16eaae0	For agriculture it includes: irrigation to smooth water supply across the production seasons; water management in rainfed agriculture; management of floods, droughts, and drainage; conservation of ecosystems; and meeting cultural and recreational needs linked to water (OECD, 2010a). For most countries agriculture is largely rainfed, but in areas susceptible to variable precipitation, irrigation is used to supplement rainfall, mainly drawing on freshwater from surface and groundwater sources (i.e. shallow wells and deep aquifers), and to a lesser extent recycled wastewater and desalinated water. Water resource management in agriculture also operates in a highly diverse set of political, cultural, legal and institutional contexts, encompassing a range of areas of public policy: agriculture, water, environment, energy, fiscal, economic, social and regional.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/922d178c-en	338237e4feb8a1d539a85103427fcfb9	While abortion rates usually decline with increasing usage of modern contraceptives (Westoff, 2005; Shah and Ahman, 2004), they may rise due to a strong desire for smaller family size during periods of rapid fertility decline. Studies have shown an association between fertility transition and unwanted pregnancy in some developing countries, indicating a rise in unwanted pregnancies during the fertility transition, and remaining relatively high until the end of the transition period (Bankole and Westoff, 1995; Bongaarts, 2002). Contrary to other countries, the substantial fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accompanied by only a moderate rise in the age at first birth, which increased from 18.5 years in the 1980s to 21 years in the 1990s (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	3382aade6de482a469b43b0ac076bdee	Intimate partner violence against women: experiences from a woman-focused development programme in matlab, Bangladesh, Journal of Health Population and Nutrition 23(1): 95-101. Combating gender-based violence and enhancing economic empowerment of women in Northern Uganda through cash transfers. Love on the Rocks: Domestic Violence and Alcohol Abuse in Rural Mexico. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: 8(1), article 43.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	33850a34a890585d28046bd9dcb98cd4	Out-of-pocket payments generate additional welfare losses for risk-averse individuals. Health care financing is no exception. Abstracting from any tax incentives, private insurance, out-of-pocket payments and medical saving accounts are likely to entail less deadweight losses than general taxation and social insurance contributions as they reflect personal choices (Glied, 2008).	3	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	3385385d0686936e8c035dd643cb1ca4	The main geographical scope of the report covers five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Information and discussion on three Nordic territories - Aland Island, Faroe Island and Greenland are also presented whenever relevant. The protocol has provisions for all Annex I parties (including the Nordic countries) to report emissions and removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from LULUCF activities. The Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the protocol regulate the national LULUCF GHG accounting.	15	2	3	0.2
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	338752a80eee34decc228c814c6ba4f9	Trade Openness and Developing Countries' Vulnerability: Concepts, Misconceptions, and Directions for Research. World Development 39(9), pp. Asking retrospective questions in household surveys: evidence from Vietnam. Vietnam in the global garment and textile value chain: impacts on firms and workers. Journal of International Development 16(1), pages 111-123. Regional Economic Integration and its impacts on growth, poverty and income distribution: the case of Vietnam.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	33875824cec00c696bd97dbd94df0605	Meanwhile the victim has refused to leave the ‘so-called husband’s’ home. The accused is HIV positive while the victim is HIV negative.35 It may also be due to the fact that the issue of marriage is a civil matter and as such, it is incumbent upon an individual to file or not to file a suit against the person who has wronged her. However, in Kenya and Rwanda, which have clear marriage laws, the prosecution process may be commenced upon violation of the law.	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	338cd5a958d40d1d61c5a0ddbd69c68d	Some utilities have maximum demand and/or service charges (Fiji, PNG and Vanuatu) to ensure that larger users pay the appropriate proportion of the use of the grid and total cost of supply. Others (Fiji, Nauru, PNG, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) have lifeline tariffs, which lowers the cost for a specified usage amount to assist with affordability of what is an essential service for low-income households. All the other Commonwealth Pacific small states have renewable electricity generation rates of less than 5 per cent.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4ba0e2cc-en	338d95230c6b72c2da08573bd5d3e801	For example, the cost of degrading a given site will be less if there are several alternative sites that can be used instead (all else equal). For example, the value of a site can be affected when quality is improved or degraded: not only does value associated with the experience increase/decrease but this may also affect the number of people who visit the area, which affects overall value. Further, some users (e.g., mountain bikers and skiers) have become more accustomed overtime in some areas to paying an entrance fee, compared to other types of uses. This suggests the importance of collecting appropriate data on user preferences and attitudes.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	33928bc3520d48345297c791cbddbe63	Institutional coordination is especially needed with respect to migrants, including greater vertical cooperation between central-level agencies and municipalities; as well as horizontal coordination at the municipal level to avoid overlap (OECD, 2017(25]). Sweden has all types of rural areas within its national territory: from those with proximity to functional urban areas, to remote rural areas. The southern part of the country is more densely populated than the north, while the north is characterised by different areas such as a sparsely populated interior with population concentrated in cities along the coast. In remote rural areas, there are places which have very concentrated populations in few centres (such as Norrbotten), and other where the population is more evenly distributed (such as Jamtland-Harjedalen).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	33969e664f728458bde1232e79262ed4	That would allow farmers to undertake the necessary investments to maintain current yields, produce more food on less land, and adopt practices and technologies that would increase resilience while also reducing emissions. By filling the financing gap and catalysing investment that would not happen without the right enabling conditions, climate finance can strengthen risk management mechanisms, foster development of appropriate financial products, and address the capacity constraints of both lenders and borrowers. These include insurance products, warehouse receipts and value chain finance.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/de83ab61-en	339817eb5ef2d683f007261e9a11fb47	This will, however, require a quantum increase in support for research and deployment in a relatively neglected area. In order for macrolevel gains to be reaped from end-use efficiencies, it is important that improved energy efficiency not be allowed to become the basis for an increase in activity and consumption in developed countries and that such increases be permitted only in countries that are still overcoming energy and income deficits. Most experts concur that Governments, in particular advanced economies, should promote the development of a broad portfolio of technologies (including renewables such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower) along the full chain of technology development (research, development and demonstration, market formation, diffusion and commercial adaptation). Most developing countries may opt for a more focused portfolio, given that their entry into energy technological transformation would take place at mature stages of the process.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/6fe73f8b-en	339a89f254e23c71b8d13021182561ed	The targets are designed to be integrated and indivisible and to balance the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda further seeks to realize the human rights of all, and to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls. Unlike the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an ambitious agenda that is indivisible and supposed to be implemented universally by all countries in a collaborative partnership. The theme of each HLPF, and a subset of goals to be reviewed, is agreed in advance.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/899c7c48-en	339b8abe78e4e93523391a48e38a087e	It is a consistent finding that the deprivation risks across the EU are higher in the newer accession states (Chzhen & Bradshaw 2012; Nelson 2012), which tend to have lower GDP per capita and lower levels of social spending. Since the GDP per capita is included in the MIP indicator, these results suggest that social spending explains a significant amount of variation in severe child deprivation rates, but it is not necessarily a causal relationship. Country level variables at their (t-1) levels. Stepwise inclusion of country-level predictors in Models 1 and 2 reported in Table A7 in the Annex. *** Estimated with 15 integration points.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	339e60f2980c1760cc49b997221ca215	They are planned so as to recover the cost of producing effluent to a quality level enabling unrestricted irrigation, or investment and maintenance related to the effluent pipe grid. To finance investments in wastewater treatment, municipalities receive grants and soft loans through various funds including the National Sewage Fund. It partly reflects the scarcity value of water resources, with a higher rate charged for the extraction of groundwater than for that of surface water (OECD, 2010a).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	33a106e8a51c397d4e5ba81d0cdf5939	While the entire clean economy value chain needs more capital, there is a particular dearth of funding in the first commercial project stage for new technologies because the financing is not appropriate for either of these traditional investments groups. It is an undesirable risk-return point. It is critical to get to lower-cost technologies because as the technologies become lower in cost there is less (or no) dependency on subsidies and more flexibility around financing options. Most new technologies will, at some stage, require both the ‘push’ of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) and the ‘puli’ of market deployment.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	33a474d3cdc4ca4e3bad98704773a647	What are the structural factors influencing adolescent well-being and care relationships? What sources of support are currently used by parents and adolescents? Aware of the large variation in family structure across the region, we pay particular attention to parenting adolescents within intergenerational or skip generation households, and to contexts in which people perform a parenting role for adolescents who are not their biological children.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	33a4e7ce465efb28bb6f9ee81189a8dc	Input-output analysis has proven to be highly reliable tool to estimate the counter-cyclical impact of broadband construction programmes. Econometric analysis, while limited by data availability, has been proven effective in identifying the spill-over effects of broadband on the rest of the economy. These results have been confirmed by micro-economic research that has concluded outlining the impact of broadband in fostering efficiencies and value added opportunities at the firm level.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/469d7fec-en	33a639043f3affed0025bd0c656c8fda	Several developing countries view their financial support as horizontal co-operation activities between countries providing assistance to each other as partners, including through emphasising investment in productive sectors (notably infrastructure), technical co-operation and training. This would recognise the contribution of other climate finance providers that do not necessarily provide funds that match these definitions or specific categories. Over the past several years, improved transparency of public climate finance provided by developed countries and multilateral development banks has helped with understanding what types of projects and sectors are being financed, in which countries, and to which actors they are being channelled (OECD, 2015a). Having a more complete overview of such information would help identify gaps, needs and ways to improve the provision of funds.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	33a83b9c4dc4ff98d00ac9f81398df55	It develops and delivers education and training for those who work in NHSScotland, working with universities and professional bodies to define or support undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as CPD activities. A number of practical activities have been developed to support workforce development, including clinical skills centres, communities of practice (for peer-to-peer support) and degree-level programmes for primary care Practice Managers. It offers an e-portfolio to allow recording of CPD activities, available to doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists and other health care professionals.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	33a923269f6e15e087379cb852fb3162	The employer can terminate an employment contract in the following circumstances: 1) The employee is proved to be unqualified; 2) The employee materially breaches the employer’s rules and regulations; 3) The employee causes substantial damage to the employer by a serious dereliction of duty or due to graft; 4) The employee has established an employment relationship with another employer that materially affects the duty with the first employer. For example, the law prescribes active financial policies as follows: the nation shall implement active financial policies to promote employment, add more funds, improve the employment environment and increase employment. It also has provisions on building a public and social employment service system. It stipulates three security prongs: an unemployment insurance system; securing the basic living of unemployed workers; and helping them to get re-employed.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	33a985efec5b2cce37e3f2380b25702d	Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The stocks assessed are classified on the basis of various phases of fishery development: underexploited, moderately exploited, fully exploited, overexploited, depleted and recovering. To capture fisheries in inland and marine waters, including freshwater fish, diadromous fish, marine fish, crustaceans, molluscs and miscellaneous aquatic animals; excludes aquaculture.	15	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	33aa4afa9b2319a5163e0acf4c4a7514	Employment agencies, together with education and training institutions and others, can help localities move towards a high-skills equilibrium. Collaboratively, they need not only to better adapt the supply of skills to the demands of the local economy but also to improve local skills utilisation through: providing incentives for employers to invest in new technology, helping local enterprises to identify weaknesses in their production processes, promoting effective and innovative forms of w'ork organisation, facilitating technology transfer and encouraging uptake of training for both managers and werkers. The Skills Development Council in Pakistan, a self-sustained private organisation, illustrates this point. The council’s board consists of four employer members, one worker representative and five government officials.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	33abf53eee89bbabf64199505420aeb0	Data on MSW generation published by NEPA show the structure of MSW generation by individual streams (table 8.1). Collected MSW is stable at around 7 million tons/year and estimations of uncollected waste are around 2 million tons/year. The growth of waste in individual categories reflects improvements in monitoring waste amounts more than actual higher waste generation. Available statistics on service coverage are based on individual contracts on collection, as a result of which actual coverage is probably higher in reality than reported figures (table 8.2).	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8b39690f-en	33ac3add2a1d533cfecde8ac429c0ab5	By 2020, it is expected to cover areas at an altitude from 200m to 600-700m. This area includes the northern half of the Danube Plain, southern Dobrudzha, part of the Upper Valley and the Black Sea coast except for Strandzha Mountain. In 2050, Zone B will reach 600-800 m above sea level and include areas of the Danube Plain, Dobrudzha, Fore Upper Valley, much of the Middle forest Strandja Sofia field. By 2020, it is expected to cover small areas in the southern border region and sub-belt highland forests of beech, fir and spruce.	13	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	33b008604a84c8c5f969b0fa1706ab5f	The sustainability education component in particular addresses a number of ESD priority areas which will provide opportunities for students to pursue studies and future careers in areas which will contribute to sustainability in the region, including: a Postgraduate Diploma in Sustainable Islands and Oceans Development; a Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Sciences; and a new Master of Laws (Environmental Law). In addition to programmes under the Centre of Excellence Project, the USP’s Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD) - also co-ordinating the implementation of the regional ESD action plan - has a number of programmes of its own related directly to sustainability and climate change. Working internationally, GUPES, along with the International Network of Teacher Educator Institutions involved with reorienting teacher education to address sustainability, and the University Consortium of Small Island States (UCSIS), provide a potential support network for higher education institutions in SIDS that are interested in strengthening their work on ESD.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	33b2e36108a30f492774fc5519a3fb09	Documents presented by ANEP to the parliament are publicly available (INEEd, 2015). It has jurisdiction over all the education councils and programmes operating within ANEP. Its tasks include monitoring the use of resources within the school system, assessing compliance with laws and regulations, analysing information systems to assess their reliability, and providing advice to ANEP in the fulfilment of its objectives.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/31bb2345-en	33b4e9d1ee5e7b8eb0eff4a9890d593e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Collecting straw or forestry residues, for example, may not be worthwhile for farmers or forest owners, and therefore might need to be incentivised. Municipal solid waste contains a lot of fermentable materials, but they are mixed up with non-fermentable materials. Industrial waste gases exist in profusion and are often in a relatively pure form, but microbial processes for their fermentation are immature, and there may be little incentive for companies to capture waste gases. Estimates of lignocellulosic waste materials available globally for bioproduction.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-9-en	33b6b2196cdbf5f4e1e7e3b2e5e578f7	But as VET systems gain importance, maintaining relevance is one of their central challenges. While all educational programmes should build relevant skills, VET providers are under particular pressure to ensure that their programmes teach skills that are aligned with the needs of local economies and employers. A positive factor is that the generally shorter length of VET programmes compared to more academic ones makes it easier for the government to implement these changes rapidly and effectively.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	33b9c6d9d95cdf0c882a3c6f48c251e4	Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. Improved water sources include household water connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater collection and bottled water (if the secondary available source is also improved). Improved sanitation: The percentage of the rural/urban/total population with access to improved sanitation.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/935513ee-en	33bc7956fd0d9555b05656124635555a	Similarly, the water requirements needed to support large agricultural or mining concessions can be significant but are often left undocumented and can affect the usage rights of adjacent communities. Disputes are inevitable when the available water is insufficient to satisfy all existing legal rights, especially in situations of high natural variability. For example, one jurisdiction may manage on the basis of integrated water resource management, whereas another jurisdiction may use a more narrow, sectoral approach that focuses on managing water flow and quality.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	33bd3d612249d92739d0c72f6f475c07	In other words, according to the results presented here, economic growth policies that promote both an increase in income and a reduction in inequality (for example, policies targeting the poorest segments of the Brazilian population, such as the Bolsa Familia programme) tend to reduce poverty more than economic growth policies whose sole aim is to raise mean income levels. Journal of Economic Growth, vol. Serie Ensaios Sobre Pobreza, No. Asian Development Review, vol.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	33c13d2a205abcb127319de71cb0096e	Secondary fish processors are not required to operate under a Risk Management Programme though many choose to do so, especially when carrying out primary and secondary processing in the same premises. Day-to-day management of matters relating to FSPs under the Food Act is largely the responsibility of officers in Public Health Units attached to local Health Boards. The regular audit of FSPs is undertaken by independent auditors approved by the NZFSA.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kgkdgdkc8tl-en	33c209e75762a395f44a2eb6e69d4c8e	Standard neoclassical theory would suggest that the rapid increase in supply of more educated labour should have constrained real wages and/or that diminishing returns to a factor, that is human capital, should have set in, again resulting in a reduction in real wages for the more educated. The second principal paradox in the labour markets of developed economies is that, despite an increase in the demand for skills, there has been a decline in the share of ‘middle skill’ occupations in total employment and a rise in the share of lower skilled occupations (Goos and Manning 2003).23 The latter include occupations such as cleaners, drivers, department store sales people, fast food operatives and other personal service workers. Technological change causing growth of employment at the top and bottom of the labour market and decline in the middle is also a factor in growing income inequality in countries such as the U.S. (Johnson 1997). The factor that is behind this increase is ‘skilled biased technical change (SBTC)’- a pattern of technical change over several decades which “has favoured the wage and employment prospects of relatively skilled workers, while simultaneously damaging the wages and employment of the less skilled” (Machin and Van Reenan, 1998: 1215).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	33c74e307bcb85a42b26c76aae4dd84a	This is especially useful since some women entrepreneurs report that the process of applying for a loan appears “too complicated” (Vital Voices, 2013). In addition, the information sharing and networking possibilities generated by such technologies could further pave the way for innovation in the field of SME finance for women-owned businesses. The UAE is an interesting example (see Box 3.1) of the focus of the national reform agenda for bank financing on SMEs as well as women. Banks can take actions to enhance their transparency, improve information sharing and their outreach efforts to deepen their penetration of this new market segment.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	33c8fa3b082831327ce5547ce80194ce	The typical story is that higher female labourforce participation is associated with lower fertility, but this result partly depends on the extent of public supports for the reproductive work of women involved in paid work. For instance, the high fertility and low female employment in Ireland or the high fertility and high female employment in Scandinavian countries can be linked to differences in the structures of their social welfare systems (Esping-Anderson 1996). The simple reason is that the time and financial burdens of social reproduction are spread among more contributors, so increasing female labour force participation can be counterbalanced by supports in the family, community and state. The more complex reason involves how wages and prices change in ways that support more human capacities production when both women and men devote resources - both private and public - to it.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0392d441-en	33c9e03bcba2398aa9d304183d31ed06	Low fertility, including below replacement fertility, is usually correlated with later marriage and both are associated with common cause factors, such as increasing education and workforce participation of women, as well as with development more generally (Jones, 2007). However, in the division of Khulna in South-Western Bangladesh, very low overall fertility rates of less than 2 births per woman coexist with very early patterns of marriage. This region reports some of the highest levels of child marriage with large numbers of girls getting married as early as 14 or 15 years even while fertility is below replacement level (NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, 2009). Such a distinctive pattern of transition, in which fertility change has occurred even while early marriage persists, is important to understand as it can have important demographic implications.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5ad16036-en	33cfb0b86e2d5fa6291cdbc47de7fc3b	A total of 60 per cent of the worlds preterm births are found in only 10 countries, 6 of which are in the Asian and Pacific region: Bangladesh; China; India; Indonesia; Pakistan; and the Philippines. The countries in the region with the highest preterm birth rates in 2010 were Pakistan (16 per 100 live births), Indonesia (15 per 100 live births), the Philippines (15 per 100 live births), Bangladesh (14 per 100 live births) and Nepal (14 per 100 live births). Estimates of this indicator are produced from data collected from such surveys as demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys. Interpretation should therefore be considered with caution.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	33d5a074cbaba3f1238c4e0b7295d55e	During the first five years, as the organization is growing and building capability, the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will be unable to attract voluntary contributions or earn revenue from the sale of publications like the IEA, so contributions from members will need to cover the full annual budget. An annual contribution totaling $10 million from 53 APEF members is considered reasonable considering die role diat die autonomous organization will be vested with. The existing power pools —oil and gas trading hubs — are markets diat have a revenue stream based on the transactions that go through them.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b2f16918-en	33d6b68a72e7995610146c95f349dad6	Though CAES requires a suitable geological location, it is possible to construct the air storage and both CAES plants mentioned here use a solution-mined salt cavern as air storage location. In addition to the utility scale CAES systems, a small scale adiabatic 2 MW, 500 MWh storage plant was commissioned in Gaines, Texas in late 2012 (General Compression, 2014). A demonstration plant operating on the adiabatic CAES principle is scheduled for completion in 2016 (RWE Power AG, 2010).	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	33d8555fee46aaeedf50a5150777cc45	These measures exclude mothers from decision making on the welfare of their children. As a result of this uneven treatment, women may receive a smaller share of the husband’s or father’s property at his death than would widowers and sons. In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	33db20b7117b8915b029a2e0e72b53f8	There are, however, practical issues for empirical analysis concerning the tracking of recipient and non-recipient individuals over time. When modelling the dynamics of receipt of SA, should each family at a particular point in time be represented in the data set by one individual (and, if so, which one), or should there be as many observations as there are family members? On the other hand, researchers are more commonly interested in longitudinal patterns of benefit receipt.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	33db23df4803551b46c96ce82c49a2c9	In 2007, with ocean dumping of livestock manure expected to be banned in 2012, the programme was expanded in earnest with the target of beating livestock manure in areas that used to practice ocean dumping. The public complaints of manure odour have driven an expansion of the programme. Past policies on livestock manure did not show visible progress for the general public in terms of reduced manure odour. The effect of past odour management policies was limited due to the lack of management know-how, the absence of experts and inadequate facilities.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	33dbb662ae2bad4cc85c206c81906300	The municipality of Amman is looking to expand biogas waste-to-energy projects and to engage in PPPs in solid waste management more broadly. Opportunities for green growth in Jordan (cont.) Moreover, organic farming uses less water than conventional farming, which is important because agriculture is the biggest consumer of water of all sectors in Jordan. The government has set a target to have 5% of farms offering organic goods by 2014.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	33deaae848edd9dfef2048fbe3d56249	The GEF has sought to develop long-term, sustainable approaches to maintaining forests. As of June 2016, the GEF had supported more than 430 forest-related projects, with US$2.7 billion in grants that leveraged an additional US$12.0 billion in co-finance. Funding for forests is steadily increasing. During the four years of the Fifth Replenishment (GEF-5), exactly US$700 million in grants was committed.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	33e61b577fc532c794d2e98f2cf3bbbc	It should also be mentioned that the capacity ceiling established by the European Commission (EC) for the German fleet has not been fully utilised. By application, the notification gives fisheries enterprises the opportunity to make investments, modernise their fishing vessels or replace them with more efficient vessels, without suffering a reduction of the quantity of quota they are assigned. Over the period 2015 to 2016, five proceedings were successfully completed in accordance with the notification rule.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	33e6b234a21de880c73a7b3f54c3a0ef	The indicator, thus, provides information on the impact of policies which reduce the occurrence of such influencing factors, in particular air pollution. It can be based on a variety of information, including data on forest health, the extent to which forests fulfill targets related to their environmental, economic and social functions and on forest management practices. Sustainable forest management for a variety of uses is essential to achieving sustainable development. It is a critical means to eradicate poverty, to significantly halt deforestation and to halt degradation of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	33ea3e14afe7c5d281a45dac347539d5	It compels political parties to ensure gender parity when they nominate candidates in federal and local congressional elections and that they alternate male and female names on their lists of candidates. The move was a critical improvement on the previous constitutional requirement that at least 40% of deputies in the Assembly should be of the same sex (OECD, 2017b). However, between 2013 and 2016, no further countries joined the 10 that reported practicing legislative quotas, although France did embrace them in 2013 at the subnational level.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	33eb64e05e7c233e6fc6950ec4ca47b2	The 2011 Budget also included measures to improve teacher quality. These reforms go in the right direction but may take time to deliver benefits and should therefore be monitored closely. On-the-job training helps students acquire the skills required by employers. In this area, the Swedish system lacks flexibility and co-operation between schools on the one hand, and employer and labour market institutions on the other hand.	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	33ebb8dfa9b9cf16f7ec8d148fccc0ed	The national focal institutions for the MEAs lacked technical resources to implement their roles, and contrary to the reporting protocol, they reported directly to the MEA secretariats without sending copies to the Department of the Environment - which itself lacked resources to coordinate, collect or disseminate reports. It places the Department of the Environment at the centre, as this department is NFP to all MEAs to which Lesotho is party. The department acts as a central depository of reporting information, linking different sectors and reporting to Parliament.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	33ee7abc4dd685db047c992570ade651	The Commission has recently stressed the importance of education and health literacy in improving health outcomes over a lifetime, with particular focus on adolescents and youth. Resolutions on particular population groups, such as migrants, adolescents and youth, older persons, or urban and rural residents, have recognized the health care needs of those groups and related implications for health systems. Resolutions have also drawn attention to the negative effects of the emigration of highly-skilled workers on development in countries of origin, often in the health-related sectors, and called for ethical recruitment of health-care workers.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	33ee9851a8ba3218640e49bafa22726c	The Maori perspective of well-being, the Whare Tapa Wha model, is used especially in health and social services and makes explicit spiritual well-being. Maori expert Mason Durie developed this model in 1982 to reflect the Maori view of health and wellness around four dimensions: taha wairuci (spiritual health), taha hinengaro (mental health), tahct tinana (physical health) and taha whanau (family health). Different parts of a wharenui (meeting house) represent each of these dimensions. This is a major international survey, the most recent round of which took place in 2014, with results reported in 2016.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	33ef68fa6499d4bc5c25f658d34ea87a	Accordingly, TRAI has identified '112' as the single emergency number through which all emergency calls will be routed. The system will prioritize calls made to the single emergency number. These calls from fixed or mobile phone/devices will be routed to a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) which will obtain subscriber-related details (e.g., location) so that help can be sent as to the location as quickly as possible.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/137d57b2-en	33f15d8472ee9dac57b488d9ad445543	In a mega-city such as Lagos, Nigeria, planners are trying to redevelop neighbourhoods and create more cohesive, manageable and livable communities. Nations like Ethiopia and India have launched campaigns to end child marriages and prevent life-threatening adolescent pregnancies. With good planning and thoughtful policies. When young people can claim their rights to health, education and decent working conditions, they become a powerful force for economic development and positive change. Throughout the developing world, social scientists and policymakers want to make the most of large youthful populations, for the sake of hopeful young people themselves as well as in the interests of economic growth and development.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	33f3d7368a80e47f289f6147a99c9b06	Gravity models, which estimate traffic flows between transport zones (determined by the Korea Transport Institute and similar to administrative TL4 areas), while accounting for local characteristics, should be used to estimate traffic volumes between the areas affected by the new infrastructure, including adjacent zones that are not directly affected. To account for expected changes from other projects, the constructor should review current national or regional plans for land use, transport, and industrial complexes. Based on these plans, the constructor should estimate the basic traffic volumes that are expected to result from the plans’ projects.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/85946e24-en	33f4e7277d9454cade193fe0110cb27e	Because malnutrition, ill health and the overall burden of disease are typically concentrated in the most disadvantaged populations, providing children in such settings with essential services can help to reduce disparities within countries and accelerate progress towards the achievement of health-related development goals (UNICEF, 2010; Carrera and others, 2012). Ensuring equal access to health care services can improve maternal and child survival in settings where health facilities are far removed from the dwellings where people reside (Mulholland and others, 2008) and for subpopulations that remain at high risk of death from preventable conditions (WHO, 2015a). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 includes persons with disabilities as beneficiaries and as agents of change.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	33f5fca85ce0a7ff305fd9c11e5fab26	On the international capital side a dynamic module for international investment has been implemented. Potentially other modules can be implemented, like a module on imperfect competition. As demand increases, more land will be used for agricultural production leading to land scarcity and therefore increased land prices.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	33f9c5636c7f3140907e2d5f95b633f1	These have no legal standing. Rather, they are an important statement of political commitment or intent. They are used to highlight important issues that need to be addressed, direct various bodies to co-operate and co-ordinate actions, and provide instructions on a range of measures that should be taken to resolve the issue.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	33fbb9bcbe94f2fe8e9d160801703737	It is crucial to make the connection between gender responsiveness and operational benefits. Rewarding and publicising 'gender champions' -women and men who have shown dedication to integrating gender issues - has the added advantage of providing role models to other personnel. What are the advantages of using a gender lens?	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	33fdf7932ec632fc595f714b2d4ea8d0	Although India has a national health care system granting free consultations in public hospitals, these have usually long waiting lists, are short of staff and drugs often unable to meet the rising demand for health care. As a result, effective health care coverage is low, covering only 10% of the population with only government or employees of large firms enjoying comprehensive health insurance (Kumar et al., Private health care has partially filled the gap left by the low public sector provision.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	33ff1ab5472955d00fb8e7c2f287843d	"The estimated total budget for Nepal is US$ 60 million. I ask this question in an interview with four USAID professionals at the busy canteen in their Kathmandu office. “ No,” says economic specialist Anita Mahat-Rana, but USAID addresses biodiversity conservation in its other portfolios. Tahalia Barrett, deputy director of the Social Environmental Economic Growth Development office, follows up: ""To the extent that this is a priority for the government we try to comply, and we are just not clear on whether this, as you mentioned, is a priority for the government.”"	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	33ffc7485c7d56cb87cf26bcfee0d3a6	System costs in this study are defined as the total costs above plant-leuel costs to supply electricity at a given load and given level of security of supply. In principle, this definition could include costs external to the electricity market such as environmental costs or security of supply impacts. This study, however, focuses primarily on the costs accruing inside the electricity system to producers, consumers as well as transport and distribution system operators. A large subset of these costs are the monetisable system costs that are mediated by the electricity grid and are referred to in the following as “grid-level system costs” or “grid costs”.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	3400139bae57557aaf3e5afacf7ea099	These attitudes need to shift to open up new opportunities, not only to engage youth in economically productive activities, but to contribute to rural development in a country that is principally dependent on agriculture for livelihoods. It considers how to respond to the growing youth bulge and, in particular, how to promote youth well-being and a transition towards a demographic dividend through social enterprise development in rural areas. The concept emerges from his idea that individuals are more than merely economic actors.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	340243ac16469b5b4b7a6669811491b3	Under federal legislation, all Australian based companies with energy consumption of more than 0.5 PJ per annum are required to report on energy use and energy savings under the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Program. Hence these companies have established systems and training to improve energy efficiency, resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions, but many large firms rely on in-house and specialist training organisations rather than using TAFE programmes. Smaller companies are not subject to the same requirements, so there may be a role for partnership networks made up of regional development agencies, local government agencies and TAFE Institutes to address this universal issue.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	34032b78babc99f69b819512ac998b94	Employers’ complementary insurers have had to propose coverage to newly retired and unemployed workers since 2008. In addition, tax incentives encourage state-approved collective complementary insurance contracts (contrats solidaires et responsables) that do not discriminate by age and guarantee minimum and maximum reimbursements. At the same time, discrimination by health risks is not authorised for either individual or collective contracts.	3	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	3404a685f4341f5632ad27c0f8c507bd	The amount of the monetary reward depends not only on the AVDI rating but also on the teacher’s rating in the performance evaluation system, as indicated in Table 2.8. Also, if the teacher is employed in a school with a high concentration of priority students, the reward is increased by 30%. The duration of the AVDI reward varies between two and four years depending on when the AVDI test is taken vis-a-vis the next evaluation planned in the context of the teacher performance evaluation system.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	3405ba35d733bdae6a30e0a1a372614e	Research based on the Heart Failure Survey in Israel, which examined the quality of care for patients with heart failure, found that mortality rates increased sharply after discharge from hospital. In-hospital mortality was 4.7%; however, mortality increased to 19% at six months post discharge and to 28% at one-year post discharge (Garty et al., The high risk of long-term mortality indicates the urgent need for developing more effective management strategies for patients with CHF discharged from hospital.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	3406260f6d587f3118e4a59fed544577	The Strategy emerged from negotiations at the Environment for Europe Fifth Ministerial Conference in Kiev 2003 (UNECE, 2005), in acknowledgment that changing knowledge, perspectives and behaviours would require sustained exposure over time to formal, non-formal and informal ESD. Strengthen cooperation on ESD at all levels within the ECE region. Findings of the second reporting cycle, presented in a second evaluation report (ECE/CEP/AC. In addition to establishing the committee, ECE member States agreed in 2005 that the Strategy should be accompanied by an indicator system to support reporting by member States. Development of the indicators was undertaken by a 10-member Expert Group on Indicators for ESD. The resulting guidance document, Learning from each other: the UNECE Strategy for Education for Sustainable Development (UNECE, 20096), has provided the context, rationale and interpretation notes to assist governments and other stakeholders through the reporting process.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/eag-2016-86-en	3406c3d80ca0678842af36f4c3e4d11d	Although women generally have higher educational attainment, there is a large gender gap in earnings between male and female full-time workers with tertiary education. In the United States, among adults with tertiary education, women earn only 68% of what men earn. This gender gap of 32% is larger than for other OECD countries except for Brazil, Chile, Israel, Mexico and the Slovak Republic. The same gender gap (32%) is observed in the United States for 35-44 year-olds and 55-64 year-olds, signalling that the difference in earnings between men and women is not decreasing among the younger generation (Figure 2).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	34079d64b551a180852b31ed6958c222	Both can include forward-looking projections in addition to historical trends. Variations of this NDC type include emission reductions from a base year (e.g. a 20% reduction from 1990 levels), emission reductions to a specified emission level (e.g. 300 MtC02-eq) or achievement of carbon neutrality by a given date (i.e. the specified net emissions level is zero). Some countries had previously expressed goals for carbon neutrality under the Cancun Agreements (Maldives and Costa Rica).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	3408d9d01b956adfa62caffb2009ec3a	The top environmental issues related to mining include uncontrolled chemical waste from leachate and poor rehabilitation of abandoned mining sites. An estimated 100,000 ha of land have been degraded by coal and gold mining activities. Only a minimal amount of the land degraded by mining activities has been restored.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	340aec1682b63ccecd742dee252bc3b5	Overall, structural fiscal balances were little changed between 1994 and 2004, with a mixed picture across countries. The revised Jobs Strategy reiterated the basic recommendations of the original strategy as regards macroeconomic policy, i.e. that it should aim at price stability and sound public finances so as to keep interest rates low and encourage investment and labour productivity, with potential beneficial effects on employment. Macroeconomic policy is also to be used to help stabilise the economy in order to reduce the risk that transitory increases in unemployment due to adverse shocks become persistent and to ensure that the benefits of structural reforms are brought forward.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae3ea1a6-en	340b67824baaede0ade7e7e891d53706	The first is between 1960 and the early 1980s, which can be characterized as a period of sustained growth. During this period, the GCC countries recorded the highest growth as consumption more than doubled, though it was starting from a relatively low level of around 42 kg/capita/year which was well below the world average of about 55 kg/capita/year. Equally, wheat demand in the Maghreb and Mashreq subregions increased at a fast rate, though they were already starting from relatively high levels, at 118 and 90 kg/capita/year, respectively, both of which were above the world and OECD consumption levels.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/194768b3-en	340b7612d81dead8e838c3a2cabb6df4	Work in the focus areas on poverty and the MDGs and democratic governance can deepen intentions and action towards gender-responsive and gender-transformative results. All UNDP programming and policies should be attentive to framing women as agents and active citizens. If UNDP aims to contribute to transformative change, it will need to accelerate efforts in all focus areas to more strategically target the roots of inequalities, structures of unequal power, participation and relations, and address and transform unequal norms, values and policies.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	340c1e6e7c3fcd1fbdc115627893bd9a	It is difficult for other representatives to express their opinions, particularly because they receive limited advance information on time to prepare for meetings. Hence, both users’ demand curves are downward sloping. For details about the approach and the different methods presented here, see, e.g. Freeman et al. (	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	340c7f9a7879b034f8f8ea52940d297d	"They somewhat felt like‘goodwill ambassadors’for their country. As shared in the focus group discussions: “We are teaching Nepali language, culture, food to people who have never heard about them before. Women in the Gulf live a very restricted life. So, it is an opportunity for them to learn about different cultures and food, and we feel proud to have introduced them to all of this!"""	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	340d9ab62053ddac7e0c450bc9970ef3	The work was overseen by Simon Buckle (Head of Climate, Biodiversity and Water division) and Anthony Cox (Deputy Director, Environment). It is based on the OECD Environment Working Paper, “Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Getting the Policies Right”, by Lola Vallejo and Michael Mullan. Extreme events illustrate the extent of this potential exposure.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c1rq2bqvk-en	340df19989f30fc42ff4a280ecd3c879	In this way, policy coherence can be instrumental to generate comprehensive policy solutions and contribute to a sustainable and more inclusive development. The Development Strategy, which has been endorsed during the Ministerial Council Meeting of May 2012, advocates a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to development in which policy coherence for development is a core element. It is an essential tool to ensure that the Organisation's contributions to development efforts are strengthened and respond to fast-changing global realities where countries at varying levels of development can contribute to global sustainable growth.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4ca7e7ff-en	3411ee84b602fc622180dd31f7f65718	They preceded Sierra Leone’s attempt in 2002 to set up concurrent postconflict systems - both a truth commission and a special court - to deal with crimes committed during its brutal decade-long civil war. To what extent did Sierra Leone improve on the earlier examples in addressing the issue of gender violations? This chapter discusses how violations of women’s human rights committed during conflict were handled by these earlier forums, and how Sierra Leone learned from and adapted the models to suit its unique situation. It suggests in conclusion that the limited successes of all three countries in dealing with gender violations may set the stage for continuing violence against women in Africa. Two women at the Johannesburg hearing testified that this was the first time either had told of her rape.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	3412178b6d138c0ba047d23aa6636ca3	Moreover, a third in both groups had higher career expectations than what their present positions provide. The large gap between expectations and actual tasks leads to high job turnover: 43% of vocational college graduates quit their job within half a year after graduation, and so do 24% of university graduates. The overwhelming majority quit voluntarily and primarily because of a lack of development opportunities and low salaries. The lower turnover among university graduates and especially among top ones suggests that a stronger education background improves labour market matching.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077225-6-en	3412fc522fed18ca3977394083834f74	This chapter reviews the existing sets of indicators that help them track and benchmark their environmental performance. There is no ideal single set of indicators which covers all of the aspects which companies need to address to improve their production processes and products/services. An appropriate combination of elements of existing indicator sets could help them gain a more comprehensive picture of economic, environmental and social effects across the value chain and product life cycle. Many manufacturers have had to deal with increasing environmental regulatory measures but have also realised economic benefits by reducing resource use and waste, operating their production processes more efficiently, and promoting environmentally sound products and services.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	3413f5f5d3e3e39d4855c1da8dac2f31	The GDP growth rate declined from over 6.2% in 2008 to 5.3% in 2009, while trade deficits widened and inflation increased. Most of the manufacturing sector, business and social life were impacted by inflation. Economic stimulus packages were enacted to enhance industrial production and service, and policies focused on agricultural production. Along with supporting production, human resource training and employment for the unemployed and social security policies were enacted. As a result, economic growth rates remained high in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at 6.2%, 5.3%, and 6.7% respectively.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c271815-en	3413fc6a53ac973f8b5597fcf6fcb7f2	The p coefficient is used because it moves in the same direction as inequality and has more intuitive economic appeal than the standard Pareto coefficient a, which moves in the opposite direction to inequality (Alvaredo and Piketty, 2014). Therefore, if p is equal to 2, the average income of individuals with income above 100,000 currency units is 200,000 units; if p is equal to 3, the average income is 300,000 units. A look at all the countries in the World Top Incomes Database (WTID) reveals that p coefficients vary between 1.5 and 3.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22919e33-en	3414e999352eb8a3c95d1b78e45b121d	Even taking account of successive changes to the LDC criteria (as shown in box figure 1.1 of chapter 1), and the absence of provisions for graduation until 1991, this indicates very limited progress towards graduation. It also suggests that neither the domestic policy efforts of LDCs nor the international support measures (ISMs) established to support them have had a decisive effect in improving their development prospects. This chapter addresses the national dimension of this issue, focusing on the processes by which LDCs can emerge from the underdevelopment discussed in chapter 1 and progress towards graduation. Section C analyses the role of geographical factors in influencing graduation performance.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	3415e6358c2f989abd2573244ff6308d	By 2009, protected areas and Natura 2000 sites covered about 130 000 ha of coastal waters, including all estuaries and rias,33 the most significant coastal lagoons, as well as a significant part of sand dune and rocky coastal area. Five new marine protected areas are being considered under the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention). Portugal is transposing the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC). An action plan to protect the bottlenose dolphin in the Sado estuary was adopted in 2009. About half was co-financed by the EU, including through the LIFE Nature and INTERREG programmes.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	341602ff53f0e2b735291c976daf4c57	An optimal allocation of aquaculture sites is also important for the preservation of biological diversity and habitats in general, and of particular importance for Norway's wild Atlantic salmon. This is particularly true for traditional salmon farming, but also for new species, such as cod and mussels. This development has probably contributed to major fish health problems experienced by the industry in recent years, particularly concerning the impact of pancreas disease and sea lice in Western Norway, where the density of farming facilities is the highest.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	34169c5aa474e440d896948f52058ae9	They have vastly increased digital interconnectedness, digital data storage and analytics capabilities at declining cost. Artificial intelligence (Al) in particular, which allows machines and computers to learn to solve problems on their own, could have transformative effects across many sectors of the economy, making it essential that innovations are in the public interest and guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Agenda. The rapid pace of technological change puts great adaptive pressure on economies and societies, while our understanding of their socioeconomic implications tends to develop more slowly than technology itself.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	34172c2768503fc420efddcf0103021c	These included Acts on integrated pollution prevention and control (2003), environmental information (2004) and trading of emission allowances for greenhouse gas emissions (2004). At the same time, many existing Acts were amended and complemented by regulations. For example, a new Air Act was adopted in 2010, replacing the 2002 one, to transpose the EU directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/797ccf27-en	34182a6940dd186b4faada6466fdda66	One of the threats facing social cohesion in highly exclusive societies is the potential for creating a widening gap between expectations and actual achievements, or for large discrepancies to develop between symbolic integration mechanisms (which increasingly operate through communications media) and the systemic means of material integration, which could turn into sentiments and conduits of frustration and aggression (ECLAC, 2007a; Hopenhayn, 2000, 2001). For approaches that highlight the role of cultural factors in the persistence of deprivation, low expectations of mobility and despair would be crucial expressions of social exclusion and poverty transmitted between generations (Atkinson, 1998; Narayan and others, 2000). For example, people might want quality education for their children (a normative expectation); but, at the same time, they might see this as unachievable (cognitive expectation) —either because of the multiple constraints they face in the opportunities structure.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	341970c73c4410efc8290bd7e16e9aa6	First, they are responsible for conducting peer interviews with the teachers being evaluated. Second, they form part of the respective Municipal Evaluation Commission. Peer evaluators receive protocols for conducting the interviews. The CPEIP determines the criteria to select peer evaluators as well as the number of peer evaluators needed each year. Each peer evaluator conducts interviews with about 12 teachers on average per year. Assessment Centres function according to detailed terms of reference established by the Docentemas team.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	341c2d75b46da00484f0dde6452bd984	The legal mandate for the public institution administering and carrying out management of a national park includes monitoring and direct protection of the national park; implementing the management practices stipulated in the management plan; and enabling and facilitating scientific research. Moreover, the national park administrations are self-financed and currently depend on revenue generated by such economic activity as timber harvesting (sanitation harvests). They are moving towards finding other funding sources and mechanisms.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	341fe3de4b45c6721d72eff778a4d331	Unlike payments of non-categorical SA, dedicated HB programmes are typically not accompanied by work-related requirements or other activation-type interventions that seek to re-establish self-sufficiency. Most countries provide special benefits for lone parents either in the form of additions to regular family or childcare benefits or as separate programmes. Where benefits for children or lone parents are means-tested, they can resemble SA benefits in all but name.6 One difference concerns, again, work-related activity requirements.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	342391b94e18cfd4e66a6ff0bef0274d	In all three cases, it is apparently straightforward to characterise the ‘year’ over which receipt may occur. This is largely because of the nature of the data sources: the Dutch and the two Swedish studies are based on administrative record data from income tax sources and the SLID, used by Hansen and Lofstrom (2011), also utilizes administrative record linkage as the source for income for many respondents. ( Income and taxes are assessed over a one-year reference period.)	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	342431f8f360e48e145d5a66d2550dd8	The Latvian Measure for Commencing Commercial Activity or Self-Employment programme, which aimed to support business creation by unemployed individuals, encountered similar challenges (OECD/EU, 2016). In other cases, some firms might define as “innovative” some of their usual activities, or introduce changes to comply with requirements but with no effective long-lasting impacts on inclusiveness and the innovation performance of firms (such as recruiting workers from minority groups without giving them the opportunity to engage in research), with benefiting from funding the only objective. For example, some benefitiaries of the Hungarian Innovation Voucher programme were found to use vouchers to finance their “usual” innovation activities. This is known as the “crowding out” effect of public funding.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	342633fcd45cc6356fea7bc9d4bea383	This is consistent with the point made previously: it is more difficult to reduce relative poverty, because it requires the incomes of the poorest not only to rise, but to rise by more than die incomes of the wealthiest. So, insofar as the trend towards lower absolute poverty continues in the region, it becomes increasingly important to take the relative perspective into account in poverty measurement. These baskets originated in the works of Booth (1892 and 1897) and Rowntree (1901,1936 and 1951), and included basically subsistence goods. For example, Rowntree’s work of 1936 included: (i) intake of food to maintain health and the ability to work; (ii) a house with three bedrooms, a living room, kitchen and bathroom; (iii) clothing fit to maintain bodily health, and (iv) cleaning materials and repair or replacement of household utensils.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	34274a6f0a323d5b1ce44214dd708326	It contributes to the policy dialogue on inclusive growth through two key findings. This negative influence appears stronger in low-income countries and seems to affect growth by lowering both female human capital acquisition and labour force participation, as well as total factor productivity. At the same time, it shows that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions through the right policy measures could yield substantial economic benefits, leading to an annual increase in the world GDP growth rate of 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points by 2030, depending on the scenario. We hope these findings will make the case for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national growth strategies, and as such, help countries identify ways to reach the ambitious targets of gender equality as Sustainable Development Goal 5 captures.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/477abc4d-en	34275ee2e0b5d291a961f9ba256e0048	In other words, while specialized and self-contained arrangements for disaster risk governance may be appropriate for emergency and disaster management, other aspects of disaster risk management are heavily dependent on the overall quality of governance to achieve its objectives (UNDP, 2014a; Lavell and Maskrey, 2014). Today’s governance failures may ripple through time and affect future generations; this is the case with the 2008 financial crisis, which resulted from decades of failure to effectively govern increasingly interdependent financial markets and mechanisms (Turnbull and Pirson, 2011). Capacities for disaster risk management cannot be strengthened autonomously without reference to broader governance constraints such as low levels of voice and accountability, underresourced local governments, dysfunctional judicial systems, social conflict and economic crisis.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	342a69bd45337d64bb62344e2d027987	Regulatory risks increase when the legal system changes too frequently. For example, many banks providing loans to the sector after the 2008 laws called for the immediate terminasuspendedtion of all “in house” companies, as the duration of contracts was the sole guarantee on which financing plans had been based. During the last ten years, the ongoing legal changes have made long-term planning close to impossible.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	342cbb2745f2b7750b33c4ff2575826b	The major problems are caused by the filtration beds of sugar factories, wineries and electronic enterprises. There are plans to create water basin management offices for two watersheds (the Dniester and Prut Rivers) (map 7.1). The slowing down of economic activity and a focus on transboundary rivers has resulted in the stabilization of the level of pollution of the big rivers (Dniester and Prut).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264249363-3-en	342cdff45b1ba402c1eae7a33352ba33	The introduction of new land-tax rates in the Lake Issyk-Kul area - increased and better differentiated - would help capture a proportion of the rent related to the high environmental and recreational value of land in the Issyk-Kul Biosphere reserve. Eventually, increased land tax revenues (estimated at KGS 164 million per annum) could be used to improve water resource management and for other local environmental and social priorities. The financial sustainability of water services - irrigation as well as water supply and sanitation services - is addressed primarily through the restructuring of water tariffs (the introduction of two-part tariffs with fixed and variable volumetric components), as well as an increase in tariff rates. A well-thought staged approach to reforms will also help mitigate or reduce eventual political resistance to the proposed options.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	342e47dd32f40791c3694bf6697853ad	Not all adverse events can be prevented given the knowledge, information and the state of the art of medical care at the time of the incident. For example, an allergic reaction to a drug administered for the first time is an adverse event but would be considered unpreventable given the lack of pre-existing knowledge of the patient’s idiosyncratic allergy. However, any subsequent administration of this drug to this patient would be - under most circumstances - considered a preventable medication error, and constitute a clear safety failure. It is incumbent on providers to ensure this information is recorded, and verified with the patient or their surrogates prior to administration. For example, the incidence of some types of healthcare-associated infections, previously considered unpreventable, has been reduced and even eradicated (Berenholtz et al 2011; Pronovost et al 2006). In the previous drug reaction example, preventabilitv may improve through precision medicine - the ability to predict the likely outcome of administering a medication based on the patient’s unique genetic or biological characteristics.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	3431bf478b7720913b9210b7e48ee90a	See the methodology chapter for information on the Competitiveness Outlook assessment and scoring process. As Contracting Parties to the Energy Community, all the SEE economies are required to adopt and implement electricity and gas legislation which complies with the EU Third Energy Package requirements. This is a substantial undertaking, particularly given the relatively small size of the economies (and governments) and widespread concerns over institutional capacity. Overall the gas supply infrastructure is poor over large areas of SEE and the provision of gas to consumers is patchy at best. Although Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro have no gas sectors at present, they have ambitions to create them.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	343372132b470a740d8fbd80530eec87	However, heavy physician caseloads mean that consultation times are short (averaging less than ten minutes) and there is inadequate time to address mental health and health promotion issues. In many respects therefore, Israel’s primary care system is well placed to meet future health care challenges that are common to most developed countries, including adverse changes to upstream health determinants such as obesity, lifestyle habits that damage health such as smoking, an ageing population and the mounting burden of chronic disease. All the funds have comprehensive electronic medical records (EMRs) in community care, which support the sharing of information among physicians, laboratories, diagnostic centres and patients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	3433ee9a54539de91b366cf68d358564	"Paper submitted to the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on'Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty'Rome, 31 March - 2 April 2009. D. Sahn (1997), ""Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings inWest Africa: Evidence from Guinea"", Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp. Evidence from Cote-d'Ivoire"", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, pp."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	34346183d267ceed2a9bc936dc76f848	Initially, most ofthe panel components were imported, but today, all the parts are produced domestically. In this regard, Rahimafrooz, a local firm that initially manufactured lead-acid batteries for the systems, has expanded its operation to include exports to Nepal and Bhutan. More recently, Rahimafrooz set up the first solar panel assembly plant in Bangladesh (Parvez, 2009) and has begun to export panels to Africa (Ahmed, 2011); in addition, it has signed a memorandum of understanding with TATA BP Solar on building a 5 megawatt (mw) solar power plant in Bangladesh (Daily Star, 2010), thereby further building international linkages.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	3435cb732ccc1647b740ca6a50dea016	Disaggregated data is not always available and, where it is not, this fact should be reflected in the report. In such instances, data in the OHCHR database or estimates provided by local human rights organizations might be used as indicators, provided they are properly referenced in the report. A gender analysis shed light on the causes of transmission: women and girls are more often in contact with bodily fluids of infected persons as they are usually caretakers for ill family members and more likely to be front-line health workers (nurses, midwives) or health facility service staff (e.g. cleaners, laundry workers, etc.).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	34363643bd05caae9511f606b2d561bd	The Federal Water Engineering Administration co-ordinates the construction and operation of flood management structures and the designation of hazard zones and flood discharge areas. In many areas, its tasks also include reimbursing losses incurred by people who live in designated flood discharge areas. Its activities are carried out at the Lander level. From the perspective of aligning responsibilities with control, it is helpful that the ministry also has responsibility for some key climate-sensitive sectors: water, forestry, natural hazards and agriculture.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	34373e32bd42f60d18189b3a15e3e67f	The P4P approach entails consistent demand for quality food; targeted capacity-strengthening of small family farmers, typically through producer organizations; and coordination and linkage support for providers of key supply chain services (see also Box 19). A series of recent P4P case studies is also available at http://www.fao. Further, producer organizations not previously selling collectively sold another US$60 million worth of quality food to buyers beyond WFP.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	343b0b0ff6a422c40aa188a91d422758	It is argued that aggregating information on deprivations into one index is inherently problematic in terms of weighting and for the risk of masking deprivations in particular dimensions with the performance of the other dimensions included in the index. Most of these comments are addressed within other parts of the MODA methodology (i.e., the single deprivation analysis and the overlap analysis). Moreover, the indices used in the MODA studies allow comparing outcomes between countries, regions and population groups in order to profile children and their families belonging to various groups of the population. Following Alkire and Foster (2011a), the adjusted headcount is decomposed to answer such questions as 'What is the contribution of specific population groups to the total deprivation level?'	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f11729d-en	34401e8c5187ad40c57312ae9323a3ac	The proportion of children living in deprived households differs across European countries with the lowest being 4.9% in Switzerland and highest reaching approximately 60% in Bulgaria. This implies immense differences in living standards for children across Europe. In countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania more than 90% of children in the bottom 10th percentile are living in deprived households. In Bulgaria the share of children reaches approximately 98% meaning that almost every child in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	3441c27bb5e73628736c21353bac74de	Developing countries, by taking foreign expertise into account, may considerably elevate the level of ordinary skill in the relevant prior art, thereby increasing the likelihood of a negative finding on the inventive step/non-obviousness requirement. Members are free to set up certain criteria for determining cases of (non-)obviousness in specific product areas. In the pharmaceutical context, for example, it is often assessed in terms of the predictability of the claimed invention, based on prior art teachings. Moreover, under United States Federal Circuit case law, structural similarities between a prior art chemical compound and a claimed substance may under certain circumstances establish a prima facie case of obviousness of the claimed invention.189 Also, the presence of a reasonable expectation of success to come up with the new product may be considered an indication of obviousness, especially when multiple prior art references must be combined.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	3441c343dd8fe9409030b7c704bfdabb	This programme is based on a partnership with local NGO’s and aims to temporarily employ (4-6 months) around 3 000 lowly skilled and unemployed individuals in 100 projects, while also improving the local infrastructure base. The projects will be identified by the NGO’s in collaboration with the local population. Such partnerships with the NGO sector are a promising way forward as they allow the Tunisian Government to rapidly compensate capacity constraints it may face in its own administration. They are usually the primary government institution responsible for implementing active labour market programmes. Tunisia’s PES, the Agence Nationale pour I 'Emploi et le Travail Independant (ANETI) [National Employment and Self-Employment Agency] was established in 1973.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	3443ef636f53605e785ab963c0fdef28	This means that one in six children is extremely poor and the scourge of poverty affects more than 28.3 million children and adolescents (see figure 11.1 and table II.2). These children experience one or more severe deprivations in terms of dwellings with unsafe construction materials and overcrowding, lack of access to drinking water or sanitation facilities in the home, general and/or chronic undernutrition, lack of access to the education system (children who have never attended school) or lack of access to communication and information systems (including lack of electricity in the home). An average 72% of children in countries with the highest total child poverty levels (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) were extremely poor (20.2 million in these six countries). Among the countries with the lowest total child poverty levels (Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay), a simple average of 19.5% of children were extremely poor (2.8 million).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	3444c282cd8e63c14abc80bd63a94088	In addition, collaboration between private and public spheres is well developed. Innovation policy involves many public and private actors, notably through the development of innovation alliances to coordinate and support joint research. The share of government expenditure on R&D financed by industry was more than twice the OECD average (9.3% vs. 3.8%) and the same holds for higher education expenditure on R&D (15.1% vs. 6.4%). For instance, the German Environmental Innovation Programme supports large scale demonstration projects in the heat and electricity sectors by providing soft loans.	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	3447e045afc09be4a5cc1c85be5d665d	Most of the Captagon tablets are smuggled across the non-official border crossings between Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic, transiting Jordan, with Saudi Arabia as the main final destination. In October 2015, 2 tons of Captagon destined for Saudi Arabia were reportedly seized at the international airport in Beirut. Trafficking and abuse of amphetamine among countries in the Middle East continued to be reported. Saudi Arabia is among the countries that registered a significant increase in the amount of amphetamine tablets seized, as the country seized more than 100 million tablets in 2014, compared with 57 million in 2013.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22919e33-en	3448a8c2b5834d06f5c53af561289554	Investment policy was supported by an accommodative fiscal policy stance and improvements to utility services and infrastructure, notably electricity and water supply, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and transport. Investment promotion policies were implemented to reduce transaction costs, rationalize charges, and provide financial and other incentives for the development of small businesses in rural areas. The Government also implemented a number of initiatives to facilitate the supply of credit.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	344b530fe8bc5f7edabc0785ac3bfeed	In non-OECD countries demand growth is expected for all dairy products with WMP and butter consumption growing the strongest (both by 38%), followed by cheese (33%) to 2019. World exports of dairy products are anticipated to recover and grow mainly for cheese and WMP (both at 14%). Milk producers and the dairy industry will increasingly need to take a more proactive role to adapt to changing input markets, demand conditions, price fluctuations and increased pressure to assure quality, safety and traceability of their products. Environmental constraints and climate change related issues, and policy, will pose further challenges for the sector in the future.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	344bb2a8247834e25c40d04da26d440f	It examines the balance between the leadership, management and administrative functions of school directors and argues for greater local decision-making and accountability. This would involve the development of leadership within the teaching profession, among directors, ATPs and school supervisors and a greater clarity about the role of school directors and other leaders and higher expectations of their contribution to improving teaching and the performance of schools. Without further delay, a national framework for school leadership which sets out the criteria for effective leadership and establishes performance standards is needed.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	344beffec244bf65dd5f9f306e407e7e	A national centre of expertise in assessment could work to build capacity on a large scale. It could also support cooperation between researchers and facilitate the development and implementation of assessment models. As knowledge and capacity grows, new high-quality tools and networks can be developed and promoted by and for teachers and school leaders.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	344cd01a76bf0a73e187e9c1fc3018ee	Korea needs to work out its own mix of solutions adapted to its situation and culture. A Korean approach, with public support, needs to be developed. What the Safe System approach will deliver is new energy. The approach should be stepwise, with realistic interim targets to short/medium term deadlines complementing the ambitious long term vision.	11	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	344d1a48ff5ba103c0362056128b4b95	The advertising is supported by a programme of events, a website and an Instagram presence with over 7,000 followers to engage with young women and encourage them to 'find their thing'. Engagement across these media platforms responds to SDG Target 5.b which aims to enhance the use of enabling technology to promote the empowerment of women. It has been assessed as highly novel, captivating and atypical of traditional government advertising.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	344f9e31c5082ae37119250d6d61aa43	The reliance of adult-learning policy on European structural funds is substantial, which raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of the system. Financing mechanisms to stimulate private investment and promote the quality and relevance of adult learning are limited. First, the current financing landscape is addressed.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	3453efccd3f9aa686d3793d4e23f1ab2	Western Scandinavia features two successful examples of such packages, in Oslo and in West Sweden (see the summary in Table 2.7 and a description in Box 2.9). Both political agreements allow for substantial national investment in urban transport infrastructure under the condition that the metropolitan areas create a new tax or a charge (a ring road toll in Oslo, congestion tax in Gothenburg) and use the revenue to match national funding. City packages are long-term plans for the development of transport systems in a city or in a metropolitan area (typically over a period of 20 years), which are co-fiinded with road tolls.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	3455358d068ff15137bfc47c7f337eda	With such universal recognition of the role of education, there are however, some challenges related to putting various learning processes in place. Such challenges, that are not exclusive attributes of the educational domain, relate to the changing role of knowledge in society in general and most importantly, to aspirations to move towards more sustainable economies (Box 13:1). Development of successful educational responses requires transformation of the educational system itself making it more attuned to societal challenges, developing skills for often very different learning strategies and continuously engaging with critical SCP stakeholders. When education is not directly concerned with development of easily defined skills (e.g. creativity, ability to deal with rapid change or engage with others required for SCP systems), manifestations of learning impacts - both in terms of time and space - are difficult to capture.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	345b8200284f29614b023fa01f677be2	Such plankton species produce toxins that are ingested by shellfish, among other species, especially filter-feeders such as oysters and mussels. In addition to affecting the marine life that ingests them, the toxins poison humans who eat infected shellfish. The forms of poisoning include paralytic shellfish poisoning.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/50674358-en	345b9ac434f58d93319357a872b6e9fe	Estimates for the annual historic flow of the Yarmouk range between 450 and 500 MCM,25 though the river has a highly variable flow regime and is prone to severe flooding. The mean annual flow was 152 MCM at Maqarin and 120 MCM downstream at Addasiya (Figure 14). Early records from both Yarmouk gauging stations for the period 1963-1984 show a certain degree of variation with high- and low-flow periods.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	345eaac956d2e3f4375e40472915d78d	Concilier evaluation continue et previsibilite des politiques est un exercice d’equilibre delicat, qui doit reposer sur des criteres devaluation clairement definis, dont le principal devrait idealement etre celui de productivite. The authors would like to thank OECD colleagues Jan Corfee-Morlot, Simon Upton, Helen Mountford, Celine Kauffmann, Andrew Prag and Shannon Wang, as well as Mark C. Lewis (Deutsche Bank) for their comments and review. And finally, the report also benefitted from comments received by delegates to the OECD’s Working Party on Climate, Investment and Development under the Environment Policy Committee as well as the Investment Committee.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	3460530ed94fd7ba9494f62fcbca8e89	The Penang Government could be a catalyst in the birth of a cultural and creative hub. Creative sector is a key economic driver globally; in several major economies, the value of the cultural industries ranges between 3% and 6% of the total economy. Rich cultural traditions, ample recreational and entertainment facilities provide enhanced pull factors. Equally, Penang’s linguistic diversity and its population’s facility with languages such as English, Mandarin, Tamil and Malaya are important capacities useful in the regional positioning of Penang.	4	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	34609142780b5f0dccee0e4c9bbb8b44	For example, the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” in the North Pacific Ocean accumulates a huge amount of litter, covering a surface estimated to be at least equal to the size of Texas. The coasts are popular tourist destinations with numerous opportunities for recreation and relaxation. Recreational fisheries are an important economic activity for many local communities.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	346093f0312078f4edad3c6221211123	For example, two out of three informal jobs are in the informal sector in India (ILO, 2014). Nonetheless, a significant number of workers in formal enterprises are informally employed. A significant share of female-owned businesses in many emerging economies are home-based and have no employees other than the owner herself.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	34629093165136e80ea2b2b656901dc5	It aims to increase infrastructure investment in sub-Saharan Africa by blending long-term loans and risk capital with grant resources. To date, the fund, with grants of EUR 456 million, has generated investments of EUR 8.9 billion. In 2015, it supported six transport projects in some of sub-Saharan Africa's least connected and most vulnerable areas, such as northern Nigeria and South Sudan. Furthermore, the fund supports projects that are closely aligned with PIDA objectives; more than half of all grants approved under the regional pillar of the fund directly support PIDA projects.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/059ce467-en	3464a3ce93e8fd96faf5ca02ab6047d0	In the National Strategy for Knowledge and Equal Opportunities Report (Nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet), the Swedish School Commission (Skolkommission) recognises that the term ‘compulsory’ may be too strong, explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school; in the case a guardian does not submit an application, a school placement would be decided upon. The report also details the necessity to combine active/compulsory school choice with improved access to quality information, which is important as these choices, while possibly compulsory, must be well-informed. It is believed that increased access to information in combination with the compulsory school choice will result in more guardians opting-out of segregated school environments with low socio-economic status (Official Reports of the Swedish Government, 2017(99]). At the local level, an established project to promote quality immigrant education is the creation of Knowledge-centres for Mixed Schools (Kenniscentrum Gemengde Scholen).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	34679abbd3a971326a3853b51ae13e97	In low- and lower middle-income countries, on the other hand, small and medium sized farms are significant also in terms of share of land and food production. In low-income countries, farms smaller than 2 hectares occupy about 40% of the farmland and farms smaller than 5 hectares about 70%. In lower middle-income countries, these shares are about 30% and 50%, respectively. As can be observed in Figure 1 (from Lowder, Skoet and Singh, 2014), most farms are in East Asia, South Asia and the Pacific. More than a third of the world’s farmers live in.the People’s Republic of China (herafter “China”) and slightly less than a quarter live in India.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	34680e0a15aafa23c9472519c17f4e3f	It would be very useful that an agreement could be reached on the competence of evaluators and on the criteria and consequences of evaluation. A lengthy negotiation may be preferable to a more forceful implementation of teacher evaluation, especially if school evaluation is under way. Because there are no goals, benchmarks or modes of evaluation for efficiency and performance at any level of the system, there are no means to hold individuals accountable.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	346b67394a92b1aefdda9f902329b891	Where distortionary policies are used by countries with limited fiscal resources and a large number of rural poor households, developing policies that provide for a more effective and efficient response to targeted market failures are perhaps more important. The ineffective nature of many distortionary policies in addressing policy objectives and the efficiency costs imposed potentially carry a higher opportunity cost as they direct government attention and limited resources away from policies that can, in the long run, overcome the challenges faced by their domestic producers. They have also helped some governments move away from export subsidies.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264090415-15-en	346bc1fc059400f39125d6f8fcfa65b7	Those fisheries targeting wintering migratory species, including the paired purse seine and mackerel purse seine fisheries, are struggling to survive and have almost collapsed in recent years. As shown in Table 12.2, the historical El Nino and La Nina events have resulted in very high interannual fluctuation of eel and mullet catch. Such changes were induced by the warm pool movement in the tropical Pacific.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	346c03d3a4362fac0473bbc205a1d361	Consequently, states tend to define their policies to be consistent with the national government approach. To address this issue, the role of a body such as the State Council for Sustainable Rural Development (Consejo Estatal para el Desarollo Rural Sustentable, CEDERS) should be strengthened, for its mission is to facilitate cross-agency co-ordination and the participation of productive agents (e.g. farmers) in the definition of state priorities. The Regional Programme of Ecological Land Management reflects this well (Programa de Ordenamiento Ecologico Regional). The Regional Programme of Ecological Management has become the main instrument for managing land use in the state.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0cf73767-en	346f8f6342f6316594ef64b1e169ed7c	Physical infrastructure must support the capacity of African countries to rehabilitate and develop rural and agricultural infrastructure through investments in: (a) marketing processing and storage facilities; (c) irrigation facilities; and (d) relevant modes of transportation. Investment in essential infrastructure and sen/ices for rural communities can provide considerable potential for rural job creation in farming, agro-processing and rural industry. Policies can also focus on identifying and promoting the use of simple technologies that can increase farm outputs and link farmers with agricultural research institutions and markets. For example, buyer-seller networks for agricultural produce can be organised through mobile phone networks, and such schemes have been introduced in some countries such as Bangladesh.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	34724297b23f0aa90743d76224810918	For working-age women, services such as childcare and water and sanitation (discussed in section Investment in social services) are critical to redressing their socio-economic disadvantage by enabling their participation in the workforce. In addition, child-related transfers can help them shoulder some of the costs associated with raising children (see section Social transfers for families with children), while paid maternity and parental leave ensures that income is available when parents stay at home during the first months of a child's life (see Chapter 2). This section focuses on income security for the unemployed. In much of the developing world, however, such schemes either do not exist or reach only a minority, particularly where most workers are in informal self-employment, as in many sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries (see Chapter 2).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	34743c80ccf871f7e9df0357e656ca70	There is a need for better targeted measures, best achieved within the river basin management framework required by the WFD. Improvements in targeting could also be associated with the delineation of vulnerable areas under the Nitrates Directive, as appropriate. Source: IFA; OECD, Environment Directorate. Agriculture has contributed to the decline of the pollution-sensitive pearl mussel, a protected species of which Ireland hosts internationally important populations (Box 3.2).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	34748f679566912a0f7f85b4f3f55930	Risks are also faced by consumers, generally in the form of unexpected fluctuations in food availability or volatile food prices and, as real threats, are largely limited to developing countries and poor households. Others, such as the occurrence of trans-boundary livestock diseases or the spreading of pests to other countries, could become more important as international trade in agricultural products increases. On the other hand, a well-functioning international trading system is capable of acting as a buffer against regional shocks, and hence of reducing the exposure of farmers and consumers within the affected region.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	34768a6b58b7bc48beb1dd75fd708c3a	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jenisalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Clearly, therefore, sharing practices in such families are an important parameter to factor into evaluations of family policy and gender equality in Germany and elsewhere. Couple families where the man is the main earner are common in Germany, as in much of the OECD.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	3477761da91526a95bdc10fc57ce3a4e	This co-operation between the two ministries also includes sharing resources of MCTI with funding from the MPA for research projects in the above areas. Brazil aims to develop itself as one of the world’s largest producers of fish similar to what has taken place for meat and grains. The goal of this plan is to attain a production level of 2 million tonnes of fish by the year 2014.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	3477a022128d97655799b842e5e4858b	In 2010, a framework for regional development was set out in the National Strategy of Regional Development. It enhanced the role for regional policy and the importance of approaches to spatial development that are coherent across sectors and mutually reinforcing across scales. Regional development strategies present a diagnosis of key challenges and opportunities for the region and set medium-term development priorities.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	347ae9ff672360462a75fa91c7825720	Adolescent fertility (births to women under 20 years of age) constitutes a matter of concern for many governments, specially in regions still experiencing relatively high fertility. Early childbearing entails a much greater risk of maternal death, while the children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality. A high dependency ratio indicates that the economically active population and the overall economy may face a greater burden in supporting the young and/or older economically dependent populations. It is also normally disaggregated into children dependency ratio and old-age dependency ratio.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/785f021c-en	347dd30cfcaa76bb25cebe358258f190	Opening for trade, the domestic economy may have a positive effect on workers' wages and firms' profits through two channels. Second, the increasing demand for existing product varieties leads to a massification of products. However, increased global participation may come at a cost and may limit future economic growth.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/66896486-en	347dec85d765997fc4ccafa6be959ff3	The Committee replaced the former Department of Water Resources. The Ministry develops policy documents and legislation in the field of groundwater and surface water management and protection, controls the enforcement of EU directives concerning water management and protection, and collaborates with other relevant ministries and environmental institutions. The Ministry also participates in the EU working groups and processes in this area, and coordinates cooperation with neighbouring countries on transboundary river basins.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	3483c8aaaea4a3312fbb190c47cf7d21	As such, the study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN),38 an international platform to enable regular co-operation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. The absence of micro-level data on energy use and investments significantly undermines policy-makers' abilities to take informed decisions and implement most effective policies. This study was able to provide insights into the realities of EE markets by conducting a series of surveys and one-on-one interviews with financial institutions and stakeholders in the market.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	348910586b685c368717912509a4395e	Many small schools are located within a distance of less than one kilometre of each other (PEN, 2013). Although geography and the transportation network need to be taken into account, this suggests considerable scope to foster mergers of nearby schools to the benefit of quality, without putting students' access at risk. This should be the preferred option where feasible, unless the school could be restructured to expand access to preschool and secondary education. In Canada and Portugal (see Box 3.4), transporting students to bigger schools is preferred to ensure quality, and small schools are limited to remote areas with low enrolment.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	348e7b03587c85142651ac7b7fba901a	Childhood by its nature, and by its very vulnerability, demands of a civilized society that children should be the first to be protected rather than the last to be considered. This principle of‘first call’ for children holds good for governments and nations as well as for the families who bear die primary responsibility for protection. And because children have only one opportunity to grow and to develop normally, the commitment to protection must be upheld in good times and in bad.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/01772a94-en	3491ca023598c814fe4c2b7126bfe14b	The patterns are very similar, with the exception of a few cases. For Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the contribution to the total deprivation level in the region is smaller when using the deprivation ratio, H (17% and 12%) than when using the adjusted deprivation ratio Mo (20% and 13%, respectively). This is because the adjusted deprivation ratio takes into account that the average number of deprivations children in these countries experience is relatively higher compared to other countries with a similar deprivation headcount ratio. For Nigeria, on the other hand, the contribution to the total deprivation level of the selected countries is slightly smaller when using the adjusted deprivation ratio Mo than when using the deprivation headcount ratio H (17% vs. 18%) due to the differences in the average intensity of deprivation across countries.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f29e3817-en	34999d8a65753ec63449b9d20ff697e1	Nowadays, ceramic kilns burn wood but also a lot of waste as fuel (e.g. treated wood, tyres and used oil collected by waste pickers from landfills and sold to potters), which causes a great deal of air pollution and contaminates the soil. The unbumed refuse is discharged into landfills or nature. The same situation occurs in bathhouses (of which there are approximately 5,000 across the country), which have ovens that use some waste as fuel. These studies show that most hazardous waste is stored in situ, at the production sites (235,561 tons in 2008 alone). The risk of pollution is highest at the storage sites.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	34a034f817d921c4570a648c46da504e	Wage compression is closely associated with a high degree of co-ordination in wage setting, which pushes up wages in low-productivity firms, forcing them to improve, scale down and shed workers or go out of business. Central wage setting also keeps down wages in high-productivity firms, enhancing their incentives to invest in human capital and technology, as firm-level productivity gains do not directly translate into higher wages (Moene and Wallerstein, 2006). However, the compressed wage distribution also comes with disadvantages (discussed later in the chapter), as private payoffs do not always provide sufficient incentives for individuals to make the educational and career choices that would benefit society the most, and low-skilled individuals struggle to integrate into the labour market.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/35f875c3-en	34a35bead187d9ef75869b1aa76c1cf2	I, resolution 1, annex II, para. These issues were also identified as key to the realization of women's right to development by UNDP in the Human Development Report 1995: Gender and Human Development. See also the statement adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C. 12/2001/10).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	34a597a9f3d07c2d329904f177dac5e0	This provides for both remedial and accelerated learning for all students in any subject area. In recent years, several OECD countries, including Austria, the Czech Republic, France and Luxembourg, have narrowed the circumstances in which grade repetition is applied. Academic progress, alone, may provide too narrow a set of information on students' improvement.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	34a60596f64e0723734228a27440a9e9	In terms of policies, the change of focus from women to gender stemmed from a recognition that isolating women’s concerns from mainstream development policies and strategies limits the impact of such policies and strategies whereas paying more attention to the roles and responsibilities of both women and men and their interrelationships can make policies and strategies more effective. Gender statistics are about everybody, women and men. The production of gender statistics has the role of informing the public and the media, raising consciousness, encouraging public debate and promoting change in society. The dissemination of gender statistics to a large audience is crucial in reducing both gender stereotypes and the misrepresentation of the roles of women and men and their contribution to society and in promoting a new gender balance in the distribution of roles within the family, at the workplace and in positions of decision-making.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	34a6e63be6a62479b99953dddc7cc1d4	Rural communities consume little electricity, and have little or no disposable income to pay for electricity services. Lack of access to electricity is also due to the difficulties in providing electricity to households scattered in large, isolated or remote geographical areas. Many governments have invested in the extension of national grids over the past three decades, in many cases reaching a large segment of urban populations.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	34a74b51f53a2fd96d058e3dc7739fa0	More specific measures aiming at improving access to finance include public-private microfinance schemes, credit loan guarantee schemes, and public-private venture capital. It is important to distinguish between entrepreneur-driven and investor-driven channels. With respect to entrepreneur-driven channels, effective policy interventions may have only an indirect relationship with entrepreneurship policy per se. For example, higher levels of female entrepreneurship have been found related to greater provision of child care services, reflecting the pervasive unequal gender balance of household responsibilities.12 Improving child care services can hence result in incidental benefits on female entrepreneurship, even if this is not their underlying policy motivation.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	34a773f693f388560b0f57bb8ce3a036	Conversely, an inability to achieve a w'hole-of-government approach was cited among the top barriers to achieving gender equality by about one-quarter of respondents to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Gender Public Policies and Leadership. The absence of a co-ordinated approach in dealing with gender equality issues is often one of the major obstacles to the development and implementation of gender policies. In the case of Spain, for example, the gender institution’s co-ordination function involves 20 distinct institutional components (Johan, 2010). Overall, at the horizontal level, in OECD countries, the most prevalent co-ordination mechanisms include establishing co-ordination units at the centre of government (82%), developing whole-of-government frameworks for gender equality (68%) and inter-ministerial groups convened by the central gender institution (68%) (see Figure 4.8).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	34a99e6f5fa914f7a0242511d1a35964	Since the late 1990s, the Government of Ethiopia has had clear aspirations for broad-based sustainable development and poverty reduction, as evidenced in a series of strategies such as the Sustainable Development for Poverty Reduction Programme (SDPRP, 2000-2004), the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP, 2005 to 2009), and the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP, 2010-2014). The effects on the economy of the first two strategies were judged to be very significant, with strong economic growth, poverty reduced, employment increased, and some exports flourishing (MoFED, 2002,2005). Its clear link to the GTP, notably its reassertion of the need to achieve middle-income status, means that it builds on previous decisions about where national development is headed.	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	34aad5ec8b577412f2f2db2783e9b450	The evaluation of a pilot in India among about 10 000 employees of 11 garment factories (the majority of whom were women) indicated that after the programme women were 39% less likely to report needing help using an ATM, had a better grasp of bank terminology, and were 44% more likely to report saving some of their income for personal needs. Most male employees already knew how to withdraw money and were already saving, so their behaviour was less impacted than that of women. Findings also suggest positive results in terms of women’s empowerment, as women were also 23% more likely to say that they decided how to allocate their salaries and were twice as likely to report discussing household spending decisions with family members (Ghuliani and Goldenberg, 2015). A random group of clients of India’s largest women’s bank, SEWA Bank, were invited to attend a programme including business counselling and basic financial literacy training (Field et al.,	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47e32247-en	34ae546b28ba2736af8025893143afe6	These varieties included Norin 10 wheat and Yukara rice, which were bred by Japan in the 1950s and successfully contributed to heavier yields of tropical wheat and rice, an event called the Green Revolution. Because this was partly a product of revolutions in engineering technology and biotechnology, it can also be described as the industrialization of agriculture, which subsequently promoted the twentieth-century agricultural revolution in the world’s most industrialized nations. Because this revolution involves petroleum-dependent agriculture, flat topographical conditions have made an extremely important contribution to its progress.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	34af19dbd4827ff73a6a6838cfe1f5d1	India has successfully mastered the first stage, with 17 PHWRs operating. A fast breeder test reactor has been operating since 1985 and a 500 MW prototype fast breeder reactor is under construction. Plans for building a 300 MW advanced heavy water reactor for the third stage have been announced, but no site has yet been chosen.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	34b11175b1201b678255dda1f01a80ae	While approximately 55% of the households in the highest income quintile (average for 13 countries of Latin America) have a computer connected to the Internet, only 26% of the households in the first income quintile do.5 In general, studies show that despite this segmented access to technology, children and young people are entering the world of technology in greater numbers. In households with 13-to-19-year-oIds, connectivity is rising at a faster rate than in households where all members are over 20. A look at the figures shows that in the countries of the region where technology is more market-driven (such as Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) the class gaps foryounger-generation users are not narrowing. They are widening (see figure II. In Uruguay, for example, the connectivity gap between households with younger members in the highest and lowest quintiles is more than 80 percentage points.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	34b1dd4b105dfefe511e66f6365d0370	Norwegian Coastal Haddock (5 000 metric tons) included. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock. Quotas for the 2004/2005- and 2005/2006-seasons. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the blue whiting stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock.	14	0	3	1.0
10.6027/65fe12b0-en	34b4f1f3f5ea4fe7b006371c5ed60765	During the latter two decades, protected areas have gradually become more closely connected to their economic and social environments, with an emphasisto integrate national parksto wider regional and local development processes (see e.g. Puhakka and Saarinen (2013). In peripheries, closer connections between the tourism industry and national parks are used as tools. While the original biocentric conservation policy used to be characterized by top-down governance, stakeholders of the local communities and the tourism industry are today increasingly involved in adaptive management strategies. During the last three decades, international tourist arrivals to Iceland have generally increased, including by 25% over the past six years. The number of international visitors to Iceland was approximately 2.3 million in 2017, which is almost seven times more than the entire Icelandic population. Tourism is now one of the main pillars of the economy and represents the country's largest export sector.	12	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	34b6be44c6e93b1f5eb57d2732d3207e	What is more, in developed countries there were boycotts of products from the rainforest as awareness of this environmental problem increased. Against this background, the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank and the World Resources Institute. In addition, the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), a United Nations body, was established in 1986 in Yokohama to promote appropriate trade in tropical forest timber.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/19c562f5-en	34bcf56c134397fc24ff450cfecb5b1c	There are 293 species of birds, representing 21 classes. Up to 600,000 birds are recorded annually to be wintering in the waterfowl habitat of the Khazar State Reserve. There are more than 100 fish species and subspecies, of which the most famous are four species of Caspian sturgeon: the white, stellate, starlet and Russian sturgeon. Currently, fishing possibilities are rather limited, as there is no legal fishing for sturgeon in the Turkmen sector of the Caspian Sea.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	34bd51465d77456479410bf1b944d5d5	Unemployment rates in Denmark in 2011 were below the OECD average. Teachers are trusted professionals with fewer teaching hours than the OECD average and good salary conditions, but they receive less feedback and fewer professional development opportunities than the OECD average. At primary and lower secondary levels, teachers follow a pre-service teacher training programme of four years including a teaching practicum; at upper secondary level, it is a six-year training programme, also including a teaching practicum.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	34bd89d62791ffe34048a46e3a12c4b5	"Under this law, power grid operators are requested to ""buy all the grid connected power produced with renewable energy within the coverage of their power grid, and provide grid-connection service for the generation of power with renewable energy"". This should be achieved through grid connection agreements between grid operators and renewable power generation companies. When local grids are saturated, and cannot accommodate all the incoming electricity or easily transmit the electricity surplus through to adjacent grids, grid companies typically curtail electricity generated by wind farms."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	34c0e37211124f89e05a1fe8dd42ed8a	For example, one approach could be to consult with parents on their availability and organise activities around their schedules. It is possible that frequent exposure to activities gives parents a better grasp of what they can do to support their child. At the same time, more frequent contact with school activities and school personnel may ensure trustful relationships with pedagogical staff.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	34c1576bc484eea7e0e5aae9b3d149a7	Cleantech to market benefit scientists as much as students | R&D Mag.” R&D, May 17, 2010. Students test clean energy by degrees - FT.com.” Business Education, March 20, 2009. It is a strategy for governments that contains recommendations on policy instruments and tools for achieving economic growth in line with the sustainable use of natural resources and a measurement framework for progress towards these goals.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	34c35b1cc1ce70ce8d61cbefbb5b6a06	The first column is a decomposition of the formal-informal wage differential that seeks to prove the null hypothesis of equation (2), namely that earnings are significantly higher for formal than for informal workers. The mean predictor of the natural log of hourly wages is 1.05 pesos for informal workers and 1.48 pesos for formal workers, yielding a negative and significant difference of -0.43. When the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition is carried out, both parts are significant: 67% is explained by differences in personal, job or sectoral characteristics, while 33% is unexplained and could be considered evidence of labour market segmentation. It] is particularly problematic if certain attributes of occupations are included as ‘explained factors’ in this first component, like industry, for example, because this implicitly assumes that segregation is due to the voluntary decisions of men and women” (Bergmann, 2004, quoted in Esquivel, 2009, p. 18).	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	34c36457a6d051ca1e7a37f75d320473	A list that includes items that are not affordable, on the other hand, may attract fewer ticks in the ‘necessary’ box. The tendency for what is considered normal to increase with incomes, and to decrease with persistent poverty, has often been observed. And it is not difficult to see how this might affect the results of surveys about child deprivation.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	34c55f07082b3daaa896d82f631cbbfa	Staffing firms shall pay labour compensation to the workers to be placed on a monthly basis. During the periods when there is no work for workers to be placed, the staffing firm shall pay workers compensation on a monthly basis at the minimum wage rate of the place where the staffing firm is located. If a dispute arising from the performance of the collective contract cannot be resolved following consultations, the trade union may apply for arbitration and litigation.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	34c80e51d89c8f7b77f34ef3d95ae8d6	Accordingly, cities have become increasingly important policy targets for national governments. These plans are then implemented by three levels of government: national, provincial and local (district and ward level). However the initial planning decisions are taken by the central government, which then inform the lower levels of planning.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	34c84047de43c582e2c70960faac4355	The project of implementing the EPICT in the Austrian education system has been carried out since autumn 2007. The country report dedicated to Austria2 (last updated and revised in August 2008) specifies that this implementation concerns both initial and continuing teacher education. This system will build on existing course accreditation processes operating in some states by establishing common accreditation processes and national graduate standards, and by specifying the knowledge and skills that graduates need, including ICT knowledge skills as well as other technology in teaching. At the University of Tasmania, a unit on the educational uses of information technology is a feature of teaching degrees.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	34c8dd2b5e18be0950672b80575d5bde	The main functions are those provided directly by the metropolitan region or regional authority. For example, in Sao Paulo, transportation, planning and water and sanitation networks are provided by state companies for the metropolitan area. In Santiago, there is no metropolitan-wide service delivery capacity. J. (2008), “Recent Perspectives on Metropolitan Organization, Functions and Governance”, in E. Rojas, J.R. Cuadrado-Roura and J.M. Fernandez Giiell (eds.),	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	34cbe796a2cfd5f787eac1119f2c595d	If the gap diminishes by more than the poverty rate, there has been some alleviation in the severity of need among the poor. A decline in the severity of poverty that is accompanied by a reduction in the gap and the rate means that the lowest-income individuals among the poor have attained a relative improvement in their incomes within the group of poor persons. Chile (2009-2013), Colombia (2010-2014).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	34cd964703c0a85df64a379b2362b267	Hence, screening should not be seen in isolation -attention to the quality of care across the whole pathway of cancer care is needed. Regarding cardiovascular screening, the cost-effectiveness of the Czech Republic’s biennial general health check should be assessed, and if value for money cannot be convincingly demonstrated, disinvestment should occur with funds spent on evidence-based initiatives to reduce smoking, obesity and harmful alcohol consumption. As for cancer, prevention and early diagnosis should not be isolated from a holistic model of care for long-term conditions; in particular, better secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is needed.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	34cf0a458652dd12d1858f4df27041d7	Par contre, on n’aper^oit pas une difference claire entre l’apprentissage par resolution de problemes et l’enseignement traditionnel via des conferences en fonction des resultats des etudiants. Ameliorer l'efficacite des formes directes de l’enseignement est un defi majeur pour de nombreux etablissements de l’enseignement superieur, d'autant plus que l’enseignement par resolution de problemes n'est pas realisable dans tous les contextes. De nombreux strategies d’enseignement telles que 1’organisation, l’expressivite, l’enthousiasme et les rapports interactifs dans l’enseignement ont ete trouves a ameliorer des indicateurs de l’apprentissage des etudiants et leur persistance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	34cf32b19d2e5e4c4804877d20b33ea6	It is at this local level that citizens tend to experience exclusion, arbitrariness and dispossession from the state, which in turn can lead to fear, frustration and disempowerment (Haar, van der, 2009). In some cases, these institutions may provide valuable routes to empower poor people and can act as building blocks to gradual engagement with the state as its capacity grows. Opportunities for external actors to enable empowerment processes are likely to be limited, but it is essential to act to protect the livelihoods and assets of poor people, to reduce tensions and promote ongoing exchange and co-operation between different parts of society. Historically, elites have used coercion to build states, popular resistance has forced them to exercise constraint and provide protection, (Tilly, 1985) and marginalised groups have used violence to challenge state authority.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	34d03a9313b24a6a6ae697c6f35e8786	They encourage training provision which is sensitive to labour market needs, familiarise employers with vocational programmes and qualifications, and help teachers of vocational subjects to keep up-to-date.1 It follows that when this type of systematic approach is first implemented in a country, it should help to build a new culture of partnership with employers in the delivery of vocational education and training, a culture which is found in the world’s strongest skills systems. It is also a critical support to other recommendations in this review, including those encouraging vocational teachers to work more closely with employers (see the next section in this chapter) and to negotiate some proportion of the curriculum locally (see Chapter 4). It is commonly argued that employers will not offer the placements and that it is only possible where it is already part of the working culture.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-4-en	34d0852fd6a254d813beafa5f14d9bd5	It describes women's representation in parliaments, executive cabinets, the judiciary and top civil servant positions. Overall, women remain underrepresented in the top echelons of public power, although there are considerable cross-country differences due to various historical and socio-economic factors. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of potential driving forces behind the lack of women in key decision-making posts.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	34d1715408d88084ed2e058b80c6a688	In some cases, development-as-usual activities should contribute to reducing climate vulnerability, while others can inadvertently increase it. Guidance has been provided by the OECD and others to facilitate this process (OECD, 2009), but it is not clear which approach has been adopted by the Austrian Development Agency to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate adaptation into its work. Explicit monitoring and evaluation of the approach would help ensure that it is achieving its desired objectives, and inform the development of future interventions. These estimates do not include casualties.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	34d459298e894750febf52647760eb4a	It also includes innovative initiatives, such as the “Learning Factories” as part of the Industria 4.0 strategy, which involves a set of physical “labs” where learners can develop relevant skills (e.g. digital and technical skills relevant to specific sectors) and apply these skills in a real business context. As previously noted for higher education, several stakeholders noted that the lack of dedicated pedagogical and academic supports for adults may be limiting participation in (and completion) of programmes. Direct costs are low for adults who want to participate in programmes at the secondary level and below, as these are mostly free of charge.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	34d8ac986e6b7b6421a1bf74eadf6ebd	The misuse of cocaine in East and South-East Asia remains limited, as evidenced by a relatively low level of seizures compared with other regions. The latest data point towards a further decline in the amount of cocaine seized within the region. In Hong Kong, China, the quantity of cocaine seized dropped by more than half, from more than 700 kg in 2012 to less than 300 kg in 2014. Similarly, reported seizures in Japan and Macao, China, declined by more than 90 per cent, down to 2 kg and 3 kg respectively in 2014.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	34d98a8de42ff3e3ead5a57debf2aa0f	Duties on these products will be gradually reduced until duty-free access is granted (for sugar in July 2009, and for rice in September 2009). Original restrictions included bananas, which have been liberalized since 1 January 2006. These may include supply-side constraints, rules of origin restrictions, non-tariff barriers—such as complying with product standards, sanitary measures and eco-labeling—and subsidies in developed countries.4 This notwithstanding, the importance of LDC preferential access will tend to dissipate gradually as tariffs decline, with the general trend moving towards freer trade and a resulting erosion of trade preferences. Such special provisions fall into five main categories: (a) increased market access, (b) safeguarding of the interests of LDCs, (c) increased flexibility for LDCs in rules and disciplines governing trade measures, (d) extension of longer transitional periods to LDCs, and (e) provision of technical assistance (see annex III for a list of specific WTO decisions in favour of LDCs).	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/17685da3-en	34db18644f511153b7b2516e6f811bf4	Secondly, it also refers to the continuum of care that must be provided at all levels of the health system—in the home and community health centre and hospital. They rapidly increased the access of a skilled attendant to childbirth and, when required, timely emergency obstetric care. They recognized that provision of services for mothers and newborns are at the centre of a strong health care system, and the resulting reduction in maternal and newborn mortality is a measure of the success of that health system. Family planning is a critical element for improving maternal and child health.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	34db9558fb32f4fcd25908de1d91ac06	In order to make the connection between the current research focus and a more broadly defined third mission, “translational research” could be adapted to address the critical issues that bridge the university and community. Use this expertise to develop the region as a whole as an internationally recognised centre of expertise and innovation on health care practices and technical innovations that improve health care outcomes of the population but also attract health tourism. Scale up medical personnel training.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	34de37aae8495ff5e031db9c04d6a8ed	"It cannot be approached in the same way as in urban areas — it requires taking into account the specific needs of rural users given their economic, social and cultural characteristics. It thus requires dedicated efforts to develop appropriate solutions. Since the ""effective market"" for urban services tends to be larger and more profitable for water and sanitation companies, professionals and researchers, less effort has been devoted to develop appropriate technical solutions for rural areas."	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	34e030f568ebbad7e060d26feca8cd41	In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA, eds). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Energy End-Use Efficiency, Chapter 6 in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	34e0e85bb147b842f93ddfb863d5d748	As adaptation to climate change is a relatively new challenge, Chile could benefit from OECD analysis and opportunities for exchange of experiences among countries on how best to incentivise cost-effective adaptation across a range of sectors. In absolute terms, however, Chile’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the past 15 years have grown rapidly (Figure 10.2), at one of the highest rates, along with those of China and India. The main drivers include an increase in automobile use and an increased reliance on coal in recent years, resulting from disruptions in imported gas supplies from Argentina.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	34e246391352524b78302363287313a1	In addition to sexuality education, this effort involves implementing change processes in health services and putting in place guidelines and care protocols for prevention and for the sexual and reproductive health of this population, with an approach that differs from the one used for the adult population. The countries of Latin America have made significant progress in this direction, through different instruments. To this end there is a specific list of medicines that must be provided free to the requestor, with a proper medical prescription.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	34e266fd32569d97965ff205314f071f	Much of the modem experience of development has shown that, save in a pure Malthusian situation which may sometimes occur but which is generally rare, poverty is closely related to income inequality, and both are closely connected with growth. In attempts to find effective ways to combat poverty, attention must therefore be cast widely enough to examine the effect of income inequality and growth on poverty. In turn, reduction and eradication of poverty can have an important impact on growth and inequality.	1	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-3-en	34e413daac0c3cd6e608ae03eb2c25e3	This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed - a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264209459-8-en	34e6147344acaa455676e0665efb0280	Disparity in access to and quality of education is a fundamental challenge, particularly in secondary education. Labour markets have performed well, however unemployment remains a problem among youth. Wage differentials by educational attainment have tumbled, due to a re-composition of household incomes.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	34e858175f4c323846294e568dfa3e55	There is a default risk that the IPP can become insolvent, being unable to supply power to the off-taker and repay its debt to the lender. Mining companies and lenders are, therefore, more likely to partner with an experienced IPP that has strong ties to the investment community and is able to bring the project to financial closure. When looking across the array of current projects (Table 2.1), several of them, and particularly large-scale costly projects, involve well-established renewable energy developers (PWC, 2017). As an example, Valhalla, a Chilean renewable energy start-up has faced difficulties in securing USD 500 million financing required for its innovative Espejo de Tarapaca project in northern Chile.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	34ef37be7bb5a25eafe9f90d1b817908	Allegedly, pollution from solid waste contributes significantly to the scarcity issues in some metropolitan areas like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Poor water quality in Rio de Janeiro is largely due to pollution from solid waste linked to a bad habit of waste disposal in rivers. Some cost-effective measure to reduce pollution may well lie in changes in the waste disposal, even though pollution from other sources should not be neglected.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	34f563da98a4023fb139182c37d1332b	Domestic food and fuel prices have thus stopped rising in the region, and some are even falling, thereby alleviating inflation. This trend is positive in terms of its effect on expected poverty trends, since the factor that is thought to have worsened the poverty and indigence situation in 2008 is no longer in play. Weaker demand for the goods exported by the region and a reduction in migrant remittances are factors which, to a greater or lesser extent, will undermine aggregate demand in the region’s countries.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	34f575341f4605d85c798017d89257bf	Nunavut aims to develop entirely culturally-responsive and locally-relevant curriculum, programs, materials and assessments that also ensure their students have access to post-secondary and university entrance requirements (Nunavut Department of Education, 2007). For example, the former grade 12 standardized social studies examination has been replaced by a project-based assessment model developed in Nunavut to facilitate student assessment that combines local topics, cultural content as well as 21st century skills. The concept of Sami education differs throughout the area. On the Norwegian side there are two national curricula for the basic education 1-13, the Norwegian and the Sami. The Sami school concept for grades 1-10 reflects groups, classes or schools which are municipally owned and which follow the Sami National Curriculum, several specialized Sami schools, and for the upper secondary level two state operated schools. Also, all students are required to learn about Sami themes according to syllabi grades 1-13.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	34f5cf5edefaa6aa460e2a3d12d4cff5	This section will examine each of these reform drivers in turn. Concerns about scarcity can be fuelled by increasing demand or shifts in water availability, or due to degraded quality, or climatic shifts. In particular, droughts can provide a salient, visible event to trigger action (see Box 4.1). Efforts to secure adequate water for ecosystems can be driven by new legislation, such as the EU Water Framework Directive, or visible environmental deterioration, such as rivers running dry. In some cases, reforms have sought to address issues that have arisen from previous allocation reforms. The cases of Alberta, Canada, Australia, Chile, Israel, England and Wales, and South Africa provide insight on this theme.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	34f62b1f7dc5bb8c46a4542180b6ba48	Their profit will also depend on prices for finished products which could be unrelated to water risks. Relatively larger companies may also be subject to different types of impacts; beyond future production losses, not responding to endogenous water risks may affect their reputation, reducing their sales and the confidence of their financial investors. Larger operating companies that rely on a broader market may not suffer significant losses from production risks in hotspot located farms; therefore, other things being equal, their threshold for response is higher. Smaller companies are more vulnerable to losses and will need to find ways to adapt more rapidly.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	34f767ade7f83d434734fa993ead3fbb	To support the implementation of high-level documents, the ministry is responsible for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the “National Strategy 2020”, developed in support of the “Kazakhstan Vision 2030” and “Vision 2050”. The ministry serves as the government’s technical advisor on the strategy’s design, roll-out and performance assessment, and engages with government oiganisations to co-ordinate the implementation of strategic plans. With the 2014 administrative reform, the MNE acquired the functions of the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning, except for its functions in the area of budget planning; the Ministry' of Regional Development; in the formation and development of the state managerial reserve from the Ministry' of Emergency Situations; Statistics Agency; Agency on Regulation of Natural Monopolies; Agency for Competition Pro (Anti-monopoly Agency); and the Agency for the Protection of Consumer Rights. Its task is to align regional and budget programmes.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	34ffefb26326c3c6bdc6840ba5197a1d	This publication explores effective policy responses to this risk environment as part of a broader policy strategy designed to improve availability, access and utilisation of food. A case study on Indonesia highlights the issues involved. This chapter reviews the concept and definition of food insecurity, its various dimensions and how it has been measured in different contexts.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	3502ec5b40ecef87425336241242898a	Furthermore, Henderson (2014) argues that we do not yet know enough about the economic dynamics of urban systems to attempt to influence them, and such attempts risk a major policy error. Very large investments may therefore be needed for some smaller cities to reach this threshold (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein, 2012). Policies to invest in transport links between cities and improve urban-rural links have been shown to improve balanced productivity (AfDB, OECD and UNDP, 2016; UNECA, 2013). Additionally, industries with intensive use of immobile primary factors that are not heavily dependent on other firms for intermediate goods and services may prefer to locate in smaller cities—if infrastructure is improved (Henderson, Shalzi and Venables, 2001).	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289341479-7-en	3504a28b5b389739db53cc0c512588bf	Driven by this knowledge, this chapter takes a descriptive look at the distribution of information-processing skills in the Nordic labour market, to understand the similarities and differences of the Nordic workforce in terms of the skills. The skills of the unemployed, among others unemployed with different lengths of unemployment and the unemployed in different age groups, are analysed, such as skills of people out of the labour force. To place the Nordic results into an international perspective, comparison with other country aggregates is presented in the beginning of the chapter. The results confirm the competitive advantage of the Nordic workforce in terms of skills, but demonstrate some moderate differences of the skills inside the Nordic area as well.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	350506490db75eb1cc9ffb0d4d731b0c	For instance, they often make their decisions based on speech patterns and non-verbal gestures during the pitch, lowering the willingness of investors to fund female entrepreneurs seeking capital (Balachandra et al., Furthermore, Brooks et al. ( Finally, there seems to be some degree of homophily: male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs (Ewens, forthcomings). The main limitations of commonly used datasets are: 1) that they do not contain information on firms seeking but not receiving VC and 2) that they do not include details on the companies and their founders.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	350635cbab1d589f448e2a270e541bd5	The hotspot identification exercise conducted in Chapter 2 show's that there is a growing body of evidence around a number future water risks globally. Uncertainties in assessment remain significant, but it is likely that more and better studies will be released in years to come. Prospective exercises can help anticipate complex scenarios for agriculture and explore options to strengthen resilience (OECD, 2016b). They consider likely scenarios and potential actions to mitigate the different water risks. Each of the action is then attributed a “sell-by-date”, which indicate when a change in the course of action may be needed under each option. They then propose an efficient dynamic pathways to address the risks and work towards preferred pathways, each with initial action, threshold for change of course, and next step action.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	350a2c465298af8a02eb3166bf3739e8	"The health care system is obligated to deliver equal care to all citizens regardless of their place of residence. This requires a large number of small, cost-effective health centres capable of providing acute care because the expenses for transport of patients and staff are very high.182 Due to their small size and isolation, towns and villages in Greenland often need to be self-sufficient and are very vulnerable to external factors.18 No private providers of health care services exist in Greenland, but private dental care, physiotherapy, psychotherapy and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse are available in Nuuk. In the past, perinatal complications, acute and chronic infectious diseases and injuries dominated as the leading causes of morbidity.184 Recently, chronic and lifestyle diseases and disabilities dominate morbidity concerns despite the fact that the ""old"" diseases have not decreased to the same low levels found in Western countries."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	350aa00b93bdccc77458e76950f5cd92	The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness indicates that around 75% of people who die by suicide are not in touch with secondary mental health services within the year before their death. The majority of suicides continue to occur in adult males under 50 years of age. Suicide rates are much lower for females than males.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	350aab3e99e9e3ec0ceeb01f68dc0989	The Service has started developing appropriate institutional capacity and regulatoiy and logistical frameworks for its successful operation. The Law sets out measures for the social protection of citizens living and working in the vicinity of nuclear facilities, sources of radiation and nuclear storage facilities. The process of mass switch-over to energy'-saving lamps in the country' started in May 2009 and was completed by the end of the same year. Local authorities and social protection bodies were requested to provide energy-saving lamps to 241,000 low income families by October 2009. These families received about two million energy'-saving lamps, due to compensation from the state budget in the amount of US$3.3 million. In the period 2009-2011, two new plants for production of energy-saving lamps have been built and put into operation; each has a production capacity of three million lamps per year.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	350c30f4c9f430e7acbaba6a0a9875ae	In the mid-2000s, migrants from Central Asia represented about a third of all labour migrants (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 1,12); in 2015, the share of their citizens among those who explicitly indicated employment as their purpose of travel was about 66 per cent (Table 1). Available from http:/ /xn—blab2a0a.xn—blaew.xn—plai/about/ activity/stats/Statistics/Svedenija_v_otnoshenii_inostrannih_grazh (accessed 1 May 2016). These data include the number of foreign citizens of all ages who appeared to be within the territory of the Russian Federation for a range of reasons.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264283480-en	350cb32491757adc828a06124df52326	Furthermore, only 10% of all cause mortality is seen as avoidable, one of the best rates in Europe and below the EU average of 11%. This shows that overall Luxembourg's health system is very effective in treating life-threatening conditions. Furthermore, the number of avoidable hospital admissions for people with diabetes is higher than in much of the EU.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289329224-8-en	3512a84321fdf2aa13957dceb98738c3	"In addition, as demonstrated by the example of the Stockholm congestion charge, the effectiveness of policies may increase when people are given the possibility to behave differently by testing the policy before deciding whether they want to support it Before the Stockholm congestion charge was introduced, people were offered the opportunity to try the system in addition to providing them with customised for different segments of population information. As a result of the trial, people changed behaviour and the change in attitude followed once the system was implemented permanently (Borjesson, Eliasson etai. Going from 'what's in it for me' to 'what's in it for us' should be appealing to people with its community spirit that is still valuable."""	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5d228f60-en	35145c54c66042c55e15482f62462a4d	Digital trade, and its growing significance, particularly for small, remotely located service suppliers, in small market economies, necessitates Aid for Trade deployment in the development of a robust, sustainable, scalable IT and network infrastructure. Digital trade forms a crucial link for firms in small states and LDCs, particularly small firms, to connect and plug into global supply chains. In the absence of a strong network infrastructure, not only do these firms lose out on linking into crucial supply chains, but the cost of trade also increases for them.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	3518d163a4874f54afb621058cc4d46f	It is not necessary that all staff working in ECEC have high levels of education, which may also be impossible to realise and not desirable. However, those with lower levels of general education should work alongside those who are highly qualified. Attending a workshop may be an easy way to realise means of professional development; however, high-quality subject training, field-based consultation training or supervised practices may be more effective.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/935513ee-en	351955181e7015a2d293eac4f15a495c	"For example, the system should link customary and statutory mechanisms while also connecting local to national procedures. The mediation system must be carefully integrated to avoid conflicting judgments, ""forum shopping"", and fragmentation of claims. Strategic design can ensure that different levels of the system work in a complementary manner, and that appeal procedures are available for appropriate cases. Capacity-building will be required for many people working in the system."	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	35196a981df39eee8ab57f9947bda2cc	Disasters typically magnify existing patterns of inequality, including gender inequality. Violence against women and girls can occur, for example, because scarce resources result in lack of street lighting at night in areas where women are obliged to collect fuel or water from remote and isolated areas. Women run more slowly than men, for instance, and face greater difficulties in climbing rescue points such as trees and posts. They often cannot swim and may be prohibited from leaving their homes.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	3519dd43079dd22464e6b3399776e626	One contemporary development of relevance here is the movement of government funding away from supporting arts, humanities and social sciences in UK higher education - a potential risk to the respect and understanding agenda that is being replicated in different ways around the world on account of current economic constraints. First, critical self-examination guards against the mindless bigotry that often underpins conflict, fuelled by prejudice developed through restrictive school curricula. Instead, a broad cosmopolitan vision is proposed, including a strong rooting in the learners’ own community and culture, but also a knowledge of other traditions and places, and the ability to empathise and communicate with other peoples, and consequently respect and understand them. This agenda fits closely with the field of intercultural education (e.g. Gundara, 2000), which will be explored in empirical contexts in the later sections.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	351ae6a2c349397bfe70326d4a166045	This resulted in the same data being collected by different agencies. At the same time, mixed data collection methodologies were used, preventing the harmonisation of different data sources (Bedi et al., This includes social and economic data to for example monitor national development plans and other established indices such as the Human Development Index and the Millennium Development Goals.	13	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	351b1eb3dbf7d3eb27b9a44e17ddc402	For example, as referred to earlier, in recent years, enrolment trends have led some surpluses in CEIP’s budget to be transferred to CETP’s budget. There are no stakeholders voicing major criticisms about the approach followed by education councils to distribute resources across schools. While the distribution criteria are not made public and information on the amount of public resources each school receives is not disclosed, there is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-26-en	351c88080711d49d48e2bca4b47ea2d8	By further modifying ■ Increase of flash-flood events and debris flows due to the increase in extreme event in mountainous areas. National adaptation strategy . . . , ' . _ _. Biodiversity is defined as the “variability of living beings in terrestrial and water ecosystems”, therefore the actions about biodiversity involve the environmental status of water ecosystems.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	351eb486e7816a275f202b2020d1f321	Although they have achieved a comparable level of economic development, they are poles apart in the development of female labour force participation, policies to support families, and the combination of work-and-family and fertility trends over recent decades. In France, most women enter the labour market on a full-time basis, and working parents using formal care have received public support since the early 1980s. Fertility has remained at a high level by European standards.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7e830810-en	3520a9f0d2d6f308267ade7fce37a5a9	Energy data are available mainly in developed countries, and even in these countries they are not as detailed as needed for proper industrial energy-efficiency analysis and policy design. Benchmarking is required as much at the technology and process levels as at the policy level. The long distance to best practice is a major incentive for governments and firms to do better.	7	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	35224f940c927a7c896e9a701377b5e0	This renders it possible for people to combine living in the picturesque and tranquil peripheral areas with jobs that meet their professional qualifications (Dahlstrom etal. For this reason, among the Danish counties, Bornholm has the highest level of unemployment and a large reserve of labour with a low educational level and professional experience often exclusively from traditional primary or manufacturing sectors -qualifications and experiences that are no longer attractive to the labour market (Dahlstrom et al. Old traditions of hunting, fishing and gathering still prevail in peripheral areas of Finland and have profound impact on the labour markets and the population's ability to survive in the peripheral areas.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	3522dd78144e3a1631bb05f6afd5c13f	Areas such as emergencies and dam safety are also included in the new Code, as are water resources monitoring and basin management plans for the development, use and protection of water resources. For instance, the river basin management principle has not been put into practice, although a pilot project was initiated in the Chu and Talas rivers basin in cooperation with the World Bank. The Water Code also states that a basin council should be set up for each principal river basin, a measure not yet taken.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	352374c2f725089b59486c725036fd87	The amaHlubi community of KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa, is a good example of how customary law can be applied in a way that recognizes gender equality. This shows that customary land practice need not be bound by inflexible inheritance rules, but can operate on principles of access to livelihood and ensuring social inclusion. There are considerable variations between and within customary legal systems, as well as statutory systems.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	35255243498994222b7f0c66ef277760	About three-quarters of the funding is directly used for disaster prevention. The rest is used to cover a variety of areas, including indirect provision for disaster preparedness (e.g. providing equipment to fire departments and funding early-warning systems), and to provide partial indemnities for the costs of natural disasters. In addition, some smaller funding sources are available. This is due partly to improved reporting systems, but predominantly to increases in the value of assets located in high-risk areas. The Federal Disaster Fund allows both the Lander (responsible for land-use planning) and individuals and businesses to avoid bearing the full cost of their exposure to risks.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	352580afc6352c95635ef1e8a0fd3fcc	Although they may never fully compensate for the loss in income, they can smooth their consumption to some extent, thereby decreasing fluctuations in consumption. However, the more children living in a household, the greater the poverty risk and the lower the ability to smooth consumption (World Bank 2010b). For poor households, the strategies available are even more limited and can have detrimental effects impacting their well-being in the future, leading to chronic poverty and the transmission of poverty over generations (Ravallion 2009; Ortiz et al. For the poorest households, subsistence farming may be a viable option.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7ba4f48c-en	352f172d63186ad226f2efc5b3cde53c	In the pursuit of job-oriented economic growth, attention must be given to the economic devastation the global community experiences from the pollution, global warming, and waste associated with unregulated production and rampant consumerism. As consumption and production habits change, so too will the nature of the jobs and skills required to support them. Steps should be taken to ensure that youth are provided with the skills needed in those industries that promote sustainable solutions to environmental challenges.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	352f69ae8e2ddbaf9b548878d8d65607	The focus of this work will be, amongst others, dental care, pre-hospital care including the ambulance sen/ice, and quality registries. Nevertheless, the focus of most of these has been on monitoring trends in health needs and in health-care activities. In primaiy care, a limited number of activities and outputs are measured; those that are produced focus on basic measures of population health (such as allcause mortality and activity around maternal and child health).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	352ffa1a3f531a98895dc537447bbc01	There was wide support for the role of the Forum, with its universal membership and its ability to address the challenges facing forests in a holistic manner. It was also noted that the establishment of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests had fostered stronger collaboration and cooperation among the key forest-related organizations at the global level. Several countries welcomed efforts to promote a wider understanding of the importance of forests and trees, and their multiple benefits, including through the International Year of Forests and the International Day of Forests. However, some representatives said that there w'as insufficient public recognition of these benefits and that the visibility of forests was still too low.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	3532ad02f8d08375d7cbbb2871a76e4b	This will be crucial in improving the quality of life and economic dynamism of urban areas for all of Chile’s residents. This could further promote mixed-income housing areas, and discourage better-off families from demanding housing subsidies. While centrally located land can be more expensive in the short term, the pre-existence of infrastructure saves money, and better accessibility reduces commuting time and its associated costs, including pollution.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	353a855c9bcc90c38510303d6451b00d	Avoid punishing short or interrupted labour market histories. Policies for this purpose include making vesting periods required for a pension adequate for the working patterns of women in each country, ensuring that the requirements to access minimum pensions allow for the incorporation of most women. This also involves designing benefit formulas in a way that does not punish time out of work (for instance, regarding how career breaks are filled). In defined contribution systems, this also relates to ensuring that administrative fees in individual accounts do not disadvantage workers with low accumulation or discontinuous contribution patterns.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079915-9-en	353ab8e344eefa96a52ae4c11cff5e1f	Capture fisheries, aquaculture, industrial fishing, small-scale fishing and sports fishing all have different participants and face different challenges. Aquaculture is in many ways like agriculture, with a fairly predictable output for any given input. Sports fishing is a case apart, not driven by the same profit needs as professional fishing. Capture fisheries, whether large or small-scale, are based on a raw material whose availability can be highly unstable and unpredictable.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	353cd93fd8cb6897fec321bb7371d5d4	While biofuel use has rapidly increased in the last few years, Portugal is still far from meeting this target. Using biofuels remains more expensive than other GHG abatement options and requires subsidies adding further pressures to the government budget. Portugal should continuously assess its biofuel policy, taking full account of impacts on land use, agricultural input use, water quality and biodiversity.	7	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	353e3592ccac71eeb09e4711ceb36a0b	Version 2.0 based on HTML5 has now been published. The system facilitates the offering of services through a combination of broadcast and broadband telecommunication resources and features. The latest specifications considered most of the requirements in Recommendations ITU-R BT.2053 [10.3] and ITU-T J.205 [10.4] including broadcast centric scenario.	9	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/469d7fec-en	3547e96a7ea4f14c48eb496d445f850f	An improved overview of climate finance flows, including in the context of developed countries’ USD lOObn goal in the context of the UNFCCC, could have both national and international benefits. These obligations have been enhanced under the Paris Agreement, and include: quantified commitments relating to the provision and mobilisation of financial resources from developed countries to assist developing countries; the leadership of developed countries in mobilising climate finance for developing countries; the reporting of transparent and consistent information on finance provided and mobilised by developed countries; and the review of climate finance provided. However, gaps and inconsistencies remain in UNFCCC provisions for transparency of climate finance provided, mobilised and received. There are also gaps in data availability and reporting, and no agreed methods to attribute climate finance mobilised multilaterally, or for calculating climate finance mobilised from policy interventions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	3549e4f2fceac7666f7f66517f7a57cb	Using different graphic characters and colour variation can help interviewers to navigate the questionnaire more easily, to follow skip patterns accurately, to reduce data entry errors and to reduce the chance that respondents will end the interview prematurely. All responses associated with a particular question should appear on the same page in order to ensure that none are missing and questions associated with the same theme or topic should be grouped closely together. This should be done without crowding the questions, which might cause some to be overlooked.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	354b0d71579937f9ca7cd17e98147ec9	Lastly, this chapter describes how data is collected in order to provide information for the planning and management of health care services. Large socio-economic and geographic inequalities in health, how'ever, persist throughout the country. This section describes the demographic and socio-economic context of the Colombian health care system and assesses the burden of disease that the system must address, including the legacy of the internal armed conflict.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	354ddd000f675e4cbcb0af5089a1e476	Vehicle to person: other (passenger in a bus, person walking inside a bus terminal etc.); Collision between vehicles driving straight in the same direction in the same lane; 7. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the same direction in different lanes; 8. Collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad; 9. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction; 10.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	35525bc6406bec918b0b50f7c6555ce2	For instance, in Canada, the federal government has issued no recent water goals or indicators towards which all ministries can work, and integrated water policy is facing obstacles. This may create tensions between ministries with conflicting interests at sub-national level and calls for a customisation of water policy at the territorial level. For example in Mexico, the programmes of the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) seek to respond to increasing water demand from the different users, especially those that have fewer water resources.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	3555276b87fd8fc8abc2659ada6a7bfd	Grants to provincial, district and local level governments have been increased significantly, signalling a major shift in the Government’s approach to delivering services to rural and remote areas. While the large increase in funding to provincial and local governments will directly transfer large amounts of funds to rural areas, it is expected that this will strain the capacity of the provinces to effectively implement the Government’s ambitious service delivery agenda. Moreover, Papua New Guinea is to be commended for taking steps to establish its Sovereign Wealth Fund which is expected to be operational by the end of 2013.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-9-en	355792bf7090c000111771970b1ffb1e	The indicators define quantitative or qualitative information needed to show progress achieving a criterion (REDD+ SES, 2012). The standards at principle and criteria levels are to be applied across all countries while indicators are to be tailored for country and/or local-specific circumstances. The REDD+ SES has also prepared a generic “framework for indicators” to guide the development of country-specific indicators. See Annex C for a summary of REDD+ SES and SEPC of the UN REDD Programme.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	3557e13e2d3c31da34ba81b195b13145	Key elements to achieve this are: empowering client communities to become active parties in decision-making instead of considering them mere subjects of consultations; incorporating information feedback loops to avoid knowledge being reserved for a selected few; and ensuring accountability at a personal, individual level so that policies, strategic plans, budgets, performance management systems and individual accountability and responsibility are all aligned. Finally, students and their families, users, affected groups, communities and taxpayers must play an integral part in defining the parameters and systems of monitoring and evaluation. In South Africa, although there seems to be higher educational achievement, many observers question the quality of education received in state schools, asking whether the pass rate actually reflects students’ learning achievements. A recent court judgment finding the Government in contempt of court for ignoring earlier court orders to provide textbooks for schoolchildren appears to support this argument (Nkosi, 2012).	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	35591db4b078ffdd74c83b15c5fc340c	Similarly, early marriage and motherhood may have detrimental effects on several outcomes in early adulthood (e.g. human capital accumulation, earnings, health) of both the mother and the children, and be a cause of socio-economic disadvantages transmitted across generations. Children of teenage mothers suffer as young adults in terms of lower educational attainment, an increased risk of disruptive behaviour, a higher risk of economic inactivity and of becoming a teenage mother themselves (D’Onofrio et al., This may be a result of childhood family structure, the lower standard of living experienced by many teenage mothers, in addition to the often poorer earning partners that they pair with (Francesconi, 2008).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	355caa7c220d2fa90e8c0f53f57bf574	The central government had been planning to capitalise on the good wind resource in the north of the country by increasing production of wind energy in these areas. It had selected several sites for locating wind farms. However, as the production of RE does not represent a concrete advantage for the hosting communities, and as there is a general perception that negative externalities are not being compensated for by the RE policy, they have tended to oppose them.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b64c6036-en	3560c9755a636eb7d2f789b6b3df2015	Economic activities depending on water will be adversely affected. This, in turn, will exacerbate the already demanding challenge of balancing competing demands among different uses — navigation, hydropower generation, agriculture, industry, tourism/recreation, etc. — Additional attention should be given to water resources in such a changing environment, so as to ensure the functioning of ecosystems and the preservation of the natural capital.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	3562ab2fe12bce88a6651049d162e3dd	Yet they are increasingly well educated, and often better educated than men. The next section finds that inequality also prevails in unpaid work in the home, where women still do the lion's share of housework and parenting. Section 5 considers widespread dissatisfaction with the struggle to balance work and family life, while the final section examines how a more equal gender distribution of paid work might impact on the German labour force and German economic performance.	5	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f3623e-00dc42a3-en	35633d5f9ecf08071def16c9281c5b45	This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) participated in and launched of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were: public private partnership (PPP) as model for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving IMT systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU GIS-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020 in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem. The maps are a cutting-edge ICT-data mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity (fibre and microwave) as well as of other key metrics of the ICT sector; the platform currently covers Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab States, CIS, Europe and Latin America, with data from more than 300 operators.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-5-en	3563b2234bffda25348b4611e9864de7	Section 2.2 then presents the core of the new empirical evidence on the links between income inequality and economic growth. Section 2.3 explores one of the main transmission mechanisms between inequality and growth: the human capital channel. Section 2.4 draws concluding remarks. Theoretical work has provided mechanisms supporting both possibilities, and the large empirical literature attempting to discriminate between these mechanisms has been largely inconclusive.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	35660619cb669fd7315fce69457ded55	The dynamic growth of the oil and gas sector inevitably reduces the shares of other sectors in GDP, and potentially their absolute size. The government has been proactive in combating these trends, investing the National Fund revenues overseas to limit exchange rate appreciation and consequent Dutch Disease effects and promoting economic diversification by a variety of well-funded policies. One expectation is that non-traded goods sectors will expand, and this was apparent in the construction boom and real estate bubble, which burst in 2007.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	3569bdf5f70e395e91eec9d42595582b	Unconditional cash transfers, now widely diffused in the most affected countries of sub-Saharan Africa are good examples given their potential to affect the underlying causes of HIV diffusion among young children. Indeed, a study by UNICEF (2007) on three cash transfers (Kalomo in Zambia; Mchinji in Malawi; and the social cash transfers in South Africa) show that the potential of such programmes is higher in contexts where most (around 70 per cent) of their targeted households (and the children within them) are affected by HIV/AIDS. Zomba Conditional Cash Transfer in Malawi Context: Malawi is one of the poorest countries within Sub-Saharan Africa and one of the countries with the highest rates of HIV prevalence in the world.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	356d7e559702fb73fb92ce8f2ce90450	Given the variety of country contexts and limited guidance, there are significant variations in how this information has been reported, some of which could potentially be resolved through common guidance (Table 6). For those that do provide some useful insights, the process can be complex, and can involve compiling information from a range of different agencies or bodies within the national government, publicly available information from various international sources (e.g. regional development banks or UN bodies) and bilateral climate finance providers. Argentina, for example, reports that it simply used publicly-available information in donor countries’ databases.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264090415-15-en	35723e5788e76bbb52be1f7576758ee0	According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) report, about half of the stocks in the oceans were fully exploited and one-quarter were either overexploited or depleted with no possibilities in the short or medium term of further expansion (Pauly and Christensen, 1995). The FAO capture fisheries data show that the steady decline of mean trophic levels (MTL) of fish communities is a global phenomenon (Tian et al., All over the world, catch compositions have gone from from high trophic levels, larger size and long lifespan to low trophic levels, smaller size and short lifespan.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	3573caf58e5fcc6a28ffc5d9a5f3276f	From the perspective of building domestic capabilities, the challenges for policymakers are first, how to keep educated people from leaving by developing opportunities at home; and second, how to draw those participating in the diaspora back to the country, or find other ways to encourage them to share their expertise and skills and form business linkages (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2007). China has set up more than 100 special high-technology parks to draw back nationals from overseas (Dahlman, 2008). In Taiwan Province of China, there is a State information clearing house for potential employers and returning researchers, with airfare and other subsidies for those who return (Davone, 2007). While newly industrialized countries such as China can take advantage of the temporary migration of students and workers to develop scientific capacities, very few African countries are in this position.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	3574dc6dbdc10d54769613f5c0afd93d	M&E ensures development dollars are spent as efficiently as possible. M&E also provides a better means of learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning and allocating resources, and demonstrating results. The guidance addresses performance indicators, a performance framework, and approaches to gather information such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, participatory workshops, results-based-mapping, etc.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/18db943d-en	35761115916853153e046a859de6a5d7	The flow of information needs to be coordinated and shared among multiple actors - with a high degree of redundancy in the dissemination channels, since people are most likely to act on warnings corroborated from multiple sources (Box III-2). What are the patterns and trends? Are risk maps and data widely available?	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b7590987-en	35798e275a24718c3c250bcb6c10943b	Policy interventions and health systems are connected through feedback relationships. Although some individual developing countries have been successful, the health-related MDGs were not met globally by 2015 and there is unfinished business. Health challenges confronted by the MDGs will feature among the health challenges of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3579a448523bf6af7380c2b9f532f944	Once the appropriate cost estimates have been established, governments would then need to internalise the value of such resources into the full costs of the economic activities that deplete them. Quite obviously, issues such as climate change or tropical rainforests, which constitute a vital link in the global oxygen cycle, transcend national boundaries and need to be internalised through cumbersome, but indispensable, international negotiations. A well-known study on the full costs of energy prepared for the European Commission by Ecofys consultants (2014) is a case in point. The study included in its calculations the social costs for non-internalised resource depletion at a level ranging between EUR 9 and EUR 14 for gas, coal, oil and nuclear per MWh produced (Ecofys, 2014: p. 37) - see Figure 7.3. Nuclear power fared actually rather well in this comparison, given its good performance in terms of climate change risks and air quality (particulate matter formation). Not only have proved reserves for all four resources been rising rather than decreasing.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kgk8t2k9vf3-en	3579f5630196d9b0eec8b2eef98ef79a	Source: Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Part of the change reflects a household’s preference for homeownership relative to other tenures which, in turn, is influenced by policies that influence households’ tenure choice (e.g. housing taxation, rental regulations). Another part of this change reflects purely demographic and socio-economic developments. For instance, the probability of homeownership tends to increase with age; thus it is likely that the aggregate homeownership rate would have increased in OECD countries - even if nothing else changed - due to population ageing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	357b9862bbae2132f41edcac46d84758	However, this need not be a necessary condition. As was seen in the case study, New Zealand’s experience with reforming agricultural subsidies shows that it is possible to take significant unilateral action without suffering any long-term loss of competitiveness (Vitalis, 2006). Failure to address these concerns early in the policy process can fuel opposition (OECD, 2006b).	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-5-en	357eab961f13385491d35c6770b5be40	The 2017 exercise examines action to address physical connectivity constraints and reduce trade costs, in particular through national and regional actions to implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. It also extends consideration of trade costs into the area of digital connectivity, network infrastructure and service markets. A picture of concerted action-by governments, development partners and the private sector- to promote trade, inclusiveness and connectivity for sustainable development emerges from this analysis. A key message that emerged from the 2015 edition of the Aid-for-Tradeata Glance publication (OECD-WTO, 2015) was that high trade costs inhibit numerous developing countries from fully exploiting the market access opportunities created by the multilateral trading system.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	3581b41fdeebb2662459d75d3a2fd0f1	There are other vulnerable population groups, such as minorities and people with disabilities. As these groups constitute large shares of the population, tackling their vulnerability can make major contributions to inclusiveness. These groups are also given special consideration in national development plans focusing on tourism (see chapter one).	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	358576abbd5b2d282a2aa390213ee064	However, given the early stage of some international institutions and arrangements, the extent to which this potential will be realised is uncertain. If this option is taken forward, text in the 2015 Agreement could encourage use of existing institutions, arrangements and guidance. Text in the 2015 agreement could also indicate that a review of the effectiveness of these institutions, arrangements and guidance will be carried out in [x] years.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d7951adb-en	3587f061f34a75581d20db5e076df82e	The increased interaction between people and devices and devices themselves —a trend also known as the Internet of Things—is creating new paradigms for energy efficiency. Platforms for the provision of Energy as a Service, i.e. charging for pumped water, lighting, battery charging or efficiency services instead of charging for the energy consumed. Dematerialization of billing processes and metering of energy services to operators. New financing models for energy access with metering, and advanced demand and supply management.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	3589817a71c1f859c94e1ec33f47d3a4	Powerful learning environments are constantly creating synergies and finding new ways to enhance professional, social and cultural capital with others. They do that with families and communities, with higher education, with businesses, and especially with other schools and learning environments. This is about creating innovative partnerships.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	358b521d5b2ec4acbdd9e115ce0f30ed	Equation (1) also abstracts from capital depreciation, taxes/subsidies on intermediate inputs, and exogenous changes in efficiency. All of these considerations are typically also included in global CGE analyses - in particular those based on the GTAP framework. The subscripts i refer to produced commodities, of which there are N in total. As shown below, in most CGE models, this is where municipal water shows up since the municipal water supply is provided by a public utility using scarce resources.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	358baa17d0917eb2bea90b5bfb4e414c	Measures adopted by many of the region’s governments show that the State has played an active part in mitigating the effects of the crisis (see chapter III). That role depends, however, on what resources it can mobilize, its institutional strength and the level of coordination among the measures taken in response to the crisis and between those measures and longer-term sectoral programmes. It will analyse the impact of the various cash transfers recorded by household surveys on the redistribution of primary household income.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	358e800334cef024334fffd6eefb0fef	Circulatory disease deaths also account for the largest gap in death rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (22% of the gap). This is followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders - particularly diabetes - which account for 14% of the gap (AIHW, 2014b). In 2006-10, overall death rates were twice as high. Circulatory diseases accounted for the largest gap (27% of the gap), followed by diabetes (17%) and cancers (12%).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-9-en	358fac9b0d80086d2a45efc095a5c90f	For instance, the Central Institute for Test Development (Cito) is responsible for the periodic assessment project (PFON) and the Cohort studies are undertaken by a consortium bringing together educational research institutes, Cito and the National Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Typically, the Inspectorate of Education, research institutions, Cito and organisations such as the National Bureau of Statistics and the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (Centraal Planbureau, CPB1) take responsibility together for empirical studies. The planning of research and evaluative studies by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, conducted within its Knowledge Directorate generally involves external advice given by organisations such as the Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) (e.g. monitoring studies, Cohort studies).	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	359c2120a21b2d88eef8da60cd59face	As such, WRPs represent the first rational intervention in a basin and have a central role in orienting the implementation of the National Policy on Water Resources. Public participation is mandatory along the development of the WRPs from the early stages. River basin committees and related working groups contribute to the design process with data and interpretations, assessments, weightings, suggestions and singular views, and help with internal discussions among its members to produce consensus on specific themes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cabe9310-en	359c5bd5fc3db616a53b813f6bb08856	And municipal authorities struggle to introduce separate collection when private agents are already buying recyclable materials from the residents. On the other hand, there Is a proper business sector, both formal and informal, through which inhabitants can benefit by selling their dry waste items either to itinerant buyers, local junk shops or to the WOW program. In addition, there are wasteplckers who have free access to waste. Is solid waste a private commodity? Or Is It a type of null or negative value good, for which a removal service should be paid?	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b276eed7-en	359d06ec7526a300595c246013946d95	One of the funding sources proposed by Suplicy (2009) in the case of Brazil is a tax on natural resource extraction, much like that of Alaska, where, since 1982, all Alaskan inhabitants have received an equal dividend financed 50% from oil royalties. Another aspect little explored in literature is the potential of such an across-the-board injection of resources to cause inflationary economic cycles, which could reduce or even neutralize the positive impact of this resource injection, particularly in rural sectors or small urban areas with limited capacity for growth and competitiveness in the supply of goods and services. Pensiones no contributivas y asistenciales. United Nations publication, Sales No.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae18b798-en	359de2603c1213f6e0883e16f974077e	The base scenario used to present the findings is an urban household with four members, including children underage 12, headed by a man aged between 30 and 49 with complete secondary education and a paid job, and no unmet needs in terms of water, sanitary' infrastructure or electricity. This scenario is then used as a starting point to show how the household’s probability of poverty varies in the event of a change in some of the variables. According to this model, household size has the highest impact on poverty probability in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Panama and Uruguay.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	359e929c1fd4c0e5ec681e0e876e1bcf	In light of their growing environmental responsibilities, provincial and especially local governments need to secure sufficient funding to pursue their mandates. Positive examples of capacity building by the national and provincial environmental authorities need to be scaled-up and more systematic. As a result, different requirements are applied within and among provinces. Most local authorities do not have the capacity to exercise their post-apartheid constitutional powers in land-use management and to integrate environmental aspects into spatial planning; thus, provinces continue to play a significant role. In many areas, traditional (tribal) authorities are insufficiently engaged in spatial planning and land-use management, partly because they consider that the state does not heed the communities’ historic land rights. However, the institutional barriers to its implementation have seriously limited policy effectiveness.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/14642ccc-en	359fea934ce94f3f5fb6d8681fb87ed8	The Indian census does not collect data on ethnicity but indicates whether a respondent belongs to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe based on definitions contained in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act of 1976. Available from www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045216 (accessed 18 December 2017).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	35a1e382d24bca616853de177652f280	A comprehensive, independent study could help inform policy in this area. The serious health and environmental impact of exposure to mercury have long been known, yet substantial quantities of mercury are released to the environment, mostly in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. A considerable number are employed in this activity and many miners lack feasible alternative employment. Its aim is to build institutional capacity for GHS implementation in the priority sectors of agriculture, transport, consumption and labour. Companies involved in Colombian implementation of Responsible Care, a global voluntary programme by the chemicals industry (Section 3.7), have also started to use the GHS for products they market. In Colombia, regulations on the transport of hazardous goods, and on industrial hygiene and safety, also require SDS to be made available to persons involved in transporting hazardous chemicals.	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	35a25b74a91a674a6057e5932acce006	Firms may also learn by engaging in exporting activities, which can expose firms to new ways of doing business in the international arena. Another potential channel is learning and upgrading through vertical supply-chain relationships (Gereffi, 1999). In addition, SMEs can also gain access to valuable knowledge flows by getting trained and certified in global best practices, such as ISO 9001 and 14001, as well as sector-specific certifications.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	35a40f723409371ad34eb3543973f38f	Most of this comes from the United States, where it is produced from maize, and from Brazil, where it is made from sugarcane. As yet, the Asia Pacific region is still a minor player, producing around 2.5 billion litres of fuel ethanol each year, which is only 5 per cent of global output.8 However, the region is also expanding its output of bio-diesel. This is partly due to their potential environmental impact, and partly due to concern that their production will increase the volume of greenhouse gases. This occurs first during the process of land conversion.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	35a44cddf0202000c89714510a6d6dc3	Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat /documents/3859598/5910217 /KS-RA-09-012-EN.PDF /Oldl 733e-46b6-4da8-92e6 -766a65d7fd60?version=l .0 (accessed 4 August 2017). Statistics on environmental protection and resource management expenditure for corporations, non-profit institutions and households usually require the use of specific surveys of establishments in different sectors and industries. Therefore, key factors that affect the quality of statistics produced through this type of source include the existence of updated and precise establishment registers, sampling procedures and the quality of questionnaires.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e309eca0-en	35a4fcfd312c85766d0ddabda0f2b760	With the spread of information communication technologies in recent decades, labour markets have been profoundly affected. Particular types of jobs - often routine ones - are increasingly performed by machines and workers have needed to acquire new skills. For other workers however, the introduction of new technologies has complemented their existing skills and made them more productive. Gains from trade accrue from the ability to allocate resources to the sectors and locations where they can be most efficient. In particular, global trade integration has facilitated the efficient production of intermediate goods thanks to the organisation of fragmented supply chains. More open economies tend to grow faster and participation in global value chains is associated with better knowledge diffusion and stronger productivity growth.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7db07bca-en	35a763f22ee3539395c348ccca9bdae7	For similar reasons, households may underinvest in the education and health of their children, as well as adopt negative risk-coping strategies such as distress sales of assets, reducing the quantity and quality of food consumption, begging or taking children out of school, and exploiting natural resources in an unsustainable manner. It helps households manage risk. A growing body of evidence shows that social assistance programmes not only prevent households from falling into deeper poverty and hunger when exposed to a shock but, by helping the poor overcome liquidity and credit constraints and manage risks more effectively, it also allows them to invest in productive activities and build assets.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	35a7e6011d3e121df53947cdabe89cce	First, an initial basin efficiency rate (BE0) is calculated on the basis of the share of each irrigation technology applied in each respective OECD country (see Figure 23). The first is the cost related to changing to the more efficient irrigation efficiency per hectare (IE cost). The second is the total irrigated area (Al) in hectares in 2050. The third component is the share of total irrigated area in 2050 equipped with the more efficient irrigation technology.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-7-en	35a8c42a1da2036a5df1c71d682b24bc	Total fisheries exports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.5 billion, comprising of edible fisheries exports of AUD 1.1 billion, and non-edible fisheries exports of AUD 384 million. The total fisheries imports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.7 billion. Around 75% of the fisheries imports (AUD 1.3 billion) were edible fisheries imports, whilst pearls made up the majority of the AUD 427 million of non-edible imports. The total value of Australian fisheries exports declined each year from 2000-01 to 2007-08, but saw a small (2%) increase in 2008-09 from the 2006-07 exports of AUD 1.49 billion.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	35a8ef52af7ee4c2044d55d39675d7e1	In addition, the country has decreased its reliance on imported inputs for export production and reduced its dependency on processing exports. The share of capital goods in China's total exports rose from 30 per cent in 2000 to nearly 50 per cent in 2008, while its share in total imports was declining. Intermediate imports were also declining, from 40 per cent of total imports to only 20 per cent during those years. The growth rate of processing exports has been lagging behind ordinary exports since 2005.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	35b04027f22d8b00e1e7390963486707	At the micro level they can focus capacity development on project stakeholders. With governments they can support its capacity to respond more effectively to citizens’ demands. At the country level they can support the development of a broad knowledge base on voice and accountability, empowerment and pro-poor growth, including a strong endogenous capacity for diagnosis, policy choices, monitoring and evaluation of highly context-specific issues and processes. For example, regarding legal empowerment, donors can support the demand side through awareness-raising campaigns and the provision of grassroots legal services, but major change will only occur when governments are willing to improve the supply side of justice delivery services and their institutional response to rights violations. Donor support for capacity building in state institutions thus often includes support for Ombudsmen and one-window-service offices, as well as the creation of consumer groups (Good Practice Note 6.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	35b29155421ba20d45cd2bcb5666483e	Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management. As a country with relatively low tariffs on fish and fish products, the United States supports liberalizing global trade in these products.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/98d85d93-en	35b29aee4781e08e0a7ae9afda0e8355	In Iceland women account for about 7% of commercial boat-based fishers (Figure 2.5.1), unusually assuming all roles from skipper to deckhand (Willson 2014). Those in the commercial fishing sector serve on vessels of all sizes. It threatens the health of fish populations and marine and coastal ecosystems worldwide, as well as the livelihoods and food security of millions of inhabitants of coastal areas (Hall 2016, Pew Charitable Trusts 2016).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	35b3132cfd9f3d5dd8bded7081dd5078	In fact, in almost all cases, the majority of production growth for these products will be coming from outside the OECD area, where growth rates are 2-3 times larger than for OECD countries. The same situation applies for much of the consumption growth as well. As a result, the OECD area’s share in global output and use for these products continues to decline over the projection period from 2010 and 2019.	2	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	35b6e078a1bca8936b3426031f640a33	"In recent years, efforts have been undertaken to construct and rehabilitate schools in needy areas. The ""100 schools, 100 hospitals” programme, announced by the President of Kazakhstan in 2007, has constructed 106 new schools providing more than 86 000 additional student places throughout the country. The purpose of the programme, financed largely through Republican budget targeted development transfers (TDTs), was threefold: (i) to reduce reliance on three-shift education; (ii) to reduce the number of schools in emergency condition; and (iii) to decrease the deficit of student places in schools (IAC, 2014)."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	35bafa7d44822b79edb23e8154a0a3c1	Similarly in Austria and Germany, linguistic barriers to social wellbeing were greatest among first-generation immigrant students. Immigrant-native differences in socio-economic background explain almost one fourth of the observed gaps in academic performance (compared to one fifth in the OECD area). After accounting for students’ socio-economic status, the immigrant-native gap in the percentage of students attaining baseline academic proficiency between native and immigrant students dropped from 27 to 20 pexcentage points. On average across OECD countries this percentage decreased from 18 to 14 percentage points.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	35bc422ec7d61a0d79b713c8695ee063	These include: i) trying to ease the flow of imports and exports; ii) creating more financial stability and legitimacy in the country; iii) facilitating the continued flow of remittances; and iv) rebuilding and developing basic infrastructure. The NDP framework will define the country’s development priorities over a five-year period. The plan will also outline internal and external financing needs and major sources of funding and will guide the allocation of resources and prioritisation of government actions and international development support. The NPD will also serve as the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP), until a full-fledged official one is developed, and will include a vision and direction for Somalia's socio-economic development and poverty reduction. This process is ongoing and will slowly start to enhance the Federal government capabilities and responsiveness. However, the current tight fiscal space, with extremely limited revenue raising capacity, combined with the challenging security situation, makes it difficult to attract skilled professionals into the public sector, thereby limiting the government’s capacity to deliver services.	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	35bf8639b4b8034181dc8c81a808e977	The significant and rapid deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some countries of the region continues to pose a grave risk to peace and security, with various implications, following the displacement of millions of inhabitants. The difficult and traumatic situation of refugees escaping conflict zones, in particular in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, makes them particularly vulnerable to and at high risk of exposure to drug trafficking and addiction. Lack of governmental control and a general atmosphere of lawlessness in many areas make it virtually impossible to monitor drug control activities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	35c362f11dfaa3926cc4131079ccb760	However, the pension insurance rate cannot be lowered; c) Unemployment insurance funds can be used to help enterprises with financial difficulties to stabilise job posts; d) Enterprises with financial difficulties are encouraged to provide on-the-job training for their employees; e) Economic compensation problems of enterprises with financial difficulties should be solved appropriately. According to one estimate, if the first three measures were fulfilled, enterprises’ economic burdens would be reduced by more than CNY 100 billion, and more than 10 million job posts would be stabilised. The Chinese government has taken many measures to help these groups, including employment services and training.	10	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	35c6c88a880b7172d33c396af0e5166c	This is another reason why poverty eradication, or at least alleviation, must be essential to a green economy strategy for Jamaica. The middle class is small, and also clinging to its standard of living. Costly adjustments to its standard of living will be instinctively resisted, unless there is a successful education programme on the long-term benefits of a green economy.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	35c7187918638af613f19cfdd9de4475	The Teacher’s Statute lays out the minimum function of schools principals in both public and private-subsidised schools. For principals of public schools, the Teacher’s Statute stipulates further administrative and financial responsibilities. Further administrative tasks include organising, supervising and evaluating the work of teachers, suggesting the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers with a poor evaluation, proposing staff for recruitment and replacement, providing input in the selection of teachers, proposing salary allowances for teachers, appointing and dismissing other school leaders, and promoting a good school climate. Financial responsibilities include assigning, managing and controlling the resources allocated to the school in accordance with legislative requirements. In a shift from the traditionally administrative and managerial role of school leaders, all of these frameworks and standards emphasise school leaders’ role as pedagogical leaders. A first set of standards, the Good School Leadership Framework (Marco para la Buena Direccion) published by the Ministry of Education in 2005 was updated with a new set of standards in 2015 (Marco para la Buena Direccion y el Liderazgo Escolar).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	35c776f5cb2afd5b3cd524af24a7566a	In Chile the figure is 85% for Peruvian women, and it is as high as 87% for Colombian women working in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. This is significant, first, because it means that these women are financially responsible for their children and, second, because it is palpable evidence of the relative nature of the autonomy that leads women to decide to migrate alone, leaving their children behind in their countiy of origin (Martinez Pizarro, 2006). The problem lies in the lack of protection and the discrimination that these women face at work -making them even more vulnerable, especially if they are undocumented. In most cases there is a combination of factors, including residency status (documented or undocumented), countiy of origin, ethnicity, length of residence in the destination country, language proficiency and education level.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	35ce8e5bad43d358f9dac936d1bfcf9a	However, this distinction misses opportunities as the deployment of new technologies creates needs besides capital-intensive infrastructure. For example, more concessional resources in “soft” infrastructure, such as strengthening education and digital skills, can result in faster growth and progression in the digital economy. In addition, the spread of new technologies and the growing importance of the ICT ecosystem necessitates further breakdown of ICT sector codes in the CRS.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	35cf14c756673f302ede43f7c3cd8e1c	Formal childcare is also shown to be positively associated with the child’s cognitive development, in particular for children in disadvantaged households (Huerta et al., A greater use of flexible work and leave arrangements by both genders would make parental leave periods less penalising. A convergence in hours worked between women and men and more ambitious career trajectories for women would further reduce the gap in take-home pay.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f7cce716-en	35cff379caccbe953432be24a83711a1	It has a contestable component and another non-contestable one, the latter attending the vulnerable population that have been rendered unemployed as a result of a catastrophic disaster; and it pays the equivalent of 70% of the minimum wage. The third phase of PLANE involved two programmes: the Services Employment Programme (Programa de Empleo de Sen/icios - PES) and the Rural Employment Programme (Programa de Empleo Rural - PER). The secondary objectives of the PES included disaster prevention through the repair and construction of new infrastructure that requires large-scale use of labour. According to Landa and Lizarraga (2007, p. 134), PLANE Phase III had a positive impact for men because they received higher incomes and improved their opportunities for entering the labour market owing to the new skills they acquired.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b276eed7-en	35d042ab76591f46aa7807f7c959f20f	"Retirement benefits can be defined as deferred payment for work performed in the past, based on a system of contributions to a social security fund managed by the State or the private sector (ECLAC, 2010a, p. 98). A pension includes a set of benefits that may or may not provide a direct return to the employee and that may be contributory or noncontributory (referred to in this book as ""social pensions""). The use of both terms varies among countries in the region."	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	35d09e7b5fb61e813cc662cd16fcdc44	In the majority of the 67 countries with data from 2009 to 2015, fewer than a third of senior- and middle-management positions were held by women. Without quality, sustainable water resources and sanitation, progress in many other areas across the SDGs, including health, education and poverty reduction, will also be held back. Northern Africa and Western Asia, as well as Central and Southern Asia, experience water stress levels above 60 per cent, indicating the strong probability of future water scarcity. To achieve this Goal, bolder financing and policies will be needed, along with the willingness of countries to embrace new technologies on a much more ambitious scale.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/785f021c-en	35d1588cbc37e084bb612a95a9209412	Thus, demand for these goods encourages developing countries to enter and expand low-tech industries. These industries build a solid foundation for the future growth ofthe manufacturing sector by creating formal employment opportunities, generating demand for the products and services through backward linkages and contributing to income growth, better education and infrastructure in an early stage of development. However, because these developments coincide with the country's income growth, production costs will eventually increase.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	35d1d56de9a553cbbf3f49647b0344ae	The important side-effect of these changes was a reduction in the degree of tracking and stratification in the German school system and, by implication, a weakening of the impact that social background has on learning outcomes. Sometimes real opportunities are disguised as insoluble problems. This was the case in Scotland when the government, intending to initiate sweeping reforms to the curriculum, testing and leadership, started with an overhaul of teacher education, induction and pay.	4	0	3	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	35d636a9c9895d16fa034679dce3e6f0	This entails costs for those who lose their current job in the process. These costs tend to be minimized in countries with flexible labor markets and effective institutions for (retraining and supporting people in transition from one job to another. The growth of agribusiness sectors, for example, can generate non-farm jobs in rural areas. Manufacturing and services provide new opportunities for absorbing new entrants into the jobs market.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/3f10390a-en	35d693c23098766c937c1ae32503a82f	As of 2010, the Latin American countries had made considerable progress intliis field, with ratification of the eight basic conventions increasing from 93% to 97% (ECLAC, 2011). Furthermore, fear of becoming unemployed was lower among men and older people (see table I. A-4 in the annex to chapter I). The calculation excludes those stating they were currently without work.	1	1	4	0.6
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	35d8d77925abe5f09d29dff07a921214	To limit the negative externalities of unilateral policies on small, vulnerable economies (SVE), and in particular export taxes that may be difficult to ban in the short run, and to limit the use of such policies by large countries and generate income to help vulnerable importers to manage the price surge period, a system of “permits to tax' could be implemented. Free trade is necessary to achieve food security, but food security is also necessary to achieve support for free trade in the long run. Existing trade rules and disciplines offer little to ensure that trade remains conducive to food security under this new market environment, and they have to be adapted accordingly. Empirical analysis shows that different countries and regions suffered differently from the food price spike in 2007/08.	2	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	35dcb4fcb5ded4bb96bbeed3d4a35068	Conversely, higher levels of ICT access and use create the conditions for solid business cases, which allow operators to benefit from economies of scale and scope. These efficiency gains can be passed on in terms of lower prices to customers. The combined effects of these two processes can lead to virtuous circles: lower prices drive ICT adoption up and, in turn, higher ICT adoption enables lower prices.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	35e2822b3fb2ef200ff589b66a09bf20	By doing so, the Court concluded that the Constitution did not exclude the possibility of same-sex marriages. In fact, the Court noted that not allowing same-sex marriages would entail discrimination. Moreover, it noted that fundamental rights should be effectively protected even against the will of the majority.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	35e341a04b18cb28ff847563301dda76	Information connecting the sample structure codes in the micro-data with descriptions of the particular sample design features, so as to be able to identify the design features applicable to particular units. Practical variance estimation methods need to make some basic assumptions about the sample design. First, the sample selection is independent between strata.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	35e78bed1a4daaec3e0a8ccb70f91643	Moreover, there is evidence that most of the Natura 2000 forest habitats are not in good condition. The bulk of this will have to come from the central budget, the national environmental fund and EU sources. But new mechanisms should also be examined, such as wider use of access charges and the development of payment for ecosystem services (PES), which until now has not received much attention.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eag-2014-52-en	35ec8083eacbd8966bb596df796237cb	The only countries that require a master’s degree to teach pre-primary school are England, France, Iceland and Italy. This level of education is required to teach primary school in 11 of the 35 countries for which data are available; to teach general studies in lower secondary school in 16 countries; and to teach upper secondary school in 22 countries (see Table D6.1 a, b, c and d). In contrast nearly 40% of teachers feel inadequately prepared for the pedagogical aspects of teaching, which is the highest proportion in any of the 34 countries taking part in the TALIS survey (see Chart D6.a). In France, the proportion was lower (76%), and even lower still at private schools (only 69%, versus a TALIS average of 86%).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	35ece21c9e34b9fdb95799dc08ce4118	Therefore the LWE nexus is effectively roughly the same as the food-water-energy nexus as discussed in the literature, with a different label and with a more explicit acknowledgement that other sectors than agriculture, not least energy production, also rely on scarce land resources. These links also make it clear that there are three specific economic sectors that are central to the analysis: agriculture, water production and energy production. But an essential part of the assessment in this report is to go beyond a partial investigation of direct impacts on these sectors. The report aims to highlight the sectoral linkages and indirect effects that the nexus bottlenecks have on the rest of the economy, and how bottlenecks in a certain region affect other regions.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/35cfe616-en	35ef95c4851158c19ee18112136e8e7a	For example parameters 6, 7 and 8 are obviously linked, since in a situation without subsidy, the overall cost of renewables would determine a country’s willingness to invest in renewable technologies, and the differences in costs among renewable technologies would influence the mix of technologies that is adopted. However, note that the subsidy largely neutralizes those two effects, because it compensates for the difference in costs between renewable and conventional energy sources, and takes into account the differing costs of renewable technologies. Therefore, the subsidy allows countries to focus on the technologies that have the greatest resource potential under prevailing local conditions, without being hindered by high costs, at least for the duration of the subsidy.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	35f018b60321cf55c65ba1e918caf58e	However, those without formal qualifications increasingly fall through the cracks and face difficulties in finding work. However, low-skilled women continue to have relatively low employment rates and to take most of the responsibility for childcare. For low-skilled women the high costs of formal childcare are prohibitive and many choose not to work or to work short hours when informal care is available.	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	35f0957cd220f291a9d2c9e371814d3b	Gregg (ibid) notes that poor families often have other characteristics that can lead to low attainment, the most important being large families, less parental education and poorer psychological functioning of mothers (depression and a weak locus of control). He notes that: “whilst low income has a causal effect on children’s development, reductions in income inequality can never plausibly be large enough to offer more than a supporting role in equalising social gradients in development of children. The key rather lies in addressing the development of gradients through the home and school environments faced by children”.	1	3	2	0.2
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	35f2a88dc1cd6f40896d9b6d96fcbd07	The data source of the most important indicator- energy intensity - is Eurostat's structural business statistics. Eurostat notes that using this data on a detailed level for small countries has to be done with a certain caution. Because of this fact we have had to choose between NACE level 3 or 4 to minimise the data loss.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591264-9-en	35f51c0e10cd2fa0945677649aaa280e	Section 3 focuses on Kerala where the teaching profession is feminised. It highlights the socio-cultural factors which have facilitated this process, in particular the gendered expectations of women. It discusses how women's choices are further constrained within the teaching profession. Gender relations in present-day Kerala are touched upon.	4	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	35f58bf93d782661b1f198c37be14b69	The relationship between governments and universities is increasingly marked by target setting and performance requirements. Higher education institutions have gained autonomy in financial action to reach the defined goals. Tuition fees have been abolished in most Lander, with Lower Saxony the last Land to drop fees in autumn 2014.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	35f8976d85a6a9e29d1dc61e93e8f1d6	They note, however, that the impacts may vary considerably depending on the type of aid-for-trade intervention, the income level of the beneficiaries, the sector to which the support is directed and the geographical region of the recipient country. In the case of sectors, for example, Ferro et al. ( Cali and te Velde (2011) examined the impact of aid for trade on trade costs and exports; they found that a USD 1 million increase in aid-for-trade facilitation is associated with a 6% reduction in the cost of packing, loading and shipping to the transit hub. Busse et al (2012), using panel data on 99 developing countries covering the period 2004-09, show that aid for trade is closely associated with lowering trade costs, and therefore may play an important role in helping developing countries benefit from trade.	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	35fc57e5dfd12c365d13798387e3e2b7	However, since this particular category of AfT has traditionally accounted for no more than 3 per cent of total AfT disbursements to LDCs, it is rather surprising that the IPoA did not give due consideration to the other AfT categories, namely economic infrastructure and productive capacity building, that make up the bulk of AfT flows and that show the biggest impacts in practice. Perhaps an implicit reference is made to these areas of AfT in paragraph 62 when the IPoA states that development partners can support LDCs’ efforts to tackle supply-side capacity constraints, including through private sector development, with a view to boosting and diversifying LDC exports. On the whole, the case for AfT in building and enhancing the export competitiveness of LDCs is not made strongly enough, despite the controversy surrounding the initiative.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	35fced103b7c5955bbce891ee59c51d7	The National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) was created in 2013 by the Federal government to expand the resources and scope of public extension services to poorer farmers and to address sustainability issues. While ANATER is being structured, the Brazilian Government is supporting family farming with the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming (PRONAF), the Plano Safra 2014-15 and the National Policy for Organic Farming and Agroecology launched in 2013 with the support of the MDA. Agricultural zoning represents an important instrument linking agricultural support to environmental sustainability of farming activity. Respect of zoning rules is used as a condition of producers’ eligibility for concessional credit and subsidised insurance programmes. Brazil has voluntarily committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by between 36.1% and 38.9% in the period to 2020. To this end, the government launched in 2010 a key credit programme named Plano ABC, Low Carbon Agriculture, which promotes the recovery of pasture areas that have suffered soil degradation and puts into place a system of integrated production of crop, livestock and forestry.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	35ffbc41e83efbf4e17d8aa4f73c7fb8	Collaboration ranges from student internships and collaboration on thesis research to contract research. More than 139 first-year students and 165 second-year students were engaged in four-month internship periods in the academic year 2009-10 as part of USM’s Industrial Training programme. There is a tradition of industry involvement in curricula design.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/02e538fc-en	3600f7203065afb51c4bbc6e03c6d300	The girls in the study reported that they were often expected to take on additional care and household tasks, negatively affecting their ability to attend school (Plan International, 2017). Data for the four countries shows that primary school education does not have a significant impact on the time women spend on routine housework, and, in some cases, it is associated with more housework (see Figure 3). Secondary school has a mixed impact, leading to 25 more minutes of routine housework for women in South Africa, 28 fewer minutes in Bangladesh and no change in Ethiopia and Peru.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	36027cea3b04d6f6178041253e94e613	No worker households are seen to have grown from 28% of the population to 31% of the population over time. Their poverty incidence, at 80% or more, is by far the highest of all the groups; reflecting clearly that the deleterious consequences to individuals of their household’s having no access to the labour market. Such circumstances are almost a guarantee that one will be poor.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	3604bf97ee76704846e5a0e7b5e4db06	Vanuatu: 2015 Article IV consultation and request for disbursement under the rapid credit facility and purchase under the rapid financing instrument—press release; staff report; and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Press release: IMF Executive Board approves US$8.7 million disbursement under the rapid credit facility for Dominica', 28 October 2015, Press Release No. Vanuatu: 2016 Article IV consultation - press release; staff report: and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Dominica: Selected issues'.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	36079b12ae9efe55c5b4025f74856953	Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and peer pressure to conform or reform are at the heart of OECD effectiveness. The CFE works together with national, regional and local governments of OECD member countries and several non-Member economies in fostering the development of an entrepreneurial society, and assists governments and their civil society and business partners in designing and implementing innovative policies to promote sustainable growth, integrated development and social cohesion. Within the OECD, the CFE successfully strengthens synergies between the work of different OECD directorates on entrepreneurship, SMEs and local development. It is a Co-operative Action Programme that, since 1982, has been dedicated to the identification, analysis and dissemination of innovative approaches and good practices in stimulating local economic growth, creating more and better jobs, enhancing social inclusion, and fostering good governance at local level.	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289352758-5-en	360a2c5f7eff713acb649d43f2d18301	"Two further brands do, however, expect use of recycled materials to bring economic benefits in the future as the market matures. One of them questioned whether it would have any long-term future if it did not begin the transition to circularity now. We are using a step by step method to achieve this."""	12	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	360a2cb8a312eff51c21b070f982adb1	This finding is also different from the findings of the Canadian research (CIBC, 2005). As we summarised in the previous section, younger, well-educated and single women are more successful in the Canadian case. An overall evaluation of the study show that independent women who start and run businesses on their own had working experience in the fields in which they were interested in starting their businesses, they were educated and knew how to gain more knowledge that could help them develop their businesses. A common characteristic of these independent women is that they are coming from a modern family with a modern attitude toward women, have a high level of education, working experience and other types of human capital that can be counted as a socioeconomic resource for immigrant businesswomen.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/faa55f92-en	360a380c8211a0a580c9d914b4ad56a1	Moreover, since the studied period of 2010-2013 covers the economic crisis and the ensuing spell of slow and uneven recovery, when median incomes stagnated or fell in many countries, fixing the poverty line in a pre-crisis survey year (2008) allows for a more consistent comparison of living conditions over time. Thus we keep the goal posts fixed rather than moving them around. Analysis of the longitudinal EU-SILC 2008-2011 includes all countries of the EU-27 except Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Romania and Sweden plus Iceland and Norway.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	361018b0e74e57d1ade0bce194e97f7b	In 2013, there were 736 places per 1,000 pupils in urban settlements and 537 places per 1,000 pupils in rural settlements. There are no separate statistics for urban and rural settlements regarding theatres, concert halls, museums, zoos and circuses but, in general, they have been maintained at the same or slightly higher levels. Much effort has also been put into developing an integrated infrastructure for the elderly, disabled and other vulnerable groups. These specific services include advisory and information services, material and financial support, temporary shelter, social welfare institutions and housekeeping services.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	3610edac4ef627d410f42230afa86413	Although there are superficial attributes in common, such as large populations covering substantial geographical areas, regional diversity, relatively high rates of growth over the recent period and so on, the institutional conditions in the two economies remain very different. India was a traditional “mixed” developing economy with significant private sector participation (including a large private corporate sector) from Independence onwards, and even during the “dirigiste” period, the emphasis was predominantly on the regulation of private capital. Indeed, one of the problems of the so-called “planned economy” in India was the inability of the state to make the private sector behave in ways that fit in with the plan allocations of the state, leading to mismatches between production and private demand as well as periodic macroeconomic imbalances.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	3611a918934896863cd59e0bb9206fd4	This has been particularly the case in coastal areas where off-farm work opportunities have been plentiful (Hoken, 2012). Nevertheless, the intensity of land transfer in China remains below that in advanced countries. There are significant differences across provinces, with a 2009-10 survey finding that while only 33% of households in Jiangxi province held a land certificate, 97% did in Gansu province (Ma et al., The government commenced a pilot programme in 2008 to provide certification of farmland contract rights to households, with 100 counties taking part by 2013.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	3614e30da1c00fd1485540cf0538231a	Food is a requirement for life and a minimum caloric intake can be quantified for survival, which varies, by gender, age and physical activity.119 The mobile Internet, like any other non-food expenditure, is not essential for survival. Further, food is available in different denominations to suit various incomes. To simplify the analysis, it is assumed communications expenditure would be on mobile Internet because voice and text messages could be used with Over the Top (OTT) apps. It does raise the interesting point about how consumers decide to divide communications expenditures between traditional voice and Internet but that is beyond the scope of the analysis in this chapter.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ae3ea1a6-en	3616d06b6cc0fcf22363c94d55cc538b	According to Sala-i-Martin and Artadi (2003), Arab countries were also in a period of economic stagnation characterized as highly volatile, with an overall tendency towards lower economic growth. To add to this predicament, wheat prices entered a period of volatility that culminated with a sharp price increase towards the mid- to late-1990s (IMF data, 2014). Consumption since 2000 can be characterized by a slight increasing trend, though the past few years of political instability in some countries of the region is not taken into account.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	361a2818033f0d67c08797f075cf972d	However, it has decided to drop the requisite since it could not hold off resources until the concession process was done. Instead, only the proof that a concession request has been submitted is now requested. Indeed, delays can be explained by the fact that all registers in REPDA are managed at the central level though by law the assignment of deeds is supposed to be decentralised through river basin councils.	6	5	3	0.25
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	361c31f154537f020a849989ad61466c	Firstly, the compensations are financed from district budgets, which receive a block grant from the Ministry of Finance. However, the block grant also includes benefits for Afghan War veterans and a special fund for one-time compensations for poor households. At the central level, no separate budget exists for the cash compensation for children.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264107243-en	361c49a7b9cd7d81df55cf991556a86d	Mexico is the country with the highest percentage of 15-year-old participating students with a PISA index of economic, social and cultural status below -1.0, with 58.2%, followed by Turkey with 58.0% and then Chile with 37.2%. The socio-economic profile of the education system in Mexico for 2009 remained unchanged since 2000 (PISA 2009 Results Volume V, Table V.4.2).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	361ce819b5d8115b2c1efc40d75ceaa5	In pursuit of that ambition, this chapter analyses the diversity and uniqueness of the continent’s urbanisation experiences. Chapters 7 and 8 then focus on options for seizing the opportunities that urbanisation provides. An annex to Chapter 6 explains the methodology for the cluster analysis on urbanisation and structural transformation in diverse African countries. Africa’s urbanisation can allow for structural transformation, if accompanied by productive employment and sufficient public goods.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/81d39474-en	361dbf68e4274520bf9e61e38bd8ac91	Lost productivity in the United States as a result of labour non-participation is significant: $120 billion (or 0.9 per cent of GDP) in 2011, amounting to 62 per cent of all drug-related costs. Similar studies in Australia and Canada identified losses of 0.3 per cent of GDP and 0.4 per cent of GDP, respectively. In those two countries, the cost of lost productivity was estimated to be 8 and 3 times higher, respectively, than health-related costs due to morbidity, ambulatory care, physician visits and other related consequences.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	36211370abce88565563d713a35e8a46	"Planning for and building climate-resilient infrastructure are essential to avoid ""stranded assets"" and to minimize climate damage to Africa's infrastructure (and the people using it). Roads and bridges in Africa's flood-prone regions are routinely washed away, having to be rebuilt at a steep cost. Dams and their facilities on the continent are facing closure given the El Nino, a threat that is compounded by the growing impacts of climate change, which are felt most keenly in Southern and Eastern Africa."	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	362508e766908a45af7ff9a228f19083	For example, 80% of the projected emissions from the power sector in 2020 are inevitable, as they come from power plants that are already in place or are being built today. The world is locking itself into carbon-intensive systems more strongly every year. Prematurely closing plants or retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS) - at significant economic cost - would be the only way to reverse this “lock-in”.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	362929d554eede1716402564465e416c	The European Union’s ITIs in the Czech Republic encourage integrated spatial planning across functional uiban areas. It is important that such investments be based on the good land-use practices that have been described in plans and strategies at the national, regional and local levels, such as developing brownfield sites in advance of greenfield ones; permitting developments only in areas where there is existing infrastructure to support them; and protecting agricultural lands, forested areas and watersheds. Through ITIs, municipalities are required to form collaborative bodies (municipal association agreements) in order to forward projects of metropolitan importance and to access investments.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/28e6d0d2-en	3629cbe6806587fc70434956aebd0c3a	Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate-related hazards reduces losses caused by disasters. Reducing climate change can constrain the options for energy access. Full protection of natural reserves excludes public access for recreation. This work is captured in the analytical brief Water and Sanitation Interlinkages Across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which highlights the target-level relationships that are important to consider when developing implementation plans for SDG 6 (figure 2).	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/b620ec70-en	3629d5c6365256f0f2fe8818cd2ed950	It also looks at the challenges that remain for building integrated, more egalitarian care systems and links these challenges with the broader social protection and social security systems. A recent survey of opinion leaders found that it is families —and. In this regard, they pledged to carry forward initiatives to recognize and attribute value to unpaid care work, broaden the coverage of services, undertake legal and social security reforms and produce official data on time use.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	362eff0dcce16f4c58ba993250e8ca8e	Some countries go further by providing payments that are countercyclical with respect to prices or revenue, and provide subsidies for insurance policies or futures contracts. Support for income diversification strategies is rare, but in some countries rural development and social policies may provide alternative sources of incomes. Typically countries with lower levels of price support have larger shares of risk-related payments.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7977af-en	3631fc72daef5a4accdeb3e1fd7ea997	A direct link is evident, as well, between spatial decongestion and decompression of time use, precisely because urban congestion leads to longer travel times, among other things. It is important, therefore, that policies be designed to build on the synergies that could be achieved by managing the various dimensions of well-being. These factors have an impact for varying lengths of time and with varying degrees of intensity.	1	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	36331a0e6005e791f9f87b22bfe2def8	It is as political as the other practice, which does not conceal - in fact, which proclaims - its own political character. ( However, the essentially political nature of education does not mean that we can dismiss worries of bias and indoctrination. In relation to this, Roberts (1999: 20) makes an important distinction between ‘(a) transmitting a political or moral view and (b) doing this in a dogmatic way’. While we can certainly not avoid the former, all efforts must be made to avoid the latter, and students should be allowed to form their own views in dialogue with the teacher and other students. This question is particularly salient in those contexts in the Commonwealth that are currently experiencing conflict or which have experienced it in the recent past.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-5-en	363510e6fea3e7e8e06fb84439f5584f	Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) recognises gender equality as a universal driver of sustainable development and asserts the need to accelerate efforts to end gender inequality. Agenda 2030’s universal scope applies to all countries - including OECD countries - and presents a sober reminder that all countries have a way to go to reach gender equality. Despite this positive trend, significant underinvestment persists in areas key to meeting the gender equality commitments of the Sustainable Development Goals, which include the economic and productive sectors.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	3637afabf1aea511ba982334ff072de8	While most research is grant-based, investments relating to ICTs and other technologies are often financed through concessional and non-concessional loans, in particular by multilateral development banks. Private philanthropy has grown to be a significant contributor towards research, in particular for research activities in the health sector. More resources in soft infrastructure can result in faster economic growth and progression towards a digital economy.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	36395656b984e0958b45a3695fcc8590	It has set clear targets for emission reductions consistent with international goals of limiting global warming and has pioneered statutory underpinning of target-setting. On the international stage, it has been an active protagonist of a global deal to limit human-induced climate change. The new Government has endorsed the direction of previous policies in this area and is introducing further measures, despite heavy fiscal pressures. The United Kingdom is likely to reduce emissions by more than its near-term domestic targets and its target under the Kyoto Protocol, outperforming many OECD countries in the latter respect.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	363aa1e5b1f134d785d8d7b7fc4b244b	Today, Kazakhstan continues to embark on profound reforms to improve the quality of the education system and is increasingly looking at international standards and best practices. The SPED further develops previously adopted strategies, such as the State Program for Education Development for 2005-10, the State Program for Technical and Vocational Education Development for 2008-12, the Children of Kazakhstan Program for 2007-11, and the Balapan Pre-primary Education Program for 2010-14. Other relevant challenges identified in other education levels relevant for schooling include the little access to pre-primary education, the mismatch between education supply and employers’ demand for qualified vocational and higher education graduates, the lack of a national qualifications system, and the disconnect between the content of school education and the content of higher education. This overall goal has been operationalised in 10 directions and 23 targets.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	363eac3d0ef31a4cb9d7dbb9a687447b	It was the first United Nations mission ever to respond to a global health threat. Based on the UNMEER appeal, United Nations agencies, concerned international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other partners came together to meet in Accra in October to decide on their division of work within a common framework. Under this process, a coordination mechanism for a global emergency response was put in place, with UNMEER at the core.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	36489e3191718e99978f01dae58297fc	The need to collect wood is thought to deprive girls (who usually collect the wood) from time spent in school. The IEA reports that women in Uganda walk up to 11 km daily to gather fuel wood (IEA, 2006: 430). It is estimated that in northern India, 2 to 7 hours are spent daily for the collection of biomass for fuel (IEA, 2002).	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	364936c6d825a8ca6390f458b9c31fad	The Government approved a supplementary budget of $35 million in September 2012. The additional spending was partly offset by reallocation of an unexpended development appropriation, which resulted in a smaller drawdown from cash reserves. Federated States of Micronesia has been enjoying budget surpluses in recent years.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2351c526-en	364c16e121a1f5e706f4b72bee9a7ea2	In turn, the association between objectively measured inequality and dissatisfaction with institutions could mean that the high levels of wealth concentration and social differentiation in the countries would feed into many social conflicts in the region (Calderon, 2012). Besides, dissatisfaction with distribution in the region is closely associated with a larger perceived tax burden, with distrust of the ability of States to spend tax revenue w ell (see figure 11.20) and low perceived transparency of the State (see figure 11.21). This judgment likely stems from a subjective assessment of one group or another's deservingness of poverty or wealth, including what the respondent thinks of his or her own situation.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6a0f251e-en	364d4fa6b18eaaa452bbb2c0d07a774c	The emergence of e-commerce platforms and services in particular has made commercial procedures much easier than before. Transport and payment procedures have also become easier as trade-support services are increasingly integrated into these platforms, which are often accessible from anywhere in the world. However, much of the cross-border e-commerce potential remains untapped.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	364d79146fc38993bd4e1d71b03217c4	In addition, some low-carbon investments such as nuclear and CCS could be exposed to the load factor risk associated with high deployment of variable renewables. If market players are usually well-equipped to handle fossil fuel price risk, they are less well placed to tackle the carbon price risk and renewable policy risk, in particular, the risk of a low-carbon price. These arguments then lead to conclude that liberalised electricity sectors can provide neither the low-carbon investment needed, nor the investments in conventional generation to ensure security of supply at reasonable cost. One reason is that prices can not go high enough to cover both operating costs and capital investment costs required to trigger investment in new capacity.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b620ec70-en	364fc5e898bd72b24cda966e28c570a7	The Organization also suggests that the preparation of nursing trainers, service staff and other caregivers should be made a priority in community outreach in the area of elder health. Integrating providers of home-based care and other kinds of community-based caregivers who work with older persons into training processes would help to safeguard service quality and avoid risks (PAHO, 2012). As discussed in the chapter on this subject, this is a particularly urgent matter in the case of domestic service. Some countries, such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Costa Rica, Pern and Uruguay, have begun to bring the rights of domestic workers either partially or fully into line with those of other woikers and are setting up effective systems for enforcing labour laws and regulations.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	36526726db40e0a71a23b1c32af6afe2	Governments should therefore be cautious in subsidising activities fostering the continued expansion of cities past their period of increased returns (OECD, 2011; OECD, 2015a). National Urban Policies (NUPs) are helping to co-ordinate action on productive, inclusive and resilient urban development. Myanmar moved the government to a new capital city, Nay Pyi Taw, in 2005; congestion in Yangon was a stated reason for the move. Its population is now close to one million. In 2017, the Indonesian government commissioned a survey by the Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) on the possible relocation of the capital from Jakarta. Governments in the region have also moved some government functions outside of large capital cities without moving the capital.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	3652e37c23404761d0961103f5d33333	Municipalities within Gauteng may also support the elaboration of district spatial development plans for each of the planning districts within a metropolitan area, but these tend to be much more detailed plans on specific zoning and development decisions in the near term. Most of the major infrastructure projects in the province have been achieved through intergovernmental co-operation, and this continues to be strengthened and refined. Positive aspects of co-operative governance include intergovernmental plans and planning structures to give effect to the Programme of Action, as well as the implementation of a range of key intergovernmental delivery projects.9 Amongst the most important intergovernmental projects is the development of Gautrain, the multi-billion rand fast-rail link, which connects the major centres of Tshwane and Johannesburg with the O.R. Tambo International Airport in the eastern part of the region. While provincial government negotiated the major portion of government funding for the project, as well as the private-sector investment component, provincial and local government collaborated closely on the design of stations and station precincts.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	36531fa02fa813d918e9369b6dee8732	Even seemingly neutral law's and regulations can be discriminatory in nature, as they may affect men and women differently, intentionally or otherwise. For example, a workplace regulation that permits parents to take leave to care for a sick child may apply equally to both genders, but is more likely to apply to women as primary caregivers. Regulations also can impede the ability of w'omen to become fuller participants in society by making it more difficult for them to find employment, gain an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, ensure their human rights, etc. ( Services are not gender-neutral; the way they are developed and delivered can have a differential impact on women and on men. Gender mainstreaming seeks to ensure that institutions, policies and services respond to the needs and interests of women as well as men, and distribute benefits equitably between women and men. Are the aims of the policy the same for women and men, girls and boys?	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-8-en	3653a326f0efe385ecfbab1f728e4acc	The instruments used and the levels of cost recovery vary greatly across jurisdictions. Federal departments and agencies (including the Murray-Darling Basin Authority) do not impose charges to recover the costs of water planning and management activities. Most of the states, with the exception of Western Australia, recover at least some of the costs of water governance, from less than 5% in Queensland to nearly 70% in New South Wales.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	36546690097bfad77fbb8ba37c372912	Hospitalisations were reduced by 84% in the medium primary care group and 86% in the high primary care group for renal disease; 78% and 80% respectively for diabetes; and 73% to 78% for hypertension. The reductions in hospitalisations for ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the lowest among the five conditions, but still statistically significant, ranging from 61% to 75% and 62% to 71%, respectively. Death rates in the high and medium primary care groups were lower than in the control group for all conditions.	3	0	6	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	36547b6fd39c56ad45d9cbe3a1a7fbaa	Thus, although there is a breadth of AfT support (see UNIDO 2010a,b), it is not clear that this is being matched with recipient needs. This can be attributed in part to a number of co-ordination failures within donor agencies and among donors, within recipient governments, between recipient governments and donors and at the regional level. Although there has been increased alignment between the needs of recipients and investments by donors, according to the most recent OECD/WTO Global Review, only 60 per cent of countries report better alignment on national trade policies since 2009 and there is still frequently a lack of co-operation (OECD/WTO 2011). This is mirrored in a recent case study on Nepal (Adhikari et al. This owes in part to weak prioritisation capacity and donors’ preferences for designing projects on their own. Donors tend to have their separate areas of focus with very little aid provided through sector-wide trade plans.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	36549a3f4c10bed5418b6a27dcf068d7	This scheme, under which duly registered families are paid a subsidy to receive, under appropriate standards, older adults who need care, has been implemented in the Famflia Acolhedora (Foster Family) programme in Brazil19 and the Care Network for Comprehensive Care of Older Persons, Solidarity Families component, in Costa Rica. In some cases, these are considered as respite services for caregivers and include training schemes to bring them into the formal sector. They may include subsidies for the hiring of personal assistants, cash transfers to unpaid caregivers, or temporary access to care centres outside the home.	5	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	36549afc53c4fe6a3242bb63deb21097	A number of LDCs are involved with these RCPs. The CP, for example, was initiated in 2003 and involves II labour-sending countries from Asia. For returnee migrants, the CP recommended the provision of preferential access to start-up investments upon return; offering loans for new businesses; support private-sector efforts to provide job-matching services to returnees; and supporting reintegration supporting services that civil society actors could provide.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	36590da7881cc60021cd712b2fba6988	Table 10 summarises risk-related policies following this two dimensional approach, which allows one to highlight several general features of New Zealand’s policies. Risk management policies in New Zealand fall predominantly under the efficiency objective. These measures are largely focused on reducing transactions cost (by establishing regulations conducive to competition and adaptation, and creating a stable macroeconomic framework); addressing the problem of asymmetric information (e.g. through research and information); and addressing the problem of externalities (e.g. biosecurity measures).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	365bf4ae4d0312650e6fc2d2d0279bdf	Sweden was the first OECD country to introduce paid parental leave in 1974. In 1995, it introduced a one-month leave period exclusively for fathers, which it subsequently extended to two, then three, months. In Iceland, for example, only 3% of available parental leave days were taken up by fathers prior to the introduction in 2001 of a three-month father-specific entitlement to paid leave.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	365db676672356c1980879c9043b3d68	Forestland in Republika Srpska is divided into two main categories: areas appropriate for afforestation and management (168,851 ha or 16.9 per cent) and areas not appropriate for afforestation and management (63,108 ha or 6.3 percent). In addition, some public forests w'ithin the protected areas are managed by public institutions responsible for management of protected areas (e.g. national parks, protected landscapes). Financial resources for forest management come mainly from selling wood and wood products. The largest surface area of karst, 144,061 ha or about 83 per cent of uncovered forestland, could be suitable for afforestation and management.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	365e1b05171fe2d835853a04415680cf	It also assesses the feasibility of Ethiopia becoming self-reliant in social protection spending by 2025/26. Furthermore, it serves as an example for other countries that currently rely on donor support for social protection as they look to transition away from donor financing and serves as a case study for the nexus between humanitarian relief and developmental programmes. It was written under the supervision of Alexandre Kolev, head of the Social Cohesion Unit of the OECD Development Centre, with the guidance of Mario Pezzini, Director of the OECD Development Centre and Special Advisor to the OECD Secretary-General on Development.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	365e30fb8af9520ef2e87440e83af9da	For example, drivers may be offered the option of slower, free lanes or faster lanes with tolls. Each pricing system has evolved out of a different uiban context and philosophy. The spatial structure of European cities tends to be monocentric and sometimes radial, with a “natural” boundaiy, and are more likely to introduce a cordon, or corridor around the urban area, while typical US cities are polycentric and are based on a grid structure. Another reason for the difference in pricing systems lies in different perspectives on congestion fees.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283473-en	36619ba689e49d35402c6c5b0cad73e5	Based on IHME estimations, almost 40% of the overall burden of disease in Uthuania in 2015 (measured in teims of DALYs) could be attributed to behavioural risk factors - including smoking, alcohol use, diet and physical inactivity (IHME, 2016). However, smoking rates among men (34%) and 15-year-old boys (20%) are much higher than the EU averages (26% and 14% respectively). There is a major challenge in reducing binge drinking4 among men and adolescents (boys and girls). In 2013-14,41% of 15-year-old boys and 33% of girls reported having been drunk at least twice in their life, which is the highest in the EU for boys and among the highest for girls Over one third (34%) of men in Lithuania engage in regular binge drinking, which is well above the EU average for men (28%).	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/864d004f-en	36626c4269c2f3b0d05b36739e2c0c31	In addition to the volumetric fee, there is also a fixed annual connection cost. As regards the small settlements, however. The wholesale tariff applied by ONEP includes a national solidarity contribution (surtaxe) of 0.75 dirhams/m , which was established in 1985. It is designed to offset the operating losses incurred by ONEP in small settlements, where the uniform tariff applied generally does not allow recovery of production costs due to the absence of economies of scale.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	3663e72ab8ad6f4ea15bcb14fb5f269f	Although it has not always crystallized into social class formation, the social dynamic that stems from the penetration of the market has grown in importance. It is the disjuncture between the social differentiation in the marketplace, on the one hand, and the sluggishness of the governance sphere, on the other, that has led to the uprisings in the Arab world. In short, the operational demands of the economic system cannot be ignored.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	36649ffad7864af251553de286494e9b	This is compounded by poverty-related risk among children in the under-15 age group and the lack of permanent and comprehensive mechanisms for those in the over-65 age group. In 2008, the incidence of poverty in the 0-14 age segment in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Panama and Uruguay was twice that of adults (ECLAC, 2010b, p. 195). This creates a complex scenario in terms of intergenerational transmission of poverty and raises doubts about the covenants underpinning current State and civil-society support to families for the care, skill development and protection of children (ECLAC, 2010b).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264113718-en	3664e3f940416314d42b22b46c5be3da	Adequately preparing in-company supervisors (see below) and VET teachers on how to ensure high quality workplace training, including setting and monitoring its content, would facilitate this task. Systematic assessments of the acquired competences, as currently used in Syntra apprenticeships, are a useful tool in achieving this. They should be extended to other VET programmes. These include pedagogical skills and social skills, such as communication skills, the ability to deal with conflicts and unexpected mistakes (Harris, Simons and Bone, 2000).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	3665cfd1e77fee182ce2009def52ddc3	Also, some studies identify positive impacts in situations where all the clients at some local offices are treated, with non-treated local offices as the control group (e.g. McVicar, 2010; Hainmueller, 2010; Hofmann et al., But clearly, research in this field should keep close track of possible externality effects, either within the local office administration and experimental implementation processes, or in the external labour market. A lag of two or more years between employment service delivery and its apparent impact may arise because employment services lead to entry to longer-term training by a limited proportion of the participants.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-7-en	3665dcbec78b36f06b12bcc0015a4e7f	Despite some local successes, biodiversity is on the decline globally and this loss is projected to continue. Continuing uiith business as usual may have far-reaching adverse implications for human well-being, security and economic growth. This chapter summarises the considerable benefits and often hidden values of biodiversity and the ecosystems of which it is a part.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	36668cf403f39ad086f2f8bcd3744f86	Despite the notable progress in including disabilities in measurement tools in order to understand the potential demand for care, determining the supply of specialized care continues to pose a challenge, especially the care provided by households which is not included in statistical records. There are other factors that complicate measurement, such as the fact that the care available is not only dependent on demographic factors, but includes political and social components that affect the division of responsibilities in the household (Dur£n, 2008b). In households with disabled persons, other members spend a significant amount of time meeting their care needs, which are demanding.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b795325-en	366908941b9f960298e1d388318eff19	"While there is no official Government policy on recognition of indigenous peoples, some groups are recognized as marginalized and vulnerable or as minorities. The Ministry for Gender, Labour and Social Development has established a data bank which provides information on minority ethnic communities. In addition to employing the word ""minorities"", the Ministry uses the term ""indigenous peoples"" for minority ethnic groups."	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fc4c77aa-en	3669d87bc616d9603005e66eb0859472	The broader shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’ has been seen from the 1980s in many Western countries, linked to the legitimation crisis’, by which an organization does not possess the necessary administrative capacity to achieve its objectives (Habermas, 1975). Part of this transition has also been in conjunction with neoliberal policies and greater reliance on the contribution of the private sector (Pierre, 2000). At one level, it has become clear that the government alone is not able to take on the full responsibility and development challenge of‘providing1 water supply and sanitation services to all citizens, especially in low-income settings (Franks and Cleaver, 2007; Jimenez and Perez-Foguet, 2010). This relates closely to the general change of governments' role towards policy setting and regulation, with the actual provision being carried out by non-state actors or increasingly decentralized or independent departments.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/caeceb38-en	366a390c9ae10796cd3fbe4cb471ab68	"Recent qualitative research into public perceptions, beliefs and experiences that inform decisions to either foster or adopt found that fostering is ""driven predominantly by access to subsidies but is also informed by socio-cultural beliefs"" (Rochat et al., Low rates of adoption by kin are explained primarily by the absence of subsidies, poor access to quality adoptive services and a lack of information about the process. The relative lack of cultural precedent may explain low rates of adoption by non-kin."	5	5	0	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	366b02d3a31882314166f2ee288086e1	Les privations des fern mesa proposde la qualite du travail sont trois fois plus prononcees que celles des hommes, et les niveaux de salaire feminins sont nettement inferieurs. De plus, les salaires reels des travailleurs informels reguliers ont baisse depuis 1999-2000. Lastasas de actividad de las mujeres no solo equivalen a la mitad de las mascu-linas, sino que ademas descendieron en el periodo 2011-2012. El empleo de la mujer jamas ha llegado a estabilizarse; el pico de empleo llega en una fase tardia de la vida, por lo que cualquier incremento salarial es efimero. Los indices de precariedad de las mujeres triplican los de los hombres,y los salarios de aquellas son significativamente menores.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/a332dae1-en	366c960e6ce6f4f6e432498095824102	It has been estimated that more than 50% of Iceland's vegetation cover has disappeared due to erosion since the settlement period. Systematic revegetation and land reclamation began more than century ago with the establishment ofthe Soil Conservation Service of Iceland. Over the last decades, there have been numerous reforestation projects. The area covered by forests in the target countries is also large, while in Iceland the area covered by forest is 0.5% of the land area. The respective share is more than 50% in Estonia and Latvia, about 35% in Lithuania, 30% in Poland and 16% in Ukraine (World Bank, 2018).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264221826-en	366d4c2ac2e68367aecbd24efc2c5ee9	As such, there are typically no or few mandatory requirements for preparatory courses, although many of those involved need to pursue such courses. Typically they are undertaken by those already working in a profession and in many cases experience in the profession is a precondition for pursuing the examination (Field et al. They therefore represent a mix of recognition of prior learning with the acquisition of further skills, coalesced into an exam and associated qualification.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	3670d300aa6e8448e6147a99249314b0	Moreover, internal and international migrations can be linked in a stepwise migration process, whereby for example an internal move towards larger cities then leads to international migration. According to Lee, in addition to push and pull factors, migration decisions are affected by a set of intervening obstacles or constraints that may prevent people from migrating or at least make migration more difficult and/or costly. These decisions are subject to constraints or obstacles that may prevent people from moving, such as the cost of migrating and the distance to be travelled, among others.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	3670d47ee22787cbe6a517ad5d1a3e92	Although the CAR is not designed for regularising land property rights, the authorities responsible for rural development and settlements can use the geo-referenced information about the location of rural plots (as declared by their owners or holders) to clarify land tenure. States are responsible for the implementation of the cadastre, but in many states less than 20% of the target rural area has been registered, especially in the North-east region (SFB, 2015a). The delay is caused in large part by a lack of staff and resources at the state and municipal levels. The federal government has invested in establishing the necessary information system and in building implementation capacity at state level. It developed a detailed plan for the implementation of the CAR, including appropriate budget, timeline and targets. More efforts are needed to raise awareness about the CAR - e.g. by launching information campaigns to encourage registration - and to develop capacities of states and municipalities to implement the system.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	3672e26e4f5b29f0dabc3a68e5779dca	As regards specific sectors, primary care is generally judged to be exemplary, but hospital care, although good, is seen as requiring some attention, with notable worries about overcrowding (OECD, 2012). In addition, there are concerns about whether the current system of long-term care is capable of dealing with the expansion in demand from population aging. Training, recruitment and retention of professionals are among the most immediate issues. On other fronts, pressures for savings in public spending on health care are unlikely to lessen in the coming years, and neither will cost pressures from ageing and technological development. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was performed with one output (life expectancy at birth for 2010 and 2005) and two inputs (a composite indicator of the socio-economic environment and lifestyle factors for 2010 or 2005 and healthcare spending).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	36732cf8f9bfcacca49d9197304f5778	Gender stereotypes frequently are reflected in social institutions that discriminate against women across the region. For example, according to the SIGI, laws in Egypt Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen reveal setbacks or contribute to stagnancy of women’s physical integrity.13 While legislation and de facto access to resources are vital for women’s autonomy and empowerment, estimates from countries in the region show recent reversals in laws and de facto access to resources. In fact, the MENA region has been the lowest performing region in the OECD SIGI study, with major problems in freedom of movement, access to public space, family code, restricted physical integrity, restricted resources and assets.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	36751c50d4f7799b7c09eafe12256f4d	In Model A, payment remains mostly by salary, but a financial incentive component is included for the whole FHU, which is usually an add-on payment/grant for accomplishing 22 key performance indicators revised every three years from a comprehensive set of more than 100 quality and efficiency indicators (Administrasao Central do Sistemade Saude, 2015). In addition to Model A features, FHU Model B staff payment is composed of a smaller fixed salary fraction plus a series of supplements: a capitation-based payment (up to a defined ceiling); a complement for the provision of specific negotiated and contracted services; a FFS component for house calls; and a P4P (da Silva Fialho et al., In Model B FHUs, the performance-based payment component can reach up to 30% of total phy'sician payment and up to 10% for nurses and is based on the achievement of individual and practice targets. The introduction of QBF came as part of a broader push towards developing a more patient-centered health care service, with increased emphasis on systematic quality improvement, patient safety and reduction in adverse events.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5775ac71-en	367531c3bdbe1f8f874527cabae78782	Course specific repetition - used in Canada, New Zealand and the USA - can also be a good tool to maintain student motivation as students are not separated from their peers and are less likely to face stigma issues and bullying (OECD, 2012c). The median age for first formal tracking in the OECD is 14 (OECD, 2013), but there is a lot of variation across countries. In Finland and Spain, students are not tracked until the end of lower secondary school.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	3676e74bb84868edc2e0b1f66693a174	Policies should also address lower reading performance by underachieving boys. Furthermore, the government should adopt system-level gender equality' frameworks. Potential sources of gender inequality should be considered when drafting curriculum frameworks and choosing learning materials made available to schools.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264174238-4-en	3677003da2eec9a96346ec956f05a731	It also remains poorly understood. This is particularly true in the wildlife sector, where studies have tended to focus on conservation impacts rather than on socio-economic effects. For example, small-scale logging by local communities (which is deemed illegal in many countries) can provide better returns than would employment in large-scale timber operations (which are often deemed legal).	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264089457-en	367c31aa61a0494f1447bdb576d352af	Entrepreneurial professors and researchers can provide the link between education and start-up support, by being role models, sharing research results for commercialisation and acting as mentors for student projects. To facilitate this, start-up support needs to be embedded in education. There is a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education, research and entrepreneurship and to establish an institution-wide commitment to entrepreneurship with appropriate incentive structures for professors, researchers, administrative personnel and students. Provide soft incentives that stimulate involvement by professors and teaching staff by annual awards such as the “Best Entrepreneurship Innovative Pedagogy” and the “Best Entrepreneurship Professor”.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	367d1e0bc27a4f97767897dfb280c3d9	Over the four school-years 2008-2012, 35 1143 interactive whiteboards have been bought for Italian schools with Ministry of Education funds, and 64 456 teachers have been trained in using them (Eurypedia, 2012). Table 3 below provides the detail by school level. The most recent census counted 69 813 IWBs in Italian schools as of August 2013 (MIUR, 2013). Assuming that one IWB is in use by one class only, and that all interactive whiteboards are still in use, this corresponds to 22% of the 322 134 classes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	36819a356c627c000814f883ece17dd0	Consumption in urban areas would thus be 45 kg/capita/year and 110 kg/ capita/year in rural Nigeria. Calculated on this basis, demand would amount to 2.3 million tonnes in urban Nigeria and 2 million tonnes in rural Nigeria, excluding auto-consumption. Total food needs expressed on the market would amount to 4.3 million tonnes1**1.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	3681c4b3eb4a787b4d01d25c0bcac009	To emulate the success of East Asian economies poses a challenge for developing countries when, at present, rules of multilateral regulating bodies, such as the World Trade Organization, make protection more difficult. Despite their differential treatment, as defined under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, developing countries, aside from the poorest ones, have in practice had to apply the same rules as the developed countries. It will therefore be necessary for developing countries to make better use of the policy space that remains and for international organizations to consider expanding the policy space so as to allow more developing countries to prepare themselves to succeed in the global marketplace. In the period between the Second World War and the late 1970s, social policy was seen as a fundamental part of overall development strategy.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2013-20-en	3682be1b45b94dd6ee6543d23e240161	See Annex 3 for notes (wtvw.oecd.orgfedu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum, a reshaping of vocational studies, and efforts to expand access to education to the entire population.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264266360-4-en	36831cadca7b7b8632f85739c87069d8	Waste collection services often do not reach all residents and landfills remain the preferred treatment method. Many Southeast Asian cities have also experienced increasing water demand and situations of water stress and scarcity, aggravated by the poor coverage and quality of water supply infrastructure. Water sanitation infrastructure is also sub-optimal and has not kept up with the pace of urbanisation, and the quality of water streams and bodies is often under established quality standards. In many Southeast Asia cities, informal services and infrastructure have compensated for the absence of formal structures.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	368633fd08fd13ea9daa0e1dd6fec56e	Increased copper emissions are associated with growth in road transport, while those of selenium and zinc are related to glass production. Estimated emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (mainly due to incineration of industrial waste) increased, as did emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from combustion in manufacturing industry, representing more than 50% of total estimated emissions. There was also a slight decrease in the number of stations with exceedance of the N02 annual mean limit value: four stations in 2007 (two in Lisbon, one in Porto and one in Funchal) and three stations in 2008 (one in Lisbon, one in Porto and one in Braga).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	368b2afea68c786fdf62209d0cb518ba	The large parks are complemented by: 1 strict nature reserve (I); 58 small nature reserves (IV); and 1185 natural monuments. The management of two protected areas has been contracted out to third parties. The Secovlje Salina Landscape Park, at the southern end of the coast, is managed by a private company (Box 2.3), while the DOPPS was granted a licence to manage the nearby Skocjanski Zatok Nature Reserve.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/eb366761-en	368d10bb0c4be6b781b0b03509e86d50	This could be done via grants from international financing institutions to fund, for example, municipal housing stock owned by local authorities. Energy-efficiency requirements should be set for these private developers, as well as other requirements. This can include communal and private housing stock, as well as low-rise buildings with few apartments.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-7-en	368f67d83f458d8f34e7a3d3edd79ae7	The challenge is to keep up the drive for continuous improvement in quality across all provinces and districts in line with the framework for quality improvement set out in Indonesia’s National Education Standards. It is divided into two levels: six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school. The official entry age is 7 years old, but it is common to find many 6-year-olds enrolled in the first year of primary school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	36945eb1ccb43f2aae4f838e968b4563	For 2015, both Nova Scotia and Yukon were also able to provide data on enrolment numbers for Indigenous students. New Brunswick does record the numbers of Indigenous students enrolled in its schools, but only for those students who live on a reserve. Enrolment rates are needed to monitor progress in ensuring that all children are accessing the education they are entitled to.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	3694e4fd67f18952d820d2b918738d4d	Yet the process to privatise and, by extension, uibanise ejidal land is cumbersome, requiring: i) the measurement and allocation of parcels to each ejidatario; ii) the conversion of parcel rights into private property rights, requiring the approval of a majority of the ejidatarios-, iii) confirmation that nobody with a legal right of preference (e.g. family member of an ejidatario) objects to the transfer or wishes to purchase the land; and iv) sale of land. Given the extent of ejido land in Mexico, the complexities of its urbanisation process represent a significant obstacle to legal and well-planned private development, encouraging circumvention of the law; these complexities have also made the process vulnerable to corruption. This has permitted the appropriation of land by real estate developers and the illegal construction of housing in land that may not be suitable for construction.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	3694fcc8f11ef982203e832691c85f8d	The Australian Health Survey excludes people in very remote areas, making it difficult to directly compare their health service usage with people living in other areas. Publishing indicators of quality by remoteness can help guide the health sector to where the greatest challenges lie. Australia should develop a stronger information system by investing in extending its basic information set on health service needs, service use and outcomes to include remote areas consistently.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	369a5a694df8a0a5aa1e7effcd76d0fc	Take the example of carbon emissions reductions from coal-fired power generation: with a carbon tax, the generator would choose an efficient least-cost mix of technical abatement, e.g. more efficient boilers, and reductions in the output of electricity to achieve the intended level of emissions. With a quantity-based standard instead, generators would overinvest in technical abatement and underinvest in output reductions, thus selling more electricity than with a carbon tax. This is because, in the example of the standard case, infra-marginal emissions are costless and only the last unit of emissions elicits compliance. What looks like an advantage, i.e. more electricity sold at the same amount of emissions, is in fact an economic disadvantage. By levying a Pigouvian tax, the government could have generated a higher value for the overall economy than the added surplus for the electricity customers resulting from the standard.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	369a87ffe3be3c9c1dbb031017deb88a	These searchable on-line databases and their annual reporting summaries are valuable tools for federal and state science managers and scientists. In addition, CRIS has been a critical resource for retrospective assessments of the economic impacts of agricultural research. Using data that measure research resource flows to specific subject areas and specific geographic areas, and linking them to subsequent changes in farm productivity, economists have been able to conduct cost-benefit analysis of public investments in agricultural research. A summary of the findings from these studies is given in Chapter 7.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	369c450670945bc12c985351288e623c	An estimated 80% of communes have less than 1 000 residents. Consolidation of the large number of communes into fewer and larger basic units of local government has been politically rejected—amalgamations have been rare. In part this may reflect the dual role of national legislatures who, perhaps more than is the case in other countries, understand the importance local populations have for direct democracy at a scale that is meaningful. The OECD has recommended that France reduce the number of communes by merging the smallest ones in order to achieve economies of scale and to pool resources effectively (OECD, 2014; 2013; 2011). However, absent such aggregation, the only option in an environment where the basic unit of government is too small, is to find ways to encourage collaboration. Because of this, communes frequently enter into voluntary associations with each other in order to co-deliver services and share elements of administration—referred to as intercommunalites.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	369c6bc3a5537383d32d395bf48a75e0	Older plumbers and electricians won’t always invest in upgrading their own sustainability skills. Oligopolised industries often seek to pass higher costs (including carbon prices) onto consumers rather than investing in new technologies, skills and plant. A price on carbon alone will be insufficient to get major infrastructure agencies to align planning and investment decisions with climate change mitigation measures. The evidence suggests that skill shortages are perennial problems when economies undergo major transformation and this can lead to bottlenecks.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/4ba0e2cc-en	369f4ae6a4f13f2ed43edb911a4a0d74	The consumer surplus is zero if a user chooses notto participate in an activity (i.e., stays at home); it is negative if the experience is taken away (e.g., contamination closes a swimming beach); and it is positive if the experience is undertaken in some form. The consumer surplus (value) from a recreation experience may change overtime: the quality of the site may be altered (improvements will increase surplus while a deterioration will decrease it), external factors may influence the experience (increased congestion for bikers or lack of snow for cross-country skiers may decrease surplus), and user preferences may evolve (new activities may introduce new opportunities to capture a surplus). This important and oftentimes overlooked input affects the overall value of a recreation site.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	369f5436b2d50328cc944b86125e5f65	Since receipt of both benefit types is conditional on passing a means test at the family level, individuals are categorised as SA recipients if benefit payments are recorded for any household member in that period. In this sense, the approach differs from the one used in Figure 1, where only the number of claimants is presented. Section 4 discusses the advantages and limitations of this approach.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	369fd0a94d0212afa41b16cc79d92cbe	For example, housing and utility services, transport and communications, and energy saving and energy efficiency are urban-related areas for which all levels of government seem to bear some responsibility. In education, for instance, local governments are responsible for financing schools. However, given the different types of school, and the division of responsibilities between national and regional governments, the system is highly complex. One example is the “Almaty Green Growth Project”, which has suffered from ongoing debate about who is to administer it, since the oblast akimat and the city akimat both have responsibility and interests in the initiative.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c9f34fd4-en	36a2036a8a1ab2e1349bb38b0945ce27	Further work is required to harmonize the methods and standards used to monitor the treatment and disposal of excreta from on-site sanitation systems. Water pollution has worsened since the 1990s in almost all rivers in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Increasing political will to tackle pollution at its source and treat wastewater will protect public health and the environment, mitigate the costly effects of pollution and provide additional water resources. Wastewater is an undervalued source of water, energy, nutrients and other recoverable by-products. Recycling, reusing and recovering waste can alleviate water stress. A coordinated, coherent and pragmatic policy environment is therefore required for the multiple stakeholders involved in the monitoring, collection, treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewater to engage in safe and innovative practices.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	36a2fd3261d091f430ad54dccbcf1888	It is also compounded by low short run supply responses to price changes (i.e. low supply elasticity), when production decisions have already been taken. Demand responses for food are often also typically low given that food itself is an essential product. Under these basic circumstances, prices often react strongly under seemingly small shocks to demand and supply. The low elasticity of supply can be compensated partly by stock holding, which enables continued supply to meet demand. Hence, stocks play a critical role, unless they are reduced to low levels which limit their cushioning effect. Low levels are associated with periods of higher price volatility [see Deaton and Laroque (1992), Balcombe (2008), and Chavas and Kim (2006)].	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	36a4f6fbc46c39d4684954073658602f	Native-bom and immigrant men faced similar unemployment rates close to 5% in 2010. Org/10.18128/D020.V6.5; see also Annex Table 3.A1.2. Foreign-bom workers were overrepresented in the age groups 55-64 and 65+ and underrepresented in all other age groups (Figure 3.3A). However, the average age of workers aged 15-64 (thus excluding those 65 and above) increased from 34 to 35 years during this period.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	36a67900987e4192349c4e59b79b710e	One Luxembourg respondent went so far as to suggest that this separation of functions actually hinders the advancement of genomics for infectious disease control in that country. In this second group of countries, infectious diseases are evidently given much greater prominence both in national public health policy and in genomic research and development. Indeed, in the case of South Africa, it appeals from the responses received that medical genomics is oriented almost exclusively to the elucidation and control of infectious disease, with little interest in the kinds of chronic disease studies favoured by proponents of stratified medicine in the other countries that were looked at.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	36a7f5b53c56a78a84fa6babed461902	Farmlands are extremely fragmented in Rwanda, with an average farm size of only 0.76 hectares (Republic of Rwanda, 2010); and provisions against the fragmentation of land tenure encroach on the principle of equal inheritance rights for children (IFAD, 2010). By law, plots not exceeding an area of 1 hectare - some 80 per cent of farms - cannot be further partitioned. Where this prevents a plot from being partitioned among children, it is held on behalf of the family in communal/familial possession by a single heir - commonly the oldest male child (UNCTAD, 2014).	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e027915b-en	36a8bb0a00fbae82bef0eccdc494fe50	The countries within the basin provide a compelling example of transboundary data exchange. Several challenges arose for harmonization, including developing a common methodology. The Lithuania-Belarus joint assessment of the current status of climate change for 1961-2010 addressed this issue by using a common information platform and database when estimating annual average air temperature and precipitation increases. These data were incorporated into models projecting annual average air temperature and precipitation changes.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	36a92bcb25f36e964079a8d0ea01e298	Excise taxes are favourable to diesel, which continues to encourage diesel vehicle sales. Economic theory suggests that fuel taxes are the best instrument to address CO2 emissions from road transport (OECD, 2009a). However, the already relatively high fuel taxation and the price tax differential with Spain limit the scope for further tax rate increases, especially on diesel (OECD, 2010b).	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	36ab5c81a29da75808a9883113468079	In this sense, the policy promotes static efficiency but not dynamic efficiency. The institutional environment in New Zealand agriculture is simpler than in most OECD countries in that there is little support for agriculture that distort production decisions. Also formal property rights were not a problem, as New Zealand’s environmental legislation gives local councils the authority to control discharges to water, from diffuse sources pollution as well as point sources.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	36acbcdc305f110a59f9d12053403bb5	Caribbean nurses and teachers are one example; however, one of the clearest cases is the specialization of Peruvian migrant women in domestic services: almost 50% of them work in this sector. Peruvian women employed as domestic workers are more highly qualified than other migrant groups, and this comparative advantage may be one of the reasons why they are more frequently hired to fill these positions. However, Pacecca and Courtis (2008) have noted that overqualified domestic workers do not necessarily receive higher pay, at least not in Argentina.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	36afa80ce8906fd221e057b70fdfc33f	Treatment satisfaction and recovery in Saami and Norwegian patients following psychiatric hospital treatment: a comparative study. [ Transcult Psychiatry, 42(2), 295-316. Self-rated health among Greenlandic Inuit and Norwegian Sami adolescents: associated risk and protective correlates. [ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't].	3	0	11	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	36b2d15ae1083eeecc5d5506c3aca45a	The Szamos-Somcs alluvial fan aquifer is located in the sub-basin. In the Hungarian part, the surface water resources are estimated at 652 x 106 mVyear, and groundwater resources at 41 x 106 mVyear. The total in the Hungarian part equals 3,171 mVyear/capita. The hydromorphology of the Hungarian part is also affected; upon regulating the river in 1890, 22 cuts through river bends were made to straighten the river. Some 55% of the total population is connected to the sewerage system (and the wastewater is treated). The influence is ranked as widespread but moderate.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	36b4c126bfe0c07012fc7cb1f96732d5	If the positive effect of the increase in output (and total profits) outweighs the negative effect ofthe decline in profit share, increased wage shares can be associated with higher profit rates, more capitalist investment demand and higher growth. These types of economies, where increases in the wage share are associated with higher output a nd growth, are termed 'wage-led'. On the demand side, macroeconomic equilibrium means that the investment desired by investors equals that supplied by savers (both domestic and foreign).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	36b6fdffea4969403d43eba4917c59f4	This category includes the “naturalized” forms of gender violence implicit in the dominance of men over women. The effectiveness of this dominance lies in the ideological acceptance by both the dominators and the dominated, which stems from the enormous importance of beliefs and feelings in the production and reproduction of male superiority as a central aspect of the established order. Audiovisual productions that convey sensationalized and exaggerated depictions of violence are an insidious form of violence that contribute to its tolerance and legitimacy, and to the stigma attached to youth, with violence thus becoming part of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hence the varied contextual origins and modes of expression of violence, depending on whether young people are the victims or the perpetrators (see diagram IV.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	36bd687b0672ea8b8ae869f59910de72	There is also a need to guarantee that teachers and students have the materials they need in rural schools. In addition, there are strong arguments for reorganising small schools so they better serve their students. This reorganisation, however, needs to be implemented so it does not put at risk students’ continuation in the education system. The government may consider expanding or revising remedial programmes that are in place for students who are in the transition to upper secondary education and make sure that students coming from rural areas receive special attention. However, it is not clear if all students with special educational needs are benefitting from the programme and there are some special needs that might be over-diagnosed. Failure in the diagnosis of children with special needs has high costs, both for individual students and for the education system as a whole.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2017-12-en	36c0f88310a67a8210841e012876cf2b	Aquaculture production is expected to surpass total capture fisheries production (including that utilised for non-food uses) in 2021, a year when capture production is assumed to be lower as a consequence of El Nino, and then continue to increase in absolute terms until the end of the outlook period. Global aquaculture production is anticipated to exceed the 100 Mt mark for the first time in 2025 and to reach 102 Mt in 2026. Production of selected freshwater species, including catfish/pangas, tilapia, and carp are expected to grow fastest over the next decade, all by more than 35%, while salmon/trout and shrimp will grow by around 27% and 28%, respectively, and molluscs by around 24%. Efficiency increases, that are enabling greater quantities of oil and fishmeal to be recovered from fish waste, mean that the reduced share going to crushing is not expected to affect total world fishmeal and fish oil production, which will be relatively stable (except in El Nino years).	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	36c2b303a0e802cc61394aa82f08e231	For example, the study of the Ministry of Employment and Professional Insertion of Youth and the World Bank (2009) based on longitudinal data (tracer study from the 2004 cohort) show's the existence of imbalances between supply and demand for skills at the post-secondary level. Some qualifications and fields of studies are characterised by long duration unemployment and withdrawal from activities. They find that unemployment rates are particularly high among BTS graduates of agriculture, commerce and administration (Ministry of Employment and Professional Insertion of Youth and the World Bank, 2009).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	36c4dc610df8435cc51545b1a35a4b11	This gap is filled by central government grants, mostly to the provinces. Municipalities, especially those in Category A, have relatively more resources. For example, the City of Johannesburg receives 40% of its revenues from service charges (mainly electricity) and 14% from property taxes (the main tax base for local governments in South Africa).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	36c4dfe33a51b779d55556cfd069727e	Therefore, it is possible to identify and analyse the role of key commodity sectors - including agriculture, energy, forestry and mining - in the climate change mitigation and adaptatbn plans of individual Parties. Six other CDDCs had not submitted an NDC but had communicated an intended nationally determined contributor (INDC), a preparatory document that anticipates voluntary natbnal climate targets, without prejudice to their legal nature. Commodity sectors feature prominently in the climate change mitigatbn and adaptbn contributions of CDDCs, including in the form of strategies, actbns, targets and priorities.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	36c8e633f4011c46c55ecbe377ebaea7	As a result of birth control policies established in the early 1960s, Korea also has one of the lowest birth rates in the world. These demographic extremes set the stage for significant health care challenges in the foreseeable future. It is already evident that chronic disease is a major challenge to the health care system, the expected rise in the prevalence of multi-morbidities that accompanies this will present a further challenge.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264204638-3-en	36c918acc1623296e0f515488d86d502	Innovation-driven diversification into higher value-added production can sustain employment growth in a commodity-intensive economy with a tendency towards currency appreciation. It will sustain income and employment growth in a steadily rising urban population and expand the range of agricultural products produced in rural contexts. Agricultural diversification through innovation will be especially important as trade agreements with the United States and others come fully into play, opening new opportunities for some types of agricultural production while putting competitive pressures on others.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	36ce394db4faacd3bcfd3e7f6f367195	The paper is structured as follows: the remainder of this section reviews the existing literature that examines the pathways by which macroeconomic conditions can affect health outcomes. These pathways provide the theoretical framework by which economic conditions can have direct and indirect effects on health outcomes. Section three present the results of a new empirical investigation looking at the links between macroeconomic indicators and health using the 2013 edition of OECD Health Statistics.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	36cec5209a41f59fbfbb599ee2aa0b19	Indonesia’s solar FIT is a ceiling price and is de facto lower owing to competitive bidding. In contrast, India has been able to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy significantly, even with the feed-in tariffs being only slightly above the average LCOE of wind and solar. Thailand’s Adder scheme provided the highest price premium in the sample, and contributed to significant deployment, with 475 MW of new solar power capacity being installed in 2014, according to IRENA (2016).	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	36d127ee0595216f9ebba212ab8e840c	To have a rigorous evaluation of social policies is beyond the scope of the present paper and of current data availability. However, we can use the data collected on family benefits for the poor to have a clearer picture of the current situation. Based on the score, the family is registered to receive these benefits. About 10 per cent of children are both poor and deprived (in 2 or more deprivations), and live in families that receive poverty family benefits.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	36d1b5a62e1de406d550b1df9cb43fd8	As the systems does not allow for anything but the minimum standard of living (Abe, 2003). Their relatively low employment in Japan is probably attributable to tax concessions and company fringe benefits for dependent spouses which are lost if they have high earnings, as detailed in Chapter 1. The strict asset test alone would probably prevent most people from qualifying for Public Assistance upon exhaustion of El benefits.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	36d1de4c2bad0afe7cfb5fadfd1ab40f	This assumption clouds understanding if distinct results for each gap are derived from the same general stratification process, in which the overlaying of different hierarchical categories might play a central role. The result of such a superimposition of categories might be particularly important in the case of the intersections of class and ethnicity. Hence, ethnicity can be understood as a hierarchical space of symbolic distinctions, more than as a simple indicator of group heterogeneity.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/43623e15-en	36d2495dd1b2ff5bc9481978f2f4f6f7	This also applies to migration to neighbouring areas. In all GMS countries, migration to urban areas continues unchecked. The significant differences in per capita income, GNI per capita (see Table 1), the dependence of economies on various resources and the high degree of inequality pose various threats to natural systems such as forests. An increasing trend towards industrialization has been driven largely by trade, driven in turn by the extraction of natural resources (ADB, 2012).	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	36d28b0bf12f1869403ca3f860247a09	Crop and weather insurance mechanisms, which have recently been introduced in developing countries to provide income protection to farmers, have been analysed and found to be more effective when embedded in a broader agricultural development strategy (United Nations, 2008, chap. Ill; Linnerooth-Bayer and Mechler, 2007). Just as important, they are also embedded in a broader programme of social development.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	36d2e08d71eb7dddca259a32a02a6798	Governments are looking to sectors like tourism which can support job-rich growth. However, there are concerns about the quality of jobs being created (OECD, 2013a). Even before the crisis, employment growth in a number of advanced countries was associated with growing atypical forms of employment, with job losses concentrated on workers holding these jobs, often youth, low-skilled and migrants (OECD, 2013b).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	36d4e02b7332d9e382d57e311b8148b0	Two respondents noted that there was no agency within the Ministry of Health with responsibility to champion the introduction of personalised healthcare; and two suggested that research and development are hindered by personal data protection regulations and ethical procedures. Interestingly, one respondent commented that “consumer satisfaction with [the] existing healthcare system means that there is little demand from patients or healthcare providers for change”. Respondents also saw international networking and collaboration, particularly through the European Union, as important.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	36d53548af48d9476422c8caffd403b5	Since then, however, no brown field or green field projects have been commissioned. Policies focused more on containing the level of subsidy. Currently, India imports about 17 Mt of finished fertilisers and 12 Mt of raw materials in nutrient equivalent terms. The fertiliser industry emphasises that full reform of the sector is necessary, so that prices of nutrients promote more balanced use. An investment policy for urea is needed to encourage new capacity, requiring the availability of gas to sustain existing production and to support new capacity.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	36d58e5341606b2604a12a7d0af27b43	In complex societies such as those in Africa, the outcome of any particular policy is inevitably uncertain. African governments will need to follow a governance framework that is pragmatic and able to problem-solve and adapt collectively and rapidly. Similarly, it is a characteristic of these countries that they are adept at modifying and shifting their policies and budget priorities as circumstances change. In most instances, such modifications are undertaken with full support of the country’s development partners.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	36d732ec09130e6c66769250a6716b3e	Gender-based violence may take many forms, ranging from intimate-partner violence, rape, workplace harassment, female genital mutilation, human trafficking and murder. A 2013 review by the World Health Organization estimates that 36 per cent of women have experienced intimate-partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner, with lower rates for men (World Health Organization, 2013). Young girls and boys are particularly vulnerable, with wide-ranging negative consequences for the health and welfare of victims. Among men, about one in nine in Tanzania and one in 10 in Zimbabwe had similar experiences.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	36d7f7afaa408f9dd2005c54f90c952b	Diabetes causes more work-loss days. Evidence on US data shows that diabetes increases the number of work-loss days by 2 days per year in women (Tunceli et al, 2005), and up to 3.2 days within a 2-week period for diabetes with complications (Ng et al, 2001). Whereas a US study showed that from 1992 to 2000, diabetes was responsible for $4.4 billion in lost income due to early retirement (Vijan et al, 2009), another US study failed to find evidence for a causal relationship between diabetes and the age of full retirement (Dwyer et al., Cancer has a negative impact on employment probability, worked hours, and work absence. The strength of the effect of cancer on labour market outcomes depends on individual characteristics and disease characteristics.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-6-en	36d8e5ce57174067077ad87a8c978753	For PISA 2012, over 90% of students in Thailand (as in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia) reported that they get along well with most teachers (OECD, 2013a). Almost 94% reported feeling happy at school - close behind Indonesia, which ranks first on this indicator at 95.7%, and above Singapore (87.9%), Japan (85%) and Korea (60%) (OECD, 2013c). In the two weeks prior to the 2012 PISA test, 34% of Thai students reported that they had arrived late for school at least once, compared to 10% in Viet Nam and Singapore, and 8% in Japan (OECD, 2013a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	36d8edb3f9638acdc02fc101944fda03	This resulted in significant increases in enrolments in primary schools and it must be noted that as a consequence, this escalated to secondary school level when the first cohort of FPE entered this level. Lesotho was then faced with problems of overcrowded lower classes (grades), high teacher-pupil ratios and lack of an adequate and qualified teaching labour force. Most importantly the country was faced with the challenge of education quality. The quality of education in the era of HIV/AIDS is also a concern because of high teacher attrition.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	36df24c01741ea3abcb004852c6a0fcf	Meeting the restoration targets is likely to require significant financial resources and innovative finance mechanisms, such as green bonds for restoration investment. The CAR will allow to identify high-biodiversity-value areas and to prioritise restoration actions. Most such instruments aim to reward biodiversity-friendly actions, such as good agricultural practices or sustainable forest use.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	36df793b1e1e954e3f498ea000b880b5	Laurens Bouwer also shows that in the next 40 years, increases in population and GDP by far prevail over climate change as causes of increased risk of flood disasters (Bouwer, 2011). The main uncertainty in this map is that it has no return period and no inundation depth in it. The theoretical return period is the inverse of the probability that the event will be exceeded in any one year.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	36e0b58594a9134c04e0c2f5016aa4d0	Most efforts should go to addressing data gaps in primary care, for example data collection on variation in chronic diseases in general practice should be strengthened. Diseases that are contributing most to Danish inequality in burden of disease, such as diabetes and depression, are increasingly being treated in primary care settings (see Chapter 2 and Table 4.2). Given this, data collection in primary care is an appropriate way to monitor equitable health outcomes, and inform initiatives to address existing inequities. Excellent care for the elderly is a priority in Denmark, and data monitoring of health outcomes and health care provision for population groups by age would contribute to securing this priority.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	36e169d680098948b3dc824095ee4307	The dependent variable (CNT_EP_STORGRID) represents the number of patent applications deposited at the European Patent Office, classified by inventor country7 and priority year8. The data source is PATSTAT as discussed above.) This variable is constructed in a manner analogous to the dependent variable (a count of patent families by inventor country and priority year) with the difference that all types of technologies (not only storage and grid mgmt) are covered.9 Ideally, we would estimate the model using a two-stage procedure where total patenting activity is first estimated.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	36e20640c860563942ed032e2dc46c62	Given ever rising levels of local water stress (see Prologue, Section lii), combined with the fact that there are 286 international rivers and 592 transboundary aquifers shared by 153 countries (UN, 2018a), it could be expected that water-related conflicts have been increasing and/or are likely to increase in the future. However, current evidence does not fully support this hypothesis. Conflicts are often difficult to attribute to a single reason; however, water is often one among several contributing factors. They can also be categorized based on the use, impact, or effect that water had within the conflict.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	36e29c70c16a5b444fbec29af79a6d40	Biran, A., Curtis, V., Gautam, O.P., Greenland, K., Islam, M.S., Schmidt, W.-P, Sijbesma, C., Sumpter, C. and Torondel, B. (2012). Background Paper on Measuring WASH and Food Hygiene Practices - Definition of Goals to be Tackled Post 2015 by the Joint Monitoring Programme. Hygiene Centre at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, and International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. What Impact Does the Provision of Separate Toilets for Girls at Schools Have on their Primary and Secondary School Enrolment, Attendance and Completion?	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289338578-10-en	36e324fad4a98c53e00a5182cf815ca9	This study has been a pilot study aiming at developing methodologies for studying food redistribution and conducting pilot studies to test the methodologies and get some preliminary results. The study has documented a need to go deeper into the issue in a following-up study and to get a more comprehensive and complete picture of the activities going on in each country. The organisations foresee an increased demand for free meals served and food bags given to low-income clients in the future, and this is likely to further increase the need for food donations.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	36e5fa2e3a7fb0b7a025aad260e445ff	Deaths refer to the dissolution of enterprises or to transitions to no employees. Death rates for Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the Slovak Republic refer to 2008. Part of the explanation might be women’s lower propensity to enter sectors like manufacturing that have been more heavily affected by the crisis (Chapter 19).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	36e649512af694dee7e0f6f3da395944	Gender-sensitive concepts and methods should be used in data collection in all statistical fields. In order to provide reliable comparisons between women and men, gender statistics need to correctly measure women’s and men’s participation in and contribution to society (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Conventional concepts and methods used in data collection are often inadequate to reflect the realities of women and men.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c96bb166-en	36e87bb2c5e204b74b0ba8e2edead2a6	Fortunately there is a General Assembly resolution that tells us we can extend the ICPD in 2014 and continue, because there is so much still to do,” Osotimehin said. We don’t have, as we speak, an actual committed position on what the development agenda is going to be after the Millennium Development Goals.” But regardless of what happens in the run-up to 2015 and well into the future, “there have to be more voices from the global South, and many of them should be those of young people,” Osotimehin said. “ Those voices, young or old, should be heard at every level from the national to the regional and international,” he added. It’s a failure of advocacy from the South” that funds for reproductive health can be so easily cut, she said.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/8be0ed45-en	36ea288137e0645daba11bdcfc1fb720	Evidence suggests considerable progress has been made. However, the 100% and 95% controlled disposal rates in highland upper-middle income countries respectively are in stark contrast with rates that are often well below 50% in low-income countries, and 0% controlled disposal is still relatively common in rural areas in many countries. In lower-income countries, waste disposal is often in the form of uncontrolled dumpsites with open burning.	12	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/abb991ba-en	36eb554d83b6f210037d29c0d88569ed	From Poverty to Power: How active citizens and effective states can change the world, Oxfam Blogs (2 October 2013). Available at https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/what-can-vietnams-excellent-schools-teach-us-about-education-quality-and-equality/ (accessed on 4 July 2018). Yet, as evinced in this chapter, common factors, such as political commitment, policy coherence, and stakeholder coordination, determine the outcomes of interventions across the social protection, health and education sectors.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	36ebcef86427a144516b16359627e793	Nevertheless, Gaal and McKee (2005) argue that distrust in the system could motivate health care professionals to ask for a “fair” remuneration and patients in return could accept it. The short-lived experience of introducing user fees in Hungary was partially an attempt to formalise informal payments. There is no firm evidence that user fees had an appreciable impact on reducing informal payments (Kutzin et al, 2010). While it is less likely to produce results when introduced alone, condemning informal payments as a corrupt practice publicly and seeking sanctions through the legal system or professional organisations could become a supporting pillar.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	36ecfbd698ba043138e4009b51e1ce7b	"The years 2008 and 2009 saw the establishment of the Clean Investments Funds (CIFs) - committing an overall USD 6.7 billion of which USD 4.7 billion is for climate change mitigation. The UNFCCC and other institutions such as the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) are still providing channels for public and private sector investments towards climate change mitigation. On several occasions in interviews, investors expressed the idea that the IEA should play a bigger role in disseminating the information. One professor at the Energy Research Institute in Beijing emphasised that ""experts, training and capacity building are needed in China."""	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	36eddeab3e1dc10f13bbd6e7eb66e92f	Young women who are married are much more likely to be NEET than unmarried women of the same age (OECD, 2012a). As early marriage can act as a barrier to participation in education and employment, the Apni Beti Apna Dhan programme provides cash incentives to girls and their families that are conditional on the daughters remaining unmarried until age 18. Initial evaluation results suggest this programme helped parents increase their investment in their daughters’ human capital (Sinha and Young, 2009).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	36ee818e2314ef5b5d71cbda9ddc8309	Further, this strategy is consistent with present aims to increase density in central Clermont-Ferrand and to improve the efficiency of land use in the suburbs. Finally, the strategy could be used to enhance the relationship between Clermont and its hinterland and rebalance the perception that the hinterland is solely at the service of the city. In order to avoid the risk of an increased polarisation of the rural activities towards the Lyon metropole, it is important to build strong linkages with these territories to counteract such an effect. The volume of opposition between various land users remains quite high. Consequently, land based conflicts have arisen, resulting from both the lack of space and the intense competition between different development projects, supported by individuals or groups of people. This crucial requirement maybe fulfilled by an increased involvement of the local population at the earlier stages of the decision making process and by creating bilateral exchanges between the local planners and developers on the one hand, and the local population on the other.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	36eea0a1a70066e233b7c67043771668	The probability is higher for a young person with a tertiary education (respectively 17% and 25%). Although many young people (in Europe, two-thirds of them) would have preferred a permanent job but could not find one, temporary work has the potential to provide a key entry point to the labour market. For many young people, temporary contracts are more often a stepping stone to a permanent contract than a dead end.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	36f283aeed16d3133d52a10f5f7f884c	For example, one-off cash payments and baby grants may affect the timing of couples w'ho plan to children, but do not necessarily affect the overall number of children in families (OECD, 2011; Thevenon and Gauthier, 2011). The finding is consistent with evaluations of the 2007 parental leave reform w'hich indicate that the fertility of German women in their mid-30s who have high levels of educational attainment has increased since the reform (Bujard and Passet, 2013; Stichnoth, 2014). In that regard, Hank and Kreyenfeld (2002) show' that the low fertility rates in Germany can be explained by the limited availability of child care in Germany - a factor in the mutually exclusive choice of working full-time or having children (and working part-time).	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	36f291fc895d7065c732c684fe9e8100	These numbers are declining, but many people live just above the poverty threshold. So, idiosyncratic or generalized shocks could easily push them back into poverty. Human Development Report Office calculations based on various household surveys, including ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys. In Somalia it affects 60 percent of the population in urban households and over 95 percent of the population in rural households.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	36f7fad7c8f8e1655bdbbb4327093c2a	The most common plan generally offered was the service-specific data plan. Service-specific plans offer data bundles at discounted rates that give users access only to specific applications and sites, over a given web browser, and/or for a specified period of time. They are often part of operators' marketing strategies to increase their customer base by providing discounted access to popular sites and applications. In Bangladesh, Kenya and Colombia, customers can also 'earn' extra data, for example by watching a certain video, or by buying a specific device.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	36fc7236725a40d41c1b0cf7e03bebc7	Parking problems are growing both as a result of, increased car commuting (about 80 000 cars per day within the SCoT territory'), but, also as tourism increases in volume and adds additional demands for parking spaces. The SCoT provides general indications related to the question of transport and mobility but, it does not give operational solutions, especially in terms of collective transport. In the end, the Pole metropolitain does not have a clear common transport policy because this is an issue that is best managed at a larger geographic scale such as the region or nation.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	36fe966805659ee5adca867dedb61ecb	Measures taken during the 1990s to recover air quality focused on improving fuel quality, accelerating vehicle fleet renewal and introducing cleaner technologies. However, transport outcomes were also defined by the stagnation of mass transit and the deregulation of bus services.11 More recent projects have resumed mass transit expansion and have introduced significant improvements in bus service. The BRT scheme in Mexico City is called Metrobus.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	36ffe7c1e0911d5cfea7ec19b6e67d9c	Employers who require more skilled workers will be reluctant to consider rural locations until workforce skills improve. But at the same time it will be hard to convince people to improve their skills if they see few returns on the investment. Under the present scenario of water scarcity and stress and given the international commitments to deliver water to the US, Chihuahua’s rural development requires tackling water management and governance.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	3700a97f40d42ca04e27de56fa5eb829	Its mission is to contribute to the creation of more and better quality jobs through more effective policy implementation, innovative practices, stronger capacities and integrated strategies at the local level. For more information on the LEED Programme, please visit www.oecd.org/cfe/leed. Its objectives are to guide policy makers in the design of policy approaches able to tackle complex cross-cutting labour market issues; to build the capacity of practitioners in implementing effective local employment and skills development strategies; and to assist in the development of governance mechanisms conducive to policy integration and partnership at the local level. For more information on the ESSSA initiative, please visit www.oecd.org/cfeAeed/employment/esssa.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	37011cc761294aad794012dd8bf63f94	Reforming the tax administration by improving information management and cross-checking statements and declarations leads to greater efficiency in tax collection.1 Setting up a special unit for high-income taxpayers has also been found to be helpful. Reducing or eliminating exemptions and loopholes, as well as enticing more businesses to join the formal sector, can go a long way towards broadening the tax base. It may be useful to combine the carrots of some incentives for tax payment with sticks of better enforcement. In all cases, however, revenues will rise only if the Government has the political will, makes its intentions clear and is consistent and determined about tax administration. The principle should generally be to rely as far as possible on rules-based and non-discretionary tax instruments that are corruption-resistant and have lower transaction costs.	8	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	370474a5bd59dff1cc6b5ad29fbef710	"Indicators of basic necessities say something about whether consumption or access to a basic necessity is sufficient - with “sufficient” being some predetermined level. Such a measure would compare whether a minimum standard of material wellbeing is being met across regions and communities or across time. However, what constitutes “sufficient” may vary between regions, local communities, and cultures, and between indigenous and non-indigenous households. Furthermore, what is “sufficient"" may be determined in part by the availability of other financial supports, community services, and infrastructure, all of which vary considerably across and within regions."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-12-en	3704d96a947fee8c7e533d45e4290c7d	In fact, teachers in many education systems reported that they need to develop further their ability to handle multicultural classrooms. Just as countries invest in developing language programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting socio-economically disadvantaged students, so they should invest in widening the availability of programmes designed to help teachers teach in diverse classrooms and upgrade the quality of existing training modules. The examples highlighted do not constitute an exhaustive list of policies and practices towards these ends; however they are exemplary in that they represent a wide selection of approaches taken to tackle the problem and illustrate commonalities and differences in approaches.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	37097b9767215502f9d4331bc0f8b0d4	This is all the more necessary due to the risk of increasing social segregation resulting from peri-urbanisation processes and the up-scaling of strategic planning processes to the metropole scale. However, participatory planning needs to balance local needs and expectations against general planning goals and objectives such a densification which may be contrary to local interest. The two regional parks offer some possibilities as well.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	370ce66ee541bfcd9d4ee648cba376f1	In contrast to international good practice, the NAICM project has not only been granted authorisation without a solid and publicly available sustainable ground transport access plan, but has initiated construction bids without this planning instrument. This has raised justified public concerns about the impact of the project on congestion, air quality and accessibility. The Ministiy' of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU), the national agency in charge of urban transport policy, hired experts to address surface transport access.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	3710541a8ac697393a45b077477d936e	Engaging migrants in local partnerships builds trust among the migrants themselves, the city and the host community, and increases migrants' visibility in the social fabric of the city. While the contribution of migrants to development in their communities of origin has long been recognized, empowering migrants as actors in their cities of destination could also enhance their human and social potential for co-development. Attracting migrants with appropriate skill levels helps the local economies to be competitive and to meet existing labour shortages and skills needs.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	3712091d39d6888d4ada2209c1033a96	"Dichas obligaciones deben ser respetadas en todas las leyes, politicas e intervenciones sobre el tema. Mediante los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y sus 169 metas, la Agenda 2030 pretende que se materialicen los derechos humanos de todas las personas y que se logre la igualdad de genero y el empoderamiento de todas las mujeres y las nihas (Preambulo, parrs. Ademas, segun esta Agenda, los lideres mundialesse comprome-tieron a favorecer la cohesion familiar (parr. Habida cuenta de que las famiIias han ido cambiando con el paso del tiempo, ,-que se considera ""familia” hoy en dia? ^Como definen el concepto de familia los prin-cipios fundamentales de derechos humanos como la igualdad y la no discriminacion, el interes superior del nino y la nifia y el derecho a vivir una vida libre de vio-lencia?"	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	3714ae95ca13acd9ef32a69fa90ff0ee	The design of effective apprenticeship systems requires concerted action between the public and the private sector. Employers should work closely with schools (particularly, but not exclusively, with technical and vocational education and training institutions) to ensure that curricula reflect the needs of the labour market, and to design apprenticeship schemes that are well-suited to the students’ competences. The analysis covers seven of the countries considered here.19 The data show that Mexico is now the OECD country that awards the largest share of degrees in the field of computing to women (about 40% compared to an OECD average of 20%).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	3715d9fc374c0c7e0e593eccf49a75d0	Their main motivations were to provide more responsive services for patients, increase community involvement in the organisation, and enhance staff morale. Autonomy was valued insofar as it enabled the development of more responsive services to patients and served as a lever to motivate staff to provide better patient services (Mannion et al., It concluded that incentives and the capacity to make use of autonomy need to be present if organisational freedom is to generate changed behaviours.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3da1d894-en	37172acc056050e241e7fdac883a5f40	The best illustration comes in comparing the Ml and AMI for Australia and Japan. Australia still has a markedly higher AMI than Japan, with Australia requiring nearly 75% more materials input per unit of GDP generated than Japan in 2010. Another major difference can be seen in that Singapore’s AMI deteriorates sharply, increasing by 21 %, compared to a 43% decrease when using conventional Ml. Also apparent is the change in rankings in this group using AMI, with Singapore and the Republic of Korea becoming the most materials-intense economies, whereas using conventional Ml Australia and New Zealand are rated the most materials intensive (in 2010). Where AMI relative to Ml for 2010 was 15% less for Australia, Singapore’s AMI was 95% higher than Ml.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	371db100c89d6b900175133902aecd6a	Through Agenda 2063, Africa is committed to prioritizing urban housing, water, sanitation, energy, waste and rapid transit systems (AUC 2015) over the next five years, as stipulated in the first Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014-2023) of Agenda 2063. This is the basis of the first Aspiration of Agenda 2063 that envisions a prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development, with cities and urban settlements as hubs for cultural and economic activities. As a continent with the fastest rate of urbanization, implementation of Goal 11 and its related Agenda 2063 goals and targets -through effective planning, resource mobilization, monitoring and reporting - is critical to promoting sustainable urban living and sustainable development at all levels; local, national and global. Out of the 15 indicators, only six (40 per cent) have data and sufficiently-defined methodologies to measure progress (UNDESA, 2018; ECA and others, 2017).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	3720563729628cb458e1179edeca79d2	This consultation produced a key document, the “Statement of Roles and Responsibilities,” (SNC, 1997) which helped achieve a successful trading programme. This document stated agreed-to facts, such as recognition of the trading programme as a pilot, the need for more flexible approaches to pollution control and the ability to achieve greater reductions in contaminant loading. It was signed by local agricultural organisations, the Provincial government and SNC.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/35651950-en	3721b0950375ae964f5d64d030069522	Most of the necessary actors should have already been identified and engaged in the Score-card exercise. Some additional analytical work might be needed to be able to estimate the costs and benefits of potential measures in order to prioritize them. Time will be necessary to develop, consult and agree on a draft Action Plan among different governmental institutions and to consult with other stakeholders.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	3724ea86927c49c45dc3f2c43752fb77	Raising the overall tax level would dampen incentives to work, save and invest and is therefore detrimental to growth. However, the final impact would depend on the use of tax revenues. Public investment (e.g. fostering human capital) could spur the growth potential and outweigh the detrimental effects of higher taxation. Likewise, for transfers, the impact on growth and income distribution depends on their financing.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	3724fac3b89c6f793f6363d18545c111	It argues that market strategies alone can determine appropriate water uses by solving the problem of diverging private and social measures of value. However, on American Indian reservations in the American west, and among the indigenous populations aroimd the world, there exists a great concern about the application of neoclassical economics to water (Steenstra, 2009). Although the costs of a water allocation, such as equipment, labour and time, may be easily identified by market prices, monetising the benefits of preserving American Indian cultures, species, ecosystems and clean rivers are very difficult.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlvx2wjq0-en	37261c9437d450386a14ebe85ad808c0	In many countries, cuts in government employment are likely to increase wage inequality, reflecting the fact that wages tend to be more compressed in the public than in the private sector.14 Whether wage cuts are considered to be equitable depends also on relative wages in the government and the private sector (and, of course, the profile of wage costs across the public sector salary scale). The impacts on the economy’s supply potential are not clear. If public sector wages fall short of those in the private sector by a significant margin, cuts could result in retention and recruitment problems.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231122-9-en	372d9b2c4d989b8216616bd889c77124	It can, in turn, increase the impact of decision makers’ communications, through the multiplier effect that online technologies can have. See table in Box 1.11 for more details on the respondents. More and more, governments produce and collect a broad range of different types of data in order to perform their tasks (Ubaldi, 2013). The extraordinary quantity and centrality of data collected bring increased transparency. This partnership currently counts 65 member countries and provides an international platform for domestic reformers committed to making their governments more open, accountable and responsive to citizens.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225442-8-en	372de2728a27869277b60eb8b10b8200	Most OECD countries have been introducing policies to respond to these challenges. France, for example, has focused on reforming the content and structure of its teacher-training programmes through the creation of new schools combining practical and theoretical training, while in 2008 the United States introduced an incentive-based policy offering federal grants to institutions upgrading their programmes. Finland introduced systematic professional development for school staff, including school leaders, through the OSAAVA Programme and increased government funding. Portugal has developed a comprehensive strategy and introduced initial school leadership training.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264113756-en	37331728a69cb1c658de6a15ff2f16a9	It is possible that schools that co-operate tightly with business were more likely to respond. Consequently, the results may be biased towards schools that are more successful in providing their students with workplace training. This is consistent with what various stakeholders reported to the OECD team during the visits.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	3733efa9c05385caa8f244a4d8f8bd85	The diagnostic also provided the baseline for the eventual evaluation of the impact of the EntreElles interventions. By the end of 2013, three cycles of the programme had been delivered to a total of 160 women entrepreneurs. However, after the women entrepreneurs were trained, they often reported difficulty in accessing financing. One of the barriers was their lack of know-how in developing bankable proposals and presenting these to banks. In partnership with GIZ and AFEM, they also produced small films of women’s success stories to provide role-models to others and produced a Toolkit for Women’s Entrepreneurship (“Entrepreneurial feminin au Maroc: Boite a outils de la femme entrepreneur”, GTZ and ANPME). By 2012, women accounted for 9.4% of Moussanada clients; 7% of clients in the Infitah programme targeting the acceleration of digital technology use among SMEs with revenues of less than MAD 3 million; 8.8% of Imtiaz clients (supporting businesses with high growth potential that do not need consultancy assistance but require equity to enable further growth); and 4.6% of Inmaa clients, an extensive programme to assist SMEs in their transformation into “lean” production systems and more efficient work organisations.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	37377a1c5132a652d52c45a677c4773d	The latter measure is subsidised by the Ministry of the Environment. Taking a three kilometre radius as the conventional impact zone, 55 000 people are concerned, or 12% of the national population. Emissions of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) from the steel mills, in operation since 1997, are regularly measured by licensed agencies.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	373958b646e226e3f3492ca8342b69e0	The majority of these companies are Romanian; international operators have a relatively small market share. The market has no large international players w'ho would introduce new service standards and integrated w'aste management schemes on a large scale. The EU Accession Treaty specifies a transition period for replacing 129 non-compliant dumpsites w ith landfills by July 2009.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	37395c7ee4a197453a0f1aabf49fc577	The current focus is mainly on agricultural innovation systems. The Oslo Manual defines innovation as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations (OECD and Eurostat, 2005). A wide range of policies is then considered according to the four main channels or incentive areas through which they affect drivers of productivity grow th and sustainable use of resources. Policies can affect innovation positively or negatively depending on the type and intensity of measures.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	373f2a727b63f0ee56bfe5b7b31b7f93	Shewbridge (forthcoming) also identifies the growing trend across OECD countries to introduce output and/or outcome measures in different government dimensions, such as budgetary procedures. In terms of the education system, efficiency and effectiveness would be measured by outputs, such as test scores and graduation rates, rather than inputs, like funding, resources and number of school days. The increased attention to quality of public outputs and the insertion of business management techniques into public sector institutions are one of the various reasons a country may adopt and administer a national test (Ball, 1998).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	373f7c3fbcfd26c0d1d1f995866ab535	The MENA region includes Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestinian Authority, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen (UNDP and UNDESA, 2012). Saudi Arabia is not included in the ranking. The database includes the 14 variables of the 2012 Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as well as the overall rankings and scores for the SIGI and its sub-indices. See Global Women’s Leadership Initiative (2013).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096356-en	374182951cb2d5ffca914f818eac266c	In return, this would increase the availability of uranium by an estimated factor of 30. The NEA report Forty Years of Uranium Resources Production and Demand in Perspective - The Red Book Retrospective (NEA, 2006) points out that by 2020 secondary sources are expected to be depleted and that more exploration is required. This point of view is largely shared by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) Task Force on Security of Supply in its Analysis of the Nuclear Fuel Availability at EU Level from a Security of Supply Perspective (2005).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	37427cab197ac335c005ca5f7cfa0115	Furthermore, poorly defined land contract rights and incomplete markets for the transfer of land operation rights impede farm consolidation. This may hamper the government’s ability to continue achieving food security objectives (Box 1). In many cases, labour mobility is impeded by a lack of portability of health insurance benefits outside the local area.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	37435244dc20537df6b702479a15e1cd	A major mechanism for conservation of biological diversity is through the designation and appropriate management of a network of protected areas. These are positioning the country well for the process of accession to the EU. The instruments most pertinent for the conservation of biodiversity and protection of natural heritage are the Law on Nature Protection, the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, and the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The Law on Nature Protection, (No.67/2004, 14/2006, 84/2007, 35/2010, and 47/2011) transposes the EU Birds Directive and Habitat Directive.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	374476374face68cd69c384037410d5d	Technology can help rural residents provide and access information about service quality' and about alternative providers. Geolocation facilitates matching between the supply of and demand for services. Renewable energy can reduce “fuel poverty” that can be a common feature of remote regions, by allowing isolated communities to produce their own energy instead of importing expensive conventional fuels.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	374580eb18da1cd6617138a4de7cdc2c	Chinese speakers highlighted the need for closer and moie consistent international guidance, rules and codes of conduct on legality, due diligence and forest certification, particularly stressing the challenges to SMEs in following the latest international developments Australian, European and North American delegates indicated that the importing and retailing industries are willing to work with Chinese and other overseas producers to ensure their conformance with the new regulations. After a series of amendments in 2008, the Act now requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products, including a wide range of wood and forest products (USDA, 2012). Under the amendments, businesses are required to exercise increased due diligence in sourcing and selling wood and wood products (Beveridge and Diamond, 2009).	15	0	3	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	3745ba2a957afff05b30a02f00e4548d	Other recommendations included strengthening the WTO notification process and considering an exemption for humanitarian purchases of food. Instead the G20 ministers had called for more work on this topic. According to the agencies involved in the price volatility report, evidence showed that the large increase in demand for agricultural raw materials in the production of ethanol contributed to price increases and to price volatility.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	374b677668e709f94cdde05b3ae4d8ae	Even though the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population (65%) was lower than that of native-bom population (67%), the share of the foreign-bom population of working age (76%) was much higher than the corresponding native-bom share (62%). The resulting share of employment in the total population is therefore higher for foreign-bom population (49%) than for the Ghanaian-bom population (41%). The upward effect of this gap of 8 percentage points on the national share of employed is unlikely to be wiped out by the potentially negative impact of the presence of foreign-bom workers on the native-bom employment rate. The effect of immigration on the capital-labour ratio is not known, and the overall effect of migrant labour on GDP per capita therefore cannot be ascertained with great accuracy.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	374beeb62116f49169940d708ceafddc	Evaluation results are posted on the agency's website. An Action Plan Scorecard measures outputs and outcomes, using narratives from the reports to provide evidence for impact. Methodologies include mixed review panels (academics, stakeholders and government). Measurement of achievement includes programme-based quantitative targets; science quality, client satisfaction, and diffusion of scientific output beyond academia.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	374c54a89c7ada58fb58adab58a60d03	However, in Italy the opposite was the case: more than one management authority was assigned for a single district. While the former Law 1989/183 was coherent with respect to the river basin approach, the design of the new districts introduced unnecessary complications to an already functioning framework. For example, the Northern Apennines is now managed by five different authorities and the Eastern Alps by four (Table 4.2).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c2dea192-en	374d132d68f39985d9a8ef5e26ea131b	Utilities have an integrated technical, financial and marketing capability that may not be available elsewhere. In 2011 USD 7 billion was invested in ratepayer funded energy efficiency projects producing an estimated 117TWh of energy reductions. In 2012, there were 25 states with energy efficiency resource standards and a further 9 states adopting other policies. ( Foster Wallace and Dahlberg 2013).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	374e1f1f4ad9ecbfb05b4c60d343a2ef	At the same time, the movement of people to towns and cities leads to an increase in construction of new residential buildings and commercial and industrial facilities, which requires an increase in capacity of the water supply network and, therefore, reconstruction of water supply systems. In 2014, the amount of used water treated corresponded to water used by 1.7 million persons. However, this number is theoretical since industrial wastewater is also included, but not measured, as is also water coming from various sources due to the deteriorated state of network.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b505e041-en	37504dda7bb499cf20ee74e825179f51	An attempt was made to reconcile these estimates with other available sources that publish the data. They (in table 7 of their report) find that in Chennai (their “best” MPCE district, whose area is actually concomitant with the municipal corporation) the poor’s average MPCE was Rs1,596. This has implications for capital formation in the economy at large.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	3750c2747c485865a09c20d66fccfba5	This report examined the safety in primary and ambulatory care from an economic perspective - in terms of the (a) costs of unsafe care from a financial, economic and burden of illness perspective, and (b) potential strategies to improve safety across the sector in a resource-constrained environment. Given the unique nature of this setting - in contrast to hospital and long-term care - a broad and longitudinal definition of safety is adopted. Patient harm can result from a single incident, but can also develop over time through delayed diagnosis or treatment. The report was informed by a literature scan and a survey of 26 experts in patient safety from a total of 29 countries.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290747-en	375195ec09ab9c6ef49ffd6462bd0696	The National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP) is meant to address these issues of governance, capacity and knowledge sharing to facilitate the development of NUPs and to contribute to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and other global agreements. Other objectives include direct assistance, such as providing training to policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to help them develop specialised skills to directly bridge the capacity gap or offering technical assistance and advisory services for every stage of the NUP cycle within a country. Finally, it also aims to build a platform for all levels of government, the private sector and civil society actors and any other relevant stakeholder to be engaged, network and exchange, to encourage transfer of best practices and policies, and raise awareness of NUPs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	3751d0e2097466b5f9c9db8e2586a792	The only teachers who are given the option of not joining the new system are those who are ten years from retirement as of 2016. Initial Teacher Education: new requirements to enter initial teacher education; mandatory accreditation of initial teacher education programmes; and external assessment of student teachers before their graduation to inform the improvement of teacher education programmes. New Career Structure: launch of the National Induction System for beginning teachers; creation of a multistage career structure; and development of a teacher evaluation process to determine progression in the career structure.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	3751e64c898166279c00b8bed62e75fe	In general, universal access to primary care should decrease health inequalities and increase social cohesion, but this would lead to greater health inequalities. For public health centres to be able to scale up into larger practices, they will need the ability to contract private practitioners at higher payment rates and while being allowing doctors to remain independent practitioners. If contract payments are set at a sufficient level, health centres could induce those currently operating their own practice to practice from public health centres by offering the prospect of a stable pipeline of patients (through referrals from screening and other services already delivered at the public health clinic) and sparing sole practitioners from the overhead and administrative costs of maintaining an independent practice.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	375237dbc6613cf3dcd6c280791c9f48	This is also an effect of the merit order (Figure 7). Keppler and Cruciani (2010) have estimated these windfall profits for the utility sector as a whole at more than EUR 19 billion for the first phase of the EU ETS, and state that this phenomenon will only be partially mitigated by the auctioning of emission allowances from 2013 on. From this perspective, the interaction between RE and C02 policy instruments, which work in opposite directions in transferring wealth from utilities to industry customers and vice versa, tend to off-set each other's effects, at least in part.	7	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3754d1a234f3d06e97b97fd167c28f50	The training programme is developed at the local college in concert with the employer. Colleges design the programmes and their share their experiences. Each community college has an employee assigned to reach out to local business and industry, identify their training needs and find ways to meet them.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	375509495976efc09c9c2435fec3f107	Fiscal consolidation, including current expenditure prioritisation and public sector wage bill containment, should complement revenue mobilisation measures to improve fiscal and current account balances. Efforts to improve the quality and relevance of education must be stepped up and anti-corruption efforts redoubled to recapture public confidence and strengthen the country’s strong governance record. Growing at 4.5% per year, the urban population as a share of total population increased from 28% in 1991 to 43% in 2011.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	375516a1b6b4f76768442e7ae351ac84	All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.___________________________ The Organisation’s core mission today is to help governments work together towards a stronger, cleaner, fairer global economy. Through its network of 250 specialised committees and working groups, the OECD provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	375681a8821aa93e1ea86e70577ab72f	Means-tested family benefits are frequently designed as temporary payments that enable one of the parents to spend time with their children. Apart from time limits (which can be generous and are often implicit, e.g. by specifying a maximum age for a dependent child: see Immervoll, 2012a), work-related behavioural requirements may therefore be minimal or nonexistent. Around half the OECD countries now operate employment-conditional benefits, or in-work benefits of one type or another (a few countries not shown in the table have introduced such programmes since 2007).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3759fa577db6ee11c97a6aa9191d81ac	These diverse concepts were explored but not fully resolved at the 2012 Rio+20 conference. Ethiopia is one of the first countries in Africa to embrace these concepts. Ethiopia’s challenge is to improve economic growth, as part of what is required to eliminate poverty, while avoiding the environmental damage that would both undermine its productive natural resource base and contribute to global climate problems.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	375a5666c6bf4f6e9e2bb540be67c262	In contrast, the population of the developed regions is expected to increase slightly, from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion (United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009). The continued rapid increase in the population of developing countries highlights the importance of having appropriate policies designed to promote the sustained economic growth and structural transformation of their economies so as to ensure durable poverty reduction. Although the income-based (per capita) conventional poverty measure is sensitive to population growth, careful analysis does not provide any support for the Malthusian claim that poverty can be attributed to population growth in excess of output growth, especially food production.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f9246bdc-en	375e24b962ed9632f82b6435771a29b0	The growth in global industrial production and merchandise trade volumes has been tapering since the beginning of 2018, especially in trade-intensive capital and intermediate goods sectors. Leading indicators point to some softening in economic momentum in many countries in 2019, amid escalating trade disputes, risks of financial stress and volatility, and an undercurrent of geopolitical tensions. At the same time, several developed economies are facing capacity constraints, which may weigh on growth in the short term.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	3762a6b97885dbb80d84d8ad3b3e6b39	While these levies do yield state revenue they have failed in the past to influence the behaviour of economic actors to a significant extent, due to low rates, too many exemptions and poor monitoring and enforcement (Mehling, 2008). In the first instance, the lower end of each tax band was implemented, giving policymakers flexibility to increase the tax in response to changing circumstances. The National Assembly Standing Committee, the body responsible for setting tax rates and subsequently agreeing changes, can raise the tax without a repeated legislative process. However, computer-generated equilibrium (CGE) modelling in 2014 of the impact of EPT compared to a business-as-usual scenario suggests that carbon dioxide emissions were curbed by about 2 million metric tons in 2012 and 2013, or a decrease of about 1.7 per cent on business as usual (Huong, 2014).	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264193338-en	3762cd297d3e2aa7e031ca54be7a0a83	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre franc a is d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Since 2005, the Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development have been the OECD’s tool to mobilise tertiary education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews have analysed how the tertiary education system impacts local and regional development and helped improve this impact in more than 30 cities and regions in over 20 countries.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	37648f298ece4aa58113b757459ecf50	The number of heroin seizures and the quantities seized at the border with Mexico have also risen sharply, from 846 kg seized in 295 incidents in 2009 to 2,196 kg seized in 580 incidents in 2013. The increased smuggling of Mexican and Colombian heroin into the United States through the Mexican border has led to a change in heroin trafficking patterns, as western states in the United States are becoming major transit areas for the drug. In Mexico, opium poppy eradication efforts have continued. According to UNODC, Mexico eradicated 14,662 hectares of opium poppy cultivation in 2013, a decrease of 7 per cent since 2012.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	3767ad4e0cbd8df42c933d4249bd30d4	This is where measures such as compensation and adjustment assistance come into play. This is sometimes interpreted (if not criticised) as an ideological position representing the entrenched philosophy of economic liberalism (or neoliberalism). Yet, there are veiy good practical reasons behind that principle. Three thoughts are particularly relevant.	2	9	0	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	3767b322666a30d01e37c9b2e273bf0b	Their estimates predict significant welfare gains after full trade liberalization for high-income and middle-income countries, with real income rising by 0.49 per cent and 0.51 per cent respectively by 2025, while developing countries' real incomes decline by 0.67 per cent. Using a simplified, but structurally similar model, Taylor and von Arnim (2006) show how heavily trade liberalization simulation results depend on assumptions. Allowing a bit more realism - unemployment, for example - makes clear that Africa will not gain, on balance, from trade liberalization.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	376c5db7ddd3e7698e941070aedd7e75	For example, it can mandate that a tenant build to higher green building standards than required by law and restrict the use of the property only to certain types of clean tech or green businesses and even require wage and benefits packages and local hiring goals.97 As a landowner, a local government can use its property strategically to support broader policy goals such as gr een growth and green cluster development. For example, they can bring together university, business and community leaders to form cleantech organisations or green industry support associations. They can facilitate discussions to resolve disputes between labour and business, environmental advocates and industry, and forge compromises that lead to collaborative efforts around common goals. It is common practice for economic development, redevelopment, regeneration and revitalisation authorities to impose profit share requirements or interest rates on loans or grants invested in real estate development projects.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285712-6-en	376db7d7f63e0ce8ab94594ad80996fe	The State of Ceara, where water uses charges are applied since 1996 does not belong to an interstate river basin and therefore it is not reported in this table. Classes are: Class A: Low water conflicts; basic institutional framework; Class B: Medium water conflicts-Intermediate institutional framework; Class C High water conflicts - Developed institutional framework; Class D Veiy high water conflicts - Advanced institutional framework. These rates are not automatically adjusted for inflation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	377382bf845f67001aebb79e4d8c11d1	The case has been made for using such schemes on a permanent basis to promote the right to work as a guaranteed entitlement, as in India's NREGS.71 In practice, few existing programmes are national in scope or provide a guaranteed entitlement, though some have become long-term interventions in response to high structural un- and underemployment or chronic food insecurity. This is the case for South Africa's Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) and, prospectively, Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) (see Box 3.4). Households whose members are unable to work (due to pregnancy, lactation, disability, illness or old age) receive the same transfer without work requirements.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	3776b12ab01a8dcf5d98b69cf329b540	Sprawling cities shift fringe areas towards new land uses (including residential, industrial and business areas) and away from their traditional social and economic functions (Seret et al, 2014). Land use planners need to balance diverse interests in such areas, such as the need to protect open green space and natural amenities, to protect agricultural lands, to provide critical infrastructure and transportation for growing urban areas and to meet housing demand. The push and pull between these various uses is inherently tied to questions of how this space should be governed and how' to define the public interest in questions about how’ land should be used and developed (or not, as the case may be).	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	37780ab64cf47e0017777bd3f57f363d	In the Page | 58 meantime> to support the long-term financial viability of rural electrification efforts, the central government is nevertheless allocating subsidies earmarked for a number of previously implemented off-grid electrification programmes, as Table 15 shows. China has achieved an electrification rate of 99.4%, with 99% in rural areas and already 100% in urban settings, thanks to the government's aggressive measures and strong political will. The Chinese government estimates that only 1.5 million people will still be without in 2020.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	377b1fc3abe7e7594607b63195f73c27	Teachers are paid according to the number of their teaching hours, which they are not in a position to choose (Eurydice, 2015). Figure 4.1 displays lower secondary teacher annual salaries at the start of career and at top of the scale, showing the Flemish Community above the OECD average. Salaries of teachers in the Flemish Community have been relatively stable over the last few years.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	377e212c19db3625f757d6cfd6f35708	Migrant children often have difficulty adapting in the host country's classrooms, where the teaching methods, curriculum and language are unfamiliar. An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development study in 23 countries showed that first-generation immigrant students have much lower scores than do local students; second-generation immigrant students do slightly better.' The variations across host countries are important, which may indicate that policies to integrate migrant students affect these students' outcomes. Migrant children may be experiencing school for the first time in the host country at an age when their peers have already been in school.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	377ff5211af4e6c5a4b189e86520cd13	A very early global CGE model with water GTAP-W developed by Berrittella et al. Water and other inputs enter into the final output production function in fixed proportion. Sectoral demand for water responds to a water rent, which is triggered once water supply falls short of demand. The rent increases proportionally with the water gap.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	3781abb220c7088c1e46cf660890946a	Gender-asymmetric effects can be expected from the wide differences between women’s and men’s leave take-up. Because women are more likely than men to claim all their leave entitlements, their labour supply curve will rise slightly. Labour demand may not entirely adjust to such an increase in supply, however, because the provision of leave raises the non-wage costs of labour if employers need to change the production process or hire, and possibly train, temporary staff. Employers may even grow disinclined to recruit female workers. This pattern is, of course, more likely to be true for skilled and qualified workers.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	378317172a8f67b0b520c42c97f25b21	This is contrary to the results of the evaluation of the Colombian CCT Familias enAccion, whose contribution to an increase in the long term nutritional status of 0-24 month-old children (measured by the height-for-age score) has been substantial (Attanasio et al., A recent work by Rosado et al. ( More specific information is provided by short case studies of programmes whose characteristics seem to have maximized the impact on children.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	37845842d9691c916f2955d2675ea977	It concludes with a number of follow-up recommendations. The first focuses on the broader education and training policy arrangements, including monitoring and evaluation. The second addresses policy implementation, in particular how entrepreneurship is promoted in secondary, vocational and tertiary education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	3788b769a1749c571bd9c3617638d38d	The system cannot rely on consistent tools for measuring the quality and effectiveness of the education system and the actual achievement of learning outcomes, as there are neither external assessments of learning, based on standardised national assessments, nor external evaluations of schools and leaching. Students advance from grade to grade as they are assessed in schools by their teachers, and external examinations are only used to regulate tertiary education's admissions. A provision regarding evaluation of schools was included in the law passed in May 2010 (3848/201) which also included requirements regarding the conditions surrounding the employment of teachers, school directors, and others (see section on current references in the section on development and use of human resources). It will also include suggestions for improvement in the next school year.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2956c59a-en	378f9261f3fdfd789fc9826d1a4e8c83	An initial review and mapping of the SDG Indicators Global Database shows the availability of data necessary for global monitoring of the gender-specific indicators at a mere 26 per cent.' Data across time are even more limited: Only 17 per cent of the gender data needed to monitor change are currently available.2 This means that for many gender-specific indicators, country-level data are largely not available and, when they are, it is only for one point in time and so progress cannot be assessed. It argues for further gender mainstreaming throughout the framework—a point taken up with specific examples in Chapter 3, where existing evidence is used to bring to light the gender dimensions of all 17 goals. This chapter also argues for advancing data disaggregation to identify and monitor progress for groups that face multiple inequalities and deprivations—a theme that is further explored through in-depth case studies in Chapter 4.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8e319423-en	3790c4db2c5bc2d183fd782436ac5b93	As is evident from the table, the abatement costs are significant, especially for energy' intensive MSF plants. Vertical pumping requires 0.36 kWh/m3/100 m (derived in the transport section). Horizontal pumping requires much less energy, typically of the order of 0.04 kWh/m3/100 km. The energy, C02 emissions and abatement costs from the vertical and horizontal pumping components are presented in tables 8 and 9.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-21-en	3790fc55ff94d67bb3ad9b2e005ae89e	"The share of fisheries, including fishing and fish processing has historically been over 10%, with a “dip"" during the years just before the financial crisis, when the Icelandic krona appreciated sharply. More fish is landed unprocessed and is now processed in Iceland. The years 2012 and 20 with the profits largest in the pelagic sector reflecting a high w sector is also enjoying high profit figures (Panel A). •"	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99aadf34-en	37930cf95de42b52b963b311cb0aeceb	Transformation that results in the creation of more jobs in more productive sectors with higher wages will have a greater impact on poverty reduction than will transformation that creates jobs in low-productivity, low-wage sectors. Importantly, transformation that pulls low and unskilled workers from low productivity primary sectors into relatively higher productivity nonprimary sectors is likely to have the greatest poverty reduction potential (Aggarwal and Kumar, 2012). This is because traditional industrialization has generally been found to generate unequal income and wealth distribution effects in the short term as workers move from low-productivity agriculture to high-productivity manufacturing (Kuznets, 1955).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpq7tm05r6-en	379598521ad7909843b6d0bd3090dab8	For example, an increase in revenue decentralisation from 20 to 30% leads to a decrease in the (from 0 to 1 ranging) Gini coefficient of roughly 0.01, ceteris paribus. The coefficient for spending decentralisation has about the same size. The results indicate that empirically, inequality-reducing channels of spending and revenue decentralisation tend to outweigh inequality-increasing channels, but the effect is not strongly significant.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	379643fa9fe418e704c46858fe24e7a9	Consequently, biological components are excellent indicators for water quality. These are also the basic tools in assessing the ecological status of water bodies by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Hydrobiological Institute (HBI) in Ohrid is outstanding with incredible chemical and biological long-term investigations on Lake Ohrid and partly on Lake Prespa and Lake Dojran.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	37974b5dd01f949db5355fbb7e414b69	This allows men and women to have their own moments of learning, as well as common moments, which can improve participation and the opportunities for women and men to speak freely. It can also help them to articulate their concerns, which may be more difficult in mixed groups. Providing childcare during sessions can be a major incentive in persuading women to attend.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/22758cf4-en	379908ab60e4aa7c3e98e06b18b96d38	Micro Prespa is shared by Albania and Greece, while Macro Prespa is shared by Albania, Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Lakes Prespa and Ohrid are part of the same hydrogeological basin, and the Prcspa and Ohrid Lakes Aquifer (No. Status Paper - Managen lent of .he extended Tran: tbouiKlary Drill Basin.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	379eb264e8ea0572d3d5f020a2539e17	Human capital: technical and commercial skills, technology adoption and diffusion and awareness among consumers, investors and decision makers. The global competitiveness scores have a wider scope at a national level but these factors are relevant when evaluating the readiness of a country to adopt renewable energy technologies (EU-GCC). The table below shows the global competitiveness scores for the GCC countries; the score is out of 7 and the higher the score, the more competitive the country.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6236c858-en	37a02127ec1fb10fd005080ea6671271	Many countries have modernised their societies and economies enabling the greatest level of material wellbeing ever experienced. These changes were most prevalent in OECD countries and in urban centres in developing countries. The use of natural resources -biomass, fossil fuels, ores, minerals and water - has grown dramatically from less than 10 billion tonnes in 1950 to over 70 billion tonnes in 2010 (UNEP, 2011). This level of resource use was largely based on the assumption of limitless resources and overlooked the connections between resource use and environmental impacts.	12	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	37a0a32e85f32fd93bbb8591f89e548f	Regions may freely choose an area for smart specialisation. Nine of 16 Polish regions have chosen support for high-quality food production as smart specialisation in their strategic documents. It is important to note that the smart specialisation framework in regions and the implementation measures/resources in the mentioned programmes tend to be focused on scientific research and innovation in Poland, which can neglect rural innovation. In a review of the impact of rural development programme measures for economic diversification over the 2003-17 period, it is found that such measures had the most significant impact in the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and in the northern part of the region of Mazowsze (at the border of the Mazow'ieckie, Podlaskie and Lubelskie voivodeships) and in the western part of the Warminsko-Mazurskie voivodeship (Biczkowski and Biczkowska, 2016).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	37a39724f7a0de2f45439f67bc7e2421	Note too that this relationship is not static: the point at which global competition bites will depend on the future upgrading of international - especially Chinese - industry and the skill composition of trade.16 An empirical analysis of the links between globalisation and inequality found that trade globalisation and export growth since 1990 have tended to decrease inequality in most countries, while financial globalisation and technological progress have both tended in the opposite direction (IMF, 2007). The duality of labour markets, particularly those of the Asian giants, is a case in point. In both India and China there is substantial inequality in incomes between rural and urban workers.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	37a58634b140957c5b0df0f9cbaaf9f4	The use of filters and/or moving to proxy-means testing may improve the targeting performance, by both reducing exclusion and inclusion errors. Demographic categories can be narrowly defined in order to limit budgetary requirements. Based on the poverty profile of a given country, the characteristics of the poor can be identified.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	37a5fe1e5b47edcf611504d2329bd8e6	Strengthening the mechanisms for co-ordination, with clear agreements on roles and functions, could assist in this process. Implementation of the NAS will require close co-operation between the federal government and the Lander, as the latter have legislative competence in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The current absence of specific targets and criteria for assessing progress could impede the development of such a system. It lists some 300 projects and indicates the extent of adaptation activities in various sectors and at various levels of government.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/5k3w8fb9pcnt-en	37a6634ad08614577aece724b1e0f177	The situation remains critical, with food prices maintaining historically high levels. Both the price hikes and volatility adversely affect poverty reduction efforts and sustainable development strategies. Recent Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates suggest that two-thirds of the world’s hungry people (some 600 million people) live in just seven countries, of which three are in the Commonwealth (India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3adc8369-en	37a6e8a3a1032b33e468a96a55712bbf	Its provisions set out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out, and it could thus be argued that UNCLOS relates to almost all SDG-14 targets. Of particular relevance is the legal framework for the protection and preservation of the marine environment set out in Part XII of UNCLOS. It sets out the general obligation for States to protect and preserve the marine environment (article 192), and includes a number of provisions which elaborate on this obligation. These two parts relate directly to targets 14.2 and 14.5, but also to 14.4.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	37aa3a5fb198b222f12a369c0772a2b5	However, LDCs’ combined installed capacity for medium hydro nearly doubled between 2000 and 2016, from 257 MW to 495 MW, while small hydro also increased from 45 MW to 63 MW. Electricity output from medium hydro rose by more than 80 per cent from 9,723 GWh in 2000 to 17,887 GWh in 2014, while small hydro output increased from 159 GWh to 203 GWh. At the forefront of this increase have been Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	37adc631eadfda1c94ce8fd07d9ccb94	Human settlements vary from tiny villages to large metropolitan agglomerations. Housing types also vary widely from slums to houses that meet local building codes. Increasing concentrations of humans in modern urban settlements pose special challenges to humans as well as to the physical environments in which these settlements are located.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	37afc75658423e6e4231206bc36a190c	These devices can delay their consumption (the cool down period) for a short while as long as the internal temperature remains within certain bounds. The use of demand flexibility by controlling loads also requires customer acceptance and approval. Among the options are the following. For refrigerators the delays can be up to 15 minutes, for freezers this can be considerably longer if the devices would allow deeper cooling and bigger temperature differences within the freezer (Vande Meerssche et al.,	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	37b007814be13ae58bf6075847349b29	The Child Development Index: Holding Governments to Account for Children's Wellbeing. London: Save the children UK. Commodities and Capabilities, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. The Idea of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Children's Experience of Multidimensional Deprivation: Relationship with household monetary poverty, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 56, 43-56. Poverty in the United Kingdom: A survey of household resources and standards of living.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264170001-3-en	37b1511c4135c5d4fa675b44d7a14cba	But this can only be done in conjunction with broader reforms to ensure the appropriate governance and regulatory arrangements are in place. In addition, while revenues from the 3Ts can close the financing gap for water and sanitation services, repayable finance can be used to bridge the financing gap. Formal and informal WSS operators, private financial institutions, and private companies can all help by improving overall sector efficiency (thereby reducing costs and financial needs) and improving the sector’s creditworthiness and ability to attract financing; financing investment costs (particularly when the public sector’s ability to borrow is limited); and managing and enabling the capital programmes of public authorities. Government management of that water resource base is central to the environmental and financial sustainability of the sector.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	37b3e1978bc6a537e50c572be650f8a3	In September 2017, another project was launched, in partnership with a number of companies, for a lkm-long autonomous shuttle service in London. In November 2017, the first public, open road AV service (i.e. operational in traffic) was launched in Las Vegas, USA. In February 2018, another automated service was launched at Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport in France that uses V2X technology to co-ordinate two AVs crossing each other in open traffic.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	37b45491ad0120bd13c739b0aab4544f	However, information on the extent of the problem, its future projections, and the contribution of fanners to water challenges likely vary significantly from India to China and the United States. Large companies operating in the United States may also be more proactive than in the two other countries due to their capacity to provide flexible responses. Just like companies harvesting lettuce in California are able to change location three times a year to respond to climatic conditions, they may also be able to adapt to changing water supply and climatic conditions. In particular, governments should address exogenous risks by increasing the probability of response by farmers (0). This can be done, for instance, by providing more and better information on the cost of inaction and supporting effective response, but it may also involve regulatory instruments that will ensure that fanners take actions.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	37b4d3d9b0867bc04d8d0e09311defd9	For instance, older adults may have enough money to meet food needs, but be food insecure due to functional limitations that make it hard to shop for or prepare food. A child may live in a non-poor household, but be subjected to inappropriate feeding practices that lead to food insecurity. Food management strategies both contribute to and are impacted by food insecurity.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	37b4e3985b0ca64db6e923b9bdb7ab68	Programmes like the AusParenting in Schools Transition to Primary School Parent Program in Australia and Flying Start in Wales (United Kingdom), which offer comprehensive support to parents, have had positive results. As reported above, evaluations of the Australian study indicate that participating parents expressed less worry and concern about transitions than parents who were less exposed to informative activities. Similarly, a qualitative study of Flying Start reported that participating parents perceived that their children were more ready for school (Welsh Government, 2013b).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6ccfb032-en	37beee9b23796e524aa4d1c644db06d3	Identifying the full scale of interlinkages of SDG7 with other goals and harnessing their benefits is complex and requires further investigation, which is outside the scope of this report. This section aims to shed some light on this complex nature of interlinkage in order to promote discussion in the research and policy-making communities.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	37c23e33afdf0278d79f120669e7743b	Reporting requirements include disclosure on policies, outcomes and risks, and relevant non-financial key performance indicators concerning environmental and social matters, human rights, anti-corruption and bribery issues, and diversity of directors. The Directive will apply to approximately 6 000 EU entities (up from 2 500 companies currently reporting). The amendment came into force in 2014; national governments have two years to incorporate it into national law. The first corporate reports under the scheme will relate to the financial year 2017.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	37c8234317a05a05018b80a686515999	Other countries that experienced the doubling of pre-primary enrolment rates include Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and the Philippines. Despite this progress, as many as 50 per cent or more of young children in about half of the countries in the region still do not receive pre-primary education. To this end, significant progress has been made by several countries in the region, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Mongolia. Although even after a rapid increase, pre-primary education in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic still reached only about 20 per cent of the target population in 2011. In Viet Nam, there has also been rapid and expansive improvement in the provision of pre-primary education, with more than 70 per cent of children enrolled in 2011.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	37c87de8f838a6f1dc552d36c8a02873	Despite the presence of legislations to combat trafficking in women, the phenomenon continues to be prevalent as does prostitution and sexual exploitation. Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories may also lead to new forms of prostitution and trafficking in women. New forms of sexual exploitation such as sex tourism, domestic labour of women from developing countries to developed countries or organised marriages between women from developing countries and men from developed countries have also increased.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	37c8beb1d738ff07199c585795d1d972	In other MENA countries, cultural specificities, which do not recognise the human rights of women, are so anchored in their societies that they go against the universality of women’s rights. These discriminatory customs and traditions violate the principle of equality in certain cases, when the health of women is jeopardised in order to comply w'ith men’s w'ishes, such as early marriage or female genital mutilation. Although some discrepancies exist, they also secure equal rights for men and women to engage in litigation, including w'omen’s right to conduct legal actions, file lawsuits and sign contracts. Women’s rights are often explicitly stated in various legal texts.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	37ca3f27f25a3d65732a965920b42a62	The unemployment figures given for Peru are for the city of Lima. In most of the countries, it refers to industrial workers in the formal sector only. The regional aggregate is the simple average of the different rates of variation. These percentages represent 165 million poor, including 69 million living in extreme poverty (see figure 1.1).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	37ca5899744dcc0ff6fabf19df8e0159	The resulting diseases and conditions included under this topic may be caused by exposure to the toxins through air, water, food, soil or a combination of these elements. In this respect, the resulting health problems in this topic cannot be categorized as primarily or solely attributable to a specific medium such as air or water. This topic also includes diseases and conditions associated with exposure to nuclear radiation. The related diseases and health conditions may be acute or chronic.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	37ca71d9b079318cee1b85359bb014a4	One is the concentration of consumers’ food purchases, another is the concentration of food import suppliers. Table 5 shows concentration ratios, which show the cumulative shares of the most important (Cl), two most important (C2) and three most important (C3) food staples in total calorie consumption. In general, higher income countries have more diversified consumption patterns and so are less vulnerable to increases in the price of one specific staple.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	37ca8a87baebc4fddf0ef7ef7e3499bb	Waste generation per capita is among the highest in the OECD and continued to grow during the review period. Despite the decrease in total consumption of nitrogenous fertiliser, the intensity of use (per unit of agricultural land) is well above the OECD Europe average; meanwhile pesticide use increased. The National Sustainable Development Strategy has lost momentum; progress on implementation has not been constantly monitored. There is a need to integrate further environmental concerns into sectoral policies and practices, particularly in land use planning, agriculture and transport, and to enhance implementation capacity at local level.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/16f915a4-en	37cda2d4687b12adaf511d6690b4c3bb	It contributes to the work of the UNFF group of experts and reports on the implementation of the International Arrangement on Forests (IAF). The Ministry of Forestry regularly reports to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) programme and to the ECE/FAO Forests in the ECE Region Report on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF). Accordingly, its National Communications to UNFCCC, prepared under the leadership of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, have to include an assessment of climate change impacts on forestry, and the assessment of forests’ vulnerability and measures for forestry adaptation.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	37cdf9df9746d7e41715a805fe51edda	It can be difficult to manage the increased congestion generated by higher density development. Constrained uiban areas may also be less economically efficient. They may also generate environmentally undesirable commuting patterns (due to leapfrog development, for example). No single best solution or tool exists to manage urban growth without negative side-effects.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	37d3a7e131779b6598e6f6a472941bdf	However, a person under the influence of a severe mental disorder cannot be sentenced to prison. The individual is instead taken into custody under the Compulsory Mental Care Act. Sweden has thirty-one clinics used for forensic psychiatric purposes, and these clinics treat 94% of such patients. The remaining forensic psychiatric patients are treated at general psychiatric clinics.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	37d7bc9dc2e1c9ae70e95cefa1a5b570	In 2001 this amounted to EUR 25 500. The organisation received additional revenues of EUR 18 100 from the community' budget. As a result, Morelos’ state policy for tourism has a very weak territorial development component. Two initiatives may be highlighted as exceptions: “Pact for Development of Altos de Morelos” and the Tourism Development Program of Southern Region of the State of Morelos (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2013b).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	37d8ee283a68a171c339ccf5c1c377c5	Numbers were few, the impact was limited, since many returnees were psychiatrists and needs were elsewhere, and costs were high, but their role as cultural interpreters was important (Long and Mensah 2007). Return migrants can thus play some role in healthcare. There are real prospects for extending this into longer-term transfers of personnel (as above).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46069360-en	37d926266d0f49b251b18f6b72e207ae	Such challenges add to their other problems associated with commodity dependence, as documented in UNCTAD and FAO (2017). As a result, for them, implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs will be even more challenging. Unequal exposure to risks and varying capabilities among the CDDCs is an important factor to bear in mind when reflecting on the discussions in this report.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	37dd432b4c26626a447eee346ca6f87a	This chapter describes what fishery governance is and what it does as well as factors influencing governance effectiveness, including the economic context, scientific uncertainty and transactions costs. Options for strengthening fishery governance under conditions of climate change through the promotion of adaptability, flexibility and resilience are also discussed. The goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.	14	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	37df8ad52ea31b005223bda49d9fc614	Due to rapidly evolving digital technologies and new business opportunities, the digital economy is growing rapidly, but unevenly. Viewpoint 1 describes how access to broadband infrastructure can be extended to create an inclusive Information Society. At the same time, strong inequalities between countries persist in terms of speed of access (Figure 2), as well as differences in how connectivity is used (Viewpoint 2).	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	37e1a8e57643763d303cbec50976721c	Caribbean Environmental Forum-2, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, May 31-June 04, 2004.13pp. Comparative study of land administration systems’, Trinidad and Tobago, Case-study, unpublished; referenced in Johnson, S.G. (2003). ‘ Building the cadastral framework; achievements and challenges in the English speaking Caribbean’, http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdil0/papers/TS42.2paper.pdf Environmental Management Authority (EMA) (1998). State of the Environment Report 1998.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	37e36b146093eb04e56f6f56a0cce0e0	Even before that election, the Chinese renminbi was under heavy depreciation pressure (see figure 1.11). China's foreign currency and bond markets went through substantial swings at the turn of the year. It is estimated that 40 per cent of the roughly $490 billion in outflows in 2016 took place during the fourth quarter (BIS, 2017). With the introduction of new capital control measures in December, outflows slowed in the first month of 2017.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264310278-en	37e39525e1d9d1a3215090b222f8c036	It benefitted from comments by Stephane Carcillo, Michele Cecchini and Peter Wyckoff (all from the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affaris). The chapter benefitted from comments by Gabriel Gomes from the OECD Economics Department. This chapter has benefitted from comments by Sebastian Schich from the OECD Directorate of Financial and Enterprise Affairs and Herve Kieffel.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	37e56c685713f6bd4d90398cec6b1106	This assessment, comprising information on infrastructure, access, productivity and patient satisfaction, results in a score which allows hospitals to be ranked into one of five categories as described more fully in Chapter 4. Each evaluation team consists of 4 people, a team leader, and at least one physician, who are drawn from a pool of 368 trained evaluators. Each standard, within the Health Care Quality Standards is evaluated as “Yes, No or Not applicable”. According to their importance, standards are pre-weighted.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	37e733062340640b006f4d9a19d95241	Care plans tend to be more common for individuals with severe and enduring mental illnesses, and/or complex health and social care needs. Many OECD countries report that psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses and mental health social workers are working in primary care practices. A small study of integrating psychologists into primary care practices in Ontario, Canada, suggested positive outcomes for primary care physicians and patients (Chomienne et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	37e864a34b89b340fc28f33c6baf27d0	Although both are important in combating unemployment, this chapter focuses exclusively on income support. Other programmes also target certain industries that display high (sometimes cyclical) unemployment rates. Nonetheless, in some special situations, such as illnesses or permanent disability, funds can be withdrawn before retirement.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	37eaf40798a35af0448f85fd07e1a4b8	At the heart of statebuilding is some form of ongoing agreement between elite groups about the underlying “rules of the game”. These may be embodied in one-off formal peace agreements or constitutions but will also be reflected in less formal and continually contested arrangements that govern access to political power, economic resources, jobs and status. Statebuilding is thus a largely endogenous and highly political process. It will play out differently in different contexts but some concept of sequencing is helpful: in a post-conflict environment the priority is likely to be re-establishment of territorial control and political order based on institutions that command a degree of legitimacy and consent.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	37ed173cd17b051cca7c4b45018906e1	In approaches focusing on sub-sectors, performance is most often measured on the basis of outputs {e.g. number of consultations and surgical procedures). Treatment may, however, be provided by different sub-sectors and this could lead to biased cross-country comparisons.11 Moreover, outcome measures at the sub-sector level are seldom available because health gains are often the result of a mix of out-patient care, in-patient care and pharmaceuticals, whose respective impact is impossible to disentangle. A sub-sector approach would also not take into account the co-ordination of care within the health system (e.g. between long-term and in-patient care) which has been identified as a key element affecting effectiveness (Hofmarcher etal., In addition, data on subsector inputs are sparse.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1f11729d-en	37eeb9d4f0939d1d641b4aa082ca49d8	3The EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module is optional, hence the number of countries analysed is limited. The children who are left behind, also referred to as the poorest children, or the children in the bottom end of the income distribution, are those in the poorest decile, i.e. with incomes falling below the 10th percentile in each country. This includes inter-EU migrants as well as those born outside the Union.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5c639880-en	37f0f95f15ade83efd39ef58641a65f8	Since the transformation of public companies the effectiveness of service has improved and waste collection has started to expand to rural areas. For example, A.S.A. EKO d.o.o. Porr Umwelttechnik GmbH’s Serbian subsidiary PWW is currently the largest private waste management provider in Serbia and collects the MSW of around 600,000 residents at present. It started its activities in Serbia in 2007 and is serving Leskovac and Jagodina.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d100c303-en	37f2174ec89f9c073a0b42bda64b2ace	For the first time, clear targets have been set to end these evils, and the relationship between them and sustainable growth has been recognized. Put simply, ending child labour, slavery, trafficking and violence against children is directly tied to achieving most of the other development goals. However, what matters most is the will in the words, not the words in the will.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	37fc47cd8c48099d707df11c2e07a66b	A comparison of the existing and future transparency framework is provided in Tables 3, 4 and 5. In addition, some reporting requirements are subject to technical review and recommendations, including explicit consequences for insufficient reporting, while others are not. The enhanced transparency framework also includes a mix of mandatory, encouraged, and optional reporting provisions.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	37fdac634a0e9a118dbcafbf57727a8e	Where rules are violated, the government will take enforcement actions that depend on the severity of the violation. In Amsterdam, it is anticipated that the new legislative and regulatory framework will make it easier to develop and open the possibility to transform plots to new uses and foster innovation and experimentation. The city has already adapted to some of these changes through the recent Crisis and Recovery Act. But the new Environmental Act goes much further. Importantly, it will also open the possibility for local governments to disallow unwanted developments. In the past, such actions would have required that the city purchase development rights to compensate individuals for the loss of those rights.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	37fe45d69ae101eb2ffc1cc6cae58db7	By contrast, non-EU migrants who come through the labour channel are more educated than the natives, have a higher income and a very low unemployment rate. In 2008, Sweden reverted to a more open labour migration policy by allowing employers to recruit workers from abroad for any occupation as long as wages and other working conditions fulfil the ones prevailing in collective agreements. This boosted the number of non-EU migrants coming in through the labour channel.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	37ffca17ddb80cef7fe6f85c3a62be7a	However, the estimated contribution of temporary work to the overall jobs impact of short-time work schemes is very small and not statistically significant. The total number of jobs saved as a result of short-time work after taking account of its potential impact on temporary employment is 215 000 for Germany and 385 000 for Japan (instead of 220 000 and 395 000, respectively). The discrepancy between the net number of jobs preserved and the total potential number of jobs preserved actually represents the sum of deadweight and displacement effects. However, it is unlikely that displacement effects had been very large as of 2009 Q3.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	3801da4ea514923f406fbb5e3c16774c	Still others are abandoned by their parents because of severe economic or psychological stress. In Rwanda the rapid exodus of hundreds of thousands of people created thousands of unaccompanied children. Women throughout the country immediately volunteered to care for them, in part as a protection of their ethnic group’s future.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264176744-en	380437836889f4e8ba163ad6955b20e9	Portugal takes a more outcomes-based approach for three-to-six-year-old children, as their Curriculum Guidelines include child outcomes (Table 2.1). Both include academic-based learning subjects, such as communication, language and text, numbers, spaces, and shapes and science, as well as a strong focus on the development of social skills, creativity, sense of wonder and need to investigate: “soft skills” that are related to active participation in society and lifelong learning. Curriculum content relating to natural sciences is included by all countries (including Sweden and its reference countries).	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264273153-6-en	380571957af19db6cdd9eeb6c36240d5	It stresses the need to pay special attention to those who are especially vulnerable to the most serious decent work deficits in the informal economy, including young people. From this perspective, it is important to note that Recommendation No. Therefore, in a context of poverty and multifaceted vulnerabilities, policy efforts to facilitate the transition to formality should go hand in hand with ensuring opportunities for income security, livelihoods and entrepreneurship. Interventions are more effective when they are combined, given that this practice allows them to address diversity as well as the scale of the informal economy and informal employment in the formal sector (ILO, 2014b). Evidence indicates that the greatest reduction in informality rates occurs when the set of instruments used is broader and more comprehensive (ILO, 2014a). The first includes measures or incentives for the creation of formal jobs and conditions for their development, such as subsidies for the development or expansion of enterprises and of employment, and programmes designed to increase skills of the labour force.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/774c08c9-en	3809f83309783b614e9efc13ae8737f4	They believed it hindered social mobility, in that it prevented the rise of the most dynamic individuals in the society, and that it weakened economic incentives for an efficient use of labour, land and machinery.1 They also saw it as generating excessive consumption by the upper classes, contrasting with the precarious conditions of the popular masses. In their view, income inequality does not translate into stronger capital accumulation, as ostentatious consumption by the rich reduces savings. Consequently, State-led redistribution policies must seek to reduce consumption by the upper income groups in order to increase savings and direct them to capital accumulation (Prebisch, 1963; Pinto, 1970).	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	380bd54a93ef4a112829d570090dfc98	Farmers who do not pick up the phone are automatically called again three times. Radio is much more accessible to women, and they can listen to it in their own language, often while doing chores. Even if radio is a more traditional media, it still needs to be used with caution if it is to contribute to gender equality.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	380c08a13d07d5d6b41e656a59e68de8	The inference that may be drawn is that other factors are more decisive in homeownership than retirement considerations and what people can expect to receive from pension systems. It also points to the difficulty of making housing wealth an important factor in retirement income policy. Homeownership is not distributed uniformly across populations, and national housing policies, individual preferences, and even local culture are probably powerful influences.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/871f6812-en	380c6c1ec85338f150179da9295e3d69	An objective of future surveys could therefore be to put greater emphasis on seeking input regarding issues that are not raised in the survey, e.g. by inviting respondents to identify unaddressed issues, suggest research topics and propose solutions. Finally, we note that the survey can be an important source of insight regarding the potential gap that may exist between expert beliefs regarding the most effective measures and the existing evidence regarding these measures. Identifying any such gaps could shed light on the need to generate more evidence in certain areas, or alternatively, to better disseminate existing evidence.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	380c9636aecf6958737f8ed30e473b5f	Many people have limited or insecure access to land and property, due to a lack of legal protection and/or the risk of seizure of land by the more powerful. Commonly excluded groups include women, pastoralists and indigenous people. Securing land rights for these groups is particularly important for their empowerment.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	380c98c78295535b18d0ad7e867aced6	The rapid increase in resources for STI has helped to expand STI activity and opportunities for learning. But a change in innovation policy strategy is now required. Austria will need to move towards a system which is less focused on expanding inputs and pays more attention to the evidence-based achievement of specified impact, i.e. on the efficiency and effectiveness of its investment in STI.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	380d13b00efadf5d3db2c6e0a8defd93	For instance, the CTF has as one of its core outcome indicators the “number of additional passengers (disaggregated by men and women if feasible) using low-carbon public transport as a result of CIF intervention” (CIF, 2012a). The CTF also provides a useful example of how gender considerations can be mainstreamed into existing evaluations and indicators. Increased energy access can have positive impacts on access to basic services such as clean water (e.g. through desalinisation systems powered by renewable energy) and food security (e.g. through education on climate-resilient agriculture or deployment of drought early-warning systems).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	3811bef3bca61428b12fb4d741a72ef3	This document explores these issues, noting that some potential conflicts between sustainable development objectives could be given fuller recognition, and that Norway can and should follow through more strongly the logic of its pioneering use of economic incentives to further sustainability goals. Le pays doit une partie considerable de sa richesse a l’economie carbonee, mais il accordc la priorite aux objectifs de la Strategic de l’OCDE pour une croissance verte et se considere comme un pionnier dans certains domaines. Partie integrante de la documentation se rapportant au budget 2008, la strategic de developpement durable definissait les principes cles censes guider l’elaboration des politiques, ainsi qu’unc serie d'indicateurs quantitatifs destines a donner une idee des progres realises. Le recours a des instruments presentant un bon rapport cout-efficacite, dans foptique d’atteindre les objectifs, est aussi au nombre des principes retenus.	14	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	381266c65147d2c61793156eb90caca0	In case of plant outages, those reserves are activated automatically after the immediate fall of frequency, and are restored as soon as possible by the intervention of frequency restoration and replacement reserves (TERNA, 2004). According with those recommendations, the largest normal contingency in Italy would correspond to the maximum generation infeed loss. The difference between the new largest contingency and the one without the new plants will determine the amount of additional spinning reserves required. The Italian electric system was split into the same eight areas used by the national control centre of the Italian TSO (TERNA, 2008 and TERNA, 2009) and shown in Figure 6.7.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b64c6036-en	3814c1f06dadaeace26a0f436c64a2a8	Pollution reaches the receiving seas, e.g., considerable nutrient loads get transported into the Adriatic Sea via the Drin River. Related impacts were reported for many groundwater bodies as well, e.g., in the Neretva andTrcbiSnjica hydrogeological basin, the Stara Planina/ Salasha Montana and Tara. Although industrial activity has significantly declined in the Skadar/Shkoder sub-basin, unsustainable industrial wastewater management affects the quality of the lake, including sediments.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	3814c89abcea2a963b57f7d38c8a9bf9	Countries which performed well in PISA in a given year (e.g. 2000) tend to show high performance among the corresponding age cohort (e.g. 27-year-olds) in the Survey of Adult Skills and vice versa. This suggests that, at the country level, the reading and mathematics proficiency of an age cohort in PISA is a reasonably good predictor of the cohort's subsequent performance in literacy and numeracy as it moves through post-compulsory education and into the labour market. But it aims to go beyond the aggregate-level analysis that has so far been published in the PISA 2012 international reports, to give an analysis of student performance on individual mathematics test items in order to reveal students' strengths and weaknesses. Considering this also in the context of the relationship between PISA and the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) can help connect these results to what the United States aspires to teach in classrooms and help inform teaching practices that can support performance improvement.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7e830810-en	38152ea9b48c3b4b90cf8ac42a68d1d4	It can build capacity -preparing teaching materials, organizing training and facilitating the necessary expertise. And it can involve other multinational corporations in improving industrial energy efficiency through their value chains while ensuring that they follow corporate social responsibility principles transparently. Industrial energy-efficiency technologies need to be transferred to developing countries, where energy use is growing faster and innovation is generally slower. Many of these countries lag in their capacity to obtain, develop and deploy innovative climate change and energy-efficient technologies (UNIDO 2010b).	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	38156f5b66495af36de47017320f8999	It provides facilities for savings and fixed deposit accounts, thus inculcating thrift. The impetus to form the Bank came from a recognition that mainstream commercial banks failed to address the specific needs of poor, self-employed women. In March 2012 the Bank had 165,175 loan accounts and more than 371,000 savings and deposit accounts, amounting to a total outstanding deposit base of some INR 1.11 billion (US$20,813,800) at the end of financial year 2011-2012. For example, it offers a unique loan product that provides up to INR 100,000 for repaying high-cost debts taken earlier from largely exploitative moneylenders.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	3816901ec9ffdb30fc0836afd15171df	The Red Data Book of Turkmenistan was last published in 1999. That edition included 261 species (152 of animals and 109 of fungi and plants), including 45 species (17 animals and 28 plants) endangered or threatened with extinction. The 1999 Red Data Book used the categories “vanishing”, “declining”, “rare” and “poorly known”, which are not fully consistent with the modem IUCN Red List system.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	3818901782d0f24661335a041adea2de	Two examples extracted from this report are proposed in Box 4.7. Short-run benefits include, amongst others, money saved on water bills and on the costs of producing water (with avoided electricity costs when leakage is reduced for example. For example, data analysed for the Aquitaine region (Talpaert, 2005) show that water savings of 45 m3per year could be achieved for a 2 member household. Multiplied by the water price, this would mean a reduction in the water bill of EUR 122 per year.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	3818b9b235712c855faf364cc5a2891e	With little in the way of practical policy guidance on how to navigate changing conflict contexts, many countries find the legislative approval of DRR laws halted - as was the case for Fiji and Nepal.431 In other contexts, increased insecurity can lead to DRR programmes being temporarily suspended. This has been the case in the Central African Republic (CAR). The violent conflict and political crisis that began in 2013 has provoked humanitarian impacts that have led to large-scale human displacement, degradation of the education system, negative impacts on sanitation and access to water, and food insecurity.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	381a77f36a6ba0c0e8747ad0490d20e1	School choice is associated with greater diversification in the social composition of different schools (OECD, 2007a; Musset, 2012), parents choosing schools according to several different factors instead of academic record alone (Sanders and Epstein, 1998; Musset, 2012). Parents tend to be concerned about their own, individual child rather than about school or system-wide endeavours aimed at benefiting all children (Fullan, 2007; Hargreaves, 2000; Westbury, 2007). They may have a role in curriculum development processes - intentional and often collective activity or process aimed at beneficial educational change (Marsh and Willis, 2007).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	381b3b87b06d55a286d04cce3734040c	The condition for this to happen, however, is that a difference in price large enough to exceed transaction costs would lead to trade. Therefore, any factor large enough to influence prices in one location within a market shed can impact prices across the market shed. Clearly, price movements of larger markets have stronger influence.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	381dd5ebf159a2c2dc00d0ac8c704f00	However, discrepancies in public investment in infrastructure in Arab and Jewish communities are barriers to employment and educational opportunities for the Arab population. This manifests itself in limited investment in industrial and /or commercial business parks and the lack of regular public transportation. There is also evidence of large class sizes for Arab children.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	3821edfefcbfe01fa1ae26d63bae57e8	"That right begins in early childhood, which is one reason why the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on governments to ""ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education."" Investment in quality early childhood care and education produces a double benefit: It is both fair and efficient. This kind of holistic approach also takes child protection into account and focuses on the quality of care provided to infants and young children. A long-term study in Jamaica found a 42 per cent increase in average adult earnings associated with early childhood stimulation."	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	38269c17bc66965d771ed231b6f1b0e3	Water Subsidies: Impact of higher irrigation rates on Central Valley Project farmers. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-94-8, Washington, D.C., 92 pages. Bureau of Reclamation: Information on allocation and repayment of costs of constructing water projects. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-96-109, Washington, D.C., 80 pages.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	382ae4be34cc585744a112062089f878	Now, state, municipality and federal schools must purchase at least 30 percent of food for school meals directly from family fanners. The PNAE has expanded rapidly and, in 2014, had a budget of 3.5 billion reais (about US$1.54 billion), benefiting 47.2 million students. However, only 45 percent of implementing agencies comply with the legally mandated minimum requirement of 30 percent purchase from family farmers (Swensson, 2015).	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-7-en	382f94a61bf028ee71e5e5e97b4e23eb	It describes three main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are contributing to continued gaps in pedagogical continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them. Finally, it lists some pointers for policy development as food for thought for countries seeking to improve pedagogical continuity in transitions. The joint creation of pedagogical transition practices by staff at both levels can facilitate children’s adjustment to school and help them settle in.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/637f5278-en	38305a3f7fe1232e6756524ded6dc223	Owing to the good growing conditions for the trees and fast growing hybrids in that region and thanks to the characteristics of this type of wood, this company expects to be able to develop a sustainable and economically viable alternative to tropical plywood. It should, therefore, have an impact on wood prices in some regions and for certain categories of wood products, such as co-products from the w'ood-processing industry' and lower quality w'ood. Some representatives of traditional industries consider that the subsidies granted directly or indirectly for wood eneigy create unfair competition.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	3831d0c84bc25f16dab42cc01e931924	However, few effective protective measures have been taken with regard to the Mediterranean or Lake Kinneret. In 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development concluded that the capture fishing industry in the Mediterranean had reached exploitation limits for most species. More recently, some important initiatives have been taken.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	3837a3f6918f5680a42e381b927a799e	Many of these are located in the United Kingdom. Similarly, a large share of Australia's support to STI comes in the form of scholarships to citizens from developing countries to pursue undergraduate or postgraduate studies at universities and other institutions in Australia. While these resources are ODA-eligible, it can be debatable whether scholarships for higher education or research conducted in donor countries contributes to raising domestic STI capacity in developing countries. The sum of the two charts will exceed total support to STI because of activities contributing to both science/innovation and technology. Core research refers to research activities classified according to one of the nine research sector codes in the CRS.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	3837ac2e98acfd4dc458408af266cdf3	It is unclear to what extent they have been implemented or yielded the expected results. With few exceptions, implementation of biodiversity policies and plans is not systematically monitored, and their effectiveness, costs and benefits are rarely evaluated. In 2004, in response to rising deforestation rates in the Amazon, the government launched the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in Amazonia Legal (PPCDAm).	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-6-en	383cf9c7a31b9e716a61d0b4d72f9b59	Gender inequality has been eliminated at some levels of education and in some countries there are now more women than men attending university. Even though women’s participation rate has been rising, far fewer women join the labour force than in other regions - fewer than one in three women - compared to 60% in OECD countries (see Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	383d7104caafc26566dbd58fa4bddc17	The Law required existing co-operatives to be transformed into membership-oriented service co-operatives promoting the income of their members rather than as a delivery mechanism for government; otherwise they had to be dissolved. It also provided the option for farmers to establish new agricultural service co-operatives from scratch and broadened the scope of activities that could be undertaken (Wolz and Pham, 2010). Despite these changes, the number of agricultural co-operatives has continued to fall to around 10 400 at the end of 2013.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/leo-2015-8-en	383d9aa9c0142ad56a26f54b2fed615b	They can improve well-being, social inclusion and economic progress, as long as the government introduces the necessary reforms. Capacity building should take into account and promote the link between education and the jobs market (Chapter 3) and lead to better social inclusion in participatory democratic societies. Education should promote a person’s integral development for his or her productive and social inclusion, developing both cognitive skills and soft skills.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	383da3ad5382f8248fa60f3f99340456	The amended Moroccan Penal Code of 1962 expressly punishes the various forms of sexual exploitation, and also includes severe penalties for all forms of abuse and sexual exploitation of children, ranging from fines and imprisonment in cases of breaches of decency, to life imprisonment in cases of incest of rape. Moroccan Penal Code of 17 June 1963, as amended in 2013. Tunisian Penal Code of 1913 as amended in 2010.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	383e52ea026e6c3c2913c9bf5ad71fe6	In terms of maritime trafficking, remote coastal areas of Honduras and parts of northern Nicaragua are also used. Once offloaded, shipments are moved further north by air.28 In Nicaragua, most cocaine is seized in remote, underpopulated and isolated areas along the Atlantic coast. Drug trafficking by sea remains a major problem in Central America and the Caribbean. In addition, light aircraft operating from clandestine airstrips in remote areas of South America are increasingly being used to transport cocaine.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	384275c2aec6faeeec185da065330bf7	The social care components of LTC may be provided and remunerated as a package of services along with long-term nursing and personal care services. If such services cannot be separately accounted for, and are not the dominant component of the package, they should be included under HC.3; otherwise the complete package should be under HC.R.l: Long-term care (social). Also excluded are services involving surveillance of persons with mental deficits such as dementia patients, and medical assessment and services involving case management and co-ordination between medical and long-term health care (which are also included under HC.3).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	38431ba7efcdf732aaa4d6ec535054dd	Nevertheless, the Danish financial sector remains large by international standards, with a total-assets-to-GDP ratio of more than 500%, and is dominated by a few very large banks and highly interconnected. As discussed in the previous Survey, this poses a systemic risk and potentially creates important implicit liabilities for the public sector. At the same time, household gross debt continues to be the highest across OECD countries (Figure 9), albeit large pension savings counterbalances this (see below).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	3843a59cbf927c9b752c640f2b4e1303	In addition, we find that the programme has a positive impact on children’s well-being through both a high rate of participation in schooling and more regular attendance at health care facilities. Although the policy intervention takes place mainly on the demand side, through the provision of a cash transfer and the implementation of psychosocial support, its success in improving household conditions has been favoured by the ability of the State to supply adequate services to its citizens. Moreover, the achievements reported in terms of educational and health outcomes could be related to the overall approach which involves close collaboration between the beneficiary households and the social worker, who highlights the importance of attending school and of being enrolled in the health system to facilitate physical and cognitive child development. Chile Solidario has proven successful in reaching the poorest members of the population through the implementation of an ad-hoc approach based on a proxy means test. Nonetheless, although the ability to reach the target population is a necessary condition it is still not sufficient to overcome poverty. Indeed, the programme presents some drawbacks in relation to coverage and the amount of money transferred.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	384404de55798e7f2fa881102824ef1a	School attendance is at risk whenever household income is reduced, whether by famine, war, flood, accident, illness or the death of an adult in paid work. The household often resorts to paid, subsistence, or home-based child labour to survive. Household income is one of the main determinants of school attendance.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	38453500342634871dbf5a8ad34606f3	However, as taxi markets are increasingly disrupted by ride service companies, there is an increasing realisation that public transport may be next and that authorities must re-evaluate their stance on the whole mobility ecosystem in a unified and coherent manner. There are many reasons that this will not necessarily be straightforward, not least of which is that some see emerging mobility services, and ride services in particular, as increasingly competing in the same space as public transport (and potentially for certain pedestrian and cycling trips). This, if true, would certainly counter stated policy objectives for many public authorities and would require strong action to prevent such a loss. This framing of the question - ride services and public transport competing for a uniform, fixed and possibly even shrinking market, however, belies the reality in many cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	3847407dbbfce15bde88eb4b22db3177	However, international trade in goods and services has been more volatile than world output in recent decades and, consequently, could be an important channel through which the crisis is spread to developing economies (Griffith-Jones and Ocampo 2009; World Bank 2008). The IMF (2009c) forecasts a 15.0 per cent decline in export volumes for the advanced economies in 2009, with a corresponding figure of 6.5 per cent in emerging and developing economies. Imported volumes are also forecasted to decline by 13.6 and 9.6 per cent, respectively, in emerging and developing economies.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	38541f83ab67b877d5d56cf4ab96dd53	Budgetary support to the fisheries industry totalled RMB 129 billion (USD 19.4 billion) during the 2010-15, a record amount and a 154% increase from the previous five-year plan period. The diesel fuel subsidy was put in place after a sharp price rise in 2006. The subsidy was distributed according to the power of the fishing vessel.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	3858885da364e209438596812a89ae4f	Some speakers pointed out that the full value of forest-related goods and services to their national economies could be much greater than the monetary figures reported by official statistics. Several speakers stressed that, for effective implementation beyond 2015, it would be essential to continue to facilitate capacity-building, training and technology transfer, through South-South cooperation as well as North-South and triangular cooperation. Speakers also highlighted the importance of working in partnership with members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests and stakeholders, including the private sector and non-governmental organizations, and the need for adequate resources to strengthen implementation.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	385af61e75abafe8e3e557387cc2801d	These behaviours are related to several major diseases, for instance, circulatory and respiratory diseases, and different forms of cancer and, according to calculations published by the WHO (WHO, 2009, Table 1, high-income countries), they are responsible for more than five million annual deaths in high-income countries worldwide. More specifically, the WHO estimates suggest that 68 per cent of the deaths and 44 per cent of the disability-adjusted life years are caused by a modifiable health risk (high-income countries). The last half century has brought large population-wide changes in health-related behaviour. Some of these changes - for instance, the decrease in smoking prevalence in several countries - can be expected to have had beneficial health effects.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	3861afffb9a935d6698e97d61890c687	At the same time, the growing marketability of a new wave of innovations in green technology, energy, water, nanotechnology and genetics (Wade, 2010) has created new possibilities. But in order to exploit these opportunities, firms must be forward-looking and prepared (Perez and Soete, 1988; Perez, 2001). This requires the coordination of industrial policy, especially in an LDC context. New challenges — such as those resulting from climate change — require structural changes in the economy of both developed and developing countries on a scale and speed that market forces are incapable of implementing alone, which therefore requires State action. For LDCs wishing to benefit from positive integration into such production chains, a more nuanced but still systematic approach will be required, one that encourages domestic entrepreneurship and innovation. Industrial policy must accordingly be flexible, adapted to specific contexts and constantly responding to changing global and domestic conditions.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	38620888842a31350c0f584f0ac6043d	Of other major causes of death, mortality from respiratory diseases also reduced steeply in the 2000s, converging to the EU average. These trends partially reflect improvements in available treatments and public health policies related to smoking (see Section 5.1). However, since 2006 rates of newly reported HIV diagnoses have more than doubled, and in 2015 Malta recorded the third highest rate of newly reported HIV cases in the EU/EEA (ECOC, 20161 This increase is largely attributable to outbreaks among the men who have sex with men (MSM) community.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	386370513abdb8ca49c247e946c802ad	All these objectives must be integrated for each river basin. Member states can implement it according to their own legislation, and are free to set their own targets for the share of water bodies which will be restored by 2015. Therefore, member states are requested to develop river basin management plans (RBMPs).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	38689dbc2fb557b10a81fc1df7d999d5	This institutional organisation affects policy coherence. Water quantity management spills over and is affected by choices made in other policy fields (i.e. agriculture, energy, urban development, public finances), which are often responsible for growing pressures on water resources. The multiplicity of actors involved in water management at central level, and the lack of institutional incentives in Korea (e.g. common objectives, performance indicators, etc.) On the one hand, this approach is well-suited to provide access to bulk water at the same price across the nation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	386a5c6ea006b07db3a225873f9492aa	The numbers of girls and women going into so-called STEM fields—science, technology, engineering and mathematics—are still very low, for example, even though many future jobs will lie there. However, if the pace at which women become frequent users of digital technologies is doubled, the workplace could reach gender equality much faster than many current estimates predict (Accenture, 2016). A programme in Costa Rica, for example, is helping girls in impoverished rural areas learn about science and technology in schools, and connecting young women graduates to opportunities to become entrepreneurs in information and communication technology.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	386c1f8a0937468d9270322a1b3f60ef	In this class, household final consumption involves the acquisition of consumer durables, meaning goods that may be used for health primary purposes of consumption repeatedly or continuously over a period of a year or more (SNA 2008, 9.42). Household improvements are to be accounted for as investment: automatic staircase lifts for patients with mobility limitations; bathtub lifts and similar devices for adapting the housing situation of patients with transitory or chronic impairments, and hire of therapeutic equipment. For information on whether the fixed equipment described here is to be accounted as capital formation or current expenditure see Chapter 11.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6af97a78-en	38734bab62c53c2c4b3e04da4ffee729	Rare indigenous species such as the Indus River dolphin will be imperilled if the water flow from glacier melt is greatly reduced. Hydropower dams are also reportedly substantially decreasing in capacity even as new ones are being planned (Thakkar 2005). The World Bank, which has acted as principal mediator since the first treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1954, states that a major contributor to issues of water use is the crumbling water infrastructure that has seen people turn to pumping groundwater, which now supplies 70 per cent of the region’s water use (World Bank 2005).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	3873b1752c5d9bee9c18760d2001fd28	The Farmland and VFV Land Laws could be incorporated as chapters of this law. Currently, the lack of co-ordination across various land management bodies prevents efficient land management and allocation. Existing land categories may be no longer practical and do not always reflect the reality on the ground.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	387531dde8bdcd74912f93f881423c50	For example, many providers of public international climate finance have identified the different results (e.g. climate, development, social, economic) that can be expected from different types of interventions. Identifying lessons from this experience and learning from this will be important. Assessing results, as well as identifying effective pre-conditions and modalities for delivering climate finance, can be an iterative process and involve making trade-offs.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	38758ce339a299e8619fc243b6a987aa	Actions that support this transition from adolescence to adulthood are also ones that can reduce the number of pregnancies to girls. Because the challenges are great and complex, no single sector or organization can face them on its own. Only by working in partnership, across sectors, and in collaboration with adolescents themselves, can constraints on their progress be removed.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	387a8afc44bca73c67da2c7dec9e277d	Theory and experience clearly shows that relying on TAC management alone results in overcapacity, shortened fishing seasons, and fluctuating landings (OECD, 1997). Additionally, over-exploitation has not generally been prevented in fisheries managed solely by TACs. Reasons for this may include the level of the TACs and lack of compliance. However, setting the appropriate TAC is not always straightforward especially when there is considerable uncertainty and different views about how to measure the stock and its carrying capacity. Transparency in the estimation of the TAC and information sharing with stakeholders on the process and assumptions behind the estimation is an important part of a fisheries rebuilding plan as a consensus or common understanding of the biological situation and the targets chosen can help ensure buy-in by relevant stakeholders. If fishers and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain about the fundamental state of the stocks they may be less likely to adhere to and support a rebuilding plan.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	38807ff6cc20be24e0e59944ff9fd129	This means that many of the current INDCs are likely to face challenges in assessing progress made towards their adaptation-related targets and goals. Some developed and developing countries are also reporting (or planning to report) nationally on their progress on adaptation. Reviewing and analysing information already contained in National Communications across countries could inform Parties on how to better collect, report and use adaptation information at both national and international levels. It may also be useful to explore whether monitoring, evaluation and communication exercises under the Paris Agreement could help to inform work on other development processes (and vice versa).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264300002-3-en	3881d6132bfc6c7f326c340b2c54133b	In some countries, students are segregated into different tracks at early ages, reflecting the notion that only some children can achieve world-class standards. But PISA shows that such selection is related to large social disparities. By contrast, in countries as different as Estonia, Canada, Finland and Japan, parents and teachers are committed to the belief that all students can meet high standards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	388d96f836fec756975c42ee96a2210b	The relationship between family structure and performance in PISA was examined in the volume devoted to equity in PISA 2012. The equity framework in PISA 2015 focuses on the concentration of disadvantage and its association with students' access to educational resources, on differences in opportunity to learn, and on grade repetition and tracking. This chapter looks at how these mediating factors interact with students' socio-economic status; Chapter 7 examines how they affect students with and without an immigrant background.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	38939b735c7c90ed2ad53c207f791b52	For instance, targeting rules generally result in job losers having to first tap into their savings and, in some cases, to dispose of a portion of their non-financial assets before becoming eligible for social assistance. In addition, eligibility generally depends on the labour market and income situation of other household members. The increase was particularly sharp in Estonia, Spain and the United States.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	3893a4ce91fc72415a072ce76d4ecb68	The Program Staff and Supervisor Level certifications require educators to have a two-year diploma in ECEC. A Common Skills Working group has been established to identify what should be included in initial ECEC staff education programmes. Stakeholders are invited to comment on the identified skills and knowledge areas for ECEC staff. After receiving the comments, the plan will be revised. The goal of this initiative is to strengthen the workforce knowledge and improve quality ECEC delivery.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	38951c3b4c7f6b14ce6a52cf0e6a0358	The green economy must not disturb the balance of the pillars of sustainable development. It was quite noticeable that the mistrust of the intent of the green economy, as expressed by some governments in the Rio+20 process, was a factor in the national consideration as there were lingering concerns on interpretation and implementation modalities. In this regard, the community-based organisation (CBO)/NGO responses were highly focused on social development, poverty eradication and livelihood issues. He outlined, ‘We accept that our tools will include a green and a blue economy based on various national approaches.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	38957758ce8296aae75f532d383c023d	The Budget Policy Department within the MNE is responsible for managing the inter-budget relationship between the national budget and the oblast budgets. It decides on the general transfers (non-earmarked) from national to regional budgets to satisfy the needs of the region. General transfers are decided through a formula that projects revenues and expenses. The level of expenditure is largely calculated on the basis of the previous year’s data, with adjustment for inflation.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d902f55-en	38967a41139d2dd62be4a0077e7be392	The Zanzibar Marine Station has become the Institute of Marine Science (IMS) of the University of Dar es Salaam and the Mombasa Marine Station is now the Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). This station became L’Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines de 1’Universite de Tulear. For instance, in 1962, a decision was taken to close the EAMFRO as it was argued that marine science was unlikely to provide immediate economic benefit to East Africa.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	38983496dd22245d2d75eb45f48148f4	However, we want to be clear that this approach is not entirely new to Ethiopia - there are already ‘glimpses’ of a green economy in several sectors and locations, which we illustrate in section 3. However, over the last few years, and prior to the CRGE, several green economy-type activities have been in operation, albeit often at a small scale at project level. While few are supported by mainstream policy as yet, they are gaining in prominence.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	3899143b741bb317554668af12763d3a	In the context of future guidance on reporting on finance received, being aware of issues with monitoring this information can help clarify areas where the enhanced transparency framework could take into account different national contexts. In the first instance, climate finance is generally monitored in the context of broader sets of financial information. In many countries existing systems track the receipt of multiple different types of financial inflows.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	389923a29aebd63bf8c8b36065cf0d89	In Canada, for instance, just 9% of students in rural schools have an immigrant background, compared to about 45% of students in city schools. Rural-urban differences of at least 20 percentage points are observed also in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. How well do rural students do? In Bulgaria, Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (People’s Republic of China) [hereafter “B-S-J-G (China)”], Hungary, Portugal, the Slovak Republic and Turkey, the rural gap is of at least 80 score points before accounting for socio-economic status.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	3899bd899382564e073059b53cfc1183	Support here rightly focuses upon the creation of new activities in innovative intermediate and high-tech areas and upgrading amongst existing businesses. There is evidence that support is being taken up by individuals and businesses on upward development trajectories. This initiating and stimulating effect of public funds is welcome and positive. However, such successful recipients have sometimes continued to receive further and ongoing support.	8	3	0	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	389e34d3bbcd75a6c12ef3f58a2ca7df	Porto Alegre, Red Latinoamericana Mujeres Transformando la Economia (REMTE)/Marcha Mundial de las Mujeres/Consejo Latinoamericano de Cieneias Sociales (CLACSO)/Agencia Latinoamericana de Information (ALAI). Historia, teoria y politicos, Madrid, La Catarata. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, Paris, OECD Publishing.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	389fd6d21981c7a25b948e1de5b4c034	Most of them work, and are either paid (mainly the men) or unpaid (primarily the women), showing a trend of early and unequal sexual division of labour (Rico andTrucco, 2014). According to the information garnered from time-use surveys, like the situation among older persons, adolescent girls spend more hours per week on work overall (paid and unpaid) than adolescent boys, which also reflects the limited time available for leisure and recreational activities, sports and community participation (Cespedes and Robles, 2016). As highlighted in Social Panorama of Latin America 2015 (ECLAC, 2016g), accelerated population ageing will become the most relevant demographic trend in the region; the number of dependent older persons is expected to increase more than the number of people who can provide the care they potentially need.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289347945-5-en	38a14701b37191a1236dc67f217872cc	This requires a dialogue about mutual interests and joint values and not, as in many cases today, simply an information mode. The Nordic countries have an extensive occupational health and safety and environmental legislation in place and the mining companies' operations are controlled by permits. Our view is that respect for the rule of laws is already a prioritised area in the Nordic mining industry.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	38a41863fd63c9197fece7fa45689c66	Development of machinery pools based on private-public partnership is also organised through Service and Collection Centres, established by local Social and Business Corporations that received budget funds for this purpose. Their activities are focused on small farmers. Not all legal entities, however, may be eligible to use the special tax regime.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	38a49e14839ace252b0d15216694eeed	Single-parent families then face a much higher risk of poverty than families with two parents in every country: while 1 in 10 families with two parents is income poor on average across the OECD, the poverty risk is three times higher (33%) for single-parent families. Across the OECD, this poverty risk affects about 1 in 6 children living in singleparent families. Children in this family situation nevertheless represent a growing share of the poor child population: around 39% of poor children are with in single-parent in 2014 on average in the OECD while their proportion was more than 4 percentage points lower in 2007.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	38a53244f7ee854b35e57255340afc17	The transfer by the municipality fund is allocated to individual municipalities on the basis of a very complex distribution formula using a variety of objective indicators (Bos, 2010). This not only takes account of the number of inhabitants, but also corrects for differences in tax-eaming capacity (real estate value of dwellings and business property) and external circumstances, like a regional function or the social and physical structure. This includes indicators for the number of households receiving social benefits, the number of people from ethnic minority groups, the number of young or elderly, the density of addresses and the surface area of the historical centre. However, differences in other revenues, like interest, dividend or from the sale of land, are not taken into account.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	38a633fdd6149a704f17a31c1b34ed0c	Top-earning, tertiary-educated women entrepreneurs tend to earn less than equally educated women in wage employment, while the opposite is true for men. The evidence clearly suggests that self-employment is a pathway to wealth only for a small group of well-prepared, highly motivated women. Improving the earning prospects of self-employment is critical to making it more attractive to women. National and local governments can encourage more women to enter industries that provide significant opportunities for growth and wealth by developing or sponsoring web-based knowledge platforms on emerging business opportunities, mentorships for aspiring entrepreneurs, and pre-incubator workshops that help women transform their ideas into viable businesses.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	38a793e11496980003f2b56854347c75	Developed in Washington State, it has proved successful and is now being introduced in other parts of the United States. Courses are provided in occupations in high demand. In Washington State combining basic skills with vocational content is facilitated by the availability of both types of programme at community and technical colleges, and I-BEST programmes are available in every college in the state.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	38a8ccf451dfb9ff983db7f58d36c298	In Algeria, education became obligatory in 1970. In Libya, education is compulsory and is free of charge at all levels, including advanced education. Today, the public sector remains the largest sector employing women, hiring 50% of all women in the labour force in 2012 (OECD findings). Likewise, in Tunisia the most important share of women in the labour force has attained tertiary education, with a rate of 38.3%, against 19.1% for males, followed by females with secondary' education (30%, against 37% for males), and with primary education (19.3%, against 32.9% for males) (Tunisia national census, 2014).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	38aa1cdf34698191239b780c761e2352	These shortages are particularly pronounced in schools attended by disadvantaged students. Since 2010, the MEP has invested significantly in upgrading schools' infrastructure and rolling out access to new technologies through the internationally-recognised Educational Technology programme (Programa de Informatica Educativa, PRONIE). But this programme has only reached 55% of public primary and lower secondary schools and roughly 80% of students (MEP, 2016) and limited attention has been given to the widespread and acute shortage of textbooks and other important learning materials. Teachers can no longer require children to repeat the first grade of primary school, while students have more opportunities to retake exams and only have to repeat the subjects failed rather than the entire year.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	38abdc242f33debdc30224730298dd2e	Establishing common indicators, shared data collection and a single information system will be important to improving the accessibility and use of data for improvement and accountability purposes. Costa Rica should consider creating a dedicated independent evaluation agency to promote more evidence-based and results-driven policies and support the development of a stronger culture of evaluation at all levels of the system.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	38ad51156a25fa48c298ea6e22669063	This organization receives product fees and distributes payments for collected recyclables and packaging. Waste disposal norms are defined depending on the amount of recyclables present in the generated waste. On the one hand, this approach creates a baseline against which waste generators are inspected, but on the other hand, it may lead a waste generator to report waste “as expected” by the established/normed amounts. Collection companies operating in an oblast have to calculate and report a cost-based waste fee for collection and disposal in relation to the subsidized waste fee actually collected from the population.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	38af9883e157d8dabcedf5e169c10b99	Both Estonian and Russian wetlands have been identified as Important Bird Areas, and the Estonian as a Natura 2000 site. Despite the fact that the Ramsar Sites and protected areas do not cover the entire Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe wetland area, their presence on both sides of the national border undoubtedly has great effect for the protection of the habitats of rare and threatened species, especially for migratory species and those having large individual territories. The management plan for the Pskovsko-Chudskaya Lowland was prepared in 2001-2003 within the Russian-Danish project, with the participation of experts from neighbouring Estonian Ramsar Site (its provisions regarding nature conservation, the sustainable use of natural resources, and international cooperation mainly remain to be implemented).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	38b3b97c6c5361928b597d69dd033fe6	In 1991, a tax differentiation was introduced to reduce air pollution from lead, particularly in the capital city, Bangkok. The tax was one element in a package of measures to increase awareness of the damage caused by leaded petrol, liberalise fuel markets and support oil companies to produce unleaded fuels. Consumers responded rapidly to the new price differential between unleaded petrol (THB (Thai baht) 14/litre) and leaded petrol (THB 15/litre) and within 30 days, the share of unleaded fuel had already risen to 30 per cent (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2004).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	38b4c72be4b9e5c446564142d099aa57	This framework describes teacher professionalism through teachers' knowledge base, autonomy and peer networks. In order to measure how well education systems support teachers' professionalism in each of these domains, TALIS calculates the average number of best practices, as reported by teachers (Box 2.1). Each of the domains of teacher professionalism is scaled from 0 to 5, with 5 representing a theoretical maximum where all practices within the domain are observed.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	38b69af415ccf47b1886d847293393cb	Patent buyouts, prizes, and proportional prizes may be other means of doing so (Bhagwati, 2005; Elliot, 2010). Use of more traditional subsidies, co-financing arrangements, and joint ventures should also be explored, within a framework of appropriate protocols for maintaining the public-good nature of research products (Pardey and Beintema, 2001). In the current context, a larger number of actors (civil society organizations, the private sector, farmers, and multilateral organizations) contribute toward this end. Although the number appears large, the general perception is that it is inadequate, especially when measured against the needs of small-scale farm holders who, for the most part, have been deprived of the services of such workers (Lele et al. Agricultural extension workers, free from any particular interest in promoting the use of commercial products, are still an important vehicle for the transmission of knowledge, information, and training for small farm holders, provided that they have adequate training themselves, a clear mandate, and appropriate incentives to perform their job. It is therefore vital that governments continue to provide quality rural extension services at a large scale to address the specific needs of famers.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	38b72fe7794ba88d39f627fb1964cfdd	However, past experience suggests that a study of best practices in stockholding for emergency situations may provide useful information for capacity building in those countries most concerned about food security. One of the major international responses to commodity market volatility in the past has been compensatory financing, such as what was provided through the European Union’s Systeme de Stabilisation des Recettes d’Exportation (STABEX) to ACP countries and the Compensatory Financing Facility of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Both programmes aimed to provide compensatory finance to help countries avoid a negative impact on growth from sharp commodity price changes.22 During the recent price surge, a number of countries which experienced significant increases in their food and fertiliser import bills, resorted to the Exogenous Shock Facility (ESF) of the IMF.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	38bc5fd8f2f175e96e2db708b3c09b6d	A high-ranking position provides the leader with the necessary understanding of the system’s values and structure, and brings the power to be able to seize opportunities for innovations, and even the ability to change regulations, allocate resources, and implement the innovative learning reform. The common goal must present the essence and main challenge to be addressed so that it can serve as a symbol for the change that will foster legitimacy and stakeholder support for the investment of the time, money and expertise required. The vision should attract partners and followers, and provide them with the motivation, suggested methods, and narratives to explain the importance of such reform for innovative learning. The vision gives meaning to such concepts as “improving”, “learning” and “environment” providing the necessary context and relevance that are understood by and attractive to potential partners. The vision informs benchmarks and suggests evaluation criteria for assessing implementation measures. Without such a vision, there may well be too many routes to implementation and too much empty rhetoric, even mistrust in future reforms.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	38bc640a2f97e0b78617ba4b3b690376	The Austrian government has created a legal framework that balances rights and obligations between the city authorities, companies that manage private housing and the incoming migrants. Migrant-oriented urban policy packages for large cities should differ from urban policy packages covering smaller towns, but it should be acknowledged that internal migration affects not only cities but also towns and villages. National authorities may wish to analyse the experience of the Baltic Sea countries in improving the system of public service provision to migrants by delinking it from registration status and using the existing identification number system (INS) instead (Tukmadieva, 2015).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	38be1a427d730844722ea8eee0279e23	These transformations must combine a production pattern that is more socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable and a State with a redistributive capacity that expands access to well-being, promotes capability development and sends out positive signals to encourage equality through mutual recognition combined with the widespread exercise of both individual and collective autonomy. Social Indicators Research, vol. Data challenges and availability from a comparative perspective (LC/L.3695), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Policy Research Working Paper, No.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	38bef832d76b04bfa7ad9680858d2b5d	It is also considered to be one of the best forms of energy commodities to deliver modern, economically viable, affordable, efficient and reliable energy services. Therefore, electricity occupies the highest position on the energy ladder and is regarded as the cleanest (to end-users) and most efficient of all fuels on the ladder (table 2.1) (Toole, 2015). It is also expected to play an even greater role in the future worldwide energy matrix as its use for transport services expands. It equals production of energy products plus imports minus exports minus international bunkers plus or minus stock changes.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	38bf0857d00bda8f11f9b8dcf0f49d86	Federal alerts were activated in 33 municipalities in the State of Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacan, and the State of Jalisco implemented its own gender alert in eight locations. These local, multi-purpose anti-violence centers are intended to offer psychological, legal, and medical care; temporary shelter; consultation with child development experts; and workshops on social and economic empowerment to support women in breaking the cycle of violence and starting a self-sustainable life free from violence. In practice, however, stakeholders say that these centers are underfunded and need more resources. For instance, SEP developed the programme Construye T, which has been implemented in some public high schools to promote socio-emotional skills in students, teachers, and principals. The programme’s goal is to encourage them to better assess the consequences of their actions, develop pro-social behaviours, and improve interpersonal relationships in order to improve the schooling environment. The educational system plays an important role in changing attitudes towards women, which can go a long way towards reducing violence against women.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8067b1a8-en	38bf6ad48fb9604a451ee228afd87278	At the global level and with the exception of for rice, which has a comparable nutritional contribution level to that of wheat, the contribution of other cereals is almost negligible. It is therefore important to try and assess the extent of wheat security at the level of individual countries as well as of the region more broadly. In other words, to assess how far the countries of the region are secure or safe in terms of wheat availability. Within the context of this study, wheat security is defined as being available at all times and in adequate quantities that satisfy demand.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	38bff42255fbc1afa6a1cd41685cb2d3	It has the legislative framework for ownership unbundling in place, and the transmission system operator has applied for certification. It has taken steps to develop comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks for unbundling and third-party access, although progress is quite limited. A successful regional market requires harmonised technical rules and codes for operating electricity (and gas) networks and interconnectors.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	38c5633b63ba8ee16fd89c5744a89ec2	Education and competencies largely determine the quality of a labour force. In a global economy that is becoming increasingly dependent on skills, countries with low'er skill levels need to develop their human capital and be more competitive. However, attempts to boost workforce skills through vocational training without considering how they interact with labour market developments and policies are likely to be ineffective (OECD, 2015a).	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	38c580a920cf09c27b7150ed662334ac	Ideally, quality and outcome measures should encompass the entire patient experience, from first access in primary care (prescribing indicators) to secondary care (both inpatient and community-based) to follow-up measures to recovery measures. Information from population surveys to establish prevalence of mental disorders would then form an important backdrop to improved quality and outcome measures, giving an indication of the coverage of services. Information technology (IT) tends to be underdeveloped and less widely adopted and used for clinical care support. The study found that the data sources most widely available across countries at the time were hospital administrative databases, national surveys and national registries. The absence of a Unique Patient Identifier (UPI) in many countries posed problems for constructing certain quality of care indicators, in particular those assessing continuity of care and quality of prescription or treatment in primary and community care.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	38c843f8784fa14c43c925b5505a4da2	However, extensive VET investment has not yet yielded changes in the proportion of students undertaking upper secondary VET, and with enrolment rates at 27% in 2015-2016, the 2017 is unlikely to be met. According to OECD (2017[47]), the lack of continuity in implementation of all types of externally-supported large-scale VET projects beyond the initial funding cycle is seen by officials as compromising their success. Projects have a fixed length of generally no more than five years, which is a short period to set up proper institutional mechanisms.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	38ca70b6f2344cd57778efa91bf43d16	When a larger quantity of variable renewables is connected to the grids, it could put the stability of the power system in risk. Active power control systems, reactive power compensation devices and LVRT capabilities are among the requirements suggested. The draft standards are seen by the industry as stringent, and would require developers and turbine suppliers to upgrade their equipment (BNEF, 2010b). Industry insiders predict that the new standards could favour a few large wind power manufacturers and drive out smaller competitors.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	38cb62ce41ddb87647a5dc98376c41e3	The provisions form a general social security policy, but farmers can benefit if they satisfy income and other criteria for such assistance. For example, the Working for Families package offers various tax credits, childcare and accommodation payments to families with children who are below a certain income level. These institutions are designed for sharing risks, specifically, or as part of a broader rationale and include insurance, futures and options markets, co-operation, forward contracting, vertical integration, and other arrangements.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	38cc2c657610230c6aefd07616d78ae2	Comparison of the indicator over time requires adjustments to be made for inflation, while comparison between countries requires adjustments for purchasing power parity. The goals, targets and indicators were conceived as a minimum level of living standards for the world's inhabitants. In this way, the international community showed its central concern with overcoming critical deficiencies in different dimensions of development.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	38cc8165375799f68f596309d8eaec76	For example, they need training and development in the areas of management, marketing, accounting, industrial safety training, and perhaps technical training. University-based incubators mentioned that the majority of female graduates are not oriented to, or sufficiently informed about, the possibilities of creating an enterprise, preferring instead to work in a stable salaried job or in government. Others stated that they would have to increase aw'areness of the incubator among women.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	38ccbed6e635e594914e5a1a0463ad37	In doing so, provide the RIC with the capacity and financial means to fulfil its commitments based on a clear mandate and agenda. Tekes, the main funding agency for applied R&D and business sector innovation, has seen its R&D budget shrinking steadily since 2010. Over the period 2011-17, its budget has been cut by 51% (in real terms).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	38cd50f3f46306ffc7ee17db7758926c	It provides information and discussion on policies for the successful adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) across the economy. These case studies are made available in the Annex of the report. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	38ced892710c84f776a46ab2d2809da7	Identify indicators of performances and outcomes of mental health care. Identify at which levels (national/regional, local or individual) data are available in the nine European countries. Develop a strategy for the collection of information about performance and outcome indicators of quality of mental health care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	38d0d962df5e4303563c512a9c74e85d	Table C.1 gives regional information on the time and costs spent in procedural compliance for both exports and imports. A general trend is that the poorer the region, the higher is the time spent in compliance and cost of compliance at the border. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest cost and time spent in compliance of all regions covered in the table.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289347945-5-en	38d12752c997ea12908275921c5163cd	Noise is reduced by building dikes, upgrading facilities, adjusting tipping techniques and so on. This is also an area that is controlled by permits and limits. All but one of the criteria have the highest priority level of A. Consequently, the environment is a very important core subject for the Nordic mining industry to fully implement.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	38d771759a134d6c801f4e20b769598f	Initially, the means-test was applied to the household income, but because of low take-up rates in the early years of operation of the programme, this was altered to only include the income of the care giver and his/her spouse. In 2008, the means-test was amended and was set at ten times the value of the grant. In addition, the means-test is doubled for married couples with two earners, making it more generous and hence more likely to pass it for poor households.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/208cb99e-en	38d91617820ed5406d5e4b8c1d406a62	Because of this, different techniques are used to build the index of material deprivation. In practice, material deprivation can be one indicator within an MPI. The methodology underlying the MPI is based on Alkire and Foster (2011) and offers a high degree of flexibility in the choice of indicators.	1	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	38d9210634bd8690cb09cc97ba7088b9	Affordability remains a barrier to those who have coverage but cannot afford the Internet or cannot afford to use it as much as they would like. Eleven LDCs have mobile Internet prices of less than 5% of income. The biggest gap is with skills: only three LDCs have a gross secondary school enrolment higher than the world average.	9	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	38dae1e55e85428593b3b230296025bf	They are expected to increase in both scale and influence over the next decades due to greater wealth and the growing need to cater to ageing populations in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Institutional investors have traditionally provided long-term capital with investment portfolios built around the two main asset classes (bonds and equities) and an investment horizon tied to the often long-term nature of their liabilities (OECD, 2015g). Looking at large OECD pension funds only, direct investment in infrastructure projects of all types accounted for 1% of their asset allocation in 2013. Green infrastructure, including clean energy, is estimated to account for an even smaller share (ibid.). Too many barriers still stand in the way of scaling-up the participation of institutional investors (Box 2.2).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	38dbc39d46229f19fa4950c3f14b69fb	However, global trends have contradicted this prediction, with populations shifting towards cities even in developed countries, and especially in Africa. The spatial nature of agglomeration economies is at play: in-person interactions are still important for networks, knowledge sharing and relationships: goods still travel by truck and rail; food cannot yet be 3D printed; and workers still commute to offices, stores and factories daily. In the light manufacturing sector small firms in Africa are constrained by access to land and finance as well as entrepreneurial skills (Dinh et al., Helping to remove these barriers could open up opportunities for aspiring informal sector operators.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b4d9a5b-en	38dbf07f49266d10d0f676ea091aac22	In 43 countries in Africa, 23 in Asia and Oceania, 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 2 in Eastern Europe, women are reported not to have equal rights with men to acquiring and owning land (UNDESA, 2010). In most African and many Asian countries, although equal property-ownership rights are stipulated by law, the prevailing customary practices3 (which in a number of cases take precedence over statutory law) prevent women from having control over the shared property of the married couple, or even over the property that they brought into the marriage (UNDESA, 2010; OECD, 2006b; EIU, 2010). There is little that ICTs can do to address such legal barriers. For example, in Viet Nam, the Government has launched a number of initiatives to assist women entrepreneurs, including opening special branches at Sacombank (the country's largest privately owned commercial bank), and starting a programme dedicated to women in rural areas at Agribank (the country's largest state-owned commercial bank).	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	38ddecfdb4912243e88ba8cea63ecfe9	As small states are highly open to trade, their inflation rates are largely influenced by inflation in their largest trading partners or in the country whose currency is used as the domestic currency. Thus, unlike advanced economies, where inflation targeting guides monetary policy, inflation targeting is not suitable for the conditions facing many Commonwealth small states.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	38e0f75a3999d590db8ce7d4c0a39e7d	Thus funding for the “active” services of the El system was in principle, before taking subsidies from government into account, a quarter of funding for passive unemployment benefits. Table 5A. 1 (see Annex 5A) lists these programmes, together with a tentative allocation of each programme to Categories 1 to 7 of the OECD/Eurostat classification, which is a classification by “type of action” rather than by target group. The sub-sections below follow this approach, and include some comments based on Table 5A.1.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	38e152f2bcc68f567d42fff7613a2ed7	Total government revenue is projected to reach ETB 498 billion by 2025/26 under the high revenue scenario and the budget deficit is projected to decline to ETB 34 billion. Four scenarios correspond to different assumptions regarding the level of social protection expenditure relative to GDP; three of these four include humanitarian relief while one does not. These are analysed with reference to low- and high-growth scenarios for GDP.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/fcde737e-en	38e1ee64b27997a248859e0008bd911a	It is indiscriminate in cutting across racial, ethnic, class, economic, religious and cultural divides. As such, VAWG has numerous damaging consequences for the welfare of women and girls, impacting upon their physical, mental and sexual well-being. It is worth bearing in mind that violence against women is universally under-reported. Reporting rates are not necessarily a good proxy for prevalence rates.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	38e2e343ce3be61efbd31acb750f94f8	There are no seating arrangements for the women at the Upazila Parishad offices, and they are rarely allowed to play a role in development activities in their area. The Upazila Parishad (Reintroduction of the Repealed Act and Amendment) Bill 2009 does not include any guidelines for the new posts. In the Union Parisad, proxy representation exists, which means male members of the family represent women Union Parishad (UP) members and many husbands help their wives with their work in the Union Parishads (Nazneen and Tasneem 2010). Many female members have participated in shalish (a social system for informal adjudication/justice) and many of them have presided over the shalish sessions. Various non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and women's organisations training programmes that focus on alternative dispute resolution and human rights, support creating space for women to participate in these shalish. Women in Bangladesh feel more comfortable discussing issues like marriage, divorce, domestic violence, dowry or polygamy with the female UP members.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	38e4b86b829ec68eeef8a37361d70500	As such, independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Finally, parliaments and parliamentary' committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment (OECD, 2014). Indeed, public sector capacities required for embedding gender equality can only be as effective as the general government capacities, including planning.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	38e590463602437e5ec0c98cb2848a13	Economic instruments for mainstreaming biodiversity in agriculture are generally underutilised, though mechanisms such as payments for ecosystem services are being increasingly implemented in a range of countries. Additionally, significantly enhanced efforts to identify and reform environmentally harmful government support to agriculture would contribute to mainstreaming efforts. An increasing number of countries are reporting to the OECD Producer Support Estimate database on agricultural support, which is a step in this direction.11 Large-scale community engagement in natural resource management in the agricultural sector has been undertaken in certain countries such as Ethiopia and Australia, which contributes to raising awareness and enables adoption of improved technologies and practices.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	38e82651784bcaf5a894c34ca80e16cc	Its objective is to identify opportunities to improve regulatory and market designs to create a framework for timely and adequate investments, in particular in conventional power plants. These measures constitute a basic package that will bring benefits, not only in terms of security of supply, but also in terms of overall efficiency during the transition to a low carbon economy. First the degree of uncertainty concerning climate policies and the pace of deployment of renewables may magnify risk to such an extent that markets alone are unlikely to deliver efficient and timely investment responses.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	38e988dcc1520ce5bf1c379de65b8614	It will not realise its potential as one of the world’s major emerging market economies, however, if it relies merely on exploiting its natural resources and its demographic structure. It will need to develop its human capital through education that leads to effective learning and skills formation. It must do so urgently, given the lead that comparator and competitor nations, especially in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) but also in other regions, have over Indonesia on many indicators of physical infrastructure, educational attainment and performance, advanced human capital and research capacity, and the pace and scale at which they are moving ahead.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	38ea224bc2e764f610819b0fad51f100	It briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice. The chapter also considers notions of climate risk, vulnerability and resilience, as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation. This however, requires a flexible adaptation process that can respond to changing climate circumstances. As climate uncertainty decreases, and data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity improve, the focus may gradually shift towards an evaluation of current levels of adaptation against projected climate change. Fifty Least Developed Countries (LDCs) have formulated National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), which identify the countries’ urgent and immediate adaptation needs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	38eb8e9a3ed821d5fc4a0691d95eea85	The recommendations contained in the final report of the ministers’ meeting include: (a) the establishment of a regional drug control focal point by the regional economic community secretariats to develop and implement regional drug control strategies and to support individual States; and (b) the development of regional and national centres of excellence for the treatment and care of drug dependence. The ministers also recommended that the member States of the African Union, in partnership with WHO and UNODC, should develop model laws to provide a basis for legislative review at the member State level to address new and emerging drug control challenges. Officials from 13 African countries attended the fourth International Annual Meeting of the Airport Communication Project (AIRCOP), held in Panama City from 21 to 23 April 2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	38eca9e43c281709f9e267c0451b2a4d	If projects or interventions are small however, they are less likely to have impacts on the wider economy and the latter may not be needed. Generally, the types of costs should include start-up costs, programme costs, capital costs, personnel costs and opportunity costs. All the costs should be discounted to their present value. These are expressed in terms of probability', and are therefore not discounted. The approach is based on prioritising threat management for biodiversity, following Carwardine et al. (	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	38ecb99ba0eec1e20eb744e634fd2095	The teacher uses a template to provide the answers with a required maximum number of pages per answer. The marking of the portfolio relies on a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent and Outstanding performance across the different aspects assessed within each component. Both academic centres are required to develop a system of automatic marking for multiple-choice questions and to select and train external markers to assess the test open-ended questions and the portfolios. The monetary reward is broadly equivalent to an extra monthly salary per year for ten years (distributed in two annual instalments).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	38ee18eb5cc4148f84f650b5c6b3b35d	Key points from three of the four cases provided by Belgium, as well as one of the two cases from Armenia, are also referred to in the body of the report but condensed versions of those studies have not been included. Consideration was also given to ECE regional coverage in the UNESCO Final Report. One member State submitted in 2007 and again in 2015. Six member States submitted NIRs for the first time in 2015.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	38f325d1d2af4cb8a5947f42056abeb8	This paper highlights the gaps, inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework, which was developed for both long-standing obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to 2020. The paper also identifies possible improvements in the UNFCCC reporting framework in the context of the post-2020 transparency framework and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for the post-2020 period. Ce document met en evidence les lacunes, incoherences et incertitudes de l’actuel cadre de notification qui a ete elabore pour rendre compte a la fois des obligations de longue date des pays et de leurs engagements d’attenuation jusqu’en 2020. These reasons include understanding individual or collective commitments or pledges, tracking progress towards them, providing confidence in and enhancing accountability of quantified information measured and reported, and providing background information - including on the scope and ambition of national climate responses.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/871f6812-en	38f3fa032ba3c6bd9cb9d7964afad24c	Finally, 16% of experts believe that greater use of AVs will have a negligible impact on overall vehicle use because other modes will adopt automation technologies in order to compete with AVs, thus offsetting the growth potential of the private use of AVs. The top barriers to the uptake of autonomous cars that experts identified include safety and security issues, technological challenges, and legislation and regulatory issues. Of the electric vehicle (EV) fleet, full-battery EVs are expected to comprise the highest share of vehicles by 2050.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	38f4020c16d00167fa2ccf35a4ca58d6	Yet they also highlight the particular role ODA can play in least developed countries and Small Island Developing States and in leveraging other types of resources, including private investment. Increasing the tax take in developing countries by one percentage point would yield roughly an additional USD 300 billion, which is more than double of the amount of global aid today. Global capital markets are estimated at USD 218 trillion, so even a small shift in resource allocation could have an enormous impact.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	38f7887d9f6f3b6212295b693b7ac5f5	The 2008-9 cuts in fossil fuel subsidies, and the support for renewable energy, form a strong foundation for this (although subsidy removal was introduced primarily for financial reasons, and the savings being realised in the treasury have not been directed to renewable energy development or energy efficiency).. Ethiopia has also joined the Friends of the Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform movement that comprise a number of non-G20 countries, enabling Ethiopia to gather momentum for putting pressure on the G20 Countries to adopt similar measures. Green policy instruments, such as payments for ecosystem services, feed-in tariffs for renewables, and taxing unsustainable use of natural resources are promising, but are not yet in place to send the right policy signals to public and private sectors alike. Finally, the CRGE’s principal assumption is that international climate finance will offer an incentive that is greater than prevailing incentives for ‘brown’ practice; yet international prices for carbon have been disappointing, and there is a strong risk that they remain too low, too expensive to access, and too volatile to provide a sure and single driver for green growth in Ethiopia.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	38f87c3a3584c0158063235e879cd52a	With Singapore’s emergence in 1823 and the addition of Port Klang, the reign of the Penang port started to decrease and in 1932 Singapore overtook Penang as the main port of the Straits Settlements. Efforts have been made to revitalise the Weld Quay and to transform it into a vibrant tourist sport by tapping into its heritage of colonialism and clan jetties. Old abandoned buildings are being converted into hotels without destroying their history. Weld Quay’s old role as a transportation centre is being revived, with plans to integrate Penang’s ferry and bus services.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	38fa62feacc369acca1caf63de5db0fc	Both of these dedicated climate funds offer relatively small grants - of around US$5 million - to partner countries for capacity building and readiness activities. The Forest Investment Programme has approved on average US$61.6 million annually between 2010and 2014, making it one of the most significant sources of finance for forests. The fund offers bridging finance between early policy and capacity building support and efforts to demonstrate successful programmes that will lead to verified emission reductions on the ground.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	38faa0b2f1c6a895ab4328371d9cf96d	The country recognizes the advantage of diversification to strengthen its energy supply structure, and is also looking to increase the number of small and medium hydropower producers (Government of Japan, 2014). Planning and integrating a large number of small power generation plants utilizing different resources, and dispersed over broad geographic regions, has helped support a more stable supply that incorporates variable renewables in some areas. Furthermore, the introduction of increasingly affordable battery storage enables variable renewable energy, such as solar and wind, to become “dispatchable” resources, which are able to store surplus generation and then supply power systems when demand is present. Technology for battery-based energy storage systems is improving and costs are projected to continue to fall, pointing to the growing potential for increased renewable energy uptake.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/550b76bf-en	38fab720019cad89a08c5252e6ed7774	"The monitoring of priority substances in sediments and biota is lacking. The same applies to an emissions inventory and losses of priority substances and other relevant pollutants. Very frequently, especially when it comes to the development of the RBMP, die ""expert assessment"" approach is used for assessing the status of water bodies, and this ""expert assessment"" is not subsequently confirmed, which can be interpreted as deterioration of the status of the w'ater body."	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-18-en	38feb41c2610974a91cf5b71a7f20894	In order to increase domestic consumption, information campaigns were carried out. The fleet has been reduced over time to become more profitable. It also had the responsibility for the implementation of the rules of the Common Fisheries Policy and of national measures for the conservation and management of fish stocks.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	3900035403e9a917f249b36da3a97758	Additional samples of 1 500 households in both Scotland and Wales were added to the main sample in 1999, and in 2001 a sample of 2 000 households was added in Northern Ireland. These same individuals are re-interviewed each successive year and, if they split-off from original households to form new households, they are followed and all adult members of these households are also interviewed. Variables include information on income, poverty, social exclusion and other living conditions.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-11-en	3906085f26096d1e660234b1d7a2efd4	Rather they are projections whose purpose here is to explore how ocean-based industries might evolve in the next couple of decades on the basis of a set of underlying assumptions, e.g. on economic growth, environmental degradation and technological innovation. Maritime and coastal tourism, including the cruise industry, is expected to take the largest share (26%), followed by offshore oil and gas exploration and production w'ith 22% and port activities w'ith 16%. In 2030, the ocean-based industries in the business-as-usual scenario are anticipated to employ more than 40 million (roughly the size of Germany’s labour force), representing more than 1% of the global w'orkforce of around 3.8 billion people (including part-time, self-employed and unemployed people).1 A majority would be working in the industrial capture fisheries sector and maritime and coastal tourism industry. More than half of the ocean-based industries are projected to see their value-added rise more quickly than that of the global economy. Almost all of these industries would see employment growth outpace that in the world economy as a whole.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	39084d2b18a37c9b98c019ba30e10660	Also, information needs to be made more widely available on how the situation of women compares to that of men in their countries with regard to access to, use and impact of ICTs, in order to work towards a global equitable information society. These surveys help to gather data that show the differences between men and women, leading to a better understanding of gender roles, responsibilities and differences in control over resources in a particular context. Data on land access and use.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	39089c8f728768b345d5366230965a8b	Ministers and other senior policy officials can champion the importance of monitoring and evaluation and ensure that findings contribute to a transparent, evidence-based adaptation policy planning and implementation process (Segone, 2008). There is also scope for greater exchange among countries of lessons learned on effective adaptation approaches and on methods used to monitor and evaluate them. Answerability is primarily based on political will to justify decisions and actions based on the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation interventions. Enforceability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of governments to ensure that national policy commitments agreed upon (e.g. in their annual or periodic development plans) are being met and that corrective measures are undertaken when they are not.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	390b036ec95cd8600df219f885dd0186	Their main target groups are students, unemployed youth and freeters. On request from prefectures, MHLW sets up a Hello Work annex next door to a Job Cafe to provide placement services. In addition, training in interview techniques and various seminars (community-linked programmes for young people) are offered.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	390b60461b6e0e5d70d59df5f1081a30	In the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, and in particular the City of Chicago, the prices many consumers pay for water and waste services are disconnected from the cost of delivery and impact on the environment. The wastewater system faces problems related to ageing infrastructure, including combined sewer overflow events in older systems where storm runoff combines with the sewer system. Solid waste service delivery does not yet encourage recycling, and fees for most customers are low and do not fully reflect the costs of collecting solid waste. Although all customers in the metro-region pay higher bills as their water usage increases, fewer than one in seven are subject to rates specifically structured to discourage high rates of water usage. Seventy-nine% of customers in the region are charged according to a uniform rate structure, meaning each additional increment of water consumed is charged at the same rate as the previous increment. Only 9% of customers incur increasing block rates (meaning the price paid for each block of water increases as their total usage increases) while 14% actually receive price discounts as their water usage increases.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264310278-en	39107122002e2d32e617c38cbd5b214e	With regards to the working status of the household head, household financial vulnerability is the lowest amongst self-employed household heads (20 percent), followed by people who work for someone (31.4 percent). A detailed comparison of financially vulnerable households with other households is provided in Table 4.4. The dependant variable is the status of household’s financial vulnerability i.e. if the household is financially vulnerable (1) and otherwise (0).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	391677973e33f6aa760189c14cfa43ab	Illegal hunting and trapping of animals - there were 1,104 cases in 2010, including the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosci), urial (Ovis vignei), houbara bustard (Chamydotis undulate) and little bustard (Tetrax tetrax) - fishing (1,121 cases), logging and fuelwood collection, grazing, and collection of plant resources (1,288 cases) have been reported from Turkmen PAs. Weaknesses in the legislation itself also contribute to its limited effectiveness. Steps for its revision and modernization, and better alignment of laws with international standards, are being prepared. These focus particularly on the Law on State Protected Natural Areas, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Flora, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Fauna, and the Law on Hunting and Hunting Management.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	3916a3753ccf69b5e0938c00cdb4151f	Astana’s core city experienced faster population growth than its commuting zone from 1999 to 2009. Astana’s commuting zone includes 35 rural districts (selski okruga) and 2 posiolki (rural settlements) scattered around a relatively large territory in the Tselinograd, Arshaly and even Ereymentau districts. Two municipalities (corresponding to three settlements on the map below) in the North of Karaganda region are also part of Astana’s commuting zone (see Figure 1.A2.2).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	3916d04897379b0433e6077a381966b2	On the contrary, if the crop diversification strategy is available, the price intervention has two opposing effects depending on the level of intervention price. At the level of intervention price below GBP 68 per tonne, the minimum income increases as the farmer uses more of a crop diversification strategy. However, the higher intervention price has a negative effect on minimum income beyond GBP 74 per tonne due to the crowding-out of a crop diversification strategy. Given the negative correlation between price and yield in the UK, losses in natural hedging also contribute to this potential destabilization effect.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	39188ec584bb782bb5205a2e86fb8680	It also is the source of raw material for a large number of domestic industries and has provided an important source of foreign exchange. Primary agriculture accounted for about 14% of national gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012, down from close to 30% in 2000. But, while there has been a reduction in the share of agriculture in GDP, a commensurate reduction in its employment share has not taken place.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	3918c5dd49aa489691741016e50f3baf	International lobby groups, aid donors and foreign governments, desperate for legitimate, neutral groups to act as local entry points, paid increased attention to civil society and non-government organisations, including women’s groups. For women in Solomon Islands, their role in peace-making assisted in dissolving some of the barriers to their involvement in public life. Given that societal values, particularly in rural areas, are essentially conservative and patriarchal, this is a quantum leap from the previous position’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	3918ce9527f06cea55d8e18d6f39061d	If higher oil prices require tighter monetary policy to meet the inflation target, real interest rates could exert a drag on consumption. In the wake of upcoming national elections in several countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Pakistan), effective fiscal management is even more important. Despite progress, the subregion suffers from wide development gaps, especially in social indicators of education and health but also in infrastructure and energy.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	391fa2c814d28250fef7be5fb00f7d0b	Tangible assets are financial (e.g. cash deposits, stocks, life insurances, bonds, mutual investment funds, private pensions) and real (e.g. housing, cars, gold, jewellery). Examples of intangible assets are the benefits from in-kind services and social and human capital. Homes are both an asset and consumption good, but there is a lack of suitable data both on how to value the good and how to calculate so-called “imputed rent” - the cash value of the benefit that owners derive from living in their own home.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/c2c3e10f-en	3921c8623c3c57beef2dbf566e2e369f	However, the Government has intensified its efforts to optimize the management of potable water resources and increase the funding of municipal infrastructure, both from state budgetary resources and international donor assistance (chapter 2). It services about 60 per cent of the total population. It operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure, which is in charge of the national policy designed to rehabilitate and extend the water sector infrastructure.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	3927538ec9b792299ab3e94d9a874bd6	With moderation in growth of the tourism sector due to the global economic slowdown, GDP grew by 3.4% in 2012 as compared with 7% in 2011. Higher growth in 2011 was underpinned by strong growth in the tourism sector and related sectors, such as transportation, construction and communications. However, GDP growth improved to 4.5% in 2012 from 3.8% in 2011.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	39277fe426a31731508198adb2d694ec	While the present pension system represents a significant improvement over the previous model, the narrow range of coverage and the low level of expected pension income will leave most Mexicans with insufficient resources for retirement. Most importantly, INFONAVIT has an established relationship with formal-sector workers through the mandatory 5% employer contribution that is held in individual accounts that currently can be used to finance the purchase of a home and to supplement pension income. The proposed changes include: i) the introduction of both a universal pension for those who fail to qualify for a recognised pension and unemployment insurance (Mexico is the only country in the OECD that currently has no national system of unemployment insurance); ii) measures to increase competition among suppliers of pension sendees; and iii) additional provisions that will significantly affect the role of INFONAVIT in providing pensions and give the institute new functions in the country’s unemployment insurance regime.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	3927ac21328b98a4d4c4511526c2223f	Given the evident mismatches between income poverty and other kinds of poverty, and given that these are in part due to non-sampling measurement error, this is a potentially problematic identification structure. Persons who are multiply deprived in a set of non-monetary deprivations should have the possibility to be identified as multidimensionally poor unless there is a very good reason for prohibiting this. This is particular the case if, as in Mexico which uses a human rights framework, non-monetary deprivations are interpreted as violations of social rights.	1	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	3927c0e0961a537a24ad17eccf1593b6	The agenda also mandated ‘social audits’ involving beneficiaries and gave non-government organisations and other watchdogs the authority to summon officials and obtain records under the Right to Information Act enacted around the same time. It was introduced in 2008-2009 in Bangladesh as the Employment Generation Programme for Hard-Core Poor (initially called the Employment Generation Programme). It applies to rural areas of the country, with priority given to 81 highly poverty-prone upazillas (sub-districts).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	392cfa9291e3d0b5008d07afcd9c7763	Limited access to public services and social welfare benefits for rural migrants reduces their number and the length of their stay in cities. Although the Social Insurance Law, effective since mid-2011, requires all employers to pay health, unemployment, work injury and pension insurances for all their workers, including migrants, this remains an exception rather than standard practice. Therefore, migrants only stay about seven years in cities on average (Meng, 2012).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-8-en	392e452035ba189a846ee1da21debd24	This chapter reviews the evolution of higher education in Chile from 2004 to present, as well as the proposals in recent reform packages. The OECD recommends in this chapter that Chile: 1) identify a system-level vision and strategy for higher education; 2) establish an effective infrastructure to steer the higher education system; 3) strengthen equity in access to high-quality higher education, and; 4) strengthen the quality and relevance of higher education. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth. These institutions are therefore essential to building and maintaining the human and cultural capital that Chile needs to transform its economy by moving away from dependence on primary goods towards a diversified system that fosters social inclusion (Boulton and Lucas, 2008).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	3930f6204b602b1e389fe3d02c20344d	As such, these systems decrease climate risks in general and may prevent large yield losses during droughts on land where these systems are installed. Investment in more efficient irrigation systems may otherwise also benefit other sectors in the economy when the “saved”’ water is directed out of the agricultural sector. Or it may be used to increase the lifetime of aquifers. In all of the projected scenarios, improved water efficiency contributes to lower agricultural prices.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	393268bec7e4e1d0e8f539bff891276e	Efforts to align financial flows with climate objectives remain incremental and fail to deliver the radical transformation needed. This report looks at how blockchain technology can be applied to support sustainable infrastructure investment that is aligned with climate change objectives. It focuses on three key points: the financing of infrastructure initiatives, the creation of visibility and alignment of climate action, and the provisioning of awareness and access for institutions and consumers.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	39355278ab32887ea2a71a4d7ca43738	The scope of support measures continued to be limited, although activities were emerging to later become the principal components of agricultural support in Kazakhstan, such as preferential machinery leasing and a new system of agricultural and rural credit. Momentum was re-gained in restructuring of agricultural enterprises following financial rehabilitation initiated in 1995-97. Although the recession bottomed out, producers had a depreciated capital stock, lacked access to alternative market channels, faced limited financing options and operated in an unstable regulatory environment.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289346290-5-en	39374ffa31ca9f9acea943bb90c17534	"Further, it is often ambiguous whether a ""carbon footprint"" refers only to carbon emissions or to all greenhouse gas emissions weighted to a C02-equivalent scale (using, for example, a Global Warming Potential), implying the need for clear description whenever footprints are published. We use carbon footprint to refer to either carbon dioxide or all greenhouse gas emissions, relying on context to clarify. If a carbon footprint includes all greenhouse gas emissions, the policy context is much the same, but there is a shift in emphasis towards food and agriculture."	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	3939f41035ceb9e453f05e26139cfb3a	There is of course a strong link between thematic and structural priorities, as the latter can improve the chances of success of the former. Structural priorities closely relate to discussions of “policy mixes”, which emphasise achieving an appropriate blend of measures. The globalisation of trade and investment, the international mobility of human resources, and the internationalisation of R&D and innovation, as well as the global rules-setting agenda in areas such as IPRs, redefine the space in which national STI policies and governance structures operate.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	393aacbdaa1ddf34b9b90c9157dca3e2	As the most visible among early regional innovation policies, science parks captured the attention of local policy makers, journalists and university presidents. In the 1980s, they became synonymous with attempts to change the economic structure of regions and to foster technology transfer from universities. Unfortunately, the concept was believed to be a general panacea for economic development problems. Therefore, they were bound to have mixed results and limited impacts beyond park boundaries.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	393da60959649b6ee912d2ffac135728	Another modality is that adopted in Cambodia, where a consolidated licence provided by the national regulator allows mini-grid operators to play a small distribution role in the event of central grid extension by the public utility. Households with SHSs may have little incentive to purchase electricity from a mini-grid, particularly where this also entails a connection charge; and this could potentially reduce prospective demand below the minimum efficient scale for investment to be viable. Planning and coordination are needed between mini-grid development and grid extension, to ensure appropriate prioritization of investments, to avoid deterring potential investors, and to allow mini-grids to be interconnected and/or integrated into an overall grid as appropriate at a later stage. In light of the pace of innovation in the energy market, this calls for a flexible approach that avoids locking in particular technological solutions that may be inappropriate to the country's needs in later years.	7	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-5-en	39412f571ff31736e1ef74240c2941bf	Each person was assigned a probability of being infected with HIV in accordance to the prevalence rates recorded by the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey II (BIAS II), which averaged 17.1 per cent nationally, but varied across the population according to demographic and other factors.7 A random number between 0 and 1 was then assigned to each person. All people for whom the random number was less than or equal to the probability of being HIV-positive were deemed to be infected.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	3942622f631f8933a1af46c20bee1435	However, the indicators have two limitations that must be mentioned, namely: (a) the indicators are based on national averages; and (b) neither indicator measures the quality of the service provided. Hence, the deficit shown by these indicators may be greater in rural areas or less developed regions of a country, and may affect poorer sections of the population to a greater degree. However, across the countries of the region progress in achieving Millennium Development Goal 2 has, to varying degrees, fallen short. In a number of countries, a significant proportion of the population of primary school age is still excluded.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	3942944071f1f47efd215b4613395769	Policies need to empower farmers to take their own risk management decisions, and to have access to a diversity of instruments and strategies. Most often, aggregate data show that price variability from markets is stronger than production variability due to weather. However, the sample data from all countries show that at the individual level, yield variability is larger than in the aggregate and similar in magnitude to price variability. It was also found that the majority of farms face negative price-yield correlation in three out of five countries, and at least a third of farms in all countries. Finally, there is evidence that price risk is more systemic than yield risk, but there can be cases in which yield variations are highly systemic. These statistical results on farmers’ risk environment have implications in defining policy priorities and approaches.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	3943897387f949cc06ea5ab7b4862413	Using Canadian data, Zhang et al. ( For example, Massari et al. ( Similarly, Joliffe (2006) adjusts the poverty rates in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the United States using a spatial price index based on the Fair Market Rent (FMR) data: based on his estimates, the poverty rankings between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas get reversed when using the spatial index, with approximately 20 percent lower poverty headcounts in non-metro areas.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	39438df40b9ca1ff2d23035f36584f72	Twenty years ago, for example, such a list would not have included an Internet connection. Go back a litde further in time and ‘having at least one meal a day with meat, chicken or fish’ would not have been regarded as normal. In fact the longer the historical view the more obvious it becomes that poverty is an essentially relative concept.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	394513a547b00e083e82bbe26f5b18eb	It also became possible to transfer ownership rights to private legal persons, including foreign ones. However, private ownership rights did not apply to agricultural and some other lands.15 The Decree set out the principles of state ownership of agricultural land with private use rights under 99-year leases and of division of the lands of restructured agricultural enterprises among workers, including those employed in the social sphere in rural areas (e.g. teachers and medical workers), and pensioners. Many subleases were converted into shares of agricultural enterprises, with shareholders now receiving dividends based on enterprise profitability rather than a share of output or a rental payment. From 2004 to 2010, a total of 864.5 thousand hectares of state agricultural land was purchased.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3948982a9daa9146a07f944ac97344aa	In parallel to operating budget-funded leasing programmes, KAF also provides leasing on market (“commercial”) terms. By 2010, agricultural leasing accounted for around 92% of the total leasing market in Kazakhstan. After the collapse of the Soviet machinery service system, the lack of this type of service became a major problem, more so given the increasingly depreciated machinery park.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	394979c72bddfb15282bc9edb4a7c03a	On average in OECD countries self-reported satisfaction with education services is comparable to the satisfaction with health care services and higher than satisfaction with public transportation systems. Satisfaction with the education system in Korea remains higher in 2015 than self-reported confidence in the judicial system and the military (which are particularly low). According to the latest Gallup Poll data, the gap in self-reported satisfaction between the richest and the poorest income quintiles in Korea reached 9 p.p.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	395168c3e7142599291d2ff1d1474bb8	Bioturbation by benthic organisms declines, mortality increases, and bacteria thrive, which impacts elemental cycling (Middleburg and Levin, 2009). The changes in DIP were attributed to the release of phosphorus during hypoxic conditions with it returning to the sediments during non-hypoxic periods. Similarly, the flux of nitrogen in the form of ammonium from microbial respiration increases.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	3956e34f9bb99a0d84172f16058727e5	Effective implementation of such approaches requires better sex-disaggregated data and analysis on the impacts of policy on women and men. Crucially, it also requires strengthening women's agency, voice and participation in macroeconomic decision-making to increase the responsiveness and accountability of national and global institutions in charge of economic policy design and implementation. But the macroeconomic framework within which other policies are implemented either enlarges or constrains their scope to advance substantive equality for women. This chapter begins by highlighting ways in which current approaches to macroeconomic policy reduce the possibilities for realizing women's economic and social rights. It discusses how lack of attention to social goals, failure to integrate unpaid care and domestic work and an insufficient focus on employment creation and resource mobilization severely limit the potential of these approaches to advance substantive equality.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	396bcdfe9ff2bf803bcb87caa248dcd6	Social welfare officers cite anecdotal evidence that temporary public works programmes have worked well for some of the most disadvantaged jobseekers, providing participants with valuable work experience and contacts that lead to regular employment. More systematic assessments of Workplaces with Stipends, a major public w orks programme introduced during the crisis, have shown that they effectively mitigated the impact of job loss resulting from the crisis and, in the short term, significantly raised incomes in participating households (Azam et al., Subsequent monitoring of job search activities and unregistered employment also points to possible positive impacts on formal employment after programme completion (Ministry of Welfare, 2011). The suitability of direct job creation for addressing more structural labour market problems is not well documented and is difficult to assess based on these results.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	396c4e643019de448f1bd0072eef38ac	First and foremost, work of a permanent nature could not be conducted under a fixed-term contract, and the maximum duration was five years. Second, consecutive fixed-term contracts for a given employee were ruled-out. The strictness of the 2002 law governing temporary contracts is reflected in their very low share of about 2% of all employment contracts in Lithuania, lower than in any OECD country.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	397592530b642bf40291697f1f3df097	For instance, with the poverty threshold defined as 60 per cent of a country’s median income, in 2006, 72 million people in the EU were at risk of falling into poverty; and in 2001, more than half of all people in low-income households in the EU lived with the persistent risk of falling into poverty. In addition, it is estimated that one in five people in Europe lives in substandard housing and 10 per cent live in households where no one works (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). During the 1990s, poverty rates were highest in the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, Italy and Greece.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	39760df7c46ecfe2e61c3c4023fdf76f	"Employers and educators in perceived ""masculine"" or ""feminine"" fields can also help eliminate existing stereotypes, such as by promoting awareness that computer sciences (""masculine"" and ""nerdy"") help solve health problems (""feminine"" and ""caring"") (Wang and Degol 2016), or by reaching out and establishing direct contact with students and schools (OECD, 2008). Providing objective and reliable career information to both boys and girls, including personal contacts with employers and professionals, can help reduce the influence of informal sources of information, which may lack reliability, solid information and impartiality, and confine choices to the known and familiar (OECD, 2004). Other data show that few pupils have a full or accurate understanding of science-related professions; many are largely unaware of the range of career opportunities that are made available with training in science and technology."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	39780f9e1f2a41f7e2fe20ee3c2b48af	But a study of Bolsa Familia in Brazil concluded that the urban poor - especially those who are highly mobile, such as migrants or those without a fixed address - can be just as 'hard to reach' with social protection as the geographically isolated rural poor (Wong et al. In some cities and towns, the poor are concentrated in specific areas. In others, the urban poor are dispersed throughout. Children are often sent to live with wealthier relatives, or left behind with grandparents in the village when their parents move to town to look for work. Mobility and splitting of households raises questions about who should be the recipient of social transfers. For instance, if a child is named as beneficiary of a child grant the recipient is usually the child's primary caregiver.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	397902311916b46fd344729e77887849	Surface water intake for energy production and irrigation has resulted in almost all rivers being under great direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures (e.g. reservoirs that have been built on some rivers); also, pollution of groundwater due to agricultural and forestry activities (widespread use of chemicals) threatens especially endogenic fauna and aquatic organisms. The ecosystems situated in karst landscapes are also very vulnerable to climate change, and they are subjected to other intensive anthropogenic pressures at the same time. Among them, wetlands karst fields are particularly sensitive to the impacts of climate change.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	397aeb839f054f4d5a7bf26f7ba1b8c6	Further RBMPs are still underdevelopment for the Drini-Buna, Semani and Shkumbini River basins. The river basin councils and their supporting river basin agencies are limited by the capacities required for the planning and implementation of IWRM. The transboundary cooperation aspect of target 6.5 is addressed in box 4.3.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	397eb15757a359d4312894a50639369b	Many other countries in the region, however, lag behind on this issue. According to target 8.5 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries are expected to “achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value” by 2030. They receive 100 per cent of their salaries if they have over three years of service.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	397fdfc1829ee4e90b88c9e27a4f0a28	In addition to the fact that feminization contributes to growth, when there is a sharp slowdown, such as occurred in the second and third quarters of 2009 or the early months of 2010 in some countries, and male unemployment is higher, the response of the female labour supply is positive. If this result is found to hold true over the long term, it could provide corroboration for the theory advanced by Erturk and Cagatay (1995) regarding the relationship between a high rate of feminization and long per capita income levels. Thus, the participation gap is narrowing and the feminization rate is climbing, which is in keeping with the result of the model. However, the unemployment gap widened in 2007 and 2008, which means that the rise in participation has not been balanced out by employment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	39826f70f1aa5a6d03e5d9bbc0201c52	Recent changes to the resource allocation formula signal Israel’s commitment to redressing geographical differentials in health care capacity between central regions of the country and the North and South, but they need to go further if real change is to be realised. Attention is drawn to serious shortfalls in numbers of physicians and registered nurses, and the need to develop strategies that bolster their numbers and ensure staff are drawn into Israel’s periphery. The chapter also notes that public health and primary prevention services need strengthening.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	3983d7cba38d2bb9716776dd2970eb5e	In recent years there have been significant innovations with respect to different types of energy storage of sufficient scale to serve as back-up for the grid (see e.g., Hall and Bain, 2008; IEA, 2005; IEA, 2008). Both improved storage and grid management have beneficial consequences for the delivery of electricity services more generally, irrespective of the supply mix. For instance, they can increase the reliability of supplies in the face of unexpected shocks (i.e. due to extreme weather events or earthquakes). They can also reduce transmission losses and increase efficiency more generally.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	398450e2494dd9a774656cf9bcf9eb1c	In 2014, New Zealand announced that its drug enforcement relationship with China will be strengthened further to help identify members of organized criminal groups in China and to reduce the supply of precursors and methamphetamine from China trafficked into New Zealand. The move follows the signing of a memorandum of arrangement on precursor controls between China and New Zealand in April 2013. New Zealand has also taken action to improve regional border security through cooperation with the authorities of Fiji. In 2015, New Zealand established a training programme for the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority and the Fiji Police Force to focus on border security by introducing drug detector dogs in Fiji. In 2015, the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority announced that it aimed to further strengthen its partnership with both Australia and New Zealand in order to carry out joint operations and share more information about the flow of drugs in the region. In 2013, the Government of New Zealand introduced the Psychoactive Substances Act to control the importation, manufacture and sale of new psychoactive substances in the country—with interim approvals for 47 products by 150 licensed retailers.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/091e4d11-en	3987ba0ad0ff5c3c9c9c18ca602357fb	In recent decades, UNICEF has established surveys and extensive crossnational databases of indicators relating to the well-being of children across the globe (e.g. UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) programme). Once compiled by the custodian, SDG indicators are submitted to the global SDG database (managed by the UN Statistics Division) along with interpretation of the data and trends for the annual SDG progress reports. And UNICEF, as an SDG custodian, continues to commit to improving global data for children by supporting national and international partners to meet the data demands of the SDGs. The unique contribution of this paper is that it opens discussion around the SDGs and social progress which is both child-focused and high-income country-focused. The following section introduces the main findings of the paper, including a summary table of the data available for monitoring the position, and the recent development of high-income countries in the SDG challenge. Section 3 addresses conceptual and methodological issues related to developing a framework of indicators for child-focused SDGs in high-income countries.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/803655cd-e60ab719-en	398aa4908f81bbbd67335c5a89b152f0	Given that incomes tend to be lower in rural locations compared to urban areas, and many rural households simply cannot afford ICTs, shared access is a cost-effective means of providing rural connectivity. The establishment of community access points is also related to Target 4 on connecting public locations that can be used for shared access, such as libraries and post offices, and likewise to Target 10, which sets the goal of ensuring that more than half the world's inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach. About half of the world's inhabitants live in rural areas, and one way of getting ICTs to them is through community access. It does not, however, address exclusively developing countries, since even developed nations still face some of the challenges of bringing ICTs to rural areas, particularly in terms of Internet and broadband access.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	398c07f10b25e44bc025bf6278ced046	Instead they argue that differences in family employment patterns and welfare state provision are of much greater importance (Esping-Andersen and Myles, 2009). Recent decades have seen not only a change in family structure but also a radical shift in the role of men and women within the household, with a substantial fall in the numbers of women who are “homemakers” and large increases in the numbers of women working either full- or part-time. This has lead to a significant change in the employment structure of families, some of which have become increasingly dependent on female earnings to avoid poverty. This section looks at the influence of family employment patterns and earnings on poverty, and focuses on the working-age population. A lack of work among young people and lone parents is particularly strongly linked to poverty (Forster, 2000; Forster and Ercole, 2005).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	3992f7ed08ab78beefd4a1e4d9ec3ade	The increased use of alternative fuels, however, tends to increase electricity consumption for pre-treatment and handling. Over two-thirds of this potential lies in the increased use of fly ash and other clinker substitutes as the current energy intensity for many plants are among the most efficient in the world. The potential for saving energy in India's cement sector by applying current BAT and increasing the clinker substitutes is an estimated 18% from current levels.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	399445f5b11546af2a6d7503417efe06	As temperature rises, crop productivity is predicted to decrease at lower latitudes — although it is also expected to increase at mid-high latitudes. Warming, together with changes in water precipitation and unpredicted climate variability, affects the timing and length of growing seasons and yields, with strong impacts on farmers’ livelihoods and on food security more generally (United Nations, 2011b, pp. By 2020, between 75 million and 250 million people in Africa are projected to be exposed to increased water stress owing to climate change and as a consequence, yields in some countries could be reduced by up to 50 per cent. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries is projected to be severely compromised.	13	2	6	0.5
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	3994a81660eb49305cf3f9495dcbdbc2	Ensure that one school system is responsible for the education of all children in their region. Transform existing special education resources - special schools or classes - into resources to assist the mainstream system. Provide pre-service and in-service training to teachers so that they can respond to diversity in the classroom.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	399ad0f20360872283412c7708d576d6	The subsidies can be of crucial importance as a support to commercial fishing, keeping crew and boat owners in business when fish price drops— thereby preserving local fishing capacity when the vagaries of the market undermine otherwise viable operations. They can serve vital food security objectives, such as by offering people living in remote and/or rural areas small support that allows fishing boats to operate to provide fish atthe level of the household and local community. However, well-organised boat owners can put political pressure on a government to maintain a support programme even when profitability has returned.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	399d95dab4322b520c2ed07c3fc1c95c	Some institutions (e.g. UK-DFID’s International Climate Fund and Government of Zambia) also track direct jobs created by mitigation and adaptation interventions (UK DFID, 2013 and Mulenga, 2013). The Experimental Approach to Development Economics”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Cambridge, MA, http://econoinics.mit.edu/files/3159. Presentation at the CCXG Global Forum, September, 2013, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2a%2005-2013%20Sept%20CCXG%20Effectiveness%20Duarte.pdf.	13	0	3	1.0
10.30875/9e478973-en	399db8d1e7142d146c036df096aa7328	Rapid and sustained economic growth allows the poor opportunities to increase their initial endowments (save to accumulate capital, get an education to increase human capital) and to earn better rewards for supplying their resources to others, typically through the market. Another avenue through which trade can spur economic growth is by increasing the pace of innovation by firms. First, trade liberalization increases the size of the market and the incentives to innovate. Second, to the extent that technical knowhow is embodied in products, trade liberalization makes possible knowledge spill-overs through improved access to imports.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	399e43ecb3a1097e66c1c140170572fb	Education can provide children with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life. It is associated with increased incomes, reduced poverty and improved health. But for education to play this role, it must begin with early childhood development and continue with quality learning opportunities that provide all children, especially the most disadvantaged, with a fair chance to thrive. Good education increases knowledge, sparks innovation, builds skills that drive growth and prosperity, and fosters inclusive societies.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	39a3d70123bfe67646313e1af6d30f69	Among mixed exporters the strongest gains in productivity took place in Myanmar (with a 4.4-per-cent average annual growth rate), and Benin, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Sierra Leone, where TFP growth was approximately 2.5 per cent per annum. In the case of fuel exporters, TFP growth has been led by the performance of the agriculture of Angola and Yemen, where it rose on average by 4.5 per cent and 3 per cent annually, respectively, during the same period. The major new finding yielded by TFP analysis is the positive outcome of TFP growth in the exporters of food and agricultural products since the 1990s.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	39a59e8f9083e888578e96eba2d44f1d	The analysis presented in this section therefore calculates receipt rates of SA, HB and FB as the share of individuals living in households that receive benefits as a share of all youth. On average, slightly above 7% of all youth aged 16-29 years receive UB. Receipt rates are particularly low on the American continent except for Canada (Chile, Mexico, United States) and in some Southern and Eastern European countries (Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Portugal), all of which have receipt rates of below 3%.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	39ace88824f1bc87c5c6b668d7ff468b	A series of country barrier studies are underway or have been undertaken in Latin America and the Caribbean (for example, see Government of El Salvador, 2012) to identify country specific capacity gaps, while supporters and providers are assisting countries in developing project pipelines. Provider agencies are also coupling finance with technical assistance to increase in-country capacity to access and direct climate finance. They explained that working with local government and NGOs can help to ensure that finance is targeted to the needs of the poor or to those who are the most vulnerable to climate change.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	39add839c5c07d472dfa86575f2fe3d8	It is an essential part of an overall road safety strategy, but other considerations, such as emissions management to improve air quality and curbing high speeds in order to maintain smooth traffic flows and thereby reduce incidents, may also be incorporated. Speed management is a vital element in an overall safety strategy and countries and territories that have been successful in their strategic approach to road safety have also invariably incorporated speed management as a major element in strategy. Here Sweden’s Vision Zero philosophy that no traffic participant should suffer a fatality or serious injury can provide guidance. Speed limits should be set so that crashes, if they occur, will not result in a death or serious injury. So, human tolerance for injury and the potential for protecting humans in different circumstances can be used to establish speed limits on different kinds of roads.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	39afe4be4f05bb5c018ff0a114770838	In 2014, the educational attainment rate of the region was 73%, approximately 10 percentage points smaller than the national average. However, the educational attainment rate of the region is about 7 percentage points higher than the average rural TL2 region’s rate. Another area of comparative weakness is environmental quality: The level of air pollution was in 2014 about 21.7 in pg/m3, positioning Gangwong in the bottom in terms of environmental quality performance across OECD TL2 regions.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	39b0be4e8880d599c1f517bd808f7a38	Measurement campaigns are also carried out to evaluate concentrations of heavy metals and hazardous substances. Managing environmental air monitoring networks is the responsibility of the Regional Development Co-ordination Committees (CCDRs) in co-operation with the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA). Since 2004, installations subject to industrial permitting are required to carry out self-monitoring of air emissions and report to the CCDRs and to the APA.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	39b1755f225671750d93916b548850dc	Failte Ireland has also funded a Human Resource Development Strategy, Management Development Programme and a regionally focused capability building programme for SMEs. For example, the Scottish government’s Fresh Talent Policy - a managed migration policy to attract returning Scots and overseas skilled labour -has addressed skills shortages in tourism and hospitality, notably in larger cities with high labour turnover rates. Here, eastern European labour has been used to fill significant skill gaps.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238657-4-en	39b1f1550c3c39b5d3b36840ac2902fc	Soil-related problems are interlinked and there is generally no single solution, but rather a wide range of solutions that address multifaceted soil problems. The attempt to institutionalise these solutions and address nation-wide soil problems, however, has led many countries to adopt mandatory soil conservation policies that are often linked to their agricultural policies and support payments. Several land management practices as they affect water conservation are also considered.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	39b3d427d300ff12b1d89d53833af6a3	The operation involved cooperation among the law enforcement agencies of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, with the involvement of the agencies of Afghanistan, China and Iran (Islamic Republic of) and INTERPOL as observers. Similarly, the information available to the Board shows that heroin seizures decreased among countries in the Middle East in 2014. Heroin seizures, which increased significantly in several countries of the region in 2013, decreased in 2014, particularly in, in decreasing order of seizure amounts, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Israel. In July 2015, a joint security operation of Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates resulted in the dismantling of a major heroin ring, the arrest of 40 drug traffickers and the seizure of 150 kg of heroin.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	39ba910b4d4b918a61c2aea9ec2a4606	In November 2013, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Dutch Minister for Agriculture signed an agreement to increase domestic fisheries production and reduce harmful fishing practices. Both countries committed to contribute a total of EUR 9 million (USD 12 million). Based on this agreement, the Project for Fisheries and Aquaculture for food Security in Indonesia will be implemented over the three year period 2014 to 2016.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264223776-en	39bace8a6268b387321714821030f54a	Two million of them have not finished Grade 12 (Kraak, 2013). Around half of young adults under 25 years are unemployed, with unemployment worsening since the global economic crisis (Statistics South Africa, 2014). While some of these young people will be working in South Africa's extensive informal economy (see Leibbrandt M. et. While the NEET challenge is typically greater in emerging economies (Quintini and Martin, 2013), in South Africa it is particularly severe (See Figure 1.1).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	39bb1c6cf2506a9acedae33e98511701	They are sporadically involved through subscribers’ surveys undertaken by operators or are asked to report on their satisfaction/dissatisfaction over the quality of service on an ad hoc basis. Nevertheless, their use is not systematic, and their results are not publicly available. Overall, discussions on tariff setting, quality standards and performance monitoring remain the sole prerogative of central authorities and water companies, and do not involve civil society. Large scientific institutions have been reinventing themselves as NGOs and have become active in advocacy as they have prestige and scientific knowledge.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	39bc09c8c815eb3bfbbadd373e49fef7	Such differences are well-documented in reports of the Nordic Council, Nordregio and the Oresund Institute, for example. While innovation, best practice governance and energy were among the major themes envisioned for collaboration, the one that received the most attention was the possibility of building a high-speed rail (HSR) connection between Oslo and Berlin. In 2007, politicians from all participating cities - Berlin, Copenhagen, Malmo, Helsingborg, Gothenburg and Oslo - signed the COINCO Charter, which marked the end of the first Interreg project. The responsibility to continue the process was handed over to the city of Oslo, and further on to the region’s public development agency, Oslo Teknopol IKS.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	39bd2fd1781da16648f47165bb5f8f25	Two of them, Kanesathasan et al. ( All of the studies involved multiple types of interventions and outcomes, so that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of a specific type of intervention on a specific outcome. An example is the “12+” model being tested in Rwanda with support from the United Kingdom and GirlHub. The programme aims to educate young girls before the age of puberty on reproductive health as it applies to them.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a44197da-en	39be32c3bdac9afc58ae9e3e97ed688a	Both the Indian NREGS and the Ethiopian PSNP, for example, foresee the provision of workplace-based childcare; and PSNP theoretically offers reduced working time and less physically demandingtasks for women. These provisions have been rarely implemented, however.12 Participatory monitoring can improve programme performance and gender-responsiveness. In some Indian states, for exam pie, social audits led by women’s organizations have been successful in raising women's participation rates, wages and representation in supervisory roles. Accessible and affordable health care is particularly important for women because they have less access to income, face costly health conditions, such as pregnancy and childbirth, and are often responsible for the health care of family members.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	39be3aaa9bac7df89477eb88a5c95782	The bias towards Western medicine and intervention can be offensive or inappropriate for practitioners of traditional medicine. Finding health staff that speak and understand indigenous languages is difficult, and poor communication between providers and clients at all levels compromises access to quality care. Thus, because state health systems neither incorporate the indigenous concept of health nor work in harmony with traditional health systems, indigenous communities are marginalized, and health disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations persist. Yet, there are few efforts that address HIV/AIDS among indigenous peoples. Traditional treatments for HIV are widespread in indigenous communities, however, and, if recognized and supported, they are promising practices for combating the illness among all populations.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	39bea2a80c85ff7f68cc67622c318119	The Paris Agreement stated that parties will, by 2020, either confirm or update their INDCs as NDCs under the Paris Agreement, and will include 2030 targets. The first stocktake of progress will occur in 2023. The more flexible decisions of the Paris Outcome include an agreement to establish prior to 2025 a 'new collective quantified' climate finance goal of no less than US$100 billion per year. What trade issues do these raise?	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086197-en	39c03c9f5140a970da024c2ad2ae65fd	The observation that the achievement gap between immigrants and natives seems to become larger in secondary education compared to primary education is consistent with experiences in other countries (e.g. Cummins, 1984; Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2007). For immigrant students to develop the academic language necessary for more complex instruction, language instruction in DSL must be provided on an ongoing basis, not only for their first few years in school. Throughout the Folkeskole as well as upper secondary education, the needs-based approach to DSL support should be sustained. In Sweden, for example, all students whose mother tongue is not Swedish have the right to study Swedish as a second language, and this right applies to both compulsory and upper secondary school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	39c0a74203cfbaf6d9ddea7c8f7a22c9	"Among other things this lead to the adoption of a clear-cut definition of poverty: ""'The poor shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member States in which they live."" ( It points clearly beyond the merely monetary realm and puts emphasis on the social exclusion process. These two aspects were particularly emphasised by Berghmann (1995: 21) in the table below. Since the 19th century different approaches to the measurement of poverty have evolved as a basis for international and comparative work."	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	39c136412d887959f16171e9b275fd44	Looking just at school education, the average expenditure per student across OECD countries increased by no less than 17% between 2005 and 2013 in constant prices (OECD, 2016). But over roughly the same period, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data from the 2003 and 2012 surveys show no significant improvement in test scores. Instead, in most countries the percentage of top performers has declined.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	39c3c6ec3d93c10488ede4ec9ad974a4	Without a birth certificate, a child in conflict with the law may also be treated and punished as an adult by the judicial system.1 Even those who avoid these perils may be unable to access vital services and opportunities - including education. But the obligations set out by the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be easily disregarded when whole settlements can be deemed non-existent and people can, in effect, be stripped of their citizenship for want of documentation. The lack of decent and secure housing and such infrastructure as water and sanitation systems makes it so much more difficult for children to survive and thrive. Yet, the attention devoted to improving living conditions has not matched the scope and severity of the problem. There is no effective right to play without a safe place to play, no enjoyment of health within a contaminated environment.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283350-en	39c5cff0c785f56da7f8b7750e1124da	The report suggests that blocks to rolling out quality commitments and achieving better integration included insufficient financial incentives to ensure that providers adhered fully to clinical guidelines; the lack of multi-disciplinary teams; a culture of treatment over prevention; and weak overall patient management in primary care. Current plans for health centres and hospital networks seek to create multi-disciplinary teams, to redefine the roles of family physicians vis-a-vis specialists and to improve training. There are also contracting mechanisms that may help to improve incentives and accountability for the provision of preventive services and outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	39c9010d2ff80fdacb65a81a0a4c8b99	Budget appropriations are checked by eight programme areas (administration, district health services, emergency health services, provincial hospital services, central hospital services, health sciences and training, health care support services, health facilities management) and then line items (broad economic classifications for current payments are compensation of employees; goods and services; interest and rent on land). There are also more frequent (monthly and quarterly) e-monitoring by National Treasury to check that money has been spent as programmed. The purpose of these meetings is to check that funds have been received on time and spent as planned in the budget.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-4-en	39ca7e9da076f22d8cda2c544dc74ad7	Between-school differences account for less than 15% of the OECD average total variation in performance in Denmark. By contrast, across OECD countries, 37% of the overall performance differences are observed between schools. The performance differences that do exist between schools are relatively closely related to socio-economic disparities between schools. Performance differences within schools are around the OECD average, but these within-school differences are more strongly related to students’ socio-economic status: 65.8% of the total variation in performance is observed within schools (OECD average: 63.3%), and 10.5% of the performance difference can be explained by differences in students’ socio-economic status (OECD average: 5.1%). In the PISA 2012 mathematics assessment, students with an immigrant background scored an average of 40 points lower than their native peers after accounting for socio-economic background (OECD average: 21 points). Students with an immigrant background in Denmark were 2.43 times more likely to perform in the bottom quarter of the performance distribution than non-immigrant students (OECD average: 1.70 times more likely).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	39ce3340164cf2fd609d32cf1010041b	In some countries this has been difficult, but creative approaches to encourage consolidation of small companies or partnerships with foreign companies can help. The private sector also can be encouraged to provide auxiliary services (such as concessions) and advertising to help pay for the costs. Without such private sector involvement, it is unlikely that BRT could thrive.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ddf5dbc5-en	39cee9cba930a2c027408e34349aff36	This section presents available data on reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health; lifestyle; and health risk factors and health facilities, expenditures and resources across the Arab region. A decrease was also experienced in Lebanon, namely byl per cent (from 63 in 2000 to 62 in 2009) in contraception use of any method while contraception use of modem methods increased by 16 per cent (from 40 in 2001 to 56 in 2009). The modem types of contraceptive use include female and male sterilization, oral hormonal pills, intrauterine device, male condom, injectables, implant, vaginal barrier methods, female condom, and emergency contraception.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/712425ac-en	39cf000e3b5d3ad405e4f501d3a3bbe5	Already, half of all people live in urban areas. By mid-century, over two thirds of the global population will call these places home. This report focuses on the children - more than one billion and counting - who live in urban settings around the world. Cities attract and generate wealth, jobs and investment, and are therefore associated with economic development.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	39d16f4706960b96f1319dda07b4c648	They further apply different schedules, according to some measure of need within the neighbourhood. In the Federal District, for example, need is assessed based on a block-level development index that combines data on social marginalisation, income and property values. Comparability across tariffs is further limited by the inclusion or exclusion of fixed fees and drainage. Despite the challenge in creating comparable indices, studies tend to find that the price for water in the Federal District is very low by comparison with the municipalities across the metropolitan area.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	39d3f0e242120b14275d493daa56cd46	The correlation between objectively measured inequality and dissatisfaction with these institutions also suggests that these high levels of wealth concentration and social differences are or could become conflictive. Care means ensuring, on a daily basis, the physical and emotional well-being that people need throughout life. It spans from stimulating cognitive fundamentals in infancy to seeking, as far as possible, to preserve the capacities and self-determination of fragile older persons and persons with disabilities. Doing so calls for creating and managing goods, resources, services and activities to ensure nourishment, safeguard health and personal hygiene and foster cognitive and social development and learning.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	39d60107ec382abde040dd660c079748	The fact that the subsidy is paid for all jobs, including jobs that would have existed even in the absence of the subsidy, results in important deadweight losses. By concentrating exclusively on newly created jobs, hiring subsidies have the potential to be significantly more cost-effective. This equity consideration may be of considerable importance in recessions, when the chances of regaining employment after displacement are particularly low for disadvantaged groups, due to the large inflows of newly unemployed, including increased numbers of well-qualified job losers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/680c1b02-en	39d605ba281f86a3c61e0449cb1b08c7	The main sources of indicators and their definitions are presented at the bottom of each table. The cut-off date for data updates used in the tables is March 2015. These discrepancies arise from three main factors: harmonization processes to make data comparable across countries; updates/revision periods of international agencies not coinciding with release of data by national statistical systems; and international agencies making estimates for missing data.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	39d71fdbf75738fca3c959d233e7d186	A steering group has been formed to prepare an implementation plan for a campus forum to plan for a whole institution approach to environment and sustainability. The project integrated environmental ESD into a number of courses, and provided an interdisciplinary environmental education elective for pre-service teachers. The project also implemented a number of other activities aimed at action-oriented learning and campus greening.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	39d891ebc46162106d3c33f94702df6f	In addition, there are some growing efforts to mainstream women into existing angel groups. Both approaches are important for building a greater pipeline of female investors. In their 2010 white paper, “Women and European Early Stage Investing”, the European Trade Association for Business Angels, Seed Funds, and other Early Stage Market Players (EBAN) proposed a number of ways to address the gap. They include conducting further research, developing best practices, raising awareness, promoting professional standards and codes of conduct that encourage greater diversity, and building networks in the female investment community.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	39d9f4d037b0bc2106652197f4cc382b	In 2009, the decline in FDI inflows were relatively highest in Eastern Europe (-51%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (-39%). The decline was 33% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 27% in Developing Asia and 25% in the Middle East and North Africa. Information compiled by Kekic (2009). Note: (e) Estimations. This report estimates that total foreign capital flows to Cameroon would be 86 billion CFA francs lower in 2009 than in 2008, an amount equal to 0.8% of GDP. In contrast, it was other capital flows (private sector bank and non-bank loans) that led to the collapse of total flows, which declined by 52% in 2009 with respect to 2008.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	39dc5852b2ce325981157d2971d89dfe	Background paper to the OECD Global Forum on Agriculture: Issues in Agricultural Trade Policy, 2 December 2014, Paris. Tackling Agriculture in the Post-Bali Context, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland. Agence Frangaise de Developpement, Paris. Non-Tariff Barriers and the Gains from Trade”, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	39dece1127f4dff2237382c743b1ad42	Targets and expectations associated with the main elements of Portugal’s energy policies are shown in Table 5.1. Portugal has taken an innovative approach to unbundling gas and electricity transport assets, with a unique entity (the National Energy Networks) in charge of grid planning, construction, operation and maintenance (IEA, 2009a). The Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications is responsible for most energy related and environmentally related transport initiatives. Municipalities play a strong role in implementing energy measures, especially those concerning energy efficiency and, more recently, micropower generation and transport (Box 5.1).	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	39e12f99c8cc322ea5c8daf3c142c857	Since 2008 a new service has been created - which is now rolled out to every CCG. A new workforce has been trained, with 4,934 professionals trained in the fust five academic years. Over 2.4 million people have entered treatment, and over 1.4 million have completed treatment. Over 1 million patients have reached recovery - and the current recovery rate is 44.8% (Quarter 4: 2013/14).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	39e4cdf6d9bb66425cc303a8c14047db	In co-ordination with beneficiaries of the Programme for Species at Risk (PROCER), the alliance partners invited other private sector organisations to become involved in efforts to implement the projects concerned. It is not clear to what extent such support has materialised. This can be undertaken through channels such as information on websites, training workshops and co-operation with state and municipal government.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/477abc4d-en	39e8f1930335d2a3b6161db61e538edc	There was some causality to this correlation in that opportunity for corruption in those states was bred by the inflow of large sums of relief funding and lucrative postdisaster construction contracts (ibid.). In sectors and localities, corrupt practices can increase disaster risk by corroding a culture of compliance that is key to the effectiveness of codes, standards and similar regulatory mechanisms. The construction industry is one of the sectors most critical to disaster risk management and also one of the most prone to corruption (Transparency International, 2005).	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	39e9364892e7215e273320f8cf9f0ba0	Total exports rise from 25.7 Mt in the base period to 31.9 Mt at the end, growing 4.1% per year. Brazil’s exporters seem to focus on exporting raw rather than refined sugar. Whereas exports of raw sugar grow to almost 27 Mt, averaging a growth rate of 4.7% per annum, exports of refined sugar grow much slower averaging 1.8% per annum to 5.2 Mt, some 15% below the base period level.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	39ec0153810a8dbeb4afda14f789d0c2	Proalcool successfully reduced the impact of the oil crisis on the Brazilian trade balance and increased the country’s energy self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, when the second oil crisis occurred in 1979, Brazil was still importing the majority of its oil which renewed the government’s focus on Proalcool and led to increased subsidies for both producers and consumers and credit for investment into the sector. The first car running on hydrous ethanol was launched in 1979. Growing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emission and energy security led a certain number of developed and developing countries to implement ambitious biofuel targets or mandates as well as other support measures to the biofuel sector.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	39f2da59042b9db2c93d02b544c94bbb	It will also provide standards for sustainable management and conservation of natural aquatic resources including for fish stocks. Among other activities this will be coordinated with the private sector, banks, financial institutions, and others for promoting development partnerships in the fisheries sector. The first Aquaculture Lab was accredited by the Indian National Authority in 2014. With the decision by the Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per ISO/IEC 17025: 2005, the Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory of the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), under Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) will perform as the sole accredited aquaculture lab.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	39f40171f685e3d9e6ab97e29df58c8a	Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. Health questions include the status vis-a-vis health-related risk factors (self-reported height and weight, smoking, and drinking), whether any diseases were diagnosed by a doctor, and self-assessed health status. The PSID is directed by faculty at the University of Michigan.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	39f40dbbd9ef14813b68419a7eb72283	The absolute number of people living in poverty has not declined at the same rate as the poverty headcount as a result of strong population growth over this period (OECD, 2017(3]). The number of people living in poverty increased from 25.6 million in 1996 to 27.5 million in 2005 then declined to 21.0 million in 2016. Although the rural poverty rate is higher than in urban areas (25.6% versus 14.8% in 2015/16), rapid urbanisation means that the number of poor individuals in urban areas is likely to grow (OECD, 2017[3j).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	39fa93ab8a2affe685a6193b662dc980	Thus, income variability at the aggregate level disguises the actual risk exposure of farms. The differences in the fluctuations of unit margins across farms also indicate the importance of on-farm strategies in managing income risk. A variance of income assuming sheep monoproduction is calculated (Var ISH), and the difference between Var ISH and Var I is assumed to be the contribution of output diversification into the income variance.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	39fc37cb44bb6cbced3c2f4a46bd5997	Their population has doubled, economic development has proceeded rapidly in some countries but lagged in others, income disparities have increased, demand for water has grown rapidly in response to the heavy development of coastal areas, urbanisation has accelerated and agriculture (which alone accounts for more than 70% of total water consumption) has expanded even more. These trends have increased pressure on both surface and groundwater resources, leading to environmental degradation, increased pollution and other sustainability challenges. The region faces equally great institutional challenges, particularly the difficulty of balancing a tradition of low, fixed prices with massive infrastructure investment needs; and the perennial difficulty of balancing competing demands from residential, industrial and agricultural users.	6	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	3a03646c60f1e66f220ab4080ec5b9f9	The documents analysed included education policy documents; Ministry of Education reports and statistical bulletins; the CTRP; and studies on teacher demand and supply, teacher migration and recruitment. The interview respondents comprised key officials within the Ethiopian Ministry of Education. However, the various sources of information used in this case study ensured triangulation, and are believed to help improve the understanding of teacher mobility and migration in the Ethiopian context.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	3a051a20bbfcf4a017de839a6902caeb	Second, restricting the analysis to the non-elderly avoids some of the problems that are inherent in comparing incomes between people who are at very different stages of their lives. For instance, an essential function of old-age pensions is to redistribute inter temporally over the life cycle; a focus on the non-elderly helps in understanding the most important elements of interpersonal redistribution. Finally, with growing pressure on public budgets due to ageing populations, an important question is whether welfare-state provisions benefiting the working-age population are being restrained in order to finance support for the elderly. A question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are less easily influenced by policy makers. For any given household, the taxes paid, and the benefits received, have a straightforward direct impact on the resources available for consumption. At the population level, however, the assessment of trends in the redistributive properties of tax and benefit policies is complicated by the fact that market incomes and populations change at the same time as tax and benefit policy parameters.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	3a069eef45b9883a83a60dc0226f4f1a	At the same time, income losses, greater job insecurity and much higher rates of joblessness in many countries go hand in hand with greatly elevated needs for income supplements and other types of government support. In combination with the sharp post-recession falls in government revenues, the resulting tension has fuelled an intense debate about the relative roles of expenditure and tax measures in bolstering public finances, and about spreading the economic costs of the downturn in a socially and politically acceptable way. This paper examines the combined effects of benefit and tax reforms on the distribution of household incomes, both before and after the onset of the downturn. The aim is to place countries’ recent policy responses in the context of both the immediate crisis-related challenges, and the broader trends in redistribution patterns observed since the 1980s.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	3a0799e723a18f13998d2162a5d73380	This is notably the case when the income tax schedule is convex or when capital market imperfections make the cost of refinancing after a negative shock both higher and convex (Froot et al., Risk mitigation relates to costly activities that reduce the impact of risks for the farm. One usually makes a distinction between self-insurance, which consists in reducing the loss of a given risk when it occurs, and self-protection, which consists in reducing the probability of the risk (Ehrlich and Becker, 1976).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	3a07a47e124899e8d8cd293e31006ce8	Also, the bilateral interactions of the ANA with other sectoral agencies are fundamental. Some states have merged water and environment agencies, with pros and cons. The impoitance of the aquatic environment for biodiversity and ecosystem services is unquestionable, and there is no doubt that water is an important component of the environment and needs to be dealt with as such.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	3a0811b1e69dbae46cbdc5de4d9f8d0d	An example of a no-regrets project is co-operation between the BMLFUW and the insurance industry on an Internet-based risk zoning system for natural hazards, particularly floods, that allows very high resolution visualisation of high-risk areas and damage potential. The reason might be that the sector is perceived to be relatively flexible in responding to gradual changes in climate, for example through increased summer tourism to make up for shortfalls in winter activities, so adaptation measures could be taken later. Fully exploiting the potential benefits of summer tourism will, however, require advance planning and co-ordination. There is also a lack of practical measures in the energy sector.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21f323da-en	3a08750514ea0591295e492b77f5173b	These developments are occurring without an increase in men’s participation in care work and without adequate State and market mechanisms to shift some of the care burden to society. For centuries, under successive waves of economic thought, the domestic sphere and its relationship to the rest of the economic system have been consistently ignored or analysed only partially or in the wrong way. This concept refers to an amorphous sphere of goods, services, activities, relationships and values that have to do with some of the most basic and important needs with regard to human existence and reproduction. As with any new concept, its scope and boundaries are as yet unclear.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	3a10200ece00ef2f134b84cfea57f64f	For PNG, even though there are no reported data on undernourishment, PNG’s historically very high levels of stunting and ongoing increasing trend (Figure 2.4) indicate that PNG is unlikely to meet Goal 2. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 26 indicators to monitor this goal, of which 13 were Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1). Kiribati recorded mixed results on MDG 5 but recorded a decline in traditional birth attendants by the end of 2015 (PIFS, 2015a).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	3a11f94398d5a50b5b60e99604f13cac	The traditional tourism and fisheries sectors are expected to remain the main drivers of growth. Prudent fiscal and monetary policies have helped consolidate macroeconomic stability, and inflation is expected to remain below 3% in 2016 and 2017. The country suffers from insufficient economic diversification and vulnerability to external shocks, given the dependence of its economy on tourism and fisheries.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	3a127dab7138ce620b8a7b04cc18e771	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authorfs). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. While this process is transforming the urban economy, the rural economy is also undergoing substantial structural change.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	3a17cfd6721e27c986d951b7d1ef4fb9	One option w'ould therefore be to lengthen the trial period so that firms are more willing to hire and experiment with new workers. These types of contractual arrangements may be of particular interest to youth since workers under such contracts tend to receive more training than workers in standard fixed-term contracts, are assisted in finding assignments, and gain a wide range of experience (OECD, 2013). In some countries, workers are hired by agency firms under open-ended contracts, and even receive an (albeit low) wage in-between assignments.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	3a1839f4d426128b2e27bad84f95a75f	Most of the cases involving heroin abuse in Kenya have been reported in Mombasa. Seizure data indicate that the smuggling of heroin to and through the United Republic of Tanzania has also increased. Of all the substances seized by Tanzanian authorities, cannabis, khat (Catha edulis) and heroin (in that order) accounted for the highest amounts seized. The seized heroin originated in Afghanistan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of) and Pakistan and had been destined for China, Japan, South Africa, Turkey and the United States, as well as countries in Europe.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	3a18fa1c39b89abc07f2cdb224cff31b	Formal trading of water rights beyond the users sharing one concession was allowed in 1999 but remains rare. For example, in the Segura Basin formal water trading between 2001 and 2005 amounted to less than 1% of total water consumption (Garrido and Calatrava, 2010). Some RBAs have also have set up water banks to encourage the trading of seasonal water rights during drought periods with some success, helping to avoid water rationing in such periods.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	3a1a88664ac6bf1d093a034e9e025d9e	Narrowing the achievement gap by bringing all students to a baseline level of proficiency for the OECD (a PISA score of about 400) could imply GDP increases for the United States of USD 72 trillion, according to historical growth relationships (OECD, 2010b). Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that student performance at school is a good indicator of subsequent successful education and labour-market pathways (OECD, 2010a). This is not to say that efforts should not be directed towards mitigating the short-term effects of the economic recession, but it is lo say that long-term issues should not be neglected.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	3a1e859aa2676b66eba01fc24f2bb0cd	Safe housing for female teachers is also important, particularly when countries are struggling to recruit and retain teachers (World Bank, 1988; 1989). Furthermore, sanitary facilities may be located outside the main school compound. Students may therefore be at risk of bullying and sexual violence, which is especially a concern for female students. When constructing new sanitary facilities, it is important to engage students in the planning process and to conduct sex education courses to inform students about physical changes during puberty (INEE, 2009).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	3a1e8f91b523abbdfd1d1bb85b3670c7	Given that land rights are a contentious issue at the best of times, large-scale reforms are likely to be most feasible in post-conflict situations and situations of improving governance. However, broader reforms such as land registration, planning rules and communal practices may be possible in all fragile situations. Good Practice Note 1 outlines good practice to secure poor people’s rights to natural resources and land across low-income countries.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/785f021c-en	3a20d502ae9ca2b171f8b3c142e3a47c	In the last stage of the circle of manufacturing consumption, the decline in the price of goods through an amplified technological progress is essential. These effects lead to a further increase in the purchasing power of all consumers, thus boosting the discretionary income even further, which feeds into the start of a new virtuous cycle (DeLong, 2000; Jong, 2015). First, the demand for new goods (variety effect) through affordability and availability grows.	9	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-f8ad9f14-en	3a25441aeb7b3372c6c0831676b8994d	The Direct Current (DC) generated by solar panels is generally converted to Alternating Current (AC) before being supplied to household appliances, lighting equipment, and so on. Although a lot of ICT equipment directly operate on direct current, the direct current is originally converted from the commercial alternating current internally at the equipment. In using solar power, the current is converted twice, i.e. from the DC to the AC and then back to the DC, resulting in substantial power losses.	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	3a2632acecd7f0957137e783d15d120d	Residential segregation cannot occur without social inequality, because a society that is wholly egalitarian in its socioeconomic make-up will contain no groups (classes or strata) that can be differentiated by their geographical location. Conversely, high levels of socioeconomic inequality may be found in both segregated and unsegregated cities. The territorial character of segregation means, however, that people's geographical mobility is a key factor, as it can alter their residential situation and, in the aggregate, change the levels and patterns of residential segregation.	10	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	3a28dec7fc6e37c5a6b569bf9cf981a2	The Government’s response to a recent consultation period proposes a new obligation on energy suppliers to roll out smart meters to all homes in the United Kingdom over the period 2014 to 2019. The roll-out programme will also involve the replacement of around 53 million gas and electricity meters (www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/smart_meters/smart_meters.aspx). They were first introduced in 1909. In 1993, the Government introduced an annual Fuel Price Escalator (FPE), initially at 3% above the rate of inflation, then at 6% after the election of the Labour Government in 1997.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264284425-5-en	3a29a274717292ca18c4296bfb50eab4	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jentsalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. High-quality and equitable education can help Chile build the skilled workforce it needs for a more productive, knowledge-based and innovative economy. Education reforms are also vital to reducing Chile’s high levels of social inequality. The government has started reforms of early childhood education and care (ECEC), student selection and admission processes, public school governance and funding, teacher career pathways, vocational education and training (VET) and tertiary education. In order to reap the benefits of these initiatives and achieve sustained progress, however, Chile will need to continue pursuing ambitious reforms that ensure higher levels of learning and skills for all (OECD, 2015a and 2016a). It is part of OECD efforts to strengthen the capacity of OECD member countries, partner countries and selected nonmember countries and economies to make meaningful education reforms.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	3a2a0a8516e326422013e125c1418de3	Some programmes provide only short-term safety nets and are designed primarily to provide a basic income to vulnerable individuals in times of need. Other programmes, however, run all year round. They offer longer-term work opportunities and, as a result, a more reliable source of income, typically providing individuals with the equivalent of around 100 days of work per year. Some programmes guarantee each eligible individual a certain amount of work each year (“employment guarantee”) while others still aim to fit in with seasonable labour requirements for other activities.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	3a2d0eb0ea718be2e6dd12cf557dfa35	With attempts to mainstream climate change in public policy now underway, there is more urgency to enhance attention to the environmental dimension of sustainable development. In this view, the green economy as a strategy will advance efforts to pursue sustainable development. The National Development Plan committed the GoJ to sector-specific strategies to underpin the overall goal of achieving a green economy.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	3a2d2ee863732ad1d6d8ffc14cc099c0	It also gives many examples. The chapter presents MPIs as a useful and popular complement to countries' national monetary poverty measures, as can be seen from the examples of countries that use national MPIs (and their associated dashboards) as official statistics. Step by step guidelines are provided on how to design and use a national MPI for policy. The chapter also introduces some internationally comparable MPIs, for example the one published by UNDP, and shows what value-added emerges from comparable MPIs.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	3a2e04da76daf1722b08e70cae43b3e2	As the climate changes and flows reduce or become more variable, more licences are likely to require changes, making this problem much worse and more expensive. Officials from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) worked closely with the Environment Agency, and representatives from a wide range of other organisations, in order to fully develop the policy options for reform. These strains can arise from rapid demographic and economic changes, droughts, and climate change, or over-allocation of the resources for consumptive uses.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	3a2e138442df42808c430253dfbb025d	The dependent variable, Poll, denotes the level of pollution concentration (see Section 3 for details), Fragments is the variable of interest. Sources is a vector of variables controlling for the sources of the pollutant, it may comprise variables relative to: population, transportation, manufacturing and agriculture (cf. Moreover, model (1) includes land cover controls (LandCover) which are of interest to test and geo-meteorological variables (GeoMeteo) which may impact the level concentration (Elminir, 2005; Kerrie et al.,	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	3a2f758216032406857513745b5d599b	David Elzinga was the lead author for this publication. Many other IEA colleagues have provided important contributions, in particular Milou Beerepoot, Francois Cuenot, Stefanie Held, Marie-Laetitia Gourdin, Alexander Korner, Quentin Marchais, Ada Marmion, Katherine Prewitt, Uwe Remme, Nathalie Trudeau, and Markus Wrake. The paper was published with financial support of the Foundation for the Global Compact.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3a312b06565a8b99b165fb1d2e38ef66	For enterprises with old machinery, the adoption of a reduced-tillage system typically requires the replacement of outdated seeders with newer units designed to accommodate the technology; this can be prohibitively expensive for small enterprises or family farms (USDA, 2010a). Moisture-saving technologies were applied on 11.7 million hectares sown to grains in 2011, or 72% of the total. This compares to 1.1 million hectares and 8% in 2003.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	3a34ce90af149b9aacb8a79d2b40af4a	It usually takes several years for a whole school to be able to really change perspective and establish new practices. In some subjects, for example Norwegian, teachers have already worked with process-oriented writing, which is based on learning theories similar to AfL. Making this connection allows them to see how to work with AfL in the classroom and how to experiment with new methods and strategies. In other subjects, this can be more difficult. In general, it is not possible to say that AfL has been integrated into teachers’ knowledge base or accepted as a core practice in the profession at present.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e6bb7e7c-en	3a34da8cd62a5e978b5fe3d0457ec400	"Aquaculture has the potential to address the gap between aquatic food demand and supply and to help countries achieve their economic, social and environmental goals, thus contributing to the 2030 Agenda (Hambrey, 2017; FAO, 2017c).However, the growth of aquaculture raises a number of questions in relation to the resources that it consumes (e.g. space, feedstuffs), its products (see ""Fish for food security and human nutrition” in Part 2) and the threats that the sector faces from external factors such as climate change and disease. Spatial planning should integrate social, economic, environmental and governance objectives of sustainable development in accordance with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). The ecosystem approach to aquaculture (see section on this topic in Part 2) and blue growth (see Part 4) are useful frameworks in this context (FAO and World Bank, 2015)."	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	3a3544fff0853654b6202528d41ef9d7	The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528. Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet 385 (9977): 1555-1566. Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d'Economique.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	3a39eecaf6505c125087f1536ad15434	Counterfactuals are usually established to facilitate the impact evaluation of an intervention by comparing the treatment group with a control group that closely resembles the treatment group but that did not benefit from the intervention (Gaarder and Annan, 2013). When focusing on a national approach to adaptation, however, it is not possible to distinguish between treatment and control groups. Similarly, the proposed monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation in Kenya’s Climate Change Action Plan (KCCAP) examines climate vulnerability and institutional adaptive capacity (Republic of Kenya, 2012a).	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	3a3e1ab0788786be850d44d71c036d60	Clearly, a good representation of technology switching is important when projecting adaptation to climate change. Nonetheless, the major technologies are specified in the model in a crop- and region-specific manner. No other land use types are incorporated into the model, limiting its ability to fully account for land use changes.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	3a3fb9dabf82bbb490809186272b5099	If the Matrimonial Property Act is effectively applied, a woman under a community of property system is essentially guaranteed that she will receive half of the joint estate upon dissolution of the marriage. Under a regime of accrual, each spouse retains and administers his or her own assets and liabilities during marriage. However, when a marriage subject to an accrual regime dissolves by death or divorce, the growth in value of assets accumulated by the two spouses during the marriage is automatically divided equally.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	3a3fdd47871f9b8b6b05aad73c727aff	This policy instrument presents a number of advantages for delivering housing support to low-income households but also has weaknesses compared to social rental housing- especially in providing support to vulnerable households. There seems to be therefore room for policy improvement, as privileging support to owner-occupied housing is generally not consistent with tenure-neutrality goals nor with supporting households who are most in need. As shown so far, many households - and especially low-income and vulnerable households -struggle with their housing costs and are often faced with poor housing conditions.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	3a3ff6e0ae6167effa430724028463dd	An example of this is the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) programme in the Philippines, supported by Germany, which works with the Department of Trade and Industry to raise awareness of green economic development, promotes green value chains through facilitation and matchmaking services, and supports the policy framework in the country. In addition, development partners are also increasingly using grant financing in a more ‘catalytic’ way, e.g. through matching grant schemes requiring private co-finance, in order to support particularly innovative companies and technologies, that could play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and that would otherwise not have access to finance. One emerging trend in this area is the increased use of green credit lines, provided through local financing institutional and national development banks, targeting the uptake of green technologies.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	3a430148e76df6e07526c9d1431f95fd	Aside from reducing costs, avoiding the need to increase generation capacity with more power plants, and more pipelines and electricity transmission and distribution lines helps avoid the range of problems that come with building big energy infrastructure, such as NIMBYism (Not In My Back-Yard syndrome). In most countries it can be a very difficult and lengthy process to obtain planning for large pieces of infrastructure like power plants. The opportunity costs associated with planning and commissioning energy infrastructure are high and are best avoided if possible.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	3a439554b19de76b1cebc47709a7b662	If nutrient and organic loading can be controlled and reduced, systems will recover from hypoxia. For example, a hypoxic event in 1976 that affected an area of about 1 000 km2 along the coast of New York and New Jersey displaced demersal Fishes and also blocked the migration of pelagic bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Northward migrating bluefish that encountered the hypoxic zone did not pass through or around it, but stayed to the south waiting for it to dissipate and then continued their migration north (Azarovitz etal., Hypoxia also alters spatial patterns of human use by influencing the spatial distribution of fisheries resources (Selberg etal., Most negative effects tend to occur locally, within the region of the water body in which oxygen concentrations are reduced, but much wider ranging consequences can be mediated through the indirect effects of altered distributions and abundances (Breitburg et al., The frequency and magnitude of fish kills have increased as nutrient-related hypoxia has worsened.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	3a43dbb61452d7b07fd85308f5615747	In the case of the PDI, workers are employed full-time and receive a salary of around TND 320 per month, with no limit on the duration for which they can remain in the programme. In the case of the PDCR, only a few days of work per month are provided, and a salary of TND 120 is paid. While the PCRD is implemented nation-wide, the PDI operates only in 90 of the 264 delegations, selected on the basis of certain social, economic and environmental criteria. In 2012, over 78 000 people participated in these programmes, however eligibility criteria for participation are not clear.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	3a44b8b2bd65cd4501406123f5d4b1c3	Strategic reductions in hospital bed numbers alongside the development of community care services can be expected to shorten average length of stay. The expansion of early discharge programmes allowing patients to return to their home to receive follow-up care and support for hospitals to improve the co-ordination of care for patients across various diagnostic and treatment pathways can also help to reduce length of stay. Data for France are for 1997 rather than 1995.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	3a46245dc600c13f7e3ac99aad8a2581	Although the process has a direct environmental target, a homogenisation of water governance arrangements was de facto and indirectly generated. However, the European Commission has noticed serious delays in the delivery of river basin management plans (RMBP). To date, 91 out of 170 hydrographical districts have published their plans, only 14 countries delivering their plans on time: France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Finland and Sweden.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	3a47de8d26c457e8ed096b97b09a1729	In order to create drivers for such more fundamental innovations, including changes in consumer behaviour, other policy approaches and tools are required. For example, in addition to improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles there is a need to support a range of other developments, such as to stimulate new energy sources for private vehicles, to facilitate the dissemination of social innovations such as car sharing or to develop public transportation systems into viable alternatives to cars. While there is a need for dedicated SCP policies, it is also important to assess the implications of policies in other areas for SCP objectives. There is often a tension between sector policies, for example industrial development, agriculture or construction, that generally aim to boost consumption and SCP policies that seek to moderate consumption levels and shift consumption patterns.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3a4ce529351688e9d16e09b14e02cbb8	He was appointed Secretary of the OECD Working Party on regional development policies in 1992, where he was responsible for country regional policy reviews and horizontal programmes. He has worked with national governments in many OECD countries and has spoken at several international conferences. At NCHEMS, he specialises in state coordination and governance of higher education and advising state governments on long-term strategies to improve the effectiveness of their education systems and linking education to the state’s future economic competitiveness and quality of life.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	3a517f5b8b9645eb2bc092464b9b1090	The quality of education institutions, teachers, school leaders and neighbourhoods can also have a direct impact on individual outcomes. In addition, public policies, such as education and labour market policies, political and economic conditions, as well as socio-cultural contexts, can influence outcomes. Handbook of Economics, Vol.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	3a525f9e9f71942daba97bb0f76eb96a	Recent assessments show that countries' NDCs are not ambitious enough to close the gap (UNEP 2018a). However, the Paris Agreement's review cycle is aimed at assessing collective efforts by countries to implement their NDCs and increase ambition over time. The first important test of this will be if countries indeed offer more ambitious NDCs by 2020.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	3a53b21c9e0c715eff54c121b10ba8fd	The hierarchies in Figure 2.2 reflect what some people believe about the “natural” order of relationships between human beings and how they influence economic, political, religious, cultural and other structures in societies. Direct forms of violence such as crime, civil war or terrorism are expressions of these hierarchies at the national and international levels, as some groups fight to maintain their superiority while others fight to gain power or equalize relationships. White people who create structures that discriminate against people of colour communicate their internalized superiority and their power to enforce inequalities.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	3a567df63a95abaf857cd14fa3a5c3c9	Still, governments face difficulties in reaching the poor, and especially poor children (Menchini et al. Social assistance schemes are not the priority of governments and as such receive only very limited funding. Due to different definitions of social protection measures by different institutions, it is difficult to reconcile the available information.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	3a57b0956897a1fdd01bf22639a13254	There is a growing shift in the economy from easily reproduced goods and services to more unique experiences, especially those based on local or traditional foods. Tourism can also play a major role in developing food exports, both by creating demand abroad and by stimulating tourism expenditure on food at home. Rural tourism can foster employment across various occupational domains and create demand for different skills profiles, including the lower and highly skilled.	11	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	3a5c73e461cf3b92ac30d559124168dd	Across OECD member countries, including the ones of similar scale to Lithuania, it is a sound practice for ministries to have - in-house or externally - an analytical staff who can use this evidence to inform policy, and who can knowledgeably “broker” education research. For example, in the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research a professional staff of nine analysts focuses on providing policy-informing data analysis and research, and in “translating” external research findings to local needs. Their work supports the development of legislation, regulations, strategic plans, and the design of programmes, and the evaluation of existing programmes.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	3a5c8c3fb32a83013d80b687f0a7f5e4	Collected from school registers, school surveys or censuses for data on enrolment by age or level of education, population censuses or estimates for school age population. Data obtained: May and June 2013. Collected from school registers, school surveys or censuses, population censuses or estimates for school age population. Data obtained: 12 July 2013.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	3a5cfb2ada510e5ea3d1eb6fa545cccf	With nearly 5 million workers, the region boasts the third largest labour market in the US and draws workers from beyond the metropolitan area’s outlying counties. Over 21 000 workers living in the Milwaukee metropolitan region (part of the 21-county Tri-State region) commute to work in metropolitan Chicago, around 17% of these workers travel into the City of Chicago. An equal number commute from the Indianapolis metro-region (which lies beyond the 21-county region) into the Chicago metro-region. The region offers a large, diversified pool of highly qualified workers, with a diverse and rich set of skills and attributes.	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-14-en	3a5d8cb60f7c88990b8d1b0eabacf46e	In 2009, these numbers changed to 800 for harvesting, 1 700 for processing and 100 for aquaculture. Segment 4S1 (vessels > 12 m), 4S2 (boats up to 12 m), 4S3 (vessels 12-40 m) and 4S4 (boats up to 12 m). Biomass of the spawning stock of Baltic herring in the coastal Baltic Sea increased by 5% in 2008.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	3a5dc28ce317e7a95e8931a71f2f7780	This coordination can be carried out in formal and informal capacities. Because risk within this perspective is understood as polycentric, no one risk takes priority over the others. The removal of a specific risk may not fundamentally alter the system, and the manifestation of one risk has the potential to trigger other risks within the system.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	3a6062d191f35971a1591e2456d8bab2	Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. It provides an in-depth analysis of trends in labour outcomes of women in India based on unit level datasets of employment-unemployment surveys undertaken in 1999-2000,2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The paper brings out the gender differentials that exist in the employment status of women and men despite the existence of legal and policy framework for the empowerment of women in the country. Le document met en evidence les differences entre les sexes en ce qui concerne I'emploi, et ce en depit de I'existence d’un cadre juridique et politique favorisant I’autonomisation des femmes dans le pays.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077225-6-en	3a629c9297c945d4187f08ee281c6475	In either case, further monitoring and research are needed to understand the underlying causes. Indicators offer a measure of the effectiveness of actions in moving a system towards a more desirable state. For example, if body temperature decreases after taking a medicine, we conclude that the medicine has been effective in combating the disease. To accomplish this objective, indicators should provide an ability to assess cause-and-effect relations. They help policy makers and the public to understand the linkages and trade-offs between economic, environmental and social values in order to evaluate the long-term implications of current decisions and behaviour and to monitor progress towards sustainable development goals by establishing baseline conditions and trends.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	3a639707d020da37a39057e72e3977c4	The properties of fish faeces influenced by the quality of feed can be a risk for water purification in RAS systems (Hjeltnes et al. Threats have to be taken seriously. In worst case changes in the ecosystem food chains can be irreversible. Risks connected to genetic manipulations of either feed organisms or fed animals are a common concern for many consumers and scientists. Fears of human health risks with by-products of animal husbandry cannot be brushed aside. Last but not least of the ethical worries is the net effect of aquaculture on the global protein supply.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-4-en	3a652e33dcc6ad99ba1b61f888a88b25	In many countries, the increasing availability of paid paternity leave is helping to ensure that fathers and mothers have an equal stake in caregiving, thus reducing barriers to women’s labour force participation. Since 2013, approximately two-thirds of OECD countries have introduced pay transparency measures to address wage inequities. Countries are increasingly implementing and strengthening policies aimed at violence against women, which remains endemic worldwide. Affirmative action measures are successfully helping to increase the number of women in public and private senior leadership.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264244566-6-en	3a69232847005c0a63edbf760f1bb59c	Other countries with strong data availability included Denmark (86%) and Finland, Iceland and Korea (79% each). All countries reported national mortality data and virtually all reported national data for in-patient hospitalisations and mental health in-patient hospitalisations, a national population health survey and a national cancer registry. Virtually all also have a national population census or registry providing key population denominators and contextual data for health statistics and research.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	3a6a3309afbcdadd6b3d332750fa72a7	Vehicle and service improvements in the system are subject to constant negotiations between authorities and private sector leaders, rather than by periodically revised standards and clear procedures. The large number of uncoordinated individual concessionaires has made it hard for single operators to function as companies and for the different routes to be organised into a single system. Both of these trends prevent the creation of economies of scale in the sector and increase the obstacles to integrating bus services with other public transport modes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b5c6a68-en	3a6dc0a2e70f9549d785eb82bc2b7f9e	A downstream country, for instance, may be more vulnerable because it has no possibility of influencing water management upstream, but in other cases upstream countries may be more vulnerable because of climatic or economic conditions. Transboundary consultation and cooperation is consequently imperative in analysing and reducing vulnerability. Socio-economic factors can make people and societies more or less vulnerable to climate change, and also alter their perception of their vulnerability. Moreover, differences may exist in social vulnerabilities in different riparian countries. Social vulnerability can be reduced by improving factors like levels of literacy and education, health infrastructure, the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	3a70e8b6f17eccdb6f223d6fbad3926d	It is highest in Nordic countries. Lower public spending on childcare in southern European countries is typical, as informal care is predominantly provided for young children and mainstream pre-school participation begins at the age of three. Public spending on childcare per child is also lower in countries where the private provision of day care is predominant, such as the United States.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	3a7275dbe3d8cb47b11235722fb758ca	Such work could start with an in-depth discussion among relevant stakeholders on how to identify mitigation and adaptation options and to calculate the costs of their implementation, including a modelling exercise. For instance, some donors only report the aggregate amounts committed or disbursed, or do not report to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Creditor Reporting System (CRS) at all. Kyrgyzstan had the smallest committed amount of climate-related development finance recorded in the OECD DAC CRS for the two years between 2013-14.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	3a7590d5ddad96acb5c1615697c62909	I sought to establish forms of fluid contact and dialogue with citizens in the context of realizing democracy. I set out to encourage people’s participation in civil society by allowing them to participate in the creation of public policies on education, early childhood matters, salaries, pensions and a lot of other issues. This took place through the creation of advisory commissions made up of community representatives and experts from across the political spectrum.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	3a767b040281dbd20e91dd2f267dbfd0	For instance, the Australian state of Victoria established a health promotion agency funded by tobacco taxes, and several US states (California, Massachusetts, Arizona, and Oregon) have hypothecated part of tobacco excise revenues for tobacco-related education and tobacco-control activities; alcohol revenue are used for alcohol-related education and prevention programs in New Jersey, Ohio, Texas (Sassi et al., Local taxes can be an important source of revenues, especially in decentralised health care systems (e.g. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Sweden).17 Local taxes have the advantage of creating a strong link between payers and health care service beneficiaries, thus potentially increasing accountability. In addition the level of local taxation may be set in line with local preferences about the level and quality of medical services. However, in the absence of a centrally managed risk-adjusted transfer mechanism, decentralisation lowers risk pooling and might result in larger interregional health disparities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	3a775fc8fe897cedff1f855717617d0d	Learning occurs from birth, as children interact with family and caregivers, and the foundation for all later learning is established in the early years. Poverty, ill health, poor nutrition and a lack of stimulation during this crucial period can undermine educational foundations, restricting what children are able to accomplish. Early childhood programmes contribute to children’s cognitive, social and emotional development and promote their health, nutrition and hygiene.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	3a78071f0bd0b4420734238061302308	Mobility is important to maintain support to the labour market. Kazakhstan, like most OECD countries, may wish to focus on regulating contractual aspects of tenant-landlord relations. The main motivation for restricting freedom of contract is that bargaining between landlord and tenants is often unequal, either the risk that landlords exploit their market power or that tenants hold up landlords’ property (if no sanctions for unpaid rents are provided for, for example). Box 2.10 provides a summary of the rental market regulation in across OECD countries, w'hich cover two key areas of rental markets: rent control and tenant-landlord relations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	3a7e60b778ccfe092524b21087118acf	Higher market participation among women induced by higherwages does lowerthe time available for human capacities production. But gender egalitarian relations of reproduction, buoyed by strong public support for care and the availability of effective care commodities not only protect against time squeeze, they actually induce an increase in the production of human capacities (quantity and/or quality) in the context of higher incomes. From a citizen-worker-carer perspective, this is the win-win scenario.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	3a7f6ddcf2ff7c637286cb56fa3f1a1d	Changes in land use will redistribute the area of the country among the land use categories. If presented in matrix form, the information will show how an increase or decrease in one category contributes to a decrease or increase in other land use categories. Land cover statistics can also be presented in a similar fashion.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9897593b-en	3a83fff58a2c7167d991e736085c12d0	Out of the 18 countries for which a comparison could be made, 11 countries significantly improved scores between the two rounds, and none showed significant declines (Schulz etal., Country scores on the index increased significantly between 2009 and 2016. Female students, those with greater interest in civics and political matters and those with greater civics knowledge held more positive attitudes (Schulz et al., An analysis using 2009ICCS data had shown that students who perceived the classroom environment as open and valued participation in school were more likely to endorse equal rights for all ethnic groups (Trevino et al.,	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	3a85c59ef27c1772c98391b364a15396	In another paper these authors (Martinez and Albiac, 2006) find that water pricing, as advocated by the Water Framework Directive, is inefficient as a pollution abatement tool, and differentiating control measures by soil type enhances welfare, although welfare gains may be small. Yet, this does not imply that pollution control should be targeted with water pricing policies. Pollution control can be best performed within irrigation systems by providing precise water applications and monitoring.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	3a878c0d8f0adf12c2c26d51587738a4	Beyond the what, policymakers need to focus on the how, which requires the identification of possible overlaps in the allocation of roles and responsibilities, asymmetries of information, sectoral fragmentation of water-related tasks, insufficient knowledge, unstable or insufficient revenues at all levels of government, possibly conflicting objectives, as well as accountability concerns undermining the transparency of water policymaking. Similarly, several governance instruments are often needed to overcome identified obstacles. For instance, on the one hand, adopting contracts between levels of government can be a response to objective, funding, capacity and policy gaps.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349918-11-en	3a88a1679da02c652b1233847f30326c	This also provides the possibility to adjust the electricity need according to demand and prices. In the times of high electricity prices, the pumps can be turned off and instead heat produced with fuels in heat-only-boilers or CHP plants. There are some peak boilers in district heat networks or industry utilizing electricity, but they have not been widely used. Partly this is due to electricity taxation: the electricity used forthe heat production in taxed quite heavily in the Nordic countries, which increases the cost of heat production. Leanheat offers building owners optimization tools that reduce the cost of heating and enable preventive maintenance of buildings.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f29e3817-en	3a892e67564ea7b02a7fcde5bf146883	Waste incineration (tyres, used oil and treated wood) in kilns and bathhouses is a major source of air pollution. A large portion of the waste is still disposed of in illegal dumpsites, often in or along stream or river beds and areas where water resources are vulnerable, which causes water pollution. However, no studies have been undertaken to identify possible impacts from the leaks of uncontrolled landfills to groundwater and surface water, and there is no basic frame of reference for setting the objectives that need to be achieved, the thresholds that should not be exceeded and the corrective measures that must be applied. Liquid waste from handicraft activities and most industrial activities are discharged directly into surface water. Groundwater is also affected by the pollutants present in the soil.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	3a8d2884878f0b9eda00e7e89e4edf79	However, “becoming pregnant while still a teenager may make the (associated) problems worse (to an extent that is still undetermined) but not becoming pregnant will not make them go away.” ( Unicef, 2001: 6). Indeed, recent research suggests that transitioas to young parenthood can be rational for some young people and while teenage parents may be relatively poor it has no impact on young men or women’s psychological well-being (Booth et al.,	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	3a8e0727613d427c91f4bd4afdf78439	Upgrading production, e.g. from harvest of raw agricultural produce to processed foodstuffs (FAO, 2016). Table 2.4 provides examples of energy use patterns according to stages of agricultural value chains. First, manufacturing — the foremost component of industry — represents a small share of GDP: 2.4 per cent in island LDCs, 8.1 per cent in African LDCs and Haiti, and 15.7 per cent in Asian LDCs in 2014, as compared with 20.7 per cent in ODCs.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	3a8f2e714f8d1929c608b6a3155d07ff	Concerned with economic development, Mobilis is strengthening its partnership strategy with the local technology industry and is thereby participating fully in the emancipation of the national economy. This project is developed in partnership with Huawei Ericsson ZTE, and it relates to SDGs 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9, building resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation. San Luis 3.0 is the name of the state policy that defines actions to maximize San Luis' digitalization and prepares it for the effects of the fourth industrial revolution.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	3a94b49ae101488470d7bb6f5b86d82b	The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has also collected data on telecommunications services for the ICT Regulatory Tracker (Chapter 5), including information on regulatory authorities, regulatory regimes, and level of competition (ITU, 2017). According to the ICT Regulatory Tracker, by 2015 the majority of the EIF countries had established an independent regulatory authority for telecommunication or ICT; eight have yet to establish one. Since 2012, the government has introduced a new international gateway license to foster competition (Schumann and Kende, 2013).	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3a96fde62481424e7ba769733332534d	The purpose was to prevent sharp price increases and eliminate seasonal price fluctuations. The mechanism includes the establishment of the regional “stabilisation funds” for local food markets. Since 2008, KZT 5.6 billion have been allocated from the republican budget to Social and Business Corporations to set up the Service and Collection Centres (SCC). Budget funds were allocated as a contribution to the authorised capital of the SCCs.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3a983e42abd22256f7142e919676aa29	Agriculture is given a strong prominence in both. The RPJMN for 2005-09 identified agriculture revitalisation as one of the six economic development priorities and the current RPJMN identifies food security as one of eleven national priorities. The relevant ministries prepare their strategic plans in line with the RPJMN for the same five-year period, and the vision and direction of the RPJPN.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	3a9ba47de542b2f692e6bda75e5d597a	Each results chain outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators (see Chapter 5). The NCCAP specifies that although the plan includes long-term objectives, these are not fixed and can be adjusted if circumstances change (Philippines Climate Change Commission, 2011). To ensure that the plan remains relevant, it will be monitored on an annual basis and evaluated every three years.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	3aa1176ef094548212c4bfac066c5226	The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme. These are regulatory levies and not abstraction charges. Revenues have been used for nature conservation, protection of ground and surface water, reforestation, soil protection and decontamination.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77d08b03-en	3aa14850bd6783adfd82cb6f5f78201b	These two causes — lack of demand and lack of political will— seem to have been more important than the technical and methodological problems entailed in time-use research, and it is therefore essential for this research to include an education and information component. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Another is that having the information to hand is not enough: it needs to be converted into tools for public policy design, follow-up, evaluation and accountability. For this, data need to be turned into indicators, and indicators into programmes of action (Eternod and Medina, 2011). It is incomplete because in some cases surveys have been used to support proposals for policies or laws but have not yet translated into operational programmes, while in other cases a process of policymaking and learning is under way and the policies concerned have yet to be implemented. The satellite account for unpaid work is currently under development, with a number of ministries of State and other organizations currently promoting this type of work (the National Secretariat for Planning and Development, the central bank, INEC, the National Assembly, the Ministry for Social Development Coordination, the Ministry for Economic Policy Coordination and the Transition Commission).	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	3aa18792d20771f733f8dbbcf62ebb45	The programme includes 21 districts in Penang island and the mainland, and the states of Kedah, Perlis, and northern Perak. The Northern Corridor Economic Region programme aims to accelerate economic growth and elevate income levels in the north of Peninsular Malaysia. It is part of a national strategy focusing on regions which can benefit from land, labour and natural resources, combining these with manufacturing experience and international linkages.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	3aa1bb7cae4d77deddddcd8388f2cb5a	Co-operation also needs to be strengthened with communities whose livelihood depends on fishing. Integrated Coastal Zone Management tools were specified in 2013 (Decree 1120). Progress in implementing coastal zone management plans should help in balancing economic activities with ecosystem conservation.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	3aa40b1644f2b15713cd164690ab5342	For instance, in Pakistan, women spend 5.5 hours on housework and 1.2 hours on childcare daily, while men spend 2.5 hours on housework and 0.2 hours on childcare. Otherwise, women’s unremunerated productive work will continue to limit their full economic participation, which results in their greater uptake of part-time or seasonal work. The numerical presence of women across a broad range of decision-making forums alone provides only a proxy indicator of the actual influence of female decision makers. Their influence depends on whether and how they represent issues of strategic importance to women.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	3aa62a3eb2e7e6c2b6ffd0ff25eadbfd	Some estimates suggest that municipalities would be willing to accept hospital costs 20% higher to avoid hospital’s closure. Firms are required by legislation (Occupational Health Care Act) to provide preventive care to their employees, but many large and medium-sized employers also provide extra services - in particular access to GPs - free of charge. In the mid-2000, additional services were provided to some 90% of employees with access to compulsory occupational health care services and 45% of employees’ physician consultations -13% of the total number of consultations - were in occupational care (Teperi et al.,	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188617-en	3aa96c7189b0f50730fa2fd77372ac6c	Policy-makers and decision-makers would be well-advised to take note of the scale of the disruptions ahead. It should be pointed out that the shares of variable renewables that are underlying the present analysis are considerably below the ambitious long-term objectives that a number of OECD countries have set themselves in this respect. This section reports the origin of the data used in the study as well as the assumptions and methods of calculation used. A real discount rate of 7% has been assumed to compute fixed and variable costs. When not present in the Projected Costs database, data for a specific power plant type have been replaced by other data available in the Projected Costs study. For instance, data for coal and gas-fired power plants for France are derived from those from Germany.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	3aaa1b8dad5c5c84f80d0af3092477b7	However, direct public spending on child-related employment issues is still low against an ambition of achieving a major increase in fertility and/or female employment rates. The government should increase its efforts to ensure high female employment rates by reforming the tax and benefit system with a view to reducing the strong disincentives to work and to increase work effort by secondary earners, and by strengthening efforts to ease the combination of work and family life. In 1980, the majority of Japanese firms still operated a mandatory retirement age at 55.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	3ab06f7a195b48d19b3945eb66a4e342	The implementation of the Forest Code may encourage landowners to set up protected areas to effectively preserve and manage the set-aside lands (Section 4). Establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated. Partly because of the approach used before 2000, about 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of their surface, include some land on which there are private property claims (Verissimo et al., The expropriation and compensation of private properties in exclusively public protected areas is expected to require considerable financial resources.	15	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-2-en	3ab337686637810ffc9811b81440e352	The need for that understanding - that vision - has never been stronger. The result was published in 1994, in the Committee's General Comment No. The final breakthrough came when the UN Commission on Human Rights, actively supported by the then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, identified and recognised disability as a human rights concern in a series of resolutions adopted in 1998,2000 and 2002. As a logical consequence of this development, in 2001 the UN General Assembly accepted a proposal by the Government of Mexico for the elaboration of a UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/becaa395-en	3ab975996096dfe025c7316d042d08ed	Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in East Africa are associated with increased rainfall and flooding due to El Nino-Southern Oscillation events (Lancelot, de La Rocque and Chevalier, 2008; Rosenthal, 2009; Porter et al., Models based on predicted changes in environmental conditions, habitat types and phytoplankton primary production forecast a large-scale redistribution of global marine fish catch potential, with an average 30 to 70 percent increase in high-latitude regions and a drop of up to 40 percent in the tropics (Cheung et al., Sea surface temperature fluctuations caused mass coral bleaching and mortality around Kiribati's Phoenix Islands in 2002-2003, leading to a decline in coral cover of about 60 percent (Ailing et al.,	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	3ab9785ccded8ad099103889c6e419a0	Over time, implementation of the Transport Sector Plan and its public transport target, as well as fuel tax harmonisation with neighbouring countries, will have a great influence on GHG emission trends. Co-operation procedures for Luxembourg municipalities were worked out with the Benelux partners in the 1986 Convention, and with France, Germany and Switzerland in the 1996 Karlsruhe Agreement. The meetings are devoted to specific economic and social problems (e.g. issues such as territorial planning, employment, transport, culture, tourism and education). Environment ministers and senior environment officials of the “Grande Region” have met several times since 1996.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	3ab9a7b49c20ba5d52e8132b08762125	Independent women” are married to more educated or affluent men and they make their own decisions and are in control of the business whereas “hidden women” have responsibility without control and they deal with the “internal” environment while their husbands deal with all “external” issues. For “hidden women” business does not open networking opportunities. The results of the study by Blisson and Rana (2001) show that informal social networks are more important to immigrant women than formal business networks and that the Asian women viewed their gender, culture and lack of confidence as barriers to participate in formal networking activities.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a98da25-en	3abe2a73c2f9f7e41485bcadb12a3eed	Unemployment triggered by contractionary monetary policy has been found to lead to disproportionate layoffs among blacks in the United States relative to whites, and differentially affects women in some developing countries as well as in the United States (Rodgers 2008; Braunstein and Heintz 2008; Seguino and Heintz 2012). Rather, the question is what the appropriate target should be. A common argument from inflation targeting adherents is that in order to prevent the harmful effects of inflation on long-rung growth, inflation should be in the low single digits. Research on the relationship between inflation and growth shows, however, that much higher levels of inflation are consistent with growth. A subsequent paper co-authored by Bruno and Easterly (1998) yielded empirical evidence that growth rates only declined when inflation exceeded 40 per cent.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	3abe38c571a191f9c9d1722f3435dc08	All new large-scale projects with total costs of at least KRW 50 billion (about USD 47.5 million) are subject to a PFS (save for a few' exceptions). Line ministries are required to submit a project proposal to the MOSF two years before the project. The procedure is organised in three phases, based on interactions between the line ministry, the MOSF and PIMAC: 1) the line ministry selects PFS candidate projects and submits them to the MOSF, which selects projects in consultation with a PFS committee; 2) PIMAC conducts the PFS (through a team composed of external and internal experts); 3) the MOSF makes the investment decision.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f956f9b8-en	3ac0e51b20e795b2d8add24ace5b4d41	The report brings the agenda of the Global Compact and that of SDG 4 closer together and creates clarity for countries now tasked with transforming words into policy and policy into reality. Education is also a critical path to integration into society and the best investment in sustainable development. It provides migrant children with opportunities for their own advancement os well as a chance to contribute both to their country of residence and, in many cases, eventually also to their country of origin.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	3ac2c88413660bc10c66909dc29a822f	In this specific study, Yao et al (2012), use the most intensive for on the intervention, which consists of classroom instruction supported by a number of internet-based educational resources known as the ‘Handover Toolbox’. These answers are quite revealing, and suggest that - much like the last survey -policy makers can do a lot to set the foundations for better safety in primary and ambulator)' care. Information infrastructure appears to offer the most hope for policy solutions.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0a599ec9-en	3ac4772fd3612bb8cfb5438f38435c7f	General improvements in water and sanitation governance and management can make major contributions, but applying an “equitable access lens” is also needed in order to speed up progress. This does not necessarily require setting up new legal and institutional mechanisms and processes, since many existing mechanisms can be used to promote equitable access. It does, however, require a results-oriented action plan building on country-situation analysis and context-specific equity indicators.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	3ac58b1318c277f57f9cc6266a617276	An abstraction/pollution standard which varies according to the type of product that is used (e.g. energy mix) could also eliminate incentives for users/polluters to switch to products that cause less water risk. Conversely, a regulation that focuses on the environmental outcome (e.g. diversion limit or ambient water quality standards) would provide more flexibility for users/polluters to find low-cost improvement/abatement options. They should also not usually specify which technologies are to be used to reach a certain water security target. Regular consideration should also be given to whether existing regulations unnecessarily limit users/polluters’ flexibility to apply existing cost-saving improvement/abatement options - or to develop new ones.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	3ac9c287e80cb2b703c82297f3bbd65e	This development has been supported by the growth of more large scale processing facilities that provide enough waste to justify the investment in a fishmeal plant at the end of the processing line. However, total production of these commodities and the quantity of fish reduced into fishmeal and fish oil are known. Combining this with an estimate of the fishmeal and oil yield from reduction fisheries, the quantity of fishmeal and oil produced from residues can be inferred. Data from Pern, where fishmeal and oil production is dominated by the reduction fishery, were used to estimate these yields.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	3acdb291405f8aed6f9e3905f6564d6c	The average rate of wastewater collection in sewerage collection systems is around 60 per cent for households. Although certain rural areas have developed combined domestic sewerage and storm wastewater collection systems, no treatment is performed prior to wastewater discharge. This situation is getting worse during low flow rates in rivers during summer due to lower sewage dilution.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	3acdec2714296bd666b7d50f8d743c1e	It requires that a monitoring system be established on the state or quality of the physical environment for each “value”. This scheme of monitoring environmental values is derived from EU quality standards.31 The “rules of instruction” refer to any rule relating to the execution of a duty or power by an administrative body. The role of the government within this context is to link the initiatives of various actors who are developing projects that impact the physical environment, and to monitor their outcomes. Where there are undesirable outcomes, the relevant administrative bodies will need to establish a programme to remedy this.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	3ad2b09ceda8f2ae205a166e3fd40051	Are men who take their parental leave in full, for example, seen as uncommitted to their careers and passed over for promotion? Yet today’s economies need all available talent to ensure a sustainable and prosperous future, while the right balance must be struck between responsibilities at home and at work to deliver better lives for all. When asked, fewer women than men say they would prefer to be self-employed.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	3ad5e79f8080ac7145dd7ea7ddf8de6a	Funding is available to assist fanners with implementation. Projects are designed to improve the energy efficiency of the water and waste facilities and to improve water conservation efforts. Eligibility is limited to communities of 10 000 or less in populations that are unable to obtain credit elsewhere.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bd01abcb-en	3ad7fd63221287587aadaed63b19ad37	Generally, the policies discussed above are to the benefit of single-parent families just as they are for two-parent families. Parental leave, if well-paid, and family benefits were found to reduce poverty more strongly among single parents than among two-parent families.78 Paid parental leave and childcare may help single parents to negotiate their work-family conflicts but may also improve their economic outcomes through a life-course perspective: If paid leave and childcare ensure that women remain economically active and independent when becoming mothers (including in partnerships), they will have more and better opportunities for employment if they become single parents later in their lives. Bradshaw and Finch 2002;Gornick and Jantti 2012.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3ada4ac55390cf3960597b5945740103	Five OECD countries (Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark and France) increased their number of graduates and students in this age cohort between 2008 and 2009. In 2006, 37% of Israeli 2-year-olds, 75% of the 3-year-olds, 86% of the 4-year-olds, and 95% of the 5-year-olds were enrolled in preschool programmes. The total number of pre-primary education enrolments stood at 400 000.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	3adedba925925929d74e4c44d6f82ef4	It contains a core questionnaire, which collects household characteristics (location of residence, the sex, age, marital status, and education and employment of all household members, and receipt of social security or subsidised rice programme) and a consumption module questionnaire, which gathers households’ consumption information. Every three years a wider SUSENAS survey is undertaken to obtain additional information covering topics such as health, education and housing. The panel part of the survey is repeated on the same households, allowing the construction of a panel data set for certain periods (such as the period 2008-10, which has been extensively used in this study).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	3ae334fc7081de4fab19cd84ac324244	The Accord also protects workers' rights by making companies legally responsible for making factories safe and protects their right to refuse dangerous work or to enter unsafe buildings. The agreement is jointly governed by companies and worker representatives and includes a central role for independent worker representatives in its implementation. This year its network of 110 independent engineers have carried out inspections at hundreds of sites, identifying more than 80,000 safety issues and suspending production at 17 factories. In the last two years about 200 new garment worker unions have been registered, where 65 per cent of the leadership and the majority of members are women.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	3aeca3777f5de5333eab1cdd6cc68836	A number of criteria to assess indicators’ quality and adequacy are commonly used to provide guidelines for their selection, such as: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound (SMART); Relevant, Accepted, Credible, Easy, Robust (RACER); and Clear, Relevant, Economic, Adequate and Monitorable (CREAM) (European Commission, 2017). Inspired by these criteria and by the discussions within the OECD Water Governance Initiative, some key characteristics for water governance indicators have been identified, such as: be relevant (according to the purpose of the measurement); be participative (in their development); be practical (in the production and collection considering resources and time constraints), and be realistic (in terms of how they will be used) (Figure 2.3). Guiding questions are reported in Table 2.3. Suggestions by pilot testers helped to improve the indicator framework and refine the language.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	3aeeaf95317e4dddde83090bdcd30568	Currently, for example, many of the costs associated with the ecological and morphological degradation of the Lagoon are “externalised”; in other words, these costs are not borne by those who contribute to the damage, like speed boats or industrial polluters. The costs of insurance against increased flood risk are another example of the externalisation of costs. In these cases, costs are increased for the tourism sector and shops, offices and facilities exposed to flooding. But other sectors, such as fishing and agriculture, also bear costs, due, for example, to the negative impact of morphological changes and water pollution. To give just one example, the traditional Lagoon fishery (in existence since records began to be kept) was largely abandoned in the 1980s, a period during which fishing in the Lagoon became largely untenable due to environmental factors.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	3aef895fc1bfa649f8afd921baafdb8e	The benefits can further increase if the public-transport-oriented policies are combined with the car-deterrence policies. This combination of these policies would also prove successful for middle-size and smaller cities. The availability of public transport, as an alternative to car mobility, attracts motorists to give up their cars for urban transfers. This relation is the stronger the larger and more congestion-prone an urban area is, although this rule can also apply to main traffic corridors for mid-size and smaller cities.	11	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	3af06ef20f2173df3de96083b84a3af0	In an innovative programme targeting the needs of inner-city youth in Jamaica, the Jamaica Environmental Trust (JET) has worked with youth and community organisations to arrange trips to nearby natural areas where the youth could gain first-hand experiences with the country’s rich flora and fauna. For many of the youth, having never been outside of urban environments, the experiences provided them with strong and lasting impressions. While these experiences may be frightening to some, for others they provided an entry point to environmental learning.	13	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	3af356f614252e432a7ac1217b230949	Whenever there is a software upgrade or device purchase/replacement, there is a risk of data loss or incompatible physical or digital formats. Obsolescence and limited preservation of digital heritage can have a significant impact on our lives, but more generally for science, education, culture, for economic and social development and our histories. Assuring the continuity of formats and access over time is becoming a serious problem.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	3af374ccb15b9cb673cf3c5821d7a841	This section presents a summary of the fisheries management toolbox generally used worldwide to apply fisheries management administration and discusses its strengths and weaknesses and its responsiveness to the uncertainty of the pending impacts of climate change. The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995) highlighted the common theme in its call for responsible and sustainable management of fisheries. Recently, fisheries management objectives are under criticism in regimes experiencing declining fish stocks, falling catches, and the anticipated negative impacts of climate change on the status of our oceans and waters.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	3af77b6bafc3d7d8ff01a3e2c8945899	On the contrary, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have much stricter norms for women's mobility; correspondingly, migration from these two countries is mostly male, with less than a fifth of women being in the migration flows. As a consequence of this situation, the salaries of female migrants are lower than those of males; as a result, women remit less in absolute amounts although the proportions of remittances from their earnings are the same. However, there is an important gendered consequence of the State's vision of labour migration, which is the lack of legal grounds for the labour migrant's family members to stay with him/her long term. The so-called 90/180 rule does not permit stays of more dian diree months unless die migrant possesses a patent (work permit), residence permit or other special documents.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264176713-en	3af8933c96c9b405005a7fd93914f17c	Evidence suggests emergent literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills; building knowledge of the alphabetic code; and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011). Research also shows that children quickly establish a stable approach to developing emergent literacy skills.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	3af909acaed07042117ac63f920516b2	Chung (2015), who analysed data for Viet Nam’s 63 provinces from 2006 to 2010, likewise showed that investment in infrastructure helped reduce poverty rates. Investment in infrastructure can spur local development (cont.) In the province of Papua, the proportions drop to 29.6% and 19.4%, respectively, compared to more than 99% in both measures in the province of Bali (OECD, 2018a).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	3af9eab65e7ee73087cb19afef90d5c9	It has to be noted that high rates of mean income growth in the bottom decile have to be interpreted with great caution because they are likely to be influenced by the 'regression to the mean'3 and by the fact that small absolute changes from a very low base appear as large changes in relative terms. This shows variation in income growth patterns over the crisis, with relatively higher rates of income growth in the first years of the crisis. The analysis also illustrates that prior to the crisis, relative income growth in households with children was considerably higher in each income decile (see real income growth, 2006-2009 in Figure 1). The income growth was pro-poor in each time period considered, with much higher percentage growth before the crisis than during the crisis.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	3afb87d28a4526539e0462d00facc3e2	What makes the nature of these threats so complex and difficult to assess is the degree to which they are all inextricably interlinked, one with the other. Again, the literature is rich in examples. On a slightly different note, some experts point to already existing cases of deep-seated regional instability, notably in the Middle East and south Asia, and the possibility of that instability spilling out beyond regional borders.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	3afc4e4bf7f4949ee4f2b23af14e7f3e	Persons who wish to acquire or rent an agricultural holding do not need to provide proof of qualification. To become eligible for certain subsidy programmes and to benefit from investments under the rural development programmes, a fanner has to be a member of local Agricultural Chamber and be registered in MOFAL’s Farmer Registry System. To obtain such membership, producer needs to submit an application and a declaration of the land-deed and to pay a membership fee.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	3afd5f82a7232569b17d8595982dcc85	With regard to wastewater management, there is a growing use of separate charges for wastewater collection and for wastewater treatment, with the latter increasingly based on the pollution load of industrial effluents, thus better reflecting actual treatment costs. A variety of water funds aim to secure funding for water infrastructure. For the financial year 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested USD 3.9 billion for Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs) for funding water infrastructure projects.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	3affa4108172fa72c941ae8f2ba985c6	Investment in infrastructure or management practices in some sectors will potentially increase greenhouse gas emissions (referred to here as mitigation-relevant sectors) and the effectiveness of climate finance to advance mitigation will in part depend upon how well it influences these larger sectoral trends of both public and private financial flows. Similarly for adaptation, how climate finance affects the overall risk and vulnerability to climate across the economy will be important and will depend on to what extent new investments take climate change risk into account. Some analysts, for example, have demonstrated the potentially high exposure of development co-operation portfolios to future climate change underscoring the need for attention to climate change in development planning (OECD, 2005; AGF, 2010a).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	3b0001c4d375aa82669f0719930d06c3	The latter part of this chapter then describes and assesses the separate elements of the quality architecture (such as use of guidelines or professional licensing) in detail, in a format that follows other volumes in the OECD’s Health Care Quality Review series. Its approach to dealing with these issues is to forge close connections between policy making and implementation, to better respond to population need at a regional level. This section describes the governance and organisation of NHSScotland, and the state of population health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-5-en	3b0dffb84e7696c18c5955d1d93d5214	In essence, when risks associated with aquacullure are addressed early on and when innovation is embraced, costs of production tend to be lower. The overall use of space and water resources (whether marine or on land) and the potential for conflicts between different user groups is an important challenge which needs to be addressed nationally and internationally. Governance mechanisms that take into account the contribution of different sectors to the ocean economy can help ensure that stakeholders co-operate with multiple government agencies across a w ide area of interests, and across countries sharing marine resources.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	3b0e70372f5c506500f52ac2190e097e	It also discusses the development of indicators, reference points and risk indices for assessing fisheries affected by climate changes. In addition, it demonstrates an approach to evaluating fisheries management from an EAF perspective. Finally, it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses implications for management under changing climate conditions.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	3b0f963466058f0953cb50fbd5ee1ac6	This first variable had one of the highest coefficients, and it was higher in every country for the models for time spent on domestic work. This confirmed that, even controlling for other factors, the differences between men and women were more pronounced in this dimension than in relation to caring for others. Being employed reduced the amount of time spent on both kinds of tasks - significantly so in all cases.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	3b1064a43eef25e79dabf2593b41ef20	The current prices are too low to have any influence on investment decisions. The economic crisis, the changing economic structure and the development of renewable energy all contribute to this situation. Options are under discussion to increase carbon prices, such as setting aside emissions allowances and possibly modifying the 2020 emission target.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	3b132166298898ae3096385e037a291e	The Act also states that special importance shall be given to a precautionary and ecosystem approach that takes into account habitats and biodiversity, when managing marine resources. The Institute of Marine Research (IMR) has been reorganised to take this into account. It has a strong environmental profile, while it also promotes profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry. Aquaculture activities are also regulated by the Food Law.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	3b136187e6359e062fb4407d40a91584	These agreements may take numerous forms, such as conditions on development permits, and mitigation bank instruments or other forms of landowner contracts, depending on the institutional arrangements on which the system relies (see also Chapter 3). Whatever form they take, offset agreements must be clearly defined, transparent and enforceable in order to provide a robust foundation for MRV and compliance at both the policy and the individual site level. Offset supply agreements may be based on the supply of inputs or outputs that lead to biodiversity outcomes or on the biodiversity outcomes themselves (Box 4.5). Such differences have driven many of the documented failures of offset projects in the past (Kenny, 2006). In the Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia and the Native Vegetation Regulations in Victoria, Australia, offset supply agreements define regulatory compliance as the completion of pre-defined land management actions over time (DSE, 2012; NSW OEH, 2012).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	3b137590d74535fba1baec308d390679	For example, within NUDP, targets are set for the percentage of the population in Class IV and Class V cities which would have access to clean water by 2020 (90% and 70%, respectively). Moreover, while the ambitions are commendable, Viet Nam has failed to meet some of these goals and targets. For example, the NUDP sets a target of having 90% of the urban population in Class III cities supplied with clean water and a standardised water supply in 2015.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289346597-10-en	3b16b67b5189a9d511b42e478c649e08	These impacts are avoided if collected wool is carded and spun into new yarn, with the possibility that more benefits can be achieved further down the production line. Although the lower heat value for wool is slightly higher than for cotton, the benefits are also in this case smaller than those calculated for recycling. The obvious explanation of this is that it is more demanding for the environment to produce wool and the benefits from avoided production are, accordingly, much higher.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	3b1806d4eb5f29ed5f04231cf9fd201b	Panel A uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers -housing benefits, unemployment benefits, incapacity benefit, pension benefit, a range of family benefits - plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest 10% of households. Panel B uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates, covering housing benefit, social assistance and child supplements, all measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pre-transfer child poverty rate (i.e. the pre-transfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable), to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of child poverty. Table 2 shows result based on within-country change.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	3b1874f88867f0b7db148c3d957254a4	Run-of-river hydropower schemes tend to be less disrupting, but even they can involve diversions which affect other water users (OECD EAP Task Force, 2012b). The same is true for withdrawals for cooling in thermal power and industrial plants, where volumes of water are typically very large, and with the added impact caused by the release of water at higher temperatures into recipient water bodies (World Bank, 2014). There is no justification for the current practice in Georgia of treating the abstraction of irrigation water on the same footing as thermal power cooling for the purpose of levying abstraction charges.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	3b1a94b16b7e07f61b2c0dc5f2342435	Travel and tourism account for 8 percent of GDP, and agriculture (including forestry) for 10.7 percent. Deforestation rates averaged 1.43 percent per year from 1990-2000 and 1 percent per year from 2000-2010. It is estimated that about 35 percent of tree cutting is illegal, used mostly in small sawmills and by households. The plan states that forests have three purposes: (i) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (ii) conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity, maintaining forest cover at 32 percent (of which 29 percent under natural forest and 3 percent under plantation); and (iii) water resource protection.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	3b1cdacdab6767ef679f661797ba4105	People need opportunity and political leadership to recognise and name the discrimination and privation they face so they can break the perpetuation of internalised and external discrimination. This means people representing themselves in ways that do not demean them, or simply re-produce societal discriminations against them. The label “the poor” is a case in point.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	3b1e879a0758d9e7df3a7e0f98af537e	As structural transformation brings workers from the lower-inequality lower-productivity agricultural hinterland to the urban manufacturing sector, aggregate inequality first increases with development before eventually falling.17 The extent to which this will prove to be case in the large converging countries remains an open question. Even when growth remains modest, countries with adequate financial and administrative capacity can reduce poverty through redistribution. Public action is also important as a tool against non-income forms of deprivation through the provision of key public goods, such as health care, education, water, sanitation, and other services.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	3b1f1dbe9d90040844f7a95bf03ef38a	"The other large exporters are HVAC and building control systems, followed by bio-fuels, green consumer products, air and water purification technologies, green chemicals and organic food (Brookings Institution, 201 lb). Prominent city indexes increasingly include sustainability as a factor of attractiveness or specifically rank cities by their ""green-ness”, including the Siemens Green City Index, Forbes World’s Smallest Cities. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region has the potential to build on its reputation as a leader in innovative architecture and green building design. To sustain this reputation, there is a need to increase the scale of efforts like the City of Chicago’s green roofs and alleyway re-paving initiatives."	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d0196687-en	3b2060567c51401f347c5788de2b1fc2	Turkmenistan, as of 2014, had not reported any renewable energy consumption. Niue closely followed, with a share of 22.6 per cent, which was mostly derived from solar. Fiji boosted its modern biomass power, while solar and wind arc beginning to take hold among many of the subregion’s other small island developing States. Modern solid biofuels accounted for the bulk of the subregion’s modern renewable energy consumption, while hydro was also significant. Meanwhile, solar and wind claimed small but growing shares. However, the country has made significant renewable energy capacity additions during this reporting period, particularly with regard to wind and solar, and is accelerating those efforts.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	3b2091c5649b919bd831162b0ea53822	For new infrastructure projects, it is of particular importance that environmental requirements are considered as an integral part of the planning and implementation process. Where groundwater is already polluted, restoring good quality will be the goal. Prevention of deterioration of groundwater quality and any significant and sustained upward trend in concentrations of nitrates in groundwater has to be achieved primarily through the implementation of the Nitrates Directive and the UWWTD.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	3b233fe482d4df929ba874003628b5ba	The expected prices of wheat and barley in the data are GBP 85.0 and 82.0 per tonne, respectively. The actual net price by producers sold to intervention depends also on adjustment for both transportation cost and quality. The main difficulty of this exercise in the UK is the consideration of the exchange rate risk that is not covered by the intervention price.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	3b294b7d0092a240ad429b794f32b03d	Between 1960 and 2008, the percentage of the total health bill spent on hospitals in most OECD countries increased initially as the acute care era became predominant and later decreased as the prevalence of chronic disease increased. For example, in Australia, the 40.4% of all health care spending was for hospital services in 1960; the percentage peaked at 52.7% in 1977; and by 2007 it had declined to 39.9%. France showed a similar pattern - 30.9% in 1960, a peak of 51.9% in 1980 and down to 35.0% in 2008.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3b312a52c232cbb45f02397b8c9a1ecc	Les menages sont presents sur les marches essentiellement pour vendre le surplus de leur consommation personnelle, et ils sont moins influences par les signaux du marche que les producteurs commerciaux. Ce schema cadre avec celui que l’on observe plus generalement dans les economies emergentes. Les plus fortes hausses concernent le financement des services d’inspection (systemes phytosanitaire et veterinaire). Le financement de la recherche-developpement a egalement augmente, en particulier a la fin des annees 2000. Fluctuantes, les depenses d’infrastructures ont culmine entre 2001 et 2003, sous l’effet de grands chantiers d’amelioration des reseaux d’irrigation et de drainage.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	3b36b4de91ab6959aa02709ef7f96783	The priority areas are 1) social inclusion and recovery; 2) prevention and early intervention; 3) service access, co-ordination and continuity of care; 4) quality improvement and innovation; and 5) accountability - measuring and reporting progress. Indicators included under the first domain relate to education, employment, housing and community participation of people with mental illness as well as rates of stigmatising attitudes within the community. The third domain monitors people receiving mental health care including their pre-admission and post-discharge care, re-admission rates, primary care, emergency department waiting times and prevalence of mental illness among homeless and prison populations. The fourth domain covers standards and quality of care, service user outcomes and patient and carer experiences.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	3b3752f00296d0efb6e5b87d65c1c7a1	A new body could take overall responsibility for the entire VET system at upper secondary and post-secondary levels, including the relationship with social partners. The OECD team noted a widely shared commitment across different stakeholders to work together to address policy reform and to work with industry partners; a newly established council must take advantage of this environment. An earlier Council for Human Resources established in 2000 sought to design a national training and employment strategy. According to the information available in other OECD reports and the background report provided by the local team, a significant consequence of the implementation of this strategy was the reorganisation and consolidation of VET programmes in recent years (OECD, 2010b; SPU-MoHE, 2012:37).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	3b37b4c2013011864d208ec91db6bfbc	The new curricula (which shifted from content-based to competency-based) have been well received. They have stimulated development of local curricula and contributed to co-operation and sharing of experiences between teachers and schools. The assessment aspect of the reform has been particularly positive for primary and secondary education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	3b37c2aac3fa406b79cc7398e9e4f68e	Criticism from family, neighbours and society can lead husbands in Jordan to prohibit their wives from working outside the home. In the lower strata of society, though, a w'oman who works before marriage may reduce her chances of finding a husband, as it is considered a sign of poverty and her need for financial resources. Women from the lowest social classes often work to buy their trousseau and then withdraw from the labour market after marriage (El-Kholy, 2002). Several countries have revoked the principle of women’s obedience, while others maintain it.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	3b37f9a402a99a91bac0b254ffaadb4a	However, one initiative, the establishment of the Carte Sanitaire, provides an inventory of all hospitals, their services, resources, equipment, etc, and is expected to contribute to developing a future hospital plan. Most importantly, there is currently no systematic performance evaluation of the health system Having such assessments done periodically could inform policy-making and help achieve the shift that is needed from excessive capacity and overprovision of inpatient care towards seivices at ambulatory and primary care services. Life expectancy in Luxembourg is among the highest in the EU and amenable mortality rates are among the lowest.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	3b3aa7e0d84a4efdb0538a0109ed385a	"Since EVs will be expensive at first, countries with a large base of consumers who can afford the cost will play an important role as ""early adopters"". Over time, their efforts should bring down the costs for others, in part through opportunities for technology transfer. A key aspect will be for national governments to work together, as they do through the Electric Vehicles Initiative (CEM, 2011), and to work with municipalities and regions to organise plans and responsibilities."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	3b3b25d706d8c2cb58d78baf87cad980	Although New Zealand and the United Kingdom are members of the Commonwealth, Tokelau and Pitcairn Island are not included as Commonwealth Pacific small states in this Report. Part a) is a Tier 1 indicator while part b) is a Tier 3 indicator. Part a) is a Tier 1 indicator while part b) is a Tier 2 indicator. Building the Resilience of Small States: A Revised Framework, London: Commonwealth Secretariat.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	3b3c8496766d60f3808f94257c1abe01	With sufficient warning, businesses can move productive assets to safe ground, and households can shutter windows and reinforce rooftops. Given these varying needs, the warning authorities need to carefully judge how to release information - achieving the optimum balance between timeliness and accuracy. Foresight Reducing Risks of Future Disasters: Priorities for Decision Makers (2012) Final Proj Office for Science, London.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60a8d482-en	3b3ebc35d72b3bf62cc3dc24c21e1230	In the late 1990s, for example, an assessment of publicly financed ESPs in 152 countries found that delivery care and emergency obstetric care were often missing. Once the ACA is fully implemented, health insurance will be mandatory for all citizens and insurance plans will be required to include basic health services. It is expected, for example, that 47 million women will gain access to free preventative health care.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0a98da25-en	3b40e7f68a0ee296d2a32c56aaf0309f	"During the former periods, government budget deficits build up, and during the latter, surpluses amass, resulting in a relatively balanced national budget overthe medium-or long-run. Industrialized economies typically are more able to adopt such policies as evidenced during the Great Recession. That is, they tend to have greater fiscal space—the ability to borrow in order to deficit spend, due to credibility amongst lenders."""	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	3b40e8d265f83efc4eacbe8c12797473	Instead, it is an inquiry into the extent to which the strategy played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions that UNDP made to gender equality and women’s empowerment during implementation of the Strategic Plan, 2008-2013. What is the value added by UNDP in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment results? How effective has UNDP been in building in-house gender equality capacity and accountability frameworks? To what extent is gender equality a priority in the culture and leadership of the organization? What are the key factors contributing to successful gender equality and women’s empowerment results?	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	3b465a9a335fbc1bd3765e55ee28d12c	Some quality indicators are available at a national level, and should be able to be broken down to a hospital level, but it is not clear that these indicators are consistently used by policy makers, managers, or health care professionals. Infonnation on care quality at primary care level is also weak. For example, Latvia conducts only a few health-related surveys, while many OECD countries use surveys as important tools to collect a wide range of information including on patient experience, care co-ordination and patient safety.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	3b466e3ae48dc5258b45916f1d21a4fd	They play important symbolic roles in mourning the loss of soldiers and produce new lives to replace those who died.32 Gender identities exist alongside ethnic, religious and class identities. Women may be encouraged to fight an opposing ethnic group or an enemy of their state. This helps to explain the mixed ways women respond to war, with some supporting it and others working for peace.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	3b48ecef214f39cce31f63e251f23bc6	In France, municipalities and inter-municipal bodies are the primary actors for drinking water supply and sanitation, while regional and departmental bodies as well as irrigation groups are in charge of aquifer and river management. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level? A first category includes countries where implementation of water policies at the sub-national level essentially relies on a single type of actors, i.e. representatives of central government in regions; and a second category includes countries with a combination of several sub-national authorities’ responsibilities in the implementation stage. This often, if not invariably, reflects how decentralised water policies have become across OECD countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	3b48ffc040cab0284589e112358401ca	Many poor, small and vulnerable developing countries, including members of the Commonwealth and the Francophonie (CF) have achieved rather limited GVC participation in more dynamic types of trade to date. In other cases, evidence of the beneficial effects of GVC participation continues to be subject to scrutiny. This chapter highlights three areas that deserve further consideration by policy-makers in order to more effectively deliver inclusive GVCs: the inherent structural characteristics of groups of countries that competitively disadvantage participation in certain types of GVCs; the fragmented nature of global governance mechanisms, combined with fragmented production, which can undermine potential developmental gains; and the potential effects of the emerging global trade architecture on future GVC participation.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	3b4b5e1583d66783b8d708e2e0081a0f	Besides the deprivation headcount ratios of the aggregated number of deprivations, the Bristol approach also concentrates on the analysis of single dimensions, which is examined by region. They demonstrate in their paper that countries or households with the same incidence of deprivations experience different levels of severity. They explore the deprivation distribution to measure the so-called depth (the average number of deprivations), and severity (the distribution of the total number of deprivations) of deprivation among children. Both methodologies follow a rights-based approach to child well-being and account for the number of deprivations experienced by each child. There are, however, differences between the studies: the Global Study adopts a continuum approach to deprivation within a dimension, meaning that multiple thresholds are used to measure mild, moderate, severe and extreme deprivation, while MODA uses single thresholds. The Global study lacks the life-cycle definition of the dimensions and indicators and is limited to the counting approach23 while MODA goes beyond that and incorporates analyses of deprivation indices and deprivation overlaps.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	3b4b82ac5c05545f1e87717e1049397b	These problems are not unique to the Negev, but nonetheless may harm the development of fruitful cooperation between research and industry. Bio-Negev, with the BGU as a key actor, is one of the first Israeli experiences in cluster initiatives and offers a basis to build on. There is no coordinating actor in the Negev as a whole; MOITAL is in charge of coordination. However, this holds back co-operation and strategic thinking in the sub-cluster.	7	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	3b4d62b6c4a5ef53c55042cc8b6c24e7	In at least some respects risks may differ from those associated with ‘substitute’ projects (i.e. fossil fuel plants), and we discuss instances in which this is the case. Investment is partially or totally irreversible when some or all of its costs are sunk. What makes investment expenditure in a power plant a sunk cost?	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	3b4d6bbd6581f13f54bed2795566909e	This should be done in tandem with institutional reforms to strengthen the effectiveness of market incentives although by virtue of raising the opportunity cost of offering exemptions or forgoing fee collection, raising prices will in itself strengthen the incentive to ensure that all water users meet their financial obligations. In response to water shortages farmers often resort to sinking tube wells, which facilitate access to groundwater, increasingly on a private rather than collective basis. The shift towards private ownership of these resources, which offer a finite supply of water, appears to promote more efficient as well as higher value added farming methods (Wang et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	3b52b08d7cd342eb2fbd3b3e2665b99b	"Research indicates that initiation practices are being sustained (Mtumane, 2004 cited in Ntombana, 2011b), and that their value in conferring ""ancestral masculinity"" (Ncaca, 2014) has perhaps strengthened where other sources of male identity have reduced in importance. In South Africa the boy's father or the chief chooses the surgeon who will perform the circumcision and amongst the Chewa in Malawi fathers decide when a boy should join the Gule cult (the secret male-only cult through which initiation occurs). The implication of their peripheral role is that the transition to adulthood primarily concerns the young person's identity within the wider community in ways that de-emphasise intimate parent-child bonds centred around shared domestic space."	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	3b537d8e28ac5ce6a225e8924da00cf2	Several countries have developed combined public-private arrangements for home-based assistance for older adults, the chronically ill and persons with disabilities. The services are basic and usually include personal hygiene assistance, housecleaning, cooking, shopping and companionship. Some encompass primary health care and nursing.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66641c52-en	3b53cdab9c22a9da977302e634dad9df	Nevertheless, the data show that road density might reflect also the area and population of the country23, its physiography and demography (see, for example, the relatively low road density in Canada, Australia, Norway and Finland and the Russian Federation), as well as various other factors related to social and economic development. It is interesting to note that although an increasing trend of road density with the Human Development Index (HDI)26 might be discerned at the national level (Fig ure 3.2), there is not, however, a strong correlation. It sets o minimum ond o maximum for eoch dimension, colled goolposts, ond then ossesses country standing in relotion to these goolposts (expressed os o value between 0 ond 11.	11	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-24-en	3b551c48fa4c0c54577ebd483a7d4ccf	This online conversation about getting more women into the political sphere enables ordinary citizens to participate in candidate nomination and election through a simple ‘type-and-click’ forum. Most importantly, it has removed a critical barrier to women’s participation in politics - lack of information and access to resources - and challenged a common perception that women’s exclusion from political office is acceptable and culturally appropriate.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	3b58c7795a147fa0daec8f6caf4e0d6e	These may be especially useful in cases where local knowledge is less important than technical or industrial expertise. The new marketing campaign, implemented prior to the start of new calls for proposals, identifies the institutions where potential candidates reside and tries to attract them with a communication mix consisting of direct communication (including via social media) with carefully targeted potential applicants, and face-to-face communication. Assistance during the application process is also offered to further promote participation, including support in research proposal writing, budget elaboration and research project management (NRF, 2014). • An efficient communication mix was used in the framework of the project to promote improved political and citizen participation of excluded indigenous people.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3b5a3eeefb7cad59e529468f3c69ba1c	A wide range of input subsidies on fertiliser, seeds, credit, etc., The number and budgetary cost of these measures have grown rapidly since the mid-2000s. The introduction of a targeted rice for the poor programme (RASKIN) in 1998 has allowed the government to steadily increase the minimum producer price of rice, but at the cost of increasing budgetary expenditure on RASKIN.	2	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	3b5aaf7c07bee18855b8f04065806c0f	National gender institutions and the gender mainstreaming strategies and practices they develop, implement, co-ordinate and promote are of vital importance in achieving gender-equal societies globally. Bolster the capacities, mandates, authorities and resources of central gender institutions and gender focal points across the government to facilitate a consistent response throughout government to develop and implement gender-sensitive and responsive programmes, policies and laws across sectors. These should be supported by effective oversight mechanisms for the implementation of gender equality reforms, including relevant legislative committees, supreme audit institutions and/or independent commissions. This can be particularly important in government departments that may not identify their portfolio as having gendered dimensions, such as defence and trade ministries.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b8259a41-en	3b5dcb1ec011b30926e4f962302cdb85	For example, some women living in rural areas may be using family planning methods while being in a post-partum infecund state, or some may be using a family planning method during the post-induced abortion period. First of all, programme managers in Viet Nam need to offer a wider network of family planning services at the grass-root level, especially with regard to supplying spacing methods. This would help to bring down the high use of traditional methods and the number of induced abortions, which can in part be attributed to the high failure rate of traditional family planning methods. It is important to note that the findings show that 64 per cent of induced abortion seekers were using some form of a family planning method, with the predominant one being traditional.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	3b603bf7af0df3241e5167d058ed0f80	The Riksdag has set up an internal audit to determine its institutional gender sensitivity with the aim of developing gender-sensitive measures and flexible working schedules. Accordingly, it now draws up its parliamentary calendar one year ahead, with sittings scheduled on specific days of the week between the months of October and June (OECD, 2014). Canada’s parliament has developed family-friendly, gender-sensitive infrastructure to bridge the gender divide in the country.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/74f4872a-en	3b61568e1dceb1b61bd8837bad74e363	Industrialization was understood to be an inherently dynamic process, thanks to the presence of increasing returns (both at the firm and sectoral levels), complementarities (on both the supply and demand side), learning economies and various other externalities that if successfully exploited could drive productivity growth and support job creation. Accordingly, the state would have to be involved in connecting the investment and industrialization processes in developing countries. The question was how and where it should make that connection.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/66641c52-en	3b628787c09bd46affdda6a1b89dca25	Children and young individuals require special attention, as adequate transport access to educational institutions is crucial for their development. At the same time, elderly and/or disabled individuals also have specific transport requirements. Estimates of the World Health Organization for the previous decade indicate that about 2.9 per cent of the global population was severely disabled and about 12.4 per cent was moderately disabled. The social inclusion of these groups requires reasonable access to health institutions and cultural and social activities and, therefore, increased requirements for transport accessibility (UNECE, 2012).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	3b631746f8ac3c658841615501a39d56	Even though, in many cases, it will take many years to observe actual improvements in water quality because of the geological conditions. In Portland Oregon, Portland Maine and Seattle Washington, for example, it has been estimated that every USD 1 invested in watershed protection can save anywhere from USD 7.50 to nearly USD 200 in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities (Emerton and Bos, 2004). Rather than being viewed as substitutes, investments in these different aspects need to be part of an efficient package of options (Griffin, 2000).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3b67a4d5c937a76e104a656fc485c6c0	The integrated customs area forms part of the EurAsEC and is managed by the regulatory bodies of the EurAsEC. The decisions of the CU Commission were legally binding and effective in domestic law without the need for adoption of a special legislation. Among the principal areas under the competency of the CU are the classification of goods for foreign economic activity; import tariffs (changes in import customs duty rates; setting import tariff exemptions and tariff quotas; the system of tariff preferences, etc.), In the area of non-tariff regulation, the CU co-ordinates export and import licensing, develops common technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and standards and conformity assessment systems.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3b67ed2c408fb9348a08325fa98f3dbe	Furthermore, the most severe accidents have occurred in these stages. Most of the severe accidents involved tankers (collisions, explosions, fires and impact with the ground) and road accidents during regional distribution. In the oil chain, fatalities are fairly evenly distributed among workers and the public (Burgherr and Hirschberg, 2008a).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	3b6e68a716a6b2ddea132316b8025a80	The results of this analysis are presented in Table 14. This result might be driven in part by a large share of single parents among long-term recipients. Interestingly, the gender pattern is reversed in Norway and Sweden, where, perhaps surprisingly, single parents are over-represented in the ‘short spells’ group.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	3b701ca3b1ac56885a168663fccbb89d	The 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly identify the urgency for the global economy to shift to a low-emission climate-resilient development pathway, to avoid costly effects of climate change for sustainable development, and adapt to the impacts that have already been locked in. The mining sector is often associated with negative impact on the environment and climate, and surrounding local communities. The sector is also frequently viewed as operating in a silo, and disconnected from the rest of the economy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	3b72e490cae580a66d1beed91d598a5f	There appears to be a reasonably high degree of compatibility between IP and acquisition finance, for two reasons: firstly, a substantial proportion of the assets ultimately acquired through acquisition are intangible, and deemed to be of utility and value; secondly, intangible assets may, in some circumstances, be a decisive contributor in the appetite of the purchaser to buy, and the price they are willing to pay. Each of these two aspects is briefly considered below. Past research into these filings conducted by Deloitte (2007) and KPMG (2010) has found that the identifiable intangible assets component can represent a substantial part of the value attributed.	8	3	2	0.2
10.1787/c69de229-en	3b73d1eeaaa455228b78e1b1ccb7cd0c	Moreover, a budget-neutral redistribution of family and housing benefits to poor families can help reduce child poverty in many countries. But, such a reallocation of benefits does not lift children from very low-income families out of poverty. These children often experience multiple aspects of material deprivation (including poor housing conditions and a lack of educational opportunities), which calls for a comprehensive strategy combating poverty in all its dimensions. Les tendances de la pauvrete et du niveau de vie des enfants de families a faible revenu depuis le debut de la Grande recession sont egalement examinees de pres: pres d'un enfant sur sept est pauvre en revenu dans les pays de l'OCDE, et la pauvrete des enfants a augmente dans pres des deux tiers des pays de l'OCDE avec la Grande Recession. Environ un enfant sur dix dans l'ensemble de l'OCDE vit dans une famille dont le niveau de vie est inferieur au seuil de pauvrete de 2005. Les enfants de families a faible revenu ont connu une baisse de leur niveau de vie dans de nombreux pays, la baisse etant souvent plus importante parmi les families a tits faible revenu.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	3b77860e10e412726a7ff58ecbb4ec83	This way, low initial rates can foster political acceptance and give stakeholders time to adjust, while increases over time guarantee stable revenue and maintain environmental effectiveness. If uncertainty about the predictability and longevity of a tax rate emerges, investors may regard the risk of low-carbon, energy-efficient or pollution-reducing investments to be too high. At the same time, incentivising private investment requires additional measures to minimize risk and create stable investment frameworks that guarantee - or at least increase the probability of - a safe return. Such measures can include low-cost loans for private investors, accelerated depreciation, preferential interest rates or, for renewable energy, long-term power purchase agreements (Cottrell, Fortier and Schlegelmilch, 2015).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	3b79eaca6059c997625e4fe4d6597bf9	These numbers compare unfavourably with the average (unweighted) post-tax and transfer poverty rate across OECD countries for both men and women, which was around ll%in2012-a decrease from an average pre-tax and transfer poverty rate of 28.5% (OECD, 2016e). The effects of redistribution in Chile and Mexico are thus quite small compared to the average effects in other OECD countries. Indeed, the region’s rate of adolescent maternity is now the second-highest in the world, surpassed only by sub-Saharan Africa and adolescent pregnancy is most pronounced in low-socioeconomic groups, which contributes to intergenerational poverty (Vignoli, 2014).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	3b7ceae85201f8c830a8a288be4e3844	By contrast, the relationship between the SIGI and physical capital is mixed: while naive regression with capital stock as the dependant variable yields a negative and statistically significant association, the association vanishes when including additional controls. They are available upon request. In this section, the 2SLS coefficients of the previous growth equation (equation 6) are used first to quantify the economic cost of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and second to estimate the economic gains associated with greater gender parity.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/db521e55-en	3b82b7755f128e02c39ba3eea679e492	The transparency framework under the Convention was also strengthened by establishing a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to monitor implementation of pledges submitted by all Parties on a more frequent basis and with more detailed information and technical rigour. In September 2011, he launched the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (SE4A11), which aimed to provide universal access to modern energy services, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. First, the initiative successfully catalysed partnerships between developed and developing countries and between multilateral institutions and the private sector.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204256-10-en	3b845e33445dd76df7779c70eca1f3f4	This would help public employment services to identify the most appropriate course of action for each job-seeker. Differences in returns as proficiency increases vary across countries, more so than for employment status. For instance, within countries, the top 25% best-paid Korean and Japanese workers scoring at Level 2 in literacy earn more than the median hourly wage of those scoring at Level 4 or 5 (Figure 6.4 [LJ).	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	3b869f4e538288e169ffbba076f38a56	The total resources distributed through this system have declined and became negligible in 2009-2010.14 There have also been some concerns regarding transparency of the process in awarding preferences. These VAT exemptions apply only to products which are not available or produced in Ukraine. In 2010, only a few among the major Ukrainian energy companies included special sections dedicated to environmental issues on their websites, but the situation in this area has been rapidly evolving, partly under the influence of foreign firms that introduce their home country’s corporate practices in Ukraine.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a0e5fdd9-en	3b87a591aa47cbfc087101a90f67d81b	The practice in Mongolia is different. In this category is also reported manufacturing waste similar to MSW (waste from food and beverage production, textiles, leather, furs etc.), Therefore, this category of waste was excluded from estimation of MSW generation and was used for estimation of manufacturing waste generation.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	3b888fd9d55adba7d31fb5ad9dd12e98	Can these benefits provide a new stream of revenue (public or private) to finance the costs of investing in and operating SWM for the management of flood and drought risks in the agriculture sector? What are the potential benefits of such extension for the broader community (e.g. when agriculture water can supply cities in cases of severe droughts, or agriculture land can provide a buffer to manage flood risks)? This may be appropriate in the Korean context, but may create difficulties in developing countries. The diffusion of SWM abroad should be combined with the construction, operation and maintenance of ICT facilities considering the unique economic and social situations of each country.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/73d010ed-en	3b8b8759ab6e91f910469afeada275e3	Both of these effects may also occur at one and the same time, with the net effect being determined by the structure of the economy (Blecker and Seguino, 2002). The former is a trend that progresses at a faster or slower rate according to an economy's income levels (and those of its component sectors). The latter is more strongly influenced by the point in the business cycle at which an economy finds itself and by the prevailing welfare regime.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	3b913ca7d4af7a93a72ad8d3ba41ad20	Most of the 5 million deaths occurring every year from epidemics of the major infectious diseases—such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and viral hepatitis—occur in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, 80 per cent of the deaths in 2013 from non-communicable diseases—such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes—occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of access to essential medicines is one of the contributing factors to these deaths, many of which were preventable.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	3b91a412e57317fa624f9430c757b267	So far, 13 796 compact cars, 3 568 hybrid cars and 24 electric cars have been registered in Suwon, and the city aims to increase the number of electric cars to 1 000 units by 2018, while replacing 50% of its official-purpose vehicles with electric cars. The fundamental philosophy of the city government is that ensuring the right to mobility for vulnerable users is a prerequisite to ensuring the full realisation of the universal right, because all citizens are bound to fall into a vulnerable state as a child or an elderly. In this respect, policy makers are trying to find the right balance between profitability and social equity.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2016-12-en	3b9573064eb3a8f59fe7b5eed6cfeb5e	In real terms, however, all prices are expected to decrease over the next decade from the record highs attained in 2014. Production is expected to reach 196 Mt, with an overall increase of 29 Mt, or 17%, between the base period and 2025. Most of the production growth for fish will take place in developing countries and in particular in Asia. As capture fisheries production is expected to increase by only 1%, by 2025, the majority of growth will come from aquaculture, which will surpass total capture fisheries in 2021 (Figure 3.6).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-16-en	3b95cfdaa0e58024b7912b7f7159541c	However, rural as well as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations have lower academic performance and less access to tertiary education than the national average. A high proportion of children are enrolled in early childhood education, and school is comprehensive until age 16. School choice is widely available compared to the OECD area. Secondary and tertiary pathways aim to prepare students for social integration and entry into the labour market. Attainment rates in upper secondary education are at the OECD average.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	3b963850024e443d7d99ad0310f63c92	Informal entrepreneurship data is also collected in five year intervals for manufacturing and services (108 million employed in 2010, of which 35 million in manufacturing). Another source for employment data is the IHDS five yearly household survey, but the latest publicly available data is from 2005. The unorganised sector consists of all incorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale and production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten workers (or twenty if not using electricity).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	3b97d2507104708dc9ccaa093c26be17	Why then should it be adopted at all? The underlying motivation seems to be obsessive zeal with regard to making absolutely certain that no non-necessity enters the poverty-line basket. A monetary poverty line postulated by such a methodology cannot by definition be a basic-needs line: it is guaranteed to short-change the poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	3b986d6ad74c6ba55a7a362297d5e3f8	For example, if police in a particular location are rigorously enforcing the use of restraints, restraint wearing rates will rise. Conversely, a lack of enforcement will typically see poor wearing rates. Intermediate outcome measures also include independently conducted public surveys that will test the perceived likelihood of being caught speeding, belief that an individual can predict where a compulsory breath testing checkpoint will be and admissions of drink driving. These survey measures provide valuable feedback to police on how effective their operations are in changing public attitudes and behaviours that cause or worsen road trauma. It is important to compare offence detection rates with known offending rates. As enforcement of given offence types rise, actual offending rates will fall.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	3b98a86bfbdcaba49352ff2aa125281f	Farmer skills are also important to adapt production as consumer demand patterns shift away from traditional grains with rising household incomes. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) defines food security as the ideal in which all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The task may be particularly challenging in China: it has around 20% of the global population with just 10% of the world's agricultural land and below average water resources per capita.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3b995cc3ee1388e59def7315594577cc	Since then IAARD, has taken steps, through ICATAD, to develop a research consortium programme with universities, establish partnership programmes with private companies such as PT DuPont Indonesia, and increase collaboration with local governments. Finally, although the AIATs are crucial to strengthen the linkages between research at the central level and extension agents in the districts, it is debatable whether each province needs such an agency. A system by which AIAT centres are positioned with agro-ecological zone specialisations, serving all provinces concerned, would foster cross-province co-operation, lead to less fragmentation and reduce the potential for duplication of efforts and functions at the provincial level (World Bank, 2012). Research in each province should be focused on two or three commodities having highest comparative advantages or potential.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	3b9a61a931b4a5683c93de61b3716e9b	It has also given increasing prominence to green growth and, in 201B, established a Directorate for Green Economy in the Ministry of Environment. Before an industrial plant can be established, a company now must show an environmental and social impact assessment and an environmental and social management plan. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cote d'Ivoire has been active in promoting green industrialization. The target is to increase that share to 40 per cent by 2020.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	3b9aa1ceb57dc7d82e1f0002b51a1159	Therefore, further analyses were undertaken using indexes of inequalities which overcome, at least in part, the problems just described. Disparities in drinking patterns related to education level and the socioeconomic status are assessed and gauged using the concentration index (Cl). This study uses the corrected Cl proposed by Wagstaff (2005) in order to take into account the bounded nature of the health outcome (e.g. probability of being alcohol consumer). The Cl is bounded between -1 and 1, with the sign indicating the direction of inequality -a positive index indicates that the well-off are less likely to be alcohol consumers (or hazardous or heavy episodic drinkers)9, a zero value indicates no inequality, and a negative index indicates that the well-off are more likely to be alcohol consumers (or hazardous or heavy episodic drinkers)10.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/ed3c16ff-en	3b9af6319947977f2c9e6b260f6c295f	This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons. Org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endorse any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO or OECD logo is not permitted.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	3b9c2fabc9259db9adbd24e30338917e	Local bodies are responsible for the removal, collection and disposal of solid waste in urban areas. Until recently, the conservancy section of the city corporations and pourashavas carried out waste management, including sanitation, cleaning and other associated functions, while the transportation of waste and other engineering functions were performed by another department. As that system weakened the chain of command, Dhaka City Corporation recently inaugurated a waste management department to perform all of the waste management functions in a combined manner under a single line of authority, but this approach has yet to be replicated in other urban areas across the country.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	3b9d5a668914034e6f32fe8c7ca15493	Traditionally, both national and firm accounting practices treated investment in non-market intangibles, such as internal R&D, as current expenditure rather than as investment. National accounts have now started to capitalise, even if only partially, investments in intangibles such as software and R&D. However, most intangible investment is still excluded from the national accounts. In particular, the rate of change of output per worker increases more rapidly in the presence of intangible capital, and capital deepening -tangible and intangible - becomes the dominant source of labour productivity growth.	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599598-13-en	3ba373ac1818c38339411e23ef486a59	Return on investment, which may encompass wider benefits of improved community well-being and safety, can be particularly evident in respect of local developments. As such, it is at the local level that public-private partnerships to generate investment in sporting facilities and spaces may be realised. In a ‘sports-led regeneration model, event hosting and/or the construction of sport stadiums represent catalysts for broader urban planning and development projects.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	3ba5b9adf303568fa0e7aa0b85d3e418	Well-organized zoning policies contribute to the efficient use of space whilst minimizing the industry’s environmental impact. Thus, effective management of marine space is necessary to ensure environmental sustainability. Moreover, it also ensures balanced co-existence between different user-interests in coastal zones.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	3ba7eb8211196b324fe585c0ba20f2b6	Many jobless people who wish to work or find training and education opportunities that may lead to employment, do not know how or where to start. Guidance services are one of the most effective strategies to inform unemployed adults of their options and encourage them to pursue new opportunities. Many adults have not been able to take advantage of such a service since their school years, since adult guidance is an undeveloped resource in many countries (OECD, 2005). The most vulnerable groups of adults need to be identified and offered targeted learning opportunities tailored to their needs. This report has focused on providing learning opportunities to adults with a low level of education and skills. They include specific population groups who experience particular challenges and barriers to learning, such as: unemployed young adults; women who have been out of the labour market for a long period; single mothers; and immigrants without language skills.	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	3ba7fead163c910f3d6f47c6234cc726	Concentrating urban growth along high-capacity transit corridors and establishing transit nodes is increasingly being recognised as a way to moderate climate change and increase the mobility of low-income residents (Cervero and Dai, 2014). In this, Cuernavaca is not alone. It is a common challenge for many cities in the southern hemisphere to be historically dominated by a quasi-informal network of privately-owned transport operators that are resistant to new public operators (Flores Dewey, 2013).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	3ba979ee85c5023a3265984d7c3c95ab	"The advantage of these hybrid systems is that they can be responsive to the needs and demands of all, irrespective of income or wealth. "" It is often argued that private production is more responsive to consumer demand, but the response is only to consumers with enough money"" (Elson, 2011). It is important that social production responds not only to the rights and interests of producers but also to the rights of users. This would require the strengthening of rights of users and building direct links between producers and users."	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/18a859bf-en	3baad741895e93180e871122b3728e8d	This shows that while the share of climate-related ODA remains relatively stable since the introduction of the climate adaptation marker in 2010, the select key basic social services and infrastructure sectors have changed slightly during that time. Education decreased from 8% of total ODA in 2010 and 2011 to 7% in 2013, while health and water supply and sanitation have increased one percentage point in the same period. There has been a noticeable decline in support to governments and civil society, down from 14% in 2011 to just under 12% in 2014, although it is not possible to connect this to the increase in climate-related ODA.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f29e3817-en	3babf8160128b0afb75ceb11eaa01fb5	No monitoring or supervision is planned after rehabilitation. Expertise in rehabilitating former landfills is still minimal, both at design offices and the companies that are active at the sites. Furthermore, regulations are lacking, as is an implementing decree. The construction of new controlled landfills is subject to environmental impact studies.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3bad9086a99b9f99f5ea3a937e3429d9	Kazakhstan has turned from a net exporter to a net importer of beef, but in contrast to the milk sector, imports play a minor role in beef supply, with the country’s self-sufficiency ratio in beef at around 95% over the past two decades. Imports are mostly frozen beef from Argentina, Australia and Poland. Imported frozen beef is utilised by processing plants for sausage products and prepared foods, and is preferred due to its stable high quality and lower cost compared to fresh or chilled meat.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	3bae367e06cb079e051f675fcf5e30ff	Expropriation powers across OECD member countries (conl.) When local plans zone areas in a way that make it impossible for a private land owner to generate a reasonable return from it, the state can be obliged to expropriate the area and pay compensation for it. However, the requirement to compensate land owners does not cover areas used for the construction of roads. Expropriation of private land for other uses is not possible, but the state can expropriate land and sell it to another private developer. While legally possible, such a procedure would face increased political challenges and legal scrutiny.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	3bb340a13895c41aa1eac7bcf128aa33	The UN Atlas 2010 records that today about one in every three people on the planet lives w ithin 100 kilometres (km) of the sea, and 44% of the w'orld’s population (more people than inhabited the entire globe in 1950) currently live w'ithin 150 km of the coast. Overall, average population density in coastal zones is three times higher than the w'orld average, and in recent decades the overall growth of coastal populations has outstripped that of inland populations (Crawford Heitzmann, 2006). In deltas and flood plains, i.e. areas most exposed to flood risks, the population is expected to increase rapidly - by 50% between 2000 and 2030 according to Neumann et al. (	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/985d3253-en	3bb382d3f0781fc198986a26e218ee84	According to FRA 2015 fellings exceed annual allowable cut by ten times, a clearly unsustainable position. More than two thirds are managed for its protection functions, although different terminology is used by the Forest Code of 2005 (Kocharyan, 2005). For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website.	15	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	3bb4b93daabbbc7588c31e118ffdd84b	This could be facilitated if higher education institutions were requested to elaborate joint regional strategies. Internships programmes should be generalised to all students, including social sciences and arts in order to develop capacity for innovation services. Part 1 Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya. A Strategy for Penang, Development Research Group, director’s Office, World Bank, Washington. Paper presented at the 2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Atlanta, USA.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	3bb51aa42a1c86089a1897357399d26f	The geothermal energy is sourced from outside the Cebu province and is supplied by the Tongonan Geothermal power plant, in Leyte through submarines cables. Thanks to that, geothermal accounts for 46.40% of power supply. Hydro power for Cebu is sourced from three facilities located in the western side of Cebu Island (0.50MW Mantavupan Hydroelectric Power Plant in Barili, 0.50 MW Basak 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant and 0.750 MW Matutinao Hydroelectric Power Plant in Badian).	11	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	3bb8a1c47b65ebd6b39c162485c3370b	A woman with completed primary education has about the same probability of participating as the illiterate one, while high-school graduates are 4pp less likely to be active on the labour market relative to the same group. In the Western Region there is no statistically significant difference in the likelihoods. The education level is the only variable at the individual level whose effect on participation is different between regions.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	3bba5360294506de5248a1237fdc5c25	Nuclear power is frequently considered a pure baseload technology working at the rated power level for long periods of time. This baseload working mode has two advantages: (a) technical, commercial and organisational simplicity; and (b) it is the commercially most advantageous form of operation in a context of stable prices for electricity. High load factors over long periods of time are essential to pay back the investment costs of high fixed-cost and low variable-cost technologies such as nuclear energy.7 Unsurprisingly, nuclear energy is thus used in baseload mode in most OECD countries. A high ratio of fixed costs to variable costs is a characteristic that nuclear energy shares with most renewable technologies.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	3bbba711ce5a3a1441210e8527d193ae	Second, clearly specified service level contracts were agreed between the GORs and their central government departments. These contracts established output and expenditure targets by programme for each region. First, between 1994 and 2000, the Regional Directors leading each GOR reported directly to individual Ministers in their 9 sponsor departments.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	3bbc73b045124d142b0e870ecfce40e1	The data contains detailed information on expenditures and transfers (based on diaries), and data are adjusted in a complicated and non-transparent manner to account for sampling and non-response biases. The only source of data on aggregate incomes of Russian households is the balance of monetary incomes (and expenditures) of Russian households; Rosstat compiles this dataset on the basis of all available sources of information (including wage surveys) for both national and regional levels. These two sources are then “combined” to estimate an income distribution on the basis of the HBS data assuming that average household income is equal to that estimated on the basis of the balance of monetary incomes.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	3bbe79d39aae0c1630c2aaa0ce2cf689	Stronger rural-urban linkages can result in better economic and social development outcomes and benefits for all participants. These serve as just a few examples that highlight the importance of rural policies for the country’s development. While once focused almost entirely on agriculture, there is an increasingly multidimensional view of rural development that encompasses support for economic diversification. In equal measure, there has been a shift from a highly centralised top-down approach to policy making towards one where a broader array of actors are involved in elaborating and implementing policy, including community-based groups. Successive decentralisation reforms have been formative in promoting local community development; however, this process of decentralisation is by no means complete and moreover, silos between agricultural and rural development policies persist. As will be discussed, more could be done to align these incentives and improve the effectiveness of rural policies based on local conditions and needs.	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	3bbebd27e9099042f83f4f1b53c31344	However, substantial declines in remittance inflows created serious difficulties for the poor households that, over the years, had come to depend on remittances as a way of coping with poverty. Much of the rapid economic growth in these countries prior to the global economic crisis came through increased external integration, mainly through trade and investment, particularly in natural resources and remittances. During the crisis, despite rising protectionist pressures and temptation to reverse externally oriented growth policies, the Asia Pacific LDCs generally maintained their commitment to keeping trade, investment, finance, and labour markets open. Moreover, reforms to improve the business climate and encourage FDI inflows continued.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	3bc1b70e072ba488e576fe3593d927db	The combination of lack of fiscal incentives and development control has created a vicious circle leading to an unprecedented housing shortage and severe housing affordability crisis. To provide an order of magnitude of the effects of the development control system on housing markets, Hilber and Vermeulen (2016) estimate that housing prices would have increased 100% less between 1974 and 2008 in the absence of any regulatory constraints. These requirements usually consist in attributing land use type (residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed) to plots of land zoned for new construction and in defining the development intensity (in the form, for example, of floor to area ratios).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	3bc23f6422068c834cfdfa78bea107d1	Individuals who are still deprived may be the most difficult to reach—geographically, politically, socially and economically. It is time to push to eradicate the remaining deprivations not only in access to health care, education and livelihoods, but also in other dimensions of well-being, such as security, freedom of participation in political life and access to advanced, high-quality services. Some barriers may require technical solutions—greater fiscal resources and development assistance, gains in technology and improved data resources for monitoring and evaluation (see chapter 3). These barriers can be addressed, albeit not easily, through changes in national policies (see chapter 4) and in international systems (see chapter 5).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9f4e280f-en	3bc321a049fcfa61e17bc12c0d696c38	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Nonetheless, the absence of clear whole-of-govemment measurement, accountability and monitoring frameworks for these strategies also stands out as an important barrier to ensuring effective implementation. Further incorporation of gender equality objectives within the overall government planning process is needed to reduce the risk of marginalising gender equality initiatives.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	3bc3f9d2658b5b54be4d4c778332a502	They have the potential to overcome fragmented policy silos, for example, by integrating ecological dimensions into social policy (as discussed in chapter 2 in relation to cash transfer and public works programmes), or by integrating social components into green economy approaches. Costa Rica provides a relatively successful example of eco-social development in which the state has played a fundamental role in incorporating people into markets and social systems by promoting productive (often public) employment and universal social policies.70 In addition, Costa Rica was an early promoter of environmental sustainability and, in 1997, among the first countries to adopt a national PES scheme for forest conservation and regeneration. With regard to climate change, Costa Rica is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2005 levels by 2021 and achieving a carbon neutral economy by 2085.74 In order to effectively tackle climate change, the government has put in place a comprehensive policy package addressing issues of both mitigation and adaptation and underlining the need for an integrated focus on energy and climate policy.	13	0	9	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	3bc45d0da33f68cd9e43acbb77b9a164	One serious obstacle to the TBT Agreement is the fact that only one entity in the world, the FAO/WHO JMPS, can conduct a conformity assessment of a product to the standard since only the JMPS has access to the confidential information contained in the standard. This is a serious operational bottleneck since the JMPS does not have the resources to evaluate conformity assessments on a timely basis. The rate at which specifications are evaluated and determined by the JMPS was presented, demonstrating a real capacity of fewer than five specifications per year.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	3bc5f26eb3dfd1ab69ae7f0d9e2c712c	This in turn may leave a vacuum in specific rural areas in the country of origin, which then leads to internal migration across rural areas. Alternatively, when sources of internal migrants to cities become exhausted, international migration can substitute for internal migration, as has happened in developed countries. This highlights how measures linked to purely internal or international migration may not lead to the desired policy outcome unless the other dimension is also considered.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c607b535-en	3bc6488b81c39f3000ae3ac9622960b3	We therefore revert to the simpler method to linearly interpolate values of the CVs in the years between surveys. The main drawback of this modelling choice is that, when the last available survey dates several years back, the value of the CV is kept constant. In such cases, changes over time in the ability to access food by different strata of the population that are not fully reflected in changes in the average national food consumption, are not reflected in PoU estimates. To generate national-level three-year averages for 2015-17 and annual values at regional and global level in 2017, projections are needed.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3bc6bca04e14e4c1da17af11afe56834	This implies taking into account profile costs, balancing costs as well as increased outlays for transport and distribution grids. Some decisions, however, will inevitably need to be taken at the system level in a centralised fashion. The previous sections have discussed at length the fundamental challenges that they pose for codification and monetisation. Needless to say, these difficulties diminish neither their economic relevance nor the high priority that they often have in policy discussions.	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	3bc9fb4e85e85a830997981db1fcfc79	The proposed trans-Afghanistan pipeline, which will connect Turkmenistan with India though Afghanistan and Pakistan, is another example of a project to be implemented in coming years. Further cooperation among the economies of the subregion could lead to the creation of transnational transport infrastructure, and the elimination of barriers and obstacles to the movement of goods and services could further accelerate development of these countries (Farra, 2012). Poor weather in late 2012 in areas producing wheat and maize became the main cause of reduced harvests and consequent food price spikes all over the subregion.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	3bca02f3d0448345917f1b413abaab24	Though there are likely to be additional impact evaluation and CEA studies available, this sample is nevertheless likely to represent the majority of studies that exist at this time. These are Ahmadia et al. ( Time-series data is planned to be collected in order to undertake a full impact evaluation study.	15	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	3bcb4e6bb64abd377f0ce4ceaba21e04	By using Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions (Firpo et al., The first, which is referred to as the composition effect, is related to the overall changes in the distribution of observed characteristics of households (e.g. the proportion of households with a female worker), and the second is the wage structure effect, which captures the overall changes in the return to households with a female worker. By this setting, the wage structure effect also includes changes in the return to unobservable characteristics.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	3bcce687a978fe01c92b2d2a5d5328ab	Those who work long hours in paid employment sell their time to the market and, when there is a high price differential between their income and the price of care, they can opt to buy that care. Most middle- and low-income persons, especially women, must look after themselves and their family because the level of their wages, the amount of work that they sell to the market and other cultural components make it difficult for them to contemplate paying for care. In this context, it should be pointed out that the care market —even in most of the developed countries— is generally very precarious and highly stratified, both in terms of its potential coverage and in terms of quality.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264079915-7-en	3bce309b7822554b69a70d5165e0bc92	For them, subsidies include all government interventions, or even lack of intervention, that affect the fisheries industry and that have an economic value. This covers services, direct financial transfers and indirect transfers (such as tax exemptions); regulations (such as import quotas, foreign direct investment regulations, gear regulations); and lack of intervention (for example, free access to fishing grounds, lack of management measures, inadequate enforcement). It is hard to compare these estimates, given the different data sources, methodologies, timescales, geographical areas and definitions used.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	3bd0334bae557f9109d33e84d5d2de19	Between 2004 and 2013, all the 63 FUAs of different sizes in Viet Nam grew much faster (at an average annual rate of 4.3%) than the FUAs in OECD countries on average (0.8%). While in OECD countries larger FUAs grew faster than smaller FUAs, Viet Nam showed a different pattern: both the three largest FUAs (Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi and Hai Phong, with a population of 1.5 million or more) and smaller FUAs (with a population of less than 200 000) grew faster (5.5% and 4.3%, respectively), compared to medium-sized FUAs. In the case of Viet Nam, it appears the country has seized the opportunity - as its urbanisation process has come together with strong increases in income levels.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283312-en	3bd10bf0af83b32c73a9feba86206624	There are also high mortality rates due to external causes of death (73 per 100 000 population, compared to an EU average of 46), including a high rate of road traffic deaths. Infant mortality, at 4.6 per 1000 live births in 2015, was among the highest rates in the EU, where the average is 3.6. Standardised mortality rates from lung, breast and colon cancer in Croatia are among the highest in the EU.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	3bd6fbd7fd30eae60d59874835d67b5f	In addition, there is a need to restore depleted natural aquifers. The problem of water scarcity has been exacerbated in recent years by several multi-year drought cycles and the consequent over-pumping of water to meet growing water demand. Annual rainfall has decreased by 9% on average since 1993 and could decrease by a further 10-15% between 2015 and 2035, according to climate change models (Chapter 6). Increasing population and agricultural growth are placing additional pressures on Israel’s limited water resources, in terms of both quantity and quality.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	3bd8da2ba3f2e909e0c1b278a4d3a080	This is consistent with theory: changes in yield that affect the aggregate production can impact market prices. In a big country that can affect world prices or in a small isolated market or region, this link is stronger. In a small market with strong trade the correlation may vanish. For individual producers, price-yield correlation would occur only to the extent that the main yield shocks are systemic and affect all producers at the same time.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	3bd90fbcb28fd82a49c6153820aa3020	They include other ministries and public authorities (e.g. the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Water Authority, and the Israeli Land Administration), local municipal and regional authorities, and non-governmental (private or charitable) organisations such as the Jewish National Fund (JNF) and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI). Several policies are the responsibility of more than one institution. The degree of overlap and conflicts among institutions creates bureaucratic obstacles to efficient implementation and enforcement.	15	1	4	0.6
10.6027/eb40a355-en	3bd91bdd1973e976193aa5ca62e475ba	It is clear though that, in order to solve air quality problems, regional and transboundary policy coordination remains necessary. Local actions are an effective means of improving air quality but these need to be supported by regional and national (sectoral) emission reductions. To tackle this, reduction of NH3 emissions is required, especially in areas where other pollutants are in excess in the atmosphere.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	3bdb0cde1911e3b6ef9f26e5d3ff5932	The Russian Federation’s Gazprom is a monopolistic supplier of natural gas to Armenia and Belarus. When a common energy market is created within the EAEU, Gazprom is likely to lose its monopoly in Armenia and Belarus, since they will have the opportunity to buy natural gas from Kazakhstan. These rules are valid only for interior consumption of these energy' commodities within the EAEU.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1387fd80-en	3bdc2a5f3753f9cf98d1727427d4b08e	The duty to cooperate, therefore, is a central feature of the Convention. Both the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the Part XI Agreement) and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (the Fish Stocks Agreement), reflect the ability of the international community to cooperate towards further developing UNCLOS and addressing gaps and newly emerging issues. Of note in this regard is the ongoing process established by the General Assembly through its resolution 69/292 on the development of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	3bdf47bc3e569c8b74a5c4125b89c1b3	Accordingly, the need was detected to reduce FAPRACC operating timeframes to enable it to thoroughly fulfil its objectives. This insurance currently covers producers that already have some other public or private policy, and it aims to provide a larger per-hectare amount and also cover low-income producers who do not have insurance and suffer the consequences of a geological or hydrometeorological phenomenon. The main challenges continue to be to optimize response times and improve risk modelling to determine the need for the coverage of microinsurance, in conjunction with wider access to credit. Lastly, the idea of linking this insurance scheme to a process of agricultural retooling and diversification is being promoted, in accordance with proposals contained in the National Crusade against Hunger (Cabestany, Hernandez and Celaya, 2013).	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	3be0933ca87335b40cdf7512e4038e25	Some countries, such as Peru, have set specific targets to make progress towards natural capital accounting. One of the targets featured in the Peru Bicentenary Plan 2021 under biodiversity objectives is the increase in the share of regional governments that have conducted an evaluation and valuation of their natural resources and to increase the number of environmental variables in the national accounts. However, so far only a few countries have taken steps tow'ards natural capital accounting, and these generally focus on areas where demand for accounting is clear and linked to specific policy questions (OECD, 2012).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	3be1d09f211d0e9c81c70038c349b107	For smaller primary healthcare facilities, incremental budgeting based on historical amounts is a more common approach. Reforms on facility budget setting is therefore an important policy area - ongoing provider payment reform initiatives such as the potential use of diagnosis-related groups can help make budgets be more needs-based. Service providers do not always receive clear guidelines on general budget envelopes to work with when submitting draft budgets. This is understood to be an important reason why requests from health service providers are often seen by provincial health departments as being too high to be realistic.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	3be37072e68d6d9adc32227616fb1cbf	While the NAP guidelines include a section on identifying the effectiveness of the NAP process (LEG, 2012), there are no available guidelines for identifying the effectiveness of adaptation actions or plans as a whole. The COP requests the Adaptation Committee and LEG, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance and other institutions, to develop methods and make recommendations to the CMA on how to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation. For example, population growth and non-implementation of zoning laws can affect the number of people and value of assets vulnerable to flooding (see Helgeson and Ellis, 2015 for a discussion of this).	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264234178-10-en	3be3f791a182782fd82b2cc861cecf26	They also raise the likelihood for employers to learn about workers' skills over time (OECD, 2014a). As discussed in Chapter 4, youth are more likely to be hired on temporary contracts, and these contracts lead to lower utilisation of skills than permanent contracts. Sound employment protection legislations ease transition from temporary lo permanent employment, which is associated with a more effective use of skills. Flexible wage setting arrangements make it easier to adjust wages to the effective skills of workers and thereby to mitigate the potential negative impact of mismatch on job satisfaction.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	3be40d2fe0b4cf9e2f3459e4bb28f14d	The size of the land allocation was generally based on household size or labour supply, with land use restricted to agricultural purposes. Initially the contracts were granted for five years, before being extended to 15 years in 1984 and 30 in the late 1990s. Reflecting differences in fertility, location and irrigation, each household was assigned a number of noncontiguous land plots of varying quality.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	3be836bfd7fc59b2e1aea62ae115ebdf	The Director General of CONAGUA is one of the 16 members of this council that advises the SENER on its energy policy making (e.g. proposal of criteria) and the design of energy planning measures for the medium and long term. The council also participates in the elaboration of the National Energy Strategy. The board meets every four months and oversees all activities of the IMTA. It decides on the classification or inexistence of information and supervises the application of specifics criteria for the conservation of documents and archive. The Technical Committee comprises representatives from SHCP, SCT, SEMARNAT, SECTUR, BANOBRAS and the National Credit Society. Its mission is to approved the acts necessary for the FONADIN to carry out its functions.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225442-6-en	3bec2e36d0cfcb151ebdde86fc8da510	Targeted policies aim to reduce grade repetition, as in France, or to raise the age of early tracking, such as the New Middle School in Austria. Countries have also introduced policies to manage school choice, either to introduce more school options or to mitigate its negative impact on equity, as in Chile. A few countries have introduced structural changes to their systems, as in TYirkey.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	3beeba9b0415bd760993893ddc4e095a	Farmers “leasing” their irrigation permits to the state could produce rainfed crops or leave their land idle for the season. Assuming an average irrigation diversion of 7,623 m3 per hectare, the USD337 per hectare average price reflects an incremental value of irrigation of about USD44 per 1,000 m . The Reclamation Act of 1902, which created the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of promoting irrigation in the 17 western states, contained generous provisions that allowed farmers to repay only the capital cost of construction, with no interest charges.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3befbe7bd7b230f48fdaf9a49f273d8a	In total, BULOG operates with a stock holding of at least 1 million tonnes of milled rice to perform these three functions, and has authority to build up its stock holding to 2 million tonnes. Finally, it must procure rice from farmers and/or millers at Government Purchase Prices (Harga Pembelian Pemerintah, HPP), which are set before the start of each season by the government through a Presidential Instruction (INPRES). Both were more instruments of control than of representation. The KUD concept was introduced in 1970 to function as a service centre for rural people residing in one or more villages.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	3befd423618c8016759c92e958c3508f	Investment in agricultural water for poverty reduction and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: synthesis report. The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in northern Nigeria: An endogenous switching regression analysis. The impact of education on allocative and technical efficiency of farmers: The case of Ethiopian smallholders. Macroeconomics of unbalanced growth: The anatomy of urban crisis.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	3bf1943cc52add33a78613415dbd9a8c	Some examples of these resources are: the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers; the Australian Professional Standard for Principals; the Accreditation of Initial Teacher Education Programs Australia: Standards and Procedures; Australian Teaching Practice and Development Framework; and the Australia Charter for the Professional Learning of Teachers and School Leaders (AITSL, 2016). In crafting these standards, the government should define what the objectives are for teachers at different points of their careers, how teachers can achieve these objectives and why they should do so. The standard provides an opportunity for teachers to progress, enrich, develop and enhance their practice, expertise, knowledge, skills and professional values. It aims to support teachers as they develop as reflective, accomplished and enquiring professionals who are able to engage with the complexities of teaching and learning, the changing contemporary world of their learners, and the world beyond the profession and its institutions, in order to enhance learning experiences for all learners.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	3bf3ab4e30bc99b37e4500180237ac47	Means of upholding the equality of men and women, non-discrimination, non-segregation and the co-responsibility of society for the provision of care should be more fully incorporated into regulatory frameworks and in government oversight procedures, as well as into the agendas of workers’ organizations. While the values transmitted by gender inequalities in the reproductive sphere cannot be measured using the information currently available, an analysis of the visible portions of the economy suffices to show that reproductive matters have an influence on the economic labour regime that this regime, in its turn, has an impact on the wider economy. This type of observation becomes possible when the labour supply is seen as the nexus between the mercantile economy and the household and as the result of a process of conflict between the two that also generates additions to the labour force.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	3bf6c98fffe7ede5afe0dd7f9cdb3b68	They have undertaken advocacy and awareness-raising activities among working people on issues related to gender equality. Some CSOs have also engaged in research and awareness-raising activities to enhance women's knowledge of their rights. In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea undertakes advocacy and awareness-raising activities among workers on issues related to gender equality, and ensures that women's rights are guaranteed.	1	5	0	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	3bf9731394ceb3d151422c5870665b5a	Having a right to access education is not only essential in decision making but also in economic development whereby an individual can gain the skills needed to rise out of poverty. Despite this being a basic right, within most East African countries, girls bear the brunt of not attaining education especially as a result of CEFM. It has been well documented that CEFM has a devastating effect on a girl’s health which often results in life long complications.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	3bfb757bbb38c06e45344f60c1217bb9	Energy Australia, Integral Australia and other government-owned entities can also play a critical role in directing investment to support local innovators and small and medium sized firms. Aligning procurement practices with sustainability policies and an economic development strategy can amplify public institutions’ ability to drive demand and foster a green marketplace. Some refinements and reinforcements of key concepts will strengthen Sydney’s capacity to deliver green growth to its residents and businesses.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	3c0430e39efab83e400a6fb81709f0ce	The main forest species are beech, fir and oak - constituting the country’s emblematic landscape, which occupied 62.0% of total land area in 2009. About 26 000 animal and plant species have been identified. As many as 850 species are endemic, and most of them live underground in karstic cave habitats.11 Slovenia is also home to animals such as the white-tailed eagle, bear, wolf and lynx.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	3c0a26cbd3a04ed69adcd33169e87ecc	Since 2006, schools and teachers are also required to develop individual student plans as a tool to systematically monitor and improve students’ learning outcomes. Teachers have to establish a learning plan for each of their students, describing the student’s current performance level and specifying areas on which the student, parents and the teacher will focus on over the coming months. Student learning plans need to be shared with parents at least once a year.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	3c0b6c9acf7b2c2e047a78369816b819	In 2006, the government established the Executive Committee of the Climate Change Commission (CECAC), which has greatly helped strengthen the co-ordination and monitoring of climate change policies.2 The CECAC is the designated national authority for the Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanisms. It manages the Portuguese Carbon Fund and is responsible for international negotiations. The Portuguese Environment Agency assumes the role of UNFCCC co-focal point, is responsible for the annual GHG inventory report, and is the competent authority for the EU ETS.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	3c0e2cc5a36fe5202b4bac47f7833246	In October 2009, the European Commission notified Slovakia that its national legislation did not ensure that all plans and programmes likely to have significant effects on the environment were subject to environmental assessment. The directive states that the public should be informed of why an impact assessment is not required for a specific plan or programme, but this requirement is not included in current Slovak law. In February 2010, the Commission sent a reasoned opinion to Slovakia.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-8-en	3c11c41b4c30556f0099cdda9ae345da	The successful implementation of the new production model has led to the recovery of the salmon industry as a main activity, exporting 461 577 tonnes in 2011. Total catches have fallen 30% since 2004, particularly because of a 50% decrease of industrial catches. Small-scale catches, however, have increased 80% since 2004 and represent almost half of national capture fisheries production.	14	0	8	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	3c14efb1b7e061706fb41e5ac948733a	The mobilization of women in street demonstrations, informal gatherings and online were often characterized by an overarching framework of dignity, which transcended differences among religious and political positions. This feature has been adopted and incorporated into many of the gender-focused groups that have been formed since the uprisings, such as the Cairo-based Harakat Basma (imprint movement) (box 4.4). Previously, only a few well-known intellectuals such as Nawal al-Sa’dawi and Fatima Mernissi were prepared to tackle such issues, which most activists felt lay beyond the pale of social, religious and cultural acceptability.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cac249e8-en	3c164cfb35f603e00319b07b858aa24e	High forest (a type of forest originated from seed or from planted seedlings) constitutes 45.7 per cent, while coppice (an area of woodland in which the trees or shrubs are, or formerly were, periodically cut back to ground level to stimulate growth and provide firewood or timber) accounts for the remaining 54.3 per cent. Broadleaf forests make up 81.5 per cent, of which 32.1 per cent is oak, 17.9 per cent is beech and 10.0 per cent is Carpinus, with small percentages of other broadleaf forests such as acacia, poplar, maple and willow.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	3c19d4e46b6ebc6721f0c76e0465d2e1	Problems with the inverters/charge page | 57 controllers accounted for 1099 sets (20.9%) followed by 657 problems with batteries (12.5%) and 363 problems with wind turbines (6.9%). On-site investigations suggested that the bearings of wind turbines were made out of unsuitable copper material. The main causes of the exceptionally high proportion of malfunctioning charge controllers/inverters were poor technical design and the utilisation of unsuitable material during assembly.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3c1c04135aa9dd8f6270168a929ab424	However, these activities are not the result of higher education policy rather resulting from ad hoc initiatives driven by individual researchers or departments. First, the Technion research covers a large spectrum of engineering fields and does not target specifically the industry segments and specialisations in the Galilee. The second and more important reason is related to the business structure in the Galilee: small business rarely performs R&D activity in the Galilee and larger firms are branch plants or assembly industries. They are more focussed on manufacturing, their research and development is process-oriented and their research labs located in the centre of Israel or on the coastal regions.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	3c1cf366c218c784118c28d930ec9f8e	Source: OECD Development Centre, based on IEA (2015a), World Energy Outlook 2015; IEA (2015b), World Energy Outlook 2015: Special Report on Southeast Asia. By definition, TPES is equal to Total Primary Energy Demand (TPED), and includes power generation, other energy sector and total final energy consumption (IEA, 2015a). China will continue to account for the largest share of the energy demand in Emerging Asia, even though its share of the region’s TPES decreases from 69% in 2013 to 57% in 2040 owing to the strong growth in energy demand from ASEAN and India.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	3c1d0a89ab2208062801f4b8bc76e4a8	Flood risk management is guided by EU Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks. The directive was transposed into national law with the 2011 Flood Directive. To facilitate implementation, a working group brings together all entities at national and Land level that work on flood protection.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	3c210c563e3aa28c20ea7f0a6baf6803	Individuals are only willing to undertake risk and dedicate their time to innovative activity when they have confidence that their efforts will be rewarded and their actions will be able to achieve the desired results. Fundamental regulatory and banking reform and increased funding for all levels of education will encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. Create policies that distinguish the determinants for success among recipient firms, in order to delineate between innovative firms that may not generate large employment growth, and other kinds of firms in sectors where employment growth is more likely.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	3c23518a3b71bd2cd06f9d9ebeafe4fa	In part, this is the result of private-subsidised schools setting admission requirements and selecting students based upon academic achievement or families’ socio-economic background (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016), a practise being eliminated through the implementation of the Inclusion Law (see Chapter 1). For example, the difference between schools in the exposure to mathematics in Chile as measured by PISA 2012 is the largest among all OECD countries. When differences are analysed by schools’ socio-economic status, evidence shows that the proportion of qualified teachers in advantaged schools is higher than in disadvantaged schools (95% vs. 88%) (OECD, 2013b).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	3c2878f99d5581a20e244033830e07ec	The micro-level analysis in this paper sought to add value to the current debate in the EU and OECD context on the formulation and use of child poverty indicators by combining research on child poverty and overlap of poverty. Findings point towards a number of main conclusions and implications for child poverty analysis within the EU context. Size and group differences between children faced with income poverty and/or deprivation in other domains are considerable and underline the need to take a broader perspective in order to identify those that are vulnerable. Domain poverty rates across countries suggest an inconsistent pattern and do not point towards countries consistently faring better or worse in comparison to other countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	3c2b1187c0e0c85494a1a532e15d0b07	See appendix 1.1 for a full description of alternative development pathways.) This clearly points to the importance of understanding the options for building climate resilience with full consideration given to climate change and socioeconomic mega-trends. Unquestionably, the only way to prevent the adverse consequences of climate change for human and natural systems is through mitigation. However, effective policies focused on adaptation are urgently needed as well to enable the building of resilience; those policies may also assist both in preventing the negative impacts arising from climate hazards and in slowing the process of climate change.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	3c2c62b2ade8a77a810694fae71fa6ae	They suggest that the debate has moved beyond victimhood and towards women becoming agents for social change, despite challenging, complex and conflicting circumstances. It is no accident that countries in conflict or recovering from conflicts remain at the bottom of UNDP's Human Development Index. African women are not only affected by conflict, but are also actively engaged as conflict preventers, combatants and peacebuilders, and take part in rebuilding in the aftermath. They provide for their families and maintain the social fabric before, during and after the conflict.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	3c2c827833229355350a184c10139e4f	However, given the nature of the SIGI data, this paper focuses on the effect of the discrimination level. Indeed, the level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until 1750 there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002). However, for the sake of clarity, the term income instead of long-term growth will be used hereafter. Finally, rj, p, r, £ and <p stand for the error terms.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	3c2f1199db9aef4169bd309edbcf6800	Therefore the GHG inventory data needed to demonstrate whether emission reduction targets for 2020 were met is not likely to be available before 2022. The enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement has some elements that are common (such as the requirement to submit up-front information on NDCs) and some elements that are flexible for different groups of Parties (e.g. reporting on support provided by developed countries, timing of reports for LDCs and SIDS). The enhanced transparency framework places an emphasis on providing flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities.12 The enhanced transparency framework also contains some elements that will be nationally determined, in line with the form of individual NDCs (e.g. accounting for and tracking progress made in achieving NDCs).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	3c36dfc025574372286d15aec961b100	This also reflects the pre-recession context of relatively strong labour demand, in which employers often advertise vacancies through multiple channels. This may be partly due to the relatively late introduction of online vacancy registration and display, but it seems to also indicate that employer clients appreciate personal counselling. For example, employers may seek advice about employment subsidies available, or the conditions that would need to be offered in a job vacancy to have a good chance of a successful hire. Related to lifetime employment practices, vacancy notifications in Japan do not usually give a detailed description of the work: workers are often more interested in the reputation and long-term prospects of the company, and on this topic experienced counsellors can provide advice that is not posted on internet.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	3c378d6cc1c5556b3e4c65d1c06c18cd	Chinese companies have invested USD 7.44 billion in broadband since 20094, while Malaysian operators invested USD 1.6 billion since 20095. In fact, social scientists and policy makers had been researching the economic contribution of information and communication technologies for quite a while. The first analyses of the impact of fixed telephone density on economic growth were conducted in the mid-1970s by World Bank researchers6.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	3c3ace629d58d1bc4922a1444dfc646f	Younger women in the study area were aware of their right to register for independent communal land rights, but were discouraged from doing so by cultural and socioeconomic barriers. However, the study noted that both the community land board and the local traditional authority in this particular location were actively encouraging women to apply for land rights. Supportive organizations could encourage women to exercise the option of registering individual land rights, even if this constitutes a break with tradition. Dianne Hubbard, Legal Assistance Centre, Namibia.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	3c3c0bf772117f74dd3707bf57ba2726	Both ratios are used side by side and they definitely are not interchangeable. The OECD/ITF report entitled “Reporting on serious road traffic casualties” (2011) advocates considering injury consequences as a relevant outcome indicator of road crashes, next to fatal injuries. Sometimes, the (economic) costs of crashes and injuries resulting from crashes are also considered to be outcome indicators.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	3c3cc208bfa1ffa54b59aa1238821ea2	The guarantee fee is also expected to provide incentives for reporting water use, and to generate better data on water use. Between August and December 2011, the guarantee fee generated MXN 12 million. For irrigation districts, the prioritisation of water-saving projects gives up to 30 points (out of 100) for water user associations that renounce in their concession title to a percentage of saved water equal to the project’s federal support. For irrigation units in over-exploited aquifers, there is a prerequisite to commit to leave in the aquifer 50% of saved water, and the prioritisation of projects includes a similar clause to that for irrigation districts.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	3c3ee34d3fb52a8ffbbd53885ef9dbc2	The Kiva-school programme aims to prevent and decrease bullying in schools. The programme consists of general measures where information is disseminated through various means with proactive material (assessment of school environment, classes, online games, booklets for parents, etc.), The first evaluation of the Kiva-school programme showed that the programme has reduced self- and peer-reported bullying and victimisation. As a result, the Kiva-school model is being progressively implemented in schools within the country' (Kama et al., Reviewing 53 different anti-bullying school programme evaluations in developed countries, researchers found that the effectiveness of initiatives is generally associated with the intensity and duration of the interventioa Moreover, some programme components were also found more effective than others in reducing bullying, most important being parent involvement, or the use of disciplinary' methods (ibid.). Whole-school initiatives involve introducing, and integrating, typically non-traditional educational and information services to all actors (teachers, students and support staff) in the school.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	3c40018ccaeafa3631ce460aa7ba3efe	The latter's economic cost structure with high fixed cost and low variable costs does not match up well with the risk preferences of private investors. Based on financial considerations alone, the latter will always prefer low fixed cost and high variable cost technologies even at comparable discounted lifetime costs. This, however, corresponds to the cost structure of carbon-intensive technologies based on fossil fuels. It is thus comprehensible and, wherever relevant decision-making processes have concluded favourably, justifiable, that public policy takes on a special role in promoting low-carbon technologies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	3c4183f60871be35b5c3e228a1a3c024	With a good level of awareness of the sustainability challenge among the population and the acknowledgement of the ancestral natural heritage, Sydney has an extraordinary potential to pursue economic growth and wealth in a more carbon sober manner. This study was carried out as part of the series of reviews on Climate Change, Employment and Local Development of the OECD Programme on Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED). This work stream is led by Gabriela Miranda, OECD LEED Policy Analyst.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	3c42771463b13635470994527aa8dcab	More than half of the Georgian territory in the basin is grassland (53.6%), and only about 1% is cropland. In the Russian part of the basin, pressure arises from irrigation (>700,000 ha), industry, aquaculture/fisheries and human settlements. The Pre-Caspian aquifer (No. Reservoirs in Kazakhstan include: the Kaztalovsk-I (7.20 x 106 m3), the Kaztalovsk-II (3.55 x 106 m3) and the Mamajcvsk (3.50 x 106 m3) reservoirs and several artificial lakes (4.83 x 106 m3).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	3c4282c9a01e04b938cf4b1327dfb393	Poverty rates among children and female-headed households are also the lowest of the AIE group (Folbre 2008; UNRISD 2010). Higher wages for women in the public sector, for instance, would be consonant with more domestic aggregate demand and increased investments in human capacities, either through private spending or public provision financed by higher taxes. The high road supply side reinforces this result, as higher wages and market participation among women raise human capacities production. The latter threat is one that mirrors anxieties that these economies can no longer afford their generous social welfare programmes, particularly as societies age or become more globally integrated in ways that make labour costs more significant in determining absolute and comparative advantages. Recent efforts to raise investments in children among a number of European countries are one possible response (more will be said about this below when we discuss social investment).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/355832ee-en	3c438f05893fc4c7bb9153378f0a7835	The higher the incidence and severity of deprivation among children in a particular sub-group and the higher the prevalence of this household characteristic in the population of children, the more this household characteristic will contribute to the overall adjusted deprivation headcount (Mo). A downside of this weighted average approach is that the characteristics of highly deprived children who happen to be a very small sub-group in the population will appear to contribute relatively little to the national adjusted headcount ratio. This helps identify particular dimensions that may drive the overall adjusted deprivation headcount rate given a particular cut-off.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	3c4569bfd9c57df9faf4c6900da2010d	Other important area payments are provided for fodder crops (as support for livestock production), and tea plantations as a compensation for the costs incurred in complying with strict pruning requirements. Land conservation payment is provided to protect environmentally fragile areas by setting aside the fragile cropland or replacing harmful cultivation practices with more environmentally friendly ones. Agricultural investment assistance within the current 2013-17 Strategic Plan of the MOFAL includes support for the purchase of livestock for herd improvement (beyond this aid, breeders who are members of cattle breeders unions receive per animal payment for the registration and management of cattle breeds).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	3c45a32b12f664ef697297f9a8570dcc	Ukraine was invited to join as well, but this is currently held up due to its ongoing free trade negotiations with the European Union. Ukraine signed a FTA with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 2010. Almost ten years of negotiations in the WTO Doha Round have not yet resulted in a new agreement, and the progress made since 2008 seems to be particularly limited.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3c46b60e9381fc9b3f0b825da060ab0c	The key sectors identified for this integrated approach is energy, transport and telecoms. And a major way in which transport will be transformed is through investing in a country-wide railway network project, which will ultimately cover 5000km. The Ethiopian Railway Corporation has the responsibility of realizing a railway network, and is adopting a green economy approach -optimising multifaceted economic, social, and environment benefits.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	3c4d5c4fae37b0cbe38808dc697727cc	Monitoring information about programme participation and outcomes based on administrative registers should be improved and regularly published. Currently, initial and supplementary budgets with a breakdown across the different ALMPs are published, but the classification of measures through time is not consistent and information on participant stocks and flows is rarely available. Related to this, information for Japan in the OECD/Eurostat database on LMP expenditure lacks detail and coherence, and needs to be improved.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	3c523467aea1281127a7925ebddba88a	For example, OECD modelling of the potential impacts of a major flood in Paris found that 30% to 55% of the direct flood damages would be suffered by the infrastructure sector, while 35% to 85% of business losses were caused by disruption to the transportation and electricity supply and not by the flood itself. Ensuring that infrastructure is climate resilient will help to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disruption. Existing infrastructure may need to be retrofitted, or managed differently, given climate change. Lastly, additional infrastructure, such as sea walls, will need to be constructed to address the physical impacts of climate change.	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	3c523828c8ad186b307341c1cd9d3877	It is important to note that people requiring priority protection receive special public health care to meet their specific needs. The largest reduction in deprivation between 2006 and 2010 was in the elderly group, where it declined by more than 10 percentage points during the period. This effect can be explained partly by the extension of public health insurance coverage, but also by higher incomes thanks to old age benefits.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	3c54b4b40973d548ab93b193d702a739	The period of registration varies but is most commonly five years. The main function of the registration process is that of certifying teachers as fit for the profession mainly through the mandatory process of accessing or maintaining “Full/Competence” status - as such, these processes ensure minimum requirements for teaching are met by practising teachers. Registration processes constitute a powerful quality assurance mechanism to ensure that every school in Australia is staffed with teachers with suitable qualifications who meet prescribed standards for teaching practice.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	3c5688b66fee4ec3b7e8619aff64d0dc	When the provision of services involves the same network there may be “joint” costs, “common” costs, or netwoik benefits. This is despite the fact that there may be some relevant differences in circumstances between particular customers that will not be closely reflected in the resulting charges. When considering issues of practicability, it is important to recognise that the availability of information is likely to evolve over time. This means that Ofwat retains the possibility of changing the way costs are assessed depending upon available information. Failing to do so raises equity issues, as future generations will have to foot the bill, either through decayed infrastructure or increased public debt. Typically, all things being equal, industry or municipalities should have an incentive to develop in regions where water is abundant and competition between water users is minimal; and they should cover the costs of a reliable access to water.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	3c56bb4614875aed579ebdccdc210b46	An example from an OECD country is the National Centre for Domestic Violence in the United Kingdom.31 Finally, it is important to ensure that the existing hotline is accessible 24 hours per day, nationwide, toll-free and that it provides information and support services in several languages to respond to the needs of national, expatriate, migrant and trafficked women. For example, legal services for victims of violence are often supplied by NGOs that specialise in women’s issues. For example, in the Palestinian Authority, the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling (WCLAC) provides a unit that provides legal advice, court representation, social support and counselling for women (Box 7.5). The centre provides legal aid, social counselling and protection services to women living in precarious and hazardous situations. It also benefits from a special consultative status to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	3c57149b83bb9bb2b7f6389a27aae581	Countries with lower emigration rates but high absolute numbers of emigrants include Nepal, the Philippines and Sri Lanka (IOM, 2017). Mexico to the United States is the largest corridor in absolute terms, with 12.7 million migrants in 2017 (Figure 3.2). In some cases, social media offers innovative and alternative data sources (Zagheni et al.,	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	3c586284e187f3312f78da0f8eeee6ec	Road accident fatalities per 10 000 vehicles decreased from 3.3 in 2006 to 2.6 in 2010, railroad fatalities per billion person-kilometres fell from 1.1 in 2006 to 0.2 in 2011 and the fatalities per billion air shipping-kilometres from 0.4 in 2006 to 0.3 in 2011. Only the number of sea accident related fatalities increased from 134 in 2006 to 176 in 2011. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of the accidents increased by 1.2%, fatalities decreased by 2.6% and total injuries increased by 0.7%.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	3c5891931b59d9e8832144bbd57f0201	They should rely on both proactive actions (e.g. public organisations like the ANA taking steps to develop permits) and reactive levels (developing a set of rules for those requesting permits). Executive powers are also key to effective planning implementation, which raises three main questions related to planning as a multi-level, multipurpose and multi-stakeholder governance instrument: planning for what (e.g. collection of charges, co-ordination, implementation), planning with whom (which institutions need to be engaged) and planning at which scale (local, basin, state, federal). It is also critical that planning factors in both short-term considerations and long-term projected impacts (e.g. climate change; Box 2.12). A strong ANA at the federal level and strong agencies at the state level are needed to balance pressures from existing public or private sector stakeholders.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8eb4eb9e-en	3c58a143a2b379f9c8f7a69d6dfb4d11	The results are more robust plans and decisions that allow for adaptation to changing circumstances. Furthermore, scrutinizing the underlying assumptions of current decisions and management practices enables policy-makers to test ideas, make mistakes, and learn from them without risking real-life management failures or collapsing resources. Using a diametric scenario framework (considering opposite extremes), the chapter explores the emerging and future relationships between the opportunities, successes and challenges in the management of coastal resources in line with the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impact and Response (DPSIR) Framework (UNEP 2013).	14	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	3c58c7da7982006dd22ba7865b6c6474	Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA; https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wgl/WGlAR5_Chapterl3_FINAL.pdf. Plant photosynthesis is unable to compensate for such a huge C02 overload, resulting in a considerable increase in C02 levels in the atmosphere and a heightened greenhouse effect.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	3c5b5123247052931a864754de591c93	In particular, it investigates which specific actions of civil society organizations operating in a conflict situation contribute to the securitizing, desecuritizing or holding of the conflict and to the violation, reparation or protection of human rights. It is also a key dynamic at the intersection between understanding and halting conflict, defining and securing human rights in conflict situations and explaining the role of civil society in the context of war. Gender, therefore, is a productive analytical lens to build theoretical and empirical bridges between the three pillars of this endeavour: conflict, human rights and civil society. Firstly, a definition of gender is provided and the relation between gender, securitization (Diez and Pia, 2008), ethnic conflict, human rights and civil society is explored.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a22d206d-en	3c5cf8d5c4294e4952bfbd67c255322c	Globally, women entrepreneurs face a wide range of financial and non-financial barriers that prevent them from entering and/or fully participating in the formal economy. To be sure, many of the barriers that women entrepreneurs confront in the business environment affect other small businesses as well (Foggin, 2010). However, women often contend with additional obstacles above and beyond those encountered by their male counterparts because of persistent social, economic, cultural, and/or legal inequities. Because these barriers do not exist in isolation, this section also explores the unique socio-cultural challenges faced by women business owners. These challenges both inform and often exacerbate the other barriers. Firms that start with higher levels of capital show better performance in terms of assets, revenue, profitability and survival (Ernst & Young, 2009).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	3c5e431ac8a1f16cfffcafcce223c63b	However, limiting coverage to children only will have no significant impact on coverage rates. It is estimated that less than two per cent of current beneficiaries will lose their entitlements. In 2009, the total budget spent on social assistance (including social pensions) was USD 22 million, representing 0.45 per cent of the country’s GDP (World Bank, 2010a).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/797ccf27-en	3c60ce49b90c52e228cdd45c5258cc49	In the case of differences by educational level, people with less schooling give less importance to inclusion criteria based on social and political citizenship (participating in political and voluntary activities, doing things that are important for others, and having something to say). This means that a setting of unequal distribution of opportunities is likely to produce perceptions and feelings of exclusion among those who are disadvantaged.32 Thus poverty-reduction policies should go beyond merely handing out compensatory monetary transfers and aim to promote social inclusion, which entails addressing aspirations for entering the labour market, gaining economic self-sufficiency (having a profession, having own income) and possessing assets (property, house, land) that ensure sustainable livelihoods. The acquisition of human capital to participate in information- and knowledge-based societies is also important to the most poor (e.g., having higher education qualifications).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	3c616f8bd3f4e14bf410422f3cbf1971	A final analysis in Figure 8.8 which takes into account both factors shows that on average across countries language and foreign qualification account for two thirds of the initial gap in literacy proficiency between similar foreign-bom and native-born persons. The educational background of parents is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father. A person’s education and the educational background of the parents are positively correlated wdth assessed skills but also with each other.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ac21c613-en	3c6209491cb3de1def4a3f91a9dabd2b	Also in 2009, the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure established a legal entity of public law, the Water Supply Regional Development Agency, which coordinates activities of the new companies and establishes regulations and tariffs. The Agency is in charge for more than one million people and more than 5,000 industrial and commercial customers. One of the major tasks of GENRC is to establish a methodology for the regulation of water tariffs in order to ensure effective tariff reform in the various cities and regions. Within the framework of the reforms, the Ministry of Economic Development established in June 2009 two companies, Ltd “Water of West” and Ltd “Water of East”, which joined 60 State-owned local water distribution companies. These companies deal with water supply and sanitation service. The main goal of these reforms is to simplify the organization of water supply and to attract investment to this sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	3c68358cda382c326c8b19ae13ca80de	Conflict between Pakistan and India over distribution of the water arose with the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The dispute was settled in 1960 by a treaty between India and Pakistan that allocated the waters of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan and the waters of the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi to India. It is the only cross-border treaty in the world to have divided rights to riparian systems between countries (Dinar et al. The treaty also established the Permanent Indus Commission composed of one Commissioner of Indus Waters from each country, who are to meet annually to establish and promote cooperative arrangements for the treaty implementation and the development of the waters of the Indus system.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	3c6fa83a567c037ff0e5bc4884ac3da1	However, a human capital accumulation-centred development strategy cannot entirely rely on the market. The State must have vision, leadership and strategic planning, as well as make other substantive interventions in the normal functioning of the market. Following a discussion, in particular, of the case of the market for education, the chapter finds ample room for State action if the long-run aim of full and successful development is to be realized.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cac203b4-en	3c77916d8fbccebb76eda0233ef1ffa5	Children of mothers with secondary education or higher are twice as likely to survive beyond age 5 compared to those whose mothers have no education. Improvements in women’s education explained half of the reduction in child deaths between 1990 and 2009. A child born to a mother who can read is 50 per cent more likely to survive past age 5.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	3c793a3a392b2b73f59721d7a514e82e	By contrast, in poorer countries the attainment rate is much lower and women are strongly disadvantaged. A similar picture could be shown for an older cohort of men and women (between the ages of 45 and 54). Countries are grouped by the World Bank Income Classification system. While it may reflect the positive effect of greater investment in education on countries’ economic growth, it may also be related to the fact that richer countries invest more in human capital.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	3c79e6583aa84067f6cb9553c83e9551	One-stop shops in the zones were seen to reduce regulatory compliance costs, but without fully satisfying firm managers (Warr and Menon 2015). Corruption and regulatory and policy uncertainty were ranked as major or severe constraints by a substantial percentage (74% and 34% respectively) of firms operating in SEZs in 2012 (World Bank, 2015b). Moreover, SEZ investments have traditionally faced the same constraints as non-SEZ investments (high costs of electricity and transport compared to neighbouring countries, low quality of labour and a general lack of skilled labour).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	3c7ae62b5ede3713432f167368d94788	"How relevant is Scotland's biodiversity to you? How concerned are you about the loss of biodiversity in Scotland?). The indicator measures the percentage of participants in the survey that answered ""yes"" to the question ""Have you made any leisure visits to the outdoors in Scotland in the last 12 months?""). It provides data on numbers of volunteers, hours volunteered and types of activity undertaken.)."	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	3c8197eb4c78083f4f6766c047b0785f	The strategy also proposes a National MEAs Coordination Committee (MEAs-NCC), with representation from all MEA working groups of all NFPs, including representatives from the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Development Planning and the NGOs. Bonafide members of this Committee are officers at the level of Directors in their respective institutions. The role of this committee includes overseeing the coordination of efforts by each MEA’s focal department and supporting institutions; mobilizing resources for implementation; and providing technical support to NFPs.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2956c59a-en	3c84e65aacbaa3fb410475b4ad64bedb	As will be discussed in this chapter, monitoring the SDGs from a gender equality perspective is constrained by three main challenges: first, uneven coverage of gender-specific indicators, with some goals lacking indicators to capture gender equality outcomes; second, gaps in gender data, including data on women and girls experiencing multiple and intersecting inequalities (see Chapter 4); and third, quality and comparability of available data across countries and time. Gender statistics are critical to monitor the gender impact of economic, social and environmental policies. Over the past 40 years, there have been vast improvements in the generation and use of gender statistics, including international standards and protocols for the collection of violence against women data as well as time-use data (see Chapters 5 and 6). Yet, despite these advances and the growing acknowledgement of the importance of gender statistics for designing policies and assessing progress towards gender equality, gaps remain and are extensive.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	3c873bd085a1d54479c886a60419d6a4	"A survey conducted in Benin states that ""the modern private sector cannot exist without the informal sector which, for some modern businesses, is their best customer"" (Igue, 2008). The ""informal"" sector is not an economic sector in the usual sense of a set of ""branches"" of economic activity. It concerns all branches of the economy, including agriculture, finance, trade and health. It is a ""parallel economy"" but not separate, because its relations with the modern economy are many and complex."	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	3c8e83f45d7a3d980dc52905df25630a	In addition, the Regional Plan also allows, conditionally, abstractions without a permit for supplementary surface and groundwater takes of a certain size (1.5-15 m3/day) and temporary takes of 150 m3/day for no more than five days per annum, and aquifer or well testing for 2 500/d for no more than 3 days. This was not surprising due to the high density of dairy cows in the region and the large volumes of drinking water required by lactating cows and the large volumes of water required for dairy shed operations. In 35 of the catchments more than 50% of the allocable flow is taken for these activities alone, and in 16 of these the use exceeds the allocable flow.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	3c8ed9c1d63efa65b1e05fd79575d42f	Both organisations look forward to continuing to join forces and support countries across the world in their effort to implement the New Urban Agenda. During the Habitat III process, the role of NUPs in supporting the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and other urban-related global agendas was increasingly recognised, and a range of tools and frameworks to assess NUPs have been discussed across international organisations and within national governments in countries. It establishes the foundation for understanding how and in what forms NUPs have been developed, implemented and monitored globally.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	3c9063c10b811dac0d2c691f7053de6d	Policy makers will increasingly rely on irrigation pricing strategies and markets to motivate improvements in water management and to improve resource allocation. Farm-level costs will increase, but innovative management and wise use of technology will enable farmers to adjust in ways that generate greater value from limited water resources. Looking forward, farmers in the United States and elsewhere must adjust to rising energy costs and increasing water scarcity. While the outlook for agricultural prices is uncertain, recent increases in food prices suggest that crop prices might be notably higher in some years.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3c91611f0340f6ec3e6e6a16bf50c3c9	A number of these publications centred on nuclear energy, others however also included different sources of electric power generation. These include Climate Change: Assessment of the Vulnerability of Nuclear Power Plants and Adaptation Costs, Estimation of Potential Losses Due to Nuclear Accidents, Measuring Employment Generated by the Nuclear Power Sector and System Costs in Deep Decarbonisation Scenarios: The Contributions of Nuclear Energy and Renewables. Both the OECD Environment Directorate (ENV) and the IEA have previously worked on external costs (see Chapter 5 for a detailed bibliography). Over the past 20 years, the European Commission (EC ExternE up to 2005, and the New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, the NEEDS studies, between 2004 and 2008) and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) have been among the most active institutions in the field of externality measurement and are important sources of information and methodological competence.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	3c9746c38dc09df9243f67e9c1771a9f	The diagram shows: the proportion of children who are deprived but not poor; poor but not deprived; both poor and deprived; and neither poor nor deprived. It illustrates the extent to which the deprivation rate dominates the poverty rate or vice versa. Figure 3 illustrates a scenario where most poor children are multiply deprived, using a particular deprivation cut-off and a monetary poverty threshold, but the vast majority of the deprived children are not poor, with very few children being poor but not deprived. It assigns X to the first adult in the household, 0.5 to every subsequent adult, and 0.3 to every child under 14 years of age.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	3c989a375e96ded2dcbd405f2f3c3d92	Given its rapidly evolving population health care needs and fiscal constraints, Mexico should develop primary care as a distinct medical speciality. It would be worth investing serious effort to develop a national vision for primary care, to counter any misconception that primary care is merely health care for the poor or marginalised. In defining a new speciality of primary care, the most important task will be to distinguish the current cohort of physicians working as community generalists (who do not have substantial specialist post-graduate training) from future primary care specialists. This distinction should be unambiguously evident to patients and other health care professionals, and be based upon extended knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	3c9c12ef12173d9e322961eef73ac1be	However, the share of repeaters exceeds 10% in Argentina, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and Spain (Figure B1.2). See Source section at the end of this indicator for more information and Annex 3 for notes fhttn://dx.doi. The largest increase in the share of repeaters at upper secondary level is observed in the Czech Republic (10 percentage points higher than for lower secondary programmes) and Mexico (13 percentage points higher). Conversely, the share of repeaters is lower at upper than at lower secondary level in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Greece and the Slovak Republic. The number and share of over-age students are a complementary metric to those of repeaters: over-age students in the last grade are those who are likely to start the next educational level with at least a two-year delay compared to the intended age. The number of repeaters and over-age students are strictly linked, as in most countries the main reason for a high share of over-age students is the accumulation over different grades of students who have repeated at least one year (i.e. the marginal increase in the number of over-age students at each grade is correlated with the number of repeaters at that grade).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-3-en	3c9e94cce4f27e785bd0f81f3c74983e	This review aims to identify key changes in the Chilean education system from 2004 to 2016, analyse where education in Chile stands today and offer recommendations to the government regarding how it can provide better education opportunities for all Chileans. The review examines different areas of education policy in Chile, from early childhood education to higher education. Among OECD countries, Chile had the third lowest performance in science on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	3c9eec320c858347c518673b5d122ee8	And it foresees more comprehensive services for pregnant women and mothers on Medicaid and all women on Medicare. Two main avenues for extending coverage—the expansion of employer-based insurance and of Medicaid—have in the past disadvantaged women, especially unmarried, poor and ethnic minority women, and are likely to do so in the future. This has important gender implications given that women— especially women of colour and immigrant women—are over-represented in low-wage occupations.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	3c9f1cc1b191c9e2e3e488f713fc0d68	Assessments now typically involve an “intense regional planning effort” which takes in the views of many stakeholders in order to maximise the environmental benefits to the watershed (USACE, 2008). Biodiversity offsets that are delivered in 20 or 30 years, for example, are intuitively less valuable to society than if those same biodiversity offsets were already fully functioning today (ICCM and IUCN, 2012). A biodiversity offset is typically defined by the level of ecological functionality that it will have when it reaches ecological maturity. Even if offsets prove to be successful in the future, there is a deficit of biodiversity in the landscape until the offset reaches ecological maturity which, for some ecosystem types, may take decades or more (Table 4.4). Temporary reductions in biodiversity can also increase the risk of unintended, irreversible biodiversity outcomes such as species extinction (Evans et al., Readily colonised by water beetles and dragonflies but fauna restricted to those with limited specialisations.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	3c9f85982bfe7888f4a917ad5d8bf1fc	Another makes a grant, covering half of the implementation costs, to employers who implement age-management approaches that serve as model programs for the local labour market (www.jeed.or.jp/english/subsidies.html). However, these are relatively small measures with a combined budget of about JPY 5 billion in 2008 (see Table 5A.1). The “job development” subsidy for hiring hard-to-place and elderly workers is a relatively large programme in spending terms, with a budget of JPY 25 billion in FY 2008 (see Table 5A.1).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/de83ab61-en	3c9ff5105fc8d1ffe4966d2151bf483b	This would imply improving much existing infrastructure and actively promoting green technologies and industries. Consequently, the technological revolution for a green economy will be fundamentally different from previous revolutions—in three ways. Given existing pressures on our ecosystem, the goal would need to be achieved within the next three to four decades—a huge challenge, given that diffusion of technologies is a slow process.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	3ca20f0ea6c6f8b7a8124c686ad792d8	Highly visible patrol cars (including the use of multiple base colours) and a distinctively visible livery are a successful feature of the New Zealand road policing programme (see Figure 5.4). The battenburg livery style has been tested and found to be more easily recognised by the public and adds to policing visibility Harrison, 2004). The use of a mix of marked and unmarked police vehicles using mobile mode radar has also been effective.	11	5	3	0.25
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	3ca6c17eef7e540d81031cac1ee24cf2	Furthermore, some educational content, such as training literature, might contribute to improving the quality of life of the residents. In this way, a web-based information service is valuable, and computational resources to provide it are needed. That is why we focus on preparing a low-power server cluster at the local AP.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	3cac10bf59a961f5e18871cd844a8e67	Tables 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, below', provide a more detailed analysis of the factors influencing inequality by decomposing the contributions of the various income sources to overall inequality in any given year. It is important to be clear that such decompositions are comparative static exercises; explaining factor contributions in each of the three years rather than exploring the role of changes in factors on changes across years. Thus, they do not explain changes over time but are helpful in showing whether changes have happened over time by comparing the situation in each of the three years.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	3cb1905d72690bcd79a62fbf7c9b6248	In the short term, a lock-in effect for those who enter training might approximately cancel out a positive impact for those who do not enter training. Job brokerage is easier during an economic expansion, when there are relatively more vacancies per unemployed job seeker. But it is also possible during recessions, since a considerable number of job vacancies continue to be opened by employers even when business conditions are generally bad. Other countries claim even higher market shares of up to 60%.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	3cb22152712c36611fc492131a8f86f8	International Handbook on the Preparation and Development of School Leaders, Routledge, New York, London, pp. Teacher and Leader Effectiveness in High-Performing Education Systems, Alliance for Excellent Education, Washington DC, Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education, Stanford, California. Evidence from Michigan school districts”, Leadership and Policy in Schools, Vol. The information was supplied by countries through a questionnaire specifically developed by the OECD Review.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	3cb2216d86f15108eacc7a07adb7ab91	It is therefore also necessary to continue to develop ways of monitoring child well-being in the round. Bringing together a total of 40 indicators for which internationally comparable data were available, the report compared child well-being across 21 OECD countries under the headings of material well-being, health and safety, education, peer and family relationships, risk behaviours, and young people’s own subjective sense of wellbeing. This experiment will be refined and repeated with new data in the next issue in this series (Report Card 11).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3cb5a5642dd794352c2134995e1a4de3	The central government (DG Water Resources of MoPW) is responsible for the main network in strategic basins and irrigation systems larger than 3 000 ha or cross provincial systems. The provincial government has jurisdiction over the management of main network with a command area of between 1 000 and 3 000 ha and across district systems. Finally, the district level manages irrigation systems smaller than 1 000 ha. Although responsible for smaller irrigation schemes, district governments are responsible for the main networks supplying almost 50% of the 7.2 million ha of irrigated paddy in Indonesia (Table 2.10).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	3cb68ed38dc53d3482b1c1620260eacf	Speed cameras work effectively in many locations and can be operated at fixed locations, often known speed related crash risk sites, or through mobile vehicle mounted cameras. Mobile speed cameras are intended to have a general impact upon speed offending across the network. Mobile speed cameras are most effective when they are operated in a non-overt manner utilising unmarked vehicles (Cameron, 2009).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	3cbad600ddf6cee4c075e815b24ca420	A pregnant worker is entitled to mandatory rest during the six weeks preceding the birth and the six weeks following. The wage is as agreed upon in the employment contract, but may not be less than the legal minimum wage. Internal work regulations may contain instructions for preventing occupational hazards, and for providing first aid in the event of an accident. In the event of accidents or illness, the worker will only receive the medical attention and indemnities agreed by the laws on workplace accidents or social security, under the modalities and conditions specified by said laws. Workers whose contracts end upon retirement for old age or other reason will receive compensation equivalent to severance benefits, if the pension is granted by the Dominican Social Security Institute.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	3cbb94e7cccc56048f6ea64556d763f4	In Vietnam, the World Bank and the Governments of Finland and Denmark provided seed money for a revolving fund for household sanitation investments. However, when the revolving funds are organised with external seed financing to provide initial working capital (at subsidised rates) and the support of an established MFI, such as in the example in Vietnam, they appear to be an effective way of leveraging private finance (household investment in on-site sanitation in that case). According to Mehta (2008), experience with this market segment is limited, and has not gone beyond a few pilot projects. A credit scheme was elaborated via six domestic microfinance institutions. It was foreseen that at least two households from a given area would be allowed to contract a loan for new water investments (either a USD 3 000 loan for a shallow borehole or a USD 1 000 loan for a rainwater harvesting tank).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	3cbd5a5a1e482cb081eb94ca1e5cc2cb	Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway and Slovenia also provide cancer care at comprehensive cancer centres and also at specialised institutions that provide treatment for specific cancers. Other countries, such as Canada, Chile, England, France, Hungary, Israel, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Singapore and Turkey have institutions that specialise in certain treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery. Given the varied organisational structures, the number of institutions providing cancer care differs widely across countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	3cc237808571be77d22403ae313de522	In the case of poor families, this type of integration has been promoted fairly successfully through a number of co-responsibility transfer programmes (CTPs). This gives prominence to the pathways by which families and individuals reinforce their rights and their ability to access areas of contributory social protection or, where this is not possible, non-contributory social protection mechanisms to cover these needs with differentiated actions tailored to their profile. By being guaranteed for all citizens, these minimum levels are universal and establish a framework in which citizens not only demand and consume services, they are also holders and subjects of rights, with the capacity to demand that these rights be realized.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	3cc27a6ddfbfbc92c91c655647e698ae	Greater livestock numbers will also be required in order to meet the demand for additional meat through the outlook period, resulting in growing environmental concerns. Significant scope remains for improved productivity in both meat and dairy production, particularly in developing regions, which will be key to the growth of a sustainable livestock sector. The cost of compliance to environmental regulations will also impact the regional concentration of livestock production.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	3cc2edcd0a5e0ab3f8c2f10e9aadb6f9	Review teacher compensation, advancement, and retirement policies to support career circulation between school and work. Ensure that sectoral practical training centres are financially sustainable, and improve the accessibility of the centres through a system of student support that meets living costs, is easily accessible to all eligible students, and is well-publicised through web resources and school-based advising. Improve opportunities for upper secondary vocational students to make full use of the pathway to tertiary education through focused efforts to raise the quality of general education teaching made available to secondaiy vocational students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	3cc3afce5e697d0bfa71ed4fcb172a57	It is also responsible at the technical level for hunting and forest management. Forest operations and management are handled in a decentralised manner under the Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development. Since 1999, this Ministry has also been responsible for co-ordinating overall water policy (management and protection of water as a resource, cleanup of waters and watercourses, management of sewage sludge, drinking water supply, water pricing, fishing, and floods).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	3cc5f3bc2da6d83ee6d60c2fe6f4cf1b	The United Nations Convention of 1997 allows the conclusion of an agreement with respect to an entire international watercourse or any part thereof or a particular project, programme or use except in so far as the agreement “adversely affects, to a significant extent”, the use by one or more other watercourse States of the waters of the watercourse, without their express consent. Existing joint bodies are endeavouring to establish cooperation with States that are not participants of agreements and eventually to have all riparian States as Parties to the relevant agreement. In 1994, for its share of the lake basin, the Central African Republic was admitted as the fifth member of the Commission.	6	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349734-7-en	3ccd863ebdff5594f3b230a41e89c38e	The school was renamed in 2008 as the Danish Media and Journalism School. The Danish Union of Journalists has about 17,500 members and in 2013 women made up 45% of the journalists in the union (Andreassen 2016: 85). Three Danish media companies were surveyed in EIGE's report: two public companies and one private.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	3ccd95d77c45b9d7c97bf1a3c78a11db	The drivers of cross-country differences in SA benefit dynamics are difficult to determine based alone on the administrative data used in this subsection. Some of the observed patterns are likely due to institutional features of the benefit systems, for instance the strictness of eligibility criteria or the availability of active labour-market programmes. Unfortunately, recent cross-country evidence on the design of social assistance policies is relatively rare (for an exception, see Immervoll (2012a)). Where SA is administered at the local level - as for instance in the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden - within-country policy variation can moreover be large.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264077287-en	3cce5f0722438d15357d7adc47e94ad1	Through the Environment Protection Fund, the government also provides financial assistance to communes, intercommunal syndicates, and public establishments for installing photovoltaic cells, chip-fired heating, heating networks based on cogeneration plants, and low-energy buildings. For example, the Law of 22 February 2004 instituted a system of business subsidies for protecting the environment, making rational use of energy, and producing energy from renewable sources. The maximum assistance amounts to 30% for environmental protection investments and 40% for investments in rational energy use and electricity generation from renewable sources.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	3cd1ca8c625884339ff6bf17c29672cd	A case has been made that national averages are an insufficient guide to national performance in meeting childrens needs. Equity measures, and in particular measures of bottom end inequality, are also needed. ( The UNICEF global report on Progress for Children 2010 makes a similar case for the inclusion of equity measures in monitoring the Millennium Development Goals).	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3da1d894-en	3cd64bf5fc2987f61c1a6e5281d59d43	This suggests that their products have higher value (and/or require much less energy to produce) and that these countries consume goods and services that are much more aligned to ;e that they produce themselves. The consumption-based EF intensity for the Asia-Pacific developing group of countries has decreased by approximately the same relative amount as that of the Rest of the World (30% between 1990 and 2010).	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	3cd6b6cca75d1f7ba62d0a062cc8ede5	This relates to the implementation of 30 June 2015 amendment to the School Act that stipulates that only students with an identified disability should attend a special school or a special class in a mainstream school (see Chapter 2). Also, one way to remove the financial incentive for SEN categorisation is to make the funding for SEN dependent on factors outside the school’s control (such as social deprivation indicators for the local community) and also to provide a fixed percentage of funding for all basic schools to spend on those students it considers require additional support (as suggested above). The Ministry of Education should consider removing at least part of such additional funding for gifted students and instead focus on ensuring an appropriate and differentiated curriculum for able and talented students within the regular classroom.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	3cd7a26f06ba25310f2784116f049a87	However, the bigger challenge is to ensure children attend school and learn. The dropout rates are unacceptably high, especially for girl children who are pulled out of school to undertake household and sibling care, thereby violating their right to education and constraining their capabilities and freedoms. Coupled with other measures and incentives such as abolition of school fees, incentives such as scholarships, uniforms and hot cooked meals as well as a child friendly environment, the Education Act is designed to involve parents and communities in implementation and oversight.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	3cd7dcee59996e60493d850f340d4587	Donor countries are contributing to the LDCF on a voluntary basis (further information is available from http://www.gefweb.org/ interior.aspx?id=194&ekmensel=c580fa7b_48_62_btnlink). Its work is focused in two areas: support to decentralized public investments and support to private investments through microfinancing. Within this context, the UNCDF approach is to support the LDCs in piloting small-scale investments that can be replicated on a larger scale with the assistance of other development partners who can bring additional financial support (further information is available from http://www.uncdf.org/english/about_uncdf/ least_developed_countries.php).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	3cd7e9df38ccc71bd17011d4cfa97b6a	Before the speed cameras were put in, road signs informed drivers about permitted driving speed and the coming installation of the cameras. A CSDD representative said that while fixed speed cameras were important to road safety, portable speed cameras were also essential, along with public education and infrastructure upgrades. Thus, aside from stationary speed cameras, Latvian State Police still use mobile speed cameras procured in 2008.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	3cd92fe5ae16993eeaadd5bf2b81227c	Public spaces are broadly associated with benefits such as enhanced safety and social cohesion, higher equality and improved health and well-being. They increase property values, retail activity multiplication, city attractiveness, and contribute to more effective and efficient transport and mobility. A prosperous city is an inclusive one that provides spaces for social engagement; recreation, social and economic development of vulnerable groups; and fosters social cohesion through the provision of adequate and well-designed public spaces.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	3cda51826ecd8eb58ebc7fc4f339c95b	Funds to support restructuring have been earmarked. Prominent leaders in Finnish higher education, including a dean of the University of Helsinki and the rector of Aalto University, have suggested halving the number of academic units in universities and the University Rectors' Council has prepared a proposal for merging units, closing programmes, merging fields of education and research, and redistributing resources among units, as an opportunity for universities to be in the driving seat for structural reforms (Aarrevaara and Dobson, 2016). The Ministry has previously reached an agreement for Universities Finland to coordinate bottom-up projects to reduce duplication in areas of significant programme overlap. Cross-binary collaboration has been less prevalent than intended, while the acts regulating UAS and universities do not allow cross-binary mergers.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	3cde9550f8f31f2908142200b182c3db	Anodier important overall determinant is by sex. For children in most countries, the rates of underweight are the same for both sexes. The exception is South Asia, where the rate for boys is 44 per cent, compared to 47 per cent for girls. For adults, there are indications in some countries that women are more likely to be undernourished than men because of how food is distributed within households. This has serious implications for the food security of households that depend on female earners.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ff1be167-en	3cdff0067da27541930e542a49d65c51	The same procedure was used for severe deprivations and for moderate or severe deprivations. As the weight of the dimensions is irrelevant to the identification process, owing to use of the union approach, its relevance is confined to the aggregation process, reflecting greater intensity, depth and severity of poverty when a deprivation affects a small group of children. The usual headcount index (H) is obtained by breaking down M0.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	3ce4bdc511868f4c5b42b8816b717c10	As in the majority of countries, there is a positive relationship between teacher-student relations and student performance in both the United States and Japan. For example, the quarter of students in the United States who reported the poorest relationships with their teachers are 1.6 times more likely to be also among the quarter of the poorest performing students (for japan the odds are 2.0).'2 Differences in student-reported teacher interest in their well-being may reflect either different student expectations of the level of involvement of their teachers, or different roles that teachers assume with respect to their students. A low percentage of agreement with these statements suggests a possible mismatch between student expectations and what teachers are actually doing.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	3ceb29914cf835e6653b7bc1fa7062a5	Therefore, the policies that emerge must be implementable, universal, sensitive and relevant to the local context. They must be participatory and collaborative. They must be inclusive and recognize the rights of minorities and vulnerable groups. Above all, the policies must be sustainable. This trend is not new, but relentless and has been marked by a remarkable increase in the absolute numbers of urban dwellers—from a yearly average of 57 million between 1990-2000 to 77million between 2010-2015. In 1990,43 per cent (2.3 billion) of the world’s population lived in urban areas; by 2015, this had grown to 54 per cent (4 billion).	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-10606f78-en	3cebd5f0bbc5311edea81d0dce40e890	Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and, as individual activities that damage the oceans can be felt beyond national borders, responsibility for the ocean's health rests with all of us. While ships traversing oceans are only one of many ocean activities, the shipping industry is one of the most visible industries taking place on the oceans. At IMO, we need to ensure that shipping continues to make its significant contribution to the global economy without upsetting the delicate balance between safe and secure shipping and protecting the marine environment.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	3cee035735817f034474837f05bc93ef	The agreement calls for comprehensive policies and a targeted approach focusing on attending to the poor, vulnerable and excluded segments of society in keeping with their particular needs, characteristics and contexts. Science and Culture (OEI), the ministers of education approved a comprehensive early childhood project that is at the heart of the project “Goals 2021: The Education We Want for the Bicentennial Generation” (ECLAC/OEI/SEGIB, 2010). Such is the case in countries with more generalized attendance, such as Uruguay (4 years) and Mexico (3).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47e32247-en	3cee0763992ce4672d93c63875d04998	Also, the soil could be conserved because this system prolonged the period when the soil was covered by crops. The introduction of livestock and legume forage also improved the fertility of the soil. In the village of Juehnde, a population of 770 people in 200 households farms 1,200 hectares, with 9 households practising dairy farming and raising about 400 head of cattle. The core of this concept is (1) supplying electric power and heat produced through cogeneration by biogas facilities, with the fuel obtained from energy crops cultivated on fallow land and night soil from livestock in the village, and (2) providing a regional heating resource by supplying woody biomass mainly for use as a supply of heat in the winter, with the fuel for this process obtained as thinned wood and pruned branches collected in the village.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be1e55c-en	3ceecb87111a432388dfec0f54d6307e	Bangkok promotes the education and participation (SDGs 4,6.a and 6.b) of local communities in wastewater treatment projects and promotes reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture and industry. This requires a foundation that is based on the human rights of the urban population for safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Org/course/detail/4.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	3cef31e389698cbff79e0c77fabb05fd	As discussed, new uses may be denied product patent protection to the extent that the (known) product in question fails the novelty test, either on the basis of a specific regulation governing novelty in such cases, or on the basis of case-by-case examination. In addition, process patent protection may be denied where domestic laws implement a broad exemption from patentability for methods of medical treatment, in accordance with Article 27.3 (a) of the TRIPS Agreement. Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases, respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, etc.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	3cf0c0656a4f86269fdc3d5c6c9a90cc	Linking CME and CPD requirements to re-licensing medical professionals is a strength that makes Australia and the United Kingdom leaders across the OECD. Such approaches should be trialled in other OECD countries to support the health workforce to deliver high-quality care throughout their medical careers. In Denmark and Sweden for example, external involvement in regulating health professionals’ knowledge and skills is deliberately light-touch (OECD, 2013a, 2013b).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	3cf259f92463876a8a03886a436324dc	Astana and Almaty, and urban areas of the oil and gas industry-based oblasts of Atyrau and Mangystau, are the main destinations for internal migrants looking for jobs or better prospects. In Astana, the number of citizens increased from 289 700 to 814 400 between 1996 and 2013.22 The share of the service sector of Astana’s economy increased from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2013. Astana receives people mostly from the comparatively close regions of Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay and East Kazakhstan, while Almaty receives most of its immigrants from Almaty oblast, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, Taraz, South and East Kazakhstan.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	3cf701ee2069db00735e8a77eb91ed26	In the US, the majority of homes are built primarily of wood, and the current inventory of wood structures in the US is estimated to store 1.5 billion metric tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 5.4 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide). Maximizing the use of wood in multi-family housing, low-rise residential construction and remodelling in the US could result in a carbon storage benefit of about 21 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, which is equivalent to taking 4.4 million automobiles off the road (Howe et al„ 2015). The ECO Platform is working to harmonize national EPD systems based on the ISO 14025 standard for environmental declarations and the EN 15804 standard for construction-sector EPDs. The first ECO Platform EPDs aligned to the harmonized procedures were issued in October 2014.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	3cf78adf73c47b98aa8d62359c0714af	However, ICTs are more than just access and use of the Internet and the development of a digital economy. It also relates to the use of ICTs to create more efficient systems for effective and reliable service delivery and to improve productivity in a large number of sectors. For more information about innovative financing, see http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/bevond-oda-innovative-financing-for-development.htm. However, while technological improvements are made across many sectors, technological convergence often includes elements of communication networks and fast processing of data.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	3cfdbce25f12b43f9c4f5caab59f6d5f	Women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group in terms of age, background and education and they are active in a wide range of sectors. However, they often work in professions where the opportunities and conditions for entrepreneurship have been limited, such as healthcare, nursing and education. There is no big difference between men’s and women’s entrepreneurship in Sweden but an interesting difference is observed in the level of education. The level of education of women is higher than that of men. This fact is also reflected in the number of women engineers and the patents taken out by women in recent years. In 2006, 5% of all patents in Sweden were taken out by women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	3cfe7c359e98c454a3d549e56dcbb68c	Employers of low-skilled labour capture $0.72 (of which about 40% from single mothers and the rest from ineligible workers whose after-tax incomes fall). The net transfer to low-skilled workers is about $0.28 per dollar spent. However, if firms cannot shift the entire tax burden onto workers (for example, because of minimum wages or strong trade unions), higher taxes will reduce labour demand. Several empirical studies support this view (e.g. Belot and van Ours, 2004 and Bassanini and Duval, 2006).	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/e309eca0-en	3cfe9d612eb8c995d9adbc2ad5901fb4	Workers displaced from employment in commuting zones most exposed to the China trade shock have found re-employment relatively slowly with knock-on effects on other segments of the local labour market. The spatial correlation between export-related job gains and import job losses declined over time (Feenstra, Ma and Xu, 2017(9)), suggesting it become harder for displaced workers to find new' employment opportunities. The adjustment frictions to reallocation have played a role in creating localised pockets of unemployment and ultimately, w'hen persistent, to heightened inequality. However more recent empirical evidence suggests that workers in industries exposed to import competition suffered significant losses in earning capacity subsequently in comparison with similar workers in other industries (Autor etal.,	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	3cff0865512ca76cd92dde2f90d9ab92	The survey took place in January 2011, just months after the largest oil spill in history, the Deepwater Horizon, took place in the Gulf of Mexico, between April and July 2010. It can be speculated that this may well have influenced the respondents concerns. Frequency of responses is illustrated by the size of the text, with pollution noted most often (reproduced from Buckley and Pinnegar 2011). A number of sectors were chosen, including: design and manufacturing, maritime industries, policy makers, media organizations, education and environmental organizations.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/641d54a4-en	3cff36ef2c069fef4143bec016681206	Chapter 2 is essentially evidence driven and descriptive. Chapter 3 will attempt to identify the major challenges facing the forests and the forest sector in the ECE Region, on the basis of the facts and trends reported in chapter 2, as a contribution to discussion on directions and priorities, at the local, national and international levels. It is therefore useful to prepare outlook studies which project into the future the observed trends and their possible interactions, also with developments for other sectors, and to use these studies as a basis for identifying challenges.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	3d01dc8272fb393bc8ebcac4d90cede2	Policy design and implementation at the level of the EZs and ICs would allow a more comprehensive approach, rather than sectoral policies at the national or local level. Hai Phong could also introduce a mechanism such as a forum to facilitate knowledge exchange and diffusion on green growth among the EZs and ICs. Such exchange may be most efficient if foreign and domestic firms, as w'ell as large and small firms, can interact with each other.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330923-7-en	3d035e83dae1b4893b9e422d608e3c2b	The initial decision text leaves open whether incentives to reduce deforestation would take the form of carbon credits or direct financial assistance. The Fund aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The BioCarbon Fund can consider purchasing carbon from a variety of land use and forestry projects; the portfolio includes Afforestation and Reforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and is exploring innovative approaches to agricultural carbon.	15	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	3d05729c764018e94ccadfdfe5c9a337	For instance, Portland’s open rules towards food vending have allowed local food truck entrepreneurs to occupy vacant spaces and create vibrant uses out of them—it has been a boon for local businesses and has encouraged tourism to the area (Southworth, 2014). Temporary land uses encourage experimentation. Across the United States, local skateboarders have taken over vacant lands—often unused public land underneath bridges—to build illegal skateparks (e.g., Burnside Park, Portland; Washington Street Park, San Diego).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	3d05e664ab6378aee0e51f893402ecc6	There is an intensive human impact both in Ukraine and in the Russian Federation, mainly from the coal industry, mine water discharges, irrigated agriculture, and public utilities. Industrial discharges have a transboundary impact. Periodic releases of distillation liquids from a sodium carbonate company in Lugansk are reported.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	3d07372f6bfe63c37a850b992816ff1f	The fifth and final section concludes. The firstfocusesoninequalityinterms of human capital, particularly education, while the second focuses on employment and labour income. These researchers' interpretation of their findings indicates that, when men and women have the same endowments and an equal distribution of skills and abilities, the existence of inequality will lead to the exclusion of potentially highly skilled women and to the inclusion of less skilled men.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	3d08615079933a151aa37509444d6220	However, the proposal is a second-best approach since it will increase administrative costs by requiring multiple tax liability calculations (i.e. the traditional calculation, IMAN, and a simplified IMAS for employers with low income). Indeed, the first-best approach would be to reconsider the underlying tax expenditures. Moreover, the potential redistributive impact remains limited as the tax is expected to be levied only on the richest 4% of the population. Thus, the overall tax take, as a share of GDP, will remain extremely small (the reform is designed to be revenue-neutral in the short term).	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	3d087ddbfbe851edb8aed94867a55cf9	Efforts to collect this data at a city level are underway in countries to ensure its availability in the coming monitoring rounds for this goal. This target has two indicators, data and methodology, both of which are available. Weak land-use planning, informal settlements often located on high-risk areas and limited disaster response capacities in African cities exacerbate disaster vulnerability.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6614d209-en	3d0b860d221c02592ba2deee7b5c13ad	Another condition on access to the benefits is registration as unemployed and availability for work. In many cases, benefits are conditional on the beneficiary not having resigned from his or her job. The financing of the unemployment insurance is linked to the payroll in the case of the employer's contribution, and depends on income in the less frequent case where contributions are made by workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	3d0c85d7d9cedccfe6522e212e27e168	However, there is a national agreement- the so-called macro-norm (macro-standard) - which is a mutual agreement between the Dutch municipalities and the Ministry of Finance that determines the National Financial Municipal Fund. Each year, each municipality receives a financial contribution from the municipal fund. The macro-standard sets the limit of the total percentage increase of all the rates of the Dutch municipalities together; municipalities cannot transcend this standard, and if they do, their subventions are reduced.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	3d0cd9e67a8e2f50c08304ee1f8f6705	Young children are most likely to be at risk because their parents are also likely to be young with relatively low earnings, or because their mothers are not in employment (Bradbury and Jantii, 2001). Strategies to alleviate child poverty vary across countries with policies either tending to promote employment (in particular through welfare reform in recent years) or providing generous levels of benefits to redistribute income to the poor. Getting lone parents into work has been a central aim of policy in a number of countries in recent years with “welfare reform” policies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States all targeting employment among lone parents.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	3d0f7e65765424ef0b2f9e8266548a2a	Based on this assessment and the decision rule, a management decision is made (e.g., annual or multiyear TACs). Fleet effort and catch are then modelled, potentially allowing for error in implementation, and resulting catches are fed into the operating model. By repeating this cycle the full management cycle is modelled. Alternative decision rules can be compared by running many stochastic simulations for several years to identify the performance of a decision rule according to different metrics under the likely range of conditions.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	3d11009453a2225d46c8b2d241b19e77	Since 2002, the primary energy supply increased, to 3,543 Mtoe in 2011. Coal, natural gas and oil products were the “big losers” since economic changes have forced many consumers to limit their consumption. Supply of coal has declined from approximately 896,000 tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) in 1990 to 13 ktoe in 2002, and increased slightly to 157 ktoe in 2011. Oil products followed the same trend with a consumption decrease from 3,186 ktoe in 1990 to 547 ktoe in 2008, then an increase to 1,009 ktoe in 2011.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	3d1439887c9cf625730ba03720dad546	An improved gender balance in senior management (Chapter 14) can thus have important “spillover” effects on female entrepreneurship. Women’s low labour force participation rates arguably limit opportunities to acquire the job skills or management experience necessary for starting a business, and only about 9% of adult women engage in early-stage entrepreneurial activity - less than half the rate of men (19%). Women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group, whose firm characteristics and needs vary according to location (urban versus rural) and education level.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	3d149a180bf2998bb054535d4309a4d2	Strong national and international leadership needs to send clear and consistent signals that abuses will not be tolerated in peacekeeping missions. Measures need to be put into place to adequately address the needs of women, men, boys and girls who have been forcibly recruited and suffered gender-based violence. Initiatives can be made to recruit female former combatants into the police and armed forces. Male former combatants should be provided with counselling and programmes aimed at preventing gender-based violence on reintegration.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	3d164421113d59b6c1b2e15b4a4a54f2	In 2010 and 2011, climate-related aid commitments3 reported to the OECD DAC4 ranged on average from USD 12.8-21.1 bn per year (based on lower and upper bound estimates), representing up to 16% of total ODA. Going forward, climate-related ODA is expected to remain both significant and substantial given its potential to mobilise other sources of climate finance and given the internationally-agreed target of devoting 0.7% GNI to ODA). Going forward the definition of public climate finance and consistency with OECD DAC Rio markers is to be determined.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	3d172a8f9c21267b413bffd6b6c8d004	It might be an expensive long-term investment, but in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from policies, especially given the time lags that are likely to be involved. Teachers often also command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally have a positive view of their children's school and its teachers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	3d17bd33b6de1440ca7f22248012c71b	If compared to 1999-2000, the shares of both categories decreased significantly. However, the share of own account worker among women workers has been increasing over the years. Thus, there seems to be a transition of women workers from contributing family worker to own account worker to fill the vacuum created by men becoming wageworkers. There is also an increasing phenomenon of Self Help Groups (SHGs) of women taking up own account entrepreneurial activities.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285712-7-en	3d1860ff7f028ecf55d9e96b517cdb21	The principle for the water abstraction charge is cost recovery, i.e. tariffs should reflect the total cost of providing water, including capital expenses, energy expenses, and expenses related to operation and maintenance. The means to include a component that reflects scarcity in the tariffs is to add the expenses related to the purchasing of desalinated w'ater on top of the other expenses. Water desalination is the costliest form of providing water in Israel and therefore reflects the marginal cost of producing water. Charges for pollution with domestic origin are based on the water consumption of the household. The following table compiles the pollution charge for domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin (one of the 6 river basins in France). In the following table, we report the pollution charge for non-domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a72b920d-en	3d1a1f8c5d23b9d7ef061e0aebfaaf76	He placed high priority on HIV prevention, as well as on treatment, care and support for HIV/AIDS patients. The NASCP was replaced with a broader AIDS control programme, comprising the Presidential Committee on AIDS and the multi-sectoral National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) to coordinate HIV/AIDS programmes at the federal level. Nigeria was also able to attract funding from the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the UK’s Department for International Development, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Ford Foundation.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	3d1fac6cbab2adfe352eb85c6fffaf65	Also, as discussed in the preceding section, Kazakhstan has relatively high mortality rates from respiratory diseases such as COPD, and gastrointestinal diseases such as liver cirrhosis, for which recognised risk factors are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption respectively (OECD, 2015). For example, among men aged 15 and over nearly 37% are daily smokers, a proportion far above the OECD average of 24%. Indeed, only three OECD countries report a higher proportion of daily smokers among men aged 15 years and over: Latvia 52%, Greece 43.7%, and Turkey 37.3% (Figure 1.12).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	3d20498b94f0e8b560ea99b64d51f15d	According to Makhmutova (2012), many internal migrants with children had to resort to questionable measures, including bribing the kindergarten administration or buying registration certificates, to obtain kindergarten places. Tukmadieva (2015) found out that in Astana, 22% of internal migrants surveyed had paid for registration (illegally) in 2014. The most common reasons for doing so include enrolling children at school or in kindergarten, accessing medical services and renewing passports or other ID documents.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3d2084ece1d2e835f4f5c21bea8a4ed8	Some studies do not use revealed preference methods and return to stated preferences, i.e. contingent valuation, with all the known caueats. Ultimately, the premise of a WTP as society’s marginal benefit for reducing a given social cost is solidly grounded in economic theory. The VSL, the extension of WTP into the area of mortality cost estimations, is also covered by economic theory. However, the notion of a single “true VSL” must be avoided to recognise the vastly different contexts and risk perceptions of damages.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	3d2150d724947db4d2bb53868224fb5a	In this regard, enthusiasm about start-ups and microenterprises and small and mediumsized enterprises is understandable, yet it often appears to be overstated, in particular in the light of the low survival rates of such enterprises. Whether and how the potential opportunities offered by global value chains (GVCs) can help to stimulate the entrepreneurship needed to drive structural transformation is a critical developmental question for LDCs. However, there has been surprisingly little research to validate the supposed advantages of GVCs in stimulating local entrepreneurship.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	3d23be3ece2a8e71f54ae121f6bc901b	Such opportunities are not specifically defined at this stage but ability to benefit will depend on adaptive capacity. At present, higher risk/impact regions have been outlined (Handisyde et al., Asia is by far the major aquaculture producer, with large populations and production zones in low-lying areas, and is the most vulnerable region. Deltaic areas in Asia and elsewhere are also critical for agricultural livelihoods and food security, and the loss of agriculture productivity due to salination from sea level rise and seawater intrusion could have an important impact.	14	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	3d2544b38eb6b6f25d5722ab50f62d9a	"Household surveys and censuses offer a picture of poverty but only at five and ten year intervals. Poor and marginalized people and communities are among the most likely to be missed by official statistics. Alongside improving official statistics, therefore, policy-makers are turning increasingly to ICTs to facilitate ""big data"" solutions."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	3d265b313e32c759c6ffd17aeef0d05f	The rental market remains highly regulated with all private dwellings build before 1991 subject to strict rent control. Easing rent regulation and reducing housing subsidies as discussed in the 2016 Survey would stimulate a better utilisation of the housing stock and a larger private rental market. In turn, a larger and more dynamic rental market would ease the upward price pressure on the owner-occupied segment and promote labour mobility. Finally, selective support to parents to buy flats to rent to their children should be terminated to ease high demand for smaller flats.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ff1be167-en	3d269e517c8e9ab037c8d552d61213b5	Contextual factors can also increase the incidence of child poverty, including the way poverty is distributed in a country. The child poverty situation in the region calls for a study of inequalities broken down to lower geographical levels within countries, in order to target public policies and sectoral projects for improving the living standards of children and adolescents in different areas defined on a geopolitical or territorial basis. This allows priority clusters to be identified for public policy implementation, as they have high concentrations of children and adolescents suffering deprivation and can even cross national and geographical boundaries, attesting to a reality that affects several subregions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Geographic information systems are specialized computer programs for analysing spatial patterns in information.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	3d27a60417ef51b591e5d680045ecbc5	The study showed indirect taxes to be progressive as a result of higher tax rates applied to goods that are consumed more by richer households, such as alcohol. However, indirect taxes increase poverty, with the USD 1.25/day poverty headcount rate increasing by 3.6 points as a result of these taxes. When combined with emergency food aid, this was found to reduce poverty by 2.0 percentage points and the poverty gap by 1.4 percentage points (or 14.3%). The study also found that the RPSNP was better targeted than emergency food assistance. Meanwhile, wheat and kerosene subsidies were found to be progressive but not pro-poor, while electricity subsidies were found to be highly regressive.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg83k687ng7-en	3d2870c005c51f34abf62272b3b05c3d	To meet these objectives reform momentum needs to be maintained and broadened. This is especially so given the pace of development in the Indian economy, the changing needs of households and businesses, and the considerable lags between changes in education policies and outcomes. The current state of education quality is also examined.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	3d2a05100abd3417b731dbfb2f403f99	However, none of the options would have high feasibility and be able to provide a comprehensive answer to the issue to be assessed. However, this item only encompasses part of the focus of this aspect of the stocktake. However, the accuracy of such a proxy may not be very high, such a proxy would not assess the effectiveness of support, and would also conflate climate and nonclimate factors.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22758cf4-en	3d2da77bc0f096c2f475c566fb3fe722	Quality problems: local bacteriological pollution. Quality problems: pollution from urbanisation and traffic. Transboundary groundwater under consideration but not approved. The issue of Future prospects: agreement on the delineation of transboundary groundwater systems and development of monitoring programmes.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209527-6-en	3d2ef2ec9c085ddcd61f21ab374d9728	Similarly there is no explicit and overarching national urban policy framework. There are currently several policies affecting the regional level: the Top Sector Policy; the National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning; the regional development plans developed at the provincial level; and the EU programmes. There is a danger of disconnecting the regional and local development agenda from a comprehensive national vision of regional development. A key challenge for a successful territorial development policy will be ensuring that the various policies having an effect on the development of regions make the most of potential complementarities.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	3d2f48c1450c3cf1d4333a599169e76a	This led to comprehensive efforts to boost availability. The Slovak Republic also financed the purchase of diagnostic technology, such as positron emission tomography, CT and magnetic resonance scanners. Japan stands out with the highest rate of CT and MRI scanners per million population (97.3 and 43.1, respectively).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	3d360ae32f88ef903725764f5c6d7948	Risk reduction activities have the most direct impact on people’s ability to adapt to climate change or, in the case of infrastructure projects, on damages to the physical environment. Policy making, on the other hand, ensures that climate change risks are taken into account in laws, planning, policies and negotiations. Education, training and awareness aim to change people’s behaviour and habits in accordance with current and projected climate conditions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	3d3d6300b6eb100b9b836ce9bf8ac3ed	"Over time, the connection between place of work and place of residence further eroded as people began to change employers with greater frequency. Development and Administration of Prague, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Sykora, L., J. Kamenicky and P. Hauptmann (2000), ""Changes in the spatial structure of Prague and Brno in the 1990s”, Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geographica, Vol. The planned economy had focused on expanding large machinery manufacturing facilities and other forms of industry and on constructing large residential complexes of relatively small apartments (Sykora, Kamenicky' and Hauptman, 2000; Sykora and Mulicek, 2014)."	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	3d3ec21c8248de2d0d365e7d68899f8a	Integrated Reporting is defined as “bringing together material information about an organization’s strategy, governance, performance and prospects in a way that reflects the commercial, social and environmental context within which it operates. It provides a clear and concise representation of how an organization demonstrates stewardship and how it creates and sustains value”. The assessment of an organisation’s ability to create value in the short, medium and long term depends on an understanding of the connectivity between its business model and a wide range of internal and external factors. An integrated report is based on different principles: strategic focus and future orientation, connectivity of information, stakeholder responsiveness, materiality and conciseness, reliability and completeness and consistency and comparability.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	3d3f777a204053c7a0d8b8241201add8	Thailand (AUD 278 million), New Zealand (AUD 192 million), China (AUD 155 million) and Vietnam (AUD 154 million) continued to dominate as the major source of edible fisheries products imported into Australia, accounting for around 66% of total edible imports. In 2005 the Food Safety Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Board approved the Final Assessment Report for the Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood which contains a scientific evaluation of risk within the seafood industiy and management options to minimise this risk. In 2005 Standard 4.2.1 - Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood became part of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Seafood businesses are now required to comply with this standard.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	3d3fadd4f63166154b1d85af5be1a34d	Empirical evidence point towards career guidance services - in school and outside - having a formative influence on young people’s understanding of themselves and the world of work, and can often improve educational, social and economic outcomes. As young people stay in education and training longer and as the labour market becomes more complex, the case for career guidance grows. But what makes for effective provision?	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	3d3fbfdcaed98e3fa1aeaeb166c9d621	We ran forward and backward citation checks among all identified articles that met the inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers scored the articles using three domains— (1) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and methods, and (iii) data analysis and reporting—to assign a score of high, medium or low quality. We did not exclude any studies according to this assessment but report on the scores achieved by each study.	5	3	3	0.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	3d41cc62226801d94a6f71b4c93a1988	A clearer distinction should be made between ends and means; ends are the subject of consensus of the global community, although it is accepted that countries have the right to adopt the mix of policies — the means—that they believe works well for them. The “embedded neo-liberalism” that is characteristic of many institutions and rules needs to be critically reviewed. The aim should be to move towards “embedded flexibility” which allows room for policy experimentation and heterodoxy. Results are what matter, not policy conformity.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d2bfc1d-en	3d425c2fa864b8f28ff469edd8e73060	In this context, a GPI value of less than 1 shows that the indicator for boys is higher than the indicator for girls, and vice versa for a GPI value of more than 1. A GPI value of between 0.97 and 1.03 is generally considered to reflect gender parity. It should be noted that the period covered in terms of growth differs from country to country depending upon the data available. Between 2000 and 2013, the number of outbound internationally mobile students from Asia and the Pacific enrolled in tertiary educational institutions outside of their home country increased from 644 thousand 1.7 million students in 2013, an increase of 1.0 million students.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	3d427e2a87a5b9d387b04b6e325c0b79	Dialogue with Donors on Urban Poverty Issues (Dhaka, CARE Bangladesh). Slums of Urban Bangladesh: Mapping and Census, 2005” (Dhaka and Chapel Hill, USA). Urban poverty and the working poor: Facing the challenges of urbanization and urban poverty in Asia and the Pacific”, Committee on Poverty Reduction, 24 September (E/ESCAP/C PR(4)/4).	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	3d42fcd075aa6515e579b40096f34ba0	This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. In most cases, market-income inequality has risen more strongly during the first half of the two decades. In addition, most of the countries with data going back further have seen large increases in market-income Ginis before the mid-80s. The upwards trend in market-income inequality continued after the mid-90s, but at a much slower pace.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	3d46251d4a426d0a3dbb16faa4f08ee2	Flexibility is enhanced by incentive-based access instruments that enhance the capacity of fishing interests to move within and across jurisdictional boundaries to respond to changes in resource distribution. Incentives to adopt green technologies will also strengthen the position of the fishing industry in anticipation of carbon fees (FAO, 2006). Overall actions taken to improve the economic status of the fishery and adopt best practices for fishery management will best equip the fishery to respond flexibly to change. Policy makers can encourage approaches to information development that take into account the uncertainty of unforeseen events, such as the increasing frequency of extreme weather events and other “surprises”.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8464a369-en	3d473f024326ad8ea7d724717e942917	"Ill (LC/G.2488-P), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Evidence from El Salvador's Comunidades Solidarias Rurales"", 1FPRI Discussion Paper, No. Version final"" [online] http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/ EVALUACION/es/ docs/ docs2005.php. New York, Routledge/ United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)."	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	3d49e2a925b206315799f7a97cda4e45	The crop is largely irrigated and makes use of advanced cultivation and harvesting technologies. Since 2005 production has increased steadily to more than 1.4 Mt. Over the next decade, with expanded areas and higher yields the crop could reach 1.65 Mt. Production is mostly destined to the domestic market. Among fruits varieties, melons are more dependent on world markets with around a third of production exported.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3d49fbaf59671acb7eb0f7683710538a	Once it is fully operational (by 2013), it will predominantly run with a results-based payment modality. It will finance programmes that are found to be strategic and with transformational impact. The SCIP has already channelled resources to three projects (standardizing Ethiopia's Grid Emission Factor, supporting grass roots communities in local adaptation programmes; and Ethiopia's negotiations support programme).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	3d4b89fdfda70c3bb65f9cda9e8bbf76	Clearly, there is lot of ground to be covered. Most workplace initiatives provide childcare for higher-level workers in large firms and in financial or business services. However, there is an unmef demand for childcare by low-wage workers (Hein and Cassirer, ILO, 2010b). The authors report that Chile, Kenya and Thailand provide examples of childcare provision for rural agricultural workers in a gender equitable manner through public-private partnerships and employer tax incentives (ILO, 2010b).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	3d4f83ce52778434f10302d58b1cb304	Demand-side barriers (see table below) are barriers that hinder individuals', households' or communities' ability to use health services. Supply- and demand-side barriers are not necessarily mutually exclusive. These include issues such as indigeneity, the impacts of colonial and post-colonial experience, and often a lack of government recognition.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-3-en	3d50d1b78ae2be166aae8f5b88c341be	In this context, Mexico’s challenge is to use the growing water reform momentum to create inclusive, integrated and coherent water policy. Moving forward under a business-as-usual scenario is not an option. Addressing this means, in part, improving the quality of rivers, lakes and aquifers in Mexico. This task has been a major challenge throughout the country because surface and groundwater quality is threatened by pollution loads from point and diffuse sources, and insufficient attention to wastewater discharges. Currently, 91.3% of the population has access to drinking water services, and 89.9% has sanitation coverage. In 2010 alone, hurricanes affected 118 municipalities in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas; 138 municipalities in the states of Campeche, Puebla, Veracruz; and 56 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	3d5103ffa96a79c7fceee54f6b361b28	Housing can be unaffordable for middle-income households as well. Even households in the third quintile of the income distribution, face a fairly high risk of housing cost overburden. On average in OECD countries 9% of tenant households in the third income quintile are overburdened by housing costs. In some countries, overburden rates are high for third-quintile mortgage payers too: overburden rates for this group are above 20% in Sweden, Ireland and Greece.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	3d527ca883c8468756080ea1795db9ca	Trends in water and weather-related disasters between 1980 and 2009 have been analysed using information from the Emergency Events database (EM-DAT), maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).3 The database compiles information on the human and economic impacts of water-related disasters and indicators monitor direct economic losses and the number of victims (people affected or killed). Disasters are categorised according to their causes (floods, droughts and storms). The main drivers of this increase are a growing world population, increasing wealth and expansion of built-up areas.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	3d53b053182232b8900152c302cba65a	However, it is difficult to say whether higher or lower rates of reporting indicate substantive change on the ground, greater awareness of what constitutes sexual harassment and/or willingness to report, which is both an individual and societal construct. The survey presents a counterintuitive result: there is a positive correlation between the prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence and European Gender Equality Index scores. Countries which score high in gender equality (like the Nordic countries) had higher levels of reported violence against women than countries which are ranked as less egalitarian.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	3d54e1f4cb836fff1184b7402001c725	These developments have enabled the industry to respond well to a wide range of changing consumer preferences, while maintaining relatively low prices. But there are also concerns about their growing market power, about price transmission, transparency and what is a “fair” distribution of profits across the food chain. Both public food safety standards and private quality standards have been raised in response to consumer demands, but these imply higher compliance costs and some farmers, particularly in developing countries, may have difficulty in meeting the more stringent standards. In some cases there remains considerable scope for improving productivity through more widespread adoption of available technologies. Progress can also be made to make better use of what is produced - as much as one-third of food “disappearance” has been estimated as “waste”.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	3d5786d9aeff8f6f3f09cc151e9dd97b	Solanes, N. and Gonzales-Vellarreal, F. (1999). The Dublin Principles for Water as Reflected in a Comparative Assessment of Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue, American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1302-1311.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	3d57ff179c882c825de3b8f8f2c52551	National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2009), China Statistical Abstract. Both the nature of rural poverty and the instruments of poverty alleviation differ from previous phases. Therefore, the poverty-alleviation strategy emphasised targeting households and helping the poor through the social security system rather than through regional development programmes. In recent years, Dibao programme has been piloted in rural areas in order to set up a safety net for the poor in rural China.10 In 2008, the Chinese government raised the rural poverty line significantly, which means that the government’s poverty-alleviation efforts are going to cover more low-income people, including rural poor, in the Dibao programme (Table 3.6).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d256607a-en	3d58586c53a384ae1c215aedfdafb3ec	This suggests the need for a detailed assessment of progress and for improved data systems if no one is to be left behind.7 Against this background, some cities appear as sites of opportunity, but others of growing risk. Occupying the same geographical space does not imply equal access to opportunity or equal rights, even in democracies. Political controversies are becoming increasingly strident in many regions as countries face multi-national societies with the strong probability of increased immigration in the future.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	3d5a2160d608d0298f1b05ab817eb02d	It is therefore difficult to infer whether these upgrades in earnings reflect workers’ gains in productivity, as people initially on temporary contracts who display high ability are later offered permanent positions at a firm, or whether this is due to a (more intensive) job search in the pursuit of a better career match. Similarly, switching from standard employment to a temporary contract (SW-TE) often results in earnings losses (especially in Estonia and Korea). In Hungary, Spain and the Slovak Republic, for instance, nearly one in two workers changed earnings category when moving from a temporary contact to standard employment; about one-half of them experienced upward mobility while the other half ended up with lower earnings.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	3d5ab6a0a63d823bb5523191649bd123	This project is financed by the Sava River District Water Agency' with €2 million and implemented by the Institute for Water Management in Bijeljina. Identification of impacts and vulnerability models could be very useful to inform future strategies and management plans, as a way of directing or managing changes in the landscape so that forestry activities will be in line with landscape management. Various non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are extensively used by the local population and private companies who hire local people in the rural areas to collect mushrooms, medicinal plants, berries, etc. There are no clear statistics on the collection of NWFPs. Private owners do not have the right to execute clear logging without a special permit that is very' difficult to obtain.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	3d5ac05f84e04698abfcc2c214d96816	As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	3d5b109cab9132eb349b94961edeef07	That is, the probability of transition into standard work and transition into non-employment is estimated by two separate probit models. The estimations presented in Figure 4.11 capture the marginal effects of the labour market and job status in the previous year on the probability of having a standard job. The reference group is that of the unemployed, i.e. the numbers for standard work, temporary, part-time, self-employed and inactive should be interpreted as how much more or less likely such individuals are to move to a standard job in the next year compared with unemployed people with similar characteristics. In Belgium, for instance, the likelihood of having a standard job in the current period for men is 32 percentage points.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	3d5c1d8b29c8325f43d4e2f071057065	The case of ATPs and supervisors is unusual as their appointments depended traditionally on the growth of the education system. Currently the education system is stable and the number of students has fallen in some states. Those teachers and school directors that are not needed are provided with other tasks. In some cases, school directors may become ATPs.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	3d5c6359f3a72d01eb82f6b2b8587a49	However, because it is innovative and new (at the demonstration and early market introduction stages) the typical household in rural settings would not be appropriate for hydrogen use. There are, however, some 400 stationary hydrogen demonstrations in the world. Unlike the photovoltaic industry or solar water-heating and cooling and other alternative technology industries which have started from scratch, hydrogen is already a large business with an infrastructure that can kick-start production, storage, delivery or energy applications as the deployment process continues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	3d5de404dc116e97325915f709680ad0	On average, they have slashed poverty for households by 50% from the initial position (by 13 percentage points) and by 40% for individuals (considering only primary income), which in practice means a fall of 10 percentage points (see table II.3). Benefits derived from social-security or health-care systems may be distributed throughout the working life (health care) or when it has ended (retirement pensions). The funding of solidarity-based systems —which are not necessarily progressive— depends on the role of general revenue and the redistributive policies applied to pension funds.	10	0	3	1.0
10.6027/92601435-en	3d63204126f92c12045fb65f8dc360af	The private company R0KT owns the third wind farm located at Vestmanna. This wind farm consists of three wind turbines from 2003 with a total capacity of 2 MW. Eight of them (at Vestmanna, Ei5i and Strond) are located in the northern electricity grid, and two of them (at Botnur) are located in the southern electricity grid. The total capacity of the hydropower plants is 40 MW.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/85946e24-en	3d63758f22d9504c57ff7d41df474799	But the largest increase in life expectancy among regions occurred in Asia, rising from 42.1 years in 1950-1955 to 71.6 years in 2010-2015. In Africa, life expectancy increased from the 1950s until the early 1980s, but this progress slowed down during the late 1980s and all through the 1990s, mainly because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There have been indications in more recent years that the worst part of the epidemic has passed, with the estimated level of life expectancy at birth for the continent reaching 59.4 years for the period between 2010 and 2015. Worldwide, women lived, on average, 4.5 years longer than men in the period between 2010 and 2015 (figure 3). This “female advantage” means that life expectancy for women globally was 6.5 per cent higher than for men. The female advantage was largest in the more developed regions, where women lived 6.4 years (or 8.5 per cent) longer than men in 2010-2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	3d675badae20ef4768335f2cc8c94de1	From 2010 to 2013, the number of recorded heroin-related drug overdose deaths almost tripled, reaching 8,620 deaths in 2013, although public health officials assume the real number of deaths is much higher because heroin rapidly metabolizes into morphine and is difficult to detect. According to United States officials, possible reasons for that increase include an overall increase in the number of heroin users; batches of the drug with greater purity being sold in certain markets; an increase in new and inexperienced heroin users, including those using heroin to supplement or replace prescription opioids; and the presence of toxic substances such as fenta-nyl in the heroin consumed. In Canada and the United States, deaths related to fentanyl abuse have continued to increase, with many recreational drug users succumbing to overdoses after ingesting opioids (primarily counterfeit oxycodone) which they were unaware were fentanyl-laced.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	3d6772698a92ea0fd2d7ba54cf3dc210	This development framework is based on human rights (political, civil, economic, social and cultural) and on the rights of nature (Larrea, 2010; Acosta, 2009 and 2010). A key defining feature of the new constitution is the role of the State in providing public goods and services and protecting rights. These rights are complemented by the rights of communities, peoples and nationalities, rights of participation, rights of freedom, rights of nature, rights of protection and responsibilities of citizenship (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, articles 56 to 83). Public policies must be oriented towards good living and must guarantee rights (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, article 85).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	3d67ecbf634164ae5b58a29838adeae3	The U.S. had a comparative advantage in capital and engineering expertise, but suffered from floods. Canada had a comparative advantage in endowments of water but was limited by absolute capital shortages. Both nations secured what they needed most at a lower cost than either nation could have financed on its own. When total benefits from an agreement exceed total costs, this is a signal that there is a potential for all parties in a transboundary basin to share in the benefits.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	3d6a0879992b03640e5eba95388e2393	In 2007, more than 7.6 million bottles of SWS product - enough to treat 7.8 billion litres of drinking water and supply 10.6 million users - were sold for routine (non-emergency, non-outbreak) use in 20 countries. Nearly 60 percent of these sales were in just three countries, Zambia, Madagascar, and Malawi, which means that these countries have achieved scale in terms of coverage for household water treatment and safe storage. In a series of published randomised intervention trials conducted by CDC in three continents, the Safe Water Systems have shown to reduce the diarrheal disease incidence by 25-84%, with an average of 50%. Whereas unsafe or insufficient water affects primarily the individuals concerned, inadequate sanitation can have significant external effects through the spread of epidemics.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	3d6a4f5136535b686021a07f4d97a24f	Therefore, Botswana is expected to record a fiscal deficit in FY 2015/16 for the first time in four years. Annual average inflation ended the year in 2015 much lower than in 2014, reflecting lower fuel prices and the government’s commitment to prudent monetary policy. Although rural-urban migration and natural population increase have played a role in urban population increase, the positive trend is mainly due to the reclassification of some villages to urban settlements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330657-6-en	3d70c2fd8f2400306d617c372e6e0002	In order for this initiative to be viable, it normally has to be implemented at a national level. Finally it is important that the consumer of reusable products have documentation for the products in respect of not including undesirable materials in the product and those e.g. suitable standards are developed to ensure the quality of these products for commercial use. On the other hand, the reselling of used materials or building components such as window frames aim at reducing demolition waste.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	3d717257b634980861dfaddb75d95730	A correlation is a statistical measure which indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together. The two variables analysed here are the average labour market outcomes of native-born workers in a given year and education and experience group on the one hand, and the share of foreign-bom workers in that group on the other hand. It should be noted, however, that that a positive or negative correlation does not mean that a change in one of the two variables is the cause of the change in the other.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	3d7187ac45a45d15110e36288f04eb18	With enlarged Ul coverage, social assistance could target those who are further aw'ay from the labour market. According to theoretical models, the benefit should decline over time to provide optimal job-search incentives. Furthermore, similar models show7 that indexation of unemployment benefits on previous earnings tends to foster wage moderation and thus leads to higher employment (Heer and Morgenstem, 2005).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	3d7613291a9eb318069b8e3a8d6aa54f	When conducted at the outset of a national focus on adaptation, such assessments can contribute to a baseline of the country’s climate vulnerability against which progress on adaptation can be reviewed. If the assessments are repeated on a regular basis (e.g. to inform national planning and budgeting cycles) they can provide a picture of how climate risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time. However, to understand how these changes came about, the assessments can benefit from the application of complementary tools, including those outlined below.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	3d7821c06489c3b8842d7549767f8beb	A decline in export volumes and prices is expected. Indeed, in recent years, Burkina Faso's exports are increasingly dominated by products that are dependent on global demand conditions, in particular cotton fibre and livestock products (Figure 2). The expected decline in exports is mainly attributable to a contraction in the volume of exports of cotton and, consequently, the fall of 56 per cent in cotton price from its peak in March 2008 to March 2009 (figure 6). Since then, the prices of cotton rebounded by 49 per cent between mid- and end 2009.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	3d786722b51cb0c349a87d4ede680174	Recently, the West African Economic and Monetary Union launched connectuemoa.com, a platform offering information about business opportunities within the region and providing a directory of relevant companies so that members can connect and network with potential partners. The latter can be cheaper in the short run and can provide automatic access to the most advanced technologies. Yet services obtained this way may be less tailored and TIPOs may lose some control over data, information and the services offered.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/df7d93a1-en	3d7c4d55cc5822b675b4a8958ab403b4	But unfortunately, this is not the case in all parts of the world. I was shocked to learn that every second minute a woman dies during pregnancy or while giving birth. These alarming facts led to my involvement and desire to contribute to improving conditions for women during pregnancy and childbirth.	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-10606f78-en	3d7d0d6721f76b42ca69c4c64d9a0d03	The so-called 'blue economy' is sizeable and growing each year, marine and coastal resources generate at least USD 3 trillion (or 5% of the world's GDP), equivalentto the GDP of the seventh-largest economy, each year, whilst the total value of the world's oceans is estimated at USD 24 trillion. If action is not taken soon to regenerate this finite resource and preserve ocean health, the continued pressure on oceans will irrevocably damage one of the world's most valuable resources and threaten life as we know it, in very many ways.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/3726edff-en	3d7fb06c032e29155dc32a44385f64a8	By 2018, there were 39 multilateral agencies, which report their outflows to the CRS, and whose activities are included in the analysis. These represents the bulk of all official development finance going through the multilateral system. However, in a few exceptional cases, it is necessary to include core funding to multilateral agencies.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	3d83aab3a319783e5ada92c46beb3a65	These worthwhile efforts have notably included information on medical practitioners by speciality. In Finland, for example, health workforce planning is part of an economy-wide workforce planning exercise, rather than occupation-specific. The main objective of overall workforce planning is to provide advice on tertiary education student intake, to achieve a better balance between future workforce supply and demand. Meanwhile, Japan has conducted an analysis of physicians, nurses, long-term care workers, pharmacists and other health workers (Ono et al., These efforts should be continued, and broadened to take in other parts of the workforce, such as allied health professionals.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	3d84618f63275bb661a55d764aae15bf	A survey of US cement customers found that the reliability and continuous operation of the plant are their highest priorities (Coito et al. Shutting down a plant to install new equipment can jeopardize the integrity of the kilns. A study of the Swedish pulp and paper sector found the same thing (Thollander and Ottoson 2008; Figure 5.3). A majority of energy-intensive firms surveyed by UNIDO regularly monitored energy use at both the plant and the individual process levels, and both managers and engineers considered themselves well informed about energy-efficiency opportunities (UNIDO 2010h).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	3d8546626a92275786dcedf359882a1c	Taking into account the accident at Fukushima Daiichi, the lEA’s World Energy Outlook 2011 (IEA, 2011b) assumed that the European Union’s electricity production from nuclear will remain roughly stable until 2020 at 885 TWh per year and that hydro will increase only slightly from 328 TWh in 2009 to 353 TWh in 2020. Given the gradual decline of production from coal- and oil-fired power plants and the forecasted increase of total electricity consumption from 3 170 TWh in 2009 to 3 566 TWh in 2020, this means that the electricity produced by wind- and solar-power will need to expand substantially. The WEO 2011 already assumed an expansion by 250% of wind power from 133 TWh in 2009 to 365 TWh in 2020 and an almost five-fold increase in solar power from 14 TWh to 64 TWh over the same period.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	3d89d3e13e2e91dceb3420d6ccf5b8da	However, other countries, too, present a strong economic case for a more effective use of female labour supply. A no-change scenario: male and female participation rates remain at their 2010 levels over the whole period. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female participation rate increases over the period to converge with male participation in 2030.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	3d89f262a901237e58c51d38e7433b0b	Also, few are the critical distinctions between barriers to financing mitigation, adaptation or cross-cutting projects. Hence, successfully addressing the barriers to climate-related investments will likely also mobilize more finance for broader sustainable development activities. The following analysis highlights how these barriers translate into risks, how they could be broken and what solutions are needed.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283473-en	3d8db4014a3196dea66c416c97538fc9	The funding for primary care keeps increasing, together with performance-based payments for GPs. These included the expansion of the list of reference countries and changes to setting reference prices, new requirements for generic pricing, introduction of cost and volume agreements with producers, a positive list of reimbursed medicines and patient choice of medicine with the smallest copayment Initially, these measures lead to a decrease in pharmaceutical expenditure and some improvement in access to medicines for patients (Kacevicius & Karanikolos, 2013). However, more recently both public and private spending on phaimaceutical diugs have risen again, accounting for 28% of the total health care spending - among the highest levels in the EU.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c30f3d31-en	3d8e35c2e1728e65b44126b10ac31442	Policies to close the gender pay gap need to be developed in tandem with policies to reduce inequality overall, promote social justice and extend state support for working parents. When women are reliant on their own wages for subsistence, they often fall into poverty,1 not able to provide a decent standard of living either for themselves or their children. Women should have the same rights as men to develop their capabilities, but pay discrimination limits their choices and impacts on their lifetime earnings. Women's unpaid work responsibilities restrict their access to jobs and careers, and conversely unequal pay also limits the scope for individual families to change the domestic division of labour. Women may move from un paid care work into formal employment, only for new gender divisions to emerge within formal employment, or women may enter high-level and hitherto male-dominated occupations, only for gender divisions within the occupation to intensify.' However, there are some disadvantages in focusing too literally on this measure.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	3d946a6331c09a54e5dc5af3e5fd6938	These criteria include the size and complexity of an installation, its proximity to urban areas and valuable ecosystems, air and water emissions and waste discharges, compliance behaviour, and the operator’s management attitude. The GESTIGAOT helps to harmonise inspection reporting. Changes are continuously being made to update and fine-tune the risk-assessment tool, e.g. as additional hazardous substances are added to the risk criteria. Data are updated after every inspection, as well as through European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reports from the APA. Routine inspections accounted for 90% of the total (IMPEL, 2009).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	3d954073151a2bbe9d0bed73463c168d	It contributes to the research work of the OECD Centre on Green Finance and Investment. The authors would like to acknowledge review and comments received from the following OECD secretariat colleagues: Liwayway Adkins, Galina Alova, Wiebke Bartz, Emilio Chiofalo, Paul Horrocks, (Development Co-operation Directorate), Kate Eklin (Development Centre), Raphael Jachnik, Mariana Mirabile, Robert Youngman (Environment Directorate) and Giovanni Maria Semeraro (Education Directorate). In particular, it has benefited from insights gained from a collaborative workshop between DAC ENVIRONET and the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development Green Growth Working Group on “Development Co-operation and the Environment: Engaging the private sector for green growth and climate change” in March 2016.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	3d96db451a940c81321d111c292e1a5b	Making all information and references about green growth freely available among all public government officials would be an important first step. Offering more training opportunities for young, mid-level and technical officials in cities would also be an effective option. Training programmes specifically tailored to these targeted officials should also be developed. In Viet Nam, General Statistics Office (GSO) is the central government's agency responsible for the national census and official statistics for all cities and provinces.7 While the Vietnamese official statistics currently measures 11 sectors, consisting of more than 200 indicators,8 these indicators measure mostly the economic performance of the sectors, with less regards to its environmental or social impacts. For example, the agriculture sector has 46 indicators that measure area of farming, quantity of outputs, and crop yield, but they do not contain indicators that measure agriculture waste, energy consumption or GHG emissions.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/864d004f-en	3d9796f3d5fc7f816ce6766d26aa8ba2	There is, however, no sewerage tariff harmonization for the locations serviced by ONEP, in contrast to tariffs for drinking water consumption (table 4.3). A tariff analysis of 42 wastewater treatment systems operated by ONEP around 2006 showed that the sanitation tariffs allowed recovery of only about 70 per cent of the operating costs, excluding depreciation allowances, financing costs and costs of maintenance of the infrastructure. In other words, given the general increase in major cost items for wastewater management, there has been an increasing gap between the actual tariffs and the level required for ensuring recovery of operating costs, let alone maintenance and depreciation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	3d980181d66bbf638b28a8261eadce51	They may suffer abuse and difficulties when travelling on public transport. Transport operators may refuse concessionary fares (a problem also experienced by students). P.. J. Hine 120141 Poverty end sustainable transport: Hour transport affects poor people v/ith policy implications for poverty reduction.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	3d9a2b7e56a73d1178e359f998e2abf4	That since the girl consistently had sexual intercourse with the Appellant, the relationship continued for quite a long time to the extent that age became a non-issue. The judge faulted the prosecution for not going to lengths to prove that the Appellant had not taken the necessary due diligence to find out that the complainant was below the age of 18 years. The judge also stated that the appellant should not be condemned for the voluntary acts of the complainant as she was enjoying the sex relationship.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	3d9a5a4a9858b150fa99163dbce27792	To qualify, OVC must be under 17 years old and come from a household with one deceased or chronically ill parent, or where the main caregiver is chronically ill. The regions targeted are selected on the basis of poverty levels and HIV prevalence. Community committees visit households where there are children living in poverty, gather data about the household and then decide which households meet the criteria for the cash transfer. Local knowledge is valued in this process. A list of the households selected is sent to Nairobi. Another visit takes place to collect data related to living conditions including the dwelling construction, drinking water source, cooking fuel, livestock and the toilet (if there is one).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	3d9c79d49daf800ae541f5ba7308c0b1	They use different definitions, classifications and projections for decision-making, resulting in sometimes contradictory or incoherent requirements for land use (World Bank, 2011, and UN Habitat, 2014b). For instance, the land use plans of MONRE and construction plans of the MOC define urban land differently and have different classifications of land, relying on different criteria. The Land Law lists different land use purposes, classifying it between agricultural, non-agricultural and non-used land, while the Law on Urban Planning is concerned with “urban planning land” - it distinguishes civil, non-civil and other lands, with uses classified as residential, public, commercial, service and industrial.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	3d9d05de808ad742aec85d2b26a19acf	Whether or not women are able to be economically independent not only has intrinsic importance, but can also have indirect effects on women’s position in the household by strengthening their options beyond marriage and childbearing (Gray, 1998; Sen, 1990). The position of women in terms of socio-economic resources affects not only their own well-being but also that of their offspring. Generally speaking, the household (with special reference to the married couple at the head of the household) is where many important decisions relating to women’s position are made (Klasen, 1998, p. 437). For this reason, the third field considered is the marital position of women.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	3d9d482f6415bb747bbcb6ae7e093406	For more details, see ESCWA, 2015g, p. 34. Strategic objective A.3 and paragraph 166 (a) of the Beijing Platform for Action, which requires Governments to “promote and support women's self-employment and the development of small enterprises, and strengthen women’s access to credit and capital on appropriate terms equal to those of men through the scaling-up of institutions dedicated to promoting women's entrepreneurship, including, as appropriate, non-traditional and mutual credit schemes, as well as innovative linkages with financial institutions.” Tunisia, though, has succeeded to reach out to rural areas, which account for about 57 percent of the total number of active borrowers.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	3d9f98ff21e68fae5726cbf0330fe3fa	"However conception rates amongst women aged 15 to 17 remain higher than in the USA (2.9 per cent in 20123) and UK (2.8 per cent of 20124) where the greater likelihood of termination contributes to much lower rates of adolescent parenting. An analysis of South Africa and Zimbabwe's postcolonial legislations and policies suggests that while policy institutionalisation in both countries is an important step towards democratising formal schooling for girls who fall pregnant while at school, it cannot achieve this without confronting ""the negative traditional, social and cultural variables that militate against pregnant girls who choose to pursue their educational aspirations through the formal school system"" (Runhare et al., Young mothers in the region consistently get help from their own mothers, aunts or grandmothers in caring for their infants so they can continue with education or/and seek work opportunities, or simply because they continue to live in the parental home. However, new tensions are arising between the two generations of mothers because young mothers have slightly different conceptions of what 'good' motherhood entails; yet they do not have sufficient resources to create their own home in which to raise their child using these ideals (Moore, 2013)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	3d9f9a45d65acb68d8324b5ed2eca29f	Clear trends emerge for women: paid employment is increasing in most countries, while unpaid work is decreasing. Women spend, on average, 1 hour more on paid work per week and 2.6 hours less on unpaid work than 10 years ago, while men’s paid work has decreased on average by 4.5 hours and their unpaid workload increased by 2 hours. The average increase in unpaid work done by men is however not observed in all countries, partly because in some countries men worked even longer hours outside the home. Data refer to 2003-11 for the United States; to 2001-11 for Japan; to 1999-2011 for New Zealand; to 2003-10 for Spain; to 2002-10 for Italy; and to 2001-10 for Norway.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	3da243d89e83c9aed0269045f4379187	Lowlands of Europe United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmaik, Germany, Poland Sedimentary basin region Thick sedimentary plains Medium humid Abundant resources. Major aquifer (Paris Basin), limestone aquifer (Chalk aquifer in UK), sandstone aquifers. Mountains of Central and Southern Europe Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Greece.	6	3	2	0.2
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	3da476e40efceef9fa29a3cc18fd574e	By serving as positive role models to other women and mobilising male champions to support the cause of women, they have gradually improved the status of women to promote policies and funding of developmental projects that are beneficial for communities. In this way, these women encourage more women to participate in the political process. The Union Parishad is headed by a chair, and consists of a further nine general members plus three reserved seats for women (Khan and Ara 2006). The women are voted in by direct election, and are able to contest the general seats and that of the chair. A total of 475 women were elected.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	3da5ec2fed4f03c39b2ed3df3a4aa54b	"Despite this, school directors still tend to see themselves as administrators, not as instructional leaders. As one Ministry witness stated: ""It is difficult to delegate management decisions and responsibilities down to the directors. Schools are isolated and we have not built a management system that is efficient for schools."""	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/638a5aa8-en	3da81855dbe0136eac0fb6bae5ce8af4	These are very different in terms of wealth, landmass and population size, and cover a wide range of MDG achievements. Considering only the overall Asia-Pacific regional averages therefore hides the true picture. This chapter assesses MDG disparities both between and within countries, particularly in standards of health, and considers possible causes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	3da8d9ff6931e5ef7a9dd5bf7aeeb8ad	Moreover, numeracy and information and communications technology (ICT) skills do improve employability, particularly at the top proficiency levels. This advantage is slightly higher for men than for women (87% and 70% respectively). Tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is above the OECD average and increased sharply between 2005 and 2014. The difference in tertiary attainment between 55-64 year-olds and 25-34 year-olds is about 29 percentage points, well above the OECD average of 16 percentage points.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-3-en	3dabd826cf7e03216c8db76d853fbd78	Evidence from improvements and successes that have been achieved for Indigenous students clearly point to strategies that are deliberate in intent, open and flexible in approach, vigilant in monitoring progress, and sustained in effort over time. Building effective relationships relies on mutual trust and respect. Schools that have achieved sustained improvements for Indigenous students recognise the key role of Indigenous parents, leaders and other community members and have actively built relationships with these important people in their students’ lives.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	3dad468b7edece84d9b84e4ee9b02ec9	Following their placement, students report back to their training provider and they are assessed to see if they have met their learning objectives. Supervisors need to have a solid knowledge of the theoretical content of the student’s course and have sufficient time and resources to offer guidance. Students apply concepts learnt in the study programme at the workplace, linking theory to practice. In the Netherlands, instructors from industry can only teach in the presence of a pedagogically qualified teacher (Fazekas and Litjens, 2014). In 2007-08, 45% of first and second year community college students reported having to take remedial courses (US Department of Education, 2013). While extensive resources are devoted to remediation of basic skills, its effectiveness is limited.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2b40407-en	3dad627b16b3baafb473d35acc15a651	If economic growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	3daf354d1bfa64bf04387ca62278ba02	In Beijing, policies to restrict motor vehicle use first introduced for the 2008 Olympic Games have been preserved with the current policy preventing the same motor vehicle from being used every day of the week. In 2012, Guangzhou followed suit implementing a mixed lottery and auction system. A further downside to these approaches is that they are likely less efficient than other measures which directly increase the cost of motor-vehicle use. Where governments wish to continue rationing licence plates, allocation through an auction would be preferable as it is more economically efficient than a lottery system.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	3db2a13822d8b22a4e2234c05d22a8da	This would match decision making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This way forward does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin commissions. In a democracy, roles and jurisdictions should be assigned in a very clear way, and holding deliberative powers is not the only way of having effective influence on the decisions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a020cea6-en	3db2c16da1260789bbcb33b3ffc0be86	Climate change is increasing the risk of disaster - amplifying existing risk and creating new risks including the direct consequences of a warming planet - with cascading consequences in the short, medium and long term. Climate mitigation can also be understood as a subset of development planning.319 The main policy implication, within the risk framework of this GAR, is that at a minimum, CCA needs to be integrated with DRR, and that governments need to move to a coherent policy approach that sees both of these risk reduction measures as integral to planning for sustainable development. There is also no obligation on Member States to divide their policy formulation and implementation according to the scope of different international agreements negotiated along thematic lines.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	3db41879d13b73be387a3a040fa4af1a	Also, gender differences in drinking are intertwined with educational and socioeconomic gradients in harmful drinking patterns (Bloomfield et al., However, the gender gap tends to narrow as women’s drinking behaviours increasingly resemble men’s, and overall drinking patterns in men and women tend to develop similarly. This trend should be viewed in the context of changes in cultural and social norms, including changes in women’s social position in societies as well as new market forces (e.g. market products directed towards women). In the US, non-Hispanic Whites display higher prevalence of HED compared to Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, but no statistical difference with American Indians/Alaska Natives (Kanny et al., While the frequency of HED is similar across ethnic groups, the quantity consumed differs, with American Indians/Alaska Natives heavy episodic drinkers reporting the largest number of drinks per occasion.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	3db41d386755ea2e8a76296fb87a087d	The technical methods to provide ancillary services will have to be developed beyond today's approach, as the European electricity system is moving towards high shares of variable renewable generation. In this situation, the price pattern is almost the opposite of the winter week. Electricity prices are low during the day as a results of high solar PV generation in the European market.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/ca796bd2-en	3db849a534ffe668da09b3faea74871c	This chapter provides the rationale and the scope for the study. It also outlines the study's objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report. It also identifies current challenges faced by OECD countries in ensuring long-lasting impacts of their gender equality agendas. Finally, the report provides key actionable policy messages to all state institutions, supported by examples of “what works” across the OECD.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	3dbc32007577fd0d68d1d1e2b9012f3f	"A successful supply chain is a must for improved cookstoves in rural regions, and requires that the ""institutions and companies involved make use of employees with knowledge of local market developments, installation and maintenance processes"" (GVEP, 2009). The skills and knowledge within local communities can be of great value to the manufacturer of the technology to be deployed. Exploiting existing supply chains with strategic partnerships can also prove useful, especially when trying to reach rural populations."	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	3dbe5ddc277448c7b210ac120e7d1b8b	Public-private partnerships might be another good way to improve infrastmcture planning while also encouraging portability of care. For example, private funding could be used to construct a public facility where some portion of the building is dedicated for public services and another portion is private (possibly contracting with the public sector). Lastly, better information for patients is important so individuals are aware when they have the right to see a provider outside their network.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3da1d894-en	3dbfa2a08889cfc958acdce8352cc58b	Whereas direct energy will tell us about the energy efficiency characteristic of production, the indicator presented here relates to the impact of energy embedded in goods and services consumed within a given country. The changes in the consumption-based energy footprint intensity tell us about the emissions arising from affluence and spending rather than those due to local production and income. Energy intensity is measured by the ratio of the calculated energy footprint divided by gross domestic product (GDP).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	3dbff086b003634f6ff5b8c44a24a01c	The president of the republic appoints akims of oblasts and of the cities of Astana and Almaty, who are nominated by the prime minister. The power of the president over akims supersedes the power of the government, in the sense that their tenure continues at the president’s discretion. The president also has the power to dismiss akims.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	3dc03876aadf02af67989f631c945a5d	There is also strong synergy between energy and ICT services (two GPTs), as mentioned above: electricity is required for the continued operation of the ICT industry and enables innovation therein. Energy also has an impact on the performance of two services sectors that are crucial for the long-term formation of an economy’s human capital: education and health, as shown in section C.4 below. This long-term trend can be observed from the energy intensity of the sector, which in developed countries is five times higher than in LDCs (figure 2.10).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	3dc2f269035c79fe7928b995bcdc2802	"They note that changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few “leverage species"" may result in sweeping community-level changes. In turn, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Indeed, in the short term, it is often effective management of fish stocks that is needed, to return the populations to relative health in the short term (Kell et al., A diversity of healthy stocks may then provide a greater buffer against the impacts of climate change on fish recruitment success and other direct and indirect impacts (Hilborn et al., Variation in natural resource systems are expected to occur with increased frequency and increased intensity of shocks, such as bleaching events and hurricanes, and the degradation and loss of resilience of coral reefs e.g. associated with ocean acidification (Hughes et al.,"	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	3dc4eec0f3de2846da4ccfa853a512d6	Where large amounts of money are spent on payments that are, in principle, strongly decoupled, there may well be a significant impact on production and trade. However, this finding does not change the relativities across the policy alternatives. It was found that one dollar spent on payments based on historical entitlements raises farm household income about twice as much as one dollar transferred to agriculture through market price support (OECD, 2001 and 2003a).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a2206e44-en	3dc8a908ea392f27b8e8eb176ae6d070	These include improved school enrolment rates (particularly for girls, as the burden on girls of collecting fuel wood is reduced), access to information and communication technologies (telephony, Internet), and an increased ability of rural communities to retain doctors, teachers and other professionals as it improves living standards. Moreover, there are positive linkages between electrification and accelerated economic growth and employment generation, economic diversification and industrialization. While the first makes a direct contribution to better living standards and has several social dividends, only the second allows the fully-fledged economic and social transformations required to generate development spirals (figure 1).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	3dc9663d2b204f545e45bea164e6ef99	Primary health care alone is inadequate to make the impact necessary to improve urban health. In addition to primary health care, broader issues of public health should be given adequate attention in policies and the relevant legislation. The budgetary allocation for public health services should be increased from the present 4 per cent to 8 per cent, as has been done in neighbouring countries.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	3dc9b064c3823cd564c8ef32cc3b9676	These findings are consistent with those of Gregg and Vittori (2009) who examined the mobility in labour earnings of individuals aged 20-64 in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, also using ECHP data. Longer-term earnings inequality reduction was greatest in Denmark followed by Italy. Germany was the least mobile, with Spain and the UK in between. Riener (2012) investigated the extent to which declines in inequality are directly related to the frequency and magnitude of relative income variations, using ECHP data for 13 European countries.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	3dcde66c846cd82185b3083925c675fc	At the moment, no national-level information on student learning outcomes which is comparable across schools and regions and over time is available but the MEYS is currently developing national standardised tests in grades 5 and 9 in Czech language, foreign language and mathematics to address this gap. In addition, there has been a growing interest in undertaking studies of the impact of policy initiatives and in preparing thematic reports which can inform policy development. These are promoted by the MEYS as well as agencies such as the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	3dce85388c77a7ccf1dd035ac06af6b3	Thus, the attempts by exporters and importers to offset the impacts of a price increase on themselves may be self-defeating. If all countries follow this type of policy, the stabilising impact on domestic prices is, on average, eliminated, although countries that insulate more than others may experience reductions in price volatility, while those who insulate less may experience increases in price volatility. Anderson and Nelgen (2012) compare the variability of domestic prices relative to border prices for various developing country regions and for high-income countries for the periods 1955-84 and 1985-2004 (that is, before and following the major economic policy reforms that began for many countries in the mid-1980s).	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0f7bf42e-en	3dcf41b55026d4e7dabc50cf141fc9fa	Today, an estimated 215 million women of reproductive age in developing countries would use family planning if they had access to it. Hundreds of thousands of women are still dying annually from pregnancy-related causes, many that are preventable. In other countries, cultural forces and gender inequality interfere with a women’s ability to exercise her reproductive rights, even when family planning services and supplies are readily available.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	3dd18350572e69081348b8452b612aa2	In some instances, these restrictions apply only in the case of successive contracts for the same job. For example, in France, a worker can be employed repeatedly by the same company on a standard fixed-term contract if this is done on different posts each time. In other cases, it is possible to derogate from restrictions imposed by regulations if the justification of the fixed-term contract changes.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	3dd24a85ececf95eacb9b8a380d11a19	For all the jurisdictions in this study, however, the mandatory age for starting school is 6. This is encouraging, but the data does not show improvements at other age levels, and there appear to be slight declines in participation rates at lower secondary levels (Figure 5.7). This is evident in an increase in early-years participation rates between 2010 and 2015.6 More noteworthy, however, are the significant increases in participation rates from 2005 to 2015 for Indigenous students age 14-16 (Figure 5.8).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	3dd3af54f18980d626946ede9a1eed65	Failure to build new capacity on time may lead to situations where electricity security cannot be ensured on a national basis. If this is the case, interconnections can contribute to ensure security of electricity supply. Potential investors in new generating capacity must expect to cover their variable operating and fuel costs, their operation and maintenance costs and their capital costs from sale of energy over the lifetime of the power plant.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	3dd3d6e5109b985c3725ab6e1f279e69	The two women are determined to stay and work in Lebanon for as long as they can without sacrificing the education of their children, and then they plan to go back to Ethiopia, where they want to continue to live together as a family. She first worked on a contract in a household for seven years. Nine years ago, she met and married Saeed, a Sudanese man who was working in a supermarket near where she worked.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	3dd4d53f3e98b351fa9a9e9dd1814d96	In this sample, 80% of the self-employed work by themselves and 20% work in firms of two to five employees. As a consistency check, we compared the two ilo definitions. In firms with less than six employees, roughly 10% of female employees obtained all legally mandated benefits. By contrast, only 21% of female employees working at firms with more than five employees stated that they lacked one or more legally mandated benefits. In other words, while 90% of women in firms with less than six employees did not receive full benefit packages, 80% of women in firms with six employees or more received full benefits. There is a significant difference between the average real hourly wages of formal women (5.26 pesos) and informal women (4.16 pesos), and this is initial evidence for a segmented labour market, with formal workers earning more on average than informal workers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2016-53-en	3dd5c9d7e49f4588b0a01c90caaf5508	Early childhood education and care is almost universal in EU22 countries. In nine European countries, at least 95% of children (from 4 to compulsory school age) are participating in early childhood education. Significant progress has been made to increase the reach of tertiary education among adults between 2005 and 2015.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f928e043-en	3dd701ffc3e4255e98ca9d68fff6f728	Feminist economists have made valuable efforts to include recognition of domestic work in theoretical and methodological frameworks. Ecological economists, for their part, stress the need to take into account the principles governing nature in order to achieve sustainable development. The power relations and values underpinning the socioecological system that we —human beings and nature— constitute must be revised. These proposals could be enriched by incorporating a wider variety of perspectives, leading to the adoption of the kind of holistic approach that should characterize sustainable development.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	3dd7ce79506d25bc70428d0602a5e8d0	Where this is done, the gap between a youth sub-minimum for youth and for the adults one should be large enough to make youth significantly less costly. A sub-minimum wage for youth may generalise the incidence of low-pay jobs among youth in segmented labour markets where youth find it difficult to move to better-paid jobs. On balance, a sub-minimum wage for youth younger than 18 may ease access to the labour market and reduce the likelihood of unemployment and NEET status for this age group.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	3dd8358c8984346fda96ddc4d05b43f0	However, the impact of mild-to-moderate disorders on individuals and on society is significant. It is probable that given the greater prevalence of mild-to-moderate disorders, their detrimental effects outweigh those of the most severe disorders in terms of the overall disability burden for society (OECD, 2012; Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate disorders also contribute to premature mortality, higher morbidity, and poorer outcomes for chronic diseases.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208872-8-en	3ddbf12e656a47a3c697153a0615fab7	Co-ordinated place-based policies can help workers find suitable jobs, while also contributing to shaping the demand, thereby stimulating job creation and productivity. This requires flexible policy management frameworks, information, and integrated partnerships which leverage the efforts of employment, training, and economic development stakeholders. This chapter outlines the key recommendations emerging from the review of local job creation policies in Northern Ireland.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0d19e2fd-en	3de092ab273c6b077c85f865efe596c5	Quality ECEC settings are responsive to the dynamic nature of children's lives. Such efforts will link improvements in the quality of ECEC to policy measures and enhance equity in access. Quality of Childcare and Pre-Primary Education: How do we measure it?' Data for Canada refer to adjusted net enrolment rate, one year before the official primary entry age, both sexes {per cent).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	3de1ae85e58af02b2679fee284a6cc9b	The largest declines have occurred in grasslands and arid lands in North America and in farmed lands in Europe, whereas widespread forest specialists show fluctuating but stable trends. Farmland bird populations declined continuously over 1990-2010 in almost all OECD countries. The rate of decline slowed over the 2000s compared to earlier decades; in some OECD countries (e.g. the United States) farmland bird populations have even been rising since the early or mid-2000s.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	3de380dbc0a9a9acb5c92162ff3be997	In view of the high cost of hospital care, the funds manage hospital expenditures intensively. Community-based alternatives to hospital care include community-based specialists, emergency care centres, ambulatory surgery clinics, secondary care centres, diagnostic services etc. Primary care staff are supported by a sophisticated IT infrastructure that supports the delivery of care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	3de3a33b6c50a93b9bf0e13ad8c0d089	Throughout this week, electricity prices are relatively high, with a clear day-night pattern. Night prices of around 50 EUR/MWh are close to the marginal cost of coal fired power plants, while the higher prices during day times of around 90-100 EUR/MWh are close to the marginal cost of natural gas fired power plants. Total consumption (red dashed line), however, is more constant over the week, because electricity consumption for heating and pumping (pumped storage) increases at night, when electricity prices are low.	7	5	8	0.23076923076923078
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	3de47be2d73c216389949613e3635604	This suggests that regulators could continue to be concerned with supply adequacy more than with flexibility. As discussed previously, creating a market platform for flexibility could be sufficient in order to bring together solutions such as flexibility from nuclear or coal plants, pumped storage, demand-side positive response (water heating) and curtailment of variable generation, as well as other technical solutions in order to develop least cost flexibility solutions. There are many options and liberalisation is still a work in progress. While pure economic analysis would probably lead to prescribing an ideal solution, the approach adopted here aims to reflect real life circumstances and to identify situations under which one option might be preferable.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	3de5839719b64b66460023dace977714	The government also plays an active role in risk management in agriculture, but the scope of its involvement is strictly limited. Its actions - and the underlying financial transfers - are concentrated on building and maintaining a system of prevention of pest and disease incursions. Although this system serves the farming sector, the rationale for this policy is much broader as its objective is to preserve the country’s natural resources and human health. Governments at the local level are responsible for preventive and control measures related to natural disasters, but post-catastrophic assistance is largely financed by the central government. These activities are also not specific to agriculture but are part of a broader territorial policy of assistance to local communities. Finally, the government contributes to knowledge and information systems to support private risk management efforts.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	3de6385d3a51d9614de0d42df893393e	From a European comparison, however, the country is average in terms of available water resources per capita (3.15 thousand m3/year). In addition, the fact that the waters of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia cover approximately 2 per cent (6.4 billion m3) of the country with some 35 rivers and 53 natural and artificial lakes indicates sufficient water resources, which are however unequally distributed. Water resources depend mainly on the appearance, duration and intensity of precipitation. Glaciers as water spending reservoirs are not available. The use, protection and conservation of water resources is therefore of utmost importance. About 4,400 springs with a total annual yield of 992 million m3 are reported while about 60 springs have a capacity of over 1001/s.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	3de7be7b6346ff18bd059c562dffa51f	There has been strong resistance to decentralise the appropriate decision-making powers, investment funds and technical and managerial resources; the National Water Commission retains control, ordinance and sanction responsibilities. Overall, this has contributed to the incapacity of COTAS to effectively reduce groundwater overexploitation. As co-ordinating units, they already make recommendations to governmental authorities and to users, but the role and functions of their staff are not always well understood, especially regarding public participation. Similarly, the National Water Law failed to allocate a clear role and prerogatives to COTAS, and left users with subjective responsibilities to sustainably manage water in a context of already limited citizen participation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	3debb290b4f5b54ba60e6b4a1bbda7a8	"First, the Russian service sector has been growing, which generates demand for a ""female"" workforce (UNIFEM, 2009; Laruelle, 2007). In addition, citizens of Kyrgyzstan used to enjoy a facilitated naturalization procedure in the Russian Federation; moreover, they are now exempted from the necessity of obtaining a work permit or patent due to their country's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, which thus makes them more attractive to an employer. Second, perceptions about female mobility are different in Kyrgyzstan than they are in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	3defbb45abf51a418855d3688fc50af8	This increase coincided with the lowest income groups making income gains that led to a reduction in relative poverty (Figure 3.3). Spending on income-tested housing and utility supports to families with incomes below subsistence level amounted to only 0.2% of GDP (a fraction of all spending on housing supports, see above), while spending on support to the unemployed was even lower in 2008, although such support went up in 2009 (Chapter 2). The limited spending on family benefits and the poor working-age population more generally is reflected in relatively higher poverty rates among children and young people (Social pensions and social pension supplements that can also be paid to, for example, the disabled are discussed in Chapter 4). Comprehensive data on other social assistance supports to the working-age population across the regions are not available, but available evidence suggests that such spending is not high either.	1	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	3df0b367a0edc113a50a0e68f246b500	In 2015, not a single developed country offered an entry-level broadband connection with speeds below 1 Mbit/s, but a large majority of LDCs did. These differences in available speeds have an impact on the types of services and applications that users can access and benefit from. Globally, handset-based mobile-broadband prices fell from an average of PPP$ 29 per month in 2013 to PPP$ 18 in 2015.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	3df1ca41a9479cadd14f1ed21b7f85bf	Green belts have been implemented across the OECD, albeit with decidedly mixed results: as part of national urban policy in the United Kingdom or national spatial planning in the Netherlands, as well as around numerous cities, including Vienna; Barcelona; Budapest; Berlin; Hong Kong; Seoul; Tokyo; Toronto; Vancouver; Chicago; Sydney; and Melbourne (Kamal-Chaoui and Sanchez-Reaza, 2012). In both Japan and Korea, the national government defines zoning categories for municipalities that orient the form and intensity of local land uses; in Korea, for instance, zoning reform in 2008 included revisions to encourage mixed-use and transit-oriented development (OECD, 2012a). A global survey of planning practices in the mid-2000s found almost universal acceptance of comprehensive master planning or its equivalent (Friedmann, 2005). Typically, cities are mandated by national governments to produce master plans that specify future land uses and circulation patterns.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	3df391e7870c2780d3050a8cad806859	If free trade makes the prices of the goods produced by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then inequality must go down in South. Deardorff (2001) argues that fragmentation may lead to increased FPE and therefore that GVCs will lead to a reduction in global inequality. In this environment, if free trade makes the prices of the intermediate goods used by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then this tends to increase inequality.”	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3df3cbf5590d5fde876323b629c497fd	The industrial park has succeeded in attracting sophisticated manufacturing and software companies from the centre of the country. The lower costs and higher worker productivity in the region have enabled for example the global defence electronics company Elbit to relocate the bulk of its manufacturing operations of its communications equipment for the security services to the industrial park. Other fast-growth companies include the biotech companies Etrog and Tagra.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	3df4ef0a350814bb58d4facf3d3ee012	For many this has long-lasting consequences, including loss of their home. The unemployed are increasingly required to participate in community and voluntary programmes and this helps reduce long-term unemployment by improving employability. For those who are unwilling or unable to comply with these requirements, sanctions are increasingly harsh and many disappear from state records and rely increasingly on income from the black market.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	3df5c0bb4a746cde84d796d98dcf412e	This is because ecosystem services are dependent on one another and exhibit complex interactions that generate trade-offs in the delivery of one ecosystem service relative to the delivery of others. For the ocean economy, this is relevant because these interactions determine indirectly the viability of ocean-based industries. By way of illustration: coastal run-off and eutrophication, acidification through increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and poor water quality through pollution lead to changes in fish migration patterns and even extinction of fish stocks. All are examples of how human activity indirectly intervenes in the functioning of marine ecosystems, thereby undermining the economic viability of the ocean economy .	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd2d79e7-en	3df676ab5570c255f7303a3be8953c20	There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the ‘Cyprus issue’.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	3df68d297cd627b6b800b94c813bde9d	As the replacement of old polluting technology has largely been completed, marginal abatement costs are likely to increase (OECD, 2010). Power production, where emissions were reduced less than in other sectors, became the major source of SOx emissions. Emissions were reduced by 55% from power stations and 28% from industrial combustion through denitrification processes and a decline in solid fuel consumption. However, this achievement was partly offset by an increase of around 40% in road transport emissions as petroleum consumption rose despite fleet renewal.	6	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	3df80d670662bd4c847b1a4a6185bfb2	"Of all the things you do what is the most important way you contribute to your household?"" The background information about the respondents (demographically as well as for instance affiliation to the labour market) makes it possible to give an insight into how different segments of the Greenlandic population perceive they contribute the households they are a part of. As mentioned above in the Method's paragraph the answers to the open-ended question about people's perception of the most important way they contributed to their household were categorized into eight categories ranging from softer ""contributions"" like ""emotional support"" and ""showing love and affection"" to material ""contributions"" like ""having a job and income and paying bills"" - from providing care for the household/specific household members to being a bread winner. As this group has a more permanent labour market relation and thus income, this is not surprising. Following from that assumption one might expect that a significant part of those ""working part time"" or ""did not work last year"" would be engaged in subsistence hunting and fishing and thus consider fish and game as their contribution to the household. Sculpture by Hans Lynge (1906-1988)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	3df8576edf4a57384d49a3526226eabf	We begin by considering the different features of growth in developing countries and the consequences of a business-as-usual path. We then discuss how green growth can address pressing development challenges. The decade of 2000-10 saw, for the first time since the 1970s, large numbers of developing economies catching up with developed countries in per capita income growth rates.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56317379-en	3dfa0cf06a8b26a302dec3f73ffedaa7	For example, at Mota Vadala, Gujarat, Jamnagar in 2011-12, the WIC-managed plot yielded 5.8 tonnes per hectare of wheat compared to 5.9 tonnes per hectare in the calendar-based irrigation plot; in addition, the drip irrigation plot (guided by WIC) yielded 6.3 tonnes per hectare (see Table 4.2). Similar results were recorded in different years at various testing sites; thus, such decision-making tools need to be promoted as a way of optimizing water resources. At present, different government departments or agencies are involved in the implementation of subsidy-oriented schemes. Due to variation in the norms with different states in India, it is difficult to get all the details required by the scheme (Palanisami etal., Moreover, a differential subsidy pattern for different crops, as well as paddy, is being followed in different regions, which is affecting farmers and implementing agencies'ability to follow and avail the benefits of a given scheme.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	3dfa766f6f36763d498549844dd47646	This was agreed to by more than 130 countries and lays out agreed principles for effective development finance that also cover climate-related aid: these principles relate to country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability. The subsequent Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation (2011), agreed to by 150 countries, outlines the importance of climate finance as well as extending the scope of these principles beyond aid to cover development finance and development co-operation more broadly. These include both general principles as well as those developed in the context of funds established by the UNFCCC process such as the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	3dfaff37fec3f70f3120d1dd02bc1683	In 2013, around 22% of climate-related development finance recorded by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) - or USD 9.5 billion - supported activities to engage the private sector. The majority of this support was channelled through bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs) - specialised agencies and operations set up to engage with the private sector for development. Development co-operation providers play an important role in working with partner countries to improve the enabling conditions for green investment.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	3dfb65c75993817018123a3622a03b07	Establishing a platform for sharing green technologies has been endorsed at the 7th BRICS summit in the Russian city of Ufa in 2015. Moreover, all countries are vulnerable to climate change. As a country rich in biodiversity and vast tropical forests, Brazil is vulnerable to climate change due to its fragile, biologically diverse ecosystems.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	3dfd063235e2dfcaa6c9070d9c5dc73f	Box 5.1 uses the experience of the United Kingdom in greenhouse gas mitigation policy to illustrate the kinds of institutional reform that may be required in order to facilitate widespread change in relation to a complex and pervasive environmental problem. For example, a strong preference for personal mobility has led some industrial societies to construct good roads, but poor public transport networks. This reinforces dependence on private motor cars, which will in turn make policies intended to reduce that dependence costly or unpopular. Such policy is likely to require the provision of alternative infrastructure to facilitate a mode switch.2 Simply maintaining infrastructure is expensive; drastically changing it can be much more so. It is therefore helpful when policy reform is aligned with cycles of infrastructure renewal, so that the new infrastructure appropriate to the reform can replace the old at the end of its life.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	3dfe913961c8bad93bbfcce623854cc4	Self-employed women frequently earn 30 to 40% less than their male counterparts. Two key differences between male and female entrepreneurs help explain these relatively low returns: women start their enterprises with limited management experience and devote much less time to their businesses than men. There is a clear need to provide more and better information about entrepreneurship as an attractive career option, both for young women in school and for women outside the labour force who are considering starting or getting back into work.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	3e02b21e5f20e81c4e1b011b3fca2b17	With 6.3 practicing nurses per 1 000 population in Italy in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 8.8 per 1 000 population), there are concerns about shortage of nurses who constitute a relatively small group of health workers. In 2011, the ratio of nurses to physicians was one of the lowest among OECD countries, at 1.6 nurses per doctor compared to an average of 2.8 in OECD countries. Regions are today entirely responsible for legislative and administrative functions for planning health care activities with mostly all policies developed and implemented by region and autonomous province.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	3e04091977a8b705108c1f129fd1e227	First, the degree to which GDP growth translated into household-expenditure growth was much higher in Mali: expenditure per capita grew at a rate of 6%, about double the rate observed in Uganda. Second, the distribution of benefits from growth was dramatically different in the two countries. While in Mali the Gini coefficient dropped from 0.53 to 0.39, in Uganda the same measure of inequality increased from 0.38 to 0.43.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	3e08c568bd888b61673dd1cde9ca9656	In the 1970s, aquaculture accounted for about 696 of fish available for human consumption and for about 496 of total supply; in 2006 it accounted for 47% of human consumption and 3696 of total supply. This growth has occurred more quickly in some regions of the world than in others. The same pattern appears when production is broken down by species. However, in recent years the rate of growth in global aquaculture production has been slowing.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	3e0928497fc1dccc298ac1a15d219ff6	Matsaganis and Leventi (2012b) conclude, in particular, that a minimum income scheme could reduce extreme poverty up to 90%, depending on its coverage and payment level. Minimum income protection is currently available in most EU countries either at a national or local/regional level. But this needs to be assessed against the welfare of disabled people who might lose the entitlement to benefit and the potential cost to the budget if these individuals move to institutionalised care as a result of the loss of eligibility.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	3e0e3e30dbeb33ccf212e45a735d0b64	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Since 2015, this large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	3e1206a4321dfa484a343ac47c8ede3c	Hence, they should be re-assessed and removed when found to be obsolete or counter-productive. Globally, over half of all women experience violence in their lifetime.33 Sexual violence and intimate partner violence are the most prominent forms of violence against women. Recent estimates suggest that one woman in three has experienced physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in her lifetime. Intimate partners commit 38% of murders of women (WHO, 2016).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	3e17b7274a8b8592e63215ce1df34bed	Nestle also has put in place a Child Labour Monitoring and Remediation System (CLMRS) that involves 22 cooperatives nationally. Through CLMRS, community liaison officers from farming communities identify the children most at risk and, to combat child labour, the company is building or refurbishing 40 schools. Finally, the company has signed the Women's Empowerment Principles, a partnership between the United Nations Global Compact and UN Women, which is dedicated to gender equality and women's empowerment.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	3e194d7c919001a331eac090a6380703	Preventing entire groups from realizing their potential can produce inequality traps that put the brakes on economic growth and prosperity (World Bank, 2005). In contrast, reducing inequality of opportunity in one generation should lead to lower inequality of outcome in the next generation (World Bank, 2016). Highlighting drivers of inequality may also increase public support for redistributive policies, because individual preferences for redistribution are correlated with beliefs about the causes of inequalities (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2005).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	3e1bd38e63a61732778468eadb69e2ae	The transformation of ecosystems has been driven by a number of developments, notably habitat loss due to land use change. Conversion of forest to pasture for livestock grazing, and to a lesser extent conversion for crop production, continues to be the primary driver of deforestation. Other key drivers include degradation and fragmentation of habitats due to development of infrastructure, extractive industries and hydropower; overexploitation of biological resources due to subsistence and artisanal activities; invasive alien species; and pollution. Yet, lack of information remains a key obstacle to decision making; better information is particularly needed on habitat change outside forest ecosystems. More precise information on a finer scale is needed to facilitate action in the decentralised environmental management system.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	3e1d52217096cbee26b7c37bbb2a0ad5	Seawater quality improved after the Dokai Bay clean-up in 1972 and implementation of industrial wastewater regulation. Current measures include i) chemical substance monitoring (S02, N02, CO, SPM, NO*, PM2 5, dioxins, benzene and trichloroethylene) at 14 general ambient air-monitoring stations and 5 automobile exhaust gas monitoring stations, and ii) water quality monitoring at environmental reference points (27 river sites, 7 ocean sites and 1 lake site) and general measurement points (5 river sites, 11 ocean sites). National standards limit the legal amount of air pollution and wastewater discharges from industries and businesses in Kitakyushu, and the city has the power to control the implementation of these standards.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	3e243f53da9431876ff0c049fd75c4a6	Platforms such as Amazon, Alibaba and Etsy use the market aggregation function to provide users with an online site of sellers from around the world, offering numerous and varied products. Similarly, Upwork makes the process of evaluating, comparing and hiring easier for employers by bringing a number of professionals together on one platform. Such platforms slash the costs of advertising to a fraction of traditional rates.30 E-marketing is less time-consuming and can be done instantaneously.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	3e268e992d8e263109f42333796b3f8f	Accordingly, it was decided that the proposed houses would be raised between 1 and 1.5 metres, since it is expected that water levels would most likely reach this height in case of a dyke failure (Pols et al., At the same time, the minister indicated that the national government would not feel responsible if,, despite all precautions, the Westergouwe would be flooded. In an interview published in the Government Gazette (in Dutch, Staatscourant) the minister said that those who have taken the initiative have to bear all of responsibility, and that the national government will not compensate for the damage in case of a flood disaster (Pols et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	3e2b35e95142e1c35dc2a01930a8ab67	Additionally, agriculture plays a greater role in Albania's economy than the other assessed economies - contributing a greater share of its gross value added. The most recently available data for Montenegro and Seibia, 2003-05, reported. Seasonal average temperatures are predicted to rise throughout the region - by 1°C in Bosnia and Herzegovina by 2030, and by 1.9°C in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2.4-3.1°C in Albania and 1.5-2.2°C in Serbia by 2050.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	3e2cdbf3b372cc137725cfa02f01e176	A large share of imports into South and Central America come from Mexico (47 per cent), and another 20 per cent from China. Only around 7 per cent (in value terms) come from China. China itself is a relatively important importer of electric motors, accounting for over 40 per cent of developing-country imports.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	3e2fca195b28fdd23bafe9cd76852837	Establish systematic collaboration with employer agencies and enterprises as effectiveness measures of mental health care systems. However, only around half of people with severe mental disorders are treated, and treatment rates are substantially lower for individuals with milder mental illnesses. This is an important shortcoming, because adequate or enhanced treatment can improve work outcomes. One critical aspect is the involvement of mental health specialists. If seeking treatment, people mostly seek help from general practitioners; only one in four are treated by a specialist. A more extensive use of specialist mental health care, as therapists or consultants to other health care providers, would improve health care outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	3e337f7bfb3df33318e38349827872aa	To reduce the existing bias towards women taking parental leave - less than 3% of Czech fathers take parental leave (Moss, 2011) - a share of the parental allowance could be made conditional on fathers taking part of the parental leave, as it is the case in Germany and Austria. After one year, the amount spent on the parental allowance could be transformed into a voucher for purchasing childcare services, which could stimulate private sector provision of childcare (OECD, 2007). The reduction in the parental leave combined with good quality early childcare education could benefit the child as well. Indeed, OECD evidence suggests that child development benefits from full-time personal care for at least 6-12 months, but the latter is not necessarily synonymous with maternal care (OECD, 2007).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	3e34f7a3b6ca5716acfae46722d1c4eb	The creation of a Social Protection Network (SPN) is included in the design as a means of providing guarantees to the families to enable them to live with dignity. To this end, the members of the SPN facilitate preferential access to services for beneficiary families and seek to reduce costs where feasible. This, in turn, has inspired the work of the Inter-American Social Protection Network, which was launched by the OAS in 2009 to exchange information on policies, experiences, programmes and best practices, with the goal of supporting national efforts in reducing social disparities, inequality and extreme poverty.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	3e3612938ae0664497910370e72e2256	If the nitrogen removal was fixed at USD 10 per kg, this would represent a NTC of USD 357 504; if it was fixed at USD 30 per kg, this would represent a NTC of USD 1 072 512. The same could be applied to another key nutrient, phosphorus. With an average of 0.04% phosphorus content in FW kelp tissues, 4.09 tonnes of phopshorus would be removed per year. With a value of USD 4 per kg removed (Chopin etal.,	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	3e36e6f1e49cd5a2e5e7a65b08ea023a	So, instead, it’s useful to think in terms of disposable income (or income after taxes and transfers), which gives a much clearer sense of how much money people actually have available to them to spend on rent, food, clothes and so on. It also includes direct benefits, or transfers, received from the state, such as child benefits. Some measures of disposable income also include non-cash benefits from the state, such as education or healthcare - an important benefit for many families. Without taxes and transfers, inequality would be even higher than it currently is (see Section 3.5).	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/faf8a648-en	3e3979439728f0079eb8135d2d9cb9b3	A flag state—a state in which a vessel is registered—has to ensure compliance with a series of environmental requirements for ships operating under its jurisdiction. This power of inspection has provided a growing source of revenue to Mauritian port-based companies. It covers pollution that is accidental and that happens through routine operations, such as pollution by oil, sewage, garbage and noxious liquid substances from ships.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	3e3c281238eb260a57c9eeb449cee650	Research in Ireland found that entrepreneurs from ethnic minority groups have difficulties in building business networks and have low levels of management skills (Cooney and Flynn, 2008). Poor language skills and belonging to a racial or ethnic minority may be additional constraints to obtaining capital in traditional credit markets (Oliveira and Rath, 2008). The distribution of capacities to participate in innovation activities across firms, sectors and regions may be the most important of these features.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	3e3e67a6a213c847bea7596b10aa351a	"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health to the Commission on Human Rights. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Suicide, Accessed online at http://www.auseinet.com/suiprev/occpapers on 1 May 2007. Draft Position Statement; Diabetes in Indigenous Children and Adolescents"", prepared for the International Diabetes Federation Conference in Australia, November 2006."	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	3e3e85dacd76fc098ccecb6b42d1482a	Furthermore, women remain severely under-represented in key, growth-enhancing fields of education such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). There is a persistent imbalance in the household division of paid and unpaid work. Women are less likely to work for pay, more likely to have lower hourly earnings, and less likely to obtain decision-making positions in either public or private sectors, and women are also a minority amongst entrepreneurs. In general the gender gaps of disadvantage in the labour market are more pronounced in the Asia/Pacific region than across the OECD, and women in the Asia/Pacific region are therefore more likely to experience poverty and deprivation. The evidence-base may not be as comprehensive as the information sets generally available for OECD countries which contain a wider variety of indicators. Almost half of the children in the Asia/Pacific region now participate in formal early childhood education and care (ECEC) facilities, and enrolment in primary education is almost universal.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	3e3fff957dead9fbc77caeebcf5f3c84	Evidence suggests that co-location in multidisciplinary health centres facilitates collaboration and integration, and ensures more efficient use of resources and competencies (Reed et al., Multidisciplinary practice teams, with clinical, IT and other support infrastructures, are able to provide a wider range of services for meeting chronic care needs on a co-ordinated basis (Goodwin et al., Several national studies of the influence of practice size on care processes and outcomes show that larger practices perform better in terms of the range and quality of services and safety management (Wensing et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	3e414bf787e64ae07eb2e3e958b83055	The latter in particular could have a range of highly negative consequences, with 25-110 cm of sea level rise projected by 2100. To cope with these developments, the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change identifies four objectives: i) information and awareness: ii) reduced vulnerability and increased response capacity; iii) participation, creation of awareness and information; iv) international co-operation. The national strategy also identifies nine key sectors for adaptation relevant specifically for tourism. In a planned next step, sector work groups will work on moving from strategies to actions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	3e417f6aea0adec8b54d8d6e30ec8039	Other Parties providing resources are also encouraged to provide forward-looking information on climate finance provided and mobilised. The ease of such voluntary reporting will also vary by country and similar fundamental challenges may be encountered. This is because there are data limitations and work to develop common definitions and methodologies remains at an early stage (see OECD, 2015).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	3e44a2265d1ea6ed03c2c5385fb8ed50	Pension systems are a case in point, since they fail to recognize the time women have spent on caregiving activities. In terms of caregivers, it is worth reflecting on the circumstances and conditions in which social caregiving can effectively help to expand their life choices and well-being. Doing so brings in many related issues, such as the need for and the capacity to generate decent, good quality jobs (Sojo, 2011). This applies especially to universal access to specific services that meet certain quality standards, highlighting the significance of quality and the relevant rules and regulations. Thus, the advancement of the rights of women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons is viewed in terms of the relevance of the care and the quality of the services (Sojo, 2011, p. 59). El papel de las migrantes peruanas en la provision de cuidados en Chile, Santiago, Chile, UN-Women/LOM Editores.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmbphh7s47h-en	3e44ee329ec53f8974526e3e8307933c	The review of 57 empirical research reports on United States teacher education done by Wilson, Floden & Ferrini-Mundy (2003) puts into evidence a positive connection between teachers’ preparation in terms of subject-matter and the performances of their students, even if it also acknowledges the fact that the solution to achieve teacher effectiveness is more complex than “simply simply requiring a major or more subject matter courses” (p.2). It also shows the positive impact on teacher practice and student outcome of pedagogical preparation. Positive relationships has been found between teachers’ qualification (proxy : licencure requirement) and student achievement.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	3e44f0c97aeadb54e4a7b8513dd2fb40	This would boost agency capacity, improve transparency in the decision making and prevent political interference. In addition, given the Dutch hospital market’s long-standing tradition of collective bargaining, concerted practice and substantial entry barriers, the Competition Authority should rather risk being too restrictive than too permissive when assessing hospital mergers (Varkevisser and Schut, 2012). In 2010, however, the regulator found that the production of services in the segment B increased by 8.6%, a much higher rate than in the segment A (NZa 201 lb).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3e45b26792357387a9793e3351417d21	However, in 2005 it began to develop a network of rural micro-credit organisations and at present it remains the state agency responsible for support of the country’s rural micro-credit system. Sowing and harvesting campaigns continued to be supported, although concessional loans were allocated through local authorities and later through the Food Contract Corporation and the ACC. In 2006-07, all state credit institutions were consolidated into KazAgroHolding.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	3e4819a5ef4e9674489d45405450b1af	As is the case with conventional job subsidies, STW schemes confront a trade-off between cost-effectiveness, on the one hand, and scale on the other (Martin and Grubb, 2001). For example, tight eligibility requirements and relatively low subsidies can reduce deadweight and displacement effects, but are also likely to discourage take-up by some firms where it would be socially efficient. Annex 1.A1 presents an overview of the main features of these STW schemes in 22 OECD countries, organised around work-sharing requirements, eligibility requirements, conditionality requirements and generosity.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/de87fc18-en	3e49789732b6d50af7d7f7963c8e3921	What is happening now in her home, community and nation will determine the trajectory for the rest of her life. At this age, everything is about to change. In some parts of the world, she is old enough to be forced into marriage. She might be forced to stop attending school. Later in adolescence, it is likely that her first sexual experience will be coerced. In a couple of years, she might be a mother.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	3e4a395ef4c9a6b6083e5e9951352b87	A new safeguard agreement was adopted in 2008, putting most of India's reactors under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the same year a consensus with the Nuclear Suppliers Group has been reached, exempting India from its rule of prohibiting trade with nonmembers of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (Zaleski and Cruciani, 2009). These developments have given a considerable boost to the nuclear power prospects for India and have resulted in some shift in emphasis from developing the use of thorium to imported uranium, at least for the near future. As part of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) announced in 2008 that it will start site work for 12 indigenously developed reactors, comprising eight 700 MW PHWRs, three 500 MW FBRs and one 300 MW AHWR.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	3e4c06ff39c0da691ebb0c8d95e829e7	The analysis considered averages; drought events would have greater impact. The south and east of England is already water stressed from a combination of low rainfall and high demand. But the wetter west and north could not be relied upon to make up any shortfall: the analysis suggested that these catchments would be most affected by climate change consequences.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	3e4ebf4098134f909b03a1fce06ac317	These approaches either respond to the interests of the better-off, or they focus only on strategic economic interventions in specific spaces, all of which tends to create enclaves of prosperity. The proposed third component of the New Urban Agenda aims to respond to this structural transformation for the sake of shared prosperity and harmonious, sustainable development. This city-wide integrated response puts urban authorities in a better position to optimize existing resources and harness the potentialities of the future. The New Urban Agenda should respond to all these local urban contexts with appropriate policy instruments and actions (Box 10.2).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09ba747a-en	3e4fb48f17ba2cc44886afcb7d6fda56	In turn, aggregate measures such as ratios of major tax categories to GDP will reveal much less than detailed and careful analysis of key parameters of different taxes that affect their efficiency and fairness. Many of the countries whose tax systems were assessed in OECD Economic Surveys during the past decade made progress in the pursuit of greater efficiency and fairness, even if aggregate measures do not reflect fully those reforms. Among the countries reviewed over the past decade, two examples of this incrementalism—the Czech Republic and Sweden—are illustrative.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	3e539963bb69a919c655ebf969cb324e	Resources can be directed toward learning from examples of past management in response to variability; what worked well and what did not work well? What can we learn about the essential attributes of robust and responsive approaches to adaptation (FAO, 2009)? Communication with stakeholders about climate change should incorporate the recognition that fisheries have a wide array of stakeholders who comprise multiple audiences representing varying levels of literacy, all of whom need information in usable and accessible formats (FAO, 2009).	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-9-en	3e53b68c53f78509e98fd88f764278e2	There were 3 823 individuals involved in the industrial fishing sector, in contrast with 71 880 in the small-scale fishery. Employees in processing plants accounted for an additional 56 652 individuals in 2007. The implementation of Maximum Catch Limits (MCL) led to a more efficient use of the resource, favouring higher capacity vessels in the industrial fleet.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	3e540c6c1f239b2b0adbd314100e5008	Figure 2.1 illustrates the combination of those risks for the EU population in 2015. The list of deprivation items is currently under revision and a new definition is expected to consist of 12 items. In more prosperous economies even relative standards of deprivation or income may fail to capture inequalities which determine personal freedom and participation in society. The possession of wealth is a particularly relevant metric that potentially determines poverty conditions and how to cope with them.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	3e56440f6787fb742d3fcf3474436379	Both cities have strong manufacturing bases that can also support new green growth. While San Diego lacks private capital, Sydney is the nation’s financial capital. The formation of an organisation like CleanTECH San Diego may be the key to harnessing, connecting and networking Sydney’s intellectual, manufacturing and financial resources for green growth.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	3e5925935da306427d3802521f89c2e9	Additional benefits of cooperation include increased efficiency in the preparation of national reports, cost and resource savings, and reduced duplication of work between NFPs as well as a better awareness of each other’s roles. Another potential benefit of enhancing cooperation and collaboration among NFPs is that it could help raise the priority of biodiversity-related activities within the UN Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs). This includes formal coordination mechanisms such as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) coordination units and National Biodiversity (Steering) Committees (NBC).	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179806-en	3e5f9e9316417edb621f43d6cb01f1fd	The series includes reviews, (such as this one) involving an in-depth analysis of a country system leading to a set of policy recommendations backed by analysis. In addition there are commentaries. These simpler exercises are largely descriptive but also include an assessment of strengths and challenges in the country system.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	3e62a5a18d7ad24f64690b2e93d0fb24	They found that ownership structure influences transparency. Publicly listed companies tend to be somewhat more advanced in CR reporting in comparison to other types of ownership structures. Of the 100 companies per country, 69%of publicly traded companies conduct CR reporting, compared to just 36% of family-owned enterprises and close to 45% for both cooperatives and companies owned by professional investors such as private equity firms.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	3e63be49aaedd51ad7709be1bc9be847	It is expected that fossil fuels will continue to play an important role in the medium to long term. The efficiencies of a number of regions are shown in the figure below, which highlights that the energy efficiencies are generally lower in most non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Possible explanations for lower efficiencies include outdated generation technologies. The necessary capital for state-of-the-art technologies such as combined cycle gas turbines is not always available and the equipment requires regular maintenance in order to maintain design efficiencies. Figure 9 highlights the importance of renewable energies in the future generation mix in all regions. The upfront costs of renewable energies are usually higher compared to fossil fuel generation technologies but the operation cost is close to zero for some renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	3e64c245feda80e9eee563930836a571	Addis Ababa is likely to account for the majority of beneficiaries due to the large size of its population relative to other urban areas. The first is a productive safety net, which has three subcomponents. The first is cash transfers for able-bodied persons in exchange for their participation in public works programmes, such as small-scale infrastructure, greenery development and environmental services.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	3e6b1ccaa5db2c6c99b921c939e1c83a	With the establishment of new sugar mills and the modernisation of existing ones, the technically feasible potential for bagasse cogeneration is estimated to be around 5 GW (DOE, 2009). Another 39 GW (30% efficiency, 60% load factor) can be obtained from other agricultural and plantation residues, based on a potential for agricultural residues of 145 Mt (Table 1.6). The principal total biomass potential in India is, therefore, estimated to be around 65 GW to 70 GW.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	3e6b6430e88657ea970248bfbb310594	However, in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland, more than 40% of 19-year-olds are still enrolled in secondary education. These high shares may partly be explained by the structure of the education system and the strength of the labour opportunities offered by vocational upper secondary programmes in these countries, making them more attractive than tertiary education. Enrolment of 19-year-olds in tertiary education averages 34% across OECD countries, ranging from 2% in Luxembourg (the low share is due in large part to the high number of students studying abroad) and 3% in Iceland to 73% in Korea.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	3e6d60da6a7a88658f23dd619a5ad284	A gender analysis enables donors to address gaps or opportunities that impact the ability of men/boys and women/ girls to benefit equitably from the programme or policy. When broader political economy and conflict analyses incorporate gender, they can provide valuable insights into the interplay between gender relations and statebuilding processes in a given context and can highlight opportunities to develop more equitable, targeted and effective programming. Gender equality approaches should and often do use gender analysis as a way to formulate strategies that benefit men and women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	3e75e60ebb5bf24e61eee8d5e985e813	The following is a summary of the results: (1) The majority of school directors are men over 41 years old, with many years of teaching experience. ( Principals, managers, academic leaders, department chairs, and teachers can contribute as leaders to the goal of learning-centred schooling. The precise distribution of these leadership contributions can vary.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	3e802ec51bbc0e82e86d51a82b6cbb70	These countries face a double challenge: they must expand secondary education while also ensuring that students who complete compulsory education are at least able to read and understand texts, and to use numbers, at a level that enables them to further develop their potential and participate in knowledge-based societies. For instance, between 2003 and 2015, the population of 15-year-olds enrolled in grade 7 or above increased by almost 500 000 students in Brazil, by more than 375 000 students in Turkey and by more than 300 000 students in Mexico, reflecting the increasing capacity of these countries to retain young people in school. These improvements are also evident in improved coverage rates of the national populations of 15-year-olds (enrolled and not enrolled) in PISA samples. Countries showing positive coverage trends also include Costa Rica, Indonesia and Uruguay.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3e81d8de49e4645e6316e697a1a8be44	Its current climate varies from very dry to very wet and five types of agro-ecology zones are identified: moisture-reliable humid lowlands; moisture-sufficient highlands (cereals-based); moisture-sufficient highlands (enset-based); drought-prone highlands; and arid lowland plains (pastoralism). The economy is highly dependent on agriculture and current climatic variability, as well as future climate change, poses challenges to achieving Ethiopia’s green economy objectives. Even though Ethiopia has a largely rural population, with 84% (70.4 million) living in rural areas, 13.6 million people live in urban areas in 2011/12, the majority in Addis Ababa, and urbanisation is proceeding at a rapid 4.4%.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264283329-en	3e86f2e0a217c0f6a3a333687ddc0d1a	Most migrants living and working legally in Cyprus have private insurance coverage. The benefits package is comprehensive; the only explicitly excluded services are some dental services such as orthodontics for those over 18 years old and fixed prosthetics. When services are either not available in the public sector or there are long waiting lists, the Ministry of Health subsidises care provided to beneficiaries either in the private sector or abroad in rare circumstances; eligibility for these subsidies is based on an individual’s financial and medical needs. Proposals over whether to include a service in the benefits package are made by the relevant department in the Ministry of Health and the final decision is taken by the Minister of Health, in some cases the approval of the Minister of Finance or even the approval of the Council of Ministers is required.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	3e894fad745390cf32392db2638946dd	In addition, given the often limited budget available for biodiversity, information that can help to target and prioritise biodiversity interventions to areas where they will have most impact is also important. Ideally, investments should be prioritised towards areas with highest biodiversity and ecosystem benefits and with highest risk of loss/degradation. Cost-effectiveness is also enhanced by prioritising areas with lower opportunity costs (Wunscher, Engel and Wunder, 2006; OECD, 2010).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	3e91525759734a056ae44cb935ea5a2b	In addition the IUU-fishing of cod in the Barents Sea is decreasing and the development of a global binding agreement for port state control is in good progress. Fuel prices have risen considerably and more expensive fuel will lead to less pressure on stocks, less pressure on the ecosystem and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. This, in relation to other ongoing processes, will form a basis for the future evolvement and need of regulatory instruments in the fishing fleet.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2016-12-en	3e9d63e292c86f7e9e7e6ab4ae318859	Despite the increasing role of aquaculture in total fish supply, the capture sector is expected to remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security. This deceleration is due to higher costs, combined with competition for land, water and labour from alternative production systems. Much of the increase is expected in freshwater species.	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	3e9f526a572854f3ef345e7b5dec6a4a	Judicial intervention, depending on how progressive the judicial officer is, may have both positive and negative impact on the phenomenon of VAWG. Court records reveal the role played by legal processes in disrupting or reinforcing patterns of domestic violence.32 The role of the judiciary in CEFM cases is to adjudicate CEFM cases brought before the judicial officers under the relevant laws; to create a victim centred courtroom with sufficient safeguards and support for victims and witnesses in these cases; and to engage in efforts outside the courtroom aimed at changing mind-sets and influencing positive change. Each of these roles will ensue a further disposition.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	3e9fb54c06b1b8ae288ff931c7257cd2	Positive synergies can be achieved between agricultural adaptation and the needs of low-income countries, including food security, mitigation and poverty reduction, if these are considered in unison (Tennigkeit etal., Agriculture is a major source of GHGs, and with further increases to GHG emissions being expected due to increasing demands for food and feed (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012; Tilmann et al., Further, food security problems exists in several regions, with 793 million people being undernourished (c.f.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	3ea0d863dd8081030e14fccde9370d7e	Abject poverty is the norm in Kibera, and people have limited access to basic social services. The land on which Kibera slum stands is owned by the government; 90 per cent of residents are tenants and only 10 per cent of residents are shack owners and many of these people own other shacks that they rent out. The average size of a shack in Kibera is less than 14 sq.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	3ea4254fa9e550da8986d81e98ddbe87	There is still room for technical improvement regarding the implementation of specific CEP components. This expertise may offer an opportunity to develop a functional countrywide system of biodiversity monitoring in the near future, building on the ongoing basic monitoring of State Reserves. The development of such a monitoring system would benefit from the application of international good practice in biodiversity monitoring, and from a clear definition of the way in which monitoring results are published and used to support conservation decisionmaking.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	3ea7ef210a4d046067eea82fba7fd98c	The direct empowerment of mothers also has broader developmental impact on children and poor communities. Such institutional and design complexities are an initial fixed cost that can be recuperated over the long-term as the programmes lead to more structured systems of social protection. Indeed, governments in Asia that were hit by the crisis found it highly convenient to have CCT programmes in place that could provide minimum immediate relief to the poorest populations. They primarily address issues of chronic poverty, rather than the vulnerabilities created or exacerbated by sudden shocks in income.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	3ea98411aa3cffa97a7d35cdb229a57c	Examples of inefficient energy use in Brazil include the reduced role of cogeneration, the high proportion of incandescent bulbs (basically the same as designed by Edison 120 year ago) in use, and the widespread use of sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Inadequate rules which send wrong signals to the market also hinder EE improvements. For instance, the present rates structure leads to such a high average price of electricity during peak hours - quite above its supply cost - that many consumers are supplementing their energy consumption during peak hours with local diesel power generation.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	3eb03ec876233ecafcab48aca7b770b4	Japanese firms grappling with a strong yen over a longer period and the disruption caused by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami were particularly active in building manufacturing capacity in China and the Republic of Korea, notably in parts and materials. Tencent, Inc., a Chinese Internet company, paid $64 million for a 13.8% stake in Kakao Inc., operator of the Republic of Korea’s most popular mobile messenger, Kakao Talk. That stake has turned Tencent into Kakao’s second largest shareholder.	8	3	2	0.2
10.18356/5be883c5-en	3eb3042c94c34929ec48c39e58d67203	Ultimately, growth and distribution are inter-related and can work at cross purposes - as this analysis makes clear. Beginning with wage-led growth, gender inequality constrains social reproduction and growth through the time squeeze channel for both LIAEs and conservative corporatist economies. For LIAEs, low levels of development combined with the traditional gender division of labour mean that raising women’s incomes as a tool for gender equality is insufficient for delivering the types of investments in human capacities that will foster sustainable growth.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99aadf34-en	3eb419185470d501433c3fa8fa1592d5	In many landlocked developing countries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, income poverty headcount ratios were less than 2 per cent in 2015. In several least developed countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Nepal, the rates of extreme poverty declined by more than 20 percentage points between 1990 and 2015. Papua New Guinea also recorded a sharp fall in the poverty rate, from 64.5 per cent in 1990 to 28.4 per cent in 2015.	1	0	4	1.0
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	3eb435e7cdfea31e67060db93be5d1f6	"If the energy supply is not based on renewable energy, their carbon emissions will not decrease by connecting to the grid. In these cases, decentralized energy plants can ensure a sustainable energy supply dimensioned to the specific demand of the hotel and/or restaurant. In the shortterm, investments in green initiatives can nevertheless increase prices in the tourist sectors. An example of this is the winter resort complex ""Aspen Snowmass"" located in Colorado, USA. Aspen Snowmass has developed an energy plan and implemented a wide range of measures with the aim of cutting emissions by 10% by 2012 and 25% by 2020."	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/73d010ed-en	3eb4b9097beee1c3f99d6bdd551338f6	While it is not a question of undertaking a convergence analysis, this study starts off with a dynamic autoregression model in order to shed light on its implications in an econometric panel model and then, starting from there, other lagged variables are incorporated in order to provide an explanation within the framework of the model to be used in this study. In the first, the macro variables include lagged GDP growth, investment as a percentage of GDP and the expansion of human capital as measured by the mean level of educational attainment of the economically active population (EAP). Labour-market variables include the growth of the labour supply (in hours) and the average wage.	5	7	1	0.75
10.18356/2ae853dc-en	3eb7514cd0af4f20c7ea8a7771a6f24a	There is also unequal access to improved sanitation between urban and rural areas in the region: the gap was approximately 30% in 2015. Levels of improvement in terms of access to sanitation differ considerably (WHO/UNICEF, n.d.). Since 2000, the proportion of people in rural areas with access to basic sanitation has increased by 0.8% per year, compared with 0.5% per year in urban areas (UNESCAP, 2017).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	3ebb1a9e72fdb06c228cdfd8fe12af9a	Microcredit systems similar to the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have been tried and many projects have alleviated the worst forms of poverty, but few have had the effect of helping the poor to become full participants in an economic system where they can decide the future on their own. Above all, the very few examples of collective action by the poor in response to challenges posed by the economic system would indicate that they have not yet moved from merely coping to being willing and able to take organized steps to change the system. These are countries that have fully embraced modem values and norms of rationality.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3ebfb7dac79e78781de084541186e86a	Some producers may store grain to sell at a later date, probably with a better price, but small farmers usually cannot afford their own storage and drying facilities. From the farm, wheat may be delivered to grain elevators for drying, cleaning and storing, or to mills. An increase in flour exports during the 2000s resulted in the milling industry gaining in importance as a buyer of domestic wheat.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	3ec14f770d1890735cd7d175a101c31d	In the same year, the cap on all co-payments for outpatient and inpatient health care services per person per year increased from about EUR 213 to EUR 570, and the cap on total payment per hospitalisation episode increased from EUR 114 to EUR 356. However, in 2010, co-payments for outpatient visits to specialists and hospitals were reduced from EUR 7.11 to EUR 4.27, and co-payments for daily inpatient charges in hospital were reduced from EUR 17 to EUR 13.52, starting from the second day (Taube et al., Paying out-of-pocket to avoid long waits for services, especially towards the end of the year, is common.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116672-8-en	3ec26f979d2eb5935ce520f1c4f5ffc6	That implies the development of a wider strategy which uses school evaluation evidence in ways which encourage schools to remain aspirational in relation to the wider educational agenda whatever their test results. As the new Australian Curriculum becomes embedded in schools, a major challenge will lie in ensuring that the full scope of its expectations is realised and that sufficient attention is given to raising performance across the areas it covers. Similarly, there is concern that, in aiming at strict national comparability across schools, the limited My School data was isolated from other available data in some states and territories about local schools that could provide a richer picture of school quality and student learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	3ec411fe59d12b88de3067414f4b9ed0	The most positive results of this approach have occurred in Harrisburg, PA, which between 1982 and 1998 reduced vacant plots by 88% (from over 4200 to under 500), and increased total real estate value more than fourfold. Pittsburgh has had a graded property tax system since 1913, a system under which land was taxed at a rate twice that of the structures on the land until 1979. The City introduced a striking restructuring of the City’s property tax in 1979 and 1980, raising the tax rate on land while leaving the rate on structures unchanged, thus raising the tax rate on land to about five times the rate on structures. This emphasis on the land element has been maintained or increased since the initial restructuring.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	3ec53840037e55c77c3944671ab7ae4d	This might also signal risk factors related to lifestyle that could be more prevalent for men: alcohol and tobacco consumption are each indeed high in OECD comparison, while fruit and vegetable consumption is low (OECD, 201 la). It is important to note, as shown by OECD (2010a), that there is no trade-off between improving health outcomes on average and reducing inequalities in health status, which reinforces the justification for aiming at reducing such dispersion. Grimm (2011) even provides evidence that, controlling for the overall level of life expectancy, health inequality negatively affects economic growth.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	3ec738dca17b557b19c20eab961fc8fd	As for coastal zones, the measures to reduce nutrient flows would be most effective in the Pacific Ocean. For the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the opportunities to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture are limited due to the projected rapid growth in production (Figure 5.17). Phosphorus emissions to the Indian Ocean would even increase in the Nutrient Recycling and Reduction scenario.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	3ec805dc0426dcab5bdd59bd78a1e011	Women coped by not telling anyone (2 in 5 women) and/or temporarily leaving home (almost half)- The study reported less than 1 per cent of women left home permanently because of violence. Given the relationships between men, women and custom land, many have nowhere to go beyond squatting on the verge of the capital with their children, in a precarious existence and stigmatised by the locals. Here, women and girls become more vulnerable to increased sexual and domestic violence,9 as well as entry to the sex industry to survive.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	3ec82b0c193c6a8c01c9e6a90b5167db	The Spark Programme (1986-2015) was the first plan implemented to revitalise the Chinese rural economy through science and technology. It provided technology training to farmers, so as to change their traditional production methods for more technologically advanced ones. The Envoy System has also been implemented in China since 2002 to promote innovation in rural areas by sending qualified science and technology specialists to those areas to provide farmers with S&T services, including demonstrations, training and advice. More recently, S&T envoys’ tasks switched from agricultural technology services to helping farmers set up as S&T entrepreneurs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	3ec9ff687bfbb3b5472bc4b45085bdbf	The findings and recommendations of this working paper reflect a broad consensus amongst participants at the joint OECD and EPA workshop on Inclusive Green Growth held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 23-24 October 2012. They also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week. A list of participants attended the workshop and stakeholders interviewed by authors can be found in Annex 1 of the document.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264247567-5-en	3ecdd6ea67c2619412200037462d9b1f	In addition, it provides an account of the main trends and concerns within the Slovak education system. The Slovak Republic is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Kosice.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	3ece116c2708ed3c7e6e828580327271	"It goes on to document both the declining availability of ""good” jobs, overall, and women’s increasing marginalization from them, even as their employment rate relative to men’s has risen. It focuses on evaluating the effects of structural transformation and technological change, and the structural and policy consequences of globalization and growth. Section F evaluates how women's employment prospects affect the labour share of income, underscoring how gender inequality in the labour market is damaging for all workers, both women and men. Different types of economic shocks or patterns of growth affect women and men differently, for example when labour-intensive exports increase the relative demand for women's labour, or austerity programmes have disproportionately adverse impacts on mothers and children."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	3ececd2fe5566261d1739ca099a3a2c8	In an effort to address this issue, societally in general and professionally in particular, Sweden has launched the Hjamkoll anti-stigma campaign. This effort has had a quantifiable, overall positive impact on Swedish views of mental disorders (see 4.5). In addition, it is worth noting that Swedish hiring practice features a seniority, or “last in-first out” dismissal rule under the Swedish Employment Protection Act (EPA, Lagen om anstallningsskydd.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	3ecfac56cd242775ac0e0e524f91d1fe	In addition, young people are particularly vulnerable to economic fluctuations, as their employment rates are strongly affected by the business cycle. While unemployment rates rose slightly and employment rates fell among those aged 16-24 over the decade to 2003 (Quintini and Martin, 2006) of most concern to policy makers are those that are “not in employment, education or training”, or NEETs. Figure 2.12 below reports the share of young people who were NEET in 1995, 2003 and 2008 for those aged 15-19 and 20-24.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	3ed02a241d504cfa91dddfb06daf0ea4	This chapter focuses on the wide array of support that is needed for innovation. It examines the public research system; investment in knowledge infrastructure and general purpose technologies; the importance of knowledge flows, networks and markets; and how governments can be innovative actors in the delivery of public services. Private investment may be below a socially optimal level, mainly because returns are uncertain or innovators cannot appropriate the optimum benefits of their investment.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283572-en	3ed094c1c894615e889b591dd9a6259c	The share of private primary care providers has increased rapidly in recent years. Some regions allowed unrestricted establishment for accredited providers already ten years ago and in 2010 this right to freely establish new primary care clinics with public reimbursement became national law. Public and private physicians (including hospital specialists) and other health workers are predominantly salaried employees. Highly specialised care, requiring the most advanced technical equipment, is concentrated in seven public university hospitals.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	3ed1b0e90560efd9492bb4d72c8cc5aa	Do countries identify clear funding sources and adopt a multi-year budget approach? Is the role for the private sector, international donors or agencies specified, and to what extent? Do the plans address specific constraints, such as in the areas of skills, resources, capacity, legislation, environmental impacts and financing sources? Is a detailed pipeline of projects provided, and life-cycle analysis of project preparation?	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	3ed4870f1d5de3ec43401ba6c741c820	In the context of the current economic recession, interest in EE and investments in renewable sources of energy have gained momentum due to their potential to create significant market opportunities and to contribute to the promotion of low-carbon green growth.1 Such growth is seen as playing a significant role in simultaneously addressing several major challenges confronting the world today, in particular poverty and climate change. Large improvements in EE have already been made, resulting in net economic benefits to consumers and firms. Further savings in world energy use are still possible, and would result in major reductions in energy-related carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that accelerated EE improvements would enable three quarters of the savings in energy-related C02 emissions to be achieved by 2030 if governments were to implement all the policies to address energy security and climate change that they were considering up to mid-2007 (IEA, 2007a).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	3ed528c2c48e4ad09154dc7dd0f6cc13	"Data for exporter’s production and importer’s consumption of agricultural products are from the FAO ResourceSTAT. We select Gross Production Value (in current million USD) as a measure of production. Value of gross production has been compiled by multiplying gross production in physical terms by output prices at farm gate. Thus, value of production measures production in monetary terms at the farm gate level. Since intermediate uses within the agricultural sector (seed and feed) have not been subtracted from production data, this value of production aggregate refers to the notion of ""gross production"". Consumption for each importer countries is computed by summing production and total import and subtracting total exports."	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	3edaaa1b7fa73816a10165a04f0a6f49	Drawing on the capability approach as conceptual framework, the Alkire-Foster method is applied to the German context. The proposed multidimensional poverty index for Germany strongly relies on these insights and recommendations, in particular in Stiglitz et al. ( Moreover, the specification also relates to the public debate on poverty and deprivation in Germany.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	3ede5a8dc9f53dc8c0ab357883c6c75a	A Science Boost for science teachers has also been developed. The register will be governed by a council of 24 representatives. This council will define the professional status, the standards and criteria for (re-)registration and development. The registration process will start on 1 st August 2018. One year later the process of re-registration will follow.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264302037-en	3ee07f32d886de36957e22322eae437b	From 2000 to 2010, around half of the sectors witnessed an increase in the difference between native-bom and foreign-bom employment shares, but the increase in the index of dissimilarity over time was mainly driven by agriculture, mining and wholesale and retail trade. The remaining columns represent the absolute value of the difference between the native-born and foreign-born sectoral employment shares. Source: Authors’ own work based on Minnesota Population Center (2015).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	3ee151012dfc2d663633d061695d1dae	But the focus on better designs and materials, increased maintenance and inspection required to implement the solution, is likely to also lead to better safety levels, less downtime and more efficient operations, and probably also health benefits from reduced emissions of reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air pollutants associated with oil and natural gas extraction as well. The EPA has also expanded this programme to international partners, and has recently also initiated the Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge programme, in which partners make public measurable commitments in return for having their commitments and eventual achievements showcased. They have achieved methane intensity reductions of more than 1% per year since the early 2000s, although their absolute methane intensities are still nearly 3 times as high as the United States.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	3ee1cc46ba68b2629ee3eb0bccb0e507	This evolution could lead to dramatic changes for the Clermont metropole. It has lost its status of regional capital and its activities will be challenged by the two other cities—Lyon and Grenoble. Moreover, Lyon and Grenoble officially benefit from the enhanced status of metropoles (along with 11 other cities in France), which means that they have a comparative advantages in terms of funding and that they can control and make contracts with their hinterland in an easier way than can Clermont-Ferrand.	11	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	3ee2dd4b581a96a3cac59966eada54a0	To fulfil its mandate, the co-ordinator requires ready access to the executive team and, ideally, reports to the head of a government organisation. Gender units may form an inter-agency network and can participate in government-wide working groups established by the gender equality hub to discuss documents to be adopted at the inter-agency level. While the creation of ministerial gender units may create extra layers of administrative hierarchy and may slow down decision-making, it appears to be an important transitional measure to boost gender equality reforms at the ministerial level. Nearly 30 Equality Units have been formed in different public universities.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	3ee48c8696374d7dba0cc6199e8ab99a	The following section sets out what may happen to low-income families under the alternative “Golden Age?” These two scenarios share some common trends. In both future worlds, economic growth is expected to be slow to modest (on average) to 2030, both expect to see rising social inequalities, and both predict continued pressure on public spending with the generosity of welfare payments declining. But there are important differences between the scenarios with differing implications for poverty and social cohesion. As a result, while the numbers living in absolute poverty have declined, the continued rise in inequality has meant that relative poverty has continued to grow, albeit at a relatively slow pace. While incomes have risen, so too have costs, particularly for housing, education and transport and those at the bottom of the income distribution scale are increasingly excluded in these domains.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	3ee6b8ad960ed873dc31b8213488abe7	Isolation in a world of complex learning systems will seriously limit potential. Instruction in the future needs to be more project-based, building experiences that help students think across the boundaries of subject-matter disciplines. The future is collaborative, recognising both teachers and students as resources and co-creators. Now school systems need to embrace diversity, with differentiated approaches to learning.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264249400-7-en	3ee8ea48b8298e86c490a08f845197d8	Individual metering and tariff rates are uniform in the entire service area, and differences in rates depend on the zone. A national water regulator, Ofwat, regulates increases in tariff rates. A key issue concerns the condition of the infrastructure that needs to be rehabilitated to reduce water losses, not only in small towns and rural areas, but in many urban areas in the United Kingdom.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	3ee9732b281bed49ee46c018b9b6f7ea	Some of the copies of the questionnaire were distributed to schools in Mokhotlong district during teaching practice school visits. As a result the participating schools for Mokhotlong districts are not many schools. For Qacha's Nek the questionnaire was completed by LCE Distance Teacher Education Primary (DTEP) student teachers who attended contact session in Qacha's Nek in September, 2010.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	3eecbd1e9e80fedc93bb71f6d98e36fb	This process of programming, planning and designing a public space network represents a valuable instrument for the development of cohesive and coherent urban spaces and an important tool for urban planning at a city level. The tools are now being rolled out to six additional cities in 2018: Kathmandu (Nepal), Suleja and Minna (Nigeria), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Johannesburg (South Africa) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). However, there is a great demand from other cities to use this assessment tool to guide the development of citywide public space strategies.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	3ef175d5f4d1a05f2eee9fe7680375c1	Victoria, Australia, for example, requires annual review meetings within the timeframe that school leaders and evaluators select for appraisal. In Ontario, Canada, school leaders and evaluators must meet at least three times within the evaluation year designated as part of the five-year evaluation cycle to facilitate professional dialogue between appraiser and the teaching professional being appraised. A continuous appraisal process communicates a more formative image based on the idea that a school leader’s performance can be improved.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en	3ef511adcf104161fc91cf3cec80c540	It also unifies all existing information resources used to inform participants on the current status of, modifications to and innovations in the EGI, and is responsible for the promotion of mechanisms for interworking between participants providing public services and executing government functions. This aim is to be achieved through the provision of communication service availability under the government's guarantee of voice and data services via fixed networks with data rates of at least 10 Mbit/s for each subscriber. The project will cover some 13 800 villages, townships and settlements of the Russian Federation, with a total population amounting to some 5 million.	9	1	7	0.75
10.18356/680c1b02-en	3ef6abb63949604b99531f9640f8d1ab	Where possible, population-weighted regional and world averages for indicators are presented in the tables. It looks at the gender composition of these households and compares how women and men within these households fare in term of key education, employment and poverty outcomes. It presents educational attainment by sex, employment status in the past 12 months, and earning status by sex.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	3ef7215dc6003bcbdf2da6eec8275778	At the national level, it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities. At the institutional level, varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention’s success (e.g. a regulatory environment’s influence on an intervention’s ability to mobilise private finance). Site-specific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention (e.g. a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed). Some climate interventions can give rise to immediate results (e.g. energy efficiency projects). However, some interventions will target results that can only be assessed after an extended period of time (e.g. constructing infrastructure that can withstand a 1-in-100-year flood). These different time horizons for the results of an intervention mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when results are assessed.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	3efa00199317311fdf5215795f4bbef4	Initial training, accreditation and continuing education are therefore among the project targets. A promising avenue for financial partnership is South-South cooperation, an initiative for financial aid between countries of the region. This requires gathering up-to-date information on the status of education in the region, the cost of achieving education targets and potential sources of funding.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	3f033c3b842496ee7ba6840c9ccbfe0b	For example, Bolivia's mean consumer expenditure per capita in 2001 (USD 216 PPP per month) was quite similar to that of Egypt's in 1999 (USD 225 PPP per month) yet the Bolivian national poverty line, USD 142 PPP per month, was nearly three times as large as the Egyptian national line at USD 53 PPP per month. Similarly, mean consumer expenditure per capita in Russia in 2002 (USD 455 PPP per month) was close to that of Poland in 1993 (USD 465 PPP per month), but the national poverty line in Russia was only USD 132 PPP per month versus USD 203 PPP per month in Poland for the respective time periods. The possible political economy determinants of how poverty lines are set call for a warning against the use of programme eligibility lines as poverty lines (such as the eligibility criteria for social assistance or cash transfers). Indeed, if poverty lines or their evolution depend on executive rather than technical decisions, perverse effects can result.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	3f065a8d9bda0195121d0c69aa3e11aa	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. Understanding Child Deprivation in the European Union: The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (EU-MODA) Approach, Innocenti Working Paper No.2014-18, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	3f09bdc198bef5bfdd0855f76582126a	This will entail the more systematic implementation of the law stipulating procedures to undertake the diagnostic and the development of more detailed standardised protocols for diagnosis and treatment. In addition, to boost the provision of services for children with permanent disabilities and to improve the quality of education for these students, authorities should make sure that mainstream schools have the resources as well as incentives in place to serve these students. Chile could consider introducing monetary incentives to those mainstream schools that enrol and retain students with permanent disabilities and make sure they are not penalised in the accountability system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	3f0a4f0938a3f7d856f0f5b34c25c572	Welfare states may also experience the financial burden of supporting individuals who are constantly cycling in and out of low-paid work. Such costs to the state can be related to unemployment benefits and other out of work cash transfers and any in-work cash transfers intended to supplement the income of low-paid workers from low-income households (Thompson, 2015).To reduce the number of working poor, as well as to cut down on public expenditure costs in the long run, governments should look towards policy solutions that improve job security and increase the wages of low-paid-workers (Europa, 2013). According to a working paper on the relationship between age and skills using data from the Survey of Adult Skills (Paccagnella, 2016), a negative relationship between literacy and age exists. Literacy declines with age, especially after age 45. In Denmark, Ireland, Norway and Sweden, literacy proficiency falls substantially with age. Adults aged 55 to 64 have 18% to 23% lower literacy proficiency than 25-34 year-olds, even after various socio-economic and demographic factors are taken into account.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	3f0c8a3f1f58aee9bb210352a98506b9	As the process benefits from more information and from greater participation, a virtuous cycle should lead to successive improvements in development outcomes, including strengthened accountability and improved governance (represented by the movement along the red arrows away from the origin in figure IV.2). Some of the key characteristics of such an iterative policy process aimed towards achieving adaptation and climate resilience are better understood using specific examples, as shown below. The Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrows Cities’ Health (SWITCH) project in Lima was designed was designed to enable continuous learning from local experience and from the experience of stakeholders, and to build on small-scale experiments.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-7-en	3f0d19a97ad7bb384d680629914974f8	Future work will need to deepen the analysis of trade-related flows and flows of secondary raw materials, the way they interact with commodity prices and recycling markets, and and how they relate to natural and anthropogenic resource stocks, to supply security and to innovation. Future work will also need to explore the environmental impacts and costs of natural resource use, and the economic and environmental opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. This should include impacts from resources that have been traded, possibly including indirect effects in terms of natural resource use, pollution and waste induced by countries’ demand for traded raw materials and products.	12	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	3f105d48e455f3016c96a6b054b066b0	Page (2012) argues, for example, that trade in tasks provides a window of opportunity for African countries to industrialise, provided they can create the right set of conditions including infrastructure, skills and a sound policy environment. Beyond goods, services - whether embedded in goods supply chains or constituting GVCs of their own - are equally, if not more, important for some LDCs in view of the fact that distance and physical infrastructure play a less important role for certain services (e.g. IT-enabled BPO) than for goods. In this respect, they offer a promising avenue for small firms to enter world markets and a unique opportunity to leapfrog to a superior stage of development.	10	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	3f135423d6ef749152e0da4dfcb55802	Section 8.3 looks at monitoring the main actions taken for helping LDCs to face climate change. As these countries are less responsible for the phenomenon but suffer more as victims, we focus on the adaptation challenge underlined in the IPoA. We examine the international support to the adaptation policies, in particular through the LDC Fund, noticeably in the implementation of NAPAs of the LDCs. In the second part, we examine the extent to which resources and climate policies implemented since 2011 meet the guidelines of the IPoA and whether they are consistent with the assessment of vulnerability made in the previous section. However, this view generally does not rely on a quantitative evaluation.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	3f14bb780fc1a2d67eb80a1fb2b38380	Yet at the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. These risks include replacing well-understood business models and the regulatory framework governing them with a greater reliance on services whose business models are in flux and whose long-term financial robustness is not yet proven. There is also a risk that a shift in service from traditional public transport to ride services could lead to a loss of travel options for those with mobility impediments since ride services currently do not face the same accessibility requirements as public transport. Other risks could include increased congestion and environmental degradation and an erosion of equitable access opportunities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	3f14f8f09f0c631a662ca866c9ceab10	Should the transition towards renewables give rise to a high-cost environment for industrialization, this would be at odds with the basic principle of common but differentiated responsibility under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), given the very limited contribution of LDCs to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Bowen and Fankhauser, 2011). In many LDCs, ministries responsible for electricity governance may have limited or shared authority. In the Solomon Islands and Somalia, for example, energy policy is fragmented amongst several government bodies that have direct or indirect influence on the sector.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-6-en	3f153d0964ea1a5e104c4d85aaec3b8c	It is therefore important to build in the flexibility to respond to changing adaptation needs and to ensure that the national approach to adaptation reflects the state of climate science and builds on lessons learned. For each tool, the potential role of development co-operation providers in supporting partner countries is discussed.	13	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	3f16883224c8063c3351199fb0920f26	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It presents the key reform of local governance and decentralisation of environmental management since 1994. It provides insights into institutional and management challenges in selected environmental sectors, including land use and water resources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	3f19d6b552a06a04c2254ef298051379	In countries such as Italy, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg and Turkey there are large differences between schools, linked to the schools’ and students’ socio-economic backgrounds. The magnitude of the differences in performance associated with the socio-economic composition of the school is striking, especially in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, Japan5, and the Netherlands. One student attends an advantaged school, where most of this student’s peers come from families that are more affluent6. The other student attends a more socio-economically disadvantaged school.7 The analysis indicates that the first student would be expected to show, on average across the OECD countries, a 32 score point higher reading performance than the second student, and this difference would be expected to exceed 50 score points in several countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	3f1b21d27170072ef6080f63285a1769	A central achievement has been the development of spatially detailed climate projections: a set of regionalised models provides projections up to 2050 for greenhouse gas (GHG) scenarios A1B and Bl,5 with 10-km x 10-km grid spacing. This work is being extended to provide projections to 2100 and to reflect higher GHG emissions. A qualitative vulnerability assessment has provided policy makers with comprehensive information on the most affected sectors (water, tourism, agriculture, forestry, electricity and energy, housing and construction, health, ecosystems and biodiversity, and transport/infrastructure). Two reports resulting from this work (Haas et al., This research subsequently provided the basis for an online database of adaptation measures, which is now regularly updated as new information becomes available (Section 5.2). The database has the potential to foster peer learning and there is scope to further exploit its potential as a decision-making and communications tool.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	3f1b4e9573fe54e35df696509547496c	Second, Tunisia should develop a national strategy outlining how entrepreneurship could be supported within the vocational training systemand clearly identifying the roles of each actor and outlines the short-and long-term objectives. Finally, there is a need to increase the availability of support for trainers by making entrepreneurship training more available and by improving teaching material. Box 4.5 briefly reviews the examples of such frameworks in Belgium (Flanders) and in South Africa. The intention of the framework is to clarify which programmes lead to the same qualification level and to the same job, making qualifications equivalent regardless of where the students have been taught - in a centre for adult education, a university college, or a competence centre.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	3f1eef488aa94aa53f418c5a6c4e7b94	On the external front, continued weakness in commodity exports, in particular petroleum products, was partly offset by solid performance of electrical and electronics exports. The decline in the import of intermediate goods also implied a growing value-added contribution of the electrical and electronics sector (World Bank, 2015b). Private consumption could be constrained by expected slower growth in inflation-adjusted earnings as price pressures build up slowly in coming years. On the other hand, accommodative monetary policy would continue to support consumption, with the policy interest rate being left unchanged and the reserve requirement ratio having been reduced by 50 basis points in January 2016.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	3f1f05927f7629fa28471577ccbaead2	The world prices of fish and fishmeal in 2023 are therefore much stronger at 9.6% and 34% respectively compared to the baseline. The share of capture fisheries used for fishmeal will be slightly smaller in years of El Nino, owing to reduced anchoveta catches. In 2023, fishmeal obtained from by-products is expected reach 36% of total production in 2023, up from 28% in 2011-13.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	3f1f0cbd44f9507c4ff26896666b9109	The most common way is through the entrance fee which is paid once a student has been accepted to an SMK. Various terms are used for this entrance money: money for development, money for participation in education and committee money (paid in monthly). Other levies applied in some schools include specific charges for additional lessons to prepare for the national examinations and charges for OSIS (the student council - Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	3f1fb5b9e9648d16d085017bcaddab27	The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school. Contextual data are collected from students and teachers, school principals, and their parents via background questionnaires. The number of participating countries has increased from 32 in 2000 to over 70 in 2015.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-11-en	3f2141e30da5c743d495c66055682590	Major concerns relate to their effects on human health and ecosystems. Human exposure is particularly high in urban areas where economic activities are concentrated. Causes of growing concern are concentrations of fine particulates, NO2, toxic air pollutants, and acute ground-level ozone pollution episodes in both urban and rural areas.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	3f21505f7aa4bf7c54820f268e29af72	Adequate tools to identify jobseekers’ mental health problems and the resulting labour market barriers are key to ensuring early intervention. The profiling procedures currently in place across the OECD do not systematically identify mental ill-health (OECD, 2015b). In a good-practice example from the public employment service (PES) of Flanders in Belgium, caseworkers screen jobseekers systematically for reintegration barriers, including mental health issues, albeit not necessarily at the start of the claim. They can request a referral to a PES in-house psychologist or an external centre specialised in multidisciplinary screening (OECD, 2013c).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	3f2370344c736f91253331f6b9458044	Strengthen regional and national energy institutions and ministries, ensuring that they are well governed, sustainably funded and have sufficient human resources to implement their energy sector strategies, policies and plans. There is also a need to maximise the opportunities for accessing available energy and climate finance. In addition, development partners should strengthen existing capacity-building processes, such as SEIAPI and PacTVET, by mandating the use of these processes in their projects and programmes.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb61760a-en	3f26935d51813bd242b8dc72088fda46	Despite the importance of women’s wage labour in family economies, employment is one of the areas in which there are still the widest gender gaps, reflected in lower remuneration, low returns on education and predominance of informal and low-productivity work (ECLAC, 2007d). In this sense, the inclusion of the employment target in the Millennium Development Goals represents a significant step forward. It is thus recognized that the creation of quality jobs and equality between men and women are central goals of the development agenda and, at the same time, a prerequisite for the attainment of the other Goals (ECLAC, 2007a).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	3f2a2257e9df8331da86f036e8a52e33	However, because the distribution of principal characteristics has important equity dimensions, such as gender and ethnicity, this consideration remains important to any study of educational leadership. This question was an important one for TALIS 2013 and remains so for TALIS 2018, especially given evidence of the differential distribution of highly qualified principals across schools (Boyd et al., This challenge is likely to make it harder to develop effective leadership at the school level. What appears to matter more, though, in terms of school improvement and student outcomes is what principals actually do (Muijs, 2011(54]), particularly with regard to exercising instructional leadership.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3f2cf36365f29b0417dab3dc2b956bf8	According to the Global Competitiveness Report, Israel is ranked second worldwide (after the United States) for availability of venture capital. In 2008, Israeli high-tech companies raised USD 2.08 billion in venture investments according to the Israel Venture Association. Business and industry funded 7.3% of the Israeli higher education R&D in 2007 compared to the OECD average of 6.5% (see Figures 3.1. The total spending by ministries on science and engineering R&D declined from EUR 29 million in 2003 to EUR 17 million in 2007.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	3f2d5ac22288d3cb098c3f95392f42de	Grouping by ability in one or a few subjects is the most flexible form of selection. In fact, in systems with more academically selective schools, the impact of the socio-economic status of students and schools on student performance is stronger (OECD, 2013a, Table IV. Results from PISA also show that in most OECD countries, students' attainment is significantly lower in schools where most of the students come from disadvantaged backgrounds.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	3f30d259a7041dc367e037511454d056	Between the Social and the Spatial - Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion, Ashgate. Poverty in Europe and the USA, Exchanging Official Measurement Methods”, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper 2007/005. Monitoring Absolute and Relative Poverty; ‘Not Enough’ Is Not the Same as ‘Much Less’”, Review of Income and Wealth, 57(2), 247-269. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain, The Policy Press, Bristol.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	3f324beae00311621bae6d06e02b62f0	Third, there is limited knowledge about educational disadvantage in the Uruguayan education system. It has become a fundamental institution to improve checks and balances in the education system. Also, a number of initiatives are strengthening the bases for the evaluation of the education system. First, references for the monitoring of the education system are being improved with the development of expected learning outcomes at given education stages.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	3f34d786d9715c5bdcf8ebf0eabdade3	Government learning is an interactive process based on experimentation. Feedback from private sector innovators, research labs, suppliers and demanders are a crucial part of the decision-making process. Furthermore, most Governments know more than any other actors about future regulatory structure, legal framework and players in the system, and often have more information on various existing projects in relevant sectors.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	3f364c9ed3c19b52b61687c5b85141e3	Recorded alcohol consumption in Kazakhstan is well below the OECD average but has been largely static, contrary to the general trend of decreasing consumption seen elsewhere (Figure 1.13). However, other data suggest the picture is more complex. First, the estimated total alcohol consumption (which includes unrecorded consumption) is much higher - 10.3 litres per person per year, almost identical to the OECD average (10.4) (Source: WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health). However, according to the same source, on average men drink 15.7 litres a year, which helps explain death rates from alcohol-related liver disease.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	3f39afcf4c18105069a9aab67e096ce9	In low and lower-middle-income countries, there may also be limited resources with which to pursue redistributive strategies, although politics are usually a more serious obstacle. Prolonged and increasingly global economic depression will not help this situation, but the political space for progressive policies is determined less by levels of economic growth than by the nature of political regimes in power. In fragile states, developing an inclusive political settlement that provides a basis for social cohesion and long-term growth and prosperity can be especially challenging (Chapter 16, Global approach 4).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb47180e-en	3f3cefa2fb6c9c44bfd7dd254c8aebdd	Ownership of cell phone is more likely among persons with disabilities living in urban areas than in rural areas, although ownership is less likely than for persons without disabilities: in urban areas, 62 per cent of households with persons with disabilities own a cell phone compared to 69 per cent of households without persons with disabilities; in rural areas, 46 per cent of households with persons with disabilities compared to 50 per cent of households without persons with disabilities own a cell phone. Four selected indicators on education, health, employment and access to ICT, by disability status and area of residence. For example, the Swedish Building Code requires all units in residential buildings of three levels or more to have wheelchair access, large lifts and kitchens and bathrooms of certain dimensions.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	3f444d747e715ec22e919d18c3c68876	Increasing Longevity and Medicare Expenditures. Demography 38: 215-226. Mid-long Term Trends for The Pension, Health and Long-term Care Systems. The Future Needfor Care: Results of the LEV Project. Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden. Population Aeging and the Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures: The Case of Hospital, Medical and Pharmaceutical Care in British Columbia, 1996 to 2006.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	3f4af5b5ed5b9020acf8128600288df2	The result is restrictive fiscal targets, and this has led to a decline in public investment/GDP ratios in many countries (Roy et al. Some of the benefits a re more immediate, but many are evident only in the longer run.23 The time frame for generating measurable returns to this type of spending (and thus in many cases borrowing) may be as long as 5 to 10 years. By that time, appropriate public investments will have begun to expand the productive base of the economy, generating (taxable) incomes with which to pay down the debt. Such investments then are both fiscally sound and sustainable.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	3f4bc3976664fb01cea5e22d4c802c5d	The government of New South Wales in Australia introduced fixed-term tenancies in 2006; the minimum duration varies between 2 and 10 years, depending on the applicant’s circumstances. Meanwhile the United Kingdom has reduced housing benefits for households who occupy homes that are large compared to the number of occupants (the so called “bedroom tax”), which might also lead some social tenants to leave the sector. The de facto targeting of social rental housing - by which low-income households are already the majority of social tenants even in countries where eligibility is not or only loosely targeted - might mean that there is limited scope for encouraging better-off tenants to move to other forms of tenure.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	3f4ce87faf8038d0fc7dc78df7b99a7e	While domestic infrastructure comprises about 40% of transport costs in the trade of coastal countries, for landlocked countries, domestic and transit country infrastructure together account for an estimated 60%.208 Poor road conditions can similarly hold back the growing online retail sector. They can be a nightmare for SMEs selling on e-commerce sites and for the logistics companies that make their deliveries. Transport costs can account for as much as 50%-75% of the retail price of goods in areas where quality road and rail networks are lacking. Some 14% of the continent’s population have no access to postal services, while only 21% have the benefit of home mail delivery.211 Removing the high costs of transport and logistics resulting from inefficient transport infrastructure would undoubtedly facilitate the last mile delivery of items.	9	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-10-en	3f4d6dcb8f96047ac3f43f1f90652293	In relation to this, the innovation pathways provide a discussion and development framework through which stakeholders at and between different sectoral, national, regional and international levels can envision and engage in building innovation resilience of small states for the Caribbean 2050. Within the (Anglophone) Caribbean, and from an economic perspective, small states are clustered according to two general dimensions, i.e., their economic base (production orientation) and their economic income (as measured by gross national income per capita). Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago are (horizontally) classified as commodity-based economies (predominantly natural products including oil/gas, minerals/mining and agriculture).	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	3f52385fcbbd2e621a8785ce0514781f	"Resolution 49/116 of 19 December 1994 specifically addressed “unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and its impact on the living marine resources of the world’s oceans and seas"". More recently, the General Assembly has undertaken a process to consider measures to address the adverse impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks."	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	3f539dee29290e6918f8a4394ac4308f	"The suicide rate for men under the age of 35 has fallen in recent years following a consistent rise over the last three decades of the 20th century. However, it remains a leading cause of death in males aged under 35. Data from the Office of National Statistics suggests that since the 1999 government White Paper, “Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation"" (Department of Health, 1999), which set a target of cutting the suicide mortality rate by 20% by 2010, the prevalence of suicide amongst men aged 15 to 44 in England has dropped by 21%, from 20.2 to 15.9 suicides per 100 000 population."	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	3f540c8de013f1427b24f4f6c75d8705	Yet, there is an overall perception that reforms introduced so far are not at par with changes taking place in the international arena. Issues of conditionality and mutual accountability remain a major challenge. South-South cooperation in financing for development now accounts for 10 per cent of global aid flows and will probably increase its relative share in the future.	1	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264113695-en	3f54cf3b7ab0c4a2d11fededac26d882	While this process is somewhat similar to the experience of UBA in terms of the training delivered, the very big difference is that the cost of UBA falls on the government rather than the training firm. This is a very desirable arrangement from the firm’s point of view, but a very undesirable one from the viewpoint of the Austrian taxpayer. Ergebnisse der zweiten Kosten-Nutzen-Studie, Ruegger Verlag, Zurich. External recruitment involves some significant costs, such as the “search costs” of recruitment, and the cost of introductory training (Mohrenweiser and Backes-Gellner, 2006).	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	3f56ffe71f2399f6195a4bf2ede296de	Other minority groups reflect the movements during the Soviet period and include: Uighurs (1.5%), Ukrainians (1.3%) and Germans (1.0%) (IAC, 2014). Kazakh is considered the language of the Republic and, according to the 2009 census, is understood by two thirds of the population. Russian is considered the language of inter-ethnic communication as it is understood by virtually everyone (94% of the population). English is understood by 15.4% of the population. The positive discrimination of the Kazakh language to strengthen national identity and to affirm it as the primary language of communication has translated into a growing number of schools using Kazakh as the language of instruction. In 2012, the language of instruction in most of the schools was Kazakh (3 819 schools), followed by Russian (1 394), Uzbek (60), Uighur (14), and Tajik (2) (IAC, 2014).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	3f5c7425b73a3628b98b9c9ef3317dde	Under this Programme, homeowners received grants of up to US$6,000, deducted from their loans, for incorporating energy efficient measures into their homes, such as east-west orientation, white roofs, radiant barrier insulation under roofs, tinted windows, shading, ceiling fans, energy efficient lighting, and solar or instantaneous hot water systems. Following the adoption of the programme by the Palau Housing Authority, every new housing loan in Palau is eligible for the grant. The programme was later revised to include existing houses and for loans for solar PV.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	3f60ac396f3f34aee47fb80b404fbb41	The research team in Oxford are grateful for the support from the OECD team Tracey Bums and Harald Wilkoszewski, and Eli Sundbv and Annette Skalde from the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Within the OECD Centre for Research and Educational Innovation (CERI) the preparation of this report was coordinated by Tracey Bums and Harald Wilkoszewski, with editorial support from Anna Barnet. The test scores from these schools were compared to the rest of the schools in Norway, consisting of approximately 1450 primary schools and 820 secondary schools. See Annex D for overview).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c73325d9-en	3f61e7ffef358759cc3d81b1ca0cc539	That suggests the need for appropriate integration of medium-term strategies and sustainability objectives into the plans for all infrastructure projects. An excise tax on plastic bags is planned and w'ould indeed contribute to reduce waste and marine pollution. Introducing a deposit and collection scheme for water bottles would reduce plastic pollution.	8	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	3f62672757b1e2c37f15f3d6b88b518e	Fuel imports accounted for 10 per cent of GDP in 2014 (SPC 2016). As a percentage of total merchandise imports, fuel imports rose from 13 per cent in 1990 to 21 per cent in 2014 (Figure 9.2). The ‘other’ (56%), transport (34%) and electricity (10%) sectors are the predominant users of fossil fuels (Figure 9.3). For Tonga, the largest subsector users from the other’ sector are most likely to be fishing, public services and households.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	3f641e23050c65d90672a8290295bb67	The committee facilitates the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan as well as monitors and evaluates the mainstreaming of women’s needs in national policies. Furthermore, it also supports the creation of gender-sensitive budgets. The committee conducts studies and reviews the impact of policies on women and men. It is composed of parliamentarians from all political parties and includes a chair, two vice-chairs and eight members who study, evaluate and report on matters and bills relating to the status of women.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	3f6466f5dffecdb1f5f1090c7fdd3cb3	Reliance has been decreasing since reaching a high of 5.8% in 2015, but a negative shock to the UK economy could be damaging to Cambodian trade. The potential impact of Brexit on Cambodia’s textile industry (cont.) If the United Kingdom crashes out of the EU single market without a deal on its subsequent relations, its EU trade treaties would become invalid.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	3f652bd983d0bc8cb2751fbce434526a	The rise in the proportion of single-parent families is associated with an increase in “absolute” child poverty, measured as the proportion of children living below the mid-2000s poverty line. Therefore, maternal employment has played an important in maintaining family living standards despite the growth of relative poverty observed in many countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession. This makes sense since children in low-income households or households where one parents is unable to work are eligible for these benefits. More surprisingly, increases in spending on pensions are also associated with decreases in child poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266360-6-en	3f66fb861fab4867aec6860ba383ea79	Many urban governments still depend to a very large extent on fiscal transfers. In Indonesia, the General Allocation Fund and the Special Allocation Fund accounted for 51% and 5%, respectively, of regencies’ and cities’ revenues in 2015. In this regard, central governments could earmark special funds for green growth-related activities.	11	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264303119-en	3f6734cc4e48fdbd2b9aa414005f674b	The choice of the appropriate time length of the database of accidents considered is therefore subjective and technology-specific: it should be sufficiently long to provide a number of entries statistically significant but also contain data representative of the existing energy infrastructure in terms of technology development and safety and regulatory standards. An appropriate aggregation level of the results is therefore needed to reflect these differences. For example, researchers from the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) aggregate the results in three major groups - European Union member states (27), OECD and non-OECD countries', but the latter group is further disaggregated to reflect specific situations for certain energy technologies (for instance the data for coal in China have been reported separately, since they are significantly higher than those of other countries). In the literature, different approaches have been used with respect to the time frame considered and to the geographical segmentation used: a comparative study (Felder, 2009) pointed out that two major accident-related studies from PSI and Sovacool (Sovacool, 2008 and Hirschberg et al.,	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-9-en	3f6b52c74a8d230c7c61768499c4729b	However, other measures may be required to ensure the required environmental flows are achieved. For example, reservoir release rules may be necessary to achieve medium or high-flow objectives at the required times, for example to ensure the higher flows required for the movement of sediment, to periodically inundate wetlands, or to trigger fish spawning or migration. Typically, senior right holders benefit from a rent situation and only use a portion of their entitlement, while new comers, who may be able to use water wisely, may be denied access to river water. The prevailing response has been supply augmentation via additional dams and reservoirs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/07e053e9-en	3f710fd5f024e7cbdeaa26ee0d1b3c03	The need for water has led Jordan to consider seriously a proposal to link the Red Sea to the Dead Sea aimed at replenishing the latter and using the drop in elevation near the Dead Sea to generate hydroelectric power to support desalination. Moreover, Jordan is considering investing in nuclear energy in order to fuel its need for water through desalination. Jordan has increased its desalination capacity significantly over the past decade by investing mostly in RO plants using brackish water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	3f71c42016836d6f6b51e4eb09e540d0	While some measures have been implemented recently, such as the Act on the Modernization of Framework Conditions for Venture Capital and Equity Investments (MoRaGK) in 2008 and the establishment of start-up funds (included in the High Tech Strategy), more needs to be done to mobilise venture capital in Germany. The government appropriately plans to improve the framework conditions for venture capital when implementing the EU Directive on Alternative Investment Fund Managers (AIFM) in national legislation. At this occasion, measures should be taken to reduce the strictness of the existing regulation, improve the transparency of the supervision system defined in the MoRaGK and provide venture capitalists with appropriate exit possibilities.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e8741432-en	3f74e162eb7fd58f5ac283f625468c07	Without these efforts, biodiversity will diminish, with serious consequences for the ecosystem services upon which all people depend. A value of zero indicates that all species have gone Extinct. This means they are increasingly threatened with extinction. Over the past 50 years, the conservation status of many taxonomic groups has been comprehensively assessed.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d902f55-en	3f759b3a2fbbc476c860a062dcd90ff4	The RECOSCIX-WIO project ended in 1997 and was replaced by the Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa (ODINAFRICA), which started in 1997 and is now in its fourth phase. The focus of the current phase of the project is on product development and dissemination and strengthening of the Pan African network of National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODCs). The project has produced directories, catalogues, atlases and portals.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	3f75d384c836951d6d60730344e24827	First, it allows buyers to bid on more uniform lots that contain enough calves to fill a truck. Second, it provides assurance to the buyer that the calves have been produced in a way that will lead to good performance at the feedlot. Third, it results in a price premium for calf producers who participate in the programme and incur the extra expense of raising high quality cattle. Because the individual producer has to certify each calf and problems can be traced back to the farm of origin there are few incentives to cheat, which makes the programme self-policing.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0bd7f2cc-en	3f77e34425e2698996d02be2241c24dd	Network length is 1,779 km; of this 1,075 km consists of the Danube international waterway; 524 km, navigable branches of the Danube River; and 92 km, channels of the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba (White Gate) -Midia Navodari. Romanian ports have some 49 km for berthing facilities and hydrotechnical constructions, of which 18.1 per cent are more than 50 years old and require urgent reconstruction work. Trends for the transport of goods by inland waterways in Romania show a sharp decline after 1990, from 12 million tons in 1990 to 6 million tons in 1992 and some recovery after 1996, with an average of approximately 14 million tons/year. In 2011, on the Romanian stretch of the Danube River, there were six events involving accidental pollution from ships.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	3f7a69f33e3db1dd0bf2ee829de7dc69	But the level of expenditure on education remains relatively low as indicated by the amount spent per student as a percentage of GDP per capita, which remains considerable below the OECD average for primary and secondary education. The new tax reform approved in 2014 will allow further growth in public spending for education. However, in spite of the strong political commitment to financing education, there are some fiscal challenges the school system will be facing in the future.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	3f7ef782b700e063fb34b7006cb0a16c	It highlights that in order to develop a successful programme, understanding primary crash patterns and causes allows enforcement to be targeted to proven crash risk and hence maximise its impact. Key considerations include solid legislation that supports the sanctions imposed upon offending drivers, sound intelligence, and well trained, educated and committed police officers. This paper sets out New Zealand Police’s Road Policing foundational principles and looks at a selection of international traffic enforcement examples.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	3f7f74dfbaa35e4921b34fd78202af80	However, the rate of growth in their incomes fell behind the rises in population incomes in eight countries, with the largest fall-back observed in Chile. The fall documented in earlier OECD work between the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s (OECD, 2008) continued between 2007 and 2010 (Figure 2.7). New Results from the OECD Income Distribution Database”, Policy Brief, OECD, available at www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Pouerty-8p.pdf. Among the elderly, however, relative income poverty shrunk from 15.1% to 12.8%, with falls in 20 countries and rises of around 2 percentage points in Hirkey, Canada, and Poland only.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	3f842db8feb9cca5fd442708b4b118d5	Other large-scale variable renewable facilities could also participate in the energy market by providing a dollar per MWh bid, below which they are no longer willing to generate. This implies an adaptation of the design of renewable support instruments. Defining flexibility products such as ramping up and down, fast response ramping, minimum load balancing, etc.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	3f84fad3740baf688df648e9f235727e	The database also highlights changes and revisions to government policies for renewables in line with the aforementioned reasons. Even in highly developed markets, such as Germany, there were significant policy changes. Many jurisdictions are also seeking employment and economic development opportunities as an outcome of support to renewable energies.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	3f8699088dd7f13d68e26f4629460831	In a way, the reform helped the Directorate to improve their status and gain trust among many teachers. These teachers did not experience the programme as a top-dow n measure, but instead believed that that their opinions were being heard and taken into account. In addition, some school leaders were not fully aware of the programme, for example stating that they did not know how to use the DET w'ebsite and tools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	3f878cfd9bfcc6daf401e8f168c16247	One alternative is to prepare an exclusion index that considers the dimensions that are most relevant for the population (having a trade or profession, own income, higher education and property/ house/land) and use the importance that people attach to each of these dimensions as a weighting criterion.33 Another possibility is to construct a subjective exclusion indicator based on perceptions of the activities people need to engage in to avoid being excluded. For further details see tables I.A-S and l. Nonetheless, this requires better definition of the categories, particularly since people do not necessarily see inclusion or exclusion as dichotomous.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	3f8cba0ae0280041aa4d9671043ff52c	The income growth is expected to reduce gender inequality by loosening constraints, improving market opportunities, promoting market mechanisms, increasing household available resources and so on (See Dollar and Gatti, 1999; Forsythe et al., Religious affiliation and civil liberties are included following Dollar and Gatti (1999). They show that, to a large extent, gender inequality can be explained by religious preference and underlying characteristics of societies, such as the extent of civil liberties.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	3f8e12d0419c0970c99e58e4e6716ff4	Testing with stakes for students will be specifically denoted as “high-stakes standardised tests.” A country may choose to administer low-stakes standardised tests for a number of reasons and in response to different international and national pressures, which in turn link to the test’s purpose, design and how test results are used. The trends in OECD countries show a growing reliance on the results of standardised tests for a number of purposes and it is important to keep in mind the resulting effect on teaching and learning. Assessment practices - whether they are focused on system, school, teacher or student results - impact teaching practices and teacher-student relationships and, in certain cases, can restrict learning and teaching (Harlen, 2007; Santiago et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	3f923bf542269117f4d3b10583c17d7c	It should be noted that the government treats guarantees as public debt with regards to the debt ceiling. This creates clarity about a key component of the liabilities from the sector. Given the difficulty to address cost recovery in the short term, the key from a budgetary point of view is to ensure budget transparency.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-5-en	3f92958e9a4e92e408a17a191e0d447b	A positive relationship between the socio-economic profile of schools and the quantity or quality of resources means that advantaged schools benefit from more or better resources. A negative relationship implies that more or better resources are devoted to disadvantaged schools. No relationship between the two implies that schools attended by disadvantaged students are as likely to have access to better or more resources as schools attended by advantaged students (Figure 3.5). According to school principals' reports, in 31 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have access to better educational material resources than their peers in disadvantaged schools, while in 36 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have greater access to education staff than do disadvantaged students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	3f9473cba23cd9666c1e04dbd8906731	They find that for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, involvement in managing country can result in confirmation of identity and cultural authority; social activities; building and maintaining relationships; provision of purpose; traditional education; and sharing knowledge, exercise and food. It is fundamental to health and embedded, with culture, in the way that health is defined. They stress that it extends beyond the aggregated well-being of individuals to more social definitions, embracing “the social, emotional and cultural well-being of the whole community” (p.23). This helps to shift the focus away from traits attaching to individuals and to look for well-being in the strength, vitality and sustainability of communities.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	3f9828c3699e10347680a2e2ca90d958	Such a relationship also exists between life expectancy and health expenditure. The United States stands out as having both high GDP and health expenditure per capita, but a lower level of overall life expectancy than might be expected. High rates of mortality for some diseases at older ages, the legacy of smoking, and other factors such as obesity and economic inequality have been suggested as possible reasons for the United States’ poorer performance (Crimmins et al., One recent study found that high rates of obesity, tobacco use and other preventable risk factors for an early death are important drivers of the gap between life expectancy in the United States and that in other countries (Kulkami et al.,	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	3f98d5daf12e21c624b57ebfcc227329	In essence, taxpayers subsidize private sector activity, but if the firm succeeds, the entrepreneurs earn all the profits. In the event of success, the firms'owners could buy out the government's stake at a price on the basis of pre-agreed rules. These are relatively simple structures that can provide low-risk financing for firms, while still ensuring that taxpayers are compensated for their investments. From a domestic perspective, long-horizon domestic clean energy funds could be part of the G-NIS framework.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	3f99aed5b47132165079d73dd083246f	These subsidies, however, have not always lead to the intended results because of difficulties with accurately identifying the target population, potential abuse of the subsidy, and large errors of either exclusion or inclusion of the target population. Therefore, as cities grow and their roadways cannot be expanded anymore, the volume of urban traffic needs to be managed within the given roadway capacity. Any surpassing of that capacity leads to traffic congestion - the most apparent transport externality. Furthermore, the extra fuel burned causes unnecessary release of carbon dioxide, hence adding to the overall bill issued by congestion that societies have to pay in the end.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	3f99c8ff10aa30bd821c34e25002cf0c	The aim has been to price emissions, stimulate the development and deployment of clean energy and improve energy efficiency. Policies to promote efficient adaptation to the uncertain impacts of climate change are underdeveloped. The United Kingdom has recognised the importance of international collaboration on mitigation and adaptation, given the global nature of the climate-change problem (Box 1).	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	3f99cc5361c8744f766c58c6ded0feb5	In 2006-10 the emphasis has reversed, with producers of rice and maize being supported at the expense of consumers. The relatively low %SCT value for rice during 2006-10 compared to other commodities such as beef and sugar is the direct result of policy efforts to limit the transmission of international price rises to the domestic market during 2008 and 2009. The %SCT for rice was 21% and 25% in 2006 and 2007, -40% and -14% in 2008 and 2009, and 30% in 2010. Furthermore, while rice production is the dominant beneficiary of fertiliser subsidies this support is not apportioned to rice, or any other single commodity.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	3f9ae4c5310f76ced23bf9e1455f8a22	The second is the adoption of overarching strategies and policies based on stakeholder consultation which have both clear and measurable objectives, and defined actions and measures with timelines and budgets to meet them. Achieving both results in a score of 2, while more dynamic implementation and co-ordination of policy and legislation warrants a higher score. However for all six economies, the adoption of secondary legislation is not consistent across the sector.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	3f9c2a09c0301c092a760d3caeded066	And the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has recently agreed to review its 8 percent energy reduction target so it can construct plans to better meet the target and monitor the region’s progress. But for industrial energy efficiency, much remains to be done. Even the AGECC has called only for a general energy-efficiency goal rather than one specifically for industry.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	3f9c7084ac49a77fb37cbb4cafe83797	To receive payments, dialysis providers must meet the clinical quality targets. Failure to meet these targets results in Ministry of Health warnings, followed by payment suspensions and potential withdrawal of clinical licences. A preliminary (albeit not independent) analysis of around half of all clinics revealed improvements in all quality indicators between 2008 and 2011.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3fa2cd01931412be5edcc8c58c1db5f1	Collaboration between higher education institutions remains limited. There were few attempts to set out the collective needs of the region in terms of innovation infrastructure or for the academic colleges or universities to co-ordinate their actions in meeting such needs. There is a need to upgrade the existing traditional industry and service sector and improve their capacity for innovation. Investment from the national government focuses on the research components of the system and tax breaks for industry.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg83k687ng7-en	3fa34fc5050a45fc5a9de152c3335800	Governments have implemented new initiatives and increased spending to encourage greater enrolment and attendance at the school level. In higher education they are seeking to implement wide-ranging changes to the regulatory framework. At the same time the rising affluence and aspirations of households is spurring strong demand for education at all levels and the traditional dominance of the public sector as a provider of education is receding. The dual challenge now is to build on the considerable progress made in lifting participation and, equally importantly, improve the quality of education outcomes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	3fa40d7e2f60f0f29a768705dc14e3ba	This assessment is consistent with remote sensing data on land degradation. It suggests that improved livestock management may be necessary to keep livestock development sustainable (Chapter 8). Since independence, the official hunting economy has ceased to exist. Legal amateur hunting appears to be sustainable. However, illegal hunting continues to exert pressure on some species of mammals and birds.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	3fa4c571239c74f042634cf16858a53c	Farmland was redistributed to farm households who were given the ability to make their own production decisions provided they met certain production quotas. Broader reforms opened up the market to both greater domestic and international competition. Agricultural production rose sharply, becoming a key driver of overall economic growth. Production quota obligations were removed and further regulatory barriers to trade were gradually lifted.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	3fa5cb6bf945fb14b43a0eafedefda44	This presents an opportunity for African cities to pursue a different development model from the more recent western development trajectory, characterized as it is by car-oriented development. Per capita GDP is in parentheses. In Africa such diseconomies may be setting in prematurely given the speed of urbanization, poor planning, weak institutions to guide urban growth and low incomes of many cities and urban residents.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	3fa5f80e35ffb449d4c51fed3932e134	Non-linearities in regional growth: A non-parametric approach. Investment needs to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Understanding the billions and trillions. A Global Initiative for the United Nations. National infrastructure planning: A holistic approach to policy development in developing countries.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	3fa80e4391ddd9991d2f4a4c266e0cf0	This phenomenon could enhance productivity. On the other hand, ocean upw'elling could also worsen hypoxia and acidification, and lead to associated biomass reduction in fish and invertebrate stocks. Due to these contradictory observations, there is currently no certainty about the future trends of major upwelling systems and how their drivers, such as enhanced productivity, acidification and hypoxia, will shape ecosystem characteristics.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283411-en	3faaf61c169a300b83e9b50a370aba43	Health spending as a share of GDP was only 7.2%. This is a much lower share than the EU average of 9.9%. Further mergers and reorganisation in 2015 made the National Healthcare Service Centre the umbrella organisation for other formerly independent authorities. It is now the leading organisation for health provision.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0f74e628-en	3fb127d35b9d5708c4baa150da28fa2f	There have also been a number of important developments in conceptual and policy approaches to technology and innovation, some of these reflecting the nature of frontier technologies, particularly the opportunities for networking and collaboration that digital technologies and platforms afford. A key part of building on the foundations of STI policy outlined in chapter III is to apply these new concepts effectively and to make optimal use of new opportunities and emerging policy approaches. It begins, in section A, with a discussion of the potential and limitations of technological leapfrogging as a means to development.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	3fb29c9fdb1a634197b64e33fdf5fcba	In addition to characterizing the state of the population, For instance, when performing the economic evaluations of cancer control interventions, POHEM typically uses a simulation sample size of one million individuals and draws together information on risk factors; disease incidence by age, gender and cell-type; stage distribution at the time of diagnosis; and the ‘standard’ or typical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used. Moreover, data on disease progression after initial diagnosis (depending upon age, gender and stage at diagnosis) are required, in addition to follow-up patterns of practice, treatment at relapse, and terminal care. Therefore 23 different datasets are used which include various cancer registries and hospital registries, data from pharmaceutical associations, population health surveys, screening studies and clinical trials, etc. (	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	3fb4fc680e8c1232eed00604748167a1	A harmonised definition of urban areas as “functional economic units” would be useful in designing and implementing green growth strategies according to functionally integrated areas, rather than administrative entities. It w'ould also increase comparability of metropolitan areas, and therefore Metro Cebu can learn draw' positive lessons from best practices in other FUAs, thereby encouraging more effective coordination. Smart city solutions may also help to create more channels for governance linkages between LGUs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	3fb821cf221d046c5a7128f691dee381	The Centre’s objectives are to create a database of RES in the country, train technicians and raise public awareness. The Centre has produced rough estimates of gross RES and the technical and economic capacity, and potential locations, for exploitation of different types of RES (sun, wind, biomass, small hydropower and geothermal). This Committee is currently developing standards (based on existing European and Russian standards) in the area of buildings, energy-consuming products and renewable energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	3fbb1f307f3317a0775082882f5b9863	Overall, the CCSS finds itself in the unsustainable situation of increasing hospital activity, with little understanding of the costs thereof. This is true of both the hospital and primary care sector (see Table 3.3), and is being driven by the increase in the headcount of individuals working for the CCSS (appropriately, given the shortage of personnel as discussed earlier). Additionally, however, generous increases in individuals’ salaries are also causing wage bill inflation.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-3-en	3fbf9ee694b28abd9ee067589634dcdf	This entails inter alia: undertaking comparative analyses and reviews of the role of government policy vis-a-vis maritime clusters around the world, notably in respect of their effectiveness in stimulating and supporting cross-industry technological innovations in the maritime domain; establishing international networks for the exchange of view's and experience in establishing centres of excellence, innovation incubators and other innovation facilities in the field of cross-industry maritime technologies, and improving the sharing of technology and innovation among countries at different levels of development.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	3fc0fc16b9d7f9471f74f4792099d793	More precisely, the question at stake is how to integrate the project of the various intercommunalites, w'ith their own level of constraints and local solutions, into a larger scale than single municipalities. By doing so, these individuals are able to bring local ideas and projects to a supra level, and have the potential to overcome difficulties based on the differences between territories. For example, the north littoral is filled with elderly people, whereas in the south there are mostly younger couples with children. But most of all, the main question is often about the opposition between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire on the one hand, and on the other hand, the other communes.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	3fc62d48bbe3d9075c24b814924eabec	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It describes its strengths and weaknesses and focuses on the challenges that now face Israel. The chapter starts by acknowledging Israel’s world-class quality monitoring mechanism for community care which sets a blueprint for others to follow, but which has the potential for further development. It then highlights the need to strengthen co-ordination between community and hospital care.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0a98da25-en	3fce9416522b3231fb9a406c77ce417b	In part, this is because the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has pushed for reductions in public-sector spending via the conditionalities it imposes on those poor countries that must borrow from it, rather than from private capital markets, during crises. In the recent crisis,for example, the IMF required budget reductions in a number of developing countries—Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ghana, Latvia and Mali, among others (Weisbrot et al. The costs in terms of lost services and employment are painfully high amongst those who have the least savings and assets to weather economic storms, including women. The economic costs of procyclical (contractionary) policies relate to the negative economy-wide effects resulting from persistent high unemployment rates. Of great concern is that longterm unemployment contributes to skills erosion.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/56317379-en	3fd1593af9a3c73a64019453cf3bba8e	Water circulation in the hydrological cycle of evaporation, transpiration and precipitation is mainly driven by various climatic and land management factors (Falkenmark, 1997). Rockstrom, Gordon and Folke (1999) reported that about 35 percent of annual precipitation (110 305 km3) returns to the ocean as surface runoff (38 230 km3) while the remaining 65 percent is converted into water vapour flow. Moreover, major terrestrial biomes -forest, woodlands, wetlands, grasslands and croplands -consume approximately 98 percent of global green water flow and generate essential ecosystem services (Rockstrom, Gordon and Folke, 1999, Rockstrom and Gordon, 2001).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	3fd4ac40a2b27135976b8eb7246ca0f1	"Transnational families are often face problematized; migrants have been accused of being irresponsible parents (Zentgraf and Chinchilla, 2012). The heaviest accusations are directed towards female migrants (Keough, 2006); for example, children left behind in Poland by their migrant mothers are designated as ""euro-orphans"" in the framework of moral disciplining of female migrants (Shinozaki, 2008). In Central Asia, there is no unanimous opinion on the effect that migration has on children left behind."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	3fd4bb95dd1e329701105208eb852182	Ecological footprint analysis is not sufficient for determining optimal policy alternatives, however, as it does not account for the net benefits generated as resources are consumed. Water is one of many inputs in those activities. Hence, estimated water footprints are somewhat one-dimensional, as they depict the use of only one resource.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	3fd4d94a98271bb82f1de320dda9e7be	The employer is responsible for obligations arising from compulsory social insurance against the risks of workplace accidents and occupational diseases. Requires the internal regulations of firms, workplaces, tasks or economic units to specify rules and instructions for prevention, hygiene and safety that should be observed in them. Establishes the amount and receipt of compensation corresponding to the average pay received by the worker during the entire term of his/her contract or of his/her last 11 years. Workers not incorporated into the pension system will be affiliated to a fund administrator. Article 236, subsection 1.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	3fdaacd86a8de66447441f0bf7a7a009	The number of traders will affect the transaction costs, but all relevant users should be included to avoid leakages. Furthermore, legal, institutional, and environmental barriers may need to be overcome (Garrido et al., For example, if the total irrigated area within a water district is constrained to be less than the total area potentially available for cropland within a district, then the right to irrigate units of land can be reallocated using an entitlement system.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	3fdc58678620471d719fcad79a270f26	Technology/infrastructure: Historic investments in technology and essential infrastructure have long been linked to path dependency or technology lock-in (Unruh, 2000,2002), which can dramatically shape a city's path toward green growth. These sunk investments may offer short-term cost advantages that prevent alternative technologies to effectively compete on price. Heavily industrial cities may find that pollution and escalating energy demand top the list of issues to be addressed through a green growth strategy, while cities dominated by a service-based economy, like tourism, may pursue greening strategies that enhance recreational amenities. Cities with low per capita income or high corporate tax rates may find it difficult to finance green growth.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	3fdc66517e5660bc61536248ad789d8f	On the tax side, the total tax-to-GDP ratio stands above the OECD average (37% and 35%, respectively, in 2008) while the progressivity of household taxes is close to the OECD average. However, the progressivity of the personal income tax and social security contributions is steeper at the lower end than at the upper end of the income distribution. Where the solid line falls inside the OECD average, the variable considered stands below the OECD average.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	3fdc7d3bae2c7dcb01876afc7ac9b731	For example, the Kenyan MRV+ framework is aligned with the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System that aims to improve management for development results (Republic of Kenya, 2012a). Similarly, in Nepal, all national projects and programmes are subject to standard progress reporting that informs the allocation of the national budget (IIED, 2013c). The nature of the monitoring and evaluation frameworks is also influenced by data availability. It is, therefore, common practice to do an initial survey to identify the information that is already collected on a regular basis (e.g. household surveys and standard financial reporting), information that will be collected in the future, and sources of information that could be adjusted to also capture relevant climate change information.	13	1	7	0.75
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	3fdd318267b6cc6cc331c0ba1cb9acbc	The rapid rise to dominance of finance capital and its demands forfree flows of money became enshrined in the ideologies of neoliberalism and the so-called Washington Consensus. While the neoliberal agenda has been evolving over time and has its own internal tensions (which there is no space to discuss here), its broad features as an overarching agenda for financialized capitalism include open borders for trade and investment/financial flows, fiscal suppression and inflation-targeting as central to monetary policy, privatization and public-private partnerships (PPPs), market fundamentalism.description of the state as corrupt, and managerialism. This agenda was th e ha 11 ma rk of th e rise to power of Rona Id Reaga n and Margaret Thatcher in the United States and United Kingdom, respectively. Keynesian macroeconomics, with its potential for combining redistributive policies with government activism to protect employment, began to decline in prestige and clout.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/4b795325-en	3fe3f7b40640dfec4c24715596880308	This reflects the recognition of the issue by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Government's commitment to improving educational access for the indigenous population. Indigenous communities in Ethiopia understand that education is their path to a better future. However, while more schools are being built in remote and rural areas with the assistance of development organizations, and an increasing number of children are obtaining access to education, there is more to be done.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	3fe57afc31a52bd498c9381bc9c2a14f	In some cases, there is a need to enhance infrastructure-sharing arrangements between different education providers. When developing the network of higher education institutions, care should be taken to ensure that adequate IT infrastructure is in place for high speed, low cost connectivity. Therefore, strong collaborative links need to be developed between the colleges to improve their education, service and research capacity. Additional funding should be allocated to develop collaborative, local solutions to regional provision through partnerships with local stakeholders. Authorities could consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the Open University, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/20a23d10-en	3fe6d2a92589c2148d9538420be442ee	Developing-country enterprises using ICT had better performance compared with enterprises that did not use ICT, with notable improvements in enterprise growth, profitability, investment and productivity (table 11.1). The extent to which an enterprise gains from enhanced access to different ICTs depends on its needs for information, storage and communication, which in turn are affected by its size, industrial sector, location and workforce skills. Based on data from Investment Climate Surveys 2000-2003. It is furthermore influenced by the business skills of managers, the availability of personnel trained to use and maintain the equipment, and the availability of additional information sources that enable improved decision-making in procurement and other business processes.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f76cbb14-en	3fe8029e12d22923778f8c28f5d05094	The world increased the use of natural resources by at least 34 billion tons total domestic material consumption (DMC) between 2000 and 2017. In developing countries, 40 per cent of losses occur at post-harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized countries more than 40 per cent of losses happen at retail and consumer levels. The latest data show per capita food losses in Africa, excluding North Africa, amount to about 230 kg per person, much of which occurs in the process of production to retailing (figure 4.9).	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	3feba07ef452090880f2e948f95146a0	Overall, the share of general services in total support increased from 11% in 1995-97 to 21% in 2009-11, however transfers to producers individually continue to be the major component of agricultural support in Kazakhstan. The %TSE in Kazakhstan is comparable to that in the European Union and the United States, and much smaller than in Ukraine and Russia, countries moving on a similar economic path as Kazakhstan. This is driven by several considerations. First, there is a desire to compensate for the decline the agricultural sector experienced during the early transition period. Second, development of agriculture is part of the overall strategy for economic diversification to reduce dependency on energy income. Third, agricultural output growth has been viewed as a key factor of food security, a view that has strengthened since the onset of the high food price volatility in 2008.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	3fed4add13c9299abb8c004b8e32f42f	In these areas, eligibility for hukou is dictated by a points-based system that favours long-time residents and those with high levels of education and skills. Further reforms should focus on disconnecting the eligibility for urban public services from hukou status. This may be achieved by introducing residency permits that allow the holder to access public services, while retaining a system that protects the land entitlements of migrants.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2f3f72fd-en	3fed7f68dceec5993665ca176b9c02ef	Temperature rise was higher in northern Serbia than in the south. Comparison of the period 1961-1990 with 1971-2000 shows an increase of 0.7°C in most of Serbia, whereas in the far southeast temperature dropped by 0.4°C. Mean annual precipitation did not follow a clear trend: it increased in the west and north of Serbia, but decreased in other parts of Serbia. However, the number of days with intensive precipitation did increase.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	3fee6b31601e83daafb821c8bf58e2db	Most educational service providers form part of the umbrella organisation Edventure. Central mechanisms for student assessment, school evaluation and education system evaluation have been in place for several decades, along with requirements for schools to assure their own quality. This long-standing focus on developing reliable evaluation and assessment systems has allowed the central agencies to experiment with different approaches and develop and deepen their expertise overtime. In the Netherlands, the national assessments and examinations currently used by most schools have existed for over 30 years. Cito, created in 1968, was one of the first influential national testing institutes within the OECD and enjoys a high international reputation for its expertise and assessment instruments (Chapter 3). While there are different view's as to how the results should be used, the usefulness of standardised assessments to inform certification, accountability and improvement strategies is widely accepted among stakeholders.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	3ff145ca0bd20fea08902915d7ae40bd	Current technologies are clearly spreading within much shorter periods of time. Their rapid diffusion puts great pressure on societies and individuals to adapt, and also risks leaving behind those that do not have access to the required skills or infrastructure. Many developing countries struggle to employ new technologies with the same degree of intensity and versatility as developed countries.6 In the area of ICT, the digital divide remains stark: estimates show that almost half of all households globally still do not have access to the Internet.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	3ff27ba4cd4374ba414e0b08574114f1	A new treaty based on the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries: 2011 Update11 would support the interests of developing countries better than the one based on the current OECD model, since the former gives more taxing rights to developing countries. In these cases, the multilateral financial institutions and bilateral donors w'ould need to help by providing additional resources for social spending, as well as the appropriate technical and financial support for strengthening those capacities. For many developing countries, increasing the progressive incidence of the public budget is probably best achieved through well-targeted redistributive spending, but also through growth-enhancing public investment.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	3ff4fd5e813743f8ccdbd7bbacbb4180	Strong cooperation with the private sector to understand employers needs and create opportunities for young people in the form of apprenticeships and internships are crucial. These young people represent a great opportunity, but also enormous challenges to which African countries must rise. Africa’s strong economic growth of the last decade has translated into jobs but not enough of them, particularly not for young labour market entrants.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	3ff50f10c7c4bb799d134a688b6ddb44	This has ensured ownership of the Framework across all eight jurisdictions. Following the negotiation of new national goals for schooling2 in 2008, the rationale for the Framework was updated in 2009. The changes to the Framework were agreed by all education jurisdictions. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), established in 2009, is charged with developing the new Australian Curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12 in agreed learning areas4.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	4001fa9c9bdeaa5ff5b63846cd36e97e	Hometown associations have subsequently become involved in funding hospitals, schools and public infrastructure (a role analogous to that of many NGOs, such as Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Red Cross, which have worked with these hometown associations). At the same time, mobile phones and internet access, funded by such associations, are opening up a new virtual realm of diagnosis and healing between continents. Such caravans and ambulances serve equity, by serving people who do not have kin in Europe who can send remittances to cover medical costs, but they are there only a short time.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	40025f656da51ca19c43a5819e430dc8	Examples of grant finance include the ADB’s grant for Golovnaya hydropower plant (Tajikistan) and adaptation projects in forestry and agriculture sectors (Kyrgyzstan) mainly supported by Germany. The share of equity financing, which is small throughout the region, includes the European Investment Bank and KfW Entwicklungsbank in the Green for Growth Fund II (e.g. in Armenia, Ukraine and Geoigia), and a hydropower project supported by the ADB (in Armenia). For instance, the Clean Technology Fund has provided concessional loans to a range of projects in the EECCA countries for demonstration, deployment and transfer of low-carbon technologies.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	4003dd8a5619ced802e88285ce90c834	Against the backdrop of this conceptual framework and the available data, domains and indicators were consequently selected on the basis of the extent to which they offer a clear and widely accepted normative interpretation, comply with universality and rights principles and allow for cross-country comparisons. Table 2 presents the selected indicators within their domains. It also has to be noted that the indicators included in the multidimensional poverty measure reflect the situation at the time of the survey. The poverty measures employed in this paper constitute poverty headcount rates at domain level (referred to as domain poverty rates), which builds on the poverty headcount rates at the level of individual indicators (indicator poverty rates).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	4004285eeaecd58020a7b123899484ee	In 2013, there were 342 MPOs in the United States. The US Congress created MPOs in the 1960s as flexible entities that adapt to local conditions in order to best allocate federal transport funding. In order to obtain federal funding, MPOs are required to periodically develop long-range transportation plans (also referred to as regional transportation plans or RTPs), with planning horizons of at least 20 years.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	4004f60bf46c09e18d8eddf175e6f491	It has been argued that poverty means a lack of economic resources, whereas social exclusion refers to the broader issue of social integration. One way of visualizing the relations that exist between poverty and exclusion is that the first impedes social participation and the exercise of citizenship. Thus, if poverty entails a lack of resources to participate in society, social exclusion refers to the dynamic processes that end up disconnecting individuals from the social, economic, political, cultural systems that determine their social integration (Levitas, 1998).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283312-en	40067be2dee4478c11f74afea6814bdd	There are concerns that this number will decline further in the years to come following the country’s entry into the EU in 2013, which creates opportunities to move at a time when there is a lack of employment in Croatia. There is also a perceived shortage of physicians, especially in primary care, and shortages are observed in rural areas and on the country’s islands (see Section 5.2). There are a number of national public health programmes, including a mandatory vaccination programme, but a lack of action in tobacco control, as evidenced by high levels of smoking among adults and adolescents (see Section 3).	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/ead1ef57-en	40092201baa1d7a13632951c15197b96	Globally, the most common form of violence women experience is from an intimate partner (WHO 2017), and because almost one-third of women who have been in an intimate relationship have experienced physical or sexual violence, this dramatically influences women and girls' capacities to sustain their position in the workforce, or indeed their capacity to enter the workforce to begin with. Women and girls' exposure to domestic violence and their access to justice also comprise important components of this analysis and is a theme returned to in Section 3 of this report. Indeed, the World Bank report cited above found that in 65 per cent of the economies it surveyed, there were no laws protecting women and girls from sexual harassment, while 45 countries had no laws protecting women and children from domestic violence. Further, 59 countries did not have laws prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace (World Bank 2018a). Specifically, these dimensions examine the proportions of women who are able to move into the highest levels in companies.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	400951796405260c621942d92ae85c75	Preventing the use of residence-based criteria for admission and encouraging the entry of new schools would be warranted as recommended in the OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom 2011 (OECD, 2011a). The number of young people neither in education nor in employment or training (NEETs) has swelled during the recession and is among the highest in the OECD. The government’s commitment to raise the compulsory participation age to 17 in 2013 and 18 in 2015 will increase participation in education and training. What is most important, though, is that students are equipped with the adequate skills to enter the labour market. Available evidence suggests that some vocational training has a low or even negative impact on future returns (Machin and Vignoles, 2006), with the exception of some high-quality apprenticeships. Reducing the complexity of the system and the fragmentation of the programmes, while increasing the quality and the number of available positions, may enhance the attractiveness of vocational training, having a positive impact on labour market outcomes and productivity.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	400b07733d2c9e24e2c8ae8b769874b4	"The same guidelines will govern the new (as yet unpublished) Investment Incentives Law. Soon to be considered by parliament, this legislation has ""Green Entrepreneurship"" as one of its three main pillars. It thereby highlights the importance placed by the Greek government on this concept, with its key components of protecting the environment, reducing energy consumption, exploiting alternative forms of energy, producing new environmentally friendly products and using environmentally friendly methods of production."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264222519-10-en	400cf8923c94bf785016c2fe66ad2038	The CUSTF has achieved lessons learned by operating through a specific fund that consolidates the compensation fees to finance restoration and reforestation actions implemented by third parties. The operation through a fund has allowed achieving economies of scale by enabling CONAFOR to issue calls for projects at a national scale. However, the programme rules and design present limitations to establish and assess the equivalence of the environmental attributes that are being compensated on an individual project basis and as a whole.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	400e940395e091c4a7d4c7c4ed50de19	However, they often create dual systems, where the bottom is covered by social assistance and the top by contribution-based social security, private insurance, or self-insurance. In response to the missing-middle challenge, a number of instruments have been put in place. This chapter divides them into three strategies: unbundled contributory instruments with limited risk pooling, subsidised access to contributory social security systems, and universal entitlements. However, financing them can be challenging if they are to afford a reasonable level of coverage. The need for a source of finance that can ensure the long-term sustainability of funding and accommodate the counter-cyclical nature of expenditure is a particularly difficult challenge, which shifting wealth can help an increasing number of countries meet (Chapter 9). But they need to be part of a holistic agenda which should consider the mutual relationships between the functioning of labour markets and social protection: the work incentives created by social protection and how social protection can be adapted to informal workers, including those who have the capacity and willingness to pay.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b505e041-en	40112b47a6ce137c9e8758b2dc0ca3c4	The reasons given by the banks for not granting loans were lack of adequate security and lack of evidence of address required as part of their Know Your Customer (KYC) norms. About one third of the operators of the enterprises received some training before they started their business. Three fourths of them approached either a moneylender or pawnbroker.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	40167cf47e5b562c7626f9eda3fd570e	The medical school selection process will be altered to favour students who excel at teamwork as well as interpersonal and cross-cultural communications. Furthermore, considering the current underinvestment in health infrastructure and personnel in the Galilee, systems of collaboration should be created among hospitals and between hospitals and the new medical school. Joint research centres between hospitals and the medical schools could be established in the areas that focus on the epidemiology of the region, including genetics, metabolic diseases and health promotion. The new school and research institute provide an opportunity to link Israel's leadership in the IT industry with more effective health care delivery - from new individualised computer-based medical records systems to the use of telemedicine to reach isolated populations.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264086197-en	40178140985c7c3bdd6f00791f52e218	There should be clear requirements as to who is entitled to DSL support (both conversational and academic) and how this support is to be provided. Municipalities should be required to adhere to this basic set of principles and support schools in implementing them. In Ireland, for example, the education authorities have prepared Primary and Post-Primary Assessment Kits which use the Framework (www.ncca.ie). In primary school, the kit recommends that students are continuously assessed at levels Al, A2 and B1 and the kit notes that “when pupils are capable of performing in the assessment tasks at this level [B1 ], and of achieving the scores indicated, then their full integration into mainstream learning is possible” and this assessment has to be in all four separate language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	40179b0f4eefd7468c8dd3c0374c0f45	While biodiversity is relatively high in the North East Atlantic region, including the Helgeland coast and the Faroe Islands, the Baltic Sea species and functional diversity is relatively low. Consequently, even minor changes in species biomass and/or occurrence can have large effects on ecosystem function and services. The loss of a single species therefore has potentially higher impact in the Baltic Sea than in Helgeland and the Faroe Islands. Nordic coastal biodiversity is summarized in Figure 30, using the number of marine species in different functional groups and classes in each Nordic region.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	40184377487d1e772a02df952d9372fc	Teachers view this as a ‘core pedagogy’ which provides a rhythm to the school day, week and year. So, it is the ‘Web 2.0 pedagogy” that is important, with blogs, podcasts, social networking sites and virtual worlds as tools to realise this approach. Such pedagogical approaches demand that teachers mentor and foster competences for self-regulated learning, compatible with learners as (pro-) active and collaborative.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4018f4e62af5575983b3faec9e4e7447	The integration of variable renewable energies requires new and appropriate regulatory and operational frameworks to properly move towards more efficient and reliable low-carbon electricity systems. While their name implies a focus on the long run availability of power generating capacity, their true role could be much larger. Capacity markets could actually play a key role in integrating different flexibility services - including short-term demand curtailment, storage, access to interconnections, and, of course, capacity itself - in a single framework, where decisions are made at the margin according to the variable costs of different options over different time frames.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	401919c9a3282b2b5f92b581d03ffdc5	Getting Choice Right: Ensuring Equity and Efficiency in Education Policy, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC. Handbook of the Economics o/Education, Vol. Panel estimates from PISA”, Journal 0/Develop merit Economics, Vol. Recruiting, retaining, and creating quality teachers”, Nordic Economic Policy Review, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, pp.	4	4	7	0.2727272727272727
10.18356/9efca30c-en	40193fcb92ed1961a7d75e3d464d3527	This expectation in turn was associated with high rates of child marriage.57 But data show that the age of marriage is rising, fertility rates are declining, and an increasing number of women are not marrying at all, which suggests that attitudes about both universal marriage and high fertility have shifted over time, giving girls in particular more opportunities to pursue education. As societies relax expectations concerning both universal marriage and child marriage, girls in particular may have more opportunities to pursue education. But what of girls who do not excel in school?	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/49f729e3-en	402467df2fecea79c193a40f9d9b823f	Given the nature of both exercises, undertaking them in parallel may yield better results in terms of data collection and reporting, as well as cost sharing. The use of knowledge products was not systematically tracked or monitored. Cybermetric analysis also revealed that the UNDP network of websites is highly complex and potentially difficult to navigate.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/e309eca0-en	4024ea4317dd9589d846a4fb88d68423	Naloxone and similar drugs have proven efficacy in reversing the effects of opioid overdoses and thereby saving lives. Making these drugs more widely available would help reduce deaths from overdose. Some European countries have schemes allowing naloxone to be taken home by the drug user (EMCDDA, 2017(48)). A few countries have drug consumption rooms, where death from overdose is much less likely.	8	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	40258169bcd51a616276bbfb9287188a	It should be noted that the NFSA extends an already large food distribution programme, which previously covered about 30% of India’s population. For consumers, data on the consumption profile of the average recipient of NFSA food grain is not available. If it is assumed that the average recipient consumes 75 kg of rice, 62 kg of wheat and 21 kg of coarse grain (average per capita disappearance in 2013), then the programmes provision of 60 kg p.a. Assuming no change in the offer prices, in the rates of inflation and of the USD exchange rate, the effective subsidy in this projection rises to INR 3 076 (USD 29) p.a. A detailed analysis of the NFSA is beyond the scope of this Outlook, but anticipating its overall impact on markets is nevertheless required.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	4026e0707b930fcc3907965fa0def871	The Ministry of Environment (MMA), the leader for environmental questions, and the Ministry of Education, linked with the universities, also play important roles in the general innovation system. At the national level, the priorities for R&D are established by government through the different ministries involved in innovation, led by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The main agency of the MCT to support agricultural research is the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). It delivers grants and project funding, through competitive public calls. Beneficiaries are researchers in public or not-for-profit private high education institutions and R&D institutions and centres, and public companies with science, technology or innovation research activities.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	4027729cdd82fee16557417a0a957510	Countries that are further along in their demographic transition (Chile and Cuba) have geriatric death rates higher than the regional average. In fact, a comparison between the situations in Haiti and Cuba shows that Haiti will take until 2050 to record the death rates in the population aged 65 and over that Cuba had recorded six decades earlier. Cuba has an older age structure than Haiti and therefore its population is more likely to die over age 65. Figure IV.2, which shows the proportion of deaths from chronic and degenerative diseases as a function of average population age (2002), shows those countries further along in the demographic transition (Argentina, Barbados, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay) at one extreme, with more than 80% of deaths from those causes and, at the other, those countries about to move into full demographic transition with an ageing process that is still incipient (Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, among others). This may be illustrated by comparing life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	4027fa460847ec231dfe558970e3391b	However, evidence consistently suggests that these proximal processes of children’s everyday experiences, i.e. process quality, are the primary driver of children’s development and learning in ECEC (OECD, 2018). There is also a lack of consistent descriptive data on the general work and working conditions faced by ECEC staff, including, for instance, the work climate, professional development opportunities, and other staff and centre characteristics. The roadmap identified a significant need for better and new data on ECEC to help countries make well-informed policy choices - in particular staff-level data on process quality (OECD, 2018), learning and well-being environments (namely, the ECEC environment) and child development, well-being, and learning outcomes (also referred to as child outcomes).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	4028281df89ea52bf51f5c541e890805	The adoption of a law on rangeland is important, because rangeland accounts for more than 70 per cent of the total territory of the country' and because most land degradation occurs on rangeland. Such a law would enable sustainable management of rangeland. Besides, some of the recently adopted laws, especially the Law on Crop Production, are not effectively implemented due to the lack of subsidiary legislation to guide their implementation.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	402bb950b57e96a6cac5c4f265c41b22	For example, if a private firm cannot fully capitalise on their discoveries, either in terms of turning the knowledge into a profit-making product or in terms of protecting competitors from benefitting from the discovery, then there is less incentive for it to invest in R&D. The uncertainty in R&D generating results can also be a hairier for private actors to invest in research, e.g. relating to basic research. In terms of ICTs development, there is less incentive to invest in broadband development in rural areas, simply because of the high costs in connecting villages over larger distance with low population density. In these cases, governments need to step in with regulation, legislation, or direct or indirect financing, e.g. through tax incentives, subsidies or directly funding projects. The fluctuations are due to the volatility of non-concessional finance.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	402bed26105b3c7045c07a152b23901e	Working part-time thus reduced the remaining benefit eligibility period by 50% (the doppelter Anspruchsverbrauch, or double shortfall effect) and parents returning to work on equal part-time bases received smaller benefits than those w'here one partner stayed home entirely. It introduced financial incentives that encouraged parents to share paid work equally by doubling the duration of the benefit for parents who worked part-time (see Examples 2a and 2b in Table 3.1). As before, the benefit replaces the forgone earnings of parents w'ho work part-time -as in the usual parental leave scheme. Additionally, when both partners in a couple work 25 to 30 hours per week for at least four months during or after the period of receipt of the usual Elterngeld or ElterngeldPlus allowance, they are rewarded with Partnerschaftsbonus, a partnership bonus.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	402d776df51f545dd5946133a4774716	The objective of the Guide is to provide guidance to national statistical offices on selecting and applying methods for valuing own-use production work of services, and on compiling Household Satellite Accounts. The remaining element of unpaid household service work - the production of services for other households, or more simply volunteering - is considered to entail a number of different, and complex methodological challenges considered too great to be dealt with in this Guidance. Implementation of the Guide’s recommendations would improve international comparability of statistics on unpaid household service work.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	40346e4f9bd0c86fc882a1c4e6448345	If all of Antarctica's ice were to melt, this would result in a sea-level rise of some 60 m, to which the melting of Greenland's ice would add a further rise in the order of 7 m, give or take an uncertainty of a few metres. September is the month in which sea ice is at its yearly minimum and 1979 marks the first year that data of this kind became available in meaningful form. The lowest concentration of sea ice on record was in September 2002. While thick ice with a snow covering has an albedo of 90 percent, that of a thin layer of ice is 50 per cent, and that of an ice-free ocean is in the order of 6 per cent.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	403ba46a60ea5907469bdda0dc05c161	De multiples sources ont ete utilisees : bases de donnees, sites web des gouvemements, parties prenantes (voir les references). La deuxieme partie de ce rapport propose une analyse complementaire de ces resultats en discutant d'abord de certaines limites liees a la classification initiale des pays dans ces categories et en presentant ensuite les principaux elements de comparaison afin d'estimer le niveau de coherence de ces politiques. Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Chili, Republique Tcheque, Danemark, Finlande, France, Allemagne, Grece, Hongrie, Islande, Italie, Japon, Coree, Luxembourg, Mexique, Pays-Bas, Nouvelle-Zelande, Norvege, Pologne, Portugal, Republique d’Irlande, Slovaquie, Spain, Suede, Suisse, Turquie, Royaume Uni, et Etats-Unis.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/bf400991-en	403c819bf0c7cccd50f9819ff6bb0a2d	Data provided by Member States corresponding to the years 2015-2017 was presented to UNDESA for monitoring of the SDGs, thereby reducing the reporting burden for monitoring of both global frameworks. This includes incorporation of possible data disaggregation proposed by OIEWG and lAEG-SDGs as well as an extended set of hazards described in the Sendai Framework, namely man-made hazards, and related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. Data for indicators 11.b.1 and 11.b.2 is available for a limited number of countries as the monitoring system was just launched in March 2018, with data collection projected to increase gradually over the coming months.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	403d40d07f959bddf19f8e64d013d2ee	Much of the focus of life-skills training has been on the development of protective psychological skills, communication skills and knowledge to avoid risk. The programme was designed to reach unmarried girls between the ages of 12 and 18, with an emphasis on girls who were out of school and working. It involved parents in programme development and teachers to lead the classes. In many countries, UNFPA supports programmes to work with boys, male adolescents and youth on sexuality, family life and life-skills education to question current stereotypes about masculinity, male risk-taking behaviour (especially sexual behaviour) and to promote dieir understanding of and support for women’s rights and gender equality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	403ea482294351b1e5be0ea577e8737f	In view of the Act and better social awareness, there has been a significant drop in the participation of children in the labourforce overtheyears. Those within the labourforce include all those engaged in economic activities or workers1 and those seeking/available for work or unemployed. Those outside the labour force are grouped into three major categories: (i) those attending educational institutions (students); (ii) those engaged in domestic duties in their own homes; and (iii) other non-working categories such as pensioners, renters, remittance recipients, those engaged in unsanctioned activities (e.g., begging, prostitution) and those unable to work (e.g., too young, too old, disabled).	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	404004da4d65a4366ad28658f968d374	Meanwhile, data from both provinces showed that all jobs in the households are informal. Workers in formal employment receive significantly better wages than those in informal employment and male workers are better off than their female counterparts who are more likely to involve in informal jobs. As more workers leave this sector to find better-paying careers in industry and services, moves can be made to intensify agricultural production, with rising demand for engineers, engineering geologists, planners and managers specialising in these fields. Addressing these changes will require the development of a range of higher level skills associated with leadership, technical expertise, problem solving, management and sustainability. An increase in traffic might also call for more skilled merchant mariners and port co-ordinators.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	4040d8c7f3207ee8f1bf2d0ff43b99ff	In Viet Nam, it is estimated that 68% of the labour force generates their income from the informal economy, which does not allow them to access traditional financing sources (World Bank, 2015a). This system was intended as an instrument of security, economic planning and migration control, as movement had to be permitted by local authorities. Moreover, permanent residence was attached to the provision of rationing, land, housing, education, health services and employment, thus strongly restricting internal migration. Migrants no longer required a departure permit from their local authority or the provision of a proof of employment or university enrolment to move to another city, and a tempo ran,' registration status was introduced.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	4041b5f494a5bfbaa0a2b5b962eb388c	In cases where the father was a documented migrant worker and the couple had marriage documents, their children could until 2014 be registered for residency permits with GDGS.The renewal of residency permits of children below 4 years old was permitted without cost, with the subsequent extension of the residency permit dependent on school enrolment (Insan 2015). Migrants in Lebanon are at a disadvantage in registering the birth of their children with authorities; a survey by Insan Association found that while o per cent of Lebanese children are not registered, io percent of children of documented migrants and 63 per cent of children of undocumented migrants are not registered (Ibid). Although GDGS did not make public any policy directive regarding non-renewal, civil society organizations noticed that this was systematically happening even when both parents were regular migrants and had not had previous problems registering their children.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	40422ec4195fd9940dc05a7f590f09a2	This is a reasonable period for consumer technology, but far shorter than that typically required for government investment programmes and products. To make realistic use of these tools, governments should therefore focus primarily on maintaining the infrastructure — ensuring, for example, that commercial telecommunications networks can cope with disruptive events and handle high usage spikes. For developing countries in particular this is generally an expensive prospect so governments should carefully consider which aspects of the technology they can afford or sustain.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	40426fea4fa9cc4429dac20d65c945e7	It can also add value to a business that depends on water and therefore add value to the sale of a business. Only two of the allocation examples surveyed indicated that there were no restrictions to granting such requests (Nova Scotia, Canada and Estonia). For the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, the catchment is “closed” and access to surface water for new entrants is limited to purchasing entitlements (or leasing entitlements or purchasing allocations annually) from existing owners.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ae96c002-en	404284117c93de63504b551c5c988288	The support that students could rely on at home, and in particular their parents' ability to pay for private tuition and coaching, were centrally important to their learning and examination results. They could pay for transport if necessary to access schools over a wider area. For middle class students there was a sense of inevitability, that whatever the obstacles they would stay in school until at least completing their secondary school certificates. For students from slums this was far from certain.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	40481849d484d86bafa11f2e2f746a06	These District Committees help in the co-ordination and review of the coverage of electrification within the district. The Ministry of Power has noted that where these Committees were active and met regularly, progress in rural electrification projects had improved (Press Information Bureau, 2009). A web-based monitoring system has also been introduced which works at village level. Through this monitoring system, implementing agencies are supposed to provide all the data relating to activities carried out at village level, the result of quality inspections, the state of fund utilisation, the state of village electrification, etc.	7	0	6	1.0
10.14217/a437a5c9-en	40483f1cce680cfa571701b61e50c8cb	Although large projects are costly and unrealistic for SIDS, technologies are scalable, including dam-like structures built across narrow bays or river mouths and more novel designs of tidal lagoons. Where appropriate resource exists, tidal range is a feasible option, and in countries where hydropower is established there is an opportunity to use infrastructure, skills and experience already acquired to facilitate construction. It is also possible to integrate tidal range technology with other services, such as mariculture, shoreline development, flood protection and transport links between islands.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	404a068eeca4e88ae8b6f363a0ec8b51	The trial has shown that it can produce faster referral times, improve information flows and reduce costs. However, the number of doctors using the system rapidly declined a few months into the trial prompting authorities to make use of the referral system mandatory for all contracted physicians. Expansion of the project has been recommended to cover all social security funds (Souliotis et al., Countries such as Ireland, Portugal and Estonia have also invested heavily in their ICT infrastructure to improve reporting and performance management within its major health care institutions.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	404c8a40eeadef142137bd9cd1330cb3	"Women in many countries have moved from victimhood to become agents of social change despite complex social and economic challenges. Women are playing important roles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Uganda, including participating in dialogues for peace, contributing to post-conflict governments and mobilizing a critical mass of women to advocate for women's rights. This statement re-echoes and reaffirms what women activists have been saying over the last decades, ""If given the space, women can change the dynamics of war and peace."" In my own country, Liberia, we. The devastation of the Liberian conflict on the lives of thousands of women provoked us to organize and agitate for an end to the war."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/1826beee-en	404c93f63ed55b76e4e1d2b4c94fd1d2	These precursor programmes and their congressional hearings gave farmers adequate experience with conservation programmes in general, making them more familiar with what was necessary for CRP. Representatives from organizations like the American Farmland Trust and the Conservation Foundation provided testimony for conservation programmes in 1985 before the Senate Agriculture Committee (Helms, 1990(83]). Actors in the agricultural sector were missing information when CRP started.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	404ca27ba307f0dcbe0d88bc6f9366ee	It concludes by offering concrete recommendations to policy makers in the region to enhance compliance with international standards in gender equality and to reduce gender-based discrimination in domestic legislation. Yet some do not explicitly include the principle of equality between women and men, nor do they contain a definition of discrimination against women in the constitution. In additioa many other domestic laws tend to restrict women’s rights in a wide range of areas (e.g. family law, freedom of movement).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	404d54a052f2b95d6ef9f267b546b8d0	With the revision of the levy and grant system, SMEs as well will be required to file levy forms and they will become eligible for adjustment allowances. To be eligible for the subsidy, the employer should not have dismissed any workers for the past six months. The subsidy varies between JPY 300 000 and JPY 1 200 000 per month depending the type of disability, the degree of disability, age and length of working hours. The support period is one year, or 1.5 years for people with severe disabilities.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	404d5a1398552fb29fb5a96fbc998f12	This continues to be an important policy area, as well as increasing economic opportunities and jobs in off-farm and non-agricultural sectors. Several policy initiatives include the Smart Agriculture and the 6th industrialisation of agriculture driven by the Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development (MAFRA). Better alignment with other policy areas such as education and skills policies is essential for rural growth strategies so that the regions can retain the young generation and link their skills with local assets. Decentralisation of financial resources and authority should be encouraged.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	404dd51028ee487d02b5599475c9e807	The Water Producer Program, an initiative of 18 institutional partners (public, private, non-governmental organisations [NGOs] and research centres), involved over 137 farms in the programme that are raising funds to implement conservation measures in over 886 ha and restoration measures in 305 ha. The expected impact is a reduction of 40% of the original erosion and sedimentation and an increase of 5-10% of the base flow in the basin. Moreover, waterborne diseases moved from hundreds of cases per year to close to zero.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283572-en	4050cdf76a672ee0e893eba3cf8b5b7c	Coordination with the 290 municipalities responsible for elderly care and social services is also organised differently across the country, with varying results. Denmark and Norway have embarked on substantial reforms to target intrinsically similar problems. In Sweden, earlier and recent public investigations suggest that regions should keep broadly similar functions and responsibilities as is, but organised in a smaller number of administrations with larger geographical responsibility. More radical reforms, such as changing responsibilities for care to other administrative levels in order to integrate municipal primary care seivices with GP services or nationalise specialist services, which has been done in neighbouring countries, have not been subject to the same scrutiny, although for a few diagnoses selected hospitals serve the entire country.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	4051866d9e8cc23419cae390d012cb44	With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy projects. Clean energy projects can in particular provide institutional investors with investments which may combine these sought-after characteristics. Sovereign wealth funds are another type of institutional investor increasingly being approached to fund green investments (see Box 4).	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d63f72c7-en	40529743a910e7f8366f643cdc4009cb	From 1989-2008, farm yields (FY) of maize increased linearly at 1.6 percent per annum versus 1.2 percent for soybean and 1 percent for wheat and rice (Edmeades eta!., These yield increases are insufficient to meet future food demands without resorting to agricultural land expansion - but Asia has little arable land available for expansion. In addition, climate change predictions for the Asian region paint a scenario of rising temperatures, increased variability in rainfall, land degradation and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as drought and floods, which raises particular concerns for the agricultural sector.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4053c1bb7106e8cc4dc0ff13d06c5880	For example, companies could automatically be fined a certain amount if their acquired allowances do not cover their emissions for the compliance cycle (EC, 2016). At this point, it is possible to establish revised political requirements, for example when decreasing the overall amount of emissions certificates in order to reach the set climate goals. Table 4 summarises a possible technical set-up based on the outlined trading cycle. Given blockchain technology’s nascent state of maturity, several factors may have to be adjusted while developing the technology together with the stakeholders.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	4058f250d9863edfca44c868ab29259a	But this makes the ASCM structurally incapable of capturing fisheries subsidies because they distort how production happens, rather than trade (Schorr, 2004). Third, countries have been reluctant to take a fisheries subsidies case to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism for fear of turning a lens on their own subsidy policies. Finally, notifications of fisheries subsidies under the ASCM are notoriously scant (WTO, 2010).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298781-en	4059683eac453b61daafc9b3ebfd6eea	This rate is higher than that found in Austria, Sweden and Germany and indicates that migrants offer a significant stock of untapped skills in Norway. They are best viewed as an integral set of skills challenges requiring integrated policy responses and coordinated action. Failure to look beyond policy silos to address them will have practical implications for specific groups of people in Norway.	4	4	0	1.0
10.18356/985d3253-en	405a13c1778812275fd040803e9e1d36	In future the commercial collection of additional NWFPs will be exclusively done by the forest management bodies. The study captured data on rural household income and forest use. The findings from the survey demonstrate that forests are an important resource in rural areas for people that use wood-based products in their daily lives.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	405c452b72d8a84d6dc36d5b90edcd11	According to available data, this process has been recorded in the Strezevo reservoir near Bitola. The water quality of this reservoir is very important because the water is used for drinking and for the food processing industry. It can be observed that over a period of five year's, the Strezevo reservoir became more eutrophic, which means that there is a need for measures to protect the water from increased eutrophication. It regulates issues concerning surface water (watercourses, lakes, accumulations and springs) and underground water within an integrated policy and represents the legislative framework for the future management of water resources.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	405ef8129757fd5789718b47d9a87974	It reviews the drivers behind the development of a testing scheme, the purposes associated with its implementation and different criteria that feed into the test design. While it is difficult to discern exactly which driver may have distinctly played a role in a nation’s decision to administer standardised tests, it is nonetheless important to identify the underlying currents and intersecting trends steering assessment systems (Mons, 2009). The primary drivers identified are: 1) New Public Management; 2) Standards-based assessment; 3) International competition; 4) Increasing demand for 21st Century Skills; 5) Test industry pressure. There has also been a growing emphasis on quantitatively measuring outcomes and objectives and reforms towards decentralisation and autonomy which have contributed to the need to develop new means to monitor education systems (Mons, 2009: 5).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	406114f1d6a424ce65d26b402b6f9e4c	Specifically, literacy improved (92 per cent of participants who took the government literacy exam passed) as did school enrolment (nearly 70 per cent of programme participants entered or re-entered school). Additionally, the programme was associated with increased self-confidence: 65 per cent felt “strong and able to face any problem.” An example of one developed country that has achieved very low levels of adolescent pregnancy and abortion is the Netherlands, which has a pragmatic and comprehensive approach to family planning, especially for young people. It has resulted in one of the lowest abortion rates worldwide (UNFPA, 2013d). Since 1971, family planning has been included in the national public health insurance system, providing free contraceptives. Sexuality education is universal and comprehensive, and girl’s empowerment is among the highest worldwide.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	406432489fa3a2324c5ad999d4de646e	The Land Law establishes the rights of the government and of land users, stipulates the requirements of land use planning, and the mechanisms for land allocation, renting and withdrawal. It also regulates land use right registration, and land financing and pricing. The 2003 Land Law further opened the land market, and guaranteed and concretised land rights through the system of building ownership and land use certificates (BOLUCs) and land use rights certifications (LURCs), which constitute a form of “title”, on the basis of which the market exchange developed.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	4065d0d11d34a4a3d1e311927b392450	This section succinctly reviews two increasingly observed pathways from agriculture water risks to broader international consequences. First, long-term water risks threatening local food security is manifested by foreign land purchases by relatively poorly water endowed but well capital endowed countries. Second, countries with a large agriculturally dependent population can be subject to social unrest and important migratory movements of population with regional, continental or global implications. These effects do not concern all three hotspot regions, but they apply to multiple other agricultural regions that are increasingly subject to water risks.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	406750b3229dc9c30d22b8e4c07a6091	Hence, the effect of gender-based discrimination on income would be more detrimental for low-income countries. Table 4 summarises the estimated effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income by income groups using quintile regressions of equation 5 as well as OLS regressions of equation 6. In the OLS regressions, whatever the set of controls used, the estimated coefficient of the interaction term is always negative for low-income countries and positive for high-income countries, and statistically significant.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	406d93baa0c9a1ffaff0e30d49a0af8d	Some of the poverty reduction strategies have also elaborated on specific ecosystem-related programmes, such as the Bolsa Verde green grant scheme introduced as part of the “Brazil without Poverty” (Brasil Sem Miseria) strategy (MDS, 2014) (Box 2.2.). According to a government white paper, for example, the Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China, launched in the mid-1980s, made significant achievements in forest, wetland and biodiversity conservation (State Council of PRC, 2011). The information to verify these results through targets and specific indicators, however, does not seem to be readily available. The programme provides quarterly payments to families, including traditional peoples and indigenous communities, in extreme poverty living in federal protected and other rural priority areas in return for certain conservation and sustainable use activities. Although the grant scheme is considered a potentially effective payment for ecosystem services (PES) tool with more than 60 000 families enrolled as of June 2014, administrative complexities remain.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	40725ef73080de9f4e5c66337a418c63	There is no data to tell us whether these effects continue into adolescence. Over 80 per cent of all three generations reported harmonious relations between generations. Research in KwaZulu-Natal found that grandmothers perceive themselves as important in building families, educating younger generations, and providing generational continuity (Cattell, 1997). A survey of rural women in the same province with an average age of 51 years suggested that most of them felt empowered when they took responsibility for important family decisions including the education of grandchildren (Moller, 1996).These women were proud to be homemakers and of adopting the 'traditional male' role as providers of the family if their men were unemployed. Poverty was identified as the core driver behind most of these changes, examples including families seeking to benefit financially from their daughters marrying before they lose their virginity. A second driver was the gradual loss of traditions such as the initiation rites for boys, where manhood is proved by fending for themselves in the bush, and instruction to girls on sexual matters by their madrinha (godmothers), and the absence of replacements.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	407777ce27ea2ef2d39b4f10028f6f71	These include water-related events (such as droughts, floods or water impacts from pollution); a stable economy; political conditions that support the proposed reform; and advances from past reforms. Second, the review identifies some of the reform design features which are important in facilitating reform adoption. These include the preparation time before reforms, building a coalition of the willing, and including some type of compensation for farmers. For instance, undertaking a rapid and significant change in water policy rather than a gradual one may reduce the initial transaction costs, but will likely require more implementation efforts.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	407c52ca4511108e9920976fa96fa349	’Z2 Research in the United States puts the returns on early childhood investments at 7 to 10 per cent a year. In many cases, they have led to great success. But school enrolment figures indicate that the pace of progress is in jeopardy. Since 2011, the global number of children who do not attend school has increased. Those excluded from learning opportunities often face multiple kinds of disadvantage.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	407cb24d78f7dcc002bab85302640474	One of the largest and most compelling pieces of research to address this question was conducted in Ontario, Canada and published in the Lancet, a renowned medical publication. It concluded that: ‘Traffic-law enforcement effectively reduces the frequency of fatal motor-vehicle crashes in countries with high rates of motor-vehicle use. Inconsistent enforcement, therefore, may contribute to thousands of deaths each year worldwide.’ (	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	407dfeedc02f4f795a1f82d44dfe6ac9	Correspondingly, participating businesses finance at least 30% of the costs the first year, 40% the second and 50% the third. The activities and types of expenditure that these funds can finance are: the remuneration of the PROFO manager (appointed by the member companies) and other support staff, technology transfer seminars, exhibitions, shows and consultancy work, travel, training and purchases of specialist books and reviews. The program is very grassroots and adaptive.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	407e573a2a4b629407ab0a0e5308f821	This type of flexible arrangements has been successful in raising female participation. Such provisions, however, should be carefully balanced between men and women to avoid increasing the relative cost of hiring mothers, to promote more involvement of fathers in family care and to minimise the risk that part-time arrangements may trap mothers in lower ranking career tracks and damage their future prospects. Flexible work-arrangements may also be less appropriate in countries where only a minority of women can afford to opt for part-time work. Maternal leave constitutes a cornerstone of modern welfare states and can have positive impacts on female labour market outcomes. Recent evidence from OECD countries shows that paid maternity leave increases the likelihood that women work, as it gives them an incentive to work prior to childbirth and offers them employment protection to facilitate their return to the labour market afterwards (Adema, Clark and Frey, 2015). However, when maternal leave is excessively costly for employers (and paternal leave is considerably less generous), it may also play a role in perpetuating gender gaps by increasing the cost of employing a woman relative to a man.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	407e9c2ff792c605a8e183268d2ab0b0	At the same time, if higher wages induce higher female labour force participation, the consequent time squeeze on human capacities production puts this group in the same regime as the liberal AIEs: exploitation. In this context, more gender equality threatens growth partly because of persistent inequalities in the gender distribution of social reproduction. Stronger supports for women doing paid work will weaken these causal links, but they must be accompanied by changes on the demand side to avoid merely shifting from an exploitation to a wage squeeze regime. A decline in commodity prices will induce depreciation of the exchange rate as global buyers need less of a country's currency to purchase its exports.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	407f892bf6ce6f5522c06a001638f827	Partnerships between different levels of government, between rural and urban locales, and among rural communities are critical for community and economic development. Indeed, for many developing and emerging countries, the rural non-farm sector is already a source of considerable employment. In India, in particular, the rural non-agricultural activities sector employs the largest percentage of people in the country (Reddy et al.,	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	407f9d6f79acd729cf89e648068478b7	Four were medium-sized producers with wheat plantings between 1 500 and 3 000 hectares, and one was a large producer with a wheat area of 25 000 hectares. There is a selection bias in so far as the interviewees were dynamic producers willing to experiment, seeking to increase their scale of operations, and happy to collaborate in an exercise that might improve their policy environment. The information presented here is mainly based on the 2011 harvest, a record crop year presenting its own special problems, although some interviewees referred to the relatively poor crop year of 2010, and the better harvest of 2009.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	40825edbb80a410262b27562480784e1	At the same time, targeted interventions at the secondary level to prevent dropouts and to raise the awareness about the benefits of education should receive further resources. Students from socially-disadvantaged backgrounds should be supported by a maintenance grant contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. Improving completion rates in the Uruguayan education system also requires improving the supply of educational services at the secondary level to make them more relevant for the interests and characteristics of students. This calls for strategies to improve student transitions across education levels, namely the development of a common curriculum framework for all levels of school education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4082fdc0acc6bbbcbf635a7af4d4b2fd	Trade in renewable energy products was also sensitive to tariff reduction at the 5 per cent level. It is possible that these two categories comprise high-technology products, most of which tend to be imported by developing countries. Thus the initial list of EGs could be further narrowed to include only these sub-items for the initial round of liberalization. It should, however, be noted that the elasticity of these products with respect to tariffs is low, with a tariff reduction of 1 per cent leading to only a 0.15 per cent increase in trade.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	4084e82f1a2983175ba85d94a0c47857	Strengthening the management of diversity. Efforts need to be directed both at building short-term teaching capacity across the country to accommodate new arrivals and at building medium and long-term capacity to ensure immigrants reach their full potential and become active participants in the economic and social life of their local community. In the short term, a key focus should be on training and re-training as many teachers as possible on how to support children with minimal language skills, poorly educated parents, and who arrive in Sweden after the age of 12 with little prior learning (due to the poor quality of the education they received in their home country or the lack of opportunities over a long period experienced during the migration process). A key challenge is to provide adequate language support to youth who arrive in Sweden beyond the age of 12, with little prior literacy skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b961df5-en	4085c7b1d86e015f18e4e7c74c3a783d	The effective number of days a worker is entitled to may also depend on the worker's situation and status. Self-employed workers are excluded, since the concept of paid leave does not make sense in their case. Other forms of paid leave, which are not considered annual leave, include public holidays, sick leave, weekly rest and maternity and parental leave. Annual leave: defined with respect to national practices.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	4085dd6dbba5fb73359d7188d244bfd3	While subsequent case law in the area of gene patents seems to have abandoned the teaching, suggestion, and motivation test,198 the CAFC has continued applying that test in the context of small molecule patents.199 Whatever the final outcome in the United States, developing country authorities concerned with the granting of new patents for trivial improvements to existing inventions, such as combining one drug with another, should consider building upon the United States Supreme Court’s KSR decision in the context of their own laws, regulations and examining procedures. The new approach may reduce the number of trivial or dubious patents, especially in the information technology and pharmaceutical industries. Policymakers interested in special protection outside of the patent system for small-scale innovations within the reach of local entrepreneurs may wish to consider these alternatives. In practice, courts and administrators in developed countries often supplement these factors by so-called “additional” or “secondary”, objective factors (i.e. related to the invention) bearing on non-obviousness.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283404-en	4086a82483398422cad93da0f77dccc8	This worked against health policy goals, health system efficiency and equity. Its objective is to enable EOPYY to purchase all the health services required to meet population needs. Other measures in the area of diagnostics have included reducing prices paid by the public health system and curbing over-prescription of specialised diagnostics. Structural reforms got under way in 2013 to reduce the number of beds, clinics and specialist units but have had limited implementation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4413a3e2-en	4087ac9d0b35bf5d41a8974ea97792bd	By linking the GRI G3 Guidelines to the 10 principles of the Global Compact, Making the Connection assists companies in bridging the gap between the COP and other sustainability reporting vehicles. In 2008, a number of campaigns were undertaken by PRI. These must be met by companies the IFC invests in and are looked to by companies globally as an important international benchmark.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	40885ff87e8ffd2e245e7cd6ee5a179c	The world’s nations annually contribute over $1 trillion to subsidies for agriculture, energy, water and transport. This is 12 times the amount needed to bring official development assistance up to the 0.7 per cent target set in 1966; it is 15 times the amount that was estimated to be necessary if the Millennium Development Goals were to be fully implemented; and it is even 8 times the massive amount that the architects of the Earth Summit calculated would be needed to implement the ambitious Agenda 21. Subsidies to irrigation, for example, lead to massive wastage of scarce water resources; subsidies to coal production and consumption invalidate efforts to move towards cleaner energy; subsidies to fishing fleets lead to the devastation of fish stocks; and subsidies to transport fuel lead to wasteful use of energy in transport.	7	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-0fe9c6d1-en	4089fa74dc1c72c529ff8241a94dadfd	And let's not forget that climate change cuts through all of this. Biodiversity - all the animals, plants and microbial life - is the foundation forthe health of the Biosphere we and all life on Earth constitute and depend on at the same time. This complex web of life is over 3 billion years old, and interacts together in a very delicate balance.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	408b273ee86458256b344a3171f74ee1	Progress with social protection is ascertained by means of data from censuses, household surveys, specialized surveys and administrative records, and this must be coordinated on the basis of each country's conceptual framework and policy components. While partial data is available in most countries, it needs to be further systematized and coordinated with management indicators. Chief among the various methodology-development initiatives are the cost-impact analysis developed by ECLAC for selecting the option that maximizes the impact at the lowest possible cost (Cohen and Franco, 2006b, 2005; Cohen and Martinez, 2004) and the performance-based management models tailored to social programmes promoted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank and international cooperation agencies. First, it is unclear how the results are incorporated as information for decision-making and for implementing modifications to programmes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	408b7d72b63febc89c7eb27e91b750e4	As the analysis below describes, the City of Sydney’s Sustainable Sydney 2030 offers a bold vision of sustainability. A well-designed cluster strategy for the green economy targets a particular green sector (such as renewable energy, green buildings, transportation, waste and recycling) based on a realistic assessment of a city’s competitive advantages84. It builds on existing assets and collaborative dynamics. It draws on data and analysis to identify clusters, inform initiatives and track performance.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	408dfbe1b9c4a2407492c06ce293db7d	"As for career development, the SPC does little to further the creation of a specific framework, and personal relations seem still to facilitate career advancement. Government of Mexico (2003), Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera en la Administration Publica (Federal Law on the Professional Career Service in the Federal Public Administration), wvw.diputados.gob.mx/LevesBiblio/doc/260.doc. Standard on Equal Employment Opportunities and Non-discrimination is identified as standard NMX-R-025-SCFI-2015. Source: OECD (2012), ""Human Resources Management: Countiy Profiles: Mexico”, Public Employment and Management Woricing Party; and UNDP (2012), ""Gender Equality in Public Administration: Mexico Case Study”, United Nations Development Programme."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	408eea3d04b48734c30de55d12d5cb9e	"The difference between the BCR in a climate change and a “business-as-usual"" scenario leads to a climate change relevance score, which provides an indication to policy-makers and managers of the change in importance of a particular programme if climate change is factored in. Pilot analysis suggests that the consideration of climate change increases the benefit of programmes managed by the Ministry by between 10 and 20 percent. An assessment of a major new investment in improved water distribution and diversion resulted not only in enhanced budget justification for the project but also informed redesign of diversion canals and flood control systems (UNDP, 2015). The analysis could support requests for funding from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, which introduced in 2016 a requirement in the national budget guidelines that climate-relevant programmes be identified (see Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, 2015 and Government of Cambodia, 2016)."	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	4093a741fe5109ad27be9e74fd9d6914	Although the average charge for water supply was EUR 0.54/m3, EUR 0.29/m3 for wastewater collection and EUR 0.91/m3 for wastewater treatment in 2007 (around the OECD average), the level of cost-recovery has been below 80% for both water supply and sewage collection while it appears to be close to 100% for sewage treatment. For some services there is cost-recovery of around 50%, suggesting that in some municipalities a significant part of the cost is still covered by grants from municipal government. Local communities do not have enough skilled professional staff to stimulate efficient operation of water utilities or to set up adequate price regulation schemes.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	4093c50f8047b7e66fca89460faf9c1b	How to enhance national/local co-operation on urban water governance? However, equal attention needs to be paid to the trade-offs that such co-ordination efforts imply as it takes time and (institutional) effort, and it can generate multiple types of costs. Given that cities often seek value for money, the cost dimension needs to be factored in and compared with benefit.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	40957225a91fa4f54e2dfba8a4b69031	The nested CES production function determines the relation between land use (like any other production factor or intermediate input use) and production. The CES production function implies that with regard to land use we can distinguish between an expansion and a substitution effect. The expansion effect implies that you need more land when you expand production and does with constant returns to scale not influence the yields.	2	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	40964ca957eda3df19733183f70dce8b	The document provides for criteria for the issuance of certificates and eco-labels. Applications will be made to the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and w'ill be considered by a commission consisting of representatives of governmental organizations, NGOs and consumer protection organizations. The commission is to be supported by a technical council.	12	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	40974b617a61c5cbb6d0570fed362695	The annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and the allocation of budgets while the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the NCCAP (Philippines Climate Change Commission, 2011). These processes will inform government decision makers whether the approach is the right one, if circumstances are changing, and if adjustments in the plan or in the implementation mechanisms are needed. Monitoring, reporting and verification of actions under the Kenyan National Climate Change Action Plan, top-down and bottom-up indicators identified at the national and county level. Full implementation expected by 2020.	13	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-588649a5-en	409797d221ef8c44eb1bdc9dde1bc29c	Fewer than half of households had a computer at home, highlighting that a substantial number of households accessed the Internet (also) through other means, most importantly through mobile devices, often using the data plan of the mobile-broadband subscription. Three quarters of the world's population owned a mobile phone in 2017, but in LDCs this proportion stood at 56 per cent. Given the positive impacts of mobile phone ownership on development, this is an area where quick gains can be made.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	409861378ea06aa1f4aa6c7571b1050a	Ffigher demand combined with a reduction in supply can be expected to result in higher world prices, holding other factors constant. A 2010 study by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, using the AGLINK-COSIMO model for scenario analysis, examined the potential medium term impacts of such depreciation on world agricultural commodity prices. For each major currency, the average 2002-08 appreciation against the US dollar was calculated and held constant at this level in each projection year out to 2019.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	409a600691b622d21972c97a32b8ea4f	Focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality. Gender indicators can aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. They can enable better planning and actions by providing information to adjust programmes and activities for better impacts and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/709f1e18-en	409bc3f1928b0d43d80d9812cc2dc69b	The subject of water pollution and water quality monitoring was discussed at the second international symposium in Singapore in 1997. The final year of the pilot project focused on monitoring air pollution, particularly on contaminants such as aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The theme of the second phase was discussed at the international symposium in Kyoto in 1998.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	409cae61ce905fe599877f172d684a10	Individuals with more favourable labour market characteristics leave benefits quickly; those who remain are more disadvantaged and their exit rates lower. For instance, in Norway, the monthly exit rate for individuals who reach the 4th month on benefits is about 20%. The implied observed spell durations differ substantially across countries. Table 9 presents an overview of the duration of all benefit spells that start during the observation period.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	409dc560ee3ee9960c44e6b0db988869	Some metropolitan regions may have a significant food-processing sector, but mainly rely on raw materials from outside the region. While locally produced food is limited in quantity, these regions have good access to a wide variety of imported food, either from other regions in the country or imports from other countries. In developing countries, connectivity to foreign markets happens first in large cities, and these urban agglomerations have the densest networks of connections, largely because markets develop first and in greater complexity in cities.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	40a01425460cb6f75b8314b347c4feb9	But caution must be exercised to ensure these measures maintain wage-led growth instead of just shifting the economy from a high to a low road distribution of social reproduction. This group, especially those located in East Asia, industrialized later and faster than today’s AIEs but experienced a path of growth and structural change that is relatively close to the standard AIE development trajectory in terms of sectoral and employment transitions (UNRISD 2010). These economies have among the highest female labour force participation rates in the world, and industry is a significant employer of both women and men. However, when exports and industries upgrade, there is defeminization of industrial employment (Tejani and Milberg 2010).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	40a2d24463f9c57cbb6477acd0cbd0e7	These numbers are nearly identical to those presented in Table 9 for a later and longer time period. The presented findings for the Netherlands by contrast differ from those reported by Snel et al. For the 1999 inflow cohort, they calculate a median spell duration of 23 months (p. 184, Table 6), which is more than double the 9 months reported in Table 9 of this document for the country as a whole.	1	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	40a6913b35c5bf4c1f492a262f286124	The former looks at gender gaps in wages and labour force participation, and the latter at changes in the dispersion of eamings among male and female workers separately. The second pathway, which describes the impact on the distribution of household eamings, examines the correlation of eamings between husbands and wives as well as how this has developed over time (Section 5.4). Women are still less likely to being in paid work, to progress in their career and are more likely to earn less in their job.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	40ac0d7894417c3bbc4bd5c9ad59d700	Specialised education is associated with better child outcomes and improved staff competences to provide suitable pedagogical learning opportunities. When trained on matters related to early development and care, staff can better develop a child’s perspective (Sommer et al., Additionally, staff with higher education and specialised training engage in more positive teacher-child interactions including praising, comforting, questioning and being responsive to children (Howes et al.,	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	40b28374593d8af319e70f2f39563752	Together with the “demographic programme” introduced in 2006, with its focus on increasing birth-rates and improving health status of the working-age population (Chapter 4 and OECD, 2011b), these reforms constitute the most important social policy re-orientations in recent years, and are discussed in more detail below. However, economic growth has been relatively strong since then and throughout the 2000s, public social spending including housing and health, has been just below 15% of GDP (Figure 3.6). Since the mid-2000s, the spending to GDP ratio increased to 15% of GDP because over the 2005-08 period: i) the “monetisation” reform increased cash transfers by about 1 percentage point of GDP; ii) there was an increase of about 1% of GDP in public housing support in 2007; and in) public expenditure on health grew by half a percentage point of GDP from 2005 to 2008 (Box 3.4). Pension reform (Chapter 4) contributed to a rise in this public social spending-to-GDP-ratio to around 17% in 2009.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	40b5a88e4c30fc79c94e3134e8b17020	The second group is the Kyoto Forum, which more systematically brings together the different levels of government, including the Lander. The process of stakeholder engagement took place over several years, beginning in 2007. It asked for assessment of given topics, and people could give individual recommendations and comments at the end. A report on the results published in 2010 on the government website claimed that results were considered in discussions and workshops held after the evaluation of the questionnaire.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	40b95b027f5628be4f4e2187dc7288fa	Sustainable practices need to be introduced to reduce the stress on natural resources in the region. The state government is providing incentives to housing developers to adopt the Green Building Index (GBI) in order to retain the UNESCO World Heritage status. The Penang Transport Council was established in 2009 to improve public transport by moving people instead of cars, but the absence of public transport operators in the council limits its impact.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179646-13-en	40bd20de19a29d5b93ceb6681399802a	"Instead, education systems that contain a large proportion of selective schools lend to have greater variation in performance between schools (OECD 2010). However, it is reasonably safe to assume that in countries such as Serbia, which still lag behind in tertiary enrolment, the tertiary system might be under pressure to expand and absorb (increasing numbers) of candidates."" Upward trends in tertiary enrolment would indicate the same (indicators AE.6)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	40beff4b4a3251a74b77170de2b1ec32	The main focus of this legislation was to regulate the development of asylums, to which admission was for the most part involuntary. Since the 1959 Mental Health Act, which switched the decision to compulsorily detain a patient from a judicial one to an administrative one, legislation has focused on balancing the tension between protecting the rights and promoting the safety of patients with mental health problems, and protecting the safety of the communities in which they live, rather than expressly facilitating involuntary incarceration on mental health grounds. Mental health legislation today allows an individual to be detained against their will on the condition that they present a danger to themselves or others, including within the wider community.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097834-5-en	40bfcd21b7ee0a61b6836df991bf3911	Housing co-operatives today no longer serve lower-middle income households, but rather the upper-middle groups (Wfclawowicz, 2002). Poland could learn from a number of OECD countries that have tried to enhance the housing supply through nonprofit organisations. Whereas various measures have been introduced by governments to support non-profit organisations, policy practices indicate the importance of improving the financial arrangements with them (Box 2.13). They include for instance providing matching funds, increasing non-profit organisations’ access to capital markets and setting aside a share of national housing grants for non-profit developers (OECD, 2010a).	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/6d6a82b2-en	40c1d7d9aab8d6fa62f5d4473a55633f	"This difference is found to be widest for upper middle-income and high income countries. ( Women are more likely to be employed in positions that reflect traditional gender roles - in what have been labelled the ""5Cs jobs"": caring, cashiering, cleaning, catering and clerical work. As reflected in figure 4, in 2013, low and middle-income countries have a concentration of contributing family workers, with the percentage being higher among females. However, in contrast to contributing family workers, a greater proportion ofemployed malesareown account workers compared with females, except for those in low income countries."	5	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	40c1e663bf9eafcd5f47c74f01059e99	The WTO's specific contributions to the SDGs also include: ensuring access to affordable medicines in developing countries (SDG 3.b): implementing the principle of special and differential treatment to help reduce inequalities (SDG 1Q.a): and ongoing discussions on eliminating subsidies that cause overfishing and overcapacity (in order to help achieve SDG 14.6). In addition, the WTO's work on the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods and services can facilitate the diffusion of green technologies and therefore directly contribute to environmental sustainability. In this way, the WTO can ensure that the multilateral trading system contributes to building a more favourable global environment for inclusive growth and development. Over the past twenty years, international trade has undergone major changes due to a variety of economic, political and technological factors. Undoubtedly, one main leading factor of change has been the unprecedented pace of technological innovation, which has transformed traditional ways of conducting trade. Advances in ICTs have led to reduced costs and increased speed and efficiency of economic transactions, with significant productivity gains for the global economy.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	40c2f5a65adfaa0c7ec88c13c17ddb43	These achievements have been bolstered by significant investments in health infrastructure and service delivery, heavily supported by international donors. Improved indicators and monitoring systems track progress in health outcomes, including, for example, the proportion of women delivering at health facilities. However, take-up of these services is hampered by lack of information, inaccessible facilities and prohibitive costs.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	40c624885d34b87cd00344721c13785b	This would entail the introduction of a licensing regime for surface water abstraction - a measure recommended in the latest Environmental Performance Review of Georgia by the UNECE and included in the new (2014) draft Georgian legislation shortly to come before Parliament. Abstraction charges signal the real resource cost3 of the water. Abstraction charges are also a source of financial cost recover}', enabling funds to be raised either for water resources management and other environmental improvements, or for general public expenditure.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-4-en	40c86baa981d6ca45d20726423ffd06b	This action would generate more funds for investment in infrastructure, especially new wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which are urgently needed to curb surface water pollution. They would also create incentives for more careful and efficient water use by consumers (households, businesses, etc.). This would be the responsibility of the Georgian Amelioration Company, with regulation by GNERC.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	40c8798952f1d39baa24bad552eb7b1b	They represent, nevertheless, one of the key pillars of a place-based approach to FSN and poverty in developing countries. Informal institutions in particular play a critical role for FSN and its determinants, and include components such as norms, traditions, social capital and culture. Under a spatially blind approach, the importance and context-specific nature of informal institutions is frequently overlooked - due to the partial, incomplete comprehension of institutions in such approaches, which tend to over-emphasise formal dimensions. Spatially blind approaches prefer to promote agglomeration and urban expansion in order to overcome institutional weaknesses inherent in developing contexts.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	40c87ccc1fb8e1b8ac6ea95c793e16f7	The data usually refer to the first quarter of the calendar year, or the average of the first three months, thereby excluding summer employment. The indicator relies on the distribution of 15-29 year-olds in education, work or neither of the two. It is thus a good proxy of the numbers of years that an individual is likely to spend in education between age 15 and 29. However, this indicator may not reflect drop-out rates and temporary interruptions of study. Another limitation is that long study durations (i.e. beyond the prescribed time) will result in an overestimate of this indicator.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	40c8c8712c359a1f456d830d7bd2eb08	Between 2002 and 2020, Sydney’s (unconstrained) traffic volumes are forecast to increase by 33%l3. The challenge is how to coordinate policy and action across industry, households and government agencies. In relation to government, climate change policy straddles all tiers of government, departments and agencies including water, energy, waste, industry, education and environment.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6546680a-en	40cde163dd47faac6c0dfc5e977755b8	"Another result is the emigration of qualified people — the so-called ""brain drain” (UNCTAD, 2012). A special focus on employment policies for younger people and first-time job holders is therefore essential, as are labour market policies designed specifically to address these issues. Given that the educational process encompasses several years, today’s students will be seeking jobs in 3, 5, or even 7 to 10 years’ time."	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/18a859bf-en	40cf630aefdb52d05158580aa33403ef	For example, GENDERNET makes available a series of tools to integrate gender in development cooperation, also specifically targeting issues such as conflict situations or climate change (OECD, 2013), and USAID has published guidance on climate change and conflict (USAID, 2015). The bar represents total ODA per sector and the climate-related share within that total. While country ownership reduces the risk of fragmentation at the national level, steps also need to be taken at the international level to reduce the fragmentation of funding sources in order to improve access to resources.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	40cfe93b735cf0082f60385e4efdfcee	An exceptional case, however, is provided by the United States practice of targeting poor households, where such diversity is extensively taken into account. Ignoring household-specific diversities constitutes a fatal methodological flaw if poverty lines and gaps are to be used. Public transfers of goods and services are usually excluded. This produces a significant gap when it comes to health and education services, particularly in developing economies, where the role of public provision is usually substantial. In the absence of such information, one can only speculate over actual outcomes with respect to these key basic needs.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	40d3123c11a6f2e483917e137deb42c4	Nevertheless, there is no national assessment/accreditation for teachers’ ICT skills. They can also decide individually on strategies for teacher education. The report specifies that despite this autonomy, their programmes integrate ICT. This new legal framew'ork is stimulating several changes and initiated several measures aimed at improving teachers’ professional situation.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	40d66e465015eeead224e87033b0655d	Summative assessment refers to “assessment of learning” and involves high stakes consequences for students because the results of the assessment are used to judge the students’ performance (Ewell, 2005 cited in Nusche, forthcoming). Formative assessment is often referred to as “assessment for learning” and supports a teacher’s pedagogical approach to the student; the results of such an assessment are used to improve teaching strategies and identify learning needs, rather than judge performance (Black and William, 1998 cited in Nusche, forthcoming; Eurydice Network, 2009). Finally, assessment tools such as standardised tests can be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Evaluation refers to collecting evidence to judge systems, programs and procedures (Harlen, 2007; Newton, 2007). This paper considers standardised testing for monitoring, evaluation and formative purposes, but because summative assessment inherently involves stakes for students, it is not included in this review. For a comprehensive review of summative assessment trends in OECD countries, see: Nusche (forthcoming).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	40d6f9895bfb007faf45d89acd8324ee	Where age cannot be reported with precision, age groups (e.g., 25 to 29 years of age) can be used. The core indicators identified by the Friends of the Chair of the United Nations Statistical Commission on indicators on violence against women form only the minimum required for improving available data on the prevalence and nature of violence against women. The inclusion of additional variables will significantly enrich the overall results of the survey and increase their relevance for policymaking.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	40d97767bf734de3f793f564b89ff624	Ces inegalites sont le principal facteur d’inegalite du revenu marchand des menages, la composition de la famille, l’emploi independant et la repartition des revenus du capital jouant un moindre role. La repartition du revenu disponible des menages dans tous les pays de l’OCDE est moins importante que l incgalite du revenu marchand des menages en raison de l’effet redistributif de l’impot et des systemes de transfert, mais cette redistribution est tres variable selon les pays. Ce document dresse une cartographie des inegalites de revenu dans tous les pays de 1‘OCDE en distinguant les differentes composantes de revenus et en les synthetisant sous forme de figures en diamant rendant compte des resultats obtenus.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/51c574fd-en	40db1e545f04bda6453355e385ea1055	Among the most vulnerable will be those who depend on agriculture for their livelihood and income, particularly smallholder producers in developing countries. In the absence of climate change, and with continuing economic progress, most regions are projected to see a decline in the number of people at risk of hunger by 2050. The increase in the number of poor would be biggest in sub-Saharan Africa, partly because its population is more reliant on agriculture.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	40dd1c94d0b4903aea36873afcc7a171	These recommendations have stimulated concrete actions to improve the sustainability of high seas fisheries. The resumed Review Conference, to be held in 2016, may provide another excellent opportunity for States parties and States non-parties to cooperate in improving the governance of high seas fisheries, by reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the provisions of the Agreement, and, if necessary, proposing means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions. It has played a central role in norm- and policy-setting in the field of oceans and the law of the sea, including sustainable fisheries. In 1991, for example, it established a global moratorium on the use of large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing on the high seas.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	40dd26e6f4b4b8a4745363787be2a536	Migrants represent a further at risk group with foreign-bom cases accounting for more than half of newly reported HIV cases in 2015. Approximately three-quarters of reported TB cases in 2015 were in individuals bom outside of Malta, far higher than the EU/EEA average of 30% of reported cases originating from outside the region (ECDC. However, there are large disparities across income groups, with 86% of people in the highest income group reporting to be in good health, compared to only 55% of people in the lowest income group in 2015. In 2014, one in four adults reported being obese (compared to the EU average of 16%), a steady increase from 23% in 2008, Rising obesity rates are partly attributable to a change in dietary patterns, with traditional Mediterranean diets being replaced by consumption of foods high in sugar, salt and saturated fats. There are substantial differences in obesity rates between girls (26%) and boys (34%). The high rates in children foreshadow continuing high rates in the future as they enter adulthood.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	40e066898a60118bfea0e51092dd932d	Where the more stringent water quality requirements of designated pearl mussel populations are not met, action must be taken under the WFD to restore waters to the required condition within a prescribed timeframe. In 2009, the DoEHLG released regulations on the freshwater pearl mussel. The regulations i) set environmental quality objectives for the habitats of freshwater pearl mussel populations, ii) set out the duties of public authorities with respect to achieving the objectives; and iii) require the formulation and implementation of sub-basin management plans and related measures.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	40e184237b9dcdae48af9fff3643f330	Although per capita emissions of S02 and NOx are lower, emissions relative to GDP, an indicator of environmental efficiency, are high compared with large and medium-sized OECD countries (Figure 2.1, Panel C). Pollution intensity refers to 2010 or most recent observation. Though the incidence of acid rain in China has declined somewhat in recent years, it remains a serious concern. In 2011 the government estimated that over 10% of China’s landmass was affected, including farmlands and densely populated areas along the Yangtze River and in the South-East (MEP, 2012).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	40e1d55c1c24f705144d7a6509c4ef74	There is a significant 26-percentage point difference between urban and rural areas: 89% of urban households have a mobile phone compared 63% in rural ones. There are 20 LDCs where the proportion of urban households with a mobile phone exceeds 90% compared to just one (Bhutan) where this is true for rural areas. This urban-rural gap highlights that coverage is lacking in the rural areas of many LDCs. This can be remedied through competition that is more intensive as well as the allocation of universal service funds to spread rural coverage.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/02e538fc-en	40e20923b58aeee80b6d0d3223cd2658	The initiative focuses on producing new analysis and policy recommendations to address unpaid care work combined with inclusive dialogues at the regional and global levels. The SIGI comprises country profiles (information on laws, policies and action plans promoting gender equality and women's empowerment), a database (with indicators on levels of discrimination in legal framework, social norms and practices) and a cross-country ranking. These dimensions look at the gaps that legislation, prevalence and attitudes and practices create between women and men in terms of rights and opportunities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	40e4167a6174c85d6e836981ccead15c	For soybeans, another important staple crop food, the situation is slightly different. Source: OECD, PSE/CSE database, 2012. A similar scheme existed for dairy imports, which explains the high producer SCT for milk in 1990-94. The %SCT indicator also shows the impact of export taxes on palm oil, which have pushed returns to growers in 2006-10 below what they would have been in the absence of the tax.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	40e773d9985af3bf39febaf3ed5a3dbd	It threatens the basic elements of life for all people: access to water, food production, health, use of land, and physical and natural capital. Inadequate attention to climate change could have significant social consequences for human well-being, hamper economic growth and heighten the risk of abrupt and large-scale changes to our climatic and ecological systems. The significant economic damage could equate to a permanent loss in average per-capita world consumption of more than 14% (Stern, 2006).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	40e8be0db1a56e92c7b68f9df6c002db	Among transition economies, the pattern varied, with positive protection in Kazakhstan and Russia (NPCs of 1.08 and 1.11 respectively) but dis-protection in Ukraine (with an NPC of 0.96) reflecting the country’s use of export taxes. South Africa provided minimal protection (an NPC of 1.01), while the rates were higher in Israel and Turkey (1.11 and 1.19 respectively). In Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine the overall average masks a tendency to provide positive protection to import-competing sectors, but dis-protection for exportables.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-6-en	40e8c4037d4e23e321460805d94fb2a9	In practice, however, their rights are inhibited by a number of hurdles: the courts do not always enforce the rules, the judiciary may lack knowledge of current principles and standards, women are often not aware of their rights and, even when they are, social norms and financial constraints may hinder them from going to court. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor. The six countries have ratified the two covenants (Algeria 1989, Egypt 1982, Jordan 1975, Libya 1970, Morocco 1979 and Tunisia 1969).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	40ea61c4b302c5a99a10d55e7c06d160	Designing sustainable off-grid rural electrification projects: Principles and Practices. Washington, DC; available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/OffgridGuidelines. Low carbon energy projects for development in sub-Saharan Africa: Unveiling the potential, addressing the barriers.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	40ec0d6b63db138b45793d89a691a975	The Department of Labour is planning to introduce an electronic system whereby vacancies registered with them by employers are disseminated to all labour offices more rapidly, and this would be a useful step. The UYF was created in January 2001, and reports to the Ministry of Labour while maintaining its own independent status. The UYF functions as a development finance agency and is tasked with promoting entrepreneurship, job creation, skills development and skills transfer among South Africans between the ages of 18 and 35.	8	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	40ecf1feb8f13fcd708f9856b0a70d22	At the initial stage, active consultation with all parties takes place, including within the National Adverse Events Committee, and information is gathered and assessed. An important point in the process is to determine the scale of the adverse event, i.e. to categorise it as a small, medium or large event. The criteria applied are as follows: (i) availability of risk management options; (ii) likelihood of the event occurring again; (iii) geographic scale of the physical damage; (iv) geographic scale of the economic impact; and (iv) geographic scale of the social impact (Table 12).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	40f3e2ddadc3a502d524ba6bd907173e	Secondly, the DAC CRS database counts all donors from different French government ministries and agencies as “France”. Thirdly, the IATA number also includes individual organisations that report on development finance received; the DAC CRS database focuses on providers. Further, information on the level of funding associated with a specific activity is also not always available. This limits the usefulness of IATI datasets at present.	13	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	40f692e55596fb743309259bcd463f20	"This difference is very important and is attributable to the human capital associated with traditional skills and knowledge, not obtained through attending educational institutions. In this chapter we discuss both human capital accumulated through formal schooling and human capital based on local and Indigenous knowledge (LIK). Certainly, measuring the latter is a more challenging task given the difficulty of quantifying the value and scope of LIK. It is worth noting that the lack of one (e.g., formal education) may be partially compensated, albeit indirectly, by another (LIK) in terms of human development. First, human capital is the most important ingredient in the ""knowledge sector"", which includes technologically advanced industries and services (e.g. information technology, high tech manufacturing, financial services, etc.)"	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	40f938e77f78f3e2c0901dcd0b1d9948	Estimated with 15 integration points. In 2008, the share of children in severely deprived households ranged from under five in a hundred (1-3%) in the Nordic countries, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland to two out of five in Romania (39%) and Bulgaria (41%). Child deprivation rates exceeded total deprivation rates by 2ppt or more in five countries: Hungary, Malta, Portugal, Romania and United Kingdom (Figure 7a).	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	40fb1ce0d83b6903bfdd0b403e984851	This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. It was reviewed internally by Stephen Perkins, Dimitrios Papaioannou and Nicolas Wagner at the ITF. External comments were received from Lewis Dijkstra of the European Commission and Iven Stead, Department for Transport (DfT), UK.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	40fb3112e687cde118f54169dc9ddf1d	Nearly one-half (44%) of the length of principal levees (4 180 km) does not meet regulatory standards for levee height. Former flood plains accommodate one third of all arable land, as well as 32% of railroads, 15% of roads, and over 700 settlements with 2.5 million inhabitants. Four extraordinary flood events have happened in the Tisza River Basin area between 1998-2001, causing considerable damage.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	40fc324cf0c3ee1eb787726da31f242f	Such a tool could help credit institutions perform more effectively, as they would evaluate both women and men on the grounds of their entrepreneurial talent. Financial literacy programmes are particularly relevant since women often have lower levels of financial knowledge than men (Chapter 10). One example of these integrated financing schemes is the Inter-American Development Bank project “Strengthening Women Entrepreneurship in Peru”.	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	40fcee6b7a10ba79044210c4c06652e9	Although the Balkans sub-region has not implemented an effective e-waste take-back system like the EU Member States, initiatives are undertaken mainly by the private recycling sector. Approximately 158 kilotons (kt) of e-waste is currently collected in the Balkans comparing to the 512 kt generated in 2016. A minimum of 6.5 kg/inh was generated in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a maximum of 16.1 kg/inh in Slovenia.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	41013382805b43fc006c2150ea9f9bb7	Similar to conflicting interests that may stem from harmful subsidies in water-related sectors, high tariffs can have a stagnating effect. For instance, tariffs charged to water-operating systems are usually higher than those charged to the industry. The optimal use of electricity tariffs by utilities depends greatly on the conversion and use of new, more energy efficient technologies. Currently, some large enterprises benefit from privileged access to aquifers, and they can obtain rights to drill wells or to exploit water surfaces without control.	6	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	4104aed2c51befde9c298eb592849328	The informal economy cannot be regarded as a temporary phenomenon. It has been around for decades and it is not evidently in decline. It has a more noticeably fixed character in countries where income and assets are unequally distributed (Becker, 2004) and where access to formal jobs, primarily in economic sectors where government is the dominant employer, is a function of association with influential social networks (Avirgan et al.,	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	4108465598301e37074576a8c5d2e746	The examples of the United States (section 7.10), Finland (section 7.11), and Switzerland (section 7.12) discuss survey issues summarised below. The last example of Mexico (section 7.13) provides experience with connections between satellite accounts. United States, Finland and Switzerland provide a number of country-specific examples regarding the collection of time-use information.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	410f78a3352709fed0929dcac19b514d	While the results were not statistically representative, the range of values is powerfully illustrative of considerable variation in performance. In one facility, prior to the intervention, only 7% of diabetic patients had undergone an eye examination in the preceding year; at the end of the pilot, in another facility, the figure was 92%. Similarly, in one location only 8% of diabetic patients had undergone a urine albumin test in the 12 months preceding the intervention, while the rate was above 80% in another at the end of 2016 (CSIH, 2015).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	411213c5248242a1f7234b7f73ce107e	However, this need not be the case. The clear benchmarking of known technologies, as well as risk mitigation options, could translate into a set of expected stream cash flows that would reassure investors to move forward with investment decisions. Published in April 2009, the IEEFP was developed by the Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO) as a reference document for local financial institutions wanting to put in place EE projects.39 After a brief summary of the main challenges and risks faced by local financial institutions, the Protocol presents a list of common EE technologies and their expected savings.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264077287-en	4119a3da80e45ec039ccc629e725d3ea	The 2004 Act Instituting an Assistance Programme for Protection of the Environment, Rational Use of Energy, and Production of Energy from Renewable Sources adapts the national business assistance system to the community framework. The 2005 Act on Public Access to Environmental Information guarantees the right of access to environmental information in the hands of the public authorities and governs the dissemination of such information. The Water Act of 2008 consolidates and updates legislation governing water management and transposes into domestic law the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Flood Risk Management Directive (2007/60/EC). It seeks in particular to restore waters to good condition by 2015 and to apply the cost recovery principle to services related to water use by 2010.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	411c9ab26707bb6875912174ef619f14	Most states allocate most of their funding by grants to their TAFE institutes. About 20% is allocated by tender open to TAFE institutes and private providers. The second biggest state Victoria allocates all its funding in the form of a restricted voucher tenable at any TAFE institute or private provider. Private providers offer a higher and growing proportion of publicly funded vocational education in Victoria than the other states.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	411c9e591ef6fb79c7d986a1b9d051e4	Il existe une raison supplementaire pour mettre en place un systeme solide de vulgarisation agricole. En effet, en raison de la transition, plusieurs secteurs de production agricole essentiels sont actuellement domines soit par les menages soit par les exploitants individuels recents. En regie generale, ces producteurs manquent d’experience technique et commerciale ; des services de vulgarisation cibles les aideraient aussi a s’integrer dans les marches agricoles.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	411c9fe1bd5b7ce5a148d6f53cb9a9ee	"The groups collectively practice pastoral-ism and hunting-gathering. The Maasai are the most populous, numbering about 450,000. The concept of indigenous peoples is not acknowledged in Tanzania, but the government ""recognizes the vulnerability of some of the marginalized communities"". This is because of poor infrastructure and also that the communities are sparse and migratory."	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	411d079a11a8668bad39610444e0be76	They then transmitted these new norms to their home community and non-migrant women used them to create new versions of womanhood. Women who migrate tend to model their behaviour on women in destination countries, which proved to have positive effects on reducing violence against women in Moldova for example, as women tolerate it less from their partners (Peleah, 2007). Migration can challenge traditional gender roles when the absence of one spouse leaves the other one with both greater decision-making power and burden of responsibility and labour (Jolly and Reeves, 2005).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	411e2a35563b1d2e4811c177b5055e09	It requires that women are empowered to take an active part in the development of laws, economic systems and policies that will govern themselves and society as a whole, in accordance with Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Within this context, this chapter explores institutional mechanisms and tools that are designed to support women's advancement and to ensure that a gender perspective is systematically taken into account. It also discusses women’s participation in political decision-making as both an intrinsic objective and a lever for the adoption of gender-sensitive policies. A key element of the Platform’s strategy is the establishment of ‘institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women’ as a means of ensuring systematic attention to gender issues. Some Arab Governments had already set up rudimentary women’s divisions under various ministries, typically those for social and family affairs, in the late 1960s and 1970s.34 With the adoption of the Beijing Platform, those institutions became more formalized. They took a leading role in advocating for women’s issues and moving gender discourse into the halls of government.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	411e84bc163b4f48b8cd564e5e29cdb1	This is also the origin of seasonal streams such as Wadi Raqqad and Wadi Allan.” The Yarmouk River gauging stations located farthest downstream are Maqarin [downstream of the Wahdah Dam) and Addasiya [close to the confluence with the Jordan River). Therefore available discharge records do not necessarily reflect earlier, natural flow conditions. In addition, the construction of the first dams and the increase in water use from the river predates available discharge records.	6	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	411f58470002a723ab1c25a02a72d8f4	Mortality and unemployment: A critique of Brenner's time-series analysis. Lancet, 2(8248), 675. Specialty choice in times of economic crisis: a cross-sectional survey of Spanish medical students. National Health Spending In 2011: Overall growth remains low, but some payers and services show signs of acceleration. Health Affairs, 32(1), 87-99. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	4121b655b2567b950ea33d1878a8b3da	For example, an intervention that seeks transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention’s is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Climate finance programmes and projects can involve multiple actors, each with different views and objectives relating to climate finance effectiveness. There is increased pressure on public providers of climate finance in developed countries to demonstrate the results achieved in developing countries with this finance.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	4125554005c038501a37c075e7f49d93	It engenders promoting equal rights and access to justice through policy reform drawn from litigation that go beyond issues of the individual plaintiff. There is also a unit in the sharia courts, headed by women’s lawyers to support women’s awareness and understanding of legal rights. This unit counsels and helps women in their rights.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	41262183464cce8817b13ca33e753ddc	It examines how disadvantages can accumulate over a lifetime (Chapter l).The report takes a closer look at equity issues at each stage of life, from early childhood education (Chapter 2), student and school outcomes (Chapter 3) through adult education and skills formation (Chapter 4). Each chapter offers policy recommendations and describes policies on education and skills that can ensure lifelong equitable learning opportunities for the socio-economically disadvantaged, as well as best policy practices and lessons from selected countries. Opportunity for All: Overcoming Educational Inequalities over the Life Course (OECD, forthcoming), is a main output of the Fostering Good Education for All project. This report aims to provide extensive analysis of inequality in education, and concrete policy recommendations to provide solutions for this pressing issue.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	412b58fab1e6fbade56add799e7e63d4	About 15% of men and 20% of women in Sweden rate their mental wellbeing as impaired in national surveys using GHQ-12, a validated instrument used internationally for measuring mental wellbeing, early detection and treatment. Primary care is generally the first point of contact, and is responsible for minor mental health problems and onward referrals to specialist care for those with serious mental illness. High quality primary care for mental health problems is especially important in rural areas where access to specialist services may be difficult.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	412c8755496f02681e945f2e086371ca	To offer workshops throughout Germany, the foundation established local networks. For example, in Japan, Sony established the Sony Foundation for Education. Its Early Development Activity Centre conducts an extensive programme of activities in its quest to make science widely known among the public, to foster w'ell-balanced personality development in young individuals and to educate the general public about the importance of building a healthy relationship between parents and children.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6e237bee-en	41310fa0a468588a965005ffdd89eaed	It is important to focus on the cultural aspects of traditional natural resource management in order to understand the manner in which culture influences use and management of natural resources by men and women. Johnson (1974:86) observed: “Analyses of the shared cognitive aspects of human ecological systems must increasingly take into account behaviour which connects a people’s idea to the external environment in which they attempt to survive.” Such knowledge and practices are preserved and transmitted to the subsequent generations either orally (folk songs/folk tales) or through shared experiences (rituals and religious ceremonies). Nietschmann (1992: 3) reported that “where there are indigenous peoples with a homeland there are still biologically-rich environments”.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290747-en	41324c3664bd1c78d58ba73c67b9a3c2	Latin America and the Caribbean, in particular, hosted some notable stakeholder participation arrangements for NUP, including in Ecuador and Brazil. The majority of countries have general national planning authorities (55 per cent) while a substantial proportion have specialised national urban agencies (38 per cent). Only three nations man a NUP via sub-national agencies (2 per cent). Two of them (Marshall Islands and Tuvalu) are small Pacific states where geographic scale means a close overlap between national and local boundaries, and the other is Switzerland, a federal state in which the competence for urban policy is attributed to local authorities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	4132cf10ac3d92a0e6fa79c8c05a1478	The threat to halt progress on a plan generally only worries the local government preparing the plan, not the other authorities being consulted. Constructive co-operation and co-ordination of plans is clearly an important goal to ensure the best use of land and infrastructure investment. Within London and the larger English conurbations, non-statutory arrangements and statutory' joint committees are emerging as a way of guiding good planning without the creation of new levels of cumbersome plans.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283411-en	4136ff3f78d2f59fe1b8b9c63e3ab875	Health spending per capita is among the lowest across the EU, and only about half the EU average (EUR 1428 per capita in Hungary compared to the EU average of EUR 2 797). Only two-thirds of health spending in Hungary is publicly funded (compared to nearly 80% across the EU), leaving the system highly reliant on direct out-of-pocket spending. Consequently, a relatively high share of low-income households reports unmet medical care needs due to financial reasons. More than 25% of such households face catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for health care, a higher share than in most other EU countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	4137d60d9dfd62f6c0594367da126dcc	Deforestation is estimated at 0.9 percent per year, attributed mainly to the expansion of subsistence-based agricultural land, including post-harvest and pre-clearance burning and overgrazing. Adopted in 1992, the Constitution emphasizes the importance of sustainable natural resource management, which has been a priority in national programmes since then. Most recently, the 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Strategy highlighted the key role that forests and woodlands play in poverty reduction and local well-being.	15	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	4137e70788ecaa0c98dcb63c1e0b8ab1	Given the trends as shown in table II.9, the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, highly indebted poor countries and small island developing States will not meet the Millennium Development Goal target of halving poverty by 2015. European Union (EU) members and the United States of America have a long-standing tradition and practice of collecting national poverty data as well as releasing official poverty estimates. The prime concern is the standard of living relative to other people in the country; hence, poverty is a relative concept in the developed world. In the present section, therefore, the poverty estimates used are not comparable to those for developing countries as published by the World Bank.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/223159ab-en	413bf985dde8402826daad093238f9ed	More generally, in England the mortality rate from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease has increased steadily since 2006, reflecting several factors such as increased awareness of dementia, historical NHS policies encouraging GPs to diagnose, and changes in death certification practices (PHE, 2018b; PHE 2018c; ONS, 2018d). Coding changes from 2011 also led to increased recording of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease on death certificates, with deaths reallocated from some groups including cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia eg deaths from vascular dementia would once have been coded to circulatory disease but are now coded to dementia (PHE 2018c; Campbell, 2017). This, along with the examples given earlier in relation to influenza/pneumonia, suggests that death certification practices have changed in recent years, with some deaths being classified as dementia that would not have been in the past.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	413dff5524e62906bcddb79ff3db5fd4	Uber has other one-time promotions in Des Moines, Iowa, and Dallas, Texas. During the same period, Uber also helped distribute (via their drivers) free pre-loaded EASY public transport passes to encourage riders to try mixing Uber and Metrorail. For several weeks between 00:30 and 4:00, Lyft offered up to a 75% discount for shared Lyft Line rides along the T line and Uber offered a flat USD 5 UberPOOL fare. They represent very early experimentation by companies and public authorities seeking synergies between the types of services provided by ride-sourcing and commercial ride-sharing companies and public transport operators.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	41402ed5a4fc04c9fe232c71ae639faf	On the other hand, solar technologies may have almost zero capacity credit if the peak demand occurs in the evenings during winter, as in several north European countries, especially those relying heavily on electric heating such as France. Dispatchable plants for instance are weakly correlated and their capacity credit can thus be higher than their respective load and availability factors: their planned outages are scheduled during periods of weak electricity demand, while they are supposed to be available during high demand periods. On the contrary, variable renewables relying on the same natural resource are closely correlated (one wind turbine is likely to stop turning the very moment that other turbines stop turning). Thus, the capacity credit of variable renewable power plants decreases with the penetration level, reflecting the increased correlation with the rest of the generating system.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/542d9ef4-en	41443d8b447c57c4e34719a229574347	However, since Jan Mayen is populated only in the summer, when wind speeds are lowest, wind may not be the best solution for Jan Mayen. Solar radiation is close to 700 W/m2 in the summer, which means that PV production is feasible, and it would align better with the seasonal demand. Subjects of a more general nature with relevance to all regions have been dealt with in section 6.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	4144ffb5b60e353b06b803bb6e3a2ae9	The Nominal Assistance Coefficient (NAC) of 1.23 indicates that total gross farm receipts in the OECD area were on average 23% higher in 2011-13 than if they were generated at world market prices and with no budgetary support - a differential that has narrowed significantly since 1986-88, when it was 59%. With higher world prices, policies to support domestic prices in OECD countries generated smaller transfers, resulting in the overall reduction in support to producers. Support to producers fell significantly in Israel and Canada, where the decline reached about 2 and 3 percentage points respectively, and in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, where the decline was above 6 percentage points. Compared to the previous year, support in 2013 increased significantly in Korea.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	414592363e1cfb1af3a1a792fda26688	Areas such as the links between drugs, terrorism and insurgency clearly touch upon sensitive intelligence, and there are legitimate concerns about compromising sources, collection and operations. But if we want to effectively address drug challenges we need to strengthen international cooperation and information-sharing to the extent possible, to close the gaps and ensure that joint action is targeted, effective and timely. A dotted line represents approximately the line of control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Disputed boundaries (China/India) are represented by cross-hatch owing to the difficulty of showing sufficient detail.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	4145a652aa45dc234aa3301dd3931498	"Indufor (2013) calculated a ""cascade factor” for Europe, which it defined as the overall use of wood raw material divided by its roundwood component; the cascade factor is a measure of the extent to which the European wood-processing industry has succeeded in increasing the utilization of wood co-products and recycled fibres. Greenhouse gas emissions from woody bioenergy are small when burned efficiently compared with emissions from fossil fuels, and ""carbon debt"" becomes insignificant if: wood is produced sustainably; there is cascaded use; and the total energy system is considered (IINAS et al., Although US and EU standards have been in place for several years, the new ISO standard could support thetradeof solid biofuels internationally."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	4146553c45d4e8705f47af4af7dacb96	A further objective of the reform is to make the CFP less costly and simpler to run. The central role of rights based fisheries management instruments is to introduce an element of “property rights” for fisher’s quotas. By doing so the incentive structure changes and makes it more likely that fishers will seek to fish within sustainable limits in order to conserve their “quota capital” for the future. The OECD Committee for Fisheries has recently contributed to this debate; the publication Using Market Mechanisms to Manage Fisheries provides a review of a number of fisheries management systems with elements of property rights and maps these according to their property rights content (OECD, 2006). The EC started this process with the publication of a Green Paper followed by a consultation period where written comments could be submitted until 31 December 2009.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	41470055920a59be4fdec7a7ae43bc5f	Prepared for the UNDP/GEF Project Expansion and Improved Management Effectiveness of the Ajara Region’s Protected Areas. This is due to their upstream/downstream geographical status, and their sharing of river basins and water bodies with common problems. Downstream water pollution from Georgian WWTPs sited close to the border. Specifically, untreated and partly-treated wastewater effluent from the Georgian Gardabani WWTP is a serious source of pollution in the Kura River dowmstream in Azerbaijan, w'hich flows into Mingecevir Reservoir.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	414a61d7694518d6c60f2e27629b5269	This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD’s Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources. The Czech Republic has made progress on reducing the impact of socio-economic background on students' academic performance, reaching high enrolment in early childhood education and care, and achieving higher than average upper secondary attainment rates, especially in vocational education and training.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	414bf920904df01c7af84d0181f9a703	Wide differences also exist among countries in each of these regions (see ILO 2014;Table B.9). Household data from Latin America also point at large gender gaps in pension coverage in other countries apart from those presented in the figure (see Rofman and Oliveri 2011). However, countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay have managed to reach high coverage rates for women and men, often combining contributory, semi-contributory and non-contributory pensions (see section 7).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	4152972df111ad0f6825b806734885a8	Governance frameworks also play a central role in building regulatory trust and thus influence investments within and into national electricity sectors. Experience shows that electricity systems need to be steered, and that improvements in industry performance and consumption habits (energy efficiency) are incentivized by policy and regulation. While energy-security issues vary widely across national contexts, the primary goal of adequate supply with maximum reliability and quality is universal. The approach to the development of national electricity frameworks appears in some cases to be ad hoc, or in response to donor initiatives, rather than systemic.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	4152a33feee934c60a211f9b8c1c42ee	However, actual risk-related policies in several OECD countries appear to diverge significantly from the policy messages derived from OECD analysis. Perhaps this situation can be compared with the case of price support policies a few decades ago. In a situation where price support and equivalent measures largely dominated agricultural policy structures in the OECD area, OECD research and its effective dissemination in policy dialogue contributed greatly to helping governments understand the nature of their policies and their undesirable implications.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	4152bad52945a1c32ceb513b240ee603	This chapter maps women’s access to public life and highlights the rationale and the scope for the study. It outlines study objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report. It highlights active measures to advance gender equality in public life and provides actionable recommendations to governments, supported by examples of good practices from OECD countries and key partner countries. It also falls under the broader framework of the OECD Gender Initiative launched by Ministers in 2010 to help governments in OECD and non-OECD countries promote gender equality by deepening the knowledge base on gender equality issues; further developing indicators to measure progress in gender equality; developing evidence-based policy recommendations; and enhancing cross-national policy learning and transferability.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	4153c0b65ff428e81a94266c8ea96b46	Poland also had one of the largest increases in enrolment in education at ages 3 and 4 between 2005 and 2013 among countries with available data, although it remains below the OECD average. About 52% of 3-year-olds and 66% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in education, compared to an OECD average of 74% and 88%, respectively. Among OECD countries, Poland had a higher ratio of children to teaching staff in pre-primary education: 16, compared to 14 on average in other OECD countries.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	4153cffa90337a523dd1d4a2611fadcf	For instance, the number of children who could not be placed in a pre-school was high in Ljubljana in 2009, reaching 18% of the total enrolment in the city; almost half of the children who could not be admitted into a pre-school programme in Slovenia were in Ljubljana. However, there are no signs of excess demand in smaller towns and average class sizes also tend to be lower. Considering the disparate financial conditions of municipalities due to the economic downturn and rising enrolments in kindergartens, many local governments lack the resources to provide high quality services.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/a4d64314-en	4154d222a4a236a720c0cc8a65a23eb5	Section 3.1 focuses on general recommendations whereas section 3.2 focuses on concluding observations by the CEDAW Committee on States parties’ reports. This is followed by a short conclusion section. It spells out the contents of various rights and lists recommendations on actions that States parties may take to fulfil their obligations. Articles 2 and 3 establish a comprehensive obligation to eliminate discrimination in all its forms in addition to the specific obligations under articles 5-16.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	41598949546eb82c609f60a6b6b18fc3	Investments in desalination and the reuse of treated wastewater in the region have become so prevalent in some countries that there is even some doubt as to whether they can still be considered nonconventional water supply options. This type of practice promotes the use of water of varying qualities for different purposes. The reuse of these water sources is dependent upon whether it is treated at the primary, secondary or tertiary level.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	4159ee65ff98fb73e676c39fec3b041e	In the emerging economies analysed in this chapter, self-employment represents 20% of total female employment (compared to an OECD average of 10%) and it reaches very high levels in countries like Colombia (42%) and Peru (37%). However, evidence from Latin America shows that this difference disappears when larger firms with similar labour and capital inputs are compared (Bruhn, 2009). These patterns span both urban and rural areas. In the agricultural sector, women tend to farm smaller plots with lower yields and less profitable crops than men (World Bank, 2012). The figure for India is based on the assumption that all employed workers with missing information on paying social contributions work in the informal sector. Informality rates for China, Morocco, the Russian Federation and TUnisia are missing given the unavailability of comparable data on social security contributions and business registration.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	415adce4060e725a8786bf929b8e4b5b	Rural areas generally face higher costs of service because they have less dense networks, meaning that more infrastructures needs to be built and operated to serve the same number of people. Other factors affecting the cost of service include the quality of the water source (and thus the cost of treating the raw water to obtain drinkable quality), the type of technology applied and additional service elements (such as the level of water quality monitoring or the quality of customer service). In some cases, the organization of the sector can be a major factor in determining the cost of service provision: fragmentation of service provision in rural areas among a large number of small services providers prevents achieving economies of scale and results in higher average cost of service provision.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	415bd3483f0fc8168c9a3fd65ad22ebe	For example, income grants reduce the need for workers to send remittances to their families, thus increasing the wage available for their own consumption, or for skills upgrading. This, in turn, could increase productivity through better health and human resources outcomes. Higher productivity will increase overall output and labour demand. If a basic income grant is successful in boosting long-term growth, the fiscal burden of the transfer would be reduced. The issue of whether a basic income grant can serve as a key intervention for poverty reduction has been debated in the case of South Africa. According to them, taxpayers will oppose financing universal programmes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	415cdbfd2da48479c498201da92f0add	Chapter 2 provides an in-depth analysis of the performance of the United States on PISA, contrasting the performance of United States' 15-year-olds in mathematics, reading and science with that of students in other countries and the factors associated with quality and equity of outcomes. This is done by examining the success rates of students at the item level of the test, compared with the success rates of students across OECD countries on average and in comparison with five comparator or reference sytems. The five countries chosen for comparisons with the United States are: two top-performing Asian countries, Shanghai-China and Korea, two European countries performing significantly above the OECD average, the Netherlands and Germany, and one of United States' neighboring countries, Canada. It asks whether faithful implementation of the Common Core State Standards is likely to improve the United States' performance on PISA.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/74f4872a-en	415f194a9ff77644f47b2dac56e428f4	Both approaches were concerned with investment planning and both (albeit to different degrees) recognized that expanding output ahead of demand would give rise to further complementary investments and innovations. This was particularly true of infrastructure investments, given the significant indivisibilities those involved. Indeed, the two theories began w ith the challenge of a divergence between social and private returns, employed much the same conceptual framework - indivisibilities, externalities, increasing returns, complementarities in supply and demand - and acknowledged a central role for the state.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	416115c2abe5af0212a28a37b290d84b	Across OECD countries the range of treatments that the practitioner can employ varies. For example, in treating depression, most primary care practitioners in OECD countries can initiate and adjust prescription of antidepressants, and in most countries this includes both tri-cyclics and SSRIs. In some countries, for example Korea, primary care practitioners are not allowed to prescribe SSRIs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	4161e58acbf510d395b9033637c8c615	It stresses that sexual violence should be excluded from any amnesty provisions in a peace process and that equal access to justice should be ensured for victims of sexual violence. The subsequent follow-up resolutions have focused on preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence, and called for, inter alia, the appointment of a special representative on sexual violence in conflict, a team of experts and women protection advisers to advise Governments and peacekeeping missions in dealing with sexual violence. Resolution 1325 (2000) referred to the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and children, while at the same time acknowledging that women are not mere victims of conflict, but also active agents with an important role to play in conflict prevention, peacekeeping initiatives, conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts.77 This was an important departure from references to women as victims or vulnerable groups.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	4162f335e108095d3684f78ec47dcdc1	This leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expenditure-to-GDP ratios across countries. Figure 5 suggests that countries obtain a similar redistributive impact through drastically different size and progressivity combinations (Figure 4, panel B). For instance, in Portugal and the United States transfers attain about the same reduction in inequality but for different reasons.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	41643e1f9fc168b7be6039ac5e761439	Thus the NEET include unemployed and discouraged young people as well as those who are considered to be out of the labour force or inactive (OECD, 2010). It is calculated as the sum of youth in all types of employment as a share of the labour force. The status groups are separated by the types of economic risk they represent and the amount of time spent working. Vulnerable employment is a measure of people who are employed under relatively precarious circumstances as indicated by the status in employment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	4164cdf9fd352c240d2b743343caca0f	Although more a framework for action than a specific strategy, the Millennium Declaration has replaced the Washington Consensus as the lead for global action. While eradication of poverty is a noble aim of promoting social justice—and should be kept for that reason alone—reduction is a more realistic ambition. Each of the eight Goals derived from the Declaration reflects this more pragmatic approach. Even so, implementing these goals is a momentous task.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	4165370faac35406e194f5f84eb46fc8	These countries not only have large proportions of students performing at the highest levels of reading proficiency, but also relatively few students at the lower proficiency levels. Countries where the impact of socio-economic background on reading skills is high include New Zealand, France, Austria and Hungary (Figure 7.9).6 Like reading skills, civic competencies too are strongly influenced by socio-economic background. Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes. Among OECD countries, the reading gap amounts to 39 score points, equivalent to more than half a proficiency level or one year of schooling.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	416653a1f284e47dceb6777ef5843428	Similar farm enterprise budgets are published by most U.S. land grant university colleges of agriculture. Agriculture is a significant water user in the dry parts of the OECD countries, and water is an essential input to crop and livestock. Understanding and predicting water use patterns and economic outcomes produced by infrastructure repair and maintenance requires a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors influencing decisions by irrigators on their crop production and water use.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	4168f99dd11c41de9ea8d70dc28e44c5	To achieve this goal, universal policies and those focusing on the most marginalized must work in tandem. The sustained involvement of gender equality advocates will be critical to turn promises into progress for women and girls on the ground. Comprised of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 169 targets and 232 indicators, it aims to address the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions of sustainable development in a comprehensive and integrated way.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	41690cac0436b267ff85f7d966a9c635	However, these reform proposals met with widespread opposition by local authorities that feared this would decrease municipal and departmental autonomy, meaning that they were not passed. In place of a more comprehensive reform, the MSPS has instead issued decrees addressing specific elements of the health system, including strengthening service delivery in remote areas, regulation of biotechnology, updating criteria for affiliation to the SGSSS, and improved financial regulation of EPS (Box 1.3). Disaffiliation will only occur in case of death.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	416a397c6665700e8c795215545763a1	Generally, in the past decade (2000-2010) there has been an overall rise in service employment, with major increases occurring in Korea (15.2% between 2000-2010), Malaysia (10.0% from 2000-2009) and Hong Kong, China (8.0%, 2000-2009). The share of employment in services grew significantly in China, Mongolia, Thailand and Viet Nam over the last decade. Data for Singapore from 2001. Data for Viet Nam from 2006; Cambodia, China and Pakistan for 2008; Australia, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for 2009.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	416cdd715f098bf8a05596fc9b749552	The safe disposal of waste from processing is governed at the local level by territorial local authorities under the Resource Management Act. The requirement for fish processors to produce safe food under approved and audited Risk Management or Food Safety Programs have the spinoff of reducing post harvest losses and wastage. The requirements came fully into force from December 2002.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	416d00e586434821361b4b17beeb2526	Additional measures, such as reduced parking rates, preferential access and financing subsidies, are being studied. The efficiency of the electric system is also expected to be improved, as the vehicles will absorb excess night electricity generation while charging. In the post-2020 phase the development of a vehicle-to-grid system is foreseen, which will also allow vehicles to send electricity to the grid at peak times.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	4171195ed3798d93a175c6463a93a160	"For example, in the case of Karner v. Austria,""’ the European Court of Human Rights found a violation of the prohibition of discrimination (art. Several years later, noting that a rapid evolution of social attitudes towards same-sex couples had occurred in many member States, the European Court directly recognized that same-sex couples enjoyed ‘family life’as protected by art. When the South African Constitutional Court decided that the absence in the 1996 draft Constitution of a clause protecting the right to marry or to family life did not invalidate the Constitution, it noted that the draft Constitution enshrined the values of “human dignity, equality and freedom” as well as “that everyone has the right to havetheirdignity respected and protected""."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	4172757492f45dd24f73363afe0b2e41	Policy optimization models are designed to determine the “best” climate policy as defined by an aggregated welfare function over time, possibly considering user-specified climatic constraints. Their complexity is severely limited by the numerical algorithms used to solve optimization problems. Furthermore, wide-ranging subjective assumptions are necessary to aggregate all consequences of alternative policies in a social welfare function to be maximized.	13	2	6	0.5
10.14217/9781848599642-8-en	4176b3e62882f706b03168f815229c95	There is now wide recognition that global trade increasingly involves spreading the production of a final good over firms in several countries, with each one undertaking what is better described as a ‘task’ in the overall process rather than the production of a discrete good or service (WTO-IDE, 2011). These changes, which result from the internationalisation of global production and the fragmentation of trade across countries, have occurred as capital has become increasingly mobile under the accelerated pace of financial globalisation. Their implications have been increasingly analysed through the lens of global value chain (GVC) analysis.	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188914-en	41788e00158edcc7829b724f1aaba96c	The city leadership is committed to utilising higher education as a key asset in Wroclaw’s development. The large and fragmented higher education sector consists of 30 higher education institutions that serve more than 140 000 students and produce 20 000 graduates in public higher education institutions alone. In 2005, a year after Poland’s accession to the EU, the unemployment rate in the Wroclaw metro area was in double digits, with the rate of 10.9% for the city and 17.3% for the largest neighbouring district.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-29c6f0c2-en	417a219c8262d8d2dc3ebae888d37231	The GCOS addresses the total climate system including physical, chemical and biological properties, and atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial hydrologic, and cryospheric components. The GCOS is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Council for Science. The general principle is that a station should provide measurements that are, and remain, representative of the surrounding area, the size of which depends on the meteorological application.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264200449-17-en	417aa57b058a96bf9f7e171fc2da71bb	Overall, a clear indication of a rising trend in extreme precipitation events during the period 1957-2006. Groundwater recharge is expected to be the most intensive in the Pandivere Upland, which is the most important groundwater catchment area in Estonia. Maximum river runoff will be reduced and will occur earlier.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	417eb8c0f8b6444526f9630f73467bdc	While it is not possible to identify the nature of the indirect mechanisms at work, the empirical results in Table 6d show a negative link between the level of short-term net unemployment benefits and the impact of individual socio-economic background on student performance, while the level of long-term net unemployment benefits has an opposite link. Long-term unemployment benefit dependency may also be associated with social stigma, in turn harming children’s cognitive development. This result is consistent with the findings of child development studies relating parent welfare dependency to children’s outcomes (Corak and Heisz, 1999; Corak et al, 2004).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	4181a4e3c40f8e6a0ebb08a77b376177	The estimated cost for 2016 was SEK 296 million (around EUR 31 million). Each of these countries operates its own national transport plan, with its own national priorities (Table 2.12). In Sweden and Norway, national transport plans are established over 10- and 12-year periods respectively, overlapping with each other to a large extent. By contrast, Denmark used to have several transport plans (by mode of transport) rather than an integrated approach.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	418205d147ead1de8e2ae1810d04390c	Those eligible for disability allowances are disabled children under 16 years of age, persons disabled since birth, and persons whose disability was caused at work or non-work related accidents or diseases. The benefit level depends on the individual’s work record and the level of disability. For those without a work record, the allowance is equal to the base amount71 in case of disabled children and persons disabled since birth; for other disabled persons the sum is determined by the minimum allowance for the respective disability group.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	4184d3712dbb8401fe157a873299aeba	Other responses to criminal non-compliance include permanent or temporary dissolution of the legal person, forfeiture of property, restriction of activities, and bans against, for instance, participation in a public tender, the use of grants, or promotion or advertising. However, very few cases result in such measures being applied. However, the sanctions or quasicriminal penalties are imposed by administrative bodies rather than the courts.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	41858260bbaa3fa5093d83f21ae8309d	International Institute for Sustainable Development and Global Subsidies Initiative, Geneva, w w w.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/filcs/pb5 dcfining.pdf. Black' Scenario for Belarussian Oil Producers: Will Russia Cancel Export Duties on Oil and Oil Products?”), Belrynok, TUT.BY, 5 January. Org/smash/gct/diva2:860647/ FULLTEXT02.pdf.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	4186855e6af218e68227bd9f3d0c29f4	This was also observed by Kakwani (1990) and Marinho and Soares (2003). This result confirms the theoretical hypothesis that poverty-income elasticity is tower in economies with tow average incomes. The results obtained in this article agree with the findings of Marinho and Soares (2003) and Hoffmann (2004), In short, less developed regions like the Brazilian north-east have more difficulty reducing poverty through income growth. Overall, these results suggest that inequality reduction policies are most effective when it comes to fighting poverty in Brazil.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	4186f7632ccd295fd7571dab7ce91b03	The broad waste categories frequently used in waste statistics, such as municipal, industrial and hazardous waste, combine many waste materials into categories based on the similarity of their collection, treatment and disposal. The amount of waste generated can be estimated with high reliability when the waste management system is well developed and covers all waste. Hazardous waste is a special group of waste that, due to its toxic or other hazardous character, requires special management and is controlled by law in many countries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	41882b36bbe9b0b92e390379a97d90e3	While acknowledging the vast differences between international and internal migration scenarios, and also between the ability of rich, emerging countries and poor countries to deal with these, this report has highlighted the growing evidence of the potential benefits of all forms of migration and mobility for city growth and development. In order to maximize the developmental benefits of these new mobility patterns in terms of improving migrant well-being, it is imperative for cities to put inclusive urban policies in place for basic services and socioeconomic inclusion. They can be architects and construction workers of growing cities, service providers, entrepreneurs, employers and innovators. As part of the global diaspora, they can facilitate business and humanitarian support between cities and countries.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8259a41-en	418c4f3fff40b7f0d0855be27d5d5049	For rural areas, post-partum insusceptibility reduction is slightly higher (0.7 months). On the contrary, there is an increase in insusceptibility for urban areas from 5.6 to 7.5 months between 1997 and 2002. Overall, the median duration of post-partum insusceptibility in rural areas is higher than in urban areas. The observed decline in the duration of post-partum insusceptibility tends to increase in the marital fertility rate, which might have been offset by other inhibiting factors, such as an increase in contraceptive use.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191761-en	419144a8da42bff6a20953b314375ef7	Emphasis was placed on improving the technical base of agriculture through preferential leasing of machinery and equipment. A state agency, KazAgroFinance, was created in 1999 to implement this programme. This period was also marked by efforts to create a new system of agricultural and rural credit. The Agrarian Credit Corporation was created in 2001 with the objective to develop a nation-wide network of Credit Partnerships and to act as a wholesale lender to these associations.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	41915055f8238754ed150502df82e436	In quantile regressions, we continue in the same way. We replace the scalar § in equation (3) by the parametric function %<Xj, /?) The Blinder-Oaxaca (bo) decomposition divides the wage differential between two groups into a portion that is “explained” by groups’ dissimilarities in productivity characteristics and an “unexplained” residual portion, which is typically used as a measure of discrimination (Jann, 2008).	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	419163df6dbb548003cfb59af8e8565d	Countiy Group 4: France, Iceland, Norway and Sweden Source: OECD calculations based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) 2012. Country' Group 2: Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia. Country Group 3: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia and the Slovak Republic.	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179646-13-en	41943373b88ab703f4dd29f2d624f9fb	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It does so through collecting and interpreting quantitative and qualitative evidence on education policies. This annex provides detail on the preliminary integrity scan (PRINTS) of the Serbian education system, carried out during the desk research phase of INTES.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	419600c8acbd550c620f956f4d715d86	The five integrated actions are: i) financing; ii) training; iii) commercialisation; iv) management; v) innovation. This has enabled the SPYME to lay out an impressive array of programmes aimed at the five target groups of the business development strategy of Mexico (Table 5.2.) The three main business financing schemes are the national guarantee programmes, which provides through NAFINSA guarantees to banks that activate SME lines of credit, the SME productive project, which supports through subsidised loans the acquisition of new equipment by medium-sized firms, and the seed capital tool (i.e. capital semilla), which provides seed capital to new firms graduating from the national incubation programme.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	41981e53de8649636328d793fe6ebef0	The market for ‘geographically identified’ products has become significant in some countries, i.e. protected brands of food from specified regions, with particular potentials from protecting unique Ethiopian coffee varieties to expand Ethiopia’s share of the world coffee market beyond its current 3%. The positive driving forces behind the isolated ‘green growth glimpses’ that already exist in Ethiopia (section 3) and the constraints in the way of scaling them up (above) need to be better understood. The technical possibilities for massive international energy grids are becoming more viable financially, supporting the CRGE’s notion of Ethiopia becoming a regional green electricity supplier, and potentially also a regional investor in the production of energy-intensive products that gain competitive advantage through their green status.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/85ff2ca5-en	41985904f8e2ecffb1c313bf094b3cc8	Its ambitious, cross-cutting approach is farther-reaching than the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted 15 years ago, which focused on increasing official development assistance and improving a series of social indicators. Its aim is to create peaceful, better-governed and inclusive societies, with no individuals or groups left behind. Pursued in combination with UN agreements on Financing for Development and combating climate change, the UN Global Goals set the stage to integrate national, regional and international efforts to promote sustainable development. Goal 9 is to ‘Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation'.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	41989de4cead98c53aec1978d40a0c9c	Commonwealth countries should closely monitor this area of negotiations and take the necessary steps to ensure that they are able to benefit from the final result. This source of funding is actually a number of different sources, with funds flowing from various donors through the World Bank and other agents to countries that take action to reduce emissions from their forestry sectors. The GCF is the vehicle the Parties will use to channel the financing ($100 billion of private and public money by 2020) that was committed before the advent of the Agreement.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	4199c6a597f16581a8f1764ceac7f7ca	Moreover, cities can target their policies in a way that national or regional schemes may not be able to, leading to less costly policy action. A case in point is flood mitigation activities, which are generally interdependent or generate risk externalities; for instance, channelling rivers upstream can increase flood risk downstream, and hydraulic infrastructures and land-cover composition can also affect flood risk in urban areas. Cities and their surroundings also share significant uncertainties associated with managing water resources, both quantitatively and qualitatively.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	419ba4f44210fd981d57fcbb9febd38a	These are found at the national and regional levels in France and the Netherlands (six regions in Figure 4.7). In France, under the 2006 Loi sur I'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques, the Prefets can create zones of environmental constraints on which they can impose water restrictions (Barraque et al., In recent years, the Upper Republican Natural Resources District has had an active land retirement program, spending USD 10 million to purchase 3 300 acres (1 300 hectares) of irrigated land in 2011 (in the Rock Creek area) and joining with the Middle and Lower Republican Natural Resources Districts and the Twin Platte Natural Resources District to purchase almost 20 000 acres (8 100 hectares) of land for USD 83 million in 2012 (McCabe, 2013). In both cases, the Natural Resources District is constructing stream augmentation projects that will link wells to nearby streams directly with a pipeline.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	419f10aead9d3f8ec5a3037b5ab35818	Time use data for partnered men and women aged 20 years or above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabitating partner. Employment rates for partnered women aged 20 years and above who live in the same household as a spouse or cohabiting partner. Employment rates for Norway for partnered women between 15 to 75 years.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	419fd70a4cd9d21192eb8af6ec702b04	Another change followed in 2001; in accordance with the the ILO methodology, persons involved in agricultural activity within rural households were included in the self-employed category. According to the Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, prices of inputs used in agriculture increased 18 times in 1992, while output prices rose 10 times; 18 times and 8 times respectively in 1993, and 29 times and 19 times respectively in 1994. In a survey of 160 rural households in Akmola oblast, Dudwick et al. ( Data on the cotton sector should be interpreted with care due to extensive smuggling from Uzbekistan and, to a lesser extent, Turkmenistan where the regulated farm-gate prices are much lower than in Kazakhstan. Sadler (2006) reports estimates that smuggled cotton from Uzbekistan accounted for between a quarter and a half of Kazakhstan’s reported cotton output in the early 2000s, which implies that a substantial share of reported cotton exports were re-exports. Up to 90% of water flow occurs in spring.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	41a1489c2a682bb203ea3902ecfc9603	Le volume total vendu a ce prix pendant la saison des semis et celle des recoltes est lui aussi fixe a l’avance. Les prets qui en relevent sont accordes par les etablissements de credit de KazAgro, moyennant des taux d’interet fixes plus ou moins eleves en fonction de la duree et de l’objet du credit et de l’origine des fonds (ils different selon que le pret est finance par le budget, sur les fonds propres des agences de KazAgro ou par des fonds eux-memes empruntes sur le marche). En 2011, les prets a court terme accordes pour les semis et les recoltes ont ete assortis de taux allant de 4 % a 12 % par an, contre 12.3 % sur le marche.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	41a2b385ad071c95725dc095ea6c60ca	The PNPSB includes a minimum price policy for socio-biodiversity products. As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in sustainable use protected areas, some producers have requested protected area status, in particular that of extractive reserve, for the areas they live and work in. The SNUC was established by Law 9985/2000 and is regulated by Decree 4340/2002.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	41a2bd1fe5cb9dc9f197bd508b980f0d	"A benchmark that measures levels of access could be applied to evaluate the links between access to opportunities and social development in cities. This target, aiming to ""provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all"", is supported by the infrastructure-based indicator 11.2.1, measuring the proportion of the population with convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities (UN, 2016). This indicator is based on the assumption that access to infrastructure relates to access to opportunities. While it is useful, measuring and tracking progress in achieving SDG 11, as well as other SDGs (e.g. SDG 4.3, ""ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university""), could be enhanced by incorporating other indicators that measure access to jobs, health and education via motorised and non-motorised modes (OECD, forthcoming)."	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	41a6e1471c2d43ab62435b75c686220c	Jansen and Piermartini (2005) show that the temporary movement of persons, by reducing transaction costs for merchandise trade between home and the host country, causes bilateral trade to expand in a statistically significant way. Walmsley and Winters (2005) have focused on the direct welfare effects of liberalising trade in mode 4 in a general equilibrium framework. They show that if OECD countries allowed temporary migration of workers to increase by the equivalent of 3 per cent of their labour force, the resulting global gains would be greater than those under full liberalisation of merchandise trade. Moreover, both developed and developing countries would share in the gains, which would be largest if migration of both professionals and unskilled workers were permitted.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096356-en	41a73518bf655f8f28d26059603861f9	On the other hand, threats of price caps or phase-outs act as deterrents to investors. This holds, in particular for nuclear power, which as a supplier of baseload power for long periods of time is dependent on the predictability of its future revenue. It is not even necessary that the threat is realised, a positive probability suffices to have investors look elsewhere.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	41a82c9469990a016efb45f733ca4c25	First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation, with particular emphasis on the expansion and diversification of evaluation and assessment procedures. Second, it reviews the contextual factors shaping the development of evaluation and assessment in school systems. More specific trends within student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation, school leader appraisal and system evaluation are analysed in the respective chapter. In the last two decades, most countries have introduced a wide range of measures intended to improve evaluation and assessment at all levels from the student to the school system itself.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	41ab28791a7d76f2c5795f2570e39128	This may in turn spur expenditure growth and prices, excluding more vulnerable groups. Indeed, the joint reimbursements by statutory and complementary insurance plans for the same basket of medical goods limit incentives for more efficient health-care spending, as households cannot easily distinguish reimbursement rates and as some complementary contracts also cover all forms of co-payment (Table 2). Better coverage by complementary insurance plans appears to have increased demand for high-fee specialists (Dormont and Peron, 2016).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	41ab85449b0cc172812f9d83c0df5189	After the end of the main phase of the programme in 2014, the municipalities are expected to continue the activities through their own funds. The development interventions co-funded by the European Union could provide a favourable context for such efforts, not only given the fact that impact assessment is a formal requirement in the case of EU development support but also that the European Commission can provide a theoretical and practical basis for this. It is important to stress in this context that given the complexity of policy interventions in the social areas, including education, preliminary considerations, even if they are based on rich evidence and hard data, cannot provide sufficiently reliable answers to policy questions.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	41ac3a26a0fa34fddfd03cef167d0d98	Immigrant women comprised 22.7% of the self-employed population and their growth rate was 42.6% between 1991 and 1996 compared to 44.3% for women entrepreneurs in general (Adrien et al., Today, one in five self-employed women was not born in Canada and the pace of business creation among immigrant women has outpaced that of immigrant men by 30% over the past decade (CIBC, 2005). Canadian research states that on average, immigrant women tend to be younger and more educated than the Canadian population in general and immigrant men in particular (Adrien et al., One-third of the women between the ages of 25 and 44 who have arrived in Canada in the past decade are university graduates (CIBC, 2005).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	41ac6d76e395eb5965a49b6909f28b53	Les mesures d’austerite ont, semble-t-il, conduit au declin des admissions hospitalieres mais pas a la diminution de la consommation de produits pharmaceutiques. La reduction des depenses pharmaceutiques qui a suivi les mesures d’austerite recentes s’explique principalement par les efforts menes pour faire baisser les prix et pour encourager le recours a des medicaments generiques bioequivalents, moins couteux. There is overwhelming evidence that higher incomes and wealth are strongly associated with better health.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	41afd515935cbb59472707273a6ae3b6	"Electric utilities (often private or quasi-public) must be involved and help with investments in recharging infrastructure, and must take a leading role in developing ""smart grid"" systems. The pay-off is that utility-level technologies will help to maximise the benefits of EVs with regards to load management. Third-party providers - i.e. companies that develop EV-related services - can help to connect the dots between the stakeholders."	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	41b1313e4a2572e7a63dca3e3829b266	Career mentoring is designed to support students in pursuing their post-secondary goals, including through formal connections with the high school graduates for two years after high school. Each student is assigned a Student-Rjrent Support Worker (SPSW), who monitors school attendance, academic progress and programme participation while helping the student build stable relationships with parents, teachers and other students. Pathways' financial aid, such as bus tickets and lunch vouchers, was designed to remove financial barriers that hinder school participation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	41b70a54736ee0f1154b251e669524af	They simulate assessments of different families’ tax liabilities and benefit entitlements using a detailed representation of relevant policy rules and parameters (including tax rates, benefit eligibility criteria, and any rules determining the interaction of relevant policy areas, such as whether some benefits are taxable or not). On the tax side, simulated payments include income taxes and mandatory contributions to public or private social insurance schemes. On the benefit side, calculations account for all cash transfers that are typically available to able-bodied working-age individuals and their families: unemployment benefits, social assistance, housing benefits for rented accommodation, other minimum-income benefits, family benefits, and in-work transfers. They include work-incentive measures (e.g. marginal effective tax rates) and indicators of income adequacy (e.g. the net income of benefit recipients or low-wage workers relative to commonly used poverty thresholds).	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	41b90fe6fb60bba251cf31b36532ce7a	A new newsletter (INDICARE) has been launched for a wide spectrum of users. It compiles the main news, reports and events related to indicators and sustainable development at national and international levels. Various platforms for presenting environmental information contribute to the transparency and efficiency of processes of communication and access to information by the public. Since then, it has made progress in ensuring that the public is able to exercise the rights set out in the Convention’s three “pillars”.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	41b968a2c0553c85ecd77f7d8389ed95	Export restrictions have exacerbated global and domestic price volatility, undermining food security both within the region and from a global perspective. Meanwhile, stockholding regimes and policies to incentivise domestic production in large importing ASEAN countries, both supported by trade restrictions, have stabilised prices compared with ASEAN peers, but at a much higher level of prices (Figures 5 and 6). As food insecurity is concentrated among lower-income households, the net impact of these policies on food security is in fact negative.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9edc576b-en	41bf07a5c2dd39d7dd1d06fdcd25e77d	The illegal buildings and illegal connections are responsible for damage to the sewerage system designed for a capacity of 200,000 people in the 1960s. No new wastewater infrastructure has been built to keep pace with the increasing population in Tirana, which now stands at almost one million. In the new suburbs there is no sewerage infrastructure; new buildings are equipped with septic tanks which are emptied by pumping trucks, and sludge is discharged into the sewerage system.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	41bf2b4a1243ed5481986eec3f65c00d	However, in terms of incidence, poverty levels declined across all regions (figure II.3.B). Unfortunately, in the context of the current global economic and financial crisis, which is slowing down rates of economic growth, faster rates of population growth in developing countries without commensurate increases in productive employment and with a lack of comprehensive social protection have exacerbated the declines in real per capita incomes and have thus contributed to a rise in the number of poor persons. Data on recent global employment trends released by the International Labour Organization (ILO) also show that based on growth projections, the number of unemployed persons globally could rise by 20 million in 2009 as a result of the economic crisis (International Labour Organization, 2009a).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/604a5a2e-en	41bf75804763c0f0177fe90cef29218d	The more a country is able to reduce poverty and social deprivation, the more resilient it becomes, and the more likely it is to withstand or recover from a crisis with lower social, economic, and human loss. Emergency response is always more expensive than preparedness and risk mitigation. The framework cites four priorities: understanding disaster risk: strengthening disaster-risk governance to manage disaster risk; investing in disaster-risk-reduction for resilience; and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and “building back better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The framework relates direcdy to the UNFPA mandate.	5	8	0	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	41c39d8567405ad26632ebf178c271c0	By 2050, this share is expected to grow to about 33% (Passel, 201 l[8j). In 2009,17% of immigrant youth were white, non-Hispanic (the majority group in the overall population), 58% were of Hispanic origin and about 16% were Asian. Despite the apparent challenge of diversified classrooms, students in Canada have been excelling through their diversity; about 82% of first-generation immigrant students and 81% of native students attain baseline academic proficiency.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	41c5004163fd2cbeaf20b3b4ff0e65a0	From the available evidence, educational requirements (as well as salaries) appear to be higher in the NPP construction and operating sectors, but perhaps not as high in the decommissioning and waste management sectors as in onshore wind, and in both PV and CSP solar. Deployment of renewable electric energy”, in Electricity from Renewable Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments, NAS, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, p. 255, www.nap.edu/catalog/12619/electricity-from-renewable-resources-status-prospects-and-impediments. The use of energy is so pervasive throughout the economy that major transformations in society and economic performance have been driven by waves of innovation in energy supply and use. In the present context, it is of primary importance for policy makers to anticipate how the low-carbon energy transition will impact the economy, and whether it will help or hinder macroeconomic development. This chapter is therefore of a somewhat wider nature than the others.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/32bff34e-en	41c5ed4092c9d7c3000e8fc9ed2c57e3	"The EIF's success so far ""does not mean that the work is done. Rather, it is a reminder of how important this work is - and how much more focus it deserves"". Examples of EIF projects Equatorial Guinea is undertaking a diagnostic trade integration study as it seeks to move away from dependence on oil. These studies help countries identify and address constraints to trade, economic growth and sustainable development."	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/af2e028c-en	41c728d0e718daf8eed6cf9080d571c1	To respond to those challenges, 150 countries have developed national urban plans, with almost half of them in the implementation phase. Ensuring that those plans are well executed will help cities grow in a more sustainable and inclusive manner. That positive trend recently reversed course, and the proportion grew to 23.5 per cent in 2018.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086197-en	41c730b618010584ade1082ebfccd4ff	It must be implemented, monitored, reviewed and evaluated. Municipalities have an important role to play in communicating consistent criteria for language learning. Every municipality should have an action plan for language learning in line with the overall Ministerial policy and a consultant or coordinator for migrant education who can give consistent guidance to school leaders and help share good practices between schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	41d1ce6a87f7e848d146200576c20bba	A statement was made by the observer for the European Union. A statement was also made by the representative of FAO. Statements were also made by the observer for the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, as well as the representatives of the farmers and small forest landowners major group and the non-governmental organizations major group. The Forum considered agenda item 8 at its 5th to 9th meetings, on 7, 13 and 14 May 2015.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	41d22a79a711c075648d5b720bb576c2	Is there a risk that in meeting urgent, short term priorities of the most vulnerable microfmance might inadvertently promote actions that might exacerbate vulnerabilities over the longer term? This is the objective of the following two sections that examine the experiences of two low income countries: Bangladesh - the home of microfmance - and neighbouring Nepal, both of which are also extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Bangladesh ranks low on practically all measures of economic development. It has a population of over 133 million people in a small area, a population density of more than 1,209 persons per km2, and 75% of the population lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2002).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3eecb8cd-en	41d44d664735d6b179a0c3d9177291f5	Data are available from the FAOSTAT database (FAO, 2017d). As FAO statistics lack data on post-consumer (recycled) wood supply and use, an example is presented for European countries based on data from the European Panel Federation. Data are available from the FAOSTAT-Forestry database (FAO, 2017d) and 2000 was used as a base year for the index.	15	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	41d80b6618307f60fb1b4a1163cc4c47	Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment, Science Translational Medicine 309 (5742), 1844-1846 (15 September 2005); http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/309/ 5742/1844.full.pdf. Explaining Extreme Events of 2014 from a Climate Perspective, Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. Since the early 1990s, the climate contributions to this rise are approximately one-third attributable to ocean expansion due to warming, and two-thirds attributable to continental ice melt, shared almost equally between the polar ice caps of Greenland and the Antarctic on the one hand, and continental glaciers on the other. This date corresponds to the first satellite data obtained from the Topex satellites, which were subsequently replaced by Jason 1, 2 and 3.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f171d8d1-en	41d828d857412f56a5bf4928d7a8f126	The delegation used sport as a tool to unite and engage with the community. In partnership with the One World Play Project and Chevrolet, it donated over 11,000 footballs and hosted a friendly youth football match and other organized sporting activities. During the trip, the delegation met with representatives of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and with the Malawian Ministries of Lands, Housing and Urban Development; Health; Youth and Sports Development; and Agriculture, Irrigation and Water.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/62212c37-en	41dc9527bda37d554f41c4ddc76cd22b	Third, since the principle of the rubric as a tool for formative assessment was new to teachers, they were invited to experiment with this method during training sessions through exercises on stylised rubrics specifically created for that purpose. Co-ordinators reported that this process proved very useful to build teachers' comprehension of the project's tools and methods. Co-ordinators therefore planned the intervention as a system of steps intended to support teachers' acquisition of new knowledge and tools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	41deb11547e7338186b802b82c59c910	Rather, what is needed is a coherent whole-of-govemment approach, which addresses all dimensions of immigrants’ integration. Such an approach to integration builds on a strong collaboration between government departments and involvement of social partners. It first describes the project on Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination, and its implementation in South Africa.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	41e05740665f4d6e702598aa8b66f31c	The threat of serious marine pollution hangs over many situations of armed conflict. Typical of this are perhaps the concerns surrounding the fact that some of the w'orld’s most important oil tanker routes pass through areas rife with unrest and civil war. Piracy and the threat of hijack by terrorist groups (taking control of vessels physically or by breaching cyber-security defences) add to the list of concerns.	14	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	41e2b2b0e541d5dae70df420f27caea5	An important ongoing effect is the increased miniaturisation of electronics. Despite a large increase in unit sales of TVs, monitors, laptops, and tablets, the total amount of 'electronics' and, thus gold content, is rapidly declining. However, recovering a larger range of more diluted materials poses future recycling challenges.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	41e3c1413bf260f687bff9bc88a3a09b	This fact, coupled with Korea’s underdeveloped primary care infrastructure perhaps goes some way toward explaining Korea’s high volumes of potentially avoidable admissions for certain chronic conditions. Korea has a moderately high prevalence rate for diabetes and it also has a high admission rate for uncontrolled diabetes. In this regard Figure 3.5 suggests that Korea’s admission volumes for uncontrolled diabetes are considerably higher than expected, even after adjusting for diabetes prevalence.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	41e74b1ae479b544e97572387da4802c	While the dimensions are the same as for children in the third age group the indicators on education and child labour differ. Whereas children of 15 years and older are not obliged to go to school, the education dimension focuses also on schooling outcomes, rather than just access. The school enrolment indicator is combined with primary school attainment, meaning that children who are not going to school, but have completed primary school are not deprived. In addition, there is an indicator measuring quality, identifying a child as deprived if he/she cannot read and write in any language.	1	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289340311-3-en	41e813473e46d109c76c1d94e9bf6bec	The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) implies establishment of monitoring programmes for assessment, enabling the state and impact of the marine waters to be evaluated on a regular basis. Recently, several marine litter activities have been initiated parallel with the implementation of EU MSFD in Europe and thereby also in some of the Nordic countries, i.e. Sweden, Denmark and Finland. In Norway and Iceland, although not members of EU, national management plans for the marine environment in these countries also include many of the same important elements as in the EU MSFD and also targeting marine litter. For the other Nordic countries that are not EU Member States, i.e. Faroe Islands and Greenland, marine litter can also be relevant for their national marine management plans, although it is not at the moment targeted as a specific element within these plans.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	41eaf94ffcb41fb1c24da74d45da045e	As a result, the quality of sorting is uneven and there is considerable unexploited recovery potential, particularly for organic components and plastics from municipal waste. The polluter pays principle is only partially applied, and prices vary among the communes. There has been little progress in managing waste from the health sector, it is no longer co-ordinated, and self-sufficiency is not guaranteed for the treatment and disposal of infectious waste.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	41eb014f144ab0318364292bae7ae048	Given the GHG intensity of current energy generation, improving energy efficiency (EE) is often the cheapest, fastest and most environmentally friendly way to meet energy needs and help address climate change. Most of these obstacles are well documented, which provides a good starting point to formulate policy responses to help unlock the large potential for EE gains. Alternatively, energy use becomes more efficient when more goods or services are produced with the same amount of energy inputs.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/6a39744b-en	41ec18a6117573a5e50afa3a9edf0ef7	The industry has also expanded into production of bio-energy. Although only half of annual allowable cut wood is used, there has been excessive felling near the main transport routes and over-reliance on natural regeneration. The 2030 Strategy addresses this by supporting assisted regeneration, more intensive silviculture management and long-term planning, forest maintenance and infrastructure development. There have also been tensions about whether to extend PAs or increase the area allocated for timber harvesting; efforts are being made to balance industry and conservation interests through multistakeholder platforms.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	41f1dfc928b8fbaa876a92bb6968d420	Strict control over operators, and financial and administrative discipline, are ensured by the responsible ministry, the Prime Minister’s office and other specialised ministries such as the Ministry of Finance, the Procurement Commission, and the Accounting Commission. Overall, the utility has adopted a staged, conservative approach, with a long-term view that accommodates new ideas. For example, financial sector reform has made it easier for a water utility to access funding.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	41f30e8bbe02fc08056be43ec8742af9	There is also a small negative gap in the probability of being currently employed. This gap should however be contrasted with the positive gap in the share of the working life spent in paid jobs, estimated at 6.9 percentage points in the case of males and at 3.7 percentage points in the case of females. Overall, the evidence we have on different ISCED levels suggests that vocational education does not perform as well as academic education when earnings are concerned, and performs slightly better than academic education when employability measures are considered.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a0e5fdd9-en	41f4ae15700859ee952422a1672c6b64	The total generation of household, commercial and manufacturing waste in Ulaanbaatar exceeds 1 million t/y. Updated figures show practically the same waste generation from ger districts in summer and winter, because a lot of waste generated by ger residents in winter is used as fuel. In contrast, analysis of monthly data in 2013-2014 shows peaks of waste generation during the summer months, w'hich is attributed to commercial activities, mainly construction activities and services.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/70095f8a-en	41f505abd3cc999e1bc6288c7523f4e3	This shows an example of a gender gap for STEM education in line with the male bias noted above, in figure 3.8 for tertiary education. Closing the gender gap in tertiary education needs to factor in the strategic opportunity that graduating from STEM fields represents for African women and girls, as well as the overall benefits to the economy as a whole. Ethiopia has made good progress while narrowing inequalities, and although it remains far from the target, it is advancing towards the goal.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	41f568644cf837fb5d8abd0a3e78a5ad	A well-implemented plan is defined as one in which a high proportion of policies for achieving an objective in the plan are implemented by the development permits. The evaluation method focuses on the strength of the linkages between policies and permits, measured through the adoption of relevant management techniques. For each permit, implementation is measured as the proportion of plan polices that are implemented by the permit (as a proportion of all relevant policies).	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	41f90338d71f14f71e675b9653001597	"Lastly, an information and awareness campaign has been designed, ""Mexican Tourism Facing the Challenge of Climate Change"". Potential barriers to implementation are seen in the resistance of the private sector to invest in energy efficiency and to accept the decarbonisation of the economy as an attractive goal. To this end, policy instruments are currently kept under review with regard to their potential to reduce GHG emissions and their impact on business, as well as possibilities for implementation."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	41fc84a820408782ac427defee4f4a03	It also looks at changes in families’ income that are not explained by changes in family and work characteristics but may be due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the place of children in the income distribution. These latter changes may reflect the evolution of the institutional contexts where children live and grow up. In simple terms, the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in child poverty due to changes in the characteristics of child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and poverty rates. The decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers (they correspond to labour income in their vast majority, capital income being generally low for poor households), and for disposable income after social transfers. By comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers, one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/da48ce17-en	41fd706c9531c0682a7d01fc812dc30a	Assessing whether adaptation measures contribute to reducing a country’s exposure and vulnerability to climate change requires aggregating information horizontally across climate-sensitive sectors, as well as vertically across different levels of government. Another important spatial dimension is that of transboundary climate risks, which can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains or trade. There are emerging examples of climate risk monitoring at the transnational river basin level.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	41fe382738e7d1bf86686e3c7b490568	In Serbia, monitoring of quantity and quality requires improvement; a wide range of other measures need to be introduced or are planned, including the construction of the regional water supply system of Banat — as a supplementary measure in the respective River Basin Management Plans. This will use groundwater from the Danube alluvium (area between Kovin and Dubovac). The preparations, including studies, arc expected to be completed by 2015. The aquifer is under low qualitative risk due to the good natural protection of deep groundwater from surface pollution. The process of negotiation in this context began at the end of 2010. Sharing of experience between the two countries with the aim of addressing the issue of naturally occurring arsenic is also a field in which, according to Serbia, assistance would be of help.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/355832ee-en	42026511b8afe5752261513e4501981d	Sons, daughters, and parental behaviour', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3): 340-356. Child deprivation, multidimensional poverty and monetary poverty in Europe', Office of Research Working Paper 2012-02. Issues in the measurement of poverty', The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 81 (2): 285-307. Material Deprivation Among Children'.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	42040a2ddfc97a154e8818c06a1442bf	In the case of both types (communal or intercommunal) building permits are delivered by the city council of each town. This commune’s role is to develop a land use plan that reflects its priorities, but in a w'ay that is consistent w ith national and regional planning guidelines in accordance with its devolved competencies over land-use. Since the adoption of the Law for Housing Access and Renewed Urban Planning (ALUR, 2014), there is some disconnect between plans at the intercommunal level (with the PLUi), and land-use and building permits w'hich remain under municipal jurisdiction.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	42056b125e88f415107a23155a956bbc	These include marginal abatement cost curve analysis, options analysis, impact assessments, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis. However, information and data constraints can limit their application. In particular, limited evidence and knowledge to provide good appraisals and identify market failures and barriers as well as inherent uncertainties in appraising climate adaptation projects are cited as key barriers to identifying effective projects ex-ante. Such methodologies can help to direct allocation of future climate finance to projects and programmes with the highest overall results (for example, the UK’s DFID/DECC Greenhouse Gas Appraisal Guidance and the World Bank Source Book).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	4208755a00e51179aa10c98f84ed2430	Marketability and market impact ensure polices can and will work in the global and local markets that supply energy efficient technologies, are attractive to decision-makers, and are likely to attract investment finance. The policy attributes are color coded to signify the strength of fit between the policy and the attributes. A green background signifies a strong fit between attribute and the identified policy, orange signifies a concern that should be considered and addressed if the policy is to be applied. The process of developing a national strategy is inherently a consultative process, where the different players in the economy can be drawn in to identify practical opportunities and priorities and help identify the policies and resources that will need to be mobilized in an effective implementation. Ideally grants will have a defined exit strategy so they do not displace private funds. Grants can be tailored to needs and be phased in and out to balance and synergize with other policy priorities.__________________________	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283350-en	420da725d27e7900f516a55536868823	Recent changes have enabled more substitution by increasing the role of nurses and midwives in health system organisation. Yet no clear plan exists on how to pursue this direction in the coming years. Furthermore, the workforce is ageing and the nurse to population ratio is declining (see Section 4).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	420f25ad3604219f08c321d91337b250	These land uses are declining and consequently, low bushes and trees are quickly spreading across these areas in the absence of grazing animals which would normally help contain such growth. This affects the accessibility of the land for tourism. Thus, the landscapes are changing and the Puys mountains may become somewhat less accessible for tourists as a result.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	42120abf785d5647a039634bd656829f	The forestry sector is also important: the formal forestry sector is estimated to contribute more than USD 600 billion, or 0.9% of the world’s GDP, and provide employment to 13.2 million people (FAO, 2014). Concurrently, forests, particularly in the tropics, provide habitat to 80% of global terrestrial species and a variety of ecosystem services (UN SPF, 2017). Fisheries play an important role for food security and nutrition, and fishery trade is especially important for developing nations, in some cases accounting for more than half of the total value of traded commodities (FAO, 2014).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	421498dd6e017184806d98720dbb52b2	Furthermore, also prior to the reform the participation rate of French mothers with young children was already quite high compared to most other OECD countries. Org/10.1016/i.iPubeco.2014.12.013: Geyer, J., P. Haan and K. Wrohlich (2015), “The Effects of Family Policy on Maternal Labor Supply: Combining Evidence from a Structural Model and a Quasi-experimental Approach”, Labour Economics, Vol. An Evaluation of a French Reform of Childcare Subsidies”, Labour Economics, Vol.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	4214e102d8b3ec5e9b7af591d090daa4	In fact, it is not just the mother’s current health status that affects children but rather the longstanding maternal health represented by the mother’s own low birth-weight, which is associated with a higher probability of her children experiencing low birth weight (Currie and Moretti, 2007). Currie and Moretti (2007) estimate an average intergenerational correlation of 0.17, meaning that a 100 g increase in the birth weight of a mother is associated with a 17 g increase in the birth weight of her children. Trying to quantify the impact of health at birth on adult outcomes, the estimates in Black, Devereux and Salvanes (2005) suggest that a 7.5% increase in birth weight would lead to a 1.1% increase in the birth weight of a person’s children in Norway.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/584f8730-en	42151800a8a558598eeae3837a747ceb	Exports of major items, such as garments and rice, also softened amid increased competition driven by Myanmar’s liberalization and Viet Nam’s engagement in free trade agreements. Reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers under the ASEAN Economic Community should be used as an opportunity to accelerate economic diversification, especially because the role of garment exports in driving the economy may not be as strong as in the past. In August 2015, the Government launched a new industrial development policy that is aimed at expanding the industrial base beyond garments and food processing to such areas as machinery and electrical equipment assembly and agro-industrial production. To realize such a development, it will be important to attract FDI into higher value-added sectors and channel more credit to upgrade the industrial sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	42184f54a22f1dba1de55eb950f059b5	While this outcome represents a major challenge for employment policy, particularly in the context of increasing pressures for fiscal consolidation, it is better than might have been expected given how sharply output fell (see Section 2). Comparing unemployment rate trajectories during this and previous recessions0. For certain countries, these may differ from the harmonised unemployment data used in Figure 1.2.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9509058-en	4219fea556fd2045d2018dbac11476c5	This is the ultimate goal of sophisticated private sector management for sustainability. Corporate and government strategies that help to restore natural capital can help to enhance livelihoods and earn the respect and support of local communities. Community support can also be achieved through a focus on this, as described in a previous section of this chapter.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	422115aebba2903de6a62a753d7e71eb	The CICC has been an important driver of policy development on climate and has engaged the main ministries in this area. In 2005, for example, SEMARNAT’s General Directorate of Environmental Information and Statistics established a National System of Environmental Indicators (SNIA) covering terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems, among others. It comprises a set of 49 indicators of environmental performance plus three key headline indicators.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	42211ace43dd73bca10b68962543b7ae	In contrast, finance channelled through the national budgetary processes is non-earmarked, and therefore its allocation is less transparent than finance disbursed through extra-budgetary channels14. According to recipient countries and supporters, applying a budget code to track climate related expenditures across all sectors can help to increase transparency and accountability of finance, but the majority of countries do not yet have a tracking system in place. One example is the establishment of a climate fund portal to operate within the budgetary system, as an experimental mechanism to manage climate finance inflows.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/e683e7ef-en	42242b139ac8a01c5a3494837730cc7a	"One of the main goals of these strategies has been to increase the growth and productivity of the business community - and to make it easier and cheaper to establish digital infrastructure. Such regional examples can be found throughout the Nordic Region. For instance, Region Norrbotten in northern Sweden initiated a project called ""Platform Lumiora"" in cooperation with the municipalities of Norrbotten, Norrbotten County Council and IT Norrbotten, with the aim of speeding up the expansion of high-speed Internet in the region. Also, Region Holland, located on Sweden's west coast, has developed a strategy for the cross-border expansion of high-speed broadband to ensure that 100% of households in rural areas will be offered a fibre connection."	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	422461d20c07daec46c19d7a1b901dcc	However, without any international agreement that will lock in existing reforms, and continue the trend to lower levels of protection, there remains a risk that if price trends were to reverse, there could be a shift back tow'ards protectionism. Bouet and Laborde (2009) suggest that without an agreement, a shift towards protectionism by countries increasing tariffs to bound rates would be costly in both trade and welfare terms. These costs could be significantly mitigated through the signing of an agreement.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	422512df0cbb4b999e75362a3ce6b8e5	Moreover, it is often (natural or man-made) disasters, rather than the careful assessment and management of risks ahead of time that prompts countries to worry about their level of protection against water risks. Strategies for managing risks should consider not only risk reduction, but also look for opportunities to avoid risk (by reducing vulnerability and exposure), transfer risk (through insurance schemes, for instance), and, in some cases, bear risks, when it is cost-effective to do so. The policy toolkit to manage water risks includes direct regulatory measure, market-based instruments and public financial support.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	4227daf7b20008a2c1c67dedcadd2f84	A negative attestation decision leads to the suspension of the school’s license. The attestation report contains a list of the violations found and sometimes identifies the liable individuals within the school. While the focus of the report is an account of the violations to the regulations, it generally also contains a range of recommendations for the improvement of school pedagogical practices.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/35651950-en	422a49a3032852efb58ec017349de9cd	Targets under Goal 6 make specific references to equitable access to water and sanitation. Target 6.1 calls countries to achieve by 2030 universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. Target 6.2 calls countries to achieve by 2030 access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	422a8dcedab3b89e29f3e467e1c1de1b	Portugal estimates savings of 0.5 Mtoe/year of primary energy supply, 4 Mt C02 eq/year of GHG emissions and EUR 2 billion/year on oil imports by 2020. It is estimated that the development of industrial clusters linked to the electric vehicles and the network will create about 3 000 new jobs and EUR 500 million of value added. The savings were achieved at an overall cost to the government budget of about EUR 325 million in two years, of which one-third in tax incentives. This is much higher than the amount initially foreseen.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	422b452c9ba8caade8d9e1a654c22062	Clearly though, while mitigation may benefit these women as individuals, it does not reduce depletion at the household level. Replenishment could occur through state, community and/or private contributions to sustain social reproduction. The Australian Government’s provision of housing, electricity, water, health, education and other basic welfare services to resettled refugees is an important replenishment of their capacities for social reproduction. The UNHCR’s support of refugees awaiting resettlement is also a (limited) replenishment.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	422bce41664dea4f63ab7df1a8f88d87	As the characteristics of successful adaptation actions are likely to vary site to site, institutional and process lessons relating to adaptation activities may be more transferable than information about the specific actions. Before creating a new institution or arrangement, it will be important to identify what gap such an institution would fill, and whether a new institution is the most efficient way of filling such a gap. Table 12 (below) provides an outline summary of characteristics of current proposals for new international adaptation institutions.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	4231ec6e9999f23b6507c570cd74125a	All Annex II Parties are also members of the OECD DAC, as are four further Annex I Parties, and as such use Rio markers to “tag” the amount of bilateral ODA used for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and report this information under the CRS. All EU member countries (many of whom are non-Annex II) are beginning to report information on climate finance under EU monitoring regulations (as outlined above), as well as to the OECD DAC. The transparency framework set out in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement also provides for voluntary reporting of information on the provision of support by “other Parties”.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	42398d02718d6da7c44782481055b04d	If appropriate and co-ordinated follow-up is provided after discharges, patients are not usually re-admitted to hospital within 30 days. A high rate of unplanned re-admissions is therefore an indicator of the quality of several dimensions of the mental health system. In order to monitor quality of mental health care and mental health system performance, unplanned 30 day hospital re-admission rates are used by organisations in various OECD countries such as the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Care Quality Commission in the United Kingdom and the National Mental Health Performance Monitoring System in the United States.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	423a274bf4ffd2ba6ad3a261f1e243ea	In addition to the reinforcement and extension of the grid, the need to cover strongly varying residual load would not only continue to generate long-run adequacy costs but also impose added ramp costs on dispatchable operators. The latter have not been accounted for explicitly in this study due to data issues but have been qualitatively discussed in the context of load following of nuclear plants and should not be neglected in a more complete analysis. For instance in California, where peak demand is reached in the middle of the day due to air conditioning, solar power, which reaches its maximum contribution with some regularity during almost the same hours, has a relatively high capacity credit (this rather favourable situation in California and the south-western United States cannot be extrapolated to the rest of the United States).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	423bdaf2533e218ad4f23be2afd67886	In effect, the frequency and percentage of individuals that go through different judicial processes and use legal services are not the same for men and w'omen. International evidence suggests that civil and family matters are likely to be the most relevant for women. New Zealand, for example, provides sex-disaggregated data in its Family Court Statistics, w'hich show that in 2007, 91% of applicants requesting protection orders against violence were female, 61% of applicants requesting custody of children were female, 62% of applicants requesting the division of property were female and 51% of applicants requesting one-partv dissolution of marriage or civil union were female.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	423bdb3b134b8827e5f3c815fddd74f5	Such reforms will be vital to foster investments, put in place strategic water policies and ensure coherent implementation. Good governance of the water sector is essential to achieving sustainability, whether in terms of economic growth, environmental health or social well-being, and to finding a balance among them. By “water governance” we mean the rules and practices for decision-making on water, and how these decisions are translated into action. Governance is distinct from water management, which refers to operational, on-the-ground activity to align water resources, supply, consumption and recycling.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	423f150955b7772118d1f18578cceb4a	The Zeita Dam near the Lebanese-Syrian border is partly supplied with water diverted from the main stream of the Orontes in Lebanon through the left-bank Zeita Canal. Both this canal and the right-bank Jawsiyeh Canal are also used for direct irrigation of downstream Syrian lands. The two canals are located between the Hermel and Al Omeiry monitoring stations. Diversions through these canals may partly explain the decrease in long-term average annual discharge (approx.	6	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	42423b709513c932c6ef7ba721175677	After the 1994 GLOF claimed 22 lives, the government of Bhutan sought to establish an early warning system to give downstream inhabitants time to evacuate. The majority of the sensors were only accessible via a nine-day trip on a pack animal. Here, the mayor first placed phone calls to municipal employees to get information about the disaster.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	42453bd4134e1d90a4248de9862ca041	These outcome variables indicate how successful stockholding policies are at achieving their primary purposes (Table 4.1). In cases where buffer stock schemes only impose a floor price, the government intends to support producers by offering them a minimum price. The performance of these types of buffer stocks can be assessed by analysing farm incomes or producer prices. Buffer stocks with ceiling prices are designed to protect consumers from price hikes and their effectiveness can be evaluated by examining if consumer prices reached lower and more stable levels.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7c1b09-en	425826a425166947a2d472957ec774d0	For example, in such countries as Tunisia, the implementation of these programmes, which are seen as a new form of public jobs, has created a serious burden on the budget. In addition, analysis suggests that while the mentioned reform programmes have generated “islands of excellence”, they have failed to initiate broader systemic changes.41 Systemic changes in terms of a structural transformation of Arab economies, diversification away from rents and a move into other technologically advanced sectors, have been on the Arab agenda for a while, and in some aspects the process is on an encouraging path. The share of the manufacturing sector, as well as of services such as telecommunications, trade and tourism, are increasing rapidly. Manufacturing is now the second largest sector in Egypt and Jordan.42 However, many manufacturing enterprises continue the low-skilled, low-value-added and low-productivity trend in the region, often using foreign migrant labour, thereby further emphasizing the comparatively low knowledge content of the economy.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	4258ccae61e9cb21a4898fee3c9a9492	Furthermore, if public procurement were to discriminate in favour of environmental sustainability (or pro-poor inclusion), in the absence of verification in Ethiopia to prove the sustainability of supplies to agreed standards, this might open the door to corruption. However, there are examples on which to build an inclusive green procurement programme: the Protection of Basic Services (PBS) programme supported by the World Bank positively discriminates in favour of the poor. But business and civil society involvement is needed to test new green solutions in Ethiopian field and livelihood conditions.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	42590e6ec728ef02e3c97249733b62c8	"Statement at a joint hearing ofthe Committee on Commerce and Committee on Foreign Relations ofthe US Senate by A.J. Parkinson from the Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, on the Arctic Human Health Initiative, 26 September, 2006. Tuberculosis in Canada 2006, Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Suicide among Indigenosu Sami in Arctic Norway, 1970-1988"", European Journal of Epidemiology No.9 September 2006."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	425aa9c43d27bd2020328c8d52554516	Improvements in health coverage as measured by access to services is demonstrated in some key metrics, such as reductions in unmet health care needs, reductions in waiting times for an appointment, and increased perceptions of quality by service users (Figures 1.12, 2.2 and 1.13 respectively). As with extension of financial protection, improved access to services has mostly benefited the poorest Colombians: reported unmet health care needs in the past month fell from 33.2% surveyed in 1993 to 2.0% in 2013 (compared to 7.3% and 0.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile) and preventive health care consultations (in the 12 months prior to being surveyed) rose from 30.1% of the population surveyed in 1993 to 62.8% in 2010 (compared to 50.2% and 78.9% respectively amongst the richest quintile). The vast majority of these health system contacts (85%) were in the ambulatory care sector (MSPS, 2013a). Reassuringly, only 15% of health system contacts involved complex emergency care and/or hospital admissions, which suggests that the system as a whole is not adversely biased tow'ard hospital care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	425b48426a4f22ac9371fdbe85889143	Consistent with Sweden’s culture of local empowerment, trust and shared values, this agenda is not nationally mandated. The responsibility for continuing professional education for all employed medical staff rests with the employers, i.e. county councils, municipalities and private providers. It is unclear whether these ad hoc, local arrangements offer adequate opportunities for up-skilling GPs and other primary care staff, including in providing and co-ordinating care for the growing volume and complexity of physical and mental health needs of an ageing population.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	425cacb55354df01717d93241d96966d	Among them, the most burdensome factor, according to Freund and Rocha (2010), is bureaucratic delays, with customs and port delays coming second and transit delays third. It measures the number of rural people living within two km of an all-season road as a proportion of the total rural population. An all-season road is a road that is passable all year round by the prevailing means of rural transport (typically a pick-up or a truck which is not four-wheel-drive).	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	42611f6d038225ecf76761c3d3af2c1b	This event symbolized China’s formal entry' into the global economic arena. It included, in particular, the granting of Permanent Normal Trade Relations status with the United States - its largest single trading partner. This normalization removed the uncertainties in bilateral trade relations between these two large economies, and played a key role in the rapid increase of FDI to China, which accelerated production-sharing across East Asia.11 China’s accession to the WTO also implied the eventual elimination of discriminatory', WTO-inconsistent measures against its exports within an agreed time frame.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	426706c5a152b66d927a296742ae6a65	The SERCs are responsible for specifying the renewable percentages in their states. Renewable generators receive a higher tariff for electricity sold to the distribution companies. The tariffs are being set by the SERCs following guidelines from the CERC. So far, 21 states have introduced renewable quotas between 1% and 14% for 2010/11 (MNRE, 2010b).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	426b65843c9fd3daa9740fc24c087f3e	In all, these actors from emerging countries represent EUR 500 million invested in some 80 companies. Such funding typically ranges from EUR 2 million to EUR 100 million and targets entrepreneurs who either already have significant experience in the industry or have a partner company with an international reputation in the field. The minimum expected rate of return is about 15%.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgkdgdkc8tl-en	426c648e7de23dff08a70df857e6cff3	Moreover, this literature provides strong evidence to demonstrate how higher-level workforce skills directly affect the capacity of individuals and firms to engage in product and process innovation. Finally, it has been suggested that for a range of reasons, such as increased global competition, employers are increasingly adopting organisational innovations which require employees to attain higher level technical skills and a broader range of skills in order to implement ‘high performance work systems’. This chapter also summarises the key criticism of these three approaches.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	426e453a7e9803a4e0892e537aee131a	Ce document est le premier a donner une vue d’ensemble du niveau des remunerations dans la finance et de leurs implications pour les inegalites des revenus du travail dans les pays europeens. Neanmoins, sa taille relativement modeste fait que son impact sur les inegalites de revenu est reduit, mais visible. Les simulations realisees montrent que cet impact s’explique essentiellement par les remunerations et les primes versees par les etablissements financiers, superieures a celles des salaries au profil comparable des autres secteurs.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	426e72cbf4589b20d8592f69c5c2b276	Cutting down on investment costs may also be achieved by lowering service standards to levels that a country can afford: for example, many developing countries have adopted Western standards without tailoring them to their own circumstances, resulting in unnecessary investment costs. Each country is likely to adopt a different mix of the 3Ts to meet WSS’s financing needs. Most countries have used public transfers (either from their own government or from external sources) to fund the development of WSS, particularly for capital expenditure. As countries develop and WSS become more mature, there tends to be a shift towards more use of commercial finance, reimbursed by growing cash flows from user charges {i.e. tariffs).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e79e9221-en	427159675f0bb5f3e973b7694e4020ef	Additionally, young people will have to live longer than their elders with the repercussions of current environmental decisions. Aside from being subjected to environmental consequences, young people are especially well-positioned to be advocates, problem-solvers, and agents for environmental change. Meaningful partnerships with young people can raise wider awareness, create capacity, and drive behaviour change that promotes sustainable consumption and protection of our natural resources (United Nations, 2003).	5	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	4271c9a64db325ccdd74b4c78579a561	Aid has frequently been provided for with non-economic objectives, such as emergency assistance following disaster relief, or for political or geostrategic reasons. During the Cold War, billions of dollars of aid supported corrupt and tyrannical dictators such as Joseph Mobutu of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Jean-Bedel Bokassa of the Central African Republic. In other cases, aid may have had a negative effect on growth through ‘Dutch Disease’ effects - where inflows of capital reduce the competitiveness of the export sector through the appreciation of exchange rates. More generally, the cross-section ‘aid and growth’ literature is bedevilled by all the econometric problems associated with the ‘trade and growth’ literature, to which we referred earlier.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	427500995f62ad11c21dc78a378b96cc	Some countries also report more specific objectives for some parts of the housing sector. Objectives for the social rental sector, for example, include reducing its construction and running costs (Denmark); improving its regulation (the Czech Republic); or enabling a more diverse range of providers (New Zealand). The phenomenon is significant in other OECD and key partner countries as well: around 30% of the urban population lives in slums in in India and Brazil, 23% in Indonesia and South Africa and 19% in Mexico (see UN Millennium Development Goals Database, 2014). Due to rapid urbanization in developing countries, the number of slum dwellers is projected to grow in the coming years (UN-Habitat, 2014) and eradication of urban slums by 2020 has been included by the United Nations among the targets of the UN Millennium Development Goals (Target 11 of Goal 7).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	42764035e1aa421bf9841b20ac2c19eb	However, given our preoccupation with the impacts of the global recession on children, we include detailed information on all individuals in the micro model to analyze poverty and inequality effects at the individual level. We do not attempt to model intra-household allocation decisions and instead simply assume that consumption is shared equitably (proportionally to caloric needs) among members of each household. As a consequence, adults and children are considered to be monetary or caloric poor if they belong to a monetary or caloric poor household, i.e. a household for which per-adult equivalent consumption expenditure is less than the poverty line or the per adult equivalent daily calorie consumption is below 2450 kcal (for Burkina Faso a caloric poverty line of 2283 kcal is used as the food component in the monetary poverty line is based on this minimum caloric requirement, INSD 2009).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264111356-11-en	427e045c808cceea9b675afdcfe1f475	They provide an example where production and income growth may not be accompanied by a rise in overall well-being. Degraded environmental quality can result from and cause unsustainable development patterns. It can have substantial economic and social consequences, from health costs to reduced agricultural output, impaired ecosystem functions and a generally lower quality of life. They affect human health through air and water pollution, exposure to hazardous substances and noise, as well as through indirect effects from climate change, transformations in the water cycles, biodiversity loss and natural disasters that affect the health of ecosystems and damage the property and life of people. People also benefit from environmental services, such as access to clean water and nature, and their choices are influenced by environmental amenities.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	428414a0bf7b8fdd6da58941ba3df708	Remedial measures are adopted within the process of continuous assessment when students arc not progressing at an appropriate rate. All decisions regarding student assessment arc made jointly by the leaching team (within the framework established by education authorities). At the end of each year, all the teachers of the group jointly decide on each pupil's promotion after considering the attainment of the objectives of the year.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	428504f1a5f3e63d3f7314655e5e49a5	This is known as infill development. However, while infill development is allowed in Chilean cities, private-sector developers, which account for 80% of urban investment, tend to find greater returns on investment in undeveloped land outside urban cores. One important tool is to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	4285a0bffbbccf6da07ed27cf3e30c8c	Notably, the Cost Reduction Directive aims to increase infrastructure sharing. This may simply be due to the different investment cycles of energy and telecommunication infrastructures. Perceived issues of liability may however also prevent a stronger engagement of industry actors in this type of cooperation.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	428e751a0a55cc75c538bcd1525ce455	Consequently these challenges cannot be solved by unilateral actions confined within national borders. A mechanism that guides concerted action at the global level is required. Global governance can serve as an effective tool in addressing global sustainability issues that require governance across national borders. The key function of global governance is coordination across various dimensions. The objective of this framework is to identify coordination issues in each of these dimensions as part of the design of global governance on sustainability issues. As a case study, the global governance of agri-food is examined, with particular attention to the problems of securing the quantity and quality of food.	2	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	42916af906ce9cad163337a0e08e8048	The following section examines the role of incentives in promoting the cost containment role of primary care. A concluding section discusses the broader alignment of health system design with that objective, and the policy implications. In this domain, the prime role of primary care might take the form of conventional disease prevention activities, such as vaccination programmes, or influencing behavioural change aimed at reducing the risk of future disease.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	4291acd0354700172689235e44bde770	However, it does not contain information about measures’ financial cost or expected benefits. This is particularly an issue for natural hazard management, because the climate processes causing hazards operate on a small scale. The variety of geographies and microclimates means that it can be misleading to apply average results generated for larger areas (PLANALP, 2012).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	4292dcca767579537ecabe2203641ab1	As a result, women are highly under-represented in most security system institutions. In order to achieve equitable representation of men and women, measures need to be implemented to increase the recruitment, retention and advancement of women and other under-represented groups. Full participation also entails consulting with men and women on security and justice issues and involving both men and women in effective civil society oversight.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	4294976c9aa1588a67fce3ca1eb98c77	About 39.9 per cent of the women workers were employed as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers in 2011-2012 as against 28.1 per cent of men workers (Table 9-1). Though 8.3 per cent of men workers in 2011-2012 were legislators, senior officials and managers, only 3.8 per cent of the women workers were in that category. The place of work of about 34.9 per cent of women workers in 2011-2012, as against 11.4 per cent of men, was own dwelling or adjacent areas (Table 10-1).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	4295191a04f26a232772a6d6e4f9e54e	But they succeeded because of the time and effort they invested in educating teachers and fostering peer collaboration. At the end of the process, they not only obtained reliable student-performance data, but teachers also had a good understanding of the nature of the assessment and how students responded to the different tasks. Perhaps most important, teachers had a better sense of how teachers in other classrooms and other schools were grading similar student work.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	429665c8c6ef458b198d5f456e41f755	A decrease in the consumption of meat through adoption of more sustainable diets can lead to a substantial reduction in the use of land and other natural resources, thus improving the prospects of sustainable development, as illustrated in box IV.3. Public policies and programmes designed to improve health, water and sanitation services will be particularly important. Increasing individuals’ awareness of the benefits of healthier diets, through information campaigns and educational programmes, is also relevant. Poultry meat consumption level is expected to be 2.3 times higher than in 2010, while consumption of other livestock products is expected to be between 1.4 and 1.8 times higher (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009d).	2	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	4296f24b2fabfca33cecd90f217b13bc	Nicaragua’s Atencion a Crisis programme has had no impact on child height among children of any age group (Macours et al., And in Honduras, the Programa de Asignacion Familiar (PRAF) had no effect on child height (Hoddinott, 2008). These effects have been argued to be attributable in part to the small size of transfers and lack of complementary services (Yablonski & O’Donnell, 2009). Key Issues: How can cash transfer programmes contribute to improved food and nutrition security?	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	4297582620c23ab3164666c4041ca86e	The next section describes the distributional and fiscal impacts of these types of stocks, as well as their effect on the private sector and international spillovers. Public stocks can be acquired or sold to provide price incentives to farmers, stabilise prices in domestic markets, mitigate the effects of sudden price rises, or offer stable prices to consumers. Governments can also decide to build or distribute stocks in order to set up or replenish a strategic stockpile aimed at securing an adequate suppty of food, distribute food to vulnerable household and people suffering from chronic food insecurity', respond to urgent food needs arising from emergency situations, or reduce the impacts of a fall in production.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	42988a401005f25eadad82b694d3a332	Source: BPS Indonesia; OECD statistical databases; WB WDI; FAOSTAT. While smallholders are also important suppliers of perennial crops, there are large private and state-owned farms operating mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra specialised in perennial crops, in particular palm oil and rubber. Their average size is around 2 600 ha and they occupy about 15% of the total crop area.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/967bd43c-en	4299ce886bff2f5c40b2289bf3f3b049	In most of the EAC countries, judicial officers handle cases of sexual and gender-based violence according to laws relevant to the acts specifically charged. A number of relevant cases have been identified and appear in the annex to this paper. Kenya makes mention of ‘forced marriage’ in the definitive part of Protection against Domestic Violence Act under section 4 but it does not create an offence of ‘forced marriage.’	5	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	429d3ffbe74c792f63bcfe912ff8e99e	There is a uniform rate nationwide whatever the quality objective or diluting capacity of receiving waters (OECD, 2008c). Under the principle of compensation recognised under Korean law, revenues collected from downstream beneficiaries are used to compensate upstream residents for losses due to land use regulation, an important step towards truly integrated water and land management at the river basin level. In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination. While these have been primarily funded through public budget allocation - implicitly recognising society as a whole as a beneficiary - it is possible to design alternative funding mechanisms with specific fees or levies on water bills, fees for recreational uses or fisheries and levies on flood plain dwellers, so as to allocate costs more directly to direct beneficiaries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	429ded2d30886c4b66c61ca56a312a38	The CET elasticities are based on the OECD’s Policy Evaluation model (PEM) (OECD, 2003; Huang et al., First, livestock sectors use crops in their feed mix to raise the animals. In the feed mix agricultural crops compete with processed feed and by-products from biofuel production (DDGS, oilcakes - see below).	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/85946e24-en	429e89978612bdea5881407bd07900e4	Despite this significant improvement, the ambitious target of a two thirds reduction between 1990 and 2015, as contained in Millennium Development Goal 4, was not achieved at the global scale (United Nations IGME, 2015). In 2010-2015, the under-five mortality rate in the less developed regions was 54 per 1,000, more than nine times as high as in the more developed regions, where it stood at 6 per 1,000 live births. Among other countries of the less developed regions, the risk of dying before age five was 45 per 1,000 live births, slightly more than half the level of the least developed countries.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	42ad537ce4b33af327ac53c7e09afeda	Part of this surface is naturally regenerated by seeds and/or vegetative regeneration. Legislative violations seem to be the major cause of illegal wood harvesting in Romania, for example, fraudulent permit use, registration of high-quality wood as low-quality timber to avoid taxes, false records on real harvested volumes, evasion of controls and logging in PAs. As reported by NEG, there are problems with illegal economic activities (such as illegal constmctions) underlying illegal logging, as well as a shortage of financial, human and material resources to address illegal logging. Other, more sector-specific reports (on mountain ecosystems, for example) have also been submitted to the CBD.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	42b225b6a092c332f152673cf022a6d5	The institutions administering the expenditure programmes should also have sufficient capacity to manage them - including the capacity to bear the financial risks some forms of support can involve (e.g. loans and loan guarantees). Neither debt nor, contingent and implicit liabilities (e.g. loan guarantees) should be incurred without explicit and prior approval from fiscal authorities. For example, subsidies to water-efficient irrigation equipment can increase the irrigated area, leading inter alia to increased water shortage and pollution problems.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	42b2bd46c396d75c6b8528d2baabbc71	Chapter V explores two important areas of international cooperation: international financing for climate change adaptation and the development of improved systems of information and data sharing. Those uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of climate change with mega-trends related to demographic dynamics, urbanization, globalization and technological progress. In order to in some way address these conditions of uncertainty, the international research community has adopted a set of narratives which consider possible pathways for development. The estimation of plausible scenarios in the future are produced by different combinations of those mega-trends.	13	1	10	0.8181818181818182
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	42b402ef6fb51647b25884e7308a5633	Average nutrient concentrations are much higher due to pollution from intensive farming. In some cases total phosphorus concentrations have reached 100 pl/1, a level characteristic of hypereutrophic waterbodies. The most affected aquifers were in northeastern Slovenia, which suffered from high pollution loads due to livestock waste.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0899dee9-en	42b4985338af3c649aa6cf463cda0dd2	"Hard"" conditionalities have had positive effects on children’s school enrolment in some contexts,51 but in others the results of conditional transfers for children are often no better than unconditional ones52 or are associated with the existence and quality of public services.55 Moreover, women’s time and efforts to meet conditionalities bring no additional social benefits.54 The loss in women’s well-being imposed by conditionalities can be greater than the cash benefit, as evidenced in the case of Guatemala.55 This provides support for the removal of conditionalities. Where sex-disaggregated data exist, statistics show that coverage for women is lower. This is particularly the case in countries with contributory pension systems, as women’s low and intermittent formal employment patterns make them less able than men to make payroll contributions.58 In contributory pension systems, a way of recognizing unpaid care and domestic work is through credits."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	42b7c78961c84bd4b4bf3893c0fdc7e7	Investment in R&D has resulted in high growth in Brazilian scientific knowledge, particularly within tropical agriculture. Embrapa has provided comprehensive recommendations ranging from how to correct acid soils and low fertility, the development of varieties that are adapted to the low latitudes and higher temperatures of tropical environments, and to pest and disease control and production systems. Universities also produce high level research in areas complementing Embrapa’s activities, such as in nutrition, health and the environment. This mechanism facilitates participation in global or regional agricultural research networks. Embrapa is also actively collaborating on technology transfer and adaptive research with developing economies, with an emphasis on tropical areas in Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	42baecb06042216566819ba5e68a7c96	In many cases, the principle of equality between men and women is enshrined in the national Constitution and overrides any contrary customary practice. An agricultural holding is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management. Percentages of women and men holders by country do not always sum to 100 in case of e.g. joint holdings or unreported gender.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273153-6-en	42bc79ba69e69698d39aaeec22b87d64	However, the measures taken towards more equitable wealth distribution must not disincentivise the rich from taking up their productive activities, nor create any other perverse effects on local or global growth. International institutions must abandon the post-WWII logic of paternalistic humanitarianism. For a more peaceful world, development issues must be studied through the lens of the egalitarian distribution of wealth.	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cf0dfbf3-en	42bcf889947600400713c598c66fbde2	However, in some countries, managing MPAs is changing from management development to implementation. Examples include Canada (Guenette and Alder, 2007), Scotland (Staed and McGlashan, 2006) and the Philippines (Fernandez, 2006). Currently MPAs make up about 8 per cent of the area of South-East Asian coral reefs (Burke, Selig and Spalding, 2002). However, the success rate of MPAs in South-East Asia is low: an estimated 14 per cent of the 332 MPAs in South-East Asia are effectively managed and only about 10 to 38 per cent of MPAs in the Philippines are effectively or partially effectively managed (Pomeroy and others, 2007a; Gjertsen, 2005).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1916aa05-en	42bf4324858f341d10b9bd623b4d4682	Even for low-cost improved stoves, which are affordable for all except for the poorest households, affordability still serves as a brake on faster market development. The time burden on women and children may not be a sufficient disincentive for men who have a greater voice in major purchasing decisions.76 Households that purchase fuel tend to rely on biomass fuel collection in parallel. This form of device 'stacking' makes it harder to see positive health or environmental outcomes. Decades of policy experimentation around the world has shown that private finance will not be able to address the infrastructural needs of the large segments of underserved population that live in poor and remote rural areas or in poor urban communities and refugee camps. At the same time, by involving service users in planning and management and by establishing mechanisms for monitoring (Target 6.b), the capacity of the state, responsiveness to citizens and legitimacy can be built even in contexts where such capacity has been eroded through protracted crises and conflict.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/47e32247-en	42c15c8e3e84003b76d2110454ed905b	Another important point is that fermentation liquor produced by fermentation is returned to the dry fields as liquid fertilizer, permitting organic agriculture and cyclical agriculture. This system can be implemented in Germany because, under the Renewable Energy Law, the electricity power supply company operating a power plant nearest to a facility that produces electric power from renewable energy sources (for example, solar, wind, biomass) is obligated to purchase the power produced by that facility. This permits such plants to sell their electric power for a good price to earn profits. In Germany, the concept of “energy towns” that combine various kinds of renewable energy has also been established (El Bassam and Maegaard, 2004).	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	42c67f26deff745ecd97051c12d8e364	Costa Rica also has the National Observatory for Human Resources in Health (Observatorio Nacional de Recursos Humanos en Salud) to monitor workforce trends and support dialogue between professional associations, the Ministry of Health, the CCSS, private employers, academics, and other stakeholders. However, existing estimates are built mainly on feasibility (CCSS concerns regarding training “space”) or political (Colegio Medico) considerations, rather than a forecast of anticipated needs and demands, and a simulation of the necessary profiles and possible reform scenarios that would lead to a set of human resources better suited to resolve main challenges in the system, such as the long waiting lists for health services. For each indicator, a national target is set.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	42c6a6b9ade661d1ae3c0796c6868c81	Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Income Growth and Food Demand and Supply in China”, The World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. China’s Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program”, World Bank Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers, No.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264267787-en	42c7a97dc8ca633822fdaf6ec2df0011	The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatoiy Agency (MHRA) as an executive agency of the Department of Health (DH) to enforce the regulations relating to the safety of medicines and medical devices in the UK. The Governments of the devolved nations then work closely with the MHRA For example, The Northern Ireland Adverse Incident Centre acts as a regional centre for reporting and investigating adverse incidents involving medical devices and nonmedical equipment, while MHRA's alerts to NHS Wales are made through the Welsh Government’s Public Health Alert System. Its powers include conducting reviews and carrying out inspections and investigations, and reporting on arrangements by statutory bodies for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of the health and personal social services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	42ca39e0e46f92042e38cffe54610332	Expenditures on other cash benefits share a positive association with child poverty rates (columns 2 and 3), which suggests a reverse causality effect, that is countries with higher child poverty rates tend to spend higher amounts on other cash benefits, all else being equal. Concentrating on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, columns 4 to 6 of Table D 1 suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on incapacity, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	42ccf816767ef27f5fe48556c2524f2c	Most studies are limited to major crops, and the effects of climate change on many other important crops are much less known. There is evidence that climate change has already negatively affected wheat and maize yields. These include: physical ones, such as temperature, precipitation patterns and COj fertilization; changes in agroecosystems (e.g. through loss of pollinators and increased incidence of pest and diseases); and the adaptive responses of human systems. Effects of temperature changes are generally well understood up to the optimum temperature for crop development; however, beyond these optimum temperatures, effects are much less known.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	42cd7eb7d6296a9727d1778d6d96e94f	Many OECD cities have a 10-ticket “bonus” or monthly or yearly passes with lower per-use fares than individual tickets (see Box 2.16). Such a mechanism could further attract passengers and provide a less costly public transport solution for lower-income riders. To ensure a positive social outcome, such measures in Chile would need to be tailored to low-income residents’ lack of capacity to save. A progressive reduction of the price relative to monthly frequency of use would be one option (e.g. a weekly, bi-monthly or monthly pass that maximises per-trip savings).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	42ce9bbc139011a3d7eb755c1fa4f8ad	This agency is responsible for oversight issues and serves as the public agricultural sector's competent authority on forestry matters. This organization, which has its own legal status, reports directly to the Office of the President of the Republic; it is responsible for the direction and coordination of the Guatemalan Protected Areas System (SIG AP), with jurisdiction throughout national territory, including Guatemala's maritime coasts and airspace. The Council is an autonomous body, funded from an annual appropriation from the state budget, supplemented specific grants from individuals, countries, agencies and international organizations.	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/785f021c-en	42d13320080cf597ffdf29eb18ca87e5	The working time that becomes available due to the use of machines can be reallocated to tasks that require more cognitive skills. Thus, semi-automation (interactions between workers and robots) may moderate the negative employment effect that is often associated with the notion of factory automation (Lutkenhorst, 2018). Autor and Salomons' study confirms that automation-induced productivity growth does indeed have a negative employment effect within the respective industries. However, when separating the direct and indirect effects, the results suggest that inter-industry and final demand effects may offset the negative effects for labour demand. These effects may be reversed in particularthrough input-output linkages (i.e. becoming a supplier for intermediate goods for another industry). Moreover, the increase in aggregate demand may lead to a positive net effect on employment.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/09e92b30-en	42d4e51a75201eae54cb950fe72a854f	Statutory health insurance and health providers use the ONDAM as a target for spending and savings objectives. The monitoring of objectives has steadily improved as recommended by the OECD (2011a), and effective spending growth has been close to the ONDAM since 2009 (Box 2; Figure 6, Panel A). Overall, the fiscal framework appears sound (OECD, 2015a).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	42d86f1568332e08bcc5aa2e4c9e32d7	Conditions for investments for energy companies might be more favourable in urban areas because the average income, electricity consumption and population densities in cities are generally higher than in rural populations and because infrastructure is partly developed. Solutions for rural populations will differ in many cases from urban solutions and may require building of demand and infrastructure. Slums in adjacent to urban areas, although decreasing in relative numbers, continue to expand and are increasing in absolute numbers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	42d8d2a8197e18593a9468f0d1d30811	Their share of overall population grew from 18.2% in 1999 to 23.1% in 2009. Their population increased, on average, by 3.1% a year between 1999 and 2009. This was much higher than the average growth rate of metropolitan areas in OECD countries (0.86%) during the same period. In contrast, the average annual growth rate of population in medium-size and small FUAs was only slightly higher than in OECD countries during the same period.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	42dc9be797609357b37a749dcaa92490	Social interaction is a major factor in preventing both physical and mental decline (which represent a huge economic cost to society, as well as social and personal cost to the individual). Travelling as the only passenger is a vehicle will not provide the same stimulation and may cause anxiety, which leads to a preference for inclusive services, covering all users including those with access needs. Also, the ability to travel with a companion (at no extra costs) would help with this concern both for older people and for those with mental health issues or learning disabilities.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	42dceeb619976cfc0aa482fdf01e2c9f	"A contact for a patient who is admitted as a day-care patient, but then due to a complication is retained, should be re-classified as an inpatient case, where feasible. A day patient (or ""same-day patient”) is usually admitted and then discharged after staying between 3 and 8 hours on the same day. Services for non-admitted patients that are extended to formal admission for day-care are considered as day care."	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	42df3720daf6d2c7fb10c0b4f49eb7ea	Consumer price inflation eased in 2012, mainly due to the decline in global food and fuel prices. Budget balances deteriorated in most of the economies due to increased public spending. On the external side, current account surpluses of the economies that are net energy exporters contracted, and the current account deficit of the net energy importers widened. Owing to slower economic growth in Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, the remittances of overseas workers from these countries to net energy-importing countries in the subregion started slowing.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	42df4ae259493f3620ad75a573e4b90a	Results show that Principle 3 on policy coherence was one of the lowest scoring Principles against all four assessment criteria, while Principle 5 on data and information was one of the highest. Good/strong; 5. Full alignment; Implementation: 1. Poor; 3, Moderate; 4. Good/strong; 5. Full implementation; On-ground results: 1.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	42df99cd51b2b8e8349d1ed18566da44	Representing around 10 per cent of catches, tropical longliners target mainly yellowfin and bigeye, while southern longline fishers target albacore. However, the emergence of modern technology, particularly fish aggregating devices (FADs),13 is continually improving cost-effectiveness. Other fishing methods have not seen similar growth or have declined (ISSF 2016).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	42e0875dd716643a1930860ea9c6e256	It also provides bulk water services in Michoacan state through the Lazaro Cardenas aqueduct. The revenues from the Cutzamala and PAI systems are earmarked to Trust Fund 1928 for operation and investment. The revenues from the Lazaro Cardenas aqueduct go to the federal budget. The revenues go to the federal budget. There are concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of public expenditures. For example, among a sample of 80 utilities, unaccounted-for water due to physical losses amounts to 37% of the total water produced (CONAGUA, 2010b) and many wastewater treatment plants are not operational.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	42e08825bb6802741cd2b48921fe7187	Thus, even if a given payment to farmers were to be designed so as to have the smallest conceivable static effects on production (e.g. a lump sum payment without any relation to given outputs or inputs), it is still likely to induce additional production because of its risk effect. Perhaps one of the more surprising results was that risk effects, often disregarded in policy debates, can be significant in quantitative terms, in some cases even larger than the traditional relative price effects. One implication of the analysis of risk effects is that insurance subsidies and other measures intended to reduce the variability of farm revenue or income may have strong impacts on production and trade. It was also found that policies that have the effect of smoothing the variability of domestic prices relative to fluctuations of world prices may have a large impact in increasing the variability of world prices.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	42e0e344826bcdb164ce18679c126cc1	Despite the slower expansion, production per capita is projected to rise 0.7% annually. For instance, producing a tonne of beef can require almost 20 times more water than is needed to produce a tonne of maize (Zimmer and Renault, 2003). But hacking may increase risks of water shortage at the local level, and risks of water contamination by methane and hacking fluids. Natural gas power plants use less water than coal plants.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	42e15bd7c5b7425453edc3208c1a16d2	Master's or equivalent level; 8. The reporting template included 18 indicators with 497 sub-indicators structured according to the seven issues that reflect the objectives of the Strategy for ESD. The Expert Group instituted a ratings scale for a number of sub-indicators to provide greater specificity in how member States were advancing.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	42e553116da91a18a58cfa324b57a281	Jordan’s National Agenda 2006-15 sets an objective to increase women's share of employment to 20%. Egypt’s Sixth Five-Year Plan 2007 to 2012 sets a target to increase the female labour force participation rate to 25%. Qatar’s National Development Strategy 2011-16 aims to raise the female labour force participation rate to 42% by 2016 by changing public perceptions of the role of women in the workplace, in trade and industry, and society as a whole, and encouraging women to assume leadership roles. A number of ministerial strategies include provisions for increasing women's participation in entrepreneurial activity. As examples, the Jordanian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation’s Executive Development Programme 2011-2013 reinforces the role of women in the economy by including a focus on upgrading women’s vocational and entrepreneurial skills and facilitating their access to finance. In Kuwait, the UNDP-sponsored “Economic Empowerment of Kuwait Women” project, run through the Ministry of Social Affairs, has a component to promote entrepreneurship and to help women start their own businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	42e799f47b8dc60643cfa1daddbe3e67	"It is administered by the so-called Growth Houses that are specialised in business support for companies with high growth potential. The project will initially identify 3,000 manufacturing SMEs with substantial growth potential, out of which 1,000 companies will be offered to participate. The target group is thus ""followers” according to the use of terms in chapter 5."	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	42e8ca07871a09df3361cf8618a648c2	While areas at risk of forest fires may be less easy to organise into zones, decisions to extend urban boundary limits would do well to take into account whether this would extend development into zones of fire risk. One important reform would be to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning. Another would be to create greater incentives for infill development and mixed use, both of which are permitted but perhaps not adequately incentivised. Better enabling infill development would also help address concerns about the availability of developable land within urban boundaries.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	42e8e6269e2344d699fc681527fa7dd3	This small drop in value highlights Australia’s focus on high value export species. Over the last decade to 2006-07 aquaculture production almost doubled from 29 300 tonnes to 57 800 tonnes, whereas the wild caught seafood remained relatively stable. The dramatic rise in value of aquaculture in percentage terms indicates a longer-term trend, which suggests the aquaculture sector will provide the major impetus for medium to long-term growth in the value of Australia’s seafood production. Together they accounted for 44% of total production volume and approximately one-third of the total production value.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	42e910329a04fa6ba449ccb79d05f12f	Lower secondary principals have, on average, 25 years of experience working as a teacher and 11 years of experience as a principal. These figures are higher than the TALIS averages of 21 teaching years and 9 years as a principal. Chile had more than double the average proportion of principals above the age of 60 among TALIS countries in 2013.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	42ea32a9b7d38c6eea0892fdd3db16f9	The gridded population data used in this first step is from the Landscan project developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee (United States). Core municipalities corresponding to these city cores are identified. Municipalities sending 15% of their resident employed population or more to the core are included in the commuting zones, which thus can be defined as the “worker catchment area” of the uiban labour market, outside the densely inhabited core. The size of the commuting zones relative to the size of the core give a clear indication of cities’ influence on surrounding areas.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	42ed51334779389379af1467acb04a9b	Both of these figures suggest a more intensive use of hospital resources in Latvia compared to the OECD average. The number of inpatient procedures, however, is generally lower than the OECD average. For example, there were 106 hip replacement surgeries and 46 knee replacement surgeries per 100 000 population in Latvia, compared with the OECD average of 161 and 121 respectively in 2013. This may signal a lack of access due to actual services (as opposed to the hospital infrastructure) because of the annual quota system discussed earlier.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	42ed53d1ddbdf970aa44df1b7c967542	However, some university officials are beginning to think more strategically about regional strengths. There are multiple examples of more strategic consortiums of universities in OECD regions with the goal of creating greater critical mass to compete for national resources and global recognition. Examples include the Georgia Research Alliance in the US, the N8 Research Partnership in the North of England.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	42ee9f10aed28d734b9cae4127a340b9	Sector-oriented practitioners have little connection with each other, resulting in fragmentation, competition for policy space and slow progress of care agendas. Making care a cross-sectoral policy dimension has allowed the emergence of coordination mechanisms that avoid some of these drawbacks. The impacts of care policies go beyond the well-being of care receivers and care providers to have macroeconomic consequences. Care policies can generate employment and impact long-term growth.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	42eefc2d4a7e55de3633e59768826b51	Through the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000,3 the United Nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Poverty reduction was featured as the first and pre-eminent goal. However, the Goals, per se, do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives. For instance, while productive employment creation is generally considered a main vehicle for poverty reduction, targets for the creation of decent employment were not initially part of the MDG agenda; employment indicators were introduced only after 2005.4 The goals provide no more than a set of targets, which, though they may provide a focus for a coherent strategy, do not as such offer any guidance on what combination of policies would be most effective in fostering the simultaneous achievement of the MDGs.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	42f5952462bb67f1090b9b76a9a3b71d	Local governments retain 100% of the revenues they collected from land (e.g. renting, tax on land use transfers and land use tax), from natural resource tax, registration fees and from lottery. Another source of revenue for provinces is part of the revenues collected from VAT, corporate income tax, personal income tax, and gasoline fee. There exists a sharing mechanism between central and provincial government for these revenues, but the majority of provinces can retain 100% for their own budget.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	42f640a093b8ef838b3d4e709f8b7dca	Main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on fish stocks and habitats in the marine and fresh waters, and to their consequences for biodiversity and for the supply of marine protein (fish) for human consumption and other uses. The trend towards increased global fish catch has been achieved partly through exploitation of new and/or less valuable species and partly through aquaculture. Though global fish catch seems to have stabilised recently, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is widespread and hinders the achievement of sustainable fishery management objectives. Within the framework of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, international efforts are being made to address the issue of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.	15	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	42f6d95234a7c973d2922c42c7c808bf	It also benchmarks OECD countries in relation to their CVD and diabetes lifestyle rankings. The majority of CVD is caused by risk factors that can be controlled, treated or modified. These risk factors include high blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. For example, estimates suggest that around 54% of the fall in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality can be explained by risk-factor improvements.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	42f73f28f664348aa7a07c26924700cd	In all three scenarios, the Baltic countries are importers, with annual net import levels of about isTWh by 2030 inthe4DS, 9TWh in the BPO, and loTWh in the 2DS. It should be noted however, that the decisive factor for the value of additional transmission capacity is the absolute average price difference per hour, not the difference in average electricity prices, since flow and value of import/export is determined by the hourly prices. Until 2030, the model does not allow for additional capacity, but existing connection lines between the Nordic and Baltic countries are used with high capacity factors of about 75% in the 2DS and 85% in the 4DS-virtually all import to the Baltics.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	42f84ec91f9ac1c820f5d38d42de9d7e	For instance, according to Eurobarometer data, half of Latvian workers who report carrying out undeclared work state that a reason for doing so is that both parties benefit from such an arrangement (European Commission, 2014b). Since opportunities for employers and employees to collude do exist, balanced and credible legal consequences for both employers and workers should become part of the strategy to make misreporting and evasion less attractive and less socially acceptable. Financial and legal consequences can also be tailored to the type of misreporting (for instance, fines should not apply to employees working unpaid overtime).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/b7b9f17d-en	42f867d15aa07f630da45f1d483e777e	"It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs' resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs"" secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers."	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8f4c5230-en	42fdbc0f7e7733c4e8918bd55556cd59	Exclusionary and fear-based politics are deepening societal divisions and breeding conflict and instability; millions are being forcibly displaced due to violent conflicts and humanitarian catastrophes. Amid global socio-economic and political turmoil, not only is gender equality out or reach but women's rights are facing renewed resistance from different kinds of fundamentalism. Civic space is shrinking and women's human rights defenders are facing threats and persecution by both state and non-state actors.'	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	42ff2ee44f6cbac113ecc1461b74293f	Roelen, Gassmann, and de Neubourg (2011)28 compare child poverty outcomes in Vietnam on the basis of an absolute monetary approach with a country-specific multidimensional approach that aims to be a direct measure of child poverty beyond economic resources. The degree of overlap between the two methods of identification was found to be limited. The analysis also reveals that targeting of policies on the basis of monetary poverty potentially has unfavourable effects for those identified as multidimensionally poor, and vice versa.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	430206819d37d8f65bcca17eafe7610a	The tax aims at collecting funds for water management and guiding users towards a more efficient use of water and to allocate water where it creates most value. While 10% goes to the National Water Authority (role currently played by the National Environmental Agency) to cover expenses at the national level, the remaining 40% goes to a National Environmental Fund and is used on a competitive basis to finance project proposals submitted by the hydrographic regions. This means that the hydrographic regions are guaranteed use at least 50% of the funds they collect. They can also apply for additional funds on a competitive basis and receive more revenue than what they collected.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	4305276298bfe07e216b55b3e150ff68	For the last one a comply or explain principle is in use. To enable readers to find the particular sustainability information in the report, GRI is using a mandatory content index table that informs the reader on what page the disclosures or the indicator can be found. The Guidelines of the IIRC are currently in development and will be released as draft in April 2013 and finalized by the end of 2013.	12	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b8259a41-en	43075fc255586d9788e85547781b9043	Thus, women using traditional contraceptive methods, tend to have a high chance of unplanned pregnancy. In particular, stronger son-preference in rural areas due to several social obligations is also one of the prominent causes of induced abortion (Guilmoto, 2009). Those who had strong desire for son are more likely to seek a sex-selective abortion.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	430b374a7b1709ef71ff1079a9101221	In contrast, E & N has the lowest FLFP (around 20%) and the lowest percentage of people living in urban areas (around 22%). The North and the South also differ with respect to another factor: the culture in the North is strongly patriarchal, in contrast to the South. Women in the Northern states of India have less autonomy than their counterparts in the Southern states (Eswaran et al, 2013). The income of the household excluding the respective woman’s own income is taken into account.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	430b38dc494f32c556d70b7ebf1aa90f	The appropriate balance between the costs borne by individuals (in the form of tuition fees, but also living expenses and foregone earnings), by employers (by providing or funding workplace training) and those borne by the public budget implies difficult trade-offs (Figure 1.4). However, effective funding instruments exist that address objectives of efficiency and equity. However, it is the net impact of spending subsidies, taxes (or tax subsidies) and benefits that ultimately affects the expected private return on education and training.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	430d2b3d453969d904cd4ceee39cf1ae	All this does, however, emphasise that there is widespread interest in the acquisition of both skills and opportunities for skilled migration, so that more permanent and, hopefully, more skilled migration (and hence superior wages as in KANI) is the preferred goal for many. Island states are all too well aware that many islanders take up and remain in unskilled employment for their whole overseas working lives (Bedford et al. Pacific island governments have invariably preferred permanent migration opportunities for migrants and their families and the more long-term flow of remittances that ensues.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	4312ba0eafacacc941bf82a77ab48675	However, social protection would nonetheless absorb a higher proportion of domestic revenues that might otherwise have contributed to financing emergency assistance, perhaps making it harder to finance crisis response domestically. The costed scenario requires slower increases in domestic financing for social protection. Results from this scenario indicate that the proportion of domestic financing for social protection expenditure to domestic revenues will need to increase to 13.5% (under business-as-usual revenue scenario) and 6.9% (high-revenue scenario) for self-sufficiency by 2025/26.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-5-en	431409cf67011360fad3cb11026c3c9d	Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and academia could contribute, be it only to reflect the interests of the “unheard voices” (such as the environment). An independent review, commissioned by and reporting to ministers, could help shed better light on relative and absolute efficiency, accountability and oversight for the full breadth of water services. This includes ensuring that those who generate liabilities with regards to water management also bear the costs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	43141fc121518a51ef2a020dc784324a	The Federal Budget Law 2013 comprises detailed regulations on outcome-oriented administration including the consideration of the objective of effective equality of women and men. In the future, equality aspects will explicitly be a factor throughout the management cycle of administrative action, from planning to implementation to evaluation. In a subsequent step, these federal authorities have to define concrete measures (outputs) and indicators in order to realise and monitor the respective gender equality outcome. Furthermore, § 41 of the Federal Budget Law 2013 and the Regulation on the presentation of information on outcome orientation in the Annual Federal Budget Statement and the Explanatory Budget Documents regulate the details of gender budgeting application regarding outcomes, outputs and indicators.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	431570b49a7054b0fbe01ae014cf332b	The firm has approximately 2 000 employees. The firm has approximately 100 employees. The co-operative includes 1 250 farmers who supply milk and 150 employees. With established co-operation with the local technical university, the co-operative is seeking to increase its research collaboration with other groups as well (e.g. a medical university and dairy institute).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	4315b5af0c864162db2dcee32bca3b69	The companies may be subject to inspections by CAR authorities to verify compliance with these conditions. In the chemicals sector, companies voluntarily participating in Responsible Care, described below, are expected to follow the guidelines on accident prevention specified in this programme. The CCS and ARLs assist companies by providing reference materials for dealing with occupational and environmental safety of factories.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	4316426589e92041ccde27ffd8e8521d	In Atyrau, for example, the average class size of small-class and other schools is about the same and the average size of small-class schools (134 students) almost doubles the national average. By contrast, small-class schools in Kyzylorda only have 34 students on average, which more than halves the national average, and classes are on average four times smaller than in other schools. This suggests that Kyzylorda applies stricter criteria to classify a school as a small-class one.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	4318a042a064d624fcc3b6da23dd08ef	It can be concluded that the inertia in the response processes following changes in a given habitat and at a given site may distort the picture of species of plants and invertebrates expected to be present at the site or in the habitat. With an increase in field size, the actual amount of non-arable, small-scale habitats such as field edges, hedges and wild corners of the fields will decrease. Together with other small-scale farmland habitats, field edges, hedges and field corners that are left without regular cultivation make up a network of small, natural habitats that have profound effect for the occurrence and distribution of biodiversity in the farmland landscape.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-9-en	4322944a78d7bbd018f5c3e48c0a363c	Example challenges in monitoring service quality are defining what constitutes quality, and keeping settings abreast of the latest standards. Challenges in monitoring staff performance include monitoring curriculum implementation and linking staff quality to quality improvements. Challenges in monitoring child development include creating an accurate picture of a child’s development and recognising children’s individual development. The lessons learnt indicate, among others, that it is important to share good practices, ensure stakeholders understand what constitutes quality, have coherent monitoring frameworks, and have well-balanced and defined purposes of monitoring. Besides, monitoring should be linked to policy development and contribute to transparency for ECEC stakeholders, and include voices and views of different stakeholders.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	43268066c0c561d71047c7131d9e4837	The rate increases over time; eventually, enough organisations have adopted the innovation, making the rate of adoption self-sustaining. Closely related to this is the demand side: citizens are expected to take up the new modes of service delivery. Ordinarily, where there are no supply-side constraints across geographical regions, again an s-curve is expected to represent the innovation uptake rate among citizens (Figure 5.1).	9	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	43293a6ee7d2153b0e1c533fe6fbf53f	Under its national legislation, Ecuador must move towards the sustainable consolidation of social solidarity and a reliable economic system, while at the same time developing an efficient alternative payment system. This will help to achieve economic and social inclusion and the well-being of millions of citizens, as well as stronger public finances and a better-regulated economic system. In this context, BCE developed a new mechanism to strengthen the use of electronic and alternative payments.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	432c2901351ff247ef68135ad88369cb	No further information on compliance monitoring procedures and results at subnational level was available. Decisions on which facilities to inspect take account of risk and aim to be representative. On-site visits can be announced or unannounced (some 75% are unannounced) and may last up to two weeks. About 10% of inspections are not planned, but respond to complaints or requests from other authorities.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	432c6c39d262a2ff9630b7a9335fe7b3	The scope for individualization differs significantly when institutional resources such as human rights, education and the welfare State can be harnessed to address the risks of individual biographies, as opposed to modem “atomization”, when such resources do not exist (Beck and Beck-Gemsheim, 2003). But it also raises the need to challenge the dichotomy between the active role of the caregiver and the passive one of the care receiver (Williams, 2002, in Roberts and Mort, 2009). It implies both a public dimension —which has to do with active participation in organizing society'— and a personal one, expressed in terms of the ability to formulate and implement one’s own life plans and to make decisions based on one’s own preferences. In both cases, autonomy is based on self-determination and the freedom to decide for oneself, even though the help and support of others may be necessary to achieve it.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	432d96cbc8305ed35dd65a6c30cb5ade	Another commonly used source of firewood, collected free of charge, is the forest shelter belts on irrigated farmland, saxaul protective belts, or strips of woody vegetation along roadsides, field bounds and watercourses in mountain ravines. Furthermore, as most of the agricultural land in Tajikistan is much more suitable for livestock farming than for the production of crops, in some regions, dried dung is more commonly used as fuel than firewood, which is much less accessible in mountain regions, e.g. in Pamir. Some villages are supplied with coal for heating purposes, while the number of mountain settlements where electricity is becoming available is still growing, which also limits the dependency on firewood.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	43340dc9cf4c9bd19ef6761f5634bc1a	From the middle of the 20th century to today, there have been drastic changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations and dynamics in many marine areas. Currently there are over 500 hypoxic systems covering over 240 000 km2 around the globe related to human activities. The great future challenge will be to integrate agriculture and other land based activates with aquaculture in a manner that addresses the multiple needs of humans but also protects ecosystem services and function that humans depend on.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	43371db83f7c8f8f75e14f12b167f64c	"The time is now and I'm very much committed to working with world leaders"".90 The question remained as to how he would engage those leaders, while also building partnerships with civil society and business leaders to generate the critical mass necessary to tip the scales towards a successful outcome in 2015. He decided to hold another in September 2014, but this time, realizing how critical the multi-stakeholder approach was, he resolved to give business and civil society a seat at the table. The Climate Summit in September 2014 thus brought together over loo Heads of State and Government and 800 leaders from business and civil society."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/937bb150-en	4337fe7fc006341922af38b1ca29cd34	Coverage is 36 per cent for the poorest women and 90 per cent for the wealthiest. And fewer than one third of women received the recommended minimum of four antenatal care visits in 2014. In 2004, the ratio of poorest-to-richest women delivering in a health facility was 1 to 12. By 2014, the ratio had improved to one to four.	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	433e8fd848910deee79557fd7ca3d0bd	However, they also reflect other characteristics that are associated with socio-economic status but that are not measured by the PISA index. For example, at the system level, high socio-economic status is related to greater wealth and higher spending on education. At the school level, higher socio-economic status is associated with a range of characteristics of a community that might be related to student performance, such as a safe environment and the availability of quality educational resources, such as public libraries or museums.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	433f8e923b950adb547ac44a4cbae741	However, two respondents pointed to promising results from the lung cancer programme, which indicated that genomic analysis of tumours was likely to prove beneficial in guiding therapy; while one observed that a personalised medicine approach was already being implemented in a number of areas including treatment of HIV and prescription of anticoagulants and tamoxifen. The benefits that respondents expected to accrue from such work include improved safety and efficacy through genomic stratification, leading to reduction in healthcare costs, with the expectation that innovation in healthcare should ultimately be cost-neutral. In addition, one respondent suggested that work in stratified medicine was driven by political expectations that leadership in healthcare innovation would help to bring with it national economic development and growth. Other drivers mentioned by respondents included the role of researchers, the availability of new biobanking and genome screening technologies, and the political power of patient organisations.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a72b920d-en	4343d543e94358baa4dbdc66b2fd7dbd	Annabel S. Erulkar and Mairo Bello, “The Experience of Married Adolescent Girls in Northern Nigeria”, The Population Council, Inc., 2007, (http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/ Nigeria_MarriedAdol.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). National Agency for the Control of AIDS, “National HIV/AIDS Response Review 2005-09”, Abuja, Nigeria, 2010. National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Country Progress Report: Nigeria. See ABANTU for Development, Empowering Youth through Comprehensive Reproductive Health Programmes (London/Accra: ABANTU for Development, 2004); ActionAid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HTV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria.	3	3	1	0.5
10.18356/c607b535-en	434b11846f79aef5b9d8caabd677ff95	Geojournal, 67(1): 41 -55; J.A. Yaro. A study of livelihood activities in rural northern Ghona. The Journal of Modern Atricon Studies, 44(1): 125-156; Codjoe ond Owusu, 2011 (see note 70); I. Connolly-Boutin ond B. Smil. Regional Environmental Change, 16(2): 385-399. Liveslock-in-kind credit: helping the rural poor to invest and save. Washington, DC, World Bank.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	434e5f558cfc03f61dc13c6d3a59b096	For simplicity, the clusters of trajectories identified in the analysis are nonetheless referred to as ‘school-to-labour-market pathways’. It then presents the pathways identified by this clustering mechanism and provides descriptive evidence on the personal and household characteristics of the young persons who follow these pathways. This wording should of course not be understood as suggesting that a young person always has full control over her way into the labour market or that periods of unemployment or inactivity are necessarily voluntary.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	434fe373cba53966c143fe859b8e76d5	Energy efficiency measures helped to reduce energy use worldwide. Without the 13% improvement of global energy efficiency between 2000 and 2016, global final energy use would have been 12% higher. Whereas GHG emissions present a global physical limit to increasing production with current technology and methods.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	4352b6415fdc7334cce11bb391851cce	Looking at the headcount ratio for both poverty lines it seems clear that poverty has fallen slightly over the 15 year period. The changes in the mean poverty gap and the squared mean poverty gap ratios suggest that when taking the depth and severity of poverty into account, the gains over the period have been slightly higher than indicated by the headcount ratio. We report poverty headcount ratios and the associated poverty shares of each of the various groups in tables.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	4356c321cb3d2988d281c0a2fb4773f7	The technical and commercial losses in the sector have come down substantially. The collection rates have increased from 20 per cent in 2003 to 95 per cent in 2008. As a result, 80-90 per cent of the energy consumed in Georgia’s residential sector is used for space heating. In general, buildings in Georgia consume about 40-45 per cent of all energy for heating purposes.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	435a62de3f7149b5f72d3e05824f75a6	Some countries even recognise the right to divorce by mutual consent or accept unilateral judicial repudiation of either spouse against compensation. The court shall decide on the compensation to be allocated to the spouse who has incurred material or moral damages resulting from the divorce pronounced in these cases. She will be remedied with a monthly financial allowance due upon the expiry of the legal viduity period, according to the standard of living she used to enjoy during her married life, including housing.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	435e9e297fb35564c55516fe2896ac90	The figure below presents the results of a decomposition analysis by income source, separating the different components that contribute positively or negatively to inequality. It examines the relative contributions of gender-specific income components to income inequality using a decomposition by income source (following Lerman and Yitzhaki, 1985). The Gini coefficient for total income, G, can be represented as G = Ylk=i Gk = X Sk GkRk where Sk is the share of source k in total income, Gk is the Gini coefficient corresponding to the distribution of income from source k, and Rkis the correlation of income from source k with the distribution of total income. The relative contribution of source k to total income inequality can then be calculated as Ck = sHG.kRi< This approach relies on the assumption that flat-rate distributed benefits make a neutral or “zero” contribution to inequality, and thus do not account for a decreasing marginal benefit for transfers along the income distribution.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3afdf450-en	436060e2d5eda8eb2afe60126cb899cf	The authors also wish to thank the UNICEF National Committees in Australia, Canada and New Zealand for their support in accessing the relevant data sources used for the analysis. The analysis includes all the 27 European Union countries, as well as Iceland and Norway, and Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Switzerland and United States. In particular these studies confirmed the relevance of a relative approach for understanding poverty in the context of economically advanced countries. Indeed, relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space. “	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	4363783198ce039241d49d477ea8c32b	If an inactive partner or partner with limited paid working hours in a low-income household enters work or increases their working hours, the household may lose its entitlement to certain benefits in part or in full. Second earners in low-income households may not therefore have much financial incentive to increase their working hours, although that would depend on the rate at which benefits are withdrawn. For example, in Finland and the Netherlands, w'here in-work benefit entitlements are based on an individual’s income, secondary earners in the lowest income decile have financial incentives to work part-time. Other in-work benefits are contingent on working at least a certain amount of hours, which gives women incentive to w'ork more than short part-time hours - at least 38 hours in ever}' fortnight in Ireland, for example. When in-work benefits are applied to household earnings, and earnings assessments therefore include the partner’s income, they afford little or no incentive to the partners of full-time earners to enter the labour market or increase their hours if they work part-time. For example, in the United States, the earned income tax credit (EITC) is assessed on family income.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	436741ad351f62ed6e2db4a07e55a050	Not every centre offers every type of service, and each centre specialises in RVCC in certain fields of training or in specific qualifications. Qualifica Centres do not offer training but are often found in institutions that do. Staff in centres includes a co-ordinator, technical staff specialised in RVCC, as well as trainers or teachers specialised in the fields or qualifications for which the centre provides recognition.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5dac67ee-en	4368daa0f40e99685b2ce43ed8343a7d	For example, the global reduction of wetland areas—an estimated 50 per cent since the beginning of the twentieth century—will lead to a severe reduction in global and especially local capacity to absorb water during floods and to reduce peak flows (TEEB, 2013). For coastal wetlands, i.e. wetlands in the world’s major river deltas, a 52 per cent decline was recorded between the 1980s and early 2000s (Coleman et al., Global estimates of future wetland loss are not currently available, but local and regional projections draw a bleak picture.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	436b72501a587483b6bccc9a9af2c71f	Also, since the introduction of the NHI system, Clalit’s dominant position in terms of market share has been eroded (Figure 2.8), which is perhaps a sign that there are adequate long-term market forces at work. Some (for instance Shmueli et al., For example, funds might purposefully limit the scope and quality of primary-care facilities in poorer areas and have ways of manipulating waiting lists for treatments; though it is not believed that these techniques are widely used.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	436e049d493918a289de0799c4baaa33	The global and African craft sector is also generally recognized to be a large employer of women and a sector that encourages female entrepreneurship (Matsinde, 2015). Such employment can provide supplementary income, for example during low farming seasons, and expand in response to demand from tourists. Globally, the tourism sector has up to twice as many female employers than any other sector. Africa follows this trend, with 30.5 per cent female employers compared with 20.8 per cent overall.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	436e633dbe8287d1aaa94bd1d660c9dc	The river flows between steep hills and has many rapids. It discharges into the Varangcrfjord in the Barents Sea, and is known to be good for recreational fishing, in particular of salmon. According to long-term monitoring and the Russian water quality classification, the Upper Tuloma Reservoir and the rivers Notta and Lutto can be described as slightly polluted.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	436f78f229bcebfae4b7efad6dac058e	This reduces the capacity of Ethiopia’s social protection system to perform a transformative role and break the inter-generational transmission of poverty. Increase access to quality social services such as education, health and other services for children and adults with special needs. Improve completion rates among primary school children. Encourage the introduction of early childhood care where such facilities do not exist.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	436fe075a423f8aebd1c2108744a301c	Petroleum imports are significant and subsidies on domestic fuel consumption absorb a high proportion of government expenditure. This makes Indonesia vulnerable to increases in international petroleum prices. Between September 2007 and May 2009 the international price of petroleum rose by around 114% (Figure 4.3). This scenario assumes a similar increase (+114%) in the international fuel price. Since rates of fuel subsidy are assumed to remain constant as petroleum prices rise, the international price increases are transmitted to domestic petroleum product prices, and hence domestic petroleum prices also rise by 114%.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	437023bdb18876116f39d034dbf70150	Private ownership of agricultural land was introduced with full ownership rights as an alternative to the 49-year land lease from the state in vigour at the time. Land could be used as collateral, but sub-leasing of land shares was formally prohibited. This law remains today the basic legal document guiding the formulation and administration of agricultural policy in Kazakhstan.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	43707501f3309875b705efe2d90ca61a	Taken together, the time spent by 15-year-olds in school-based instruction and self-reported instructional time outside of school (43 hours) is slightly lower than the OECD average (44 hours). Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators. Table D 1.1, liltn://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cag-2016-cn. Men account for 18% of the lower secondary education workforce and only 3% in primary education, both of which are below the OECD and EU average.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	43713d843e4b7d3517dbec479a088236	Since violence by a partner can occur in any type of intimate relationship, a series of questions are required to accurately identify current and previous relationship types so as to screen respondents for modules of questions that address, for example, violence by current or most recent partner, and violence by all other previous partners (as is the case in the UNECE survey module on violence against women). The definition of “intimate partner” is subject to national circumstances; some of the questions listed below, such as those referring to living with a man without being married and being involved in a relationship with a man, may not be appropriate for all country contexts. In the examples shown above, respondents who reply that they are currently married, living with a man without being married to him or involved with a man without living together (regular or steady dating) will be filtered into modules of questions concerning violence by current partner.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	4372b26b704afee33bbf8112eb5dc441	Tourism can, of course, pose a risk to the natural and cultural resources of local communities. It is thus imperative that the development of tourism should include local communities from an early stage, as identified for example in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization “Tourism, culture and development in West Africa” Programme (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004). For instance, the production of handicrafts requires traditional knowledge22 and local materials but comparatively little finance or infrastructure. Similarly, the tourism sector has much demand for traditional music and tours of local areas, which depend on traditional knowledge and skills.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/44e08493-en	4373e8fe6d5808f83e062aaeb4faf54d	The relative wealth disparity metric is instead intended to shed light on the inequalities in the conditions facing the richest and poorest in urban and rural areas of the same country. In contrast, in rural areas the gap of approximately 41 percentage points for low-income countries only halves to approximately 22 percentage points for upper-middle income countries. However, it is also partly explained by the observed greater wealth of urban households. Among a separate sample of 88 countries, on average, 83 per cent of the richest quintile lives in urban areas, with just 17 per cent in rural areas (unweighted averages).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	437407b0667fe1b7645890b7e6cc9bd6	The stimulus packages were biased in favour of the financial sector, which caused the crisis in the first place. In practice, the stimulus packages showed little, if any, gender sensitivity. In fact, the main components of the various stimulus packages seem to still reflect “gender stereotypes” in policy- making.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	4374e1d5e1334d393a5aadc4a14e33b9	This body is currently drafting guidelines for achieving good environmental status for the coastal waters of the Black Sea, in line with the EU WFD. The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution and ICPDR are both members of the DABLAS Task Force29, set up in 2001 as a platform for cooperation between international financing institutions, donors and countries of the region to ensure the protection of water and water-related ecosystems in the Danube and the Black Sea. One is that of the ICPR and the OSPAR Commission, which promotes international cooperation under the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (1992).	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eb7bc78e-en	437779ea04a21310c143620d4bfbf6cd	Among transgender women, drug abuse, including by injection, is also common, ranging from approximately 30 per cent in the United States of America, to 42 per cent in Australia and up to 50 per cent in Portugal and Spain. Particularly vulnerable young people, such as those who are homeless, may begin injecting in their early teenage years. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	4377a1a3090294d6dc7528107529c97d	Prevention is based on a health promotion strategy that involves a process to enable people to improve their health through the control over some of its immediate determinants. This includes a wide range of expected outcomes, which are covered through a diversity of interventions, organised as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. The goal of primary preventive measures is the reduction of risks before they generate some effect, e.g. via vaccination.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	4379f7372a632fc00fc2f0c381b9d501	Most CDDCs contribute modestly to anthropogenic GHG emissions but are highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. This heterogeneity explains in part the disparate formats and ambition levels of the mitigation and adaptation commitments of these countries. Some CDDCs have committed to undertake climate change mitigation measures that could restrict their policy space for promoting economic growth and development in the short and medium terms.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203464-7-en	437c3c98dffceb7d6ea6c6572cbd3c44	One study projects that urban land cover in Latin America could increase by 74% by 2050 if current densities remain constant - or by up to 187% if densities were to decrease by just 1% (Angel et al., In recent decades, population growth has been fastest in the municipalities surrounding the core municipality of Puebla, even if in absolute terms the city of Puebla has still accounted for a large share of Puebla-Tlaxcala’s growth. Of these, San Martin Texmelucan is the only municipality that does not border the city of Puebla.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	437d8f1c91784a0540072d926097cdef	A report on the design, data and quality control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The AEC Blueprint 2025 forms part of ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together, along with the ASEAN Community Vision 2025; the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025; and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. By 2014, the countries comprising the AEC, with a market of 622 million people, already represented the third-largest economy in Asia, and the seventh-largest in the world.	5	8	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	438147101b3d1545ae361ec2734ddccc	The complexity of the country’s hydrographic system (some regions with no rivers, others with large rivers, barriers related to the Appenines, water transfers) has led to a complex aggregation of small- and medium-sized river basins that requires further streamlining. A report on the competent authorities for implementation of the WFD according to Article 3 of the WFD was submitted to the European Commission, with a delay. District authorities not established due to an incomplete legal framework, as the ministerial decree aggregating and transferring the competence and funding from the existing river basin authorities to the new authorities was missing. The OECD Multi-level Governance Framework provides a tool to support policy makers in making such a diagnosis.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	43815c075e2b9442136121512a43d64f	These could include work under the separate but mutually-supportive agendas such as measuring progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). The answers should be considered bearing in mind different purposes and audiences of such information (Pierre-Nathoniel and Chan, 2016). Transparency provisions under the Paris Agreement are to build on the current system for measurement, reporting and review.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	438245a65e5249703867d30f62020f2a	However, the magnitude of the benefit depends largely on the qualities ofthe fossil fuel being replaced. Carbon dynamics of the landfills differ considerably across the regions depending on e.g. climate, soil composition, microbial activity and the characteristics of wood material. In certain situations the decay of wood may be so slow that the landfill can be considered as semi-permanent carbon storage.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/da48ce17-en	4383fff593fde75a719bef45ca187c61	Vulnerability refers to the propensity of exposed elements such as human beings, their livelihoods, and assets to suffer adverse effects when impacted by hazard events (IPCC, 2012). These include the lack of a single common metric, the long timeframes over which the effects of adaptation measures may be felt, or the degree of uncertainty inherent to our understanding of the climate system, particularly when projecting localised climate impacts (Bours et al., Mindful of those challenges, the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice states “it is essential that adaptation be designed as a continuous and flexible process and subjected to periodic review” (SBSTA, 2010). The specificities of national-level monitoring and evaluation systems lie in its potentially broader scope in terms of the sectors, climate hazards, geographic area and adaptation measures considered.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	43845d1a17d52e9b4d72dec7e8a0a1aa	Some of these cover teachers in the municipal sector only (as noted in the table). The table also shows the relative weight of each specific allowance for the “average” teacher in a municipal school in 2010 (with the RBMN forming 40.2% of the average overall salary). Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/025e4007-en	4388e72795a2624335fae6f0bc453bdf	Recent research confirms that large numbers of premature deaths are due to air pollution linked to small particles and mercury in emissions from coal-fired power plants. There is preliminary evidence that women, children and older adults are particularly vulnerable to PM10 and to PM25 (particulate matter 10 and 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter) (Villeneuve et al. Replacing polluting fossil fuels with renewable energy sources can reduce premature mortality and the number of lost workdays, thereby lowering overall healthcare costs (Machol and Rizk 2013).	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	438a85b591287cfcfd6f72507c9b6cdd	A comprehensive approach to food security needs to include investments to promote income generating activities for the poor and thus improve their ability to purchase food. Importantly, the payoff from hunger reduction in terms of economic growth can be substantial. Throughout the 1990s, the value-added per worker, in countries where 2.5% of the population was undernourished, was 20 times higher than in countries where more than 35% of the population was undernourished. Sources: www.fao.org/wsfs;www.fao.org/wsfs/fbrum2050/wsJs-forum and www.oecd.org/agriculture. In more extreme cases, production zones might shift.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	43901beb1142f523d9ae4dccb467d8f8	"Recent evaluations indicate that participants are more likely to follow national food-based dietary guidelines, pay attention to nutrition labels, increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables and improve their meal planning (USDA, 2009). Such campaigns are also known as ""social marketing"" as they use commercial marketing methods to achieve the social good. This aims to raise awareness, through use of the media, about the health risks associated with overweight and obesity and the importance of nutritious diets and of physical activity for good health. The programme consists of four phases: awareness-raising; assessment of the diets and physical activity levels of children; distribution of customized ""family information packs"" and distribution of additional information to lower-income families (Croker, Lucas and Wardle, 2012)."	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	43928e88eadf1e690fbd969e391be8b8	In order to survive and achieve success in dynamic world markets, a country needs to constantly diversify and upgrade the range of products that it can produce. However, such diversification and upgrading are not possible without commensurate enhancement of the skills of the workforce. The choice of infrastructure and the setting of industrial priorities (not only in manufacturing but also in agriculture, forestry and energy) will need to be consonant with the task of meeting simultaneously the challenges of climate change adaptation and mitigation and those of improving the livelihoods of the poor.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	43933bf2a3276d398d880caaa5512530	Attention to the inter-linkages between tourism and other related policy sectors such as land use planning, infrastructure and services, environmental management, public health, education and transport has not typically been a high priority. However, there are significant long-term benefits to be gained from taking a broader inter-linked policy perspective where a range of public agencies can participate in policy discussions so that the needs of the tourism industry are incorporated into each stage in the PPRR approach. The organisation seeks to provide leadership and counsel on an individual and collective basis to over 80 government tourism agencies, 50 international airlines and a large variety of travel and tourism industry, media organisations and education and training stakeholders (PATA, 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	4395a7ab2b4a77ac3a4f85066f0af099	Households at the top of the income distribution get a large share of national income: the top 10% earns 26.5 times the average income of the bottom 10%, compared to an OECD average of 9.6 times. Similarly, wealth is concentrated at the top: while the bottom 40% holds only 1.65% of total income, the top 1% holds 21% (Lopez et al., Evidence shows that 73-91% of the upper class has Caucasian genes, while 68 -70% have this characteristic and only 40-45 % of the lowest class (Cruz-Coke and Moreno, 1994; Diaz Vidal, 2014). Therefore, the major indigenous populations in Chile are overrepresented in the lowest deciles of the income distribution. And although in the past they used to be a rural population in the south of Chile, today half of the indigenous population reside in Santiago (Diaz Vidal, 2014).	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	4396963d094ddabead1d30148c7fffc1	Climate change has been associated with the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. It has resulted in increased global temperatures, rising sea levels, increased storms and precipitation, droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes and other climatic disruptions in many places around the world. As the occurrence and intensity of natural extreme events and disasters have increased globally, countries have faced greater social and economic impacts.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	4396c676bddf9aa20ad061ea8e3d476d	In the panel, the units of analysis are the Brazilian states during the period from 1995 to 2009. Section II reviews the Brazilian and international literature on the triangular relationship between poverty, economic growth and inequality, and offers a brief history of inequality in Brazil. Section III provides theoretical definitions of income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities. Section IV discusses the database, while section V introduces the econometric model and its estimation methods and presents an analysis of the results.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191761-en	43970ca670ff0ff1bb0003ea39462a8d	The assets of all Samruk-Kazyna subsidiaries were estimated to amount to 57% of Kazakhstan’s GDP in 2010. In the agricultural sector, the counterpart of this trend towards amalgamating public agencies into a large state-controlled enterprise was the creation of KazAgro Holding in December 2006 which consolidated seven government agencies providing support and services to agriculture. Another state holding KazAgroInnovation united the agricultural research structures. However, Russia’s official WTO accession in 2012 is likely to be the catalyst for Kazakhstan to take the final steps necessary for membership.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0a98da25-en	4397c62b865b50edd3cd4d4633c99e15	En primer lugar, un tipo de interes mas alto amortigua la demanda agregadayen consecuencia,el empleo. En segundo lugar, el tipo de interes no aborda las causas subyacentes de las presiones inflacionarias de muchos paises.Confrecuencia.dichas presiones se gestionan mejor con politicas fiscales especificas en educacion.asistencia sanitaria e inversion en sectores estrategicos, como la agriculturay la infraestructura. La optica para identificar proyectos de inversion publica apropiados y metas crediticias debe contar con una representacion de generayetnia, subrayando el importante papel de la accion afirma-tiva en organismos de toma de decisiones publicos y privados. Both undermine the potential for growth1 and development to be sustainable and stable into the future.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	439857f2a5cb22fc9f73878bf6149316	One method to induce a sensation of travelling at high speed is through the use of so called “psychological traffic calming” where road features and markings are used to create a heightened awareness of the need to slow down and/or of entry into a lower speed zone. An example of an entry treatment is the now widely used installation of a “gateway” at village or town entry as shown in Figure 6.5. One example is the study of Jamson et al. ( A major criterion used in the testing was the durability of the effect, i.e. a demonstration that it would work on repeated experience rather than wearing off after the initial encounter.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	4398a2bcac76e29d862f66bcb14e5378	For further details see table I.A-2 of the appendix. The frequent reference to categories relating to autonomy and material wellbeing could be an expression of a desire for economic and social mobility and values associated with a degree of economic success. The importance of the first category decreases as household goods increase, and the weight of the second category is greater among interviewees from households with more goods.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	4399789fc0a53a3138fb0a1ef3c105d8	Its population growth is 2.5 percent per year. Forests cover 33 percent of land area; it has mixed landscapes in the uplands with interspersed trees, crops and arable land, and dense tropical forest with larger-scale agriculture in the lowlands. Guatemala is exceptionally rich in biodiversity and 70 percent of forest land comes under some form of protection. Although Guatemala is experiencing solid economic growth, poverty rates remain high and are not falling: they were estimated at 56 percent in 2000 and had risen to 59 percent in 2015.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	4399ae1094bbf9ee48881069554e2d1a	Enrolment rates in secondary education are relatively low for both boys and girls in the Pacific Alliance, ranging from 67% in Mexico to 86% in Chile. These numbers are well below the OECD average of 91%. Broadly speaking there is gender parity in access to high school, with a slight gender gap in favour of girls in some Pacific Alliance countries.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	439cb7836ed1b8ddee560ec2c973fada	Both sustainability and inclusiveness have been key features of the project, which has protected 2,728 hectares of degraded forest, and is now restoring and sustainably managing them. The Humbo forest had largely been destroyed by the late 1960s. Following two years of consultation, planning and negotiations, a farmer-managed natural resource regeneration approach was used to restore the degraded natural forests, with village-level cooperatives subsequently managing the restored forests. The project got recognition and was the first project in Ethiopia (also in Africa) to receive temporary certified emission reductions.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289330244-7-en	439fe45635ec6bb04fb95e809182a9b0	The tests are based on information technology, they are self-scored (local teachers do not mark the tests, but get the results returned) and adaptive, which means they adapt to the individual student's ability during the testing process. Furthermore, teachers have an opportunity to exchange experience. The website also provides students and parents with information about the evaluation, which gives especially the parents an opportunity to understand the aim of the tests and evaluations. Teachers are obliged to write an individual student plan for every student from preschool to grade 10.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	43aa5359dc0e83981fa1567ff7370c04	Depending on their current and historic focus, agencies tend to articulate the linkages between social protection and food security differently. In Africa and many parts of South Asia, the preoccupation tends to be with using social protection to secure adequate (quantity of) calorific consumption, whilst in Latin America and among middle-income countries (MICs) in Southeast Asia the focus is much more on the quality and diversity of diet. Overall, agencies that focus more on low-income countries (LICs), particularly in South Asia and Africa, tend to focus their social protection programming more on food security objectives, whilst those that focus on MICs, especially in Latin America and parts of Southeast Asia, tend to focus more on building human capital.	2	3	3	0.0
10.6027/26908ff6-en	43aab296425dd870a299ff62f2153df1	Precipitation is high and water is stored in freshwater bodies such as lakes, groundwater aquifers and glaciers. Water, in its various forms-water, snow and ice, is a valuable asset for many economic sectors. In Finland, both surface and groundwater are used for drinking water production, but groundwater is generally preferred and its use for this purpose is expected to increase.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	43ad28a3e9a2f17d87c3ad2d3d03d24e	Countries that responded twice within a category were only counted once, avoiding double-counting for the same category. These two elements exert a significant impact on the effectiveness of gender-related strategies and gender equality outcomes. These public institutions involve authorities responsible for gender issues, mechanisms at the ministerial level, Centre of Government (CoG), independent oversight institutions such as parliaments and gender equality commissions.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	43b3ac6c4716eddf5455137809822bb9	The care they receive should be specific and include the technical support needed to enable them to manage their dependency to the best of their ability and provide the necessaiy compensations to make up for the limitations they suffer or to which they may be exposed. The latter includes changing the physical environment, the social environment and the services provided for an ageing society and for overcoming the obstacles facing people with disabilities. The quality of care and prevention are essential for limiting the progression from situations of fragilization to frailty and for preventing this from becoming a prelude to dependency.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	43b65d44f9ecf9d64625f476da2e6af6	It is not only strongly affected by the impacts of climate change but is also a significant contributor to GHG emissions that fuel global warming. In this context it is important to note that reducing the GHG footprint of food production is a necessary condition for achieving SDG 12, which calls for ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Climate-smart crop management practices can have a strong impact on both agricultural GHG emissions and the resilience of the sector to climate variability. Fertilizer use and livestock production are the two main sources of GHG emissions from agriculture. In this regard, improved fertilizer management (such as timed-release fertilizers and fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors), conservation tillage, rotational grazing and altered feed composition can help reduce GHG emissions. For instance, integrated soil fertility management can increase crop productivity while reducing GHG emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer (Roobroeck et al.,	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	43b67a367ef71dffa1d475142039dbbb	For instance, patient surveys in both primary care and inpatient specialised care show that doctors sometimes fail to tell patients about the side effects of their medicines and warning-signs about their condition to watch out for. Based both on international comparisons and domestic patient surveys, the report identified inadequate care co-ordination as a weakness in Sweden’s health care system, particularly in relation to specific groups such as psychiatric patients and the sickest elderly. The barriers to co-ordinated care identified are reimbursement systems, vertical organisation of health care that makes it difficult to co-ordinate care processes horizontally, and lack of assistance for patients in negotiating their way through services involving multiple providers, as in care for patients with complex conditions or posthospital rehabilitation care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	43ba39773984ebf4d6742e2b082af039	The WBCSD estimates that buildings are responsible for at least 40 per cent of energy use in most countries (WBCSD, 2008). Moreover, energy use is growing rapidly in many developing countries with booming construction sectors. Knowledge and technology are already available to reduce the increase in energy use through EE improvements of the building envelope, space heating and cooling systems, water heating systems, lighting, household appliances and business equipment.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283473-en	43baa2df94acb500bd833a6e45174bf4	Continuous reform has reshaped the Lithuanian health system to meet health care needs more effectively and deliver health services more efficiently. Lithuania has the highest level of alcohol consumption in the EU (50% higher than the EU average) and more than one in three men report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis. Obesity is relatively low but increasing, particularly among adolescents. As a share of GDP, health spending has increased from 5.6% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2015 but is the sixth lowest in the EU.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en	43bb3ef5054fab5b37bd75da1ee624df	The full description of the variables composing the indicators can be found at http://www.oecd.ora/tad/facilitation/indicators.htm. In order to bring the information contained in the 2010-11 series up to date, OECD countries were called to provide new data by means of a revised TFI questionnaire1 . The data collection process was conducted over the period July-October 2014.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	43bbd425a06b38af2c3cb10f6720cb15	Developing countries are encouraged to consider this approach as an important means to address abuse of dominance in the pharmaceutical area. Abuse of dominance is always regarded as having an adverse effect on competition in the relevant market. This is often referred to as “anti-competitive conduct”.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	43bc850670ce706a76d76e9bc731c186	After all, more than 50 per cent of new businesses in the United States fail in the first four years of their existence (Shane, 2008). Successful venture capitalists are right only part of the time,14 while the gains of the winners compensate for the failures of the losers. However, particular investment failures do not mean that the strategy itself is a failure. It is important to change perceptions of the meaning of government failure. A country fund structure, as discussed above, could be helpful in doing so, since it incorporates individual decisions into a larger framework.	7	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	43be08e156654740fbb5d93f102cd3d9	A Commodity Levy Act (1990) empowers producers to self-impose levies through a vote in order to finance the “industry good” activities. Once voted, the levy becomes obligatory for all commercial producers of a commodity and is charged on each unit marketed as a type of sales tax. Levies are collected by downstream operators and transferred to industry good bodies.17 The obligatory character of the levy is grounded by the necessity to avoid a “free-rider problem”. However, this compulsory levy is introduced through voting and therefore is self-imposed.	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	43bf0a2a42b2504b56874b8651ca0a7c	The challenge facing ECE Region governments, forest owners and forest stakeholders is to develop and establish, in an equitable and efficient way, a transparent and objective institutional and governance system to achieve this. The challenge for other ECE countries is to support them in this effort. A necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	43c041c0b86d95e63467aba66ae106cf	Higher investment in education is likely to provide stability for education administration and management. Then, this stability would contribute to high education performance. Even though all the aspects of the accumulation of human capital are important, the most critical part of public education is the public provision of primary, lower and upper-secondary education. Education is tightly inter-correlated with inclusive growth.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4384e397-en	43c1c739878cfdebea8af66b783aedb2	Images and videos are useful to identify species. The use of image recognition software to detect and classify caught species automatically, which is already being tested or used in selected fisheries, could result in disruptive improvement of on-board observations and catch reporting and much better understanding of stocks and fisheries. The information they provide, when combined with catch reports, can radically change the number and quality of environmental and stock assessments.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	43c1f77b07d5dd81768da23e422777b9	In particular, the contributions of immigrant and native-born populations to the different expenditure and revenue elements are estimated, as described in the individual sections, and then added up. Then, the share of taxes paid and benefits received by immigrants are estimated. Based on these estimates, the final section presents the estimated net fiscal contributions of foreign- and native-born individuals.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	43c23c1e4ee5e8a8b13ce4cb918f9cd2	Aggregate calculations: FAO Statistics Division (ESS). Cereals include wheat, rice paddy, barley, maize, popcorn, rye, oats, millets, sorghum, buckwheat, quinoa, fonio, triticale, canary seed, mixed grain and cereals nes. Aggregate calculations: Weighted average using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	43c3724038fd605fbe208fee6b9c7fb5	Some Australian economists, including the government’s Climate Change adviser Ross Garnaut and the Productivity Commission, argue that a market based solution such as a price on carbon at the global and national level will be sufficient to drive change towards a low carbon economy. Industries and households will respond to higher prices of carbonintensive goods and services and shift to low carbon goods and services. In this view, local policy instruments, including regulations and incentives, are costly and inefficient.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	43c5988b94525344152823fe013fe220	The erratic issuance of rice export quotas18 creates uncertainty, thereby adding a risk premium and undermining Myanmar’s reliability as a rice supplier. This lowers export prices as compared to other exporters, even for rice of the same quality (HKS, 2010). The stock requirements set at 10 000 tonnes of stored rice (in addition to rice to be exported) have been lowered to 5 000 tonnes, but it means that traders still need over USD 1 million in inventory at present prices (HKS, 2009).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	43ca5e61c14ff0c357074a059a42087e	Life expectancy is higher than in any other country (Chapter 7), and already in 1960 the total fertility rate (TFR) was two children per woman. In 2014, the dependency ratio is 77%: there are 100 working-age people to take care of 77 non-working-age people (elderly and children). In China the TFR in 1960 was around 5.5,3.0 in 1975 and fell below 2 in 1995. The one-child policy in China contributed to a decrease in the number of children, while people bom since 1950 are still in the workforce.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-5-en	43d02798235ef8063ad41d0aab1bc840	However, it is also worth exploring the effects of additional actions that may shift future trends. In essence, these require additional reform and action by governments, producers and consumers beyond the levels observed in the past. Countries without observations represent those where undernourishment impacts less than 5% of the population, resulting in the model estimates of changes being insignificantly different from each other. Producers respond to these higher food prices and increase production. Meanwhile, consumers with higher incomes worldwide adjust their diets, creating more pronounced shifts in demand towards meat and dairy products. Worldwide consumption in 2024 from plant-based products is close to 141 bln kcal/day (0.7% greater than the baseline), while calories from consuming livestock products is 60 bln kcal/day (1.7% greater).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	43d6737e35f63f204dd7ba302aca9f08	About 71% of companies had a re-employment system, and 11% had an employment-extension system in place. About 8% had both systems (MHLW, 2008c).189 A 2005 JILPT survey on Human Resource Strategies shows that willingness to employ older workers is generally higher in the management, office work and technical departments of firms than in the production and operating departments (Mitani, 2008). Only 12% of surveyed companies implementing a continuous employment system in 2006 stated that they employed older workers having reached mandatory retirement age as full-time regular workers. Most others offered them fixed-term jobs (83%) and/or part-time jobs (20%) (Fujimoto, 2008). Furthermore, in many cases employment contracts of older workers are changed, even if they perform the same tasks and continue to work full-time. As a result the annual income of these older workers, including corporate pension and public benefits as well as wages, was commonly about 50% to 70% of their annual income at the mandatory retirement age.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	43d73e800a1304c6e47d190da4b9f0d0	In contrast, in 1976, half of all Governments in less developed regions did not intervene to influence fertility and one in three had policies to lower fertility (table III. By 1996, one in four Governments in less developed regions did not intervene to influence fertility, whereas more than half had policies to lower fertility. Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of Governments in less developed regions that did not intervene to influence fertility declined further to just 12 per cent, but the percentage of those with policies to lower fertility remained mostly unchanged.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	43d82531e93637ae336b46c58cfcb026	It can also support capacity development and provide technical assistance to strengthen local institutions and contribute to domestic resource mobilisation and the engagement of the private sector. The emphasis on different goals will be based on national circumstances. Nevertheless, the SDGs do increase the overall scope of issue development co-operation will play a role in.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264088986-en	43d936c751755461dd1f07a87551490f	"The Technion, as a globally competitive technical university draws highly qualified students from throughout Israel and other countries, but also has a number of targeted initiatives at the secondary and pre-academic level for students in the Galilee, including Arab students (see Box 2.2.). The Tel Hai Academic College, which describes its role as a ""national college located in the region,"" has developed to a scale and a level of prestige that it now recruits substantially from the centre to the extent that 60% of its undergraduate academic students come from outside the Galilee. However, with the exception of Arab colleges, the enrolments remain largely Jewish."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	43d938af6bf72ef7b79022c4900acd53	It is, however, important to note that there are only two years for which adaptation data are available, and as such these figures represent only a snapshot of activity. Moreover, as this is a new system for adaptation, there is still some variation between countries with respect to how they have applied the Rio Marker criteria (Figure 3.9). These focus primarily on capacity building rather than implementation of concrete adaptation measures. From the location and project descriptions, these projects do not appear to have been systematically designed to exploit the expertise gained within Austria on management of natural hazards in mountainous regions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	43d9c28efd7d32f9d4f7713e8d4db8b4	For example in 2010, when 24 million households headed by someone age 62 and older were homeowners only about 2 to 3% actually had a reverse mortgage (Bowen Bishop and Shan, 2008; see also CFPB, 2012). For low-income households with housing equity in the bottom 20% of the distribution, the annuity from a reverse mortgage would represent 11% of their income, while for those in the top 20% it would be 35%. Low-income households with average housing equity of around EUR 300 000 could draw an annuity from a reverse mortgage that would account for 24% of disposable income.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3abd3198-en	43d9e6d7d2fd0f3aa0c5c548c8f3a7d0	However, the innovation system is a broader concept, also encompassing research and education systems, government, civil society and consumers. The key aspects of innovation systems are the capabilities of these various actors, the connections among them, and the enabling environment for innovation that they create. This includes a range of capabilities, from absorptive capacity (to assimilate existing knowledge and technology) to the ability to engage in advanced R&D and technological innovation. Firms’ capacities to introduce innovations in local, national and international markets are a prerequisite for technological upgrading and improving a oountry's productive capacity.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	43df7f7cd712d63c11a3ece04e716bbf	To take a simplified numerical example, the annual cost of a peak power plant is 60 000 USD/MW/yr, with a variable cost of 100 USD/MWh. Building one MW of capacity to operate it only one hour would cost 60 100 USD/MWh, which is higher than the value of lost load (20 000 in this example). Therefore it is less costly not to serve this MWh and rely on load curtailment. For 2 hours, the cost would be (60 000+2*100)/2 = 30100 USD/MWh, which is again too costly.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	43e1653550a9eeda5f6c2d707c28ee09	In 2015 it reached 50.2% (up from 45% in 2010), which is only slightly below the EU28 (the European Union’s 28 member states) as well as the OECD average of 53%. It is also higher than that of neighbouring countries as well as some of the Central and Eastern Europeans: 44% in Poland, 41% in Slovak Republic, and 43% in Russia and Ukraine (World Bank, 2016). The latter, referred to as the old age dependency ratio, has remained between 10 and 11% since 1960. Over the same period, the old age dependency ratio has increased from 14 to 25% across the OECD countries (World Bank, 2016).	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	43e300f9fe0ad8ea00778a14de1afc0c	Income mobility aids the diagnosis of sodal cohesion by quantifying winners and losers from past economic performance. The second part of the section reviews job mobility between 2004 and 2008 with a focus on movement across type of employment, industries and jobs with different skill levels and skill mismatches. The final part of the section examines children's educational aspirations with the aim of identifying factors shaping inter generational inequality in Viet Nam.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	43e8ef2f2cc4bf79c5719477fac48e9f	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fa683360-en	43e90b81cfca9c519262ed760b08d23e	Some of the reasons include: (a) where the victim had learning difficulties, mental health issues or was unable to give a clear account; (b) DNA testing was not conducted; or (c) the offender was identified but not traced. In a substantial number of cases the decision not to proceed was linked with victim credibility. Victims who declined to complete the investigative process and victim withdrawal accounted for over one-third of cases lost at the police stage.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-14-en	43ea391f62d1c5d6dc36a5584d9b0488	Other key fisheries legislation are the Fishing Rule, the Fisheries Market Act (2004) (regulates different support measures like the EFF and state aid measures and provides market regulation), the Act on Sustainable Development (1995), the Water Act (1994), the Pollution Charge Act (1999), the Act on Protection of Marine and Freshwater Coasts, Shores and Banks and the Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (2000). Twice a year, the commission meets to settle the terms for allowable catch volumes, research programmes, surveillance, technical measures and exchange information. In 2009, total landings were 97 245 tonnes for a value of EUR 60.1 million.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	43eb9d7a16bda5d0c826a7d65f4f56e3	While Swedish schools draw on the help of psychologists and social workers, having further experts on call (such as trauma therapists) like in Austria would be beneficial in supporting immigrant and refugee students’ wellbeing. These policy pointers would entail some financial implications, but could offer teachers significant support in teaching and working with immigrant and refugee students. Additionally, learning Swedish continues to hold high importance even after finishing traditional schooling; many researchers and academics have concluded that it is a prerequisite for individuals to play an active role in Swedish society.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/86877f45-en	43ed5a36c85816cf1da7abe1b2b22f76	Environmentalists, for instance, led the charge for improved transparency of WTO negotiations and dispute settlement and spurred many governments to take more seriously the need for stakeholder participation in domestic trade policy-making processes. Since 1999, failed efforts to launch a Millennium Round of negotiations at the Seattle WTO Ministerial have served as a reminder of the power of environmental constituencies to alter the political feasibility of new trade deals. The views expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat.	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	43ed881746c99744f5ca3371ba301a28	This target is expected to be achieved through national policies and measures as well as through the purchase of carbon credits on the international market. The challenge will be to sustain the recent emission decrease once economic growth resumes, with a view to achieving Portugal’s targets to 2020. A government resolution, approved in late 2010, mandates the development of long-term, low-carbon national and sectoral roadmaps, and a national climate change plan to 2020.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/663aa107-en	43ee4ee15d87cc9cfcd1321d9416b5b3	"It guarantees a yearly average release of 16 BCM [at a minimum annual average of 500 m3/sl from the Euphrates at the Syrian-Turkish border."" Turkey and Syria signed 52 agreements in a Strategic Cooperation Council meeting on energy cooperation, transportation, trade and security. Negotiating mechanisms between Iraq and Turkey were created or revived and in 2009 a new water protocol was signed along with many other protocols on trade and security."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	43f46bbfc53f64ca5efebffb4191c6d6	In the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) and Finland, education was found to be negatively associated with alcohol abuse in men, but positively associated with heavy drinking, but not HED, in women (Helasoja et al., In the Czech Republic, men, single persons and people with low education were found to be at higher risk of hazardous alcohol drinking (Dzurova et al., Conversely, the literature shows an opposite pattern for women, with the higher educated more likely to be hazardous drinkers. In Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, women with higher education were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Bloomfield et al., This trend in women is confirmed in Germany, France Switzerland, and Norway, whereas in the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, and Sweden, less educated women were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Kuntsche etal,, 2006). In a meta-analysis of 33 countries, part of the GENACIS” project, men and women with greater education were found to be more likely to consume alcohol than their counterparts with less education.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	43f6aa1b245af5239e000868d27f99c2	From a system-wide perspective, the overarching objective is thus to strategically steer the portfolio of technologies, to attain a generation mix suited to the country’s resources and future needs. This is likely to shift the balance of advantage decisively towards renewable technologies, where recurrent costs are a much smaller part of the total. However, while the availability of external financing is thus relevant to technology choices, it is important that such choices be driven by local circumstances, and not simply by the availability of financing.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	43f77b2b7940051980a344b9ac046e92	Overall, the near-term growth outlook is clouded by more modest fiscal support at a time when fiscal consolidation is needed. The Government is trying to consolidate fiscal debt levels which reached 245% of GDP in 2015, and achieve a primary budget surplus by 2020. The slump was underpinned by sharp declines in mining sector investments, weaker external demand for coal and copper, particularly from China, and deteriorating terms of trade.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	43fadba2cedf94ac8d1bad8e85778e9f	Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children. In the United States of America (USA), for example, around 76 million cases of foodbome diseases, resulting in 325 000 hospitalisations and 5 000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. In the USA, diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to USD 35 billion annually (1997) in medical costs and lost productivity.	14	9	0	1.0
10.18356/5565b46a-en	43fb673f42e7f8bee345b48bea70a25b	Nearly half of the average annual flow that drains towards the Sava River has such an internal transboundary characteristic. In the Adriatic Sea river basin, internal transboundary waters between the two entities are less significant. Rivers are the natural characteristics that define nearly half of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s borders, extending 751 km in length.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/dd581311-en	440041f80276b84f505b25d35fb3f890	Under this proposal, UBN indicators would be able to account for access to goods provided through public investment, while income indicators would measure private consumption. This method attempted to determine the extent of deprivation in each dimension in order to establish gaps, as is the case with the poverty line. Nevertheless, for the time being, the significance of asymmetries within households (not all household members are affected in the same way by lack of resources or are able to function with the same degree of freedom) will not be taken into account owing to methodological difficulties and problems with data.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	440067f8ba97fd8e58ce36f106d0b8cb	A robustness check however indicates that the distributions of spell durations vary little over the observation periods. In particular, the shares of spells with durations of at least six, twelve, and 24 months among spells starting in a given month are surprisingly stable over time (not shown). The only exception to this is Latvia, where the proportion of spells with longer durations surges along with the rise in benefit receipt rates in 2009.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	44011cc24dae5b9f5025738e3ae1e2b3	Bird population indices are available from Europe and North America. More accurate and comparable time-series data on wildlife populations still need to be developed. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The targets agreed in 2002 by parties to the CBD to “significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss” by 2010 were not met, at least not at global level. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinction throughout the century if current trends persist. Many species are threatened by habitat alteration or loss, both within and outside protected areas (e.g. on farms and in forests).	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	440686a598bbbb7d528871ae59ec228f	In terms of social domain, the OECD has arguably the largest scope the different datasets as it has developed a methodology, which facilitates the comprehensive accounting of fiscal measures that affect social protection. See Adema et al. ( Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012; and a Manual to the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	440b06b203285e40ee6d3bdd426ceef9	Nevertheless, they do show that female-owned enterprises contribute substantially to job creation. In the United States, women owned 7.8 million firms in 2007 and employed 7.6 million workers (US Department of Commerce, 2010). In Italy in 2010, they fully owned or majority-controlled about a quarter of all companies - almost 1.3 million (Italian Chamber of Commerce, 2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	44107ff8518d25a4a981812e323ba743	It exists in some jurisdictions, but is voluntary or non-existent in others. With the exception of Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, board responsibility is not mandated in most countries. Some carbon disclosure schemes cover the largest GHG emitters; others cover the largest firms (e.g. in terms of employees) but leave out a large majority of companies.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	4413b216bac5352168c252025907b2cd	Those with the best performance in groups with similar characteristics would successively set the standard for the next phase which laggards will aim to achieve. For example, Japan might be the top runner that sets the standards and targets to be achieved by other technologically advanced economies in terms of end-use energy efficiency. Other examples might include business people responsible for highly energy-intensive patterns of consumption of transport services, or high-income house-owners.	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	4418892f409c95863bd56b1439ff403c	If all goods were priced to internalise environmental costs, then trade flows would be environmentally neutral and there would be no rationale for restricting trade on environmental grounds. There are enormous difficulties in arriving at such a scenario, of course. It at least needs to be noted, however, that it would greatly reduce almost all trade and environmental tensions. The WTO’s current law is now over 20 years old.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	44191968df5e4e1ef95a5361858892b7	In volume terms, Australian fisheries production increased slightly, by 476 tonnes to 237 540 tonnes. The volume of aquaculture production increased by 10% from 75 188 to 84 605 tonnes, accounting for 36% of total Australian fisheries production while that of capture fisheries declined by 4% to 157 505 tonnes. Stocks improved overall in 2013, compared with previous years.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	441a6f35ae6b8f7337c0b01c7563acac	In the 1990s and the 2000s, Thailand and India both applied a lower tax rate on unleaded fuels, rather than increasing taxes on leaded fuels, to (successfully) phase out leaded fuel (Cottrell et al., In Viet Nam, environmental tax revenues increased between 2000-2015 and in China, too, revenues increased between 2000-2014, and further changes are planned which are expected to perpetuate this trend. In Thailand, new measures to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector were introduced in 2015, including a new system of vehicle registration taxes based on carbon dioxide emissions, expected to raise THB 10 billion, as well as a new system of transport fuel taxation based on carbon emissions and other measures to deal with waste, water pollution and transport.125 The World Bank's Partnership for Market Readiness programme reflects a broad interest in the region for carbon pricing schemes of one sort or another.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f501027d-en	441c963c54c9c7858734aa2a03424ba4	Providing workers with a larger, more broad-based skills set would therefore be important to increase their employability in other industries. Thus, for former employees of multinational enterprises, the combination of training and their experience in such enterprises could help create competitive firms or firms able to supply parts of products which meet the standards of multinational enterprises (Fosfuri, Motta and Ronde, 2001; Gorg and Greenaway, 2004), provided that adequate entrepreneurial policies are implemented in the country. Yet, at the same time, significant increases in productivity, particularly in labour productivity, have also taken place in the region. Since the 2008 economic and financial crisis, economic growth and productivity growth have, however, been on a downward trend.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	441ca91bd16d3b6b5e0ff46fb3027a59	The PNAEE relies on this same combination of measures to deliver the greatest energy savings in the transport sector (Table 5.3). It was restricted to cars with low C02 emissions levels in 2009-10 and has been restricted to electric vehicles as of 2011. Vehicle scrapping incentives (and other types of subsidisation of environment-friendly vehicles) are generally less efficient than charges based on pollution by road transport and represent government expenditure.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	441e9ffb1bd038d228bdf9f13f1a7ca7	"In the same vein, policymakers should also consider gauging the ""depth"" of poverty and taking a dynamic view of poverty instead of a static one, based on snapshots. Those conversion factors refer to the average cost of living, rather than that faced by the poor. People with lower incomes tend to spend a larger share on food and, when living in remote rural areas, incur higher living expenses than others, because of transportation costs, for instance."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	44212b93a8d700117eb6e9555c576142	For example, the PLU for the commune of Saint-Nazaire attaches a great importance to the protection of natural areas, the location of production zones, and risks in the estuary. As the attractiveness of the sea shore is quite important, the PLU imposes restrictive rules related on construction in the coastal zone and tries to relocate new development two or three kilometres inland. Involving 24 communes around the City of Nantes it will establish the main directions for the broader project of territorial development to the year 2030. They are also trying to encourage increased participation in the process by public-private development companies (Societes publiques d’amenagement) and private investors to manage land use and local land acquisition operations, beyond the limited number of public programs.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/1826beee-en	44225a39c980aebbb67cfa2f08748c74	The overall costs of water pollution caused by agriculture across OECD countries both in terms of treatment for consumption and in terms of damage to ecosystems are likely to exceed billions of euros annually (Gruere, 2016(7]; OECD, 2017(6]).' At the same time, in many regions agricultural production is subject to water risks mainly due to climate variability, extreme events, depleting groundwater resources; but it also faces resource competition from other sectors (OECD, 2017(2]). Recent reports show that diffuse pollution from agriculture continues to be problematic in spite of policy efforts (Wang, Tyau and Ybanez, 2017(8]; Wasley, Fiona and Davies, 2017(9]; Melia, 2017[ioj; OECD, 2017(6]). Droughts and floods continue to have lasting and potentially devastating impacts on agriculture in many regions (OECD, 2016(d).	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	44236be10d96ac94b9d00fd8ff7a5966	Water quality monitoring in RS has been systematically carried out since 2000, including analysis of biological, physical-chemical, chemical and microbiological parameters and specific pollution substances, as well as of parameters from the list of priority substances since 2007. Quality assessment is carried out in accordance with the Decree on Water Classification and Categorization of Water Courses (RS Official Gazette, No. The development of the environmental monitoring network and the results of parameter analysis in RS between 2004 and 2010 are shown in table 7.1 below.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	4426ef1004c87506b511b0c2d80e1cfa	Ideally, therefore, the decoupling measure should focus on resource use per unit of consumption rather than per unit of recorded production in an economy. Such measures are unavailable on an economy- or sector-wide basis, however. Fourth, although these data limitations apply to all economies, in Africa data are particularly inconsistent (Jerven, 2013), so measuring the progress of decoupling is harder still. The production and cleaning processes in the iron and steel, textiles, leather, pulp and paper, and chemical sectors, among others, pose a severe threat to human health and water resources in several African countries.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	44272fd9a3e9cb89d4370b435c53bcc7	Examples of capacity elements for each of the three levels are summarised in Table 2.2. A Practical Guide for Planning; implementing; and Assessing Capacity Building of HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Systems, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, United States Government, Washington, DC. The objective of the assessment was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the government’s approach to MfDR. The assessment found that there was a significant lack of capacity to monitor and evaluate public policies in all sectors. Further, the majority of sectors lacked the capacity to analyse statistical data and to use monitoring and evaluation findings to inform decision-making processes (Government of Ghana, 2012).	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	442941a3c7c777ce462349cfbc2c558f	In 2010 only 566 429 children under the age of five were enrolled in comprehensive ECEC in Colombia; by 2014 the number reached by the strategy had risen to 1 040 351. The goal is to increase enrolment in ECEC to 2.4 million for children under 5 years old (the government subsequently revised to 2 million children aged up to five years), and to ensure that 100% of children in extreme poverty participate in ECEC by 2018. These changes include the creation of the Undersecretariat of Early Childhood Education and the expansion of access to early childhood education through the creation of new early childhood education centres that fulfil new standards of quality'.	4	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289348546-10-en	442a091a4d0af551584491c3e624bbac	Financial resources should be allocated both at national and local level (on the island). This should be a collaborative effort between the public and private sector. The private sector, the public sector and the educational institutions should cooperate when implementing the national and regional strategies.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	442b6fd03fccb5a16eb73e6c42f33967	Box 4.2 describes three idealised scenarios of efficient water allocation between urban and rural consumers (for the case of a renewable resource). Policy makers might in some cases favour the equity and fairness of the resulting allocation profiles over their economic efficiency. For example, low-income farmers in water-stressed regions may not receive enough water to sustain their livelihoods; an equitable allocation would therefore require shifting water resources to the more vulnerable groups in society at the expense of economic efficiency. Chapter 5 will further emphasise procedural equity, i.e. participation of all stakeholders in the way water is managed as a whole, especially when it crosses urban and rural areas.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	442cc743101878d6c278893ccaa8fbc6	First, students need to have a computer with Internet access in order to participate in a MOOC, which means that students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be penalised. Second, students need to possess the skills to learn on their own and to find the time to follow the class. This analysis covers seventeen MOOCs from Harvard and MIT and 841 687 registrants (with 292 852 (35%) registrants who never engaged with the online content).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fb79328d-en	443e38e7fe0721012241c3a36a6d54a4	In this regard, as mentioned above, the initial $1-a-day poverty line was based on the common (national) poverty lines of 6 of the poorest countries out of a sample of 33 developing countries studied by Ravallion, Datt and van de Walle (1991) who used 1985 Penn PPP values. However, Chen and Ravallion (2001), after having recomputed this line using 1993 Penn PPP values and taking the median of the lowest 10 national poverty lines of the same country sample, suggested a poverty line of $1.08 per day. They later switched to a new set of PPPs (for 2005) computed by the World Bank and suggested a poverty line of $1.25 per day based on the mean of the poverty lines of the 15 poorest countries of the sample (Chen and Ravallion (2008)).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	443e7ac3d73899c3b12fd356a3d800c4	Limited concessions on energy goods have already been given under APTA in the Fourth Round of negotiations as shown in table 10.4. China, India and the Republic of Korea remain among the top importers of the three primary fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal). Conversely, Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan are the top fossil fuel exporters in the region.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	443f00b7569448af7b78ddd73435b9d5	The most progress can be observed in Western Europe, Eastern Asia and Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union. The case of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union is particularly interesting, considering the sharp decline in female members of parliament after the collapse of the Union and the subsequent widening gender gap. Former Soviet countries, which were once near the top in the world rankings of female representation, have now fallen far behind Western Europe, and even behind many developing countries.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	4440452c2449a0f285fea1e5440b0b7a	In France, Hungary, Slovenia and Spain the majority of spells last over half a year, and in France, Hungary and Luxembourg, over one-third of all NEET spells even last longer than 12 months. Spell durations are shortest in Austria, where nearly 80% of individuals with a NEET spell are out of employment, education or training for a maximum of 3 months. A point worth keeping in mind when considering these spell durations is that the reported numbers are likely to be underestimates of actual NEET spell durations. Part of the spells observed in the data are still ongoing at the end of the observation period (i.e., they are right-censored) and thus not included in the calculations with their (unobserved) full length.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	4441661711b74da6c101e32a552be7c4	Traditionally, PICs have heavily relied on support from extended family networks and strong community ties. However, those traditional informal safety net mechanisms are becoming inadequate in the face of growing economic and environmental climate changes. As these informal mechanisms become less effective, it is clear that strong formal mechanisms need to be in place. However, at this time, few exist.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	4442a8adf224d1a145aea78841842736	For example, the long-term economic growth effects of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras were such that six years after the hurricane struck in 1998, GDP was estimated to be 6% to 9% below what it would have been without the hurricane (CDKN, 2012a). Without measures to manage these risks, the losses from natural disasters and extreme events in low and middle-income countries may even rise faster than their economic growth rates (CDKN, 2012a). Many developing countries are already locked into energy sources that emit high levels of pollution and greenhouse gases.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	4443a3d9f12654ffdb7beaaad25c9046	While there is a myriad policies that shape the urban form, this section takes a closer look at policy tools related to housing, transport and environmental policies. Access to housing is precisely reported as one of the five most important objectives of housing policy by all 26 OECD countries that took the recent Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH) (OECD, 2014d), including 18 countries that explicitly mentioned improving the affordability of housing (Salvi del Pero et al., As documented in Chapter 2, people living in large cities are, on average, less satisfied than the national average (by 13.3 percentage points) with the affordability of housing. For example, national fiscal frameworks may make greenfield development more attractive to cities than infill development.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	44452cec6769e153786763c49b35689c	They have helped strengthen the relationships between environmental NGOs, the government and organisations working with indigenous peoples. Several other such initiatives are under way, some of which are supported by the National Environment Fund (Chapter 2) and international organisations. Co-ordination between programmes and involved institutions is weak, however (Irving, 2010).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264084070-en	4447b5965cbb4c1cdf8f5414433b081a	The scheme is recognised as an effective intervention; it is also important, however, that such teachers should not become a substitute for goal that all teachers be able to adapt their teaching to immigrant students. Training opportunities, materials and funding for extra resources are mostly ad-hoc and dependent on the size of school budgets and/or the amount of support provided by the municipalities or counties. School leaders play a key role in promoting the participation of teachers in training where necessary.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	444873f2bc9c74dc7d5bc1e23ad3e48f	The PPRn can cover a single natural hazard or multiple hazards, and can cover one or more municipalities. Its prohibitions and restrictions on construction in natural-hazard areas apply to all construction, both public and private-sector. While the PPRn are created by the national government, they are developed in close consultation with regional and municipal officials, and the public. Beyond specifying construction conditions, the PPRn are intended to inform land-use planning decisions in areas vulnerable to natural hazards.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	4448cb907a996af50c14d030b4bf1ea7	In many cultures, women’s domain is in the market, in religious groups, among other mothers and, increasingly, in the medical and counselling professions. If information about peacebuilding programmes is circulated only through male social networks, women will not have the knowledge required for active participation. Moreover, the failure to include women’s networks in peacebuilding programmes can restrict the ability of leaders to gain the consent and support needed to implement peace agreements. The paradoxical logic of patriarchy condones or ignores private and structural forms of violence against women, while prohibiting public violence against or repression of women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	4449a5fd12478541e43384a4da367a49	Tax incentives should thus not be targeted to environmental outcomes but rather encourage innovation on a broader base. Finally, as tax incentives tend to encourage mainly marketable innovations rather than projects with a high social value, Germany should maintain direct research funding, notably by using public tenders. Ageing combined with a low level of tertiary education attainment will create significant shortages on the labour market limiting the development of new activities while reducing Germany’s attractiveness as an investment location (OECD, 2012).	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	444aa8f38b48c8b02aa2599ed48d63d1	This chapter uses the term “protected area” to refer to stricto sensu protected areas as defined and governed by the SNUC Law. In 2010, the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-20 with the mission of halting biodiversity loss and enhance the benefits biodiversity provides to people. The Strategic Plan includes 20 targets (the Aichi Targets), organised under five strategic goals.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-26-en	444b9ecae038c660692c9ee2a1d8adf6	Approved by the Inter-ministerial Economic Planning Committee (CIPE) with Deliberation No. Law 267/1998 establishes the legal basis for the identification and funding of urgent preventive measures. The research will enable adaptation to climate change, according to environmental and socio-economic sustainability criteria, and considering the increasing economic value of water resources, wvnv.agroscenari.it. However, this estimate does not take into account the higher risks deriving from climate change scenarios, for which no assessment currently exists.	13	0	8	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	444d93f5ed9a5be00b49220e40a1fc54	To address this, an adaptive management approach based on a predetermined-harvest model has become more commonly used. It is important that high-quality catch, effort and other data be made available in a timely manner and shared among stakeholders, e.g. scientists, decision-makers and fishers. Assembly of such data into integrated databases prior to assessments can greatly facilitate analysis. Knowledge bases such as FishBase2 and SealifeBase3 already provide easy access to comprehensive ecological and biological knowledge.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2013-10-en	444dc959f943f30ad7c0311092369d93	The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Very few countries have succeeded in reaching advanced-country status in the last 25 years.1 The inability of many developing countries to make the leap to advanced-country status is known as the “middle-income trap”.2 This is because the economic model that enables low per capita income countries to become richer no longer applies when they need to move to the high-income level (Kharas, 2010). On the one hand, most middle-income countries face growing competition from low-wage countries in respect of low-tech standardised products.	4	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	445049c3a1792b2e32561a6250b5dd80	The European Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 103-108. Recessions and mortality in Spain, 1980-1997.European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(4), 393-422. Mortality and macroeconomic fluctuations in contemporary Sweden. European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(2), 157-184.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/80f460e1-en	445205abc52ed6e55483b420095c407b	In addition, the health of irregular migrants is frequently endangered by the precarious and unsafe conditions in which they live and work, as well as when they are in immigration detention. In some countries, public health concerns underlie policy decisions to provide certain services to irregular migrants, notably vaccination and prenatal care and treatment of communicable diseases. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010), p. 258.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	44551f38cdfca01ec788352247bf41ec	"Blue water” generally refers to water that can be delivered for irrigation or made available for alternative uses, while “green water” must be used directly from the soil profile. The terms “green water” and “blue water” generate easily recallable images of soil moisture and stored surface water in a manner that is likely to be helpful to many public officials and agency staff members. Some authors have suggested that the opportunity cost of “green water” is generally smaller than that of “blue water”. They propose trading ""green water” for “blue water”, when possible, to generate meaningful water savings."	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/e617261d-en	445720b94e14482c1d4cd88a079a1711	Analysis did not reveal any statistically significant gender differences among migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with regard to these attitudes. Interestingly, the differences between ethnic identification and attitudes of Kyrgyz migrants on one hand and migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on the other are reflected in the factual behaviour of family formation. According to data from the Russian census, the share of mixed couples among ethnic Kyrgyz is about one fifth, whereas the figure among ethnic Tajiks and Uzbeks is more than half (Soroko, 2010).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac71849-en	44599dfc53bddec4d2923d5a900c4abe	There are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management, water efficiency and biodiversity, including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty (World Bank, 2007a, 2008c; Thapa and Broomhead, 2010; Spielman and Pandya-Lorch, 2009; Africare, Oxfam America and WWF-ICRISAT Project, 2010; Pretty and others, 2006). While indigenous female workers have experience in the management of biodiversity and traditional knowledge for sustainable agriculture, poor access to land, inputs and credit has often prevented the expansion of that successful experience (World Bank, 2009). The integrated pest management (IPM) approach, proliferating Farm Field Schools and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are good examples of creative innovation that achieved large-scale impacts through highly effective collaboration among multiple stakeholders (see box III.l). The projects evaluated encompassed 3 per cent of cultivated area in developing countries.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	4459d48aecdc66e44b841939dd511e63	The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	445f7c7f18b2bac22b062c6b48198b87	It needs to be investigated in its own right as there is not a simple one-to-one relationship between cost reduction and market effect. For example, where a measure is implemented such that the cost reduction is fully transferred to the buyer as a pure rent (for example, food aid to recipients who could otherwise not buy any food in the market), it does not change conditions in the rest of the market. In this context it was emphasised that the concept of “additionality” is crucial. It was shown, for example, in an illustrative quantitative exercise based on the OECD’s Policy Evaluation Model (PEM) how the additionality of given quantities of food aid provided could be estimated for selected countries based on particular assumptions and parameters.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	44610cd2d70b44be26a25303d67e5c4e	The group of NEETs has however become older since 2007, with the share of 15-19 year-olds among NEETs having declined in nearly all countries. There is no evidence however that the change in the age distribution among NEETs was stronger in countries most affected by the crisis. The average gender gap in NEET rates is 5 percentage points, but the difference is much larger in Turkey (30 percentage points), Mexico (27 percentage points), Chile (16 percentage points) and the Czech Republic (10 percentage points). This confirms that some NEETs face important additional barriers to labour market entry.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	44623809488b81dbb15d2ee7947ad624	Remittances are often countercyclical, rising during economic downturns and natural disasters as migrants increase their transfer of funds in order to provide for their families' emergency needs. However, this was not necessarily the case in recent years as major oil-producing host countries suffered large terms-of-trade losses. Latest available data suggest that, while a recovery is under way in North and Central Asia in line with the rebound of the economy in the Russian Federation, this trend is not apparent in South Asian economies, which rely on remittances from the Gulf Cooperation Council region (see figure 1.20).	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	44645171bdbeb18a3af844c6cb4a24fe	Of course, this partly reflects behavioural responses to the provision of welfare benefits: if pensioners, the unemployed and the ill know that they will receive state benefits their incentives to provide for themselves or to insure against the risk of income loss are reduced. Generous welfare-state provision may therefore lead to a large number of people with no market income and higher levels of inequality of market income. The second point to note from Table 2.2 is that redistributive policies have very different effects on final poverty outcomes across countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	446d5902f14dca2b57b8784f30258b4c	While buffer stocks have an explicit market price objective, social safety nets focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices. Emergency stocks will not be considered as they are only released to provide emergency relief and are not intended to influence domestic market prices. First of all, most stockholding programmes have multiple purposes and often one agency is tasked with completing several objectives. Second, the goals for holding public stocks can change over time. That is, a stock that was acquired with the purpose of stabilising domestic prices can be used for food distribution programmes.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	446f55f816ef6f1ea0f8e1abe423a161	As in many OECD countries, the current financial crisis has had an impact on available funding and Portugal is trying to optimise the use of financial resources for education and training. From 2005 to 2011, expenditure per student increased by 5% in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (compared to the OECD average increase of 17%), while enrolment decreased by 3% (the OECD average decrease was also 3%). At tertiary level, expenditure per student decreased by 3% in 2011 (compared to the OECD average increase of 10%), while enrolment increased by 10% (compared to the OECD average increase of 15%).	4	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-3-en	4478940e107696e488bf0ee1625f455e	The Commonwealth's guiding principles and values in the 1991 Harare Declaration, reaffirmed in the 2011 Perth Commonwealth Heads of Governments Meeting (CHOGM), emphasised improving gender equality and women's empowerment in the Commonwealth, and called on Heads to demonstrate commitment by entrenching measures to advance women's political participation and leadership at all levels of decision-making. The proposed 'target of no less than 30 per cent of women in decision-making in the political, public and private sectors by 2005' (Commonwealth Secretariat 1996) is attracting increasing support from member countries. Actions to realise this global target, especially the equitable representation of women in the political arena, are constantly evolving.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	447cd5403d64609d4424a2cad73ade53	First, it led to the idea that resources should be concentrated in a small number of locations to achieve critical mass (Parr, 1999: 1198). This idea is extended to include the spatial concentration of specific industries in particular places that are the most suitable for their growth. The second result was the idea that national governments could induce new poles in different parts of the country to achieve more balanced growth—pdles d'equilibre (Parr, 1999: 1203). Actions by die government could move both workers and firms to a new location that would become the motor for regional growth. In France these ideas continue to underpin the process of spatial planning and influence the allocation of responsibilities to different levels of subnational government.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	447e25b51f6b6d3909813bcbaaa4505f	Every state government will form a State Food Commission to monitor the implementation of the Food Security Act. The composition of the State Food Commission is regulated by the Food Security Act: it will consider experience, gender and caste. The act also makes provisions for vigilance committees and grievance redress mechanisms.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	4482fd459c42285076fd2498be3fd08d	Or should domestic consumption be assigned a greater role (as currently envisaged in China and as practiced to a considerable extent in India)? Should domestic savings and investments have increased roles, as opposed to foreign savings (see also section below on macroeconomic policies and FDI)? To answer these questions, each country must ask if the benefits of economies of scale linked to specialization, technology transfer through imports and FDI, and access to world savings outweigh the risk of contagion, import instability, de-industrializa-tion and a return to colonial patterns of growth (if at more favorable terms of trade). The answers will obviously depend on a number of factors: the size of the country; the establishment of future global safety nets to offset global contagion; the need to find external outlets for domestic production surplus; and the impact of international trade (compared to production for domestic consumption) on carbon emissions and on the environmental footprint in general.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/028f7d06-en	448389d8c01171b137b45cc5ae2c11b6	But (he widely diverging evolution of food and non-food prices led to the use of different deflators starting in 2007. The indigence line is updated using the food consumer price index (CPI); the non-food component of the poverty line is updated on the basis of the variation of Ihe CPI for the relevant goods and services. Accordingly, the figures may not match those published in previous editions.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	4485b4d8f08b65b575345286a33d01f2	Led by the Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA). It is recognized as the authoritative electricity organization in South-East Asia, with the mandate to coordinate multilateral electricity trading by 2018. However, bilateral agreements have no yet been integrated into the regional power grid, which will require further efforts to harmonize policies and regulation.	7	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289348911-4-en	4488abe2b1ca6f2f7145ef47efe1f74c	"The impacts that projects such as transportation and energy infrastructures may have on landscape experiences depend very much on the location, scale and visual impacts. For instance, changes to landscapes closer to population centres will affect more people, even if the landscape is not as aesthetically attractive as in a more remote location. Hence, impacts in the ""everyday landscapes"" in and around large population centres may be more important in welfare terms, than impacts on more ""iconic"" landscapes where fewer people live and experience them daily (see e.g. figure 3.1, the ""landscape experience pyramid"" in NCM 2015)."	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	448986141e8db94098fcc5b97e0e35a8	While internal renewable water resources, represented by annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from endogenous precipitation make-up the major part of a water balance, water generated outside the border of a country can also be important, such as natural inflows from upstream countries (groundwater and surface water), and part of the water of border lakes or rivers. Similarly, not all the water resources generated by endogenous precipitation in a particular country are available for that country. This is because, for example, a certain quantity of water must remain to maintain the natural flow of the river which ultimately leaves the nation's (nations') border. Thus, the water balance equation of a country also needs to include the external renewable water resources that naturally flow into that country and the amount of water generated by endogenous precipitation that naturally flows out of the country.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	448ac0cf22dcd9cb88eab5ec04ac04e7	In the 1950s, the children of nomadic hunters and reindeer herders received education for several months a year in large settlements; a decade later, this was replaced by a system of boarding schools, which became mandatory for both nomadic and settled populations in the North and were financed by the state. Education was delivered in Russian by non-indigenous teachers. Indigenous languages were taught only as a separate subject in elementary grades.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	448bfc87a586b01b93d10f35de4246c0	Top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between the rich and the average households. Hence the analysis can allow for the possibility that different forms of inequality have different consequences for growth. The baseline results are reported in columns 1 to 4 of Table 1.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	448c0681ddf22f3360ec7f6ba10735b6	Within these, pressures and impacts are different, and the corresponding management responses need to be tailored accordingly. Similarly, the Oder has six Working Areas, each containing many water bodies. Nineteen of the twenty-seven EU member States recently provided GIS-mappcd information of their groundwater bodies.’	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	448cfebe196e9aed00270dbd6ed9d3ce	Not only does this have potentially negative effects on gender pay gaps and levels of social inclusion, but also Sydney is not fully utilising the skills currently available in its workforce. Moreover, this mixed labour market picture suggests that the low levels of unemployment are masking higher levels of inactivity. Youth unemployment is also high, although this is very much a global trend amongst advanced economies.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	44967a35cb7270d92605387e112b4603	But statistics from the World Bank indicate that Egypt’s economic growth has slowed down to about 2% in 2011 and 2012 (World Bank, 2013), similar to the rate of population growth and therefore implying no growth in per capita GDP. The Egypt Human Development Report 2010, by the UN Development Programme, indicates that the major challenges are a weak labour market (especially for the young and women), gender discrimination and sanitation (AfDB, 2012). The students entering technical colleges are mainly general secondary track students who failed to gain admission to university while students of the technical and vocational education and training sub-system face a dead-end in terms of their prospects for further learning (OECD, 2010b:29).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-8-en	449a73befcdce39afddb5188bfdc1961	This takes place in the framework of the programme of innovation for fisheries sustainability which will develop guidelines for access to markets. This increase is explained by a 19% increase in the quantity and 10.3% increase in price. Seventy per cent of the exported value is provided by aquaculture, representing 45% of the quantity exported.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	449fcda9a2f52b798f3724b7a7fa61db	Retrenchment of survivor pension can result in effectively lower protection for women in a context in which their individual pension rights are not always guaranteed. In countries such as Austria, Germany and Spain, widowed women obtain most of their income from survivor pensions (Ahn 2004: Table 6). Some countries have mechanisms to protect pension entitlements after divorce (Choi 2006: 24-25).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	44a0abd9aba0b2cc1d6346382d68318f	The Jordanian minister of Water and Irrigation and Israeli water commissioner periodically attend JWC meetings and oversee the institution. For instance, the 1997 desalination dispute and the 1999 drought required emergency meetings between the state leaders of Jordan and Israel. See section on Water Resources Management above for detailed information on the plans. Jordan was the driving force behind the agreement and was motivated by its ambition to build a dam on the Yarmouk - a structure discussed in the various development plans that preceded the Johnston Plan.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	44a1633e39006dcf7fef8d6fd7a6cdae	Other aspects of risk - including how to target extensive, everyday risks - also need to be better understood. Risk management and resilience criteria should be part of all budget allocation processes. A 'tagging and tracing' methodology, that allows the tracking and calculation of allocated funds, could, therefore, be beneficial. Building resilience aspects into concessional loans may provide a useful additional funding stream.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-2-en	44a30168bc37c304c27b35109abb6cba	Some countries are supporting working parents by facilitating childcare arrangements (through providing childcare facilities or subsidising childcare costs). Further efforts are needed, however, to develop employment paths to ease the move from part-time to full-time work, to reduce persistent gender pay gaps and to enable women to embark on diverse career paths.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	44a359afb1b359acaba4fba4367ba622	All forms of discrimination are included —gender, moral harassment, sexual harassment and others. The targeting criteria are intended to ensure access to labour justice for the largest number of workers who require it but cannot afford it. In line with the above, the Labour Defence Offices (ODLs) guarantee a maximum coverage of 97.52% to employees in the first three income quintiles and of 83.61% to all wage-earning employees in the country.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	44a8e01e29c69dd7e548db7d163f0663	Limited access to justice impedes progress on women’s equality as it not only perpetuates existing inequalities but it also reinforces impunity and a lax judicial framework for the protection of human and civil rights. The article now clearly states: “a child born to an Algerian mother or father is considered Algerian.” Algerian law also granted men and women equal rights in citizenship attribution by virtue of marriage. Revised Article 9 affirms repeatedly that “Algerian nationality can be obtained by marriage with an Algerian man or woman by decree when the following conditions are met: a) the marriage is legal and effective for at least three years prior to submitting the naturalisation request; b) there has been a permanent and regular residence in Algeria for a period of at least two years; c) the person requesting citizenship has had good conduct and behaviour; and d) the means of livelihood are sufficient.”	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	44a949d3eeae27f05fa039f789660a0a	Current challenges identified by countries with monitoring and tracking climate finance received are presented in Table 5. If spending information is integrated into objectives related to climate change plans and priorities, this could potentially allow the government to understand the impacts or results of those funds (e.g. whether they are contributing to the achievement of certain objectives). Countries also approach tracking the impacts of climate finance differently, in line with their particular priorities, such as cost-effectiveness, human well-being, or transformational change.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	44acc46ae33b38859ba288a9c5105dcf	One implication, thus, is that “poverty traps” exist for some groups who live in ultra poverty, while convergence works more effectively for those living in subjacent and medial poverty. This is particularly important since the experience of the People’s Republic of China — with nearly 70 per cent of the region’s population - would dominate the regional trends in East Asia and the Pacific. At the same time, trends in South Asia would be dominated by India. Unfortunately, we do not have country level information for most of the Asia Pacific LDCs.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	44ae2d2a9c7959f7e78da033a418954a	Case Study 8: Appliance Energy Efficiency MarketTransformation Process in Turkey. Examples from Finland and the Case Study 11: IS050001 Energy Management Systems. Case Study 13: Assigning Responsibility for Managing Increasing Variability of Supply. Case Study 15: Distributed Renewables: Croatia’s High Share of Traditional Renewable Energy.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	44b0e946fbd3dd0732c52f55dbd509d2	Vertical budget allocations operate, while monitoring systems are part of the overall initiative’s framework. A guidance manual on child-friendly approaches for quality primary education has been made available to participating schools. In general, the MoE recommends that there must be a strong focus on capacity development.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	44b0ea29744e45e1a6fef991aea5bb1a	However, the operational agreements and the joint bodies established were diverse and demonstrated that while based on principles of customary law, there is no universal solution for what these should look like. Countries reported barriers to reaching agreement. However, some actions are much less visible.' Today, as the demand for fresh water increases, awareness is focusing on ensuring that the limited capacity of the natural environment to sustain the multiple services that society has come to rely on is maintained, Water-related ecosystems underpin other SDGs, and yet they also depend on them, particularly those relating to food and energy production, biodiversity, and land and sea ecosystems.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	44bb8df187c773db13f9fd0e5dd04d81	Support for this picture emerges from an examination of the ratios between mean white per capita income and the mean per capita income of other groups from 1970 to 2001. Census data suggest that the period 1970 to 1996 saw this disparity ratio of African to white mean per capita incomes decrease from 15 to 9. This ratio fell for Coloured and Indian/Asian groups too.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	44bc1785a7e806d56c107ac85fc8e1d0	Because of this, women are forced to start their own businesses to earn a living for themselves and their families. In other words, for many women, starting a business is not a choice, but a necessity. The same holds true for efficiency-driven economies, although not to the same degree. In Africa, for example, the ratio of female-to-male early-stage entrepreneurship is 0.96, while in Asia and Oceania, the ratio among factor- and efficiency-driven economies is 0.93.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	44c198db0fc8707c9f4710c87ad5ae8f	One Institute, for example, found that about 12 % of its staff completed an on-line training facility that had been made available for everyone to help develop sustainability competencies. This may indicate a low level of interest among some staff or it may suggest that other methods of delivering professional development in this area are required. Without effective up-skilling of the trainers, students in some programmes may not be introduced to the latest sustainability skills technologies and practices due to gaps in the knowledge of their educators. They are less likely to have a dedicated human resource manager and it is harder to release staff for off-site training.	7	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	44c2750632853e8e257fae2ef22cb7af	Native indigenous water social, spiritual and customary objectives are to be assessed and addressed in plans where they can be developed. In 1998, amendments to the Native Title Act introduced indigenous land use agreements (ILUAs). These are agreements between a native title group and an interested party in the use and management of lands or waters. Frameworks in place allow significant indigenous representation on committees and the identification of cultural water values. Beyond consultation, this approach incorporates the indigenous authority and rights of control into a governance framework, indigenous traditional leaders in a statutory board, and a natural resources management framework. There is no common framework or organised information sharing among river basin councils to define their strategy and develop their actions.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225442-7-en	44c9db545e0e97811a0dce8ca66bd73c	They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. On average, 82% of 25-34 year-olds have attained at least upper secondary level in comparison to 64% of 55-64 year-olds. However, dropout remains high in some countries; labour market perspectives of young people remain challenging, and many education and VET programmes do not have strong links to the labour market. To respond to these challenges, there is a wide range of policy options to strengthen transitions across education levels and into the labour market.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	44ce8bd60c40ab4819f9b4de1b3d93d9	In both countries, fertiliser subsidies offset a large part of fertiliser production costs (Table 5). In order to comply with the biofuel mandate, a large quantity of biofuel feedstock has to be produced for which a large quantity of fertiliser is required. If the biofuel mandates are abolished, the biofuel feedstock market collapses as does the demand for fertiliser, leading to a price decline in fertiliser. In several countries, mandates are complemented with tax concessions and other budgetary measures (Table 2), thus shifting the cost of maintaining the biofuel mandate from the fuel consumer to the taxpayer. A removal of mandates and budgetary support would result in much lower biofuel use in most countries (Figure 8) due to higher production costs of biofuels compared to fossil fuels under the assumed crude-oil price.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	44cf14011ab40ee7d757d57eeedf4efc	In some cases, bad health may have precipitated the withdrawal from the labour force while in others bad health may have developed later on. In any case, bad health has become an obstacle for many outside the labour force to take up a job or even look for one. Not only the death toll from opioid overdoses has become a major public health issue but Krueger (2017) found some link between the increase in opioid prescriptions and the decline in labour force participation.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	44cf4f37bb813321abb05c95c8f420df	An interstate compact is a negotiated agreement among the states that, once ratified by Congress, becomes both a federal law and a contract between the signing states. Beginning in 1922 with the signing of the Colorado River Compact, 22 such compacts currently divide the waters of western American rivers. Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349536-6-en	44d25bb263e8504c723079817e2b608c	Conversely, values associated with e.g. historic sites or recreational access points are quite often related to direct use, although there is a strong argument for protecting historic sites, even if they are not directly enjoyed by visitors. Some of the use values shown in the figures in Appendices land 2 may also lead individuals to visit a site and spend money, leading to local income, jobs, and tax revenue. These economic benefits are thus translated into monetary values via the market, but these benefits represent only a portion of value generated.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	44d557c96f5460fd26649c5ab181e865	However, safety and operational concerns set a limit to the load variability: in France the load variability is limited to ±4 up to ±8 assemblies, depending on the reactor type and the fuel management option. This variability allows for an increase of the natural cycle length if more new assemblies are charged in the reactor or for its reduction, if fewer assemblies than normal are substituted. The fuel enrichment varies generally from 3% and 5%, while average burn-up ranges from 33 to 50 GW^/ tHN (GW days per tonne of heavy metal). The flexibility is already a fundamental requirement for the nuclear industry, and will become increasingly important in the future.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	44d5749920b592f90e148a260e5d4fd2	The Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) approved and declassified this paper on 16 March 2017. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	44d7611cf705d720315fe38324dbd938	While the labour market shock has been significantly larger and more persistent in the United States than in Australia, these two countries follow distinctive approaches in targeting income assistance to job losers setting the stage for an interesting case study. Figure 1.22 analyses the effectiveness of the tax/transfer system in cushioning these income losses at different points in the income distribution. The analysis is restricted to persons living in households headed by working-age individuals and hence vulnerable to earnings losses due to unemployment.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ec24896a-en	44dd034de3284484e98d213601e9da60	Investment is generally defined as activities that result in the accumulation of capital (Box 1) that yields a stream of returns over time. Thus, planting trees is typically considered an investment because it takes more than a year to generate a return, but applying fertilizer to a maize crop is not considered an investment because it generates a return during the current crop cycle. However, many investments by farmers are not made primarily or exclusively through financial outlays but through time spent, for example in clearing or improving land or in constructing farm buildings or irrigation channels.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	44df26e238e9a622637136bb9ee7bd03	For many OECD countries, the share of the PSE made up of most distortionary policies has fallen since 2000 - most notably for the European Union where in 2014 around 68% of its support consisted of decoupled payments compared to around 35% in 2000. However, changes across OECD countries are not uniform, with Iceland, Japan, Korea, Switzerland and Norway maintaining high levels of support. For the European Union, for example, policies are increasingly focused on noncommodity outputs from the sector related to the environment and other objectives such as cultural landscapes, biodiversity and rural development. Of the 18 WTO Members (counting all European Union member countries as one) that had agreed non-zero export subsidy commitments in the Uruguay Round, ten countries have not used export subsidies in all years notified since the beginning of the Doha Round in 2001. Of the remaining, three have reported continued use, and one, the United States, has only made limited use of export subsidies.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	44e39c0fcd2a81339f9a80dfbe56a997	On the other hand, lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration. While the levels of SIGI in origin and destination countries have no significant impact on the extent of female migration flows, they exhibit negative and significant coefficients in the selection equation. These results suggest that gender inequality in social institutions only affects the probability to migrate.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	44e4ed3b3a2e30552a605c3d2c75eb59	Air pollution is a particular challenge in the state, especially in the larger cities, and sustainable transportation investments are an important strategy to reduce these pollutants. In recognition of this, over the past few years, die state government has aimed to modernise public transportation in order to provide efficient and high quality services that generate less harm to the environment. It will be important to assess the impacts of these investments on air quality outcomes and mobility patterns.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	44e58ac883db8451e224cd18445ddb05	While infrastructure has substantial impacts on growth that may vary across countries, time, and within infrastructure subsectors (see, for example, Estache and Garsous, 2012, and Dissou and Didic, 2013), infrastructure development can also promote growth spillovers to neighbouring countries (Roberts and Deichman, 2009). Importantly, investments in water supply, sanitation and roads are critical to growth and have benefited the poor in East Asia and the Pacific (Jones, 2004; van der Geest and Nunez-Ferrer, 2011). At the country level, numerous studies have shown that infrastructure development leads to sustained economic growth and is a significant factor for reducing poverty.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	44e5e00351269fbb2227939852198483	Originally, it was meant to hold back part of the White Nile while the Blue Nile was flooding, and to control White Nile flooding (ANDRITZ Hydro, 2013). Egypt approved the project in 1914, but construction was delayed due to World War I. In 1919, the Sudan Construction Company resumed construction, although it halted from time to time due to post-war disputes. ( Wikipedia, 2016b) Gibson and Pauling Company (Foreign) Ltd. built the Jebel Aulia Dam between 1933 and 1937. (	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ff1be167-en	44e76eadfb89f90dd1d4506ab9c9f942	This means that the number of children experiencing simultaneous child and monetary poverty had dropped by more than 20 million. The question is whether the remaining 40 million children form a hard core of multidimensional poverty (including monetary poverty) as a result of geographical isolation, social exclusion or discrimination, or whether their living standards could be improved fairly rapidly, as has happened with the 23 million children who have escaped simultaneous child and monetary poverty. This category remained almost constant and the value was the same by around 2011, suggesting that the reduction in the number of poor (by both methods) stemmed, in part, from higher household income that had not necessarily improved objective living standards for children. Similarly, the percentage of non-poor children experiencing household monetary poverty increased from 15.8% (25.7 million) to 18.0% (29 million).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	44e81ab4011242a83507a79dc24074d8	The fossil fuel-based energy sectors - oil, gas and coal -generate significant GHG emissions both upstream and downstream (Figure 1.3). By way of comparison, the downstream emissions from mining and metal industry, such as steel, iron or aluminium production, may be up to 30 times higher than the mining sector’s own upstream operational emissions (Soliman et al., For example, the extraction of bauxite ore generates relatively low emissions compared to the electrolysis to aluminium, which is an extremely energy-intensive process (Schlosser et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	44ec3d273173d7e2e348b66da58ebcc7	It has significantly reduced ICT barriers for SMEs, allowing them to expand faster and innovate. The digitalisation of the economy and society promises to spur innovation, generate efficiencies and improve services in a wide range of areas, from health to agriculture, public governance, tax, transport, international trade and investment, the financial system, education, and the environment. The successful transition to a digital economy is a necessary condition for boosting economic growth. Indeed, digital technologies contribute not only to innovation in products, but also to innovation in processes and organisational arrangements.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	44ee2e95ac4994ee55a6393f28fb3db1	Successful environmental policy making relies on robust environmental information systems. The provision of such systems can be expensive, and the relevant costs need to be taken into account in the consideration of policies in different areas. In complex areas of policy making, where the stakes are high, it is to be expected that much of the evidence itself will be contested by stakeholders for whom it is inconvenient, and considerable efforts will be made to generate “evidence” which is more convenient for the interests concerned.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	44ef1783226caafdd9a6f497eb35db34	In addition, corporations also bear costs and establishing new trading electronic platforms entails expenditure. At first glance, these costs may appear relatively limited compared to the expected benefits of new measures. However, public spending is coming under increasing pressure and many member countries must streamline their administrative processes. Improving existing market design and standards and procedures (options A and C) are incremental evolutions and their costs are easier to predict and lower.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	44f3a7d81df4ebcf0e5140a910a6aa1c	However, there is still much work to be done. On one hand, data-collection instruments must be fine-tuned to provide information that can be disaggregated to reflect situations that affect men and women differently throughout their life cycles and in different socioeconomic situations and territories. Hence, surveys such as those focusing on time use should be included in national statistical offices' planning, with the appropriate periodicity and funding.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	44f611433e22aa93078452f2f54efffe	"It addresses issues such as the decline in corporate profits and corporate investment, the impact of high unemployment on the skills market and on households’ demand for technology and innovation, and the loss of firms’ productivity. It also addresses issues such as fiscal consolidation and its impact on public R&D budgets and public support for innovation. It sketches a “new deal"" for STI policy makers that calls for new partnerships, a more strategic use 0/ public procurement, strengthened policy evaluation and a streamlining 0/STI policy action."	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ba4f48c-en	44f82f64446c29487b143ddbf494c716	As the demand for skilled labour rises owing to globalization, technological advancements and the changing organization of work, quality education and appropriate training will be key to addressing employment challenges. The education-employment nexus is pivotal to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Work is the foundation on which economic stability and prosperity are built.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	44f9120f04c531719e6dcd90e6587dd9	There seems to be little shared understanding regarding what constitutes adequate, good and excellent performance in different subject areas. Teachers do not benefit from national guidelines to translate the competency aims expressed in FEPs into concrete lesson plans, objectives and assessment activities. Teachers in their classroom assessments tend to use their own personal reference points, based on their experience and school-based expectations. Their reference points are generally a mixture of norm-referenced (in relation to other students), content-referenced (in relation to what I taught) and self-referenced (in relation to growth of the student) and are quite different across different teachers and schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	44fc9ef53cf6bbc4e51e8aceada28e16	Central banks and other financial regulators, if they have authority, may need to take action to examine the risks that climate change poses to the real economy. Stock exchange regulations could, for instance, demand more precise disclosures of carbon content in listings. This would increase the overall costs of implementing ambitious climate policy.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/b9699195-en	44fcd79920272e40be16c95ab79a19d4	There is currently little agreement either nationally or internationally on practical ways to implement the concept of sustainable diets (UNEP, 2012). Nutritional status is a critical indicator of overall human and economic development, and good nutritional status is an essential social benefit in its own right. As an input to social and economic development. Good nutrition reduces disease and raises labour productivity and incomes, including of people working in agriculture.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3ad10876-en	44fcffc50088c3228c8fc99cbb51b590	Many of the agreements focus on water sharing and water allocation, but implementation is often poor — the agreement on the Chu and Talas Rivers between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan focusing on the joint financing and use of certain dams and canals being one of the few positive exceptions. Moreover, Afghanistan has not signed water management agreements with its neighbours downstream. Under this agreement, countries confirmed the principles for water allocation as developed under the Soviet Union.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	4502c022ca2693fd6f9fefbd23e1a542	These types of operators are governed directly by regional/local transport authorities who define the level of service, fares and coverage. In some instances, national authorities also set requirements for these operators, especially in return for payments and subsidies. However, this model may harbour some inherent tensions in that officially partnering with innovative mobility operators, especially those that have limited or no public service obligations, may be seen as running counter to the agency mission. This is one of the reasons the US Federal Transit Administration has issued guidance on the matter.	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6fe73f8b-en	45047c2721130f7df6806baa7ddd03bd	"Cities are also key to finding solutions for new and emerging challenges, which the world is facing, from stemming the rise of plastic waste in our oceans to the introduction of new technologies as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The NUA addresses more specifically the means and approaches on how cities need to be planned, designed, managed, governed and financed to achieve sustainable development goals, focusing on the three transformative commitments: Social Inclusion and Ending Poverty; Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Prosperity and Opportunities for All; and Environmentally Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development. Cities of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, currently have 180 cities across 72 countries, that are committed to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the New Urban Agenda integrating culture and creativity across a number of their goals and targets. It is worth noting that the NUA does not have a standalone framework for monitoring the targets, but serves as a framework for the means of implementation for global agendas in cities. Therefore, it relies heavily on the urban monitoring systems that are already in place such as the SDGs monitoring framework and the comprehensive City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) tools developed by UN-Habitat""."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	45056d22976dd48a50d0fb02fa0070e2	Capacity replacement is much larger in the North because of its huge existing stock of power plants and their substantial ageing. In business-as-usual scenarios with continuous reliance on fossil energy, especially coal in the United States, China, India and the Russian Federation among others, the total new capacity to be installed is almost 50 terawatts electric (TWe) or at least 12 times the current global installed capacity. Even under these scenarios, developing parts of the world would expand installed renewable capacity through 2030 equivalent to that of all power plants in the world today and half as much again as that in additional nuclear plants. The potential improvements of this installed capacity are truly huge in the developing countries alone, indicating important investment opportunities for the private sector. However, in this scenario their impact in terms of climate mitigation would be dwarfed by the expansion of traditional fuel sources. Capacity expansion refers to new power plants, while replacement capacity refers to the power plants that are built in place of those that are to be retired between now and 2030.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	450822434ca484b340291899d684c020	A closer look at data on pedestrian fatalities highlights that it is in fact one of the main contributors to the large gap between Korea and other OECD countries. Korea’s per 100 000 inhabitant pedestrian fatality rate is not only higher than in any of the other 29 countries that report this statistic, but exceeds the average for all other countries statistically significantly. Table 2.2 shows the results of pairwise t-tests comparing Korea with 28 other countries.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	45094b9435fffaa53da7e6fa195b9807	More interaction and closer co-operation will be needed to link national strategies and policies to regional and local strengths and development effort. Open co-operation platforms involving local actors, national and international networks can be mobilised to leverage the dynamism and strength of innovation ecosystems in the regions. These PPPs should be more open, flexible, allow for a wider set of stakeholders to co-operate and could also extend to broader innovation agendas, not only research but also complementary resource development (e.g. training and human capital formation) and downstream stages of innovation (e.g. commercialisation). They should be based on enhanced governance and a clear definition of common goals agreed through a joint research or innovation agenda (for the medium to long term), based on road-mapping and joint stakeholder engagement. Hence, a better mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches is key to launching a new' revitalised model of PPPs. Finland currently lacks programme-based national-level mechanisms to support industry-science collaboration to address urgent industry' needs for innovation and productivity growth.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	450d8a7e6dcb7d58cb92904002afe1ef	By 2020, the government plans to have 70% of schools with inclusive facilities, 20% of schools with barrier-free access and 50% of students with a disability in mainstream schools (MESRK, 2010). Initiatives include support and facilities for various groups (e.g. those needing speech and language therapy) and updating of special education programmes, textbooks and learning packages for hearing-impaired children (IAC, 2014). There is no coherent medium or long-term funding strategy for school physical infrastructure and overall capital expenditures represented only 2.5% of the overall budget for school education in 2011 (see Figure 3.1).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f24d500-en	450e6aa43d3815ca5c5ae9facf45c940	Ignoring the possibility of repeated participation, this puts annual participation among the skilled in the range of 4%. Second, they ask about lifetime participation, not that during a reference period, such as the previous 12 months. Direct costs include tuition, other fees, books, materials, transport and living expenses. Student loans, grants, subsidies and scholarships offer financial support.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264283411-en	450fcc8de3d6e6ef61f6d3338c165188	This is a much higher share than in most other EU countries. The practice of making informal payments is rooted in the early 1950s and remains deeply embedded in the Hungarian health care system as an informal method to get quicker access to and better-quality care. Moreover, informal payments have been used indirectly as an argument for governments to keep the official income of health care professionals persistently low. The lack of a dear and consistent legal framework leaves room for acceptance of informal payments and keeps this practice alive.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	4511b79826bfdc38ea1a2913b028f629	There are now more practice periods for teacher students in schools, but this is not the rule. Experience from other countries shows that teachers perceive their practical experience in schools to be an important component of their initial education (Wilson et al., In Chile, as in many other countries, teaching practice is often not well connected to the theoretical content in teacher training courses with opportunities for students to integrate what they learn in the classroom with the rest of the curriculum. The government should work towards making classroom practice an integral part of initial teacher education in all programmes.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/85b52daf-en	4511bcf598187a39235c069f7da5c084	A rough estimation of how activities with different objectives are covered in the data shown here is given in the table below. Of this, the majority of support went directly to private sector recipients (around 70%) and was provided by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of the bilateral and multilateral development banks, highlighting the key role such specialised agencies play in engaging the private sector (Figure 3.1). The remainder - around USD 3 billion -was provided by bilateral aid agencies and development banks to the public sector and CSOs in support of activities where there was a high likelihood of private sector engagement.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	4512c31171c283a441ac4f8bd7c83ab2	The provision of this type of skill-specific information is more likely under conditions where a few large enterprises dominate production in a region. They are more likely to cooperate in identifying and coordinating skill requirements both in their own operations and in affiliated supply chains in order to efficiently transfer initial workforce preparation to the public educational sector. In a bid for more investment in this industry, Sonora won by having more qualified human capital which is crucial to the industry.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264266360-4-en	4512d7d7350ab41d4b1e5f5f727de79b	It closes with a short conclusion. The combined uibanisation level of ASEAN-5 (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries increased from 29.5% in 1980 to 51.4% in 2015, and is expected to reach 67.7% in 2050. The aggregated urban population of these five countries increased from 79 million in 1980 to 271 million in 2015, and is forecasted to reach 452 million in 2050. Most of the population growth is happening in small and medium-sized cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	45143217478387cd29dc90430e38cc42	This difference was also reflected in employment patterns: in China until the late 1990s, the rapid export growth generated employment which constituted a net addition to domestic employment, since until its WTO accession, China had undertaken much less trade liberalisation than most other developing countries. This is why manufacturing employment grew so rapidly in China until the mid-1990s, because it was not counterbalanced by major losses of employment due to the effects of displacement of domestic industry because of import competition. This is unlike the case in India, where increases in export employment were outweighed by employment losses especially in small enterprises because of import competition.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	45155953742f0694d6a308a38b0e4b6b	Country rankings will be presented for the fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband baskets, with the latter including both prepaid and postpaid packages and computer-based and handset-based plans. The analysis of fixed-broadband prices will include 2008-2017 price trends and a discussion on changes in broadband speeds (offered for minimum broadband plans) as well as developments in terms of the data volume included in broadband offers. From 2015, mobile-cellular prices have plateaued and the price of the ITU mobile-cellular basket (51 minutes and 100 SMS per month) has converged to PPP$ 20.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/20f4eda5-en	451987635956182a2b5cc66cf4e63606	They are often subject to sexual abuse and health risks such as HIV/AIDS. Women's contributions to mining enterprises are often invisible because they perform unrecognized and undervalued care and domestic work. Despite heavy involvement of women in ASM, men control and own most of the family's assets, including land, the income from mining and farming, tools, homes, crops and the benefits yielded. Contamination by mercury used in gold recovery has significant impacts not only on women, men and children working at ASM sites, but on other people in the vicinity and those living in downstream areas (specifically young children and women who are pregnant and breastfeeding) (AU and AMCC 2015, Cordy etal.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	451995370556ede65c894c269d716272	Raising awareness of the technology’s value-adding characteristics, as well as education about its drawbacks due to inefficient designs (e.g. energy consumption for proof-of-work consensus algorithm used in Bitcoin), are essential and need to be broadly understood by decision makers. This could also result in mitigating blockchain designs with high-carbon footprints by actively engaging with industry consortia and the private sector to develop protocols and network designs that are less energy intensive. Observing a variety of DLT technologies (e.g. hashgraphs and tangles) with differing contribution and adverse effects in the low-carbon transition, it will be of essence to develop a strong understanding of the key differences.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	451b6005dc51ba90fa07dfef2dc296dd	In addition, 53% of poor children have a father employed full time full year in 2014, compared to 66% in 2007. Household income is equivalised using the square root scale. The term ‘standard of living’ refers to the equivalised disposable income. Each bar reflects the contribution of changes in family and work characteristics to the evolution of income, and the last white bar shows the percentage change of the income quantile that is not explained by changes in any of the observed household characteristics. The contribution is positive (resp. For instance, market income of ‘poor’ children in two-parent families increased by 3% in two-parent families from 2007 to 2014; change in educational attainment of parents in these families tended to raise the family income threshold of the poorest 25% children by almost 4%, but this effect was offset by the negative effects mainly related to changes in housing status (-3%) and fathers' employment status (-1.1%).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/63f6fa5d-en	451edb19bdf6df8d859001bde1c281d0	"In Germany, sustainability has long been viewed through the lens of environmental protection, a movement with only limited overlaps to the older feminist movement. In this section, we provide cursory overviews of both policy fields and its main actors, and establish that the two fields do not currently intersect beyond insular points. First, actors, or policy entrepreneurs, are sorted into “government and legislative” on the one hand, and “civil society"" and think tanks on the other hand to provide a clear layout, but this distinction is far from airtight."	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jln041nkpwc-en	451fafefa0ae5a0e1d9f8ae3b8d1c27d	This explains why such reforms are found to be good for equity only under weak inequality aversion levels (Table 4). Future reforms could be better designed in this respect: social protection and labour market reforms to remove disincentives to work should be accompanied by reforms to promote quality jobs, preventing in-work poverty and helping people stay in work and advance in their careers. This can be achieved by well-targeted ALMPs and training programmes, including lifelong learning, with a view to raising employability and pay prospects among those with low skills and the long-term unemployed.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	452229356e1e884bde247be802388fdd	While the share of direct OOP payments has decreased slightly over the past decade following a series of government measures to put a threshold on the amount of out-of-pocket payments for services covered by the NHI and to reduce co-payment rates from 10% to 5% for cancer patients and people w ith cardiovascular diseases, direct OOP payments as a share of total health expenditure remained in 2013 almost two times higher (37%) than the average across OECD countries (19%). This raises concerns in terms of access to care, notably for people with income below the average. There may be numerous barriers to access to health care, including for financial reasons (if the cost of health care is considered by some people as being too high) or geographic barriers (if there are too few doctors and other health care providers in certain geographic areas).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-4-en	45227d97d15669f7f8426fda33f3e899	Oceans, for example, contain nearly 300 000 identified species (though actual numbers may lie in the millions) and have absorbed one-third of the carbon dioxide resulting from human activities (Bijma et al., Today, 60% of the world’s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably (UNEP, 2011). Many fisheries are over-exploited, with some stocks on the verge of collapse, and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3adc8369-en	452385ff8c0ef7c17598fca23525164f	Additionally, for some targets, there may be potential links to other targets that cannot be characterized simply. This is especially the case with targets relating to international law. While the latter may potentially impact many of the other targets, it may not have been sufficiently developed for such impacts to be felt in practice; it may not be implemented, or may be implemented differently across locations.	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591653-4-en	4523ef1943c23016b13b3c8ec4c6443f	Where business tourism spending exceeds 10 per cent of the total, the difference is quite considerable, for example ranging from 40 per cent in Mauritius to 98 per cent in Vanuatu. There are a number of reasons for this. Second, the small populations generally found in SIDS make this a reasonably small sector (though it may be an option for larger SIDS).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	452773d350c2b72274389ebe813fdd61	In the period analysed, Chile, Colombia and Honduras grew at rates averaging between 3% and 4%, yet the income elasticity of poverty in Chile is double that in Colombia and four times that in Honduras. A better understanding of these differences requires analysing the different modalities of growth in the countries concerned, or, more specifically, the way in which economic growth translates into changes in the level and distribution of household incomes. Between 2002 and 2007, growth rates of per capita household income were at least one percentage point below per capita GDP growth rates in eight of the region’s countries, while the opposite was true in five others. The first group includes Costa Rica and Uruguay, where average household income did not grow but actually fell back despite substantial growth in per capita GDP.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/859159ab-en	452d2a35125894cd30f7ebfb86ee2ed7	"Outside of Malacca, MIGHT has also engaged with other federal agencies in formulating smart city frameworks for different cities. In doing so, it integrates components that are designed specifically for each city, which facilitates the development of sustainable, competitive and green city models for cities across Malaysia. Government service delivery” and ""information communications” are two key focuses of the blueprint."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	452e67a42570cb9027bb9af87ca3f9a2	It is difficult to produce a comprehensive institutional map because the roles and responsibilities in the water sector are so widely distributed across national and sub-national levels. The results would produce an institutional map full of generalisations that could obscure the diversity, fragmentation and omissions in the systems. Thus, it is complicated to properly identify the roles and mission of each actor in water policy design and implementation.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281509-3-en	453034f2021b379c1b284f5104faefd1	Promoting a green economy as part of sustainable and equitable development has therefore become the focus of a number of countries and local governments. For example, the European Union’s Europe 2020 strategy document aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 20% below 1990 levels (and up to 30% below, under the right conditions), produce 20% of energy from renewables and ensure a 20% increase in energy efficiency (European Commission, 2010). Such targets sit alongside its plans for inclusive growth, which seek “to modernise labour markets and empower people by developing their skills” along with the greening of work more specifically reflected in the “Resource Efficient Europe” and “An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs” initiatives (European Commission, 2010).	14	4	1	0.6
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	4537fcb04ee32772e03e94a4b0cb5f62	She thinks that she has obtained a voice in thefamilythrough her migratory experience. Both her husband and in-laws now consult her regarding the household management, and her opinions are taken into due account. She also feels that she is playing an important role in maintaining peace in her household.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	45399f782700a09cca4c294f700ade5b	In addition to providing the right types of skills and knowledge (as discussed in the previous section), a good education system teaches how to learn and fosters curiosity and creativity rather than the mere pursuit of certificates. In the case of Zhejiang Province, only Korea and Finland performed better in reading and neither did in maths nor in science in 2009, when the trials took place (Figure 1.9). Fangshan and Jiangsu also performed well above the OECD average.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	453bcf537ea3c3c7811cac0d0eb65ba9	Appropriate measures of compensation are relatively simple to put in place and are, if well done, fully compatible with efficient internalisation. They can be permanent or temporary, aiming at full or partial compensation. They require, however, that the logic of confrontation be abandoned and that the different actors commit to working in a framework of overall welfare maximisation. The gap between full costs and private, market-based costs is related to the inability of private actors to take into account all relevant information about welfare effects, as feedback mechanisms between private parties and appropriate incentive structures are lacking. “	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	453ce12814c0e44ba3124fd8110db8c2	Some stakeholders at the UNCTAD peer review meeting did not consider 90 days as being a reasonable period of time. Bayer and the United States Government quickly came to an agreement enabling the low-cost mass production of Cipro. In short, no state of emergency is ever needed as a procedural requirement for the issuance of any given compulsory license 438 A state of emergency constitutes one of the situations that will waive the prior negotiations requirement.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cb1bb5-en	453d19b0f79627c52e30893b91e8e38c	The prevalence of undernourishment in North Africa remained low, at below 5 per cent, from 2000 to 2016, while it dropped from 30 to 22.9 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) during the same period. Across the whole of Africa, some 217 million people were undernourished in the period 2014-2016, an increase of 6 per cent from the 2010-2012 period. Second, agriculture, notwithstanding the commitments made for targeted investment under the Maputo Protocol, remains highly underinvested.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	453e2be3fb287ce3bd74fcad97ad5b92	According to Table 2, which shows deprivation rates separately by indicator, the housing dimension is driven by multiple housing problems in the United Kingdom (25%) and Finland (9%) and by overcrowding in Romania (72%). In Finland, just under two-fifths (37%) of preschool-age children are deprived in one, two or three dimensions out of six, with the rest not deprived in any. The distribution is similar but more spread out in the United Kingdom, with just over one-half (54%) of preschool-age children deprived in one, two or three dimensions, 1% deprived in four or five, and the rest not deprived in any.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	453ef1277dfcf1480f3d60c3353d2629	In 2009, the Lander covered 72.2% of expenditure in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (both public and private). Local authorities covered 17.5% and the federal level 10.3%. Out-of-school education in the dual system is largely funded by companies, whereas vocational schools are funded by the Lander.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	4540a0d05f1740ce0d9d2d008a6f2935	"Some Thoughts on Toilets, Transgenders, and the LGBT Community"", Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. From State to Market: A Survey of Emperical Studies on Privatization, Journal of Economic Literature, 39(2), 321-389. Anthropogenic Emissions of Methane in the United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11 (5), 20018-20022. Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2265-2303."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	4540dc8e6d2c500e00c8ded90cfc32bf	See Chapter 14 on accounting rules for more detail on the selection of allocation keys to apportion expenditure. The aim is to protect health and to reduce mortality and morbidity due to health hazards through in particular field epidemiology as well as training in technical standards. This would involve e.g. the capacity to acquire or expand resources very quickly, and preparations for changing the handling and referencing of patients, such as patient triage and restructuring coverage in line with the nature of the emergency. However, in all cases health rules and a health infrastructure should be prepared to cope with emergency health care needs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	45452fca8f46a2b4e2cdc34ca8e313d7	They also need to increase the effective demand for education and address the barriers faced by the poorest households (by improving its quality, and by providing cash transfers, school meals and scholarships). The Chronic Poverty Advisory Network is committed to providing policy guidance on all such issues. Upper MICs have the resources to invest in the chronically poor - and many now have political regimes that are determined to do so.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	4545fbac1629c29f47568a3e55469ccc	Mandaue City is the only exception, requiring the 20% allocation to be built within the LGU. This statutory provision has not been given the due recognition and should be fully adhered to. In Catalonia, Spain, it is mandatory that residential developments keep 30% of total amount of dwellings for both social housing (20%) and price-controlled housing (10%).	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/315584de-en	454c431f34ddbce85ba3aca0c28e291a	The lAEG-SDGs will carry out major reviews of the indicator framework in 2019 and 2024 for approval at commission sessions in 2020 and 2025. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the sole custodian agency for eight indicators and collaborates with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the target 4.4 indicator on information and communications technology. The SDG 4 monitoring framework thus consists of 43 indicators.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	454c86de3a340a5dfb6afb1149c5ab76	A secondary prevention programme for people with mild cognitive impairment was set up in 201S, with the objective to slow disease progression. The compulsory social health insuance coverage rate stood at 95.2% in 2015. However, this is not perceived as a problem in the country, nor is it something that features on the agenda of policy-makers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	454d6a69c2d9f8fa55fb1f8c0d44d645	Each of these firms employs approximately 20 workers. Federally administered, the Innovation Fund offers direct grants of support primarily to SMEs defined broadly to include also entrepreneurs as well as larger firms that involve SMEs in proposed projects. The fund supports three types of projects: those aimed at producing product, process, material or service innovations; those seeking to create or strengthen centers or teams with a focus on engineering, design and technological development; and projects in technology-focused startups that support pre-commercialization activities, such as pilot testing.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	454e651bf8a3756bb17fd8002e71677a	Not just those who are financially poor, but those facing a number of distinct disadvantages, such as gender, race and ethnicity, that taken together deprive them of the chance to lead healthy, productive lives. It is critical to know more about the lives of today's Florence Owens Thompsons since women and girls are widely recognized as one of the most disregarded and disenfranchised groups in many developing countries. In most cases, the main breadwinner in Ugandan households was the man, so the data made it look like barely any women were participating in the workforce.	1	2	6	0.5
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	4553bef2f764d4d8748c2d33d9e3cb7b	But it is important to keep in mind that although there are many similarities across Nordic countries, they are highly diverse with respect to natural resources and their uses. The ESMERALDA project (funded by Horizon 2020) is aimed at supporting EU Member States in the MAES process. This methodology will build on existing ES projects and databases (e.g. MAES, Open-NESS, OPERAs, national studies), the Millennium Assessment (MA) and TEEB. For further information see the Rules of Procedure section, and regarding IPBES and indigenous and local knowledge systems see Box 5 in Annex 7).	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	455a8b341425f74e854eff72eee6965e	Their primary concern was to safeguard the family from gossip and denigration on the basis of poverty or illness. One small-scale South African study documented adult women's recollections of spending their adolescence coping with hunger and looking after parents (who had passed out or been beaten up), leading to the assertion of high rates of early drinking as a way of coping amongst adolescents, and the subsequent inter-generational transmission of addiction and violence (Jacobs & Jacobs, 2013). It also identified a similar code of silence around alcohol use as has been documented for HIV/AIDS, resulting in substantial efforts on the part of adolescents to maintain the impression that all was well in the family, even to the point of agreeing to parent demands to deny social workers' entry to the home.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	455b090c796145f8799d41a07687a195	Both Iran and Turkmenistan financed the project equally and are sharing benefits through the joint management committee. Wikipedia, 2016o) Iran’s surface water for irrigation is priced between 1% and 3% of the crop value that is cultivated (Keshavarz et al., Inogate, 2015) Water for irrigation is also supplied free in Turkmenistan, which falls into set limits of water supply (EBRD, 2009).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	455b0f4ecd9c1d6295afe0ae1d17eb59	Lower autonomy and higher job demands increased the association of several chronic health problems (mental illness, circulatory diseases, MSD, diabetes) with sickness absence (Leijten et al., An international study shows that diabetes is significantly associated with a 30% increase in the rate of labour-force exit across the 16 countries studied, and at the national level, this association is significant in 9 of 16 countries (Rumball-Smith et al., The association between diabetes and employment varies by disease gravity.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/2faee448-en	4564a275f175716990d9df2941eb5138	Domestic violence - Gender inequality perpetuates violence against women and violence against women restricts women’s ability to use their capabilities. The economic, social and the health related costs of domestic violence and violence against women is extremely high. We recognize that the scale and complexity of gender-based violence means there are no uniform global solution and a multi-sectoral strategy is needed. National, local and family interventions initiatives play an important role in defining solutions.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	4568e4b8b5fe4a94e29cbe4811e27ccc	Professor Lorraine Mazerolle and her colleagues have demonstrated that when a procedurally just approach is applied, offending motorists are more likely to comply and accept the consequences (Mazerolle et al., Another advantage is an opportunity for other offences to be detected and dealt with - for example vehicle safety or driver licence offences, which are undetectable by automated enforcement. Most drivers and police officers have no difficultly in understanding the risks of travelling at speeds well in excess of the speed limits; however, many do not understand the risks associated with low level speeding. In fact, the prevalence of low level speeding presents a significant road safety risk and has to be addressed by applying strict enforcement thresholds. The New Zealand experience is that most drivers will travel at speeds below the level at which they perceive police will stop them. Therefore, New Zealand Police set clear standards of enforcement tolerance.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	456d3e6889da0c15cd1f624c4513a944	Load rejections are accommodated by a combination of several actions: rapidly running back the steam turbine to the new lower demand level, diverting the excess steam from the turbine to the main steam condenser unit or to the atmosphere if this is permitted by licensing regulations, and reducing reactor power via insertion of control rods without tripping the reactor. During this “house-load” operating mode, the reactor operates at a reduced power level that is still sufficient to produce enough electricity for its own needs, typically 5-8% of full power. Once the grid disturbance has been eliminated, the NPP can be re-synchronised to the grid, and its production quickly re-established to full power.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	456d95881357e93c6df21f77e75c4ef6	Some utilities experience difficulties, and there is a significant bankruptcy in 2026. Some developing countries have rapid population growth with a strong increase in energy demand, making them attractive markets for renewables. Some oil producing countries seek to diversify, including promoting renewables. Economic growth drives rising total energy demand and fossil fuels remain competitive in the absence of carbon pricing.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	456e32eae0588ad3297a2ed02fe08828	The legal implications of carrying out such an exercise and its consistency with FAO’s mandate, as well as different approaches to the benchmarking question will be discussed at a forthcoming meeting of the FAO’s Sub-Committee on Fish Trade. The development of an assessment or benchmarking methodology, without carrying out the benchmarking itself, will be one option discussed. The need for a separate or integrated process for private standards related to aquaculture was also raised but not debated.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	457114d910e18c47cbbbe1446a4ea1b5	In authorising federal participation in water resource development projects, Congress seeks to maintain a reasonable balance between the powers of the federal government and those retained by the states, local governmental entities and private enterprise. Acts of Congress, and interpretations thereof by the Supreme Court, also clearly indicate that the federal government may participate to some degree in all aspects of water and related land conservation, development and management. However, in practice, the degree of federal participation and financing in water policy making is not very high and varies between planning, construction, operation and maintenance activities according to applicable precedent and law and the likelihood of widespread and general benefits.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/27e660be-en	4571286c835d0eddb5719c0b5afa71b0	Box 5.6 summarizes the positive experience in South Africa in establishing quotas and becoming the leading African country for women on corporate boards. South Africa’s experience offers a valuable lesson on the benefits of extending affirmative action beyond the electoral process. It can be extremely difficult and politically sensitive to amend a constitution to include a quota provision, but its effects are proven to trigger dramatic increases in women participation in the organizations targeted by them (Fridell, 2009). Women’s representation in local governments has proven to make a difference.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	457171f28f435a01da2501314d8ef585	Wales also principally draws on the clinical guidelines developed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), with some established collaboration around pharmaceuticals and medical devices (see Chapter 1 on England). In 2014-15 a grant of GBP 15.1 billion was made to the Welsh Government, of which GBP 6.4 billion was allocated to Health and Social Services, representing 42% of the expenditure of the devolved responsibilities of the Welsh Government (Welsh Government, 2014a). The block grant from the UK Government to Wales is made based on the population allocations covered by the Barnett formula (which is also used to calculate grants to the other devolved nations).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	457226c310039c9126e862cd368aeffd	The total own-source tax revenues (OZB-propertv tax, sewage and waste and other taxes) are less than 8%. At the same time, local governments are stimulated to provide services in a cost-efficient manner to make the most of allotted transfers. For land-use policy, Dutch municipalities have less pressure to increase owm-source revenues, including the property tax.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	45734e585860694408fb2f1c1cde4320	In the model, the probability of risks will depend on water uses and/or impact at present (Annex 4.A1). The incentive compatibility constraint (equation 1) remains essentially the same. Voluntary and anticipatory responses to water risks can be expected w'hen the risks of not acting exceed the cost of taking action today.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	45754fe9f08be4e91567c1b3cb931750	It is worthy to note that due to lack of available data, it is impossible to address illegal and involuntary migration at a macro level, although it may represent a large share of South-South migration. If anything, our results would be downward biased in magnitude, but there is no reason to believe that the sign of the relationship should be opposite for illegal migrants. An alternative proxy of social institutions would be the CIRI Human Rights Dataset (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010), which covers outcomes of these institutions.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	4580ccc027dc6f1297464f848d6f85bb	By law, local authorities must balance their budgets (i.e. they cannot run a budget deficit). The amount of operating incomes must be higher than the amount of operating expenditures and by law, local authorities must balance their budgets (i.e. they cannot run a budget deficit). Local authorities can only borrow funds in order to finance their investments—this is known as the “golden rule” (Box 1.8). In 2013, borrowing by local authorities in France amounted to 7.3% of total revenues (at EUR 229.6 bln) (Government of France, 2016).	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	4580d877c6f8674073c03a9277fde7e5	Boys who learn to think and act in non-discriminatory ways can educate their parents on behalf of their sisters, for instance. They may be less likely to perpetrate violence against girls, such as through bullying or sexual harassment, and may uphold egalitarian notions once married. Champions of positive norms, such as local leaders and religious figures, including influential women, can be powerful and convincing voices for change in these cases. Men and boys may be well positioned to persuade other men and boys to discard discriminatory ways of thinking.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	4583434e75713a1c1129258736e46478	Data on biofuel production and use were taken from the database of the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2011). Data on feedstock composition are not available from a consistent source and therefore taken from various sources (e.g. Ecofys, 2011). The monetary value of feedstock commodities is determined based on the volume required by the biofuel sectors and the feedstock price, as provided by the FAO.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	45854f151eede551dd7e890a599ff5de	The small industrial enterprise uses modern heat access to create these ceramic cookstoves, and these cookstoves then cascade modern heat access to the surrounding populations. In addition, employment and income have been noted to rise significantly with a small-scale industrial seed operation like that mentioned. The increased income then leads to higher appliance ownership and ability to pay for modern heat infrastructure service - continuing the virtuous cycle (GVEP, 2009).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	458616aead55e80d285730839979f69e	"In addition, 2.2 million ha of forest is part of a category called ""protected landscape areas"". As a result, only around 500 ha of forest (mostly public) is converted to other uses (mostly industrial) each year, pursuant to the 1995 Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Land. If there is no master plan, such exclusion may be impossible. A recent report of the Polish Academy of Sciences revealed that only 28% of the territory is subject to plans that define uses for land, such as housing, industrial or green areas (Kowalewski, 2014)."	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	4586d7a06e8e3bdae703336b4d4e3902	Other Parties are also encouraged to report this information, and developing countries should report information on support needed and received, including its use, impact and results. Several features of the existing transparency system under the UNFCCC will remain in place, such as reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and biennial tracking of progress towards mitigation and support-related objectives. An important difference is that the future transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in terms of the scope and frequency of reporting and scope of review.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	458793f1166e8ddf10d63b8b02411e8b	Since gender bias in social institutions may affect total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation,3 equations 2-5 measure indirect effects that discriminatory social institutions have on income. Combining the growth accounting framework (equation 1) with the equations of the indirect effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income (equations 2-5) yields an equation for income as a function of the SIGI (equation 6). Hence, equation 6 is a reduced form regression that omits total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	4587c6ef47d194dc436d14b1a601bb83	Wages of graduates of prestigious universities continue to be significantly higher than those of other colleges, signalling differentiation by quality (Figure 1.3.A). Moreover, the wage premium for an average university degree appears small relative to vocational colleges. There is a large difference in wages of university graduates between the top five and the bottom five occupation groups ranked by wages. This may reflect the difference between university quality as graduates of top universities are more likely to be offered top-paying jobs.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	458875d0ec4b1a790320125279e3247c	The Executive Committee could assess how the Regional Development Programme is contributing to the “Kazakhstan 2050’’ strategic directions. The participation of the Presidents Administration Office would help to communicate high-level political support. It could meet three to four times a year and be chaired by MNE.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	45887b01f35edf9dc75d8674b2ace95a	The Social Protection Programme for the elderly (PPSAM) targets the poor (Sisben 1 and 2) above 65 years old who are entitled to a monthly transfer of COP 62 500 (about USD 35). However, only 38% out of the 2.2 million elderly poor actually receive the benefit, reflecting budget constraints. Access is prioritised by age and there is a waiting list: when a recipient dies, the next person on the list moves onto the programme.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	4588d7341a28f4840cc3702bdb56d797	Given the limited other supports available for the long-term unemployed, disability benefits may also have acted as a substitute. Social security data shows for instance that the number of disability applicants sharply increases following recessions, with a peak in 2010.“ This does not mean however that that there is a causal effect.	8	0	4	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	4589ab534e130e0ce1ea35df2a163458	On the other hand, should ‘marital rape’ result in an incurable illness, the offender shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of more than five (5) years to ten (10) years. Where ‘marital rape’ results in the death of the victim, the offender shall be liable to life imprisonment. Interestingly, under Article 200: prosecution of ‘marital rape’ is instituted only upon complaint of the offended spouse but he or she may, at any stage of the procedure, apply for the termination of the prosecution, when he/she withdraws his/her complaint.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	4589b33437d09fd8875148555937877e	Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data. Traditionally, ECEC in West Germany began with kindergarten from the age of 3 upwards (OECD, 2015f, and Box 3.3). With the expansion of ECEC, child care enrolment rates among the under 3s climbed from low levels in 2006 (13.6% vs. the 28.1% OECD average) to make up considerable ground on the OECD by 2013 - 29.3% versus 32.9%. The latest data for the first quarter of 2015 show a further rise, to 32.5%, in German enrolment rates (Destatis, 2015a).	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	458d05dc625aa77f8d17a3f2abb376a3	Description: This indicator shows the importance of organic farming. The reduction of use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals, combined with enhanced management of natural resources, not only improves the health of ecosystems but also fosters the health of animals and people and increases income generation and communities’ self-reliance. When possible the area of primary forest should also be reported on. The forest area is defined as “land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	458d80151d543f7b99268edd98ee1222	The historical trends suggest this is eminently possible if resources allow (Figure 5.1). Its new vision aims to increase the proportion of learners enrolled in SMK schools to 60% by 2020, with 40% in academic senior secondary schools (sekolah menengah atas, or SMAs), compared with the current division of 49% in SMKs and 51% in SMAs. Although enrolment rates in SMK institutions are growing, the tendency is that junior secondary school students are more likely to enter SMA schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	458ef43ed3bc958a685e39f2af4a6912	By Grade 9, approximately six in ten boys and seven in ten girls report that they go to school tired, and around a third of boys and a quarter of the girls are overweight or obese (self-reported height and weight). But there are also more encouraging findings. Diets appear to have improved over time, and rates of daily smoking continue to be low for Canadian students.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264238121-5-en	458f642f9b45336be8fb8a7c9c6da7d9	It pays particular attention to the water-energy nexus and to regional disparities in terms of water availability, quality and access, as well as institutional capacity to address those challenges. The chapter also covers the impacts of climate change and the difficultly in dealing with uncertainty. The average annual water flow amounts to 180 000 m3/s (ANA, 2014).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	4590c81723a098f54a0d47a9ed602afc	Member States presented a wide range of non-formal and informal ESD learning initiatives, but acknowledged that many of these have been undertaken independent of, or in partnership with, a range of government agencies. Non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) appear to be playing a significant leadership role in the promotion of ESD in non-formal and informal settings. However, less is known about the extent and effectiveness of these efforts as there is no central mechanism for documenting initiatives and they are rarely evaluated.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	4591db3c6c403e4544b71ba00399af69	Other such FTAs are United States-Australia; United States-Singapore; and United States-Viet Nam. Later US FTAs no longer contain this limitation. United States copyright law historically contained a “manufacturing clause”, which originally limited copyright protection to works printed in the United States. The purpose was to promote the local printing industry.	3	3	2	0.2
10.18356/78349259-en	459237882714eb6be804aacb4c7150fd	A sea level rise of only one metre would inundate half of the rice land in Bangladesh. A one-metre rise in sea level will not happen overnight, but if ice melting continues at today’s rates, at some point such a rise in sea level will no longer be preventable. In 2007, reports from Greenland indicated that the flow of glaciers into the sea had accelerated beyond anything glaciologists had thought possible.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1f11729d-en	4593abf1c22078a3ab188373238bb5ea	"Characterising the Income Poor and the Materially Deprived in European Countries."" Income and Living Conditions in Europe, 133. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labor Market performance'ln K. Vleminckx & T. Smeeding (Eds.), Child Wellbeing, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know. Bristol: The Policy Press. D. Gordon, and E. Marlier."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173668-en	45961a3b7fd6e6d258be7d5ec16ece4b	Academies have a management board with strategic responsibility for the quality and development of programmes at the institution, and board members are expected to have experience and knowledge of academy institutions. The board also includes members with insight into labour markets needs and with experience in management and business. Day to day management is the responsibility of the rector (president), subject to the directives laid down by the board.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	4596d749710ca1f40baddf0c3b708ae8	At the time of the first oil price shock in 1974, the former unemployment insurance law was replaced by the Employment Insurance Law. From 1975 measures under the heading “Services, etc. In addition to traditional public works which aim to absorb unemployment, which are financed outside the 1974 Law, from the 1980s measures under the Employment Stabilization heading of the Law included lump-sum wage subsidies for firms newly hiring middle-aged and elderly workers and subsidies for SMEs that require human resources for business conversions and expansion (Genda and Rebick, 2000; Ohtake, 2000 and 2004). In the early 2000s, younger workers were recognised as another group facing significant difficulties in the labour market, and a range of youth measures were introduced.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	45994107e3d0a9be0976615ed0de55a5	In particular, the most direct forms of capacity-enhancing subsidies have been phased out, with assistance being redirected to provisions for vessel decommissioning, transitional support measures and environmental projects. Under the FIFG, the emphasis evolved towards achieving a sustainable balance between resources and their exploitation. The FIFG agreement for 1999-2006 introduced environmental safeguards, provisions for environmental projects and the involvement of environmental interests. In particular, it included provisions for the adjustment of fishing effort, reducing the excess capacity of the fishing fleet, early retirement schemes and individual compensatory payments for individuals made redundant as a result of vessel decommissioning, and the development of marine-protected areas. In 2002, amendments to the FIFG under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) reform included the phasing out of subsidies for vessel rebuilds and the making available of extra funds for vessel scrapping.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	459a26323f910245a5fc34d10f6b489f	The most common form of contributory social security scheme is “social insurance” which mainly covers formal wage employment. National Provident Funds would be an example of this. This includes, for example, social pension, health insurance, life insurance, disaster insurance and so on. The non-contributory schemes on the other hand are social assistance schemes based on condition of entitlement to receive benefits and provide conditional or unconditional transfers in cash or kind (ILO, 2010/11). Social assistance as the Department of International Development (2006: 1) notes, “comprises non-contributory transfers that are given to those deemed vulnerable by society on the basis of their vulnerability or poverty”.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	459db322b9e44630320fda76783e0f69	As of 2004, parents can work without losing their entitlement to the parental allowance. However, doing so before the child is two years and attending a pre-school facility for more than 46 hours/month prevent parents from receiving the full amount. Combined with the lack of creches, most working mothers have to rely on family provided childcare. The favourable fiscal treatment of families with children implies that, when cash benefits are taken into account, the tax burden for the average one-earner married couple with two children becomes negative because cash benefits exceed the income tax and social security payments otherwise due.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	45a15b76c630bafb915102f400502c42	The efficiency of the reform process stands for minimising cost and time to achieve a result. The effectiveness stands for the degree of implementation of the reform (complete or incomplete). The review of reforms suggests that operating a policy change at a wider geographical scale can help increase its ambition but does not guarantee its level of implementation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74f4872a-en	45a558254c8123e5b99f32a8fdb240a3	The growth effects of infrastructure depend on where infrastructure investments take place, and how these investments are planned, executed and sequenced. The links between infrastructure and transformation are best forged when infrastructure projects are clearly designed and placed as part of a wider development strategy that recognizes and actively fosters the positive feedback loops between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These experiences provide an effective counter to the bankability approach, since they show that development strategies are not best pursued through emphasis on individual projects determined solely by criteria of financial viability.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5475eb9b-en	45a9d3e65408cbd84647d37693460875	Governments must impose solutions, but it is also essential that climate change be addressed sustainably at the human level. Developing a sense of ownership and accountability begins with explicit acknowledgement that it is the behaviour and lifestyles of individuals and the societies in which they live that are ultimately responsible for the emissions that drive climate change.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	45aae50ffd35fc67ba81ed3d5b3a0864	Although the payment of a dowry has been illegal in India since 1961, the practice remains common. Among all female victims of recorded homicides, 1,267 (about 15 per cent) were recorded as dowry-related killings. In 2009, the police recorded 8,383 dowry deaths of women and girls, so the total number of homicides linked to dowries in 2009 was 9,650,b which is 56 per cent of all female victims of violent killings including dowry deaths (17,101).	1	6	2	0.5
10.1787/e0796071-en	45abdf1644143f350fc524696c692c1c	For Europe, data on the nationally designated sites in the WDPA are sourced from the Common Database on Designated Areas (CDDA) maintained by the EEA.2 As an example, Figure 3 illustrates the PAs recorded in the WDPA for Iceland. Consequently, calculating indicators from the database is not trivial. The UN published country-level indicators (produced by UNEP-WCMC from the WDPA) for monitoring progress towards the (superannuated) Millennium Development Goals3.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8be0ed45-en	45adee4f5a7fe7e1b4d68ae78b777af1	At the same time, median collection coverage is still around 50% in low-income countries and figures are much lower in some countries. It also drops sharply in the more rural areas of many countries. It is estimated that at least 2 billion people worldwide still lack access to solid waste collection.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	45b077e74540f230bcaa833376f86c35	The Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) system has collected sensor data and images throughout the trial period and accoiding to the vessel electronic-logbooks the vessels were at sea for approximately 80 000 hours, carried out approximately 1114 fishing trips and conducted approximately 9 800 fishing operations during the project period. Small reductions in revs resulted in substantial reductions in fuel usage. This infoimation proved very useful in setting the optimum revs of the engine whilst the vessel was steaming to the fishing grounds with a minimal loss to vessel speed.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	45b233a6bfafe976ef0854d55080a7ef	As explained earlier in this chapter, mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means ensuring that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account, in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production. This strategic process ensures (a) that national statistical systems regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues; (b) that gender-sensitive concepts and methods are used in data collection in all statistical fields; and (c) that the presentation and dissemination of gender statistics aim to reach a wide range of users, including policymakers, advocates, researchers and analysts whose primary concerns are not necessarily focused on gender. In the more developed regions, gender is already mainstreamed in the production of many national statistical systems and the quality of gender statistics is ensured by way of overall quality frameworks for statistics. However, in the less developed regions, many countries are still struggling to produce, on a regular basis, quality data that can be used to tackle relevant gender issues.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	45b6be29d1ed94d53db7f8987e4ce119	The individualism/expectations of mobility factor is associated with perceptions of distributive justice, and the sign of the regression coefficient is as expected. Hence, as a group meritocratic individualists are less likely to perceive income distribution as unfair. Nevertheless, this factor has little predictive capacity, given that it enters the stepwise regression only in the fifth stage, without increasing the variance explained by the model. A unique characteristic of stepwise regression models is that they are used to select predictors according to their partial correlations with the dependent variable, which eliminates the variance shared by the predictors.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	45b7780098a702a099e07f1f80157b00	As shown above, their levels of farm support are rising, and there has also been a tendency to resort to more distorting policy measures. As a result, the centre of gravity in global farm support is shifting from the OECD area to the emerging economies, and possibly also to less developed countries. In addition, some of the emerging economies are large and have sizeable agricultural sectors. This means that substantial sums of money are transferred to agriculture in some of the emerging economies.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	45b8ea175713051910fc53c22bc9907b	Regional patterns may be observed among NUPs, though these are not definitive. Taking them into account would assist nations developing and implementing NUPs to observe and learn from the experience of other nations, including sharing their experience of managing urbanisation at the national level. Regional networks of national governments may be an appropriate means through which to share NUP development practices and to identify what works and what does not work in given circumstances.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	45bbc252de972cd3a00b09b45e8f3cca	For further analysis of mainstreaming of development finance into climate action at the global level, see OECD (2015b.) This contrasts w ith the average of all recipient countries around the world where a significantly larger share of climate finance is delivered bilaterally (51.0%) than multilaterally (37.5%). Nevertheless, most ODA-recipient EECCA countries are either low'er middle-income countries (USD 1 046-4 125 GNI per capita) or upper middle income countries (USD 4 126-12 745 GNI per capita). In such countries, loans from multilateral sources tend to play a greater role in financing climate and broader development activities than in least developed countries that often rely more on grants. The practice of loans from public sources also aims to avoid market distortion and crowding out of private-sector financing.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	45bfa12ade3db2d1382809853a0e1d5b	Student behaviour is indeed better in schools whose principals are perceived as transformational leaders. These measures can also help countries build self-adjusting systems with feedback at all levels, incentives to react, and tools to strengthen capacities and share expertise among teachers and administrators. Teacher policy needs to examine these aspects closely. The analyses in this report show that 15-year-old students are already sensitive to financial rewards when considering various occupations. However, the analyses also indicate that the relatively low salaries of teachers, compared with those of other professionals with similar education, are unlikely to be the sole reason it has proven difficult to attract high-achieving students, and students from underrepresented backgrounds, to teaching.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	45c20d41836ed0108aa0b872f0f91c60	Improvements in human capital influence the acquisition and assimilation of information, and the learning, mastery and implementation of technology. Human capital also has an impact on farmers' ability to adapt technology to a particular situation and to changing needs (Schultz, 1972; Zepeda, 2001). Even in the absence of innovation, farm productivity may be enhanced by investments in education.	2	0	6	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	45c49159088b6be7ce77ebac8a8d817d	However, several countries still find reporting transparent information on climate support challenging, with only two of the technical reviews of BR2s available indicating that information on climate support was fully transparent. Information collected by each individual system is not always consistent or comparable with that collected by another system, or with climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC. For example: individual country estimates of climate finance provided and mobilised vary significantly in their scopes and methods; MDB estimates of climate finance mobilised in “developing and emerging” economies includes finance provided to and mobilised in several Annex I countries; other systems (such as IATI) cannot be used to easily identify climate-relevant information.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	45cc4aee9a7a2803449d816162d16fff	For instance, energy subsidies to fanners have detrimental impacts on groundwater management and water demand, which works against water policy effectiveness. Yet, there are some good practices that could serve as examples. Established by the General Law of Climate Change (issued on 6 June 2012), an Inter-ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CICC - Comision Intersecretarial de Cambio Climdtico) was created to co-ordinate all actions of the federal administration in relation to the formulation of national policies to prevent and mitigate climate change impacts and to promote strategies and programmes to comply with international commitments. In some municipalities, permits are granted without the need for water operators’ approval or consultation. This lack of co-ordination imposes excessive costs, which are borne, without proper retribution, by utilities.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	45cdb9b1d3d58efa3d2925e3d6134e23	For instance, in Portugal the number of people with at least an upper-secondary degree is three times higher in the age group 25-34 than among the 55-64 years old. Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Spain, Chile and Brazil also have much higher shares of young graduates, confirming the fast catch-up of these countries with respect to their stock of human capital only a few decades ago. Data exclude the ISCED 3C short programmes. On average there are more young women with a tertiary or upper-secondary degree than men, particularly so in Portugal, Spain, Iceland, Italy and Greece.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	45cecae6293611efba00dabdc363656b	Consequently, young people often live with their parents until they can afford to buy a home. Unsurprisingly in a homeowner society, renting is also less popular than owning a place. This creates a burden for firms that consequently have greater difficulties to attract the talent they need or in turn need to prop up pay.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	45ceed893b1e29f63b7fb889d031d82a	Surface water resources in the territory of the Russian Federation arc estimated to be approximately 0.593 kmVyear, and groundwater resources are 0.0219 kmVyear, fora total of0.6!49 kmVyear in the Russian Federation, or 53,700 mVyear/capita. Of the withdrawal, 87% was for domestic purposes and 13% for agriculture. Flooding is reported to have a widespread but moderate influence.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	45d17290ed96c2e087f2a3e739edb30b	The Municipal Development Plan and the Calgary Transportation Plan both aim to build high-density complete communities linked by good transit (City of Calgary, 2014). Further improvement of public transport by innovative policy tools could be considered, including community buses or small and shared vehicles operated by the local community to respond to demand for shorter trips. Those demands cannot always be served by conventional public transport systems, but use of the most up-to-date technology could provide a solution in the future. Affordable housing in an accessible environment has been a major policy objective for many cities over the long term. The suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities; however, some key messages that each type of city could bear in mind of relatively high importance compared to other types are as follows: Types II (young cities, ageing rapidly) and III (young cities, ageing slowly) cities are encouraged to learn from the experiences of Type I cities how to integrate policies for affordable housing policies in an accessible environment with other policy strategies, such as urban redevelopment and public transport.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	45d33738d0763be0e2f7493b5cb282e5	While governments are the most important actors in metropolitan area governance, they are not the only ones. Therefore, the condition does not rale out that other actors, such as the business community or representatives of the civil society, be represented on the governance body. In some countries, organisations that were created explicitly for the purpose of metropolitan area governance have the status of a full local government.	11	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/803655cd-411d8009-en	45d4c2dcc2e4cdf26b2e958eca57a55c	Libraries promote cultural diversity, linguistic diversity and local content given that their collections feature national works in the language of the country. There are various aspects to library digitization, including digital books, the digitization of key national heritage documents and the availability of a digital or electronic card catalogue. Several initiatives to digitize libraries are described in Box 4.1.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	45d74e2cc88b30dc0092efa742e910c5	While national strategies are not the focus of this network, ACSN will help to improve the inter-operability of smart city initiatives among cities in the network, and will work towards creating opportunities to harmonise different national systems (ASEAN, 2018). The organisation’s scope of work includes advocacy, capacity building and training, research and knowledge management, project development and management, and decentralised co-operation. Regarding capacity building, UCLG ASPAC specialises in four areas that are of relevance for smart city strategies: sustainable mobility; climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction; tourism and culture; and local economic development. To promote capacity building, UCLG ASPAC has organised several training workshops and peer exchanges over the years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-6-en	45d8e17b0d1b4a1372d01d892a1c03e0	At less than 1%, Mexico's share of top performers in science remains well behind the OECD average (8%). While Mexico has made significant progress in expanding access to ECEC in recent years, efforts should be continued to improve access to affordable and good-quality ECEC, particularly for children under the age of three. In 2002, ECEC was made compulsory starting at three years of age and while the enrolment of three-year-olds in ECEC has nearly doubled since 2005, only one in two three-year-olds (45.8%) was enrolled in 2015, lower than the OECD average of 77.8%.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	45d8f55b37566a56fc660a7eeffee630	The data on weights and heights are collected either through health interview surveys, which ask persons to report their own height and weight, or through health examinations that record objective information on people’s height and weight. The latter method provides more reliable information and in general higher estimates of overweight/obesity than do self-reports. Japan leads a large group of countries (including more than half of the OECD countries) in which total life expectancy at birth currently exceeds 80 years. A second group, including the United States, China, Brazil and a number of central and eastern European countries, have a life expectancy of between 70 and 80 years.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	45d9e31f8f8363d704117d365560ff49	During the last one-and-a-half decade similar programmes were launched also in other Eastern and Central European EU member countries. For example, procedures to assess the special needs of students and categorise them should be reviewed. The objective is to improve the identification of those students who should attend special needs services and ensure socio-economic disadvantage is not “medicalised”.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/36b318e6-en	45dcdacf325312dcd53ea1414d08ac83	The delay in obtaining permanent positions can also affect pension accumulations with consequences for old-age security. In Luxembourg it decreased slightly (from 3.9 to 3.6), in Malta and Finland there was basically no change whereas all remaining countries experienced an increase. Out of the total number of unemployed youth, the share that has been unemployed for more than 12 months has increased sharply in the South-West Eurozone Periphery countries and Cyprus, as well as some Central and Eastern European countries (i.e. Bulgaria, Slovakia and Croatia); all these countries experienced increases in the range of 8.2 (in the case of Bulgaria) to 22.5 percentage points (in the case of Greece). In Spain this indicator increased more than 8 times since 2008 and around two out of ten young unemployed have been in this situation for more than 12 months. In Latvia, Slovenia and the Netherlands the increases have been smaller in absolute terms but considerable given the initial conditions: indeed, in these countries the share of young long-term unemployed is 2 to 3 times higher than it was in 2008. Break in time series for Estonia, Austria and France (2013); Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Portugal and Slovakia (2011); Netherlands, Poland and Portugal (2010).	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/f11b7d9e-en	45dcf11928a46b67d3edd4e450d6b46b	Deficit irrigation describes an irrigation strategy in which water application is reduced to an amount that is less than the amount required to meet full crop transpiration requirements. Because the resulting reduction in crop yield is often less than the reduction in applied water, this can be an efficient strategy for reducing consumptive water use in some situations. For example, supplying 50% of full crop water requirements may reduce yields by only 10% to 15% for some crops.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3adc8369-en	45dfdd9ca27921264c1484445be57c4a	In this case, the formulation of the target itself clearly reflects that the definition of the subsidies that should be included in this target is very contentious. As discussed below, there are many types of fisheries subsidies, and their impacts vary widely. We chose to label this target simply as “fisheries subsidies”, being understood that this limits the inferences that can be made based on the tables. Some are local in nature; others are national; still others are regional or global.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-4-en	45e24254b13f53ea60d77de7f66ce0e9	"The measures should support green, smart and inclusive growth and should contribute to sustainable, low-impact fishing and aquaculture, innovation, income diversification, reconversion, improvement of science and a culture of compliance."" This work will apply the principles of the OECD Green Growth Strategy to specific issues in the fisheries sector with a view to providing policy advice on how best to integrate these principles into policy in order to achieve goals. Energy in the fisheries sector is mainly in the form of fossil fuels, and is a major part of the overall costs of fishing in many cases."	14	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	45e324a209957d24d2d7e70a04618500	The regulation operations of reservoir lakes can become more complicated as the wintertime weather circumstances become more unstable. In such cases the reservoir's water level control might in fact require new regulating guidelines. A concern arose with regards to initiating application actions for renewing authority guidelines, as they should consider also the time-consuming regulatory process.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	45e44300a4b752a356f14b13b81d9f3c	The study involved 70,000 students from 328 primary schools and looked at the effectiveness of these interventions on childbearing, seen by the study’s authors as a proxy for risky behaviours that may result in pregnancy. The condom debates and essays were found to increase practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms, but yielded no concrete data related to pregnancy and childbearing. However, the reduction in the cost of education—by providing free school uniforms for students in the sixth grade—reduced dropout rates and adolescent childbearing. Since then, the main financial barrier to accessing primary education has been the cost of school uniforms, which cost about $6 each.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	45efd31284fdf630c1fa6235fe627360	That was strongly opposed by the fishery sector. The main argument was that an ITQ regime would concentrate the cod quotas on a “privileged few”. The critics aimed to maintain the existing fleet structure but did not take into account the vessels’ poor economy and the potential for changes in ownership - a situation that amounted to an invitation to big institutional investors to take over most of the trawler fleet in northern Norway.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	45f0a1ac4e6117bdc6655e90de1651c9	Korea has also introduced various regulatory policy instruments, including reinforced building codes, mandatory estimation of energy consumption and the submission of an energy savings plan when applying for a building permit. The government has also introduced the Eco-Friendly Building Certificate and Energy Efficiency Grading instruments to provide the housing market with information about energy efficiency. However, challenges remain in determining how to efficiently regulate energy consumption in residences.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	45f1f01b94fc9dab5b04a71d22f5eb68	Finally, the recent global economic recession has affected the LDCs differently depending on a number of factors. These include their initial conditions, their breadth and depth of integration with the global economy, and the speed and intensity of the governments’ countercyclical measures. The crisis also affected people’s lives and livelihoods through a variety of transmission channels. This is especially true for the poorest and the hungriest, since they need to be effectively reached, especially due to the significant number of such people in the Asia Pacific LDCs.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	45f2c2d3cb4bd3b587bf228881c57bd9	In urban areas of the region, the proportion of the urban population with access to improved water sources was 97 per cent in 2011, a rate that increased steadily from 94 per cent in 1990, reflecting increased investments in water infrastructure. Several countries have actually registered a fall in access to safe drinking water in urban areas; for instance, the figure for Bangladesh declined from 87 per cent in 1990 to 85 per cent in 2011, and for Nepal from 96 per cent in 1990 to 91 per cent in 2011. This reflects persistent levels of inequality in access to, and growing pressures on, the existing infrastructure.	1	6	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	45f394450b71d648e2530de05eb23a8c	A number of OECD countries apply no assets disregard, such that benefit eligibility is reduced one-for-one with the amount of liquid assets owned. This is generally the case in Austria, Estonia, France, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Germany. A positive but relatively low asset disregard applies in other countries, including the Czech Republic, Denmark, most states in the United States under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and a number of provinces in Canada, while assets disregards are generally higher in Australia, Ireland, Korea, Switzerland, Belgium and the Luxembourg. Finally, the value of assets owned are simply not taken into account in New Zealand, Poland (if deemed reasonable) and in about half the states in the United States under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en	45f3988faaf60a6e02806a9f45f55cad	The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. Research shows that a mix of instruments is needed to address the rebound effect, but that instruments that ensure high prices must be part of the policy package (EC, 2011b, pp. The optimal tax rate may differ depending on the goal pursued by the tax (e.g. revenue raising, carbon pricing, promoting energy efficiency or slowing rebound effects). The objective of environmental taxation must be clear and may depend on the country context.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264208704-5-en	45f8eb7ee925c999b417ea1c6beadee5	This has been the general direction of change in employment patterns in recent years across most sectors, although in Europe there is some indication of polarisation of demand, with growth in less-skilled jobs, but fewer jobs requiring middle-ranking skills (Cedefop, 2010b). Green technical change is no different. The more investments are made in new technologies - many of which are likely to be energy saving or related to new forms of energy generation - the more demand there will be for people in higher skilled jobs.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	45f9233209bc2c36c5c84b2e69d62b25	For example, Article 4 of the charter stipulates that the advertising sector shall avoid exploiting women’s bodies or confining them to stereotyped roles and social cliches. On the contrary, the media is encouraged to underline women’s role as economic, social and political actors. Article 12 calls upon media institutions to integrate a gender approach in the design and elaboration of articles and programmes.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	45f953602e213ad38b51929a4a9a135c	Competitive second-generation biofuels could reduce the role of first generation biofuels, thus potentially limiting the impact of related policies on the agricultural sector and land use. Another development not reflected in this analysis relates to biodiesel from waste oil and other residues, a group of biofuels that indeed plays a role in the EU and elsewhere. To the degree such biofuels replace biofuels from crops the results shown in this study may overestimate actual policy impacts - but to date these biofuels represent a small share of the total.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.30875/4cb348ce-en	45f9739a8e9d11e3ea95f0ca2dc2fc22	The countries are all relatively close to the line, indicating that the model explains most of the variation in growth rates across countries. In fact, adding cognitive skills to a basic model that just includes initial income and years of schooling increases the share of cross-country variation in economic growth explained by the model from about one-quarter to about three-quarters. The quantity of schooling is statistically significantly related to economic growth in a specification that neglects educational quality, but the association between years of schooling and growth turns insignificant and is reduced to close to zero once cognitive skills are included in the model. In other words, added years of schooling do not affect growth unless they yield greater achievement.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	45fa9408776edf323ee0a68acc8fb584	This includes areas such as research and development and the provision and sharing of data. Furthermore, the industry can play an important role in consumer information, making the food industry a key partner for governments. Farmers will need to adapt to an environment that changes in numerous aspects related to climatic, economic and political conditions.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a84cce24-en	45fc0e349d644e31d918a29d8a96ee03	By tapping into the global value chain one way or another, they have been able to diversify their economies and trading partners. At the same time, the more flexible business model has made them vulnerable to changes in strategies of multinational companies. A clear sign of this has been the failure in the majority of advanced industrial countries for the growth of labour compensation to keep pace with labour productivity, but the same trend is apparent in emerging markets as well. Increasing income inequality has been the flip side of this development. As detailed further in chapter 5 of this volume, the chronic food and nutrition crisis deepened at the start of the twenty-first century, as increasing and volatile food prices and, subsequently, the global recession undermined the food and nutrition security of the poor and threaten their livelihoods. The food security crisis was mainly the consequence of neglect of investment in agriculture in developing countries and inappropriate agriculture energy subsidization policies in developed countries.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	45fc65b837b705e0e7e55e366d07d7df	The average FTEs per unit remained unchanged from 2010 at 37. While the main reason for the contraction seen in the number of sea fish processing units and FTE jobs was ceased operations, other common reasons include reorientation towards processing salmon (as salmon processing is not included in seafood processing data) and processing no longer being the main income generating activity of the business. Smaller units (1-10 FTE band) account for only 6% of industry employment, whilst representing 45% of total processing units. In contrast, the largest units (101+ FTEs) provide nearly 50% of employment from only 7% of all business units.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	45fcbe94901f5b173bfc1b47f56f438c	The effects of carbon pricing in China are examined here using a computable general equilibrium model of the Chinese economy developed jointly by the State Information Center of the Chinese government with help from Monash University. The model is based on the 2007 input-output table of the Chinese economy and features 137 production sectors. Production is based on inputs of capital, energy, labour and land, where labour is differentiated to account for workers with different skills while primary energy is supplied as either coal or a hybrid of oil and gas. There is substitutability between different factors of production including different types of energy. In each scenario full pass-through of carbon pricing to electricity prices is assumed.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	45fcdfc0c65b554306cf8b254729d266	Common shrimp landed in 2016 totalled 7 691 tonnes, a 33% reduction when compared w'ith the previous year. Despite the reduced quantity of common shrimp landings, revenue was EUR 49.4 million (USD 54.6 million), 24.3% higher than the year before. In 2015 production w as 24 226 tonnes, a 4.6% increase in volume w'hen compared to 2014.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	45fe5f71959828dd1122a732aca83f1f	Therefore, total investment is underestimated and certain forms of investment are undervalued in macroeconomic analysis. This can bias macroeconomic policy decisions—for example, when cuts are made to public social expenditures based on the assumption that these are ‘consumption’ items that do not yield future benefits. The policy stances adopted by many countries in recent decades, including tax cuts and trade liberalization, have tended to reduce public revenues relative to the size of the economy, meaning that fewer resources are available to finance government outlays. Given the reduction in government revenues, efforts to control budget deficits have emphasized reductions in spending, with cuts often disproportionately affecting women.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	46006ee335287de96c9ab29e6df33615	Abortion-related mortality, however, is thought to be higher than the global average of 13 per cent, reaching 19 per cent of all maternal deaths in the region (UNFPA, 2006 p. 1-2,11). Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Myanmar have the highest number of abortion-related deaths, while Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam have the lowest (see figure 1). Abortion rates are still high, with Viet Nam and Indonesia having among the highest figures in the world.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	4600a4f08a434ffd94ec973480ea014d	Consequently, the World Bank figures tend to be lower. It should be noted that the methodological differences also produce different country rankings by poverty levels. The cumulative rise in food prices in 2007 and 2008 is thought to have prevented roughly 11 million people from moving out of poverty and a similar number from escaping indigence.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d72eb315-en	4600c9165bcf8ea8554adaf5fb832786	Digital data (such as from remote sensing) pertaining to any aspect of aquaculture can be assembled in a GIS. These systems perform a wide range of spatial and statistical analyses, providing informed answers to aquaculturists, local managers, government officials and other groups promoting sustainable aquaculture development. In this respect and thanks to partnerships mobilized through projects around the world, FAO continues to promote the adaptation and tailoring of innovative methodologies and capacities to facilitate concurrent access to remote sensing, field data-collection devices (e.g. GPS, smartphones and tablets), GIS and spatial analysis by aquaculture stakeholders.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	460398469ed3d4894d2d864cf6556fbe	It is led by the Ministry of Construction of Viet Nam, which is also in charge of urban development in the country. Viet Nam Urban Forum (cont.) The VUF works as a network/platform for discussion between all these stakeholders, and is divided into seven member groups, as follows: multilateral donor organisations, bilateral donor organisations, government ministries and agencies, professional associations and academic institutions, cities, private sector corporations and NGOs. Currently, the VUF has 150 members and plans to expand to 200 by 2020.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	460486f20eb22f08482731d51e5ef60f	Life expectancy at age 65 is also much lower than the OECD average, at 18.6 years for females and 13.7 for males in Latvia, compared to 21.1 and 17.8 OECD averages, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate among men is 1.9 times greater than the rate among women. More specifically, mortality for men across all age groups is 6.9 times higher than women for suicide, 3.2 times higher for transport accident, 2.1 times higher for cancer, 1.8 times higher for ischemic heart diseases and 1.3 times higher for stroke.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	4606af08c34d2a788190ac58babd0625	At the secondary level, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) sets standards for student performance. Students are evaluated against written criteria, which are accompanied by exemplars showing expected levels of student performance. Since 2008, Maori assessment experts have been developing assessment tools to be used in Maori-medium settings (see NZ Ministry of Education (2010).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	46085ee4d03cb4e81ad600c2469e9814	A growing proportion of initiation ceremonies are being devised by Christian groups to teach young people about what is expected of them as they enter adulthood - including pre-marital sexual abstinence - as an alternative to the alleged sexual focus of teaching in traditional practice (Munthali, 2007). Ncaca, 2014).The last decade has seen increasing public debate about whether and how male circumcision should be continued following media reports of problems including commercialisation, malpractice by guardians, and deaths or permanent injury from botched circumcision (Ntombana, 2011b). However, studies also report the beneficial role of circumcision against sexually transmitted infections (Lagarde et al.,	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-6-en	460a046e5a54c16e85d8d8ccbeb6c041	Australia has input controls (limited entry, and compliance requirements). The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. For example, Northern Prawn Fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	460e0961165f1e29a9547674a1b3626d	"Among these notions are ""carrying capacity"", which is related to planetary boundaries, as discussed in chapter I, ""the tragedy of the commons"", which is concerned with the management of common resources, and degradation narratives that refer to environmental destruction by the poor. First, even though these notions may have been disproven by historical evidence (Ostrom, 2000; Boyce, Narain and Stanton, 2007), overpopulation paradigms project population-induced scarcities into the future. Because sustainable development takes a long-term and future-oriented view, such projections are appealing: they seem to provide insight into what lies ahead for humanity. By avoiding the political negotiation of resource use and control, competition and conflict, these paradigms can shift responsibilities away from powerful elites and vested interests onto the shoulders of the poor."	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-4-en	46132024775ebac7752ec0033414be4a	The strength of government commitment to schooling is reflected by a sustained high level of investment in schooling and favourable conditions for teaching across schools, as indicated by comparatively low class size and student-teacher ratios. Recent changes to the system for distributing operating grants and staffing went in line with substantial increases in the overall budget for schooling. Parental choice is supported by the school funding system, in particular the commitment of the Flemish Community to free education. Regardless of the choice of school, parents do not have to pay tuition fees for publicly recognised schooling and there is a uniform approach to recurrent funding of schools in all networks.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	4614712f448cfe31842b4f502e2267b4	In the context of some of these innovations, public funds could be used in order to leverage market-based repayable financing so as to increase the overall amounts of finance available to the sector. In the water sector, this has been done at the level of specific projects, like in Maputo (Mozambique) for the financing of the urban water and sanitation program or via the establishment of financing vehicles, which aim to combine diverse sources of finance (such as in FINDETER in Colombia, a public-private financing entity which rediscounts commercial bank loans for local infrastructure development, including water and sanitation). Such blending can take many forms: ODA grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies, seed financing for revolving funds or contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities. The main objectives of blending are to attract funds that would otherwise not be attracted by a given project while ensuring that basic public policy goals, such as increasing access and serving the poor, are met.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	461473018c11ca02f85056f25045e2d2	National experts have explained their approach with the assertion that they have a better understanding than do international organizations of trends in species status in Turkmenistan, and/or that the international system needs to be adapted to the peculiarities there. Both arguments are unconvincing: IUCN assessment criteria have not been developed to replace existing national expertise, but rather to ensure that threat categories are applied in an objective and consistent manner. Furthermore, rigorous application of the globally accepted assessment criteria would highlight rather than ignore peculiarities of Turkmen biodiversity.	15	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	4617dae90ce2dc4320cd3b37104aa1a1	Efforts that align with the OECD Council’s recommendation on Integrated Mental Health, Skills and Work Policy are also evident (see Box 2.1 in Chapter 2). The rights of people aged over 65 are set out in a dedicated law that specifies rights to participate in the economic life of the country, as well as cultural, sport and recreational activities. The Cornejo Nacional de la Persona Adulta Mayor (National Council for Older People, CONAPAM) is a dedicated unit within the Office of the President.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	461a3a0e0ed6923c9ead05745213c487	To obtain registration at a given address within a city, internal migrants must provide evidence of ownership (property title to real estate) or a tenancy agreement and the consent of the real estate owner in written form. In practice, landowners most often do not want to be involved in the formal registration of their tenants (the rental market in Kazakhstan’s cities is largely informal). Migrants living in informal housing units (i.e. homes not included in the state real estate registry) are also not able to register because they cannot provide a valid address. Sometimes they remain registered in their previous place of residence (usually small cities in the countryside).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	461a7c0c266572c8051d6e489a17a6fb	While some of those arguments are valid, there is more to the picture. The bottom-up approach should be scrutinised concerning the linkage between international objectives and the agreement's power to push national climate law and policy to be more ambitious. Furthermore, the standard to evaluate each state's NDC, as demonstrated by Voigt (2016), is set to the highest possible climate ambitions regarding the circumstances for the country.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	461d1499d6e88cd3a56a7f2dd603337c	Such measures should be coupled with reforms that improve technical assistance for farmers and remove the price distortions from the fertiliser market so that agricultural production decisions take into account the true costs of the inputs being used. Recent efforts by the government to encourage the application of new farm technologies may also help. Despite recent government reforms, China’s grassland continues to suffer degradation that can have important long-term economic and ecological effects. Grassland accounts for 40% of China’s total land area and is the feed base for livestock.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	46212d518fe5cd5abfd2b0383f1b4b89	Entering the labour market at a relatively bad time may have life-long implications that go beyond the loss of income, and affect broader determinants of well-being, such as skills depreciation, weak integration in the labour market and low self-esteem. The recession has worsened the relative situation of low-skilled youth, as demand for labour from some of their traditional employers, such as retail trade and hotels and restaurants, has shrunk, even though it has recovered somewhat since 2010. Furthermore, they are facing increasing competition from recent graduates, more than a third of which are now employed in low-skill jobs. Fiscal consolidation involves large job cuts in the public sector.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	4621c0317de2650d304841ed6c6a9ba3	"Successful decentralisation of personnel management (and school decision-making more generally) requires that central and regional authorities play a strong role in ensuring an adequate and equitable distribution of teacher resources throughout the country"" (OECD, 2005, p.163). It can be just as difficult for candidates for teaching positions to have precise information about the schools to which they apply, or even about broad trends in the labour market and the available vacancies. Such information gaps and limitations mean that many application and selection decisions are sub-optimal."	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	4623304943a161c560faa4c8ce1076d1	However, the Orme (2001) and Wooldridge (2005) estimators can be applied to unbalanced panels if it assumed that sample dropout is ignorable - the unobservable determinants of attrition are not correlated with the unobservables determining SA receipt. The main arguments against balancing are that its enforcement may introduce potentially nonrepresentative samples (because a specific type of sample drop-out is being imposed by the researcher), reduce sample size, and coverage in calendar time. To derive most of their results, Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a) use an unbalanced panel in which the majority of the benefit histories begin in 1991 but some start in later years (the maximum sequence length is 15 years). However, they also examine the sensitivity of their findings by re-running their basic DREP model on (i) an unbalanced panel in which all individuals’ histories begin in 1991 and (ii) a balanced panel in which every individual contributes 15 years of data (which reduces sample size substantially). The state dependence is [also] similar” (2008: 54).	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	4625912686b8b2a489f210bd5bf3fb9f	Education that occurs in conjunction with other interventions to improve access to diverse, nutritious foods can be particularly effective, as noted in the discussion of food assistance programmes above. The ultimate goal is a change in behaviour so that individuals choose more nutritious diets and healthier lifestyles. Impacts are heightened when the interventions are culturally sensitive, easily accessible and based on local products (Shi and Zhang, 2011).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	46263c01ca7b2c1be3461d978411e497	Socio-cultural variables are also included: caste (as defined in the NSSO survey) and religion. Some explanatory variables could present simultaneity issues. First, the type and level of education can be determined simultaneously by participation in the labour force, especially at the graduate level.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	4629e79378e68ac9abac9b18ca996e66	Rebuilding and managing fisheries in a biologically and environmentally sustainable way can bring considerable social and economic benefits. Policy makers are therefore pressed to rebuild fisheries. A rebuilding plan begins with evaluating the state of the fishery including the environmental and socio-economic situation. The next steps include setting feasible rebuilding goals, deciding on mechanisms to achieve them, monitoring progress, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the fishery once rebuilt.	14	1	3	0.5
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	462b39014558e694caa91b0d8073ca65	Trade reform can change relative prices in both product (final goods and services) and factor (labor, capital, etc.) Given the prevalence of poverty in rural areas and the importance of agriculture to poor farmers it is useful to view these changes from the perspective of the farm household as both consumers and sellers of goods and services. Poor farmers can gain if trade increases the price they receive for the food they sell in the market and opens up new (maybe nearer) markets for their produce.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	462cbda7a24ee270b97fddee123b6426	The suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities; however, some key messages that each type of city should keep in mind as relatively high importance compared to other types are as follow: Type III cities (young cities, ageing slowly) need to bear in mind that such strategies will build the community’s understanding of the needs of older people in the long run, as well as of the demands of ageing societies that it will have to confront. Those strategies can provide instructive opportunities for learning to adjust to such changes. For Type II cities (young cities, ageing rapidly) whose generational balance is changing, such str ategies will become a key to a successful navigation to demographic change.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	462e393e9ec696bcce093322084bec44	In fact, eight out of the thirteen Finnish respondents referred in one way or another to a need for examples of successful implementation from other countries. However, it appears that they saw such examples, not primarily as models to be implemented in Finland, but rather as a means of persuading Finnish decision makers that stratified medicine was worth supporting and promoting. Respondents were concerned that there was a lack of awareness among politicians, health care professionals and the public about the benefits that might be expected to follow from implementing stratified medicine. Consequently, they called for efforts to identify and disseminate “public success stories” and “concrete examples” from other countries which would “strengthen the view of the overall picture and benefits” of stratified medicine in general.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	4630182007eafabc8022b2036e490523	Dysfunctions in ADL and IADL are considered to be activity limitations within the ICF framework. In the past, many documents related to functional dependency produced by European experts on ageing have used the ADL approach, while in most recent legislation and policy documents European countries and agencies have adopted the ICF model.27 The use of a classification of dependency or personal functioning is itself a means to assess the need for services, rather than part of the HC classification itself. However, it should be borne in mind that the ICF is an official classification adopted by an increasing number of countries (Salvador-Carulla and Gasca, 2010). In some countries, payments may start on day one but be restricted to certain conditions. Other country’s records would allow measurement only based on the primary purpose of the provider- that is, whether the facility is primarily a medical or social facility. In other systems, insurance protection typically covers only part of the LTC, and sometimes carer relatives receive some compensatory transfers, which may include training.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	4631261b7c6d79866ca3ea33e5a8fa29	Students with whom the review team met confirmed that they experienced adequate support for assignments completed outside of school, and found those assignments to be usefully integrated with their in-school work. The total school-based instruction time in basic education is shorter than the OECD average (6 577 hours as compared to 7 257) - about one year less by the end of compulsory schooling. In recent years the duration of instruction has been extended with the introduction of compulsory pre-primary education in 2016, the objective of which was to better prepare students for primary schooling.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	46329625df165bd7e15524b51b5e9f80	No significant progress has been noted in either of these two indicators over the last two years. Although all six SEE economies have taken steps to develop and adopt either individual sustainable irrigation strategies or sets of strategy-setting documents, coherent policy frameworks for improving sustainable irrigation are yet to be developed. Agri-environmental measures still remain at an initial planning and implementation stage. Currently, there are no major agri-environmental measures designed to protect soil, water, air, climate or biodiversity.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	46329ceb7b5ce588a050451dfccb965f	To support this ambition, Norway recently launched a national non-communicable diseases strategy. There, the Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare (QICH) programme covers six areas of primary care activity (as shown in Figure 3.8) and reports performance at individual provider-level, after adjustment for health need and sociodemographic factors. Of note, QICH is neither mandated nor reliant on financial incentives; instead, its success is thought to be due to its robust scientific basis, consensual development of the indicator set involving GP and health insurance companies early on, clear patient-oriented objectives and, crucially, systematic and continuous feed-back of comparative data to both professionals and the public. These include management of chronic diseases such as depression, COPD, diabetes or heart failure; routine care such as childhood vaccination and provision of contraception and aspects of effective practice administration. As well as being able to identify individual patients that are sub-optimally treated, the system allows them to benchmark their practice against other practices at municipal, regional, and national levels (see Figure 3.9 for an example relating to diabetes management). Patients can also monitor their own clinical data.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	4637f4aa449251c7e3d66ce43f27c327	In particular, FDI targeting mining, road construction and manufacturing industries are at risk. Indeed, important road and infrastructure projects are already on hold or lagging, likely because of the crisis. According to projections by the DGEP, FDI was 36.5 billion CFA francs in 2008, more than three times lower than in 2007, and appears to be continuing to deteriorate with the contracting global economy. According to the latter, foreign capital inflows are expected to fall by 86 billions of CFA francs, representing 0.8 per cent of GDP. As risk aversion increased following the global financial crisis, these investments were partly liquidated in late-2008 and early-2009.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	4638633b0c0454a08b2196fa32d33649	Lower access to land has an impact on agricultural productivity, because it influences access to institutional credit, extension services and other agricultural inputs (Rao, 2011, Tara Satyavathi et al., Large temporal and spatial variations in rainfall limit water availability. Most of the water is available during the monsoon period, but it often results in floods.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	46391b0761a2ef7a0dd4e68774885f5d	Changes in living standard of children in two-parent low income families, 2007-2014. This ‘net' evolution is then decomposed in contributions of changes in family and work characteristics, plus the ‘unexplained', which all can be positive if the change was associated with a relative increase in income, and negative if associated with a decrease in income, all other characteristics remaining the same. Household income is root scale and adjusted for price inflation. The term ‘standard of living’ refers t< income.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/75f619d2-en	463ac43d64d823380dca382da98eef59	Across ASEAN countries, with the exception of Singapore, around half of national experts surveyed by GEM saw government policies and regulations as constraining factors for entrepreneurs — with the highest levels of dissatisfaction in Viet Nam (83 per cent) and Indonesia (71 per cent).' In Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic it can take more than 70 days to set up a business, compared with 2.5 days in Singapore (Figure 17). Similarly, while it takes 16 procedures to set up a business in the Philippines, it only takes three in Malaysia and Singapore (Figure 18).	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	463f64952af72b84e6f4db8ce50063c0	"Fees collected from those who benefit from fishing are used to restore fisheries resources and for environment protection. For example, Zhejiang province has initiated a campaign to eliminate illegal fishing gears according to the ‘""Regulations on the Prohibition of 13 Unregulated Fishing and the Use of Fishing Gears with Minimum Mesh Size”, as w'ell as fishing vessels that do not possess inspection certificates, registration certificates, or fishing licenses (referred to as the “3 non-compliances”). By the end of 2015, about 16 000 fishing vessels had been banned and about 550 000 fishing gears confiscated throughout the country."	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	463fef2477da4904042d0dadff92a766	One problem with this kind of study is that it ignores the price effects of transfers. Cash transfers essentially reduce the cost of obtaining services, and thus should lead to higher demand (for example, for children’s education) or usage of social services (for example, health-care centres). Therefore, the net effect of cash transfers should depend on the relative size of the price and income effects. More importantly, such findings of adverse incentive effects (or negative income effects) on labour supply imply that the poor are poor either because they are “lazy” (in other words, they prefer more leisure), or because their expectations are “low” (in other words, they work for a low minimum target income).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	46432871dc8440f56362e976a2016583	Approximately 90% by value of New Zealand’s seafood production is exported, with an estimated 70% of export returns from value added to seafood post harvest. Export sales were NZD 1.35 billion in 2008 and NZD 1.42 billion in 2009. Earnings from rock lobster have increased by 51% from 2007 due to strong demand for live rock lobster in Hong Kong.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	4643dbe6da1448123875bbeca474f96b	Finally it lists some pointers for policy development as food for thought for countries seeking to improve professional continuity for transitions. These include the ability to create a high-quality pedagogic environment, a good understanding of child development and an ability to praise, comfort and be responsive to children. Teachers specialised in early childhood development, or with greater experience of transitions, are more likely to use a higher number and a wider variety of transition practices.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	4649ab35db9a7e9d231ad05fcf1d014c	As a result, despite significant progress in reducing agricultural use of potable water (by more than 50% within a decade), consumption of potable water will increasingly exceed renewable resources (Figure 4.2). The main government response has been to reduce demand by promoting drip irrigation and the reuse of treated domestic wastewater (effluent) in agriculture, and to increase potable water supply for the urban sector mainly through the construction of large-scale desalination facilities (Box 4.1). Efforts are also being made to foster the role of economic instruments: significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors. Agricultural water quotas have been made more stringent.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/26e82c95-en	464c4c2e5df95e6da4aa25065fac5d3b	The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) adopted in 1979 addresses the advancement of the status of women. The CRPD calls for a twin track approach in this regard: gender equality is established as a general principle, to be taken into account in the implementation of each article of the Convention, and the CRPD also includes a stand-alone article on women with disabilities, article 6. This article recognizes that women and girls with disabilities are subjected to multiple forms of discrimination and establishes that States Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure their full development, advancement and empowerment. The CRPD further stipulates that States Parties should put in place effective legislation and policies with a focus on women with disabilities to protect them from exploitation, violence and abuse (article 16, paragraph 5), and should pay special attention to women and girls with disabilities in access to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes (article 28, paragraph 2(b)).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/973d5b65-en	464d72c183b8f0b39f837b46717b6c7d	Supported by innovative and diverse technologies around renewables, decreased cost and decoupling energy-related carbon emissions is possible. Investing in clean energy solutions with off-grid and mini-grid supply lowers energy consumption, maintenance costs and risks of defect installations. Vehicles and public transportation are increasingly transferring to hybrid or electric, but school buses continue to predominantly use external combustion engines fuelled by diesel or gasoline. To ensure that children’s transportation to school uses clean energy.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e5cda530-en	464e041b77c2faaf136b6bae5e03514b	A number of reforestation and tree-planting campaigns have been launched. Planting rates during the period 1981-1990 (4th, 5th and 6th Plans) reached 40 000 ha per year and rose to 160 000 ha per year in 2006 during the 9,h Plan. As a result of the plantation programme, timber and pulpwood are mainly produced from plantations of fast-growing tree species and a limited area of teak, mainly planted by the Forest Industry Organization (FIO) (Emmanoch 2015). Delux (2015) suggested that the Forestry Administration designated 96 000 ha for plantation development, of which 14 000 ha have been planted to date.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	465033f95505168ac5cc070abc2fc964	For meaningful biofuel analyses we included also other MAGNET modules in the model. Necessary is the flexible production structure to enable substitution between biomass based ethanol and biodiesel on the one hand, and crude oil based petrol and diesel on the other hand. Including the by-products from the production of biodiesel and ethanol, such as DDGS, molasses and oil cakes, is highly relevant for the analysis of biofuel support policies. Other characteristics of the agricultural sector are also important, such as the segmented mobile factor markets (as agricultural factor prices deviate from these prices in other sectors) and all agricultural policies.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	46533c32d79288194bc22715366ab109	Over the past year wind peformance insurance products have been offered by Swiss Re and Galileo Insurance; the market has yet to fully absorb the impact of these. In order to identify the barriers that prevent investment by institutional investors, participant identified and categorized perceived risks. The top right area of the chart illustrates the risks with the highest degree of ‘probability’ and ‘severity’.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	4654b3b4243f8e71bb3614b296bca7e6	As the accreditation of a National Implementing Entity (NIE) for direct access to the Adaptation Fund is a resource intensive procedure, recipient, supporters and providers have worked together to build capacity to accelerate access to the Fund. At the same time, they are also raising awareness that finance available from international climate funds is so far relatively limited, but designed to play a catalytic role in mobilising additional finance. Country readiness to usefully direct climate finance depends on the availability of programmes and maturity of project pipelines in line with national strategies, project/programme investment criteria, national co-ordination as well as enabling environments, policy and legal frameworks and accountability systems.	13	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	4654d72f255a3279ab7960ec668bebb9	Other sexual offences that now have a maximum of 30 years imprisonment are: sexual intercourse with a person under 13; incest by a male (if the other person is under 13); and sexual intercourse with a stepchild, foster child, ward or dependent (if the other person is under 13). Marital rape carries a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4655644659659d89d0dd68e7dd4e2254	Unemployment rates are higher, particularly among Arab women (22.7% compared with the national average of 13.1%). The enrolments of the Galilee colleges remain largely Jewish, ranging from 65% to 70% at Gordon College of Education and Western Galilee College to more than 90% at ORT Braude. The low enrolment rates of Arabs can be attributed to the limited supply of relevant places, poor geographical accessibility to higher education, poor preparation at the primary and secondary education level due to underinvestment in Arab schools, insufficient language skills and lower rates of return to education for Arab population.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	46562e64fafa4ce826e42a42258eef07	Generally, household resources, the returns earned on those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics all contribute to the make-up of the income distribution. However, it is necessary to identify how these factors interact in a particular country context and are affected by exogenous forces before forming sound policy recommendations. The problems many countries face in addressing the upward pressures on skilled wages from shifting wealth and associated increases in returns to education also provide convincing evidence that, rather than focus on increasing average education attainment by any means, governments should specifically try to raise the minimum level of education in their countries. The political processes in which societies come together to address and aggregate individual preferences about the nature of the income distribution can build national identity, establish a shared sense of community, and promote greater social harmony.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	46579450815c821a29367b167f062bc6	"Because a number of major emitters were not required to make mandatory emission reductions and others were not signatories at all, the Protocol never covered more than about a third of global GHG emissions during its first commitment period. Annan acknowledged this when, at the end of his second term, he made the first substantive engagement by any Secretary-General on the issue of climate change. Speaking at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC and the second COP serving as a Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) (COP 12/CMP 2), in Nairobi, Kenya, in November 2006, he emphasized, ""while the Kyoto Protocol is a crucial step forward, that step is far too small."	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/24485d89-en	4658161874f0baefe4dab6ba779f4e12	Dietary energy requirements differ by gender and age, and for different levels of physical activity. For an entire population, the minimum energy requirement is the weighted average of the minimum energy requirements of the different gender-age groups in the population. Particularly in countries with a high prevalence of undernourishment, a large proportion of the population typically consumes dietary energy levels close to the cut-off point, making the minimum dietary energy requirement a highly sensitive parameter.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	465d0e46e338b967cd7cc1cfdc845d84	Establishing these thresholds or profiles would, however, require additional work with samples that include both a parent report on parent experiences, and direct measurement of child experiences and/or developmental outcomes. There also is no guarantee that child well-being can be adequately predicted from parent reports. Children have unique experiences of food insecurity; parents are not always knowledgeable of their children's experiences, and therefore cannot report accurately or reliably about them. The extent of inaccuracy may depend on context, the survey interviewer, respondents1 perceptions of the agency conducting the survey, and how the data will be used.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	465da4023da19cd56578e62377b3fb9b	Up to 11 HPPs with projected installed capacity of around 417.5 MW are already under construction (table 7.3). Feasibility studies and permitting are largely completed on another 15 projects, and construction of these projects is expected to start in the coming years. In total, there are 68 ongoing HPP projects with total installed capacity of 2,500 MW and annual generation up to 8 TWh.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	46642d0b7e4255461d5ba04934ca091a	The 391-km long river has its source in the Main Caucasus Mountain Range (elevation 2,600-2,800 m a.s.l.). The Alazani/Ganyh flows for a substantial part of its length along the Gcorgia-Azcrbaijan border, and discharges into the Mingachcvir Reservoir in Azerbaijan. There is currently some concern about worsening conditions for generating baseflow.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	46654b31db112d962139ae4ba323c319	The system of payment by results should leave even underperforming providers with capacity for service delivery but then it cannot, by itself, play the central role in terminating some of the contracts. Client characteristics should be documented as accurately as possible to support better client segmentation and better measurement of the relative performance of providers with different caseloads. The allocation of clients to specific providers should be tightly managed by the purchaser so as to minimise, if not eliminate, the scope for providers to “cherry pick” clients with better prospects.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	46673e55c62cad789af2b4c4d675ce1e	For this reason, a number of limitations in IMPACT’S economic module need to be highlighted in the context of the present work. As a consequence, scenarios for the (long-term) future cannot be seen as forecasts and should be interpreted with caution. The actual effects of exogenous shocks such as climate change may be quite different from the results produced by these models. Furthermore, the exact behaviour of farmers, industries and consumers in the future is impossible to predict, and technological developments may occur differently from current expectations.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	4667babff792bbd30387df6bcb36bc22	In 2012 the highest earning 10% of households accounted for 42% of total income, and the lowest earning 10% responded for just 1% (World Development Indicators, 2014). Brazilian agriculture has seen strong growth for over three decades. Total agricultural output has more than doubled in volume compared to its level in 1990 and livestock production has almost trebled, primarily on the basis of productivity improvements. The sector makes an important contribution to the country’s trade balance.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	4667f0223e6763e22bd4157b191b5ce3	Similar initiatives focused on microcnterpris-es have also been launched. Improved knowledge and skills in agriculture and entrepreneurship could enhance productivity and promote better nutrition. The energy and capabilities of young people are needed to kick-start more robust economic activity in rural areas. The challenges include limited and expensive airlinks, poor local transportation networks, limited accommodations and tourism activities outside the capital, Dili, and a lack of skilled hospitality workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	466b5efcb786c145c658585e50d994cb	The total share of the population who can be considered as poor under either line stays roughly constant at around one-third of the population. In fact, whereas the total poverty headcount under a combined measure stayed constant in Brazil, if trends continue as they have in the past in China, they may actually increase further in China. In both countries, it is clear that even once dollar-a-day poverty is eliminated, a substantial poverty problem will remain, much as the poor remain socially excluded in many OECD countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	466da5ffb4736733204fa6446439c49d	Chile’s Organic Law for the Constitution of Municipalities (Ley Organica Constitutional de Municipalidades/Ley 18.695) establishes the right of municipalities to co-operate in order to address common problems or make better use of resources. The law permits municipalities to establish associations for a variety of purposes, including providing common services; executing public works linked to local development; strengthening management/administrative instruments; implementing programmes for environmental protection, tourism, health or other reasons as appropriate to the municipalities; training of municipal staff; and co-ordinating with national or international institutions to improve municipal administration (Government of Chile, 1988). A legal framework for such an entity could be considered to be already in place.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/80f460e1-en	46701cdae789b02884930c51a5c00ba4	"The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families states that migrant workers and family members should be able to receive ""any medical care that is urgently required for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of irreparable harm to their health"", regardless of ""any irregularity with regard to stay or employment"" (art. In practice, however, the services that municipalities and cantons offer vary widely.0 In Poland, medical rescue teams provide emergency care free of charge, but hospital emergency departments do not necessarily do so, because no legislation establishes who will bear the costs.8 Liability to pay the full or partial cost of medical care can also block access to emergency medical care. In the United States, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act requires hospitals to screen and stabilize all individuals, including irregular migrants, who seek care in an emergency room, regardless of their ability to pay. Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly and pregnant women, require unrestricted access to emergency health services."	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	46714d1b133090e9c64e178d0e93338e	The HILDA survey collects information about economic and subjective well-being, labour market dynamics and family dynamics. Special questionnaire modules are included each wave. The wave 1 (2001) panel consisted of 7,682 households and 19,914 individuals. In wave 11 (2011), this was topped up with an additional 2,153 households and 5,477 individuals.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	4673b9bc0ede1504027f905cb29a5d01	This is two and a half times larger than the corresponding share of the developed economies in the region. An index value of greater than one indicates that the country’s export volume to the destination is greater than the world average. The country would then have a more intense export trade relation with that partner than does the rest of the world.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	467827c0694ca8b65ee890d1d1004e18	The value of biofuels is determined based on both the cost of feedstocks and the cost of other production factors. In consequence, only monetary values are used within the MAGNET model, while physical volumes are used only in the calculation of the required value data. The IEA data describe the production and trade of biofuels per country.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	4678db63d7f3c91160faf0a7704bc1af	Thirty-one operate as municipal enterprises and seven as joint stock companies. Water supply systems in rural areas are managed by water user associations with the status of NGOs. The main problem of the water supply and sanitation system is the uneconomically small areas of exploitation of some municipalities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	467a29b764733fa898d203e046543f4a	The estimated area of coca bush cultivation decreased for the third consecutive year, from 49,800 ha in 2013 to 42,900 ha in 2014, a decrease of 13.9 per cent. The production of coca leaf dropped 17 per cent from 2013 to 2014. The results are in most part due to State-led eradication programmes in the context of the national strategy for the fight against drugs for the period 2012-2016. Interventions have focused on areas that are most notably connected to drug trafficking organizations and on intensifying alternative development initiatives in those areas.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	467b16ef78afe077803e15f3d9b5d6ed	Similarly, in Chile, according to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, only 44% of the unemployed dismissed for economic reasons claimed that they had received some form of compensation. Among those who should have received a payment but did not, 22% said that they had reached an agreement with their employer, while 44% stated that the employer had simply refused to pay (Sehnbruch, 2006). For a general discussion concerning enforcement issues in OECD countries, see Bertola et al. (	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4680d941a70ca3cbe6c74b53f4571546	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to neapub@oecd-nea.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com. Market prices and production costs account for an important share of the overall economic impacts of electricity.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	4683366185ee4d9f773db871cbf323e5	Article 34 of the CRC specifically obligates governments to protect children from sexual abuse while article 35 of the same speaks against child abduction. Rwanda submitted to the Committee on the Rights of Children overdue reports on the implementation of CRC protocols; the report on the implementation of ACRWC was submitted to the concerned Committee of Experts. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of2003 revised in 2015, in Article 17 provides that no one can be married without his or her free and full consent.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f5ffc67f-en	4684b107c80717428e63765bfd361b27	Therefore, food and nutrition security goals need to be addressed with comprehensive strategies, adapted to the regional circumstances. Each of these interlinkages poses challenges to the aspects of availability, access and utilization of food by the poor and will be discussed in relation to post 2015 MDG implications.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	468bb0080d3c6023b11bd403ad64a273	"It further highlights the fact that by 2030, there will mechanisms to facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support, particularly to help least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States overcome such large differences that these countries face in terms of infrastructure development vis-a-vis developed and other developing countries. In this context, Goal 9 further emphasizes the need to support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring that the policy environment is conducive to, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to the export of raw commodities. In doing so, the Forum should improve ""alignment and coordination among established and new infrastructure initiatives, multilateral and national development banks, United Nations agencies, and national institutions, development partners and the private sector"".3 This will also help to promote linkages between Goal 9 and the process of industrialization and innovation, especially for CSN."	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	469ba4cbf6ef004ff45c7b71ea4165e3	While columns (2) and (4) use GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. First, the exogeneity of income per capita is rejected by the Wu-Hausman test at the 5% level. Second, the two instruments have significant explanatory power on the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions, while they are not correlated with income per capita. Indeed, the correlation coefficient between the CEDAW date of ratification and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.58 (significant at 10% level) and 0.11 (not significant); and the correlation coefficient between the percentage of respondents declaring that men make better political leaders than women and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.62 (significant at 10% level) and 0.19 (not significant).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168688-en	469bbee132d0fa05e310246cd1a853ae	Country examples: Australia, Scotland (Younq, 2005). May be easier to implement, allow for piloting and staqed development (Coles, 2006). First, the implementation of national qualifications frameworks is often associated with administrative difficulties, such as a proliferation of bodies dealing with quality assurance, standard setting and assessment.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	469da0e1e4e363099397a55a1580a421	The RECS certificates can be voluntary traded. The last-resort electricity suppliers (mainly EDP Servigo Universal) are obliged to purchase all the electricity from renewables (and cogeneration plants) produced under the PRE for resale to end-customers. Portugal should consider shifting from such a system to one in which all suppliers must source a quota of their output from renewables (IEA, 2009a).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	469ddbc27126b965d2080c62d92591b7	The share of nitrous oxide in total AFOLU emissions is small, but accounts for as much as 75 percent of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas. Organic soils (those with a high concentration of organic matter, such as peatlands) and the burning of biomass (e.g. savanna fires) account for relatively smaller amounts of emissions. Forests also mitigate climate change by removing GHG from the atmosphere through forest growth, as seen in the negative values. However, the average contribution of forests to carbon sequestration has fallen from 2.8 Gt annually in the 1990s to 2.3 Gt in the 2000s, and is estimated at 1.8 Gt in 2014.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	469f2c06f9204d9bb7a23690898ba264	This process often involves multiple iterations, aimed at identifying opportunities for success, which might be described as “thinking out of the box”. Innovative pricing and financing strategies, as well as modified business processes, have also proved critical. Tables 1.4 and 1.5 illustrate these issues. They show that while cost reduction was generally the main criterion, other factors (including ensuring product quality and the application’s usefulness) were critical too.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	46a3b57f73b2b6aaa63f9e4d38c38690	However, as with any subsidy instrument, careful design and periodic re-calibration are necessary to ensure that objectives are achieved at the lowest cost to society, and this requires strong government capacity. Regulatory capture, where entrenched industry interests are able to extract subsidies even after the legislative objective has been attained, is common. Yet, energy technology change has slowed considerably at the level of the global fuel mix since the 1970s, and there is no evidence to support the popular notion of an acceleration of energy technology change, either at the fuel or at the sector, plant or unit levels.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	46a556549629d6a9267081a3132bfb3d	For cardiovascular diseases, Latvia generally followed the same declining trend as OECD countries in the 2000s and has also experienced a slight increase in recent years as seen in OECD countries. With regards to cancer, the mortality rate has increased in Latvia since 2000, although death rates from all types of cancer among men and women have declined slowly in OECD countries during the same period. In Latvia, mortality rates from colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and cervical cancer have been increasing over the past decade.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264269064-8-en	46a557a528e5dd26682e60aed4a2dcd0	New knowledge and tools are available to assist in reducing uncertainties for the development of policy responses. Equity should be considered with regards to who the costs and benefits of policy reform fall upon and the needs of future generations. Policy coherence is required to ensure initiatives taken by different policy sectors (e.g. agriculture, urban planning, and climate) do not have negative impacts on water quality and freshwater ecosystems, or increase the cost of water quality management.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	46a71068bf93371b23ae883cfb862e41	A two-part tariff was chosen, which includes a fixed charge and a volumetric charge that is the sum of an entitlement charge (on the water abstraction rights) and a usage charge (on water actually abstracted). Unregulated rivers and groundwater are still far from cost recovery levels, but the 2006 determination of bulk prices for 2006-10 increased fees paid by irrigators, while allowing them to move to a two-part tariff if they are willing to be metered. As a result of the full cost recovery policy, charges have risen by inflation plus 15% per annum between 2001 and 2005 for regulated rivers and inflation plus 20% for unregulated rivers.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	46a84f1740672421cc8fc4a4eb17574d	Groundwater resources are estimated at 0.218 km3/year. Total water resources in the Armenian part of the Vorotan sub-basin are estimated at 0.966 km3/year, about 13,270 m3/year/capita. ”Thc increases in concentrations may be due to diffuse pollution from agriculture and/or pollution from municipal wastewater.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	46a8712b1444284553745666826eff8d	In addition, in the course of the energy sector reform which began in 1998, some electricity facilities of the rural grids have been corroded, damaged, or generally could not meet the demand, and thus needed either replacement or modification, again incurring large expenses. The improvement of living standards and the economic development of rural areas, a consequence of electrification, stimulate electricity demand, and put power supply companies under permanent financial strain. Rural grids need constant renovation and maintenance. A survey conducted by the Institute of Electrical Engineering (JKD) in Inner Mongolia in late 2003 (Chinese Academy of Science, 2003) revealed that out of 5 240 PV/wind/battery hybrid systems for which statistics were available, a total of 2 119 systems (40.4%) were malfunctioning.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	46a9903b24dc8d9a96e0dd43d1a6d18c	The courses are based on voluntary participation and contain both theory and practice. Drivers have to pay a fee of about EUR 60 to participate in the course. The topics addressed are: right of way; roundabouts; road markings; traffic signs; traffic light crossings; highways; light usage; overtaking; parking regulations.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	46ab81fbb91e370c9563d34fc591ae1d	These constraints impede the economy from responding to the boom in competitiveness provided by real depreciation. India has passed a new land acquisition law which may promote investment, but implementation of the new National Food Security Act will be fiscally costly and, along with the oil subsidy and other programmes, may keep the deficit high. Rupee devaluation has increased the costs of India’s oil and fertiliser subsidy, given the large size of its imports, and how the programme is structured.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	46aba7c2f8244d3d645d74cde8fca6d9	It is estimated that up to 2010 another million connections will be brought to the rural areas of Brazil, benefiting to some five more million people (Presidency of the Republic, 2009). Considerable difficulties can be expected for this last million connections, as grid electrification may no longer be a feasible option for many communities, particularly in the Amazon region. All five regions together do not add up to total number for Brazil because sources are different.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	46ae6501080821613fffafb581132704	There are relatively few students in colleges techniques in Tunisia, which suggests that a merger would cause little disruption. There appears to be a potential for creating a dialogue around this reform option in Tunisia (NA, 2012). Around 10% of the total number of upper secondary students is enrolled in VET programmes in Tunisia, which compares with an average for the OECD countries of close to 50% (see Figure 4.7). Indeed, academic routes continue to be perceived as leading to better labour market outcomes in Tunisia, compared to VET programmes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	46b06311c98458c556cc3946475ff8e9	The effects of climate change are being integrated into policy development through the concept of “permanent adjustment”. This recognises that climate change is only one of a number of natural and socio-economic processes that will drive the extent and magnitude of natural hazards. The recurrence of torrents, avalanches and other natural hazards has led to a policy of “living with natural hazards and risks”. The relevant adaptation options in the Austrian NAS include support for individual risk prevention and management (one-stop shop for information about climate change adaptation and natural hazards, provision of climate-relevant information, improvement of early warning systems, increased awareness of private insurance options, promotion of technical options to protect assets), sustainable land-use planning to avoid exposure of assets to natural disasters, and water management through water retention and deliberate flooding to avoid discharge peaks. Additionally, the NAS includes a package of actions to improve disaster risk management, such as increased flexibility in financing for disaster risk responses and extension of training courses for disaster risk management coverage.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	46b07283593dd936587df224c734f3ed	Available evidence suggests that this tendency is likely to have contributed to the rising share of workers on fixed-term contracts in OECD countries (see Box 2.3). Are the partial reforms of EPL in the 1990s - whereby hiring on temporary contracts was largely deregulated while maintaining stringent restrictions on regular contracts - responsible for this expansion of non-permanent - and often precarious - forms of employment? Identifying a significant relationship between changes in regulations and the stock of workers on fixed-term contracts is typically difficult (see e.g. OECD, 2004, 2010), in particular because substitution across types of contracts is likely to occur only over time through the process of hiring and separations (see e.g. Boeri, 2011).	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	46b0f8ada5515dfe2392952e0cf5bd00	Proportionately more unintended births were borne by mothers who were teenagers, not married, highly educated, urban and Metro Manila residents. Moreover, unintended births were more prevalent among first-order births than among subsequent births. Validating the results of previous studies, unintended births both mistimed and unwanted, are associated with delayed prenatal care in bivariate analysis.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	46b1ea458ed1b72f6558896f79b3b610	Furthermore, a tax on biofuels was eliminated in 2007 and a new energy law that promotes renewable energy was adopted in 2008 and is being implemented. The government is promoting the installation of solar thermal systems for public, commercial, household and industrial buildings, as well as a subsidy for the construction and retrofitting of energy-efficient public housing. Reflecting a recommendation from the 2005 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Chile, cost-benefit assessments of the policies being used or proposed to reduce emissions and incentivise the development of renewable energy capacity would be useful to ensure that emissions reductions are achieved at the lowest cost.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	46b4fb593394429d134138e75c1cf078	However, given the strong and rising incidence of poverty among younger individuals, in particular among families with children, there may now be a case for focusing social expenditures more on these groups than in the past. Raising the distributional impact of social expenditures can be achieved both by optimising the spending mix across different social expenditure items and by improving the targeting of existing benefits to those most in need, including by consolidating overlapping benefits and closing loopholes. Working age is defined as 18-65 years old.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264186217-10-en	46b6fac4345e64e7802bdc0524556d16	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Irrigation water application rates are calculated as the quantities of irrigated freshwater withdrawals divided by the irrigated area (Figure 8.2). Data for 1990-92 average equal to the year 1997 for Australia; the 1990-91 average for Denmark; the year 1990 for France, Japan, Korea, Portugal and United States; the 1990-92 average for Greece; the 1994-95 average for Mexico; and the year 1991 for Spain. This was in contrast to the 1990s when agriculture water withdrawals were increasing.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	46baab6db46b2bf77771a91389003667	Often, income based household data was used in one year but in the next, household net expenditure would be used to calculate measures of inequality resulting in important fluctuations in within country inequality measures across time, show how measures based on household gross income tend to be systematically larger than those measured on household net expenditure. It is in this context that the results are to be interpreted. Nevertheless, recent work by the OECD (2011; p22) suggests that wages and salaries account for 75% of household incomes among working-age adults and, therefore, that increases in household income inequality may have largely been driven by changes in the distribution of salaries.33 Additionally, working with wage data also provides a better link with the theoretical literature on the impact of value chain trade and inequality which makes predictions related to changes in wages.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5830c400-en	46baf16a656703101099ba5f575f4000	Pour chacun de ces instruments, le document presente les differentes approches nationales, analyse les problematiques communes auxquelles les pays doivent faire face, et formule des recommandations d’action visant a soutenir l’elaboration et la mise en ceuvre des politiques publiques. Developing effective mechanisms for skill recognition becomes increasingly important, as workers need to learn throughout their careers in the light technological progress, new forms of work (e.g. Uber) develop potentially useful occupational skills and migration flows create a pool of workers with skills that often remain unrecognised. It may yield one of the following three benefits, speeding the path to formal qualification: access to an education or training programme; reduced programme duration; qualification without a training programme.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	46beff20b09c2f685e2b8767f88f8b18	However, these solutions impose further environmental pressures. Intensification of farming activities has reduced water quality in river basin areas, while expanding production outside Java has encouraged further deforestation (Section 3.4). Competition for water use has intensified due to growing demand by households and industries.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bf400991-en	46bf06fffbc02aa49b4f559c12134fd7	The restrictions to access are also associated with lack of data sharing protocols, or data sharing restrictions embedded in local and international legal instruments. With different return periods by hazard types of different intensities, there is a strong need of continuous data collection, for which most cities and countries are not prepared. Monitoring target 11.5 requires not only efficient data collection systems, but also the existence of a governance framework including institutional arrangements with enough human and financial capacity and resource. Coordination between different actors and ministries has also been identified as a hindrance to disaster monitoring and management in many countries.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7b961df5-en	46c1f8a000ef23460525cd20e7cac334	"Metadata are critical, with a clear need to present inclusions and exclusions and any supplementary social support programs or policies that are relevant to the low pay data. Alternative sources are necessary within the EU. Lee, Sangheon and Kristen Sobeck, 2012: ""Low-wage work: A global perspective"", International Labour Review 151 (2012), pp."	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	46c22ddc8e5d684c895962e4c08374f9	The proportion of 15-year-olds engaging in intense physical activity is comparatively high (almost 59%, versus an OECD average of 52.3%), but overweight and obesity rates are also relatively high - almost 28% of 11-15 year-olds in Canada are overweight or obese, compared to an OECD average of 19%. Not all children benefit from optimal conditions for studying: about 18% of 15-year-olds in Canada do not have a desk and quiet place to study at home, 26% do not have books to help with school w'ork, and 36% feel anxious about school tests even if w'ell-prepared. Nevertheless, Canadian teenagers perform very well on the OECD’s PISA reading and mathematics tests, and the proportion of 15-year-olds who plan to pursue higher education is comparatively high. The adolescent (15-19 year old) fertility rate is also near the average for OECD countries.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	46c41284ed48b3b862e4f552ca3f1e94	Natural disasters like landslides and mudflows are perceived as common problems in certain areas of the Caucasus. The Islamic Republic of Iran has also been developing a national plan for tackling climate change. Yet, in general, little has so far been done to better understand the potential impacts of climate change on the subregion. The technical cooperation established under various projects should evolve in a more long-term, sustainable framework for cooperation to be able to tackle the variety and complexity of problems.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	46c50e58089ac42e9d26d4e6f2860843	Regular flooding is an essential event for the delta because it supports the ecological system that provides the foundation for tourism, biodiversity and livelihoods. Through promoting regional cooperation and sharing benefits, OKACOM aims to reduce unsustainable activities in all three countries and prevent development activities that exceed the constraints of the system, while enhancing the ecosystem services of the basin for the benefit of all riparian countries (OKACOM, 2015). The institution strives to deepen cooperation to ensure that the three countries define and respect those system thresholds, or the upper limits of sustainable abstraction. Historical political alliances have formed trust, which is still a key success factor, primarily because those alliances encourage a shared vision among the countries, facilitating water policy in a way that preserves the ecological integrity of the basin and protects the system's socioeconomic benefits.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	46c8157bab55b9d05c6ca5ada3d1188b	Since January 2013, the county LDCs are mandatory pre-trial bodies, except, until July 2017, in cases of termination of employment contract, suspension from work, non-pecuniary damages, as well as collective labour disputes, which were the unique prerogative of courts. The new labour code expands the role of the LDCs by making them the mandatory pre-trial body in all cases of labour dispute. Up to now, LDCs have managed to solve all the cases, with no case being brought forward to court.13 This may nevertheless change with the extension of the scope of LDCs notably to termination of employment contract and collective labour dispute. Cases are rare and mostly relate to contract termination, representing less than one per 1 000 of the total number of terminations. Since July 2017, the SLI is also in charge of collecting new data such as the number of employees’ representatives, the number of temporary labour contracts, and the number of termination of labour contracts as well as grounds for it. The county divisions of the SLI will also have to assess reasons for firing or changing work conditions in a less favourable way for an employees’ representative.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	46c8f15cc83cb3e83c5e59f7f2e1ed12	The Bilforer 65+ (Driver 65+) refresher course system was introduced in the Norwegian Road and Traffic Plan 1998-2007, and was implemented in the 2006 National Plan of Action for Traffic Safety on the Road. Courses are open for all Norwegians from 60 years on and are run by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in collaboration with authorised driving schools. A course invitation is sent to all drivers aged 65 or more holding a licence and is repeated for those reaching 70.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	46cee575e326f5898ee6dcbaf1a8f2e1	Microfinance institutions already have pre-existing networks of access to the rural poor - especially women - who are also particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The nature of microfinance lending, meanwhile, consisting of high volume, limited value loans is also consistent with the fundamental nature of a majority of adaptation actions that will ultimately consist of thousands of decentralized actions by households, communities and private actors as they continuously seek to internalize current and anticipated climate risks in their various activities. What is currently the degree of synergy between actual projects that are being funded by microfmance and adaptation needs? Is the success of some microfmance projects at risk of being compromised by climate change?	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	46d0076da6829000dd8b640c1f00bf0e	England, for example, has unique, comprehensive and routinely available data for every practice on quality of care. Its Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) is one of the most advanced monitoring systems across OECD countries. The programme is designed to incentivise and standardise the provision of evidence-based, high-quality care in general practice covering several major LTCs including mental health problems such as depression. It also includes indicators relating to public health and other services provided in primary care (contraception, screening and immunisation).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	46d3adbe4a2745fe65133d099006f0f7	Nonetheless, the Law has its limitations, as newly appointed heads of public administration organisations put pressure on administrative civil servants to vacate their positions “voluntarily”. Interviews for this Review indicated that both political and administrative civil servants at all levels are not so much accountable to citizens but to those who have the power to hire and fire them. This prevents the continuation of experienced staff in public employment, compromising capacity.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0196687-en	46d475ceaa034365791d668459aa60cb	In addition to targets, the scope of instruments related to renewable energy being introduced is also broadening, demonstrating a deepening commitment towards renewable energy. For instance, Sri Lanka, under its latest energy sector development plan, is seeking to significantly increase the share of renewable energy while reducing petroleum imports, which have risen dramatically over the past decades (Sri Lanka, Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy, 2015). Pacific Island States, particularly the Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu, are leading the region in setting up an ambitious target of 100 per cent renewable energy. Additionally, under the country’s Energy Development Strategic Action Plan, hydro is expected to reach approximately 350 GW.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	46d6410e45624edfc699362fb315e5f3	With an average nitrogen content between 0.3% and 0.5% in the tissues and a nitrogen removal cost between USD 10 and USD 30, the harvesting of 1 million tonnes equated to between 3 000 and 5 000 tonnes of nitrogen removal for a NTC value between USD 30 and 150 million! Additional NTCs of USD 1.6 million for the removal of 400 tonnes of phosphorus, and CTC of USD 900 000 for the removal of 30 000 tonnes of carbon should also be factored in. In 2009, there was another green tide event covering at least 17 400 km2 of the Yellow Sea.	14	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264203419-61-en	46d67a9400b832ecff54f59473bc51df	The results were presented at Rio+20 events in Brazil, and will be brought into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) dialogue through contributions on various official online platforms, presentations at United Nations SDG policy meetings, and national media releases in the surveyed countries. The list of worsening trends was long, but surprisingly strong common themes emerged, including environmental degradation, corruption, inequality, economic insecurity, social problems and conflict. This is a major way in which inequality is perpetuated and increased. Wealth and poverty are viewed as being directly associated with access to political decision-making and economic opportunities, or a lack of them.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/968bac18-en	46d68115f46e78703eee772def4e8d5b	However, there was little evidence of rigorous implementation of the Niger Delta Regional Development Plan. Throughout the 2000s, Nigeria consistently ranked among the world’s bottom 25 per cent, according to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. It also tops the list of countries with the highest levels of capital flight in Africa (Ndikumana et al., The Government sought to tackle corruption through the establishment of an Independent Presidential Committee to investigate bad governance charges at the Niger Delta Development Commission, resulting in the uncovering of the diversion of resources related to Government contracts (Government of Nigeria, 2013).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	46db79c47251e4181429ea479219815b	Also, there is much room for improvement in the capacity to manage such funds effectively in the fight against HIV/AIDS. In July 2005, UNAIDS published and disseminated Guidelines on Construction of Core Indicators to aid in reporting on the progress made from intervention activities. The average range and number of indicators reported compared well with other world regions, as can be seen from Figure 4.1.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	46dcdfacd81a2d529654095016feb615	Beer drinking continues to decline, and cannabis consumption is at the lowest level reported by students over the past 20 years. Around four in ten students said that they were not physically active in the week prior to the survey, and only a third of Indigenous students reported regularly taking part in competitive team sports (Table 4.3). Schools are a significant focal point of every NWT community, often serving in capacities that are additional to their mandate.” Youth in the Northwest Territories reported poorer results in most mental health indicators than students in the rest of Canada.	4	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	46dda92ef328f7aaed577bd1a5cfdf8a	As 109 countries and the EU have now ratified the UNCRPD, many more will soon join the queue. The IDA currently comprises eight global and four regional DPOs; two other regional DPOs have observer status. With member organisations around the world, the IDA represents the estimated one billion people worldwide living with an impairment. This is the world's largest - and most frequently overlooked - minority group.	4	3	0	1.0
10.6027/084cc821-en	46def0654f543f66e90d71a84c33066f	In Ukraine, gas prices for both households and municipal heating utilities have traditionally been heavily regulated and subsidized. However, the prices rose steeply in 2016 after Ukraine's commitments to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Antonenko et al. The possibility to control the temperature and indoor climate will bring along health benefits to residents. Remarkable decreases in heat consumption will shorten the payback period of investment costs and increase the resale value of the building or apartment.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	46dfbdba8f07c9f6197c76ce1d444964	Moreover, the laws of both countries need to establish enabling provisions that fulfil the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, in particular draft Article 3 Ibis. This notification should include information concerning the beneficiary licensee, the products covered by the license, the quantity(ies) for which the license has been granted, its duration and the name of the beneficiary country(ies). Thus, the drugs produced under a compulsory license in the exporting country may be exported to several countries, provided these are all mentioned in the notification. The Annex contains a number of procedural requirements for the use of the draft Article 31 bis system.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	46e0133517eccc871f674aba6eeecf85	The Commission meets annually to review member activities over the past year and for the next year, to review compliance and conservation measures and to review existing regulatory measures. Important decisions are made by consensus in CCAMLR and become legally binding in international law on members after 180 days should no objections be lodged. Working groups are also convened for important issues, for example the ad hoc Working Group on the Incidental Mortality Arising from Longline fishing (WG-IMAF).	14	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	46e26418eff049f0c6ad854f8357076f	A strict concept of novelty will normally result in the rejection of product patents for new uses. This may be stated in express terms in a country’s patent law or in regulations, resulting in an a priori rejection of the novelty test for product claims of new uses of known products. As regards the protection under a process patent, however, the situation is more complex. Whether or not a new use is obvious is case-specific and cannot generally be anticipated in a domestic patent law, but has to be left to a case-by-case examination.	3	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	46e266bc2a2c95c53e29b0fa2e1c540f	No changes were made to the lists of goods and services subject to price stabilisation or price registration. Further, price registration requirements have been restricted to the time when price stabilisation is enacted which in turn has been limited to no more than six months. However, the conditions for implementing price stabilisation measures remain at the discretion of officials.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	46e4c54646767bc93ddd5f3188f3dcb7	Last but not least, Velvet private advisers are all female. Fursati offers its women customers topic-specific seminars to meet the needs of women in business. The objective is to support the development of entrepreneurship and develop investment skills while also giving women valuable opportunities to network.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	46e4e2707aacc40eea45859eda0473b8	Table 2 outlines what information is collected in selected climate finance systems or reports, and highlights how this fits with information needs under the Paris Agreement. Three surveys were carried out by the DAC Secretariat between 2013 and 2015 with the objective of developing methodologies to report and measure in the DAC system, avoiding double counting.6 From 2017, reporting on amounts mobilised from guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in common investment vehicles will be included in the regular DAC data collection. A further survey, launched in July 2016, is pilot testing further methodologies for credit lines and investment in companies.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	46e7da5589cdaf3360a67d00de3e4540	Bundling several services together helps reduce the high transaction costs from servicing a myriad of dispersed end users (e.g. information and marketing, installation, fee-collection, maintenance, after-sales customer services and nonpayment interventions). It also facilitates government regulation and oversight, and tremendously enhances the welfare and developmental impacts of projects. A study focusing on middle-income economies noted that the addition of a fourth service provides a marginal benefit about seven times greater than the addition of a second service (Reiche, Covarrubias and Martinot, 2000). Flowever, fully exploiting the benefits of bundling rural services depends on government’s ability to identify policy synergies (e.g. agriculture, energy, climate mitigation and adaptation, rural development, innovation and investment policies).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	46e7e62de6ff1a6cc29b6856e39c0bdf	The situation will be revisited as the evidence evolves, in line with the concept of “permanent adjustment” described above. The BMLFUW is to co-ordinate this process, and the first implementation report is due in 2014. The report is intended to provide a detailed analysis of the status of NAS implementation, based on an interview survey of relevant officials and predetermined monitoring criteria. Further reporting is to be carried out every two years (BMLFUW, 2012a; EC, 2012).	13	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ec24896a-en	46e981703651059ae7da345492d70f0a	Some of the most important types of capital for agriculture are not necessarily tangible. Governments invest extensively in agricultural research and development (R&D), which generates intellectual capital - a crucial input for raising the long-run productivity of agriculture. Both governments and individuals invest in education, which raises the productivity of the beneficiaries and generates long-term returns through human capacity development.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/49f729e3-en	46ecbe1f5847417f3c45d35e49e2075d	The 2006 evaluation found that “much of the information about UNDP resource allocation to gender is missing, incomplete or inconsistent. There is no accurate way to estimate exact expenditures on programmes which pay attention to gender mainstreaming”. In 2011, the midterm review also concluded that “UNDP should demonstrate its commitment through allocation of adequate resources from its core budget and better track resources for gender mainstreaming.”	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	46eef0f4fb61da58156e516711b364a2	Poor women and men who do not have sufficient funds to finance their start-up stay out of the entrepreneurial markets and in poverty. Gender-specific effects are more pronounced in those countries where women have limited access to property rights or control over household assets (Chapter 2). However, recent research proves clearly that capital injections might not be enough to enable growth, especially in female-owned micro-enterprises.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	46f02f090cb3aba659ffd0b2494f55ed	Among households in the lowest income quintile, only 16% have completed tertian' education - while among households in the highest income quintile 80% have done so. Lithuania does not monitor key populations with respect to participation and achievement in tertiary education. It has no policy targets.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	46f13cc28597238c1c799824c53236f9	The surveys began in 2003 and a few countries have more than one survey. A common questionnaire was used across countries (with three versions over time). These data can be used to construct provisional estimates of the prevalence of adolescents going hungry and to examine associations of going hungry with adolescent health behaviours.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c607b535-en	46f306cad8c1620cbdc0599c56f82dec	Atlas ol Health and Climate. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Press. Bouma, S. Hajol, E. Worrall and A. Haines. El Nino ond the shifting geography of cholera in Africa. Proceedings ol the National Academy ol Sciences ol the United Stales ol America. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(9); B. Shikur, W. Deresso ond B. lindljarn.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	46f9ee84770d71af72ef386b8b48f5bc	The government has noted the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and considers that opportunities for cleaner transport are limited. Electricity is supplied by the government-owned Tonga Power Ltd (TPL), which is regulated by the Tonga Electricity Commission. The rural areas in Tongatapu have grid electricity supplied by TPL and the outer islands have solar power or mini-grids that are operated on a community-based management model. The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.52 (Figure 9.5). Tonga has used solar energy since the late 1980s although biomass remains the primary renewable energy source. There is no potential for hydro energy and assessments indicate that geothermal energy is uneconomical.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	46fe10597e6e997ff32e8aa0da7506ef	Source: Authors’ calculations using OECD tax-benefit models. There have been efforts to lower the tax burden on low earners in recent years in Estonia. The tax free allowance has been increased from €144 per month in 2014 to €170 per month in 2016 and a new income tax rebate for low earners that reduces income tax liabilities by €228 per month for those whose annual income is below €7,818.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	46fe67b61a4d1d5fb097b94cefc5ae68	The CCRIF is designed as a regional catastrophe fund for Caribbean governments to limit the financial impact of natural disasters by quickly providing financial liquidity when a policy is triggered. The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI) was also launched in 2007, but its Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance Pilot was rolled out in 2013. The PCRAFI's other core component is a technical assistance and capacity-building programme on disaster risk financing and insurance, including public financial management of disasters.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	47014e21e5e817abbec981de34410f3f	Progress in this area is possible but, barring some significant alteration in Nigerian policy, this will most likely take the form of incremental changes that will only add up to significant advances in the next decade or two (Muhammad 2010). Currently the only women elected are those mandated by the quota, so one possible way to bring about positive change would be to increase the quota.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	4701e8ca77679ee8f4d939046a42c7fd	Preferential loans can be used to buy machinery and equipment to reduce post-harvest losses including dryers; machines used for the cultivation and harvest of rice, coffee tea and sugarcane; and machines used for aquatic production and cold storage. The machines have to be new, legally standard and have a local content value of at least 60%. The loans could be up to 100% of the cost. The state subsidises 100% of the interest rates for these loans in the first two years and 50% from the third year onwards.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/025e4007-en	470494b55faefe29f1fb9b9d6c34ee86	Without the use of a social justice lens for energy planning, large-scale renewable energy projects can be environmentally damaging and may do little tc enhance gender equality. Decision-making in the energy sector often excludes women, and policies are mostly gender-unaware. In many cases they are creating their own pathways to clean energy technology that level the playing field in regard to economic and social opportunity. It has the potential to reduce development initiatives directed at gender and energy since the deep inequalities in the energy sector cannot easily be quantified. Enabling the creation of local renewable energy user groups and co-operatives, and empowering women to fully participate all levels of decision-making, is essential for sustainable energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	47051f69b7cc4a3211d9e7973ead7c9d	Furthermore, some would argue that the critical mass of women is contributing to the passage of legislation that addresses women’s concerns. Women have been able to successfully lobby for greater allocation of health-care spending, for example, as well as enact changes to land inheritance laws to be more favourable to women (Norville 2011). This suggests that encouraging Commonwealth countries to adopt NAPs can have the beneficial effect of helping to institutionalise and normalise the perception that women should be included in political institutions.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	47071a4230a61a3ca37773b014adcabe	Often, this will be all the patient needs but in the case of a need for referral for acute care, this can be done in such a way that takes into account the totality of a patient health care needs. Ultimately, such a system could help in identifying resource needs and priority setting for successful outcomes. A key facet of Korea’s registration projects has demonstrated the benefits of proactive outreach both in raising awareness about risky health behaviours that might lead to the development of chronic disease and also in moderating lifestyle habits of those with established chronic disease.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	4707801db1dcfaa78c1bb507bf806aeb	The system used in Japan, which is based on self-declaration by manufacturers of both performance and sales data, contains many elements of a good verification and enforcement regime. However, it would benefit from greater transparency, such as the regular publication of testing results, data on non-compliance and the results of enforcement action, and increased verification of sales data. Korea's economy has relied on energy-intensive industry, such as steel, petro-chemicals and cement.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	47138cb7058a228d6ffe323da9bc6ede	These reforms, which accelerated in the late 1990s, provided free of charge settlement for disadvantaged people on lands and facilitation to purchase land to start up agricultural activity. Established and newly settled small-scale producers received substantial credit concessions and benefitted from a range of other rural development and social programmes targeted to the rural poor. Indeed, agriculture was the dominant driver of labour productivity within the overall economy, contributing 85% to the aggregate labour productivity growth in the four sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, mining and services) between 2002 and 2007, and almost one-half between 2007 and 2012 (OECD, 2013b). Productivity improvements were in part an effect of capital replacing labour, with agriculture’s share of employment falling from 18% in 2002 to less than 13% in 2012.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0488519d-en	471511e0799174b0ea41cabdda09854c	These stations collect real- or near-real-time data on river levels and rainfall and related issues - which is disseminated through a web-based platform. This Regional Flood Information System may now be integrated into the operational flood monitoring and early warning systems in the respective countries. For this purpose, there are two important enabling steps. The first is to fully understand the transboundary risk - from regional to local levels.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	4716286ef85cce7bebb14a73d4022bfd	This also helps tackle the immense investment needs in the sector. Savings from reduced energy-related social subsidies after eneigy-efficiency investments are implemented creates a revenue stream, which is consolidated through the newly established Energy Efficiency Fund. Parliament recently adopted the Law on the Energy Efficiency Fund (2017).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	4716328ce5b1469ac6636f4a4f5bd044	James Reason from the United Kingdom wrote an influential book “Human Error” (Reason, 1990). The model developed by Reason, sometimes referred to as the “Swiss Cheese Model”, has been adapted to road safety (Wegman and Aarts, 2005). His “slices of cheese” have different hiatuses, or holes in the cheese.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/dd581311-en	471664250beedb81c1afcb268ab8c173	An effort is also made to identify difficulties in availability and quality of information, for contributing to the generation of better data for the multidimensional measurement of poverty. Therefore, the indices presented here in this section are basically exploratory in nature and are not presented as a definitive multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region. Next, different dimensions and thresholds are considered, bearing in mind the selection of those that are most relevant and feasible for measurement in the regional context.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	4716a14b47805da009bcc0f9005a1ac3	It monitored service providers’ legal and contractual operations (e.g. carrying out analyses of bidding processes and concessions, contract alterations, reconfiguration and fusions of systems) and ensured that tariffs guaranteed efficient and socially acceptable prices without harming the financial sustainability of service providers. In addition, the IRAR analysed consumer complaints and assisted in conflict resolution between consumers and service providers. It was made responsible for evaluating the quality of water supplied to consumers, comparing the results with other entities and following up on non-compliance where necessary.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	4717662ae7ffe56578a1760f0fc9c36a	"The magnitude of some of these differences suggests that new teachers may require more support to develop effective pedagogical strategies for teaching content in some countries than in others, possibly due to limited pre-service or in-service training. In countries such as the Czech Republic, Iceland and Sweden, the gaps between the proportion of new and experienced teachers feeling ""very well"" prepared in classroom practice in the subject field(s) are greater than 30 percentage points. However, in France (4 percentage points) and japan (7 percentage points), the differences between the groups are much smaller, and there are no statistical significant differences in Finland and Korea."	4	0	11	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	4717ff38f05e5c6783f869699a56c1f5	It describes the governance of policies to improve rural infrastructure, outlines the main regional programmes, and reviews briefly the quality and coverage of rural services. It then discusses efforts to respond to skill demands from the agrifood sector through labour, immigration and education policies. It also reports on trends in education expenditure and outlines the performance of the education system.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289329224-8-en	471cdf7f8a9051fc58050e530aa7721d	It builds on the understanding that people care for the environment, sustainability and future generations, but they are also busy, and do not have the time to carefully think about how these issues connect with each other. These widespread concerns have formed a sound basis for the Good Chemistry campaign from the Danish EPA, which highlights nine good habits for pregnant and nursing mothers regarding chemicals in cosmetics, in products for children and in toys. According to the third good habit, consumers are advised to buy products with Swan label and the EU flower. The study from the Danish EPA suggests that the Nordic Swan ecolabelling has significantly increased its market share in the personal care sector in Denmark as a result of this campaign.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	471fcc77bd6e97de4eba29641341a541	In Mexico, fathers tend to lose time with their families, while mothers often drop out of the workforce entirely. The wage premium to long hours has been identified as a crucial remaining obstacle to gender pay equity (Goldin, 2014). Within the workplace, men and women often break from long hour norms in different ways.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	472515c0a66e92034ff4104c364f73c5	This solution may be appropriate for a specific bounded water body such as a lake or reservoir, where there are a limited number of identified polluters (typically industrial companies, wastewater utilities or mines) whose discharges have a clearly identifiable impact on surface water quality. Polluting agents (firms, utilities, etc.) Polluters w'ould be allowed to buy and sell these licences. The total volume of licences could be reduced overtime with the aim of reducing overall pollution. The latter would save money by buying licences rather than undertaking abatement themselves. In time, the desired amount of pollution abatement would gravitate towards “efficient” polluters, at a lower cost to society compared to the situation where every firm was obliged to abate, whatever the cost.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2016-21-en	4725d439efd373901bb4f53112b26790	The prevalence of childhood overweight varies across the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 2.11). It is high for females in Indonesia, Thailand and Papua New Guinea, with three times the Asian average, and for males in Mongolia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, with about two and half time the average. Overweight is generally more prevalent among male children across countries.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	472b3bbe31cad5507f6c31656bec6e62	In Serbia, the rate of mineral fertiliser application is above the EU average, encouraged by fertiliser subsidies based on payment per hectare. However, the lack of comprehensive monitoring of nutrients and pesticides prevents a broader assessment of nutrient flows and balances. Only in Bosnia and Herzegovina did emissions jump in 2009 due to increased use of commercial fertilisers (FAO, 2017a).	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	472e94738a9454c270dc825d251847aa	Finally, 5.2% was spent on general psychiatry and 0.9% (the least of all medical specialties) on child psychiatry in regional hospitals. This implies that the county hospitals bear the largest share of specialist psychiatric out- and inpatient services (SALAR, 201 lb). Sweden has been a proactive actor in the advancement of national mental health, developing locally targeted policy and programmes, as well as cooperating with international mental health efforts.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4731a736e4d3841b103fc901e2bd2c23	However, despite the large differences observed, most of the estimations available indicate that nuclear risk is expected to be low, and therefore the residual risk is expected to be even lower. Available estimates of accident consequences and associated external costs are subject to large uncertainties and are inherently conservative. Consequence analysis is limited to a subset of accidents (only severe accidents are considered), is based on incomplete information and accounts only for a limited subset of possible losses.	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	47331cb0849c794dfe5c34746bc18c6a	Even in relatively developed markets like Germany, social opposition is emerging as a potential threat to future development. Currently, debates at the level of the Lander are halting the construction of the “energy highways” that would transport large amounts of renewable energy from the rural north to the urban south. Opposition is coming from different local constituencies (rural dwellers, farmers, and environmentalists) concerned about the impact of the power line on health, landscape, and wildlife (Frohlingsdorf, 2011).	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	4733964fe6ce4925c09026e0a083f2a0	The database could be shared, for instance, with the DHS/Centerlink and local social service administrations to ensure confidentiality. After youth and their families have been contacted and agree to participate in a programme, information would be transmitted by these authorities to local service providers. Service providers would then need to inform the referring administration on the situation of youth on a regular basis. They address the causes of non-attendance through a regular exchange of information and dedicated follow-up services; and avoid youth falling through the cracks by systematically offering alternative education or training pathways to school drop-outs. Since 1994, each county has its own “Follow-up Service” with a mandate to keep an overview of the activity status of all young people who finish compulsoiy lower-secondary education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	4733d3fb2f45756d4e76a4bad477926a	The last three countries together practically constitute the whole forest carbon sink in the Nordic region. This is unsurprising since these three countries have more than 99% of forests in the region. The biomass and soil carbon sinks in these three countries together have increased between 1990 and 2010 and are also projected to increase until 2020.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	47359a880e9f3cefba59a766ea3398b3	These zones aim to foster the development of manufacturing facilities and exports, create employment and training opportunities for Libyans, transfer technology and knowledge, and diversify the economy. Investors in free zone activities benefit from expedited business establishment processes, free repatriation of capital and profits, energy supply at local rates, exemption from commercial registration, tax, custom duty restrictions, exchange controls and monitoring, and vast areas of land on lease for up to 30 years (renewable). In response, the MENA-OECD Investment Programme launched the Iraq Project, which helps identify and support policy reforms through research and policy dialogue.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	4736a8bfe73706bf0473df89ddf96d7d	Figure 1.4 show's a synthesis of how France has implemented each Principle since the 1960s. The authors claim that all of the Principles have been adopted and enforced at varying degrees. In terms of water resources management, the authors identify the need to develop a responsible, capable and empowered authority to manage flood risks, a topic which has gained particular traction with recent floods of the Seine River in Paris and elsewhere in France.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	47391f11207d65b16cb82e7b1d18e736	This number increased slightly to 60.3% in 2008. The existing middle class remained rather stable (73% of those who were middle class in 2004 remained middle class in 2008), while attracting a significant portion of the poor (58.5% of the poor in 2004 became middle class in 2008). Viewing the middle class as essentially stable can be misleading.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	473a15e2644c42766233b4f6a30ffc53	However, the last two stages, namely functional and intersectoral upgrading, in most cases mark its accomplishment, and take place either through progression or leapfrogging. However, prospects for economic upgrading within GVCs are not straightforward. They are influenced by a complex and uncertain GVC environment and can be either hindered or facilitated by governance patterns and power relations within GVCs, which are overwhelmingly skewed in favour of lead firms. Consequently, unlike those in more developed settings, entrepreneurs in LDCs may struggle to exploit GVC-related entrepreneurial opportunities or to adjust to changes in the GVC environment and therefore have to forego promising opportunities or be compelled to employ suboptimal competitive strategies.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	473d1c53cba499afb448cef9f11f47cb	Since minimum-income recipients without any earned income mostly have net incomes below commonly-used poverty thresholds, a relevant question is how much someone would need to earn in order to escape income poverty. This amount will depend on two factors. First, higher earnings are required in countries with sizable individual ‘poverty gaps’ (the amount by which net income falls short of the chosen poverty line).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/859159ab-en	4742ad2c37b06d789a883eb1fb27577c	Using data from 4 000 households in rural Indonesia, Gibson and Olivia (2010) showed that improved access to roads and electricity positively affected both employment and income for nonfarm enterprises. The Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri Rural Infrastructure Support helped villagers of Trimulyo to develop the local economy by constructing an all-weather road. The new road lowered transportation costs, which allowed greater use of fertiliser and in turn increased outputs.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	4745cfb6361f396d0b291e9700b7dd7e	In selecting the best location they weigh their preferences for access to land, labour (skilled or unskilled), inputs from other firms, market access (including the transport links to other cities or countries) and access to knowledge and amenities. A flexible land market allows households and firms to respond as economic conditions change, fostering innovation and competitiveness. Even the idea that a free urban real estate market can exist outside of government intervention is erroneous because governments help to determine where to locate infrastructure, public services and open spaces.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	47477b6a1ff2be4d32084b8b69f948ae	These figures highlight the problem of low productivity that always characterises the small business sector. Mi Tortilla, which is the programme that the study visit has more specifically met, also supports producers through a quality logo that helps them compete with large companies and through a grant in change for old polluting equipment so that this is not sold in the second-hand market. Together with an economic objective of improved productivity, the MI series has also a social aim in seeking to formalise through participation in the programme the large swaths of informality that connotes the microenterprise sector in Mexico.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	47483fdfe3c41bb0ac446419afd48be1	The second trend is the increase in the use of biomass. In 2012, four times more biomass was used by the residential sector than in 1988. This trend is also supported, although to a much smaller extent, by the increasing gasification of households. The principal objectives of climate-related policy are the development of a highly efficient and green energy sector and establishment of a single internal energy market, while overcoming the high energy and carbon intensity of the economy and dependency on energy1 imports.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	474b4cd46d86938e620e10b417734abe	The paper concludes with a brief note on the way forward. For the OECD as a whole, the tax to GDP ratio rose from 28.6% of GDP in 1975 to 34% in 2015. The tax mix also varies, reflecting a host of determinants, including among others the structure and openness of the economy, inter-governmental arrangements (e.g. unitary versus federal structure) (Box 2), the institutional capacities of the national and sub-national government administrations, and collective attitudes toward income redistribution and the use of progressive taxation. Sub-central entities generate their own revenues, to varying degrees.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	474bdfc8bf654656054aa6b2d2832e75	Decentralisation also means giving more prominent role to the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) in aquifer management, strengthening the organisation and functioning of the River Basin Councils and their auxiliary bodies, and consolidating the governance functions and regional organisation of the CONAGUA. There is no “one size fits all” model for enhancing public governance in the water sector and overcoming institutional obstacles to implementation but it is critical to diagnose the main governance challenges experienced across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government and across subnational actors and review existing governance instruments. This will help clearly define roles and responsibilities of public authorities and set-up to dispute resolution mechanisms.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	474e2db62b2fa8811cf2a6d3cd45c3f5	In addressing systemic risk, the national strategy also includes a variety of programmes and plans to combat poverty and enhance societal resilience to reduce the risk of disasters and cascading impacts. Communities at particular and persistent risk of disasters include communities located near rivers, in close proximity to flood-prone dams, in low-lying areas prone to flooding during heavy rains, along seismically active zones and in areas affected by conflict. It has taken these as the foci for its national strategy and risk reduction measures, addressing IWRM and the security context, as well as the environmental, climatic, social, cultural and political context.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	474f4ab3b582808085a7a949f3d5c731	These countries have acquired the potential to put in place social policies that foster human development and social cohesion. This refers to absolute poverty measured by the international poverty line of USD 1.25 PPP (purchasing-power parity) per day. The growth elasticity of poverty reduction derived from the regression line in Figure 4.2 is -1.12.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	4750ff2ee759486267c3c5054df8d037	However, there are also many open-source options developed by governments and international agencies. Another is HAZUS ('Hazards US') which was developed using public domain software by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency for performing loss estimation. Several other countries have adapted the HAZUS methodology for their own needs.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	4752a6d2afe83ad664a7dbdaa0cfd011	Informality leads to lower salaries and a greater risk of poverty, but can also lead to weak labour market attachment. When men retire, they receive a pension equivalent to 70% of their average salary during the last 10 years, while for women it is on average 51%, according to the Superintendencia de Pensiones. In addition, women’s pensions are based on lower salaries than men’s. Hence, women retire with lower pensions and, because they live several years longer than men, they are at a greater risk of poverty.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	4753e3b8268ecd54e309eb5fe77f98ab	Tertiary specialist hospitals were also worse affected. This includes the national children’s hospital, where average waiting time for surgery was remarkably long, at 701 days. It is interesting to note that waiting times in the hospitals belonging to the INS insurer-provider network (see Box 1) are typically less than a week. Although the INS offers a restricted set of services compared to the CCSS, its short waiting times include elective surgery.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	4757165223bfb715d05a3fe79f84b7fa	In Colombia and Paraguay, the drop in labour income per employed person was offset by a rising proportion of employed persons. The factors assessed interacted in different ways in each of these countries. In Chile, the employment rate fell while income per employed person rose. The opposite happened in Ecuador; both factors declined in Costa Rica (see figure 1.5).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	475c6186ccde0615b6b0d0a523fff26f	Indeed, more young women than ever before are now participating in formal and higher education in the OECD and, over the past decade, gender gaps in educational attainment have reversed. In 2000, adult men had higher tertiary-level attainment rates than adult women, but by 2012 34% of women across OECD countries had attained a tertiary education, compared with 30% of men. Among the over 100 non-OECD countries that are part of the Barro and Lee dataset (2013), the average number of years that working-age adults spend in education countries rose from around two to about eight among men and from one to eight years for women.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	475cfe7deecdc5f78783f71745fc2236	It is a governance instrument that can help achieve better outcomes in terms of efficiency, transparency, inclusiveness and equity when managing the delivery of water supply and wastewater services. Stakeholder engagement can also be a powerful tool to address territorial and institutional fragmentation, align divergent objectives, improve the accountability of decision makers and service providers, and support result-oriented action (OECD, 2011). Some of these tools are already in place in Jordan and positive changes are taking place through strategic planning, innovative platforms and communication strategies to better involve stakeholders. The following sections shed light on how some of the existing instruments in Jordan could be improved, which information gaps need to be bridged, how to strengthen the multi-stakeholder interface for informed decision making, as well as needed communication and education strategies for proper stakeholder engagement.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	475d2113975dbfbfcecef4734dbe9b47	The company is then expected to become self-sufficient. It intends in particular to encourage and stimulate demand for the services of HEI/PRIs. Projects under IRCRO involve co-operation between industrial firms and HEI/PRIs and are jointly funded by IRCRO and the company using a 50/50 matching grant scheme. Applicants are obliged to hire consultants that have been pre-approved by BICRO.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	476253b4101c9362c263343742b67b6e	Psychiatric inpatient care has increased amongst adolescents and young adults. In 2009 - 2011, 72 497 women (516 per 100 000 population) and 80 479 men (572 per 100 000 population) were treated in psychiatric inpatient care. Figure 6 illustrates the trends in psychiatric inpatient care for both men and women between 1991-2011, a period during which the number of psychiatric beds declined sharply.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	476257338c7c1ada3bda99b81cd5eda4	Then the discussion moves to questions of context and content, including explicit commitment to the teaching of 21st century skills. Third, the question as to how central technology is for these networks is introduced. Finally, the chapter concludes with an analysis of key practices that best explain the successful implementation and sustainability of their innovative approaches.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/74f4872a-en	47636791fa350aba1f5a4f7f225a0803	Looking at the economy of the U nited States from 1948 to 1985, he concluded that infrastructure investments led to productivity increases, finding that a 10 percent rise in infrastructure stock over time was associated with a 4 per cent increase in productivity. The study even showed that the converse also held: declining infrastructure investment from 1970 to 1985 was responsible for declining output per capita over the same period in the United States. These findings triggered a spurt of empirical research examining the contribution of infrastructure to growth.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	47643d47a62ffa93318c51d4a93acb74	Such a low tax may not quell speculative cross-border flows of money, however, suggesting that this option should be adopted in conjunction with capital management techniques (Grabel 2003). Rich countries would generate the bulk of the tax revenues, and more generally, the taxes would be highly progressive, and in essence, act as a sales tax. This implies that a multilateral approach to adoption of CTTs would be needed.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	4765bf7c11dad42f825cc7986bd0bc95	Moreover, many employers have the view that they should not provide of structured training, but rather that school-based programmes should provide them with trained and ready workers (OECD, 2017). National employers’ organisations have been traditionally included in the advisory bodies designing VET provision, but in 2014-2015, the Ministry of Economy signed collaboration agreements with sectoral employers’ associations (e.g. hotels and restaurants, aviation, IT, engineering, etc.). For that purpose, sectoral qualification standards are being developed for particular sectors of the economy (OECD, 2016,38)).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	4767c9343147eb2bba8bdd06d278050e	However, currently with seven different approaches existing for such target setting,54 it is no surprise that actors are feeling lost. Beyond company target setting, there is a general lack of guidance on 20 C compatibility of investments which can support investors in their decision-making processes. Here the development of tools and criteria may be helpful.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/f81b7706-en	4767fc2396147a7564dad09396b6b286	For example, traditional and cultural barriers, lack of education, lack of adequate financing and violence (especially gender-based violence). The first two provided a selection of potential answers for the respondents to choose from. The remaining four questions required a response based on the respondents’ assessments.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	4769e584067eb4061d31345e93d7ca5c	This whaling quota is within a range that researchers believe provides adequate security with regard to protecting the whale stocks. Moreover, the quota is based on scientific evidence from the IWC scientific committee. The quota for 2010 was composed of a basic annual quota of 885 and the addition of unused quota from 2009. In 2010, Norwegian whalers were permitted to catch up to 1 016 animals in coastal areas: the North Sea, along the coast from Stad to Finnmark, in the Barents Sea and around Svalbard. The rest of the quota could be caught in the zone surrounding Jan Mayen island. Conservationists feared that legalising any form of commercial whaling would open the door to other nations and ultimately lead to more, not fewer, whale deaths (Morell, 2010).	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	476c9c465cd16b6696d67b209b2af113	Encourage various forms of mutually beneficial business partnerships. Indonesia has extensive experience in developing partnership arrangements between large investors in agriculture and smallholders acting as their suppliers. Contract farming is the most common partnership scheme, but mixed models are also widely used, with investments in a large-scale core enterprise at the centre involving out-growers under contracts to supplement core production. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security provide useful guidance.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	476d0fd2d2f3bd77b221025a6832c4e1	The Danish government should work with universities, speciality groups and regions to review the structure of medical research facilities and ensure that they evolve to make the most of the opportunities provided by larger scale specialist hospitals. For example, whilst not losing their valued generalist role, further skill specialisation amongst some GPs could be explored. Interested GPs could develop extended competencies in defined clinical areas (e.g., dermatology, ear nose and throat, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	476e342d14d276b35021c2c5a7c9a563	It starts with a short analysis of the volume of official development finance for infrastructure. Next, it highlights some of the strategies pursued by donors that are particularly active in this area and presents several case stories. It concludes with some observations about how to improve the effectiveness of support for trade-related infrastructure investments. Together Japan, the World Bank Group, the European Union (EU) institutions, Germany and France disbursed over three quarters of all funds during the period 2006-15.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	476e92bf68cbc5d8abb48dc2b6f72911	The flood protection system is comprehensive and includes engineering measures, such as dams and retention basins, as well as land-use planning measures that make space for excess water without putting the population at risk, and the documentation of water flows and assessment of future risk. The government communicates information and recommendations on flooding to help individuals and businesses manage their risk. The current evidence suggests that changes in future flood risk due to the effects of climate change fall within existing design tolerances of the flood protection infrastructure. Therefore, the Austrian government does not plan to strengthen the technical standards for flood protection for now.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	476ec7e536a6247356e6eaf10f6764b3	Only one study was found on the AtJ pathway, with Norwegian wood residuals as feedstock, yielding a 66% reduction, with the majority of emissions (excluding combustion) attributed to processing (Avinor, 2013). For bioethanol, several well-to-gate GHG estimates exist, and the emission categories included in such studies are comparable to the emissions for a full AtJ pathway (excluding the processing step from bioethanol to jet fuel). Three of such estimates have been included in the table to serve as proxies for the emissions of an AtJ pathway.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	4770cd8d869cc680607e2ae30abba235	Critical to successful tax reform is the need to have more effective coordination among relevant agencies, such as departments within ministries of finance, foreign investment promotion agencies and local governments. Greater use of information technology in tax administration also matters, especially its capacity to help increase tax compliance through risk-based auditing and third-party information sharing. However, excluding Japan, growth slowed from 6.2% in 2014 to 5.7% in 2015, mainly due to declining merchandise exports as a result of an economic growth moderation in China and tepid global demand.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	4771bd8d63d0b9e14d568a68d3b7ef4b	For example, while the earliest project from CIDA considered in this analysis started in 2001, the earliest from JICA started in 1988. The geographic distribution is in part explained by the type of activities implemented. For example, most flood prevention and control activities are located in a few countries particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as Indonesia and Bangladesh.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	4771ec13a51463ae4601171dd4bb5b0b	Water authorities need to work with other constituencies, including the agriculture and energy sectors, while taking the environment into account; they also need to work at different levels of government (local, basin, municipal, state and federal levels). For example, there has been long-standing co-operation between Canada and the United States through the Canada-US Boundary Waters Treaty and the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe operates the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, providing an important framework for international co-operation.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	47725a7dfc67f7f31a10e4bd06700455	Therefore, countries of the region should step up their efforts to improve the living conditions of the poor. Although the worst of the crisis is expected to have passed by the second half of 2009, meaning it would have been shorter lived and not as deep as initially predicted, there is, nonetheless, still a possibility of a slow recovery and of employment only recovering after a long contraction. Given the macroeconomic context, which is less vulnerable in this crisis, and given the progress that has been made in the area of social protection, there is a possibility that the social fallout from the crisis can be mitigated more effectively. That highlights the need for governments to take action to close the social gaps and make progress towards social cohesion.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	477431e6650f52c73d839edb3db98f71	The German government funded the Madaba management contract, together with the MWI and the WAJ, as part of an effort to enhance the management of wastewater treatment plants. For capital investments, donor funding has proven to be pivotal to attracting private financing. An innovative funding structure that combines private, local and central government, and donor financing was put in place for the As Samra BOT contract, combining 46% of funding from USAID, 45% from the private sector, including a consortium of banks and the project special purpose vehicle, and 8% from the government of Jordan (Degremont, n.d.).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	47743c93f3ce5565acdaf5dba07fdab2	It considers how women still prefer to study humanities to sciences and asks what can be done to combat persistent stereotyping. Finally, it looks at the gender gap in financial literacy, and how to ensure women are as well-equipped as men to carry out long-term financial planning. Exceptions are chiefly countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern, Middle Central and Western Africa and in Southern Asia, teenage girls are less likely than boys to stay in school.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	4774604cbfb823660475f37f9321ca91	Often through word of mouth, farmers share farming practices, experiences with different inputs, preparation of different crops for consumption, and so on. Women especially rely on these fami liar channels, because their time and mobility constraints often limit their exposure to new information providers. The Women of Uganda Network relies on the strength of locally developed information channels to increase the audience for its services.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4774a2e2d8047c72c1a171a659255969	Among executives knowledgeable about blockchain technology, 18% already participate in a consortium, 45% are likely to join one, and 14% are considering forming one. Industry consortia are focusing on developing solutions to their business issues with the help of blockchain technology, whereas technology consortia are focusing on developing use case agnostic blockchain technologies, and are mostly formed by blockchain technology providers. These technology providers drive innovation for consensus algorithms, transaction efficiency, and interoperability across different blockchain platforms.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	4776ce1c9a8c873500cf467ed34e98dd	For this purpose countries at high risk and with low capacity will need a ‘critical mass’ of trained manpower. These use satellite remote sensing, GIS, crowdsourcing and ICT applications. This was the case in the Uttarakhand flash floods in 2013, typhoon Haiyan in 2013, cyclones Phailin and Hudhud in 2014 and cyclone Pam and the Nepal earthquakes in 2015.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	4778d0281d4ffc822468326d5eefd03a	Associated with the Plan was a vision that “by 2020, California's workforce is trained and fully engaged to provide the human capital necessary to achieve California’s economic energy efficiency and demand site management potential”. Consequently the CPUC commissioned a California Workforce Education and Training Needs Assessment for Energy Efficiency, Demand Response, and Distributed Generation (the WE&T Needs Assessment) undertaken by the Donald Vial Center on Employment in the Green Economy at the University of California, Berkeley. The first area of research analysed the impact of federal and state energy efficiency policies and programmes on jobs and the labour market.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	477a89608884ff35aaf7abea6ac73a1e	As this report demonstrates, the labour market consequences of not having the skills and educational qualifications are high. However, participation rates in formal and non-formal adult education and training are generally low in many countries. In France, Italy, Poland and the Slovak Republic, for example, less than 40% participated in formal or non-formal adult education and training, according to the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013, p. 208). Participation rates of those with tertiary education are often five or ten times as high as those of the low-skilled.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	477cf85f0b74f17bde882d6a8444bbea	For example, they might sell their working or breeding animals or agricultural or fishing equipment. Or they may take out high-interest loans. As a last resort they may pull children out of school.23 They can also reduce the quantity or quality of food, forego medical treatment, or overexploit natural resources.24 All these measures can perpetuate poverty and reduce the incomes of future generations. Different communities in the surrounding areas coped in different ways. Some felt they could not rely on the Government or anyone else and a feeling of mutual distrust emerged, so they resorted to the kanya-kanya syndrome - everyone for themselves.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	477de8bf2c3ce967f0355d7a7f514455	For example, a rural dwelling that does not have running water may not be classified as poor, whereas this would not be the case of a dwelling in an urban area. For the purposes of collecting data on household deprivation, pensioners, domestic workers and family members of domestic workers were excluded. The unexpanded sample was composed of 289,766 people in 2003 and 312,872 people in 2008.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	477fc29227e2a39f32579c9e74ff6fdf	In the current system of national accounts, they are accounted for as non-profit or charitable institutions. Such deficiencies remain a decisive factor in the region’s high levels of poverty. Primary income distribution is corrected through wealth redistribution schemes which can function provided that there is a revenue collection system which taxes current income, wealth, profits and consumption and which, for workers, includes the obligation to contribute a proportion of their income to finance benefits and transfers to be paid when their working lives have come to an end. There are also voluntary, solidarity-based redistributive mechanisms, which involve not only gifts among private households but also participation by community organizations.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	477fc9aea4b9fb8b674b7c494ffac7bc	Averaged across 22 participating countries, 12% are overskilled in finance versus 9% in other sectors applying this measure to literacy, and 11 % versus 9% for numeracy. Of 19 sectors in total, the proportion of overskilled is the highest in finance for literacy and the fourth highest for numeracy. The overall evidence would thus tentatively indicate comparatively high overskilling in finance.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4780338a7eaaef4ee31bf2da9503f65c	This could be set up in parallel to existing and current infrastructure developments, for example within smart city projects. Within the pilot, blockchain-based contract management systems and assets already under development could be leveraged and tailored towards specific needs, for example in regards to industry standards, legal and regulatory matters or user experience. This approach enables a real-life trial of the system while further developing the solution. Since they tend to develop several projects at a time, they can quickly achieve efficiency gains by taking part in the pilot, rolling out the developed system in their other engagements.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	4783b2aaf557046d4899e45c962e08c1	Closing the gender gap in the labour force promotes diversity and stability, and improves the competiveness and integrity of the recruitment process for both public and private sector employment. In fact, estimates from an OECD study suggest that reducing the gender gap in employment is correlated with an increased impetus for economic growth, amounting to an overall rise of 12% of GDP over 20 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2012a). The study found that OECD countries that currently have larger gaps in employment would have higher gains in GDP if the gender gap were to be reduced (OECD, 2012a: 24-30).’ Evidence from global studies also suggests that women tend to spend a greater share of their income on the education and health of their children and, therefore, an improvement of wage equality for women often translates to better welfare outcomes for individuals within the household (Qian, 2008).	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289331425-5-en	4784f9da1cf32d834959d313e5ab43f6	The emphasis is mainly on soil water nutrient levels, acidification, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and leaching of nutrients from the site. Nevertheless, some studies have addressed these issues in different Nordic countries. For example, the effect of final felling of forest stands on runoff water chemistry and discharge has been widely studied, as has the effect of wooded strips along streams (buffer zones) on runoff water chemistry and aquatic organisms in northern Sweden. In Finland the role of forest land in artificial recharge of high quality groundwater resources to compensate for water extraction has also been studied.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	4788218fd147e07a0d2c96f22b617973	For example, strategies for eliminating the cost of access to benefits, medicine and tests can be universal (public supply and/or full subsidies for private providers) or targeted (expansion of the public supply in areas of high vulnerability or partial subsidies and co-payments, according to ability to pay). As for information and awareness about pregnancy care, targeted proximity-based and social assistance strategies can be used, as can mass media and universal sexuality education campaigns. As will be seen below, the increase in contributory coverage in health systems has made for greater access and, especially, better quality in terms of maternal and child benefits. It is true that part of this increase in contributory coverage is not due to a net increase in contributors through pension plans or payroll deductions in contributory models, but rather to flexibility mechanisms or the incorporation of the non-contributing population into contributory formats.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302037-en	47891bc3e4d1253d54589244b17a41fa	The challenge was to redraw a new line dividing German Togoland into two separate territories. In 1919, the ‘Milner-Simon agreement’ between the English and the French attributed 60% of German Togoland to France and 40% to Britain. The provisional line mainly followed natural features. According to Raunet (2016), when the Milner-Simon line cut communities in two, villages could decide whether they wanted to be under British or French rule and had six months to relocate on either side of the line.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	4789c41f0c6cbe9fcc16291dd18a438e	The assessment of a school leader’s exercise of tasks and responsibilities includes a test on professional preparation (5%). The appraisal framework described for Mexico throughout this chapter refers to the exclusive appraisal scheme for school principals at centrally managed public schools at ISCED level 3. For further details on the external element (external school evaluation), see Chapter 6.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	478a32eb2f2d368eb282ec7e56285188	The demand for secure energy supply underpins economic activity whether it is a factory in Germany or a farming operation in Kenya. It is needed to grow crops just as much as it is needed to underpin the mobile phone network through which farmers can connect to their markets. Energy is an essential input to the production of food and the provision of water; it can eliminate the need for hours spent collecting fuel wood to make more time available for education and entrepreneurial activity; it offers mobility that makes trade possible. Energy fuels the movement of manufactured goods, people, services and ideas.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f47faf05-en	478bad34ece9ed317127fc292cd5cceb	Classes of known mineral energy deposits include commercially recoverable deposits, potential commercially recoverable deposits, and non-commercial and other known deposits. Extraction of non-renewable energy resources reflects the quantity of the resource physically removed from the deposit during a period of time (usually one year). The difference between the opening and closing stocks of energy resources for a particular year result largely from extraction.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	478d8ef66f5bab4f3c37fc34d5c97813	In addition, high wages reduce profits, which may dampen investment. This negative demand effect (on exports and investment) can potentially outweigh the positive effect on consumption, especially if exports are price elastic (as in the case of commodities). This will lower average wages in the economy as a whole and boost its competitiveness (Kucera, 2002) and may thus have a positive impact on exports. A more thorough analysis of this and other possible channels for gender-related impacts would require a broad sample of countries and detailed information on their internal demand structures. Efforts to raise women’s wages in the interests of greater equity may lead to growth in a non-profit-led economy, but they may also spark an economic contraction as a result of their negative effects on investment and exports. These short-term disturbances in demand may not only reduce male employment and output but may also make it difficult to achieve long-term growth.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	478f2c14c89d651e2875ede6df904a39	It also explains how to connect travellers with the businesses' local cultural assets to enhance the visitor experience. Through a free interactive on-line tool companies can develop a prospective vision for their business. The easy-to-follow guides demonstrate tangible ways to enhance product development, marketing and sales initiatives. One such initiative that aims to support tourism SMEs with an online presence but without online booking capabilities is the Australian Tourism Booking Widget (Box 20).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	47936c45099f7905b949ece72ca7f55a	Some of them, which affect not only agro-food but also manufacturing industries, relate to testing and accreditation difficulties, while others are specific to the agro-food industries and mainly relate to SPS requirements. Overcoming these obstacles would not only permit Indonesian exporters to gain greater access to the EU market, but also expand exports to other developed markets. Indonesian laboratories lack the capacity to test and assess the conformity of products with EU requirements, primarily due to the shortage of qualified technical experts and of the necessary equipment and physical infrastructure.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	47955923638fc249d1dc77c4d3bfa3a2	They support women to access better employment opportunities and reduce social and intergenerational inequalities by making extra -familial care available and affordable for lower-income and disadvantaged households. In order to reap the 'double dividend' in terms of women's economic empowerment and child health and education, the ways in which services are delivered is fundamental. As with water, poorer and rural households are much less likely than wealthier and urban households to have access to improved sanitation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	479591d337ce6204632f89a859fa1203	The persistent racial stratification and differences in social, economic and health outcomes between population groups are partly due to the apartheid education system, which served blacks and coloureds poorly. The Free State is losing ground to most other provinces due to outmigration and poor health outcomes, and has in fact lost prime members of its working force. There are high rates of unemployment and poverty that exceed national averages. Only one-third of the working age adults are employed.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	47983181a079df801b7ee83fd97fcea6	In order to contribute to this objective, the OECD Joint Network of Health and Budget Officials on the Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems was established in 2011. This joint network aims to identify and disseminate good practices in managing healthcare budgets, alongside other policies that can ensure fiscal sustainability. It also aims to improve institutional dialogue, clarity of roles, and common objectives between officials from both health and finance ministries, and other relevant policymakers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	479c48c1f04750e324d12744cccdebd8	As will be explained below, State responsibility can also be invoked for private acts, i.e., when State officials are not the direct perpetrators of the violence. See also the Special Rapporteur on violence against women's report on gender-related killings of women (A/HRC/20/16), para. The police had been aware that her husband had a handgun and had threatened to kill her on several occasions.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/58d686e0-en	479e88385104cf74c8e103573dc32d04	"According to the Special Rapporteur, the State's due diligence obligation under international human rights law consists of preventing, investigating, punishing acts of violence against women, protecting women from violence, and providing an effective remedy and reparation to victims of violence. For human rights law, the standard serves as a tool for rights holders to hold duty bearers accountable by providing an assessment framework for ascertaining what constitutes effective fulfilment of the obligation, and for analysing the actions or omissions of the duty bearer. This is especially important if the potential infringement comes through a duty bearer's failure to act, as it can be difficult for rights holders to assess if an omission constituted a violation of their right without some normative basis for the appraisal. Cotton Field"") v. Mexico (Judgement of 16 November 2009), concerning the abduction, sexual violence and killing of two children and a woman by non-State actors, was one of hundreds of similar cases of disappearance, rape and murder of predominantly migrant women and girls that had occurred in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	479ecf7a39fb52112dec7d75bc2200c8	These calculations are discussed in more detail below. The remaining variables used in the empirical specification are detailed in Table 1. They are classified according to the different sets of determinants of inequality identified from the literature. See Annex Tables 15 and 16 for a description of the country coverage as well as the variables in the SEAs.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264212664-en	47a11a370b54b8c4d6215ffdf119f31d	With a view to facilitating this crucial choice, the Policy Guidance for Investment in Clean Energy Infrastructure aims to assist governments in identifying ways to engage private enterprises in developing and financing clean energy infrastructure. Countries at different stages of technological and economic development will find different issues more relevant to their specific situation. Every context is different and the Policy Guidance will thus need to be adapted to the needs of each individual country.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	47a81fa1f11035ac40b7b87d62d509f2	That is why the OECD is investing in both, to strengthen the evidence base, in close collaboration with the UN and other key development partners, including bi-lateral donors, through the DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET, see Box 6), CSOs, the private sector and foundations. With the support of the OECD Secretary General, the Policy Dialogue initiative is co-ordinated jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the Development Centre and Statistics Directorate, bringing together their unique expertise and networks. The initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women’s economic empowerment, including by recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care work.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	47a83923d4865c4ea405cca9a759db07	The teaching challenge is then to teach in a way so that most students apply a deep approach to learning using the higher cognitive level processes3. While these characteristics include for example subject matter, class size, student ability and assessment practices, they vary enormously between departments, faculties and institutions. Complex and ever-changing societal, political, economic, technological and demographic forces also affect what might be understood as effective teaching.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	47b0099adf915df325e0a6b88c2b9fc3	While national and sub-national capacity is of primary importance in multi-level governance relations, the line between co-ordination and capacity is not always clearly demarcated. Co-ordination can help in disseminating good practices and spreading the benefits of diversification of water policy, thereby also building capacity. Thus, co-ordination and capacity building go hand in hand: they are synergistic processes that can be mutually reinforcing, provided there is a territorial approach to water policies.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/adde55b5-en	47b2361199a7b72580eb63b531aca37c	Because many of the policy innovations presented in this section involve the use of economic instruments, the chapter begins with a brief review of some of the characteristics of water that limit the extent to which the resource can be managed as an economic good. Policy solutions with the potential to contribute to resource decoupling are described for the agricultural, industry, and municipal water supply sectors. In addition, systems-level policy approaches with the potential to encourage efficient use across sectors are also described. The section concludes with an examination of equity considerations that should be included in the design of policy measures.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/afa296fe-en	47b3ad6a466d0bbea8f68692bac0ffce	Furthermore, the causes of and possible solutions to unsustainable foreign debt, the widening gap between rich and poor and the absence of equitable multilateral trade, investment and financial systems implies that it is increasingly impossible to assume that the Governments of developing countries can act in isolation to eradicate poverty. The insistence of affluent countries on asymmetrical protection of their markets through tariffs, quotas, anti-dumping duties, export credits, as well as subsidies to domestic producers greatly impairs export opportunities for poor countries and regions. The Economic Journal, vol.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	47b5058ff59e7927cdd664f64d603ad9	They are therefore critical for creating an enabling environment within which substantive equality for women can be advanced. They have also artificially constrained the resources available to governments to finance policies and programmes for gender equality. This can enhance the realization of rights over time, the mobilization of resources for gender equality, the reduction of discrimination and the democratization of economic governance.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	47b7e436d89340976b625001436fc653	Analysis conducted by the IEA, using its data on fossil-fuel consumption subsidies in developing countries, estimated that a phase-out of these subsidies between 2011 and 2020 would lead to lower emissions of air pollutants such as S02, NOx and particulate matter, which are harmful to public health and the environment (IEA/OPEC/OECD/World Bank, 2010). Recent research by the GSI based on modelling in 20 countries found that the removal of fossil-fuel subsidies between now and 2020 could lead to average national emission reductions of approximately 11%. This research also found that if 30% of the savings from subsidy removal are redirected to renewable energy and energy efficiency, the national average emission reduction estimates increase to 18% (Merrill, L.etal., However, defining these policies as subsidies is uncommon in the region and cross-subsidies often remain “invisible” for society at large.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	47b875324a7e727a49eef38e5e072f72	If there is no demand for product, then consideration should be given to removing the tariff quota altogether. This action is needed to ensure the protection of human, plant and animal health, improve Viet Nam’s regulatory reputation and support the export of value-added agricultural goods. It is important that import requirements for food safety, quarantine, and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner, consistent with international guidelines and practice.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2015-6-en	47baa22e34221773f9355c757aa99ee7	Chile also needs to improve access to quality tertiary education for students from medium and low socio-economic backgrounds. Finally, in terms of activating and using skills effectively, a key goal should be to reduce skill mismatch, which contributes to low productivity growth. This requires more flexible labour markets, investing more in vocational education and training, and promoting the participation of more women in the fields of engineering and computer science.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	47bc2efe922bf9c501d76ba66d737a78	The challenge is to support the creation of a gender-responsive security system in a society where gender inequality, stereotypes and discrimination still exist. Reforms within a security system institution can spur social changes if accompanied by broader national reforms - such as national plans on violence against women or legislative reform on equal rights - education, and awareness-raising strategies. In turn, it is important for security system institutions to support social changes in parallel to institutional reform, through education reform or awareness-raising campaigns on gender issues at the national and community level.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	47bdd1edf5bd3715b247937fa7734460	Under the baseline projections of the ITF International Freight Model, the growth in international freight volume is far from uniform, being significantly stronger along maritime routes and inland connections in Asia. The North Pacific corridor facilitated the highest volume of international freight flows in 2015; this was due mainly to the high volume of international trade from China to the United States. As Figure 9 shows, it is estimated that the volume of freight in the North Pacific corridor will increase significantly by 2050.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	47bfd9d09eae01a0733cf4f5441e43f5	It has traditionally been considered a second chance option for the three poorest quintiles of the population. In 2013 there were some 1.9 million applicants for 1.5 million places in vocational education and training (VET) institutions, reflecting growing demand (Interview with TVET Director, MOEC). The new vision is to build on that demand by increased investment and expansion of vocational schools widely across the whole of Indonesia.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	47c216e565a7b461f8faf3368ada264a	Successful completers are awarded a Senior Certificate of Education, giving access to both general and vocational programmes. There is a well established flexible qualification system that provides autonomy and innovation, underpinned with data and research. Current reforms have aimed to shape a more demand-driven VET system (see Spotlight 2), introducing more flexibility in the length of apprenticeships and ensuring support through a common procedure for assessing them. It has the sixth highest graduation rate among OECD countries in academic programmes (tertiary-type A), and the eighth highest graduation rate in vocationally oriented programmes (tertiary-type B). About 19.8% of all tertiary students are foreign, the highest rate of foreign tertiary students among OECD countries in 2011. The participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in higher education is below that of the Australian population as a whole.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	47c42a2b7bbe234abedda10e9e2f8198	Firms with product, process, organisational or marketing innovations or with ongoing or abandoned product or process innovation activities. Market novelties are product innovations that are new to the firm’s market. Innovation co-operation as part of product or process innovation activities. Data for 2006-08 and 2008-10 only include R&D expenditures and expenditures for the acquisition of machinery, equipment, software and other external knowledge.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	47c49e8a606ed0810420283837aeb7dd	Second, it implies a potential need for more intensive management of the nearby hillsides, and more precisely, the identification of specific areas that can be devoted to the needs of the local population. They reflect conflicts about specific parcels of land because some uses may be perceived as harming the interests of nearby land owners. A media analysis of land use conflicts in Puy-de-Dome illustrates this point well. It was found that the majority of conflicts are brought forward by rural residents who would like to maintain the natural environment against the land uses of businesses and industry (Mann and Jeanneaux, 2009: 129). Of the 35 conflicts identified in the area in the study, three quarters were resolved in the residents’ interest—a fact the author of the study notes demonstrates that ex-post decision protest behaviour can result in political decisions that maintain or improve the quality of residential life.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	47c5039eb11db123eeb03deaa6ee0242	Nonetheless, the special characteristics of this segment (strong growth, rapid technical progress, and highly changeable regulatory frameworks) mean that the business model still differs from the rest of the sector, and it is largely controlled by specialized firms. Many of the large electricity firms that invest in this segment do so through specialist subsidiaries, such as Enel Green Power, CPFL Renovaveis or Iberdrola Renovables, which recently has been reabsorbed by the parent company for financial reasons. These barriers are lowered still further if the project is mainly financed with debt, as is usually the case, thereby reducing the capital contribution necessary from the firm in question to no more than 30% of the total cost. This level of leverage is possible because most wind farms have been developed with long-term PPAs, and because nearly all of the production cost is fixed capital which is invested at the start of the project. In terms of wind power, the turbines account for 70% of the cost (BNDES).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	47cd65e3f12db00ed3a25ab8e895831e	The fact that public policies have an undeniable role in this process of change has at least three consequences. Within the family, it establishes the need for co-responsibility between men and women. Secondly, it highlights the need to adopt comprehensive and integrated measures on behalf of those who require care and those who provide it.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	47cf32e9c5d2743556122b256ee2443b	For example, infant mortality in territories that have a low RDI is double the rate in high-RDI territories. Panorama del Desamllo Territorial en America Latina y el Caribe. Brazil, Chile, Colombia. Mexico, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Natural resources remain extremely important as a basis for the region's international trade and investment, which entails a certain degree of external vulnerability.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9598ece7-en	47cfb45ef2b719cbdcac01a8d83c5e29	Sustainable Development Goal 15 is aimed at addressing the current rate of biodiversity loss, which some experts believe to be unprecedented since the last major global extinction event 65 million years ago. In Asia and the Pacific, the problems of biodiversity loss and ecological degradation have been growing. Protected areas are one of the main tools used by Governments for conservation of the remaining forests, but these efforts have had mixed results, according to statistics on primary forests and numbers of threatened species.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/785f021c-en	47d144a77666d4904b716d11433c79b3	Poor quality of infrastructure (for example, sub-standard transport connections or unreliable telecommunication grids) is an additional challenge developing and emerging countries face in the development of their manufacturing sector. According to the OECD (2018), early adoption of digital infrastructure such as a reliable telecommunication infrastructure (high-speed internet access) or more sophisticated technologies (for instance, the Blockchain), may lead to 'leapfrogging' within the manufacturing sector and thus promotes an inclusive and sustainable future development. The shrewd use of automation technology may have two substantial effects on the characteristics of the goods produced.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	47d2fc2edce7bbc513d968d2218a7a35	While residential developments along establish roads ways are to be encouraged since they take advantage of existing infrastructure, they are problematic when the costs of servicing these areas are bom by the municipality and the externalities associated with such a location are not reflected in the costs paid by home owners. This is to be expected to some degree as lower interest rates increase an individual’s ability to purchase a property. Supply constraints also increase demand—for instance, high demand to live in a particular area because of its amenities or cultural heritage. In comparison to other departements in the region, these are low figures; Puy-de-Dome had the lowest percentage change in terms of housing prices over the period and the second lowest in terms of household income.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99aadf34-en	47d301173790a1619cdb7647a58c9d40	Instead, this chapter focuses on the role of structural transformation in reducing poverty as the title of this report indicates. The total number of people living in extreme poverty, based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) yardstick of $1.90 per day, declined from a peak of 144 million in 1999 to 44.6 million in 2015. Today, the average poverty headcount ratio in these economies is 11.1 per cent, compared with 45.7 per cent in 1999.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	47dbb8545fa3f4fe3bfe9ec281935169	Moreover, from the policy standpoint, it is fundamental to consider care as a process in public actions of major impact in the private sphere and in social relations. The conditions under which it is provided are fundamental, for example, to guarantee the comprehensive growth of children, as well as for dignified aging. Another priority is to address the situation of persons who are responsible for providing home-based care —a role that women generally play in societies that are still marked by a patriarchal culture, an unbalanced gender division of labour and gender stereotypes about who should fulfil this social function. It is culturally established as a responsibility falling on mothers, daughters, sisters, grandmothers, aunts, daughters-in-law and female neighbours, among other family and social ties.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	47dbdb4a46cd4057784799f21eab4c90	State administration entities and locally elected officials—of illicit cultivation and State Police operations to eradicate such cultivation. In Belarus, a system of measures to stabilize the drug situation and a comprehensive action plan to counter drug trafficking, prevent drug abuse and facilitate the social rehabilitation of drug abusers were approved in 2014. The National Committee for the Coordination and Planning of Drug Responses of Greece drafted a new national strategy on drugs (for the period 2014-2020) and a new action plan (for 2014-2016).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	47dbec0804a5c4882de38958f00c1b49	The effect of this experience is collective trauma, consisting of, the structural effects of disrupting families and communities; the loss of parenting skills as a result of institutionalization; patterns of emotional response resulting from the absence of warmth and intimacy in childhood; the carryover of physical and sexual abuse; the loss of indigenous knowledge, languages and traditions; and the systemic devaluing of indigenous peoples' identity. The legacies of these and other policies of forced assimilation are also seen in the present relationships of indigenous peoples with the larger society. According to Canadian government statistics, indigenous women are five times to seven times more likely than other women to die as the result of violence. The Native Women's Association of Canada, through its own hard work, documented more than 582 cases of missing and murdered indigenous women in Canada, most within the last three decades.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	47dc4b22ac46cb827575f513ae64e614	For fuel, the fishing sector is not required to pay a road levy that vehicles solely using the road system must but has been required to pay a carbon tax since 2010 (approximately ISK 1 188 (USD 10) per tonne of C02 in 2016). Figure 4.26 depicts FSE trends over time in Iceland. In the 2015-16 fishing year (beginning 1 September) the way the tax was levied changed. It is now paid when catches are landed, instead of being prepaid against allocated quota.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/293adac7-en	47dcb48c967d5c8593d56cfcb8bac06f	The type of collection system depends on the location and type of the settlement. The waste lorry passes once a day and rings a bell. Residents take out their waste and deposit it in the waste lorries. When this is not feasible for citizens, the alternative is to deposit the waste bag on the street, often by the trees or on the pavement. The situation with the number of containers has improved recently due to significant investments by municipal authorities - this is particularly true in Tbilisi.	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	47ddeaada3efb746bf3b430c4fa00b4b	As such, action that is in effect adaptation may not be viewed as such by the company in question. This paper has adopted a broad perspective, in that it includes as adaptation measures that have been taken in relation to existing climate extremes which additionally improve companies’ resilience to climate change, and measures that have either been identified by the respondents as relating to climate change, or to circumstances that have been made worse by climate change. Information on companies’ adaptation experiences has been obtained by directly contacting 16 companies (see Annex 2 for a full list of companies). Based on companies’ responses to the 2009 CDP questionnaire, companies which were particularly active on climate issues were identified and requested to participate in this analysis.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	47e42bb6af16ffd98cfb73244bc56257	In the United Kingdom, employees have the right to request changes to their hours, days or place of work, which the employer must consider and can refuse only on serious business grounds (limited to employees who have worked for the same employer for at least 26 weeks). In New Zealand and the United Kingdom, changes to working hours and/or other work arrangements granted under tire entitlement to request flexible working result in a permanent change in the contract, unless the employee and employer agree at the time of request that the change is for a set and specified period of time. Many countries require employees to meet additional criteria for requesting part-time work or changes to working hours (e.g. length of service or size of firm), see OECD (2015f). In Germany, a wide range of recent policy initiatives address the numerous obstacles in the way of more equal sharing in working families.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a2206e44-en	47e4b1c357ee0984a6f1acc747604c2f	"Licensing thus soon proved to be insufficient, particularly given the ambitions of the Chinese wind energy programme, which aimed largely at the commissioning of large-scale wind farms employing megawatt turbines (1.5 MW and higher). The focus shifted away from licensing to the commissioning of ""original constructions” delivered by international design and consulting firms. This has had two advantages: first, the cost of design tends to be substantially lower than licensing fees (one third, according to one Chinese expert); second, in general, once the design firm has delivered the blueprint, the Chinese client owns the intellectual property rights to the design."	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	47e56492ddfab50ab4c7bd4ef32eca87	The third level consists of several existing national and local measurement systems that are used to measure and drive improvement. It defines 12 priority areas required to deliver the 2020 ambition across the domains of quality of care, population health, and value and sustainability. The priority areas are: person-centred care; safe care; primary care; unscheduled and emergency care; integrated care; care for multiple and chronic illnesses; early years; health inequalities; prevention; workforce; innovation; and efficiency and productivity.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3b04cd53-en	47eb95fdd94dd544ca8f51ab8d795e88	The Government has been able to reduce the gap between supply and demand for electricity. Power generation capacity (including captive) has been increased from 4,942 Megawatts (MW) in 2009 to 13,883 MW in 2015. At present, 74 per cent of the population has electricity coverage and the per capita power generation has reached 371 kWh.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	47ec0945e03f9497ef0012d7dc9179f9	Problems also arise from imperfectly controlled incineration, which can produce harmful substances, especially where plastics are involved. There is evidence that, in addition to the long-known hazardous substances, some substances (often called endocrine disruptors) that do not reach the levels of toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in the accepted definitions of hazardous substances, can disrupt the endocrine systems of humans and animals, with adverse effects on their reproductive success, metabolism and behaviour. The use of the best practicable means to limit the creation of waste, discharges and emissions can help control these problems.	14	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	47ef5caa44db3695c068fe24523c93cd	This is particularly relevant in the context of Chile which is characterised by high working loads and a considerable proportion of teaching hours. The 2016 Law that creates the System for Teacher Professional Development improves teachers’ working conditions and gives further recognition to activities other than teaching. It increases the proportion of non-teaching hours within the regulated working hours.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	47f0b1f69417c4913bd681a08e9be47b	However, at the same time, both ICTs and these policies - separately and in combination - have fundamentally altered the balance of power in many labour markets, to the detriment of workers. This effect has been particularly strong in countries with mature and highly developed labour market institutions, which have thus come under pressure. But looking back in time is nonetheless helpful in combatting pessimism.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	47f4782a4ed80d87a35b993efc3a43f0	Papua New Guinea is currently a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and has observer status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Papua New Guinea’s exports to China, for example, increased from $122 million in 2001 to $817 million in 2011 on the back of increasing Chinese demand for Papua New Guinea’s petroleum products. Meanwhile the exports of Solomon Islands to China, dominated by timber logs, reached $348.4 million in 2011.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	47f488ada663568acef06e8c4a0915b1	These figures are distinctly higher than the 4.7% among countries with a high HDI - but only slightly higher than the average of 7.3% among the OECD countries in 2014 (OECD, 2015a). The largest unemployment rates can be found among women, among the poor and young population and among residents of rural areas, specifically in the Chorotega and Central Pacific regions. In a national university study it was estimated that the economic value of unpaid household work made by women in Costa Rica represents 16% of GDP in bigger urban areas (IDESPO-UNA, 2014).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	47f533d78f5ff1cbad48b598ff3a914a	One factor behind the high public support may be knowledge of the costs of non-action, w hich DIW (2008) estimates to reach around EUR 800 billion by 2050 (more than 30% of GDP). The conviction that climate change policies generate new sources of growth also plays a major role in public acceptance. While climate change mitigation policies contributed to reducing GHG emissions, a significant share of past abatement was due to specific events and structural changes.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	47f569cc81db73a7493c6d3d6e71bdc9	The monitoring and evaluation frameworks assessing the effectiveness of the national approach on adaptation must be adjusted accordingly. With an integrated approach to adaptation, a country’s resilience to climate change reflects the change brought about by individual adaptation interventions, as well as that caused by socio-economic trends and policies implemented for reasons other than climate change. The report also considers the potential role development co-operation providers can play in helping partner countries to implement the four tools and build on the information they generate.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	47f5b68ab6994f8c01f453589d836c60	The initial focus was on improving understanding of extreme events, but it has expanded to include research into climate impacts and adaptation responses. Further funding for climate research has been provided through the Austrian Climate Research Programme. In addition to this domestic research agenda, Austria has been an active participant in EU-funded research, such as the CIRCLE I and II projects co-ordinating transnational research funding on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/12698017-en	47f67deffaea18e833e10bee2a08c901	These tend to dominate the passive transport of any floating objects. The ocean circulation is driven by the complex interaction of atmospheric forcing (winds), the Coriolis force due to the Earth’s rotation, density differences (temperature and salinity) and deep-water formation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic seas and Southern Ocean (Thermo-Haline circulation due to the sinking of cold, dense water, produced through the formation of freshwater ice) (Lozier 2015). Within these broad patterns the circulation is highly complex and variable, on multiple scales in space (mm - 100s km) and time (s - decades) (Figure 6.2). This will have a significant influence on the distribution of floating plastics, providing an explanation for some of the spatial and temporal variability in concentrations that have been observed. The water column is not uniform in temperature and salinity. The upper few metres of the ocean will be mixed by wave action episodically.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	47f7c66becd00eedeedb7c9323f0a10a	If humanitarian relief is excluded from social protection, spending falls to 1.4% of GDP. Domestic financing for social protection has increased significantly, although donors financed around 60% of social protection spending on average in recent years. Spending on the RPSNP has declined significantly in real terms while the number of beneficiaries has largely remained steady.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	47f7e31f8c72558f4d1009eb6c077928	Thereafter, new targets or re-organisation takes place (including consideration of the creation of new programmes). The programme has to be updated when the new administration begins. Generally, policy instruments are designed with the intent of diverting waste from landfills and creating more jobs in processing plants through commercial activities related to the recycling and reuse of materials and the or caloric waste treatment).	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	47f8efb3a8d47cf524b5bcbcc14d35e7	In addition, 47% of Mexican women who have had at least one intimate male partner report having been victims of violence. One major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system (see Chapter 3). Important legal instruments protect women from violence, and the Mexican government has rolled out a multi-pronged approach to addressing VAW, entitled the Integrated Programme to Prevent, Address, Sanction and Eradicate Violence Against Women, 2014-2018. This programme proposes several strategies and policies to eradicate VAW and includes many government actors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	47ff551de1a67e63cd5036b68c88adc0	Figure 27.1 shows that almost all adult women in high-income countries have a formal account, while there are wide disparities in the financial inclusion of women across low-income countries (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012). For example, 1.5% of women in Niger had formal accounts with and/or obtained loans from financial institutions in 2011, while 12% of women in Mauritania had an account and 7% received a formal loan. The differences in the proportions of men and women who hold an account also tend to diminish with countries’ income per capita, even if, once again, the size of the gender gap varies significantly across poor countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4796ea8c-en	48001b91f82a478104009fb9bb3b15eb	However, most of these databases use secondary data, which do not distinguish between individual companies. Therefore, additional efforts and funds are required for each company to collect specific primary data. Collection is generally time intensive. Moreover, companies are worried that such data may reveal confidential information, which can cause reluctance to provide them. Since 1990, several research groups (Ahbe et al.,	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	48009fd864302e00d031c5179ad3cd7d	Special measures, including quotas, are necessary to achieve equality between women and men by addressing structural disadvantage faced by women. But greater numbers of women representatives are not sufficient to advance gender equality in society. Broader participation of women and autonomous women’s organizations are critical to the achievement of policy that advances substantive equality between women and men. Undemocratic practices at local levels such as patronage and corruption prevent transparency and accountability and reduce women’s effective participation (ibid, para.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	4804b3614cd831c26b6d90ccbf799aef	Available from www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-residents-to-generate-own-water-bills-using-mobile-app-soon/ story-qqmpK06SYZtgzidhyh MwfJ.html. Working paper presented at the International Workshop on Market Based Instruments and International Trade, Amsterdam, 19 March. Available from http: / / rprogress.org / publications /1998 / BTA_1998.pdf. A Climate for Recovery: The Colour of Stimulus Goes Green. Available from http: / / globaldashboard.org / wp-content /uploads / 2009 / HSBC_Green_New_ Deal.pdf.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-14-en	48058402114e3319c424e65f0bf8f4dd	The procedure comprises two public consultation and participation mechanisms in addition to an exemption system for emergency cases and for decisions taken on the basis of the application of a ruling, plan, scheme or programme that has already been discussed during a previous public participation procedure. For both public consultation and participation mechanisms, members of the public can consult the decision and the corresponding file electronically or, if the file cannot be put online, at the place where the file is archived. The French fleet takes three quarters of its catch in Community waters; geographically, it takes 74% in the North-East Atlantic (whose waters border the coasts of Europe), 19% in the tropical waters of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean (primarily tuna fishing) and 7% in the Mediterranean.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	480a1ecf86a175160bfed6b2d7094219	The measures need to be included in national and local road safety programmes and fully funded. Targets should be set ‘bottom-up'; that is based on the modelled potential to reduce deaths and serious injuries of the interventions planned for introduction or intensification of enforcement. Preferably, a target should be expressed in terms of an absolute number of casualties (deaths or seriously injured) to be saved rather than in terms of a rate (e.g. number of deaths per 100 000 population).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	480a273f74ef8e0f76716e73aa67936e	Finally, in some countries the regulatory setting at national level defines the basic principles for the determination of tariff structures and levels, including the number of blocks, while leaving some degree of flexibility at local level so that local, technical and social conditions can be taken into consideration. This is, for instance, the case in Portugal (see Box 2.1). Italy is another example where general rules for pricing WSS are set but diversity in their application is significant. The fundamental difference with the Portuguese case is that tariff articulation is not regulated and supervised by a national regulator, but by local regulators at “Ambit” level.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	480b09fd1b1fb8e36deca1081d34e7f4	Water erosion is a serious problem in many countries and affects 21 per cent of the total land area. Wind erosion affects 9 per cent of the total land area, and chemical deterioration affects 11 per cent of land area, while the problem is extreme in countries including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam (FAO and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, 2015). The negative effects of climate change are increasingly felt in the region.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	480b5320382e47703156a9a7bbed9bbd	The participation rate of men attains the maximum in the 25-34 age group, while women of that age are mostly married and engaged in childbearing and child rearing. The gender gap in LFPRs is thus the highest in this age group. The LFPRs of women attain the maximum level later in life and decrease almost instantaneously. Thus, there is never a steady state for women’s employment; peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short lived. While women agricultural workers still make up the majority of those employed .their numbers have decreased for various reasons. The share of women workers in manufacturing, however, has now surpassed men’s.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	480c5f76c48b64e7626a7023b33da6a1	This can only be achieved with leadership at all levels of the health system. Meanwhile the populations and individual patients these systems serve are becoming clinically more challenging. In previous centuries, the key challenges for health care were managing injury and combatting infectious diseases. As developing countries cross the epidemiological transition they now' face the same challenges.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	480ff7868b0c755b3e45e4024f3d7ba0	The second manual, entitled Handbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men, was published by the United Nations, in 1997. This manual provided guidance in producing gender-focused analytical publications and integrated data analysis and data presentation for a series of subject-matter topics related to gender. After Beijing, a great deal of the work on gender statistics developed by global and regional agencies has focused on producing gender indicators, perhaps for two reasons. First, there has been a need to monitor, at the global and regional levels, countries’ progress in achieving gender equality goals.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	4810dadf37ea25b8e2eea2b9c3ebd028	In the first half of 2015, the Colombian Congress approved the National Development Plan 2014-2018. The document contains the Government’s action plan for the four-year period. In relation to the issue of drug control, the Plan aims to address the drug problem by means of a comprehensive and balanced approach. In May 2015, Colombia’s National Narcotics Council approved the suspension of aerial spraying of coca bush cultivation with glyphosate.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	4811f4030a03c5f78a6d31c570dcf345	That is, water demand measures the total amount of water withdrawn from the environment (gross demand) rather than the amount of water withdrawn after accounting for the volumes returned (net demand). Gross measures of water use include consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water. By contrast, net water demand only measures consumptive uses of water, so is a measure of water consumption rather than water demand. Because only a part of what is withdrawn is effectively consumed (Table B.5), most of the flow is returned - usually at a lower quality - to the water systems, where it can be reused. Water withdrawals for energy generation - hydropower and thermo-cooling - are on the rise, but energy is one of the economic sectors that consume the least water and it returns most of the water withdrawn back to the water system. Withdrawal per capita ranges from 20 m3 a year in Uganda to more than 5 000 m3 in Turkmenistan, with a world average of 600 m3 (WWAP, 2009).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	4814de0b34e48182e98b7753bd2602be	"School systems that continue to differentiate among students in these ways need to create appropriate incentives to ensure that some students are not ""discarded"" by the system. This does not necessarily mean that if stratification policies were changed, students in stratified systems would have better instrumental motivation to learn, since PISA does not measure cause and effect. However, policy makers in highly stratified systems need to consider not only the equity aspect of education outcomes but also non-cognitive outcomes, such as students' attitudes towards learning. The scope of evaluations and assessments is not only limited to student assessments; most schools use various forms of evaluations, such as self-evaluations, external school evaluation and teacher appraisals as well."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	48163e7c02345b71516d7e7e4e20e7a9	The ratio between the equally distributed income and the mean income yields Atkinson’s (1970) and Kolm’s (1969) measure of inequality. If equally distributed income is close to mean income, little can be gained by redistributing income equally (low aversion to inequality). Conversely, if equally distributed income is much smaller than mean income, larger welfare gains can be reaped from a more equal distribution. Hence adopting a social welfare function allows considering various normative options on distribution.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	48167e51713ff6e78ad0f0dac7b9ff8d	There is no single agreed method for calculating a product’s embedded carbon, and the differing assumptions used in terms of the scope and boundary of the life cycle assessment can yield dramatically different results for the same goods. Furthermore, data availability, reliability and compatibility are critical problems; gathering reliable data at producer level for agricultural products is particularly difficult. As a result, the variety of PCF labelling schemes used by different private retailers are a concern. These were food labels that calculated embodied carbon in only a limited portion of the life cycle: transport to market. The result was to penalise foreign producers on the basis of distance to market, and in particular to penalise airfreighted out-of-season food imports. The schemes were poorly conceived.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	481a5633cf25db774226e907bc8272a2	However, the slow recovery of groundwater to a dynamic equilibrium state means withdrawal can easily surpass replenishment and lead to groundwater depletion. Over-drafting, especially in the regions that are becoming heavily dependent on groundwater, weakens its buffering effect, potentially making agriculture even more fragile to longer drought duration. Groundwater intensive use also can lead to major environmental externalities, from saline intrusion to land subsidence (OECD, 2015a).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.30875/423532ad-en	481c332e76b7ee6184110deaf30dcc0b	As a consequence, when such firms from larger domestic markets enter export markets, they will be more competitive than competitors coming from smaller markets that have less access to information prior to entering foreign markets. This can partly explain the dominance of Chinese and US firms in digital-intensive sectors, and it also suggests that there is potential for large developing economies to enter digital-intensive sectors. As products are increasingly supplied digitally and GVCs possibly become shorter (see Section C.2(c)), trade will rely less and less on roads, ports, airports or railways, and this would counteract some of the competitiveness gains of high-income countries in digital-intensive sectors and tasks. However, Section C.2(c) also discusses a scenario in which GVCs become longer.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	4822a2efe0088727479de757f4c8594f	To avoid perceptions of inequity, a different approach is to pay the same cash transfer amount throughout the country, but to add subsidies or vouchers for the urban poor to allow them to access transport and other services. Yet urban poverty and deprivations are rising even though national poverty rates have halved. Moreover, anti-poverty policies and social protection interventions remain biased towards the rural poor.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	48234ff381a1d3d905bec029cd4a4e10	Shocks to trade patterns and markets leads to benefits from diversification in products and markets (Daw et al., The resilience of fishing communities depends on robust markets for seafood products to support the economic base. Regulations that strengthen the economic and biological condition of the fisheries will also provide the basis from which the fishery will be resilient to climate change.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	48242bca6128a78b645b7257caef9ca5	"Among such groups, Mesa-Lago (2009) identifies those working in the informal sector or on their own account in urban areas and, in particular, rural areas. For example, Chile has created a privatized ""system of old-age, disability and survivors' pensions"" based on pre-funded individual accounts (article 1 of Decree Law No. The system defines old-age and disability pensions and survivors' pensions for the children and spouse of the person affiliated to the system."	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265530-8-en	48248331738c0f72be24a3a56feee65f	Most schools have two or three school leaders, but the largest schools generally have three or more. For example, in general secondary education, a large school of more than 1 500 students can have one principal, 2 or 3 deputy principals, and various secretaries, while a small school of less than 500 students can operate without a deputy principal. Small rural primary schools may only have one teacher that also fulfils the leadership role according to a special teacher statute (maestro director), which requires teachers to devote 25 hours of their time to teaching, and 15 hours to school leadership and management (INEEd, 2015).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/73c3a080-en	4824d52e579740b7567663bad984471e	It is also incumbent on urban planners to understand the implications of inequitable access to infrastructure (UN-Habitat, 2016). Where a large proportion of urban households without access to electricity live in informal and unauthorized settlements, efforts to extend access may be constrained by lack of legal tenure, possibly requiring resettlement and complementary measures. Rural-urban linkages also have important implications for rural electrification. Many countries in Asia and Africa have a pattern of temporary and circular rural-urban-rural migration whereby agricultural workers seek work in urban areas as domestic workers or seasonal staff in the hospitality sector during agricultural slack seasons (IOM, 2015; Srivastava and Kumar Pandey, 2017). This means that rural dwellers are by no means necessarily unfamiliar with modern electricity or electrical appliances.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	4825e706d017fc77103d2102eed54242	By regressing life satisfaction scores on income and other determinants of life satisfaction, one obtains a measure of the subjective price of the non-income components by dividing the coefficient of the latter variable by the income’s coefficient. The obtained shadow price is the amount of money that would fully compensate, in terms of life satisfaction, for the loss or gain of one unit of that component. This technique is increasingly used in cost-benefit analysis (see e.g. the UK Green Book15).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e428e6c6-en	4826067c636c7f9c3c0cf11778b76e84	Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included. The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	4830b61bf5d38e97c9f01886c653f12e	However, when the concentration in cities has reached a certain level, negative externalities such as pollution, cost of land, cost of labour and travel time, among others, tend to increase and affect their competitiveness. The urbanisation process then continues to spillover to nearby places where the cost of land is more accessible, replicating the process of saturation again. The state of Morelos has put environmental sustainability at the heart of decision making.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en	4830c0fd23cdc752dd0075d4c833ddfd	Other potential damage costs include losses resulting from decreases in tourism due to polluted beaches and losses incurred through damage to fisheries. Former dumpsites, particularly those that have received hazardous waste, are a major category of contaminated site. However, the evidence suggests that in a middle- or low-income city, the costs to society and the economy are perhaps 5-10 times what sound solid waste management (SWM) would cost per capita. It is dramatically cheaper to manage waste now in an environmentally sound manner than to clean up in future years the ‘sins of the past'.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	483131d7275164e6aaba5b814ff41ba2	In addition, traps and poison bait take their toll, as do hunters (who have trouble telling feral cats from true wildcats). Other protection measures will also be needed, such as a ban on the sale of leg-hold traps and maintaining a dense network of wooded corridors in open areas in order to promote the colonisation of new shrubbery. As a contribution to the “Countdown to 2010” initiative (“Halt the Loss of Biodiversity”), the 20 communes of Sicona-West have introduced 10 priority measures, including an action plan to save the wildcat and telemetric studies to record its movements. An information campaign (targeted particularly at hunters) about the ecological role of the wildcat could enhance its public image.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	483166157b8147c7314b1b19e20d2fdb	A further White Paper will be presented to the Parliament by the end of 2008 to report on actions implemented. The North arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing (IUU-fishing) in the Barents Sea, but there has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock in the Barents Sea since 2005. The reduction is to a large extent due to implementation of measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) area.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	48320f53466ca5b3ac1d9938f1e1c39e	The taxation is currently based on 33% of the earnings before tax and then distributed on the different species with considerations for operational costs and value created on land. Hence, Iceland has also experienced the negative and positive effects of quota markets and the related public debates and controversies. Despite recent changes to the ITQ system through the introduction of the open-access coastal fishery scheme and the increased resource renttaxation, the Icelandic development also prove the long-term stability of market-based instruments and property rights in fisheries management. However, as indicated by the recently elected government, which has declared that it will increase the support for coastal fisheries and reassess the resource rent system, discussions are not over.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	48325d9f99c54e0308d4a3d5222693fb	This means that the large majority of unemployed do not have access to unemployment-related benefits, including previously informal workers, labour-market entrants and individuals who quit voluntarily . The FGTS - established in 1967 - represents a fund that can be used for special occasions, including dismissal without just cause; the acquisition of a home; and retirement. Withdrawals in the case of unfair dismissal account for about two-thirds of FGTS expenditure (Caixa Economia Federal, 2009).	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d256607a-en	48334d11bf354345c2bffcf30c51af11	What will be the consequences? Life expectancy, incomes, literacy, and access of girls to education have changed remarkably. However, beneath this global perspective lie significant and compelling regional differences, with tremendous economic growth in East Asia while Africa features dangerously low incomes and poor health conditions. The outbreak of Ebola fever and the need for a broad-based response has highlighted the great risks that deprivation can bring on local, national and worldwide scales.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	48361a22551344666eb6150f1056a57d	After having investigated the facts and following the provision of information required by the court to authori[s]e polygamy, the court will take a grounded decision that is not subject to any appeal, w'ith restricted conditions in favour of the existing spouse and her children” (Article 44).15 “In case of authori[s]ation of polygamy, no marriage contract could take place before the woman (potential new wife) is notified by the judge that the man offering to marry her is already married and that she accepts that. States may also take legislative measures to abolish polygamous marriages. Since the reform of the Tunisian Code of Personal Status in 1993, the principle of partnership in the family has been established.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	48372092aad5928445471e363e79ff21	Environmental impacts from the same substance or activity may vary across space (e.g. ecosystem, medium, topology, human population) and time (e.g. season, weather). It is also the case that environmental issues interact, so that, for example, water-security policies may need to include policies for the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change, as well as the provision and protection of water resources. For example, an economic instrument that affects prices will not be effective if consumers are not aware of prices, or the means by which they can respond to price increases.3 That said, instrument mixes are not always either necessary or efficient (OECD, 2007a).	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	4838124c81f4079e6939785892e1a25c	The Steering Committee provides support and guidance for the Coalition and the Working Group oversees its cooperative actions. In addition, there are Task Forces that are specialized in certain issues, a Scientific Advisory Panel that keeps the Coalition informed of the latest scientific findings, and a Secretariat that has administrative tasks. The establishment of a similar model was perhaps even the idea behind creating SAICM in the first place.	12	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	4839949dbd1a192cc823dd568c815d1a	This means that widening earnings inequality is driven by a widening gap in pay for full-time workers who work the whole year, rather than by a change in the composition of employment, i.e. more part-time workers. The former contributed to a decline in household income inequality while the latter tended to increase it slightly. Taken together, the overall effect was towards equalisation, countering the trend for income inequality to increase.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	4842daa2c8429ba33235bf5001cb3b2f	This objective may be rendered incrementally more difficult to achieve the closer is the base period to 2011, the year in which the Istanbul summit took place. Given the depressing effects of the 2008-09 financial crisis on trade, the LDV IV Monitor has decided that a three-year average over the period 2005-08 be chosen as the baseline. To give due credit to the rapidly increasing share of LDCs’ exports in more recent years, this chapter uses the average over 2006-08.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	484357ee80c54c88f50d689d96333832	Their impact may be nonsecuritizing/holding, but the inclusiveness of their claims may have transformative effects in the long run, building a more equal and violence-free society. An interesting example of this can be found in Turkey. An organization’s focus on honour crimes, away from immediate Turkey versus Kurds debates, has allowed the CoSO to establish good relations with both Kurdish and Turkish actors.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/09ba747a-en	4843ec13379b2d9ee242792b9a6b7d15	The poor are defined as the bottom income quintile and the rich as the top one. Output results relate to long-term GDP per capita. Income refers to the long-term levels of disposable income for households where the reference person is of working-age, adjusted by size. This paper seeks to bridge the cross-country work and country-specific reviews contained in a large sample of OECD Economic Sun/eys.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	4844527cdbacc902079a29347d9553cd	However, policy makers should avoid creating an expectation that any existing plant will be protected from future losses arising from changes in environmental regulation. Such assurances would create a situation of moral hazard in which companies could continue to build plant that performs poorly in environmental terms, undermining the expectations of the rest of the market, and hampering efforts to enforce changes in the capital stock. The incentive to exploit this resource depends on the profit, based on the difference between market value and cost of production.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	4847e80e6086b88420472e639311ce41	Typical reflective tasks at this level require students to make a comparison or several connections between the text and outside knowledge, by drawing on personal experience and attitudes. They require demonstration of a full and detailed understanding of one or more texts and may involve integrating information from more than one text. Tasks may require the reader to deal with unfamiliar ideas, in the presence of prominent competing information, and to generate abstract categories for interpretations.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/748e616d-en	4851ede033a19d84621a6b71402d5269	The effectiveness of various development policies and investments will be a major concern in the coming years as countries and development agencies work towards the 17 SDGs. This review of time-use research shows that any assessment of that effectiveness can be enriched by documenting and analyzing how those policies and programmes lead to shifts in people's time allocation. Cost-effectiveness measures of programmes and investments are incomplete when they ignore the required time inputs of users.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	4853cc7249bda7f9bce65366b53f0c92	These problems would be best addressed by investing in infrastructure and agricultural research and development. The scale of costs of buffer stocks thus leads to major opportunity costs because not enough investments are made in those programmes that are best suited to tackle volatility. World Bank (2012b) notes that as a result, buffer stocks in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia are even thought to increase price volatility because they were not able to address the causes of volatility and took away resources from programmes that could.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	48545fb48784def025cbdc9295f72ed7	This does not preclude altruistic motives or enlightened leadership by policy makers. It is recognised that individuals care about the well-being of their fellow citizens and the environment, and that politicians derive satisfaction from pursuing socially beneficial policies. The self interest assumption therefore captures the concept that behaviour is governed by attempts to maximise well-defined objectives, which may include both altruistic and egoistic motives. Governments are likely to be motivated by a number of factors such as ideological objectives, social welfare, the pursuit of economic efficiency, and the desire to retain office, and government policy decisions will reflect these complex objectives.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e8741432-en	485467377278311c230d3ad9396b65b7	However, forests are under threat from deforestation around the world. Net loss in forest area declined from 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s to an estimated 5.2 million hectares (an area about the size of Costa Rica) each year from 2000 to 2010. In spite of this improvement, deforestation remains alarmingly high in many countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	485721ab15e4370e0e002e5a7594fc0d	Some 30-40% of the people with a mental disorder suffer from at least two mental disorders (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005; see also Chapter 1). Co-morbidities of mental and physical disorders are also frequent (Harter et al., In the United States, for example, persons with a severe mental disorder, in combination with a physical health problem, have a benefit recipiency rate of over 70% - twice the recipiency rate of people with severe mental disorders who do not suffer from a physical problem.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	485752450f75dd282840acdd4f7427d5	It can also help by supporting trade policy and regulation, and trade development (GTZ, 2010). Support to trade policy and regulation can be channeled to developing the capacity of public and private stakeholders at national and regional levels; supporting the adoption, where appropriate, of international standards as a basis of domestic regulation, as well as the regional harmonisation of standards and quality assurance systems which best reflect the specific climatic, geographical and technological circumstances in the concerned countries; and reducing trade barriers that affect regional as well as international agricultural trade and exacerbate informal trade (Lesser and Moi'se, 2009). Within this large range of possible activities and reforms, the quantification of the effect of various supply-side constraints to developing countries’ agricultural trade can offer useful insights for the prioritisation of aid for trade actions and for supporting the dialogue between donor and recipient countries.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	485b1f0137546c16ec67ebe29ee5f148	Under the Treaty, the common market of electric power will begin to operate by 1 June 2019. Common markets of gas, oil and petroleum products are projected to begin operation from 1 January 2025. Energy prices in the common energy market should not exceed those in domestic markets of the EAEU member states. Unhindered access to services of the natural gas transportation system is granted only for the natural gas originating from the territory of the EAEU members.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	485b856bb7f7ba723553b2ab7d919cd1	Studies have shown that, compared to older women, younger women are more likely to wait to seek abortion, use an unskilled abortion provider or use dangerous methods to self-abort, and delay seeking care for complications (Rosen, 2009). Moreover, they use prenatal care less and have fewer visits than older mothers (Guliani et al., Although the World Health Organization recommends HPV vaccinations of all girls between die ages of 9 and 13, the high price has meant that only a fraction of the hundreds of millions of eligible girls living in developing countries have access to this vaccine (GAVI Alliance, 2014). Access to condoms for HIV and STI prevention is a critical prevention strategy, but too few young men and women are using them (United Nations Commission on Population and Development, 2014). Access to programmes to prevent mother-to-child transmission is also less for adolescent girls, particularly for those from key populations (World Health Organization, 2014a).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-4-en	485c07e33bfa318cebb765d587ab83a4	The analysis is based on existing literature, legal analysis and findings from the 2014 OECD Survey on Gender Equality in Public Life, which involved interviews with parliamentarians, judges and legal experts. To address barriers to women’s advancement, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and policy avenues that can support governments in improving the gender balance in senior positions in public life. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations on breaking the glass ceiling in public life.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	485c54d8908bb72761dad8a4e5bb49e4	The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace. Moreover, given the different regional situations, the recovery is likely to be very uneven across the United States. The evolution of educational attainment does not seem to play a role, although this may reflect two conflicting forces, with longer enrolment reducing labour force participation of the younger cohort w'hile higher achievement increases participation later on.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	485eeae46136a1129dbadc492f069ba5	Moreover, specialised professionals work directly with students and collaborate with classroom teachers so that they acquire teaching skills that respond to students’ specific special needs. Altogether, these efforts can better facilitate effective integration of students with special needs into mainstream schools. Also, Chile has an initial teacher education programme for learning disabilities in place. This is a particular strength as schools can have access to qualified teachers that respond to students’ needs. Qualitative evidence suggests that schools select the type of special educational need they respond to depending on their resources for both diagnosing the educational needs of students and attending to the students’ special needs. As a result, mainstream schools tend not to work with students with permanent disabilities as these imply more specialised resources, greater teaching materials and additional investments in infrastructure.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	485f207fdc72743b18ba3790c96f4f12	In these areas, primary biological production - animal breeding - supports an important sector of the economy upon which the majority of the population depends. This activity, if managed appropriately, conserves vegetation cover, thereby preventing soil erosion on mountain slopes, and reducing the likelihood of flooding. The latter has the potential to cause annual agricultural losses in the millions of United States dollars.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	4860c1dba896d1fccacaf408a9c78cbe	In both entities, one main gap in the information available is that there is no monitoring of agricultural water use, which means that neither is there any reliable data available in relation to irrigated areas. One important document for the future development of irrigation systems in RS is the irrigation strategy, which was finished in 2006 and foresees the reconstruction between 2011 and 12 of two big irrigation systems for an area of 79,000 ha, in the framework of a World Bank project. Within this project, water balancing at all potential sources for irrigation has been recommended and appropriate technical solutions proposed to ensure sustainable use of water resources. In the Una river subbasin, for instance, there are only 3 out of a possible 19 hydropower plants, which makes the Una the most under-used watercourse with its tapping potential for power generation utilized to only 1.7 per cent of possible capacity.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	4861496ce8344d57462db6224168a773	Generating domestic revenue requires a policy dialogue aimed at building a national consensus on the nature, scale and financing of social assistance within a country. Social protection allows households to increase and diversify their food consumption, often through increased own production. Positive impacts on child and maternal welfare are enhanced when programmes are gender-sensitive or targeted at women. Nutritional status depends on a number of additional factors, including access to clean water, sanitation and health care, as well as appropriate child-feeding and adult dietary choices.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0488519d-en	48624322e66c055254235d8060725493	The index is used to inform the planning and allocation of public DRR funds. Geospatial Application in Indonesia Disaster Management Authority (BNPB). World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai 2015. Of this, some 960 kilometres is 4,000 metres above sea level, reaching a peak at 5,072 metres. This is a multi-scale GIS database which combines raster and vector images linked with non-spatial information. These include core data, hazard-specific data, corresponding attribute data, and live data from remote national locations.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	4862531ee7a3b5c8c515bad276c52881	In particular, there are no clear, measurable targets to reduce gaps in performance across students and schools from different backgrounds nor are there reliable means to monitor progress. Clearer targets and more effective monitoring would be helpful in sustaining momentum across policy cycles and ensure resources are targeted towards those most in need. The new curriculum marks a profound break with previous approaches to teaching and learning. It requires a transformation in pedagogical strategies away from teacher-led, rote-memorisation methods of instruction towards student-focused, competence-based approaches, w'hich encourage students to engage in their owrn learning, think critically, and apply what they know to solve real-world problems.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1d5eda46-en	48630e662a2396d8f29dabad9cc8569c	It represents a halt of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation including on peatland, and universal 'wide-scale' forest restoration on available and suitable areas. This represents an upper technical maximum and is estimated to be around 9 GtCOj in 2030 (range: 6.7-11.9) (Table 6.1). Factors that can place increased demands on forest land include limited capacity to increase production in agriculture, national objectives for food self-sufficiency, infrastructure development, and wood product requirements. Demands can be reduced by factors such as restoring degraded lands to agricultural production, changing dietary preferences or reducing waste. The range reflects uncertainty in data sources, use of different methodologies to estimate emissions, and differences in the land use change processes included, the range of emission sources included and the land-cover definitions adopted (Houghton et al., For example, the forest definitions used in international analyses are frequently based on those used by FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment (forest area >0.5 ha, tree height >5 m and canopy cover >10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ, not predominantly under agricultural or urban use) (IPCC, 2006; FAO, 2010a).	15	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	48644c4990c6552957a826ebcde161f7	Scientific findings and estimates have a remarkable influence on decision-making under the UNFCCC. A similar body could be created under the international chemicals and waste management regime. In general, duplication and extra costs should be avoided, and member states should seek ways to better utilize the existing scientific panels that focus on chemicals and waste.	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	486652190418814e129ec4b92dc76978	These associations have no direct administrative capacity, but exist as voluntary organisations with legal standing with specific powers delegated to the organisation by the controlling communes. Mergers (or amalgamations) of communes are very rare in France, and this institutional mechanism in effect takes their place. They construct their own planning documents (plan local d'urbanisme, PLU or Zone d’Amenagement Concertee “Concerted Planning Area”).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	4868686be5acea778969a03983725547	Jebel Aulia had become a financially burdensome project to Egypt due to the little benefit gained by the country. It is a source of low-cost, environmentally-friendly and time-efficient hydropower generation (ANDRITZ Hydro, 2013). Turbine units are fitted as one power module containing two turbines and fixed to the upstream face of the dam as gated structures.	6	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	4870ffe7878cb8c8d8c0aeb698b3a5d8	In recent years, moreover, Chicago’s labour force has actually been shrinking in absolute terms. For instance, from May 2010 to May 2011, the civilian labour force decreased from 4.87 million to 4.82 million workers, a reduction of 0.8% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). This performance contrasts sharply with the 1990s, when employment growth in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region was stronger and closer to the average growth rate of metro-regions. Between 2002 and 2007, the goods-producing sector was shedding jobs even during the years of growth that preceded the crisis, and the services sector, which is usually more resilient to both cyclical and structural changes, also under-performed the nation and even lost jobs in some key sub-sectors.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	4871f10134b209d5f686a7dc8757d94d	While the average wage per day of rural men in 2011-2012 was Rs.188.95, it was as low as Rs.120.62 in the case of women (Table 11-12). In urban areas, the wage rates were Rs.404.89 for men and Rs.319.32 for women. However, it decreased to 36.2 per cent in 2011-2012. In the case of urban areas, the wage gap during 1999-2000 was 25.4 per cent.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	4871f573f9b753f20a634b79607c18ac	Government policies surrounding biofuels mandates and subsidies also contributed. Price rises were particularly witnessed for wheat, coarse grains, rice and oilseed crops - all of which experienced strong real price growth between 2005 and 2010 (Figure 2.4). To convert to real prices, the average annual United States GDP deflator was applied to each monthly observation.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264251724-3-en	4873ee374774eeb01c6544933ceae10c	Also, sea temperatures and sea levels are rising and ocean currents shifting, resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss, changes in fish stock composition and migration patterns, and higher frequency of severe ocean weather events. The prospects for future ocean development are further aggravated by land-based pollution, in particular agricultural run-off, chemicals, and macro- and micro-plastic pollutants that feed into the ocean from rivers, as well as by overfishing and depleted fish stocks in many parts of the world. The projections suggest that between 2010 and 2030 on a “business-as-usual” scenario basis, the ocean economy could more than double its contribution to global value added, reaching over USD 3 trillion.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	4873fd3df0e8f6d6e67f777cdf54df09	In such cases, the information deficits in production and demand reinforce each other. But for the technology to be adopted on a wide scale, local fabricators must have the information and skills to produce the equipment according to strict quality standards, and local technicians must have the expertise to maintain and repair the technology - a difficult combination in developing countries (Box 5.2). Until the mid-1990s, these firms used traditional, high energy-intensity technologies and operating practices.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	4874c382ce5975623b52e7f8151d50ef	Support for agricultural production and subsidies for variable inputs continue to misalign incentives to farmers and aggravate the overuse and pollution of water. In the context of climate change, the water-energy nexus is also emerging as a critical policy area. The development of non-fossil fuel energy sources, such as hydropower and biofuels, has put serious pressure on water resources.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	487570c037228b2c22b1f1f5bf64cc9f	Indeed, over the entire twentieth century, energy use in industrialized countries has been persistently above the levels seen in developing countries despite accounting (currently) for one-seventh of the global population. This situation reversed after 2000. Scenarios suggest that by 2100, developing countries could account for between two-thirds to three-quarters of total global energy use.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	487961f891bd9d423c43a965b610eae5	The KES-R consists of 7 subscales (43 items) which refer to process and structural aspects of quality: space and material resources; personal care routines; cognitive and language stimulation; activities; staff-child and child-child interaction; planning and structuring of pedagogical practice; situation of staff and cooperation with parents. Data in this table do not reflect the situation for every inspection in every setting. Hence, there is no data on what areas are monitored through inspections at national level.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	487c1f2670e55e1ab508549f8c075c87	For instance, reform-driven positive employment effects can be counterbalanced by increased income dispersion resulting from lower tax progressivity. Also, empirical evidence derived from the joint analysis of micro-level consumption and income data suggests that consumption taxes can be regressive, at least in the short-run.44 There is ambiguity with respect to the distributional effects of property taxes. Hence, from a purely static and accounting perspective, changes in taxation that lead to a temporary transfer of income from households to the government (or vice versa) will likely have an impact on measured household disposable income at a given point in time.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	48806d267e47ac92b5280cfee7f37df6	In practice, some farmers directly fund small projects involving water use without getting the approval of the local government (MOAI, 2013). Agricultural products are transported by trucks, trains, and, in some inaccessible areas, riverboats (see Chapter 7 on infrastructure development for further details). The country has reasonably good primary roads and river networks, but in many areas, secondary roads are in poor conditions, particularly in the rainy season, and may require four-wheel drive vehicles or ox carts in the dry season (ARDC, 2011; HKS, 2010).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	48816e46e9a1b5a410987d9d8d16ef1d	Third, the management of educational programmes has shortcomings. There is a strong sense among budget officials both in the Ministry of Education and in the Ministry of Finance (DIPRES) that there exist instances of multiple programmes serving similar goals and that efficiencies could be gained by either consolidating them or through better co-ordination. Fourth, regional and provincial services of the Ministry (Education Regional Secretariats, Secretari'as Regionales Ministeriales, SEREMI; Education Provincial Departments, Departamentos Provinciates de Educacion, DEPROV) appear to be large and more focused on ensuring compliance with the instructions and priorities of the Ministry than in helping schools and school providers in managing their schools. The Chilean government set as an explicit aim to have an “equality of opportunity floor” so that all students have access to quality schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	4881b209871d69c322c31033fc62fc34	While the use of those substances is increasingly affecting youth in the region, the limited data available prevent the accurate estimation of their market size, sources and trafficking routes. Seizures of “ecstasy”-type substances increased sharply in Brazil in 2014, with 877,853 tablets seized, an increase from 183,289 in 2013. In Colombia, seizures peaked in 2013, when 117,101 tablets were seized, increasing from 6,664 tablets in 2010, but seizures decreased again, to 39,792 tablets, in 2014. Guyana reported, as a new development, seizures of small quantities of “ecstasy” in the past two years. In 2014, Colombia reported four separate seizures of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), amounting to 14,068 units in total.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	48838587c9153307d13d51babd87e4a9	The committee added that “Without status as nationals or citizens, women are deprived of the right to vote or to stand for public office, and may be denied access to public benefits and a choice of residence. An adult woman should be capable of requesting to change her nationality; her nationality should not be arbitrarily removed because of marriage or dissolution of marriage or because her husband or father changes his nationality”. Nationality is governed by the law of blood or by birth and by priority to the father over the mother. Some w'omen lose their nationality when marrying foreigners.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	4883e8746fe57d4248efd0286ea99bf9	The monitoring of behaviour, perceptions and attitudes among city dwellers could also add value. It seems natural, however, to focus on casualties as the measurable outcome which matters the most to people. This material should be used to support a more vigorous approach to road safety management, with a goal of closing the gap and matching the best-performing cities. It should also be noted that no single indicator could capture all aspects of performance: a city may perform well on some aspects and poorly on others.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281509-3-en	4887d1f0544378b2dae95723a9ba1c1b	Through this comprehensive perspective, these examples offer strategies that are pertinent to other marine economies throughout the world, including Pomorskie. Thus, there are increasing calls for the greening of economies. A green economy can be defined as an economy that fosters economic growth and development while ensuring natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. This entails catalysing investment and innovation, ensuring that natural assets can deliver their full economic potential in a sustainable way, including the provision of critical services - clean air and water, and the resilient biodiversity needed to support food production and human health (OECD, 2011).	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	488b5aa5edb2b8b7d37e779fc340f1fa	The work of NACA focuses on determining priority needs for aquaculture development in the Asia Pacific Region and areas in which technical cooperation between member countries and specialist institutions can make significant contributions to meet those needs. Salmonids, tuna, edible oysters, pearl oysters and prawns accounted for 86% of this value, contributing AUD 884 million in 2012-13. The production value of farmed salmonids fell by 3% between 2011-12 and 2012-13, to AUD 497 million.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	488cbcd4383f71fca094636f777eaef9	For example, in 2007, businesses that were majority-owned by women accounted for only 11% of sales among privately held companies in the United States (US Department of Commerce, 2010). There is no definite answer to this question in the literature. While most studies find that female-controlled enterprises fare worse in terms of profits and other performance measures (Robb and Watson, 2010), several analysts argue that these differences vanish once sectors of activities and key characteristics of the business owners other than gender are controlled for (Fairlie and Robb, 2009; Gatewood et al., They are particularly under-represented among companies with the largest numbers of employees. Firms with mixed ownership are excluded from the total. The sample is restricted to enterprises where individuals hold at least 50% of the company’s shares.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	488e8b2e9b9b76a53bbdd87e91cf95ec	Through the ITU Academy, which has more than 10,000 users, and its Centres of Excellence network, it delivers in-person and e-learning courses. The annual Al for Good Global Summit also provides an important opportunity for global and inclusive dialogue on Al. Hie Forum explored policies and actions for advancing STI to achieve the SDGs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	488e94a0a06f02392e2bd87d0c026409	The Programme of Action lists several actions to be undertaken regarding urbanization, as well as internal and international migration. The 2030 Agenda has given further prominence to the role of urbanization and international migration in sustainable development. The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants provides important guidance to Member States in addressing the challenges of large movements of refugees and migrants.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264091344-14-en	488fa4da40fd95484a614dab60b0f492	It has the world’s largest freshwater supplies and the largest tropical forests. It has huge mineral and hydrocarbon wealth. It is self-sufficient in oil, and following new offshore discoveries in 2007, it is likely to be a significant exporter of oil in the future. Tracts of its land are agriculturally very fertile.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	48908bd9c820ee05e41c57b3e1ece5cf	Until recently employers could specify the age of jobseekers they wish to recruit in vacancy notices. Increasingly stringent anti-discrimination legislation now stipulates employers’ legal duty to provide equal opportunities in recruitment irrespective of age. As a result, vacancies with age limits can be rejected by employment placement organisations and their number has declined sharply over the past few years.	8	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	4890922ef677ae3dd573c8f9bf7fad8f	Moreover, the performance of labour productivity in LDCs stands in sharp contrast to that of developed countries, where it has tripled over the same period. This is reflected in the divergence of agricultural labour productivity between the two groups of countries, shown in Chart 2.3. The sluggish performance of the LDC aggregate is heavily influenced by developments in African LDCs and Haiti and, to a lesser extent, island LDCs.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	489428b586a393f6d2dfbe9acef1fb76	Those with private pensions do better, but there is wide variation in the private pension income they receive. Many pensioners supplement their pensions with earnings from part-time work. Those who are most likely to work are the most well-off, who gain high rewards from part-time work, and the poorest who increasingly work out of necessity.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	4896809c7969feb29dc5128156b6ff96	In terms of figures, under the definition of deprivation of ECLAC (2013), there is practically no deprivation in Chile (what is more, the proportion of uninsured people is spread more or less evenly across the different socioeconomic groups). When a cut-off based on contribution-based insurance is used, the levels of deprivation are similar in the two countries. However, owing to the opacity of health insurance markets, this is not necessarily the case.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	4896ffbac1a266ccd969c7e4e0d5fca6	"Gender and climate change"" [online]. Sfafe of Women in Cities 2012-2013: Gender and the Prosperity in Cities. Navigating Gender in African Cities: Synthesis Report of Rapid Gender and Pro-Poor Assessments in 17 African Cities. Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	48996e3d3b8e58154698fb64090867c0	Issues related specifically to benefit claimants with disabilities or other health-related problems are discussed in the OECD series Sickness, Disability and Work (see www.oecd.org/els/disabilitv'). Pension policies, including means-tested, basic and minimum pensions, are discussed in Pensions at a Glance (’www.oecd.org/els/social/Dag'). The latest issue in this series contains a chapter on poverty among old-age individuals (OECD, 2009a).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	489ba1b4cd44f7468fb4c06989a63184	Another example is Italy, which set up a National Strategic Framework (NSF) within which the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea collaborates with regions to set targets for the quality of integrated water services. In Mexico, CONAGUA and other federal institutions are a strong support for the Desarrollos Urbanos Integrales Sustentables (DUIS), whose goal is the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life. There are also inter-institutional agreements between governmental actors involved in infrastructure management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	489da69f9c295e7f5cdb6df783cb2ae1	In total, BEERECL provided €155 million of EBRD funds, which were on-lent to eight participating banks with a €35.2 million grant fund from the Kozloduy International Decommissioning Support Fund. With sustainable energy' lending increasingly seen as a core business line, competitive pressure led nine Bulgarian banks to sign up for the facility. Financing was provided to these banks on market terms, with a medium-term tenor.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	489fcb8a571175013b8a9bb40dcf5fe7	Decisions about whether, when or how often to become pregnant must be made free from any form of discrimination, coercion or violence. Reproductive health and reproductive rights are specific aims under one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and integral to realizing all the goals. People have more information about their reproductive rights and choices, along with a greater capacity to demand their rights. Each set feces national policy concerns about population trends.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	48a10490f16ee6c754947df254d292f7	On the one hand, if the tax is shifted on to consumers, house prices increase, increasing the demand for smaller housing units and thereby population density. On the other hand, the property tax can promote urban sprawl as it reduces the capital-land ratio and thereby the number of housing units per unit of land area and density. A proposal being discussed in Germany is a land-use tax, which would differentiate land tax rates depending on how land is used and the associated environmental costs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	48a208b8a5bf46ac3cbf0ef12be1f765	The Northern Territory in Australia has introduced a coaching model that involves evaluators and school principals as part of its School Accountability and Performance Improvement Framework. This coaching model aims to encourage school principals’ commitment for the wider school evaluation, school self-evaluation and individual appraisal process and to develop related competencies. The province-wide appraisal system in Ontario, Canada, requires district school boards to provide training for evaluators to ensure effective implementation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fd217899-en	48a311036696a85693671143dbaeb4f9	"In order to assist policymakers in responding to such challenges, ESCAP's activity on green growth has been developed to focus on five paths: sustainable infrastructure development; investment in natural capital; green tax and budget reform; sustainable consumption and production; and the greening of business and markets. Natural capital provides both ""direct"" ecosystem services such as the provision of food and raw materials, and “indirect"" ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, aquifer recharge and biodiversity habitat provision (see box 1). They are usually irreplaceable, or can only be substituted for, at great cost."	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	48a3f57f0410dcad74fc43cff17fee01	Available at: http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lnformationresources/Factsheetsandbroch ures/WCMS_105036/lang-en/index.htm ILO, 2013: Decent Work Indicators. Guidelines for producers and users of statistical and legal framework indicators, 2013. The indicator relates to the quality of employment for the citizens of a given country who have worked abroad and to the efforts of combating forced labour by governments of destinations countries.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	48a5b31b75215e5d683e48f0e77f6045	These countries have inherited their pension systems from the former USSR which they have to reconsider in terms of eligibility criteria, retirement ages, and the linkage between contribution rates and benefit payments in order to safeguard the financial sustainability of their pension systems. This balance is desirable as different segments of the population tend to benefit from different forms of social protection. This balance is lacking among low-income countries, where, spending per recipients of a social insurance benefits is very high at over 60% of GDP per capita.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	48a781d6a57a7fc05ff1fde9b12562b5	The innovation support institutions have limited presence in the region. A number of science parks and incubators provide a basis for new economic development but in most cases, links with the higher education institutions are limited. Various forms of “lock-ins” are present in the region ranging from narrow orientation of knowledge providers, to a “low wage equilibrium” including low job creation.	4	2	6	0.5
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	48a816fbf8c612a39adbd120bcb4ac0a	This rendered the water unsuitable for artificial recharge of groundwater, and the plant had to be closed. Thus, opposite meteorological extremes had the same practical impact, highlighting the potential implications of climate change for the control and management of artificial groundwater recharge with river water. Rising temperatures may result in the northward extension of cultivation of a whole range of crops. Hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for seasonal supplementary irrigation, both within and beyond existing irrigated lands. Modelling studies in the Guadalquivir River Basin suggested an increase in seasonal irrigation requirements of 15% to 20% by the 2050s, and even in the United Kingdom irrigation demand is likely to increase,20 These substantial demands may be difficult to predict and plan for. Policy choices to mitigate impacts are important, and some promising efforts are already being made in several of the major transboundary basins - the Rhine, Meuse and Danube.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	48a931eefc03f6c7500e53a817c43831	The current energy system is largely dependent on fossil fuels, which negatively impact air quality, and contribute significantly to carbon emissions. The long term resilience of a wide range of environmental systems is now being tested by the requirements of a rapidly growing global population and the demand for higher living standards. This includes meeting the energy and food needs of 9 billion people in 2050.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	48a960a7dad1d01a4fc493d27259da41	Aggressive smart metering roll outs approved by regulators may or may not deliver the demand response potential that can contribute to ensuring security of supply during periods of scarcity. In the United Kingdom, the ongoing nuclear policy began in 2008 and the first new nuclear reactors are not expected before 2018, if the reform proceeds successfully. After two years of active consultations, several barriers must still be removed.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	48aae2efe0ab04dcfc6a3970aa7ee97d	Information sharing and pooling potential customers would be one way of approaching this. Job opportunities could also figure more prominently in building energy-efficiency plans, particularly in retrofitting projects, which could potentially provide job opportunities for local residents. First, recycling rates could be increased through introducing recycling sorting bins alongside household waste collection, rather than just at collection points.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	48abc19d51bcc232d2ebfc7544b56978	This need of new infrastructure can provide fresh impetus for regulation that is directly relevant to small scale, decentralised generation. As opposed to megaprojects, multiple small-scale investments will require a systems approach to regulation and grid development that is decentralised and can adapt to a variety of circumstances and technologies. Progress in roll-out will need to be incremental so that lessons and evidence can be drawn from practice and incorporated on an ongoing basis.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	48ad4619838f7a3922496307afea138c	As Figure 3.5 shows, women are therefore under-represented among active contributors to contributory schemes in most countries. Gender gaps vary widely, but they also tend to be greater in Developing Regions. In some countries in the Middle East and North Africa, men are 10 to 20 times more likely to contribute to a pension scheme than women.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	48af1f878cb7958d75dc7e53e90d1ae6	Close to 39 percent of the work-ing-agc population of the country moved to Dili for economic reasons or for education (ILO 2016). The information is drawn from Curtain (2012). An equivalent report is not yet available based on 2015 census data; however, where useful, the 2015 census data are included.	8	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	48b45901138380e4e52a1ada1681b1f3	Women were a small proportion of all workers. The money was used for constructing better toilets, education costs, mobile phones and, more occasionally, second-hand cars. However, unlike other countries (where the programme was usually based in departments or ministries of labour), it was based in the Prime Minister’s Department, where a special unit was eventually formed, indicating the significance attached to the scheme.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	48b5dbec17041af603c8bdfcbda92141	The National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards include requirements about involving consumers in the governance process. These apply across Australia, including in health services in rural and remote areas. Western Australia, for example, has established District Health Advisory Councils to give country residents a voice in how their local health services are managed. Victoria’s boards of management in rural public hospitals enhance consumer participation, as they lead the service’s strategic planning.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	48b8c25267d9b03ac56ee7cf0cf16266	Coverage is also high in Brazil, partly thanks to a rural pension, equal to the minimum wage, for which only a proof of past rural work-not contributions - is required. Mexico is another interesting case that has travelled the path towards widespread coverage quite rapidly in the past two decades (Willmore 2014).The Pension Alimentaria (Maintenance Pension), a universal old age pension for residents of Mexico City, was first paid in 2001 and legislated as a right in 2003 for older adults aged 70 or over (reduced to 68 or over in 2009). This experience encouraged the development of a number of NC pension schemes at the regional and national level. The age of eligibility was reduced to 65 and the benefit is now a flat transfer equivalent to about US$39.9 Per month (Table 7-1, see also Willmore 2014).	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	48bb33ccbcf6e8bb1146799fb9911ef9	Africa has achieved the same transformation in almost half the time: 60 years. Africa’s urbanisation is estimated to have gained 5.9 percentage points between 2000 and 2015, second only to Asia, which gained 10.7 percentage points during the same period. In 2015, almost 472 million Africans lived in urban areas (authors’ calculations based on UN DESA, 2014). The size of Africa’s urban population nearly doubled in 20 years from 237 million in 1995 to 472 million in 2015.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	48bb5e7818f544c034c6c2fe643eab1b	This historic experience gave SNC the ability to predict that it could meet the P reduction targets of the wastewater treatment plants. The annual fluctuations are the result of who applies: if there were no applications for particular type of project type, there will be zero for that project for that year. Moreover, since there was limited money each year, projects were ranked on water quality improvement. Some project types may have been ranked too low to quality for the limited funding.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	48c0c0190579fbfa4aa454b91eaedc96	The future of regional demand also depends largely on whether South Asia realizes its full potential, for which regional economic cooperation and integration could critically complement domestic efforts. These risks are increased trade protectionism and heightened economic policy uncertainty in developed economies. While the baseline projections did take into account these developments to some extent, a sharper-than-expected increase in the degree of protectionism and uncertainty is possible.	8	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	48c3bdda8574c25585871f0d3d2401f3	The report looked at the impact of mobile data apps across eight developing countries finding that 88% of users had already accessed the Internet before using a zero-rated plan. It also noted that the plans allow most users to remain online rather than get online for the first time. This seems to be confirmed by users in Angola that have been getting around the walled garden of zero rated services by planting hidden videos and music in Wikipedia articles that can be shared with others (Box 4-5).	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	48c53f264d7adc87d791c2695d822d65	In the United States, city and regional planning, land use management, and implementation of urban planning principals are predominantly undertaken by state and municipal governments. The US federal government structure assigns most responsibilities to state governments, other than those which are reserved for the federal government, including constitutional issues, inter-state issues, and foreign affairs, foreign trade, defence, military, etc. This allows for both local and direct rule - where decision makes are more directly connected to the residents they serve, allowing them to be better aware of local conditions and more responsive to local needs and concerns. This also allows for a variety of initiatives, policies, and levers to be developed.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	48c937ea23c0a72ec139cd2d97c50779	The OECD average is a simple cross-country average of labour market security as calculated in the Employment Outlook 2014. For Russia, individual replacement rates were backed out from household-level replacement rates based on the assumption that all earners in a household have the same eamings. The figure for the OECD average is taken from Chapter 3 of the OECD Employment Outlook 2014.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	48cb932a800bc9671edc2d677f8334cd	Annual transition rates are calculated over the following periods for China (2008-09), Colombia (2009-10) and Tbrkey (2010-11), while the figures for South Africa represent bi-annual transitions calculated over the 2010-12 period. This is particularly striking in South Africa, where the economic crisis led to a dramatic flow into inactivity, which was particularly significant among informal workers. Overall, it appears that informal jobs are highly volatile. The results are summarised in Annex Figure 5.A3.1.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	48cd492fa4852e6312bbc312f0d61d3b	Today, it insures about 15 percent of all farmers (Demeke etal., The scheme is based on a yield index approach with payouts triggered when crop yields in a defined area fall below historical yields. For example, in Ethiopia, Nyala Insurance, a private insurance company, offers weather index-based insurance to farmer members of a cooperative, thus achieving some economies of scale.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	48ce97a414769aca533069d07cbb8f2d	Japan introduced a maximum total payment limit for medical and long-term care since 2008, although separate limits were available previously. The new payment limit has improved the financial support for patients with expensive care needs, including cancer patients. In Chile, for exceptionally high cost treatment, the Central Commission, composed of oncologists in Santiago, evaluates each case.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	48d1202315f58b9d402207192ccc3da3	However, the subjective nature of establishing baselines means that choices of baselines can vary widely (see e.g. Clapp et al., At a project or portfolio scale, analysis has highlighted that estimated emissions reductions can vary by a factor of three for renewable energy and more than a factor of ten for energy efficiency projects across different MDBs carbon foot-printing tools (Bossard, 2012, pers. The wide variation in assumptions and models to establish baselines will lead to wide differences in the estimated results of an intervention when compared to that baseline.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	48d22ab1e89ff4e2dbb748fffbc86cdc	This programme would eliminate unemployment by hiring any workers who apply, regardless of their work experience, skill background, race, age, or gender. During recessions, ELR employment rises as the private sector sheds workers. During economic expansions, ELR employment rolls decline as workers seek employment in the higher wage private sector (Tcherneva 2012). For all intents and purposes, ELRs are a subset of countercyclical policy tools.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	48dc93bc5dc3f3ad3d30ffee1577789d	The inclusion of a concise instrument to measure certain fundamental age-appropriate cognitive skills would be a source of valuable information (Grosh and Glewwe, 2000).The modules proposed by MPPN include dedicated questions to that end. This is not only applicable to the school population; it is valid for adults too, since there is no information on whether they have the cognitive skills to participate adequately in modern societies. Aspects such as income from second jobs, payment in kind, the distinction between gross and net income or how to measure public transfers, to name but a few, are issues that need to be properly addressed before the monetary resources of households can begin to be measured more adequately.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	48dca758c79b3e9b086b11b77d6a5202	Between 2007 and 2011, about 590 000 children received health care, nutrition, care, and early education services. As part of this strategy, interventions targeting poor households with children between 1 and 2 years of age have been recently launched. Households, benefitting from Familias en Accion, have received a micronutrient supplement and support to develop cognitive and language skills of children.	1	1	7	0.75
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	48de4a55b2961b3750e208f6a656632e	However, with the onset, and lasting effects, of the recent global financial and economic crisis, greater attention is being given to the negative long-term impact of rising inequality, and to the role of fiscal and social policy in shaping and curbing these effects. Berg and Ostry (2011) examined the relationship between income inequality and economic growth across 174 countries, to reveal that income inequality was a strong determinant of the quality of growth, even when market structure and other institutional factors were taken into account. Countries with low levels of inequality tend to sustain high rates of growth for longer durations, while growth spurts tend to fade more quickly in more unequal countries.	10	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	48e0fa3f3c237c87f5bc8958bfdb1231	In fact, this report shows that professionalism depends on collaborative learning and design, and active networking. It is precisely through the idea of teachers as designers of learning that innovation at the level of practice can be seen as a normal side of the teaching profession to solve the daily challenges in a context which is in constant change. The framework incorporates a particular philosophy and precepts for action that are holistic, and works as an alternative to the fragmented and disaggregated research and policy perspectives that often prevail in addressing pedagogy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	48e1879f69dd7d0f750004de224d7cbb	"There is no made-to-measure tariff and there is no good way to set tariffs. Three points however need to be raised. First, there is a widespread belief that, to benefit the rural poor, electricity needs to be sold at a very low price; facts often prove the I 102 contrary. In reality, richer communities will benefit more than the poorer ones since they can afford to buy electric appliances, which the very poor cannot. In addition, subsidies should be designed in such a way that only the poorest segments of society benefit from them, and not the better-off communities. Secondly, if the ""natural"" price is charged, the electricity supplier will be able to effectively and sustainably supply electricity while making a profit that will ensure the sustainability of the electrification process (Barnes & Foley, 2004)."	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	48e33e69bc742be732ba830497a31421	Female students in the Northwest Territories reported higher levels of emotional problem than both males in the Northwest Territories and females in the rest of Canada. Both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average. Issues related to obesity and low physical activity have been identified as requiring special attention, as have relationships with others. Such an example in the Northwest Territories is the partnership represented by the Healthy Choices Framework.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	48e681877a7e2136f80e83b7115dc2f4	This paper reviews the literature on the role and status of forced migrant teachers in education in emergencies, exploring some of the issues facing these teachers and the impact of them on educational service provision in emergency contexts. This is placed within the context of the institutional framework affecting migrant teachers. This is followed by a case study of Southern Sudanese refugees in Uganda. An analysis of the possible application of the principles of the CTRP in education in emergencies is then presented.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	48e70f4eb9d33181eed983526f84c84f	People grow frustrated when they perceive that opportunities to improve their own lives are inaccessible, and the resultant protests can also lead to social unrest. This has shown itself in the wave of demonstrations seen around the world in response to the economic and financial crises and austerity measures, and in the social and political protests in the Middle East and North Africa. The discontent has not necessarily been always related to the absolute level of inequality, but to a combination of rising expectations and limited opportunities.	10	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	48e74b21bf32707399ec17f4985f9365	According to the study, over 87 per cent of this funding was allocated to men. Of the 20 researchers who received the largest share of the excellence in research funding, 19 were men. The conclusion of the researchers was unambiguous and direct: “The progress on gender equality achieved in research in the latter part of the 1990s has largely been wiped out' (p. 10).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	48e82417e4a152fe5aa80a8bc8dff695	It gives an analysis of recent efforts to upgrade the quality of teachers and discusses the barriers to change that the country faces, particularly in rural areas, to provide children in Kazakhstan with good quality teaching. Further, the chapter offers a description of the pre- and in-service training of teachers and efforts made to attract higher level applicants to system with comparisons to successful programmes in other countries. It also looks at the conditions of work of school principals, discusses their importance for educational change in Kazakhstan, and looks at the role of teachers in policy formulation. The chapter concludes with recommendations on improving policies for teachers and school leadership.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	48e885a4ddb8c0084d4acfb4531f934f	The value of UK seafood exports fell by 7.4% to GBP 1 349 million while the volume grew 7.8% to 469 000 tonnes. In the United Kingdom, Seafish in conjunction with the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership (MCCIP) are exploring the effects of climate change on the UK seafood industry (domestic and import) to help the industry adapt.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	48eac69b462657edfb13d43c779691b8	Knowledge spill-overs”, in particular, are considered critical in explaining the benefits of cities in modem service-oriented economies. However, they do have relatively strong connections to larger urban regions in the form of: good transport links, access to urban services and considerable market interactions, including supply chain linkages, wholesale and retail functions. While these regions have autonomous labour markets, which means that workers do not have ready access to urban jobs, local employers are connected to urban markets. This can provide greater levels of employment and higher wages than would otherwise be the case.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/935513ee-en	48ebe562330eaddc0b962c6df34ff2a0	A number of alternative approaches and agreement models can achieve the same goal, such as rent, leasehold, freehold, conditional freehold, or transient rights, including rights that vary according to seasons, for example. In many cases, a hybrid approach can be recognized whereby land disputes are first addressed through customary means, and - in the absence of a suitable resolution - they can then enter into the statutory process. They may complement a specific land dispute mediation process or they may represent a more appropriate tool. Public consultations can be employed to provide inputs in the development of a new land policy, or used to initiate a review process of a particularly contentious policy issue.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	48edabac18473a9e6ba05986df530528	Being able to walk to a restaurant or a grocery store is a key benefit from living in a mixed use urban neighbourhood, as is having a home in a rural commune next to a forest preserve. This suggests that a key challenge for land use plans is not simply to apply exclusionary zoning that separates different uses, but to identify which uses are compatible with each other and support those, while discouraging those that conflict from being in close proximity. They are fond of different dimensions that can only partly be fulfilled in the city: natural areas, recreation areas, nearby farms and locally produced food that is authentic to the region In Nantes Saint-Nazaire, this desire for both nature and preserved, but transformed, landscapes, is particularly strong.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	48ef40f5d2822b4a4f087b23725bf5c0	Compared to other Nordic countries, health expenditure was the second highest after Denmar k. Of total net expenditure on health and medical care services in Swedish county councils and regions in 2010 (202 billion SEK), specialist psychiatric care accounted for 8%, pharmaceuticals excluded (SALAR, 201 la). In terms of total health expenditure, the share of private insurance is marginal, accounting for merely 0.1% in 2000, which increased only to 0.3% in 2010 (OECD, 2012b). It typically provides supplementary coverage (mainly coverage for elective surgery) to the public health system. In 2010, 382 000 people had supplementary voluntary insurance, compared to approximately 103 000 people in 2000 (Anell et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	48f4598b4700b18f8aedea1568070ecc	This model of having both the private sector and civil society at the Board level of a regional organisation can be seen as a means to institutionalise innovation, accountability and transparency. This is also a strategy to build a constituency on the ground and give more visibility to such metropolitan forms of action. It is a consortium of the 13 LGUs composing Metro Cebu (7 cities -Cebu, Danao, Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu, Naga, and Carcar and 6 municipalities Compostella, Liloan, Consolacion, Cordova, Minglanilla, and San Fernando), regional line agencies of the national government, private sector representatives and civil society organisations. This model of having both the private sector and civil society at the Board level of a regional organisation can be seen as a means to institutionalise innovation, accountability' and transparency.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	48f53ea7ba9214ef2eaf8455173c6c94	Regarding informal social protection, Oduro (2010: 3) writes, “(it) encompasses those arrangements and actions taken by individual or groups of individuals that are not guided by formal legal regulations but are not necessarily contravening these laws and regulations”. The concept of “social capital” commonly refers to reciprocity, trust and networking among groups, and takes a prominent place in an “informal security regime” and in any development discourse. It also refers to community/household relationships that play a crucial role in reducing the vulnerability of the poor.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	48f77eac9853e8c1553b3d60f3566f68	A broad and inclusive education and skills strategy is therefore essential. Policy should avoid favouring incumbents as this reduces experimentation, delays the exit of less productive firms and slows the reallocation of resources from less to more innovative firms. At a time when the world economy faces many long-term challenges, public investment needs to focus on durable benefits, rather than short-term outcomes.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	48f93d5f901e435cc85889ee5f1300f6	Examples of these committees in the MENA region come from Bahrain and Morocco at the ministerial level and from Morocco and Yemen at the level of a director. Regular measurement and reporting to parliament are among the top three most commonly used co-ordination mechanisms in OECD countries (86% of OECD countries report using measurement frameworks, and a good majority of countries also have regular reporting requirements to parliament). Yet the use in the MENA region is more rare.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/caeceb38-en	48f94835dd4184f9afb49654f5d337c0	Adolescent boys in Kenya who live away from home (in boarding houses) were found to be more likely to have had sex than those living with both parents, but the same was not true for girls (Kiragu & Zabin, 1993). In rural north-west Tanzania, single parents tended to undertake little monitoring whereas in two-parent families one parent was likely to be present when the other was away (Wamoyi et al., Single mothers prioritised working long hours to provide the basic needs for their family, meaning there was little time to follow up on what their children were doing and they were too exhausted for conversation (ibid).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e428e6c6-en	48fab15376f636cd184e8e5e64cf6956	If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	48faf23c77478c87fd11201ee1500f6b	For comparable issues, also the import and export data are form the FAO ResourceSTAT. Simple tariff averages can lead to misleading conclusions (Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga, 2009). Indeed, while African countries face the lowest levels of tariffs in their export markets, notably thanks to preferences, these preferences largely cover products which African countries do not export. We employ an index compiled by Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009) and used in Hoekman and Nicita (2011) for the agricultural sector.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c607b535-en	48fb3ff911bf24cc0f6096bdbb58d676	The doto from the XCBS is used in a number of FAO publications ond cssecioled dotoboses such os the Globol Informotion ond Eorly Worning System (GIEWS), Food outlook ond crop prospects ond food siluotion. Glossary ol Meteorology [online], Boston, USA. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advonce Climate Change Adaptation.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	48fc127400cce9a1a0d4b6456d542d68	However, the 'knowledge cities' vision goes far beyond increasing efficiency. Indeed, these new digital technologies could and should help boost urban governance processes through greater inclusion and participation. This would help render education accessible to all, empower women and girls, and promote cultural diversity and creativity.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	48feae31203a51822af8a99596242397	The GM Science Review Panel and other expert bodies recommend that GM crops that produce medical or industrial substances should be designed and grown in ways that would avoid gene flow to food and feed crops (GM Science Review Panel). The monarch butterfly controversy (Box 24 on page 71) demonstrated that it is difficult to extrapolate from laboratory studies to field conditions. Field studies have shown some differences in soil microbial community structure between Bt and non-Bt crops, but these are within the normal range of variation found between cultivars of the same crop and do not provide convincing evidence that Bt crops could be damaging to soil health in the long term (GM Science Review Panel).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	48ff43a7001adc9762a56d725ea0f51c	In the case of downstream or transboundary surface water obligations, the intent of regulation is generally to reduce pumping in order to limit cumulative stream depletion over a fixed interval such as a year or multiple years. In the latter case, regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year. Thus, the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just the pumping that is occurring in the current period. The total stream impact from groundwater pumping at any time after the start of pumping is then equal to the sum of lagged impacts occurring at that time from all pumping that occurred at or before this time, accounting for well- specific distances from the stream.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/847feb24-en	48ff736a95b08ec7abe72fbbc9227375	There are particular concerns wdth the increase of bilateral flows in waste destined to emerging economies and developing countries wdth underdeveloped waste management capacity (Farrelly et al., Claiming that waste imports are polluting the environment, China has announced to impose import restrictions on waste and scrap taking effect in several phases starting from January 2018 (See Box 1). The question is rather if traded waste and scrap is processed and recovered in an environmentally sound manner and closely in-line with circular economy objectives (OECD, 2010; Shinkuma and Managi, 2011).	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	49058ec4c7281632448eabdd5ec22d54	A focus on urban road safety is therefore twice beneficial: in addition to preventing a number of deaths and serious injuries, the unlocking of active travel options is at stake. Research is needed to put a value on this fear and reveal the true scale of urban road safety benefits. Since the fear of crashes is a major burden in cities, it is natural to recommend measuring and monitoring it.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	4908e90192bb58b8bddb9c08cce12ab6	The CCXG oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers in a collaborative effort.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	490b30486765f393331ecc9afe45f993	Even from a very young age, day care institutions focus heavily on child development and early learning outcomes - indeed, although initially developed with the express aim of facilitating parental employment (Kamerman and Moss, 2009), ECEC in Sweden has since become an integral part of the education system with its own curriculum and educational targets. However, Sweden’s comprehensive, public, centre-based system is relatively expensive (OECD, 2005). In 2013 public expenditure on ECEC services in Sweden was 1.64% of GDP, the second highest level of spending on ECEC in the OECD after Iceland (see Figure 3.7 and OECD, 2015h).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	490bd408990a5f8727bb578540bd54a5	Submarine canyons, particularly in northern South Africa and northern Mozambique (Parson and Evans 2005, Green 2011), are also a common feature at the shelf edge and upper slope. Estimates of continental shelf areas of the WIO to the 200 m depth contour, ie FAO Area 51. It is now thought that the majority of these features do not actively transfer sediment to the adjacent deep ocean basin (Green and others, 2008). There are few available studies on shelf sediment distribution patterns in the WIO; qualitative reference is made to muddy sediments off river mouths, such as on the Sofala Bank in Mozambique, and Malindi-Ungwana Bay in Kenya (Munga and others, 2013). Detailed studies have been confined to the east coast of South Africa, and were undertaken by Flemming and Hay (1988) and Bosnian and others (2007); surface sediment distributions described in the latter have been recently improved and expanded by Green and MacKay (in press) and Figure 8.3 below.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	490c470e39d7a5c444e304c64ba95f71	The Carpathian Convention entered into force in 2006. It aims to protect and restore the unique and characteristic natural environment found in the Carpathians. The region, at 204 700 km2, is the largest European area of natural forests, the last European refuge for many large mammals, the headwaters of several major European rivers and a habitat for many endangered animal and plant species (MoE, 2008).	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	491100e59ae98ca97a7c5450d4780746	In addition, they find that the extent of reinstatement in the case of unfair dismissal is the most important regulatory determinant of gross worker flows, in general, and within-industxy job-to-job transitions, in particular. They also find that the length of the trial period is also a key determinant of hiring although not of separations. There is also evidence that countries with lower EPL have not only higher dismissal rates but also greater rates of voluntary quits (Gielen and Tatsiramos, 2012). By contrast, the impact of EPL on firm growth appears to be, at best, small (Boeri and Jimeno, 2005; Schivardi andTorrini, 2008).	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	491416a7ed3c94a12c1bd1ef5802b40e	While there has been an enormous growth in microfinance, with particular outreach to poor women, this has not compensated for the failure to increase access to a broad range of financial institutions for the majority of small-and medium-scale entrepreneurs (see chapter V). Fiscal space” has been restricted by the need to attract and retain mobile domestic and international capital, leading to a steady decline in the incidence of taxation on capital (ILO, 2008a). This has resulted in limited domestic resources to invest in structural policies which promote development priorities. Low levels of taxation hurt poor women in particular. Budgets at the national, local and provincial levels are an important mechanism for governments to ensure that women benefit from public-sector expenditures.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	491488e14a0b35bf533b7f9219200794	Tracking Tool for Climate Change Mitigation Projects,Washington, D.C., http://www.thegef.org/gef/tracking_tool_CCM. Philippines Climate Change Adaptation Policy Initiatives - National Climate Change Action Plan, Manila, Philippines. National Development Plan -2030, National Planning Commission, http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFile Action?id= 154431.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	4916d8af58848267431dae37fcbf81d0	Poverty is not solely a lack of income, but rather is characterized by a vicious cycle of powerlessness, stigmatization,discrimination, exclusion and material deprivation,which all mutually reinforce each other' (ibid, para. The vicious cycle means that ‘the greater the inequality, the less the participation; the less the participation, the greater the inequality’ (ibid, para. Lack of participation is both a cause and consequence of poverty. Poverty is itself a ground of discrimination, but people living in poverty often experience other forms of discrimination based on,for example, gender, disability, ethnicity, and so on.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea442617-en	4916f3dcb41cd611beeda4125b58be9c	How the R2P principle might work in tandem with these norms to prevent and respond to mass atrocities, and in the context of diverse domestic, regional and international institutions, is the key challenge facing the successful operationalization of the R2P principle. This chapter asks what the R2P principle could contribute to the protection of refugees, who as a class are especially vulnerable to the commission of such crimes. Section 11.1 examines some of the key challenges and gaps confronting the international protection regime for refugees. Section 11.2 will then consider what benefits the R2P principle might have for refugees in light of these issues.	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/5e7977af-en	4918b06bae89fcdae521e0031993f79b	Prepared using the same methodology as was applied for Latin America, the estimates allow multidimensional child poverty in Caribbean countries to be compared with the rest of the region. This had not been possible hitherto using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed under different methods. There was a marked difference between the continental countries (Belize, Guyana and Suriname) and the island countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Jamaica, Santa Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	4919ab1f1a308ff5edef48633ed5289b	Stakeholder involvement is important not only in building support for new initiatives but also for finding solutions to technical and other challenges in implementation. Stakeholder inclusiveness can also help achieve a shared understanding of objectives that lead to more effective involvement and co-operation. With the proper framework and partnership among planners, authorities, operators and customers, this could be a self-supporting process. Many cities have little experience with the latest technologies in public transport services.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	491a33860a243bb81e4b3f7e5f81bcff	Because public authorities have a responsibility to represent fairly the interests of current and future citizens, they must find ways to correct market failures, ensure a fair balance between the interests of different groups and achieve a level playing field with rules that apply to all. Enterprises must know that they will face sanctions if they breach the limits. An effective system for monitoring and enforcement is thus critical.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/477abc4d-en	491c11843d54a888c1d39c19c95dc201	Most building outside of these enclaves and sectors is non-engineered, most urbanization is unplanned and local governments have weak capacities to promote or enforce standards. Xynthia combined a storm surge with a high tide, and the large waves caused flood defences to fail all along the coast from the Gironde near Bordeaux to the Loire Estuary. Over 50,000 hectares of land were flooded and 47 people died. Some 10,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes on the Atlantic coast.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	492117cdab9f282a2297286cb6c5e60a	Moreover, this approach is simple in principle and can be readily communicated. A weak point, though, of the pure diversity approach is the equal treatment of all sources, assuming ignorance about their specific security of supply characteristics. Yet for certain aspects one does have meaningful prior knowledge, for example, that certain sources are exhaustible whereas others are not.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264283299-en	4922c240f86091abafe5bdd710f0ffdb	Most of the remaining spending is paid directly out-of-pocket by households. However, no gender gap exists in the number of healthy life years, as women live a greater proportion of their lives with some disabilities.1 At age 65. At age 50, Belgian men with the lowest level of education can expect to live about six years less than those with the highest education level. The gap among women is slightly smaller (about five years).'	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	4922db20a732e4d1d192bffc8c21a9e4	Tertiary education is free for students and there is a generous student loan system for living expenses. Higher education lasts for around four years for a professional bachelor’s degree which prepares students for specific professions, such as nursing, social work or journalism. A longer cycle is provided in universities, which conduct research and offer research-based education. University graduation rates are higher in Denmark (50%) than the OECD average (40%).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	4924e55cd601dbeda14f468d66859f78	If some companies act to reduce risk, why should others also contribute? Companies could do less than they would according to economic expectations, especially if farmers perceive the risks are higher than they perceive. Farmers may wait for companies to take any action and therefore under-adapt. The three regions have already suffered long and intense drought spells, so awareness on water risks is high among all types of actors.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ac21c613-en	492502955978f67ae7590215e94e486a	The total shoreline of the Black Sea is 4,340 km, of which 310 km (7 per cent) belong to Georgia. The area is very vulnerable to disturbances of its environment and ecosystem. Eutrophication, pollution and overfishing have resulted in an overall decline of biological resources, species diversity and landscapes.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	49266033287dc9362c1a485b2e2ff594	Second, in order to enable international energy trade, it is necessary to have the logistic infrastructure available. Worldwide, transport infrastructures such as roads, rail tracks, ports, pipelines and re-gasification terminals for LNG are thus required. For certain of these geographically isolated countries, imports of primary energy may also be more awkward due to the reliance on few and far-away suppliers.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	492a26099621ba7bc59742bb3df36c28	Data exclusivity cannot therefore be considered an obligation under the TRIPS Agreement. Data exclusivity may also complicate generic producers’ market entry where the respective product is in addition covered by a patent. Existing data exclusivity regimes provide terms of protection of between 5 and 10 years (sometimes 15 years for agrochemical products583), which usually end before a patent on the same product expires.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	492a95c9bee171143d6cf6c4a8d6d82f	Despite the need for better skill levels among Group A, participation in education and training is relatively low (Figure 25). In Estonia, less than 1% of those aged 45-64 who are economically inactive for health reasons have taken part in education or training in the previous month. In part, this low rate may reflect the multiple employment barriers of this group, but the very low level in Estonia compared to better-performing countries is striking.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	492e6e4284e2f764dfd60d80f59a9284	This affects the forest products sector in two ways: 1) indirectly through increased demand for agricultural crops, which could increase land use change; and 2) directly by creating demand for second-generation liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, including woody crops and wood waste. The minimum GHG reduction increases to 50% by 2017 and to 60% for new installations from 2018. A European Commission review of progress towards the 10% target found that the projected share of renewable energy in the transport sector across the EU was 5.7% in 2014, with some EU countries making good progress and the EU dedicating 3% of total cropland to biofuel production. The review concluded that the target is challenging but feasible (European Commission, 2015c).The European Parliament voted on 28 April 2015 to approve the indirect land use change (ILUC) Directive, which imposes a cap of 7% on the contribution of biofuels produced from food crops and establishes an indicative target that at least 0.5% of transport is fuelled by second-generation biofuels (European Parliament, 2015).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	4931de108df294a1d48d257227eb3be5	To strengthen its system to inform skills policy based on current and future skill needs strong social partner organisations (e.g. Sector Skills Councils that include SMEs) are needed and partnerships between workers, employers and training institutions need to be developed, together with the public employment service’s role in co-ordinating training that meets labour market and reaches those workers and sectors that need it most. In addition, occupational standards and qualification frameworks have to be developed and used effectively. While the efforts put forth by ChileValora to develop occupational standards are very welcome, they are insufficient.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	49325e02cdf0f9e8d23537277340f173	Where direct payments that had been introduced in the context of policy reforms were terminated recently under favourable market conditions, the question arises whether this was based on the view that compensation for past policy reforms was no longer needed and justified, or whether a re-instruinentation was chosen that promises larger benefits for farmers when market prices decline. In other words, behind the apparently positive trend towards lower support levels and less distorting policy structures there may be developments that are not in line with a desirable progression towards better-performing agricultural policies. At the same time, government support for the production and consumption of biofuels in the OECD area and the resulting policy-induced additional use of agricultural raw materials as feedstocks has had the opposite effect of raising world market prices of these commodities (OECD, 2008c), possibly by more than the price-depressing effect of the traditional support policies. Given that the price level on world markets for agricultural products is higher now than in the past, the price-lifting impact of biofuel support policies has, among other tilings, raised concerns regarding implications for food security in poor countries.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	493373078f4d6782123cf6a1647ea7ca	Conditional cash transfer programmes, which make income support dependent on school attendance, have proved to be especially effective in a number of countries. Gender segregation by field of study and the resulting knowledge gaps in scientific subjects should be addressed by removing gender bias in curricula, raising awareness on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study and by facilitating women’s access to STEM-related jobs through apprenticeships and counselling. Introducing policies to facilitate the establishment of credit records would help relax credit-constraints on women.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349734-7-en	4934cb06720d818a093bc322e52bb5c1	However, the public companies constitute the largest broadcaster and media organisation and the private company is one of the most important newspapers in the country. The Global Report (Byerly 2011) showed that 37% of presidents-of-news, editors-in-chief, and news directors (senior-management level) were women. The proportion of women holding middle-management positions such as chief correspondents and design directors was similar at 35.7%. The share of female junior professionals including assistant-level writers, subeditors, correspondents and anchors was 38.3%. The occupational positions with the largest majority of men were production and design (graphic designers, photographers, etc.), When only looking at public media companies, women occupied 40% of the top-level decisionmaking roles.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	49396d27e876f894a970a82ebace42f0	The first-digit categories identify the purpose of health care, or the various potential needs of a consumer of health care. The list reflects the aggregates used by most countries to develop a comparative spending profile. Memorandum items are included, to be measured when relevant at national level, such as where countries have an interest in tracking continued prevention and public health categories according to SHA 1.0.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	493b53ddf7f4abd7b708bc0fb3f27518	Slum dwellers are a heterogeneous population, and not only the very poor live in slum communities (UN-Habitat, 2003). Even though slum areas can differ substantially cross-nationally in size and other characteristics, extreme housing deprivation is a common trait. The numbers are relatively less dramatic in Brazil: 3.3% of people in Brazilian faveias lack access to tap water and 12.3% lack an indoor flushing latrine in their homes (IBGE, 2010).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	493bb194e7cfb7263e8e5efa09bc9870	More than half of national students in first degree programmes in tertiary-type A education (54%), benefit from scholarships and/or grants. The reform aims to improve the quality and impact of polytechnics, and operating licenses of polytechnics will be revised, with emphasis on quality and impact. The reform is expected to take effect in 2014. Reform of the student financial aid system will be introduced (effective 2014) to accelerate completion of studies and strengthen incentives in financial aid to students.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	493caa0c086a2ea6aa769f78504b8b13	Recipients and some supporters emphasised that external funding should match national priorities, rather than matching donors’ own priorities, to maximise the impact of finance on the ground. Country specific priorities, needs and opportunities based on geographical and socio-economic conditions are best known to domestic stakeholders. For example, considering supra-national priorities was cited as necessary in demonstrating and advancing key low-carbon technologies along their learning curves and to successfully scale up approaches.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	493dbfe4bf8ffe18d07608d8530673de	From 2004-05 to 2012-13, cereal production increased 24% and oilseed production increased 20%. Higher growth has been experienced in sectors which are more market oriented, such as the production of pulses, fruits and vegetables which together have increased by 40%. As a predominantly vegetarian population, livestock production has remained relatively small, although it has been growing more rapidly than crop production, albeit from a small base.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	493ea7cbe42544b6111837824fa2711b	"F. (1996), “L'urbanisation du monde”, Anthropos, Coll. Ascher, F. (1995), “Metapolis, ou I'avenir des villes”, Paris. F. Gubert, O. Koriko, M. Kuepie and E. OuEdraogo (2002 -03), “Le secteur informel: performances, insertion, perspectives"", enquSte 1 -2-3, phase 2, Mimeo Available at: www.insee.fr/fr/insee-statistique-publique/connaitre/stateco/stateco99/stec99e.pdf Charmes."	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088986-en	493f3514fa416a8cc6b37252f5a395eb	"The intent is also to encourage collaboration between the colleges and the new medical school in the training of nursing and allied health professionals2. As noted in the regional self-evaluation report, the ""CHE has taken a decision to prioritise and encourage the development of study programmes in related fields. The Safed College, located in proximity to the anticipated medical campus, has applied for programmes in health, social work, and medical imaging” (CHE, 2009)."	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	4942c88f7b770e8773197265b9a403a6	This allows us to explore which dimensions have the greatest impact on female emigration. First, bilateral migration data present a high occurrence of zero values, which may bias our estimations. Second, our gender inequality variable may be correlated with the error term, due to potential reverse causality, since gender inequality may be a determinant of international migration but at the same time migrants may shift gender attitudes in their origin countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	4943c22f2c23e3001eaf4c6556c0ead5	Across nearly every issue in education, school leadership is the crucial determinant of whether this connection occurs or not. However, the extent to which system-level actions enable and incentivise action at the local level impacts on both effectiveness and sustainability. Both New Zealand and Queensland have used this mechanism to communicate and mobilise action to achieve the target (Box 5.1).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	4945d3dcbfc7f096daf52a11ad899b03	A few MFIs in Latin America and India have ventured into this critical but challenging area. For example, the Peruvian microfinance institution Mibanco is offering its customers a line of credit entitled “urban upgrade”, to offer loans to communities who plan to upgrade water, electricity and road infrastructure in their neighbourhoods. These are individual loans for each community member but the funds are paid out directly to the project provider, contractor, or network installer.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e1a5901b-en	494ae87b9403b3d292e4eae046c930f6	Eco-, phyto- and bioremediation are concepts that use ecosystem restoration to reinstate a diverse system of plant communities in a particular ecosystem so that its buffering or remediation capacities are enhanced. Other concepts, tools and approaches partly related to NBS include ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration, green or natural infrastructure, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate adaptation ecosystem services (Cohen-Shacham et al., N BS also support the concepts of green growth or green economy, which promote sustainable natural resource use and harness natural processes to underpin economies. The Natural Capital Protocol3 is being increasingly recognized by a wide range of stakeholders, including business, and supports the use of N BS by highlighting the flow of benefits that can be derived from using nature.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	494c0612168b983c0f816dfcc03928ce	These include improving quality information to enable performance-based contracting, creating room for providers and health insurers to develop alternative payment methods based on performance and financial risk-sharing (e.g. risk-adjusted capitation payments) and allowing (limited) vertical integration of health insurers and providers. In addition, hospitals’ access to capital markets could be expanded by revoking their mandatory non-profit status, a move that should be accompanied with measures to secure the orderly exit of bankrupt hospitals, notably in terms of providing essential services, and to ensure an effective and transparent merger control. They could also encourage patients to make choices that take price and quality into consideration.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	494c4b515dd975dc06979e843be545ab	Iskandar Malaysia’s Green Economy Guidelines (GEG) manuals are another promising tool for facilitating green growth in the private sector. The manuals cover a wide range of green actions, such as procurement, operations and supply chain management (Box 2.2). The iron and steel industiy further reduced SO* and other emissions in response to more stringent local pollution monitoring and controls and increasing pressure from the public. The pollution reduction through energy conservation accounted for 33% of the total reduction, the second-largest contribution after the energy’ supply shift (phasing out coal power plants).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01a171e9-en	494fddc3a8fe108e785e4588ff29787c	"These can be minimized by properly assessing future needs. The relationship between technology and educatbn in the context of the labour market has been depbted as a ""race between educatbn and technology"", in which “if workers have flexible skills and if the educational infrastructure expands sufficiently, then the supply of skills will increase as demand increases for them"" (Goldin and Katz, 2007:26). The rapid pace of technological progress and increasing instability in the labour markets thus requires education policies to react with agility, while education and training systems may require significant transformations. Many countries are witnessing skills shortages in the field of digital technologies and many employers report difficulties in filling high-skill vacancies."	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	49513243044efa2221b065db71389d2e	Alongside terrible grief and suffering, road crashes also cause huge economic losses to victims, their families, and societies as a whole, costing countries between 2 and 5% of their Gross Domestic Product. These are avoidable losses that represent a significant restraint on a country’s economic and social development. A global target was adopted to halve deaths and injuries caused by road crashes by 2020. This new target is included in the UN’s framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which road safety appears in the objectives for both health and cities (see Box 1.1).	3	1	4	0.6
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	4951b62c6dd53f0d50c04915fc8bd4ca	Both governments are guided by national development plans, with similar priorities around socio-economic measures and the environment. Their local government arrangements reflect the urban concentration (Dominica) and rural spread (Vanuatu) of their populations. In addition, for Vanuatu, the state's reach is weak outside the urban centres and power is vested in churches and the traditional chiefly system. Corruption in government has also been more an issue for Vanuatu than for Dominica.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0488519d-en	4952b5fde0e9c1974e3856ad3226cc13	"Organizations and governments have attempted to take stock of the various actors. In India, for example, the Government publishes a ‘Directory of institutions and resource persons in disaster management’, and in Indonesia, the Government publishes the ‘Profile and directory: disaster risk reduction organisations in Indonesia’.6 There are also directories at the international level, maintained, for example, at preventionweb.net."" During or immediately after a disaster, for example, this could be within 12-48 hours, up to 72 hours, one week, two to three weeks, or four to six weeks.10 For the post-disaster phase, for ‘building back better’ the information flow could take place over many years.11 Again, however, there are considerable differences between developed and developing countries. The first priority action for the implementation of the Framework is “understanding disaster risk”."	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	49543c075080ad03372fc34605b3d843	Bangladesh and Nepal stand out among the former because they have doubled productivity of both land and labour. In the case of mixed exporters, Benin has achieved a similar outcome. These developments show that generally speaking, the countries that have advanced the most in terms of the structural transformation and diversification of their economy have been those which succeeded in raising their agricultural productivity.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	4957a077ce34d34dd85ea222abc0835b	Thus, all agro-food products entering the country are subjected to rigid sanitary and phyto-sanitary requirements and strict import controls. There is also a range of postborder activities, many based on partnerships involving the central government, private stakeholders, and local governments. One such activity is the National Bovine Tuberculosis Pest Management Strategy, with an annual budget of NZD 82 million, of which one-third is financed by the central government and the rest by private partners and regional councils. In terms of cost, this is one of the largest MAF programmes (Table 9).	2	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289330954-4-en	4958a6d925deeb0445089726744facb1	The EU Commission's Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package, published in 2008, sets the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in the period 1990-2020 and increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% of total energy consumption by 2020 (EC, 2010). The share of renewable energy in total energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and their 2020 targets are shown in Table 2.1. The percentage (%) share of renewable energy in final energy use in the Nordic and Baltic countries in 2008 and targets for 2020.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4958d899be92b80f5e28e9d00448ff2a	An important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges in the Galilee (see Box 2.5.). Such internships provide an entry point into the workforce as some students continue working for the industry partner after the internship. Internships also take place in college business school, for example in the Western Galilee College and Nazareth Academic Institution also aims to combine practical and theoretical education. The students participate in the project work in regional industries (from the end of their second year) for 500-1 000 hours.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	495e58e51612038017dff91758dd3a75	Colleges allocate scarce resources to remediation activities, while students commonly use federal grants and subsidised loans to cover the cost of remedial education. This leaves them fewer resources for their post-secondary studies and increases the chance of dropout, and financial distress. Some examples of initiatives designed to help those who encounter difficulties once they start college are given below. The strategy is based on the principle that skills taught in one course and reinforced in another are more likely to be mastered.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	495ee5295c736b9840bf760e3d84e2e3	In Brazil, the government introduced the Family Farming Insurance (SEAF) programme in 2004 to support loans made by the National Programme for Strengthening Family Farming (Pronaf), in case of losses due to natural disasters, pests and diseases that affect crops. Currently, SEAF covers costs and agricultural investment contracts, where there are relevant agronomic studies available. In case of losses, the beneficiary farmer has 100 percent coverage for credit repayment for that year, and receives up to 7 000 reais (about US$3 100) in compensation for any shortfall in revenues. Guarantee prices are fixed at the beginning of the crop cycle, using production costs as reference. As this price guarantee was designed to benefit poorer farmers, the bonuses are currently limited to 5 000 reais (about US$2 200) for funding contracts, and up to 2 000 reais (about US$900) for investment contracts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	4961cefe210a9cdf59c48c6a5f2702e8	At the central level, the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development plays a key role in urban governance, with a wide range of controlling authority over urban local government institutions. Two types of urban local bodies, known as city corporations and pourashavas, have massive public, environmental and primary health care mandates. They are both directly elected by the local people. Out of the 522 urban areas5 identified by the 1991 Census Commission (Bangladesh 1993), only 316 urban centres have local governments.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	496269af464f3bfc674a02a0d705a391	At the start of the crisis, some countries introduced measures to provide greater health care protection. For example, Belgium extended eligibility to reduced co-payments and in the United States health insurance was subsidised for those who became unemployed. Many of the reforms have the capacity to improve the efficiency and quality of the health care system over the longer term. Nevertheless, some reforms have attracted considerable critique and have been politically contentious among broad sections of the community as well as parts of industry, as demonstrated by strike actions and threats to stop supplying medical products.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	496378da6d00fbf9fc8a18a99196a9ae	It is particularly beneficial when conducted jointly for pre-primary and primary teachers. Its effectiveness is also greater when trainings are specific and coherent, and when staff from the same centre participate together. In 17 countries both pre-primary and primary teachers require a bachelor’s degree, and in 6 countries a master’s degree is required at both levels.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	4963a780710c9da5ac9d3e2e7653c6df	This could result not only in more financial resources but also in better management of the natural sites. Morelos' rapid urbanisation phenomenon has led to the deterioration of 50% of the state’s natural wealth and high pollution levels, particularly in metropolitan areas, as observed in Morelos' Ecological Land Management Plan (Ministry of Sustainable Development, 2016). One way to incentivise municipalities to plan urban development would be to make funding for specific projects conditional on a municipal urban development plan.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/08e82310-en	496501e5368158e1a12277ed0f818471	"As described in the assessment of the Daugava Basin, a review and development of the groundwater monitoring network in Belarus is planned. A NATO project launched in late 2009 aimed at upgrading flood monitoring and forecasting capacity in the Pripyat Basin, involving setting up automated monitoring stations on tributaries in both countries (-20 in total). A draft management plan for the Pripyat River Basin was developed in the framework of the TACIS project “Transboundary River Basin Management: Phase 2 for the Pripyat Basin”. The chemical regime of the rivers in the basin has remained ""stable"" for the past five years. According to the classification adopted in Belarus, some 76% of water bodies are characterized as ""relatively clean"", and some 21% as ""moderately polluted”."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	496656969b639f1f38c200875b9273b5	The principle of NDA is to regulate the leaching of nitrogen at the output level and leave some flexibility to farmers with respect to their farming practices as long as they observe pollution limits. Around 100 livestock farms operating in the Lake Taupo catchment area are now being allocated their discharge allowances based on the measurements of the nitrogen they are leaching. The NDAs can be traded among farmers. This underscores one important feature of pollution trading schemes, such as NDA: they typically enable cost-effective solutions for specific environmental problems, but can be demanding in terms of design and administration. Since the mid-1980s, a series of studies in New Zealand have focussed on this issue. Although covering different farm/industry types and done in different economic and policy situations, these studies help to understand the relative importance of farming risks and to see how the farming risk environment has changed over time.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	496987454c498ea9a52f60b40e4abadb	Examples of this are the initiatives undertaken by the Chilean Government following the 2010 earthquake and the Emergency Grant distributed to persons affected by disasters by the Ecuadoran Government. In terms of policy proposals, an interesting case is Trinidad and Tobago, where an economic subsidy for home repair is available to the recipients of non-contributory pensions. It would also be advisable to intensify efforts to expand the population eligible for cash transfers following a disaster, to include families that do not have older members or school-age children. The aim is for those families to be eligible for a cash transfer in adverse situations not of their choice, at least on a temporary basis.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	496a33cba64c9f140b648b7214be42b9	The MoEP is currently promoting mapping and the preparation of detailed plans for rivers, in accordance with their specific ecological systems’ requirements. Expenditure is expected to increase to some USD 1 billion/year between 2011 and 2020, in order to finance the upgrade of all wastewater treatment facilities to at least tertiary level as well as the construction of new and expanded wastewater treatment facilities. These reported costs are approximations.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	4973c5574648708db90a3acb13913b43	Estevez-Abe (2008) states that “all other small welfare states simply require that individual applicants to public assistance fall under a certain income threshold”, but this is not entirely true. “ However, recent changes include] instructing welfare workers to avoid rejecting the demands of applicants without a concrete examination of their efforts towards seeking employment. Kakita states that “it is illegal under the current Public Assistance Law to refuse public assistance just because applicants have no stable address”.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	49741f38bbc659f89c9358b0c68f7ac9	The government aims to link sectorial policy objectives with procurement and the development of markets and technologies in more strategic ways. The scope for innovation procurement policy is wide; it encompasses both public procurement of innovation and pre-commercial procurement. The importance of the issue was further stressed in the “Demand and User Driven Innovation Policy” (2010-13) and in a government decision to encourage innovation in sustainable procurement (2013).	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	49754083bdb2836e5ef60bfce69c34e9	For instance, in the case of Austria, the highest priority use indicates both domestic (services for drinking water supply within sustainable abstraction limits) and the environment. In Brazil, both human and animal water consumption are designated among the highest priority uses. In the Waikato region of New Zealand, the highest priority uses include agriculture (milk cooling and dairy shed wash down), domestic uses, municipal supply, and renewable energy. These uses are permitted so long they are not, or are not likely to, have an adverse effect on the environment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264193338-en	497601bbebd870a75fb6d4baccb8d0b1	Through co-operation with the State of Sonora and the federal government of Mexico, the Ford Motor company has been able to ensure a skilled workforce, including technicians and engineers. The Instituto Technologico de Hermosillo is located directly adjacent to the Ford Motor facilities in Hermosillo. One particularly valuable model is that in the aerospace industry, which has locations in industrial parks in Hermosillo/Ciudad Obregon, Guaymas and Nogales in the state of Sonora. This model (see Box 1.6) is particularly notable because it provides a hierarchy of training related to the skill needs identified by the aerospace companies.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	497a874d1989a140fecfd976f42a0489	This suggests that preference erosion remains an adjustment concern for SVEs and LDCs, particularly for non-agricultural products such as textiles and fish that will be subject to steep tariff-cutting formulas under the current set of proposed WTO non-agricultural market access modalities (see Lawrence and Rosito 2006). Developing countries (including SVEs and LDCs) were asked to complete questionnaires that assessed changes in their AfT priorities since 2008, and the first chapter of the OECD/WTO 2011 review was dedicated to analysing their responses (which does not include SVEs as a separate category). The analysis found that competitiveness was the top priority across all regions and income groups ‘but particularly for West Africa, Central America and the Caribbean’ (OECD/WTO 2011: 32); for LDCs, economic infrastructure is their second priority, followed by export diversification.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	497b1027424899fa6871f5aacb10cfd6	All the information can then be used on a metropolitan-wide platform. Data collection should take advantage of future fare integration initiatives to collect information on whole origin-destination travel, rather than trip segments only. Solid models based on long-term population and employment trends should be developed and used to decide on the projects that should be included in the mobility plans.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	4983bb1b5d2cee16cc8a1b69a7ead9f4	This report emphasizes that the ecosystem strongly influences how technological change affects future SME competitiveness in the digital age. Digital platforms work as online intermediaries that connect buyers and sellers; exchange information, goods and services; and make use of network effects with every additional user. They are also increasingly important players in the matching of supply and demand.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	498678cffef086beb3800ddc8ffd3f9d	A special fund has also been set up to compensate for layoffs in sectors undergoing capacity reduction. As a remarkable step towards universal health coverage, a health insurance scheme was introduced to cover one third of the population when people have to make hospitalization expenditures, and a universal basic income scheme is under consideration (India, Ministry of Finance, 2017a). To accommodate such ambitious programmes, the Government is reprioritizing expenditures (by phasing out fuel subsides, for instance), enhancing expenditure efficiency (such as by reducing leakages through direct benefit transfers) and pursuing tax reforms - to boost revenues by curbing tax evasion (for example, through demonetization), reducing distortions (by imposing a nationwide goods and services tax, for example) and enhandng progressivity (such as by adding a surcharge on top incomes).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	49886ffe5feb5f7c5833979a58e26e61	Nevertheless, the labour productivity gap in agriculture is declining, with rapid improvements in labour productivity driven mainly by more capital-intensive production. Some of that growth occurred among small-scale farms producing high value products. The country is relatively urbanised, with 15% of the population living in rural areas in 2013 (World Bank, 2015).	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	4989d8a2eb009a79d97d68e1558199d4	There are essentially two routes that a lender can pursue, summarised in Box 2: to use an asset-backed finance structure, or (as is more commonly the case in existing schemes) to use the security mechanisms more commonly associated with term loans. The problem is not so much the use of intangible assets to raise growth capital (equity investors are generally supportive when non-dilutive approaches can be used) as it is the principle of losing ownership control over assets that are regarded as core to the business (even if when appropriately configured, sale and license-back agreements can allow for the possibility of re-purchasing the asset at any time). Neither of these identifies the assets in question, or does anything to stop a company from using them in any way they wish, including disposing of them.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	4989eb17364b293911f308d6bf8cfdbc	They act as individuals and inject capital into companies that often represent a niche or an innovative profession. They represent an effective way of funding an enterprise and offer the benefit of the expertise of an experienced sponsor. They generally focus on innovative and creative projects with a relatively high expected rate of return.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	498e7871243e984e9b9346e8e3de65f4	This enables large utilities to duly allow for the portfolio effect benefits of generating portfolios which includes generating technology with quite different cost and cost risk characteristics such as nuclear in comparison with portfolios dominated by “the dash for gas”. The pervasive assumption of risk management officers that the gas price risk can be largely passed on to the customers on account of revealed strong correlation between the price of gas and the price of electricity might prove costly once the gas market turns from a buyers’ market to date into a sellers’ market. Aspects in need of further strengthening include the transformation from one-period analysis into multi-period analysis building on recent work in this regard, research to improve the credibility of covariance matrices used, and segmentation of baseload, mid-load and peakload technology.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/059ce467-en	499000134d49883df6a6d58befeb02fb	Therefore, there is limited evidence so far on what professional development programmes really work for more effective teaching in diverse classrooms. The National Agency offers various programmes within eight different themes, one of which is newly arrived and multilingual children and students' learning. For instance, some of the courses within this theme are on the study and vocational guidance for newly arrived students as well as language and knowledge development within subject instruction for new arrivals. Another example of continuous professional development offered for teachers is A Boost for Teachers (Lararlyftet).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4991ca41cda0e83785123fc26c072bb5	With a combination of fast economic growth and lax environmental regulation, countries like Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia are meeting increased food and energy demand by converting their forests to agricultural land (OECD, 2015). Deforestation for cropland is one of the major driving forces of ecosystem degradation and habitat loss across the world. By destroying carbon sinks, deforestation also amplifies the impacts of anthropogenic climate change (OECD, 2012 and 2015).	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	49935d3cb4c11ffb08decda44f682b77	Urban planning helps cities accommodate growth and adaptation in a sustainable way; to upgrade the existing built environment to a more sustainable one (hardware) and to manage related risks and needs of communities in order to make them more resilient (software). As local implementation is highlighted, many development programmes remain 'spatially blind'. When many interests are superimposed on the same urban space, conflicts arise that often lead to spatial inequity, and thereby marginalising the disadvantaged.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	4993673f1c884637324d0727d6caf29a	They, nevertheless, face administrative constraints and their R&D base is narrower than those of OECD countries. In terms of research quality, Malaysian universities underperform with regard to main competitors in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The government has been concerned not only with FDI investment, the acceleration of technology commercialisation and boosting business spending on R&D, but also with the need to increase local innovation capabilities and it has concentrated its interventions on the elaboration of R&D tax incentives and the encouragement of strategic investment. Numerous schemes have been launched but so far the volume of grants channelled to university research has remained modest.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	4993b987ca7f715439c73eb82c3e491d	The most significant reductions were in the case of regular informal workers in both rural and urban areas and urban casual workers, although there were declines in all categories of female workers. However, negative growth of wage rates of regular informal workers in rural and urban areas persisted, although the rate of reduction became lower. In other words, the increase in real wages of both women and men between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was mainly because of growth in wage rates of formal workers and rural casual workers.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	499549ca26581230b91541e082276b61	The forecasts are then used by LLE staff to seek a match between labour supply and demand and assess the need for labour market vocational training. Reliance on employers’ survey implies some weaknesses, as employers tend to be rather short-sighted and to overestimate their skill needs (Gruzevskis and Blaziene, 20 15|48j). The forecasts are nevertheless widely used by representatives of education policy, vocational education and training institutions, and individuals seeking to obtain certain skills, and are presented during the sittings of the Tripartite Council, as well as at ministerial events.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	4995fc6c89135aebaf005c3ac8965e90	"It is assumed that the target remains constant after 2035 and that the policy does not expire."" Some low-carbon energy technologies are already competitive or close to becoming commercial and should be the first to be deployed on a massive scale. This is the case of nuclear energy, on shore wind and solar PV in certain regions."	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fd217899-en	499c0f64749a2e0e0a48440ceacef770	A draft for a Presidential Decree on PES regulation covering watershed, eco-tourism and REDD has been prepared. The Government has shown its commitment to PES with announcing Guiding opinions on the pilot works of ecological compensation in 2007 and is working on many pilot PES projects. Apart from providing eco services like clean water, reduced soil erosion and biodiversity conservation, such projects have shown tremendous social and economic benefits.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	499c26fa90a868bf5bfafbe050424c4d	Some importing countries have neglected investments that improve agricultural productivity, which has increased their import dependence. While the current pattern of agricultural trade may reflect some of these failings, this does not negate the insight that the balancing role of trade makes a fundamental contribution to global food security and to food security in developing countries in particular. There are many reasons why current food importers might expect to experience a steadily deteriorating comparative advantage in food production. Net food importing countries have, in general, more rapidly growing populations and more rapidly growing food demand per capita than net exporters.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	499e7abe412e1c5b0e62852207c410ec	Redistribution of shared taxes is made through an equalisation mechanism. The current decentralisation programme is expected to increase the financial autonomy of lower-level governments by assigning new shared taxes and own-source tax revenues. Whereas in OECD countries, income tax is a principal source of revenue for the national budget (for instance, 50% of the U.S. federal budget comes from income tax), income tax in Kazakhstan only accounts for 7.3% of the total revenue of the state budget (Kysykov, 2013: 91).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	49a2139eff04057e337f5e3e8ab81ea3	The country only exploits the basin's water resources for small-scale agricultural activity and domestic use. It diverts water at the confluence of the Adhaim and the Aq Su Rivers. The scheme diverts floodwater from the Tigris through the 64 km Tharthar Canal to the Euphrates River. Box 4).42 Iraq constructed several other canals in the Tigris Basin, including the East al Gharraf Drain and the Tigris East Drain, for the purpose of land reclamation and drainage.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	49a4a35f49ed3d878c81c37d737a587c	A better understanding of the role of ecosystem services will help in developing forest practices than can lead to improved resilience, particularly for forest-dependent people. There is also a need to raise awareness of the role of forests and trees in supporting sustainable agriculture. It explained that while in the 1950s forests were largely viewed only as a source of fuelwood and timber, subsequent reforestation programmes emphasized their value for watershed management, erosion control and flood protection, and policies now also recognize the importance of forests and trees as recreational resources for a largely urban population, as well as for biodiversity and climate regulation. These include the macroeconomic context, trade relationships, demographic pressure, migration patterns, social support policies, availability of other natural resources, education, good governance, and institutional capacities.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	49a4b0e9e459531f906e464b8173d32c	"The government provides tools to support assessment through the asTTle (assessment tools for teaching and learning, now available in a 4""' version). The government lias also published exemplars focusing on curriculum and formative assessment principles. The government lias published exemplars focusing on curriculum and formative assessment principles."	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	49aedaae5de2f970a6460d845c9f44d3	The city has a population of about 220 000 but is ringed by smaller towns and cities. Because it was a walled city and then a free city for most of its history, it has a relatively constrained administrative area with a lot of small uibanised areas in close proximity. The city remains a major port and has some manufacturing strengths, but has been eclipsed by Hamburg.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/afa296fe-en	49afb3985e7da8ab0677b9d219feb654	See also chapter 3 in this publication. In the early 2000s, the Commission on Human Rights mandated the drafting of guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights, in an attempt to develop a coherent theoretical framework on the subject. Draft guidelines were submitted to the Human Rights Council at its second session in 2006.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	49b92d6ea52acc1b087b09f7c730bbfa	Inflation was kept below 10%. The budget deficit widened to an estimated 4.6% of GDP in 2015, from 2.3% in 2014, and the current-account deficit deteriorated from 0.2% to 2.3% of GDP, so macroeconomic stability remains fragile and food insecurity is still a concern. Consequently, Madagascar still has a poor Human Development Index of 0.510, ranking the economy as 154th in the United Nations Development Programme’s 2015 Human Development Report.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	49bac39d18d694f807520a6a486c40b4	Of the 15 major central banks in the Asia-Pacific region, 13 have explicit numerical targets for inflation and 5 have made exchange rate stability a policy objective. While financial stability is not an explicit objective for most central banks, it is clearly an issue of concern given its implications for the real economy. This was possible because, despite better-than-expected economic growth and the spurt in oil prices, inflation was benign and well within the target range of central banks in most countries. At the same time, exchange rates were stable, with major regional currencies gaining against the United States dollar as capital inflows to the region rebounded.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	49be43e97f525f9ed27119646563ef1c	As education attainment is easily observable for employers, it acts as a powerful signalling device for youth trying to enter the labour market. The OECD Skills Outlook 2013 has also shown the importance of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments) on labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013b). As shown in Figure A, having attained at least an upper secondary education reduces the probability of having low literacy skills. However, individuals with a similar level of education may not have the same skills, as skill formation depends on the quality of the education system in addition to other factors.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	49c014b1effc1490c061757d1dbb3341	They also help to change the culture that constructed these barriers, as employees will influence their managers to take a different view of working together. In the Academy's experience, too, many of these concerns are often unfounded and are associated with traditions handed down from employee/manager to employee/manager without anyone really questioning matters. Partnering for the purpose of skills development makes sense just like any other kinds of collaborative initiatives, and this is in fact the guiding principle of the Experiences Academy.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd217899-en	49c041be8657bb661b50245a42c3f869	The value of ecosystem services lost annually worldwide has been estimated at between US$ 2 and 5 trillion a year, as of 2008. With populations and economies continuing to grow, the value of these increasingly scarce services is only going to increase. Extreme weather events and degraded slopes combine to increase the likelihood of flash floods and landslides and.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	49c1e6086d7487ccba28acf137265f2b	"No one may be deprived of his or her possessions, except in the public interest and in the cases and under the conditions provided for by law, subject to fair compensation being paid in good time for their loss"". The prohibition of discrimination ""based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation"" is stated in article 21. See also Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence."	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	49c2a34cb57846dd6308387b77e0a5d4	However, in the absence of an active forum in which to discuss them, such issues will remain lacunae in the global economic architecture. Finding a way to progress the Doha Round, or ways to work around the slow progress in that setting, would allow room to advance in areas that would strengthen the mutual supportiveness between the trade and environmental regimes. Ideally, however, there would be consensus within the Commonwealth on the broad outlines of a trade agenda that complements and supports the Agreement, while delivering positive trade and investment outcomes.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	49c6a2fd3e541099318fa13dbac3cddb	There has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock since 2005 due to measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission area. Of this, exports of caught fish account for NOK 18.7 billion and farmed fish accounts for NOK 26 billion. The government terminated The General Agreement from 2005, but some of the social elements have been prolonged and funding is allocated annually in the National budget. In 2009, NOK 64 million was granted by the budget.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	49c708836f6ddf1013f71fc6cb21fc6e	For example, traffic fatalities increased by 59% in 1988, the year of the Seoul Olympics. It was also the year with the largest increase in the ownership of passenger vehicles and considered an impetus for economic progress.7 Similarly large fluctuations coincide with the 1997 financial crisis that affected Korea and many other East Asian countries. In the run-up of the crisis, the traffic fatality growth rate increased by 22% in 1996, followed by a 9% decline in the growth rate in 1997.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	49c8d7c2c34fa4004dc88bf4195ed416	There are good examples of where donors and supporters are helping to build statistical capacity in recipient countries. For example, the Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) is working with the World Resource Institute (WRI) to provide technical assistance to establish impact monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation programmes20 (GIZ, 2013). In Mexico, AFD is, beside its financial contributions to the national climate strategy (PECC - Programa Especial de Cambio Climatico), providing technical support to the implementation of the result-based national monitoring system of this cross-cutting policy (AFD 2012).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	49c8e7ab50e9bc73b6cfff51372932f5	There is an opportunity for the OECD to draw from this comparative analysis to develop and implement an international decision-support platform for health expenditure forecasting. Benefiting from the lessons learned from model development in member countries; and building from OECD experience in model development, including the recent CDP model that supported the Fit not Fat report; this platform could be designed to address pressing policy questions and to provide a tool for testing the impact of reforms and comparing results. Critical Review of Stochastic Simulation Literature and Applications for Health Actuaries. New Considerations on the Empirical Analysis of Health Expenditures in Canada: 1966-1998. Health Canada Working Paper 02-06. Ottawa: Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	49caba3a975ef11b0838bbe81f0ab1dd	To avoid this multicollinearity issue the approach has been to include a direct measure of the gender gap in educational attainment in the growth equation - rather than separate indicators on male and female educational attainment (Klasen, 2002; Knowles et al., This approach involves assuming common technological change, common population growth, and common growth convergence patterns. However, population growth differs considerably across countries, and the evidence on multifactor productivity growth patterns across countries does not fit with the assumption of common technological change (Lee et al.,	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	49cbd74bdace6104e7d2505914c7135a	The first is stimulative actions that will contribute to raising investments in priority areas to accelerate growth and changing its pattern toward providing more benefits to die poorest and the hungriest. And the second is improvements in the provision of education, health, and social security services.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	49cc50a23ed621706c6ce5506737e13a	The creation of instructional leadership positions within schools, with clear responsibility for individual and school-wide teachers' professional development (e.g. classroom observation, mentoring, appraisals), is critical to improve the pedagogical knowledge and practice of in-service teachers. Further involving school boards in academic matters would also help raise school outcomes, especially if boards are successful in engaging parents and the local community. Focus school supervision on quality improvement. Costa Rica needs to establish standards and criteria to guide school evaluation practices so that they are consistent, draw on a wide evidence base, and support schools in developing their own internal evaluation and improvement practices. Given pronounced disparities in school quality , supervision should focus on the lowest performing schools where needs are greatest. Strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	49cdd983728c1824d8f4daf586a84f88	The only exceptions in an OECD survey on water governance in cities are Hong Kong, China; Lisbon, Portugal; and the Federal District of Mexico. Similarly, hospitals and schools tend to reduce their water consumption. While per capita water consumption initially dropped due to reduced outdoor use, indoor water use (chiefly through low-flow toilets and efficient washing machines) has also decreased. These households usually remain connected to the main infrastructure, and in some cases discharge water they have not purchased into the sewer, free-riding on the sewer service.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/332a43d7-en	49cf75237cc822bd75cd1fa2e91426a4	This very idea of “signalling” suggests that the association between skills and formal qualification might be central to how skills are rewarded on the labour market. Less-educated adults are experiencing great difficulties on today’s labour markets across all advanced economies (Abrassart, 2013; Gesthuizen, Solga and KUnster, 2011; OECD, 2016). They face higher risks of unemployment than their better-educated counterparts. When they do find employment, it tends to be in low-status occupations characterised by meagre wages and low job security. Hence, improving the labour market prospects of less-educated adults is a prime challenge for countries that want to maintain social cohesion and avoid excessive social inequalities.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	49d2e836b74c558a54f1175e4f1b407a	Caseworker attitudes toward their clients may also play an important role. Several studies from Switzerland and Germany found that caseworkers who apply tough rather than softer, more co-operative attitudes towards their clients may be more successful (Behncke et al., The authors also find a clear positive correlation between jobseeker outcomes and PES office co-operation with private placement agencies, which may be complementary to direct employer contacts.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	49d32929afde50755854b71a94264c75	The share of children whose fathers took up parental leave benefit rose steadily, from 20.8% in 2008 to 34.2% in 2014 (Figure 3.6). And while there is no fully comparable data available for the years before the 2007 reform, data do show that, in 2006, only 3.5% of fathers received the child-raising allowance (Destatis, 2012). They received only a partial parental allowance (Teilelterngeld), while each month that they worked counted towards the benefit as if they had not worked at all and taken full benefit (see Example 1 in Table 3.1).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	49d53773847909e594b2ea328a378e39	Formula funding combines both horizontal equity - schools of the same type (for example, primary schools) are funded at the same level - and vertical equity - schools of different types (for example, general academic and vocational schools) are financed according to their differing needs. It can also provide incentives for a better use of resources. Schools have no incentives to reduce their expenditures or increase their efficiency.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	49d9f59793bdd2a4474a2b3e3ab58932	The responses were combined to create an index of shortage of educational material. The average on the index is zero and the standard deviation is one across OECD countries. Positive values reflect principals' perceptions that the shortage of educational material hinders the capacity to provide instruction to a greater extent than the OECD average; negative values indicate that school principals believe the shortage hinders the capacity to provide instruction to a lesser extent.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	49da256ec61aba90435236c163f0616c	Regarding onshore wind, the Green report evaluates connection costs up to 5% of plant-level investment costs. Similar values are reported in the European Green Net study, where connection costs are estimated at 8% of plant-level cost for wind onshore and at 10-25% for wind offshore (Green Net, 2009a). Those last values have been taken as a reference for all the other countries in the study.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/859159ab-en	49da96874469a2993f151ec58ff990dc	While the growth trends are somewhat comparable for certain commodities, the speed of adjustment between commodities and markets differs (Figure 1). These dynamics are presumably determined by the macroeconomic structure, extent of global value chain involvement of each sector in the economy, free trade agreements and investment linkages, among other factors. Commodity nomenclatures are not necessarily the same across countries. In this regard, concerns mainly revolve around the movement of the Chinese yuan.	11	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	49dc65fcfc64f73c930ad875809fa562	"A new Forestry Act (LMD 2005] was approved in 2005, and a White Paper on Agriculture and Food policy (LMD 2011] was presented in 2011, with a chapter on ""Sustainable value chains for forests and forestry."" The reason for this chapter was to stimulate the forest industry and other kinds of forest related value creation, combined with ambitious goals concerning forests and energy needs, climate change, natural and cultural environment, outdoor recreation and public health improvement. It also proposes a more goal directed environmental effort in forestry and a yearly report on ""knowledge about conditions and developments on forests- and environmental values"" (SSB 2008)."	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	49dcb178cffb092bb7718aa84544a94e	In the Southern Ocean, uncontrolled industrial exploitation of these natural resources has taken place for centuries, generally following a “boom or bust” cycle until the 1980s with several species hunted almost to extinction. In the Arctic, the human presence in the region over thousands of years has ensured that coastal fisheries and marine mammals have been exploited for generations. This however has predominantly been small-scale coastal and regional fisheries in harmony with the ecosystem.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3f10390a-en	49e59fe5d8234d9c2097b265c087feee	Brazil (2009), Chile (2009), Costa Rica (2009), Guatemala (2006) and Nicaragua (2005). The differences in the characteristics of the surveys used to measure household income and the criteria used by the countries to deal with outlying values and correct for non-response to questions about income may substantially affect measurements of inequality (see box 1.4). Again, conditions of strict “dominance” commonly do not obtain between different countries’ income distributions; in other words, one distribution may be more equitable than another for one subset of the population and more inequitable for another, yielding different countiy rankings depending on the indicator used (see box 1.5). Taking these caveats into account, a regional overview of inequality ranks the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay as the countries with the least concentrated income, while the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Guatemala are at the other extreme (see figure 1.9).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	49e7a078eb072fccadc0df39c279608c	Includes respondents living in a dwelling owned by a third individual (not a household member, but possibly a relative of family member) and not paying rent. In the Soviet era, these networks were based on inflated demand forecasts, and in single-industry towns (monotowns) utility networks were reliant on financial support and technical expertise from the town’s dominant industrial facility (ADB, 2012a). During the transition period, little or no investment was made in maintenance and repair of municipal networks. However, this recently changed, and repair and maintenance of municipal utility networks is prominent in the State Programme of Infrastructure Development (Nurly Zhol).29 Through this programme, municipal utility companies can benefit from heavily subsidised loans for which they apply through their local administrations. There are often no alternative heating options for urban households, since there is no natural gas supply infrastructure (except in urban centres in southern Kazakhstan, including Almaty City).	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	49ec0e22f25bfc2c42ec9078cffba72c	Intergovernmental organizations in most hazard-prone regions have developed cooperation on DRM, but a more active promotion of regional and national risk reduction is a role they could take on more strongly, for example by focusing on: (a) regional risk assessment and reduction, (b) the needs of SIDS, small countries and least developed countries for practical support in building capacity and risk information systems, and (c) risk financing mechanisms. This requires a review of the enabling legislation and the institutional frameworks, which often encourage working in silos rather than cross-sectorally and vertically from local to national levels. The enabling frameworks at national level are also the principal mechanism to ensure that the needs of vulnerable groups and the principles of equality and participation are integrated, especially for women and youth. Target E of the Sendai Framework does not necessarily require additional separate plans, but it does require countries to review existing DRR strategies in light of the Sendai Framework and ensure that local strategies dovetail with national level.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	49ef64a78824ce593850296ee7ab2782	However, approximately three fourths of total flows, particularly those from the private sector, were invested in their country of origin (Buchner and others, 2014).6 The 2015 report confirms these trends: about 74 per cent of total finance and 92 per cent of private investments were raised and spent within the same country. East Asia and the Pacific was the largest destination of climate finance flows accounting for $119 billion, while Western Europe was the second main destination with $93 billion (Buchner and others, 2015). Significant data gaps impede a full report of climate flows, including for example private sector investments in energy efficiency, including transport, land use, and adaptation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	49f0d21eadf1d04562124f31bc0659ce	Levels of state pensions have fallen, although by less than for other groups, and this group is less well-off than before. Nonetheless, greater private pensions mean that pensioners comprise a steady rather than declining level of the poor. There are poor paid-employment prospects and older people are increasingly active in unpaid or informal sector work, including in the voluntary and charitable sectors. Older people working in these sectors provide increasingly important support services for vulnerable groups that were previously provided by the state.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	49f169f69ad6dee7534832988c1addd4	Despite the limited amount of data made available thus far, a significant number of predictions stress the vulnerability of water resources in Central Asia. An increase in air temperature and a short-term increase in river flows, due to the melting of glaciers, is one such likely consequence. In the long term, river flows arc predicted to decrease, and the levels of aridity and evapotranspiration to rise, which would increase irrigation requirements for water and increase the risk of scarcity and droughts. The willingness of all the riparian countries to cooperate, establish an open dialogue and compromise to find a consensus between their positions is necessary for agreement.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	49f1c7a988788275a00cac0ace0cf7d2	Increasing risks of floods in urban areas are strongly linked to the increasing pressure of urbanisation, sometimes in areas considered at serious risk of flooding. Expansion of urban areas in OECD countries is potentially creating new zones of risk exposure, sometimes in areas that were considered hundred years ago as natural floodplains (for example, in the area of the city of Lyon in France, cf. Still, there are several examples of flood water storage on farmland in OECD countries (see Erdlenbruch et al., For example, in the United Kingdom (Box 3.4), Beckingham Marshes is a 900 ha area that has had a storage function of flood waters for more than half a century which regulates the flow of the River Trent, near the town of Gainsborough.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	49f22cb7b8d7684ef489de827843b7af	However, further efforts are required to raise awareness on the importance of GRB. Comparative evidence also confirms that the sustainability and success of GRB initiatives depends on political will. To overcome these barriers, GRB initiatives can enlist central government support and form alliances w'ith other stakeholders w'ho are striving for greater budgetary transparency, improved gender-disaggregated data or greater recognition of the grow th-enhancing effects of reducing inequality.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	49f3a0536d5bd07600ff64aa74eb63ef	The elimination of most public stocks in OECD countries and the privatization of most State-trading enterprises have concentrated knowledge concerning agricultural commodity availability in the hands of a small number of companies which maintain this information as proprietary. One of the most important elements of the Action Plan on Food Price Volatility, agreed by the G20 Agriculture Ministers at their meeting held in Paris on 22 and 23 June 2011, was the launching of the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) to improve market information and transparency of data on current stocks, and promote coordination of policy responses (see Ministerial declaration, para. Second, assuming the role traditionally played by the United States of America and China as stock holders, the international community should maintain a minimum level of world food stock.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	49f68461e27152a2e1de4823ca183d37	About 23 percent of child labour in developing countries occurs in low-income countries, with the largest numbers in Asia and the Pacific. Over 2000-2012 the number of child labourers fell by 78 million, or almost a third. Progress was greatest among younger children and children in hazardous work. It includes work or services exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which that person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	49f68a14378419e60fd42ccc555e92c2	These structural impediments exacerbate risk and vulnerability related to food, energy and commodity price increases, as well as to economic instability and slowdown. The need to focus on removing structural barriers to allow domestic demand to contribute more effectively to development is heightened further by the expectation that the export channel to the developed world will be less important for an extended period. However, declines in poverty in the region have been accompanied by greater levels of inequality (see figure 1.19), with the population-weighted mean Gini coefficient for the entire region increasing from 33.5% in the 1990s to 37.5% in the latest available year.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	49f7e8d16b56c8d8b72e144221f46a92	Kanaiaupuni (2000) studies whether the determinants of migration differ by sex, using Mexico-US data. She finds that high-skilled women are more likely to migrate than high-skilled men or low and moderate skilled women. This may be explained by higher gender discrimination faced by women and few occupational rewards in their home country, and thus they benefit more than men from migrating internationally, whether their skill level is high enough to allow them to meet the job demand. Recently, Baudasse and Bazillier (2012) suggest that non-wage motivations for emigration include gender equality in the workplace.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	49fd0f25b460b24428b9b4c94f36a1a0	As of late 2015, 314 SHPPs exist in Tajikistan, with a total installed capacity of over 26,000 kW, but about one third of them (103 units, with a total capacity of about 5,700 kWh) are currently not working. Many SHPPs in remote rural areas have been built in a makeshift manner without adequate expertise. Many are poorly designed, freeze in the winter, lack technical maintenance and become non-operational after a relatively short period. This can be due to the absence of well-established or functioning supply chains for SHPPs, which would ensure the broad availability of such systems and better service support for end users.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-7-en	49fdcdf1fb648a8a2ab52cd5d90f9ff9	There is recognition that it is a fundamental right and obligation for parents to be involved in their children’s education. And parental partnership is critical in enhancing ECEC staff knowledge about their children. Furthermore, research has shown that parental engagement - especially in ensuring high-quality children’s learning at home and communicating with ECEC staff- is strongly associated with children's later academic success, high school completion, socio-emotional development and adaptation in society.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	49fee082d0f085be32ccad3c129cf844	However, even when innovation actors are in proximity, the presence of an international border is a barrier for collaboration, one that is increasing in recent years. For many regions, there are a number of reasons why collaborating with an international neighbour makes sense for both sides. For innovation purposes, the definition of the “functional” area for cross-border policy requires some assessment of both the innovation relationships that are (or could be) relevant, as well as the other functional ties and institutional arrangements.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4a01cc17157fe6fb3a1155729326dc7f	By creating an enabling environment for the emergence of income-generating or income-improving activities, electrification projects can directly contribute to poverty eradication policies. Benefits for agricultural production include irrigation (perhaps with the use of water pumps), increased utilization of motors, food processing, refrigeration and also better access to training through information and communication technologies (ICT). Successful electrification programmes linked to agriculture would not only result in more competitive farming and create employment opportunities, but would also improve trading opportunities and local food security, including through the reduction of post-harvest losses.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	4a024b5fbc906b10acee454473c677db	Other countries also effectively set minimum wages through collective agreements in a number of other countries but these minima can vary substantially across sectors and according to a worker’s age, experience and qualifications. The positive effect of declines in minimum wages on wage dispersion is confirmed by a large number of empirical studies (di Nardo et al., The literature is less conclusive regarding employment: while some studies such as Koske et al.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	4a03cb0f85fc95c590b24a3a28716157	Educated parents are better able to attend to their children's health and nutritional needs and educated people are better able to come up with innovations that benefit their communities. While education and income levels have an impact on health, health also has a significant impact on education and income levels. Some of the priority areas for targeting improvements are primary care, prevention, psychological counselling services, and the identification of environmental risks.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	4a07440f7cb1412beba334915be6192f	This strategy stresses the need for prevention and early recognition of problems in children and their families and the importance of specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) (HM Government, 2011). For the first time ever this enabled the setting of access and waiting time standards in mental health services. The document Closing the Gap, the new mental health action plan, sets out our priorities for essential change in mental health: 25 areas where people can expect to see and experience the fastest changes. It shows how changes in local service planning and delivery will make a difference, in the next two or three years to the lives of people with mental health problems.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	4a0ba7f4b728775bd213c716bf90dd95	Dans le cas de Sexploitation, des salaires plus eleves pour les femmes nuisent a la croissance, une plus grande participation sur le marche compresse le temps et diminue la production des capacites humaines, et la croissance repose partiellement sur Sexploitation du travail des femmes et des ressources humaines. Dans le dernier cas, la compression des revenus, des salaires plus eleves pour les femmes nuisent a la croissance, mais une plus forte participation sur le marche du travail ameliore la production des capacites humaines et la croissance est insaisissable ou instable. Asimismo, se establece una relacion entre dichos regimenes con diversos grupos de paises organizados segun su estructura economica y nivel de desarrollo, y se evaluan las consecuencias macroeconomicas de la recesion sobre la desigualdad de genero en el mercado laboral.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	4a0bd4c0e241798e87da246489da8d58	Sectors that are crucial for the livelihoods of poor people are likely to need particular attention because even small changes in productivity can have large impacts on vulnerability. Fast-growing sectors still have time to avoid choosing new activities and infrastructure that could be vulnerable to future climate change. Guidance produced by the Least Developed Countries Expert Group on developing NAPs recommends complementing the analysis of urgent needs with a focus on structural and longer-term vulnerabilities (LDCEG, 2012). An important step is to review adaptation options in light of national development policies and identify overlaps and/or tensions between adaptation and development goals or priorities.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	4a0be85d1dab135636543adbe7b84556	The United States is projected to have the greatest economic exposure to flood risk in the world, with expected annual property damage from flooding estimated at USD 54 billion (Sadoff et al., Similarly, it will be critical to address water challenges as part of achieving the New Urban Agenda, the Paris Climate Agreement and the Sendai Framew'ork for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, which explicitly calls for “strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk”. Meeting the nationally determined contributions on water adaptation under the Paris Climate Agreement and the Sendai Framework requires improved national policy alignment across sectors and governance scales.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	4a0d1477ad9259f602414d459cf8e4d3	There are various mechanisms for ensuring participation in political negotiations including: representative political parties; consultative mechanisms through which civil society can engage; and direct participation by citizens. It is particularly important to ensure women are included in these processes. Donors can help create space for inclusion and participation by encouraging governments and armed groups to open up the peace or political reform process to wider groups.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	4a0e71f8fb1c5e9308f92e09adcc5add	In absolute terms, the population decline in predominantly rural regions was 97 669 people in the period of 2000-17. These population dynamics across different types of regions in Korea are in line with OECD trends (Figure 1.3). In almost all OECD countries, regions with predominantly rural population have seen a decrease in population in the aforementioned period (OECD, 2018p]). However, Korea’s predominantly rural regions are amongst the rural regions that have experienced the most dramatically decreases. According to the evidence, two out of five regions experienced population growth in the period of 2000-2017.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/e2e1c8ab-en	4a0f476e240e344302362d2786a745f5	Tasks involving social interaction (for example within healthcare or sales) are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology, even when they require fairly low skills. Empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change, but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities (Forster and Toth 2015, Eurofound 2017 and OECD 2017b). A much more diverse picture can be found in European countries, with polarisation in some countries (e.g. the Netherlands, France and Germany), and upgrading in others, with growth mainly in high-paying occupations (e.g. Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg) up until 2007. During the recession years from 2008 to 2013, polarisation was more widespread across European countries (Eurofound 2017). This development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in high-paying occupations in Sweden and Denmark, and by growth in low-paying non-routine service sector occupations in Finland and Norway (Goos et al.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	4a11a7ad5e7e2a402ae1debb80f78082	Agricultural protection levels have declined in almost all OECD countries (Figure 1.7, Table A.l and Table A.2). Those with historically high price support have seen considerable falls in domestic market protection. Domestic prices were more than twice the level of border prices in the mid-1990s in five countries, including Korea and Switzerland where they were almost three times higher.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	4a126a0c59827a3f2ac84e749b525a63	But promoting informed-patient choice is only possible when quality-related information is made publicly available. Without information, users cannot participate in their health. Among those at the forefront of attempts to help patients make informed choices are Australia, Denmark, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom. All these countries use tools to ensure that information regarding health care providers’ performance is transparent.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	4a148383c04dd37172486935105b6b83	Elle explore comment la transparence des informations sur le financement climatique foumi et mobilise pourrait etre amelioree par rapport aux dispositifs actuellement en place, de fa^on a atteindre les objectifs fixes par F Accord de Paris. Transparency regarding the scale and type of climate finance provided and mobilised by developed and other countries, and received by developing countries, is important for national and international purposes. This paper explores climate finance information in the context of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)-related climate finance goals.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	4a1679e86fb99e88fd5d5d7a00dbd549	Consequently, it is vulnerable to the economic uncertainty in the United States and the European Union. With both of these economic powers unable to restart their economic engines, the export performance of India in 2012 was no different from the rest of countries in the region. A sector-based analysis reveals that while industrial products still comprise more than 80% of Asia-Pacific trade during 2002-2011, the share of petroleum products increased and agriculture maintained a relatively constant share. All three sectors were similarly hit by reduced demand for their exports, which lost dynamism and recorded growth of less than 10% in 2011.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	4a195d73631969693969f80efbb71705	Reducing such disparities and enabling women to have rights and freedoms equal to those of men constitute an important priority for action for governments in the region. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some of these instmments were adopted on a universal level by the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) or UNESCO, while others were drafted on the regional level.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	4a1ae52d3b4bf0abdaf1ae16149a3438	About 47 of the EE projects are being undertaken in India alone (UNER 2008b). Due to the large quantity, dispersed end-use requirements and preferences of individual owners, the third category presents characteristics of long-tail energy use. The total primary energy was inferred considering that the leaves correspond to 25 per cent of the juice and bagasse content, because good plantation practices require that half of this biomass remain in the fields to be recycled.	7	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	4a1cebbb27df8386f9ed2d52dd2f0087	Recognising the need to establish better means of supporting and leading sustainable development, some of the focus countries have undertaken restructuring and educational activities to grow and adapt organisationally for this purpose. The programme used a capacity development model that involved individual-level training to develop knowledge and skills, as well as working with organisational structures to improve procedures and mechanisms to enable those individuals to apply their learning better. As part of this process, the programme worked closely with the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), and established a National Environmental Education Committee (NEEC) within it.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	4a2167cd34ace7fb25285b48fc809d5a	Regular events and milestones could also provide opportunities to monitor progress and celebrate achievement. The OECD average by indicator is between 0 and I. No data available on indicator 9 in Norway. Firms derive much of their competitive edge from their ability to use modem infrastructures, while societies depend on good infrastructure to ensure equal opportunity and equal access to services for citizens.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	4a23863bcc1138a813888fca7eba4749	Yet, faced with economic crisis and austerity, the temptation is growing for governments to turn away from universalism towards targeted benefits. Access is also, for the most part, means tested, specifically targeting poor and vulnerable households. But exceptions exist: in Argentina, for example, a Universal Child Allowance was introduced in 2009 to make family benefits available to those who were not already covered though family allowances in the contributory system. In a number of cases, they have been found to promote women's economic activity.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	4a250df75cb3dd3de55b1d9e21fbaee4	A relapse or recurrence is another potential outcome, in which case the treatment has to be re-established or modified. Sequelae, the negative consequences of a condition, can persist. Both an acute and a chronic condition may deteriorate, causing disability of some degree of severity, from mild to complete. A decline across several domains of functioning could leave the individual unable to handle their own care, and when rehabilitation is not feasible, a long-term care (HC.3) option is pursued. This aims to maintain the best quality of life and to reduce suffering and limit deterioration.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/091e4d11-en	4a2774b1aeba896825802282c58d5dd0	Regular reporting on progress for children cross-nationally is the first step to achieving change for all children, highlighting as it does the relative successes and failures across the globe. Given limited time and public resources, countries will need to select the most effective ways to invest in parts of the SDG framework to maximize returns across the board. A good reason for focusing on children in the SDG framework is that supporting progress for children is one promising way to meeting the long-term, multiple ambitions of the SDG agenda.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282735-5-en	4a2af682253bbdbc9531b98131fb5e08	This section sets out the socio-economic context of the Peruvian health care system and it explores the health care needs that the health system must address. The country is divided into 25 departments, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil in the east and Bolivia and Chile in the south, with the Pacific Ocean to the west (Figure 1.1). The Andes mountain chain passes through Peru which, together with the Amazonas jungle in the north-east, creates a geographically complex setting.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	4a2d7378bd56d12b98eebf2556d39bb8	Most developed countries have such mechanisms in place. The objective would be to prevent parallel imports to developed countries, where such imports would prevent the patent holders from reaping their main benefits. Note that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has admitted parallel imports within EU member States even where the product at issue was not patented in the (EU) country of first sale.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	4a2fa90c65fccea021df43419b45318f	Countries are grouped into one of five groups: 1) data not reported/not categorised; 2) up to two public places completely smoke-free; 3) 3-5 public places completely smoke-free; 4) 6-7 public places completely smoke-free; and 5) all public places completely smoke-free. Countries were categorised into one of five groups: The groupings for this indicator are: 1) data not reported; 2) none; 3) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and/ or some cessation services (but neither cost-covered); 4) NRT and/or some cessation services (at least one of which is cost-covered); and 5) national quit line, and both NRT and some cessation services are cost-covered. Countries were classified into five groups: 1) data not reported; 2) warnings cover < 30% of pack surface; 3) warnings cover > 30% but no pictures or pictograms; 4) warnings cover 31%-49% including pictures or pictograms; and 5) warnings cover = > 50% including pictures or pictograms.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	4a383fe9fedda38e886aaa9f05ff6abd	Inequality and unemployment in a global economy”, Discussion Paper No. Inequality and poverty impacts of trade-related policies using the GTAP model”, chapter 4 in K. Anderson, J. Cockburn and W. Martin (eds.) ( Estimating the poverty impacts of a prospective Doha Development Agenda”, The World Economy, vol. Shocking a single-country CGE model with export prices and quantities from a rest of the world model”, pp.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	4a3a19dbbb5fcfde58f80be128f3eb86	The scientific community recommends that more research is needed on the postrelease effects of transgenic crops. There is also a need for more targeted post-release monitoring and better methodologies for monitoring (ICSU; FAO, 2004). The roles and provisions of these bodies are described below. This provision goes beyond the general scope of the Convention in that it requires also that risks to human health are taken into account. Invasive alien species are considered as species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, replace natives and take over the new environment.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	4a3ba77a71f5834a34335d427d1133ea	They collaborate in a structured way to improve the quality of the lessons they teach. This gives all teachers a reference for good practice and opportunities to leam from each other to become more effective. It also puts peer pressure on those with poor teaching skills as well as giving them the means to improve their work. Good teachers also have incentives to collaborate with peers to become even better. They can become a master teacher and move up the career ladder of increasing prestige and responsibility.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	4a3c6ccb0e6b2f17ec052598efb386be	This does not mean that a framing regulation is not necessary or that monitoring will operate in a voluntary manner, but some of the transaction costs encountered with other instruments will be shifted to the collective of operators, and may remain lower overall. Some of these, such as the need to monitor and enforce restrictions, are common to all water regulations and to environmental regulations in general. Others, such as the need to understand local and regional hydrology and how these control groundwater flow, recharge, and surface water-groundwater interaction, are specific to groundwater management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4a3ddce25e1ce3250ea457643052b214	A good starting point would be for developing countries, particularly in Africa, to include rural electrification objectives in their national appropriate mitigation action plans (NAMAs) and in their national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs). Renewable energy and rural electrification projects have so far been given relatively little importance in NAPAs, even though the implementation of all or most other listed priority projects requires the utilization of energy. The electrification of poor rural communities constitutes a prerequisite for poverty reduction and development.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	4a3dec78998ed6e2d0742b7ba8f78738	Energy efficiency standards for different types of equipment can be established and the best performing technologies identified. Fuel meters and other technologies that offer feedback to fishers regarding their energy performance have a proven track record and should be promoted. But new approaches will not always be automatically adopted.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	4a3fb6b7b79c8aaecde3f92c0f49d150	Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports. Seafood exports to China have attracted tariffs of over 10%. The FTA will lead to reduction and eventual removal of those tariffs, expanding high value live and chilled seafood product exports to China.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	4a40566e6c95fb19f3cb4da01fe798ad	Companies that make capital expenditures to reduce their energy consumption are eligible for a 100 percent investment tax allowance on the qualifying expenditure over five years. The package also features import duty and sales tax exemptions (APERC 2010a). A cost-based tax incentive offers a 125 percent tax break on investments improving energy efficiency. A performance-based incentive allows companies to deduct 30 percent of the energy savings from their taxes up to a ceiling of $60,000.	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9e070c99-en	4a42bfde19c4eeebe88e1fb37d12e1ef	As the principal administrator of justice in any given state, the judiciary is uniquely positioned to take leadership and act as the mobilising power towards addressing VAW and encouraging other stakeholders - such as civil society, the public prosecutor and the police - to play their part. In the course of interpretation of existing laws, the judiciary also performs the role of lawmaker by legislating from the bench. They are therefore seen as protectors and defenders of the fundamental individual rights and liberties of victims and witnesses, of perpetrators and of members of the general public.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	4a43224faaafc40b7a9eff609ff6b870	These projected impacts appear large over such a short time frame, but do point to factors which may aggravate yield fluctuations and thereby influence food security levels (Shetty et al. This Outlook assumes that current legislation will remain in place, and it is appropriate to outline what influence they may have in affecting outcomes over the next decade. This policy set is diverse and pervasive, and following the experience of growth following the National Food Security Mission of 2007-08, the policy environment potentially stimulates both the demand and supply sides in certain sectors, particularly for food grains. Three important policy considerations concern i) market support prices, especially for rice and wheat, ii) input programmes, especially for fertiliser and iii) the new National Food Security Act of 2013. The Outlook assumes no change in India’s trade policy. Figure 2.15 below provides the projection for MSPs in USD, relative to the international reference prices projected in this Outlook.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	4a44a0ddf6a70c5eac10dcc6a06072bb	With the type of services often delivered in primary care settings (such as physician advice and the treatment of common conditions) attracting lower fees than specialist services, the current payment system pushes service providers towards delivering additional services that provide higher fees. A further challenge to increasing fees for patient counselling and more cognitive services has been the poor coding showing which services are actually delivered when a doctor provides a standard consultation in a health clinic. Better coding could provide policy makers with the possibility of increasing fees for consultations for patient counselling and offsetting this through reductions in fees for consultations associated with lab tests such as radiology and endoscopy. There is a risk that such a policy may fail to change the underlying culture of doctors not prioritising counselling their patients, and indeed, could simply be absorbed as a higher payment for a similar amount of work.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	4a47ee3eb2e5e5c3d6be45fac9717b0b	The key question the next two sub-sections seek to answer for Lebanon and Australia is: what are the childcare regimes available to migrants? Accord ing to a rep resentative of I n sa n Association,’ an estimated 5 per cent of the MDW population have children in Lebanon; the number of migrant children could therefore be around 15,000. The majority of mothers with children have irregular migrant status, which may have pre-dated their pregnancy or, in some cases, been propelled by it. Although MDWs are not allowed to register a civil marriage, a religious marriage {usually officiated by an Islamic Sheikh) is entered into by some couples.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	4a49d29b4f3c8fb231dec66a4207bdd1	Further, local expertise can increase the dissemination of knowledge to local stakeholders and increase the capacity of the stakeholders involved in the project. For example, the GGWSSI (Box 6) is primarily financed by international partners, and although this is not currently a problem (in which case it would be a threat), this increase the riskthat backers without local commitment relinquish their support for the initiative. An example of an effort, which can somewhat reduce or mitigate such a threat is seen by the R4 Rural Resilience Initiative (Box 12), which is driven by external and international organisations, and thus subject to similar threats, but who make an effort to work with local partners on various project elements. This type of funding means there is pressure on the initiative to enact activities that generate income, in order to repay the loan. Focusing on too many projects can risk spreading the effort too thinly and reducing the chance of having an impact in each of these.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	4a506f97312b9bf45c0cfa08893816f6	Striking such a balance is made difficult because successful existing recipients are often more likely to deliver more of the outputs and outcomes sought by the programmes and the intermediary institutions delivering them. This creates an incentive for providers to continue supporting existing successful businesses to deliver the target outputs and outcomes they seek. Direct and centralised models can more readily control delivery channels while indirect and decentralised models rely upon effective incentive structures to shape and steer the system (Figure 1.1.). Characteristic of the early phase of policy framework development is the proliferation of intermediate institutions providing services funded by a growing and widening array of support programmes.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99118340-en	4a55bba3b1d585b03278830c4806a175	Poorer countries are unable to provide comprehensive unemployment benefits to affected population groups, in part because of the magnitudes involved, low revenue collections and costs to the treasury. Africa (excluding North Africa) has been increasing its coverage over the years (an average of 19 per cent) (see FIGURE 2.n). The challenge has always been the sustenance of such programmes by most Governments and development actors in the face of economic downturns or cutbacks.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	4a56f3aea197de063cbcb7ca0145a7e8	Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement’s 2°C objective, it will imply a transformation of the global economy on a scale unparalleled since the Industrial Revolution. This in turn will imply a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming that the global community is successful in its ambition to limit anthropogenic climate change.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	4a57efc5c0fa62fde911107abda9d815	At the beginning of 2015, it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel price-setting regime. In India, it is estimated that the implicit subsidy on oil is seven times higher for the richest 10% of households than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2014g) and yet reform often faces public resistance. Greening infrastructure is required to avoid technology lock-in over the long term. For example, a coal-fired power station that comes on line today is likely to last 50-60 years, locking in local impacts from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come unless its economic life is prematurely curtailed (Corfee-Morlot et al.,	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	4a585dcbcdf6ebb7c3aec3e5cfced753	Moreover, the need for such measures is likely to increase with further technological progress and structural changes in economies. For instance, the tax burden may need to be shifted away from labour income towards the owners of productive capital and wealthy individuals through capital income tax and wealth-related taxes (ESCAP, 2016d). Relatively slow employment growth and a persistently high share of vulnerable employment have contributed to rising income inequality.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c45e5372-en	4a5997445c1df498c0ea76a25843b5b9	The country’s credit market is remarkably tight, and access to finance for high-risk agricultural projects, with or without property and regardless of gender, is severely restricted. Loans fo rural women are smaller than those granted to men for similar activities. The production of these vegetables is strictly export-oriented, as there is no domestic market tor these products. Exporters provide producers with inputs and credit, due to the tight credit markets. An exporter realized that female producers' late credit repayments were virtually zero, compared to the men’s much higher rates.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	4a59e78771e3020f73f9723b5a8fd7a1	Borsch Supan et al. ( The remainder, which consists mostly of housing wealth, is left as bequests. They compare American practices with patterns observed among the elderly in Japan and report big differences between couple-households (living with or without children) and single households - while the former keep on saving, the latter dissave (see also Hayashi, 1989). Studies based on the SHARE dataset for European countries show that savings and dissavings rates hinge on socio-economic factors.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4a5ab4f1b3ba81d909307959ea49fe98	However, the lion’s share of these CDM projects has gone to a handful of major developing countries like China and India, whereas many countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, have been left out. One of the main reasons is that the transaction costs associated with the CDM project cycle have seriously hampered small-scale CDM projects in these countries. Although registration fees are set considerably lower for small-scale CDM projects, and simplified methodologies and procedures are also set for those projects, many other transaction costs are independent of project size and will thus have a bigger relative impact on small-scale CDM projects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	4a5c11e64306e169850931546786af96	This is followed by agriculture where declines in yield are projected for moderate to high levels of climate change (Table 1). It has more than 1200 certified microfmance institutions with over 13 million clients, of which 80% are below the poverty line (CDF, 2002). The high population density and relative ethnic, social and cultural homogeneity in Bangladesh have made it possible to design appropriate programs for most of the populations, meeting the needs of the rural poor and driving down the costs of service delivery (Hulme, 2006; Zaman, 2004).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	4a64865e0c2777ce595f51ee11289e75	The administration of ICLs through the tax system reveals a potential problem. If emigration is high, tracking borrowers would be rather difficult and sustainability of ICLs would be difficult due to defaults. Slovenia, with its relatively advanced tax system, is well placed to administer and operate an ICL.	4	4	0	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	4a65529b5705bffd85c512d28bd84c08	"These three types - negative assessment, acceptance under specific conditions and total acceptance without any conditions - are based on the anticipated risks and profits together with ideas about femininity (Rocheva, 2016). These risks are mostly concerned with ""morality"". In the words of a male informant in a Kyrgyz village who used to work in the Russian Federation, women are more difficult to ""be returned to the road of good"", and thus it is undesirable for women to go to the Russian Federation. A recent household survey in Kyrgyzstan (UNFPA, 2016) showed that a considerable number of people connected migration with female ""immorality"": 38 per cent of females and 45 per cent of males supported the view that ""A woman in migration, working far from home, starts behaving immorally""."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	4a656adbc7a21bff2f25f536c0299fd9	According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the share of certified seeds in total seed use in Kazakhstan increased from 53% in 2001 to 99.8% in 2009. Its objective is to improve the quality of national herds by increasing the share of pedigree livestock. Participation in the programme is voluntary, with eligible beneficiaries including the Republican Centre for Livestock Breeding, Kostanay oblast breeding farms, pedigree poultry production units and other agricultural enterprises.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	4a65b6d3fe44644e5df4f3fb6e1c18d5	On the other hand, sudden episodes of large pest emergence could generate important regional shocks which are not well buffered by the international and trans-regional trading systems. Strong climate change adds abiotic risks which are related to extreme weather events. Systemic risks may also originate in very large multinationals in the food chain if some of these encounter significant economic difficulties.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	4a662a9d14a5f7ad191db981c4a38553	Hydrogen technologies may in the future bring innovation to the current supply of rural electrification technologies. The advantage of hybrid systems is their ability to avoid fluctuations in the system's energy supply, which is the main disadvantage of stand-alone renewable energy technologies such as wind and PV. A hybrid system will provide a relatively constant delivery of energy even when one of the supply devices of the system is unable to generate power (lack of wind in the case of a windmill or of sunlight in the case of a PV).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	4a669155067438ff747e6e01b5e93ed8	The general model involves developing a water entitlement regime that allows people to own the right to use water. State government legislation makes it clear that water is controlled by the state on behalf of the general public. Moreover, it is the role of governments rather than the courts to determine how much water is available for use.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	4a67511fa586a72a0b4fa70fe5e91a02	A reduction in C02 intensity would involve less fossil fuel consumption, and therefore less depletion and less need to develop very water intensive non-conventional resources. Therefore, one of their co-benefits would be to limit the energy and water bottlenecks. On the other hand, as outlined above, increased reliance on bioenergy may aggravate the competition for scarce land.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-10-en	4a687b728e69ac29f367db5984e6bf6f	It took until 2010 for the urban share of the world’s population to reach 50% (3.5 billion people). The limiting value of the urban population is likely to exceed 8.5 billion. The urban population is growing at a pace that has reached 60 million people a year and is still increasing. The calculations that follow show that we could add more than 5 billion new urban residents in the next 100 years.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	4a6aa95c2a87db5bf05e967f18b5e5a3	As a rule of thumb, we considered a difference to be substantial if it was greater or equal to 5% and statistical significant at the 10% level. This allowed the establishment of a list of pertinent interaction terms to be included in the original statistical models. The selection of interaction terms was carried out separately for urban and rural households, and for sub-populations excluding either the self-employed or the non-self-employed workers. For example lack of wage data for the self-employed (proxied by consumption) that make half of the female labour force is a limiting factor.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	4a6b36d744d28e118012ad827c004662	The Mexican authorities also established a Reform Plan for the Health Service 1995-2000. Several changes aimed at widening access of the uninsured population to health care services were put in place, including special programmes to extend basic health care coverage such as the Coverage Extension Programme (PAC). Those states with greater capacity and resources (Tlaxcala, Nuevo Leon, Guerrero, Jalisco, Baja California Sur, Morelos, Tabasco.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	4a6ca8b6a8faebe01689f39233176db5	River beds and their surroundings are under the authority of CONAGUA, while land use and urban policies are the responsibility of the municipalities in 60% of the country’s territory and are often designed with very little link to information about environmental risks. The establishment of FOPREDEN also demonstrates the federal government’s commitment to a comprehensive risk management approach. Prioritisation of investments in prevention and mitigation should be performed based on the National Risk Atlas, and with a wide consultation and co-ordination of the policies among key federal agencies, including CONAGUA, SEDESOL, SEGOB, CFE, SEMARNAT, the states and the municipalities to prioritise and channel prevention funding accordingly. In this respect, the development of the 2030 Water Agenda indicates a major shift in CONAGUA’s approach to flood risk reduction.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	4a6dae51c04bdc41c2cfb11e8d4e2900	Brock and Brighouse (2005) make a distinction between ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ cosmopolitanism, the former requiring ‘some extra national obligations’ (original emphasis), while in the latter, ‘there are no society-wide principles of distributive justice that are not also global principles’ (p.3). As the authors point out, few cosmopolitans would defend a position of total impartiality to all peoples in the world, and most would accept that it is quite appropriate for our primary attention and responsibility to be to those close to us - family, friends and those in our local area. The point is that there is not a choice between total parochialism and total impartiality, and that it is possible to maintain a balance between local, national and global responsibility and action.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	4a70659a5ed8d67f1be26647016abaf8	An alternative reason is that African women entrepreneurs generally rely on smaller business networks and might have greater difficulty in dealing with bank officials. One indication of the networking disadvantage women face as entrepreneurs is the fact that only 2.5% of African female-owned firms have suppliers who offer them credit or customers who pay advances (versus 5.2% of men-owned firms). Data on micro-enterprises (less than 15 employees) in Brazil, Mexico and South Africa show that the great majority of business owners did not use loans to start up, but relied entirely on their own funds and on support from family and friends (Figure 27.3, Panel A).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	4a70cf577cfd5ff58c4db482ab62f160	Pedagogies need to be understood holistically rather than broken down into unconnected practices and techniques - hence the focus on combinations, clusters of pedagogical approaches and networks. Looking beyond the effectiveness of specific teaching methods, there is need to understand the power of these when combined (and done expertly - see connoisseurship below). A school with an overarching pedagogical design has made a collective decision about how to combine several pedagogies to meet multiple educational goals.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	4a76020d1735ebdee9ec024db4fef830	Unfortunately, many of those in Finland whose parents were bom abroad appear to inherit the integration challenges of their parents; struggling with language difficulties and lacking the local knowledge to navigate Finnish society and the Finnish labour market. While the concentration of foreign bom adults at the lower end of the wage distribution has been falling over the past 20 years, the opposite trend has emerged among their children. Recent research indicates that it can take students many years to develop the academic language used in school environments and language learning is an ongoing process that requires effective support beginning in early childhood education and continuing throughout compulsory and upper-secondary schooling. This is particularly the case given the complexity of the Finnish language.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	4a7b536e794516bc0f449ff91eeb0695	Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 89, Bundesamt fur Naturschutz: Bonn. However, this may be changing, for example in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. More indirectly, valuation studies through recognizing and demonstrating values have spurred a number of payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes around the world. Worth noting here is the review of such PES schemes specifically for watershed services (Porras, Grieg-Gran et al.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	4a7e78414b0af3a3cabb2f6435942a08	This implies a reversal of the sequencing suggested by the financing gap approach. Instead of starting with the identification of gaps between actual and needed investment for infrastructure, followed by rigid assumptions of government expenditure capacity, estimating private financing required and ending with project design strategies to attract private capital to fill in the gap, the start should be with a national development strategy. This would then be followed by a consideration of the infrastructure development needed to support this strategy, how government planning can support this process, how fiscal space may be expanded and what public-private investment mix could achieve these goals. For instance, to what extent will a “favourable” international investment framework, understood as a condition to make a project “bankable”, rob a national government of precious space to pursue its policy goals?	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	4a7f8776e7163784b36b714cd8c3674f	Adolescents who have strong attachment to adults in their community exhibit greater resilience and are less likely to engage in harmful behaviour. However adolescents, including young parents, are frequently denied the social status required to access formal and informal community networks so are reliant on adults to act on their behalf. If mechanisms for upholding high standards of care in these settings are weakened, adolescents will be more vulnerable to illness, violence and exploitation. Identifying areas of misalignment between culturally prescribed parenting practices followed in the region, and those embedded in parenting programmes imported from the global North. This will serve to enable a fuller understanding and strengthening of existing support to both carers and their adolescents, and to reduce the risk of resistance to potentially helpful resources, including programmes.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/729bf864-en	4a8077bb91337584236a07784ace2001	However, there has also been historical provision made for SMEs to receive a separate contribution towards the costs of developing and implementing their IP strategies, with patenting costs reclaimable at 80%, up to a maximum of EUR 140 000. This may be viewed as a more explicit acknowledgement of the contribution intellectual property may make to business growth. In addition, the UK Intellectual Property Office (UK IPO) sponsored research into the issues around IP-backed finance with its Banking on IP report (Brassell and King, 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf70833b-en	4a81ae9e8d99529fe631d20b3065b75a	Member States shall collect and maintain information on the type and magnitude of significant anthropogenic pressures to which the water bodies in each river basin district are liable. River basin management plans (RBMPs) containing concrete measures to be implemented have to be established with public participation and regularly reviewed (every six years) to take into account recent information. Within transboundary river basins, requirements for environmental objectives as well as programmes of measures should be coordinated for the basin as a whole.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	4a83aef37fbab92aaddb4f0ed96f87d1	Public governance • Regulatory quality of the electricity market • Multi-level governance Regulatory quality and public sector integrity are two dimensions of public governance that critically matter for the confidence and decisions of all investors and for reaping the development benefits of investment. Cross-cutting issues • Regional co-operation • Public-private partnerships (corporate governance) • Trade policy Better integration helps policy coherence. Countries at different stages of technological and economic development will find different issues more relevant to their specific situation.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	4a85111a41cb5b44d8a9e709b8248fff	The largest deposit is at Tkibuli (268 million tons of proven reserves and 700 million tons of potential reserves, 80 per cent of the country’s total). Indications are that coal deposits may be found elsewhere in the country, but exploration has been discontinued since the 1980s. Plans call for boosting oil production to 3 million tons per year by 2020, and gas production to 2 bcm by the same date. Within the last five years, there has been a steady increase in coal production, reaching 189.5 ktoe in 2012.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	4a8afce853dff86ac481a6671a694730	Furthermore, any time a poverty threshold expressed in per capita terms is used, there is a tendency to underestimate the minimum amount needed to cover the basic needs of those who live alone, as is often the case of older persons (see box 1.5). In most of the countries in the region, the poverty femininity index is higher than 1.0.11 The highest index ratings are in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Uruguay, where the poverty rate of women is 1.15 times or more that of men. Several countries have seen the gap widen between men and women.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	4a9079f6097688b237b1b5f2c50fb74e	Within the Trilateral Park, the harmonization of management, research methodology, as well as ecotour-ism, are among the main objectives. With the aim of developing a long term monitoring strategy, a number of species surveys have been undertaken as part of the Pasvik Programme in all three countries, with a new addition dealing with climate change and airborne pollutants. The Russian Federation has been taking the role of observer and expert since 1991.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	4a9193d92422ee0964fcdeb1e7327b54	Third, papers investigating gender gap in venture capital funding utilise only country-specific data - mostly from the United States. This does not allow cross-country comparisons, which is particularly restrictive when examining questions where cultural differences are potentially important. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that is able to link a rich set of socio-demographic characteristics of start-up founders to their performance and capital financing in a crosscountry setting. In particular, the work focuses on the effect of founders’ gender on the investors’ funding decisions. A micro-dataset called '‘Crunchbase” is used to characterise, analyse and explain the gender gap in funding of high-growth innovative start-ups across OECD, Colombia and BRICS. The sample used for this report contains 70 362 start-ups across the OECD, Colombia and BRICS economies.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	4a91d41963b63a4992c4d4e28cd0521e	About half of all NEETs are below 25, although 15-19 year-olds are much less likely to be NEETs than 20-24 and 25-29 year-olds. The proportion of 15-19 year-old NEETs ranges from 7% in Slovenia and 9% in the Slovak Republic to 28% in Mexico and 27% in Chile and Sweden. Numbers are for individuals aged 15-29 years; for the United States, the age range considered is 16-24 because no information on student status is available for individuals aged 25 years and above. Data are for 2011 except for Canada (2009), Ireland (2010) and Mexico (2012).	3	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	4a91fd09b1918ac4b957ab058c52f819	Subsequently the section focuses on the specific value Nordic actors could jointly bring to the table and, hence what role they might play in pursuing the goals and commitments of the Paris Agreement. Solutions obviously need to be tailored to accommodate country and sector-specific circumstances, as also highlighted by the case studies (see Ch. It is therefore no surprise that from the literature reviewed, interviews conducted and the expert discussions held over the course of this project (including Nordic side-events on climate finance at Marrakesh COP22 as well as the Nordic climate finance workshop in Helsinki, Appendix 5), de-risking rises as a key activity to mobilize private climate finance.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	4a9561377d6217633b9357271d1805d6	The programme is also helping to develop vocational and academic training to develop the skills required to operate and use wind power. Denmark's Low Carbon Energy Efficiency Project and Green Investment Facility is providing guarantees to SMEs in the ceramics and brick industry to enable them to invest in energy efficiency. The project is also supporting the government to develop and implement a new building energy code to promote energy efficiency in buildings.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	4a956ca08ffc9b6569c8f6ebb33e49d2	At the same time, the use of a personal identifier for data linkage is reportedly complicated due to privacy legislation in Australia, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea and Norway. By contrast, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark strengthened their legislative framework to permit privacy-protective data use. In the United Kingdom notably, several legislative framew'orks w'ere introduced so that information can be collected, held securely and made available with safeguards in place to protect individuals’ data.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	4a96de2c4ad10450029a502c3633cfe5	Decentralisation processes, undertaken for a series of activities formerly provided by the central government, led to major modifications in how the water sector was managed and operated. The only exceptions to this trend were Azerbaijan, Belarus and Turkmenistan, where water sector management has remained strongly centralised. In Azerbaijan, for example, the national company AZERSU JSC supplies water to 65% of the population, with 10% provided by small private operators and 25% by households themselves.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4a97b36277b0b5f7ea8515ea53081a59	Likewise for the transport sector, grid problems are reflected in mean time between failures (MTBF). In order to calculate the blackout probability for a huge number of different situations, probabilities have been attached to input factors in two ways, either deterministic or probabilistic. In a first step, a low, base or high value can be chosen for each input parameter. By using a special macro, one variable is changed at a time in a deterministic sense. This results in a Tornado diagram that ranks the results of the preceding singlefactor sensitivity analysis. In a next step, using the Excel-based Palisades @RISK programme, a Monte Carlo value is drawn ffom a triangular distribution with low, base and high values having a 10%, 50% and 90% probability.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/becaa395-en	4a97f0cd1d7cbbf0f9517ff4ced5edd9	These improvements are partially reduced by climate change, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Their joint work largely follows methods used by Krishnamurthy, Lewis and Choularton (2014), with vulnerability defined by a composite index based on measures of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Projections of future levels of vulnerability were made for two time periods: 2050 and 2080.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	4a9b85e3d639f7b09a7b3bb413d07b58	Countries mainly monitor to inform policy making and improve the level of quality. Jurisdictions do not always find it easy to ensure that monitoring practices support ECEC settings in stimulating child development, designing and implementing a unified monitoring system in decentralised countries, and ensuring appropriate training to those who conduct monitoring. To be valid and meaningful, evaluations of the quality of ECEC settings and programmes should be based on in-depth understanding of what contributes to quality and what quality is.	4	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	4a9bde155629a1bf5b5ab435be38e57c	These areas are all highly informationintensive (and thus are well-suited to the platform revolution) and are already undergoing rapid technological change. Connecting - being informed about what affects the enterprise and its business ecosystem - is a crucial ingredient of firm competitiveness. To lower risks when exporting, it is necessary to acquire relevant market information (on foreign prices, consumer preferences, standards and testing requirements) and information regarding the establishment of appropriate distribution channels abroad (see case study on Saint Lucia in this chapter). Average prices for market reports are not necessarily affordable for SMEs, as these range from $1,500 to $8,000 for standard reports and from $15,000 to $35,000 for reports on specific product or seivice market trends.25 When asked about their top priorities for boosting exports in a 2015 survey, firms ranked highest improved access to information about export opportunities.26 The need for improvements in access to information on export opportunities had considerably more significance for SMEs (over 60% of responses) than for large firms (over 40%).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	4a9e273fa36ca9a2b2e87878fc518d17	Patronatos have their own legal entity, granted by the town council, and therefore have regulatory prerogatives on the use of water, reforestation and sanitation. In each town, a community fund is created to manage users’ financial contributions and to ensure the costs of operation and maintenance are covered. To date, more than 800 patronatos have been created in over 100 municipalities in the state of Chiapas.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	4aa0a0ea0a992454f01cdeb75fe71e0b	Income does not always reflect the real level of resources available. A family's economic capacity, its security and spending power, are based not only on household income at a single point in time but also on savings and debts, on home ownership and house values, on previous earnings and future expectations, on the help that may be available from other family members, and perhaps on the value of home-produced goods such as food and clothes. This may make a substantial difference to real 'disposable household income'.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	4aa1b10294e858ff3956ba1380448f8b	Income differential results positive, representing the economic attractiveness of the foreign economy. Populations in both origin and destination countries have positive signs, in accordance with the gravitational forces of demographic pressure. Conversely, the distance between the two countries is negatively correlated with migration flows, due to increasing migration costs.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	4aa3ba2991e831341da29d40829ce641	The main forms include senior debt, junior or subordinate debt, low-interest loans, lease finance or up-front payments. As such, it can be seen as ‘middle-risk -middle-return’ financing. A mezzanine investment can be structured in various forms. Although typically a subordinated loan, it may also comprise preference shares or convertible bonds. For example, solar power plants receive a high amount of investment subsidies in the form of up-front payments and tax incentives and much less debt.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264248908-4-en	4aa554d6bdd73632249e193afc8425cf	Thirty regional round-tables were held with victims of the conflict, to ensure that the programme best matched their needs, and additional resources directed to support the rehabilitation/social inclusion of individuals most heavily affected. Not enough value is got out of, or demonstrated by, Colombia’s Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS). These are the agencies that individuals, both in and out of formal employment, choose as insurers.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264287457-4-en	4aa8664b2ca65818ee3bac98cd14ca2f	Quality education can empower individuals to overcome inequalities by increasing their knowledge and their cognitive, social and emotional skills, which enable them to reach their full potential and to improve their socioeconomic status as a reward for their hard work. The benefits of education, such as better earnings, employment, better health, successful parenting and civic participation, need to be widely shared across society. While policies intended to reduce inequalities are complex and multidimensional, often involving a high degree of trade-offs, education and skills policies that promote educational opportunities can enhance inclusive economic growth and social cohesion simultaneously. Successful education and skills policies enhance human capital development of the disadvantaged.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	4aa87443cf5135fb9453a8e458adb948	Their situation is made worse by loss of land which they depend on for medicines. Women are also at high risk of getting HIV because of interaction with neighbouring communities, at risk of rape and having to exchange sex for necessities. Access to testing and care and treatment is a challenge, as they have to pay for services, and health workers do not treat them well.25 Coordinated action is needed by all sectors to improve the health of the Batwa peoples. The cost of accessing medical and health facilities in Kenya is also costly and often beyond the reach of many indigenous communities, who may not have the means to travel long distances to purchase certain prescribed drugs that are unavailable in public health facilities.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	4aaafbe5772d0b7cdcb9330a420870dc	Nonetheless, the behaviour of inflation in individual countries also will depend on the fiscal and monetary policies being implemented and private expenditure trends, among other factors. Up to September 2008, total inflation in the previous 22 months had risen in all countries, and, with one exception, the food price index had outpaced the overall index (see figure 1.8). In line with the drop in international prices since the middle of 2008, domestic inflation eased in the second part of the year in most countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	4aab71c8f714b8db60182705b86fea89	It is key to choose tools in a way that meets the goals ofthe monitoring practice and is appropriate to children’s developmental stages. Most practices are locally defined rather than nationally regulated. Many tools are used, covering a broad range of developmental domains. The tools used range from locally designed approaches to standardised tools validated in and adapted to the needs of various countries.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	4aab723ae10afb1222641788777b1af3	However, individual regions in the North of England were more likely to co-patent with the London area than with their neighbours, as that is where the most relevant collaboration partners were located (OECD, 2008). Academic co-operation is often looking to international partners on the basis of the specific domain of strength in research rather than physical proximity. University researchers are evaluated by publication quality and research excellence, which requires that they focus on the best knowledge anywhere in the world.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/de83ab61-en	4aaf943501cc0dd36f420b33a36ae28a	The private sector must continue to play a vital role in technological development, particularly in developing and adapting basic inventions for actual application. For example, developing-country Governments and firms could be allowed to adapt technology but begin paying royalties only when its use has begun to yield commercial returns. Where exclusive private-sector rights of use to vital technology are a hindrance to the development of other needed technology or to widespread use, the technology regime must have a mechanism (such as exists in certain areas of public health) for granting a “compulsory licence” that places said technology in the public domain.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	4ab0a33b9956e23e3283399943013569	The Code is currently being revised. Also relevant for new buildings are the Building Regulations Part L that set energy efficiency standards for all new homes in England and Wales. Although building regulations have existed in the UK since the 17th century, energy efficiency standards first appeared in building regulations in 1995.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	4ab0c16b055f3116805a2679929af6d3	However, there is a large number of educational programmes whose implementation is not sufficiently co-ordinated and which are likely to involve a great deal of duplication in terms of objectives and allocated resources. The suggested move of some of these equity-related resources to be distributed through needs-based funding formulas (see above) is an opportunity to review the delivery and impact of compensatory educational programmes in view of consolidating them. There is a need to evaluate the use of public resources in education uis-a-uis their impact on educational outcomes. The financial monitoring system remains focused on financial compliance while it needs to evolve into an analysis of education system performance, including in audit exercises (performance audits). This could benefit from the more strategic budget planning suggested above, whereby education targets are established and the monitoring of resource use assesses whether or not the targets were achieved. As a result, the annual reporting of ANEP to parliament about the execution of the education budget should involve evidence of the performance of the education system uis-a-uis established policy objectives and education targets.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	4ab2d07728c9a63879cfc15e268f6aba	The percentage of the population that has access to electricity ranges from 18 per cent in PNG to 100 per cent in Samoa (Figure 9.4). A larger proportion of hydro power, for example in Fiji, is likely to reduce the electricity tariff, whereas a country that relies mostly on fossil fuels, such as Kiribati or Tuvalu, is more vulnerable to increasing oil prices. Another factor affecting the residential electricity tariff is whether it is subsidised through the Government budget, for example in Fiji, or using a cross subsidy from larger users of electricity, for example in Vanuatu. Each power utility in each country determines its tariffs differently.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/a72b920d-en	4ab38699f580afa3b0e4f5bf7e66d875	See Action Aid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria (Abuja: ActionAid, 2001). See, generally, E. Ahanihu, Closing Ranks: An Account of Nigeria’s Response to HIV/ AIDS, 1986-2003 (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2005); ActionAid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria; National Action Committee on AIDS, National HIV/AIDS Behavior Change Communication Strategy (2004-2008) (Abuja: National Action Committee on AIDS, 2004). Ahanihu, Closing Ranks, p. 250.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	4ab400b5887851abf4acfd27a0031b10	"First Nations' Holistic Approach to Indicators"", submitted for the Meeting on Indigenous Peoples and Indicators of Well-being, hosted by the Secretariat of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in Ottawa, March 2006. Report Card on the Wellbeing of Young Australians. Research tracks Inuit Modernization with Suicide, offers hope for improvement"", 6 January 2008."	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	4ab51876af75c45f63b9cc3353ec66ba	The review looks at issues that limit rural areas ’ productivity and reduce water availability such as: farm size, type of crops, subsidies to electricity, lack of financing and outdated modes of land and water management. The chapter ends with a discussion on water governance and the need to allow for more local regulation among other recommendations. Space matters for policy complementarities.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	4ab592ee7eff2b9c243abde65f419b40	Likewise, in Italy, Ireland and Spain, the language matters less (less than 30%) in comparison with other OECD countries. Although these are very interesting finding, they should be interpreted with caution. Speaking the host-country' language at home may also capture other (observed and unobserved) characteristics of the household which have not been taken into account in this analysis. In the United States and Belgium, controlling for foreign qualifications accounts for 60% and 65% of the difference respectively, and close to 60% in France, Finland and Italy. In contrast, in the United Kingdom, only 30% of the initial difference between natives and migrants reflect differences which can be attributed to the country where education w;as completed. The analysis on foreign qualifications is likely to control both for differences in the quality of education across countries, but also language skills of those migrants who have studies in the host country.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	4ab7780c6fe19100c5884e1a0b2b56fa	Therefore some activities can impact indirectly other activities by increasing the scarcity or changing the quality of the resource they use in common. In terms of policy analysis, it implies that efficient management of the nexus resources needs to take into account the direct and indirect effects of changes in the demand and supply of the various resources on the whole biophysical and economic systems, as this is the only means to avoid negative side effects and to create synergies. For example, implementation of hydropower for electricity production can conflict with irrigation requirements where hydropow'er release schedules do not match the timing of irrigation needs. Under more favourable conditions and adequate operational management, a dam and reservoir can provide a win-win situation w ith both hydropow'er and agricultural benefits (Hellegers et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	4ab7b5e7596c6a594301bf4f3e72e4bd	The Nordic Ecolabels covers: copier, digital duplicators, facsimile machines, multifunctional devices, printers, scanners and extra equipment EPEAT covers: printers, copiers, scanners, facsimile machines, multifunction devices, mailing machines and digital duplicators. The EU ecolabel and EU GPP cover printers, copiers and multifunctional devices. Hence, the Nordic Ecolabel and EPEAT cover a broader selection of product types.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	4ab941e8e74efd6c1f49700fc649e0d5	However, it creates considerable distortions of market conditions in which the sector operates and is unlikely to increase producer incentives to employ production factors more efficiently. In the longer term, this results in a less productive agricultural sector. Other productivity-enhancing areas, such as knowledge and inspection and control systems, constitute a small share of support to general services.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	4abb1a084758d0b9f86bfe9f91bc5e1a	The situation with forest management is not expected to change in near future. As a result, the CO2 removal by the forests in Iceland is expected to increase at a constant rate till the end of current decade. In 1990, the removal was about 80 million tonnes of CO2 which increased to just over 120 million tonnes in 2010 It is projected that in the rest of the current decade, the total removal will continue to increase steadily to reach near 140 million tonnes of CO2 in 2020 for the monetary value of the CO2 re-movalj.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	4abb55f5f7ab0b57bd150ab4af8d1e6b	Both conditions matter for current health status and, even more, as predictors of medical conditions in the future. Overweight and obesity were not retained as primary indicators since they refer to health outcomes that are not necessarily severe, but since they are known to be important risk factors for serious illnesses, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems (asthma), musculoskeletal diseases (arthritis) and many others, they were retained as secondary indicators. A caveat on the use of indicators of overweight and obesity is that the associations between these indicators, the percentages of body fat and health risks may differ for some ethnic groups and populations.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	4abcac10c43b2698d43107b8dcd51b52	When used in a non-technical context, there is generally a presumption that tax-benefit systems reduce inequalities by transferring resources to those in greater economic need (i.e., by taxing people and using the revenue to finance transfers). However, public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place. For instance, a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself, even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers, while a lump-sum tax increases it.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	4abe21091e0e2ca35f4ff7f4ae22c16f	The report makes the distinction between green jobs, i.e. new jobs that are created through producing new green goods and services, and greening existing jobs, which involves increasing the sustainability tasks and skills associated with existing jobs. Hence the report accepts the broad definition of green jobs as “jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and reducing the harmful effects human activity has on it (mitigation), or to helping to better cope with current climate change conditions (adaptation)”2. This approach builds on the seminal contribution of the globally-recognised definition of sustainability provided by the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Bruntland report), which emphasised the broader perspective of sustainability encompassing economic, social and environmental dimensions.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	4ac088a879c6daff1a4ed4306f6ece98	In the extreme, these transaction costs may be so high that the farmer remains cutoff from the market altogether, producing only for home consumption (that is, subsistence). Under these circumstances a subsistence farm household may not benefit from higher farm prices, and could in fact lose via induced increases in land rental rates or in the prices paid for locally available inputs. A third aspect is that rural households are heterogeneous in terms of their income sources, expenditure patterns and ownership of factors (particularly land), and will therefore be affected diversely by the direct and indirect impacts of policies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	4ac14a2009333761a03c1878305e6e71	Evidence from South Asia suggests that even when women own land, the plots they are allocated are often smaller and less fertile than those belonging to men (Rao 2011). Inheritance laws can have a direct impact on land ownership. By determining who will have access to land, or whether land being used by individuals will legally continue to be used by them, inheritance laws (and procedures for implementing these laws) may either stabilize families or produce conflict.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	4ac40eb84adb0075ea7f7a8b98e144cf	Bachelet's leadership and commitment to advancing gender equality were crucial to the success of the reform process. This shift had a particularly adverse impact on women's pension entitlements.109 Minimum pensions for those with limited individual savings required long contributory records (20 years), reducing women's access to these benefits, while non-contributory pensions were low and tightly targeted. By the mid-2000s, only 55 per cent of women over 65 years of age were in receipt of an old-age pension compared to 71 per cent of men.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	4ac73b8a908880fbcff8d2696434c21f	Each of these targets are prescribed as “binding” rather than “notional”, underscoring the importance the government attaches to ensuring they are met. A numerical target to reduce emissions of heavy metal pollutants in some regions, and to cap discharges elsewhere, has also been set. In addition, the Plan specifies strategies for monitoring and controlling other pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants and VOCs, though it does not prescribe targets. The other main environmental targets relate to increasing the forest stock and coverage rate as well as improvements in resource efficiency and lessening the reliance on fossil fuels. Following a fall in energy intensity during the 11th FYP, a further reduction of 16% has been enshrined in the 12th FYP while water intensity, measured as water consumed per unit of industrial value-added, is set to decline by 30%.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089006-en	4ac8b4c55b78c2359d06018d416373e2	It coincided with the review of the Autonomous Region of Andalusia and followed the reviews of the Canary Islands and the Region of Valencia that took place during the first round 2005-07. The review report for Andalusia: Higher Education in Regional and City Development: Andalusia, Spain (OECD, 2010) has a strong focus on how to improve the relevance of educational provision and the employment and entrepreneurship outcomes of university graduates. The recommendations and good practice examples in the Andalusian report are also relevant for the universities in Catalonia, and readers interested in them should refer to this report. The OECD would like to thank in particular the lead coordinators and other active local counterparts for this review.	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	4ac98e3e63bc88d87f91f9feba1a8f86	In Myanmar, Ooredoo of Qatar is a mobile group with a presence in a dozen countries while the state-owned incumbent Myanma Posts & Telecommunications (MPT) has a strategic partnership with Japan's second largest mobile operator KDDI.155 In Bangladesh Telenor is joined by Robi, owned by Malaysia's Axiata, a mobile group that operates across nine Asian nations. Other operators include Banglalink owned by Dutch headquartered mobile group GTH and Teletalk, a state-owned operator. Other factors driving rapid growth were low fixed broadband penetration and strong fiber backbones; coverage obligations and tower sharing also drove investment in Myanmar.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	4acda8d5356bf0062470c9b9a7188d03	Measuring preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage at the national and subnational levels requires more elaboration on the indicator's method that is progressing and being tested. However, in recent years, the economic and social benefits that cultural heritages offer to cities across the world are increasingly recognized as keys for sustainable development. There is an emphasis on participatory and collective practices that aim to achieve inclusivity. As culture is a locally specific goal, local governments are important actors between global and regional development forces, and citizens. They have the ability to support citizens and communities by implementing policies and localizing the global agenda. Local governments are also able to change ideas and incorporate new ones into culture through policy initiatives, planning and infrastructural development.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5e354935-en	4acffe33606a5feeefe75e0c817eee6e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policymakers and other decision-makers.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	4ad0e68de4ecba1605778449485a711f	Barro (2000) suggests that the negative impact of inequality on growth depends on how wealthy a country is, although this relationship is not robust. Using the two-step Arellano and Bond estimator, he found that income inequality depresses economic growth and was able to corroborate the convergence hypothesis, according to which initially low income or output levels are correlated with higher growth rates. These authors detected six such clubs, with the factors that reduced the inequality of income distribution in the municipalities of Brazil having asymmetric effects.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	4ad1d1a6d8fefd714bd8d9fe16497e00	In these cases, reducing debt burdens or restructuring the national debt can free up financial resources. Government borrowing usually takes place in the context of unequal power relations. The threat of withholding access to credit and the ability to demand repayment on specified terms, for example, give lenders considerable power over borrowers.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/729bf864-en	4adaf9e6fc8aeabf6d648648e857703e	However, it will also be important to take an holistic view of what the data is saying over time, particularly in relation to recoveries, in order to reach a properly evidenced view of risk-related findings. Otherwise, financier appetite could be undermined before the pool of data has been adequately populated. The USD billions invested by companies in intangible assets across a range of countries represents a substantial stockpile of knowledge assets, with the potential to unlock a very substantial amount of value, but it is very unlikely that a “one size fits all” approach will successfully accommodate the varying business models, asset concentrations, sizes, strategies and aspirations of all SMEs. Examination of where most intangible asset financing has been achieved (China) suggests that regional and local variations and experimentation with a number of elements are likely to be important.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	4ade1b1946ffb100a1dbff604d8f34e1	As personal income, wealth and inheritance taxes all tend to be progressive, the distributional impact would depend on the relative progressivity of each tax but may be broadly neutral. When examining inequality in individual labour earnings, the unemployed and people not looking actively for a job are assigned zero income. As the focus of the first three income concepts is on market income, the population covered is the working-age population. The determinants of inequality for each of the five income concepts are discussed in greater detail in a series of OECD Economics Department Working Papers, in particular Hoeller et al. (	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	4adef831a8eebf26a55f95ab145925d6	There should be more overlap and provision. Incubators in Mexico have existed for over 35 years but under the SME fund the number and range of functions have accelerated. This is a national model: all incubators have a committee in which the Ministry of Economy, the state government, the chambers of commerce, etc.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	4ae45e18bca29584cff45a1d20ffc76c	For the first lime, PISA 2012 also included an assessment of the financial literacy of young people, which was optional for countries. It emphasises the mastery of processes, the understanding of concepts, and the ability to function in various types of situations. In a range of countries and economies, an additional 40 minutes were devoted to the computer-based assessment of mathematics, reading and problem solving. The items were organised in groups based on a passage setting out a real-life situation. A total of about 390 minutes of test items were covered, with different students taking different combinations of test items.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	4ae5b1f7cdfc3f1fbf6c540449cbaac1	That is certainly also the case with ICTs, which have transformed our economies and societies, indeed our world, over the past few decades. Just think of the Internet and mobile phones - in less than a generation, the worldwide web and the global reach of 4.7 billion mobile phone subscribers have revolutionized the way we live and work, creating what the UN has dubbed the 'Information Society' - a society of globalized interdependence. For the most part, new technologies are beneficial, in creating opportunities to make and do things that were previously impossible, or opportunities to make and do things better and more efficiently than before. In other words, ICTs can certainly help us achieve the SDGs.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	4aebcb0312e0dd476d8c371948392850	Box 1.3 summarises an example of mutual accountability in Mozambique and the possible limitations. Through the PAF, PAP members identify 35 socio-economic targets to be achieved within a set period of time, usually three to four years. The targets are based on national development objectives identified e.g. in the national poverty reduction strategy and Mozambique’s Five-Year Programme.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	4aed81be19f06fcbf297f32d57e1357b	These one-off injections of resources, while welcome, can create capacity and build some aspects of infrastructure but they are not reliable over the longer term. Give increasing priority to early childhood education. The increased expenditure should include provision for growth in recurrent costs as well as for capital works.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4af0985da86efede0fa089c83f1f2c43	By implementing an automated monitoring service (such as through sensors that automatically record and transmit quality checks), data from non-compliant air quality stations, and their operator can be flagged and reported to responsible authorities. As data is recorded on the blockchain, automated and even smart reporting and monitoring services can be enabled, bringing together a patchwork of data sources such as satellite imagery, remote IoT sensors, engineering reports, and regulatory reports. Authorised organisations may track the compliance of new infrastructure projects and their financing by setting a compliance and anti-corruption reporting standard that is incorporated on the blockchain network. Compared with other technologies like cloud storage and computing, blockchain technology provides a significantly deeper interaction with processes.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	4af1c526d79c9857faf0f5adddcad0f0	The main advantage of the social insurance model is that it earmarks a relatively predictable stream of revenue - based on social insurance contributions - to health care. However, the government has generally less cost oversight over social insurance-based health care systems than over tax-financed ones as social insurance schemes are characterised by weaker budgetary controls over their funding and spending decisions. Also, contributions can have large distortionary effects on the labour market.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	4af351bfc1793e311ce298ead34eb5e0	At a practical level, such a model has been trialled in mental health. The city of Seoul has contracted with a major private hospital to staff the mental health centre as well as a new centre for suicide prevention. Such an approach has also allowed policy makers to overcome the limitations of fee-for-service and to attract full-time physicians to work in the centres. They could provide both capital investment and pay recurrent costs through the fee schedule augmented by a pay for performance scheme.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	4af435ad1533aed8a310aac83e09bf67	Several countries’ INDCs identify priority sectors or sub-sectors for adaptation, such as water supply and availability, agriculture or coastal zones. This leaves open whether any such information submitted should focus on the priorities themselves, or also include information on how these priorities were determined. However, some countries or organisations have outlined how they have prioritised different adaptation options (Table 6 below).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4af754ead12477830d2a1c54c1b6b2ce	For households and the services sector it includes aspects such as energy performance of buildings/dwellings, the choice of consumption packages, the role of energy efficiency performance in choosing energy-using gadgets or the intensity of use behaviour regarding energy-using gadgets. Notably for households behavioural aspects are also very important. For the transportation sector relevant aspects include: composition of transport modes for passengers and freight transportation; energy efficiency of transport means per transport mode; intensity of use per transport mode; spatial planning and planning of public investment in transport infrastructure.	7	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289352031-4-en	4af75900a9e71e77e31cb8bbbe6d9c70	A better overview of how these different actor groups are relevant to green business models is provided later in Section 2.3. The distribution of the 22 interviewed organisations between these business types and in geographic coverage can be seen in Figure 2. Nearly a quarter of interviewed companies have full Nordic coverage (mostly manufacturers and network service providers). It should be noted that a number of companies could fit into more than one of the categories.	12	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	4af7a36d0ba31d0576a8935c6bb7f760	In practice, national frameworks are constrained by domestic data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity. Given the diverse set of initiatives contributing to a country’s level of climate resilience, good co-ordination between the producers and the users of the information is important. Separately, each tool will ideally capture a distinct component of the climate risks and vulnerabilities; combined they can contribute to a better overview of the larger picture.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	4af833573ca460c75cc1dc44aa6e4c08	Each group carries out a different activity, but the general subject matter of all activities is the same. Many of these teachers speak the same language as the immigrant students in the classes. For example, one teacher concentrates on the subject matter and explains tasks, while the special-needs teacher primarily focuses on social issues, supports group-building processes and attends to those who need special attention.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179806-en	4af87996780e22451c02898b9abf32f8	Vocational Training: International Perspectives, Routledge, New York. All polytechnic colleges are public and charge relatively low tuition fees. Access to polytechnics is selective. While the vast majority of entrants are recent high school graduates, an increasing share of entrants hold postsecondary qualifications (up to 6.3% in 2010 from 0.6% in 2003): in 2010 5% of entrants had a junior college degree and 1.3% a university degree.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	4af9b5629aefcea22e27264e850a10eb	In this case, training in moderation skills was needed given the lack of experience with collaboration. The KwaZulu-Natal initiative in South Africa like the Innova Schools Network in Peru were clear that this calls for a culture change to move to more active modes of teaching and learning from traditional methods that fail far too many students. Innovation is necessary because repeating variants of conventional approaches have failed to dent such stubborn and persistent problems as continued low achievement among the same groups of students.	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-e24f2cd5-en	4afb480aa2b0ff6870ff60fc912461d7	We see this power at work in countries across the world. In Bangladesh, ICTs have enabled students to access quality online teaching, even when qualified teachers may be scarce. The Jaago Foundation of Bangladesh (UNESCO 2016 Prize Winner for the Use of ICTs in Education) is working towards providing education to underprivileged children in rural areas.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	4afb48ebce8aa5752938eb77d3af8060	The two specific measures focused on packaging have been the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations introduced in 1997 and the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations introduced in 2003. These placed an obligation on companies above a certain size to recover a certain proportion of their packaging, and established a system of tradable Packaging Recovery Notes through which this obligation could be discharged (see Salmons, 2002 for details). However, unless the policy is blown off course by the downturn in recyclate markets due to the recession, it seems likely that the EU packaging waste targets for 2008 will have been met.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	4afc72bec441d544cca561319f43e3a7	It also advocates for changes in lifestyle and alternative ways of urban development. All 4 300 residents of the neighbourhood made their daily commuting, shopping and leisure trips by foot or non-motorised modes. The city government believed that the project would not be successful without full citizen support and participation.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	4afe70932e7ad28a7fcb9035e88cfa13	Many of these new variables were about 'child material deprivation' and covered 'basic needs', 'educational or leisure needs' and 'medical needs’. Many of the variables included in the 2009 special module have been used for the analysis of child material deprivation in this Report Card. The income data extracted from this survey refer to the fiscal year July 2008-June 2009.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	4aff12441b482f0bae885bae3b345d7f	There is some consensus, in both developed and -though less so - developing countries, that globalisation is a growth-enhancing force, but there is no consensus, and mixed empirical evidence, about its distributional implications. The effects of globalisation on overall income inequality have mainly focused on the earnings dispersion channel as opposed to the employment channel. Main results are presented in Table 5.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	4b023fd6b285e03b0e8d3db6bc11f835	Investments in infrastructure, research and education are key components of services provided to the agricultural sector in Brazil, Russia and South Africa. In Ukraine, the largest part of general services spending relates to public stockholding (Figure 2.11 and Table III.3b). The trend in the TSE can be more clearly evaluated over time and compared across countries when expressed as a share of total Gross Domestic Product, GDP (% TSE).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4b03f5ca65a4d7334b0db46b308b469f	As many of the targeted users are unbanked, the alternatives are cash or mobile payments. Cash payments are especially vulnerable to corruption and crime, making blockchain-based transactions an alternative (Frankson, 2017). In developed countries, blockchain could be used similarly in order to set incentives for responsible consumption, giving different countries a means to help transition upwards in the waste hierarchy from disposal, to recycling and waste prevention, depending on the country's specific infrastructure and consumer prerequisites and needs (Cooper, 2018). In addition to high battery costs, there is room for improvement in the required charging infrastructure. Among other factors, the interoperability between charging networks is restricted and leads to an unattractive customer experience.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	4b0533ec009be6257c7c2940dcfcbead	It targets the state’s strategic sectors, which are dominated by tractor companies. Courses are subject to a local feasibility study vetted by the Federal office. Numerous channels of communication with state offices give information about which companies are present in the state and which ones are arriving, and courses can be based on specific needs of a company which requests training. Students study in CONALEP for two years.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5775ac71-en	4b053daec21e1525bf414b7fb0b28833	In contrast, tracking in Austria and Germany begins when students are just 10 years old (OECD, 2012c). Higher curricular standards with emphasis on fundamental cognitive skills can help provide disadvantaged students with the generalisable skills they need to succeed in the workplace. The quality of lower level tracks can also be improved (Hattie, 2009). For example, several German states have combined the two lower level tracks (Realschule and Hauptschule) into one, in order to increase the available resources and quality of education offered to students.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	4b0877412ebcec5113ac63ee3e14aa1a	A household’s material well-being in the North is affected both by what it earns and what it harvests for consumption or sharing. There is currently no good universal measure of harvest that is regularly available. If one could be developed through survey or some other means, it could be added to the household or personal money income for an estimate of real income.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac71849-en	4b0d9453ee3cbd28f74aaef13f6ad731	During the past half-century, shrinkage in the availability of natural resources occurred more rapidly than in any comparable time in history, driven in great part by human intervention in the environment in the form of agricultural activities. Although vital to the production and supply of food, feed and fuel, these have had negative environmental and socio-economic consequences, such as land degradation, water pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, reduced long-term productive capacity, poverty, migration and ill health (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 2009). Defined as a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, land degradation is driven mainly by poor land and water management, including over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation and inadequate irrigation (Berry, Olson and Campbell, 2003). While agriculture contributes significantly to the problem of climate change, it is also vulnerable to its effects.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	4b0f7c3b219fd669f89bfa4c07d44a0d	Population development and the changing range of illnesses among the population), is a priority for mental health and addiction as it is for diabetes or COPD. In line with the expectations of the Coordination Reform, municipalities are to take primary responsibility for prevention and early intervention in the course of a disease (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 2009). “ Prevention” was also included as part of the services that municipalities were expected to deliver in the Escalation Plan. When looking to address mental health, municipalities are in some respects well-placed to lead prevention efforts, given their responsibility for public health, kindergarten and pre-schools, education (up until age 16), for social services, and community services, which are key loci for prevention and early intervention, programmes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	4b0fe95dd5e6e74b3c7578798402eff3	Egypt is a case in point of just how the minimum wage has returned to the forefront of politics after years of neglect. Set at EGP 35 (about USD 6.5) per month since 1984, minimum wages eventually lost all relevance (Abdelhamid and El Baradei, 2009). As they remained fixed in nominal terms, they were eroded, dropping below 1% of GDP per capita by 2007.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4b10549c2dbf3d4df880f94d2942ad79	Project initiators and investors alike can validate transactions to reach distributed consensus, once the network grows. This ensures a controlled environment for the pilot stage and the first crowdfunding transactions, which prove the feasibility of the overall concept. Participants of the blockchain network need to be approved before joining the network using the PoA consensus mechanism.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	4b11b823e7189ebfd57fe005221ed48b	With women across every economy in the world undertaking more than twice the load of domestic work than men, they are left with less time to do the important task of networking. Financial institutions might consider this as an opportunity to strengthen their relationships with the women’s segment through partnerships with women’s business associations or even by creating their own internal networking forums. Conversely, more experienced, urban women are often underestimated in terms of their knowledge of financial services products and ‘cite a lack of respect, poor advice, contradictory policies and a seemingly endless tangle of red tape’ (Silverstein and Sayre 2009a).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	4b1214bb41d97f3ba942442c1b4ced3d	For instance, Chile has the largest improvement between 2000 and 2009 in reading (OECD, 2010a). Yet, Chilean students’ results in reading, mathematics and science were among the lowest in the OECD area (OECD, 2010a). Moreover, the impact of socio-economic background on learning outcomes is well above the OECD average, although this indicator has also improved significantly between 2000 and 2009.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	4b13007493aa620a864b14506f7b8b7e	Land use, land-use change and forestry (2005) as presented in Chapter 2 of this report. Limited availability of nitrogen, along with relatively low summer temperature and short growing season, acts as a limiting factor for the growth of Nordic forests (Linder 1987, Kellomaki etai. Thus nitrogen fertilization is considered an important forest management practice in the Nordic regions. It enhances the forest growth and thus increases the carbon sequestration particularly in less fertile sites (Norden 2013, Hyvonen etai.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlpq7tm05r6-en	4b16934d4d1ea692bfdbf4c08adcf02a	At first sight, this result seems counterintuitive, as one would expect an inequality-reducing rather than an inequality-increasing impact of an equalising transfer system. However, it should be kept in mind that regional transfers, as opposed to individual transfers, are not directly targeted at reducing interpersonal income inequality. Instead, their central purpose is to reduce fiscal disparities between jurisdictions, which in turn may have an indirect impact on household income inequality.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	4b19cf5a0a436967ef1f435baf2e33b4	The resource constraints and other political barriers are the reasons for this delay. Therefore, the proposed energy efficiency laws and by-laws are fully in accordance with the EU requirements, due to the fact that development of the energy efficiency sector is mainly driven by fulfilment of the obligation that Bosnia and Herzegovina undertakes by ratification and signing of various international treaties such as Energy Community Treaty and Energy Charter Treaty. Both on the state and entity levels a lot of activities were done in order to develop energy efficiency framework that will promote EE, raise awareness in this area and attract foreign and domestic investors to invest in EE projects.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	4b1e6acb8b515f8d82e44fe53749bc20	The government is also in the process of revamping the institutional framework for investment promotion, notably through the creation in 2017 of a new investment and trade promotion agency (PAHil) to complement the activities of the existing one (PAIilZ). It may, hence, be a timely moment for the government to undertake a review of its investment promotion structures and incentives now in place to ensure that the reform builds on the available international best practices and achieves its intended effect. Ongoing efforts to strengthen analysis and planning of tax audits should continue.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-35-en	4b1f752b7684d20e7015aff749f5f722	The programme was funded at USD 16.9 million and USD 16.8 million for 2006 and 2007, respectively. The entire Sea Grant programme covers a range of activities unrelated to fisheries. The transfer amount given in this table is the share of the Sea Grant programme that supports fisheries and aquaculture science programmes.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	4b1fb23adc3b646fdd15ca22834bf426	Studies on maternal employment during early childhood from the United States cannot be assumed to generalise to other countries: The United States is unique in the lack of guaranteed maternity leave, contributing to an earlier return of new mothers to the labour force. Studies from multiple countries that capitalise on policy variations and reforms related to maternity leave generally suggest little impact on child outcomes based on the length of leave mothers can access (Baker and Milligan, 2011 [i63i; Dustmann and Schonberg, 2012[i64j; Liu and Skans, 2010[i65i; Washbrook etal., However, mothers’ return to work within six months of children’s birth may be negatively associated with children’s cognitive outcomes, especially if mothers work full-time.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	4b23a631d9184dbcffb7de6b4a4836e1	This is done by a private consultant in dialogue with the SME. The consultant will assist the company in executing the plan, i.e. identify viable technologies and sources of finance. The goal is to strengthen the productivity and competitiveness of 1,000 SMEs. One of the oldest is Robo Cluster, which facilitates research projects and knowledge exchange on automation and robotics technologies.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7e830810-en	4b2532107d2a057bf050430f285a2dc9	Cooperation could include generating data and comparable metrics, achieving cncrgy-cfficicncy targets, enforcing industrial energy-efficiency targets and standards through international value chains, conducting joint R&D, building capacity, disseminating industrial energy-efficiency technologies and facilitating access to international finance. Cooperation would have to take place under the highest canons of ethics and corporate social responsibility to be credible, legitimate and effective. This would involve working not only on the scientific basis of targets and monitoring criteria but also with governments and the private sector to ensure that targets and standards are realistic and achievable.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	4b2691f51266a0d345578c1001d33aa8	The second section describes the overall configuration and main actors of the STI governance system - primarily ministries, councils and agencies -with their respective roles. The next section discusses the innovation policy mix currently in place in Croatia, dealing with resource transfers in the form of direct public support and tax incentives for R&D and innovation, and the transfer of authority and institutional reconfigurations associated with an ongoing process of delegation of tasks and competences. The potential role of regulation and public procurement is also discussed.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	4b28857cfeb98c1527a762916abaeb5b	Annual rates of SA benefit receipt - the standard measure of benefit receipt in most empirical work - are therefore not generally a good measure of benefit receipt at a point in time. The result also implies that a significant number of people receive benefits for relatively short periods (less than a year). The ratio of annual to average monthly rates of benefit receipt can be interpreted as a measure of turnover in benefit receipt: among the five countries looked at, turnover is highest in Norway and lowest in Luxembourg and the Netherlands.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	4b2aa5560761aa6571137f77b8d924fa	However, the available information is too scant to allow measurements of this type for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This risk decreases, however, when using an aggregation scheme in which the presence of one deprivation is not sufficient for identifying a person as poor. Furthermore, some of the indicators included here serve as a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for health and employment dimensions, which were not measured in the two indices analysed in the foregoing sections and which are relevant aspects of well-being. In the first case, the presence of at least one young person in the household who was neither in education or paid employment was taken as a threshold of deprivation because, with the alternative options (half or all), the more young people in the household, the less feasible it would be to classify a household as deprived.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/838f79eb-en	4b2bfb64ca027f861cd6471f7b40b6a5	For Zimbabwe, the denatured ethanol standard (D4806) was adopted to check the quality of ethanol being used for mandatory blending. The denatured ethanol standard is referenced in the Statutory Instrument 17 of 2013. Zimbabwe produces biofuels mainly for energy security, reduction of fuel import bills and environmental protection. The country is currently facing acute foreign exchange shortages and the use of biofuels assists in reducing the fuel import bill. The Tennessee law, for example, directs the adoption of ASTM International standards for engine fuels which has resulted in a remarkable improvement in the uniformity of fuels supplied in the state, with 97 % compliance on all fuels analysed. Peru also referred to the ASTM International standard D6751 in the Supreme Decree DS 021-2007-EM, Regulation for Biofuels Commercialization, because a suitable national standard did not exist.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	4b2d61565cb58eca4036996e7219f221	The concept of decoupling proposed by UNEP and others (Fischer-Kowalski and others, 2011) suggests that economic growth should be delinked from the increasing consumption of material resources such as construction minerals, fossil fuels and biomass. Jackson (2011) argues for a shift in focus towards prosperity and well-being with reduced or no growth, in which investments in services and care, as well as in green action in the areas of sustainable food production and clean energy, are key. Many gender analysts and activists criticize the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development for having missed a chance to break with the business-as-usual global economic model, which produces environmental destruction, social exploitation and inequalities (Schalatek, 2013; Wichterich, 2012; UnmiiBig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). They see the green economy as a market-based approach that justifies the commodification of resources and commons, which undermines livelihoods and dispossesses local peoples, especially women food producers.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	4b2dcda8bfb5a3e2c749d0596405cf18	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. While traditional disadvantages faced by women and girls persist in most countries, men and boys are increasingly exposed to uncertain job prospects and need to adapt to changing tasks and societal expectations. Although men continue to score higher than women in a number of areas, no gender consistently outperforms the other and the gender gaps in well-being have being narrowing in recent decades.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264175655-en	4b3279e19c9b507e254ef788c2440a60	At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC children experience. Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, brining positive effects on early child development and learning. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the national co-ordinators, Viera Hadjukova and Marcela Hanusova, for their work in providing information.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	4b3365b5c53d76718b4b827c597206cd	Methamphetamine was nevertheless the main drug produced in laboratories detected. Australia also saw a 10-ton seizure of benzaldehyde, a precursor used to produce methamphetamine. There were 1,035 detections of amphetamine-type stimulants precursors in the period 2013/14, a slight decrease from the detections in the previous reporting period.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/64011ade-en	4b352e6cf95cb65de842838c23a1c39f	It has to be however considered in connection with the profitability of the public transport provider as well as the inhabitants'purchasing power. This will happen unless the local governments are able to take over the investment costs. Provided that the operation is above break-even point, it would give space for fare cut.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	4b3718bd1df2628093c223290cc02d13	Control variables for founders demographics are computed at the company level and take the form of dummy variables indicating whether, “at least one founder” belongs to age cohorts, holds a PhD, or other diplomas, has a major in natural sciences, other fields, and has past professional experience in different fields (e.g. finance). A linear probability model is a simple and straightforward choice in particular in the case when most of the independent variables are also binary (in which case the prediction is less likely to lie outside the [0,1] interval) and when fixed effects are included (in order to avoid the incidental parameter problem inherent to non-linear models). However, the results are robust to the use of non-linear regression model (probit see Annex C).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	4b3d2cb210028ab0b92a598a5cf34d62	Donors, on the other hand, accord the highest priority (74%) to support for trade policy and regulations, closely flowed by support for trade facilitation (70%). Regional integration and connecting to value chains follow next on the list of donor priorities (52% and 40% respectively). Both partner and donor countries give little priority to e-commerce in their aid-for-trade strategies (13% and 15% respectively; Figure 11.16). The aid-for-trade strategy of 60% of the donors will focus specifically on promoting private sector investment (60%) and green growth (50%), while also targeting results (48%) in areas such as trade facilitation (45%), gender equality (43%) and poverty reduction (40%), especially trough regional programmes (43%) and in the LDCs (35%).	9	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	4b3e00eda804bc06de54bf2c37995ede	Providing both parents with flexible work schedules and the possibility of short-term part-time work can also ease tensions between caregiving and work as children age (Chapter 4). Designed to be used around childbirth and when children are very young, employment-protected leave provides job security while allowing mothers to recuperate from childbirth and gives both parents time to care for young children. Paid leave gives families valuable income support at a time of increased stress on household budgets.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/95b9bcd0-en	4b3e6d17b44babd713ddd2283ef37de1	The associated environmental pressure could potentially have heavy impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function and services. A trawling-ban that was initiated for navigational safety reasons alone, resulted in unexpected benefits for seafloor fauna, vegetation and fish stocks. The construction of a fixed link across the Sound (bridge and tunnel) exemplifies another benchmark for its precautionary approach to both local and regional environmental concerns.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	4b3f674fc05bee9c982dde819e792605	For example, one of the core indicators that the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience use in their evaluations is the extent of integration of adaptation into national and sector planning (CIF, 2012), which is to be done via a qualitative assessment using a standardised scorecard. Further, evaluation of some programmes with broad aims (including, but not focused on adaptation) has focused on evaluating the outputs of specific pilot activities: this illustrates the difficulty in conducting broad-based evaluation of impacts of adaptation actions on a country’s overall climate resilience and vulnerability (UNDP, 2012). However, both Finland and France have done mid-term evaluations of their adaptation plans. France’s mid-term evaluation of its 2011-15 Adaptation Plan found that while 92% of planned actions had been initiated and 60% of them were proceeding according to plan, 35% of actions were now expected to only partially reach their initial objectives (MEDDE 2013).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	4b41eeb3f9b10b9ca161f2499208479c	Similar results have been found by epidemiological and primary-care studies in different countries (e.g. Kessler et al., Treatment rates increase with age. Data from the national surveys of Australia, the United States and Switzerland show that treatment is most prevalent in the age groups 45 and over, and particularly low among those under age 35. Eurobarometer data confirm this pattern, showing a continuous increase of treatment rates across age groups (Figure 3.4). The average of the 21 OECD countries is 9% for younger people (15-24 years), 14% for adults (25-54 years), and 17% for seniors (55-64 years). Source: OECD calculations based on national health surveys for disorder prevalence, and Eurobarometer 2005 for treatment rates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	4b42e245d39d03896e893d8aa3406bc4	Most require that these bonds carry at least investment grade ratings. Institutional investors rely on agencies’ ratings to give them guidance and comfort especially in new, fast-moving areas. However, risks specific to clean energy related projects make this vital investment grade rating difficult to secure. The only way around this is to find a creditworthy entity prepared to step in and take the risks.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	4b4539db0f846084e6d8d8b0a8ab9b6c	Across OECD countries, for every 10% reduction in CVD mortality, life expectancy at age 65 increased by around 4.3%. The decline in CVD mortality accounts for around 30% of the cross-country variation in life expectancy gains. Change in CVD mortality is a stronger predictor of life expectancy at 65 among males than females.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	4b4a77a907289d0dafa310bcd093cb98	Other authors suggest that subsidies can be justified because irrigation projects provide both public and private goods, or that higher water prices will reduce agricultural net revenues without motivating notable reductions in irrigation diversions. Those authors often cite the low elasticities of demand for irrigation water observed in many settings. When demand is price inelastic, quantity demanded declines by a smaller proportion than an increase in price, such that revenues collected from water users increase substantially, with little change in the volume of irrigation water used.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599451-13-en	4b4c1423f9f5c71fb1c9ea5139d38837	This provision should increase the number of women who have registered property titles, thereby making it easier to access business loans. A 2008 International Labor Organization report (2008) noted that women made up nearly half of all MSMEs but had less than 10 per cent of the available credit and less than 1 per cent of agricultural credit. Furthermore, because women have lower levels of education and are segregated into lower paying jobs, they have lower savings with which to start a business.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	4b4cdbbdeac4e5efb5c0debd179d32e5	By 2045, net-C02 emissions from land use are projected to become negative in OECD countries. Most emerging economies also show a decreasing trend in emissions from an expected slowing of deforestation. In the rest of the world (RoW), land-use emissions are projected to increase to 2050, driven by expanding agricultural areas, particularly in Africa.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4b51afd8442c0a332c23373d97222fd1	In other words, conventional producers can produce or not produce, have high or low costs; they will never affect the renewable producer who will generate electricity as a function of the weather but regardless of market conditions. Such lack of a feedback mechanism, however, is the defining hallmark of a true, technical externality that does constitute an economically suboptimal situation. In particular, the current situation will lead to underinvestment in dispatchable technologies and thus increase security of supply risks at times of low renewable production due to unfavourable meteorological conditions.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/86ec538f-en	4b545b9b47f7e3b83dc7eef4f5b0556e	Key stakeholders of the project include the Faculty of Applied Building Technology of the Hamburg University of Technology, The Federal Institute for Vocational Training and Federal Ministry for Education and Research. For example, demand to develop low-carbon technologies, opens business opportunities where knowledge of cleaner production and innovativeness for developing new business models would be high on the agenda. Presence of new greener technologies and more sustainable services require specialists that might not yet exist or who do not possess all required skills.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	4b5b2c708c0a19c6733c10def796221b	The Poprad and Dunajec rivers, with their subbasins shared by Poland and Slovakia, as well as the San76 River, arc smaller transboundary tributaries to the Vistula. Available groundwater resources in the Polish part of the Vistula River Basin District (including not only the Bug River, but also several smaller rivers discharging directly into the Baltic Sea) are estimated at 8,041 xl0‘ m5/day. Natural riverbeds have to be restored due to the effects of the mining and chemical industries, now no longer operating.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	4b5bf4230a24e0ef1be953d1a72fd694	They also find that 80% of all energy finance is for power generation, of which 66% is in the coal sector, and 27% in the hydropower sector. In the revised CTF tables related to provision of finance (FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.2), CTF table 7a asks Parties to list both “general” and “climate specific” financial support provided to multilateral funds, banks and institutions. Several developing countries do contribute to multilateral channels, with development-oriented contributions from ten countries averaging USD 1 billion per year from 2012-14 (OECD, 2016b).21 Where such flows are not climate specific, a similar method could be used by all countries to apply a coefficient corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral institution that are climate-relevant. As currently, countries would need to explain how they define funds as being climate specific. Both tables 7a and 7b list options in the “funding source” column as ODA, OOF and other (which is to be specified).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	4b5c499fc80dbdfade93f47cbb390576	Countries that are encouraging renewable energy penetration in their grid are also innovating in storage and grid management. Moreover, as the penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the supply mix rises, innovation in storage and grid management increases. However, other findings indicate that this is conditioned by other factors.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	4b5c60ecbe42f2caea795dd7fad04fa9	Gender roles and stereotypes of what it means to be masculine or feminine or a ‘true man or woman’ often pervade social interactions. Subtle social control mechanisms can often limit the expression and full potential of people’s social and emotional development. Whether you want it or not, you have privilege as a man, and you either fight against it and reject it by becoming a feminist man, or you enjoy the privileges that come with it.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	4b60bb489d43a3bc1eb88d04dca6ba29	A cette fin, il est divise en trois sections. La premiere section (chapitres 2,3 et 4) examine le concept de la famille en vertu du droit international relatif aux droits de I’homme. Elle presente ensuite une critique de deux politiques orientees vers la famille aux fins de la reduction de la pauvrete qui ont suscite beaucoup d’at-tention dans les ODD: les programmes de transferts de fonds et les politiques en matiere de soins non remu-neres. Cette etude examine combien la conception et la mise en ceuvre de ces politiques tiennent compte de I’interpretation contemporaine des droits en lien avec la ■famille tels que cites dans les traites relatifs aux droits de I’homme et de I'engagement a parvenir a I’egalite des sexes et a I’autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles telles que prevues par le Programme de 2030.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	4b6105288ca6d73f0c5a28de310e2427	The degree of this inequality in Denmark is elevated in comparison to other countries (Figure 4.7). Visits in the past three months in Denmark. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions (Devaux and de Looper, 2012).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	4b61481d1199961f469c69098a5475c4	Further guidance should be provided to regional and municipal authorities regarding oversight of preparedness plans and response measures. In addition, steps should be taken to align the arrangements in Colombia with those in OECD countries. The OECD Guiding Principles in this field (OECD, 2003a, 2003b, 2011), along with the OECD Safety Performance Indicators for Public Authorities and Communities/Public (OECD, 2008a) and for industry (OECD, 2008b), could serve as useful guidance.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/c491a19d-en	4b62679d05149a859339ca56f9fcfc8f	"It uses choice experiments to allow for an analysis of how several attributes of the ecosystem service ""recreation” influence the value of recreation. The report describes how the pilot surveys are carried out in Denmark and Sweden. Box 7 reports some main results and conclusions from the pilot studies, reproduced from TemaNord 2016:501."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	4b626dbd8ff4ee6fd1b4a56d649e5756	Of these, (Table 1.18) professors comprise 11.4%; associate professors 24%; senior lecturers, constituting the bulk with 729 or 52.8%; and lecturers numbering 163 or only 11.8% of total academic staff. Lecturers with PhDs are promoted after three years and the effect of this service regulation has served to increase the number of Senior Lecturers. However, non-academic staff (Table 1.20) increased from 3 921 to 7 317 over the same period giving in 2009 a proportion of 20.7% academic staff to a surprising 79.3% of non-academic staff in 2009.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	4b6535e430497e565278727fcfe8317a	To minimise cost shifting to parts of health systems not covered by caps, they have often been complemented with global and supplementary spending ceilings on ambulatory' care and pharmaceuticals. Many countries where health care systems are financed through social insurance contributions (e.g. Belgium, France, Luxembourg) feature relatively mild budgetary constraints. In this setting, budget caps have tended to provide indicative rather than binding targets. Targets are set in relation to expected social insurance contributions and the government has limited direct control over them as social security rates are determined, to a different extent across countries, by the social security funds (Paris and Devaux, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	4b65d8207a661a9c3421c3887e9bcf67	Despite the problems identified in the HCP, the quality of care is likely to be higher than that received by children whose mothers combine work and care at home (Leroy et al. On the demand side, long-term investments in human capacities are constrained by the lower quality care that children receive as a result. In terms of policy,the goal would be to scale up programmes such as HCP so that women’s care responsibilities no longer pose a potential squeeze on time, entailing a movement towards a more gender egalitarian, high road strategy of social reproduction.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	4b66078c88fb5dd162fbcfc1b3f056d3	Since September 2000, imports of chicken leg quarters (CLQ) from the USA have been banned because it could not be assured that the slaughter was done according to halal. The MoA maintains that the ban is necessary because it is more difficult to monitor and control the origin of CLQ than whole chicken (WTO, 2007). Certain agricultural, mineral and industrial products are classified as supervised exports to ensure an adequate domestic supply of these products at any time, and at reasonable prices. Agriculture products on this list are certain live bovine animals, rice, and palm nuts and kernels.56 The government also supervises the export of urea fertiliser.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	4b68bf7b50dcef87e1b48cf547b3b8dd	Put simply, if there are too many policy priorities or lack of incentives, the risk is diffusion or inconsistency in implementation. The use of mass media could be used in combination with outreach to local communities. These require consistent action and capacity enhancement on the part of all key stakeholders.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	4b6bd30c1785700daa1c9f952d3b968b	There is a need to strengthen regional cooperation through confidence-building measures in order to ensure food security. Technical cooperation is also important, which can be provided through capacity building and technical assistance in terms of food production and distribution. With growing food demand and future food supply uncertainties, the trade system has to play a critical role in managing both short-term and long-term imbalances.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	4b6e046461f320d623bc182686e62abc	We focus on emerging economies because most of the new EE investments required will be in China, India, and other emerging G20 countries. However, the investment barriers analysed and the policies recommended apply to both the developed and the developing world. Figure 1 graphically summarises our view of risk perception as the principal barrier to private EE investments.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	4b70eb66780d7289b5de52b46231eeba	A depreciated real exchange rate lowers labour costs and enhances the competitiveness of labour-intensive exports. This requires a rethinking of the priority given to inflation targeting13 which has often resulted in exchange-rate overvaluation, undermining export growth and diversification (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2003). Needed would be a broader approach to agricultural development policies, focusing on access to land, extension services, improved inputs, credits and rural infrastructure so as to secure a greater and more predictable marketable surplus and income to farmers and inputs for agro-industrial development.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	4b74d985a53a240836b340cc65ccb3a0	Beyond immediate incomes, price support may be used to offset market failures, which in the case of developing countries may result in low level poverty traps. But fundamentally price support tackles the symptoms rather than the causes of those market failures. From a political standpoint, price policy responses with associated changes in border measures are also a quick and visible way of responding to shocks such as the 2007-08 food price spike.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e92917e3-en	4b759b9e0e7754142c2d4d332c60a265	Target 2.2 commits to end all forms of malnutrition. When children under 2 years of age are stunted, the impact lasts a lifetime, with inhibited educational outcomes and loss to future productivity and income. Insufficient nutrition, even for shorter periods, can cause slower cognitive, motor and language development among children.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	4b75ea70a5c07073723f31d3921380e1	Because of their scale, reaching 718 million individuals globally, .and relative cost-effectiveness, small changes in how transfers are designed and delivered, have the potential to influence their impact on IPV at the margin (World Bank 2015). Similarly, given the possibility of backlash and increases in IPV, it is essential that donors and implementing agencies understand these risks and work to minimize unintended harms from such programs. Some have focused largely on quantitative evidence and have grouped IPV outcomes alongside other gendered outcomes such as women’s decision-making, agency, fertility or early marriage, thus providing little understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cash/violence relationship in different contexts.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	4b7918a460ce90ad20acc90cdf0b8263	Consequently, they have less social capital than men, who occupy more central and more remunerative positions in the value chain. This marginalisation of women requires public policies that consider not only the attributes of women but their social relations. Structural causes also explain the fragmentation of the governance network involved in the economic activities of women (Chapter 51.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	4b79632c24948dcd0a0271c0f2a04e05	Portuguese national campaigns have raised awareness among pedestrians of the dangers they face in traffic. For instance, campaigns have promoted the wearing of reflective equipment by older age people when mobile in urban environments. While this can reduce fatality numbers in the short term, it does not address the root causes of road danger, which are the volume and speed of motor vehicle traffic, symptomatic of a car-dependant urban development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	4b7a0ce5e6a3b494f92fd61643dbb08c	But institutionalisation increases the risk of engagement “fatigue” and/or “capture” from overrepresented categories to the detriment of unheard voices. It should be flexible to take into consideration place-based needs and changing circumstances while fostering a change in the “mindset”, daily practices, professional skills and culture of decision making. Provisions for stakeholder engagement should be aligned coherently and holistically across the water chain and policy domains related to water.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	4b7addbfc1f5e32855aab1a7944a46ec	Some refer to the overall architecture of the model, while others are specifically related to various scenarios. This assumption is based on the elderly experiencing around 5 per cent fewer acute health problems (although the probability of using long-term care is kept constant) and that people have confidence in the primary care system and use it more appropriately. This and a more appropriate workforce skill mix contribute towards productivity gains increasing to 3 per cent a year over the second half of the period.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	4b7d23f7a86b989a624080ef28cde245	The recent food crisis and slow progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of eradicating hunger have highlighted the wide disparities in technologies used and productivity achieved in different agricultural systems. While input and resource-intensive agriculture is the norm in many developed and middle-income developing countries, many developing countries continue to rely on low-input, low-productivity agriculture. Even as the former group of countries need to shift towards less intensive and more environmentally sound methods, farmers in many developing countries would benefit from greater input use.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	4b7dba1a790cdf378fd912f67876d810	Reducing the timing of slurr)’ application from winter to spring, for example, can reduce the risk of nitrate leaching but potentially increase ammonia emissions (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). More attention to a holistic approach to nitrogen mitigation on farms is necessary, supported by adequate research of the issue (European Commission, 2010; Godlinski et al., This may in part be due to the perceived high costs by farmers of implementing nitrogen abatement management practices (Oenema et al, 2009), but also the lack of awareness of many farmers to the links between their farming activities and water quality.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	4b810c6f99caddec8b250387b1589964	Its effect on the quality of Lw is related to the values transmitted through education within households and to the health care carried out there. Domestic labour also influences the number of hours of wage labour available, as it releases this from care responsibilities. Reproduction is caught between a given wage and people’s needs and wants. “	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	4b823197275784cbb3aa2c0e1ab9dc2f	From 2016, the scope of the grant has been extended to include tuberculosis. The grant operates in 33 hospitals across the nine provinces. The urban areas of Gauteng and Western Cape receive the largest shares of the grant because they provide the largest proportion of high-level, sophisticated services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	4b834b42da15085e401a3c664e641e1b	The following selection of topics, although far from being exhaustive, is meant to combine the main statistical areas where a gender perspective could be particularly relevant in light of the increasing resource pressures that many official statistical agencies are facing. Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence”, BMC Public Health, Vol. Evidence and Policy Implications”, Policy Research Working Paper, No.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4b840c3bcab4851f0ad7e14daf67bdfa	Below 65%, the ramping rate is approximately 2.5% per minute, using control rod adjustment (GE, 2006). In the last decades, however, considerable progress has been made in these areas, with the progressive automatisation of regulation and control operations and significant improvements in data acquisition and processing techniques. This has significantly increased the performance of nuclear power plants during load cycling, and has also had a beneficial effect on overall plant availability. The timely flow of reliable in-core measurements, together with an automatic and efficient operational control system, allows for a quicker detection of deviations and for the prompt restoration of normal values.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/bd9b0dc3-en	4b89321111f9da849e87b9ff88a4937d	Moving the basis of support away from gear, fuel, vessels or other inputs toward ensuring that fishers have access to working capital, have the skills needed for their businesses and helping fishers deal with disasters can bring greater benefits to fishers at lower cost to government, all the while reducing the negative impact of support on the sustainability of fish stocks. Impact of a simultaneous reduction in fishing subsidies and [5] introduction of efficient management of rents : The case of the Northwest Spanish fleet”, http://dx.doi.org/10.105 l/alr/2017041. Org/3536/l/Vol.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	4b899e48700a5543f8363e68b65dc572	These goals are consistent with goals of the Demographic Concept 2025: the return to positive population growth; increases in average life expectancy; reductions in overall mortality and, more specifically, infant and maternal mortality; a shift in behaviour towards more healthy lifestyles and increases in the quality and accessibility of health care. Some of these goals - particularly those relating to population growth and the overall mortality rate -appear ambitious. This new law aims at strengthening the insurance model of health care financing and increasing the role of markets in the payment of providers. This includes a guarantee of the completion of construction of facilities started in previous years.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	4b8a64af237f44d963b683538be19f20	Civil rights in this sense refer to aspects such as legal protections and free speech, political rights to voting and standing as a representative, and social rights to education, health and welfare. Of these, the final category is the most controversial, and in most countries they have been very imperfectly realised to date. There are ‘maximal’ and ‘minimal’ positions on the extent of rights accorded to citizens (McLaughlin, 1992), with socialists advocating very extensive rights including social ones, and at the other extreme libertarians advocating the protection only of property rights.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	4b8e5f8d51613de6444b3ab6cdb8be90	The personality approach interprets entrepreneurial behaviours as reflecting behaviours such as a desire for success, a limited fear of failure, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, persistence in the face of failure and alertness to perceiving and acting on opportunities. Gender-based research has shown that the propensity of women to start a business may differ from that of men for cultural reasons or because of discrimination. On the one hand, dynamic, innovative entrepreneurs can contribute to growth and structural transformation.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	4b918e7ce6602abe85ac564ccb46528b	It offers two main products, subsidised loans and guarantees, the latter being its predominant form of SME support. As with other federal institutions, NAFINSA works through an auction process in which the delivery of the policy is granted to those intermediary organisations that make the best offer in terms of credit conditions for the SME clients. For example, in the visited state of Queretaro, NAFINSA had developed special credit programmes for tier-2 and tier-3 suppliers of the strong local automotive sector and was equally in the process of bolstering the incipient aeronautics sector. In Mexico City a specific scheme was conceived for taxi drivers, while in the state of Leon were the footwear and leather industries to be targeted. Most of the loans supported by NAFINSA seem therefore rather thought for working capital requirements or, at most, small-scale investments.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	4b9323ad3763d2d981e1c80ee72de2c7	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. Child Poverty in Armenia: National Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis, Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-24, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	4b93f596e05baed6b9f64fe1ca7e3273	In a comprehensive literature survey, (Cooper and Stewart, 2013[i4j) emphasize that children from lower-income households have worse outcomes at later ages for a range of topics such as: scoring lower on tests of cognitive skill in early childhood, being more likely to drop out of school and less likely to attain tertiary education, the evidence being strongest and most abundant. Children from low-income families are also showing more behaviour problems than others. The evidence on physical health, as well as on intermediate outcomes such as parenting and parental mental health is more limited.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	4b969af5a81746c7ae95c32fcd76a358	Strengthen the skills and supports for school leaders. Costa Rica should use the results of its school leader tests to improve the relevance of initial and in-service leadership development programmes and establish peer-learning schemes. The creation of instructional leadership positions within schools, with clear responsibility for individual and school-w'ide teachers' professional development (e.g. classroom observation, mentoring, appraisals), is critical to improve the pedagogical knowledge and practice of in-service teachers.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	4b971e3e13e7bf38cd257b805bae971e	Furthermore, Stiglitz et al. ( Examples are health, education, personal activities, political voice and governance, social connections and relationships, environment and economic and physical insecurity. Other studies also show that wellbeing is not just a function of income at a point in time, but adapts to changes in income. If GDP growth slows, life satisfaction can decrease (Di Telia et al.,	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	4b99b3d70993e2f4d74ee8e89a94c76a	The two SOEs producing seeds compete with private sector companies in the seed market, but the five fertiliser SOEs operate in a monopoly position. This is reinforced with the establishment in 2008 of PT Agro Kimia Indonesia as the holding company for the five fertiliser SOEs. It has also financed smallholder cattle development, tree crop development, and more recently, integrated pest management projects, research management and decentralised extension projects.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/059ce467-en	4b9c0fcd76e05a49549c5f35b2542dbf	While participants in Fast Track for Migrant Teachers (Snabbspar) take part in Swedish for Immigrants or ‘Yrkessvenska’, the KPU programme does not offer any specific language training. For the ULV programme, the University of Gothenburg will offer from 2019 a full-time introductory course in Swedish language for those students who do not pass the new compulsory language placement test. However, this is not the case at other universities.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	4b9ea6c0ff89b53bcc862f3a2c53b422	It is possible to work during this period, but the benefit amount is reduced if earnings exceed the minimum benefit amount (31% of the average wage in 2014). In principle, this should make part time work attractive for members of Group C, but part time working is uncommon in Estonia. As discussed in Section 4.1, this arises both because of the minimum social tax for employers, which makes it expensive to hire workers part time - though this does not apply to workers with children under 3 years old - but also for cultural reasons. Generous maternity leave provisions give women a strong incentive to gain work experience before starting a family. However, Estonia’s parental leave benefit is not conditional on prior work experience: those who are not in paid work when they become pregnant: those who did not work in the year prior to the birth receive the minimum level of parental leave benefits until the child is 18 months old, which weakens this incentive. A stronger link between parental leave benefit entitlement and previous work history would strengthen the incentive for women to gain work experience before starting a family, which might strengthen their subsequent labour market attachment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	4b9f0dbf4509253619798efe3a8c9e01	In the nineties water charges for the industry sector were tripled to comply with the Rhine Action Programme (1987). Most recent years were devoted to the compliance with the EU WFD and Urban Wastewater Directive. Water charges are decided by each water agency (river basin committee and water agency board) but they cannot be set above the (national) ceiling defined by French National Law. Entitlements are defined through a process of impact assessment and public inquiry.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	4b9f26b903909f9f491293181edc2438	Assessment and recommendations are made across health system domains -from the role of accreditation and standards, to patient voice and professional training. Cutting across these domains, the priority should now be for Wales should be looking to increase accountability for delivering good quality and improving quality, and trying to establish some more concrete levers for positive system change. This report assesses the governance model, institutions and policies in place to assure, monitor and improve health care quality in Wales.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	4ba195c6dc677ab6d2813631e37651b8	This category refers mainly to negative obligations of States to refrain from acting, such as the obligation to refrain from unlawful or arbitrary interferences with the family life (e.g., art. In practice, there is no watertight divisions between these categories of obligations. All human rights impose a continuum or spectrum of obligations of different types. See Sepulveda 2003, pp.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	4ba728d406f0089bb021a6a8ce4a2f21	Unlike other standards discussed below, it is not IT-specific and can be applied regardless of the enterprise size and industry. There are several other relevant ISO standards. Moreover, ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 15288 is applied to system engineering, while ISO 27000 contains information security standards that often need to be met to qualify for public procurement and e-government tenders.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	4ba8f81bd024c6c67fd1d3f1efaeb94e	Moreover, it reduced the country's overall poverty gap by 21 percent and by 54 percent for households with older people (Omilola and Kaniki, 2014). The analysis by Barrientos (2003) also indicates that the social pension reduces the likelihood of falling into poverty by 12.5 percent. In place of conditions, some programmes include specific messaging recommending how transfers should be spent.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	4baa85569dcb6fe706fd3b3f0941a6a2	However, existing studies are to a large extent confined to the effect of gender inequality in outcomes. Empirical work finds a positive association between gender parity in education and income per capita (Dollar and Gatti, 1999; Klasen, 2002; Thevenon and Salvi del Pero, 2015). For example, in OECD countries, a balanced gender ratio in education would increase income per capita by 0.8% in comparison to a scenario where women have no access to education (Thevenon and Salvi del Pero, 2015). In the same vein, gender gaps in education contribute to 28% of the difference in the annual growth rates between East Asia and South Asia (Klasen, 2002). Other studies find that gender inequalities in labour market outcomes hamper economic growth (Klasen and Lamanna, 2009; OECD, 2012; Cuberes and Teigner, 2013; Woetzel, J. et al.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	4bac4ff17d2de687dea0ee50195124e2	Designing Public Works Programmes and Cash Transfers to Promote Growth and Mitigate Violence. Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India. The American Economic Review: 92(4): 1029-1043. Cash for women’s empowerment? A mixed methods evaluation of the Zambian Child Grant Program. World Development, 95: 55-72.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	4baf1f22ed30fd193aa85d1a614db664	In Honduras, the poorest quintile's secondary school completion rate was barely 12.7% of that of the richest, and in Guatemala the figure was only 4.7%. A similar picture emerges when disparities in the average years' education of the economically active population are examined by quintile: in 2013, the gaps were smallest in Chile, the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina and greatest in Guatemala and Honduras. There was greater homogeneity regarding tertiary education in 2013, since the gaps between the top and bottom quintile were over 90% in 11 of 17 countries. Nonetheless, the gaps are still quite substantial and there is also a great deal of variation between countries as regards both the size of gaps and their evolution over time.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	4baf497eea0902d77f8d4a6289c92ed4	It is targeted at managers and practitioners from government agencies that are responsible for post-disaster relief, response, recovery and reconstruction. This exercise has been carried out, for example, for the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. The pre-disaster assessment was based on the SEismic Loss EstimatioN model (SELENA) which was piloted by ESCAP in Nepal.23 The model was run for future earthquakes at magnitudes from 5 to 8. The GDP loss per capita was anticipated to be greatest in the central hill and eastern mountain districts — which was confirmed by the actual outcome (Figure IV-10).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	4bb0a7806dbb0522845da726023b64e8	But water reforms are frequently long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation and consultation, several stages of implementation and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in potentially counter-productive action; inversely, long-term planning and commitment can face strong bottlenecks on the ground because of political discontinuity. It is therefore important that strategic plans consider timing and political discontinuity in relation to water policy. Ensuring transparency across different constituencies is essential for the effective implementation of water policies. The process is not always transparent and certain measures, such as shortening of the decision-making process, increase the risk of capture and corruption, especially when local governments lack the capacity to monitor investment and civil society is not fully engaged. In the 1990s, Latin America saw a decrease in government provision of public goods and an increase in private sector participation in the water sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	4bb28605f77641809f00fba7063c5458	Source: World Bank (2015a). Due to fluctuations in operating costs, especially related to the costs of natural gas and exchange rates, this had an adverse effect on cost recovery. For gas, tariffs were not adjusted between 2011 and 2015, and for electricity, over a period of three years, 2012-15, tariffs were not adjusted.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	4bb2b83288e48e179d8d4115dfe67fec	Where procurement is significant, a reduction in net exports could be observed during the procurement period as products that are otherwise destined for export are diverted to stocks. Equally, imports could be reduced if an increasing share of consumption is covered by products entering markets through the government food distribution programmes. The release of stocks can also have important implications.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	4bb2cbc5fc1e2fcdba76b7a57171014b	The main strength of the PTAL approach is that it is easy to understand. Unlike more sophisticated modelling approaches, PTAL allows for direct data visualisation using a contour map, where patterns of public transport provision are clearly shown (Figure 2). The formulae take into account the walking time from specified points of interest to all public transport service access points (SAPs), i.e. bus stops, rail stations, light rail stations, underground stations and Tramlink stops, within a defined distance threshold. This is combined with the average time a user must wait for the next service. Several parameters define the walk catchment area.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	4bb59fb238f3a1937ad2dfd08878a8f2	Thus, the decision to proceed with a project should be based solely on the merits of the project (as assessed using a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis) and not the delivery mode in itself. If a project meets the standards set by the social return target or other economic criteria, it should, at that point, be subject to an analysis of the merits of alternative delivery modes. Processes that bypass this sequence are more likely to generate poor choices both in terms of projects and delivery modes.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	4bb6287040ec55e38e41f61a977b1837	During the trial, in 2006, traffic volumes within the controlled area fell by approximately 20%, while public transit ridership increased by some 6 to 9% (Pike, 2010). The initial public view of the system had been negative, with a disapproval rate of 55%, but following the trial period this had changed to 53% taking a positive view. This shift took place in a context where the area involved was extensive - some 34 square kilometres - and where a modest charge could nevertheless add up significantly: vehicles entering at one of 17 charging pints would pay up to 20 Swedish Krona SEK, roughly USD 3, with a daily maximum of 60 SEK and daily passes available.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	4bb6e0ac4f0ac4d34b182b12327fd04d	Fanning units that showed dominance in specific products were combined to form totals for field crop products, horticultural products and animals and animal products. Farmland plus nature conservation land plus forestry land plus other. Source: Development Bank of Southern Africa. Statistics SA, Census of Agriculture 1993, 2002 and 2007, and agricultural survey 1996. Today there are under 40 000 farming units occupying about 67% of total land of the country, around 86 million hectares. On the other hand, approximately 1.3 million smallholders (that may produce for markets or for selfconsumption) are black.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	4bbafd2daea44b0f6c0602de64616e24	Donor countries such as France and the United Kingdom offer incentives to eliminate fees by providing additional aid to countries that remove them. Development agencies such as the World Health Organization and the World Bank have also taken strong positions against user fees in health care.20 When partners come together in this way, significant advances in human rights can be achieved. Since the first IYY 25 years ago, the world has come a long way in recognizing and advancing the rights of young people.	5	7	1	0.75
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	4bbb9f7f5196aab6a8d36e9a1ec81e24	The harvesting of aquatic plants such as reeds in wetlands was linked to community-based handicraft manufacturing initiatives, which was judged to be an appropriate example of a biomass-based resource-circulating economy. Another example is the attempt to establish a non-governmental organization for public participation in municipal waste recovery. Waste recovery programmes in megacities like Bangkok (Chapter 4-5) need collaboration among industries, government, collection service providers, engineering firms and residents. The waste fund of Ho Chi Minh City, established by academia’s commitment in recent years, launched coordination activities for collaboration for waste recovery.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	4bbc2acf53f680cb3b270730957b9749	Based on the estimates by Hanushek and Woessmann (2012), then, inequality might knock 0.12 percentage points off average annual growth in such countries (and 0.06 percent in Italy and Spain). The in-depth analysis by Arnold et al (2011) concludes that increasing average schooling by one year would raise long run per capita GDP by around 8%. Based on the changes in years of schooling computed in the previous paragraph, then, higher inequality would be associated with GDP per capita being around 1.5% lower in Portugal or Turkey, and 0.4% lower in Italy or Spain, in the long run.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	4bbc49c418098d51e988d4a454c84145	Policies to promote investment in health thus form an important component of any strategy to facilitate socioeconomic mobility. Under certain conditions, inequality can contribute to social instability and undermine trust. This is particularly the case where the gap between rich and poor is large and continuing to grow. The result has been greater social stratification and residential segregation.	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	4bc13d7d4ec8f0f38d482a5ac06fe757	However, once total social spending and working-age unemployment were accounted for, the effects of the minimum income protection indicator were no longer statistically significant. Social spending was associated with lower risks of child poverty at the start of the crisis only, when many European countries implemented fiscal stimulus packages, while unemployment had large effects on both poverty and deprivation throughout the entire period 2008-2012. This suggests that social safety nets and social spending did not shield children from the effects of labour market turbulence during the Great Recession.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	4bc3762a196c4be886d92c81f26c89ee	Also, the start of operations of Tamiz Shahar JSC was broadly publicized in the local press and on the Internet, and a meeting with NGOs was held at the Balakhani disposal site. Total land area affected by the dumping of waste is estimated at nearly 450 ha. The largest sites include Azizbeyov, Balakhani, Garadagh and Surakhani (Table 8.2). These sites were created or appeared in the past when the city management did not have the technical and financial resources to ensure concentration of MSW at a single disposal site, and their permanent use was not envisaged.	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4bc3af0a4a744294d65a949736e47c86	National policy also encourages relocation of firms to the Galilee. Under the 2006 Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investment, the state provides investment incentives to attract foreign funded high-technology or research and development activities to poorer regions of the country, designated as National Priority Areas and including the Galilee. ( The Northern District - A Statistical Report 2000-2005, Jerusalem, p.36. Ari Paltiel (ed), The Northern District - A Statistical Report 2000-2005, Jerusalem, p. 31.	4	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	4bc59d77389833161568d5283437c479	According to the PLANSAB (2013), 93.3% of the Brazilian population is connected to a network for water supply. It is estimated that 90.4% of the population has sewage collection, but only 39.7% includes treatment and is considered adequate, although according to the IBGE (2010), only 48% of domestic sewage is collected and 39% is heated. The efficiency of sewage treatment plants varies significantly and is considered not entirely satisfactory in some cases.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	4bc6d23417ae28fb11993e47394c5a6d	In a controlled primary-school-feeding study in Kenya, children receiving milk and/or meat supplements with mid-morning snacks had higher intakes of several nutrients, including vitamins A and B12, calcium, iron and zinc, as well as dietary energy (Murphy eta/. 2003; Neumann et al. Fortifying rice served in school lunches in India led to statistically significant declines in iron-deficiency anaemia, from 30 to 15 percent for the treatment group, while anaemia remained essentially unchanged for the control group (Moretti etal., Mexico's PROGRESA/ Oportunidades/Prospera conditional cash transfer programme increased secondary school enrolment by six percentage points for boys and nine percentage points for girls. In Bangladesh, a small programme targeting the hardest-to-reach children increased primary school enrolment by nine percentage points.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	4bc7339a1affda8c4f607354e0dfca65	Wal-Mart is introducing similar requirements for its suppliers in other countries in 2011 (Wal-Mart 2008,2010). It can address possible concerns of local firms and governments. It can expand and adapt programmes to different sectors and countries. It can replicate programmes in countries where lead multinationals are absent, identifying actors to fill these roles.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	4bc8bbb0298ca4a4ab342f210166ce7e	The gender gap is wider within indigenous populations in all countries with respect to the amount of time spent on unpaid work. Indigenous women may spend up to eight hours more per week on unpaid work than non-lndigenous women, as is the case in Mexico. This underscores the importance of considering the strict sexual division of labour in indigenous households, the need for care policies and basic infrastructure to support indigenous families, particularly those living in rural areas, and the barriers to women's economic autonomy.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	4bc9543c048da58202d1ad0119b1e3bc	Parts of the Syrian plateaus and most of the Jordanian highlands have an arid climate.’ Rainfall declines from north to south and from west to east, which explains why the limited surplus water is confined to the northern and coastal uplands in Israel. The Yarmouk River originates from sources in Jordan and in the eastern Golan in Syria. It forms the Jordanian-Syrian border for about 49 km and then flows through the Addasiya Triangle where it runs along the Israeli-Jordanian border for a few kilometres before joining the Lower Jordan River.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	4bcffd287071fe9c032666b8f5422f36	"Dewatering"" is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation, filtration or similar solid-liquid separation processes. Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship between them. These socially-determined roles are influenced by historical, religious, economic, cultural and ethnic factors."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	4bd0fa1586a92dece0da1873ac823843	Developing countries account for the bulk of global energy subsidies (Box 5.4). Energy costs were not a large enough share of total expenditures for companies to place a high priority on improving energy efficiency. When energy prices are artificially low, energy-efficiency investments are less profitable than they would be at true cost (Jaccard 2009). In economic value, Iran leads with $66 billion a year in energy subsidies, followed by Saudi Arabia with $35 billion, the Russian Federation with $34 billion and India with $21 billion. The next six - China, Egypt, Venezuela, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates and Uzbekistan - have subsidies of more than $10 billion each a year. Consumers in non-OECD countries pay less than 50 percent of its true economic value.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	4bd5f1cac61bd5bf67e934ae9ac7f5e5	In fact, the Mexican evidence suggests that total rural household income is much more sensitive to human capital and migration than to land or other agricultural assets. This is apparently due to the reduction of off-farm income associated with higher stocks of agricultural assets, while more human capital generates greater off-farm income and has a much smaller effect on shifting resources from the generation of on-farm incomes. Tannuri-Pianto, et al. ( Agricultural income grew at only 1.2% annually (in part due to the poorly performing coffee sector in the late 1990s), but non-agricultural income grew at 18.5% annually.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	4bd7d7a88a1f7f784a12f0999323468c	Selected final bound, MFN applied and preferential tariffs for MPS commodities, 2013 (cont.) Source; WTO Tariff Download Facility, http://tariffdata.wto.org/Default.aspx. Bentzen and F. Tarp (2006), “Vietnam’s Accession to the WTO: Lessons from Past Trade Agreements”, Discussion Paper No. Org/docrep/009/ag089e/AG089E00.htm#TOC.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21334b08-en	4bd80f0c458dc181dccf5e22b415c1a7	For instance, Figure 4.3 shows that road transport contributes to more than 80% of C02 emitted by the sector in the region while Figure 4.4 illustrates how many kilometres can be travelled for every one ton of C02 emitted by a passenger using different modes. To support policy makers in selecting the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector, different initiatives are ongoing notably one that is implemented by the UN regional commissions as described in Box 4.1. As part of the project, a global status report on inland transport C02 emissions was prepared and the development of an inland transport (road, rail and inland waterways) emission measurement model called For Future Inland Transport Systems (ForFITS) is now complete.	11	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	4bd9a1fb9de8c65571533dc239260a61	They are worth about 1.25% of GDP on average around the OECD in 2013. Austria and Australia transfer around 2% of GDP to families in cash payments, with the figure rising to between 2.5% to 3% of GDP in the United Kingdom and Ireland. By contrast, public spending on family cash benefits in Korea and the United States is much smaller. Fiscal relief to stimulate the use of child care services may also be included in family benefit spending packages, while tax breaks for families are a widely used family support tool in France and Germany, where they account for 0.7% and 0.9% of GDP, respectively. They have fostered growth in female full-time employment.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b505e041-en	4bdafc9c0acf7137ec0955f1883b4cc6	Then, the methodology adopted to perform the research is summarized. Following the description of the methodology, the primary findings from the surveys are summarized. This is done by first presenting the findings from the household surveys, responding to the various hypotheses raised, and then disclosing the regressions, which summarize the determinants of the contribution of the urban poor to the economy.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	4bdc5386bce93dd977ee2e0aa7777f63	This is emphasised by OECD (2005). At the same, they estimate that across the whole group that became eligible for the subsidy (including those who were not hired), the subsidy had no significant impact on exit rates to unsubsidised employment or job stability. Permanent payments are often lacking in active character, and only those that compensate for partial (or complete, but potentially temporary) loss of work capacity are counted as active programmes in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database (Eurostat, 2013). However, permanent in-work benefits that are phased out in line with eamings can have a large impact on the labour market: see Immervoll and Pearson (2009) and the discussion of UK tax credits and Universal Credit in OECD (2014a). The Norwegian inclusive workplace agreements date back to 2001 and are a central framework for tripartite co-operation between the government and employer and employee organisations.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	4bde6a399322e5169c84fb16b770ab1b	After the measure, less than 10% of jobseekers still receive unemployment benefits and incentives to maintain contact with the PES have weakened. This leaves almost no scope for a system of gradual sanctions to promote active job search. Overall, the duration of unemployment benefits should be increased somewhat. Longer unemployment benefits should be accompanied by adequate monitoring and enforcement of job search requirements.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	4be0f27dc91dd6b01f18aa73dffb0945	Policies in land use, housing, transportation and sustainability could be strengthened if an integrated approach to their development and implementation were adopted. The current land-use planning system could better contribute to efficient urban development if the zoning system were made more flexible; if infill development was more strongly incentivised; and if there were a national framework for designating and developing natural-hazard risk zones in urban areas. Revisiting these policies is an important step in creating and implementing a national urban vision. It then examines relevant practices in OECD countries, and recommends policy changes that national policy makers may wish to consider when designing a national urban policy framework.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	4be617efc5633ded8655aea39abad8e0	These independent immigrant women reject passivity and dependence on the welfare system and their husbands to a great extent, they are able to have a career and manage to employ their qualifications in the business, and they exhibit tendencies similar to native entrepreneurs in choosing branch and niche. This example can be also considered as the second category of immigrant women entrepreneurs defined by Abbasian and Bildt (2009). This category includes women who, despite a certain level of independence, are still dominated by men in their business, their decisions and actions.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	4beae5cf141e2b764c3e807f39471e2d	As result, the vast majority of the urban housing stock is now in private hands: in 2014, only 3.2% of the housing stock was in public ownership.22 Moreover, while the public housing stock has been fairly stable since 2004, the private sector accounted for almost all the growth in the urban housing stock between 2004 and 2014 (an increase of 38%). The public housing stock accounts for less than 4% of the overall housing stock in almost all large cities, including Astana and Almaty City, except in Rudnij and Pavlodar. According to Kazakhstan’s law on individual housing construction and the Land Code,23 every citizen has the right to receive a land plot for individual construction purposes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	4bec2041cc8a379e60a43abd386c5c63	Here, we show that these countries are vulnerable to climate change, using a physical vulnerability index that is independent of policies. The idea of an assessment of physical vulnerability is consistent with common vulnerability frameworks, as explained in Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), and also with the SREX (2012) conceptual framework, but it involves making a systematic distinction between what is and what is not independent of a country’s policy to be more accurate with the development challenges. This section relies on a new index of physical vulnerability to climate change, as presented by Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), that has already been applied to differentiate African countries from other developing countries (Guillaumont and Simonet 201 lb). The index qualifies the vulnerability of the LDCs and underlines the heterogeneity of the vulnerability among them.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	4bec84e0bf7c7398705ac1c37e562f3c	The transition to a market economy and large-scale privatisation resulted in the fact that virtually all public housing became private within a short period, at very low prices. According to UNECE (2016), the privatisation process was not supported by clear and forward-looking policies, legislative measures and regulator}' methods in the sphere of housing management and maintenance. Despite the growing housing stock, in 2015, the number of citizens applying for public housing programmes increased.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	4bf05baaa8e78464d0f57930553eb1a1	While in some countries gains in life expectancy have outpaced gains in living standards, in others the reverse has been observed. The Russian Federation saw life expectancy decline in the 1990s, due largely to societal changes, increases in external causes of death and other risk factors such as excess consumption of alcohol; there is evidence that this trend is now reversing and life expectancy has started to increase again (Popov, 2011). In South Africa, life expectancy has also fallen recently because of the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic. Years gained are calculated starting from 1961 for Canada, New Zealand and Italy. For the Russian Federation the gain is nil.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	4bf4aefc1bfa36efabdb5dd4bffb629f	That reflects a combination of soaring food prices and the effects of the global crisis, which entailed a contraction in formal employment, a reduction in real income and poor economic growth. Recent figures from CONEVAL show that between 2006 and 2010, the proportion of people in patrimony poverty increased from 42.7% to 51.3% of the total population (equivalent to 57.7 million poor individuals in 2010), reflecting the vulnerability of Mexican households to global economic crisis. Indeed, Mexico is the second most unequal country in the OECD area after Chile. At 8.2% in 2009, Mexico’s public social spending was the lowest in the OECD area, and corresponded to only about one-third of the OECD average (Figure 2.6).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	4c00bc7bad362e5ebde4a8a7ec819732	Since the system offers two-way communication, NOAA officials can upgrade buoy software, perform tests, or reboot stations when equipment is not working properly. The data transmitted to the tsunami warning centers can be used to issue warning guidance, provide hazard assessment, and coordinate emergency response. Following the magnitude-9 earthquake off Japan in 2011, the NOAA issued a tsunami alert to Japan minutes after the earthquake struck, which gave residents an early warning to evacuate to safer ground. The NOAA was also able to accurately model the wave coming from Japan and provide targeted warning to certain areas of the US West Coast before it made landfall.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	4c02f1601b07a45328ada3a363823851	Overall productivity is variable but, generally speaking, is lower than the production potential of specific forest habitats. State forests have a larger increment (about 2.7 m3/ha on average) than private forests. Low density results in part of the forest resource being, in practical terms, out of reach for any kind of intervention: forest use, forest protection and silviculture. The average road density in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 9.97 m/ha. These densities are significantly below those in other European countries with a similar topography: Switzerland has 40 m/ha, Austria 36 m/ha, Germany 35 m/ha and France 26 m/ha. There were particularly frequent and catastrophic forest fires in 1999, 2000, 2003, 2007 and 2012.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	4c04f4cac4f98595e65ee74403e05309	For developing countries, these schemes can be problematic, as they would raise the price of existing energy sources and other inputs, which could disrupt economic development, at least until new energy sources became available. And they can be particularly problematic, given the potential impact of higher energy prices on the poor. Industrial policies to encourage diffusion of green technologies provide an alternative policy prescription.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	4c05cfbbb376b59b2f2a236646415c79	For instance, compulsory' health insurance with community rated premiums (e.g. the basis of the Swiss health care system) offers a high degree of risk pooling with minimal income redistribution. The presence of many social insurance funds results in fragmented risk pools, which lower risk pooling, but risk-adjustment mechanisms (e.g. Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany) can mitigate this problem. Community' rated premiums allow for a larger degree of risk pooling than risk rated ones as the latter enable to pool people with approximately the same level of risk, only.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	4c093bc8f08be2d460da2c9b678151e5	These aspects might lead enterprises to dedicate more resources to developing sustainable infrastructure. If the platform grows in size in terms of available crowdfunding opportunities and the number of investors, it may then become suitable for the full spectrum of projects and investors, from large-scale to micro-investments. Investors could be given the opportunity to securely invest in projects that would normally not be open to crowdfunding due to high administration costs (e.g. funding for a low quantity of solar panels for a local community). Identifying and addressing market, legal and regulatory issues and providing an enabling framework for investments from institutions and end consumers alike are essential. Enterprises in the energy, mobility and agriculture sectors should be approached in the early development stages in order to ensure common standards for further scalability. It is also important for regulators to set regulatory and compliance standards early on.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	4c0a756cccffd48fa3b3f48b61f59527	Family planning programmes and contraception play a role as one among many proximate factors that influence the timing and speed of fertility decline. However, broader and contextual factors, including economic, social and cultural differences between countries, even in the same region, influence the shape and timing of declines in mortality and fertility, rather than family planning alone. These concerns draw on older theories and models about the relationship between population, resources and the environment that have proved remarkably resilient.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	4c0d34d535969396d86e9b9a939baa70	Additionally, respondents noted that work in this area was delayed by slow approval procedures for phase I clinical trials. Notably, the Israeli Ministry of Health has recently set up a national advisory committee to undertake a technology needs assessment and options appraisal for the application of genomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing, to advance public health initiatives efforts in the area of infectious diseases. A strategic plan for capacity building, focusing on implementation of NGS platforms and human resource development, is now pending approval.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	4c13f92a2b0aca1fb85e88d9c7034933	They consist of atolls and volcanic islands from less than 3 metres above sea level to almost 5,000 metres above sea level and total land areas between, the smallest Nauru, 21 km2 and, the largest PNG, 462,840 km2. The populations of these countries range from 10,800 (Nauru) to more than 8 million people (PNG) for a total of some 10 million people, with densities as low as 18 people per km2 in PNG to as high as 514 people per km2 in Nauru. Official development assistance (ODA) in 2014 ranged from US$22 million in Nauru to a high of US$681 million in PNG.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	4c143581e16dd7e2f9ef80e7fc0b6a3d	Government salaries are equivalent to 13% of GDP, on a par with Norway (13.6%) and easily exceeding the OECD average of 10.6%. As noted in the OECD’s Economic Survey of Costa Rica, 2016, Costa Rica’s “public-sector wage bill as a share of GDP is higher than in most OECD countries, even though its public employment share is among the lowest”. Effective increases in public sector salaries have far exceed negotiated targets and inflation in recent years (Figure 3.19).	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	4c14536792dc4992a2ff886c6900a19e	Right holders may voluntarily provide licenses to generic manufacturers. Voluntary licenses are producing promising results in the area of HIV, but do not yet address increasing needs across a broader range of health technologies. Full incorporation and use of TRIPS flexibilities will thus continue to be important to encourage pharmaceutical companies to license their products in order to increase access while not discouraging innovation.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	4c1622f6ebcd154a8ec7a3f7f7812361	The production is distributed to Mali (55%), Senegal (30%) and Mauritania (15%) (Wikipedia, 2016e). As part of the OMVS agenda, the dam was planned over Senegal River in 1972, but construction could not begin due to lack of funds. In 1979, the World Bank declined funding for dam construction, highlighting the unreasonable investment. After securing financial aid from Europe, construction of the dam began in 1982 (Wikipedia, 2016e). At the same time, another dam was built downstream in the Lower Senegal River’s delta to prevent backwater flows.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	4c17ebf9a15b102ee4e8f1fed311cfd2	That is a small, but helpful impact. Clemens et al (2012) found that aid results in some degree of growth in recipient countries, although the magnitude of growth in relation to the amount of aid is in general modest, it varies greatly across recipients, and the results diminish at high levels of aid. Given its unique mandate to directly target development, improve welfare and reduce poverty, ODA remains an essential resource in many countries, especially the poorest—those with limited access to private finance and low levels of domestic resources.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088979-en	4c1847a18083e6822cf804533e5e46ab	Victoria is one of the prime locations for science and research in Australia and the state government aims to make innovation a pillar of its “healthy, sustainable and productive”future. While strong investments have been made in leading-edge science and research infrastructure, there is a need to ensure returns on investment in terms of job creation and business formation. The emphasis of research policy is on international excellence.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8f503b00-en	4c1852236f47377eae51b237b97e4d01	The bio-economic basis for sustainable fisheries management is explored in this section. First, the section will define what is meant by the sustainable use of fisheries resources. Second, it will introduce a bio-economic model of a fishery to explain how overfishing - essentially, depletion of the fish stock at too high a rate -occurs under open access.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	4c19b2118893e1d11d017739d3b4b329	Similarly, some MENA countries have also established oversight mechanisms that act both as “corrective” institutions (institutions of recourse, such as ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims) or pre-emptive/oversight institutions (parliaments or parliamentary committees, commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive), as depicted in Table 3.2. Civil society organisations usually operate independently from any government. In the MENA region, half of the respondents (Egypt and Tunisia for example) stressed the importance of an active civil society to monitor government activities in the area of gender equality. Committees are set up within the legislative system with clearly defined mandates to carry out in-depth analysis and review public policy and legislature with regard to gender equality.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/efc21c19-en	4c1b31c7bec2e84a3ca6802a5c46a8ca	The maturity stages of e-Government for Gender Equality, which is an adaptation of the EGDI’s four-stage model, suggest key characteristics of the e-Government evolution regarding the usefulness of contents and services, technical sophistication and ease of use, degree of integration, etc. The framework was used for the analysis of national gender machinery websites from 11 countries presented in Chapter 3 of this report. They have links to ministries, departments and other branches of government.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	4c1cb5dd548c7e4672dd0778ab8abbb4	The public financing of efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation is likely to have played a role in catalysing this private sector participation by lowering risks linked to country participation, and improving country readiness in terms of the necessary institutional frameworks. Large institutional investors are also redirecting investments to align them with climate objectives, such as reducing emissions from deforestation. For example, the Norwegian Pension Fund has begun to divest shares in companies associated with unsustainable palm oil production, which can be viewed as an alignment of private financing with global climate change mitigation objectives. No comprehensive assessment is available to track climate finance from domestic budgets, and there is no agreed classification system for national climate budget tagging that permits international comparisons or aggregation. However, evidence from 11 countries indicates that domestic resources are a significant and, in some cases, even a dominant part of climate change expenditure (UNDP, 2015).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	4c1f93f95d8ce99023510e8988c6d9f3	"Estimates by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation show somewhat different leading causes of DALYs for Colombia in 2010, where the leading cause of DALYs is interpersonal violence, followed by ischemic heart disease, major depressive disorder, HIV/AIDS, lower back pain and road injuries (IHME, 2014). The prevalence of overweight (Body Mass Index >25 kg/m"") was 35% in Colombian women aged 16-64, compared to 34.1% in men (2010). More Colombian women are obese (Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2) than the OECD average (20.1% vs. 17.9%) (OECD, 2015a). Colombian men, however, are healthier than average on this measure (11.5% vs. 17.4% OECD average)."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	4c20969806293f73c07db875e58b3be5	Silo approaches in water policy result in incoherence between subnational policy needs and national policy initiatives and reduce the possibility of success for implementation of cross-sectoral policy at the sub-national level. If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	4c240834d5659fb571c6ec13722f7652	Each month, on the basis of national quota allocations, the Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine, following consultation with the industry, decides on management regimes for the following month. These management regimes involve catch limits per vessel and are implemented by means of Fishery Management Notices. Such species are subject to additional management measures controlling times, areas and weekly or monthly amounts fished.	14	0	7	1.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	4c244bfa87a84f61a58c57f11dd961f1	For delivery each week during a season, the subscriber pays SEK 1,680 which corresponds to SEK 175 per kilogram filleted fish. The usual wholesaler price for mixed dead and live caught whole cod is around SEK 10 to the fisher. The fishers transport the fish to a central pick-up location, provided for free by the city authorities, where there is a fridge and a small freezer.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	4c25ab7d5784df0e5347ab9451992369	While life expectancy increased by an average of three years across OECD countries between 2000 and 2013, it increased by only 1.3 years in Mexico (OECD, 2015a). Mexico holds the highest maternal mortality rates in the OECD, with 38.2 maternal deaths per 1 000 live births in 2013. It also has relatively low rates of screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer, which are routine parts of preventative care for women in other countries. Fewer than 25% of women aged 50 to 69 in Mexico are screened, compared to over 50% of comparably-aged women in most other OECD countries (OECD, 2015a).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	4c275e92ad22f609a62954783315d3bf	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation. It is apparent that evaluation and assessment are increasingly being considered as levers of change guiding improvement, accountability, educational planning and policy development within school systems.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	4c28fe11690a297afd385728f14a4aca	The most important species landed into foreign ports were Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic herring which together accounted for 30.5% of the value of landings to foreign ports. Common shrimp, blue whiting and blue mussels w'ere the most valuable species landed into domestic ports in 2016 and combined accounted for 65.1% of these landings. Prices of most other species also increased, with only prices for turbot, halibut, anglerfish, and ling decreased compared to 2015.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1007f69a-en	4c2a1f470eb680623e0d9494eabfc0b1	The production, refinement, transportation and storage of oil are also sources of methane emissions, as is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. No combustion process is perfectly efficient, so when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity, heat or power vehicles, they all contribute as sources of methane emissions. Many developing countries have large untapped fossil fuel resources that they intend to use to develop their respective economies.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	4c2b273658f146d21ef924d73864ac6f	Similarly, proximity among actors can foster a sense of community that is favourable to negotiations and the collective solution forming. They operate in formal and informal settings, with interactions of different nature, degree and frequency. Depending on their responsibilities and interests, stakeholders interact more or less often with one another. It consists in applying network theory to analyse social networks.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	4c33ea99c2620f3367d9821e76923b2d	Penang was the exception to this pattern. Inter-firm networks in Penang were good, and in 1989 contributed to the creation of the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) (see Box 3.9.). However, as with the efforts of the Second Industrial Master Plan to deepen high tech activities, the Multimedia Super Corridor has suffered from serious human resource and network constraints.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	4c35b67b65c55dcda6253032c2d02e36	On the other hand, in Greece, Japan, the Netherlands and Turkey, women are slightly more represented in the labour force than in general government employment. According to the most recent figures, women represent only 24% and 36% of general government employees in Turkey and Greece, respectively. These figures are generally similar to those in 2000.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	4c36cc8ddfaab5fae1bae7fb040859f6	Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, infrastructure, the full range of health services including sexual, reproduction and health rights, water and sanitation, the equal right to own land and other assets, a safe environment in which to leam and apply their knowledge and skills, and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work, and have an equal voice in decision making. ( First, it outlines women’s employment trends in the MENA region, including in the public sector. Next, it assesses the legal framework for labour force participation, including its conformity to international standards. The chapter also examines policy measures used in MENA and OECD countries for improving female participation in the labour market.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	4c38e7a77c46bae1fc9518611475babe	Although bike share operators provide guidelines regarding best practices for parking (e.g. avoiding locations that block pedestrian travel), there are generally no penalty mechanisms by which good parking practices can be enforced. The question of who is entitled to the rights to the data generated by these systems also constitutes a novel issue for policymakers. If made available to researchers, for example, this type of data could be used for public transport blind spot analyses, biking hotspot analysis and prediction, multimode transportation analysis, and lifestyle impact analysis. Increasing mode shares of cyclists in cities also has implications for safety (ITF, 2018a), and may also necessitate infrastructure changes, such as reducing car lanes and increasing bike lanes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b20b341-en	4c3a1f2a7f4fd26b8ce799942359e2c7	"An annual meeting takes place to ensure cooperation and coordination between regional centres under the Basel and Stockholm Conventions"". One of the main drivers for doing so was the realisation in the 1970s and 1980s of the extent of the traffic in toxic wastes to Africa and other developing regions12. The Basel Convention is of relevance, as much of the waste trade involves plastics, and some of these contain relatively high levels of additive chemicals which are in Annex I or II of the Convention. These have known toxicological effects, with serious human health implications."	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	4c3b07b78353541354783c5431064fe0	The first pathway goes through the impact on labour earnings inequality - from the dark blue to light blue shaded boxes. Earnings inequality in this framework is assessed in terms of both wage dispersion among workers and individual earnings dispersion among the whole working-age population, which takes into account under-employment and inactivity. The second pathway is the transmission of labour earnings inequalities to household income inequalities - the move from the light blue to the unshaded boxes.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	4c3cfd4278617ed04785d85665707d99	Quebec and Prince Edward Island managed the introduction of full-day kindergarten with a comprehensive transition plan that refocused childcare operators to provide services for younger aged children. For instance, as the federal increased payment under the NCB supplement, the provinces and territories agreed to ‘reinvest’ the amount saved in other programs and services for low-income families with children, such as early learning and child care services, supplementary health care, income-tested child benefits and earnings supplements. As a consequence, the Early Childhood Development Initiative (ECDI) adopted in 2000 and was accompanied with CAD 500 million annually for programs to promote infant and maternal health, improve parenting and community supports and strengthen early learning and child care.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	4c3e1169a6dded2b919d361f0b3da3fb	Additionally, Austria is also among the countries with the highest number of arrivals per inhabitant from 2015 to 2017. About 800 000 of these applications were accepted. Germany spent around EUR 16 billion, or 0.5%of GDP, in 2015 on refugees compared to Austria which spent 0.37% of GDP (by 2017, it was increased to 0.75% of GDP).	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	4c3eb79d29119755b59133036a48d522	This means that today the Mexican health system is beset with inefficiencies and fragmentation, with resources split across multiple independent subsystems. Though coverage and public health expenditure has increased, which should be commended, access to services remains far from equal. Not only are some 21.5% of Mexicans still without health coverage according to survey data (CONEVAL, 2012), but levels of services differ significantly between sub-systems, and accessing care often demands a significant out-of-pocket expense.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	4c3f241ee840d22aff13bc4bd6616ffe	They can originate from the demand side such as economic expansions or recessions; or from the supply side through reduced supply of inputs, availability of substitutable/complementary products or, typically, energy markets. Finally, shocks can be transmitted through macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates and terms of trade. Balcombe (2008) finds that the volatility of most individual food commodities is positively related to the general volatility of other agricultural commodities.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	4c3fdd99f6b32ebc80eb64d3e30607f9	This loss depends on the risk of unemployment (i.e. the risk of becoming and staying unemployed) and the degree of mitigation against these losses provided by government transfers -unemployment benefits and social assistance- in the event of unemployment. Conditional on the assumption that all transitions take place between employment and unemployment, data on unemployment duration are used to measure the monthly probability of becoming unemployed as well as the average expected duration of completed unemployment spells in months (which is the inverse of the probability of finding a job once unemployed)22. The product of the two elements provides a measure of the overall unemployment risk, i.e. the proportion of time that a worker23 can expect to spend on average in unemployment.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	4c4357475e3dd63f4145ff3077b1ac51	In addition, triggers to undertake EIA are provided for in environmental management frameworks (also declared in terms of the National Environmental Management Act) and through the Biodiversity Act (see Annex 1.A1) if a “threatening process” is involved and/or if activities target endangered or critically endangered ecosystems as listed in terms of that act. In addition, provision is made in the regulations for developers responsible for illegal developments to apply for “retroactive” environmental authorisations; biodiversity offsets could thus also be required retroactively. An acceptable trade-off is not always possible, however, signifying the presence of limits on the type or extent of biodiversity that may be appropriate to include in an offset scheme (BBOP, 2012; ICCM and IUCN, 2012; IFC, 2012; Kiesecker et al.,	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4c4548c196325fb84dfa7c9d8b492348	In such a case, autonomous sources of onsite power such as diesel generators or “passive systems” driven by gravity would constitute the next line of defence (see also Section 2.3). The general conclusion that the size and the quality of the electricity grid are especially important issues for nuclear power remains thus unaffected. In an industry with only limited means of economical storage this poses a challenge in ensuring continuous supply security for as vital a service as electricity. In particular, it means that back-up capacity from alternative technologies needs to be available for the periods when a given plant is unavailable.	7	0	7	1.0
10.14217/7ef450ae-en	4c49e580b11aec713c86beedae6e9c9e	This has given rise to the best present and robust practices of early warning systems, community education, evacuation, emergency shelter, high technology-assisted search and rescue, retrofitting, ‘building back safer’, and family, business and sovereign insurance. Current investments in DRR are important and necessary, but after Maria, no longer sufficient. This applies to hurricanes in particular and to natural disasters in general.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	4c4b7632868fe4f3426ee5502778454f	Additionally, extensive desk research for this study was carried out by the International Transport Forum. This will have an impact on the nature of public transport. The convergence of public transport and ride services in particular provides an opportunity to deliver better mobility outcomes for a broader share of the population.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	4c508822b7c18c41761eb94e6e4281d7	The sample analysed for this study however, consists mainly of enabling interventions. Risk reduction activities are less common in the sample from all the agencies except for JICA that primarily focuses on the development of climate proof infrastructure. Across the agencies, comprehensive programmes that focus on the overall country approach to climate change adaptation tend to include measures for policy and administrative management.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	4c53c62332eb5bc35aab865031fe8b3f	In such a structure, the upper tier (i.e. the regional government) would focus on the providing region-wide services that benefit the whole territory, are associated with both positive externalities and some redistribution, and which demonstrate economies of scale. Lower tiers (i.e. urban areas) would concentrate on local services that provide local benefits and may be more in line with their actual resource capacity (see Table 3.6) (Bird and Slack, 2008). Metropolitan Governance: Principles and Cases, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	4c558f01f42e4d5ba3c0294eaa6db6a8	For example, drought and heat-resistant seeds can help increase farm productivity in drought-prone regions. Seed varieties that are tolerant to heat and dry spells have been developed for a range of major food crops, including maize, rice and wheat. Other seed varieties have been developed that can improve the resilience of crops affected by flooding, including intrusion by saline water, which could become more frequent with climate change.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4c567911242e96a326b0d95605fa3573	Since poor households tend to consume little electricity, they would likely benefit from overall reduced rates, or a “lifeline rate”. Commercial and industrial users could be charged higher rates, while SMEs would need more favourable treatment. Other ways to mobilize resources through tariffs include setting a transparent surcharge applied to higher income, commercial or industrial consumers, and using the proceeds to extend the service to poorer consumers.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/127a6106-en	4c571bac3ae098106c5dd648ac8e38bf	Stakeholders along the agriculture and food value chain are affected by a disconnect between production and consumption patterns and knowledge about nutrition, which results in a poor overall nutritional status among too many people. So, in order to achieve Zero Hunger, which is at the core of the SDGs, it is crucial to improve dietary patterns and production systems. This over-reliance on one staple crop is a leading cause of persistent malnutrition and low dietary diversity.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	4c58a0c41a545d64fe1bdb37f6af4e1b	Individual countries and regions of the world have been compared as if they began from similar premises. Little, if any, attention has been paid to the question of where a country started from and what distance it has travelled on the way to implementing the Goals (Go and Quijada, 2012; Easterly, 2007). Second, this attempt to benchmark these goals for national planning purposes without adequately contextualizing and tailoring them to national circumstances and capabilities has been criticized—even by one of the MDG architects, Jan Vandemoortele.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/92ab585a-en	4c5cc27c8d5a879a3e082eb680c8da59	Both rivers flow into the Aral Sea basin and provide some 55 per cent of the overall run-off into the basin. Currently, however, after a long journey through a number of countries, natural seepage, evaporation and heavy exploitation, only the Syr Darya River retains an inflow to the Aral Sea. After the confluence of the Kafirnigan, Vakhsh and Pjandj rivers, the flow becomes the Amu Darya River. They are fed by intakes from rivers and connected to the groundwater through seepage and leaks. They contain 20 km3 of freshwater and 26.3 km3 of salty or muddy water.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	4c5d9fe6917d6d5fa95860e6ec52377f	The chapter also reviews the limitations of funds’ use accountability and the concerns regarding the funding for school infrastructure. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	4c5dd1f80e8fd87d0e0548c5e88a1083	Therefore, some comparisons should be made with caution. This is the case even in countries that have largely decentralised the responsibilities for water resource management and service delivery (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico). Joint role” refers to a situation where roles and responsibilities regarding water policy are evenly distributed across central and sub-national governments. Dominant role” refers to a situation where the central government retains the majority of roles and responsibilities related to water policy Source: Based on results from OECD (2011), “OECD Survey on Water Governance 2010-2011”, OECD, Paris, survey conducted in 2011, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/39/44689618.pdf.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	4c5f50e4f431f0b1f26dcc8b823b3e14	To shed light on the relative importance of these two factors, they will be discussed separately as far as possible. A number of measurement choices are crucial for the interpretation of results. Some of them are dictated by data availability, while others are a reflection of the purpose of the study at hand. The purpose in this paper is to isolate the direct impact of government redistribution policies on income inequalities among non-elderly households.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	4c65f3fca1603588d8880734f92ed38d	Unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures are needed to transform the global energy system into an almost carbon-free one by 2050. For example, following the discovery of the giant Groningen natural gas field in the Netherlands, the natural gas share went from 1 per cent in 1958 to 5 per cent in 1965 and to 50 per cent in 1971. Portugal increased its share of renewables, including hydro, from 17 to 45 per cent in a matter of five years, from 2005 to 2010, and plans to become the first country to inaugurate a national network of charging stations for electric cars in 2011.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	4c65ffb978a16ca2a51bf8a396313a27	It is in the process of preparing a partnership with Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) chapters in Moroccan universities to strengthen its links within the university network; this will also help to generate more innovative projects from young educated women. The Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funded the Casablanca incubator; UN Women supported the Rabat incubator and the National Human Development Initiative (INDH), a government initiative, provided the space to create the incubator in El Jadida. Funding has also been provided by AECID, MEPI, the Dutch Embassy (for the incubator in El Jadida), and the OCP Group.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	4c6788de80f437f72c73631bc40cde93	Learning aims to enhance stakeholders’ understanding of the country’s climate change risks and vulnerabilities that in turn can help to identify approaches that are effective in reducing those risks. Accountability aims to ensure that resources allocated for adaptation are effective in achieving set objectives. For example, the quality and usability of climate projections is uneven due to resource constraints and data limitations (OECD, 2009).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e9e584f1-en	4c682121410f4f3846650b3471050fcb	Modem methods of contraception include female and male sterilization, oral hormonal pills, intra-uterine devices, male condoms, injectables, implants, vaginal barriers, female condoms and emergency contraception. Traditional methods of contraception include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, the lactational amenorrhea method and folk methods. Egypt recorded the most widespread use of modern contraceptive methods, at 57 per cent.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	4c6fa1caa9f7dc0d970aebfe4501f5ad	Considerable innovation follows and, as a result, the impact of water shortages on productivity is reduced. In well-designed regimes, local allocation trades can be completed within one or two days and, if conducted in a manner consistent with pre-agreed rules, are not subject to appeal. Entitlement trading, often called “permanent” trading, allows efficient planning for long-term changes in demand and supply conditions.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	4c707319fc3631aad21e0848e16954ca	In a recent study of the European experience, it was found that “comprehensive policy integration cannot be achieved through a single multisectoral strategy” (Nordbeck and Steurer, 2015). Through an examination of how each of the countries that are members of the European Union put into practice its sustainable development agenda, the study identified at least two common problems. First, the strategies emphasized a breadth of topics and sectors rather than priorities. This allowed policymakers in each area of government (or sector) to focus on those dimensions that interested them to the detriment both of other dimensions and of overall coordination. Second, the call for a balanced approach across the three dimensions of sustainable development was often undermined by the fact that economic and social priorities prevailed over environmental concerns. The lesson in this regard is that effective strategies for policy integration require clearly defined sectoral action plans which focus on well-defined priorities.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	4c71d51285500b4bcd43585e5b221e66	The number of workers across skill-groups and within a sector is identified under the assumption that within sectors, workers engage in the same amount of hours across the different labour categories (high-skilled, medium-skilled and low-skilled).35 In the second step, to calculate a wage for each of these worker categories, the value added of a given worker category (the wage bill) is divided by the number of workers in that category and sector. The resulting output is an average wage rate for each of the three categories of workers within a sector giving rise to a maximum of 105 country-sector-skill category-year wage observations.36 This information is then used to calculate aggregate measures of wage inequality37 — a Gini coefficient—using weights capturing the number of workers across skill categories and sectors within a country (Box 2). Great care has been taken to harmonise cross-country measures of inequality by the OECD in the Income Distribution database (which does not suffer from the problem of using income and expenditures in different years).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9bdccqft30-en	4c73720d802f5dce89a6913d3db173df	This statistic is obtained by dividing the total amount of fuel consumed by the total landed volume in each country in 2008. Fuel use per tonne of fish landed shows little correlation with the value of tax concessions as a share of output, with only France and Italy showing both high levels of concessions and high fuel use per tonne of landings. These are determined by, inter alia, access to stocks, gear use, management system and price.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	4c73ef56d7024c74439a9f44a5fd7345	In 2009, public spending on childcare amounted to 0.04% of GDP, of which 20% was allocated to PEIMT. However, this is only 6% of all children between 1 and 4 years old in Mexico, of whom 26% grow up in poverty. Day-care centres are open for a minimum of eight hours per day, five days a week (Monday to Friday). In 2010, the amount was USD 4 200 for creating a new facility and USD 2 600 for adapting a private residence or retail space into a day care centre.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/e683e7ef-en	4c79167c98d072a7f17f9b329c36d5c7	"Onlyfew municipalities have a range lower than 30% and these are found in both Finland and Norway: only one in Denmark (Samso) and one in Sweden (Hogsby) display this level of coverage. Closer municipal scrutiny shows that rather significant differences can be found even between neighbouring municipalities. For instance, in Osterbotten, the ""broadband hotspot"" municipalities of Vaasa, Evijarvi and Nykarleby are surrounded by municipalities with a rather low rate of fast broadband accessibility (varying by as much as 10%)."	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	4c8335fe1fdc864e35f5416bb69421e7	But despite growing popularity and increasing recognition of the potential benefits of an accessibility-based approach, governments face the challenge of developing accessibility-based decision-making frameworks i.e. policy, planning and investment frameworks in which accessibility considerations are central criteria systematically guiding decisions. This report examines how accessibility indicators can support such a shift. Figure 1 summarises this transition and highlights the weak and imperfect link between physical movement and the objectives of overall well-being and sustainability.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	4c84f94c7b79d0cb33f2aacf79ab0779	Entire population, excluding capital gains. Source: OECD, Income Distribution and Poverty Database-, Swedish Ministry of Finance; OECD calculations. For instance in Sweden, the Gini coefficient was reduced through taxes and transfers from 0.44 to 0.21 (hence by 0.23) in the mid-1990s and from 0.43 to 0.26 (hence by 0.17) in the late 2000s. In addition, capital gains have contributed to the increase in inequalities.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	4c8526329e3e536eabdcd32c5ccdb640	Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Although these numbers indicate improvement, data from a MESRK report on the qualitative composition of the teaching workforce in 2010-11 suggest that in 2010 there were still 13% of teachers who have not completed higher (tertiary) education (MESRK, 2010a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9f5dd7d0-en	4c8567b0618442fdf5c57ba97f80dc1f	New trade agreements or domestic trade reforms may impose various adjustment requirements, ranging from tackling export shortfalls to the development of capacity to implementnew trade rulesand measures. Ahead of the WTO's 6th Global Review of Aid for Trade in July 2017, Commonwealth members could consider working towards adopting a unified voice to enhance allocation, utilisation and governance of AfT resources. Not only was 2016 a record year for the lowest growth in world trade volumes but also it saw a steady increase in the stockpile of trade-restrictive measures implemented by G20 economies since the financial crisis. This is concerning given that past G20 protectionism dealt LDC exports a serious blow: trade distortions implemented between 2009 and 2013 led to US$264 billion in forgone LDC exports, equivalent to 31 per cent of their total exports during that period. They could collectively advocate for greater trade openness and tackling trade protectionism, which hinders the achievement of the SDGs.11 It may also be useful to track progress on the G20's Strategy for Global Trade Growth.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	4c87e542ce06a008baa7061a6a7e1760	Commodity and derivative traders design tools to deal with risk and volatility on a daily basis. The secondary financial market offers various tools to handle the risks faced by EE projects. In the current situation however, these same traders cannot capture the financial opportunities of EE projects because they do not understand the physical realities of these projects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	4c8b7fa8bb775ddcbd873187ad68c580	Most countries in the region (except for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR and Myanmar) have national air quality standards covering at least some of the main outdoor air pollutants. The level of these standards varies across countries in the region, which have very different average levels of exposure to air pollutants. Separate local pollution standards may also be set for particular cities or regions.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	4c8bfa9afdce90b83d2d231f81aeda76	This goal-by-goal review shows that gender inequalities remain pervasive in each and every dimension of sustainable development. In 89 countries with available data, there are 4.4 million more women than men living on less than US$1.90 a day. Unequal access to and control over economic resources lie at the root of women's poverty. Gender inequalities in the labour market persist, largely due to occupational segregation and gender pay gaps. Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, and in other areas, such as maternal mortality, child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM), progress is unacceptably slow and uneven. In situations of unrest, instances of sexual and lethal violence increase and are commonly perpetrated not only by intimate partners but also by police and military personnel.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	4c90d7c590958db8aa56d230c5fa3fac	The first begins with a description of the post-Soviet migration system and the place Central Asian States and the Russian Federation take in it. The second covers a discussion of gender ratios of the migration flows from the three countries being studied to the Russian Federation, the gender-specific factors driving the migration and general characteristics of female and male migration. The third and fourth sections are devoted to the gender dimensions of integration in the destination country.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	4c93b2c9c73ef1caba15bf54140ab9b6	In particular, prices on domestic markets are strongly dependent on trade policies pursued in the countries concerned. In fact, there is effectively no way that stockholding policies in any country can permanently override the domestic market price effects of its government’s trade policy unless the country concerned is either extremely large relative to the world market or has an unlimited budget and storage capacities. Chapter 4 found that on closer inspection the track record of the national stock policies analysed was far less convincing.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	4ca11d20e0cc2275f83f23140f6081a8	In this regard, the mobilization of the diverse potential of small and medium-sized cities and their surrounding territories is important, since small and medium-sized cities make up 94 per cent of the country’s urban settlements and are more evenly distributed throughout the country’s territory in contrast to the more peripheral location of oblast cities. They represent a backbone of the country’s urban settlement system.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	4ca53d7505e9ecef2e5fd0edada82b4d	"Queuing characterizes patterns in Namibia and Uganda (although at different levels of overall U5M), while Cambodia’s pattern is mixed, showing that richer groups enjoy lower mortality rates, but the rates among poorer groups are not as extremely high as those observed in Niger. Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries"", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. What about the trends in health inequalities over time? Trend analysis requires at least two different data points, and only a handful of developing countries have conducted health surveys whose results are comparable at two or more different points in time."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	4ca5dfb4ca34a9cb1080b2c52b006988	The hospital and emergency care sectors were reorganised, leading to efficiency gains. Primary care was also strengthened, with the aim of focusing more effort on preventive care. Population ageing and worsening rates of smoking and other key risk factors mean that more people are living with chronic disease, and demands on the health system are intensifying. Latvia must continue to undertake reforms, therefore, to optimise performance of the health care system and improve people's health. Key challenges in each of these areas are identified. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4ca6bba0eb825f73b392447c0a24e853	R&D assets and innovation activities are concentrated in the centre of Israel whereas the periphery - the Galilee and the Negev - is characterised by low skill/low wage economy. The major challenge for Israel in terms of innovation is to break away from the dual economy with significant income gaps and uneven development. Building up an effective regional innovation system and investing in human capital development would help the Galilee to break out of the path dependency. The largest city Haifa has the scale of resources and institutions which can form the basis of an innovation system which could also reach out to the Galilee.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	4ca882f2495fe6422cb4d1afcf7a44db	The purpose is to understand these relationships; for example the nature and extent of provision, guidance, emotional support or access to social capital. It is viewed as a gendered, cultural practice influenced by community and wider societal values and norms. Expansions upon this definition are set out in Appendix 1.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	4ca8dbeca74145e5319c0df04f060288	With these investments, young people are also better able to develop the judgement, values, behaviours and resilience they need to thrive in their rapidly changing and globalizing world. For example, one driver of the dividend is increased participation of women in the paid economy. Child marriage and early childbearing can erode or even erase this potential through their detrimental effects on the health, education, and earnings potential of young mothers and their children.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	4cabbdfd195ae2f6319b771a7d62a3eb	Third, women might forego higher-paying employment in favour of family-friendly jobs that allow them to work fewer hours and spend more time at home. On the other hand, discrimination explanations are based on the notion that even though mothers may be equally productive, employers may (for strategic reasons) pay them less than non-mothers and men of similar productivity in the labour market. Using longitudinal surveys from the United States, Waldfogel (1997) concludes that an unexplained motherhood wage penalty persists after controlling for human capital, unobserved heterogeneity and part-time employment, with a 4% penalty for one child and a 12% penalty for two or more children.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	4cad6994cdad47d95f16ec5ade1493f8	It includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets set by the UN General Assembly in 2015. The paper highlights how the Paris Agreement makes national climate policies become international law and suggests an implementation of Paris principles on non-state actors. The exposition further suggests that a legal perspective may enrich the understanding of today's climate governance. The replacement of the Kyoto protocol top-down approach for developed states only with a bottom-up pledge-and-review system, accommodating all states, has indeed changed the rules of the game for global climate law and policy.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	4cae27353fd6054cbddca6aa72d9085c	Students can pursue VET in upper secondary and in polytechnics at the tertiary level of education. Initial vocational training programmes take three years to complete, including at least half a year of on-the-job learning in workplaces. Upon completion, the qualification provides formal eligibility for tertiary education. Graduation rates in pre-vocational/vocational programmes are high (99% compared to the OECD average of 47% in 2011), but only 54% of students in these programmes graduated before the age of 25, compared to an average of 80% in OECD countries. Those with tertiary qualifications have high rates of employment.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm409kqqkjh-en	4cb6b761f8795d1c98201280b72edc1b	Rearrangement of student learning time, next to reduction of class size and increase of teachers’ salaries, has emerged as one of the key ideas for reallocation of newly available resources in countries with a decreasing number of students. Since it is argued that “the most valuable resource in the educational process is no doubt student learning time” (OECD, 2004: 240), optimising this resource has been presented as one of the key measures in improving student achievement (Carroll, 1989; Scheerens and Bosker, 1997; Marzano, 2003). While students acquire skills and knowledge in many different ways, this paper will concentrate primarily on the time students spend learning in regular school lessons and also consider their participation in summer and after-school programmes and extracurricular activities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	4cb9f66f6b06be5834839c5217b9f5b1	System-level data that are not derived from the PISA 2015 student or school questionnaire are extracted from the OECD's annual publication. Education at a Glance, for those countries and economies that participate in that periodic data collection. For other countries and economies, a special system-level data collection was conducted in collaboration with PISA Governing Board members and National Project Managers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4cc06aec9d32dccb301e55c7cf1bb119	However, they may well constitute the impacts most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets. Table 1.1 provides a first indication of the losses in load factors. It shows that those most heavily affected in the short run are the technologies with the highest variable costs, which are hit hard by the unavoidable decline in electricity prices due to the influx of 10% or 30% of electricity with zero marginal cost that will push the supply curve towards the right. In the long run (not included in Table 1.1), the situation changes as high fixed cost technologies will leave the market because of reduced numbers of full load hours.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264222519-10-en	4cc17eb52334a57048fa7928afffebb8	This means that the technical capacities required to ensure adequate project design and implementation are higher. Though inherently a good thing, this has, however, led to an insufficient number of applications being received over the years, or these not being successfully approved in some federal states. These conditions ensure that the activities carried out under this programme are additional and would not occur otherwise. Since compensation activities under the CUSTF are not combined with other programmes, it allows evaluating the outcome of the programme independently from other restoration and reforestation programmes from CONAFOR.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264280359-8-en	4cc360af5d0c788ed64e5c663513a70b	Steps have been taken to allow for the use of gender mainstreaming tools such as the collection of gender-disaggregated data by an especially dedicated gender statistics unit. Elements of gender analysis of draft legislative acts and Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) within some public entities have been also implemented. However, this chapter observes the need to improve the scope, depth and use of existing gender-disaggregated data, to widen the application of Gender Impact Assessments beyond primary legislation and to better link the allocation of public budgets to expected gender equality results. This chapter examines what tools and mechanisms Kazakhstan is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	4cc41cee7dce4d913d8e41c6eeae63f0	Detailed research on what motivates entrepreneurship amongst older people in the United Kingdom shows that women are more likely to take on this form of economic activity, for positive reasons related to opportunity or lifestyle, whereas men are more reluctant to engage in it (Hudson et al., Across OECD countries, a variety of strategies to cultivate the participation of older people in entrepreneurial activities have been developed. In one project on demographic change in the Netherlands, the OECD/LEED has identified policy tools that can help support entrepreneurship among older people (Box 3.2). Such strategies serve both for older workers and for younger workers.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264213715-9-en	4cc5472b837d3fed5ed6868d9ca99b34	Sweden will need to expand the coverage of MPAs to meet the Aichi target of protecting at least 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020. It should also ensure that all MPAs have management plans and the means to implement them. It provides a good model for similar initiatives, based on the effective participation of local communities in decision making.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	4cc764028762f0e0039f2eda8cba4487	In 1990, the number of underweight children stood at 159 million. Disparities are particularly severe in Latin American countries such as Bolivia, Honduras and Peru, with the prevalence of stunting being nine times higher among children from poorer households compared to children from richer households. Differences across countries in stunting and malnutrition, however, are not necessarily correlated with each country’s income.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4cc815e4cda285a9866664645fa8c8d3	These schools are often managed by non-profit organisations but are under the supervision and responsibility of local authorities. In addition, there are vocational schools under the authority of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour that teach “traditional” trades, such as vehicle maintenance and construction for the equivalent of Grades 9 to 12. The sector is relatively small, with about 13 500 students in around 70 institutions, equivalent to only 3% of the total number of Grade 9 to 12 students.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5be883c5-en	4cc8eea45dd0cba9d5223eccb61d3a38	We call this the gender egalitarian (GE) case. Note that gender egalitarianism is also reflected by a number of factors associated with the high road: smaller gender wage gaps (to the extent they stem from good wages for women as opposed to low wages for men), an extensive and high quality market care sector, lots of public provision of care services, and good reproductive infrastructure. We call this the feminization of responsibility and obligation (FRO) case, borrowing a term developed by Sylvia Chant (2006) to replace the concept of feminization of poverty.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	4cc9147f3879bdbffa914651d38728ee	From then until 1976, the proportion of Australians living in capital cities rose from a little over one-third (36%) to almost two-thirds (65%) (ABS, 2008). This figure has remained relatively stable. In 2014, 15.6 million people, or 66.5%, were living in capital cities. Overall, almost a third of Australia’s 23.5 million people reside in New South Wales, making it the country’s most populous state (ABS, 2015). The Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Areas system was developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and enables quantitative comparisons between “city” and “country” Australia.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	4ccda306c02839b9dc6b3b3fad217d79	The exception was the US-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement, signed on 13 July 2000 and entered into force on 10 December 2001. Viet Nam was granted MFN trade status, providing it with substantially better access to the United States: average tariffs fell from 40% to less than 3%. In return, Viet Nam agreed to open up some of its services sectors (banking, insurance, and telecommunications), enhance protection of intellectual property rights and improve its foreign investment regime (WTO, 2013). The Agreement was prepared on the basis of WTO principles and was regarded as a very important step towards WTO membership (Vo, 2005).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	4cd175987d893ec172140d3d7c6d49ba	This can be seen from the middle graph of Figure 7.3, Panel A, which expresses the size of benefits in terms of a “tax rate” measure (and therefore shows negative values for benefits, see Box 7.1). In general, where benefits did become more or less targeted towards the poor since the mid-1980s, this did not change the overall trend in redistribution that would result from trends in average benefit rates alone. That said, benefits in the United Kingdom did, however, become less redistributive despite being now more tightly targeted towards the poor.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	4cd262714830fa6464c9f54771816094	Hence the need for social protection to address chronic as well as transient income shortfalls. Investments in human capital (notably education) and measures such as contingent cash transfers can ensure that the next generation makes a quantum leap in terms of development. There is evidence to suggest that improvements in agricultural productivity have a strong effect in reducing poverty (Irz etal., There is also evidence that agricultural growth has helped support broader economic growth (for example, Tiffin and Irz, 2006), although agriculture’s role as a necessary driver of development has been questioned (Gardner and Tsakok, 2007). Proponents of the former approach (e.g. Hazell et al.,	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/edf15661-en	4cd2e780b4e6dc01831e0ac3558200d0	In some countries, unmarried mothers cannot register their babies, and the children of unmarried parents have limited nationality rights. The actual choices and coping strategies of young women who become pregnant vary greatly depending on their social and legal environment. In Morocco, of the 78 percent of married women who would prefer to avoid a pregnancy, 67 percent use contraceptives, and 11 percent do not.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	4cd3736b9a0d6f97cd9eb41193b6e0df	Surveys in several LDCs suggest that solar lighting leads to significant reductions in lighting spending, lower C02 emissions, health benefits (especially for women and children, who typically spend more time indoors) and educational improvements (by allowing longer or more flexible study time)16 (Grimm et al., They can also make some contribution to productive use, for example by allowing smallholder farmers to use ICTs, thereby improving access to market information, agricultural extension and basic financial services (UNCTAD, 2015b; Bhatia and Angelou, 2015). Prior to electrification, renewable energy can be harnessed directly to diversify income sources and enhance labour productivity in non-farming activities and food processing through non-electrical technologies, such as solar tunnels for drying and evaporative refrigerators. ( While the take-up of similar devices would likely be constrained by the availability of funds for end-use investments, LDCs' producers, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), might benefit significantly from harnessing the scope for technological adaptation and “frugal innovations” in the field of end-use productive technologies, including those compatible with off-grid systems (Prahalad, 2006).	7	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	4cd9ee081edcbcea2df9483eff27165e	Since duplication of existing efforts should be avoided, a possible new panel should have clear additional value. A new scientific expert panel could create dialogue with scientists and policy-makers, to achieve the sound management of chemicals and waste at a global level. The results of the work of such a panel should be effectively fed into internationally relevant policy-making.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264300293-en	4cdc777487b58f82091c4f1ecae88ab2	Making this happen in practice requires concerted government action. Peru has undertaken a number of reforms aiming to improve the responsiveness of the labour market and education system, enhance the fiscal framework, and boost the business sector. Yet governments cannot achieve better skills outcomes alone. Success will depend on the commitment and actions of a broad range of stakeholders.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/09e92b30-en	4cded867b89814a947363e519b4e1b52	Indeed, the experience-rating part of the AT-MP scheme may also have negative side-effects, by discouraging reporting accidents and health issues and by reducing the employability of vulnerable populations, such as disabled and older workers. This is the aim of the third national 2016-20 occupational health plan, which has made primary prevention a priority. However, some subsidies for the prevention of risks are available only to SMEs with fewer than 50 employees (Cour des comptes, 2013), and firm-level committees on health, safety and working conditions conditions (CHSCT) are frequently lacking in firms with over 50 employees, even though they are mandatory (Breda, 2016). Small firms and local governments implement few preventive measures. In 2013 only 60% of employers had taken any measures over the last 12 months, and less than half of all firms had prepared the mandatory plans to identify occupational risks (Amira, 2016).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	4ce04e45513197dedf5116d49e1e7812	As evidence of this success, the research has subsequently fed into the development of Tonga’s new draft curriculum framework which emphasises sustainability with a strong cultural element, reflecting a positive step in aligning ESD within the formal sector with local culture and values. While some of the work may be taken up by donor-supported projects such as SLEP, such work is often restricted by programme frameworks. Universities, and to a lesser extent private sector and civil society organisations, have a key role to play in responding to the need for high quality research on ESD. While there are strong examples of scholarship on ESD from all three of the focus regions, reports regularly highlight the need for more work in this area (see Collins-Figueroa et al.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	4ce1dc84ab378528b9c71acf11b236fa	Still, given the large number of variables affecting future agriculture productivity, including irrigation efficiency, crop shifting, improvements in crop yields, variability in global markets, and demand generally, it is extremely difficult to project the possible economic impacts of long-term drought and water reallocations beyond the region. The objective of the simulations is to assess the possible national and international market effects such risks might have in the future. These four scenarios (SO, SB, SG, SD) are then combined with the introduction of two global climate change simulations using regional climate projections RCP 8.5 IPSL SI and Hadley SI.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	4ce29dc5c4bfad3e0c8c5f407486861a	Through the platform, PTOs buy resources (taxi and bus service) from private companies, and, combined with all the planned trips - generated through different remote online ordering modules used by a number of authorities - optimise the utilisation of that capacity in real time. Because of volume discounts and auctioned prices, the PTOs realise cost-savings compared to if they had purchased these services through more traditional procurement routes. The spot-market seeks to ensure bids aligned with the lowest generalised cost on the basis of unit-prices (EUR per vehicle hour) submitted by operators every year alongside other factors including estimated trip distance and duration, proximity to the customer requesting the service, special needs the customer may have and the quality rating for participating hauliers. The longer-term market is comprised of two- to four-year contracts guaranteeing a minimum availability and quality assurances.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	4ce4431ed070dacf0d9dafd5fc2fa389	The first is that they have comprehensive coverage, with all OECD member countries having submitted at least one report. Twenty nine countries published their fifth National Communications in 2009 or 2010. For the remaining OECD members - Chile, Israel, Korea, Mexico (non-Annex I countries) and Turkey - the analysis is based on their most recent NCs.'	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	4ce54773e43983f5a08c87859b2e1110	"The direct value added by renewable energies in Germany in 2012 adds up to 16.9 billion EUR with a municipal value added of around 11.1 billion EUR"" (Aretz et al. World Bank and MDBs). Analysing the cases of India and China, Kelkar 2016 stresses that states have responded to women's claims to land rights and justice mostly by formulating policies and legal frameworks that ""have remained largely ineffective in changing institutions trapped in gendered norms and women's economic dependency"" (Kelkar 2016:24)."	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7ead5985-en	4ce7bbb124d59a5be6f1d6a1f0edb043	He would also like to thank other OECD colleagues for their assistance, in particular Ben Game from the OECD’s Education and Skills Directorate and also Franci Kluzer, seconded to the OECD front the Slovenian Ministry of Finance. Finally, he would like to thank Anne Legendre and Klaus Pedersen for statistical support and Sylvie Ricordeau (also OECD Economics Department) for editorial assistance.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	4ce869eb68d1d20a83f1ecea2b1c4aca	By comparison, the US dollar has generally strengthened against the currencies of its trading partners since April-May 2018, and this is mirrored by the trend of the DXY index in a tight-knit fashion.9 Notably, the Chinese currency’s NEER depreciation is shallower than its depreciation against the US dollar on a bilateral basis. These trends suggest that the exchange rate dynamics involving this currency pair are more about the strength of the US dollar than the weakness of the Chinese yuan thus far. Among the region’s currencies, the rupee, the rupiah and the Myanmar kyat weakened most against the US dollar last year, although they have been on an uptrend since November-December 2018.	11	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	4cedb5e0eb15370569ee8d5870880517	Jobless couples where neither partner works (inactive or unemployed) are excluded. Data for both partners not available in the public use version of SLID for Canada. In 11.3% of couples both partners woik full-time (40+ hours, dark blue bars) and in 5.8% of couples the male partner works 30-39 hours and the female partner vvoiks 1-29 hours (dotted bars).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	4cefb2274de40ed36a012df15eb2f950	As noted in a number of examples, cities are generally the drivers of urban-rural water linkages. As defined in Box 4.13, they consist of cross-sectoral and holistic sets of initiatives (e.g. within a wider package of environmental-policy initiatives) or focus on single objectives/ projects (i.e. managing w'ater resources). For instance, a rural-urban partnership can aim to manage the production and distribution of benefits associated with ecosystem services. In Forli-Cesena, Italy, water resources are managed through a partnership among all urban and rural municipalities, as well as the chambers of commerce of three different provinces, which are also included in the co-operation process.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	4cefcd5005be1490bf3544e28cf4e84e	The vast majority of these non-resident grant recipients are the child’s parents. This figure is similar to that derived from KIDS 2004 which estimated the incidence of non-resident Child Support Grant recipients at 10% (Woolard, Carter & Aguero, 2005). The State Old Age Pension was originally introduced in South Africa in 1928 to address poverty among elderly white people, but was gradually extended to other population groups. During the Apartheid years both the size of the grant and some of the conditions discriminated on the basis of race.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	4cf0123cc0933e7e7b36a7c3a31ec5ea	In the case of Metrobus, the documentation available on the conditions negotiated for the different bus lines show that the transport authority and regulatory agency have been able progressively to negotiate agreements more likely to allow for financial sustainability (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012). In addition, corridors for trolley bus services running in a dedicated lane (zero-emission corridors) were also introduced recently. A short description of these projects is provided in Table 3.1.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	4cf178e240550484b34fea62b1cfe7d2	There is minimal focus on local seeds from the donor sector, and one could even say none at all from the government,” he responds. Even the government-established CSBs really only promote the production of modern varieties by farmers. In 1993, when the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) came into force, Nepal signed on. Then the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA) was approved in 2001, and Nepal ratified it in 2007.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	4cf49ab5d741b7e053df510859799755	In the “cost pressures” scenario, a 'full Baumol' effect is assumed implying that LTC costs per dependant will increase in line with overall labour productivity. In the “cost-containment” scenario, policy action is able to contain the cost pressures associated with the Baumol effect. In the latter scenario, governments would deploy a continuous effort to generate productivity gains and/or contain upward pressures on wages of staff providing long-term care. For health care: the size of the income elasticity, the magnitude of the residual, as well as factors underlying health status scenarios and demographic projections were tested.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	4cf63955176f87967f68cf54db93113e	All six SEE economies have legislation on soil, water, and biodiversity in relation to agriculture. However, there is substantial room for improvement, particularly in transposing the Nitrates Directive (1991/676/EC), and enforcing all of them. Albania and Kosovo have adopted land consolidation strategies.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	4cf686392b8963fdbc8585eeaeb0e8b9	On the Russian side, the Vuoksi River was classified in 2009 according to the Russian classification system as “conditionally clean” in the upstream part, as “slightly polluted” further downstream in the southern and northern branches, and as “polluted” close to the mouth of northern branch (at 0.8 river-km). The reason for this is improved effectiveness of wastewater treatment in Finland. After 2005, the production of pulp and paper factories increased, and together with it the loading, but not as much proportionally. Nitrogen concentration has not varied significantly, even though it was at a slightly higher level in the 1980s and in the early 1990s.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	4cf9ad44865017149316746a9793ad1b	However, when such actions provide both private and public benefits, the public sector may play a role in how these are developed. This report aims to establish a framework to help identify specific actions that governments could take in this respect and that could avoid sending signals leading to non-adaptation or maladaptation. This report begins with a review of national adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector in OECD countries and highlights different approaches undertaken by governments.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	4cf9ebc3e44f6f6fe764d85a6f3abc99	In the short-term, a favourable future for the post-2015 sustainable development framework and an ambitious climate deal in Paris will not be possible without policy input. In the longer term, development objectives, including climate-related goals, need policy coherence as well as cash. Governments will need to adapt accordingly.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	4cfa487e4a1be489f2221ba48d4dc59a	Employers, both women and men, may discriminate in favour of men, who are seen as “unencumbered” by reproductive responsibilities, or use womens assumed status as secondary earners to justify paying them less. Discriminatory laws, policies and programmes can reproduce gender inequalities through assumptions about mens primary wage-earning roles and womens domestic roles which often bear no resemblance to reality. Agency” is concerned with the extent to which women and men are able to challenge the constraints in their lives.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	4cfaa6925bd0ff7a4a38b2f6f7da19d9	The consequences for daily life are uncertain, depending greatly on the adequacy of water management strategies put in place. This results from a projected decrease in demand (driven by efficiency gains, and a structural shift towards service sectors that are less water intensive) and higher precipitation caused by climate change (Box 5.3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that the impact of climate change on freshwater systems and their management will be felt primarily through temperature increases, sea-level rise and precipitation variability. There will be shifts in the quantity, variability, timing, form, and intensity of precipitation and annual average run-off; the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts will increase; water temperature and the rate of evapotranspiration will increase; and water quality will deteriorate (Bates et al, 2008).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	4cfffb644d0ee6f7d66979e0ae6bd2e7	It is estimated that only half of Mexico’s 5 000 water operators are official utilities. In small communities, where resources and capacities are limited, service provision is ensured through community solutions, thus complicating the assessment of the total number of operating wells in the country. Mexico also has more water concessions than water availability, which has contributed to water imbalances.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	4d0253b2d7096237209a3651a61e0f30	"Nai Zindagi (literally, ""new life""), an NGO in Pakistan, works in close collaboration with the government at the central and provincial levels in the areas of awareness-raising and social mobilization, as well as service delivery, focusing on injecting drug users. In Fiji, the AIDS Task Force of Fiji, an NGO, provides HIV/AIDS-related information as well as counselling, education, training, skills development and capacity-building. The Network is involved in advancing and improving the health, legal and social rights of transgender people. There are also NGOs that deal with the rights and provision of services to transgender people, gays and lesbians."	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	4d0272f27918a0a0653a7cc54b0e3835	One significant challenge is the accumulated debt in the sector, especially by the distribution company in Chisinau. These debts accumulated due to the increase in gas prices, as well as tariffs set below cost-recovery levels. The Cahul reserve is in operation, but the Cantemir reserves have not yet been exploited.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/520b80a5-en	4d05e8c1c1a14a05fc0d8f3f78f6348c	Similarly, Zimmerman and Smith (2011) estimate that gross development flows from selected countries beyond the OECD/DAC stood at nearly $11 billion in 2009, representing approximately 8% of global gross ODA. A key downside risk is a sharper-than-expected economic slump in Europe. Although the region’s direct financial exposure to banks in the euro zone is not sizeable, systemic risks could rise further under this scenario.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	4d07e5e027cb0c07a4c1e9f269c70c0d	Djibouti Law of 27 December 2007. With the arrival of many citizens from African countries and from transit countries, Egypt is becoming a transit zone for women, or crossing South-East Asia, the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. What is more, since 2003 the Suez Canal has been considered a very important factor in the trafficking of human beings and of counterfeit goods. Amongst these missions, the committee must draw up plans for the implementation, supervised implementation and revision of legislation in order to prevent human trafficking, and also to draw up proposals or recommendations, and to publish a national directory including instructions and pertinent educational material, and the adoption of measures that aim to protect victims of human trafficking. The committee will also lead an awareness-raising campaign for the benefit of employers who bring in foreign workers, on issues relating to human trafficking, and will also examine reports of national and international organisations on the banning of human trafficking, and co-operate with all official and non-official programmes that provide social support for victims affected physically or psychologically or people affected by human trafficking crimes.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	4d085b34de7a5b1a5520d8e6ebb4c471	Similarly, the Scottish Online Appraisal Resource (SOAR) is an online platform to support doctors working and training in Scotland in the appraisal and revalidation process. The Flying Start programme has been created to support newly qualified nurses, midwives and allied health professionals during their first year of practice in Scotland. This articulates a core vision for the workforce, developed in conjunction with NHS staff members, that emphasises improved ways of working, collaboration, and embracing technology. Supporting materials, including an Implementation Plan and a Communication Toolkit, have also been developed.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264176744-en	4d08df774ab59f2757ad464003886d6d	The OECD has identified five effective policy levers to encourage quality in the sector: 1) quality goals and regulations; 2) curriculum and guidelines; 3) workforce; 4) family and community engagement; and 5) data, research and monitoring. Of the five aspects, Sweden considers improving quality through curriculum as a priority; it considers a well-designed balanced curriculum as key to providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable holistic outcomes for children. It can also ensure continuity between ECEC and primary schooling, ensuring that children are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed for primary school and further learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	4d09d06fe6bff237684fd0bead917122	It is not a Party to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention). Tajikistan is not a Party' to the Water Convention’s 1999 Protocol on Water and Health. In 2012-2013, Tajikistan participated in target-setting under the Protocol, facilitated by ECE with support provided by Norway; however, the targets were not endorsed by the Government (chapter 14). Tajikistan has local offices of the scientific and information centres of the two Commissions and also hosts die secretariat of ICWC, which was moved from Khudjand to Dushanbe in late 2013. Tajikistan is a Party to the 1992 Agreement on Cooperation in Joint Management, Use and Protection of Water Resources of Inter-State Sources; the 1993 Agreement on Joint Action to Address the Problem of the Aral Sea and Surrounding Areas, Environmental Improvement and Ensuring Socioeconomic Development of the Aral Sea Region; and the 1998 Intergovernmental Agreement on the Use of Water and Energy Resources in the Syr Darya River Basin.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	4d0ea51ce39946e90c79afc036014431	These differences result in important variation in student performance across the two assessments. The two assessments also differ in item formats - in their balance of multiple-choice vs. open-ended responses. Most importantly, however, the two assessments differ in their framew'ork and content, that is, in what they are seeking to measure. In contrast, the objective of PISA is to measure the skills and competencies students have acquired and can apply to real-world contexts by age 15.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	4d0f2819780a96a7c4080971b38093ad	The long travel times involved in the coastal corridor are compounded by the lack of modem and efficient rail infrastructure. In this geography, combined with typical obstacles to cross-border integration, Western Scandinavia currently lacks a clear unifying vision for development. While Western Scandinavia mostly functions around its three large metropolitan areas, signs of grow'ing interlinkages between them underline their potential to work closer together as a megaregion.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4d0f4de3dae69a419e264b4eb2417233	This exposure comes from natural background radiation, which is everywhere on earth although it varies greatly with geography and altitude. In addition to dose from natural background radiation, humans are also increasingly exposed to human-made ionising radiation, mainly coming from medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Radiation dose from radioactivity released from power generation during normal operations is roughly two orders of magnitude less than radiation dose from natural background and medical procedures.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	4d165cc476882902fcc687d504b62cdc	The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela showed the sharpest poverty reduction: by 5.6 percentage points (from 29.5% to 23.9%) in the case of poverty and by 2.0 percentage points (from 11.7% to 9.7%) in the case of extreme poverty. In Brazil, poverty diminished by 2.3 percentage points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), while extreme poverty declined by 0.7 of a percentage point (from 6.1% to 5.4%). Peru recorded a 2.0 percentage-point decrease in its poverty rate, while in Argentina and Colombia, the reduction was slightly above 1 percentage point. In these three countries, extreme poverty did not show any appreciable variation compared with the 2011 levels (see figure 1.3).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	4d16e320121488774f5b3944a9c705aa	This chapter presents the main findings from the survey. Respondents were also requested to signal any recent or ongoing reforms of allocation regimes. In countries where there are a number of different approaches to water allocation (for example, different allocation regimes for surface or groundwater, or variations in allocation from one province/state/river basin to another) several examples from each country could be provided.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	4d1c0112546436aab450daf4fba3db02	Their work maps the distribution of the world’s population with respect to relative water demand that is measured as the ratio of water withdrawals from industry, domestic use, and irrigated agriculture (DIA) to the mean annual surface and subsurface (shallow aquifer) runoff (Q) on an annual basis. Their results indicate that in many areas, water stress is a serious concern. Their study also highlights the fact that water stress is not limited to poor counties or those nations with severely limited water resources, but is also a serious concern in a number of OECD countries such as Australia, Spain and the United States. These studies consistently predict that some regions of the world will face water crises: India, northern China, north and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe.	6	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	4d1c2d174f09a3b4bd394691ef3ea38e	This report lays particular emphasis on the crucial importance of satellite observations, which are an indispensable means of understanding climate evolution thanks to the repetitiveness and homogeneity of their measurements. The aim of this ITU-R Resolution is to strengthen collaboration among ITU-R, ISO, IEC and other bodies as appropriate, with a view to cooperating in identifying and fostering implementation of all appropriate measures to reduce power consumption in radiocommunication devices and to utilize radiocommunications/ICTs in monitoring and mitigation of the effects of climate change, in order to contribute to a global reduction of energy consumption. Member States, Sector Members and Associates are invited to contribute actively to ITU-R's work in the field of radiocommunications and climate change, taking due account of relevant ITU initiatives, and to continue to support ITU-R's work in the field of remote sensing (active and passive) for monitoring of the environment. It is also currently in process of developing a Supplement to Recommendation ITU-T L.1500 (06/2014), Framework for information and communication technologies and adaptation to the effects of climate change, discussing climate change effects and possible impacts.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	4d1e73b5f106847d408b698c6b978f0d	Against this background, the provision of equal opportunities in a legalistic sense may not be sufficient to achieve gender equality as women’s access is limited de facto. One example is the option for parents to work part-time until the child’s 7th birthday. While this option addresses both fathers and mothers, it is mostly taken up by women (Chapter 1). For instance, while reduced working time may be individually preferable, myopic behaviour may not fully internalise long-term effects on pension entitlements and risk of old-age poverty.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	4d1f233bd3458ef9201fc10353c78591	These include externalities, public goods, decreasing marginal costs, common property resources, and uncertainty (Young, 1978). The presence of these market failures gives rise to an inefficient allocation of water and related capital resources under competitive market conditions. Economic analysis of public water resource management has long emphasized market failure as justification for public intervention into the development and allocation of water for irrigation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	4d20318030cd7b40c8bb8d40dc382e35	From sixty-nine varieties of local rice landraces, after a participatory varietals selection, they came up with eight improved varieties that are expected to be adapted to several climatic impacts, such as rainfall and long droughts. However, this also puts farmers in a situation of risk as they have fewer choices and they become dependent upon companies for provision of the improved varieties. Awareness, knowledge and dependence on a broader range of agricultural techniques reduces the risk of climate related losses from farms and increases the capacity to adapt income generating activities to changing weather conditions. Farmers have to adapt to changing situations in order to be able to survive and compete with others. They often have to shift from land-use practices based upon organic subsistence farming towards modernization and intensification. These modern systems can raise productivity of crops, but at the same time they are costly for local communities and expose them to risks of disruption of supplies of inputs or failures to access markets.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	4d21b52aa6e1f2fd9bf06c1bbfd8047e	The criteria for the inclusion of a model are as follows. The model must be global or include regions that together cover the whole world. Models focusing on regional impacts or adaptation (e.g. IGEM, CLIMPACTS, CanCLIM, RegIS2) and other models reviewed in Dickinson (ibid.) The model must include an energy/economy module, a climate module and a representation of climate impacts.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	4d242ef2e5297162ea4c8655389bab8e	Employment rates, which are close to the OECD average for both men and women, limit child poverty in Korea. The Great Recession did not have a negative effect on parental employment as in Canada or Spain (see below). The employment rate of fathers is comparatively high, including among poor families - 70% of fathers of poor children had a job in 2014, compared to less than 40% on average in the OECD.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	4d26119539a8cf0a42140ec837b432cf	The minimum wage indexation, a relatively high tax wedge on labour, and the policy focus on consumption stimulus have contributed to a fast rise in labour costs in Brazil. Labour regulations emphasise conditions of work and pay and are quite rigid. This sometimes impedes the establishment of mutually beneficial labour agreements, resulting in discrepancy between common practice and the law and posing legal risks to companies. Policies for the unemployed or those who are at risk of losing their jobs consist predominantly of compensation measures, although there are efforts to enhance market insertion measures. Skills improvement and self-employment as part of the labour market insertion programmes receive more attention, particularly for young people who account for the majority of the unemployed. However, the training component of the labour programmes seems to be inadequate in terms of the resources involved and its outreach, whereas it could play an important role in labour market adjustment to support the innovation process.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	4d2a11bfef93477cd1810727a28c3921	See also Brandolini, Rosolia and Torrini (2011), who analyse the distribution of labour earnings in the EU-SILC data. Returns to proficiency and formal education. Such differences in the profile of returns are likely to be due to the fact that PIAAC measures general skills, which at the top end of the wage distribution are relatively less important than the specialised knowledge acquired through formal education at tertiary level.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	4d2adf7272dc092afedd6407df2df6ee	"Workers are willing to tolerate the negative externalities from pollution if properly compensated by firms in their wages. To do this it must catalyse investment, competition and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities"" (OECD, 2011a). According to the United Nations population projections, urbanisation in OECD countries will continue to slow down, requiring policy responses to foster new sources of growth (United Nations, 2007)."	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	4d2d2251a0397416914b98e256291105	One striking example of the impact of fuelwood use on vegetation is the use of teresken (Ceratoides papposa) shmbs in eastern Tajikistan, which has led to the virtual disappearance of this vegetation type in many areas. According to the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, by 2012, CO2 emissions in the energy sector amounted to slightly more than 2 million tons; in terms of carbon equivalents, this amounts to 12-15 per cent of the 1990 level. The contribution of the fuel extraction and energy generation sector to overall CO2 emissions is insignificant.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	4d2e1d2571252529709af61c3dbdb1d0	Such an approach is crucial not only because inequality has negative impact on growth and creates tension between communities but also undermines democracy. Indigenous peoples have called for post-2015 framework to be based on a foundation of human rights. This is highly relevant as the right to life is broadly interpreted as not just protection from arbitrary killing, but also as creating material conditions where food, clean water, and medicine are available to all.	3	0	3	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	4d310bb34dc32936b5574faab4ccfd06	The community legislator’s hope is obviously to further motivate the industry to support minor uses and orphan crops through the evaluation process of new active substances in order to gain more protection on their overall investments. Within the perspective of a sustainable and equitable agriculture, AUDACE is focusing its interest on areas of practice or regulation relevant to agriculture when these seem to compromise the legitimate objectives. This includes FAO specifications which, in the past, had been regarded as benefiting farming by opening markets to more controlled productions of generic plant protection products. He explained how standards recommended by standard-setting bodies become mandatory once they are incorporated into national laws. He explained the standard-setting process followed by the FAO/WHO JMPS and pointed out some of the potential inconsistencies with how standards should be defined and the characteristics they should possess. For example, the proposed pesticide standards contain confidential information that is claimed as intellectual property.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	4d32dc0d87ad37cb0012a1093a5e644c	Furthermore, among workers experiencing depression, those in Germany (61%), Denmark (60%), and GB (58%) were most likely to take time off work , compared to an average of 35.5 % (Ipsos, 2012). The three-year average rate for 2010-12 was 8.0 deaths per 100,000 population, 17% lower than in 1998-2000. The latest Office of National Statistics figures show that there were 4,727 suicide deaths in 2013, an increase of 214 compared to the 4,513 deaths in 2012.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	4d35092879dec4f7fedb0ed48df29a0c	Many prosperous cities have developed or transformed their transport systems from traditional to sustainable and smart systems. Sustainable transport systems offer social, economic and environmental returns that support the goals of Agenda 2030. Given that the transport system is a space where people spend significant amounts of time every day, governments and city decision makers need to consider comfort and safety issues as well as conditions of dignity for users.	11	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289329309-4-en	4d35734a7331aec191aab6e165bf434d	This is required to developed clear success criteria for such policies. It is typically subdivided into at least two sub issues. Strategic energy security is about reducing the dependency of imports of fossil fuels from what is commonly projected to be an ever decreasing group of producers, located in potentially unstable regions of the world.4 System energy security is about ensuring the constant availability of access to energy in real time, preventing power outages etc.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	4d35b06e8f8660c5ff9830bf9a082ab9	A survey of 1 000 young migrants of 14 to 29 conducted in Almaty City in 2012 showed that 54.2% of the respondents had no registration in the city, while 50.9% were still registered at their previous place of residence (Makhmutova, 2012). This problem also exists in Astana: of 124 internal migrants who had settled there permanently, 24% did not have registration there in 2014 (Tukmadieva, 2015). It is not possible to enrol children in kindergarten or public schools without local registration.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/de83ab61-en	4d36df4dc129f4082d411a640caa3581	An excellent example of such an approach is Japan’s Top Runner programme, which turns the most efficient product into a standard to be met by other manufacturers within a given time period. Upgrading towards technologies that are low on emissions and highly energy-efficient should be a key objective of industrial policy. Achieving this goal with existing agricultural technologies and production systems would entail further increases in greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, deforestation and land degradation, which in turn would impose further environmental limits on food production growth itself.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	4d3726f41b26ae0bc9329fb4aaa2a62a	Kennisnet is demand-driven and continuously monitors specific needs in ICT and education. In the report, four overall perspectives are proposed for teacher education. One of these perspectives promotes information and communication technology as a resource for education.18 The government is expected to submit a bill to the parliament proposing a new' teacher education during 2009. Note that it is possible for a country to meet several levels at the same time.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4d377fc32c4e9a25e9342bb7c74a45d1	The permitted temperature increase is usually in the range of 1.5-3 ®C, and maximal water temperature at the outlet should be less than about 30 °C. Adverse weather conditions, such as unusually high water temperature, might require reduction of the electrical output of the NPP, due to reaching the limits of outlet water temperature. Very hot summer conditions caused the power reduction of several American, French, German and nuclear power plants during the summer of 2010.	7	1	4	0.6
10.6027/e8424b2c-en	4d382634bc2bf37936119beedb9eaad8	Today, the Nordic Region is one of the most digitized in the world with the most advanced digital public service. Despite this commitment however remote areas experience challenges when it comes to health care and service maintenance for remote and sparsely populated areas. Digital health solutions may provide one solution to growing social inequality in the area of health, as described in the chapter of health and welfare.	14	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	4d38f563d9b2dbfdb4e96c6ec4604b41	Governments will need to foster investments in broadband, smart infrastructure and the Internet of Things as well as in data and analytics, with a strong focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and high value-added services. It will also be important to promote skills and competences in analysing data. Moreover, removing unnecessary barriers to the development of the Internet of Things, such as sector-specific regulations, could help ensure its impact across the economy.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	4d3c1009bbf8624c4119586f8d108244	Further work is needed to increase the coverage of spending data and validate its quality. Nevertheless, the data available for a minority of countries suggest that the spending mix tends to favour homeownership, which is often not consistent with tenure-neutrality goals nor with supporting households who are most in need, as they are under-represented among owner-occupants. Section 3 outlines a number of possible areas of work that can be developed to improve the availability of monitoring indicators, better understand the prevailing obstacles to access to good-quality affordable housing, and provide policy recommendations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	4d40a02689f1dbd1ba60692ec76336ab	The unit of observation is the proportion of each category of land use changed to another land use over a given period. Land use defined in this way establishes a link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. A given land use may take place on one, or more than one, piece of land and several land uses may occur on the same piece of land.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	4d47be2cb2f2587bb579a225e62eba26	On the other, major public investments are moving forward: the financing of the Nador West Med port has been completed, a call for tenders for the Kenitra Atlantique port was issued in January 2016, and work on the TGV high-speed rail line has continued. These initiatives are bearing fruit, with the automobile sector becoming the country’s chief exporter in 2015. The developments are occurring in parallel with a search for new partners, with Morocco continuing to position itself as a platform for access to African markets.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	4d491349eaeceafdb7bd5ecc9e497a5a	From 1970 to 1987, pollution of oxygen-binding substances was reduced by 80%, in spite of increased economic activity. Reductions were especially significant for companies discharging to state waters, reflecting the earmarking of revenues for pollution-control subsidies and the supporting activities of RIZA. Between 1970 and 1989, over 70% of industrial investments for water-pollution control were financed by subsidies provided from the state levy.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	4d49ac30f69c180dac16c96dc55343f4	Currently, it operates as a subsidiary unit within the Ministry of Health and is limited in its ability to contract with external bodies. It cannot, for example, outsource work to research institutes or easily collaborate internationally. Re-establishing CENETEC as an independent arm’s-length body (Organismo Publico De centra lizado, OPD) would solve this issue.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/18a859bf-en	4d4ce7b6236b6262db3cdc7550a9da8a	The IPCC estimates the costs of adaptation to be between 70-100 billion per year (Chambwera, et al, 2014). However, the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2015 (UNEP, 2016) estimates that the costs of adaptation are likely to be two-to-three times higher than current global estimates of adaptation costs by 2030, and potentially four-to-five times higher than current estimates by 2050. The Paris Agreement notes that the scale of the adaptation challenge and its associated costs are linked to progress on mitigation, i.e. less progress on mitigation will increase the need for and the costs of adaptation, while more mitigation will reduce the need to adapt and make adaptation less costly (article 7.4).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	4d4e31ac05cbe82addab49fb32564753	Schools have less autonomy than the OECD average in both resource allocation and responsibility for curriculum and assessment. Teachers have at least a bachelor’s degree and one year of pre-service teacher training, which includes teaching practicums. Teachers have heavier teaching workloads than in other OECD countries, with more teaching time at both primary and secondary levels.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	4d4f2d2df57d4e9ed2e70c1ef0e827df	The distinction between types of variables is important because specific statistical measures can be applied to each category, as shown in the paragraphs that follow. Computations of proportions, percentages, ratios and rates are basic statistical procedures used in describing the categorical composition or distribution of qualitative variables and serve as useful tools for the standardization of the statistics compared. It is important to keep in mind that the measures of composition or distribution should not be calculated for small numbers of observations. In that case, actual numbers (absolute frequencies) should be preferred. A proportion is defined as the relative number of observations in a given category of a variable relative to the total number of observations for that variable. It is calculated as the number of observations in the given category divided by the total number of observations.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	4d55671c99c16037081faf5505d299dc	This further highlights the inequity of the government’s employment programmes, which are primarily focused on university graduates. While it is tnie that these youth are at least covered by health insurance, they are not saving up towards any old age pension. With the ALMP reform, this situation is set to change. The eligibility criteria include the length of time spent unemployed.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	4d55e974f80ce0f5fc893332fe777ff5	Roe (2010) examined the degree to which biodiversity-poverty links have been recognised in NDPs (predominantly PRSPs but including other development plans listed by the World Bank as the equivalent of PRSPs) and found that just over 25% show a relatively high level of recognition of the importance of biodiversity; just under 25% have a low level of recognition and 50% fall in between). Just under half of the PRSPs reviewed have a relatively narrow interpretation of biodiversity - the focus being on wildlife, forests or protected areas - but some interpret biodiversity in a broader sense, noting the importance of genetic resources (e.g. Dominica) and agricultural biodiversity (e.g. Bangladesh, Nepal, Viet Nam) and others recognise the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services (e.g. Cambodia, Lao, Liberia, Uganda, Zambia). Following liberalisation, Myanmar has faced the need to revisit its policy directions and formulate new short-term and long-term strategies (OECD, 2015a).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	4d56754095d3c88d4b0e974849b46372	Most often it is used to finance fixed assets (machinery, furniture), real estate and construction work, but it can also finance intangible assets (patents, internet business-oriented website) that increase revenue relatively safely. To avoid this situation, the bank will ask for guarantees (a sufficiently-funded deposit account, personal property, guarantee, mortgage on business property) and a substantial personal cash investment. It will also require invoices or quotes to justify the company’s investment.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	4d57de5c46be9e650159ea60688c2c41	In labour-abundant countries, trade liberalization is expected to switch production from capital-intensive and inefficient import-substitutes towards labour-intensive exports. In addition, the Stolper-Samuelson (SS) corollary to HO posits that such a shift leads to the convergence in the prices of goods and remuneration of factors. Thus, domestic inequality is expected to decline in countries endowed with an abundant labour supply.	10	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	4d5cbe88f798530f536c8040a99af826	The national level has been important in facilitating gender-responsive budgeting initiatives at all levels of government in Indonesia by issuing decrees. Presidential Decree 9/2000 and Ministry of Home Affairs Decree 132/2003 have provided regulations that gender-responsive budgeting advocates are able to draw upon to argue the case for making budget allocations more gender responsive (Sharp and Elson 2008). Gender-responsive budgeting had the early support of the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, which undertook a gender budget pilot in the provinces of South Borneo and South Kalimantan (Sharp and Elson, 2008). The Ministry' sees gender budgeting as an entry point for strengthening gender mainstreaming in ministries.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	4d5fe6f99b045962dffeaddf38276c28	Secondly, there is a wide variety of different types of climate responses and contexts in which they take place. This means that results frameworks for different activities will need to be tailored to their specific circumstances, and may encompass a wide range of different indicators. However, developing indicators that are e.g. specific, measurable and achievable by an intervention is not necessarily a straightforward task (Cesar et al., Further, developing an appropriate number of indicators is also challenging: for example, Germany has developed 103 indicators for national monitoring and evaluation of its adaptation activities (OECD, 2013).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	4d61af08bc277e91c8f6e284f03ee85d	Countries pointed out that given the small number of officials working on climate finance in national ministries, just one staff member working on tracking and monitoring would be a large proportion of their human resources. Developed countries have committed to provide financial support to cover the full cost incurred by developing countries in complying with reporting duties towards the UNFCCC16. For example, as part of national Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), a group of international organisations and research institutes are collaborating to assist countries in tracking climate finance across national budgets. It was widely recognised that tracking flows to a certain level of granularity is also a pre-condition for monitoring outcomes and outputs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	4d62458dd71f650108181b881855f13b	How diets change in the next decade may have important implications for domestic and international commodity markets. It describes projections for major agricultural commodities, set against anticipated macroeconomic, demographic and resource conditions. Finally, the chapter concludes with a review of important risks and uncertainties facing India’s agriculture over the next decade, and what these may mean for both domestic and international markets. Besides providing food to a growing population, agriculture has provided income to rural areas, released labour for downstream industry, provided savings for investment and has increased demand for industrial goods.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	4d626edc2fcc8aee9bd610d68e33369f	Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels.	10	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-0fe9c6d1-en	4d62964535d62bfaf1be8ecf858753d8	Increasingly, fisheries, the seafood-supply sector, governments and NGO partners have the opportunity to apply electronic catch documentation, seafood-traceability technologies and electronic trade information, together with big data, about the ocean and its ecosystems to enable real-time tracking, informed decisionmaking and responsible seafood sourcing. We are working with governments and enforcement agencies to explore, fund, and test a wide range of technologies becoming available for wildlife conservation - from drones and wildlife tracking to radar, thermal cameras and gunshot detectors. To that end, WWF is evaluating civilian-grade UAVs for conservation applications with plans to rigorously test the technology in protected areas in southern Africa (including in Malawi, Namibia and Zimbabwe).	15	425	487	0.06798245614035088
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4d62c333c1e60f1591b6993e11ab258e	Equilibrium model assumes finite resources with low-carbon investments displacing financial resources from other uses leading to an opportunity cost, while non-equilibrium models do not, assuming resource constraints do not apply (EC, 2016a and 2016b). However, once some mechanism is in place to internalise the environmental externality, there is no reason a priori to implement R&D support policies targeted specifically at low-carbon technologies. Yet, in theory, subsidies to private R&D activities should reflect the size of the external spillovers from the research.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/edf15661-en	4d6500023666c7df6d9f75a4f0600119	Abortion is illegal except to save a woman's life in 13 Arab countries, and abortion is legal to save a woman's life or preserve her physical and mental health in eight.40 Only in Tunisia is abortion legally available without restriction.41 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the six countries of North Africa alone, nearly 1 million unsafe abortions were performed in 2008.42 Complications from these abortions accounted for 12 percent of maternal deaths in the subregion. The unavailability of legal abortion puts the weight of the state behind the existing dissonance between later marriage and the taboo on premarital sexual activity. The disconnect is especially notable in countries such as Lebanon and Libya, where the highest marriage ages combine with the strictest positions on abortion.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	4d6690bb8f7967fd4c5ab97d866ff5c5	Environment Agency Austria contributed technical expertise to the design and implementation of the NAS. It also established an adaptation website4 and managed the stakeholder participation process (see below). In the late 1990s, the government created two groups addressing mitigation policies. Their remit was later expanded to encompass adaptation policy as well.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	4d66d4a9e0f97a7284649d4c3742b523	A recent OECD report estimated that total private philanthropy for development amounted to USD 8 billion per year. While these resources are still modest compared to official development finance, foundations are becoming key partners in specific sectors, in particularly the health sector. Based on the resources spent by 143 foundations over the years 2013-2015, foundations' support was the third-largest source of financing in the health and reproductive health sectors (OECD, 2018psj).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	4d6b26f71367410945101fdd9168901e	The main focus of the plan in public spaces has been pavements, crossings, bus stops and reserved parking for people with disabilities. The city thus aimed at reducing barriers to walking, adapting existing environmental design and raising awareness among pedestrians and road users, all of which are measures to improve autonomous access to services and comprise a starting point for reducing social isolation. The matter generated intense public debate, as cobblestones are associated with Lisbon's visual identity. However, cobblestones make pavements irregular, uncomfortable and slippery, reducing safety and accessibility.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	4d6dcd3c22705a881070bb281196838d	Amico Robot also seeks to emphasise lab work so as to promote learner participation and peer collaboration and tme, deep learning - compared with “the traditional learning sequence” seen as superficial (“in the end these learning experiences rather slip down like raindrops on window glass, and do not transform into deep learning.”) The six Executive Functions are: Focus of Attention, Working Memory, Inhibition Control, Cognitive Flexibility, Planning, and Goal-Directed Behaviour. Planning for the development of the six EF skills is intrinsic to the BMT approach.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	4d72b2daf8ad01d735e3e6652073ff7b	And the principle of joint responsibility calls for a new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women (both within families and in society as a whole) is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region’s care needs. Intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights, responsibilities and risks. The family and the State are the best institutions for building solidarity -, associations and the community’ can foster it.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	4d748fcec2707408759e9be4a1dff415	About 26% of students are required to repeat and 14% are estimated to drop out in 7th grade, the highest rates across all levels of compulsory schooling (MEP, 2016). Improving retention in secondary' education is a top priority of the current government, which has designed a flagship initiative Yo Me Apunto (I'm in) to ensure that schools with the highest dropout rates receive additional support (Chapter 4). Among those 15-year-olds who are still in education, PISA 2015 shows that while socio-economically advantaged students tend to perform as well as their peers in many OECD countries, disadvantaged students are behind by the equivalent of around two years of schooling.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b9509058-en	4d77bd16441223dafb2de297f2093d0b	Financial requirements of businesses by investors and lenders often influence the adoption of a short-term focus, rather than long-term strategic investment in sustainability-based competitiveness. Governments, particularly ministries of finance, need to examine lending and investment regulatory schemes to ensure that long-term investment strategies are rewarded in the marketplace. Specific policies that reward green business concepts and strategies can be developed through partnerships.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	4d7afb01b27ea3878357a046e9193803	As part of incubation, women entrepreneurs at HWBI, AFEM and JFBPW are provided with a work space, computer, internet access, etc. Nominal fees are charged to incubating enterprises for the use of incubator facilities, but this is not nearly sufficient to recoup the costs of delivering the incubation services. Consequently, raising funds is an ongoing challenge.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	4d7be1189ca5b9e3f47f28c0216d73e7	Clear communication, alignment of the different levels, and agreement on expected short to medium-term outputs must also be ensured in order to optimize the process. Student feedback in implementation processes can fuel change and be a valuable reality check on what is really going on in the classroom. In general there is a strong sense of trust in the system, and although Norway has been developing a new' quality assessment system (NQAS) in recent years, there are relatively few accountability mechanisms in Norway compared to the US and England.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	4d7bfdbd952a5957abbe7522d2462682	This has entailed the expenditure of substantial resources on running two separate education systems - mainstream and special education. Special education, both in special schools and in integrated mainstream education, is seen as the responsibility of special education teachers, but is not what all teachers do. Inclusive education requires all teachers to adjust their teaching methods so that they are accessible by all learners.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en	4d7c8d711a885117c03286940886e303	The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French - with a summary in the other. This is an important piece of information that is useful for describing the industrial structure of the economy. It is also used to measure “qualification mismatch”, or the phenomenon by which workers are often employed in jobs that require a lower or higher level of education than they have (Leuven and Oosterbeek, 2011; Quintini, 201 la and 2011b).	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	4d7d60ce04f230ca331988ebccc8ead0	Core funding for the Centre is provided by the Government of Italy and UNICEF. Additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments, international institutions and private sources, including by UNICEF National Committees, as well as by UNICEF offices in collaborative studies. The European Union (EU) is amongst those bodies that have recognized the need for child-focused indicators in monitoring poverty and social exclusion and is currently in the process of developing, testing and comparing single indicators of child well-being across member states. In this paper we seek to add to this debate by providing a micro-analysis of the breadth of child poverty in the European Union, considering both the degree of overlap and accumulation of deprivations across monetary and multidimensional indicators of poverty.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/22289f78-en	4d7f6dfe0aba7f674696216e5c7f3985	In China, the lake consists of Greater Xingkai Lake and Lesser Xingkai Lake, separated by narrow forested sand dunes, with a maximum width of 1 km in dry season. In summer, the two lakes connect. Lake Khanka/Xingkai has 23 inflowing rivers (8 from China and 15 from Russia) draining the basin area of 16,890 km2.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	4d7f71b6f1a58e382d7b123300c80568	Social protection to smooth income flows is also required. What happens to men is also important if we are to avoid backlash and resistance to changes in the gender distribution of resources and power. The narrowing of gender gaps in employment has occurred in the context of falling employment rates for men, heightening gender conflict (Seguino 2016).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	4d7f723a949d3d254b38e3b881c429c2	The consolidated city of Changw'on started building a second Anmin tunnel at the end of 2016. The previous cities of Changw'on and Masan are connected through a congested general road and a bridge (Machang bridge, built in 2008). This bridge reduced the travel time from 35 minutes to just 7 minutes between the two cities. The construction of the bridge was privately financed (Hw'ang, 2016). Transit-oriented development: The Plan 2030 proposes a package of measures, including networking of railways (trunk line) and buses (feeder line). The city government negotiated with national and regional authorities to obtain intergovernmental grants for the construction of two subway lines, but its request w'as turned down due to low economic feasibility.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/debba60e-en	4d81d37ec5781e3d16170f0ab09f89a9	The response rate was 77 per cent. Other available indicative information on municipal waste generation in the country for specific locations provides different figures. For example, the 2010 State of the Environment report for FBiH estimated the average generation of municipal waste at 269 kg per capita per year.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	4d83e37ce88232df385e8e86fbb1e0ec	Additional benefits of an economic and non-economic nature could be derived if new hydropower projects were designed as multipurpose water systems, i.e. in ways that benefit other areas of activity besides energy generation, such as flood protection, forestry, agriculture or tourism. Besides this, preparations are being made for investment in about 200 micro hydro plants (for instance in high dams or water pipes). In the past, JP Elektroprivreda Mostar prepared extensive technical documentation, which was to serve as a basis for planning and construction of hydropower plants with an emphasis on the investigation of possibilities for construction of micro hydro plants. These documents include the 2007 Water Management Conditions for Power Plant Construction: the Upper Cetina River Basin - Basic Data, and the 2007 Water Management Conditions for Construction of Micro Hydro Plants: Tihaljina-Mlada-Tihaljina River basin and the Listica River basin -Basic Data.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	4d85ab63118712b176153533e437bd9d	They are also supported by the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR), which seeks to provide food coverage across the region in times of severe, short-term need. However, while the regional frameworks identify a number of the key policy areas where action will be required - such as those related to the development of regional agro-food markets, sustainable production and increased investment in the sector - reform has been slow and, in some cases, current policy choices are actually undermining food security (Chapter 3). Self-sufficiency in particular has often been strongly promoted by a number of ASEAN governments as a strategy to reduce vulnerability to world price movements, such as those observed during the food price crisis of 2007/08.	2	0	6	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	4d869907c47625393ddc2e31fc07b3b8	This reprioritization indicates that social protection is becoming more important for a large number of Governments in Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, 2015b). Nevertheless, the Asia-Pacific region continues to fall behind the rest of the world in terms of social protection financing and coverage (see figure 1.22). Social insurance continues to dominate social protection spending in the region.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb3f3ae6-en	4d8730c65f86a00fb49fed2423764146	In fact, innovation is critical for sustainable development precisely because it is our best chance to mitigate and even eliminate tradeoffs between economic prosperity, environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness. For instance, the global market in sustainable materials and energy efficiency, pollution prevention and various consumptive uses of environmental qualities constitutes about 2.9 trillion US Dollars a year. This market for sustainable innovations grows faster than the global economy as a whole with renewable energy being among the fastest growing market segments (even outpacing growth in the ICT sector). The main rationales for supporting innovation policies from a purely economic development perspective are market and coordination or systems failures.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	4d8a83cf1b39766944db2c1d1e551cf7	A look at the percentages for completion of secondary education in six countries (Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua) between 1990 and 2009 shows that socioeconomic inequality in terms of secondary-school completion increased in five countries (Brazil, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua). The only decrease was in Chile, which by 1990 was already in a better position than the others and where the potential for increasing the completion rate in the highest income quintile was lower (ECLAC/UNICEF, 2013). Both cycles are usually included in the term secondary education or high school.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	4d8b6b2a538a1d58f0de65c7184c1b87	The biggest impact was recorded in Lapland, where for instance the impact for Pallas-Yllastunturi national park was estimated to EUR 36.5 million. On average the return of EUR 1 to the Finnish economy invested by Parks & Wildlife Finland in the hiking services is EUR 10. For protected areas close to ski-resorts the input-output ratio is even higher, i.e. EUR 14. In addition, the statistics can be used when making comparisons both within and between the regions in Finland.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c2dea192-en	4d8be76fcd87dfbdb526d9c420711903	Additionally, heating costs have fallen by at least 30 percent. Overall, the biomass production increased 10 times, raising to 160,000 tons of fuel production per year, http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/library/environment_energy/ Development_stories_from_Europe_and_Central_Asia_Volume_lll.html. Health benefits in programmes at up to 4:1 benefit-cost ratio significantly exceed energy cost reductions providing strong returns to government.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	4d8dcd825e0f54c3ed480d2186d1d648	It aims to establish a unified road transport system (including for the transport of goods) with the latest monitoring and control systems. It also aims to improve vehicle registration and technical control, meeting international standards, the project is founded on the transfer of know-how in regulating areas such as transit transport, driving hours and rest periods, and weights and dimensions of load (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 58). The resulting structural transformation can help farmers, for example, to move from subsistence to commercial agriculture or to non-agricultural activities. These impacts can lead to increased welfare, raising higher incomes and reducing poverty.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	4d8e88129f2f05e597d4fdb781d6c8f9	The proportion of cross-border workers in domestic employment rose to 41% in 2007, of which 51% were French, 26% Belgian and 23% German. Services account for more than 75% of jobs, and financial services alone for 29%. Spending on education represented 3.7% of GDP. The proportion of the population with upper secondary or higher education (66% of persons between 25 and 64 years of age) is below the OECD average (68%). This explains why the participation rate may be higher than 100. Source: OECD Environment Directorate.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4d8f883aee56608c897dad901ddfde71	In the local perspective, the emphasis is on the local and decentralised optimisation of the available resources that are physically close to the final consumer generator or the load. The global approach looks at the system as a whole, and aims at using the best available generation mix by connecting all available resources. The idea is based on integrating the smaller-scale local generation close to the consumers (e.g. PV on rooftops).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	4d90238cbd6506c6f198ecd3f6afd799	Comparing country experiences seems to be of considerable interest to UNECE member states. With both national and regional aims in mind, this chapter aims to support countries' exploration of rigorous multidimensional poverty measures, and to encourage the creation of data sources that would permit the generation of a regional MPI based on comparable indicators of non-monetary poverty. In the case of monetary poverty, national income poverty measures are used for national poverty reduction policies, while cross-national studies are conducted that draw on comparable measures such as the PPP$3.10/day poverty measure to elucidate good practices that would be relevant to other UNECE countries.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en	4d932a0e1fa9c73d202a2d061c0e7651	Les taux d’emploi feminins reagissent aux variations de taux d’imposition, aux politiques de conges, mais l’offre de services d’accueil pour les enfants de moins de trois ans semble etre le facteur cle du developpement de la participation des femmes au marche du travail. Les differentes mesures politiques interagissent et leurs effets se renforcent mutuellement. En particulier, la couverture des services d’accueil de la petite enfance ont un effet plus important sur la participation des femmes au marche du travail dans les pays offrant une plus grande protection de l’emploi.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	4d975ea0d6e20822d610bffe17a2e67e	The risk analyses and prevention and action plans are conducted in collaboration with prevention advisors and employee representatives. Employers have to appoint a prevention advisor to assist them in implementing the risk prevention policy. For companies with up to 50 employees, the prevention advisor must be from an external provider to avoid conflicts of interest.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	4d97c75c224f3207d5e61ec55e7cbd5e	There is no extraction of water from the lake in Turkey, nor does Georgia use the lake water for industrial or household needs. The lake is a breeding site for White Pelican and the Dalmatian Pelican, as well as for a variety of other bird species. Most are connected by rivers, although groundwater interchange is also notable, and all together they represent an ecological entity.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/f81b7706-en	4d981a5fe0670fc04ae215630c700eb3	These responses were then categorised based on recurring themes and ideas identified in the answers provided. The 2016 CEN Biennial Conference was attended by 57 conference delegates from 39 participating EMBs and 26 delegates from 25 participating EMBs completed this survey. Of these, 11 respondents chose to declare their names, while the remaining 14 chose to complete the survey anonymously. Round 6, 22 November, available at: http://www.afrobarometer.org/ (accessed January 2018).	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	4d991cdad2c7b51290272542f2d512b5	In a care strategy guided by equality, the State should ensure that access gaps are narrowed, build capacities to generate a broad supply of care and meet the care needs of large segments of the population in order to prevent vulnerabilities from growing. Moreover, beyond the direct provision of services, good care requires infrastructure, appropriate facilities and training for human resources with vaiying degrees of specialization that can become a new source of jobs. Among these are funding, coordinating and regulating a network of public, private and mixed providers of the services needed. Changes in the regulation of production and in labour organization are essential for putting men and women on an equal footing in the workplace and enabling them to combine productive activities w'ith care rights and obligations.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	4d9a344ba4b88d31ca1b3fe657ce260c	Trends in the transport and energy sectors are of concern, particularly as the “motorisation rate” is among the highest in the OECD, and taking account of sales of fuel to nonresidents, Luxembourg’s economy is the most carbon-intensive in the OECD in per capita terms. The country’s wealth also generates pressures from household consumption and other economic activities. The 1999 National Plan for Sustainable Development, mostly implemented by the Ministry of the Environment, is to be replaced by a new plan for which a draft, approved by the government in 2009, has yet to be adopted.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db521e55-en	4da4b03f96498ae2c5ee019cfaf725d1	"The Secretary-General was clear throughout his messaging that achieving the outcomes of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development would be impossible without ambitious and urgent action to mitigate climate change. The Action Agenda aimed to: facilitate adaptation and mitigation on the ground; secure a comprehensive climate change agreement applicable to all parties with legal force under the UNFCCC; and strengthen, defend and use climate science to make and promote evidence-based policy.89 These three objectives guided the Secretary-General's engagement on climate change through the adoption of the Paris Agreement and beyond. In March 2014, he visited Greenland to witness the impacts of climate change, stressing while there that ""we cannot negotiate with nature. .. We have to take action now."	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	4da54e898c0fcd0875562ee5434bb1f3	"For example, a regional referendum in 1996 to merge the city Lander of Berlin with the surrounding Lander of Brandenburg as ‘""Berlin-Brandenburg” failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favor of the merger (Hauswirth, Herrschel and Newman, 2003). Instead, the main mechanism is some form of voluntary agreement that results in co-ordinated actions (OECD, 2015). These agreements can be complex to negotiate and may be limited, at least initially, to topics where all parties see an immediate benefit."	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	4da5fc09cad76ce7feb50cf03e2b7edb	Since the mid-1990s, as growing numbers of Governments have expressed concern about adolescent fertility, the number of Governments with policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility has also risen in both more and less developed regions, as well as across major world regions, with the exception of Northern America where both Canada and the United States of America have had such policies and programmes since 1996. These developments have occurred in an environment of rapid technological innovation and societal change in which increasing availability of and access to a range of effective contraceptive methods have been critical in reducing fertility and improving reproductive and child health. Moreover, having information and access to safe and effective methods of family planning is part of reproductive rights.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/08e82310-en	4da8bd2c1a2e1bd312169a25b8af4e1b	It consists of the representatives of environmental ministries, nature conservation authorities, Ramsar site and river basin managers and NGOs. As a first step forward, the common goals and principles for the transboundary site management were agreed in 2003 - 2004, and the trilateral Ramsar site Floodplains of the Morava-Dyje-Danube Confluence was designated in 2007. The joint effort is now focusing especially on the preparation of a common management strategy for the Trilateral Ramsar Site, and the development of a joint information system to make decision-making more efficient. Besides having been designated as a trilateral Ramsar Site, the major parts of the area were designated as Special Protection Areas under the EU Birds Directive 79/409/EEC, and also as proposed Sites of Community Interest under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EC.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	4da9dc6b433957d6a12dbff36e7b4697	However, there are differences in the degree of this association across countries, as revealed by more disaggregated evidence for the period since the early 1990s. It also shows that many emeiging market economies, especially in Latin America and Eastern Europe, received sizeable capital inflows but saw little increase in private investment. This has been the case even in countries with current-account deficits, such as Brazil, India, South Africa and Turkey, whose currencies should have depreciated in order to compensate for relatively high inflation and move towards a balanced current account (TDRs 2008 and 2011). By contrast, emerging economies in Asia, as w'ell as Chile, which successfully used systematic intervention and capital controls to prevent real exchange rate appreciation for a sustained period of time, saw private investment grow rapidly and employment and wage opportunities in their manufacturing sectors expand (TDR 2003; see also Akyiiz, 2011). Once the financial inflows dry up or reverse, the host country’s currency sharply depreciates and the currency mismatches in balance sheets tend to result in increased debt servicing difficulties and default (TDR 2008, chap.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283527-en	4da9e3e33007d232818bd23f35ec53f2	Purchasing power parity (PPP) is defined as the rate of currency conversion that equalises the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries. Percentage of persons living with less than 50% of median equivalised disposable income. People live longer but health-related quality of life has not always improved, particularly alter age 65, and there are significant differences between men and women.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264267787-en	4dad124f04e06d5c26a2da6e2b155789	Australia, Denmark, Israel, Norway, Portugal, Scotland and Sweden, for example, have specific legislation to protect patients’ rights, afford patients respect and dignity, while clarifying patient responsibilities. Such legislation generally gives patients a right to provide feedback or to raise concerns or complaints about the care they receive. Scotland provides an interesting example: patients’ rights and principles for the delivery of health care are specifically defined in the Patients’ Rights Act 2011. The legislation charges the NHS with the duty to encourage, monitor, take action and share learning from the feedback it receives.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	4dadd25b68a37f089fc8d78f1972d1e5	In 2012, 74% of municipalities did so. To redress horizontal and vertical inequity in real estate taxes, the government should ensure that the updating of the cadastre proceeds swiftly. This, however, may come at a very high cost for municipalities in deprived areas, which would need to be compensated, e.g. through central government transfers.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	4db090df8bb1e2941ced2487739e08ef	In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan more than 60% of the workforce occupy jobs in the informal sector. This not only results in a vicious circle of poverty, but also represents the loss of a potential tax base that could be used to finance social protection and other pro-poverty measures. Indeed, measures to enhance the productivity of workers and formalize the labour market are essential for ensuring that these countries capitalize on their demographic dividend.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	4db0c7b5722111e339cb5f48ee491a62	The most relevant three employment barriers are low skills, weak work incentives resulting from high nonlabour incomes and health limitations. Although 72% report full-time work during most of the reference period, 82% declared zero or near-zero earnings. There can be multiple different reasons why survey data record very low earnings for individuals who seem to be working.	8	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	4db152986ee29ab70e18894f45061c61	In cases where digital technologies affect trade in both goods and services, the impacts will be discussed in turn. On the other hand, services form the rapidly evolving digital infrastructure that enables services to be supplied electronically and goods and services to be purchased online. These two facets of services, as enablers of digital trade and products supplied by means of digital technologies, have significant impacts on trade.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	4db184fce967e165da4f47de07d5b3f8	In other words, the causal direction of this association cannot be determined. However, in more than a third of countries and economies, including many that compensate for disadvantage in schools by allocating more teachers to those schools, teachers in the most disadvantaged schools are less qualified and/or experienced than those in the most advantaged schools (Figure 1.2). Sometimes, the very policies that channel more resources to high-need schools might, in fact, deter more-experienced teachers from teaching in these schools. Where centrally set rules for promotion and mobility of teachers privilege teacher preferences and give priority to more senior teachers, and where teachers' pay does not vary greatly across schools or across teachers with similar experience and qualifications, it appears difficult to avoid attracting a high concentration of the most experienced teachers in the most prestigious schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	4db5fb588404506f996e3b9eac8b9e5a	Probably not, and therefore cycling as a mode for senior citizens should also be considered, particularly now that the electrical bicycle has come about to cover greater distances. Certain subgroups need special attention, namely subgroups which are growing (oldest old, older women and persons living in single-households), those which appear especially disadvantaged and at risk of social exclusion (e.g. low income groups, rural residents), and those for which both criteria apply (e.g. ethnical minorities). Increasing women’s confidence and experience in driving in order to keep them safe and mobile implies a strong need for future research.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4db6253fdd3fe0e72a567a3999e57349	The residual curve obtained can be directly compared with those resulting from the integration of solar and wind technologies.34 It is thus possible to derive for each scenario the optimal generation mix which satisfies that residual load at the least-cost. It is then possible to show and quantify those additional costs borne by the whole electrical system. When integrating intermittent renewables are present in the electrical system, dispatchable sources must provide more electricity in the periods of high residual demand, when the electricity is more costly, and less electricity in period of low residual demand, when the electricity is cheaper. Those are represented by the areas in blue and in pink, respectively, in Figure 4.1D.The dotted black line in the figure shows the minimal cost for producing electricity as a function of the utilisation time.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/63fef40d-en	4db79a4b49042b4973401f42b39bc9b6	However, more detailed assessments are needed in order to properly assess AFOLU's mitigation potential, the impacts on vulnerable production systems and groups, and the costs of implementation. It is a pre-requisite that practices optimized to reduce GHG emissions or sequester carbon should also protect the land tenure rights of small-scale producers and contribute to food security and climate change adaptation, particularly for the most vulnerable groups. On the economic side, options include positive incentives for farmers to provide and maintain carbon sinks; taxation of nitrogen fertilizer in countries where it is being overutilized, a measure which is already applied in some OECD countries to reduce nitrate pollution; and supply-chain initiatives that market food products with a low carbon footprint (Paustian et al., It has been estimated, using previous calculations and data from Bellarby et al. ( These approaches generally account for emissions from pre-chain inputs through to post-farm gate processing by including methane, nitrous oxide and C02 emissions, and fossil fuel use in food systems (e.g. Steinfeld etal., This can be compared with around 5.2 GtC02-eq generated by agriculture and around 4.9 Gt0O2-eq by forestry and land use change.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	4dba4d0f86a58e615b47e05ae5f25a21	The cost of rehabilitating the provincial and district networks should thus be shared between the central and local governments according to their fiscal capacity, for example through a matching grant where the size of the central government’s assistance for rehabilitation would be determined by O&M funding from local governments. This is a pre-condition toward introducing farm water charges and associated policy tools such as water trading. Charging farmers for water provision can provide a signal of the value of water, thus improving water use efficiency, shifting water use to higher value products and facilitating the recovery of infrastructure costs. However, it is not realistic if water is not provided in a reliable manner from upper level canals.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	4dbb20d9c2850ae6732801f292db1dd3	Roach (2003) shows that US estate and gift taxes were the most progressive elements of federal taxation because they applied only to large estates/gifts and because rates were progressive. Among the countries that reduced or abolished wealth taxes since the mid-1990s, some have increased the taxation of top incomes (Germany) or capital income (Luxembourg and the Netherlands). Spain introduced a wealth tax in September 2011.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	4dbbae51aa907864082f1c29c28d854f	First and foremost, the generally attractive results in terms of poverty and inequality alleviating effects from trade policy reforms, whether unilateral or multilateral, provide yet another reason as to why it is in the interests of countries to seek further liberalization of national and world markets. According to the Indonesia study, for example, unilateral trade liberalization is expected to reduce poverty only very slightly, but liberalization by the rest of the world is expected to lower poverty very substantially. In the Philippines, domestic reform alone from current levels of protection might marginally increase poverty rates, whereas rest-of-world liberalization would almost fully offset that (and more than offset it in the case of only agricultural reform).	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en	4dbde0716c22f7935a041077a1a8af61	Sound waste management is absolutely essential. M. Wallet (20101, Conlifcl In Campania:' Addilbnal inlomalion Irom David Newman, Presidenl ol the Hall UNEP/OCHA (2011). Rapid disaster waste manapemenl assessment 26 Documenls'Gnana. The overall reductbn from the waste sector between 1990 and 2006 amounts to 56 mt C02 eq/a, or 24% of the total decrease in GHG emissions achieved in Germany over that period. This represents a reduction of around 5% of total GHG 1990 emissbns already achieved by 2006.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	4dbe45ed2b8da9746bf2b55afd6aa826	Pricing GHG emissions would also increase incentives to invest in energy R&D to develop low-emission technologies and to deploy them. Such Induced Technological Change (ITC) would ultimately reduce emission abatement costs. This analysis also suggests, however, that ITC alone may only have modest effects on mitigation costs.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	4dc0474c9a698b9340f415a0d8a61f37	Expenditure in private-subsidised schools includes school grants and co-payments by families. The percentage corresponds to the proportion of total spending in publicly-funded schools and proportion of total students in publicly-funded schools. Compared to non-Indigenous families, Indigenous families are more likely to have school-age children (57.2% vs. 48.5%), to have a household head with low educational attainment (9.1 years vs. 10.4 years), to have a family member aged 15 years or older who is illiterate (5.0% vs. 3.6%), and to be unemployed (10.6% vs. 6.9%).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	4dc064c72b58d1072feeebf2c7962d4c	However, the majority of Indigenous people do not speak or understand their Indigenous language. Moreover, this proportion has increased over time: from 72% in 2006, to 79% in 2011. And not surprisingly, knowledge of Indigenous languages is even more limited among children and young people: only 4.5% of school-age children speak and understand their Indigenous language (Ibanez et al.,	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	4dc3195082f6d2cd029070f46445eaa5	However, even with this consultation, the Disi conveyance project is expected to increase water supply to residents of Amman, with potential consequences on behaviour and water consumption practices. It is therefore important to assess customers’ opinions and expectations about the Disi project in order to anticipate - and curtail - any changes in water consumption patterns that can undermine the potential benefits of the project. In the Amman management contract, there were no public awareness campaigns before the private partner was brought on board, and there was little participation of civil society throughout the contract (Suleiman et al., The private contractor argued that it did not have an obligation to divulge information to the public other than issuing invoices and providing information about changes to the water rationing programme (Suleiman et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	4dc85d691de2a9ce989764080a541b0c	The wind power sector offers a good example of China’s rapid creation of local capacities. In 2010, investments in commercial diffusion amounted to between $1 trillion and $5 trillion, substantially more than the $150 billion-$180 billion invested in market formation and the $50 billion for RD&D. RD&D and Government-driven market formation investments focused on power and fuel supply, whereas the majority of private sector diffusion investments were for end-use and efficiency. The R&D intensity of the energy supply industry was comparable with that of the textile industry, but much lower than that of manufacturing.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4dc95a6c4f00a9e9d85bdcb7c3ec689e	However, if political realities do not allow for it, generalised per-unit support for low-carbon generation can be a second-best alternative. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, Table SPM.5, p. 15, and 4.3.4.1 Electricity, Figure 4.19, www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4_wg3_full_report.pdf. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. While major accidents are an issue closely followed by policy makers and the general public alike, actual costs are comparatively low as Chapter 6 shows. System costs (see Chapter 3) are relatively high but since they remain confined to the economic sphere, they fail to arouse the passions of the media, the public and policy-making circles.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	4dd0d99598fda1ee289dd081f05511d1	Of the about 35 million claimants in 2004/05, about 20 million claimants were “labour veterans” (people with a long employment record and/or other occupational benefits), with an average age of 62. Most beneficiaries thus do not belong to the younger part of the population, which is most at risk of poverty (see above). Reform had to attract hitherto “unserved” clients but with more transparency, and as targeting could be improved, at least in theory, spending outlays do not have to increase markedly.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/35cfe616-en	4dd16dea336a3fd08f220ee36868849a	At the same time, it can be argued that our base scenario does not go far enough with respect to the share of new capacity which is devoted to renewable energy sources. With respect to these issues, let us note that the parameter R can be used as a composite parameter to explore other scenarios reflecting lower ambitions in terms of electricity generation capacity and higher ambitions in terms of renewables share. For example, if we assume that countries that are presently below the target consumption threshold will only go halfway to bridging the gap from now to 2025, but that the share of renewable energy sources is 40 per cent instead of 20 per cent, the subsidy size does not change.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	4dd39257134ceb216eef973b73711ce6	Some of these indicators, mainly HISEI index, parental education levels, and family structure, have a small number of missing observations. To ensure that the sample size and performance distribution are untouched by the matching exercise, missing values for matching covariates were imputed through multiple imputation models (Royston 2004). The PISA survey has a complex structure, similar to methods commonly used in other educational surveys, such as the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement’s (IEA) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), or the United States’ National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), with sampling conducted with different probabilities in two stages within separate strata. This complexity should be taken into account by using probability weights when calculating point estimates and by adjusting for clustering and strata design when estimating standard errors.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	4dd5997312c7452bb671bf3caa0ebbfc	A number of governments have taken further actions to fight obesity through health promotion efforts. Nationally co-ordinated programmes have been launched in countries such as the United States (Let’s Move), United Kingdom (Change4Life), Switzerland (Actionsante), and others (OECD, 2012). There is a trend in these programmes to include multi-stakeholder frameworks, involving business and civil society actors in the development of public health policies. These comprehensive programmes target obesity through an extensive variety of measures that include mass education campaigns as well as more targeted interventions aimed at high-risk individuals.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	4dd6a3f8cd20bc3e6702a1a825f01544	This practice is apparently not as widespread among young Filipino women, as this study has shown that mothers of 1 in 10 mistimed births and nearly 1 in 5 unwanted births have tried to end the pregnancy early. Considering that abortion in the Philippines is legally restricted and highly stigmatized, however, actual abortion prevalence, especially among young females, is likely to be higher. Even with such a moderate level, abortion should be addressed as a major public health concern. Since most abortions in the country are carried out in clandestine and unsafe circumstances (Singh and others, 2006), young women place their life and health in jeopardy when they undergo this procedure.	5	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	4dd88c32d3f7c1c2fcb923ea7d542b34	Also among lands of recreation purpose are lands of suburban green and park zones i.e. lands outside the city limits occupied with forest, woodland parks and other green stands which perform protective and sanitary functions and represent recreation places of the inhabitants (The Land Code of the Russian Federation 2001). Total area of forest lands used for different types of recreation totals more than 560 mln ha or more than 60% of total area of forest fund lands and lands not included in forest Fund. Forest areas on the territoiy of national parks used for different types of recreation make up 39% of total area of parks of federal significance.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096127-6-en	4ddc05b8c26c5ad1bc4c1223e2d96967	The average is relatively close to the most favourable situation, suggesting that the great majority of young people with jobs are from socio-economic categories that do not experience many barriers to labour-market entry. The differences are also very pronounced with respect to having a wage, as the likelihood in the best case is double that of the worst case. With respect to expected wages, the average represents more of an intermediate situation than in the case of having a job.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	4de4e351e590a908d96bd91fef005aa0	In the latter, the mayor took a progressive stance to locate high quality transport and cultural amenities in the poorest neighbourhoods. Consequently, new urban policies are needed to harness the benefits that arise from different groups of people living in close proximity to one another, rather than letting these heterogeneous urban conditions combust into intolerance, xenophobia and widening inequalities. In other words, the heterogeneity, density and diversity of cities, which is what makes them nodes of economic innovation and democratic progress, must be managed and planned, short of which these very variables that make successful cities can transform them into places of social exclusion and inequality.	11	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264249400-7-en	4de8f3916a7e111b500534100a3098d7	About 63% of the Turkmen population is supplied w'ith w'ater through centralised water supply systems (84.5% of the urban population and 42.1% of the rural population). Therefore, increasing access to safe potable water has been officially recognised as a national priority. Water supply coverage in rural areas is estimated to be as low as 15%, and these are usually settlements benefiting from neighbouring urban WSS infrastructure. The rest of the population draws water from individual wells or irrigation canals; in some rural settlements, community-based organisations play a role in managing the provision of WSS services.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	4dec24111ed32dcabb12dd45e6996267	However, the higher ratio might also be attributed to economic difficulty, which forces women to return to work despite inconvenient conditions. In many cases it is sufficient (and eases interpretation) to compare the employment rate of men with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of men under compulsory school age without constructing a ratio of the two rates. These employment rates should also be compared to the employment rate of mothers who do not have children under the compulsory school age and the employment rate of fathers who do not have children under compulsory school age.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	4def9986ed3fb162ef139892546851b6	This is largely because i) meat and dairy product demand is more elastic than demand for crop products, leading to greater impacts from income and domestic price variations, and ii) macroeconomic uncertainty has an impact on feed costs, which are directly linked to production. For meat, uncertainty from macroeconomic variables affects traded volumes much more than yield uncertainty, particularly in the case of pork (Figure 1.18). Accordingly, the effect of yield uncertainty on world market prices is very low compared to macroeconomic uncertainty.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	4df263fa22f1d26d9c0dd32e235ec4d6	It also operates a long-term hedging profile which is designed to smooth currency volatility for its growers. Source: Poppe, 2009; Schadtx)lt, 2009c._________________________________________________________________________ As an institutional arrangement, a co-operative provides a secured contract for its members, which may cover a broad range of business aspects.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	4df5094e0ef685d4897d6e5a0fb1888b	After 2003, the eph was carried our four times a year, with respondent households being surveyed twice in two consecutive semesters in year 1 and twice in the same semesters in year 2 and again in year 3 before being rotated out of the sample. This shift should make it possible to do panel data analyses of post-2003 labour market data. Fourth, we put both individuals (mother and synthetic non-mother) in a new sample of matched individuals.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	4df7f1fd3093b2719bd2b860d438e405	The main change is the suppression of general area payments and a reallocation of payments to support certain agricultural practices. Another important shift is the replacement of general headage payments to ruminants by an area payment to pastures with milk and beef production. The reform of the system of direct payments will also result in some redistribution of subsidies from livestock and dairy production to the arable sector, resulting in some redistribution from mountain and hilly regions to lowlands.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	4dfb57ab1d19ed2f68e0c34d97f0348c	"Today, the resort incorporates all tourism players, large and small, in the five municipalities of Billund, Vejle, Vejen, Varde and Kolding. The marketing partnership ushered in by the ‘""Big Three"" in 2009 to attract visitors from Denmark and abroad was working so well that the time had come to expand the initiative and focus even more on employee development. This was done based on the maxim that the more visitors any player can coax to visit all three municipalities, the bigger the payback. The purpose was to bring together the tourism players in all three municipalities in a joint effort to create the holistic experiences that encourages visitors to spend more money, stay longer, share experiences with friends and family and come back another time."	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	4dfb6d7d794e030ae44382a269216f6d	Similarly, UK-based Lightsource BP has adopted a flexible approach, offering its customers shorter solar PPAs of 5 to 10 years, and re-deploying the energy systems elsewhere, when the agreements are not extended (Golubova, 2016). For example, Redavia is a German-based company specialising in rental solar power solutions for corporate clients and communities. Its innovative business model allows its customers to rent solar PV plants for a fixed monthly fee on a short-term extendable contractual basis.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	4dfbe83c4a7b7517c3ec4de9262cb1ba	"One of every three primary schools in Africa does not have any toilet (Mundy et al. In Bangladesh, for example, when separate facilities for boys and girls were provided in schools, the girls' attendance increased by 11 % per year (GWTF 2006). The UN Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Maud de Boer-Buquicchio, has observed that ""A prevailing climate of discrimination, insecurity and violence, combined with lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities for girls and women in public spaces, enhances considerably the risk of being subject to acts of sexual violence"" (Albuquerque ef al."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	4dfdbe00acdfd3a92be04ca8f8942c0b	The gain would be less pronounced in the Sustainable world, where the focus on trade cost reductions across world regions is smaller compared to trade costs within these regions. Nevertheless, farm incomes could be about 5% higher in 2050 on average for South and Central America. While farm incomes in North America would benefit mainly from reduced costs in trade outside of the Americas, Oceanian gains are most pronounced in their efforts focusing on regulatory convergence within the Asia-Oceania region - a consequence of their respective export markets. European farm incomes could be about 4% lower in the Individual scenario, although the two CGE models disagree about the size of the farm income loss. South Asia and Asia would also see prices and hence farm incomes reduce, but the effects are found to be rather small.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	4e018b5a493b5214309128adcaca50f7	Figures updated to 2008 were available in 12 of the 21 countries considered, and these have been published because it is important to have recent data even if they are provisional, estimated or incomplete. This is because the Commission's main interest is to establish with maximum accuracy the amount of each country’s public social spending in order to reflect the efforts made by States in this area. For this reason, up to the previous edition of this publication, ECLAC worked on and published only the series for total public social spending, at the level of major functions or sectors.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	4e028dc2067c4d773663f724d20cc38d	This been reported by earlier studies from Delhi (Anand and Tiwari, 2005)16; and Chennai (Srinivasan, 2008)17. It has been and continues to be a hub of economic activity in the region, thereby leading to more and more people migrating to the city. Table 1 shows travel pattern of men and women as recorded in a recent survey18.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c634ac5a-en	4e09a929d88376a616432f8edf5b236e	The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2 Rice, T. (2007). A Catalog ofDealers' Pricesfor Shells: Marine, Land and Freshwater, 23rd edition. In A Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean Islands (ed.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	4e09c5652cb7b4c7bfcf640aeb7e9afd	Results from the OECD’s 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that 15-year-old students who attended pre-primary education perform better on PISA than those who did not, even after accounting for their socio-economic backgrounds (OECD, 2013c and 2013d). Enrolment rates in low-income economies are low (less than 50% in all developing economies in the Asia/Pacific region in 2011) compared to richer economies. Macau (China), Korea, Hong Kong (China), Thailand, New Zealand and the Maldives all have pre-primary education enrolment rates exceeding 80%. Pre-primary education: Data refer to 2010 for Australia, Indonesia and Myanmar; 2009 for Philippines; 2008 for Hong Kong (China); 2007 for Maldives; 2006 for the Kyrgyz Republic; 200S for Pakistan; 2004 Macau (China); data are not available for Sri Lanka, Buthan, Timor-Leste, Armenia and India.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	4e0d5c4bd0a262f1ff8a61c6d6c7cb54	As a result of this bottom-up mainstreaming initiative, the Ministry of Finance and National Planning has started to make decisions based on the community needs and priorities outlined in community development plans. Many countries report financial constraints as the main barrier to mainstreaming and that these explain the lack of progress in reducing underlying risks nationally and locally.298The low level of financing reflects a lack of overall means in many countries, but it also reflects perceptions and priorities of governments and donors on where investment should be made. Historically investment that supports long-term resilience tends to lose out to investment focused on shorter-term goals. The latter is not always straightforward, as risk reduction measures are not always clearly labelled as such, take investment in forestry management in areas exposed to high levels of landslide risk for example.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	4e0e1162f4bea15eb5e524a724eeea64	Examples include the OECD, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Bank, and other research institutions. A recent review of indicators to measure progress on inclusive green growth at the country level (Narlof, Kozluk and Lloyd, 2016) includes several indicators that are relevant to biodiversity mainstreaming (Table 5.3). The concept of biodiversity mainstreaming covers multiple dimensions (institutional, national and sectoral plans, policies, budgets); multiple sectors; and various actors (government, private sector, development co-operation). This could in theory lend itself to hundreds of possible indicators, adapted also to national circumstances and socioeconomic characteristics.	15	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	4e0ff2a1499ad53558c575575bbf6079	In 2015, the consultancy Incentive supported by Dansk Bygningsarv A/S presented the results of a study commissioned by Realdania (www.realdania.dk) - a large non-profit organization focusing its financial assets on preservation of the built heritage and development of local communities in Denmark. The study clearly demonstrated that listed buildings - apart from the obvious values to their inhabitants and people living nearby or visiting the neighborhoods - also bring a considerable added-value to the housing market. For instance, single-family houses classified as preservation-worthy were on average sold for an 18% higher price per square meter. The added-value was even higher-30% - if only houses with the highest preservation values were included in the comparison. It was clearly demonstrated that a majority of tourists visited the town due to its cultural or built heritage, and that the economic impact of the visitors was considerable in term of job creation.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	4e1043c2c3e71e3029be688968c21574	Taken together, the incentive programmes - at a relatively modest fiscal outlay, and with clear benefits both fiscal and environmental - have substantially increased the proportion of e-bike usage throughout Austria. It is estimated that traffic congestion in Ho Chi Minh City is costing the city about VND14 billion a year which is roughly 6.25% of the city’s GDP (ESMAP, 2014). Fiscal measures such as vehicle licencing fees, parking charges and congestion charges are effective to shifting the cost of car usage more fully to vehicle owners.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/09ba747a-en	4e118a2db1ac06c9da4f218effbe5249	Box 5 highlights two examples—the Czech Republic and Sweden—of relatively recent efforts to alter the tax mix. The discussion is intended to illustrate real world limits to some types of reforms that would otherwise be advantageous to inclusive growth. Lessons learned from this joint review of cross-country empirical evidence and country experiences for each major tax category were summarised in the introduction.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4e11d159cafb4dce959ea7f9af0d11ee	One should also note that the segmentation of different types of reserves may differ from country to country with a greater or lesser role of market pricing. In general, however, the trend is towards an ever closer integration of market and network operations as witnessed by the creation of hourly intraday trading on Europe’s EPEX SPOT platform, which begins to blur the line between the provision of electric load to customers and network stabilisation services. Such plants have the advantage of great flexibility but the disadvantage of low-thermal efficiency and high marginal costs. In the absence of any intermittency issues, they are thus only used during extreme peak times.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	4e1466a507417841d46447f0ef63d177	The question is particularly relevant in the case of poverty analysis, as inclusion of non-cash incomes can represent considerable relative changes in income to low-income households. Consider two singleperson households with each USD 1000 cash income. Person A is ill and receives public health care worth USD 200, whereas person B is healthy and needs no health care.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	4e15400fd8bb26a5d8beb0d55242f9a7	One of the obvious misalignments with the low-carbon transition is the existence of subsidies and tax expenditures favouring the production and use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel subsidies can adversely affect the GHG implications of international trade by distorting markets and harming the competitiveness of renewables and energy efficient technologies. Property taxes and related instruments can also influence C02 emissions, especially in countries with rapidly growing urban areas.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f4eb59e6-en	4e1725cae5ad69d8763e2f94a5a9d02f	Pathways may be via waterways, the atmosphere or direct into the ocean (e.g. from shoreline littering). There are very significant regional differences in the degree to which waste is subject to collection and management, either as wastewater or solid waste. The quantities that reach the sea, on a global scale, are unknown.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	4e1a5cc6227e6f0bc76650b4aa072885	Usually such outcome payments are focussed on intermediate outcomes, for instance controlled blood pressure or blood glucose level, and only more rarely outcome measures such as survival rates. In the inpatient sector the share of provider revenue is much smaller, frequently around 0.1% of hospital budgets and never exceeding 4% (Milstein and Schreyogg, 2015). While P4P programmes can be expected to include at least some performance or outcome measures, most if not all P4P programmes also include simpler ex-post payments linked to service delivery (e.g. completion of certain data and recording, care plan establishment).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	4e1ad584c7ea2204caabf7038764e4aa	Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004-2012, cross-sectional files), British Household Panel Survey (BHPS, 1992-2009), German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, 1999-2012), Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA, 2001-2012), Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS 1999-2009). Temporary for Australia includes both casual and fixed-term work. Robust standard errors are calculated. ***, **, * Source: European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004-2012, cross-sectional files), British Household Panel Survey (BHPS, 1992-2009), German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, 1999-2012), Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA, 2001-2012), Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS, 1999-2009).	1	6	2	0.5
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	4e1de5bf9097e1429d8dc428f4c6eaf3	Finally, to control for family reunification, male (female) emigration flows in 2010 are included. This allows us to interpret the effect of social institutions in the origin country for a given level of discrimination in the destination one, and vice-versa. However, it does not exclude the interpretation of the differential since In = SIGIt — SIGIj looking at the absolute and relative effect is critical for policy recommendations.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	4e1e1306f26d7e0a599ed976012f8a0b	The estimates of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation show a 50 per cent decline in infant mortality from 2000 to 2010, but the country’s rates still remain rather high - among the top 10 in the European region. Congenital anomalies and pneumonia, which could be partly attributed to environmental chemical hotspots and indoor air pollution from hazardous heating and cooking sources, particularly in poor areas, are among the main causes of mortality, accounting for 22 and 18 per cent respectively of all deaths. According to the estimates, in 2008, Albania was among the 10 countries with the highest maternal mortality in the European region, with poor sanitary conditions, among other contributing factors. Thus, considerable effort is needed if MDG 5, which aims to reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters between 1990 and 2015, is to be attained.	3	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	4e1fb1c97029dbc0bf6d33ef4300258c	This has made women more visible in local politics, strengthened healthy competition, built capacity and impacted on social policies, while at the same time the women also serve as role models for political aspirants. Wide sensitisation on gender issues has contributed to the steady elimination of patriarchal norms and cultures. At least 13 provinces in Bangladesh and 14 provinces in India have adopted the 30 per cent quota for women, while the remit of financial rewards to political parties who have achieved the quota has encouraged the increase of women to 50 per cent in some local government councils in India.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	4e1fce987d4b619022a20f9127380e7c	Candidate clinical outcomes might for example be readmission rates, prevalence of complication from surgeries or mortality rate from percutaneous coronary intervention. A last option would be to extend the coverage of hospitals costs paid under the DPC component such as clinical tests and diagnostics that are performed in outpatient departments (particularly when patients are admitted later). At the same time, Japanese authorities might want to take advantage of the fee schedule to introduce stronger financial incentives to drive improvement in quality of acute care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	4e1fd273a1bf3837ee0a1596e73373a4	This equation measures the total effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income and is used to estimate the income loss associated with discriminatory social institutions. Male and female human capital and labour force may be considered as separate factors of production (Knowles, Lorgelly and Owen, 2002; Klasen and Lammanna, 2009). This empirical analysis tests whether the strength of the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the country's level of economic development.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	4e20aba7bcdc7b0f8b48e860092119f9	This is a welcome development that should promote better gender analysis, programming and results in the 40 countries that meet the criteria. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in terms of promoting GEWE. In order to address this issue, UNDP should codify the way it wishes to monitor, report, evaluate and audit its contributions to gender, and this framework should be used for rigorously tracking results for GEWE at the country, regional and global levels. Action should be taken to harmonize various assessment scales in a manner that is most meaningful for corporate programming, reporting, evaluation and audit.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/66896486-en	4e2693863d8a698480a2e540ff1541ee	Water management activities are carried out by the 12 Regional Directorates for Environmental and Water Management, and coordinated at the national level by the Central Directorate for Water and Environment. This includes protecting and improving water resources and the quality of drinking water, consistent with the EU WFD. A total of eight River Basin Districts form the administrative areas for coordinated implementation of the EU WFD.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283404-en	4e26a95b02aa571b6ff996a93f9a89fb	This plan lies alongside the health sector measures that are being implemented and monitored under the EAP. Box 6 captures some of the measures in place to allow effective scrutiny and to help make decision making clearer and less open to influence. They should also help address corruption in procurement contracts and tendering processes, which, although they are being tackled, are not completely eliminated and continue to be of concern.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/43ad018a-en	4e26dde543ba3d4e612f21a869bb286a	Differences within countries can be greater than differences among countries. At 10, a girl is only beginning her journey through adolescence and into adulthood, and into a future that has the potential to be secure and successful. Every day, an estimated 47,700 girls are married at age 17 or younger in developing countries. When a girl is married, she will likely be taken out of school.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	4e27469d2dc7f8926b4f9195deb11f90	These systems are becoming more popular globally and in the region; similar congestion pricing systems are being planned or considered in other large Emerging Asian cities, including Beijing and Jakarta. While the number of vehicles entering the city each day in Singapore increased by 22.1%, from 246 000 to 300 400, between 2004 and 2014, average speeds on expressways and arterial roads remained mostly unchanged and within their target ranges (Table 2.8). However, the design and pricing of these systems can create unintended consequences.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	4e2804a35a619ff2a56cc7e7afead133	The structure of the scenario trees has three stages. The first one covers the first three forecasting hours and describes deterministically the cost optimal system operation. In the second stage of the scenario tree, which also covers three hours, five scenarios covering a forecasting horizon of four to six hours ahead are taken into consideration.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6546680a-en	4e2edd3f8735a50e4f2194c158b1d61e	Primary school enrolment has become almost universal, and the gap between LDCs and ODCs has virtually been closed (table 19). In principle this means that LDC populations are gradually becoming more prepared for the requirements of a modern production process, i.e., better skilled and more adaptable. A more educated labour force is more productive, learns more easily, is more open to new ideas and technologies and adapts more easily to new conditions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	4e2f94c9ac3dfabefce3fb90943155d3	For example, the budget operated very close to the deficit limit during 2014-17. This raises concern that fiscal space could be unduly limited in a future economic downturn if fiscal buffers are inadequate, even more crucial given muted monetary' policy. Within the current framework the deficit limit can be exceeded in exceptional circumstances, including severe economic downturns.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	4e3476ab20dba2595e704e18de85f420	But the long list of problems cited above also translates into significant costs for society as a whole. In addition, there is a significant cost to business and to economies as a whole in the lower skill levels and reduced productivity that are the inevitable result of a large number of children failing to develop to their potential. Finally, there is a cost that must be paid by all in the threat that bottom-end inequality poses to social cohesion and the quality of life in advanced industrial economies. “ Wide inequality,” says the 2010 report of the United Kingdom’s National Equity Panel “is eroding the bonds of common citizenship and recognition of human dignity across economic divides.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	4e35acbe11d1e8c3d72982322c7ebe0c	They can also contribute to engage further dialogue between non-governmental organisation (NGOs), academics, and citizens and local governments and service providers on water-related issues. This can help gain greater citizen buy-in, a shared understanding of the issues at hand and more informed inputs to the decision making. Selected examples include water users’ associations (WUAs), the Highlands Water Forum, the National Water Council and customer satisfaction surveys.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	4e377a54d1e4ea742ddb18ef7880b1f7	In most developing countries, older persons need to work beyond the statutory retirement age due to the lack of comprehensive social security programmes. To fill the gap between what they need and what they earn, older persons rely heavily on assets accumulated earlier in life and in some countries, also on their families. In the majority of these countries, public social programmes play a minor role. Conversely, older persons in developed countries are less likely to work into old age.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9bdccqft30-en	4e388e8eae1078d33f12e33c2cfc7069	Moreover, statistics on landings may be reported on different weight bases. Fuel tax expenditures are an important component of overall support and their inclusion will improve the quality and utility of the GFT database. Fuel-tax concessions can form a large or small share of GFTs in different countries. In Italy and Australia, FTCs comprise more than half of all measured support. The composition of catch (fish, crustaceans and algae) may also influence the analysis.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	4e3924ee9d8f0f842ec2933e00326072	"This ""new finance"" is framed as payment-for-performance agreements, which include payments for implementing readiness activities and achieving emissions reductions. Countries' INDCs present very limited and sketchy information on actual support needs to implement the activities or achieve the targets set out in the country commitments. Where investment needs have been calculated (e.g. resilience activities in Bangladesh in the national adaptation strategy), it is still unclear whether underlying data sources are reliable, what the role of international support is expected to be in comparison to domestic budgets and what proportion of investment is expected to come from the private sector."	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	4e3db661e9c456b39c0dd79119d54dc2	Data collection is undertaken on a regular basis and the lessons learned from these practices are used to develop a national vulnerability and adaptation assessment (Government of Norway, 2010; Government of Norway, 2011; GIZ 2013). The evaluation of a specific project may be subject to hindrances. Specifically, the evaluators need to construct a control group for the comparative evaluations of a given project. The ideal benchmark is the fictitious counterfactual scenario, which describes what would have happened if the specific project had not been put in place.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/95417570-en	4e3deb5bde3b9a585a96b7991df719e1	These policies can be implemented with or without a cap on greenhouse gases, but will be most effective in a strong cap-and-trade environment. Through a combination of purchasing energy-efficient equipment (appliances as well as lighting), using green building design concepts, installing renewable energy supplies, using combined heat and power, purchasing fuel-efficient transportation fleets, and purchasing green energy, these entities can significantly reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, while realizing significant economic savings and improving the quality of their workspace. Many companies have effectively used a combination of efficient technologies, renewable technologies, process redesign, and transportation fleet improvements to realize energy cost savings, reduce their waste stream, and improve their products and services. For example, the embedded energy in the manufacture and disposal of a vehicle is in the range of 5-10 per cent of the energy that it will consume during its operating life.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	4e3f0f076ae9aa8e1d642b0e49c7c6db	In the latter, one office is often given more significant administrative responsibilities and a co-ordinating role. In less urban areas, these responsibilities are more frequently found at a sub-regional level OECD (2009a). This department operates a district office in the Brunei-Muara district (with a population of roughly 200 000). As the total population of Brunei is only 388 190 (equivalent to the sub-regional level in other countries) the PES was considered to have maximum flexibility for the purposes of this study.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	4e454b66741dc2aed78e55095d05b02f	Decommissioning and withdrawal from the fleet consists in the scrapping of the vessel, to the exclusion of any other procedure. The premium is paid as compensation for scrapping the vessel and for abandoning the related permits and, as the case may be, quota allowances. In 2012 and 2013, EUR 0.7 million and EUR 0.3 million were disbursed respectively for these two categories (fish trade and fishing). The tonnage and propulsion power of the vessels are deducted from the capacity allocation limits for France at European level.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	4e4555062cc815c35e70ab18e145af6e	Efforts should focus on increasing the availability of de-risking instruments, including insurance and guarantee products to protect investors, although limited institutional and human capacities are an important constraint. While the number of international and regional initiatives to stimulate domestic debt instruments and capital markets is on the increase, LDCs may require special attention and complementary assistance. A development process based on sustainable and inclusive structural transformation implies an increased supply of modern energy to producers in agriculture, industry and services as well as to the residential sector and community facilities. In turn, the resulting demand growth can make investments in energy production and distribution systems more viable, helping to reap the benefits of scale economies and higher overall efficiency.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b620ec70-en	4e462e9a195574201f69b18ff8a448cc	The preschool stage is more integrated with school education, in terms of both curriculum and workforce qualification requirements. Each country approaches the training of care workers depending on its understanding of care quality. Some countries construe this care as being aligned with the education system and therefore seek curricular integration, requiring caregivers to have pedagogical training.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	4e4681d415062f07c5fa566ea1b266f2	These programmes aim to foster the recovery and long-term conservation of priority species; that is, those endemic to Mexico, rare, threatened,12 with high ecological value or of strategic importance as keystone species, or with a high level of social, cultural, scientific or economic interest. Between 2007 and 2012, 27 PACEs were published and implemented. The species covered include jaguar, several eagle species, vaquita, scarlet macaw, Mexican grey wolf, grey whale, manatee and Baird’s tapir.	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	4e47d54c4d83272a0b7ce7b4f593570f	The Norwegian state also operates two upper-secondary Sami schools with a special focus on Sami education, including integrated or specialized traditional knowledge programs (arts/craft/reindeer herding/music), and there are multiple county upper-secondary schools throughout the country delivering Sami language programs. While boys outperform girls on a few individual subjects, overall girls are doing better in terms of formal schooling. This holds true across the Circumpolar North.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	4e492b7d2da5a980504a07d44fcf6ea1	Where those conditions worsened faulty markets are usually to blame and, in extreme cases, the problem is the complete absence of a market. In Madagascar, for instance, poor households are almost completely disconnected from the few rudimentary markets that exist due to a lack of infrastructure (Hoekman and Olarreaga, 2007). However, the lives of poor men and women who are located in remotest regions are especially disconnected from the market. They typically work on small, rain-fed farms, growing staple grains partly for their own consumption.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	4e4c31ef0d6d4221bf9cab8744c8c954	Averages over the periods 2006-10 and 2001-05 were used for expenditure to capture its effects on performance and smooth its developments. Potential gains are measured if efficiency in a country were to be raised to the level implied by the estimated efficiency frontier while holding inputs constant and under the assumption of non-increasing returns to scale. Healthy competition should be encouraged, financing systems need to offer the right incentives, and better monitoring of the efficiency and quality of frontline services is required.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264204638-3-en	4e4c6838314cb630ecd24f1ea9b1b686	Sluggish growth in manufacturing after the slowdown of 2008-09 has prompted concerns about the sustainability of the current growth path and the international competitiveness of agriculture, manufacturing and tradable services. This is seen as a potential hindrance not only to rapid growth in employment and income, but also to the achievement of a more inclusive growth path, notably in view of the low intensity of direct employment in the minerals sector. Innovation offers possibilities for entering new activities as part of a cumulative process of economic diversification. New kinds of increasingly skill-, capital- and knowledge-intensive activities will add to the productivity growth achieved through the increasing efficiency of existing activities.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	4e4daab2e55ff85814473c87d074fb79	Introducing universal tuition fees along with loans with income-contingent repayment would help to address such issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2011 Economic Survey of Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Slovenia). La proportion de la population Slovene agee de 25 ii 64 ans ayant achev6 au moins le deuxieme cycle de l’enseignement secondaire est parmi les plus elevees de la zone OCDE et le pays est tres bien place dans les evaluations internationales du niveau des eleves.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4e4f0545069aeaaf958aeff2302dfb80	A system consisting of N elements must thus continue to function properly, even if the largest element in the system fails. True security of energy supply requires partial redundancy in the form of parallel paths or loop structures. Negative reserve margins indicate that countries were required to cover at least part of the year a certain amount of their electricity consumption through imports.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	4e4fe2c80f16f542f65f25ba47634228	Gangnam regains its role as a centre of through-movement only at the global city-wide level. At this global scale, all the main artery' streets in Seoul are clearly picked up by high choice values - this includes Jongro, Sejongro and Dongdaemun (the latter famous for its market). These streets are also well-served by public transport.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	4e5237c26875eab28d98e0ca6fc96f61	Such scenarios may constitute “extreme events”, with a low probability but severe consequences if the event happens. A more likely scenario is that a particular trading partner may block or impede trade temporarily, with implications for the prices that an importing country is obliged to pay. For example, India cut off rice exports to Bangladesh in 2007 in order to lower prices on its domestic market (Dorosh and Rashid, 2012).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	4e524296b065403ecf2db3fd72515727	Leaders use personal and informal relations to govern, and citizens are not sufficiently captured by the market to respond in terms of rational choices that enhance their position in society. Human rationality, and therefore, by extension, policy interventions do not penetrate society in the same dynamic manner as in societies that have fully embraced such an approach. For example, poverty eradication policies tend to get implemented with little regard to feasibility and cost-effectiveness because there is no rational feedback or citizen response that makes the system avoid similar mistakes in the future. Leaders act like chiefs, people respond as subjects, and the future is seen to lie in the hands of forces over which they perceive themselves as having little control. Community-based projects work in these contexts but these efforts tend to become isolated islands and often falter once the external input comes to an end.	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	4e5728e6191dade2dfefad76f982a7fc	There are theories to suggest that worsening economic conditions can have deleterious impacts on health outcomes but, equally, there are many hypotheses that predict the opposite. These mechanisms are termed: (1) stress; (2) effect budgeting; and (3) frustration-aggression. Increased stress may arise due to greater employment uncertainty which, in turn, induces depression or anxiety (OECD, 2012).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	4e5971cc476d2fc952e82a9124c78700	Both approaches study partial equilibria by design; for instance, the elimination of the cross-subsidisation of financial sector wages may influence wage dispersion in other sectors. The empirical analysis shows that workers in the financial sector contribute a small but noticeable amount to economy-wide labour income inequality. Financial sector wage premia make up most of this contribution.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	4e68a171d8cd235c444e63a28a38bf3c	It would include the right to be free from poverty and hunger, the right to health and social security, and the right to participate in decisions that affect one's life. Most mainstream economic approaches that inform policymaking tend to privilege production for the market. The sphere of unpaid work is taken for granted.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/76c9b151-en	4e6aee53f883d2a0815b7454c1ada366	What the strong correlation between export growth and poverty reduction shows, however, is that policies that encourage the growth of exports and integration in the global economy can at the same time be poverty-reducing. This statement, however, has been questioned by some, as globalization is believed to have intensified poverty through adverse distributional changes. For this reason it will be useful to decompose the changes in poverty in the three broad country groupings into distribution and growth components and investigate the quantitative significance of each to the observed change for the reduction in poverty.	1	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e632a806-en	4e6cc88b4d9943f326bb9db5effffa50	"For this report, the term digital literacy is used to refer to the ability to carry out basic tasks on the Internet such as reading information on a web site or sending an email. This is reflected in Internet usage surveys conducted in Malawi and Zambia (Figure 5.1). A lack of infrastructure (""not available in the area"") was only cited by 6% of respondents."	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	4e6d90eff1ac410275c15419c20fd715	Countries differ widely in the dispersion of earnings among full-time workers, with Chile, the United States and Portugal being the most unequal countries and Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland being the most equal ones (Figure 5.2). Inequality is higher in all countries when extending the analysis to part-time workers or the entire working age population (i.e. also including the unemployed and the inactive), reflecting the large income differentials between these groups and full-time workers. This effect is particularly large for countries where part-time workers make up a sizable share of total employment (e.g. Australia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom) and where unemployment and inactivity rates are high (e.g. Belgium, Chile, Hungary, Italy).	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e8741432-en	4e6de93812920723302ad0c92ea3c9f2	The largest declines have taken place in Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia and Southern Asia (at least a 12 percentage point drop). In 2015, the regions with the lowest prevalence of slum conditions are Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern Africa. In Northern Africa the proportion of urban slum population declined almost by half, to 11 per cent in 2014 from 20 per cent in 2000.	15	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e8a5518-en	4e6ec0a036cc32232b97f7ee3182ef6b	Taken together, the reports identify links between education and all the SDGs, with the notable exception of SDG 14 on oceans. For most of the SDGs, causal links are identified in both directions, from education to other goal areas and vice-versa. The most emphasized connections are those between education and growth (SDG8) and gender (SDG5). By contrast, links with energy (SDG7), water (SDG 6), cities (SDG 11), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) and climate change (SDG 13) receive much less attention in the sum of UN flagship publications.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	4e71c2314d42fede09da4f1b065f1119	The results are presented in Table I.A1.1. This is less than the 13% found by Topel (1999), but at the higher end of the range of results in Bassanini and Scarpetta (2002). The 10% rise in per capita output is not surprising since coverage encompasses a longer time period and a higher number of countries, including those where there was more pronounced growth in both educational attainment and output per capita.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	4e71ed61caea8468cf9330e637bcd74f	Next, municipal employees used smartphones to photograph the disaster area and then saved these to the MDRU's server. This enabled the mayor to look at the stored pictures to gain a visual understanding of the disaster. Ultimately, the mayor instructed municipal hall employees to provide relief goods to the affected area before he reported the situation to the central government. At an the earlier briefing session in San Remigio, project participants discussed the technologies used in the MDRU project as well as the feasibility study's importance of the MDRU feasibility study with the engineers. Additionally, to facilitate operation of MDRU applications, the unit will need to be equipped with a power although some MDRUs have already been equipped with Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	4e73b585abc2b9dd856fbb19043ea99d	Conversely, in Italy and Ireland, severe material deprivation increased at the same rate for the most deprived regions (Sicily in Italy; Midland and Western region in Ireland) and for the country as a whole.10 These severe material deprivation rates calculated at regional level are highly correlated with the relative income poverty headcounts in some countries (in Italy, in particular), while the correlation is not statistically significant in others (e.g. Spain). Statistics to monitor multiple dimensions of material deprivation have been developed through a harmonized survey for Europe, but comparable data are rarely available for non-European OECD countries. A policy-relevant ranking of regional material deprivation can also be obtained through composite indicators.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	4e76478d09088876ab5ce5c56869d0b0	Thus, Julfusdottir et al. At present, however, more Icelandic women choose to leave Iceland compared to their male counterparts, and the emigrants seem less inclined to return to Iceland than previously. At the same time, the north eastern region is the only region experiencing a net immigration of Icelandic women during this period. According to Julfusdottir et al.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0899dee9-en	4e77cc7f5a6039c664987bc038f425fb	"In other cases, pervasive norms that see women’s caring responsibilities as “natural” explain the absence of claims around unpaid care work. In the run-up to finalizing the design of the Uruguayan SNIC, the government opened “national dialogues"" to raise awareness and incorporate local realities into the design. Yet the dialogues saw a departure from the women’s movements’ agenda that sparked die process."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	4e79722457913fdd1deab95efbddc02b	At the same time, augmenting these well-known results with the use of relative poverty lines offers two important additional pieces of information. First, as many as slightly more than one half of those living under a dollar-a-day in the mid-2000s also happen to be relatively poor (using the 60% of median threshold). Secondly, in addition to the 25% of the developing world living on less than a dollar-a-day, an additional 8% of the developing world were not absolute poor, but were relatively poor (again, using the 60% threshold).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	4e7a14b7513b731936d969a100daf018	The effect of converging participation rates0 between men and women on the size of the economy in GDP (cont.) The effect of converging participation rates0 between men and women on the size of the economy in GDP (cont.) Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	4e7a8d970f20f14e949d93e588a3ba23	In theory, governments could allow companies to make losses on poor investment choices in the face of this uncertainty. However, in practice, energy sector investments tend to involve quite a high level of political involvement, so it may not be easy to separate political and commercial decision-making. In many countries, governments remain sole or majority shareholders of their major energy companies. Commercial investment decisions are therefore often closely tied to political decisions with respect to the development of the energy sector.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4e7d93060bea9217aeaa7d4cc08885fa	Among the different individual factors considered (market prices of coal, gas and C02, change in electricity demand, electricity import/exports, investments in new conventional plants and phase-out of nuclear units in Germany, availability factors of nuclear and hydro plants), the deployment of variable renewable energy has been the largest individual contributor to the price drop: -24% in Germany and -35% in Sweden. However, because of the intrinsic complexity of such analysis, most of the studies focus only on one or two components of system costs and, to the knowledge of the authors, a complete and comprehensive analysis of the system effects has yet to be performed. Also, many studies analyse and describe the impacts of large VRE penetration on the system, but do not explicitly calculate the system costs. The only attempt in this respect has been performed by the NEA publication (2012) in which the system costs of different conventional power plants have been compared with those of VREs.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	4e7f643e93feb8eddcae7684a03e129e	Since women on average live longer than men, pension systems that use gender-specific life tables in the calculation of benefits (i.e., one life expectancy estimation for women and another one for men) generate still lower monthly benefits for women. In contrast, the use of unisex life tables generates equal monthly benefits for women and men who have equal pension fund accumulation and retire at the same age. While this involves a subsidy from the average men to the average women, gender-specific life tables, in contrast, privilege the actuarial link between contributions and benefits for each individual and offer higher benefits to men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	4e837ae287e6e7546dd05595ac4505c3	Given that each review was conducted with the New Rural Paradigm as a metric, they contain valuable information on the degree of adoption of this paradigm by member countries. Thematic reviews are also tools that can facilitate international policy dialogue and mutual learning. Yet, a sectoral approach is limiting the range of opportunities that can be seized in the mral territory. Because most farms are small - and thus limited in the volume of production they can generate - it will be crucial to improve off-farm employment opportunities as a way to increase farm household income. To improve the competitiveness of mral areas, Morelos should adopt a multi-dimensional territorial approach that would facilitate the consolidation of strategic development projects in specific mral areas. Infrastructure does not appear to be the binding constraint for the vast majority' of regions.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	4e839a6834a74afe77939532e1c727b2	Average NOx concentrations are also high in Chinese cities, at around the WHO guideline limits of 40 pg/m3, averaged over one year. Moreover, as noted above, NOx emissions have risen in recent years and this is reflected in the air quality of cities where average NOx concentrations rose over 5% between 2005 and 2010. In Beijing, over the whole winter of 2007/08, NOx pollution averaged seven times the WHO hourly guidelines, with mobile sources accounting for almost two-thirds thereof.	6	3	3	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	4e857e0375cf333e77cc2603f41ebec8	Of the total EUR 6.4 billion budget available from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), France was allocated the second highest envelope, with EUR 588 million at its disposal between 2014-2020. Regionalisation means that management authority will be delegated to French coastal regions for some measures of the EMFF. For Outermost Regions, compensation schemes for additional costs are integrated in the EMFF.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	4e88890586c5b732ac415e62f09fdd1f	Data from multilateral institutions are reported in a simplified format using categories drawn from the approach used by the World Bank Group to classify energy projects. While energy efficiency data are reported, such projects present a particular challenge in their classification. For example, a transmission line project may be reported by some organizations either as an expansion of the grid or an improvement in efficiency. This leads to the exclusion of many valuable projects aimed at building capacity, training, feasibility studies, planning, enabling activities and, in some cases, small projects aimed at reforming the market.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	4e8b2d16a354c7df17903cff7a01eae2	World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculhtre were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Data on aquaculture production were sourced from the China Statistical Yearbook 2016; differences with FAO total figures are under review.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	4e8f361591d02fb910fb13942689883f	The sector’s share of freshwater withdrawals among the economies varies widely - from 39.5% in Albania to less than 3% in Serbia and Montenegro. Except for Albania, the assessed economies use a smaller share of their freshwater resources in agriculture than the OECD average (43.9%) and the EU average (29.7%). Gross value added of agriculture * Farm structure, number and total area . Enployment in agriculture * Number of agricultural co-operatives • Agro-food trade: exports, imports and trade balance * Crop and livestock yield .	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	4e90002ac4b5d5a71ac7f22724345790	Two major aspects of this relationship are the strength and the slope of the socio-economic gradient. When a student's actual performance is not the same as would be expected given his or her socio-economic status (as when the dots in Figure 1.6.5 are far from the dark line), the socio-economic gradient is considered to be weak. When socio-economic status becomes a good predictor of performance (and the dots in the figure are close to the dark line), then the gradient is considered strong.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	4e909db458666394ed5d8d03e3f32aab	In addition, broadening and strengthening regional economic integration is necessary as this will improve access to Asia-Pacific markets. There is some uncertainty tied to this issue. Policymakers in China have stated that their long-term aim is to improve the “quality of growth” by reducing the excessive dependence of the economy on exports and increasing the role of domestic demand; and within domestic demand, reducing the role of investment, both in infrastructure and recently in the housing sector, and instead boosting the disproportionately small role of consumption.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	4e90b0b00661ea4ff29ac1d0b02364c9	In practice, however, it is common for several water utilities to serve the municipalities of a single ATO. For example, eight ATOs in Emilia-Romagna are served by 16 utilities. As of 2009, 58 utilities were still publicly owned and 31 involved mixed ownership companies with selected partners, while in seven cases concessions had been given to the private sector, including four private concessions awarded in Sicily.	6	0	3	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	4e921894053a2cd60bcdbf7c99536c84	Dr Correa finalized his presentation by sounding the alert to the potential creation of monopolies if standards contain elements protected as intellectual property, such as trade secrets. The panel explained that a request for such a solution must be made by a member state, and probably through the FAO or WHO, although these organizations should work closely with the WTO. The EC has issued a letter indicating that, in the next revision of the registration regulations in Europe, all mention of FAO specifications will be deleted. The panel indicated that the standards themselves have undergone a risk assessment, but that the conformity assessment of similar pesticide products to the standard requires an evaluation by a single entity, the JMPS, which implies a serious bottleneck.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	4e94c6951bccadba7e8c6a4bc38116de	This body’s regulatory coverage has been broadened to include all water supply, wastewater and municipal waste management operators, irrespective of their management or ownership models. Examples include: a working group on economic instruments for environmental policy, established between the Ministries of Finance and Environment; and an Environment and Transport Steering Committee that pursued implementation of the Sustainable Mobility Project. Such arrangements, which have facilitated more frequent interactions between the MAOT and other government agencies, could be extended to additional sectors.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3383d551-en	4e96eb0d59664eac1fe585acc23ef892	These gender roles are firmly engrained in the local culture and institutions. While it was implicitly assumed in the past that the household head would compensate family members for their labour with the income gained from oil palm production, in reality, female household members were often not being compensated for their work. In many cases, this led to intra-household struggles and to women withdrawing their labour from loose fruit collection and focusing instead on vegetable production, which allowed them to earn, and keep, an income.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	4e9735296b57ea75786ccfa0418bc37a	"Further, the review suggests that many poverty reduction strategies would benefit from ""a more explicit link between goals and targets and the policies needed to achieve them” (IMF and World Bank, 2005,11). In an attempt to overcome this challenge, the Australian Government has proposed that the risks to essential services (e.g. energy and water supply) are clearly identified and that corresponding responsibilities are allocated to persons or organisations best placed to address the risks (Australian Government, 2013). This type of approach can provide a good basis for subsequently evaluating if the identified risks were the right ones and if they were adequately addressed by those in charge."	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	4e976a3f6121ffd65248be086d0f1a87	In some countries, however, pay penalties are larger among low-wage earners, suggesting the presence of “sticky floors”, that is the barriers that prevent women from moving up from lower level jobs (Christofides et al., The indicator shown in Figure 4.7 is based on data drawn from the Gallup World Poll referring to the following question: “Are you satisfied with your job or the work you do?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no). Overall job satisfaction can be thought of as a combination of different levels of satisfaction with the various characteristics of the job.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	4e9a9ca59d10284ede3bdf1cbadb1835	Although there are many other vulnerability factors, those below have been selected for analysis due to their relative importance for food availability and access as identified in Part 2 of the report. The impact of climate variability and extremes on agriculture and food security: an analysis of the evidence and case studies. Inter-seasonal Climate extremes ■ i -i., Climate data are aggregated over cropping areas smoothed for small geographical scale events, especially in large countries. The production and import data time series have been detrended by applying a LOESS approach.158 Detrending refers to removing a trend from a time series, where a trend usually refers to a change in the mean over time. Figures 29 and H show in white the countries where part of the production (or imports) variability is explained by climate indicators (and the correlation is statistically significant).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	4e9cba4a5335f9ab54a8a98e4ecfe59b	The maximum eligible income is set just above the average wage in Ireland for single-income households and at 80% of the average wage in the United States and in New South Wales, Australia. Canada, France, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal and England can also be considered relatively targeted systems even though the size of the social rental sector is still relatively large in France and England (sources: QuASH; Scanlon et al, 2014; http://www.housingpathways.nsw.gov.au/). Shortfalls in supply of social rental housing in many countries mean that not all eligible households actually access the services and waiting lists are maintained.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	4ea146e508c0715849d480be7e4e2cfc	The massification, the internationalisation as well as the diversification of higher education influence also what is defined as effective. Hence, effective teaching increasingly involves successful management of the complex context in which learning and teaching take place (Devlin and Samarawickrema, 2010). The most widely accepted criterion of effective teaching up to date is student learning and the most widely accepted criterion of student learning in instructional effectiveness research is performance on standardised examinations (Marsh, 2007, p. 338).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	4ea30559b8ab80c1b1c76914b72fa664	Trade policy management and trade-related education both increased by USD 165 million and USD 18 million respectively, though trade facilitation at USD 420 million saw a small decrease of 5.4% compared to its 2014 level. The latter rose from USD 27 billion in 2014 to USD 31.7 billion in 2015 a 17.3% increase. In volume terms the main increases were in mining up USD 1.4 billion and industry up USD 1.3 billion.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	4ea40d40e707a311c795e1670243ceaa	It is also the national reference laboratory for PAHO. Active mostly in urban areas and operates 180 water systems that serve nearly half of the population. In this Sector it states that sports, recreation and physical activity contribute to “improve the wellbeing of the population through a model of comprehensive, universal, solidarity' and sustainable health” so the proposal seeks to promote active life styles, sports activities, exercise, daily physical activity' and physical recreation, has been shown that can benefit health and quality of life of people of different age groups and throughout its life cycle. The ICODER, through their strategic plans, seeks to address these issues.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/be112931-en	4ea434de4acb944cd8e0d82377796329	There is no legal protection regime of any kind for the majority of forest ecosystems. The network of protected areas consists of 9 State nature reserves, 7 national parks, 1 biosphere reserve, 48 sanctuaries (managed reserves) and 19 nature monuments. Forested lands included in protected areas are only about 72,000 ha (8% of all forests).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b505e041-en	4eab9e92cca82a625259ee47caf083f0	Less than one fifth of the respondents borrowed to finance their additional expenditure and those that did, borrowed an average of Rs2,687 a month. The average distance of the work place for the chief wage earner was 7.8 kilometres. While a small proportion (16 per cent) had a two-wheeler, which they used to get to their place of work, more than one third of the respondents reached their place of work by foot. This shows the need for pedestrian-friendly cities, especially for the urban poor, marginalized and the vulnerable. An additional one fourth of respondents took a bus to get to work. Nearly 94 per cent had a mobile phone, which testifies to the ease with which feedback can be solicited on various programmers targeted at them.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289347945-5-en	4ead9b21e156b2bbee6e23d01e7e304b	The Nordic mining industry should therefore contribute to conservation and seek to minimise the impact of its operations on the environment and biodiversity in all stages of development, from exploration to closure. This means compensating by trying to create the same values elsewhere or to recreate the nature that was previously destroyed. However, as this is not practised to any great extent in the Nordic mining industry it is another area for improvement.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	4eae7d5864f289be5704db0f1d7c141d	These statistics will also form the basis for efforts to improve health-care quality in Turkey, which have already been growing in recent years. Many OECD health systems separate responsibilities for running and monitoring health-care services quite definitely, and the creation of 4 affiliated agencies under the ministry is a sign that Turkey is seriously considering the benefits of greater devolution of responsibilities for the health system. In the future Turkey might consider putting greater distance between functions such as accreditation and health technology assessment and the central Ministry of Health, especially when quality governance activities apply to public health-care services as well as private health-care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283428-en	4eb2f225adb05d31d7c87dccce410093	Increased copayments for medicines and for inappropriate use of hospital emergency services were implemented in most regions following the introduction of the Deficit Reduction Plans. Recent policies promote the prescription of generics by requiring GPs to explicitly state the active ingredients of prescribed drugs to facilitate substitution. The challenge now will be to find suitable positions in the health system for all of these new graduates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	4eb5db901b3e88f4dbdd31556c4815a1	This intersection carries large flows of bus, pedestrian, and motor traffic. The Ring Road, which is a major arterial road, and Aurobindo Marg forms the AIIMS grade-separated interchange. Traffic data collection allowed the study of road user behaviour earlier when the AIIMS junction was an at-grade, signalized intersection and presently when the site is a grade separated interchange with no traffic signal control.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283312-en	4eb70f26c9bf2712862402c83e424c13	However, so far results have been mixed, with progress made on a new provider (DRG) payment system but stalled implementation of hospital reorganisation plans and continued accumulation of debts. Numbers of physicians and particularly nurses are low compared to the EU average. Following the country's accession to the EU, the outward migration of health workers to other Member States has increased and contributed to the workforce shortage in the Croatian health system.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	4eb8a354b24398ff47b874e772a84c08	Indeed, students who had attended between two and three years of pre-primary school score 35 points higher than students who did not attend and 50 score points higher than students who had attended less than one year, on average (Figure 5.3). In New Zealand, 92% of 4-year-olds participated in ECEC in 2014 (the 2005 enrolment rate of 4-year-olds is not available for New' Zealand). Rates for Canada are not reported (OECD, 2016b).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	4ebb07f1fb71d8b8a3113f1d67c2d6b5	In order to get anywhere near the ambitious GHG emission reduction targets, there needs to be a decoupling of economic growth and, in particular, energy consumption. There is intense political and policy debate surrounding the potential of the low carbon economy, with views ranging from those that argue that the competitiveness of major industries will be destroyed, to those that argue that the low carbon economy will be the next driver of economic prosperity for the national economy. Major drivers for change include globalisation, the growing complexity of global supply chains, growth and consolidation of finance and business services in central locations, de-industrialisation and restructuring of manufacturing, growth and decentralisation of retail and community services, massive growth in information and communications technologies and associated e-business. These forces, underpinned by policies such as trade liberalisation, resulted in major structural industry change.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	4ebbbfebf6439e568da85c1f1ce6857e	The income of other household members is not significant in determining the mother’s labour market participation, but mothers in a relationship have a lower probability of participation. Living in a rural area lowers the probability of being in the labour market. Mothers who gave birth to their eldest child before the age of 20 are less likely to be in the labour market.	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	4ebe8a61489ce4bb75602e2cf8355669	Fiscal, monetary and exchange-rate policies as well as structural policies are increasingly questioned because of uneven progress on economic growth and poverty reduction. Hie roots of the current financial crisis and its global repercussions lie in the interaction between poorly regulated financial markets and the growing reliance on complex financial products based on tightly integrated capital markets. That assumption has not been borne out by the evidence.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	4ebf32712f333a7878c5a45e3eb311be	The United Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (United Nations, General Assembly, 1993). Women who are victims of violence are more likely to have poor mental and physical health, including reproductive health, than women who are not. They are also more likely to have negative health behaviours, including substance abuse such as alcohol and drug abuse. Health problems stemming from such abuse include chronic pain (headaches, back pain, fibromyalgia); neurological problems and symptoms, including fainting and seizures; gastrointestinal disorders; and cardiac problems.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	4ec31ee5f8afc1213085536535a0e3a6	This implies setting up monitoring mechanisms to collect and update data from reliable sources and on a regular basis. Such data should cover, amongst others, consumption levels, the quality of drinking water and wastewater, as well as tariffs. This important information will enable “informed” citizens to take part more effectively in discussions related to drinking water and sanitation. Such an independent stock-taking and assessment exercise should clearly set out the upsides as well as downsides of change and raise awareness among priority target audiences (e.g. households) on the role, responsibility and contribution of the private actors in the water sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	4ec9343c60654f98e5eec4b4323e637d	Only half of wheat exports are delivered as grain, the rest as wheat flour. Being a landlocked country, Kazakhstan exports wheat to its closest neighbours (Figure 3.2). Kazakhstan is the main supplier of wheat to Central Asia and provides almost all wheat imported by Uzbekistan, TVirkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and nearly 50% of Afghanistan’s imports.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	4eca6ca93203a1e1cdb71814fcce6e77	In most of these countries the majority of lone mothers also work fiill-time, except for Austria and Germany (see Figure 1.6). Net replacement rates for long-term unemployed lone parents are among the highest in the OECD. These countries generally apply a full-time work test when the youngest child turns three or even before and childcare costs tend to be relatively low (Table 3.1).	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	4ecb0758088c25de343c71a94e69915c	That high proportion is significant, as there is evidence that a gender-balanced workforce offers a greater variety of skills, competencies, perspectives, experiences and backgrounds, which fuels better organisational and financial performance (OECD, 2012; McKinsey & Company, 2013). Achieving substantive equality between women and men in public service employment is also linked to gender-balanced policies and quality service delivery, w'hich prompt perceptions of the civil service as exemplary, responsible, responsive and legitimate and, in turn, contributes to greater public trust in government (OECD, 2009; OECD 2014). Against those yardsticks, Mexican women are still affected by lower occupational and sector-related segregation.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	4ecb8f1fc13d6232bca6f53568bf8c95	Peruskoulu required that teachers, who had previously worked in very different schools, had to now all work in the same type of school with students with diverse abilities. This meant that teachers needed new instructional methods, they needed to design learning environments that enable differentiated learning for different pupils, and they needed to perceive teaching as a top profession. These expectations led to a wide-scale teacher education reform in 1979 that emphasised Ihe professional development and research-based learning that have been the key drivers of Finland's rapid educational improvement.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	4ecd0fa62185b7839022bf163f65144b	Cloud-based computing services and tools for offline or real-time analysis may also be used. Smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world, including pollution and emissions monitoring; energy projects, such as smart grids and metering; flood management and other water-related projects; the management of public transportation system and of road use; solid waste collection, sorting and management; improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects; disaster preparedness and resiliency; and addressing crime and security (OECD, 2016b). In Indonesia, smart city activities include the smart city strategy for Bandung included in the 2013-2018 ICT Master Plan, which emphasises e-government and digital infrastructure. The city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry. Efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in Medan.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	4ed355382a4581485bc5e5750afa19e5	Finally, it concluded that poverty and inequality are mutually reinforcing, and that “inclusive” growth is the best way to address both of them simultaneously. In retrospect, it was unwise to concede that any growth process which improves the lot of the poor is “pro-poor”, because this conflates the definition of pro-poor growth with one of its indicators of success. Writers committed to PPG should also have avoided the degenerating debate with the mainstream about the quantitative implications of (disembedded) growth processes upon distribution and absolute poverty.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264077287-en	4eda12aa77c37288a27b88b61857c667	Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, with fewer than 250 employees) are eligible for a 10% bonus. In 2007, investment subsidies under this law totalled EUR 13 million. This agreement was renewed in April 2002. In 2007, it covered 80 firms, accounting for 90% of total energy consumption in Luxembourg’s manufacturing industry.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7921771c-en	4eda1d27160fc2793a244875e35f78ee	"Often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as ""vulnerable groups"" or ""the poor"", obscuring the particularities of their situation. Furthermore, this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise self-determination, which in the case of health, corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state. Third, there must be political will, since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient ifthey are notsuccessfully implemented. Finally, there must be a conscious decision on the part of the national society to engage in an exchange and sharing of knowledge, values and customs, which, if practised on a daily basis, would overcome monoculturalist structures."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	4edb02012efbf4e184090aced35c9c18	At the same time, national policies for employment and training policies are more effective when they draw on local knowledge to match skills development with job opportunities and are adapted to the local labour market conditions (OECD, 2014c). Local governments play an essential role in, among other things, enhancing and sustaining skill formation, job creation and supporting transitions throughout the life cycle by building comprehensive local career information and well-articulated training to employment pathways (OECD, 2016b). Moreover, city governments are well-positioned to support partnerships with educational institutions, businesses located in their jurisdictions, trade unions and civil society towards better integrated policies and training programmes.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	4eddedcbc1b8d963c21c6b5aac9f1e17	For further details, see www.ipeadata.gov.br. In other words, 39.92% of the Brazilian population was below the poverty line used in this study, while 17.76% of these people were living in extreme poverty. The lowest amount to be registered, 160.13 reais, was for Piaui in 1983, while the highest, 1,266.63 reais was for Sao Paulo in 2012.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	4ee191d2acd04c7bbe3f63274fe927f6	The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) also adopted the Paris Agreement, through which United Nations Member States committed to limiting global warming, which implies a critical role for national governments in climate-change adaptation and mitigation in urban settlements, which are most responsible for and most vulnerable to climate change. Lastly, in October 2016, the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) adopted the New Urban Agenda (NUA), advocating for proactive policies to leverage the dynamics of urbanisation as instruments of sustainable development. Well-designed national policy frameworks can help countries and cities achieve economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	4ee26b0e38beca667df7558683697a9d	Care should also be taken to expand partnerships with gender-aware and women’s rights organizations at the global, regional and country levels. Pathways to achieving gender results are complex and depend on a variety of institutional and contextual factors. The evaluation learned that demonstrating a direct correlation between UNDP institutional reforms and development results was challenging for a number of reasons. Data constraints posed a key problem, but the far more important factor was the complexity of gender programming.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	4ee3cf2bf8b7e85e0f8cc0ff92e980f1	"This also affects the boundaries between the different layers of risks that become ""moving targets"". Such increasing uncertainty is costly for economic agents, who are not only averse to risks, but also to uncertainty. If tools such as insurance and financial markets have been developed with success to allocate risks in an efficient manner, at least to a certain extent, it is a more complex task when deep uncertainty is present."	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	4ee71aa5cb20fb47a6a27bd60576c200	To facilitate co-ordination, shared responsibilities should be implemented jointly, to the extent possible, at national, regional and local level. Given the large share of LP forests in Natura 2000 sites, the LP should adapt its rules and practices to better protect biodiversity; the GDEP could help it in this regard. Co-operation in this area would be enhanced by development of a comprehensive assessment of the economic value of ecosystem services provided by forests.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	4ee8561482ccaff3e4fc3271d08a3fe0	However, only a handful of structuralist models explicitly incorporate gender, and among those that do, the focus is most often on the macroeconomics dynamics of gender-based wage inequality and female labour force participation in a development context.' By contrast, we incorporate unpaid work and care, and the implications of their gendered distribution, into a conceptual model of social reproduction that can accommodate a variety of economic structures and social welfare regimes. We define care in both labour-process and output terms.	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	4eea99d6f0177d9d6f052594f9c5ab60	In a democracy, ordinary citizens have a very important role to play in the state affairs (Shihata 1997: 635) and every citizen is considered to be autonomous and self-determining. Post argues, 'Democracy requires that persons be treated equally insofar as they are autonomous participants in the process of self-government' (2005: 147). Democracy can ensure development covers all forms of human progress including 'political rights under a form of government based on broad participation' (Shihata 1997: 635). Although democracy requires that all persons be treated equally and considered autonomous and self-determining, women in Bangladesh and India are lagging behind men in nearly all spheres of development and democracy.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6236c858-en	4eee0f4a5b9ba0973c30cfc9c3d1cfde	Ideally, no manufacturer should use an excess of raw materials in the production of a good if the same good could be made with fewer raw materials and thus at a lower cost. Vet instances abound of products which are designed in a manner where replacement is intrinsic to the product - for example disposable razors or cigarette lighters. The sustainable use of resources must be considered during all the stages of a product’s life-cycle: in its design, its manufacture, its usage and even at the end of its life, where the possibility of reusing or recovering scarce materials used in its production becomes a distinct and often profitable issue. Resource efficiency is only possible if consumers - individuals and institutional buyers alike - demand sustainable products.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	4eee29abdf95209683ed99280325a403	One reason might be that, as poor people are very close to the poverty threshold, annuities from reverse mortgages could just lift them out of poverty. However, Coda Moscarola et al. ( In Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland, poverty would fall by one-third or more, though not by as much in Germany and Sweden.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4eeee18e5d8a9518585f952b1f13be98	Much depends on the higher education policy and regional strategy to mobilise higher education institutions and stakeholders. At the same time the capacity of the local economy needs to be improved so that it can absorb tertiary education graduates and new innovations. For this to happen, supportive policy instruments and incentives need to be put in place.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	4eef81cda838c0b8766be9dfce98df9c	Conditionality can also create opportunities for corruption, as individuals responsible for certifying that conditions have been met could demand bribes for doing so. Furthermore, some poor families may find it difficult to meet conditions owing to the lack of easily accessible health services or schools and may suffer serious consumption losses if excluded from conditional cash transfer programmes. Conditional cash transfers generally target only households with school-age children, which means that all impoverished households without school-age children will be excluded.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	4ef09ba7043b8ffb662ae649fa82dda1	Manufacturing jobs tended to move from the Northeast and Midwest to the West and South up to the late 1990s. Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, which lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	4ef1af2e9b2fa6ba93b310c1dd2e66ae	Almost all water is used for plant transpiration. The extent of irrigation water saving is determined by the climatic conditions; in dryer regions the effectiveness of drip irrigation tends to be higher. This type of payment was the second largest direct payment after per tonne subsidies for livestock products.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	4ef2e929c032656da57b7cb36864a764	Changes in measured market incomes at the household level are due to a range of factors, including but not limited to wage inequality. Trends that are often quantitatively more important include the extent and distribution of unemployment and labour-market inactivity, working-time, family structures, as well as income pooling and family work patterns. In addition, non-labour incomes play a role, especially at the top of the distribution.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae18b798-en	4ef4af06033d4a44b297002914dc8a4f	Lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group produces twice as high a probability of poverty. The high impact of indigenous identity on likelihood of poverty warrants particular attention, because it is indicative of exclusion based on a group identity, regardless of these groups’ more limited access to education or to basic sendees. As well, the higher the level of schooling attained, the greater the additional impact in terms of reducing poverty probability. This suggests that the impact of a change in an explanatory' variable on the probability' of being poor depends on the initial value of that probability.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	4ef5f577f842ba49739bc6f9ba8cd1d1	As home ownership becomes more inaccessible for families at the lower-end of the socio-economic distribution, housing policy interventions should focus on outcomes that protect low-income tenants from rent increases. Targeting housing benefits towards low-income families, increasing social housing stock and prioritising placement of families with the greatest needs are options that can better help meet the housing needs of poor families. The reduction of child poverty could be identified as a specific objective of the recently launched poverty reduction strategy. The development of measures of children’s exposure to income poverty and of unmet needs in terms of food, health, education and housing would make it possible to set targets for children and monitor progress for this particular population group. The number of childcare places created, access for low-income children, and the quality of services provided will be important metrics to monitor in order to measure the results of public spending on poverty reduction. In this case, getting out of poverty and its consequences presupposes that barriers to employment are addressed, and that obstacles that limit access to care, quality housing can be eliminated, and that financial aid can be granted.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	4ef629ba101fe7b286c4dbc232272e4f	For instance, in the high-level segment of C0P15, Chinese Premier Wen declined to participate in informal negotiations even though several other Heads of State were present114 This has at times caused extensive frustration with China as a partner. As a result, there is a strong perception that China's position remains largely unchanged. See also Vihma (2010).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	4ef7d2303ba839c1d965fcf691524999	Of comparable impact is flooding, with the highest water levels in spring. In the area of Lvov and Busk towns in Ukraine, a high level of pollution by ammonium-nitrogen is observed. In the Ukrainian part, in the light of hydrochemical indicators, water quality got somewhat worse in 2009 as compared with 2008, which is consistent with a stable trend of deteriorating water quality as a result of the increase in discharges of non-treated and insufficiently treated urban and industrial wastewaters into the Bug. With the exception of Ambukov, located below the confluence of Hutshva River (where water was in quality category 4, class III, i.e. clean water according to the Ukrainian classification), water quality has been in category 3, class 111, i.e. “relatively clean water”. In the river section in Ukraine close to the border with Belarus, the most commonly occurring quality problems in 2008-2009 were phosphorus, nitrates and metals. Belarus reports that water flowing from upstream has an elevated level of dissolved solids.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3383d551-en	4ef87677e144f442a0d05486468ccac5	Men reacted positively because the gender division of labour remained unchanged and intra-household conflicts over palm oil harvesting decreased. Gender-balanced employment in these institutions can also help. Where appropriate, officials' performance should be evaluated against gender-related targets.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	4ef98605a800379790d759cc356019e6	The share of 15-29 year-olds not in education and not employed (11.5%) is below the OECD average (see Figure 4), but there is scope to increase the capacity and responsiveness of skills developed in vocational education and training. A challenge shared by countries at this level is to provide relevant education that will prepare young adults for work and, at the same time, provide capacity for further learning. In Australia, 84% of 25-34 year-olds attained upper secondary level education (above the OECD average of 82%, see Figure 2). In most cases, Australian general and vocational programmes are offered in upper secondary schools.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	4efac0b1fc467fedbfbf09f13b3e6b6a	Drawing an analogy' with monetary resources, “time poverty” can be measured when it is defined, for example, as the lack of time for rest and leisure because too much time is spent on work and on household chores. Nevertheless, it appears to be a useful way to gain a better understanding of the dimensions of individual well-being. In most of the countries, a large share of all income is concentrated in a small segment of the population while the poorest receive a very small proportion. The simple average of figures for the 18 countries on which relatively recent data are available shows that the wealthiest 10% of the population receives 32% of total income while the poorest 40% receives 15% of total income.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	4efd2635d36c012b37965427fe65c0c8	This model of gender mainstreaming, which is in accordance with the Bahrain’s requirements for gender mainstreaming, outlines the structure and processes of integrating women's needs in the development process. In regards to the situation of Egypt, the Constitutional Declaration of 18/01/2014 is applicable until the modifications of the current Constitution of 201;, the Constitution of 1971 is no longer applicable. Most countries also reported conflicting demands on the scarce time and resources of these focal points.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	4efe676a22c7c8b91cc45d3403290313	Nevertheless, as in many other countries, an institutional culture of multiple silo-type ministries still prevails. Ensuring high-profile leadership or co-ordination would help improve policy coherence and enable a whole-of-government approach to sustainable development. For instance, about a quarter of municipal environmental councils were inactive in 2013 (IBGE, 2014). Many state agencies face a significant challenge to attract and retain qualified technical staff.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	4f00ce4c7fd919318c95547cfed5acf8	Brazil is the fifth largest cotton processing country with a 3% share of the world’s market. This is used mostly to satisfy domestic demand which is expected to increase slowly over the medium term but is not expected to surpass the levels recorded in late 2000s, when global per capita consumption of cotton reached historical highs. Brazilian meat production is expected to continue its fast growth in the coming decade. The depreciation of the Brazilian real relative to the US dollar, lower projected feed costs, improved animal genetics along with better health and nutrition, combined with an increasing domestic and international demand should sustain the projected expansion of Brazilian meat production.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	4f018273a1a422d79072a06b91a0905c	When studying the dynamics of benefit receipt, data requirements are much greater than for a cross-sectional analysis. First, information needs to be at the micro level to allow identification of benefit receipt for specific individuals or households. Second, data need to have a panel dimension that permits following individuals’ paths onto and off benefits over time.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	4f031c87e19b439cef4604f85b13e3b1	"It is particularly noteworthy that the SME Masterplan is still the reference framework in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan focus area ""‘Growing dynamic SMEs” (EPU, 2015a). The National SME Development Council has spearheaded other actions, such as the change of the definition of SMEs, the centralisation of training programmes,25 the launch of additional schemes and the monitoring of the implementation of the SME Masterplan (Hashim, 2015). Table 5.8 shows that all the possible challenge areas of SMEs are covered by at least one dedicated support scheme. The institutional setting for the co-ordination of this vast array of instruments also seems well in place with the National SME Development Council and SME Corporation."	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	4f06c0870bbe1fd5d036d801b48b069e	Although global factors may be difficult to address, countries could ease domestic constraints to private investment. In China, a priority is to address excess capacity in certain sectors, facilitate deleveraging and create a level playing field between State-owned enterprises and private firms. In India, a priority is to repair bank balance sheets, especially those of public sector banks. For all countries, in the medium term, increasing infrastructure investment and enhancing the business environment could stimulate private investment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	4f09f409613f1c6795df59180b7c0419	Overall, out-of-pocket payments comprise 17.2% of total health expenditure, lower than the OECD average of 19.8% (OECD Health Statistics 2013). The fee for consulting a primary care physician varied between EUR 11-22 in 2011 and consultations with a nurse are free (Anell et al., The national ceiling for out-of-pocket payments for health care visits within a year is EUR 122 annually. Copayments for prescribed drugs are regulated by government and are uniform throughout the country.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	4f0ae1a102e93d177b0a4370b915f001	However, the expected median size increased from 0.5 MW in 2010 to 1 MW in 2015 to 3 MW in 2020. In other words, the Chinese project of 200 MW skewed the mean in IEA/NEA (2015: p. 50). There appear to be many small, “large” PV projects and a few large “large” projects, most of which are being built outside OECD countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	4f0d3e077dfe04ec6b25004d5833b2ef	For example, high-school teachers licensed in a particular state will often have to re-apply for licensure to be able to teach in another state.18 Nunn (2016) and Johnson and Kleiner (2017) have found evidence that licensed workers are less likely to change states than non-licensed workers. See for instance the analysis by Goldhaber (2015). Licensing would hence potentially weigh on participation in the low licensing states by reducing the mobility of displaced workers to other states.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	4f0d69e07be6e19410e3b3073ac4c741	In countries with well established primary care systems - such as the United Kingdom, Denmark and New Zealand - the general practitioner or family physician often serves as the co-ordinating hub for routine and specialised care. As primary care settings are typically the first point of contact for people seeking health care, they are also ideally situated to assess and prevent health risks through health promotion, health education and preventive action. In turn, this has the potential to reduce the need for costly and unnecessary hospital care. Effective primary care can improve the quality of life for people living with a chronic condition by stabilising disease progression through regular and co-ordinated health checks and ultimately can reduce the number of years of life lost by preventing premature death.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	4f0fd447ddc38d58bc9844fb18d549a8	The trouble is, however, that many cities are simply unable to absorb current rates of natural population growth, let alone more rural emigration. Thus, although a great deal of focus is placed on reducing the ills of rapid urbanisation -including overburdened social services, expanding slums, pollution, crime, poverty and hunger - a greater emphasis is also needed on rural areas to stem the tide of rural-urban migration. This means developing many more employment opportunities, including in new' non-agricultural industries, w'ith an emphasis on jobs attractive to the rural youth -those most likely to leave and most needed to rejuvenate rural areas economically and demographically (OECD, 2006).	2	6	2	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	4f153f46cd530542f82f4e803e45eb93	Designing policies that are coherent and adequately integrated is a critical facet of strengthening the resilience to climate of the most vulnerable groups: such policies will not only help strengthen their livelihoods but also make it possible for potential co-benefits to be taken advantage of and for unintended consequences including maladaptation to be avoided. However, it is the building of coherent and integrated policies which take into account the multidimensional nature of livelihoods and address the multiple sources of inequality that is the biggest challenge. Adaptation policies must be an integral part of sustainable development strategies in order to minimize the current and future impacts of climate hazards on livelihoods.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	4f15b3141bac8e972df9a78df2b870e4	This underpinned the view that women should be harnessed as sustainability saviours, based on the assumption that women are especially close to nature. Women-environment connections, especially in domestic and subsistence activities such as collecting fuelwood, hauling water and cultivating food, were often presented as if they were natural and universal, rather than as the product of particular social and cultural norms and expectations. First, policymakers should avoid making broad and stereotypical assumptions about women's and men's relationships with the environment.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	4f19aa7988bd165be78e163e255e687a	This means that children who are below the relative poverty line in France or Germany may be significantly better off in actual living standards than children who are living at the median income level in Poland or Portugal.v Or to take another example, a child living at the relative poverty line in the Netherlands lias double the income of a child living at the median income level in a country like Hungary (Figure 3). An income of 830,000 in country A, where such services are free or heavily subsidized, may imply a very different standard of living from the same income in country B where such items must be paid for at market rates. But when using this yardstick to make comparisons between countries, it is probably better to restrict the comparison to those generally wealthier countries where living on incomes below 50% of median implies a similar level of risk of social exclusion. Figure 4, for example, restricts the comparison of relative child poverty rates to the 20 OECD countries with annual per capita incomes of more than $31,000. Within individual economically advanced countries, direct measures of child deprivation are sometimes available.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	4f1bf0b753c976259b15d6fdf0143cb6	Forest policy, legislation and silviculture play important roles in the likelihood, extent and severity of forest fire (World Bank, 2014; Rosleshoz, 2014). A key output of the FLEGT Action Plan is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. As of May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia; this number was unchanged as of May 2015. Nine other countries are in negotiation with the EU on VPAs, and 11 countries have expressed interest (EU FLEGT Facility, 2015).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4f1cb032df8533b51492a51c42a5203f	On balance, their positive characteristics outweigh the negative ones, in particular because the market entry issue can be addressed by standardising long-term contracts and thus rendering them tradable. Similar considerations apply to the question of unbundling vertically integrated energy companies that operate the gas or electricity networks through which they transport their energy. From a pure security of supply point of view, rather than from a market efficiency point of view, some degree of vertical integration can provide stability and market power in negotiations with importers for domestic energy companies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	4f1f21bd29d18657b9a17f208cc40524	In developing this framework, the BMFLUW will have to overcome the absence of specific targets or indications of success, which makes it challenging to provide a consistent and robust overview of progress on implementation. For the mid- to long-term perspective it is therefore recommended to build up a more systematic approach to monitoring and evaluation, based on a more concrete specification of the actions to be completed. This is partly an issue of process, insofar as the production of results needs to be aligned with the policy-making cycle.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	4f2179911a65c9cbd404faf1dd7e9f8e	Although most of the EE opportunities are in the rapidly industrializing countries, it is estimated that almost 30 per cent of the EE potential can be exploited in other developing countries (McKinsey Global Institute, 2008:22). Demand-side EE measures may be particularly cost-effective. Yet there are many well-documented obstacles to EE improvements. Some of these obstacles are greater in developing countries, such as lack of awareness of and information on benefits of EE, lack of capital, proliferation of inefficient equipment (including through imports of used and/or inefficient equipment), the desire to minimize initial costs and energy-supply constraints (e.g. limited availability of commercial fuels in rural areas, which often impedes switching to more energy-efficient equipment).	7	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	4f222cd780b77c8fc02bad489f009e0b	However, although growing empirical and qualitative evidence indicates that AfT can have a positive overall impact, many individual projects are failing to deliver results, in part because of the issues discussed in this chapter. This chapter has attempted to demonstrate that many of these are highly specific to AfT programming and require an understanding of the nature and causes of trade-related co-ordination failures and information asymmetries specific to the institutional structure and political economy of recipient countries and regions as well as donor agencies. Further, trade facilitation and aid to trade-related infrastructure have significant positive impacts on recipient countries’ trade costs (Call and te Velde 2011). Hallaert particularly points to the IMF’s Joint Staff Advisory Notes as well as concerns voiced at the same time by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that ‘only a minority of country-level plans include trade-related policies’ (UNCTAD 2009, in Hallaert 2012: 11).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	4f24abecc7b592a606a1a7e1fee3006e	The development of photovoltaic installations was also promoted for industrial policy reasons which led to a more consistent and less erratic support programme of the energy system than in the Netherlands (Vasseur and Kemp, 2011). Policies should support a wide range of technologies and cover an innovation portfolio, not only particular steps in the value chain (Grubler et al., This resulted in a wider and stringer innovation system in Germany, also due to higher R&D support by the government.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	4f2ac540ed886f69a37a4f8c63375101	The level of tertiary attainment in Poland is also high: about 75% of tertiary-educated adults have a master's or equivalent degree as their highest tertiary qualification, whereas the majority of tertiary-educated adults in OECD countries have only a bachelor's degree or equivalent. Following general OECD trends, labour-market opportunities increase with the level of tertiary attainment in Poland: about 93% of those with tertiary education at doctoral level are employed against 82% of those with a bachelor's degree. Only slightly more than half of the students undertake their studies full time.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	4f2c30269cccc7eca089b5f14aa051d3	Non-use” values refer to water that people will not actually use themselves at any point, but may want to preserve for others, for future generations, or simply because they attach a value to their very existence. It is particularly difficult in situations when irreversibility and possible disastrous outcomes enter the equation, and when the resilience of water systems is being - or is close to being - overrun. This is not an argument against trying to make as good an assessment as one can, but it makes it particularly important to take into account those cost and benefit elements that cannot be expressed in monetary terms.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	4f2d323bf6f3934c26a7806fe4dcba20	Their efficient management and sustainable use are key to economic growth and environmental quality. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Their distribution varies widely among and within countries.	15	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4f2e0dbe48205130a2d4d3278bff8807	The T3 assists in business development (AMITechnion) and helps recruit talent. It is involved i) in the analysis of new inventions and concepts developed at Technion, ii) in licensing technologies developed at the Technion, iii) incorporating spin-offs companies based in the Technion, iv) participating in the board of Directors of affiliated companies and v) negotiating and approving of the Intellectual Property and business aspects of agreements with industry. T3 maintains an interactive website for researchers, organises events where technologies are regularly presented to preselected audience and invites entrepreneurs to the Technion campus.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/caeceb38-en	4f2e65c3d9be0abe2c888118bfbb0ff7	2014).These groups also involve the provision and sharing of information. Amongst people living with HIV, these groups are valued for their inclusion of 'appraisal support' (self-evaluation, feedback and affirmation) of the kind not found elsewhere. Their potential to offer this amongst those living with HIV and amongst friends and the wider community was also noted.	5	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	4f31eebd2b2cdf32bac4bf3b77fd6cef	This is the result of enterprise relocation enabled by broadband, which benefits primarily urban communities in the periphery of metropolitan areas (Katz et al. This was the result of a particularly strong capital/labor substitution process taking place, whereby productivity gains from broadband adoption reduced employment. Similarly, Thompson and Garbacz (2008) concluded that for certain industries, “there may be a substitution effect between broadband and employment’’175.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	4f32f14b5ecc5b3b0a9586758d3f47fd	"Carbon trade - the amount of carbon emissions embodied in production of goods and services exported to and imported from foreign countries' -has grown steadily. Such relocation of carbon emissions across national borders, known as the ""carbon footprint of nations"",2 has become increasingly important in volume and complex in nature, as many ASEAN economies have emerged as key participants in global supply chains.3 The relocation of carbon emissions also may have been facilitated by the developed countries that have made mandatory commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Such economic dynamism also manifests itself in the region's carbon dioxide (C02) emission trends."	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	4f34f9bce028f5cb5f402013ec4f1d78	It also means that women tend to accrue fewer savings and assets for their older age. The essential components of social protection to meet these goals include: paid maternity and parental leave; social transfers for families with children, with additional support for lone parents; and adequate pensions through a combination of gender-responsive contributory and non-contributory schemes. Without this unpaid care work—both direct person-to-person care and the domestic work of preparing meals and doing laundry—economies and societies would grind to a halt.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8067b1a8-en	4f3637f7c129d74cf5bc2d0f1c0e7395	The region deviates widely from the world trend in wheat consumption, where, on average, the per-capita consumption is almost double that of the world average. This higher wheat consumption translates into its elevated contribution to the calorie and protein intake of the population. Although the tendency is to think of the Arab region as homogenous in their diet habits and food preferences, a closer look at the data shows some discrepancies. For example, while generally there is high reliance on wheat across all countries, the GCC countries tend to have moderate contribution of rice to the calorie and protein intake with 18 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively, in Kuwait, 15 per cent and 9 per cent in the United Arab Emirates, and 13 per cent and 9 per cent in Saudi Arabia.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	4f36a026d4965634c78ada347527b74e	Will new public SMKs be built in the 14% of sub-districts which have no senior secondary school? Will some SMAs be converted to SMKs? Since private SMKs constitute 70% of current provision, will there be a financial incentive provided for them to expand their enrolment? These various options have different cost implications for the national budget. Vocational secondary education is expensive for several reasons: the initial capital cost for equipment and workshops, and the recurrent cost for consumable supplies and the maintenance, repair and replacement of equipment (a factor often ignored).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	4f36b003a51e3acdb881958e6353d9ce	There are exceptions to this rule, for example KCATA's use of the agency's unionised bus drivers for the Bridj pilot described in the previous section. They are also an important motivator for early action as they provide a tangible reason to act. But going forward, it is not clear that cost savings are either a sufficient motivation or even a major motivation for seeking better synergies between ride services and public transport - at least where there is a desire to improve mobility and access outcomes for as broad a group as possible. Under this framing of the question, the potential for ride services and other innovative mobility options to draw away riders from specific routes does not necessarily imply that overall ridership would drop. In fact, if core services are improved and the convenience of using public transport as part of a trip chain increases, then overall ridership may even increase. In the broader picture, adding a more convenient mobility choice into the mix may improve overall access and mobility outcomes even as it reduces the need to own a car.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	4f37f54506370092626016cab4131395	All states and territories have recently introduced reforms to increase the number of students who participate in VET. Students may demonstrate some of the required competencies through prior work experience or education in a process called “recognition of prior learning (RPL)”. Some students leave school at this point may opt to take up an apprenticeship, or train directly through an RTO. They can choose to pursue a VET qualification through an Australian School-based Apprenticeship (ASbA) but this requires an employment relationship as well as an RTO (see “Apprenticeships” section). Vocational learning is becoming aware of the world of work and includes career education. It is an important precursor to VET, and helps secondary students identify career options and equips them to make effective decisions about subject choice, post-school education and training and career pathways.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	4f3957e6d42dba91e34cc09a2a208308	Part of this analysis could include estimating the associated tax expenditure -that is, the amount of tax revenue forgone due to a special exemption which the government w ould have otherwise collected. It therefore plays a large role in determining the location of and types of economic activities that can develop, including in rural areas. Irrigation in particular can be important in increasing agricultural productivity.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	4f39db3af2fcf66a5573ea9a65b402aa	This is intended to strengthen the patient’s position in accessing sen/ices The act describes a ■0-7-90-90’ rule, meaning same day contact with the health care system: seeing a GP within seven days: consulting a specialist within 90 days; and waiting for no more than 90 days after being diagnosed to receive treatment However, compliance with this waiting time guarantee varies largely across the country and no region has fully been able to meet these rules (see Section 5.2). Amenable mortality rates have been reduced by 25% in Sweden since 2005. Mortality rates for heart attack have decreased between 200S-1S in Sweden, as in many other EU countries (Figure 9). Better access to high-quality acute care for heart attack, including evidence-based interventions and high-quality specialised health facilities, have helped to reduce these 30-day mortality rates (OECD.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	4f3e6d28dd7b7b43467ad34e5bbccba9	Vulnerable employment within the South-East Asia and the Pacific region remains a signficant challenge, and although progress has been made to reduce working poverty, this decline has slowed considerably in recent years (between 2008 -11). The Asian regions have therefore accounted for all of the catch-up in levels of labour productivity between thedeveloping and developed regions between 1991 and 2011. This, in turn, was driven largely by productivity growth in East Asia, where output per worker stood at 20 per cent of the level in the developed economies in 2011, against only 6 per cent in 1991.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d902f55-en	4f3f369366584bae73b3e70fa54a720f	Accordingly, marine and coastal research in these countries was driven by the perspectives of remote decision-makers who relied on reports rather than direct local engagement. Importantly, however, a number of developments which took place during this period are the foundation for some of the institutional capacity currently existing in the region. Whilst early expeditions focused mainly on the collection of biological specimens and plankton, the study of biological and chemical processes, inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries, and recording of basic oceanographic processes, the later IIOE encompassed almost all marine science disciplines, except perhaps fishery research and marine microbiology (Rao and Griffiths 1998). The IIOE contributed a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of the WIO including the discovery of the mid-Indian Ocean ridges (including the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge) the famous triple junction south of the Seychelles, where the southern end of the Carlsberg Ridge meets the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge (Rao and Griffiths 1998), the effects of the monsoons on the Somali Current, and upwelling off the Somalia coast.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	4f3f5d89b1546a53f225af0fa071dc28	One important conclusion so far is that thorough information making use of real-time data, presented in an appropriate way, has a great potential to enhance confidence in the public transport system. Electronic boards giving real time visual information about vehicle movements had already been fitted at city centre stops. Later, audio announcement modules were added to make the real-time information available to blind and partially sighted people.	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	4f41ccc499f2cfac1c35af7d8ad3b31a	In Denmark alone, the number of farms keeping cattle has decreased from 96,000 to 12,000 in the same period, with the average number of cattle in each farm increasing from 12 to 55. If grazing is discontinued or if the grazing pressure is reduced, the natural succession processes will lead to overgrowing of the meadow vegetation with taller grasses, herbs and shrub. The biodiversity of tall-growing vegetation is lower than that in the open, grazed areas. A large number of plant species, bird species and some insects are regularly monitored within their areas of distribution and used as indicators for the occurrence and quality of grazed meadows and grassland.	15	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	4f474622fafa6a0a7283d1a6d53baac8	The answer clearly depends on the scope of the quality, scarcity or flooding constraints they face. Cities centrally located in a water basin are more inclined to see the benefits of rural-urban linkages, even when implemented at a regional scale. Cities with a limited surface water supply that depend on groundwater or face salinisation and/or land subsidence risks have a direct interest in linking with other users of underlying aquifers.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4f53d5de3fd593da6ffc59e8f640798f	The medical school will have potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in the region. However, it will be important that the medical school, which is located in the middle of a Jewish community, will help improve health outcomes of the diverse populations in the Galilee using the region as a laboratory for its teaching, research and service (see Chapter 4 for recommendations). It works to lobby government entities, promote collaboration with counterparts in the world and improve accessibility of the public to new research results and inventions.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	4f57dc0d7d449d0fa3d4e639afc26168	After all, such differences normally depend on the design and therefore translate into physical characteristics. More importantly, consumers in these markets may have compelling reasons, environmental or economic, to prefer energy or fuel efficient goods. Regulations and labelling programmes to do with energy efficiency and based on (few) international standards set by the International Electrotechnical Commission or the ones that follow closely the guidelines, methodologies and best practices developed by expert bodies such as the US-led Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Programme (CLASP), and the APEC Energy Standards Information System (ESIS) are less likely to be challenged as unnecessary obstacles to trade within the meaning of the TBT Agreement.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/a22d206d-en	4f580366451cfa5a3e6900b3fdaf60c2	The UN Secretary-General established the Panel in January 2016 as part of his efforts to ensure the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development has a real, demonstrable impact on the lives of women, and builds stronger, more inclusive economies. In September20i 6,the Panel published itsfindings about proven and promising actions to address gender gaps and promote women’s economic empowerment. To that end, the Panel identified seven primary drivers of transformation, including most notably, improving public sector practices in procurement and employment (United Nations, 2016).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	4f5c776af1b4c0614821dc8f3dee7117	The VGGS promotes the restructuring of the economy and improving economic institutions towards more efficient use of natural resources, thus strengthening the competitiveness of the economy. To achieve the three objectives, the VGGS defines “strategic tasks” and “targets” and lays out 17 “policy solutions”, while the VGGAP sets out 66 “activities” corresponding to the 17 policy solutions. Each activity in the VGGAP, in turn, also defines timeframes, a lead government institution and supporting institutions.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg83k687ng7-en	4f5d58520fe08ec46356f7685ef05a11	Special thanks go to Nadine Dufour and Pascal Halim for editorial support. This Working Paper relates to Chapter 5 of the OECD’s 2011 Economic Survey of India twww.oecd.org/eco/sun evs/indiak The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, the Indian authorities or OECD member countries.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/1826beee-en	4f5df00889ea52ea67360a1383571436	"There is high variability across the Basin in terms of supply and demand for these different types of rights, so they follow regional and local trading rules under the Basin Plan and the Basin States’ water sharing plans. In this way, the market operated both to maximize the market value of irrigated production, and to ration scarce water between competing uses without the need for government intervention. Reliability"" refers to the average frequency (based on historical records and forecast future water availability) with which water allocated under a water access entitlement can be supplied in full."	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	4f63634df4659a1b59a3ca4e9aa49817	When wages or output decline and expected opportunities worsen, these sorts of investments decline as well,especially in altruistic societies where care resources get reallocated from long-term investment to countering the short-term effects of economic decline and wage squeeze by, for example, attending to the emotional stress of unemployment or compensating for declines in public health expenditures or other public goods. This sort of public disinvestment in human capital and the consequent pressure on the unpaid care sector has been a frequent criticism of structural adjustment (Elson 1995). The same dynamics are at work when fertility rates decline during economic recessions (Sobotka et al.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/c69de229-en	4f65c34c5af1c3e8165fe01891d730b3	Moreover, the proportion of poor children living in a single-parent family has increased significantly since 2007 in Luxembourg and Norway, as well as in the Czech Republic, France, Hungary and the Slovak Republic. Single-parent families have an average risk three times higher than families with children and at least two adults, and this ratio is higher than 5 in Australia, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland and New Zealand. Moreover, this risk depends strongly on the employment status of the parent since on average, more than two-thirds of jobless singleparent families are poor income and the proportion is three times less than their lone parent works (Figure B 2 in Annex B).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	4f662ba286e5cd406b731c5536c066aa	In Hai Phong, w'ater-quality monitoring has been conducted since 2006 in channels, lakes, estuaries and rivers of the Re River, Gia River and Da Do River. However, the number of parameters covered and the frequency is not sufficient, given the limited city budget (City of Hai Phong, 2015). In addition, to strengthen pollution source control with industry, the city should invest in installing real-time monitoring stations in major water systems and make the data available to the public. The sewer system of Hai Phong City, which is similar to other systems in urban areas across the country, is a tributary drainage system in which rainw'ater and w'astewater flow through the same system.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	4f6ad4f75ca37e23bb32054ae647606e	New energy technologies are attractive for their ability to perform a particular task or deliver a new or improved energy service. This is often circumscribed by a specific set of needs in a particular context: a market “niche.” End-users in such niches are generally less sensitive to the effective price of the energy service provided or have a higher willingness to pay for its performance advantages (Fouquet, 2010).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	4f6dcebe516813416d198e6d80e0ab0e	In Alberta, Manitoba and New Brunswick, the participation rate of girls slightly exceeds that of boys. The tendency for girls to more likely be in education than boys at age 15-18 is also found among non-Indigenous students in each of these jurisdictions. In contrast, Indigenous boys in New Brunswick are more likely than Indigenous girls to be enrolled in education at this age. In Alberta and Manitoba, the participation rates of Indigenous boys and girls are similar at this level of education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	4f6fb115410c9a62c4743b365ce98496	The remaining countries had limited pension systems and their old-age poverty rates were very similar to those of the total population. Universal minimum old age pensions: Impact on poverty and fiscal cost in 18 Latin American countries. The World Bank: Policy Research Working Paper No. The poverty threshold used was 50 per cent of the national median equivalised income. *	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	4f71e4de7aaed3ccac39e119920ae51a	Paid parental leave benefits are uncommon outside Asian OECD countries, and most of the early childhood education and care supports concern children aged 3 to 5 (OECD, 2014a). Exceptions are Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Singapore and Mongolia that spent considerable amounts in terms of social support for the working age population and children often in the form of income/means-tested social assistance support or child benefits as in Mongolia (Box 2.5). Furthermore, the eamings-related nature of its pension system contributes to public spending on old age and survivor spending amounting to 12% of GDP in 2013 (OECD, 2014a).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	4f754cacf64c56c67ddf6e7c7c4caf1f	For example, at sub-national level, urban flood controls and ecological preservation or restoration of urban waters often conflict. In the past, exclusive emphasis on structural methods of flood control led to the destruction of habitat as well as the deterioration of water quality. When the objectives of flood control, ecological preservation and spatial planning converge, the impact on other policy areas can be minimised. This requires long-term commitment from relevant stakeholders that extends beyond political changes and electoral calendars.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	4f7a436270e0154d22df2ce6f7e6a70a	This chapter looks at the fundamental components that store and exchange data within a nation: Internet exchanges, data centers and cloud computing and hosting services. This digital infrastructure remains largely hidden to most people but is indispensable for enabling Internet applications, services and online content for citizens, businesses and governments. The elements of core Internet infrastructure—Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), country top-level domain names (ccTLDs), web hosting and data centers—are inextricably linked (Figure3.1).	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	4f7ddabd708af31020a3d3fb4e39a1c1	"In contrast, Free State and the Northern Cape are ranked first and second respectively on provincial HIV/AIDS spending per capita, whilst their HIV/AIDS prevalence were only the fourth and eighth highest amongst the nine provinces. For the Northern Cape, this reflects in part its relative geographic inaccessibility and low population density. Refers to HIV prevalence (%) (total population), 2015. Refers to provincial expenditure on the sub programme “HIV and AIDS"" per capita, 2014/15."	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/69b39d5f-en	4f7eea5e72bae1acfb399c9eb5931889	However, the ability of many SIDS to attract viable large-scale processing sector businesses is often limited by location and by operating and transport costs. The potential for renewable energy use in these approaches should be linked to Strategy 2. Opportunities may lie in both domestic and export markets, as well as in accessing entirely new markets or working to improve marketing and value addition in existing markets.	14	3	1	0.5
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	4f7f73d6f5353add23bae72ebf9bf0de	In Bulgaria and Romania for example, respectively 1.6 and 2.2 per cent of children lack all 14 items; in Iceland 4.3 per cent lack just one item while the Scandinavian countries do not exceed four, and so on. All values of one per cent or less are omitted in the table. This may reflect a technical measurement problem (we have no items that allow to identify the deprived children in richer countries) or the fact that there simply are few deprived children in richer countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1edabeca-en	4f837845e92e93beeb8197a6d8845533	This limits their time availability for income-generating and productive activities. In many rural communities in LDCs, most domestic-related travel (e.g. for water collection) is undertaken by women (ECREEE and NREL, 2015), and the availability of transport using modern fuels can also provide substantial time savings. However, women in LDCs, especially in rural areas, face multiple constraints on accessing land, credit, agricultural inputs, extension services, labour markets and education; and these constraints limit their ability to engage productively in both farm and non-farm activities (UNCTAD, 2015a) and to access the means to upgrade their productivity and diversify their range of economic activities. To the extent that limited productive activity by women reflects differences between men and women in economic opportunities, and hence in the opportunity cost of time, the translation of time savings into productive activities is likely to be limited as well. This makes gender differences in the economic opportunities created by improvements in energy access, supply and reliability at least as important as the gender distribution of time savings that such improvements allow.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	4f853ea82491568237c8c2e606ddeb8d	Mover rates remain higher in the United States - at around 11% of the population - than those in the European Union, where annual mover rates affects around 6% and are within the same country. Although gross flows appear larger, net migration flows are relatively small (Figure 1.13). Elsewhere in the OECD, underlying migration patterns tend to be from rural and intermediate regions to urban agglomerations, particularly from rural regions with poor accessibility to cities.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	4f858d476941bfb84d323d60f3062d77	Household food insecurity, its determinants and consequences [20] adapted from Habicht et al. [ The relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex. For instance, in the United States in 2013 more than 55% of poor households (those below 100% of the Federal Poverty Line (FPL)) were food secure, and 24% of all food-insecure households had incomes at or exceeding 185% of the FPL [calculated from 22]. The relationships between poverty and food insecurity vary across contexts and population groups.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	4f86f0a7ef6cba07b7349249cb5bfe87	In such cases, providing better information on the success rate of female-led businesses at school or through broader awareness campaigns may have a positive effect on female entrepreneurship. As such misperceptions are often the result of lack of experience with female borrowers, facilitating women’s access to credit through the policy levers discussed above may have the added positive effect of dissipating harmful stereotypes. Effective anti-discrimination laws can also play an important role. This places significant constraints on their time availability for paid employment with detrimental effects on their labour market outcomes.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	4f875e81f7c25a3f80426a96638de957	It will also allow a reformulation of various laws and regulations - including to the General Law of Urban Development and Construction - in line with national guidelines for the occupation and administration of the territory. The development of this national policy is a good opportunity to promote an integral approach to urban development and management, and to update, improve and enhance the efficiency of the urban planning instruments, including approval processes. It is important that the PNDU be developed with wide consensus from the relevant urban actors. Ensuring an active and wide-ranging process of consultation with key urban stakeholders (e.g. the Ministries of Public Works, Finance, Environment, SUBDERE, regional and local governments, the private sector, civil society and citizens) is crucial for this new policy to have broad authority, prestige and acceptance.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	4f88890b8676f2ecaf7b0083cfe375e6	As noted earlier, the increasing marginal cost of urban water supply in most cities in the developing world points to the urgent need for more efficient use and conservation of the resource. At the same time, sanitation remains a critical priority. Together, these services represent essential building blocks for more resilient cities, while reducing the vulnerability of the poor.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	4f8f932ec4eb9208cb650d932c0a4f53	There is nothing either inherently ‘good’ or ‘bad’ about an import surge. Rising imports are not necessarily a negative thing for developing countries, as they add to food availability and to the reduction of hunger. It is often presumed that an import surge of a particular commodity disrupts local markets and pushes down prices, negatively affecting the livelihoods of people relying on the production of that commodity.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	4f95adc09bf2ff74a61c13e359c1391b	The suicide rate has stayed fairly constant amongst women over the last 20 years (around 5 suicides per 100 000 population), with both men and women seeing a slight rise in suicide mortality since 2008, which could be related to the economic crisis (see Figure 2, from ONS Suicide Data, 2011). There are some specific groups in England that are known to be at above average risk from suicide. Helping people back into employment is a key priority for this Government.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	4f9b74d6b6d45c74973a78b860d3cb71	But since the turn of the century, pushed by economic growth and developments in medical technologies, health expenditure as a percentage of GDP has been growing again in line with the OECD average (Nguyen et al., While higher expenditure growth than in neighbouring countries might be partly justified by previous restraint and a lower initial level of spending, the trend needs to be monitored closely as the rapidly ageing population, costly medical technology and rising patients’ expectations will generate further spending pressure. Projections from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (MSAH) and the OECD point to substantial increases in public expenditure on health and long-term care over coming decades.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4f9bc42051bdc630382e0c90b720a830	Especially when intermittent generation is taken into account, the generation margin indicators do require much data. Concerning the prediction of future situations, any assumption about future generation decreases the robustness of the system adequacy prediction. The indicators can bring out the value of nuclear in that this generation option tends to make for high availability and stability.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	4f9f50e41752753dcc9e7c0c103dc433	For the past thirty years the school education curriculum framework in each jurisdiction has had to comply with and support the national goals of schooling and their curriculum has had to align with national statements of learning across English, mathematics, science, civics and citizenship as well as information and communication technology. National funding and testing has been linked to these curriculum areas. Outside of these nationally agreed priority areas, jurisdictions have had flexibility to include other curricula.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	4f9fb3b424ade9d5d1fe4396fb175a05	The weakness of Brazilian infrastructure is recognised by the government, which since the mid-1990s has undertaken important institutional and regulatory reforms in the infrastructure sectors, and from the mid-2000s introduced various federal and state programmes. Governments at the federal and state levels have also introduced various tax and credit incentives to increase private investment in infrastructure. Other activities include the development of electronic systems to facilitate the control of shipments in ports and other border points, and financial support for private and public storage.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	4fa2fe701ea50630cc35ac2eb312fc92	Continuous Medical Education (CME) and continuous professional development are the most well-known mechanisms but OECD countries have also introduced different forms of professional assessment, peer review and re-licensing. The extent to which CME, CPD, peer review, professional assessment and relicensing are mandatory differs from country to countiy and varies from a mandatory amount of accredited CME courses over a certain period of time to a relicensing system based on a thorough individual assessment of performance over, for example, the past four years. Standards for medical specialty training do not seem harmonised over the various specialties and CME structures are voluntary and differ between specialties.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	4fa37a82be7cc905a5b740478cfdb410	Many of these were commonwealth members; New Zealand, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Fiji, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. As Agenda 2030 places such great emphasis on effectively concluding the Doha round, failure to move forward on this front may also impede the achievement of Agenda 2030. The main difference between regional and multilateral or bilateral trade negotiations often boils down to the level of ambition in terms of rule-setting.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	4fa46fcf6e4e63273804b3104137c26d	Students who are disadvantaged or who are struggling with their learning need more rather than fewer opportunities to develop and leam. In addition, students’ absenteeism and lack of punctuality can have a disruptive effect on their classmates and their school. This can be particularly problematic for schools that have high proportions of students who demonstrate these behaviours. Across OECD countries, 26% of students reported that they had skipped at least one class, and 20% reported that they had skipped an entire day of school without authorisation in the two weeks before the PISA test.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	4fa551021b9f880da0f0b34d256a5e68	It runs several networks and helps create connections between firms, universities and different regional organisations. Svinesundskommitten also participates in a 2017-20 working group within the Nordic Council of Ministers focusing on innovation and resilience within Nordic border regions. It works specifically on advocating for joint investment in better and more sustainable transport and logistics between Oslo and Gothenburg as a way to make the area more attractive to people and businesses.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	4fa5e18be40e37585d9e37808af6caf7	Mainstreaming efforts to date have focused on policy design, while the other areas have yet to be addressed. In particular, the government could explore how adaptation is integrated into procurement and budgetary allocation. Given the fact that many key responsibilities lie at state level, it will also be important to extend mainstreaming into Land systems and processes. As of 2013, it contains 312 examples of adaptation projects, most of them undertaken at national level (185), with 79 projects at Land level and 48 projects at EU level.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/838f79eb-en	4fa7d0045e1bc7a7aee3b32aa736ef9b	This will serve as a basis for an effective platform to make decisions on energy policy and regulatory actions and will facilitate the interaction with other government institutions and stakeholders. Such an exercise in applying an international standard, which is related to the Sustainable Development Goals at a national level, has not been performed elsewhere in the region. While there are no other significant examples to follow, this exercise sets an example of its own. Moreover, the experience gained in Mexico could be replicated in other countries in the Latin American region and, possibly, other regions like Africa, within the framework of South-South cooperation.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	4faa6767750d3e3640e32c9aa66ee4e4	Inasmuch as stabilization policies and market reforms came with visible social costs, compensatory social policies (including emergency employment programmes, social investment funds and other targeted poverty reduction programmes) were introduced in the 1990s, often with heavy support from the international community. This reflected the recognition by the Washington Consensus that markets would not immediately resolve the severest equity and poverty problems. However, by and large, the focus remained on aggregate growth, to be achieved primarily by relying on markets. Moreover, in most instances, the elimination of subsidies, introduction of user fees and privatization of services did not prove to be particularly successful in either reducing costs or enhancing the coverage of social service delivery. By the end of the 1990s, these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy. The focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal, rather than as an implicit or indirect one.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	4fab40f7e2ddb97f38a67c55d7c4983e	India is currently the second top rice exporting country and will stay a major rice exporter, even if its world share is expected to decrease by 2024 (OECD-FAO, 2015). In the recent past, the volume and composition variations in India’s rice stocks had enough significance to affect commodity' prices at a global scale, as during the 2008 global food crisis (Mohanti, 2016; Childs and Kiawu, 2009). In addition to California’s leading role in agriculture productivity and consumption, agriculture exports from the state have exceeded USD 18 billion annually since 2012 (CDFA, 2015).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	4faccc208c2ec8faefeb6a719fef7ada	"The origin of these programmes dates from the debt crisis of the 1980s. Since then they have become ""one of the Latin American and Caribbean countries' habitual responses to high rates of unemployment and to the increase in informal activity and poverty caused by the region's low and volatile rates of economic growth"" (ECLAC, 2006, p. 157). In the case of programmes designed specifically to mitigate the effects of disasters, public employment programmes provide work building community infrastructures aimed at mitigating disasters and strengthening resilience, in exchange for a wage that provides economic security whilst the work is being undertaken (Bene and others, 2014). In that connection, McCord (2012a) argues that public works are insufficient to generate incomes enabling families to make productive investments and improve their living standards."	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	4faccc70b2ffbc72f36c07cc1698b2cd	There may be a range of other barriers that will need to be addressed in order to create the right enabling environment for different public and private businesses, including finance actors to engage. Therefore, it is only when understanding the full picture in a specific country-sector context that the corresponding finance needs can be determined with some degree of certainty, and appropriate plans for support can be designed by the international community. Not all (l)NDCs that have a conditional component have automatically been included in this analysis, only where implementation costs and/ or financial support needs were articulated in the context of the condition. Where data is presented, it often lacks necessary detail to understand specific support needs in the different sectors and sub-sectors.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/894b85fa-en	4fadea89bd2081dde93685b9451b7f0a	Families often fill the gaps when social protection systems or healthcare for older persons and those with disabilities are inadequate, including where austerity measures have cut back services and welfare. Since care is almost always seen as primarily women's work, the burden is borne disproportionately by female family members. And to be effective, public support in the form of legislation and public policies needs to be based on the reality of how families are structured and constituted rather than on an 'ideal' of how families should be.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	4faf1f185860a581f6e1ec4effca5a5f	For instance, as noted in the section on rural and urban water competition, water-trading systems, despite their recognised economic efficiency, are mainly used intrasectorally (OECD, 2010) and rarely driven or used by cities. This discrepancy may originate from multiple factors, mostly related to ease of implementation: the cost of entry and the institutional complexity of the approaches may make them unfit for smaller-scale operations or difficult to establish among users. Moreover, policy makers often decide to favour other objectives - i.e. equity or sustainability - over economic efficiency. Other global, national or local political objectives may also affect implementation: trade liberalisation, food or energy security, land grabbing, poverty alleviation or the strong lobby groups might tilt the scales towards a particular policy choice.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d79235bc-en	4fb0481ffe08dddde49282120170ca7c	It reduces environmental degradation caused by non-renewable energy sources, contributes to the mitigation of climate change and reduces the depletion of natural resources. Improving energy efficiency has beneficial effects on energy security and reduces pressures from economic activities on the environment. The generation of hazardous wastes has a direct impact on health and the environment.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	4fb684a7c79641739d204701ffe752a8	An outpatient is not formally admitted to a facility (physician’s private office, hospital outpatient centre or ambulatory care centre) and does not stay overnight. The NHIFA is obliged to contract with providers that are approved through the capacity regulation process of the government. Family doctors are mostly private entrepreneurs and contract with local governments to serve the local population.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	4fb939b68ac7af58ad2140cfb5c90464	"Accordingly, independently from the pace at which ICT is being adopted, the impact on efficiency and productivity is driven by what has been called ""accumulation of intangible capital""19. Technology adoption is only the first step in the assimilation of business processes that yield improvement in productivity. It should therefore be considered that the productivity impact of broadband can cause capital-labour substitution and may result in a net reduction in employment."	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	4fbbb9a17d3b00c6bf47823fe8d1611d	Finance and insurance also experienced solid growth. Some jobs have been rationalised, particularly in banks, but new specialised financial services grew, at least up until the onset of the Global Financial Crisis. Employment growth is dominated by employment concentrations in hospitals, as well as large numbers of people employed in nursing homes, GP medical services, childcare and non-residential care. Education is also showing solid growth, driven by increasing population, demand for learning and increasingly, education exports.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	4fbcb841ed1b39cf5eed7da13d3c5637	Safe and adequate shelter, health and counselling services should be made available. Prevent trafficking through strategies taking into account its root causes, including demand, and for instance awareness campaigns, based on accurate information. Special measures for child victims of trafficking are necessary given their vulnerability and the physical and psychosocial harm they suffer.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088986-en	4fbe7cc07da9a0648a1aee58b7c70606	An important channel of knowledge exchange is the internship system employed by several colleges.8 Internships provide an entry point into the workforce when students continue working for the industry partner after the internship (see also Chapter 2). For example, the Best to Industries Programme at the Computer Sciences Department of the Tel Hai Academic College provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local high-tech industry that improves students’ learning outcomes, strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high tech industry to the northern-most part of the country (see Chapter 2 Box 2.5). The Knowledge Transfer Partnership Scheme in the United Kingdom has been running successfully (previously as Teaching Company Schemes) since the 1970s.	4	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	4fbed4235995234b34a84b258c6637e1	Supply chain management in the tourism industry, on the other hand, has not received as much attention and is not as well understood. There are a number of reasons for this, many of which relate to the characteristics of the tourism industry. Traditional supply chain management research has focused on manufacturing industry, rather than the service sector, of which tourism is a part (Zhang et al.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	4fc032c6bcdd65cc1656f50145a71d2c	Increasingly, vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two students at universities of applied sciences, are now vocational college graduates. However, since the Austrian vocational college programmes combine elements of upper secondary and post-secondary education, they have few international parallels. The new regulations permit those with an advanced vocational qualification general access to academic higher education and holders of other vocational qualifications a subject-specific access to higher education. To support those pursuing this pathway a range of measures have been piloted or rolled out nationally and initiated locally such as advancement scholarships or bilateral credit transfer systems between individual vocational colleges and universities of applied science.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	4fc6172d606b6b5cf347145013fc5a65	Crosscountry differences in the design and scope of pension systems are built overtime and involve political choices, priorities and compromises that shape the structure of pension systems and the degree of redistribution that is promoted. Policy decisions over the years have also shaped the gender impacts of pension systems in specific socio-economic and labour market contexts. They have contributed to improve the content and arguments of the paper, but are of course not responsible for the shortcomings that may remain.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	4fc6dde6581aaed363965a76892fde41	Continued population growth and expansion of the economy, combined with the resulting growth of income levels, will put increasing pressure on scarce water resources. Based on the concept of integrated water resource management, the approach aims to take due account of equity, efficiency and ecology. The 1998 National Water Act reversed the historical approach, in which landholders were deemed to own the water resources on their land. Instead, it made the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs the trustee, on behalf of the national government, of the nation’s water resources. Water resources management, including water quality, is an exclusive national competency.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089006-en	4fc82d2e14fa53a60a83956190829ae4	Susan Christopherson (Cornell University, United States), Ellen Hazelkom (Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland), Karen Maguire (OECD/GOV Regional Competitiveness and Governance), Jose-Gines Mora (University of London, United Kingdom/Valencia University of Technology, Spain) and Maria Helena Nazare (former rector of the University of Aveiro, Portugal) contributed to the report. Further details about the Review Team can be found in Annex 1 of this report. Rachel Linden supervised the publication process.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/967bd43c-en	4fc84f47bd1ef1a35e1434d726d94547	The Constitution operates alongside marriage laws in Uganda. The Marriage Act of 1904 sets 21 years as the age of consent for marriage but allows for marriages below that age with the written consent of the father, or if he is dead, absent or of unsound mind, then the mother. Where both are dead, then consent can be sought from guardians. The Marriage and Divorce of Mohammedans Act of 1906 makes no mention of the age of consent while the Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act of 196188 and the Customary Marriages (Registration) Act 197389 provide for the age of consent at 16 years for girls and 18 years for boys.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	4fc898120083a117f07d0f81b90f61dc	It achieved this result by diversifying the energy mix, and in particular the electricity mix, as well as by reducing the overall share of fossil fuels imported from outside the OECD area. Consistent with the mandate of the Ad hoc Expert Group on Nuclear Energy and Security of Supply “to identify a relevant quantitative approach to measuring the contribution of nuclear energy to security of supply”, the study then presents a broad range of indicators and models that quantitatively assess a country’s level of security of energy supply. It subsequently develops a specific composite indicator that allows the measurement of the level of security of energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350846-5-en	4fc89ec0ba23544998433cdc599208ad	Forest management in Finland's boreal zone typically involves managing even-aged stands. Therefore, the forest landscape is mostly mosaic-like due to differences between individual stands in age structure, the timings of regeneration and management procedures, and tree species composition. The amount of unmanaged forests is 4%, of which nearly 60% are located in protected areas (State of Finland's Forests 2012).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	4fcab876a6e11d4eedbf1c0cd92869b4	Findings are summarized in a dedicated chapter in an ECE publication from 2017 titled Assessment of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus and benefits of transboundary cooperation in the Drina River Basin. Used most frequently during the first stages - that is, during the desk study - are non-spatial indicators and thematic maps of the countries and basins. During the workshops, information based on the opinions of participants is key.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf880578-en	4fcc1c67a64ddbce6842643063c86493	Replacement-level fertility—a total fertility rate of 2.1—refers to the average number of births by each woman during her reproductive years that will keep a population at a constant size. In Australia, for example, married women born between 1851 and 1856 had an average of eight births. Women born a decade later, between 1861 and 1866, had an average of four.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	4fce73e05f44bfcd4dbcb07b6f960ef9	Almost all 4-year-olds are enrolled in early childhood education (98% in 2011, above the OECD average of 82%). A one-year pre-school class (for 6-year-olds) aims to ensure a smooth transition from pre-primary to primary education and prepare children forthe educational programme at school. Denmark has comprehensive education from ages 6-7 until age 16, including one year of pre-school class, nine years of primary and lower secondary education integrated within a single structure, and a voluntary tenth year.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	4fcf3961e0c6ff2b09eb125f4daa35a8	This is also supported by the growing practice of monitoring children’s views. Research emphasises and countries’ experiences confirm the importance of carefully selecting the tools used and ensuring that they are appropriate to the age and development of the child. The tools best suited to inform everyday staff practice may well be different from those needed to collect data to inform policy decisions.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264290747-en	4fd243622d2db528fc69e644a0b04563	In recent years, urbanisation has accelerated in Rwanda, with an annual rate of 4.1 per cent, and will continue to increase with demographic growth, rural-urban migration and the reinstallation of displaced persons and refugees. Indeed, Rwanda's urban policy stands out for its positive and anticipatory approach, embracing urbanisation as a key priority area in national development strategies. Rwanda's national development strategy: Vision 2020, elaborated in 2000, seeks to stimulate economic growth in order for the country to achieve middle income status.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	4fd249a6d325323149d85d4445deb7e3	This indicates that while native-bom individuals on average received more than they contributed, the opposite holds for foreign-bom individuals. More precisely, contributions made by native-bom individuals cover roughly 70-80% of final expenditures made in their favour, while most foreign-bom contributions more than cover their respective expenditures (118 -159%). The net fiscal contribution is higher for the foreign-born (cont.)	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	4fd4d6cf2aaee9f327c349f8dd063e02	Compared with the current regime, the shift to permitted amounts as the basis for charging could result in increased abstraction in water-stressed districts. In 2014 there were 484 cases of freshwater offences, with an average fine per case of GEL 349 or EUR 145. In 2015 these figures were, respectively, 289 and GEL 422 or EUR 176. These levels of fine are unlikely to provide sufficient deterrent.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/85b52daf-en	4fd713d0da1d51bf461c0d2d68074a67	Johansson de Silva, Kokko and Norberg (2015) describes the ideal ‘win-win-win’ relationship in multi stakeholder partnerships, and the different strengths donors, the private sector and civil society bring to them, based on a review of Sida’s private sector collaboration programmes (Table 2.1). The private sector is not monolithic; hence development co-operation approaches to private sector engagement need to be tailored to specific private sector beneficiaries (e.g. multinational companies, utilities, local SMEs, commercial banks) and contexts, taking into account potential multipliers which can contribute in disseminating information, approaches and state of the art concepts (e.g. business associations, chambers, business developers, industrial zone management). For instance, many development co-operation providers focus on greening SMEs, either directly or through the use of financial intermediaries (e.g. local commercial banks, private equity funds, state-owned banks, national development banks).	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	4fdac35af526842f5ae93863dc59e77f	However, despite prices continuing to rise afterwards, there is a clear reversal in the trends toward falling rates of assistance. Further, in terms of the policy responses to the food crisis, it appears that non-major trading countries had a greater proportional response than that of major trading countries. Country level estimates obtained as value of production-weighted averages.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	4fdbac50002c549d0bec5f288b3c800c	In such cases, states often do not have the financial and capacity resources to carry out their water responsibilities, especially in rural areas, which heavily rely on grants and transfers from the federal government to build, extend and maintain infrastructure. As Figure 3.2 shows, this can be achieved in various ways. Typically, the most developed economies, most of whose population is connected to water and sanitation infrastructure, rely largely on tariffs.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	4fde602d3aae3fbf77a2b9dadfde3913	"And that is why we need both macroeconomic and global frameworks. In order to meet the basic needs of the world population, such frameworks must still take into account the ""old” objectives of better global and national income distributions. This course of action could be stimulated at the macrolevel by making development policies greener and at the microlevel by focusing on the creation of a new financial structure. In some cases, where a basic needs-type strategy had been implemented in practice, as in Sri Lanka in the 1970s, it was seen (by some) to hamper growth by de-emphasizing investment and industrial development (Grindle, 2010)."	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	4fdf790bd7dceed51c95f013971496a6	The content varies to reflect each country's circumstances, but the profiles take a similar approach, examining domestic and international climate policy determinants, locating climate diplomacy within broader foreign policy and using these determinants to explain the BASIC cooperation. Since hosting the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, at which the Framework Convention of Climate Change was originally signed, Brazil has remained an active and engaged partner in international climate change negotiations. This trend has been reinforced in recent years - most recently through former President Luiz Inacio da Silva's interventions atC0P15 in Copenhagen.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/808599e4-en	4fe1800ab78889d52a174e39b03e8f82	Progress towards these Goals is mutually reinforcing, providing opportunities to foster improved employment outcomes for youth while contributing to the achievement of other Goals. The targets emphasize the importance of a solid macroeconomic foundation for economic growth, driven by strategic investments in job-intensive and productive economic activities. In keeping with the integrated nature of the global economy, the targets focus on promoting trade and strengthening the ability of less developed economies to tap into the economic power of the developed world (through financial aid, tourism and foreign direct investment) in terms of job creation.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	4fe1ff89f106e5586c0bc44fc1cc540d	The establishment of such facilities at the national level could also be encouraged, as it can reduce transaction costs and tie more easily into domestic financial mechanisms outlined earlier. Beyond the setting-up of project preparation facilities, local expertise for project preparation should be strengthened, from project conceptualisation all the way down to design stage and implementation. They provide services based on a contract or license with the public authorities responsible for delivering services in a given region or country.6 They may be either domestic operators, which tend to focus on a single country, or regional and international operators, which provide services to customers in a broad range of countries. Small scale independent providers generally operate informally where no public services are provided or provided at low standards of quality;7 large-scale developers of both residential and commercial property often provide and operate water and sanitation services to their own developments thereby making a considerable contribution to a city’s infrastructure and service coverage.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259119-9-en	4fe53011864833f8cf92fb18c04e582a	That role goes far beyond administration; school leaders shape the culture of their schools and have the power to continuously improve teaching and learning. They are also responsible for reaching out to stakeholders and odier schools to build support for education in their local communities. The national curriculum first implemented in 2001 and revised in 2008 changed expectations of teachers from top-down lecturers in a culture of rote learning to facilitators who are mindful of each student’s unique aptitudes and abilities. As with their counterparts worldwide, Thai teachers are expected to teach 21st century skills, such as analytical thinking, creativity, problem solving and teamwork, and encourage learning outside of the classroom.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	4fe8de7aff675fecd017409ca98ac8f5	Some reporting provisions are also contained within Articles 9.5,9.7 and 11.4 (see Table 2). The modalities, provisions and guidelines of the transparency framework will likely interact with the accounting modalities for financial resources provided and mobilised (under Article 9.7). The transparency framework modalities will also cover information on support needed and received (paragraph 94d), and so could be informed by work focused on assessing adaptation needs (paragraph 42b). Various work programmes will also assess whether support for the technology mechanism and adaptation has been “adequate” and “effective”, even though this may be technically difficult.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/08e82310-en	4fe949852c9bc554cf6969d8f4b3d30c	Forest make respectively.35 In Slovakia, there are three lar Zahorie covers valuable natural ecosystems of the Morava River, and two Ramsar local vium of the Rudava River and the lower part of the Morava River (see the separate assessment). Erosion and flooding have mostly had a local impact, with little transboundary effect. Discharges of industrial wastewaters (metal, chemical and food processing industries) have a more moderate impact, as do old sites contaminated through groundwater pollution.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264300255-en	4fe9c1393534f192ba6e475490704e75	This, in turn, stalls innovation and improvements in living standards. New data from die Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) show that in all countries adults with lower literacy proficiency are far more likely titan those with better literacy skills to report poor health, to perceive themselves as objects rather than actors in political processes, and to have less trust in others. In other words, we cannot develop fair and inclusive policies and engage with all citizens if a lack of proficiency in foundation skills prevents people from frilly participating in society. Overall, OECD analysis and data suggests that countries can — and should - do better in matching die demand and supply of skills.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	4fe9ea6ae6a992f472861d488283d89f	In many countries the fiscal stance is shifting to tackle unprecedented deficits and rising debt-to-GDP ratios. Cuts in social spending are part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further. Yet, little is currently known on who are the young most at risk of long-term poverty, what their main barriers to stable employment are, and how they can be helped in attaining financial independence.	8	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	4fec0dfc6feeadaf60e9232a4b852fc7	Suppliers have few obvious incentives to target poor customers (or Base of the Pyramid (BOP) markets), which are usually considered to be riskier and more challenging. In report published in 2009, the International Finance Corporation identified a number of challenges for expanding coverage of safe-water technologies, including the lack of awareness about water-quality issues, the lack of sustainable financing and the need to understand the target population behavioural attitudes. The Safe Water Systems incorporate three elements: (i) point-of-use water treatment by consumers with a locally manufactured dilute sodium hypochlorite solution; (ii) safe storage of treated water in containers designed to prevent recontamination and (iii) behavioural change techniques, including social marketing, community mobilisation, motivational interviewing, communication and education to improve water and food handling, sanitation and hygiene practices in the home and in the community. Along the way, program delivery shifted almost entirely from governments and NGOs to a single social-marketing organisation, Population Services International.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	4fee9a81edbffcac14301de3a86f66ef	Over time, as it becomes more established, this body could play a more direct role in shaping teaching policy and certification requirements. End the high-stakes consequences of regular appraisal that hinder its developmental function. Regular appraisal results should not be used to determine salary bonuses, and eligibility for career advancement should be based on a minimum threshold rather than requiring teachers to obtain the highest marks on their regular appraisals. These changes should be made as part of a broader reform to the career advancement appraisal (see Recommendation 3.4.2). For those teachers w'ho do not pursue career advancement, the regular developmental appraisal could be balanced by the externality of a periodic appraisal for recertification to provide adequate quality assurance and accountability.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	4ff53010a3ad9c69d7e245263f198f52	Many studies have been constrained by the lack of suitably long time series, and have resorted to estimation devices that almost surely have distorted the findings—such as imposing restrictions on the lag distribution length and shape or creating estimates of past data using crude extrapolations from the present, a data step that is not always apparent to the reader of the distilled research product. The two principal areas of difficulty are (a) in identifying the component of productivity growth that is attributable to research-induced changes in knowledge and then further attributing responsibility among alternative public and private providers of R&D (the spatial and institutional-cum-sectoral attribution problem), and (b) in identifying the research lag structure (the temporal attribution problem). Similar problems arise when the analysis is focused on a particular innovation or applied to all research undertaken by a national system, but the specifics differ as does the potential severity of the problems.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	4ff532050fa709215f45258ebd8fafd7	This administrative capital is also expected to attract private business and diverse industries such as health care, welfare, culture and international cooperation and advanced technology. In order to promote balanced location of administrative functions. Ten innovation cities are being developed nationwide, relocating 154 public agencies from the Capital region to the provinces. Innovation cities are constructed to accommodate not only government organisations but also private actors including enterprises and universities, pursuing to create innovative clusters.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	4ff5e8f5041f70f4e331e172a01f913c	A more ambitious reform of the insurance system could separate medical goods and services covered by statutory and complementary insurances (Askenazy et al., This could ease negotiations with care providers for goods and services. Complementary insurance plans would then specialise in “supplementary” medical goods and services, such as optical care, some dental care and hearing aids.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	4ff74ce43ad2063af5af7cd21123be23	Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. These cases call for careful analysis in future work.	11	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1ac856f7-en	4ff7deea866cc740ebb924898ce27511	"Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. Households obtain income from various sources, mainly paid work, ownership of assets and transfers from social protection systems (which include programmes of cash transfers to poor households and non-contributory pensions), and transfers from other households. Accordingly, labour market structure and policies, the provision of public services, social protection systems and poverty-reduction policies, the tax system and fiscal policy, among many other factors, have a direct effect on the level and distribution of the income that household's actually receive and, consequently, determine the extent to which economic growth can generate better living conditions for the population. The first factor, here referred to as the ""average income effect"" (or ""growth effect""), measures changes in the poverty rate that stem strictly from changes in average household income."	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6614d209-en	4ff815976ebeb030ba2240ead455bcc8	In Latin America specifically, few countries have protection mechanisms, and coverage rates are low, which reflects the extent of informal employment. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva, 2010 [online] http://www.ilo. Org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/ wcms_146566.pdf. That combination offers new possibilities to afford income security to unemployed and underemployed workers in countries where levels of informality are high.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	4ffbdab61209323d9e6bc53ae0a5b0e4	These models, for example, only consider direct abiotic stresses on crops. This means that important abiotic stresses such as weeds, pests, and diseases, which may change significantly with climate change, are not taken into consideration. For instance, the values of all climate variables are assumed to change linearly between in the years 2000 and 2050.	2	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329941-5-en	4ffbe5ce1db805972c619b79fc556ee6	Reducing avoidable food waste might also be regarded as part of this overall strategy. The aim has been that the project will have a lasting impact, and that it will progressively extend its scope within Europe, reaching as wide an audience, and raising awareness among the greatest number of citizens possible.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	4ffc103deb18c7125a0baec95fd117f3	Or should it be updated in a regular and systematic way in order to preserve its relationship with contemporary living standards? In which case, setting the poverty line at a percentage of each nation’s median income and updating it every year might, after all, be a strong contender. This is why the Innocenti Report Card series, in common with both the European Union and the OECD, continues to use a child poverty line based on a percentage of median household income. Why introduce the Child Deprivation Index?	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	4ffc19da6f817a75941270e048b574ce	Whether formal or informal, these businesses lack the infrastructure, equipment, access to materials and markets which any firm of any size anywhere needs to expand— and create higher quality jobs. The net result is low employment generation in the Colombian capital as a whole, the bulk being in the informal sector. This was confirmed by findings of UN-Habitat’s City Prosperity Initiative recently implemented in 23 Colombian cities.39 Technical assistance and strategic, temporary subsidies would enable smaller firms to overcome these obstacles, leveraging them into higher efficiency and breaking the current cycle of low productivity: this is an effective policy to consider. As noted earlier, over 90 per cent of New York businesses employ fewer than 20 staff; but since 2001, 67 per cent of new firms employ fewer than five. High-end New York firms are now mostly located in Brooklyn where fixed costs are lower than in Manhattan, turning New York into “the second Silicon Valley” of the US.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	4ffff7926183336e54d411af06b20b03	In our framework, a rights-based, gender-equity focused employment scheme based on constitutional and legal foundations incorporating other rights - such as the right to food, decent working conditions, and a fair and equitable wage - will fall in the intersection of the state, community and individual domains, the ‘sweet spot’ for social protection. However, one unequivocal finding is that the rights-based approach transforms citizens, especially women, into agents of change by giving them a greater voice in decision-making and empowering them to challenge power structures beyond the confines of the scheme. This is a huge step forward in a region where gender inequities and violation of rights is a systemic problem (Nayak and Khera 2009; Sudarshan 2011). As noted above, the development indicators in parts of South Asia are the lowest in the world.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	500039607a65a54539c4ae8fd285d3d9	Data on wages are usually collected through employment and income surveys, more rarely in health surveys. Monthly or hourly individual’s wage is generally used in this study. Productivity is difficult to measure, it can be approximated by the rate of absenteeism from work or the number of sickness absences, the amount of disability benefits3 received, and the rate of presenteeism4.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264283527-en	50011909413e3de7518729f37bc218c0	In Portugal, mortality amenable to health care interventions has been reduced - by 40% between 2000 and 2014 - and is now below the EU average. However, the rate is higher than in neighbouring countries such as Spain and France. Ischaemic heart diseases accounted for 23% of amenable deaths in 2014. Other important causes of amenable deaths were cerebrovascular diseases (20% of the total) and cancer of the colon and rectum (15% of the total). Timeliness of treatment is greatly aided by effective screening: for breast cancer the screening rate for Portuguese women aged 50-69 is over 80%. There are no permanent inter-sectoral structures or bodies, and decisions in areas such as urban planning or transport are not carried out in partnership with the health sector.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	5003f42b078429d508194e63b97862a0	These resources provide various goods and services that meet the needs of the population, including agriculture providing food (and biomass), energy transformation providing power and heat, and water supply providing clean water services and sanitation. Finally, the third domain transcends the sectoral scope and highlight how the resources in the nexus, through the economic services they provide, contribute to a range of policy objectives; obvious examples include “security of supply” for food, water and energy, welfare and environmental quality. Food security is defined in the 1996 Rome Declaration on World Food Security as “when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO, 1996). Similarly, the IEA defines energy security as “uninterrupted physical availability at a price which is affordable, while respecting environmental concerns” (Jewell, 2011). However, the broader connotation, i.e. a movement in the direction towards security, is more relevant for this report: do the bottlenecks in the nexus, and the policies that aim to address these, bring the world closer to the objectives of security of supply.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	5004bf9cc7a92e6ec5674f896013aa6d	The government announced £1 billion of capital funding for the first full-scale CCS demonstration project in the UK. The government has also committed to a further three demonstration projects on gas- and coal-fired power stations. However, final details of the funding mechanism for these three additional projects are yet to be announced. Released in draft form in March, the Carbon Plan is a government-wide carbon reduction plan, including domestic and international emissions.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	50073fac2339d675b2ced9d91a0601f2	Fertility in the other education groups is assumed to drop to 1.5 children per woman, at the rate historically observed in Brazil. In the four countries, fertility among women with a university education is currently below the replacement level: 1.5 children per woman in Colombia, 1.6 children in Peru and 1.9 children in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In general, the findings based on the two methodologies are similar in predicting a sharp decline in fertility in the future.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	5007402281b2aac7988472f5312cfe2c	The situation is even more worrying for young women since nearly 40% of them are neither in employment nor in education or training (which is the second highest rate among OECD countries after Turkey). Overall, nearly 47% of Mexican women are employed or seek employment, an employment rate which is 34% lower the OECD average (OECD, 2014b). Against this background, the informal sector might naturally constitute a preferred alternative for both women and youth in Mexico.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	500a329da800bdee51edeb4232d40513	Consequently, strong system governance and leadership plays a key role. A set of quality indicators have been developed to compare OECD countries in a number of areas including health promotion, prevention and primary care, cancer care, patient safety and responsiveness and patient experiences. Acknowledging the dearth of appropriate international quality indicators for mental health, the HCQI project has also developed indicators for mental health care and the evolution of this process is described in the following section.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	500dbea42625c226f4fb87ffd0509322	Between 2004 and 2015 the number of teachers increased in the 3 largest sectors and most notably in the private-subsidised sector (rise of 74.8%), followed by the municipal sector (growth of 17.4%) and the private non-subsidised sector (rise of 9.4%) (see Figure 5.1). Data exclude provision by JUNJ1, Integra Foundation and private providers with no official recognition. Data include classroom teachers, staff with technical-pedagogical duties, staff in senior management, school directors, teachers with other duties at the school, teachers with other duties outside the school (work for respective education provider on service commission), heads of technical-pedagogical units, general inspectors and counsellors.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	500e1dc6efd10b099282c6c750b9b52e	Like other resource-based economies, Finland tended to import established technologies and to produce commodities containing little value added, and to which further value w'as then added in supply chains abroad. The subsequent period of industrialisation allow ed Finland to develop its owm technological competences and increased Finnish capacity in producing capital goods, especially heavy machinery and equipment that could also be sold on international markets and in some of which Finland gained leading positions. Finland built capacities in various kinds of manufacturing-related innovation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-6-en	500f2ab2c97c1fd5fc68d51dc39f2478	Typical examples include the assessment of third party impacts, environmental impact assessments or existing users foregoing use (for instance, in situations where the catchment is closed). An inventory of available water resources is produced and existing water uses and demands are identified. Water resources assessment methods have been developed for the whole Spanish territory, as well as simulation water resources models that take into account: conventional and non-conventional water resources, environmental flows, water demands, hydraulic infrastructure, water use priorities and exploitation rules in order to establish water allocations and reserves.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	5011910342ee66a69856007e07186e28	For example, Financing Energy Efficiency (Taylor et al., However there is little treatment of how the risks perceived to be associated with energy efficiency projects affect investment decisions, nor why current mechanisms fail to address risk perception in project selection. We hope this report contributes to unravelling the riddle of unrealised EE potential by raising the question: does only money matter, or are there other factors affecting apparent shortfall in EE investments?	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	50158cae520544cfbe0966c5c6399daf	The emphasis is on understanding how increasing gender equality in the labour market will affect larger processes of growth and what kinds of limits the structure of social reproduction places on the potential for development and growth. Nous relions en-suite ces regimes a des groupes de pays organises en fonction de leur structure economique et leur niveau de developpement et evaluons les consequences macroeconomiques d'un recul des inegalites entre les sexes sur le marche du travail. La reproduction sociale est definie en termes de temps et d’argent necessaires pour produire, maintenirde la main-d’ceuvre,et investir dans celle-ci.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	501ce1266ff6371323b0e0748d5bd07d	The first four ‘glimpses’ 3.1-3.4 focus on energy, and the last three 3.5-3.7 on improved land management for sustainable natural resource products. They deserve renewed attention; together they could both expand the horizons of green economy laid out by the CRGE, and serve as initial implementation vehicles for specific needs. The project has already brought these combined economic, social and environmental benefits to about 14,000 smallholders, from 1,600 biogas digester plants installed in 2009.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	5020d1f9c9b25235752c6e7efde12913	The Vice President is the Chairman, the Ministers of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the MOAI are the Vice Chairmen and the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs is the Secretary. Land administration (cont.) It should: help form FABs at different government levels and support them in implementing the existing legislation; supervise relevant government bodies to avoid land confiscation and resolve related issues; ensure that farmland released by the government or companies are returned to initial land rights holders; and ensure that land disputes are settled in accordance with the legislation.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	5021973d409cfbf46587042364790195	Due to the frequent use of upper contribution limits and the flat payment schedule below those limits, they are slightly regressive on average (but particularly so in Poland). With contribution burdens approximately proportional to incomes, even sizable changes in the overall contribution burden change the redistributive effect by a relatively small amount (top graph of Panel B). Overall rate structures have essentially remained the same over the period. Where progressivity did change (Finland, Poland), contributions rates are low, so that the redistributive effect of these changes is negligible.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	5022d4aa34e1e54d8c71d2d2f676693c	This implies an improvement in eco-efficiency by a factor of 3.2, which is almost as ambitious as the “factor 4” goal of doubling wealth and halving resource use, originally suggested by von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins (1998). Thus, even world average levels of energy use of less than 70 GJ per capita would be achievable by mid-century, in line with the target suggested by the present Survey (see below). Thus far, however, these international efforts have had a relatively small effect on the global energy transition.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	502b5ad610d54b05095157a9c87dc34e	The CEDAW was ratified in 1981. In 2012, the Council of Government and the Council of Ministers adopted a project of law relative to the adherence of Morocco to the optional protocol of the CEDAW. In 2011, the Tunisian interim government lifted its reservations on the CEDAW. Despite requests from civil society, the Tunisian government has not yet notified the United Nations concerning the lifting of its reservations.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	5032b5d2e641a6fcf62bb5e9f96499ee	In Switzerland, some cantons set budget envelopes for hospital care and beyond a certain volume of care they reduce their funding of hospitals. In addition, physician services’ costs are monitored through joint agreements between insurers and physician’s associations, which include measures to curb spending growth, if necessary' (Paris and Devaux, 2010). This practice weakens the effectiveness of budget cap to control spending.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c2dea192-en	50371ef8aa4a6f6b13f9847877e2c1ab	Best practices are those policies that have demonstrated that they produce or are essential to delivering significant quantifiable results. Complementarity, synergies and integration attributes enable an easy fit with other national, regional and international efforts, ensuring ease of implementation and a supportive complementarity with other policies. Political alignment, governance and accountability attributes help ensure policies are politically palatable and are likely to work and persist in multi-layer governance frameworks where national, regional and local governance influence effectiveness of policies and enable outcomes.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	503768a5ff29c6712fc5de2a9dc3c785	While all public social expenditures serve a redistributive role to some extent, only a minority part of total social spending is in fact devoted to cash benefits with a direct impact on the incomes of the non-elderly. Annex Table Al shows that, over time, almost all countries devoted declining shares of total spending to cash benefits that mostly benefit children and working-age individuals.14 On average the share of these “non-elderly” benefits declined from 26.5 percent in 1985 to 21.4 percent in 2005 (without counting early retirement benefits; the decline is somewhat smaller, but still substantial, when they are included). Despite growing overall public social expenditure, this drop is sufficiently large to translate into a significant reduction of “non-elderly” benefit expenditure relative to GDP on average (from 4.9 to 4.5 percent across 29 countries, upper panel of Figure 4).15 Between the mid-80s and the mid-90s, however, sizable reductions were only observed in a few countries (Belgium, France, Ireland, Netherlands) while the majority of countries recorded increases.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	5037cc34d3af59e7d5c053fe6d81d8b2	Grain yield, odoplalion and progress in breeding for early-maturing and heat-tolerant wheat lines in South Asia. Prediclion of rice produclion in the Philippines using seosonol climate forecasts. Journal ol Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52(3): 552-569. Understanding dimole os a driver of food insecurity in Elhiopio.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	503a0b3300b4dbe1b377f72d7ac6f0fc	In particular, a variety of new contractual arrangements are leading to uncertainty about the boundary between self-employment and wage employment. An example of an ambiguous case is when employed persons are working as sub-contractors (thus sharing some characteristics of the self-employed), while being economically dependent on one single client (similar to employees). Aspects of security that are directly related to the (type of) contract - such as duration of employment - are only relevant to employees, while other dimensions of security concern the self-employed.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	503a9b883ecddb52f345a83ba1872e89	Why then do consumers and investors shy away from paying a little more for the energy efficient alternative? Energy-saving technologies may look and outwardly perform just as inefficient ones, so consumers need help in making informed purchase decisions. Energy consumption is also deeply rooted in the economic activities in which the consumption takes place. These economic activities are, in turn, governed by embedded incentive structures, consumer behaviour, rules and regulations, infrastructure design and construction practices, investment decision making and even cultural considerations.	7	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	503abe7fa215689ba343b0cd3b125162	Measuring biodiversity in monetary terms is not considered to be useful or interesting. Future developments should be based on indicator systems. In general, there is currently a strong interest in identifying legislation and other incentive systems that conflict with the goals of biodiversity protection.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8f4c5230-en	503aef74959dd2e1a6f40dd35e225852	When households cannot access sufficient food, women are often the first to go hungry. While girls are increasingly doing better in school and university than boys, this has not translated into gender equality in the labour market. The gender pay gap stands at 23 per cent globally and, without decisive action, it will take another 68 years to achieve equal pay. While women have made important inroads into political office across the world, their representation in national parliaments at 23.7 per cent is still far from parity, and women politicians and voters face threats and attacks, persistent sexual harassment and online abuse. One in five women and girls have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner within the last 12 months.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	503af9a33e28fdf51dcb854f9c711cf5	The cross-checking of information on needs, social transfers and taxes could be improved by using a unique identification number (e.g. the cedula). If targeting systems cannot be updated swiftly, alternative insurance mechanisms that allow individuals to cope with temporary shocks and that smooth withdrawal rates for social benefits maybe needed. A.B. Atkinson andT. Piketty), Oxford University Press.	1	2	6	0.5
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	503fe84cc6935f611c46b4dd0e6865c1	Monitoring prices is critical for developing policies that aim to make ICT services affordable for all citizens. Least developed countries (LDCs) saw a 20 per cent drop in mobile-cellular prices, the strongest decrease in five years. The price drop is linked to the growing availability of prepaid packages that bundle SMS and local calls.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	5045bf506c4d9fc7d848229f2e3661cb	It operates through an informal network governed by local ethics and norms. Exchange takes place without cash transaction. If the quality is poor, with inert dust particles and chaff, the lender cleans it before transaction. For example, little millet and Italian millet are exchanged, but not for paddy because paddy gives only just under 60 per cent of the edible part after threshing.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	5047e600abf137d05a7775567872b66f	Some UK local authorities (LAs) are both waste-collection and waste-disposal authorities, but the majority do one or the other, a split responsibility that impeded the search for alternatives to landfill until the 2003 Waste and Emissions Trading Act compelled LAs in “two-tier” areas to adopt joint municipal waste-management strategies. In the Household Waste Recycling Act (2003), LAs were required to separate out (individually or together) at least two types of waste by 2010. Much of WIP is implemented through an arms-length body, the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	5048ad2f6b6d1b9e43e0da5970a1cef3	Thus, social identities would be mediators between the “objective” social structure and the representations that persons or groups construct of their position in that space. As shown in the following figure, those who identify themselves as indigenous or of African origin indicate, more than in the case of the remaining social categories in question, that the members of their own group (native peoples or Afro-descendants) are the most discriminated against. Hence, discrimination of ethnic minorities is more significant for respondents who identify themselves as members of minority groups. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC).	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	504a15771f8aa9fcdfd8e13c6acc19d8	In the last few quarters of the period under study, there was a turnaround in this trend, however, and the recession was coupled with increasing feminization, since male unemployment was on the rise. In other words, as has been observed in all the countries analysed in this study, feminization has occurred as a consequence of an economic slowdown. The increase in the number of hours per week is associated with an 8% drop in GDP. On the one hand, the presence of more women (as represented by their participation rate) relative to men has a positive effect on growth, but, on the other, an increase in labour intensity (more hours spent working in the labour market), which can be assumed to reduce the hours devoted to domestic labour, is not.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	504e4afa2cb24c58a05a26f74eb6628b	The unemployment insurance payment system was automated, staff training was improved and job-matching services were revamped to include a classification system that speeded up the process of referring jobseekers to appropriate jobs (Kameyama, 2001). The main Hello Work offices tend to prioritise placement services for jobseekers, and spend less time on individual counselling, due to the large number of people seeking their assistance (Sano, 2004). The main offices have separate counters for people with disabilities and some other groups such as social assistance recipients.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	504efdabf4b59e6ba1ee68f9b125505c	Switzerland does not complete either CTF Tables 8 or 9. Similarly Denmark in its third BR provides project examples demonstrating its “integrated approach” to capacity-building and technology transfer support “as part of its overall climate support portfolio” (Danish Ministry Of Energy, 2017(14]). Most of the elements the UNFCCC outlines as essential for effective technology transfer are fundamentally part of strengthening capacities for technology development and use (sharing information, creating enabling environments, and assessing needs). In addition, an important aspect of technology transfer involves transfer of knowledge and development of an institutional framework (the “software” and “orgware” dimensions of technology respectively, as outlined in Box 1).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6af97a78-en	50517b33c37cd9273502ded2f3012ba2	In 1957 the establishment of the Mekong Committee was the first ever involvement by the United Nations (UNECAFE, now UNESCAP) in cross-border river basin planning; its purpose was to embark on a large-scale irrigation and five-dam hydropower project, the Development of Water Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin (Jacobs 2002). Only one dam, the Nam Ngum, was the outcome of intergovernmental cooperation, however, as the four riparian countries (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) did not give their consent to other projects involving cross-border agreements. In 1975 attempts to rejuvenate cross-border efforts took the form of a Joint Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Mekong Basin that prohibited the “unilateral appropriation” of water without “prior approval” and “extra-basin diversion” without unanimous consent.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	50529199687794861032614991c3bdfe	The retired increasingly work, often part-time, in order to supplement their pensions with earnings. Inequality among pensioners has grown, with those retiring from professional careers benefiting from generous pensions, while others who have failed to save for retirement face decreasing state pensions and are increasingly dependent on income from work to avoid poverty. The risk associated with living in these family types has grown as living in a dual-earner household has become the norm.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	5052b877781996f4446c28f8ccd312c3	Viet Nam had a population of approximately 87 million in 2010 with annual population growth close to 1 million people. The working-age population (15 to 64 years old) constitutes 68% of the population; however, around 33 million of them are unskilled. Most of these unskilled workers live in rural areas and many of them have suffered from the process of urbanisation and industrialisation that has recently taken place.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/21b84508-en	505570485c1aa1c31b8be4527e39d034	This programme provided financial education, and credit and bank accounts were opened for depositing wages and to promote savings. Such financial inclusion, in the form of opening savings accounts, has a strong effect on savings behaviour (Bynner and Paxton, 2001). Greater creditworthiness can help households obtain bridging credit from traders, participate in groups or associations that require regular contributions and improve access to institutions (Barca et al., In many cases, however, households remain risk-averse and reluctant to take advantage of their greater access to credit.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	5055c92d126466f604375683c01ea64f	Scale-up safety nets and early warning systems for disaster response. Conditional social transfers, which require beneficiaries to fulfil a range of conditions to qualify for assistance, are not currently implemented, although the NSPS raises the possibility of introducing such a programme in the future. A cash transfer programme for vulnerable groups was launched in Tigray in 2011 but did not apply conditions for recipients (Berhane et al.,	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	505b1afd1c446fa53430c9a293a403b6	The first one is an outward-shift of the demand curve and the second is a price reduction. The shift of the demand curve can occur because of the broader penetration of high speed broadband. The price reduction is a result of productivity gains and competition. In the case of deployment of high-speed broadband infrastructures, competition becomes effective at the applications layer. This development is responsible for an increase in consumer surplus in future periods compared to former periods. In Figure 6 the consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the market price.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	505d58634b226a8b880cdf5eb497beea	In Mexico, around 3.5 million households with children between 1 and 4 years old (i.e., more than 50% of all households with children in this age range) do not have access to public childcare centres and cannot afford private care. Mothers either do not work while their children are young or they work leaving their children in the care of relatives, neighbours or friends, or in some cases they end up taking children to work. In January 2007, the Mexican government launched a national child day-care programme - Programa de Estancias Infantiles para Madres Trabajadoras (PEIMT) -which aims to provide parents in paid work and/or study with access to child day-care services.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	506020cd5c7baf1ed1169007d6063db6	The subsidy cannot be obtained directly because there are intervals in the years of transfer of completed houses. This report estimates yearly expenditure on subsidies of ETB 2.4 billion for each year of operation. Data from regional housing development offices show that combined spending by other regions averaged ETB 24 million between 2012/13 and 2016/17. This was the smallest of the focus areas in expenditure terms between 2012/13 and 2015/16, over which period spending grew by 5% per year on average.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2956c59a-en	506116b1e610ecbd4a6972dda9cb9003	While there is a clear distinction between 'data' and 'statistics', data being the information from which statistics are created, the term ‘gender data' is increasingly accepted as a legitimate alternative. Both are used interchangeably in the report. Together, these indicators monitor varying dimensions of gender equality but not all of them.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/c69de229-en	5061a04f49b02984f37fbe824b869bfb	Readily measurable proxies for poverty are then widely used for targeting in such an imperfect information environment. Efficiency considerations point to the need for using indicators that are not easily manipulated by actual or potential beneficiaries, although this is rarely very clear in practice. Criteria such as family size, age of children, work status, geographical location of residence, housing conditions or lifetime limits on program participation are often used for delimit population groups, result in a considerable segment of the poor population having little access to cash income. Moreover, the political economy response to targeting is also a concern, whereby finely-targeted programmes can undermine the political support for social policies (De Donder and Hindriks, 1998(42]); (Gelbach and Pritchett, 2001(43]).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	5061e00493e51f3a25dbaef7d0fd0729	In these regions, the state is a principal shareholder in the companies, holding 51% of the shares whilst 49% belong to the regions and municipalities. Following their creation, these three companies were found to be too small to be attractive for international private operators. That is why Armenia had to invite one international private operator for the pool of the three regional vodokanals.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c2c3e10f-en	5063cd2b6eb88c88c86c0c10d2d928d9	Water demands for individual HPPs are conditioned by installed capacity, which is designed based on cost-effectiveness principles. As a result, it is expected that greater parts of the rivers could be subject to negative impact, especially in water biodiversity. In practice two methodologies coexist: for the oldest dams the Soviet standards are applied, and for the most recent ones a more simplified methodology is adopted (table 4.2).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	50647065e9350be4dc91a19c1b056e35	It also established the teacher performance evaluation system (also referred to as Docentemas) within the municipal school sector in 2003 following a tripartite agreement between the Ministry of Education, the Chilean Association of Municipalities and the Teachers’ Association (Colegio de Profesores). This system is complemented by a range of reward programmes which involve some type of evaluation: the Programme for the Variable Individual Performance Allowance (municipal sector only) (A VDI); the Programme for the Accreditation of Pedagogical Excellence Allowance (covering the entire subsidised school sector) (AEP); and the National System for Performance Evaluation (SNED), which provides group rewards for teaching bodies of given publicly subsidised schools. In addition to these formal programmes, private schools (both subsidised and non-subsidised) autonomously organise their own performance teacher evaluation systems and any school is free to organise extra internal systems of teacher evaluation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5069b399af75eaec0d5b7897668cab65	They need not necessarily be mediated by a physical grid. The adoption of particular software, the “buzz” created by viral marketing around a particular product, the positive spillovers of a company’s research and development (R&D) spending or a “clusteri of like-minded researchers pushing each other are all examples where positive externalities ensure that the final result is greater than the sum of the individual contributions. Whether negative or positive, technical externalities lead to suboptimal situations as their unconstrained production is either too high or too low.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	5069de79cc01ba8087284981a3059aa1	New Zealand and Australia have consistently had the lowest %PSEs, and Chile as a new OECD member country joins this group. Recent reductions in the level of support place the United States closer to the countries with the lowest level of support. Israel, Mexico and Canada have their current levels of support below the OECD average. The European Union has reduced its level of support but remains slightly above the OECD average. Despite some reduction, support remains relatively high in Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Iceland and Korea.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	506a9e474e497d2557c0ba90980dbdf9	Other institutions are increasingly aware of their portfolios being relevant also from the adaptation perspective, but they do not explicitly screen and monitor the adaptation impacts. Hence, major adaptation opportunities and benefits may go unnoticed and/or unreported. Despite increasing pressure being set on ODA budgets in all countries, Nordic countries have remained rather consistent with their commitments (Australian government, 2016).	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	5072135156f02e1cfd8114980a524573	It is neither an expression of the lack of interest in the subject, nor a denial of the relevance of the concepts. The omission of these concepts in this discussion is justified by the fact that few multidimensional poverty analyses use these concepts. A discussion on subjective (child) well-being can be found in Bradshaw et al.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264077287-en	5075207c3b0e61daa6d6b211c5eb0256	The procedure for renewing the park’s mandate is underway. The Our Natural Park is part of the transboundary natural park straddling the German-Luxembourg frontier and is operated in close association with the Naturpark Siideifel. The second site, which is shared with the Wallonia region, has a total area of 46 000 ha (of which 16 900 lies in Luxembourg).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	5075b5d91f65bfe8cf62ea0a11473e23	The implementation of such policies involves choices between different types of interventions that differ according to the intended purpose and desired effectiveness. There are essentially two types of such interventions against poverty. The first uses redistributive transfers in cash or kind, generally targeted to households who are deemed poor based on observable criteria.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	50762cb2b7c8d0b98000826c332c40f4	Strict employment protection rules are also likely to encourage the use of forms of employment that are not subject to these regulations or lead to lack of enforcement of the rules. Concerning youth employment, Cazes and Tonin (2010) find that the decline in the average job tenure of young workers (15-24) in the European Union between 1999 and 2006 is associated with weaker employment protection provided by law and trade unions. Their results suggest that young workers are particularly exposed to more unstable labour markets through the risk of job loss and dismissal (as captured by the EPL index for regular contracts), whereas legislation on hiring (EPL index for temporary contracts) does not seem to have a significant impact.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a68df323-en	50771d4172df740ebc1b4268e69e353b	Participation of NGOs and other stakeholders in the activities of joint bodies in some cases exists as a nonformalized practice, such as inviting some NGOs to working group meetings or sessions of a joint body. Some joint bodies discuss the idea to establish public boards with advisory functions. This is the first example of a formalized procedure for dissemination of information and promotion of public participation in the joint bodies’ activities in EECCA.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	50784fdd8a3b94473d272a5a3a8d850d	Between 2000 and 2014, employment rates among 15-to-64 year-old German women increased by over 11 percentage points, from 58.1% to 69.5%. Germany boasted the second-largest increase in female employment in the OECD over that period, second only to Chile. The OECD-wide gender gap in full-time employment rates w'as 22.4 percentage points in 2013, with the gap in Germany slightly wider at 24.6 percentage points (Figure 4.1).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f85273a2-en	5078cb9d2c84233d03603dd187b25adf	Extreme weather events also have a negative impact on agricultural production. Recent food price spikes and supply shortages caused by exceptional conditions of drought in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and countries in East Africa, as well as floods in Pakistan, Australia, and the United States, are prima facie evidence of the catastrophic impacts of adverse climatic conditions, possibly related to climate change. For instance, it is estimated that in Africa and South Asia, average crop yields could fall by 8 percent and fisheries by 40 percent by 2050 (Knox et al., While yields may increase in some high latitude areas such as China and the UK, overall decreases are predicted to offset any increases even with only moderate warming (Knox et al.,	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	507ba8783e64bbdf5a93b796149727e2	The main target, set at municipality level, was to improve students’ reading skills, so the reading programmes were allocated more time than the AfL programmes. This is also one of the main findings from struggling municipalities that were included in this report: they do not seem to be able to co-ordinate competing programmes initiated by the Directorate, and so sometimes AfL is not prioritised due to lack of capacity. Both school leaders and teachers express concerns and a sense of guilt when they are not able to work on AfL, as they know it is a part of the Education Act. Despite the shortcomings listed above, how'ever, the school leader from School 1 was satisfied with the municipality-level support in general.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en	507c1b9e7b7de501e162845307c23333	Psychological therapy and similar therapeutic interventions for mild-to-moderate disorders have been significantly developed in recent years. Investment in such therapies can be seen somewhere between primary care services (GP services, primary care clinics) and specialist services, historically concentrated on severe and enduring disorders, as they are generally offered as secondary service, but not by CMHTs. Community services have developed over the last ten years; however, there is a lack of data about how they work (Audit Scotland, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/46a5795c-en	507db789536a716454fd91096a154e28	"An economic downturn or recession may result primarily in layoffs of employees with short-term contracts, who are often younger and less experienced workers. When an economy begins a period of expansion, businesses may wish to avert risk and keep costs down, at least initially, by cautiously hiring workers on shortterm contracts. In the aggregate, the decisions of companies regarding their employees during the business cycle depend on the economic structure, product/service demand and prices in the output market, as well as labour supply. Main variables in the EU-LFS with connection to the indicator: • STAPRO (2 = ""Self-employed without employees""; 3 = ""Employee"") • TEMP (2 = ""employee has temporary job/work contract of limited duration) The LFS EU-LFS does not include the required information about short-term work or instability of work."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	507f902e6ea65975c3f9cba3789bab26	These foreign workers typically come from far afield (many from the Philippines, for instance). Various other forms of community support are provided, some directly by the Ministry of Welfare and Social Services, others by the health funds, which have certain obligations under NHI. Institutional care is supervised by the Ministry of Health and provided by a mix of government-run institutions and facilities run by the health funds. In particular, under the previous government the Ministry of Health proposed a reform that included putting both institutional and domestic long-term care under the responsibility of the health funds, and increased subsidies to households, for example through widening the provision of “in-kind” hours of domestic support. Making the health funds responsible for long-term care certainly has some potential benefits; for instance, it could enhance attention to preventive care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	507fa62b58847f1224c4c17aadde8b82	The finding may either indicate acknowledgement of women’s qualifications in required areas or the fact that they are being overlooked both for full-time, secure employment and in recruitment processes for senior positions (INMUJERES, 2011). More data on the profile of consultancy positions filled by women are not currently available and the rationale behind hiring them remains unclear. According to information supplied by the Secretariat of the Civil Service, there is no gender distinction in the public service in relation to classes of job.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	50801c77efde0273d2dadf2f7f2b05a2	People are more likely to accept the risks associated with familiar and freely chosen activities, even if the risks are large. In risk analysis, the following questions should be kept in mind: Who bears the risk and who stands to benefit? Who decides what risks are acceptable? Furthermore, newer, more complex genetically transformed foods may be more difficult to assess and may increase the possibility of unintended effects.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	508399e6e0c3423603718f10d8425a18	In addition, they also reported attending free after-school classes taught at the school. Official statistics indicate that only 0.04% of students repeated a year in 2012 (IAC, 2014). According to self-reported data in PISA 2012, about 2% of 15-year-olds had repeated at least a year throughout their schooling, a proportion much smaller than the average across OECD countries (12%) (OECD, 2013a).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/968bac18-en	50850f562b10fe7dd9a73a760c897a10	The case studies cover a wide spectrum of commodities-from oil in Nigeria to sorghum in Mali. They also analyse different impacts: from Zambia’s dependence on copper exports to the strong linkages between unskilled wages and the price of rice in Bangladesh. The analysis demonstrates how different commodities have affected national economiesthrough multiple avenues, and the policy responses that have aimed at strengthening resilience to global commodity price shocks, while at the same time leveraging commodity sectors' contribution to development, poverty reduction and food security.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	508604dc9ed64e882773689a864645b1	The challenges observed include poor enforcement mechanism, lack of resources, low capacity and citizens’ awareness. However, this has not been fully complied w'ith in Metro Cebu as some SWM plans have expired (Table 2.4). In addressing the land-filling challenges the metropolitan area is facing, an ambitious “zero-waste” target could be considered for all the LGUs, so that the metropolitan area could demonstrate its commitment to drastically divert w'aste being sent to landfills.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	508821409baf7d0e85de67b5052c3ee1	The export of fish products from Denmark was valued at DKK 24.3 billion (USD 3.6 billion) in 2015. The activities of the Danish fisheries and aquaculture sectors account for 0.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP), whereas the entire fisheries sector including also fish processing, wholesale and retail branches accounts for 0.3% of the GDP. Volumes reported provide an indication of production magnitude and trend. Data may be heterogeneous and not directly comparable.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/638a5aa8-en	5089aa9cdf8a7c1f65a127d124d5b196	Given similar opportunities in their own country most would prefer to stay at home. At present people in some of the region’s wealthier enclaves may feel more in common with those of similar living standards in developed countries of Europe or North America than those in other countries in the region. Wide disparities between countries can reduce the prospects for greater Asian unity and integration. This stronger focus on disparities reflects an ongoing evolution of development strategies.	3	7	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	508ab346dde726b69672f5061022f32d	The final terms reflected, in large part, the priorities of the advanced countries. Market access gains were concentrated in areas of interest to developed countries including services, intellectual property and advanced manufacturing. Far less progress was made in areas of interest to the poor countries such as agriculture (including subsidies to agriculture) and textiles. The effect was to concentrate tariff reductions on products exported by the rich countries. Exporters in rich countries were able to quickly take advantage of greater market access, but the poor countries found their ability to export to rich countries was limited by a range of constraints including non-tariff barriers, weak infrastructure and supply constraints.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	508acc6c564f6be5b0f987bb1c57db98	The WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, which reviewed 72 articles on the impact of macroeconomic adjustment policies, including SAPs, found both positive and negative consequences on health outcomes. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, it found mostly negative consequences. Accordingly user fees, many of which were introduced during the 1980s, have been found to be a barrier to access to health services, particularly for the poor, thus exacerbating health inequalities between poor and rich.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c9f34fd4-en	508c546755b66f9178f655d9ea7f05f7	Increased uptake and use of data to inform decision-making and ensure accountability will be crucial for achieving SDG 6. Achieving universal access to safe and affordable drinking water requires extending access to the 844 million people who still lack even a basic water service. It also requires progressively improving the quality of sen/ices for the 2.1 billion people who lack water that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from contamination. Universal access also implies providing access in services in schools, health-care facilities and other institutional settings.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	50907e421a059ef0ee159daf2e926e43	Between 30-70% of the country is normally flooded each year. The huge sediment loads brought by three Himalayan rivers, coupled with a negligible flow gradient add to drainage congestion problems and exacerbate the extent of flooding. Frequent flooding is already the main cause of losses of livelihoods and assets in Bangladesh.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	5090da42176e68707a8188369b1de9ba	It is worth noting, however, that few countries guarantee full health care services for their undocumented foreigners. In Greece, coverage for unemployed people has historically been time limited with benefits reducing for some health care services after 12 months of unemployment. This has raised concerns about the large number of long-term unemployed who may no longer have access to a range of health care services in the wake of the economic crisis.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	509120e96eabf26fffa22cc7418ebda2	Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Unfortunately comparable time-series on life satisfaction are rare; for this reason this section focuses on differences in life satisfaction at one point in time, while referring to national studies for getting a sense of how trends in life satisfaction have evolved over time (Box 4.2). This pattern is broadly in line with previous research, which has shown fairly small gender differences in all age groups (Diener et al., Significant differences by gender are found only for employment and health status, which are stronger drivers of life satisfaction for women than they are for men (Boarini et al., This is insufficient to identify trends in life satisfaction, which are likely to change only at a slow rate. Recent research has provided evidence of a decline in women’s life satisfaction in the United States and across a variety of European countries (with Western Germany being an exception).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	50935c3d0b7ab2216c1efb9b31a71c9f	The increasing work intensity of women was also associated with lower income inequality in some - but not all - countries. On the other hand, the rising share of households with women in high-skilled occupations generally increased income inequality, but the effect was more modest. Taken together, the overall effect of changes in the labour market for women was therefore to make the income distribution more equal by reducing the Gini by 2 points, especially when not only compositional but also related wage structure effects are taken into account.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	5096b39b19e682aa1817a0ae27a43ccf	First, none of the studies on buffer stocks control for any other factors that could have contributed to price volatility. In particular, the role of trade policies, actions of private traders, private stocks, the macroeconomic environment, and production levels in (de)stabilising prices are ignored in most of the studies and certainly are not accounted for in any empirical analysis. At best, a study will mention the confounding factors. This is not a criticism as it is indeed an extremely complex, if not impossible, task to disentangle the impact of trade policies, macroeconomic factors and domestic policies on price volatility. This is not surprising as buffer stocks are by nature more adapt at preventing price drops (guaranteeing a floor price) than curtailing price spikes (maintaining a ceiling price). This relates back to the point mentioned above regarding the natural limit of stocks: once stocks are depleted, the buffer stock can no longer prevent price rises.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	5097415c625cebf22fd2fbb26c012fd6	This is the largest individual category accounting for 14% of all fish purchases. Sales of salmon remained fairly constant (+6.2%) since 2007 and consistently make up around 8% of total fish purchases. Purchases of herring and other blue fish fell -30% on 2007. Whilst purchases have fallen, expenditure on fish has remained almost unchanged. Expenditure has increased by 1%, from GBP 1.16 per person per week in 2007 to GBP 1.17 in 2010 (GDP 1.20 in 2011 ). In comparison, the expenditure on takeaway fish fell 7.5% over the same period to GBP 0.17 per person per week .	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81e6e689-en	50974be836fdac80eb62cbde28c4b71f	Developing countries therefore need to focus on alternative governance capabilities, which can enable them to directly address key market failures. Khan describes this as a growth-enhancing governance agenda which focuses on developing governance capabilities appropriate for directly addressing a few key market failures. Good governance practice is sometimes justified for the economic benefits it will generate, and at other times as a political end.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/50e33932-en	5098331cbae28d7a3eeb365fd4fed9cb	The growth rate of the elderly dependency ratio has been the largest in rural regions when compared to other type of regions. However, this pattern varies across rural regions. The elderly dependency ratio ranges from 7 percentage points (Chungcheongnam-do) to 15 percentage points (Jeollanam-do). With 35%, Jeollanam-do had the highest elderly dependency ratio in 2017.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	509fbaa8ffabcfa6312be21a2ecff45c	Portugal aims to develop industrial activities linked to the renewable technology sector and to become a net exporter of such technologies, especially wind and solar power. An industrial cluster linked to wind power has been developed, with a budget of EUR 1 750 million, involving the creation of approximately 1 700 direct and 4 500 indirect jobs (IEA, 2009a). The principal instrument for promoting renewable electricity in Portugal is the so-called “special regime production” (PRE), whereby renewable-based power benefits from a feed-in tariff, i.e. an above-market price at which electricity is sold to the grid. The tariffs are based on a complex formula that takes account of the technology, environmental aspects and the inflation rate.25 They include minimum and maximum levels, according to the variations of the load on the grid, and are guaranteed for a fixed period (typically 15 years) and up to a certain production threshold (IEA, 2009a).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	509feb0da74308e3d6534a621531207c	In the Netherlands and Denmark, where EU-SILC finds it difficult to meaningfully distinguish between market-rate and social rental accommodations, all renters are placed in the market rate category. Additionally, the Australian, Canadian, and American surveys used here do not ask whether rent is subsidized. All respondents paying any level of rent in these countries are included in their survey's “market plus subsidized” rental category. In Sweden, although subsidized housing is a survey response option, very few respondents select this option.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	50a0d4419973adfa82ec7342e4996439	As shown in table 10.2, fossil fuel energy exports represent almost one-third of the GDP of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, half of the merchandise exports of the Russian Federation, and more than half of the total merchandise exports of Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Kazakhstan. On the other hand, energy imports are equivalent to almost 10% of the GDP of India, and more than one-third of its total merchandise imports. Even the advanced diversified East-Asian economies of Japan and the Republic of Korea spend 30% of their total merchandise imports on such energy commodities. Values of energy exports taken from United Nations COMTRADE data, downloaded from WITS database (accessed December 2013).	7	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	50a1c0dcdd1c57c5b47d5a8a061a77c9	"The AEF project is a work-in-progress ""data revolution"" targeting all the 17 SDGs and is intended for implementation in the Digital state of Cumberland, United States. It does not constitute a governmental ortechnology plan, but rather a multistakeholder commitment and social inclusion agenda. The strategy also states that, in order to build a knowledge-based society, it is important in the long term for Qatar to create an open, transparent culture where knowledge bases are kept current and easily accessible, which, in turn, develops the capacity and culture for routinely processing, sharing and interpreting information."	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	50a2c010c882cb35e153bb2cba9b3ca8	Other experts have suggested royalties comprising the marginal cost of production plus 5 per cent of the compulsory licensee’s selling price, see Reichman, UNCTAD paper, p. 20, quoting A. Engelberg. A general royalty rate of 4 per cent is suggested, as representing the average royalty rate for pharmaceutical products in the United States market. Second, the general royalty rate is adjusted according to each country’s capacity to pay, as reflected in relative per capita income or, where a disease affects a country in an unusually high degree, the relative income per person needing treatment.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	50a42115900790fa684ad1c6068ebdcc	In: Antarctica: Legal and Environmental Challenges for the Future (Eds. Troggs, G. & Riddell, A). ( London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2007):85-107. Managing Fisheries to Conserve the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem: Practical Implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).” Management of Southern Ocean Fisheries: Global Forces and Future Sustainability.”	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	50a4ba67f166f1f67c2a3082d81f3f78	And the body of knowledge on adolescent development and participation - in terms of data and analysis, best practices and lessons learned, and understanding of disparities and bottlenecks - is steadily growing. As this report points out in Chapter 2, the number of adolescents is expected to increase, especially in poor countries. Many key development agents have already joined in a global consensus on the importance of investing in adolescence and youth. These stakeholders, at all levels, must now pull together to support young people in developing the skills and capacities they need to pull themselves out of poverty.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/64011ade-en	50a7dc31768a3b9e6bb254c7ba57a6f5	Cities of similar size and similar geographical locations (Riga, Tallinn and Vilnius) can also vary substantively in terms of emission levels (figure 2.41 )v. The main sources of energy generation for electricity and heating purposes may explain these differences. These are mainly the capitals of the EU member States, while the capitals of the countries with economies in transition do face challenges in combatting the high concentration of these two pollutants (figure 2.42.). As for the C03 emissions, the values are also at city level and not for urban transportation only. Therefore, further measures to limit the concentration of particulate matter would need to be applied throughout the sectors where solid and liquid fuels are combusted, in particular in the energy, industry and transport sectors.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-4-en	50aa076585324d6bed23dcbbe549b11e	"To make children ""ready, the approach often taken involves exposing children who are still in ECEC to the culture of primary school. Known as ""schoolification”, this can drive ECEC settings to adopt practices that are usually more related to primary school, such as higher staff-pupil ratios, longer hours away from home, more teacher-directed pedagogies, greater attention to academic content and less playtime. However, research is increasingly highlighting that the more age- and child-appropriate the pedagogical practices, the greater the benefits for children’s social and cognitive development. This is why some countries - especially the Nordic countries -take a child-centred perspective, adapting the cultures of both ECEC and school to the needs of the child. This implies that it is not just the responsibility of ECEC to prepare children for school; schools also need to be ready for children."	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/abb991ba-en	50ac3ba8d15f0d0eea6695eac8cad784	This is also the reason why countries with similar allocations of public social budgets sometimes end up with vastly disparate outcomes. Following a universal approach for social protection, health care and educational services, can also have positive spillovers on smaller groups with similar characteristics or that face the same barriers. If the interventions are universal in nature, the benefits are then likely to positively affect other disadvantaged groups as well. Eventually, responsible actors should also gradually act to remove barriers faced by all groups, including those representing smaller shares and group-specific circumstances, for example, availability of education for minority groups or child care for young parents. Focusing on removing barriers would also help governments to ensure breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle permanently. The 2011-2015 National Social Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable mirrored this perception as it focused exclusively on social assistance and, while it gathered considerable support from development partners, it had little national ownership from line ministries.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/da48ce17-en	50ac9c4cb2428d289da711ce4f71d433	Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. This paper greatly benefited from the experiences and insights shared during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, on 14-15 March 2017 in Paris. While relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation globally, many more have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that they are developing one or that they plan to do so.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	50adeea67bdb1ea7d12ceb7f1f92dfdd	"On the other hand, as a repetitive activity, cleaning streets and markets can generate continuous long-term employment. A concern is whether employing women as cleaners reinforces gender stereotypes, as is reflected in this remark by the mayor of N'Djamena: ""There is no-one who appreciates cleanliness more than women, who in any case do all the work of maintaining cleanliness in their own homes."" Nonetheless, women participants affirmed the vital contribution that the income earnt through N'Djamena Nadif has made to their households' food security, education and housing costs (Watson et al. In response, the Urban Safety Net Programme was launched in 2010."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	50b690f42a97400c00aab78f873366ea	The development of urbanisation is one of its manifestations. It assumes two forms: (1) the growth of major cities; and (2) the growth of a network of small and medium-sized towns. The first form is linked to the integration of national economies into the international economy and began rapidly, before slowing down from the 1980s onwards with the onset of the financial and economic crises.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	50b795e507dbace46af184b05174f934	In many years, it has been nearly double the national average rate. Youth have also been strongly affected by the growing incidence of non-regular forms of work. Freeter status, avoiding commitment to a stable job in the 1980s, was often seen as a choice of lifestyle, but more recently attention has focused on the problems of freeters who are unable to find a permanent job. In order to support young unemployed and freeters who wish to be employed as regular workers, special counters have been established at Hello Work offices to support the search for regular employment by holding seminars and joint-recruitment events, one-to-one consultations and guidance by full-time staff, exploring job offers and placement services, and guidance on adaptation to workplaces after being employed. In addition, Job Cafes - one-stop-service centres for young people - were established in 2003 to provide integrated counselling, training and guidance services (see Box 3.2).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	50b8ecd5a43d457f8989ab0430f8e24d	In any case, relatively inefficient flooding techniques are still widespread in international comparison (OECD, 2010a). In the short term, subsidies for irrigation modernisation could be conditioned on reductions in the amount of water designated in concessions, to ensure water savings resulting from the modernisation can be made available to environmental or other economic use. The abundant use of irrigation water for crops characterised by low value added and the resulting low productivity of irrigated water is somewhat more marked in those river basins in which water scarcity is less of an issue. However, some of the basins facing the severest scarcity also exhibit substantial water consumption to irrigate low-productivity crops.10 In the river basins of Segura, Ebro, Jitcar, and Guadalquivir more than a third of irrigated water generates a net operating surplus worth less than 20 cents per cubic meter.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	50b90ba2c0db7474b35901c14ab156ef	These experiences show that the success of using national climate funds is highly context-specific, with many remaining uncertainties. However, as one provider pointed out, extra-budgetary NCFs may appear more efficient if seen as a stepping stone to more integrated finance. In general, a wide range of views and practices were found across interviewees on NCFs, reflecting their exploratory stage.	13	3	2	0.2
10.18356/fd217899-en	50bc1a9ff6754db66c50a14a70b9a90e	Droughts are also increasing in frequency and severity. Agriculture in particular may be impacted, with rice production dropping 50 per cent by 2100. The impacts of such changes are estimated to reduce the GDPs in South-East Asian countries by 2.2 to 6.7 per cent annually by the end of this century, a loss eleven times greater than the forecasted decline in global GDP.6 Effective ecosystem management is being recognized as a way to counteract some of these rising costs. This represented a value of up to four times the global GDP. By creating a way for service beneficiaries to recognize the value of these ecosystem services via monetary payments, PES creates potential for sustainable financing that complements public funding. Unlike traditional command and control approaches that rely solely on government funding, PES programmes can use private sector financing to help ensure long-term financial support.	15	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	50bec500286d77abf6a7d5b64bb02ff8	The distribution and abundance of tuna stocks are influenced by the currents, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient supply (Bell et al. Collectively, these states, which are also members of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), control the world’s largest sustainable tuna purse seine industry. Only around 20 per cent of catches occur outside the waters of the Commonwealth Pacific small states, including in Indonesia’s and the Philippines’ waters, and up to 7 per cent occurs in international waters.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-7-en	50c22779c6fff63a16dc980e7a361b58	Adopted children (without any genetic links with their adoptive parents) have shown that non-genetic parents’ SES factors can impact the cognitive development of a child. The IQ of these children was measured before adoption, and all children, whether adopted by low- or high-SES families, had higher IQ’s after adoption. But children adopted by higher-SES families had significantly larger gains in IQ than children adopted in lower-SES families because they were raised in richer, more stimulating environments.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	50c23e010f424dc63bc0392e3fbe793a	These were clustered into four categories of collective empowerment as well as effectiveness and self-sustainability. Some 132 indicators were mapped onto this matrix as a baseline for annual participatory M&E, prompting an action plan for making better progress on those indicators. While empowerment is a process that never ends, donor support is finite.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	50c2fc8dfdd9b1682d0888e21401bc0b	Of this 80%, or 0.32, is in Country A’s zone, and Country A catches 0.16 if it leaves behind 0.16. If we check the maximum condition for Country B, we find that 0.2 x 0.5/V 0.16 = 0.25 instead of 1, which means that Country B would want to leave a negative amount of fish behind (-0.15), which is not possible. The agreement between the United States and Canada had sought an acceptable interference by Americans with the runs to the Fraser River and by Canadians with runs to Washington and Oregon.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a84cce24-en	50c47c3216d2346ca0bc890cebf157fc	Four areas of reform would need to be considered. First, further improvements to international financial regulatory framework are needed to stem excessive risk-taking and capital flow volatility, including through appropriate capital controls and macro-prudential regulatory reforms imposing counter-cyclical biases in rules for reserve requirements and loan-loss provisioning. Second, as new systems of regulation are being elaborated, there is a need for a fundamental revision of existing mechanisms of compensatory financing designed to cope with external shocks. Such revisions should ensure more adequate availability of and easier access to international liquidity, especially for developing countries.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	50c9468d0652bc77410e870fff97607d	To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket 0/services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jxx20dk8jf5-en	50d1b042ff66e5ce382105e557c9b517	Oceans and seas cover over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, provide food and minerals, generate oxygen, absorb greenhouse gases and keep in check climate change, determine weather patterns and temperatures, and serve as highways for sea-borne international trade. Healthy oceans and seas are thus essential to the quest for a more sustainable future for all, and in particular for small island developing states (SIDS) and other coastal developing states. Oceans and seas are, however, facing significant environmental and economic risks that can affect all states. Such risks arise from climate change, a rise in the sea level, acidification of sea water, over-exploitation and poor management of marine resources, and deposit of pollutants and fertilisers in the seas, damaging the seabed and oil, gas and mineral extraction.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	50d573c0a533663db3c6439bc0c172e7	An added stipulation requires early notification of intention to fish. Open and closed seasons are imposed where necessary'. A whitefish quota management committee, comprising of members of the industry and national administration officials, meets monthly to undertake detailed analysis of key stocks including Cod, Haddock, Whiting, Hake, Monk, Megrim, Nephrops, Sole and Plaice, as well as deep sea species (see below). The majority of quota fisheries are controlled by means of separate Fishery Management Orders made by the Minister which restrict the fisheries as necessary, by setting catch limits per boat, according to the size of the vessel based on recommendations of the committee. The principal objective is to maintain access on an equitable basis throughout the year.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	50d69746cbc651eade8f57a5a28c808e	Earmarked resources, wherever possible, can assist the transparency of road safety investment and its value. Revenue sources for road funds typically come from fuel taxes, vehicle registration and licensing fees, and road user charges for heavy vehicles. For example, in the New Zealand Road Safety to 2010 strategy, the road fund finances the national road safety enforcement programme, national road safety education, national publicity and awareness campaigns, national strategy management and coordination processes, national and local low-cost safety engineering measures, and general road network investments that contribute to improved road safety outcomes. User fees are usually collected on a cost-recovery basis and may represent a substantial proportion of a country’s total road safety investment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	50d6b6daf5b732281ae211c2fd0f3e58	These conventional plants run less frequently and produce less energy, which changes their economics and therefore tend to favour less capital-intensive technologies, such as open-cycle gas turbines, instead of combined-cycle gas turbines. These situations of minimum residual load do not necessarily occur during periods of low demand and they have implications for all markets, including the day-ahead market, intra-day or balancing and ancillary services markets. Little consideration has been given to these situations of low load, as it is usually sufficient to shut down plants during a few days or at night time when they are not needed.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	50daae6def4ad4cccb57084dbb51f5ef	Child/adolescent development studies are also mandatory in around two-thirds of the countries, and development of research skills is required in half of the countries. In 20 countries, new teachers at all levels of education are fully qualified without further requirement. In most countries, staff within the school are responsible for supporting beginning teachers. These are most often offered as specific training programmes in traditional teacher education institutions.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	50de4997e51a41fbfe470682bf4661a9	"Following a temporary interruption in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, the incomes of the richest 1 per cent of the world's population have started to grow again at a rate considerably faster than those of the rest of the population. The world is seeing increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and the loss of biodiversity."" In recent years, these trends have triggered environmental stress and disasters such as floods, cyclones and droughts with devastating effects on the livelihoods and security of people around the world and taking a particularly high toll on women and girls in developing countries (see Chapter 3)."	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	50e02e19294604abaa66ace513812db3	These issues are discussed below. Aside from reducing the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities, funds or programmes with large transaction costs will disfavour small-scale projects, e.g. that take place in small island developing states (SIDS) (Maclellan, 2011). Governance structures can affect the ease with which developing countries access international climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	50e1527822b599a2fe4e978f6085d6de	It consisted of the widespread provision of subsidies on goods and services. While rural producers received some subsidies, they tended to benefit urban population groups the most, helping to keep wage costs low in support of industrial sector development. Various attempts at land reforms did not, for the most part, succeed at boosting agricultural productivity, so the needs of the structurally poor, especially in rural areas, were a neglected part of social policies.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	50e8baa2b1642cc042ba7656d8328bb3	Coal 5 of EFA - gender equity in education - remains a distant hope for girls and women with intellectual disabilities. We define quality in this study as having four main dimensions - positive and enabling attitudes for inclusion, supportive and trained teachers, adaptable curriculum and assessment, and accessible and supportive schools. The 'supply' of all these educational components is foundational to a good education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a84cce24-en	50ecac0a161da67dea5c92c64cf4e04e	Further, freely flowing private capital flows have made macroeconomic stabilization much more challenging. Rules for intellectual property rights and quality standards have increased the cost for many developing countries of absorbing new technologies, becoming globally competitive and introducing greener production processes to combat and adapt to climate change. This does not mean that there is no policy space at all, but rather, that the narrowed scope in this regard is posing much greater challenges to policymakers today.	10	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	50eeae34667043deac441c617ca626f1	Mexican sector regulations allow the construction of plants (under any technology) to export electricity, and currently there are several thermal plants set up for this purpose. The generator can store this virtual energy in its ‘“bank”* for a 12-month period. This makes wind power the only segment of the Mexican electricity industry that is clearly dominated by transnational private investors.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/599a2d0d-en	50ef29c6f636a1a8cda65978cf8d5126	Clearly there are many other factors at play - notably a range of social barriers and determinants. These can be related to gender, class, ethnicity, caste, language, and religion - arising from ingrained social structures, norms and processes that accept and even encourage unfair distributions of wealth and social resources. For example, people living with HIV and some other chronic illnesses, face high levels of stigma and discrimination that hinder their access to medical testing, treatment, care and support. Governments aiming to improve health standards will therefore want to improve the status of women, provide effective reproductive health services, implement comprehensive breastfeeding programmes in line with current recommendations and increase community-based pressures against sex-selective abortion. Poor people, lacking education and information, or the funds for healthier options, are more vulnerable to the impact of NCDs than the rich and are likely to die earlier. Directly and indirectly, NCDs will have far-reaching impacts on progress towards the MDGs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	50f0afea5eaaac934677d6414d33306b	Although dispersion was high between 1995 and 2015, it declined slightly or convergence occurred between 2000 and 2010-2011. Thereafter, the process stalled, and dispersion actually increased. This could be associated with burgeoning demand for commodities (products that are usually produced in less developed territories or regions), which fuelled growth rates above the national average in several cases.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	50f21ab61fcd14b7268260cf8f406b2e	Selected activities have been highlighted to illustrate the main points of the assessment, but all member States should be recognized for the contributions they have made to advancing ESD throughout the 10 years of the Strategy for ESD. The securing of leadership and political will has been a critical factor in the success of the Strategy. At the end of the implementation of Phase III, significant advancements have been made on four of the seven Strategy issue areas: policy integration, curricula, tools and resources, and cooperation and networking.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	50f487a79d013fb7600765dad1e267db	This indicator was obtained as a weighted average of EPRC and EPT, with weights 7/12 and 5/12. However, as discussed in the previous section, increasing the flexibility of the labour market by relaxing firing regulations for regular contracts or hiring restrictions on fixed-term contracts is not neutral. In fact, different reforms tend to have significantly different effects, and a few of them appears more desirable than others.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	50f579eac845c77f22bfc37856f5c82f	The site provides instructions on how to set up and maintain such Geo-DRM portals, perform geospatial analysis and flood risk modelling. It also offers information on other disaster-related GIS skills and techniques (http://drmlearning.unescap.org/). They include those developed by: the Indian Space Research Organisation (http:// bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in); the Pacific Disaster Center (http://www.pdc.org); the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (http:// geoportal.icimod.org); the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (http://www.gdacs.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	50fd22a17331727539f6ab19fafd6202	The Act also requires the government to include aviation and shipping emissions, or provide an explanation why not, by the end of 2012. This scheme replaced the Energy Efficiency Commitment, with a greater focus on more substantial and robust household energy saving measures such as insulation, and a component targeted at those most vulnerable to fuel poverty. The total lifetime savings required from energy suppliers over the duration of the scheme until 2012 is 293 million tonnes CO2.	13	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	50ff9dfc67a1a6317327c1fc16210072	Further, we have summarized the most relevant ICT-standards and medical-managerial Guidelines involved, enabling interoperability in contemporary home-care and assisted-living. Finally, we have created various home-care related “patent-maps”, by employing the European Patent Office (EPO) search-engine esp@cenet and other sources. By combining these three steps, we have attempted to use the early disclosing potential of published IP-documents, to reduce eventually intentional obscuring of IP-portfolios, as it will be presented in details, in the following sections. If some patented technology is “essential” for the implementation of a standard, then the corresponding patent granted is called Standard Essential Patent (SEP).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/025e4007-en	50ffc2d36acbe12727e9db4bfcb6ec5d	As of early 2015, 145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in the power generation, heating and cooling, and transport sectors, the majority of which are not gender-sensitive (REN21 2015). Uganda's Renewable Energy Policy has special gender strategies, including promotion of microfinance, to ensure that women can benefit from renewable energy technologies in their household tasks. India's national biofuels programme specifically refers to the role of women in cultivating biodiesel crops.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	51022cb4f50064b7ec21ec2e52421b66	More particularly, Australia could borrow ideas from a number of countries on how to reach workers retrenched individually or from smaller firms better and earlier (Box 3.4). The programme lasts up to 12 months and includes a range of measures aimed at improving re-employment prospects such as job-search assistance, intensive counselling, meeting a caseworker, skills evaluation, access to training, and follow-up support. The cost of the programme is shared between the public employment service, the employer and the employee, providing incentives for all actors to facilitate co-operation. The employer must offer the CSP to all workers they plan to dismiss before actual dismissal takes place and is subject to a significant fine in case of non-compliance.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	5102430a04b2cd877dd63f1f7b3f56f1	In order to reduce such risks, global and national governance and regulatory policy frameworks are necessary, as is appropriate attention to local knowledge and practices of women and men (UnmuBig, 2014; Fairhead, Leach and Scoones, 2012). Biofuel production policies could run counter to local food security needs. But the same study also shows women's greater responsiveness to environmental, health and climate concerns, compared with men. These findings may very well apply globally and would have implications, for example, in terms of better provisioning of sustainable and accessible public transport and universal access to modern energy services. Women's voices and participation in diverse forums is of critical importance, both as an issue of justice and equality and because the active presence of women can put gender-specific concerns on the agenda and contribute to collective actions that are more effective in meeting the three dimensions of sustainability (Agarwal, 2010).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	5104074212098dddd96c4a35a5bf5726	Recent years have seen further internationally pioneering activities related to patient safety, such as the Danish Safer Hospital Programme. Another important component is the Danish system for adverse event reporting, co-ordinated by the National Agency for Patient Rights and Complaints (NAPRC). In doing so, many actors across the health care landscape have concurred in making quality of care a key priority.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5108d026e411c26eaa6c259c6aab7369	At a political level, a Pigouvian tax also introduces significant shifts in the allocation of environmental use rights, which can translate into real economic losses or gains for different groups of users or producers worth billions of dollars. This often explains the ferocious resistance to environmental taxes, for instance carbon taxes, by those who would need to pay them. On a conceptual level, it is the information problem that constitutes the true Achilles heel of the Pigouvian approach centring on the optimal pricing of externalities.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	5109505ffc65763c09bce5218d8e5825	The rural-urban gap in the quantity and quality of teaching staff is particularly large in Albania and Qatar. Only in a few countries, including Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Japan, Mexico, Romania, Serbia and Spain, are urban teachers considerably older and more experienced than rural teachers. Despite the multiple challenges faced by rural teachers that could potentially lead to a higher staff turnover, there is no clear evidence across countries that urban teachers in lower secondary education spend more years teaching in their schools than rural teachers, except in Croatia, Japan, Korea, Romania, Serbia and Spain.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	5109b68954cfe0396b1b6ba14249cddb	Table 5.1 shows these geological regions, along with the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids for each region. Note that these regions include countries and territorial waters beyond those considered in this report. These four regions account for approximately 5 per cent of the undiscovered oil and gas in the Caribbean and South America combined.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	510a475e464335dd442c572cea57a773	Through these instruments rents are set below-market levels and the duration of contract is longer than what mandated by law for private rental contracts, in exchange for rental income tax relief. Social Rental Agencies (SRAs) also take on this role in some countries; SRAs are non-profit organizations that act as intermediaries between private landlords and vulnerable tenants providing guarantees to the landlords (typically rent payments, management and administrative tasks, and physical quality of the dwelling) and support services to tenants. Evidence shows that landlords capture a sizeable share of public housing allowances by raising rents in Finland (Kangasharuju 2010, Viren 2011), France (Fack 2005, LaFerrere and Le Blanc 2004), the United Kingdom (Gibbons and Manning 2006), and the United States (Susin 2002).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	510d5344defccec84e9b46035bc2cfd6	The practices featured from the Republic of Korea and Japan are telemedicine pilot projects to manage chronic disease patients more efficiently and at lower cost. The projects included a health management curriculum, with emphasis on nutrition and exercise guidance. The participants in each pilot project found the services to be helpful in managing their health; the project evaluation findings also indicated several meaningful medical improvements.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	510df8fa871ced7d41f5340d28edc1f6	The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. A combination of economic and regulatory support is therefore necessary in order to boost deployment of renewable energy and make the renewable energy targets effective and credible. As in the rest of the world, feed-in tariffs (FIT) are the most common policy mechanism to support renewable energy in Emerging Asia.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	510e779d7cdfd3c7857c0a67e40dd545	This means that severance pay is relatively more important for job losers with few entitlements to UBs. Alternatively, Ubs can be made conditional on the number of monthly wages worth of SP. Such an arrangement exists in Canada. While the authors claim their findings reflect moral-hazard effects, it is not clear why liquidity effects could not play a role as well.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	51138f16d0521e6bf125e74a7b3f26ef	This index is a data aggregation tool that proposes an original angle to assess the affordability of a specific location by gathering data on the cost of housing and transport/commuting. For example, poorer populations can often find themselves pushed out of newer, sustainable, transit-oriented housing developments in walkable neighbourhoods, particularly when the housing is centrally located. Prioritising the metropolitan scale in delivering housing and transport investment will help ensure a co-ordinated response to the need for economic efficiency, affordability and access to opportunity for all citizens. While regulatory barriers may drive up the cost of affordable housing development in the core, low access to transport in the periphery could drive up the total costs of housing transport for poorer households, who then get priced out of the core. An example of a strategic and practical partnership in this sense can be found in the New York and Connecticut Sustainable Communities Consortium, which offered a platform of co-ordination for housing and transport policy (Box 5.8). The initiative focused on downtown areas and/or economically challenged communities along the Metropolitan Transportation Agency Metro-North railroad system.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208704-5-en	5113abeedc41a31f18e46b356ef4031c	The employment, skills and training strategies developed by the European Union and the G20/ILO provide the framework for this analysis. The chapter applies the five critical elements of the G20 Training Strategy to the case of green structural change and outlines five key policy actions. Environmental awareness and management responsibility are required of eveiy individual consumer, worker and entrepreneur (EU Skills Panorama, 2012).	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	51146f4644f6c63600b896b18c82c036	Post-war Rwanda and Afghanistan, for example, have seen better access for women to representation in political institutions (i.e. parliament). This complexity applies to all categories of global civil society organizations: liberal humanitarian and relief organizations, politically or financially coopted organizations and militarily embedded organizations. Liberal humanitarian organizations are more likely to promote a progressive gender agenda and may positively interact with local civil society, but can also reiterate hegemonic power relations on the base of culture, race and class.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	51164560d3044e433606a96c14d8165c	This is critical to foster economic growth and job creation, as when resources in an economy are misallocated (e.g. workers with capacities to participate in innovative activities do not have opportunities due to discrimination), the economy performs below its potential. For presentation purposes, policies are classified in this section by main type of objective. Such misallocations may arise due to discrimination in labour markets, barriers to access to financial resources that specifically affect smaller players, and low geographical mobility of workers, resulting in significantly lower levels of productivity.8 Tackling the specific barriers that challenge participation in innovation such as, for instance, limited access to resources on financial markets can complement innovation policy efforts. However, very often these policies alone are not sufficient because low participation in innovation activities often stemps from a combination of barriers.	9	3	3	0.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	5116ba1cb437f2b1f8ceb7cf540e6959	This reflects the reality that poverty reduction depends on inequality, both levels and changes, and sectoral and geographic patterns of growth. However, poor people are often not located where growth takes place (being in rural and fragile regions) and typically face constraints in moving to areas where growth is occurring. Further, political economy constraints within countries often hamper the implementation of policies of redistribution. However, unequal distribution of land ownership may constrain the poverty-reducing effect of agricultural growth.29 Similarly, since poor people usually have less skills, growth which expands sectors which use unskilled labor relatively intensively will be more poverty reducing than growth which expands other sectors. Empirical evidence from African countries supports the view that the structure of growth matters for poverty reduction.	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	511a64a33f0005907211c3c15141568c	However, since the decline of phosphate production from its peak in 1975, the domestic residential sector is now the dominant user. Nauru relies entirely on petroleum (Figure 9.1), with fuel imports accounting for 8 per cent of GDP in 2014 (SPC, 2016). The Nauru Utilities Commission (NUC) provides all energy services to Nauru except for the Australian refugee camp and the main processing plant of the Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPHOS), which generate their own power. The government purchases petroleum for supply to all customers except RONPHOS, which does its own purchasing.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	511b289fb1518fd2da70efe944d6bf01	While a subset of the costs of morbidity such as loss of working capacity or the cost of hospitalisation can be reliably measured on the basis of available data, other notions such as disability-adjusted life years (DALY) or the value of a life year lost (VOLY), a composite of the economic cost of morbidity and of mortality, are more fragile. There is also the risk of doubly penalising people exposed to social costs, e.g. air pollution, by treating their subsequent deaths as less valuable, as a DALY method yields a lower value on reductions in mortality risk for older populations with lower quality of life. These are ongoing issues where current economic research on costs of morbidity still needs to converge on a widely accepted metric for morbidity that would be comparable to the VSL established for measuring the social costs of increased mortality risk in the context of full cost accounting.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	511c502728dcc278bad1ca1b7386203c	Households in rural areas are deemed not deprived if they have some form of sanitation (including latrines) with removal and disposal of waste neither aboveground nor in rivers or seas. Households are said to be energy poor when they do not consume enough energy to meet their daily requirements and use fuel that is hazardous to the health of their members (Nussbaumer and others, 2011). The resources of households have been linked to the level of toxicity and the efficiency of the fuel that they use, with the worst fuels being waste matter, wood and charcoal, in that order16 (Duflo and others, 2008).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	512352d5ffda826e4a754f5a8269ff94	Indeed, several countries have already established adaptation plans or strategies aiming to mainstream adaptation -independent of requests in the UNFCCC framework. For example, in 2009, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) members established a regional adaptation strategy that aimed to mainstream adaptation into development strategies (CCCCC, 2009). More recently (2011-13), several countries (e.g. Cambodia, Mozambique, Samoa, Tonga, Zambia) have developed a “strategic plan for climate resilience” in the context of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, PPCR (CIF n.d.).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	5124757df31811e41adc0e79d212045f	See IG, Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (1949-1950) of 18 July 1950 (IG Reports 1950,p. Moreover, an international instrument has to be interpreted and applied within the framework of the entire legal system prevailing at the time of the interpretation. Advisory Opinion on the 'Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa), notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)', (ICJ Reports 1971, p. 16, para. See, e.g., the case of Tyrer v. the United Kingdom, Application No.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264298781-en	5124da6b378689baf9887ff59a3aaf6b	While prudent management of petroleum profits has led to the accumulation of about 200% of mainland GDP in the Government Pension Fund Global, Norway cannot afford to be complacent in preparing for the future. The widespread use of part-time work arrangements and the relatively low number of hours in the full-time working week reflect a widespread belief in maintaining a healthy work-life balance and may contribute to Norwegians’ high rate of life satisfaction. However, sustaining such a lifestyle requires an efficient and skilled labour force, and a skills system that activates and utilises all available skills.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	512b2cd3a1fe29927acc324792c90f4b	Until 2013 such consent was not required for areas of less than 0.5 ha. If the owner has been granted a cutting permit, exemption from payment of the fee applies in some cases (e.g. for safety reasons). The act also imposes a penalty for damaging trees through “inappropriate execution of maintenance procedures”.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	512fa16c1bedf5e28d601596a211c228	Further, they need to be carefully designed so that individuals cannot “game the system” by, for example, misrepresenting the true use of a property. Designing property taxes and charges to tackle urban sprawl (cont.) Perverse incentives are created when single-family residential properties are offered lower taxes than higher-density properties of the same value (Haveman and Sexton, 2008). When property taxes are based on land value, rather than buildings or other improvements to the property, owners have an incentive to develop the land to its most profitable use.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	513047faf54e3e6f2e76d7833923a48e	"The metropolitan government lias developed the Buildable Lands Inventory, a detailed and sophisticated land-monitoring process to inventory vacant land and track the “refill rate”. This is defined as the rate at which new development occurs through ""infill” (when more units are constructed on an already developed lot) or “redevelopment” (when a structure is removed and another built in its place). For nonindustrial use, 52% of new capacity was built on developed land (Metro, 2009)."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	5133a2ae290b70832bcc1f796b91cf13	In seeking to make the connection between ethical perspectives and poverty reduction we ignored the political dimensions of justification, the arena in which ethics exercise practical influence. It was well beyond the scope of the paper to tackle this. We hope our paper stimulates further research on these research gaps.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1e13e538-en	5134e914aedcc92b4effd6f1a4d1f06f	The Inventory features 9 surface water basin chapters and 17 groundwater basin chapters. They are designed to be read as stand-alone chapters as they are available in this form on the Inventory website. Each basin chapter concludes with a bibliography. Cooperation and Outlook', are generally written in a nontechnical language to be accessible to a wide audience of interested readers.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	51352ca600c749b0b163335b44d216a0	Another 20% is degraded forest, and 10% is unsuited for cropping (barren rock, snow cover, glaciers etc.). With an average lower heating value of 17 MJ per kilogram, this corresponds to 80 Mtoe (100 Mt) of energy, which can be converted in biomass power plants with an efficiency of around 30%. Assuming a load factor of 60%, this biomass can sustain 25 GW biomass power generation capacity. Sugar production residues represent the single most important category.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	51352d1941a1c656298cbd1744c441c7	This shift in the labour intensity of economic growth could be related, among other factors, to the characteristics of foreign direct investment (FDI). In the first phase, FDI focused on acquisitions —often of State-owned enterprises— which resulted in layoffs, while in the second phase the generation of new production capacities (greenfield investment) predominated (ECLAC, 2014a). As a result of these transformations, it was noted that in the recent period of growth, larger enterprises —which are generally more productive and competitive— accounted for an increased share of the employment structure (Wei ler and Kaldewei, 2013: pages 70 and 71). However, it emphasized that these effects were modest and often limited to certain groups of workers.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	513735df5a100a3d7978facada4b42f0	Almost one in four students underperformed on PISA 2009 and did not achieve the level that is considered necessary to participate effectively in society. Inequitable system-level practices, such as early tracking and streaming into special schools, can hinder equity and quality. Progress is also hampered by a lack of systemic support to ensure the capacity of teachers and school leaders to address diverse student needs and provide more inclusive education and by a need for greater clarity to guide schools.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	513dc6f4d4d8bcc2a6979dd526a57546	The country’s third BR reports on publically-financed projects only (Danish Ministry Of Energy, 2017[14J), following a recommendation in the report of the technical review of its second BR that Denmark should distinguish between public and private sector activities to the extent possible. The majority of Annex II Parties therefore report predominantly on activities wholly-funded by the public sector, with less than half providing information on private-sector projects and activities implemented jointly by the public and private sectors (UNFCCC, 2016(9]). Other Parties” that provide support (i.e. countries that are not “developed”, but that may provide support to other developing countries) are also invited to provide information.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	513e40d70ea05237d041b52154b8444e	Table 2 lists the 33 deprivation indicators (both child-specific and household-specific) that are available from the 2009 EU-SILC database ordered in domains. The table also gives the proportion of the whole sample (across all countries) missing each item and Cronbach’s alpha for the scale of each (sub) domain. From the table it can be seen that the scalability of the items poor in some domains.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9610e4d4-en	513e874e72f98c55733b28805ca1cba3	The 'Basin Facts' table at the beginning of each chapter lists alternative names, which may also be based on lithology and/or age. Extensive aquifer systems that are divided into different sections or basins are generally designated through geographical names for the purpose of this Inventory. For instance, the Umm er Radhuma-Dammam Aquifer System (South) is situated in the Rub' al Khali Desert, which is an integrated part of Saudi Arabia and extends to Oman, UAE, and Yemen; however, reference to Rub' al Khali is meant to specify the geographical area where this section of the aquifer system is situated, but does not serve as an alternative name for the aquifer system itself.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/46f8d776-en	5143e817991c8363d06eda61cb0e468b	"The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. R. (2005), ""Property rights in fisheries: Iceland's experience with ITQs"", Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15(3): 243-264."	14	4	0	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	51460c96d2529ade378f6f19981b29d0	For small-scale fishers and fish workers, the benefits of being part of an organization include: (i) experiencing a sense of belonging and identity; (ii) generating market power for better opportunities as well as for devising the ways and means to obtain the best return for the products of their labour; (iii) being involved in developing policies to improve the fisheries sector; and (iv) conservation of the fishery resources and protection of their ecosystems. Founded in 1985 by a group of small-scale fishers, its goals are to improve both working conditions for artisanal fisheries and the positioning of their products in the market. This process revealed that the link between the Tarcoles fishing community and its marine resources was not limited to a dependence on them as a source of income and livelihood. In recent years, and with the support of CoopeSoliDar R.L., CoopeTarcoles R.L. has promoted a series of participatory strategies for sustainable management of fishery resources, including the generation of new knowledge.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	5146e9ae5c7e9fe2a934971123e07c97	This plays a crucial role in setting students’ expectations and their ambition to achieve academic goals (Anderson and Huesmann, 2003; Huesmann, 1998; Eccles, Vida and Barber, 2004; Frome and Eccles, 1998). Various studies also find that parental expectations increase as socio-economic status rises (Ang and Huan, 2006; Xiao, 2013). The latest PISA 2015 results also confirm this equation, since socio-economic status is found to be related to students’ ambition (OECD, 2017). On average across OECD countries, disadvantaged students were 11 percentage points less likely than advantaged students to report that they want to be among the best students in the class, and 13 percentage points less likely to see themselves as an ambitious person.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	5147603bab34988ccf5e254cfaf85f50	For example, under Decision N0.I6OO/QD-UBND in 2013, the master plan for forest protection and development of the city by 2020 assigns 24 238.1 hectares as forest land by 2020. Although the city has been implementing forest development projects with this in mind, the forested area was only 17 990 hectares in 2013 (11.8% of the total area). Increasing competition for land among various business sectors, inadequate capital for the protection and regeneration of forests, especially mangrove reforestation, due to the limited city budget, and lack of coordination within the governments (among departments, districts and communes) are noted as major reasons (City of Hai Phong, 2015).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	5147cdb8c7158ecba32965be95434318	It publishes an annual information bulletin on the state of groundwater and its use. The Ministry of Health publishes a monthly information bulletin on hygiene, ecology and human health. These bulletins are circulated among the public authorities in a limited number of copies. They are not easily available to the public; neither are they available online. These cover the following: air emissions and their treatment; forest areas, reforestation, and the harvesting of non-wood products; fish hauls and reproduction at fish farms; land reclamation; protected natural areas; current costs of environmental protection; and payments for environmental pollution.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	51484f5564a6783ced8e5bf32a06033f	Encouraged by early successes, these companies then pushed the regulatory agencies to approve the use of these approaches in their regulatory guidance for business plans. This phenomenon was largely attributed to pastureiand-related activities. The company therefore considered the possibility of working to improve land management, but the problem was that they did not own the land. The solution was to work with a third-party organisation to get landowners to launch a new initiative.	6	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	5148adfae6d81edcaa4605d7a09d0e87	However, it can also raise the cost of some policies and cause dependency on public policy support. The first case was especially evident in the case of financing policies, where the cheapest schemes for client firms in terms of interest rate and credit conditions were those directly managed by SEDECOs without drawing on any further external organisation. As the SME Fund’s rules are getting more complicated over time, entry barriers to the use of the Fund are on the rise. This holds back competition to the advantage of consolidated intermediaries who already master the Fund’s mechanisms and who can apply higher administrative charges on their programmes. In the long term, this may cause dependency on public support for some intermediaries who draw more than others on the Fund.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	51497ed9197f9da7ab42a580263b68d1	New EZs and ICs are also planned to the north and south-east of the traditional urban core in several satellite areas. The Hai Phong Economic Zone Authority provides a “one-stop service” for investors in Hai Phong’s industrial parks and EZs. The Dinh Vu - Cat Hai Economic Zone covers an area of 22 540 hectares (non-tariff zone 1 258 ha; tariff zone 12 532 ha: others 8 750 ha), extending to the north and south-east of the city.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	514a0fbfa5df049824ceea41716b84e1	During the court proceedings, the originator company pursued four additional infringement suits, alleging the generic product fell within the scope of several different forms and new uses of paroxetine hydrochloride. In case the active ingredient is new and patented in addition to the composition, third parties would not be in a position to legally use the active ingredient without authorization from the patent holder, or through a compulsory license. These considerations do not apply to the treatment of new uses of known products (see above): as opposed to the case of derivatives, new uses concern the identical substance.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	514a201ffad9d42f175920358475b0cf	This suggests that as GDP increases, a reduction in the physically and time-intensive tasks of unpaid care work (such as collecting water or fuel) can be observed for (mainly) women, but this does not lead automatically to a more equitable distribution among household members (Ferrant, Pesando and Nowacka, 2014). For a definition of income groups see http://data.worldbank.ore/data-cataIoe/world-deveIoDment-indicators. In Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa time use data is available for girls and boys from age ten, revealing that ten-year-old girls spend on average 44 minutes in unpaid care work compared to 24 minutes for boys of the same age.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	514da1e1f4d9c5ac16d04a9c913e9cab	The difference in terms is not based in any subtle conceptual differences - but simply reflects the way these objectives have developed in different contexts. These additions will necessitate even greater policy coherence across economic, environmental and social policies, with shifts in institutional arrangements and administrative culture to enable well-aligned and mutually supportive policies. As environmental risks can undermine growth and human well-being, economic policies that aim to promote growth and raise living standards must take these risks into account.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	514f820e1252f8239dd3ef845d8feaa1	Such investments need to be accompanied by a wide range of institutional and capacity building activities to enhance long term planning and knowledge dissemination. Although a large number of support programmes have been active in Bangladesh, significant gaps and barriers to building long term urban resilience remain. These relate primarily to limited public resources and capacities as well as to limited capacities across all levels of society, in particular the urban poor.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	514fd084948b9f8fff813f951aefc9ed	In Brazil, this is estimated to be around 3.4 years, which is considerably lower than in other emerging countries (as well as in Italy and Spain), but longer than for other OECD countries. The measure in Column 4 addresses this issue somewhat by focusing on successful transitions only. Based on this measure, counting only youth who do transition to work, it takes young people in Brazil one year on average to make the transition from education into the world of work.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	5150127290874266f18fa1a21ac651e7	For example, Ipsos MORI (2010) contacted a range of UK businesses and only 23% of those surveyed reported having taken action in response to the risks of climate change. Actions to improve businesses’ resilience or to manage environmental or climate risks may occur as part of standard risk management or planning processes, and may not be explicitly categorised as an adaptation response to climate change. The second challenge is that there are weak drivers for companies to publicise their actions on adaptation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	515194bfc002ee72cfe7a4081416e4ec	Over the longer term e-records in primary care could also usefully include information on pathologies and care to improve evaluations, including those regarding practices. Training for public and independent experts would also be needed, notably in using data, as the exploitation of administrative data for evaluation has been limited to date (Cour des comptes, 2016c). Moreover, the national health authority (HAS), which develops medical guidelines, focuses on clinical trials and developing ex post evaluations of treatment strategies, and additional data analyses could help adapt its recommendations.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	5155cd5a98bb57f7571a9399e0df6444	As a result, it is difficult for authorities to expand service provision to match the pace of urban expansion. In the case of public transport, the difficulty of providing bus services is complicated by development whose roads are unable to accommodate buses. The lack of access to public transport in many areas is further exacerbated by increasing motorcycle dependence. For example, the city should ensure the implementation of its plan to put 220 eco-friendly buses into operation by 2020.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	51568904034fee2c33f2b0492cea0ced	A widely used poverty indicator is the $1 a day poor, which refers to income, or consumption poverty that is comparable across countries and can be used to analyse regional and gjobal poverty trends. For calculating $1 a day poor, nationally representative household survey data are used to generate per capita consumption or income aggregates in constant PPP $ for each household in a country for a given year. These aggregates are then weighted by the size of the household and the number of people each household represents, from survey sample weights, to generate a distribution of individual consumption or income for the country. Aparame trie specification of the underlying Lorenz curve is then fitted for the distribution.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	5157afdabdd1a1f596aea41c78156f01	Some, such as Mexico, are export-oriented manufacturers along the lines of SIEO economies. In these economies higher wages will detract from export competitiveness and growth. Others, such as Argentina and Chile, are more dependent on commodities exports. In these cases, when global commodity prices are high, higher wages may be associated with more imports and not an expansion of domestic aggregate demand because imports are cheap relative to domestically produced goods.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	515813a40b653dfaf91ef3bb15bc142b	Mental health strategies in OECD countries have ranged from a broad-brush establishment of key principles for the mental health system -for example, a need to move towards “deinstitutionalisation” - to strategies that articulate future steps for the mental health system in much greater detail, broadly in line with the outlines set by the WHO. As in many countries, mild-to-moderate mental health problems are too often excluded from mental health care in Norway. Across OECD countries concerted efforts to improve mental health care have been focused predominantly on severe mental illnesses, and have been seen as outside of the remit of specialist services.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	515934cbfea5bddfe9ba76049c4c8ddc	Developing a mechanism to prioritise urban green growth actions would be key, as seen in an example of Cambodia (Box 3.3). A simple “quick win” would be to give more w'eight to the population density in built-up areas. Giving points for better co-ordination with surrounding cities on urban infrastructure investment could also be considered.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	515a2e74e291f1fe4391aa40989b1909	What seems to be crucial is the political will for implementation, along with the allocation of resources and the definition of a clear institutional framework to manage the policies. Around 2015, ten countries had implemented policies for comprehensive early childhood services with a care component.17 In the case of older adults, three countries have policies that refer to comprehensive care: Brazil, Costa Rica and Cuba. The latter include both day centres and long-stay institutional services. In Costa Rica, the Progressive Care Network for Comprehensive Care of Older Persons, managed by the National Council of the Elderly (CONAPAM), seeks to coordinate initiatives led by civil society, public entities and families, with a view to formulating and implementing social protection policies and strategies to resolve care needs in old age, with a territorial management approach.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	515a844f3f20e2ae8936855066f8f1a3	"It is also important to understand the dynamics within the shift in the indicator, since a decline may result from a fall in the number of women without incomes of their own or from a rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not studying. For the other countries, the decline in the indicator is explained solely by the rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not in education. The drop in the proportion of women without incomes of their own is much greater than the rise in female labour force participation (in fact, the female activity rate held fairly steady, see chapter III), which means that much of the decline in the indicator is due to income from State transfers. As analysed in Cecchini and Madariaga (2011) and in ECLAC (2013c), a hallmark of the conditional cash transfer programmes implemented in the region's countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century is that they are ""feminized"", insofar as mainly women receive the benefits."	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	515fdf768d58974d8809a7aed8d1fd3a	Every Brazilian worker with a formal employment contract governed by the Brazilian Labour Code (Consolidagdo das Leis do TVabalho, CLT) is eligible to FGTS. To constitute this fund, the employer deposits 8% of the worker’s monthly eamings into a saving account in the worker’s name (2% for fixed-term workers). Moreover, workers with more than three months of tenure are entitled to an indemnity based on the total amount deposited by the employer in their FGTS account.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4a4c5913-en	5160ff74daddff182eb099a595b1ddc3	A sensitivity analysis on the impact of only fiscal variables is also employed. Other variables are tgs = taxes on goods and services as a percentage of revenue, cid = custom and other import duties as a percentage of tax revenues, tit = taxes on international trade as a percentage of revenue, and tip = taxes on incomes, profits and capital gains as a percentage of revenue, p. and a. are parameter estimates, and p and Cl are error terms. Other variables are from the World Development Indicators from the World Bank database, except those complemented by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) database on health-related variables.	10	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	5162096126824bbc08c9ed6ea2b41e48	That said, the majority of workers who are registered through such schemes tend to be informal workers in the formal sector, w'hereas most informal employment in fact occurs in unregistered firms (Berg, 2010). An additional problem raised by Almeida and Cameiro (2007) is that such policies can lead to an increase in unemployment if firms find it too costly to abide by the rules. This is why, in Brazil, the focus of inspection has not merely been on inspecting and sanctioning, but also on trying to find durable solutions in partnership with the firms concerned. As shown by Mello and Santos (2009), educational attainment is a strong predictor of sector of employment (formal or informal) at the individual level.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f00277f1-en	51623ee78c26efaa4fbc70e63e7d503a	Energy efficiency targets are now in place at all levels of government. Nevertheless, in all countries and economic sectors, increased synergies between renewables and energy efficiency measures are possible, and oftentimes strengthening one will, in turn, strengthen the other. In both technical and policy contexts, renewable energy can have a positive effect on energy efficiency—and vice versa. Each of these steps presents opportunities to strengthen the energy efficiency of the overall system.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264204638-6-en	5167445394e4494dcc6a7a6e74dd5b5e	Until 2011, it operated the Invitations to Technological Innovation and Development, a programme that funded innovations and technological developments intended to improve productivity and foster world-class industry. The “invitations” go primarily to the sectors that participate in the PTP. Vocational education and training makes up 89% of the training delivered.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	5168ad90e33c6cd340ad76ee7b7fa29b	Past growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has absorbed large numbers of workers into productive jobs and increased the prosperity of their families and communities. Industrialisation and structural transformation remain at the core of many national and regional economic development strategies. In view of greater automation and digitisation, this chapter also discusses the implications ofthe changing nature of industrialisation and the production process for the future of manufacturing development.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	516a465feff6e6cb68e707b027adf953	Engaging school communities in the definition of these criteria and allowing for local variation can ensure that they are sensitive to local context and can significantly ease their implementation (OECD, 2018(49]). The Netherlands has successfully implemented a weighting scheme in which schools are supplied with additional money for each disadvantaged student enrolled. Notably, there is ongoing debate over including migration status in the categorisation of disadvantage (Fleers, 2016(92]).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	516e0a92ea583a48b6dfaa66fd815fbb	Evaluation occurs at specific moments in the cycle, and uses qualitative and quantitative data to assess whether or not objectives have been met. Both can help identify areas where co-ordination can be improved; support dialogue and negotiation for better allocation of resources or competences, and facilitate negotiating contractual arrangements. Performance indicators can reinforce linkages among policy stakeholders at different levels of government and contribute to learning and capacity-building.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	516e8e7585339629b1dbd47fae89d9fc	Nevertheless, fulfilment of this obligation has been very limited, as has the extent of the resulting technology transfer to LDCs (Moon, 2008, 2011). A more rigorous implementation of this provision of the TRIPS Agreement in respect of energy-related technologies (including end-use technologies) could provide a means of operationalizing the technology-transfer provisions of the UNFCCC. This could usefully be supported by a more systematic approach to monitoring WTO Members’ compliance with their obligations under this Article 66.2 (UNCTAD, 2016b). South-South and triangular cooperation mechanisms can also help to facilitate the sharing of technological learning and knowledge.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	516f37624d8950e3f8e4c0e95462418a	The OECD and United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN Habitat) co-led the Policy Unit and developed the Policy Paper on NUP, which was a key input to the drafting process of NUA. Subsequently, NUA has put explicit emphasis on NUPs as one of its five implementation pillars, and called for measures to enhance the ability of governments to develop and implement such over-arching policies (United Nations, 2016a). In addition, NUPs have been proposed as a monitoring tool for the SDGs through Indicator 1 l.a. The above developments therefore provide a unique window of opportunity to upscale the uptake of NUPs as a powerful policy process to help governments shape and implement better uiban policies for better lives, in a shared responsibility across local, regional and national levels. Implementing global frameworks through National Urban Policies (cont.) Promotes jurisdictional co-ordination and coherence through horizontal co-ordination of policies and plans across jurisdictions for the efficient, equitable and affordable deliveiy of basic services and infrastmcture, according to an agreed set of standards (UN Habitat, 2017).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	516f6bcc1d2bd70f619eb2525d04d033	Evidence suggests that women's representation among clients of these services is very low. At the national level, a number of existing “industrial modernisation centres”, “mise a niveau” programmes, technology and innovation centres, and so on, target enterprises in the manufacturing sectors that have been in operation for at least two years, have a minimum number of employees (perhaps 10 or more) or are working in high-technology sectors. The vast majority of women-owned enterprises do not meet these criteria. At this time, the governments of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia created Young Entrepreneur Programmes to provide start-up training, counselling, assistance with business plan preparation, incubation, and seed capital for unemployed graduates of technical institutes and universities.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	5170954b5137d071d1c9d09d0aa77b87	The medium-term challenge for the health care system is to increase available resources to significantly enhance health outcomes. As there are relatively weak mechanisms to regulate quality and prevent unnecessary care, further improving efficiency is also of key importance. Healthy individuals are likely to enjoy longer and more productive lives and invest in their human capital, thus boosting the growth prospects of an economy.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	5172768b2d04800c320109d6c764a323	Whether the commission will have a continued mandate after submitting its report to parliament in 2013 remains uncertain as its mandate covers only one year (LCG, 2013). Land administration (cont.) The team is chaired by the Deputy Minister of MOAI and the Director of SLRD is the Secretary. The team prepares reports for the Chairman of the central FAB and MOAI’s Minister to be submitted to the Parliament and the President, and implements matters included in the report of the investigation commission on confiscated farmland and other land to prevent expropriation.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5177b7f52315bb9194cd30109c8579b5	It presents the key opportunities for new firm formation in three higher education institutions in Penang as well as available start-up support. The chapter highlights international good practice and concludes with key overarching issues in promoting graduate entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Appropriate training and hands-on support in business start-up and early development play a key role in turning knowledge advantages into viable business ventures (OECD, 2010a; 2010b).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46069360-en	51786c12557a7dbdbfc618d7af3514b1	Developing countries, specifically those dependent on commodities, are particularly vulnerable to climate change, but also, the commodities they produce affect the climate. On the one hand, extreme weather patterns such as heatwaves, floods, hurricanes and frequent seasonal abnormalities have been adversely affecting crop yields and fish production, and destroying infrastructure in the mining sector. On the other hand, clearance of forests for agricultural expansion, including rearing of livestock, and for mining and drilling projects for the extraction and use of fossil fuels, are the greatest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are largely responsible for climate change.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	517940f6b81fb666533a61d068cc8829	More support is also needed to help farmers adapt to drought, flooding or other climate impacts, particularly in developing countries. Agriculture will likely be very hard-hit by climate change, possibly reducing yields by 25% compared to current levels in some regions. Incentives systems can be used to encourage activities with dual benefits of emissions abatement and natural asset sustainability.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	517b0f796d23ebc9b1c008dad641eda8	Some countries achieve lower child poverty rates by redistributing family allowances, while for others the greater reduction in child poverty is obtained with a redistribution of housing benefits. This depends on the gains for poor families but also the potential losses for families initially above the poverty line but receiving different types of benefits. In the first group of countries, the lowest child poverty rate is achieved when housing benefits are redistributed to cover all poor children. This scenario holds the largest drops in child poverty rates in Denmark, Iceland, Ireland and Luxembourg.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-4-en	517c39405d234542078b13ee886de4e7	It is also required to assess the economic benefit of improved water resources management in a particular basin or catchment. Robust economic analysis can support informed discussions in councils, beyond ideological or misconceived statements. Federal authorities (the ANA or the CNRH) could consider setting general rules, such as lower bounds for abstraction or pollution charges, list of pollutants to be controlled and monitored (mandatory and river-specific), rules for expenditure spending and publishing of accounts.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2014-8-en	517e0620fea0ed670276f3695fca310b	It also demonstrates that individuals with similar levels of educational attainment vary in their information-processing proficiency, which may reflect differences in innate ability as well as variation in the quality and degree of skills acquisition, both in and outside the education system. All other things being equal, educational attainment and specific skills related to field of study have a strong effect on entry wages, although the education-wage relationship weakens somewhat with age/experience. College graduates receive sizeable wage premia, although those who have degrees in the humanities or in teacher training and education earn less than social science graduates.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	517fa99a102bb4e1ef624195de52f15a	This issue has also been highlighted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Network on Gender Equality, in reference to the gender issues enshrined in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action (OECD, 2008b). A study of gender differences in student performance at age 15 has presented evidence of the different ways in which boys and girls learn and progress in education (OECD, 2009a) and a study of equity in education has looked at policies to improve student performance of different groups. It is therefore relevant to study how educational facilities may cater to differences in gender in order to improve performance.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	5180d4abd697fc06e3ca10f35405c3d7	Being unemployed at the beginning of working life generally increases the probability of being unemployed later (UNIDO, 2013). Increasing the level of employment among these groups not only increases their personal income but also increases the economy's overall income through a general rise in aggregated consumption. According to the virtuous circle, the creation of new demand is highly dependent on household's discretionary income, which in turn depends on employment possibilities (UNIDO, 2017b).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086210-en	51863e7a8b18dac6f87264128bd90d60	The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	518971b68de64c0b41a052f9591f3590	"Owners have to seek approval from the administration for all the work they do in their forests. One of the most dominant issues facing private forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina is fragmentation. Private forest owners cannot attract investment to the forests due their size and fragmentation. This situation results in abandonment of forests by their owners, w'hich leads to further devastation and degradation of private forests. The forestry' administration system is reportedly well functioning (comprising forest law', action plans, annual planning, management and a monitoring system). Forest and forestland areas are divided into forest management areas, w'hich are controlled and exploited by the Public Enterprise ""Sume RS""."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/639b34cc-en	518c8a422e8452dea9670d787b96af20	This can only be accomplished with a clear roadmap involving the participation of multistakeholders, respecting the rights of local people and taking into consideration the various commitments of GMS countries to regional and international conventions and agreements. Almost all these actions require a continuous and integrated approach rather than serving as one-off activities. Agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, logging, mining and forest fires are important negative drivers affecting forests in the region.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	518d94936ab75bd962b9d726682d0ca6	Their study adopted the same price distortions as the other studies surveyed here, and ran the same scenarios, but generated its own world price changes from the GTAP model for the multilateral trade reform scenarios. Those price changes alter border prices for the various countries in the GTAP model, a subset of which have attached to them detailed household survey data. This permits the authors to say something about poverty impacts across a range of diverse economies.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/973d5b65-en	518e92d9b63c5594d1b897b1436c8efd	The site houses a versatile pavilion, a park, a playground, a sanitation centre with a rainwater-fed water tap, a day care centre and a new bridge. Local residents are involved throughout the project to learn about watershed issues, prepare proposals, and participate in the design process. The programme aims to create sustainable neighbourhoods and promotes a safe environment for children that encourages them to participate in social and educational activities and build a stronger relationship with their community.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	518f6571e94b7b924dfd9729f507869f	In these countries, abolishing the biofuel mandates causes the sharpest decline of agricultural production (Figure 10). Overall, the impact of biofuel policies on prices for agricultural primary products remains below 1%, however. Generally, the price increasing effect of removing the large fertiliser support exceeds the decreasing impacts from a removal of biofuel support. While this is most visible in China, Indonesia and notably India, it also holds for most other countries due to the higher import demand from those three.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/67989bf6-en	51920482a157b848c42cfdd94c7b305f	For example, a number of countries recently underwent setbacks in women’s representation in parliament (up to 6%). These results suggest that ensuring a continued balance in women’s representation requires ongoing vigilance. This is particularly the case when it applies to diverse groups. Backsliding is possible even when women’s political participation is a societal norm. A range of factors lead to these inequalities, including economic inequalities and access to finance, insufficient space for women to exhibit their skills, as well as internal party dynamics, attitude to gender issues and workplace culture. Unconscious biases that may manifest themselves through the association of leadership and managerial roles with men rather than women is another barrier for women’s advancement.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32528cbf-en	51932baef06d74d23d89f69ac8f6cd26	The knock-on effect of this will be a clear risk of even more overfishing, as more sea creatures will inhabit smaller and more easily accessible areas, becoming more readily fished. Here, both warming and acidification are occurring particularly rapidly and to a greater extent than in many other places in the world.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/859159ab-en	519338db03e8597ce6d2fb7f5bd965ab	The agenda propels Thailand towards greater digitalisation, through plans such as equipping 75 000 villages with internet (digital infrastructure), digital literacy training (digital manpower) and moving towards a paperless and cashless society (digital government). Smart city strategies are highlighted under the “digital technology” component, where Thailand has identified six smart city domains (Table 2.3). Established in 2018, the committee had set and achieved a first-year target of establishing smart city action plans in seven pilot cities: Bangkok, Chachoengsao, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Khon Kaen, Phuket and Rayong (Tortermvasana, 2019).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	5195bf0ffdd3351c536d6a646d6b71c7	In particular, it is not fit to study some of the important linkages between water and energy outlined in Chapter 1. First, the modelling tools can only capture systemic effects that are noticeable in the top-down frameworks, and ignore important local bottlenecks with severe local consequences that may occur over short time spans. Secondly, there are significant data gaps (see e.g. OECD, 2010) that prevent a full representation of all the bottlenecks in the baseline and counterfactual projections of the modelling tools.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	519c10a54f75bf004df0a6ea2562b73a	The further development of these advanced applications needs a high bandwidth, low delay, stable and safe network to support data flows. The optical transmission network is an efficient information expressway and a stable data tunnel. This project lays the foundation for information communication in China and plays a key role in information technology, which enhances the ability of information communication and meets the information development needs of China. This project is relevant to SDGs 3, 8 and 9.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591288-5-en	519c9d1ff6edc41245b8dc8dfeb0051b	Also proffered are reasons as to why activism has failed to yield positive results. Atrocities committed included rape, mutilation and forced enslavement. Some women and girls were coerced into ‘marriages’ with rebels while others were forcefully conscripted or used as porters and required to carry rebel equipment and supplies for miles.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	519fb5c7c1eb276eb49eb93be797fe76	This development should also be seen in the broader context of producing indicators for measuring progress in human development following the adoption of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development in 1995 and, later, progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the 2000s. Second, at the national level, there has been an increase in demand at the national level for gender statistics and indicators with a view to supporting policymaking and measuring the gender-related achievements of development projects, including the participation of women and men in such projects. Gender indicators on input, project participation and project output have been the focus of many agencies involved with development projects.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	51a41e3c625ed1a7751e06ae4976f15b	On average, 12% of transfers were invested, and households that received more transfers from Oportunidades also invested more. It seems that the CCT helped alleviate two market failures. First, the increased income allowed households to overcome credit constraints. Second, the stable stream of income may have made households willing to undertake more risky (and profitable) investments.	2	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289339766-6-en	51aa4b54c1080611a9b7b7d87fd18888	However, to be pragmatic and realistic, the 15% target is in fact unattainable within 2020, so any initiative that would increase the restoration activity is a contribution. One challenge is that a specific nature type may be defined in different ways, so the same type of nature ends up in different categories in the different countries. Data on wetlands in Table 4.3 is a good example, as it is perhaps not likely that wetland in good conditions in Norway (1.1% in level 1) is so much worse than in Finland (73% in level 1). This illustrates that the present datasets and definitions are unsuitable for a comparison between countries directly, but can be useful for helping countries realize the need for improved statistics and elaborating existing data.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fd217899-en	51aa519ce66dbee98596028480489eba	The savings achieved by protecting natural capital can provide convincing economic, in addition to the well-known environmental arguments, for sound environmental management. Why are such incentives important? Although society benefits from ecosystem services - and also suffers when they are longer present - there is an opportunity cost associated with the provision of ecosystem services. More immediately profitable land uses, such as intensive farming, must be given up.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	51ab963a71b1241093958c12e70802f3	Institutional investors are increasingly using co-investment as a way to reduce transaction costs, gain access to more potential investment opportunities as well as build relationships with experienced investors such as infrastructure funds. In contrast, a joint-venture is a business arrangement where two or more parties agree to pool their resources and establish a new entity for a specific project or business activity in a way that is separated from the participants’ other business interests. A consortium is an association of two or more individual companies to pool their resources and participate in a common project or business activity.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2013-5-en	51ae0a8ec804e190ce3bd4a133566b8b	It then turns to the policies needed to develop the right skills for youth and adults, focusing on education. The following section examines how skills could be better allocated in the economy. Finally, the chapter discusses policies to activate skills that are not fully used, mainly by raising participation in the labour market.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	51b105c97b6aff62dcdcdaddeaddcff3	Content from radio channel DRi and television channel TV2 was surveyed, and the results mirror the GMMP results. The study showed that 65% of all people appearing in the surveyed radio and television programmes were men and 35% were women. This indicates slightly less male dominance that the GMMPs have shown. The WIME study also included programme types other than news, and in terms of the surveyed news content women were less visible. A vast majority of 68% of all coded individuals in the news were men and only 32% were women (Andreassen 2016: 89).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	51b3ef38a098f9764c465e20c9579a0b	Second, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland does not cover the expenditures of travel or the costs of medicine. The Ministry of Health (De-partementet for Sundhed/Peqqissutsimut Naalakkersuisoqarfik) has overall responsibility for all health services, from the operation of the tertiary care Queen Ingrid Hospital in Nuuk to health centres and rural hospitals in towns and villages. Greenland is organized into 16 health districts.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	51b3fb306cf1acba25932f412e70ff42	This effectively breaks the time-honoured link between civic rights and nationality. The political inclusion mandate is taken one step further with voter education and awareness campaigns. In Colombia, the government guarantees basic services - water supply, sanitation, electricity, waste collection, telephone and gas - to all, including slum-dwellers. These technological innovations have resulted in new urban landscapes that would have seemed too futuristic and only remotely possible nearly 20 years ago, during the Habitat II conference.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	51b46b919d6020806c2c98676799c741	The lack of visibility and authority of such institutions may limit their ability to implement a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality across policy areas. However, significant evidence gaps remain in a number of policy areas, such as gender-based violence, work-life balance practices, entrepreneurship, defence and the environment. Half of the countries responding to the OECD survey apply this practice at the national level, but its use at the sub-national levels is rare. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	51b4a55afc27e4aab16a80f6d0557e09	In addition, Norwegian aquaculture is governed by a number of regulations, which set out rules regarding licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare as well as technological standards for fish farms. Its principal tasks are regulation, guidance, inspection, monitoring of resources and control. The Institute of Marine Research advises the Ministry and carries out central tasks in the investigation and monitoring of fish stocks and marine mammals, the marine and coastal environment and work on aquaculture and sea ranching. The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	51b75ec4743d08dd01c32a342ee1672f	For instance, the purpose of the Digital Readiness Framework is to improve citizens’ quality of life. The framework documents also repeatedly identify improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity while ensuring privacy of data as key focus areas. Regarding institutional organisation, the Digital Government Blueprint describes co-ordination measures between ministries, notably through increased sharing and alignment of data between ministries as well as the appointment of Chief Digital Strategy Officers and Chief Information Officers to lead and implement digitalisation plans within their ministries and respective agencies.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/09ba747a-en	51bb822db9dff05c09ad01d6726240e3	Les politiques fiscales jouent un role crucial a cet egard. La theorie fiscale, mais aussi les faits empiriques observes, de plus en plus nombreux, laissent penser que bon nombre de pays pourraient parvenir a une croissance des revenus a la fois plus forte et mieux partagee. Or, il semble qu’ils hesitent, pour un grand nombre d’entre eux, a restructurer de fond en comble leur fiscalite pour atteindre cet objectif d’une croissance plus soutenue et plus inclusive.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	51bff7b7044707ea74a23c71039bd522	As detailed below, the desirability and effectiveness of such an approach depend on a variety of factors, including domestic market size. The related costs and benefits need to be carefully assessed ex-ante. Establishing a more level playing field for private participation in electricity markets will also require that IPPs be guaranteed equal treatment to SOEs; and that competition authorities and sector regulators possess the appropriate resources and independence to effectively enforce regulation.	7	3	2	0.2
10.18356/a29f7945-en	51c229e7d09a2f71f2f2f0eb0cd96d2d	As mentioned earlier, Lewis observed that the terms of trade for tropical agricultural exports have deteriorated badly against their temperate counterparts. In the half century between 1916 and 1966, for example, the price index for natural rubber fell from 100 to 16. This suggests that productivity gains in the tropics were largely lost to worsening terms of trade, with the situation worse where few productivity gains were made.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283527-en	51c39cb2041a703130924e8195639c0c	Private VHI has been growing over the years, but still only accounts for 5% of health financing, converging with the EU average. The total number of inpatient hospital beds has declined (2006-16), partly due to an increase in day surgery and the bolstering of the long-term care network. There has also been a decrease in the number of psychiatric beds by promoting mental health patients' integration into their communities. Secondary and tertiary care is mainly provided in hospitals, although some primary care centres employ specialists who provide specialist ambulatory (or outpatient) services. Dental consultations, diagnostic services, renal dialysis and rehabilitation are most commonly provided in the private sector.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	51c3b4c79e07425d69bffec6eb690206	There is a general view that potential opportunities do exist but quantification remains difficult. Recent work by international bodies such as the United Nations, OECD, ILO and CEDEFOP has tried to assess both the current and future opportunities in relation to green growth, although much of this work is still in its infancy. Global markets for low carbon and environmental goods and services are growing. In London the growth of the low carbon sector has remained significantly above the trend growth rate for London’s economy despite the global financial crisis. Similarly, venture capital investment in green industry increased its overall market share between 2003 and 2008 from 1.6 % to 11 % and a net worth of $US3 billion by 2007.64 This suggests that a more buoyant financial services sector in Sydney could be well placed to develop green financial products and services, such as caibon trading and carbon finance, under a supportive policy and regulatory environment. Whilst the on-going decline of the manufacturing sector is problematic, this is being driven much more by deindustrialisation and global economic change than the shift to greener growth.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	51c56d7fd73b8de949aa7cca113a385a	In 2011, a compilation of good practices (A/HRC/1 8/27) was presented, in which the High Commissioner observed five common features of good practices to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in line with human rights obligations: enhancing the status of women by removing barriers to an effective human rights-based approach to eliminate maternal mortality and morbidity, ensuring sexual and reproductive health rights, strengthening health systems to increase access to and use of skilled care, addressing unsafe abortion, and improving monitoring and evaluation. The guidance is aimed principally at policymakers seeking to design maternal health policies in accordance with human rights requirements. It follows the policy cycle of planning, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and accountability, including details of the required steps from a human rights perspective at each stage.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	51c72944db17b21a9b8898260adf1f30	For example, in Poland the availability of CT and MRI scanners is still suboptimal, and as the number of patients has increased in recent years, the waiting list for diagnostic services involving these devices has lengthened. For instance, the Slovak Republic has invested in expensive radiotherapy equipment and linear accelerators for state-owned cancer care institutions and university hospitals, and Poland has also invested in therapeutic equipment. The highest density is in Switzerland, with 16.5 radiotherapy devices per million population, over thirty times higher than the lowest density country, Israel (0.5), as is shown in Figure 2.4. Switzerland is followed by Belgium (14.5) and the Slovak Republic (13.5), while Israel is preceded by Hirkey (1.9), Estonia (2.2) and Poland (2.8).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/afa296fe-en	51cc15c377675c746df2ec01869d2c4c	"The focus here is on the aspects of poverty that reflect situations of human rights violations; this builds upon the proposition that poverty is a denial of human rights."" The lack of access to food prevents the poor from breaking free from hunger. Vulnerability to retrenchment without social protection subjects them to income insecurity. Discrimination experienced in social and political life deprives them of their dignity."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	51d0add8be7049444472764bb9ffdf7b	China’s Medium and Long-term National Plan for S&T Development (2006-20) targets R&D spending of 2.5% of GDP by 2020. Assuming linear growth in Chinese and US R&D expenditure, China should outpace US R&D spending by about 2019 (Figure 1.17). However, China’s recent economic slowdown may delay this scenario.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	51d22881aebcd475223286bcc82ebceb	Migration thus raises sensitive and highly charged issues in most countries. The international development agenda, as already noted, has included aid, investment, trade preferences and technology—all essentially aimed at removing obstacles to the international movement of various factors of production. Yet, the international mobility of labour has largely been ignored, while it should occupy a prominent position in the international development framework. Measures should be taken to link migratory flows to the creation and diffusion of global knowledge, both codified and tacit. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011).	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/95417570-en	51d4ed5cba51182a52c1198a42ef44c9	Together, over 12TWe of renewable and about lOTWe of nuclear power plants would be installed, or five and half times more than the total installed capacity of all power plants in the world. The interesting feature is that half of all of these plants would be built in the now developing parts of the world and most of them as new capacity expansion and not as replacements of ageing power plants. First, there is a potential risk of lock-in in the traditional technologies if the needed new capacities are not built with the best technologies. In other words, there is a huge incentive for the capital to be attracted to the newest technologies and for there to be free access extended to those in the currently developing parts of the world (for further discussion, see chap. Second, there are real possibilities in developing countries of leapfrogging to the most advanced technologies, as the market is huge and would likely lead to large cost reductions and performance improvements (see also chap.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	51d56e590b8a4431622ec9c98a303516	Similarly, there is no policy framework in place to support energy efficiency. Revising the Investment Law is an opportunity to include incentives for green investment, in line with efforts by other ASEAN countries Viet Nam, Malaysia and Thailand. Viet Nam's investment policy includes incentives1 for investment in environmentally friendly areas such as renewable energy, afforestation and recycling.	8	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	51d5b392675a801364bebb8103dd976a	These costs were provided for coal and nuclear plants in all editions of Projected Costs in the 1980s; for natural gas (combined-cycle gas turbines - CCGT), coal and nuclear in all editions since 1992; and for onshore wind and ground-mounted solar PV in all editions since 2005. Also, for some newer technologies with relatively steep learning curves, state-of-the-art technology today may have improved by 2010-2015. ( Compare this discussion with those in the 2010 and 2015 editions.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	51d853731abf5047dfd6c6b0d8d2ca40	Including vocational training or other mechanisms such as savings groups can contribute to these outcomes, as well by orienting girls around a vision for their future. In Latin America, comprehensive sexuality education is already widely available, but could be expanded to cover the prevention of non-communicable diseases as well as mental health concerns (Santhya and Jejeebhoy, 2015). Participation is a fundamental right that also stimulates the development of personality and individual capacities, and may help in overcoming discrimination and inequalities.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	51dc6b2da14a5403f0297e7232527a0b	On the other hand, finding employers in less dense areas may mean specific skills fall into disuse when other suitable matches are few (Bleakley and Lin, 2012(14)). The aftermath of the crisis saw large increases in unemployment rates across the United States. In comparison with previous expansions, subsequent job creation has been more concentrated in the larger urban areas (Brainard, 2017[is]). Furthermore, labour force participation is stronger in the larger metropolitan areas as well.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	51dd1d8ed227e19a1497063e0482d99e	This would actually be the case if out-of-market financing was abolished and VREs had to sell their production at market prices. Of particular importance in this context are capacity mechanisms remunerating dispatchable capacity for its availability in time of need. The decline in prices, revenues and profits of dispatchable technologies requires that a portion of their revenues be derived from other sources if they are to stay in the market to provide the necessary backup services.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	51e07712cf43ea61581ffc59ddd80c76	Main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on biodiversity. Pressures can be physical (habitat alteration and fragmentation through changes in land use and cover), chemical (toxic contamination, acidification, oil spills, other pollution) or biological (alteration of population dynamics and species structure through the release of exotic species or the commercial use of wildlife resources). Primaiy drivers are land use changes for conversion from natural state to agriculture and infrastructure, unsustainable use of natural resources, invasive alien species, climate change and pollution.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	51e14d865568f1eadb0178f91d40c898	Brazil’s overall share of the world sugar market, although below the highs of the recent past gradually increase over the outlook period to almost 44% in 2024. Recent policy changes that include the hike in gasoline taxes while maintaining low taxes on ethanol as well as the new 27% blending requirement in gasohol (up from 25%) are expected to provide some relief in the short term to the domestic Brazilian ethanol industry by keeping the ethanol to gasoline price ratio favourable for ethanol use at least in some states. This should imply that in the first years of the projection period the Brazilian ethanol market should remain relatively isolated from the world market with producer prices above international ones. Fuel ethanol use in 2024 is expected to comprise of 17 bln L of anhydrous ethanol and 21 bln L of hydrous ethanol for fuel use.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-40-en	51e55833e7d9a99bc19df9ead90de496	It contains several elements, including a legal framework, an international economic and trade strategy, rules for traceability of fish and fisheries products, new regulations for control and management of coastal and offshore fishing vessels in port and at sea. This includes better management of vessels operating in different fisheries as well as regulations adopted by RFMOs to implement effective measures to combat IUU fishing. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264113756-en	51e946090827f8c9da6166a8665d7bbb	Some criteria can be introduced nationally and some can be set by regions to better fit local needs. The optimal set of selected indicators is the one that provides a good picture of performance without creating an excessive administrative burden. Achievement of the right balance between these two objectives may be difficult.	4	8	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	51e979b0edebabf686b44935dec99387	For instance, the travelers, mostly hiking but also cycling, need proper guiding about the route and the different alternatives when it comes to accommodation, food and other services (figure 6). The natural environment of the archipelago is fragile, and any development effort needs to take this into account. Using existing paths and small roads is helpful in this regard.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	51ea2555e600d52ca7d735b71835d59b	For other countries, data from the Adult Education Survey (AES) are reported and refer to 2011 for Ireland and 2016 for all others. On average across OECD countries, over 50% of adults over the age of 15 have transferred files between a computer and other devices in the last three months, and women are only about 10% less likely to have recently used this skill in comparison to men.3 On the other hand, except in a few countries, such as Denmark and Iceland, less than 10% of adults over the age of 15 have recently used a specialised programming language. In all countries, men are at least 50% more likely to have recently run a programme than women (Table 2).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	51eb7bb3fea6697fee4c619946b6a09c	But the real strength of the CDM was the flow of actual North-South investment it enabled, which was an order of magnitude greater than the flow of CDM revenues. Used in combination with other policies, it can be a tool to help develop domestic capacity to produce such goods. All that said, the question remains what practical steps can be taken to effect the mutual supportiveness that both regimes desire.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	51f18d08532696355847bbbf3c3ae8f2	The mission of GS is to provide rural people with access to environment-friendly and pollution-free energy at affordable costs. Already, over 205,000 homes across Bangladesh have installed photovoltaic (PV) solar systems capable of powering lights and small-scale electronic appliances (so called solar home systems - SHS). Over 8,000 PV solar systems are being installed per month, and demand for the systems is increasing exponentially. The goal is to install 2 million such systems in homes by 2011 and 7.5 million by 2015, which would serve half of the total rural population of Bangladesh.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	51f1b75bd78d13ada67e022e5b113def	Strategies range from teaching citizenship in schools and English-language training to new immigration laws.7 There are fears that immigration has produced a society too diverse to cohere and that it is undermining ‘the common values that hold British society together’ (Cheong et al., Social cohesion has become a key word in partisan as well as policy discourse. The Netherlands, shaken by violent incidents in its multi-ethnic cities, has shifted its policy perspective from one of social citizenship to policy efforts to foster, in contrast, a strong sense of Dutch identity (Ossewaarde, 2007).	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	51f28b453b7a16217422604a458e114c	The fact that the zones of the country with an abundance of wind are not well connected to the transmission network considerably raises the costs of wind power projects. In any event, wind farms are expected to be built as legislation comes into force making it compulsory to generate 10% of energy using non-conventional renewable sources by 2024. Unlike what happened in Europe, where this technology was developed on the back of public subsidies, Brazil, Mexico and other Latin American countries have offered the conditions needed for it to compete on price with other energy sources. The most recent wind power projects presented in Mexico, Uruguay and Brazil have undertaken to sell their electricity at USS 67, USS 62 and USS 56 per MW, respectively.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	51f5ef7e28538473670114eb3a5a7e9b	At the end of compulsory schooling Lithuanian students have a slightly higher number of compulsory instructional hours than peers in the Baltic region, and substantially fewer than students in the EU-22 or OECD, on average - equalling about one year less of instructional time (6 577 vs. 7 540). Lithuanian students who participated in PISA 2015 assessment report that they spend on average 25 hours each week learning in a classroom and 18 hours for after-school learning activities, including the time dedicated to homework, additional instruction and private study. Their peers in OECD member countries spend on average two more hours each week in regular classes - and one hour less for homework (Figure 3.3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	51f734221fd292f51e609fb1098bc1f0	The United States, Brazil and Argentina will remain the principal exporters, but Canada, Uruguay and Paraguay are expected to increase their role. Ukraine is projected to be the only country outside the Americas exporting large quantities of oilseeds. More than 60% of all vegetable oils exports continue to originate from Indonesia and Malaysia, as these two countries contribute significantly to an almost 30% growth of global vegetable oil trade over the outlook period.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	51f73a211e0a1a500a48e36c2bf063ee	Provision of information by CARs to produce national aggregates is a key weakness in the system. However, further efforts are needed on environmental health monitoring and on information to better support policy making. The air quality monitoring system is not sufficient for assessing compliance with environmental standards at the national level (IAvH, IDEAM, IIAP, INVEMAR, SINCHI, 2011). Incompleteness of the water user registry hampers implementation of regulatory requirements for water management (IDEAM, 2010).	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-6-en	51f7d94483672df01fb0a4906582e217	First, levels and trends of spatial segregation of people by income are computed and compared across OECD metropolitan areas. Second, the chapter discusses the implications of spatial segregation on future earnings and inequality. Finally, it assesses the main factors that are associated with higher spatial inequality in OECD metropolitan areas.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/215a990d-en	51f95e67e19ddb18439c2d07d35e20ad	This is not the case today, however. Currently, only limited numbers of economic actors have access to usable big data. While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. This report provides analysis and practical advice for three types of institutions - those that promote trade and investments, build skills, and ensure quality.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	51fb07242f8cc4e8aca530753b835d18	Many of these provisions are imposed to achieve environmental objectives and to ensure domestic production systems remain disease or pest free. Behind the border barriers generally refer to characteristics of the domestic regulatory environment that create difficulties or costs for international suppliers. They include domestic interventions to protect consumers such as food labelling, handling, safety, traceability and other such measures along with licensing and other requirements placed on suppliers.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	51fece3324308bc6d3bf319ffa1619b9	Yet clear targets set by the Chinese government give the market and industry long-term confidence and certainty that renewables will continue to grow, and that all solutions that contribute to the integration of renewables are on the table. This requires a vision beyond the heavily focused Five-Year Plans and beyond 2020. In the mean time, the electricity power market must evolve gradually. The co-operation aims to support China's policy makers by providing a long-term scenario for wind power development, taking into account the important factor of power system integration and the various challenges described in this paper.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	52088c047a7a9196177406ade233b2be	The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends including self-rated health as a standard component of health surveys, phrasing the question as “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel A is based on data drawn from the OECD Heath Database referring to the following question: “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel B refers to the following question: “Do you have any problems that prevent you from doing any of the things that people of your age normally do?”	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	5210ca2723155b1569b94f565da9c798	Therefore, financing commitment for renewable energies is ensured by the government. In addition, the government will formulate and implement rural renewable energy tax policies and regulations that encourage public and private investment in renewable energy service companies (RESCOs) and that ensure extensive renewable energy applications in the vast rural areas of China. China will also provide tax incentives on renewable energy technology development and utilisation, on technical research and development and on equipment manufacturing (NDRC, 2008).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	52121b858e07bad1318de7ccf5bbd8fb	While the OECD DAC statistical system provides the most consistent source of data on climate-related development finance across bilateral and multilateral providers, some data gaps remain: a) coverage of OOF data, especially from DFIs, is incomplete, and b) there is no clear method to isolate development finance flows that support private sector engagement activities in their entirety. Whilst party reporting is often based on climate-related development finance statistics, not all climate-related development finance is reported as climate finance as some members may apply additional quantitative methodologies to identify climate finance. Hence the two are not directly comparable. To this end, methodologies on specific financial instruments - guarantees, syndicated loans, shares in collective investment vehicles (CIVs), credit line and direct investment in companies -have been piloted and implemented. The OECD DAC is also investigating the suitability of their approach for complex finance structures.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	52148c3d2fdb1fb63687cf5e2dbe698c	Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Svalbard have experienced an increase in tourism levels as well, though at a lower level than Iceland, with a growth ranging from 15% to 45% since 2012. As the duration of the visits have not increased, the increased spending is caused by a higher daily spending by the tourists. Tourism may create short and long-term profits and jobs for a region leading to economic growth, provided it is managed sustainably.	7	7	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	521668694ee56cf8ba1985c60b5da5e3	Ecotourism must be developed as an environmentally and ecologically sustainable activity, to stimulate economic and social development in line with the agreed green economy foundations. Appropriate regulation and management for tourism expansion and development were deemed necessary for green economy implementation. Given the importance of the sector to the economy and livelihoods, strategic alliances must be developed.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	521a824a83f9388b81310412b79303c5	Reform of governance is essential, including measures to deal with corruption and regulatory cost burdens. Even so, a policy of deliberate legal and financial integration would need to be grounded in understanding of the varying potential of different informal enterprises for growth and the extent to which they contribute to a loss of human capital by deskilling what is a relatively skilled and educated labour force (Bernabe, 2002). Thus, only the highly skilled are expected to engage in formal employment and reap the benefits it provides. Those with low skills, and especially with low educational background, are likely to be employed informally and, hence, receive relatively lower incomes and fewer benefits.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	521abf0a910c301423c009f27bd3508c	The number of people at risk from floods is projected to rise from 1.2 billion today to around 1.6 billion in 2050 (nearly 20% of the world’s population). The economic value of assets at risk is expected to be around USD 45 trillion by 2050, a growth of over 340% from 2010. However, the appropriate responses will share several features: more attention will be paid to (ecologically sensitive) water storage, investment in water supply and sanitation, pollution control, and allocation issues. These costs are not well known, as information is scarce and patchy.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	521b06e8403c825ba50e7bae17e45f97	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at f I ore nee @ u n icef .o rg. Trends in Child Well-being in EU Countries during the Great Recession, Innocenti Working Paper No.2014-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	521c99ca4020a6071cb37c18a267d207	Just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely, approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints (OECD, forthcoming c). The city of Topeka, Kansas, paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater; it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years (Peck, 2007). Faced with the risk of groundwater depletion, the city of Wichita, also in Kansas, transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the High Plains Aquifer. Meanwhile, the district of Santa Clara, California, created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures; its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users, importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater (Borchers et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	521ed6cab8e30368f4bf48831f1fff1e	Federal R&D spending as a share of GDP rose to 1.9% by 1964, but then was gradually scaled back as the Apollo project came to an end. In 2009, the National Academy of Science released a study, A New Biology for the 21s' Century, which called for stronger integration of new advances in fundamental biological sciences into federal science agencies to address pressing societal needs, especially for food, environment, energy and health. The National Research Council Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (an operational arm of the National Academies) also periodically releases studies on aspects of the federal agricultural research enterprise.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	522262359e6eeecf302ec852d6800b97	"China, India, Turkey and Arab partners provided about 13% of total official support for infrastructure through South-South development co-operation. Seeking to address inefficient and costly infrastructure delivery, many governments over the past two decades have turned to public-private partnerships (PPPs) to build and operate infrastructure. The key characteristic of PPPs is the outsourcing and ""bundling"" of project delivery components (e.g. design, building, financing, operations), to incentivise the builder-operator to incorporate long-term operating-cost considerations into the design and construction phases of a project, and to reduce co-ordination costs."	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	5225666faf536f549903a8481639fd66	Access to primary education is virtually universal, with room for improvement in timely progression and completion and in inclusion of the most neglected social groups. Access and timely progression in secondary education are substantially lower and differ more among countries. The gaps in secondary school completion rates exacerbate socio-economic inequalities by geographic area and ethnic background.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	522801414d5d983e2d78044623b8aadf	All monetary' amounts are expressed in 2010 constant dollars. Model results were found to be within the ranges reported in the literature and in conformance with the theoretical expectation that small firms would have a more elastic demand for health insurance than would larger firms. Sensitivity analysis, where different combinations of potential covariates were used to estimate firm utility, was undertaken and the base case model specification was determined to be the most appropriate. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken where the probability of offering a new insurance option (one of the options available through the new insurance exchanges) estimated from the model was adjusted downward to match other estimates in the literature.	3	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	5228920699586aaceaf9d27c2ca09acb	Parental leave reform has effectively reduced the duration of the paid leave spell that mothers take and induced many fathers to use paid leave entitlements, often for two months at a time (Chapter 3). At the same time public investment in early childhood education and care (ECEC) increased markedly with public spending as a per cent of GDP and the proportion of children participating coming from behind to overtake the OECD average (Chapter 3). The share of the population in former West Germany that believes a mother should not work at all when they have a pre-school aged child has dropped from 46.6% in 2002 to 21.8% in 2012, and over the same period that proportion halved to below 10% in East Germany (Chapter 2). Furthermore in terms of who should take paid parental leave, fathers or mothers, in 2012 the German population was one of the most egalitarian after Sweden (Figure 1.1).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	522d6790f7febe1dfc772491e6d3a145	Therefore, poverty lines are different across countries and over time, and are based on national currencies. Great success was also achieved by Thailand, where poverty declined from 58.1 per cent in 1990 to 13.2 per cent in 2011. In the early 1990s, during the period of transition from centrally planned to market economies, several countries of the North and Central Asian subregion experienced a high incidence of poverty.	1	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	522db9427d1e4a4388b06e136a2b832f	Some African and Asian countries also experience flood events, which can result in significant economic deprivation (Mirza 2003). It also generates water stress in countries where this problem did not previously exist. Small island developing states (SIDS) and most island LDCs are those most exposed to this trend.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	52308f5a3cf330acb2c60f7aa0173e54	As the latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect), the role of smart grids in this case is to reshape the residual demand curve. Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and re-establish a stable, continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for nuclear baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	5232da81c3407c2f2be836981f681790	In particular, conflicts can emerge when communities in upstream locations want to change land use practices in a manner that affects water quality or quantity for downstream users (e.g., by converting forests into agricultural areas). One approach for resolving such conflicts is through the use of the Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) model, where the user of an environmental service, such as water purification, pays the landowners who provide that service by maintaining the forest cover in the upper watershed. The basic logic is simple: those providing ecosystem services by foregoing alternative uses of the land should be compensated by the beneficiaries of the service. For PES to function, there must be a clearly defined user and supplier, as well as a number of other necessary conditions, such as land tenure security, systems for monitoring, enforcement and compliance, and an enabling legal framework. Remote sensing tools offer an effective way to equalize access to a common information base without needing to rely on direct information-sharing between the parties.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en	5237be04d006edb1b442b7a483f2f607	It complements telecommunication infrastructure belonging to existing operators in the region and provides open and non-discriminatory access to providers of wholesale and last-mile services. As such, the investment is helping to lower the investment barrier for next-generation access-network (NGA) services and eliminate the digital divide in areas currently without access to basic broadband services. The underlying idea of capturing the data and transmitting it over a wireless channel makes use of a specific wireless technique known as cooperative communications, which is low-overhead and can be implemented using low-cost radio sets.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	5237f6c5a20923698fcc3fd921073605	The extent to which this link is drawn is investigated below by considering the various bodies’ approaches to gender pay gaps, the informal sector, domestic workers, and unpaid work. However, their recommendations are frequently limited to proposing that measures be taken to address this issue, without being more specific as to the kind of remedies needed. Recent concluding observations repeatedly require States to take concrete measures to close the wage gap between men and women.27 However, the nature of such measures is rarely specified.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	52386d341447f95718dfd89a20c00fc5	Addressing these barriers requires an integrated approach across environment, economic and social domains, and often close coordination among different levels of government. Clear, stable and credible long-term environmental, energy, transport and infrastructure policy signals are important drivers of investment and innovation (Kaminker, C., et al, 2013; Corfee-Morlot, J., et al, 2012; Criscuolo, C. and C. Menon, 2014; OECD, 2012; and OECD, 2013b). In addition, barriers to investment and innovation can often be addressed with revision to existing policy, regulation and tax settings (Kaminker, C., et al, 2013).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	523aa09b7750ffdbf6d35b1c0d8e58b0	"The project aims to promote ICT education from the grass roots and provide an enabling environment for use of ICTs in rural primary schools and for rural dwellers. Through the project, the Universal Access and Service Fund has created employment for ICT graduates in Botswana and promoted the growth of various small-to-medium-sized ICT enterprises that are providing computer equipment to the schools. The system supplies the ""smart water supply"" service, the ""smart parking"" service, the ""intelligent streetlight"" service and so on. The total investment is CNY 150 million. In 2017, the income of the loT intelligent platform was CNY 380 million."	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	52405d530be12ada35ba58f1b20a128c	These mechanisms should also provide for co-ordination among data-collecting and data-producing bodies. To be effective, gender equality objectives must be linked to concrete policy outcomes and allow for an evaluation of the performance of government action. This helps governments to change courses of action, if needed, and independent or non-governmental stakeholders to hold government to account.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	52463c48442dabeca250845951f37ab1	The Women Village Incubators project managed by the Syria Trust for Development through FIRDOS; the “Food for Thought” project launched by the Microfund for Women in Jordan; and projects delivered under the Yemeni national strategies for the development of women in rural areas are good examples of this. Also, in Yemen, the Small and Micro Enterprise Promotion Service (SMEPS) worked with the IFC to deliver “Women Get the Business Edge” training. This Fund offers integrated training and technical support to women entrepreneurs so they can develop small, innovative handicraft and service enterprises.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	5248e89dc89ffb4e9bc2e64237f237b7	Such understanding would require a detailed, bottom-up analysis of the needs and the development of corresponding investment plans, potentially in reflection of longer term climate goals. Hence these cases provide insights, including examples of good practices, that can be scaled up to get a broader understanding of investment needs and solutions at the global level, and the role of international and Nordic climate finance therein. Bangladesh's cities are characterized by an ever-widening infrastructure deficit, and more and more people are bound to living in sub-standard conditions.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a6267136-en	5248fb399f8f6ab5ea34f19c662677c4	They confer great importance on policy coherence. Moreover, industrial policies, technological innovation, transfer and adaptation, and energy plans based on integrated energy assessments require decisive, ingenious and coherent national policymaking and international cooperation. It requires an enabling environment for the industrial policies needed to accelerate economic growth and foster green sectors, as well as for large public and private investment projects.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/208cb99e-en	5249ec7a9829ec1bbf4d6168f28820f5	Empirical studies also show limited overlaps between deprivations in different indicators. Deprivation in one indicator does not necessarily proxy deprivations in others. For example, the next table shows the deprivation rates of 10 indicators across 101 countries in the second row and second column.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac203b4-en	5249f0fb12b89e05a6fd0b2196738976	This is connected to a focus in the Millennium Development Goals on averages without an accompanying consideration of trends beneath the averages. Many contributions in the education consultation, as well as in the other thematic consultations, highlighted the lack of attention to marginalized and vulnerable groups. Post-2015 consultations suggest that overcoming inequality requires a goal that makes national governments accountable for providing minimum standards and implementing country specific plans for basic services, including education.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2014-22-en	524a3823f119dd916f58046987d764ed	This chapter asks how finance can be put to best use to achieve environment and development objectives simultaneously. In exploring this question, it outlines the financial resources available today and the sustainable development synergies they offer, as well as the policy changes needed to maximise these synergies.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	524b97838ef53a0e8d5d12fc8cde4bfa	Guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health and rights is key to ensuring that all people are equal and free to make decisions in all spheres of life, without discrimination based on gender, without sexual violence or coercion, and with the assurance of privacy. His report, Framework of Actions for the follow-up to the Programme of Action of the ICPD, was subsequently recognized by the General Assembly, at a special session in 2014, which called upon countries to fulfil the commitments made in Cairo and address widening inequalities and emerging challenges, as outlined in the ICPD Framework of Actions. The review points to significant progress in some areas, for some people.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	524bedcbe6c0165f0e5bd98473e604a0	In Kainuu and neighbouring regions both sites and traditions related to the mythology of Kalevala, the Finnish national epos, provide inspiration and material for development of tourism products. Historical places referring to the Second World War and especially the Winter War 1939-1940 also attract the interest of both domestic and international visitors. It is possible to access the region from Helsinki by flight on a regular basis, and especially visitors from Asia have been targeted by the organization's marketing efforts.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	524e35be93f9e696fd1003404f4eab3c	Demand-side EE measures may be particularly cost-effective. However, there are many, well-documented obstacles to EE improvements, which may be greater in developing countries. They include lack of awareness, limited access to capital, and difficulty in reaching small and disperse end users. Realizing untapped EE opportunities requires appropriate strategies and policies to remove obstacles to EE investments.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	524e58a62d795148a67132eac00ae487	This was statistically significant both before and after adjusting for various confounding variables (age, number of miles driven annually, etc.). However, drivers of 75 and more who had taken the refresher course were at the same risk as drivers who had not. The same tendency, although weaker and non-significant, was found for single-vehicle accidents. It seems that the refresher course has a beneficial effect on safe mobility only if the driver completes the course before 75. One practice used in Switzerland is described as a representative example, there.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	524fa8203b473efa9af3ce7cc7731227	However, there are differences in how the data from these surveys are followed up by municipalities, school leaders and teachers (Ramboll, 2013). It is likely that strong parents will be able to claim these rights for their children, but those from families who are not able to have such a dialogue with the school may lose out. This is a delicate matter, though: if any quality control system is introduced to monitor teachers’ assessment practices, it will be interpreted as implying distrust.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	5250ba1d9ef17e2ae7966796d018ee55	And if the goal is increased exports, farmers should not be prevented from producing higher-value crops. Bribery and the lack of transparency constitute significant impediments to investment. Social conflicts and corruption in the land administration may be reduced by developing participatory land use plans to clarify land allocation, limiting compulsory land conversions, and allowing direct transactions between land users without state involvement.	2	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	525501ca9aa6f4acdcc26c7791bbbe2b	Squash, vanilla and kava are the main crops, alongside traditional root crops, after the demise of bananas and copra (although in both countries the latter is staging a revival). Similarly in both countries nonu has recently become an important niche agricultural export crop. Agriculture and fishing provide a basic livelihood for almost 60 per cent of the population, and agricultural exports and fish make up two thirds of total exports.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5255c3f665b66d328773a80d1334a054	Less than 30% of business expenditure in R&D takes place in the periphery, the Galilee and the Negev. In 2008, the total investment in R&D was ILS 35.2 billion or4.8% of GDP compared to 2.3% for an average of OECD countries. By comparison, other small countries with a GDP comparable to that of Israel that have attained high economic development levels had lower rates of R&D investment: Ireland (1.43%), Denmark (2.72%) and Finland (3.73%). Investment in civilian R&D grew between 1995 and 2008 at an average annual rate of 12.2%.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	5257223f19099840c76e2e3be7b3b3fa	It also provides microfinance and insurance through SEWA bank, training and maternity benefits and pensions. Its greatest impact has been raising self-esteem and bargaining power inside and outside home (Khera and Nayak, 2009). It currently has 1.3 million women members, mostly from rural areas (out of a total female labour force of about 100 million). Other measures have been a national law to protect street vendors in 2004, a social security law for informal workers in 2008, rights of home-based workers, Beedi and Cigar workers act, to protect about 4 million home-based workers.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	525858031365e050b916347123865f86	The value of water and adjacent land, in environmental terms is recognised, for example in the Parc Naturel Regional de Brieres, which is dedicated to the promotion of natural species and landscapes. Water is a key part of the local quality of life that makes the region attractive to migrants whether they come to work or to retire. More recently, water availability' has been associated with tourism activity as well, and Nantes Saint-Nazaire has become an attractive place for short and medium stays and leisure. First, the rivers are constant obstacles to the circulation of goods and the mobility of people.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	5258dc7549ef18ee0a87c1a30fa00874	In contrast to incumbent operators, new market entrants are deploying gigabit fibre networks in cities, as they are not restricted by legacy investments in copper networks. This is the case with Gigaclear and CityFibre in the UK, and Google Fibre in the United States and Africa. Mobile broadband penetration in developing markets is still quite low, however, with a penetration level of 21 per cent in 2014. But mobile broadband is growing fast in these regions - in fact, growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions6. Figure 1.4 shows that 308 operators have launched or are planning various LTE deployments worldwide; 138 of these operators are in developing markets, which form a significant proportion of the global operator base. Figure 1.5 shows that 40 operators have launched or are planning various LTE-A deployments worldwide; 35 of these operators are in developed markets.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	525bc0771b0b70cc3e048e0393d8438e	This process has contributed to the growth of mega-urban regions (Jones and Douglass 2008) with their great demand for water and other natural resources. These changes have intensified the demand for water and many have also been highly polluting of water. All these developments affect water systems through diversion of water, bringing new uses of water, creating ecological changes and allowing for more rapid extraction of other natural resources such as timber. They can also displace very large numbers of inhabitants and, in some cases, settlements that have long histories as cultural heartlands.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	525f3c18101e22d3a748121c61c3de3e	Many of local and global firms have strong links with the co-op programme. At Sybase, an enterprise software company that spun-off from the original WATCOM Corporation, with over 250 employees in its Waterloo campus alone, 15% of its current employees are Waterloo co-op students, and more than half of their Waterloo staff is former co-op students. It acts as a steady source of new hires, because firms know that the students have work experience, and they get an opportunity to evaluate their performance in the work place before hiring them.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	525fb11b689483f9fecd724fb3d65d3c	This policy has had some positive effects since 2005, with a relative decoupling of TPES from economic performance and a resulting decrease in the energy and carbon intensities of the economy (Sections 2 and 3). However, until recently less attention has been paid to the demand side and energy efficiency in the end-use sectors, as reflected by still relatively high final energy intensity. The current policy framework is provided by the 2008 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (PNAEE) or “Portugal Efficiency 2015”.10 Prior to the PNAEE, there were few quantified energy efficiency goals (Table 5.1).	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	52601bc57e4a0198bee7e8804dcb7382	"Since the social values include many aspects of the human-nature nexus, initiatives have been made by several agencies which only to some extent have been coordinated. Social values have also been studied in different research projects, but with little coordination. In 2007 the national research program ""Friluftsliv i forandring"" did a national survey on outdoor recreation participation which provided broad baseline data, and a follow-up survey to monitor the national policy on outdoor recreation in currently under consideration. A recommendation for the future is thus to better coordinate the efforts among the different stakeholders in order to provide an accepted and cost-efficient set of indicators which can be applied in a national (cross-sectional) monitoring system."	15	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	5260789db62dc6ba4260a518b7a426d2	Would they make teaching and learning more effective, more relevant, and more enjoyable? The Catalyst Initiative is an education grant programme initiated and supported by Hewlett Packard’s (HP) Sustainability and Social Innovation team. Many education systems increasingly recognise the importance of developing students’ skills and understanding for tomorrow’s innovation societies. Catalyst projects explore how innovative pedagogic models supported by technology might help develop student skills and understanding within science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. Moreover, the HP Catalyst Initiative is an excellent example of how partners from the industry can help to foster innovation in education. This chapter will discuss some innovative examples of successful technology-supported teaching and learning interventions, based on the OECD/CERI work on the HP Catalyst Initiative.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/973d5b65-en	5261479c2fb5545484f3f1e2ce645a5b	The programme targets pedestrian safety issues through legislative measures and innovative street design, such as lowering speed limits and the reconfiguration of crossings. Launched in 2013, Sao Paulo observed a 20.6 per cent drop in traffic fatalities from 2014 to 2015. With better public awareness around road safety and lower speeds, there are 30 per cent less traffic fatalities. To ensure public understanding and support, the programme created a platform for discussion and education through multiple workshops.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	52637587a5e3434a9556457ea497e971	The category could be relevant for other product groups setting criteria for e.g. conflict minerals both in the voluntary instruments but also in the IM of the Ecodesign Directive. Setting this type of requirements in the Directive would require that supply of sustainably sourced materials could keep up with an increase in demand. An example is the Nordic and EU Ecolabelling criteria for imaging equipment, where a more efficient use of paper and ink cartridges is promoted. These types of requirements are already included in the draft of the Voluntary Agreement for imaging equipment within the Ecodesign Directive (duplex availability, default duplex setting, and information requirements targeting resource efficiency).270 However, the category is also highly relevant for other product groups.	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	5263961cee31d17ce1f0f1108e027190	This chapter could be linked to a country’s obligations to CITES and their CITES targets. Annex IV [of the guidance] contains a set of suggested methods for mainstreaming CITES objectives into NBSAPs. The CITES Management Authority could also propose to be on the committee/working group for NBSAPs. This will ensure that the update and revision will include CITES considerations in the future.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	526a3b1a87eb84a0c24aafd55d6711a9	Poor mental health affects workers’ productivity by reducing workers’ marginal productivity when they are at work (presenteeism) and increasing the rate of absence or reducing the numbers of hours worked (sickness absence). Workers lose an average of one hour per week owing to depression-related absenteeism and four hours per week due to depression-related presenteeism (Stewart et al., Mental health problems are a predictor of both short-term and long-term sickness absence, increasing the probability of short-term leave by 10% and that of long-term leave by 13% for severe disorders and 6% for mild-to-moderate disorders (OECD, 2012). Also, depression symptoms have a significant and large effect on sick-leave duration, since they account for an additional 7 days of annual sick leave (Knebelmann, 2014). This is problematic since long-term absence acts as the main pathway into disability benefits (e.g. Karlstrom et al.,	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d6913565-en	526aa37aec22cfcebb8d5914f200e1a6	While the share of staple foods has declined in recent decades, they still represent half to three-quarters of daily energy consumption (Weinberger and others, 2009). In the Pacific islands, increasing reliance on and preference for imported, high-calorie and processed foods has resulted in changing dietary patterns. The combination of changed dietary patterns and increasingly sedentary lifestyles has led to significant increases in obesity, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases associated with changing diets (FAO, 2015; SPC, 2011).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	526b155f5c6e0d42d19cebb38d97d4a0	This is likely to significantly increase the demands on the national education budget for a number of reasons. The budget is already being forced to accommodate the general up-rating of teacher salaries through the certification drive. Third, it is not clear how government will ensure that each sub-district has access to a SMK school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	526e36f0b7652f153ede4a837ee25bbd	Local governments and health services can use this information to work towards reducing health inequalities by focusing on causes as well as results. Mapping urban indicators of child health and well-being reveals that a keen focus on disparities should not be limited to developing countries, as children's rights and development prospects are uneven in some of the world's most prosperous cities. Space, tenure and cost considerations limit the construction of individual latrines in slums. Public facilities are frequently overcrowded, poorly maintained and contaminated. Special provision for children is rare, so those waiting to use communal toilets are often pushed aside at peak times.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	526f07db9c9fd10109b1a2326ea73a14	Overall support has fallen since 2014 but it is not possible to assess the long term trend as the database does not contain data for Germany prior to 2014 at present. New fishing vessels can still only be put into service if at the same time old vessels of at least the same tonnage (GT) and engine power (kW) are removed from the fleet. Modernisation measures for existing fishing vessels that lead to increased tonnage or engine power are also only authorised if corresponding old capacities are withdrawn. This ensures that the fishing capacity of the fleet does not grow.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	52702d56926047d410737efd9d4497c7	In addition to the creation of six PPP task forces formed by MARD around key commodities, a PPP Decree has been approved in February 2015 and covers not only infrastructure but also, more specifically, agricultural infrastructure and rural development services associated with agro-processing and the consumption of agricultural products. To ease investment, the government supports access to credit by providing producers with loans without collateral, subsidised credit for agricultural inputs and assets, and credit guarantees through state-owned banks. The absence of a strong independent Investment Promotion Agency accentuates this complexity.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	52739dda82b37973fd873d66a7153e93	But rural households are also involved in a range of economic activities, and in some areas farming is not the principal activity of the poor. Thinking in terms of assets and livelihoods suggests that there are multiple paths out of poverty (Ellis, 2000; OECD, 2010). As summarised in Foster et al. ( The first set of constraints involves household assets, such as land, livestock, machinery and related productive assets, and less-flexible assets such as education levels and health of family members.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/1826beee-en	5278a8cfe62ceda73f58e51e48df92d9	The Authority assumed responsibilities for all aspects of water management - including allocation water quotas, water pricing, trading, and extraction levies. In particular, the Authority ensured that prices and efforts to curb freshwater use would be enforced. These efforts included determining agriculture pricing by increasing rates to recover costs and to further reduce freshwater uses. The Authority also granted water allocations for farms through quotas (Becker, 2013[5oi).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088757-11-en	527917de75511fef02372e7b2cbd0e6c	It discusses options for raising the efficiency of the sector and its quality, its responsiveness to the needs of the labour market, and its significance as a pathway which should be transparent and permeable to the education continuum for a growing number of youngsters and adults in Kyrgyzstan, ensuring lifelong professional and personal development. Hardship affects large numbers of families, and many children must work to earn their living: in markets, washing cars and so on. This leads to disruption of schooling, and poor attendance.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	527a61cf07b1457b73996c0b8508fe4a	It is important that trade initiatives relating to fish and fish products aim to support the implementation of this legal and policy framework, and maintain consistency with the rights and obligations of States established therein. While fish consumption impacts food security and nutrition, trade in fish and fish products contributes to local, regional and global economies. Fish continues to be one of the most traded commodities in the world, as well as a source of direct employment for tens of millions of people worldwide. In 2011, almost 30 per cent of the world’s fish stocks were fished at biologically unsustainable levels (FAO, 2014).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	527adf863a558ac2ecde650c50fddeca	The effect is least significant in the Netherlands but does point towards higher odds of multiple deprivation in comparison to children who are not income poor. Similarly, the odds of experiencing deprivation in multiple domains are 1.3 to 1.6 times higher for children with two parents from a country of birth that is different from the country of residence when living in France, Netherlands and the UK. Low levels of parents' educational attainment increase the odds for children living in Germany, France and the Netherlands whilst living in low to medium densely populated areas decreases the odds of multiple deprivations in France and the UK.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264287747-en	527bc55fd5b306b2b8f0447a3cb7e2a0	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Although the effects of immigration have been investigated in Thailand before, there is a need for more systematic empirical research into how immigrants contribute to the economy. Such research informs the debate on migration flows, which are increasing globally in particular outside the traditional high-income regions, while research also constitutes a basis to understand which policy responses should be instituted for the good of both immigrants and the destination countries.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	527df311392afc559decf0c9a72da1aa	At the end of 2016, Tonga and Vanuatu had no women in parliament. Across the countries, there are prevailing traditional views that leadership is for men. To address this issue, some states have considered reserved seats (PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu), although only Samoa has been successful in amending its constitution to introduce a 10 per cent quota of women representatives into the national Legislative Assembly (PIFS, 2015a). Tonga is one of the few countries in the world, along with the United States, that have not yet ratified CEDAW.8 The biggest challenge for these countries, though, will be to eliminate violence against women, as recent studies for Fiji, Kiribati, PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu reported that over 60 per cent of women had experienced physical and/or sexual violence (PIFS, 2015a).	15	6	3	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	527ece2613fcd1cc98d755f24dcedde5	Big data solutions are important to reach the furthest behind and understand who and why people are left behind from the benefits of social and economic progress. New data mined from social media and geospatial data sensors can plug SDG data gaps and deliver timelier, targeted and more effective poverty-reduction interventions. In Uganda, the UN Global Pulse found that mobile phone credit purchases (i.e. SIM cards) correspond closely to household consumption data.	1	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	527f237f931ab18ece94e100680841a2	For instance, Rwanda has communicated a range of adaptation actions to be fully or partially achieved by 2050 based on the Rwanda’s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy that was put in place in 2011. For instance, Guinea-Bissau’s INDC adopts both short-term targets and medium- to long-term targets (i.e. 2025-2030), and each of the timescales has specific adaptation actions associated with it. Other countries use different timescales to communicate different financial needs (e.g. the INDC of Lao People’s Republic whereby, for instance, the estimated cost of adaptation until 2030 is indicated for the agriculture sector, and the costs of adaptation for transport and public health are estimated for the period until 2020). It will be important for countries to recognise what actions will need to be evaluated in the long run, and what will need more frequent monitoring and evaluation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	5280dff2a8f78ff504d11b3b8077ebb5	In this case, the capital, labour and energy used in groundwater pumping embedded in the production function for the irrigated sector. So water can show up in several places in this welfare decomposition. Ultimately water availability traces back to physical endowments of water and it is the scarcity of this water endowment which will be our focus here.	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/d79235bc-en	5280edc76bbe457ac3087f25e733bafa	From an environmental point of view, unsustainable land use is an important factor in land degradation, may pose a threat to ecosystems, and lead to natural habitat loss and landscape changes. Degraded land includes land affected by soil erosion, deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil and/or long-term loss of natural vegetation. In many developing countries it is a major cause of poverty and further environmental damage due to overuse of national resources. The indicator can also be seen as an overall measure of the reduction in quality of land resources.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	52882cb2d9eef8adced523e4dc3f1666	We can use the multipliers of table 3 to derive the predictions of table 4. The analyst can use the predictions from table 4 to address two questions of policy interest. Second, what would be the likely impact of the chosen investment on the welfare of the rural poor, rural non-poor, urban poor and urban non-poor before and after the policy is implemented?	15	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	528e32aa09c0fe4b5a467417c01ce7b3	It has also launched mechanisms designed to receive resources from environmental fines and compensation, and manages Brazil’s debt-for-swap agreements. Source: Funbio (2014b), Funbio and Protected Areas: 2014. This situation has been attributed to the lack of tax incentives for donations and a limited culture of environmental philanthropy (Funbio, 2014b).	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	52901b171806e75a31cb15093a0fe28a	The expenditure of the Gender Unit also saw a growing share of noncore resources as a percentage of its budget, from 23 per cent in 2008 to 39 per cent in 2013. This also impacted the number of global team staff, which grew from 4 posts in 2006 to 23 posts in 2010, and then declined to 8 by 2013. Evidence suggests that the majority of country offices have received support from gender practice leaders and that this guidance has been valued.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	5290acf5bdcc7180e801f5994912d620	But in many cases, the requirements for faculty are primarily to teach, advise, publish and administer - not to be involved in knowledge dissemination to industry and the outside world. The situation could be improved with the establishment of clear rules of the game that provide appropriate stimulus to this sort of collaboration, along with a concerted effort to shift the culture to value such work. Some progress appears to have been made with the amendment to the Science and Technology law in 2009 to prioritize university-industry linkages (chapter 1, article 5) as a means of developing the Mexican innovation system.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	5293a213d91da9a666786e5f6de50dfc	"In particular, FTA makes the distinction between ""shared-ride"" service and ""exclusive ride"" service. The former are services where open sharing of the ride occurs by design and passengers or drivers cannot limit who comes on board if there is capacity, conditioned on certain operational, safety or security considerations. Ride services which can be reserved for the exclusive use of individuals or private groups, either by the operator or the first passenger's refusal to permit additional passengers, are considered exdusive-ride services (FTA, 2017). Generally, exclusive ride services are not eligible for funding through Federal grant programmes (with some limited exceptions where the exclusive ride service is part of a specific programme supporting alternatives to public transport - like some job access programmes)."	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	5293b5eddd175b190cfea85ab6b88bb5	There is a risk that gaps could become self-perpetuating and ever more difficult to eradicate. And extreme inequalities in voice and agency can breed economic, social and political instability and conflict. It also stresses the importance of sustaining capabilities and opportunities throughout an individual’s lifecycle and for subsequent generations.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	52968733ef9d043f46976a0a72b03db0	The indicator tries to compares the distribution of care responsibilities of mothers and fathers. A lower employment rate of mothers as compared to fathers indicates that mothers more frequently stop work due to family responsibilities and may potentially face disadvantages regarding different aspects of quality of employment (e.g., income, career prospects). The comparison of mothers and fathers to women and men without children under compulsory school age gives an impression of the share of mothers and fathers who resign from employment for a certain time in order to take care of their family, which will potentially be accompanied by disadvantages.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	5299c65852019fb8de53ee651bcb9f88	Les prefectures et les municipalites offrent maintenant certains services pour l’emploi, tels que des cours preparatoires pour les meres seules et des centres de ressources pour les jeunes demandeurs d’emploi. Cependant, l’obligation de cotisation est desormais etendue a des contrats de duree relativement courte qui furent exempts auparavant, afin d’elargir la couverture sociale des travailleurs non reguliers. La plupart des periodes d’indemnisation sont courtes.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	529aaf4967216cd38032fc71fbdbe38c	The forestry sector contributes to outdoor activities by building and maintaining forest roads and by carrying out silvicultural measures to increase the accessibility of forests. Using the forests for recreation and sports can have a positive impact on both physical and mental health. The right to hunt and fish is an exclusive right reserved landowners, but the public is granted the right to fish in lakes and rivers by purchasing licenses.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	529cbafdcaf4594dc425fe742857935e	The Columbus Downtown Development Corporation, an ad hoc mixed-sector, non-profit organisation, managed most of these projects. Overall, USD 350 million of real estate value was either renovated or created, generating 1 000 jobs. According to the local government, the overall Columbus Commons projects’ USD 388 million public infrastructure investment was offset by private investment amounting to close to USD 2 billion. The city reportedly created an additional 1 600 jobs through that effort.	11	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	529f2c0eedfb02583050573dd7caf680	Across political decision-making in South Africa, the 50 per cent target has only been achieved at the level of provincial premiers, followed by deputy ministers with 45 per cent women. However, in parliament, local government, cabinet, provincial cabinets and among chairs of portfolio committees, women now constitute 38 per cent to 44 per cent of the total. This leaves Deputy Speaker, Nomaindia Mfeketo, as the only woman in the top hierarchy of parliament.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	52a274c3e7be9690f80c87472c8b9cfc	Over the past decade, many countries have developed a more holistic approach to education by integrating the development of these skills specifically into school curricula, fostering co-operation between schools and local communities, and introducing major reforms to education (Box 3.1). Firms are often better-equipped with the newest technologies - and ideally with the people who know how to use them and guide the learning - than educational institutions, and thus better-suited to provide practical training. At the same time, many cognitive skills, especially problem solving, and social and emotional skills - such as communication and conflict management - may be more effectively taught and learned in workplaces than in classrooms.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	52a36bdd4802f1f6e2e998449929bc0c	From 2011, MINVU carried out several reforms to improve the targeting of the project. Neighbourhood selection is based on a system that combines the selection of priority zones based on a set of social and housing vulnerability indicators (both quantitative and georeferenced), and bottom-up municipal demand within the priority zones. The final selection of the qualifying zones is made by a jury composed by the intendente, SERVIU, MINVU, GORE, a representative from the Chilean Association of Municipalities, SEREMI.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	52a8692863b00a82f8c54f9fa3a048cc	"Thus the Atkinson Commission Report ""Monitoring Global Poverty"" (World Bank, 2017) rightly observes that the MPI is less data intensive than monetary measures: ""The creation of the overlapping poverty measure, or of the more general measures of multidimensionality developed by Alkire and Foster (2011a), in one sense raises the stakes with regard to data requirements. In order to ascertain the extent of overlap of deprivation across dimensions, it is necessary to have a data source at the level of the individual or household covering all relevant dimensions. At the same time, the number of questions required per dimension may be considerably less in the case of nonmonetary indicators than is the case with the measurement of consumption for the monetary policy indicator. The information required to calculate consumption is typically much more extensive."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	52aa1c01d4227ebd80546c1d1602aed3	On average, water tariffs allow coverage of operational and maintenance costs but a very limited share of new infrastructure investment, and there are wide variations in tariffs and operation efficiency across municipalities and service providers (MCid, 2014). As in other Latin American countries, a large share of distributed water does not generate revenue. Revenue is lower in poorer municipalities, partly due to social tariffs applied to low-income households; this may discourage investment in extending infrastructure where it is most needed.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	52ac3e5b9903996e9e8ee90e1a6e6e22	A light-rail transit system and policies for relocating housing to the urban core have created policy synergies that increase the use of public transport through a compact urban form. Toyama’s comprehensive approach was successful in improving mobility and increasing the flow of people to the urban core (Toyama City, 2014). The principles set out in the recommendation are grouped in three thematic areas (Box 3.4). Using the implementation toolkit of the OECD provides practical solutions for cities to improve their investment strategies in urban areas.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	52acfb03e24957d9f557c58d989027e6	Claimants must also be actively looking for work and, in most cases, unemployment has to be involuntary, although this may be difficult to observe in practice and the definition varies across countries. Benefit durations are limited in most, but not all countries. Insurance is mandatory for most employees, but voluntary in some Nordic countries. Job searchers whose entitlement to unemployment insurance benefits has expired, or whose work record is insufficient to make them eligible in the first place, may be entitled to unemployment assistance. In some countries, unemployment assistance is the main unemployment benefit.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	52add977c817b20f28dac8503b9c2299	But the proportion quadruples to 26 per cent over die next 40 years, making it higher dian the projected OECD average of 25 per cent (see figure 1) (OECD, 2014). The world total fertility rate was 2.5 persons during 2010-2015, a reduction of 1.9 persons (-43.7 per cent) from the 4.4 persons during 1970-1975 (in bodi Latin America and Asia, die decline was -2.8 persons, while in Africa it was -2 persons). This decline resulted in an increase in die proportion of the older population.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	52af3cfe9f5e2770c57672b231285427	This encompasses continued state ownership of entities in the energy and transport sectors as well as acting as a catalyst towards the broader development of the economy. The private sector is, however, expected to play an active and integral role in the economy. Moreover, affirmative action policies such as the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE), which obliges companies to comply with a broad range of quotas (ownership, management positions, general staff, etc.) By end-2008 total population was estimated to have increased to over 48 million, including some 4 million immigrants mainly from other African countries (Statistics South Africa, 2009).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	52afd0817abf86f6cfb9762dc9f7d696	To maintain the reliability of the power system to cover the load, a more flexible operation of conventional units is required. In order to properly model the uncertainties of wind power, a scenario grid is constructed based on a cluster analysis of historical data. Figure 7.1A illustrates a simplified scenario grid describing the stochastic wind power generation.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	52b1789de10760b1682d9bcebf275408	"For example, Indonesia’s BUR explicitly includes only grants received, excluding all loans, while Montenegro only includes ODA. Explanations could be provided as needed. Terms such as “Approved"" or “received/committed” are used, without it being clear what this refers to; in some cases a project or programme’s budget is given. Disbursement can be measured in various ways at different stages of the transfer process, so countries may specify this as needed."	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	52b3151c641ffc9bba62b5bf8469821a	This was on average a reduction in the amount of the Allowance. In 2009, the 30% rate was increased to 40% and “in some cases to 50%” (NIC, 2009). However the Re-employment Allowance no doubt motivates some workers to participate in the Early (re-)employment support (programme, and the PES performance target for the early re-employment rate suggests that about a third of claims end early enough to qualify (see Chapters 2 and 3, and Table 5A.1). In 1995, about 40% of UI recipients received “some form of re-employment bonus” (Mazza, 2000).101 In 2007, there were 365 000 payments of Re-employment Allowance representing nearly a quarter of the number of first payments of regular El benefit, and allowance payments totalled JPY 60 billion representing 6% to 7% of total expenditure on regular El benefit (MHLW, 2008d).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	52b32cdc2c152682f7b6aa2072ee41f4	What is the OSPAR Commission and how can it potentially work with fisheries management in the NE Atlantic? Describe the various national, bi-lateral and international fishing management regimes in the NE Atlantic and assess their moves toward implementing the ecosystem-based approach? What are the potential challenges and opportunities here? Identify emerging issues and possible solutions in respect of Arctic fisheries?	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	52b7559b9fa1dcdc131ad0d2786bc8a0	Growing evidence thus suggests that remittances are more likely to have a positive effect on income distribution (Brown et al. Remittances have been an effective strategy for reducing household risk. Emigration from Tonga and Samoa was initially costly, so the first migrants came from wealthier households, thus worsening national income inequality.	10	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	52ba3704871178057216b1ea655f603b	Governments, communities, policymakers and service providers should work together to create an environment and polices that foster the ecosystem of start-ups. It should be easy to establish a new company. We need creative solutions that help start-ups grow and ease their access to finance, legal counsel and trade. What could we do to bridge such gaps?	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	52bdb36d7846e2378dcad82d6cced00a	The increased debt burden weighed down already fragile consumer and investor confidence. Rebuilding corporate and household balance sheets will also take time. While such measures often offer short-term palliative benefits, they incur other economic costs and thus should be removed when stability returns.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	52beb5b4535b42a8f4c215c78ef83023	Examples include, at an individual level, “integration stakeholders” that will develop systems for responding to feedback in a way that is accessible, manageable for staff, and capable of being transferred across settings. At a national level, citizens’ panels will create opportunities for people to engage in national policy debate. Notably, a leadership coalition of health and social care service users, carers and leaders in the NHS, local authorities and the third sector will guide the development of the framework and will be chaired by a member of the public. The framework will continue to be developed until the end of 2017.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230750-6-en	52c2edef63071462c11401930d8c0b95	Resources are still limited in this sector. Private for-profit and community services (faith-based and secular) are the main direct providers of playgroups and kindergartens. Despite significant growth in this sector there are still a number of challenges to the provision of a more universal and consistent service for pre-school children.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	52c457ed6cbd890170aa98f9c8d8b461	These types of small scale uses are usually considered “insignificant” in terms of their impact of the overall resource. Source: See country profiles associated with this publication at iounu.oeccl.org/enuironmentAuater-resources-aHocation-9789264229631-en.htm. Several allocation examples (Yukon Territory in Canada, the Yellow River Basin in China, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and the Waikato Region in New Zealand) also indicate water use for emergencies or to deal with exception circumstances or threats, such as firefighting, floods, droughts or other emergencies do not require entitlements. In most cases, it is used to establish priority access to water during times of scarcity, when “exceptional circumstances” have been declared, such as in the case of drought.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/92a064e5-en	52c62218d26d4e01ffbe995b54311b34	This reflects the need to reorient investments in the water supply sector by giving priority to the un-served cohort before investing in improving the level of service for those already with an acceptable level of basic services. Moreover, an apparent obstacle to improving water supply services in particular and sustainable development in general is the high population growth that seems to offset any progress made. As seen in figure 9, as of 2011, 92 per cent ofthe urban population had access to improved drinking water sources compared to only 73 per cent of the rural population.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	52c64181e7428cb4983e1b358a61b4fb	Since a large proportion of all unemployment spells will probably fall under these two categories, the average entitlement duration for new benefit spells is likely to be considerably below 6 months, which is short relative to systems in other OECD countries. Only a minority of benefit claims are likely to qualify as “unemployed as a result of bankruptcy, dismissal, etc.”, However, in Japan workers tend to be described as “difficult-to-employ” due to age, disability or the depressed state of the regional labour market.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	52c67cde2c6950e8cfa69dc0747b040f	The Israeli Water Authority permits water pumping and purification operators the freedom to minimise their energy demands during these peak daytime hours. To minimise costs and maximise profits, operators pump larger proportions of the daily water quotas during the night hours, and store these in numerous reservoirs throughout the country. They thereby reduce energy costs, while helping homogenise energy demands across the day-night cycle. In another instance, the Israeli Water Authority issues tenders for the construction of large-scale desalination plants that are as energy-efficient as possible.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	52c83ddff24ac1e69202d81dbbd14ca6	These processes are essential to the functioning of the natural environment and as a result, water stress can arise when the amount of water in the environment is insufficient for natural environmental processes to function and deliver the services on which people, flora and fauna depend. Typically, “environmental water requirements” are treated as a residual (King and Brown 2011), and as a result, the lack of water available for environmental needs is creating serious environmental problems. For instance, due to extensive water extractions, some large rivers in semi-arid locations, such as the Colorado and the Murray, only intermittently reach the sea (King and Brown, 2011), and the reduced flows in rivers and water volumes in lakes and wetlands has had a major negative impact on ecosystems. This transformation has also greatly reduced the water quality of the remaining water making it much more saline.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	52caa9c53ecc397a63444bb741ed60cd	The economic and environmental costs associated with groundwater overdraft include foregone revenues from extractive uses and the loss of in situ values (Table C.7). Most large-scale assessments of the cost of groundwater overdraft are restricted to direct extractive uses. Indeed, the complex relation between aquifers, surface water and wetlands makes any attempt to assess the in-situ values difficult.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	52d0967e5ac40d19e1a4f73704bdbf87	Its director also heads the association of the different statutory insurance schemes. In addition, 96% of people use complementary health insurance, through employer-based collective schemes, individual insurance plans or, for around 6%, a non-funded solidarity scheme (Panel D). The authorities introduced yearly public spending targets, known as the National Objective for Health Insurance Spending (ONDAM or Objectif national des depenses d’assurance maladie) in 1996.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	52d1a19b08665f022b250f6a2e7c6003	The terms of exchange would be determined through negotiations, but would lie somewhere between the opportunity costs in the two countries. Two of the four cases involve exchanges of rainfed and irrigated output, while two cases involve an exchange of either rainfed or irrigated crops. There is not a unique or standard type of trade that will maximize net welfare. As in any trading opportunity, optimal strategies pertaining to rainfed and irrigated production can be determined only by considering comparative advantages, which are determined by evaluating empirical values of the pertinent opportunity costs. Some authors will expand the scope of their analysis to include additional countries and regions, while others will improve the accuracy of their measurements by collecting more detailed information regarding water use and production methods.	6	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	52d27780a3f1f05815bf124fa6a43b1f	Japan needs to shift to a more structured health system, promoting differentiation of functions (primary care, acute care and long-term care, for example) while assuring mutual collaboration to ensure that peoples’ needs can be met by the most appropriate service, in a co-ordinated manner if needed. As this differentiation occurs, the infrastructure to monitor and improve the quality of care must simultaneously deepen and become embedded at every level of governance -institutionally, regionally and nationally. As well as long life expectancy, some indicators of the quality of health care are amongst the best in the OECD. Five-year relative survival estimates after a diagnosis of breast, cervical or colorectal cancer are all high, for example, and 30-day case fatality after an ischaemic stroke is the lowest in the OECD, at 3%.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	52d363e658e2e565b4d544d9c0887ce6	They also help to establish treatment plans, to monitor responses to each treatment and to evaluate the results. They facilitate collaboration between medical staff and patients in different environments or geographically remote locations. Health services (telemedicine and teleconsultations) make it easier for patients to access expert diagnosis and advice for treatment that are not readily available.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	52dea244db9223428de6a80715f92b4f	On the other hand, the numbers of rayon and tertiary level facilities have remained stable, while the number of secondary multi-profile centres has slightly increased. By contrast, the sizes of hospitals have not changed substantially, with the average number of beds by type of facility remaining virtually unchanged over the years, implying that the decrease in the number of beds and hospitals has been driven primarily by the closure of facilities rather than the reorganisation of existing ones. The average number of beds in secondary multiprofile and tertiary hospitals (less than 200 beds in both cases) is very low given their role and scope of services, and there would appear to be significant potential to benefit from greater concentration and economies of scale. In recent years a strong policy of investment in the public sector has also contributed to upgrading buildings and equipment in Kazakhstan.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	52e024c0fb80615843bb6e5865ca9ef1	As other countries are tackling similar issues, much can be learned from strategies that have been implemented in various contexts and OECD countries and that have been shown to be effective in building a quality teaching workforce. In the following sections, this chapter provides an overview, based on the data available, of the current profile of the secondary school teacher workforce in Kazakhstan and attempts, whenever possible, to situate these data within the international context. The final section of the chapter on teachers discusses policies for attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Key areas of focus include initial teacher education and licensing requirements, induction and mentoring, in-service professional development, professional autonomy and teacher input in decision making, salary scheme, and status of the profession.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	52e2dfed5323bda302bab8636cc3434b	They can also generate new deprivations. Millions of people around the world are exposed to climate-related natural disasters, droughts and associated food insecurities and subsist on degraded land. Children are physiologically and mctabolically less able than adults to adapt to heat and other climate-related exposure and are more likely to be injured or killed during natural disasters.90 They may also be kept out of school following disasters. During the Ebola outbreak in 2014 an estimated 5 million children were deprived of education in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone because schools were closed for months.91 Women were also disproportionately affected by the Ebola outbreak: they faced higher risks of infection because of their role caring for the sick, and they suffered from less antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	52e8c4b3968cc618a01bbe5afc7d4ca3	During this period, public expenditure on education rose from 3.2% to 4.6% of GDP (see Figure 3.1). This growth was sustained over time, except with a decrease in 2010. In spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	52e8d6abd25cf997a2ef8f903964bee1	Youth participation in gangs and other organised forms of urban violence has undoubtedly increased as a direct consequence of marginalisation; these offer an alternative form of social inclusion (“inclusion within exclusion”) (ECLAC, 2014). Specialists in youth issues have argued for decades that gangs are organisations that provide some Latin American youths with a form of social inclusion: when poverty is widespread, employment options are limited and the state and institutions are near absent, then many young people turn to their peer group in the barrio for a sense of inclusion. Gangs give them power, cash income, space and a feeling of belonging that no other social institution provides (Soto and Trucco, 2015).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	52ec8f86d5c2adbe749edbd92d94242b	This includes promoting reduced full-time working hours, i.e. less than 40 hours per week, particularly with regard to employees w'ith care responsibilities for small children. One proposal for such a model (Muller et al., On average this would involve shorter paid work hours of fathers and longer paid work hours of mothers with positive implications for family incomes and wellbeing, fathers’ time w'ith children, w'omen's career progression and w'ages.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e79e9221-en	52edfdce4a6595a13d3499bd8352004f	It enhances girls’ social status, increases their bargaining power within marriage, increases their use of health services and enhances the health and survival of their children. Evidence also suggests that rights-based and gender-sensitive comprehensive sexuality education programmes can lead to greater gender equality. The Commission on Population and Development, in its resolutions 2009/1 and 2012/1, called on Governments to provide young people with comprehensive education on human sexuality, sexual and reproductive health, and gender equality to enable them to deal positively and responsibly with their sexuality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	52ef77625dc2c93915520cc249680a94	The particular combination of pension pillars (including benefit types as well as more specific pension design features such as eligibility conditions, population effectively covered, benefit levels, and so on) shape the impacts the pension systems can have in each country on different groups of people and on women and men. On average in the European Union (EU), the poverty rate before social transfers (including pensions) is estimated at 44 per cent (Figure 2-1). As expected, the greatest impact of social transfers is found among older adults, who by and large rely on pensions as the main source of income.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/488a38e7-en	52f039199725a0869c46e8c253f522b1	The types of households analysed are female and male lone-parent households on the one hand, and female and male one-person households on the other. In 16 of the 20 countries with available data in the region, the poverty rates for households of lone mothers with children are higher than they are for households of lone fathers with children by more than 5 percentage points. In the remaining four countries - El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama — the poverty rates for the two types of households are similar.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	52f1534bb70acd8e2a573005c4748b02	Renewable energy sources are divided into non-combustible (geothermal, hydro, solar, wind, tide and wave) and combustible renewables and waste (biomass, animal products, municipal waste and industrial waste). Non-renewables are fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, petroleum products, gas) and nuclear. Energy from renewables can increase energy security and lead to diversification of energy supply.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/12698017-en	52f2fde77e195f3d4b08e798c5e4a9a3	Image courtesy of NASA-GSFC. The circular blue in the middle left is approximately 100km in diameter35. Transfer of material on and off shorelines is likely to be considerable in some regions but often episodic, in response to wave action, wind and rainfall events, the proximity of sea- and land-based sources and the exposure of the coastline.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	52f3ae652423eb097e929d5cdba23140	However, fertility, which is a commonly used measure in composite gender equality measures (see, for example, the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index), is excluded as it provides only an indirect indication of women’s position. In doing this, the chapter follows, amongst others, Donno and Russet (2004: 588) who argue that although low fertility may be indicative of the degree of female reproductive rights, it may also “reflect coercive population policies enforced on women”. First, there is the very basic issue of women’s health.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	52f3c9d4bda814c542685ff178d91130	The range and depth of additional variables considered necessary for policy development will depend on the country context, the objectives of the survey and the heterogeneity of the population. Through consultations with stakeholders, survey managers should identify the additional variables that need to be included in the questionnaire in order for the objectives of the project to be met in that particular setting. The additional variables that are recommended for inclusion in surveys on violence against women are listed below.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	52f5e0cf584e8b6fdab13c1a506f7e41	"What impact will such an increase have on production and value added in upstream (input-supplying) sectors?"" Figure 6 displays in graphic form the complex information potentially available from the analysis of forward and backward linkages. This prediction could be attributed to the fact that the majority of inputs into forestry and hunting are at the household level based on labour supply, consistent with the growth in household incomes that we observed in section 3.3. It follows that growth in the forestry and hunting sector is in the interests of the household sector, an argument which the forestry ministry could use in soliciting the support of the household sector in forest conservation."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	52f892cc4a20973290969365db6cc146	The phenomenon is usually attributed to the lower relative salaries compared to other professions, as well as to cultural factors (OECD 2005, 2009, 2012a). In Kazakhstan the gender imbalance is particularly apparent with more than eight women out of every 10 teachers in primary and secondary education on average (81%). Kazakhstan has a larger share of its teachers aged 30 years or younger (24% in 2011) than in OECD countries on average, and a smaller proportion of teachers aged 50 years or older (21% in 2011; see Table 4.1). Nonetheless, these numbers indicate that nearly one-quarter of the teacher population is at or nearing the age of retirement and that significant efforts will need to be made to ensure that this does not result in important teacher shortages, especially in light of the expected increase in the student population (National Centre for Educational Quality Assessment - NCEQA, 2011).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	52f96c0c28a853e3313b9f2955b17b3f	Taxes and subsidies to stimulate green buildings and develop energy-saving technologies would also help to reduce GHG emissions. The combined impact of all these countermeasures is shown in Figure 5.6. As in other ASEAN countries, national economic planning hasthe greatest impact on activities that affect the environment.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	52fc1b9eb66bf45d002675a4fc124a32	Thus, SBSTA 41 (2014) activities included a report on lessons learnt and good practices relating to adaptation planning processes. In addition, SBSTA co-ordinates the Nairobi Work Programme (NWP). The work of the “Consultative Group of Experts” (CGE) is under the SBI, and includes work including identifying best practices and lessons learnt in compiling national reports under the UNFCCC, as well as in developing training materials on vulnerability and adaptation assessments (SBI, 2014c).	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	52fc21d913f6ef4ea0a6c5ab0dea511d	It is important to map these groups and understand their information needs and also the information they can generate to feed into the overall information management system. This requires a degree of predictability through regular reporting structures, as well as elements of flexibility to fulfil ad-hoc information requests. For example, the National Disaster Reduction Centre of China (NDRCC) has a range of operational information products (Figure IV-15).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204256-10-en	52fc6788cce72c390bef090db79a22d5	It suggests that improvements in the teaching of literacy and numeracy in schools and in programmes for adults with poor literacy and numeracy skills and limited familiarity with information and communication technologies may provide considerable economic returns for both individuals and society. Previous chapters of this report have examined the level and distribution of these skills among countries and different groups in the population as well as the relationship between proficiency and factors that are thought to help develop and maintain skills proficiency. This chapter examines the relationships between proficiency and the following aspects of individual and social well-being: participation in the labour market, employment, earnings, health, participation in associative or volunteer activities, and the sense of influence on the political process.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	52fe3c6da7ccb6906d9721196b52fb39	Teacher quality has also been developed through strong initial teacher education to a master's level with practical experience. The transfer of early childhood education and care services from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to the Ministry of Education and Culture (2013) represents a major shift in perspective. Education and Research 2011-2016: A development plan aims to increase participation of students with immigrant background in preparatory education to improve their opportunity to finish upper secondary education, Curriculum reform is being developed from pre-primary through upper secondary education, to be implemented from 2016.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	52fe7458a12e9e7d96ee559d32758064	Currently, a very welcome proposal is being discussed by the Legislative Assembly to make accreditation mandatory for all teaching programmes in private universities, as part of an effort to raise the quality of initial teacher preparation and bring courses into line with the requirements of a new school curriculum. Teacher assessments show that 40% of English teachers and 29% of Mathematics teachers do not master the content of the curriculum they are expected to teach. While national training courses have improved, teachers receive little regular support for and feedback on their teaching practice.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	52ff6c00f04bfc82340c8ab9771e4bc1	This is particularly true in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, where retirement benefits are received by 20%-30% of households. The exceptions include Brazil, where retirement benefits are somewhat regressive in absolute terms despite the high level of coverage, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama and Paraguay, where the benefits are somewhat progressive but coverage is low. From this perspective, consideration of the coverage of these transfers by primary per capita income decile shows that they are progressive, that is, the coverage is greater among the poorest groups. This seems to contradict the widespread notion that social security systems are regressive. It must be borne in mind, however, that many of them are based on past employment, and also that their extent and amount are subject to a type of occupational stratification which at one time gave rise to a regressive primary-income structure.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	5303afa54cffc49b5d3df0afe09a3f15	"They face additional challenges of access to health services. This can be seen from the view of a President of an African country who said, ""How can you have a stone-age creature continuing to exist in the time of computers? If the Bushmen want to survive, they must change, otherwise, like the dodo they will perish"".’”"	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	5309fe66154ed38c53beb5d1474441ba	A key goal is to differentiate between societies that care more and/or better than societies that care less. The reason could be social norms around intergenerational obligation that induce altruistic preferences; strong social welfare sectors that create highly skilled and well-paid jobs in the care sector; or, more likely, gendered ideals that encourage women to provide high-quality care for little or no pay. In high-caring spirit economies, higher wages are associated with increased investments in human capacities, raising long-term growth possibilities. In low-caring spirit economies, the impact of higher wages on investment is not strong enough to counter the negative impact on profits, and growth suffers as a result.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	530bd2e8af7d42aef5abf23df48088c5	For instance, the Standing Committee on Finance under the UNFCCC estimates that the global total climate finance, which includes public and private financial resources devoted to addressing climate change, ranged from USD 340-650 billion in 2014 in all countries (UNFCCC, 2016). The finance needed to achieve the mitigation and adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement, however, is much larger. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the costs of the full implementation of climate pledges expressed in the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) by 150 countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	530e92a3c01c3f39c7629d591d04e91a	The aim of these plans, drawn up by the local employment offices, is to build a tailored package of training measures to ensure that migrants are directed to programmes that are appropriate to their specific skills, experience, and needs. In 2016, changes were introduced to reorganise the integration plan into sub-modules combining vocationally-oriented content with basic integration training at an early stage. In conjunction with basic integration studies (largely language and civic education), the new training modules may contain a diverse range of other activities, including on-the-job learning and work experience.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	53103a01b160a02195e9de7857d7b01f	Instead they cover a range of geographies and types of intervention, from climate risk reduction in Ethiopia to financing of a field station in a Costa Rican national park. The objective, expressed in Austria’s Fifth National Communication to the UNFCCC, is to use development assistance to target the root causes of vulnerability to the effects of climate change. These efforts focus on poverty alleviation, conflict prevention and improving the management of natural resources. This mainstreaming process is intended to ensure that non-adaptation-related funding nonetheless contributes to reductions in vulnerability.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	5310e3b823c6028fd0cb6f0d4a1115cf	Their purpose was to assess UNDP’s added value, partnership strategies and relevance of approach. In each country visited, there was an effort to meet representatives from the UN country team (UNCT) and the Resident Coordinator. Data were collected on six cross-cutting questions8 to assess nationally driven efforts to promote GEWE and whether/the extent to which the GES has provided guidance across the thematic area. The data analysed included a range of UNDP knowledge products, key publications, knowledge-sharing platforms and social media, such as Twitter accounts. An independent consultant was commissioned to assess UNDP’s performance in response to the plan, which included a meta-evaluation of 30 evaluation reports produced in 2014.10 The metaevaluation was conducted using the UN Evaluation Group Technical Note guidance for reporting on evaluation. The Gender Equality Strategy contains references to ‘gender explicit’ and ‘gender responsive’ outcomes.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	5314931924751cea652439a6968d94b0	"Simulations for a 2°C average temperature rise predict significant negative consequences for the distribution of dark coniferous forests. A particular impact may occur due to ""multiple stresses"", where changes in soil humidity, rainfall, temperature and pathogens all contribute to high levels of tree mortality. Adaptation measures will require an improved information system for forest management to support changes in species planted and management interventions to prevent fire and the spread of pests and disease."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/893fb414-en	5318541bdc7da8a9972534c97b2bde0a	Recently, consideration of the public health aspects of energy production has become increasingly prominent with respect to the global energy agenda (IEA 2016, WHO 2012, Osterholm and Kelly 2009). Globally gender is scarcely mainstreamed in energy policies, even in the case of the newest energy sectors. As of early 2015,145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in power generation, heating and cooling, and transport (e.g. the European Union had established new regulations governing the energy sector beyond 2020, setting a region-wide goal of a 27% renewable energy share by 2030) (REN21 2015).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	531a1d96cd9b0fd03402b7021234d06a	In all countries, domestic workers have significantly lower levels of education than those employed outside the care sector, while care workers in education and health care have significantly higher levels of schooling than the rest of the employed population. Poverty and indigence rates among care workers are higher than average, and they generally have more children and adolescents in their households. Within this highly heterogeneous sector, domestic workers are much more vulnerable than other caregivers.	5	6	5	0.09090909090909091
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	531aac4b63789549efc63ad3a6c33deb	They had very little money, and the stipend, food and clothes from UNHCR were not enough for their needs. As a young teenager in Nairobi, she was also vulnerable to sexual harassment and violence. In retrospect, this was the main reason she agreed to marry a Kenyan Muslim man who was a shopkeeper in their neighbourhood. Rabiya was pregnant at the time, and her first son was subsequently born in Australia.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	531af60de157fd491c002609b9d18777	In many cases, the under-use of highly skilled workers is a reflection of the general under-use of labour. In Ireland and Japan, for example, around one in four adults with Level 3 proficiency is outside the labour force, while in the United Slates, fewer than one in five adults al this proficiency level does not participate in the labour market. Two out of three Korean adults who score at or below level 1 are employed, while in the Slovak Republic, only two in five adults with this level of proficiency are employed. These patterns may be affected by the extent of jobs available for those with very low skills; they may also reflect weak financial rewards for working, especially if interactions between the tax and benefit systems mean that low-skilled adults face high marginal effective tax rates.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5320f4891d08a7bc88a64c9685fcc1e8	Direct jobs are relatively easy to measure and their absolute number unequivocally correlate to the rate of growth of renewable technologies. All studies we contemplate consider direct renewable energy job impacts. Some others note that indirect effects can be expected, or explicitly estimate these effects via a simple multiplier.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	532225a277ec596c025820314c15051c	Individuals with tertiary education are more likely to be employed than those with an upper secondary education who in turn have a greater chance of being employed than those without an upper secondary education (Figure 1.8). The proportion of the population that has attained at least upper secondary education grew from 56% for the generation aged 55-64 in 2011 to 88% for the generation aged 25-34 in the same year. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and enrolment rates for 15 to 19 year olds grew from 64% in 1995 to 76% in 2011 (OECD, 2011b). Student learning outcomes in Chile, as measured by PISA, while still considerably below the OECD average, have remarkably improved over the past decade.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	5322d6f84042c30c178286322021ee26	There are two types of special taxes: the energy tax is levied based on volume of fuel and the CO2 tax is based on the GHG emission level of fuels. The companies that participate in the quota system do not pay the CO2 tax. The taxation system does not directly subsidize wood fuels in energy production, but make them more attractive alternatives in comparison to fossil fuels because of their tax free status.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	5323d82a57c911dacec2bda93c43d2c2	Mainly salmon and tuna products as well as Alaska pollack fillets were imported, and in 2016 half of all imports (49%) originated from the EU. Poland was the most important single supplier of fish and fisheries products in 2016, ahead of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”), and was instrumental in ensuring that the German market was supplied with adequate quantities of canned herring, deep-frozen breaded fish fillets and salmon products. In most federal states people are required to hold an angling licence if they wish to engage in independent pole-and-line fishing, which requires knowledge in the subjects of fish biology, hydrology, water management, animal welfare and water conservation.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	5328b4733a7f590dcb64e8731b6b0730	First, candidates are screened based on their Matriculation Exam score, their secondary school record and out-of-school accomplishments. The introduction of additional requirements for entering the profession should go along with accompanying measures to raise the attractiveness of teaching, for example by improving compensation levels at the beginning of the career (see Chapter 5 for data on teacher remuneration). New teachers do not have a category immediately after graduation, although under certain conditions they can apply for 2nd category attestation after one year of teaching experience.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	53292b691154a5eaeec700e07bb19dfb	The participating departments include Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Department of Justice Canada. Department of Canadian Heritage, Public Health Agency of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Statistics Canada and Status of Women Canada. Violence prevention is also integrated into the activities of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Correctional Service Canada, Department of National Defence, Health Canada, Employment and Skills Development Canada, Public Safety Canada and Service Canada.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	532a0abd1aef96d8fe5c44a49a70de6d	Moreover, community mental health centres may involve both general mental health services as well as specialised mental health services. In Norway, for example, the municipal mental health services comprise both primary health care and social services, provided by psychiatric nurses, GPs, psychologists and other professionals. Additionally, these primary mental health services work together with specialised service units.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d35e799b-en	532aae65b38a604e64c088b2678c09a4	However, projections indicate a drop of almost half in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions, from 23.3 per cent in 1990-1992 to 12.9 per cent in 2014-2016. This is very close to the MDG hunger target. Rapid progress during the 1990s was followed by a slower decline in hunger in the first five years of the new millennium and then a rebound starting around 2008.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	532bbca22776ee6bc332cb79927f4511	Earlier versions of this paper received comments from Anthony Atkinson, Francois Bourguignon, Matthew Hammill, Johannes Jutting, Marco Mira d'Ercole and Martin Ravallion for which the authors are grateful. The authors are indebted to the World Bank for the online availability of the distributional data in the PovCalNet database; special thanks go to Shaohua Chen for providing some of the underlying data directly to the authors. The decade of the 2000s was the first to witness unconditional convergence across countries in a generation as poor countries, led by China and India grew faster than the advanced economies of the OECD. Rapid growth in the developing world has reduced extreme poverty dramatically: there are 620 million fewer extremely poor people in the world now than in 1990; the world is on track to achieving the goal of halving the number of people living on a dollar a day as it set out to do in the Millennium Declaration.	1	0	9	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	532ceb9dafcbe0afb8f6d1cea736456d	The shortfall of the new law in this regard is not as fatal as the gap is covered by similar provisions in Articles 194 and 195 of the OLPC. Under Article 197 concerning the penalty for rape on a person aged eighteen (18) years or above, the Penal Code stipulates that any person who rapes a person aged eighteen (18) years or above shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of more than five (5) years to seven (7) years. If rape results in the death of the victim, the offender shall be liable to life imprisonment.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	5330bbeb6846c1002a48e1394ffec32f	Overall, according to the survey of female migrants from the CIS States, migration to the Russian Federation does not lead to multiple sexual partners; among those women who are married or cohabit, 81.3 per cent have sex with their husband, 1 per cent have another permanent sexual partner, 0.5 per cent have different partners, while 15 per cent do not have any sexual partner when in the Russian Federation (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 63). Female migrants from Central Asia face difficulties if they insist that a permanent partner use condoms (Agadjanian and Zotova, 2014). Limited awareness, in its turn, might lead to sexually transmitted infections, which are also brought back to the countries of origin (Renton and others, 2006), and to unwanted/ unexpected pregnancy. Pregnancy out of wedlock contradicts the norms of the Central Asian societies; thus, it results either in abortion or in unwanted children being left in the maternity clinic.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	5338694dabbc4ef634243c37cb24fb6d	There is a need for a clear target and policy for renewable energy and for these to be reflected clearly in the national power development plan. In places where houses or companies do have solar installed, they are not actively encouraged or compensated to feed excess energy back into the grid. Despite the lack of incentives, a fledgling solar industry' has developed in Cambodia w'ith the Solar Energy Association of Cambodia, mostly providing off-grid solutions targeting communities not connected to the grid. Support to government institutions, through multi-donor initiatives such as the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, have enabled the development and roll-out of important environmental policies including climate change policies and action plans.	8	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	533bf125505c7ebb749d263316db8df8	It can be expressed as follows. One important limitation of the OB decomposition is that it applies only to differences in the mean. While there have been different methods developed for decomposing general distributional statistics over the last 15 years, Firpo et al. ( Their idea is to use the Recentered Influence Function (RIF) for the distributional statistic of interest instead of the usual outcome variable as the dependent variable in a regression. Consider RIF (y ; v) is the influence function corresponding to an observed income y for the distributional statistic of interest, v(Fy).	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	533bf131b3388252ae126c8f0f4e63fd	For example, inclusion criteria are examined for the use of Herceptin, and approximately 120 to 140 patients with breast cancer are allowed to receive the treatment for free every year. The number of eligible women is expected to be raised to 200 in coming years. Ineligible patients, however, are required to pay the entire cost of Herceptin.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	5341b48a939963e2393de28d90e14644	Switzerland and the United Kingdom, with comparatively long hospitalisation durations, have also experienced a strong decrease in the past few years, converging to the averages in other countries. Some countries, e.g. Norway or Denmark, have exceedingly short stays with a mean length below five days, pointing to fundamental differences between countries regarding their mental health care strategies. Furthermore, a Cochrane meta-analysis in 2000 did not find increased readmission risks of planned short-term admissions of patients with severe mental illnesses (Johnstone and Zolese, 2000).	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e29aba4-en	5341beb1f8051b6af05c39e981658599	These results suggest that more effective labour market policy, which will encourage women to participate in paid work, is needed. Moreover, family-friendly policies and initiatives that encourage a more equitable sharing of the burden of care and household chores between males and females are required. However, levels will be underreported if there is a considerable amount of unpaid work being carried out.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	5346cf09fbb3e67593050301a9a9466f	When stating levels of concern for a number of environmental issues, including overfishing, coastal flooding and ocean acidification, the term 'pollution', particularly water and oil pollution, was mentioned frequently. Marine debris-related terms, such as 'litter', ‘rubbish’ and ‘beach cleanliness' were also reported, but much less frequently (Figure 9.1). Such surveys are helpful for catching the public mood, but some caution is warranted.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	5347410c911c2720cb057dc1dde7e441	It produces publications, posters and videos related to occupational and environmental safety of chemicals. It also organises training and educational events. The Information Centre on Safety of Chemical Products (CISPROQUIM), also supported by industry, has telephone contact lines to provide information in case of chemical emergencies.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	534da09976027d37ceb3a4c9d37dfc26	Most countries in the region have also set national renewable energy targets. To achieve these, a range of policy support measures for renewable energy projects is being used in the region, including feed-in tariffs (FITs); tax relief; capital subsidies; public investment, loans and grants auction schemes; and others. Among the main obstacles remaining are challenges in grid access, administrative barriers and energy pricing (OECD, 2017). Across Emerging Asia, TPES in kilotonne of oil equivalent (ktoe) per unit of GDP fell by 29.8% between 2000 and 2015.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	5350825e54a0ffc85f56419a6ca42540	It disaggregates this spending by source of financing: national and regional governments, contributory schemes and external support. The inclusion of regional spending data is a key innovation and represents an important way in which this report builds on the World Bank’s recent public expenditure review of social spending (Kiringai et al., It also shows the proportion of spending by source of financing and identifies trends both in spending and financing over the past five years.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	53590c21eed13ca20769b783a9bcc7f4	Since these institutions in many countries plagued by widespread poverty do not act in a strategic and rational fashion, aid money tends to get tied up in red tape or misappropriated. Local government institutions that are closer to addressing poverty issues are starved of funds and rarely get them on time. For example, most African Governments have an 80/20 formula for sharing expenditures— four fifths going to central Government, one fifth to local governments. This is a serious misallocation of funds that has not been possible to correct despite pressure to decentralize funding and the establishment of special means to track public expenditure.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	535c27723932af0eff2c05e8734e1e36	However, the share of part-time employment is above average in all these countries, except Sweden. Cash transfers are often universal and household taxes tend to be largely proportional to household income. Overall, the dispersion in disposable income and the poverty rate are well below the OECD average. Inequality in labour earnings is driven by a low employment rate (in particular for Belgium, France, Italy and the Slovak Republic), while wage dispersion is well below the OECD average.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	535eb891a949d37356efe96b540bbc4e	Peak flow usually occurs between February and March depending on the volume of rainfall and snow-melt originating from the mountainous regions in southern Lebanon and Syria. The low-flow season extends from June to November with minimum flows occurring in July at Obstacle Bridge, and in August/September at Sede Nehemia. However, it is likely that the stream-flow regime presented in Figure 10.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	535f459710bca356b6c3dcb69b6821fd	He then used the methodology developed by Kraay (2004) to determine how much influence is exerted by each component of pro-poor growth and found that increases in income have been relatively more influential than changes in inequality as a source of pro-poor growth in the northeastern region of the country. Their findings indicated that growth in Brazil in the post-Real Plan period was indeed pro-poor. Their results suggest that all parts of the country experienced pro-poor growth in 1987-2007.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/09ba747a-en	5360e390afd850e58a947b92873c05f0	Notwithstanding the revenue potential, environmentally-related revenues declined as a share of GDP in most OECD countries during 1995-2014 (Figure 8). Data not available for Greece for 1995. In judging the growth impact of environmental taxes, an important consideration is the use to which the revenues generated by the levies are put.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	53661186c7235498f4afd17172a601fb	Nonetheless, for developing countries in aggregate, there is no support in these figures for the view that food import bills are becoming unsustainable. Aggregate figures may, of course, conceal difficulties experienced by particular countries. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010; Demeke etal., In some cases they have reawakened interest in food self-sufficiency, which, if enforced through trade policy, implies prohibitive levels of protection.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	536a9fc1ef970d86dfb19716d9a4338d	While land resources are large, India’s high population density means that land resource endowment on a per capita basis is actually less than the world average. This means that higher aggregate production in the future will come from yield growth and increases in the cropping intensity rather than an expansion in agricultural area. Depending upon the availability of water, cropping activities continue year-round.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/99aadf34-en	536e44bad507a5c14a652db1c4da39cd	It is the share of economic subsectors (out of the 35 subsectors) that have production linkages with at least S0.02 per United States dollar of output from or to manufacturing activities. See Annex 3 for the definition and calculation of the indicator. This suggests that the manufacturing sector is not well-integrated with the rest of the economy and hence not well-diversified.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-3-en	5378746a97d39e4cb9e20e293a06a607	This plan should seek to enhance policy coherence with agriculture, energy and territorial development and bridge identified governance gap, with a high level of political commitment. The mechanisms should leave sufficient flexibility to adjust to the features of each state and basin’s institutional structure and will require capacity building at all levels to match responsibilities with capabilities.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	53789803c9e2a6a3792aaf458747668a	Olmstead (2013) suggests that “while water prices, on the whole, do not seem to be higher in more arid regions, water marketing is more prevalent in arid regions. In a Coasian sense, the mere existence of the potential gains from trading water creates pressure for trade to occur, so long as the property rights are clearly assigned.” In Chile, Australia and the Western US, water trading has evolved in direct response to scarcity (Olmstead 2013). The National Water Code established in Chile in 1981 separated water rights from land rights and allowed the water rights to be traded. The response has been significant in the north-Central region (Bauer 2004). In Australia, water trading was introduced over the course of three decades, beginning in 1983 with South Australia.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	5378b79a7f236ec54f5411d55c07c138	Notwithstanding the fact that the outcomes from MC10 include a commitment to abolish export subsidies for farm exports, some members have called for a more result. In particular, for reinvigorated action by WTO members on ambitious and effective disciplines on fisheries subsidies. This is reflected in an initiative led by a subset of WTO members which gained some momentum at MC10 which calls for international action to eliminate harmful fishing subsidies (McClay, 2015).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	537966f3d1960a3ba60d78030594b145	Using part of the additional revenue generated from higher taxes, for example, can help avoid increased energy affordability risk and even reduce it if sufficient revenue is allocated to support vulnerable consumers (OECD, 2018, forthcoming). The analysis shows who will lose and who will gain from the reform, what will be the impact of the reform on the public budget but also on households’ disposable income, what social measures could be put in place to protect vulnerable groups that would be affected by the reform. This work also show's how such analysis can be approached (issues, data) and practically conducted in co-operation w'ith different parts of the government and other stakeholders in the country (Box 1.3). The study has also reviewed the impact of reform on the public budget and on potential GHG emission reductions. The standard VAT rate in Moldova is 20%. The VAT imposed on gas consumed by households is 8%, and no VAT is imposed on electricity and heat consumption.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	537add45581f18f64c8b04a29fe99fa3	The elimination of child labour is fundamental to promoting better employment prospects for youth. Children need time and energy to participate fully in relevant and good quality education to become skilled youth able to meet the demands of the labour market or become successful entrepren have higher incomes as youth and adults through inc: or employees. The share of wage employment increases with education and is much higher among university educated youth and adults than among those with no or little education. Everything else being equal, not working in farming has a stronger influence on the likelihood of being wage employed than having tertiary education.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	537bba7bbb93de6be1b9b52667b6da04	Evidence suggests that as many as 40 per cent of female adult sex workers report having begun selling sex when they were 16 or younger. Adolescent girls face even greater barriers to negotiating contraceptive and condom use, because often their male partners are much older (UNFPA, 2013). A study by Kelly et al. (	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	537d0371b837fe1c4f52c9cba30327c5	Some capabilities that are needed by education institutions for self-management are not yet fully developed - and, likewise, authorities responsible for steering a decentralised system of education sometimes lack capacities needed to meet their responsibilities. Using EU funding more effectively and ensuring the sustainability of the initiatives as funding becomes less generous in the future will also be a serious challenge in the years ahead. Improved performance requires, at a strategic level, that Lithuania clarify and raise expectations of performance, align resources in support of raised performance expectations, strengthen performance monitoring and the assurance of quality, and build institutional capacity to achieve high performance.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5384d0fbdb1e3b7dbd3f6b0f38862307	In fact, the British government is concerned by the low levels of liquidity in the electricity wholesale market due to vertical integration and one aim of the Electricity Market Reform is to provide sufficient liquidity to allow all independent generators, regardless of their size, to compete effectively in the market. The latter is primarily an incentive for coal-based power producers to deploy CCS technology along with any new constructed fossil-fuel plant. In addition it is planned to create in the medium term a reliable, flexible and efficient production system by legislating for a new capacity payment mechanism.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	5387361efc0ec5d0d2cf06fa00d32da0	Rural communities close to cities have seen more dynamic economic growth and, as such, it is important to strengthen the linkages between mral areas and small and medium-sized cities - this is recognised in Poland’s new Strategy for Responsible Development. In mral regions where tourism is less prevalent and where there are greater distances to urban agglomerations and markets, the profile of mral businesses is different - e.g. forms of manufacturing or industries related to the agricultural sector such as food processing dominate. The territorial location of mral firms impacts the size of companies, institutional frameworks and, in turn, the ways in which public policy supports entrepreneurship. This section examines a range of public interventions to support entrepreneurship - from financial lending and skills training to local economic development strategies and smart specialisation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	538e63e2ad4600cab1d0f61a661e67cf	This type of usage require fast and widespread mobile connectivity. This maturity level often requires fixed connections with very high speed. The levels of Internet maturity can be useful to define a framework of ICT skills, adjust education policies, and to plan for future ICT infrastructure to ensure networks has the “sufficient capacity, quality and speed to support more advanced usage. ” (	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	5395ca49514e9448afcc9e14b691736d	As a result, regions holding the greatest concentrations of innovative sectors tend to outperform other regions in terms of employment and overall economic growth. Connectivity constraints and (more frequently) the weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms located in these regions hamper adoption of new technologies and innovations produced elsewhere. For instance, firms located in northern regions of Sweden have been found to have more limited access to finance compared to those in the south of the country (Inlandsinnovation AB, 2014). At the European level, for instance, innovation capacities are particularly high in Denmark, Finland, Germany and Sweden, and relatively low in eastern and southern European countries - and that gap does not seem to be narrowing (Veugelers, 2016).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2017-6-en	53962e02ae4e384fb932346ac838649f	"The fourth SDG aims to ""Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. However, significant challenges remain for many countries with respect to achieving targets that measure learning outcomes and equity. Education is so central to the achievement of a sustainable, prosperous and equitable planet that failure to achieve this particular SDG puts at risk the achievement of the 17 SDGs as a whole."	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	539a6d0f85f20e2670f06f5e87447303	This contrasts with the debate of the early 1990s, when the rise in the average wage of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) relative to that of the United States was used to allay fears about the effect of trade on income inequality. This may be partly due to a declining growth in labour supply and restrictions on geographical labour mobility (TDR 2010, chap. Moreover, the new labour contract law, which came into effect in 2008, stipulates minimum wage requirements and allows a strengthening of the bargaining power of employees.9 Finally, labour compensation has also increased because of rapidly rising labour productivity. According to Banister and Cook (2011), labour productivity in China's industrial sector (including manufacturing, as well as construction, mining and utilities) increased at an average annual rate of about 10 per cent betw een 1991 and 2008. The reason for this rapid productivity growth is a combination of sizeable and growing capital investment and improved education and skill levels of Chinese workers, along with the use of advanced technologies by transnational corporations (TNCs) engaged in international production sharing, as discussed below .	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	539bc22cbb41280b79340212f8b72ce5	In any event, while personality explains part of subjective well-being, living conditions are also an influence (Schmutte and Ryff, 1997; Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). These differences may be expressed in differing concepts of happiness or satisfaction, in the use of different kinds of information and even in different forms of self-conceptualization associated with specific cultural norms. A life satisfaction score of 6 on a scale of 1 to 10 does not mean that the individual is twice as satisfied as another individual with a score of 3.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	539ddbb2505bdc7c194092fd439db13b	Price increases of oil and petroleum impact the short-run costs of running farm machinery and irrigation systems, as well as the costs of processing, handling and transporting food along the value chain. Higher in-land and ocean freight costs can significantly affect both import and consumer prices. Price transmission of oil price increases to crop prices may be more rapid.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	539f4fc87ed73dbc2dee0c0d5ec574b9	"2016).Their composite index is not necessarily multidimensional (Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003; also see de Neubourg et al., We refer to the share of children in the national population who lack access to a particular dimension as the ""dimensional deprivation rate"" or ""dimensional poverty rate"" while the share of children who are deprived in at least two out of seven dimensions is referred to as the ""multidimensional child poverty"" rate. Hence, the choice of dimensions is limited by the data."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	53a1d64c406a446c5f0fd22be3bfc066	In 2009, the proportion of women with at least upper secondary education was considerably higher than among men in Brazil, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. These factors are interrelated, which often makes it difficult to distinguish causes and effects and/or provide immediate, targeted policy responses. The figure is 31% of total bilateral sector-allocable aid.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	53a565b0c2ac082c3dbb7bab752d16cf	The presence of a large number of actors involved in the renewable energy industry enriches the “learning fabric” of the region. Even when the basic technology (the scientific information) is imported from outside the region, local actors adapt such information to local needs and potentials, fulfilling a large part of the learning (or innovation, according to the definition used in this assessment) process. This activity is likely to affect the learning capacity of the region.	6	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	53aaceb44fa40d553b8df9577a713513	Thus, the service packages available for the Costa Rican population do not discriminate according to different insurance schemes. From there on, the percentage of the population insured oscillated between 85.6 and 87.6% until 2008. After 2008, health care coverage increased again, reaching 94.7% of the population in 2014 - representing significant progress towards universal health coverage (Figure 1.7).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	53ab5edc94a9314862b156c27646b2aa	The IEA suggests that 80% of projected global C02 energy emissions to 2020 are already locked-in through the world’s current infrastructure asset base. Infrastructure assets have long operational lifetimes (the estimated average lifetime of a coal-fired power station is 40-60 years). About 60% of power plants in service or under construction today are projected to still be in operation in 2035, which will mean that the majority of power sector emissions in that year are already “locked in”, unless future policy changes force early retirement of existing plants or their retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	53ab7c4808368141ff7e3304fe7f7e78	The inconsistent and unpredictable nature of import measures is reducing the incentive to trade with Indonesia, reinforcing the perception that trade is unreliable. In particular, non-tariff measures need to be more transparent. A growing number of administrative requirements are being placed on imports.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/208cb99e-en	53ac8e82af4c1738945f7c91b332b45f	Considering recent examples and participatory consultations, a core subset of dimensions is likely to include living standards, services, health, education, and the lived environment. It is desirable that the national MPI includes the dimensions of living standards, services, health, education, work and the lived environment. If national priorities are met (these have priority), and if in time, harmonized data are available, then for low marginal costs, both national and comparative measures can be built for UNECE countries.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	53ae2a0768057bfe2d0523d6e76e14cb	The sample in Model 2 is restricted to companies receiving at least one round of funding, and reporting the amount received. The subsequent columns show how these differences change once founders’ characteristics are included. When start-ups with one or more female founder receive funding, they also receive an amount that is 34% lower than that of male start-ups (Model 2) (Table 1, column 1).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	53ae76bbb74426211c2ea36373c339fa	Then, the technical and safety requirements specific to nuclear power plants will be described, as well as their economical effects on the nuclear plant developer and on the whole electrical system. Especially in OECD countries, a strong opposition to large thermal power plants (and in particular to nuclear power plants) and the not-in-my-back-yard (NIMBY) syndrome have undermined or slowed down the planning, construction and grid connection of new generating capacity. Undoubtedly, wide public support or acceptance of the project and appropriate co-ordination with all stakeholders are key elements to its successful and timely completion.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	53af2740bd06f7c87b2a7c1cd20d5592	Spending on educational institutions as a share of GDP, for all levels of education has decreased from 8.5% to 7.5%. ( Budgetary spending per child (aged 0-17) in Arab localities is only half of Jewish communities’ expenditure per child (Sikkuy, 2008). Authorities are aware of the discrepancies, and have started to increase investment. For example, over the 2007-11 period 8 000 new classrooms are scheduled to be built and subsidised, of which 40% are for the benefit of minority populations.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	53af30af840a809b067e6a1632352b35	These data reveal the relationship between unpaid work and women's lesser engagement in the labour market and their tendency to have more informal and precarious jobs. Hence, it is crucial to consider time distribution in the formulation of policies which, when combined with other sectoral policies, incentivize the redistribution of domestic and care work and promote labour practices that offer alternatives for the organization of time spent on market activities (Marco, 2012). Moreover, the analysis of time spent on care helps to evaluate the importance of reinforcing maternity and paternity leave and the relevance of implementing leave for the care of older persons and household members with some form of disability or chronic illness.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d8517580-en	53b0873ccc46acf84dffa7e982b1416b	In Saudi Arabia a recharge of 114 to 240 MCM (equivalent to 4.434 to 19.2 mm/yr35) has been estimated. Groundwater flow across the political border has presumably been disrupted by the heavy abstraction in the Sa'dah-Najran area since the late 1970s. However, available data does not reveal the impact of this cone of depression on the groundwater dynamics of the aquifer system.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	53b0d5c7ebe4343b15d9d217efe10321	In particular, a gain in life expectancy at birth of slightly more than one year for both females and males over the period 1991-2003 could be attributed to the increase in health care spending per capita which amounted to more than 50% in real terms over the same period (Table 2). It also suggested that health care spending is the single most important factor explaining differences in health status across countries, though other factors also play important roles (Table 3). The implicit assumption is that all the unexplained country-specific effects and residuals reflect inefficiency, and not measurement errors, omitted variables and other factors. Supporting this assumption are the very low correlations, if any, between the unexplained differences in health status indicators and recent values of key variables which could not be included in panel regressions because cross-country comparable time series were not available - in particular income dispersion (as measured by Gini coefficient), obesity and population density.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	53b442fb245b888d63150682dd47834b	For example, this was part of the NAPAs established by LDCs, as well as Technology Needs Assessments, biennial update reports and national communications. Many developing countries have also indicated adaptation support needs for adaptation (including finance) in their intended nationally determined contributions. As there is no single definition of what climate finance (or adaptation) comprises, it is unsurprising that different countries have established their proposals in different ways.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	53b678dc37196e0231f50a7ad9c9e0dd	The crypto tokens (coins) in circulation on each platform can be used as a currency to engage other market platforms as well. For example, in the case of a P2P power-trading platform and a separate reward system for end-consumer behaviour, a user that receives tokens for riding a bike to work instead of using a car could use the awarded credit to buy renewable power produced by a neighbour in the local community. Their level of complexity and the resources needed for implementation vary significantly from case to case. Four use cases are presented in section 3.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	53b96280b73dc44bcfea328850a168e6	At the world level, labour and capital factor income of primary agricultural sectors would decrease by 1.7% if fertiliser and biofuel support policies were abolished in a low-energy-price environment, compared with 1.2% with the higher energy prices assumed for the reference case. At a regional level, the income effect is again most significant in the United States (-9.4% compared with -5.2% at higher energy prices). As stated before, however, a certain degree of imperfect competition could be assumed in fertiliser markets given its high degree of concentration.35 In this section we study whether the impact of abolition of fertiliser polices on production costs differs when there is imperfect competition.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	53bb1c3d79067f28a39fee498c37d5ca	In Italy, financial resources were devoted to boost innovation in radiotherapy, especially in the southern regions in 2007, but the inequality in availability of medical technologies has not been fully resolved. The density is above-average for both diagnostic and treatment devices in the United States and Switzerland and below-average for all medical devices in Estonia, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea have high densities of diagnostic equipment but below-average densities for radiotherapy equipment, and the Czech Republic, France and the Slovak Republic, with below-average densities of diagnostic equipment, have high densities of therapeutic equipment.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/feb1987a-en	53bc2700aacbaa1bfef35f248620264f	They have a fixed berth and scheduled downtimes. Often these vessels share bunker supply in a port. This common use of one supply point may also demonstrate the case for the use of LNG - depending on local interests. With regard to ship design and construction, the introduction of the IGF Codel 0 by IMO MSC11 with effect from 1 January 2017 has provided legal certainty for ship design. A key aspect is that maritime regulation is harmonized globally, whereas onshore regulation can fall under the responsibility of a manifold of local authorities.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	53bd8bfe307d16068c93f8fd6b0dda4d	The review looked at what was being done to manage flood risk and where there were any problems. The floods led to major regional social, economic and environmental disruption, requiring substantial relief from central government. Following these events the flood risk management review and work programme was agreed, and a steering group was established.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	53bee98e2c174cde25c6ba612f239c81	Enrolment in general upper-secondary education has fallen from 62 411 in 1999/2000 to 40 085 in 2013/14, or nearly 36% (Figure 1.29 in Chapter 1). A drop of this scale has major implications for future skills shortages in the labour market and makes minimising school dropouts and raising enrolment in VET and higher education an urgent priority. It also highlights the importance of maximising the labour market relevance of curricula. Ensuring that all young people obtain upper-secondary education is, therefore, crucial to address their labour market difficulties.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	53bfd568b4bbf167fb15fbbbf7868729	Following along these lines, Alkire and Foster (2007) argue that each dimension should be weighted on the basis of normative criteria (human rights, international conventions, national legislation, political consensus, etc.) Within that normative framework, equal or arbitrary weightings can be assigned (Decancq and Lugo, 2010). Following these authors, we chose to use equal weightings for each dimension (1/4) and equal weightings for the indicators included in each dimension (see table 1).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	53c1062f96bca5baed51a81432ad201b	School principals in Denmark are less active as pedagogical leaders than on average across OECD countries. There has been progress in recent years to foster a culture of evaluation and assessment, and a national framework is being developed, guided by national objectives for student achievement. Schools and municipalities need further support to build their capacity to analyse and use data for improvement.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	53c3f512245838531b36a6bb7a36fdbe	The results are unclear for urban traffic. Discouraging the ownership of motorbikes may lead to a reduction in the number of vehicles, but could also worsen traffic congestion if more cars are used as a result rather than alternative modes of transportation (Phang, 2014). This issue may be particularly relevant in low- and middle-income economies, where motorbikes and scooters are popular modes of transportation.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	53c49d95e8e01516bc7a3cf10eaee6f9	The employer’s role is largely associated with the obligation to act as a model employer. There is an expectation that the public sector, by the excellence of its modern employment policies and practices, will act as a leading force and as an example for the rest of the country’s employers. Therefore, it is crucial that the public sector embeds and exemplifies gender equality in its own employment policies.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	53ca4c7c1c3abf2855629e8d1f1a6b73	However, there is now criticism that such state-run job creation programmes are inefficient because they tend to favour the better connected rather than the poorest segments of the population. Moreover, these types of programmes are not sustainable in the absence of government funding. At the same time, due to capacity constraints, some local authorities cannot absorb funds allocated for specific projects, and return them to the upper level at the end of the budgetary year.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	53cae86d37278e2678af3585d3eec244	The fiscal space to fund such expenditures requires a reformulation of the way we understand financingfor development and gender equality. Financing for gender equality is an investment that yields an income stream in the future, as a result of the beneficial development and growth effects of improvements of women’s absolute and relative economic well-being. Adopting this approach will require a change in thinking about public finance.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	53cb1a37ba23505f16863876daf4e8ea	Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Chile: del pais urbano al pais metropolitano, Serie GEOlibros N° 12 Coleccion EURE-Libros, Instituto de Geografia e Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. America Latina; sociedade e meio ambiente, CLACSO Livros, Departamento de Geografia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Preguntas Frecuentes: Instrumentos de Planificacion” (Frequently Asked Questions: Planning Instruments), SEREMI de Planificacion y Coordinacion Region de Santiago, Santiago, Chile, ivuw.serplacsantiago.cl/ faq/inst_planificacion.php, accessed 14 September 2012.	11	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	53cf468fea0e965b0f25e89ed1096658	Ecological concepts are applied to manage the interactions between agroecosystem components such as plants, crops, livestock, soils, climate, and humans. For example, the Promotion of Smart Agriculture Towards Climate Change initiative has as its objective to support the transition towards agroecology in West Africa to reinforce the resilience of vulnerable populations. The initiative aims at the adoption of practices by 25 million households by 2025.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/09073bb8-en	53d3dd9946fa2ab6730858304d4d2713	The Statistical Office (Monstat) states that 79 per cent of households were served in 2011. Municipalities report data on MSW management to Monstat but, due to the lack of waste management infrastructure (weighbridges), reported data on collected MSW, especially older data, may be of lower quality. An overview of MSW management data is shown in table 8.3. These may include street cleaning; road, park and cemetery maintenance; paid parking service; and quarry operation.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	53d82651dfdd5ffd67fa506c4c643773	Taking a closer look at the interplay between the different public actors involved in water policy making, the chapter proposes a tentative taxonomy of the main governance challenges, based on selected indicators and data collection from the OECD survey on water governance. Detailed horizontal and vertical co-ordination challenges for 17 OECD countries are synthesised in the country profiles attached to this report. Taking stock of existing principles, guidelines, indicators, indexes and checklists for good governance in the water sector, this chapter presents a “reading template” identifying seven common multi-level governance “gaps” and attempts to assess, based on selected proxies, their importance in several OECD countries.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	53d8b903f27a4650ead0fd987c4f04f9	The ERIA-OECD SME Policy Index shows that Malaysia’s SME policy is, in all policy dimensions, ahead of most other ASEAN countries (Figure 5.10) with the exception of Singapore. The gap with the ASEAN average is the greatest for support to technology acquisition and transfer, since Malaysia has implemented well-constructed innovation policies and programmes to facilitate SMEs to embark on R&D&I activities. However, there is still room for the government to introduce and manage new promotional activities to stimulate technological upgrading, especially in the service sector (ERIA-OECD, 2014). All indicators are measured on 5 “levels” of policy development. Level 1 is the weakest level and level 5 the strongest.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/17c99677-en	53db134daa80019150003866dfa2edda	There are no similar criteria established in the context of the SDGs (in terms of disctance or time) for sanitation facilities, as basic sanitation services require improved facilities that are not shared with other households (and are thus located on-site). While human rights laws do not require services to be provided bee of charge, States have an obligation to provide free services or put adequate subsidy mechanisms in place to ensure that services always remain affordable for the poor” (De Albuquerque, 2014, p. 35). Moreover, disconnection of water services because of failure to pay due to a lack of means may constitute a violation of human rights (HRC, 2014). A number of countries13 have defined national standards, and international organizations14 have developed recommendations in this regard.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	53dcfe725289084c431ac8880b197bf5	It is slightly smaller than Belgium (25 848 km2) and has a total population of 157 500 -population density is very low, at six inhabitants per square kilometre (Table 13.1). The county borders both Sweden and Finland, and has a 1 800 km-long coastline. Some of Norway’s largest islands are found in Troms County, and the historical importance of fisheries and agriculture has contributed to a dispersed settlement pattern.	7	3	1	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	53e5136677c1b6368ebc46b91c4fe1a3	Further ‘no person shall subject a child to female circumcision, early marriage or other cultural rites, customs or traditional practices that are likely to negatively affect the child’s life, health, social welfare, dignity or physical or psychological development.’ Trafficking in persons is committed when a person aims to exploit by coercion, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or bribery. In Rwanda, the laws on CEFM comprehensively protects the rights of the child. Rwanda has ratified almost all international conventions relating to the promotion and protection of child rights including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its additional protocols, the Convention on the protection of children and cooperation in respect of inter country adoption, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	53e7e14b5c324fe19daf20a3b094fe00	A late marriage age has been shown to have a strong correlation with education (World Bank, 2012), which apart from raising women’s ability to take independent decisions affects investment in children’s health and education w'ith many benefits. Early marriage also has social costs in terms its link to high rates of fertility among young women, which is often linked to infant mortality or staying outside the labour force. Although fertility has declined substantially in India overall, it can be high among certain vulnerably social groups. However, more is needed to expand further secondary' and higher education, and in improving quality of education, including the skill content.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	53e93f2b1d4a0824cd74b5285f59f093	While most foreign investment in hydropower, oil and gas projects in these areas goes through formal channels as these sectors are controlled by the state and entail massive investment, the remaining foreign investment is largely informal. Given this lack of data and the reluctance of businesses to disclose information, the extent of such informal investment is difficult to ascertain but may be particularly high. In fact, large investment, much of it foreign direct investment (FDI), seems to have targeted not only mining and hydropower but also logging and most recently rubber, maize, paddy, sugarcane, jatropha and palm oil in resource-rich ethnic states, such as Kachin and Shan states.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	53e9f86a8b52f794284635fe4e6cb80f	As a result, discharges from WWTPs into water bodies are polluted by organic substances, ammonium and nitrates. Another reason for poor wastewater treatment is the large capacity of WWTPs relative to the incoming wastewater. For more efficient wastewater treatment, the capacity of WWTPs must be adjusted; thus, the receiving waters will be in better condition and operating costs can be reduced.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	53ea134934c8234696d9c42c6c818c55	In particular, there is little justification for tax breaks for stock options and carried interest. Raising such taxes would increase equity and allow a growth-enhancing cut in marginal labour income tax rates. This can hamper productivity through lower competitive pressures from the entry of new firms, and can also reduce employment (Murtin et al.,	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	53ea5c941864f544c4c21c122c511ee1	Preschool and pre-primary teachers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to detect and understand individual needs and to individualise education content and methods even after receiving diagnoses and recommendations from specialists. In Lithuania the health care system plays an important role in ECEC, by providing a first point of contact for children with special needs, and in rural areas carrying out the monitoring of ECEC facilities and providing information on ECEC to expecting parents. Focusing on opportunities to improve points of contact - now more limited than they could be - can improve children’s well-being.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1ac856f7-en	53ed23edc3f3994ae5223fb1c75f436f	In contrast, the poverty figures estimated by ECLAC are generated with the aim of achieving the greatest possible comparability for various analytical purposes; and, given their different objectives and uses, they certainly do not seek to replace the national figures to describe poverty levels and trends in each country. As both data sets display similar trends, it is considered appropriate to use the national figures to describe the behaviour of poverty in each country. Meanwhile, comparable poverty measurements are used to construct regional aggregates and analyse the drivers of poverty and how different population groups are affected by it. Thus, ECLAC data contribute to a regional diagnosis that prioritizes evidence-based analysis on poverty-reduction policies.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	53f2794f07b6d96739e453bb2d6c94f5	The OECD Development Centre projects the region to grow at an average of 6% in the next five years, while its population is expected to grow by 20% by 2030, reaching 700 million. Yet, the region has great potential to contribute to GHG emission reductions. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy could simultaneously address the challenges of diminishing non-renewable energy resources, job creation and poverty reduction in the region.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	53f3035a8d62d260dee3fa38768ed329	In response, companies have introduced new designs featuring longer-lasting fuel cell technology. For best coverage such stations should be located on high vantage points. In New Orleans, they could be placed on high-rise buildings.44 But this may not always be possible, particularly in rural areas, or in urban settings affected by floods or earthquakes. In such cases, ground-based systems can be supplemented with airborne antennae.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	53f5302e92316b4b7f696232ea0d2552	The 2030 Agenda lists rising inequalities, natural resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change among the greatest challenges of our time. It recognizes that social development and economic prosperity depend on the sustainable management of freshwater resources and ecosystems and it highlights the integrated nature of SDGs. The report is based on the latest data available for the 11 SDG 6 global indicators' selected by Member States to track progress towards the eight global targets, plus complementary data and evidence from a wide range of sources.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	53fb0ccbc56abfd18af3c24f9f33c4d4	This would be appropriate to the first row of purposes in the table above. To accomplish the second row of purposes would require associating scores on the household food insecurity assessment with the onset of negative developmental consequences for children. Existing research in the United States indicates that, on average, there are negative developmental consequences for children living in households that affirm even one indicator of household food insecurity. Additional research comparing different thresholds to a definitive measure of child food insecurity (e.g., interviews with children), or to proxy measures such as outcome data on child development, would be needed to determine what threshold is appropriate globally.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	53fb22c482177de197c2c026471fe72d	"Decades of rapid economic growth, facilitated by globalization and technology, came at a cost - rising inequalities and environmental degradation. Owing to skills mismatches and lack of social protection, many were left behind in the creative destruction of jobs. While many have been lifted out of extreme poverty, the majority of the region's population are not yet ""middle class"" but could rather be classified as ""transitional class"" that is vulnerable to falling back into poverty (ESCAP, 2016c)."	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	53fd04c08175af4e65f1046dda3e8591	Barkey found that settled Turkana men reported severe complaints and higher rates of infectious diseases than the nomads, including a significantly higher frequency of cold with cough, eye infection, and chest infection than the nomads. They also had higher body mass index. Comparing settled and nomadic Rendille children in Kenya and Nathan found that sedentary children under six years had significantly higher levels of malnutrition and anaemia than nomadic children.57 This was attributed to the consumption of three times more milk by the nomadic children. Indigenous peoples need to be made aware of the consequences of change in lifestyle and what they need to do to mitigate the negative effects.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	53feb3a8fe9b5868280888bcb3cab4ff	Formal social protection that is more predictable and reliable can complement informal social protection arrangements. There is no doubt that spillover occurs in both the formal and informal social protection systems, making both systems mutually reinforcing. Community and civil society groups contribute in significant ways to the maintenance of peace and good order at local levels and thus provide important support to the formal sector (Dinnen, 2003).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	54011856003d94b73db344c66f86ae01	"Yet a considerable proportion of youth in Latin America are neither working nor engaged in education nor training (NEET). These activities can help “NEETs"" develop skills that will pay off later by making them more employable or opening up better opportunities for career advancement. The NEET rate is a good measure of the youth educational and labour market reality, reflecting both the risk of unemployment and inactivity."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-18-en	5401a2d57d877c155a81cf1ecc704ba3	This unpaid work commitment can also discourage women from having children. This perception stems not only from norms and social expectations around childrearing, but also from legal institutions and policies that treat men and women differently, such as maternity and paternity leave schemes in most (including OECD) countries. At the same time, stereotypes and expectations that men will heavily engage in the labour market - rather than provide family care - take away valuable time that fathers may want to spend with their family.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	540497a443acb0333245297b7f7e6a91	A possible fossil fuel discovery in Ethiopia would alter the economic case behind the CRGE, lowering fossil fuel prices and discouraging investment in renewable energy sources. Hence in section 6 we go on to suggest that institutions, capacities, systems and incentives are given top priority in green growth strategy development. It would not be helpful to promote the CRGE’s proposed set of technologies and investment projects alone, if people and their institutions are not ready for them, and if prevailing economic signals make them unattractive and unsustainable over the long run.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	54049994c0164a60281477eceaf01966	Rice farmers have been given top priority and received about 81.4% of total loans in 2009-10, with the remaining loans being divided among farmers growing oilseeds (10.4%), pulses (6.9%), maize (0.7%) and cotton (0.6%) (Table 9.13). However, the cost in terms of paperwork, visits to bank offices, forming lending groups, and speed money (payments to process loan forms quickly) can be very high. As the MADB does not conduct mobile banking, farmers are required to travel to the MADB branch to receive and repay their loans, imposing them considerable expense.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	540515d0b7393ad92496bb877866f516	However, RBF may not be appropriate in all situations, and will need to be explored further in order to understand how it best fits with the principles in the Paris Declaration and objectives of the UNFCCC. Identifying results of an intervention is important for transparency in both donor and recipient contexts, as well as in demonstrating the feasibility and success of projects in the context of attracting private finance. Understanding both the climate-specific and broader environmental, economic and development impacts of climate finance can facilitate a more robust assessment of the costs and benefits of more ambitious actions. Assessing effectiveness includes not only demonstrating results, but also building an evidence base of what, how, and why an intervention worked in order to inform better policies and interventions in the future.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/17427635-en	5409421fb5b1ad0067469c99c4495c60	It also describes the work on global statistical indicators for measuring such violence. The interim set of these global indicators is then used to present data on violence against women compiled from national and international surveys. The final sections of the chapter look at statistics on female genital mutilation and at the attitudes of women towards the violence inflicted on them.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5db444d4-en	540b7010bbd689c3f638100d891eebad	Treasury Board submissions are required generally for larger procurements depending on departmental contracting authorities and the Treasury Board contracting policy. Other diversity factors are also included in the procurement process in Canada. The principle of non-discrimination, among other principles, is often found at the centre of public procurement systems.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	540db067428053ae3edd2f9f8503006d	So far, however, they are only used for such purposes in a few pilot cases, which are described in this chapter. According to one estimate, the skills demanded across industries will change by 35% within a handful of years.98 Such shifts put enormous pressure on countries’ education and training systems to adjust. Yet in many countries those systems are notoriously inflexible, portending serious challenges. This is among the reasons that the public sector has traditionally played a major role in education and training.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	5410457757b4d714eab20559d016c730	These reforms reflect changes in attitudes amongst Germans towards organising work and family life (Chapter 2), and evidence-based as supported by a range of policy evaluations (ZEW and FFP, 2013; Prognos, 2014; Bechara et al., This involves a range of measures and initiatives that encourage equal partnership at home and at work. This included 2015 parental leave reform that facilitates both parents to take leave on a part-time basis and provides a partnership bonus for at least four months when both parents work around 25-30 hours per week.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	54111be22b8ac76e87144beb9fc5fb03	In the parish of St Elizabeth, in Jamaica, dryland farming technology has been developed and perfected over the years based on water conservation, which is achieved principally through grass mulching. In St Elizabeth, Guinea grass (Pani-cum maximum) is a sacred crop which is cultivated as a cash crop for mulching purposes (Francis, 2004). Depending on the runoff expected, which depends on the slope length and gradient, intensity of rainfall and the type of crop planted upstream of the field, reinforcement may be necessary. If crops are planted upstream, the cut-off drain {Boraatii), which is constructed at the uppermost end of the field to divert all the run-off before it enters into the field, are reinforced by stones, wood, blocks of soils with grass, especially across depressions.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	5411fa62d149bd4022088bc687f2fd09	The rate of female participation in Belarus would have put it around 20th, had it featured in the GCI. Primary enrolment rates in the six countries range from 84% of the relevant age group in Armenia to 100% in Georgia, but in all the countries at least 98% of both boys and girls progress to secondary school. Secondary enrolment rates range from 80% of the relevant age group in Republic of Moldova to 98% in Azerbaijan. Ukraine, Republic of Moldova and Armenia devote an above OECD average share of public spending to education, and Ukraine exceeds the OECD average for the percentage it devotes to tertiary education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	5412ee0c5cbad52b2c310edb5e999571	There is an estimated shortfall of 96 000 bachelor degree completions and 10 000 postgraduate degree completions till 2020. While Melbourne has almost reached the 40% tertiary education attainment rate, Victoria will still need to improve performance. In terms of students from low SES backgrounds, the target of 20% is challenging because only 19.8% of Victoria’s population falls into this category, in comparison with the national average of 25%.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b656887e-en	5419c67f4de022a91ee0c6461c3f3680	"Such limitations are often recognised in the way that monetary poverty indicators are described in publications both by national governments and international organisations. For example, the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions refers to ""relative low income"" in their published statistics, whilst Eurostat reports on ""at-risk-of-poverty rates"" (Department for Work and Pensions, 2016; Eurostat, 2016). If data are collected through household surveys, it is often impractical and expensive to collect detailed data from all members of the household. More importantly, it is often very difficult or impossible to allocate economic flows to single individuals within the household or family unit."	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	541bf58ffcbb1b8b9f100f182c453d22	Attention to both of these can help in identifying opportunities that may not be so dependent on international climate finance. The study also aims to improve overall OECD understanding of developing country perspectives and capabilities, and thereby to inform future OECD advice to development co-operation partners on how to better orient their support for green growth. The country’s dramatic and diverse landscape encompasses lowlands, deserts, canyons and high plateaus.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	541cbbb756f5b3cac834efa877767c98	But recent demographic trends, including falling birth rates and increasing urbanisation, coupled with concerns over the quality of small schools, raise questions about the viability of many rural schools. The urgent need to direct more resources to the most disadvantaged schools faces obstacles as a result (see Chapter 4). However, these reforms have not been embedded in a system-wide strategy to raise student learning achievement.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	541d04aef96581fb24db13382528fe6a	For initiatives where web and literature searches yielded insufficient results, organizations and experts responsible for the initiative were asked for supplementary information. As mentioned in the introduction to this report, the focus is on developing country regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Throughout the report, three other regions, South Asia (SA), South East Asia (SEA) and Latin America (LA), are also analysed.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	541f3397e1145e754866907e4ecf51cb	Plans to collect regional variation in stage at diagnosis of cancer have been set out as part of the national cancer registry, but these data are not yet available for analysis (Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica, 2016b). While standards and protocols were found to be in place, there were no systems in place to measure and track quality on a routine basis, nor to track the evolution of quality indicators over time at the time of the evaluation. Hospital infections doubled between 2000 and 2005, again with important differences amongst facilities. Dissatisfaction with perceived quality may also be an issue; more than 40% of the population report being dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the quality of health sendees in 2014 (LAPOP 2014 as cited in Prat and Beverinotti, 2016, p. 72).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9e070c99-en	54206b6ebcc7a64bd3916a62d01a2f7d	Judicial officers ensure the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations; make law and public policy, especially when they exercise their power of judicial review to declare laws, government actions or omissions as unconstitutional; act as administrators for out-of-court settlements; and ensure enforcement of decisions. Judicial officers are barometers of a society’s conscience and must be seen to take restorative steps with impartiality and professionalism to address VAW by establishing and enforcing social and behavioural norms in line with the principles of the rule of law, as embodied in the law applicable and the practice before adjudicating institutions, and educating within and outside the court system. Failure to hold perpetrators accountable makes victims lose confidence in the institution of the judiciary and in the ability of the state to protect them from violence.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289350846-6-en	54228818d9603469d4606d1c57ee57ad	Strategic planting of these species and facilitation of their distribution is therefore an inexpensive way to restore woodlands in the area. We suggest that this should be combatted with extensive, relatively low budget measures based on strategic planting and direct seeding of native birch and willows to facilitate natural colonization and eventually widespread woodland restoration. This could serve as a model for similar projects in the vicinity of other major volcanos in Iceland.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	5425a9f7047f149de39eb01d75675f1e	As a result, official records such as the national census do not encompass the different ethnic groups, including indigenous peoples, in the country or their languages (International Labour Organization and African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 2009a, p. vi). In this regard, indigenous peoples have a desire to learn the majority language so that they can fully participate in public life, access higher education, influence political decisions and embrace economic opportunities (ibid.). While indigenous peoples possess their own education systems grounded in particular cultural contexts which have enabled them to survive for millenniums, they have also advocated for greater recognition and inclusion of those systems which incorporate their perspectives, cultures, beliefs, values and languages.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	5426148228b34f1ba8b7fe14a9514a29	The result is a property right regime that is conducive to the development of efficient markets. This entitlement is separate from any land title and may be traded among any willing purchasers. These are referred to as permanent trades. The allocation is made to an entitlement and recorded in the water account associated with the entitlement. Allocation trades, or temporary trades as they are called in Australia, can then be made by debiting one account and crediting another.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-8-en	54283e919bcbe352cdb95ef9812b25f3	It also explores how couples of different ages share unpaid work and concludes that the gender gap in unpaid work is widest in older couples. It examines couples in which both partners do paid work and finds that, in general, they share unpaid work more equally than those where only one partner works. On the whole, though, the chapter finds that women do more work, paid and unpaid, as men. Section 4 looks at the factors that affect and shape the sharing of unpaid work and observes that with parenthood couples share paid and unpaid work the traditional way. The same section also considers child care and finds that, while mothers nurture young children, the gap in parenting between fathers and mothers decreases once children start school. Indeed, a high proportion of fathers' time with their children is quality time.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	542ae49f4a2e0ac22471e10d0fe17efc	In July 2013, the official decision to cut the export refund for poultry to zero (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 689/2013), which for other meats like pork and beef was already the case, meant that, for the first time since the 1970s, no export subsidies would be paid on agricultural products. Further, at the latest WTO Ministerial Meeting (MC10), governments agreed to permanently remove agricultural export subsidies (Box 2.4). There is a lack of data on the subsidy equivalent of provisions relating to export financing, food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult. Despite this, based on notifications to the WTO, since the launch of the Doha round there appears to be some evidence to suggest positive developments in other areas of the export competition pillar (WTO, 2014a).	2	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	542b3d53bb6784324de51661aad5536b	It is based on an innovative approach involving budget support to countries that decide to adopt a nationwide target of integrating the climate into their development strategies. It helps to meet the challenge of transforming countries’ economic models by supporting the institutional capacity building and high-level inter-ministerial discussions on climate issues. The programme -formerly known as the Six Banks initiative - was initiated by Agence Frangaise de Developpement (AFD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and is funded by a group of six donors operational in Vietnam'. Between 2009 and 2014, USD 873 million had been mobilised for the programme, all of which disbursed through the modality of direct budget support.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	542cf01126a99a7f26b4c851967e9015	The upper secondary general school-leaving certificate (Abitur) is obtained after 12 or 13 years of education. There is strong co-operation between educational institutions, employers and other social partners who also work together on adjusting curricula. In 2011, employment rates of adults who attained vocational upper secondary level were 17 percentage points higher than for those who attained general programmes (compared to the OECD average gap of 5 percentage points).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	542d90d237acf1b572d9fdeb76989648	In Mexico, the establishment of special economic zones in four lagging regions of the country’s south is under way, with the objective of bridging the gap with other regions in Mexico. Measures to attract foreign investments include fiscal incentives to firms investing and creating jobs in those areas, and investments in the local infrastructure and human capital. For example, to bridge the gap between the centre and the periphery, the government of Israel implemented a programme that provides grants to co-finance R&D expenses of large firms’ R&D centres that relocate in the periphery, for a period of two to three years.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	54301e898a894ed676ddee9bcdc2d833	In the past, India was also an important exporter of cotton textiles, but is less now because of the rise of other exporters, especially China. The adoption of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genetically modified cotton, along with high yielding hybrids and increased irrigation, has underpinned further development of India’s cotton sector. Cotton production increased rapidly from 2.3 Mt in 2000 to 6.3 Mt in 2013. With area projected to increase 4.2% p.a. India’s cotton yield in 2011-13 averaged 0.5 t/ha, compared to the global average of 0.8 t/ha.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	5431791a3b9abdd2e204e941bdc97762	It first emphasises the persistent fertility gap between the two countries, and looks at the disparity between actual and would-be behaviour which may explain the gap. It identifies the effect of having children on female employment and working hours and national attitudes to the division of paid work and child care as key factors behind the differences in French and German fertility rates. Lastly, the chapter discusses how partners’ educational attainment, earnings and working hours affect fertility.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	5435e524d2850c5b64f24b5ef5d93fe0	As an example, Davis (2008) empirically studies the effect of a driving restrictions program on air quality in Mexico City. In the urban economics literature, the impact of urbanisation on air quality has been studied through different urban structure indicators. One can distinguish between two categories of such indicators: (i) indicators related to the internal composition of the urban area and (ii) urban area morphology indicators.2 Urban area morphology refers to the spatial disposition of the urban tissue (e.g. dispersed urban plots, linearity of urban areas) while internal composition refers to tissue composition (e.g. wetland, green spaces).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	5435ea0f9592ae044f15c8afe2bed8ee	"Strategic objective H.2., “ Integrate gender perspectives in legislation, public policies programmes and projects,"" and Strategic Objective H.3, “Generate and disseminate gender-disaggregated data and information for planning and evaluation.” See also paragraphs 201 (b) and 205 (b) of the Beijing Platform, as well as paragraph 20 of the Beijing Declaration. As government entities, national women’s machineries tend to be perceived as prioritizing loyalty to State institutions over unequivocal advocacy for women’s rights. It also includes separate strategic objectives related to women’s political participation in the section pertaining to aimed conflict (see box below). Although many Arab States granted suffrage rights to women in the 1950s and 1960s, women have been systematically underrepresented in government, and it is only recently that they were able to vote and to stand for elections in some GCC countries.65 Nonetheless, recent years have been marked by positive trends in this area."	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	543944ac35cd95ad0f9dc8d690d737ed	Male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. Women also feel insecure about the criminalisation of politics and use of 'money power', and frequently face discrimination from their male colleagues. They are often illiterate and unaware of rules, regulations and rights, which further hinders effective participation.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	543a7cdc1e4dd5a660addad7d66c27a5	The Romanian government is now taking steps to develop a national action plan on AMR. Data used in international comparisons of health care quality, such as the in-hospital case-fatality rate for acute myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke, are not available for Romania Moreover, the data that are collected, such as rates of nosocomial infections in hospitals, are not reliable. The National Authority for Quality Management in Health Care, established in 2015, is developing a quality assurance strategy and will expand the accreditation process from hospitals to all health care providers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	543dbe24ba4a40c2234b0704c22cbb60	Results from Model 2 suggest that the likelihood of an employed mother being in full-time employment falls as her partner’s eamings increase - with high-earning partners significantly less likely to work full-time than those with low- or moderate-earning partners. By contrast, the partner’s weekly full-time hours share no association with the probability of an employed mother being in full-time or part-time work, all else being constant. As discussed throughout this chapter, women's employment arrangements differ considerably from country to country', and the characteristics that drive full-time employment in a country where most employed mothers work part-time may not be the same as those in a country where full-time employment is more common. Table 4.2 shows results from for Model 2 but for each of the four country groups identified earlier separately.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	543e25c484652072c14794453d93e55f	The latter is positive as it may facilitate skills matching and the transition from school to work. To enhance effectiveness, it should be ensured that, as intended, the additional practical training takes place in companies (e.g. in the form of apprenticeships) rather than in school-based workshops or in the network of regional training centres (TISZKs) developed in the late 2000s, which have had mixed performance (Cseres-Gergely, 2010). This may require additional incentives for companies to train apprentices.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	543ec071154a3f6527df939672ce2e05	Consequently, the marine litter initiatives that provide individuals the facilities and thus the ability to dispose of marine litter (e.g. floating reception barges), or recycle their fishing lines (e.g. Reel in and Recycle initiative) and make these visible, will help to strengthen these perceptions of control thus further encourage the positive behaviour (Steg and Vlek, 2009). Large-scale surveys within the European MARLISCO project showed that general public respondents perceived sectors to vary widely in responsibility. Industry and government / policy makers and commercial users of the coast were seen as high in responsibility. However, the respondents also held themselves responsible. Given the many sectors and actors in society involved in the issue of marine litter, another promising example is the programme Amigos del Mar (Friends of the Sea) in Ecuador, led by the Comision Permanente el Pacifico Sur (CPPS), which targets students, fishermen and tour operators as key influencers.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	543ee84500474f5a777ed3b6af974b97	"Similarly, indigenous peoples were three times as likely as non-indigenous people to live in houses in need of major repair, and over 22 per cent of dwellings in indigenous communities in 5 provinces and 3 territories (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut) were in need of major repair in 2006, compared with an average of 7.0 per cent in non-indigenous communities in Canada. Trans-cultural Psychiatry, 35:191-219. Postcolonial Suicide among Inuit in Arctic Canada""."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	543fa373f234ea3989cf7c82b17a4af1	To date, most evaluations of the effect of training programmes on re-employment rates of unemployed youth have been quite disappointing. Job-search training is the only measure that has been shown to work. Unfortunately, only about 1 000 unemployed Greek youth choose to participate in such a measure each year. Job-search courses should be the top priority in individual action plans drawn with the help of personal advisers and participation should be mandatory after a period of unfruitful independent job search.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	5449275ce4f99d0e9095e41eb43fa72d	The issue of continuing spells of S A receipt has been little addressed by researchers fitting DREP models to SA histories. One reason for this is that, as discussed in Annex 4.B, data on SA benefit receipt are often measured in ‘benefit years’, which means that a measurement of spell durations is not possible. Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a: 58) account for the issue, pointing out that on average around two-thirds of the individuals observed to receive SA at an annual BHPS interview were also in receipt at the previous annual interview without any intervening months of non-receipt. They re-estimate their basic DREP model excluding individuals with continuing spells and report that the estimate of the coefficient on A. falls from above 1 to around 0.5 and the corresponding APE is less than one-third of the APE estimated when individuals with continuing spells are included.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	544f9472a7476a3343aa20a3bde7af88	The experience of Mexico City, for example, suggests that complementary resources are needed to help pay for the overall costs. The national government might allow cities to tax those who benefit most from public transport, such as employers, retailers and the owners of real estate. Charges can also be levied on automobile use, including parking charges and fuel taxes.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	544fab0285532775a2ef34eba05c9e6f	Pratki (India), a cookstove manufacturer and retailer, partnered with SELCO (India) due in part to its existing supply chain in selling solar powered lights to rural populations. Nascent supply chains for energy access in such rural areas will often need subsidies to get started (GVEP, 2009). Such early-stage investments by philanthropic entities are welcome by the governments and enterprises involved in the daunting task of installing more effective heating technologies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	5451b613c192ce5fcfa62845d9388ddf	"The wider and more cohesive the network, the greater its capacity to adapt to crises such as caring for children whose biological parents are absent for some reason (ibid.). Mothers and female relations are increasingly responsible for daily provision, while mothers and fathers are increasingly looked to for guidance around sexual relationships and morality, though their provision is usually judged inadequate, as described below. Further discussion of these structural determinants is provided under research question 2 below. For example, research using life-history interviewing over three generations of families in Cape Town found that young mothers are increasingly emphasising the achievement of personal goals and ""working on 'the project of the self""'(Moore, 2013).This newer conception of motherhood sits alongside aspirations to be a good provider and source of care to children. Unlike their own mothers and grandmothers, young mothers' commitment to motherhood is vested in their sense of self as ""educated, employed, self-respecting and responsible"" adults, rather than in the sole social identity of 'mother' (ibid.,"	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	545233579eac2e02b96b6cbb34e822ab	Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper No. J. (2008), “The Unintended Consequences of Encouraging Work: Tax Incidence and the EITC”, CEPS Working Paper, No. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 34, pp. Tax Notes, Tax Policy Center, Urban and Brookings Institution, 2 May 2011.	10	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	5453f66236c094079d431f82b809263f	This approach aims to shed light on the potentially differentiated impacts of procurement projects on men and women. In Austria, since 2013, all new or amended laws and regulations as well as major investment or procurement contracts at the federal level must include a mandatory ex ante impact assessment on gender equality, along with other assessments of potential socio-economic and environmental impacts. Quantitative and qualitative thresholds ensure the proportionality of these efforts in relation to the respective law or regulation.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264292062-6-en	545e0fb73c3e17d23e16224a053bbfd4	For example, the cash transfer programme, PROSPERA, formerly known as Oportunidades or Progresa, encourages disadvantaged families to send their children to school and to medical check-ups. It covers around 6.5 million Mexican families, and has helped to increase enrolment rates for secondary school, reduce the incidence of anaemia among children, and cut poverty rates in rural areas. Along with this, additional efforts need to be continued to improve the quality of education opportunities provided for all.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	545fa9996827cd785cbe80a64c56cfd4	Effectiveness of the BAN-PHC is evaluated via actual deployments in Bangladesh. The result analysis shows improvements of the health conditions of examinees. For further acceptance in public health, we discuss machine-to-machine (M2M) enabled scalability to allow automatic and qualified health services. We then discuss issues that we have learned from BAN-PHC work.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	545fb824b212a620e66a30639931504c	The dynamics of the information society have revived the centrality of education in dealing with the challenges of international competitiveness, democratic sustainability and social equity. The data also bear out the idea that government action on the education front can contribute substantially to dissociating an individual’s social background from the well-being he or she attains. Most of the time, this inequality is also reflected in highly segmented and stratified quality and efficiency on the supply side of education.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	546005f0071495081ac092ea530f6cb1	Hence, climate-economy models without explicit representation of impacts (e.g. most general equilibrium and cost minimization models reviewed in Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha, 2009) and models that only assess the probability of triggering a specific tipping element (e.g. dimrise - Zickfeld and Bruckner, 2003) are not included. The same applies to the coupling of exogenous climate scenarios with sector-specific impact models, e.g. GIM (Mendelsohn, Schlesinger and Williams, 2000), DIVA (Hinkel and Klein, 2009) and the UK “fast-track” studies (Ar-nell et al., The model must include quantitative data aimed at resembling the real world.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	54636d8b5a269d0ce0a14e4178f1dd2f	Good panel surveys that follow individuals over time and provide data on the longer term impact of evaluation and the dynamics of movement between different segments of the labour market are even rarer. Where LFSs exist, they are often outdated (more than five years old) and do not contain adequately disaggregated data (by age, gender, location). In the country expert survey only six respondents considered the government to have very good knowledge of the situation of youth in the labour market. The governments of 14 countries are considered to have only little or no knowledge. The lack of data makes it difficult for policy makers to understand the nature of the employment challenge and take informed decisions on how to support young people in the labour market.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	5466c0c24226ed68b073da2a015dda38	One model for expanded provision is to have families make a contribution to ECEC places based upon their ability to pay - which is assessed according to a common methodology. This arrangement would provide additional ECEC funding by obtaining payments from those families with the ability to pay fees that are not doing so under present arrangements. Lithuanian preschools are responsible for assuring the quality of their provision, and receive guidance from the Ministry of Education and Science (MoES) on how to conduct an internal quality audit.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	5469cb44f7b52dc994d072ceb2fcb2e9	This would be prohibitive for many small operators; developing countries in particular have raised concerns about costs. Certification costs vary according to certifiers and their audit fees. Certifiers present concurred with this and argued that as they became more familiar with the criteria of any scheme, they also became more efficient and hence could contain costs. Currently the costs of certification are generally borne by harvesters.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-8-en	546aa71c412a8f6bdb6458b252e4c01c	It recommends additional measures to improve participation rates, encouraging strong teachers to work in the schools with highest needs, and providing teachers with the tools to help those pupils most at risk of disengagement and drop-out. It recommends measures to modernise programmes of study and qualifications, supporting teachers in implementing the new curriculum, while reforming certification arrangements for the Bachillerato to realise a more inclusive system. Finally, it recommends measures to strengthen and expand vocational education and training, establishing technical schools as specialised centres of vocational and professional training, and developing shorter professional programmes, to be undertaken in the specialised centres.	4	0	9	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	546ccd3197dbbf06bdba4301eb8910db	Sectors such as textiles and paper, on the other hand, are ranked low based on robot and digital-intensity data. Deardorff (2017) shows that the concept of comparative advantage remains relevant in explaining trade in the digital age. Goldfarb and Trefler (2018a) point out that digital technologies like Al have special characteristics that make an assessment of trade patterns in the digital age complex.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264283312-en	546cfb7b86d345d567c53aae766a9ebf	All drugs provided in hospitals are free of charge, and cost sharing is capped at HRK 2 000 (approximately EUR 264) per episode of illness in secondary or tertiary care. There are also a number of exemptions from copayments for vulnerable population groups (e.g. children, students, pensioners, people with disabilities, the unemployed and those on low incomes). Nevertheless, unmet needs are over five times higher in low income groups than in high income groups (5.2% compared to 0.8%) (Figure 11). Out-of-pocket expenditure in Croatia is equal Figure 11.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	546ff4eed11045c9775bef9efc23504f	Another determinant is the substitution of informal care by more expensive formal care. Under the “healthy ageing” scenario, the cost curve for survivors is allowed to shift rightwards, progressively postponing age-related increases in expenditures. For non-survivors, two different demographic effects are considered.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-28-en	54708d61f11c0aa386ef510fa7ec3e01	They are often concentrated in sectors in which they had previous work experience but are highly competitive and less profitable. Most women-run ventures are in fields that are not related to science, technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) (Marlow and Me Adam, 2012). They are therefore not well represented in sectors with high value added potential.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	54725ea51313fc04a3385bbbafbfde41	Another reason is that pre-tax income inequality rose substantially in most countries, pushing up the gap between income-tax burdens faced by different income groups. To some extent, this offset the more generous tax treatment of richer households resulting from flatter tax schedules. In France, for example, the maximum benefit duration in the unemployment insurance programme was reduced while time-dependent reductions in payment rates were abandoned.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	54736b95c8f37cb645d200185a8827e2	Panel B: the bars and left axis show that the region's investment in renewable energy {combined light green, purple and red bars) has steadily increased to reach $171 billion in 2015. The dark blue line and right axis show that the region now accounts for half of the world's investment in renewable energy, such as solar and wind. This is because, without consistent increases in real wages backed by rising productivity, such growth can lead to debt accumulation and entail financial vulnerability. Robust investment is critical for sustained income growth, on which consumption ultimately depends. Thus, having a balanced aggregate demand mix is important, and some progress seems to be taking place. In South Asia, where the nominal share of investment is relatively low, investment growth is projected to outpace private consumption growth in the coming years, while in East Asia, particularly in China, where investment rates are relatively high, private consumption growth is projected to outpace investment growth (World Bank, 2018a).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	5473adda6b2490bcfa7d5150b767e3dc	While the United Kingdom may have gone further in this regard than most countries, the need for formal CPD schemes for medical professionals as a way of ensuring fitness to practice is recognised in many countries, and warrants consideration in the context of Swedish GPs. Training and CPD for GPs should encompass the skills set required to provide and co-ordinate care, including palliative care, for older people and for those with complex conditions and mental health problems. Sweden’s well-developed and highly skilled primary care sector has played a key role in these trends.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	5477191161d663392a01ce825bcb1fa5	Other regional actors, such as associations and firms, also play a notable role in the process of preparing the regional strategic plan. These contracts were created to acquire information and to define the projects that local partners will develop in order to receive funding from the central government. Parties agree upon the realisation of a certain number of tasks and the way they will be funded.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	547812d02a386be7f94c2323972620a2	The SPI is highest in Japan where the ratio of expenditures to intended beneficiaries is approximately 11.7% of GDP per capita, while the SPI is only just above 1% in low-income countries as Bangladesh and Cambodia (Table 2.3). For example, the SPI for Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mongolia and Viet Nam is well above the average for countries with similar levels of income, while there are various countries (including India, Indonesia, Lao PDR and Papua New Guinea) where the SPI is lower than what might be expected on basis of average w'ealth levels. In these countries large proportions of the population living rural areas and engaged in informal employment outside any statutory or collective system of social protection. In these countries the traditional reliance on family and community support remains as important as ever (Thompson, 2002).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	5478f342b9af46bbad37a5142d1a266f	The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The paper also greatly benefited from comments by participants to the European Commission Seminar on Housing for the Social Situation Monitor (December 2014) and the CECODHAS Housing Europe Social Affairs Committee meeting of November 2014. The authors would also like to thank the experts who provided information through the OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing.	11	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2f3a0403-en	5479bba33f1895436a96b8a590a5f084	However, the evolving nature of the complex social problem of drug abuse, drug trafficking and illicit drug cultivation and production requires that Governments be cognizant of the challenges and opportunities facing them. The special session of the General Assembly on the world drug problem to be held in 2016 is a timely opportunity to review drug control policies and practices grounded in evidence and science and based upon the principle of shared responsibility and a comprehensive, integrated and balanced approach. Legalization of the use of internationally controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for non-medical purposes is not an adequate response to the existing challenges. Poverty reduction measures within a framework for sustainable development that give farmers an economically viable, legal alternative to growing illicit crops are of fundamental importance for the success of the efforts to reduce illicit cultivation.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	547d5622f9975d0765163a3174ed2aac	Non-standard workers in the lowest earnings quintile seem to fare better in the household income distribution in Japan, Ireland and Australia, where slightly under one-quarter of these workers remain at the bottom quintile when all income sources from other household members were pooled. Interestingly, low-eamings, non-standard workers in those three countries seem to get more financial support from their household members or have received noticeable non-labour incomes, as about half of non-standard workers in the bottom earnings quintile in these countries found themselves in the upper three quintiles of the household income. On the other hand, low-eamings, non-standard workers in Estonia, Luxembourg and Greece face a higher risk of low income, as more than 40% of them remain in the lowest quintile of household income.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	547fcbab0e772b23c92d2b3ed97a3a1d	Emergency assistance is not a lasting solution to poverty: it meets the protective and preventive functions of the Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler (2004[i6j) schema for social protection but not the promotive or transformative objectives. They also have the potential to outperform humanitarian relief in terms of cost, speed and accuracy when a shock occurs: the mechanisms for transfers of cash or food might be already in place, while registries of existing beneficiaries and/or vulnerable households provide information to the government about the at-risk population. A cash transfer programme would need to be operated at a large scale (ideally nationally) for it to be relied upon as a mechanism for emergency assistance and show a much better targeting record than many cash transfer programmes demonstrate.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	5480144c301b8961410e56480dbae997	For that reason, many component manufacturers are also entering the power generation segment, such as Vestas, Alstom or ACCIONA in the wind power market. In the photovoltaic solar segment, panel manufacturers such as Sun Tech Power started to invest in generation in 2008, and the trend continues today (REN21, 2011). In terms of wind power investments in Latin America, the leading firms are SN Power (Norway), ACCIONA, Abengoa and Gamesa (Spain) and IMPSA (Argentina), alongside Brazilian enterprises such as Renova Energia or CPFL Energia, in addition to most of the traditional electricity firms mentioned in the foregoing subsections.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	5484b1cef022b5cb3cc908e05967ce9f	Collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad; 9. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction; 10. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a U-turn; 11. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from non-public road ways (car park, pedestrian way); 12.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f24d500-en	5486510cf896ed29e2c7087cb3067aba	Over two-thirds of the parties to the Lisbon Recognition Convention have taken few or no measures to implement Art. International partner support has been critical. In Turkey, the national employment agency fa working with several international organizations to overcome the and administrative obstacles for making jobs accessible to Syrian refugees and to develop vocational training programmes (Kirijci et al.,	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264077287-en	548e070cfcf312ced989665c5a7cdc63	Toxic substances (heavy metals, PAHs, PCBs, pesticides) have been found throughout the sector. In Luxembourg, control of point releases remains a priority. Population growth is placing ever-growing demands on treatment plants, and demographic concentration along the Franco-Luxembourg border is causing problems on the Alzette.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	548f808348a20773ee4fd7722632496b	The goal for those seeking to develop and deploy these technologies and innovations in farm management is to unlock the productivity growth potential and achieve sustainable food security. The prices of staple foods remain high - above their long-term averages - and over 300 million Africans continue to face chronic hunger. Ensuring food security in the region will require action to improve productivity and rural livelihoods, and to address international market imbalances and the structural challenges inherent in African agriculture.89 Th i s chapter argues that efforts to improve food security involve much more than just producing more food.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	548f814c0b12ddbfa36e35df56b5b556	It recognises that to manage business water risk, we have to go beyond efficiency measures and work in partnership with others to secure water resources for all water users, permanently. It puts the circular economy into practice, seizing the opportunities for our operations in minimising waste and emissions. All these approaches are business growth strategies, giving their social and environmental impacts considerable scalability.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/48644704-en	54903ab6786daf4cdc93e4fe62d043b9	A RENEWW Zone placed at the outer edge of an existing informal settlement would provide a bridge to an adjacent urban extension. In addition to the housing, transportation and planning provisions, the Agenda includes leveraging and protecting cultural and natural heritage; developing platforms for meaningful participation in decision-making; enhancing disaster risk reduction; promoting environmentally sound waste management; and providing publicly accessible open and green space.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	5490afe80165eb1c7ae7e481f05687cf	For these and middle income countries, policy coherence is crucial. At the same time, the need for action on global public goods is rising, and here, too, policy issues are important, not just on climate, but also on financial stability, trade, illicit financial flows, health pandemics, and other topics. Will they concentrate on delivering aid projects in poor and fragile states, leaving policy issues to others, most likely Ministries of Foreign Affairs)?	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	5490ed469e0d0b435a723ff742a5b484	They include the adequate availability of and access to safe, diverse, nutritious food; access to clean water, sanitation and health care; and appropriate child-feeding and adult dietary choices. The root causes of better nutrition outcomes are even more complex and encompass the broader economic, social, political, cultural and physical environment. Social assistance is an important instrument for improving nutrition outcomes among the poor but it cannot sustainably eliminate poverty and malnutrition by itself: additional, integrated action and complementary interventions are needed in agriculture and the food system in general, in public health and education. Small-scale home-gardening projects to boost household fruit and vegetable consumption represent one approach suitable for poor households that can accompany social assistance programmes. Home gardening is already widely practised, can be effective on a small scale and is feasible in most locations, although water and labour constraints may pose challenges and should be carefully considered in project design (FAO, 2013a). One home production intervention that was successfully scaled up is the Homestead Food Production project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	54919ffbab7c2d82b5553849354fdbee	Diarrhoeal diseases, including dysentery, typhoid and other diseases, are one of the causes of morbidity. A zone consists of a 50-100 m diameter circle around the spring, depending upon its flow rate. However, in several cases, the protection zone is not well defined and implemented and pollution sources can be present.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	5492cca8e0c1b8033ce350a37ff6877a	Austria has experienced shortcomings in the recruitment of high-profile academics, the provision of internationally competitive career prospects and is in need of a governance and funding system that can better respond to changing demands and raise quality in teaching and research. A number of initiatives have recently been taken in the area of career development and recruitment in HEIs (e .g. An Austrian research excellence initiative should strengthen competitive funding for basic research and address pertinent issues such as the retention of established researchers in the country.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	54981483c8a40f5fe732153d5a7ba5ac	While the Arab colleges - the Academic Arab College for Education in Haifa, Sakhnin Academic College for Teacher Education and the Nazareth-Galilee Academic Institution (NGAI) - serve primarily Arab students, their capacity remains low due to the limitations in their missions and resources. For example the Sakhnin College is confined to teacher education with limited ability to respond to the regional needs and the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI) is not a budgeted institution. For example the Gordon College has since the 1970s reached out to and established a culture that is supportive of Druze students, especially women (Druze women are not allowed to attend classes with Druze men and they must marry within their own communities).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	5498f18dfaf65409f6f0a94d347a8597	"Its agencies began to face growing financial constraints as major donors in the North started to to squeeze out core funding."" The UN's role in development was increasingly under attack, with the Bretton Woods institutions claiming greatertechnical expertise and relegating the UN's core competence to peace and security. On the other side, the neoliberal agenda and its policy prescriptions became more nuanced during this period, shifting focus somewhat away from an emphasis on crude budget cuts and towards privatization."	5	3	1	0.5
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	54998d72023996d6035b515944fc82b6	Agricultural products are not currently heavily traded - according to Director-General Pascal Lamy, they currently make up only 10 per cent of world trade; only 25 per cent of the world's agricultural production is traded globally; and, in some key commodities (e.g. rice) the figure is much lower. What is more, in some cases there could be adverse consequences for the environment. Over-emphasis on food security could make put net food importing countries even in more precarious situation.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	549aa662728c5b09bdc78debef401ca9	Unless fishery management decision makers and processes can produce a longterm sustainable EU fisheries, the likelihood of the CFP becoming subservient to the Integrated Maritime Policy seems to increase. Improvements in governance arrangements for fisheries are possible. There are a variety of choices available. While each must be tailored to the particular region and country context the tools exist. It should be of no surprise that each approach has a role in fishery management although they have very different rationales and serve different and complementary purposes.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	549ad2fb2ef772e16bc581328b4eb84a	V., Essen, www.vgb.org/en/lcoe2015.html?dfid=74042. Plant-level costs therefore integrate all different expenses needed to generate a given amount of electricity at the busbar of the plant but do not consider all the infrastructure and associated costs needed to provide the electricity to each customer. By construction, plant-level costs also consider each power plant in isolation, without considering how they interact with each other.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	549af5561b62be0b180faf904aac97e2	The level of gas supply is however soon expected to be insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. A proposed gas pipeline from the North Slope, with a spur to South-Central, should be completed by 2013. This will improve the situation. The suppliers are The Thomas Bay and Swan Lake-Tyee hydropower plants which are able to provide energy for the Southeast region.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a793e2be-en	549c69d6d7908cf2780bb19018aa316e	Women and girls have fewer educational opportunities and more domestic responsibilities. Lack of access to infrastructure for water and electricity compounds cultural constraints on women's time. Trading companies in landlocked countries are active in agriculture, wood and paper, but not in the women-dominated sectors of clothing and miscellaneous manufacturing.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	54a3cb255ed1cc34d239d81dfcb0b545	It starts with a look at how well-prepared incoming teachers feel and then reviews some data from PISA on teacher-directed and student-oriented learning, as well as gaps between intended and implemented pedagogical practice. After that, it presents initial findings from a first assessment of teachers' general pedagogical knowledge and then concludes with some policy levers to shape innovative learning environments. However, the first phase of their careers can be strenuous and stressful, as they have limited experience for coping with many new and challenging situations.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	54ad6d10b6e631e9b0b01b66804874ea	Men, meanwhile, gained more in proportional terms from improvements in the two indicators in Chile, Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras. Educational level is also a source of significant gaps, but these are narrowing, especially with regard to health care. Between the two extremes (employees with a university education versus employees who did not complete primary education), the difference in affiliation to pension and health systems is 55 and 40 percentage points, respectively. In terms of access trends by age group, although affiliation to both pension and health care systems increased in all age groups, access for both indicators can be described as an inverted U-curve, because affiliation levels are lower both at the beginning and at the end of people's working lives.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/efc21c19-en	54adceba3c4278906b489527f4097858	An efficient use of ICT can disseminate government information to a broader audience in a fast and convenient manner. At the initial stage of national e-Government development, an ideal point of entry for developing countries would be setting up a website for the national gender machinery. The website, as an official gateway to gender-related policies and programmes, would provide a ready access to online information ranging from the organizational structure of the national gender machinery to government statistics, publications, government services and programmes aimed for women’s empowerment. Through the use of technology, the interaction between the governments and women can be stimulated and become more effective. Basic forms of interactivity available through emails, downloadable forms, discussion forums and online polls not only provide an improved delivery of basic services, but also build up a basis for online participation.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	54b001d9edb3016615e8a6d56be54ca0	Similarly, after transfers between levels of government, 94.3% of funds come from the local level, well above the OECD average of 42.8%. This results in high levels of autonomy over funding decision making at the local level. The share of private funds at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level has more than doubled between 2000 and 2012, one of the largest increases among OECD countries during that period. However, at tertiary level, the share of private funds increased between 2000 and 2008, but then decreased between 2008 and 2012, resulting in an overall decrease between 2000 and 2012, contrasting with an increasing trend in the majority of the OECD countries.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	54b2538e906a8d503d9a71159d1d36ca	It also prepares technical documentation related to chemical safety that can be downloaded from its website. The documentation includes government manuals, SDS and information on the GHS and other UN initiatives. There are ten ARLs - effectively insurance companies that cover workplace injuries and illnesses, each with a different focus.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	54b545ba3a88909ddd812def8b13e890	There is little evidence of a counter-narrative amongst men, perhaps because childcare is not explicitly valued in constructions of masculinity - a situation that is not dissimilar to that of other contexts in the global South and North, but is more disempowering in this region because there are so few alternative ways for men to contribute to family life. Middle-aged and older women see themselves and each other as hubs in the wheel of care. Yet they are blamed and vilified by other women and children for passing on misfortune.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a84cce24-en	54b6a3cc473bd84c9e31d0a1d8a083c6	Remittances may increase substantially as a source of development finance in the future (see chapter 10). At present, however, even if important to many low-income countries in macroeconomic terms, transaction costs for migrant workers and families to wire money to relatives back home remain high and incentives and mechanisms to channel resources to developmental investments tend to be weak in most countries. A more complex issue (because of its political ramifications) is arriving at a proper international framework to guide the international mobility of labour.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	54b834cf5539a8568b9798d5447bd7ee	After a slight recession in 2013, EU15 members as a group should show a positive growth of 1.3% in 2014, and for the remaining period, they are expected to recover gradually at an average growth rate of 1.75% p.a. Australia and Mexico should continue to show a firm recovery at 3.5% p.a. The United States and Canada are expected to recover gradually; averaging 2.4 and 2.3% p.a.,	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	54bb7d949935ae87036379538b1f934a	It is also almost impossible to isolate the influence of a specific research output on a given impact, which is generally the result of several factors and thus difficult to control for. As a result, any “causality” between research outputs and impacts cannot be easily demonstrated. Every research field and industry creates output and channels it to the end user in a specific way.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	54bc4b3210d2ad73ad2dbae4f4a5704c	However, despite efficiency increases, Al and all the other emerging technologies clusters will require an ever-increasing use of electricity, creating more pollution and waste (e.g., e-waste, nano-waste, and chemical wastes). Such outcomes demand that environmental considerations be incorporated into the design of these technology systems from their inception. Ethical and normative considerations that should guide our thinking on these issues have to spring from our shared vision—the values contained in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio+20 outcome “The Future We Want”, and most recently the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	54c07d841810c295d84da3e5cb7a6403	Thus there is a clear trade-off between reducing risk for domestic farmers and increasing risk faced by fanners and consumers in the rest of the world. Additional farm incomes and less variability of returns can lead farmers to make larger investments, raising output potential in the future. While relevant, such investment effects tend to be smaller than the more direct relative price or risk related effects.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	54c0fd6456529d963dcb47dca17d92be	This is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other R&D as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector. Ensuring that intellectual property right (IPR) protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in RD&D caused by knowledge spillovers, while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce GHG emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion. Pricing GHG emissions through a cap-and-trade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in RD&D by building a political constituency for continued enforcement. Both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some low-emission technologies.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	54c194bd0991d5d85c4e251a54ed58d9	Most of the action on universal access has to be focused at individual household level; provincial and national governments and utilities are the key players for this connectivity. However, regional cooperation will help some countries in the Region that have weaker capacity to enhance energy networks and thus improve energy access. This option is made possible by eliminating trade restrictions on energy and providing incentives for expanding energy networks beyond national borders.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/223b7be0-en	54c1c0c492dfe75188f406cfd2e7e805	Yet despite - and in large part because of -the attention given to conceptual thinking and practical applications of peacebuilding instruments and approaches, we are far from a full understanding and the capacity to apply peacebuilding strategies and techniques to their full potential. Is such work regarded as “transforming” - seeking ultimately to challenge the unsustainable, unjust status quo and bring about profound change towards greater justice and wellbeing? In that sense peacebuilding needs to do more to contribute to the “transformation” of society, in the spirit of Fisher and Zimina.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	54c30883db7d931a92c3d75313621002	One distinguishes between absolute and relative decoupling. Decoupling is said to be absolute when the environmental variable is stable or decreasing while the economic variable is growing. Decoupling is said to be relative when environmental variable is increasing, but at a lower rate than the economic variable.	12	2	3	0.2
10.18356/01772a94-en	54c3b26dbae92760dcc0c078a1f4462c	When comparing the composition of the adjusted deprivation headcount of, for instance, Equatorial Guinea and Malawi, the deprivation in Equatorial Guinea is mainly driven by health and water deprivations, whereas in Malawi sanitation and housing play a far larger role compared to the other dimensions. Overall, sanitation and health are the main contributors to the total adjusted deprivation ratio of all children below the age of five, apart from Benin, Burkina Faso, Comoros, Congo, Congo DR, the Gambia, and Malawi where either nutrition or housing issues also dominate, and Rwanda where water deprivation has the highest contribution. The sanitation dimension contributes considerably to the adjusted headcount of Benin, Burkina Faso, Comoros, Congo, Lesotho, Malawi and Togo (more than 30% for the younger age-group). Education, information, and housing have the highest variation across the thirty countries of the sub-Saharan region.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	54c7301154ef262a901b811b08fcd3c4	The former were local; the latter, international. Together, they contained the seeds of a reshaping of the West African migratory system. The major historical trends were shifting: the polarity of the coast, initiated by the Arab-Islamic and transatlantic slave trades and fully materialised under colonisation, was weakened.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	54c7f72189e30a0198eee8fa4c2cf67f	To maximise the potential of Health Boards as local planners, purchasers and providers the centre may have to step back in and play a more supportive - and prescriptive - role. With the introduction of the Integrated Medium Tenn Plans Wales has taken a step in the right direction, but more work is needed to get the balance between local freedom, innovation and sensitivity to population needs, and core standards that should be centrally driven, right. Similarly, the introduction of an Escalation and Integration Framework in 2014 seems to be an appropriate development. More can be done to set, and publicise, core minimum expectations of all local Health Boards.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	54c88bceb3aaca59d7d19b5fe4f83b43	Third, EE improvements may help to increase a firm’s competitiveness, as they often go hand-in-hand with improved quality of products and processes, and thus may help it gain recognition as a “green” company. The international drive to greater EE may provide market opportunities for companies that are in a position to respond to growing demand for energy-efficient products, technologies and services.37 Many of the EE measures analysed in the previous sections apply to both domestically produced and internationally traded products. International trade offers opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of MEPS and other product-related EE measures by increasing scale and facilitating market transformation.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	54c88da1c4a860ee911c9147d1998c68	They could also count as valuable assets for recruitment purposes. Selection and hiring practices still appear not very transparent and too much reliant on informal channels. Parental background still has a major influence on school choice and employment chances, so that opportunities of work engagement are not evenly distributed among school-leavers. In order to level the playing field among young people, local authorities should co-operate with the schooling system to strengthen connections with enterprises, for instance through internet portals, social media or other communication tools to manage student -employer engagement activities.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	54c94cc6eed840aa257710f595ea343d	The development of a green economy depends on the availability of skilled people to fill the new jobs related to renewable energy and energy efficiency. Simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary. ( Skill creation and re-skilling activities in green growth centre around Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Penang Skills Development Centre which offers a certificate programme in water management. Skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level, requiring collaboration across the university-vocational education divide.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	54cc974962394115289d3b932adb48b0	Workers are guaranteed rights that include compensation and other benefits established by law, in the form of social security and welfare. A pregnant worker shall be entitled to rest during the six weeks prior to giving birth and the 20 weeks following, or for a longer time in the event of an illness which, according to medical opinion, prevents her from working. Employers with more than 20 women workers must maintain an education centre that has a room for breastfeeding, where adequate care and education is provided to the workers’ children of between three months and six years of age.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	54cee074af753a5ef5f8b826666b24f1	The first was the announcement of President Trump in June 2017 that the US would withdraw from the agreement (effective November 2020). This announcement raised concerns about the resilience of the agreement, given the important role of the US as the world's second largest greenhouse gas emitter after China (Chan, Stavins et al. The second is the ongoing contestation over the agreement's implementing guidelines, also known as the 'Paris rulebook'.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-7-en	54d0d44b59bdafbe85cc7d2bcf7c577b	Given the Netherlands’ unique geography, flood risk has historically been a primary focus and continues to be a concern and a key cost driver of water management, especially in the light of climate change. Risk of water shortage is an emerging risk, projected to grow in importance in the coming decades, which may require new approaches. The risk of inadequate water quality is both persistent and costly, as a result of a number of factors, including a significant agricultural sector in a constrained spatial context.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	54d46777debf1b74faaba0a021221113	This chapter seeks to provide context and perspective. It begins by looking at demography in Germany and other OECD countries, with particular focus on fertility, family make-up, marriage and the rise of cohabitation. Section 3 addresses women’s role in the labour market. It finds that, although there has been strong growth in female employment over the last 15 years, German women continue to earn less than men and are all too often confined to part-time work.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	54d6377b96185b87df130bc99fccd070	A safety net programme cannot operate in isolation and it is important to look at the complex graduation processes involved. For example, another study into the PSNP (IFPRI 2008) found that households with access to both the PSNP and packages of agricultural support were more likely to be food-secure, to borrow for productive purposes, use improved agricultural technologies, and invest in their own non-farm business activities. Gilligan et al, (2008), The Impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme and its Linkages, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC; Harvey, P. (2007), Cash Based Responses in Emergencies, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	54d69e97625910a3625b65886eb048ab	Finally, a tax of 10% applies to dividends received by shareholders. The reforms sought to broaden the tax base and improve tax administration. Tax rates on wages and salaries, rental income and foreign trade have been reduced. A sales tax was replaced by VAT in 2003 (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2013[9]).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xnk52kc-en	54d77931b3fd9fa5e682923eb39efbdb	A further £0.6 billion of BRS revenues will finance construction works directly, and the GLA has already contributed more that £3.0 billion by the end of 2013 through the BRS mechanism. The Crossrail BRS is expected to run for more than 25 years until the borrowing is repaid, and in the current financial year the contribution is expected to be £875 million (2013-2014). An important aspect of the BRS is that the rate increase was supported by businesses on the expectation of positive returns. In addition to the BRS, the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) was introduced in April 2012 as a levy on all new developments in London.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	54d846f4d3afe1176b0270b826c4cc17	Despite these advances, water governance remains overly complex, largely emergency driven, and oriented towards short-term problem solving. To address current strategic and legal uncertainties, there is an urgent need to formulate a strategic vision for the water sector. This vision should include: more effective multi-level governance; better policy coherence and planning aligned with national and local priorities; more systematic use of economic instruments; a better alignment of river basin authorities with hydrological boundaries; comprehensive and consistent information systems; and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	54d8fef2521902d188e2ae6dcf6efe90	"In Bangladesh, where the primary focus of the “graduation"" model programmes is to generate income through assets such as livestock, programme evaluations still report an increase in productivity due to complementary programme interventions in vegetable and homestead gardening. In the case of CLP, for instance, beneficiaries receive skills training in homestead gardening and the provision of quality seeds and fruit saplings, as well as assistance in developing compost pits and in marketing of surplus products (Marks & Vignon, 2009). This is particularly the case in the context of seasonal consumption and employment fluctuations and emergencies, where beneficiaries self-report an increase in the number of meals that they are able to eat (or a reduction in the number of meals that they miss)."	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2016-21-en	54dcfb2bd8e0a83b0e3f7d264e9d82a9	High levels of stunting in a country are associated with poor socioeconomic conditions and increased risk of frequent and early exposure to adverse conditions such as illness and/or inappropriate feeding practices (WHO, 2014f). Wasting or thinness (low weight-for-height) indicates in most cases a recent and severe weight loss, which is often associated with inadequate food intake and/or a severe disease. Recurrent events of wasting can increase the risk of stunting, and stunting increases the risk of overweight and obesity later in life.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264086197-en	54e2684d04dfe49ebe26492875780f54	This cooperation between subject and DSL teachers needs to be formalised. School leaders must value such cooperation and they must provide timeslots in the schedule of both subject and DSL teachers to coordinate their instruction. Valuing the mother tongue of immigrant children is an essential part of developing a positive and appreciative approach towards diversity.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	54e4e3369a89a6cda53f30992802ebb8	The space should allow some flexibility in its use to suit changing needs. When streets and plazas accommodate multiple activities, they are activated always, even if used differently at different times. World Vision International, for instance, engages children as change agents who inform planning decisions for better and safer spaces.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bf400991-en	54e58f4fa7f9afeb46fbf9af6fb8d74c	Available data for each indicator, or from proxies is used to discuss the progress or lack thereof on each target. Ongoing initiatives towards monitoring SDG 11 from regional and other country-specific reports are discussed. For each of the targets, we highlight the prevailing opportunities, challenges and policy implications, as well as best practices in data collection, institutional support offered by UN-Habitat to countries and other emerging partnerships.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	54e6ca6aa75f0b27f4212bd4eebaa580	Restricting public health care provision would also affect the growth potential through a detrimental effect on health and hence the ability of individuals to participate in the labour market. The health status affects labour supply, which will be all the more important for economic growth as the old age dependency ratio increases. Individuals in good health are more productive, less often on sick leave and enjoy better opportunities to build up human capital. The chances that they retire early are reduced.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	54e729358ca0514d3f14c6876bca7ede	Survey-based estimates likely underestimate the extent of the problem, as many victims are reluctant to admit abuse. Administrative data, such as police reports, are typically even less informative. As described above, many violent crimes against women go unreported for reasons like fear of further violence and threats (towards the woman and her loved ones), stigma, lack of means for self-support, inadequate institutional protection and mistrust of the criminal justice system (OECD, 2017).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f47faf05-en	54e7482467b9a89a1e3b46987eca1941	The resulting statistics are usually produced using national and subnational data. They include descriptive epidemiological data that can usually be updated yearly. The WHO is making remarkable progress in developing methodologies needed to estimate the attributable fraction78 and burden of disease attributable to the environment.79 It has also formulated comprehensive indicators and indexes such as DALY (disability-adjusted life year),80 which is a summary measure of population health problems combining morbidity and premature death associated with different factors related to the modifiable environment.81 However, caution must be exercised when producing these types of environmental health statistics because health and environmental problems are multifaceted and complex.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	54e7e0032d0055b0fa12a16b480f2c5c	At present the most heavily supported sector is renewable energy, but in future sectors such as automobile manufacturing are destined to be a target. Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted across some specified portion of the life-cycle of a good -typically from production to disposal, or from production to the point of final sale. The C02 equivalent emissions released over the product's life-cycle is often called the product carbon footprint (PCF).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	54e981ca0f4d3e56a58a310b534b8fab	She sold the cow's milk and used the money to pay for her own schooling and that of her brother. Stories like Sanchita's serve as beacons of hope - and as tangible proof that investments in girls can result in significant economic and social change. Girls around the world are putting the Girl Effect into motion when they are given the tools to do so.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	54ea1a17294068beedbd2b0050a6c3b6	These, however, also constitute opportunities for those responsible for tourism and water policy to work closely together. In the future, tourism-related water use intensities are expected to increase, while water availability in many regions will become more restricted due to competing uses and climate change leading to lower precipitation levels in many regions. In order to adapt to inevitable changes in water availability, as well as to mitigate its own contribution to climate change and its pressure on limited water resources, tourism needs to engage with policy areas responsible for energy- and water management, with a clear focus on policy making, including compliance with national greenhouse gas reduction goals, building codes, measurement and charging of water consumption, compliance with water benchmarks, and, possibly, mandatory education for staff in accommodation to engage in water saving measures.	8	4	0	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	54ea52186c6be08694400865ccfe5275	To limit impacts on quality of water resources, vulnerability mapping for nitrate pollution from agricultural sources has been carried out (e.g., Romania). As an example, in the Mures/ Maros sub-basin, heavy metal pollution from mining has been reduced by closing some mines and by rehabilitating the wastewater treatment plants.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	54eb4ed5ddba79ed9638d3460e978f61	While Israel has made efforts to increase domestic medical graduates, younger doctors are choosing to specialise and work in a hospital. To ensure primary care facilities have the workforce they need, the government should encourage younger doctors to work in primary care, including through providing the opportunity to undertake their clinical training in primary care settings. Israel should complement these efforts with making sure that the skills of older medical workforce remain current.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	54ed83bda374b6e1beefee61e932b1eb	Citizens and businesses may avoid taking risks, delaying decisions regarding investment, innovation and labour mobility that are essential to jump-start growth and regain competitiveness. Emphasising fairness and integrity in policy development and implementation, ensuring that policy making is more inclusive, and building real engagement with citizens all involve citizens' skills. The capacity to use these devices intelligently to manage information is thus becoming essential.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	54eea4d93b669bf53cf11344edac7aac	Administrative data usually concern foreign citizens who are bom abroad. The remaining chapters, on the other hand, are mostly based on the census data which allow for a comprehensive analysis of international immigrants and their characteristics. According to population census data, while the native-born population increased from 60.6 million to 65.9 million, the foreign-bom population increased from 263 000 to 2.5 million.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233515-7-en	54eea53ba9d27f5df51e4f79a5f6b249	Inspections are mainly conducted through interviews, analysis of internal documentation and results of staff self-evaluations. Self-reported surveys and self-reflection reports or journals are commonly used in self-evaluations, and video feedback is not often used. Teamwork and process quality are regularly monitored in peer reviews.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	54f11e5fbaed4a02fe107352673f7449	Nevertheless, the Chilean authorities recognise that the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure is a major challenge. As a result, water loss from supply systems (due to leaks and unmetered uses) exceeds in many cases the 15% benchmark established by the water regulator. Recovering fully the capital and running costs of water services should allow for necessary investments in water infrastructure.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	54f30a9f6722ac0f074ca10b5733b7ce	Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador (urban area) and Panama (urban area), the countries with largest gains in poverty reduction (in terms of percentage change in the rate), are precisely the same countries that saw the greatest increase in labour income per worker among poor households. Colombia is an exception; although it registered a significant increase in this variable, poverty was reduced at a much slower pace, in part due to an increase in unemployment. In the other countries, labour income per employed person tended to decline.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	54f3b3476873ff7424b79229f90fad62	The partnership has all the characteristics of the first group, except that it is not institutionalised, and is looser and less structured. It has no independent structure, with staff or allocated resources. No particular body is established, rules for co-operation are not well developed, and competences are limited.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	54f738891336bcf5eff7cf73b5f24852	Marine research and monitoring costs are extremely high, which helps explain why we know much less about what goes on in the ocean than about what happens on land. The same also applies, to a certain extent, to human activities. This renders two-dimensional maps less useful, and increases the complexity of marine spatial planning and management. It also makes it more difficult to study the marine environment, how it works, how it is affected by human activities (see difference #2), and how the ocean benefits the economy and human well-being. What makes the ocean economy different from a land-based economy?	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	54f86f9542fbc772baa653ca6bf0f07a	The Government should also support information sharing, research studies, seminars, and promotion campaigns. A special funding line could be initiated at the SCWS for such studies, which should be administered in a competitive manner. The Government, with I FI support, should support several carefully chosen ICU pilots for sanitation, in order to demonstrate the accrued benefits.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	54fa3a3455bba0b95db54ded76e00914	The success of reforms to the curriculum and testing were seen as dependent on prior reforms that would have an influence on who teaches and how they are educated. Denmark faced this problem when it proved difficult to synchronise reforms to strengthen national testing with the pre- and in-service education of teachers employed by municipalities. Local and regional entities often do not have sufficient capacity to implement national policies.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	54fa6110572e5615034cfd5701cc1e3f	This exercise brings along a threefold contribution. First, it highlights the gender differences in migration determinants. This paper provides evidence that differentials in discriminatory social institutions between origin and destination countries only influence female migration. Indeed, high discrimination in social institutions in the home communities restricts female emigration and low discrimination in the destination countries attracts female immigration, while they have no significant effect on men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	54fb0a7672077ce27453763af444880e	Additional funding of €85 million was allocated to the Department of Children and Youth Affairs in 2016 for early years care and education, an increase of 30% on the 2015 allocation. However, in the Netherlands, almost all children from age 4 have a legal entitlement to free access to pre-primary education in school settings (age 4 corresponds to the first year of enrolment in these settings, children are enrolled in pre-school education in day care centres and playgroups at age 3). However, a distinction should be drawn between pre-primary and early childhood educational development (ISCED 01). A general pattern emerges when both programmes are compared, with the share of public spending tending to be smaller in early childhood educational development (ISCED 01) in 9 out of the 14 countries with available data for both categories.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	54fec5d5e327a624a3fc381ee7884fd0	For water stress simulations, we implement three scenario variations-basin efficiency deficit (SB) and groundwater depletion (SG) and drought (SD). Two regional climate scenarios (RCP 8.5 IPSL and RCP 8.5 Hadley) are added. This equates to a possible twelve scenario runs (three climate options * four combinations of water stress).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	54ff232cb3ad2fa38da9aa305c707214	Only Australian and EU wheat prices showed evidence of co-integration with world reference prices, over 2005-10. See Rapsomanikis (2009). See Dawe (2008). In 1986, the government of Egypt underwent structural adjustment reforms which included the liberalisation of domestic prices, exchange rates and interest rates, and removal of import and export restrictions. For additional information see Raspsomanikis et al. (	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	55019c1c9aac8aeb8ac54c5ddaaeb964	The Ministry also started a project to help producers with training, auditing and certification matters. Some 60 producers so far have been certified and given the G logo. The key considerations taken into account for the green production projects were the effective use of environment-friendly raw materials, avoidance of chemical and hazardous substances, energy efficiency, recycling and production management. Since the inception of the project in 2006, 60 producers have obtained the G logo certification.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	550210d5a7d29f2888e67a520458d480	This will have an impact on the size of the aggregation bias: if the risk has a weak correlation across farms, the difference of the observed variability between the farm and the aggregated level is likely to be larger, leading to higher aggregation bias. In most countries, statistics show that the yield risk is much less correlated across farms, meaning that yield risk is more farm specific (Figure 1.7) . However, price risk is highly correlated across farms. If a farmer suffers from low prices, it is highly likely that other farmers experience similar adversity at the same time.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	55039e5f7fd7b7557ef191dc8b6fa4b9	With “excess cost growth” expenditures as a proportion of GDP rose from 13 percent in 2010 to around 16 percent in 2050 (Figure 5). Another approach to indirectly include health status in the projections is to develop disease-specific projections (see Annex A 1.1). Those include changes in disease incidence and prevalence among the factors that contribute to projected changes in expenditure.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	5507b83b6974735bb1fb93317d03d005	Notice in table 6 that the common support (cs) percentage of mothers decreases from approximately 92% in set I to 50% in set III for the formal and informal subsamples, while the cs percentage of non-mothers decreases from 90% to 42% in the formal sector and from 95% to 57% in the informal sector. After matching on age and year, 1 % is accounted for by differences in the support (AM = -0.1% and ANm = 1-1%) and differences in the distribution of individual characteristics in the common support explain 3% (Ax), while Ao = -4% is the unexplained motherhood wage gap. Most is accounted for by the components that exist because of unmatchable mothers (AM = -4.6%) and non-mothers (A^ = 3.6%).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	55080fb366e4296045d9e3d0fc27d95d	The three-step programme: i) encourages knowledge sharing to strengthen water environmental governance; ii) fosters water solution information platforms through workshops and dialogues; Hi) creates policy makers’ networks for the improvement of water environmental governance. The WEPA contributes to facilitate mutual understanding on water issues between 13 member countries, each appointing a focal point who discusses solutions for environmental management challenges. The current members are Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. They also suggested the importance of maintaining an up-to-date database on existing water regulation.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	550a6a0b0a21e4c08c4c823ecb74ec1a	Several large national studies and many smaller local studies suggest that high-quality child care experiences are related, albeit modestly, to child outcomes, even after adjusting for factors such as socio-economic status and parental child-rearing attitudes and practices (Howes, Phillips and Whitebook, 1992; Peisner-Feinberg and Burchinal, 1997; Zill, 1999). Programmes for children should be intensive, yearlong and conducted by appropriately trained professionals (leseman, 2002). The timely transition from learning-to-read to reading-to-learn, which for most children occurs al about age 8 or 9, is essential to academic success, school attainment and well-being (Snow, Burns and Griffin, 1998). During the primary school years, from kindergarten to Grade 3, considerable emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/64011ade-en	550aa5823e70957b644bb53dca9dc1a8	In term of place cs variation is more flat and is within the interval of 40toalmost 300 places per lOOOf with the mean of some 130 and a median of 120 places. Looking at the bus service (figure 2.21.), As i n other cases, relatively large differences exist between cities. In general, cities that offer relatively high total place capacity have also a relatively high number of circulating buses during the peak hours.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	550c53b9b441a2a2419e070c1879a329	It can also shift power relations between women and men, including at household level, and can improve women’s well-being, negotiating power and overall status. The industry plays a vital role in earning foreign exchange. The share of garments in total merchandise exports rose from a mere 6% in 1995 to 76% in 2005, earning USD 2.2 billion. The impact on income from this sector goes far beyond the workers employed in this sector and it is estimated that at least one million people benefit through direct and indirect employment and income, including remittances.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	550f64e204c49a9f1337c16e11d57ecd	In Australia, IFM Investors is co-investment platform owned by 30 Australian superannuation funds and collectively represents AUD 52 billion in assets under management across a variety of sectors. Inderst and Della Croce, 2013). Pension funds often have widely varying strategies, diversification targets, and exposure limits.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	550f673e2bbaf95d3b7cb7f70a729b3b	This project framed a multi-dimensional agricultural sector reform and was implemented between 2001 and 2008. As part of this move, the State Economic Enterprises and producer cooperatives were decontrolled to varying degrees and at different speeds, and became more exposed to market conditions. Another focus was on helping structural adjustment in agriculture through conversion to alternative production, transition support, land consolidation, and rural development. These new payments were introduced and applied during the life of ARIP, but had gradually given place to production-linked payments and w'ere finally phased out. Some sources indicate a lack of familiarity' with decoupled payments, payment delays, and other concerns which made the direct income support scheme unpopular among farmers (WTO, 2012), while others characterised this evolution as a “dilution of agricultural reform” (Akder, 2010).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/57a5b8c9-en	550fcc2b58febbed0d52e66883845668	Furthermore, of the 1.2 billion who lifted themselves out of extreme poverty, 1.1 billion were from Asia and the Pacific. Countries of the population living in extreme poverty such as Pakistan (from 64.7 per cent to 12.7 per cent), Cambodia (from 44.5 per cent to 10.1 per cent), Azerbaijan (from 25 per cent to only 0.3 per cent) and Thailand (from 11.6 per cent to only 0.3 per cent), have all reported significant decreases in the percentage of their populations living in extreme poverty. Although international poverty lines exist, there are no agreed international standards on how to measure poverty at the national level. As poverty measurement is essentially about wealth distribution, the more disaggregated are the data available about individuals and small groups within a population, the greater will be the value of the information that can be derived from analyses of poverty. Such measurements and policy measures are of relevance in Asia and the Pacific, especially in view of the steadily falling overall poverty rates now occurring despite the existence of persistent pockets of poverty. Indeed, to that end those Indian states already having statistical capability conduct state-level censuses on those living below the poverty line.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	551243a2f49f6e22558248a7ef7b152d	Furthermore, the regulation establishes an annual quota level for live cattle and beef based on the estimated shortfall between domestic supply and demand. This quota is allocated by MoT to importers in two six-month tranches: 1 January to 30 June and 1 July to 31 December, based on historical volumes. The quota has been introduced as one of the policy measures to achieve beef self-sufficiency. In practice officials have significantly overestimated domestic supply relative to demand and prices have risen sharply.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	5515f811409880c3b78d6002580c3afe	In particular, some countries tend to have periodic limits specifically for abstraction for irrigation purposes (e.g. 12 years for Austria), while other limits are applied to other uses. In seven responses, it was noted that these rights are transferable, which can imply the possibility of permit ownership transfers, for instance linked to a change in land ownership, or may open the door for potential transactions and or markets. The beneficiaries of groundwater entitlements include mostly individuals, with a number of countries and regions allowing companies and collective bodies. Bundling groundwater with land property rights can make it more difficult for resource management as it leaves less freedom of operation for users (OECD, 2015c).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	5516deb9bef3dc844182dcba51a23ba0	In the Danish North Sea cod fishery, resistance from fishers toward stock recovery can partly be explained by the absence of future benefits from recovered stocks compared to short-term losses that they would face not only from the cod stock but also from other stocks that cannot be exploited fully or only at higher costs. For this reason, most countries that have introduced quota systems have at the same time set limitations on total quota holdings and rules regarding the transferability of quotas through time or between particular groups of quota holders. Furthermore, the initial allocation of quotas has proven to be an issue of concern in many cases.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	5517c09b62371375490a36004a095f6a	Strong variations are also observed by year in the same aimag. The country plans to reach this objective in three phases. In order to reduce factors affecting preventable maternal and child mortality, Mongolia aims to improve the quality and accessibility of reproductive healthcare services and to reduce malnutrition.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	551a289ba79a512df1c20c7e1f0ca882	Eighteen is the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent in 158 countries (UNFPA, 2012). However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities; in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. A recent UNICEF paper reported, for example, that in India, where 47 per cent of girls are married before 18, only 11 people were convicted of perpetuating children marriage in 2010, despite a law forbidding it (UNICEF, 201 la). Such interventions seek to equip girls with knowledge and skills in areas relevant to their lives, including sexual and reproductive health, nutrition, and their rights under the law.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	551bea05d28e074114a6e2fc7b8ad47f	This means that, in general, the benefits of trade are not distributed equally, creating “losers” and “winners” within countries. Institutions and policies that work in one country will not necessarily work in another. Hence, developing countries need to pursue and be ready to experiment with different types of policies, institutional designs and growth strategies (in terms of both pace and pattern). Rodrik (2003) identified three fundamental principles for economic policy: markets, institutions and macroeconomic stability. These principles are not sufficient to induce growth individually, but they are needed in combination. No one should expect it to be unconditionally fair to all by design.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	5520089acf26db2ebc7293e540b19d03	A related question is whether individuals who leave SA remain self-sufficient, or whether they tend to repeatedly ‘cycle’ into and out of benefits over longer periods of time. Such questions on the micro-dynamics of benefit receipt cannot be answered by looking at aggregate data. This section therefore extends the analysis of the dynamics of SA benefit receipt by taking a spell-based perspective.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	5520eb222aafecccdb961734af8d6ddd	Garcia Molla’s results suggest that traditional districts supported by state projects combined with ‘two-part tariff systems’ exhibit the lowest consumption levels. They also suggest that all districts using groundwater exclusively or in combination with surface water tend to consume more than those that rely exclusively on surface water resources, indicating perhaps unsustainable use. Rieu (2005) shows that, although demand in Charente is elastic, local authorities have established quotas to avoid the negative effects on farm income.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	55282a7c3097bcd1b95de87d1149d04f	"A number of large economies in Asia and the Pacific, most notably those of China and India, which proved resilient in the early part of the Great Recession of 2008-2009, subsequently have slowed markedly, reducing the support they had previously provided to Asia-Pacific economies through the channel of intraregional demand. The output loss could be significant for the region as a whole at almost $1.3 trillion from the start of the crisis until 2017. Policies to create or strengthen alternative sources of growth should be viewed as a priority in order to prevent the onset of the ""new normal"" of lower growth."	10	3	3	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	552993de650dc8fe81cc46f6b6e61279	There are two main cannabis products found on the European illicit drug market: cannabis herb and cannabis resin. Cannabis is both illicitly cultivated in countries of the region and also trafficked, in sizeable amounts, within the region and from other regions. There is an increasing tendency for criminal groups operating in the region to run numerous small-scale cannabis plant cultivation sites, usually indoors, rather than fewer but large-scale outdoor plantations, in order to mitigate the risk of detection.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	552a66a92adbf598fde8d07875797eff	It should nevertheless not be forgotten that a simple carbon tax has much the same economic effect as a feed-in premium, all the while providing a simple and clear signal to all low-carbon technologies. This requires the provision of flexibility services in order to generate continuous matching of supply and demand. Between dispatchable back-up capacity, increased interconnection capacity, storage and demand-side management, energy markets need to be enabled to find the most efficient solution to provide system flexibility and ensure second-by-second matching of supply and demand.	7	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289344678-7-en	552cabc214cd1694a4e2bcf9e53e320b	It is important that the indicators align to the same framework for a full and comprehensive analysis to be made. All Nordic statistical offices are currently working to establish regular routines to produce and disseminate these statistics. Rather than to dig deep into the intricacies of a green GDP, the thrust of the effort is on developing a Nordic set of already existing indicators and measures, which relate to the SEEA Central Framework. This can be used besides GDP, as a satellite environmental account, that could be combined with traditional SNA national accounts and provide input for thorough, transparent and reliable analysis of the interplay between economy and environment. A common Nordic effort in this field would be a path-breaking contribution to the follow-up of the new UN sustainable development goals.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	552cd8c6df3fd1ae3d4c247345b834c4	There are indications that the food security situation has worsened for vulnerable households. Based on the limited evidence already available, poverty rates are not expected to rise significantly as a result of the global economic crisis. However, the trend in poverty reduction witnessed since 1998 has come to a halt.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	552d2243d12fca422fb167935f84b941	These include systems that monitor official development assistance, other official flows, South-South flows, and foreign direct investment (Tirpak, Stasio and Tawney, 2012; Tirpak, Brown and Ronquillo-Ballestros, 2014). Second, existing financial monitoring systems can be built upon for more accurate monitoring and tracking of international climate finance specifically. Several countries have in fact begun bringing public sources of climate finance (national and international) into national budgeting and planning systems (Thamrin, 2016; Ministry of Finance, 2014).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	552fe11d14f9f8c123c343d047bb5f49	Firstly, the studies encountered three main types of donors (apart from private sector investors) including (i) traditional DAC donors (ii) multilateral financial institutions (e.g. World Bank, Asian Development Bank) and (iii) other state donors. Many of these have very different and conflicting modes of operating, different and sometimes conflicting mandates, and in some cases competition for 'the best' programmes of the national country strategy. In many cases, and despite best efforts, DAC donors and other donors often limit their interactions to information sharing.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5538f49fcee6570d78f2cdccd47fc5a2	Kazakhstan was one of the last ruble-zone members to issue its own national currency, the tenge (KZT), in November 1993. The economy contracted every year from 1991 to 1995, and during these same years real GDP dropped by two-fifths. A large number of emigrants included many skilled workers and administrators.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	5539beb129fc22e220f0ccea6183dd58	Now in its fourth edition, The Culture of Well-being: Guide to Mental Health Resources for First Nations, Metis and Inuit People in Winnipeg was compiled by the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority’s Indigenous Health programme, in collaboration with its Mental Health programme. The services and programmes are culturally appropriate and delivered from purpose-built facilities. The Be well Leam well programme in Queensland applies strategies that integrate education and health methods to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student developmental needs in remote schools.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	553ad41670547ed1910c47af1b64db90	In addition, the prevailing culture within ministries is often not supportive of gender issues, thus leading to a low level of co-ordination and co-operation between gender units and the other directorates and units w ithin their respective ministries. The role of the unit is to look at the programmes, ensure they are available for both genders equally and to have a gender-sensitive budget. But in reality, [while] the units have been introduced, they do not have any authority to [make] any changes. (	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	553b773cde3b284c8c8e09b84d3bbbbf	In coastal areas, the challenge often exists of preventing the destruction of sand dunes owing to the construction of tourism facilities close to the water. The degradation of sand dunes not only alters the coastal ecosystem but, in the long run, also increases those facilities’ exposure to storms and water rise (Magnan, 2014). This situation entails a typical tradeoff between economic development and environmental challenges. Ideally, an integrated approach would attenuate the impact of the trade-off by limiting habitat degradation and consequently the collateral effect on assets in terms of their exposure to climate-related hazards. Such an approach may not completely eliminate the trade-off, but, by taking into account the negative effects, it can put in place compensation mechanisms, such as for protecting marine ecosystems so as to allow them to maintain their natural resilience and adaptive capacities, and then ensuring that their buffering function against waves is maintained (ibid.).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09e92b30-en	553c75be5652feffe5c27e01eb4f5163	The low level of preventable hospital admissions for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) also tends to show that proper prevention and primary care interventions are in place (Panel C). However, some preventive practices are lagging: avoidable hospital admissions for diabetes are comparatively high, and vaccination rates for risky populations have declined (OECD/EU, 2016). Age-sex standardised rate of adults aged 45 years and over based on admission data. Defined daily doses are the assumed average doses per day for drugs used for its main indication in adults (e.g. 3 grams for oral aspirin). They are constant across countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5541a26c0b86bbefdc00ed32a2db20ad	Connecting an individual consumer to a power plant would be prohibitively expensive. However, each additional customer in the area reduces the average cost for all involved since the cost for connecting the additional customer is small. The physical link through the grid, however, not only links customers to a producer but also links all producers with each other.	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9e191156-en	5541a7c1963451e7ffa3ddbb84b4f45e	The 2006 Presidential Decree on Measures on the Realization of Investment Projects in the Framework of the Interdepartmental Council on the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol provides the institutional and legal framew'ork for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Uzbekistan. The Resolution established the Interdepartmental Council and its functions in overseeing the overall mechanism. It also clarified the functions of the designated national authority on the preparation of projects; the processes for submitting approved projects to the Interdepartmental Council and, following its approval, to the UNFCCC Executive Board; and the provisions on monitoring the implementation of investment plans. Lastly, the Resolution regulated the investment and taxation regime concerning foreign investors (profits exempt from taxation).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/729bf864-en	55431d56e95c55e213165a80a536135b	Externally acquired improvement in decision making and business processes. During the 1990s, a movement to establish greater credibility for this additional form of reporting gained popularity', using principles developed by Stewart (1997), Edvinsson (1997) and Sveilby. It introduces an important difference compared with accounting-based methods (which for example do not count human assets available to the firm as capital, because they are not owned by the business).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/128123a5-en	55432d64d8e8359def325bec765671cf	This will require a review of party constitutions and processes, and re-alignment of women's leagues so that they can play more constructive roles within the parties. They can play a critical role in delivering quality training that helps produce quality, impactful women political leaders. Social media presents a powerful tool for promoting women in politics.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.30875/c7f78275-en	5546520cb46f9c565d86516b7bd0d786	Appreciating the depth and breadth of these changes is critical to help governments reap the benefits that these technologies create and address the challenges that may arise. Finally, the ability to turn many forms of information that once existed solely in analogue form into digital information and to collect, store and analyse it has expanded enormously. The loT can improve consumers’ quality of life, for example by helping to track physical fitness and health or to better manage household tasks and supplies through smart appliances, such as connected refrigerators. For businesses, the loT can help to improve operational efficiency through better preventive maintenance of machinery and products, and can also provide opportunities to sell new digital products and services.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	55479b7b015b16f9ce986569b6557acc	A similar programme has been implemented in South Africa, where 63% of beneficiaries were women (the quota was 40%). In Turkey an “employment subsidy” programme (social security payments are eliminated for the first few years for newly hired women) has also helped create jobs for w'omen and raise female labour force participation from 30% to over 40%. In 2012 more than half of the 50 million beneficiaries were female with broadly equal wages with men, but much higher than in private rural employment.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	55491698271a1c986e6450e57461727e	"For Sweden, data regarding child care refers to childminders. In some countries, higher qualifications are not available for the ECEC workforce; whereas in other countries, higher qualification is available and may be obtained through professional development. Answers indicating ""other"" without specifying which topic was referred to with “other1 are not included in this figure. Professional development opportunities are aimed at improving the performance of ECEC staff in already assigned positions."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/967bd43c-en	554c632ce7029d0948f3f8dc48366c6c	This provision is in tandem with Article 16(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which strictly states that marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The Organic Law instituting the Penal Code (OLPC) in Article 275 prohibits forcing a person to marry or not to marry a person of his or her choice. Article 274 prohibits kidnapping or confinement of a person with intent to live together as husband and wife. Article 194 prohibits living with or attempts to live together with a child as husband and wife, and a person who commits this offence is liable to life imprisonment. This article also makes it an offence to live with or attempt to live with a person, as husband or wife who has attained eighteen years of age but is below twenty years of age.	5	0	5	1.0
10.6027/2387665a-en	554c758773e5688035919ad353e3853c	Rather, true prices free of distorting effects from regulation and taxes would - in almost all the Arctic regions - provide sufficient economic incentives to drive the transition into the 2DS or CNS. It is immediately evident that there is very little difference between the three scenarios in 2035. The major transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy happens independently of the C02 targets imposed in the 2DS and CNS scenarios.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	554d0fb9b999605605dc04996955f15f	"These studies represent a large and important knowledge base, and they have influenced education policy development globally. The Nordic countries represent a unique ""laboratory"" for in-depth analyses of the outcomes of these studies because of the many cultural similarities combined with clear national characteristics with respect to results and policy development. The biannual Northern Lights publications aim to present highly policy-relevant analyses in a Nordic context in order to enhance the use and understanding of the data from large-scale assessments, and to stimulate Nordic cooperation."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281776-6-en	554d2e1346a5831eb9c11c2cc98325f8	Abstraction and pollution pricing through charges and taxes are means towards the internalisation of environmental costs into prices (WS Atkins International, 2012). This includes households, municipalities, businesses, public institutions, farmers, etc. It also includes non-consumptive water users such as hydropower companies and thermal power companies and industries using water for cooling purposes, before returning it to a public water course. Although these penalties are theoretically part of a “command and control” regulatory regime, in practice these fines are often treated more like a “cost” of doing business, akin to a tax (OECD EAP Task Force, 2012b).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d75b687f-en	554e51d4ed426fc77d8cb4adb2259ac9	It provides insights into the important roles of ecosystem services (ESs) and why their valuation matters. It describes the manual’s aims, focus, target audience, structure, content and limitations (in terms of scope and application). The module also introduces scenarios specific to the context of Bangladesh, which can be used as references, examples and exercises in considering the approaches, methods and concepts presented in the manual.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	5551abb1ec6619a999d4861b640bdcc0	Over the period 1990-2011, a permanent trend is observed of increasing the tree biomass stock (by 30 per cent for coniferous species and 26 per cent for deciduous species). In spite of the decrease in emissions observed, the share of the removals in the total GHG emissions (in CO2 eq) is still remarkable. The reason for this is that the emissions in the other sectors have dropped dramatically.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	5554334149b71f5679cd4b20ebf3313f	While water experts seek an integrated approach, decision makers (with more political weight) tend to be focused on crisis management rather than risk management. While planning can be a powerful co-ordinating vehicle across ministries and levels of government, its potential has not been fully exploited in Brazil. The ongoing development of a multi-annual plan under the leadership of the Ministry of Planning provides a unique opportunity to bridge inconsistencies and minimise contradictory policies.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	55551cc81e310887cc9e4f61594930bb	During the first two years of contributions to a pension fund manager (AFP), workers benefiting from this subsidy receive a matching amount from the State for funding their individual pension account (Robles, 2011).26 Available assessments show that the subsidy, while underutilized, is having positive impacts (Vargas, 2014). This is reflected, for example, in social investment statistics, which reveal a substantial investment deficit in youth (ECLAC, 2014). The old and emerging models in this sphere are outlined in tables IV.l and IV.2, identifying the roles played by the areas bearing core responsibility for protection. The State was to ensure an ever-increasing supply, but it was not its responsibility to ensure completion of this cycle, let alone tertiary education. Clear signs of the changing role of the State came when completion of middle school or, in many cases, high school was made mandatory, a set of policies was deployed to keep adolescents and young people in the education system, and aid after graduation was introduced. The development of youth job and first job programmes provides clear evidence of a new role of the State in this sphere.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	5557243c3f1d35faa09ffd6ecd02acb3	Provided by IFIs and some bilateral donors. Coverage is usually less than 100% of the investment or loan. Provided by IFIs, ECAs and private investment and political risk insurers. For a detailed list of available risk mitigation instrument, refer to INFRADEV’s website on: www.globalclearinghouse.org/InfraDev/rmlist.cfm.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2017-24-en	5558944cd285dc41fe261714edbfa5e2	In the 1970s and 1980s, European governments in particular put in place family and childcare policies to encourage couples to have children and ensure that it is feasible for women to combine work and family responsibilities (OECD, 2016a; OECD, 2011a). Enrolling children in ECE helps prepare them to enter and succeed in formal schooling, mitigates social inequalities and promotes better student outcomes. There is a growing body of evidence that shows that children who have a strong start in their development, learning and well-being will have better outcomes when they grow older (Duncan and Magnuson, 2013).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0488519d-en	555d67cba1d1d1935b39ec487291ffe2	However it is also vital to restore the communications infrastructure as a whole. The internet, however, operates on the principles of packet-switching in which individual packets of information that make up a message can take any one of multiple routes according to availability. This level of redundancy makes it inherently more flexible and resilient.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	555ef3e9730ff97fd8d99264087d3f39	Local government contracts for the purchase of goods may provide opportunities to leverage government purchasing power to obtain concessions from suppliers. Some municipalities use responsible bidder provisions to require that all contractors comply with anti-corruption, labour, employment, anti-discrimination and environmental laws. Tenders can include incentives for hiring unemployed and disadvantaged workers who have been trained at TAFE Institutes in specific occupations.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/0ec26947-en	555f3741c9006843c120908a7c709227	Master service agreements, contract terms, modifications, extensions, appendices, etc. As an example, the building information modelling (BIM) guideline in Germany is to be implemented until the year 2020, aiming to collect relevant information of a building’s lifecycle in order to ensure transparent communication of all stakeholders (Bundesministerium, 2017). The visualisation of the versioning without a central counterpart creates an eco-system without any vendor locking.	9	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	555f4fc59869af5282a27bccb6bd09fa	This project is part of a national E-strategy. It involves the deployment of 4G broadband network infrastructure to enable digital inclusion and provide access to information and knowledge, and make ICTs available for all. The deployed network also provides service to remote and poor connectivity areas.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-8-en	5566f7b5f8fd2d836e01ec0955538f78	Despite improved data collection and monitoring efforts, data on very young children (ages zero to three) remain hard to access (OECD, 2006). These gaps in knowledge about young children undermine policy making in the ECEC field, and have implications not only for international comparability but also for national issues, such as child protection (OECD, 2006). For example, financial tracking and monitoring can help inform planning, contribute to more efficient resource allocation and increase cost-effectiveness (Bennett, 2002). Monitoring practices and collection of data can provide feedback on what works and help identify areas of improvement. For example, in New Jersey, the introduction of a quality rating score allowed practitioners and management to improve their practices, and statistically significant effects were found on children’s literacy skills (Figure 5.1) (Frede et al.,	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	5568d18d5b071225b725e719b73d638c	The report enumerates many of the most prominent multiple benefits of energy efficiency and, although the list is not exhaustive, it provides a rich menu of the variety of the benefits that may be of interest to policy makers. Based on a review of existing literature, this report summarises the significance of each of these potential outcomes of energy efficiency measures. In many cases, a ripple effect emerges when energy efficiency improvements take effect at the individual level, triggering benefits for a household and/or enterprise that have a multiplier effect on a specific sector and possibly the whole economy. In addition, as utilities (notably in developing countries) improve their supply-side efficiency, they can provide more electricity to more households, thereby supporting increased access initiatives which is often an important stated objective of supply-side energy efficiency activities in developing countries. The effect of increased spending and investment can in turn result in positive macroeconomic effects described below.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	556b91b3e81de39b550dd89078b3b477	Standalone direct public investments may also be made to supplement suboptimal private investments on both the demand and supply sides. To ensure that such investments do not crowd out private investments, public investments may be used to target areas of education where private investment is particularly lacking, or those that need specific promotion for reasons of externality and, indeed, equity. One such case is universalizing basic education.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	556ba6610e4e34f13ff322515b885acb	Others take a pragmatic view that the application of proceeds to popular local purposes can defuse opposition to the introduction of a new tax of this nature. The case for earmarking proceeds of the pollution tax to funding a new Environmental Fund in Georgia is made separately. However, such diffuse (“non-point source”) pollution is difficult to monitor and control directly, where it results from the activities of many farmers dispersed over a large area of the country (Nath, 1998).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79235bc-en	556ce5acf1016f2c3a967de694bb2ce2	The indicator may be broken down by sex. Own-account workers and contributing family members are regarded as especially vulnerable as they have by definition no formal work arrangements and are therefore more likely to have a low degree of job security and to lack access to social security. The indicator provides information on the informalization of labor markets, which may be associated with increasing and persistent poverty.	15	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	556dd27610778e896abd7249eb7d7075	Teachers are trained to adapt their teaching to different learning needs and styles of students. There is also emphasis on the teaching practicum which includes a minor portion of basic teaching skill practice in front of peers in student groups, and a more significant portion of required teaching practice at teacher training schools run by the university or at affiliated schools. In addition, other teacher groups, such as pre-primary teachers and vocational teachers, are required to have a tertiary education degree.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	55725962c4f1719bcc12fa2b9ca2d5ed	He also argues that an estimation of individual effects of the aforementioned institutional and policy features, including the tax and benefit system, care infrastructure and an enabling work organisation, is difficult due to the likely interaction of these features. For instance, the impact of an extension of the maternal or parental leave systems depends on the availability of formal childcare facilities and family-friendly workplace practices. Thevenon (2013) recognises that the evaluation of the impact of individual policies is burdensome and, given the low degrees of freedom resulting from multiple interactions, econometrically questionable. In the more gender-equal scenario it is assumed that this ratio convergence towards the OECD and peer country average of 3 until 2025.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264208469-5-en	557dbb9456037e60d090cf7a965c3569	A first reform led to the 1999-2008 National plan for mental health which brought substantial improvement in mental health services, both at the primary and specialised health care settings. Then, the Regular General Practitioners scheme was instituted in 2001 to improve the quality and the access to primary health care services. A GP is normally responsible for a patient list size of up to 1 500 persons.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	5581185bae48720d8ffacb807e3efd5f	Capacity building efforts for forest conservation and sustainable management have been enhanced in the last six years through strategic forest programmes such as “ProArbol”. The poor remain the most heavily affected by the loss of forest and soil fertility. Thus it is relevant that the situation of indigenous and local communities has been taken into account when formulating policies for the conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	55811f7dcba18e5ddbbd5f6488266948	The state and municipal levels have been growing in importance in the last decades, as they have asserted their powers and are increasing their share in the distribution of tax receipts. Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the directions of the key financial flows in the Mexican water sector. Further information on the organisation and role of federal institutions for water management is provided in Chapter 1. In some cases, they directly provide water and sanitation services, which have to be funded.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	55837d71ca8d6e221d1fe20649bb5463	The most striking example is India, which is seen to have the lowest level of labour market insecurity due to unemployment (lower than the OECD average), but a large proportion of workers in subsistence-level jobs. This methodology, discussed in Annex 5.A1, delivers an estimate of upward mobility (the probability of transitioning out of low pay) and an estimate of downward mobility (the probability of transitioning into low pay). The two can be combined to derive a measure of the long-term incidence of low pay, which can be interpreted as the risk that a random worker in the economy will be in a low-paying occupation at a given point in time.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	5583f2da6f094d450fb8e5db9aff9c98	There arc controlled and uncontrolled dumpsites in areas where groundwater resources of the alluvial aquifers of the Drava and Mura rivers arc highly vulnerable to pollution. Uncontrolled landfills sometimes pollute surrounding soil and groundwater in Croatia. Industrial pollution in Slovenia (due to significant chemical industry) in the Drava sub-basin is reported to be in decline.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	55842dc6b571648579bfe38911d3c51b	Three climate change scenarios were considered: low emissions (RCP 2.6), medium emissions (RCP 4.5) and high emissions (RCP 8.5). Each scenario was projected using twelve different climate models, and the median result was taken as the value for the respective drought and flood indicators. Scenarios of no adaptation as well as low and high adaptation were taken into consideration. The greatest vulnerabilities are seen in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South and South East Asia, where millions of people are likely to face greater risk of food insecurity as a result of climate change by the 2050s.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	55894e7e4fcbd87bd21b599264ccdb94	A significant issue is that many large farmers (and the Union of Farmers) complain of the lack of skilled labour, including mechanics.1 If mechanical maintenance can be done by a family member, then this is not a problem. The fact that this farm got involved in livestock production - they currently keep some cattle, pigs and horses - is to some extent due to the need to keep reliable workers busy throughout the year. The joint venture with two farms highlighted the issue; each farm dominates employment in its village, but has experienced different labour problems. In one village alcoholism is a serious problem, while in the other workers are generally more productive but there is a tradition of cover-ups amongst workers. Poorly funded local administration led the large joint venture farm to become involved in social investment. When pipes broke in one of their villages, the company organised and paid for repairs; they also provide some funds to the local school.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/18a859bf-en	55928fe489844c5b4eaa144fb280484c	Many of the factors are linked and progress in one area can help progress in another. These factors are offered for consideration by development co-operation providers as they determine how to fulfil their mandates in a post 2015 development and climate policy landscape. Table 2 below summarise the factors.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/062acf72-en	5592f180996ad6e57f3ad7f455dc760f	First, the multitude of different strategic documents of equal status with either the same or, to a large extent, overlapping objectives, all valid for the same period and therefore expected to be simultaneously implemented, resulted in competition for the limited available state budget funding and limited institutional and staff capacities. Similarly, foreign donors have difficulty understanding what the priorities are among several similar and overlapping policy documents. In some cases, substantive contents of the strategic documents are not fully reflected in the corresponding implementation action plans.	15	4	0	1.0
10.18356/d442ee69-en	559433970aca2e7915b0d0397ce3b110	Social inclusion is thus spatially uneven. The paper also shows how context matters, identifying some of the mechanisms by which nation-states and localities influence processes of economic, social, and political exclusion and inclusion. She is grateful to the Social Perspective on Development Branch of DESA/DSPD for its support in developing the paper, and also extends sincere thanks to an anonymous peer reviewer for comments and suggestions. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat.	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/46e21a79-en	55967e8881ead97d384a605f5e90a358	Least developed countries in the region had a lower unemployment rate of 4.0 per cent; in upper middle-income economies, the rate was 4.8 per cent and in high income economies it was 4.6 per cent. Landlocked developing countries faired significantly worse with unemployment at 6.9 per cent. ( The North and Central Asian subregion had the highest youth unemployment rate at 14.7 per cent in 2013; however, that rate represents a steep drop from the high of22.9 percent in 1998. Over recent years, the region has continued to grow as a major tourist destination.	8	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	559703db1e41574c83a39b968250b161	However, for low-income households with relatively heavy health-care needs such costs can accumulate. Research using a household expenditure survey (Navon and Chernichovsky, 2012) estimated about 68 000 households spend at least one-third of their disposable income (excluding spending on food) on health care. There has already been some widening of exemptions in recent years, including reduced co-payments for mother and child care and for the elderly. Nevertheless, more maybe needed to provide a good enough safety net.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/127a6106-en	559938a9963a7fe8527292788f142509	World Bank, (also available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/552891468229171088/Cambodia-Nutrition-at-a-g lance). World Bank, (also available at http//documents. Bangladesh - Nutrition at a glance. World Bank, (also available at http://documents. To tackle its underlying causes, it is important to address the problem from different angles, and link production, consumption and nutrition perspectives within a holistic food system approach.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	559bc8005bb731e82d28e8a6fae3ccf7	"If the dam were to fail, the security challenges would have the potential to affect disaster response and recovery. In some ways, this has always been well recognized. What is new in today's increasingly interconnected society is the diversity and complexity of threats and hazards, and the complex interaction among them, which result in ""an unprecedented global creation of risks, often due to previous socioeconomic development trends interacting with existing and new development dynamics and emerging global threats."	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3f10390a-en	559d41576222855a7b401b305d60b7d8	This group and the 45 to 59 group contribute most to earnings inequality. Lastly, employed people aged 60 and over contribute an average of 12% of inequality, whereas they represent only 9% of those in work (see figure 1.17). These problems create feelings of uncertainty and unease among working people, particularly those who have unstable and informal jobs, possess less human capital, are in a worse socioeconomic situation and live in countries affected by severe structural heterogeneity .	1	5	5	0.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	559db8ae3fa6aff47040c501046bd25f	Rural indigenous northerners tend to demonstrate lower satisfaction with their ethnic origin than their urban counterparts. According to the OECD, northern districts have some of the highest public health expenditures per capita.' The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, lead to an exodus of professionals, including doctors, from Russia's Arctic regions.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191761-en	559e4374ab485e89abf7b2f82aef202c	Since 2009, wheat price support through a transportation subsidy and domestic market interventions is observed. Price policies in the livestock sector have been increasingly protective as border protection has increased and additional per tonne payments introduced. However, with prices of wheat supported above world levels in recent years, livestock producers face higher feed costs than would otherwise be the case.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	55a00cb6d2c12676faf4863224149169	Rapid urbanization processes, for example, lead to growing numbers of settlements in highly flood- and storm-exposed coastal zones and low-lying areas. A large number of these fast-growing settlements comprise precarious infrastructure and are often inhabited by people in vulnerable situations. The risks and social costs associated with environmental and climate change are very unevenly distributed and closely linked to structural inequalities which leave disadvantaged people and communities more exposed and vulnerable to climate impacts.1 Women and children are often disproportionately affected. Differences in disaster risk reduction capacities become evident when comparing the percentage distribution of weather-related loss events with the percentage distribution of their impacts. Asia, for example, experienced 30 percent of the events but suffered 69 percent of fatalities.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208469-5-en	55a2a47d7a81a35ff1a22a84329ebb73	Consistent clinical pathways will be established to achieve better co-ordinated health services. Local authorities are thereby required to assign one person as a care co-ordinator for every patient who needs long-term care from more than one branch of the health services. Electronic information systems are strengthened to share relevant patient information.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/30fc26a1-en	55a321667c5761493d7118a9c55c6f28	Marine energy technologies such as wave, tidal, ocean-thermal or salt power, were not assessed because they are still relatively immature. It is the work of an international scientific and technical expert team. Meeting the rising energy demands of a growing world population presents an ideal opportunity to make technology choices that also address the climate, environmental and health issues caused by fossil fuels.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	55a549aaa1bb226eca757c70c42fed9c	At every level of the workforce, women drop out or stall below top leadership positions, creating a ‘leaking pipeline’ of talent for New Zealand’s management sector. As the national women’s machinery, it is responsible for providing policy advice on how to improve the situation of women across the country, as well as suitable women nominees for state sector boards and committees. Additionally, the ministry provides support and policy advice to the National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women, an independent advisory body that monitors women’s employment. For MWA, stronger gender balance is not just a goal unto itself, but has long-lasting and countrywide impacts for organisational performance and productivity. Basing its theory of change on the growing body of international evidence demonstrating the economic value of increasing gender diversity, MWA asserts that more women in leadership will bring diverse views to the decision-making table. This correlates to better decision-making and organisational performance, as well as stronger connections to clients, stakeholders and investors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	55a587085344a8697266cf1e54834933	"With regard to transport policies, the government's 2009 policy document Smarter Travel: A sustainable transport future sets out how the vision of a sustainable travel and transport system can be achieved through actions by relevant government departments and agencies, facilitated by the Department of Transport. It recommends actions such as fostering a ""cycling culture"" and a ""walking culture"" which, Failte Ireland believes will also enhance the tourism offer. From 1 July 2008, the rate of VRT (purchase tax) for all new and used cars registered in Ireland is calculated on the basis of the CO.,"	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	55a66f9fa3daea21f5a08a9473938671	While the share of solar and wind in the overall energy mix still remains below the country’s potential (just over 6% in 2016), Chile has become a leading solar producer in the Latin American region. In response to Argentina’s curtailment of natural gas exports in 2007, Chile has initiated efforts to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel imports and tap into domestic renewable energy resources. Moreover, public discontent has put pressure on the future development of large-scale hydropower projects.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	55ac692b919e4fe1eb6d08afef944af6	Since almost everyone gains from faster growth, but some may lose out from equity-promoting growth, causing political tensions and loss of economic efficiency, it is difficult to reject the appeal of the absolute definition of PPG and its associated policies. These developments have helped the PPG debate to converge around the terms of a presumed trade-off between equity (benefiting the poor relative to the rich) and growth (benefiting everyone). As McKinley (2009, pp.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-4-en	55aeb3aaa8e2210a3a897739cece4e4c	Also because of the capital lumpiness in water supply this provides an incentive to expand the capacity in surface water storage at a single point in time rather than spread out over time, which can mean that it may be a considerable duration before demand materialises to use this capacity. Policy interventions in agriculture regarding water commonly involve changing the quantity and/or quality of access, as usually farmers have some access to water. Hence, to measure the benefit from an increment in water supply for farming in the receiving areas it is necessary to estimate the marginal value of water (marginal net profit) in the agricultural uses that would go out of production without the new increment of water.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	55b69272ce6ce924e8356a3211af1b00	However, replicating the development path of industrialized countries based almost exclusively on fossil fuels would result in a level of emissions that would preclude reaching meaningful global targets with respect to emissions reductions. Renewable energies could in theory address both issues, allowing developing countries to develop while limiting the growth in emissions from that part of the world. Such causality is best demonstrated at the micro level. There is a wide body of literature showing how access to energy, especially clean cooking energy and electricity, radically improves livelihoods and basic development indicators.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	55b742caf9c36ae0293b1f8bbe8d72e7	This region is also referred to as the Gary-Chicago-Milwaukee (GCM) corridor. It is increasingly regarded by civic, business and political leaders as comprising a common economic area. The Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the central county or counties containing the core, plus adjacent outlying counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county or counties as measured through commuting” (Office of Management and Budget, 2010).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c73325d9-en	55b83be8b9e8d8e6d9caaab04fccc9d2	For this to happen, it is essential to have the acceptance and support of such development from the communities that will reap the benefits and costs associated w ith tourism development. As in many countries, destination management plans (DMP) can be used to support tourism development and take into account local needs and characteristics (OECD, 2018a). They can help to co-ordinate public and private actors.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/315584de-en	55bb777ea15f89ce52d9d180bbb4af45	The Global Alliance to Monitor Learning works on the technically more sophisticated learning outcome-related indicators, primarily on minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics, adult literacy and digital literacy. It began inviting countries in late 2018, with the prospect of developing into part of the TCG structure. The Inter-agency Group on Education Inequality Indicators works on indicators based on data from household surveys but has not yet included countries. The forum provides political leadership, guidance and recommendations on implementation and follow-up; tracks progress; encourages elaboration of coherent policies informed by evidence, science and country experiences; and addresses new and emerging issues.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	55c03af10bfb2b970011664c5d654a3c	In all cases, special measures should be instituted to address the particular justice needs of victims of sexual and other forms of gender-based violence. These might include special hearings on violence against women and/or men, boys or girls, victim support, prosecution procedures that uphold victims’ rights, and reparations that include health care services. Bratislava: UNDP, DCAF.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	55c0606ba72fbecaca104fd5c3ea68dd	Effective measures include agricultural research, technology transfer, and extension and advisory sendees. Food insecurity is a consequence of poverty, except in emergency situations where physical supplies break down. Tariff protection for staple foods, which is sometimes suggested as a means to improve food security, may expand domestic output and hence raise the availability of food, but it does not help poor consumers to gain access to the food they need.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	55c1332f526e0ba47121de7662d44630	In order to get a nationally representative sample for NIDS from the Master Sample of PSUs, the sample was allocated to the provinces with probability proportional to size. This allocation was applied to ensure that the sample w'as spread throughout the country and not concentrated in some provinces. The fieldwork for Wave 1 commenced in the last week of January 2008 and ended in July 2008.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	55c357c85a4047c4e20dc58a9a3998e1	In remote rural regions, food supply can be a major challenge, as can access to food. Moreover, because these regions have small populations that tend to be politically disenfranchised, they are not a high-priority constituency for national governments when food insecurity challenges emerge. For poor households, food consumption typically accounts for around half of all expenditures, making them particularly susceptible to price increases.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	55c410c66b9944385116f82108e93272	Awarding a qualification is thus an official recognition of a student’s achievements by a competent body. In a further step, certification assures the documentation of students’ skills which allows them to communicate their competencies to others (OECD, 2007). As the end of upper secondary education represents an important point of decision for a student’s career progression in most OECD countries, assessment for qualification and certification at this stage of education carries high stakes, which leads to several particularities for its design and implementation.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	55c481778b75476f815dfc9903d53b80	The close involvement these critical partners often determines the success of a biodiversity mainstreaming initiative, as the objective of biodiversity mainstreaming is to embed biodiversity considerations directly into the planning and operations of such production sectors. Through a strong community of practice in biodiversity planning, a number of biodiversity priority areas have been identified for terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems at various scales. Spatial biodiversity planning is conducted at national, provincial and municipal scale, and is based on best available biodiversity science including species distributions, climate change adaptation, ecosystem services and more. Avoided loss/degradation: By ensuring that biodiversity is properly considered during development planning and decision-making, loss of biodiversity priority areas can be prevented.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	55c5fd24f0f85a0a52f464f85dae21dd	While output is determined by demand, supply-side inefficiencies contribute to inflation. Overly aggressive monetary policy responses can also have strong output costs with limited effects on the underlying causes of inflation, as the case of India suggests. High budget deficits in most of these countries also have inflationary implications. Poor infrastructure and high relative public service costs are contributing factors. Exchange rate depreciation affecting a number of currencies in the subregion also resulted in price rises of imported commodities, including food and fuel. The persistence of high inflation in Pakistan is primarily due to entrenched expectations of inflation remaining high.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/26908ff6-en	55c60103d7e2e1c6ed363d26dc4eadf0	Typically, species diversity is low, and a portion of the ecosystems are isolated ecological islands, ecosystems that are not in a direct connection to other similar environments. This causes these ecosystems to be highly vulnerable to disturbance, often unique, and plausibly non-restorable. Additionally, summers are short and characterized by relatively low average temperatures.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c530cc54-en	55c903b108a185a39113e785c835d813	This is followed by a discussion of the principles underpinning recent anti-poverty policy. In the late 1980s, after nearly one decade of quasi-military rule, strong internal and external pressures on the government led to the promulgation of a liberal constitution in 1992, overwhelmingly approved by a 92 per cent majority through a national referendum. In light of the gross human rights violations that characterized various past military regimes, one key feature of the 1992 Constitution is its strong emphasis on human rights. Ghana's 1992 Constitution).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/85946e24-en	55c9e17ffc4b237977f5df7af0623517	In addition, children from poor households, who are more likely to be exposed to such diseases as pneumonia and malaria, are less likely to receive proper medical attention than children from better-off households (Victoria and others, 2003). At the global level, the net relative mortality risk of a child from the richest quin-tileis 81 per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile (figure 7). As observed before for the whole age range of 0-4 years (0-59 months), the net relative risk of infant mortality diminishes steadily with the level of household wealth. The relative mortality risks are 96 per cent for infants from the middle quintile and 94 per cent for infants from the rich quintile, compared to children from the poorest quintile.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	55cc01c1be0a30f291919ae92603ff5a	The final step would be quantitative field testing and validation through comparison of the proposed assessment tool in small survey samples in different countries and contexts. This process is explained in detail in Frongillo et al. [ Collecting data directly from children in such a measurement system would require attention to a number of details.	2	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	55ccd278978adc5fdbf785801e594e37	The New Urban Agenda, adopted at Habitat III, supports the implementation of SDG 11 and outlines a new paradigm. Fundamental to this paradigm is a shared vision where cities and human settlements fulfill their social function, engender a sense of belonging and ownership amongst all inhabitants, practise civic engagement, empower women and girls, meet the challenges and opportunities of future growth enhancing urban economies and value-added activities, and link people, places, services and economic activities. This includes cities and human settlements that strengthen sustainable urban transport and mobility, ICT communication networks, e-government strategies, as well as citizen-centric digital governance tools, tapping into technological innovations. Digital technologies have impacted urban development and management over recent years.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	55cd67e35011e93ff73190e036f9178e	Furthermore, the green growth poles are self-dynamic in nature, with catalytic and spillover effects, notably in terms of income generation, enhanced technological and skills capacity, as well as lower pressure on material/resource depletion and related resource pricing. However, in some areas (e.g. EE in end-use sectors and renewable energy equipment), additional investments will have to be made by a large number of small investors, for which viable financing arrangements/facilities should be made available.54 Furthermore, mobilization of private investment in poor developing countries will not be straightforward, and will likely require significant additional official development assistance and other foreign assistance, as well as foreign direct investment. Similarly, a group of companies, including Sony and Nokia, have created an “eco-patent commons” with initial donations of 31 EE-related patents.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/76c9b151-en	55cdd56af11fec4fdfbffc980bae6c94	The successful groups have managed to reduce headcount poverty rates from over 80% in the 1980s to close to 44% in 2007, while for the lagging countries, the total poverty rate has remained at well over 70% throughout the period. Both the headcount ratio and the number of the poor in this group of countries were declining over this period. Their share increased from about 13% to 18% of the total population between the early 1980s and 2007, while the percentage of their population living below $2 a day increased from about 16% to over 30%.	1	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	55cf227ff11dc5f9bba3569ccae9d647	The total value of trade facilitation funding has increased considerably in recent years. Funding by the World Bank has risen five-fold in the last seven years and trade facilitation projects make up around half of all trade-related development assistance. Their results suggest that a 1 per cent increase in Aid for Trade facilitation is associated with about US$290 million of additional exports from the recipient countries.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	55d0196bd9ddbd0a4ed7909c158678bd	In private-subsidised schools, principals are employed according to the Labour Code. While the employment framework, therefore, differs, school principals in both systems need to have relevant training and teaching experience to be eligible for a position. Professionals from other fields outside education may only apply in exceptional cases.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	55d177b479d0d0ccb590dcac68acbdc1	The mean number of events per patient increased by 10% for each additional medication. Between 17-30% of errors were correlated with polypharmacy that could be reduced through the use of reminders in an electronic prescription /ordering system (Meredith et al, 2001). Complexity can be clinical as well as biopsychosocial.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	55d2a5119d994c748e9976aa19e26f73	In 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued interpretive guidance on climate change disclosure, but so far it seems to have had limited effects: 59% of Standard & Poor’s 500 companies do report on climate but, according to some, their disclosures have been disappointing (Ceres, 2014). This reporting requirement has not been changed in spite of the July 2014 repeal of the 2011 Climate Tax. In March 2014, the NDRC announced a new regulation requiring all firms emitting more than 13 000 tonnes (C02-eq) to begin reporting their annual GHG emissions. It is expected to be enforced from 2015 (Reuters, 2014).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	55d42b5ee540ea4165a977cdabff1f9c	While Uzbekistan substantially improved the monitoring of pollution sources, the urgently needed progress was not made in developing its ambient environmental monitoring networks. The concentrations of a number of pollutants identified by the international community as being the most harmful to human health and the environment are not measured. Biodiversity and ecosystem monitoring remain underdeveloped in Uzbekistan.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	55d42d394af1fab13a1e43d4c602c6d6	Several chambers of commerce, notably in the Gulf countries, have established businesswomen's committees to increase women's participation in these associations. Businesswomen's associations exist in all MENA economies and offer networking opportunities, mentoring, training, and in some cases business incubation, to women entrepreneurs. This is a dynamic business association of dedicated female professionals in Jordan working to increase women's economic participation in Jordan by harnessing the under-utilised economic and social capabilities of Jordanian women by drawing on the experience of its accomplished members, its resources and its networks, and providing effective services in response to the needs of its members, female professionals and business owners.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	55d649f6498afbfd6f9d01fd5e1a00cc	Less frequently, mechanisms for the advancement of women are involved, most of them embedded in the countries' social institutions, either in social development ministries or in the Office of the President. In other cases, the policies are implemented by the sectoral education or health ministries. This benefit is linked to the Universal Child Allowance, which, through Decree No. In particular, it shows how the costs of care are absorbed by families, particularly in the form of unpaid work by women.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	55d9b6a36d895334149c7a5aec4a6a4b	These possibilities are, however, limited by the gendered violence that stems from strong ethnic identification, which seems particularly pronounced among Kyrgyz migrants. Even when females have not faced such violence on their own, the knowledge of such risks serves as a limiting mechanism. However, before doing so, a look will be taken at the plans migrants have for the future in order to consider whether this transnational migration is a desired way of life.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/49f729e3-en	55da8890e6872513d6f554f075d22d64	Interviews at regional and country level revealed that the lack of gender materials in languages other than English also posed a problem. Gender Net, a peer information-sharing and problem-solving network for UNDP staff, was initially set up as an email-based platform, later becoming an active network. In addition, communities of practice were established by each regional centre, curated by regional gender advisors/prac-tice leaders, and these were subsequendy transferred to the Teamworks platform. Participation dropped 30% to 40% from one year to the next according to statistics maintained by the knowledge management staff.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-24-en	55de0dd1c853714698526d73a25d9be6	It has therefore decided to engage in a project dedicated to ‘Advancing the aquaculture agenda’. The overall project objective is to examine the policy challenges for a competitive and sustainable aquaculture sector in OECD countries. In addition, the project fully embraces the vision of the recent OECD Declaration on Green Growth (OECD, 2009) which states that 'the OECD can, through policy analysis and identification of best practices, assist countries in their efforts to respond to the growing policy demands to foster green growth and work with countries to develop further measures to build sustainable economies’.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	55e4282422ff9cd7385eef5a0ce58fe9	Moreover, general medicine specialist training also includes tasks that require a deeper knowledge of common public health issues, mental health included (OECD Mental health questionnaire, 2013). As there is no gatekeeping in primary care to limit the access to specialist (mental) health services, many patients in need of treatment (for severe mental disorders in particular) may seek specialist level care directly. Psychiatric specialist services are mainly provided in psychiatric outpatient wards located in general hospitals.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	55e73dfe123aa7290419561a5c9c7c4a	Resolutions require 12 out of 15 votes to pass. The CMAP staff has diverse capabilities in comprehensive planning, data research and analysis, and many related disciplines. The CMAP has committees at the policy, advisory, co-ordinating and working levels that play integral roles in the agency’s planning processes.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5db444d4-en	55e8631488c5982319968f8d8d6bddda	In accordance with these provisions, this chapter discusses how governments can better leverage available tools and decision-making functions in support of inclusiveness such as budgeting (where gender equality has a good grounding) as well as other areas that have not received as much attention, such as public procurement and regulatory practices. Both the capacity of the procurement workforce to support secondary policy objectives and the burden associated with monitoring progress in promoting such objectives should be considered. For secondary policy objectives that will be supported by public procurement, appropriate planning, baseline analysis, risk assessment and target outcomes should be established as the basis for the development of action plans or guidelines for implementation. The results of any use of the public procurement system to support secondary policy objectives should be measured according to appropriate milestones to provide policy makers with necessary' information regarding the benefits and costs of such use. Effectiveness should be measured both at the level of individual procurements, and against policy objective target outcomes.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	55eac600c0155dc3b1abcc025b4890c4	The statistical analysis has benefited from excellent assistance from Alessandro Tondini. The analysis on urban China has benefited from precious statistical support from Ms Zhe Liang. The OECD Job Quality Framework is also fully consistent with the OECD Better Life Initiative (OECD, 2013), which builds upon the work of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/841f762a-en	55f0d53e17fa37b036502c61ed1309b4	Management institutions are unable to address compliance, while low skills and technological development in the region, which may otherwise permit improve public attitudes towards conservation, is inadequate. These social aspects are discussed in the rest of this chapter. There are nevertheless several examples of coastal communities in the region who have upheld resource use regulations informed by their sense of attachment to a resource base (Cinner and Aswani 2007). In some, fisherfolk describe their rights to marine commons as akin to communal ownership derived from their ancestors or a spiritual being.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	55f0f627e83bb4d17bbe9decd19a4a7d	The cases from South Africa, Rwanda and Sierra Leone show that there is an explicit acceptance of peacetime gender-based violence. While wartime rape is increasingly seen as a crime and thus usually prohibited, everyday violence against women in peacetime is not (Chapter 9). Equally, even though rape is now recognized in the Statute of the International Criminal Court as a war crime and crime against humanity, domestic violence is not distinctively recognized as prosecutable under international criminal law.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	55f1ccd88df277fbfbf37b3084462344	These indicate that commodity sectors feature prominently in these countries’ climate change mitigation and adaption commitments. Although CDDCs as a group have contributed only modestly to climate change, and notwithstanding their heterogeneity, they have pledged to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	55f30ac8139af43016e45d5e1d0684e4	A better-designed approach could help win support from the city government and citizens. Diverse approaches to congestion pricing, including value pricing and area pricing, could be examined with a view to diversifying congestion fees in Korea, reflecting the characteristics of different urban development patterns (Boxes 2.20 and 2.21). The United Stales, by contrast, charges congestion fees by value pricing for travellers on a particular segment of a facility.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	55f4fb8cbd0e416ee29ca2b8b465eb11	The RSE scheme and the incipient raised value of remittances have emphasised the positive role of migration. Skilled migration from both countries is significant and has an impact on the effectiveness of the health and education systems, but is regarded as inevitable. Skilling of the workforce is seen as valuable in itself and for potential migration.	10	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	55f5f17bff7e3a09a8db5645388c0a68	Women's election to urban local government has increased their social respectability and provided them with the ability to solve the problems of ordinary people (Ibid.). In Chennai, too, several Resident Welfare Associations concerned about the absence of educated middle-class citizen's in public life, fielded their members, including women, as candidates. Regardless of having a number of prominent and powerful female politicians, women's participation in politics in both countries is very low. Despite the provision for reservation of one-third of the seats in local governments, women members are not able to participate effectively.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	55f7500ef080e53c067ffb9a2c3b48e3	"There is currently only one large-scale project operating in the power sector, in Canada (the Boundary Dam plant), and two more in the United States which were scheduled to come online in 2016 (Global CCS Institute, 2016a). In other industries, only a handful of projects currently operate. Most are in natural gas extraction and processing, where two Norwegian projects stand out. This C02, which is classified as one type of ""fugitive"" C02 when emitted, is often released to the atmosphere both intentionally and unintentionally, either through leakages or venting during the extraction process itself, or during on-site or downstream processing of extracted natural gas. The statistics vary, especially on the former, but are in principle reported by all countries who report annual greenhouse gas emissions to the UNFCCC secretariat (Annex I countries)."	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	55f948a1c4851de02258f28d80174741	This new investment cycle will constitute a major test for competitive markets and one of the last opportunities to decarbonise the electricity mix by 2050. Many economists, as well as the IEA (2007), recommend well-functioning electricity markets as the efficient solution, provided that prices can rise high enough during periods of scarcity, and that there is a stable regulatory framework. Yet a growing number of countries have recently adopted new rules mandating system operators to contract for generation capacity (New Zealand, Ontario, California, Norway and Sweden) or have introduced explicit margin or capacity targets (PJM, Italy, Australia's eastern states and Latin America).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	55f958ddb06109109556a3902dc56300	There is a tendency for people to take sides in the argument on the merits of these different approaches to farming. Clearly there is room for both and modern agriculture, especially under the threats posed by climate change, should combine the two. Diversity should be maintained but new varieties also need to be introduced into the traditional systems.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	55faa13e143eba0e21299619a7e67c24	The concept of zero emissions, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, has been linked with zero defects in product quality control and zero industrial accidents in workplace safety management. In the course of disseminating the Asian zero-emissions concept, the first international meeting on the subject was held in Jakarta and released the Declaration on Zero Emissions to the world (United Nations University, 1996). Two workshops held in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, followed by a workshop in Beijing, provided the opportunity to promote a mutual understanding of the situations in developing and developed countries.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/35f875c3-en	55fc56053fed14815547add689101a6a	It aimed at recognizing the concerns of women as occupying a separate, but overlapping, space with the concerns of development.22 However, women and development was criticized for overlooking the major influence of the ideology of patriarchy and thus being insufficiently gendered. South Africa Journal of Human Rights, vol. Moreover, it saw women as agents of change rather than passive recipients of development assistance.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	55ffa1aa23c75ac5e0f959176a9acdec	According to Barros and Mendonga (2010), Brazil’s child labour rate is in the bottom quartile of developing and emerging economies, and it is approximately 25% lower than in countries with similar levels of GDP per capita. However, with 4.2% of children aged 6 to 15 still working in 2012, child labour remains an issue of concern. There is a strong link between poverty and child labour, as well as intergenerational persistence (Emerson and Souza, 2005).	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	56076f29a0c6385863fb25f58f11a463	The transport card can also be substituted with an ordinary bank card or a smart phone. This high-tech pricing system not only eliminates the user’s discomfort of having to queue to recharge the conventional pre-paid transport card, it also facilitates the collection of traffic big data. Considering that 99% of users in Seoul travel with a transport card (Seoul Solution, 2016), the data directly reflect consumer needs and indirectly signal consumer satisfaction. This opens up new opportunities for making transport and land-use decisions more responsive to community needs. Previously, bus stops and subway exits were scattered around the station without proper direction boards, which made transfers inconvenient and time-consuming. Therefore, the city government built a multi-modal transit centre, which brings together 89 bus routes on one spot within a close walking distance to subway lines 1 and 4, as well as KTX express railway (Seoul, 2016b).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4384e397-en	5608e345d98f6f0ee1739a15399cd69e	However, if abused, they can also be used to facilitate IUU fishing or, if not taken into account in fisheries management, can increase fishing power in general and result in overexploitation of resources. This is a risk with blockchains, for example, as they make it possible to gather more information and to use it more efficiently and effectively, thus increasing predictive capacity. Some new technologies have also created barriers for fisheries that lack the capacity or financial resources to adopt them. Similarly, it is essential to address barriers to fishers' and fish farmers' access to new technologies, and to build their capacity to take advantage of disruptive technologies.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	5609cac87c0dab3371b585ab8b719f1a	All three food banks were established with a two-sided purpose, both to reduce food waste and to make it easier for charity organisations to get access to food donations. This two-sided basis probably reflects the fact that the Nordic food banks have been established late compared to other countries in Europe (2006-2013), in a period where food waste prevention was much higher on the agenda than when most food banks were established. In Norway, there are two employees, whereas the manager has a management for hire contract on a 50% position. Allwin has only employed personell, with four persons working totally about 3 man years.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eag-2016-28-en	56106e5348cbc7195d2ccb99b96a8f9c	See Annex 3 for notes fwww.oecd.ory/education/education-at-a-plance-19991487.html. It is crucial to provide and ensure access to organised learning opportunities for adults beyond initial formal education, especially for workers who need to adapt to changes throughout their careers and who have difficulty achieving high labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013). Social integration requires that individuals have the basic skills and knowledge needed to exercise their rights and responsibilities as citizens and enjoy the benefits of community life.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-6-en	5613e7d791e078f30fdf94084ac5608e	This data shortage makes it difficult to identify the gaps in detail and thus to plan and target provision. This very good practice was characterised by highly qualified, knowledgeable and committed professional staff, clear curriculum guidelines and quality learning through play. In one childcare centre the impact of the local community alongside commitment at district level was very positive and care, education, health and social work staff were making a real difference to the lives of some very vulnerable children.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	56166f48047db703e96db27fd8592b7c	A special case concerns secondary teachers in agrarian schools whose salary compensates 50% of direct teaching hours and 50% of production activities. As long as they have 30 years of service, retirement with a full pension is possible for female teachers at age 55 and for male teachers at age 60. However, after the economic crisis of 2002, the devaluation of the currency meant that in real terms teacher salaries were lowered (IDB, 2015) and despite increases since then, salaries compare unfavourably with those in other Latin American countries as shown in Figure 5.4.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264231122-9-en	5619c4f85caff3c0d9c50dd5650589fa	This should be a key concern when selecting stakeholders to participate in advisory boards, working groups or assemblies. The relatively informal nature of meetings and workshops can foster both deliberation and build a sense of community. They provide an open atmosphere which makes participants generally more willing to discuss issues and maximises dialogues on issues that may not have come to light through more structured mechanisms. For instance, meetings and workshops are flexible in terms of timeframe and scale (from community meetings to international conferences) and can apply to a wide range of issues (e.g. from discussing a municipal sewer project to debating on transboundary basin management agreements).	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	561b1205c102bacd39019b4bd31a2fc2	Now the court, because of the pressure of Palestinian women, introduced a law that forces at least a six-month waiting period before a woman can be asked to sign off her inheritance to a brother-in-law, father or brother. After this, she has to be aware of how much the inheritance is and how much the cost of it is. They explain that this is their right.”	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	561f1d3c7349153dbd4ec3a565d73449	At the same time, in countries where 10-20% of pre-school age children were excluded (Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, and Slovakia), there were no significant differences by income. However, missing values for Austria and Bulgaria are relatively low (7 per cent), while data for Sweden (35 per cent) need to be interpreted with extreme caution. There are no significant differences by income for the oldest age group, except in Slovakia, where poor children were more likely to be excluded. This helps construct the profiles of multiply deprived and/or poor children, identifying the most vulnerable sub-groups.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	5625c65cf45eacfadacc35f4a3f30852	Imports of non-edible fishery' products were valued at USD 14.4 billion, an increase of USD 115.1 billion compared with 2011. Fresh and frozen exports were almost 1.361 million tonnes valued at USD 4.6 billion, an increase of 6 033 tonnes 13.3 million pounds and an increase of USD 41.0 million compared with 2011. In terms of individual items, fresh and frozen exports consisted principally of 207 700 tonnes of groundfish valued at USD 351.4 million, 132 766 tonnes of salmon valued at USD 567.4 million, 158 168 tonnes of surimi valued at USD 414.3 million and 48 716 tonnes of lobsters valued at USD 509.0 million. Canned items were 60 736 tonnes valued at USD 294.4 million.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	562641621aa035451923dc994b500ce3	The decentralisation indicator from the OECD survey on health system characteristics ranks Finland as the third most decentralised country among 29, behind Spain and Canada. Finland is the only Nordic country that delegates the financing and governance of primary, hospital care and social services to municipalities (OECD, 2005). This attribution of responsibilities reflects the organisation of Finnish government around only two tiers (central and municipal), while counties constitute an intermediate level in Denmark, Norway and Sweden (Moisio etal.,	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	562a1dee347b3367f01957338be64148	A recent study on 32 Mexican cities (World Bank, 2016c) measured the ease of Doing Business based on four criteria: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property and enforcing contracts,51 showed substantial differences across cities, with at least one of them performing better than high-income OECD members. The conclusion for Kazakhstan is that an assessment of subnational differences in the business climate would provide a clearer understanding of the differences across regions and cities to incentivise business and investment, and place government in a better position to design and implement policy. The fifth wave of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), provides insight into the variations of the perception of firms on the business environment across the country. For instance, insufficient education in the workforce is more often reported as the main obstacle to doing business in medium-size cities than in Almaty City or Astana (Table 1.8 above).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	562ae1f13847507644f1eabb001be171	By contrast, three out of four apprentices at the upper secondary level were in technical and industrial fields.) Some evidence shows that employment rates are higher for graduate apprentices than for students with equivalent school-based qualifications (Abriac, Rathelot and Sanchez, 2009). More than 160 000 adults aged 16 to 65 were surveyed in 24 countries and regions. Since ISCED 4, 5B and 5A each include both general and vocational programmes, short-cycle post-secondary vocational programmes were approximated by modifying ISCED 4 and 5B by reference to the field of study. The Survey provides information on the areas of studies for current education and for the highest qualification.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-4-en	562c8a76e0259a1dc0075cd9b218f99f	There are three main conditions that must be met: (1) risks should be non-uniform at the national level; (2) high-risk regions should be well-defined and bounded; and (3) hotspot assessments should be supported by robust information and data. Both steps will vary depending on the scope, scale and time horizon, as well as the level of information. This exercise identified China, India, and the United States as the top three water risk hotspot countries for agriculture production.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	562e2d425ed35ecf6ba78dfee19911d2	The estimated benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) from ISA-UK is 7.4 for a scenario in which the authorities actively promote ISA deployment through regulation (Lai et al., Cars with intervening ISA score more highly than cars with an advisory ISA. Extra points are also given for vehicles that combine map-based ISA with a camera-based sign recognition system. The conclusion was: “The most effective driver support system is ISA” (page 50).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	562efcbcbb724b8e05eae5bf04115ea4	"For instance, the Alliance for Affordable Internet - a broad coalition with more than 80 member organizations from civil society, and the public and private sectors5- has proposed the affordability target of ""1 for 2"": 1GB of data for no more than 2 per cent of income (Alliance for Affordable Internet, 2017). The two benchmarks are considered given that there are a number of countries that have not yet achieved the 5 per cent target set for 2015 for broadband services, and therefore they are benchmarked against this goalpost. On the other hand, those countries having achieved the 5 per cent target are benchmarked based on their progress towards achieving the 2025 target of 2 per cent of GNI p.c. It will include the presentation of the end 2017 mobile-cellular basket and country rankings, and show some regional differences in the affordability of mobile-cellular prices."	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	5630a29fa8987eef7099157c1b427a6a	Tutoring is a rapidly expanding and profitable business with several providers listed on stock exchanges. In 2011, over 71% of families spent money on after-school tutoring, mainly at the primary and secondary levels. With rapidly growing household disposable incomes, as long as tutoring is a prerequisite to academic success, such spending will increase.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	56327bbc1f01e6a184c1e18e9b4fe09f	"Poverty lines defined as a proportion of the mean or median are ""strongly relative"" in the words of Ravallion (2010), in the sense that the elasticity of the poverty line to mean income is unity. This property implies that a proportional increase in all incomes (or all levels of consumption) in an economy leaves the poverty measure unaltered (Ravallion and Chen, 2011). Indeed, their proposed poverty schedule has elasticity zero for mean incomes up to USD 1.95 a day and then elasticity rising from 0.5 at USD 1.95 a day up to an asymptotic value of unity. Indeed, when all incomes increase by a given proportion, the median increases by the same proportion."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	5632adb3b4bf62b147daa9388a95cd93	Improving sanitation services: recommended activities. The plant would be built in Myasnikyan community, at the end of the operating collector adjacent to the irrigation canal. The emergency segments of the collector from Baghramyan to Myasnikyan (about 1 km in length), as well as the emergency segments of the collector passing through the area of Myasnikyan village (about 600 meters), should be restored. The renovation and expansion of the internal sewerage network is not planned at this stage.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	56359c250728c612856af813a2ff049f	Replacing chemical fertilisers with organic alternatives for greener food production, diversifying renewable energy sources to close the energy access gap, integrating land use management with community forestry approaches, and tackling urban-level climate change are among the actions which are also currently outlined in the CRGE as having great potential to achieve accelerated economic growth, mitigate climate change and scale up development benefits. The 2008 global financial crisis saw these concepts enter political debate and frame economic decision-making, particularly when most G20 countries dedicated a significant proportion of their economic stimulus packages to green investments. The idea was that stalled growth and unemployment could be kick-started through investing in new ‘green sectors’ such as low-carbon energy, transport, buildings and other infrastructure. Others have viewed the idea as making changes in economic governance to tackle resource scarcities - how can the energy, transport, agriculture, water, and other resource demands of economic growth best be met (OECD, 2012).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	5638aba631a1f278d5bff0a380aa4796	The NAS recognises the importance of this point, stating that social inequalities can be reinforced through vulnerability to the environment. It also reiterates the message of the 2010 Austrian Strategy for Sustainable Development, which states the importance of dealing with economic, social and environmental challenges in an integrated manner (Chapter 2). An EU-funded study used GIS mapping to identify links between physical and social vulnerability in the Salzburg river basin.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5ff49553-en	563a6c4cf745f17a2a8de341c7787366	The growth pattern of the 2000s, which was relatively successful, is beginning to show fissures and vulnerabilities, and change is needed. Fissures provide opportunities to reshape institutional arrangements and forge new social and political agreements that are compatible with a development pattern founded on both more equality and more sustainability. The success of democratic societies lies in recognizing these challenges and negotiating the establishment of new institutions that adapt to new scenarios or foster the necessary changes.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	563c99e8dfd25277a0193d59ee61c961	The effects of these policies on lung cancer death rates remain to be seen over the coming decades. In 2012-14, the government established several small-scale programmes to fight excessive alcohol misuse among young adults through awareness-raising activities which are part of the National Action Plan 2015-2019 in the fight against drugs and related addictions. A national alcohol strategy is currently under development.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	563efabff22a24b2d9daa98ccc151c45	But it also generates inequalities in access to health care, as only employees can benefit from it, and leads to duplication of services. Hence, it would be desirable to remove privileged access to primary care through the occupational sector. However, it is only conceivable if responsiveness is not affected. User fees, from which only the occupational sector is exempted, could be another contentious issue. The impact on private health care is more ambiguous.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	563f6fc00f298da743f122e5fd76455a	A number of plans also include targets and indicators, such as those related to deforestation, land use and degradation (Colombia, Ethiopia), increase in forest cover (Nepal, Uganda), species in danger of extinction, and the number and size of protected areas. Most countries have devoted separate thematic sections to biodiversity, ecosystems or environmental protection more broadly. China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2011-15) for example, addresses biodiversity under ecosystem protection and accelerated restoration, as part of the plan’s overarching strategy to build “a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society through green development”.	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	5640b78867a521ca9502b42aaff15db5	For every 1 percent increase in the proportion of seizure-free epilepsy-treated patients, there was a 0.43 percent reduction in the number of patients with at least one epilepsy-related emergency hospitalization. The cost savings were found to mainly be due to reductions in emergency admissions and outpatient visits, rather than to lower costs for patients treated in hospital or to reductions in elective admissions. In contrast, they found little evidence of savings arising in other specialities.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	5644aee001cbc4bd67b6398debcfef28	However, given that the broader reform involves a shift in the composition from corporate income tax towards consumption tax, it also reduces the price of domestically-produced goods relative to imported goods (the so-called fiscal devaluation effect), possibly boosting thereby net exports and the current account in the short run.26 Considering that the competitiveness effect may partly eroded by nominal exchange rate adjustments, the effect could be stronger for euro area countries. By favouring new firms’ entry, price reductions and higher demand, a more competitive environment can stimulate investment, in particular if this is accompanied by a lower regulatory burden (Alesina et al., At the same time, by reducing internally-generated funds, lower mark-ups may depress investment, at least in the short term.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	5644c9936ba195c2fc3d126d3a4159dd	Although LDCs are well represented, the sample is dominated by large non-LDCs, and only a single SVE (Papua New Guinea) is listed. This skewed sample is significant given that the top ten AfT recipients in 2010 - India, Afghanistan, Egypt, Vietnam, Kenya, Tanzania, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey - accounted for nearly 40 per cent of total commitments. Before 2009, AfT flows were dominated by lower middle-income countries in Asia (particularly Vietnam and India), with the dominance of LDCs as an income group, and sub-Saharan Africa as a region, coming only within the last three years.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/859159ab-en	564942c97a8ce8f7adc50732f00a1e9d	Separate local pollution standards may also be set for particular cities or regions. In 2013, a target of 60 PM2 5 pg/m3 was set for Beijing by 2017, and was achieved, according to the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. Motor vehicle engines produce a range of pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and hydrocarbons. Particulate matter pollution is also produced by vehicles from non-exhaust sources such as road, brake and tire wear.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	56495d1200238058c5dd30fae79f4a6b	It is also clear that the weaknesses identified in this chapter have been well recognised in Australian policy research reports, with evidence that policy makers are addressing these areas of weakness as resources permit. Consequently, this section will concentrate on four recommendations that aim to develop opportunities and reduce threats for enterprises that are leading the development of the green economy in Sydney. At detailed level, it is individual enterprises that identify and respond to such opportunities, but this can be assisted by the provision of authoritative information by independent third parties.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	564ad4e1b100695495467d84fc7b01ba	Studies in 2003 showed that when women and girls earn income, they reinvest 90 per cent of it into their families, as compared to the 30 to 40 per cent that men and boys contribute. Research has also shown that higher levels of schooling among mothers correlate with better infant and child health. Yes, this is the Girl Effect, and we have only begun to see its myriad effects.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/14bb75d6-en	564b64cd6bf2138e9c76a92552feca9c	It is very important that the commitment to gender equity and equality in the SSF Guidelines be reflected in this process, and that women in fishing communities and their legitimate representatives be integrally involved. The example from Brazil in Case study 28 is a good illustration of this process. There should be monitoring mechanisms that define gender-sensitive outcome and process indicators, and measure compliance in participation with the various stakeholders. Therefore, a balanced and equitable partnership approach and cross-sector collaboration are prerequisites for successful implementation (FAO, 2015b).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b36e562d-en	564b6a53394e113058ee0d812d4460cf	Available from http://pubdocs.wcrldbank.org/ pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/966751445286237369/CMO-Oct-2015-Historical-Forecasts.pdf. Available from http://www.imf.org/ external/np/res/commod/pdf/cpor/2015/cpor! Available from http://www.adb.0rg/site5/default/files/publication/l 75455/fossil-fuel-subsidies-thailand. Available from http://wwwadb.0rg/sites/default/files/publicati0n/l 75444/fossil-fuel-subsidies-indonesia.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	564c4e54292692e6fd69e20ff9659187	While each topic covered could merit much deeper analysis on its own, this paper takes a broad overview of these implications of Paris on trade. A crude picture can be drawn. The European Union and the USA, industrialised historic GHG emitters with emissions caps under the Kyoto Protocol, sought to broaden the agreement to require all states to make mitigation commitments.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	5651d9d4ee4cfb534d06e81be9f8c7fb	It is explained in the More Than Rain report (Ulsrud et al., Traditional livelihoods have been developed in close interaction between people, society, technology, the local nature and climate conditions. People have tried to cope and adapt to circumstances that they are unfamiliar with or less familiar within the limits shaped by the social, political, economic and environmental barriers they face (Ulsrud et al.,	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	56529ba92b6193b8ac9636dab401c2e2	Setting locally ambitious and feasible SDG targets to improve digital connectivity are an important means to build momentum. Internet usage in Myanmar jumped from 1.2% in 2013 to 15% in 2015 due to the 2013 Telecommunications Law. This created a competitive market which triggered a reduction in the cost of SIM cards from approximately USD$150 in 2013 to just USD$1.50 in 2015.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d256607a-en	5653c4ffd44ab421474645b5cf25c1c5	Urban challenges can be separated into two broad categories: developed versus developing countries, and within those categories, primate versus secondary cities. This simplified typology is not intended to be exhaustive but rather illustrative of some of the differences in urban conditions and challenges which exist and would influence policy recommendations and specific solutions of the New Urban Agenda. The levels of GDP per capita of countries are used as proxies for level of development.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	5653e7ebd9f05a2b00ba04b08d16f14e	Unemployment rate of youth (15-24) divided by unemployment rate of prime-age adults (25-54). Youth unemployment as a ratio to adult unemployment has also risen much faster in New Zealand since around the turn of the millennium than in Australia and in the OECD on average (Figure 2.1, Panel B). Employment rates of youth, conversely, are high compared to the OECD average, though lower than in Australia (Figure 2.1, Panel A).	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	5655f5fe67ad6748130325a5fd9842ad	Assuming that we are able to match similar students across waves of the PISA study, we can estimate how the reform affected students who, without the reform, would still be in vocational schools. We use treatment-evaluation nomenclature (see Lee 2005) to formally define the groups. The treatment is defined as a 15-year-old student in vocational secondary school (szkola zawodowa) in 2000.	4	1	7	0.75
10.6027/74313f18-en	565ba91270d15c51784f44c57bf053db	For instance, reforestation leading to brownification, i.e. the process of humic substances from forests and moors, which often are coloured brown due to attached iron, affects rivers and coastal habitats (Kritzberg, 2017). Indirect drivers of change, such as institutions and governance systems, refer to how people and societies organise themselves and their interactions with nature at different scales. Their effects can be beneficial or detrimental to society, partly depending on the context. These include natural climate and weather patterns, extreme events such as droughts, floods and volcanic eruptions, and specifically for the Nordic region, infrequent water exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, as well as occasional epizootics and plant diseases. Some examples of anthropogenic direct drivers are those resulting from intensification or abandonment of land use for agriculture, forestry, transport, extraction of gravel from the seabed, mining and construction and development in coastal areas. Some drivers are linked to discharges of nutrients, hazardous substances, climate change produced by anthropogenic carbon emissions leading to pollution of soil, water or air.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5km4m2t59cmr-en	565c4838ab18497a119000babe0fb324	One model that seems to fit well with the findings of this paper is developed by Maclver and Maclver (2009). They suggest a strategy for dropout prevention that can be applied at all levels of the education system and which serves as a good example of a strategy that can be implemented even in a time of financial crisis. The report presents a strategy that combines targeting easily measurable ABCs of Disengagement (high absenteeism, behavioural problems and course failure) with comprehensive school reform and targeted interventions.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	565d57ca23f9752eaff80d1324532f0c	First, it is difficult to define - identify - what EE investments comprise. If a bank decides to invest in a Light Emitting Diode (LED) manufacturer, it is quite straightforward to consider the entire investment as an EE investment. On the other hand, should a bank decide to invest in road construction using some EE technologies, it becomes less evident to determine the portion of investment incumbent to EE.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	5661269b95d90f7815c80720cab3348e	The bureau has also been publishing audit reports regarding the annual budgets of the Libyan government’s financial institutions (e.g. the Libyan Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute). However, apart from the audit bureau, existing institutions have been arbitrary and ineffective with the application of anti-corruption measures. Worse, Gaddafi’s patronage system has remained strong over the years.	8	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	566317a9c78e12b99ec294e0997b96bd	Similarly, in Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru, 40 percent of all agricultural producers were credit-constrained (World Bank, 2007). In part, this is also because informal credit is often very expensive (Banerjee and Duflo, 2007). In many countries, addressing credit market failures, through special programmes, credit guarantee schemes and specialized banks, is a priority.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/223159ab-en	56642f9117f86e15bff1516878a7b1e9	"Among young adults under 50, rising mortality rates from accidental poisoning (a large proportion of which were due to drug misuse) increased overall mortality rates at these ages during 2011-16, making a small negative contribution to changes in life expectancy at birth in England (PHE, 2018c; ONS, 2018d). High or rising levels of drug overdose mortality are apparent in several high-income countries (eg the UK, Sweden, Canada, Australia) although not approaching the levels in the USA (Ho and Hendi, 2018). In the USA sharply rising death rates from the large-scale drug overdose crisis among younger men and women, and from unintentional injuries overall, are significant contributors to falling life expectancy (Box 6.2) (Sherry et al, 2018). The USA's opioid ""crisis"" includes use of both illegal opiates and prescribed opioid-based painkillers. Canada is also experiencing a serious opioid crisis, especially among young and middle-aged adults, which is slowing improvements in life expectancy (Government of Canada, 2018)."	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	5664598a65b0b35f9ed51ab4f0eb582c	In the wake of the Japan earthquake of 2011, for example, NTT DoCoMo, Japan’s largest mobile phone operator, created an application called Disaster Kit. Should one cellular base station fail, some service to the affected area can be provided by a neighbouring node. One problem following the Japan earthquake of 2011, was insufficient power for base stations.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	5664a0e679c985fc2ee036a1e3bfec48	For example, in 2013 Brazil exported around 24% of its total agricultural exports to China. The OECD-FAO Outlook (2015) suggests that these trends will continue over the next ten years. At a regional level, the Americas will strengthen their position as the dominant export region, both in value and volume terms, while Asia and Africa will increase their net imports in order to meet growing demand.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	5664b7077c780bc536e83e15ad1b2912	It puts forward a working definition of the ocean economy which encompasses not only the ocean-based industries but also the natural assets and ecosystem services that the ocean provides. Focusing on the ocean industries, the chapter outlines the findings of the OECD Ocean Economy Database and briefly presents the estimates of the current value added and jobs provided by the ocean economy worldwide. Turning its attention to the future, the chapter describes the principal forces driving the ocean economy forward, and estimates value added and employment in the global ocean economy by 2030.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5d5f408e-en	56661330af57f3499bfcfe6870873982	They must learn how to construct abstractions starting with what is concrete and familiar, instead of learning empty abstractions as though they were given truths. This should be the basic goal of any education reform. It must be a tool for abolishing all human relations based on fear, domination and aggression.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	566b786efa44a3e4177811e0af9d0563	A dedicated Trust Fund for the Promotion of the Software Industry (FONSOFT) has been established. Managed by the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion, it supports R&D projects, professional training, quality improvement and start-ups. It targets individuals as well as new firms. Financial support includes a subsidy of $45,000 to be executed over a two-year period. Activities eligible for funding include hiring professional services, obtaining technical assistance and a certain proportion of the entrepreneurs’ salaries.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	566d42fb46b2071e3238b41f0b3923e9	However, there are very few specific or earmarked grants to the Folkeskole. Those that do exist concern relatively small amounts compared to the overall spending level in schools (for example for the competency development of teachers). The Folkeskole is almost exclusively financed by the unconditional block grant from the central government in addition to local taxes. Negotiations take place in the spring.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	5673c9e9149d7d839d3b7d49e0c80501	The assessment should be based on performance measures that teachers consider to be fair and accurate, which could include common professional teaching standards, and should provide incentives for behaviour that supports the overall goals of the education system (OECD, 2009). For example, teachers in Romania reported to the Review Team that they would like to be rewarded with professional learning opportunities. The ministry also currently has the legislated authority to award teachers a range of decorations, orders, medals and titles, which could be used to publicly champion teachers’ efforts to increase the equity of the education system by supporting success for all students. Improving appraisal processes to support teachers’ continuing professional learning and competency development, and providing teachers with greater opportunities to make use of their higher levels of knowledge and skills will benefit teachers, students, schools and the education system as a whole.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	5673d17b89346c0ed6615f7bb28051ac	Nonetheless, export data by commodity and partner country yield some notable findings. As can be gleaned from Figure 1.12, exports of certain goods to China from Thailand and Viet Nam exhibit somewhat comparable trends over the year through April-May 2019. Commodity nomenclatures are not necessarily the same across countries.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-9-en	56787c18b0c2d76702df30b421c4fd22	The 2013 reform of MSW management replaced a poorly regulated system in which each household or building contracted separately for waste collection with one in which municipalities are responsible for MSW. Preliminary evidence suggests that this reform is helping achieve the main MSW policy objectives. Nevertheless, a range of challenges remains. In particular, municipalities need significantly more capacity and support to carry out their responsibilities and to ensure that waste management services are provided efficiently and effectively.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264084070-en	5679c58663ea64450b1d4b03628739e6	As mentioned earlier, the organisation of the introductory programmes for newly arrived students vary to a great extent and there is no research to support any one particular programme. However, interventions need to address specific learning needs of the students, considering the duration of stay, previous educational and psychological experiences, socio-economic backgrounds, and so on. There should also be a systematic way to ensure minimum standards of educational support for this target group.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	567c07a6e2948393ab1a2009317fb1e0	The largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels (less than 11 meters), they account for 79% of the vessels. The ocean-going vessels account for only 4% of the vessels. All 12 vessel groups showed a positive operating profit. The total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population w'ere estimated to NOK 13 billion, while the total operating expenses were estimated to NOK 11.1 billion.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	567fde9c8a48a5aac7a0f044992c1b81	This road connection between the Gulf and the Pacific would allow for cost and time savings for passing through Morelos and, more specifically, the Balsas river basin area. This will represent an important improvement to access international markets and strengthen commercial links with Puebla. Likewise, a project focused on tourist circuits in the southern state would take advantage of tourist attractions located in northern Guerrero and south-w'estem Puebla.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	5680052a7cafdcb63c386f6cfcae6c9c	This means thinking beyond agriculture to the rural economy, and beyond saving the small farms on which the poor now reside to generating sustainable employment. The index is constructed from data on a variety of variables related to four main components: political governance, a general indicator of capital available to the broad economy (social indicators and infrastructure), quality of markets generally, and indicators related to the agricultural sector (factor markets, R&D and infrastructure). The author's apply a simple weighting scheme to the various indicators and build an index which is correlated with income per capita and agricultural value-added per worker. The components of the index do vary, although they tend to be positively correlated.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	568304184a7b44cd8b9a911008f10f54	En el regimen de restric-ciones de tiempo, los salarios mas altos que reciben las mujeres inciden positivamente en el crecimiento, pero su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral impone restricciones de tiempo y reduce la produccion de capacidades humanas. En el regimen mutuo, el aumento de los salarios de las mujeres tambien es positivo para el crecimientoy la mayor participacion en el mercado laboral incrementa la produccion de capacidades humanas; asi, el crecimiento y la reproduccion social se refuerzan entre si. En el regimen denominado de «explotacion», la elevacion de los salarios de las mujeres provoca una reduccion del crecimiento; su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral restringe el tiempo disponibley disminuye la produccion de capacidades humanas.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	56860fad3fb9c636a4704e64e44ba017	However, while contribution credits can be a valuable tool to improve women's pension benefits, they are unlikely to close gender gaps in coverage and benefits on their own and need to be conceived as part of a wider package of gender equality-enhancing measures. In a context of gendered labour markets, contributory pension systems face several constraints to guarantee universal and adequate pension benefits for women. Women’s lives of work are different from men’s in a number of important aspects, and these differences affect gender equality in pension entitlements even under gender-neutral pension system rules.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	56865480a8080b8ef259a1563c08d092	Another important barrier is the beliefs of clinicians, who underestimate their patients’ needs for vocational services (Bond et al., Similarly, Bell et al. ( This longitudinal study reinforced former, cross-sectional studies concluding that work might improve cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. McGurk and Meltzer, 2000).	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/92c6dc0e-en	56875c3df54190643f363a80a820c9ed	A number of participatory intersectoral assessments, informed by analysis, have been carried out in transboundary basins, such as the Alazani/Ganykh, the Sava and its tributary, the Drina, and the Syr Darya. This inclusive approach provides a good basis for identifying solutions jointly. Moreover, meetings and workshops on the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus provide for exchange of experience on intersectoral impacts and trade-offs as well as good practices to address them. At the national level, the project aims at improving legal and institutional capacity of authorities involved in dam safety management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	568bbb35d2368d9d2530444803fadeb0	Aluminium is also the largest in Iceland, in which this industry accounts for almost four-fifths of industrial energy use (the remainder is primarily Iron and steel). In Denmark the largest energy user is Food and Non-metallic minerals, the latter being predominantly cement production. Both sectors account for around one-third of Denmark's industrial energy use. Figure 5 shows that this industry represents 38% of the industrial energy use in the Nordic region.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa683360-en	568cd0aafde37a9efa48244a1d895e8a	They use acts of violence and a series of behaviours, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, isolation, etc. They choose their tactics carefully: some destroy property, some rely on threats of abuse, and some threaten children. Any man who disregards a women’s “no” is raping her. Withdrawing support for the prosecution of her abuser may appear to be her safest short-term choice in a context of many difficult choices.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-3-en	568cdb8f198abf34af5d80551b8f1bca	"However, of greater value for monitoring SFM is ""intensity of use"". Work to understand how data is collected could inform proposals for common definitions and methods that could then be promoted across Europe to enhance the quality of this part of the indicator. This is perhaps the priority area for the development of social indicators for forestry at European level."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/477abc4d-en	568f1aae5ee7145fd34b29d5db77f7b9	For example, the HFA Monitor provides information on the adoption of new national policies (input) but has no way of measuring the level of implementation (output) or whether it has led to a real reduction in risk (outcome). Therefore, while the momentum of the disaster risk management sector under the HFA is undeniable, its effectiveness is unclear. Increased inputs do not necessarily indicate achievement of the desired outcome. However, seen from a broader perspective, this information is largely self-referential. The HFA Monitor documents real achievements in developing the policies, legislation, information systems and institutional frameworks recommended by the HFA, but not the achievement of the policy goal of reducing disaster risk.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en	5690928176f6298a06c4dc8f72f87587	The main objective of NPRT is to establish public access points in municipalities where there is no 3G coverage. This will lead to greater IT infrastructure centralization and to several autonomy gains through interconnection using IP routing and optical fibre connections. The geographical distribution will take place in an evolutionary way and according to a set of socio-demographic criteria.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	56943ecfa00d8abc464a5c7ede876852	The analysis also assumes a 50% increase in gas tariff by 2020. This flaw in the methodology limits operators’ investment, because they need to account for the risk that these investments may not be profitable and may not even cover the costs of capital. Also, there is a need to set asset value based on economic and not on accounting value, which in the case of old assets has a significant effect on the capacity of the operator to replace assets.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	5695902e66ce5bcb291ef7347fdb40fe	"Approaches to participatory and gender-responsive budgeting offer prospects for gender-responsive decisions in funding allocation decisions and for ensuring accountability for tracking and reporting on gender-specific financing benchmarks. International human rights frameworks offer important standards for holding states accountable. However, to achieve sustainable development with gender equality at its centre, women’s rights need to be brought far more fully into policy frameworks. Global efforts to integrate gender equality and sustainable development thus far have been mixed, ranging from “exclusion to nominal inclusion"" (Cela, Dankelman and Stern, 2013)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	5695eb8c60376d2a7516a47a3994c5c5	With a digital signature and its incorporation into a blockchain, for example, it is possible to check the authenticity and uniqueness of radio frequency identification tags used to track parts through a supply chain. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created a technical committee on blockchain and DLTs (ISO/TC 307).173 The standardization sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established a focus group on applying DLT. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) produces a variety of standards in the telecommunications industry, including those that enabled key global technologies, such as GSM'“, 3G, 4G, DECT™ and smart cards.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	5697196373aa88c74788214cc4d8af2e	National power sharing often cannot bring about a solution at the local level and may even impede local solutions to the problems underlying the conflict (Mehler, 2008). Donors must carefully assess and respond to ongoing political and security risks. In fragile and conflict-affected contexts, public policy decisions are often shaped by narrow political and economic interests amid a culture of secrecy, non-transparency and disinformation, which can disempower people and heighten grievances that can lead to conflict.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	569a599c69ab8d1343609a33445f2c72	Development of the tourism sector, including tourism housing (e.g. room and house rental), has significantly contributed to this growth. The manufacturing sector includes energy intensive industries, primarily the cement industry. A slowdown in this sector (associated with that in construction) and in overall manufacturing production (Table 1.1), together with efficiency gains in some manufacturing sectors (e.g. pulp and paper, steel), have reduced overall industrial energy consumption.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	569eb041610709ccc2a18acca8fead3c	In addition to sector-specific activities, Austria has taken steps to mainstream climate change adaptation throughout government operations. One such step was the Climate Impact Test, a mandatory test on climate change mitigation and adaptation applied to proposed federal regulations. It was later integrated into the new regulatory impact assessment process, in force since 2013.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/26f64d40-en	56a1e9ceaf362b4eb829fe604de67438	"Medicines that can help save a mother and baby are mostly unavailable, even before the local health station closed because of a lack of resources. She and WaitotO delivered each other's babies. She worries that the community's midwives are growing old, with no young people stepping forward to take their places. "" What will the future look like once the old generation is gone?"""	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	56a2eff1227e43bce55ad2eae3831417	The deal value is also widely divergent, with deals over the 1995 2011 time frame totalling USD 7.7 billion for Silicon Valley-based industrial/energy start-ups, as compared to USD 414 million for Illinois-based firms and USD 26.5 billion for the US overall (PWC/NVCA, 2011). Firms in the Tri-State region report that funds for start-ups and major investments are more readily available than for the middle range of VC investments. There is some evidence that start-ups hatched in the Chicago region often end up relocating to either the east or west coast as a precondition to the receipt of venture capital, indicating how important it could be to develop a strong venture capital base that prioritises business investments in the region (CMAP, 2010a). While different forms of ad hoc co-operation occur among the region's laboratories and universities, a more deliberate, strategic focus for their joint actions is needed. The University of Chicago and Northwestern University, among the region’s most prominent research-intensive universities, are reported to have relatively ad hoc relationships.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	56a9039508b68727e3bd33cb2e355044	The objective is to support an integrated and cross-disciplinaiy planning process, instead of a sector-specific one and to foster regional-local co-ordination on thematic topics. Evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe, Vol.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283510-en	56aa46a174b5db6f3324837c93aa7456	"The reforms include fundamental changes to health care financing and planning, health promotion and care coordination. Sound governance, accountability and oversight are needed to ensure these reforms do indeed result in better outcomes for the Polish people. Health Policy, Vol 119, pp. How Poland Can Accelerate Growth with Inclusion"", World Bank, Washington."	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	56aad92f6fb5733f3c7b5cffaa1ab307	Within water investments in 2010, 47% went on water treatment (USD 121 million), 41% on wastewater treatment (USD 105 million) and 12% on smart water and smart infrastructure (USD 31 million). Between 2006 to 2010 “smart technology ” accounted for 11% of total CleanTech venture capital funding (USD 3 910 million out of USD 35 210 million) with 2% of this going on Smart Water (USD 80 million). Smart w ater systems accounted for approximately 0.5-0.9% of the global water hardware market in 2010 and look set to account for 2.9-9.4% of the market by 2020.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	56adb6f8130a8522316899a333452794	At the same time, they may feel intimidated by ride services that combine technological elements that they may poorly master and the need to provide banking details in advance. In cities where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, this would mean ensuring that ride services licensed by public authorities provide services as accessible as those they complement or replace and that drivers are sufficiently trained. This may mean a substantial number of vehicles deployed would meet international accessibility standards. On-going monitoring of these outcomes is necessary.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	56ae376b65a0e4748fd465838c02c785	In comparison, system costs for dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas are at least one order of magnitude lower, i.e. below USD 2 per MWh. For instance, a significant share of hydroelectric resources would provide some or all of the flexibility required to integrate variable renewables and thus limit the increase in system costs. Depending on their technical characteristics, which differ according to the reactor type, nuclear energy further contributes to the flexibility provision in low-carbon systems.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	56afb20f7866d077461a0d8d40488bea	By contrast, the attendance rate (net) for the 3-to-6-year age bracket is much higher, although only in Cuba and Mexico does it approach universal. In Argentina, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Uruguay the range is 60% to 75%. At the lower end are, again, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (ECLAC, 2011) (see figure 111.12).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	56b3fb41cae0463d827db6943fe55702	The methodology for the surveys is available at: www.enterDrisesurvevs.ora/~7media/GIAWB/EnterDriseSurvevs/Documents/Misc/lndicator-DescriDtions.Pdf. Development cooperation can assist the private sector in identifying risks and opportunities presented by green growth and the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, as well as disseminate knowledge and stimulate preparedness on these topics. One clear finding is that there is currently no clear typology among the terms and definitions used to describe these activities.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	56b6471f7f9ad31dd844d2eddf01d22d	Hence, global governance can be understood as the governance of various types of global issues at the global level, including horizontal coordination among a variety of global actors not limited to nation-states. Many studies have acknowledged the limits and weaknesses of the existing global governance framework in the management of sustainability concerns, and they contend that it should be reformed. The most ambitious proposal for global governance would be to set up a new authoritative single entity, exemplified by the constitutional approach described by Mitrany (1933). Others have suggested more modest alternatives. Haas (2004) presented a “network model of decentralized global governance”, a form of global governance based on diffuse networks of diverse actors.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	56b8422fafb916fdf1a3ea62876c1c0e	The short-term forces are related to the business cycle, as explained by conventional Keynesian theory. In the long term, the potential income of the poor is determined by the growth rate of the economy, the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth and the quality of employment. Quality of employment refers not only to the returns to labour, but also to a host of attributes of work that are subsumed under the notion of labour standards and the ‘decent work’ criteria set by the International Labour Organization (ILO), including, for example, protection against unfair dismissal, health and safety standards at work, the length of the working day, the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining with employers, and the scope for the workers to participate in decision-making processes.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	56b84be84428228dea00cf598eee37cd	The difference between this indicator and the initial poverty rate is the distribution effect Both effects can also be calculated by exchanging the initial and end periods. Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani.i997>, which is the procedure used to perform the calculations in this chapter. Journal of Development Economics, vol. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1992. For this analysis, and in the absence of longitudinal surveys that would serve to identify changes in the income sources of the same households, the variations between 2012 and 2017 are studied for the same proportion of households (those whose per capita income at the start of the period was below the poverty line). Thus, if poor households represented 20% of the total in 2012, for 2017 the poorest 20% of households by income are selected, regardless of whether the households in that range are living in poverty or not.	1	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	56b9d864639bda59940aa4ed8ab97469	The problem is especially acute for landlocked countries such as Malawi, Rwanda and Uganda, where transport costs can make up 50-75 per cent of the retail price of goods. For instance, shipping a car from China to Tanzania on the Indian Ocean coast costs US$ 4,000, but getting it from there to nearby Uganda can cost another US$ 5,000 (The Economist, 2013a). It is also what happens at the border.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599451-24-en	56bdf2e958ecda277070ad0e78ae42a0	The success of GBV integrated service provision depends on co-ordinated programming that engages the different sectors across multiple levels with institutional buy-in of key stakeholders. Collaboration between the various service providers (medical, legal, police) is essential and services that are adequately resourced and located under one roof can be more readily accessed, leading to increased report and service demand as more people are able to benefit. The last decade has been the most progressive in terms of introducing new laws aimed at preventing VAWG.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/48644704-en	56c07b1c6bd7e390e29a05b94305693c	These tools are contributing to the growing science of cities. This initiative envisions the use of circular economy techniques to link an urban extension to existing settlements. The initiative aims to incen-tivize ideas for decentralized, closed-loop models of spatial planning and peri-urban service provision that replace fossil energy with renewables; derive new water, biogas, and fertilizer from wastewater; and produce food and biofuel with recycled inputs, all co-generated at near net-zero waste. Each RENEWW Zone would offer, within walking or cycling distance, a green space for community recreation, recycling and sanitation services, as well as a place to purchase fresh food, recycled goods, biofuels and safe drinking water.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/152bf84c-en	56c37c1f74bd0691dde7b2ac77c40935	Ensure cross-border trade regulations do not discriminate against women fish traders. Facilitate women’s work in cross-border trade by reducing the time and effort required in regulatory processes. Promote cooperative organizations of women to reduce the individual drudgery and difficulty of dealing with regulatory processes. Promote support networks between women across trading borders.	14	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/3726edff-en	56c7ba5bae1a12b400be0537178a9189	Several agencies supported countries developing STI policy frameworks, including UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNECE, UNESCAP and the World Bank (IATT-STI, 2017[3]). The declaration made at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Istanbul in 2011 welcomed the establishment of a technology bank dedicated to LDCs. The Istanbul Programme of Action for The Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 included the establishment of a “Technology Bank and Science, Technology and Information supporting mechanism, dedicated to least developed countries which would help improve least developed countries ’ scientific research and innovation base, promote networking among researchers and research institutions, help least developed countries access and utilise critical technologies, and draw together bilateral initiatives and support by multilateral institutions and the private sector, building on the existing international initiatives. ” The AAAA and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reaffirmed the importance of this mechanism and requested, through SDG target 17.8, for it to be “fully operationalised by 2017”.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	56c81a30499ccda70703632f5598582e	Figure 3.8 below shows the normalised scores for potential years of life lost associated with a basket of causes of death considered to be amenable to medical intervention. The potential years of life lost indicator provides an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if they had not died before a notional reference age limit. For the purpose of this analysis, we assumed that deaths under the age of 75 years were premature.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	56c9ee7fb418ae8d85f4a264310bfc9f	It discusses the policy mix for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, including the increasing, albeit still limited, use of economic instruments. The degree of biodiversity mainstreaming into other sectors such as agriculture, fishery and forestry is also addressed. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	56d29deb3efa8e9bc833a870f664094d	The Effects of broadband Internet expansion on labor market outcomes.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 2013, vol. The Digital Road to Recovery: A Stimulus Plan to Create Jobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Washington, DC.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	56d55b1a4d22d4395baed688fba20682	Seoul is indisputably the most affluent and the most autonomous subnational government in Korea, with a financial independence rate (calculated as the percentage of local own resources over total budget) of 75%, which is by far the highest rate among subnational governments in Korea. The bars do not equal 100% due to a number of possible reasons: when there was no response; when the government voluntarily eliminated some responses to protect individuals’ privacy; and when the Census automatically eliminates records if the number of responses collected in the investigation area is less than five (to eliminate outliers). It ranks first among Korean TL3 regions in terms of road length (5 022 m/km2 compared with a national average of 0.28 m/km2), the number of train stations (320, including 257 subway stations), railway length (701 m/km2) and subway line length (532.7 m/km2, far above second-ranked Busan with 122.9 m/km2 and third-ranked Daegu with 57.5 m/km2) in 2010 (KOTI, 2016; Kostat, 2016a). The combined modal share of public transport and non-motorised modes is almost 77% (see Figure 3.1).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	56d8fa0a72a6dca3b9e2ba764f9aa121	Its facilities at the existing shipyard at Lindoe in Odense, Denmark, were officially opened by the Danish Prime Minister on 8 September 2010. The education project is based on identifying competencies sought after by the Danish green offshore sector, mapping the competencies available in the local Lindoe workforce and finding ways for new retraining and education activities to “fill the gap” and so assist businesses in the sector to grow. In the Lindoe example, the impetus came from the closure of the Odense Steel Shipyard, which meant that the region might qualify for financial assistance from the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	56dbe3ef6f75fa81347b7298bcd9d993	It should be kept in mind, however, that the precise impact of each one of these characteristics strongly depends on the surrounding electricity systems, the composition of the generation mix, the carbon pricing regime, the form of renewables support and, in particular, the availability of flexible resources on the supply and the demand sides. Variable: the power output fluctuates with the availability of the resource. Uncertain: the amount of power produced cannot be predicted with precision.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	56dc88f2e3b7045a255804065a81804d	Labour market institutions should be able to set fair prices and adapt to changes in social and economic circumstances. However, the provision of protection to workers through labour regulation rather than effective social protection systems can be costly and lead to uncertain outcomes. However, the experience of a number of countries shows that institutions need to be carefully designed in order to avoid unintended negative consequences.	10	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	56de87e7b5d10e29455d19ab72754c4a	For example, since 2000 wheat crop varied within the range of 9 million tonnes (in 2000/01) and 23 million tonnes (in 2011/12). Building an elevator to store around 10 000 tonnes costs at least USD 3 million, and between USD 5 million and USD 10 million for a 20 000-tonne capacity elevator. It later fell to USD 60-80 per tonne as evidence of a bumper crop became clearer.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	56de8a785148cde65077149c34aa6ccf	While improvements on some indicators in some P4P schemes are found, no clear “breakthrough” in performance improvement can be clearly linked to the introduction of a P4P scheme. The share of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure is significantly higher in FHU models A (53.8%) and B (where there is the greatest P4P component) (65.2%) than in traditional health care centres (37.8%). The same is true for controlled diabetics (Louren9o, 2016) (see Table 2.6).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	56e356fd10ba4780cbbcd332560678e8	Point-in-time sampling is in effect what studies based on household panel surveys with annual interviews have done. In a recent study based on monthly data for Norway, Bhuller, Brinch, and Kdnigs (2014) test for different types of state dependence and find evidence for occurrence dependence in social assistance entries and for duration dependence both on and off benefits. However, most studies of SA receipt for other countries have SA receipt histories at the annual level and model binary sequences of receipt and non-receipt and they do not look at spells.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	56e402f8425aaa383d24e2521db6cbc0	To date the development has been uneven and internships have benefited only a small proportion of students. Closer partnerships between universities and industry could ensure quality work-based learning opportunities for students. Contract research is, however, not well developed. University-industry interactions in research and development remain limited to consulting arrangements and “troubleshooting” contracts. In the last three years, only 12% of firms surveyed in Penang have collaborated with a research institute when upgrading or acquiring a new technology.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	56e5534456328e962c758883615fb113	For instance, the climate and early warning systems (CREWS) international initiative, launched in 2015, aims to increase the capacity of LDCs and SIDS to generate and communicate early warnings and risk information (WMO, 2018). These are expected to boost these countries’ resilience to changing climatic conditions and climate variability. In addition to mitigating disaster risks in the agricultural sector, strengthening emergency response and recovery systems can help limit the impacts of natural disasters on rural lives and livelihoods.	13	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	56e59295171fae6396e708e264180261	However, the taxes are more onerous in LDCs where they account for a larger share of per capita income. Data for LDCs included in the GSMA study show that handset taxes range from 0 to 40% of the cost (see Box chart 4.1). The country has the second lowest taxes on handsets among the LDCs, which has an important impact on the price. By 2016, almost half of Cambodians had a smartphone.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	56e81484bbfa9907d063a7cba3ea8cfa	"In this way, it attempts to value NEETs’ unpaid household work in monetary terms. Time devoted to non-market production by youth NEETs in Argentina is almost constant across the three age groups, but much higher among young women than young men. There are three possibilities within the input approach. First is the ""opportunity cost” wage that a person could be paid for working an extra hour in a market job rather than an hour of unpaid household work."	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	56e8411aee1aed0c534188a27f40a4cc	Additionally, the region as a whole has a large volume of financial reserves. Thus, enhanced regional cooperation offers an avenue for escaping from adverse external developments as well as for addressing long-term development deficits. Ultimately, no one wins from these kind of beggar-thy-neighbour policies; instead, these policies are harmful for all.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/893fb414-en	56ed6b9e50fa669eea51f09d47643bb8	Often differences between women and men in their perceptions and attitudes, needs, vulnerabilities and use of resources are the prevalent entry point for addressing gender issues in regard to energy, as in other environmental policy areas (Clancy and Roehr 2003). Simply noting these differences without analyzing the underlying societal dynamics that give rise to them runs the risk of reproducing traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Access to sustainable energy can transform the lives of women and men by reducing time poverty (Blackden and Wodon 2006), by enabling them to pursue (and broaden their options for) economic or other activities, and by improving their quality of life.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	56ed8463b8dcd803d446e11c6e6dca51	In general, the VET systems in the EESC countries lack standards, cannot supply the growing demand and are unable to meet modern requirements. Little is done to ensure that the VET institutions cover all territories and respond to all occupation needs. Inadequate financing, deteriorating infrastructures and ineffective mechanisms for building social partnerships all contribute to the lack of credibility of VET systems. Importantly, the countries must improve their systems for monitoring labour market developments and anticipating future skills requirements and must consult with industry and potential employers. Although in Belarus and Ukraine tertiary education significantly reduces the likelihood of being unemployed, all five countries have very high percentages of unemployed with post-secondary non-tertiary education, with particularly high figures in Belarus and Ukraine (compared to the OECD average of 1.6%). At the other end of the scale, only Belarus has a significant percentage (10.7%) of unemployed whose education ended at or below primary level.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	56ee67674a1bf42702d5f49edec9cd65	High investments in 2009 and 2010, partly supported by ENOVA’s schemes, have led to expectations of further growth in district heat consumption in the coming years. However, although district heat consumption is increasing, it only accounts for 1.6% of the net domestic consumption of energy. About half of the resources used for district heating in Norway are forest biomass and municipal waste, which are supplemented by gas, oil, hydro power and waste heat.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c530cc54-en	56ef2aaaea891ec458a7d4ecc0a7334c	In turn, social norms are grounded on deeper principles and values associated with just social arrangements and institutions, articulated by competing ethical perspectives. Our discussion demonstrates the relevance and significance of ethical perspectives for poverty and poverty reduction. In particular they throw light on anti-poverty programme design features heavily contested in the literature.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	56f149c90190ff7c32285a9f1b27af4e	Black boxes were initially mounted to reduce dispute over crashes, but they have proved useful to encourage safer driving of commercial vehicles. By 2012, more than 2 million cars, mainly in business fleets, were equipped with this device. Currently car insurance companies reduce insurance premiums by 3% to 5% when black boxes are installed.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	56f1593f03230d3f429aa45d5ca6fb75	Ideal indicators would also inform on the linkages between the various health components and how, for instance, physical and psychological aspects of health are related, as functioning across multiple domains is a critical aspect of health. In practice the picture of health status provided by existing indicators is incomplete (Table 5.1). However, they refer only to the length of people’s lives, rather than to the health conditions of the living.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	56f2858c5c193ffa9c3b16670fada462	It is likely that as each generation reaches old age, it will face similar difficulties as the pace of technology moves faster than people's ability to stay ahead of it mentally and physically. Given the likely increase in prevalence of digital interfaces - especially in the context of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) - designing services that are accessible for as wide a population as possible will become a core concern. This is already the case for Finland, a pioneer in MaaS policy and deployment (see Box 5). Over the past 30 years, in North America, Europe and elsewhere there have been developments, initiated by the civil rights movement and increasingly enshrined in law, to require all public transport to be designed and operated by vehicles and systems accessible to people who use wheelchairs, have walking difficulty, impaired sight or hearing, etc.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	56f9f1832f821964a48b4992b8745f64	It was written to provide inspiration and good points of departure that may lead to improvements of the Korean road safety data system, the analysis of data and its use in policymaking and research. One hundred years later, this is still true. Another phrase very relevant for this research is: “You can't manage what you can't measure ”. It is advisable to consider these different sources as part of one road safety whole and clearly agree on who collects which data, with what frequency, and how data is managed and made available to users.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	56fd2d8530e3dc73e707e0a8eb4179f0	Through input indicators it is possible to account for the existence of legislation and policy instruments; the process indicators account for actions contributing to the achievement of outcomes (e.g. co-ordination and monitoring instruments). Indicators combine de jure (rules-based) indicators, since they concern legal, policy, and regulatory inputs and processes and de facto ones since they seek to capture the level of implementation of existing water governance dimensions (UNDP et al., It is based on the lessons learnt from the use of the indicator framework in the years to come, impact indicators could be developed in the future.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	56fdaa80c1f6b6a29b5e2b31f1dab09e	Section 5 provides a detailed analysis of the availability and coverage of income-support programmes for youth. It suggests that a better design of benefit systems, e.g. unemployment or social assistance schemes, could help reach a larger share of the neediest youth in a number of countries, notably when economic conditions worsen. Often, one year of work only will however provide benefits for less than a year, and many young people, and in particular the NEETs, may not even have these 12 months of work experience.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	56fe151cb78663925d9f48f9faec6607	Other, smaller municipal discharges originate at Pravdinsk (in the Russian part), Bartoszyce (3,400 m3/d), Lidzbark Warminsld (2,720 m3/d), Dobrc Miasto (1,500 m3/d), Stawigud (750 m3/d), Sepopol (150 m3/d),Tolek (130 m3/d), and, in the Russian part, at Znamensk. The discharge of municipal sewage to the Prcgel in the Russian part of the basin mainly originates from Gvardeysk, Tshernjahovsk and Kaliningrad cities. There are discharges to the tributaries from the Ozersk (to the Wegorapa) and the Gusev (the Pissa).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	56feea0e7b9f755ab0db8b0738f96efe	Yet targeting efforts on specific concerns, such as water scarcity, flooding risk, or pollution is more likely to lead to effective results given the complexity of each of those problems for agriculture. This is probably because water quantity and quality are rarely affected only by one sector. At the same time, agricultural policies can be instrumental to progress on water objectives, and environmental policies can trigger action on agriculture. For instance, the EU directives affecting water benefitted from Pillar II rural development fund from the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	570007f6128672680be069acd055450d	The first evaluation points to some success of the integration-training programme (Ramboll, 2018(73]), but uptake has been relatively low and dropout rates are high, albeit dropout also reflects some transition to regular employment and education. There is scope to extend the programme to a broader group of immigrants, but also a need for more intensified language training and improved coordination and administration of the programme according to the evaluation. Implementing these adjustments in collaboration with social partners and making the programme permanent should be considered when the trial phase expires in June 2019.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	5704235f970c76906e29032a2ee7f22b	The structure of the benefit is progressive and consequently almost “universal” in the sense that while first designed to combat poverty, it also aims to support middle-class families. Indexing the CCB for the 2018-19 benefit year will provide an additional $5.6 billion in support to Canadian families over the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period. As an example of the benefit of this proposed change, for the 2019-20 benefit year, for a single parent with $35,000 of income and two children (one under the age of 6 and one aged 6 to 17), the accelerated indexation of the CCB will contribute $560 more towards the increasing costs of raising his or her children (Department of Finance, 2017poi).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/21b84508-en	570572e69c26e74da391f9ba021ac187	Its original function was to provide funeral services and to support bereaved family members morally and financially, but its scope is now much wider (Abay, Kahsay and Berhane, 2014). In Lesotho, the cash transfer had no impact on credit, borrowing or debt (Daidone, Davis, Dewbre and Covarrubias, 2014). Also, Paraguay's Tekopara programme had a positive impact on access to credit, but only for the moderately poor, not the extremely poor. Beneficiary households had, on average, 7 percent higher access to credit than non-beneficiary households.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	5705f0a7559f5f10f133c09cc361dc15	Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) refer to these effects as “multilateral resistance”. Different empirical approaches have been applied in order to control for MR in the gravity model. One of the first approaches was to control for MR by including country fixed effects. However, introducing country-specific variables in the econometric estimation precludes the use of fixed effects to control for multilateral resistance in the estimation (Behar etal.,	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/dc485eb7-en	570833b11404d1d85608e6a778f09967	It is important to acknowledge the immense physical and psychological pain confronted by survivors of such violence, and the far-reaching consequences not only for the victim but also for her entire family. In the face of abuse, women often suffer from isolation and a limited ability to work and care for themselves and their children. A1 (2014); and ONFP (2010).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0488519d-en	57098cd380d01bdaceb13f79ba3363bd	Each of these stakeholders, whether individuals, businesses, organizations or governments requires customized information. Thus the general public might need simple maps of neighbourhoods while technical staff in local government will need more detailed information and statistical data for specific purposes. The range of potential information is indicated in Table IV-1. The Japanese Government, for example, has since the 1960s provided earthquake insurance.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	5712abd064b9cc9211acd92305dc00fa	As public health systems across the region face a barrage of challenges, family and community care providers, albeit with minimal support, fill in a health care gap left by governments. As seen in the recent Ebola outbreak, women were especially affected. Confirmed cases are overall equitably distributed between men and women, with women’s numbers of cases just slightly higher.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/42b33a50-en	5715a3875901f0d0f39fd3e1954c7137	The programme is called “Energy efficiency 2020”. It aims to achieve a reduction of energy intensity by 10 per cent by 2015 and by 25 per cent in 2020. The programme will incorporate nine areas, among which are energy-efficient enterprises, energy-efficient construction and transport, energy-efficient society as well as the innovative energy sector.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	5717f7936f0d87ced40382db2a16d05b	Drawing on expert opinions about current availability of climate information and the relative importance of each item, the developers of the tool suggest using the weights displayed in Table 5.1 as an interim solution (Bednar-Friedl et al., Overall, this system for prioritisation appears to be both transparent and pragmatic, given limitations in data availability. Nonetheless, it is focused on choosing among adaptation options, rather than informing a comparison between investments in adaptation and other government priorities and helping arrive at trade-offs when budget decisions must be made (Section 4).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/c73325d9-en	5718dfc0375b5e754c28756540cc724e	The last part covers the sustainability of tourism development with particular attention to the environment and local communities. Since 2007 the number of international arrivals has soared, reaching 14 million in 2017 and boosting Indonesia’s market share to around 1% (Figure 2). The authorities aim to reach 20 million foreign visitors by 2019.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	571bb5bf3d2a3cb50dc87e5475adecef	According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015,3' annual cannabis prevalence among secondary school students in Central America was reported to be highest in Belize, at 15.8 per cent, and lowest in Honduras, with a little more than 1 per cent. Prevalence rates of less than 5 per cent were reported in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015, the annual prevalence of cocaine abuse among high-school students in the Caribbean ranges from 0.5 per cent to slightly more than 2 per cent.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	57202c04a23afcf06dd81c0b09627d8a	If we look at the sub-regional picture, the greatest progress can be seen in South East Asia, followed by the North and Central Asian countries (ESCAP 2010). The region’s 15 LDCs have made slow or no progress on most indicators, performing well only on gender equality in primary and secondary education, and in stopping the spread of HIV and TB. The performance of the 15 Asia Pacific LDCs is summarized in Table 3.1. It shows wide divergence in performance across countries and with respect to overall status of the Asia Pacific LDCs.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	5720bffd11b497cae8dcbe96e740b3e7	What do we know about climate finance and what are the current knowledge gaps? Further, the exact amount of financing needed to address climate change will depend on many factors, including the level of ambition of mitigation goals and adaptation objectives, and the extent to which “correct” price signals are provided (OECD 201 la). Yet there remains international debate about what role private finance should play in fulfilling those commitments and how it should be measured when assessing progress towards the climate finance goals laid out above. This report addresses questions of private climate finance throughout. How do we measure performance and in particular what (lows of capital need to be tracked to answer this question? It is useful at the outset to outline a number of key definitions for use in this report.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	5724c3d7636ce9004a56ce16d97df239	Oportunidades in Mexico has already made some steps towards that by including the Programme Apoyo para Adultos Mayores in the main programme targeting poor households. There are certainly other ways of exploring synergies across the different programmes, such as the use of common means-tests and administrative offices, as is the case in Chile, Mexico and Brazil (Grosh et al, 2008). Overall, special attention should be paid to ensuring equity in the case of unique programmes targeting the poor by, for example, making the level of the benefit paid a function of household characteristics and structure.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	57269cca45d789a254953148d1b8f7b9	Such a move might change the business model behind ride-sourcing (and ride-sharing - see below) from one based on a technology platform connecting riders and independent drivers to one based on a company-owned, operated and managed fleet of automated vehicles. If this were to happen, the service delivery model of ride-sourcing may more closely resemble that of company-owned and managed public transport fleets. These typically centre on how to both license ride-sourcing services and address the possibility of unfair competition with other service providers.	11	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	572a3ee99f07bcf1df80ee7264786d22	Meanwhile, with support from the Commonwealth Education Fund, ACAMO aimed at developing a curriculum for children with special needs and bringing it to the attention of the Ministry of Education. Unfortunately, the work on a new curriculum was not completed due to CEF's lack of funding. At policy level, ACAMO participated in the preparation of Mozambique's annual plan for special needs education. There are only five special schools in the country and this should be used as an opportunity to develop inclusive education, not build more, as in donor aid programmes.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	572f78e699ca896e5e621f07c6fade4c	On the other hand, they embrace the idea that subnational authorities should have the freedom to take initiatives on matters that are important to their constituencies. They comment that the various subnational authorities have “overlapping jurisdictions and loosely defined spheres of competence” and that, even where there is a clear division of responsibilities, “they are not always respected” (Wienen and Mosler-Tomstrom, 2016: 41). This potential for overlapping responsibilities stems from the fact that there is no formal hierarchy among subnational authorities—“in theory', no single authority can impose its will on any other” (Wienen and Mosler-Tomstrom, 2016: 41). Local governments have resources that they are free to use. Tax revenues and the local governments’ own resources from other sources must represent a decisive share of these resources. This means that local governments must not depend on the central government for the majority of their resources (see below).	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	573084d18b440c49006f1ae5691b785f	The low-carbon transition will require mobilising of all sources of public and private sector investment and finance, including institutional investors. Governments need to use their scarce resources to trigger large-scale private sector investment in activities otherwise unlikely to attract sufficient private funding. However, some financial systems regulations hinder the allocation of longterm finance to low-carbon infrastructure investments.	13	1	9	0.8
10.1787/18a859bf-en	573137d999132855db7a3e96c5ddd6c9	The Rio markers are descriptive, allowing for approximate quantification of financial flows. Not all climate-related ODA is reported to the UNFCCC as climate finance: out of total bilateral climate-related ODA in 2013-2014 (USD 25.1 billion on average per year), only a share is reported as climate-finance (preliminary estimate: USD 19.1 billion on average per year). This reflects how Party reporting to UNFCCC, whilst often based on, is not directly comparable to the DAC climate-related development finance statistics.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	57329835c393f4c450ab54fc768bcca8	In particular, in the absence of a pumping constraint, this model would predict that each producer would pump until the value of the marginal product of water (or marginal benefit of pumping) was equal to zero. As the pumping constraint becomes more binding, the value of the marginal product of water will increase. The optimal choice of marginal benefit depends on the degree to which pumping must be constrained to meet the aggregate pumping target: the lower the desired value of the target, the higher the marginal benefit needed to achieve it, as each producer must be constrained more.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	57332ccd01b7f7ecb05330b7ff40f90c	After the introduction of the Mental Hygiene Law the number of psychiatric hospital beds started to increase, reaching 44 250 in 1955 (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). Of these, 280 000 were estimated to need institutional care and 480 000 needed outpatient care. The government did begin to cover outpatient mental health care with the revision of the Mental Hygiene Law in 1965.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	57337a85dd3c0d3cd15186790d6905b7	Whatever the reason for the lack of a relationship between spending per student and learning outcomes, at least in the countries and economies with larger education budgets, excellence in education requires more than money. How resources are allocated is just as important as the amount of resources available to be allocated. One finding from PISA is that high-performing systems tend to prioritise higher salaries for teachers, especially in high-income countries (Figure IV.1.10).	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	5740d7d37370fd802249fad5c8dc5a1b	Membership in a specific team was determined on the basis of technical expertise and practical skills (e.g. hand to eye coordination for drone pilots). The drones are modular and will allow cost-effective selective repairs and upgrades across all drone components as MOALI capacities or mapping technology (or both), improve. In addition to drones, data processing equipment and software were also provided.	13	3	1	0.5
10.18356/f501027d-en	5740e9afa658171030a10954b97c405c	"This level is barely a fifth of the GDP per capita levels of more than $15,000 (at PPP) that existed in 1970 in developed economies in the region, when services contributed 50% of value added in GDP. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, ADB, 2013). For the stochastic frontier approach, see Denis J. Aigner, C.A. Knox Lovell and Peter Schmidt, “Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models"", Journal of Econometrics, vol."	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	5741362c37a510935d8dab1df3ab88b6	Hours required to qualify for benefits remains at 600h in the past 12 months. Mothers will also be able to start maternity benefits up to 12 weeks before the birth of their child but the total weeks of maternity leave is still 15 weeks. Parental leave insurance benefit can be received by parents returning to work, up to a certain limit. Until August 11, 2018, a “Working While on Claim” pilot project is in place which changes the way the weekly EI parental benefits is treated for parents returning to (part-time) work. Under this pilot project, once the parent has served the waiting period, he/she is able to keep 50 percents of the EI benefits for every dollar earned, up to 90% of the weekly insurable earnings that is used to calculate the EI benefit amount. Any money earned above this threshold is then deducted dollar for dollar from the parental benefit.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f8310af3-en	5742ac1886c5807af68b4e74a00031e6	The combination of quantitative (technical) and qualitative (policy) information provides the user with a systematic and reproducible assessment and ranking tool to quantify trade-offs between various technologies. Table 6 shows a proposed scorecard with the elements to be evaluated for each technology. The biggest criteria for choosing a technology are commonly economic, especially for wastewater.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	5743cafe4bf239e5fb0336bac6baccdd	Such a desired shift would also be particularly important for limiting the pressure on the collection of teresken (Ceratoides papposa) dwarf shrubs in the eastern part of Tajikistan, for use as either fuel or forage. Intensive teresken collection, combined with extensive livestock herding, has reportedly led to the species’ disappearance in some regions of the Pamir mountain range. The majority of the rural population (up to 70 per cent, or some 5-6 million inhabitants) still relies on firewood as the main and most available fuel.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	57453b719e3876341c713b0f4a3429d4	Being part of a regional trade agreement proves to have a significant and important positive impact on trade. This can reflect the fact that being part of a trade agreement does not only imply the benefit of preferential tariffs but also of other economic gains (i.e. FTAs can promote economic cooperation by offering a political forum of discussion) (Martin et al., Together with the results for common border and language, this points to the importance of stronger regional integration for boosting agricultural exports. Contrary to expectations, the effect of the NTMRI term is found to be positive and significant.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	5747fba58824a514724d4d9cc5dbd392	In Pakistan, for example, the Lady Health Workers (LHW) programme provides door-to-door health services mainly for rural women who are unable to visit health facilities. Established in 1993, the programme has trained more than 100,000 women as community health workers (CHWs) who provide information, basic services and access to further care. The programme has been effective in improving maternal and child health care, including antenatal services and skilled assistance at birth.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	574ae9c84d624c8e4617a8763aca18e3	Competition for all non-domestic customers was introduced on 1 April 2008, under the Water Services etc. ( This affects all of the utility’s 130 000 non-domestic customers. There is considerable evidence of companies offering a variety of smart technologies and utilities willing to adopt them, but they have typically been held back by policy debates that have an aiguable relevance to water scarcity issues affecting parts of the United Kingdom.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	574cdf50e2e4bb16c7ef6636da2e6458	Rather, policies should respond to the specific social context and gender power relations. Second, policies should be responsive to differences in how diverse groups of women and men engage with land, trees, water and other resources. Third, policies should pay special attention to women's rights in regard to tenure and property, as well as control over labour, resources, products and decisions within both the household and the community.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	574cec32aabf76c59be5addac0c8d2db	Among the countries that experienced growing fiscal vulnerability during this period some were highly indebted while some experienced a large debt increase. The former group includes the United Kingdom, Malta, Austria, France, Belgium, Japan, USA, Netherlands, Germany, Israel, and Canada all of which had a Debt/GDP ratio higher than 60 per cent in 2012. The latter includes Finland, Romania, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic that experienced an increase of the Debt/GDP ratio above the average (see Figs.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	574d6245972c065233c1d602bf0d1697	More information is needed on what works in various settings. Some of this needs to be done in public engagement campaigns, some through incentive modification, some through group or individual counselling, and other approaches. There are a number of models of how to deliver good chronic care. The chronic care model has been promulgated by the World Health Organization and it combines many of the components of good chronic care into a single model.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74479ade-en	574e879f09000b1a72acfc307e6c0164	Accordingly, reports should use a gender-sensitive approach throughout, including in the recommendations. Gender-sensitive report writing does not simply refer to the choice of language or disaggregated data, but also relates to the report's content, structure and focus. This chapter will build on the guidance provided in the previous chapters and present aspects to consider when drafting a gender-sensitive report.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	574ec732123d632d55ee07245bdbe428	If it does, the urban growth boundary will be able to accommodate 11 300 additional dwellings without expanding. Refill rates are highest in the central city and lowest in suburban residential neighbourhoods. Most residential refill is multi-family housing, often as part of transit-oriented development (TOD).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	575a9b6b7c5d216ae419e6663d7a6733	The average kit to equip a classroom cost therefore about EUR 1 600 in 2010 (Abbondanza, 2011; Consip, 2011). In the involved regions, over 90% of lower and upper secondary schools, and 95% of primary schools, have been touched by this action (Ferraris, 2011). The number of schools involved in each school year is given in Table 4.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	575bb6e26e1b8dd9e227f71e4763e271	Pursuant to the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive,5 MoEF has developed and is currently implementing the NWMS, the NWMP and RWMPs, which are the reference documents constituting the main implementation tools for EU policies in this field. The key driver of change in terms of waste management in Romania has been the need to achieve compliance with EU legislation. This process is supported by the development of strategies, RWMPs and EU funds for investment in new waste management infrastructure.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	575c020d6935f227e2866c37fbf355a0	In such cases, the response from the central authority was chosen. It permits comparisons between areas where water is scarce and plentiful, and water policy is decentralised versus centralised. For instance, water policy in Belgium (water-rich) is exclusively designed and implemented by the regions, and the central government plays a minor role.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590908-en	575c331bd9eff0b298092c247ca0e0fe	When Professor Jansen was at the University of Pretoria, he used to take his doctoral students to Mozambique and Namibia. Around Maputo there were schools where the bullet holes were still in the walls of the school, but yet such schools gave better discipline, commitment, results and outcomes than in the average township school in South Africa. He encouraged discussants to address the conditions under which teachers teach, as well as the loss of conviction for teaching.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	575d1297ed0a7f9a6f4d40091f709116	As an illustration, nearly 50% of those in the second-poorest strata are in the two richest income quintiles, up from 31% in 2003. Anecdotal evidence suggests that measurement has been altered to widen access to subsidies for political purposes. This calls for a more systematic cross-checking of information, e.g. by using a unique identification number such as the cedula for all social and tax purposes. The Sisben is updated every 3 years, which may not be often enough to reflect changes in the personal situation (e.g. loss of job).	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	575d5a6f7ccc4f327bd880749310e5e1	Among the factors cited as contributing to the malfunction of AFRO are a shortage of human resources and budgetary limitations. There were not even 10 staff members working in the department of AFRO handling emergency responses at that time, and the Office had also been limited by budget cuts in recent years. It has been pointed out that functions of AFRO pertaining to surveillance and support of countries where outbreaks of infectious diseases occurred did not function adequately (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. Regional offices are highly independent and operate based on rules under an organizational structure that is unique to their respective regions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	575d87f88fcbc93548f75f122007a9fb	Only three springs are located in the middle reach of the Vardar, while the remaining ones are in the western part. Worthy of note is Rashche spring north of Skopje with an average capacity of 4,7001/s, as well as the nearby Nerezi and Lepenec wells with 1,4001/s. The main geothermal zone is in the area of Vokovo-Skopje- Katlanovo, Kumanovo, Isti Banja- Kocani-Stip, Strumica, Smokvica- Negorci- Gevgelija and Kosovrasti- Debar- Baniste.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	575e453b4b5fca7befec6cabfe3d32d6	In 1990, the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) issued a Resolution E/1990/68 on equality in political participation and decision making. The resolution recommended increasing the proportion of women in positions of leadership by setting incremental targets: 30% by 1995 and 50% by 2000. The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, reported little progress in achieving the ECOSOC target of 30% of women in decision making positions. Accordingly, the Beijing Platform for Action called on governments (as part of strategic objective Gl) to “commit themselves to establishing the goal of gender balance in governmental bodies and committees, as w'ell as in public administrative entities, and in the judiciary, including, inter alia, setting specific targets and implementing measures to substantially increase the number of women with a view to achieving equal representation of women and men, if necessaiy through positive action, in all governmental and public administration positions”. Where does the 30% “critical mass” for women’s political representation come from?	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	575f8470f340aa906ea977db8aaae5f3	Such a discrepancy should have dramatic implications for India’s poverty estimates—a difference in the order of hundreds of millions. This also implies hardly any acceleration of per capita household expenditure, as surveys reported an equivalent growth rate of 1.1 per cent during India’s pre-reform period. However, corresponding data from the national accounts show that household expenditure per capita grew, on average, by 4.5 per cent annually over the past two decades. Thus, the survey data seem to fail to take account of India’s faster economic growth.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	576144b843b54faef4ac53cb607f3439	There are currently more than 4,500 private and around 600 public treatment and rehabilitation centres in the country. According to official statistics, in 2014 there were a total of 65,216 persons registered as drug users in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, compared with a total of 73,345 persons in 2013. The number of officially registered drug-dependent persons in Kazakhstan in 2014 stood at 34,221 persons, which is a significant decrease compared with 40,224 persons in 2013. In Kyrgyzstan, 9,024 persons were officially registered as drug-dependent in 2014, which is 8.8 per cent less than in 2013.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	5762886604f153f9e9f4abad51c4d2d2	A large percentage of the middle management staff lacked planning and management knowledge, experience and training. In 1990, with IMTA support, CONAGUA started a postgraduate training programme to develop in-house expertise, and by June 1992, more than 100 professionals had graduated. At the time, the programme’s focus was on technical supply-driven management rather than the consolidation of a system-wide, long-term capacity building programme that goes beyond ad hoc initiatives (Tortajada, 2001).	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	57655f0a50fecf874c5a496f6d3ed1e9	The independent variables are sex, parental status (with a dependent child), the interaction between sex and parenthood, and relevant controls (age, education level and indigenous status). To evaluate the heterogeneous effects of being in a couple, the model is run three times on different sub-samples - for all men and women, for partnered men and women only, and for single men and women only. Mexican women are less likely to be employed than men, especially after becoming parents (cont.)	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	5765a3f03ca159b30c5b3e44e085b19f	There are 67 stocks of known status comprising over 52% of the total landed catch. Over 82% of these stocks are at, or near, target level. It was estimated for the 2006-07 fishing year that i) 29 stocks were almost certainly near or above their target biomass, ii) 14 stocks were probably near or above their target biomass, iii) 12 stocks were possibly near or above their target biomass and iu) 12 stocks were almost certainly below their target biomass.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	576871537b2f267990309684d4519745	The National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP) require countries to set targets for 2020 or 2030. A legal framework without tangible action plans and strategies will hinder effective change and growth in national economies. National integrative strategies should describe their objectives for adopting renewable energy (at national security, environmental, social and economic levels) and clear lines of action to follow to achieve their targets. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Royal Committee on the National Energy Strategy found that a diversified national energy mix was required to safeguard against oil supply vulnerability. The Jordanian government decreed that renewable sources should meet 10 per cent of national energy needs by 2020.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	576b76d134ccfaa45c03a0562b870179	As a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution, the median income has fallen, thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms. Individuals that used to be poor in 2009 may have ceased to be so in 2012, not due to an improvement in their incomes, but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes. Using this measure, and applying the modified OECD equivalence scale and the 60% of median income threshold for 2009, poverty has increased from 17.9% to 24.7% between 2009 and 2012 (Table 1). The use of this different definition is necessary because 2012 data are available only in this way.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	576bbb5d144f7f5ea235ff04308aeb0f	Chinese growth has been relatively volatile around this trend, reflecting stop-go cycles of state response to inflation through aggregate credit management. The Indian economy broke from its average post-Independence annual rate of around 3 per cent growth to achieve annual rates of more than 5 per cent from the early 1980s. It is only in the four-year period before the global economic crisis starting late 2008 that the Indian economy grew at rates in excess of 8.5 per cent per annum, coming close to the Chinese average. The investment rate in China (investment as a share of GDP) has fluctuated between 35 and 45 per cent over the past 25 years, compared to 20 to 26 per cent in India (very recently increasing to 35 per cent).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd217899-en	576e17add643e2b17855a0bf61e1725e	There, a water supply company pays for the maintenance of environmental services, and an intermediary institution has been established to facilitate the payments made per hectare of area protected. In Lombok, a similar payment is financed through a nominal fee charged to water users, and an intermediary stakeholder institution mediates the payments that support agro-forestry and forest protection. Cambodia presents an excellent example with itsSeima Biodiversity Conservation Area project. Launched in 2002, this biodiversity conservation project pays local people for conserving bird-nests to address increasing threats to endangered species.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	576ef5a61ddfe718f824211cb9e74e86	The inputs were accepted into the draft, which was gazetted for public comment in September 2012. Throughout these revisions, it was necessary for the informal working group to remain involved with the project, and motivate to the DWA for important inputs to be accepted, included or retained. This required patient persistence, as well as continued relationship building as staff turnover occurred during the process.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	576f37e0f0edc814a9bea4e987b97e05	The agri-environment and farmland conservation schemes evaluate either farmers’ behaviour, or hectares of cover crops planted. Very few of the studies use more specific impact indicators. Exceptions include an index of biodiversity decline (Waldron et al. An overview of all other results is provided in Annex 2.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	576f4c143cbc5e33293a0775fcbc7caa	"The aggregate amount of carbon emissions from six ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam) surpassed 1 300 million tonnes in 2010.7 Although the region's relative contribution to global C02 emissions remained modest (at around 4%), the amount of carbon emissions from these ASEAN countries grew by 5.5% per annum on average between 1990 and 2010, compared with an annual increase of 0.7% in OECD countries. In Southeast Asia nearly a third of the region's total population still earn less than USD 2 a day (ASEAN, 2009). It is in this context that ""green growth"" has attracted much attention from ASEAN policy makers as an alternative to traditional export-led growth strategy (""grow first, clean up later""). Should it continue, this conventional strategy could increase human costs due to greater congestion and pollution and further reduce resilience to external natural shocks, such as extreme weather events, which often hit the region badly. On the one hand, the developed countries, as well as those in transition, make specific emission limitation and reduction commitments (as inscribed in Annex B), with a view to reducing their overall emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period from 2008 to 2012."	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	577027dae0fb69626e6416b2180e4532	However, the new national health policy (2009) not only transfers females in the case of at risk pregnancy, but also consolidates low-risk pregnancies in clusters at regional hospitals. Between 1953 and 1992 women in Greenland gave birth in their local communities and as late as 2000, it was still uncommon for women to leave their communities to give birth. Females often feel isolated when they have to go to the larger cities, where hospital nurses and doctors do not speak Greenlandic.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	5771fe82f1554649d91586bf3ef9023f	However, prices remained regulated for a limited number of products that were deemed to be economically and/or socially essential for the country, including fertiliser, sugar and rice. The government reduced its control on export and import activities to quotas applicable to 12 main commodities. Viet Nam switched from a fixed exchange rate regime to one in which the rate is permitted to float within a band determined by the State Bank of Viet Nam (SBV).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	57736720e80c515920b70323e84e80ea	By contrast, all other countries are characterised by intermediate-to-strict regulations on both temporary contracts and individual dismissals. In most countries, however, the principle of freedom of contracts continued to dominate until the early 1960s (see e.g. Sigeman, 2002; Deakin and Wilkinson, 2005; Autor et al., Indeed, most of employment protection norms in the modern form were developed through legislation, collective agreements or court rulings between 1960 and 1980 (see also OECD, 1999).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	57747e0b9283c384b9e159c1a1da65cb	However, it is apparent that shifting wealth has changed the distributional challenges facing the global economy today. The next section looks beyond Gini coefficients and other scalar inequality measures to understand how the distributional challenges to social cohesion differ across each part of the entire income distribution. Box 4.1 discusses in some detail how inequality changes are related to differences in the growth of living standards between different parts of the distribution.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-5-en	577486f595e5114cdac511ed7ca4be06	These are crucial improvements, but major advances are still needed to mainstream gender in policy design, implementation, enforcement, and evaluation. With strong mandates and resources, Mexico can ensure that policies' intended effects are fully realised. Chapter 1 closes with a summary of policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender equality in Mexico.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	577a1d8ccf18751909c175a6aa34e335	Consequently, unemployment protection tools should be designed to fulfil the twin objectives of labour market institutions, namely to protect structurally weak players and help the labour market to function efficiently. An analysis of 150 countries shows that just 22 offered unemployment insurance or assistance in 1949, but in the next four decades the number rose gradually to 38, consisting mostly of the 20 countries that founded the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (United States Social Security Administration, 1999, cited in Vroman and Brusentsev, 2005). Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, the countries of the former Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union also implemented unemployment insurance or assistance systems.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	577baba852924e9191e11180ef536fb0	The reduction of load factors thus re-enforces the impact of the decline in prices with all the impacts for the working of electricity markets already mentioned. As already mentioned above, in the short run nuclear power with its low marginal costs may well be able to cope with somewhat lower prices, in particular if capital costs have been amortised. Where gas turbines lie idle due to insufficiently high prices, nuclear will go on producing regardless. In the long run, however, the prospect for high fixed cost technologies such as nuclear look bleak with reduced load factors. The optimal mix for the residual load curve created by the influx of renewables will entail a shift towards technologies with lower fixed costs.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	577cdf90a1f023d5c8156e6ae70d5dbd	"Most regulating services give us indirect use values (see Box 1), like flood control and carbon sequestration, which are discussed for freshwater and peatland in TemaNord 2012:506 and TemaNord 2015:544, respectively. However, for peatlands the carbon sequestration effect was assessed in terms of tons of C02.The non-use values (see Box 1) are values people place on having ecosystems and ecosystem services present, even though they do not use them themselves. Important non-use values are the legacy of biodiversity and ""knowing"" that the seas, or rivers, wetlands and forest are preserved for the future. Such values can be estimated by using so-called stated preference valuation methods, like the Contingent Valuation method."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	577e3b54be3d8e58c93e2da29781bb2d	The GES lays out desired ‘institutional results’ with outputs and targets to build UNDP capacity to mainstream gender within the organization. Achieving these facilitates the achievement of gendered ‘development results’ at country, regional and global levels. ‘ Gender results’were defined for the purposes of this evaluation as outputs or outcomes that have been found to be contributing (positively or negatively) to GEWE in UNDP interventions. The evaluation therefore drew extensively on previous evaluations, publications and UNDP’s own self-reporting as the primary data source for the analysis.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	57809fa175df5573d3a606752b207f69	The manufactures exporters — namely, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Haiti — had a mixed growth and employment performance. The employment rate declined in Bangladesh (-0.6 per cent) but grew in Cambodia (5.6 per cent). Haiti not only registered a negative per capita GDP growth rate, it also had a decline in output per worker (i.e., labour productivity fell), in part due to the disastrous economic impact of the 2010 earthquake.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	5784e5a23a9ce6d20443c5c66a6c69ce	Since then, the increase in aggregate terms has been one of the most significant globally, but in per capita terms growth has been much more modest. Crop production remains most significant in India, given its largely vegetarian diet, but livestock production has grown more quickly from its small base. It is noteworthy that per capita growth in agriculture has been most significant in the period after the year 2000, and especially after 2005-06. It ranks second in the production of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit and cotton.	2	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	57855a1f5f83de6a96aad7016ae99f92	However, skilled workers also send remittances, and the fragmentary evidence indicates that their remittances are sustained at levels above those of unskilled workers and continue for a long time, with decay not occurring until after 20 years (see section 6.4). This indicates that the economic costs of skilled migration are not as great as has been feared and are probably outweighed by the benefits, even if training is in the public sector and remittances are private (although it is impossible to accurately cost the health disadvantages of high levels of emigration). Although there are well-known general deficits in both the health sector and the education sector, little is otherwise known of the impact of migration on labour shortages in other critical areas.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	5785a0c98d11a599a0447a65a1f6ad71	In most other countries gender pension gaps range from 10% to 40% and are close to 45% in Germany and the Netherlands. The pension gaps presented in Figure 13.4 only concern pensioners and thus reflect employment and lifestyle behaviours of past decades. Older generations of women often started a family earlier and generally spent less time in paid work than working women nowadays.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	578d35bb8225070c3c06ca54aadedb30	Nevertheless, to work efficiently, decentralised governments need to ensure some basic conditions are met for effective decision making. For example, if a system places most of the decision making responsibility at the levels of the locality and its schools, it not only needs to ensure financial and technical resources, but also must provide adequate capacity building for school leaders, teachers and local administrations to respond appropriately. Adequate support for struggling schools is essential. High-achieving systems establish the right balance between local initiative and central efforts of improvement. Yet, this has also led to dispersion of responsibility and limited capacity for delivery. It seems that the different responsibilities of counties, municipalities and schools are not clearly defined.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	578f3e7f87858097ca19cefd4d2896fa	While rising levels of school enrolment among the poorest is a positive trend, secondary education completion rates are still low. In 2011, 29% of the income-vulnerable population had either attended or completed higher education. One is relative monetary poverty, which expands the traditional concept of absolute poverty to take fuller account of what people need to fully participate in their society.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	5790d05394415563cadd75a553fa8a5c	However, using the number of actors as an indicator of fragmentation can be misleading; there are several examples of highly fragmented policy-making contexts (e.g. federal countries such as Argentina and Brazil) where the multiple actors and layers usually perceived as obstacles to policy coherence are compensated for by sound co-ordination mechanisms that reduce the level of fragmentation (see Chapter 3). A relevant example is Chile (Box 2.3), where eight central agencies are involved in water policy design and implementation. The role of such agencies in addressing institutional fragmentation will be further developed in Chapter 4. These characteristics consist of the following: predominance of natural monopolies, territorial anchor at the local level, large sunk infrastructure investment needs, high distribution and transport costs, many externalities in different policy areas and high demand for technological know-how and expertise.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/02e538fc-en	5792ceb2ff3390325a550c6a079cc513	In a country where women face very high levels of discrimination in social norms, they devote over five times longer than men do to unpaid care and domestic activities, compared to twice in countries with very low levels of discrimination. This is explained by both a decrease in women’s unpaid care work and an increase in men’s. Unfortunately, veiy little is known on how to challenge discriminatory social norms, although innovative programmes are proving that it is possible (see Box 8). Their main purpose is to raise awareness among men around issues of gender inequality and negative masculinities and advocate for working with men and boys to be considered a priority in gender polices and plans.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	5793b506d39121475888021da5a0e974	However, further depreciation of the local currency and higher anticipated food prices due to drought are expected to counter the benefits from lower international oil prices and should push inflation to breach the upper end of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) target range of 3-6%. Benefiting from its strong links to South Africa, Namibia attracts more investment than average sub-Saharan countries. However, to accelerate convergence with high-income countries in line with its current National Development Plan, the authorities need to address remaining structural bottlenecks. Having passed a new Public Procurement Law in 2015, work on Public Finance Management law must be speeded up to reinforce economic governance.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/859159ab-en	57941b10fef4017cdafe1ff6951b797d	Direct investment, portfolio and other investment flows have propped up the balances of countries with current account deficits. Fiscal policy direction will be mixed in the near term. The stability in the fiscal positions of the region’s economies has remained intact at the close of recent fiscal years.	11	4	0	1.0
10.18356/4413a3e2-en	57946c8dba1a1a85b2078da67f09fea7	Refrain from seeking or accepting exemptions not contemplated in the statutory or regulatory framework related to human rights, environmental, health, safety, labour, taxation, financial incentives, or other issues. Support and uphold good corporate governance principles and develop and apply good corporate governance practices, including throughout enterprise groups. Develop and apply effective self-regulatory practices and management systems that foster a relationship of confidence and mutual trust between enterprises and the societies in which they operate.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	57953776458ba2bb457d39ffe8bd546a	Many families survive due to the borrowing of cash or in-kind supports from their relatives, friends or neighbours. Household and community relations and networking act as “safety nets” and as “shock absorbers” and help reduce the vulnerability of the poor. Social capital, wantok and kerekere systems greatly assist in this regard.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	5796a5fa4390018fd63352949f583ce8	States, particularly countries of origin, can address increases in vulnerability to trafficking-related discrimination and violence against women through a range of practical measures, such as providing safe shelter with medical, psychological and legal facilities for women experiencing violence. Longer-term measures that seek to address the social, cultural and structural causes of violence are also important. These may include: reforming legislation that either discriminates against women or fails to address violence against women; ensuring the prompt investigation and prosecution of complaints related to violence against women; providing access to effective remedies for gender-based violence; and implementing initiatives aimed at educating the public and relevant officials about violence against women. Promoting and protecting the human rights of trafficked persons, migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and internally displaced persons should be at the centre of all anti-trafficking measures.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	579c995a1c9dc39e0b89a8f3cd56040f	These averaged ETB 27.7 billion annually between 2012/13 and 2015/16. External assistance averaged ETB 13.6 billion, of which 75% was provided by multilateral institutions and the remaining 25% by bilateral donors. The World Food Programme provided the largest share, contributing over 59% in 2015/16. The United Kingdom’s Department for International Development accounted for the major share of bilateral assistance with an average share of 74% of the total bilateral assistance received between 2012/13 and 2015/16.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	579cafb5ccca58264e02c93bcca754a5	But the uneven distribution over space and time and often limited transferability make resources scarce in specific regions in specific periods. The global megatrends are also not manifesting themselves equally across the globe: population growth and income growth are projected to vary widely between OECD and non-OECD countries, climate change impacts primarily affect countries in Asia and Africa, etcetera. Therefore, tensions are more manifest on a disaggregated level. This calls for an analysis at a disaggregated level.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	579ce0c13f859bd80dd6fac3704edcfa	Even where a government is financially strong, a government’s willingness to give a guarantee will depend on the degree to which it is committed to the project as well as on its perception of what the market will bear. For example, a 100% credit risk cover may reduce the effort a lender puts into investigating the status and prospects of the borrower. As a result, guarantees can be most successful where they have a catalytic effect for countries or institutions that are at or just below creditworthiness. And even when risk mitigation instruments are in place, project sponsors and lenders must still manage risks actively in order to minimise the likelihood of project failure, not only because it is in their interest to reap the benefits from the project (or the investment, in the case of a utility) but also because mobilising cover via such instruments may be difficult and costly.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	57a087bc888d5f241aa3a62979db110e	In 2011, it launched a professional development programme for current and aspiring school leaders (Plan de Formacion de Directores) - but there are some concerns about the quality of the training on offer. It has also introduced an induction process for school leaders recruited through the new standardised recruitment process for public schools. The creation of two national school leadership centres promises to support the development of the school leadership profession further.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	57a29b25665605effc2266a3442e4638	In 2005, the metropolitan area of Concepcion inaugurated the BIO Train service, providing a 48-kilometre link between the city of Concepcion and the municipalities of Talcahuano, San Pedro de la Paz, Chiguayante and Hualqui (www.biotren.cl/BiotrenEmpresa.aspx accessed 30 October 2012). In addition, a new fleet of buses with more capacity and better conditions for passengers (taxibuses) was established in 2011, and a new service of night buses was established in June 2012. Public authorities have been resolving the chief problems identified in the design and operation of this system.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	57a3084d06a8047061c299d6a706852f	Small fluctuations from one year to the next may reflect issues with data and calculations rather than underlying economic realities. However, small changes that are sustained over time may indeed be significant. “ Because the Gini is a sluggish measure, even 1-2 Gini-point increases annually are a big deal,” Branko Milanovic, a World Bank expert on inequality, has written. One of the biggest problems lies simply in gathering basic income data.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	57a447c3985789b8ee08e321728246c7	The federal government complements these programmes through support to biophysical research and other activities. Most farm-level environmental programmes are designed and administered by provincial governments. Major support policies continue to be delivered under the heading of business risk management. Those measures provide support in case of income declines, co-finance savings, support production insurance and provide assistance in case of natural disasters.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	57a5260cc624a4c3eafeee2ca3a63daa	They can be either pro-active or reactive. They include career information provision (in print, ICT-based and other forms), assessment and self-assessment tools, counselling interviews, career education programmes (to help individuals develop their self-awareness, opportunity awareness, and career management skills) and job shadowing, work experience tasters and short internships (to sample options before choosing to pursue them) (definition based on OECD, 2004). For these purposes, this paper reviews the available scientific literature on career guidance, and looks more specifically at the characteristics of effective and innovative policies and practices, and how employers can be involved to best effect.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d787867d-en	57a536cc0ffd53bcaab1f901a2e43582	In Honduras, specific primary care services are included in the basic health package for disadvantaged communities, while Uruguay runs a care and diagnosis protocol for older persons at the primary care level. It includes various types of assistance provided in their residences to enable them to remain at home and in their own environment. One of the main advantages of these services is that they reduce institutionalization and hospitalization costs while slowing the functional deterioration associated with old age. English-speaking Caribbean countries seem to have more extensive experience in providing social and health services for older persons.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	57a842ff47fcad3c1d436f4859685f0b	On the other hand, leakages away from the farm level are typically lower, because farmers are less likely to rent land than in OECD countries and they tend to purchase fewer inputs. In general, the results show that non trade-distorting direct payments are the most efficient way of boosting incomes in the short-term, while public investments, which should also have broader long-term pay-offs, have short to medium term impacts that are pro-poor (Jonasson et al., On one side, there are fears that only larger commercial farmers may be in a position to benefit from improved export opportunities.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	57a85410f66116ab9c2eac011fa80b84	Again, data are available only for a limited set of countries, which makes OECD-wide cross-country comparisons impossible. Such schemes are not yet very common, however, and only Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have made any real use of them and even then, only sparingly. Reverse mortgages remain a comparative rarity in Europe for the time being, though they are set to become more widespread in the future, particularly to finance long-term care needs. First, housing is not only an asset, but a consumption good, too.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	57a93f80cefc94503b36af582eb5492e	For instance, governments and other clients of PMSCs can include in their contracts: clear mechanisms for accountability, guarantees that human rights abuses will be prosecuted, incentives to increase the recruitment of female personnel, and assurances that personnel have completed gender training and are properly vetted. These regimes should be guided by the existing international legal framework. This framework includes standards that mandate the integration of gender issues, the possibility of the state being held responsible for violations by PMSC personnel, and the direct accountability of PMSC personnel for violations of international humanitarian law, international human rights and criminal law, and national laws.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	57ac95028de5dace5f0ab8c5465d0d2d	System-level policies, schools and post-secondary schools should focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all schools. A recent reform is looking to provide more choice for students through the development of new partnership schools, which will need to be managed to ensure equity. Org/10.1787/eaq-2013-enErrorl Hyperlink reference not valid. At the same time, students’ socio-economic background has more impact on their performance in PISA than the average across OECD countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	57aca29f9d73e439abda740d82ad10c4	As information comes into a disaster risk management system it can be assigned to an appropriate action. This requires location-based information services and decision support tools that can reach out to people at risk. It also means establishing strong institutional links for coordination between developmental and planning actors so that risk reduction is integrated into development plans. Normally such integration should be carried out as part of their regular functions by planning ministries.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	57b09feecd99d9fa74354b752f698700	The recent reduction in cost sharing will help low-income groups improve access to care. Furthermore, out-of-pocket spending in Denmark fell between 2000 and 2010, unlike in many other European countries (see Figure 4.10). Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/21334b08-en	57b3675f91294e1065eb63b1b0be15d4	Such modelling tools can be a useful for comparing sustainable transport policies and assisting policy makers to select the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector. Pilot exercises for the model and organization of regional and national capacity building workshops are planned, which will provide opportunities to learn about various emission measurement methods and mitigation policies as well, as to apply model. Over 90 per cent of this air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions, with older vehicles, poor vehicle maintenance, inadequate infrastructure and low fuel quality exacerbating the situation.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	57b6790f6fe4de5372294301a9c443d7	The technology for using coal to produce electricity is very well developed, and its relatively low cost has made it especially attractive to developing nations like China and India as a source of electric power. According to the United States Department of Energy, global coal use will rise by 65 per cent between 2005 and 2030, an increase greater than for any other major source of energy. However, when used in a conventional manner, coal releases more CO into the atmosphere per unit of energy produced than the other two fossil fuels, so an increase in coal use of this magnitude will result in a significant worldwide increase in C02 emissions, undermining global efforts to slow the rate of climate change. Because nuclear energy releases no C02 emissions, some energy experts see it as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	57b8ae4262ac898573f27bf44dd3e60a	Such an approach involves horizontal accountability to multiple stakeholders, including students, parents and the community, for multiple aspects of schooling based on various sources of information, including process-oriented measurements (Hooge, 2016). Since the 2014 Folkeskole reform, these reports have been required on a biannual basis. Quality reports seek to further the co-operation between local politicians, local authorities and schools and aim to contribute to transparency as they are made public. In their quality reports, municipalities must describe their schools’ quality of education, the measures the municipal board has taken to evaluate the quality of education, and the steps the municipal board has taken in response to the previous quality report. As part of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, special emphasis was put on ensuring that quality reports focus less on input factors and more on outcome information.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	57bcd7d8dd6fea89c909be5c987b1d21	The volume of aquaculture production increased by 10% from 75 188 to 84 605 tonnes, accounting for 36% of total Australian fisheries production. Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-7-en	57bd91cfa2ddef1427e2da6442402e2e	Although OECD countries have made considerable progress in addressing many environmental challenges and improving resource productivity, these gains have been outpaced by the pressures of population and economic growth. Climate change, biodiversity loss, the unsustainable management of water resources and the health impacts of pollution and hazardous chemicals remain pressing issues. Among the key issues relating to the use of non-renewable resources is whether the rate of discoveiy of new resources will continue to match the rate of use these resources and to what extent innovation will help developing alternative substitute materials.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	57c15b5b6fd91ebadb3c56074370367a	One of the most important initiatives in this sense is the National Programme for Access to Technical Education and Employment (Pronatec) being carried out by the Ministry of Education in partnership with the Ministry of Social Development. The programme offers free professional training courses, lasting a minimum of 160 hours, for citizens 16 years and older, focused on those in the Single Registry for Social Programmes. Those who prefer to work autonomously are encouraged to register in the Brazil Without Poverty Plan as individual micro-businesses, enabling the Brazilian Small and Micro Businesses Support Service (Sebrae) to co-ordinate their participation in a programme that offers technical and managerial assistance.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/93b802f6-en	57c1dc84539d4baa32cbf8d359e56783	Market access and growth can be particularly daunting for women in the informal economy. The extension officers and technicians posed the biggest barriers; including women producers involved changing their vision, paradigms and approach. They had to work harder to incorporate new ideas and use participatory techniques to promote more inclusive practices and diagnostics.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	57c3701aa7eced43e63684b4b6cf6f9e	Thus, the purchasing power of a LEAP cash grant may be much lower in urban than in rural settings. One implication is that programme impacts will be diluted. One 'rule of thumb' is that cash transfers should be worth at least 20 per cent of the household's pre-transfer consumption to achieve significant impacts (ILO 2016:51).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	57c4d77f8519fe693d954f146ea3fefa	Such inequalities result, at least in part, from the fragmentation of the Finnish health care system, where small municipalities are facing difficulties to provide adequate health care services. Although public satisfaction is an important objective of health policy, it is subjective and is only weakly correlated with objective indicators of health status (OECD, 2010b). A survey carried out in 2009 for the European Commission showed that 94% of respondents described the overall quality of healthcare in Finland as good, a proportion surpassed only in Austria and Belgium. The probability of a GP or specialist visit is inequitable if the index is significantly different from zero.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	57c738a58f9e72cd4ea3e4e93fe4201e	Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments dominate among the methods, but also deliberative or participatory valuation approaches, production function/damage function as well as Contingent Ranking, Hedonic Pricing and Travel Cost have been applied. With a larger base of valuation studies, it would be possible to calculate the intervals and standard values by more advanced methods (e.g. quantitative meta-analysis). Many studies are done of recreational benefits, but these benefits do not present the whole picture.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	57c8c78bbd1482d0aecaf2e1fc2e6cd3	A related deficiency refers to the fact that the MDGs are implicitly applied only to developing countries when poverty is a challenge in all countries of the world. Official monitoring reports focus on whether countries, regions and the world as a whole are on track to achieve the 2015 targets. As mentioned above, critics have argued that this method is biased against countries with low starting points.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66641c52-en	57cc085512636b3a4a80af06e1033f80	There are considerable differences within the UNESCWA region in terms of road density, both in the per capita and spatial dimensions. The proportion of paved roads is above 50 percent in all countries with available data (2010). Road density in Asia and the Pacific continues to increase, but remains low in comparison to more developed regions of the world. From 2005 to 2011, the road spatial density in Asia and the Pacific increased from 25 to 38 km of road per 100 km2 of land area, an increase of 50.1 per cent compared to a global growth of 10 per cent over the same period.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	57ce6e1d6887803303b08d2744884d88	To receive payments under these programs producers must comply with applicable conservation requirements, which also apply to producers participating in conservation and crop insurance programmes. The marketing assistance loan programme continues unchanged, except that the loan rate for upland cotton, unlike the fixed rates set for other commodities, will be based on a moving average within a fixed range, with a maximum rate no higher than the rate set under previous legislation. The sugar price support programme also continues unchanged. Under the DPDP, the US Department of Agriculture will purchase dairy products for distribution to low-income Americans when milk margins fall below legislated triggers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	57d2ab97691439756dc3f666b638eba9	In Europe, social exclusion has also been used to refer to a lack of wage-earning employment. In this case, its opposite would not be social participation, but participation in the labour market (although having a job might serve as a proxy indicator for participation in other spheres of life). The third distinction stems from the idea that social exclusion is an extreme form of poverty; those who are excluded would be in the worst situation, the poorest of the poor (Gordon, 1998).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0488519d-en	57da5c2a67fcf002611ff964d8f0389f	Countries that wish to implement their own geoportal can take advantage of open-source options (Box IV-6). These provide a single platform for accessing location-based information, using archived and up-to-date infrastructure, socioeconomic, meteorological, disaster and satellite-derived data. Responding to an ESCAP survey, national authorities and agencies said that Geo-DRM portals are essential tools for taking advantage of satellite imagery received from national, regional and international providers. For this reason, the Geo-DRMs have been positioned within the appropriate national authorities. During these tasks, ESCAP has also linked up with ministries and agencies working in similar fields and coordinated with on-going national efforts through existing United Nations and interagency initiatives.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	57da5e9a9113169e65838ce8e2c97645	"Over the past three decades, economic disparities between and within countries and regions have increased. The world's most rapidly growing economies, including those of Asia, Southern Africa and Latin America, have also seen rapid rises in inequality. Inequality itself threatens economic sustainability, fuelling unrest and conflict and undermining the stability, level playing field and consumer demand on which growth relies (Stiglitz, 2012). Export-oriented models of growth in many areas of industry and agriculture have contributed to the rising labour force participation of women, as discussed in the 1999 World Survey (A/54/227)."""	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	57db9a65d96c4e16d936a43a5c2f7804	More needs also to be done to monitor ecosystem integrity and to develop indicators that better reflect the state of and changes in biodiversity at the habitat/ecosystem level. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The diversity of genes, species and ecosystems continues to decline, as the pressures on biodiversity remain constant or increase in intensity mainly, as a result of human actions. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinctions throughout this century if current trends persist.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	57dbb68e707113f5509c67a841c5c200	Specific examples drawing on experiences in Australia, England, Netherlands, Sweden and the United States are explored further in the following sections. Other promising examples, for which there is not space to describe in full here, are developing in a number of other OECD countries and progress should be followed attentively, for example the MARS project in Switzerland and the Scottish Recovery Indicator 2 approach. Countries have adopted different approaches to the development of indicators, standards and targets. Differences exist between countries in the extent to which such measures are mandatory or not, which in turn may be related to their purpose.	3	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	57dcf0e90ad132a9e9c2db8901b4e117	"In medicine, not recognising osteoporosis as a male disease delays diagnosis and treatment in men. In city planning, not collecting data on caregiuing work leads to inefficient transportation systems."" ( Established in 1961, with the aim of enhancing and reviving the regional economy after a major collapse of the regional textile industry, UT’s main goal from the start has been to engage in research that is useful for society. All UT students should acquire entrepreneurship competencies by the end of their studies."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c2dea192-en	57dea106adbf30d6d563677c322ab86b	This shows the adaptability of EEOs as an effective policy instrument. An IFC programme, the China Utility based Energy Efficiency Programme (CHUEE) provided USD 520 billion in loans that were leveraged to a total USD 936 project investments to 78 companies without a default loss. In its 3rd phase CHUEE moved beyond its utility base to work through a wider range of medium sized financial institutions to reach more industrial consumers and SMEs. ( Prokilowatt is a tender based funding programme based on a levy on transmission charges. From 2013 onwards, the maximum level of available funding is CHF 25 million.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	57e024314c9df36728f30071f29afe00	Indeed, while 11 new cases were registered in 2005, 26 new cases were registered in 2016; the maximum number of new cases was 31, in 2014. Mortality related to HIV infection was also the highest in 2014, with five registered deaths. Infections transmitted through blood transfusion, medical assistance or from mother to child are not yet registered. Rodents are involved in several disease transmissions, such as plague and leptospirosis, and may be part of the tick-pathogen cycles.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f29e3817-en	57e1638b4e8fe21d1d833d63867f60ce	The waste of 13 communes is collected and transferred to three transfer centres before being transported to and stored at Oum Azza. About 1,400 tons of waste, 80 per cent of it organic material, arrives each day. The leachate is collected and treaded (by sedimentation, oxygenation and reverse osmosis).	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	57e1e3b1dd898b80a907e0c5c9e4fdfc	If the land use policies ensure that especially the poor households who cannot afford any form of motorized travel are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances. This will result in reducing the risk of fatal crashes because the distances and travel time will reduce in addition to increasing the accessibility to education, health facilities and employment opportunities. Level of service of an intersection is measured in terms of delay faced by the motorized traffic.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/85b52daf-en	57e51ac5aa7e15eb0d740c970e7716d7	On the other hand, poor vetting of private local partners, inadequate enforcement of environmental safeguards and insufficient accountability on the part of development finance end-users can lead to a lack of tangible positive environmental impacts, if not actually produce negative outcomes (Oxfam, 2015). Box 2.7 highlights one type instrument used in financial intermediation i.e. credit lines. Challenge funds’ financial contribution to a project is usually small compared to the overall size of the project, but sufficient to improve its risk profile and financial viability (Irwin and Porteous, 2005). Challenge funds typically require the grantee to match a portion of the funds disbursed, so as to ensure ownership and commitment to success.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	57e64868c53d55361174c880106e7ce3	The list of licensed products included live animals, dairy products, oilseeds, flour products, vegetable oils and margarine. In 1995, the export licensing and quota system for agricultural products were abolished. All export contracts had to be registered with the KIAE, mandatory minimum prices were set by the government for different grades of grain to prevent foreign exchange losses, and the KIAE controlled compliance of export contracts with the minimum price requirement. A 10% export tax was imposed on grain exports.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	57e7f674d436d380e1f63d977c63b431	At the other end of the scale, no more than 2% of retirees in Germany, Hungary, Japan and the Slovak Republic receive targeted or minimum pensions. But this is not a good measure of adequacy of these benefits. Taxes and contributions payable on earnings are very likely to make a difference to the comparison of living standards on safety-net retirement benefits compared with those of workers. Higher contributory minimum pensions average 33% of net earnings and only 25% of gross.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f90985ff-en	57e8ae0c7e54d1a6a6ffdb7e7a1e7c05	The relative cost impact to CSP is similar to that of fossil fuel power plants (USDOE, 2009). In a Rankine steam cycle, the heat input is at a high temperature and rejected at a low temperature; these are called the source and sink temperatures, respectively. The efficiency of the cycle, defined as the ratio of the turbine work output to the heat input, is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	57eaf2cdf373eb2f8fdd31d7c306e251	This made it possible to set tariffs at an appropriate level, covering costs, while keeping end-user prices stable. A discussion of the proper level of tariffs for transport and internal distribution of natural gas is beyond the scope of this study, but a simplified estimation approach was used. Although this is only an approximation, it gives some idea of the magnitude of the subsidy. Our estimates show a significant reduction of subsidies to gas consumers in Moldova in 2015 by comparison with previous years.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329224-8-en	57ebc634b5923d1f8796aec16393e253	Research shows that these assumptions are only partially true, and Nordic policy makers provide interesting insights on the pros and cons of self-interest as a motivator for sustainable lifestyles. This is referred to in the literature as the Rational Choice Model of consumer behaviour. This in turn forms the belief that if we can change people's attitudes (through information provision] this will lead to a change in their behaviour. A range of consumption-oriented policies or policy instruments have been developed based on these assumptions. The majority of them focus on adjusting for market failures by providing more accurate information to consumers (e.g. ecolabelling and awareness raising campaigns] and by correcting prices (EEA 2009]. This type of intervention perpetuates the idea that sustainable consumption is most appropriately tackled through individuals making different choices, rather than through institutional and infrastructural changes and leadership from governments or businesses.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	57ebf41de4ce38eec8e8e95b5c110392	A substantial part of this area (15 million ha) remains fallow during the rabi (post-rainy) season, primarily due to limited soil moisture availability in the topsoil layer for crop establishment (Subbarao eta!., Paddy fallow is the land used to grow paddy in the kharif season but is left uncropped during the following rabi season. Since paddy is grown on some of the most productive lands in this region, there is scope for increasing the cropping intensity by introducing a second crop during the rabi season using appropriate technologies. In South Asia, there are approximately 15 million ha of paddy fallow, which is nearly 30 percent of the paddy growing area.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/97ed059a-en	57ed3418f887be04f4747f1f9a3fbcda	The prediction of the state of poverty for children is estimated using a proxy means approach with a quintile-based regression model, which estimates consumption on a limited number of easily observable socio-demographic characteristics (table a2). The targeting carried out in this manner is robust (table 6). Finally, the annual individual amount is 20 479 FCFA.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	57edf718622309d57a0b87dbbd8e6bd3	They can be particularly important for individuals with limited participation in the formal labour market who are unlikely to meet the vesting periods of contributory social insurance pensions or accumulate sufficient savings in individual pension accounts. There is a wide variety of NC pensions across countries, and their capacity to make a difference depends on the breath of coverage as well as on the benefit level they offer (Table 7-1). The Bolivian NC pension is an interesting example of how a universal pension can get established in a country that previously had a very limited level of old age protection (see Box 7-1) and now provide close to complete old age pension coverage.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	57ee1e082b8c2af18682919de078d271	The former provides full excise reimbursement to ethanol producers for ethanol produced and supplied for transport use in Australia from locally derived feedstocks (Australian Government, 2012a). This programme is planned to continue until June 2021 and to be revised afterwards (Australian Government, 2012a). The latter is a similar scheme, but applies to the production and also importation of biodiesel and has been extended indefinately from July 2011 (Australian Government, 2012b). In Canada output based payments were introduced in 2008 and replaced tax exemptions at federal level and at some provinces.	2	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	57efa288e95bf22bca2a314f659b260e	Similar multiplier effects are associated with apple production, turkey processing and large-scale vegetable and nut production. As long as the region can produce high-quality agricultural products at a competitive price there will be opportunities to expand farm output and processing and employ more members of the local labour force. This means that commercial agriculture plays a much larger role in the state economy than the value of direct farm production suggests.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	57f10e29d0f006dce9919395b7b6dde4	For the proponents of such approaches, markets fail to price natural assets and ecosystem services, which are ultimately factors of production much like capital and labour. The result is that this natural capital is overexploited relative to what is socially or economically optimal. In this context, where negative externalities render market outcomes socially inefficient, market interventions, such as taxing carbon or legislating so that forest management rights are given to local communities, are aimed at properly pricing natural assets and defining property rights.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c10e763b-en	57f16430513dd0b4193e44723af43014	"Both events helped to raise the visibility of assessment results within the energy sector. The nexus perspective is finding its way into these events in more explicit detail through discussions on renewable energy investment. Recommendations made during the talks in Azerbaijan refer to taking a nexus approach on issues related to energy efficiency and environmental protection. Forthcoming State-level""HardTalks""in three Drina River Basin countries will be devoted in part to the nexus theme, and the exchange of experience and cross-border coordination will be promoted through a three-country follow-up workshop."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	57f40c0af4e9cc3366f00fa4f8fb443c	The options range from standalone, sector-specific, social protection or agricultural programmes, which, by virtue of their design, reflect bringing together the two in integrated interventions that combine both social protection and agriculture, to sectoral interventions that are aligned in order to maximize complementarities and reduce contradictions (Gavrilovic etal., These categorizations are flexible, with approaches combined or sequenced in a variety of ways. Social protection interventions can be designed to enhance the agricultural livelihoods of its beneficiaries. As discussed in Chapter 4, even altering the design and implementation of social protection interventions, such as the size, timing and regularity of cash transfers, can strengthen their impacts on agriculture.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	57f94ac005ab86bbefd4ad315fdae8ff	A simple scatter plot of inequality and growth also shows no link (Figure 5.9). Still, specific structural reforms that aim at raising average living standards also influence the distribution of income. Table 5.2 provides a qualitative summary of the findings of new research on the GDP per capita and inequality effects of various structural reforms. The inequality measures refer to the late 2000s, except for France and Ireland for which they refer to the mid-2000s.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283466-en	57fa25f80d0c449150e8b7e9b00a00f3	Low salaries and difficult working conditions make it difficult to recruit and retain a sufficient number of skilled health workers. Since Latvian doctors and nurses are generally considered well-trained and highly competent many of them have found employment elsewhere in Europe, particularly after the financial crisis (Section S.2). However, the number of discharges remains slightly above the EU average.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289348164-3-en	57fce561f29e847e2c54c17e6110cff0	The main category of cases wherein the notification procedure is followed involves shipment of hazardous or non-listed waste and shipping of any kind of waste for disposal. Also, when green-listed waste is shipped to a non-OECD country for recovery, the notification procedure is required if the importing country has not replied to the Commission in this connection or if it has responded that it requires a notification. Whether an importing country allows the import of certain green-listed waste with an Annex VII document or instead requires a notification can be checked in Regulation (EC) 1418/2007, on shipment of green waste into non-OECD countries (it is important to note that the description given here forthe procedures applied is a general simplification covering the most common situations only - one should consult the WSR for more details when needed). These bans are listed in Regulation (EC) 1418/2007.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/c73325d9-en	5800abb2f014b3b64a089d91d1f71e60	The horizontal and vertical nature of tourism complicates the role that governments can play in supporting the development of the industry. The Indonesian authorities expect a surge in the number of tourist arrivals in the near future, which wall put pressure on infrastructure, local communities, cultural heritage and environmental assets like forests, coral reefs, beaches and wildlife. Digitalisation is also reshaping the tourism sector worldwide, which requires policy attention to ensure infrastructure and regulations are appropriate. Finally, the market is growing but is also increasingly competitive.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	5801187a567fa4932406f159119530a3	Likewise the Addis Ababa Action Agenda commits to financing sustainable development across its three dimensions, economic, social and environmental. The agreements urge countries to develop and implement coherent plans to deliver sustainable development financed by climate and development finance from a mix of sources (OECD, 2016d). Climate finance has too often been treated independently from development finance, failing to capitalise on the synergies for sustainable development, despite the fact that much climate finance qualifies as ODA (Brown et al, 2010).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	5801cc42f71bdb327082d5976cef144c	Of these, carbon footprint labelling is likely to be the fastest growing. In the meantime, the current debate centres on balancing broadening the scope of certification schemes with avoiding information overload for consumers and the complexity of dealing with multi-attribute certification in the supply chain.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	5803b73bb7a809cba6710ed7c04f432d	The reports have also addressed public-private partnerships; support for small and medium-sized enterprises; integrating green innovation in national innovation strategies; and establishing eco-innovation clusters to foster cooperation among government, business and academics. Besides action on the supply and demand sides, improved governance mechanisms and broad stakeholder engagement will be needed to facilitate systemic innovation. More generally, adopting a systemic approach bringing together policy domains that are often kept separate, such as economic (including innovation) policy, environmental and social policies, will also be important.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	580406455e95403e0cfea3cb22a2c5db	For further information see “Guidance on commissioning targeted mental health and emotional well-being services in schools” (Department for Education, 2010a) and “Me and My School” (Department for Education, 2010b). The 4-tier system describes the services that should be available at different levels of need, responding to different complexities of demand, but both the affected child or adolescent and the CAMHS teams should be able to move between these tiers so that the most appropriate services are accessed and delivered. Support from an early intervention team is for a limited amount of time, usually three years.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	5806a042525e406481b99ce4ae064a93	European Review of Agricultural Economics 35 (2): 117-141. Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in Indonesia, Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI), International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Geneva. Non-Distorting Farm Support to Enhance Global Food Production, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.	2	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5809dd13bb427048d56ff6455d0ad739	Among these are the Sahabat Alam Malaysia, the country’s leading civil society social environment organisation, and Pantai Acheh, the world’s smallest national park and Consumer’s Association of Penang whose well-researched studies have provided substantive strength on many fronts to Malaysians. As a port city, there is potential for maritime education and research. Above all, the Penang area has a significant repository of diverse ethnic groups, including retirees and expatriates, who constitute an untapped source of talent.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	580c81b0af4085b9b321e73d594ff5cc	The growth will be primarily driven by gains in aquaculture output, which is projected to reach 49% of total fishery production in 2023. However, growth in aquaculture production is anticipated to slow down to 2.5% p.a., Relative to the previous decade, fish consumption growth in the outlook period will decelerate due to high fish prices and slower population growth. The main drivers affecting world fish prices for capture, aquaculture and traded products will be income and population growth, limited growth of capture fisheries production, sustained demand for fish, increasing meat prices, and high costs for feed, energy and crude oil.	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	58120e54a15d0cbd1cdbeb4617ca7fae	A 2009 amendment to the scheme requires child beneficiaries to attend school. Research has shown the grant is being used overwhelmingly to pay for food: 51 per cent of households always use it for food and a further 23 per cent often or sometimes do. It is also used to pay for school fees and uniforms: 38 per cent always use it for school costs and a further 27 per cent often or sometimes do (Patel and Hochfeld 2011).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	581331fa531e231af8d7d1638da2ca75	Other countries may be carrying out gender mainstreaming activities without a specific strategy. Although many countries employ some form of gender mainstreaming, according to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Public Policies and Leadership, only a few MENA countries (e.g. the Palestinian Authority) take active steps to systematically integrate gender equality considerations in the design, implementation and monitoring of policies, programmes and laws. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	5813e579def72bd9cb026d1271e4ad9e	However, recalling that this is not at present the main avenue for mitigation under the Paris Agreement, it remains to be seen whether demand for developing country emissions reductions will be a major source of exchange and opportunity or only play a minor role. It is also unclear whether the scope of the SDM will specifically favour LDCs or a broader group of developing or vulnerable states that reflects the specific circumstances of the SIDS - an issue that arose under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol20. Again, however, the vague nature of the Paris Agreement's provisions on technology transfer commends some caution as to how and when this element of the agreement will actually affect the global economy.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	5817365476bf8489a90348178d910633	At the same time, remittances enable women to rent more land (Shahriari and others, 2009) and thus become wealthier. This is even more important as women in Tajikistan rarely own land; when they do own land, their land plots are smaller than those of men (Khitarishvili, 2016, p. 13). There are contradictory findings on die influence of male migration on die gender gap in labour force participation.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	581946100d2cdc3fdc1900cd73d5d01f	Some areas of teacher policies and of wider education policies with which teacher policies closely interact receive only scant, if any, coverage in this report. Greater school autonomy increases recruitment and management costs, making it harder to provide consistent service. For this reason, granting schools greater responsibility for hiring teachers could lead to greater disparities in teachers' qualifications and experience among schools (OECD, 2005, p. 12m).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	581b996863d462b5287a47e096170337	It was created in 2013/14 through the merger of three previous grants. A wide range of health infrastructure projects are funded, including large projects to modernise hospital infrastructure and equipment, general maintenance and infrastructure projects at smaller hospitals, and the refurbishment and upgrading of nursing colleges and schools. It enables the shifting of teaching activities from central to regional and district hospitals. Conditional grants are designed to reflect differential need across provinces.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-3-en	581d13f02c7ab3878934742bab753b65	Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to progress in their careers, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers around 25% and declining since 2005. By contrast, women carry out most of unpaid work, providing care to children, elderly, and sick or disabled family members as well as doing other unpaid household work. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day, and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. Across the Asia/Pacific region about 40% of men and women hold bank accounts with a financial institution.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	5821d7c6a36d95f86049b7a086459971	In emerging and developing economies, most of the infrastructure required to meet development goals is still to be built, particularly in urban settings (Corfee-Morlotet al., Historically, the challenge of rising energy demand and transport needs has mostly been met with fossil fuels. City infrastructure mainly revolves around the use of private cars. While some investments in carbon-efficient fossil-fuel infrastructure is still needed to support economic development in the coming decades, there is an urgent need to reallocate and significantly scale up capital to low-carbon, more energy efficient alternatives.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	5821e9208d1ce1e0c2c182dcf260b066	It is endemic among the poor in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where many people live in insanitary conditions and do not get enough calories, protein and micronutrients in their diet. Almost 25 per cent of children under the age of five was stunted and 10 per cent was wasted in 2016. Many women in poor households bear the burden of retrieving water from distant sources and often have little option but to use polluted wastewater for domestic purposes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	5821ef1095e0f8500c6509e6633445b0	"This trend is more pronounced in the ""more developed"" countries (UNFPA, 2015). Today, however, such support is under pressure from the fall in fertility rates (which means fewer children as caregivers) and the increased longevity of older persons, as well as changing cultural norms and the migration of rural young people to cities and away from older relatives (Population Reference Bureau, 2006). This situation necessitates a change in focus on die role of primary health-care professionals (OECD, 2015)."	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4845d1b0-en	582365ccdf1573f23209b92228f88e2a	"Such materials include biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and non-metallic minerals that support the cultivation of food, the production of energy, infrastructure and transport systems, and production of consumer goods.6The term ""domestic material consumption""is defined as the total amount of materials used by an economy, extracted from the domestic territory plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. China (23.6 billion tons per year) largely dominated domestic material consumption at the regional (and global) level in 2010, followed by India (5.0 billion tons per year), Indonesia (1.6 billion tons per year), Japan (1.2 billion tons per year) and Australia (1.0 billion tons per year). Over the same period, consumption of fossil fuels and metal ores increased by 2.6 and 3.0 times respectively."	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	582c3eb8beab6767eb7f5a59a611b915	Not only are financial and human resources often scarce, there is also low flexibility with respect to how resources are allocated and used. This is detrimental to a city’s ability to increase the quality of life for its residents. For example, an evaluation of 2011 sub-national financing dimensions relative to cities that scored in the top five for quality of life based on the Universidad Catolica's Quality of Life Index signals a moderate to strong correlation between higher rankings and a municipality’s ability to generate own-source income and the amount of income budgeted per resident (Table 4.1).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	582cf644fa45f54221d30f02375782db	This is still considerably below' the durations for both Italy and Spain, as well as for most emerging economies, but again longer than what is found for other OECD countries. Women are considerably less likely than men to exit NEET after one year (28.7% versus 47.3%), and education is also a relatively strong predictor of NEET exit probabilities: 42.5% of NEET with tertiary qualifications are in employment one year later, compared with 24.9% of those lacking upper secondary qualifications. The 16-month exit rate is defined as the proportion of youth being NEET in 2011 but being employed 16 months later.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	582eb71fe2bb2773dadeac17c3dd7293	Further details of the calculations and the full set of values calculated can be found in the Annex. In such a case, the median income of the distribution is easily identifiable and the number of individuals subsisting on less than a certain proportion of the median (e.g. 40%, 50%, or 60%) is simple to count directly. However, given the wide variety and uneven coverage of household survey data, a number of tools allow poverty measures to be estimated directly from more aggregated data sources, such as grouped distributional data that can be derived from either household surveys or administrative sources.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	582ed41b0d7595c6deea4d2ab4a39263	To register families, for example, an existing tool was expanded and improved to produce the Single Registry for Social Programmes; today this registry is used for a series of policies to benefit low-income groups. The federal government transfers income directly to the beneficiaries using magnetic cards that are issued by a federal public bank with a very large distribution network - over 5 570 municipalities. Women hold 97% of these cards because research has shown that mothers know better than anyone how to use funds for the benefit of the entire family, and especially the children. Finally, to provide services and monitor these families, three systems were mobilised: the education system, which monitors the frequency of school attendance by children and young people in the programme; the health care system, which monitors inoculations and the children’s nutrition as well as prenatal care for expectant mothers; and the social assistance system, which focuses on low-income and highly vulnerable families.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	582f838f1b3c639fbe81ef3af393743d	The current quality of biodiversity-related data has been considered insufficient to permit a comprehensive national evaluation of biodiversity, or to formulate concrete measures to promote conservation and sustainable use (CEPLAN, 2011). Insufficient information is listed as a key issue for various biodiversity components including forests, wetlands, open waters and soil. The Fifth National Report points out that one of the challenges in the implementation of the NBSAP has been in carrying out a comprehensive inventory of biodiversity resources and that consequently there has been minimal progress towards the target to integrate biodiversity values in strategies and plans for development, economic grow'th and wealth creation and incorporating them in national accounts and reporting systems by 2020.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	5830b429bc51c42fd4e7723626180d70	Productive activities which involve formal market transactions and command a market price are measured by official statistics in systems of national accounts and constitute the bulk of what is measured as “economic activity” and “labour force participation” at the national and international levels. The informal and subsistence activities which make up the livelihood strategies of poor people in developing countries are inadequately included. Unpaid care work within the household economy is completely omitted (Razavi and Staab, 2008).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/67989bf6-en	58326e230521e547bdced0eee5f5b059	For example, in Slovenia, all the provisions of the employment contract remain in force, including the ones relating to assignment to a specific post. In Luxembourg, as the replacement is only temporary, the exact position is held for an individual on leave. In the Czech Republic, national legislation guarantees that employees can return to the exact same or similar position (depending on the particularities of the situation).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	5837e07e07a769cf11d215f204e710ae	First, Korea’s urban challenges are examined, as well as economic, social and environmental trends in general. As one way to address these challenges, the details on why urban form matters and how they can be measured will follow in the second section. The sheer speed of industrialisation and urbanisation since the 1960s resulted in extensive economic achievements, but also left significant urban challenges.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	58398c8560c2360e1c20eff5d00501bf	In some cases improving coordination will require national level legislative action; in other cases is can be accomplished through better consultation between government agencies and non-governmental organisations (FAO, 2009). Multi-sector contribution is fundamental to a comprehensive approach to climate changes in fisheries and can assist in building institutions that are responsive to these broad-scale effects. Such co-ordination can usefully include international networks to share information experiences in fisheries and between fisheries and other sectors.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	583a5fae2fdcea82aaacee9786eac0cd	The social value and time burden of women's unpaid work is essentially ignored, and there is no real commitment to promoting gender equality in the distribution of that work (Daly 2011). However, the result for growth ultimately depends on the gender distribution of social reproduction. If a state is successful in using social and labour market policies to push an economy into (or maintain, in the case of changing structures of production) a wage-led regime, growth may still be elusive if the provision of care is constrained by the time squeeze associated with a more traditional gender division of labour. Maintaining such a division between women and men, with the consequence that women's labour market attachment is more limited, may help protect the production of human capacities, but at the cost of constraining women’s contributions to market production and lower overall economic growth.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	583c4a26cff7375c96a4a001b5023cf2	Respondents accordingly argued that sustained investment was necessary in order to establish sustainable career paths, achieve a critical mass of scientific expertise and maintain the necessary research and development capacity, not just in major centres but also in local institutions. Genome sequencing platforms, for instance, were mentioned as prohibitively expensive for all but a handful of central institutions - a situation that was seen to militate against decentralised information sharing and collaboration between local public health agencies and actors. Respondents therefore called for a reduction in the price of molecular diagnostic technologies, and suggested that South Africa could benefit from improved relationships and perhaps collaboration with genomic apparatus manufacturers. Here too, fixed-term grant funding was seen as compounding the problem, since the lifespan of equipment often exceeds grant-funding periods.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	584235dd9f1dd3529dbdecc25ac619ba	To ensure sustainability, such capacity building initiatives benefit from a good understanding of the local context and partner countries’ own priorities. This does not entail a simple transfer of skills but rather sustained support over a period of time. While monitoring may be an integral component of the design and implementation of an adaptation policy, it does not capture progress made in implementing other initiatives that contribute to the country’s climate resilience. Similarly, evaluation mechanisms assessing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of adaptation policies and other relevant initiatives may be centrally managed and external to the daily management of implementing the policy. If no mechanism is in place to ensure that findings from the two processes are readily available to each other, good co-ordination between producers and users of the various sources of information is useful. Alternatively, an independent body can be established to co-ordinate the monitoring and evaluation process.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	5843942d1200f67cd621bbeaf6113f14	Although tax-benefit rules are not, in general, explicitly gender-specific, certain aspects of tax-benefit systems may be more relevant to either men or women, so exacerbating the unequal distribution of paid work and earnings. In many couple families, for example, the man is the main earner with his female partner frequently earning considerably less (Chapter 2 and OECD, 2015c, for the latest data on earnings broken down by gender). Figure 3.3 compares, on one hand, the net transfers to government of a dual-earner couple with two children where both partners earn 67% of the average wage with, on the other hand, the net transfers of a single-earner couple with two children and the same household earnings.	5	0	5	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	58439a06b8c86be875564bac47a23545	Discussions began with an overview of the four main areas of work which were agreed by the G20 agriculture ministers: agricultural production in the long run, transparency and information in international markets, international coordination and risk management and financial markets. The G20 discussions had led to the establishment of the new Agriculture Marketing Information System (AMIS), a joint OECD/FAO initiative that seeks to provide up-to-date data on agriculture markets to as wide an audience as possible. The agencies represented on the panel highlighted the various fora that are available for countries to discuss approaches for achieving food security and the types of changes these organizations are making to contribute to global food security.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	5845598c53249445af3dd933e537383a	In addition, the transfer stimulates local economies by fuelling an increase in consumption, provided there is an adequate supply of articles of basic necessity. Otherwise, they would generate general inflation in the zones affected by the disaster, owing to excess demand and a surplus volume of money in circulation. Secondly, cash transfers partially or wholly prevent families from pursuing recovery strategies that impair rights (such as putting children to work), or those with a negative effect on future economic security (for example, selling productive assets).	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	584a45c080fbe796b4b264b67ac63dae	In short, it appears to be quite important that water supplies be modelled at the river basin level, as opposed to the national scale, as might normally be done in a global CGE model. Since ‘unassisted’ water naturally flows downhill, a ‘flow routing model’ is required to understand how different users are spatially connected with supplies. However, it is common in economic models to use the ‘tank modelling’ approach in which routing is ignored (Bell et al.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	584b1986793a65be46d6e9f3dce4925f	Worker skill is defined by educational attainment and therefore not the actual skill level of workers. Whilst this is not hugely problematic at the country level since the definition of skill levels does not vary within country, it can be cumbersome when calculating inequality at the global level. It also presupposes that educational attainment is directly linked to skill levels. Three other sources are identified. The first is the Gini coefficient from the Word Development Indicators (WDI) database—WDI Gini.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	584b8c52fe63e78ddfd60c6fb94c92cc	Institutions of teacher education do not organise specific entrance examinations. However, in the Governmental agreement for 2014-19, the introduction of non-binding examinations to enter initial teacher education is envisaged (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training, 2015). According to data from the OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), in 2013, 12.0% of Flemish lower secondary teachers and 6.0% of primary teachers had a university (master’s) degree (ISCED 5A) or higher, by far the lowest figures among the TALIS participating countries (against TALIS averages of 90.9% and 79.6%, respectively).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276208-8-en	584e70693cbcb5c2a56df1f86a05cc1f	The diverse set of actors and sectors, including for commercial fisheries, aquaculture, renewable energy, tourism, and shipping transport, recreation, among others, often compete for resources and space. Sectoral policies, such as fisheries, agricultural, forestry or infrastructure-related policies, that most commonly lie outside the remit of environment ministries, also impact marine biodiversity (Schroter-Schlaack and Ring, 2011), although often in a negative way (OECD, 2015a; 1999).	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	584ea87fc7231ce39b0cb84677cadc2a	The variation of performance explained by students' socio-economic status is higher (16%) than the OECD average (13%). Rurality is an important aspect of disadvantage in Costa Rica. Students in rural schools are more likely to drop out and fall behind in their learning than those in urban ones, with small rural primary' schools demonstrating the lowest performance rates in the country (PEN, 2013). The large number of small primary schools has enabled Costa Rica to bring education services to every small village.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	584ed3b539c928e59903c7553696f57a	However, there are concerns that people who have long been accustomed to driving might stick to their old habits. In particular, pull factors alone are often not enough because the door-to-door convenience that only private vehicles can offer may be too attractive unless the disadvantages of driving are felt more acutely. Another factor of complexity stems from the fact that Suwon is part of the functional urban area of Seoul (according to the OECD methodology), which requires collaboration across administrative boundaries.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	5851d2f33225d82a6bb6cf565d9d32a9	A common estimate is that more than 80 per cent of remote area dwellers nationwide are San and for some areas, the figure stands at 100 per cent (Hays, 2011). Schools and hostels tend, however, to be unwelcoming to minority students, including many San students. San students at boarding schools experience feelings of pain and alienation which are at times acute.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	5854d37a03fe6cd3f77a27f148b25342	These measures can be decomposed to reflect the contribution of sub-group poverty levels (e.g. by ethnicity; geographic area) to the overall poverty rate. They can also be broken down to show the relative contribution of each dimension to the poverty rate within sub-groups or within the overall poverty rate. The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults. However, MODA differs from both the Bristol approach and the existing applications of the Alkire-Foster method, such as the MPI, as it distinguishes between the needs of children of different ages: early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. It acknowledges that different dimensions may be relevant for children at various stages of their life cycle.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251847-6-en	58555719c749edf8d9646badbd8e191f	They wall also be more collectively informed about the disparate data, and benefit from a forum where data analysis can be explored and shared. The platform could serve as a resource for research to inform public policy. The volume and granularity of trafficking details could be used to update routine engagements, providing the latest information for meetings with policy partners. Dynamic tools used by the platform can provide this information for reporting, analysis and presentations to influence policy related to trends, hotspots and changes in illicit trade.	15	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	58574e13019026740ad868b97a589c1a	Many countries listed in the OECD database on fertiliser and biofuel also apply import tariffs on different categories of fertilisers. It focuses on policies supporting the production or use of fertilisers, but excludes regulatory measures related to the abovementioned environmental or consumer safety concerns. Consequently, for 15 of these the database shows no policy measure at all for fertilisers.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/028f7d06-en	585785674d83212b3b843077c1ec6994	Costa and McCrae (1980) found links between extraversion and positive affect and between neuroticism and negative affect. This was confirmed by subsequent studies and explained by the joint operation of genetic, biological, psychological and social mechanisms (Diener and others, 1999). The problem is that because of their correlation with personality traits, measures of well-being could reflect individual differences beyond the reach of policies.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	585801be9a69893646f725bce2b459c2	About 81% of children are enrolled in early childhood education in the year before school (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012), and government subsidies are available (as fee reimbursements). Australia is one of several high-performing OECD countries, including the Nordic countries and Canada, that does not have student tracking until the age of 16. It also limits its use of vertical and horizontal differentiation within schools. In addition, Australia’s grade repetition rate is 8.4%, below the OECD average of 13%. Around 96% of students attend a school that competes for enrolments with at least one other school, Evidence shows that school choice, along with other factors, may undermine equity in the education system by segregating students into schools based on their socio-economic background. It is important to ensure that there are mechanisms to mitigate this negative effect.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	585afc958a9b6f3936e414750dc9d264	The introduction and deployment of new RE technologies from a very narrow basis holds the possibility of more considerable progress. It must be noted in this context, that while shifting from coal to gas in electricity generation does reduce GFIG emissions, in climate-friendly scenarios like the 450 Scenario of the WEO 2010 (IEA, 2010a) the global consumption of natural gas decreases after 2020 while renewable energy production continues to expand. Accepting too large an investment in renewable technologies while neglecting timely energy-efficiency programmes clearly runs the risk of locking-in societies' too-high energy consumption patterns, with detrimental long-term implications for both energy security and climate protection.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	585ec62644e768d06f895e9afdc6e85b	Foreign ownership of quota or ACE is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted. Spatial exclusions and restrictions apply, including by vessel size and gear type. In general, trawl fishers must use a minimum mesh size of 100 mm with some limited temporal and spatial rels must use seabird mitigation measures that depend on vessel size and gear type. The target biomass for orange roughy is 30-40% B0 (a proxy range for Busy).	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	586bd5c3e039030e3bb789538698e101	However, innovations rely on access to a skilled and well-educated labour force, i.e. the skill formation process is of particular importance. In addition, specific elements such as infrastructure, the investment or business climate are essential factors for increasing the supply capacity of manufacturing. Without a reliable set of conditions (for instance, access to basic infrastructure), the development of capacities is limited. These issues were frequently raised by partner and donor countries in the OECD-WTO Aid for Trade Global Review Monitoring Exercise (2019) when asked about constraints to economic diversification and successful industrialisation.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79235bc-en	586cd4daf525a76f37653a7228765eb2	For forests and other terrestrial habitat types the patch size distribution of habitats may be derived from vegetation information systems. For river fragmentation, defined as the interruption of a rivers natural flow by dams, inter-basin transfers or water withdrawal, fragmentation can be assessed based on number, placement and amount of water stored behind dams. Description: The fragmentation of habitats caused by human activities has significant, largely negative implications for their native biodiversity, through the effects of area reduction, edge exposure and isolation, as well as through interruption of ecosystem processes and associated ecosystem degradation.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	586d1a0002b0cdafce9a8286510f5693	Following this is a priority to ensure that individual students receive learning adapted to their abilities. In addition, for Years 1-4, municipalities have to ensure that adapted teaching in Norwegian/Sami language and mathematics is provided and is especially directed towards pupils with weak abilities in reading and mathematics. Some subjects also have competence aims after Year 2. A Quality Framework defines the principles for developing optimal learning environments and learning achievements. Research and Education (NIFU), show that the reform has contributed to school owners being more engaged as a result of more accessible information about their school and school results, and that some objectives are well on the way to being achieved.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	586dff6069b728381b3fa99e7ac868a0	Familiarity with fishery data, existing management systems and their drivers is an important base from which to alter governance. Additional information about fishers, processors and their communities assists in the prediction of impacts and planning governance response (Mcllgorm et al., Research can provide needed information to assess the overall range, combination, likelihood and potential impacts of climate related effects in the biological, economic, social and ecological contexts of fisheries.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	5870eac6e7a68849d81250435a1460a0	By exposing students to college level coursework and college culture it familiarises and prepares students for the academic expectations of college. In 2001, 15% of high school students in Florida earned college credits. After several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges are granted the title “Engineer”. The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes. Increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two Fachhochschulen students, are now vocational college graduates.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	58715d6bffb70bc16ea09bb6c18cca33	At the top end of the spectrum, teachers with values of ten on the overall index, which corresponds to benefitting from two-thirds of the identified best practices, are likely to rank among the top half of all teachers. As Figure 2.3 shows, teachers who benefit from fewer than two best practices of teacher professionalism are likely to rank among the bottom third of all teachers in terms of their perceived status and satisfaction; they are much less likely to report that they believe teaching is valued in society and that they are satisfied in their work environment and with their profession, in general. They are also less likely to be confident about their teaching (self-efficacy), although the impact is less pronounced: even teachers in schools that use fewer than two best practices fall within the 35th percentile of all teachers. In contrast, those benefitting from roughly two out of three practices are likely to be in the top half of the distribution, all other factors held constant.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	5872c0f754459381001843dfb1bcf62b	In contrast, developing countries are affected by their limited capacity despite the overall importance of the fisheries as a source of food protein. Fisheries on the high seas and those for straddling stocks face unique challenges, as fish move across national boundaries. The following paragraphs identify the state of play at the national and international level, and in some cases illustrate how nations are seeking ways in which to deal with the four types of uncertainty identified earlier.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	58736b1e4bebf0e34e7a9acd8c4f403f	However, Kazakova (2015) argues that maslikhats have no real power over the local state administration and perform a ceremonial role. Local executive bodies exercise only those powers and responsibilities that central government confers on them. According to the government, this number makes up 91.7% of akims at all levels who have direct contact with citizens.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	5874c75245a3613bd2acec52e4c295ca	The aim of the SHOKs w'as to reinforce global market relevance of publicly funded R&D and innovation by enhancing the joint involvement of industry (or public R&D institutions). They w'ere considered as being used mostly by large firms (incumbents) with limited participation by other firms (SMEs and new firms), and functioning under a rather closed regime and with a bias tow'ards existing technologies and products. There are, however, interesting cases of practice still under operation (such as DIMECC Ltd and CLIC Innovation Ltd), whose features and evolution should be examined and better understood. Active and promising innovation networks could be further mobilised and better utilised to address innovation challenges in high-priority areas such as bioeconomy/cleantech, the circular economy and digitalisation.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/973d5b65-en	58751a94385b4f83491a3ff355c7b636	Through a collaborative effort among Ghananian-based professionals, local community members and international experts, the initiative developed strategies to convert a two-acre plot of land into an urban green space. Not only do roads ensure population mobility, they foster the local economy and prosperity in general. Between 30 and 35 per cent of a city's land area should be reserved for this essential urban backbone, in order to prioritise active and public transport.2 With limited to no streets, slums are socially and economically weak and disconnected from the rest of urban areas. In planned city areas, the street space may be unequally distributed or designed in favour of active and public transportation, the modes of mobility children and their families depend on.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	5878984b9225b445dcd0363322fe557a	Dalle, den Besten and Menon (2017(46]) present a detailed discussion of the database and its potential for economic, managerial, and policy-oriented research. First, it is partially crowd-sourced, i.e., users can add and revise contents, which adds to the comprehensiveness and timeliness of the database. In particular, it has developed partnerships with VC firms in different countries that share their portfolio data.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3627dd87-en	5879dba58908cda02c9a6a60d4a4e1a6	Currently, however, across countries, it is those women and girls who experience multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination who are often the furthest behind. They fare worse than all other groups in key dimensions of well-being. Differences related to wealth, location and ethnicity, for example, combine to create deep pockets of deprivation across a range of SDGs— from access to education and health to clean water and decent work. They transcend national borders and have been the topic of landmark human rights treaties and Human Rights Council resolutions, but data on women and girls that experience these forms of discrimination are often lacking. This will make it possible to inform and develop policies and programmes that respond to their realities. But disaggregation by sex alone is insufficient.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096127-6-en	587bb0ab1fb7b6d37eaa4c70c60828af	Overall, 56% of people agree with this sentiment; 26% of them strongly so. The strongest support comes from southern and eastern Europe - Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Slovenia, for example - with nearly 80% of Greeks agreeing, almost 60% of them strongly so. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this regional pattern, with Poland and Spain recording lower-than-average support. Danes are by far the least likely to agree that older workers deny younger workers jobs, with about 25% support, of which only 11% is strong agreement. There is also a majority against the lump-of-labour hypothesis in Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, but it is a smaller one than in Denmark. Women are significantly more likely than men to believe that older workers deny younger people jobs.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	587d2c3437cf5dd56dcf301b5246d2ee	This being said, information on foreign applications and grants could also help a developing country patent examiner to better identify those particular elements of an invention that do not deserve patent protection. Where the line is drawn between those areas that are the preserve of the patent holder to control, and those areas [i.e. of exceptions and limitations] which the patent holder may not control, is therefore a very important policy question for members.” Exceptions to exclusive rights as considered here apply after a patent has been granted.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	587ed511d2964ad92db87041114b62e2	Typically, most MDWs leave their children in a 'gardorie' or unregulated, home-based day-care centre such as the one run by Tete Mona. These gardories are often run by another migrant woman, and many even provide'day and night'childcare. For instance, I visited a gardorie run by Mama Sara, a Madagascan woman, in Naba, Beirut, where around half the migrant children would be dropped off by their mothers on a Sunday evening and collected at the end of the work week on Friday evening.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	58802d72b49d33306ceb1bc359f30e2e	Nor is it ideal to rely on flying medical practitioners in and out of remote communities, as this is a costly way to provide health services and does little to promote continuity of patient care. As discussed later in this chapter, overcoming resistance to change and the more strategic use of local health professionals already living in these communities will be key. High-performing health services demonstrating strong governance should be identified and given greater freedom to develop and implement innovative models of care promoting quality health services and good outcomes. One idea worthy of exploration is that of Earned Autonomy, which has been adopted in the United Kingdom (Box 4.5).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	5880eeb2ddaab7491a26a464166fa2d7	Water has to be available, of sufficiently good quality, and accessible both economically and physically, without discrimination. Ensuring the right to access water and water facilities and services on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for marginalized or disadvantaged groups, is part of these core obligations. In relation to women's right to water, general comment No.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283534-en	5886759ef333935531d9787724707c3b	However, because so many Romanians are working abroad but still counted as being in Romania (3-4 million) lew definitive conclusions can be drawn about coverage. Notwithstanding this, data show that the proportion of the population covered is higher in urban areas (94.9%), compared to rural areas (75.8%). There are initiatives to improve access for Roma communities; for example, the Roma health mediator programme and a new project to create community health care centres are expected to provide better coverage for all vulnerable populations with restricted access to health care.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	5886f76a7ca5def560f2ace9494ff59a	State government and municipalities also provide financial support for irrigation (see Figure 3.11). As discussed earlier, agricultural water users are exempted from paying water abstraction charges and even the “penalty” rate paid for above-quota abstractions is significantly lower that the general rate. This means that agricultural water users do not have a direct incentive to reduce water abstraction and that irrigation districts do not have an incentive to control water demand by individual farmers. Retail irrigation charges, although theoretically based on the volume of water used, are normally calculated per hectare because of the lack of water measuring devices (World Bank, 2009).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/db521e55-en	588700a846005bf7cc1cf1c24069712e	With regards to unresolved issues in the negotiations, he called for the agreement to strike a balance between the leadership role of developed countries and the increasing responsibility of developing countries to take action in line with their capabilities and respective levels of development. This meant that the vexing issue of differentiation should be applied differently across the various pillars of the agreement in a manner that did not undermine the integrity of the collective effort. He also insisted that the agreement needed to be credible in responding to rapidly escalating climate impacts, and called for the inclusion of regular, five-year cycles for Governments to review, assess and strengthen national commitments overtime in line with science.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/edf15661-en	5888c8bc29b3bff62bf91f25ee4fccc8	This can be especially important for young women in migrant or minority groups who experience oppression along lines other than gender. In this case, the family may represent a haven from discrimination in the outside world. The often violent conditions under the Israeli occupation have bolstered a Palestinian (neo-)patriarchy that is highly deleterious to women.44 However, a study of Palestinian women’s birthing experiences in Occupied East Jerusalem shows that husbands and family members are the most important support for young women in difficult times.45 Embattled situations can strengthen patriarchal society, while also strengthening young women’s reliance on and appreciation of family members. Young women not only participated in these protests, but many also took the lead in organizing them.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	588c3f00b8ec08e4877e6d53652f8a12	Surface water resources generated in Finland’s part of Paatsjoki/Pasvik Basin arc estimated at 5,140 x 10° m3/ycar, groundwater resources are 36.8 x 10s m’/year. Some 48% of the withdrawal was for industry and 32% for domestic use. The total water use (including non-consumptive) for hydropower generation is some 37 x 10° m5/ycar.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	588dc8bd7effe4c3a5eac94765c4e675	The mismatch between demographics and education spending could indicate that the resources provided are insufficient or that the education system is inefficient. Although enrolment rates vary for EESC countries, 98% of students move on to secondary school. The EESC countries share a variety of disadvantages, among them top-down authoritarian governance in the education system, an outdated curriculum and no effective monitoring.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	588e924f5b16c3348f339c0db601592c	If sampling bias is not accounted for, results can be erroneously attributed to the phenomenon under study rather than to the method of sampling. In the case of measuring AfT flows, the dominance of certain sectors and CRS codes may be partially accounted for by the dominance of certain developing countries in the AfT data, whose policy priorities may in turn be skewing AfT statistics away from emphasising trade adjustment needs. Table 13.8 shows the income distribution of the top 50 AfT recipients in the CRS database for 2010.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	589173af2b59aaf94d74310ca134265b	This could happen by adding a child survey component onto existing household surveys, or by collecting household-level data through a parent survey attached to the field work described above. Existing systems, however, will likely miss accounting for some children. Children who are living in institutions, are homeless, migrating, and orphaned are at high risk for food insecurity, and are unlikely to be tapped in household-based or school-based systems [17].	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	58928d381369231bc3573fafe4381d29	The main objective of the reform was to anticipate and manage the risk of shortage by apportioning available water among water users. France was looking for an option for allocation reform that would combine the capacity of users to self-regulate and provide an incentive to farmers to act collectively. This option reflected French experience with the development of irrigation and the management of scarcity. In France, experience shows that when water users associations were in place at catchment level, over-allocation was properly managed, as the Chair of the water user association (along with the members) regulates water uses among members in cases of scarcity.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	58936e1fa240f91925517fb28ce15f5a	Gender budgeting is often referred to as the capacity of government and individual government entities to develop realistic budgets on gender equality. “ Gender budgeting is an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. This integration of the gender dimension should happen in all phases of the budgetary cycle: from the budgetary' proposals, to the actual spending, to the evaluation and control of the money spent (Decuyper, 2009).	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	58957f75444f6c2006de741127ac50a0	Many countries were already in the process of introducing ICT in hospitals and health centres. However, as mentioned, there is no agreed international definition for the description, and therefore measurement, of 'health facilities'. The closest established indicator is the number of hospital beds per 10 000 population.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	58978f09ab2a04179ffba95d6842ecdc	This might limit the extent to which schools select the candidate who best fits their needs and explains, in part, why often recruitment processes have a certain degree of informality (see below). Schools and school boards do not seem to be required to advertise their teacher vacancies even if some of them do so on the school network’s website or at the Flemish public employment service. School networks, groups or associations typically keep a list of potential candidates and often directly contact a potential candidate for a position in the school, while not organising a formal recruitment process.	4	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9947c813-en	5898bd183e4ae8331e558f8f8a6e8d29	It is particularly important in such circumstances to ensure that women are well represented in the EMB and gender policies are advanced. The EMB can provide clear guidelines to party agents and polling officials on this process, which can often be a very tense exercise. It is the moment when parties and candidates, or their supporters, are most likely to behave in a provocative, irresponsible or irrational manner.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	589ab49d9924d75cdf4f7a71acbd551b	Social assistance programmes providing cash transfers to poor and vulnerable people are very limited or non-existent in PICs, with the exception of Fiji’s Social Welfare Family Assistance Program (FAP) and the school fee scheme of the Social Affairs Department of Kiribati. It is clearly evident that there exist high social protection deficits within PICs. Most Pacific Island states have long relied only on traditional support mechanisms from families, overseas migrants, community institutions, and churches.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	589d7ffce5a62005fe9e5520755f18ad	However, several factors which are essentially outside of the Ukrainian authorities’ control, such as the building of alternative pipelines in Europe and the development of new technologies, might put into question the planned upgrading of existing facilities or their extension. For example, a combination of political and economic factors has prompted Gazprom, the Russian gas monopoly, to diversify its gas export routes, which circumvent Ukraine’s territory. Moreover, since future trends in gas supply and demand are increasingly uncertain, the demand for gas transit services on Ukrainian territory may become less favourable in the horizon of 5 to 10 years.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/2d08a027-en	589d802a4149d0959264acaf0d37cd31	Successive governments in Ghana have supported civil society over the years and protected their right of expression. It also provided support to allow partnerships between civil society and electoral management bodies, in a bid to foster collaboration between the two, and further engaged the media on their role in the electoral process and supported presidential and parliamentary debates. Finally, the programme provided domestic and national oversight during the elections.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	589ddc23625c0873861f69fad61e043c	Large and small players alike benefit from working together. They get involved in coaching and mentoring, and discover new ways of looking at things; they develop the destination as a whole and learn to take better care of the visitors they share. All surveys indicate that a visitor who feels at home in a destination is considerably more likely to choose the same destination again and even become an ambassador for the destination.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	58a1483827dd9cef7ad936e4e5ccf5f1	Most of this is to support CRGE energy and forestry initiatives. It will predominantly be result-based financing, with some upfront grants for enabling activities such as MRV, and capacity building to the sectors (particularly Ministry of Agriculture, EPA and the Ministry of Water Resources). It will seek to build over time an overall approach to the energy sector on renewable energy and energy efficiency policy.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	58a45445edc174ab46b0ab8bbaeea9ea	The National Agency for Education has prepared a number of guidelines for mentorship, but there are no established rules and regulations (Skolverket, 2015(2oii). Additionally, there is no particular focus on mentoring new teachers on how to teach in diverse classrooms. Regarding extra support to teachers, Swedish schools have a student health service on site, but the professionals are not specifically trained to deal with newly arrived students and trauma. Although the National Agency has directed many effoits to helping the student health staff, expert teams of psychologists, counsellors and trauma therapists are not available on site to support the additional needs of immigrant and refugee children.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	58a57ce052f39bbab766cc88413eb2fb	The analysis was designed to highlight policy measures needed to generate a specific impact. The dimensions were replicated and adapted to the reality of Latin America and the Caribbean and the availability of information for the region (ECLAC/UNICEF, 2010; Espfndola and Rico, 2010). The study showed that, around 2008, approximately 45% of children under the age of 18 were living in poverty in 18 countries in the region, meaning that nearly 81 million children and adolescents were suffering deprivation because some of their rights were not being fulfilled. Although new surveys have recently become available, coverage in Latin America is low and patchy.	1	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	58a85b0fc4c997b7d0985db9dab73c23	This finding highlights that male and female incentives to migrate differ, suggesting gender-sensitive migration factors. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **,	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	58ae8e2edf99b6de0079e4a50d55aae1	Although temporary special measures are permissive, rather than mandatory, the CEDAW Committee encourages State parties to take such measures in order to correct under-rep-resentation of women in any area in which it occurs, particularly in relation to the inclusion of women in decision-making. Concluding Observations Peru Fifth Periodic Report.” Instead, difference must be accommodated by changing structu res.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	58b16bd60ece8ccdbd7507dc122d45cb	Gender stereotypes, for instance, often render it much harder for women to engage in a research career in STEM. The challenge is amplified if favouritism towards one group leads to less support to outsiders (Goldberg, 1982; Cain, 1986; Feld, Salamanca and Hamermesh, 2016). Instruments to address discrimination and stereotypes include the following.	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	58b5526372ac785e18d470ec4707e5e5	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on the present Working Paper are welcomed and may be sent to dac.contact@oecd.org — the Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. Key Issues: How can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security?	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	58b9e70ea3abaf18b0e2f45073ff6b86	Open school choice, if not well managed with policies to mitigate its negative impact, can generate further inequities. According to OECD research, this can have a negative impact on students with lower academic performance if extensively practiced. In 2009, almost one-third of students in New Zealand's schools were Maori (22%) and Pasifika (10%).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	58bb4f6d2874811c086db258d1b82dc6	If the SCT increase exceeds the inflation rate of a given year, the level is maintained in the following year(s) to ensure tax increases do not exceed the average inflation rate over time. The end-use motor fuel price consists of the pre-tax price, the SCT and the VAT of 18 per cent. When international market prices rise, the higher pre-tax price leads to an increase in VAT revenue, which is used to balance the public budget.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	58c2e8999ded1c2de62d250a894503a9	It also promotes greater cooperation and infonnation exchange between countries, so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that have previously been reported for IUU fishing, or that are already registered with another flag state. The guidelines also provide recommendations on how to encourage compliance, as well as on how to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	58c386509bd4b77752cdf4417627fe02	By contrast, farm holdings between 2 and 5 ha are the most numerous in Serbia, accounting for 30% of holdings and using 17% of the land. At the other end of the spectrum, farms greater than 10 ha use significant portions of the land in Serbia (57%) and in Kosovo (44%). Meanwhile, farms larger than 10 ha only use about a quarter of the land in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	58c438442eef1db6b0fe4f88b0669577	To keep the reward, accredited teachers must be practising classroom teachers in either a municipal or a private subsidised school and be rated as “Outstanding” or “Competent” by the teacher performance evaluation system during the corresponding period. In recent years, most applicants were teachers based in the private subsidised sector. In addition, reflecting the high standards of the programme, since 2008 less than one in five applicants successfully achieves the accreditation of excellence. The SNED is organised every two years and covers the subsidised sector, i.e. municipal schools, private subsidised schools and schools with delegated administration.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	58c9b1fe3ce817e6198d267ec95117df	Abused women also suffer from depression, anxiety and even post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, there is evidence that violence against women has a direct economic impact. According to one study conducted about 10 years ago, the cost of intimate partner violence in the United States alone was estimated to exceed US$ 5.8 billion per year, of which US$ 4.1 billion were for direct medical and health care services and US$ 1.7 billion for productivity losses due to absenteeism (Campbell, 2002). Globally, it is estimated that up to 60 per cent of women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime (UN-Women, 2012).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60375438-en	58ca4988e9d0755e2eabdb340cbb3c97	States must also ensure that rights are realized progressively over time and guard against their erosion. But, within this framework, there is scope for countries to identify their own paths and policy choices for achieving substantive equality for women. Where women are predominantly self-employed, governments might prioritize investments in infrastructure, institutional credit and marketing facilities, as well as the extension of social protection, to support the viability of their enterprises and the sustainability of their livelihoods. Middle- and high-income countries, on the other hand, might place greater emphasis on work-family conciliation policies, including parental leave and child and elderly care services, and use real minimum wage increases to reduce income inequality and gender wage gaps at the bottom of the income hierarchy.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	58cd55399d05d5b0e91cc1776b1fc31c	The recommendation of the Center for Transit-Oriented Development (CTOD) to expand housing opportunities near transit provides useful insights into establishing a comprehensive TOD strategy in Korea. Strategies proposed by the CTOD include: i) identify and utilise opportunities for TOD; ii) provide incentives for mixed-income market response; iii) remove regulator}' barriers to higher density and transport plans and investments; iv) improve local capacity and partnership (Center for Transit-Oriented Development, 2007). This includes examining which portion of regional housing growth can be located around transit-accessible locations, and providing transit service to under-served areas.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	58cf475ee42d280434df398998496d17	It focuses on a broad range of items related to smart city planning and the optimisation of government services. It is centred on three key components: digital economy, digital government and digital society. The Smart Nation Initiative follows a multi-stakeholder approach and is highly inclusive; it aims at preparing Singaporean society for the digital era. For instance, it provides retraining schemes to the elderly, improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity and ensuring privacy of data.	11	0	4	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	58d0222ebdd7279e6a2b4d46970d9d49	If the reefer is running as expected, only a quick visual inspection is performed prior to release - which is now the case for around 70 per cent of reefers, meaning faster turnaround times, better asset utilization, and operational savings for Maersk (Murison, 2016). The savings generated by the RCM system have led Maersk to launch a pilot project recently to extend the monitoring system to other types of containers. This allows for corrective actions to be taken in case the container is not operated optimally during any of the various stages of the cold chain, from the supplier's proper pre-cooling of the cargo, to the trucker ensuring that the reefer is plugged in, from accurate performance during the ocean leg, to the correct handling at destination and to final delivery to the end-customer.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	58d2964f44eefc3c06eb3418b169055a	Most telling is the fact that at the southern end of Western Scandinavia, Skane generally frames its own development as part of the Copenhagen area as illustrated in the creation of the Greater Copenhagen and Skane Committee (see earlier description) and the common branding of Skane under “Greater Copenhagen”. Paradoxically, this is a case where cross-border governance to better control borders may have addressed one policy issue (migration) but aggravated others (labour market, environment). High-speed train (running at 320 km/hour) was supposed to connect Stockholm with Gothenburg in 2 hours and with Malmo in 2.5 hours by 2035.	11	0	5	1.0
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	58d32dd3dd31d912c280551bd2551ae5	The Committee was also briefed by international organizations on a number of international environmental initiatives and activities. The European Union provided an update of its voluntary environmental footprint project being developed under the EU Single Market for Green Products Initiative. The three-year pilot phase of the project, covering a broad range of industrial and agriculture products, tests the development of environmental footprint methodologies for products and organizations and examines related verification and communication methods. One of the objectives is to reduce consumer confusion over the proliferation of national 'green' labels and methods used to demonstrate the green credentials of a product or organization.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	58d96a4fca759fcfaa7bd85bad1e85d0	Race to the Top, launched in 2009, prioritises improving STEM overall and in under-represented groups - including women and girls - in the grants it awards to states. The department’s Investing in Innovation programme also has a STEM focus. It seeks to increase the number of STEM teachers from groups traditionally under-represented in STEM - e.g. minorities, individuals with disabilities, women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	58daff3b95da24cbe873520022273a56	The Law outlines some practical steps in the organization of the legal, financial, scientific and technical support specified in its provisions. However, weak institutional capacities at central and local levels inhibit enforcement of RES policies. Small HPPs with capacity below 1,000 kW are exempt from royalties.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	58e1fcef3be92505b24767e964c0faff	The reduction and rationalization of subsidies and incentives for energy supply and for energy efficiency is a complex and often controversial process. Approximately 85% of those people live in rural areas, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The low level of electrification is due to a number of factors including poverty, a highly-dispersed rural population, a low degree of industrialization, a historically inefficient energy sector, and difficulties accessing capital to finance the development of modern energy sources (IEA, 2009). Biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal, straw, agricultural residues, and animal dung supply 95% of all energy consumed in the Sub-Saharan African region (RISO, 2008). Most of these fuels are not traded commercially in the formal sector of the economy; rather they are gathered as needed by household members or, particularly in the case of charcoal, may be sold via the informal sector.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	58e37b1a0099c6a42f59253f32df8df6	These rights are provided for under international human rights law, including articles 2.3 (right to a remedy) and 26 (equality before the law) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The right to an effective remedy is relevant for the realization of all human rights, and is to be enjoyed on the basis of equality, without discrimination of any form such as on the basis of sex or gender. The Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	58e4253c310fd4df184bc1c161cc561e	These observed changes in climate have already had an influence on human and natural systems (IPCC, 2007b). The greatest warming over the past century occurred at high latitudes, with a large portion of the Arctic having experienced warming of more than 2 °C. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2007a) concluded that a doubling of C02 concentrations from pre-industrial levels (when they were approximately 280 ppm) would likely lead to an increase of temperature somewhere between 2.0 °C and 4.5 °C7 (the so-called climate sensitivity8).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/469d7fec-en	58ebcdbaf27454fbd9153835ba9080fd	International climate finance can be received through a variety of different channels, by several different actors both within and outside the national government. This leads to significant data, institutional and resource challenges in tracking inflows accurately. Though resource intensive, information collected by domestic finance monitoring systems can provide useful inputs for domestic policy development and implementation. The existence of such systems is currently in early stages in most developing countries, and will likely require support to be fully anchored in domestic institutions and processes.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	58ede41bb4a3830deb51e4bb89d50636	Early intervention to prevent and remedy homelessness is warranted both from a social and cost-effectiveness point of view. In that respect, the strategy focusing on prevention, recently outlined by the Department for Communities and Local Government, is welcome (DCLG, 2012). But this is not the case in the United Kingdom, as children participation in ECEC is higher at the top than at the bottom of the income distribution (OECD, 2011c).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	58ee445d2df46fbc370e8505f75579bf	Schools should be encouraged to use early warning systems to identify students at risk and support them as early as possible. Timeliness matters because later interventions are less cost-effective. This suggests reinforcing educational programmes targeted at early intervention such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme (Maestro mas Maestro) and Aprender schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	58f0218902d12b9201335f29bc95fb3b	The global average degree of implementation of IWRM was 48 per cent (medium-low), but there were great variations among countries. Modest progress is being made, but most countries will not meet the target by 2030 at current rates of implementation. If the components of IWRM are broken down, most progress towards implementation is found in cross-sectoral coordination and public participation at national level (62 per cent), but financing (33 per cent), gender issues (33 per cent) and aquifer management (41 per cent) are areas of concern.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	58f11b86a5cdad0354689ce4554b529b	Most of the options come with uncertainties or downsides. Rules and regulations can cut greenhouse gas emissions substantially, but targets can be unrealistic and legislation too inflexible to adapt to rapidly evolving technological change. A governance structure is indispensable, yet it can also become a source of red tape and corruption.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	58f2dd4cb1c9374711367a78f44bdf35	Climate Change Expert Group Paper No. The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	58f8786e0822f079b0ed1f774d4b2439	Interpretation of the indicators should also be informed by the participation of children in education, including both the actual percentage of children not in school as well as the legal provisions for compulsory education. Regarding forced labour, it is helpful to bear in mind the national legislation regarding the prohibition, criminalisation and punishment of forced labour, including trafficking and its definition. The elimination of discrimination with respect to employment and occupation is another one of the four ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	58fe33eed0a880dafe2c002db1a681ff	For example, the son bias, which seems important in India (see Figure 2.10), can be influenced by the tradition of Dowry payments for girls, which continues despite the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 abolishing it. Another area of weak implementation is inheritance laws (World Bank, 2012), while the equal pay laws were already mentioned above. The monitoring of the implementation of many existing laws on gender equality should be reinforced.	8	5	3	0.25
10.18356/520b80a5-en	590094acb503a190e574594dd365b4d0	Trends in the use of biomass, energy, construction and other minerals show that while the economies of other regions of the world are becoming less resource-intensive over time, the Asia-Pacific economy is requiring more resources to produce one dollar of GDP as the economy grows (see figure 1.25). One factor behind this is the still-significant unmet needs of developing countries in the region. However, a large part can be attributed to economic growth strategies employed by countries. Notably, the region as a whole in 2008 used almost twice the input of resources'6 to create one unit of GDP as the global economy.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	5900c8fa640c2ba6e2416a48b98b9958	Using three country groups makes graphs more easily interpretable, however, most affected countries can further be distinguished as those early affected and those under market pressure. The trends of these two groups however are not always homogenous over the time period observed; we therefore included in the annex the patterns for the 4 country categories. In general, a light blue background denotes a rank in the top third of the table, mid blue indicates the middle third, while dark blue the bottom third.	1	6	2	0.5
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	59024d7d6b7d205207fb8ab7f4a2641a	Among farm activities, the production sector with the highest percentage of vulnerable households is import-competing sectors, followed by rice. Notwithstanding the fact that the average income/ consumption of households involved in main-export crops is similar to that of households involved in non-traded non farm activities (see Table A.2), the share of vulnerable people in the former is higher than in the latter for all years. This is noteworthy if we consider the low incidence of poor households involved in export crops and the roughly equal distribution of income across deciles within that sector.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	59026e7c09726f9a0f4bb07fb3db3bbb	The other gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) account for less than 2%, but their total emissions are growing. These gases differ in terms of their warming effect and their longevity in the atmosphere. Apart from these six GHGs, there are several other atmospheric substances that lead to warming (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, and black carbon - see Box 3.14) or to cooling (e.g. sulphate aerosols).	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	59065aba9036fe71037194c2adb74810	When evaluating the concept of environmental responsibility, the precautionary principle comes into play, which entails that ignorance may not be used as an excuse for delaying or avoiding the initiation of proportionate and cost-effective measures to counteract serious or irreversible damage to the environment. The strategy focuses on the environmental aspects of sustainable fish farming, based on five main areas in which the industry impacts the environment (the impact model). The first four have important implications for coastal area planning and will be addressed in this paper.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	59074c538f78904103320c9e022cda54	Other modalities should also be used: community radio, mobile vans, and information points or boards at the entrances to health or education facilities, among others. Alternatives such as scheduled appointments could be offered to improve participation by poor households and self-selection into registering for available programmes. They rely more on income earned from employment rather than self-production, so they are more vulnerable to unemployment and underemployment, low and erratic incomes in the informal economy, and rising prices.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	590890ef1356e2fdcde9e7c070fbd87c	Stronger numeracy and literacy study in vocational programmes could not only improve the access of graduates to academic tertiary education, but also contribute to a stronger credit transfer system (Fazekas and Field, 2013). As shown by the example of the Netherlands in Box 5.3 (below) improving support for those with weak basic skills might benefit enormously from a system that facilitates information across institutions and teachers. When this information is comprehensive it also might allow policy development to tackle and anticipate the needs of certain student groups.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	590b02883ca06a684a5663dc5f211d89	Wales’ voice in the UK Government is represented by the Secretary of State for Wales in the Wales Office. There are also certain situations in which the Welsh Government works collaboratively with the UK Government on legislation that affects Wales but which is passed by the Westminster Parliament. International mattes, such as relationships with die WHO and the OECD, are also a non-devolved matter.	3	4	0	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	590ce6623259a6a4722df94595e1820a	The analysis focuses on reading achievement, drawing on data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We use several measures to operationalize the two concepts of inequality in education. Our results show that inequality of outcome does not necessarily go hand in hand with inequality of opportunity.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	590dc5ea62fbe32dc08e0dc8c9b9662e	By extension, co-financing and conditionality mechanisms could be useful tools to bolster fiscal relations across levels of government. Finally, there are opportunities to give a more strategic role for the existing fora for sharing information, good practices and analysis on urban challenges in Mexico; SEDATU could follow up on the outcomes of these discussions. Modernising the municipal administration and, where appropriate, developing metropolitan governance arrangements, will be central to better urban planning and management. Measures could include enabling municipal re-election and/or longer terms in office for mayors (recent federal legislation has already paved the way for this change, to be determined at state level), in addition to creating incentives for urban planning and introducing city managers (professional civil servants to guide the day-to-day administration within municipal administrations).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	590f04c024ecf37b472593c015421dec	"The court developed a test detailing when a State must act to protect an individual: ""For a positive obligation to arise, it must be established that the authorities knew of or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal acts of a third party and that they failed to take measures within the scope of their powers which, judged reasonably, might have been expected to avoid that risk."" Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Legal Standards related to gender equality and women's rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System: Development and Application (OEA/Ser. In particular, they provide that the responsibility for prosecuting violence against women lies with prosecution authorities and not with victims of violence, regardless of the level or type of injury. Victim safety and well-being are paramount goals of criminal justice response."	5	2	3	0.2
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	590f74737e13b1e404d4eec785a0f5cf	Most of the ongoing projects aim to increase the capacities of the Balkan countries (in particular Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, and Bulgaria) for lobbying and advocacy concerning e-waste management issues, and to raise awareness about proper e-waste management among citizens, government officials, and the private sector. Bulgaria, and Slovenia are members of the EU, and have therefore adopted the WEEE Directive. However, there is still no national legislation tackling e-waste in Kosovo.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	590fb736ec433a2845b2bd18451f9d1c	Some experts (Barnes, 2007), however, warn that the necessary conditions for such economic growth lie in the parallel or complementary development programmes for the newly electrified communities. While electricity is indeed an important input to rural businesses, farms or other small rural structures, adequate local conditions such as organised rural markets and sufficient credit are necessary for such businesses to grow. Lack of such complementary development programmes in these regions may hinder their economic growth.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	59112dbfcc1ee6eed8c8ad0ae3d8d11a	Targeting the poorest 30% for disability benefits would save 0.4% of GDP and reduce the poverty rate by 0.2 percentage points. They relate to the initial phase of unemployment after any waiting period. Any income taxes payable on unemployment benefits are determined in relation to annualised benefit values (i.e. monthly values multiplied by 12) even if the maximum benefit duration is shorter than 12 months. No social assistance “top-ups” are assumed to be available in either the in-work or out-of-work situation.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264246010-5-en	59176c283f5080a0c113971fc001e40b	But it’s far from clear whether typical workers reaped any benefits during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution; many workers were clearly hurt.” Over just the past few decades, the number of people employed as telephone operators and shorthand typists has dwindled markedly. Other jobs will go in the future; including some “knowledge work” that today might seem to be immune to technology.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	59191f7fcf97b260fd045b313d1b8a6a	These long-term projections are then used to assess the effectiveness and costs of selected adaptation strategies. In addition, model-based scenario analysis can project the effects of climate change on agricultural prices, consumption patterns, trade and land use. This study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT).	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	591b8f77568693b0e8d58cd5e6daaa2b	Different income aggregates4 and population subgroups will be affected differently by different driving forces. It would therefore be difficult to develop one single empirical model to explain changes in final household income inequality drawn directly from macroeconomic variables. Instead, this study adopts a partial, step-wise approach that separately investigates the relevant pathways between the main driving factors and income inequality.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	591ffd1e93bd542f78be77e29b4c41b3	Typically, a soil survey produces data and maps by soil types, soil suitability for various purposes, hazard and degradation potential and, in some cases, maps of specific soil properties. Data and maps on soil typologies covering the national territory are produced primarily by scientific research institutions and by geological, geographical and, sometimes, agricultural authorities. Soil pollution statistics are included under Topic 1.3.4: Soil pollution.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264203464-7-en	5922e6ca2065996b7a94bf3893c5f5a4	Few of the region’s wastewater treatment plants function on a regular basis. As a result, the region’s water sources are reportedly highly contaminated and worsening (Iracheta Cenecorta, 2012). The Puebla-Tlaxcala metropolitan zone is no exception to this trend, and there is also evidence to suggest that urban sprawl may be a more prominent phenomenon in Puebla-Tlaxcala than in other metropolitan zones in Mexico.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	5925182462f4a27c4de977ad0734dd47	Current drivers of Norway’s RE policy, i.e. climate change mitigation and liberalisation of the national energy market, which ends long-term supply contracts to energy-intensive firms, do not engage local communities, and may actually erode regional competitive advantages linked to the availability of cheap (hydro) energy for manufacturing activities. Higher prices for energy will generate larger rents for hydro-power owners and higher taxes and fees for municipalities and counties, but it is difficult to understand the net impact for rural communities. If RE deployment was better linked to local dynamics and if there was compensation available for possible negative impacts, this could increase public support for RE. In this report Troms County is used to identify the county and Troms0 to identify its major city and administrative capital.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	592906dd5d92c6f8e99e9633f4ee37b3	One is that agriculture is a low-paying sector. According to the national Statistics Agency, the monthly average salary in 2010 was KZT 36 332 (USD 246), compared to the national average of KZT 77 482 (USD 524) and to KZT 93 043 (USD 629) in industry. In addition, living and working conditions in rural areas are much less favourable than elsewhere.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	592ae8da30dea17da50e47f780c7dad0	Those that have introduced quotas have seen more immediate increases in the number of women on boards, while those that have taken a softer approach, using disclosure or targets, have seen a more gradual increase over time (Box 14.1). Most countries either require businesses to disclose the gender balance on their boards or, as part of their corporate governance codes, compel companies to comply or explain. Since 2011 companies listed on the FTSE 100 index of big firms have been encouraged to ensure that at least 25% of board members are women, with the voluntary challenge later widened to all firms listed on the larger FTSE 350 index, and increased with companies now asked to reach 33% female board members by 2020.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b276eed7-en	592ea2e69e7eb6b08337b7c559e304f1	The challenge is further complicated by the fact that people who are extremely poor or highly vulnerable to extreme poverty have very little access to retirement or other pensions (in most countries in the region, the proportion is only around 5% or less). At the same time, social security coverage (the percentage of employed workers paying contributions) is under 40% (ECLAC, 2006, p. 45). In view of this trend, ECLAC (2010b, pp. If this transfer were to be targeted at all over-65s living in vulnerable households, it would cost between 0.3% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.2% of the GDP of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	593250c8257bad90a8ac15180c6182dd	The 2013 stock-take of progress found that, of the 35 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems to track and make public allocations on gender equality (OECD/UNDP, 2014: 66). Many more are stepping up their efforts to improve transparency and accountability in financing for gender equality. The strong take-up and interest in the global indicator, even from countries without a system in place to track and make public resource allocation, is a measure of the strength of government commitment to financing gender equality priorities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	593675c05773d620cea79b30f6059097	"The initial risk analysis is based on a review of each school’s outcomes, annual accounts and ""failure signals” such as complaints. For its inspection visits, the Inspectorate uses a detailed framework of quality indicators and a clear set of decision rules. As part of this framework, the Inspectorate of Education also evaluates the internal quality care undertaken by schools ."	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	5937578bc5948bec1b8e49d18405a701	A universal approach such as that just mentioned would in fact have the advantage of eliminating undercoverage error of the targeting approach and the provide a higher individual transfer for younger children. Hpgskolen i Akershus, Akershus University College, Akershus. The Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Macro-Micro Evaluation Techniques and Tools, Palgrave Macmillan.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f47faf05-en	593809c0926921099cb6b8ae7c277607	"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). “ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Main Report"", available from ftp://ftp .fao.org/docrep/fao/003/Y1997E /FRA%202000%20Main%20 report.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Soil resources comprise the top layers (horizons) of soil that form a biological system."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	593bcb4997869f4afa5ea2f6ccecad52	As discussed in Chapter 1, while these individual regions are large (in population size) in their national context, they remain relatively small in the international arena - in fact, none of them gets close to the size of the average OECD region. However, when considered altogether, Western Scandinavia is almost twice as large as the typical OECD region - achieving a potential critical mass of more than 4.8 million people, nearly double the 2.3 million OECD average (Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1). Regarding the regional level, a government bill was presented to the parliament in April 2017 and put forward a proposal to reduce the number of counties from 19 to 10, plus Oslo.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	593d52824c9bc8e0dc8a9a74fd0d17f1	However, household surveys provide little information on who benefits from these services and imputation rules reflect mainly demographic factors (age, sex and the presence of children). They do not account for whether these benefits are means-tested or for the actual use of these services. Further work to better understand the impact of in-kind transfers on income distribution would be an important addition to the existing literature on income redistribution.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	593e26ba910c7fe31e1b5a810b681bea	It might be important to implement higher cost options together with lower cost options, if the deployment of the former has the potential to reduce the longer-term costs of mitigation. These include 1) a contribution to increased energy security, reduced dependence from imported fossil fuels; 2) hedging against price volatility and long-term price increase of fossil fuels; 3) a contribution to the reduction of other pollutants and related risks arising from the use of other energy sources; 4) and a willingness to develop local employment, sometimes reinforced by a perception of the first mover's advantage. When it comes to overlapping C02 and RE policies, the additional cost imposed on the achievement of the C02 target by the RE policy instrument might be simply considered the cost of reaching the other objectives pursued by this policy instrument.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283480-en	593e2dc0e48e8ffe258473b8d3d1a4e0	Drugs included in a positive list are reimbursed at three different rates (100%, 80% and 40%), using criteria such as severity of illness, availability of substitutes, the importance in the therapeutic process and financial burden. The contribution from the central budget to the CNS is legally determined at 40% of its total resources (with no budget cap). Given the resilience of public finances and the favourable labour market situation, the financial resources for health care are expected to be stable in the medium term However, a major health reform in 2010 introduced a number of cost-containment measures to prevent shortfalls in the health insurance budget that had been projected (Box 3). Despite this, Luxembourg's economy weathered the financial crisis quite well and revenue from health insurance contributions increased more than expected.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	593e906959a0fda4832345251e6f631e	Some elements of directional flow listed here may be more important than others and all elements may not warrant an equal focus. Care should be taken to ensure this flow is not double counted in estimates of multilateral climate finance flows. The Rio Markers do not allow exact quantification of amounts allocated within projects specifically to address climate concerns but instead provide an indication of the extent to which donors address the objectives of the Rio Conventions in their aid programmes. There is thus significant room for interpretation and also opportunity for error.53 A marker for adaptation has been included only in 2009; while the initial Rio markers did not explicitly exclude adaptation projects, rendering the distinction between adaptation and mitigation for the past years could only be attempted by review of individual project details and even then may not be possible.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	593fdfb7f8e974536225df1e1cdd3f1e	The ability (or inability) of these projects to continue functioning as planned irrespective of climate variability will affect whether they can meet their stated objectives. In particular, the “Global Investor Statement on Climate Change” (IIGCC, 2011) outlines the elements of “investinent-grade climate and energy policy” necessary to attract large-scale investment, focusing on the clean energy sector. The IIGCC has 285 signatories, who represent assets of more than USD 20 trillion.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	59401b11720a1e909d1f113494521caf	This can be generally described as a pattern of growth in which resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for generations to come. Therefore when examining the benefits of energy efficiency, it is not enough to solely look to the energy savings achieved but rather at the outcomes in terms of economic, social and environmental development. Although there appears to be clear evidence of multiple benefits resulting in welfare gains from energy efficiency improvements, they are difficult to quantify in many cases. A scan of the multiple benefits identified in this report would indicate that, aside from energy savings, the benefits associated with energy security, improved health, energy affordability, economic growth, and job creation are all outcomes that are also current priorities for governments.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	59429bc079bee5dc704273aeabfaf124	Similarly, female labour force participation rates have often changed dramatically within countries over time. While Tunisia’s female labour force participation rate is low by OECD standards, it has increased significantly in the past 50 years. In addition, women in Tunisia are considerably more likely to be active than women in other most other MENA countries.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	594390faa37af164ada22115a8610332	Investment requirements and reduction of overall plant efficiency are even greater if dry cooling is adopted: the estimated cooling system investment costs of dry cooling are about 3-4 times higher than those for wet cooling. For essential service water, the system must be capable of cooling the plant under the worst conditions for 30 days, with a minimal flow rate of 1 m3/s. With an open circuit, a water reserve of 3 million m3 should be available. Other chemical waste is produced by the demineralisation plant, the laundry and cooling water treatment (monochloramine, sulfuric acid, chlorine), depending on the characteristics of the raw water.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7f55e015-en	5946045a92f71850dbd34371e0b04e44	Rethinking Trade and Finance: Wigleyand Cary (2018), The Future is Decentralized: ITC (2018), Unblocking cross-border trade. She is also co-founder and CEO of the Digital Citizen Fund, which helps girls and women in developing countries gain access t< technology, connect virtually with others across the world, and obtain the skills needed to succeed in today's expanding global market. The company began as part of the Herat Information Technology Incubator Program and then grew quickly as I hired many women programmers and bloggers.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	5947028b98ebc1a33df790bed8e5bd3e	This chapter documents gender differences in life expectancy and birth rates (to cover health status); in average years of schooling, labour force participation, inheritance rights and marriage age (to cover socioeconomic status); and in parliamentary seats and suffrage (to cover political rights). A composite indicator shows strong progress in reducing gender inequality in the past 60 years in most regions. Only in East Asia and in Eastern Europe this decline stalled in the 1980s.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188914-en	594db83f2fb584f27e802a321b35e86d	For example, the funding formula for teaching activities, which provides limited incentives for institutions to collaborate with employers, has so far remained in place, although the Ministry of Science and Higher Education is considering changes to the basic funding formula and the pro-quality funding and EU Structural Funds have provided some incentives to this direction. Another major problem is a poor tradition of co-operation between business and the higher education sector. Additionally, employers in Poland are less well-organised than employers in some other European countries.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	594df4b2b512633f8785927d9d17512f	The first is a distinction between old and new capital - often described as a ‘putty-clay’ model. However, for new power plants, modest increases in capital expenditures can result in significant water savings, as one moves from open to closed loop systems and from wet to dry cooling technologies. Using the estimates taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), Figure 11 is created which shows a marginal cost of abatement schedule to which a CGE model could readily be calibrated.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb61760a-en	594e26431df6ee5dd3d51d46401c9405	This plan indicates the measures to be adopted in various areas such as education, employment, hunger and poverty, health, environment, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, leisure-time activities, girls and young women, as well as the full and effective participation of youth in the life of society and in decisionmaking (United Nations, 1995). Education develops the skills of children and young people, preparing them for an ever-changing world. However, this development must have as a corollary the existence of opportunities to use the skills, mainly —but not exclusively— in the world of work. It is through participation in work that one can unleash creative and innovative potential, live a full life, participate in the countless areas of social life, achieve material and symbolic well-being, be a responsible member of society and thus sever the chains of poverty replication that today afflict our societies (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008).	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	595310862c4cabcdbb865d62312a3067	While these roles could be reversed, women typically specialise in household labour because of a temporary comparative (biological) advantage in caregiving around child birth. These initial comparative advantages then turn into long-lasting behaviours because people tend to get better at skills the more they use them Early socialisation also reinforces gendered roles, Becker argues, because parents seek to prepare their children for responsibilities which, they assume, will benefit them in the marriage market. Yet, this division of labour is neither strict nor fixed, as “common preferences” models like Becker’s would suggest - rather, divisions of labour vary across couples and have blurred with time (Bianchi et al.,	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	59535817cb795cb61abb359197530cb7	Indeed, although the spreading of alternative school arrangements widens the scope of users’ choice, it may exacerbate the correlation between socio-economic backgrounds and school resources and quality. Teaching practices could be also improved by reducing the extensive reliance of the system on test scores, and rather develop more comprehensive indicators of school performance. Indeed, despite being important, benchmarking is deemed to have incentivised grades inflation, “teaching to tests” and scarce attention to the development of non-cognitive skills.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	59547a8cf9e66e555953c98d4fecb5a4	The most concerning situation is found in West Africa, with a gender gap of almost 50 per cent. Parity in secondary school enrolment is skewed against boys in Lesotho, Namibia, Cabo Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Botswana and South Africa (UNECA et al, 2015). Any conclusions drawn from this data are therefore extremely tentative (UNESCO, 2014a:5).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	5954d57dec664c9dcb663c6828b9db07	The recent IMF agreement has prompted progress in energy price reforms and the energy policy dialogue with the EU aiming at gradual convergence of Ukraine’s energy sector with the EU internal market has been instrumental in efforts to liberalise Ukraine’s internal gas market and modernise its regulatory framework. These reforms are indispensable for putting in place and implementing energy-related projects co-financed by international agencies. Access to international know-how on financing options and technologies is important, especially in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy investments.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	595a63557a2ab4b8932232f72d2d460d	A predefined reserve capacity for operating and standing reserves has always to be maintained. Furthermore, the possible contribution of every single power plant to the operating and standing reserves is described by further technical restrictions in the model. The energy loss during the charging and discharging process is combined to a cycle efficiency of the storage which is considered during the charging process. For each planning period covering the horizon of one short-term forecast, one optimisation problem is defined. Yet, the consideration of one single short-term forecast is not sufficient for a comprehensive analysis of the annual unit commitment and dispatch of an electricity system. The determination of the optimal unit commitment and dispatch for a longer and continuous period is required.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-9-en	595a6c7d0d8dde1dcc2a868550506275	They actively use this information to tailor their education responses to individual students’ needs. The Starting Block equips teachers with resources to measure and record student progress and achievement in literacy, attendance and general conduct on a daily basis. At the end of each term, students’ families and community members attend Starting Block Awards ceremonies to recognise their achievements. The programme is designed to help children leam to set and realise personal goals.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	595ad35eace6d7e77ea44fd90c440ce1	Taking average income as the benchmark point, the analysis focuses on the lower-half of the income distribution, i.e. moving progressively from median to bottom incomes. This is consistent with a Rawlsian approach to social welfare, which puts relatively stronger weight on the lower end of the distribution. It investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and household incomes at different points of the distribution. Relying on this assessment, different countries may implement different policy reforms, depending on various factors such as societal preferences and aversion to inequality, but also short-term budgetary and or political constraints.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	595cdbd83c3c44a3f98b5fc53e93fa4a	While not reflected in market prices, researchers can nevertheless fairly well identify the external impacts of electricity generation and provision, often measuring them and sometimes even monetising them partially or tentatively. The full costs of the electricity generated by a given technology are thus the sum of the technology’s private, market-based costs plus its social costs. Since at least the early 1990s, when a raft of major studies on energy externalities was launched, accounting for the full costs has become part of the work of a large constituency of researchers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	595daf2c390776a8ad12e9bf423ac753	Les collectivites locales et les regions ont egalement joue un role important dans les efforts d’adaptation, meme si la mise en place de cadres de coordination systematique entre les autorites nationales et infranationales a moins bien progresse. Les etudes de cas et l’atelier de l’OCDE ont neanmoins permis de constater que les pays doivent relever trois grands defis au moment de mettre en application leurs strategies et leurs plans: surmonter le deficit d’informations sur le climat et l’insuffisance des capacites correspondantes, mobiliser un financement adequat et mesurer l’efficacite des interventions d’adaptation. In addition to WPCID delegates, the authors would like to give special thanks to Lisette van Marrewijk of the OECD for her contributions to this work. The authors would also like to thank Jennifer Calder, Kathleen Dominique, Nicolina Lamhauge, Elisa Lanzi, Xavier Leflaive, Raphael Jachnik, Victoria Schreitter and Marie-Christine Tremblay of the OECD for their valuable input and feedback. The authors would also like to thank all participants at the Policy Forum on Adaptation to Climate Change in OECD Countries, 11-12 May 2012.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	595e0733d0666e9753fa2a372f91dc41	Gender mainstreaming pays particular attention to disseminating statistics in formats that are easily understood by a wide audience and making clear the limitations of data collected on the basis of concepts and methods that are not gender-sensitive. Mainstreaming a gender perspective in national statistical systems requires political will at all levels, not only in national statistical offices but also in the statistical services of other Government agencies and in all institutions that provide administrative data (United Nations, 2006). Sensitizing and raising the awareness of both users and producers of data is critical in linking gender statistics to policies.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264212664-en	595f1a4acbb1aeb7e467cee761e86f34	Additionally, the degree to which these long-term emission reduction objectives are part of an internationally-binding agreement will influence clean energy investment decisions - and also potentially access to international finance. For example, international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol are correlated with increased innovation in mitigation technologies (Hascic et al., Emission reporting schemes can pave the way for implementation of carbon pricing.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3adc8369-en	59619abfe661d370ffeeccedf8dfa8c1	We do refer to trade for specific targets for which it is especially relevant. The same applies to SDG 16, and in particular target 16.6 that refers to “effective, transparent and accountable institutions at all levels”. From the literature, it is clear that this is a critical factor which will affect the realization of most of the targets under SDG 14.	14	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5961e0b076bdd576a7fe975f4cc98e1c	Furthermore, public investments must be aligned with economic niches (Porter, 1998 and 1999). It identifies a number of gaps that need to be bridged. To align public and private actions necessary to seize it. To supply a framework to unite public, private and non-profit leaders as a collective guide and owner of the strategy. Attracting talent and business from the centre.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264302037-en	59620dd048abe2ddca16c90104437bf9	Thus, although immigrants seem to decrease the employment rate of Ghanaian-bom workers, no effect is seen on the unemployment rate. This would suggest that if native-bom workers lose their jobs, they also leave the labour force (and are not among the unemployed). It seems therefore likely that immigration is detrimental for workers with a relatively weak attachment to the labour force.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	5964b613ec05f657f27f26f904fcb006	These concerns abour wafting times led to the adoption of a Health Care Guaiantee legislation in 2005 that wovided guidelines on the maximum waiting times for a range of primary care and specialised care services In 2011. Substantial progress was achieved over the past decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for these life-threatening conditions, with the 30-day mortality rate now the lowest among EU countries with available data for ischaemic stroke (Figure 9). This reflects the streamlining of emergency care processes and the provision of better treatments, notably a greater use of thrombolysis for ischaemic strokes. Due to early diagnosis and effective treatments, people in Finland diagnosed with various types of cancer, such as breast, cervical, colon and rectal cancer, have higher survival rates than in most EU countries: (OECD, 2017), and overall mortality from cancer is among the lowest in the EU.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	5965f91c3ae29f6c9f72e40db1ebf0a2	Lastly, Mexico has a conditional cash transfer programme for the poorest rural and urban households: PROGRESA-OPORTUNIDADES-PROSPERA. This social programme reaches a quite important number of poor small-scale farmers of the country. To a lesser extent it also offers several other monetary supports like individual technical assistance, trade events, management training, on-farm infrastructure, stockholding etc.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	59683db55b4467e2256b8a8a4033e755	Currently, two different types of collective bargaining co-exist: one with the right to strike, and the other without the right to strike. It is this last category that has grown during the last 20 years (to almost 31.4 per cent of the total of workers covered by collective bargaining). Furthermore, those workers who do have the right to strike can be replaced from the first day of the strike under certain conditions.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	596b278def5673c536efeb8d9bc8f759	A consensus on the need to engage in rebuilding is a driving force for industry-initiated rebuilding plans as the case studies from Japan, Korea and Iceland clearly demonstrate. Such measures usually define rights for the participants in the fishery, although those rights may vary considerably in nature and form. These instruments have been or are being introduced into an increasing number of fisheries (e.g. OECD, 1997; OECD, 2006; EU, 2009). Examples include community-based quotas (CQs), individual quotas (IQs) and individual transferable quotas (ITQs).	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/85b52daf-en	596caa40ceb71df6deabca8e45b64f7a	Examples of activities that fall within this latter category include partnerships between donors and companies that are facilitated by CSOs, and matching grant schemes (e.g. challenge funds) where donor financing goes towards a third party to implement the activity. Activities to support the enabling environment are also included, if there is an implication of active private sector involvement (e.g. SME engagement/ development programs, business capacity building, value chain development activities etc.). Direct donor support to the private sector currently provides the best data on which to base a top down assessment of donor private sector engagement for climate change, however, such an analysis would underestimate bilateral donor efforts in this area due to gaps in the coverage of climate-related development finance data reported by bilateral DFIs.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264310278-en	5973da4b0bd36e581c24f7b830f7a50e	Numerous studies have illustrated the impact of licensing policies on a number of variables such as the quality of services provided, wages, employment, prices, and geographic or job mobility; all of which provide mixed results. In this paper, the link with job mobility is the focus of the analysis. One main factor that has been attributed to this decline is the prevalence of regulatory barriers, notably occupational licensing.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3wb8f2dr36-en	597462f6c7c6f52c3d775ed09d69b67b	Australian energy providers delivered another USD 100 million in spending (Crossley et al 2012), while Brazilian energy providers spend about USD 250 million each year (Mauer 2012). Energy providers have a strategic position in energy markets, often serving as middleman between energy producers and energy consumers. Energy providers have long-standing commercial relationships with even the smallest end-use customers, allowing them to influence energy saving activities in diffuse markets.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	597a8c452e11165e37f323afc383983e	This sub-section shows that while scheduling mandatory interviews may already generate positive employment impacts through a threat effect, such services are particularly effective if they are of high quality. While a high frequency of interviews may be desirable, it is often constrained by staff caseloads - the ratio of clients to employment counselling staff. As for initial eligibility reviews, counselling services may be more effective through the threat effect (i.e. causing flows off benefit prior to the actual interview) than through the actual delivery of the service (Graversen and van Ours, 2008; and Hagglund, 2011). A recent study for the United States shows that claimants who exited benefit before a scheduled job-search assistance programme had improved job prospects in the longer run compared with those who participated (Cebi et al.,	8	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	597e1a31e59d22077847d39a54be5f76	"Within each pathway, a number of more detailed measures are defined. In addition, within the NDC landscape the Nordic countries are well positioned to help build ""the financing system we need for climate action AND from the global Agenda 2030 perspective"", and support the required financial sector and fiscal reforms not only in improving ""conduciveness"" of policies but also breaking apart unconducive policies such as the fossil-fuel subsidy schemes in an equitable and peaceful manner. Overall Nordic countries have been actively involved in adaptation funding through multilateral agencies with a strong adaptation mandate and addressed adaptation through crosscutting initiatives."	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	597e43e06dc07a610fa091deb37b8f9d	The Grenadian officials interviewed on this issue were quite passionate and had great expectations that once the policy and associated strategy and plan were implemented, then the well-being of the most vulnerable - in particular, rural communities, women and youth - will be enhanced. It was also pointed out that government has limited fiscal space given its mounting debt burden, high unemployment and slow growth. The issue of national absorptive capacity, in particular human capacity at the individual and the institutional levels, was flagged as a major area of concern. It was pointed out that there was no budgetary flexibility to engage the necessary human resources; at the same time, optimal use has not been made of existing capacity, as a result of inadequate collaboration and co-operation mechanisms and evidence of ‘turfism’.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	59807ea9679323694bad93ca40c13de0	County councils are in charge of how hospitals within their domain are reimbursed. Most county councils have been using a purchaser-provider model since the 1990s, in which payment is established according to volume of activities. This entails purchasing organisations working with hospital health care providers in order to draw up contracts covering finances and activities, generally based on fixed per-case payments with price or volume ceilings and quality components. However, given the high level of autonomy granted to county councils, payment mechanism details vary widely across Sweden’s administrative regions (Street et al.,	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	59817bab27fa71125af7ca040e5805bb	This implies no responsibility by community or government and gives the impression that road trauma is inevitable. The implication in the use of the word 'accident' is that road trauma is an 'act of God' and outside our control. New Zealand Police prefer the term crash or collision to ensure that these events are not regarded as inevitable, as most road incidents are preventable.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	598330ec108e97a85cab77be2e5cda37	She joined the OECD Programme on International Management in Higher Education (IMHE) in 2005 to coordinate and manage the first round of OECD Reviews of Higher Education in Regional Development which took place in 2005-2007 and embraced 14 regions in 12 countries. She is leading the second round of reviews in 2008-10 which is reaching out to 14 regions and city-regions in G8 countries and emerging economies. She is the co-author and editor of the OECD publication “Higher Education and Regions - Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged” (OECD, 2007). Before joining the OECD, Puukka had experience in higher education and regional development in Finland as a national and local government adviser, programme manager, practitioner and evaluator.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5988acc6b1ce73e25526aa07e0e7dbd7	Rigorous and continuous methods to assess and anticipate skill needs are also needed, together with methods for quality assurance and the monitoring of training providers. The share of women on board of listed companies in Chile is among the lowest in the OECD (Figure 12, Panel B). The major obstacle Chilean women face to participate more fully is the traditional gender roles towards work and care.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	598ad3628ebf69b2b2f297de677a39c1	But as economies in the region recover, interest in sustainable development has been revived. As ASEAN comprises a diverse group of countries at different stages of development, they vary in their capacity to effect green growth. Brunei Darussalam, an oil exporter with a small population, also occupies a unique position among ASEAN countries.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	598c4f4e16b66619837a1d52a4d2d79e	It therefore reflects in broad terms the structure shown in Figure 2.10. Under the Act, stock assessments are used to trigger regulatory action (Box 2.8). This Act also requires rebuilding to take place within ten years, with some exceptions. While this has been criticised as inflexible, such a deadline has a number of important benefits. It allows compliance with the requirements of the Act to be clearly assessed, it makes the rebuilding target real and enforceable, and low'ers the political transactions costs surrounding identifying the relative importance of stock rebuilding versus near-term economic losses.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	598d28e0694613192b20c9fb26010698	Early marriage, which disproportionately affects young girls in some countries in the region, decreases the chances that girls continue studying or engage in economic activities, as they usually became responsible for home tasks and the care of children (UNICEF, 2005). The figure in this box shows that both in North and Sub-Saharan African regions married women are more likely to be NEETs than unmarried women. Young girls are much more likely than young men to be married early and therefore look for more flexible jobs that they usually find in the informal sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	5990af143ca814407a457fee90477c37	"This separation of activities is maintained through norms of femininity and masculinity: women's fishing work is often conceptualized as ""not fishing"", as if this work were an extension of their traditional role of (unpaid) household labour (SPC 2007). The association of fishing from boats, especially on open seas, with maleness is supported by cultural practices and taboos around the world with respect to women in boats (Lambeth et al. The sex segregation of fishing is not merely the result of gender boundaries: in fishing communities fishing defines these boundaries (Yodanis 2000)."	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	599498471da93a3a0f606e8582bd39ea	A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Immigration Policing in Gauteng, Forced Migration Studies Programme, Johannesburg. Following the sections on the volume and nature of employment, the chapter examines occupational change using a demographic decomposition method. Comparisons are also made between the human capital of native-born and immigrant workers, including with regard to skills mismatch. Although new legislation was introduced in the early 2000s, there was also a continuation of past migration policies focusing on security issues.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	599499167545a5f49c11d04bf3f61832	More positively, there are emerging signs of Cambodia expanding into products offering higher export growth opportunities than traditional products (e.g. footwear, unprocessed rice, and some electronics and transport equipment), although they still remain relatively limited compared to the more traditional export basket. Diversification across export destinations is also taking place to some extent but at a much slower pace, as the major export markets remain the US and the EU (Warr and Menon, 2015). While recent increases in the real minimum wage for the garment and footwear sector may be warranted from a social policy perspective, notably after years of stagnation in real terms in the 2000s (ILO, 2016), rapid surges in labour costs without productivity improvements put additional pressures on producers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	59968b35e80d21bdc2d4b1902d9613f0	At age 16, students sit for the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) examinations - the equivalent of General Certificate of Education (GCE) O-Levels. At around the age of 18, those students who continue at school can sit for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (equivalent to GCE A-Level), also set by the Council. A strong emphasis on education has resulted in a national literacy rate of around 98 per cent, which is one of the highest in the world (Barbados Education, 2012). Education is promoted nationally as a lifelong activity which seeks to produce culturally-based, technologically-driven, diverse and dynamic outcomes for all of its citizens. The University of the West Indies (UWI), which has a high reputation for its standards, operates three campuses in the Caribbean, with the Cave Hill Campus located in Barbados.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	59999ba580153c33e2fdbf21920dfc90	"The type and quality of jobs can have direct effects on health through occupational hazards, or may affect health indirectly through income security or through psychological and social mechanisms. In Central and Eastern Europe, the Roma people routinely suffer deprivation.16 In Bulgaria, for example, their life expectancy at any age is five to six years below the rest of the population, while their infant mortality rate is six times the national average. In Hungary, infant mortality among the Roma is nearly four times the average for the country, while in Romania it is two and a half times greater.17 In Indonesia in 1995, mortality among non-Javanese children was 36 per cent higher than among Javanese, while non-Chinese children had mortality rates nearly four times higher than the rate observed among Chinese children (whose parents are likely to be wealthier). Social Determinants of Health, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. The widening gap in mortality by educational level in the Russian Federation, 1980-2001"", American Journal of Public Health, vol. In Latin America, the prevalence of child diarrhoea and maternal mortality is significantly higher among indigenous people than among non-indigenous."	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	599a3386d1e90f2e8852611082cb645f	The agricultural sector is responsible for approximately 47% of the world's methane (CH4) and 58% of its nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (Vermeulen et al., This necessitates a transition within the agricultural sector, which not only meets increased productivity, and meets poverty alleviation and adaptation goals, but also delivers mitigation benefits. On a global scale, the agricultural sector carries a significant potential to mitigate climate change, e.g. by reducing emissions and increasing productivity throughout the supply chain and by increasing sequestration through changing land use practices (Campbell et al.,	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	599f3d15ef3b1acff5d90ac3c4d97c61	In low-income economies, like Lao PDR and Pakistan, about two-thirds of employed women work in agriculture, but there is some shift from the agricultural to the service sector (ILO, 2012a). For example, in Cambodia, the number of women in agriculture decreased from 83% to 57% in 13 years (1998-2011) and increased from 13% to 26% in the services sector over the same period. At least 80% of women in East Asia [Japan, Korea, Hong Kong (China) and Macau (China)] are engaged in the services sector. On average this is 83% for women in OECD countries (OECD, 2012a). Within the services sector, retail trade and hospitality are most popular for women in OECD countries, followed by health and social work. A high proportion of men and women who work in the informal sector in developing countries tend to be self-employed (OECD, 2012a).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	59a2c9e98c00b62669a7622d827198b4	How labour market information could contribute to the design of various employment services is likewise a challenge given the wide-ranging services involved: job matching, vocational guidance, information dissemination, organising job fairs, subsidies for unemployed workers, wage subsidies, and on-the-job training. Flexibility in the management of labour market policies and programmes is central to optimising their contribution to competitiveness, inclusion and prosperity at the local level. Flexibility can take the form of the involvement of local offices in the design of programmes, freedom to choose how to spend budgets, the possibility to negotiate performance targets and choose target groups for programmes, and the opportunity to collaborate with other actors (see Box 3.2).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	59a3e1513d2492a7ca74d8f98ab992fa	Strengthened capacity in key sector ministries to include environmental sustainability in their strategies. Improved livelihoods and access to environmental and natural resources for the poor. A review' of these (below) illustrates the various approaches that are emerging. Strategic Goal A is to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	59a3ec1a6b596f981c0a69f6bb8f40b4	The Local Government Units Public Financial Management (LGU PFM) Reform Roadmap and Implementation Strategy, an initiative launched by the national government in 2015, could consider this particular topic. Given the horizontal fragmentation of LGUs in Metro Cebu and the need to develop infrastructure across the whole metropolitan area (e.g. water, transport), this is a critical obstacle to finance urban green growth. The Board should be entitled to borrow from banks and on markets to make the necessary investment to carry out the functions devolved by the Local Government Code. By legislation, Metro Vancouver districts are required to operate balanced budgets and any deficit must be repaid immediately the follow ing year.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	59aafb2aa792d68e09c5a915064dd095	Special schools are left with a student population with a higher level of special needs on average, which will increase expenditure per student. They will typically have to continue to cover the fixed costs of operating a school, but with fewer students. Figure 2.7 shows that the number of special schools has declined by 15% between 2010 and 2014.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	59b2fce1e9c13f3f0dbc49ee6e078f63	"With funding of AUD 12.9 billion, the “Water for the Future’"" programme has targeted improving water use efficiency, securing water supplies and improving river health. A key aim of the programme has been to improve environmental flows in the basin. This is being achieved through a combination of voluntary buybacks of water entitlements (primarily from irrigators) and investment in irrigation efficiency upgrades, with a percentage of the “saved” water being held by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder and used for environmental purposes."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-4-en	59b5127fcbeefb855e64dd01f30e3f7b	Concurrently, pollution from land-based sources including marine litter is threatening species and marine habitats and climate change compounds these effects, altering both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability (Bijma et al., Since the 1980s, for example, an estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared (UNDP, 2012). The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high - estimates suggest that the cumulative economic impact of poor ocean management practices is in the order of USD 200 billion per year (UNDP.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	59b7cb45c1ae0ecd9edfd1a84fd0596d	It covers all sectors except transport. On 30 November 2016, the European Commission proposed an update to the EED, including a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030. These include indicative national energy-efficiency targets, strategies to reduce energy consumption of existing buildings, the introduction of energy-efficiency requirements in public procurement, obligations for energy companies to help customers save energy, and improvements to customer metering and billing.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	59bcb1b551b446b3b732546a3e6eb844	These gains must be made in a context in which men’s wellbeing at a minimum is stable, and ideally, in which men also experience improvements in well-being. Thus, for the purposes of meeting SDG 5 and other SDG targets, full employment is needed, the definition of which will differ, depending on a country’s structure of production.'’ To be effective, these will need to be accompanied by appropriate and creative macroeconomic policies.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	59be2b3919df0998beac64ff34d6230b	However, applying these principles will nevertheless have an impact on effectiveness. This is because they help the financial institutions determine whether projects are climate-resilient. For example, whether projects such as hydropower plants (mitigation-related) or coastal infrastructure development (adaptation-related) will be able to function as planned given expected ranges of rainfall, sea-level rise, etc.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	59c2bb80f21bf1e0ebb4c2a043a24e95	Metropolitan-wide planning raises questions about the appropriate scale to tackle land-use issues; the democratic legitimacy of decisions that take place outside of formal governmental institutions; and the ability to secure stable forms of funding and achieve long-term goals. Experiences from other jurisdictions demonstrate some potential strategies for Prague to pursue. Following this, strategies to manage inter-jurisdictional land-use conflicts are discussed along with the potential of rural-urban partnerships.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	59c31bdd3234e4c4e8827cc1741b182e	Further technological innovation, which draws on indigenous knowledge, is needed to adapt disaster-resilient infrastructure, housing and natural coastal protection to local conditions and to make the technologies more affordable for developing countries. National-level disaster risk management will thus need to be linked to regional mechanisms of cooperation, including for maintaining joint monitoring, forecasting, and early warning systems, and defining risk reduction strategies. Technology transfer should ensure that recipients have the capacity to install, operate, maintain and repair imported technologies.	2	3	2	0.2
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	59c85234ac01786a769ae8b136fc1f15	The study found that these operators significantly lowered distribution costs by controlling the level of commissions paid out to dealers who acquire customers. However, the BTNM can emerge even under less-than-ideal conditions, as is demonstrated by the case of Bangladesh, an LDC, where market entry occurred under opaque conditions and interconnection was denied to new entrants for a long period by the government-owned incumbent operator. The countries with low active SIMs per 100 inhabitants (SIMs/100) and low CAGRs (Compound Annual Growth Rates) have not removed barriers to entry.	10	1	3	0.5
10.6027/eb40a355-en	59c9a4bae97be5171668fa6c94f0ae19	Further complicating is the fact that there is also overlap in health effects between PM2.5 and N02. It is not clear to what extent health effects are different when people are exposed to a combination or cocktail of different pollutants. In real life, exposure to such a cocktail is the most likely situation. Important to note is that there is no doubt that PM2.5 has significant negative impacts on health and should be kept as a representative tracer of such effects.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	59cd3f900714eb51dbed26b9a36af458	The attestation process requires the teacher to submit a portfolio containing information about their participation in further training and other pedagogical activities (e.g. development of teaching methods and curricula), as well as information about the educational achievement of their pupils (e.g. winners of Olympiads and other competitions). Those candidates who want to apply for attestation for a category update before the mandatory period of five years is over must also take an examination developed by the National Testing Centre. The examination consists of 60 multiple choice questions (20 questions on Kazakhstan laws and regulations, 20 questions on the basics of psychology and pedagogy, 20 questions on subject knowledge).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	59cda4203d9918fe592951702141ee2a	They also underline that a costed approach to social protection spending will be easier to achieve than maintaining social protection spending at a certain level of GDP. There are existing projected figures until 2019/20 for programmes such as the rural and urban productive safety net programmes. These figures are adopted from the official documents after adjusting the figures for inflation but extrapolations are used to project for the years between 2020/21 to 2025/26.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	59cdc6f50e0f424284700cf913bb3adb	They also only counted items as absent if respondents said they lacked them, that is, wanted them but could not afford them. The same methods were used by Gordon and Pantazis (1997) and techniques were developed (see Bradshaw et al, 1995) for weighting the items by the proportion of the population who already possessed them - now known as prevalence weighting. The last study in Britain using this method was the Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey (Pantazis et al, 2006).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	59cdde36e13c2b0c8dc37f68fbdf2da4	However, things may not be quite as straightforward from the point of view of a private investor. Given that in a liberalised market the marginal fuel (the one with the highest variable cost, i.e. gas) sets the price of electricity, the electricity price in a liberalised market tends to fluctuate with the gas price thus preserving a rather stable profit margin for investors in gas. In a market with regulated prices instead, investors in nuclear would benefit from a stable profit margin and investors in gas would have to cope with the volatility of their cost base.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a692184d-en	59d16dabdcdba53156ddc75c55c105b5	Vocational-technical education prepares individuals to acquire professional knowledge and a trade-specific qualification. There are 231 institutions offering programmes for secondary specialized education, including 12 private institutions. In 2014, 33,800 young professionals graduated from vocational training institutions and 41,400 students from secondary specialized vocational training institutions received a diploma. These numbers correspond to the overall demand for workers in the economy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	59d1ff15d0b27370cb806e8e4f99023a	The skills are not only important to working in a job, but at the same time determine how easy or difficult it is to find another job, for example, in case of dismissal or problems at the workplace. For this reason, a further indicator measures employability, in other words, the self-perceived usefulness of the worker's skills and experiences for finding another job. Finally, a further indicator regards skills match, in other words, whether employed persons can actually use their skills in their current job.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	59d4ae3bc215ea1db19a130482308012	Asymmetries of revenue and funding are also likely to undermine the co-ordination of water policies across ministries and public agencies. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. Often, ministries of finance and economy are not directly involved in making decisions during water policy reforms, which can raise implementation challenges at a later stage.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c341a207-en	59d74cc2ae31f9a81d46091b1d16a2fa	It also seeks to help streamline smart sustainable cities' action plans and establish best practices with feasible targets that urban development stakeholders are encouraged to meet. The U4SSC is supported by 16 United Nations agencies, programmes, funds and secretariats.6 It has also developed key performance indicators for measuring progress towards achieving the objectives of smart sustainable cities. The key performance indicators are being implemented by 50 cities globally.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	59d98381dd0abe40d36865194256b96b	This results in the development of five-year education budgets that only weakly link to medium- and long-term strategies for the education sector. Nonetheless, in a positive development subsequent to the visit by the OECD review team, ANEP established annual targets for the period 2016-20 in its 2015-19 Budget Plan covering 61 indicators in a range of areas. There is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision). The allocation mechanism seeks to ensure that, in each school, a basic level of resources is made available that enables students, regardless of their socio-economic background, to benefit from a similar schooling experience.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	59d9b99435d303ab5c6981019e25b204	Seen holistically,there are certain factors that can make land rights more secure for women. Therefore, notwithstanding the type of tenure, all persons must possess a degree of legal security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats. Each point along this continuum can provide for women's rights to land, provided that discrimination is prohibited and that women are granted legal security of tenure. However, care must be taken to ensure that women's rights are respected and that the concept of security of tenure itself is seen from an integrated gender perspective.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	59d9f8b89f869caa6a04b23463f03405	The City of Cologne, for example, co-ordinates water and spatial planning for new building areas to prevent flood damages because of heavy rainfalls. Municipal authorities in the Netherlands, through the “Water Assessment” instrument, take water management into account in their spatial planning decisions. Even though it is not binding, this tool is considered effective for linking water authorities and cities (OECD, 2014b). Energy production is strongly dependent on water for power generation, fossil fuel extraction, transport and processing, and irrigation of biofuels crops.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6945b514-en	59ddb29e70c52e677941d58e024308df	Awareness and understanding of the achievements and challenges in implementation of the Platform for Action are important if gender equality is to be achieved. Gender equality is, in turn, important because it is fundamental to all persons — women, men, girls and boys — fully and freely exercising their fundamental human rights and freedoms, to their living lives with dignity, agency and voice, and for the “development” and preservation of inclusive, equitable, democratic and peaceful societies. While noting exceptions, a general trend is evident with a positive correlation between “human development” and gender equality.	5	0	12	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	59de6da18006d25f6a0a3b0c7a565f96	Younger and better educated women have more opportunities to start their own business in the emerging knowledge-based economy. According to the study of Adrien et al. ( Between 2001 and 2004, revenue growth for firms run by single self-employed women rose by a cumulative 70% - three times faster than revenue growth among firms run by married women (CIBC, 2005). Third, better educated women are becoming the majority in most fields, they are gaining ground in traditional men’s areas such as business, natural and applied sciences, and engineering, they are entering in new growth sectors such as finance, insurance and real estate, and the growth rate of women’s self-employment in the emerging sectors related to the knowledge-based economy including health, social services and business services is rising (Adrien et al.,	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	59df9a404af7bb20fb0dee6f73779236	Many benefit from women's unpaid labour, including care for others, performed in households.19 Firms, for example, rely on the human resources that are produced and sustained through such work. The unequal distribution of the costs of care therefore supports economic growth, since those who benefit from these investments in the next generation do not pay the associated costs. The World Bank has examined this relationship and concluded that improving gender equality is 'smart economics’ that is, it contributes to growth and economic development.21 In fact, whether greater gender equality or greater gender inequality is associated with economic growth depends on the specific indicator used.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	59e32bc659c8914fccc688cb098b653e	Increases in health insurance coverage then stagnated, but picked up again after 2008, reaching 94.7% of the population in 2014 (see Figure 1.7 in Chapter 1) -thus practically achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Together, these expansions allowed the uninsured population to shrink from 12.4% of the population in 2008 to 5.3% in 2014 (Table 2.1). Moreover, the coverage of SEM with respect to the salaried economically-active population was around 72%, while it was 80% among non-salaried economically-active population. Table 2.2 shows the insurance coverage of the population by income quintile, socio-demographic characteristics, by sex and detailed occupation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/44e08493-en	59e6c67647eb259dd5b475a8e8326b30	In particular, small measured differences may not be statistically significant, meaning that the sample is too small and the outcome too variable to give us confidence that the measured differences reflect true differences in the populations. Thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	59e85c32a89f6e59c2dc09febc792e31	A key component of the Basin Plan is the environmental watering plan, which co-ordinates all environmental watering across the basin. The Plan also contains a water quality and salinity management plan and water quality targets which influence how environmental flows and the water resources are managed. For example, in France, the minimum biological flow and the reserve flow required are based on the observation of ecological needs. Figure 3.14 depicts the proportion of allocation examples that report that key factors are taken into account in the definition of the available resource pool. Specific information about how this is done, such as the methodological approach used, are reflected in country profiles.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	59eba33f68562df1c8e38ce2ddf6d27f	Finally, there are no unanimously used definitions in the literature to classify the different types of public stocks. Furthermore, some call stocks that aim to stabilise prices buffer stocks, while others refer to them as strategic reserves, stabilisation stocks, regulation or regulatory stocks, or intervention stocks5. In addition, some buffer stock schemes seek to influence the fundamental level of prices while others do not.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	59eed4c91de7a46bb4fa610e61101e8c	However, in the South irrigation is managed mainly by large Boards which are highly interconnected with urban and industrial water supply agencies. This is essentially due to the fact that most important water structures (e.g. dams, aqueducts, pumping stations) are constructed for multi-sectorial water use and their management is frequently under the Boards’ competence. The 183 Group is a not-for-profit organisation established in 1995 by Members of Parliament, environmentalists, and representatives of regions, local governments, trade unions and company managers.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	59ef02420a818ce5969444b9f2917661	When using surveys and/or questionnaires, evaluators forming an ultimate judgement of a school leader’s performance need to bear issues of fairness and objectivity, validity and reliability in mind, especially where appraisal may lead to summative consequences. Different stakeholders may hold different expectations of their school leaders depending on their interests, levels of experience and involvement in the school’s affairs (Ginsberg and Thompson, 1992; Davis and Hensley, 1999). Not all decisions a school leader makes may be viewed equally favourable by all stakeholders (Reeves, 2009).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	59f0c62e9566d92140cd9f42d61319bc	This allows an analysis of the population of founders seeking financing in a way that has not previously been possible, and a direct investigation of whether and why gender appeals to be an important determinant of fundraising success. Examples include (but are not restricted to) Alexy et al. ( First, Crunchbase cannot avoid selection, insofar as start-ups initially may also seek other platforms or ways to receive financing. This does not necessarily pose a problem for investigating the gender gap, as long as there are no grounds to think that this self-selection is related to gender.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	59f3d7311d571595b5c7a45adff27cba	The majority (71%) of adaptation-related bilateral ODA targets adaptation as a significant objective (Figure 2.1). This means that the intervention has other prime objectives but has been formulated or adjusted to consider the effects of climate change. However, the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (DAC CRS) database includes data on the volume of ODA allocated to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). These figures also include financial flows targeting risks unrelated to climate, but the overall trends are informative.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176621-en	59f6d72d961de8565d819d482ab496c9	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopiss.com.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	59f750965a33004b5d2ce8c1e2b99f00	To be more precise, it includes policies and programmes that aim to reduce poverty and make people less vulnerable to unemployment, social exclusion, sickness, disability and old age by helping them to manage these risks and shocks. This is one of the most important innovations in recent social protection policy and is a reaction to the problem of how to find and target the poor. While most social protection programmes do include administrative mechanisms for reaching the poor, increasingly policy makers recognise the high costs associated with poverty targeting, and are aware of the important trade-offs.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	59f8ab665eac94fa434c69ea8f77e2a2	Information on land take by urban and and other artificial land development in Europe is given as a complement. Their interpretation should consider the levels of economic development and the structure of countries’ economies and patterns of trade. Geographic factors and population density also play a role. Internationally harmonised data on conversions from one type of land use to another are not yet available.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	59f98ab1bd71d16449cfa5971daa46e5	This includes seasonal migration - a particularly important form linked to agricultural production cycles. These differences in opportunities also imply that migration has a high potential to contribute to economic, social and human development. Rural-urban migration in particular has always been, and will continue to be, an integral part of this process.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	59fc1feef9bece8bf072bdad281a0f12	To this end, UNITAID has committed up to $4 million for one year. The Patent Pool may license substances and technologies received from patent holders to pharmaceutical producers to supply certain low and middle income developing countries (although licenses will be available without discrimination as to the geographical location of the producer). The rationale behind pooling patented technologies lies in the fact that until now, patents on the most recent drugs owned by different companies have blocked the development of more affordable generic versions of these drugs, as well as of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) by generic or R&D-based producers.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	59fcd1290730dc297569125d61852dec	The IIC mentioned above has identified an unexpected benefit related to their programming and hiring practices, which gives some preference to applicants from local indigenous communities. What IIC has observed is that in addition to individual benefits related directly to their programme involvement, a meaningful number of these former staff and students have subsequently gone on to influential positions in their communities. With such relationships between the centre and nearby community leaders established over time, IIC is in a very good position to support broad and powerful community-based ESD within traditional channels. This programme has drawn participants from school-based eco-clubs which are common in the country, and is part of a tiered approach to ECHO’s work with communities that also includes the establishment of eco-teams involving adults and community leaders to support student and youth activities (Kaieteur News 2010).	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	59fd268b3c5fe6e6f2a7b7a3045fa7fe	This would require reducing the prevalence of two- or even three-shift schools by investing in school infrastructure. This would also require reducing teacher absenteeism by introducing a monitoring system coupled with financial incentives. In the case of poor results, apply the recently introduced performance incentive system for teachers’ remuneration, placement and firing more consistently.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8e319423-en	59fff62f4254135726be0c2ebfea4732	Reported costs of desalinated water per cubic metre are usually given in a summary form. However, summary costs do not specify what is included in the cost and may or may not contain such cost factors as land acquisition and regulatory costs or contingency factors that can significantly influence the cost of desalination. A large review of published desalination costs shows a range of $0.27/m3 to $6.56/m3 for seawater desalination and SO.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	5a04df719f5947fb984ae0c6de72c780	When analysing the responses of the participants, phrases and short sentences were categorised in sub themes and consequently examined. Only registered schools were investigated. Data on union membership by gender was also not accessed for the same reasons. Furthermore, few primary schools were selected from each of the four sampled districts so that data collected through a highly qualitative questionnaire could be manageable. The questionnaire was distributed at different times as the selected districts constituted clusters.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d902f55-en	5a0de366340bc2c2af60f7fa1c872f4f	Examples include support from the governments of Sweden (through Sida and SAREC), Norway (through NORAD), Japan (through JICA), and overseas development assistance (ODA) facilities offered by many other governments, as well as structured partnerships between local and foreign universities (historic), and China and South Korea, more recently. Within these initiatives, short-courses and training workshops (1-3 weeks), with some longer-term degree courses (1-4 years) has been a primary vehicle for improving local capacity. Traditionally the pipeline mode existed in which scientists set the research agenda, conduct the research, and then transfer the results to potential users.	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	5a146aaae00812e8dc66f643efb4a79d	Given that banks were not willing to launch the Greencoat IPO without the UK GIB and BIS as cornerstone investors, the IPO provides an excellent example of a transaction that would not have worked without the involvement of government as an investor. A combination of government (for profit) capital, and the name and reputation of these government entities helped the transaction be successfully completed. The government backing helped de-risk the IPO for institutional investors, but the deal also reflects the extent to which there is appetite for the kind of low-risk infrastructure-style investment in operational wind projects that Greencoat aims to execute.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	5a182ae29800b22bb9806cc3519e94e5	Of note, qualitative evidence from the target population finds that many women believe the balance of benefits to risks is acceptable and welcome the opportunity to take part in breast screening (Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening, 2012). What is still lacking, however, is a national population-based system that issues personalised invitations to all Czech citizens regularly, based on age, gender and screening history. The plan has a number of objectives all linked to the ultimate aim of reducing the burden of cancer in the Czech Republic, including improving rates of early diagnosis, in part through more effective screening, accrediting treatment centres on the basis of workforce skills, equipment, self-evaluation and communication, and encouraging research and innovation. The Czech Society for Oncology exists as a professional network, a significant part of whose work is dedicated to supporting patients through education and information, including around screening and prevention.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	5a1cc29afa1619472c1c15beb9454128	This is largely due to the limited attention which GHPs have given to support activities and technical assistance in beneficiary countries, which has made it difficult for the poorest countries to maximize benefits from the GHPs’ programmes. In spite of the important achievements accomplished on HIV/ AIDS, it should be recalled that today the top killer diseases in most poor countries are respiratory and intestinal diseases leading to child deaths from pulmonary failure or diarrhoea (see table 6). Yet there is very little advocacy for addressing these problems, and there is no GHP to support them.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	5a2116cb49cd55192d1eba9ba2168a96	This ratio has proven roughly constant for most technologies - although it differs significantly from one technology to another. However, the fact that the progress ratio is usually constant means that technology learning occurs more quickly from market experiences when technologies are new than when they are mature. This is why new techniques, although more costly at the outset, may become cost-effective over time if they benefit from sufficient dissemination.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/02e538fc-en	5a22861e409e59d07135fe0c7a1142b4	Following international guidelines and standards, such as ICATUS, allows time use data to be comparable across countries and over time. Costa Rica, for example, has committed to produce time use survey every three years (See Box 2). The UK has produced household satellite accounts from 2005 to 2014 measuring the value of adult and childcare, household housing services, nutrition, clothing and laundry, transport and volunteering.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	5a2476ca5723afa1884e9a9052c2a740	The highest rates recorded were in South Africa where 25 per cent of participants reported witnessing their mothers being abused by their respective partners (ibid.). National surveys of violence against children conducted in Kenya,Tanzania, Swaziland and Zimbabwe indicate an association between exposure to sexual violence in childhood and adolescent participation in HIV risk behaviours (Richter et al., However, with the exception of South Africa's Birth to Twenty study, there are no longitudinal studies able to shed clear insights on processes involving parents and adolescents. Forty per cent of this study's sample had direct or vicarious experience of community or family violence, most of whom did not show signs of high-risk behaviour in early adolescence (Richter, 2006).Those who did, showed advanced pubertal development for their age and lived in environments where they were exposed to older adolescents, without monitoring and supervision by caring adults (ibid.).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	5a2532ca45c76b57c20f45f223bb6295	It analysed a wide range of measures - child benefits and allowances, parental leave, tax-splitting advantages for married couples, tax allowances for single parents, child care supports, higher unemployment benefits for claimants with families, and reduced rates for parents’ contributions to compulsory' long-term care insurance. Does the German tax-benefit system encourage sharing? As well as modelling the interactions of the tax-benefit system, the analysis also considered how individual policies affected labour market participation and public finances by hypothetically abolishing a specified policy and comparing the resulting outcomes with the actual situation. Introducing the French quotient familial practice would - all else being equal - hardly increase the German labour supply at all, even if Germany adopted other elements of the French child benefit system.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	5a25e014082003d1329c8e92457e23f5	The obligation to respect national and most-favoured nation treatment essentially means that LDC Members may not deny IP protection to the citizens of certain Members if they grant the same to their own citizens or to citizens of any other country. See Articles 3-5, TRIPS Agreement. Where an LDC’s IP-related practice (e.g. through continuous jurisprudence) has in the past excluded certain areas of technology from patentability, or applied particularly large exceptions to a particular technology, this LDC may continue such practice, despite the obligations under TRIPS to make patent protection available in all fields of technology, without discrimination between different fields of technology. On the other hand, the same country may not disapply patent protection to areas of technology previously covered by its law.81 While the no-roll-back requirement sets important limitations for LDCs’ industrial policies, it should be emphasized that this limitation does not apply in the area of pharmaceutical products (see below).82 Finally, the 2013 extension does not prevent LDC members from reducing existing domestic “TRIPS-plus” provisions (i.e. going beyond the TRIPS minimum standards) and moving toward TRIPS minimum standards.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	5a27221da5b08e1f53719107a617f6e5	Gradually differentiate opportunity costs by region to reap the full benefit of the instrument. In parallel, the definition of special conditions under which the opportunity cost module would come into play could be devolved to river basin organisations, for instance the Flood Control Offices. Engaging stakeholders at national and local levels is essential, while providing them with robust economic analysis of the (implicit) budgetary, economic and social transfers associated with the three instruments under review'. Equity issues deserve particular attention, to ensure that no particular basin, industry or water user can abuse from a privileged condition.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	5a27736d36ef47fa8923346334a82333	The prevention and control of epidemics through public health care programmes requires a high degree of coordination among different authorities and the prompt mobilisation of physical and financial resources. Most countries have legislation to avoid the spread of epidemics consisting of two parts: the identification of a health problem, and the actions taken to control it (Smith et al., Losses due to epidemics cannot be insured as they are not characterised by definite and calculable losses.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	5a2cf9f4c50835d54ddfd561f79aab5c	"The mudflow damaged electric lines which supply electricity to the region from the main hydropower station Pamir-1. To prevent further flooding, die water going to the Khorog HPP was blocked, and there w'as no electricity in the whole area, including Khorog town. The EBRD is supporting the Kayrakkum Hydropower Rehabilitation project, which aims to strengthen the climate resilience of Tajikistan’s hydropow'er-dominated energy sector (box 11.3). Kayrakkum Hydropower Rehabilitation Project has won the EBRD award of ""Best Project in Climate Change Adaptation"". The experts involved in the project have calculated the future hydrology of the reservoir under different scenarios of climate change, which was the base for selecting the most suitable design for rehabilitation of the station in the whole range of projected possible climate change scenarios. The fundamental approach of the inclusion of climate change issues into investment planning will greatly improve the sustainability of Kayrakkum HPP in the context of the changing climate of Tajikistan, as well as provide a reliable power supply for the people of the northern part of the country."	7	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	5a2fa45ec688f01995dc27cd2a3822b9	In overseas Tongan and Samoan Polynesian households that include nurses, those most likely to return have business investments at home (Brown and Connell 2004). It is, however, possible that schemes might be devised to enable the short-term migration of those with valuable skills (see section 6.9.4). Returnees thus tend to be absorbed into the small-scale service sector, sometimes duplicating existing services, such as taxi and retail businesses, and are less obviously in export-oriented productive activities. (	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	5a3007ff626227376f8c1b99a564c928	In the European Commission's analysis, the emission intensity of this sector is too low to be included. We do, however, find that the energy intensity in Denmark is rather high (on average 14% in the period 2013-2015). For the other Nordic countries energy intensity in this sector is low. It is in particular the processing of potatoes that is energy intensive.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	5a329bd8ef48c5f5a3b23dbda74369f2	For instance, pension contributions of many professionals, such as engineers, which are set at a fixed amount depending on the number of years of activity, regardless of earnings, could usefully be rationalised. The recent activation of two centralised, inter-linked, electronic monitoring systems is a welcome step in this regard. More specifically, the “Helios” scheme, monitoring retirement pay, is linked to the “Ariadne” scheme, that directly records major demographic changes, facilitating in this way the detection and suspension of ineligible pensions (EC, 2013b). Regional differences in the distribution of different categories of pensions in mid-2013, particularly regarding disability pensions, suggest the need for further monitoring of the social security system to avoid abuse in the future. The uninsured have a means-tested access to some basic health care services through the “health insurance book”, providing free access to public hospital and medical services (including pharmaceuticals).	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	5a33db3d51c7f2e3cde93b25c1a45314	The highest risk ratings for in situ and development risks (respectively) are used to produce initial ratings. The setting of water security targets can be guided by several economic characteristics (in part, following OECD, 2008). However, achieving the targets can also entail significant economic costs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b2f16918-en	5a35b5fa4833dcb912ee71ded300fe52	On one hand, a mix of power plants with different characteristics such as price and ramp up and ramp down times allows grid operators to optimize electricity generation costs and increases system stability. On the other hand, an electricity network consisting solely of sources with fast response would allow electricity generation to follow electricity consumption easily. These technologies, however, are often more expensive.	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/51eba28c-en	5a3703db00b61f1ba67bc6ee7138036c	Psychological abuse: name-calling, threats of physical assault, intimidation, humiliation, forced isolation (i.e. by preventing a person from contacting their family or friends). For the purposes of the incident recorder, this category includes all sexual harassment defined as: unwanted attention, remarks, gestures or written words of a sexual and menacing nature (no physical contact). Economic abuse: money withheld by an intimate partner or family member, household resources (to the detriment of the family’s well-being), prevented by one’s intimate partner from pursuing livelihood activities, a widow prevented from accessing an inheritance. This category does not include people suffering from general poverty.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3383d551-en	5a3b3d7b55b9b35cbeb236789fc2f3df	Carefully designed policies, strategies and projects can work within existing cultural norms, through the public and private sectors, in ways that benefit both women and men (Box 9). Specific recommendations for closing the gender gap in access to land, rural labour markets, financial services, social capital and technology include the steps outlined below. Women have not always benefited from general land distribution and titling efforts, however, and in some cases have seen their customary rights eroded as formal rights have been extended to male heads of household. Many governments have attempted to strengthen women's tenure rights within marriage and as individuals, but these efforts are often frustrated by a combination of legal and cultural practices that still favour men. Many countries in the region have instituted legal reforms that have strengthened married women's land rights, but land-titling efforts have not always facilitated the practice of including both husbands' and wives' names. This section is based on FAO (201 Oh), which provides an extensive review of the relevant literature.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5a3d8fa034496348c77553c18161bee3	The region should be seen as a “laboratory” for developing research, students’ work-based and experiential learning and development projects in many different fields. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence. There is a need to acknowledge the key role that HEIs can play in local and regional development and provide incentives at the institutional and individual level to mobilise the full potential of HEIs. If Malaysia wishes to mobilise its higher education system in support of regional development, the higher education policy which embraces teaching, research and community service should include an explicit regional dimension. There should be an acknowledgement that the diverse regional contexts within which higher education institutions operate and the national policies, especially funding regime, have differential regional impacts.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	5a3eb98766793a5293f65f048a88dd9d	Middle-class households are not immune: on average nearly 9% of mortgaged middle-class homeowners are overburdened by their monthly mortgage payment across OECD countries. Significant numbers of people are homeless: while statistics are difficult to compare, most OECD countries report that 1 to 8 people in every thousand lack regular access to housing. In addition, many households live in low-quality dwellings: 15% of low-income households live in overcrowded dwellings and 14% do not have access to an indoor flushing toilet.	11	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599178-8-en	5a3ec6a6e09599c8437a6b65acb63b68	Furthermore, it helps create new and decent jobs in new sectors. Governments around the world acknowledge that building green economies and green growth in the context of sustainable development can provide resilience to external shocks, reduce environmental risks, and protect and enhance the natural resource base of the economy, particularly in the context of small states. However, the current international discourse on green growth and the green economy has paid insufficient attention to the challenges of small states. Yet, several small states have begun conceptualising their pathways to a green economy, with different conceptualisations and approaches emerging. This chapter reviews the practical policy processes implemented in Mauritius to promote a green economy, and examines some of the benefits and challenges thereof. It consists of the main island of Mauritius and its dependencies, Rodrigues (560 km east-north-east), Agalega (930 km to the north), St Brandon (400 km to the north) and Tromelin (480 km to the north-west and jointly administered by France).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2014-22-en	5a3fc6ff0e1aa0622ac18eb46b907e3e	See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see also Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum and a reshaping of vocational studies, to efforts to expand access to education to the entire population. While the same changes have been made to tertiary education, participation rates at this higher level of education are significantly lower.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	5a406a191b8cc35bafc1484fdc665191	Although local government in 2000 executed almost 40% of investment from the state budget, it was primarily a budget line distribution to the provincial level government to carry out central government policy (World Bank, 2012). The State Budget Law 2002 advanced fiscal decentralisation by assigning more authoritative responsibilities to provincial government and by guaranteeing revenue sources to commune governments. This provides a large amount of discretion to the provincial government to adapt to their specific conditions, but less so for sub-provincial level governments (Bjornstad, 2009).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	5a41cb0068af3ae775e5aae84c428292	In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendations to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	5a42ad0bfc474595b2879c447f57982c	In 2008, food prices increased by 11 per cent, while annual CPI was 17 per cent. In the Kyrgyz Republic, household consumption reportedly declined by 15 per cent in 2009 (Slay, 2011). Migrant households are highly vulnerable to external shocks affecting the flow of remittances. In Tajikistan, 24 per cent of households had at least one migrant in 2007.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	5a4b7d085a2e4a177a9101a099449868	Road safety performance or road safety capacity reviews as they are known have been conducted in a number of countries. This is discussed with some examples in the “Getting Started” section at the end of this report. Between 2000 and 2012, the number of fatalities decreased by 67%- one of the largest reductions among IRTAD countries. Since 2000, the number of injury crashes has decreased by 18%.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	5a4c7f9461c55c85976111e527e2a361	One-year victimization rates (percentage) for burglary, assault/threats and robbery in 11 countries in Africa and 30 developed countries.________________________________ Sometimes, architectural design of public spaces can restrict their free use. This mix should be intergenerational as well as intercultural.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/63d08c20-en	5a4f20845b43a6bf96d1919aa749d5c0	In Bangladesh, disasters such as storms and floods damage 900 schools each year, on average. But geography, history, resources and capacity affect the degree of refugees' inclusion in national systems. The Islamic Republic of Iran decreed in 2015 that schools should accept all Afghan children, regardless of documentation.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	5a4f948e8d4e030d4eafbb4f153ed6f0	Multiple mechanisms are in place at all levels to monitor progress towards the national objectives and ensure compliance with the system of norms. In general, the Ministry reports to the Executive Office of the President and is monitored by the Ministry of the Economy and Budget Planning (which, as of August 2014, became the Ministry of the National Economy) on its performance, and the Ministry of Finance on the execution of the budget. The exact expenditure responsibilities of oblasts and rayons were only clarified in the Budget Code in 2007.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	5a50286bf3b831460e3e208fd18a0957	Working alongside ministries and agencies with direct responsibilities over environmental matters, the ICT regulator is likely to be a critical actor in formulating policies and strategies for addressing concerns about e-waste generated from ICT gadgets and devices. Good collaboration with related agencies is necessary in order to monitor all actors' compliance with e-waste governance requirements effectively. Organized by the Communications Commission of Kenya.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	5a58a30240b8fadaab5c24f046d8c263	In addition to interfering with aquaculture and spoiling beaches for tourism, such algal blooms can lead to dead zones (anoxic zones) and low-oxygen zones (hypoxic zones). Such zones occur when algal blooms decay and the bacteria breaking up the dead algae use up the oxygen dissolved in the seawater. The zones drive mobile species away and kill the seabed (benthic) wildlife.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	5a59a76d9500a05a060d0d16ab7a4e2f	The RBDAs were expected to take over planning and programming functions, including the development of District Management Plans. However, the new institutional framework encountered serious opposition from interest groups and experts, including an influential NGO, the “183 Group”.11 Interest groups accused the authorities of introducing arbitrary delimitations of the hydrological basins without adequate consultations with the regions, inconsistency of the new framework with the previous water basins arrangement and the European directives, and lack of transition periods for appropriate introduction of the new framework. Due to difficulties in introducing the new governance system, the RBDAs were not created. To fill the gap and avoid non-compliance with the WFD, a new legal framework created in 2009 assigned the task of developing the first river basin management plans (RBMPs) to six selected, already existing national river basin authorities in co-operation with the regions belonging to each district (Table 4.2).12 In the case of the regional districts of Sardinia and Sicily, responsibility was assigned to the regions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/efc21c19-en	5a5c875116ab767316f86cabe84e37cd	Through these integrated services, national policies and programmes can achieve a greater coherence to the gender empowerment principle, with an increased potential to streamline the gender impact of such policies. In addition, improved coordination and monitoring may lead to greater organizational changes across the government and further in the society, aligning organizational setup with new capacities and integrating the operations and infrastructure. The website is interconnected with the national e-Government portal which includes key participatory features such as online petition, citizen proposal and information disclosure request. In the application of e-Government initiatives for women, such a multi-stakeholder approach is essential to coordinate the communication gap between gender and ICT ministries alongside their respective policies. On one hand, in emerging level countries, the role of political leadership is critical to make a head start.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	5a5d7da656049efb694500c37b6a6476	Since then, governments and the clinical community have slowly stepped up efforts so that every hospital is today accredited against these standards. Having achieved these service standards, the challenge for Australian policy makers now is to develop increasingly robust metrics linked to their implementation and impact, ensure that standards remain relevant to quality and safety priorities and to apply them beyond hospitals. The standards form the building blocks for a national approach to quality assessment and improvement.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	5a5e7073daf80a3659af81ce227777e9	In 2011, only 22% of women held accounts, but by 2014 that rate that increased to 39% (CONAIF, 2016). Women are now at parity with men in the percentage holding bank accounts nationwide. A range of government agencies have addressed this issue by co-ordinating policies on financial inclusion, by modifying regulations to enable institutions to offer products and services to low-income populations (such as basic accounts, mobile banking, and simple account records), and by implementing programmes focused on increasing social inclusion (e.g., banking for social programme beneficiaries and those on government payroll). One important measure is the Integral Programme of Financial Inclusion (PROIFF, Programa Integral de Inclusion Financiera) offered by one of the federal development banks, the National Savings and Financial Services Bank (Banco de Ahorro Nacional y Servicios Financieros).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	5a5f000dd16e28729ab94d777d5b85bb	The types or regulatory tools that are needed in most capture fisheries are those that reduce the level of fishing pressure and promote flexible adaptation to change. Reducing fishing pressure can be accomplished through actions to reduce fishing capacity, eliminate harmful subsidies and reduce fishing effort. It is also accomplished through a precautionary ecosystem approach to fisheries management and targeted financial instruments to create incentives to switch to low-impact gear (FAO, 2009).	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	5a60e30db87a6144b1556f087fac67c1	Climate finance was also on the agenda of development finance negotiations in 20152, emphasising a growing priority to better understand and manage the co-benefits and trade-offs between financing for sustainable development and climate change. The growing recognition of the urgency to act on climate change and the importance of financing for development heighten the need to ensure that finance is effectively allocated, disbursed and delivered. This paper, and the underpinning qualitative research upon which the findings rest, explores the question “what enables effective international climate finance in the context of development cooperation?”	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	5a656359196e94ed7fe6ee108bed8dc5	As shown in Panel B of the figure, the share of households receiving some income from social grants has increased substantially in the past eight years and even more so for black African households. Grant recipiency has risen sharply among the black population, from just below 30% in 2002 to above 50% in 2008, whereas this share has remained fairly stable for the non-black population. The impact of the social grants on limiting the extent of poverty has been substantial. According to Woolard and Leibbrandt (2010), without government grants poverty would have worsened between the end of apartheid and today, mainly because unemployment has increased and hence labour income has become less important for a large number of households.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	5a6573d4ca5e1c41a0e5dc7912899c04	A determination would need to be made about the age at which a child is able to accurately report, and the best proxy reporter for children at younger ages. It may be, for instance, that for children age 5 and younger, parent report is most appropriate, or it may be that an older sibling or other primary caregiver is the best reporter, depending on who spends most time on, or is most responsible for, the focal child's feeding. This approach would be most expensive, and would involve implementation challenges related to parental consent, protection of child privacy, and the interviewer skills necessary to survey younger children.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264212664-en	5a6a6fbaa53bc2eb8fdae3a0d94386b8	National GHG emission reduction objectives can powerfully complement carbon trading mechanisms, as the trading cap can be embedded in the national objectives, thus helping to enhance the credibility of the system (though it is the cap of the emissions trading system itself that drives the price of the carbon allowances: the more stringent the cap, the higher the price of carbon and therefore the stronger the incentive to invest in clean energy infrastructure). Long-term emission reduction objectives can take different forms, such as reduction of GHG emissions with respect to a given historical emissions level (e.g. the EU and other developed countries), reduction of emissions intensity (e.g. carbon dioxide -CO2 - emissions per unit of GDP) or limiting emissions relative to “business-as-usual” projections. Care should be taken when defining the appropriate benchmark for emission reduction objectives, as their respective outcomes in terms of GHG emissions and carbon price vary substantially.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264085398-en	5a6aa83c7e578bc65aa554bec8ef97ad	Between the two waves, incomes barely changed for workers with less than a secondary education (and less than 20 years of experience), while income growth for those with higher education levels at each level of experience stagnated. Particularly among tertiary educated workers, wages fell considerably. Whether or not this truly reflects a deterioration of the quality of jobs at higher skill levels, it does suggest a slight reduction in income inequality between skill levels. In both waves, income increases with education and with experience.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	5a6ed3462b42746df8eb290055c8c8fa	Examples of indicators used for performance-related payments include national waiting time targets, preventive services, patient experience, registration in national quality registers and efficiency (e.g. prescribing of generic drugs). Fee-for-service payments, on the other hand, are said to provide little incentive to improve the quality of care and reduce use of services. The government’s expectation is that the reforms in primary care - with their focus on promoting choice, competition and transparency, supported by performance-related incentives- will reduce these negative effects and improve the access, responsiveness, quality and value for money of services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5a6f09da8ff4363cd2ed41270ca64ea1	Natural catastrophes impose the largest toll in terms of human fatalities and economic consequences. If only human-made accidents are considered, the energy sector is the second-largest contributor, with transportation causing about 60% of all mortalities (EC, 1995). Risks of severe accidents in all energy chains should not be neglected, however, as they have the potential to cause large-scale and long-term impacts to human health, to the environment and to the whole of society. Severe accidents also tend to have broad media coverage and to attract the attention of the population and different stakeholders.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	5a7151b95ae56aee8e74b7b7b1077b48	Although the first half of the 1990s proved to be extremely turbulent and destabilising for the agriculture sector, by the end of that decade macroeconomic stabilisation had been achieved. Agricultural policies were liberalised as part of the overall reform: previous production and supply control systems were dismantled and price interventions scaled down and re-instrumented. Trade policy liberalisation removed ICM export taxes, licensing and quantitative restrictions on agro-food. It also abolished state control of wheat, sugar and ethanol trade.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	5a74518930afc541cb00bb159751493f	Most projects are carried out at national level and are research oriented. Many projects focus on natural hazard management and “no-regrets” options. Overall, the range of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors. However, activities are likely to be under-reported, particularly those carried out by the private sector and at local level.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d712be22-en	5a79537ea3b57f57f75d0842885845d8	The mother's agency has some interesting and puzzling results. While higher agency is strongly associated with better health outcomes and exclusive breastfeeding, it has a negative association with the demand for dairy products and appropriate meal frequency. Maternal self-reported health status is positively related to both child health indicators, but has no association with the food inputs. Surprisingly, nutritional knowledge has mostly no effect on any of the inputs, except for a small and weakly significant association with the intake of dairy products.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	5a7a996abd7d59db31ced4b63b740244	Other similar indicators can be developed focused on a minimum intake of different nutrients (e.g. proteins) rather than energy (see NutVal.net, an initiative from the World Food Programme WFP and the UN Refugee Agency UNHCR). The cost of the dietary energy needs — the food poverty line — is estimated based on the assumption of the energy requirement for a healthy life of a representative individual in a given population (usually 2 100 calories per capita per day) and the cost of a food basket required to meet that energy requirement, taking into account the need for a properly balanced diet and the food habits of a given population. The share of the population whose expenditures (or income) fall under the food poverty line is considered food poor. This indicator captures the access dimension of food insecurity.	2	0	4	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	5a7e79a73dff2cc62c6ce759432ab80b	It produced 95 million tonnes of rice this year; after setting aside 89 million tonnes for its own population, it has 6 million tonnes surplus for the world market. The four-year ban on rice exports was lifted in September 2011. Wheat export too is free of export controls. Ports, rail transport, roads, and handling documentation and facilitation must improve if supplies to the poor are to be made at the lowest transaction cost.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	5a7f62359b4ddf857e2b6cf9c0d2b97b	Also, 98.3% of Flemish lower secondary teachers had completed a teacher education bachelor’s programme, the 3th highest figure among the 34 TALIS participation countries (against a TALIS average of 89.8%) (OECD, 2014b). Teachers are hired into schools through an open recruitment procedure organised at the school board level and with considerable involvement of the school principal. Schools boards have autonomy in teacher recruitment, selection and appointment, and therefore act as the employers. However, schools need to observe regulations at the Flemish Community level regarding teacher required standard qualifications and the statutory rights of teaching staff.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	5a808e16324c6924332eb2b18b13a7ff	The various strengths and weaknesses identified with these different approaches are also summarised in the table, many of which also relate to how stakeholders are engaged. Overall, however, some combination of top-down and bottom-up governance approaches is likely to be more effective than single approaches (De Santo et al., Challenges in effectively engaging stakeholders remain, especially in times of, for example, budget constraints, as discussed in De Santo (2016). An example of how local communities are able to engage in the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is provided in Box 3.4. Currently placed under the governance of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the French Marine Protected Areas Agency is to be integrated into the French Agency for Biodiversity as of 2017.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	5a80aa21a7e1cbb5de51d2cf40af244e	Lack of cooperation mechanisms among NFPs, unwillingness to share funding and unclear benefits of cooperation also ranked very prominently in the survey responses. One respondent commented that often other national level priorities outcompete coherence as a goal, hence a barrier to joint efforts on resource mobilisation is the low political priority attached to biodiversity conservation. Table 10 below presents a summary of identified challenges, potential response options and links these to case studies presented in this Sourcebook.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	5a81040e22824fb6248c5cf9b4e4b010	This low level of irrigation results in not only lower, but also more unstable, yield levels. The share of agricultural land that is irrigated (34.6 per cent) is more than double the proportion in ODCs and developed countries (chart 2.9B). It is, however, more in line with the regional average. The proportion of agricultural land that is equipped for irrigation in the non-LDC developing countries of Asia is 40.3 per cent, which is also the highest rate among the regional subgroups of ODCs.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	5a81298ccbc9f02cbe059e68d7dd5d4b	The second is to improve the coherence and transparency of the delivery' network to increase trust in the system. Lastly, expanding recent efforts to develop a robust outcomes monitoring and evaluation system could help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of adult learning. Stakeholders described the SNQ as supporting the transparency, stability and navigability of the education and training supply.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	5a825d0e0048ef628b9df0b988a21cbf	First, it is desirable to minimise international spillover effects. Friendly nations are considerate of each others’ interests and try to avoid doing harm to other countries’ trade flow's - not least because they want to see their own trade interests respected by other nations. Second, where policies have unintended side effects on markets and trade, they introduce extra costs to the economy in the form of use of resources that could be employed more productively elsewhere. In the political process, these extra costs are often not directly visible, but they are nevertheless real.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	5a82a277ec5fb0351c666fc674d86d2d	It is, however, still debatable if the growth rate is sufficient to keep up with the aging of the population, the growing burden of disease, migration of health professionals, and other factors that influence the supply and demand for health professionals in a specific country. It is, however, relatively certain that the prevalence of chronic conditions and the prevalence of people with multiple chronic conditions will increase over the next few decades. Therefore, educational systems should make sure that they are focused on better care for people with multiple chronic conditions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	5a83c51312f9fddd15c6d69e92686e5c	The effect is assumed to be negative and diminishes as older children do not require so much attention and enrol into education system, eventually freeing women’s disposable time. Moreover, older children in developing countries can sometimes take care of their younger siblings and can therefore have positive impact on labour force participation of women in the household. Education of the household head is included to capture the welfare status of the household, i.e. wealth or income additional to total wage earnings.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	5a846c1fd4c45708f94e6f7d264fdf3b	Mapping, GPS tracking and widely accessible mobile data have the potential to improve spatial efficiency and the way urban residents interact with public transit, transport congestion, the real estate market and monetary transactions. In Africa ICT is already enhancing urban-rural linkages, supporting the co-development of cities and their hinterlands through better market information, better access to services and easier cash transfers. The pattern of growth of African cities will no doubt be shaped by new technology. Incentives for dense and compact development fall as transport, trade and communication over longer distances become easier. But as density decreases, negative externalities (costs borne by society) increase, including congestion, pollution, segregation, infrastructure costs, loss of walkable commercial districts and the costs associated with public transit viability. Only those with cars and smart phones?	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	5a87e2f26e0f4050068a3b59c0df381f	The low share of non-R&D innovation expenditure results in an average level of innovation intensity, compared to the EU28, despite the high level of R&D expenditure in the Austrian business sector. In 2014-16, 22.7% of all firms reported new-to-market product innovations. This share has increased only slightly in the past ten years and at a much lower rate than the share of firms engaged in process, organisational or marketing innovations. In 2016, 12.6% of total sales originated from product innovation.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	5a89c0cb42dce43831b090bdcaf3bc90	It is responsible for 80% of occupations in China. A transition to more sustainable production consumption systems will call for new professionals. More sustainable TVET, also seen as a strategy to bring more dignity to the technical and vocational jobs, needs to address ethical and sustainability goals associated with each occupational specialisation. The curricula, methods of delivery and required competencies for graduates needs to evolve.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0e7e4f09-en	5a8a677115283c2972e43987ab59d160	Although the value generated from the first sale of fish products from Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries may seem relatively small compared with other sectors (representing less than 1 percent of regional gross domestic product [GDP]), the sector targets some of the most economically vulnerable communities in the region, making it a key player for sustainable development. In fact, the value at first sale as a percentage of GDP is six times greater in the developing countries of the southern Mediterranean than in the wealthier, northern Mediterranean countries. Furthermore, around 60 percent of employment in the region’s fishing sector is found in the developing countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean, indicating that most of the jobs provided by this sector are located precisely where jobs are needed. This includes: improving the sources of data available for stock assessment; increasing the percentage of fisheries that are the object of specific management measures; incorporating past and current socio-economic characteristics of the fisheries; and studying the potential socio-economic impacts of alternative management measures.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	5a8da05afd8c6b194f5862f0f7cff1e5	While 97% of the population is connected to water supply infrastructure, compared to a global average of 86%, (UN, 2012) the actual provision of water belies the high rate of access. Utilities regularly disrupt water supply to cope with the overwhelming demand and it is not uncommon for some parts of Jordan to receive water only once a week. As a result, groundwater abstraction is far above replenishment levels and hundreds of illegal water wells are used across the country (MoPIC, 2011).	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	5a8f4258fa9d20b093523b7119564ecf	Since 1960, countries such as Afghanistan and India, which were characterised by lagre gender differences in life expectancy, have almost closed the gap. This can also be seen in the statistics for South and Southeast Asia, which move from a more than 1-year difference in life expectancy in favour of men in 1900 (28.92 compared to 27.66) to almost four years in favour of women in 2000 (65.3 compared to 69.3). It becomes immediately evident that the regions that have made the most progress in increasing both female and male life expectancy are the MENA, East Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. In East Asia and South and Southeast Asia, the progress in the life expectancy of women was more rapid than that of men.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	5a9077624a81780fef28e9b36a62b80d	In the seven countries with significant drops in poverty levels, labour income accounted for at least three quarters of the variation in total per capita income. Transfers (public and private, including pensions and retirement benefits) and other income (capital income, imputed rent, and others) also helped bring the poverty rate down, albeit to a lesser degree. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by the Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. Changes in demographic factors, labour markets, the overall economic climate and institutional responses to poverty, along with falling poverty rates, could have gradually reshaped the profile of persons living in need. For analytical purposes, the poor population is divided into two groups: the indigent and the non-indigent poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	5a9210462bf64f76254575ec3060d420	Montenegro was the exception, with its share of livestock output being slightly greater than crop output. Since 2006-08, the composition of total output value has seen an increase in the share of crops in Albania and Kosovo, and an increase in the share of livestock in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The composition is fairly stable in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	5a931db3c28788f40f26665652e253e1	This implies a target 300 MtC02e lower than current targets. Net (2017), Law on Mandatory Installation of Heat and Water Meters in Residential Buildings Comes into Force, 2 August 2017, Censor. Net, Kyiv, https:// cn.ccnsor.net.ua/ncws/450036/law on mandatory installation of heat and water meters in residential buildings comes into force. A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, Climate Change Legislation in Ukraine, Grantham Institute, London.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	5a940d96d2308680a1c52734d5d5f77d	It is well established that the endowments of the area explain a substantial proportion of the poverty of people living in it, controlling for individual and household characteristics, such as age, household composition or ethno-linguistic group (Jalan and Ravallion, 1997)14. Regional imbalances in poverty rates are often persistent, as internal migration processes tend to be selective with poorest people facing higher migration costs. The regional income distribution and poverty indicators discussed in this paper send the clear message that national averages mask important intra-country variance in poverty and inequality.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	5a9451892044361a808c1eedbd9f87fb	The age 2 outcomes are determined by a cumulative effect (grey arrows) and the Foundations for Success associated with that stage, which include a foundation effect (light blue arrows) and an effect that is biologically embedded through the sculpting of the brain during critical periods (dark blue arrows). We assume there are no institutional selection effects at this stage. The age 5 outcomes are also determined by cumulative effects, foundation effects and prior biologically embedded effects.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	5a9483a37cb7430f2ef66b0bab237cba	This is an OECD instalment adopted by the Council. Recommendations are not legally binding, but practice accords them great moral force as representing the political will of member countries. Variations across countries are important, as subnational public investment ranges from 31% in Greece to 91% in Canada. More effective public investment has a critical role to play to address inequalities, rebuild trast, restore growth and enhance well-being. The impact of public investment depends to a significant extent on how governments manage this shared competence across levels of government.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	5a959a6ca38cf7238716dc26c16ac9a0	In contrast with the MADB that essentially acts as a channel for government funds and subsidies, the MOLFB is independent. In 2009-10, the MADB disbursed USD 106.2 million of loans, nearly 10 times the 1995 level (Table 9.13). In 2011-12, as of February 2012, loans reached USD 407.5 million (MOAI, 2012b).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	5a97312133a983800d184f312dbb65c6	The payment for public school tuition and the fund for private-school students do not cover other charges, such as textbooks and school trips. Such regulations cover inter alia total area per child, play areas, kitchens and safety features. The minimum standards set by national governments are upgraded in some municipalities. For example, local governments in the Tokyo area established a system of “certified” centres in 2001 to reduce waiting lists for licensed childcare.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6856f240-en	5a98470bdd7d3750f581442350ca96da	Monitoring has suffered owing to a general lack of national funding, even if recently the situation has improved in some countries due to an increase in national environmental budgets (e.g., Armenia). In Georgia, no systematic groundwater monitoring has taken place for the past 20 years. Improvement in microbiological and biological monitoring is reported in Armenia and Georgia. Self-monitoring of sewage water by enterprises has been introduced in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, but enforcement is not always strict.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	5a98902f951e0a2afe03a1490c808f68	In Samoa, phone coverage and agencies are effectively nationwide: 30 agencies were claimed in mid-2011. ( It is worth noting that Digicel alone directly employs several hundred people to market mobile phones and provide support services in both countries.) Since getting to where money might be withdrawn has long been costly in both countries, the national network of agents is extremely important in reducing those costs.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	5a9925f40ae5d6e7df538a7f37192add	Companies can receive grants for providing Trial Employment to freeters aged 25-34 and unstable workers in their late thirties, and further subsidies when they give these workers full-time positions after Trial Employment. Further measures include the extension of intensive counselling for this group of workers. As has already been mentioned, older freeters are also a target group of the Job Card system (MHLW, 2009a). In the context of the financial and economic crisis, a system of grants (again, JPY 1 million per person for SMEs and JPY 0.5 million for large companies) was introduced for employers who hire older freeters (aged 25-39) by allocating certain job openings to them (MHLW, 2009a).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	5a9a2948b2cd914ed3a5535ef830ded2	The length of the growing period has decreased by 15 days in Nalgonda district, leading to crop moisture stress and ultimately reduced yields (Rao and Wani, 2010). Simulation studies using the Decision Support System for Agricultural Technologies (DSSAT) predicted that the estimated 3.3°C temperature increase expected by the end of this century would, on average, reduce crop yields by 27 percent in the Parbhani district, Maharashtra state (Wani etal., With undesirable climatic conditions such as droughts and floods increasing the risk of crop losses, an approach is needed to educate farmers on the impact of climatic variation.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/caeceb38-en	5a9a5851dc4822719052df48b5f9c1f4	At the same time, adults and young people prefer to ask for assistance from non-kin where it is more reliable and involves less of a threat to their dignity. Without ready recourse to marriage, boys may remain without relatives, with little education and without work, a situation that offers little in the way of immediate support or connections that may assist future integration into new social networks. However, little is known about certain dynamics within these, including the domestic and caring roles of men and the reciprocity of care and responsibility between adolescents and adults. Understanding it requires looking beyond separate risk profiles (such as sex worker, migrant or adolescent) because these do not fit young people's experience (Busza et al.,	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	5a9bb065ecb42ada4329e30c2e978f75	Discrepancies between the different sets of standards can hinder efforts to close the gender gap. Imported from French law, where the rules are incorporated into the civil code, the personal status code can be defined as the set of rules that relate directly or indirectly to the life of the family, including inheritance. Some countries prefer to use the term “family code” (qanun al-usra), but this is equivalent to the personal status code. Legislative change on family matters is needed to further women’s empowerment, both through full access to the economy and in their personal lives. These laws also define men’s roles, which have a major bearing on women’s autonomy. Under the Convention’s Article 16.1, States Parties “shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women: (a) the same right to enter into marriage; (b) the same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent; (c) the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution.”	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	5a9dad13967c4a1ef3e9012d6b9cc52f	Calculations demonstrated that for male migrants, the mean share of social ties which they obtained in Moscow was 0.679 while for females it was 0.585; at die same time, the mean share of social ties with relatives for males was 0.104 and for females 0.175. The difference is not that large, but it is statistically significant (figure 16 and 17). According to the 2013/14 survey, Kyrgyz migrants tended to be proud of their ethnic identification, attached particular importance to it and had strong attitudes towards monoethnic marriages as well as against relations between Kyrgyz women and non-Kyrgyz males (figure 18). As the latter survey shows, respondents who used social networking sites had more acquaintances which they had developed in the Russian Federation, whereas those people who did not use those sites socialized mostly with people whom they got to know in Kyrgyzstan.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	5aa5a2fddce01c18365660647bdabbb7	However, teachers can provide such services outside their school as an additional paid activity. Teachers can also work in after-school activities provided by education organisations other than schools. However, individual tutoring can also be organised within the context of school activities, for which teachers receive an additional compensation. Two-thirds of the country’s schools provide instruction in two shifts, and a small number of schools (1%) operate in three shifts. Elimination of three-shift schools was one of the central pillars of the “100 Schools, 100 Hospitals Program”, yet 110 such schools were in existence in 2013 - up from 71 in 2011.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	5aa7c9e6250cec079cd7dd377d3e1d4d	For the commercial sector, policy objectives consist of boosting production, while making it more technologically advanced and sustainable. Policy towards family farming is predominantly driven by an equity rationale. The agricultural support programmes for both commercial and small farm segments use a broad range of instruments, including price support, concessional credit and insurance support. These are complemented by various regulations on land use, agricultural zoning requirements, regulations on biofuel use and organic production.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	5aadae4cffcf1c49ddbbf20ea99f100e	In that sense, it could be attractive and probably wise in future situations to reverse the process and create committees only when executive powers in a river basin are clarified and effective. This may require specific legislation and an investment in improving the capacities of relevant institutions first, before formalising such institutions as, according to the specific circumstances, a basin agency linked to the state water agency; or the state water agency itself. Shortly, emphasis should be put on the side of the executive capacity of the system.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264230750-12-en	5aae287c839c8ab5ee256e9c6ea14e50	A number of inefficiencies have also arisen from this reform, however, in terms of the system’s financing and the distribution of its teachers. This understanding is supported by evidence that indicates that there is no more important empirical determinant of student outcomes than good teaching. The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	5ab23861e291b69fdda60b667527460d	Thus, programmes like the Teacher Salary Boost (Ldrarldnelyftet) could ameliorate the current teacher shortage in Sweden, but they also raise some concerns about equity among teachers. The programme aims to increase wages for up to 60 000 teachers per year, selected by the municipality or independent school provider based on a certain number of requirements. Additionally, Statskontoret found that the Teacher Salary Boost is linked to an imbalance in motivation; some principals reported that motivation increased among the teachers who received pay increases while it decreased among those who did not get pay raises. One reason could be that the financial contributions could create a perceived injustice.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	5ab5cd23b06df400abed3651156c3b04	The employment rate is high by OECD standards (68% vs 55.6% in 2014), while the unemployment rate and inactivity are significantly lower in Kazakhstan (5.2% vs 7.9% and 29.3% vs 40% respectively in 2014) (Figure 1.4). In contrast to the experience of most OECD countries, the global financial crisis and the economic recession did not have a major impact on labour market outcomes in Kazakhstan; unemployment rates have in fact declined considerably since 2007 and employment and inactivity indicators also improved to some degree over the same period. In 2013, informal employment in Kazakhstan affected 24.3% of workers despite an earlier decline in its prevalence (OECD, 2016).	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/3726edff-en	5ab749bec066b4a426c42f3997efbc46	Several checks were performed to assess the results, including manual checks of the development activities identified. If a specific keyword did not seem to capture activities with an STI element, e.g. if the keyword “research” referred to “market research”, the keyword was removed or modified. The prevalence of the most frequent words identified in the “core” STI activities identified through the sector codes was compared against the prevalence for the same words across the description of all other activities in the CRS. The results indicated that the keywords used for the analysis were strongly linked to activities supporting research or ICT development.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	5aba1d630c988b732e89d7a569756863	Which currencies are hedged is determined by the structure of export markets and therefore differs by type of meat: beef is primarily sold in USD, based on the grinder beef price on the North American market; lamb is marketed in EUR, GBP and USD under various quota systems, while venison is marketed largely in euros. Fonterra co-operative is the dominant player in the dairy industry with a global market reach, selling in 50 currencies. It is a sophisticated risk manager in foreign exchange and funding and interest rate hedging.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	5aba699f4972acf1b820e72c37de4608	Most of these users pay inadequate tariffs to local utilities because the concessions for their water sources were federally issued concessions (Barkin, 2006). The limited mandate of mayors (three years, without possibility of re-election) is another factor that undermines the continuity of public policy at the local level, and requires strong incentives for long-term planning (e.g. through multi-annual budgeting and investment plans), contracts across levels of government and capacity building. The declaration’s objective was to strengthen the National Water Resources Management System and the State Water Resources Management Systems within a structured governance framework.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5775ac71-en	5abb0fa1f8874e13e0a2b183f3b8deb8	In addition to this human cost, grade repetition has a financial cost for the system, in that children repeating years of schooling are effectively tying up more resources over a longer time period than those that do not. Once recognised, alternatives to grade repetition include remedial classes after school or during the summer. For students with an unfavourable out-of-school learning environment, spending more time in school can be beneficial (OECD, 2010).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	5abb289f220f89b40428cf05a742375a	"The reader might thus believe that this is an absolute increase over the baseline, i.e. the situation where no policy of any kind would be enacted. When the emission constraint is imposed, power production by lignite power (the ""dirtiest technolog/') decreases by 41% if no additional green quota is in place. When a green quota is introduced at 23% of total electricity, output from lignite power plants also decreases, but by only 31%."	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	5abd5c95e922f03b8250272b387404c0	Without potential to produce for a market, the incentives and the scope for innovating remain more limited (FAO, 2014). Farmer contracting is a process involving many geographically-dispersed smallholders, who have to be co-ordinated over space and time. Barrett identifies four stages to this process.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5abf62b0c0f10ca5dd5038942ca90371	The Haifa sub-district is 70% Jewish compared to only 43% in the Northern District. The Northern District includes 38% of Israel’s and 52% of the region’s Arab Muslim population and 59% of Israel’s and 74% of the region’s Arab Christian population (CBS, 2009). There is also great diversity within the Jewish population.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	5ac2510b1fcf946ade2f91a35e1a7e49	For example, 18 BURs contained information that could, to some extent, be compared with information on climate finance reported in the CRS database (e.g. consistent years; type of flow). Due to the above reasons, finance figures in BURs varied significantly from the CRS figures, from 4% of the amount in the CRS database for Chile, to 235% for Montenegro. In addition, Parties will also participate in a facilitative “multilateral consideration of progress” in relation to their “efforts” under Article 9.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	5ac2f2fd95f4e03277fadeac574d9bfa	In this paper we focus on demand-side constraints in social reproduction terms, but it is important to emphasize that growth also comes from capitalist investment (the standard source of growth in growth models). For more on this point, see Braunstein et al. ( A key goal is to differentiate between societies that care more and/or better than societies that care less. The reason could be social norms around intergenerational obligation that induce altruistic preferences; strong social welfare sectors that create highly skilled and well-paid jobs in the care sector; or, more likely, gendered ideals that encourage women to provide high-quality care for little or no pay. To set up this framework, we begin with the demand side. If the wage share increases (meaning that the profit share declines), workers with more money to spend will increase aggregate demand and consequent output.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	5acb6e8fd07fe24e5b1d03c9e9d5f630	The longer the time period before normal consumption patterns resume, the more likely it is that health will be affected. Economic downturns also vary in type of industries affected which, in turn, leads to widespread heterogeneity across time and countries in the population groups most affected by recessions. Furthermore, economic downturns may be geographic, particularly if affected industries operate within certain regions of a country. Importantly, economic downturns do not affect all individuals equally.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	5acd09072e1fe325625fb86dd96925c8	Additionally, Costa Rican students are more likely than their peers in OECD countries to arrive late, skip a lesson or miss a full day of school according to self-reported data in PISA. About 39% of 15-year-old students reported having missed at least one full day of school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test, compared to just 20% in OECD countries. About 38% of students in Costa Rica are in schools where principals consider that the shortage of educational materials (e.g. textbooks, IT equipment, library' or laboratory' material) hinders a lot student learning in their school, which is one of the largest proportions among PISA participating countries (see Figure 4.2).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	5ace363f47acf00166e8233b11628302	"Box 3.1 provides a simple conceptual model of an unconfined aquifer with linked surface water systems to illustrate key aspects and dynamics of the coupled ""natural-human system"". This simplified model shows: a) that there are multiple flows in groundwater systems; b) that different wells can have different effects, depending on their relative location and depth; and c) that crop irrigation practices may also matter. A simple model of human-natural interactions in an aquifer Figure 3.1."	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	5aceecf11b758c4d0a73ac7f426e88c9	This requires active communication to raise the profile of climate change issues. The Strategy envisages a broad, public-focused awareness-raising campaign, including printed and multimedia materials suitably adapted for different target groups. A series of media events, television programmes, workshops and other relevant awareness-raising events will be organized. The country ratified the Paris Agreement on 16 March 2017 (it entered into force for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 15 April 2017).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	5acf6b1a7406c352ac52180e78f0bfc2	The company currently serves about 300 000 residential and 15 000 non-residential customers, with 51 service-centers and employing around 2 400 staff members. The company receives loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Asian development Bank (ADB) for rehabilitation projects. The company services about 400 000 customers throughout Tbilisi, including 2 000 public and 15 000 commercial organisations.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	5acfa9db35100d88fc90817eb73a2965	Cities do not function in isolation; they exist within river basins and what happens in cities affects others downstream and vice versa. Unemployment across many Arab States has worsened in recent years as rural incomes have fallen due to drought, land degradation and groundwater depletion, resulting in low agricultural productivity. This has fuelled rural to urban migration, expanded informal settlements and increased social unrest.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	5acfe3f02cf271e209676f4f7f20fcf2	Their objective is to engage representatives from local authorities and administrations, academics, associations and scientists to develop a consensual programme of actions to restore rivers, aquifers and their ecosystems. Established on a 10- to 15-year period, river contracts stem from a summary of the challenges facing the targeted watershed and the future areas of work (e.g. surface and groundwater quality, water-related risks, nature conservation, tourism, solid waste management, etc.). A river committee is created for each contract to support the implementation of their respective action plan. After a running period, river contracts are evaluated and can be the subject of renegotiations and updates. In addition to sub-basin management plans (SAGE - Schema d'amenagement et de gestion des eaux), these contracts are a useful tool to align and implement the objectives established by the river basin management plans (SDAGE - Schema directeur d'amenagement et de gestion des eaux).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c2dea192-en	5ad1a7163ea1769c195100dd944c8b1d	In buildings frequented by the public, the certificate has to be disposed in a visible place. Learning Energy Efficiency Networks (LEEN) support innovative companies increase energy efficiency and improve their competitive position. By learning from each other a multitude of companies cooperate in order to save energy in the most cost-effective way.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	5ad3ccb4db40cb96ed24c8aa95151920	An important example is small-scale wood and charcoal use by rural households in developing nations worldwide. Over-harvesting forest resources means reduced availability of the biomass resource for fuel and other purposes. The impacts are described in the main report, and include emissions of greenhouse gases and a range of air pollutants; contamination of land, surface water, and groundwater; radioactive waste issues; deforestation and compounding impacts such as habitat loss, soil erosion, reduced water retention, and downstream impacts; and consequential social, economic, and human health impacts. The structure and responsibilities of government ministries/departments vary from country to country, but the agencies responsible for the following sectors are all “key actors”: Environment, Energy, Natural Resources (forestry, water, land, and mining), Agriculture, Rural Development, and energy using sectors (transportation, industry, housing, etc.)	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	5ad4e7bd8400912fa6caca9d1a07faa8	"They do not stand alone as isolated principles, but are rather informed by several broad-based international agreements and declarations.10 These principles respond to the questions: What is the direction of transformation? How does it connect to the world that we want? The key strategic components are considered as “development enabiers"" that can be thought of as frameworks for action in response to the multiple challenges raised by the often chaotic forces of urbanization; and also, at the same time, as frameworks for action to harness the opportunities that the same urbanization brings."	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	5ada941ca6b388a1c3328d95d5f1429a	"However, this type of job will undoubtedly appear more attractive to men than to women, and Hovgaard discusses the implications of this in his article. In the Faroe Islands, 56 per cent of the working women work part-time"" (Haagensen 2014: 88). The large pay gap, however, cannot be explained solely by the large number of part time employments. Overall, Knudsen ascribes structural inequalities as a contributory factor to the large pay gap between men and women. She highlights the company Faroe Seafood which, in 2009, consisted of 900 employees, a vast majority of whom were women. However, in 2009, none of the five members of the company's top management were women (Knudsen 2009: 336; 338)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	5add66abac0e7f924f3cc04ef5a14936	Children who are deprived while not living in poor households, tend to be slightly older, have a head of household who is less educated and more likely to work on a farm. More than one half of these children lives in rural areas. Children who are both poor and deprived are more likely to live with a head of household who is more likely to be: female, slightly older, and less likely to have a higher education.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f928e043-en	5ae0ad55b321b5d3a3ce512096c03559	It has been 20 years since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which shone a spotlight on the serious ecological deterioration of our planet and its implications for human well-being, and yet we are still facing the same problems, compounded by new challenges that have resulted from the absence of a global perspective and the limited action taken. Some progress has been made, but we are still far from achieving sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) emphasized the great importance of growth (but from the perspective of a green economy), as well as the need for institutional arrangements that foster sustainability.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	5ae5c089c3a8230d951d8d660c2b3fa3	It establishes the Fundamental Network for Nature Conservation (RFCN) and the National System of Classified Areas (SNAC). The RFCN regroups the SNAC, National Ecological Reserves (RENs) and National Agricultural Reserves (RANs), as well as the public water domain, with a view to ensuring connectivity. Pursuant to the latter, a second generation of municipal land use plans was initiated in 2002.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	5ae5d7b1c5b92b31ec9902dfaca69b3e	Entre 2007 et 2012, le niveau de vie median des menages a peu progresse, voire a recule dans plusieurs pays. La principale raison en est la montee du chomage, alors que le revenu median des menages a affiche une croissance globalement stable. One reason is that growth dividends may not be shared fairly among individuals and social groups.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	5ae6b625bd3824937f8112b57db1ca78	But, in the past decade or so, two new economic developments have emerged that make pursuing such an externally-oriented agenda even more complex. This in turn has exerted pressure on wages and wage-related entitlements, especially in labour-intensive sectors such as garments, apparel and electronics, which employ significant numbers of women (Seguino, 2000). As a result, the achievement of a decent work agenda necessary for social sustainability is compromised.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	5aeb22073ffc59be6c3c502f94825cf4	Therefore, for each element the risk assessment score is multiplied, dependent on the category, by the relative share in primary energy sources (PES), final energy demand (FED) or total energy import. Adding the individual values together and multiplying the total by 100/48 results in the risk assessment sub-index (a value between 0 and 100). This is partly due to international commitments such as the IEA Treaty and partly due to national contingency planning.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	5aed4db4ba9579851b814fce4bddb5d5	The delta area accounts for approximately 85% of the city’s area, which spreads out in such communes as Vinh Bao, Tien Lang, An Lao, Kien Thuy, An Duong, and the South of Thuy Nguyen. The delta area stands between 0.7 metres-1.7 metres above the sea level (City of Hai Phong, 2015). The city is vulnerable to flooding on a periodic basis, and tsunamis at any time, as well as being threatened over the longer term by sea-level rise, localised flooding due to more intense rainstorms (precipitation) and ocean storm surges.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5aef03bcfffe68d06891151b06415836	The total valuation of CSE portfolio companies goes beyond EUR 70 million, their total turnover of CSE portfolio companies exceeds EUR 18 million. Key success factors include close linkages between education and start-up support, recruitment and matchmaking of students and high-tech projects, action-based venture creation pedagogy and the structured venture development process and network centered around Encubator. Consideration should be given to the establishment of a business plan competition in Penang, devised around the key opportunity areas for new firms resulting from the strengths and weaknesses of the local economy. Penang has critical mass in terms of students and entrepreneurship support providers to experiment what is well-developed in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area in Germany (Box 4.5.). The privately funded BPW has been organised every year since 1996 with a duration of eight months. It receives annually approximately EUR 250 000 of sponsor’s money for activities and prizes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	5aefe16015351fed84e407122509ccc8	Reported cases of violence against women need to be prosecuted in a timely manner and vigorously punished with pertinent sentences. Governments may review the efficiency of the current proceedings and punishment system. The frequency and reasons for abandoning the prosecution of reported cases of violence should also be analysed.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	5af2d7db2fa57a6444d744efbd1b383f	Rapid and well-informed interventions need more local co-ordination and better knowledge of needs, placing Local Education Services in a good position to play a key role in the management of education infrastructure. In the context of the new legal framework that does not allow private-subsidised schools to charge co-payments or to obtain profits from the school operation, there is a need to provide access to the financing mechanism suggested above in similar terms for both public and private providers. Incorporating private schools in the infrastructure cadastre established by the Ministry of Education appears to be a first logical step. Addressing this will require affecting not only teachers with fixed-term contracts but also those with open-ended employment contracts, including through the use of early retirement schemes, which are already in place.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	5af5bd22d61b0943b552c7f5412f0458	In many cases, it is better to procure the food locally but to target the distribution to those who are already priced out of the market. This should not affect prices when food-for-education programmes offer a greater variety of food as well as non-staple cereals such as wheat. In Bangladesh, for instance, biscuits provided on the school feeding programme opened a new market opportunity for local wheat growers. Around half of the food goes to Africa, but around one-third goes to countries in Asia and the Pacific.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	5af6f0bcf05fad14cae63f1d7e52e811	The review recommended the prioritization of accounting principles that provide consistent consideration of natural disturbance regimes, temporal scales, and system boundaries. In contrast, an extensive study of the status and future potential of global bioenergy resources, systems and markets (SCOPE, 2015) suggested that as much as 30% of the world's fuel supply could be bio-based by 2050, although it also found that the implementation of successful bioenergy production systems will require clear sustainability metrics and monitoring programmes, stable land tenure, and effective local and national governance, conditions not yet established in many countries. This was an increase of 6.2 million hectares (1.4%) over the previous 12 months, although the increase was about 10 million hectares less than that seen in the preceding 12-month period. In the caseof the PEFC, data are reported to December 2014, and more forest may have been certified to May 2015. More than 80% of the double certification is in Europe (3.5 million hectares) and North America (2.6 million hectares).	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	5af6f47a8930530330eba6a518370e1a	"Journal of Urban Economics, 69, (3) 253-272 May, T., Jarvi-Nykanen, T., Minken, H., Ramjerdi, F., Matthews, B., & Monzon, A., (2001), ""Cities' Decision-Making Requirements: PROSPECTS Deliverable 1."" Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA) Methodology for Urban Transport Projects. People make travel choices so that they can participate in production, consumption and leisure activities of their choice."	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/797ccf27-en	5af7fe3af9b721bfe7545a385d755c45	In most of the countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. These figu res largely reflect the impact of the upsurge in inflation since early 2007 and, in particular, the steep rise in food prices. The international financial crisis which began in the United States has started to affect the real economy, causing a slowdown and even a fall in the level of economic activity in the industrialized world. One of the repercussions has been a slump in the demand for commodities and their prices.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0f7bf42e-en	5affd32f7bbe4867e51b9be360130a52	Most young women she sees marry between the ages of 18 and 25, she said, although in urban Ismailia, where she grew up, 16-year-old brides are not uncommon, in violation of the law. At any age, young women and their husbands know very little about what to expect sexually, since premarital chastity is strongly guarded. She must wait until after marriage to dispense them because she said a bride's virginity must be intact on her wedding day. But by then the woman has been informed about choices.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	5b02794c2a9a9bc63b8de7b9ebe4a618	She would like to thank Ivana Capozza, Brendan Gillespie, Nils-Axel Braathen, Felix Hiifner, Andreas Worgotter, Robert Ford, Andrew Dean, Karsten Neuhoff and German government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts but retains full responsibility' for any errors and omissions. The author is also thankful to Thorsten Ehinger, Elie Chachoua and Joseph Curtin for their excellent consultancy work, Margaret Morgan for research assistance and Josiane Gutierrez for technical preparation. Despite significant GDP growth since 1990, primary energy use has been reduced by 6% and energy intensity has decreased on average by 1.7% per annum (Figure 1, right panel).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	5b02c4b0d60ac4662623211a8999832f	This mode continues to be advocated by major donors, but it is becoming much more modulated and open to newly recognized stakeholders concerned with ecological impacts, dislocation of local people, often minorities in the respective countries, and other undesirable localized social, cultural and economic outcomes that, in changing who benefits and who loses, challenge the use of social cost-benefit analysis to defend large-scale projects. The MRC region, in particular, has been able to become open to many more voices in research and at international forums discussing policies and project outcomes. This has led to proposals for “integrated water resource management” (IWRM), which is now supported by many international donor/lender institutions, including the Asian Development Bank (GWP 2003; Abdul-layev et al.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	5b03603cf25744862f6ce510655624b2	Grouping the State of Mexico with a large number of other entities makes it impossible to analyse waste management at the metropolitan level. According to the 2013-2018 Development Programme of the Federal District, 59% of the city’s territory is conservation land, located mainly in the south and southwest (see Chapter 1). The conservation land is critical for recharging the aquifers, improving air quality, protecting biodiversity, regulating weather and providing recreational opportunities, which in turn promotes eco-tourism.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	5b0456c30bd9dbb126cdb757d5cf395d	In regards to sustainable infrastructure, many conventional technologies (for example cloud computing, automation, traditional ERP systems, etc.) Pros and cons of different technologies should be considered for each problem or project before deciding on and building solutions. Blockchain is especially suited for problems that require coordination of various parties, where interests might be different, or where secure and immutable exchange of information and value is required.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	5b06bdc4082c2067a7c9c8e4f8c1562a	Following the termination of his or her parents’ marriage, a child over the age of 15 has the right to choose either the father or mother as custodian”. A child without parents may choose one of the relatives cited in Article 171, provided that his or her interests are not jeopardised and that the legal tutor consents. In the absence of an agreement, the case shall be presented to the judge to settle the matter in the best interest of the minor. As Article 186 states: “The court takes into account the interest of the child in applying sections of this article.”	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5e7c1b09-en	5b07327d23e4deb20bce298e1ffd627a	Expectations reveal that this phenomenon will continue over the next few years. Such a situation will create a substantial pressure on the labour market. Its implications require the Arab region to carry out intensive efforts in terms of job creation. Across the region and according to most recent estimates, out of a total of 202.7 million people belonging to the working age, only 101 million are recorded as being active in the labour market.2 More than three quarters of the labour force are men (78 million), and only one quarter are women (23 million).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c9f34fd4-en	5b07cc840908541b0c9acd493300fed3	Savings can also come from municipalities, industry and energy production. Accelerated progress is needed in most regions to achieve the IWRM target. Achieving an advanced level of implementation requires increased financing for water resources development and management and devolving IWRM to the lowest appropriate level.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	5b08338c5c402d51087a46e2aa6edaaf	Often, the penalty takes the form of a proportion of nominally attributed funds being withheld. This is the case in the hospital P4P scheme of Norway. The payment covered by the P4P programme is capped (approximately NOK 500 million), and covers a small part of the block grant each region receives annually.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/48927deb-en	5b0a0e011a624a7b9ed13ba538705a72	The number of days with intensive precipitation (more than 10 mm in 24 hours) is predicted to increase by 20-100. Moreover, periods without precipitation, i.e., more than five days without rain, are expected to occur more frequently. Changes in seasonal flow are predicted to vary from -5% to +10%, depending on the area.	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	5b0b347adb68ee42fdbfde3bf72f8005	Obligations to partners within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance had to be met before product could be sold to the convertible currency area. Imports had to proceed through an extensive system of quotas and licenses. Additionally, Viet Nam faced a trade embargo with the United States that was only lifted in 1994 (McCaig and Pavcnik, 2013). Permission for private as well as SOEs to establish direct links with foreign markets was given in 1991.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	5b12f687d6c2baaec2e1498770a835ba	There are many noncarbon reasons for Ethiopia to pursue greener paths of development: notably improving income from sustainable natural resource and biodiversity management, from cleaning up pollution, from recycling waste, and from export opportunities, e.g. exporting hydropower to neighbouring countries - yet different issues need to be analysed here. So the methodology, being narrowly focused on climate change, has missed these additional green growth opportunities. It could also have looked at resource efficiency - for example, identifying how waste energy and materials have been and can be used in a wide range of activities and enterprises suited to poor groups.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	5b14093ab9ec275d1b2efa2d7b1e94d4	Brazil and Colombia fare worse, with 26.5 and 31.8 intentional homicides, respectively, per 100 000. They are classified as accidents, homicides, and suicides. The two main legal documents that protect women against violence in Mexico are the Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-046-SSA2-2005 on family and sexual violence against women (Violencia Familiar, Sexual y Contra las Mujeres) and the general law on women’s right to a life free of violence (Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	5b1e5de024664659002b37bd5b6f16eb	A growth incidence curve presents the growth in income of each percentile over a given period. The shape of the curve indicates the nature of pro-poor growth: a downward-sloping curve indicates that the poor benefit disproportionally more from growth, which is therefore pro-poor, while an upward curve indicates that the better-off do. As Gini coefficients merely quantify the rise or fall in inequality using a scalar measure, they thus tell the policy maker much less than a growth incidence curve about which part of the income distribution changed and affected inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	5b1fdde1271f50632d577749d32666b6	What are the effects of subsidizing the insurance premium? These questions are analyzed in the risk environment of the representative farmer in the model. Figure 2.1 plots the relationship between the insurance price and the share of land insured in Australia and UK, representing the demand curve for crop yield insurance.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264282261-10-en	5b24c3d1d603a0b5591922c5aee598d3	Over the last couple of years, fishers have also made important efforts in order to increase selectivity and reduce energy consumption. However, employment in capture fisheries decreased by 12.5 % between 2014 and 2015 to 499 persons. Sole and plaice are the two most important species, both in terms of value and volume.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	5b26de438db9cce984e9c35053a7035e	Support for such technologies in the past has proved both cost-effective and successful, thereby generating high social returns on investment (Fri, 2003). Much greater emphasis needs to be put globally on improving end-use energy efficiency, complemented by behavioural change and limits imposed on energy, land, water and materials use. Such a programme would promote cooperation among countries, communities and individuals so as to achieve lower primary energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	5b2b4020af6b3ff86632340df60dee28	Under LAPPs and IFQ regimes, major reductions in capacity have occurred in the BSAI crab, surf clam/ocean quahog, South Atlantic wreckfish, and Alaska halibut/ sablefish fisheries. In addition, harvest co-operatives were established in two federally managed fisheries starting in the mid- and late-1990s - Pacific Coast whiting and Bering Sea pollock - resulting in rationalized harvesting operations and reduction in overcapacity or transfer of some overcapacity to other fisheries. A new co-operative was recently implemented in the BSAI Groundfish (non-pollock) fishery. In 2006, the Administration including in its Ocean Action Plan an emphasis on increasing the use of market-based approaches to fisheries management.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	5b2c7b1d89e060e69256e94d975d8ad7	Once CBHI is scaled up, the health fee waiver programme will be replaced by the CBHI’s subsidised contributions for indigent households. Regional governments spent about ETB 33 million on average on fee waivers between 2012/13 and 2016/17, implying average expenditure per beneficiary of ETB 22 per year (Figure 1.16). The programme is also intended to improve the health and nutrition status of women and children and to create employment and market opportunities for small and micro enterprises and farmers in drought-affected areas.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	5b2eb6f488d4bd7324bb9df991d7a101	Over the next five years alone, the CRGE suggests that 27.5% of GDP will need to be invested. Where average domestic savings are only 11.9% and half the investment burden is foreign exchange-denominated, Ethiopia’s green plans will inevitably rely on attracting international climate finance and other foreign investment. It will have a tough job, but there is potential for attracting investment. Over 80% of the abatement potential identified by the CRGE will be achievable at relatively low cost — $ 15/tC - which could be attractive internationally.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	5b317f76ffa5bc97db73da8dddf3d42f	According to Ciett (2012), around 25% of temporary agency workers in Brazil are under the age of 25 - w'hich would be equivalent to around 1.5% of active youth.28 In other words: young people are more likely than prime age adults to be hired on temporary contracts. A final remark worth making is that, by international standards, Ciett estimates that the average length of agency work assignments in Brazil is short, with 40% of assignments lasting less than a month (compared with around 15% in Argentina and 22% in Peru). Source: Ciett (2012), “Agency w'ork penetration rate”.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/8108e11f-64f326b3-en	5b31fa797304c1034e51d326fb665322	Today, mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with more than 7.5 billion subscriptions worldwide. Globally, 3.57 billion people are expected to be using the Internet by end 2017. Mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment - globally, mobile broadband penetration is expected to reach 56.4 per cent with fixed broadband access expected to reach more than 979 million fixed broadband subscriptions by the end of 2017. The number of Internet users is growing, reaching 48 per cent of the world population.	9	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	5b32a73be26cfe5f4b966026de656d61	That is, how easy is it in an age of GVCs and high-skilled migration to keep research insights and know-how within innovating countries? Knowledge externalities that extend beyond borders would facilitate potential technological leapfrogging of developing countries and blur out differences in technology. If digital knowledge externalities are, however, confined within borders, the existing advantages of high-income economies in innovation are likely to persist and provide these economies with a lasting comparative advantage in digital-intensive sectors. The server farms that are necessary to support digital technologies depend on storage devices, power supplies, and cooling systems that consume vast amounts of energies. Van Heddeghem et al. (	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	5b339d0b03239a0dab3dc35b4a2996a4	That is, in an inequitable world, efficiency can be improved by imposing higher carbon prices in richer countries. This is not to suggest that the problem of climate change can be solved in high-income countries alone. Rather, it means that it is equitable for richer countries to invest in more costly measures, higher up on their marginal abatement curves.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	5b35dbb0250efa4e14d317ff0f0892b1	Buses are tracked in real time and provide information beyond the simple traffic flow. The system recognises whether a bus stops, accelerates rapidly or opens its doors, allowing monitoring of driver behaviour. The collected information on traffic flow's is made available to the public via smart phone apps and information boards at bus stations, which include the precise arrival time of the next buses, current traffic conditions and details on arrival of metros at neaiby subway stops.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	5b366956dae2e7f038e16748b50bb5d4	Blockchain technology can address these challenges by creating new ways of raising capital, providing transparency through an immutable record of transactions, and establishing new inclusive market mechanisms. It is likely that many technologies, operating in concert, will be needed to tackle the complexity of the problem at hand. Investment and innovation in energy storage, renewable energy generation, materials, transportation services, agricultural sciences, and digital technologies are some of the areas that are vital to the low-carbon transition.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	5b3a6c8c43f63cf2066d8f1c3923ee3e	Inclusion can be central to policy dialogue with partner governments. Donors can combine this with direct support to those seeking economic inclusion, as in Box 1.6. Realising the right to a legal identity is not only socially empowering but enables individuals to participate politically and hold and transfer property.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	5b426d186d2fcfd6bd0553aa3d8b6716	To further consolidate the evaluation and assessment framework, there is room to embed evaluation and assessment approaches with broader education goals, continue to build on teacher professionalism, and build networks and capacity for effective and forward-looking evaluation and assessment, in particular in the areas of classroom-based student assessment, teacher appraisal and school-self-evaluation. Following this overview, the succeeding chapters (3-6) will analyse the issues regarding each individual component in more depth. The term “assessment” is used to refer to judgments on individual student performance and achievement of learning goals.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	5b4456aa55208bac4c00bc8abfc799b7	If sustained, this trend could increase the risk of refinancing and pose challenges for the financial viability even of existing projects. Power-purchasing agreements may for instance be changed to reflect increased use of refinancing as a result. Additionally, market uncertainty may lead banks to adopt a more conservative stance, potentially reducing their portfolio of projects they perceive as risky (e.g. renewable energy and energy efficiency investments, and smaller-scale projects in general). This context may also induce higher loan market concentration. All of these factors combined could likely lead to a higher cost of lending. With reduced access to long-term loans, clean energy infrastructure developers may therefore increasingly have to rely on loans with shorter maturities - and thus bear higher refinancing risks.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	5b45bdbb8890f7e6ae3954f1909de96a	Fram, M.S., et al., Development and Validation of a Child Report Assessment of Child Food Insecurity and Comparison to Parent Report Assessment. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2013. Carr-Hill, R., Missing millions and measuring development progress. World Development, 2013.46: p. 30-44.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/40cca8fb-en	5b45d291a89e56793dcf1b21d5944d20	"Rapid economic growth and human development since the 1950s have come at a significant cost in terms of global environmental pressures and impacts. Over-consumption as a cultural norm, and as a conspicuous signifier of modernity and class status, is a defining characteristic in developed countries and is increasingly an aspirational signifier in middle-income and developing countries. Neither are they evenly distributed on smaller scales, including at the intra-household level. """	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	5b474e13a4f1a678e452220c94a1a196	A second example in this category is New Zealand. On the one hand, service delivery and related infrastructure (municipal water supply and wastewater disposal) is generally undertaken by territorial authorities such as district and city councils, with the exception of large municipal areas where the regional councils may assist with bulk service delivery (e.g. Wellington). Alternatively, several territorial authorities may contract with the same Council-Controlled Organisation (e.g. Watercare in Auckland).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	5b4b4d2452f0babdcf0389309b0481de	The longer the unemployment spell lasts, the more individual productivity will be affected; and the lower the level of initial qualification, the longer the scarring effects are likely to last. If skills are not put to use they will degenerate fast after leaving school, and the experience of being unemployed may reduce the incentive to search for work, all leading to reduced long-term employment prospects (OECD, 2012). Across the OECD in 2013, 40% of young people were employed on non-standard contracts, mostly on temporary contracts. Among all temporary workers, close to half were under the age of 30.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c5c7eaec-en	5b4da0715b666d91b76de159ffec3178	Acidified waters, which have increased by 25 per cent since the Industrial Revolution and are the tell-tale symptom of excessive greenhouse gas emissions, can impact the growth and reproductive patterns of fish and invertebrates. We are all in the same boat. This means tapping potential partnerships extending well beyond industrial production, and engaging communities and consumers in particular.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	5b4dba1355594e402022e9de3303e9e5	Using DRGs has led to lower cost variability across hospitals (Milcent, 2016a) and to an increase in the surgical activity of those public hospitals that are exposed to private-sector competition (Chone et al., The main statutory insurance scheme assigns each stay to a DRG. Hospitals then receive a sum that depends on the number of their patients in each DRG group and the associated tariffs.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/584f8730-en	5b54200fdf6bfb8ab3118764b13ecf2c	Available from www.ebrd.com/ what-we-do/economic-research-and-data/data/forecasts-macro-data-transition-indicators.html; Transition Report 2015-16 and Transition Report 2015: Rebalancing Finance (London, EBRD, 2015). Available from www.ebrd.com/ documents/oce/pdf-transition-report-201516-english.pdf, and www.ebrd.com/news/events/transition-report-2015-rebalancing-finance-.html, respectively. The area devoted to cultivation of the opium poppy fell in 2015 for the first time since 2009.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	5b54686be1b74abc6ba5a50fd0c3d7d5	"Children are generally very much pampered in the Culf countries, particularly mate children. I am very proud that I have managed to instil some discipline in the children under my care. I taught them to respect household work and the contribution ofthe domestic help. Both the children under my care used to help me with work. I believe that this will help them to grow up as responsible adults who respect work and workers and not look down on them."" After marriage (mine was a love marriage) there was no way to study further and I was not very keen either."	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9610e4d4-en	5b5474306241da5abffef5ce759b2322	Economic viability and technical feasibility determine whether or not these resources are exploitable. The parameters were used as criteria to delineate exploitable areas within the identified aquifer systems, as explained below. The Middle East Geological Map Series (MEG maps) were used to determine the depth to the top of these formations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	5b5646f48070284e839fe9e415fcf661	Enfin, il analyse, a partir des Statistiques de l’OCDE sur la sante, les relations empiriques qui existent entre le chomage et l’utilisation, la qualite et l’efficacite des soins de sante. Dans cette optique, il s’interroge sur la question de savoir si les mesures d’austerite ont contribue a attenuer les effets du chomage sur les resultats en matiere de sante. Pendant les periodes de crise, on observe une deterioration de la sant6 mentale et une augmentation de la frequence des maladies contagieuses ; mais le nombre de deces lies a des accidents de la route diminue. La relation entre la situation economique et les resultats d’ensemble en matiere de sante, tels que la mortalite et la qualite des soins, est de moins en moins evidente. Neanmoins, il apparait que plus le taux de chomage est eieve, plus le recours aux soins diminue, ce qui peut avoir des consequences a long terme encore non perceptibles dans les donnees disponibles aujourd’hui.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	5b569b172a4037dce0756e4c560fda6f	For example, wheat, rice, and cooking oil - products that are imported on the African continent - exhibit lower price volatility than the prices of domestically produced staples. Efforts to increase the tradability of these less traded commodities even regionally would help to lower their high domestic price volatility. Specific data on policy changes may be the most informative. In a study of 14 developing countries, Balzer (2013) notes that in 2007-08 export restrictions were applied to food staples by eight (China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Viet Nam and Zambia); import tariffs on one or more staples were waived by five (Bangladesh, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and Senegal).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/39bb252d-en	5b5a056a15a6b550e01aea25d2e9857f	As parliamentarians, they enact laws on security and arms-control policy. As civil society activists, they lobby Governments to increase security and build peace. When this happens, women's experiences are more likely to be discounted and their needs more likely to go unaddressed, which can, in the long run, facilitate and legitimize violations of women's rights and violence against women and can undermine sustainable development, peace and security.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	5b5a0b68be9453de8833aac289031c49	The results are similar for water-flow restrictor taps/low-flow showerheads and for water efficient washing machines. The reason for the higher investment in water efficient appliances is clear for those who pay by volume of water consumed. This may indicate greater level of water conservation awareness when there is at least partial cost recovery, even if there are no incentives to reduce consumption. Ownership status always has a positive impact on adoption of water-efficient equipment, and its marginal impact generally exceeds that of the household size and income.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	5b5a536659821eac4de1df3ef03d236f	Satisfying Brazil’s financing needs as the economy develops will require increased private sector participation in the long-tenn credit market and well beyond distributing BNDES loans. Given the dominant role of BNDES in long-tenn lending, not least due to its privileged access to state funding, a more level playing field is required to attract private lenders. Increased participation of private providers will ease credit constraints and improve allocation of credit.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	5b5df3da3c101a866b6532fb364fd60b	It puts women’s health and lives at risk and is a violation of their rights and a manifestation of gender discrimination. Some countries have introduced legislation banning the practice (for example Djibouti and Egypt) but the law faces entrenched social norms and is not always implemented. Some interviewees also reported new types of violence and harassment such as Internet and mobile telephone stalking. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem; it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	5b5ff649163b3f71ad04466d2d6eca24	This means that a new conceptualization of vulnerabilities will require an adaptation of social protection and its greater relevance in relation to the new disaster-related social risks (Siddiqi, 2011). In particular, there are four tools on which experience is starting to accumulate. This is an effective instrument, of low cost for governments and relatively easy to implement if there is a wide-ranging register of the beneficiaries of the different social programmes.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	5b622fe7d40fc127b1e0bf45c4f9434b	Higher revenue growth would, in turn, drive faster formalisation. There is also a need to make the competitive advantages of registration more visible, particularly by improving the capacity of the private financial sector and of public business support schemes to reach very small businesses, where informality is higher. These women can benefit from coming together in member-based associations and from being represented in economic and political organisations (Chapter 20).	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	5b6382e0aa853e0b95480fcb1601ab71	Across countries at different level of development and with different social institutions, women represent an important share of the owners of such enterprises (Figure 29.1). In Mexico and South Africa, for example, women tend to be more prevalent in the informal sector and account for the majority of informal business owners without employees. Ownership of a micro-business in the informal sector is often the most practical source of employment for low-skilled and poor women. Most of these businesses are operated from home, which makes it easier to reconcile business and family commitments.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	5b63deafabd66b760021deae7185b887	This example demonstrates that successful heat projects often tend towards close and professional partnerships between industries and governments. Private participants co-operate at arm's length with public entities, through programmes such as guaranteed loans and risk guarantee funds. Financial support such as loan guarantees coupled with technical support can offer risk mitigation for investors and have proved to be very effective (T'Serclaes, 2010).	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/agr/outlook-2017-12-en	5b65ffac823b31ac20f59ba66fba72ec	According to the FAO Fish Price Index, international fish prices were 7% higher on average in the second half of 2016 compared to the same period in the previous year. Despite higher prices, consumer demand for fish was sustained, with an overall slight increase in per capita fish intake. Due to a revision of historical capture fisheries data new statistics indicate that since 2013 aquaculture has become the main global source of fish for human consumption, rather than 2014 as previously believed. Average nominal prices for both aquaculture and capture species are expected to remain relatively flat or decrease slightly up to 2020 but then begin growing up to 2026.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9699195-en	5b679b3694116e11aad5eeefe9adf801	Inadequate dietary intake weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to disease; infectious disease, in turn, increases nutrient requirements and further weakens the immune system. There are three underlying causes of this vicious cycle: (i) lack of availability or access to food (food insecurity); (ii) poor health mediated by poor water and sanitation and inadequate health services; and (iii), for children, poor maternal and child-care practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and nutritious complementary feeding and, for adults, poor food choices. Of course, deeper forces of social and economic underdevelopment and inequality often underpin these problems.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	5b6bd4b5edb3ec05c449594fdc3aa974	In many cases, data for 1990 were not available. In particular, a full analysis of revenues and expenditure for the water sector at city' level was not possible due to incomplete data on sources. Data were collected from respondents on the basis of their knowledge and available sources of information. It lias to be noted that some indicators (e.g. w ater loss, population in households connected to wastewater treatment) are regularly collected in some OECD countries, but a common methodology on these statistics lias proven difficult to establish thus far.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	5b6da23cb32b1385e259766dc134fdce	The courses are usually in the evening and include general subjects, management, and theoretical and practical vocational topics. Switzerland has opened Fachhochschulen to graduates from the dual apprenticeship system through the creation of a specific vocational matriculation examination (the Berufsmaturitat), to be completed in parallel to an apprenticeship programme, and providing access to tertiary education: around 12% of all apprentice graduates obtain the Berufsmaturitat and they represent half of the students in the Fachhochschulen (Fazekas and Field, 2013a). ( Access to Fachhochschulen is also possible through recognition of prior learning.)	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283428-en	5b7068e5920536f40a5d7f479946d6f3	Also following the 2009 economic crisis, the central government imposed an obligation to adopt regional recovery plans in regions with the largest deficits (Piani di Rientro), which have proven to be effective in reducing deficits. In this context, and under a set of assumptions regarding the health of the population and future economic growth, Italy's public spending on health care as a share of GDP is projected to rise modestly to 6.7% of GDP in 2060. More recently, the 2014 Pact for Health went a step further towards care integration, requiring regions to establish ‘primary care complex units' comprising GPs, specialists, nurses and social workers.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	5b713f0850e71b53000f3f5f450148ee	Fourthly, apart from delivering cash transfers, social assistance should link poor urban residents to basic services such as health care, through subsidies, vouchers or case management. Fifthly, urban contexts offer more opportunities to utilize new technologies, such as mobile phone networks and ATMs, to deliver social assistance. Finally, different targeting mechanisms have been used in urban contexts but compelling and comprehensive evidence on their impacts remains thin.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	5b727909a07bed8a4dba1347a0ba4892	Data on education services in Greece, Luxembourg and Hirkey refer to 2005. Other social services” include services to survivors, disabled persons, the unemployed, social assistance and housing services, though estimates of social housing are not included. Cash benefits” encompass cash transfers to the elderly, survivors, disabled persons, families, the unemployed, as well as transfers for social assistance. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, www.oecd.org/healthAongtermcareAielpwanted-, OECD (2014), Women and Pensions, OECD Publishing, forthcoming.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	5b74f9434ae21d0114d8743d0001f1a2	Haig (1921) and Simons (1938). Goode (1977) argues persuasively that von Schanz anticipated the Haig-Simons definition in 1896 and so prefers “Schanz-Haig-Simons”. Non-recurring incomes derive from infrequent or unusual events such as the sale of assets, the settlement of insurance contracts, etc. A capital gain is accrued when the value of the asset increases.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	5b76339789474decaceaddacb3e954e0	Since many of the factors that are found to be relevant for how labour earnings are distributed among the working population can be influenced by policy makers, the article also draws some tentative policy conclusions from the empirical results. As far as possible, the analysis is based on comparable individual data for this wide set of countries, providing a unique country-by-country assessment of the drivers of earnings inequality. The empirical analysis mainly makes use of the unconditional quantile regression technique proposed by Firpo eta I. (2009). This method allows estimating the effect of the potential determinants on all parts of the earnings distribution and is thus better suited to answer questions about the drivers of earnings inequality than standard least squares techniques that only allow estimating effects on mean earnings.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	5b771f7f9a7433719e6446f55826b653	Primary schools give a lot of attention to providing young people with knowledge about climate change, including values associated with sustainability. In secondary schools, sustainability education tends to be more specialised, with units in science and geography. Lack of training can be costly. For example, in response to the onset of the Global Financial Crisis, the Australian Government rolled out the Home Insulation Program (HIP) with the aim of insulating 2.7 million houses.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	5b7980134b2108277c19d6975781220d	Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. To use such information optimally, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected. Systems are needed to generate, validate and distribute the data; the information needs to be used in a suitable and timely fashion; incentive mechanisms are needed to encourage actors to follow a particular course of action; and appropriate use of the performance information must be planned for.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	5b7ba365f7933a26b580aa023d5be6f3	The advisors work with SMEs to provide them with advice on existing skills provision and assist in the design and brokerage of customised training solutions (OECD, 2014b). The group training network is an established part of the architecture of the VET system in Australia, which includes 150 GTOs, 2 000 field staff and 100 000 host employers. Many GTOs now provide a range of other workforce development related services such as Registered Haming Organisations (RTOs) and Australian Apprenticeship Support Network providers.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	5b7e9677596c003d7270d032c8e5511e	This calls for considerable capacity for GHG abatement project business planning, management and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), all of which is anticipated by the CRGE. However, international climate finance regimes face uncertainties on the part of too many countries and companies. Therefore, Ethiopia will do well to bear in mind other international possibilities, notably in regional markets for the goods and services produced by a green Ethiopian economy, in wider international environmental markets, and in global collective action.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	5b802c02447b2aeeeec6de1050737d84	The standard errors for the quantile regressions are computed using data analysis and statistical software (stata) and are based on 100 bootstrap replications. The reference category is a blue-collar single woman with less than complete secondary education who is a non-mother, public worker and is employed full-time at a small services firm. The control variables are the same as in table 2. Significant at 5%. *** An alternative approach is to consider penalties associated with the age of children or the timing of childbearing.	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/f81b7706-en	5b80c62214d9f872f45fa4c0613df916	They are also a litmus test for political will and commitment to gender equality. Gender equality and womens empowerment, in particular, are recognised as essential components of human development and basic human rights. Yet nowhere, says the report of the United Nations (UN) to the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, ‘is the gap between de jure and de facto equality among men and women greater than in the area of decision-making’ (UN 1995, p. 12). The 2016 World Economic Forum (WEF) Gender Gap Report (WEF 2016) noted that, while the gender gap in political participation was the widest that year, it exhibited the most progress, narrowing by 9 per cent since 2006.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	5b815dda9ea627258390ce546e841700	Further north, the section of road leading to Kamba has been in an advanced state of deterioration for several years. Better road conditions would allow people to travel to the urban region of Sokoto and to the Nigerian towns in the Niger River valley in under three hours using the new paved road linking Malanville to Illo. This driving time could also allow access to Niamey, the capital of Niger situated 300 kilometres to the northwest. The paved Malanville-Illo axis should improve the accessibility of the Beninois bank and reconcile two territorial logics that have for a long time been disconnected: those of north-south international flows and the east-west flows of local production. This should reinforce the centrality of Malanville, whose role is precisely to serve as an anchor for these two dynamics.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	5b82241b53a4897ca545dbe095b364a1	Different forms of solutions are offered from the governance side, and each technical solution is followed by a brief overview of the governance context. Separately, governance analysts give presentations on solutions related to cooperation, coordination frameworks and other policy interventions. In finalizing the draft assessment, feedback from the officials and other key stakeholders regarding perspectives on implementation must also be taken into account.	6	3	3	0.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	5b8273cbb0f53ee5a3b7520649db2eee	The review should make clear whether relevant gender issues, as defined by major data users, are covered by existing data collection programmes and made available to users. Based on this review, the strategy of gender main-streaming can involve collecting new types of data expanding data collection in some areas to fill existing knowledge gaps and better disseminating data already collected (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations, 2002). The strategy of gender mainstreaming should be based on strong collaboration between users and producers of data, strong internal coordination within the national statistical office and the national statistical system, and data sharing agreements between the national statistical office and other agencies of the national statistical system or other producers of data.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	5b858b966083ac4fa9daafdfc9b9374c	"Target 8.3 of the SDGs calls for the global community to ""promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.” Most businesses owned and operated by women are overwhelmingly micro- or small-sized businesses. But unlike their male counterparts, women business owners must contend with a unique and disparate set of challenges in addition to those challenges facing small businesses more broadly."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	5b895af9e5de02fc9bafd17df7bcaa84	A restrictive licensing scheme operates and no new licences are issued by the UK authorities. Anyone who wishes to fish for profit, must acquire a licence from an existing fishing vessel. Owners of all vessels fishing against the United Kingdom’s quotas have to maintain a genuine economic link with the United Kingdom.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	5b89d060064b612b71c0814e6ce1dbbf	Selecting sites of special conservation interest outside protected areas would bring added value. In Kolkheti National Park, part of a Ramsar site was allocated for construction of the Kulevi terminal, and part of Kazbegi Protected Areas was allocated for construction of a hydroelectric power plant. The country’s drive for economic development, in particular the country's hydroelectricity generation and regional development strategies, are preventing progress towards the development of the network.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5b8b01a6a98c3f9783047b476c08c95b	While the Israel Railway Authority has plans to expand train service into the interior of the Galilee, plans to improve the accessibility of Arab communities remain a subject of controversy. While no robust data was available about the inequilities in access to communication, they are likely to broadly correspond to disparities in GDP per capita. Improving access to telecommunications represents a potential source of growth and should be favoured. Systematic investments in high speed trains and high-speed internet improved the connectivity and mobility in the region which has the second lowest GDP in Spain.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	5b8eda67150553de8683929c5e8ba817	In Section 2, key developments in international markets are discussed, exploring changes in production, prices and trading patterns. In Section 3, changes in the policy landscape are explored, taking the three broad categories in the 1994 WTO Agreement on Agriculture as the organising framework - those of market access, domestic support and export competition. Policy responses as a result of the 2007/08 food price crisis are also discussed.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	5b927e6e1cc91f8b2c63080104e44d4f	Moreover, several conference and journal papers have been published in domestic as well as international societies. Currently, the focus of the laboratory is on developing tools for quality assessment of intelligent advertising platforms as well as natural language-processing services such as knowledge graph and tree bank. This project promotes the advancement of SDGs 8 and 9. Every day, huge streams of information are exchanged.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264113800-en	5b96631d2c725d142f24aa26286c96ba	But the first step is the need to acknowledge that there might in fact be a problem and that the VET system needs to take responsibility for addressing it. Interviews conducted during the visits suggested that even this first step may be a challenge. Because most young people in these countries leave full-time schooling after only nine or ten years, part-time vocational schools have a special responsibility to provide continuing general education alongside the more occupationally-specific education that is their main focus. In Germany dual system students receive only 160 hours annually of general education, and that time is divided among the subjects German, English, sports, and economics or social science. By contrast, Danish dual system students spend between 30% and 50% of their time in vocational school. This raises the larger question of how to ensure that the broader purposes of schooling are respected in a system principally focused on preparing young people for work.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	5b96828bb3e00424e1e49e3959752b9c	After fully mappingthe island of Aitu, they officially launched the portal in August 2014. Mongolia is currently utilizing natural and man-made disaster data and will connect the portal to the emergency operation and early warning centre. The geoportal was also used during the 2015 earthquakes as a repository for GIS and mapping data (http://drm.moha.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/irtad-2013-en	5b97b68ce631dfc8c76cc317ea6e64dc	The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It is composed of road safety experts and statisticians from renowned safety research institutes, national road and transport administrations, international organisations, universities, automobile associations, the automobile industry, and others from OECD and non-OECD countries.	3	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264179028-en	5b9910e5b684943580d04a8112ee1404	As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries participated in the review process in 2008-11. The third round of reviews was launched in 2011-13 to respond to the OECD’s global strategy and continuing demand. The OECD would like to thank the Government of the Department of Antioquia, the Rectors of the universities in Antioquia, other representatives of tertiary education institutions, as well as numerous regional stakeholders who provided valuable insights during the review visit.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	5b9d2eff63c212e9814ecac243115480	"However, due to the relatively resource-intensive nature of Time Use Surveys, these are generally conducted at about five-yearly intervals (with the exception of the United States). In interim years or where their implementation is not feasible, data on unpaid work and use of time can be collected through survey instruments with lower collection and response burden, e.g. ""light"" diaries with pre-coded time use categories (UNECE, 2013). A number of initiatives have been launched by national statistical offices and international organisations to spread awareness of gender-based violence."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	5b9d71cfe8640cb25dbcf64caa5d1f14	Conflict in one country shaves an estimated 0.5 percentage points off the annual rate of growth in a neighbouring country (Collier et al., It can create a refugee population, disrupt trade, provoke an arms race, provide a haven for rebels, and itself become theatre of a new war. This chapter aims to make a contribution by painting a picture of youth in employment and unemployment, the needs they have and the obstacles they face.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	5b9fde29b66d339f6d2616a7241df4e2	"When public access to roads, railways, ports, electric grids, and water services that support the extraction of natural resources is restricted, tensions can mount. This can be amplified when an extractive operation employs an ""enclave approach"" that does not extend infrastructure and services to neighboring communities. This is exacerbated when people and businesses from outside the community or country are favored or given more opportunities than locals."	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/76afd318-en	5ba31ea3093d2d90a26c087f824e36ca	Of the 500 largest corporations in the world, only 13 have a female chief executive officer. Women are abused physically and sexually by intimate partners at different rates throughout the world - yet such abuse occurs in all countries or areas, without exception. Younger women are more at risk than older women and since the consequences of such violence last a lifetime it has a severely adverse impact on womens family and social life.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	5ba819f3350a91aefd1e2cd80010b4f4	Nearly all OECD countries that use capitation adjust for risk factors (including age, gender and health status) to ensure that the health care needs of specific groups (such as the elderly) are properly addressed. Capitation is usually combined with fee-for-service, to encourage particular activities. Costa Rica starts from a good base here, since it already has a blended payment system in primary care, and a rich understanding of local health and social care contexts through the family record held within EDUS. Ideally, payments to clinicians should reflect value, as far as possible.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	5ba97e7c087913e614383fa196d414cb	Initiatives to increase the contribution of the nursing workforce are being considered, but reports suggest that logistical challenges - such as the unavailability of a room for nurses to work in - is limiting the impact of this change. In particular, more attention is still needed on indicators of quality of care. There is no national system for adverse event reporting, for example, and no information on hospital-acquired infections.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	5baa1a2a13d37dc04775483aaff37aad	The impact of students’ socio-economic background on mathematics performance and grade repetition rates is higher than the average for other OECD countries. Portugal system-level practices include enrolment rates for 3-4 year-olds above the OECD average, universal enrolment for 5-14 year-olds and compulsory education recently extended to 12 years (from age 6 to age 18) - one of the longest periods of compulsory schooling among OECD countries. Attainment rates at upper secondary and tertiary levels are below the OECD average, and enrolment in upper secondary vocational education and training (VET) is around the OECD average. Portugal has steadily reduced dropout since 2000, accelerating the decrease in recent years, although it remains high compared to the average of OECD countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	5baa607517adb8ce9df39fc65152adec	The preliminary product of this initiative, The OECD Framework for Inclusive Growth, was released in 2014. It provides the policy framework to measure well-being based on multidimensional living standards, not just Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Policy makers must also consider distributional impacts and potential outcomes with respect to all dimensions of inclusiveness.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	5baa648e3ef37238dbba6cc0604b8d28	Moreover, based on the platform, the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data research team published over 50 technical papers (El/Chinese key journals) and applied for 34 patents. This project is relevant to advancing SDGs 8, 9, 10, 11,12 and 13, and has been developed in partnership with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and Beijing Polygon Prism Info. With the development of informatization in China, big data, loT and artificial intelligence are applied in many fields.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	5baa6bb2acce81ea4533564be6b3b3b4	At full load, 114 GW can generate 1000 TWh per year. However, in practice plants operate on average far below the maximum load. This is related partly to energy resource availability (e.g. for variable renewables) and partly to fluctuations in demand during the year. Table 3.4 shows the power capacity in the ETP Baseline and BLUE Map Scenarios in 2050 (IEA, 2010a).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	5baaa5952d5179137795773d898b5697	The President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been in office since 1991. The Executive Office of the President exercises strong control over the Government, all branch ministers, and regional governors. Independent scrutiny of Kazakhstan’s political system reveals the limitations of the democratic process and insufficient freedom of public discussions (ICG, 2013; Heinrich, 2010; Bhuiyan, 2012). Oblast governors are appointed by the President, serve as his representatives in oblasts, head the oblasts and are responsible for implementation of the President’s policy decisions.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	5bab0b86852b30887cdc1f72c159050b	Policies targeted at vulnerable consumers directly through safety nets were much less common. However, OECD (2010) points out that for a number of large agricultural trading countries examined, many interventions were in the form of a reinforcement of existing policy measures rather than new measures per se. However, given such interventions were made by a number of countries, the cumulative effect of these on world prices meant that the effectiveness of such measures for any one country, particularly for smaller producers, was significantly lessened. Similarly, Headey (2011) suggests that trade policy related decisions were a major driver of the observed price spikes.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	5bab43a1a03f66471edebce31bc729ec	Six years after its onset, in a global economic climate characterised in many OECD economies by slow growth and high unemployment, countries continue to deal with the consequences and adjust to a new reality. Furthermore, a primary focus on economic growth, often at the expense of other policy objectives, resulted in growth being considered an end in itself, rather than a means to improve the well-being of the population. A key aspect of this interconnectedness and complexity relates to the relationship between growth, environment and social outcomes (with a good understanding of the relationship between environmental policies and economic growth vital for policy-makers aiming to achieve greener growth).	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f7cce716-en	5bae57d7815f9f7fa0b34ff8a3361bc0	In the case of projects implemented directly by SEDESOL, the aforementioned departments serve as technical advisers (World Bank, 2013). At the present time, the population targeted by the PET consists of individuals aged 16 years or older who suffer a temporary income cut owing to a lack of demand for labour or the effects of an emergency (Government of Mexico, 2013). In 2012, the authorities included a new area of action related to climate change and increasing the resilience of communities by building infrastructure to provide protection against flooding or landslides, the strengthening of coastal areas against damage caused by hurricanes, water harvesting in arid areas and the maintenance of rural roads, among other activities.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	5baf7fc1c01913e1f48cd5e785e249b6	A study on this is likely to be commissioned in the near future. The strategy focuses on a few priority areas for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of resources. The strategy contains actions to strengthen the knowledge base for conservation of biological diversity and to improve monitoring.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	5bafd9a60b3de8a96e58841b55b505bf	Other programmes, such as health and nutrition interventions by Guatemala's Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), have even had positive impacts on the educational outcomes of targeted children (Maluccio and others, 2006; Hoddinott and Bassett, 2008). One example is the Food and Nutrition Security System (SISAN), created in Brazil in 2006, which coordinates several programmes aimed at reducing food insecurity (Robles and Mirosevic, 2013). Haiti has also made strides concerning feeding, with its National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security and the National School Meals Programme.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fb332d66-en	5bb5d5651cd2924770ffdeac28b40074	Outside Baku and Sumgayit, as few as 33 operating industries are registered, the majority connected to agricultural production. According to State Statistical Committee data, recycled and consequently used water meets some 55 per cent of industrial water needs. Table 7.3 shows that industry also uses recycled water or so-called technical (untreated) water. Another important aspect to note is that the largest amount of w'ater consumption in industry occurs in the Aran region (87 per cent of the total in 2008), in particular in Mingechevir city (55 per cent), which is related to hydropower production, and Shirvan (30 per cent).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	5bb996371fde5682325386723ea231de	Enrolment in basic education has been close to universal for many years. In 2015, the net enrolment rate is 100% in primary education and 98.3% in lower secondary education (Statistics Lithuania, 2016). Grade repetition is comparatively low. According to PISA 2015 survey, only 2.5% of Lithuanian students report having repeated a grade as compared to the OECD average of 12%.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5bbbd984fb8cd2d1ea0a535bf5ddbab3	Limited resources are often spread thinly and there is a lack of critical mass to generate comprehensive regional approach that would have real impact at the cross border regional level. Each institution has responded according to their own mission to the social, cultural and environmental needs. Collaborative mechanisms between the higher education institutions at the state level or Northern Corridor Economic region to build capacity and foster joint efforts remain limited in scope and representation. Inter-ethnic and inter-religious dialogue and collaboration remain limited.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	5bbc6e1405789687db97a45fdce0a3ef	But in my conversations with education ministers around the world, the challenges they most commonly cite are not about designing reforms, but about how reforms can be put into practice successfully. Schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions are among the biggest recipients of public spending. And because everyone has participated in education, everyone has an opinion about it. Everyone supports education reform - except when it might affect their own children.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-6-en	5bbe5efbaf380b134b1d4937219237d7	Achieving these changes will require increasing the resources available for assessment and examination design and support. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. When an education system achieves the right balance between different types of assessment, and all assessment practices are oriented towards supporting student learning, classrooms are characterised by a positive assessment culture.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	5bbecb680f66bf2880430c14aeeb3e08	New Public Management also addresses increased demands for accountability and efficiency in education systems that are triggered by decentralisation reforms. As stated in the Eurydice Network’s comprehensive publication National Testing of Pupils in Europe, “In the last two decades, national testing has been increasingly introduced as a natural accompaniment to growing school autonomy, which has resulted in a need to systematise the monitoring of education systems, and in efforts to improve the quality of education” (2009: 21). In Europe, decentralisation reforms of the 1990s gave schools more autonomy, likewise increasing the need for results-based management (Eurydice Network, 2009). For example, in Latvia and Poland national-level measurement tools were implemented following reforms to increase school and teacher autonomy (Eurydice Network, 2009: 19).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	5bbf897ff1bbb6652fef8223023cb21f	Internet-based education programmes tailored to fanners or the general rural population become feasible with reliable broadband networks, raising farm productivity and supporting the development of non-agricultural rural industries. A well-functioning broadband network may also help increase the efficiency of China’s rural social welfare systems, improving welfare assessment and targeting and better informing rural citizens about nearby services and opportunities. A recent survey covering 3 000 households in Guizhou, Jilin and Shandong provinces found that only around a quarter of the villages had a facility for public internet access (World Bank, 2013b). The State Council has prioritised the completion of a national broadband network covering both urban and rural areas by 2020.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	5bc42a5a74b4029d47a0660cc631be71	Policies can be place-based and still be people-centred. On the one hand, traditional views on regional policy related to the old paradigm saw regional policy as a compensatory mechanism to foster convergence. On the other hand, some national governments can regard investing in lagging regions as sub-optimal as cities make the best use of skills, ideas and knowledge.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/85946e24-en	5bc4f88b3002a5e7d741c558f82b3950	The relatively small female advantage in Africa in 2010-2015 is mainly a consequence of the differential impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on mortality levels by sex, with HIV prevalence estimated to be higher among women than among men. In the more developed regions, the female advantage is larger in Europe (7.4 years or 11.3 per cent) than in Northern America (4.7 years or 6.1 per cent) and Oceania, which includes Australia-New Zealand. The child mortality rate, also known as the “under-five mortality rate”1 declined at a remarkable pace of about 3 per cent per year between 1990 and 2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	5bc679d43bba30874f5625b632742d3d	Aida, the more vivacious and assertive of the two women, was 32 and had been in Lebanon for 12 years. She came on a contract but ran away after two years because she was being forced to work for three homes for US$100 per month. She met and later married Rahim, a Sudanese man who was working as a driver for the Embassy of Saudi Arabia. They lived together for several years, and Rahim started working as an unlicensed broker bringing women as domestic workers from Ethiopia via Sudan (since the Ethiopian Government’s ban on migration to Lebanon was in force at the time).	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	5bc6b44b54bd366cb07e3778a8b22537	In the Oder Basin, for example, some 500,000 and 150,000 additional people in the Polish and Czech parts, respectively, are expected to be connected to sewage systems between 2005 and 2015. Continuing investment will still be required to increase coverage, and maintain or replace ageing water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The high infrastructure costs of meeting the requirements of the UWWTD place a particular burden on new EU member States, who arc therefore given more time to achieve compliance.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	5bc740092a8f00b371d883528649559f	Watershed agencies are not without their flaws, and have been criticised for embracing a top-down approach, driven by experts and lacking in transparency. In addition, the prioritisation of holistic management often typical of watershed management agencies, has resulted in conflicts of interest, in which regulatory, ownership and service provision functions overlap, sometimes with negative consequences. At the initiative of Brazil, it was later restmctured and in 2008, 67 institutions from 21 countries gathered to agree on common principles. A major feature of LAC countries as compared to OECD countries is the preponderance of conflict resolution mechanisms (75% of countries surveyed) and informal co-operation around projects.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	5bcf2fd9dbe6f02d9d27e396d8dc0d86	Further analysis of the programme is deferred to the next section of this chapter where policies are discussed as they may affect the Outlook. With its National Food Security Mission of 2007-08, India has undertaken a number of substantive policy actions to further increase agricultural output and policies have been enhanced to promote its wider distribution. This section examines the prospects for India’s commodity sectors over the next decade and attempts to provide a framework against which the various challenges may be examined.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	5bd1dd6f11c6aec7cdadbbcac9434026	However, it faces a growing number of challenges, including deteriorated main routes and worsening traffic congestion. Service quality has declined as the system has not been able to keep up with demand, which has encouraged greater use of alternatives, including private vehicles. Programme implementation needs careful monitoring and analysis, as such regimes can create incentives to increase the private car fleet. Bogota also closes road segments for selected hours on holidays and weekends, creating an additional 121 km of pedestrian and bike path called Ciclouia.	6	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	5bd9df667b5207b4835621f02aa9cf6d	The role of the public sector in establishing a supportive environment for private operators is absolutely essential, as set out in the OECD Checklist for Public Action (OECD, 2009d). Experience shows that private operators can play an important role as the “agents of positive change” in the institutional and legal frameworks. For example, while data on the performance of private operators in the Russian Federation do not show a superior performance by private operators vis-a-vis municipal water utilities, private operators have in many cases been “agents of positive change” in the sector (see Box 3.5 above for more details).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	5bda6c0d73e90f0cccd5602af2472f5a	The grouping of the regions into four large areas with distinct characteristics (Southern, Western and Northern and Eastern) is explained in Annex 5. The regions were further divided into sub-groups according to type of work identified in the NSSO surveys. For example, the rural sub-population was split into self-employed and non-self-employed workers, as the self-employed group seems to have substantially different determinants of participation in the regressions (see Annex 5) and in the statistical analysis (see Figure 4 above) than the other occupations.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	5bdb66be486acb43af2854ae37a85254	Public health insurance covers employees, the self-employed, the unemployed receiving benefits, and the retired and disabled. The government also pays a health-insurance premium for farmers, the unemployed who do not receive benefits, people on leave to raise young children, and soldiers. As a result, almost everyone (about 98% of the population) is covered by public insurance.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	5bdc3a12428e8eab3eabb6db04c27474	However, in three countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg and Spain), transitions from no employee income at all to at least some employee income are positively associated with falling into poverty. Although these effects are not very precisely estimated (p<0.05) and there are very few households with zero employee income at time / who are not poor and are still at risk of entering poverty (seeTable 7 pages 24 and 25), this suggests that moving into employment, everything else being equal, does not always protect from poverty. Compared to the risk in households where the same number of adults work in both years, children in households where fewer adults work at t+1 are more likely to move into poverty in Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and the UK.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	5bdcd22bbc99728033667c7be33bb9fe	It is important to ensure provision of SDS throughout the supply chain so that all downstream users, including those in SMEs, will receive them. In 2009, Colombia established a Single Environmental Registry (RUA), which focuses to a large extent on collecting information from companies on the use of natural resources. Some information on releases to the environment is also requested.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	5be183b099d9e1ef31cb9a7e18c76555	The outcome of the indicator based (quantitative) comparisons was very similar to the qualitative comparison in the current Nordic IPBES-like study, asthe Barents Sea and Lofoten area had the highest score and the Gulf of Finland and the Kattegat, the lowest. In each of the areas, the most important ecosystem components that had the largest overall contribution to the integrated assessment were different. In the Barents Sea those were Harp seal and Kittiwake, in the Gulf of Finland benthic fauna and three species offish (salmon, smoltand herring), at the Lithuanian coast the extent of benthic habitats affected by human impacts, and in Kattegat the winter abundance of three bird species (Fulmar, Kittiwake, and Guillemot).	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	5be1b669503dc790645de5566f2b0f7f	Provided that causal relationships and correlations can be duly established and that policies meant to impact some of the accounts that are part of the SEEA, the data collected via the account could help monitor (some of the] impacts of a policy over time. Although the approach may include the development of land cover accounts as well as soil resources it is not really suited to support the designation of land for specific purposes (e.g. development, protection, restoration, etc.]. In principle, the SEEA framework can be adapted to each country's administrative boundaries - what ultimately matters is the availability of the data at the level at which it gets implemented - the national level tends to be the one at which the kind of data to feed into the SEEA is collected.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	5be263b58d2e2c3e6ec9eacba445576f	The Directorate General for Schools (Direccao-Geral dos Estabelecimentos Escolar. Other services were merged to create a more cohesive governance system. For instance, the Directorate General for Education also took over the responsibilities of the Directorate General for Innovation and Curricular Development.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	5be5b889a19fc5dec4bd4b049d068e3a	Other countries do not allow the use of factory vessels within their EEZ, transhipments, or the use of foreign vessels for harvesting. Such regulations - although they may offer other benefits - may insulate the fishing fleet from certain opportunities offered by globalisation. Seen from the perspective of the fisheries management authorities, however, regulations are essential for ensuring a proper functioning of the fisheries management system and adherence to national and international standards. Following the extension to 200 miles, and the associated loss of foreign fishing grounds for Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs), they had to negotiate access to marine resources within the 200-mile limit of third countries or fish on the high seas. At the outset, these fleets were most often re-deployed in those countries’ waters where they had previously been fishing.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	5be7f3f752a6436a20045025a7f052e8	Data from the slum poor were collected through observation and interviews, which were also used to determine the socio-economic status of the households. The determinants of socio-economic status included occupation, income, household size, durable goods possessed and the type of ownership of the settlement (temporary or transient settlers were worse off than long-term settlers). A small-scale qualitative survey was conducted through in-depth, open-ended interviews. During the interviews, the respondents were asked about their sources of income, health care, drinking water and sanitation, food safety and the condition of their waste disposal.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/55136f30-en	5be844c75bea6de7e9bcfeae5036ea47	The Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin is the largest and includes the Great Lakes Depression, including Lake Uvs, Lake Khar-Us, Lake Khar and Lake Khyargas. Mongolia's water resources are distributed unevenly throughout the country (with sufficient water resources in the north and extremely limited resources in the south). The flow of rivers is not stable. This is a result of the severe winter, which holds down the rivers for half a year and reduces or stops the flow, reduction of precipitation from north to south, and aridity' of the Gobi Desert region, where a lot of water is lost because of evaporation and infiltration.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	5bea75bc4bf94a14b800dc5f5f073037	In Finland, medically certified absences were 20% higher among lifetime abstainers, former and heavy drinkers compared with light drinkers (Vahtera et al., A review of 22 studies from different countries observed a substantial economic burden of alcohol on society (Thavomcharoensap et al., In the United Kingdom, nearly 11 million working days were lost by alcohol-dependent workers in 2001, and the total cost of absenteeism due to alcohol was estimated to be £1.2 billion (UK Cabinet Office, 2003). In the European Union, alcohol accounted for an estimated €59 billion worth of potential lost production through absenteeism, unemployment and lost working years through premature death in 2003 (Anderson and Baumberg, 2006). Potential production losses were found to be an important part of alcohol-related costs in Scotland, France and Canada (Rehm et al., In particular, in the United States, lost productivity represented 72.2% of the total economic cost of excessive drinking.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	5bec955b7ae1be1fabe3c0ee5640a5bf	However, its deficit has overshot targets, as the recent monetary and tax reforms weighed on immediate economic activity despite the expected medium-term benefits (ESCAR 2017b). Another reason for the wider deficit was the debt restructuring of State power distribution companies. The national budget deficit target for the 2018/19 fiscal year is 3.3 per cent of GDR lower than the estimated 3.5 per cent deficit in 2017/18, but higher than previously set targets (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	5bed870277635d40a7f3cf73dc2cf6ef	"It also recognized the obligation of State of due diligence, which requires prevention, investigation and punishment of acts of violence against women ""whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons"" (art. United Nations General Assembly 1993. See, e.g., Concluding observations of the UN CEDAW Committee on Norway, CEDAW/C/NOR/CO/8, 9 March 2012 and Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of India, CEDAW/C/IND/O/4-5, 24 July 2014."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	5bedac14b80b35ff30fc3f9431c3a592	This growth slowed in the 2000s. Energy use by transport has been relatively stable since 2005 (Figure 5.1), as the total number of vehicles and distance travelled per vehicle have stagnated. Emissions in 2008 were about 3% above the assigned amount (76.39 Mt C02 eq per year) under the Kyoto Protocol.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	5bf047a6e3941a3279ab87aac623c062	For example, the UK Foresight study estimated the total adaptation investment needed to address flooding (coastal, river and intra-urban) over the next 80 years at between GBP 22 billion and GBP 75 billion for a portfolio of responses, depending on the scenario, implying average annual costs of up to EUR 1 billion per year. Similarly, a recently conducted assessment on flood protection and flood risk management in the Netherlands estimates that the implementation of a comprehensive set of adaptation measures will cost EUR 1.2-1.6 billion per year up to 2050 and EUR 0.9-1.5 billion per year during the period 2050-2100. A Swedish national study estimated potentially large investment costs for adaptation across a wider range of sectors (including transport, water treatment, infrastructure, flood protection) of up to EUR 10 billion (total) in the period 2010-2100. The lack of perception of a need for action or lack of perception of a benefit from the action presents two potential obstacles to timely or effective adaptation. Timing errors are likely in either direction - either too early or too late - with implications for the economic efficiency of adaptation.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/18db943d-en	5bf07de60260f14ba92105192fa482fb	In particular, the regional specialized metrological centres in New Delhi and Tokyo, working in the framework of the WMO, are training national forecasters. At their joint session in 2015, TC and PTC members recommended the further scaling up of such training. The project uses a ‘cascading forecasting process’ to provide guidance from global and regional weather models to participating countries such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. In this way, national forecasters do not need to invest in expensive computing power.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9f24d500-en	5bf56c1750c2679a0c7ee35b98996ff9	Affordability may be estimated by relating net cost - the difference between private costs and financial assistance - to a measure of households’ ability to pay. However, few countries have sufficiently detailed survey data to provide such information (Murakami and Blom, 2008; Usher and Medow, 2010). This affordability index can be calculated for 71 countries across regions and country income groups. The World Bank's Skills toward Employment and Productivity (STEP) surveys provide information for 11 low and middle income countries on whether any household member received a government scholarship during the past 12 months (the education level supported is not specified).	4	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	5bf7b2738043d3d961d86e8d83dab486	Examples include the recent 700 MW wind project of the AES Corporation as well as Dow ChemicaTs investment in solar PV, among others. Their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and strength, as well as the business objectives, of wind project developers. We are not going to discuss these specific financing models, but present the classification developed by Harper et al. ( And veiy often it is the solar and wind energy companies, which have themselves reached the utility stage, that become active investors in their respective sub-sectors.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-6-en	5bf9373fcaedffc74894a84e9020d4ab	Equity is measured by the difference in the index of quality of schools’ educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools. * Korea has a negative value (-0.01), which means that disadvantaged schools receive more resources than the advantaged ones. Source: OECD, (2013a), PISA 2012 Results: What Makes Schools Successful (Volume IV): Resources, Policies and Practices, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201156-en. The gap in tertiary enrolment rates between students from the highest income quartile and those from other quartiles has widened dramatically since 1996, and the gap between young people from the highest and the lowest income quartiles is especially large (Figure 2.16).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	5bfad5ec7b29cb08023d8d8fdbd42247	Org/I0.1016/i.marpol.2012.12.026. Whatever the building blocks, the essential consideration is that MSP must work across sectors and give a geographic context in which to make decisions about the use of resources, development and the management of activities in the marine environment (Gubbay, 2004) (see Chapter 5 for further discussion on policy mixes).	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	5bfb186b1c48f9b399648919b8eb863c	The smallest proportions are found in Costa Rica and Uruguay, although in each case informality encompasses just over one third of all non-agricultural workers. This highlights the fact that, despite the decision adopted by ILO members to abolish this type of practice, there is still a lack of protection for children and adolescents, especially in Guatemala, Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru. Firstly, wage discrimination in employment between women and men is illustrated by the ratio between the average pay of women and men, which averages 86.1% among the countries for which information is available.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/750717ff-en	5bfb7e14a25f3ec9fc5e012f689814ba	Faculty of Sciences of the University of Novi Sad, 2013. Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection and Ministry of Health. A certain number of river reservoir and retention ponds contribute to flood protection, but still a large part of the territory remains potentially threatened by floods.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5bff60900d0fbd83b18229aa03ecf795	Other studies of the nuclear power sector find that indirect labour is approximately equal to direct labour (see IAEA, 2009 for Korea), i.e. this method identifies about 75% of the indirect labour with 25% of the indirect labour supplying the needs of the nuclear construction supply chain, e.g. in supplying materials to the machinery manufacturing industry (NAICS 333). For 50 years of operation, annually there are approximately 600 administrative, operation and maintenance, and permanently contracted staff, or about direct 30 000 labour-years during operation. To understand how these jobs are distributed locally, regionally and nationally, Table 9.3 breaks down the 15 largest categories of spending during the operation of an NPP.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	5c0336809e3e9e3efc1d710205a7b9db	Existing multiplier estimates for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are in fact closer to zero than 1. On average, the multiplier is above 1 only in China, about 0.5 in the Republic of Korea and the Philippines, about zero in Indonesia and Thailand, and negative in Singapore (Wang and Wen, 2013; Tang, Liu and Cheung, 2010). Indeed, fiscal policy in developing economies could be more concerned about supporting development priorities than just stabilizing output - in which case, fiscal performance would be better assessed through such indicators as public expenditure efficiency instead of multipliers, as shown in chapter 3 for such areas as education and health. It could also be the case that some of the dynamic, long-term effects of fiscal policy on output are not captured in the short-term multiplier.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	5c04a495b6521aa38e1605437268db40	It explores the ways in which development co-operation providers and their partners can be better prepared to exploit synergies between the different international processes outlined in this paper and maximise effectiveness at the country level. Nine factors are listed below which can influence the extent to which coherence between climate and development financing can be achieved in the overall pursuit of sustainable development (Table 2). The factors are informed by the principles of aid effectiveness, development financing and climate finance as set out in the Busan Partnership, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Agenda 2030 and the UNFCCC, including the Paris Agreement.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	5c059b5f78ea5d3156fe21a9d947cb1d	It includes provisions on professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy, guiding materials for good practices and school-based programmes for class management. To increase student motivation and reduce the differences in motivation between boys and girls and between students from different social backgrounds, the action plan introduces more practical and varied instruction methods in lower secondary education, as well as a new subject with a practical approach, the Working Life Course (Arbeidslivsfagef). This reform builds on the Knowledge Promotion Reform (2006), a major curricular reform of the whole system (see Spotlight 1). The Programme for Basic Competence in Working Life (2006) targets adults who lack basic skills.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	5c05f6f3cf09a303171bfba3e3e4be07	Local officers can in some cases collaborate without altering the delivery' of policies and programmes, and flexibility in outsourcing is often restricted through national contracting regulations (Giguere and Froy, 2009). Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED provides building owners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. Since its launch in 2005, the PCI has been widely utilised by' provincial governments to inform their economic governance reforms and has served to set a standard, represented by “star performer” provinces. The index has also been used for private businesses to advocate for local initiatives intended to foster an enabling environment for enterprises. The Pact addresses the social and employment impact of the international financial crisis and economic crisis. It promotes productive recovery centred on investments, employment and social protection.	8	1	3	0.5
10.14217/51bd6023-en	5c08e62632ad938fad4047f360cb3e12	Despite this strong growth and the low unemployment rate (5.9% in 2014) (World Bank 2016a), Malta remains exposed to many of the same risks as Cyprus. Both are members of the eurozone, which has experienced very slow growth (0.9% in 2014) (World Bank 2016a), and could also be affected by any further Greek debt crises. There is also uncertainty surrounding the UK’s relationship with the European Union. Malta was affected by the upsurge in irregular migration in 2014 and 2015, as was Cyprus to a lesser extent, because of their proximity to conflict zones in Libya and Syria.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/604a5a2e-en	5c0b0fa2b1b93a827e3ce22afe1c6ef4	Building resilience can also help mitigate the potential negative effects on the sexual and reproductive health of women and adolescent girls. Since the first Ebola patient presented in Monrovia in June 2014, the number of new cases was growing every day: By August, it was topping 400 per week. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare was forced to suspend virtually all non-Ebola-related activities to focus on managing the crisis. The unintended result was that women of reproductive age in Liberia experienced some of the worst fallout from Ebola, regardless of their own infection status.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	5c0b9961cb8edbf255e197a12531414e	For example, misuse of pesticides and fertilisers may have implications for the crops of other farmers nearby. Through randomized control trials in five counties in Hebei and Anhui provinces, Burger et al. ( They observe significant heterogeneity in the quality of the programmes, suggesting that training and performance-based incentives for facilitators will be important for any broader roll-out of farmer field schools. Food safety risks have arisen numerous times over the past decade, such as when daces of carcinogenic drugs administered by farmers were found in turbot in Beijing and Shanghai (Gale and Buzby, 2009).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	5c0c37146e2b3bb965cfb012b985c64e	Thus our use of the same equivalence scale for both cash and in-kind expenditures is a reasonable middle-of-the-road solution”. Applying the standard OECD equivalence scale, which is the square root of household size, this is converted to USD 20 000 of equivalent income attached to each individual (column 1). The child of 8 years is enrolled in primary school (value estimated as USD 3 000), whereas the 13-year-old is in lower secondary education (value USD 5 000).	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5d5f408e-en	5c115f2901d7d0b82fc7bbfd0a23b862	But understanding art also means to be able to place a work of art within its historic and social context: the world in which it was created, its influences, be it artistic, political, economical or so on. Finally, understanding art means understanding the artist as well: while it would be difficult to comprehend the art of Frida Kahlo out of the context of the Mexican Revolution, that context would be insufficient if we are not familiar as well with her life, her pains, her passions and dilemmas. Programmes loaded with recreational experiences, creative work, context sensitive activities, discovery of sounds and colors, textures and harmonies that could then be used by students to communicate ideas and emotions through their artistic creations.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264186217-10-en	5c14df238de4be86ba813a3fb72cb66e	This underlines the potential to expand irrigated agriculture, which already for a number of countries generates a high and growing share in total agricultural production value (in excess of 50%) and value of exports (more than 60%), for example, in Italy, Mexico, Spain and the United States (crop sales only) (OECD, 2008). This is being achieved in many OECD countries through better management and uptake of more efficient technologies, such as drip irrigation, and adoption of other water saving farm practices. In addition, many countries are undertaking agricultural and water policy reforms that seek to transmit the value of supplying water to irrigators by lowering support for water supplied to agriculture, which in some cases has led to allocation of water to higher valued commodities which frequently require less water, such as vines and horticultural crops (OECD, 2010a). Australia stands out as the OECD country making the largest improvement in irrigation water application rates consistently over the two decades from 1990 to 2010 (Figure 8.3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	5c154bfd5fb243c97f2f0b6151956b53	A few other selected initiatives carried out by multilateral organizations for LDCs are briefly described in box II.4. The LDCF was designed to support projects addressing the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of the LDCs as identified by their national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs). The Fund responds to the unique circumstances of the LDCs, which are highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	5c154c699ae9968c1f3e2b40a0d3a39d	Consequently, the level of GHG-intensive production and consumption activity is higher than is socially optimal. The most cost-effective means of ensuring that these external costs are internalised is to price emissions, either through an emission tax or a cap-and-trade scheme (which sets a cap on emissions and allows trade in emission permits). This will encourage producers and consumers to exploit abatement opportunities to the extent that their marginal abatement costs are less than the price of emitting GHGs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	5c182b2afd9416c29a4f67b64f12a65a	The annual budget of approximately EUR 1 185 000 (2008) is financed by the European Social Fund, the Berlin Senate Administration for Education, Science and Research and the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. The main partners include the TUB Alumni, Business Angels, VC, TUB Faculties and university institutes active involved in business start-ups, external business support organisations, Berlin networks, the Technologie Coaching Centre, colleagues in the rest of Germany and abroad, and organisations fostering women's entrepreneurship. The OECD's way of working consists of a highly effective process that begins with data collection and analysis and moves on to collective discussion of policy, then decision-making and implementation.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	5c18bc73a355e3bb2f41f8006c717c65	In addition, in 2014, EUR 5.8 mln from local budgets was used to finance eneigy efficiency measures (EEA, 2015). To date, there have been three calls. The first, in 2013, was launched for public institutions (including schools and hospitals), resulting in the selection of 86 projects worth a total of MDL 135 mln (about EUR 78 000 per project on average).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264251090-6-en	5c19693ed4b1228afabaae5691c9c2f9	Basin-level management, for example, may require upper-level governance to avoid inequities in water allocation within a water basin and also to ensure that the public good aspects and values of water are given sufficient recognition (OECD, 201 la). At the same time, while inter-municipal, supra-municipal and metropolitan bodies have been set up to respond to co-ordination challenges while creating economies of scale and improving the quality of service, there might be risks of duplication and overlap of responsibilities with low'er and higher levels of government. The OECD developed a risk-based approach consisting of three steps: “knowing”, “targeting” and “managing” (OECD, 2013d).	6	0	3	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	5c1a04e6f41fa300cd8da83147595e09	Regulatory asynchronicity and zero tolerance will impact on trade like any other technical barriers. Low-level pricing policies (LLP) and regulatory synchronicity deserve strong attention. One study found that if bilateral trade disruptions caused by LLP created a 5-10 per cent reduction of soybean imports into China, there would be an 8-15 per cent increase in price. She noted that it will be a long time before farmers realise their objectives unless all countries adopt agricultural biotechnology.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5c1d341a1a773ea35958c9640e8b82cc	Private Sector Development Policy Handbook, OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, forthcoming. This chapter looks at hoiu supply chains operate in Kazakhstan and the costs that agricultural producers and other participants incur in transactions. The focus is on the three largest sub-sectors of the agro-food system: wheat, dairy and beef.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	5c20a42e3562deab21802dfd9d875570	Successful BDS will link businesswomen, businessmen and their associations for mutual benefit. To be sensitive to the needs of women clients, services should be designed for delivery within short time periods of (less than a day and preferably not on a series of consecutive days). Wherever possible, BDS services should be near clients’ homes or businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	5c2348cfc4e6ed2f93504a55fc5c9162	To enhance returns, projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle, through adoption of user charges, public sector support (typically in the form of “viability gap finance”) and additional funding. Proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include: clear identification of actual returns and possible risks (including of default); development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders, including through compensation schemes; provision of de-risking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees; and government mapping of long-term investment paths to reduce investors’ uncertainty' about the future (Woetzel et al., In addition, standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects, as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors.	9	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	5c24c337bd7c5db4fb57d9700001da5d	Participants were concerned about the strong negative impact of seals on fishing and fisheries. Research at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences highlights the different kinds of impacts seals have on fisheries, including damage to harvest and equipment, along with hidden damage through scaring off or removing fish without leaving traces. Impacts at ecosystem level include the impact of seals on fish populations and dispersal of parasites in fish (Lunneryd & Konigson, 2017).	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	5c267d72e19424c85eb51f63ac849182	Public subsidies to operators disproportionately cover these low frequency services in thin markets. Replacing these trips with less costly and possibly more convenient options could also free up public resources for other uses. According to the survey, car-sharing and ride-services were generally seen as competing more with taxi and private car use than with public transport. Even if there were, it would be difficult to generalise at this stage on how this impact, either positive or negative, might evolve as more and more people use ride services. But at present, there seems to be evidence that in certain contexts - especially where the provision of public transport services is expensive and quality is low -well-targeted policy to replace certain poorly-performing and expensive bus services may indeed increase the overall attractiveness of public transport. In these cases, public authorities and public transport operators can start to evaluate where these synergies are strongest by undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes and services to evaluate the potential for alternative service delivery models -including those based on co-operation with ride services.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	5c2a59aab8649734b06e0dac0de85b19	For example, the National Mekong Committees coordinate Mekong River Commission’s programmes at the national level and provide links between the Commission’s secretariat and the national ministries and line agencies. The Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999) requests Parties to report to the ICPR on measures they have taken on the basis of ICPR decisions and on problems arising in implementation of these measures. If a Party cannot implement the Commission’s decisions, in full or in part, it shall report this. The Commission organizes consultations and may decide that measures will be taken to assist the implementation of the decisions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	5c2f4e63820ae351d84fcb8ae7845cfc	The budget of this programme increased substantially between 2008 and 2011, as part of the federal government’s strategies to support household consumption during the global crisis (CONEVAL, 2012). The programme offers both supply- and demand-side incentives, by providing financial aid to individuals and civil society organisations interested in running nurseries, as well as a subsidy to low-income mothers wishing to enrol their children in a centre. Day-care service comes at a lower cost to users, although it is not entirely free.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/92601435-en	5c370ecb1e9c0fbfa6d3dc86c2fcf112	The construction of the three power stations and dams in the area north of Vestmanna was done in the period from 1953 to 1961. The hydropower station with two turbines in the northern part of Eysturoy (Ei5i) was connected to the system in 1989 and extended with a third turbine in 2003. Their expected total lifetime is up to 100 years, so most of the plants still have many years of production left. The annual production of hydropower in the Faroe Islands is around 106,000 MWh (or 33% of the annual electricity consumption).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5c3803888e432ec50d161dc62e6ca748	Nevertheless, variable renewable producers benefit from a tolerance for deviation of 20%, while conventional producers are accorded only 5%. However, in this case renewable producers receive a regulated premium over and above the hourly electricity price, the premium payment representing the presumed positive externality stemming from the use of the renewable technology. In some cases, the remuneration for renewable producers has also seen floors and caps put in place to mitigate the uncertainty resulting from variable electricity prices (such as in Spain, Royal Decree 661/2007, NREL, 2010).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	5c3c59ecf237a5c1ec9531e462f9af82	As cities have adapted to accommodate greater car use, however, walking has been marginalised as a convenient and enjoyable mode of transportation, exposing pedestrians to environmental risks in the form of accidents and poor air quality. A high level of walkability is defined as involving good public transit connectivity, high residential density, and the presence of many local destinations within walking distance. A critical factor for maintaining walkability in larger cities is accessibility to public transit for longer journeys.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	5c3c8977dbe79f63a58eee4c1ce3deee	In 2010, about EUR 56 million was allocated from the state budget to the MoE’s nature department and agencies in charge of nature protection (the Nature Conservancy, the Caves Administration, a 200 and a museum). In 2005-09, annual disbursements for nature and biodiversity from the Environmental Fund amounted to EUR 6.5 million or 2% of total expenditure from the fund. Since 2004, the LIFE programme has provided EUR 1.1 million per year to finance the management and restoration of Natura 2000 sites in Slovakia.	6	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	5c3f3014ceb8463a078ec6d24f9d6cef	With the objective of integrating nature and biodiversity into the city, 40% of the city is allocated to man-made lakes and wetlands. As for road and transportation infrastructure, 70% of the network is allocated to public transportation with the goal to minimise private transport use. The township has 20 precincts, with the business and commercial activities concentrated in the core islands.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	5c401710b3af5df2e05de3726f4a800f	Rather, they underscore the breadth of the challenges that the region faces in keeping emancipation paths from diverging on the basis of gender, class and nationality and thus from contributing to the current trends towards social inequality within and between countries. At that age, 100% of the adolescents in the highest strata in the first group are still in the educational system. The same is true for some 90% of the adolescents in the low strata.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	5c41963e138d68dfb81f8ffc710c33dd	If the rate of change is abrupt and not predictable then governance systems will fail. In any case, success in management adaptation is measured by effectiveness, economic efficiency, equity and legitimacy all of which are at risk due to climate change (Mcllgorm et al., Consistent with this approach Martin et al.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	5c41a5fa6bad4f8526b6abd2e06bcccf	Such an economy becomes more vulnerable to commodity price shocks. Third, negative terms of trade and high commodity price volatility create an unfavourable environment for economic growth and development. Fourth, at the microeconomic level, low or declining commodity prices reduce incomes of households that are dependent on agricultural commodity exports such as coffee, cotton, tea and cocoa. Moreover, negative macroeconomic conditions affect firms’ profitability, and consequently their contribution to overall economic performance.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	5c4b054ca8a0323722a8627901ffc082	The share of this spend coming from public sources is particularly low. Only Chile (46%) and the United States (48%) report a share of public spending on health lower than Mexico (51%). The low public spending and limited total investment in the health system is reflected in national health resources. Mexico has 2.2 practicing doctors and 2.6 practicing nurses per 1 000 population, much less than the OECD averages of 3.3 and 9.1, respectively.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	5c4e87c39ecbd34e0999b28c028d7aa6	Better infrastructure is expected to raise female labour force participation. One way to measure it is the “women most-say index” developed by Montag (Montag 2011). The index counts the number of cases in which the respondent identified herself as the one who has the most say in a household in response to the following 5 questions: What do you cook on a daily basis; whether to buy an expensive item such as a TV or fridge; how many children do you have; what do you do if a child falls sick; and who should your children marry?	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-est-2015-6-en	5c4e9f061cf280f4e1c970c0b5e79930	In part, this reflects low income support for the long-term unemployed, as well as flexible wage bargaining and a minimum wage which remains relatively modest (OECD, 2012a), despite recent increases. Upper secondary qualifications do not appear to reduce the risk of unemployment as much as in other European OECD economies. By contrast young tertiary graduates have considerably lower unemployment rates than young upper secondary graduates and this difference is bigger in Estonia than in many countries.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215a990d-en	5c50cc5aa1bdccb72b04f030d3fceae8	Significant regulatory issues, including questions of liability, such as insurance against damage, remain unresolved. As is the case with environmental ecosystems, there is no single definition for the term. The ecosystem described in this year's report is therefore the one most relevant for SMEs that trade or seek to trade. The business ecosystem for exporters is composed of a network of for-profit organizations - such as buyers, suppliers, distributors, financial actors and certifying bodies - and non-profit institutions - such as education providers, standard-setters and chambers of commerce.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	5c5182fcbb1548de724ddec72e9c750c	Research to Practice Brief (December 2011). The victim’s behaviour and personal characteristics take centre stage rather than the perpetrator’s actions and generally results in suspicion of the victim’s claim of gender-based violence and little support or justice being provided to the victim. The victims themselves might believe these myths and this can result in underreporting.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	5c524e29633c59ba988e3a2a973ad3a8	The one case where an increase was found in emotional IPV was in the Give Directly pilot in Western Kenya when comparing to non-treatment households in the same villages (Haushofer & Shapiro, 2016). However, in the Kenya evaluation, reductions were also found for both physical and sexual violence when comparing alternate study aims (e.g. what the authors term the across village, rather than within village estimates). The two studies finding no impact are from Mexico. One of the studies looks at long-term impacts of Oportunidades approximately nine to 13 years after program initiation via creation of comparable beneficiary and nonbeneficiary groups using national surveys (Bobonis et al.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264283473-en	5c549e6a40f8b9ec566a2ce8fb30705d	The NHIF cut prices paid to providers but by and large protected primary care expenditure. There is overall little debt accumulated in the system. Lithuania has indeed reduced its hospital bed sector considerably since the 1990s, although not as drastically as its Baltic neighbours, and it still has the second highest ratio of curative care beds per population in the EU. In more recent years, downsizing mainly focused on mergers of hospitals as legal entities without changing the actual infrastructure.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	5c59bb1b2aca1ab11f9555e876566cfd	Without this first step, precious development dollars will continue to be spent without an analysis of the impact on related infrastructure assets and on the system as a whole. A variety of established statistical models and other techniques as well as tools are available that use rule-based approaches, indicators, random sampling, or statistical outlier detection to aid with maintaining high quality data. Tools like OpenRefine64 can also be used to clean-up data to some extent although there is no substitute for collection of high-quality data to begin with. It's easy to adopt an 'all or nothing' approach to information security.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	5c5fc8c3ad65574cde2785167a9a1a75	The survey also found that adolescent birth rates are lower in higher-income groups, but in all income groups, higher literacy among young women is associated with significantly lower adolescent birth rates. Investing in girls’ education is also associated with the overall empowerment of girls, enhances their status in their communities, improves their health and increases their bargaining power in marriages. The quality of education and how girls are treated by classmates, teachers and staff are also important determinants of whether girls stay in school.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	5c64ceedeb69f1fbb2344dcd30e66847	Moreover, Huechuan and Guzman (2007) argue that the probability of not having sufficient income and belonging to a poor household increases in old age. In other words, old age entails greater fragility. Nonetheless, as noted in chapter VI, older adults are more vulnerable because they do not form part of the economically active population and would not be able to participate in public employment programmes that require physical strength, such as clearing rubble and constructing public works.	13	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	5c678ef2067023866ec671afa28c8817	This effort would be even more effective if macro-metering was sufficiently widespread to discourage underreporting. Since many water operators have traditionally failed to pay water abstraction charges, in 2002, CONAGUA launched the Program for Reimbursement of Duties (PRODDER -Programa de Devolucion de Derechos) to encourage water utilities to pay water abstraction charges. Since 2003 PRODDER has reimbursed to water utilities between MXN 1.4 to 1.9 billion per year. By 2006, PRODDER had allowed CONAGUA to triple revenue collection from water utilities (CONAGUA, 2008).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	5c67b003d142c286b26b1bd4a5975a1c	Evidence that psychological stress is causally related to birth weight comes from quasi-experimental studies that exploit natural disasters (Glyn et al., Conley and Bennett (2000) use panel data (PS1D) from the US and apply grandmother fixed effects to control for unobservable family factors to estimate the heritability of child birthweight. They find that a child born to a mother who was born with low birthweight (LBW) is 6.6 times as likely to be of LBW compared to a relative whose mother was not born with LBW. Currie and Moretti (2007) revisit the same question using individual birth records from California and show substantial intergenerational correlation in health i.e. that women who were low birth weight are more likely to deliver low birth weight infants, and this effect is greater if the women are living in a low income neighborhood.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/09e92b30-en	5c68c3bee01ba439c10fb044859504ae	As a result, the incentive mechanisms for generics are costly (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Re-balancing part of the current support for generics towards more payments to pharmacists for care-services such as counselling, co-ordination between care providers, patient monitoring and coaching, would reduce the dependence of their income on pharmaceutical sales and would reward their counselling function. This could be associated with further expansion of their public health-care missions, notably for following up patients with chronic diseases, as foreseen in a 2009 law (Loi hopital, patients, sante, territoires), which remains to be fully applied. The CNAMTS introduced such incentives through their pay-for-performance scheme in 2009 and enhanced them somewhat in 2012.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en	5c6c7866d9a499c9f32569e443b0a78f	The service is intended for users wishing to have Internet access at home, at work or on the move, without any volume limitation. This opening up to global connectivity and visibility will make for the availability of constructive high-class solutions using tools based on free software, with minimal investment and high levels of security and confidentiality. It is an appropriate solution for facilitating and meeting the requirements of start-ups and providing the computing infrastructure they need as a service on a cloud-based platform. A package of such services and resources for a limited period (e.g. one year), free of charge, is available to start-ups. This service, tailored to the needs of the user, provides constant and ubiquitous access to intranet and Internet resources. Each government agency's tasks include service delivery to citizens, making issues relating to information-storage reliability and uninterrupted information systems operation critical.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	5c70c6b13d2c5b35b53054c51339aa82	Note that all anti-poverty programmes have conditions, even those characterized as 'unconditional'. Our focus is on behavioural conditions attached to anti-poverty programmes. The most commonly used conditions are those that incentivise physical asset creation (usually at the community level) or human capital accumulation in terms of education or health.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	5c70d8dce0af05db9a87f8c238851941	Congestion charging had become necessary because vehicle traffic was a major problem in the city centre despite high public transit ridership, the cost of which was estimated to be approximately GBP 4 billion. The aim of the charge was to reduce traffic and congestion and to raise revenue that would be re-invested in transport. The congestion charge has had several impacts, including a 30% decrease in congestion, a reduction in the total number of vehicles entering the zone per day, a 15% reduction in circulating traffic per weekday, and an 11% mode share shift away from cars and towards public transit, walking and cycling.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	5c71c645669022ef85a03b5336bc1835	Evidence further shows that most Vietnamese consider tax evasion unjustifiable, but despite good tax morale, underreporting of wages to evade social security contributions is widespread. Only 46% of domestic private firms are registered with the social security system, and these report only 32% of the wages actually paid. Profound structural changes in Viet Nam have impacted not only the economy, but also households in terms of income and social mobility.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	5c71ff338b867319c6fa8f7a84454ceb	The real difficulties began when the negotiations turned to the details of new' modalities for agriculture. At a mini-ministerial in July 2008, the time appeared ripe to reach closure on the modalities for future disciplines and commitments. However, it proved impossible to reach a compromise on a number of elements in agriculture. Though agreement on most other issues was in sight, the mini-ministerial collapsed as a result.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	5c7323c30fd55b7c17f5c342e635e3ea	Unemployed youth and the low-skilled, ageing workers, national and international migrants are some of the key groups that would need to be analysed as demographic change settles and the need for new skills or the transformation of skills gains clarity'. The failure to provide this group with the appropriate skills, or support the upgrading of their existing ones, represents a loss of potential talent across a generation and could lead to greater barriers for modernisation of a skilled workforce. This section discusses key challenges of demographic change, migration and mobility of workers in Asia.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	5c738549dbd2853776539d162054924d	For instance, a region can specialise in the production of component manufacturing for renewables. Finally, displacement effects at the national level can offset many of the renewable energy effect jobs. Due to lock-in dynamics that may take place at the national level, some regions will become home to core high-value activities in the renewable energy supply chain, while others will host the low-value added parts, with lower impacts on employment creation and regional development.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	5c739f69395917ec89c58087fca3c7f8	Despite the potential for increased fuel efficiency, ICE vehicles alone do not represent a viable long-term solution for decarbonising the urban passenger transport sector for two reasons. First, a significant gap remains between fuel efficiency standards and the real-world operational fuel efficiency of ICE vehicles, which ultimately limits the effectiveness of these types of standards as a measure for reducing emissions. Although fuel efficiency standards have become 30% more stringent between 2000 and 2016, actual fuel efficiency as measured by real world performance, has only improved by 11% over the same period.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	5c75c4a98e831ee7c9a52d4f23b78b29	Estimates of the internal rate of return to public investments   agricultural research (conf.) The aggregate changes in agricultural productivity described in previous chapters are the cumulative effect of the adoption of such innovations. Adoption is largely driven by the desire of producers to increase the profitability of their farm operations. Market forces and price signals serve as powerful instruments to spur rapid adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies and practices. Extension and education activities, provision of financial and risk management services, and access to commodity and input markets improve the flow of information and uptake of innovations by farmers.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	5c7a0244955b052ca659bb25646cf73d	Following inspection of fishing practices, existing methods for exploiting hake have been modifed, while the distribution of individual quotas per vessel has been maintained in light of previous catches reported. Furthermore, as mentioned in the section on structural adjustment, plans to adjust the way certain stocks are fished have been adopted. Given the smaller size of the fleet associated with this fisheiy, it was felt that vessels should not be decommissioned but that reductions should be made in other areas to ensure the viability of fishing operations.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	5c7a4dccad8a0c83c0d56dd2b9bafe7a	They could be, for example, companies that provide recharging infrastructure and metering installations that allow both EV owners and electricity providers to track and optimise electricity use during recharging. As mentioned, many OECD countries and China have targets for large numbers of EVS on the road by 2020. These countries need to invest in RD&D and infrastructure (especially electricity infrastructure) to ensure that both supply and capacity exists for charging vehicles. They should also use incentives to encourage consumers to buy these vehicles.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	5c7ffd79eb95eefd5a0e5505d09ebcb5	Different forms of collective action can allow women to question current macroeconomic policies and, when needed, press for alternatives. Take the example of monetary policy, where women's voice is particularly silent in deliberations. Since central banks in most cases function independently from government, possibilities for participation and accountability through the state are often limited.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	5c8412bdbc4855cd06e03af08e69f1ed	Working with government agencies, employers and trade unions, the ARLs are required to undertake activities to prevent industrial accidents and occupational diseases in affiliated companies with ten or more employees. Their main focus is on physical hazards, but they also address chemical risks. Consideration should be given to how the provision of information could be extended to smaller companies, which often lack the resources and capacities to manage chemicals, even those whose hazards are well known. Another important information gap concerns the safe disposal and treatment of chemical waste from industrial and agricultural processes.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	5c849b255e11cd476e1cf5ae9ba2c58c	The Touareg are scattered among five nations of the Sahara and the central Sahel. The Tubu or Goranes (Teda, Daza) live in Chad, Libya and Niger. The Zaghawa live in neighbouring areas on both sides of the Sudan-Chad border, along with the Bideyat of Ennedi, who are related to both groups. Fula groups are spread along the southern border of the Sahara, in Senegal, and in the Sudan, forming a Sahelian zonal area.	2	5	0	1.0
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	5c89ca5c05a75c9f8329158dbbf28e23	This adversely affected their ability to participate in skill training, employment and other activities. Second, labour market restructuring led to an increase in the role of women as “labour of last resort” concentrated in low-wagejobs lacking social benefits. Third, tensions from economic hardship and shifting gender roles in the family gave rise to domestic and other forms of violence against women.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	5c8a0e932344f2c2b546191922c96922	Minister of Hade Regulation 41/2009. As a member of the Association of Coffee Producing Countries (ACPC), quantitative restrictions were sometimes imposed on coffee exports. For example, for the 1999/00 harvest year (1 October 1999 to 30 September 2000), Indonesia’s coffee export quota was 5.68 million 60 kg bags in accordance with an ACPC agreement in an attempt to prop up coffee prices in the world market. However, the cartel terminated in January 2002 because of its inability to control international price, and no such voluntary coffee quotas have applied since then.	2	2	3	0.2
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	5c8b1884403576a432e5723f31ff6393	This section describes these PPP investment strategies, using case studies to illustrate the key characteristics of each approach. The government normally retains ownership of the network after the contract expires. The private operator and the government share the funding, network ownership and day-to-day management responsibility.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	5c8cd39904883960fc96894287d884b9	The papers are generally available only in their original language (English or French) with a short summary available in the other. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies discipline, neoclassical Human Capital theory, institutionalist labour market studies and the work organisation discipline. Extensive use is also made of official survey data to describe and quantify the diversity of skills and occupations involved in specific types of innovation activities.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/66704cc0-en	5c8d00dc222b598261d4191121ec5cdb	Although 40 per cent of young men or more participate in the labour force in 11 of the 15 countries, fewer than 25 per cent of young women do in any of those 15 countries. In Mauritania, just 2 per cent of young women participate, followed by 9 per cent in Jordan and Iraq. The largest absolute difference between the labour force participation rates among young men and women was reported for the State of Palestine, at 41 percentage points. In Bahrain and Kuwait, the relative difference between rates for men and women is the smallest; the youth labour force participation rate among women there is more than half that of men. In general, most men outside the labour force are students and most women outside the labour force are homemakers.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	5c8ebdcbe29955b8e8aa67b74fcfc977	They are characterized by a combination of practices and knowledge about the human body, and coexistence with other human beings, with nature and with spiritual beings. They involve all aspects of health promotion, prevention of illness and treatment and rehabilitation, but differ from most Western health systems in that they take an integral or holistic approach.8 Many indigenous families address illness with a variety of approaches and practices, using either traditional or Western medicine, or a combination of the two. If treatment administered in the home proves insufficient, the choice is made—often by a woman, who is the primary decision-maker in this arena—as to whether to send the sick person to a practitioner of traditional or of Western medicine. In the absence of state health systems that incorporate the philosophies and practices of both traditional and Western medicine, the choice becomes polarized between the two systems, often to the detriment of the sick person.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	5c91699df6e0a975bc32e3260a5d1c6b	Ecuador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay, for instance, have public health spending below 50%, high out-of-pocket spending and a very low proportion of older persons. Given that the pace of population ageing in these countries will be very rapid, and that they must also face the epidemiological backlog amidst widespread poverty, the lack of health protection will definitely worsen unless measures are introduced to strengthen the public system. Inequity, on the other hand, stems from having to make out-of-pocket payments to access health services or buy medications (Titelman, 2000).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	5c9216351208706238051063e1489bf3	This paper looks at the features of good career guidance practice, including the need for schools to begin early and the essential role of exposure to the world of work. Ces choix sont fortement influences par Fappartenance sexuelle, l’origine ethnique et divers facteurs socioeconomiques. Cela justifie les investissements publics dans les activites d’orientation professionnelle. Compte tenu de l’allongement de la duree des etudes et de la formation des jeunes et de la complexity croissante du marche du travail, les arguments en faveur de 1’orientation professionnelle se multiplient.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5c9297f535c95d3df4b0867f847a38e8	Also the top PIT rate applies to very high income levels only. In 2014 in Chile, the top PIT rate of 40% had to be paid on gross earnings exceeding 12.7 times the average wage. After abolishing the top PIT bracket, this threshold in Chile will be lowered to 10.5 times the average wage, which remains very high.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg0nvfvwjd0-en	5c9343b503484b038ff77757192fe113	However, an opportunity could be missed if ESF Funds are not made available to businesses in terms of subsidies, grants or even indirectly (through training and investments in technology), as it is businesses that will essentially create wealth and jobs from their green activities. Pomorskie, in the North, is perceived as having a more vigorous approach to the economy, while Podlaskie, in the so called Eastern Wall, is an economically challenging region. The analysis of GDP trends in Poland and in the two regions shows that both regions have a similar evolution (see Table 1). The problem exists, however, in the relatively low level of GDP per capita in Podlaskie, which represents about 70% of averages in Poland and in Pomorskie.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	5c95f1463d99da2feccef51e11f38a32	Alcohol and intimate partner violence: do we have enough information to act?. The European Journal of Public Health, 16(3), 278-284. Comparison of partner physical aggression across ten countries. Unhappy Hours: Alcohol and partner agression in the America. Women’s entrepreneurship and intimate partner violence: A cluster randomized trial of microenterprise assistance and partner participation in post-conflict Uganda (SSM-D-14-01580R1). Social Science & Medicine 133: 177-188.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	5c9aeba42cdcc525f30ba52eb5b36725	Tax breaks only represent 1.5% and in-kind benefits 23.9% of total spending on family benefits. Dependent children are all children aged 18 years or younger, or between 19 and 24 as long as their income does not exceeding EUR 10 000 per year. Allowances are decomposed in a basic allowance of EUR 109.70 per child and month, an age supplement and a sibling supplement (table below).	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	5c9f4ef51f392ee7b6c7e4fab1ce2de2	Original plans envisaged that existing GPs would progressively gain recognition as family physicians provided they completed ten days’ of preliminary orientation, followed by a two-year programme of specialist training. Efforts are being made, however, to increase the number of primary care doctors and reduce the list size for each doctor from current levels. Each public hospital service is paid by “package rates” that bundle prices for outpatient and inpatient services established by the Social Security Institute, within a global budget that is negotiated between the Social Security Institution (SSI) and the Ministry of Health. The payment of staff involves a salary and a performance-based component.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	5c9fdef7878492f6d9e2f5f053d5afcb	Within this discussion it is also important to consider the interdependencies between the system of local taxation and finance as a whole. In the wake of the 2008 recession, the 2010 Crisis and Recovery Act was adopted in order to speed up the planning process by reducing or simplifying some of the permit requirements. At the same time, there were emerging discussions about how the spatial planning system could be further simplified and how' it might better address some of the growing tensions betw'een economic and environmental agendas that are embedded in sectoral policy responses. The national government forwarded a view that existing sectoral policies are increasingly ineffective in dealing with the interconnectedness of projects, activities and land uses. A policy brief at the time notes that “it is difficult to meet societal challenges relating to economic development, flood protection, supplies of raw materials, water and sustainable energy, housing, accessibility and agriculture while at the same time protecting environmental quality, nature and cultural heritage” (Government of the Netherlands, 2012: 3).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	5ca35612aa5371e65fbb08c29942f136	In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that varies between urban and rural areas. For poverty estimates for up to 2006, a factor of 2 was used for urban areas and a factor of 1.75 for rural areas.3 The factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the difference between price trends for foodstuffs and for other goods and services. For estimates calculated up to December 2006, the same rate of variation was applied to both lines. Since 2007, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in CPI for foodstuffs, while the part of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on non-food goods has been adjusted to reflect changes in the non-food CPI.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264244825-8-en	5ca3ef4b0b0dcb8a4ebdcafb4bd60970	While the allowance only covers those affiliate (i.e., in formal jobs), most low-income families are in informal work. Nevertheless, the programme (slightly) reduces income inequality and poverty, as its distribution is less unequal than the distribution of income (Nunez, 2009). In 2013, the benefit’s reference level in Arauca (the highest) was 35% higher than the national average, in Choco (the lowest) the reference level was 25% lower than the national average. Similarly, the proportion of workers eligible to the benefit ranged from 27% in Norte de Santander to 88% in Cordoba.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	5ca80878614bc0c00715c82690e27939	In 2011, Congress extended contracts until 2067, after setting aside 5% of Hoover Dam’s power for sale to Native American tribes, electric co-operatives and other entities. This created difficulties for housing, feeding and general care for the workers, as well as transportation and supply of equipment, water and electricity. Safety and health issues of construction workers were intensified by the extensive number of simultaneous operations.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	5caaba47fc0395fada80a0257288d411	Based on its definition, it is not a requirement that an innovation activity or outcome is successful. It is also not a requirement that an innovation has a positive effect on society or the financial results of a firm. This new measure, total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD), aims to track all resources invested to achieve the SDGs, and will - for the first time - allow transparency of the full array of officially supported bilateral and multilateral financial flows to developing countries as well as South-South co-operation for sustainable development.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	5cb190ccbea487ef4706a75f722ebb61	From the TAC an allowance is made to provide for recreational fishing, customary Maori uses and other sources of fishing-related mortality. The remainder is available to the commercial sector as the annual Total Allowable Commercial Catch (TACC). For example, if a quota owner owns 10% of the quota for a stock, and the TACC is set at 200 tonnes, that quota owner receives 20 tonnes of ACE. The quota owner may choose to fish the ACE or trade it.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	5cb4fbc0a395c5b79b03c4c7cc5e51d7	One of the goals of the Ministry is to prevent illness through promoting healthy, secure and nutritious food. The Ministry is responsible for formulating and monitoring all health policies, national programmes and national standards. National health agencies and health institutions at the local level have the role of implementing the health policies and programmes. In 2017, three staff worked on environmental health in the Ministry' and 18 worked in the Environmental Health Department at the National Centre for Public Health. Until 2013, one official in the Ministry was in charge of climate change and health but, since 2013, no action in this area has been taken.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	5cb584def608ce15bf60ff4072dbd6a0	Such agencies generally engage in activities such as establishing dialogues and platforms for sustainability, building capacity of companies in-country to address environmental issues, raising awareness of environmental risks and opportunities, and contributing to the strengthening of the enabling environment for green private sector development, often working through civil society organisations and partner governments. Bilateral providers also have established partnership models with the private sector based on the provision of matching grants. Providers also make use of challenge funds to stimulate innovation for cleaner technologies and solutions (Box 2.6). The majority of bilateral DFIs typically function as financially self-sustaining institutions and have a unique mandate supported by a range of financial instruments that allow them to bridge the gap between concessional aid and private commercial financiers (OECD, 2014b).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	5cb742797357a3c33923df828777c848	Both indicators are associated initially with increasing and subsequently with declining levels of emigration, corresponding to the inverted U-curve relationship. Both indicators also have an overall positive effect on immigration. Development in poor countries will help incomes grow, enabling people exiting poverty to cover migration costs; therefore these countries will initially see rising levels of emigration. Eventually, once countries reach a certain level of development and are able to bridge the income gaps, migration levels will start declining again. Caution should therefore be used in concluding definitively that all countries have had or will follow the described path.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	5cb8d73930e64c88440b16b77c06106b	"Feasibility is supported by the experience of one health plan in the US that conducted a ""virtual all-payer"" PCMH pilot. Their approach could serve as an inspiration also for policy-makers and health care administrators in the Nordic countries. Thus, health care has to be rationed in one way or another. This article by Luigi Siciliani reviews the relative merits of three different forms of rationing: i) price rationing, which takes the form of a co-payment or a coinsurance rate, and two forms of nonprice rationing, ii) rationing by waiting, when a patient is placed on a waiting list before receiving treatment, and iii) explicit rationing, when the patient is explicitly refused treatment."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	5cbab6e5118d697ee7147b8b0b34ecf1	A discussion of the rebound effect in energy efficiency is needed that incorporates not just the expected energy savings from energy efficiency but also the wider socioeconomic outcomes. Policy measures are needed to overcome the market and behavioural failures that lead to less investment in energy efficiency than is optimal. It is important to overcome critical challenges that involve complex synergies and trade-offs among the different aspects of energy efficiency policy.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a020cea6-en	5cbac88e52d3e5d5f5bb4d2ffbece866	Although many countries have undertaken climate and disaster risk assessments, the systematic integration of these assessments into national financial and fiscal planning processes is still limited. This indicates the extent of policy coherence or integrated risk governance that is already being made possible under this mechanism. Projects are explicitly documented in relation to the SDGs that they help to implement.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9610e4d4-en	5cbbebbe8049e97266590ce0795c8352	Sections that are relevant from a transboundary perspective are covered in separate chapters in the Inventory (see Chap. This makes it difficult to determine their hydraulic relationship and/or delineate their geographical extent across political boundaries. Where applicable, more detailed information is provided on individual, smaller groundwater basins.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/98d85d93-en	5cbe746fe49bd50818b4238f58d557d7	Between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes of plastic debris per year enters the ocean, of which approximately 83% originates in only 20 countries with China, Indonesia and the Philippines topping the list of marine plastic polluters (Jambeck ef al. The impacts of plastic debris include entanglement of birds, turtles and marine mammals, as well as marine animals' ingestion of plastic fragments, resulting in blocking of the digestive system. The fact that plastics persist for very long periods and are largely insoluble has significant implications for human health (Roy eta/. 2011).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	5cc24b1e02727ceeb63caac6756bec5e	However, legal settings, policies, conditions and institutions are evolving in the region as governments and civic activists campaign to improve women’s legal status. Eliminating legal discrimination against women and enabling their full empowerment to participate in public life requires focused action at multiple levels: from ensuring compliance with international standards, eliminating discriminatory provisions from laws and policies, and mainstreaming gender considerations into all policies and programmes. This action should be supported by efforts to improve the effectiveness of public institutions to promote equality and to promote a deep culture change across societies necessary to reverse deeply rooted discriminatory attitudes. Gender equity is a set of actions, attitudes and assumptions that provide opportunities for both women and men; recognises differences and accommodates them in order to prevent the continuation of an inequitable status quo; and emphasises fairness in process and outcome.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d79235bc-en	5cc3cc66b1c8661c79a1e1446c091054	Internet access may be via a computer, Internet-enabled mobile phone, digital TV, games machine etc. Location of use can refer to any location, including work. As an information distribution system, the Internet and its usage provide opportunities for bringing education and information within the reach of all.	15	4	1	0.6
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	5cc7e1b0baa6a8fcf55404fdcb48848a	Both ministries provided financial resources, complementing the core support provided through European Union Structural Funds. As of 2015, ESD is a part of teaching and learning from Form 1 through to Form 12. Opportunities for teaching ESD concepts are presented in all subjects. All Estonian schools have to prepare the school curriculum on the basis of the National Curricula, which requires that sustainable development concepts be integrated into everyday school life.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	5ccb85f23f87b684d259b74db5f3b394	Private sector companies and entrepreneurs are a major source of innovation to help achieve growth without further damage to the environment. Private businesses are also an important channel and target of implementation for development projects and activities, where their business networks and links provide unique avenues of influence and embed established understanding of local needs, capabilities and requirements. In addition, businesses are drivers of negative and positive environmental change in developing countries. As a result, efforts to address environmental concerns can be more effective if done by engaging businesses and private companies.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	5ccc2c962d9781a975db2d84f6ad2953	In order to lift the financing constraint on enterprise development, several alternatives can be considered by LDC policymakers. Such banks can provide long-term financing to domestic companies (including SMEs, start-ups and innovative firms), possibly on more favourable terms than market institutions. They can supply other financial services like short-term loans and co-financing.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	5cce0abbbd4e9456845b7a88356e5960	Notable exceptions include the Adaptation Fund, GEF, and SIDA, which include indicators for infection rates of climate-sensitive diseases, the number of health measures introduced, and sanitation and wastewater facilities, respectively. ( Mitigation and adaptation interventions can create jobs, secure incomes, and reduce losses in the face of increasing extreme-weather events. Recognising the economic dimension of resilience, some institutions have developed results indicators for tracking economic vulnerability. For instance, both the GEF and Adaptation Fund include indicators to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in diversifying and strengthening livelihoods and sources of income for vulnerable populations (GEF, 2012 and AF, 2011a).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-4-en	5cd0b04b69b72d4e6bb074eb7c1548fb	The risk of contamination of water supplies will also increase in response to reduced dilution of upstream pollution and potential increases in water-related disease outbreaks, harmful algal blooms and other health effects. Wastewater reuse will increasingly be a cost-effective alternative of conventional water supply. Soil shrinking due to reduced soil water content may induce cracking of water mains and sewer pipes, making them vulnerable to infiltration and exfiltration of water and wastewater. The combined effects of warmer temperatures, increased pollutant concentrations, longer retention times, and sedimentation of solids may lead to increasing corrosion of sewers, shorter asset lifetimes, increased risk of drinking water pollution, and higher maintenance costs (IPCC, 2014b).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4rfh5gtbq-en	5cd1770c9f91ab73fe863262756ca390	Unincorporated and unorganised enteiprises are fil ms of small size that are not covered by most employment and social protection laws. Data with gender classification for these small enterprises is obtained from NSSO surveys about every five years for manufacturing and service enterprises. The ASI data on larger companies is not available by gender. Recent numbers for trade incorporated companies are not available.	5	2	6	0.5
10.18356/d91c28bf-en	5cd1e0fe2b6e99ae295de2a928747c14	Mobile telephony has, for the first time, made immediate interactive communications readily available to the poor in low-income countries. Access to the Internet has grown more slowly and has had a substantial impact mainly on governments and larger businesses. Its relevance to the poor is currently more limited but may grow as the Internet becomes more accessible through mobile phones. Much attention is now being paid to the deployment of broadband infrastructure, which will enhance the capacity of fixed and mobile networks alike and has the potential to make faster, cheaper Internet accessible to the poor.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	5cd47476bdfe067830c77946b0d2a690	For a more complete analysis of revenue and costs across for the total Mediterranean and Black Sea fleet, see Chapter 3 (Socio-economics). A breakdown of the percentage of revenue from SSF by CPC is presented in Figure 82. These figures, however, only consider revenue from first sale of capture fishery products and do not include revenue from other uses of the vessel, such as pescatourism, which has been shown to have considerable economic potential for SSF (Piasecki et al.,	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	5cd80679e6f6f4b925cb36da774a707c	Once introduced, the cap also served to support the emerging water markets in the Basin, which in turn helped accelerate the movement of limited water resources towards higher-value uses. A broad basin-wide framework underpinned individual Basin State implementation of these reforms; it contained the possibility of funding being withheld if desired outcomes were not achieved. The NWI recommitted governments to the national water reform objectives that commenced in 1994 and which sought to improve management of water resources and water infrastructure, and to increase national cooperation via financial incentives and other mechanisms. The NWI also committed jurisdictions to defining water rights (water allocations and water access entitlements) in a manner which would encourage greater compatibility and facilitate more trading across state borders.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	5cd879c69e77b6410956cb3a8591e20a	Although these have different goals, and the target groups are somewhat different, the separation of what are essentially similar services provided by the same specialists has the potential to cause confusion for clients. So far, the Unemployment Insurance Fund has reported that disabled people prefer to access services from the Social Insurance Board. New systems of information sharing between the different bodies providing these services will become increasingly important as the Work Ability Reform is rolled out: there is a new pilot scheme to use the International Classification of Functioning to assess individuals’ abilities and share this information between providers of medical services, the Social Insurance Board and the Unemployment Insurance Fund. The Social Insurance Board has recently taken over the provision of aids to those with reduced work capacity from county governments.	8	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0a98da25-en	5cd909d39d6639aa51ba841363bbb473	A tool central banks could use to meet their now mul-tipletargetsin addition to the short-term interest rate is asset-based reserve requirements (ARRs).25 ARRs would require private banks to hold a certain proportion of their loans in designated high-priority areas or else hold the same proportion of their total assets in non-interest bearing reserve accounts. This system would incentivize but not require banks to lend in priority areas, given that they would incur a cost of holding reserves in reserve accounts that do not pay interest. This is a flexible method for directing credit to priority areas.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/5ad16036-en	5cdad844adf61855954c7c26f4540d97	In 2011, the number of infant deaths estimated in the region was 2.36 million, which represents about 46 per cent of the total number of infant deaths worldwide. As mortality among older children has declined, neonatal mortality has increased as a proportion of all under-5 deaths. In terms of neonatal mortality, six countries have rates above 25 deaths per 1,000 live births, namely Afghanistan (36.2), Pakistan (35.6), India (32.3), Myanmar (29.9), Nepal (27.0) and Bangladesh (26.4).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	5cdc0ee52c091af398aa06b882e562e1	This Chapter examines the potential for building community resilience. It reviews the capacities and strategies that allow communities to recover, showing the importance of equitable and sustainable economic development, of ensuring strong social capital, and of empowering communities. It also considers further ways of enhancing resilience to disasters and economic shocks. Without the safety net of savings, property and other buffers - they have less capacity to cope and often experience multiple and repeated shocks that further erode their capacity to cope.1 Already disadvantaged by social and economic imbalances, the poor can thus be further marginalized into vicious cycles of chronic hardship, sometimes for generations. In 2012 it was ranked the Asia-Pacific country 'most at risk'. Between 2002 and 2012, it experienced three cyclones, affecting 2.6 million people, three floods, affecting 500,000 people, and two major earthquakes, affecting 20,000 people.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	5cdcbc1f43495cc878901468d4c6be04	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It examines the ways in which governments can strengthen agricultural incomes, while enabling households to diversify their income sources and take advantage of non-farm employment opportunities. Hence, while policies need to improve opportunities within agriculture for those who potentially have a competitive future in the sector, they also need to create wider opportunities for those who do not, or could earn higher incomes elsewhere.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264075788-6-en	5cddf38eb71b749db9fa23f14fa3bb8f	The country reviews have revealed many examples of promising practices at different levels of education. The challenges ahead will be to learn from these practices and to implement them on a wider scale. Of critical importance are political leadership, adequate resources and incentives, knowledge management and clear policies informed by a strong evidence base.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	5ce11c49e1d4e306bd3eb221b2d2a9d6	Source: Ministry ot Education. Internal Rates of Return (IRR) to education are a standard measure in the literature of the profitability of undertaking additional years of schooling and are used to summarise financial incentives, both costs and benefits, associated with studying. The most common methods are the discount method and the Mincerian approach. The discount method is an application of cost-benefit analysis to the decision making process regarding further educational investment.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	5ce1b1ab657f20a313d3e0b36e36e26f	"Why have most social protection interventions been focused and implemented in rural areas? One reason for this is the dominant perception that poverty and vulnerability are more widespread and felt more deeply in rural areas. Another reason relates to the assumption that, due to the vibrancy of labour markets in urban areas as compared to rural areas, a substantial part of the urban population has access to income security and social protection through employment. """	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5ce5b185a2a727fb82a5301a1bc91a17	"Although studies consider different types of jobs, nearly all adopt a common language of “direct”, “indirect” and ""induced” jobs. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) provides not only a clear and operational definition of these terms, but also elaborates appropriately on the slight but important variations in their interpretation across studies (IRENA, 2011). Precise definitions vary, but in general these are jobs related to core activities, such as manufacturing/fabrication, construction, site development, installation, and operation and maintenance (O&M)."	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60375438-en	5ce629ec5e05263812204158cf2ed705	Household surveys show that women of prime working age are more likely than men to live in a poor household, in 41 out of 75 countries with data. Properly designed fiscal, wage and social protection policies—including minimum wages, family and child allowances and old-age pensions—can be powerful tools to reduce poverty, redress women's socio-economic disadvantage and guarantee their right to an adequate standard of living. These are particularly important in the context of changing demographic, family and household structures and in the face of economic shocks. But the burden of doing this work is unequally distributed.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	5ce6613b9dd355870b82ca591f16dff7	Performance-based penalties and incentives will be applied. In 2009, Korea also introduced an energy management system (EMS) certification programme based on national standard (KS A 4000: 2007) to improve the energy management capability of industrial plants and buildings. Public-private funding is also available through Korea's carbon fund (USD 180 milion). The efficiency level of refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines stand out as highly successful examples (e.g. the average domestic air conditioner's energy efficiency ratio (EER) is higher than in any other country). Starting in July 2010, Korea mandated an innovative standby warning label for 19 products that do not meet specified standby power standards.	7	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	5cef43e67a3a1ec350eeb2417e98d802	Ministries of education and ministries of foreign affairs often did not co-ordinate their registration processes for migrant teachers, even in non-emergency environments, yet establishing a co-ordinated and consistent plan of action would increase efficiency. The role of institutions is clear: ‘Stringent eligibility requirements, inconsistent application of rules and restrictive laws result in many refugees being undocumented, in some cases because they are forced underground’ (UNESCO, 2011: 152). Among these are improving organisations’ preparedness, strengthening institutional policies and inter-agency co-operation.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	5cef492923eb1c00ea6b81323ec92db0	The remaining sub-sections will address the implications of the concentration of poverty among particular sections of the population for social cohesion. This will focus on three areas in which poverty has tended to concentrate in the past: i) young people; ii) the migrant population; and iii) area/regional deprivation. The section will assess how trends in family structure and poverty are likely to impact on poverty in these three areas, assessing their implications for social cohesion and public policy intervention.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	5cf05edff410bd3fc98f1898687c0e1d	These required characteristics, that in their most systematic form could be attributed to education for sustainable development (ESD), have important implications. The DESD aims at encouraging governments to include ESD into their educational systems, strategies and development plans. It is, “in its broadest sense, education for social transformation with the goal of creating more sustainable societies.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	5cf1df7d6fd88e2dc19094524c8beefe	Ideally, long-term development policies should be able to discriminate between those who are potentially viable in the sector and those who are not, creating improved competitive conditions for the former and facilitating adjustment via diversification or exit for the latter. Generalised agricultural policies, such as price support or sector-wide input subsidies, cannot do this. Indeed they run the risk of impeding structural adjustment. Smallholder adjustment here is understood to be the optimal path to higher long-term income, be that improved competitiveness within the sector, income diversification (from agricultural or non-agricultural sources), or exit to other sectors.	2	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	5cf2a4dda8890c190e823163b77a07f8	We adopt this as the degree of implementation, which we will require other countries to achieve by 2030 (although the base to which the percentage is applied varies depending on assumptions, see below). Thetype of geological formations used forstorage is also usually found where oil and gas are found, so availability of storage is not likely to be a significant limitation. The economic incentive to implement CCS is the major obstacle, but we assume that all governments of Annex I countries ofthe UNFCCC, will have the financial and organizational muscle to implement the incentives needed (see section 3.1.7).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	5cf5294408ef796654869a85377622d1	"In Mexico, Scott and Shah (2004) advocate to downsize pump capacity while increasing irrigation efficiency, and to shift to lower-water-demand crops to address long-term groundwater overdraft. Regions with increasingly scarce water resources are encouraged to move from ""more crop (and jobs) per drop"" to ""more cash and nature per drop"" (Lopez-Gunn et al., They may be worth considering especially in situations of increasingly visible scarcity or externalities so long as they are built on sufficient information about the hydrogeology and that they support a larger regulatory framework."	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	5cf792661550e12286daccfb4f05d322	E.M. Schneiderman, D. Lenihan, P. Samuelsson and D. Taylor (2009), “Impacts of climate change on phosphorus loading from a grassland catchment: Implications for future management”, Water Research, Vol. Redesigning Animal Agriculture, CAB International, United Kingdom. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol.38, pp. Forest Tends, Washington, D.C., United States.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	5d02d4621152a5ac594e8903e88ea6b0	Currently, spatial planning in France is increasingly integrated across thematic areas (e.g. ecosystem protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation, management of land uses) and comprehensive, in the sense that inter-municipal planning is encouraged. As far in the past as during the years of the French Revolution, a struggle took place between the Jacobins, who favoured strong central power as a way to pursue the goal of equality for all citizens, and the Girondins, who instead valued local independence. Debates in the Constituent Assembly at the time centred around whether national unity and equality before the law could be reconciled with local liberty (Schmidt, 2007: 17).	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5d02e51d46bc8a89dade5664ffbe02c8	Provide “training the trainer” activities and engage entrepreneurs and business practitioners in entrepreneurship teaching. Promote entrepreneurial spirit by entrepreneurship educator development programmes and workshops, careers adviser awareness programmes, and faculty deans’ and directors’ development programmes and workshops. Entrepreneurial professors and researchers can provide the link between education and start-up support, by being role models, sharing research results for commercialisation and acting as mentors for student projects.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/1826beee-en	5d03e2fe7e154f6bbc0157e14ff3311c	This aims to prevent direct entry of livestock waste into streams, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Agricultural enterprises started disposing of manure jointly at four large-scale plants equipped with specialized technologies and facilities in 2007 with the intention to build stable infrastructure for manure processing and to efficiently manage livestock waste in areas with high-density livestock farms, including pigs. These facilities started to produce solid or liquefied fertilisers, partly motivated by the Korean government’s decision to ban the ocean-dumping of livestock excretion in 2012.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	5d07c415b7f2cbf3b1feefac0cf69140	Some countries have also further committed to gender balance by moving from gender quotas (ensuring a minimum percentage of the under-represented sex) to the adoption of requirements for gender parity. Ecuador was the first in 2008, followed by Costa Rica in 2009, Bolivia in 2010, Nicaragua and Panama in 2012 and Mexico in 2014. The 2015 electoral reform in Chile establishes so-called “flexible parity,” allowing neither gender to exceed 60% (or fall below 40%) of all candidates.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	5d07c9f309e784de6928f21ae81ee988	It is only if the entire community adopts sanitation simultaneously (as opposed to individual households adopting) that full health benefits can materialise and that the spread of epidemics (such as cholera) can be stopped. As a result, it is often assumed that significant reductions in the prevalence of diarrhoea can only be achieved when an entire community gains access to sanitation rather than isolated individuals. This observation underlies community-led approaches to sanitation, such as the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) campaigns, which rely on eliminating open-defecation in a particular area.17 Barreto et al. The study was developed in the context of a city-wide programme (Bahia Azul) to increase sanitation coverage. When the programme started in 1995, only 26% of the population of Salvador (2.5 million inhabitants) was connected to the sewerage system. When the program officially ended in 2004, coverage had increased to 70% and it has since risen to almost 90% in the city itself.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	5d07e64b99c01c4151510694fd645368	Lastly, the lowest levels of coverage are seen in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where affiliation ranges from 30% to 40%. Increases were especially significant in urban areas of Argentina, in Colombia, in the Dominican Republic, in urban areas of Ecuador and in Peru, ranging from between 14 and 23 percentage points. El Salvador was the only country to record a decline (2 percentage points) and the variations were not statistically significant in Honduras, Mexico or Nicaragua (see figure 13).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	5d07ea6c98e2f7dab89bfde7770d8366	The guide gives information on existing external finance options available to entrepreneurs, especially from banks. It also gives examples of practices in the MENA region, along with helpful tips for women entrepreneurs. In addition, banks’ current private non-credit services such as business coaching and financial planning advice could be adapted to women.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	5d09221e4910a51be7c6281d56d585dc	Chapter 4 focuses on aspects related to integrating gender considerations into the policy- and service delivery processes. Finally, Chapter 7 considers compliance of domestic legislation with international standards protecting women’s physical integrity and access to justice and family law, and highlights policy actions undertaken by governments to address the remaining gaps in these areas. The World Development Indicators are from http://databank.workbank.org. The indicators of average “Infant mortality rates per 1 000 live births” and “Life expectancy at birth” are unweighted. They consist of an average across several MENA countries for which data were available during the years of 1970 and 2011. These countries include: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Arab Republic, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Yemen Republic.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	5d0abe5ac3213c427895c69dd0383f77	Such powers are often higher in countries where the burden of proof is mainly on the plaintiffs (who can effectively count on the assistance of equality bodies to gather the evidence). In countries where different bodies collaborate in the investigations (e.g. the labour inspectorate and the equality body), effective co-ordination between them can greatly improve the efficiency of the investigative process. The risk of retaliatory behaviour by their employers further increases the costs of filing a complaint for workers.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	5d0d22bd41c2b7c1cbb34fc3dca40024	By measuring these discriminatory social institutions in key areas that affect a woman's life, the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), produced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Centre, has been instrumental in documenting the persistence and prevalence of gender discrimination across countries at different stages of development. The SIGI also has been used increasingly to explore the links between discriminatory social institutions and gender disparities in well-being outcomes. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic challenge.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	5d0e415f7ba274e8d96f535db8454ad0	In some specification this pattern is captured more flexibly allowing for occupation specific depreciation rates (to the extent that current occupation is a good proxy of the average occupation during the working life). Results in column 1 report the baseline estimates for the vector /32, indicating that higher in inequality is negatively (and significantly) related to proficiency by low background individuals, while the link is not significant in the case of medium or high background individuals. The remaining columns correspond to alternative specifications of the control set X, which are detailed in the table note.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/18a859bf-en	5d0f0e01e2229cd114f6f8600c301ee9	However, total ODA to the poorest countries is falling as their vulnerability to climate change increases. The Paris Agreement aims for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance. To achieve this goal finance for adaptation will have to increase, as in the period 2013-2014, the majority of climate-related development finance targeted mitigation.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	5d117d08bce5ade68e1b255211b368de	In addition, significant discounts for public transport fares and transfers were granted to Easy Card users (Najman, 2008). In Taipei, use of private vehicles has been significantly reduced by improvements in public transport infrastructure and services. Demand management has also played a key role. For example, since 1999, motorcycles have no longer been permitted to park along sidewalks, and motorcycle parking pricing was introduced in certain areas in 2004.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	5d16a28dc39c0c63b02d32b468c86446	Draining of agricultural land has also intensified nutrient emissions from the soil into groundwaters. As concerns the assessment of the relative share of pollution from diffuse sources, some of the non-EU countries in the region still lack experience on the use of proper evaluation methods or models, which makes the development of management scenarios difficult. The importance of pesticide use varies along the basin: in comparison with the upstream Danube countries, the level of pesticide use in the central and lower Danube countries remains relatively low.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f52533-387caaaf-en	5d1a13666d13aa2c8e67c7291d0e088a	Low entry barriers to many parts of the digital economy empower local entrepreneurs to develop innovative business models adapted to local conditions. It will be important to facilitate the development of culturally sensitive human-centred algorithms and applications. Fully harnessing the potential benefits of advanced ICTs requires reliable and meaningful metrics that go beyond existing data.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	5d1a75e645366ba4e8081fab2b355c21	If it later turns out that the international market price attains a higher level than expected, then the “satisfactory” domestic price can be achieved with a lower tariff. From that perspective, if the level of world market prices for agricultural commodities turns out to be around 30% higher than originally expected, then ad valorem (equivalents of) tariffs could be reduced by around 30 percentage points without threatening the attainment of “satisfactory” prices on domestic markets. On that basis, it could be argued that the now higher level of international prices should reduce the perceived “need” for tariff protection - and hence facilitate agreement on the tariff cuts considered in 2008.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	5d1b57f18c8a274fa638820536d1ef81	"One good example of this type of plan is the city of Los Angeles' ""Urban Mobility Plan in a Digital Age"" that re-orients the focus to Mobility as a Service. Where frequent accessible buses and on-street hail taxis are available, licensed ride services must not erode overall levels of accessible transport. App-based ride services can improve overall accessibility by better matching supply of accessible vehicles and demand - but only if the design of the service and of the partnership takes into account the specific needs of travellers with impairments. By undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes to examine the potential for alternative service delivery models, public authorities and public transport operators can evaluate where synergies with innovative mobility services are strongest."	11	0	8	1.0
10.18356/d712be22-en	5d1da6acc697122bc76dbf0653eafdce	Lack of resources to pay for health care or lack of health insurance appeared to be the biggest barrier to seeking immediate health care for sick children. In order to know the exact quantity and quality of food intake, each spoonful of food the child ate would have to be weighed, just before it entered their mouth. Since this practice is not feasible for most studies, we proxy the quality of food intake by looking at the different food groups proposed by WHO (WHO, 2010) - all based on 24 hours recall of the main caregiver of the child: consumption of iron-rich foods; consumption of grains, roots and tubers; consumption of dairy products; consumption of vitamin A -rich fruits and vegetables; and consumption of other fruits and vegetables.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	5d1f36f5a7cdb37a6ccd72ec47a271fd	The type and detail of data available across four countries are summarised in Box 2.4 and illustrate that challenges still remain. Che rail funding for biodiversity conservation amounted to 92 044.5 million rupees for 2013-14 from 77 schemes of 23 ministries/ departments. More generally, in India, overall funding for environment-related programmes is a very small proportion of the total annual budget. Between 2007-10 (under the 11th FYP), the annual budget for the Ministry of Environment and Forests (its name at that time) for various environmental programmes was around 0.012% of GDP and less than 0.25% of the annual national budget. More generally, data are available on the SEMARNAT budget (MXN 51.2 billion in 2011) and the relative shares of the commissions within this (CONANP’s share in 2011 was MXN 0.99 billion [1.9%], an increase from MXN 0.35 billion in 2002, and CONAFOR’s share was MXN 6.46 billion (i.e. 12.6%), a threefold increase in real terms since 2002). In comparison, the SAGARPA budget in 2011 was MXN 73.00 billion.**	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	5d20ea37c70d38ad8a4353dd6e9c9594	Mapping should include stakeholders who have a formal responsibility and who have an impact on the decision-making process, as well as stakeholders w'ith a material interest or who might be impacted by the project/policy process or its outcomes. The mapping exercise can help: i) show' the core governance functions of identified stakeholders (i.e. policy making, regulation, financing, service delivery, w'ater resources management, etc.); It can shed light on the stakeholders who have the most influence or power over the process, for instance when they have control over decisions or how they are implemented. It also helps identify possible gaps and overlaps, and to look beyond the “usual suspects” to reflect the actual diversity of actors.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	5d23b6af29a601bf1df8aa3d6b322248	From 1996 onward, prices began to increase in Germany, owing to rapidly expanding demand both domestically and for exports to emerging economies and later owing to higher commodity prices. Further, China mandated domestically produced components and, along with India, instituted domestic technology certification programmes. As in the case of Europe, wind power plants were not necessarily built in the most suitably windy locations: the local policy environment was a much more important factor. For example, in India in 2004, 57 per cent of wind power capacity was installed in Tamil Nadu which only has 7 per cent of the wind resources (Global Wind Energy Council, World Institute of Sustainable Development and Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturing Association, 2011).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	5d2640d70c7a547f9fc9ff5cda08dc9a	However, the lack of evidence on the overall rollout of the SER concept, e.g. in the Netherlands, is not very surprising: the concept is so wrapped up in the overall Dutch safety strategy (which has been a general success story) that it is hard to single out the effect of this particular element. They tend to overestimate their speed reduction. This creates a need to reinforce the perception of driving speed, particularly at transitions to lower speed limits, on the entry to towns and villages, on the approach to intersections and on the approach to sharp curves.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/cfd32100-en	5d2b5e188063cfe08bddbfd7fc6d4632	Across countries, however, risks and vulnerabilities associated with the informal economy (Chapter 3) disproportionately affect women. This chapter provides updated evidence on gender disparities in key informal employment outcomes, such as employment status and wage levels. It then examines the role of gender-based constraints in employment outcomes and access to social protection. Last, it reviews gender-sensitive approaches that have been instrumental in empowering women in the informal economy in a number of countries, with a view to identify priority areas for policy makers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	5d2bf7f48bfa6d8d2976577447eefbd5	The reform proposal, however, envisages introducing a flat tax rate of 10% on inheritances to dissuade individuals from evading this tax. The contributory pension system accounts for the bulk of total transfers to households and absorbs a large share of central government spending (more than 18% of central government spending in 2011). Yet, its coverage is low and the absence of a first tier minimum pension leaves many elderly in poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	5d2c7147b265faa95f3e980d266e15f7	Finally, the sudden termination of contracts when the export volume is reached reduces the prestige of Viet Nam enterprises with their partners. All these factors mean that the current system keeps Viet Nam in the vicious cycle of supplying low-quality rice, and the market expects this from Viet Nam. Major partners were the Soviet Union and centrally-planned economies of central and eastern Europe.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	5d2e22115fb6a31c2391a981eb41ae7f	Each career level has its own minimum basic salary scale, to which a range of salary allowances are added. Within each minimum basic salary scale, the salary level depends on hours worked and seniority. The multilevel career structure is associated with a certification system. Access to as well as maintenance in a given career level involve a centrally managed process of evaluation for certification.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	5d2e3b2742b5d4e7fabea53310efcb9b	The form such support takes also differs, leading to diverse reporting practices and classifications. Tracking progress towards collective commitments to mobilise climate finance may require information from non-Party actors such as multilateral development banks, environmental funds, international organisations and private actors, in addition to national governments. While the transparency framework for support also aims to provide clarity on support received by developing countries, this objective may take longer to fulfil since experience in this area is currently more limited and reporting of this information is not obligatory.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	5d2ebfd7e399ea26bb4368f0aaeac0f6	The Basin Committee also monitors the implementation of the SDAGE and sets the main agenda of the water agency, while proposing, for instance, the amount of revenues taken inby the agency and passing the multiyear programme of the water agency (priorities, procedures for subsidies, etc.), This commission is also consulted for any project contemplating a delegation of service delivery or the creation of a utility with financial autonomy. Formal consultations often leave the public in a contestatory role and ignore the silent majority, focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	5d3116cd32c03d660f928c8464d3edcf	In addition to helping design the curriculum, Elop also supplied research labs, provided its scientists and engineers as teachers and tutors in specific areas, trained teachers, hosted students' visits to the company’s facilities, and supported the college's management in its request for recognition of the programme by the Ministry of Education. Workplace learning opportunities are also a direct expression of employers' needs, as employers will be ready to offer opportunities in areas where there is a skills shortage. Box 1.8 details how one city created a campaign to increase the number of apprenticeships.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	5d31e8bd5d053b331b817107f591caeb	However, using FUAs instead of administrative data suggests that, while medium-size cites are indeed larger than expected, Almaty’s size is not lower than it should be under Zipfs Law. Almaty’s FUA is indeed much larger than the population of Almaty City alone (see Table 1.3). Overall, the city size distribution of Kazakhstan’s FUAs conforms better to Zipf s Law than statutory cities, both in 1999 and in 2009.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	5d37efbf30399b10a4f6433c8df3e4a2	The first section of the chapter presents a range of alternative solutions to the measurement of labour inputs. In doing so, it examines the various choices in collecting information on time-use. For instance, should data be recorded via a full time-diary, or less resource-intensive stylized questions?	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	5d38083c1351f2dd36ffea57c37b54ba	Countries have in place, for various reasons, numerous special tax treatments of activities linked with negative environmental consequences, such as commuting by private cars, company car provisions, use of emission-intensive fuels (e.g. coal, heavy oils) and use of pesticides or fertilisers, while at the same time a number of tax preferences may concern activities with positive environmental consequences, such as public transport, cleaner and more efficient heating. The environmental effects will depend on implementation details. In countries where congestion charges or road pricing are recommended as a mean to increase economic efficiency and growth (Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), they are likely to also benefit the environment, with the magnitude of the effects linked to the introduced prices as well as the availability of alternatives, such as public transport, more efficient vehicles or opportunities for teleworking.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	5d3ae33c8e10a9861dc6e6b28f0faa37	The response was that the extra cost on a new vehicle was negligible. Road safety management, speed enforcement plus ISA are tools that deliver. Serious consideration should be given to reducing the urban speed limit from 60 to 50 km/h, accompanied by additional implementation of 30 km/h speed zones.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	5d3bb1e2bf4df4152d998340d2bf7a81	The latter finding contrasts directly with earlier results by Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa (1996), who find that the impact of being born to a younger mother is significant, but the impact of being born to an older mother is not. We interpret our results against the backdrop of an underlying change in behavioural patterns during the past three decades, with a relative reduction in the numbers of very young mothers and a relative increase in the number of older mothers. In fact, a mother’s mean age has risen from 26 years in the whole sample (1971-2007) to 28 years in the 10-year period before the survey.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	5d3c4a557f3a6d0eec3ed88fe55439f3	The river flows from Lake lijiirvi (Finland) to Norwegian territory, and discharges into the Barents Sea. On Finnish territory, it flows about 40 km through wilderness; there arc many rapids in the river, GcaSgcsuolojavri is a transboundary lake in the basin. During spring flooding the river recharges the adjacent aquifers.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	5d3c7ac8b055f76f57399a9f40c929cf	It also holds for poverty: relative poverty is well below the OECD average and material deprivation is low (Nolan and Whelan, 2010). The OECD has recently mapped inequalities across a large number of dimensions and virtually all indicators point in the same direction (Box 1). While this has been true in most OECD countries, the increase in Sweden has been among the steepest (OECD, 201 la). As in most countries, household incomes increased faster at the top of the distribution, but the contrast was particularly stark in Sweden (Table 1).	8	5	3	0.25
10.18356/973d5b65-en	5d3d8dba6f28fb73cc66a5db7769ebc3	Access to early learning and pre-primary enrolment has grown in the past decade, but still 159 million children - over half of all three to six year olds - are missing out. It a place to learn and engage with civic development, to improve economic inclusion, social cohesion and environmental sustainability. It fosters disillusion and discontent, giving children the impression that there is no alternative to violence, often confronted with the choice to become a member of a gang or to never leave home.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	5d4087da667b41c5abedd00bafb98487	The poor segment of the population lives below the poverty line and, despite free installation, they may not be able to afford electricity if consumption goes above the free basic electricity allocation. The subsidy is based on the cost of the lowest supply size stated in the suit of supply options. This amount is Pa§e I determined on an annual basis.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	5d409764183b740e252b02cef5f10b9f	Moreover, in many countries the definition of domestic violence in national criminal justice systems remains ambiguous, such as in East Timor and Cambodia (Chapter 4). As domestic and sexual violence and harassment tend to proliferate during the immediate aftermath of armed conflicts, women are further victimized at an already particularly challenging time. In some cases the worst aspects of the male-dominated cultural norms can be rebuilt, such as polygamy, early arranged marriages and segregation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	5d4303fb2090df2cb436ffe1abfe3158	In addition, the Emergency Medical Service Act obliges the Ministry of Health and Seivices every year. These research centres were established as part of the Clinical Research Support Project. The research centres are responsible for developing practice guidelines, which are made available on the website of the Korean Guideline Clearinghouse. Assessment is based on a broad range of indicators covering outcome, structure and process. The Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation (KOIHA) also conducts audits to ensure that agreed minimum standards are applied in hospital as part of the accreditation programme.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	5d438587db49653696f8d50db43d0531	The courses were compulsory within the mathematics subject cluster and were revised in 1990 and 1997 to respond to technological developments. When Thailand introduced a new basic education curriculum in 2001, it included standards for what students in all 12 grades should know about ICT. Technological education comprised ICT and content on design and technology. Thailand expanded its efforts to integrate ICT in education by developing a series of four-year strategy documents and amendments to the basic education curriculum.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	5d454c8d2338e8a5fd2d9dcc88e3a7eb	Just what “moderate” means is not easy to define, but an approximate definition is: “not much higher than people have been used to over the last few years and fairly close to the trend level of the corresponding border prices” (Fane and Ware, 2008). Another important aspect of this objective relates to ensuring an appropriate distribution of food throughout the archipelago, especially to isolated areas during periods of famine. For five food commodities - rice, corn, soybean, sugar and beef - targets have been set at levels that would achieve self-sufficiency based on the forecasted consumption (Table 2.1). Production increases for rice during the late 2000s, which averaged 3.8% per annum between 2004 and 2009, enabled Indonesia to once again claim self-sufficiency in rice in 2007.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5d4bd99d526ff7c0af3f10f8617ae1b9	This means retirees will face a significantly lower standard of living than the one they had during their working lives. Source: OECD Pension at a Glance Database. People are entitled to the solidarity pillar if they have accumulated insufficient assets in their mandatory defined contribution plan to give them a retirement income above a certain income threshold.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	5d4ce233e57369a33b65c6ffc973f761	They can, upon attaining certain requirements, including a minimum population size and annual revenue, opt to become a city. Cebu Province comprises 44 municipalities. Finally, municipalities and cities are composed of barangays, the smallest independently elected LGUs; there are over 42 000 throughout the Philippines and 1 096 in the Province of Cebu alone. Metro Cebu, specifically, is composed of 13 LGUs in total, including three independent cities, four component cities and six municipalities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	5d4fb3e2edb89c9f53eb92970ef46884	The performance in solid waste and wastewater management is poorer in smaller cities. For example, only 5% of Class IV and V cities meet the national wastewater treatment criteria. Addressing this challenge necessitates the timely application of a clear and workable urban policy framework. A key to “getting cities right” is a holistic and integrated approach to urban challenges and policies.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	5d59581fb1c8d940b50cfc74fdd53e31	As a result, despite very thorough water cooperation agreements among Central Asian governments, the cross-border governance system “has more or less come to a standstill” (Allouche 2007: 48). Huge irrigation systems constructed during the Soviet era have overdrawn water to the extent that the Aral Sea is mostly depleted of its water and is classified as one of the greatest human-made ecological disasters of the twentieth century (Libert 2008). Related salinity and water pollution have human impacts such as a high morbidity in the Aral Sea region (Krahenbiihl, Gely and Herren 2004).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f7cce716-en	5d5959b79bf2d8bf242c2a9208082823	Economic security is also complemented with employment and productive reactivation for individuals who lose their jobs as a result of a disaster, through job training courses and public employment programmes that seek to construct or improve public infrastructure in the affected areas. In a context of constant increases in the frequency and severity of disasters, the countries of the region need to take greater account of the risks and consequences of natural phenomena in their social protection instruments, and help increase the resilience of the population and settlements, particularly the most vulnerable ones. Structural vulnerability is related to the situation of individuals and households whose incomes are below or around the poverty threshold, which tend to be the population groups targeted by the various social protection instruments. In contrast, circumstantial vulnerability relates to disasters and climate change, which erode people's income and economic assets and put them into a poverty situation which they were not in previously.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	5d5a961bf35a97a59c116d019587b6ac	"States parties undertake to combat disease and malnutrition ""through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution."" It binds States parties to make ""available and accessible to every child"" compulsory and free primary education and options for secondary schooling, including vocational education (Article 28). It also obliges States parties to ""encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity"" (Article 31)."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	5d630b7439587229d4970edb32205f70	Good work is recognized by co-workers, peers and others and provides a sense of accomplishment, self-respect and social identity. People have historically defined and named themselves by their occupation: Miller in English or Hurudza (master farmer) in Shona. Healthier workers have longer and more productive working lives and can explore more options at home and abroad. Better educated and trained workers can do more diverse work —and to a higher standard—and be more creative and innovative. Workers who can participate more fully in their communities will be able to negotiate at work for better conditions and higher labour standards, which in turn will make industries more efficient and competitive. Volunteers benefit from their work, either because they value altruism or through the personal enrichment they gain from community involvement.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	5d651adddf60c552aed0ddab41c0ae10	However, take-up appears to be reasonably large. In 2009, on average every month about 760 000 individuals were dismissed from a formal job in the private sector without just cause, while on average every month about 600 000 entered into the SD system, suggesting that take-up among eligible unemployed persons may be close to 80%. A further shortcoming is that the employment history of unemployed individuals is limited to the last job only.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	5d65b7a6c000b0bd2027f2b6b4a5d5d8	The implication is that the evaluation and assessment framework does not have clear reference goals for equity and inclusiveness against which progress can be monitored. Not surprisingly, evaluation and assessment places little emphasis on equity issues. Also, no measures of equity in the education system have been developed so progress towards reducing inequities can be monitored.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	5d6d5aba28999e2780e97165ca800b18	The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Gregory Briner, Gisela Campillo, Raphael Jachnik, Michael Mullan, Sara Moarif, Lola Vallejo, Robert Youngman and Takashi Hattori, as well as Angela Friedrich, Marie Karlberg, Karen Johnson, Timo Leiter, Marta Olender, Dawn Pierre-Nathoniel, Olga Pilifosova, Klaus Radunsky, Shereen D’Souza and Akiko Urakami on earlier versions of this paper. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the March 2016 CCXG Global Forum on Environment and Climate Change for their inputs to discussions of the issues raised. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, which includes adaptation.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	5d6eef473edf68c1b5241dd9c10c39b9	Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? Individual students, their parents and their teachers have access to information about individual student assessment result. Individual student assessment results are not shared with other teachers, except in specific cases such as join teaching. School principals have information about the average assessment results of their school in each assessment, the average results of each class and school data adjusted for socio-economic factors. Municipalities have information about the average mark of the schools in the municipality and the average results for each school as well as data for each school adjusted for socio-economic factors. At the national level, the national average test result for all schools together is published and available to the public.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	5d71c3bd1a3b9b86517b23e200483317	Enrolment is increasing in all regions of the world but still varies widely between and within regions. In Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean, enrolment is high due to a historically strong public education sector. In Central Asia, the Arab States and sub-Saharan Africa, enrolment rates are very low, although there are some intra-regional variations. Even in regions with better coverage, the inclusion of marginalized populations is still a challenge. In the Arab States, private providers cover almost half of all enrolment and in Africa around 60 percent. In Kenya, for example, the government programmes target children aged 4 to 5 years, even though the policy framework identifies children within the 0 to 5 age range as intended beneficiaries.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	5d7399032695debb7ae90e88b09b6094	This means that gains from co-operation have to be seen by all participants as being larger than any losses that result from giving up independent action. Second in importance is the ability of potential partners to trust that their counter-parties can be trusted to follow through on commitments and fully implement the partnership. Typically these agreements are difficult to enforce if a participant shirks their responsibility, so a lack of trust can make an agreement improbable even if the potential benefits are significant.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ae18b798-en	5d75d5575665fbb6f629217e92eb1151	Figure 1.4 shows how much each income source influenced the variation in per capita income for households below the poverty line in countries where poverty rates have decreased significantly in recent years. In the countries where poverty lessened, labour income accounted for half or more of the change in total per capita income. Thus, in this most recent bout of poverty reduction, the labour market has been one of the main drivers of the upswing.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	5d786a5c6c332819046d1d361a707e0c	For example, commercial farming in the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo and Parana is input intensive, with high fertiliser use. Farming systems in these areas are associated with concerns on the impact of agricultural water use on resource levels, and pesticide use on water quality. In the Centre West farming systems are more extensive.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	5d793af65a82a2d6883d5fbe68e4cf7a	The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes are determined for each cell depending on the risk factors within that cell. The population base is updated every three years to reflect population ageing according to estimates from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Assumptions of changes in the prevalence of modifiable risk factors are based on historical trends. Alternative prevention programs are tested by moving records from cells with higher prevalence of certain risk factors to cells with lower risk factor prevalence.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	5d7f4110145b3b6c0fe6f7adaaa636be	Looking at these two types of deprivation in tandem suggests that French children who are monetary poor are also considerably more likely to be financially strained. However, it should also be noted that 65 per cent of children experiencing union poverty are financially strained but not monetary poor. Finally, children living in the UK are more likely to be either monetary poor, domain deprived or both with relatively high rates of union poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	5d8195c9e7fc42dcbe8aefd46b4c8e9a	The objective is to produce stylised features that are analysed in the light of existing co-ordination tools, allowing for a customisation and integration of water policy. A closer look at each of these gaps is provided in order of importance, starting with the policy gap, which was considered as the most important gap by countries surveyed (12 out of 13), followed by the accountability gap (11 out of 13) and the funding gap (10 out of 13). Sectoral fragmentation across ministries and between levels of government is considered as an important or very important obstacle to integrated water policy in 92% of countries surveyed.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/223159ab-en	5d84caeb32cd938fb9728d229f83c12d	Female life expectancy at birth in all countries (EU average 83.6 years) exceeded that of males (EU average 78.2 years). The average gender difference in Central and Eastern European countries (7.7 years) was greater than the EU average (5.4 years) and significantly greater than the average for the other EU countries (4.7 years). So the gender gap in life expectancy is greater in the EU countries that have higher mortality.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	5d8586a319c0edf5f3ec07fb04c63cc7	The new procedures have eliminated some administrative steps, shortened the time needed for final decisions to be taken, and put in place arrangements that could lead to more effective enforcement. Co-ordination of permit approval and assessment when the operation of an industrial facility requires various permits (e.g. for construction or urban development) is aimed at preventing duplication of work and contradictory decisions. It also provides for joint inspections by relevant authorities. Dedicated tools, such as online license and permit catalogues, have been introduced to facilitate licensing procedures. The catalogues provide comprehensive information regarding licenses and permits and enable a search to be made for detailed procedural requirements.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	5d89017daafd5606b4746199af5b4708	Additionally in Costa Rica, where allowances can constitute a large proportion of a teacher’s salary, some form of external evaluation could help to ensure a much more effective use of financial rewards to recognise and incentivise good teaching practice. International research shows that career prospects, career diversity, and giving teachers responsibility as professionals are important to keep teachers motivated, particularly in systems like Costa Rica where teaching is a job for life (Schleicher, 2013). Each track includes several positions as depicted below. In 2008, the declaration of the Quality Schools as the Axis of Costa Rican Education (Centro Educativo de Calidad como Eje de la Educacion Costarricense) marked a turning point, affirming the importance of school engagement to raise education outcomes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	5d8c6e8d4efffd1a4ab923bae3bc4480	The MIS approach for example, tries to blend the best of the methodologies for developing budget standards in the United Kingdom - the Family Budget Unit (FBU) and the Consensual Budget Standard (CBS). Under the FBU approach a panel of professional experts constructs budget standards, while the CBS is drawn up by ordinary people. The CBS approach considers that negotiation and agreement are necessary to defining a minimum standard.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	5d8dfa60a1914d2d28172b47d731f1a8	For Britain and Canada, estimates are available only for all working-age adults; for Germany, there are also estimates derived for men and women and for natives and migrants separately. The study for the Netherlands provides estimates for natives, other EU-born and non-EU-born individuals as well as for all individuals. For Norway, there are estimates based on three definitions of SA that include different benefit types.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09e92b30-en	5d8e57d1ec0a492cc66a248d45c3a21f	More generally, a few years ago France was lagging many European countries in the take-up of personal electronic health records and exchange of information between professionals (European Commission, 2013a), and its overall readiness to adopt e-technologies remains low (OECD, 2017a). A single phone number has been in place to co-ordinate out-of-hours services since 2015, but progress remains partial. Increased use of performance reporting would incentivise providers to concentrate on aspects of quality that give rise to genuine improvements in patient outcomes. The available administrative data could be better used for additional ex post medico-economic evaluations, notably by independent institutions and researchers, or to improve the detection of abuses and fraud.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	5d91b3c0f902a4718ab9629fb2fddbde	Slovenia follows with 21.7% of cancer spending on prescribed medicines in 2006, and Korea with 12.6% of cancer care spending on prescribed drugs and 2.9% on over-the-counter medicines in 2005. They were also authorised rapidly in Switzerland, Chile, Sweden and France. For example, in the United States and Switzerland, seven out of the ten drugs were authorised before the year 2000. Some countries such as Japan, Norway and Hirkey were initially slow in authorising these drugs but caught up with the others by 2010, authorising all ten drugs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	5d92865140b4d9796f68229c6f3c3441	With the exception of South Africa all of the BRIICS countries experienced large increases in material extraction when average income rose indicating that material extraction rises rapidly at relatively low levels of income when average income grows. This is likely attributable to the high rates of population growth typical of lower income countries and to the strong connection between the size of the population and the use of materials, especially those required to fulfil basic needs. But there appears to be two distinct trends for OECD countries with average incomes exceeding 20 000 USD.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264215696-3-en	5d9538e1a5f5180a711b0aace4dd2088	In particular, it called for measures of innovation in the public sector, including in the education sector. Measuring innovation in education responds to this call, offering new perspectives on measuring innovation in education. Thebook gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors, and documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between 1999 and 2011. It is a key resource for readers interested in educational innovation, but given the variety of practices covered, it also provides material of interest to a wider audience.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	5d992d4410f81ea3d2ceb0a378d3e19e	The OECD has worked for a long time on strengthening the capacity of public finance institutions in the EECCA region. This experience could become the foundation to support both EECCA countries and their development co-operation partners in strengthening the capacity of such entities to better manage internal and external finance resources. For instance, such work could help the countries identify and select investment projects, monitor the effectiveness of their projects in light of the countries’ climate and other development goals, and make use of financial resources more cost-efficient. There include: reviewing, in the light of pursuing the targets under their INDCs, the rules and procedures relating to such national (funding) entities, which govern their decision-making process and management practices; examining the predictability and reliability of their sources of finance; analysing their expenditure plans and disbursement mechanisms; and understanding criteria for identifying and selecting investment projects for financing from the funding entity.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264310278-en	5d9dbb9844f32efd58635e2e345860db	In addition, standard errors are clustered at the state and year level to account for the possibility that observations within states and across years are not independent. The idea being that theoretically the NLC should not have an impact on intra-state job flows since the NLC does not offer added advantages for nurses to move within a given state. Another sensitivity test involved analysing the impact of the NLC from treated to control states, with the idea being that a nurse in a Compact state should, in theory, not be compelled to relocate to a non-Compact state once the NLC is introduced in his or her resident state.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	5da019bca3493a024eca57a591b71738	Overexploitation has required wells to become deeper. They range up to a depth of 400 metres, where a depth of 70 metres was sufficient for older wells.6 Due to the soil composition, extraction from deeper wells tends to be less efficient. World Bank, Washington, DC, available at: www.agua.uiiam.mx/sacinex/assets/docs/AcuaUitoana ValleMexic o.pdf. Reduction in water in the clay soil that supports a large part of the city leads to densification of the soil and subsidence.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	5da02b5b952cdee2c429ce763505fbd8	Who is to blame for the tragedy of the Amur Evenks? In ANSIPRA's bulletin (indigenous peoples of Russia), vol.15. Analiz smertnosti detsk-ogo naseleniya Chukotki v aspekte sotsialnyx i ekologicheskikh faktorov riska. ( Analysis of child mortality in Chukotka and the social and ecological risk factors).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262430-4-en	5da5924221d0978fe289c25e494d567b	The reform has been implemented since the 2014/15 school year. As basis of this reform, the government set three national goals: i) the Folkeskole must challenge all students to reach their full potential; ii) the Folkeskole must lower the significance of social background on academic results; and iii) trust in the Folkeskole and student wellbeing must be enhanced through respect for professional knowledge and practice in the Folkeskole. These three goals were conceived to set a clear direction and a high level of ambition for the development of the Folkeskole and to provide a clear framework for a systematic and continuous evaluation of the reform. The three national goals are operationalised through four clear, simple and measurable targets that form the basis for dialogue and follow-up regarding the development of students’ academic performance and wellbeing at all levels.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	5da6fe8724d6dd449bb236968350fe3a	However, when migrants first arrive in Finland, their ability to productively use their skills in employment tends to be compromised by limited language skills, lack of familiarity with the labour market and, in some cases, poor health. Where wages are able to respond to productivity, lower productivity should not necessarily compromise employer demand. In Finland, however, where collectively-bargained minimum wages act as wage floors, employers hiring those whose productivity is temporarily compromised by limited language skills, are unable to adapt wages accordingly. This is particularly true because foreign-born workers in Finland are heavily concentrated in the lowest-paid positions where collectively-bargained minimum wages bind (over 40% are concentrated in the lowest income quintile).	4	8	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	5da808cfb8ac763b5cde4e7b675455a2	For developing countries, many have indicated in biennial update reports, National Communications and/or their INDC what level of support is needed in order to implement their adaptation response. Country reporting on how much support has been received will therefore help in any national assessments of whether support levels meet the needs identified nationally, and if not, what adaptation actions/results are to be expected with the support that has been received. Collecting national-level information on adaptation support needed will help developing countries to identify and quantify what type of support is needed where, information that is also useful to developed countries and other providers of climate support. In contrast, reporting by non-Annex I countries on support received was not mandatory.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	5da95141f1d1a7872102dce259a1fe55	According to Baltic researchers, a large proportion of the existing biomass boilers in Lithuania is expected to be decommissioned. In Estonia and Latvia, existing biomass boilers are expected to remain in operation in 2030. In all scenarios, the district heating sector dominates in these two countries in 2030. The results show that heat pumps provide a competitive source of heat generation for district heating companies lacking capacity, whereas it is difficult for heat pumps to compete with the short-term costs of generating biomass-based heat.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	5db17ba1d453cd4e031d199dcc6ccde7	The project focuses on treating the underlying factors that affect education and learning outcomes. Allied health staff from a range of specialisms address behavioural and learning issues for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. The six schools receiving allied health care are located in remote geographic locations with limited specialist services.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	5db252559aac56154ba1af6e4f4de501	The Guidelines are widely used by government agencies, for all federal dietary guidance, and food assistance programmes (Toole and Kuchler, 2015), as well as by consumers and diet-related industries (USDA, 2015). The ICHRN also put in place the HNRIM system to record and track all nutrition research projects performed or funded by the Federal Government. Advancing bioenergy technologies has been an important objective for both the USDA and the DOE.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	5db8c931e6d2b655f40a0ed69ad24287	In such cases, well-planned design of the tax instrument over a number of years can ensure that revenue increases substantially or at least remains stable over time - for example, by introducing a gradual increase in tax rates (a tax escalator) to compensate for gradually falling consumption as economic actors respond to the price signal created by the tax. This is particularly important in developing countries, where government budgets are limited and tend to be vulnerable to price shocks. In China, for example, differentiated grid prices for desulfurized electricity had a clearly defined objective of driving the desulfurization of coal generation (see Section 5.7).	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	5dbc7b2e91340c647511cb726275eae8	A provincial authority cannot impose its spatial plan on the province’s municipalities; it can only comment on municipal IDPs and try to achieve a consensual alignment of provincial and local SDFs. In the positive example of Johannesburg, a special municipal tribunal considers any proposed development that does not conform to the IDP, soliciting views from the public. If the project is approved, the IDP is amended accordingly.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	5dc010542c0f02e3b4f19a673dc10bc8	The signs reported correspond to the coefficients for the youngest group (excluded in the regression). In all countries, the older the individual, the more time devoted to domestic tasks. The pattern was different for care work. As expected, those in the middle age group devoted more time to these tasks than those in the younger group, who in turn spent more time on these tasks than the group aged 46 to 64 years, reflecting the association between life cycle and time devoted to caring for children. The survey in Colombia asks about time devoted to caring for children and time spent on caring for sick, elderly andfor disabled persons.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	5dc43bdd37a97db4ce738d9403ef65b4	Whilst all issues need attention, this is the area where policy makers in particular need to concentrate their initial efforts. Generally, the depth of the data is stronger and there is lower volatility in the solar resource compared to the wind, and generally there are fewer variables to be considered in the estimation. Investors are most concerned with the apparent mismatch between the long-term nature of capital commitments inherent in climate change financing and the relatively short time frame of climate change regulations.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264215696-21-en	5dc4dcdc61d7a726713e0a92cf8e028d	On the one hand, systems with low levels of performance may innovate in order to improve this important outcome. On the other hand, education systems with high levels of performance may exhibit continuous innovation as a means of keeping performance levels high. In other words, high levels of innovation can be associated both with high and low levels of performance. The relationship may not be causal, and at this stage in our knowledge, it should not be concluded that innovation results in a particular outcome.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/85b52daf-en	5dc65970dc09b2b1ee19b08f21d751c7	Energy policies include provisions for feed-in-tariffs, but these are largely deemed to be too low to attract private investment. A lack of institutional capacity and human resources in key policy and decision making units related to environment acts as a barrier to mainstreaming of environmental targets across sector policies and plans, especially energy. Indirect fossil fuel subsidies support and incentivise state-owned enterprises in the energy sector which are investing in fossil fuels, and capped fuel prices mean that renewable energy and energy efficiency investments are not always viable. According to OECD DAC statistics, in 2014, just over USD 1.5 billion in development finance flows supported climate change projects in Viet Nam, with around half (47%) focusing on climate change mitigation, a third supporting climate change adaptation (34%) and the rest supporting both mitigation and adaptation.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	5dcc772004ed0d78fca503665dd6c06a	Newly created green jobs will not only require high level skills. Whilst it is true that higher-level skills will be needed for some jobs this will not be the case for all jobs. For instance, a recent study in London estimated that around half of the existing low carbon jobs in London would require either intermediate or low level skills47 (see learning model). Enabling people to participate is crucial in this regard and more effort is needed to help young people and those currently out of work to benefit from the opportunities associated with the green economy. Moreover, facilitating access to employment opportunities for the low skilled and vulnerable in society also plays an important part (i.e. ensuring public transport routes are well designed and enable the unemployed or inactive to reach areas of high levels of job growth within a reasonable time). In fact, the transition should be seen as part of a wider economic restructuring of the economy over the medium to long-term, similar in nature and pattern (if not considerably smaller in its potential) to the shift to a knowledge economy that has been ongoing in developed economies for decades.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	5dcde1e596d5650c9d6c16620a2e2f88	In this case, higher tariffs (which may also provide an incentive for more efficient water usage) are essential to generate the financial resources needed for the investment and ongoing operation of water services. This is particularly true of the underdeveloped wastewater services (ADB, 2014). Some of this pollution is caused by widespread and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, but a greater source is discharges of untreated sewage from municipal water utilities (World Bank, 2014b).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	5dce1acbd2f2663f086cc2f20f4c1ec8	These activities have an impact on the air, surface water and groundwater, soil, wildlife and human populations. The environmental impacts of pipelines are mainly related to the risk of an oil or gas leak or spillage, and are location specific. The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape. In addition, the field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888, the sealant used, was not properly tested.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/2d08a027-en	5dce33ea0789acd45baee8807787c92a	There are 45 NGOs that are focused on women's rights in Uganda. They do not work in isolation, but in collaboration with the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. This organisation was formed to represent a united voice of women, as well as to create a platform where women would collectively put forward issues of their political and economic life and other kinds of discrimination in various spheres of society.' There is need for ongoing support and a dynamic day-to-day relationship between WROs and women politicians.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	5dceba5a6ffc8085124bfa2b46dc9160	For each expenditure category, the per capita expenditure ratio is calculated to account for differences in the demographic structure of countries. These expenditure ratios depend on the population covered by the different benefits, their take up rates and the payment rates of each type of benefit. Data on these amounts were taken from the Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Dataset (SAMIP) maintained by the University of Stockholm (SaMip, 2018[2u).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	5dcfdf31af2d053dd8e2d1fdd0c8b71a	Although national statistics institutes often offer training on how to use of the data, agencies often prefer to use their own data, although it may not be of comparable quality. However, in many countries there is a disconnect between central agencies and the wider system, resulting in data gaps and redundancies. Once national statistics strategies have been developed and data collection systems established, development co-operation providers can play an important role in ensuring their sustainability (Paris21, 2007).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/35f875c3-en	5dd047b98b9c3995a44aefbc6d7dfdb7	"Feminist Press, 2007), p. 212. It began to be understood as primarily an ""add-on"" to existing development policies.16 Specifically, this approach failed to factor women's reproductive and informal-sector work into its analyses. It also treated women as a homogenized category, missing the impact of intersectional discrimination as a result of class and race.17 In short, this liberal feminist model failed to have a transformative effect on the lives of women.18 Gender neutrality ignored gendered structural inequalities which had, and indeed continue to have, negative effects on women. The women and development approach further argued that the failure to integrate women as economic actors in their societies contributed to sustaining existing international structures of inequality."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	5dd0c2405f576e1cecfac1168a79906f	Overuse and misallocation of water resources due to incomplete or over-allocated water rights, under-pricing of water and deficiencies in long-term resource planning contribute to this imbalance, which in turn mechanically translates into higher water shortage risks. In water basins where there is structural water stress, water shortages are more likely to arise from even mild precipitation deficit. In short, water stress generates water shortage risks, and thus vulnerability to droughts.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	5dd3e0a209055ebfeab823ff48e923fb	It should be reiterated, though, that this estimate is not strictly comparable with the measurements available from the World Top Incomes Database (WTID). Socioeconomic gaps in access to basic services have also narrowed, although lower-income households in rural areas of some countries still experience significant levels of deprivation. The access of lower-income households to new technologies has improved, but to lesser extent than that of higher-income ones, particularly with regard to Internet access.	1	2	6	0.5
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	5dd48f5e8e6f2136cab96b33d7367429	These have several advantages over capital-intensive technologies: They generate more jobs, have lower costs, can contribute to local enterprise development and capacity-building, provide more readily available maintenance and repair services, and can generate foreign exchange savings. Even more worrying is that the LDCs youth population (aged 15-24 years), which is becoming better educated and growing fast, is increasingly seeking job in rapidly growing urban centres. The main responsibility for creating these jobs rests largely with the LDCs themselves. Nevertheless, the international community can also play a role in helping to ease the constraints faced by these countries in creating sufficient jobs.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	5dd7c97a8ae1f0489a4d6e7006c7eff1	At the other end of the spectrum, N use per hectare is below 25kg in a number of countries. Notably in a range of developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa, fertiliser use is known to be very low (Morris et al., The five largest fertiliser consumers (China, India, UNITED STATES, EU27, and Brazil) together account for 72% of the w orld’s total fertiliser consumption. Environmental and consumer safety concerns prevail in the majority of OECD countries.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5dda06e2949a23b98d0a1bc231a0abe3	Participation to seminars, coaching sessions and networking is also open to people not submitting a market analysis or a business plan. In the final phase 26 business plans are awarded prize money of up to EUR 10 000. A vast number of companies, universities and other institutions are partners of the competition.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f61073ef-en	5ddbd7abc8573158d47b54c5cb52496b	We expect to find a negative relationship between poverty and this variable. It is worth noting that the Brazilian economy showed growth in income per capita over the period 1995-2009. Thus, the absolute poverty indicator used is the proportion of poor people (/>0). This index is frequently used to express income inequality and may be linked to the so-called Lorenz curve, which is defined by the set of points obtained by plotting income shares against population shares in ascending order. On the basis of this curve, we then calculate Gini coefficients for each of the states between 1995 and 2009. As discussed in the previous section, the relationship between the Gini coefficient and poverty must be positive.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5ddc466e8ed8758c17b6e31605aee9b4	It suggests that bringing all Chileans on board requires focusing on: expanding, and improving the efficiency, of the tax-and-transfer systems for effective redistribution; tackling inequalities in the labour market to promote employment and good-quality jobs; and expanding women participation in the labour force to close gender gaps. Chile has experienced a remarkable decline in absolute poverty since the return to democracy in the 1990s. The share of people living below the national poverty line has fallen dramatically (see Figure 1). Strong economic growth, which increased labour income for all income deciles, social policies and a significant increase in educational attainment, explain in a large part the decrease in poverty rates. The development of a sophisticated system of transfers and subsidies - around 40 % of the population receives cash transfers and subsidies provided by the state - has been relatively successful at lifting people out of poverty (Sunkel and Infante, 2009; Rau, 2011).	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	5ddca35c36416ecbc3823143860cc7f3	The pilot was so successful that we are now building a permanent digital platform for it. The same holds across countries: top-performing countries in PISA, like Japan, Singapore and South Korea in Asia, Estonia and Finland in Europe, and Canada in North America, also came out on top in the PISA assessment of collaborative problem solving. For example, Japanese students did very well in those subjects, but they did even better in collaborative problem solving.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	5ddca625d7349d35a3e05a866ec80bc1	In general, spending on public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, can facilitate both developments, whereas direct subsidies to farm activities - notwithstanding potential benefits that are discussed later - run the risk of impeding adjustment. They have done this both explicitly, for example via export taxes and regulated food prices, and implicitly, by investing relatively less in rural areas. Since the mid-1980s, there has been a reduction in this tendency, but it still prevails (Anderson et al., As incomes rise and as agriculture’s share of employment decreases, countries find they can afford more easily to provide support to their agricultural sectors and the opposite tendency is observed.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	5dde925cc2ca236c1131ec28fec97de8	Tax payers finance about 55% of total water expenditure. Given the strong increases in federal budget for water supply and sanitation programmes, the federal government is currently financing close to 40% of all water expenditures that are currently tracked. State and municipal governments represent an additional 15% of water expenditures.8 Water users finance over 45% of total water expenditures through water and sanitation tariffs (MXN 27 billion from households, commercial and industrial users), water resources charges (MXN 6 billion mostly industrial users), bulk water tariffs (MXN 2.2 billion mostly from urban water users) and investments, operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure (MXN 4.3 billion from agricultural users).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	5de53863985c2befcf34d44f234d9bb4	In Bangladesh, for example, by 2050, production of rice might drop by 8 per cent — and wheat by 32 per cent. Small Island states could suffer extended periods of droughts, interspersed with heavy rainfall, which could degrade the land and reduce soil fertility, though in high-latitude islands the effects could be beneficial. However, given the present context, it should be determined whether this is being achieved at the cost of food security. Of particular interest is bio-fuel production in the Asia Pacific region.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	5de60a5dfcb83236afe0506cb68657e8	This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. Product innovations can utilise new knowledge or technologies, or can be based on new uses or combinations of existing knowledge or technologies. Product and/or service innovation entails activities such as design, research and development, acquisition of patents, technology licenses, trademarks, and tooling-up and industrial engineering. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	5de78ae7df7115ca0e72b9900f3f49d4	Firstly, donors will need to develop a shared risk analysis, followed by a shared analysis of what makes, or could make, different layers of society resilient to those risks, so as to help prioritise their programming decisions. Next, donors will need to apply resilience building elements to existing and new programming; standalone resilience projects or programmes are probably less useful in the long-term. Donors will also need to take care that resilience building in one layer of society, or in one sector, does not undermine the resilience of another layer or sector.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	5deae6732f0a2b43865749056a0d9e41	The water sector is emblematic of this fragmentation. By Constitution, the sector is managed at three levels (federal, state and municipal) and involves a number of agencies and consultative bodies in addition to the three levels of government. According to Article 27, the federal government is the owner of water resources, with a right to transfer the titles to other parties. Article 115 grants the responsibility for providing WSS to municipalities.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	5deb6d9ae10dfa90421ad8824064f293	Up to December 2008, 360 301 concession deeds were registered in the REPDA. It is important to note that 30% of total concessions are in the Lerma-Santiago-Pacific region. In free extraction zones users are free to extract water given they keep a record of extractions, and in zones with strict extraction zones no concessions can be given.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	5deb997b9f25caa3eceeb6dc139d5fd5	Road safety action plans should be integrated or linked to SUMPs, since road safety is critical to making active travel both popular and inclusive. Governments should establish a framework for the collection and reporting of relevant urban mobility and casualty figures. Such urban mobility and road safety observatories should also be integrated into the development and review of SUMPs. This would make it easier to analyse and interpret road safety trends.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0e7e4f09-en	5def319391b3a4bf15070b4658e9fb79	This would to lay the foundation for a new generation of fisheries experts through mid- and long-term specialization curricula, in collaboration with regional and national research/training institutions. In addition, in order to build on ongoing cooperation and further strengthen fisheries governance in the Black Sea, the organization of a high-level conference and the launch of a regional, scientific and technical cooperation project for the Black Sea should contribute to further bridging gaps at the regional level. Finally, bolstering cooperation in the GFCM area of application, not only with the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and its regional projects for the Mediterranean, but also with partner organizations with which the GFCM has an MoU, is predicted to foster synergies, avoid duplications and promote comparative advantages. Science-based regulations are strengthened and more fisheries are subject to multiannual management plans (see Chapter 7).	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e8d67045-en	5df1afbf4ef786835a048ae8b1c173a5	Government subsidies in the fisheries sector can also have severe negative social and economic impacts for the most vulnerable countries and communities. The adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 brings hope of addressing this unfair situation, specifically thanks to Target 14.6, whereby the international community has committed to prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and to IUU fishing. Considerable resources would be saved if harmful fisheries subsidies were prohibited and spent to secure the implementation of other SDG14 targets for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean, for example through a Blue Fund that would be established to that effect. Inaction on fish subsidies at the latest Ministerial Conference of the WTO held in December 2015 - three months after the adoption of the SDGs - is not an encouraging sign, but the upcoming High-Level United Nations Conference on Oceans and Seas in June 2017 may provide a new opportunity.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	5df4dac2bb297eafe7aeca2b757482f2	Cross-basin water transfers raise the cost of supply significantly and can have a substantial environmental impact (see e.g. Barcelo, 2009). Several cross-basin water transfers exist and fall under central government competence. Users play an important role, mostly through user associations, as their representatives (the users' assembly) directly participate in some management tasks and elect members of RBA decision-making boards, contributing a third of their members. In most RBAs, consumptive users, especially from the irrigation sector, dominate the users’ representation, reflecting their large weight in consumptive water use.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	5df9f3b50dbf7beee8b6348f608df5ef	In many OECD countries, water allocation between competing users has remained a bargaining process that is often characterised by a strong political dimension. One reason is that second-best solutions might in some cases provide a more effective (albeit more costly) way to solve the water competition problem, while at the same time addressing issues of fairness and food security. Not only will this ensure a higher probability of their participating in the programme (trades are always voluntary), but the market design will also benefit from local knowledge of the geographical and social characteristics of the water basin. Its advantages - notably its relative insulation from climatic events and its accessibility to farmers - have led to its intensive use in areas with limited or unstable surface water supplies.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	5dfad2472dd3596d92806175dce7578a	On MDB finance (concessional and non-concessional) flowing to climate change is the most difficult to estimate because there is comprehensive data set from which to draw and available estimates are now dated. Drawing on World Bank (2006), it is estimated that just over 4 bn USD flows to support climate action, remaining constant as what was reported in 2006-7; this is considered to be a minimum estimate. Export-credits vary widely from year to year; for this reason the authors use an average year estimate, drawing on data from 2002-2009; the low estimate of mitigation flows is estimated to be about 0.2 bn USD. Total funds pledged for adaptation are estimated to amount to $1 billion, of which a little over half has been committed.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264311626-4-en	5dfe97147a85bcb1475c6b4c663aa836	Sector Skills Councils and Sector Training Councils can play a role in this area but this requires that they expand their coverage and scope to other employers who do not actively participate in the Northern Ireland skills system. In Manchester and Leeds, local apprenticeship hubs have been successful in increasing participation in apprenticeship programmes while also offering coordinated support to SMEs. Lessons from the Leeds City apprenticeship hub highlight that local SMEs often found a fragmented advice and guidance system, which limits their knowledge about where to go to participate in apprenticeship programmes as well as the administrative requirements of participation.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	5dfecd62daf14f450c445f8bc523d464	The latter might occur with a tree planting programme designed to improve local air quality, reduce the urban heat island, sequester C02 emissions, and improve the overall attractiveness of the city. Because most cities will procure the trees from nurseries or tree farms outside of their area and utilise existing staff to plant and maintain the trees, the economic impacts may be relatively small. This expanded economic activity primarily occurs in the green technology and service sector, however, which increases in size from C to D. The balance of the region’s traditional economy (B) does not increase in any meaningful way; although there might be some cost savings and other less tangible co-benefits (improved quality of life, etc.) In other words, the greening benefits do result in decreased resource use and/or decreased environmental degradation, but the benefits do not have significant spill-over in terms of the traditional economy.	6	3	3	0.0
10.18356/c96bb166-en	5e018fbe201258aedcee8eeb107151b9	And the rights of women have therefore not been honored in some places. But some countries, like Bangladesh, have made major strides in meeting the unmet demand for services. Bangladesh, which has seen declining fertility rates, has also made great progress in educating girls and in meeting other targets within the Millennium Development Goals. Evidence from a Social Experiment in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1977-1996.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	5e058c86ad7041ab01fa94d116c559b1	Alcohol is one of the four lifestyle-related factors tackled by the 2010 Non-communicable Disease Strategy. Legislative measures to cut binge drinking through restrictions that reduce access to lower priced alcohol and its consumption in specified areas were introduced in 2011. More recently, the first national alcohol policy was issued for consultation in 2016. Malta was one of the first countries to introduce a smoking ban in 2004 and has continually updated regulations on tobacco advertising and promotion.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	5e0741aa9fcc6b71989d5ee5a4f17ba2	The methodology for imputing multilateral flows estimates the share of multilateral ODA contributions by DAC members in a given year that are climate related. Imputed multilateral contributions are the product of a country’s multilateral contribution to an organisation multiplied by the share of climate-related projects financed by that organisation. Added to Rio marked bilateral flows, the imputed multilateral contributions represent “the provider perspective” of climate-related development finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	5e07aaab6249c81f09f562055cbffbbe	In the discount method, the optimality of the investment is assessed at the margin and the resulting rates of returns are compared with that of alternative investments. For instance, Blondal et al. ( While the discount method has the advantage of summarising various benefits and costs associated with further education, it often relies on more broadbrush average earnings across educational groups, failing to control for other relevant individual characteristics. In its simplest form, the log of gross earnings is regressed on educational attainment, linear (and quadratic) terms capturing labour market experience, tenure and other relevant individual characteristics. The coefficient of educational attainment is interpreted as the percentage wage differential due to an additional educational investment. The major advantage of this approach lies in its simplicity.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	5e08213260fe5c9539a856ede02b54eb	In Soviet Kazakhstan, rich in natural resources, cities mainly served as the base for the mining of natural resources. None of the Soviet cities was planned to be economically self-sufficient. Each city or town was directly dependent on another city or town, often located in the territory of the other Soviet Republic.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0cf73767-en	5e123d8f44da3fa4cd3b214a3a44b97d	Other extension services, such as farmers' organizations, cooperatives, enterprise associations, drought observatories and weather stations, need to be strengthened through greater funding and manpower allotments, or public private partnerships. Most importantly, organisations must be equipped with the capacities to address the economic, social and environmental impacts on agriculture and the affected communities through participatory approaches that involve civil society, local communities, indigenous people and other major stakeholders, including in particular women who are often marginalized in decision-making and policy formulation. For example, the evaluation of post-harvest technologies is best undertaken with the participation of stakeholders and the introduction and operation of a fair and practical grading system that must be supported by training and extension to improve handling, storage and packing, sorting and grading practices.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	5e137bdf0048c5b144b4579ebf2c1d89	A middle school principal has transformed the practices and plans in her school by studying the staffing models and more flexible timetables of a school in South Australia. Seeing” in this part of the CIEL programme is leading to deeper respect and to new possibilities. The call for disruptive innovation of education systems where schools, as we have known them, cease to exist has a certain appeal for those frustrated with the seeming snail’s pace of system change. Others urge systems to focus intensely and consistently on improving the quality of teaching and learning with a few strong and carefully constructed goals.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/glance-2014-24-en	5e14418eb837765a4058c8151a99be5f	In Estonia, rates fell by nearly 50% over the 20-year period, but not before rising substantially in the mid-1990s. Death rates from suicides have increased in countries such as Japan and Korea. In Japan, there was a sharp rise in the mid- to late 1990s, coinciding with the Asian financial crisis, but have remained stable since. Suicide rates also rose sharply at this time in Korea, but unlike Japan, rates have continued to increase.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	5e1550b437c3c5655eac603558a52b82	This practice is mainly widespread in the coastal zones of Aden and Hadramawt, El Malira and Hodeidah, Although the Health Ministiy lias released a public decision for banning the practice of female genital mutilation in official hospital facilities, the Yemeni government continues to turn a blind eye to cutting practiced by traditional community women in particular locations. Articles 342-349 and Articles 291, 293 and 293 bis of the Algerian Penal Code of 8 June 1966. Algerian Penal Code of 1966.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9bdccqft30-en	5e1800076afc25857fe954facd918c19	This report responds to this request by identifying and measuring fuel tax concessions in the fisheries sector. It provides data on fuel use, tax concessions, and related information for OECD countries and partners, as well as describing some of the key challenges in measuring data of this type. The primary source of data is the country submissions, with other data sources used where the submissions are incomplete.	14	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	5e18abf3d1160c3e923c73084a63de7e	In general, it is unlikely that advanced research activities will be located in rural areas. However, as the technology to produce energy from renewable sources is not mature, empirical research needs to be done in the field, where the installations are located. The deployment of renewable energy, however, does not depend on research and development (R&D) alone. Learning by searching is just one part of a much broader system based on the transfer of knowledge among actors engaged in the innovation process. As suggested by Lundvall (1992), there are three other kinds of learning, besides learning by searching, that should be taken into account when assessing regional innovation systems: learning by doing, learning by using, and learning by interacting.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	5e1d03aaeee035d4cf28924534976a7e	The back-casting period is 20 years, from 1951 to 2001. Prices include technology, expectations, government policies, and inflation of input factors. Population ageing and government health expenditures in New Zealand, 1951-2051. New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 04/14. Health expenditure trends in New Zealand. Wellington, Ministry of Health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-4-en	5e1f83f790718c38a673c2b6a35040fc	A third option which is sometimes used for agricultural withdrawals is to base charges on the acreage of irrigated land. Abstraction and Pollution charges set at meaningful levels will create incentives for these utilities to make efficient use of raw water and to treat their wastewater effluents. It is customary to levy abstraction charges on non-consumptive use at a fraction of rates applying to consumptive use, w ith the precise rate dependent on sector, location, and other local circumstances.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	5e21e1f6695e9f51b0ba37529a0346eb	Private sector enterprises in Dushanbe, as well as in other cities of Tajikistan, do not have access to the centralized heat supply system. Heating and hot water supply in residential areas are provided mainly through the burning of liquid, fluid and solid fuels in various types of stoves. Together with the other water reservoirs, this HPP's water reservoir, with a capacity of 13.3 km3, would be able to ensure multi-year regulation of the runoff into the Amu Darya basin to increase the sustainability of water supply for about five million ha of land in the riparian countries in low-water and drought periods. The main purpose of these studies was to evaluate the viability of the Rogun HPP, to provide an independent and objective assessment of the proposed project based on technological, economic, social and environmental factors, and to suggest potential alternatives to the Rogun HPP. All interim and final reports of the Rogun assessment studies were made public on 1 September 2014, which marked the end of the assessment process. Five rounds of meetings in the region were conducted with the participation of the officials from riparian countries, the diplomatic and development community and hundreds of civil society organizations over the four-year period.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	5e23393a9f81c0ab26b36411844ed6a3	Unusually, perhaps, for a discussion of the political economy of policy reform, it begins with a look at the role of evidence and analysis - reflecting the fact that much of the pressure for environmental policy reform arises not from the complaints of agents currently suffering the consequences of the status quo, but from forward-looking scientific analyses of the impact of human activities over a long time horizon. This is followed by a relatively simple sketch of other influences on behaviour and the policy process and a look at environmental policy processes. Five cases of environmental policy reform are then analysed in some detail in order to assess the impact of some of the factors that appear to explain the success, or failure, of environmental policy reforms.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	5e242763926d5068bfc1388cbd6beda2	There are now stand-alone goals on inequalities, cities and human settlements, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption and production, and the protection of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This broad agenda reflects human rights principles and standards and recognizes the interlinkages between different areas of development and the importance of environmental and climate protection for poverty reduction and human well-being. Nevertheless, the agenda is fraught with tensions both between different goals and between its normative aspirations and the suggested means of implementation that largely rely on trade, private finance and public-private partnerships (chapter 7).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5e249a96f35f5a0c8df390ea72fc763e	The large uncertainties involved, which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects, are also easy targets for detractors. Others have pointed to social factors as one of the impacts that will remain outside the scope of even very comprehensive efforts. Estimates established for the social cost portion of the full costs of electricity provision will never be able to mimic the more reliable information about individual and social preferences conveyed by market prices.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	5e256bc9005a03f45735a1a110e9510e	It comes to the conclusion that the public system governing these policies is characterised by a series of fragmented and reactive decisions that are centralised and taken with insufficient engagement of stakeholders and the citizens. Taking into account the main organic constitutional laws, ordinary laws, legislative decrees, law-decrees and supreme decrees, the legal framework amounts to more than 30 legal acts besides the General Law of Uiban Development and Constructioa1 Many of those legal documents overlap or even are contradictory to each other and require adjusting and updating consolidation. At present, the many exemptions and exceptions added over time to specific legal provisions make the system very opaque, discretional and arbitrary.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	5e260d7b41f1af31cd83ac603606fbeb	The situation would become even more complex when such matters as environment, economy, education or transport and communications were taken into account. The decision for this institutional shift was approved by the government and Parliament, and the new law will be in force as of 1 January 2013. The Ministry of Infrastructure remains in charge of housing and local planning.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	5e263cfbf44628f5673e11244db2178c	Residents of islander ancestry may or may not be distinguished in census data, and may not perceive themselves as ‘islanders’, so most calculations of islanders overseas are guesstimates. That is even more complicated, firstly, for Samoans, since Samoan migrants have also moved from American Samoa, and, secondly, in Australia, where an increasing amount of trans-Tasman movement of Pacific islanders from New Zealand has been of islanders with New Zealand citizenship (to the extent that the Australian government has occasionally expressed some concern about this ‘back door’ entry). Around 20 per cent of Australia’s Pacific-born population in 2008, for example, had come into the country as New Zealand citizens under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (Bedford and Hugo 2012).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	5e29487190bd63b62c7a59d8884820b1	"The report mentions the need for ""green accounting"". However, no actions are as yet mentioned that would directly relate to biodiversity. Especially important areas to focus on from an Icelandic perspective are the fishing sector and targeting ecosystem degradation. Presently most terrestrial ecosystems are somewhat degraded in Iceland mainly because of overgrazing."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae96c002-en	5e2a8fd5f878b06ff612718131887fac	"I have found very few students who refused to stand up. I have seen one student who refused, who insulted the teachers. She said ""it's not my fault, it was your fault"". The teachers get scared if students refuse to stand up. So they do not force them. - In Kabir's school, I described earlier how a CCTV camera had been installed in one of the classrooms."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	5e2c64d16a29cabaf1146422e6f9ce71	It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat has been signed by more than 20 national organisations in a bid to drive up standards of care for people experiencing crisis such as suicidal thoughts or significant anxiety. It aims to cut the numbers of people detained inappropriately in police cells by 50 per cent and drive out the variation in standards across the country.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	5e2d6b49aaeaf471d45ce4fccbd5e2e9	Permanent political committees and administrative groups exist in the following areas: transport and communications; education and competence; international co-operation. In addition to the permanent groups, separate project organisations can be established. The Eastern Norway County Network also has its own secretariat.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	5e2f1a42cddea8c63761f1af6ccef5f4	"Borrowing from Leach (2015: 7), pathways indicate “alternative directions of intervention and change. [ They refer to] the way that systems or assemblage of social, political, institutional, ecological and technological processes, interacting in dynamic ways in particular environments, may develop over time"". Here the West African region includes: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, CSte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo."	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-6-en	5e318f567aa200ebef7e719148c177fc	Bycatch and discards work plan applies. The 2009 statutory management plan provides for the grant of individual transferable quotas and statutory fishing rights. The AFMA commission endorsed the management policy and entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Norfolk Island government to maintain a monitoring and advisory role in the fishery.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5e31c7339b1944f42e54c864d6feefcf	Innovation policies also need to be consistent over time by using a portfolio approach with a long-term perspective. Driven by this insight, applied economic research on external effects, externalities or social costs have frequently taken the electricity sector as a starting point. In the 1990s and early 2000s, a series of broad, well-funded studies with dozens of high-level experts from different fields took on the full costs of electricity. Many of the results produced from these studies remain relevant today. While estimates of social costs inevitably display large uncertainties, the studies converged in the identification of key problem areas. However, decision makers never properly implemented the policy conclusions from these studies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5e322bcc6e4f200989e2b54cff255e5b	Overall, half of men have contribution densities lower than 47.5%, and half of women have densities of less than 12.8%. These low contribution are associated with work histories that include periods of self-employment, informal employment, unemployment or professional inactivity, and are particularly a problem for women and individuals in low income brackets. The recommendations of the commission will be examined by a special council of minister which will analyse which of the different recommendations could be implemented.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5e337936656cbd9129d4bc6a02e4dc8e	Some regions have established a single point of contact for all higher education institutions in the region (for example Knowledge House in the North East of England). There is currently no collaborative mechanism to pool the expertise of universities and colleges in the Galilee. Creating a demand pull and channelling funds to enhance business-college linkage and applied research projects would contribute to strengthening the Galilean innovation system. In the Netherlands, the RAAK procedure has improved the regional innovation systems (see Box 3.13.).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	5e34ab429db4edf5c2e15ab1ef4bce9d	Some opportunities exist to increase water abstraction charges, which do not cover abstraction costs and are currently regulated by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries (MoE, 2010c). The challenge will be to prioritise and phase investments over time to focus on areas with the best cost-benefit ratio and the highest positive impact on water resources. The classification of the whole of Slovakia as a “sensitive” area under the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive should be reconsidered, with a view to prioritising the most sensitive areas.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	5e359a975afab937027d4a7e6dc357bd	This has triggered a component price war which, in conjunction with the aforementioned technical progress, has substantially lowered the per-MW price of installed capacity. The counterexample would be Chile, where, despite investor interest, the functioning of the electricity market does not make it possible to put forward projects that banks could finance. The cornerstones are long-term contracts that guarantee an income to the generator and considerably facilitate project financing, together with mechanisms that make it possible to cushion the variability of energy production. In Mexico, this has been achieved through the energy bank, whereas in Brazil, the variability of supply is assumed by all generators through a reliability charge.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/0ec26947-en	5e39361449ff85868e077dfbeb573701	Insurance for disasters may become gradually less cost-intensive given the transparency and access to better data. Especially in the fields of urban mobility services and power grids, many emerging start-ups and other players have proposed suitable use cases. Blockchain technology supports this development as it enables micro-interactions between a large group of participants in an efficient and secure way.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	5e3b3650778b8661e8ee6b9c078de2d3	"In this case the weight is 1/13 for each indicator since there are 13 indicators in total. In a recent paper Paruolo et al. ( Because socio-economic variables are heteroskedastic and correlated, relative nominal weights are hardly ever found to match relative main effects"" as observed empirically when estimating Karl Pearson's 'correlation ratio' (Paruolo et al.,"	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5e3b7a2ecc3cd61cd73643a9d62d84a9	In addition, nuclear energy is the only dispatchable source of electricity that remains consistent with the original intentions behind the policy decision to support renewable technologies namely to reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce import dependency. This should sufficiently remunerate dispatchable capacity, including nuclear, to keep it attractive for investors. Virtually all major OECD countries are currently looking at different designs for capacity markets.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2b59f2d5-en	5e3e1001e113c995bda45f5364b719b7	A key challenge was the lack of available data specifically on indicators representing water renewability (SDG 6.3) and its sustainable management (SDG 6.5), which could hinder valid policymaking. This challenge was addressed in two ways. First, ESCAP provided training on the UN-Water’s Integrated Monitoring Guide for SDG 6: Targets and Indicators, which informs ministries on how data collection can occur. Second, it became evident during the National SDG 6 Workshop that many of the Interagency and Expert Group’s SDG indicators were not feasible under Sri Lanka’s national context. As a result, stakeholders and policymakers consulted in small working groups to consider more valid indicators and how to approach data collection and analysis. Encouraging official financial flows (SDG 10.b) can promote greater economic risk diversification (SDG 8.2) and inducing sustainable food production systems (SDG 2.4) and water-use efficiency in the agriculture sector (SDG 6.4).	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	5e40724fe5706d55c6edd1a6ce7e0197	While all countries in South Asia have ratified the United Nations conventions on the rights of women and of children, they have lacked the level of political will and administrative effort that is needed to implement the provisions. For example, laws to prevent sex-selective abortions and VAW have been in place for several years with varying degrees of success across countries of South Asia. Public pressure and collective action facilitated by an active media can put pressure on the political, administrative and legal systems to act to enforce the law. However, women face discrimination in various forms when they go to seek redress, especially when those institutions such as the police, judiciary, religious and tribal councils are male dominated, reinforcing the underlying power structures in a society.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/899c7c48-en	5e46fc53f73f3eebbc7972603b871d3a	In 18 countries, child poverty has increased by at least lppt, which can be interpreted as statistically significant.13 However, while focusing on changes in child poverty since the start of the economic crisis, it is important not to lose sight of the absolute levels. After a substantial increase in poverty, Iceland had some of the highest 'anchored' child poverty rates in 2012, but so did Romania after a 2ppt decrease in poverty since the pre-crisis levels. In both countries, nearly one-third of children were poor in 2012 based on the 2008 threshold.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	5e4957786c00c0b894ef1be988b5d75a	Increased availability of information on adaptation could also be beneficial to the global community, by helping to identify and disseminate lessons learned in planning, implementing and funding adaptation. Further, the global stocktake of collective progress towards the purpose of the Paris Agreement and its long-term goals would also benefit from adaptation-related information submitted by Parties, and potentially by other organisations. Indeed, there has already been a range of adaptation-related information communicated through NCs and NAPs as well as shared at workshops and meetings within and outside UNFCCC initiatives. This paper explores what elements of countries’ adaptation responses could be reported under the Paris Agreement so as to better communicate efforts towards enhanced adaptation and resilience, while avoiding an undue reporting burden.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	5e4cdc3c44191de74ba2dfa5933bb9a3	However, this latter information is requested within the NAP guidelines, and also encouraged to be reported as part of non-Annex I countries’ National Communications. Further, Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement indicates that countries “shall, as appropriate, engage in” adaptation planning. Including information in an adaptation communication of a process already undertaken may therefore not “increase the burden” on developing countries, while providing an opportunity to recognise their adaptation efforts and to highlight lessons learned (or to learn lessons from others).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	5e4eba36d0c7dbee36b427bd5fc4f3cd	The impact is particularly strong for Greece compared to other OECD countries. It could be said, therefore, that expanding public sector employment in the pre-crisis period played a social role, though at the expense of efficiency. For a very long period, hiring in the public sector was driven by clientelism, though this is changing (Chapter 1). The fact that the public sector pay structure often favoured employees from more disadvantaged groups (for example women and new entrants) may have induced higher participation among these groups, reducing social exclusion (OECD, 2011a).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	5e517d158674276d0a9e6ff48038a7ff	Four institutions have been brought together under the AFB: the Agency for Protected Marine Areas, the National Office for Water and Aquatic Environments, the National Parks of France, and the Technical Workshop for Natural Areas. A joint research unit will be set up with the National Natural History Museum and the National Centre for Scientific Research. Such information is critical for establishing baselines, quantifying benefits, taigeting biodiversity expenditures to where they are most needed, and monitoring and evaluating change over time (Bass, 2013). The lack of sufficient data is a challenge that has often been raised in the context of mainstreaming.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	5e518bda8233c7e8c1de73d06f52b72e	In the bottom quintile, coverage is 40 per cent. However, pensions are small and contribute less than 10 per cent to total household consumption of the poorest households receiving a pension (World Bank 2009a). Pensions are an important component of social protection and contribute significantly to poverty reduction, although this is not their main objective.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	5e54f5ab623b2bdad31750786ba93f91	In many countries labour market activity among childless men and women is fairly similar, but large differences tend to emerge once women become mothers and men become fathers (OECD, 2016). While in some countries, like Portugal and the Netherlands, mothers frequently return to paid work after a few months of paid leave (OECD, 2007; Wall and Escobedo, 2013), in many others the share of mothers actually at work rebounds only once children start to enter pre-primary education at around age three or primary school at about age six (OECD, 2016). In many countries, women who experience childbirth are far more likely than those who do not to suffer from a large drop in income from one year to the next (Figure 13.2). Indeed, in the Czech Republic, Iceland, the Netherlands and Sweden, women are approximately twice as likely to experience a year-on-year decrease of 20% or more in their household disposable income when they have a child.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	5e56738cbd9f8a1ef001f094f3be1da8	According to Ratuva (2006: 102-103), “traditional forms of social protection exist in various forms such as collective reciprocity of goods and services, ceremonial exchange or even at a level of individual behavioural disposition”. Traditional socio-political systems in Pacific societies are closely linked to customary systems of social protection. Reciprocity can be of different types: generalized, specialized or redistributive. The generalized type of reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods without specific value or time bound in terms of repayment. This is exemplified in the kerekere system of Fiji. Specialized reciprocity refers to the simultaneous exchange of goods.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2017cac5-en	5e5c108650fe061998c8403cf3e2455d	"An additional poverty line is based on 60% of the median income measured in 2005 (income reference year 2004) and is then uprated with inflation for all the intervening years. Contemporary poverty lines are sensitive to sudden shifts in the income distribution: median household income may fall during an economic downturn, reducing the poverty line and resulting in an artificially lower child poverty rate even if the number of poor children remains the same. "" Anchoring"" the poverty line in 2005 (in real terms) helps circumvent this limitation by keeping the threshold fixed at a moment in time rather than allowing it to move with the current income distribution."	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	5e6291c24df2323c9e618f903554e0ba	The level of the transfer is a critical factor. In PWPs, wages are often kept low because of perceived concerns about “handouts” and disruptions to local agricultural casual labour markets and rates (McCord, 2013). Jalan and Ravallion (2003, cited in McCord, 2013) find that in the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme (MEGS), taking the forgone wage labour opportunities into account, the net value of the wage decreases to half of the gross wage. Evidence from the PSNP demonstrates that it can protect food security and asset levels in the presence of repeated shocks. In Ethiopia, households living in areas that experienced a minimum of two droughts but that also received PSNP payments for two or more years were able to maintain their existing levels of food consumption (HLPE, 2012).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5e63c83fac296940e6f613e0be28264c	These effects, however, depend strongly on the specific characteristics of each generating technology and on the time frame considered. For a given technology, the effects will differ considerably in the short term and the long term. As will be shown in Section 4.3, in the short term all generating technologies experience a reduction of load factors and profitability (compression effect) with high variable costs technologies such as gas being particularly affected. In the long term, the introduction of renewable technologies affects primarily baseload technologies, while the effect on the other dispatchable technologies is limited.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	5e643b5c2bcb0ac761f213f477114b2d	Holders of these rights are entitled to Land Use Rights Certificates. By 2012, rights to 85% of agricultural land had been certified. They mostly confine farmers to growing rice on paddy land at the expense of other crops (or fisheries) that could be grown more profitably on the same land. Farmers can apply at the district level for a change in their designated land use, but in practice changes or removals of these restrictions are rarely allowed.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	5e647e3f71b7c9f961d34ae877a7617a	I would like to argue in this chapter for a more use-oriented approach to traditional knowledge and learning. Traditional knowledge is of value precisely because it is experiential and has been constantly tested and updated over time (Boedhihartono, 2004). The challenge today is not simply to accumulate traditional knowledge in a static form as a record of the past but to integrate traditional knowledge into modern knowledge and innovation systems. The development science community has gone further than cultural anthropologists in seeking out traditional knowledge and building bridges between it and modern science.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	5e65e89826616aac75c82936eb55535c	The America's Pledge Initiative was launched by California Governor Jerry Brown and the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Climate Action, Michael Bloomberg, to demonstrate non-state actor leadership on climate change in the absence of federal leadership. To unlock inclusive economic growth, 488 companies from 38 countries adopted emission reduction pathways in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change. The Paris Agreement has thus proven itself resilient against this first challenge.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	5e69592e31ca3c90827c62b721690932	This will improve the understanding of the problems and strengthen the knowledge base for identification and implementation of appropriate management measures to reduce transboundary impacts and improve the status of transboundary waters. The Second Assessment is intended to serve as a tool to inform, guide and stimulate further action by Governments, river basin organizations, the international community, including donors, and concerned non-governmental organizations. It allowed riparian countries to discuss and highlight needs in transboundary cooperation.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	5e6a9bd4b350a2de79e7def00fbf63a9	Therefore, the largest percentage of males in the Northern District (62%) require vocational/technical training at a level less than tertiary education, compared to 52% in the Haifa District, and 46% in the Central District. In contrast, 57% of the females in the Northern District are employed in occupations requiring a tertiary education, compared to 63% in the Haifa District and 64% in the Central District. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract for Israel, 2009.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	5e6aa020b53ab0c530c0aa29e8706744	Many of these redeveloped markets have fallen into disuse, with serious adverse effects on informal livelihoods. In the 1996 Istanbul Declaration, national governments explicitly recognized “local governments as our closest partners, and as essential in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda.” In the area of sustainable development, as environmental concerns started getting mainstreamed into the development agenda, the role of local governments was again deemed as crucial when it comes to identifying local sustainability priorities and implementing attendant long-term action plans.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	5e6bb320896c58bd6a95235338bd5e1e	Sequence of priority uses in water allocation (cont.) The proportion of allocation examples indicating that an abstraction charge is in place (breakdown by category of user) is summarised in Figure 3.24. Among categories of uses for which an abstraction charge is in place, industrial use is the most common. Nearly 70% of allocation regimes apply an abstraction charge to industrial users. Sixty-one per cent of allocation regimes apply a charge to agriculture, 58% to hydropower producers, 56% to domestic users, and 47% to energy production (other than hydropower). Examples of allocation regimes that do not have any abstraction charges include Austria,8 Alberta and Prince Edward Island in Canada, the Limari Basin and Maipo’s River First Section in Chile, Denmark, and the Netherlands.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	5e6bc13353ee64e9a82c60f58decdf9b	Another example of an early blockchain initiative is the incorporation of the Energy Web Foundation (EWF) as a global consortium of generators, integrated utilities, and related companies such as research institutes, IT service providers and start-ups. In addition to developing a new open-source core technology platform that is purpose-built for the energy sector, EWF has set up several specialised working groups and knowledge exchange forums in order for EWF “affiliates” to accelerate development of blockchain-based applications for certificate of origin markets for green power, demand response programmes, electric vehicle networks, and other application domains. On one hand, the development and piloting of several blockchain-based digital services is increasing, as most auto original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), tier 1 suppliers, and many software firms are working on solutions to current pain points, such as inefficient processes and data sharing.	9	0	4	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	5e6bf7aabcf96204c5726e3acdef78f4	Phased implementation may be one strategy that can be employed, along with managing shortterm adjustment costs and building capabilities to exploit opportunities generated through trade. Of the roughly 3 billion people worldwide that have jobs, some 1.65 billion have regular wages or salaries, while another 1.4 billion work in farming, small household enterprises or as casual or seasonal day labor. The latter make up the majority of workers in the poorest countries, although there is little data on employment in many of the poorest countries, complicating analysis of their situation. The creation of jobs for those who want to work is critical, and as discussed in this report trade can drive the economic growth that delivers jobs along with the reallocation of people to better jobs, and improving aspects of the work people do.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	5e6d0c59dc4de7fa250f34c3cf26e76c	The Ministry of Environment and Water compiles the required outputs necessary for Bulgaria’s projections reporting. The information is collected on an annual basis by letters to every information source requesting provision of the necessary activity data, with a response deadline. All data types, as well as the deadlines for submissions to the Executive Environment Agency, are regulated by the above-mentioned official agreements, as well as by the Regulation of the Council of Ministers No.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	5e72da40032dc47de4a7e9fcef383c4a	Planning and Aid Coordination (DSPPAC) (2016). Vanuatu 2030: The People's Plan: National Sustainable Development Plan 2016 to 2030, available at: http:// www.nab.vu/sites/default/files/documents/ Vanuatu%20Sustainable%20Dev.%20Plan%20 2030-EN_0.PDF (accessed 29 September 2017). Vanuatu Government (2015a), Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016— 2030, available at: http://www.nab.vu/sites/default/ files/nab/vanuatu_cc_drr_policy_minus_att4v4.pdf (accessed 29 September 2017).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	5e747f1f4557460f58f8104755a4ed85	In 2015, WHO included direct-acting antivirals in its Model List of Essential Medicines18 and, in 2016, launched the first global strategy on hepatitis.19 Despite the high burden of hepatitis C among PWID, treatment has occurred at very low levels, which is related to the substantial barriers that exist for PWID in accessing care.20 These include lack of awareness, stigma and discrimination, limited access to hepatitis C testing and treatment and the cost of the medications. International Journal ofDrug Policy, vol. Some examples where action has been taken include Australia, which, since March 2016, has offered universal access to hepatitis C treatment and has identified prisoners and PW1D as priority populations for the expansion of coverage of treatment.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	5e749ef905d3ab805414e69344dd4eaa	Innovation: the Network has developed an extensive database documenting innovations by the poorest, including in agricultural practices (e.g. natural pesticides), machinery and other sectors. The aim is to foster the diffusion of knowledge to a wider group of potential users. The Network's newsletter is printed in seven Indian languages.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	5e77b7a91a5f55f88b3481631d87edec	Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., et al. ( Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. An Overview of IMAGE 2.4. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	5e77ef813825ca2ef345582e219e7dc7	The NFFO and SRO were funded by a Fossil Fuel Levy paid by suppliers of electricity from fossil fuels. Updated in 2006, the policies are supposed to reduce CO2 emissions by 15-18% below 1990 levels by 2010 and overall GHG emissions by 23-25%. It is a downstream tax on non-domestic energy use by industry and the public sector, designed to incentivise energy efficiency and emission reductions, with part of the revenue being used to reduce National Insurance contributions.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	5e79f819bf446782f51f1522d252acc6	Professor Raghunath Anant Mashelkar, chairman of the National Innovation Foundation of India and president of the Global Research Alliance, defines it as “any innovation that leads to affordable access of quality goods and services creating livelihood opportunities for the excluded population, primarily at the base of the pyramid, and on a long-term sustainable basis with a significant outreach” (Mashelkar, 2013). This is strongly contingent on innovation, since providing high quality at a low price requires introducing new products, rather than adapting existing ones. It is even more complex from a global perspective encompassing developing, emerging and advanced economies, where the poorest have very different income levels.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	5e7c6feaa85f9b00add7b7d8c1d3e8d4	This confusion is fed by a lack of differentiation between 'resilience' as a political agenda, as described above, versus 'resilience' as a technical approach that offers added value on top of existing risk management approaches. They are not the same thing, yet both are necessary to ensure that resilience is successfully implemented, and that it complements, rather than replaces, proven best practices. The 'agenda' should provide the vehicle to implement the ‘technical approach'. The great obstacles for realising the potential of resilience result from the multitude of interpretations of what resilience is, and lack of agreement in how to go about building resilience that addresses the risk attached to the full range of shocks and stresses, and the uncertainty of these, that people, communities and nations face. Demonstrating the interconnectedness of different risks and how these may differ between individual, community and national 'layers', in order to provide a rationale for approaching resilience as a truly holistic methodology.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	5e7d9ac9c7c971d9f5676f9e51da8268	These dams are controversial, especially because of their potential impacts on water flows and on ecosystems (Section 3). Some parties have claimed that not enough consideration was given to alternative strategic options in the assessment procedures, the need for dams in terms of broader energy policy, or impacts on river basins (along with river basin plans) and the ecosystems where they might be located. On the other hand, it is argued by some that the dams will provide additional benefits in terms of flood and drought control and fire risk mitigation.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	5e7de36da08216153635a7c89ef7aeef	It then looks at the ways in which education policies can influence these factors to improve the educational opportunities for migrant students. Part two looks at system-level policies to allocate resources in order to support migrant education strategies. Finally, part three deals with school-level policies that seek to shape school and classroom environments as well as school-home relationships.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-33-en	5e7f857b2a2cb298b85bf8283669afaa	Furthermore, Innovation Licences were introduced, a hybrid of research licences and regular commercial licences aimed at stimulating productivity-enhancing innovations. A resource rent taxation scheme will be part of this process. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en	5e80c6655974c35c9c7e07dc4b0eab2f	Why would a politician choose to give it priority? Why has UNEP chosen to prepare this Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO)? This introduction aims to provide a concise overview which answers these and similar questions. Chapter 1 and Chapter 6 in combination provide an extended summary of the GWMO.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	5e84702e192aed9ba1500bf1117a2e2d	Percentile ratios provide a measure of household disposable income inequality at specific points of the income distribution and are a more intuitive way to gauge the width of the income distribution. The gap between the upper bound value of the I* decile and the upper bound value of the 9s' decile of households is close to 1:3 for the three countries with the most narrow household disposable income distribution and above 1:6 for the three countries with the widest. Also the cross-country differences in the share of top income earners (top percentile) in total household disposable income are very wide, ranging from 4.5 for Sweden to 18.1 for the United States. The OECD-21 includes countries for which data are available for the mid-1990s.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46a5795c-en	5e8532b95acf6bcbec64488be4fe1868	Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). Labour Force Surveys have the benefit of including information on all employed persons, both self-employed and employees. Household surveys have the advantage of reducing the risk of double counting active contributors since the person is counted and not the contribution record (note that a person may contribute to more than one scheme).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	5e87109f034f83db51d27a21e3824f1a	For the third report, 82 per cent of responding member States engaged at least one other government department in the compilation of the NIR: only seven member States indicated that no other government department was involved. Nearly three-quarters (71 per cent) affirmed that civil society or academic stakeholders contributed to the NIR. Private sector stakeholders were much less involved, with only nine member States indicating direct or indirect engagement with private sector interests in the preparation of the NIR. Thirty-two member States responded at least once to the annual survey of initiatives under the Phase III work plan priorities (2012: 19 countries [TVET questions only]; 2013: 22 countries; 2014: 23 countries). Case studies have been slightly condensed and edited for inclusion, and in some cases enhanced with data from the NIRs. In three cases (Finland, Germany and Hungary) only an excerpt of the study has been used to highlight lessons that are relevant to a specific ESD issue; references to other data provided in the full case studies are noted where relevant in the body of the report.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7f857a1c-en	5e8736cf9519da92141c46ea2c32d1c9	Coastal areas attract large populations, currently estimated at approximately 40 per cent of the global population, because of their rich resources, in particular food and other subsistence resources; access points to mari ne trade a nd transport; recreational activities; and their connection between land and sea (Neumann etal.,	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	5e873c4cacbddd8c008d219f6d2b1e76	The export of most agricultural products was opened to the private sector, with the exception of rice, sugar, rubber, cotton and jute that were either considered as essential for domestic consumption or used as raw material for domestic industries. Waste and fallow land was allocated to private investors for agricultural purposes. The import and distribution of agricultural inputs, previously handled by the state, were opened to the private sector, and tariffs on the import of agricultural inputs were removed. Input subsidies were also greatly reduced. These measures were accompanied by the Foreign Investment Law of 1988 (ARDC, 2011).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	5e8ba1e18a8097d798fcc1e0ff632fc6	Cultural aspects linked to family are equally challenging for addressing the vulnerability to disaster in poor families of Niger, where the role of women is considered of very little importance, and where the sale and marriage of child brides is a widespread financial coping mechanism for families, particularly in times of hardship. This has resulted in dispersed risk management initiatives, duplicated efforts, and multiplied the need for contacts and negotiation with different parties. It also makes scaling up good practice more difficult. There are two main reasons behind this lack of partnership.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	5e8ba3ee5f655be57d62f4bd11c064cf	Moreover, given that workers eligible for the subsidised regime (i.e. the poor) are also eligible for an array of social programmes (e.g. Familias en Accion), the potential loss in other benefits further dissuades workers from accepting formal jobs. Overall, Camacho et al. ( In 2012, more than half of the population was covered by the subsidised regime, up from about one third in the mid-1990s. It should be noted, however, that means-tested social benefits remain low by OECD standards.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	5e8c7b04b5f87b45bdea518027fdcbd3	The unabsorbed demand may be balanced by imports from non-affected producing regions. But even a significant shock in a smaller (price taker) market may result in relative entry of competing regions products that have acquired a cost advantage. When extreme weather events hit regions that are significant exporters of agriculture commodities, international food prices can soar on spot and future markets.	6	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	5e8f056c0eb0cf5c1468c3599927372e	Committee members represent non-governmental actors and government officials connected to each specific commodity. Moreover, in some cases these committees have taken on a more political than technical character. Regions within Morelos are identified by areas having a significant production of a particular crop or commodity.	11	3	0	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	5e92c3b2127bbe83b0a8bb34bc2cfd63	She suggests that East Asian countries (the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Malaysia) and Taiwan Province of China could be seen as “perhaps the best examples of countries that have been able to bring economic and social development policies into significant alignment” (ibid., In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental states capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental states today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that states played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction. In recent years, the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where government activism has proved crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia, 2010).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	5e975a40a3bc4ba53437a5f9a172afb2	The MexicoFirst initiative financially supports the certification of IT specialists and others working in the IT and ICT-enabled service industries, covering up to 70 per cent of the cost. The programme is administered through the national competitive fund, Prosoft, and expects to support the certification of 12,000 professionals annually.31 The IT talent programme also certifies graduates in specific competencies required by the industry. An idea arising out of a study of Costa Rica is the introduction of a dual training system for vocational training on a broad scale (Paus, 2010).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	5e9932b3b563fedcb776f2789658d134	Rules regarding formulation may be included directly into the Patents Act or into subsequent administrative implementation guidelines. The advantage of the latter is that is allows the government to quickly adapt its policy on claims formulation to changing needs and experiences. It is not the objective of this Guide to provide for detailed rules on claims construction.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	5e9e978af72d4b6ed1ea2e83f60947a9	Prices can also be regulated through interventions in the physical market by government agencies and companies. Upgrading rice value chains and strengthening the function of key actors including input suppliers, producers, processors, traders, wholesaler and importers, is therefore paramount for building access for poor farmers to profitable urban markets and realising the potential contribution of the rice sector to transformative economic growth. The study of the rice network (Chapter 4) shows that women occupy peripheral positions in the value chain, which limit their ability to grow their profits or influence prices.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	5ea0077262e37236f0919c634e7c81bc	In most countries in the region, the birth rate has already peaked and is now declining. For example, the highest number of births recorded in Cuba was in 1965, while in Brazil it was in 1983 and in Pem it was in 1991 (see table II.3). These large cohorts are being replaced by cohorts with successively fewer births, and this is causing gradual population ageing.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	5ea1183c385e0b560443077eacf3eecc	In addition, since 2011, work has been underway to develop local Integrated Resource Frameworks for health and community care, which enable local systems to quantify resource use across health and social care across populations (rather than organisations) and realign resources accordingly. The aim is to realign resources to deliver better value, and better patient-centred, care. There is clear innovation in its use of digital infrastructure to train health professionals so that they are equipped with the skills consistent with the needs of the NHS.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	5ea5d61060f25ce7f8939be85c6eb11b	The property sector is another area of interest for financial investors. For example, during the first month following the announcement of QE3, house prices in Hong Kong, China rose by 3%, while in the Republic of Korea and Singapore, they gained 1.195% and 1.125%, respectively. Governments have responded with a host of cooling measures in the property sectors. For example, in October 2012 and January 2013, the Monetary Authority of Singapore introduced a number of measures to contain a risk of property price bubbles. In October 2012, the government of Hong Kong, China raised the stamp duty on house purchases to stave off speculative investment flowing into the property markets. Fluctuations in equities in developing Asian economies since QE3, MSCI Asia excl.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	5ea7d63cd05233133d4324ae57773daa	The index will draw on publicly available data regarding physical scarcity and water quality and overlay important factors including the regulatory regime and social and reputational issues that have not previously been incorporated into water risk measurement. The index measures four areas including: access to improved drinking water and sanitation; the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies; the relationship between available water and supply demands; and the water dependency of each country’s economy. To date many modelling studies have simulated the impact of mitigation strategies on annual pollutant loss as opposed to pressures during seasonal ecological windows (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Further development of these models to improve the targeting of policies, however, needs to pinpoint specific ecological windows of opportunity (e.g. salmon spawning season) as opposed to annual loadings and their abatement (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 115A, HELCOM, Helsinki, Finland.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	5ea9f01e31ea73e907e6e3cd0e1a0d1f	So, the ability of the Chinese growth pattern to generate more productive and remunerative employment outside agriculture played an important role. In addition, per worker output in agriculture increased dramatically from the early 1980s, reflecting the institutional changes described earlier. What is significant is that it continued to increase at a rapid rate thereafter, such that it nearly doubled in the decade after 1995. The growth was broad-based and widely shared because of the egalitarian land distribution as well as the simultaneous creation of non-agricultural employment opportunities. They found that government expenditure on education had the largest impact on reducing both rural poverty and regional inequality, and a significant impact on boosting production.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251847-6-en	5eaa6bb2d14c752542ef2645d43ce4d1	In furtherance to the Sustainable Development Goal Target 16, countries should ensure that their enforcement strategies include sustained support to the training of police, military, judicial, customs officers and civil society to ensure they have the knowledge, skills, technologies and techniques to conduct monitoring services and information analysis. This tool establishes a common space where experts from government, NGOs, academia and even industry could tap into near real-time mobile reporting. It offers a rich collection of geotagged data that has not historically been available to such agencies. Mapping this open-source data will allow for greater visibility of the wildlife trafficking trade by all concerned stakeholders, whether national and local governments of the countries impacted.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	5eaab84e298da193015be35ea8102816	However, in Iceland, all increases were from a much smaller base. It is important to have the same countries in the model for every wave in order to be able to compare changes in the estimates across the waves of the survey. Italy had to be excluded because there is no data in the SaMip dataset for it from 2011 onwards. As before, the anchored poverty definition is used here: the dependent variable is whether the child under 18 lives in a household with equivalent disposable income below 60% of national median estimated in 2008 and then uprated for inflation.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090101-6-en	5eac20fe71ae3d0e364a6be4de758c53	Moreover, given that water supply growth is limited but domestic and industrial water demand are growing rapidly, a significant share of the additional water for domestic and industrial uses will come from the irrigation sector. This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity for irrigation, giving rise to more conflicts, in the future, between water for food and water for other uses in many parts of the world. Policy reform including agricultural research and management in rainfed areas and changes in the management of irrigation and water supplies are therefore urgently needed to ensure sustainable water access and affordable food prices.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/a4d64314-en	5eae4b95734d3e688ec0060c91d2095f	These practices are incompatible with the equal enjoyment of rights by women and with respect for their rights and dignity. They put women at special risk of violence and abuse. Poverty and unemployment force many women, including young girls, into prostitution. Prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence because their status, which may be unlawful, tends to marginalize them. They need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	5eb06313fe762ca3aec5a6db8352d4fc	Public databases are available on most of the MDB websites, but their degree of user friendliness and comparability varies to a great extent (cf. Tirpak et al, 2010). An ongoing exercise by the MDBs to improve and standardise their reporting could significantly improve the value of this information source.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	5eb0ad414d30c46f04d52cbb493c1826	The advantage of a cap-and-trade system versus priced-based mechanisms, such as a carbon tax, lies in the fact that a cap puts a legal limit on pollution, while the tax sets a price under the assumption that quantity will adjust, based on the higher price. A carbon tax has the advantage of raising revenue for the government. The 2007-2008 financial crisis revealed the ease with which financial markets could be manipulated, even in the most advanced markets; hence, the risk of manipulation, market failures and distorted incentives would be extremely high in most developing countries. Moreover, with respect to getting prices right, it is likely that both carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programmes would have to be so large as to be politically infeasible (Mowery, Nelson and Martin, 2010).	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	5eb1438d66e704c2d880aace62b0bd25	The proposal was a continuation of the Structural Quota System (SQS) implemented in the coastal fleet in 2004 and the SQS in the ocean-going fleet implemented as of 2005. A time limit of 20 years on the structural quotas was re-introduced (25 years for already allocated quotas) and from 2008 the SQS in the coastal fleet was introduced for vessels between 11 and 15 metres. Prices for important species such as herring, mackerel cod and haddock have been reduced from 2008 to 2009, while the price for saithe has increased. North Arctic cod has been under particular pressure due to IUU fishing in the Barents Sea.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/63f6fa5d-en	5eb2f6650df0e9e7dfa1a221d0a5dc96	"A strong alliance of women and peace developed around the movement for nuclear disarmament (Frauenfriedens-bewegung)-, another important alliance was forged around the decriminalization of homosexuality.9 In the German Democratic Republic (former East Germany, GDR), the political scenario was a different one: the State formally supported women in the workplace and provided childcare as well as economic incentives, maternity leave and other provisions supporting pregnant women/mothers.10 While this did not change preconceived notions about motherhood and childcare being a primarily female task."" Under German law, abortion is a criminal offense but is not punished if the pregnant woman accepts counselling prior to the abortion procedure and within the first trimester, cf. In the GDR ‘model’, an authoritarian productivist regime, women's employment was mandatory, as was the creche for very young children; the labour force participation rate, at 91 per cent in 1989, was the highest in the world. Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugendliche [Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth] 2015, p. 21."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	5eb68bffc910d164fa9355a2c41919e3	As such it will be affected by uneven contract enforcement. This could be an indirect consequence of such contract enforcement frailty. Less specific to India and China, it concerns on the overall adequacy of emerging economies' environment for foreign investments, viewed as less enticing to investors due to a track record of failed deals. Moreover ESCO managers interviewed in both India and China underlined the importance of such institutional frailty in preventing their obtaining enough equity.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5eb72ae7258852178f4e83aa3e4b3eb3	At present the SCCs experience a lack of facilities, high cost of transportation, and low local demand. So far the SCCs have been dealing mainly with fruit and vegetable produce. In the fall season, SCCs purchase fruits and vegetables from producers into stabilisation funds, and sell them during the winter and spring season when prices increase. The Ministry of Agriculture estimates off-season needs for each of the products by region.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	5eb8a8b9bb2845e174ad263fbe6005a1	A first option is to consider a person as poor if he or she falls below the poverty line in at least one dimension (Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003). This approach is called the union approach, but it has been criticized on the grounds that it may identify as poor some persons who are not truly poor. An alternative to the union approach is the intersection approach, whereby a person is defined as poor if he or she falls below the poverty threshold in all dimensions, but this may fail to identify individuals suffering from extensive deprivation in certain dimensions.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	5ebb1651b91b94b40e4540e2fbdabfb4	All the measures at the national level concerning clusters are implemented by PARP. The OP IE includes measures to support investments and counselling services related to development of co-operative relations and clusters and the establishment and development of business-support networks on a supra-regional scale rendering services related to innovative activities of entrepreneurs. Co-operation between entrepreneurs (including at the start-up stage), as well as between firms and business-support institutions, mainly scientific entities, is intended to create conditions that facilitate development and diffusion of new solutions (technological, product and organisational), know-how exchange and better utilisation of resources. Under the OP EPD, there are additional measures for clusters development covering those situated in eastern Poland.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	5ebbf91fb77ac980a88cabc8a9bb8459	It comprises a large majority of the share capital (initial capital and capital increases), reserves (undistributed profits) and the net operating result for the year, as well as investment subsidies. Equity refers to the savings of the entrepreneur and other total personal assets. These may be savings accumulated over time or profits from a former business.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9bdccqft30-en	5ebdae71f7b3c3e868c58042ba7deec2	Central to understanding the impact in the fisheries sector is how the management system operates for the fishery in question. While fuel is an important input and tax concessions can have a significant impact on the fuel price paid by fishers, the impact of such support will be contingent on the management system constraints faced by and alternatives available to the fisher. In this case, support lowers the cost of effort, leading to more effort and a smaller fish stock in equilibrium.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	5ec41100bb19e9d8d1768e4985dce6ef	The composition of the Council was renewed in January 2015. The Programme of Water Sector Reform for the period 2016-2025 prescribes the transformation of this Council into a National Water Council. The Network is supported by the TajWSS project implemented by Oxfam in Tajikistan in partnership with UNDP and funded by SDC.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	5ec73b91bd3023cd5e920001b587f8b8	The capacity building activities to promote ESCO and awareness campaigns have been organized in the framework of various energy efficiency promoting projects that are implemented and/or in process of implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to that fact, both public and private sector become familiar with principles and benefits of ESCO concept. This Law regulates generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity, organization and functioning of the electricity market, transmission, distribution, storage, trade and supply of petroleum products and gas, and the production and distribution of heat.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5ec831fe7a4419cb10071c020c336025	One reason for the slow modernisation of equipment is excess capacity, even though the enterprises’ capacity can process only less than two-fifths of domestic milk production. This in turn reflects the problem of milk collection in a country where most milk is produced on 1.5 million household plots. Several new owners of privatised milk-processing enterprises (e.g. FoodMaster and Adal) have developed milk collection points, establishing cooling tanks and organising the purchase and transport of milk.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	5ec95055f7a2b2b93fba0c53086fac0e	This contrasts strongly with the situation in the 1990s w hen the Brazilian government lacked data on the number of enrolled students. There was no legal framework, institutions, human resources or stable funding for evaluation activities. Moreover, important stakeholders were opposed to the very idea of evaluation.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	5ec96185d8f3dcddd39404ac008282bf	These are important amendments that could reduce regulatory burden and streamline the building approvals process without reducing environmental diligence. As the investment climate in Kigali improved, so too the construction industiy. Combined with forward looking urban planning, focused on working with the community to improve the quality of public spaces and based on disaggregated data collected through tools such as the One Stop Youth Centres, this allowed us to guide urban development in the right direction.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	5ece6e7785b60eab1550686b69a09f10	Third, oil prices do have an impact on food prices, but the nature of that relationship has probably changed over recent years with the emergence of biofuels. Still, the extent to which biofuels impact food price remains a subject of discord amongst researchers. Finally, macroeconomic data is critical to an agricultural market outlook exercise, given their contribution to commodity prices.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	5ecf24d67bfe4b03e9edb98ed7cbf4a8	Le chomage est Tune des principales raisons du recul des revenus des menages. Le systeme de prelevements et de transferts contribue a soulager fortement les inegalites et la pauvrete. Le systeme fiscal est fortement progressif, et il est probable que les reformes recentes font rendu encore plus progressif. Les transferts, en particulier les prestations autres que les pensions, reussissent assez bien a reduire les inegalites et la pauvrete. Le systeme educatif devrait mieux soutenir les etudiants en risque de decrochage afm de reduire les taux de redoublement et d'abandon, tandis que faugmentation des effectifs dans les classes serait un moyen raisonnable de generer des economies sans compromettre trop les apprentissages. En developpant fenseignement professionnel et la formation des adultes, notamment dans le contexte de politiques actives du marche du travail, on pourrait offrir il de nombreux menages la possibility d'acceder a de meilleurs revenus, ce qui aboutirait a une distribution des revenus plus equitable.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0492621a-en	5ecfd80b430537a8303c015a53950529	The trade growth slowed down in 2016 but has continued up until now. The region exports mainly minerals, mineral oils and products of their distillation, while its imported goods are mostly machinery and mechanical appliances. In Kazakhstan, for example, from 2015 to 2016 revenues from international transit rose 40% to USD 700 million. Similarly, Mongolia has a unique location between Russia and China such that almost 90% of freight between these two countries is carried by Ulaanbaatar Railways through Mongolian territory; in 2016, Ulaanbaatar Railways transported 2.3 million tonnes of transit cargo, which was around 15% more than in 2015 and which accounted for 25% of the country's overall transport revenues.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	5ed33673080ea3259455b41ab89528ba	Highly skilled people are also more likely to volunteer, see themselves as actors rather than as objects of political processes, and are more likely to trust others. Fairness, integrity and inclusiveness in public policy thus all hinge on the skills of citizens. At a time when public budgets are tight and there is little room for further monetary and fiscal stimulus, investing in structural reforms to boost productivity, such as education and skills development, is key to future growth.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	5ed6ec90148f2584bf158f504dbe0f11	This was indeed the case, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the developed country share of world agricultural exports rose and its share of world agricultural imports fell, while for developing countries the reverse was true. By 2010 developed country export (and import) shares had fallen to 60% of the world total, while developing country export (and import) shares had risen to 40% of the total. Developing countries include transition economies. First, the developing country agricultural trade balance is heavily influenced by the phenomenal export performance of Brazil (Figure 3.2). When Brazil is excluded from the developing country aggregate, the sharp deterioration in the net agricultural trade balance of the remaining developing countries becomes clear.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	5ed73d5149c9c9de125e8d5014381a19	The share of students who expected to pursue a career in teaching also increased in Chile, the Czech Republic, Estonia and the Slovak Republic, but by less than two percentage points. Turkey shows the largest drop - by 19 percentage points - followed by Jordan, Indonesia and Tunisia (with decreases of between 10 and 14 percentage points). The declines in Turkey, Jordan and Indonesia might be related to the large increases in secondary enrolment rates, and in the share of 15-year-olds represented in the PISA population (OECD, 2016, Table 1.6.1 mi).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	5edbf3a8c63146c2b5f32741be3b0152	For a detailed historical analysis of the risk that poorly designed income support schemes can cause unemployment rates to ratchet up from one recession to the next, see Chapter 4 in OECD (2003a). Past recessions have shown that both macro and labour market policies are required to offset persistence effects that would otherwise convert some portion of a cyclical increase in unemployment into higher structural unemployment. Hysteresis effects following a cyclical upsurge of unemployment during a recession appear to be closely associated with increases in long-term unemployment (Ball, 2009; Guichard and Rusticelli, 2010). At the individual level, the progressive loss of human capital, health and morale associated with extended periods of joblessness can reduce the attractiveness of these workers to potential employers. At the aggregate level, the unemployment rate associated with a stable rate of inflation (the so-called NAIRU) tends to rise with the size of the pool of the long-term unemployed, since their relative disconnection from the labour market means that they have little impact in restraining inflationary wage pressures.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	5edc2faf5f444ccb643f147fd0304d6c	However, with the very rough and ready metric for system adequacy used in this exercise, which is the ratio of total generating capacity over peak demand, ceteris paribus the SSDI would increase in response to increased renewable production. During their life cycle, nuclear power plants source up to 90% of their inputs in terms of value domestically. Imports of uranium, just as imports of rare earths for the rotors of wind turbines, are not a major concern as they are widely diversified and frequently stem from other OECD countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	5ee11667bec55b9f0ee7f56e476b2999	Yet girls are still far less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study. This section looks at gender gaps in school enrolment rates, educational attainment and policies to address these gaps, including the role of aid in improving gender equality in education in developing countries. It examines gender differences in performance and attitudes in reading and maths, and the reasons why despite good performance women find it harder in many developing countries to find a job on leaving school.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	5ee6a5c38cc8a06cd0068aa9255565d9	In recent years, green credit lines have been used increasingly to incentivise and support renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in developing countries. It is important to note that credit lines alone cannot be effective without demand from private enterprises, hence the importance to develop integrated approaches that raise awareness and build capacity 'hand in hand' with supplying finance. The three-phase programme is made up of a EUR 660 million loan facility made available by JICA to the Small Industries and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to support micro, small and medium-sized enterprises’ (MSMEs) investments for environmental improvements and energy efficiency.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	5ee704a688d054703966ba2123d36eea	Electricity tariff adjustments and improvements in cash collections allowed Barki Tojik to make significant progress towards cost recovery, as well as improve the transparency of its operations in recent years through conducting an annual audit and making its results available to the public. The bulk of electricity meters supplied under the project were installed and the balance of the supplied meters, as well as the completion of a billing system and development of commercial management systems, was supported under the Tajikistan Winter Energy Project. These activities will help Barki Tojik make further progress in reducing losses and improving the transparency and accountability of its operations.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	5ee72f5256f40645664bcc72242011f9	Some researchers even aigue that Cebu could pursue an alternative development strategy through sustainable ecotourism, instead of urban development through reclamation (Montenegro, 2016). In addressing such environmental concerns, the potential impacts of reclamation projects on the coastal eco-systems of Cebu and Central Visayas as a whole should be taken into account when making development decisions. In addition, its social impacts should be carefully assessed. In Barcelona, Spain, the Moll de Fusta is a platform that was designed on the waterfront and extended to the seafront in between the districts of Barceloneta and the southern foothills of Montjuic.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	5eeb4d8dd0cb5963564c1848c781bc4c	Cutting back such tax expenditures is likely to be beneficial both for long-term GDP per capita, allowing a reduction in marginal tax rates, and for a more equitable distribution of income. Lowering tax expenditures would also reduce the complexity of the tax system, and thus tax compliance and collection costs. Tax relief - such as reduced taxation for capital gains from the sale of a principal or secondary residence - often distorts resource allocation without boosting aggregate savings and growth, and benefits mainly high-income groups. Specific tax relief may also provide tax avoidance instruments for top-income earners.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	5eeb4f30a19b99700a3ae5ac791a63d6	Today, the transport cost barriers are higher than tariff barriers. Table 4.1 presents the costs for some corridors. According to a recent USAID study (2012), transport costs on the Lome-Ouagadougou corridor vary between USD 2 201 and 5155, depending on the direction of trade. Exporting, north-south movements, is cheaper and faster, which is explained by smaller quantities of goods and more competition.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	5eebcee59230e7e8672424a14fdf0887	In November 2009, a FAO-agreement on port state control was signed as a major step to reduce IUU-fishing globally. In addition, Norway has endorsed and fully implemented the regional scheme for port state control adopted by NEAFC, and has entered new bilateral arrangements with other countries in the field of resource control in the fisheries. Norway is of the opinion that there exists clear links between different types of transnational organised crime and organised IUU-fishing.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	5ef0cb9ab886b6d15cdc44ea3e0d43dc	Its prioritisation of gender equality is a whole-of-govemment effort, signalled through a tenfold increase in spending on gender equality across government between 2007 and 2010. As one of three thematic priorities within development co-operation, Sweden’s main approach to gender equality has been to systematically mainstream it into all programmes. Policy directives require that context-specific analyses, including clear gender equality perspectives, guide the design of all programmes and operational measures. The target for MDG3 - promote gender equality and women’s empowerment - seeks to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and, at all levels of education, by 2015.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	5ef150cf341b18362ed780d362ca9873	Springer New York, New York. Perspectives on Labour Economics/or Development, International Labour Office, Geneva. It starts with an overview of the macroeconomic environment and recent socio-economic development the country has experienced. Subsequent sections provide the immigration context in a historical perspective and discuss South African attitudes towards migration.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	5ef218c44bc730bd41ebee3df114a9fd	Data for the period 2002-04 refer to the year 2003. Sources: Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Facts and Figures 2006 and Austrian Water, Facts and Figures. Data include water use for fish farming. Average 1990-92 = average 1993-95, Average 2002-04: data for irrigation are used because data for agricultural water use are not available.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/85946e24-en	5efa66bce95820fda0f7b0603b71e9b1	The impact of environmental risk factors on infant and early childhood health, nutritional status and mortality in West Africa. The impact of socio-economic inequalities on early childhood survival: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys. How well do health programmes reach the poor? Social inequality in infant mortality: What explains variation across low and middle income countries? Social Science and Medicine, vol.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-5-en	5efb3d0615ce18f6d34075e5bb400d19	The largest disparities in the perceived quality of material resources between schools with different socio-economic profiles are observed in CABA (Argentina), Lebanon, Macao (China), Mexico, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. By contrast, in FYROM, Iceland and Latvia, 15-year-olds attending disadvantaged schools enjoy greater access to educational resources than their peers in advantaged schools. And in about half of the countries/economies that participated in PISA 2015, students in disadvantaged schools appear no more likely than students in advantaged schools to have access to better or more resources. The relationship between access to educational resources and student performance is analysed in Chapter 6 of PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (OECD, 2016c).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	5efbb22d5c31cc29c28bad0ae10eba35	However, alongside this, it is hoped that, by incorporating other nonclassroom based activities into integration training resources can be spread further, thereby accommodating an increased number of migrants. These goals, if attained, would put Finland at the forefront of integration policy design. However, appropriate implementation - in a country where much of the practical policy design and implementation is left to local actors - will require careful thought, resources, and support. Furthermore those who undertook their training prior to the recent changes, and whose skills, in the meantime, have eroded still further, will need to be given access to support and to routes back to the labour force.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	5f010aa265038a95da9e81fc5cbeb2c8	The strongest effects on child labour are achieved when the transfer to the head of household is higher, thus reducing the opportunity cost of sending children to work (Hoddinott et al., On the other hand, the same study shows a reduction of school attendance rates, and a rise in the number of hours worked within the household was found for 6-10 year-old girls (Hoddinott et al., Overall, considering the programme jointly with other transfers, the authors find no effects on child school attendance and substantial increases in hours worked by girls. Slightly different results are reported by Woldehanna (2009), whose empirical analysis based on the propensity score matching on the Young Lives survey data, shows that the public work component of PSNP had an overall positive impact on the total hours children spent working, reducing especially work within the household.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/da48ce17-en	5f021c0c8d691607d036fac5ad604d7e	The ability of the adaptation communications to meet the global information needs on adaptation depends on their scope and structure, which is yet to be defined but for which some proposals already exist (Kato and Ellis, 2016), as well as on the extent of reporting by individual Parties. Climate change risks to coastal buildings and infrastructure - A supplement to the first pass national assessment. Guidance note 1: Twelve reasons why climate change adaptation M&E is challenging.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	5f02f8e3a896086aa4ebe1710ab98298	There is, however, a lack of efforts to provide learning and skills development programmes in tourism and concerted efforts to develop and enhance entrepreneurship activities. There is also scope to increase knowledge transfer from higher education institutions to the tourism industry. Higher education institutions could for example help SMEs to better access global markets. Policy measures and collaboration by universities and other tertiary education institutions are needed to ensure that SMEs do not miss out in their ability to compete with larger suppliers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	5f05721d84ad7befde740dea3e419d77	High trade costs related to transportation, border procedures compliance, or lack of competition may be less in the case of agro-food products which are part of simpler supply chains than manufactures, but they will likely have a greater proportional impact on the price of most agricultural products, especially unprocessed ones, because of their low value-to-weight ratio. Agricultural products, which are often perishable, suffer particularly from delays, which may be one of the most significant contributing factors to post-harvest losses16, in addition to inefficient harvesting, packaging and storage. Likewise, Balat et al.	2	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	5f05ec5cb508bb4518f4c4c531ed12c6	This is where the market failures signalled above have to be overcome, and public policies are required. From that perspective, the water industry landscape in Korea is contrasted. On the one hand, the knowledge base and technology frontier are well advanced, compared to most OECD countries. Korea is a leading country when it comes to ICT. It has also been able to develop and export water-related goods. The domestic market is limited by the size of the country and population.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5f07c979ee0fbbf245612e56e3c0c8bb	However, in 2015, the average number of recipients was 280 000 who received less than USD 100 per month. Completion of the list of questions in the FPS provides the authorities with a profile of (low-income) households. The tool aims to measure long-term household income capacity as based on the households’ housing and living conditions, location, family situation, health, education, income and employment, which are somehow weighted into an overall score that affects access to social support. The FPS has been criticized for its complexity and lack of transparency.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	5f0a03ef95b1553f26eede137e5f4ded	It is a mistake to believe that imposing barriers on inputs into value chains, for example by restricting the export of raw materials, will help spur competitive value-adding within the domestic economy, thereby allowing producers to “capture” the value created in upstream processing. Such policies only increase the final price paid by consumers, with little influence on producer returns and domestic food security. This helps place downward pressure on world prices, which is particularly important for accessibility when demand is rising, w'hen a country’s domestic production is becoming more variable, and when climate change may lead to permanent (and unknown) shifts in comparative advantage.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	5f0a81811e866ee552d8f6d89876964f	The methodology used in this paper aims to capture support to innovation and technology beyond ICTs by exploring the description fields in the CRS (see next section). The reason for the three-tier approach was to use the available classificatory variables to the maximum extent, but complement these with additional activities identified using text mining techniques. The three-tiered process was a response to the lack of convenient structure in the CRS for identification of activities supporting STI.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	5f0cd6cebc40b5a05d8e5e65cd5d4d1f	A move in this direction by Chile would require strong political support and clear consensus. Housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure were the responsibility of the Ministry of Infrastructure, which needed to co-ordinate with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, responsible for public administration matters, including supervision over self-government units (municipalities/gminns), counties (powiats) and self-government regions (voivodships). In addition, housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure, as essential elements in urban planning, simultaneously needed to be co-ordinated with national level spatial and regional policy programming housed in the Ministry of Regional Development.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	5f0d60137eaa694d21c2dd04ea5c7277	For example, Permaculture Timor-Leste, or Permatil, has promoted permaculture methods to improve household farming, and the Ministry of Education has formally adopted a school gardens programme to encourage children to take an interest in food production (Wigglesworth 2016) (box 3.3). They have been instrumental in widening social inclusion, community participation and community decision-making, which are fundamental for meaningful citizenship. Article 138 of the Timorese Constitution recognizes the importance of co-operatives and guarantees their development.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	5f0e315df89739e4e5d39664488c4812	And household taxes are more progressive in the United States than in most EU countries.15 However, some countries (including Chile, Korea and Japan) combine a relatively low tax burden with very little progressivity. The data are available for only a few years, which makes it difficult to assess the impact of tax reforms. Furthermore, most household surveys focus on the personal income tax, social security contributions paid by employees and, sometimes, property taxes.16 They do not therefore take into account consumption taxes, employers’ social security contributions and corporate income taxes, thus leaving aside more than 50% of total tax revenues on average across the OECD.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	5f0f7dde62dbfef85a5349673547db0d	The intervention was highly cost-effective, at about €214 per QALY gain. The annual cost savings were estimated at €771,602, which is considerable at the hospital level. Although the methodology developed represented a novelty in the world of generic service delivery evaluation, it points towards considerable potential savings if the transition from one level of care to another is strengthened.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	5f0f9912455b09c76e01fa9a13c866e6	This study, building on regional studies by UN-Habitat and the OECD on the state of NUP for the 35 OECD member countries, provides a first attempt at assessing NUP trends, strengths and ways forward across member and non-member countries, and paves the way for the definition of a common methodology to monitor the progress of NUPs at the global level. In terms of NUP development stages, 92 countries (61 per cent) already implement their NUPs, whereas 58 countries (39 per cent) are in the process of developing NUPs. Only 19 countries (13 per cent) have reached the monitoring and evaluation stage. The stage of NUP varies by region.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	5f1072a887de67065806eea634e67da5	In so doing, public authorities and private operators will need to account for the growing diversity of options that can be mobilised to improve mobility and access outcomes. In this context, perhaps a more relevant conceptual lens for this century's urban transport systems is between transport using one's own vehicle and transport provided by personalised or shared services. Capturing the diversity of innovative mobility services is not straightforward since business models are constantly evolving and new services are continually being trialled - even within individual companies.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	5f10e2191fa815ce30da70f0e344aa63	There are approximately 448 of these subdivisions in Chihuahua, which house 78% of the population of Chihuahua according to the Instituto de Vivienda del Estado de Chihuahua (IVI, 2011). The monofunctional nature of these housing developments and their location in outlying areas has not lent itself to a transit-supportive environment. It is estimated that in the first semester of 2010, 19.2% of the homes in the State of Chihuahua were not lived in or completely abandoned (Table 4.1). Rates in the major cities were even higher in Ciudad Juarez (23.8%) (IVI, 2011). There is not a parallel for such a market in OECD metro-regions. Ironically, the meteoric rise of the housing stock in Ciudad Juarez from 2000 to 2007 was also associated with the abandonment of several houses throughout the metropolitan region.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	5f11798a8f6272717f653faa9d9af5c1	Furthermore, it discusses the planning of resource use (e.g. definition of priorities and targets, distribution of responsibilities for school funding); the monitoring of funds’ use (e.g. audit systems); transparency and reporting; as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. In addition, it analyses the distribution of funding between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and municipal) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae). In addition, the chapter places special emphasis on funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network while analysing the equity implications of funding approaches. Both the source of funding for school education and its distribution to individual schools are centralised - central government provides around 70% of funding and the formula operated by the Ministry of Education determines the budgets of individual schools, with only limited scope for locally determined variation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	5f12228de5fcbec7bcd4d94b7c26128b	This assumption is likely to be excessively restrictive for the purpose of this exercise as it implies an exceedingly small probability of observing shocks of the magnitude experienced in 2008 and 2009. Formal statistical tests of the residuals of the estimated statistical models fitting the output gap indeed reject for most countries the null hypothesis of normally distributed residuals. Plotting the kernel distribution densities of the shocks it is possible to show that for many countries they are indeed highly asymmetric, have fat tails as extreme outcomes (i.e. often large negative ones) are more frequent than what the normal distribution predicts. The null hypothesis that the residuals are independently distributed - that is, the value of a shock does not depend on the value of past shocks - is not rejected, lending support to the statistical model used to fit output gaps. Instead of generating random numbers assuming a normal distribution, bootstrap techniques involve re-sampling shocks from their actual distribution - that is the distribution of the statistical model’s residuals.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	5f147efe8f16c95bbb1a1e7ed65bcc3f	Issuing an infringement notice or prosecuting an impaired driver should not be regarded as punishing the citizen but protecting the community. It is important for police officers to understand the risks associated with speeding - the impact of low end speeding and the obvious risks of high end speeding - so they can actively enforce speed limits. Understanding when and where crash risk is occurring allows officers to target areas of greatest risk and maximise impact.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	5f154dbf28562aa484cc14a5ff04b457	"However, the incidence of attempted suicide using medicine was high in the Nuuk, especially among females. The highest incidence of suicide attempts using medication was observed among females in the age group 15-19 years, who, as mentioned earlier, had the lowest self-rated health. In 2007 the first public health program in Greenland, Inuuneritta (""let us have a good life) was proposed."	3	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	5f160dbcd15fc42bb8a494727e8cee1a	This strategy entails integrating and incorporating gender equality efforts at the institutional leadership level so that gender equality is not a separate area of specialisation, but rather an area that permeates decision-making at all tiers of the institution. A shift in gender equality efforts in academia has occurred in the Nordic region, and as already mentioned, the focus has been redirected from viewing female researchers as the problem to examining the research system and the way research is structured. The objective of the current gender equality efforts in academia is primarily to change the structural conditions that create inequalities and to use instruments that integrate gender equality in order to achieve the institution's other objectives.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	5f190ca2e1f3f029c0a479fd6224ec3a	Table 5.3 summarises the policy and regulation status of the countries targeted in this report. The two main electricity generators are the state-owned Bahamas Electricity Corporation (80 per cent of total electricity production) and the privately owned Grand Bahamas Power Corporation (20 per cent of total electricity production), and together they have a generating capacity of 137MW. Because of the archipelago geography of The Bahamas, its electricity system comprises 16 isolated grids, which leads to substantial diseconomies of scale. Except for Trinidad and Tobago, The Bahamas has the highest energy consumption per capita among the target countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	5f1a11bd2d58b67ce8aa56c6607a8896	World Bank (2006 and 2010a), UNCTAD (2010). Importantly, the climate-friendly (mitigation-specific) flows are estimated to account for less than one-sixth or about 15% of the total flows to emitting sectors across these types of finance (Figure 1). More precisely, for FDI + CERs, the low estimate includes the primary transaction values of CERs only (about 4 bn USD; World Bank 2010), whereas the high estimate also includes UNCTAD (2010) estimates of low carbon FDI flows from developed to developing countries (about 37 bn USD). Similarly for Bilateral ODA and OOF.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/09b7b73e-en	5f1a9aaa5b04fb067f7ae4fef86a26ee	Concrete measures are needed to improve energy productivity, rationalize energy use, optimize energy resources, and deploy sustainable energy technology and infrastructure. Already the 2017 GTF results are a wake-up call for greater effort on a number of fronts. Increased financing, bolder policy commitments, and a willingness to embrace appropriate technology on a wider scale are urgently needed.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	5f1b893064be218c863328a7f3e3ec56	This is aligned with the OECD’s argument that linking urban areas with public transport is one of the three key characteristics of the compact city (OECD, 2012a). Several policy initiatives to promote public transport, in particular as expressed in government documents including the “Greening Urban and Building Initiative” announced by Korea’s Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in 2009, should be continuously implemented, to send a consistent signal to local government and private investors. More roads could invite more traffic. “ The volume of car traffic almost everywhere is more or less arbitrary, depending on the available transportation infrastructure. Because we can always find new ways to increase our car use, building extra roads is a direct invitation to buy and drive more cars.” ( Since the 1989 earthquake, San Francisco has converted certain freeways to city streets, which has turned the Embarcadero into a city boulevard with trolley cars, trees and wide sidewalks.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	5f1d18cecf943adb93998300f0c75663	However, it is less clear that the mailbox obligation under Article 70.8 of the TRIPS Agreement would also apply to those LDCs that, on 1 January 1995, did provide for pharmaceutical patent protection but later chose to suspend it. The prior user right is an exception to the rights conferred by a patent that is widely recognized in OECD country legislation,1 and it may be deemed consistent with the requirements of the TRIPS provision on patent exceptions under Article 30 (see Section 3.1, below).102 In domestic laws, prior use exceptions are usually provided without any right to remuneration for the patent holder. However, the prior use exception is limited to cases where the use of the respective substance occurred prior to the filing of the (mailbox) patent application.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	5f1e75cd5b2fb80646536b59401a7b55	High and volatile food prices can lead to irreversible harm - a loss of physical and long-run human capital, which may reinforce poverty traps through diminished income, resulting in malnutrition, mortality, withdrawal of children from education and a consequent sustained high level of unemployment. A lack of dietary diversification aggravates the problem as price increases in one staple cannot easily be compensated by switching to other foods. First, agricultural output varies from period to period because of natural factors such as weather, disease and pests.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	5f1efa6ebd6aa5b25e4850d240a24b8c	This encompasses the following actions: define and communicate the role of instructional leaders; provide school leaders with training, support and capacity enhancement; develop networks for school leaders to share and work together on improving instruction. A pilot project was developed in preparation for school-based programmes on class management and professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy. It resulted in recommendations for full-scale implementation of the programme: strengthen the competence of school leaders in pedagogical and collaborative leadership; establish and communicate clear goals for the project to all participants; strengthen professional working environments for teachers within schools (particularly the capacity of schools to reflect on their organisational and pedagogical practices and implement collective learning processes); and increase the quality of teaching methods and practices, including the learning and social environments for pupils.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	5f24c24b1bdd2e58e9f68e804b9e70d7	However, all countries should reduce maternal morbidity and mortality to levels where they no longer constitute a public health problem. Disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups should be narrowed. All countries, with the support of all sections of the international community, must expand the provision of maternal health services in the context of primary health care. These services, based on the concept of informed choice, should include education on safe motherhood, prenatal care that is focused and effective, maternal nutrition programmes, adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to caesarean sections and provides for obstetric emergencies; referral services for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion complications; post-natal care and family planning.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5f2510ed697da74c552ffacaa8aa0e58	This national regulation will be succeeded by a technical regulation of the Customs Union, which is currently under the discussion within the countries, and should be approved by all three countries. Currently, most supermarkets in Kazakhstan sell milk on a commission basis and expect the dairy plant to send one of its own workers to pack the products in coolers, monitor expiry dates, and keep displays organised and clean. This section is based on interviews carried out in January and March 2012 for this Review. Usually the plant has individual-work contracts with farmers who have more than fifty head of cattle for milk supply.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	5f25ba06a439fba24f4b9ae5c650d80c	But other theoretical and experimental work favours a more myopic behaviour among actors in such settings (e.g. Rubio and Casino, 2003; Gardner et al. Water is defined as brackish if TDS is above 1000 mg/L and defined as saline if over 10 OOOmg/L (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). In Fitch, E.J., and R. A. Engberg, (eds.),	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	5f260bf3d3f98e5c67092f2322a77029	The investigated locations in the Artie region can only be reached by airplane or boat. Below, we have estimated the carbon emissions of the international tourists for the Arctic islands. With by far the highest number of tourists, Iceland also has the highest estimated carbon emissions of approximately 750,000 tonnes of C02 equivalent.	7	4	4	0.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	5f2685d7272129dd4bfbb064ce5b8830	Next came the expansion of the township and village enterprises.50 The gradual approach reflected the pragmatism of Chinese leaders. Another reason for this pragmatism was the perception that the transition was impossible to plan, compounded by disillusionment with the whole planning system. Some influential cross-national studies in the 1990s purported to show that rapidly opening up would automatically lead to high economic growth. Not all countries that increased trade openness made big improvements in HDI value relative to their peers.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	5f26ee86add0c3daeb1d66c0efe2f786	There is no discussion regarding excellent teaching within schools, municipalities or at the central level, and no benchmark to which teachers can self-assess or school or municipal leaders can assess against. This is different to many other OECD member countries. Clear, well-structured and widely supported teaching standards can be a powerful mechanism for developing the profession and for aligning the various elements involved in developing teachers’ knowledge and skills.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5f2947a447efd3d51eab3f745736940f	Investment flexibility is particularly valuable in deregulated electricity markets, where electricity market prices may have higher variability. In order to continuously re-establish the balance between load and generation, a certain amount of active power is kept in reserves: such reserves are usually referred as “spinning reserves”, but definitions vary among countries (Rebours and Kirshner, 2005; Kirby, 200; Bovo et al., In Chapter 2 those reserves were subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary reserves depending upon the time window of availability.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	5f2b22ee341ff05a8e55cd6e7bceb6b5	"In some cases the women work in slavery-like conditions and their employers frequently take away their passports. They lack access to services or protection mechanisms and do not report abuse for fear of being deported. In many countries, domestic workers are not recognized as ""workers"" entitled to protection by labour laws. Strict immigration laws lead to many migrant domestic workers being in an irregular situation, outside the protection of the law, or dependent on the employer, since their immigrant status depends on the employer's continued sponsorship."	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	5f2b5a30d744e989259736dfe6157baa	Each member state should calculate the 1.5% annual energy savings target for 2021-2030 by multiplying 1.5% with the energy sales (to final customers by volume) average over the previous three years prior to 1 January 2019. The savings should have a cumulative effect with 1.5% saved in 2021, reaching 15% in year 2030 (1.5% times 10 years). In practice, member States have a flexibility to ensure the achievement of their energy savings overthe whole period as long as the total amount is achieved by 2030. ( In new buildings of or when a building undergoes major renovation, individual meters shall always be provided - the proposal does not in this case include a clear cost-effectiveness criteria.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	5f33bf0fd634b9480ede5cda13710555	An even higher default rate is expected for 2011 and beyond because of the revolution. The Fonds National de Promotion de lArtisanat et des Petits Metiers [National Fund for the Promotion of Crafts and Small Enterprises! The Banqne de Financement des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (BFPME) [Small and Medium Enterprise Financing Bank] provides loans for larger ventures (between TND 100 000 and TND 5 million). Indeed, according to a OECD and IDRC (2012) study on New Entrepreneurs and High Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa, low enterprise activity rates in the region are in part due to the low levels of participation of women in the formal economic sphere, as both employees and business leaders.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	5f35e845e70d263956d696d09c7a6018	Further stimulus was provided by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz), enacted in 2000 and amended later. It grants renewable energy project developers privileged access to the nearest grid connection point, which minimizes the risk of unforeseen grid costs for the investor. The investment certainty based upon the feed-in-tariff is complemented by low-interest loans and grants from the state-owned KfW bank. We inserted a marker for each policy tool implemented, which is considered to support investment in physical capital directly.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	5f3698b30d061c2c875f89efacde9cc8	In the ETP 2010 Baseline Scenario for India (IEA, 2010a), between 2007 and 2050 GDP will increase eightfold, primary energy use quadruple and C02 emissions increase almost fivefold. India's proportion of total global C02 emissions is projected to double from 5% to 11%. The power sector plays an especially important role as electricity demand is projected to rise fivefold.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	5f393bc3a4dbf91f24556143cc8f425a	In practice, important sources of climate finance may also be domestic. The key definitional issue is that climate change finance has greenhouse gas mitigation or adaptation as an explicitly stated objective, or as a main outcome (i.e. reduction or sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions or reducing vulnerability to inevitable climate change). Climate change finance may also support climate change reporting as required under the Convention, e.g. preparation of national greenhouse gas inventory reports, national communications or biennial reports, as well as mitigation- or adaptation capacity building more generally.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	5f3aab128f58943ae97abcb3a6d0f8c0	To do this, information is needed from MDBs, which have begun developing common classification and backing systems, as well as multilateral climate change funds (such as the Global Environment Facility), which also report to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2015). The global stocktake could take into account information from such actors in addition to UNFCCC bodies such as the Technology Mechanism, the Capacity Building Committee and the Standing Cominittee on Finance. This will require a wide range of inputs on financial flows, including (i) information on the resources required for a low-GHG emission and climate-resilient development path (in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication); (ii) whether these resources are flowing and having an impact; and (iii) the magnitude of the gaps between resource needs and availability.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	5f3bdf1643b11096e1d48244f6511c04	Non-contributory benefit schemes co-exist with contributory social insurance systems. Narrowly targeted social assistance benefits aimed at the poorest households have been introduced in all countries. In some countries, these benefits replaced the ‘old-style’ categorical benefits, privileges and subsidies, while in others they are created in addition to the existing categorical benefits.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	5f3d71e0201cecd06e42d1aa8be75203	This is caused by the abolition of fertiliser policies in China, India, Indonesia, and the Russian Federation which results in higher prices of primary agricultural commodities. Within these four countries, commodity prices rise even more strongly than elsewhere, resulting in higher imports and lower exports when compared to the reference situation with fertiliser support. In Argentina, the positive income effect from the global abolition of fertiliser subsidies outweighs the negative effect of removing biofuel support.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a540597-en	5f3dd796906f017a11da9d4f42c2977d	"Planning is about making such choices, no guidebook can short circuit the need for planning. Often, the direct role of government has decreased— in favour of the private sector and civil society— and “Governance” has frequently replaced ""government. In the past, master planners saw the plan as their central accomplishment."	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	5f3f27c101fbdc7d540342dbf380251f	An alternative policy approach is to allocate resources directly to students' families, including through conditional transfer programmes that offer financial incentives to disadvantaged or marginalised families to encourage their children to enrol in and attend school. Brazil, Mexico and Peru have introduced such programmes. Mexico's Oportunidades (now rebranded as Prospers) and Programa de Becas de Media Superior are examples of cash-transfers programmes to poor families aimed to raise enrolment rates in secondary education, especially among girls (OECD, 2013a).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	5f3f826c1e50ab35d6a944ee08f4cfad	A list of all the indicators and their methodologies is available at http://SDG4monitoring.uis.unesco.org. Some of the SDG 4 indicators correspond to indicators already published in other chapters of Education at a Glance. In those cases, the data are not repeated in this chapter, and reference is made to the corresponding indicator.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	5f408d1eeca5d1c755cd6eda5ee20ec6	Indeed, 'early affected' and 'under market pressure' are ranked in the bottom third or half of the LT. Poland, the Slovak Republic and Switzerland are top performers; indeed, child anchored poverty passed from 22.4% in 2008 to 14.5% in 2012 in Poland and it was reduced by around 5 ppts in the Slovak Republic and Switzerland. Children (0-17) are considered to be severely materially deprived when the household they live in is unable to pay for at least four of the nine following items: 1) to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills; 2) to keep their home adequately warm; 3) to face unexpected expenses; 4) to eat meat or proteins regularly; 5) to go on holiday; 6) a television set; 7) a washing machine; 8) a car; 9) a telephone. The trend was indeed reversed as during the pre-crisis period, material conditions had actually been improving in virtually every country.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	5f45bf32dba54190b80db4ffecd0f91d	Efforts to break down stereotypes are also necessary. Gender stereotyping takes place from an early age and is pervasive across society: at home, in schools, in the media and through day-to-day social attitudes and interactions which embed and reinforce them. This contributes to the clustering of women and men into different subject areas in secondary school and higher education. As various studies have shown, the low representation of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics is related to attitudes rather than ability: girls, for example, do not receive lower scores in mathematics.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	5f45e38068582c220425f80d9da0f3f1	Other kinds of data that go beyond a snapshot in time are needed to capture this kind of complexity, including those derived from panel or longitudinal surveys or from research that focuses on family histories. Other mixed method and interdisciplinary research can support informed policy-making, by providing contextual qualitative evidence to shed light on family dynamics and change. These types of research require generous, long-term investment, ideally from public funds. Lack of data on asset ownership, resource distribution and the economic contributions of each household member limits the understanding of women's economic position within families.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	5f47d60432f1d8477b8755754ce1949d	The estimation used information on the percentage of incorporated self-employed men and women with employees that was available for 1995,1997, 1999, 2001 and 2005 from the Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements Surveys. For the missing years between 1996 and 2004, the percentage was derived through linear interpolation. For the years 2006 to 2011, the percentage for 2005 was used. The statistics have been developed by national statistical offices on the basis of EIP definitions, primarily by linking business registers to population registers or other administrative data.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	5f4aa6932ab24b08ddb1867f2401626d	This is despite the broad scope of activities included under the definition of innovation and the generous time period over which such activities could occur. ( Respondents to the innovation survey were asked if they had undertaken any of the defined innovation activities at any point in time over the three years).8 This average however, hides considerable diversity in the propensity to innovate across industries. Just over 50% of firms in Electricity, gas and water and Communication industries invested in innovation.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289350433-9-en	5f4b54c755b4bd55bbefc377251bee57	"These revolve around financial support for initiatives, the policy environment in which the initiatives are developed, the technical knowledge held by those operating or implementing the initiatives, and the design of the initiatives and projects. Some of the opportunities are so-called ""negative opportunities,"" i.e. opportunities caused by the current situation lacking something and thus providing room for improvement, while other are ""positive opportunities,"" i.e. opportunities caused by strong foundations established by the current situation."	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	5f4b55361090d31fd49c1e640cab97c8	Another pillar of the NAS was extensive stakeholder engagement, involving about 100 organisations over three years. This approach, with active participation and involvement going far beyond normal practice, widened the scope from the original scientific focus, integrated perspectives of other relevant groups and helped raise stakeholder awareness. It also facilitated the emergence of a “climate change adaptation community”.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	5f4c72199d2a4b88258ba742e5cb038c	The combined investment of these plans amounts to more than $500 billion—to address the existing infrastructure deficit and to ensure the scale of infrastructure to support industrial growth. All these plans have the added advantage of creating jobs while stimulating growth; for example, South Africa's Expanded Public Works Programme (2014-2019) was designed with as many as 6 million jobs by 2019 (South African Government, 2015). Instead, the continent can build to leading-edge standards based on the latest information and practices, which consider the expected impacts of climate change not only on resource availability but on infrastructure assets.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	5f512b389ac29665fda47ecffcfee4c6	It identified the differing outcomes as being due to: countries’ varying physical and geographical characteristics; the nature of the implementation of these policy measures; the capacity and quality of the institutions under which the reforms were implemented; and the political and social environment. The complex interaction of policy reforms and a country’s existing structural attributes determined the overall outcomes that were beyond the predictions of simplified theoretical constructs. While the ingredients are common across different growth experiences, the recipes need to be very country-specific.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	5f515ad1352072c29d677403f2571793	The share of private expenditure is above the OECD average and is especially large at the tertiary level. It would also be important to strengthen the apprenticeship system, by increasing the attractiveness of apprenticeships and skilled trades' programmes for youth, improving completion rates and boosting participation of employers. Canada also faces the dual challenge of having the appropriate number of well trained teachers where they are most needed, and of providing support and guidance to schools.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	5f55816b37a7811e436db6b2e9fad091	Geologically, it spans from the rocky coasts of North Greenland with large glacial inputs to the marine environments, across deep fjords in Norway and narrow sounds in Denmark, to the inner Bothnian Bay dominated by sandy and muddy sediments and wide-stretching shallow water areas. Water temperature spans from permanently around zero in North Greenland to temperatures above 20 °C during summer months in the Baltic Sea (Fig. The marine physical environment is dominated by Arctic water masses around Greenland, Atlantic waters around Iceland and the Norwegian west coast, and temperate water masses in the south and Arctic conditions in the Northern part of the Baltic Sea, which is considered to be the largest brackish water sea in the world (HELCOM, 2009).	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	5f567fbd0f764ca6f110b19ab90d9b34	Ten years on, it is important to evaluate the extent to which these Guiding Principles have been followed to produce concrete reforms and whether or not these reforms have been successful at “delivering results”. Box 3.1 below gives a summary overview of the main principles. According to EBRD (2010), key challenges include improvements in the technical, operational and financial performance of utilities, the rehabilitation of physical infrastructure, the clear separation of operating companies from regulatory bodies and the establishment of sound regulation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	5f56b9a70bef684085368898e1b558b5	Criminal laws and other legal restrictions dis-empower women, who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health, in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-care goods,services and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect, in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources, namely women. As a result, women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws, and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and when they do not, and thus face incarceration’ (ibid.,	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	5f56ecdeebc2eb295be06b5b5130eba0	However, eleven countries are known to have conducted two or more surveys, providing an opportunity to compare findings over time.8 This data suggest that the median availability of generics in public sector facilities rose in Lebanon, Sudan, Uganda, Tajikistan and Indonesia. The greatest increase was seen in Lebanon, where availability grew from 8.4 per cent in 2004 to 70.0 per cent in 2013 (figure 3). There was little change in Tanzania, Ethiopia and Shaanxi Province. The availability of generics decreased in Mongolia and Ukraine. In the more recent survey, only three of the countries (Tajikistan, Ukraine and Sudan) were found to have availability of generics of 80 per cent or greater.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	5f584b2de8e57acf68788999aedef0dc	In the context of the global financial crisis, this upgrading needs also to consider the potential to shift business models in a more sustainable direction in economic, social and ecological terms. First, the understanding of innovation needs to be broadened especially given the context of the stage of evolution of Mexico’s economy. In one sense, this means an acceptance that some activities may be carving out specialisms in inter-mediate or even relatively low-tech market niches, for example IT companies providing software solutions and contact centre functions. While such activities may not be considered to be at the very top end of high-tech, cutting edge and new technology development, they may still be worthy of support in the context of learning by doing and potential upgrading of their sophistication and value adding over time. Another area where local upgrading might focus is upon support for services for industry - for example in IT services, maintenance and distribution - that complements and builds upon the typical current focus upon direct materials. Larger firms typically outsource such services to large providers which can shut out local service firms.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	5f5964f27c0d157c9ed0d72a60bf309e	This chapter explores how Mexico can meet those challenges and the steps it can take to close remaining gender gaps in top public decision-making positions. Whereas women accounted for only 22.6% of members of parliament in the Camara de Diputados (Chamber of Deputies) in 2005, they currently hold 42.37% of the 500 seats. In the Camara de Senadores (Senate) they occupy 33.6% of the 128 seats, compared to 17.19% in 2006. Such representation is well above the OECD average of 28.47% of seats in lower houses and unicameral legislatures.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c634ac5a-en	5f5ba67f5361638c38eebdabe10abe8a	There are 161 species (including two subpopulations) listed as threatened (Table 10.1). The great majority of these, 126 species, are listed as Vulnerable (VU), with 27 considered Endangered (EN) and eight species listed as Critically Endangered (CE; a ray, three sharks, two fish and two marine turtle species). The full list of threatened marine species in the WIO is presented in Appendix 10.1.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/973d5b65-en	5f5de00c71c721bc08b320a5eef50778	The house is the space where children spend most of their time, especially as infants and toddlers. In 2016,' 880 million people were estimated to live in inadequate urban housing in cities. While private sector investment in housing has been steady over the years, the investment has not translated into affordable housing for low-income households. The global affordable-housing gap is estimated at 330 million urban households and forecast to grow over 30 pet cent to 440 million households, or 1.6 billion people by 2025.3The overall shortage of housing leads to overcrowding, homelessness, illness and even death.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	5f5dfd9d03a4bbd6d1c72409fac5c245	The Protection Action Plan for Merig-Ergenc Basin (2008) assesses the effects of development projects and economic activities on the environment, and provides for a short, medium and long-term action plan in terms of water resource management. There is also a land use plan for the Merfe-Ergenc basin. Water demand management measures in Bulgaria include water abstraction control. The Arda/Ardas has its source in the Rodopi Mountains (Bulgaria) and discharges into the Merig River. The Aterin-ska River is a tributary shared by Bulgaria and Greece.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	5f5e31a79fbf55a63e97851ddb626a38	Impact of the crisis on recent trends in disability benefit caseloads (cont.) Past experience has also shown that people on disability benefits are much less likely to return to work, even once economic recovery is well under way, than comparable people receiving unemployment benefits. A shift from unemployment to disability benefits is thus to be avoided, except in cases when it is justified on medical grounds (Kemp et al.,	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	5f5fbe5f864b51794f351cfde1b23fbb	At the international level, measures also have to be taken to prevent excessive food price volatility and to ensure that a pro-food security trade system is in place. For instance, when comparing the highest and the lowest income quintiles of the population in developing countries, the poorer children are almost 3 times more likely to be underweight than children in the wealthiest 20 per cent of households (United Nations, 2012c). Hence, increasing the income level of poor households will help ensure adequate food quantity and quality, and reduce the prevalence of undernourishment.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	5f600fe6d68582bf1a33d73de6fb0049	Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay saw the largest declines in all three indices: at least 1.5% per year. While this is not a large value, it does represent a noticeable change. It is striking that Paraguay showed a significant drop in inequality according to the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index (with an inequality aversion ratio of 0.5) but did not according to an index that assigns greater weight to the lower portion of the distribution. Nonetheless, the usual way of quantifying these deprivations is to equate poverty to the lack of economic resources because income is the means whereby most material needs can be met and inadequate income is closely associated with deprivations in other areas of well-being.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ecc83295-en	5f65c9ecaa68c65974bc3b700c2b8558	Countries such as Cuba, the Republic of Korea and Thailand joined the expanding group of countries with fertility below replacement level in the 1980s and 1990s. At around the same time, countries of Southern, Eastern and Central Europe with low fertility saw their total fertility rates fall even further, sometimes as low as 1.3 births per woman, and stay at that level for decades (Kohler et al., The five countries or territories with the world’s lowest total fertility rates are in East Asia and South-East Asia. In the largest cities in China, fertility was as low as 0.8 in the 1990s and 2000s (Guo and Gu, 2014). Some studies suggest that a long-term “great divergence in fertility” across more developed countries has taken place (McDonald, 2006; Rindfuss et al.,	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-17-en	5f660e0f25f9764d6db9d9ab50c7ce68	The USD 1.25 poverty line corresponds to the mean of national poverty lines for the 10-20 poorest countries of the world, while the USD 2 line is the median poverty line found among developing countries as a whole. People living with less than USD 1.25 a day are said to be in extreme poverty. The poverty data here concern low-and middle-income countries as categorized in line with World Bank definitions (http://data.uJorldbank.org/ about/country-classifications). At these low income -thresholds poverty rates in high-income countries are close to zero.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	5f69a30690b1f4b48e01113354fcd5f5	In countries where social institutions highly discriminate against women, gender norms are strongly enforced. Consequently, in those countries with high SIGI, both men and women are compelled to behave as expected by social institutions. Data on GDP per capita (in PPP), government expenditure and population in both origin and destination countries are taken from the Penn World Table.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	5f6a34cd2750b19102433b3116b1b9a1	Their implementation should then become more systematic. The redefinition of the scope of services provided by health care facilities must be accompanied by adequate investment to cover the necessary physical and human resources. Investments decisions, including through PPP projects, should be selected on the basis of their ability to move towards the desired service delivery structure.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	5f6d0f4ff830441dc9df32ab291a3beb	"Populations of school-age children have shrunk in many OECD countries, while in others, enrolments in urban schools have swelled alongside internal migration to cities. Both situations have raised concerns about the quality and cost of small schools, particularly in rural areas. Rather than identifying an ""optimal size"", empirical studies indicate that the effect of school size varies across student groups and levels of education. In general, secondary school students tend to benefit more from larger schools than primary school pupils, and low-income and minority students appear to perform belter in smaller schools (Howley and Howley, 2004). Some studies also find evidence of diminishing returns to scale, suggesting that student performance improves up to a certain school size (which tends to be smaller in primary education than in secondary education) and declines thereafter. Many countries offset the higher cost of maintaining small schools by providing them with additional funding or promoting consolidation programmes to reduce the fiscal burden of a fragmented school network."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	5f6dcde44f73f5a965f1588e1016ae4c	In Mexico, there is the Pension and Retirement Regime (RPJ) (Mexican Social Security Institute, 2009). In the case of health, women are often at a disadvantage compared with men in terms of the length of time they are covered by health insurance schemes, having lost coverage during the years they spent outside the labour market to undertake care work, while health coverage as dependents of their male spouse is often indirect and, in some countries, impartial and likely to be forfeited in the event of a divorce or abandonment (Mesa-Lago, 2009). The costs of private health services are higher for women and, in the public system, women and their children have to pay higher user fees because they use the services more often.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	5f6f1198eba51e7579157f3f2fec8135	A problem common to many of the reviewed forecasts is that it is difficult to forecast future migration and its skills composition. The overall intention of the project is to provide insights to government, employers, individuals and providers on England's strategic skills needs, reporting information on key issues and periodically updating the results. It uses a range of horizon-scanning techniques, including scenario development, and a series of interviews with key experts to debate scenarios for 2020.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	5f705372e989a4a74a0ece5a92153af2	This can erode the support for certain anti-poverty programmes despite their relatively low cost. This is particularly true when systems are split along formal or informal lines, which can reinforce barriers to moving between formal and informal jobs. When schemes for informal workers are comparable to those for formal workers but subsidised rather than contribution-based, informality is effectively being subsidised (Levy, 2008).	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5f7205dd42bb925e2e8e33cda45159ab	The Virgin Land programme of the 1950s and 1960s brought close to 25 million hectares into cultivation in the oblasts of Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, and Akmola. The southeast Almaty oblast and East Kazakhstan have mixed farming. According to the last Soviet census in 1989, the population was roughly two-fifths Kazakhs, two-fifths Russians with other ethnic groups composing the remaining one-fifth.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	5f721b55ba5ebdfbb4261ee6dae95899	The education stipend provided for each child under age 18 enrolled in school between the third grade of primary school and the third (last) grade of junior high varies by grade and gender. It rises substantially after graduation from primary school and is higher for girls than for boys during secondary and tertiary school. Beneficiary children also receive money for school supplies once a year. Brazil's Bolsa Familia and Mexico's Oportunidades, the two largest programmes in Latin America, cost less than 1 % of G0R In some cases they have been perceived as tools to provide access to universal basic rights such as health and education, but in others they have led to the exclusion of some localities due to the inadequate supply of services.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/itf/highlights-2011-en	5f7385b8c9723228d089764f0ac32cf5	Particularly vulnerable to inequitable access are older and disabled people, economically disadvantaged individuals, women, young adults and those who live in remote and rural communities. The main focus was on why transport planning is failing to provide adequate transport services to large parts of the population. Discussants were Robert Cervero, Director of the Transportation Center at University of California, Berkeley, USA; Chantal Duchene, ChD Mobilite Transport, France; Angela Glover Blackwell, CEO of Policylink, USA; David Lewis, Senior Vice President of FIDR Corporation, Canada; and Professor Geetam Tiwari, Chair of the Indian Institute of Technology. It ensures access to basic needs such as education, health services, shopping, social interactions and working.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-3-en	5f74051cc940cc85f3e35bf0c678484f	Data over the last 30 years suggests that, had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels, global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in 2010. Countries need to make a SWAP. Nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in Sweden, electric cars as in Norway and wind power in Denmark.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	5f74e80582c605dea63af794b5f58edf	Tutoring sessions focus on homework and study assignments, as well as prepared exercises and other learning activities to help students develop as competent learners, while boosting literacy, numeracy and general knowledge. Croup mentoring is provided for Grade 9 and 10 students, while specialty and career mentoring is provided for Grade 11 and 12 students. The overall goal of group mentoring is to provide positive experiences where youth can further develop age-appropriate social skills, including problem solving, team building, communication and negotiation.	4	1	4	0.6
10.14217/50cb9877-en	5f75a608510b76d5ee666c15e52aac17	In light of limited financing and uncertainties about future impacts, developing countries require greater emphasis on early adaptation actions, 'low-regrets' options and the populations - including subgroups such as women and girls - these options will affect. Such options need to build in flexibility for longer-term decisions and formulate early planning for likely major future risks (UNEP 2016).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	5f76e65a415a1e48a553a25ef6406650	Such a regulatory scheme has been proven effective in some OECD cities (Box 3.4). Ho Chi Minh City’s programme could be replicated countrywide. Develop collaboration among local governments, business communities as well as universities to create effective policies and programmes to develop a skilled labour market for RE.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	5f7856d44cea0489e8020a2e3c1c2fb9	These differ from the general policies reviewed in previous chapters which concern agriculture and other sectors as parts of the overall economy. This chapter presents the objectives of Turkey’s agricultural policy; it examines domestic price policies and payments based on various parameters of agricultural production, as well as based on environmental criteria. Trade policy measures associated with domestic agricultural policies are then examined, followed by an overview of land consolidation and rural development programmes.	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350846-5-en	5f78e52b3666391801f242f2af249143	The condition of lichen grounds has been deteriorating for over the past two decennia due to the high level of reindeer herd grazing. This has also other negative impacts on the alpine flora and fauna including the deterrence of regrowth of mountain birch forest after autumn moth outbreaks. Other pressures on alpine habitats include tourism and off-road traffic. The disturbances by tourism in alpine areas can indudethe trampling and resultant erosion of vegetative cover (Ahokumpu etai. This is of concern as alpine ecosystems are often fragile and this can cause loss of resilience towards natural hazards: such as landslides, avalanches, erosion, and insect outbreaks. In Iceland most alpine habitats are seriously degraded.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5f7d98b101b2009257c7d89d9dce2bcb	Finally, Section 2.4 gives some insight into the costs of integrating the NPP into the grid. It is composed of a generation park consisting of different production groups (hydroelectric, fossil, nuclear, solar, wind, etc.), One or several transmission system operators (TSOs) assure the efficient operation, stability and safety of the electrical system at regional and national levels.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	5f7e0cd1a7dc73fa3a7c97586fbf7768	In the context of ongoing monetary normalization in the United States, further policy rate cuts are unlikely, especially given that monetary policy stances are already very accommodative, with policy rates at a historic low in some countries. Only Indonesia has reduced its policy rate in recent months. In 2017, Indonesia recorded foreign investment in the digital economy worth $4.8 billion (Jakarta Post, 2018).	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/52043f6e-en	5f7f459207acc7b9dd7c244aadafe01a	On the other hand, there is some evidence of the benefits of certain informal justice mechanisms, such as “womens courts”, which are often more accessible to women survivors of violence than the official court system, both in terms of their geographical location, and in relation to the language and manner in which court proceedings are conducted. An interesting example of integration of customary law into the formal justice system is the Criminal Law (Compensation) Act 1991 of Papua New Guinea, which allows survivors of crimes, including sexual violence and domestic violence, to claim compensation from the perpetrator. Claiming compensation for wrongdoing is a common feature of customary law in Papua New Guinea, and the enactment of legislation on compensation was intended to reduce the occurrence of “payback” crimes. In the United States, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) created a Family Violence Option, which permits survivors of domestic violence to be exempted from certain employment restrictions related to receiving public assistance payments.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	5f816fcae4a4bb81a09a8f0d17d3cbe3	Independent LP usually sell wheat to Central Asian countries. Each contrad is 10 000-100 000 tonnes. This concerns mostly small producers. The value in the table represents the differential between the es for 3rd grade wheat with 23-24% and with 27-30% gluten content. This concerns mostly small producers. The value in the table is estimated using price of lOO KZT/tonne and assuming moisture content 7% higher than the actual one.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae512255-en	5f847469c0fa0151a983f49558886d7c	Macroeconomic policies have an impact on gender equality through markets and State interventions, which distribute key economic and financial resources and economic opportunities. Gender-specific impacts are mediated by the State’s willingness and capacity to intervene on behalf of less powerful groups within society and by the voice and influence of women within the structures of governance at different levels in society. While women’s access to education and employment improved in recent decades, the transformative potential of those changes has been curtailed by persisting inequalities in the gender distribution of resources.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	5f89271c50175cc5018d85bca3bfb69a	Cultural and other factors affect the willingness of employers and employees to try FWAs. Company cultures may also affect these attitudes (Komarraju, 2006). Trust between employers and employees is critical to the success of FWAs, with traditional forms of oversight augmented or replaced by output-based evaluations of performance. In some countries, the private sector (and multinational firms in particular) has taken the lead on the issue.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-7-en	5f89693191e063392ac3e364998f26ff	Indeed, many of the scientific and technological advances in the pipeline are expected to have a transformational impact. Particularly striking are the potential innovation benefits to be reaped from combining different ocean technologies, constructing multi-purpose ocean platforms, co-locating ocean-based activities from different sectors, and seeking synergies from collaboration among different ocean industries. To this end, initiatives are proposed to create international forums that would bring together, for example, maritime clusters, or innovation laboratories and centres of ocean excellence, to foster multi-sectoral and multi-functional innovation in the ocean domain.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	5f8b79a6f41346424033bfd3b285c59f	Coble et.al (2007) and OECD (2008) conclude that the assessment of risk faced by producers requires an historical series of farm-level data since the aggregated data can be misleading and can severely underestimate the farm-level production risk. Although some methodologies have been developed to estimate the farm-level yield variability from aggregated data and farm-level statistics of risk (Coble and Dismukes 2008), this document is based on statistical records of individual farms1 in Germany, the Netherlands, UK, Italy, Estonia, Australia and New Zealand over a period of 5 to 12 years. In order to maintain comparability across countries, data on crop farms producing mainly wheat were selected in most of the contributing countries.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	5f8b84b9fe74c06fbecd13d6cdd8be7a	This is when certain countries find it difficult to increase the share of domestic value added in their manufactured exports and sustain the movement of labour towards more productive and technologically more demanding manufacturing activities (UNCTAD, 2011: 40). Reversing the process of structural change is likely to have adverse distributional effects, because the labour displaced from the manufacturing sector will tend to move into low'-productivity activities, and often to informal services or unemployment. Rising income inequality in China over the past tw o decades has been characterized by a strong increase in spatial inequality (with high incomes concentrated in some locations and low' incomes in others).	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-2-en	5f8bc73df81bcde7644216d52723ad68	It is critical that governments take the necessary steps to ensure that the current economic crisis does not lead to unsustainable fishing. However, OECD production continued its long-term downward trend which has seen production decline by an average of 2.7% a year over the last decade. In 2006, the value of OECD marine capture production totalled USD 31 billion.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	5f8c48140a31230b0d158edee6ce9916	Based on data from the EU-SILC survey, unmet need for medical care due to cost, distance and other reasons in Denmark is relatively low, with only 1.3% of the population reporting such unmet needs compared to the EU average of 3.2% (Figure 13). Coverage decisions for new pharmaceuticals are relatively quick, taking between one and two months in Denmark. Residents have the right to seek treatment anywhere in the country if their home region does not provide a service delivered elsewhere (in these cases, the home region needs to cover the expenses of treatment). This includes a project to collect and store genetic information from 100 000 people and a funding pool to enable precision medicine research. Patients with high annual outpatient medicine expenses (over DKK 3 04S or EUR 400) and those with low personal assets (below DKK 77 S00 or EUR 10 400) receive 85% reimbursement for all drugs (Commonwealth Fund, 2015).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	5f8cca6cd9a6588e1be6c55cf3cadc17	Currently the training system is mostly based on tax credits to employers that mainly benefits large employers, leaving low-skilled or low-income workers and SMEs, who could benefit the most, out. In addition, training schemes are usually ineffective due to their short duration and quality varies widely (Larranaga et al., Training and adult skill development more generally need to be better linked to the labour market.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	5f8f3ca634084cd01cf258c59d18c8b7	Most contributors agree that active facilitation and cooperation by all actors, whether local or international, are crucial in engaging and supporting women in the transformation of all aspects of a post-conflict society. Thus each case is relevant beyond its own context and its lessons will likely resonate with the challenges faced and opportunities for change offered in other settings. However, these remarkable advancements met with many obstacles and difficulties. While there is a committed network of individuals and institutions that are dedicated to moving a pro-women peacebuilding agenda forward, widespread ignorance of women’s right to equality, a refusal to address violence against women and obstruction of women’s peace efforts are still real constraints (Chapter 2). They are detrimental to, but also highlight the need for, creative and feasible solutions to give women more just and meaningful roles, even in the most adverse political, economic and cultural environments. Post-conflict processes continue to serve the interests of male-dominated parties and tend to overlook the needs and interests of women, as if they were a special interest group or simply one of many vulnerable groups rather than half or more of society.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279643-9-en	5f92d75089a5524b23932959713f5748	It suggests a three-level institutional structure which comprises: i) a programming entity, ii) an implementation unit and iii) a technical support unit. The chapter also suggests a possible division of responsibilities across these three entities, and describes the minimum operating regulations required to adequately manage the programme. Simple expenditure programmes (e.g. financing research or education, purchasing simple equipment or standard services) may be managed directly by assigning additional responsibilities to existing government institutions at different levels, using their regular staff and routine budget processes.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	5f98c05f2b64cd97bab59f95f04ac4df	Indeed, many of the “soft” skills which experience in the tourism sector develops are valued by other sectors which may not necessarily foster these skills to the same degree (Box 5). Direct spending on travel supports 7.5 American million jobs. This rises to 14.4 million jobs - or 1 in every 8 private sector jobs - across many different sectors when indirect and induced effects are taken into account.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	5f9fd824f86b4f97a043fa701bba09c4	Several thousand citizens were estimated to live in and around the plant's contaminated zone. The area of most immediate concern was the site of the former plant. The grounds were severely contaminated with lindane and chromium salt residues. A groundwater sample from a water well showed 4.4 mg/l of chlorobenzene, over 4,000 times the acceptable level for drinking water in some EU countries. A sample of milk from a domestic cow showed beta-HCH isomer concentrations 100 times higher than acceptable EU thresholds.	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	5fa14c4f05baf788bb46c0e91c0b7b33	Informal exports to neighbouring countries were estimated at 30 000 tonnes in the early 1990s (Igue, 2008). For the same dates, FAO food balance sheets report zero exports of maize. Although there is little doubt that average maize consumption in Benin is high, it is difficult to estimate and monitor their consumption other than by food balance sheets, which are thus both conceptually and statistically at odds with reality.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	5fa3a7daff144ab419fa316d2725357f	The International Association of Public Transport Authorities (UITP) has detailed the challenges of developing AV use and has offered several insights regarding their introduction. The UlTP's SPACE project places public transit at the centre of the AV revolution, aiming to give members the tools and knowledge that will enable them to provide higher quality and more efficient services. The project's objective is also to assess the impacts of automated road transport systems, develop operational concepts and new business models, and advocate for a harmonised framework that would foster the safe operation of AVs as a mode that is integrated with other mobility modes.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	5fa7f2f01ccc0870ada890d4c4e96a55	For financial and organisational reasons, these water resources plans are progressively being implemented, with priority given to scenarios that consolidate the local structure. Prior to the implementation of the federal government’s public policies for the construction of water and sanitation utilities at national level, inter-institutional collaborative agreements became official between the federal public administration’s departments and institutions. Human, financial, infrastructural and technical resources were coordinated through these agreements in order to develop studies and projects, and implement basic infrastructures and utilities in low human development indicator municipalities.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	5fabda684036f517a2a5e8d0c53dccdc	The Valle de Mexico should learn from the Dutch experience that without a system of laws and regulations for waste materials, and control measures established from the outset, all w'aste could end up in a landfill. If the authorities want to promote the participation of private waste-processing companies, it needs to give them the possibility of developing profitable activities. With mandatory and prohibitory provisions and taxes, a better grade of waste processing can be enforced. Table 4.5 presents a non-exhaustive overview of those policy instruments, which can be designed and implemented in different ways to influence their effectiveness. Those presented in Table 4.5 are options authorities in the Valle de Mexico might explore.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	5facb3c8db3e08138f183caac411e39a	And any such learning about the specificities of intervention design must begin by taking a step back to consider how parenting support to adolescents is best thought about including - but not limited to -child protection, youth empowerment, family strengthening and community cohesion. Ignoring this step risks significant compromise in policy and programme effectiveness through overlooking key parameters that affect what is possible and desirable in family life, as well as viable pathways to healthy and fulfilled adulthood in the east and southern African region. Identifying areas of cultural misalignment between practice in the region that is considered 'good parenting' and the content of 'positive parenting' models developed in the global north.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5faf912469d4af22f9d5188a8062c6e6	These policies can lead to substantial changes in the structure of generating capacity. In 2009, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), variable power sources such as wind and solar already constituted 27% of total generating capacity in Denmark, 26% in Germany and 24% in Spain (IEA, 2011a; 2011b). These shares have already increased in the past two years and may grow further in the years to come.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	5fb163d0475decce30d1ddaaa3b89607	While Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are expected to reduce the incidence of TB, it is uncertain whether they will be able to eliminate TB. These countries are also still working towards eliminating NTDs, such as lymphatic filariasis (Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu), blinding trachoma (Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), yaws (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (Tuvalu) (WHO, 2013). As a result, these countries are expected to achieve mixed results on this target.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/08e82310-en	5fb3416b6010c22398fe8e24473f45e3	Groundwater is used as drinking am) household water (some 7S% of (he jbsVKtion. Surface wan is used for agriculture and household needs. In the Ukrainian part of the basin, the flow is mainly regulated by the I’echeniz'ke (on the Donets) and Krasnooskolskoe (on the Oskol) reservoirs. Channels have been constructed that bring water to the basin.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	5fb51433c1ed3070795390ce2dfad459	This type of institution can promote co-ordination and coherence in policy development and facilitate implementation, particularly within portfolio areas. In the MENA region, these institutions most often are located outside of the executive branch of government, but have an opportunity to submit proposals for consideration by the head of government or the state. In some cases, these institutions include non-govemmental members to represent the broader society. For example, in Egypt, the National Council for Women is mandated to propose policies to government institutions aimed at enhancing the status of women and their participation in the sustainable development of the society.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	5fb826a1ca1a3d8a5d73e46ad94a39e6	Native students with mixed heritage are students who were bom in the countiy in which they sat the PISA test and who have one native-born parent and one parent who was foreign-born. This difference (almost 19 percentage points) is significantly greater than the OECD average (11 percentage points). Furthermore, the gap in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school between native and first-generation immigrant students was 15 percentage points, significantly above the OECD average gap (9 percentage points). First- and second-generation immigrant students were also 8 and 13 percentage points less likely, respectively, to report low levels of school work-related anxiety compared to native students.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	5fba75ef0098c90eaafc09bfbdf98d55	While member countries are free to choose the energy mix they prefer, the combination of fixed feed-in tariffs (FITs) and grid priority for renewables, means that the latter have no incentive to adjust their load to overall market conditions. Utilities already make an increasing share of their profits in the balancing and adjustment markets for primary, secondary and tertiary reserves to adjust load to the variable production of renewables. While this may alleviate short-term commercial pressures, it is an inefficient manner in which to run an electricity system, creating additional costs that ultimately have to be absorbed by consumers through higher tariffs for transport and distribution.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	5fbbac2f75c210bfd49d72ed03ea88b1	Wider use of market-based (including water abstraction charges) and private sector financing mechanisms should also be considered to spread payments for water infrastructure over the lifetime of the assets. The share of irrigated land in total agricultural area (17.4%) is well above the OECD average (4.5%). Italy’s water consumption by household is characterised by strong regional variations.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/77d08b03-en	5fbf75477a70354133ec5347881bf9d4	In Uruguay, the University of the Republic supplied academic experience and lessons from a similar survey held in 2003, covering Montevideo and the metropolitan area. It was also in charge of training the interviewers who collected the module information. In any event, the method used to meet the requirement for installed information analysis capacity will vary from country to country; in Costa Rica and Ecuador, for example, national institutes of statistics have played an important role in preparing indicators and even, in Ecuador, as participants in inter-institutional analyses.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	5fbf82649dde260ce32f5f0e6684c40e	India has also pioneered in introducing a Gender Budget statement as part of the Union Budget, which can be an important tool for reporting allocations for women. It is to be supported by Gender Budgeting Cells (GBCs) in all Ministries/Departments, which serve as focal points for coordinating Gender Budgeting initiatives, both intra and inter -ministerial. India has pioneered affirmative action and quotas in political representation. Amendments (1992) to the Constitution provided for reservation of one-third seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	5fc25595c4a89d15e3f63ea8d4383a07	In recent years water charges have risen, as a result of the transfer of irrigated areas operated by the DSI to water user associations. A study of cotton and grape production in the Gediz Basin, for example, showed that where these transfers have occurred and water charges increased, irrigation water productivity showed significant gains. Many of these projects are financed by international development agencies and donors (e.g. the World Bank), as national funding is limited. The South-Eastern Anatolian Project (GAP) (1983-2001), which was financed mostly by national resources, is the largest regional development project in Turkey covering 10% of the total land at an estimated cost of TKY 50 (USD 32) billion. For the World Bank- funded Anatolian Watershed Rehabilitation Project (DOKAP), with funding of TKY 65 (USD 45) million over 2004 to 2012, the aim is to restore degraded soils to increase farm and forestry production. Even so, the GAP project is increasing the supply of domestically produced hydroelectricity and has brought socio-economic welfare gains to villagers.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/194768b3-en	5fc2afc4d2dc79af8db8dad316f6a8a7	The focus should be on lessons learned that should inform the choices, costs, opportunities and downsides the Gender Seal may encounter as it moves into post-pilot implementation. The GSIC should play a more active role in assessing UNDP reporting to the UN-SWAP and taking stock of feedback received (from UN-Women) on UNDP performance in the UN-SWAP process. This should facilitate the review of instructive practices from other organizations that may be applied in UNDP. Additionally, there is a need to revitalize the functioning of regional GSICs as envisaged in the GES.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	5fc3413330b920500cc93080305a8d87	Gender awareness gained through gender sensitivity training enhances understanding of the socially-determined differences between women and men based on learned behaviour which affects access to, and control over, resources. This awareness can then be applied through gender analysis into projects, programmes, and policies to increase development effectiveness. The definitions in this table have been simplified.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	5fc81294d0f4f3236e5f56e3ee679562	Furthermore, Indonesia plans to realise its estimated 29 GW of geothermal potential, from the installed capacity of 1.3 GW in 2013. Indonesia has considerable further potential for biomass amounting to 13 GW of electrical output, of which less than 0.08 GW had been exploited in 2012. Because of their geographical constraints, Singapore’s and Brunei Darussalam’s technical potential for renewable energy is more limited, although Singapore is targeting a rapid development of solar PV.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	5fcbfbcf85255de83bce916f308fbf2f	Intentional releases happen primarily for safety reasons if needed to vent pressure, or during start-up or wind-down of production. Most intentionally released methane is burnt on release (flaring) and converted to C02, usually because the production site is too far away from a major demand centre to make transporting and selling the gas unattractive. Large but poorly quantified amounts of methane also escape through leakage from downstream distribution networks, as well as from refineries and various methane-consuming industries.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	5fcc525932b5582f8eae04906a2c835d	These percentages have remained virtually unchanged since 1996. Most notably, in 2013, 62 per cent of the world population lived in countries that allowed abortion for economic and social reasons, compared with 36 per cent of countries that did so, indicating the inclusion of some countries with large population size (such as India) in this category. However, abortion laws and policies continue to be much more restrictive in countries in less developed regions than in countries in more developed regions on all grounds, except to save a woman’s life (figure III.7). For example, in 2013, Governments of 82 per cent of countries in more developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and 71 per cent allowed abortion on request. In contrast, only 20 per cent of Governments in less developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and only 16 per cent allowed it on request. Overall, in 2013, only 45 out of 147 Governments in less developed regions allowed abortion on five grounds or more.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	5fcdf01bc70595a35bcbd3c03c7d6ed0	This is despite (or because of) its attendant market deregulation, attrition of the public realm, and the increasingly crowded and competitive scramble for an advantageous spot in the emerging international division of labour. It has largely followed a supply-side approach, one that overlooks the fact that individuals are already integrated into the global economy, but on exclusionary terms that stem from prevailing rules, norms and policies. The global policy narrative on women’s economic empowerment, which seems to focus largely on their inclusion in markets, is an example of this limited perspective.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289352758-1-en	5fce3188fa9238a58420550fc26c17e2	These strategies can potentially be implemented by other brands wishing to engage. Recycled-content yarns are often more expensive than virgin, and venturing outside the regular supply chain requires new routines in the company. Therefore, it is key that there is a drive for engagement at leadership level. Brands have tackled this through close cooperation with their suppliers in an iterative development of fabrics that both meet functional needs while including recycled content or being readily recyclable.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	5fcf6d4bf3389aa2d60e77db96b8256f	However, a stand-out conclusion from the work of climate modellers is that keeping temperature rise within 2°C will mean reducing C02 emissions by 2065 from the current level of about 54 Gt a year to zero. The world is currently far off track in meeting this goal in a cost-effective manner. Last year’s Emissions Gap Report (UNEP, 2014) showed that emissions needed to fall to 42 Gt by 2030, and that current pledges, not all of which are being met, amount to about 57 Gt in that year.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	5fd0e40a6e38d5cec95b25f5b2b0e34c	As in the previous section, the approaches and tools presented address, in turn, the policy, regulatory, and economic dimensions of the enabling environment. Energy efficiency investments can generate significant economic dividends, including job creation, reduced exposure to energy supply volatility, reduced vulnerability to energy price fluctuations, and improved industrial and commercial competitiveness. The policy will also facilitate co-ordination among these groups, and increase investment opportunities for energy efficient technologies from both the domestic and international private sector.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	5fd71ed43cd2ac1c596289b9bc2000e9	Second, it discusses opportunities and challenges to make collaboration more effective and fruitful. Third, it offers a set of insights on concrete steps that could help build a stronger, more integrated megaregion. Western Scandinavia brings together the Norwegian capital and the second- and third-largest Swedish cities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	5fd9d32136b6be57f120272775ad042f	However, when the system relies wholly on trust and thus has few incentives (or sanctions) for the actors, long-term implementation in the face of resistance becomes problematic. School leaders must involve the teachers in the process of developing school cultures based on a real understanding of the intentions and principles of AfL. Yet the majority of the teachers interviewed struggled with interpreting the AfL programme and what would be considered as “correct” practice. There is still a lack of understanding regarding the government’s intentions and teachers have not developed a common understanding on how to transform the theory underlying AfL into high quality teaching practices.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/43623e15-en	5fd9f7ded4440d4b66dec0cc4c5f7d98	Cash crop cultivation, establishment of industrial tree plantations and shifting agriculture are among the key drivers of forest change. All of these activities have had an impact on forests, including primary forests. For Thailand, after 2005 the forest area remained constant, but there was still an increase in agricultural area. This is an interesting phenomenon and quite in contrast with other GMS countries. An explanation for this is that Viet Nam has promoted massive afforestation and reforestation programmes in the last few decades.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	5fda09f2487d58fa0b99b0c02828423a	In each participating country a minimum of around 4 500 to 5 000 students take part in the study. The number of participating countries has increased from 41 education systems in 1995 to over 60 in 2015. The first stage consists in selecting participating schools and the second stage consists of selecting one (or more) intact classrooms from the target grade of each participating school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	5fdd1d9087419ff47696799a4b50b0a5	Various data sources are available for urban MSW, but methodologies and samples vary enormously, resulting in different and sometimes contradictory estimates. The two most important official data sources are the 2000 and 2008 National Surveys of Basic Sanitation, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and the annually updated National Sanitation Information System (SNIS), managed by the Ministry of Cities. Available data are hardly comparable, however, due to methodological difference and poor statistical bases (e.g. the SNIS relies on self-reported data from municipalities, but the number of municipalities participating is low and some of the data fed into the systems are inconsistent).	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7d902f55-en	5fe148a4a8a22bce274404d9728f04ac	In Tanzania, research and academic institutions were actively involved in the drafting of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy and their implementation. As an example of the latter, the Institute of Marine Sciences played an important role in the establishment of the Mafia Island Marine Park and Mnazi Bay Marine Park between 1995-2000 as part of the implementation of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act. More universities in the region are now offering postgraduate degree programmes in areas of marine and coastal science and associated resource management disciplines.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	5fe428cf4c4930d674b89e77df379c83	Partners extend the educational workforce, resources and sites for learning. Working with partners is a form of capital investment - the social, intellectual, and professional capital on which a thriving learning organisation depends (Hargreaves and Fullan, 2012). This is even more critical in circumstances of scarce resources, when more is expected to be done with less.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	5fe83daad5083c1babe3f8eb9fb9005e	Project is financed by Swiss confederation and Greece, and co-financed by Macedonia, with total amount of EUR 9.5 mln. Due to their high discharge of organic and trophic material, they cause significant pollution in the rivers, which has a very bad impact on the aquatic ecosystem, with its aquatic communities such as fish fauna, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes. Dead river sections and decline in aquatic species have been reported.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-9-en	5fe8f287e44fd956ae5709f067a1c8ae	High-quality vocational programmes embed core academic skills into an occupationally focused curriculum. In contrast, programmes that focus very narrowly on occupational skills can leave students ill-prepared to navigate career transitions, or deal with many other demands of modem life that require broader knowledge and skills. Participating in vocational training can allow students to acquire the skills needed to gain a firm foothold in the labour market, which improves their chances of having a successful professional career (OECD, 2010, 2014a). Evidence shows that high-quality vocational education pathways, particularly in upper secondary education, can help engage students who find it easier to master general concepts and theories when they are connected to practical problems and know-how.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	5feddfd17123702acf9ec64779619539	However, this rate of population growth has since slowed. Beyond this, it is also noted that since 2010, spatial planning has “lost its unitary institutional identity by having competencies for spatial planning, housing and nature management divided across three ministries” (Savini, 2013: 340). Gone are the days of large-scale national investments in such areas as housing, which were highly formative in shaping urban environments in decades past - particularly during periods of post war reconstruction and population growth.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	5fef09035c9d52b5847c2b6679a9f929	Intentional aquifer recharge2 (Dillon, 2004) can result from different techniques (Tuinhof and Heederik, 2003) among which aquifer storage and recovery (injection of water into a well for storage and recovery in the same well) or infiltration ponds (ponds constructed off-stream where surface water is diverted and allowed to infiltrate to the underlying unconfined aquifer). For small volumes of water, aquifer recharge can be more economical than building storage dams that might lead to significant evaporation losses in arid countries. Many alternative water supply options have been developed in different parts of the world. Indirect wastewater re-use involves the mixing of reclaimed wastewater with another water supply source before re-use.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	5fef309233a1949a60aa09a176292cac	If children from disadvantaged backgrounds cannot attend high-performing schools because of financial constraints, then school systems that offer parents more choice of schools for their children will necessarily be less effective in improving the performance of all students. For example, cross-country analysis shows that in the systems where more students repeat a grade, the impact of students' socio-economic status on their performance is stronger. Furthermore, trends analysis shows that stratification is negatively related to systems' overall performance. Students in schools where no ability grouping is practiced scored eight points higher in mathematics in 2012 compared to their counterparts in 2003, while students in schools where ability grouping is practiced in some or all classes had lower scores in PISA 2012 than their counterparts in PISA 2003. In contrast, in comprehensive systems, schools must find ways of working with students from across the performance spectrum. These different incentive systems may help explain the greater level of equity achieved in systems that use stratification less.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-16-en	5ff60908fb5c836e85ff5a104212f0c5	Over the past two years, sales in metropolitan France have fallen substantially, amounting to a 9% decline in constant Euros. National expenditure, which was strictly controlled, primarily related to research, fisheries inspection and, exceptionally, the payment of compensation to the victims of natural disasters. These efforts will continue in 2011.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	5ff77490f9f126d3c05d1d02d7e35179	To that end, general economic, labour market and entrepreneurship policy reform may be required and the lack of comprehensive and reliable information in some key areas must be overcome. Investment in gender equality yields the highest returns of all development investments. Furthermore, policy needs to keep a firm eye on ensuring continuous improvement in the quality of education.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	5ff7d73c8c8ca6b584a8d344ac255146	This will include learning, change and improvements that have occurred. In addition, Healthcare Improvement Scotland undertook an extensive consultation exercise with NHS Boards, clinicians, patients and other stakeholders in 2013, to understand how these systems could be improved. This feedback, along with existing evidence and good practice from Scotland and internationally, was used to develop Learning from adverse events through reporting and review: A national framework for NHS Scotland. The adverse events framework allows local boards to identify areas for change and improvement.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	5ff7f311a5446c8d0d87945067edb845	The absence of adequate public support also reinforces the reliance on informal social security systems. Dependence on kinship and community networks can be deeply problematic from a gender perspective. On the one hand, these networks usually rely, to a significant degree, on women's unpaid care work. On the other hand, prevailing social norms and gender power relations in households and communities may limit the extent to which women's own needs are acknowledged and addressed.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab381733-en	5ffbf56bddb2db3148a71cbdd1aa88d0	The Tbilisi landfill was developed according to EU standards, including the waste reception area, treatment of leachate by reverse osmosis and landfill gas utilization. The landfill can serve Tbilisi until 2035. In the event that waste is sorted prior to disposal, the landfill could operate until 2055. The Gldani site was rehabilitated, fires were extinguished and waste was covered by a soil layer.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	5ffc28f39f876ef359939cf179c7cbfa	Almost 4% of children aged between two and four years are not deprived at all, and 1.5% of children suffer from all the possible deprivations at the same time. The vast majority of children (96%) suffers from at least one deprivation and among these children the average number of deprivations is 3.3. Nevertheless, some regions, such as Kidal, Gao, and Tombouctou, display a significantly higher deprivation rate.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	5ffdc5e3794cfb6daf650f0af859f41d	This setup can also allow for the evaluation to pick up the effects of differential exposure to treatment: that is, the effect of receiving a programme for more or less time. Studies that do exist have more commonly been applied in the energy and w'ater domains (Ferraro and Hanuauer 2014). Box 2.1 summarises an example of an RCT study applied in the context of biodiversity, to evaluate a forest PES programme19. Vianna and Feamside (2014) use an RCT in Brazil to evaluate the effect of decentralised forest management on number of trees damaged per harvested tree and on carbon stocks.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	5ffe12e3922ec8edcec61dd9899286ae	Not only the amount of rainfall but also the temporal distribution matters for agricultural production (Demeke, 2004; Bewket, 2009). For instance, evidence indicates that a 10% decrease in seasonal rainfall from its long-term average leads to a 4.4% decline food production (von Braun, 1991). Studies (e.g. GebreEgziabher et al, 2011; Bewket, 2009; World Bank, 2008; von Braun, 1991) conclude that the frequency and intensity of drought is likely to increase over the coming decades, which will present a serious threat to biodiversity, ecosystems, water, agricultural and human health. Due to the strategic importance of agriculture to the national economy, and its sensitivity to water availability, this sector has been given priority by the government. There is much to consider: poor people’s dependence on agriculture and their related skills; society’s dependence on farmers managing land well in order to conserve watersheds and biodiversity; the threats of climate change including increased risk of drought and more extreme weather; the unique attributes of Ethiopia’s agricultural products and its potential for green hydroelectric power; and the powerful market drivers associated with rapid urbanisation. These problems and opportunities are linked and demand systematic attention.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	6002be74e19172c39b5a09420c12a768	What makes the ocean economy different from a land-based economy? Different legal regimes apply to a single activity depending on where it takes place, even within the jurisdiction of a single coastal countiy (territorial waters, contiguous zone, economic exclusion zone), and is further compounded by the interests of other countries in areas beyond national jurisdiction (international waters). This makes it much harder and much more expensive to know what’s going on in the water column and the seabed.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	6004168107f18f2ffa75da4ad1165e71	Most of the companies that have joined the network are small family enterprises with a limited capacity to invest in international marketing on their own. Networking also enables co-operation on the practical level with regard to the capacity of the service providers. For instance, by developing the same type of product packages peaks in the visitor flow can be managed more smoothly. Training and capacity-building is also more easily carried out utilizing the existing network of entrepreneurs.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	6008e23e5e46a35b8d5f614c8555a16e	Setting an expectation of continuous improvement through standards of practice for the profession would help put the conditions in place that encourage teachers to reflect on their practice. Strengthening pedagogical leadership in schools, which should include improving school leaders’ skills for classroom observation, feedback and coaching, and encouraging the further distribution of leadership and teacher leadership would also help establish informal feedback in schools, including from teachers’ peers. Considering the small size of the school leadership profession, measures that target this group can, furthermore constitute highly cost-effective measures for improving teaching and learning in schools (Pont etal.,	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	601076eb5aa345656e0643ca52db16fb	Monitoring has also been developed, in particular with a requirement for quarterly publication of waiting lists by all public health care providers. The legislation led to a large reduction in waiting times (Vuorenkoski et al., Waiting times for hospital treatment have shrunk spectacularly, with the number of patients waiting more than 180 days falling from close to 10 000 at the end of 2007 to around 1000 in spring 2011.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	6014c62c1873833dc73b81c8c9f3a6ac	These are the obstacles that persons with disabilities face. Obviously, reality does not fit neatly into a conceptual scheme, but looking at it in this way helps distinguish between the components of care based on the characteristics of the subject and shows that the objectives, as well as the strategies for implementation, are different in each case. Elderly persons (aged 80 or over) and persons of any age with health- or disability-related dependence are in the fragility-autonomy quadrant; their care should focus on providing targeted, technical support that manages their dependence in the best possible way and compensates for their current or potential limitations. The fragilization-autonomy quadrant has to do with the quality of care and preventive measures; requirements include changing the physical and social surroundings, providing services for an ageing society and addressing the obstacles that persons with disabilities face.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	6015ecb58cb5e72927b1a361ae6b60e3	The fear of demographic annihilation haunts the Israeli subconscious and plays a key role in constructing the enemy, the ever-growing Palestinian population, as an existential threat (Jacobi, 1999). The demographic policy of the Palestinian national aspiration is equally aggressive, with the Gaza Strip sporting the highest population growth in the world and ever-increasing pressure on Palestinian women both in the territories and in refugee camps to bear sons for the struggle to annihilate Israel. Women on both sides are thus fetishized as reproducers of the ethnicity/nation, and their wombs are appropriated and mobilized for the political struggle.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/1826beee-en	60173514110fe1d4641e1fd79f78986f	The groundwater management reform in California (Box 6) may represent a case with a moderate level of the three characteristics. The nutrient trading program in New Zealand (Box 8) could be depicted with a medium scope of reform and government involvement and a low scope of action. Chile’s small grant program to fund irrigation and reservoirs (Box 5) involve medium government involvement, for a relatively low scope of action and reform.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	60194fdbedbaf523d870581f88d53b8b	Other countries support 16 Days of Action from 25 November until 10 December, but campaigns can occur at any time of the year. In 1999, White Ribbon Day was officially adopted by the United Nations as its International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Today, the White Ribbon Campaign is the largest effort in the world (involving over 55 countries) that encourages men to condemn violence against women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	601ad6ecdf6839a3dfa7b49b9bd39b2b	In Sweden, Ireland, Norway and Iceland, fewer than 5% of children in migrant families are deprived. In France and Italy the proportion is more than 20% (and in a further four countries more than 25%). It presents a remarkably consistent picture in which the same seven countries -Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Ireland — feature in the top third of the table no matter which at-risk category is chosen.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	601de2b3d7fbeef9c5cd3a84ddfcc405	Progress in collecting environmental data and reporting on the state of biodiversity remains hindered. Budgetary allocations for nature conservation and biodiversity monitoring are low' and insufficient for proper conservation measures. Public involvement and interest in the matters of nature conservation is sporadic and often misguided when it comes to local communities’ understanding of and support for establishing new protected areas on their territory. Nonetheless, the number of protected areas in the country is slowly increasing, as nature conservation is being recognized in the adopted spatial planning documents and several projects aimed at increasing the national protected area network in Bosnia and Herzegovina.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	601e7f033a3255e2c831cee432e7b62a	The chapter argues for the need to sharpen the focus of these assessments in several ways, targeting the importance of bringing inequalities to the fore. It is also argued that engaging stakeholders (policymakers, experts and researchers, vulnerable groups and local communities) in the design of policy scenarios and in the discussion of policy options is critical to strengthening the political process through which policy decisions are made. Bringing forth the evidence provided by integrated climate impact assessments with full transparency regarding both the use of data and the assumptions built into the modelling tools that facilitate those assessments will critically improve the knowledge base, policy options and political processes in countries seeking to build climate change resilience as an integral part of sustainable development policies. In addition, chapter III focuses on areas where capacities need to be strengthened so that developing countries can expand the construction and use of assessments.	13	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	60201004f2453740ce652303159550c0	The provision of public Wi-Fi areas enables anyone with a wireless or card device (PC, smartphone, tablet, etc.) In the short term, it is expected to achieve 60 000 connected devices per month and some 15 to 30 access points per province. It is also in line with SDGs 4 and 11 by working towards inclusive and equitable quality education, promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all, and fostering inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities. The goal of this project is to build human capacity with a high level of specialization in telecommunications and ICT.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	60204446cc3fe8020833e0a3eccbd79d	"Urban Poverty and Household Strategies in Dhaka City, Bangladesh”, in Quality-assured Stream: in Conference Proceedings of the 2003 Sociological Association of Aotearoa Conference: “Knowledge, Capitalism, Critique"", 9-11 December, Auckland University of Technology, available at http://saanz.rsnz.org/hossain. Health and Social Conditions in the Dhaka Slums” (The International Society for Urban Health), accessed from www.isuh.org/ download/dhaka.pdf on 25 June 2008. New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty”, Policy Research Working Paper No."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	6020c8a93e5d792186664056649f4131	"In Chile the question about the certification of teachers was adapted as ""authorised or enabled by the Ministry of Education"". The timing of the PISA data collection can have an impact on principals' responses to this question. For example, if most teachers in a country or economy had participated in professional development programmes during summer holidays and the PISA data collection was conducted before the summer break in this country/economy, the reported proportion would be an underestimate of the reality. The index of equity in resource allocation (staff) is the percentage of the variation on the index of shortage of educational staff explained by the school PISA index of economic, social and cultural status of the school multiplied by a negative or positive sign, depending on the sign of the relationship."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	6023f9e8bcd6007a6bb8ba4d4514bfd4	They now live in the Sahel rather than the Sahara. Nomadic herding has shifted southward from the Sahara Desert to the tree steppes for the camel herders, and from the Sahel to the savannah and even to the tropical forests for the cattle herders, particularly the Fula. This is a long-term movement that intensified during colonisation and during the climatic and political crises of the late 1960s.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-35-en	6028ac3b69537e4431e6c332d1472dda	The Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2c3e10f-en	60299623ff1cae94bcd4eadc558b1d81	The Service used to analyse more than 50,000 samples annually. However, since 2012, the situation has been gradually improving as the National Food Agency is strengthening its presence in the country with three regional laboratories. There has been an increase in the number of analyses performed since 2012 (figure 4.4).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	602a133cd0393bf025ddcaebf54e2f0b	All of this works against overcoming the poverty threshold (Rodriguez, 2006). Poor children develop at a disadvantage in terms of nutrition, health and access to the education system. This erodes their accumulation of human capital and funnels them into precarious jobs that are more poorly paid and generate less household income, thus contributing to the reproduction of poverty in the long run (Paz and others, 2004). This is in keeping with the behaviour of factors linked to the demographic transition (ECLAC, 2004).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c73325d9-en	602a19a00dc72f955960dfdef9f414b4	Local governments can provide a platform - which can be a tourist service centre - to exhibit local arts and crafts, products and services. That can spur more start-ups and business dynamism in the tourism sector, of which the great majority are micro and small enterprises. However, banks holding more risk may increase lending interest rates in response.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	602c421567d64ac96115daec784c0958	It is a condensed and updated version of the OECD Education Working Paper No. Parts of the analysis may be reproduced in individual country notes or the Final Synthesis Report of the OECD Thematic Review on Migrant Education. Often their access to high quality education is restricted by a range of factors, including residential segregation, selective mechanisms and resource inequality.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	602c953d6461a24813e19d0f5f6f3377	In such cases, common pool resource properties may become more prevalent as the average resource disappears. Quality concerns and externalities that affect ecosystems are likely to increase as the level goes down. And the provision problem that depletion creates may call for long-term planning and management to avoid future appropriation problems. Over the last decade, there have been two broad categories of concerns underlying policy change in groundwater management, especially in OECD countries.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	6030abc48ebbb7894db8e069c228aecb	The most efficient vehicles, such as various hybrids, already come very close. The challenge will be to make the average vehicle in 2030 similar to the very best today. A related challenge will be to avoid letting vehicles get ever larger and more powerful, as this offsets the fuel economy benefits of the available technologies.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	6031070d63b40db6f9938c4e6e67863b	These diffuse sources cannot be precisely located due to the large area of contamination and are spread diffusely in space and time. The situation of the diffuse pollution sources is unknown and not analyzed. It is commonly thought that there are no problems with nitrate pollution, especially not from agricultural production.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	603348438007076ddd860461c3bfee0c	In most cases, public funds are the most significant source of financing. This raises important concerns related to the sustainability of the response, given the economic vulnerability of some of the Caribbean countries. The dependence on support from bilateral and multilateral international donors is also evident from the data presented in Table 4.6.	3	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2640b601-en	603483968841bbac2cabf0d9bc31c6ab	By definition or by design, remoteness and reliability can support decentralized energy systems. Switzerland, for example, has mandated 100 percent reliability in the backup systems for its communication networks, creating a price insensitive niche market for off-grid supply. The US$12,000 per kW (in 2003$) of steam engines when first introduced are in the same ballpark as the current costs of fuel cells, which are often classified as prohibitively expensive.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	60358f00047982fc28687c9a51d47720	In Ethiopia the government piloted a programme in 2014 to provide agricultural extension services via mobile phones (Ethiopia ATA 2014). Programmes for disseminating advice and best-practices knowledge also exist in other countries. Nevertheless, using mobile technology may exacerbate gender differences in access to information.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	603850158b7cc57a704ef28bb2eeeae9	By 2015, around one third of Chilean banks were actively involved in financing renewables, including solar PV, wind and small hydro power projects (OECD, 2016). The increasing engagement of the Chilean domestic financial market shows the important role that development co-operation can play in building domestic investor confidence in the Chilean renewable energy sector, and improving the industry’s access to finance (OECD Development Centre, 2018). In addition, a banking consortium, advised by Milbank, and including Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Credit Agricole and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, provided a 15-year loan and a letter of credit facility.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	603a87c9839b231a38443a494486b340	These results may also indicate that price rises have a more immediate impact on people taking up smoking. Policies will also have an impact on passive smoking. For example, the ban to smoke in public places is likely to reduce the exposure of non-smokers to harmful tobacco smoke. In fact, numerous evaluations have linked the ban to smoke in public places with a reduction in heart-attack admissions among non-smokers and smokers alike (Pell et al., It is not straight forward to predict how individuals respond in terms of their risky behaviours when faced with loss of income or greater financial stress. Increased stress may arise due to greater employment uncertainty which, in turn, induces depression or anxiety which, in turn, may invoke some people to engage in more risky behaviours.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	603d8df58beb43ae9c51e909a45604c0	And which one should teachers be using for what purpose? Data from the PISA 2012 assessment indicate a prevalence of teacher-directed methods, but deciding how to teach mathematics is not as simple as choosing between one strategy and another. Teachers need to consider both the content and the students to be taught when choosing the best teaching strategy for their mathematics lessons. The results indicate that, teacher-directed practices are used widely.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	603dd3af018b21c1ba47b961fa966550	The structure of the model enables a rich set of interactions and policy simulations on the grow'th impact of higher female economic participation and empowerment (Agenor, 2015). The model is calibrated for India based on existing studies on the various variables. It follows a similar model developed for Brazil (Agenor and Canuto 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	603e48b5a7ddc04e5afdcf25962bbadc	Table 2 gives an overview of early childhood mortality rates in Jordan by time interval prior to the survey. While under-five mortality has declined steadily over the three five-year periods prior to the survey, from 26 to 21 per 1,000 live births, this was mainly owing to similar declines in infant mortality. Child mortality, in contrast, has not moved much over time, hovering around 2 or 3 per 1,000 live births. In turn, the decline in infant mortality seems to have been driven mostly by the decrease in post-neonatal mortality, whereas neonatal mortality rates have not followed a clear time trend.	3	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-9-en	60404125a8bdf2f090099c5b969115cd	Within the Indian sub-continent, there are considerable differences in the extent to which women are represented in the teaching profession. The paper explores these variations, and in particular, focuses on the states of Kerala and Rajasthan, which are at opposite ends of the spectrum on this parameter. Section 2 looks at the policy framework which impacts female teacher recruitment.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	6040f44181493cc78c8befcfa9e81aa4	While language training is typically provided for 240 hours, the national curriculum for integration states that the scope and content of integration training should vary according to each student’s individual needs. As such integration training may continue up to a maximum of 2100 hours, with close to two thirds of this time dedicated to language training and the remaining hours - largely devoted to civic orientation - conducted in Finnish. This number of hours is substantial in international comparison.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	60443eb1acc53c2edea33d827687d9f3	Transparent and complete reporting, combined with subsequent third-party consideration, helps to increase trust and confidence in the information reported. The current reporting component of this UNFCCC framework lays out which countries are to report what information, in which format and with what frequency. This framework is delivering mixed results: according to UNFCCC reviews, information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and trends is generally being reported in a transparent and complete manner by Annex I countries. The expert review teams also indicate that information on the provision of “means of implementation” (MOI), i.e. climate support via climate finance, technology or capacity building, by Annex II countries is usually “mostly transparent” and “mostly complete”.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	6044e739aed8e6ca88f087bd0e95e709	Increasing the minimum wage may also have a small effect on reducing poverty among the working poor although, as the earlier review noted, wage increases are by themselves usually insufficient for poverty avoidance. This form of support is likely to become increasingly important if events unfold as in the “Golden Age?” While labour supply is likely to be the focus of policy under the Golden Age?”,	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	6045c8778bbf4540b5f5bfd5a882b362	Some of these latter organisations serve a very specific target group of either more established businesses with high-growth potential (Endeavor Egypt) or technology enterprises (e.g. Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center [TIEC] and iPark), where there is a much smaller pool of potential women clients from which to draw'. For example, the Caisse Centrale de Garantie (CCG) in Morocco developed a protocol with the Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Morocco (AFEM) to create a partnership in the organisation of regional caravans to create awareness and provide information to women entrepreneurs about ILYAKI, their new loan guarantee product designed for women. The Small and Microenterprise Promotion Service (SMEPS) in Yemen networks with microfinance institutions to promote its services among their women clients and organises open seminars and workshops to which women are invited.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	6045ece6e6f57f50e5e6128c6d85d14e	Among older children (11-14), the rate of involved in child labour in Burkina Faso is almost twice that observed in the other countries despite the fact that it excludes domestic work. For Burkina Faso the sample is 7-10 years old. S=base-year school participation rates; L=base year child work participation rates. Numbers in brackets refer to the base-year values.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f90985ff-en	60496d51f271a4cae1127322447abfa2	Sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES) has been proven to reduce CSP capital costs, and as a result, several new installations have implemented SHTES. The disadvantages of SHTES include the large quantities of salt medium required to store the thermal energy, the two correspondingly large storage tanks, as well as the risk of solidification of the salt if the temperature within the storage tanks drops below the salt's freezing point (Mills, 2004). Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is of particular interest because it stores thermal energy through solid-liquid phase changes and, when compounds with a high heat of fusion are used, it requires less storage medium relative to SHTES, reducing capital and construction costs.	7	0	7	1.0
10.14217/5k3w8fb9p9hh-en	6049f93b0d80bccb8a5bd945757c0908	The pres: sures. The Green Economy model provides such an approach, and the time is right to take strong actions. We have to find practical ways to feed the more than 7 billion people on the planet, confront the challenges in the global economy, and grow sustainably and resiliently. Many, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), are dependent on ocean resources. It is now recognised that the ocean of today is greatly changed even from what it was just 40 years ago.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	604a0ccea8640e9e05212086aa72931f	Specialisations include medical devices and cloud computing. Good practice takes the form of working with start-ups from incubation and helping existing companies migrate to better value markets through specialised incubation and acceleration. It does this by focusing on niches, for example in ICT, where there is a cluster of 59 companies in software and mobile devices.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b656887e-en	604b2e9b3a144a8741cc18d19f31da5f	In practice, income definitions adopted by individual countries may be more limited in scope, as some elements of household income may not be collected or modelled (this is typically the case, for instance, with unpaid domestic services, with services provided household consumer durables, and by social transfers received in kind). The component elements of income can be aggregated in order to produce selected measures for particular analytical and policy purposes. Details of existing classification methodologies used for international comparison within the UNECE region are available from OECD (2011) and Eurostat (2015b).	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	604cf5d366c593d066d08bdef14cde3a	In food processing, the authors argued that energy could be saved at the processing plant level by optimising and integrating processes and systems to reduce energy intensity (e.g. through better process control, advanced sensors and equipment for on-line measurement and intelligent adaptive control of key parameters). Likewise, they proposed the minimisation of waste through energy recovery and better use of by-products. In the food retail sector they note that significant progress in energy efficiency has been made in recent years, but that there still exists potential improvements in the efficiency of refrigeration systems, “heating, ventilation and air conditioning” (HVAC) and refrigeration system integration, heat recovery, and amplification using heat pumps, demand-side participation (DSP) system diagnostics, and local combined heat and power (CHP) systems and tri-generation.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	605601ba5a6646550fd3d00658a3816f	Section 2.4 considers the challenges of climate change. Its effects will be larger and more rapid in the North Atlantic, and NORA’s natural-resource-based economies will be particularly vulnerable. In addition, the region is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, migration from smaller to bigger locations and population ageing.	14	5	0	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	605775c2d14ed4596b9fb6fe621f2be9	Following a limited deployment of utility scale solar in Indonesia, with only a handful of the more than 70 planned locations actually completing the tender process, the pace is now expected to pick up after the government introduced a new decree on solar FITs in July 2016 (Susanto, 2016). The deployment of renewables could further be facilitated by establishing a central co-ordinating authority for renewable energy projects. In Malaysia, foreign ownership is limited to 49% for a company to be eligible for the FIT system, while projects in the Philippines can only have 40% foreign equity.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	605aad9ce210c789d5083ec41fef01ec	To compensate and maintain international market shares, domestic prices may fall. For net exporting countries, such a decrease in the domestic price would normally trigger a decline in production over time. For net importing countries, commodities become relatively less expensive and demand would normally rise.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	605d0724e974b0ea0f252355c85ca04f	Established in 2012, the Council comprises 32 public and private bodies and is the nerve centre of Turkey’s entrepreneurship ecosystem. A key output has been the 2015-18 entrepreneurship strategy that pays particular attention to entrepreneurial learning. Likewise, in Serbia a co-ordinating body oversees a new entrepreneurship and competitiveness strategy. This is linked to a wider education strategy that also addresses entrepreneurial learning. Albania and Kosovo need to establish better cross-stakeholder partnership working arrangements for entrepreneurial learning. Embedding entrepreneurship into national qualification frameworks will be important here (European Commission, 2014).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	605d237deafbadf27e954abd4754320e	However, rail transport has an important role to play in the growth and sustainable development of the African continent over the next few decades (AfDB, 2015). For instance, more than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through the port of Djibouti. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway provides landlocked Ethiopia with railroad access to the sea. The new line was built between 2011 and 2016 and financed by China at around USD 4 billion.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	605f9902134d4f2bddb7ce3c51c47214	Further research can help understand the remaining gender gap and make the case for an effective and appropriate policy response. The early economic literature, from Schumpeter (191 lm) to Baumol (1990(2]), has highlighted entrepreneurship as the driving force for change and innovation in a market economy. Schumpeter’s theory of “creative destruction” postulates that the entry of entrepreneurial ventures pushes out obsolete and inefficient firms and brings innovative technologies to the market.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	6063f4082845e4ecab97fbaed5237a18	At the same time, earnings in the agricultural sector will also likely improve (not only might labour productivity rise as a result of applications of modem science and technology to farming, but so would demand for farm produce). And with generally better education and health services for the agricultural sector as well, birth rates may fall in rural as well as urban areas, reducing the rate of growth of the labour force. Eventually, a point will be reached when income distribution improves. This is essentially the reason which led Kuznets (1955) to advance the now well-known inverse-U hypothesis between income inequality and economic growth.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	606610e5e9ffb44f5e747bf055d71fbb	The dominance of construction minerals is not surprising given their importance in the material mix of OECD countries (about 40% of total extraction) and their high weight to volume ratio. In Chile copper ore extraction grew from 70 million tonnes (Mt) in the early 1980s to well over 500 Mt by 2010. In Australia metal ore extraction grew from under 200 Mt to over 600 Mt between 1980 and 2010, with the extraction of iron ore, copper and zinc more than doubling.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	606707ff1b36fa0a51c05b97c7b54c07	In 2013, there were 3 767 pre-school institutions in Tunisia, including both nursery and Kouttab schools (Ministere des Affaires de la Femme et de la Famille, 2014) - up from 2 422 in 2004 (Observatoire de l’Enfance, 2010). In addition, five-year olds can attend an anneepreparatoire [preparatory year], which is under the responsibility of the Ministere de I ’Education [Ministry of Education] and is provided either in public primary schools, or in private/semi-private institutions. While this preparatory year is considered part of the basic education cycle, it is neither compulsory, nor is free access guaranteed to all (Education Act of 23 July 2002).37 The proportion of children (aged 3-5) in pre-school education is relatively low, at 44.3% compared to 76.9% on average across the OECD (Figure 3.8).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	60690f10fb95e050153e82e64a34d1d8	Monetary policy directly affects the resources available for the realization of economic and social rights, especially the right to work, by influencing interest rates, exchange rates and the amount of credit available in the economy. However, central banks are rarely held accountable for human rights obligations. Central banks typically are expected to keep inflation as low as possible in line with policies of price stability. The trade-offs between maintaining inflation targets, the realization of rights and gender equality are rarely considered.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	60691f06bdfe0a887878d57c974ce1b8	Generally, they subsidise rather than fully cover the cost of travel and accommodation. Criticisms of these programmes include a lack of uniformity, levels of reimbursement being insufficient, and challenges to accessing funds. The levels of reimbursement also do not reflect current costs of travel and accommodation (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). The most common minimum one-way travel criterion is 100 kilometres, with Queensland set at 50 kilometres and Tasmania 75 kilometres.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c4ab8ee8-en	6069a6c0a471df5b8edde78db57271fa	"These unstocked forest areas are areas that have been deforested due to various disturbances, such as forestry and/or nonforestry operations, overgrazing, overexploitation for fuelwood and timber, repeated fires and attacks by insects and diseases (figure 13.1). These areas are expected to be regenerated. Non-forest areas (0.54 million ha) include areas within forest land, which include high mountain sub-alpine tundra vegetation, mountain slopes, rocky areas, meadows and tree nurseries. However, due to its small population (3.12 million people) and vast territory, and thus its low population density (2 inhabitants/km2, one of the lowest in the world), Mongolia is not designated a ""low forest cover"" country on the basis of its ratio of forested area per capita, which is 4.09 ha/capita (the global ratio is 0.54 ha/capita)."	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	606a988cea21d5edbc7d3b809bddd122	Expect for the cod and herring stock in the North Sea, redfish, blue whiting and sandeel, the state of the most important commercial fish stocks in Norway’s EEZ is good. The total value of the production of these species was NOK 16.9 billion in 2008 and NOK 21.5 billion in 2009. Farming of other marine species is modest.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/508a648f-en	606b7b53afd6755c4328f9d63902a82e	The increases ranged between 50 per cent and more than 200 per cent. In the transition economies, both total and current government expenditure as percentage of GDP rose by more than 2 percentage points or more between 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. By-contrast in West Asia, the share of such expenditure in GDP fell, though it remained higher than in Africa and other parts of Asia. The new approach aims at providing broad social protection against significant risks, improving access to social transfers for those in need, and greater provision of public services and goods with the same quality standards for all groups of society.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	606ef55bd4b51a062420ed37d4a29b3f	Subsequently a Danish Agribusiness Fund (DAF) was launched in 2016 and an SGD fund will be launched in 2017 (covering also water and sanitation related investments, in addition to climate and energy). The option of advancing on joint Nordic level (possibly making use of existing Nordic finance institution and through enhanced collaboration between Nordic DFIs) with similar initiatives (such as a Nordic Climate Investment Fund or Nordic SDG Fund) has been raised by several Nordic stakeholders. The consultations with Nordic stakeholders conducted during this study indicate an overall readiness for joint project pipeline development and de-risking initiatives.63 This raises the question of potentially more formal Nordic collaboration e.g. through the establishment of a Nordic Green Investment Bank (see below).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	606f0a162d9b35a764d3c0c746613255	Countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States also face distributional challenges across regions, particularly in rural or isolated areas. For example, across Canada, many of the 37 specialised cancer treatment centres provide chemotherapy via satellite clinics, but there is still geographic inequality in access. In the United States, national experts indicated that, even with specialists travelling to clinics, access in the west and mid-west regions is still challenging due to long distances and travel times.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	606fb15153fc156f10ccf18043f3ae72	As implementation progresses and renewable-energy-based electricity generation increases, a re-orientation of incentives to promote improvements in grid quality will become increasingly necessary to accommodate a larger share of clean electricity generation. Is the regulation easily accessible and understandable to all investors? This is particularly important from an investor’s perspective since energy infrastructure is a fixed, long-lived and illiquid asset. High long-term visibility of the policy signal is particularly important for clean energy infrastructure: lower visibility increases the chances that a conventional power plant will be refurbished rather than replaced by a clean energy power plant (Blyth et al., Longer-term financial support reduces financing costs for renewable energy projects (Varadarajan et al.,	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264301016-8-en	607074dff39de56bae5176aad5b4206a	In higher income countries, this typically begins at the point of collection, often via specially adapted vehicles which allow' the separation of recyclates from other waste. In lower income countries, the collection methods include smaller trucks, motorbikes, and animal driven carts. Baling is common following delivery of loose material to an intermediate local transfer station. This allow's articulated bulk road vehicles to become a cost-effective method of transport.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/ffe4d41b-en	6071a42dbc1eefc2e49f547271827a16	Containing initially 184 initiatives, the platform was expanded in the following year to incorporate a larger number of initiatives and data points. At the beginning of 2016, it was transferred to UN Environment and is now hosted and maintained by the UNEP DTU Partnership, a UN Environment Collaborating Centre.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	607a5f5ede155d5479a78b8fd715fb9a	Countries such as Malaysia and the Republic of Korea - and more recently, China - have constantly upgraded their economic structures through appropriate policy and regulatory changes and forward-looking investments. Reform often started with the rural and agricultural sectors. The ine represents private investment flows.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	607a63c2e16e1e71c274460f0d49879f	While their analysis is by no means conclusive, several analytical tests support the notion that changes in the supply of labour in nursing home care are linked to falls in mortality for nursing home residents. Cutler et al.(2002) focuses on Mexico in the mid-1990s and finds evidence that economic crisis is associated with higher mortality among some age groups, with evidence that these effects are directly related to the magnitude of the economic shock as well as the reductions in public sector medical services. As the number of physicians per capita falls, mortality among the youngest age groups, and particularly among child-bearing women, rises. The coefficients suggest that a decline of 1 per cent in public sector physicians leads to a 0.4 per cent increase in mortality rates among child-bearing women and a 0.25 per cent increase in mortality rates among children aged 0 to 4.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	607c735a8ff929643eae50b24c3533c0	G: Girls; B: Boys. Interestingly, all of these practices are more positively associated with girls’ expectations of pursuing a career in science, especially when the questions are related to designing experiments and spending time in the laboratory'. For instance, the odds ratio of expecting to pursue a career in science is 21% higher among girls who reported that they spend time in the laboratory' doing practical experiments in all or most science lessons than among girls who reported that this happened less frequently; the increase among boys was only 11%. For instance, only 5% of girls see themselves as engineers, compared to 12% of boys, and only a handful of girls (less than 1%) expect to work as ICT professionals, compared to 5% of boys.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	608001fdf952443609f7dba3ba44b8f8	Respondents from all groups interviewed are committed to involving the private sector as an effective practice for climate finance. Donor agencies in particular are actively seeking ways to work with the private sector to mobilise investments. For example, donor agencies are partnering with private sector financing institutions to demonstrate the commercial viability of climate-smart technologies, and mobilising investments via innovative financial instruments, such as loan guarantees. In recipient countries, donors have participated in domestic pooling mechanisms to blend public with private finance, and are disbursing commercial loans, equity and finance for tax incentives.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	6083901e41c6363248113157017355d6	In the late 2000s, prior to the uprising in Syria, Syrian-Turkish relations had improved considerably with the establishment of the Turkish-Syrian Strategic Cooperation Council Agreement in 2009 (Table 9). Under this umbrella, the parties signed several protocols, projects and memorandums, mainly on security issues. They also agreed to cooperate in the domain of water, with specific reference to the construction of a pumping station on the Syrian stretch of the Tigris River, the improvement of water quality and the pursuit of joint efforts to combat drought.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	6083b251e959238ab4c43310ef12f40b	The SDK concept is now being exported through franchise contracts. Most of these materials are imported. They consist primarily of scrap iron, aluminium, copper, glass, plastic and tires, but they also include combustible waste such as solvents and sludges (Table 3.3). Waste recovery in the production process is subject to authorisation and pre-testing.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	608418aefdc293b10fe7be4358d53b4c	In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, while the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is no shortage of available capital globally (OECD, 2015b), but a drastic shift in finance that flows from “brown” to “green” will be essential at the global and national levels. However, finance needs to be substantially scaled up from the current level.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	608869f3ab309c17a75ef54e09e91256	Portugal launched a major reform on school leadership in 2008, which established three councils in schools: the General Council (with representatives of school staff, teachers, parents and local authorities), which is in charge of operational and strategic planning and monitoring and selecting the school leader; the Pedagogical Council, which supervises and co-ordinates pedagogical activities; and the Administrative Council, which is responsible for administrative and financial matters. Conditions for granting of an autonomy contract include a school self-evaluation and receiving a positive external school evaluation. These contracts allow for greater autonomy in areas such as pedagogical organisation, curriculum organisation, human resources, school social support and financial management.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	608871e597f7fe332e1a391af4ca3706	The Tunisian reforms induced changes in norms regarding women’s and men’s roles in the family and society and have led to women marrying at a later age (OECD, 2010a). The introduction of paid leave entitlements on a “use it or lose it” basis for fathers in a number of OECD countries has led to men taking longer parental leave (OECD, 2011c). One example of an economic incentive in a developing country context is the Indian programme called “Apni Beti Apna Dhan” (Our Daughter, Our Wealth).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	608aa571313a3fb4880b5f6817c51c41	National level plans are now needed to translate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning, including at the sector level. This paper reveals a number of themes such as equity, country ownership and protecting the most vulnerable, which are common to all four agreements, and argues that there is a need to move away from the siloed approaches and individual sector goals that characterised the MDGs to a more integrated and mutually interdependent post 2015 landscape. It also provides perspectives on how development co-operation practitioners can adopt coherent approaches in their agencies and in their support to partner countries. Climate-related Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been increasing in absolute and relative terms since 2002.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	608bf5fcf04cf798b0aaea38d89fb23b	For children up to the age of 2 nutrition, health and sanitation have the highest deprivation rates (82%, 72% and 69% respectively). The high deprivation level in nutrition is mainly driven by infant and young child feeding (IYCF) (72%), which captures issues of food security, and by the lack of exclusive breastfeeding (80%). In addition, the health dimension has a deprivation rate of 72%, mainly driven by lack of skilled attendance at birth.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/17685da3-en	608e85eddd5ed3550e381bc0c386b077	Improving the quality and availability of facilities for childbirth and increasing the number of midwives and health professionals with obstetric skills is essential. Alongside this, community mobilization is vital to ensure that all pregnant women are making use of skilled childbirth services. This dual strategy is targeted at achieving universal coverage of skilled attendance at childbirth, within the context of the primary health care approach.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	608ec54a8751a6c143e260e64b02b030	The majority of water intakes, larger canals and water mains, and reservoirs are under MoWE management and supervision. For example, MoWE operates 33,400 km of internal canals which are part of the irrigation network, including the Karakum Canal, which has a length of over 1,300km, incorporates 115 hydrotechnical facilities and features three reservoirs with a total capacity of 2.4 km3. It is also responsible for overall control of remedial actions and the protection of ecosystems, prevention of deterioration of surface and groundwater resources, monitoring of environmental media and ecological appraisal of projects.	6	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330909-8-en	609134af8b6201fb7088c9cf4452f3c0	The amount of aviation kilometres has increased and some travel agencies have paid attention to the environmental impacts of the concept. There are alternatives to long-distance travelling, namely domestic and nearby tourism, and plenty of projects promoting them as a line of business. There are also initiatives emphasizing the ecological and cultural sustainability options for travelling, especially local tourism (Project 12).	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	609179232ebb9c378e92c5513059f1f4	This method is used to capture all the children who are deprived in any of the indicators that are part of the same dimension, as they have been selected to represent the fulfilment (or non-fulfilment) of the child's rights and basic needs attributed to the specific dimension. For this reason, MODA does not assign any explicit weights to dimensions when counting the deprivations each child suffers from. As explained above, although no explicit weights are used, implicitly equal weights are assigned. This method reveals exactly which deprivations children are facing, making the severity and overlap analysis more transparent.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/091e4d11-en	6091e52d86254d05b6f232e5e217ca88	Most recent data for these indicators cover children across the entirety of the child life course (0-17), with high-policy relevance - these results are directly influenced by social protection and child welfare policies - and household survey data are weighted to make children the unit of analysis. Data for both indicators are from around 2014, and as with 'end poverty' are highly policy relevant (including through health and school-based interventions for physical activity / obesity), but neither indicator reflects experiences in later adolescence (overage 15). Data for malnutrition in the form of stunting or wasting, is replaced with malnutrition in the form of obesity, given the focus on high-income countries and prevalence of overweight and obesity cases in comparison to other forms of malnutrition.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	6092eecefa36cf4896277c5ff519d165	On Friday, attendees make pitches on their best ideas and inspire others to join their team. Over Saturday and Sunday teams focus on customer development, validating their ideas, practicing Lean Start-up methodologies and building a minimal viable product. On Sunday evening teams demonstrate their prototypes and receive valuable feedback from a panel of experts.	5	7	1	0.75
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	60941842b1accbd5ab3264b90ba8ec5c	Some institutions who do report on these other activities also providing modelling estimates for those activities’ C02 impacts, (e.g. CIF, 2011 and GEF, 2011b). Additionally, a number of institutions include indicators on policies implemented or capacity building activities held (e.g. USG, 2012; IDB, 2012; KfW, 2011; and GoP, n.d.). While these interventions may not lead directly to GHG reductions, increasing technical knowledge and capacity can help facilitate enhanced mitigation actions subsequently.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	6094f070990de8fd4da8adf7f56c2b73	Improving conditions with respect to these other factors can therefore also help attract investment in clean energy. Considering the numbers of risks faced by clean electricity generation projects (e.g. completion risk, technology risk, revenue risk, supply risk, weather risk, etc.) The inability to do so will affect both the risk and the cost of clean energy projects. Similarly, with regards to energy efficiency, it is crucial for energy service companies that their counterpart can be forced to comply with its obligations under the service contract.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	609629793de37d4ad73db17c80248c57	The main reason for part-time working partnered mothers in Germany to not work full-time is housework and care responsibilities at home. By contrast, the majority of partnered mothers work between 35 and 39 hours in Denmark, Finland, France and Norway. In Iceland and Sweden as well as in the United States, most partnered mothers work between 40 and 44 hours per week.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	609645fa59ec25dfff4e9e79e5d5d0b0	Law 18/2009 on Livestock and Animal Health. The Council comprises all Indonesian Muslim groups. It was founded in 1975 as a body to produce fatwa and to advise the Muslim community on contemporary issues. During the 1990s more than 100 tariff lines were supervised. Other agricultural products included wheat or meslin flour, rice flour, other flour, soybeans, flour and meal of soybean, and cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose in solid form (WTO, 1998).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	6098b63a2b54fb956563d659979e04d2	From a feminist viewpoint, the political objective of introducing the issue of care into economic analysis is to transform its current social organization, which is considered to reproduce social and gender inequalities. Without overlooking the slow but steady progress that has been made with women’s economic participation, it must be emphasized that the redistribution of care remains one of the greatest unmet challenges. P. De Villota (ed.),	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	609d7f2a449644561cd3a334eed787ef	In a large majority of OECD countries, women were also more likely to report suffering from activity limitations due to health problems than men (Figure 4.2, Panel B). In 2012, Italian women were twice as likely to report limitations in daily activities when compared to men. Similar gender gaps were found in Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands. On the contrary, men were more likely than women to report activity limitations due to health problems in Australia, Korea, Japan and Ireland.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	60a030bd59c5849fce6c66683d605c16	It has caused alarming damage to the populations of Asiatic wild ass, goitered gazelle, urial and bezoar goat until recently. Leopards have been persecuted in retribution for damage to livestock, at least until the 1990s. Overexploitation, which is mainly through illegal hunting, affects more than 75 per cent of the IBAs of Turkmenistan, so that it is a major pressure on wild birds in the country.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	60a0ef7667376e762c2fb1c6515cbcff	However, this was primarily because, until relatively recently, liberalization of the capital account was limited, and India was not an attractive destination for finance capital until 2004. In the past four years, changes occurred on both these fronts, and the Indian economy experienced a surge in capital inflows that exerted upward pressure on the exchange rate and reduced macroeconomic flexibility. It is in this context of much greater global economic integration than even a decade earlier (with the value of all current account transactions amounting to more than 110 per cent of GDP in 2007—2008) that India is now experiencing the unfortunate collateral damage of the global financial crisis and economic slowdown. These have already affected output and employment quite substantially.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	60a148ee953bd6d9349f85d897641289	These initiatives need to be encouraged, carefully monitored, and expanded where successful. Fiona Stewart is a principal administrator in the Financial Affairs Division of the OECD’s Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. The views expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect those of their organisations or the governments of OECD Member countries. The authors are solely responsible for any errors.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	60a154e1c3756729e6103d89d01d050e	An international body charged with identifying appropriate actions, co-ordinating responses and monitoring implementation of an information system would facilitate more transparent and consistent information, disseminated on a timely and coordinated basis. Country requests to the two organisations for capacity building in the development of in-house outlook and market analysis capabilities using the AGLINK-COSIMO model have increased recently in response to the volatile market situation. Co-operation agreements are under development with Brazil and China, and India has expressed an interest in greater collaboration in the areas of agricultural outlook and food security.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	60a2ea995e0a7e2f21c711bb4eb47326	Advocates of out-of-school interventions, either through public, associative or community-based programmes, argue that schools are dealing with issues that actually originate outside the classroom. They cite research showing that achievement gaps across various ethnic or socio-economic groups are formed before children ever enter school, and that one-third to one-half of the performance gap can be explained by family-environment indicators (Fryer and Levitt, 2004, 2006). These debates cannot be easily closed, which is why, in what follows, the whole range of interventions for which there is evidence of positive social impacts is presented. Schools can provide a comprehensive environment that improves cognitive skills, advances knowledge-formation and also influences ‘life skills’ and personality traits of those at-risk of dropping out.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-15-en	60a37e5b6e61fd751e714c02bda81949	Children who start strong will be more likely to obtain better outcomes when they grow older. This is particularly true for children from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, because they have often fewer opportunities to develop these abilities in their home-learning environments (OECD, 2017(4]). Despite these general trends, significant differences exist across OECD countries in the quality of ECEC services provided to young children, in the types of ECEC services available and in the usual number of hours per week that each child is enrolled.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	60a39ac71fd00fd00a38e3bd76c29177	Rural development policies have focused more on farm modernisation and the continued use of agricultural land than on targeted protection of water resources. Luxembourg must also meet the objectives of the new EU Directive on Ambient Air Quality (2008/50/EC). For the coming years, the Environment Administration is tasked with establishing an action plan to improve ambient air quality for Luxembourg City and its surroundings, in accordance with Directive 96/62/EC on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e2fce481-en	60a3c35117736bcb0e1e9125cc6d10ba	They also involve a potential risk of exacerbating existing economic, social and technological divides, as countries with strong existing capabilities harness new technologies for development, leaving others ever further behind. Applying technology to the challenges of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires building local capacities and developing policies and an enabling environment - as well as unprecedented resource mobilizatbn, partnerships and multilateral global collaboration - to (a) fund research and development (R&D) that is relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals; (b) build networks; (c) strengthen the global science-policy interface; (d) transfer technologies; and (e) support the development of capabilities in developing countries. Current national and international efforts are seriously inadequate for this task.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	60a40af867d660d41de840e28149faeb	With heterogeneous methods used for the estimation of trips and distances travelled (Annex A and B), extra care should be taken regarding interpretation of differences across cities. On the other hand, they contribute to a significant risk of VRUs, such as pedestrians, being killed in collisions with cars (Scholes et al., Table 1 does not account for that phenomenon and more research in this area is needed.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	60a8c50275244cab320996092da0bf47	One example of this is the existence of a predetermined rate-setting formula in the GP&L licence, as administered by the OPM, and in the Electricity Sector Reform Act, although the PUC is vested with the authority to determine and approve public suppliers’ tariffs. Such inefficient use of scarce human and capital resources will invariably lead to ineffective decisions and conflicting practices. Therefore, the PUC and the Guyana Energy Agency do not appear to be afforded the level of autonomy that well-functioning and transparent agencies of this nature require. Solid biomass accounts for the remaining 16 per cent of primary energy supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257344-en	60a8d0d1d1842a085d1027dc9c043c9d	Analysing the major resource-consuming sectors - agriculture and food, transport, energy - can help to identify policy misalignments with resource efficiency objectives and how they might be overcome. Unless this analysis is performed, resource efficiency policies may be ineffective. Some governments are targeting innovation support on SMEs, often the source of radical innovation. An example is the green action plan for SMEs in Europe, which supports SMEs with information and advice, and facilitates access to finance.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	60aba67260403b301e4be23aeedfd389	In addition to classifying environmental protection and resource management expenditures according to their purpose, an important distinction should be made between those who bear the expenditures. They may be the general government, corporations, non-profit institutions and households. The economic statistics of the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS)83 are closely linked to the CEA.	6	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264303119-en	60acb70645bd4133886bcda2d6095315	Other strategies for minimising the ecological damage from geothermal waste water include reinjection and closed-loop cycles (Mock et al., There are both offshore and shoreline devices currently being tested, but in any case the land use is either minimal or negligible (EC, 2008). Installation would also require little land, and any construction-related impacts would be temporary and reversible.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwm62b3bvh-en	60ae015b2b2bc264cabf29fac6fe5143	Taking this on board, and a growing body of evidence that shows that teachers’ professional development can have a positive impact on student performance and teachers’ practice (Yoon et al., Some jurisdictions and national organisations have also developed professional learning standards or their equivalent (e.g. Learning Forward, 2011; AITSL, 2012; GTCS, 2012), highlighting that standards for teaching need to be complemented by standards which ensure high quality learning opportunities for teachers and other practitioners. An OECD initiative on Improving School Leadership concluded that leadership development needs to be a lifelong learning process through different stages in the school leadership career (Pont et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	60b1775281f24afdf8cc50dd1eb8c4cc	The reference category is a man aged 35-44, bom in Sweden and living in Eastern Sweden. Both he and at least one of his parents have attained tertiary education; his current or last job was in a skilled occupation. Adult education and training includes both job-related and unrelated education and training activities. Students in full-time education (any age) and youth both in education and employment and aged under 25 are excluded from the regression.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/967bd43c-en	60b1a0dabcb0ab4e9d74d4dd304d3fbb	Moreover, they stipulate the need for the requisite parental consent, both of which contravene the right to equality under the Constitution. Also the provisions of Ss. This is discriminatory and contravenes the anti-discrimination provisions of the Constitution. She also raised the ground that the provisions of S. 17 of the Marriage Act allow a child of 15 years of age to get married, if her father, mother, guardian or court consents, yet all human beings are equal so to let another person decide on behalf of another contravenes the right to equality and dignity of a person and is discriminatory.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	60b2305da6a118c72a56db589644d0ea	Second, their alignment across levels ensures coherence and allows children who transfer from ECEC settings to primary school to experience a less disruptive transition. Third, these factors are associated with a rise in the use of specific transitions practices, which are the intentional attempts to help ensure smoother transitions by creating support and familiarity (LoCasale-Crouch et al., In these three ways, they influence the quality of transitions and foster children’s development, well-being and learning outcomes (OECD, 2012).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b8259a41-en	60b23de30c6d4a64bb6f44d0093bb7e2	It is evident from the survey data that women in Viet Nam often resort to abortion due to lack of contraceptions and contraceptive failure. In VNDHS 2002, it was reported that, the drop out rate for users of a contraceptive method is almost 25 per cent in the first year. Except IUD, the discontinuation rate for all other major spacing family planning methods was estimated at 30 per cent and above in Viet Nam.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	60b4d78cca3afc77e2bee05a7b4d70c5	Working with client governments, the GIF tries to structure infrastructure projects in ways that will attract private capital. Private or public sector entities operating on a commercial basis are tasked with implementing the projects. The partnership focuses on trade enabling projects that facilitate or enhance interconnectivity and trade, including freight rail networks, seaports and inland terminals, airports and toll roads (World Bank, 2016).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	60b7ad1dbe2d0618b361348238912be5	Cross-country survey data suggest that these results are poor in international comparison and, despite the large number of hours dedicated to language learning in Finland, 28% of language course participants hold language skills at beginner level or less. This is comparable to countries, such as France, that dedicate far fewer resources to language training. Indeed, data from one language training provider suggest that while the majority of those from Estonia achieve the target grade of B 1.1 at the end of their language training, those speaking Arabic or Somali as their first language were most likely to attain only A2.2.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	60b7af2be837cf96620c26d1695b178a	With few exceptions, for example, all OECD countries have a nationally established list defining which medications are covered by their insurance schemes. Secondary insurance plays a role in almost all OECD health systems. Of particular note given structural similarities to Mexico, secondary insurance in Israel is very common.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	60bb0942ff915badeacb9794e2973d61	Agricultural R&D in sub-Saharan Africa: an era of stagnation. Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators Initiative Background Report. International Food Policy Research Institute. International Food Policy Research Institute, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators and Global Forum on Agricultural Research.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	60bd484038c19e7a6197819fd425bb3d	In the first place, they need to actually know that financial institutions offer such policies at reasonable rates, particularly for low-income clients, since the annuity value declines as the interest rates increases and rises with declining life expectancy.31 Homeowners should also feel able to deal with the red tape that converting their home equity would pose. The y-axis shows percentage reductions in the risk of poverty for the over-65s and measured with reference to the 60% of the household equivalised income drawn from the SHARE survey. Financial assets encompass deposit accounts, bonds, stocks, mutual investment funds, life insurance, and investment and financial assets that include pensions.32 Drawing on two main sources, this section analyses such financial wealth and the part it plays in adequate retirement incomes.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	60bed6d5c5b2f4c4abf7f438d943dca4	One of which is managing capacity and utilisation rates in a cost efficient manner. Today many companies are not utilising holding capacities to their fullest extent, as isolated digital systems and limited visibility of capacities result in varying levels of occupancy from low utilisation rates to full capacity. By developing an open registry and transaction backbone for logistics capacities (e.g. containers), available holding capacity can be offered to a broader spectrum of customers while fewer resources would be needed to transport the same amount of goods.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/25a4883b-en	60bef98fe609970cad8ae58f77dd4fea	It also helps stakeholders develop government and corporate SRB agendas, which help businesses to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. The SRB Model for a Sustainable Future seeks to mitigate adverse impacts of business operations on stakeholders. It also tries to broaden shareholder considerations to include the social and environmental as well as financial aspects of business.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/215d0d56-en	60c1395fd4b0f5c685d642d1b60e923b	In Chicago, the city’s Climate Action Plan recognizes the uncertain nature of the challenge and is expected to evolve as new information from assessments and changing priorities comes to light. All three initiatives exemplify clear-cut approaches to avoidance of path dependence, constant re-evaluation of information and redesign of policy interventions so as to improve outcomes. Under the programme, research was conducted and pilot projects were implemented which demonstrated the importance of learning from experiences and from stakeholder dialogue and knowledge exchange.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	60c328485c7bf04369c632e27d685288	In the Netherlands, employees have a general entitlement to request longer or shorter working hours, which the employer can refuse only on serious business grounds. Employees may submit such requests only if they work in a company with a workforce of more than 10, and if they have worked at least 12 months in the company. In New Zealand, all employees may request a change in their hours, days or place of work, either temporarily or permanently. Employers must consider the request but can refuse on business grounds or if it conflicts with a collective agreement.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	60c81cc284b3dfaf7511c478fd131f3c	The model explicitly recognizes the social needs that are swelling the ranks of working mothers (in Mexico, more than 6 million households) and single-parent families. The extended hours programme was introduced in 2002, temporarily extending school time by an hour and a half in some single-day schools. In 2003, several full-day schools became intensified schools, which entailed adding education programmes such as language training and information and communications technologies (ICTs).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	60c84096d4fd412505d7c9a33ddd8eed	The municipality has made efforts to create a chair for urban studies within the USM that could have taken on board urban and environmental issues and amenity policy problem, but so far the university has not appointed a professor for this task. Universities and other tertiary education institutions in Penang could increase their co-operation with local or regional one-stop-shop agencies for business support. By training the trainers and other knowledge dissemination activities, universities could help these agencies acquire the specialised skills to advise firms on the cost-effective ways to reduce emissions.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	60c9b44b8754283780992b4b25693f26	A survey of activity within OECD countries (Agrawala et al., This is one element of the Spanish climate change adaptation strategy, for example. The most advanced country in this respect is Canada, where there is a requirement to incorporate the effects of climate change into the appraisal of major projects.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	60ca5af03e5ea1a4f7daf4b80e29adbc	"The main provider of data and the institutional partners for these statistics include the environmental, natural resources and wildlife authorities, and the government agency responsible for hunting. Non-detriment findings"", avai lable from https://cites.unia. Policymakers need statistics on water resources, their abstraction, use and returns for many reasons, including to estimate the amount of available water resources; monitor abstraction from key water bodies to prevent overutilization; ensure equitable usage of abstracted water; and track the volume of water returned to the environment."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	60cc5c14cedaeef4fb402c8757e71438	The objectives of the Resolution include: ensuring adequate food supply sources for immediate- and long-term national food security, meeting nutrition needs and putting an end to food shortage and hunger; improving food consumption structure and quality and stepping up intensive rice farming; and ensuring that rice producers earn higher profits. In addition, it includes a commitment to ensure farmers receive a profit from rice production of at least 30% above the cost of production (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). The government develops legislation and regulation, and ten-year Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) and the five-year Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) to implement these directions. The latest ten-year SEDS for the period 2011-20 approved in January 2011 reinforces the overall objective of making Viet Nam a modern industrialised country by 2020. It has been developed to give effect to Resolution No.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	60cdc3dd4e11f09e8dd0ba19c1720677	This definition corresponds to the general understanding of sustainable development and its three dimensions, economic, social and environmental. Green Keynesianism, also presented as green stimulus or a “global green new deal” (GGND), argues for directing government spending towards technology and employment generation in ways that enhance environmental protection and raise efficiency, for instance by retrofitting energy-inefficient buildings or infrastructure (e.g., UNEP, 2009). These sorts of green investments were a much-discussed and promoted part of countercyclical macroeconomic policies adopted in the wake of the global recession of 2008, in both developed and developing countries. The proposal by UNEP emphasized the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities with regard to developed countries, emerging economies, countries with economies in transition and the least developed countries.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	60d0ab8489480e207c162b870d552ec4	However, there does not appear to be a large margin for operators to also face the need to renew and replace ageing infrastructure, although very few countries provided data on this item. An analysis of specific cases (such as Finland, Switzerland or Belgium) suggested that efforts have been made to increase cost-recovery in many OECD countries, and in particular to cover the costs of wastewater management where larger investments are needed. These average figures hide some areas of “water poverty”, however, with WSS bills representing up to 4.2% or 7.9% of household income for the poorest decile in Mexico and Poland respectively.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	60db3b242f58f508207f19e0a53ba68e	Given that broad unemployment is much lower among adults with secondary education than among those with primary education or less, mismatches seem to be a serious problem for young people with secondary education. In a survey among experts on 36 African countries about the major challenges youth face in labour markets, 54% found a mismatch of skills between what job seekers have to offer and what employers require to be a major obstacle. They were 41% to identify a general lack of skills among job seekers as a major obstacle (Figure 6.30.). The recruitment and temporary work agencies surveyed reported a general lack of targeted education and frequent major discrepancies between candidates’ profiles and the skills required for a job.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	60dec3fafacd00e15b3776681326de1a	"It is based on the availability of children's books at home as well as an indicator of formal childcare services attendance for children between the age of 3 and compulsory school age and ability to participate in school events that cost money for school-age children. Children aged 1-2 are assumed to be non-deprived on the second indicator, so their deprivation in the education resources dimension depends entirely on the 'books at home' indicator. Missing data on the education dimension (more precisely on the ""school trips"" indicator) tend to drive exclusions from the sample in these countries.2 To check if missing values are missing at random or are related to household material resources, we estimate the association between the probability of being included in the study and household income poverty, which does not suffer from missing data. Among the seven countries with more than 5 per cent cases excluded from the multidimensional child poverty estimation sample, the probability of exclusion does not vary significantly with income poverty in Ireland, Romania or the United Kingdom. This is particularly good news for Romania, with its high percentage of excluded cases."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	60e5adfb463d61a4f9b65a650e7cc85e	Article 12 of the Nationality Law (modified by Amendments No. However, “Before reaching the age of 17, the applicant shall become Tunisian upon joint declaration by his mother and father”. In some countries, women enjoy equal legal access to justice, yet other institutional and legal impediments, limited awareness and understanding, and persistent societal restrictions continue to hinder de facto their access to such justice.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e617261d-en	60e5c819692fb7c2b83a1934307be46e	Two of the projects, GMER 2013/14 and GMER 2016, were conducted with financial support supplied by government order. For exclusions, see Agadjanian and Zotova (2012) and Zotova and others (2016). In this article, migrants are defined as people who come to the Russian Federation from Central Asia and whose native language is not Russian.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	60ea01fc6fd643755e7343dd8a87c92f	Radioactivity is monitored by Belarus in the Pripyat (at Mosyr) and in the Lower Braginka (at Gdcn), and Ukraine monitors for lwCs and ’“Sr at transboundary monitoring stations. According to the results, concentrations of radionuclides arc insignificant, and do not exceed permissible limits. Groundwater monitoring is carried out by Belarus in four points in transboundary areas (levels, temperature, physical properties and chemistry), but there is no joint monitoring.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	60ebb6ffdff6ac3ce8dd9e2bcf611ebf	Tariff methodologies vary across the distribution system operators (DSOs). One exception is Energocom, a state-owned monopoly for electricity imports, which supplies electricity directly to free-market consumers at unregulated prices. Tariff calculations include planned operational costs and capital investments for new lines, as well as for modernisation, rehabilitation and loss reduction.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	60ec20c8e77904261d72e42f89f80d6c	The UNFCCC process and international peer pressure could play an important role in encouraging governments to raise the level of ambition of their commitments when domestic political conditions allow. The periodic review or consultation could have both substantive dimensions (e.g. consideration of commitments in light of the latest climate science) and procedural dimensions (e.g. the timeline and who undertakes the process). However, it would be challenging for all countries to synchronise their potential revisions of commitments because the length of policy cycles and dates of election cycles are different in every country.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	60ed49bfb01695f470765660f81b5d6d	Failure to receive a comparability finding will lead to prohibitions on the importation of the exporting nation’s associated fish and fish products into the United States. The proposed rule also calls for any intermediary nation that exports fish and fish products to the United States to prohibit the re-exportation of fish and fish products from any harvesting nation’s export fishery that is subject to an import prohibition pursuant to this rule. The proposed rule is currently in clearance in HQ.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	60f4df4c0d2cacb133accde8fadbc127	The new corps of learning consultants can provide a further source of support to municipalities and schools for the development of effective formal internal teacher appraisal. Municipalities and schools should also be encouraged to co-operate and disseminate good practice through networks and partnerships to build capacity across the system (OECD, 2013b). To give an example from another school system, the province of Ontario, Canada, has developed a Teacher Performance Appraisal System based on the “Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession” (Box 4.5).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	60f5029a5167c130736cf5292e16192c	Yet, there are a number of hunger hotspots, where food insecurity remains a major challenge. This subregion experienced a steady decline in undernourishment in the 1990s, followed by stagnation for some years, but the reduction has continued again at a slower speed in recent years. India, with its large population, has the greatest number of undernourished people in the region.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/754d3d14-en	60f582518a69b9b2d4dc00c7b225a7e1	"The social and economic benefits of urban green spaces are equally important, and should be viewed in the context of global issues such as climate change, as well as other priorities set out in the SDGs, including sustainable cities, public health and nature conservation. Thus, reducing socioeconomic disparities in the availability of urban green spaces can help to reduce inequalities in health related to income, minority status, disability and other socioeconomic and demographic factors.’ Air pollution contributes to rising temperatures and heat wave episodes, leading to increased rates of mortality from heart attacks or stroke as a result of heat stress, particularly in people with pre-existing NCDs."" Parks and green spaces provide people with the opportunity to walk and cycle more often and engage in leisure-time physical activity. Therefore, investments in city parks, green spaces, and waterways are an effective and economical way to both promote health and mitigate climate change. Cities should use this information to make decisions that will promote health, mitigate climate change and enhance the quality of life for residents."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	60f73476ebc6060f803927840fce0b6a	Teachers have financial and career-based incentives to participate in short training courses. They can also participate in activities organised by the subject-specific pedagogical advisor in each region, but they hardly ever receive direct support in the classroom as there is only one advisor for 800 teachers. Further tests of teachers’ knowledge of science and mathematics are planned for 2017. The appraisal is expected to look at teachers' professional development, attitudes, human relations, and discipline. High success rates suggest that the appraisal is largely seen as an administrative requirement rather than a process to improve teachers' performance (MEP, 2016). In 2015, virtually all teachers (98%) received an excellent or very good appraisal, and less than 0.1% (15 teachers in Costa Rica) received a regular or unsatisfactory performance appraisal.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	60f8726198e3d5318b9f238ef7e78ecc	As people without public health care coverage have to finance their health care services through private insurance or out-of-pocket payments they are especially sensitive to a drop in personal income. This is especially true for low income people who may forego or postpone health care services because too expensive. Devaux and de Looper (2012), comparing equity of access to health care services in 19 OECD countries, find that in countries with higher public expenditure the frequency of doctor visits are more equally distributed among people of different incomes. Also, Devaux and de Looper (2012) show that inequality in specialist (dental) visit is increasing in the share of out-pocket payment as percentage of total expenditure on specialist (dental) care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	60f8e03915c5a194a62e4ac7b1c2115c	Indicators can facilitate the monitoring of climate risks and vulnerabilities over time and between locations. Since the identification, collection, and use of indicators is resource intensive, a carefully defined set of qualitative and quantitative indicators may be aligned to the adaptation priorities identified in the country’s strategic approach on adaptation. Alternatively, the indicator set may draw on existing datasets and, where possible, on indicators used to monitor and evaluate national development plans and policies.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	60fab6cd7c905ce409f95d94da4b8636	Andean Belt Chile High relief folded mountains region Metamorphic, granitic, volcanic and sedimentary Variable from humid to dry Variable. Coastal sedimentary and volcanic aquifers. Baltic and Celtic Shields Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, France Basement region Mainly Crystalline rocks, Sedimentary (EST, IRL), volcanic (ISL). Local karstic and volcanic aquifers.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	60fc50f887c0328327ed7d5e90688ed7	I realized that social media could give women in conservative countries a digital voice. Digitization can connect them with other parts of the world and change their world - allowing them to live beyond the borders they have always known. In addition to helping free women from restrictions in conservative societies, technology upgrades our operations and raises productivity.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	60ff465aab39b8cdd5e45fa51800bc1a	The duty to co-operate is about good strategic planning based on co-operation. The onus is on the local government preparing the plan to demonstrate effective co-operation -leading to outcomes that are clearly translated into planning policy. Discussions should be started early and carried on as the plan is prepared.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	610278cfc72a12eaba88f8d2505b492e	The more successful countries, however, have not been those that followed strategies focusing on overcoming a single major constraint, but rather the ones able to effectively find a degree of coherence among different levels of development policy effective enough to usher in the conditions necessary for poverty reduction. The main determinants in the more successful cases are discussed below. While they do not necessarily constitute a blueprint for guaranteed success in other contexts, they do provide lessons on how to tailor development strategies to national requirements. However, initial equality may be more important, for if growth proceeds from an initial egalitarian distribution, then it has a greater poverty reduction effect.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	61059ff04b86ffc8dac4af085032666c	The banking structure in India is very concentrated between Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and the State Bank of India (SBI). Smaller banks (such as YES Bank - a niche bank with among other things very specific programmes for energy efficiency) are finding it difficult to penetrate the market.20 Sathaye et al. ( Potential investors in India face important regulatory hurdles and other constraints that make it difficult to attract foreign direct investments (FDI).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	61065e26c3448941748b62bbd2092a49	At 23%, graduation rates for academic (tertiary-type A) programmes are below the OECD average of 39%, while graduation rates from more technical (tertiary-type B) programmes, at 17%, are above the OECD average of 11%. In contrast to many OECD countries, males have a higher graduation rate in tertiary education than females. To improve tertiary education and students' competitiveness, the national qualifications framework aims to align higher education studies with the European Higher education area. According to the ''implementation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99aadf34-en	610d2426993b62e8203c0a07f23a5f25	This is necessary for its large rural agricultural labour force to rapidly be drawn into high-productivity, non-farming activities in the manufacturing and services sectors as well as to lift the productivity of the agriculture sector, where the vast majority of the poor work. Creating backward and forward linkages among manufacturing, agriculture and services sectors by linking MSMEs to the supply chain and production network is a key criterion. In addition, improving the access to low-cost finance is vital for MSMEs.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	610ebea8a085f8742b4c619a72fe7b68	For example, within the classification system, cities must achieve a score of 70 out of 100 in order to move up in the ranks. Each of the six elements in the criteria is weighted differently. The highest weight of points target urban infrastructure, GDP, and population (55, 15, and 10 points respectively).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	610fd3882ebd8497e1eeea512d15bf93	A large majority of national responses (80%) also note that groundwater management is at least partially linked with surface water. It is systematic for most countries or regions with mandatory management plans, but there are exceptions. Countries with no management plans can also have systematic connections, and some regions with mandatory plans only link the two in a limited fashion. Historically, water laws started to focus on surface water because groundwater was less visible and subject to pressure, but as some countries evolved, others lagged behind (Mechlem, 2012).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	611021bb0bac6f6a09e3a31310641dbd	This has to be done with caution, as discouraging construction outside the city limits may have a negative impact on housing affordability in central areas, and land use should guarantee affordable new housing as the population grows. Abandoned and underused parts of the cities deserve to be made the priority for development, and any attempts to develop beyond a city’s boundaries may need to be restricted. The former or partly used industrial sites occupying considerable areas of the cities will have to be in the redevelopment agenda. In the case of single-industry towns, it can be especially important to reuse post-industrial zones and brownfields.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	61122c4c0623ebebdec8104a574037f0	Its recommendations will be presented to the Executive Group to be reviewed for implementation by GSIC. It will refresh the UNDP gender parity strategy with a view to achieving a more holistic approach to gender parity issues in UNDP. Greater focus will be put on improving capacity for gender analysis, accuracy and consistency in gender marker ratings and gender in areas of profession.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	6115053d50939c957db047657c98311c	They may also capture the experiences of adult survey respondents, providing guidance on the nature and prevalence of those respondents' food needs. In terms of measurement, existing systems do not tap children's perspectives on their own lives, nor do they flow from a conceptualization of food insecurity that is grounded in children's experiences, their roles within households, or the ways in which they make sense of their environments. Adult survey respondents tend to under-report child food insecurity, missing as many as half of children who, themselves report going hungry because there is not enough food [16]. In terms of delivery, these systems rely on household samples, which exclude children in institutional settings and homeless children, and can substantially under-represent them in highly vulnerable household situations (migrant workers, those living in urban slums, distant rural households, those living in refugee camps, multi-family or extended family households) [17].	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	611552898795237430d7cea243855b04	Reactive power control is also available to enable voltage control of the plant output, even at no load in some cases. The graph below shows that traditional variability of consumption in France can typically increase by 6.5 to 7.5 GW in one hour between 6:00 and 7:00 for a typical winter day, during which generation has to be ramped up accordingly. Other generation plants such as hydro and gas turbines can technically provide high ramp rates and can be made available to follow load.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	611750c42d19b1c29be420024b204eed	Even if we make allowances for the better recording of deaths in the second decade, the corresponding rates of increases are mind-boggling. Table 1.1 in chapter 1 shows the global prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and Table 4.1 shows the prevalence rates in the Caribbean, which is second only to sub-Saharan Africa. Prevalence rates ranged from a low of 1 per cent to just over 4 per cent across the English-speaking Caribbean countries.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8b39690f-en	61180b0b43985274b907d25cc5c9dd70	"The expected impact is mainly related to increased costs for infrastructure maintenance due to the expected increase of ""thermal stress"" on the road and railway infrastructure. Problems resulting from the thermal stress require strict adaptation expenses -an annual increase of adaptation costs by 0.4 to 0.6 per cent for road surfaces until 2070 and up to 83 per cent for railway infrastructure. In the realistic scenario to 2020, this area includes floodplain and riparian forests in a substantial part of Miziian forestry district, especially in the region of the Dobrudzha coast. In 2050, Zone A will also cover low sub-belt forests of durmast, beech and fir in the Balkan Mountains, Eastern Rhodope and Pirin subregion."	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	611a45ef4fc5c8f01222bcbd8d4d5b4d	The evaluation of outreach noted that in some communities, the visiting specialist service was the “most stable” health service providing continuity for patients. Other issues were a lack of physical space to provide services, and broader social and economic issues affecting the most disadvantaged remote communities (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). A good example of this was in Aurukun in far north Queensland, where the general physician and paediatrician had conducted regular clinics in the community for more than 20 years.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	611ab64d6cf68b514b4e09e63ce41987	Specific knowledge, skills and competencies are expected of ECEC practitioners. There is a general consensus, supported by research, that well-educated, well-trained professionals are the key factor in providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable cognitive and social outcomes for children. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training. The qualifications, education and training of ECEC staff are, therefore, an important policy issue (OECD, 2006).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	611bf646a528b3fd255e13ef7af59ee2	Yet, implementation remains a challenge, as it crucially hinges upon the collaboration between individual institutions (Fazekas and Field, 2013). However, the different learning routes - including vocational programmes -are structured in such a way that young people have the possibi lily to go up a step within the track they have chosen, and reach the equivalent of tertiary level education (ISCED 5 level). Possibilities for upstream transfers also exist between vocational and university education (OECD, 2008a).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	611de1e439ff69f87a89bb909aa87611	This is evident from relative grades of boys and girls which were rather stable for the cohorts studied. The average boy ranked about 43 in the GPA percentile distribution while the average girl ranked about 54 or 55. From Figure 5, which shows the fraction of boys in the five quintile groups as well as among those that do not complete compulsory school, it is very clear that boys are over represented in the lower quintiles, while girls are strongly over represented in the top quin-tiles.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	61230eaa4de2acd26d4018df135a0d8e	However, not all adolescents attend school and not all remain in school until they initiate sex. Married girls between the ages of 10 and 14 and who are not in school thus have virtually no access to sexuality education. It is therefore important to make additional efforts to meet the needs of adolescents who are out of school. Curriculum- and group-based sexuality and HIV education programmes can reach those who are not in school if they are implemented by providers of health and other services for youth, community centres, or other local institutions accessible to adolescents (Kirby et al.,	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	612890973aaca9ccfc4ddf3deea89033	This means that some of the difference can be explained by observable characteristics, such as differences in education, choice of study field, employment history (e.g., interruptions due to child care when analysing the gender pay gap) or professional experience. In this regard, while the pay gap is a useful measure to the difference of earnings between groups, it is less useful for understanding the underlying reasons for which the gap exists (discrimination being only one possible explanation). Since means are sensitive to extreme values, users are also encouraged to also analyse median earnings and make note of any differences between a computation of the indicator based on mean and median earnings.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	612d3f51c7074abf2e2299696f4c43d5	A dialogue with country experts could be undertaken with the objective of suggesting some harmonisation in the aggregation and sampling methods, e.g. in terms of share of population covered, possible differentiation across geographical areas based on preidentified characteristics, etc. The method currently used (including in the OECD 2007-08 Survey) asks for a lot of data and relies on uncertain definitions. It might be easier to collect information about subsidies and transfers (from outside the water sector) received by utilities. These considerations could be organised in a checklist for policy makers, which would build on the analysis herein and on best practices in OECD and non-OECD countries.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	612f74140bfec5dd22b7ff2bb0ca1eda	Extension of efficient irrigation methods are one of the priorities of the Turkish Government in agricultural policy; the application of drip and sprinkle irrigation techniques has started in the Araks/Aras River sub-basin. Organic agricultural practices have been adopted, for example, in grain production and fruit growing by some local producers and farmers. The Organic Agriculture Law was adopted in 2004.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	612fbd6a68cd014e93346fcb38a6fd22	This means ensuring that schools comply with national education policies on administrative, technical and legal matters, and advising principals on compliance with school planning, management, and evaluation regulations. School supervisors are in regular contact with schools, visit them at least once or twice per year, and request from them a variety of reports (e.g., time arrivals, attendance). In 2010, the MEP clarified the roles of school supervisors to ensure greater consistency in supervision practices across schools and prevent unnecessary interference that could limit school leadership and autonomy (MEP, 2014). The 2012 initiative More Education and Less Paperwork {Mas Educacion, Menos Papeleo) sought to identify processes, controls and requirements that could be simplified or withdrawn.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	6130bac9fa8381c57a5272e3e47c9ce4	For instance, information contained in patient records was limited, making it not possible to trace all the amendments that may have been made. The audit raised concerns about the increasing use of social unavailability codes. The proportion of people waiting for inpatient treatment who were given a social unavailability code rose from 11% in 2008 to just over 30% at the end of June 2011.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/281344f5-en	6130d50a26816e9fce1a631fec472471	Large and still-growing populations of young people are already challenging many less-developed and low-income countries, where government capacities and resources are strained. Without appropriate investments today in youth—girls, boys, young adolescents and young adults—to prepare them for the future, these challenges of meeting the needs of a growing population will become increasingly daunting with time in many lower income countries. Most people alive today have yet to reach age 30.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	61365741291f40e02a622e32176d65b9	Negotiations on the Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement (JIEPA) began in July 2005; was signed on 20 August 2007; and took effect on 1 July 2008. In the first phase of the agreement, Japan has provided Indonesia with duty-free access for 80% of its tariffs, including textiles and textile products, agricultural products such as tropical fruits (pineapple and bananas), shrimp and wood products. In return Indonesia has removed 35% of its tariffs, including steel, cars, automotive components and electronic goods.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	613bdd0c57d16e65a477098b013b03bd	Economic growth is obviously critical to achieving food security objectives. The scenario also leads to lower imports of vegetable oil and higher exports of wheat, rice and coarse grain result in marginally lower international market prices. One scenario result illustrated in this case is that with weaker markets, domestic wheat prices fall to MSP levels, causing public stocks to build as additional wheat is procured to support prices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	613c49b572fbba5a834c2f73db0683de	Fortunately this can now be done more effectively through a variety of information and communication technologies - print, radio, television, the internet, and mobile and smart phones. Social media platforms are also proving invaluable in facilitating the exchange of information in times of crises. In addition, communities need to be prepared to react to disasters such as flash floods or earthquakes that can occur without warning. A variety of programmes within the Asia-Pacific region seek to inform, encourage consultation, and empower communities to respond during times of crisis.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	613db6f75f953f7e5ac4d159dd07ac2e	In 2014, the Russian Federation continued supporting the provision of law enforcement training in counter-narcotics at its national institutions to the Counter-Narcotics Police of Afghanistan as part of the UNODC regional programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. That joint cooperation will be extended into 2016 and expanded to include assistance to the five countries of Central Asia. Moreover, the Russian Federation informed the Board about a number of initiatives to strengthen joint efforts to tackle the world drug problem, including the international conference of the Russian-African Anti-Drug Dialogue, held in Banjul on 23 July 2015, and the regional anti-drug operation, “Operation Channel”, for the period 2014-2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	613f4d98b8cc9f360260635ec6ae806d	Finally, it is important to state that the evidence presented in this review - which is based exclusively on quantitative analyses - is produced by adopting different methodological approaches, ranging from studies based on face-to-face interviews or focus groups with relevant stakeholders to more sophisticated econometric analyses. The latter approach lead to issues linked to the reliability of comparing findings based on simulations or on before-and-after analyses which often fail to capture the casual relationship between the programme and a given outcome with experimental approaches, such as randomized trials, which can give a more realistic estimation of the impact of a programme. Besides the intrinsic limitations of this kind of analysis, heterogeneity in the quality and extent of existing empirical methods makes comparison across similar instruments in different contexts, or over time, difficult, undermining the extent to which we can extract normative conclusions from this study.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	61408b76e2ade69b771b6c8e34a7c7f5	Even this does not provide a complete picture since, as in other countries, under-reporting of GBV is a huge problem. Although it already had legislation and institutions to address GBV, the government realised that this legislative and policy framework was deficient: it was not aligned with the country’s international commitments under various treaties, conventions and agreements, while the inadequate response to GBV in Grenada was mainly due to archaic laws, non-existent policies and institutional weakness in enforcement. These included: a Mapping of Existing Social Service Delivery Systems and Identification of Gaps in Current Services (2010); a Review of Policing and Prosecution of Sexual Offences: Country Report for Grenada (2010); and, A Study of the Existing Domestic Violence Act (2001) (cited in Ministry of Social Development and Housing 2014). These projects are supported by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Women and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. The government has multiple measures in place to address the issue of GBV, including revising related laws and policies to be more current and responsive to the needs of women victims of violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	61447983f38f2ed50933ddc03c1b45d9	On the other hand, since it is solely a question of scope, the PA arguably provides opportunities for cooperative initiatives in the agricultural sector, but does not promote it specifically. The transparency system set out by the PA and its decision does not as such point to agriculture, but does mention that the National Inventory Reports shall provide information on emissions by sources and removals by sinks, which essentially consists of soils and trees. This is a continuation of current practice.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6147713a487ed9c5f991a04ae42206db	These incentives encourage the use of private vehicles, which can potentially offset technical efficiency gains, as shown by increases in the passenger vehicle transport volume and motorisation rate, which have remained steadily coupled. Experience in other countries shows that increased purchases of more fuel-efficient vehicles generally result from increasing fuel prices (Schweinfurth, 2009). The Portuguese ten-year car scrapping programme has now exhausted its stimulus potential.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	614803bfb054d9a2778ec1ccdd654ad7	Given frequent changes in estimates, regular reporting would be needed. Particularly important given the potential range of NDCs, including non-GHG objectives. Not required for developing countries, and challenging to produce. Important for all major emitters for any future collective assessment, and especially for countries with BAU targets. Often out-of-date for developing countries.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	6149ad31e86ee5a0ff86bf5bc9c2538e	The balance between extending credit solutions to farmers otherwise excluded from commercial sources of finance and ensuring the sustainability of alternative funding programmes through stronger creditworthiness controls is not easy to achieve. It underscores the interest of targeting the SME sector, which is a major creator of employment opportunities in poor countries. The active involvement of the private sector was particularly relevant in this case, providing ownership and local buy-in consistent with the whole approach of Aid for Trade.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6856f240-en	614b6a775b85d0f13cf87bfe3ee053a5	These are part of a scheme involving 10 planned hydropower projects along the main river in a cascade style. The last one of the Lower Coruh projects is under construction. The Middle Coruh projects are in final design stage and investment programme, and the Upper Coruh projects arc in different planning stages.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	614f31abaa02de6d68f544d9f4557580	In the short-term, Sydney’s LGAs might review Vancouver’s Regional Growth Strategy as a good example of a plan with cascading goals and clear performance metrics against which to measure progress. Sydney's premium stems from a composite of agglomeration economies (economies of scale, city size), localisation economies (clusters of activities linked by supply chain or competitiveness), and specialisation economies (complementarities and inter-firm linkages). Draft report for Sustainability Victoria, February 2010. Sustainable Sydney 2030, p. 32.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	6150e17e132b617f1081c7bd86be84c7	While HIV/AIDS and infectious disease control absorbed about 20 per cent of ODA commitments in the 1990s (12 and 8 per cent, respectively), these programmes accounted for 51 per cent of all commitments in 2005-2006 (35 and 16 per cent, respectively). Firstly, fighting against certain diseases (especially contagious diseases) is a global public good, and it therefore requires global and effective responses. Secondly, focusing on a specific disease can mobilize public opinion and resources in a more effective way.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283572-en	61524fe5be6d6024487cf335965e864b	The lack of specialist nurses and the inability to retain nurses in clinical practice hamper hospitals to more efficiently use their resources and more generally impedes continued system efficiency gains through increased reliance on nurses. As noted in Section 4, Sweden has the lowest number of hospital beds in the EU and the average length of stay is also among the lowest Bed occupancy rates are very high, to the extent that this has caused a lot of concern among many clinicians and patients about patient safety, given very narrow capacity margins in acute care hospitals and stressful working conditions. Sweden has probably hit the limit in terms of reducing the number of hospital beds and hospital capacity more broadly.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	6155f5e0847cbf0736fab904ef334a97	The principles focus on the positive carbon contributions of managed forests; the steps the sector can take to maintain and grow productive and managed forests in the US to sustain forest carbon; understanding public policy and market mechanisms and their effects on forests; and supporting innovation in the forest products sector that provides long-term benefits in addressing the carbon challenge (Forest Policy Forum, 2015). Members from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and the US contributed data for the report. This found that ICFPA members had reduced GHG emissions intensity by 5% since the previous report and increased the share of bioenergy used.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	61594821f984a7c606f69c55cb4d425d	Even though the total number of pupils enrolled is much higher than before, this still means that after seven years of schooling, almost half remain largely illiterate and unable to function better in society (Lugongo, 2010). Particularly unhelpful is the suffusion of policy with governance. For instance, in many agencies, good governance is tantamount to right development policy.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	615a4cb60b3750660df12e2d79b08d0c	This chapter identifies three areas that are opening new opportunities for SMEs and have consequently changed the business ecosystem in which they operate: information, finance and logistics. They have increased transparency and improved buyer-seller matching, while at the same time providing a feedback mechanism through peer reviews and customer ratings. Digital platforms have also increased SME access to finance. Through their ICT-enabled tools, such as mobile money and peer-to-peer lending, platforms are now making finance available to SMEs, many of which are greatly underserved by traditional banking.	9	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289338912-8-en	615cbd3195f2327a7b73d0b1a7ee6711	Moreover being well informed about the recycling programs is significant and positive for all the materials but food/yard waste. As for the policy instruments, mandatory recycling with kerbside collection with or without bag-based system were most effective however, only kerbside collection had a positive effect only on cardboard recycling.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5565b46a-en	615d278e9da3238eb214971d33e6ae8f	In the central part of the country (internal Dinarides), groundwater accumulates in limestone massifs and emerges as lime wells in the river basins of the Una, Sava, Bosna, Drina and Neretva Rivers. In the south, in the Adriatic Sea catchment, the geology is primarily karst (external Dinarides) and groundwater is mostly found in wells of the Cetina, Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basins. Karst aquifers are very fragile in terms of pollution impacts.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	615d3b2b89e8c979e9d2091ae2205706	As age increases, these percentages consistently fall. Although the levels vary according to country group, the former stay in the education system longer and the latter begin to leave school earlier. In lower-income sectors, inactivity rates decline with age but plateau after age 20 or 21. This stands in contrast to what happens among their high-income peers, where labour-market participation increases and reaches relatively high levels towards the end of youth. As a result, in the higher-income sectors the participation rates for men and women converge. This pattern is not confirmed in low-income sectors, where gender inequalities (due to a number of constraints and the lack of support for care) operate as a barrier to the integration of women in the productive world.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	61618d006007e08f217f79fe9bdf0b52	While unemployment has fallen to very low levels and income is starting to pick up, other signs point to a less rosy picture. Labour force participation, including those ofprime age, has declined. Facing possible future shocks from automation taking stock of factors that help workers find jobs and remain in employment can help improve labour market performance. There are a number of economy-wide features, including providing workers with adequate skills, easing barriers to taking jobs arising from child and elderly care responsibilities, and addressing the problems of felony records and drug abuse can pose for job search.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	6163122a59af4dad9a80994b2c9de209	However, as discussed earlier, the lines blur with regard to investments in innovation of green technologies because of their status as public goods. There are also international public funds available to help countries finance investments in green technologies, including through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,7 the World Bank Group, and other sources of aid as discussed in chapter VI. However, these funds tend to be myopic and extremely pro-cyclical, increasing during boom periods and falling during economic downturns. This is partly because the fund managers themselves are short-sighted, and partly because their own funding sources tend to grow during boom periods and collapse during economic recessions (Stiglitz and others, 2006).	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	616422f35a840e9acc0d26174ccbf5fd	Finally, better connectivity, across the subregion and beyond, can help leverage the subregion’s strategic location at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific to re-emerge as the hub of East-V\fest trade that it once was. Growth was driven by buoyant domestic demand backed by supportive policies. Fourth quarter growth was particularly strong in several economies in the subregion. Strong economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in a growing middle class.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99aadf34-en	6169179e98a1cea93e8997901754ed0a	This is particularly the case in agriculture where land is the most immediate asset for many of the poor, as it will constrain the potential for poverty reduction through the rise of small farmers or micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Thus, securing property rights and ensuring efficient land administration systems are critical factors in enabling pro-poor growth (Byerlee, Diao and Jackson, 2005). In the late 1940s and 1950s, both the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China carried out land reforms through dissolving land elites and conducting large-scale land redistribution. With these reforms, both economies began their high-growth phase in the mid-1960s with a low level of inequality and a Gini coefficient of around 0.30.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	616c2d5c17e732836d7fcffaba97ddf3	Physical infrastructure investment, such as spending on clean water, sanitation, and health clinics, can reduce women's unpaid care burden. Social infrastructure investment, defined as investment in people’s capabilities, refers to the fundamental social, intellectual, and emotional skills, and health of individuals—or level of human development—a country relies on for its economy to function. Both types have a public goods quality in that they generate positive spillover effects on economy-wide productivity. Financing for gender equality in these areas is more properly seen as an investment that yields an income stream in the future due to the beneficial development and growth effects. As a result, both physical and social infrastructure spending have the ability to create fiscal space.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264116672-8-en	616c9a9fe77cab8a045e866cbac90638	If that analysis is taken on trust then users can move quickly to considering implications and actions. Any move to a more inclusive and holistic approach may jeopardise the quality of the evidence due to lack of expertise on a variety of fronts. In particular, a stronger focus on the quality of learning and teaching in classrooms requires an evaluator to have more than personal competence as a teacher or school manager.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	616dba16cd9d020b8787884ba4da4c32	Since the programme began in 2000, 2 659 single-family units and 4 904 multi-family units have been created. In exchange for affordable units, the city offers a range of incentives. For example, the dty sold land to its development partners for USD 1 to build the first phase of Hunter’s Point South, a USD 350 million mixed-use complex designed to include 20 000 square feet (1858 m2) of retail space, a school and 900 rental units, 75% of which will be affordable to low- to middle-income families.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	616f79fa65cf716b061b8871a094b5ab	The EDI was originally developed in Ontario, Canada, and it is a measure of children’s development as they enter school. The results are aggregated to the group level (school, neighbourhood and city) to provide a population-based measure of children’s development. The data are not reported at the child or class level, which means they are not used as a diagnostic tool for individual children.	4	0	12	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	617232f81b110febc98c1dc968b15d92	Other important sources of information include Technical Needs Assessments (TNAs), National Communications and Biennial Update Reports. While the reference to other climate related planning processes implies an anchoring of the (l)NDC in the national policy context, the actual degree of alignment between different policies and strategies is difficult to assess. Roughly 40% of those countries mention sector-specific implementation costs or finance needs for one or more sector(s), but with few of them relating these needs to a set of defined actions. Also, only few countries refer to financial instruments, or to ambitions for the private sector to play a role in addressing the finance needs.	13	3	3	0.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6173c5a3153da87850231945ab9a401c	Gross fixed capital formation increased rather solidly in line with the improving investment climate. Public consumption also stepped up, with a slightly higher share in GDP in 2012 relative to the past several years. Employment growth, however, decelerated from 2.4% in 2011 to 1.3% in 2012. Higher job creation in the formal sector remains a key challenge for inclusive growth.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	61743b63251c5e68908f7e0e42368ea0	The paper proposed management instruments to promote efficiency and profitability in the fishing fleet. The proposals in the White Paper were also a continuation of the Structural Quota (SQS) System implemented in the coastal fleet in 2004 and the SQS in the ocean going fleet implemented from 2005, but with some modifications. A time limit of 20 years on the structural quotas was re-introduced (25 years for previously-allocated quotas), and the SQS in the coastal fleet was introduced for vessels between 11 and 15 metres from 2008.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	6176486c66f901b852698c46355f5d77	"Finally, quantitative and qualitative data on the burden of preventable and treatable disease, disability and premature death and their determinants among indigenous peoples should also include in such a data revolution envisioned in post-2015 development framework. This would be in line with the High Level Panel's call for designing ""goals that focus on reaching excluded groups by making sure we track progress at all levels of income, and by providing social protection to help people build resilience to life's uncertainties"". Indigenous peoples however, further, face distinct set of complex issues that require initiatives specific to indigenous peoples."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	61766b665481e331ae38c7b3ffd119c2	Some progress can be noted, but much more needs to be done to achieve the 2 °C goal. The transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development path requires financing, innovation and strategies that also address potential negative competitiveness and employment impacts. Such a path can also create new opportunities as part of a green growth strategy.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	617755bdeeaf67bc144c03c85e43ce5f	The falling share of agricultural exports is likely due to a combination of much higher oil and other mineral prices in excess of rising agricultural prices. This is even more pronounced for petroleum exporting countries in Africa -compared to petroleum exporters in other regions of the world - but holds for all of SSA, including South Africa. Despite the importance ostensibly accorded to agriculture for African development in the Berg Report, the period since the 1980s has also seen a general neglect of agriculture and food security. Public spending for infrastructure, agricultural research and development, extension services and agricultural subsidies declined while official support and encouragement was limited to export-oriented agriculture. The agricultural sector had indeed performed relatively poorly in the 1960s and 1970s, and was seen to be in crisis. The Berg Report blamed excessive government interventions for the stagnation, and advocated for the removal of subsidies, price and import liberalization.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	617844267f2393f895bf99538848f7e0	For the 2015 agricultural season, TARSiM insurance covered 14% of the total agricultural area registered in Farmer Registry System (MOFAL, direct communication). Although the new system remains relatively limited, it is growing at a rapid pace. The further expansion of the agricultural insurance programme faces challenges of increased transaction and implementation costs to cover small-scale farms and ensuring the actuarial soundness of the system in the long run in view of uncertainties related to climate change.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	617b2857ec1ed687585da5bc953fbb67	Facilitating factors leading to the adoption of the reform Water pollution had been slowly mounting as a concern for the general public in the European Union. In 1988 the Council of Ministers of Environment requested the European Commission to work on a directive to tackle the issue in a holistic way. This began with the Nitrates and Waste Water Treatment Directives. In 1995, Council of Ministers of Environment and the European Parliament’s environmental committee requested the EU Commission to proceed with a more global approach to water policy.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	617ddb390eccc4c7bc015f318e56bf56	Lastly, it is worth noting that in six countries more progress has been made towards meeting the first MDG target in low-education households than in others. The base year is 1997 ? The concept of female head of household is useful since it makes it possible to identify households where the absence of the male partner forces women to bear the entire burden of maintaining the household, which is particularly complex when there are small children.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/g2g9faa5-en	617ddc88484d2130e2ace692319031be	Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency; such efforts are slowly bearing fruit. Yet on average, gender pay gaps across the OECD remain at about 15% at the median, with little progression recorded in recent years (OECD. The higher the position, the lower the proportion of women in many OECD countries across all branches of power.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	617e0a65f438dd50ef05fead9f0e2f1f	Report and full dataset accessible on line http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboardl3.html; Panel 2 - OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013: Innovation for Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ sti_scoreboard-2013-en; Based on the EPO, Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, April 2013. New fields of research emerge from S&T disciplines that follow a mix of approaches to research and use a variety of analytical instruments and evaluation methods. Technology platforms connect data, models and actors to integrate knowledge, identify gaps and support co-ordination of global research.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	618203f434e28a9486624f24c26891c0	Without the progress of these countries, the global poverty record would have appeared far less successful. Poverty has remained high in these countries partly because economic growth rates have been comparatively low (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2007). The prospects for halving poverty remain a major challenge, however, for Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Timor-Leste.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	61822ee2e1fc295a9d50785353a78765	More than half (54%) of the flood-prone area is located in the Sava River Basin in central Slovenia, 42% in the Drava River Basin in the east, and 4% in the Soca River Basin and rivers directly flowing to the Adriatic Sea in the west. About 30 extensive flood-prone areas (approximately 237 000 ha) lie in the broad areas of alluvial plains, which in many places have been converted to cultivation and in some places housing. Torrential floods, which occur mostly in the mountains or hilly areas, are short in duration but violent.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	6183107c9ddc1e38093b0d677d7868c2	However, in 2011 the Ministry for Environmental Protection (MEP) undertook a trial to assess air, soil and water quality in a sample of 364 villages. This is consistent with recent studies showing significant pollution spillovers from cities into surrounding areas and high levels of pollution coming from rural areas themselves (Cao et al., Likewise, rivers can transport pollution over large distances such that populations living in areas without high concentrations of heavily polluting industries may be exposed to upstream activities as well as environmental accidents which continue to pose a serious threat (He et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	61842da510aa6493edd694e2829e2a16	Excluding students with an immigrant background reduces the percentage of poorly performing students slightly to 16%. By contrast, in Shanghai-China, Hong Kong-China, Canada, Finland and Korea, the proportion of poor performers is 10% or less (Figure 1.2.14 in PISA 2009 Results Volume I). Students proficient at Level 2 are capable of very basic tasks, such as locating information that meets several conditions, making comparisons or contrasts around a single feature, working out what a well-defined part of a text means even when the information is not prominent, and making connections between the text and personal experience.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2300e21f-en	6186cef0085cf9639fb62271fbedd403	Monitoring continues to require adequate data on ozone-depleting substances, all of which can be derived from national production and international trade statistics. These are areas dedicated to safeguarding and maintaining biological diversity and natural resources, with their associated cultural value. From 1990 to 2012, protected terrestrial areas grew from 8.9 per cent to 14.6 per cent of the world’s land surface. Over the same period, marine protection has more than doubled in coastal waters up to 12 nautical miles, from 4.6 per cent to 9.7 per cent.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	61870cb0f4b83b20ceb391b53f943a36	Public health care expenditure is expected to reach 5.8% of GDP in 2030 from an average of about 3.7% over the 2006-10 period (de la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins, 2013). This is the largest increase among the BRIICS countries and close to the highest among OECD countries. Around 40% of the public health care spending rise will be due to demographic trends against an average of 30 and 20% for the other BRIICS and OECD countries, respectively. The South African health care system is highly fragmented and mostly privately financed. The poor are particularly vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditure.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	618775b3fcaba69bbeef5f8ae03c57e3	The TSP provided technical assistance to BSN in order to improve the institutional and human capacities of this relatively new agency, including steps to improve the computer hardware, software, network and internet facility, as well as to update the website of BSN's standards information system. In order to help Indonesia harmonise its standards with those of the European Union and other international bodies (such as ISO), the TSP organised several train-the-trainers programmes and study visits to Europe in association with the German National Standards body (DIN). Finally, the TSP provided assistance to SMEs in the standards area, including in the form of a dedicated guide on standards (European Union, 2008).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	6188add09ab881de7ba97ef5ab63bfd1	Results are robust to the use of non linear regression model (probit). The coefficients associated to both categories of start-ups are remarkably stable across specifications and in particular is not significantly reduced once founders’ characteristics are included. Returns cannot be calculated for start-ups in the data because of a lack of information about the VC contracts offered to start-ups in exchange for funding.8 Furthermore, for acquisitions, acquisition price is usually not disclosed publicly and for IPOs, information on money raised is also missing in most of the cases. After an acquisition, when the venture is sold to a third party, founders usually leave the company.9 On the contrary, after an IPOs, the entrepreneur usually remains involved.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	61891dd44a7535fc75a0f41881447aed	During two annual National Immunization Days, normally held each January and February, approximately 170 million children under 5 are vaccinated by immunization teams going door-to-door to every house in the country. Pause for a second to examine those numbers. Then consider what characterizes the highest-risk areas for poliovirus transmission: high-density living, poor sanitation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	6189c32ed512a77e05b9beb1dbc24f6b	The distinction is, however, very important for developing countries’ prospects in strengthening its research capacities at universities and other institutions. The current ODA definition of research is vague and may need further clarification, especially considering the introduction of TOSSD and increasingly global challenges. It will also be important to improve the DAC statistical systems to better distinguish between research funding and international collaboration focused on strengthening domestic STI capacity in developing countries and other research activities conducted by universities and research institutions in donor countries.	9	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	618a1a8775837dccd420ea1fb79b3c5f	Education policy must therefore identify and remedy all structural biases that lead to potential exclusion in the mainstream system. Policies and resources aimed at developing genuinely inclusive practices must take precedence over the old ways. Legislation is not an end in itself and its impact depends on implementation, the sustainability of funding, and monitoring and evaluation. More detailed policy frameworks are also needed that ensure the translation of legal norms into practical programmes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	618c6a0b47310dbf1de8ac787ce5b52f	The initiatives could focus on enhancing student pathways among institutions, increasing the percentage of students from low-income and minority populations gaining a tertiary education certification/degree or increasing opportunities for adult/mature students to pursue and complete tertiary education. Within this context, Malaysia is encountering difficulties to translate scientific knowledge into technological capabilities. Although an important player in knowledge diffusion and S&T activities, universities have not yet enlarged the national research potential and reached the quality of R&D performed in the OECD countries. The country has been over-performing in terms of publication intensity, but among ASEAN economies, its scientific publications are less frequently cited and its researcher population less numerous.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	6190666a02d6b593eaa2b2a4901f22b7	It should make it easier for people to understand that work pays. Universal Credit will furthermore provide individuals with a seamless route to enter, exit and re-enter work without running the risk of losing their entitlement. Although the marginal tax rates still remain relatively high, combined with an effective conditionality regime, the Universal Credit reform can change social attitudes to work in the long run. If the remaining weaknesses would be addressed, the gain from the reform in terms of making work pay and reducing poverty would be even bigger. Universal Credit depends on real time information on income, which is to be achieved through HM Revenue and Customs Real Time Information (RTI) project. System failure in the RTI could lead to unnecessary uncertainties and hardship for vulnerable groups in the transition period, especially if Universal Credit recipients were not receiving timely and correct payments.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	6194ce1da1e7aed5cd5e9929d75f9742	An enabling policy environment is important for the development of a strong and competitive renewable energy sector to supply both industrial and domestic consumers. Section 3 identifies key enabling policy factors required for the replicability and accelerated uptake of the available renewable energy solutions throughout the mining sector. Major companies and conglomerates, among others, such as Glencore, Barrick Gold, Rio Tinto, Antofagasta, Codelco and IAMGOLD have all made use of renewable energy in their mines (Table 2.1).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	6194d8693bb7c410d0b4d57006111b62	Despite this, comparisons between different sectors indicate that SPS and TBT arrangements may also foster trade - highlighting the difficultly in attempting to determine the distortions potentially created by such measures. In a similar vein, Winchester (2009) suggests that reforms to trading arrangements that only focus on tariff and other border measures will produce much smaller gains than if non-tariff barriers are included. For New Zealand, Winchester (2009) finds that welfare gains from agro-food trade reform including the elimination of non-tariff barriers was more than four times greater for a range of possible bilateral agreements than if only tariff barriers were removed.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	61965b2cf95e130e624811341cb2e965	New Working Conditions: improvement of teacher compensation; creation of incentives to work in disadvantaged schools; and regulation of non-teaching time as part of contract hours. Training for Development: Entitlement to free and pertinent professional development; individual professional development plans informed by the needs of both the teacher and the school; and school principals empowered to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies. These were performing a range of duties as described in Table 5.1. The distribution of teachers by type of school provider in 2015 was as follows: 43.9% in municipal schools, 45.7% in private-subsidised schools, 9.4% in private non-subsidised schools and 1.0% in schools with delegated administration (the equivalent shares in 2004 were 51.1%, 35.7%, 11.7% and 1.5% respectively).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	61992ffc4a695111e71b2d767988fcb5	Since 2005 Morocco has produced a gender report providing a vital tool to ensure accountability and in 2007 the Prime Minister of Morocco sent a letter to all departments urging them to take up GRB. Currently, a total of 27 departments, accounting for more than 80 per cent of the government's budget, have adopted the tool. A major advance was achieved in 2004 with the passing of a new family law which guaranteed equality of the sexes in marriage. In the same year, Morocco's new labour code spelt out women's rights to maternity leave. Meanwhile, the confederation of Moroccan businesses (CGEM) has produced guidance to its members to make creches available in workplaces to support working mothers. Which means that when it comes to crucial policies such as universal education, targets are set for both sexes and the barriers which could prevent girls going to school are factored into the budgeting process.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	619ada622304ed41f6efbec34807ba0b	Policies and programmes aimed at achieving the MDGs too often ignore the situation of the poorest and most marginalized adolescents and youth, even those in middle-income and industrialized countries. Fulfilling their rights to education, health and recreation; to an environment without violence; and to having their voices heard in decision-making processes are all conditions for achieving social equality, pro-poor economic growth and expanded citizenship. Countries that have done so include Burundi, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, the Niger, Senegal and Zambia.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	619be662382d7021c6b0addf130174b1	For example, improving students’ confidence in their abilities, knowledge and skills, and instilling in them the conviction that success is the result of hard work (not of innate and fixed traits) (Dweck, 2006) or the belief that academic success leads to professional success can help to reduce anxiety and foster motivation (Schunk and Pajares, 2009). When students feel they belong at school, they are also more motivated. The virtuous circle is complete, because students invest more of their time and effort in their schoolwork when they are motivated. The two behaviours that impact most on students’ academic performance relative to PISA are absenteeism and lack of punctuality. Students who skipped class or days of school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test in 2015 scored, on average, 45 points lower in science than students who did not skip classes or school (33 points lower after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools). Students who reported that they arrived late for school in the two weeks before they sat the PISA test scored, on average, 27 points lower than students who reported they had been punctual (23 points lower after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/150942f1-en	619c6641a0fc538dfcdadb128966b827	For the latter, the second year of the crisis appears to be even more damaging for the economy with a growth rate of 3.8 per cent. The hypothesis of early rebound for commodity prices as observed in most markets while other linking variables - export, FDI, aid, and remittances - are stagnating, exacerbate the adverse effects of the crisis. Thus, we start by decomposing their GDP components into final consumption, investment and net exports, and analyze their respective contributions to the economy slowdown consecutive to the global economic crisis. Indeed, the trade deficits in Burkina Faso and in Ghana, respectively 15 per cent and 36 per cent of GDP in 2008 (Annex I, Table 2), are reduced due to a significant decrease in import costs (Figure 16).	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	619d48feb11f37d1dc84ce09de5b30e1	For example, an intervention that seeks to promote transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Such aims could include promoting lesson learning and supporting effective processes (e.g. at sectoral or national levels), which often requires mainstreaming climate concerns, aligning with government priorities, and/or achieving longer-term transformational impacts.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	619f1e3fa2a9d063990c77b43b59a93a	Finally, the surveys should serve to elaborate, monitor, evaluate and expand specific policies dedicated to improving labour market functioning and supporting the informal sector. Despite abundant international reporting on ALMPs, evidence of long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness is insufficient, as most programmes remain largely unmonitored and unevaluated. Any programme aimed at bringingyoung people into employment is based on an assumption of what the main obstacles to youth employment are and how they can best be removed given the country context and target group.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	61a0b3b76118a944e33ee5668683e6af	For instance, many respondents said that proximity, low cost and simplicity (no waiting time) were the main reasons for preferring their provider. These factors were influential, particularly in cases where services were sought from traditional/religious healers and chemist shops. In the case of minor illnesses, though, the poor preferred traditional healers and chemists to NGO facilities, as visiting these providers was more convenient and less time-consuming.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	61a14c8aa329e76d6d83c70bec9bd87a	Thus, direct hierarchical involvement in investment projects is not how vertical co-ordination issues are typically dealt with in Sweden. Instead, the different levels of government together with central government agencies and all other relevant actors engage in continuous dialogue. The OECD Review recommended that it could be fruitful to better link dialogue with the evidence obtained from the indicator system and case-specific impact evaluations, as a means to make a stronger case for co-financing arrangements.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	61a1e499feed5a283eeaa5940e1aed51	Using stock changes to compensate for such supply variations, thereby dampening price volatility and associated problems for producers and consumers, looks like a promising avenue. Moreover, it is evident that there is a close relationship between stocks and price changes. When prices begin to spike, buffer stocks are the only source of additional supplies that could prevent a price explosion. And accumulating those stocks in periods of particularly low' prices would have the additional benefit of avoiding periods of excessive price depression.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	61a1ef0896ac75c3018d81fbf670f91e	By contrast, in Israel the gap between the two waves is too large to enable any adjustment, and only the data available until 2011 were taken into account. Data from few countries (Chile, Hungary, Japan, Mexico and Switzerland) were not included in the time series analysis because of other break in data time series. For the other countries the data were included for the longest break-free period in the time series.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	61a2354b18698ebefa27f2f67b4b63a8	Yet these policies - largely driven by quantitative objectives - came with high qualitative costs for the country’s urban development. Housing development had been identified as an integral component of the country’s development in previous National Development Plans (2001-2006; 2007-2012) and conceived as a question of ensuring housing in sufficient quantity at a minimum level of quality, particularly for populations in poverty and with lower incomes. Federal housing finance programmes, including subsidies for low-income populations offered by the National Housing Commission (Comision Nacional de Vivienda, CONAVI), the National Trust Fund for Popular Housing (Fondo Nacional de Habitaciones Populares, FONHAPO) and the Ministry of Social Development (Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL) and publicly backed mortgages offered by INFONAVIT, FOVISSSTE and others, have been integral in supporting the push to expand housing access.	11	0	7	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	61a4eebf0f8964bc6bc626b3b0da8391	"Agricultural biotechnology is important here, due to its scope for sustained productivity growth and potential impact on agricultural commodity trade. Productivity growth, in turn, leads to increased exports of commodities, as the success stories of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Paraguay and the United States demonstrate. The reason is that the biotech pipeline has been expanding and the biotech regulatory systems and approvals in different countries have become less synchronized. ‘ Zero tolerance"" policies for asynchronously approved agricultural innovation thus imply zero trade. One study found that in the case of soybeans, the impact on the EU may be as much as a 200 per cent price increase, in case of zero tolerance. Biotech and other innovations will need to keep supply growth rates in line with demand and prices at sustainable levels."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	61a5d36f1e9e65d5cbebf669134ee2ce	As large food retailers tend to have the most power in processed food value chains, the institutional framework and infrastructure to support each of the linkages in the food value chain are essential to supporting domestic food production. Working with lead firms in this area has the potential to be a powerful policy lever. The institutional framework here influences the ability of housing suppliers to respond to demand.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	61a613efeef0f1c1ce2d6aaee9f481c0	Such efforts might be in collaboration with civil society organisations and/or government ministries. Prioritising external security threats, such as terrorism, can also lead to the exclusion of internal security threats such as high rates of domestic and sexual violence. Increased understanding of the importance of integrating gender into SSR initiatives and adequate prioritisation can be gained through practical gender training, relevant briefings, mentoring, employing personnel with gender expertise and other initiatives.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303201-3-en	61a6159bccfe0ef4546659b370eac877	Challenges that remain include the need for further and more explicit prioritisation of biodiversity within development finance portfolios and programming, by better capturing the synergies with climate and other environmental and development objectives. The persistent limitations in individual expertise, human resources and organisational capacity and a lack of funding for biodiversity in partner countries also hinder the continuity of positive change initiated by development co-operation activities beyond project lifetimes. Doing so in a more consistent manner would also facilitate comparison of experiences across countries and their effectiveness, and an exchange of lessons learned. This challenge is due in part to the lack of consistent data and indicators to develop baselines and to monitor and report on progress towards achieving mainstreaming goals and targets. In terms of responses, further consideration on how to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming efforts across the full range of responses, namely inputs, process, outputs, outcomes and impacts, would be useful.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	61a6f101f65679fe8003aa8df492185b	In this case, Kubler’s (2007) discussion of types of negotiations might suggest that a more limited set of objectives might be desirable. While Prague will be entering into an evolving long-term relationship with the municipalities, it needs a limited framework agreement from Central Bohemia that gives the municipalities in the Prague East and Prague West districts permission to negotiate with Prague without the regional government of Central Bohemia blocking the process. Further, the development principles of both Prague and Central Bohemia should align on strategic spatial objectives.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	61a92834143e5bca6411bd1146846b37	The process was first carried out in 2004, and led to additional funding allocated to HIV/AIDS projects, “which topped the economists’ “to do” list”. Similarly, biosand filters was the intervention with the lowest risk of a BCR below 1. In the final overall ranking, WSS interventions came in about 15th to 20th position (over a total of 30 interventions), whereas health interventions to address malnutrition (such as micronutrient supplements or community-based nutrition promotion) came towards the top, largely due to their comparatively low costs and fast payback periods. It does so by comparing the effectiveness of various health interventions based on the estimated cost per DALY averted (see Box 5.4).	6	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	61ab40ccfd904984338ea5753f2eea0b	Examining this performance across five-year intervals shows that average annual GDP growth accelerated from 6.6% between 2000/01 and 2004/05 to 11.1% between 2005/06 and 2009/10 before slowing to 10.3% between 2010/11 and 2014/15. Industry’s contribution to economic output increased from 9.7% in 2009 to 22.1% in 2016. However, agriculture still accounts for the majority of employment (Figure 2.2).	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	61af05b9f7fad60139a8e216ac5603cd	"San Francisco has collected more than a million tons of food scraps, yard trimmings, and other compostable materials and turned it into compost that is used by local fanners and wineries in Napa and Sonoma counties. San Francisco diverted nearly 80% diversion in 2012 - the highest rate of any major U.S. city Source: EPA (2016), ""Zero Waste Case Shidy: San Francisco, CA”, www.epa.gov/transfomiing-waste-tool/less-wastc-casc-studv-saii-francisco-ca. As identified by the JICA Roadmap study, a comprehensive study and formulation of a masterplan for solid waste management at the metropolitan scale needs to be prioritised. The proposed MCDA bill makes provision for the establishment of public commissions of which Solid Waste Management is included."	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3a98e5b4-en	61b0909cdbc98bfd1377240753474a6f	The ocean has been a catalyst for regionalism. These have profound, damaging effects on our ocean and its ecosystems. But we also see that the ocean has an incredible ability to adapt and regenerate if it is given the chance. This requires rethinking the way we sustainably manage our oceanic resources. We recognize that there must be transformational change in attitude and behaviour. We must come together if we are to succeed as citizens, communities, governments and countries.	14	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	61b1b4fe3165b9576ae95aeba61c3594	Currently, the amount of 19.24% and 20.27% of national tax is transferred to local governments (Ministry of Interior and Safety) and education districts (Ministry of Education) by law regardless of economic and financial demand. As a result, the allocation of intergovernmental transfers has exacerbated this mismatching problem. In order to alleviate this mismatch, the merger of local government and education authority was suggested during the last few7 decades as a change of population composition had been expected, but it is not institutionalised yet.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	61b42b465822d1bd5543015dcc685da0	Fresh water resources may be adequate in particular regions, but a number of regulatory and infrastructure impediments often obstruct their use for productive purposes. For example, fresh water resources, including local groundwater or surface water are often transboundary, so that their management is seriously hampered by the lack of coordinated regional strategies (Nin-Pratt et al., In developing countries, markets for agricultural inputs and outputs, finance and other services, are often poorly developed, with small volumes traded, prone to large seasonal variability in demand and supply and significant difficulties in enforcing interpersonal contracts (Poulton et al.,	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c2dea192-en	61b4f159b8de74cf33f27df110e10726	As such, the government has introduced a series of instruments to facilitate the renovation of residential buildings Most of these instruments are provided through the state fund KredEx in the form of a renovation loan and a reconstruction grant. The renovation loan is a long-term and has a low interest rate and is offered to apartment associations, building associations or any community of more than three apartments built before 1993. Within a project of Bulgarian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works and UNDP, launched in 2007, fifty multi-family buildings were renovated to demonstrate the benefits of home energy efficiency improvements.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	61b81ed1ed0c9f762e6867605bda16c5	Inflation rates, after a hike in 2008, are back to pre-crisis levels (Figure 2), but consumer prices will remain under pressure. In the oil-importing countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan), one can expect further rounds of energy price increases following the developments of global energy prices and ongoing utility reforms necessitating further rounds of tariff adjustments (World Bank 2010b). The recent increase in international wheat prices could put further upward pressure on consumer price indices in the region if international prices are passed through to domestic consumers (IMF 2010a).	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264276116-4-en	61b855b6d717d4f36dd78b88a837f90e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Among OECD countries, Israel has the highest fertility rate, with 3 children per woman in 2014, while total fertility rates are lower than 1.3 in Greece, Korea, Poland, Portugal and Spain. By 2000, the age had risen to over 26 on average across OECD countries, and by 2013 it had risen again to 29. On average, the proportion of children living with two married parents decreased between 2005 and 2014 - from 72% to 67%.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/36457e13-en	61b903496d915167cc286eab55c75de3	In both entities deciduous forest is dominant. This indicates that conifer forests have been properly managed. Round wood for industrial processing from deciduous forests accounts for only 30.24 per cent, while pulp and firewood account for 69.76 per cent. In the pre-war period there was no industrial capacity for deciduous pulp processing and no board factories that used deciduous wood.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	61b95b0bc1cbab5123c8dc93aed5941d	Some higher-income countries have increasingly adopted narrowly focused academic measurements of student achievement, posing the risk that schools lose their equally critical role in developing social skills, a course with particular consequences for girls struggling to manage competing sources of information, including media, that shape self-perceptions in negative ways (The Lancet Commissions, 2016). I would like to be working as lawyer. )) Targets in the 2030 Agenda stipulate the attainment of universal access to sexual and reproductive health services and universal health coverage.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	61baa899ae0a9c34caa5fbe6a2bcdcf6	There is less variation in distribution of electricity, with lower access in the North West but little difference between rural and urban areas (Table 1.4). Although there are differences in gender equality for men and women in Viet Nam, these are generally not very significant and do not appear for every dimension of inclusiveness. Education and health outcomes are relatively equally distributed along gender. According to VHLSS, women in Viet Nam tend to earn substantially less than men.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	61bb31a5a2260d951a32b438603a5607	The world needed to be mobilized and made aware of the existential threat posed to humankind by the accelerating change in the Earth's climate caused largely by human activity. Together with those with whom he worked closely, Ban Ki-moon resolved to elevate climate change to a leaders-level issue, to mobilize the world to confront it frontally and, in the process, to help achieve a truly global climate change agreement. The 178 countries which participated at the Summit also adopted the voluntary Agenda 21, which provided a blueprint for development that simultaneously supported environmental protection, economic growth and a better quality of life for all. This principle balanced the need for all Parties to the Convention to take responsibility for addressing climate change with the recognition that there were wide differences in the level of social and economic development between Parties, thus requiring leadership from developed countries given their historical responsibilities.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281707-5-en	61bd43926cd1e27981a8764ede3cd6c3	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This remarkable achievement materialised through supply augmentation and infrastructure development financed by the central budget. To cope with future challenges driven by rapid ageing of the population, a changing climate, and fiscal consolidation, the Korean model would benefit from a transition towards a system that places more attention on water demand management, enhances water use efficiency and allocates existing water resources where they create the most value for the Korean society. Korea’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased 31 000 times between 1953 and 2014 (from KRW 47.7 billion to KRW 1 485 trillion in 2014), at an annual growth of 7.3% over the period.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	61c1601077a2aa1de68711f4110b0ee3	Global investment in energy end-use technologies was more than double the supply-side investments, and reached an estimated $1.7 trillion in 2005, of which almost $1.2 trillion was for road vehicles (Griibler and others, forthcoming). Other private sector investments in energy technology include investment by angel investors, companies’ internal investments, debt instruments, project finance, mergers and acquisitions, and investments in publicly listed energy technology firms. Energy-related venture capital investments boomed in EU and North America in recent years, reaching $15.5 billion, or 10 per cent of all private investments in energy technology diffusion in 2008 (International Energy Agency, 2009).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	61c23a4744b4acce09a0516652004320	With rising producer prices, the HPP has also had to rise in order to enable BULOG to purchase enough rice for its obligations. The programme provided interest-free credit for selected rural business units so that they could assist in stabilising the price of rice at an acceptable level during the harvest season by purchasing rice on the basis of the HPP. In 2007, the programme was extended to include corn and soybeans, with the target prices determined by the provincial government. During the life of this programme, the government provided finance to 1184 LUEPs in 27 provinces.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	61c4018a24bd4bcda7bed796baa55984	In 2013/14 the emergency admission bed day rate was 71 895 emergency bed days per 100 000 population. Since 2008/09 the rate has shown a steady reduction. Note that the 2013/14 figures are provisional and likely to be slightly lower than the final figure. The proportion of the last six months of life spent at home or in a community setting was 90.8% in the year ending March 2014.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	61c7934c5efd6fd824736014c08bbddf	But they also acknowledged that the reproductive health needs of adolescents as a group had been “largely ignored,” and they called on governments to make information and services available to help protect girls and young women from unwanted pregnancies and to educate young men “to respect womens self-determination.” Governments, in the ICPD Programme of Action, also underscored the need to take actions to promote gender equality and equity. The ICPD Programme of Action points the way forward in helping girls face these ongoing and emerging challenges.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	61c7af86a5ae56e10c20e56a69de7ec2	"Treatment facilities have been constructed for waters from the Severniy, Severniy-Glubokiy and Kaula-Kotsclvaara mines in the Russian Federation. The smelter area was cleaned of heavy and non-ferrous metals, and new technology was introduced for processing coppcr-nickel concentrate. Several discharge points of industrial wastewaters will be eliminated as a result of closure of mining and metallurgical production, and their transfer to Monchegorsk. However, the “Development of a joint environmental monitoring program in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area""14 project, with the objective of ensuring reliable and comparable monitoring data, was implemented from 2003 to 2006. Water quality assessment in Norway and Finland with the Russian Federation is not clear-cut."	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	61c7ef5dca71be541c0948082d231d16	It attempts to minimise the risk that the target stock will be overfished and recruitment impaired. The second decision rule focuses on the maintenance of ecological relationships between predators and prey as set out in Article II (3b). It limits the effects of harvesting on krill-based predators by setting a target of 75% median escapement (Constable 2000).	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	61ca09391c983115fdf777e1d873b424	In April 2009, the European Commission adopted its Communication “Building a sustainable future for aquaculture - A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. In this Communication the Commission examined the root causes of the stagnation in EU aquaculture production. On the basis of this process the Commission will issue, in 2013, strategic guidelines for a sustainable aquaculture.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	61cabba0dc103418381d77c107ac1762	Then it will examine whether and how new approaches to development cooperation embodied in the GHPs may have an impact on health inequalities. Finally, it will recommend ways in which GHPs or other approaches of international cooperation can help reduce health inequalities and further assist developing countries to improve the health status of their populations. Moreover, good health is an intrinsic component of human security.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	61ce5657bd9e27c73e7962fe21fd415b	Earnings levels are also lower in terms of annual and hourly wages but, for part-timers, once other demographic and job characteristics are taken into account, the differences in hourly wages tend to disappear. On the other hand, compared with permanent workers, temporary workers face substantial wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth. But the household constellation matters: low-income and poverty risks are five and ten times higher respectively if NSW is the main source of earnings rather than if NSW live with a standard worker.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	61d24d68627f9e200bda043ddd4f02a5	"Based on the SWOT analysis, the LAG then convened a number of meetings with fishers to collectively create fundable projects. Some fishers did not understand why they should be innovative and what it was that was supposed to be created. Typical questions were ""for whom is fishing unprofitable?"", It is not that hard""."	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	61d4319dfd9955fe66ebb261cb3ef426	Although politically attractive in the short-term, across-the-board subsidies come at huge fiscal and economic costs (Ravallion 2009; Grosh et al. They are difficult to reverse and are most often regressive, i.e. they distribute relatively more resources to the non-poor than to the poor. Scaling-up existing cash transfer schemes is easier than installing a programme from scratch. The ability to respond quickly depends on the quality of the existing programmes (Mitra et al.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	61e5b5dbd31e2f8ff00ac50eb6963b74	While arrangements vary across countries, school boards usually embrace leadership, management and strategy functions. Costa Rica has taken a welcome step in requiring principals to include school boards in the elaboration of school plans. Yet further measures are needed to effectively empower them to contribute to school governance by providing their members w'ith clear guidelines on their roles, training opportunities and information about the performance of schools.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/78349259-en	61e7716886e21097d4cf3ed7e121664b	Food shortages do occasionally make national headlines, of course, and public discontent with higji prices may translate into “food riots.” This happened in 2007 and 2008, when global food prices suddenly soared to very hig)i levels. Apart from such emergencies, however, food generally has a much lower public profile.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	61ea8607ac4ebe9d38db9429d2f33389	Further fine-tuning of the basic Payment Scheme includes a reduction of amounts paid per recipient above a certain threshold, the option to grant higher payments to the first hectares per recipient, a compulsory top-up of payments to young farmers and simplified procedures for small farmers who receive only small amounts of direct support. The precise definition of the latter was still in progress as of April 2014. Alternatively, member states have flexibility to implement national certification schemes instead.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	61ed01dc36cc08d48aa8f1f01d310820	"Moreover, its share of females is larger than the CIS average. Female migration is driven by both gender-neutral ""pull"" factors, such as demand for labour and long-lasting ties between the countries, as well as by gender-specific ""pull"" factors, such as the demand for ""female"" workers to be employed in the growing services sector. Such employment often means preferences for Kyrgyz females due to their relatively higher level of Russian language facility and simplified documentation requirements."	5	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	61eee94cc0421ca95e56fcf1ee2ec684	The results from responding countries are encouraging, though it is not possible to determine whether this is a global trend. The sample is also possibly biased in that it may have attracted countries that had relatively positive results to report. Note: * represents 2010 data provided in the 2013 survey.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/52043f6e-en	61f0931a2235460e9c709408c8251be8	Reforms to the Swedish Penal Code regarding violence against women, introduced by the “Kvinnofrid” package in 1998, emphasize the importance of collaboration between the police, social services and health-care providers. In many societies, women belonging to particular ethnic or racial groups experience gender-based violence as well as violence based on their ethnic or racial identity. It is important that legislation, or subsidiary legislation, where necessary, make specific provision for the appropriate and sensitive treatment of women complainants/survivors of violence who suffer from multiple forms of discrimination. Title VI of the United States of America Tribal Law and Order Bill (2008), if passed, would enact specific provisions regarding the prosecution and prevention of domestic violence and sexual assault against Native American women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	61f0a4ecb2f5903d11c60cbfa161f950	This objective to cover diverse project areas will lead to the reduction of GHG emissions while significantly improving the quality of die environment, and in particular reducing air, water and soil pollution. Since the beginning of its operation, the NTEF has been implementing four programmes. Energy efficiency projects for 77 public buildings (kindergartens, schools, universities, cultural community centres, theatres, sports halls, medical centres and administrative facilities) in Bulgaria, amounting to 27 million leva, have been implemented under the programme during die period 2011-2014. Partial financing (based on the de minimis principle under the state aid regulations) has been provided to two corporate projects for energy production from renewable sources.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	61f1eda87c2c05afc4d8a5013c7ae4b1	Furthermore, the government can set incentives to induce the private sector to invest more in agricultural R&D, particularly through the enforcement of intellectual property rights such as patents and licences. Data in USD presented in this chapter were converted from current kyats to USD by using the exchange rate of 1MMK = 0.00113572 USD as of June 2013. Data in acres have been converted in hectares (ha) by using the rate of 1 ha = 2.47 acres.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/01772a94-en	61f3c2ef4c6d92d9a801b3074c586723	For the remaining countries in sub-Saharan Africa, however, the poverty and deprivation rates differ considerably. The low R-squared and the horizontal trend line indicate that there is no correlation between the two measures of poverty across the thirty countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This finding underlines the usefulness of using these two measures of poverty in a complementary manner to identify monetary poor and deprived households and children.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/76afd318-en	61f4dddd06bfbe9a8ec7e31b95386d88	As family-building often starts with a marriage, the consequences for fertility is obvious. Globally, fertility declined to 2.5 births per woman, but women who bear more than five children are still common in countries where women marry early. Early marriage and high fertility limit such women’s opportunities for education and employment and can severely diminish their chances for advancement in life.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	61f56156a472eec96834747e1046e6d4	Data on ethnicity should not be derived from information on country of citizenship or country of birth. The classification of ethnic groups also requires the inclusion of the finest levels of ethnic groups, self-perceived groups, regional and local groups, as well as groups that are not usually considered to be ethnic groups, such as religious groups and those based on nationality. Pre-coding or pre-classification of ethnic groups in closed-ended survey questions may result in a loss of detailed information on the diversity of a population.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	61f56a238c973d2e4f2e829ee142b39c	The price of some tax bases (energy and carbon) are traded on open marketplaces and the prices are thus relatively transparent (Liu, 2013). If at least a portion of carbon-energy tax revenue is used to reduce conventional taxes, or if revenue is recycled to individuals (through improved welfare systems) or to businesses paying conventional taxes, then this may reduce incentives for firms and individuals to join or stay in the informal sector, as the gap between the tax burden in the formal and informal sector is reduced (Fay et al., While carbon-energy taxes apply equally to all energy users, whether in the formal or informal sector, conventional taxes on wages, sales and profits apply only to the formal sector.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	61f57ac600e995e2c5373cf11674c948	It is hoped the SWF will address financial management challenges—including poor accountability, weak governance and lack of independence of fund managers—that have undermined budgetary and fiscal processes in the past and also allow the Government to better manage the macroeconomic consequences of a significant increase in financial flows into the country. The establishment of the SWF therefore has the potential of dramatically increasing fiscal space without compromising macroeconomic stability. For example, for value-added and sales taxes, expenditures on basic needs items should be exempted or zero-rated since such spending absorbs a large share of poorer people's and specifically women's income.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/caeceb38-en	61f5aca996830e9c9683e85a5e3b6b2e	These need to be interpreted alongside data provided inTable 3 on adolescent occupations. Interviews with parents, primarily mothers and mother-figures, strongly suggest that drinking is understood to be detrimental to parenting but difficult, if not impossible, to relinquish owing to poor mental health and lack of other coping mechanisms. Many demonstrated distress and inner conflict when articulating their knowledge of the huge costs of their drinking habits to both the children's current well-being.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	61f615c19a3db50987df79f5f5b9a7cb	If information in adaptation communications is recorded in a manner similar to the “data interface” for Annex I biennial reports, this would facilitate recognising individual aspects of countries’ communications. This is because the global stocktake is to be undertaken by the COP, which does not have the authority, mandate or funding to undertake specific adaptation actions. Nevertheless, the global stocktake could indirectly enhance adaptation if it can distil information included in countries’ adaptation communications (or other information submitted, including that to the UNFCCC) in order to fill knowledge gaps and disseminate lessons learned. Part of the third component of the global stocktake (reviewing the adequacy of adaptation support - discussed below) could potentially also lead to enhanced adaptation action, if it led to increases in funding for adaptation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	61f73984bc9baae24a0508472477d9f1	As such the emphasis for the inclusion of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) within the scope of CDM is intensifying. There is no silver bullet solution to the challenges raised by the current CDM mechanism. The most serious proposals for reforms include simplification of the monitoring and verification process (which is quite challenging for end-use EE projects) as well as technology-wide agreement (which would enable an ex-ante benchmarking of EE technologies). The call for Sectoral No-Lose Targets (SNLTs) or technology wide CDM would answer these preoccupations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	61f91b4c63189b3d71d72c108a5d0c2c	The reference period corresponds to 12 consecutive monthly observations in the income reference year (January-December of year T-1) plus one additional observation at the moment of the interview (in year T). The threshold is equivalent to Eurostat’s low-work-intensity measure: Above zero but no more than 45% of potential working time in the income reference year. To reconcile information reported for the income reference period and at the moment of the interview the following individuals are also considered in this group: 1) Workers who report no work activity during the income reference period but who are working at the moment of the interview and, 2) workers with between 45% and 50% of work activity during the income reference period who do not report any work activity in either the last month of the income reference period or at the moment of the interview.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	61f9a0a4b80cdb5fc982e2316bf5e14c	The information to be produced for this topic should be mainly descriptive, but may also include monetary statistics on budgets. It is usually compiled at the national level but should also cover subnational levels and natural resources (e.g., rivers, forests). This topic refers to policy responses to regulate and establish acceptable limits for protecting the environment and human health. It entails both direct regulatory and economic instruments.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-27-en	61fa1d45d802abba8e91995310c6cb68	The most important capture zone is the Pacific Ocean near the California Gulf with 88% of the overall catch (18 710 tonnes) while the Gulf of Mexico accounts for the remaining 12% (2 490 tonnes). Fishing takes place mainly in costal lagoons, estuaries and marine shoreline on both coasts with the majority of landings being in Sinaloa (11 361 tonnes) and Sonora (4 644 tonnes) in the Pacific Ocean and Tamaulipas (1 724 tonnes), Veracruz (4 104 tonnes) and Campeche (2 718 tonnes) in the Gulf of Mexico. In the states surrounding the Gulf of California and in those in the Gulf of Mexico the fishery is exploited at MSY and only those states in the Pacific outside the Gulf of California have some potential for increased catch. All holders must comply with the Official Mexican Standards (NOMs) and respect fishing bans.	14	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	61fbfb68991b53d9960aee2cc569bbc4	The plans should also include orientation and mobility skills; facilitating peer support and mentoring; facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community; and disability awareness, with an increase in disabled teachers. Implementing these sounds daunting, but it does not require every teacher to learn Braille or sign language. Specialist, resource and itinerant teachers are needed to support the development of the necessary learning of specific skills, like sign language and Braille. Too little time and effort goes into working on an inclusive pedagogy that will reduce the number of individual adjustments necessary for children with various impairments.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	61fe81cb44c680fcb0e538eda4e51990	They also highlight the importance of being aligned with broader policy goals and broader efforts by the international community to scale up climate finance. As such, it is consistent with views of the development community that effectiveness is enhanced when individual interventions are consistent with nationally determined priorities. As the level of assets of IIGCC signatories dwarfs that covered by the climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC, moves towards greater effectiveness by IIGCC members could have a significant impact. For example, at the international level, greater discussions and co-ordination between development donors and partners can help align different actors behind common objectives.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	6200442ae0585389025b60a2e1bb351a	However, considering that the average amounts of Zois and national scholarships were EUR 225 and 175 a month in 2008, respectively, financial barriers still exist in the absence of access to loans or parental help. As students studying abroad do not take advantage of subsidies to cover living expenses such as public transportation and free healthcare, additional grants or loans should be introduced to make outbound student mobility less financially unappealing. By law, HEIs that offer a course in a foreign language must offer the same course in Slovenian.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6856f240-en	62010dcd5dca701decc25e8f30a66b6a	Erosion of river banks is reported in several basins, sand extraction is also being carried out, and international standards are being called for in that area, while on the Kura River sedimentation is a problem, as it blocks water flow, especially during periods of low water levels in the river. Due to its extensive lowland areas, Azerbaijan is particularly exposed to risks from flooding. For instance, the Iori/Gabirri River dries up in summer in dry years as result of intensive water abstraction.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	620194be7f4bb0ea5112f7936eb02287	The results from these models are then used to inform the economic models about changes to average yields. As a result, RCP 8.5 projects that emissions in the second half of the 21st century will be substantially higher than current emission trends indicate, creating very high GHG concentration levels. Consequently, radiative forcing reaches 8.5 W/m2 by 2100, resulting in an increase in the average global temperature of between 4 and 7 degrees Celsius.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/f928e043-en	6203da927c2427c06a4026cd89386817	In this paper, we explore the possible synergies between ecology and feminism, and the ways in which these two areas could be mutually reinforcing, and express our support for public policies, advocacy activities and positive action to propel the urgent changes that are required. Following our reflection on these issues, we outline an integrative approach to sustainability with a view to fostering a better understanding of the challenges that we face and the need for cross-cutting, systemic policies. Section III identifies some existing spaces for moving towards an integrative vision that encourages sustainable development through a change in values, development model and power relations, raising the profile of women’s work and outlining a integrative vision of sustainability. Lastly, section IV contains the conclusions of the study.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	6204f2440758df214478ebabcd0fa8f6	See World Bank (2009). In 2008, Ukraine’s TPES/GDP (toe/000 2000 USD) ratio stood at 2.55, compared to the OECD average of 0.18, global average of 0.3 and the former Soviet Union region average of 1.59, IEA (2010a). According to the IEA data, in Poland industry and transport sectors accounted respectively for 26% and 23% of total final energy consumption.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	62051bce1108755568950d92dfd71b44	Poverty exists in many forms and arises in a broad range of circumstances. The causes may be man-made and systemic or they may be environmental, meaning people may live in poverty because they are not part of a system. In other words, poverty may be the result of effective as well as ineffective policy interventions. Policies tend to be effective where interdependent systems exist, it is possible to rationally coordinate and direct collective action in a certain direction, and people are sufficiently dependent upon the system to “feel the pinch”.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	620c10b1f49da9e89ce6c10438dae8a8	"The category “labour-intensive manufactures"" includes leather, textiles, clothing and footwear. However, the two sources of productivity growth result from substantially different corporate behaviour: while technological progress relies on investment in innovation and the associated dynamic gains in an enterprise’s long-term growth strategy, substituting lower-cost imported intermediate products for higher-cost domestic inputs achieves productivity growth through cost reductions from the globalization of production. The ways in which the different corporate strategies may affect changes in income distribution are addressed in more detail below. The manufacture of parts and final goods in different countries entails not only costs of transportation and tariffs, but also of coordination."	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9edc576b-en	620d528c5e295e87ff171a2c036c4d4a	The Adriatic Sea Partnership (2006-2009) under the lead of the REC addresses all States bordering the Adriatic Sea. Another transboundary project addresses the protection and sustainable use of the Dinaric karst aquifer system which is shared by four countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro). Much of Albania’s economic activity is dependent on the utilization of water resources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	621011ee6534e76f000b620b21e3f7b8	Parents of immigrant students sometimes choose more segregated schools for their children precisely for those reasons and thus, providing quality service delivery for areas of high concentration of (immigrant) students is important. Information materials need to be prepared and disseminated to students and parents in different languages, as well as made accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2015[22j)- One study shows that more information does not necessarily lead to better outcomes for all students, but that (native and high-skilled parents) are more likely to choose top-performing schools which can lead to the displacement of students with a foreign background (Kessel and Olme, 2018[4oj). Therefore, providing more information is not sufficient, this information must be made accessible to disadvantaged families to help them choose the right school for their children.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	6210c82d9b2b85f8c844cede0be30098	Total excludes electricity and heat. Data for 2010 are estimates. In the framework of the EU effort-sharing under the Kyoto Protocol, Germany has committed itself to cutting its emissions of climate-damaging gases by a total of 21% in the period 2008 to 2012 compared with 1990, taking a large share of the total 8% target of emission reductions set by the EU.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	621362ca1b085d436700ff07f40d7bed	Better educated women fully recognize the importance of health care and education, and know how to seek them for themselves and their children (OECD, 2012a). In this manner, education helps reduce child and maternal mortality as well as increase school attendance among future generations. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and have smaller and healthier families.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	6213cef63b60ef0dd597e0b1dc0fc0f1	It aims to enhance public-private co-operation to better co-ordinate rice policy and to report on export prices and volumes. At township and village tract level,4 the SACs operate through contract farming arrangements by distributing inputs and providing credit to rice growers while buying their harvest. Gold Delta was the last of the 58 MRSCs that was lending to farmers and had to stop lending as it was not profitable. Maize harvested area has almost tripled and its production increased seven fold (CSO, 2012). Green gram, black gram and pigeon pea are the most important crops in this group. Following liberalisation in 1988, the sown area of pulses substantially increased from 0.73 million ha in 1988 to 4.5 million ha in 2010-11, with an average yield of 1.28 MT per ha due to the adoption of improved varieties (MOAI, 2012b).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	6215155cd772dc8242a3bf5b584efec3	In these cases, policy reforms have accelerated the trend towards greater income inequality. In a few cases, redistribution has declined by a sufficient margin to push up inequality after taxes and benefits despite a fall in the market-income Gini (Denmark, 1995-2000; Israel, 2001-05; Norway, 1979-86; United Kingdom, 1994-2004). Redistribution is the absolute difference between the Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers. All measures are based on equivalised household income using the square-root equivalence scale. The mechanisms underlying these changes, as well as possible policy responses, differ substantially between groups, however.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	6216b7d63f394906048d61f40612b1b9	But after having two children - and the need to feed them and school them -1 suddenly realized my mistake of not pursuing my study. Without proper education, there were very little that I could do to help financially in providing a good education to my children. That was the reason why I went for foreign employment. Upon return, I decided to continue my study.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	621712baaea232e4ba414c1dd7c4a114	In this sense, open means free to access and free to change. It is for this reason that one of the central characteristics of an OER is the liberal licensing (e.g. through Creative Commons), which facilitates this process. They include learning content, software tools to develop, use and distribute, and implementation resources such as open licenses. The learning content is educational material of a wide variety, from full courses to smaller units such as diagrams or test questions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9efca30c-en	62199fecf8283e231c76e161891918b3	Girls may be removed from school for the purpose of marrying.54 At the same time, girls who have already left school may be encouraged to marry. As this occurs, the age of marriage tends to also rise, since it is common (although not always the case) that at least through secondary school marriage is postponed as long as a girl is in school. Historically, many Arab societies expected that everyone would marry and have (many) children.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	621cd0e365e6df5def4e2ef9ae054cfe	It also recognizes and solicits the support of religious and cultural leaders to accept and implement measures designed to protect the rights of women and children (see also case study 4 on China and case study 6 on Rwanda). In Kenya, in the Ntutu case (2008), the High Court heard arguments by the sons of the deceased that Masai customary law of succession does not recognize the rights of daughters to inherit the estate oftheirfathers. However, in rendering its decision, the Court applied international human rights law, international covenants and treaties which had been ratified by Kenya, as well as previous case law.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	621dafa9652cfd1ecc210ab237a5f7ae	Nevertheless, widespread gender segregation continues to confine women to the lowest paid segments of the labour market. Gender inequalities with regard to earned income, wealth, time use and social security, documented in detail in Chapters 2 and 3, clearly indicate that something is terribly wrong: why are 'equal opportunities' not translating into equal outcomes? In some contexts patriarchal structures and practices constrain women's ability to seek paid work, or even health care, and to participate in social and political life.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/d28d0ce2-en	62204cd956a5aa89fc07439408642477	It is based on an exhaustive compilation of data on the distribution of VME indicator species, including published and unpublished data, and new data gathered during the project from areas where information is sparse. An overview of the approaches and methodologies for mapping of VME distribution is presented. Eleven VMEs are identified based on management goals for coral and sponge communities present in the study area. A risk analysis is conducted based on the modelled distribution of VMEs and its co-occurrence with high fishing intensity. The report discusses the uncertainty associated with modelled distributions and fishing pressure estimates and management implications. Areas where information on VMEs is lacking are identified and the need for more detailed knowledge on the distribution of human activities is discussed.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	6220c09db7e000c7162c3c82c2eb60e2	It may be caused by natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the composition of the atmosphere and climate variability attributable to natural causes. For more details, see the glossary of terms in IPCC (2014b, annex II).	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	6222925b0e56d08c29922bc9cc341099	The river has its source in the central Tien Shan, at the confluence of the Tekes and Kunes41 rivers. The Kash, Saryn and Silik are other tributaries to the Hi. In flowing into Lake Balkhash, it forms a vast delta on Kazakh territory (see the assessment of the Hi delta). In Kazakhstan, the flow is regulated at the Kapchagai Reservoir, which is used for irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydropower production.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	622365628ab589011dba943c0fb7d4d1	Prices at the farm level do not necessarily follow the same patterns as world prices, although market price variability is the main contributor to price risk at the farm level. These shocks are compounded by low price elasticities of supply and demand. Isolation of domestic markets from international price fluctuation, through high transactions costs, or government policies that stabilise prices for producers and/or consumers, further aggravate volatility on international markets, and affect those who are most open to trade.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	6223b6060968081c47aee114bb821569	The findings of this study highlight the opportunities for partnership to aid implementation success. These centres, which bring together service providers in one place, have the potential to address some of the challenges faced by the education system in terms of dealing with mental ill health. First, despite increased investment in school-based mental health support, available services often lack the capacity to deliver effective and comprehensive responses students’ mental health concerns (see Section 3.5).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	6224bd724d62b4615d5c5eb9bd5af205	The results are presented in Figure 8 by the bars showing that the multidimensional deprivation incidence in the selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa is 67%. In other words, two thirds of all children in this region experience two to five deprivations, which in absolute numbers is 247 million children. The prevalence of multidimensional deprivation ranges from 30% in Gabon to 90% in Ethiopia.	1	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	62280dc2f3a120d34de4d54776d4b68d	If performed, the assessment includes large amounts in in-kind contributions. The suggested Nordic hubs, supporting authors, could apply for funds for subparts of the assessment. There is usually a certain level of in-kind contributions in an assessment budget; however, a certain balance is needed to be able to secure the necessary regional and disciplinary balance. If the Nordic governments would like to have full involvement and time investment from the scientific community and other knowledge holders, substantial contributions to the budget are necessary.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287457-4-en	62284ca0c091415d351a3f46b549209e	Even after accounting for socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, foreign-born status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been self-employed, a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey (OECD, 2016a). The gaps are particularly high in Israel, the United Kingdom (England), the United States, Greece, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Chile (OECD, 2016a). This suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	6228933c67646258bb58fe01d5736baf	The lack of knowledge on such transfrontier migrations could place in question the reliability of statistical data on the population numbers of important animal species permanently inhabiting the territory of Albania, in particular bird and large carnivore species. The common practice is to carry out research each year only in a few selected, small areas (e.g. protected areas), and similar research is conducted in remaining areas in other years. The 2002 Law on Protected Areas was amended in 2008 by inclusion of the main provisions of the Habitats Directive. The 2008 Law on the Protection of Wild Fauna endorsed provisions of the Birds Directive related to protection measures.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	622d6b9aa79fe0dd58c4e3251e9d4b8d	On this occasion, however, given the importance of the subject and the need for information regarding it, the chapter on social spending analysis for the region now incorporates the functions classified as non-social. At the time this edition went to press, data were available for only 11 countries, since most of them used an aggregate functional classification by major group. This is true for social protection in the Plurinational State of Bolivia from 1990 to 1994; El Salvador, from 1990 to 1992; and Trinidad and Tobago from 1990 to 1999, as well as for figures on social security in Nicaragua.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	623b0e8bccbec8e594f0567ccfac101d	When restricted jobs are in high-paying sectors, this type of regulation reinforces the gender pay gap. That is the case, for instance, in the mining and oil industry, where certain jobs are deemed too hazardous and thus not accessible to women in a number of countries, such as the Russian Federation. Restrictions may also apply to the hours men and women are allowed to work. In Costa Rica, Umisia and Hirkey, for instance, women cannot work the same night hours as men (World Bank, 2015). Even if such regulations may be circumvented in practice, they help to sustain inequalities in pay, foster occupational segregation and increase the risk of informality for women.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	623baa52d35cfe48243bf9dcade84694	Hence, there is an urgent need to find new development pathways which would ensure environmental sustainability and reverse ecological destruction while managing to provide, now and in the future, a decent livelihood for all people. The simultaneous occurrence of crises in global finance along with food and fuel prices is no coincidence. The pattern of globalization of the past decades has increased interdependencies of countries and exposure to risks.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273153-7-en	623ef0d580ffbe6a257d377ebbde4c2e	These challenges also provide opportunities to raise the awareness of the financial sector and to build the region’s capacity. The latter could be done with regional and/or international co-operation. One example is through co-operation with Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development (BMZ).	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	62417cf324f8251d5a5cfbc33b5be437	As a result, many water utilities are in dire financial situations, with under-capitalised balance sheets that impede their capacity to raise debts. In the absence of any repayment capacity or history of past lending, most commercial banks are unlikely to lend to the sector which they do not perceive as being “creditworthy”. There is often a discrepancy between long-term investments needed in the water sector to match the life of the assets and the shortterm lending capabilities on local markets.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	6242036ba8eefd67c2e28df983a104df	Analysis of the South African Child Support Grant”, Working Paper, School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Evidence from South African Pensions”, NBER Working Paper 8495. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch. South African Economic Policy under Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/e9e584f1-en	6243603bea47fc443191c0e5efa87588	Giving birth in a health facility is an important factor in reducing infections, complications, morbidity, and mortality for both mother and child. The Sudan and Yemen reported the lowest proportions by a wide margin, at 28 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively. According to the latest available data, most countries report maternal mortality ratios under 60 per 100,000 births.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	624393e77c070c6a550d710705c2f387	Service providers, for example, should give clear instructions and use data visualization techniques to allow users to access and understand the fundamentals of the services provided and their contingencies.316 Other stakeholders, including governments and non-profit organizations, should offer easily navigable spaces (online or face-to-face) to increase understanding of consumer and business rights. Younger entrepreneurs and consumers could also benefit from financial literacy and awareness programmes on the fast-paced digital age. This is particularly the case in low income countries and remote rural areas.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	62444cda0cb4b2b5001417f8fca9a7fc	Countries with the lowest share of women under a partner’s coercive control were Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and the Czech Republic, all of which had rates below 5%. The highest prevalence of coercive control - between 10% and 16% of women - was in Eastern Europe (ibid.). Such findings present a puzzle for causal inference: are women in northern European countries more likely to experience (non-coercive control) violence, or are they simply more likely to report it?	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	6247df97c1dde08594e508aada79d16c	Unemployment rates in 2011 were especially high for those with less than upper secondary education (21.6%, compared to the OECD average of 12.6%), while they were lower for individuals with upper secondary education (5.7%, compared to the OECD average of 7.3%), and those with tertiary education (2.6%, compared to the OECD average of 4.8%). Teachers working as part-time education counsellors offer students information on educational pathways as well as study and behavioural counselling. A broader approach to career guidance linked to the curriculum can better meet student needs and help develop self-management skills. Disadvantaged students, such as Roma students, have difficulty attaining this level and could benefit from targeted initiatives.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	62482dece9316b4b0ece8f7118bae5b1	In some countries, great discretion is given to the faculty, as a whole, and its individual members. In others, more discretion is given to schools that are doing well and less to those that might be struggling. In some countries, the school head is little more than the lead teacher. In others, the authorities continue to look to the school head to set the direction and manage the faculty.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264276208-5-en	624ad99e63ea617e005da82362f415e1	It can also provide insights on how these values are distributed, i.e. over time, at different levels of scale and between different user groups, which is important for understanding the distributional implications of MPAs, and thus how they can best be managed. Finally, understanding the costs associated with MPAs enables planners to budget and to help secure adequate finance for the effective long-term management of MPAs (see Chapter 4). These benefits fall under the various components of the total economic value (TEV), which is the sum of all the use values (direct, indirect and option) and non-use values for a good or service (Box 2.1).	14	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	624bc9f733d5964a7ead05e1cc2e5569	In Egypt unemployment among university graduates was 34.2% in 2006. In South Africa it was 34.9% in 2007 (Table 6.2.). These high rates point at serious mismatch and school-to-work transition problems that will be discussed in more detail in the section on education later in this report. As was seen in the preceding section, young people with a university education not only have the highest unemployment rates, they also have the highest rates of wage employment. In addition, analysis of earnings provides evidence that those with higher level qualifications earn more when they are in employment (see annex 6.2.).	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	624d76092856431382420dd9e5838cc7	A range of private services are available to fee-paying patients or patients with private medical insurance. Coordination between GPs and Community Care Teams, for example, is actively encouraged, and when this coordination is working as designed this approach can be highly effective. The integration of “social” care services, for example supported housing or employment services, with “medical” mental health services, is one of the priorities, and one of the particular strengths, of the strategy set out in No Health Without Mental Health, Closing the Gap and Achieving Better Access to Mental Health Services by 2020.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	624e000655c4d57678208c49fe5df054	Significant fiscal redistribution in Latin America has also been achieved through in-kind transfers, such as the provision of health and education services provided cost-free or at a low cost. Social protection in this region differs from other developing regions in terms of coverage, quality and level of assistance. Until the late 1990s, formal social protection schemes covered, on average, less than 5 per cent of the workforce (Palacios and Pallares-Millares, 2000).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	62514ba25f5f82a1308cfc40c8278d6b	In 2008, 22% of all engineers in Sweden were women (Tillvaxtverket, 2009). In 2005, 32% of all newly-started immigrant businesses in Sweden were run by immigrant women whereas the corresponding rate for native-born women was 34% (Nutek, 2007 in Abbasian and Bildt, 2009). According to a recent study of Abbasian and Bildt (2009), there are three groups of immigrant women entrepreneurs in Sweden today: i) women who are passively assisting in typically family-run businesses controlled by men; ii) women who, despite a certain level of independence, are still dominated by men in their business, decisions and actions; and iii) independent women who start and run businesses on their own without major assistance from relatives, whether men or women.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	62523b38f0e798a9f30eedad5cc2a296	Recommendations to reduce fishing activity were intended to restore reproductive biomass, particularly that of the white anglerfish. The main species fished were black scabbard fish and deep-water sharks. In the case of the black scabbardfish, a species targeted in the continental longline fisheries, the ICES found the abundance indicators for the period 1996-2009 to be relatively stable. Procedures for granting licences have also been adjusted, as appropriate.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	62530267b9ee0c61aa9b7bb1c67ae468	About 10 ha are required for cooling towers, if the unit uses indirect or dry cooling. The same 10 ha surface is required if storage buildings for spent fuel and waste are foreseen on the layout. Finally, an area of about 10 ha is required in the vicinity of the power plant for an outdoor substation. Thus, a nuclear installation of one or two units requires a minimal area of 50-80 ha, depending on cooling method and needs for interim waste storage.	7	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	6254a3b49506eb736d33abbf20042236	In the case of the PPCR and FIP, countries' policy frameworks were identified as challenging for mobilizing private investment (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang, & Falzon, 2016). Some of these barriers include unstable regulatory and tax policies for low carbon and climate-resilient cities; and gaps in regulatory frameworks for agriculture and forestry (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang & Falzon, 2016). Concessional loans are useful where climate-friendly technologies are too expensive and non-concessional loans where access to finance is a challenge.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-4-en	62564b5ef96601991423aa11c93b5249	Efficiency challenges are also linked with the relative isolation of subsystems (pre-primary schools; basic schools; upper secondary schools; special needs schools) and the rather rigid boundaries between them. This makes it difficult for subsystems to share resources and also hinders the smooth shift of resources from one subsystem to another when needed and in function of demographic changes, emerging new needs, existing inefficiencies and changing policy priorities. This relative isolation of subsystems seems to be accompanied by the low intensity of communication between the administrative authorities responsible for these subsystems.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/be112931-en	625d14ed69353539374e988c54f33d81	During the 1950s and 1960s, a campaign was conducted in order to eradicate sources of disease, and over 1 million marmots were exterminated. Losses in prey species have in turn affected predators such as bears, wolves and snow leopards, as well as large predatory birds such as vultures (including Egyptian, black and griffon vultures). Declines have also been reported in many indigenous fish species in Lake Issyk-Kul as a result of overfishing.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/127a6106-en	625d17efdf98c1121eaa2757a5461639	Moreover, agricultural diversification also gives farmers a better chance to cope with the effects of climate change. Further still, dietary diversification is a cost-effective, affordable and sustainable means of strengthening local food systems and reducing hunger and malnutrition. Recognizing the complex range of factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition, recent reviews highlight the need to focus on multi-sectoral approaches to ensure that agricultural production utilizes the potential of crops with better nutritional qualities for improved and diversified diets.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	625d23f732a0f13b2bfdc7bd752afd24	The SEE economies should also continue to press forward with regulations and measures to consolidate farmland, especially in Kosovo and Albania. The SEE economies can allocate water more efficiently, for example, by using water markets and appropriate regulations (Box 14.2). They should continue to put in place and enforce environmental requirements for receiving state support.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	625ddcbe8703b60c2824e2892510e6f1	There is a much stronger emphasis on public transport than before, including reduced funding for motorways, new metro extension and tunnels, and substantial increases in all toll charges. Toll charges will also be differentiated and spread more widely across the region, with higher costs for diesel vehicles and during rush hour. Several priorities have been identified; a new bridge over the River Gota Alv, which divides the city; a new tunnel under the same river; increasing the capacity in West Sweden to relieve the demand on Gothenburg Central Station; new investments in roads, a more sustainable public transport system, cycling lanes, etc.	11	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	625f9483a1f9d8e6c9e1a9e0c9007e48	Gender issues in rural societies, e.g. the construction of rural femininities and masculinities may be relevant for migration since traditional gender roles and expectations are more prevalent in rural societies (Rahut og Littke 2014: 5). However, in contrast to this, Sten-backa (2011) writes that the idea of the rural macho-culture, which is also underlined in the Swedish TV programmes she has studied, can be seen as an attempt to place the blame for the problems in the peripheral areas on the men, who choose to stay there (elaborated later) (see also Forsbergand Stenbacka 2013). The economic factor in this context means, mainly, the support or the welfare services that they are entitled to in Denmark compared to the welfare services they can get in the Faroe Islands [Knudsen 2010: 24, own translation). From a gender perspective, however, it is interesting that Alands Statistik och Utred-ningsbura [ASUB) since 2012 has compiled an annual report concerning essential gender differences in the society of the Aland Islands.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	6262a83a143a8a35121adab422e9b942	The unbalanced growth model is based around exploiting scale economies and complementarities in favoured sectors that can induce more investment and productivity growth. Those sectors, in Hirschman’s framework, have more backward and forward linkages; the former referring to provision of inputs from other activities and sectors, the latter to demand for new activities. The development policy challenge is, accordingly, about identifying lead sectors, addressing missing linkages and strengthening inter-industry and intersectoral interdependencies to boost productivity growth. In this sequence, infrastructure would follow rather than lead the growth process. It is laigely around this sequencing issue that differences between balanced and unbalanced growth strategies emerged in early development policy debates (see box 4.2). Despite these differences, there was general agreement that in most developing countries, investment in general, and in infrastructure, in particular, involves a series of non-marginal adjustments that are poorly coordinated by markets and for which planning techniques of various kinds are desirable.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	6266d2b419b29d72b27df0ed60ed5676	Inefficiencies may result from harmful subsidies (e.g. subsidising energy for groundwater abstraction by farmers). For instance, freer trade in agricultural commodities and the reform of farm support policies in OECD countries can alleviate some of the tensions between food security and water productivity (Box 5.10). The linkages between the policy areas also have to be considered early on. Under this programme, which involves an AUD 12.9 billion investment over 10 years, the government is acquiring tradable water entitlements with the objective of returning more water to the environment. The water is acquired through direct buybacks of water entitlements from irrigators as well as savings from infrastructure upgrades.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/547ad041-en	62694a749fb81e3268ea0ffba0de1e95	The ways in which the tourists value different aspects of the surroundings are also influenced by experiences made during the visit. To the extent that information, interpretation and education do not have a sufficient influence on peoples' actual behaviour, co-creation initiatives are proposed as a more efficient way of transferring responsibility to visitors (Campos, Mendes, Valle, and Scott, 2015; Prebensen, Vitterso, and Dahl, 2013). Co-creation implies that the tourists participate in the design, production and consumption of an experience, even collaborating in the creation of new products and services (Binkhorst and Dekker, 2009).	12	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	626a2bd6d478b1d4b40bb51d2fb464eb	Hirkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, TUrkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. However, the gap varies considerably across countries.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	626ed5578fb10ca5e5f26df3356ddce4	It is also lower than the 8% average in the United States, its main competitor for several products. The OECD average is 18%. There are also specific programmes that target small-scale agriculture, with some purchases being distributed via food programmes. They are announced regionally through the PGPM (Politica de Garantia de Pregos Minimos) by the Secretary of Agricultural Policy (SPA) operated by the National Food Supply Agency (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, CONAB). This mechanism covers a great variety of crops from rice, wheat, maize, cotton, soybeans, to regional crops like cassava, beans, agai, guarana, sisal, and a few livestock products like cow and goat milk, and honey. Other price support mechanisms for commercial agriculture are the direct government purchases (Aquisigdo do Gouemo Federal, AGF) and the provision financing of storage by the FEPM (Financiamento para Estocagem de Produtos Agropecuarios integrates da Politica de Garantia de Pregos Minimos) former Emprestimo do Gouemo Federal-EGF.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/73b30008-en	6270cf2298bb2782e1582b687422e105	In addition to the magnitude and duration of low income status, attention should be paid to the extent to which poverty is recurrent (Fourage and Layte, 2005). The higher income mobility or volatility and the shorter the duration of poverty, the higher the proportion of people experiencing poverty at least once during the reported period, thus the higher the reported poverty rate will be. In the Republic of Moldova during 1997-2002, a decomposition of poverty into chronic and transient components revealed that poverty was mainly chronic, accounting for as much of 90% of the people classified as poor (Beegle, 2004). That is, despite transitions among households in terms of rank, a very large fraction of the poor in any year are likely to remain poor in the next period.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	627256c879ecef5ffb18cfc306225aad	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were especially hard hit (World Bank 2010b). In many countries in the region, inflation rose by almost 20 per cent in 2008. The worst seems to be over. Economies are slowly recovering from the global economic crisis as recent data indicate (IMF 2010a, 2010b). However, labour markets may remain under pressure for a while.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	6272dead5cdc078cfbb7e9e5a5fe3af1	Similarly, Governments in several Latin American countries have forged successful partnerships with private companies aimed at improving technical education (Alvarez and others, 1999). These partnerships can also help strengthen interactions between agents in the economy. Studies have shown that educating consumers regarding their energy consumption patterns can reduce consumption (by about 11 per cent in the United States, according to one study), by switching from high- to low-energy items (Gardner and Stern, 2008). A United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) programme focused on training, awareness creation and policy advice has led to significant savings by firms through conservation.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	6272e6aa9baba9550f4ab572d0b0e00e	Indeed, large aid flows are going to middle-income countries that are already growing rapidly. If aid were focused on LDCs it would permit a major expansion in the aid flow to LDCs without requiring any increase in OECD aid budgets. As the category of emerging market economy expands, it is important that these countries cease to be aid recipients so that aid can be concentrated on those countries that really need it. In making the case for reallocating aid, three rationales for providing aid to middle-income countries must be countered.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	6273aae8a09c770382015c4e4fb08ec3	These reports include recommendations on macroeconomic and structural policies as well as economic projections. A comply-or-explain requirement on the Government and the strong credibility of the institution ensures that recommendations are adhered without any formal power. This reflects earlier reform, particularly linking the statutory retirement age to life expectancy as discussed in the 2016 Survey.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208469-5-en	62747eb9a874405c957df0cae61c8076	To this end, the Norwegian Health Network (see Section 1.6) develops and operates information technology infrastructure for the health care sector across health care institutional levels. The Norwegian’s life expectancy at birth is also higher than in Denmark (79.9) and Finland (80.6) but is below the Sweden and Iceland average (81.9 and 82.4 respectively). As in Denmark, mortality rates from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Norway are well below the OECD average.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	6275c2c8c726b2b4cb190625bace1baf	See PUEC-UNAM (2013). This means that, on average, residents in this neighbourhood have transport expenses of MXN 1 500 per month, which represents 80% of the average monthly payments for houses acquired in the neighbourhood. Based on various sources (inhabitants, commercial agents, transport service providers and field visits), it is estimated that 30-40% of houses in Paseos de San Juan are vacant (Negrete, and Paquette Vassalli, 2011).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	627605f221a882266bfffd5a84bce82c	The recent expansion of some services employment in India has been at both the high and low value added ends of services sub-sectors, reflecting both some dynamism and some increase in “refugee” low productivity employment. Chinese export growth has been much more rapid, involving aggressive increases in world market shares. This export growth has largely been based on relocative capital which has been attracted not only by cheap labour, but also by excellent and heavily subsidised infrastructure, resulting from the high rate of infrastructure investment.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	62774ea5dff30fa62dc49c5fe53f6a93	S is the aquifer and the cross-hatching area under S is a saline lens. Moreover, the saturated thickness of the aquifer underlying well A is also less than that for wells B and C, suggesting that well A will have the lowest well yield (instantaneous application rate of water). In the figure, there are three wells (denoted A, B, and C) that are used to pump groundwater for agricultural production.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264303119-en	627d284f214bcb077521d549912e2fb3	In a second decarbonisation scenario (with additional strict energy efficiency measures and a 30% energy consumption coming from renewables), the carbon price only doubles and 1.2 million jobs are saved compared to the BAU. It must be noted that the results are sensitive to the way the carbon revenues are returned to the consumers, either as direct payments or by using the revenues to offset income taxes. Offsetting labour taxes leads to better results in terms of saved jobs for Scenario 1 compared to Scenario 2.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	627d898df9b3e2bea66897bd649ccd75	Geographical, environmental and economic factors also have a considerable impact; There is a diversity of situations across OECD federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy. On the other hand, though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level, with highly centralised water policy making (Korea, Chile, Israel), most OECD unitary states (France, New Zealand, Greece, the Netherlands) have de facto delegated many responsibilities to lower levels of government. These models are not intended as normative in the sense that one would be better than the other, but they highlight different co-ordination challenges raised by a given institutional organisation of water policy even if - within a same “category” - the degree to which governance challenges have an impact on the performance of water policy may vary from one country to another. In addition to outlining the challenges to co-ordination, they could be enriched by adding other dimensions (e.g. capacity gaps, variety of tools in use, etc.),	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	627dad128ae5b928e57dd53719294a0d	Multipliers show the effects on global farm incomes (capital and labour) in USD per USD of global value of given support measures, as calculated from these marginal policy simulations. As a result, energy prices may change the impacts of fertiliser and biofuel policies. Lower energy prices, for example, may adversely affect the competitiveness of biofuels in the markets for transport fuels and may increase the impacts of biofuel policies on agricultural markets.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264284425-9-en	6280391c6257ec89c8be886b75083354	Students follow a general curriculum during their first two years of secondary education (grades 9-10), and then get sorted during the last two years of secondary education (grades 11-12) into a general track (Humanistic-Scientific Mid-level Education, EMHC), or a vocational track (Technical-Professional Mid-level Education, EMTP~). In practice, however, tracking happens from grade 8, when students enrol in secondary school. Students that are tracked in 8th grade are more likely to remain in this track during all secondary education. The upper secondary VET curriculum consists of 12 hours of general education per week, compared to 27 hours in the general track. The upper secondary VET curriculum also includes 26 hours of vocational education (MINEDUC, 2016). Students obtain the secondary school-leaving certificate (licencia de ensehanza media) after completing the four grades of upper secondary education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c1d68ea3-en	62817df062d1cbf0b2be5fc279b7d70a	The aquatic ecosystem is subject to disturbance by natural factors and human impact. Recently, human impact has strongly affected the aquatic ecosystem; for example, global warming, overfishing, habitat loss, creation of artificial river channels, dam construction and the negative effects of aquaculture and hatchery programmes (Kaeriyama and Edpalina, 2004).	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	6285986067a045fd55f720a3047895ab	As a result, there is no evidence of inequality effects, contrary to priors. This could reflect methodological differences compared with empirical studies that highlighted a significant technology-driven dis-equalising impact because:61 i) generally such an effect has been estimated on the basis of wage dispersion among employed individuals, and ii) generally such an effect has been estimated on the basis of technological progress proxied by linear time trends; the failure to identify a specific dis-equalising effect from ICT could in this context be due to the inclusion of time trends in the household equations. A number of structural policies have been shown to boost long-term levels of GDP per capita and, via this channel, household disposable incomes. There is only scarce evidence that growth-enhancing structural policies raise inequality of disposable incomes in the long-term - in fact a limited number of them are found to potentially reduce it, tentatively pointing to synergies between the growth and equity objectives. This illustration is produced by taking the estimates at face value and as a result clearly implies a cautious interpretation.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	628676997bf245ab85173587eb04a52d	Decisions should not be based on initial costs, but on a long-term perspective based on the assessment of all the costs and benefits of urbanisation. A balance between urban and mral development could help make better investment decisions that prepare for natural and man-made disasters. View the economic and social realities of the country through the lens of the right geographic scale, to identify appropriate policy packages.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	6286a59aa6b6f36210c20e4ce27820ec	About 17% of the variance in PISA science scores is explained by students’ socioeconomic background, compared to an OECD average of 12.9% (OECD, 2016a). This is again consistent with results from the national SIMCE assessment. Among students in Year 4, students from high SES households score 26% higher in mathematics and 22% higher in language than students from low SES households. According to a study conducted by the Ministry of Education this difference is in part due to the fact that students in technical-professional programmes have fewer hours of instruction of general education than their peers in scientific-humanistic programmes (Ministry of Education, 2013).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	6286f31d24fe61fcfac2e1a5af89c441	Being explicit about the other things that need to happen, beyond social protection programmes, in order for food security outcomes to be improved. Examples include actions in the agriculture, health, education and trade sectors. Establishing more (effective) co-ordination mechanisms both within and across individual agencies (so that social protection and food security speak to each other and perhaps to other sectors).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	62962c3e7d4c1e7afaf1f3fd9d21dd48	In this regard, imagine attempting to specify the needs of a family for linen and clothing: issues of free choice and preferences would also arise. Hence, the exercise is not realistic. This method was used by the International Labour Organization in its early discussions on basic-needs lines. It basically applies the logic of the second approach to non-food basic needs.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	62986a7df5fd602bedf8bc8d733b6adc	The policy suggestions that follow are drawn from the experiences reported in the Country Background Reports, the analyses of external review teams in Country Reviews and the available research literature. It should be stressed that there is no single model or global best practice of school leader appraisal. The development of practices always needs to take into account country-specific traditions and features of the respective education systems (also see Chapter 3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	629875f22f374ba521e3fe6a419b50b8	The latter include an Interstate Council, Inter-Parliamentary Assembly and the Community Court of Justice. Interstate Council unites national heads of state and the heads of government. Its role is to define the overall strategy and set directions for the Community policies, including policies related to the agro-food sector, food safety, transportation, energy, labour, and international activities of the EurAsEC. Inter-Parliamentary Assembly consists of delegates appointed by each member country according to the size of the country.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	629ce41e1f1127f91c51bca4b83071af	The challenge lies in determining how to effectively coordinate and integrate multi-sectoral policies under the aegis of a single overarching vision which is consistent with long-term objectives and does not lose sight of immediate needs and relevant priorities at the sectoral level. Food production, which is one of the most critical sectors affected by climate change, requires a multisectoral approach, given the number of interrelated dimensions that need to be simultaneously addressed in order to minimize current and future impacts of climate change on food systems and livelihoods in general. Agricultural practices, for instance, need to change in order not only to improve yields and ensure sufficient food production, but also to preserve ecosystems and natural resources in the long term. The preservation of ecosystems, through new management responses regarding natural resources, is also a determinant in ensuring sustainable livelihoods and food security. Thus, policies to stimulate agricultural productivity should be designed not in parallel with environmental policies but in such a way as to integrate goals of ecosystem preservation.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	629df151225fc5f9d7fc154c7a8e2038	In 2017, the government further systemized its risk assessment work through the National Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Atlas, which will shape the second National Development Plan. Private utilities are often at the forefront when it comes to risk assessment and taking measures to protect their services. Government is also made up of a myriad of sectors and departments, interests, powers and knowledge bases that need to be well understood to be effectively deployed in the process.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279421-4-en	62a1488bde0bbc5d3fb48ccc3566c6e2	It is important to note that the framework is circular, with achievement influenced by well-being, participation and engagement and, in turn, influencing them. At the same time, we see a natural progression, considering student well-being through educational participation, through engagement in learning, and through enhanced achievement. Each component frames the conditions and opportunities for the component that follows, providing the structure and the sequence of the report, with chapters on well-being, participation, engagement and achievement (Figure 2.1).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/00576c65-en	62a1d162d46ddb01129efb1e8d00b5b0	Both documents were adopted by the ECOWAS Heads of State and Government in 2012. They outline clear targets and also provide a strong contribution from ECOWAS to the SE4ALL initiative. Overthe next few years, ECREEE will facilitate and monitor the implementation of the regional policies, at the national level, among all ECOWAS countries.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	62a2eb2b588755545776a2130924a98a	Preventive social protection involves insurance schemes such as pensions, or risk-pooling mechanisms such as health and unemployment insurance, in order to prevent a drop in living standards during crises or at less productive times in an individual’s life. Both protective and preventive measures can help households avoid ill-advised coping strategies in times of crisis, such as selling productive assets or withdrawing children from school. Promotive social protection may include productive transfers, insurance and credit schemes, labour market interventions, investment in public assets and access to education or skills training.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	62a307fbf1daa01bf803f14e42ff7acc	For example, the German Excellence Cluster approach gives additional resources to excellent research concepts in academic fields and the Austrian Comet Programme establishes and funds research fields that are related to regional clusters (with a strong focus on university-industry cooperation). Within Israel, the Grand Technion Energy Program (http://ten.technion.ac.il/) provides another example of such an interdisciplinary research programme and branding strategy. Moreover, establishing international research linkages is an additional way of strengthening the inter-disciplinary research, where relevant specialisations do not exist already within the region. A programme is therefore recommended to strengthen the existing global links of Negev research institutes in a systematic way.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/799337c2-en	62a63f76e01f8517d5792b4ab8ece7e6	La mise en oeuvre de l'enquete se fait de maniere optionnelle dans les ecoles echantillonnees du PISA (lien TALIS-PISA). Ainsi, ce cadre conceptuel TALIS 2018 se fonde sur les deux cycles precedents de 2008 et 2013 et met l'accent sur les conditions pedagogiques et institutionnelles efficaces qui favorisent l'apprentissage des eleves, qui sont au cceur de l’enquete, tout en decrivant leur variation au sein des pays et entre eux, et dans le temps. Ce document foumit une base scientifique a chaque domaine, ainsi que les principales influences de la recherche connexe en lien avec l’education a I'OCDE et au-dela. Enfin, le cadre conceptuel foumit un aper?u general des operations de l'enquete et de son processus de mise en ceuvre a travers ses differentes etapes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	62a9b3fc5796f53944ef1853f9dac214	Labour productivity varied significantly across sectors but was relatively lower in agriculture compared to industry and services. Labour productivity gains were associated with wage increases in all sectors. Wage increases were particularly significant for agriculture, which may be due to the liberalisation of the agricultural markets, which allowed a strong growth in commercial agriculture.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	62ac75309df3b6a43ef25d9d5f7720f2	However, many cities are failing in proper collection and transportation as well as environmentally sound treatment and disposal of waste. Uncollected waste blocks urban drainage resulting in the spread of infectious diseases. Leachate generated in uncontrolled dumpsites pollutes surface and groundwater as well as the coastal environment, Dumpsites located in coastal areas are one of the largest sources of marine litter and plastic pollution. Open dumpsites are also major source of Green House Gases (GHG).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	62aec9512d47b6de9683e3ad696d715c	"This section turns to literature and experts' discussions to explore these questions. The problem of the term's conceptual ambiguity in European policy making was identified during research for the COST Action ""Accessibility instruments for planning practice in Europe"" (Silva and Larsson, 2018). Silva and Larsson explain that ""accessibility"" is often used without definition or given a connotation that is quite different from the term's meaning in a transport context: the ease of reaching destinations or activities distributed in space."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	62aeddf129ac091d2f1020abf3c2067b	Empowerment processes change existing power relations and are characterised by contestation and competition for influence and control over opportunities, resources and assets that have real and significant value to those involved. There is always the potential for conflict. Although there may be risks for donors, those most at risk will be the least powerful; the poor and marginalised people that donor interventions are seeking to benefit.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	62af76dd884d0a5f322bf9c61cda91e9	In Japan, they are seen as competitors to the coastal fishers and no longer benefit from the open access they used to enjoy (FAO, 2003a). Recreational fishers in the European Union are not represented on the Advisory Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture, the main stakeholder advisory body to the EU Commission in fisheries matters.10 Recreational fishers are becoming increasingly important both because of the volume of their catches and because of the value of the contribution of the recreational fishing industry to GNP. In the United States, the contribution of marine recreational fisheries to GNP is of the same order of magnitude as commercial fisheries (FAO, 2003b).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	62b03b40fc453b18129b6e41c005b873	It begins with an assessment of the main challenges of the current system of inter-governmental relations and offers possible alternatives to improve co-ordination across levels of government and among national policy actors. It also explores local government finance and the way the current arrangements for managing local public finance act in detriment of urban development. It formulates some recommendations to ensure that local governments have access to resources to pay for urbanisation. The chapter proposes some recommendations for strengthening civil service reform with a particular focus on subnational levels of government.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	62ba61daace0c0fe2fa9cec8d8ba4135	Due to their limited resources and sensitivity to price and availability of supplies, MSMEs are especially susceptible to the effects of climate change. In its first phase, the programme focused on the tourism sector. These efforts include promoting new business models for sustainable growth and entrepreneurship, influencing business behaviour - for instance, by promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities - and improving access to finance to encourage uptake of green technologies (DCED, 2014).	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	62bb03fa2a8f455d398ad755a23fcaac	Fortunately, the Public Health Strategy for 2014-20 (focussing on perinatal and neonatal health, mental health, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases as earlier mentioned), allocates considerable financial resources for health promotion and prevention activities, from both EU funds and state budget. While Latvia has already reduced acute hospital beds and closed a number of hospitals and emergency departments, more changes will be needed in order to secure high-quality care that represents good value for money. Difficult decisions and compromises will need to be made, continuing to balance the priority of assuring appropriate access to services for all Latvians, and the need to close hospitals with lower activity rates to promote quality and efficiency gains. A starting point w'ould be a comprehensive mapping of services (hospital, outpatient, community and primary), including service volumes, to assess where there is slack in the system.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	62bfc80d36493e1c8666300f7eaa4880	Moreover, some of the indicators in Thailand’s INDC seem to have linkages with their national disaster risk management plans (e.g. strengthen disaster risk reduction measures and reduce vulnerability to climate risks. Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countries’ effort to communicate adaptation-related information. More adaptation components refer to existing adaptation plans at the national level. In Belarus’s INDC, the adaptation component is linked with the country’s Strategy for Forestry to Climate Change to 2050, and the Strategy for the Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change. Adaptation actions listed in some INDCs build on projects communicated through National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	62bff628a9a7f9290f95c39c7f35700c	But if the team can continue their work, she That's when you have an achievement on which there can says, its momentum will become unstoppable. Social policies need to adapt to the reality of population ageing, single parenthood and migration. Women are over-represented ir this group. To achieve this, benefit levels should be high enough and regularly adjusted to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	62c1aeacffa5c5a00a9387400f5b0414	The course was evaluated in 2011 on the basis of a sample of 2 100 drivers from 70 years on who had reported an accident to their insurance company during a two-year period. About 24% of the sample had completed the course prior to the accident. Drivers who had taken the refresher course before turning 75 years old were found to be at a 35% lower risk of being involved in multiple vehicle crashes compared to older drivers who had not taken the course (Ulleberg et al.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/723063ad-en	62c46e907b32464fc833cc8899be0f2f	The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks. It is a concept that extends the term of capacity-building to encompass all aspects of creating and sustaining capacity growth over time.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	62c77ee91f3a2b2e73605bdb402b49ba	In the vocational education and training system, resources continue to be allocated on a historical basis. A more endogenous adjustment of the system to better align students’ qualifications with labour market needs requires active participation of social partners, students and education institutions. The rapid expansion of tertiary education without a corresponding increase in resources has led to fears about declining quality. Measures to better balance family and work lives can improve career options for women and therefore reduce the current tensions between having children and full time labour market participation of younger women. This could also ease the coming labour shortages associated with population ageing. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	62c79b63e0bea60a20479c568e1f79e8	We emphasised that such examples needed to have operated through time so giving evidence of implementation, rather than initiatives that were still at the planning and promise stage. They might cover a variety of different approaches, often in combination: direct promotion of innovation, the provision of incentives, network creation, knowledge management, leadership strategies and other professional development capacity building, creating new forms of expertise and change management, and more general drives to create climates favourable for innovative learning. They could target change in one or more of the different components of learning environments: particular learner groups; the learning professionals; content; materials, facilities, and technologies; and the different ways in which these are organised and assessed.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	62ca50dc4f6274760f82dd21932ce11f	Can the child poverty rate really be said to be rising, for example, at a time when the incomes of the poor are also rising? And can there really be more children in poverty in the United Kingdom or the United States than in Hungary or Lithuania (as shown in Figure lb)? Does the child have three meals a day? A few books in the home?	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	62cad3ecd397b95b4cea5c90ad6e4e6c	Public policy helps, especially by means of the rapid development of policies to reconcile work and family responsibilities (e.g. childcare) which facilitate parental employment and maternal employment in particular. However, Korean workers frequently experience low quality and/or unstable employment conditions with limited coverage and/or only limited income support provided by the employment insurance and social assistance system. Societal changes have also contributed to rapidly evolving changes in the profile of poor families.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	62cc49eca5cc9764a1ae033ceb5d006c	To this end - with many rural communities in CSN lacking access to modem energy, and demonstrating reliance on expensive, carbon-intensive fuel or traditional biomass for cooking - renewable energy provided through appropriate national and regional policy frameworks can enhance energy access, reduce dependency on imports, mitigate climate change, improve health conditions (especially for women and children) and mitigate inequality - a clear pathway towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Indeed, policymakers need to build resilient infrastructure to ensure that various sectors and related policies receive enough attention, rather than focusing only on the aspects of infrastructure development and its maintenance (United Nations, 2016; ESCAP, 2014). Enhancement of regional infrastructure systems must focus on affordability, efficiency and environmental sustainability, while policies that promote these increases must focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development. In this way, overall development of infrastructure can play a catalytic role in stimulating economic growth, promoting social inclusion and accelerating the achievement of the SDGs in the region, especially in the CSN.	9	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	62cd61aa85e586eb7320f23e172e55f1	The evidence regarding declining returns on job creation is not that clear, however. On the one hand, as it has been demonstrated in diffusion theory, early technology adopters are generally those who can elicit the higher returns of a given innovation. On the other hand, while job creation in traditional industries tends to diminish, the emergence of “new economy” jobs compensates for the former effect. Clearly, the job mix will change over time but the positive net impact will remain.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	62d5095d5d7ac925505de89dc9f446e1	Electricity access is commonly acknowledged as a basic need for human development (Scott and Seth, 2013), and has been described as a moral imperative, socially prudent and an economic necessity (GEA, 2016: 19). Aside from the public-good dimension of safe and reliable electricity supply, consumer protection and guaranteed access are important political-economy considerations (Bamber et al., Such energy-security concerns generally serve to reinforce State control and regulation of the electricity sector (Kuik et al.,	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	62d87a373ab14c50739ee619e9ce831f	In the 2014-20 programming period, the regions with the largest per capita funding allocations are Zachodniopomorskie, Swtytokrzyskie, Lubelskie and Podlaskie respectively. Among all ROPs, social inclusion is the largest priority in terms of funds allocated, followed by the transition to a low-carbon economy and network infrastructure in transport and energy, while climate change, technical assistance, and information and communications technologies receive the smallest funding envelopes (Figure 2.6). These programmes are therefore a major impetus for endogenous development and in large measure rely on the engagement of public and private actors to mobilise activities and investments.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	62df6378a338c93d9a9525f3b124c9e3	"In contrast, the imposition of collective management schemes has led to mixed results. The use of local management districts in parts of the High Plains region of the United States has allowed spatial variations in implemented groundwater use rules to be established that are decided by farmer members of district Boards of Directors and tailored to local needs (e.g. Nebraska DNR and URNRD, 2010; Nebraska DNR and MRNRD, 2010). In Spain, the 1985 Water Act, imposed the creation of water user group to manage the ""overexploitation"" of aquifers, but in many cases the result has not been successful (Iziquierdo et al.,"	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	62e112f9ea3b1d54a1f3c7bd5be38548	Addressing the societal and structural change required to address all forms of discrimination against girls and women is, however, a long-term process, and so sport-related policy aspirations must be realistically framed (United Nations 2007). Mainstreaming gender equality throughout all policy processes benefits from well-developed systems of information gathering, communication and accountability. Such data can also be used effectively to inform capacity-building across a range of sport and development stakeholders, and to shape media strategies and campaigns to address gender inequality.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	62e12eb834b1ce8e0f582816e6504060	Female participation increases when families have land cultivated, but owning land was not significant for participation. Potentially this reflects lower incomes/asset value from landownership in rural areas. India ranks low on the OECD SIGI index measuring social obstacles to gender equality (Figure 10), and a World Bank index on governance. Cultural obstacles for participation can be created by the patriarchy in being against women's economic emancipation.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	62e1c3b36777468994ffc587903e6e88	An opinion-based questionnaire handed out to workshop participants, which is aimed at comparing perspectives on resource management issues from different sectors and countries, informs this process. This leads to the uncovering of nexus storylines (more or less clear and detailed, depending on the case) that explain and connect different interlinkages. Potential solutions to priority issues emerge naturally from the nexus dialogue process. The aim of the analysis is to reveal possible solutions to increase synergies in the management of water and other resources through a number of technical solutions and policy interventions.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-31-en	62e3d6a8869cc8065a6481469573baa1	Fuel saving is one of the most important goals of the Dutch fleet and the sector has invested in fuel saving gear. The result is a 24% decrease in 2014 of fuel consumption (in litres) per fishing day compared with the 2008-2013 average. In addition, decreasing fuel prices contributed to an overall reduction of energy costs by 21% with respect to the 2008-2013 average, along with a 4% increase in volume of landings.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	62ea3905cf3d0a916001acf9bae3fcb6	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Such co-operation is not about creating a new administrative apparatus for a pre-determined perimeter, but rather about capitalising on existing forces to work for a better future together. In its current setting, however, Western Scandinavia is not fully equipped to work effectively as a megaregion, notably considering the lack of cross-border transport planning at the national level.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283329-en	62ea5cd07cfb80089e8cc28aa835e273	Diabetes mortality rates are the highest in the EU. Additionally, the number of deaths due to Alzheimer’s and other dementias has almost tripled since 2000, reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis, lack of effective treatments as well as more precise coding. Lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death, with the number of people dying from this disease nearly doubling between 2004 and 2014. Nonetheless, rates are still low compared with other EU countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	62eac02e9217205ea415c36646bd79bb	We can clearly see that for all poverty lines below R1 500 per capita per month12, there is clear first order poverty dominance of 1993 over 2000 and 2008. Since the CDF’s of the 2008 and 2000 data cross, we cannot say which has greater poverty in general; the answer will depend on the measure we use and the poverty line. We can conclude from this that poverty has fallen on average since 1993, but it is not clear if poverty has increased or fallen since 2000. Second and third order dominance analysis may result in a clear ranking of poverty between 2000 and 2008, but this is beyond the scope of this report.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a7fe4ca4-en	62eb77826e406512790d7db27acb80e1	If the cycle of decline, in which it is currently caught, is allowed to continue, the deleterious impacts on the life-forms dwelling in, above and next to the Ocean may well become irreversible. If we are to ensure a bountiful planet for ourselves and for future generations, the time for action is upon us. Having been born and raised in Fiji, from my earliest childhood I observed the Ocean’s status as the ultimate life-giver.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	62eca6c860ecb5a2b95343eb2b56a11a	At the top of the range, claims under unfair dismissal legislation are not normally possible until the worker1 s job tenure has reached 24 months in the United Kingdom. The median maximum time for lodging a claim is two months from the effective date of dismissal in OECD countries. However, in a number of countries (Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Slovenia, Switzerland and Hirkey) the maximum time period for lodging a complaint is so short that, in practice, claims must be filed immediately after dismissal notification and before dismissal takes effect.	10	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	62ed3f2890d27c9f1cf4f02b1bf1e3b2	These examples illustrate how participation and inclusion of children in developing transition activities and education can be further advanced to really place children’s needs at the centre of the debate. Despite important efforts by jurisdictions in providing information to parents through special publications, brochures and parental meetings, further work is needed. The belief that transitions are straightforward and organic hinders parental involvement in transition activities.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	62f084f917b64817a522cd7a77cddffd	Provided that the ITQ system can continue to be enforced, removing the restrictions on foreign ownership of ITQs should not pose a problem for industry efficiency. Foreign owners of ITQs, like their domestic counterparts, would have an incentive to lobby for TACs to be constrained to a level that maximises rents, and hence the value of the quotas, and to monitor quota enforcement. So long as foreign-based fishing companies are not able to reduce labour costs by replacing Icelandic fishing crews with lower-paid foreign crews, there is no reason to believe that they would have a lower cost structure and, therefore, systematically be prepared to pay more for Icelandic companies to acquire their ITQs than domestic investors.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264302037-en	62f24b15e3f1777759bcfa1ccb1f0d4c	The cultural and social links between Ghana and Nigeria are therefore historically strong, and migration between the two countries has been taking place over the last 100 years. In addition to the economic incentives mentioned before, there were significant political incentives to immigrate to Ghana. Ghana was nominally independent as early as 1951,5 and adopted pan-Africanist political and immigration policies designed to attract other Africans to Ghana. Several later African presidents visited or lived in Ghana in the 1940s and 1950s, including those of Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zambia and Zimbabwe.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	62f39c341ddd11857337400b48ebb275	By contrast, the dominant company would be the only one marketing the tablet version of Losec. See Linklaters, “EU Court upholds ‘novel’ approach to abuse of dominance in pivotal pharma appeal”, online publication, 1 July 2010 (available at http://www.linklaters.com/Publications/201007013/Pages/Index.aspx). Box 9 briefly explains the EU’s approach to examining market dominance.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	62f447d85a44ae211b2121a1e0189bce	The portfolio is prepared for a given educational level and area of teaching expertise (as defined by the Curriculum and Assessment Unit within the Ministry of Education). Teachers are provided with a Portfolio Manual which, among other things, specifies the descriptors of the Good Teaching Framework which are associated with each of the components of the portfolio. The class is filmed by a cameraman accredited by the Docentemas team.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en	62f9790e3da08dddbb33dcf40f572d68	As a result, any concept of mismatch based on individual skills offers only a partial view of the match between a w'orker and his or her job. Qualifications reflect several different skills, including both information-processing and job-specific competences, and could complement narrower, though more precise, skills measures. In addition, skills use depends, at least partly, on the effort that workers decide to put into their jobs, making it difficult to define precise skills requirements; qualification requirements are easier to define.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	62f9d5091f9661bfc0c4d4ac68409564	Green power is largely displacing existing generation modes of conventional energy. The faster the displacement takes place, the greater the industry’s annual installations and economic impact in terms of jobs and output, but the shorter the window of displacement becomes. After the displacement takes place, there is only replacement, so the industry shrinks unless it can export.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	62fd6e0a72d0cab3838baeb6a110e48d	These activities include infrastructure and housing: basic services (education, health, sanitation, communication): technical services, repair and maintenance, as well as most transportation services; insurance services, property and commercial brokerage: personal, social and community services: public administration; and security and defence. Since these activities do not generally face international competition, the policy space for influencing outcomes in these sectors is larger than in tradables, and accordingly they offer much greater possibilities for increasing the employment intensity of growth. The share of food in the total consumption of an individual will normally decrease as income increases, leaving more space for non-food goods and services. Health and education become particularly more important as incomes grow.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ea442617-en	62fe0ec80ed95cbc5365ceab5541480c	Second, the grant of asylum to the victims of such atrocities is increasingly not available, leading to greater numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) (Loescher, 2008: 50; Orchard, 2010: 41). Third, the decline of asylum has gone hand in hand with a shift from the protection offered by states (via the grant of asylum) to the less effective in-country aid and assistance offered by humanitarian organizations (Orchard, 2010: 41). It is worthwhile considering each of these challenges in more detail. As a matter of international law, forced displacement/forcible transfer/deportation can itself amount to: a breach of international humanitarian law (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949: Art 49); a crime against humanity (Rome Statute Art.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	630411e987455c92f94024a27c9d6383	Because they are largely invisible, these forms of child labour are the most difficult to tackle. Domestic workers, most of them girls, are isolated and subject to the whims and arbitrary discipline of their employers, from whom they may suffer abuse. Sexual abuse is frequent but seldom prosecuted. Violence or abuse at home or in the neighbourhood drives many away, as studies have shown in cities as diverse as Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Moscow, Russian Federation.67 Poverty also plays a part.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	6305058af4c55556854ca984afc4812d	"A recent study by the RIO+ Centre and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network which looks at the complex relationship between gender and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) emphasizes the need for both gender-smartness and people-smartness in achieving CSA's aims of food security, higher farmer incomes, and low-carbon agricultural practices (Perch 2015). Nevertheless, food security, as the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, is ""a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic development, environment and trade"" (WHO 2016a). Greater gender equality is essential to achieve global food security (Carliez 2015, FAO and ADB 2013, Sachs 2013). Food sovereignty is ""more fluid and nuanced than the concept of food security"" (Sachs 2013)."	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	630533d78f47c3a07546d6902461fe51	Many of the experiences come from clean-tech clusters that started from small origins in other industries and developed through branching processes favoured by procurement, centres of excellence, start-up funding, collaborative innovation projects, and eco-city development. These are all elements of the policy approach that should be applied to growing clean-tech in the Negev.	7	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c293d4-d194980d-en	63064addbfa5c9f94e026a638c5050df	Smartphones and tablets are displacing basic mobile phones and traditional PCs for many users, making connectivity both more mobile and more capable, in a process that will be strengthened by the spread of LTE networks. Social media services, in their infancy at the time of WSIS, have become crucial drivers of demand for connectivity. Others, particularly those concerned with gender, cybersecurity and environmental impacts, require new data sets, which are currently in the process of development.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	63068a4c52e7d377dee1d40aed455865	There is a lot that companies can do to prevent long hours. The overarching goal is to adjust workplace culture so that managers prioritise tasks, time management, and efficient output rather than time in the office. Leaders must recognise that working long hours is not necessaiy for high-quality work and may even prevent it.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	63098c35beca0b2c4a2316ef5624371d	In the past, workers had strong incentives to access their accounts because the amounts involved were considerable and returns to the fund tended to be below market rates and have even been negative. While the presence of a firing penalty should, in principle, have reduced worker turnover, the fact that until 2001 the entire firing penalty was to be paid directly to the worker, left considerable scope for collusive behavior between workers and their firms. However, reforms in the labour code that increased the firing penalty from 10 to 40% in 1998 and the introduction of an explicit layoff tax of 10% payable directly to the government in 2001 are likely to have reduced the scope for workers and firms to collude over dismissals (Barros and Corseuil, 2004; Gonzago, 2003).	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	6312b7d872c7ad0365a699aa116ac041	The death of the employee is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The fact that the worker takes retirement benefits is one of the causes that terminates the employment contract without liability for the worker and without extinguishing his/her rights or those of his/her successors to claim and obtain payment of any benefits or indemnities that may accrue to them under the Code or pursuant to special provisions. The National Steering Committee to Combat Child Labour, attached to the Secretary of State for Labour, is hereby created.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	6312e0109b9a8c11036a45b6fb7213fe	"In Nigeria, high profile policy measures such as the Presidential Initiative on Fertilizers and the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme have demonstrated strong political will towards public investment on domestic staple production as part of a wider strategy for enhanced national food security. In addition, Mali's strong performance in local production has contributed to relative self-sufficiency in rice consumption as 89% of total rice consumed in Mali comes from from local production, compared to 50% and 17% in Niger and Benin respectively (SOS FAIM, 2017). These factors largely parallel those discussed in the review of literature about women and economic development in the region (Chapter 2). The lack of training and coaching is widely recognised as a limit on women's activities, especially in handicrafts, where women are very well represented. """	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	63138c442d638d409497607b19e09a95	The comparison of indicators based on market and on disposable income allows a first assessment of the redistributive role of taxes and transfers. The geographic breakdown used in the paper is defined according to the OECD TL2 regional classification, broadly corresponding to the first level of administrative subdivision in each country (NUTS2 regions in Europe, States in the Unites States and Mexico, Provinces and Territories in Canada, etc.). This regional breakdown is meaningful from a policy perspective, as these large regions have considerable responsibilities for policy implementation.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	6316c48a021a2adcb1c28b517d717e7f	The economic and social implications of the resulting ‘trust deficit’ make it an essential component for sustainable and inclusive growth. A lack of public trust can in turn affect public policies, potentially leading to short-termism and expedience rather than supporting strategic decision-making and reforms. As such tourism was not able to avoid the impacts of the global financial crisis, which apart from depressing overall tourism demand, has shifted tourism flows, with less long haul travel from major European source markets, and led to more holidays being taken closer to home.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	63198fd1e2fc7a436934721254669d35	Flexible working hours, high staff turnover, a share of low-skilled workers and the need for functional versatility are characteristics of the tourism labour market in Portugal. The study proposed four key values to guide the human resources development agenda: service culture, market orientation, ICT and professionalism. The importance of soft skills is particularly underlined, as is the need to build capacity in tourism SMEs, by developing a training strategy for entrepreneurs and managers.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	6319dfea48ba71a531255a3946c5337a	Enforcing nature protection regulations is the responsibility of the Service for Nature and Environmental Protection (SEPNA) of the National Republican Guard.6 The IGAOT and the SEPNA are authorised to carry out inspections, investigate non-compliance and initiate administrative offence procedures. They also function as law enforcement bodies, as set out in relevant legislation. For example, the IGAOT carries out inspections and applies enforcement measures to implement the EU Large Combustion Plant, Waste, and Hazardous Waste Directives, while the SEPNA works with the National Institute of Nature Conservation to impose sanctions for violations of legislation related to the EU Birds and Habitats Directives.7 The National Authority for Civil Protection (ANPC), part of the Internal Administration Ministry, is responsible for preventing collective risks and serious accidents, protecting cultural and environmental assets, and rescuing and assisting people in danger.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/31959a6d-en	631ad5c8f2def68c807f9244180f4f44	This is related to several specific aspects of pension system rules, including the nature of derived benefits, the rules regarding joint annuities and the existence and characteristics of contribution credits for care-related reasons. They have various underlying logics (for instance, some are based on the idea of economic dependence, others more clearly reward family members for their unpaid care work, while others are mainly concerned with basic poverty protection), but they are similar in that they all address the impact that the distribution of family roles, including paid and unpaid work in the family, can have on women’s future pension entitlements. The first relates to the changes that have been taking place over the past decades in both women’s lifecourses as well as pension system rules.	5	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e9f9b60a-en	631b1c0c9e52cb5f8e6513ff72da393e	In Senegal, MLouma is a virtual agricultural platform that allows farmers and investors to get real-time information on the price, location and availability of farm products, via a website, or their mobile phone®. Innovative applications have helped to provide citizens with critical health information, remind people to take their medication, or provide access to health-related services. In Malawi, Airtel 321 provides information on maternal and child nutrition information, in the local language and via the mobile phone. In Tanzania, The Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) and mobile operator Tigo, together with UNICEF and local governments, have developed an SMS-based application that makes the birth registration process more efficient, cost-effective and accessible for parents. Since its launch in 2013, the app has registered nearly 1.5 million children and has now been scaled across seven regions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	63208e8fb7519133025ae35186ded453	These include cooperating internationally; enhancing national institutions, processes, and enabling environments; designing interventions and allocating resources; and measuring results. The development community in both developed and developing countries emphasises the importance of supporting country ownership and alignment with national priorities, as articulated in agreed aid effectiveness principles. The underlying logic in these principles is that international co-operation and capacity building within national and local institutions can help to establish enabling environments that channel, deliver and manage climate finance more effectively.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	63226ea0e60e20a8198abcafba716669	A do-no-harm principle would work better in this case. The starkest example of this is related to public works, where there is a need to prioritise either the welfare function of public works or the asset creation function. Creating assets efficiently and effectively requires a higher level of planning and expenditure on capital assets (machinery) and staff (engineers), which reduces the amount of programme funding available for wage transfers. Frequently, attempts to navigate this trade-off result in a sub-optimal scenario where the quality of public works is very poor.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	6323d132f5e63660e99c27817357dc48	Yet, Sydney lacks a strategy or organisation dedicated to harnessing the innovation emanating from these educational institutions, disseminating best practice sustainability planning from the City of Sydney to other local government areas, rejuvenating the manufacturing potential of the city and growing opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) that develop clean and green technologies. By pursuing more integrated strategies at the metropolitan level, Sydney can become a model for driving outstanding environmental performance while simultaneously building on its existing infrastructure, educational and industrial assets to create sustained job growth in new, emerging and transforming fields. The City of Sydney’s Sustainable Sydney 2030 presents a bold and compelling vision for how this centrally located area will tackle climate change, global competition, transportation congestion, and a half dozen other major challenges over the next 20 years.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	632412bc8163ca347f491d5141ac2c99	In Tanzania, for example, there is evidence that higher female adult illiteracy rates correlate with the tendency of parents to devalue educating their daughters, thus perpetuating the cycle of illiteracy and lack of schooling for girls (UNESCO, 2012). As the World Bank points out in its 2012 World Development Report on gender equality, families in many societies still send their sons to school before their daughters, in part as a rational response to markets and institutions that value men over women (World Bank, 2011). These same norms can get in the way of girls being able to establish relationships with peers and older mentors, role models who are critical to them being able to navigate their teen and young adult years (Austrian, 2012). For boys, having to conform to norms of being “real men” can lead to behaviours that are detrimental to themselves and girls.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/288df776-en	63258702978f8e9140d797c83c2efbd7	It is multidimensional nature and the whole spectrum of formality/informality that should be taken into consideration. What is also required for better policy outcomes is the development of a broader understanding of informal settlement formations. A narrow understanding is when the consideration of informal settlements is dominated by the images from the Third World, poverty and self-made housing areas.	11	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	6325f78eb6cadc458ea22972e0001cf0	When workers choose to settle permanently in areas presenting new income opportunities, whether or not they bring their families is essential to the future development of the area, since this will not only have consequences for the social relationships within the family but also for local communities and, on a structural level, for the supply of schools, day care, etc. Against this background, Weyhe stresses the need for taking gender specific assessments into account when planning major business projects. This might contribute to the possibility for recruiting more women to traditional male jobs as a strategy for creating cohesion in local communities by providing employment for both husbands and wives - a necessity when keeping the current housing situation in Greenland in mind, as this renders double housekeeping impossible (Weyhe 2011: 253).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	63282319c6aaf4d132761246229cf34c	The transition rate will thus be increased, as more students will be allowed or able to access secondary schooling, and move on to the tertiary level. By having more students graduating at the tertiary level, greater numbers of young people will become members of society able to contribute to sustainable development in Mauritius. First, teachers teach the essential learning competencies (ELC) for Standards III, IV and V, to ensure that pupils are ready to address the ELC component of the CPE. Next, to boost their self-esteem, a model question paper focussing on the ELC component is completed by pupils.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	632a18ef495c62003396d11601951b65	This study thus begins with a presentation of the system effects of nuclear power in Chapter 2. This holds in particular for low-carbon technologies that influence public policy-making in one form or another such as renewables, nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or efficiency improvements.2 The focus in this study will thus be on renewables and nuclear energy. Renewables are affected by policy primarily through the creation of stable FITs above average market prices, whereas nuclear energy implicates governments through the need for sectoral regulation, waste storage and disposal as well as proliferation safeguards.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-6-en	632b26fa399e8e4a521cad14dd6da090	Attempts at planning across governments and facilities are limited, making it difficult to design robust patient pathways from primary care to hospital, and back into the community. As the evidence suggests that the number of people suffering from one or more chronic diseases will increase, it will be critical for primary health care services to adapt to models of health care delivery that require co-ordination across several health professionals. Alongside this, efforts to improve the ability of patients to be more proactive about managing their health and avoiding serious health conditions could be implemented.	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-8-en	632befe544d515947e0d957d8e6c7ebe	In the case of Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu, aid accounts for more than 10 per cent of GDP in all cases. Aid flows to Fiji and PNG, the bigger and more resource-rich of the countries, account for less than 5 per cent of GDP. Engagement with civil society and the private sector is essential, as is building trust and confidence.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283428-en	632de2ef6585ba3be058273dee431601	In contrast, the new benefits package was developed on the basis of current epidemiological and demographic needs and defines in detail the health services available to the population through public resources. Expanded benefits include: additional ambulatory specialist services, with particular emphasis on clinical effectiveness; new vaccinations and neonatal screenings; and new measures of innovative technologies, such as prostheses, to replace old procedures. Moreover, there is an expanded list of chronic diseases for which services are fully covered by the National Health Service.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d004d8b3-en	632e9821e1bb97121e4ce1a0b4be4639	These include limited quality control, irregular geographic representation and lack of comparability. The selection of indicators is based on existing sustainability reporting initiatives, requirements and company practices. The objective is not to propose new requirements, but to encourage the use of existing approaches and methodologies in a consistent and comparable manner.	12	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	633262dfeca35f1febb30d4341583059	In addition, 22 reporting countries support the provision of social rental housing, either through the direct provision of housing or through subsidies to providers. Around one third of the reporting countries also use construction subsidies to promote the production of rental housing. Rent controls are used in over half of the reporting countries, but other forms of support for private rental housing, such as provision of guarantees and rent tax relief for tenants, are currently used by just over one fifth of the reporting countries.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	633356efdaadabce4ddeaa0c0f36cc87	While general, the framework should be adapted to locally specific constraints. The following paragraphs provide supporting evidence for the main management elements. In their review of groundwater irrigation policies, Garduno and Foster (2010) call for the design and use of pragmatic four tier approaches combining i) administrative measures (regulations and charges), ii) community involvement and self-regulation, iii) financing supply and demand interventions, and iv) macro-intervention to constrain groundwater demand (agriculture policies, energy subsidies).	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	6338989edc170a14177c05b244d10848	There is a fundamental logic that it must be good for rich countries to transfer money to these countries in order to guarantee the maintenance of the forests, thus paying local people to forgo use. The problem is that the deals are being done between national governments and the big commercial enterprises that have emerged as carbon brokers - these groups need simple measures that are easily verifiable to justify their payments. There is a great deal of interest in the use of remote satellite imagery to measure carbon stocks so as to assess payments.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	6338c4323399f16ccbb8e06a522cf2de	This is carried out in view' of the objective in the Tenth Development Plan to adopt irrigation policies based on agricultural basins and on agricultural parcels (MOD, 2014). This development is linked to the approximation process with EU regulations, w'hich includes agri-environmental measures as part of Common Agricultural Policy. Beyond agri-environmental measures, Turkey has developed other environmental regulations as part of the approximation process, such as Nitrate Directive, Water Framework Directive (Chapter 3). Several activities to combat soil erosion, such as soil erosion control, afforestation, land rehabilitation, establishment of energy forests, and artificial regeneration are included in the 2013-17 Action Plan “Combating soil erosion” (MOFWA, 2012). This programme is implemented in 30 provinces, and has grown with time, with a budget of TRY 35 million (USD 18.4 million) for 9 195 farmers for a total field area of 33 172 ha in 2013.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	633d36d18aa03c58eabccb007e3b4356	Research also constitutes a basis to understand which policy responses should be instituted for the good of both immigrants and the destination countries. Working across different contexts, the goal is to help countries design effective policies for leveraging immigration for positive development outcomes. This has included providing advice on the governance of comprehensive immigration systems and linking development strategies for policy coherence within a country and across countries.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	633d8ed9d174b6278e2b0b2b6c9cb6c3	In fact, w ith international market prices about one-third higher than probably expected in 2008, tariffs could even be cut by rates larger than w'hat appeared potentially acceptable in 2008. As suggested above, one reason behind the step increase in world market prices for agricultural commodities that appears to have occurred since 2006 was a cost push caused by rising energy prices. One can probably argue that this cost push has also raised the target level of domestic prices by the same order of magnitude. On a global scale, tariffs applied for agricultural products have come down to about one-half of the tariffs bound (Bureau and Jean, 2013b).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	633ebbbe59c8f9bd87fc500170329139	Although most of the headline indicators of How’s Life? Therefore, this chapter uses a few additional metrics that capture gender-relevant differences in well-being. Some differences between the two sexes are inevitable - only women experience pregnancy and childbirth, for example - but many others stem from institutional, cultural and social influences.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	633f69cb84331309437632726d617716	About 60% of the houses under construction in Addis Ababa have been completed. Of these houses, 173 662 (94.4%) had been transferred to the house seekers on a lottery basis as of June 2017. Within each housing programme, the subsidy differs according to the size of the house, in favour of smaller houses. Income forgone from land leasing accounts for the major share of the housing subsidy.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	633fd35d2047f28776aca031c58b288e	A recent assessment of land degradation in Mongolia indicates that, in 2015, around 76.8 per cent of the total territory was degraded to some degree, with 24.1 per cent slightly degraded, 29.8 per cent moderately degraded, 16.8 per cent severely degraded and 6.1 per cent very severely degraded (table 12.2). The severely and extremely severely affected areas include dry and semi-desert lands of the Lake Uvs basin, the Great Lakes Depression and Dundgobi and Domogobi Aimags (annex IV, map 7). This change has happened due to increased livestock numbers and the changes in the composition of livestock herds. The consequences of a changing livestock herding pattern and the overexploitation of land and plant resources, coupled with the effects of climate change, have led to a decline of animal and plant habitat areas and loss of resources, which has become the main contributing factor to the increase of species to be categorized as endangered.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	63471f9cab6fa3b21ed468982b9832c7	For example, the T3 of the Technion has been both active and pro-active in commercialisation. It would benefit from strengthening and being organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it (see Box 3.5.). Through its website, the T3 invites industry inquiries for consulting. It also develops technology transfer strategies for faculty innovations with MBA students.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	63477df8700bed15b19a60d87d7e7def	These data show' that OECD countries differ considerably not only in terms of inter-regional disparities in average incomes, but also in terms of spatial concentration of income inequalities. Equality of opportunity requires that socio-economic prospects of each individual are not affected by factors beyond their control, such as their place of birth (Roemer, 1997). People-centred policies should thus reflect the interplay of locational and individual level determinants of well-being. Data on income inequality within regions might capture better than national data the effects of perceived distribution inequities on subjective well-being and on human capital investments. Individuals may in fact assign different importance to the income inequalities they experience in their local living context when assessing their own w'ell-being and forming expectations about returns of education and skills.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289343879-7-en	6347ee1b82b46f0499c831fa908383eb	No price rise for those consuming less than lOOkWh per month. A number of direct payments (subsidies) have been made to address this. In September 2000 indexing was suspended as it became politically difficult to sustain due to high international prices (Verme, El-Massnaoui, & Araar, 2014). The justification for subsidies was to ensure price stability, consumer purchasing power, and the promotion of selected industrial sectors.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	63480f4be5b52eaae924fb9f5e7c1db5	In Mexico, it is the second largest private generator with 1,900 MW capacity in combined-cycle plants; in the Dominican Republic it has 198 MW; in Costa Rica 51 MW; and in Panama 33 MW. In the distribution segment, it has 2 million customers in Colombia, 800,000 in Nicaragua and 500,000 in Panama. Its most important project in the region is currently the construction of a wind farm in Mexico, with 230 MW capacity, and a 50 MW hydroelectric plant in Costa Rica.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	634988c16449ddd56e15d6f0b2d4b5be	Pedersen sees a number of European, Canadian and Australian pension funds active in the same space with good opportunities for cooperation. The fund is also working with EKF, Denmark’s export credit agency to provide long-term financing of export credits to allow foreign enterprises to obtain loans to place renewable energy orders with Danish companies. In 2009 PGGM committed capital to the BNP Paribas Clean Energy Fund on behalf of its clients.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	634a3c4f0a14216f3c9c3e3311c9e00e	Source: MOFAL, direct communication. Of this total, EUR 801 million are to be funded by the European Union and EUR 244 million by the government of Turkey as public aid, with the rest complemented by private contributions. Figure 5.4 depicts the distribution of IPARD-II budget across the individual measures. For the current phase, the previous focus on investments in agricultural holdings and processing is maintained. This is to concentrate 72% of total IPARD-II funding.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	634bea75cdfda905fe6259f1006e5e32	To ensure the quality of ECEC, staff should have a pre-service education level comparable to that of primary teachers, in order to be similarly prepared, and should also have an equivalent professional status (ILO, 2013). This is not always the case, however. In Ireland, for example, preschool teachers are required to have at least one year of post-secondary non-tertiary level training, while primary teachers receive separate training at university level. Studies suggest that this difference in status is reflected during the transition process into the first year of primary school: teachers of the first year of primary do not feel that preschool teachers are properly preparing children for the transition (INTO, 2008; O’Kane and Hayes, 2010).	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	634f2c8a95751bade2605aa462c20688	The value in obtaining input from stakeholders, including women and women’s organisations, lies in obtaining, to the extent possible, a wide range of inputs for evidence-based decision making. This recognition was reflected in the Regional Charter on the importance of transparency in the regulatory and rule-making process. In this context, MENA countries often report undertaking public consultations when developing draft programmes or laws (Figure 4.9). Draft primary legislation - Yes, in some cases - Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian Authority; No, not foreseen - Kuwait, Tunisia; No, but foreseen - Yemen.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/21334b08-en	6352a49c06bd8baf796069273f339c92	For example, in India a large gap exists between the price of diesel and gasoline due to fuel subsidies on diesel. This has lead to substantial increases in the sale and production of diesel vehicles, which now make up to 40 per cent of the Indian vehicle market. Initiatives can include the development of electric vehicle infrastructure (see Box 4.9), or the conversion of transport fleets to cleaner fuels (see Box 4.10).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	635a6b6ee063939c2aa81a6299449784	Where Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)/zones create additional requirements for fishing effort reduction beyond that required for achieving fisheries management objectives, Australian government-funded adjustment assistance may be considered on a case-by-case basis to support the reduction in fishing effort. One example of structural adjustment in the Australian fishing industry was the 100% buy-back of Torres Strait Finfish entitlements. The day-to-day management of recreational fishing is for the most part undertaken by the state and territory governments. The main forms of management action within Australia’s recreational fisheries are: controls on gear types and amounts; size (minimum and/or maximum), sex and/or number of fish of a given species; seasonal and/or area closures; and prohibition on the sale of fish.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200449-32-en	635b1ae701316ea5dd17647baec6ec74	The New Zealand Government commenced its water reform process in mid-2009. This process is aimed at addressing the risks to the economy and the environment posed by poor management of our freshwater resource and capitalising on opportunities for economic growth that this resource provides. Reform addressing the management of freshwater takes place within broader reforms to the Resource Management Act 1991.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	635d141f2cacc25e5c92ced2dee2d5bf	This planning tradition became less prevalent after the 1970s, which resulted in considerably less dense outward development in the municipalities outside the central city. While provincial and city land use plans continued to stress compact development and public transit use, the realities in many parts of the Toronto region were urban sprawl and high car use, as a result of the application of many land use instruments, such as zoning by-laws and building codes, that did not support compact, higher-density development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d45e831b-en	6360801de71f14d0fe790591ce8ff1c7	Still, on average, about one in three girls 15 to 19 years old in those countries have been subjected to FGM, compared to nearly one in two in 2000. There, a girl's risk of marrying in childhood has decreased by over 40 per cent since 2000. Increasingly, the global burden of child marriage is shifting from Southern Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, where levels of child marriage have declined at a more modest rate.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	63610507a3bc5e3ded5c2e25300797fa	This has led to a financial squeeze on power generators and forced them to offset losses incurred from power generation by expanding activity in profitable non-core businesses including component manufacturing. Electricity prices to end-users also often deviate from the nationally-determined benchmark, with provincial and local governments at times employing preferential pricing to support industrial objectives (Chen, 2011). Prices also vary geographically depending on the level of affluence, with lower prices offered in poorer regions. Electricity prices are hence used as both a redistributive tool as well as an instrument for industrial policy. However, as environmental protection sometimes lags in the poorer parts of the country, luring businesses to these areas through cheaper energy is likely to be particularly environmentally harmful.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	63631a75dc8085b0f6de482c76efedf4	France suffers from a high rate of premature male deaths from accidents and unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which are the most common causes of avoidable mortality. Regional disparities also remain substantial: the difference in life expectancy between those living in the areas with the highest and lowest unemployment rates has increased by half a year since the mid-2000s (Panel D). Estimated values for some countries. Differences in access to health- care services across regions and neighbourhoods, high out-of-pocket expenditures for some households, heterogeneous medical practices, notably among hospitals, and the low focus on prevention all play a role.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	6364b44207e05ac074ea30bb9c76da70	"As a starting point key elements from the Paris Agreement are highlighted which are relevant for climate finance as well as the finance sector more broadly. This is followed by an overview of finance needs as articulated in the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)3 submitted by countries as part of the Paris process. The (l)NDC analysis is complemented by a summary of findings on four cases studies to better understand country and sector specific finance and support needs. The earlier commitment by developed countries on the joint mobilization of USD 100 billion per annum by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation was extended through to 2025, but specific numbers are not included in the legally binding part of the Agreement, with a decision on the level of finance postponed, but with a requirement that it ""should represent a progression beyond previous efforts"" Accordingly, before 2025, a new collective goal is to be defined with the USD 100 billion constituting the minimum."	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	6364e4e19e16b32defaedede7b7944eb	As a result TGC price can fluctuate over time. However, as administrative costs for TGCs can be higher than for FiTs, actors may require capacity building before engaging in such markets. Economic performance will also depend on other parameters, including how close the technology comes to competing with fossil fuel technologies and its stage of market development. Studies by the IEA show that, “differences in impact and cost-effectiveness among the various economic support systems tend to be smaller than the differences among countries that have the same system” (IEA, 2011a).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	63661e056d6c5907f50bd1aea9513f55	However, those costs are mainly borne by the nuclear power plant developer and only impose limited additional costs on the electricity system as a whole. Section 2.3 will then analyse the special conditions that nuclear power plants impose on the electrical system at the level of the transmission. These include the higher requirements concerning grid stability and security, the specific requirements on grid layout due to the large size of a nuclear unit, as well as the interaction between the overall generation system and nuclear plants due to the latter’s operational characteristics.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/56f09402-en	636735f628631674fabd2b33df579485	Through its two pillars, the programme seeks to equip young people with better tools for future employment (and thereby reduce the inactivity rate among this population group) and boost their potential for mobility and social inclusion. Eighty thousand young people took part in this programme in 2013. The goal for 2014 was to extend coverage to 120,000 recipients (Angulo and Gomez, 2014). And there has been a narrowing of gender gaps in access to secondary education (Parker, 2003; Parker and Behrman, 2008), in the transition from primary to secondary education (De Janvry and others, 2005) and lower dropout rates among adolescents (De la Torre Garcia, 2005).	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/39291afb-en	63674c656ca30c2cc815635182fd8075	Chile also saw poverty decrease, in this case between 2015 and 2017. The official estimates available for these countries corroborate the trends described, although the estimates are larger in Argentina and El Salvador, smaller in Costa Rica and similar in the other countries (see table II.2, figure II.3 and annex table II.A1.2). This is the case of Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. Among the countries with data available to 2017, only Brazil showed a slight rise in poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264252820-en	636b1a2d5491c38eb570c9e6555ff258	Establish clear institutional roles and responsibilities for promoting gender balance in the public sector, including independent recourse and appeal mechanisms, which should be adequately funded, resourced, and linked to executive teams to ensure their effectiveness. Raise awareness of gender equality considerations among public sector managers and enhance management and executive accountability to ensure gender balance at all levels and occupational groups, and deal with gender equality issues in workplaces, including through performance management frameworks. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	636e2a5c7036952082662e0dad72b58c	The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.______________	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/31959a6d-en	636f5c2443e4d17d1068e33e4a2bb523	Hence policies oriented to improve gender equality in old age need to be carefully designed considering country-specific features, including labour markets, demographic patterns,institutional configuration and fiscal space, as well as family structures and women's life-course patterns. A key gender-relevant policy choice regards the link between contributions and benefits (in other words, how tightly work histories should be coupled with pension entitlements) and the policy tools available to offset gender differences in paid work, earnings and unpaid work (such as contribution credits). All these policy choices naturally involve setting goals and priorities over the distribution of rights and resources.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	637024749cac26806f493fd7fb52d098	The label is assigned to products that have lower environmental impacts than similar products over their whole life cycle, from material extraction to disposal. Manufacturers who are awarded the Eco-Mark pay an annual fee that is proportional to product sales. The market share of Eco-Mark products has increased.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f7966277-en	6373c480abd61c437eb0c4d7b9a0c237	Nafis Sadik grew up in a tumultuous time K I £ j Q J Jin history, one that in 1947 saw the birth of her country. But Sadik had a vision that she could change the world for the better. She completed a medical degree in obstetrics, served poor rural women and men, and helped shape the first national population policy for Pakistan.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	6379115dde7df3fd24608d79ab0e9a29	These figures most likely underestimate the contribution of off-farm earnings because they capture only the income coming from activities integrated from the accounting standpoint either fully or partly within the farm business. However, studies on rural diversification indicate that the majority of alternative enterprises of agricultural households are financially and structurally independent of the farm business (OECD, 2009e). For example, around 20% of living expenses of those households involved in dairying and sheep and beef farming originate from off-farm income (MAF, 2009e).	2	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	637a550178d1f9a094217409a0fa4ca8	The Westpac ATM remittance card required extensive policy reform in New Zealand in order to become operational, and 2008 legislation allowed both New Zealand and Australian senders to remit money through the international electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS)/ATM network (Porter 2009). However, the take-up rate was not as rapid as had been expected and there were operational problems resulting from misplaced cards and forgotten personal identification numbers. Westpac consequently contemplated withdrawal from a dual card scheme, and the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ) partnered with Visa to develop an alternative. In July 2011 Westpac substantially cut its telegraphic transfer fee for remittances to the Pacific of less than A$500 from A$30 to A$10, and their inward telegraphic transfer fee was waived for those with Westpac accounts in the Pacific.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	637c71fbb32c591f7e3a2562f789ad0b	Global warming requires global solutions but the current two-tier architecture on mitigation actions has raised concern over the problem of emissions relocation. While total C02 emissions from OECD countries tended to stabilise after the turn of this century, those from Developing Asia continued to rise much faster than the world average (7.3% versus 2.6%) during the 2000-10 period. This is due largely to China's emission growth doubling from 4.1% in 1990-2000 to 8.6% in 2000-10 (Table 4.1).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	6382576d93891188f36e19e102f201fb	However, co-ordination efforts are often led in a bilateral way between CONAGUA, ministries and public agencies such as the Federal Commission of Electricity and the Federal Commission of Forestry. In addition, the potential for policy coherence at watershed level is not fully exploited. There are many good practices on the ground that could be further replicated, while letting the governance system adjust to local features.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330657-6-en	63833930dc0c6dc0e41ee2eff5c9b8d0	These types are investigated in chapter 5. Most of the initiatives aim at the first part, namely reducing C&D waste quantities. However, if an initiative covers more parts (i.e. it aims at combining reductions in amounts, environmental impacts or hazardous waste quantities), it offers a more comprehensive solution to waste prevention objectives and is, therefore, prioritised.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	6385d785b83b7615bc5783238521c8b0	Since tax and spending policies might interact with each other, collaboration across government levels and departments is essential. Tax progressivity implies that the higher salaries resulting from skills investments are taxed at higher rates than earnings in the absence of up-skilling. Thus, some disincentive to invest in skills is inevitable. But even in the absence of tax piogressivity, a proportional tax system can create a disincentive for marginal human capital investment when tire costs of investment are not deductible in the personal income lax calculation. Although lax disincentives for skills formation may be partly or fully offset by public-spending subsidies for higher education, the impact of taxes on the return on investment in human capital is important.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	6386b36ce21cc4ed0017fbaa4a5dc6b9	Tangermann (2011), the World Bank (2012b) and OECD (2010) explain in detail the complexity of each of these design-related and practical decisions and provide some suggestions on how to tackle them. That is, the nature of buffer stocks is such that the government is limited in the amount it can sell or buy. If a country' is faced with a few consecutive years of low availability and high prices, then it will exhaust its buffer stock. Once the buffer stock is depleted, it loses its capability to lower prices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	638b139d4eeed23ed3170d6ef376901e	"Florence, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute. Washington DC, World Bank. Washington DC, World Bank. Evidence from PROGRESA's Control Randomized Experiment"", American Economic Review, 94(2): 336-341. Washington DC, World Bank. London, Overseas Development Institute."	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/935513ee-en	638dd55ba490bdfcd42948a46525d58c	The individuals, groups, and companies working outside the law are typically interested in perpetuating the conditions under which they profit, and may try to undermine initiatives aimed at changing the status quo. From a conflict perspective, a key distinction is whether a resource is lootable or not. A lootable resource has a high value and is associated with low economic barriers to enter into the sector.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	638e0c33e7e188e2b0fe9f439adbd231	Moreover, sufficient dietary availability at the household level does not guarantee that food intake meets the dietary requirements of individual household members, especially children and women. Nor does it imply that health status permits the biological utilization of food. Along with income to raise the level of food consumption, reducing hunger requires investments in other areas, such as basic health and education services; sanitation and safe water; and changes in health knowledge and behaviours, especially among women and care givers.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	638edc130e33a52983bc94c9c86c030b	However, there is a trade-off between increasing the price through market interventions and doing this in a way that maintains the long-term credibility of the trading scheme. Indeed, the long-term credibility of the carbon price after the current phase ending in 2020 will be crucial for long-lived, low-carbon equipment such as nuclear power plants, CCS or off shore wind-farms. The floor price will start in 2013 at GBP 16 per tonne and will reach GBP 30 per tonne in 2020.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	638f4e44e409c6a66f7a7c7e9aafe1ff	Cesar, 2013; UK, 2013; USG, 2012; IDB, 2012; Mulenga, 2013. This is due to the multi-faceted nature of building resilience and adaptive capacity, which often requires cross-cutting interventions in the health, water, energy, economic, agriculture, and other sectors. The absence of clear links between cause and effect in many adaptation activities highlights the utility of using both top-down (e.g. number of people vulnerable to climate change in a country) and bottom-up indicators (e.g. number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted). The Fund’s choice of indicators depends on the intended goals of different projects. For instance, an indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of an education and awareness project may report the “number and type of risk reduction actions or strategies introduces at local level” or “number of news outlets in the local press and media that have covered the topic” (AF, 2011a).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	639222e389a40efedf8553622e8d6087	Only 10% of single women (with or without children) in Finland said they were finding it difficult to make ends meet in 2010, but this share goes up to 69% for single women in Greece. Total income is defined as the sum, at the household level, of the following components: 1) wage, salary and self-employment income of household members; 2) capital and property income, private pensions, private occupational pensions, and all kinds of private transfers; and 3) social security transfers from public sources. Total income is expressed in terms of “equivalent” household member, by dividing it by the square root of household size.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/838f79eb-en	6393b47cd716daa0c976f563e6183aa2	"The government agencies involved were national regulatory and standardisation authorities. This directly contributed to the achievement of SDG 7.2: ""Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix"". Both support the use of local forms of energy and help reduce energy imports."	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	6394dc3eb1fc035f48774866c980b299	Within the database, the influence of quotas, tariff-rate quotas and other specific duties have been converted to ad valorem tariff equivalents. Data on export subsidies are obtained from country level notifications to the WTO and from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund. The base year for this release is 2011 where 11 new regions have been added with an existing 20 updated. In particular, there is no information for the agricultural sector on non-tariff and behind the border barriers that could also have a significant impact on trade. These range from quarantine and product safety requirements, to other requirements such as labelling and barriers to trade created by differences in regulatory approaches (Box 2.1).	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	6396a897266e89331321f849146717b6	There is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time. While investment incentives and other fiscal policies are designed to increase agricultural output, the focus of short-term policies is to influence market prices. The incompatible objectives of keeping prices low to benefit consumers while keeping them high to guarantee rural incomes gives rise to inconsistent price stabilisation policies that combine procurement and price interventions with quotas. When rice prices are low, the central government provides interest rate support to enterprise to buy rice from producers, putting upward pressure on prices.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	639a553fc380a1e46740756165a5b5fd	Analysis of various underground networks globally shows that quality improvements have higher demand elasticities than lower fares (UITP, 2014b). Introducing this mechanism will be an important asset for authorities to shift from negotiations based on ensuring fixed levels of profits and instead set remunerations based on cost structure. Public transport fare policies need to strike a balance between economic and social sustainability. Service provision should move away from granting generalised subsidies and instead set public transport prices at or near cost-recovery levels, while granting targeted subsidies to certain segments of the population.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	639ee668a4a50f4e34cfef364d378a04	Although several countries in the region have pursued bio-diesel production from palm oil at the height of oil prices, concerns have been raised regarding the conversion of additional forests into palm oil plantations. For example, Malaysia had in the past converted forests into palm oil plantations for producing bio-fuels, but is now making more efforts to balance land utilization and taking a more precautionary measure to protect its forests. Clearly, the benefits from bio-fuels have to be weighed against the potential costs of rising food prices, thougji the balance could be altered along with technological advances in bio-fuel and crop production. Over the next 10 to 15 years, bio-fuels could provide as much as 25 per cent of the world’s energy needs (FAO 2007).	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	63a3913bdf338115385d9deecd39a52d	Over 3 billion people depend on freshwater, marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods, including many people in developing countries for whom fishing is a main subsistence and commercial activity.4 Overall, it is estimated that 60% of the world’s ecosystems have been degraded over the past 50 years (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). With climate change expected to exacerbate existing development pressures, especially in the most vulnerable communities, the impact of biodiversity loss w'ill be even greater in the future. As the global population is projected to increase to 9.7 billion people by 2050 (UNDESA, 2015), with much of this increase expected in developing countries, these pressures are anticipated to rise under a business-as-usual scenario.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283268-en	63a5e6dfde368a1cf09b61db5fb89f29	On the other hand, while overall alcohol consumption is high, binge drinking1 rates in Austria (19%) are slightly below the EU average (20%) Among adolescents in 2013-14,20% of 15-year-old girls and 27% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk at least twice in their life - shares similar to the EU average. While this share is still lower than in most other EU countries, it has increased substantially since 1999, when only 9% of Austrian adults were obese. Austrian adults are among the most physically active in the EU, but physical inactivity among 15-year-olds is relatively high.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	63a8fb8940bfadc4740d4746b2601439	They are costly, complex, typically land intensive and for all of these reasons, involve risk. Given this, meaningful public engagement in decision making is an important part of the policy process. This entails raising public awareness of about the scope, cost, location and timeframes for a project early on in the process so as to gather information and opinions on various elements. At its most involved level, such engagement practices include citizens in some element of decision making. For example, including the opinions and ideas of citizens (or stakeholders) in a project can lead to more and better information with which to design or deliver a project.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	63ad634c2bdb1b60c3d47be2385bad39	In other countries, especially Belgium, Canada, New Zealand and Portugal, the gender difference in individuals’ ability to cope with a shock appears to be smaller once gender differences in financial knowledge are also taken into account. This suggests that, at least in some countries, gender differences in financial knowledge are associated with differences in financial resilience, and that improving women’s financial knowledge could help them to set up more successful financial strategies to face negative shocks. Some governments continue to address the needs of girls and women as part of co-ordinated national strategies for financial education, as in Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Israel, Lebanon and Turkey.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	63b513b2063a1a8a890d5197839cecc1	Rather, it focuses on the lived subjectivities of migrant women from Nepal, trying to unpack the multi-faceted experiences of their journeys. The transnational migrant has become the living embodiment of the contradictions of globalization, playing out her fears and hopes, aspirations and struggle for capabilities in the context of global structural inequality and gendered fluxes of labour. See Silvey 2013 for an overview.	5	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	63b93e7d2f4d19545a8e223131a5d451	While numbers of teachers have increased in the last ten years, the percentage of qualified teachers has dropped significantly (Education International, 2007). This could be attributed to the rise in enrolments after the introduction of Free Primary Education in 2000. As a result, while access has increased between 1999 - 2008 with an old NER of 57 compared to 73 respectively (GMR, 2010), the issue of quality in education is a prevalent one.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9598ece7-en	63c091e1d1d8f92e29edebf6597eb443	After they have been lost, primary forests cannot be recovered except through major efforts to reintroduce native species followed by long-term protection of the candidate terrestrial landscapes. In the extreme case, Viet Nam lost more than 50 per cent of its primary forest area compared with the forest cover that had existed in that country in 2000. In terms of proportions of primary forest to total forest area, shares of primary forest in Asia and the Pacific are well below the global average. Developed countries tend to have smaller shares of primary forests compared with the developing and low income economies in the region. (	15	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	63c09be0adb7fd7f6c64727406a8b416	The rest of the Commonwealth Pacific small states reported less than 60 per cent coverage. There were no reported data for Nauru to make an assessment. Based on trends, only Samoa and Tonga are expected to achieve universal access to electricity, while the rest of the Commonwealth Pacific small states are unlikely to achieve this target by 2030 or 2050 (Appendix 2.3).	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	63c22370b6a735a641a99a781b807fa9	Subsequentlysection three reviews the objectives and instruments of alternative pension systems and the gender gaps that are currently found both in pension coverage and in the incidence of poverty in old age. Building on that, section four identifies the key sources of gender inequality in pension entitlements in a context of gendered labour markets and section five deals with gender gaps in defined contribution pension systems. Section six then briefly addresses the main reform directions afterthe global crisis and their likely impact on women’s pensions. Section seven is dedicated to non-contributory pensions, reviewing the development of these benefits around the world and the potential they have to address existing gaps in access to old age protection. Section eight discusses some of the most relevant components built into contributory pension systems to protect women in the family, including pension rights for widows, divorcees and caregivers. Finally, section nine summarizes the main findings and concludes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-7-en	63c4267d8f8549ed8aaba17a7df2badd	Improving teaching quality has been a policy priority in the Netherlands in recent years, as evidenced by the introduction of teacher competency requirements, the obligation for school boards to monitor teacher competencies and the Inspectorate’s increased focus on monitoring teaching quality in schools. Going further, the teaching profession in the Netherlands could benefit from a revised and refined set of teaching standards; strengthened school-based appraisal processes linked to professional learning opportunities, especially for beginning teachers; and an enhanced registration system that could be linked to teacher career development. Teacher appraisal refers to the evaluation of individual teachers to make a judgement about their performance. Teacher appraisal has typically two major purposes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	63c5db18c2bb66642c9223484199c75d	Significant progress has also been made with respect to inert waste. The targets of 30% reduction in specific disposable waste and bulky waste has been missed. Municipal waste management still suffers from a lack of coherent planning at the national level, which makes it difficult to exploit synergies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	63c63c3fedfe2174b27201184f76fb6e	While a shift towards services will, other things being equal, tend to reduce the energy intensity, the real energy efficiency gains will be derived from policies designed to increase the efficiency with which energy is used in the production of goods and services (or consumed by households). Data for Montenegro front 2011. The challenges here vary from sector to sector, but in short, the more sectors are exposed to market forces, the more energy prices will drive investment in energy efficiency.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	63c963089f0f92a5a8d2950c6a548847	Such ordinances are valid for a ten-year period. Compared to land-use plans, management ordinances have the advantage that they can be prepared more quickly and cheaply, but they do not create a legal basis for development. Amsterdam’s land price policy is updated by the annual land prices Letter of Land and Development City of Amsterdam and the Land Pricing Guide. The letter outlines macroeconomic trends and their policy implications.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	63ca391526d703a15d84754807e94392	Apart from these immediate and short-term outcomes, several studies have also documented long-term adverse consequences of unintended pregnancies such as stunting among children (for example, Marston and Cleland, 2003). Joyce, Kaestner and Korenman (2000), using a longitudinal survey of youth, documented an association between unwanted pregnancy and prenatal and postpartum maternal behaviours, but little association between unwanted pregnancy and birth weight and child cognitive outcomes. Meanwhile, Eggleston, Tsui and Kotelchuck (2001) found contrasting patterns between categories of unintended pregnancies and adverse outcomes.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	63cb17d12d9b9076e7476f67e6de6f7b	Participation rates of older workers are adjusted in line with implemented pension reforms. In addition, future increases in the pensionable age are assumed by indexing it to projected life expectancy. Convergence is assumed to be linear which translates into annual increases in total hours worked of 0.35% per year from 2016 to 2025 with respect to the baseline scenario. In terms of the growth accounting framework (Box 2.2), increases in hours worked per person translate one-to-one into increases in labour efficiency (Ae) while increase in female labour participation increase labour utilisation [A(n - p)]. Enrolment and duration in higher education are likely to increase and pave the way for a higher accumulation of human capital. In the OECD growth modelling framework (see Box 2.2), human capital is indeed measured as a function of average years of schooling with a decreasing rate of return.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/c69de229-en	63cc0b24917c1974fa9d8477ecaa89de	These countries have low current mean transfer amounts, and a low proportion of children receiving these benefits. Spain is the most extreme example, with a mean family transfer per child being $206.6, of which only 9% of children receive, and a mean housing transfer of $13.3 that 1.2% of children receive. In these countries, targeting poor children raises the take-up rate among poor children significantly, as well as the transfer amount, so some poor children leave the poverty line, while having a minimal effect on those children above the poverty line.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	63cc3ae3805b5e01af608ffb6754cc92	For example, both India and China adjusted customs duty requirements to protect the development of domestic solar and wind industries (Lema and Lema, 2010). China also imposed investment requirements on FDI, including local content, joint venture, local hiring and mandatory seminar requirements, with the goal of encouraging technology transfer from foreign to domestic companies (Lewis, 2007a; 2007b). In fact, according to Gallagher and Shafaeddin (2010, p. 37): “OECD governments have begun to dub China’s policies as ‘forced transfers’ and have undertaken investigations and task forces in order to eliminate or reduce them”. Further, international intellectual property rights can limit technology transfer and the ability to engage in domestic innovation, although the extent will depend on the economic sectors involved, the economic activities and the level of development, as discussed in chapter VI.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ff1be167-en	63cc969e7a0c83ea308a2a373faee31b	Factors such as family size, whether or not a child lives with both parents, the educational climate at home, ethnicity, geographical area, socioeconomic status, and gender, age, birth-order and other characteristics, provide a full picture of the children's situation and of generally overlooked aspects of child poverty. The drop in total and extreme child poverty levels has also been associated with a lesser intensity of poverty (understood as the number of simultaneous deprivations or violations of basic rights), albeit to differing degrees from one country to another. Whereas an individual analysis of deprivations by dimension is useful for identifying which rights are most breached among children and adolescents in general, a look at those dimensions among the poor or extremely poor specifically helps identify priority areas for the action of social policy and its sectoral components.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-31-en	63d0f92e0785ef2f5e5c8ec7c8f888f8	Due to increased fish prices for the most important demersal species (sole, plaice and North Sea brown shrimp) there was only a slight decrease in landings value. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 2.0% between 2011 and 2015. In the Oosterschelde estuary, about 40 farms produce mussels and 20 farms produce oysters.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	63d151a72fbdbbe9af91850f0e493319	Policymakers may wish to know the impact of the price shocks on the welfare of households (i.e., on the incomes of the rural poor, rural non-poor, urban poor and urban non-poor households). The results of this analysis are summarized in table 13, which predicts that a price shock on the forestry and hunting sector generally leads to increases in income in all the sectors, and this echoes our earlier conclusion that increased activity in the forestry and hunting sector is in the business interests of most, if not all sectors. The sectors that would benefit the most from such a policy are: wood, paper and printing; agriculture; public administration; real estate; food processing; and livestock and fisheries. Table 13 also predicts printing sector at the same rate.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	63d1751f9e9a40039ea798870f93eece	"If an individual wants to have less electricity, he or she will stop buying it. If the same individual would like to have less particulate matter emitted, there exists no possibility to ensure that this wish is being heard. In the famous words of Kenneth Arrow (1970), ""externalities are goods for which no markets exist”."	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6dd51f94-en	63d404c83ea1cca17ab005ecf847c7c6	Such planning processes need to take into account different cities’ particular emission and risk contexts. According to the New Climate Economy Report, a shift to more compact urban growth, connected infrastructure, and coordinated governance has the potential to “reduce urban infrastructure capital requirements by more than US $3 trillion over the next 15 years”.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	63d58e8a5cb996619330db51851c335b	By adulthood and after they join the workforce, most individuals have no further engagement in formal education. Given such challenges, it is all the more important to take a whole-of-government approach in tackling issues related to equity for adults. According to the OECD population database,1 in 2012 on average across OECD countries, 66% of the population was of working age; in Korea, the Slovak Republic and Poland, the figure was more than 70% of the population.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	63d5ae0dd038e018aa0dfd518b8f4dac	The decomposition is carried out for different quantiles of the income distribution, so that the factors influencing child poverty can be compared across the income distribution. Recentered Influence Function (RIF)-regressions are used to decompose the role of differences in family characteristics and other labour market covariates and the differences in the way these latter are values in the labour market and protected by the net transfers. The approach is similar to an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, but the decomposition applies here on distributional measures instead of focusing on means (Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo, 201 l[i7])(see Box A2.3 for more technical details).	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	63d68f42f81addec641a24554e2f97d0	For the sake of brevity, only the SIGI and measures of gender inequality in outcomes are presented. Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2)-(4) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	63d6da53c772f2693201f055c1b9dc8f	These gender trends in paid and unpaid work confirm previous findings (e.g. Aguiar and Hurst, 2007; Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla-Sanz, 2012). While the development of labour saving devices and their massive adoption by households should also have contributed to the decline in time spent on household work, yet evidence suggests that such appliances had little effect (Bittman et al., The diverging trends across countries are a result of different evolutions of traditional gender roles, as well as of policies that affect female labour market participation, including parental leave (OECD, 2012a).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	63d70de364cc09f71e9ef22e1acf9db1	In addition, a number of specific regulatory measures can be implemented in order to improve the functioning of both designs. However, since electricity is a non-storable good with inelastic demand, energy-only markets can lead to large price swings at moments of high (or low) production of renewable energy. For instance, the European Energy Exchange Market (EEX) in 2009 saw spot prices that reached the ceiling of EUR 3 000 per MWh imposed by the operators as well as several instances of negative spot prices.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	63d9b0ed6bf4ba28949914065c2fc644	The scale performance is very good for the pooled data (all the countries) and also works well for most of the countries separately. These results are broken down for various subgroups in the population demonstrating that in all countries, children with lone parents, children living in large families, children in families wherein the adults are not employed and/or having lower levels of education are more likely to experience deprivation. In countries with a high number of children living in households where at least one of the parents is a migrant, deprivation rates are found to be very high for this specific group of children. Many of the countries in the sample have comparable levels of living standards but show significant differences in the levels of child deprivation. Two findings illustrate the areas for possible policy intervention.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	63dc7dd577053131b58242ccdaf9edeb	However, it assumes that this date has no effect on female (male) migration. Then, the exogeneity of female (male) migration flows per capita is rejected by the Wu-Hausman test at the 5% level.13 Finally, the validity (i.e. Cov(CEDAW, Eq) = 0) and the relevance (i.e. Cov(CEDAW, SIGI) * 0) of this instrument are tested. This instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable, as indicated by the first step of the IV estimations (Table 2). Moreover, simple estimation of the SIGI including additional controls and instruments result in a relatively high partial R. Finally, the paper checks that instrumental regressions are not null with F-statistic higher than 0.10, suggested by the rule of thumb (Stock and Yogo, 2002).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b9509058-en	63df504911cfc6c325a09fda1e0441a9	In Asia and the Pacific, where there is rapid urbanization and significant shortfalls in almost every kind of infrastructure, investments in infrastructure may be turned into investments in environmental sustainability and an opportunity to build more sustainable economies. The rate at which these goods and services are produced, and how they use environmental resources and services (as raw materials in their production, as inputs to their operation, or as waste sinks) are critical sources of environmental pressure. These pressures are growing with the rise of the consumer classes and the growing power of Asia and Pacific as an engine of the world economy. The greening of business and sustainable consumption remain the core prerequisites for meeting both human welfare and environmental protection needs.	12	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	63df55897382c0967db0dc82129e8d59	Philosophy courses are seen to be the ideal way of developing this form of criticality, although Socratic dialogue can be built into any subject. ‘ World citizenship’ relates to the moral and political position advocated by the Cosmopolitans, but also entails particular forms of knowledge that enable one to function in an international environment. Lastly, there is a narrative imagination, referring to ‘the ability to think what it might be like to be in the shoes of a person different from oneself, to be an intelligent reader of that person’s story’ (Nuss-baum 1997: 10-11). Studying literature is particularly important in developing this quality, although all the arts and humanities have a role. For this reason, some of the specific recommendations for the curriculum are bounded by that context - for example, the ‘culture wars’ regarding the literary canon. Other aspects, such as the defence of a broad curriculum including arts and humanities, and resistance to a narrow technological focus, are relevant for all levels of education.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	63e0a98f186e2871cc4918e5836e24a6	Households headed by single females fare worse than married couple households, particularly at the lower end of the wealth distribution. However, no data on wealth are currently available for international comparison of gender inequalities. Data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) show that single women with children are at high risk of material deprivation, with significant differences across countries.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	63e0d500d230df18ce40918da1d3134a	In this sense, it is an effective way of improving the efficacy and quality of the service that primary care practitioners are already providing. Furthermore, given this, introducing primary care-based CBT or talking-therapy equivalents is likely to be cost-saving relative to introducing stand-alone programmes, increasing reimbursements of non-primary care practitioner provided therapies (especially where alternative practitioners are private), or investing in capacity building for the delivery of psychological therapies. In particular, in countries with weak primary care systems and where there are high levels of stigma around mental illness, introducing CBT to primaiy care is not likely to be the most efficient use of resources.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	63e12d72f2755cee20486a5310d8f0c3	Overall, the Projected Costs series is one of the few sources of plant-level electricity generation cost information across a variety of technologies across a variety of countries. The LCOE indicates the discounted lifetime costs averaged over the electricity generated. The LCOE thus provides a handy and transparent tool for assessing and comparing different technologies.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	63e4c7ea69df4ac29af57c579028260e	As analyses of climate change impacts suggest that there is no immediate need to undertake practical adaptation measures with regard to hydropower (BMLFUW, 2010), projects focus on understanding climate change impacts, except for a few practical measures aimed at introducing district cooling from biomass or waste-to-energy plans, which would also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation. The conclusions of the OECD (2007) still hold true: “many hazards which have strong linkages to climate change actually have relatively low/ medium economic significance”. The clearest impact of climate change on natural hazards involve glacial and permafrost areas, which may be of limited economic significance from a national perspective, although the implications for local communities may be quite significant. “ On the other hand, hazards which have considerably higher economic and social significance, such as floods and windstorms, have more complex and less certain linkages with climate change.” Despite the uncertainty of climate change impacts on flooding and winter storms, the related risk should be taken seriously, given the impact of such events and the growing vulnerability to them on the part of Alpine societies because of demographic, land use and other pressures.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	63e5119fe773cf6ba2c00b966d8d10c8	Other key institutions include the network of Servicios Estatales de Salud, or government-funded State Health Services (SHS), for those without employment-linked insurance. Prior to Seguro Popular, these individuals would have had access to SHS but been liable to a user-fee. Now, nearly all Mexicans have access to a health insurance plan. The significant increase in SP affiliation represents an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC).	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	63e7fc96d6d2eb7562b9a13331fc2844	The effect is much higher in urban areas where the share of household employment is only 14% and the share of agriculture is very low relatively to other sectors. While back in 1987 being married had an insignificant impact on participation, in 2012 this effect was negative and close to 8pp. In urban areas this effect doubled between 1987 and 2012 and is continuously much higher relatively to rural areas. To avoid endogeneity, shares are constructed based on male shares of sectoral employment.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	63e8e6d6a8742e9b707dd2ddeb3c9ebe	For example, Del Valle Suarez (2014) and OECD (2011, Chapter 2) show that the introduction of Seguro Popular in Mexico contributed positively to the country’s growth, by freeing women from their caring duties and bringing them into the labour force. Bolsa familia has lowered poverty and income inequality, without decreasing labour force participation (Soares et al., New results on the Child Support Grant in South Africa suggest that the programme has no adverse impacts on participation rates and formal employment, and may even contribute to reducing informality (Tondini, 2015).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	63efec4787bbe05a4990ee6e0bb110f6	Similar instruments are used, for example, also in France and the United States (Scanlon and Kochlan, 2011). The ability of this instrument to increase supply of affordable rental housing needs to be better understood and assessed against their cost. In addition to public support towards the sector, the protection of tenancy and the rules for rent setting are crucial for enabling the delivery of affordable housing through the private rental sector. Among the 20 reporting countries that provided information, 14 report applying rent controls - mostly regulating rent increases.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	63f5b6a22946bf42b008b110e212d6cd	Through their “Men in the Kitchen” programme, Hopem encourages men, particularly young men, to participate more actively in maintaining the household. The organisation uses a mobile kitchen to engage with communities, as well as initiating debates on gender equality issues. Hopem has also introduced a television show focusing on issues previously identified in focus groups by men as not having opportunities to support actively women and girls. “	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	63fbbd5281a441f6dfb6e0b7a8437d07	The percentage falls to 38% among the vulnerable population and 23% among the non-vulnerable. The opposite is true of persons aged 50 or over: they account for some 12% of the poor population, climbing to 27% of the non-vulnerable population. Half of the adults (aged 25 to 65) living in indigence had not completed primary' education.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	63fc01f2fc3540026f9ad710a908bcbd	"Secondary school instructional hours, which are also lower than the OECD average, are only about 5% lower for students aged 14 and are the same for students aged 15 (Figure 4.1). In addition, norms for students in Kazakhstan require two hours of individual and group counselling per week. In “tri-lingual"" schools, students may study their own language of instruction (Russian, for example), Kazakh language and a foreign language (English, for example)."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	63fc58b87033242a1816a52444801a92	The framework is intended to strengthen school principals’ and teachers’ leadership capacity. It can be used in various ways, e.g. for self-assessment, performance and development reviews, school leader selection, coaching and mentoring and leadership induction and planning. The Victorian leadership framework breaks new ground in being applicable to leadership throughout the school at all levels in the school, showing where a teacher or school leader is located on a leadership continuum and what they need to know and be able to do in order to improve.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	63fcd83b4517d88dc911e23495896e2b	This particular experience confirmed that the State was facing a judicial risk, if it was to revise existing water licenses. Facing rising judicial risks, France considered that the status quo was not an option, and hence examined options for allocation reform. For Australia, in addition to the escalating environmental concerns discussed above, the pursuit of economic efficiency was a decisive factor behind the establishment of a comprehensive water market in the Murray-Darling Basin. In this framework, aspects of the water sector and its management were extensively addressed. From the early 1990’s a number of reports by the State Comptroller and several inquiry committees pointed at administrative and structural failures regarding a multitude of aspects in the water sector policies.	6	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	63fd36081f438521742ceedcee0705da	Estimates of data growth are generally difficult to come by, but Cisco estimates that traffic over the Internet will grow by over 20% a year between 2015-20209, and that by 2021, global IP traffic will reach an annual run rate of 3.3 zettabytes. Cisco also projects that, by 2021,80% of all Internet traffic will be video, up from 67% in 2016. Viber (owned by Rakuten) currently offers calling, video and messaging services to over 800 million people11.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	63fd40a495ef819a7669d415b43d2aca	The logistics of export markets require container size shipments of uniformly graded and sorted cashew nuts, which favours much larger scale. The challenge of efficient marketing and branding was initially addressed through business advisory services from TechnoServe and in the longer run with the development of AIA. For later industry entrants that fee was replaced by the firms’ financial support to the industry trade associations, AIA and AICAJU (see below).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	63fe34dcabaf7b30282d38ceedd00bf5	It also contributed to the emergence and rapid expansion of the middle class in Kazakhstan, with almost two thirds of the population falling into this economic category in 2013 (Figure 1.2). The rich group is not shown as the size of the group in sample surveys is very small and not representative of that group. The regions are divided into 175 administrative districts.	3	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	63feba52cbd649c76f58607137a3d903	Eggleston and Fuchs (2012) show that at the beginning of the twentieth century, in the United States and other countries at comparable stages of development, most of the additional years of life were realized in youth and working ages; and less than 20 per cent were realized after the age of 65. Now, they find that more than 75 per cent of the gains in life expectancy are realized after the age of 65 - and that share is approaching 100 per cent asymptotically. They assert that the new demographic transition is a longevity transition and ask how individuals and societies will respond to mortality decline when almost all of the decline will occur late in life. In the Nordic countries, the increase in life expectancy at the age of 65 shown in Figure 3 is particularly noticeable after 1990.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	64045d3ee1baa420143b1b0b776461ed	Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. This consists of providing to disadvantaged groups access to agricultural land, financial resources, and knowledge and skills necessary to undertake fanning and other economic activity . Agricultural growth has been increasingly subjected to sustainability criteria through government policy and industry initiatives.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	640506b9f3b8dbbba594d8297ed34ab5	In other OECD countries which have a social assistance benefit as well as wage-related unemployment insurance, social assistance caseloads range from about 1% to 7% of the working-age population, with a median of about 3%. Thus, the caseload is several times below the average for other OECD countries, even though most of them also provide more coverage of the unemployed and other working-age target groups by social insurance benefits. Some accounts suggest that implementation of this requirement was vigorous in the 1990s but has been relaxed since.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	6407646cb63d635e8fcccc4fb427c4ae	This is 2008 for all countries with the exception of Israel (2005), Brazil (2006), France, Korea and the United States (2007) as well as Australia, Chile and Japan (2009). The reference year for data on earnings is the preceding year. Although this generally also applies to other variables that capture an individual’s job characteristics, there are exceptions. Most notably, in the case of the SILC survey, the number of hours worked refers to the year the survey was conducted, which leads to time inconsistencies with respect to the earnings data.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	64081793b3e0bc7bdc6752a079cb7ff4	The SFP reduces the income coefficient of variation through increasing the level of income, not reducing the variance. It is also found that the payment has a slightly negative impact on the use of a crop diversification strategy. This is because the higher level of wealth gained from the payment makes the farmer less risk averse, allowing him to adopt a crop diversification strategy that provides higher returns with higher variability8.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	6409215b543b9ee8ad612fa2faa28b28	The changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty, since most of the affected households already had incomes below the poverty line. However, the reforms have made the poor poorer. The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 2.4).	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	6409277940dc9610039ed18207e6492c	"The inclusion of something as basic as the sex of family farmers in agricultural censuses is vital to ensure the visibility of women's contribution to this work (see Story of Change, ""The simple scheme that's driving a quiet revolution for Brazil's family farmers""). There is no global database that brings together national statistics on migration flows to enable a better understanding of migrant family life. These data limitations, in all regions, should be addressed through sustained investment in national statistical systems and in methodological development at global, regional and national levels."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	640bcfcb7e6349ffc5926b7837e64588	As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in extractive and sustainable development reserves, some communities have requested this status for the area they live and work in. Overall, this mix of issues goes beyond the responsibilities of the MMA and other environmental authorities and calls for stronger intersectoral co-ordination. A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	640c2cfc547e68330c4efe260d13b616	Instead, the financial technology companies generate their own scores and probabilities. For example, some models confuse correlation with causality. An entrepreneur’s education, or the type of school attended, may be correlated with his or her income and business management skills, but is not sufficient for determining his or her future income or ability to repay a loan. The past and present, however, often involve significant social, economic and historical biases that can undermine an entrepreneur's ability to obtain finance or credit.308 This raises issues of fairness and equality of opportunity, even in an environment that depends so heavily on algorithms.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	640e371beb1dd99ea948e7a7be3e4416	It has thus shown that equality can only be exercised when there is autonomy, i.e. when decisions, capabilities and personal development do not depend on others. Furthermore, feminism provides a critical view of the individualistic concept of autonomy, conceiving autonomy instead as relational (Mackenzie and Stoljar, 2000). First, equality of resources and equality of opportunities are not enough. To put it another way, a policy of equal opportunities needs to take account of the differences in starting conditions between men and women in terms of socialization, the history of male accumulation of power, the continuing sexual division of labour and discriminatory sociocultural patterns.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	640e5967c4e6d058478d9f8dd64561a9	"In Germany, impact fees can, for example, be charged on entire neighbourhoods that benefited from rehabilitation measures that are not necessarily related to particular plots. As such, these fees have characteristics that are in many respects similar to betterment levies. Org/10.1016/i.regsciuibeco.2004.05.004: De Sousa, C.A, C. Wu and L.M. Westphal (2009), ""Assessing the effect of publicly assisted brownfield redevelopment on surrounding property values"", http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242408328379: Swaim, R. (2003), “Politics and policymaking: Tax credits and historic preservation”, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/IQ632920309597339: Linkous, E.R. (2016), “Transfer of development rights in theory and practice: The restructuring of TDR to incentivize development”, http://dx.doi. Org/10.1016/i.landusepol.2015.10.031: Nelson."	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	640ffa54e0e4946999a1cd9eb3fffc35	Civil society organisations should be actively involved in decision-making processes, for example, by participating in advisory bodies that are regularly consulted by the government. New' institutions and mechanisms for civic participation and social consensus - including new communication channels - need to be established to expand opportunities for engagement. Creating an enabling environment may require lowering barriers (e.g. distance, time, language, access) for those who wish to participate, and increasing incentives for those who are “unwilling to participate”. Accountability can be defined as an obligation to demonstrate that work has been conducted in compliance with agreed rules and standards or to report fairly and accurately on performance results vis-a-vis mandated roles and/or plans.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	6411cd7b8eb29b46c1e99e7044fc195f	Quality improvement programmes should be applied to primary care and community care services more extensively and consistently. Consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care. The lack of a national system for reporting/counting adverse events is another weakness, despite other innovations in promoting patient safety. Consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance, since this function currently sits too closely to the agencies responsible for the task of quality improvement itself.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	64136a7f144509641bf1b23dc954698e	All ANPME executives are aware of and take into account the specificities of gender, whether in terms of targeting or in deployment of programmes. Whenever a programme is not adequately reaching women-owned businesses (Moussanada, Infitah, Imtiaz), corrective actions are taken to improve the target performance. Moreover, as part of the EntreElles in Regions programme, training was provided to trainers in order to refine their ability to support the needs of women entrepreneurs according to their personal and professional specificities.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	641604c6aa9227b78cf5751874d6ae6d	The current account surplus is estimated to have shrunk notably to 4.3% of GDP in 2015 from almost 25% of GDP in 2014 due to declining oil and gas receipts, lower investment returns and higher imports driven by public works. The decline in global oil prices has resulted in a 56% reduction in forecast petroleum revenues for the period 2016-2022 and a 15% reduction in the country’s estimated total petroleum wealth. The position of the Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund recently deteriorated from nearly $17 billion in 2014 to $16.4 billion in September 2015, and more withdrawals are needed to finance planned expenditures in coming years. Meanwhile, growth of non-oil sectors is set to pick up to 5-5.6% in 2016 and 2017 on the back of sustained government spending and higher foreign investment.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6416d03b9a4251f0ac0e1968194fc252	By the end of 2010, the customs duties collected on goods originating outside the CU were distributed according to an agreed formula of 4.70% for Belarus, 7.33% for Kazakhstan and 87.97% for Russia. In July 2010, a common customs code, customs rules and common external tariff came into effect. Customs clearance and control procedures at the Kazakh-Russian border were abolished on 1 July 2011. The work on the CU legal framework continues: in the agro-food area it is focused on further harmonisation of SPS and technical regulations between the CU members and with the WTO requirements. A Eurasian Economic Commission was created within the framework of the CES on 1 February 2012. It took over the duties of the CU Commission to become a single permanent regulatory body of the CU and the CES.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	6419b8b92f6c6ef09a116bcd00cce500	In 1980, Africa had a balanced agricultural trade when both exports and imports were at about USD 14 billion, but by 2007 its agricultural imports exceeded exports by about USD 20 billion (FAOSTAT). The increase in agricultural and food imports has been particularly striking for basic foodstuffs such as dairy products, edible oils and fats, meat and meat products, sugars, and especially cereals, implying that food imports have been playing an increasingly important role in ensuring food security. For Low-income Food-Deficit countries, persistently high and rising import bills can have serious macroeconomic and social impacts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	641b1a29c83af674a2515646e0b07d86	The chapter makes a call for greater innovation in sub-national government and governance to support the city as it moves forward in realising its aims. Antofagasta has followed a similar pattern, yet the quality of life in the municipality does not appear to be commensurate with its economic and socio-economic potential or its place-based endowments. Between 2002 and 2013, the municipality of Antofagasta improved its relative ranking in a Quality of Life Index developed by Chile’s Universidad Catolica.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	641ec5d19db1aa6a070d634ce6f31bdc	The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Preliminary findings of this report were vetted at the OECD Workshop on Biodiversity and Development - Mainstreaming and Managing for Results in February 2015 and the paper has benefited from discussion with participants there.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	641f27f601038fae514908d2b7f74e79	Men who have received higher education in Czech Republic, England, and Italy are more likely to engage in HED whereas they are less likely to do so in Australia, Chile, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, and the US. Regarding the SES gradient, Australia, Canada, and England show a significant social gradient (the well-off more at risk). Conversely, Chile, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and the US show reverse social gradient but not always significant. Similarly, for women, the direction of the gradient of inequality is not clear-cut within all countries. Education-related disparities in HED emerge in few countries (Figure 11), with the higher-educated being more at risk, although five countries show the reverse relationship (Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, and New Zealand). Correspondingly, the pattern is mixed for SES-related inequalities in women (Figure 12).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	642072858866de03e474b00f2535ce6b	Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) in Canada: Focus on Relationships, pp. Measuring Well-being, OECD Publishing, Paris. The International Electronic Journal of Rural and Remote Health Research, Education 14:2523, Practice and Policy, www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article print 2523.pdf.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	6421eab03658b0ad8d496f8deb69a910	The goal is to group the water users of these 11 small central irrigation systems in a bigger water users association in order to have better understanding of the situation and then to streamline the rehabilitation of these systems. The second component is related to river basin management. The project will contribute to improving the monitoring network through the purchasing of equipment for real-time water quality monitoring, developing a GIS database and training Agency “Apele Moldovei” specialists.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264249424-en	6422d2eb1524fcc6d954a5cfc2567253	The estimates presented in this report do not reflect any pledges to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which became operational in 2014 and naturally did not result in committed outflows by the end of that year. Further details - including on data coverage by provider and instrument, and reporting approaches - can be found in the main body of the report and its annexes. Improving the quality and coverage of data collection is an evolving multi-year process.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/799337c2-en	64271c486e1a74e82a9883387648026f	These constructs are based on the participating countries’ educational priorities and goals. In one sense, indicators are descriptive. However, descriptive information about the state of education systems and teaching and learning environments is useful only w'hen the data for any one system can be compared with data for other systems and over time.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/da48ce17-en	64274a1d36f2ec3763567b3899c3dcda	France’s approach aims to primarily track progress on the implementation of its 230 adaptation measures, on the assumption that implementing its NAP would lead to a reduction in the country’s vulnerability to climate change (Government of France, 2015). Kenya and Philippines’ approaches focus primarily on evaluating the outcomes of their adaptation plans, with Philippines even defining immediate, intermediate and ultimate desired outcomes (Philippines, 2011; Kenya, 2012). The United Kingdom’s first statutory assessment of national progress on adaptation first monitors the degree of achievement of actions planned in its NAP (Figure 2).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	642b4d3ac33b4161b5db4f6464ee4999	Africa's SEZs are underperforming, however, against those in Asia and Latin America. While they have made major improvements in infrastructure, supply chain access and human capital compared with the surrounding environment, these improvements are often not at the level needed to out-compete other countries for investment (Farole, 2011). Farole’s review of SEZs in Africa has many findings, in particular that “Location and market size matter. Zones with proximate access to large consumer markets, suppliers and labor tend to be more successful” (2011, p. 4). This highlights the importance of components of agglomeration economies and spatial considerations for industrial success.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	642d1e0f8939608b899a9a87411a3a63	The institutional capacity and staff of the federal Ministry of the Environment (MMA) have grown remarkably over the last ten years. The MMA has gradually come out from its long-standing isolation from sectoral policy making and has increasingly engaged in constructive dialogue with other line ministries. This has led to recent progress in integrating environmental issues into the economic and social agendas.	15	3	2	0.2
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	6431fa065685e6a201703ee096e9e64a	Education is “portable capital”, critical for successful migration and participation in the labour and other markets (Bird et al., The education agenda needs to focus on post-primary education and its links to the labour market (Hossain et al., Governments also need to expand pre-school arrangements, especially for children from poor households, because there is abundant evidence that this assists poor children’s performance at school.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	6438e47afec1d1f4d44427bd5157b5c1	Social protection and rural health infrastructure will be necessary to cope with the new demands of an ageing mral population. Meanwhile, mechanisation can help offset the lack of labour in rural areas in the future, while physical and human capital in ICT offers the opportunity of shifting to a knowledge-based economy that is less labour-intensive. Close to 70% of the population is rural, characterised by high poverty and limited access to soft and hard infrastructure.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/97ed059a-en	643b8536e1d2990f5b06cd3fe8027d94	The country teams led the country analyses, interacted with the local policy committees and wrote their respective country reports. At the end of that month the regional team provided the methodology and held an intensive training workshop in Accra for the local teams. A visit to each country followed in August. In the following months the regional and country teams carried out the analyses and presented the preliminary results of the study during November and December at the WCARO Social Policy Network Meeting in Dakar, the ODI-UNICEF conference on “The global economic crisis - Including children in the policy response” in London, and the AERC conference on “Rethinking African Economic Policy in Light of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis” in Nairobi.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285712-4-en	643e13dfd1ed46e466d757e70d394af3	As such, it is important to facilitate co-ordination across agencies and harmonise regulatory measures and levels of enforcement. At interstate level, a single delegated agency could favour co-ordinate use of financial resources. They should quantify realistically the financial resources needed to take action, and list specific actions that can help drive behaviour change and foster water use efficiency.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	643e22caed7c6a21e17ca87713f56a62	The Yemeni government has implemented this gender auditing process in several government sectors at the national level and within four govemorates. Between 2006 and 2010, administrative leaders received training in gender analysis and mainstreaming in development planning, preparation, implementation and analysis of gender budgeting. Good quality gender-disaggregated data is required in all areas of public policy, along with a framework and structures for collecting data, linkages with a gender equality vision and strategy, and the capacity to undertake research and analysis within the government and outside (OECD, 2014).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	643f9d2d302469fac11028c5bf4f5a23	The best procedure, therefore, is to treat inequality indices as complementary to one another and analyse their results in combination. In contrast, inequality increased by half a percentage point or more annually in six countries (see figure 1.10). Although the decline in inequality has been small, and has not been enough to change Latin America’s status as the world’s most unequal region, it is nonetheless positive, especially in the wake of a prolonged period when general distributional improvements were lacking.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	644430311e9c03f6844c0f21f86ec9c6	Increases in precipitation in winter and spring could translate into higher river flows, w'ith eventually more frequent and severe flood events. Alternatively, lower precipitation in summer is likely to reduce river flows, with potential risks of temporary w'ater shortages during critical phases of crop grow th. Such shifts in the seasonality of river flows are, for example, projected in most parts of Europe, except for most northern and southern regions. Figure 1.4 presents an illustrative example of projected changes in river flows in the case of four European rivers: the Rhone (Switzerland and France), the Danube (Central Europe), the Indalsaelven (Sweden) and the Guadiana (Spain). Water stored as glacial ice is a region’s hydrologic insurance (e.g. during the 2003 European drought, the flow in the Danube River was three times higher than the long-term average flow). It is believed that glacial mass has been affected by long-term climate changes, with a trend towards glacier retreat, especially since the 1980s.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	64450b2d5ffb022bc714c88fd22a6b36	Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. See, for example, Morduch (1994; 1999) and World Bank (2001). On the basis of such an expanded definition of poverty, many people lying just above the poverty line will also be regarded as poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	6447569a636bd5782d7b227cf433a03a	The percentage exceeds 90% in cities in other Latin American countries (see World Bank, 2013). Programmes for the expansion of meters have been implemented. Between 2007 and 2012, SACMEX increased the number of working meters from less than 600 000 to 1 253 626, but a significant shortfall remains, of about 25% of users, who mostly pay a fixed consumption fee.31 A further advantage of having a meter installed is that awareness of actual consumption is raised. This can create a measurable impact on water demand by itself (Grafton et al.,	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	644786a2151dab6483b6521e865c0f32	Energy efficiency has very low priority in practice, determined by the fact that such a large proportion of the population does not have secure and reliable access to energy . This Programme aimed to ensure that the country’s distant regions receive power at a low price. It proposed construction of 189 small HPPs (SHPPs) with a total capacity of 103 MW by 2020, and generation of 800 million kWh of electricity per year.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302037-en	6447d23b34056a9f65ccf0df07028fd5	"Adepoju (1983) argues that, until the 1960s, Ghana’s relative affluence made the country the “gold coast"" for thousands of immigrants from West Africa, particularly Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Togo. This trend continued until the 1970s, when Nigeria, due to a booming oil-based economy, replaced Ghana as the primary destination for migrants in West Africa. In the 1913 population census it was reported that the number of African foreigners working in Ghana was around 4 thousand. By 1931, this figure had increased to almost 300 thousand (Cardinal, 1931), with the vast majority coming from Upper Volta.4 Anarfi and Kwankye (2003) suggest that the people from entire villages in Upper Volta moved to Gold Coast during the second and third decades of the 20th century."	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4b795325-en	644de17189801493fc065bcd95e13d9a	These figures are usually attributed to such factors as the absence of schools within the vicinity of indigenous communities, the prohibitive costs of education according to the standards of indigenous peoples, the lack or inadequacy of specialized infrastructure and teaching staff, discrimination and exclusion of indigenous interests from curricula. There is a need for improved State and civil society engagement with indigenous peoples at local and national levels. National curricula and materials should be intercultural and include accurate information regarding indigenous peoples, their cultures, histories and experience.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113756-en	645319098ddc50dfa3f87fb2fbb16588	In the Czech Republic, 20% of apprenticeship schools do not offer any kind of training with local employers, in 40% of schools less than half of the student population receive training with local employers and only in 40% of apprenticeship schools the majority of students carry out training with local business. Provision of training in technical VET is even lower, but this might be because in these programmes traineeship is provided to students older than 15 year-olds who are not covered by the PISA study. These results may be overestimated. The questionnaire was sent to 173 VET schools, and only 83 schools responded.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	6465534a37994a0eafc63f4184607877	The final report was publicly released in December 2009. In August 2011, the government released its response to the review as part of a broad package of reforms for Australia’s national environment law. In volume terms, Australian fisheries production increased slightly, by 476 tonnes to 237 540 tonnes. Over the past years, rock lobster and prawns remained the highest value wild catch production. The two species contributed 48% of the gross value of wild catch production in 2012-13.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	646c9eb70af6b027b092ff29bdf63272	The problems women have in accessing these sources of finance might explain why they appear so under-represented in emerging high-technology sectors, where returns are potentially very high but uncertainty is also greater. Venture capital takes the form of a fund run by general partners that is used to invest in the early to expansion stages of high-growth firms. A business angel is a high net worth individual who invests his/her own funds in promising entrepreneurial businesses in return for stock in the companies.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	64768096187d887240e33f35c11c28da	It will provide an immediate and automated screening of products for compliance with legal and regulatory submission requirements and be used to identify problems or deficiencies prior to import authorisation. It will also collect extensive and detailed data pertaining to imports establishing an extensive searchable data base for use in creating timely reports and research. The system will eventually include US export data as well.	14	8	0	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	6479c42a7e87a0f16df42fba2e43be0e	These benefits may be paid periodically or as a lump-sum. Family and education transfers exclude payments made by employers to an employee in lieu of wages and salaries through a social insurance scheme when unable to work through maternity leave where such payment cannot be separately and clearly identified as social benefits; additional payments made by employers to an employee to supplement the maternity leave pay entitlement from a social insurance schemes, where such payments cannot be separately and clearly identified as social benefits. They refer to interventions by public authorities to help households meet the cost of housing.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	647a455c9969171248bb62806bce68e3	A more professionally based recruitment of water professionals and mandates based on medium- and long-term consensual strategies may help stabilise the activity of state agencies. Ideally, state agencies and basin agencies should replicate as much as possible the high standards of the ANA. A new version of the national plan, emphasising its strategic nature, based on a vision for the next one or two decades and addressing explicitly the very distinct conditions of the various regions of the country, could be a very useful tool for building consensus on strategic water issues.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	647c45db884bf9a726016ee44f2f97be	They form isolated communities in inner-city slums or on the outskirts of growing cities, without access to services and with limited access to the formal labour market. Cities fail when they do not address equity. Without strong institutions, effective health and social networks, fair wealth distribution and a safe and clean environment for living and working, population's distrust in institutions grows, disparities increase, violence increases and new economic investments do not occur. When they succeed, cities are prosperous for all.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	647e9a5c020d7e29d0fa2800b6f092c2	Much can also be gained by helping landless households to get hold of non-land assets, such as livestock, or farm equipment which they can rent to farmers, enabling them to participate in the agricultural market economy in a self-employed capacity, not only as labourers. It can provide the basis for non-farm and more productive employment, allow children from poor households to perform better in school because they can do more homework, and has a variety of other benefits. Providing a light bulb or two will not change many lives for the better, however. Enabling chronically poor households to be part of the energy revolution will involve reducing the upfront costs of connection to the grid by allowing the poorest to pay the initial connection charges over long periods, or be cross-subsidised by wealthier customers. Other essential steps include extending the grid; or investing widely in off-grid decentralised and environmentally sustainable power. At the same time, energy providers need to work with other development agencies to enable the poorest households to acquire the equipment they need to render access to energy productive, thereby reducing drudgery (Scott et al.,	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	64801ff65724e5279caeb9cabf47aab6	In 2010, Korea announced a plan to introduce tyre fuel efficiency standards and labelling. Korea should ensure that these standards and labelling systems are based on international test procedures for measuring rolling resistance. Korea should also speed up planned policies to promote proper tyre inflation levels.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	6481fa7697d1b0f23d4beb1d47b56060	"Respondents from the survey underlined the riskiness and lack of trust in EE technologies as key barriers in explaining the large gap between economic potential and project realisation for energy efficiency. As one investor argued, ""the reasons why the energy efficiency market has not caught the imagination of the financial institutions are because they are still perceived as too risky."" An effective means of tempering this high risk perception is an increased diffusion of laymen information on EE project advantages."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	6483d57d04ae6c8048fe623f74d01924	Access to dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant can be more limited in remote communities, because there are no hospitals in proximity to these areas, or there may be difficulties in accessing transportation to travel to health services. However, in 2011, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with kidney disease were less likely to receive a functioning kidney transplant than their non-Indigenous counterparts (13% compared with 47%) (AIHW, 2014b). It is estimated there were 21 370 new cases of end-stage kidney disease in Australia between 2003 and 2007, about 21 new cases per 100 000 population. In all age groups up to 60 years, more than 90% of cases were treated, but the rate fell substantially among older age groups. Data provided for five jurisdictions suggest the age-standardised ratio of treatment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was 0.96, indicating that Indigenous Australians had slightly lower treatment rates (AIHW, 2011). Between 2007 and 2011, they were most likely to die from circulatory conditions (26% of all Indigenous deaths), followed by cancer (19%) and external causes such as suicides, falls, transport accidents and assaults (15%).	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9b20b341-en	6484183a728118c5bf707def4dd3d625	The SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway (SAMOA Pathway) was adopted to address priority areas for SIDS'4. This provides a key avenue for multi-stakeholder engagement when considering marine litter reduction measures (Chapter 11). There are three groupings of SIDS: the Caribbean Community, the Pacific Islands Forum and AIMS (Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea).	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	64851f4af4d1351f3bca912fe522c061	On average across OECD countries, the odds ratio of girls expecting to work in a science-related career increases by about 10% per one-unit increase in the index of enquiry-based teaching. By contrast, boys appear to benefit when their science teachers provide them with greater support. Providing more feedback to students in science lessons appears as the second most promising teaching approach, followed by adaptive teaching and teacher-directed practices.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	64857441744b7e9a1bc062d01bba1e1e	For ease of interpretation, the indicators “sewerage system” and “water” were grouped into a single dimension under the heading “urban features” and the indicators “child labour” and “school attendance” were grouped into a dimension under the heading of “children”. Three other indicators (“unemployed adults”, “functional illiteracy” and “assets”) were grouped under the heading of “unskilled, low-income adults”. The factor analysis also turned up another grouping of indicators of low socioeconomic status which was not apparent in table 6 because of the small number of observations (“main material used in the construction of the external walls of the dwelling” and “fuel used for cooking”).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpszwghvvb-en	64876d130ea7b05b649e2c4a61fa15ec	Please select one response in each row. Many parents lost their jobs or had to take up poor-paying jobs; many education systems faced budgetary cuts and many welfare agencies cut down on services to at-risk groups. High rates of child poverty remain a concern in several countries as PISA has consistently shown that students’ socio-economic background is one of the factors that is most strongly associated with students’ proficiency levels. Research shows a strong link between material well-being in childhood and different dimensions of well-being in adulthood.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c30f3d31-en	64889f77b8ac3876aa12ab72f6e3ea1f	"Coverage and enforcement of legal minimum wages are equally important. In developing countries many women in the informal economy are not legally covered by minimum wages. However, minimum wage legislation can still play a positive role:first there is some evidence that minimum wages in the formal sector improve wage levels in the informal sector too, known as a ""lighthouse effect""” and second, the minimum wage sets a standard for pressure groups and trade unions to aim at when pressingfor improved conditions for informal workers in a subcontracting chain."	5	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264283367-en	648a2bfeef180dd785472042a94c90ca	Following the introduction of reference pricing, if a patient chooses a product whose retail price exceeds the reference price, he/she needs to pay the share above the reference price. Due to shortages and long waiting times in some municipalities, primary care providers do not always function as gatekeepers and patients sometime seek specialist and emergency care directly, even if these visits may often be unnecessary. This is partly related to the fact that accountability is assigned separately to providers delivering primary care, specialist care and long-term care, and funding mechanisms with multiple sources do not embed adequate incentives to strengthen care coordination among providers. Finland invested substantially in eHealth.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	648bc6334f0e9591290e2caf21a84a53	Large investments in new buildings were unnecessary, with emphasis instead turning to a smart use of existing infrastructure. An under-occupied nursing home was converted to be used as part of the DMC facilities, for instance. An analysis of the region’s demographics prompted a replacement of one of the region’s maternity units with intermediate beds for acute admissions, post-discharge recuperation and specialist rehabilitation, to better reflect the needs of the local population and increasing elderly population.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264300293-en	648c755310d2d6f7a328e8ace470067c	As team leaders for the OECD National Skills Strategy country projects, Andrew Bell provided editorial and analytical guidance during the drafting process while Joanne Caddy provided guidance in designing and delivering the workshops and interministerial meetings. Deborah Roseveare (Head of the Skills Beyond School Division, Directorate for Education and Skills) provided thought leadership and strategic oversight. Without proper investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not translate into growth, and countries are unable to compete in increasingly knowledgg-based global economies.	4	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	648e708a9825c931722f3aecc95c4ba1	The packages are regularly reviewed through consultation with the industry sector ensuring that the courses remain both relevant and effective. In 2009, the National Standardization Projects for Child Care Teacher Qualification and Training were implemented, resulting in the provision of Standard Teacher Training Subject List and Field Practicum Guidelines, and the Standard In-service Training Curriculum. The implementation of these, which will be enforced by law, is expected to occur in 2013. Due to the changes in the living environments of children and in the ways of child rearing by parents, the expectations for the role and quality of nursery centres increased.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	648f98a44ac4ed262ca527d5b327818a	Furthermore Jewish values define the dominant culture of most of the higher education institutions in the Galilee (Government of Israel, 2009). The development of the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI) in the heart of the majority Arab city of Nazareth is an especially important development (see Box 2.1.). Given the large Arab population in the Galilee, these are critical issues that must be addressed in an examination of the role of colleges and universities in the future of this region.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	6490a90d26e39311b8041bc69fdd3ca4	Second - considering participation in the programme as a random process - the Unconfoundedness Hypothesis assumes that non-observable characteristics are unable to affect not only the treatment assignment but also the potential outcomes. To do this, we adopt the propensity score, which defines the probability that a family would participate in the programme given a set of observable characteristics. The variables introduced in the regression are: household market income, the largest number of years of education within the household, the number of children (under 14 years old), plus three characteristics of the house (number of people per rooms, water supply and roof conditions) as the programme considers the housing dimension to be one of the most important elements in defining the level of well-being.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	6493ca96105d166b27e53fbf70c4e598	This is the area where the conceptual linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security are the strongest. The main mechanisms by which social protection programmes improve household access to food are through instruments that focus on “protection” or “prevention” objectives through i) the direct transfer of food, ii) smoothing or raising household income and iii) improving subsistence farming production. Across the range of programmes that increase household income or transfer food, such as cash transfers in Latin America, public works programmes (PWPs) such as the Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia, supplementary feeding, fortified school meals and take-home rations (Freeland & Cherrier, 2012), improvements in diet in terms of quality, quantity and diversity, including greater access to micronutrients, can often be seen.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	6494228c2b83cd5f11865e4b1abc4ae9	Costa Rica, on the other hand, reports around 1.5 nurses for every doctor. There are 3.1 nurses per 1 000 inhabitants, compared to 9.1 per 1 000 inhabitants on average among OECD countries (OECD, 2016b). Differences in the way a “nurse” is defined may partly explain this finding (for example, auxiliary nurses without a degree may not be counted in Costa Rica, but included in other health systems’ nursing headcount).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6497394e3eb3a0f483f1f68f37f09cea	The 20-20-20 targets oblige the countries of the European Union to reduce by 2020 their carbon emissions by 20% from 1990 levels, to increase their share of renewables in energy to 20% and to increase their energy efficiency by 20% also from 1990 levels. Yet, one needs to be careful not to privilege this dimension to the exclusion of all others. A cautionary example is provided by the otherwise interesting and well-informed presentation by Professor John Gittus, Lloyd’s of London, with the title Keep the Lights Burning. Insisting heavily on future turmoil in the Middle East and future interruptions of Russian gas, he raises the spectre of a return to “three-day week” in absence of drastic action and predicts a blackout in the United Kingdom by 2025 with a 75% loss of electrical power lasting more than one day with “2 to 5% probability” (Gittus, 2004, p. 7).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	64999285c380e95c85b84562140a31ca	The Asia Pacific region is home to 70 per cent of the world’s indigenous populations. They live in countries such as Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. In South Asia, there is also discrimination against the lower caste groups. In India, these groups comprise 16 per cent of the population, or some 167 million people.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	6499cc34c9fa414c7b270ca20201b0d2	The proportions receiving psychotherapy were only half of this; 23% and 9%, respectively (Figure 3.9). The “Better Access to Psychiatrists, Psychologists and General Practitioners trough the Medicare Benefits Schedule” initiative, the “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative as well as other programmes like online supports (the mental health online portal and virtual clinic) are targeted on improved treatment and management of mental illness in the community, to a closer collaboration between GPs and mental health specialists, and to increased referrals from GP professionals providing psychological treatment. It may also to some extent reflect the relative costs of the two approaches, with medication generally being cheaper than (sustained) professional therapy visits.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ae96c002-en	649af33785cb97a03cbea42d02e1f660	Where children decide to leave school or play truant, parents living in slums are in many cases unable either to monitor their attendance or to force them to go. Kabeer and Mahmud's (2009) respondents had particular difficulty controlling the behaviour of older sons, and one respondent did not realise his son had stopped attending until his admission was cancelled, because both parents were working all day. The heavy assessment orientation, boredom, physical punishment, and occasionally fraught relationships between teachers and students, could both worsen learning outcomes for students who stay in school and increase the risk that they will drop out before even taking their final examinations.	4	1	3	0.5
10.30875/c7f78275-en	649bd5546cbe5d0042eefa8172b7e3ed	Finally, although declining in recent years, the cost of printers, materials and scans is still relatively high, especially for deployment in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Information, once added to a blockchain, is time-stamped and cannot be easily modified, making it easy to track attempted changes, and transactions are recorded, shared and verified on a peer-to-peer basis by anyone with the appropriate permissions. Blockchain is only one type of distributed ledger technology. However, the term “blockchain” is now commonly used to refer more generally to distributed ledger technology and to the phenomenon surrounding it.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-5-en	649d05382b62b088927bf911ffe25ade	While climate change increases the risk of too much, too little and too polluted water, urban growth represents a threat for the sustainable use of the resource, and economic crises push towards new business models to do more with less. Global w'ater demand rose by more than double the rate of population growth in the last century (OECD, 2005). An important component of water demand in cities is domestic consumption.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	649e4162b5d64d32ce9ea258895e3273	Such indirect emissions, however, are a function of the structure of the existing electricity system, not of the individual technology being produced. The only local air-polluting emissions from the generation stage of the nuclear fuel cycle are minor operational radionuclide emissions. The contributions to background radiation from these operation emissions are numerically minute, and thus the radiological risks that such emissions might cause (possibly fatal and non-fatal cancers, genetic effects, etc.) This is compounded by the emission of large amounts of PM, S02, NOx, and toxic metals, common throughout all carbon-based sources, with significant damages to public health and ecosystems. When compared to any carbon-based source, air-polluting emissions from nuclear power generation are numerically extremely small.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/99aadf34-en	64a1af1fdcd056e7f6427efbd2710904	The implication is that the generation of additional employment in response to a positive demand shock in agriculture is largely limited to the sector itself, while in other developing countries many jobs are created outside agriculture. This is partly due to the lack of input supply, such as fertilizers and infrastructure services, but is also due to the subsistence nature of agriculture in some of these economies. However, it also means that potential benefits of agricultural productivity growth will be greater than the current production structure suggests, as the backward linkages with other sectors also evolve with agricultural development.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1ea53441-en	64a3873c25eb037250d26f255981e70a	Also, through its revenue raising features, carbon pricing could be used to reduce other taxes (thus “greening” taxation). It may induce sectoral or even macro-level contraction; it may have short run regressive distributional effects (outweighing at least in perception the progressive longer run outcomes of emissions reduction); it imposes burdens on people who did not contribute to warming. Regressive effects will have to be addressed through offsetting mechanisms (such as: pro-poor price differentiation or subsidized provision to low income groups, or a “carbon dividend” from tax or auction revenues to poor households).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/c607b535-en	64a429136e2aef960bacb257a0b221fa	Oxford, UK, University of Oxford; Y. Kebede. Quarterly, Journal ol International Agriculture, 31: 269-284; M. Morro, DJ. The economics of risk, uncertainly ond leorning in the adoption of new agricultural technologies: where ore we on the learning curve? Agricultural Systems, 75(2): 215-234. Ex ante ond ex post labor supply response to risk in o low-income oreo. Journal of Development Economics, 64(2): 371-388; M.R. Rosenzweig ond O. Stork.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	64a434e782692282938681408a0a08cf	The other six major narrow-scope world-wide Consortia involved in the Standard-setting procedures. These issues involving FRAND-encumbered SEPs are especially essential for the ICT-related Patents. Therefore, the Courts in the United States, in Europe and in other regions, have repeatedly ruled on important cases, among well-known and leading ICT corporations.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	64a5863ed543015de6454853b94d7642	This was followed in 1998 by the adoption by the Organization for African Unity (the predecessor of the African Union) of the Addis Ababa Declaration on Violence against Women, which calls for national laws against FGM, and calls on African Governments to ensure that by the year 2005 the practice of FGM will have been completely eradicated or its incidences drastically reduced. In 1999, the Ouagadougou Declaration was adopted by the member countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), which recommends the effective implementation of the Addis Ababa Declaration through the adoption of national legislation condemning the practice of FGM. It requires that States parties take all legislative and other measures to eliminate all forms of harmful practices which negatively affect the human rights of women including complete prohibition, through legislative measures backed by sanctions, of all forms of female genital mutilation and all other practices in order to eradicate them.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599130-10-en	64a5cec063346df642b38b11d71372bf	The LDCs view agricultural subsidies as one of the factors that make their commodities non-competitive in the global market. As developed countries provide subsidies to their farmers and traders, their goods tend to become cheaper than those produced in the LDCs. Elimination of such would thus imply that a ‘level playing field’ would be created that would enable traders and farmers from both the developed countries and the LDCs to compete. As a follow-up to the 2003 Maputo Declaration, the CAADP Ministerial Council for Science and Technology resolved in 2006 that African countries should strive to allocate at least 1 per cent of their GDP to research and development.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	64a780badb4ca2c675127b0b8f4ef9e0	For example, Spilimbergo (2009) describes how student migration towards democratic countries promotes democracy at home. However, the role of migration as an agent of change for gender discrimination has been neglected by the economic literature. Lodigiani and Salomone (2012) investigate the linkage between transfers of norms through migration and women's political empowerment.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	64ae922a7cdfd9edee71c3aec343a493	However, as interest and activities concerning adaptation remain concentrated in the environment ministry and agency, a key challenge is to secure support for measures in other sectors and at other levels of government. There is thus a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation at all levels of government, and to build on the stakeholder participation process. The NAS identifies potentially relevant actors, but timescales and responsibilities for actions remain unclear.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/c607b535-en	64afcb4bcf3b5123aa0034d504a56888	A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climote Chonge. Combridge, UK, ond New York, USA, Combridge University Press. Locally Weighted Regression: An Approach to Regression Anolysis by Local Filling. Journol of the American Statistical Association, 83(403): 596-610.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5eb49706-en	64b30329c26396ab4cae42008b36c835	Nevertheless, there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning the status of several species, with 83 Data Deficient (DD) species; additionally, the population status of 38 per cent of CR species, 36 per cent of EN species, 23 per cent of VU species, 30 per cent of NT species and 26 per cent of LC species is presently unknown. This represents a total of 299 species of unknown population status. The Biodiversity Strategy observes that, of some 7,000 floral species, 930 are endemic. In comparison with other Mediterranean countries, Morocco has the highest percentage of endemic reptile species and the highest number of European relict reptile species, as well as harbouring centres of diversity of certain reptile genera (the Biodiversity Strategy puts the figure of endemic reptiles at 21, out of a total of 92 species).	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	64b5e5262a7058f6947537c0598d2841	It illustrates the general trend that as economic development levels rise, committed amounts of climate-related development finance drop. Compared to the other regions in terms of GDP per capita levels, the EECCA region seems to have been committed a fair share of climate-related development finance. In 2013 and 2014, the EECCA region, as a whole, was committed a similar level of finance to levels committed to the North and Central America and the North of Sahara Africa regions. However, the EECCA region has much smaller population than these two regions. Thus, while the GDP per capita purchasing power parity (PPP) levels are slightly higher in these two regions than in the EECCA countries, the amounts of the finance per capita is much higher in the EECCA region as shown in Figure 2.2.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	64b5e8e4055dc1666f5f1527d73d04c1	Availability refers to the provision of a sufficient quantity of functioning public health and health care facilities, goods, services and programmes. Accessibility implies that health facilities, goods, services and programmes must be accessible to everyone without discrimination. Acceptability implies that health services, goods, services and programmes should respect medical ethics, be sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements and be culturally appropriate.	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	64b8ae7112db91b32029c5008a0a3f27	Even before the most recent round of planning reforms put in place by the French government that now require better co-ordination of planning, local governments in this region took advantage of earlier legislation that allowed the formation of intercommunal organisations to facilitate co-operative activities including land use planning. Managing the Loire estuary and local streams and wetlands cannot be done on a commune by commune basis, and this common issue provided an early impetus for collaboration. Similarly, historical competition between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire over shipyards and port facilities evolved into co-operation when both places were forced to come together in order to build a more efficient port complex that could compete with other port cities in Europe. Thus, the governance and regulation of land use are as much a political project as they are a reaction to social, economic conditions and urban-rural morphologies. The preceding discussions of the area’s spatial planning objectives illuminate several major challenges and opportunities. These are discussed in turn.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	64be19b3b336c63160088d3d1f6b4537	The organisation provides quality improvement support to hospitals, primary care practices, NHS Boards, patients, carers and communities. A particular emphasis is to encourage patient involvement and shared decision making in an effort to improve the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care. A key aim of the Inspectorate is to reduce health care-acquired infections through the promotion of infection prevention and control. Between 1 October 2013 and 31 December 2014, it conducted 51 inspections, of which 41 were unannounced.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c2c3e10f-en	64be2539add9cfb9de7228db641bdf46	Acidic water from the copper mine (at Bolnisi) is the main source of pollution. Considering the seasonality of Georgian rivers, these resources can be distributed only by building hydropower plants (HPPs) with regulating water reservoirs (table 4.1). The non-consumptive use of water for this sector has been increasing, from 20.6 billion m3 in 2011 to 26.5 billion m3 in 2013.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	64bf6c9789a799b2311f88cb63ee2bdf	The Council has over 300 active members from 60 countries. It aims to promote awareness, build political commitment and trigger action on critical water issues, notably through the World Water Forums which are held every three years. The WWC has a Working Group on Transboundary Governance which is tasked with preparing a series of perspective papers documenting current practices, progress and prospects in transboundary water management and wider regional co-operation, including how such practises contribute to economic growth, safeguard the environment and strengthen regional security.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	64bfccfd59512cf7f61357bc1ae5a900	In other words, what constitutes a healthy diet is less clear than what constitutes a healthy attitude towards smoking and drinking. In contrast, the reported health risks associated with obesity and diabetes are more or less conclusive, at least as regards the qualitative content - different sizes of the perceived risks are reported in the literature. In this section, I will report on published health risks associated with certain dietary components and with being obese.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	64c0056dd9476527fbbe61061e013e69	This report examines the situation in Canada with respect to child poverty, material deprivation affecting families, and the well-being of children and adolescents based on indicators available for comparative analysis. It also reports on policy developments to understand child poverty trends and identify some policy directions that can help reduce child poverty in the future. The report is organised as follows.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	64c0827a8141ebc690a3a6d7385e6f16	The loss of labour productivity occurs because a larger share of the workforce becomes debilitated or dies, causing organisations to lose workers with critical skills. The phenomenon can be likened to 'running Adam Smith in reverse.' Adam Smith argued that the expansion of the market - typically identified as economic growth - creates opportunities for specialisation and the division of labour.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	64c56e609b824d6755f78021f563cf2a	Vertical co-operation and co-ordination is all the more important in this perspective. The national government should take an active role in the creation and management of the MCDA and work with all relevant LGUs even before the application process to ensure full success of the application. Local governments need funding tools, capacity building in terms of effective public investment, and planning professionals need a working knowledge of how to prioritise and implement the plans they develop. In addition, the reliance of LGUs on national grants through the IRA, as well as the weakness of the proposed MCDA legislation regarding financing, indicates a real need for a more robust funding strategy and understanding of how to successfully achieve integrated public investment across levels of government. In this context, creating a more effective public investment framework is crucial (Box 4.4). For example, central government’s earmarked transfers could be better aligned with CLUPS for the entire Metro Cebu, so that national funds contribute coherently to local strategies.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	64c6f0109216f35fc54981f6c9624bac	Understanding why risks are higher or lower is a basis to attach priorities to problems. The title clearly reflects Korea’s ambition to reduce the number of road deaths. This means there is a target. Deciding on a realistic and ambitious timeframe within which this halving should be realized is a key component of target setting. Experiences in other countries teach us that a halving within 10 years is possible but may also be ambitious. Halving the deaths with a 30 year target cannot be considered ambitious.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	64d168a672a7dd971a56568b8d272eda	However, developing policy measures will be necessary to ensure that inclusive development is being pursued. Since NAFTA, the state of Morelos lost its absolute advantage of proximity to major markets and is now struggling to keep its position. The case study of Nissan is detailed below for illustrating the complexity and implications of accessibility and connectivity policies in relation to Morelos and regional economic growth. Together with other auto plants established in the state of Mexico and Puebla, the Nissan plant was built in the Cl VAC industrial park and operated from there until the 1980s with a relatively high degree of national integration in the supply of inputs.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	64d6f0257c453543b9bae6e10bad15ad	The papers are generally available only in their original language (English or French) with a short summary available in the other. Unlike standardised tests in which there are high-stakes for students, no-stakes implies that test results have no impact on the student’s academic career. The same tests, however, may have high stakes for teachers and schools.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	64d74dde5f46ecb15a000bfbecb66083	Strong political will is required to push through BRT plans, often at an initial political cost, but localities generally are very happy about them once they are in operation. These include better bus tracking and dispatching (GPS-based), smart-card fare systems with integration with other travel modes, such as metros and non-BRT buses, and real-time schedule information that allow passengers to see when the next bus will arrive. Synchronisation of traffic lights to reduce bus waiting times at red signals is also in use in some systems. Such technologies have helped BRT to provide highly efficient transport in the places that have applied them fully.	7	4	0	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	64d79da4b46932dba37401d658865466	For more details on the doctrine of equivalents, see below. Section 2.6 on patent claims interpretation. Even under a broad doctrine of equivalents, however, process patent claims would not encompass all possible ways of making and using a product (including unknown ones), as opposed to the scope of product patents. This option is no longer available for developing country members.79 For LDC members, the TRIPS Agreement originally provided for a transition period lasting until 1 January 2006 for the implementation of TRIPS obligations (Article 66.1). However, this period has been extended in two different ways, one affecting the implementation of the TRIPS provisions in general, and the other one relating to the protection of pharmaceutical products, in particular.	3	3	2	0.2
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	64dad481e8a4535bb4dcd34478f0f72a	Exploitation and trafficking of children is also emerging around mining, forestry projects and ports. In 2013 programmes to increase women’s literacy, knowledge of rights and legal literacy are being implemented in parts of the region as one avenue to lower women’s victimisation, but political commitment to anything more than rhetoric has yet to be demonstrated. Some mining and forestry development deals have created social insecurity due to the loss of access to natural resources and contamination of water and land (Human Rights Watch 2012).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/48fdc937-en	64df20d7b90a2d1531d42beea715d0c0	Figure 4.7.1 illustrates these as two cycles responding to climate change that must be properly combined to be fully effective. Such impacts will lead to socioeconomic effects such as human migration, decreased crop yields, decline in the number of ski resorts and failure of infrastructure. It is clear that climate change affects multiple sectors, regions and countries; however, the degree of impact varies widely.	13	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	64df219560d5f1504c215a924680546b	On the other hand, the per capita consumption of ICTs is higher in denser areas, indicating the possibility of a different scenario when telecom usage is associated with a more compact living modality. In any case, what is clear is that ICTs increase the degree of choice available when deciding which type of habitat to opt for. Literature is rife with references to dystopian risks associated to the authoritarian control of ICTs (e.g. Huxley, Orwell).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	64dfb902109e01f6eb1f9c12bf00063e	Further, it approved the order by which the quantity of trees to be planted annually by each ministry should be defined. In particular, the 1992 Presidential Resolution provided the impetus to launch the State Programme entitled Green Construction, in 1998. This Programme foresees planting trees in the countryside (yelojats), in cities and around settlements, and establishing green zones for the amelioration of climatic conditions and prevention of land degradation. This is why a zone consisting of forests and parks is being developed in the foothills of the Kopetdag Mountains.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	64e024a46694d4d8880708c45fc161e9	High (low) income earners are defined as having earnings 50% above (below) the national average. The Geneva Papers, 34, The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics. Replacement rates are computed using the OECD pension models and refer to workers entering the labour market in 2008. The calculations are based on national parameters and rules applying in 2008 and include the effects of pension reforms already legislated and that will be phased in over time. The gross replacement rate is computed as the ratio between gross pension entitlements and the average of life-time gross pre-retirement earnings (revalued in line with economy-wide earnings).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	64e3f3f6901a9f6dcdbc33487f2ce7cf	The local governments in die BMA could support metropolitan-wide forms of financial management if they are developed in the future. Specific financial channels in key areas for green growth could be added to ensure that the appropriate policies are carried out. The recent merger by the Ministry of Finance of the state-owned financial firms PT Sarana Multi-lnfrastruktur (PT-SMI) and Perusahaan Investasi Pemerintah (PIP), to become the Indonesia Development Bank in 2017, with a capital of IDR 24.4 trillion, is an opportunity for Bandung City and local governments in the BMA to borrow from public banks.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	64e59c3c21346be4567957f278cef1ce	The dispersion of mobile and wireless phones has been gradually transformed to spreading of powerfiil pocket-computers, allowing for rapidly the replacement of previous generation equipment with miniaturized, low-cost and extremely reliable devices. Mobile wireless related IP-documents filed during the period 1993-2013 by selected leading manufacturers. The SSOs aim to achieve extensive implementation and adoption of their standard-specifications, although there are always some conflicts, with companies or other groups, possessing intellectual property rights (IPRs), related to a drafted standard.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	64e82942e72db540cd02620735428654	Compared with other Caribbean nations, Trinidad’s tourism and agriculture sectors are small. Oil and gas reserves are currently predicted to run out between 2025 and 2030, and so there is a growing sense of urgency to diversify its economic sector. It is responsible for operation and maintenance of all of the country’s transmission and distribution lines, and is also the sole power generator on the island of Tobago.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/488a38e7-en	64e923353846a8402c751bdc2337c8d8	Better conditions were observed for Latin America and the Caribbean and for Eastern Europe. However, where data are collected at individual level and disseminated disaggregated by sex of the owner, gender inequality becomes apparent. In urban areas 21 per cent of the house and residential titles are in the name of women, 61 per cent are in the name of men and 18 per cent are joint titles.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	64eb795d757d39daa54a671d49d6cc07	He also noted that, while such assessments “may be graded and used as part of the judging and classificatory function”, it is much more effective “if it is separated from the grading process and used primarily as an aid to teaching” (p. 48). Assessment is central to effective learning, therefore, because even if learners start in roughly the same place with respect to a particular piece of learning, they will very quickly be at different places due to the differences in what they have learned. In other words, assessment functions as the bridge between teaching and learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	64edaf003395b1345980a492e2f98d78	However, there is a federal mandate - the No Child Left Behind Act - which requires that all 8th graders be technology literate. Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teacher Candidates: Teacher candidates understand the relationship of content and content-specific pedagogy delineated in professional, state and institutional standards. They have a broad knowledge of instructional strategies that draws upon content and pedagogical knowledge and skills delineated in professional, state and institutional standards to help all students leam.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	64edd82a2b204543ece59242327db0fb	Ces donnees montrent que le niveau global des inegalites de revenu de l’Afrique du Sud a continue d’augmenter entre 1993 et 2008. Cette meme realite des inegalites se retrouvent egalement dans chacun des quatre groupes ethniques d'Afnque du Sud. La pauvrete a legerement chute dans sa globalite, mais persiste gravement parmi les groupes ethniques africains et interraciaux.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2016-2-en	64ef0ebfb22a07fc0d49b542c9c035f9	This means that roughly 800 00015-year-olds in Mexico, 168 000 in France, and around 1.9 million 15-year-olds in Brazil do not yet have the basic knowledge and skills needed to thrive in modern societies. The OECD already offers measurement tools to this end and is committed to improving, expanding and enriching its assessment tools. In December 2016, results from the most recent PISA cycle, involving more than 70 high- and middle-income countries, will become available. Through PISA, countries can also build their capacity to develop relevant data; and while most countries that have participated in PISA already have adequate systems in place, that isn’t true for many low-income countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	64f0272d865394428360bd515fde1875	Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. It ranks fourth in terms of GDP per capita in the OECD, regularly places among the best countries in terms of quality of life and is one of the few Western European countries that has managed to grow over the past few years. However, Switzerland suffers from a number of weaknesses that prevent it from doing even better. As outlined in the previous chapter one is the country’s relatively modest longer-term productivity growth performance. In this chapter it is argued that making fuller use of the economic potential of Swiss women can be part of the solution.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	64f07f236e0658b06bd77ad348105778	Adolescent-friendly services should also offer low-cost or free contraception, including male and female condoms, emergency contraception, and a full range of modern methods, including long-acting reversible methods, according to adolescents’ preferences and needs. However, services tailored to adolescents’ specific needs in many areas are limited, even though 78 per cent of the countries surveyed indicated they are committed to increasing access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents—married or unmarried (UNFPA, 2013e). Even when adolescent-friendly services are available, adolescents may not have access to them for reasons including inconvenient locations or opening hours, cost or the stigma they may experience in their communities.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	64f2984e68e67a906ec012e77ba3ef9e	This may be achieved through landing quota catches into the United Kingdom, employing crew resident in the United Kingdom or other measures sufficient to ensure that a satisfactory economic link is achieved. The remaining quota is divided between the “non-sector” (vessels over 10 m in overall length but not members of a PO) and the under 10 metres fleet. Of these, 10 283 (83%) were employed as full-time fishers.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	64f3b42d29c33f3ac33466bb0dd37c33	Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that even with the postponement of the deadlines, LpT schedules are still impressive, and missing the 2008 target should not have come as a total surprise. The twin policies of universal access (high costs) and low tariffs (low revenues) for concessionaires lead to a very difficult situation even when accounting for the subsidies the utilities receive (Zerriffi, 2007) as operation and management, capital and replacement costs need to be covered by the service providers in the long run.22 The dominance of grid electrification - even when little productive use can be expected in the near future - is causing this problem, further compromising the financial balance of the utilities. Promoting productive uses of electricity in order to raise utilities' revenues is thus vital to guarantee the long-term success of the electrification installations once LpT comes to an end (Zerriffi, 2007). An ex post study on the benefits of LpT found that, thanks to the programme, households find their living conditions significantly improved.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	64f57b6a014e93dd77e344b78974c302	Subnational government spending in this field represented more than 85% of total public spending in 2013 in France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. In some sectors (e.g. waste, sewerage, parks and green spaces), this competence is almost fully devolved to local governments or dedicated functional bodies (e.g. water boards in the Netherlands). It is also often outsourced to agencies, external entities or private providers through public-private partnership contracts (e.g. in France).	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-3-en	64f67e6b205e1d4d93e19a1c3b85de08	The inability so far to deal with these pressures in an effective, timely way is attributed in large part to what is historically a sector-by-sector management of marine activities. Much as a response to growing pressures, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of countries and regions putting in place strategic policy frameworks for better ocean management within their EEZs. However, many obstacles stand in the way of more effective integrated ocean management, which w'ill need to be addressed in the near future.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	64faaa94496320e00d4b35250ba34d59	This growth will be the result of increased aquaculture production, which is anticipated to surpass captured fish for human consumption in 2014. In 2023, 62% of the world aquaculture production will take place in China. Further resource constraints, like land degradation, water scarcity and increasing environmental pressures, present additional limitations, particularly in regions where land availability for agricultural expansion is severely constrained.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	64fb871484d490fd88f673ec8ae364a0	The City of San Clemente subsidises the difference until the approximately USD 100 000 budget allocated for this pilot is exhausted. Additional sources of revenue for the programme are being explored by both Lyft and OCTA to extend the pilot's duration. The programme requires using the Lyft app on a smartphone but since not all Orange County residents own a smartphone or have an adequate data plan, City officials will help qualifying residents purchase government subsidised smartphones.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/39291afb-en	64fd06c02eac908f3454d65b35dada56	Although the redistributive factor has not had such a large impact as the rise in average income, its contribution has nevertheless been essential for strengthening poverty reduction and for avoiding backsliding. Hence, if the poverty line is kept constant in real terms, changes in the poverty indicator can be analysed from the perspective of variations in average income and in income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the initial-period poverty rate can be interpreted as a growth effect It is also possible to calculate the poverty rate that corresponds to the average income of the initial period, but with an income distribution similar to that of the final period.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	650286e6bbafeae7cfd6ac876d9c08a0	If the lower level does not comply, it can be forced through directives ordering it to do so. Furthermore, national and provincial governments can directly impose land-use plans on municipalities. Horizontal co-ordination at all three levels of government occurs through the legal requirement to co-ordinate spatially relevant decisions between the responsible public authorities at the respective level of government. There is also inherent flexibility in how the plans are elaborated by each level of government.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283572-en	650410f13bb6822f04c865d25de5432d	Recently, the regulation of coverage for immigrants was changed with some improvements for new arrivals (see Box 2). To mitigate this structural problem, there are normative guidelines developed by the National Board for Health and Welfare and coordination efforts by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions where regions agree about common rules and strategies. Since Sweden has a relatively large immigration, defining the right to health services for asylum seekers as well as irregular immigrants has been a challenge. While adult asylum seekers have access only to acute care and maternal care, all children, regardless of residence status, have full right to services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	6504ac2aafc278211b3fa975de5e9cd7	Fuel excise taxes are applied in all Emerging Asian countries except in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Viet Nam. Subsidies in the region reduce fuel prices, encouraging greater use of motor vehicles. These subsidies, while considerable in several Emerging Asian countries, have been reduced or eliminated in recent reforms, though rising global oil price is still a challenge.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	650558a1037a538895e491fbfaea19fd	The decline for men has been particularly strong since 1985. Figure 1.4 shows the relationship between declining rates of CVD morality and gains in life expectancy. The horizontal axis represents the reduction in CVD mortality (in percentage terms) achieved by OECD countries between 1985 and 2011. For example, in the Netherlands the CVD mortality rate fell from 501 per 100 000 population in 1985 to 217 in 2011, representing a 57% fall. Countries such as Israel and Australia have been able to reduce CVD-related mortality by more than 65% over this period, whereas other countries such as Greece, the Slovak Republic and Mexico have reduced their rates by 40% or less.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	6505d04d6e7f244c704c04d775ba889c	This may indicate that personal choice and the availability of (job market or lifestyle) alternatives may play an important role in the decision to apply for VC financing. The ultimate objective would be to lift policy related barriers or discriminatory social norms that discourage women from embarking on risky business strategies. Thorough collection and monitoring of relevant policy settings - including, but not restricted to, public investment schemes -would be a milestone in assessing their effects and cost-effectiveness.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	6507550255a39222ae2461d04c940681	The Committee, in its general recommendation No. It also comments on article 12 on the right to health, stating that certain traditional practices perpetuated by culture and tradition are harmful to the health of women and children. These practices include dietary restrictions for pregnant women, preference for male children and female circumcision or genital mutilation.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	650852aeb294bb44cd388e61ce1efa04	That said, tariff hikes and changes are generally underpinned by strong political will. A commitment to transparency and effective communication campaigns to engage end-users to explain the reasons, nature and impacts of the programmed changes is an additional success factor. In LDC contexts, the need to make adequate provision for safety nets and lifeline tariffs is a critical consideration that should help maintain and extend gains in universal access, while also supporting the financial viability of infrastructure investments.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	6509556d90539d2cab341635d7387961	In China market price support is mainly sustained through tariffs, TRQs and state trading, combined with minimum guaranteed prices for rice and wheat. In Russia price policies are commodity specific, taxing some commodities while subsidising others, and involve import protection and export restrictions. The market access policies are bounded by its WTO accession agreement and domestic support payments are bounded by fiscal austerity imposed through stand-by and loan agreements with the IMF from 2008. Biofuel policies include mandatory obligations to use a specific quantity of share of biofuels and various types of subsidies to end-users and producers (Box 2.3).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	650df03322e86b6f089f407ba080b21a	If all those reforms happened in a particularly rigid state - as it is likely to be the case, it is highly probable that employment will still suffer from this former rigidity. It will then introduce a negative bias in the evaluation. A positive value means a pro-worker state’s legislation (often tied to institutional rigidity) and a negative value means pro-employer legislation (more liberal). Conversely to labor reform’s index we do not have this index for every states.	5	7	1	0.75
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	650e6b5e511d4b450e75768aca6c3072	And they see conventional growth patterns at the root of unsustainable development.81 Such approaches focus on strengthening environmental and social goals via a combination of transformative, redistributive social policies and proactive local development and collective action. They underline the importance of local agency and participation. Alter-globalization aims to fundamentally change existing production and consumption patterns and opposes neoliberal globalization for its negative social and environmental consequences.	13	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	65106c83ece782a117e7f736ec9fcc1d	The trend of teacher shortage is generally seen across all levels of education, but poor countries are particularly focusing their efforts in meeting the goal of universal primary education (UPE). According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), among the 208 countries that reported teacher data for 2009, 112 countries will have a shortfall and collectively need at least 2 million extra teachers between 2009 and 2015 to meet the UPE goal. More than half of these countries (1,115,000 or 55 per cent) are in sub-Saharan Africa (UIS, 2011). Given the situation at the initial level of education, further levels up to higher education face even greater challenges.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	651121496d8c7d5ad22f635ee99bb9a3	The gap is also found to grow slightly more sensitive with the length of the leave period (Figure 8). It stops increasing for periods longer than one year, as also confirmed by the piecewise linear model. The explanation for such a profile might be due to the fact that women who work full-time were selected from a group with a higher earnings potential, whose earnings drop sharply (and below those of men) after a break from work of one year and more.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	6514e2ec414dee5c4e735ae7ee853163	Setting clear, long term, and legally binding frameworks to mainstream and encourage green growth are also key to attracting private investment. It also signed the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1997. On commitments related to climate change, Cambodia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions in 2002. More recently, the country submitted a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC in 2015 and signed the Paris Agreement in 2016.	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0cf73767-en	6517efb229b67125c9f84f646d14556f	Several African countries have adopted the Union of Plant Varieties (UPOV) 1978 and 1991 conventions as their sui generis regimes, regardless of their impact on their local contexts. Literature on the point has been particularly vocal on the fact that the UPOV 1991 convention especially does not contain provisions to cater to the needs of farmers in developing countries, and expressly prevents them from saving seeds to sow back in subsequent seasons. Policy choices on these issues will determine the space available for agricultural innovation and needs to be evaluated carefully.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b505e041-en	651a4010bfde390262eb51706ec748f8	Thus, it is assumed that the urban poor contribute to the urban centre through their own savings. Yet, those small borrowers almost always repay their loans (and the fairly steep interest charges) on time, which suggests that they find productive uses for the money. The slum dwellers contribute to a more skilled future labour force of the urban and national economy as their children are likely to be more educated than them. Nearly 85 per cent of the sample of respondents had a secondary education or less.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	651fed2bb39bee354ef345f409297195	This process can prioritise NAMAs and enhance their implementation through a longer-term consideration of the supporting institutional and policy framework. Some countries do not have the current capacity to develop a LEDS, and thus could continue to take action on NAMAs and consider moving towards a LEDS in the future. Preparing a LEDS is an opportunity to consider how NAMAs work together towards a national strategy over a longer time frame, and should be an evolving process over time. Building on existing development plans and involving policy makers in economic planning can enhance the opportunity of climate change strategies to influence policy.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	65204c493a919c621ca6b22fbad8582d	In United States Southwest, yields decrease by 30% for crops (maize, wheat and potatoes), 20% for cattle and dairy, 15% for vegetables and 10% for fruits for the year 2021. In Northeast China, drought simulations decrease average yields of field crop (maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, cotton) by 30% and vegetables by 15% in 2030. In Northwest India, a 30% crop yield (sugar cane, wheat, rice, potatoes) decrease, and a 10% subtropical fruit yield decrease are simulated in 2030 to reflect a drought. These figures are based on yield decreases observed in the IMPACT model simulations under various climate change assumptions (Ignaciuk and Mason-D'Croz, 2014).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	6520a861d423f76bdcb1659c19359e41	According to a survey of the Federal Service on Surveillance in Health Care and Social Development, three quarters of doctors found no sense in introducing such systems. More generally, the medical education system may not have fully embraced the international trend towards “evidence-based” medicine (EBM). Courses on international experience of EBM and the ways of organisation and management of health care provision are very seldom covered in the university medical programmes. But it is difficult to know to what degree the measures have been implemented.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	6521cacdfdf2adf997008d76bf414602	Consequently, large developers withdrew their interest in the site and some new guidelines were established to react to the changing conditions - namely, office space was removed and DIY builders were encouraged. Writing on the Dutch spatial planning system in the late 1980s, Needham remarked “it is probably not so much the plan itself that brings about a co-ordinated Dutch physical planning strategy, but much more the exceptional talents of the Dutch to reach compromises” (1989). The idea of a planning doctrine has been forwarded to explain this consensus-oriented approach - the idea that Dutch spatial planning actors have embraced interrelated and durable notions about spatial arrangements, development and how they are to be handled (Faludi, 1989; Faludi and van der Valk, 2013: 18).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	6522cb76e6ebaa5dd1cc75b7b2a88150	The minimum wage is particularly binding in the poorest, low-productivity regions, where its level is above median and average income and where informality is also most prevalent (Figure 1.9). Data are for 2011 except for Brazil, China, India and Russia for which they are for 2010. The average wage for Colombia covers both formal and informal sectors.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	652300146de25992b1bc4bd448ea8769	This is occurring in the UK, South Africa, Pakistan and some South Pacific island countries. Parental responses to surveys underline the importance of transport. A survey in Bangladesh found that parents of disabled children saw the absence of a specialised transport system from home to school in rural areas and the lack of subsidised support for rickshaw transport as major constraints (Ackerman et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	6523ec3654fbdd272a4f18e93567b06a	As the majority of the poor rely on the public sector for their health needs, it will be crucial to ensure that public services, especially when decentralized, are of a comparable standard to private services to avoid inefficiencies of creeping market segmentation. More efforts should be directed at expanding the outreach of activities to rural areas and other less-served areas, addressing supply and demand side barriers to reduce socio-economic disparities in contraceptive security. Payment systems, especially in the public sector, also require reform.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	6524ac5d6a2230c2c14e9eef370565d9	The risks and costs of policy misalignments and policy incoherence are significant. The decisions made now lock-in economic and environmental performance for decades to come. The challenges were identified based on the green growth policy recommendations contained in OECD Economic Surveys, Environmental Policy Reviews, Investment Policy Reviews and Reviews of Innovation Policy - a total of 115 different publications released between 1 June 2011 and 4 February 2015.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	6525a7a7033d034366c9c4236d9051f8	Between 1980 and 2010 domestic material productivity of OECD economies improved, rising from 1 dollar per kilogram (2005 USD PPP) to over 1.8 USD/kg. Today, OECD countries generate 50% more economic value per unit of material resources used than in 1990 and 30% more than in 2000. Relative decoupling has occurred across all material groups and OECD regions, but there are only a handful of instances of absolute decoupling.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	65260e624f921b6e671c551e60b48de5	Reporting at such a disaggregated level is already done in the CRS database. However, this database is not currently designed to provide transparency on which projects a donor reports to the UNFCCC. There can be significant differences in what countries report to CRS and to the UNFCCC (see Annexes A and B). For example, some countries include climate-relevant Official Development Assistance and “Other Official Flows” in their estimates of climate finance provided; others include just ODA.14 In addition to these differences in the scope and coverage of climate finance, reporting on support provided is not consistent across countries (Table 3). For example, in some cases, countries apply a coefficient to the total amount of finance provided to multilateral institutions, corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral financial institution or development bank that are climate-relevant.	13	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	6527d1f40080f9a6bad202ce365cb5b7	There is a relatively low level of availability of and access to opioids for pain relief in all countries in the region. The Government of India continued to take substantial measures to address the situation, including through legislative changes that enabled the introduction of a simple and uniform regulatory regime in respect of opioids for pain relief (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Third Amendment) Rules, 2015). The countries of the region have continued their cooperation in drug abuse prevention and control matters under the umbrella of the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	652c12625bcb6673391076e477d1693b	Further pressures include disturbances from fishery and by-catch of birds and otters, oil extraction and transportation (with the danger of regular and accidental spills), solid waste disposals, invasive exotic species of plants and fishes, high numbers of wild boars, reed-burning, unsustainable collection of medical plants, landslides, and more frequent occurrence of drought periods. Diminishing rural populations is a problem, because traditional practices have become part of the functioning of the ecosystem, and lively rural areas have an important tourism potential. This initiative was triggered by and receives support from WWF.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285712-4-en	65315e6e9b3e672712c36cb46fa49f49	A stronger consultative role of the river basin committees and greater devolution of deliberative and executive powers to water agencies would match decision-making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin committees. It would require water agencies to consult with the “advisory” councils and the committees, and give thorough explanations when they do not follow their advice, in order to guarantee transparency and accountability. Another requisite is that water agencies be totally neutral and independent from any vested interests from water users in order to have such deliberative roles. Water charges in several cases are applied and governed at both state and federal levels. The issue of scale includes differences in terms of charge rates across states and federal waters, the cost of inaction and the related consequences on water quantity and quality when charges are not applied, and the lack of harmonisation for audit and accountability processes across levels of government.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	653167ed625fc835f0a0330259ab2cf9	Integrating students with an immigrant background is part of the socio-economic challenge, and the performance levels of students who immigrated to the country in which they were assessed in PISA can only be partially attributed to the education system of their host country. With 19.5%, the United States has the 6th highest share of students with an immigrant background among OECD countries. However, the share of students with an immigrant background explains just 3% of the performance variation between countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	65332260c7966e99fb07277556b5bcda	In the countries analysed, a strong negative correlation exists between the share of respondents who agree or strongly agree with the statements in Figure 4.5 and female employment rates. Moreover, investigating how social norms evolve over people’s lifetime reveals that anti-egalitarian views consolidate at a young age and only change marginally later on, lending support to policy interventions that focus on youth. Social norms are hard to change (cont.)	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	65342d6878048e1b572c2baf4e589027	Thus, closing gender gaps in public administration is important for ensuring truly inclusive development and democratic governance, and helps to restore trust and confidence in public institutions as well as enhance the sustainability and responsiveness of public policies. This is a critical policy issue in both developing and developed countries. According to UNDP’s 2011 Human Development Report on Sustainability and Equity, analysis shows how power imbalances and gender inequalities at the national level are linked to unequal access to clean water and better sanitation, impacts on land degradation, and other environmental concerns (UNDP, 2011:45-46).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6538ad28ebc8fddc6a9a72f587c4dffb	At the same time, the expansion of agricultural subsidies introduced more potential obstacles to agreement on a protocol of accession and the list of commitments. The process lost momentum also due to the implementation of the CU with Russia and Belarus, which brought about changes in Kazakhstan’s trade regime, in particular an increase in import tariffs. Progress has been made in making SPS and TBT legislation WTO-compatible, as in developing the regulatory base for the CU its members aimed at the harmonisation with WTO principles.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	65414b81ec91d2b2cf1cd9f317dd0374	Legislative changes were adopted to relax Soviet-era “hygiene standards”, permitting early childhood education and care to be provided in a wider range of accommodations. To stimulate provision, the Lithuanian central government authorised municipalities to use the funding received through the student basket funding methodology to support provision in private ECEC facilities, as well as public facilities. As a consequence of these changes, the number of private kindergartens has been steadily increasing, and in 2016, 25 of the country'’s 60 municipalities had private kindergartens. Expand participation in rural areas by focusing on stimulating parent demand for services.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	65453380bbbe0f7fd409c65c9b89849e	In line with the growing interest for these activities as a driver of grow'th, science, technology and innovation (STI) activities became prominent in these plans and strategies in the mid-1980s. A detailed examination of the early policy initiatives - in particular since the mid-1980s when Malaysia started to develop a distinct STI strategy framework, governance structure and policy - helps to better understand some of the current strengths and weaknesses of the national innovation system and related policies. While the country was still a British colony, the increasing needs of industrialised countries for raw materials spurred the growth of Malaysian production and exports of tin and rubber. Malaysia accounted for half of the w'orld production of tin at the end of the 19th century and of rubber in the 1920s.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	65486783af423987afa5f0a1e268d200	Indeed, much of the increase in LDC exports in recent years is attributable to rising prices rather than to higher export volumes (UNCTAD 2012). Source: WITS, available at: http://wits.worldbank.org/about_wits.html (accessed May 2013). For a country specialising in manufactures (e.g. Bangladesh), diversification should entail a broadening of the export base (export at the extensive margin), beyond the products currently being exported.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	654914257db629e32158a1e0f8c7840b	In the last two decades, researchers have scrutinised the conditions under which aid is effective. William Easterly argued that the US$568 billion spent on aid to Africa over the last 40 years has not lifted average African incomes.23 Other recent cross-country analyses also conclude that the relationship between aid and development is weak and often ambiguous (Rajan and Subramanian 2008; Easterly et al. In a recent meta-analysis of the literature, Doucouliagos and Paldam (2011) conclude that the overall finding on ‘aid ineffectiveness’ has not been overturned, though there are some results suggesting certain components of aid may be effective.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	654c0a1f3c3af9cd17f3e9d764e37e22	Further, the cost of delivering water to the tertiary channels is not charged to farmers. Central government has increased its expenditure on maintaining, rehabilitating and expanding the irrigation network under its responsibility. However, this reduces the incentive for regional governments and WUAs to undertake operation and maintenance activities.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264283329-en	654d462800d853f24bbad942b7de3a20	Total health spending was 6.8% of GOP in 2015, of which nearly half is financed out-of-pocket on a fee-for-service basis. The government spent 7.1% of its total budget on health in 2015, the lowest share in the EU. Moreover, the difference in life expectancy at birth between men (79.9 years) and women (83.7 years) is lower than in most other EU countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	654ec747f7892aa6cd52fd0a1ebccf86	Some poor countries would be likely to suffer particularly severely. This chapter demonstrates how avoiding these economic, social and environmental costs will require effective policies to shift economies onto low-carbon and climate-resilient growth paths. The Environmental Outlook Baseline scenario envisages that without more ambitious policies than those in force today, GHG emissions will increase by more than 50% by 2050, primarily driven by a projected 70% growth in CO2 emissions from energy use.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/66896486-en	655065ee5d497d0aad3b7f9bf1998859	Compliance, assurance and enforcement of water and environmental legislation are conducted by the State Environmental Inspectorate of the Ministry of Nature Protection through its 11 local inspectorates. Its core tasks include preparation and implementation of water legislation; development of a National Water Management Plan following the provisions of the EU WFD; assessment and management of flood risks; provision of appropriate budgets and financial incentives; collection and assessment of water data; and representing Austria’s water interests in all international fora. The Ministry is supported by the Federal Environmental Agency and the Federal Agency for Water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	6550ba1329d2b176f76914175b9e5373	The differences in hazard rates shown in Figure 11 imply that the number of benefit spells per individual is inversely related to the duration of spells (Table 11). For Luxembourg and the Netherlands, countries with a significant fraction of long benefit spells, repeat spells are infrequent. Less than half of all individuals in Luxembourg who are observed for the entire observation period from 1988 to 2010 have more than a single spell.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	655b29bdfe4f5e648192b34d462fb4eb	Poland is the only OECD country where teacher appraisal is performed solely by the school principal. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289335355-3-en	655e9ad47325067ae4487b9347774527	Government leaders from more than 150 countries confirmed at the world summit in Johannesburg xo years later that the convention is the key instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources. It emphasises the need for counteracting the loss of biological diversity through conservation and sustainable development. Genetic variations within the species, for example in the populations of the same species spread over a large area, are also covered by the term.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	6560307eccd084973e1aa7c43ba74ccf	"It also facilitates access to premises (science park). Inside HUB, several professors act as ‘entrepreneurship ambassadors"" in their respective faculties and departments and help to create entrepreneurial mindsets. They also act as multipliers, scouts, mentors, while facilitating team building and participating as members in start-up teams."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	656031f878835dafe4b9935c66779445	New OECD analysis relating to the Gender Initiative (OECD, 2012a) underscores that greater female labour participation reduces poverty risks, not just for women directly but also for their children and the family as a whole (Figure 2.3). At the secondary level, girls have higher enrolment rates than boys (90% compared to 84%) and higher graduation rates from tertiary education (university) than their male peers (21% compared to 18%). However, Mexican women continue to face obstacles to full participation in the labour market. Although some young women do not seek employment because they are engaged in child rearing, more than one-third of Mexican women aged 15-29 are classified as not in employment or education and training (NEET). This share compares with one in ten young men, a gender gap not observed elsewhere in other OECD countries. Facilitating women’s labour force participation is needed to ensure that investments in education are not lost, and sustained economic growth is achieved.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	6560657da8ce9beb5076079a981c92a1	In the LDC group, value added per worker is higher in Asian LDCs (S338) than in African LDCs (3276) (see chart 20C). However, during the period 1993-2011, what is particularly striking is the rapid rise in agricultural labour productivity in Asian LDCs (up around 79 per cent). In African LDCs, by contrast, productivity levels have been stagnant (up only 1 per cent), and in island LDCs these levels actually declined by 5 per cent over the same period. Labour per worker data are based on constant 2005 dollars.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	656081cd930de7706e58ba508b3c4346	Lake Ohrid area has been a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1980. The lakeshore reedbeds and wetlands provide a critical habitat for a high number of wintering water birds, including rare and threatened species. The diversion of the Sateska River in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia into the lake increased its watershed area, and consequently the agricultural run-off and sediment input. Sediment loads have also increased, due to unsustainable forest management and subsequent erosion, causing destruction of wetlands in parts of the lake in both countries.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/cefc94d2-en	65612d203d9c6381fa4c10bd1545fd35	Despite significant sustained total population growth (from 3.173 billion in 1990 to 4.345 billion in 2014), as of 2014, the average total electrification rate in the region was 90.3 per cent, up from 70.2 per cent in 1990.2 This amounts to more than 71 million people gaining access to electric power each year. Energy access is measured in the tiered-spectrum, from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (the highest level of access). Beyond Connections: Energy Access Redefined, ESMAP Technical Report;008/15. Significant market barriers prevent consumers and firms from purchasing cost-effective energy efficient equipment and appliances. The result is an energy efficiency gap in which the level of efficiency achieved is lower than the level judged to be optimal at prevailing market prices.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	656609046218d7cf0c3c48a1557109c6	For example, the personnel of a given protected area focus not only on issues related to that area, but also assume thematic responsibilities across the entire mosaic. The mosaic structure helps address environmental and socio-economic challenges, many of which are common to all protected areas, and facilitates the resolution of conflicts arising in border areas. Such conflicts are often linked to the monitoring and control of natural resource use. While these are mostly carried out for community consumption as traditional activities, product sales to commercial companies are increasing; turtle trafficking, for example, has become a major challenge in the region. Enforcement of park regulations has caused many families to move to the neighbouring extractive reserve, where natural resource use is permitted. This plan probably has too many potentially conflicting objectives and has not been fully implemented.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b620ec70-en	65679dcea5d83c2d52fe028007f3f341	"Providing and Paying for Long Term Care, Paris, 2011; Starting Strong II. Early Childhood Education and Care, 2006: International Labour Organization (ILO), Un buen comienzo: la educadbnyioseducadores delaprimera infancla, Geneva, 2012: Ran American Health Organization (PAHO), ""Ensenanza de la enfermeriaen saiud del adulto mayor"", Human Resource for Health Series No. Few countries integrate this kind of nursing as a specific course in the undergraduate nursing curriculum. A diagnostic performed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) for the region (PAHO, 2012) found that the main difficulties in strengthening nurse training in this area had to do with the lack of suitable clinical fields, the shortage of teachers trained to teach nursing of older persons, and the shortage of candidates interested in the area."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/4b795325-en	6568eb6a60820179041a635cf977fe03	"The independent ""observe, reflect, act"" schools, which are tailored specifically to the needs and culture of indigenous children and are supported and promoted by the European Union, UNICEF and WFP, were taken into account in the development of the national education strategy. Although there has been some improvement, rates of access to services by indigenous peoples is two to three times lower than those of other groups: their school enrolment ratio is 44 per cent, while their civil registration rate is 32 per cent (United Nations Children's Fund, 2013). However, although the Khoe and San languages are recognized, they are not official languages and thus there is little Government funding available for their development."	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	656a49f98f0a8316f827cdcabc2ac9d5	This needs to be done in collaboration with families, community leaders, health workers and teachers, plus anyone else who is involved. Focus on the child: develop a system to identify and support children who are at risk of being marginalised or excluded, or who might need additional support. This is usually referred to as early identification.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	656a9315e9866c5ecafcf2b6ad804e39	An interesting example can be found in Chile. The desalination plant built in the city of Antofagasta, Chile, to supply water for the population, brings water from the Altiplano to the coast, across 300 kilometres. In addition to securing water supply, the water’s high levels of arsenic are reused in local mines and other industrial sectors.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-8-en	656cddf353461c667eb4254d83c21dc6	The technical/vocational track offers the same diploma and a technical qualification, and therefore takes three years, with longer hours of study than the academic track. The academic track offers 23 study alternatives, while the technical track proposes 7 agriculture, 24 industry and 25 service specialities. Those who already have the Bachillerato may seek a vocational qualification through two years of night school.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	656f98f39bc3b12719b2aa87da3561d4	The remaining 20% is spent by either provinces or the central government, which is mainly financed from the general budget. The same applies to the benefits of the water management services by the 408 municipalities, which mainly entail installation and maintenance of local sewage systems, the benefits of which accrue to, and are paid by, local beneficiaries in the community. The beneficiaries of sewerage and wastewater treatment services extend beyond the direct users to downstream water users and the environment. The ten drinking water companies provide drinking water in the region where they are located, and users pay for their costs. This implies, in principle, that those who benefit from the provision of a water service should pay for this service.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	6570068ef4adc1d2df884ce512ecf43b	At the same time, long-term trends in inequality, population growth, urbanization, economic globalization, technological change and other socioeconomic processes will exert profound impacts on the changing climate which are difficult to envisage (see chap. In addition, future climate trends will depend on national and international actions aimed at mitigation over the next few decades. The uncertainty associated with forecasting long-term climate trends and their effect on weather patterns is complicated by the need to be geographically precise, since the effects of climate hazards are felt at the local level.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	65732671c4762a18baeb6c057c47d140	The batches of schools sewed by the programme are spread across England, with each group taking into consideration geography, commercial viability and the degree of need. Schools in the worst condition were prioritised for the first batch in case of overlap of batches. A limitation of this model that remains is cross-default, i.e. that one project is negatively affected by other projects in the same batch.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	65736e671312b25a1314e929bc18f399	A viable package of alternatives to current policies could include the following elements: more open markets in renewable fuels, feedstocks, and food-feed commodities; efforts to ensure that production occurs where it is most socially and environmentally sustainable ; increased scientific research on second generation biofuels and other pathways to reduce carbon emissions and to contribute to both energy and food security globally; and actions to improve efficiency of energy use, and thereby reduce demand and limit stress on finite resources, including those needed for food and feed production. This has resulted in a relatively constant level of support to the farm sector, while its composition made it less production and trade distorting. The degree of market distortion is particularly reduced if the direct payments are made with no requirement to produce.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	65764956c700ed4fc3e08374f0c0731f	A study from the King’s Fund and the Centre for Mental Health (Naylor et al., Mental illness is responsible for 23% of England’s total burden of disease, but receives only 13% of NHS health expenditures (Centre for Economic Performance, 2012). These regional commissioning bodies were PCTs, but have been replaced by Clinical Commissioning Groups as part of the NHS reforms detailed in section 3.1. Following the current NHS reforms, a percentage of the health care budget is to be directed towards Public Health England, to be used by Local Authorities to commission public health services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	657817b1924bdab9caaef1338e627438	A remote village or remote hamlet will be considered Page | 70 electrified if at least 10% of the households are provided with lighting facility. Under the RVE programme, the electrification process entails choosing the most adequate energy technologies through the identification of locally available energy resources. However, in the case where these solutions are proven unfeasible, and if the only means for electrification is through use of isolated lighting systems (such as solar PV), these should be taken up.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	65817c9073405219ffabdd33fc5f526d	Professors at institutions that grant teaching certificates should be required to have closer contact with schools, and to support and mentor their teacher trainees in their teaching practice and first year of schooling. Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, and to reflect national education priorities. In 2008 the government launched its Programme to Promote the Quality of Initial Teacher Training (Programa de Fomento de la Calidad de la Formacion Inicial Docente, PFID).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	65837c88a43afe124f68b4fbb2a8af1e	At certain stages of the life cycle, capabilities may be restricted due to inadequate investments and attention at the appropriate times, yielding vulnerabilities that may accumulate and intensify. Consider how the lack of development of cognitive and noncognitive skills in early childhood affects labour outcomes and even drug and alcohol use later in life.2 Among the factors that condition how shocks and setbacks are felt and tackled are circumstances of birth, age, identity and socioeconomic status—circumstances over which individuals have little or no control. It also looks at how security influences choices and affects some groups more than others, with a focus on personal insecurity.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	65874406a0a20562e98b0d7e7d34869d	First, tariffs should be lowered as carbon prices on the EU ETS should increase creating additional incentives on the energy market to develop low carbon power sources. In Germany, the feed-in tariff for photovoltaics was eight to ten times higher than the electricity price and more than three times the feed-in tariff paid to wind in 2009. Significant reductions have been implemented over the past two years but tariffs remain two to three times higher for solar compared to wind or hydro power.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	658790052b2652b6b903475a3702df39	Panel A of Figure 1.17 shows that the increase in the number of UB recipients typically did not match the increase in the number of the unemployed, potentially leaving an important share of the “newly” unemployed to rely on family or community support and/or the lower tier of income assistance. In a number of countries, the extent to which the expansion in beneficiaries matched the increase in unemployment was relatively higher during the second year of the crisis than during the first year. This is the case in Chile, France, Hungary, Japan, Luxembourg and the United States as part of its “regular” UB programme. This suggests that at the outset of the crisis, dismissed workers (e.g. self-employed or working on a temporary/intermittent basis) were less likely to have sufficient previous work experience in a recent period to qualify for UB than were workers dismissed at a later point in the crisis.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	65884dbcd8d090506c8619dc7ea7a11c	The CSG was initially targeted to poor children up the age of seven, but has progressively been extended to poor children up to the age of 15. As a consequence of the financial crisis, the government of South Africa has further extended the age limit to 17. Children must be South African citizens and have per capita household incomes below a threshold.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-5-en	658869344ea017137671c67b0b036b44	In-kind benefits and consumption taxes, however, are excluded, as the underlying income surveys do not provide this information. The bottom inequality in a country is obtained as the ratio between (overall) average income and average income of one bottom decile (e.g. the second). An increase in this ratio signals a widening gap between average and poor households, i.e. higher inequality at the bottom. The top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between rich and average households.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	65890f9da5f1c2f64a7b3d2747f7975b	In an effort to take stock of existing initiatives, the “OECD inventory: Water governance indicators and measurement frameworks”, launched on line in October 2015, mapped 78 instruments (e.g. indicators, maps, databases and assessment tools; see Table 2.2) for measuring and evaluating several water governance aspects. Most of these indicators relate to specific functions (water, sanitation and hygiene and integrated water resources management), scales (e.g. national, basin) or governance dimensions (transparency, capacity, etc.), The most relevant toolkits and indicators for the implementation of the OECD Principles on Water Governance are summarised in Table 2.1. The challenges are related to the complexity of the water governance dimensions to be assessed; data availability; data collection through expert views; comparability over space and time; and the difficulty in drawing causality linkages between outcomes measured by indicators and policies aiming at generating certain impacts (Figure 2.2). It contains evidence-based tools and advice as well as country examples showcasing practices which have been successfully tested in a number of countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	6589aa786ec165959964d56fee5ccbd1	This is further elaborated on in Chapter 4. For example, kelp forests are key habitats along the Atlantic coast, forming dense underwater forests that provide shelter, nursery grounds and food sources for hundreds of habitat-specific species. This myriad of organisms provides essential ecosystem services such as fish biomass production, areas highly valued for recreation, along with carbon fixation and sequestration (Fig. Other Nordic key habitats include seagrass meadows, seaweed beds, mussel beds and soft sediment habitats.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	6589d2fd445bfd520677765f84c7c60c	Within this framework, NUPs are highlighted as being a primary tool for governments to articulate the implementation of such global commitments and the definition of a national vision for sustainable urban development, by engaging, coordinating and leading multiple actors across different sectors and scales. It aims to record the global advancement of NUPs as an indicator of the implementation of global agendas and to provide national governments, and other stakeholders involved in the NUP process, with more information and perspective for the successful development of a NUP. While it would be beyond the scope of a global report to provide a detailed blueprint for NUP development, as this should be tailored to national needs and aspirations, this report still highlights general opportunities, challenges, trends and best practices of NUP development at global and regional scales.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	658c9ed63defa3f8079cde5697917682	Urban development is regarded as part - and not as a complement - of the regional policy of the country. Before 2016, there were plans for the development of the urban agglomerations, but they stalled because of the financial difficulties the country is now facing. Only the action plans for Shymkent and Aktobe, and interregional action plans for Astana and Almaty City are in place.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	658d1cb4062ed3b46729e32f57bf954b	However, school organising bodies hold ultimate responsibility for determining if, when and how to appraise their school leaders. Appraisal typically involves an external expert. It typically takes the respective local quality management programme into account and school principals are often rated according to 4 grades (exceptionally suitable, suitable, less suitable, not suitable).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	659204d18a0203b8ab155ee49e8a6410	Experience has not borne this assumption out. Women’s increasing participation in paid work has not been accompanied by a commensurate increase in men’s share of unpaid work within the home (see chapter III). The gender division of unpaid domestic work has displayed a remarkable resilience and continues to shape the terms on which women are able to take up paid work. It limits the transformative potential of employment for the position of women within the home and in the wider society. Despite this, reproductive work is largely absent from macroeconomic theories and policies.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	65920cc2e705bdcc14fdc724e47007e9	Women produce most of the food that is consumed locally and are responsible for household food security in many rural areas. More equitable access to land, fertilisers, water for irrigation, seeds, technology, tools, livestock and extension services would make agriculture a more efficient means of promoting shared economic growth, reducing poverty and improving food security and rural livelihoods (Buvinic et al; 2010). If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30%.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	65949f500d210f51a139b63553c9c25b	Indeed, despite close to 44 000 asylum applications since the start of 2015, the number of persons granted international protection over this period remains under 14 000. In 2016, just 4 005 individuals made first-time applications for asylum in Finland and, in 2017, the number fell still further; nearly halving to just 2 139. Nevertheless, temporarily elevated numbers have put a strain on an integration system designed to support far fewer migrants. This strain is set to continue in the years to come as this large cohort makes its way along the integration path. In particular, the Act mandated the use of personalised integration plans which generally last for two to three years.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	6597307efb63aa2b0106fbaf4a338cb3	Students who misunderstand some important point in mathematics will find that they can identify with a student who is at the blackboard and has made a similar mistake and can, in effect, get individual attention without monopolising the teacher's time. Asian teachers often complain about class sizes getting too small to find a useful range of student solutions to a problem in order to conduct a good class, instead of complaining that the class is too large to teach effectively, as in the United Slates. It applies a learner-centred approach that places considerable emphasis on student self-assessment, in which students are expected to take an active role in designing their own learning activities and work collaboratively in teams on projects that cut across traditional subject or disciplinary areas. By the time students enrol in upper secondary school (grades 10-12), they are expected to be able to take sufficient charge of their own learning to be able to design their own individual programme where, without a grade structure, each student proceeds at his or her own pace within the modular design of the system.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	659cc8fca1f7e0f0c520b57f60e8d598	In March 2012, 41 companies including those in high precision machining, manufacture of electronic components, casting, manufacturing of composite based components and special processes were established in Sonora creating over 7 500 jobs. Trac co UK is one of the foreign companies that invested in Sonora, which accounts for their largest investment outside of the UK. Other smaller companies like Pinnacle Aerospace, which works for the CESNA navigation system, are located in Ciudad Obregon’s new Technology Park and also contribute to the local economy and job creation.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	65a013711dc422d67d1c4fbb21e8af05	"This poses significant indirect costs to firms, underlined by an observation about firms in Kenya: ""By some estimates, Kenya’s factory floor productivity is close to China’s; but once we account for indirect costs, Kenyan firms lose 40 per cent of their productivity advantage” (larossi, 2009, p. 87).20 Informal firms often most need access to infrastructure and public services to upgrade productivity, but face the highest barriers to access. Firms in Africa lose up to 13 per cent of their working hours due to outages. Electricity costs African firms 10 per cent of sales costs, with 6 per cent estimated to be due to power outages (larossi, 2009)."	11	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	65a3d6d5ba2966986169fde1c0076c81	"Providers stated that the clinics were underused partially because parents discouraged young household members from relying on the services, although the experience of one NGO was positive after parents had participated in awareness sessions. Over 90 percent stated they would return to the clinics. The report identified the same barriers as above on provider attitudes and gender differences. It found that the services did not meet many of the needs expressed by youth, such as mobile clinics, educational programmes targeted at specific age-groups and according to gender, outreach services, and training courses on how to tackle major risk factors. According to WHO, universal health care coverage ensures that all people have access to ""Promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that people do not suffer financial hardship when paying for these services."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	65a3db226da928219d0e55d1f105e9f7	A literature review conducted by the OECD finds that there is robust evidence that open economies are richer and more productive than closed economies and that the studies that most convincingly establish this link find that an increase in the share of trade in GDP of one percentage point raises the income level by between 0.9% and 3% (Nordas et al., Irwin (2002) concludes that despite shortcomings in method and measurement, cross-country studies of growth suggest that economies with more open trade policies tend to perform better than those with more restrictive trade policies. He cites historical experience from South Korea, which liberalised its trade policies in the 1960s, Chile, which liberalised in the 1970s, and India, which liberalised in the 1990s. The steady reduction in trade barriers, particularly in manufactured goods, has enabled them to rapidly integrate into world markets through an export-led industrialisation processes.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	65a8f7edabc89db6950af84ecbd0c834	This category also includes fish caught by trolling/handing from small vessels in the open sea adjacent to islands. For simplicity, the catches from recreational fishing are considered as production for home consumption, and therefore as a component of subsistence fisheries. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding or protection from predators. These results are even more striking given that inshore fishing depends on little more than 1 per cent of the total ocean space under national jurisdictions.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	65aac028f18c1f4227d100f6471fd6e1	Measures were also taken to strengthen teaching by posting more experienced teachers in the early grades. This is now used as a diagnostic tool to identify learning difficulties and students needing remedial education. The number of out-ofschool children fell from 3.2 million in 1999 to 33,000 in 2008. From 2000 to 2006, drop-out rates fell from 26 to 17 per cent. When the reforms were first introduced, grade-specific enrolment rates followed a similar pattern to those in many other countries in the region - high initial enrolment followed by drop-out in subsequent grades.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	65ab546632cb6b5940e9558f1cf89e94	In contrast, in countries where there is no integrated national climate change action plan or domestic climate change policy framework, it has been observed that donors are more likely to finance their own priorities (see e.g. Cameron 2011; Zou and Ockenden, 2013). This is reported to be the case even when national climate change policy reports exist i.e. NAMAs or NAP As13 have been submitted to the UNFCCC, but it is not clear if this is a case of poor alignment or if systems are not in place to support these plans. For example, the use of country systems and procedures (such as national arrangements and procedures of public financial management, accounting, auditing, procurement, monitoring and evaluation) is encouraged, where appropriate (i.e. Busan 2011, and Manila Consensus 2011), to improve the effectiveness climate finance through reinforcing the sustainability of results and allowing recipient countries to take greater ownership. Practitioners recognise aid effectiveness principles and the benefits of using country systems (e.g. EC, 2008; GCCA, 2012).	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	65adccee859af62070d0d45289ee78e4	It stipulates that any discharge of wastewater is subject to specific ELVs for pollutants. Where specific limit values have not been established, general limit values apply. But general limit values have not yet been published. And specific limit values for discharge of water pollutants have, so far, been established only for domestic wastewater (2006 Joint Order No.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	65aeada81e3dd0dee61ff6dfe8b961cf	Schools are required to engage in self-evaluation and reflect its results in the school annual report. Organising bodies also inspect their respective schools but typically concentrate on compliance with financial regulations. A range of tools are used to monitor performance of the education system. The monitoring system includes a range of statistics on education based on snap-shot data collected from schools on a standardised format.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	65aef2fe78c0c7724c6201915db8d04f	Overall, the gas infrastructure in both scenarios requires investment of around USD 209 billion. The capital needs for coal supply amount to USD 303 billion in the Baseline Scenario. In the BLUE Map Scenario by contrast, the use of imported coal is more attractive than the mining of domestic Indian coal, since the coal import price is lower than in the Baseline Scenario as a result of the lower global coal demand. The investments for the coal supply infrastructure of USD 115 billion in the BLUE Map Scenario are mainly related to expansion of the harbour infrastructure.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264176713-en	65af112dcdf1d8b497a2427c30096a2d	Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation. An academic approach can prescribe teaching in critical subject areas but can also limit a child-centred environment characterised by self-initiated activity, creativity and self-determination (Eurydice, 2009; Prentice, 2000).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en	65b1cb42c94dae5c5010dd0bde019695	Between 1995 and 1999, about 2% of all taxes were shifted from distortive taxes on labour towards a taxation of pollution and resource use. The highest taxes are paid by the household and the public sector, followed by the transport sector and space heating, which together account for 64% of energy taxes paid in Denmark. In 2009, households and the public sector paid electricity taxes of EUR 0.09 per kWh. In 2009, a general tax reform was adopted by the Danish parliament which included a number of changes for energy taxes.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	65b64b00fecae7e19bc8ec4146764098	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre ffangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264077287-en	65b80903d4a195521ac17452d8e206c3	These four priorities represent 44%, 25%, 25% and 6%, respectively, of the total investment. The three partners signed a new treaty on 17 June 2008 in The Hague with a view to pursuing Benelux co-operation and extending cross-border co-operation in the areas of economics, sustainability, justice and the interior. The sustainable development chapter of the Benelux Plan for 2009 calls for concerted action for territorial development, the climate (harmonising measures to promote renewable energies) and nature (Natura 2000).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	65bae9f42b4e06b270f275e76c5ddbbf	It is somewhat similar to the issue of multifunctionality because concerns often have to do with NCOs related to agricultural production. Animal welfare, environmental implications, genetically modified organisms, the quality and safety of food products, and the social conditions of production are just a few examples of issues where modem societies have concerns, often arising out of widely diverging views on what is right and wrong. Responding appropriatety to such societal concerns and identifying the “best” policies to address these issues has often proven difficult for policy makers. The OECD has, therefore, dealt with such societal concerns and their policy implications in a number of activities (for example Tothova, 2009, and OECD, 2010b).34 Given the rather different nature of the various societal concerns, the optimal policy responses differ very much.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	65baf01a6a00c140d5b67b9156b2d79e	It is also not clear whether significant numbers of teachers have been trained to date. However, while new competences and skills are being defined, new courses developed and TVET programming revised in some member States, less than half of member States indicate that significant progress has been made. A number of challenges and obstacles have persisted throughout the Strategy for ESD period, such as securing structural reform of education systems and embedding ESD in mainstream budgets, preparing educators, strengthening mechanisms for cooperation and engagement across a broader cross-section of stakeholders, and addressing the need for more ESD research, monitoring and evaluation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/60243856-en	65bc0ce38f337723bb2925ce5875d1a8	The index presents a rich data set to identify and analyse global innovation trends. Other countries and areas in the region that ranked highly in the index in 2015 were Hong Kong, China (eleventh); the Republic of Korea (fourteenth); New Zealand (fifteenth); Australia (seventeenth); and Japan (nineteenth). At the other end of the scale, countries in the region that ranked poorly among the 141 countries analysed were Myanmar (138th), Nepal (135th) and Pakistan (131st).	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	65be95ecdadfa4299407019f50324ac4	These countries have above-average acute care capacities and lag behind the OECD average with long average length of hospital stay or low discharge rates. They are pursuing policies to reduce dependence on the hospital sector but progress in this area is still slow. The average annual growth rate in hospital beds from 2000 to 2014 ranged from -6.0% in Ireland to 6.8% in Korea and 2.8% in Turkey. Length of stay in hospitals fell, from 9.4 days in 2000 to 7.8 days in 2014.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	65c14c01983ff7bb9c3e5953dbb32ad0	Complemented by the lack of harmonized standards, this misalignment at the regional level mostly leads to the inefficiency of investments beyond particular groupings. The current relative institutional insufficiency partially reflects on countries' resistance to approach compliance with collective decisions beyond sovereignty (Kong and Ku, 2015). Synergy between subnational experience and expertise may thus be realized, while the scope for energy agenda may be extended through incorporation of common values, such as sustainable energy development principles. As the global community embarks on a sustainable development pledge and international governance embraces a more compliance-oriented and rules-based approach, a cooperative framework would generate greater trust among the countries in, and create opportunities for, regional energy planning.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	65c207a8298f2f7557f7fe5e95d9bd9a	The national government could achieve greater clarification and co-ordination in investment decisions for urban mobility by more clearly delineating responsibility for urban transport, housing and land use. One option would be for the central government to consider providing funding and infrastructure and enforcing regulations, while oblast-level governments were responsible for the planning, design, operation and control of inter-regional transport systems. Cities of oblast significance could focus on intraconnectivity, traffic control, public security and maintenance of the local road network.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a540597-en	65c4029be78c9f2ca5ae72dc91a23d4e	The nine-year lapse underscores the fact that this was not just a static analysis of initial conditions leading to stable favoured actions. Involvement of area residents is key, and plans have a distinct institutional component, as the intent is to foster a social process which will affect actions by private and civic institutions as well as governments. The broader range of issues represented in strategic and other more recent planning forms ranges across housing, economic development, jobs, education, infrastructure, environment and natural resources as reviewed in the next section. Egypt, with the support of UN-Habitat, has been preparing strategic spatial plans for small cities whose population is less than 60,000.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	65c4cb904b226a89353bd3c7648d79b1	This figure is higher than previously quoted figures as it includes all water and sanitation related diseases as well as the lasting impact on children, via malnutrition and being underweight (which causes 35% of all deaths of children under 5 years old worldwide). For example, Priiss et al. ( Yet, Priiss-Ustiin et al. ( This percentage goes up to nearly 30% deaths of children under 5 years old (WaterAid, 2009).	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	65ca2d74704d7259d215e42dd8ea58e0	There are however important linkages between the two industries, as described below. For monitoring fisheries management at the national level, more specific indicators are needed. Specific assessment data on internationally managed stocks are available from regional fisheries management organisations and from ICES. At a global level, some information on the state of fish stocks is available from the biennial FAO report on The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).	15	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	65cbce13ee1e8fba5b2aed1de64b2fc9	The countries with above and below average cuts in health care expenditure growth are listed in the table below. For example, for general mortality, a 1% increase in unemployment in countries with high cuts in health expenditure is associated with a 0.18% fall in mortality. The results show whether the relationship between unemployment and a given health outcome is different in countries with modest health expenditure cuts, compared to those with high cuts. All outcome variables reported in Table were D1 were estimated using this model, but only in six cases were results found to be statistically significant.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	65d1e10e6db25c065a62a55ba2175e01	Pharmaceuticals account for more than half of private expenditure (Figure 3, Panel B), and for those with long-term illness and retirees, that share rises to about 75% (Green Book, 2009). Specialist medical services paid out of pocket, typically consultations provided at private medical facilities, is the second largest component of private expenditure. Pre-paid packages of medical services are also purchased by employers from specific providers. These packages include occupational medicine as well as primary and secondary treatments and have been growing in importance in recent years.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/141cdb40-en	65d2c08c3319829e6296d2331ac963c5	By contrast, the number of fixed telephone lines decreased by about 1.5 per cent as more people are opting to use only mobile cellular networks or bundled Internet and voice services.1 In developing countries, where fixed-line telephone services have been undersupplied and of poor quality in many locations, the spread of mobile cellular service continues to be rapid, having grown by an estimated 17 per cent between 2009 and 2010. In 2000, developing countries accounted for only about 40 per cent of global subscriptions to mobile services, but by 2010 their share had increased to 73 per cent. Between 2008 and 2009, mobile cellular penetration in developing countries surpassed the 50 per cent mark, and by end-2010, it had reached an estimated 68 per 100 inhabitants (figure 1).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	65d3cd51d326bd33ca68fb159bb0370b	The assumptions on exchange rates during the next decade are characterised by a stronger US Dollar compared to other currencies in line with the recovery of the US economy. Nominal exchange rates adjust in line with inflation rates. However, currencies of some, especially resource rich, countries will appreciate relative to the US Dollar.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	65d5241da72635bfa179ea4a60e636ce	In addition, teachers are asked about which language they use during their lessons, as well as which language they use when talking with students. For the out-of-school component the urban/rural status information was collected during the sampling process using each country's administrative classification of regions as urban or rural. The questions follow contemporary approaches to disability, which emphasise the extent to which a disability limits people in doing certain activities in a particular environment.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	65d5dc47add89caf77c650dc96d0e3fe	Gaafar (2014) reports that customary law, which often discriminates against women and limits their land and property rights, still governs at least 65 per cent of land in Kenya, and the patriarchal nature of Kenyan society often limits the rights of even those women not living on land governed by custom. According to Gaafar, as little as one per cent of land in Kenya is titled in the names of women and as little as five to six per cent is titled jointly by women and men. This includes assets such as inventories and receivables, household goods and vehicles. Likewise, Liberia’s collateral registry has unlocked about $270 million of debt financing for SMEs (Twebaze, 2016).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	65dcd7996c7d3c719d3ff543eb72c970	The CRS allows for development finance to be analysed from the provider or recipient perspective (see figure below). When analysing climate-related development finance, the provider perspective includes Rio-marked bilateral flows and imputed multilateral contributions, whereas the recipient perspective includes Rio-marked bilateral flows and climate-related multilateral outflows. Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. There are also 20 non-DAC member countries that report ODA to the DAC.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	65de3d80cdf21b5376f97c8aae67beb1	The price incentive for households to cover the cost of waste collection and treatment is consequently low. There is clearly scope for price increases, considering in particular that the average level of the waste bill for households seems to be less than 1% of average income (GHK, 2006). The TGR is applied annually and differentiated depending on the type of treatment (waste deposited in landfills, managed by specific waste flow systems, or sent to the integrated centres for the recovery and disposal of hazardous waste, CIRVER, and incinerated or co-incinerated).	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	65e0196afefa8366028d07537a7207f0	According to the coefficient of this variable, a 10 per cent increase in penetration will result in an increase of 0.09 percentage points in regional GDP of Chile's regions. The initial regional GDP variable was included to control for the starting point of development. The coefficient sign is consistent with the conditional convergence theory. According to the model, human capital measured as the percentage of people with tertiary education is extremely important, once again corroborating the results obtained for Latin America. The population size variable controls for the density effect.	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	65e36ef65b6c50a123eb57e22e5aa4f4	Gender parity is not only a fundamental human right but also a critical economic opportunity for countries. Research using the SIGI 2014 results reveals that gender-based discrimination in social institutions is significant and represents a cost of USD 575 billion for the MENA region (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016). Addressing the obstacles to women’s and girls’ empowerment could benefit the economy as a whole.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	65e402d6bb052147abec7ccb400187ab	In Ethiopia, Malawi, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, for example, female farmers deploy fewer male household labourers than do male-managed farms (World Bank and ONE, 2014). They are less likely to own cell phones than men, and are at a particular disadvantage in accessing ICTs where they are available; they may be prevented by cultural attitudes from using rural access points frequented by men; and their ability to upgrade their skills is impaired by more limited literacy and educational attainment, as well as time and mobility constraints. These gender differences may reduce female farmers' access to more lucrative markets, by limiting their access to market information or their ability to transport inputs and farm produce.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	65e8c708e8d031b7130ab6542f65a12a	Employment in agriculture in Chihuahua in 2008 was under 10% of total employment compared to over 20% in 1980 and a national average of 13% (Scott, 2009). In this transition the role of unpaid family labour has declined while part-time paid workers have become more important. Full-time workers are most common on the largest farms.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-3-en	65ebd54881f75a6d2218bed426560495	Effective implementation of these commitments requires that the constitutional changes be incorporated into national legal frameworks, and this is work in progress. Women and men in the six countries have equal access to justice in principle, but in practice women face a number of hurdles. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	65f13d9870a6ac142075fd5acea1271d	There are significant variations regarding the proportion of private units between the counties. For instance, Stockholm, Halland and Vastmanland private units account for around half of all units, whereas in other county councils there are only a few. There are approximately 70 hospitals providing specialised care. In addition, seven regional (university) hospitals provide highly specialised care.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	65f1b2942c6138b9d0ecacd780adec93	The degree of CRRA of 2 is chosen for the entire simulation analysis. The results in Part II depend on this level of risk aversion. Some sensitivity analysis is presented in (TAD/CA/APM/WP/RD(2009) 14/FIN AL]. Since the first order conditions to maximize the expected utility lead to analytical expressions that are difficult to quantify, the analysis depends on simulation with an empirically calibrated model. The first step of calibration generates the multivariate normal distribution of uncertain prices and yields that have already been performed to simulate crop specific revenue in the previous section. The benefit from crop yield insurance strategy gt is the net of an indemnity receipt and insurance premium payment.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/8039e1bc-0afb15d3-en	65f2f4db703e3a9cd211566c04555158	A more detailed list of indicators is also proposed for more detailed research on readiness for measuring the potential for using ICTs in a development context. This is a significant task in of itself, for which appropriate methodologies and standards are still in the process of being developed; therefore, the Toolkit only makes some broad assumptions in order to arrive at this assessment. For this purpose, the Toolkit borrows from recent research undertaken in the industrialized world on quantifying the role that ICTs can have in mitigating energy consumption and GHG emissions and considers their impact on the developing world.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	65f5181acf2cd5ae547405e1826b9427	For example, an increasing number of countries has implemented an integrated curriculum in their ECEC programmes from age 1 to entry to compulsory education, which highlights that ECEC services for children under the age of 3 have expanded in most countries in response to a growing demand for better learning outcomes, as well as growing female labour force participation (OECD, 2011b). These two averages mask wide variations across countries, but a similar pattern emerges when the two series are analysed together. In countries where mothers’ labour market participation is the highest, such as Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Switzerland (above 70% employment among women aged 15 to 64 w ith their youngest child under the age of 3), high proportions of children are enrolled in formal childcare (ISCED 0 and other registered services).	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	65f583d57490038550e5a2a3d5420a4f	It is possible that female founders prefer to keep control of the company and continue to grow their business independently (Kanze et al., Indeed, companies with a solid business model and sufficient scale might choose to reinvest the profits in the company, and part of the profits can be distributed to investors as a dividend. Other indicators could include revenue or employment growth for instance. However, these data are not readily available in Crunchbase and particular effort should be undertaken to build such variables, possibly exploiting information contained in companies’ websites. Regressions include the following fixed effects: country, sector, company founding year, funding category.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	65fc8738eeb3536185760ec64374246a	In particular, regulatoiy-induced misalignments between the time horizons of investors and the need for long-term infrastructure financing would undermine the low-caibon transition. Greater transparency and harmonisation of corporate disclosures on climate risks and liabilities could also encourage climate-friendly investments. Public finance and investment could be powerful catalysts for the low-caibon transition, yet they are not fully aligned with climate goals. Although its share has been rising over time, less than one-fifth of official development assistance (ODA) is climate-related. Public support to private investments in coal and gas is still significant. National and international public financial institutions could more systematically lead the way by reconsidering their support to greenhouse gas-intensive projects.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	65fe440f0a49607cd36350ade0d90f9e	These different views and agreements will influence the aims and objectives of climate finance and how its effectiveness is assessed. For example, carbon market finance, as well as finance from carbon funds, are likely to continue to be subject to their own standards and principles, e.g. on accreditation, monitoring, reporting and verification. In some instances, agreements on safeguards such as the Equator Principles on managing risks (prior to project approval) apply.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmbrcfms5g7-en	65fe4f83af6d63cee8eceb15df2058ac	And what is the impact on cost (compared to a more “traditional” approach of health service delivery)? This part summarises the results of evaluation studies carried out in a number of countries on the impact of APN on patient care and cost. It builds on recent reviews of such evaluations that have been carried out by other researchers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f76cbb14-en	65fe90366640a47837badcc6551d07d0	In 2017, the global population was estimated at 7.6 billion people (figure 4.1) and is projected to increase to 9.8 billion by 2050. Asia’s relatively large population, 4.5 billion of the world total of 7.6 billion, coupled with rising urbanization and industrialization, is a recent driver of resource use. Africa’s total population in 2017 was estimated at 1.2 billion and projected to increase to almost 4.5 billion by 2100 (figure 4.2). The projected rapid growth rates are due to the large youth bulge, which means that even as population growth rates in other regions taper off, Africa will be the only region experiencing substantial population growth, with its share of the global population expected to increase from 16 per cent in 2017, to 20 per cent in 2030 and 46 per cent in 2100. Of the world’s 31 megacities, 24 are located in less-developed regions and five are in Africa, excluding North Africa.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	6600f547bf02b7f6849a5c7464ec8f4c	Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en . Most OECD countries have now implemented universal health coverage for their population. Only a few countries reported in 2012 that a significant share of their population were still uninsured: Greece, Mexico and the United States.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	66058528d44b8d1e0d4f573c796801d7	This is not only the simplest operational mode but also economically the most advantageous as long as prices are stable, and it is thus the operational mode that is preferred in most OECD countries. For different reasons, there exists considerable experience with load following by nuclear power plants in France and Germany. In France, nuclear capacity exceeds baseload needs during certain periods during which it is necessary to reduce nuclear load.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	6608ff14eb024e8d37ea78220d116650	"It has been widely documented that people living in adequate homes have better health and higher chances to improve their human capital and seize the opportunities that urbanization offers. A housing sector that performs well acts as a ""development multiplier""' benefiting complementary industries, contributing to economic development, employment generation, service provision and overall poverty reduction."" Conversely, lack of adequate housing contributes significantly to marginalization of populations and different forms of exclusion in cities."	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	660907789a57e375a62a2428759e2417	Meanwhile, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) facilitates capacity building and promotes good practices that provide useful references in the MENA region. In the Central Asia RND, particular focus is placed on transboundary challenges found in the Aral Sea Basin. The Water Convention's Syr Darya nexus assessment supplied input and orientation regarding relevant concerns and possible solutions, and has contributed to raising awareness, thereby facilitating further nexus work.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en	6609c56d9fea0755dba1a8449f3463ea	Par ailleurs, les resultats suggerent que l’effet des services de la petite enfance sur l’emploi des femmes est renforce lorsqu’ils sont associes a d’autres mesures favorisant les meres qui travaillent (comme par exemple le conge paye parental), mais que celles-ci reduisent l’efficacite des incitations financieres a travailler pour le partenaire.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	660a146ae8963e99678a30798151ca28	If the transparency framework is to provide clarity on whether these features are met, Parties need either a common understanding of “progression”, “scaled up”, and how country strategies are accounted for, or each would need to provide an explanation of how they interpret these requirements. By itself, aggregation of the information requested from individual Parties on mitigation and support will be insufficient to meet the objectives of the stocktake.1 This is because there are information gaps regarding the expected overall effect of NDCs, aggregate financial support provided and mobilised, and whether mitigation actions and finance flows are consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. These information gaps are partly due to the lack of common methodologies for estimating the expected effects of mitigation policies, unresolved and divergent views on the definitions and methods to estimate mobilised climate finance, and limits to aggregating country-level information on climate finance provided and mobilised.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/aeo-2016-11-en	660a2df693d52b628ed2a2f45163bbe1	A zero waste city requires combining social, political, economic and technical interventions in targeted urban areas that complement one another. Options for policy makers include user-pays waste charges, the demarcation of space for recycling, bio-digesters, upcycling and composting. It is made up of two parts: “mergers and acquisitions” and “greenfield investments”.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	660f84f5629707814ddbdf70f2f55ee0	In France, as in other OECD countries, centralised planning models had largely failed to end regional economic inequality. In the process, while communes have maintained the ultimate responsibility for developing and managing land use plans, these plans have become more constrained by laws, regulations and other actions taken by higher levels of government. The specific process of devolution in France has been seen as analogous to a three act play. The Chevenement law of 1999 established new structures through co-operative institutions (EPCI) and facilitated the pooling of services and projects among communes.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	6611ca915c14b64cef722c16720f00cb	In terms of total assets they have from USD 50 million to 2 million.5 The smaller institutions usually serve specific areas of the country instead of covering the whole country. Nonetheless, some smaller institutions have become national organisations, such as TMSS that was first established in 1964 as a local organisation in Thengamara village but has then been proclaimed national organisation. Additional information was obtained from annual reports, audit reports, financial statements, or other relevant documentation provided by microfmance institutions. The total assets reflect what the MFI owns or what is owed to it, while equity represents the difference between total assets and liabilities.	13	3	2	0.2
10.18356/5be883c5-en	6617776bc99753c9695c74a72528f080	Ultimately, for the win-win scenario ofthe mutual regime to prevail, SIEOs must address both their growth and social reproduction regimes. Partly in response to the failures of neoliberal programmes to deliver growth or improvements in well-being, the late 1990s and 2000s hosted an expansion of social assistance in the forms of antipoverty programmes, conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions (Barrientos 2011). A common theme among them is a focus on raising social floors, using social polity to reduce poverty and enhance opportunities for poor children and economic security for the families that care for them. For instance, Bolsa Familia in Brazil and Opportunidades in Mexico, which give conditional cash transfers to poor mothers in exchange for ensuring their children meet certain health and education requirements, have been credited with demonstrably lowering poverty rates (UNRISD 2010).	5	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	6619807cef66de7a9db525cef4bf6c38	The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) establishes that developing countries are expected to suffer the most from the negative impacts of climate change. As their economies strongly rely on climate-sensitive sectors (noticeably agriculture) and are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change due to their geographic and climatic conditions, these countries are likely to be the first victims of climate change. Moreover, they often display a low adaptation capacity due to institutional weaknesses, particularly in the financial sector.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	661dd898219778b8ed5505d7a28e5310	An indicator can provide either qualitative information on, for instance, the degree of development and implementation of a policy process, or quantitative information, such as the amount of funding dedicated to the policy. As of April 2016, about 70% of INDCs with adaptation components include qualitative indicators by which progress towards their goals can be communicated (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress. However, some adaptation components of INDCs do not include any indication (e.g. proposed indicators) against which progress can be assessed (ibid).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	661f694d36ff3614a120fa7196741df4	Most primary schools are very small. Some two-thirds of primary schools have just 90 students or less, and of these around half are single-teacher schools (unidocentes) for up to 30 students. Together, these small schools enrol around 18% of all primary school children (PEN, 2013). By law, classrooms can accommodate between 20 and 35 students, although multigrade classrooms can have 15 students and single-teacher schools can operate with as little as just one student. The average primary class has 14 students, much less than the OECD average of 21 (PEN, 2013; OECD, 2016a). With 27 students on average, class sizes in secondary schools are almost double those of primary schools and above the OECD average of 23.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	66218d3d136b1a0fed635b06f340c080	This is the case in Israel, where every ministry or government agency involved in establishing water-related policies or tariffs acts within the constraints of the Water Law passed by the Knesset in 1959. This 50-year old comprehensive Law includes items such as the explicit identification of the mandate of the Israeli Water Authority (the national agency that sets policies, manages, monitors and plans the national water supplies), the identification of the organisations that are authorised to work in the water sector and their respective responsibilities, the identification of necessary restrictions in water and wastewater management, as well as regulation of the methods by which water tariffs are set in each sector (domestic, agriculture, and industry). This is the case of Belgium, Canada, Chile, France, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain and the United States.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	6622b03c98b5e713361a6474251a3e5f	The latter would involve school providers allocating individual schools the amount dictated by the formula, eliminating their discretion in the distribution to individual schools, perhaps allowing a margin of flexibility, e.g. 5%-10%, to ensure horizontal equity. In other words, school providers would have very limited flexibility to shift resources across schools but great flexibility in deciding how to spend resources in each school, which could serve as the platform for giving schools more autonomy. A transparent mechanism to which all public schools in need of support have access is imperative.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	6622b5f1b7750ebb40cedc96eb11749a	Historically, economic development has usually been accompanied by higher emigration rates.32 As countries develop, rates of emigration tend to rise before they fall. Emigration rates in middle-income countries have been found to triple those of low-income countries. Furthermore, in developing countries at the early or intermediate stages of the demographic transition, emigration is spurred by the large cohorts of relatively well-educated young people entering the labour market. Migration can also propel economic development through increased labour productivity.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245129-4-en	662437311b33db2820715198324d71b6	Pricing signals often favour investment in unabated fossil-fiiel intensive activities over LCR alternatives since the social costs of emissions are not adequately reflected and even commercially viable LCR projects can be associated with higher risks and transaction costs. As governments work to meet their pre- and post-2020 emission reduction pledges, they will need to make efficient use of public funding to mobilise much larger amounts of private investment in LCR infrastructure. A GIB is a publicly capitalised entity established specifically to facilitate private investment into domestic LCR infrastructure and other green sectors such as water and waste management.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	6627bacf9582aacbca0d3f05f92d8f48	Currently the pension is only available to senior citizens aged over 77 years who are frail or disabled and without either regular support from their family or other pension benefits. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for example, Renta Dignidad has helped to make pension coverage almost universal—a significant achievement in a country that previously had very limited social protection for old age. Women are the majority of recipients of Renta Dignidad as well as of Mauritius' Basic Retirement Pension and Chile's Pension Basica Solidaria. Still others make access conditional on a means test with varying income thresholds, usually defined at the household level (e.g., Bangladesh, Chile, South Africa and Ukraine).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/899c7c48-en	66294323a544d6fa3e0416749c7fa771	Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits in Old and New EU Democracies, International Journal of Social Welfare, 19(4), 367-378. The Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection (SaMip) Interim Data-Set. Counteracting Material Deprivation: The role of social assistance in Europe, Journal of European Social Policy, 22(2), 148-163.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	6629be2e347462683e9587f304eb637b	It is difficult to control for the fact that those providers who sign up for a voluntary schemes may already be performing better, and simply get paid for what they are doing anyway, and would show better performance on selected indicators regardless of whether there was a payment incentive. Such an evaluation is expected from Norway in the near future. As this chapter has pointed out, despite the increasing popularity of P4P programmes, clear evidence of their efficacy and impact is still very weak.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	662b9263708dd2e8d358a874fb916ee7	Without serious and concerted action on the part of municipal authorities, national governments, civil society actors and the international community, the numbers of slum dwellers are likely to increase in most developing countries. A number of accounts of the appalling living conditions in slums and informal settlements were published during this period.53 A recent analysis examines the history and planning architecture behind various stalled attempts to redevelop the Dharavi district in Mumbai - a vast area with nearly 750,000 people. If the grand visions of master planners -referred to by many in Mumbai as hallucinations - were realized, then the social dislocations they would bring about would be unimaginable.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	662bcaf3127fe344f24873f07da40de7	These deaths mainly resulted from people drink-driving, driving at excessive speed and not wearing their safety belts. Other driving errors such as not giving way, not stopping and not keeping left were also a contributing factor. Estimates of the total cost of the road death tragedy to New Zealand society was around NZD 3.6 billion (Ministry of Transport, New Zealand, 2006).	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8b39690f-en	662c4cf0e886271ffdb67adefd58e75e	The Climate Change Policy Directorate is in charge of the coordination, elaboration and implementation of the national policy on climate change (mitigation and adaptation) the participation of Bulgaria in the international negotiations regarding the UNFCC, in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; coordinates reporting and compliance with the international commitments regarding the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and EU legislation; carries out and coordinates activities, related to the European policies on climate change and the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in the Republic of Bulgaria. The Agency is responsible for the preparation of the GHG inventories. It carries out the procedures for issuing GHG emission permits.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	662f16f310d8cc1be106ebeffe1362ea	Not only is this method more expensive for the public, but it also lacks treatment continuity (as a patient can see different doctors on different visits), and can generally harm overall clinic quality due to discontinuity. Meanwhile, these difficult working conditions can in fact discourage interested individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry, which would in fact work to remedy the root cause of these difficulties. Sweden’s most recent Mental Health Action Plan (2012-2016) aims to address these issues by increasing psychology training locations and creating psychiatry research posts (OECD, 2013). Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is one development used to a limited extent in Sweden in an attempt to provide services despite personnel shortages. Studies have shown that patients with panic disorder receiving this type of treatment do just as well as those receiving more traditional treatment.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	6633dd12fc2bcfb3e7a5f1e8df77fdb1	The basin area of the Vila-joki River is 344 km2, covering parts of Finland (73.4%) and Russia (26.6%). In the Finnish part of both of the basins, there arc several lakes and a few regulated reservoir dams. The basin area of the Vaalimaanjoki River is 245 km2, mostly situated in Finland (97.4%) On the Finnish side of the border, there are some old water and saw-mill structures, which are no longer in use.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	663fb7e6de903ba2d6f9662eeb4e2eff	The reduction in target numbers to 18 is a reassuring signal of this healthy balance. A new approach to measuring and understanding waiting times came into effect at the beginning of 2008, called the “New Ways of Defining and Measuring Waiting Lists” (known as “Afew Ways”) (ISD Scotland, 2007). New Ways sets out new guidance on how NHS Boards should manage patients’ waits and how' to measure and report waiting times consistently.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	66438de149313c1ad861cfb9b2bc3ee1	I think part of the problem is that the policy level has not communicated that there is a number of ways to interpret it. It has been interpreted as “this is it, this is how it is interpreted. ( Researchers expressed a preference for focusing upon the complexity of AfL, while the DET had developed a programme that was seen by some teachers as the only way of doing AfL. The four principles of assessment were seen as the most important part of the work, and since it is now in fact a part of the Education Act, teachers have to implement these practices.	4	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	66439890e58a67a30cf6c2338e2f303f	Planning for the right balance between all these sources of revenues calls for strategic financial planning, so as to evaluate the potential for mobilising financing from each source of revenues as well as reducing costs. For example, some financial information is available for central government and external donors spending, but information on subnational and local government expenditures is seldom aggregated at a national level. In addition, because funding for sanitation and hygiene is often spread over several different institutions, budget data are less available for sanitation and hygiene than for drinking water. Data on private sector investments (ranging from large private operators, informal providers, households or remittances) is notoriously difficult to collect, although they potentially represent an important source of funding for the sector. Furthermore, selecting cheaper and more locally appropriate investment options or adapting service levels can generate substantial savings and support the definition of more realistic investment programs.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	6643a406b30659565425c7488d3dbd5b	Reciproquement, l'elimination de toutes formes de discriminations envers les femmes au sein des institutions sociales reduirait la proportion d'individus insatisfaits de 14 % a 5 % au niveau mondial. But what makes us happy? Does living in a country guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities to women and men increase people's happiness? This paper shows that gender-based discrimination in social institutions, measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), impedes well-being, beyond its negative impact on economic growth and GDP.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	6645403d22a414419e292a97a094896a	Smart city strategies in Emerging Asian countries are at varying stages of advancement, with those of China and Singapore being the most comprehensive, followed by those of India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Key recent trends are discussed below. As a response, China published two national-level strategies, which lay out principles for smart city design and applications of smart technologies. These strategies were developed further in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020).	11	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-2-en	664781c6ca07fd3a569798d8557b3b4e	This has not included disabled children, especially in less developed countries. The first barrier arises from long-held ideas that locate the problem in the child and their impairment, rather than recognising that it is society's own response to the impairment that needs to change. Negative attitudes based on traditional thinking still act as a big social barrier.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bf400991-en	66490d5c127ac9bd82aecb6ecfd6c5d3	Each sub-region is given a weight ranging from 1 to 5 for every indicator, with the numbers representing increasing level of performance. There are, however, huge variations in the levels of participation for each activity per region. For example, while participatory budgetary scores least in the Australia and New Zealand subregion (1/5), it is quite common in the LAC subregion (3.05/5). Results show that 48 per cent of the cities (107) engaged civil society prior to the three processes, 34 per cent (75 cities) did not engage civil society in any of the process and 18 per cent (39 cities) engaged them in at least one process.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	664abdffcedb5444664119a6f2dda7a9	Centre leaders were defined as persons with most responsibility for the administrative, managerial and pedagogical leadership in their ECEC centre. In smaller centres, the centre leaders might also have spent part of their time working with children. These reports offer an international perspective of ECEC systems, discuss different policy approaches, and provide policy orientations that can help promote equitable and affordable access to high-quality early childhood education and care.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	664ddfa86e77e0ca2e7662080b538849	Child marriage derails a girl’s future and means she has no control over her fertility, thus making the demographic dividend a more distant possibility. Keeping girls in school and supporting them in making healthy decisions about their own lives have been found to be the most important determinants of age at marriage. For example, in India, which has criminalized child marriage, only 11 people were actually convicted of perpetuating child marriage in 2010 (UNFPA, 2013; UNICEF, 2011).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	664f7a446596d262a4c3708ef66707a7	The authors thank the officials of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, staff at employment and welfare offices, training institutions and research institutes and trade union and employer representatives for valuable information, discussion and advice, as well as the interpreters for their support during the mission. Yohei Takashima accessed further valuable information in Japanese in summer 2009. The review benefitted from extensive comments on a preliminary draft by the Japanese authorities in September 2010.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	6650adb1e043b09cedd9c6758d61525d	"The quality of drinking water abstracted from private or local w'ells in rural areas is not monitored. Albania does not yet apply the Blue Flag programme for beaches. Throughout the years 2011-2014, the qualify was ""excellent"" at 31-46 per cent of the monitoring stations and ""poor"" at 31-42 per cent (""poor"" qualify implies that bathing should be prohibited). In 2015, the qualify was ""excellent"" at 68 per cent of the monitoring stations and ""poor"" at 10 per cent (figure 7.5)."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	6652c4cce0297e6a628ad9150092101d	No local government has competency in this area, as it is regulated by the federal government. Freight transport represents 14% of the transport fleet (700 000 freight vehicles are registered in the ZMVM), most of them highly polluting. Monitoring this sector is highly complicated and expensive (SEDEMA, 2012).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	66534f33f2d6b4515ab3b9d8a40eb765	There are considerable needs for improved information in order that economic principles are put to best use in ensuring orderly maintenance of irrigation infrastructure. Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at both the project and basin scales from infrastructure improvement. Good data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on why, when, and how to develop, restore, and sustain irrigation and its infrastructure.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	66535ec3760dd42f0cf93af6034b45f1	For some groups, such as youths not in employment, education or training (NEETs), inactive spouses and early retirees, there may be scope to better identify individuals in the group (e.g. by matching public datasets) for a targeted offer of services. Increased integration of PES services with those of other public actors such as health, childcare, or social services and education institutions, can enhance the service offer. Policies outside the direct remit of employment and related services - such as employment protection or tax legislation - also need to be addressed, although this chapter does not analyse them. Prior to the recent crisis, this led to significant increases in labour force participation rates and relatively low unemployment rates.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/663aa107-en	6653ddbcf48a02d13882136845fe75fd	Its construction led to the creation of Lake Assad, the country's largest water reservoir30 with a projected capacity to irrigate 640.000 ha of land.3' The third-largest dam on the Euphrates in Syria, the Baath Dam. In addition, two development projects in the Balikh/Jallab sub-basins use water imported from Lake Assad, while water from the Sajur River is also used for irrigation. This volume should be added to the 3,586 MCM used in operational irrigation projects.31 Official data states that 206,987 ha were irrigated by the Euphrates River in 2010 (Figure 8) in addition to 59,550 ha from the Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers, amounting to almost 270,000 ha.37 Applying a commonly accepted rate for irrigation requirements,38 this suggests an irrigation water use of about 2,700 MCM from the Euphrates, Khabour and Jagh Jagh Rivers.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	665813c141348f6ac11bb0650b0538bb	Excluding pensions from the calculation of eligible family income, on the other hand, would increase the number of eligible beneficiaries by 46 per cent (Delarue and Nikaj, 2009). Eligible families are identified through a mix of community-based targeting and means testing. A commission chaired by the deputy-chairman of each district (hukumat) is responsible for the final selection of beneficiaries.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	665a6b19740267b76a86a9bdbcd5d78d	"The most optimal approach to ensure this was to model a Shared Taxi fleet that was 100% accessible - as is the case in certain cities around the world. International evidence also points to the potential of accessible transport systems to generate large economic benefits (ITF, 2016d). Feigan, S. and C. Murphy (2016), ""Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit.1'."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	665a9807769281833ad699a1caa9f706	The evidence set out herein confirms the findings of other research: domestic employment is more highly feminized than other care-related occupations; domestic woikers tend to have a lower education level; a higher percentage of them live in poverty or indigence; and the share of indigenous persons is higher than among other workers in the care sector. Domestic employment is the category with the highest concentration of female heads of household and women in households with children and adolescents. There is a strong correlation between domestic employment and single-parent households headed by women, reflecting a core inequality grounded in a disadvantaged position, a high degree of dependence on income from long workdays and the challenges posed by reconciling paid and unpaid work.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	665cbc44b4268ccff9220d0c950b2c26	Other pressing issues are the lack of modern slaughter points, with animals slaughtered in obsolete facilities or even outside the slaughter sites (according to the Ministry of Agriculture, existing official facilities are sufficient to slaughter only 30% of animals destined for slaughter). Another problem is inadequate equipment and staffing of veterinary and quarantine laboratories, which do not comply with international standards. The phytosanitary system faces similar problems of under-equipment, particularly at border control points, lack of staff and qualified quarantine specialists. There is also an issue of the absence of quarantine laboratories at the border.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/0543d374-en	665cd45d91615c06721eb059fc2bb04b	The transition from State budget support of forestry to self-financing brought various problems to forest management in general. Of course, there were reasons for the shift to self-financing. During the previous period, activities within the forestry sector were centrally planned and financed by the Government. After independence, the situation in the forestry sector became very difficult since the forests were declared State property but, at the same time, the State system of financial provision was no longer functioning.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	665ce147dc0d2ecfd79b680340e37988	It is funded by the industry through the Hospitality Industry Training Insurance Fund. It is important that enterprise-based trainers are motivated, trained and prepared to play a key role in the training of apprentices. In Belgium, the Walloon Institute for Dual Training and SMEs is responsible for ensuring that enterprise-based trainers in SMEs have useful tips and practical tools to enable them to maximise their contribution to the trainee.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	665d7a85270ac42d8dd59f8c1d81ace6	Unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures, but the new Forest Code and its implementation mechanisms (notably the Rural Environmental Cadastre; see Chapter 4) promise to reduce illegal logging for land-titling purposes. Other threats to biodiversity include alien species and exotic diseases, overexploitation, pollution, fire and climate change (MMA, 2015a). In 2012, 62% of the territory was covered with forests, double the OECD average (see Basic Statistics).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	665f8834f0fdda57d4b47af09bad5652	The search for cutbacks in public spending will become urgent when demand for welfare services is rising as the baby-boomers start to retire and medical innovations push up health-care costs. By 2050, one in three people across the OECD countries will be on a pension. Frugal innovation is about redesigning products and involves rethinking entire production processes and business models. Companies reduce costs so they can reach more customers and accept thin profit margins to gain volume.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6661cc7a55546cb6e30891d2628c9b63	In South Asia, demographic trends are such that the youth labour force continues to grow and few opportunities exist for paid work. Even if paid work can be found, the risk of low wage employment is substantially higher for young workers. Therefore, workplace training schemes, the creation or improvement of apprenticeship systems and entrepreneurship training programmes as well as programmes that are aimed at offsetting the mismatch of technical skills among youth are important to enhance the employability of youth. Therefore, countries in the subregion should maximize growth through productive job creation and appropriate structural change to reduce poverty, hunger and inequalities.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	6662d1f60dca0459ff1755a2669927d7	This chapter also summarises the intended nationally determined contributions that the EECCA countries submitted in time for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Finally, this chapter outlines a set of recommendations for policy development that the EECCA countries and their development co-operation partners could pursue to scale-up finance for climate finance in the region, based on the results of the analysis detailed in Chapters 2, 3 and 4. At the same time, vulnerable populations are already experiencing the impacts of a changing climate. Thus, actions that strengthen adaptation to such adverse effects of climate change are also needed.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9fd0fg78bs-en	66666bb09bd14802ef9f1b42030bfbd1	This will involve setting clear objectives concerning training, innovation and infrastructure investment, and coordination among the different stakeholders around a concrete plan endowed with adequate financial means. This vision must go beyond an urban development plan to include economic and social aspects. It is important, then, to come to an understanding. To this end, discussion forums are needed, but it must be recognised that there are not in large supply. Paris Metropole, a study group (syndicat d ’etudes) that embraces 188 municipalities as well as the departements and the Regional Council, is an interesting example in this regard.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	666708225daaa2c3ed43902b7a2de8a1	The OECD’s expertise is at the Alliance’s disposal for the purpose of advancing better policies for better lives. Primary drafting and research was done by Valerie Frey, with contributions from Chris Clarke and Apolline Jaoui. Paolo Falco, Claire Keane, Maxime Ladaique and Sebastien Martin (of the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs) provided valuable input for several statistical indicators and colleagues in the OECD Development Centre (Gaelle Ferrant, Keiko Nowacka and Annelise Thim) offered useful feedback on an earlier draft. This report draws on previous work conducted by the ELS and partnering directorates, particularly Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now (OECD, 2012) and its follow-up country reports.	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	6668dbedf0539a6212df4123b3507082	For example, a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on the most recent Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study focuses on both 'excellence' and 'equity' (OECD, 2016a). There is broad agreement on suitable measures of excellence. The most commonly used measure for this purpose is mean test scores, sometimes supplemented by the percentage of children who have reached a specific threshold of proficiency. There is much less agreement on what equality is and how best to measure it.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	666b2e1a2bcf7d057db32e370ad39940	For their part, governments need to ensure that their own country’s quality infrastructure is ready for industry 4.0. But this growth has stagnated in recent years. This is especially evident in many SMEs, where weaknesses in competitiveness, poor working conditions and low skill development prevail.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	666bfa21c6243880d8563910779cf19e	It consists of a five-point scale showing different levels of effectiveness, both positive and negative, moving towards transformation. The team also used the Gender@Work framework to categorize the type and areas of work to which UNDP contributed over the evaluation time period.13 The evaluation team categorized results from the database created, consisting of ADR and country visit outcomes. The team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregate-level trends of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE results. Together with the other data sources, this helped provide broad-based illustrations of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE and its role in the change process.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	666e5fa2edc1ddf7eb2e904d3f34b813	In Canada, children in single-parent families at the bottom of the income distribution experienced a decline in market income (largely driven by a decline in the proportion of children with a working parent), but the disposable income of the first 25th percentile remained stable, suggesting that cash benefits played a significant role in offsetting the erosion of market income (OECD, 2018[34]). However, the rise in these children's standard of living was lower than that observed for children in more affluent single-parent families, who also experienced an erosion of market incomes but whose disposable income rose relatively more. In Denmark, the standard of living for children in single-parent families has risen, particularly for those in wealthier families. Changes in family characteristics have contributed relatively little to this evolution, while the disposable income of families with a given number of children have increased.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	6671bef649b3000ecfd741c13a8baf89	Future dmg costs are based on the projected increases in per capita dmg expenses for the total U.S. population from the NHE accounts. Changes in the three determinants of expenditures - that is the number of people enrolled in the programme, the quantity and intensity of services each person uses, and the price for each unit of service -are then projected for future years. The structure of the NHE Projection Model is a multi-equation structural econometric model that is estimated based on the historical NHE data.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	6671ed1d4cb05965ba0943611d0e6518	The table also lists several core LEDS elements that could meet the purposes identified, which are discussed in further detail in Section 3.2. The process of establishing a LEDS can enhance co-ordination across different ministries and communication with other stakeholder groups such as businesses and civil society, and also increase public awareness of climate change science and policy. A LEDS can help guide diversification of an economy (e.g. from a fossil-fuel basis). Clarification on economic development and climate change priorities, including plans for domestic clean energy technologies, can in turn help provide early signals to investors in the private sector as well as for new possible directions for research and development (although this ultimately depends on how a LEDS is implemented).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/g2g9faa5-en	66732787ce8e138f75508baed705c351	All institutions and policy areas count for gender equality as they all impact men and women, and yet in a different way due to their different circumstances. This is why gender mainstreaming is a fundamental commitment of countries that aspire to eliminate gender-based discrimination across the board and realise a fully inclusive society. In addition, ensuring gender balance in public decision making has been increasingly highlighted by OECD countries as a key governance issue related to fairness, transparency and inclusive policy outcomes.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	667564bbfed63a521a7b50cf39ce06fb	With a growing emphasis on employability and bridging school and work, a number of donors are beginning to focus on employment -and workforce-oriented programming. In terms of ESD, this presents an opportunity to explore entrepreneurship programmes targeting the green economy - an area of focus highlighted at the recent 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (commonly referred to as Rio+20). Emerging areas in this field include social entrepreneurship (which uses business methodologies to produce social or environmental benefits), triple bottom-line business management (in which ‘profitability’ is balanced with considerations for ‘people’ and the ‘planet’), microbanking, sustainable livelihoods and other concepts focused on healthy, small-scale economic development.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6546680a-en	6677538c1395e8b35f2c3ec94f46e41b	The first is that of absorbing labour that has been freed up from the subsistence sector. The second is that of generating foreign exchange revenues, which in turn is necessary for importing essential goods and servicing foreign debt. The LDCs have been focusing on the tradables sector for the past 25 years, which has meant shifting resources to encourage exports and introducing policies conducive to export-led growth. This shift has generally been successful in increasing foreign exchange earnings. Export revenues rose vigorously during the 2000s, since both the volumes exported and the prices of exported goods expanded. Where exports are based on natural resource extraction, the employment intensity of growth has been low.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	667804ea4251b01ea2034c4d14303fcb	In the case of the CETRAM Zapata, most commercial development has been connected to car park facilities, with no connections to the CETRAM.38 The overall result has little to do with encouraging transit-oriented development and the use of public rather than private transport. Another shortcoming of the modernisation projects is the limited access to the facilities for people with disabilities. The persistence of a divided public space within CETRAM and between the centres and their surrounding areas makes walking difficult (Medina, 2013).	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	66786925fb158327545b0497f88b54fd	In the 2-degree scenario, the IEA estimates an average annual investment of more than US$1 trillion per year between 2016 and 2050 over and above the baseline scenario. Other sectors in which significant investment will be needed include waste management, agriculture, manufacturing and water. The changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, which will send the driving price signals to investors and producers.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	667a4de4f00d1428fdba82b75d0598de	It will also affect policy makers' mind set and encourage them to develop cities in a more sustainable way. In addition, the VGGAP assigns relevant ministries and provinces to submit an implementation report to MPI every year. However, the VGGS and VGGAP do not mention how to measure progress; there is no clear instruction on w'hat information these reports should entail and what data should be collected and reported.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	667b1d3393224c7310e82c9ac0aee08a	Stanford was a facility for multi-national research centres, whilst the small spin-off firms began in cheaper premises such as garages and starter units elsewhere. In many US research parks, there may be some manufacturing activity also, and this in part accounts for their large scale. Some of the early European experiments in science parks followed a similar model, notably Cambridge and Sophia Antipolis, although with some minor changes. The initial Cambridge Science Park was a smaller development and with a stronger focus on local start-up firms, and did not include manufacturing firms.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	667ca319a98f12f4ec2c6becda18b651	These types of policies can be implemented to address externalities like noise and pollution intensity (including GHG emissions) associated with heavy6 cars and trucks. Zoning may influence the demand for transport volume, notably by reducing traffic by heavy cars in urban centres, which can in turn help to reduce GHG emissions per kilometre driven. Only recently, some metropolitan governments in Korea (for example, Daegu, Busan and Incheon) have introduced “Transit Mall Districts”, which are only accessible to public transit and bicycles.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	667f531aaa83acfd60705e737f097f16	Such guidance could facilitate looking across a wide range of reports, which would in turn facilitate adaptation-related tasks of the global stocktake (discussed in Section 4, below). This structure highlights information specifically mentioned by the Paris Agreement in the context of adaptation communications, and also includes (in italics) other information that could facilitate clarity and understanding. Clarifying what the INDC is proposing, and what adaptation actions are currently being implemented is particularly important, given the current lack of clarity on these topics in the adaptation components of many INDCs at present.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	668039934761c8387fcf30e9a79d9a4e	In value terms, imports amounted to around EUR 5 billion and exports to EUR 1.4 billion, resulting in a balance-of-trade deficit of around EUR 3.6 billion (source: French Customs and Excise). This free-trade agreement, which may take some time to ratify, is the blueprint for another agreement currently being negotiated with the United States, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).	14	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6af97a78-en	6683c735b366798acd567a51414333aa	Without such assistance, some would be unlikely to continue. As such, policy decisions and projects also tend to follow donor preferences, including privatization. International organizations can be expected to continue to play important roles as third-party mediators in implementing these cross-border water management arrangements.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	6686519b2e9e54c4b5dd5cff29ee2ccb	As a result, this intense questioning reflects the current stage and evolution of the Brazilian society and new requisites brought by economic growth and social development. From the point of abstraction of water for any sort of use, up to the extremities of the river basin (and beyond), there is a full span of administrative and political boundaries that correspond to institutions that are relevant and have a say in the management process. In this context, clearly mapping of the responsible authorities and their duties is essential, as is the effective management of their interdependences and interactions (Figure 2.3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	668a9b66ead5497ce8ea77005ddbd647	Instead, it is best to distribute ownership across all relevant departments. In the Lisbon municipality, pedestrian accessibility design templates were adopted and implemented by a range of departments, such as Public Space, Public Works and Local Intervention. These models cover all factors related to physical accessibility, such as relation to nearby public transport stops, drainage, lighting, signal timings and type of pavement.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	668de9ecf339e8aedb569b2f3fa49670	The aim of the agreements is to prevent and reduce absence due to illness; to help bring employees back to work; to improve the working environment; and to prevent exit from working life. About 60% of employees work in firms with an inclusive workplace agreement (OECD, 2013b). The employment gap between those with a severe mental disorder and those without mental health issues is 25-30 percentage points and jobless rates for people with severe disorders are, in many countries, four or five times higher than for those with no mental health issues (OECD, 2012b).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	668dfe87c8c9a9fee758af1eda048279	In 2011, ICMBio received BRL 24 million from access fees and services in federal parks, with four parks accounting for most of the revenue (ICMBio, 2012a). The 2012 National Survey of Canadians revealed that visitation was critical in helping the population connect with protected areas and the institutions that manage them.* Only about 15% of people who had not visited a national park were able to say the same. Visiting is an important factor in helping give people a sense of stewardship towards their national parks.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	668e6ba97faa919203e61290cd5e2b64	These are divided into enabling environment activities (policy and administrative management, environmental education/training, and environmental research) and sectoral activities (health, water and sanitation, agriculture, forestry', fishing, flood prevention/control, and disaster prevention and preparedness). Based on this classification, the project and programme documents analysed for this study were categorised as follows: i) Climate risk reduction, ii) Policy and administrative management for climate change, Hi) Education, training and awareness on climate change, iv) Climate scenario and impact research, and v) Co-ordination on climate change measures and activities across relevant actors. Table 5 provides a description of the categories.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	669246fea9f235f4fc8c49c30b22162e	In some cases the decline is dramatic—from 78 per cent to only 59 per cent in Maharashtra, for example. Social divisions extend beyond religious and ethnic groups to caste divisions, which in India, are not confined to Hindus, but are also implicitly recognised and practised in other religious communities. There were hopes and expectations that such divisions would decrease or disappear in the course of economic development. This has not really happened to the anticipated extent, even in the more advanced urban areas.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	66938e85111570b7f013cbd7ea1ee7f7	The dichotomy between small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and large corporations, with their corresponding effects on job creation, will continue, but its modalities will change in directions which the region's countries would do well to monitor. The most advanced countries have been proactively promoting this type of manufacturing, which has often translated into a resurgence of industrial policymaking and a return to more advanced manufacturing activities in former production hubs. The current thinking on this topic as well as the actions taken in these and other countries compel Latin America to address the issue in all its technological and public policy dimensions. The productivity gap, limited research and development in technology and weak industrial policies in most of the region's countries are problems that must be tackled concomitantly.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	66958e27ff6f04557b46637c286f8bd9	It also looks at possible drivers for changes in poverty and inequality patterns. This section analyses the various sources of bias that may be found in the content of this report by virtue of this problem. We focus specifically on the differences in measurement of income, which is the variable upon which the analysis of poverty and inequality rests.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6696f01dd92014f99ee3fd74b7d4bae1	In July 1997, the calculation method was changed to a fixed rate of 5% of the export price. The rapid depreciation of the rupiah during the Asian financial crisis was encouraging palm oil producers to export as much as possible. However, the ban lasted only three months, eliminated in the second LOI to the IMF.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	669810a00f4de8485c6ad5a784fa6c4b	Unless an agreement is reached, however, further developments could trigger tensions between the two countries. Although the Permanent Indus Commission is given the duty to implement and monitor activities of the Indus Waters Treaty, it is weak in research capacities needed for evidence-based responses to water resources issues (Babel and Wahid 2009). In this situation, international lending institutions such as the World Bank continue to play a key role in promoting cooperation along with policy agenda toward more private sector participation and management of water. The 2004 construction of the Baglihar Hydropower Project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir was just such a case, with the World Bank appointing a neutral expert to arbitrate the issues arising with Pakistan, which continues to launch protests over water diversion by India (Dinar et al. Although Tajikistan is in an upstream position on the Amu Darya and Kyrgyzstan controls the flow of the Syr Darya, half of the Aral Sea Basin’s population lives in Uzbekistan.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-7-en	66989b9086a22ca399c4e233e7076e66	This chapter examines the various financing instruments and approaches that are available, ranging from traditional government budget and donor funding to user fees, taxes and fines, and payments for ecosystem services, among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the need to develop finance strategies for MPAs, drawing on examples from different countries. This significantly undermines their ability to achieve their management objectives and MPAs have therefore sometimes been described as “paper parks” (Gelcich et al., This holds true when looking only at MPAs as well (Table 4.1). Other sources of finance include user fees, fines, debt swaps, biodiversity prospecting, trust funds and donations. More novel financing sources either underway or being explored include marine payments for ecosystem services (PES), marine biodiversity offsets and blue carbon finance.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	66996dd834fc1ce4145b4ce3a433903f	Another clear tendency is that in the main destination countries, most female migrant household workers are mothers. During the second half of the decade a number of countries launched systematic efforts to enhance social programmes, especially those aimed at fighting poverty. This was a first turning point in social spending patterns. However, the pick-up in social spending (to a certain degree, in counterpoint to economic trends) has been primarily due to policies that were implemented over time to deal with external shocks: (i) rising food and fuel prices in 2008 and spiralling export commodity prices starting in 2003; (ii) the global financial crisis, the worst of which ran from late 2008 to the end of 2009; and (iii) more recently, international uncertainty and slower economic growth worldwide.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	669f82c50e80c457d71d59ff00a487b9	Therefore, most Governments have been involved directly or indirectly in supporting family planning programmes. Direct support entails the provision of family planning information, guidance and supplies through Government-run facilities or outlets such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centres and through Government fieldworkers. The proportion of Governments providing direct support has risen steadily since 1976 when less than two thirds of Governments (63 per cent) provided such support (table III.4).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	66a0af05514ab3e6020cb5da06ec99fd	This section focuses specifically on energy supply; the next section considers energy use. The approaches and tools presented here address, in turn, the policy, regulatory, and economic dimensions of the enabling environment. National energy policies should integrate renewables into the country’s energy portfolio, engage the private sector in technology development, build confidence in the financial community about renewable technologies, and where appropriate co-ordinate investments across national boundaries (IEA, 2001). Such policies can support co-operation among institutions and provide guidance in selecting low-carbon options tailored to unique country circumstances and priorities.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264083578-4-en	66a76ef8e47aea89a14325397d0a33a5	Frequently there is a large gap between historic and future costs because of the lumpiness and longevity of surface water supply systems. As demand grows and the capacity is more fully utilised it is optimal to switch to a charging system based on long-run (i.e. replacement) marginal cost, but often public water agencies get locked ‘politically’ into only recovering historic costs. There are also equity considerations in recovering financial costs in that farmers might be expected by society to repay the benefits they receive where public investment has been involved.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	66a848750d61c9460d32946628297471	In 2007, the Norwegian government decided to provide students in upper secondary' education with free educational materials. The regional educational authorities were tasked with distributing these resources, using funds provided by the national government. A total of 18 out of 19 regional educational authorities teamed up to produce some of their own learning materials instead of purchasing materials produced by publishers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2956c59a-en	66a865b434bedc3375a1d040842af815	Aggregate indicators that focus on country-level analysis allow for comparison across countries but not across individuals within countries. For example, under SDG 13 on climate change, indicators related to forest area and its protection are essential, but indicators to monitor the human impact of depletion—including one that captures how women and men are affected by environmental degradation in different ways—are also important and necessary (see Chapter 3). But an assessment of gender data availability suggests there is a long way to go before this standard is met. Many of the gender-specific indicators cover 'emerging statistical areas' where measurement methodology is not well developed—this is true for one third of the gender-specific indicators.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	66a8fe205dd14022cd704c36452cffa8	However, it is up to individual countries to adopt an approach that suits the needs of their children best, as the SDGTarget 1.2 calls for national definitions of multidimensional poverty. There are inevitable trade-offs between international comparability of a child poverty measure and its suitability to the national context. Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), 476-487.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-24-en	66aa04e14ca8d693849291e65b84068e	The TAC system established in 1996 and the TAE (Total Allowable Effort) system in 2003 are the main tools for Japanese output controls. Under this system, the national and prefectural governments foimulate resource-management policies, and based on policies, fisher’s organisations create resource-management plans and implement them. It is a campaign as public-private collaboration with overall fishing industry such as fishing operators, processors, distributers, administrations, etc.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	66aa8d64cca1c7e78978e08d01e6d128	The existence of gender inequalities may bolster an economic recovery if their effect on costs outweighs the negative implications of inequality in terms of effective demand. The second section contains a review of the literature on the links between growth and gender inequality. The third covers the methodology used in this study, while the fourth presents the results.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	66ab7313c496f4d3d499c9f286092eb0	These events were supported by private companies, including Microsoft, Oracle, Strathmore University, the Advanced Information Technology Institute, Safaricom, IBM and EcoBand. As of March 2012, the Coders4Africa online community had reached more than 1,000 members in 23 countries. To sustain itself, the initiative created local chapters that organize Coders4Africa in Action events - monthly gatherings where workshops and boot camps are held.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264102637-8-en	66acfc0b0ea771e22bfd8fb962689010	Regions will be hit differently. They are illustrated by recent developments in European water and related policies, which are at odds with the prevailing Dutch approach to water management. The challenge will be to stimulate the take up of new approaches to water management and to avoid building new path dependencies.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	66aeb2e118cdc2ca7102557a6adc1b60	Where necessary, TIPOs can provide training to national companies to raise quality to the level needed for promotion via their own platforms. Such an environment is crucial to promoting trust in new technologies and signalling to SMEs the technologies in which they should invest. This is happening at an unprecedented pace and is not about to be reversed.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	66affd7fc28d7df0a87330117edea9ee	The Government of India has the intention to implement a direct transfer of subsidy to the farmers in the next few years in place of the current system of transfer through the fertiliser industry. This will encourage the industry to take independent commercial decisions and focus on innovation in fertiliser products and services to the farmers. This box is based on inputs provided by the Fertilizer Association of India, under the direction of Director General Satish Chander.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/77d08b03-en	66b0a3c0c29ed92d30405f4990e1f646	Time poverty is thus a fundamental and transversal dimension of development (Feres, 2010). Accordingly, the implications of time poverty for public policies are various, and combined analysis of time use, time poverty and income poverty would make it possible to evaluate the impacts of specific interventions and of macroeconomic policies, as well as being applicable to social planning generally. Adding the time dimension to the analysis opens the way for other possible interventions, in addition to the traditional package, in the area of social protection or poverty mitigation (Gammage, 2009).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264226319-6-en	66b0e8ff7ed06e2e35e18fc12d4aba8d	Next, the chapter focuses on primary teachers' pedagogical beliefs and practices in these six countries. Specific topics in this area are classroom teaching, student evaluation, teacher co-operation and collaboration and teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. The final section of this chapter examines teachers' feelings of self-efficacy and job satisfaction.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	66b1695ce86e8d504309470892ec34a7	With regard to these goals, there are various linkages to tourism, as tourists both increase transport demands in cities, though they are also likely to have a great interest in alternative forms of mobility. Bicycle travel speed should increase by 10%. Since 2002, when the first bicycle policy was published, Copenhagen has made considerable progress towards these goals, largely on the basis of command-and-control measures, i.e. the development of bicycle infrastructure, in combination with soft policy campaigns framing the bicycle city as a desirable future.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	66b26212a0d18d252f6eb0ccfd0b73ff	Flooding may also have a negative impact on tourism infrastructure and increase the cost of operating a tourism business. The spread of diseases such as diarrhoea is at times associated with poor water quality, which may make some places unattractive to potential tourists. Destinations whose attractions rely on substantial water resources will be affected, as well as specific forms of tourism, such as golf tourism or visits to botanical gardens.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	66b28f3f05caf300983dab94e0d0c798	In the United Kingdom, local authorities are not allowed (outside the recently permitted pilot schemes) to introduce variable waste charging which has been effective in reducing waste generation in other countries (e.g. OECD, 2007a). Even if there is no incompatibility with fundamental legal principles, existing regulations or regulatory approaches may not be conducive to the introduction of tradable permits. This would be the case, for example, where existing regulations prescribe the technologies that must be used, rather than the limit for emissions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c341a207-en	66b70e43be92c8ecb8cafdd59f4443b2	The City Prosperity Index is a composite index based on six dimensions and over 15 subdimensions that are contextually specific and globally comparable. The dimensions are infrastructure development, productivity, quality of life, equity and social inclusion, environmental sustainability, governance, and legislation. The City Prosperity Initiative incorporates new analytical tools based on spatial indicators that facilitate a systematic disaggregation of information along with the key dimensions of urban development.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	66b768dae2c6478075090ff6eb441ce3	Earnings quality is captured by average eamings (measured in PPP-adjusted USD), labour market insecurity denotes the risk of extreme low-pay among the employed (measured in percentage points), while the quality of the working environment captures the incidence of long working hours (60+) among all employed (measured in percentage points). The reference category is low-educated males aged 15-29 working in the formal sector. For more information on data sources, see the respective figure notes in the main text.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	66b8bb5a285a78928a42f8ebb4692626	Furthermore, the region faces a number of human resource issues: there is a shortage of skilled personnel, a shortage of highly qualified people and a loss of talent. Penang also faces competition from Singapore and other countries that have the human resources and access to research and innovation needed to compete at the high-end of the value chain. The problem is not only an inadequate supply of graduates but the lack of an economy and other regional amenities that retain graduates who are otherwise attracted to Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and other major economic centres.	4	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599604-14-en	66b9fb6322aa1324cb544c3a73d39b35	By the 2000s, Spain was the major beneficiary of this tariff peak; it accounted for 71 per cent of EU production in 2011 and since 2001 has been the world’s second-largest producer of canned tuna, behind only Thailand (Globefish 2014). Given the highly competitive conditions in the Spanish retail market, this market share indicates the effectiveness of tariff protection, alongside various productivity-enhancing strategies of firms (Hamilton et al. The EU market for canned tuna is the largest in the world and preferences available to developing countries can be grouped into two types. Canned tuna is widely recognised as one of the very few success stories of industrial upgrading sparked by the Lome Conventions.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	66bb93d9607ad942e56e4af14b09a0f9	"Concerns about health care expenditure growth and its long-term sustainability have risen to the top of the policy agenda in many OECD countries. As continued growth in spending places pressure on government budgets1, health services provision and patients"" personal finances, policy makers in OECD countries have launched forecasting projects to support policy planning. This study presents a comparative analysis of health expenditure forecasting methods through examination of leading methods that have been used by health policy makers."	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	66bdb9b174d81ff34b118f27593c31ed	"The first is the idea that macroeconomic policies and events are linked with people and households, or percolate through to them, via a system of institutions —which include the State, the market and the community— that operates in neither a fully automatic nor a fully organized manner. This system functions within a gender-based framework that is founded upon power relations in which a visible, male-oriented policy approach dominates or influences an invisible, female-oriented one (Carrasco, 2001 and 2003; Elson, 1995a and 1999; Blau, Ferber and Winkler, 2002). The introduction of a gendered framework of considerations and factors sends out biased or skewed signals to the market, where, given the assumption that women workers are “expensive"", employers are reluctant to hire them or, once hired, to continue to employ them.1 Employment decisions therefore entail a process of bargaining and conflict in which both material and immaterial factors wield influence."	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	66bdba3f1fdfa8516765c1c3ea781cea	Improving the national R&D system will require the support and participation of research-intensive public and private universities. Many firms are specialised in E&E which are research-intensive fields, but not an option for university-industry collaboration. Firms do not regard university and research institutes as main collaborators. Furthermore, universities are not organised to efficiently deliver services to firms (see Box 3.7.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	66bdfadeb92902c599666c17468e984f	In the case of standards and conformity assessment, the wide range of actions necessary to upgrade efficiently implementation, monitoring and certification capacities is difficult to bring to fruition without long-term commitment and extensive planning. Satisfactory access to finance appears as a prerequisite not only for undertaking export activities but also for addressing a number of productive capacity constraints that limit agricultural growth. Policy conclusions for aid for trade investments should be drawn by comparing these outcomes with the cost and feasibility of lifting the different constraints identified.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8259a41-en	66bf6ce664002d7609d83e2352e4c926	"A study done in Thailand in a broader context of rapid fertility decline in a third-world setting reveals the use of four proximate determinants borrowed from the proximate determinant framework. Among other determinants, primary sterility and coital frequency have not been observed to influence the ongoing fertility decline (Knodel, 1979; Knodel, Chamrethirang and Debavalya, 1982). The conclusion arrived at by this study clearly mentions that, ""Thailand's reproductive revolution is largely the product of increasing deliberate marital fertility control. In brief, Thailand has already entered into the most advanced stage of fertility transition."" ("	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	66bf8db69d3142b58d6b7636ceec433c	However, the effectiveness of these kinds of schemes is still not clear, some arguing that they could provide perverse incentives. Revenues coming from environmental taxes, or at least part of them, can be reinvested for the environment. For example, in 1981 the National Assembly of Cuba approved the Law 81, also known as ‘Environmental Law', that allows the use of economic tools such as taxes for the development of activities that positively impact the environment (Whittle and Rey Santos 2006). They can be designed for general environmental or revenue raising issues (e.g. waste charges to help finance waste management collection and infrastructure), and also motivated specifically by marine litter considerations.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283473-en	66bf93ca126c2e4f22fbe44c335bd166	This refoim will allow many local communities to keep their hospital facility, but with many of them providing a different and smaller set of services, coordinated with closely located hospitals, or specialising in rehabilitation and nuising. In addition, since 2015 as part of the drive to improve efficiency and quality of services, NHIF has restricted contracts for obstetrics and surgery departments when yearly volumes have been below 300 births and 400 complex surgeries. Lithuania has put a lot of emphasis on expanding primary care, outpatient and day care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	66c019eefa811cdaee66244bfad7672b	In the next column, the decomposition results are standardized to add to 100 per cent. In the third column, the absolute change in the TFR is presented, taking into account the contributions made by various proximate variables. The negative sign before the values suggests the decline or fertility reducing effects of the respective proximate determinant. This decline is 0.39 points or 19.5 per cent in rural areas.	5	3	1	0.5
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	66c0e2b2a523d96c271dc7851e3eb812	Norway and Sweden were also among the nine countries that participated in TIMSS Advanced. The main reason for this change was for Nordic comparisons. Norwegian pupils start school the year they turn 6, while in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark most children start preschool class the year they turn 6 and then start school the year they turn 7.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	66c1f48f1c8a1c3fb63778ef8c1016c6	Thus, while professional continuity is crucially dependent on staff training and development, it is also framed by the structural and procedural environment in which they operate. Professional continuity can be seen as a facilitating factor for ensuring continuity of pedagogical practices across transitions, discussed in Chapter 4, and continuity from a child development perspective, as discussed in Chapter 5. The chapter then identifies three key challenges highlighted by countries and strategies they have developed to address them.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	66c3344bd39e84446bf81bd2e86dc592	In Canada, women account for 60% of migrants in the family class and many of the family migrants who accompanied labour migrants. They make up considerably lower shares among principal labour migrants (42%) and refugees (50%), based on the 2014 Longitudinal Immigration Database. In Australia, women account for 68% of recent family migrants, compared to 49% of recent refugees and 45% of recent labour migrants, based on 2013 Australian Bureau of Statistics data.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	66c6068b6f9c74582743ee4ae4ce9b3f	Seizures in the country doubled from 2012 to 2013, before decreasing to around 33.8 tons in 2014, which is still above the 2012 level. According to estimates for 2014, only 30 per cent of the cocaine seized in Brazil was destined for external markets. Colombia saw an increase of 44 per cent in the area of estimated coca bush cultivation in 2014, and thus became once again the country with the largest area of coca cultivation in the world. The area of cultivation grew from 48,000 ha in 2013 to 69,000 ha in 2014, and potential cocaine production has seen an even greater increase of 52.7 per cent, rising from 290 tons in 2013 to 442 tons in 2014.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	66c78f94c059b05f91ed8452f25669c0	Water permits cannot be dissociated from environmental licensing and it is necessary to integrate the dimensions of quality and quantity. Furthermore, conservation and enhancement of water ecosystems is the only guarantee of having water for all necessary uses in the long term. The merging of water and environment administrations should not discard these important dimensions of water management, especially in water-scarce regions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	66ce454bfe566a6ff5954026edd48703	Various countries expanded the definition of sexual harassment through new laws and regulations. Others have stiffened maximum penalties (e.g., France), better defined employer obligations (e.g., Iceland, Korea, Mexico and Slovenia), and/or focused on harassment in particular industries or sectors (e.g., higher education in Israel). Australia, Portugal and Sweden report having strengthened their legislative systems and policies in various ways to combat violence against women and girls.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/469d7fec-en	66cf6800af9809cee5f3f62384e6d198	Encouraging “developed” and “other” countries to report disaggregated information on climate finance provided in a comparable format would facilitate this. However, as the Paris Agreement’s entry into force is considerably earlier than originally anticipated, such MPGs are in practice unlikely to be adopted in 2016. These include encouraging reporting of items currently non-mandatory but that will become mandatory under the Paris Agreement (such as mobilised climate finance, or climate finance provided by non-Annex II Parties). Quantifying ex ante levels of climate finance is likely to be challenging for several countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b26aba4-en	66d0e0f014fe6b677ca0f4c00b942690	"Although industrialized nations clearly have a critical role to play in mitigating greenhouse gases and while adaptation should be the key priority for Southern African cities, expanding urban centres such as Gaborone, Harare and Maputo are generating increasing carbon emissions through their various energy intensive activities and they too need to accept a role in mitigation. Some local governments are beginning to recognize this. These are due to historically entrenched inequalities in terms of responsibilities for emissions, as well as income disparities."" Poor urban households in RSA can spend up to 75 per cent of their budgets on food and energy alone."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	66d5def240188461599f9cd50ad69698	Since they are not specifically covered by one single set of regulations, they have been integrated piece by piece into existing legislation when deemed necessary. This piecemeal approach to integrating emerging ocean industries into existing traditional legal instmments is set to continue. The following section selects three domains of ocean-related regulation - environment and biodiversity, pollution prevention, and maritime safety - and explores them with a view to gaining a sense of what is in the “pipeline” in terms of international and regional regulations that will affect ocean industries, both established and emerging, in the coming years. The study’s target was the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity. But its findings warrant reproducing here, because many of the gaps and weaknesses identified in the regime also have repercussions on the operation and economic viability of most, if not all, ocean-based industries and activities, from fisheries and deep-sea mining to subsea cable laying and marine bio-prospecting.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac71849-en	66d6a5a95614da069a020f4217404371	Available from http://www.fao.org/ worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en. Although higher prices provide incentives to increase production, many small farm holders are unable to respond owing to lack of access to finance, agricultural inputs, markets and technology (United Nations, 2008a). Nevertheless, in developing countries with a large share of net producing households, high food prices boost demand for rural labour and incomes (Chant, McDonald and Verschoor, 2008).	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60243856-en	66e30ad300e39a774efc3ce220b6bc58	However, the figure is still much higher than those for Europe (5.3 TEU) and North America (2.7 TEU). The South-East Asian subregion has the highest figure in Asia and the Pacific at 35.1 TEU per $1 million of GDP, whereas the North and Central Asian subregion has the smallest figure at 2.1 TEU. All subregions in Asia and the Pacific have experienced solid growth of between 8 and 12 per cent per annum in their air transport passenger numbers, with the exception being the Pacific subregion, which still grew, but by a modest per cent. Within the concept of STI, importance is placed not only on developing and utilizing new technologies, but also on learning to use existing technologies, enhancing local absorption capacity and transferring knowledge to meet the needs of cross sections of society.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	66e3db40126ffb45baee5598c3121304	The development of a shared evidence base and understanding of the city’s problems will help future planning and enable Sydney to better showcase its strengths and weaknesses to State and Federal policy makers. This is particularly relevant to the sustainability agenda where key stakeholders were beginning to come together across the city. Building on these relationships and partnerships should be a priority, in order act as a catalyst for a citywide sustainability strategy, which could potentially be seen as a working template for future city wide strategic partnerships and work.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	66e50d45380880631b1179438a7f97b0	It has since been used to monitor and improve the quality of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic primary care services in Israel. Data quality for QICH is ensured through the use of standard indicator definitions by all health funds, and a systematic data quality audit cycle to ensure validity and comparability. It is subject to continuous development and evolution.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	66e57e2f80f9c8af32d131635fe3813d	General rules for the participation of the private sector in the economy were also formulated at the constitutional level. Specific rules resulted from Law 142 of 1994, which established the Residential Public Services Regime and an independent regulator, the Water Supply and Sanitation Regulation Commission (CRA). The law defined the legal status of public service companies, set up as public companies under commercial law to provide public services.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	66e847294378bacf890933b2e922f7ce	The majority of wastewater plants in Northern and Central Europe now apply tertiary treatment, although elsewhere in the EU, particularly in the south-east, the proportion of primary and secondary treatment remains higher. This has led to a reduction in discharge of nutrients, biological oxygen demand — a measure of organic pollution — and of ammonia to receiving waters. The emission of some hazardous chemicals has also been reduced. To mitigate point-source pollution by micropollut ants in Switzerland, for example, the large mem plants in areas of concern are to be upgraded, with a furthe treatment step in addition to tertiary treatment. The correspond ing legal basis is currently being established. Contaminant transport pathways are complex and the ultimate fate of urban pollutants highly variable, depending, among other things, on the mode of wastewater collection and treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	66ec159676bac79e9f03c96b87e4e67f	The indicator used so far in Norway is the Nature Index. Denmark considers it most likely that stocks and flows will be included, but that inclusion of monetary value could be one possibility in the future if international standards are developed for this and are generally accepted. In addition, indicators should also meet the SMART80 criteria.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	66eca79f8d3a53cc4685fab3e6dc8923	According to Brookings (2011), there are approximately 6 200 recycling and reuse sector jobs in the region as of 2010, a 73% jump from 2003. Another 1 500 workers are involved in the manufacture of recycled content products, and some 16 000 jobs exist in the waste management and treatment sector, although the latter figure may be misleading as it also includes jobs related to wastewater treatment. Net job growth is limited, however, because most jobs are likely filled by currently unemployed workers or training programme graduates (CWIC-CJC, 2010). However, an analysis prepared for the Chicago Department of the Environment estimated that a 5% improvement in the local recycling rate would yield direct employment gains of 230 jobs and a comparable amount of indirect job gains (Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). The public and private sectors will need to co-ordinate efforts to address the skill mismatch problem at all skill levels. First, addressing skill shortages in the green sector requires an understanding of the larger, systemic challenges to workforce development in the metro-region, where evidence of a significant skill mismatch stymies regional economic growth.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	66ed695b7c70f367e0d566dbfb02db96	Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.” By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.” Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	66f003db30fdb26ee13528c3f5a7147e	Where appropriate, states have also leveraged additional funds through issuing tax-exempt bonds to retail investors and investment management institutions. Revolving funds typically provide loans and, once repaid, the capital is available for new loans. The funds would also provide various forms of direct and indirect assistance to the borrowers. Each state operates its own CWSRF program.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	66f055ff14f803b5abc568079cd249de	The effect of parental involvement in the school community on students’ schoolwork-related anxiety and motivation to achieve are not as pronounced as on the other outcomes considered. In Germany, immigrant students are less likely than native students to have parents who are involved in the school community, and parental involvement increases the likelihood of students reporting low anxiety and high motivation by around five percentage points. Results are consistent with the finding that resources are weakly associated with education outcomes; they also show that there is a weak link between educational resources and the well-being of students. However, some individual countries and economies show large differences between immigrant and native students, and strong effects of certain resource indices on students’ outcomes. In Albania, for example, immigrant students were 13 percentage points more likely than native students to be enrolled in a school whose principal reported lack of educational material.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	66f059bb7cd7952a8ca7d4d5720ca7dc	Formulas that closely reflect earnings and contributory histories tend to generate lower benefits for women than men, while the inclusion of flat or redistributive components tend to favour women. The period of earnings taken into account is also relevant for gender equality as is the existence of minimum benefits and mechanisms for indexation, meaning that pensions are regularly adjusted to inflation or wage increases. When benefits are calculated based on average lifetime earnings rather than final salary, for example, the penalties for time spent out of the labour market will be greater. Since women live longer than men, they face higher risks of depreciation of the value of their pensions. They are widely used in developed countries and have recently been introduced in some developing countries too. Care credits acknowledge and compensate for contributions that were lost due to time spent out of the labour force—usually by women—caring for dependants.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	66f05f768243b51e7c3e275cd3693f21	Given the straightforward assumptions on how the factors of production evolve over time, the steady-state level of output per capita can be expressed as a function of the propensity to accumulate physical and human capital, the population growth rate, the level and growth rates of technological and economic efficiency, and the (constant) rate of depreciation of capital. If countries were at their steady state - or if deviations from the steady state were random - growth equations could be based simply on the relationship linking steady-state output to its determinants. However, actual data may well include out-of-steady-state dynamics due, among other things, to slow convergence towards the steady state.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	66f21b32135cac67e1422a84d75b392c	Data is based on the latest Teacher Census, organised in 2007. The census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the National Public Education Administration (ANEP) only. Hence, data for early childhood and pre-primary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and by the Child and Adolescent Institute of Uruguay (INAU). Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). In general, in 2007, there was no major concern about the ageing of the teaching workforce.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	66f2bcf9a376a95bf354b876173e66a7	For the latter, the figure shows the percentage of a particular purpose travel of all travels occurring per every hour of the day. At the same time, however, the ticket fare should not exceed the level at which the passengers would consider the ticket fare to be affordable. Too high prices can cause the demand for mobility shifting from public transport to other modes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	66f42a9c7db91ee39d393aef547810ec	Statutory Instruments are promulgated under this framework for such measures as quota management, fishery closures, licensing regimes, effort control and technical conservation measures. A review of the existing national legislation in this area, undertaken with a view to updating it to ensure Ireland’s compliance with the obligations of the CFP, was completed early in 2006 with a new Act, the Sea Fisheries and Maritime Jurisdiction Act 2006, enacted on 4 April 2006. This Act, coupled with a further Act introduced in 2003, has totally updated the national framework for the implementation of sea fisheries law. This modem legal framework ensures Ireland’s full and continued compliance with the control obligations of the CFP and allows for the implementation of the CFP. This enactment allows for the introduction of secondary legislation (Statutory Instruments) to bring into force EU and national control and conservation measures. In addition, Fishery Management Notices are also in place to provide for management of Ireland's quota and fishing effort entitlements.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	66f54ee4452196775ff69e34b60715f4	For potential mini-grid operators, the prospect of future competition with on-grid electricity providers with different cost structures might be a significant deterrent to investments that entail substantial sunk costs. This highlights the importance of transparency and integrated planning of grid extension and mini-grid deployment, and of appropriate regulatory frameworks, so as to avoid discouraging private investors and ensure the viability of an incremental approach. While the experiences of China, India and Nepal suggest that this option is technically viable (Deshmukh et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	66f7e9294d91a580d2710c4fd4511c9c	Forest now covers 29% of the land area, a proportion roughly on a par with the OECD average (OECD, 2013) and on track to meet the 2020 forest cover target of 30% in the NFP (Table 4.2). By the end of 2012, the forest area amounted to 9.2 million ha, a 3% increase since 2000 (Table 4.1). In Central and Eastern Europe, only Russia and Ukraine exceed this, and Poland has the 14th largest forest area in the OECD.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	66f84f66b5354806222042b9c0f47fcb	Three in ten Swedish teachers have never received feedback, even though there is a positive association between mentoring, peer observation and coaching, and teachers’ sense of self-efficacy and job satisfaction in Sweden. Those teachers who do get feedback, get it mostly from the principal, but the principals tend to spend most of their working time on administrative tasks, leaving insufficient room for pedagogical leadership (OECD, 2014d). Most municipalities distribute more than 80% of resources to primary schools based on the number of pupils and 87% of municipalities distribute less than 12% of the total primary school appropriations to pupils based on socio-economic factors (SNAE, 2009). This share has stayed constant since the 1990s, while immigration and rising income inequalities has led to higher shares of students with disadvantaged backgrounds (Holmlund et al., Only 74% of Swedish teachers report that their school provides extra assistance to students in need, the second lowest percentage in the OECD behind Mexico (OECD, 2014d). Despite a recent easing of procedures to provide support, decisions are often taken at the principals’ level without sufficient analysis and oversight of what happens in classrooms.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	66fce9eaea1f21b36343d9e7eab5013f	A factor that would determine whether or not people are in the poverty culture is social participation, since ignorance of the forms of organization and functioning of groups outside the family would cause integration attempts to fail and thus generate despair (Miller, 1976; Lewis, 1969). Nonetheless, criticisms also began to be made of some of the implications of hypotheses such as the culture of poverty, and the need to “culturally rehabilitate” the poorest people to overcome deprivation. Doubts also emerged about the causal role of cultural and psycho-social factors. In the historical-structural perspective, it was argued that marginality was not the outcome of a lack of integration, but represented a way of participating in dependent capitalism; the survival strategies of the poor were thus forms of adaptation and not expressions of a subculture. Social regulation is defined as the moral demands imposed on the individual as a result of group membership, whereas social integration is the extent to which social relations expose people to the moral demands of the group (Bearman, 1991).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	66fd4610bfa32558185396d2b1fd420a	As Biewen (2009) explains, these estimators may not work well in practice because estimation is based on histories with particular patterns and there are typically rather few of these. Usable histories are those with specific combinations of change in the outcome variable and (lack of) change in the explanatory variables over at least three consecutive periods. Inter alia, for A, and y to be identified, the explanatory variables need to change over time but not too quickly. Note also that an APE for A, cannot be calculated using the fixed effects approach. Another issue regarding specification of the basic DREP model is that genuine state dependence is assumed to be the same for all individuals: there is a single state dependence parameter, X, common to all individuals. Heterogeneity in state dependence can straightforwardly be introduced in three ways.	1	4	0	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	67039de2c6e793290bd23a7e07f057fa	There are no pending proposals to use it. However, as Parties implement increasingly forceful Agreement commitments, they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies, and BCA will undoubtedly be considered as one option for addressing them. Subsidies - in the form of grants of land or cash, low-interest loans, tax preferences, price floors or premiums, mandatory purchase regimes or other support - may be used to address market failures that prevent the growth of infant industries in the new markets discussed above.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6705a58c931ccd206b08c9f87b25b461	In 1993, this was changed again, with responsibility for agricultural extension activities given to the Centre of Agricultural Extension, under the Secretary-General of the MoA. In 1996, MoA modified the structure of extension institutions by establishing an Agricultural Extension Office (Balai Penyuluhan Pertartian, BPP) in every district. This action was based on the belief that farmers required a more comprehensive agricultural extension; one that is more people and system-oriented rather than commodity-oriented (World Bank, 2007). Farmers pay a premium and they will receive an indemnity only if an extreme event (risk) and/or some minimum losses occur.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	6708f7d2cdc11cea1fa123dcd617e33a	Tourism operations and facilities may also provide additional expertise and equipment to supplement that provided by emergency management agencies. For these reasons, establishing greater synergies between tourism and emergency management policies can help to minimise social and economic impacts of disasters and crises, and assist in community recovery and resilience, including the restoration of economic and social systems. The term ‘emergency management' is more widely used in government and at a policy level, while ‘disaster management’ appears to be the preferred nomenclature in academic literature and in some international organisations (e.g. UNISDR).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	670a340d1709ab434e534b17f78993c0	For every peso that migrants send, federal, state and municipal authorities contribute 3 pesos - thus the name 3x1. External reviews highlight some weaknesses of this programme, including insufficient government budget, lack of transparency, conflict during project selection, insufficient involvement of beneficiaries, and public works concentrated in less marginal localities (Gonzalez, 2011). Clearer operational rules and increased public investments are needed for the projects of the 3x1 Programme to contribute to regional development. Such measures were primarily intended to prevent moderately poor families from falling into extreme poverty.	1	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	670b0a2574dba16abd3b2b33d4814ee7	"One of the objectives of RMK is to offer outdoor recreational possibilities and introduce sites of protection value through the nature tourism system based on everyman's right in recreational and protected areas. In total there are 13 RMK recreation areas across Estonia and since February 2009, RMK is also dealing with visitor management in five national parks and in approximately 40 other protected areas. In 2008 RMK published the manual ""Visitor monitoring in nature areas"" (Kajala et al. In April 2009 RMK took into use a new application KOSI for entering and processing the visitor information."	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	670ced48943cc797f3d816525f22c17b	Sustainable aquaculture should be ecologically efficient, environmentally benign, product-diversified, profitable and societally beneficial. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has the potential to achieve these objectives by cultivating fed species (e.g.flnfishfed sustainable commercial diets) with extractive species, which utilize the inorganic (e.g. seaweeds) and organic (e.g. suspension-and deposit-feeders) excess nutrients from aquaculture for their growth. Thus, extractive aquaculture produces valuable biomass, while simultaneously rendering biomitigating services.	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	670e2c479428699b9619f036958fdd15	The new Education and Training Policy makes provisions for readmissions of girls to school after they have given birth. In the case of Uganda, the National Strategy to end Child Marriage and Teenage Pregnancy (NSCM & TP) 2014/2015-2019/2020, a joint effort between the government of Uganda and UNICEF, highlights the need for amendment and consolidation of marriage laws. It also notes that the ‘current widespread resistance to reforms in marriage laws proposed by the Marriage and Divorce Bill tabled in the 9th parliament underscores the deeply entrenched social norms and expectations of marriage, as well as male bias.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	6710299c9e932ff6ef4e4a9a46090b42	Second, the process of adjustment to liberalisation was costly. Neoclassical theory (upon which most of the pro-liberalisation analyses were based) simply presumed that workers would move from inefficient protected sectors to efficient unprotected sectors, without cost. What often happened in reality was that they moved from inefficient protected sectors into unemployment.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	6711f40082b804036e66f2973004539b	As to studies conducted in the region, Berlinsky and Galiani (2007) analysed the effect of providing free preschool centres in Argentina and concluded that this led to a significant increase in the labour supply of mothers. By contrast, studies conducted in Chile (Encina and Martinez, 2009; Medrano, 2009; Aguirre, 2011) found that expanding childcare services had no significant impact on the number of mothers in the labour force. The authors argue that various factors, including cultural aspects, as well as the characteristics of the care supply in terms of the hours it is available and application procedures, may explain this lack of impact.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	67120ab2425d3cb4eb47bcc5bbc1bb31	The results indicate that the largest 2006 VAT contributions amongst the foreign-born subpopulations were made by individuals from other ECOWAS countries (1.2%), followed by those originating in non-African countries (0.48%) and those from non-ECOWAS African countries (0.16%). International aid through the provision of grants (related to projects, programmes, HIPC and MDRI) as well as the liberalisation of trade were important for this achievement (Quartey et al., Yet, foreign aid may also be a burden on the government of Ghana as its overreliance on international financing has increased the country’s level of debt (Niyonkuru, 2016). Taxes on international trade were solely applied to individuals aged 18 and above.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	67139c13c004a606c7d2e30254a375dc	Involving a peer school leader in the appraisal process also corresponds to the development of school leadership models in which school leaders assume responsibilities beyond their own school and engage in the improvement of the wider education system (e.g. through school partnerships and networks and as critical friends). To provide two examples, Ireland has introduced a Leadership Development for Schools (LDS) programme that provides professional development opportunities with a focus on improving teaching and learning for all students for emerging and established school leaders on an annual basis through a variety of formats (e.g. interactive seminars, active learning networks and virtual learning environment).32 Norway has implemented a National Training Programme for Principals in 2009 that aims to support school principals to become pedagogical leaders that work towards improving teaching in learning in schools. Initially targeted at new school principals, 621 participants took part in the programme that can be taken part-time over one-and-a-half to two years between 2009 and 2011 (Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, 2011).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	671405f7de421ea3c15e76b6a32f7c15	An important component of the initiative is the engagement of local villagers. The project is mostly administered through village committees with significant participation by local residents: 60% of villagers are involved in some aspect of the redevelopment. Reforms have recently been announced to establish a three-tier pricing system for urban households that would raise average prices and more closely align the income share spent on water to levels observed in other countries. Such water pricing regimes should be closely monitored, not least because such schemes can have unintended redistributive consequences such as penalising larger families.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	671504310a92cad77400781cd123100e	It could also explore the feasibility of opening up Medicare to other rural health professionals, and extending incentives to other health practitioners to relocate to rural areas and promote rural retention. The value that experienced visiting staff play in quality improvement through training local staff should not be underestimated. Specialists flying in should, as much as possible, see patients jointly with local clinicians to optimise training and support.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	6717a13acc298155902ffb45b44cd43a	The need for investment in skills in order to realise the town’s vision was also recognised, particularly in the area of customer service. A particular emphasis has been placed on informal skills development to raise the aspirations of service personnel so that they project a better image of the town and at the same time become more committed to Blackpool, their employers and their own personal career prospects. A good example is the Welcome to Blackpool initiative.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	671acb7049b47d023b942bd3264d4c25	Maintaining fresh-salt water gradients is a key ecosystem service that produces high biodiversity as well as highly productive fisheries. New policies to achieve water security objectives require a careful balancing of the marginal costs of inaction with the marginal costs of further reducing the associated impacts beyond those measures already in place. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of the deaths from unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene involve children under five years old.	6	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	671be3b059204444f55e418c5296ebac	Through this process, two groups were created: 1) a treatment group, comprised of those individuals living in regions where broadband was introduced during the 2010-11 period, and 2) a control group, comprised of those individuals living in regions that already had access to residential broadband services by the fourth quarter of 2009. Using this approach, and given that the treatment group and the control group are statistically equal at the baseline of the observed variables, a regression model that estimates the impact of treatment on individual income levels was built. Controls were included for the variables that at the individual level can affect income (age, gender, employment status and healthcare coverage, level of formal education, and role within the family).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	671be6bd0a03601038c9e0c73c8cc691	One school leader emphasised the importance of being trained specifically for the role of school leader, but until the early 2000s, Norway did not have any particular development programme for school leaders. Since then, national Masters level courses have been developed, and some of the school leaders interviewed had participated in these programmes. The OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2009) highlights the importance of team teaching in Norway. Teacher teams offer opportunities for teachers to reflect on their work and discuss their teaching practices.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	671bf885f3a01d7ce75675b05f92572d	Unfortunately, patients do not generally have long-term relationships with a primary care provider. Instead, they face an almost unconstrained choice of provider and can choose between western and oriental medicine. While there is notionally a requirement to have a referral from a family medicine specialist or a general medical practitioner prior to visiting a tertiary hospital, gatekeeping is not strictly enforced and patients have relatively easy access to tertiary hospitals and their specialists (Chun et al.,	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	6723a871bebb53cd428c10eebdfcfe53	Linking Institutional Context and Public Opinion”, Springer VS, Wiesbaden. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en. Childcare Costs, Tax-Benefit Policies and Work Incentives”, Chapter 4 of Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, http ://dx.doi .org/10.178 7/bcn wages-2007-cn.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	6724014e860de1f4a1fad1f2018b28ed	Teachers' work with student assessment has contributed to their gaining a stronger understanding of the new subject curricula. However, large variations between schools remain during the implementation, and while all schools are undergoing change, the pace is often very different. Researchers pointed out that there is no coherent strategic plan for implementation of the reform, and stakeholders signaled the need for more support and guidance during the implementation period.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	67254f1da237b399752d44c7eec4e7f1	Micro-regions in Hungary are statistical sub-regions. There are 149 micro-regions in total and Budapest is not included in the system. Day care comprises health care services delivered to patients who are formally admitted to hospitals, ambulatory premises or self standing centres but with the intention to discharge the patient on the same day.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	672691b9647cb8232f80aa22747f4700	Policy risk is frequently highlighted as one of the most significant risks facing investors in sustainable energy and has a significant role in dissuading investors from allocating capital to this sector (Parhelion, 2012; Micale et al., In particular, retroactive policy change risk is highlighted as a principal concern as it directly impacts expected and historical revenues from projects and lowers investor confidence in the stability of the financial support available over the investment lifetime (Parhelion, 2012; Frisari et al., Government could pre-commit to reduce these risks, e,g, through contractual penalties in the case of material policy changes.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6727abde908185d514b075d4d993d5f0	Area or weather index based insurance provides indemnities that are not calculated through an estimation of individual loses; they use the estimated average production loss in the location of the farm, or an index of local rainfall or temperature. Index insurance has the advantage of reducing information asymmetries because indemnities are triggered by indexes that are out of the control of the farmer and this can reduce the administration costs. Despite its simplicity and great potential there are only few cases of widespread programmes, in particular the area-yield index National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) in India.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	672d045c3d851f0a365549c5bea7c750	Nonincome poverty relates to access to basic services such as health care and education. The percentages of the population below the poverty line and in multidimensional poverty are high in most of the 20 countries for which data are available for both these indicators (see table 3). In North and Central Asia, the incidence of multidimensional poverty is much lower than that of income poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	672e6ec66d0a97b024a4e463f53e7874	Those include reconstruction work for 345 km of the Ulaanbaatar-Altanbulag road, as well as the so-called West and East corridors crossing the country from the north to the south. The Mongolian government action plan for 2016-20 includes roads from Ulaanbaatar to provincial capitals, with a total length of 5100 km. In 2018, 904 km of roads to provinces Bayan-Ulgii, Khovd, Uvs, Govi-Altai and Zavkhan were under construction. The country also plans a massive expansion of its railway network that will connect mainly major mining sites with the centre and with the country borders.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	672f34ce57af174fbb900ee143444712	The incompleteness of registration of compulsory admissions and the legal status of referrals are two particular concerns, especially given that available data suggests that there are significant regional differences in both. The marked increase in reporting of waiting times data is encouraging, and similar improvements for other indicators are most desirous. For example, measurement of restraint (physical and chemical) -potentially a key measure for quality for mental health care - is included in a paper protocol, must be reported to a supervisory board on a monthly basis, and should be reported nationally. At present this national data collection is not operational, and only an estimated 25% of all reports of measures of restraint are collected.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	672f43efbcf0e458ebd84df6b0f493b5	Strictly speaking, weighting is relevant only for the definition of the basket of goods and services used to set the poverty line. The aggregation of the minimum basket of goods is done by accumulating the monetary value of each of the items within the selected basket of goods. The aggregation of a household's resources is done either by accumulating the household members' income from all (or most) sources, or by accumulating the monetary value (price) of each of the items/services bought or consumed by the household.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	672f7c26549c0674a1374826671f6bc5	The Clio-Infra human capital hub aims to create a database on education split by gender on a global basis extending back to the early 19th century. However, this project is not yet complete, and we therefore could not include this data in the current study. More information on the data can be found at Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-9-en	67351bd7043dadb0a7bb504548180024	High-quality vocational education pathways can also improve graduation rates1. If large numbers of students fail to complete a programme, or the programme does not lead to further learning opportunities, including in academic programmes, it is not a high-quality' programme. Similarly, programmes that do not position students to succeed in the labour market cannot be regarded as high quality (OECD, 2014a). The strongest vocational systems offer a wide range of opportunities for students to move between vocational and more academic programmes, and vice versa.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	673523d93032c34dafa45d1ab8c45bd2	Of the 54 such positions in OECD legislatures, women hold only 10 - a share of just 18.5% and only slightly above the worldwide average of 17.9% on 1st January 2016. The Netherlands is the only OECD country with women presiding in both upper and lower houses. Compared to 2010, when there were 8 female presiding officers out of 54, only two extra appointments have been made in the OECD (IPU, 2016). Numbers of female ministers, however, vary significantly from one year to another.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0488519d-en	6736b0b1dd193dfc3bf667459dba37d8	The assessment was based on high, medium, and low emission IPCC scenarios, for the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s.26 This indicated the associated temperature increases and likely declines in precipitation, as in the maps below. The project impact on gross state domestic product (GSDP) is indicated below. Rivers flowing through this region are vital for the survival and well-being of more than a billion people, most of whom live in the surrounding plains.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	6737115862fcf791645a7fcc5eaa4501	Moreover, despite several attempts to break with (gender) traditional patterns, the region is characterised by gender segregation. Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt find that the local conditions affect the men living in the area in different ways, and they identify two strategies: The men either choose to settle for a life with no permanent employment or a long distance commute (permanently or periodically); or they choose to adapt to the altered conditions by obtaining a (gender) non-traditional education such as those within the social care sector. These may include doing the dishes, taking care of the children - or -working as a fishing guide or social and health care assistant Gender relations are constantly changing, partly because negotiations and boundary-crossing actions that challenge the old patterns and open up for alternative gender relations occur all the time in everyday life (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2005: 64, own translation). However, two issues are highlighted: Tourism is a seasonal industry and some of the local women feel that the activities connected to tourism are too focused on activities often performed by men, such as salmon fishing, scooter safaris and motorcycle tourism.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	6737b84a8df6ff3b75e36c3658a904d6	More specifically, we start with the two traditional functions of social protection: (a) social assistance; and (b) social insurance. Social assistance is by no means the most traditional function of social protection; it includes benefits provided to the most vulnerable in society and is financed by the public sector or by donors. Our database collects information over a range of different social assistance instruments - from cash or in kind transfers to social pensions, grants, school feeding or public works - with the primary objective of improving demand and access to services and which are also complemented by supply side interventions in an integrated approach to social protection.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	6739b3eac4cbe6bcf0eae29fdc0eae14	The international community adopted four agreements in 2015 of major importance to development and environment. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015a) establishes out a new set of global goals to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and seeks a balance between environmental, economic and social development in a way that ‘leaves no one behind’. Agreement on the 2030 Agenda followed the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (UN, 2015b) on financing for development, proposes a comprehensive approach to financing sustainable development in order to achieve the ambitious 2030 Agenda.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	6739cd547551ed7361188fa632df203f	Most funds for river basin management come from federal programmes that target sub-sectoral problems (such as infrastructure development construction) without an integrated, basin-wide perspective; this renders river basin organisation entirely dependent on the federal budget. For example, in 2012, depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend between MXN 10 to 20 billion on water resources management. Furthermore, river basin organisations have no revenue-raising powers and their river basin plans fail to guide funding for projects: water abstraction and pollution charge rates are set at federal level by the Federal Duties Law, collected by CONAGUA, but proceeds go back to the federal budget. This goes against the tentative Water-Pays-for-Water principle, the Law on Contributions for Improvements Generated by Federal Public Works of Water Infrastructure (Ley de Contribucion.es de Mejoras por Obras Publicas Federates de Infrastructura Hidraulica), which establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure; in Mexico this has not yet been applied.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/92aef047-en	673af6bc6ba4a4a15b5a7399b1705994	Other requirements for eliminating violence against women, as listed by the 2014 Beijing+20 respondent countries, are education initiatives; provision of a range of services, including safe houses and reintegration measures for violence survivors; community mobilisation, ensuring the engagement of leaders; research to elucidate the various aspects of violence against women and girls, and gender-sensitive judicial systems. Particular forms of violence were highlighted for attention by the Beijing+20 respondent countries, including trafficking in women and girls; child, early and forced marriage and other harmful practices; domestic violence; cyber prostitution and pornography; sorcery-related crimes, and violence against elderly women. To equalise relations of power between women and men, the respondent countries emphasized improving the status of women in society and revising negative and stereotyped images and attitudes about women and girls and their roles.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	673afe82730ff3f02d7e546a9c299746	According to section 13 of the Constitution of Tanzania, all people are equal before the law. However, the Constitution is silent about the age of marriage. Tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages including customary law, civil law and religious law. Section 13 (1) of the Law of Marriage Act, (LMA) 1971 sets the minimum age for marriage at 18 years for men and 15 years for women. The LMA allows the court to grant permission in special circumstances for a marriage where the parties are below the prescribed ages but have attained at least 14 years of age.64 Under section 17, a female who has not attained the apparent age of eighteen years must seek consent from her father; if he is dead, then her mother; or if both are dead then from her guardian. In their finding, their Lordships associated themselves with the Loveness Mudzuru decision and noted that the requirement of parental consent impacts negatively on the child and subjects her to complex matrimonial and conjugal obligations.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	673c6a357602f42a5a308ff71af76ae0	In practice, this would require maintaining mothballed power plants or delaying the retirement of older units. According to the 2011 World Energy Outlook, reducing electricity end-use demand alone accounts for one-third of reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the next 10 to 15 years in the 450 ppm scenario. The potential for end-use efficiency improvements is enormous. National studies of economic energy efficiency improvements routinely estimate an economic energy savings potential of 20 to 25 percent over the next decade (McKinsey, 2009). Based on such projections, some governments have set ambitious targets of 10 to 15 percent for networked energy sales (gas and electricity) over the next decade (The State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network, 2011).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/785f021c-en	673db0ed14014fea41ec90036bd43a81	This in turn fuels the virtuous circle. While diversification, which is triggered by new demand, can be cultivated by global demand, the development of capabilities to produce a diverse range of manufactured products is also crucial. A number of studies has found that the variety effect dominates the price effect in terms of export share gains.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	673f984e2793aa51fbe9012d39fa89b4	In general, a commune corresponds to a municipality, a city, town or village; the term is used for all basic units of local government that have direct administrative capacity regardless of their size. Communes are governed by a directly elected city council that is chaired by a mayor. The mayor is both the chief executive of the commune and also an agent of the central government, with respect to certain pow'ers (e.g. civil registry, elections organisation).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	674188a256763ea9f5e7c4a16164f1ec	Personalized coaching, product and service marketing support, skills enhancement training, and other export readiness services are integral. Handholding programmes connect exporters with financial institutions and other support groups to boost their growth. Customized business coaching is complemented by links to trade finance, market and commercial intelligence, leveraging MATRADE’s network of 42 offices in 35 cities.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	6742e86688a51b9ab5597d9954a7b7b9	Equally, the expansion of productive energy use can play an important role in strengthening the electricity sector, by providing the demand needed to make investments viable, and possibly supporting the diversification of LDC energy sources. It requires proactive efforts to ensure “transformational energy access” and to promote the use of electricity in productive processes. Unless producers' energy needs are met — including in terms of adequate peak power, reliability, quality of supply and affordability — the unprecedented development opportunities offered by recent technological advances in electricity generation (and to a lesser extent storage) will be largely missed. Such investments are very long-term in nature, and may give rise to an important element of path dependency.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a692184d-en	67433e7567cbe8c07242b2dff1857fc2	The topics include air and water pollution, environmental problems caused by mining and the processing of salt, air pollution, pollution created by the processing of raw hydrocarbons, chemistry and environmental protection, chemical (hydrogen) bonds and their use for natural objects, the use of hydrogen as a clean fuel and raw material for the chemicals industry, and protection of the environment from contamination caused by the processing of raw hydrocarbons and the use of refined petroleum products. Students are introduced to the principles of rational use and conservation of natural resources and effective environmental management. They study the interaction between nature and society and acquire understanding of the social, environmental, economic and political aspects of contemporary issues.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	6745c50f578d923827bfb99fb70709f3	Animal livestock dropped dramatically as well, between 2006 and 2008: bovine dropped by one quarter, pigs by some 45 per cent, sheep and goats by 10 per cent and poultry by 25 per cent. Small farms are the most vulnerable and these trends will probably push more rural families into poverty and further intensify migration away from rural areas to the types of extreme climate conditions expected to become more frequent and severe with climate change. The provision of irrigation in appropriate areas within these two zones would provide significant benefits even under current conditions, potentially increasing yields by 1.5 to two or more times as compared with yields without irrigation.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	674623c983c52a3344f51c7d7049b8d3	"Exchange rate: OECD (2015a), ""PPPs and exchange rates”, OECD National Accounts Statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00004-en (accessed 30 June 2015); Minimum wage: CONASAMI (2015), “Tabla de salarios minimos generales y profesionales por areas geograficas”, Comision Nacional de los Salarios Minimos, www.conasami.gob.nix/t sal mini prof.html (accessed 7 April 2015). This represents a high cost to public health, and has a negative effect on the productivity, competitiveness and attractiveness of the metropolitan zone. The OECD’s work on cities and climate change has observed that if their current pollution trends continue, even cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Osaka, Paris, Seoul and Tokyo are at risk of losing economic attractiveness (OECD, 2010). In the international scene, Mexico is committed to reducing 30% carbon emissions by 2020 and by 40% by 2030 (a combined effect of reducing CO2 emissions by 70% and greenhouse gas emissions by 36%) compared to the emission level in 2012."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	6747c65333dfe52ebe16d4a164020924	Agarwal (1997) argues that gender norms often prevent women from acting overtly in dieir own self-interest, and this may result in the appearance of compliance. Mabsout and Van Staveren (2010) point out that women's ability to exercise dieir bargaining power derived from earnings are affected by social norms and inequalities in markets including labour market as well as state support or actions (or lack thereof). However, only a few studies have examined the factors affecting women's role as household managers and care providers using household and other surveys.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	674924abdf6d78da5e0e5697426ca53f	By introducing full accountability through catch quotas instead of landing quotas the fisherman's incentive to optimise the value of his catch by discarding less valuable fish would be substituted by his incentive to use selective fishing methods to optimise the value of his total removals from the stocks. The trial aimed at testing whether CQM could provide a reliable accounting for all catches of cod, give better scientific data and encourage fishermen to fish more selectively and reduce accidental catches. The main feature of the trial is that all catches count against the vessel quota and that the fishing vessels are monitored from port to port using sensors and CCTV technology.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	674956b62423d1807f210565be9f1a59	These functions remain underdeveloped in Mexico (Figure 14.7), and would benefit from greater clarity about their allocation. The necessary accompaniment to increased autonomy of water operators is the establishment of appropriate accountability mechanisms, such as a consolidated monitoring framework for water supply and sanitation (involving performance indicators agreed by all) and strengthened users’ participation in the consultative bodies of water utilities and in water decision making. Tariff regulation, while not the only determinant of the financial sustainability of water operators (Figure 14.8), is an important one.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	674ecfd301dde6aff512326bef185114	Robots and smart machines are able to replace workers in ever more complex tasks, such as those that require visual inspection and classification. They have slowed employment growth in both developed and developing countries. Experience with the digital industry underlines the potential for increasing access to technology, as well as challenges in managing intellectual property.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	674ed0de8018a360e41c5fd6baef841f	Only descriptive assessments and feedback are used, depending on how student assessment is described in the school curriculum or municipal education plan. Finnish schools accept that there may be some limitations on comparability when teachers do all the grading of students. But the fact that primary school is, to a large extent, free from standardised testing enables teachers to use creative teaching methods and pupils to concentrate on learning and sustaining their natural curiosity. The national PISA report concludes that only 7% of 15-year-old Finnish students said they feel anxious when working on mathematics tasks at home compared to 52% in Japan (Kupari & Valijarvi, 2005).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	67500c00ad12f90caab72c8ce3de5a89	Growth performance, however, deteriorated in the second half of 2015 amid declining workers’ remittances and a slowdown in gold exports, which weakened consumer spending and domestic investments. Meanwhile, despite depreciation of the currency by 28% in 2015, inflation softened to 6.6%, as price increases were constrained by weak household spending while monetary policy remained tight. A rebound by 4% in 2017 is expected, contingent upon stabilization in global commodity prices and revived economic activity in the subregion.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	6750224b1dd848593235b7ba736221bb	Moreover, governments and river basin committees have different timing (governments may see river basin committees as instances that will slow down decision making) and different priorities (river basin committees may focus on issues which are less important for the governments and not always related to what is being discussed). According to a survey carried out across Brazilian states, the perceived degree of fragmentation is overall higher between states and municipalities than between federal and state levels. The most frequent bottlenecks to vertical co-ordination listed include the lack of staff and time, the limited awareness and public concern over water issues, silo approaches of ministries, the lack of leadership and political commitment, as well as the absence of strategic planning (Figure 2.9). Thus, solutions to droughts (in the Northeast) and water pollution (in large urban centres) require effective co-ordination of water resources, water supply and sanitation, among other sectors.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9610e4d4-en	675217eee3438d6e438d78836a091b83	For example, if the top of the Cretaceous is less than 2.000 m bgl. However, this type of water is rare in large parts of the region, particularly in the extensive shared aquifer systems of the Arabian Peninsula. Moreover, as the water is used in combination with desalination or to grow highly salt-tolerant crops such as date palms, brackish groundwater is also considered an exploitable resource.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	67539b75a08686b7f22f93cfed6c7c20	The largest demand for imports is generated in Asia, which is expected to exhibit a trade deficit in 2023 for all commodities, except rice, vegetable oils and fish. This development is greatly influenced by China, which will import large quantities of most commodities. India will remain one of the leading exporters of cereals and rice and is also projected to become a major exporter of meat and cotton keeping it in an overall trade surplus situation for agricultural products. Agricultural trade will be affected by government policies, including those pertaining to public stockholding, an issue that forms part of the post-Bali WTO agenda (Box 1.9).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	67543fe2b6f16d487cdadb8bc72fa597	The increase in P demand will come mainly from manufacturing (+400%), electricity (+140%) and domestic use (+130%). In the face of these competing demands, there will be little scope for increasing water for irrigation. The country groupings BRIICS and RoW are explained in Table 1.3 in Chapter 1. The rate of groundwater depletion more than doubled between 1960 and 2000, reaching over 280 km3 per year. The consequences will be increased eutrophication, biodiversity loss and disease.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	6755b6e5bb9e0880a0f0e9bfb3433660	The fiscal position was healthy with an overall deficit of 3.4% of GDP in 2013/14. Similar prospects are expected over the medium term. Successful and peaceful general elections in October 2015 transferred power to a new president who has committed to prudent resource management, fighting corruption and pursuing inclusive growth.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264309470-en	6758aa1659ba9d694f79d9c60c34cfaf	Austria could benefit from taking a more strategic approach to developing the RTO sector and other transfer-oriented institutions. Austria’s policy mix for business R&D and innovation has altered substantially in recent years, with the emphasis increasingly placed on more generic support for R&D through a tax incentive (the Research Premium). About three quarters of additional public R&D funding to enterprises between 2006 and 2015 (excluding the co-operative sector) can be attributed to this instrument. Due to design features of the Research Premium, and the increase in the tax exemption rate to 14% in 2018, this shift is likely to continue.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	675cb263519ae1ff0d2dc5cb6579c71c	Equivalent work is also expected to start in 2014 on a range of finished wood products, including doors, windows, shutters, curtain-walling and flooring (Anderson, 2014). Efforts are being made to assist with the development of EPDs at the national level by compiling comprehensive LCA data for timber and wood products, for example through the United Kingdom's Wood First Plus Initiative. These EPDs are independently verified by Underwriters Laboratories to ensure that EPDs conform to ISO 14025 requirements.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	675dfe6dceb6fce5e9ac93bbb190afc9	It should be noted that one case of victimization can include several acts and that, in the case of repeated victimizations, one severe incident raises the overall severity of all victimizations. However, when the frequency of violence is high, as is often the case with partner violence, the woman is unlikely to be able to recall the actual number of incidents precisely. In such cases, frequency can be classified into different groups of intensity. By way of example, three different approaches to collecting detailed information on the frequency of violent acts are shown below.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264212664-en	675e7971353017a3e7e8a7619d78ed7c	Without these investments, one billion people will still be without access to energy by 2030 (IEA, 201 Id), principally in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet by the time of the Rio+20 Summit in 2012, the energy access funding commitments received by the UN Secretary-General were only equivalent to around 3% of the nearly USD 1 trillion in cumulative investment needs (IEA, 2012a). Sustaining growth in emerging markets will also require even more substantial investment in energy infrastructure. By 2050, emerging economies are expected to account for nearly 40% of total global GDP, leading to a considerable expansion in energy demand (OECD, 2012b).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-11-en	675f11c91b2605b2ff426423ee65f59b	Between 2000 and 2013, Africa’s agricultural sector has maintained a real growth rate of 5.1% per year, well above the population growth rate of 2.7%. Africa’s food system is fundamentally changing, and urbanisation plays a central role in this process. Urbanisation i) creates upward demand for food production in Africa; ii) increases efficiency in post-farm segments; and iii) transforms the rural on-farm and non-farm economy (Reardon and Timmer, 2014).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	67640917c8c7351343f91ab5e56ef1f7	Nevertheless, despite referral guidelines and the requirement that referrals be turned back if appropriate steps have not been completed in primary care, many patients still seek care directly at emergency rooms - and almost all hospital referrals are accepted. This may be related to the fact that most EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, and only on weekdays. In 2010,44% of all public consultations were held in emergency services, out of which 60% were not actual emergencies.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	67664533a48f9530893e6cfe1f10c34f	In other words, the individual longitudinal data can be equated with the representative homogeneous cohort data. These categories (2 x 2 x 5 x 6) yielded 120 synthetic cohorts. Thus, the parameters were set to take into account the trade-off between homogeneity and representativeness. A change in the sex of the people concerned is extremely rare, but changes in race or colour are more common, since this variable is defined by the respondents, who may change their mind as to their race or colour.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	676b42a38dc122f0f20003504aa5517c	Most of the LDC migrants are low- or semi-skilled workers coming from rural areas. These migrant workers often have to pay exorbitantly high charges to unscrupulous middlemen. Additionally, because of the cumbersome migration process, some aspiring migrants tend to take recourse to illegal means to travel to host countries in search of jobs. Middlemen take advantage of this and charge higher fees from the migrant workers.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	676b6b84492e80e6d02f6c78bc5e1e61	Poverty is traditionally measured based on income or expenditure aggregated at household level, and the number of poor is calculated as the number of people living in poor households. Inequality within the household in satisfying individual basic needs is not taken into account, mainly because it is difficult to know how household income is spent or consumed on an individual basis within the household or how expenditures are distributed to each household member. If in the same household women consume or spend less than what they need to function properly physically and socially, while men consume what they need or more, those women and men in the household are still considered to have the same poverty status, either poor or non-poor, depending on the average consumption estimated at the household level.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	676d440b055bef2bceec1efcfcdf7043	"Moreover, they will not cover small-scale project developers who are most in need of insurance and guarantee. Pricing is typically 1% of the project cost or stipulated savings, with a wide range (0.1% to 1.5%) depending on the caliber of the bond purchaser. One example identified bond costs for a USD 200 000/year energy saving guaranty (USD 1.8 million cap cost project) were USD 3 000 to USD 4 000 annually (1.5% to 2% of the project's lifetime savings)."" The case of risk-guarantee mechanisms have led to sustainable changes by granting local financial stakeholders time to familiarise themselves with the specificities of EE project financing and learn the technicality required."	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	6772a1a484240ae84bb9055715f7616c	These challenges are magnified by high rates of informality. The earnings gap4 between self-employed men and women in Mexico is 47.6% - one of the highest gaps in the OECD, and well above the OECD average of 33.2%. Part of the gender gap in earnings can be attributed to women’s preferences for self-employment: women more than men are more likely to selfemploy out of a desire for work flexibility, which fosters a gender gap in hours worked and affects earnings (OECD, 2012).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	6774ed3bb9a5f16b7738058de1540271	Flood risk from storm water is particularly high in areas where storm-water infrastructure has not been adapted to elevated runoff in creeks coming from mountains, as in Santiago (Ebert, A. and J. McPhee [2009]). Urban expansion in the eastern part of Santiago towards the Andean piedmont has also increased the amount of impervious surfaces, contributing to increased risks from flood hazards (Romero, 2012). To reduce the risk of flooding and to increase absorption of storm water, between 2006-2010, the city of Chicago replaced the pavement in more than 100 alleys in the city with more permeable surfaces and plantings (OECD, 2012c; City of Chicago, 2010). Since 1997, storm-water infrastructure has been the responsibility of MOP and the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (Ministerio de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano/MINVU).	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264176690-en	6775d01acc38eb684ca078d72a2251e5	Although these factors differ per country, state, region and even programme, high-quality, well-implemented ECE curricula provide developmentally appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes (Frede, 1998). A common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children, while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances. A clear view and articulation of goals, whether in the health, nutrition or education field, can help foster programmes that will promote the well-being of young children and respond adequately to children’s needs (OECD, 2006).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	6775da6444c36eea4ffa3fd07bd20d07	They focus on actively engaging the communities, providing space for innovation and ensuring that higher level policies and plans are adapted to local settings. The national policy framework can foster local innovation when it provides an enabling environment, for example, through the provision of social protection and regulation of market actors. Achieving the SDGs will depend on identifying the right policy mixes and governance approaches that can combine progressive public policies and environmental regulation with local initiatives and innovations in a way that promotes transformative change toward equity and sustainability. It will also depend on ensuring that the promotion of technological innovation, private sector investment and multistakeholder partnership is in line with considerations for social inclusion, participation and empowerment (chapter 7).	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	6777c1a637c837a22677fd2f2bc26e0a	It is the intention to maintain the fundamental elements of the QMS (i.e. quota and annual catch entitlements) but engage with stakeholders to improve the system for the future. This programme incorporates three projects to improve fisheries information, create the opportunities to reset the system including to resolve discarding (such as the return of unwanted live or dead fish to the sea), and to ensure our fisheries management system meets future needs. This will improve the quality of information on which decisions about fisheries management are based and strengthen compliance with the Quota Management System (QMS).	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	677ad131fb51c51e1dd0cbdd70572f7e	Given the global significance of the crisis, however, OECD governments have committed to maintaining aid flows despite pressures on their own budgets. This has also been reflecting in IFIs expanding their lending facilities as a response to the crisis. For example, the World Bank has set up specific facilities to address what they identified as the sectors most at risk, with a special focus on infrastructure. For example, the AFD, the French bilateral donor, has been gradually reducing the proportion of grants to the water sector as opposed to loans.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/92601435-en	677fc0888330a534269e5d333167e570	Removal of any distortionary regulation and taxes will create the foundation for large reductions in emissions. However, the dependence on intermittent power generation for a large proportion of the energy supply will require economic incentives to make the final transition to the carbon neutral emissions target. The scenario analysis suggests that hydrogen fuel cells could be a cost-efficient solution. However, hydrogen production has a very low efficiency, which does not correlate well with an energy system that relies on relatively costly wind power.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	67803631c1112a459b14a4ba5eac0e5c	And the 2014 Opinion on the Promotion of Medical Device Telemedicine Service allows doctors to engage in telemedicine with their patients (Chan-woo, 2017). Ningbo City is a high-income city (more than twice the average income for all of China) and rapidly developing due to its apparel and light industries and high-tech industries, such as steel and energy. It is also an ageing city, with more than 20 per cent of its population aged 60 or older. Demand for various forms of medical services is increasing more than in other regions of the country.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	67810bdd35990ea794fb2b9738665563	Such alternative economic measures, for instance taxes, subsidies or standards, would internalise the externality in question and ensure a level of pollution that balances economic and public health impacts. Such feedback mechanisms do need not to be constituted by direct government interventions. For instance, an obligation for the top managers of a plant to live in a 5 km radius of the plant could constitute an effective means of internalisation.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088979-en	67877e80915b2211a7e1fc22bfcd4366	Institutional level data is also at a low level with only some exceptions. For example, Victoria University has committed to integrating work and community-based learning into all its courses with at least 25% of assessment based on such learning. The University of Melbourne has restructured its curriculum, introducing six three-year broad-based undergraduate degrees leading to three possible pathways: entry into the workforce, a graduate professional degree or a research tertiary degree. However, often these types of programmes have a limited reach to a small proportion of students.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	678969ed6239e1c405079bafb3fdeaab	Many women left the smaller fishing towns for a more diversified labour market and career opportunities in the capital region and regional centres (Julmsdottir et al. This lead to an increased number of foreigners (mainly young women from Scandinavia and Northern Europe) working seasonal jobs in the countryside. In their study of women having chosen to remain in the small community Husavi'k, Karlsdottir and Ingolfsdottir (2011) emphasise that many of the women who were willing to adapt to the changing labour market have found employment in the tourist industry.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	678c25c19bd4f0bd986daac7fa558fb2	It also includes allocating water resources over the long term, as well as seasonal adjustments to the amount of water available to different users, and the allocation of both surface waters and groundwater. The subsequent sections explore several elements of well-designed allocation regimes, including the definition of the resource pool; setting priorities for water allocation and the role of water permits; and governance arrangements for water allocation. Particular attention is given to legacy issues, which are an issue that will need to be addressed. Both federal, state and basin levels play a role in water allocation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	678c32e0c9f9c9658dfde6e521daec2e	The number of these types of programs has doubled since 2002 (from 6 to 12 fisheries), and with increased funding to support their development, this trend is expected to continue. These exclusive access arrangements have assumed many forms, including LAPPs, IFQs, fishing co-operatives, community quotas, and sector allocations. These developments were most evident in the rationalization plans in Alaska and in the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery, but are also seriously being considered in the fisheries for Pacific groundfish, mid-Atlantic tilefish, and Gulf of Mexico grouper. The US Department of Commerce, through NMFS, operates a fee-for-service Federal Seafood Inspection Program (described in the Agricultural Marketing Act as amended), which provides inspection and certification services to requesting parties also with regard to food safety, wholesomeness, and proper labelling with additional effort on food quality concerns. Both agencies provide export certification of seafood from the United States. Imports of seafood are primarily under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	678d515d1458d70d73a879233612d55d	See also P. Roffe, “Bilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-plus World: The Chile - United States Free Trade Agreement”, QUNO TRIPS Issue Papers No. Acknowledging these concerns, the linkage requirement was made optional under the more recent FTAs between the United States and Panama; as well as Peru. On this particular issue, USTR has replied to Congress that the data protection provisions in FTAs would not stand in the way of compulsory licensing.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	678e218bd287f8dc24f78afd5f70297c	Where policies are not supportive, or even limit or hinder the activities of local institutions, local markets will not develop and private sector actors cannot be part of the solution. During this study, it has been highlighted, that access to local finance is a key factor for the success of development interventions. Yet local finance institutions often suffer from severe lack of capacity and poor frameworks (legal, economic and regulatory) do not support their development.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	67903600c5cde02cf7e73d30f730107b	The EU-SILC dataset has been constructed with the aim of collecting timely and comparable cross-sectional and longitudinal multidimensional micro data on income poverty and social exclusion (European Commission, 2009a). It was launched in 2004 and contains cross-sectional as well as panel data; the 2007 wave covers data from 24 EU Member States, plus Norway and Iceland. All current households and their members residing in the territories are part of the reference population. Those individuals living in collective households and institutions as well as small parts of national territories are not included (European Commission, 2009a).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/08e82310-en	6790b7f76521eae70ac1f95f97f9c8f7	Building the Stanca-Costesti Dam led to modifications of the habitat. The Stanca-Costesti Reservoir is covered by the Prut Water Quality Monitoring System: surveillance and operational monitoring are carried out. Wastewater discharges and water abstractions are aiso monitored. Organic micropollutants had values which did not exceed the limit values.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	67933a132dc3cacc90dffaf3a03be727	For many educators, politicians, and researchers, evaluation was seen as a tool of control rather than an instrument to monitor and support education. The improved collection and use of evaluation information has allow ed Brazil to improve the quality and efficiency of its education system. Reforms first focused on building the enabling context for evaluation activities. This included defining the overarching policy framework for evaluation; creating the right institution to lead evaluation programmes; ensuring stable and sufficient funding; and developing in-country capacity for carry ing out evaluation tasks.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	679a7cd3a1b944ce7b197de03602f097	It is often difficult to allocate system costs with precision as they interact with virtually all parameters of the electricity system. For instance, is the decline in the share price of a traditional utility due to inefficient management, errors in the forecast of electricity demand or to the system effects induced by a myriad of decentralised wind and solar plants? There are also difficult distributional questions to be considered that are only now beginning to emerge.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	679cc4152f84998f61c83604ffde7fc5	The principal driver of research-intensive universities is scientific world class excellence. While the TAFE institutes usually have close links to the labour market and also local and regional development, they are constrained by their limited capacity to move in this direction. For example, the Tertiary Education Innovation Fund in the United Kingdom has considerably increased locally relevant activities of tertiary education institutions.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	679ee40b647d244b40d3609a2d9c2680	This is partly explained by the availability of renewable energy sources which is high for instance in Nordic countries, benefiting from large hydroelectric capacities. In Germany, wind and biomass account for two thirds of the RES electricity production, while hydropower and solar remain limited (20% and 7%). Uncertainty regarding environmental policies hampered the development of RES in other OECD countries (OECD, 2011a). Some studies also show that feed-in tariffs were more efficient than other policies in increasing RES penetration.	7	0	9	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	67a02652b3ec4f6c8f938b3902c8b6e5	In the Bothnian Bay, eutrophication levels and phytoplankton productivity are lower than in the Baltic Sea in general. These bird populations have severely decreased in the Baltic during the last 20 years. Reasons for this include protection schemes, declined concentrations of hazardous substances in prey and sea water, along with improved prey abundance due to over-fishing of large predatory fish(Herrmann et al., As a consequence, an increase in hypoxia-tolerant species has been observed, most notably a dramatic increase in the abundance of the invasive species Marenzelleria spp. (	15	4	0	1.0
10.18356/b36e562d-en	67a3d62025cf5155c2661998eeb1222e	The petrol subsidy in Indi was removed in June 2010, producing annual savings of $1 billion; diesel was deregulated in October 2014, producing annual savings of $10 billion. For example, government savings realized from the removal of fossil fuel subsidies could be redirected towards sustainable infrastructure, which would support improvements in energy access and efficiency, and contribute to further development of renewable energy. However, the evidence so far does not point uniformly in this direction. In fact, global investment in renewable energy rebounded in 2014 to $270 billion, a 17 percent increase from that of 2013.“	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-6-en	67a461883ca982853f764a1b8d7428d9	This chapter examines how Lithuania might address gaps in participation, and put in place a comprehensive system of quality monitoring. Policy achievements over the last decade are many, and include the continued emphasis on expanding access and ongoing efforts to ensure integration of ECEC into the education system. A second priority for attention should be continued attention to quality in provision and its assurance.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	67a8dd450d37c6e525952830eaa1ddf5	What about the wider conditions in the overall economy for organisation, business, investments and dynamic markets? The key question is, what should be the strategy to deal with the large number of farmers in the semi-subsistence category in regions with poor development prospects? If the solution for this group is unlikely to be via improved productivity alone, important as might be for other farmers, then the agricultural component of policy should be integrated with social safety nets, as has been implemented in some Latin American countries, such as Chile (Chile Solidario), Mexico (Oportunidades) and Brazil (Bolsa Famflia) (e.g. World Bank, 2003). As show by OECD (2010), all these policies have limitations.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264287747-en	67a98231d4a891a55af6b93d0b6390e4	This assumption seems justified both on the basis of the literature and the findings in previous chapters, and is widely used in the literature (Shen and Whalley, 2013). In combination with labour force survey data (2001-15), national accounts data have been used to make empirical estimates of the extent to which labour and capital are substitutes in Thailand. The same is the case for high-skilled and low-skilled labour, where high-skilled labour has been defined based on major occupational groups (including groups 1-3: managers, professionals and associate professionals).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	67ab829bff0a5cb87613b851e99b3372	These are: the investment necessary to build domestic capital stock (physical capital, human capital, and so forth), which economists refer to as capital accumulation; structural change (or structural transformation); and building the capabilities of the domestic enterprise sector. The policy framework proposed here is intended to contribute to thinking about how this might be done, given the specific conditions of a typical LDC. The main novelty in the framework is that it explicitly links employment creation with the three processes through which productive capacities develop.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	67b0fba2e82d93829f1a45f53f89bb64	Of course, the priority policies and measures that will be most effective depend on the characteristics of each country’s road transport system and the profile of injury they experience. Nevertheless, Safe System principles, based at their core on the laws of physics and the vulnerability of the human body to uncontrolled levels of kinetic energy, have universal applicability. A Safe System, therefore, serves well as a unifying framework for the road safety policies and plans of every UN Member State.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	67b26d33be5bc009cdd0bc33b09f1d67	Considering countries’ policy frameworks and practices on the ground, policy makers need to find ways to establish feedback as a core element of appraisal itself, channels for appraisal to effectively feed into professional development and meaningful professional development opportunities to ultimately improve school leadership practices and behaviours. Considering the difficulty of attracting qualified candidates and retaining successful school leaders over time in many contexts, some research suggests that appraisal may constitute one policy lever for creating incentives to facilitate the recruitment and retainment of effective school leaders (Pont et al., Some school districts in the United States have established appraisal procedures that include financial rewards as an integral part of the use of appraisal results.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	67b7a262b7baf4b024eb0798df13f68f	They have also paid special attention to expanding social opportunities by setting policy priorities, nurturing selected industries, fostering state-market complementarities, committing to long-term reforms, having strong political leadership, learning by doing and boosting public investment. Getting policies and policy priorities right raises the equally important issue of getting policymaking right. Governing institutions and policies are profoundly and inextricably linked; one cannot succeed without the other. It is thus important to have policy processes managed by committed people in effective and responsive government structures. Policies also change at different stages of development: at early stages, for example, many countries prioritize job creation and poverty reduction.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	67b89d121f2479459315558aa094702d	In this section research supporting the importance of each subdomain is presented in turn although intersections between the domains are highlighted. It is expressed in the units of standard deviations where an effect of 0.1 is relatively weak, one of 0.40 is moderately strong, and an effect of 0.70 is strong. Family structure (e.g. parents’ marital status, presence of extended family in the home, number of children) contributes to early learning in myriad ways. For instance, the presence of multiple adults in the household who can provide care for young children may mean that children have more opportunities to engage wdth an adult in a range of stimulating activities.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	67bc65735a257fc682bee728b6da5a6e	Attention to ethical and safety considerations is required when generating data on VAW as the process can potentially identify and expose both victims as well as perpetrators to their families and communities. To this date, a set of guidelines for producing statistics on VAW and nine core indicators have been developed. The full cost is immense, in terms of costs to the health system, the justice system and other service providers; lost wages and productivity of survivors as well as perpetrators; and the intergenerational cost of children missing out on education and other opportunities.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0a98da25-en	67bf3dede081c0996e1d2907a0bd062b	Moreover,full employment is a prerequisite to address the problem of male unemployment. This will help to avoid gender conflict, resistance, and, in some cases, backlash as more women enter the labour force in a global context in which men’s access to paid work has been falling. Public investment should be directed at expenditures that reduce women’s care burden and allow for care to be more equitably shared by the state and men and women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f8310af3-en	67c0a6e3520210af8c64ebd35d1a60d0	Figure 5 indicates high electricity consumption is due to its low cost. In Abu Dhabi, for example, the cost of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), was 1.4 cents for nationals and 4 cents for expatriates in 2006. During the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting in Paris in November 2015, all member countries pledged to reduce emissions and make renewable energy a goal. This will move forward the renewable energy agenda.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264201415-13-en	67c6a4b17c283b4a5709b0d96cad9a89	The development of our cities will thus determine the future economic, social and territorial development of the European Union. Cities are also the places with sufficient concentration and critical mass to have the potential to put Europe on a more sustainable development trajectory. The highest unemployment rates are found in cities.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	67c895a5b51d24cbf04a6207be5b922b	However, the business case, especially in terms of making a profit, is not as easily applicable in all areas of environmental protection and in the countries that need the most support. In those countries and sectors, additionality must be assessed (e.g. replication at lower cost) and there is a need to develop, pilot and document innovative ways to engage the private sector, such as through the use of green and inclusive business models. One example of this is the need to better finance climate change adaptation efforts - as is discussed in Chapter 4, less than a fifth of climate-related development finance targeted climate change adaptation in 2013.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	67cefb4de45b6617bde0bce1e3f68c2e	The objective of SWITCH was to develop new solutions with regard to increasing the efficiency of urban water systems and their resilience to a range of future climate change scenarios. The project’s approach was one of strengthening the connections between experts and stakeholders, and decision makers, so as to facilitate knowledge-sharing. The directed spiral (with arrows), whose origin is the point of intersection of the x- and y-axes, represents an ideal policy path.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	67cf3737054ed95b2059a005858f36cd	Support for Viet Nam's policy framework for green investment has included enhancing the capacity of key ministries to implement Viet Nam's Green Growth Strategy (VGGS). For example, the Macro-economic Reforms / Green Growth Programme in Viet Nam, implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is supporting the ministries of planning and finance to implement their green growth objective, including providing technical advice to strengthen green fiscal reform and develop green finance guidelines for the State Bank of Viet Nam. Similar support from UNDP and USAID, as well as from the Global Green growth Institute, are helping to implement the VGGS at the sector and province level, by supporting the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) to track and monitor progress on the VGGS and develop province-level action plans for green growth.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	67d105bf21098a58d44e6d96ddf2c9a9	Agricultural trade increases, and in particular the movement of agricultural products from low-income to middle-income countries for intermediate processing, are often associated with weaker standards. Agricultural producers that are unable to meet the higher product standards required in developed country markets are pushed “upstream” in the supply chain (Ferrantino, 2012). On the other hand, van Tongeren et al. ( The costs of compliance with applicable standards will frequently shape the decision of producers whether or not to attempt to meet elaborate standards, sell to developed economies at higher unit values and possibly retain more steps of the production process at home.	2	2	6	0.5
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	67d55c0ebcc4eab7b17ddc9367e20040	They are also adversely affected by the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate housing and nutrition. Additionally, health practitioners may give lower-quality diagnoses, medication and care and may even show neglect towards those discriminated against. Indirect discrimination that indigenous peoples experience may on the surface appear neutral, but it has the effect of discrimination. One prime example of indirect discrimination includes providing health information and services only in the dominant language or in accordance with dominant cultural practices, which results in the de facto exclusion of indigenous peoples. In the Asian region, as in other parts of the world, indigenous peoples have spoken clearly on this issue stating that such a data revolution should include the collecting disaggregated information on key indicators for both baseline and progress tracking.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	67d57d39c26b5e1652b2ad5cbf65fb1c	The success of the IGVGD programme and the RMP is explained by their ability to help households overcome the high cost of acquiring livestock - the former by giving participants access to loans through NGOs and the latter by making relatively large and lumpy transfers. Only the beneficiaries of the IGVGD programme significantly Increased renting or leasing of land for cultivation. The reason, the authors speculated, may be that the IGVGD is the only programme that included a mechanism for accessing credit.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	67d6039adbeb45d6c033a787021135b9	The overall evaluation and assessment framework appears fragmented with individual components which developed independently of each other over time. Particularly positive characteristics of the framework include the existence of common references at the national level; good conditions for adapting learning to local needs; a good articulation of responsibilities; a range of initiatives to strengthen evaluation and assessment; the “open door” climate among teachers; and the growing understanding of the need to support policy work with specific expertise. However, considerable challenges exist in building an effective evaluation and assessment framework.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	67d7a341a41a330d6d4d048b56cdf94f	In some situations, such as voluntarily quitting a job, a large number of OECD countries impose an extended waiting period before benefits can start, or in some cases complete disqualification from the benefit. In countries with unlimited duration of benefit entitlements, a termination of entitlement may not be possible, but in the United Kingdom a loss of benefit for up three years may apply for repeat offences (OECD, 2014a). There is some expectation that additional requirements will apply if skilled and employable jobseekers do not fairly quickly find work by their own efforts.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en	67db89af2949ba684eb9b9e2c4db6fb3	According to these data, 80.9% of the population aged 10 and over enrolled in vocational education were doing professional qualification courses. According to the same survey, most of those who were (or had been) enrolled in such courses were doing IT-related subjects (45.5%). The second most popular subject was business and management studies (11.5%) (MEC, 2009). In 2010, there were 743 000 beneficiaries, with a total budget of BRL 304 million (MEC, 2011a).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	67df9004f31200db4c6fa1c59d94f277	The use of competitive tendering to license renewable-sources power plants makes it possible to keep actual compensation levels below the feed-in tariff rates, thereby helping to reduce system costs (IEA, 2009a). In 2010, support to renewable electricity accounted for about 16% of domestic customers’ monthly electric bill (ERSE, 2010). Currently, only hydropower plants are registered under the RECS.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/ab343038-en	67e20e8073ab43d2c5ba6ab97e665afe	In accordance with domestic law, each Party shall take measures, as appropriate, with the aim of ensuring that the prior informed consent or approval and involvement of indigenous and local communities is obtained for access to genetic resources where they have the established right to grant access to such resources. These include the requirement to formulate fair and non-arbitrary rules and procedures for access, information on how to apply for PIC, the issuance of permits as evidence of PIC, the requirement to provide written decision by the competent national authority within a reasonable period of time and the like. A national competent authority must be established to implement the ABS system, where it will be possible to register ABS agreements and any other documentation that can potentially serve as evidence of PIC and MAT (Nagoya Protocol, Article 13).	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	67e6c374d2ea68677dcb1e576d4ae4f3	"Finally, at the top of the pyramid, regional and continental trading of cereal crops (mainly wheat and rice) is controlled by major traders, who are often close to those in power. Food security relies on the sound functioning of this ""food sector"", above all for the most destitute urban dwellers but also for rural people in times of crisis. This has underpinned the emergence of a coherent system."	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/d6a81156-en	67e76e16a6a98a528c2c9702f6bbf63e	Teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are related in different ways to students’ expectations of a teaching career, depending on the students' academic proficiency and certain characteristics, namely gender, socio economic status, immigrant background and mathematics performance. Results indicate that boys are more sensitive to salary differences, but there is no evidence that higher salaries would attract high-achieving students into the teaching profession to a greater extent than low-achieving students. Education systems could, therefore, do more to encourage and support the pursuit of a teaching career among all motivated students.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	67e857240e640f3bb5ef1ec782c846c3	The latter may include cross-cutting services such as vulnerability analysis and mapping (VAM), procurement or logistics, which inform and support the implementation of instruments. Similarly, food reserves supply locally procured food to support safety-net programmes. Initiatives such as Purchase for Progress (P4P), when integrated into social protection strategies, a: reinforce safety-net systems.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	67e94a802da8aeff9cbe0a4d9527bb57	The finding of relatively long AFDC spell lengths, at least compared to spell lengths in Norway and Sweden, is maybe not so surprising since the U.S. AFDC primarily targeted highly disadvantaged single mothers, who would generally be expected to remain on welfare for longer. For a 42-month period starting in the late 1980s or early 1990s, they report median spell durations of around 4 months for an individual's first observed spell in Gothenburg and Helsingborg and of 5-6 months for Bremen, Milan and Turin. By contrast, median benefit spell durations are one year for Vitoria, over two years for Barcelona and nearly 3 years for Lisbon.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	67ebb7eea25fd54232ef0d975c69a83d	"In the United States, where 14% of all households were identified as ""food insecure"", the highest rate of food insecurity (34%) was found in female-headed households; 23% of male-headed households were food insecure (Coleman-Jensen et al. There is some evidence that LGBT people in the United States, especially those raising children, experience disproportionate levels of food insecurity (defined as not having enough money to feed themselves or their families at some point in the previous year) (Table 2.1.2). In Rwanda, where many orphaned children were left to fend for themselves and their siblings following the conflict in the 1990s, food insecurity among youth-headed households was very high."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	67ee11a8ea7e61c8c8db690ab9d8f559	Capabilities can be thought of as the prerequisites for adults to engage in production that provides a secure and adequate livelihood, typically measured with education and health variables. Livelihoods refers to measures such as wages, employment, access to credit, ownership of productive assets. The third domain—agency (or empowerment)—can be understood as the ability of individuals and the groups to which they belong to shape their environment. Thus gender equality in this domain would imply that women are equally agentic as men.3 Women’s share of trade union membership, and of managerial and leadership positions in cooperatives, businesses and governing bodies, are useful indicators in this domain.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	67eeb96b4abe4a3676b93e0c82e6fac4	It situates parent-adolescent relationships within the broader dynamics of care, family and community life, and socio-cultural transformation. Forms of family and parenting support include cash transfers and services such as parenting education programmes, family mediation, resource centres or community networks. However, transferability of these lessons to lower-and middle-income countries requires investigation (see, for example, Gardner, Montgomery, & Knerr, 2015; Ward et al., Little is known about parenting adolescents who may themselves be parents or carry out parenting roles. Even less is understood about the conditions that constrain or help adolescent and parent well-being, and the respective priorities and needs of each generation within the 'parenting' relationship. These issues deserve scrutiny when considering the viability and possible design of policies and provision towards supporting parents in the region.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	67eeece3f14456f7fa65c35387ad177f	There is general agreement that the current resources available to the government and the MHI funds are inadequate to finance the Government Guarantee Package as it was anticipated in the 1993 reforms. While the exact size of the additional financial resources is unknown, it may be substantial. Government estimates suggest that only 11 regions with 20.5% of the population (combined) had achieved full financing of the Guarantee Package in 2006 (Shishkin, 2007a).	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	67f008e349e8b77de8829c1a9d0e92aa	Box 5.2 provides an example on how this has been done in Western Australia to inform allocation planning for a groundwater system (see the section on “Managing the risk of shortage” for further discussion on using economic instruments and a risk-based approach to allocation). In terms of monitoring the compliance of objectives, the central government is responsible for the national waters and the provinces are responsible for the regional waters. For example, for some aquifers, a high risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems can be reduced to a medium level if the risk is managed through appropriate buffer zones.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	67f0c5542accba08e667eac2a32c8a6c	In addition to road and transport infrastructure, Kim et al. ( Using data for 2010 and a variety of econometric techniques, including oidinaiy least squares and spatial error models, they consider factors that affect the total number of the accidents in a TAZ. In additioa they consider separately factors that are associated with accidents that caused severe injuries (requiring more than three weeks of hospitalisation) or deaths, and factors associated with accidents that resulted in light injuries (three or fewer weeks of hospitalisation).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	67f16346fb2b8eab2ddcb700c24aecaf	The characteristics that put immigrants at greater risk of poverty include a lack of formal education, poor housing and linguistic isolation (Hernandez and Chamey, 1998). However, while in some countries social welfare makes a substantial contribution to alleviating poverty among migrants (for example in France and Sweden transfers more than halve poverty rates for migrant and native-born children) in the United States, where social transfers are small, the impact on poverty among children of migrant families is negligible. Children of immigrants underperform by comparison with those with native-born parents in terms of educational achievement and labour market performance.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	67f7cd17fd66e2fb57451b6aa9a43e77	France, Israel and Switzerland do relatively well (compared with countries of similar average performance) in nurturing excellence, but at the same time, they have sizeable shares of students who do not reach the baseline level of proficiency. Among girls, the difference between the top and lowest performers is narrower. In Hong Kong (China) and Singapore, two of the highest-performing countries and economies, similar shares of boys and girls perform at Level 5 or above in mathematics.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	67fa3b14d1f1b2494a4a9c8ab275dc1b	Given the interconnectedness of the world economy, mitigation and adaptation actions applied within the borders of individual countries may have global repercussions. This is particularly the case for measures taken by countries that account for a large share of global demand for commodities, such as China and the United States. Climate response measures are expected to reduce global demand for and trade in carbon-intensive commodities, as well as their prices, which will have a significant impact on the economies of many CDDCs.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/77cccad1-en	67fc503dcec3f1a817c4595eeade0eb7	The population growth was also marked in five cities that are oblast capitals (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev and Vitebsk) and in almost all cities of regional significance (> 50,000 people). Cities with > 100,000 residents accommodate about 70 per cent of the country’s population, including Minsk and all oblast capitals, as well as Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Borisov, Mozyr, Novopolotsk, Orsha, Pinsk and Soligorsk. At the same time, these settlements account for only 7 per cent of all urban settlements in the country.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	67fdb96bbcca42312ea7a763131f6545	Obese people earn 18 per cent less than people who are not obese (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012a). Therefore, the first concern will be increasing agricultural productivity, in particular in countries where the prevalence of hunger is higher and where large productivity gaps still exist. The main challenge, however, is to increase food production while minimizing the environmental impact and increasing natural resource use efficiency.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	68002f41d8924bb740d07ed9fc1ecc80	The initiative has been a stepping-stone for young people seeking to build skills and engage in socially responsible work, while also earning wages. It has been successfully replicated in other districts, including Cova Lima, Dili and Liqui^a. Training was provided by InfoTimor staff in 2009, who also assisted the community centre in setting up a computer maintenance workshop, software and hardware training, an Internet cafe and a satellite dish to deliver the Internet to the local community. The centre has since become a registered NGO and training organization.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	68053d4231579c76ea3c431ce3a68c7d	An example is the new biotech fund. The MAGNET programme encourages pre-competitive R&D in collaboration between industry and academic sector and usually gets a budget in the range of EUR 37 million. It usually receives about EUR 37 million for funding the public part in establishing new companies in privatised incubators. Technological incubators provide a framework for nascent companies to develop their new ideas and form new business ventures in order to attract private investors.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	680619fb1c98a987dec0395ae805cf5b	Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education was 2.5% of the GDP in 2010, lower than the OECD average of 3.9%, but it has increased by 0.7 percentage points since 2000. In 2010, public expenditure on public educational institutions per student in primary education, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary education was USD 2 008 (compared to the OECD average of USD 8 412), while for private institutions it was USD 2 413 (compared to the OECD average of USD 5 029). School funding is allocated based on an increase over the previous year's school budget.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	680653ae5bde448033d3436a4a6b3577	Depending on the quantity of dangerous substances stored at the installation site, the operators must provide the competent authorities (Minister of the Environment and Minister of Labour and Employment) with a notification and a statement of their major accidents prevention policy (for lower-tier installations), or a notification, a safety report, and an internal emergency plan (for upper-tier installations). This internal plan will be used as the basis for the authorities to draw up an external emergency plan. This failure leaves local residents unprotected and deprives them of the necessary information on safety measures to be taken in case of a major accident.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	6806f7d6f09fec73e18be5831ab851be	The other regions on the map would not be covered by the Nordic Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Region III: Celtic Seas; Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast; and Region V: Wider Atlantic. Grey areas are the EU-exclusive fishing zone. Ice-bound areas beyond national jurisdiction are shown in white.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	680791c4aa67be7373bee34d3a84e8f8	"In the villages, the mobility of women and their access to markets is very limited"" because social norms encourage women to stay close to home (Interview 17, 2018). Evidence supports the view that urban consumers in Africa are willing to patronise domestic rice markets depending on improved quality including product marketing and packaging (Demont and Ndour, 2014). Whereas the 1990s saw the public sector disengage from rice-growing sectors, the region is now witnessing a massive return of state-intervention to all stages of the value chain."	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	6809d936a574e28c26024294529ca7a5	With the 2017 reform, Wien-Umgebung was divided into four parts, each of which was absorbed into a different predominantly rural county (Bruck an der Leitha, Komeuburg, St. Polten Land and Tulin). This stated objective is visible in most of the regional strategic documents currently in place: the Oslo-Akershus Joint Regional Plan for Transport and Land Use; the Vision of Vastra Gotaland and the Regional Development Programme (RUP) of Vastra Gotaland “VG2020”; Skane’s regional development strategy “The Open Skane 2030” and “Strategies for Polycentric Skane” (Table 2.5). In the case of Oslo-Akershus, the national government’s push for a joint regional plan on transport and land use stimulated co-ordination between both counties and municipalities (Box 2.4). In the case of the two Swedish sub-regions, the focus on polycentric development may also reflect the fact that the current perimeter of Vastra Gotaland and Skane is the result of county amalgamations in 1998-99.2 The Committee for Sustainable Development in Vastra Gotaland ensures effective co-ordination and mutual reinforcement between regional and municipal initiatives (Box 2.5).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	680f6ec7b4f74bd58ce9fa1ee76637d2	Strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process. Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	68141fc6894f7efcaa0153c1b6732421	There has been some reported success in reducing global poverty levels. The number of people living on less than $ 1.25 a day in developing countries is said to have declined from 1.94 billion to 1.20 billion between 1981 and 2010 (figure 1.1). In addition, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropped from 52 to 21 per cent over the period 1981-2010.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/63fef40d-en	6815b80d98b46591a0776a6ff16a9eea	Reducing the number of animals required to produce a fixed level of output can yield significant efficiency gains. For example, a 28 percent overall reduction in annual methane emissions in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 1999 can be attributed largely to reductions in cattle numbers and the increased productivity of dairy cows (DEFRA, 2001). Strong disparities in resource-use efficiency and GHG emission intensity still exist between animal farming systems and across regions (Herrero et al.,	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	68192cda9bd32d8556485c15b9a513e8	In African countries, multiple road blocks cause significant delays and offer rent seeking opportunities18. Until recently institutional, regulatory and procedural measures, generally grouped under the label of trade facilitation used to receive less attention in assistance projects than infrastructure. Aid for trade facilitation represented only 0.46% of total disbursements in 2009, or 0.48% of total disbursements on average during 2006-09 (OECD Aid for Trade at a Glance, 2011).	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	681abe4d5776e9da87ac648174111541	By 2019, the price of the benchmark US maize (No. A noteworthy feature is the drop in wheat to maize price ratio to a low ratio of 1.1-1.2, compared to 1.3-1.6 in the past, indicating a stronger upside potential for maize prices than for wheat. Continuing instability will be a factor for all cereal markets as the linkages are strong enough to influence them all.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	681b31774af291759b369219c8d1f584	Part-time work to help pay for food may be an indication of serious food insecurity for a young child, but an indication of appropriate transitioning into adult responsibilities toward the end of childhood. Is it the experience itself, or the meaning it holds for a specific child in a specific situation that, conceptually, we wish to capture as child food insecurity? In the United States, children's economic and social dependence on parents generally extends at least until age 18 years and in many instances through age 22 or 23 with the completion of college.	2	5	3	0.25
10.18356/c8b6ab23-en	681db518df70ee169c2b5fa85c21ebd3	"For example, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples enshrines the collective as well as individual rights of indigenous peoples, stating that “[ijndigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired,"" and directing States to give legal recognition to these territories (UNDRIP, 2008). If fisheries resources are to be sustained, fisheries activities must be conducted in a responsible manner. Traditional fishing practices may be more harmoniously aligned with environmental sustainability, but the current reality is that the small-scale fisheries subsector itself in many parts of the world is being forced to move towards unsustainable practices. Sustainable resource management is therefore an issue of critical concern for the small-scale fisheries sector."	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	68236d21d09ca41b9b689c0ae234cb24	Ever since it was created, the ANA has been managed by top experts: of the 110 people initially hired, 78% hold a MSc or a PhD. More broadly, significant progress has been achieved in terms of technically and scientifically trained professionals. But representatives of state and basin institutions often misunderstand basic issues and their respective role related to water management, the importance of co-ordination and the needed linkages between plans and budgets. Monitoring, evaluation and experience sharing are the top capacity bottlenecks at state level with one-third of the states surveyed considering them as always or often a challenge (Figure 2.14).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	68263d6d7a40e22b2b15d4fc97a75819	The diffusion rate on the service demand side, supposed to drive uptake of services on Huduma platforms, may, however, depend on a great many more diverse factors, such as the population distribution between urban and rural areas, the proximity of citizens to service centres, the level of information symmetry and the expansion rate of the programme. The area outside, ‘wider sector conditions for innovation’, represents those aspects that are outside of the control of the organisation but within the control of policy-makers or other public sector bodies of strategic influence. These conditions describe how the system in which a public sector organisation operates helps or hinders innovation—that is, the impacts a system has on an organisation’s innovation activity and capability. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission 36.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	68271334739df67445b522f9f17ef564	The key diagnostic messages from the questionnaires and the interview programmes organised by the OECD Team largely corroborated the in-depth assessment that the Chilean Government carried out when preparing the National Policy for Urban Development. They are fully in line w'ith the assessment that this present OECD Review has conducted for administrative and regulatory governance; digital government and deployment of ICT in the public sector; and SME development. Territorial governance is crucial, as it heavily depends on how both urban and rural areas can guarantee agreed living standards; develop and prosper. Designing and managing efficient planning and zoning policies, including construction permit procedures, has acquired increasing relevance in the light of the challenges posed by rapidly evolving societies and the globalised economy.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	6828fa595dc409d12e92507c98949e1d	In West Germany, paid parental leave was not limited exclusively to the child’s first three years. The result was low female labour force participation. In the GDR, by contrast, women enjoyed an income-replacement parental leave benefit for one year, while nurseries were expanded and child care infrastructure improved.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	682c7f670a71d0ba6caffb82ce076b5d	On average across OECD countries, 24% of students from disadvantaged schools are enrolled in pre-vocational or vocational programmes, compared to 3% of students in advantaged schools. This difference is largest in Austria, Croatia, Italy and the Netherlands. Considering that students from disadvantaged backgrounds are 2.8 times more likely perform below the baseline in science than more advantaged students on average across OECD countries, disadvantaged students are more likely to be tracked into a vocational trajectory.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	682cf9e1e02804b7ff20308976439a43	It is highest in Denmark, other Nordic countries, France and the United Kingdom at 0.8% of GDP or above. These countries are generally among the countries with the highest participation rates, except for Finland, because of the widely used entitlement to home-care leave (see above). In these countries, children often use formal childcare facilities on a part-time basis.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3400179e-en	682dbabfcda1b4c730a1b85c62f44e51	Improved security should be incorporated in the framework, and, as applicable, into every goal, while the necessary measures are taken to minimize the occurrence and impact of adverse risks for human security. Accordingly, policies towards and monitoring of each goal should not only assess absolute achievements but also track fluctuations caused by insecurity. The selection of indicators should address poverty, exclusion and inequality in the developed world as well.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	682eceb9756c15ad0ab069300e7a85a1	How additionality is more precisely defined remains unclear. There is no internationally agreed methodology or baseline from which to measure additionality - is it above the 0.7% GNI commitment to aid agreed by a certain number of countries during a specific year; support above 2009 ODA levels; or financial support from sources other than ODA? Given political sensitivities around this issue, it is unlikely to be addressed in the near future.11 Existing reporting systems, if improved, could at least provide the necessary information that can serve as a basis for analysis.	13	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	683040d417b01a23bc75515d10040143	The sector is very fragmented, as local PES centres contract out training to more than 1 000 private institutions and for a smaller part to the (public) Tiirr Istvan Institute. Although some tools have long been in place to evaluate the efficiency of the main labour activation policies (in the form of annual monitoring by the National Employment Office and occasional reports by independent researchers), little is known about the efficiency of individual training providers. Anecdotal evidence suggests uneven quality and even some cases of corruption, and a high drop-out rate.	4	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	683040dc704bd5184e14759df9b06204	Figure 4.13 presents the share of non-standard workers as the main or secondary income earner, with a breakdown by household type (number of adults and children).17 On average across the countiies, just under 50% of all non-standard workers are the main earners (right panel). The shares are higher for Korea and Greece (over 62%), but lower for Japan, Luxembourg and Switzerland (35%, 38% and 39%). It is striking that almost half of these workers (47%) have dependent children.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	68308fafd39d8c7ec8c0f266f7f3b569	The current annual production capacity of wind turbines manufactured in India is about 3 000 MW to 3 500 MW, including turbines for the domestic as well as for export markets (GWEC, 2009). Major wind turbine manufacturers in India are Suzlon, Enercon, RRB Energy and Vestas; together they account for more than 85% of the new capacity added in India between 2009 and 2010 (WPI, 2010). Indigenously produced wind turbines and turbine blades have been exported to the United States, Europe, Australia, China and Brazil.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	683531106b730a08805e7a50660bcd19	Improving hormonal contraceptive supply: the potential contribution of manufacturers of generic and biosimilar drugs. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010, 4th ed. Will the global recession lead to a 'baby bust'? Available from www.abortionreview.org/index.php/site/article/ 509/accessed 4 October 2010.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	683c70a1153880e94012e74fa03e7801	A number require active management to control deforestation, soil erosion and other forms of land degradation. Proceeds from these charges would be returned to the organisation responsible for operating and maintaining the facility. This report focuses on the related issue of how PES can contribute to the strengthening and financing of water resource management. Payments are made by the beneficiaries of the services in question, for example, individuals, communities, businesses or governments acting on behalf of various parties (Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, 2013).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	683fe17ebd70cb819831c6a37cf879f3	It is important to mention that the autonomous adaptation responses that result from cost-minimisation by farmers are already taken into account by the LPJmL and DSSAT crop models used in this analysis. Specifically, crop management techniques such as changes in cropping season, changes in management techniques and choice of crop varieties are assumed to be available to farmers and to be implemented in an optimal way. Without these autonomous measures, the impacts of climate change on yields would be greater.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	684108722a2d3379a484e4b910ddd336	Furthermore, since all five insurance schemes (but perhaps less so the STAX programme) are designed to give US farmers large subsidies when the prices of the commodities they produce fall, they potentially open the gates to trade disputes, including in the case of cotton. First, cotton prices - even after crashing down from an all-time peak in mid-2011 - remain high by historical standards, and subsidies as a share of farm revenue have declined over the years.20 This means that a cotton deal will have limited impact on the world price. Simulations indicate that the highest price increase - occurring under the scenario of full implementation of the December 2008 Revised Draft Modalities - will be no more than 10 per cent.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/a3c1ce6c-en	684166665a6b624cb6ea66951a3b8ae6	Another type is bioretention structures, which are typically pits backfilled with soil, mulch and vegetation used to retain runoff for infiltration through the filter bed components, with reliance on biological and biochemical reactions within the soil matrix and around the root zones of the plants. A review of on-farm wetlands in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland (Newman etal., Agricultural wetlands, however, require careful planning and maintenance in order to perform their optimum design function over a prolonged period of time.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	6843a06228e003e705e85b71a11e1e64	Indirect fees” and “revenue-only” fees are found in some of the smaller canal companies that deliver water to their members on a per-hectare or per-time unit basis. In particular, water pricing can serve as a financial policy tool by ensuring that some portion of the costs of constructing and operating an irrigation project are recovered. Water pricing also can serve as an economic policy tool by encouraging efficient use of water and motivating farmers and others to employ water in appropriately valued uses.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	68532178ac2cbeaadd04f0d91f03f03a	The second round (which was ultimately cancelled) targeted a further 600 MW of solar generation capacity. The plants also needed to be grid connected and required the endorsement of the relevant state or territory governments. In terms of funding requirements, the Commonwealth funding to the successful proponent was to be awarded through taxable capital grants. Applicants needed to seek 2 for 1 funding for the project and were expected to access other government (state government) funding sources. Each project had an Educational Infrastructure Fund component (to support university research and training activities) and this funding was subject to separate legislative and funding requirements. It was anticipated that the round one project would be selected in 2010, to be fully operational by 2015.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	68536addc4057c72a84243986c86ac08	Northwestern Pacific margin Japan Volcanic region Sedimentary and volcanic rocks Variable from dry to humid Variable. Mountain belt of West Asia Turkey High relief folded mountains region Crystalline, volcanic and sedimentary rocks Dry Variable. Western Australia Australia Basement region Crystalline rock, sandstone, karstified limestone and alluvial sediments Arid to tropical humid (North) Limited to moderate resources. Eastern Australia Australia Sedimentary basin region Sedimentary alluvial formations Arid to semi-arid more humid towards the coast Moderate to high, major sandstone aquifer (Great Artesian Basin), Shallow alluvial sedimentary aquifers. Islands of the Pacific New Zealand Volcanic region Crystalline and sedimentary rocks (New Zealand) Humid Variable resources, some volcanic aquifer, and sedimentary (alluvial, marine) regions have significant resources. Proposed typology of groundwater economies by Shah et al. (	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/64d31d53-en	6856f36837a755cea66ac9cfbcc66790	Development that rides on the back of depletion of forest resources is unsustainable and measures must be taken to use, manage and protect forests in a sustainable manner. It was found in India and Nepal that empowering women in local decisionmaking with respect to the conservation of forests and fisheries leads to better resource efficiency and conservation. Pathways to the sustainable management of forest resources could benefit from the knowledge and capacities that women have honed through their interactions with forests.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6857a121fa2c59277c234c04c30952d2	The aim of the project is to reshape the delivery of agricultural research and extension services towards a dynamic multi-provider system so that farmers can become more competitive, increase their income and improve their livelihoods. By the end of 2011, 16 314 Farmer-Managed Activities (FMAs) have been implemented in around 3 064 villages, located within 68 districts/18 provinces. In addition, 789 district-level Rural Extension Centres have been constructed with a total project objective of 807.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264287747-en	68598bfc6b1907dfd1945bc6161f0e8c	The pattern of occupational growth suggests that the demand for labour is an important factor explaining the role of immigrant workers in Thailand. This is underlined by the relatively low proportions of foreign-bom workers in occupations that have become less important, such as skilled agriculture and legislative/senior official occupations. In particular, the share of low-skill occupations is high in comparison with other countries including the partner countries,8 while it has been growing for foreign-bom workers and decreasing forThai-bom workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	685b1a3a3ca2e7a632e25bc414774684	Washington, DC, June; available at: www.martinot.info/Martinot_Reiche_WB.pdf. Energy poverty issues and G8 actions, 2 February; available at: http://194.84.38.65/files/ esw_files/Energy_PovertyJssues_Paper_Russia_G8_eng_summary.pdf. Technical and economic assessment of grid, mini-grid and off-grade electrification technologies. Washington, DC, ESMAP; available at: http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY/Resources/336805-1157034157861/electrification AssessmentRptAnnexesFINAL17May07.pdf.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6f91a3b0-en	685ca5457c726bc308ccf2921e1c578c	According to the SNC, an increase in sea surface temperature and medium sea level, and changes in extreme weather and climate events, might occur. The World Meteorological Organization declared the period 2001-2010 as a decade of climate extremes. Montenegro was also affected by weather extremes in this period.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	685e2f0d5eab8d74f0332ae24d84e73e	In such case, there would be no need to consider this option (e.g. GWP, 2012). Indirect instruments (on land, energy, agriculture) may be more difficult to implement, less effective and/or leading to unwanted consequences. For instance, controlling new wells may be less costly and burdensome than monitoring their actual use by thousands of pumpers (Liu et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	68608e29d8b2cdbff7ecef7e87ce8d67	The Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant, with a power capacity of 900 MW, was originally established to provide back-up for the Ignalina nuclear power plant. In recent years, wind power capacity has been growing steadily and total capacity amounted to 509 MW by the end of 2016. In 2015, electricity prices were significantly higherinthe Baltic countries compared tothe Nordic countries: +20 EUR/MWh in Latvia and Lithuania.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6865d0b7d1f40500ffec6b49957d82d6	The economic and social contributions of migrant workers are typically well recognized in source countries. Remittances are found to be countercyclical and play an important role in sustaining domestic demand in source countries. Remittances are also an important source of foreign exchange, vitally needed for essential imports and for development activities.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	6865dd74f8f008ed2d021163a1dee63a	Largely due to deforestation, total agricultural land increased by 61% in 1990-2012. Most of this expansion took place in the 1990s, with the arable land area remaining relatively stable since then. This might indicate that almost all accessible arable land is currently in cultivation and further production growth will need to be achieved through higher yields, which are already high compared to Viet Nam’s Asian peers. There are continued pressures to convert agricultural land into higher-value non-farm uses (both urban and industrial).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a22d206d-en	6869a7fe6234b396721776ebd5320179	However, it also exempted family law, succession law and customary law from this prohibition,2 all of which are critical to ensuring women’s access to land. According to the IFC, the availabi lity of credit significantly increases where security interests are protected and there is a predictable priority for creditors in cases of loan default. In countries with creditor protections, private sector credit is 60 percent of GDP. In those without, it is only 30 to 32 per cent of GDP (IFC, 2014).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	686b636d1199e6542eac0475ae30fe37	Originally they were designed to inform mitigation policy, but some are now applied in the context of adaptation policy as well. This chapter reviews the modelling of climate impacts and adaptation in global IAMs, including both models with an economic focus and those with a science focus. Key advances in the representation of climate impacts in IAMs during the last decade include improved consideration of differences in impacts across regions, the development of nonmonetary reduced-form models and coupling global IAMs with regional and sectoral impact models to assess climate change together with other sustainability issues.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	686c30de4574d3bbcacc3e4b5fdeadc3	The years following the creation of the Task Force saw a decrease in deaths caused by road accidents by 29.4% between 2000 and 2003. The Task Force was not only interministerial (with representatives from different ministries and agencies) but also intergovernmental (as it was composed of local officials from Seoul, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Gangwon Province and South Chungcheong Province). It is reasonable to assume that co-ordination at the highest level of the government was instrumental in integrating scattered measures and sending a powerful message throughout the society, leading to major improvements in road safety. The improvement of child safety has been one of the most important successes in the past two decades.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	686d04389fe8dd44ba7e6671187b10c6	Obtaining reliable gender statistics that adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men in all areas of life requires a strategy of gender mainstreaming in all stages of data production. This means that gender is brought into the “mainstream” of all statistical activities, rather than dealt with as an “add-on” (United Nations, 2002). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in statistics means that gender issues and gender-based biases are systematically taken into account in the production of all official statistics and at all stages of data production (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations-, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2006).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	686d0e83c54e58ab173b6b9eb08fa27f	The community care subprogramme is complemented by other services including the Circulos de Abuelos, (Grandparents Circle) attended by 43.7% of the country’s older adult population and the Programa de atencion al anciano solo (Care for elders alone) which covers 71.2% of the total elderly population living in singleperson households. There are 144 older persons’ homes in the country (84% State-run) with a total of 7,920 residents (0.46% of the country’s older adult population). These facilities are staffed by physicians, nurses, physical therapists and psychologists among others. The National Office for Older Persons’ Care and Social Services evaluate the management of these homes and offer performance support.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	686d9ee8d15575b95bb102e1373b9957	Knowledge of these patterns is important, as they enable us to understand the habitat requirements of the biodiversity of shelf organisms, as well as having implications for exploitation of both renewable (Figure 8.3) and non-renewable resources (eg sand extraction, heavy minerals of terrigenous origin) associated with particular sedimentary facies. Further distinctions can be made on the basis of the size of the organism: macrofauna (such as amphipods, isopods, gastropods and poly-chaetes) are >1 000 pm, meiofauna (rotifers, harpacticoid copepods, nematodes) are between 45 and 1 000 pm, while microfauna (ciliates) are <45 pm. Then there are the ben-thic microalgae or microphytobenthos (cyanobacteria, ben-thic diatoms, and flagellates) which form a layer on shelf sediments in the euphoric zone and which can contribute substantially to continental shelf productivity (Gattuso and others, 2006); these are more correctly considered as ben-tho-pelagic, as they can be suspended in the water column, particularly during turbulent seas, thereby forming part of the plankton. Also included in the benthos are the non-planktonic foraminifera, either living or dead, with carbonate tests which are typically <1 000 mm in diameter.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	686e693632bfa5b0f210632a23b42430	Elderly people who volunteer can provide a solution to fill this growing gap, which is particularly pronounced in adult social care services. In London, the funding gap between the supply of and demand for local care services is giowing rapidly, and is expected to rise to GBP 907 million by 2017/18 (London Councils, 2013). Volunteering can play a significant part in creating a more sustainable approach to health and social care. The United Kingdom’s health and social care system already relies on 3 million volunteers and 5 million unpaid caretakers (Naylor, C. et al.,	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/028f7d06-en	686ee4e83c73947cbcf7eecc960aeee9	Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation and Ukraine. A more exhaustive analysis followed, including the life-cycle factors most associated with life satisfaction in the first stage. This second analysis sought to identify interactions between life-cycle factors and living conditions because, for example, the effects of age on life satisfaction might not be the same at different levels of monetary income. The U-shaped pattern described in the literature (showing higher levels of satisfaction at younger ages and in older adults) is seen in the Nordic countries and does not strictly hold for continental Europe or the Anglo-Saxon countries, because the youngest are less likely to be satisfied than older persons are.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	686fc96c014c1112069c3c3bccaa3018	Finally, it provides input to the Mayors' Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. It aims for solid waste volume reduction, better resource conservation and recovery, prohibits certain actions and products, provides penalties and appropriates funds. Despite the comprehensive policy framework, LGUs are struggling to implement the policy.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	6871c1c76e27c8e024a07f463dc6452b	This is important because the remedy needs to be targeted to alleviate the greatest needs especially if they are the poorest minorities with little power and influence. Even when the health data are generated by ethnicity omission of the variable in analysis means no disaggregated profiles specific to indigenous peoples or minorities as a whole. Indicators that use mortality rates measure the worst outcomes causing death thus mask co-morbidity. More comprehensive indicators and indices of health and wellness, the presence or absence of disease or risk factors, and long-term outcomes need to be developed with due consideration of the interaction with indigenous concepts of health and how to improve it.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	68738a5137da3abf416a733d61d03d0b	Design work on the strategy commenced in October 2011 and five pilot networks representing 55 schools (feura) were established. The strategy went live in October 2012 with 57 networks established involving 373 schools (feura) (approximately 15% of New Zealand schools [feura]), with an average of 6 to 7 schools per network. There is a particular focus on priority groups traditionally under-served by the system - Maori, Pasifika, those from lower socioeconomic groups, and those with special education needs - along with their families (whanau), teachers, school and community leaders. As some of the distinctive features, Learning and Change Networks put an explicit and prominent focus on an applied theory of making professional learning communities and networks work so as to achieve outcomes that individual schools and teachers cannot readily do by themselves and on a sophisticated set of leadership and management arrangements that puts the onus on action and change on the networks and their members, while embedding these in regional and national structures of support.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	687657d1b47794b2f5fead323e93fd15	Similarly, Chetana from Sunsari district is now active in preventing trafficking in her community. She has mobilized the media and national stakeholders, including higher authorities in the police, to rescue trafficked women from her village. New ideas, images, beliefs and values brought by the migrants to their community (Levitt 1998).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	6876bcbe4bcfe469ef9d5207b2e43cd5	Moreover, whether severance pay must be disbursed or there is protection against unfair termination at the end of the contract and whether contracts can be terminated before the end date, with or without notice, clearly matters as regards the relative costs associated with different contracts. These are also key issues as regards labour market duality (see Section 1 above, as well as Bentolila et al., Second, standard fixed-term contracts and TWA employment represent only an - albeit important - fraction of temporary employment.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	68789cf2d2263a97d7644ae017c1cab4	Greenland is also looking at other renewable energy sources, while the country’s own energy utility company is researching into hydrogen technology for energy storage. Energy savings are also on the national agenda. For example, in 2012 Greenland will be the first country to have 100% coverage with remote monitoring of energy meters which help end users keep control of their energy consumption and encourage them to reduce it. One such project currently under way is the establishment of an aluminium smelting plant.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	6879e85c7c6d4bc209d69f312e47d255	The standard is expected to offer a range of benefits, such as providing a logical and consistent methodology for identifying and implementing EE improvements across facilities, offering guidance on benchmarking, measuring, documenting and reporting energy intensity improvements and their projected impact on reductions in GHG emissions, and assisting facilities in evaluating and prioritizing the implementation of new energy-efficient technologies. For example, the EU Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive sets a 9 per cent energy saving target by 2016, and the United Kingdom’s Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2007 expects a saving of 18 per cent (DEFRA, 2007). The payment for the services delivered is based, either wholly or in part, on the achievement of energy efficiency improvements and on the meeting of the other agreed performance criteria (an EU Directive definition).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	687bd5ac033ba33a3bdbd975b2cd1542	The most promising avenue, it would seem, is exploring the negotiating approaches enshrined in GATS, which affords Members a degree of flexibility to pursue transfer of technology policies. Thus, Members may design their GATS commitments in a way that facilitates technology transfer by specifying limitations and conditions in their schedules with a view to supporting such policies. They may also choose to liberalize types of services and define a sectoral coverage in such a way as to maximize the potential for technology diffusion.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	687fc5baf61c728d1d53e82f2191835a	By 1995 there were 232 EBAIS in Costa Rica, mostly among underserved communities, with rates of access in rural areas rising from 64% in 1995 to 79% in 2000. Alongside EBAIS, some 15% of the population is attended by private providers that are contracted by the CCSS to deliver primary care. With at least one medical doctor, one nurse or nursing assistant and one health care assistant, EBAIS serve around 1 000 households each.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	6883971773a9ae553d62e2f6c3a03c57	Environmental conditions also regularly impair energy equipment. Furthermore, with limited economic resources, Kiribati is highly dependent on official development assistance (accounts for 50% of GDP), with almost total dependence on external funding for energy projects, which results in long lead times and adds complexity to implementation. Moreover, there are significant capacity issues in the energy sector, lack of awareness regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency, and availability of energy data is limited. With the assistance of SPC and other partners, Kiribati is in the process of developing a long-term energy sector strategy, which will include several renewable energy targets.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	6888463d1b7c70f61e00c143c20e740d	The balance of the overall generation portfolio, as well as the potential costs of environmental externalities that may have to be paid in the longer term should always be an integral part of the discussion whenever countries negotiate with donors on investment in new assets. Although international coal prices have risen dramatically over the past decade, the direct costs of coal-fired generation are often low compared to other sources, especially if the coal can be used close to its source, reducing transport costs. Political economy considerations may well prevent sufficient compensation being paid to developing countries to incentivise them to leave these resources in the ground.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-5-en	688998cfc92e7610a9e364adfb9d3a18	They can: i) ensure even quality across different settings; ii) give guidance to staff on how to enhance children’s learning and well-being; and iii) inform parents of their children’s learning and development. Countries take different approaches in designing curriculum. There is a need to think beyond curriculum dichotomies (e.g., academic-oriented vs. comprehensive approaches, staff-initiated instruction vs. child-initiated activities, etc.) Almost all OECD countries have a framework in place - either curriculum or learning standards -from age three to compulsory schooling.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	688ae30ef4a60addcf2b3a5179b3b76b	Medium: Common guidance could specify the type of information to be reported, but not how; definitions and terms may vary by country and would need to be explained. Low: Other than general categories, it would be difficult to specify the information a country should reporte; would vary in order to understand country-specific contexts. This would require a much closer alignment between reporting on finance received and reporting on finance provided, including coverage of funds (e.g. types of flows and instruments) and their status (committed vs. disbursed). The provider would report these as a bilateral flow, but if the receiving country reports this information, it may do so as coming from the multilateral institution (status unclear in BRs and BURs).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	688b961e412420337c6246dc0992681f	This area lies in the deepest zones of the central Adriatic, between Italy and Croatia, the main countries that exploit it. It is influenced by the Mid Gyre that determines the circulation of the waters, contributing to the well-known dense waters together with the seasons and the entering waters from the Ionian Sea. The Adriatic Sea waters are exchanged with those of the open seas of the Mediterranean only once every three or four years and the North Adriatic is the shallowest part of the entire Mediterranean Sea, with an average depth of around 50 m. It presents the w'ater body with relatively slow water exchange mechanisms, making it particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/86ec538f-en	688cb17f41bcee64fcfca232bb96dc7f	The learners and the teachers who are being assisted with the materials for identifying, describing and presenting cases, give visibility to new models of SCP. They further discuss the identified examples with families, neighbours and friends and by doing so initiate broader social learning. The overall premise of the partners is to shift from reliance on awareness and knowledge transfer ('learning to change’) towards direct engagement of people and organisations into learning practices ('changing to learn').	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	688da910cf7b9c8d70427b4f27d78a24	Figure 3.4 shows the poverty gap relative to the absolute poverty (accounting for regional prices) threshold for the years 1994, 2000 and 2007. In 2007, the median poverty gap, as measured at the 50th percentile of individuals in absolute poverty, was 27% of the poverty threshold compared with gaps of 31% in 2000 and 37% in 1994 (the median poverty gap was largest in 1996, Denisova, 2011). Thus, not only has the incidence of absolute poverty declined, it also has become less pronounced.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	688dcb6a4ef78669a60f9ca85ddec9f5	The service can be booked by telephone, fax, post and email. This service is not free of charge (EUR 20/hour for older people), but half of the cost can be deducted from annual income tax. Persons who are accompanying older people are also required to show them how to travel safely, to guide them in the city and to explain the basics of public transport and networks.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	688dcc088da92d5652dfaadc1a79527e	The state-led welfare and social protection system is limited in PICs, where there has been a heavy reliance on traditional, informal and non-state social protection systems which are provided through extended family, kinship, and community. The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of traditional, informal and semi-formal social security and protection mechanisms within PICs, to explore the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) in providing social security and safety nets and to aid in enhancing social development in PICs. Social protection is a fundamental issue in promoting social and human development and reducing risks and vulnerabilities. It is an agenda primarily designed for reducing vulnerability and managing risks of individuals, households and communities.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	688dd7afe1c0cfd289f2e8994fef0a84	Only in Panama did the headcount ratio decline, but the gap diminished by less than the poverty rate and severity was unchanged, suggesting that the households exiting poverty were the ones with the highest incomes among the poor. In Honduras, moreover, the relative situation of the poorest was worse at the end of the period, since the gap as measured by the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) method grew more quickly than the headcount ratio (H). This indicator is used to compare the percentage of poor women aged between 20 and 59 with that of poor men in the same age group.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	68967c099ef5ab424c5474075a43b382	The experience of dairy farms in Eastern European provides examples of vertical integration to overcome market failures, e.g. dairies organising cold chains to individual farms. Public investment in the cold chain is not necessary, but private sector providers must have incentives to invest, access to capital, and trust in contract enforcement. Creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	68993bb8d584e3cef245947a66466b81	Dealing with them as part of a broad-based tariff reduction exercise using request-offer or other negotiating approaches should facilitate cross-product and cross-sector trade-offs. The reason for this is compelling. Most NTMs are implemented with legitimate objectives or concerns of public policy in mind (e.g. technical regulations, sanitary standards or safety and health requirements). Here the challenge is to move towards a more harmonized approach to non-border regulation through the elaboration of rules that acknowledge the legitimacy of government intervention while seeking to minimise negative trade effects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	689bfd517da15d8f8c0e35020fd0f6e1	The size of rental markets varies across countries from less than 10% in the Eastern European countries, Iceland, and Spain to nearly 40% in Germany. Another reason may be that the rental market is relatively small and the share of households living in reduced-rent or rent-free dwellings is significant, as in Poland and the Czech Republic. Examples are Reifner et al. (	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	68a09266e637ecd1b571ab3286ad4572	This corresponds to a reduction in overtime hours of about one-third. Hours and pay reductions in Japan reflect adjustments along many different margins (cont.) In the absence of publicly available data on the number of hours subsidised, the total number of subsidised hours were estimated using information on total public expenditure on short-time work (Koyo-chosei-jyosei-fem) and the average hourly wage. The high-cost low-impact scenario assumes that the cost of one hour of short-time work to the government equals 90% of the average hourly wage.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	68a219f1d0dca186e7b86bd0268ac9d7	With shorter journeys, they are more likely to walk. However, women have more complex journey patterns and are at a disadvantage when living in peripheral urban areas because of the poor frequency of public transport. People with disabilities suffer a wide range of issues when travelling, including obstructed and dangerous sidewalks.	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	68a27c246afd94fb7c9e2a11c25b1fde	Having schools that are close by and ensuring that classes are structured so girls can return home before dark can also encourage parents and reduce risks of gender-based violence. All-girl classes and complementary “safe” learning spaces can provide girls with room to develop decision-malting and leadership skills that may be more difficult to cultivate in places where these skills are mostly reserved for men and boys. Extracurricular sports can also be important for empowerment (Sperling and Windirop, 2016).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	68a34756e00a3b0b774ca146e37d0f29	Reproductive roles are those associated with child rearing/ raising and caretaking of the home (i.e., cooking and cleaning). Community involvement highlights those tasks related to collective support and community gain. ( Feminists have also highlighted the importance of the collective dimensions of empowerment and power, in addition to individual empowerment. For example, see Srilatha Batliwala, ‘The Meaning of Women’s Empowerment: New Concepts from Action’, in G. Sen, A. Germain and L. C. Chen (eds.), Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Rights, pp.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	68a3cf0993f4c001f38cef0051bde89c	Furthermore, it is not clear, however, that the region's population has the knowledge and skills necessary to “move up the value chain” as needed to compete in the regional and global economy. The significant urban-rural disparities in socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment between Penang and the other states in the Northern Corridor Economic Region also present challenges. Tertiary education institutions should work together towards better alignment of their education provision with the needs of the region.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	68a85641e14fd830e67439d934d97411	It will be important to continue efforts to set priorities that build on and are aligned to the decentralised system approach and to continue improving access and efficiency of funding in tertiary education. In part, the strategy aims to align kindergarten to Grade 12 and post-secondary education with labour market needs so that students can gain the knowledge and skills needed for an easier transition into the workforce. For instance, Prince Edward Island’s Professional Learning Report 2013 defined areas of improvement in teachers’ learning, and the Ontario government recently announced a modernisation of teacher education in the province. The impact of socio-economic status on student performance (9.4%) is lower than the OECD average (14%) (Figure 1).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	68a869a97e80373955c3e333a76f4f1f	Net replacement rates are evaluated for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record. See OECD (2007a) for full details. Finland and Germany saw the biggest reductions in net replacement rates. A decomposition of these changes (not reported) shows that in Germany, and to a lesser extent Finland, effective tax burdens on employment incomes were reduced at the same time, which further widened the gap between incomes in-work and out-of-work.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599451-6-en	68a8ed84e8b7f6165320bf90a57dbfbf	As of 2015, the workforce participation rate3 for women is 59 per cent, and for men it is 71.1 per cent (WGEA 2015b). According to a survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), nearly 28 per cent of women gave caring for children as a reason for not working compared to just 3 per cent of men (Jericho 2015). In 2015, women comprised more than 60 per cent of the workforce in three occupations: clerical and administration, community and personal services, and sales (WGEA 2015a).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	68ab0f24b99eb33b1f34b6fed8b9c58a	This often incentivises migrants that have recently arrived to the country to opt for the academic route, rather than a vocational one, which may not always be best suited to their needs (Liebowitz et al. The adult-leaming system may, in such cases, offer training in Portuguese as a second language to young migrants who have no other options in the education system. Several studies offer insights on practices for increasing participation in adult learning (OECD, 2005[igj; European Commission, 2015[i9j; Windisch, 2015[2o])-Increased participation is viewed as a key objective, based on the benefits of participation outlined in Chapter 2 (Box 2.4).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-35-en	68ab3ef7f731ba7fd8aa13b2b2e51c9c	In addition, the IFA enables the Secretary to provide assistance to persons engaged in commercial fisheries, for measures to alleviate harm incurred as a direct result of a fishery resource disaster. For example, the Fishermen’s Fund programme in Alaska provides for the treatment and care of Alaskan licensed commercial fishermen who have been injured while fishing onshore or offshore in Alaska. Benefits from the Fund are financed from revenue received from each resident and non-resident commercial fisherman’s license and permit fee. Measures to address capacity fall in three broad categories: i) limited entry and other permit programmes; ii) exclusive quota programmes, including limited access privilege programmes (LAPPs, a new term included in the reauthorised Magnuson-Stevens Act), individual fishing quotas (IFQs), community development quotas (CDQs), and co-operatives; and iii) buybacks.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208872-8-en	68aba5b07c53c13465b180388c7c539c	Regional and local offices report back on the degree to which they have met their strategic objectives. The province also collects additional information on the programmes implemented, individuals served and employment outcomes. There is therefore a great deal of feedback in the system, but overly stringent output targeting for lower level staff is avoided.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	68b30d5c3e545b4732eb93d9e53aca27	Consistent with Okun’s Law, these data suggest a cross-country Okun coefficient of approximately 0.5, well below 1. However, Okun’s Law is more typically applied to the association between changes in output and unemployment within countries. The analysis of labour demand adjustment in Section 2 examines this relationship.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	68b3fe730bcd4dec2583db4a6f76b446	South-East Asia is a high-prevalence area for hepatitis B, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the largest proportion -almost 50 per cent - or about 340 million of new STI infections occurring each year happen in South and South-East Asia, especially among the youth (WHO 2007, p. 3). The regional estimate of HIV prevalence among adults aged 15-49 years old is relatively low, in the range of 0.2-0.4 per cent, but the absolute numbers are significant with about 1.7 million people in 2007 living with HIV/ AIDS in South-East Asia (UNAIDS 2008). Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Myanmar and Indonesia are among the top six countries in Asia in terms of adult cases per 1,000 of population (ADB 2010, p. 96).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283343-en	68b540f3d46be1a8de53bfa1b8fcbe37	On the other hand, 37% of Danish adults report regular heavy alcohol consumption, the highest in the EU. Almost 40% of Danish adolescents report having been drunk at least twice in their life. Obesity rates are below the EU average but on the rise: 14.0% of Danish adults were obese in 2014, up from 9.5% in 2000.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	68b8ee107d6fe4398d49026eb05db639	Drawing on the OECD New Rural Paradigm, the chapter proposes a holistic territorial approach as an alternative framework for tackling this issue. A territorial approach to FSN policy is also needed to facilitate co-ordination among different sectoral policies and levels of government. This can help make the FSN policy framework broader and more flexible.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/30fc26a1-en	68b9178f8b4c255b813f26e0d78fb0de	It also assesses the impacts of coal- and gas-fired power with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The impacts of these technologies are compared with those of modern coal and gas-fired power without CCS, but with state-of-the-art pollution control. Bioenergy is not included because it is covered in a recent IRP report (Bringezu et al., Nuclear power generation is not included because UNEP sees this technology as being under the responsibility of a different UN agency (IAEA); oil fired steam power plants were excluded because they are seen as less relevant for the future.	7	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	68ba4de8c20465ca6bc9b87eaeb53898	Cold smoked and salt cured fish is out of this derogation because of the danger of listeria. Freezing of foodstuffs in retail sector is somehow grey area in legislation, but Evira guidance allows it to charity purpose. In EU there is legislation only how the quick-frozen products have to be manufactured, no legislation of storing by freezing.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	68bb5eab1e1f88a44ec3334d96430377	In this way, the Council harmonises strategies of relevant organisations and provides for transfer of information and a sharing of resources. Additionally, there are extended plenary meetings twice per year with the mandate of nurturing political leadership. The CEO oversees the technical task teams for programmes (i.e. policy and legislation, research, prevention), monitoring and evaluation, administration, communication and resource mobilisation teams.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	68bf5e2d81a5c0746f768a72c6a69c19	Because the Macedonian waters have a rich endemic ichthyofauna, MoEPP is also involved for biodiversity conservation matters. However, all fishing is now prohibited on Lake Ohrid to protect the Ohrid trout. Five-year concessions are given to a single fishing company on each waterbody, and the company is expected to develop a master plan for protection, improvement, and usage of the relevant fish stock during their license period.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	68c5dd2154db2265547351cd644a6f5b	This model is mandated in the European Union and many other liberalized jurisdictions in the United States, Canada and Latin America where multiple operators in different segments of the electricity supply chain are present and participate in international trade in electricity. Electricity cooperation and trade can bring economies of scale in investments; strengthen electricity-sector financing capability; enhance competition and improve sector efficiency; increase toad and fuel diversity; enable cost-effective renewable electricity penetration; address seasonal variability in generation; provide emergency support; provide a market for surplus generation; and generally increase the security and robustness of participating national electricity systems. Trade in electricity demands considerable infrastructure to ensure the interconnection of different electricity transmission systems across national borders.	7	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	68c7aef5477482364d9edb724bf8b698	These perspectives represent the areas/ideas where the PABAN working group recommends focusing when establishing policys and measures. The perspectives are discussed in a thirty year time span, sometimes pointing even further into the future. The perspectives were named during the second workshop, exept perspective 7 which was applied after comments from the reference group. Titles are presented below in Table 6, and dicussed in the following chapters. In the long term the success of the aquaculture industry highly depends on steady availability of sustainably produced feed ingredients. This is outstandingly true with the Nordic aquaculture which now and in the foreseeable future is strongly based on salmonids, cool water predators with high dietary requirements, and particularly a need for high quality marine oils.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	68c8450a666ba2541d49566b87d14e19	However, the significance and magnitude of the effect of these characteristics depends on the particular domain under consideration. In this section, we pay particular attention to factors underlying domain vis-a-vis income poverty and the role of income poverty in predicting a child’s risk to domain deprivation. Tables 7 to 11 in the Annex present the regression results for the different estimation models and report marginal effects and standard errors.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5e354935-en	68c9483fe58dada115d097503d20058b	The experience of having reports reviewed is also important for building capacity and improving the quality of reporting, in part because this allows domestic resources to be channelled in support of improvements (Briner and Moarif, 2017). Under current practice, information for which reporting is mandatory is more heavily scrutinised during any review process, and in turn benefits from the recommendations and suggestions of expert review teams. If future MPGs were to include fewer mandatory reporting provisions, the review process may need to be adjusted to ensure that a broad set of relevant information is still being subject to facilitative review by experts, and not only information for which reporting provisions are mandatory.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	68ca838c7ac93555d17a894b41a91701	The Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank had the monopoly of providing loans to farmers until recently and was able to offer only seasonal loans covering a small share of production costs and on a short-term basis (one-year maximum). Although the new Microfinance Law that allows for the development of microfinance institutions should help fill the gap, reforming the MADB would help expand its scope and coverage and ensure that agricultural investors can access long-term credit. Open, transparent and predictable agricultural trade policies both domestically and across borders can improve the efficiency of resource allocation, thus facilitating scale economies, reducing transaction costs and boosting productivity and rates of return on investment.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	68cc219f9bd869f3cb89fea5da51f478	Ten questions allow the reader to self-assess driving performance in difficult situations (intersections, dense traffic and reversing), incidents of failing to see other road users, experience of fatigue and vision problems when driving, slowing of reactions in critical situations, and negative feedback from the driver’s friends and family, or from other road users. Respondents are recommended to see a doctor if they experience any of the listed problems, and to undergo a detailed assessment of their fitness to drive. As for most self-assessment tools, no scientific evaluation is available. However, one main result of the EU-Project SIZE was that a most important barrier for agreeable outdoor mobility of older persons stems from difficult interaction with (other) car drivers.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	68cc56f99f7433126251488792ae8b82	The law entered into force the last quarter of 2014, though some provisions will be phased in over the 2015-2018 period. The overall goal tax reform is to raise the tax-to-GDP ratio to finance a large increase in education spending. The tax measures aim to raise an extra 3% of GDP. More than half of the increased revenues are forecasted to come from increased income taxation, mainly from corporate income (Table 1). Increases in compliance are forecast to increase revenues by 0.5% of GDP (17% of the overall reform revenue goal), while expansions in the VAT base will account for 0.3% of GDP (12% of the overall reform target. To raise more revenues Chile could focus on broadening the tax base of the personal income tax (PIT), which does not contribute significantly to reduce inequality.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	68ce8ed93066ee585cd2c4cfebfc1caa	The poverty rate is defined with respect to the Eurostat poverty threshold in 2005. Assume, for example, average housing equity for a 65-year-old in 2004 and 2006 of around EUR 146 000. With a life expectancy of 18.8 years (as calculated by Eurostat) at the age of 65 and an annual interest rate of 6%, the present value of the home would be around EUR 49 250.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	68d0e4e1029fd12b8057fe4e93c8001a	In middle income countries about 50 to 70% of the intended beneficiaries are reached, with an increasing role for social assistance rather than social insurance benefits, hi low-income countries, only a quarter of the intended benefit population is covered and on average less than 5% of the intended beneficiaries are covered by social insurance benefits. There are two major types: i) skills development and training, and ii) cash-or food-for-work programmes. However, cash for work programmes do not improve skills and in themselves do not offer opportunities to participants to escape poverty. The challenge is to improve these programmes so that they contribute to the transition to more productive employment, and more and better jobs.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/dd581311-en	68d0f24468db7ba8f70fb79e10b2f557	Two dimensions are considered: rights [deprivations) and well-being (income). Rights are measured through six indicators: the education gap, access to health care, access to social security, quality of living spaces, basic services at home and access to food. Premised on the indivisibility of social rights, a person is deemed to be deprived in this dimension if he or she registers at least one of the six social deprivations. The two dimensions are aggregated through cross-tabulation (CONEVAL, 2010). From a rights perspective, the poor are not persons who are deprived or needy but rather citizens and rights-holders (chapter II, which discusses the multidimensional measurement of child poverty, expands on this perspective). From the perspective of capabilities, poverty measurement based solely on resources is inadequate, since it does not provide information on the things that people can do or actually do with these abilities.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	68d1c32a28aa32c66ca205de62d37629	The proximity of Bangladesh to Myanmar and the surge in domestic demand made the country a big market for “yaba”. “ Yaba” is mainly smuggled from Myanmar by fishing boat. It is bartered for other drugs of abuse, such as buprenorphine and tranquillizers, that are then smuggled in the opposite direction, from Bangladesh to Myanmar. Diazepam and buprenorphine ampoules were reported to be smuggled into Nepal from India. In 2014, 44,495 ampoules of diazepam and 37,000 ampoules of buprenorphine were seized in Nepal, slightly more than the 43,227 ampoules of diazepam and 30,887 ampoules of buprenorphine seized in 2013.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	68d66bb4f84b270558b25c49f19b41eb	The lines for all five countries are essentially flat, which implies that there is very little systematic variation in rates of benefit receipt between calendar months. Any month-to-month fluctuations in benefit receipt observed in the monthly rates of benefit receipt for Sweden and Norway in the bottom-left panel represent ‘noise’, i.e. random variations, rather than seasonal effects. Figure 6 shows that 2-4% of working-age individuals in Latvia and Norway receive HB while the corresponding share is 3-6% in Germany and 8-10% in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	68da1cefaea1fcbd41b493a8182113d5	The determinants of female labour force participation (cont.) Accordingly, the expanded provision of child care services for the under 3s was found to have a weaker effect on female employment rates in Continental and Southern European countries, where it may have merely converted the informal into formal child care (Akunduz and Plantenga, 2015). By contrast, there was no effect among poorly educated women. Thevenon (2013, 2015) estimates that higher tax rates for second earners deter woman from working, although that effect is tempered in an institutional environment which is friendly to a work-life balance. The effect of financial incentives is greatest in English-speaking countries, where female employment rates appear to be reduced by increases in the duration of paid leave and/or the relative tax rates affecting second earners in couple families. This finding makes sense in countries where labour markets are flexible enough to allow workers to move in and out of the labour force, and where working hours can be adjusted to family needs and constraints like high child care costs.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	68dc0eb2566a624ac724680e3ce34cca	Populations in small rural villages that are too small or too dispersed for on-grid electrification can take advantage of off-grid distributed generation solutions. In Malaysian Borneo, for instance, PV-diesel hybrid systems have been developed for 63 schools that are not grid-connected. Another advantage of DES is that the construction of the system can take place in a couple of months, whereas expansions of the centralised grids to remote areas may take years and even decades.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	68dc1165cf67bdf12befc1261bb86a90	An initial evaluation found an increase in participation. Funding is given to schools to support trustees and school leaders in better meeting students' needs. The Ministry oversees the education system, develops curriculum and assessment standards for students and teachers, intervenes in instances of school failure, provides funding and leads cross-government initiatives.	4	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	68e15ad27809248de89f23128c36c69b	"Trade costs among developing countries (“South-South"") were the slowest to decline at the beginning of the period, but their decline gained momentum after the mid-2000s, outpacing the rest. They also show that trade costs are higher for services, mostly due to high variable costs. The first three categories capture the cost of delivering goods from suppliers to customers. They include the costs of transport, cargo loading, storage, port services and the costs of complying with customs procedures."	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	68e1728f0138c606e31ef55cc85cb9ff	Finland's education system is also highly efficient: in 2007 Finland spent 5.6% of its GDP on education, less than the OECD total average of 6.2% (OECD, 2010b). This efficiency is discussed further in the conclusions to this chapter. This philosophy included the beliefs that all pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies, just as John Dewey had insisted decades before.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	68e335caa23b258b3c5a89bd08263b4a	This makes it difficult to conduct the sorts of long-term investments in human capacities that characterize altruistic growth regimes. We see this pressure manifested in Figure 2-1C, where Australia, Canada and the United States are classified as having weak caring spirits and the United Kingdom is below the trendline. We thus might expect, at least for women outside the upper classes who cannot afford to compensate for the absence of the state and/or men in social reproduction, that female labour force participation is associated with stresses on the production of human capacities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	68e3b72c99e4e3f46b3c01a05038400f	These projects have been completed or are at various stages of development. The key program which the IAU implements is the Indigenous Aquaculture Strategy to deliver important outcomes sought by Indigenous participants through projects that are socially, environmentally and economically sustainable. As part of the biennial Australasian Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show (3-6 August 2008), the IAU held a half-day workshop to discuss the current and future operating environment within the Indigenous aquaculture sector and funded the participation of eight people from around Australia. However, the value of Australian seafood production only dropped by 1% compared to 2004/05 to AUD 2.19 billion in 2006/07.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	68e60817ac57d235ead8dc6bcdf078a0	The report offers insights into women's labour market participation and entrepreneurship across the six countries, takes stock of countries ’ international and constitutional commitments to gender equality, and looks at women’s access to justice. It examines the existing legal frameworks governing women’s work as employees and entrepreneurs and assesses the impact of family law and traditional gender roles on outcomes. It also provides a succinct list of policy recommendations to support governments in their ongoing reform efforts to build more prosperous and inclusive societies by unleashing the economic potential of women. In the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings, governments and non-governmental actors underscored the need for a clear picture on legislative frameworks and their impact on women’s economic involvement.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277335-5-en	68e796cccf68fc7636b87c452cbae03d	The recent slowdown in growth has underlined the urgency of measures to prevent the widening of an already large public deficit. Public debt increased from 27% to 42% of GDP between 2007 and 2015 (OECD, 2016f). This implies increasing the proportion of public expenditure which is open to challenge and control. It also means giving more emphasis to the evaluation and monitoring of public services in terms of their outcomes, and developing the capacity within government to exercise strategic oversight over main programmes and ensure that they are accountable and deliver value for money.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	68ef8a619f5da49510949ff3f47a3034	Women are often traditionally tasked with preparing dead bodies for burial, exposing them to direct contact with disease. Also, women can contract the disease through sexual intercourse with men who have recovered from Ebola, as the virus stays in the semen for up to seven weeks after recovery. It is not that Ebola targets women; however, a simple analysis uncovers the effect that gender roles can have on the rights of women, starting with the basic right to life. The ongoing discrimination that victims may face, and the impunity that typically prevails, requires that investigators and interpreters win the trust of victims. In most societies, it is often not socially acceptable to discuss the systematic oppression of women and IGBTI persons or certain prevalent violations, such as sexual violence. Consequently, besides the absence of reliable information, the investigation team may struggle lo identify where such violations have occurred and to find victims or witnesses who are willing to provide testimony.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	68f770ba0dfcaee3756b19a371a1f5d5	Even if Ethiopia’s own GHG emissions are inconsequential globally, this focus both confers moral legitimacy on Ethiopia, and is potentially attractive to emerging international climate finance. Moreover, as a single factor relevant to all sectors, it is relatively easy to include GHG levels in a wide range of sector plans; mainstreaming several biodiversity, pollution, and soil and water conservation issues - albeit issues that may often be of greater importance locally - is trickier and consequently is rarely done effectively. The CRGE’s Green Economy component focuses on Ethiopia’s particular resource endowments, addresses some of the biggest economic risks facing the country, identifies the lowest-cost GHG abatement options, and makes the case to attract international finance.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	68f830a357b3395b81801998885bbd1e	"The learning environment is acutely sensitive to the individual differences among the learners in it, including their prior knowledge. The learning environment devises programmes that demand hard work and challenge from all without excessive overload. The learning environment operates with clarity of expectations and deploys assessment strategies consistent with these expectations; there is strong emphasis on formative feedback to support learning. The learning environment strongly promotes ""horizontal connectedness"" across areas of knowledge and subjects as well as to the community and the wider world. Innovate the ""pedagogical core"" of the learning environment, whether the core elements (learners, educators, content and learning resources), the dynamics which connect them (pedagogy and formative evaluation, use of time and the organisation of educators and learners) or combinations of both."	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6236c858-en	68f9ab0e4a47fac6835242fc28159856	The rise in resource use has been coupled with growth in waste and emissions contributing to a series of pressure points including climate change, reduced food security, water scarcity and air pollution. It has also lead to supply insecurity for a number of resources that are strategically important in modem production and consumption systems (Weisz and Schandl, 2008). More recently, the governance and functioning of the global economic systems has been challenged during the global financial crisis that started in 2008.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	68fa02d4b5d260155d285e2dfb3b6903	Much can be learned from an international exchange of information on whatworks and what are the likely pitfalls. That's where this joint project policy development project comes in, from the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD and the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. Since 2005, the aim of the project has been to analyse policy challenges and options in enhancing entrepreneurship and to offer inspiration for new approaches through local capacity building and international exchanges of policy experiences.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	68fe70904b0f4f09794dbd1ca4624c15	Further simplification of a complex policy environment, together with a long term, clear and committed vision for low carbon in the United Kingdom, would give retailers the certainty and confidence required to make the significant investments needed to move to a low carbon economy.” ( Government also has a role in setting the tone and direction of public debate about food, and a role in fostering cultural and behavioural change. This leadership and agenda-setting role can be a powerful complement to direct interventions.” (	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	69029ae2c59880492301e1b4ef29db79	The issue of teacher shortages and hiring of teachers without a finished diploma is also prevalent in Austria. Both countries have adopted a number of policies and practices to provide language training in classrooms. The country is balancing school choice policies and similar increases in immigration, with a 40% increase in foreign-born individuals since 2000.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	69031b2185a0749b21212c8360cd568b	Government-approved projects are again exempted from such limits and the time limit for tax exemption should be “specified in co-ordination with the relevant Ministry”. Once the tax exemption has come to an end, the land tax value is: USD 8.5 per ha for perennial crops and aquaculture; USD 5.7 per ha for horticulture crops; and USD 2.8 per ha for seasonal crops and livestock. They can lead to employment creation, including through backward and forward linkages and multiplier effects.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	690589a6e797b4ca5b0a3defe46660e5	Unlike in other markets, there is no spectrum crisis taking place and if needed, the unsold Digital Dividend spectrum could be sold at a reasonable price in line with market expectations. Mozambique Affordability Report Highlights 2017. Data from some countries suggest that affordability is not the key obstacle to getting people online for the first time and often barriers are instead related to a lack of awareness and skills.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264088979-en	6909883992994085f6e7db8fe1f30b56	Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact. They investigate how higher education institutions contribute to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building. The review process facilitates partnership building in regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	690b7c430dc2eb738bcba3b009d4b3b2	This situation is comparable to the first option discussed above, with the difference that, in case no subsequent medical uses are claimed, the initial product patent on a first medical use will comprise all possible subsequent uses, rather than being use-bound. Such modest contributions to the existing state of the art are referred to as “incremental innovation”. Such innovation often lies within the range local firms, particularly those that could not realistically aspire to developing truly new or non-obvious inventions that may require more technical research capabilities than are available.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	690d27697d12081c95ad54bd5f2e186c	These firing costs along with complex dismissal procedures play a key role in depressing hiring rates on permanent contracts of new labour market entrants, such as youth. In addition, very short trial periods are likely to discourage the hiring of young people whose productivity is difficult to judge ex-ante. Finally, the use of fixed-term contracts and temporaiy-work agencies is highly regulated although loose enforcement translates in their frequent use. This strict protection of formal workers may be one factor behind the spreading of informal employment and disguised self-employment whereby an employee-type relationship is masked as independent work for a single client/employer.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/4a540597-en	690dbd941f7a9c58246e9f0b0ce87d78	Implementation was often given insufficient attention. Today, the planning process is viewed to be more important, with significant consideration given to data collection, monitoring and evaluation, policy networks, decision-making procedures, as well as other procedural and interim products. Critics have objected that the outcomes of the statute have not been as profound as intended.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	6916e9f7a82afbf7b87c3ae27a40d95c	But given the severe strain on the w'ater resources in the Valle de Mexico, investment in leakage reduction is likely to create significant returns. Tariffs are for 2015 and converted from MXN to USD using the average exchange rate for 2014. The pressure at which water can be supplied is constrained, to avoid bursting pipes. This means that water w'ill not be available to all households in the affected part of the network.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	691746009009abc939db594b354b4891	This chapter examines key features that need to be considered for biodiversity mainstreaming at the national level. These are: the extent to which mainstreaming of economic development and where relevant, poverty alleviation objectives are reflected in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs); the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in National Development Plans (NDPs) and other relevant strategies; institutional arrangements in place to foster mainstreaming; the role of data and information in mainstreaming; and the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in national budgets. It is important to note that these issues should be considered in the broader context of assessment frameworks that have been developed for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which include the need for mainstreaming (Figure 2.1).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	69185c79307afde1925f8e2863e0b683	This tax should be equal to the marginal societal damage at the point of optimality, which implies that it is also equal to the marginal private benefit at that point. In a world with no further disturbances, this would force a profit-maximising producer to restrict his emissions exactly at the optimal point. Governments, in the interest of maximising the total welfare of society, act here as the caretakers of social resources and set the socially optimal price. The incentive for the producer to reduce his emissions is now the price he has to pay for emitting sparks, particulates or greenhouse gases.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	691aaea0084e7e1c5362bea7affd820d	The results are typically also expected to inform future professional development. All states and territories have existing statutory teacher registration authorities responsible for registering teachers as competent for practice. The levels of teaching accreditation vary according to the jurisdiction.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	691dd3f4c32efcdb3abcfbdfe2e9f67b	"Without minimum levels of security, protection from violence and mechanisms to hold public and private actors to account for abuses, poor people will lack the confidence to participate in politics and decision making (Pearce J., McGee, R. and Wheeler, J., forthcoming). In areas where there are failures of state authority and/or abuses by state security forces, security and justice are often delivered by non-state actors (e.g. community groups, traditional authorities,"" militias) with varying levels of legitimacy and accountability. The first step is therefore to undertake an analysis of who delivers justice and security, how and with what outcomes. Instead, donors need to encourage local debate and discuss with local elites how international principles can be reconciled with local practices and values, reflect their own interests and respond to people’s needs."	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	691e8444b7bf489980457239c6fdc2de	Selecting indicators inevitably involves a trade-off between breadth and identification (Cadot et al. First, and related to the issue of attribution, indicators are selected that relate only indirectly (or via a very complex results chain) to the actual project or programme. The EIF’s M&E framework (EIF 2011) includes some indicators that could plausibly be attributed to EIF projects (LDC members that have completed the WTO accession process; percentage share of non-oil trade from LDCs), but also some that are likely to be beyond this (poverty headcount; GDP growth; Gini coefficient).	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	692105b8660a73491121bd9826accd6c	Demands for more social spending have been building up since the early 1990s and social protection is financed mostly through social security contributions (as opposed to general taxation). As a result, non-wage labour costs have risen substantially. Social security contribution rates for health and pensions have increased by 15 percentage points, from 14% to 29%, since the early 1990s (Table 1.1).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	69223a45510998a958cc983e8c97a3f4	This approach is geared towards the production of knowledge and innovation, and contributes to raising awareness among Dutch citizens about water risks. Their activities often consist in infrastructure financing, capacity building and education programmes as well as policy guidance and they are a vital means of complementing limited public sector and operator capacity to undertake these activities. Hence, better educational materials for different grade levels related to water availability and sustainable development should be developed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	692387a34679ddb65d039ad1fc5d6216	Under these agreements, the centres recognize the authority of the Governing Body of the Treaty to provide policy guidance relating to their ex situ collections (i.e. collections of seeds stored in genebanks). From 1 February 2008, the Centres have been transferring all plant genetic resources for food and agriculture they hold in trust - using the SMTA. They have also helped countries recover from natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch which struck Honduras and Nicaragua. A recent study showed that of the more than one million seed samples distributed over the past 10 years, the vast majority (80 per cent or more) went to universities and national agricultural research systems where scientists are developing new crop varieties that give higher yields, have improved nutritional value, use less water, need lower amounts of fertilizers, and have natural resistance to pests, diseases and climatic vagaries such as droughts and floods.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	6930a7ba411c2c65f56770397bb0df8d	In doing so, MAGNET accounts for differences in wages and returns to assets between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sector. The module also contains a dynamic component that takes into account the fact that the differences are larger in the short term than in the long term. Land heterogeneity is introduced via a nested constant elasticity of transformation (CET) function.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	6932b59c57d3138f0cba12a2ba35a221	The first election held after the 2014 constitutional amendment came into force was the legislative election of 2015. It saw 211 women voted into the Chamber of Deputies - 42.37% of the total and up from 36.8% in the previous 2012 election (PARLINE database). Many of the OECD countries that have statutory gender quotas for their parliaments still fall short of the numerical target set by law. In Mexico, for example, while the 2008 electoral law targeted a gender quota of 40% of women, the 2009 legislative election delivered only 28.2%. Prior to 2011, a loophole in the electoral law allowed parties to nominate less than 40% of women if they did so as a result of a “democratic election process” - as defined by each political party (Box 5.3). In 2011, the TEPJF crucially ruled that the practice was unconstitutional, so closing the loophole.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	693613a87bbd7af98eb8396d0a31b5e5	The Tri-State metro-region alone contains over 1 700 distinct units of government, each with its own set of revenue and service provision responsibilities and authorities; the Chicago-area 21-county region includes over 2 000 local governments; and the state of Illinois has the nation’s largest number of local governments, at 6 994 (US Bureau of the Census, 2007 and CMAP, 2010a). By international comparison, the Paris metro-region, which is known to be one of the most fragmented metropolitan areas in the OECD, includes a regional authority in addition to 1 281 cities and over 100 inter-municipal bodies. Local authorities in Greater London, in contrast, are composed of the Greater London Authority, 32 London boroughs, and the City of London.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	693756fdfcd89d298184667f6ce5a540	Both sets of policies reduced national and global economic welfare, inhibited economic growth, and added to inequality and poverty because no fewer than three-quarters of the world’s billion poorest people still depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood (World Bank, 2007). Yet myriad policy measures continue to distort world food markets in many and complex ways (Anderson, 2009). In some developing country settings they raise food prices for consumers and the earnings of farm households, while in other settings they lower them; however, in most situations there is a mixture of winners and losers, both in rural and in urban areas, not least because many farm households receive some of their income from non-farm sources.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	693afa9766622b26743f99a0225ec336	The dissemination of already existing technologies from outside could help this endeavour, but a major challenge relates to the ways and means in which innovation that is relevant to African agriculture could be promoted. Such an enabling environment, by definition, is one that strengthens the absorptive capacity of local actors while protecting their interests through a policy framework that recognises their legal rights and privileges, linkages, socio-cultural norms and historical context. This report defines an enabling environment for technology and innovation in agriculture as one that provides the actors, skills, institutions and organizations required to promote the use, dissemination, diffusion and creation of knowledge into useful processes, products and services. This requires an integrative and holistic approach to policy formulation and demands close interaction between the different ministries whose policies have an impact on innovation and performance of the economy as a whole (national innovation system) or specific sectors (ICT, agriculture, health, electronics, etc).	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	693b64f88e3f68f2626807935bdc02a7	Perestroika's legacy and indigenous peoples in Magadan. In ANSIPRA's bulletin (Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic), No.11-12. In ANSIPRA's bulletin (Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic), No.11-12. The oil adventure and indigenous people in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/441bff2d-en	693c83a2123f32149683f6432b7de891	However, Chile Solidario represents an innovative approach with some idiosyncratic features making it a particular case, if not a model itself (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Programme eligibility is defined using a proxy-means (the Ficha CAS) which ranks families according to their socio-demographic and economic conditions. Poverty is explicitly considered as a multi-dimensional experience and a capability approach is specifically adopted to ensure greater equity among beneficiaries (Barrientos, 2010; Palma and Urzua, 2005). According to some authors, the latter feature is particularly relevant as it enables social protection to address more effectively the needs of children, whose experience of poverty often has multidimensional aspects (Barrientos and De Jong, 2006). Families accepted for the programme initially cooperate with a social worker in order to assess their conditions and to agree on an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty; these formally become the “conditions” according to which they are enrolled in the programme.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/937bb150-en	693d90b8de8af9a2e02231644a613426	Between 2013 and 2035, this investment would avert an estimated 147 million child deaths, 32 million stillborn deaths and 5 million maternal deaths. Yet more than 100 developing countries lack the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems needed to generate accurate birth and death data. That figure includes 39 per cent of children in sub-Saharan Africa and 44 per cent of children in South Asia. In the absence of reliable data, estimates for child mortality in countries lacking CRVS systems are based on a sophisticated statistical model using survey responses, census information and other sources.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	693db1ffd4c765e1639e5d1bbcf26bec	Minimum wage reductions could also generate broader wage moderation effects spreading up the income distribution.41 This would be consistent with the finding of positive and statistically significant effect of minimum wages on mean and median incomes. This indicates relatively weak transmission from policy reform to household incomes. One of the highest ranked growth-friendly tax reforms,43 shifting the tax burden away from income taxes to consumption and property taxes, may in principle have adverse effects on inequality through various channels.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262959-en	693e2811c5f83c7626be219c520a8f7c	Women are also over-represented in poverty statistics. Policies must be renewed and reinvigorated to ensure that girls and women are empowered to fulfil their aspirations - not only for their benefit, but for society and economies overall. Refers to the OECD average. The OECD average is the unweighted sum of 28 countries. The OECD average is the unweighted sum of 32 countries.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	694257d161801bad5fa62ea3c7433933	The balance of such trade-offs, and options for managing them, is assessed in this paper. Such policies include micro and macro level responses. This group could potentially include the food insecure, although the main beneficiaries of price protection tend not to be smaller food-insecure farm households but rather more commercial farms with significant food surpluses to sell. The challenge is to either raise productivity and thereby redress a lack of competitiveness, or create new opportunities in other sectors.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	6946b6b1f45bf88a6c6910db370756cb	Second, there is no system in place for monitoring the learning outcomes and achievement of socio-economically disadvantaged students. As a result, there is no clear diagnosis or knowledge at the national, regional, provincial or local level of the most pressing needs of schools that serve students from vulnerable communities. Third, there might be instances where the targeting of resources to those most in need could be improved. For instance, cash transfers provided directly to families are not necessarily targeted to the most vulnerable families.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	69474de037b9265e6efbf17fe84feb49	While no hard and fast rules can be applied, municipalities are generally responsible for providing and managing service delivery (water and wastewater), while higher-tier local governments (e.g. regions, provinces) are responsible for competences associated with resources management. A holistic approach is called for in designing the institutional mapping, because some roles and responsibilities can complement with or neutralise each other at central and sub-national levels. There is a diversity of situations across OECD federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy. On the one hand, some federal countries (United States, Canada, Belgium) have delegated many water responsibilities to lower levels of government, while in other federal states (Mexico, Australia) the central government still plays a strong role (e.g. strategic planning, regulation, etc.)	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	6947e2800b80c7525e4b598906489627	Information on student learning outcomes is collected from international surveys, national monitoring sample surveys (Peridodiek Peilings Onderzoek, PPON and Jaarlijks Peilingsonderzoek van het Onderwijsniveau, JPON), the longitudinal Cohort Survey School Careers (Cohort Onderzoek Onderwijsloopbanen, COOL), the standardised test results reported by schools (e.g. results from the LVS or the Cito school leavers test) and the results from the secondary school-leaving examinations. This student performance data is complemented by a wide range of demographic, administrative and contextual data collected by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture directly from schools. System evaluation also makes use of BRON register data, based on the unique student number.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	6948084fe88c9984c3a47d87a1ec9596	"For example, Bangladesh now prohibits sexual harassment, thanks to a milestone decision issued in 2009 by the High Court. Thanks to a training manual titled ""CEDAW Made Easy"", empowering traditional leaders in Cameroon to use the Convention to bring about concrete improvements in the lives of women in their communities, they are changing traditional practices that are harmful to women. The CEDAW denounced the prevalence of early marriage in several countries, some of which have thus changed their legal age of marriage, which in turn has reduced the prevalence of such practices: the average prevalence of early marriage across developing countries has decreased from 21% in 2009 to 17% in 2012 (Cerise et al., This paper considers the CEDAW ratification date as good predictor of the level of discriminatory social institutions."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	6949e3ed5213b7503692f99c8bb1f6ab	Decisions were made on the basis of both incomplete information of market situations, and the potential impact of their policy actions. In the view of some stakeholders, the situation may be deteriorating. The International Grains Council has expressed concerns about a declining availability and consistency of national data in some countries and possible cutbacks in funding for statistics and crop monitoring.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	6949f1a68c6d87a045f3df48ba058f2b	Peer effects could operate through multiple channels: for instance, women may exhibit greater confidence when they are in a more supportive environment, or peers may help women attain their goals by providing support after the training is over. There was also evidence that the positive impacts of training with a friend were stronger among women from religious or caste groups with social norms that restrict female mobility. They should also incorporate financial education into other initiatives where women are likely to be the main beneficiaries, such as conditional financial transfers, to improve women’s financial independence. Evidence from Developing Countries”, Word Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. Identifying Complementary Effects of Financial Education on Migrant Households”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	694a53213feb4a8a2a5bc941b8595570	Recently, the burden of such discrimination on economic growth has been estimated to cost up to USD 12 trillion for the global economy. Yet, using standard economic indicators such as GDP as a measure of social progress is inherently limited. What is equally important is assessing the impact of gender inequality on other measures of well-being. Using subjective well-being indicators, for instance, allows a broader perspective of the complex consequences of gender-based discrimination in social institutions.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1ac856f7-en	695141cf2469c40edb644ab6cb8e40a3	"Nonetheless, the rural population has declined faster than the number of people living in poverty in rural areas (see figure II.12).This implies a greater ""ruralization"" of poverty, as measured by an index similar to that used to analyse gender differences. This index rose from 1.59 to 1.89 between 2002 and 2016, indicating that poverty as a whole has become relatively more prevalent in rural areas. In contrast, extreme poverty has become less ""ruralized',' as the index fell from 3.42 in 2002 to 3.14 in 2016, although its level of ruralization is still much higher than that of general poverty)."	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	69517ab50b37c16daa3d3abd82c33b90	This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of strategies and reports; the point here is to illustrate that a multitude of different strategies and reporting channels already exists in many countries. This can help to clarify what elements may usefully be included in a LEDS versus what may be redundant of other exercises and thus left out to avoid duplication. For example, while many existing national climate change strategies may also contain forward-looking components, they may not adequately integrate economic development with climate change, so this could be a core objective of a LEDS.7 Moreover, several of the existing national climate change strategies prepared to date only plan forward for the short-term, i.e. up to 2012.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	69523f8974cad575aec9f95da6d12906	Regional innovation strategies need to reveal the reasons why the neighbouring area is a good partner for collaboration in this field, whether due to complementarities in areas of specialisation, cost differentials in labour or land markets, common interests in branding, etc. However, if there are few opportunities for firms to collaborate with other firms, universities or technology transfer offices on the other side of the border, then forcing collaboration will only waste resources. In the North of England, within-country cross-regional efforts sought to build greater critical mass and political power.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	695273c4ba33d4dc9812127c1673326c	Biofuel support policies generate additional demand for feedstocks, which translates into higher incomes for crop farmers - both in subsidizing and to a lesser degree in other countries - but higher costs for downstream industries, including livestock farmers, and consumers. Fertiliser policies reduce crop production costs, increase yields and result in expanded production, resulting in higher incomes for crop farmers in subsidizing countries but lowering incomes for crop farmers abroad. In contrast, livestock prices are affected only moderately: generally higher feed costs resulting from biofuel support policies raise livestock prices slightly. Fertiliser subsidies, where they are applied, tend to lower feed costs and hence reduce livestock prices. With the exception of the effects of large fertiliser support in India, changes to livestock prices remain below 1%. By reducing crop production costs in countries that apply fertiliser subsidies, they disadvantage crop farmers in other countries.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	695394524070b3e6c802d37c569da69b	It is expected that this programme will cover 500 villages and 800,000 people. By the end of 2010, 5 mVs high-quality drinking water from Alazan-Agrichayskoy depression in Oguz region will be provided to the Absheron peninsula when the 250 km Oguz-Gabala-Baku water pipe will be completed. It is expected that with all these improvements, Baku will be served 24 hours a day with 19 m3/s of drinking water.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	6953f3282d77ef6ca919dbfad6e8db80	Many of the sediments have been reworked by erosion cycles associated with varying sea levels and are exposed as palimpsest (relict) pavements along the mid and outer shelves, exposed to the action of fringing shelf-edge currents such as the Agulhas Current (Green and MacKay in press). These may be interspersed with submerged shorelines of varying ages which have added small, in situ quantities of rubble and bioclastic debris to the shelf system (Green and MacKay in press). Along the east coast of South Africa, the relict sediment is thinly overlain by a sheet of Holocene aged material, on average no more than 10 m thick with a few localised depocentres up to 30 m thick, usually associated with the localised convergence of littoral and geostrophic currents.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	6954df011db0b0cb1aef538f53330df0	Take-up of training offered by the PES also appears to be lower among older individuals: only 14% of those entering work-related training offered by the PES were aged 55 and over, whereas this age group made up around 17% of the registered unemployed (source: Unemployment Insurance Fund statistics). Source: Authors' calculations using EU-LFS. These include formal basic education for those who did not finish general secondary education (around a quarter of Group A do not have an upper secondary qualification), formal vocational education including apprenticeship learning, and less formal vocational courses. The last of these have been shown to have positive impacts on employment rates among the unemployed (Lauringson et al.,	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	6956e2cd7ddf71027b7a7862267ae18a	A typical weekly load curve is shown in Figure 2.1: it represents the demand from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) during three weeks in 2005. In Texas the peak load occurs in summer, around mid-day (orange curve), while demand in winter and spring ranges between 35% and 70% of the peak value. The timing of the peak demand depends on geographical location, meteorological conditions and the degree of industrialisation relative to activities in the commercial, service and residential sector of an area/country.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	69594edb2811102e387469ea2174aea6	In Bolivia, households receiving a social pension in poor rural areas experienced an average increase in food consumption of almost 165% of the value of the transfer. Without access to markets, or if prices are raised, the purchasing power of cash transfers is significantly lower. The challenge is to maintain their real value when markets are volatile. There is very little evidence on the effect of long-term cash transfers in economic downturns or crises, but in emergencies, short-term transfers can help to increase access (and utilisation) of food (Bailey & Hedlund, 2012).	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088986-en	6959f0143535c4ab6459e9ef1f9c9675	Various forms of “lock-ins” are present in the region ranging from narrow orientation of knowledge providers, to a “low wage equilibrium” including low job creation. Population groups live and learn in separate communities limiting the innovation potential of a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic population. Contribution of higher education institutions to R&D remains limited, except in the case of the Technion.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	695af8cb9941eacc9836324598dedf85	About 28% of students are enrolled in private tertiary educational institutions in Poland, close to the OECD average of 30%. In 2013, 90% of 15-19 year-olds are enrolled in education, against 32% of 20-29 year-olds. These figures were higher for Poland than for OECD countries, where the average was 84% for 15-19 year-olds and 28% for 20-29 year-olds.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	695b6087aa647d831b1907daabefecca	Top-down elements include principles, accounting guidance and common time frames for NDCs (should these be agreed), which can provide robustness and comparability. Bottom-up elements include nationally-determined mitigation goals, the provision and mobilisation of climate finance, and the determination of support needs, which can provide flexibility and ambition. Capacity building will be important if the enhanced transparency framework is to be successfully implemented in developing countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8be0ed45-en	695dd34ba2c4c54c063d40e002c1ba74	The focus then turns to municipal solid waste (MSW) where data on quantities and composition as well as past trends and future projections are presented (Section 3.3). Section 3.4 overviews the status of MSW management across income groups and regions. It focuses first on the protection of public health by ensuring that all wastes are collected, and then on environmental protection by phasing out uncontrolled disposal and open burning of waste. This is followed by an examination of the global industry in secondary materials (Section 3.6).	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	695f2113a010873157db9a055f71cd5c	Continued labour and skills shortages indicate the need for more proactive strategies to better align labour supply and demand. Attention has tended to focus on the availability and supply of suitably skilled labour. There has been less consideration of demand-side issues and policies to support and encourage industry to do more in terms of workforce planning and development - attracting, recruiting and retaining people in the sector.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	6962485ae19833d01a595bf2ab16faea	Out-of-hours care is available through 24-hour telephone hotlines staffed by nurses, evening care centres, urgent care centres and home visit services. The bulk of patients suffering from chronic conditions are likely to find doctors and nurses working to help monitor their health and manage their condition through proactive practices, such as regular measurement of blood glucose and blood pressure for those suffering with diabetes. These efforts are often supported by information technology platforms such as those that remind clinic staff which patients have not received a regular check-up. In 2009, an estimated 3 601 years of life were lost in Israel by men under the age of 70, compared to an average of 4 689 amongst OECD countries.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	696277c1bd4672501e3f56443e84f254	Mobile services had been a monopoly of Comoros Telecom until late 2016 when Telma, an operator from Madagascar, launched operations as the second mobile operator. This resulted in Comoros Telecom dropping its price 30% from the pre-competition period (3, left). While affordability improved in the Comoros, the availability of a diversity of data bundles to cater to different data requirements lags other more intensely competitive markets.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	696a15fe29a74e1b8ff4e464280e87cb	Reducing pollution and minimizing dumping of hazardous materials into upstream ecosystems will benefit marine environments and reduce the impact on coastal ecosystems. Most effects due to climate change will be experienced through changes in the hydrological cycle, such as overall water availability, water quality and frequency of extreme weather events (e.g. floods and droughts). Water-related hazards account for a large part of disaster loss and impact.	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	696c29d2b75a7bde9048f47d56f2dc68	When cross-checked and cross-referenced with other information the analysis of such images can indicate the extent and location of damage. In Asia and the Pacific, ESCAP, through its Regional Space Applications Programme for sustainable development (RESAP) network, helps provide satellite imagery, at no cost, to disaster-affected countries (Box IV-3). For example, during the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, RESAP received multiple images of sites in and around Nepal from different satellites administered by the regions spacefaring member countries.	13	3	5	0.25
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	696c95aa60bb99d5a19012742d9b9ea3	Here the quantities and composition of consumption are being driven more by population growth and its changing demographics with ageing as well as by concerns over diets and general health issues than by price or income considerations. It clearly illustrates that the consumption of agricultural products continues to grow rapidly in the non-OECD area but is slowing elsewhere. For crop products, consumption in the non-OECD countries shows the largest increase for vegetable oils (44%), protein meals (42%) and sugar (30%). In the case of protein meals, this reflects the growth in livestock industries to meet rising domestic demand for livestock products.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	696e86c7772e650835442295333876e5	Due to the lack of data on students who are out of school, this report focuses on those who are receiving instruction. However, it acknowledges the importance of drawing attention to the challenges faced by this population group and addressing these issues through concrete policy actions. In this section, indicators that are relevant to understanding the equity status of 15-year-olds from PISA will be examined in detail (Table 4.1).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	696fcdc5fb6cb01a89cddb43229d25a4	Not all efforts need to take place in the classroom, however. In Costa Rica, for example, the Innovating at Home programme aims to teach parents how to develop their children’s creativity from an early age. These examples show there is increasing emphasis and interest in developing wider skills in a variety of country contexts.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	69702bd8ddb35354692a14a28567f24b	These results are subject to a number of qualifications. There is also no calculation of the overall contribution of different sectors to the blackout probability and thus no real indication of the effect on security of supply. Only the contribution of factors to intermediate indicators was calculated. Finally, the analysis does not account for strategic behaviour of market participants since it is assumed that all power plants are available, i.e. no withholding of capacity.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	6973d7bd5eaed85acd0774ef641a901d	The Solid partners Solid futures strategy2 in Queensland was the overarching departmental strategy on Indigenous education. The key principles were effective engagement and connections; working together better and smarter; cultural capability and recognition; supporting successful transitions; and building workforce and leadership capacity. One such resource is the Promising Practices for First Nations, Metis and Inuit Learner Success initiative in Alberta, which showcases schools with innovative practices that support Indigenous community engagement. It highlights examples of best practices, innovative collaboration models and community engagement strategies that benefit the entire student body.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	6974087b87792ac990f4b9cd97981645	At least 60 per cent of the population will directly benefit from this project. The project is expected to increase the fixed broadband connectivity from the existing 5 per cent of households to more than 15 per cent of households and is expected to contribute a 1 percent increase to gross domestic product. This project is developed in partnership with the China Railway International Group and it is relevant to the advancement of SDGs 8,9 and 10.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	6981191a9543b7febd4f44c32e75464a	The existence of such stand-alone ministries sends a strong political message about the government’s commitment to women’s empowerment and gender equality, and facilitates opportunities on the part of the national gender institution to influence budgetary decisions that may impact gender equality (Johan, 2010). Single ministries with a minister for gender equality also bring visibility and the opportunity to advocate for gender equality concerns within the cabinet. Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates and sufficient resources for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively on top of the policy agenda.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	69825f16adda110e255541e6275ef854	For each programme, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are set up to assess their impact on the ground and the cost-effectiveness of their implementation. For the water and sanitation progranunes, such indicators include service provision performance (number of litres per second, number of sewer connections, etc.), The difficulties encountered by some concession contracts with large multinational companies were due to a range of problems, such as incomplete initial sustainability assessments, poorly designed tender processes and contractual arrangements, and inadequate regulatory frameworks.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	6985616d56e0e06aa1676640ea769b06	This can lead to low use of capacity and high costs per bed and per case. The situation is made worse when limited local supply combines with poor transport facilities and networks. Medical aviation was not well developed during the Soviet period and completely died out during the transition due to lack of financing.	3	0	10	1.0
10.18356/ed8628cc-en	69884d283bf21754c4db6fc7e5773196	The Pacific SIDS see the imperative for a concrete pathway for States, with specific timelines, targets and milestones to facilitate the sustainable management of oceanic resources and increase the share of benefits from their utilization. This should include enhanced direct economic participation and capacity-building. The cooperation and assistance of the international community is also necessary to enable SIDS to realize their development aspirations.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6989629cc9351d047c5b9e194f252e14	The comparatively large size of nuclear power plants requires increasing the amount of available reserves to offset, according to the N-l criterion, the risk of a frequency drop in the case that a nuclear plant would trip. These nuclear system costs are real and were estimated as being in the range of USD 2 to 3 per MWh, slightly above those of other dispatchable technologies. Variable renewables such as wind and solar, however, generate system effects that are, according to the results reported in Chapter 3, at least an order of magnitude greater than those caused by dispatchable technologies.	7	1	7	0.75
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	698f2fef24206c4323ed3661724b2748	But they may also present a problem for those countries hoping to gain market share in the low-carbon economy that the Paris Agreement should usher in. They may be offered with local content requirements attached as a condition, which forecloses foreign opportunities for trade and investment with the implementing country.4 For those countries with thin treasuries, foreign subsidies may simply be unmatchable, even if they are 'properly' employed in every sense. The contest for market share in the emerging sectors is definitely tilted towards larger economies, both because of their superior ability to support infant industries, and also because they provide supported firms with a larger domestic market for their products.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	698f377a8d17ec687a8e4e7a4e2fc605	As noted earlier, the Greek Ministry has only recently begun developing an effective information-management system. A reliable database and an effective information-management system are excellent tools to increase efficiency and transparency. The challenge is to ensure that the measures of system performance are broad enough to capture the whole range of student learning objectives.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/10ef1979-en	698f62527c84c4ef4f5cc5a66777247c	Seasonal precipitation patterns show no consistent patterns in variation. The intensity of precipitation is measured by the number of days with more than 10 mm precipitation. On this basis, the northern part of the coastal zone has more rainy days than elsewhere - 49 days per year with precipitation of more than 10 mm. Between 1951 and 1978, precipitation of more than 77 mm was observed at least once per year during 75 per cent of the period.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	699042d99221b2308475e8a35e1caeb7	Defective or complex description of competencies can augment the lack of confidence into certificates and induce ineffective signalling (Cedefop, 2010). Even though stakeholders have similar interests towards the signalling function of certificates, certain aspects need differentiation for employers and further education institutions. On the labour market, certificates may bring about earning advantages for students who successfully passed upper secondary graduation tests, as their diplomas confirm that students master a specific set of skills.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	6992332a7f2951bfb4c6196d1410a983	Law 13/2005,30 June 2005,Boletin del Estado, 2 July 2005. For more examples, see note 45. Swedish Cohabitees Act (2003). The same World Bank study shows,for example, that in at least 30 countries women cannot be heads of household, and in 18 countries they can not even get a job without the husband's permission. In some regions where multiple legal systems coexist, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia, discriminatory customary and religious provisions continue to prevent the equal enjoyment of rights in the family context. Often, they are a precondition for ensuring the effective enjoyment of the rights related to the family as well as the well-being of its members.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c111e119-en	6994d36b1db66d476081b40f7f25b88c	High quality care for pregnant women and newborns is often lacking, even for babies and mothers who have contact with the health system (UNICEF, 2015). The strong association between mortality and various measures of socio-economic status (as measured by household wealth and mother's education) remains even after other potential causal factors are taken into account. Those factors include mother’s age, urban/rural type of residence, and key characteristics of the child such as sex, birth order, length of previous birth interval).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-29-en	699539d98e43943ef6c4f0ec3b76ec68	Mexico is also seeking to link activities with other institutions working on nutritional aspects of food. Products representatives are involved in the definition of strategies and promotional campaigns which are carried out every year. These events were attended by over 30 000 visitors, around 3 000 of whom were producers and 538 members of the System Product Committees.	14	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	69954e2fd1e94c64dbb6825f2919bd69	Legislation in some countries may have changed since this period, and can be expected to change in the future. Such instances should be considered and factored in during any follow'-up discussions at the country level or in international fora. Eventually, this work may also call for a revised draft to acknowledge progress and impacts made. It offers policy recommendations for boosting women’s employment and entrepreneurship through changes to legislative and institutional frameworks. The recommendations are general and will need tailoring to the particular context of each country.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	6997c3174e19d7b907f66b9709e30482	The report is largely based on the original contributions from the following 15 countries: Australia, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. We are grateful to the contributors and government departments who collaborated on this report (see list in Annex A). Our gratitude to Ms. Shiho Ono, International Affairs Division, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan for her revisions.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	6998f05349015284e538193aad06e45c	However, there are still major unresolved issues to do with legislative priorities at the global level, most importantly perhaps between the relative standing of MEAs and World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, were they to conflict. This issue was on the agenda of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which currently appears to be at an impasse. This makes the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank the most influential. However, their policy interventions are not always perceived to be environmentally positive.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	699be9381f98ee9b2e6f03746dea0e72	More autonomy for NTTC staff to market patented technology could make NTTCs more effective in increasing the utilisation rate of university patents. The East China University of Science and Technology for instance managed to build up a patent-transfer and commercialisation system and reached a 53% utilisation rate (Luan et al., Zhejiang University established its own Science and Technology Development and Transfer Office in the early 1980s and maintains close contacts with local governments.	4	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	699e61407cca27006a8cc3d3a1d05d0a	Thus, it has the potential to facilitate smallholder farmers' adaptation to climate change and their becoming more resilient to the increase in climate extremes, while potentially reducing GHG emissions. An example of the use of the EbA approach is in Uganda, where various projects implemented agroforestry, conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management and the establishment of woodlots. The result of these projects were an increase in productivity by conserving soil and water, as well as the use of leguminous cover crops. Further, planting costs were reduced by 75% because of conservation techniques.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	69a22ee3aa8756f94093b0f736fd7f9e	The programme has reduced the incidence of the practice and has contributed to other favourable outcomes, such as a reduction in die number of child marriages (Diop et al., Many constraints need to be addressed, including socio-cultural norms, vulnerability to violence, costs (both direct costs and opportunity costs), inadequate school infrastructure and poor quality of teaching, as well as the impact of HIV on girls and their families. These included changing policies, laws and administrative rules that discriminate against girls (for example, those who are pregnant or have given birth to a child) and the establishment of compensatory programmes for them, providing incentives for households to help overcome dieir reluctance to send girls to school and reduce the costs they incur in doing so, improving the quality and relevance of education and expanding educational options for out-of-school girls.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8d349bcd-en	69a415c0ef2b82d41ff072325545169b	It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN/DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and national and private sources. Estimates for the most recent years were made by EAPD in consultation with the regional commissions, UNCTAD, UNWTO and participants in Project LINK, an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by EAPD and the University of Toronto. Forecasts for 2019 and 2020 are primarily based on the World Economic Forecasting Model of EAPD, with support from Project LINK. Historical data may differ from those in previous editions of WESP because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	69ac6dacb1b8d0cfeae1653ab0ac7e68	This document outlines how the Blue Economy will be harnessed sustainably. It covers mid- and long-term priority areas and enablers. Those laws include the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan; Environment Protection Act; Marine Pollution Bill; Port Master Plan; Fisheries and Marine Resources Act; National Coast Guard Act; Maritime Zones Act; and Continental Shelf Act.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/57a8dd27-en	69b1f2c706faa1808e6466dac03b288c	However, stakeholders must do more in order to achieve the 2030 Agenda and its aim to leave no one behind. Flows to least developed countries (LDCs) increased by more than 10 per cent, but this rise mostly reflected humanitarian emergencies in a few countries. More detailed reporting and disaggregation would help improve monitoring and guide policy interventions to ensure no one is left behind. In addition, mapping ODA flows to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be a helpful monitoring tool and focus attention on areas that can accelerate the achievement of all SDGs. There has been progress in untying aid, but informal tying remains. There is an urgent need to address these challenges to the quality of ODA, which, taken together, pose a threat to hard-won gains in country ownership and leadership.	13	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	69b4e48d872a028ec5df61bcd08a935c	Similarly, Poland has achieved significant improvement in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). While the performance of Polish 15-year-olds was still below the OECD average in 2000, it now surpasses that average by a sizeable margin. Poland has also made remarkable progress in terms of the health outcomes of its citizens.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	69b63ca204c1d7be35f84d3fa747cffe	With the current stalemate in the Doha Round, it is unlikely that an agreement on NTMs will emerge any time soon. Significantly, NTMs have never been an active area of negotiations, which may reflect both a focus on more pressing issues and a tacit acceptance among trade negotiators of the fact that NTMs are here to stay, and so the best strategy is to adapt to them. In this regard, development partners, through the AfT initiative, are making significant efforts to help LDCs design and implement national quality policies, enhance human capacity through training and build the infrastructure needed for testing, accreditation and certification. These include improved quality and food safety standards for Burundi’s coffee producers and Tanzanian cashew processing plants; helping Cambodian rubber obtain international accreditation; and setting up national quality infrastructure in Malawi, Myanmar, Sierra Leone and Zambia, among others.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	69b9b9ed677e2a780b473808670fbb03	While common factors help determine labour market participation for both women and men, women often face a far more restrictive range of such factors compared with men. Household and social norms in the subregion assume that women take the vast majority of responsibility for domestic work and caregiving and are sometimes restricted from labour market participation altogether if household income levels are sufficiently high. Labour market segmentation and economic decision-making norms restrict the range of possible jobs in which women can participate. Low incomes and high informality in segmented occupations and economic activity create significant gender gaps in participation in premium-level formal employment.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	69befe92db42ccf91196fb52496ddf5e	For example, the Storm-Water Zoning Plan aims to: i) limit the amount of stormwater discharge into the River Seine; ii) minimise the stormwater that overflows wastewater control plans; and Hi) prevent flooding in the city. The purpose of the Zoning Plan is to provide urban planners and construction operators with recommendations and guidelines on new “alternative” techniques. These will include green roofs, gardens, lagoons and other green spaces, to encourage reuse and filtration of stormwater and to co-ordinate decision making in urban stormwater management processes. The aim is to collect the first inch of rainfall on 10% of the impermeable areas over the next 20 years. When it rains in New York City, the most densely developed city in the United States, a vast amount of runoff from rooftops, streets and other impervious surfaces is produced. If the key cause of runoff, impervious surfaces, is not kept in check, the DEP will have to spend more on tanks and tunnels to store stormwater flows, which will further swell with climate change.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	69c30a06a3d174fbbfd46930aa3d9524	A further problem with the reliance on incentive payments under voluntary conservation measures to help reduce agricultural water pollution is they can become uncompetitive as crop prices rise. More specifically, the Chesapeake Bay Programme has up to now placed much less emphasis on outlining the costs associated with farmer adoption of different abatement practices at the scale required to have an impact (Roberts et al., Some 30% (2008-10) of US agricultural producer support is based on commodity output and non-constrained variable input use, although this is a marked reduction from a 50% share in 1986-88 (Figure 1.3).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	69c3547d0a4dde1fb18ad2e5e8654d0a	It provides financial assistance to producers to install and maintain conservation practices on eligible agricultural and forest land. Energy conservation projects occur as part of the On-Farm Energy Initiative. Landscape AgEMPs have been available since 2009, and take a more holistic view of on-farm energy use, addressing issues, such as water use and erosion. Once the initial energy audit is complete, EQIP helps farmers develop a plan for implementing conservation practices.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	69c366ad5a1f08d37f9738f437531a06	A risk management strategy that successfully achieves overall risk reduction for at least one or both risks, that does not require a tradeoff between risks, can be illustrated by an outward shift (right panel, Figure 2.4), resulting, for example, from increased efficiency in use. This can be done by altering risk drivers, by limiting exposure or enhancing the resilience of the community, physical assets, and the environment by making them less vulnerable to potential harm. There are many possible adaptation strategies that can be used to manage water risks (illustrated in Table 2.1). From an economic perspective, it is possible to have too much or too little adaptation, as well as mal-adaptation. In the context of risk and uncertainty, decisions are informed by weighing expected costs and benefits - that is, the probability-weighted mean over the range of possible outcomes. In the case of climate change adaptation, the cost of actions is more likely to be known and incurred in the near term, while many of the benefits (avoided climate impacts) will accrue far into the future and will not be known with certainty.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	69cbbd17ca1d131a4ff0255e4ce72810	These costs are additional to the ongoing expenditures needed for managing water resources and providing water services in Mexico. In 2012, total water sector expenses are in the order of MXN 90 billion per year. Two ultimate sources of finance support water policies and water services in Mexico: users (through water resources charges and water services charges) and tax payers (through budgetary resources earmarked for water projects and general budgetary resources). The financing mix is currently excessively supported by public budgetary resources, and is not sustainable.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	69cbf886958ace5ecc714f80389ac34c	It also examines the shifting geography of innovation, the emergence of new global players and the global competition for talent. However, the notion of what innovation involves and what role policies to encourage innovation can play has changed considerably over the past decade. It is increasingly recognised that, in addition to R&D, innovation encompasses a wide range of activities, including organisational change, training, testing, marketing and design (Box 1.2). These activities can strengthen capabilities for developing innovations or the ability to adopt innovations developed by other firms or institutions successfully.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	69cecadc0d4a3967a735eede4fdbc150	To the extent that population categories - people with disabilities, elderly, orphaned children - are closely identified with acute levels of poverty and disability, ethical perspectives which justify that assistance should be directed to those that are worse off in society are dominant. Alternatively, a stronger basis for assisting these groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition (Fraser, 1995).This view highlights the perception that vulnerable groups are denied their value and contribution to society through unjust economic and political institutions. However, recognition policies are distinct in nature and scope from anti-poverty policies. These programmes assume that in the absence of a sufficient level of productive assets, raising consumption will not address poverty sustainably.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	69d343df245747782516e970547af039	Nonetheless, the data also show a reduction in the volume of contracts for grains, oilseeds and other food commodity products in the latter months of 2008, so the impact of commodity price speculation could be limited to a specific period (ECLAC, 2008b). Nonetheless, there are several reasons to expect the rise in food prices to have a regressive impact varying from country to country and the population concerned. Generally speaking, the poverty impact of world food prices will depend on the degree to which international prices are passed through to local markets, the initial scale of poverty, the balance between households that are net buyers and net sellers of food products, the percentage of the budget that poor households spend on food, and the trend of the ratio between incomes earned from low productivity jobs and food inflation. These include several Central American and Caribbean countries, which also face high logistics and transport costs, access difficulties to food products and productive bottlenecks (such as a shortage of seeds and fertilizers).	1	0	6	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	69d38687cb4a3fdb7e1558cacb80bd27	In the aforementioned section, if it is proved that the accused took diligent steps but failed to find out the actual age of a child, then such an accused would not be guilty of defilement. This was illustrated in Martin Charo vs. Republic [2016] eKLR. The trial court convicted the appellant and sentenced him to serve twenty years in prison.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-7-en	69d52bac4d31ddf7fe784cbf67fbd959	This will place additional strains on a variety of material and energy resources and the global environment. A growing population with higher average income requires more food, more industrial products, more energy and more water for domestic purposes. Dire predictions regarding the exhaustion of non-renewable resources have failed to materialise. A complex interaction between population and economic (e.g. commodity prices, economic shocks) dynamics, public policies, technological change, and consumer behaviour drive the demand and supply of natural resources.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097834-5-en	69d8ad945de86df51587a407216bc0e8	The dominant regulatory instruments in Poland are these decisions or “decisions on the location of public land uses” (Gdesz, 2010). They are ostensibly similar to development permits, but they are detached from any local plans and do not have to conform to higher-order government policies or guidelines. Apart from selected areas governed either by national infrastructure decisions (often accompanied by expropriation) or nationally designated high-quality agricultural land, proposals for “decisions on development conditions” or “decisions on the location of public land uses” are bound by only one rule: local government may reject them if they do not meet the “neighbourhood rule”, that is, if they differ too much from their surroundings. This notion, however, is largely discretionary, and landowners often contest rejection decisions.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	69d9ca8db12ae410d12c7f6677a84eb0	There are several programmes and initiatives which aim to strengthen patient safety work across the NHS: a network of 15 Patient Safety Coilaboratives; a Sign up to Safety Campaign; a Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch. Several specific programmes of safety work are also underway in the English NHS, including initiatives on pressure ulcers; antimicrobial resistance; mental health; etc. This is accompanied by an Indicators of Performance Direction, which sets out a range of performance indicators intended to improve Health and Social Care Trust performance.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	69dc28d3d07ccb48f87aa145b030b6a4	This also helped the analysis to be done in the very short time available - from February 2011 to the Durban Climate Change Conference (COP 17) at the end of the year. Over 50 Ethiopian experts from the selected sectors generated data, which the external consultants calculated BAU emissions projections for sectors that were identified to be higher sources of emissions (Table 2) and came up with possible abatement measures in those sectors and their individual marginal abatement cost. Projections for 2025 demonstrated that the current pathway for economic development will increase GHG emissions by more than 150%.	13	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	69de252b27c523ed7fb906e578977052	Initiatives to capture and re-use nutrients as a source of fertilizers or bio-energy provide economic opportunities. For example, reducing flood risk or the risk of shortage can increase the risk of undermining the resilience of freshw'ater systems. In a heavily modified environment that is also spatially constrained, such as the Netherlands, risk-risk trade-offs are a part of the daily activities of w'ater management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	69dfb4842e2a772c870d418f733f4b9c	There is a persistent difference between development trajectories spanning the extremes of highly energy intensive (e.g. the United States) to highly energy efficient (e.g. Japan). The concept of “path dependency,” discussed further below, helps to explain these differences in energy use patterns among countries and regions even at comparable levels of income. The first is characterized by the emergence of steam power relying on coal that helped to overcome the constraints of preindustrial energy systems including the limited availability of mechanical power, low-energy densities, and the lack of ubiquitous and cheap transport systems (see also Landes, 1969). The second energy technology transition is characterized by the displacement of the previously dominating coal-based steam technology cluster by electricity (drives, light) and petroleum-based technologies (automobiles, aircraft, petrochemicals). This second transition is far from completed: some two billion still lack access to modern energy services provided by electric appliances and end-use devices (Johansson et al.,	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/f47faf05-en	69e158f31c50d5c4dcd2d2fe837628fa	Total energy production originates from sources that can be classified as non-renewable or renewable. These constitute key environment statistics that can assist when analysing the sustainability of the energy mix at the national level. Energy production includes the production of primary and secondary energy.	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	69e1b04c320d147c31be8c33afa13ffe	In response to these challenges, countries have started to adopt policies aimed at increasing gender diversity in public life, ranging from the constitutional requirement for equal representation in the legislative bodies in Tunisia to quotas in Algeria and Morocco, although further effort to ensure impact and sustainability of these reforms would be necessary. Such reservations also influence the implementation of principles of gender equality, non-discrimination and freedom of movement and hinder the protection of women against the violation of basic civil and political rights. Other restrictions relate to differences in access to opportunities in public life, employment and leadership.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	69e39aecbae9b255829116ecf0de98db	The brain’s objective is survival and it occurs at a time when the higher brain functions are suppressed. This means the victims will react with what might seem illogical or irrational behaviours.28 Some victims respond to the severe trauma of sexual violence through the psychological phenomenon of dissociation, which is sometimes described as “leaving one’s body,” while some others describe a state of “frozen fright” in which they become powerless and completely passive.29 Physical resistance is unlikely in victims who experience dissociation or frozen fright or among victims who were drinking or using drugs before being assaulted. To a rape victim, a threat of violence or death is immediate regardless of whether the rapist uses a deadly weapon. The fact that a victim ceased resistance to the assault for fear of greater harm or chose not to resist at all does not mean that the victim gave consent.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	69e7f9d7a164849aa0afd1b79fa4bf21	Despite huge progress, a large part of the population still remains illiterate; especially rural women (see Figures 9 and 10). This can explain the large share of marginal employment among rural women, which have very low skills. Income quintiles refer to the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of households. Source: NSSO, Employment and unemployment survey, round no. Source: NSSO, Employment and unemployment survey, rounds no. Depending on sectors the wage gaps vary across education categories but with no clear pattern.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	69ec165a91eaab8a8c39fbf1135e283b	Overall, urban children and rural children account for 19 per cent and 81 per cent of all extremely poor children, respectively. But the character of poverty and the nature of the deprivations that children face are quite different in urban and rural contexts, which is why disaggregated needs assessments and tailored policy responses are called for. However, there are strong reasons for paying more attention to child poverty in urban areas and for considering its specific characteristics.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	69ec3e5a36ad8baedcf385fac0edaa51	An EIA must include documentation on the facility's impact on the environment, natural resources or the local community. In addition, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate will be involved if extraction of fresh water is planned. If any of the above sector authorities decline the application, the applicant has the right to appeal the decision to the relevant sector authority via the country council authority. This is important for minimising the occurrence of infectious diseases, pollution and discharges and for maximising growth, health and welfare of farmed fish.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	69ed2ea7dde0f470a92637b08896da4f	However, there are challenges. As elsewhere, technological advances in pharmaceuticals and treatments bring both opportunities but also demands on resources while population aging is adding pressure on the system. Policymakers in Israel are also facing particularly significant difficulties in ensuring an adequate supply of health care professionals and in dealing with socio-economic divides in health outcomes.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	69edbb6080660300ac1a243b5336c67b	The steeper the line, the stronger the relationship. As we can see, the shape of the lines varies greatly between dimensions and areas. Utilities show also a very flat curve, with a big rural-urban gap, showing that the problem, in this dimension, lies mostly in the lack of infrastructure and access to services.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8e3fcd56-en	69f243c578b3652c5fe16d5abc0984ea	Some studies focused on the explicit mentioning and recognition of climate change in the target formulation of different SDGs, while others placed stronger emphasis on sector specific linkages. This has led to growing concern for the long-term sustainability of development progress, and impacts on the poor, in particular, in the absence of appropriate risk management practices and steep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see for example AfDB et al., It is not only reflected in SDG13 on climate change, but also under several other goals, such as those related to ending poverty (SDG1), ending hunger (SDG2), building infrastructure (SDG9), and improving cities and human settlements (SDG11). Analysis by the World Bank (Hallegatte, 2016) estimates that absent, rapid and inclusive development practices, climate change could result in an additional 100 million people living in extreme poverty by 2030, slowing progress against SDG1.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	69f245231d8585cd0d32d34f1a61ced4	The minimum wage is the basic pay received by the worker, irrespective of rural or urban, women or man, among other criteria. If the Regional Labour Delegate considers that there is an imminent labour risk, he/she can adopt decommissioning measures or impose re-equipment requirements. Establishes that the precepts of the social insurance regime shall be regulated by a special law.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	69f34faa8b405fbdd0a8c6f21f95fb55	The course of study lasts five years - three for the Bachelor’s Degree and the remaining two for the Master’s Degree. Students graduate with all initial requirements to teach in public Finnish schools, including a professional teaching qualification and Master’s degree. Overall, the ITE programme emphasises the life-long process of intercultural learning, encouraging students to consistently find ways to challenge their notions of diversity (University of Oulu, 2017[t6ij).	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-5-en	69f4713cd495d008e459cf861cc51e08	The study will focus on the last 40 years of women's engagement with the political process, with an emphasis on how women created and took advantage of opportunities to participate in public decision-making institutions. The primary objective of political women activists during this 40-year period has been inclusion within political decision-making institutions in order to affect law reform that recognised the rights of women and influenced the allocation of resources to address the needs of women. The study will track the successes and failures of various strategies and tactics during this period, and the impact women's political leadership has had on New Zealand's democracy and development.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-5-en	69f511b96876dbd56509ac7975a9e12b	European policies put more emphasis on water quality and ecosystems, the reduction of encroachments on rivers and the environment, and inclusive water governance. The Dutch tradition of engineered responses to risk is generally at odds with this policy direction. The Netherlands has displayed a relatively low level of ambition vis-a-vis the WFD, claiming that most of its waters are artificial systems and that restoration could only be limited.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	69f63eba8db93e4e27f021807f446b7a	O’Beirne et al (2011) identified 1.4 reports of patient harm incidents per month across 19 family practices in Australia. Disagreement exists even on the best metric to capture occurrence. Responses did not converge on any one specific unit of measurement for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. For developed countries, three of the four suggested units (temporal - population; proportion of painted encounters; proportion of patients) attracted identical response numbers. For LMICs the preferred unit of measurement is proportion of patients (Figure 2.2). When asked to estimate the occurrence of patient harm using their preferred unit of measurement, responses varied greatly.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264223776-en	69f651a92814a356e638af96f609921e	Strengthened preparation of college leaders is also very important, as effective leadership is a powerful means of driving improvements in the overall quality of the system. Career guidance provision remains patchy. It may be very difficult to realise expansion of the TVET system unless it is seen that students are likely to complete their studies. Evidence from different countries shows that, as part of a wider package of youth employment measures, effective vocational programmes can smooth the passage from school to work.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	69fdda542a4e31d754923d3fc4340cf9	Specifically, women are expected to fare better in the formal sector, where legal and customary protections may allow them to earn higher wages and sustain them during motherhood. Finally, bo decomposition is complemented by a non-parametric alternative decomposition developed by Nopo (2008). This allows for a better explanation of motherhood wage differentials, since it also shows how much of the gap calculated is accounted for by the outcomes of mothers and non-mothers outside the common support. The glass ceiling hypothesis concerns the discrimination that women and minorities in more educated groups often face in trying to move up the hierarchy of an organization, especially when they have more children, by comparison with men and with childless women. The quantile regression (qr) results vary substantively across the conditional wage distribution; the poorest 10% of the informal women sample are the ones who suffer the largest motherhood wage penalties.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	69fdf1af9e8d1926cdecd5aa24e22c7f	In Ireland for instance, all residents are covered but entitlements to services and levels of cost sharing vary across population categories. Each resident belongs to one of two categories, depending on income level. People in Category 1 (or Medical Card Holders) are entitled to a full range of services without charge, for example general practitioner services, prescribed medicines, in-patient and ambulatory hospital care, dental and ophthalmic services, while people in Category 2 have a “limited eligibility” and must co-pay for many health services. In Italy and Spain, regions and Autonomous Communities have some latitude to adjust benefits covered or co-payments at the margins. In the United Kingdom, co-payments vary across the constituent countries: there are no co-payments on prescription drugs in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, while there are in England. In other countries, entitlement to health coverage is contributory, coverage is linked to the payment of social contributions or health insurance premiums.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	69ffe50663734c5f9af37d2bb7070dc6	"Median number of months of post-partum amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and post-partum insusceptibility by residence in VNDHS 1997 and VNDHS 2002. The People's Health Law (1989) stresses the fact that ""a woman has the right to undertake induced abortion at her request, to access health-care services for checking and treating gynaecological diseases, to take prenatal and delivery care and to serve as an assistant at delivery care in health services"". Abortion services, including menstrual regulation are readily available both in public and private facilities."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/106b1c42-en	6a0669b14b24a24376bd26b8e383d6cc	First, it is a cross-sectional rather than longitudinal study. Examination of changes in conditions over time strictly depends on using the same instruments to measure the same variables of interest over successive cycles. Even then, it is not possible to make inferences about what impact changes in environments have on individual ECEC staff.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	6a07e2321577daad8f72aa20c5715378	How should this paid leave period be divided between the mother and the father?” Parents’ behaviour around the birth of a new child is important for determining later roles and responsibilities within a family (Baxter, 2008; Schober, 2013; Bames, 2015). Up to parenthood many couples share paid and unpaid work relatively equally. But upon birth of the first child couples often revert to traditional roles and even as children grow older mothers do not always return (fully) to the labour market.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	6a08c4fee26913d228b8e9d9af88c33c	The aim is to shift Indigenous perspectives from electives and the periphery to core business. This is partly about the recognition of culture, values and ethnicity, as an important dimension of w'ell-being is the experienced sense of inclusion and exclusion. The social dimension is partly about connection to family and community, and this in turn has both social and geographical dimensions, the latter especially relating to living distant from centres of population (including educational resources).	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e617261d-en	6a099c48514aa4956e8723af2a3535b1	Available from http://internist.ru/publications/detail/ rezultaty-issledovaniya-osvedomlennost-migrantov-o- tuber kuleze-i-vich/ (accessed 10 July 2017). A matter of life and death? Gender and migration: an integrative approach. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper, No. Available from https:// ccis.ucsd.edu / _files / wp49.pdf. Trudovaya migratsija iz Tajikistana [Labour migration from Tajikistan], Dushanbe: International Organization for Migration.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	6a10169e20936b336e89523b918d6828	Furthermore, as highlighted in Figure 2, other parts of the rural community will also require government income support to ease the adjustment process. For all groups, policy measures that improve the quality of basic public services will also enhance rural living standards. Mirroring disparities in incomes, the divide between health services in urban and rural areas remains large. Supporting rural living standards will benefit from well-coordinated policy measures.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	6a1141fe8344efbdd6768d5ee227c653	"However, the phrase ""other status"" indicates that this is an open-ended list. U N Hu ma n RightsCommittee 1989, para. See, e.g.. Organization of American States 2008 as well as several resolutions of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, including on the situation of lesbians and gays in Council of Europe member States (2000). European Court of Human Rights, case of Salgueirdo da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Application No."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	6a12d1e7e890f68aa31c82eda6cb86e1	Capital was differentiated into agricultural capital (CAPAG) and non-agricultural capital (CAPNAG). The matrices included one kind of land (LAND) and firms or enterprises (ENTR). Households vary by location and poverty status, namely: rural poor households (RURPOOR), rural non-poor households (RURNPOOR), urban poor households (URBPOOR) and urban non-poor households (URBNPOOR).	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	6a13d439e13f9189c9396ef99c19453b	In most countries, the gap between higher-paid workers and lower-paid workers widened for men but not necessarily for women. Earnings are CPI adjusted in 2005 national currency. Source: OECD Secretariat calculations from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). In the United States, for instance, these developments were linked to stagnating educational attainment among men and deteriorating employment prospects for less-educated males (Autor and Wasserman, 2013). In Australia, hours worked have increased mostly among part-timers, who are mostly women, in the lower part of the distribution, while working hours for full-timers have been stable and employment rates for men have declined (Greenville et al.,	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb52f561-en	6a13d6b8c749343662d47c651ff15765	The category receiving the lowest monthly income is domestic service workers —95% of whom are women (ECLAC, 2013b)— whose income is slightly lower than that of unskilled self-employed workers. The monthly income of own-account workers is relatively similar to that of public sector workers. Although it is not possible to monitor the working life and the trend in labour income of each member of the active labour force on the basis of household surveys, an analysis of labour income levels in different age cohorts gives a good indication. As shown in figure I.8.B, and as may be expected, labour income (wages, income from independent work or employers' earnings) increases as workers gain more experience. Nonetheless, labour income levels are clearly the highest among workers aged 50-54 years, and then decline gradually, by 4.7% on average for those aged 55-59 years and by 13.7% among workers aged 60-64 years.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	6a146709f43ed5f72d584f0155e1cf03	Promoting outreach activities to re-engage inactive youth. The second stage is primarily concerned with bringing low-skilled youth into vocational education. The tliird one focuses on better identifying and monitoring inactive youth, and organising outreach activities that help raising their motivation to return to studies or to the labour market. In order to access support through the Youth Guarantee, participants need to register with the SEA or apply to a VET school for participation in a second chance program.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	6a16d8da8885e4b971a69b89c9cef617	One of the most effective approaches to increasing children’s later achievement and adjustment is to support parents in actively engaging with children's learning activities at home (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003; Harris and Goodall 2006). Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	6a1a7aaed34d80bc4e2e6ae9e6027d45	The nearshore sediments are thus younger than those on the outer shelf (Flemming and Hay 1988), typically being produced by deposition of sand, silt, and clay from rivers, with subsequent redistribution by longshore currents (Flemming and Hay 1988). However, where these riverine clastic sediment inputs are small, biogenic (bioclastic) sedimentation, produced by erosion of the skeletal carbonate remains of marine organisms, can dominate. The type of sediment can thus change substantially along and across a shelf, depending on the relative contributions from carbonate and/or clastic sediment production.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	6a1c394c5a5ffa28f93fe55820a3559a	The gender segregation in the Alandic labour market may be illustrated by drawing a list of the ten most popular types of jobs among men and women respectively: only three job types appear on both lists, namely in the restaurant business, sales and the insurance and financial sector (ASUB 2013: 4; 16). All other professional groups are strongly gender segregated; and there are no apparent signs of changes (ASUB 2013: 4). The typical firm being a family business with just a couple of employees, busy within different activities, or even within different industries. When it comes to business start-ups, most new enterprises are to be found within the social and personal services sectors, and in trade, hotels, and restaurants, or in the construction sector (Dahlstrom et al.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	6a1d64681a9e2435074471eb2fafd0bb	An exception to this is the evaluation and monitoring of the CEIBAL Plan, which has an internal department dedicated to these tasks. Some programme evaluations are also carried out by CODICEN’s Division for Research, Evaluation and Statistics (INEEd, 2015). Some controls are performed to ensure this budget is spent on the items allowed (INEEd, 2015).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	6a200831c3145c153cddb0f562a0ae86	This is equivalent to roughly a quarter of the OECD average (10.6 tonnes). While China's per capital emission comes closer to half of the OECD average, the level of India stands at only 1.3 tonnes of C02. To be sure, the level of per capita emission varies considerably across countries in Developing Asia. As will be discussed in the following chapter, the level of Brunei Darussalam and Singapore already exceeds or is close to the OECD average.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	6a255e732efd7fdea6444bade94de213	Environmental improvements and land-use reforms in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may actually trigger exclusion by driving property' prices up and attracting wealthier residents while displacing working-class residents (Cowell and Thomas, 2002; Banzhaf and McCormick, 2007; Bunce, 2009; Dale and Newman, 2009; Dooling, 2009; Quastel, 2009; Checker, 2011). This concern is reinforced in brow'nfield areas, where gentrification becomes extremely profitable through the realisation of the rent gap, the difference between actual and potential ground rent (Smith, 1979). Urban regeneration strategies therefore need to strike a careful balance between environmental and socio-economic goals. Designing urban spaces that are “just green enough” requires government authorities, residents and business ow'ners to w'ork together to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264203464-7-en	6a2877058c55ab695d3e8fc3574c91a2	The systematic inability of different levels of government to guide urban development has contributed to increasing levels of urban sprawl and the accumulation of severe service deficits that reduce the overall quality of life and may impair the metropolitan region’s future development. While these challenges are generally well understood by policy makers in Mexico, it has nevertheless proven difficult to address them due to weak urban planning (Herbert et al., Municipalities regularly authorise land subdivisions without updated master plans and without a metropolitan framework to gauge the long-term costs of the urban sprawl. Moreover, they are often operating with outdated land-use plans - some approved more than 25 years ago, when the region was a fraction of its current size - which do little to guide more sustainable development patterns.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	6a28c999b037d4588c586d37c456e40b	This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4%, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17%. Research commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation also shows that by increasing women’s participation in smallholder sourcing and support programmes, international food companies can improve crop productivity and quality, grow the smallholder supply base, and improve access to high-value markets (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010). The sub-sectors of agricultural education and research and forestry had a particularly strong focus on gender equality. Technologies such as fuel-efficient stoves or motorised scooters and other time-saving products are particularly important.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	6a2ba905ddb2c3454ddd00b6a8de97c0	The campaign was so successful that the NAMH adopted the new name MIND -which changed again during the 1990s to become Mind. Many other campaigns followed the original 1971-73 campaign, leading to significant changes both in government policies including the Home from Hospital campaign - which increased information about existing housing projects and provided extra 130 group home places, and the Breakthrough! Mind is managed by a Council of Management, composed of 16 people - trustees, who are responsible for ensuring that Mind's activities are in line with its missions. Speaking for a diverse community, the Council of Management should have representatives from Black and minority ethnic communities and at least one representative of Wales.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	6a2cf65e1971029f966bf4c5a45537e7	Another source on which there is no actual data refers to voluntary parental monetary and non-monetary donations to schools, typically organised through parental associations. Given the tight budget restrictions on which individual schools operate, parental donations are common and more so in primary education. Finally, public schools can also be financed through the sale of products and services by individual schools.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	6a2f792b8ea6c37a1efdf3e93901b509	Empirical results from the multivariate analysis are discussed in Section V. Section VI displays estimation of the well-being reduction associated with gender-based discriminatory institutions and potential improvements in life satisfaction associated with more gender equal social institutions. Section VII concludes with some policy implications and directions for future research. Broadly, on the one hand, the so-called bottom-up approach described by Wilson (1967) embraces the notion that given basic and universal human needs, if a person's circumstances allow him or her to fulfil these needs, he or she will be happy.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6a3572059b8d4e4337611a27c1530a63	Increased social dialogue can alter society’s attitude and educate communities about the role of the police in protecting rights. Broader campaigns are needed to change deeply rooted beliefs and social perceptions about the acceptability of reporting gender-based discrimination, abuses and crimes. In addition, countries in the region may need to strengthen discreetness protocols such that complaints and court proceedings that involve sensitive areas of personal integrity remain excluded from personnel files or employment forms.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	6a390516c7b15f3b27739ce3b4337184	Although a number of countries, mostly in Europe, that have adopted such measures have experienced modest increases in fertility between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 (United Nations, 2013a), the implementation and effectiveness of such measures have been difficult to ascertain. While the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has increased steadily from just 9 per cent in 1976 to 27 per cent in 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility increased from 27 per cent in 1976 to 42 per cent in 1996, and then remained at 43 per cent in 2013. During this time, the percentage of Governments that did not have policies to influence fertility has declined steadily from 52 per cent in 1976 to 13 per cent in 2013 (table III.l). In 1976, only about one in every five Governments in more developed regions had policies to raise fertility, but by 2013 this proportion had risen steadily to more than two thirds.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	6a3a1d0269650d37e4a43506963f55d4	These include those working on development and climate issues, as well as the private sector. Each of these communities has their own views on important issues for climate finance, some of which have been laid out as principles relating to climate finance effectiveness. These views and principles are often at the institutional, national or international level. Indeed, the extent of common ground has been growing over time, as the climate community has integrated principles agreed in the development community (e.g. via the Paris Declaration and Busan Partnership) and vice versa (e.g. on the importance of transparency). For example, all three communities agree that scaled-up climate finance is needed, that both public and private sources can play a key role, and that the (self-) sustainability of a project and transparency is important.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	6a3b598d3d8562f48bf9283077df4230	A significant experience has been accumulated in the use of a variety of instruments and sources of information. However, two major concerns remain as both the new career structure and the new System for the Recognition of Teacher Professional Development are being introduced. First, the formative function of teacher evaluation remains limited. It is not clear from the strategy it proposes what teacher evaluation processes will inform the future professional development plans for teachers.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	6a3ef684d89f9bdebd78a427b3557056	The third-party reference report is the final instrument to be completed between weeks 14 and 17 from the delivery of the materials. Teachers receive the Individual Evaluation Report about 8 months after the start of the process. As shown in Table 2.7, by 2010, 69 643 municipal teachers had participated in the teacher performance evaluation system, of whom 13 792 were evaluated at least a second time. Taking into account the number of teachers in municipal schools in 2010 (about 81 000) and the proportion of teachers who had been evaluated who were still teaching in a municipal school in 2010 (about 88%), it can be concluded that about a quarter of the 2010 municipal teaching working force had not undergone an evaluation process.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	6a3f7c02ebd3a3c8d91f6407be6015bb	This is more than the OECD average (22.6%). The number of elderly fatalities per 100 000 people has been reported at 30.5, and this is more than 3 times compared to the OECD average of 10.0. In literature 65 years or older is often chosen to be the age limit for being an “older citizen”, or “senior citizen” or “old”, or “elderly” (Amann et al.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	6a4223bbc9ea423d51a8d2cbe29faaa2	For older workers who were earning Y400,000 a month, jobless benefits can exceed new salaries’’ (Migration News, 2002). Its disbursement period is short and disbursed amount is small compared with western developed countries. Moreover, a large number of workers such as part-time workers, self-employed and public officers, are not covered.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/18db943d-en	6a4590e43f3a2eb739ecb0479fd35f6d	In general, recent tests and exercises have been successful and shown that the regional system performs well but have not been linked effectively with local-level drills and exercises. At the 2014 region-wide exercise (IOWave14) only three out of 24 participating countries (India, the Seychelles and Timor-Leste) conducted public evacuation drills. As a result, the ability of the regional warning system to trigger local life-saving action was not fully tested. The 10th Session of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the IOTWS in 2015 recommended future region-wide exercises to make such public evacuation drills a priority.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	6a45b003bc354ff340e5770b6f6e988e	As discussed above, systems based on social insurance provide better user choice and responsiveness than public-integrated systems, but have more difficulty in containing costs. Co-payments would presumably need to be set at a fairly high level to contain demand, with potential adverse effects on equity. Administrative costs might rise, as they are usually higher in insurance-based systems than in public-integrated models, even if KELA has so far been able to contain them to a reasonable level of 3% of total expenditure.	3	3	2	0.2
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	6a46e13e45553e4b26af292d98c9a481	And third, child protection appears to contain information that is somewhat different from the 6 other dimensions among younger children. Overall then, deprivations do not all cluster together, some correlate more strongly with each other than others, and some individual deprivations correlate more strongly with household level measures (e.g. health among younger children in urban areas, information for younger children in rural areas). This means that further probing of the data is necessary to understand the determinants of individual deprivations in order to pin point whom to target and which interventions will have the highest chance of reducing deprivation rates. The slope in these graphs is steepest among younger children in urban areas suggesting that income is an important determinant of deprivations in urban areas, probably because services are actually available in urban areas if one has the ability to purchase them.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/215d0d56-en	6a49cd0b61bc869f86c949dc05a29573	The red dotted lines signify three sea-level scenarios used in the analysis. The green line signifies a possible adaptation pathway as the forecasts on sea-level rising change. Note that the recently revised forecast of sea-level rise (three feet) (Gillis, 2016) is within the likely range of 0.9 metres which is used in this analysis.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	6a4ba79ae2a29baa984fcc65b5ded9d8	Since a large part of GDP in the Arctic comprises returns to fixed capital and resource rents that can be taken out of the region as income to owners situated elsewhere, it is hard to know what part of GDP is available for consumption and investments and, in turn, what the impact is on material well-being. An unequal distribution implies unequal opportunities for personal development and well-being, and using GDP per capita as a measure of welfare means ignoring information on distribution of income and hence inequality. This is clearly an important drawback in the construction of indicators designed to help track human development and well-being in the Arctic. While GDP per capita may be high, it does not reflect well the actual size of income remaining in the Arctic, nor does it show how that income is distributed. Income is often highly unequally distributed, with personal income being considerably lower in smaller, more remote and marginalized communities compared with urban centres or larger local communities with more availability of employment and economic opportunities. National inflation indices are based on an average consumption basket that is regarded as representative for the entire population.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	6a4c2ea604a45165cedea28f76343b00	At federal level, DEHOGA funds the German Seminar for Tourism, which specialises in providing further education courses for SMEs which last for up to 6 days and are targeted at staff already working in the tourism sector. The German Travel Association also has a training initiative which aims to motivate companies to offer more vocational training places to young people and to invest more in continued training and enhancement of employee loyalty. It also targets young people to draw attention to training opportunities in the sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	6a4c54a3f138a2039793074df9c63058	Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables. For the sake of brevity, only the variables of interest are presented. Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264290747-en	6a51ba8f83d91ddd656c8035e0580adb	Analysing SNUPs in the context of the NUP will be an important future topic of study, although it was beyond the scope of this study. Many NUP processes examined had relatively little stakeholder participation, though this was highly variable at both the regional and national levels (Table 5.2). These include bilateral investment arrangements and multilateral trade partnerships.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	6a574f95539683e861d1d26792061d04	"Minimising external control of schools and maximising trust will be the success factors of Finnish education for the decades to come. As a consequence of the lightening financial conditions in Finnish municipalities, about 1 000 basic schools were shut down during the first decade of this century. Many of them were small rural schools. Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area""."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	6a585ab75edea86e4c2d5dd9521c17e6	Improving energy efficiency implies improving the technical energy performance of the energy delivery mechanism but can also include improving energy management or organisation. Traditionally, the focus of energy efficiency, in particular in OECD countries, is the use of less energy for the same energy service. Therefore an improvement in energy efficiency can be when either less energy is consumed to provide the same level of services, or the same energy is consumed for a higher level of services.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	6a5a241763a5e4f986605df0d56c6c33	European legislation plays an increasing role in determining policies and establishing objectives. Luxembourg must also comply with other international commitments relating to transboundary waste movements and to the ecological management of waste and resource productivity. It is prepared by the Environment Administration in consultation with the parties concerned (government departments, communes, inter-communal syndicates, professional associations and NGOs) and includes sector-specific plans for the broad waste categories (Box 3.1). A revised version of the initial plan (adopted by the Cabinet in 2000) is now under preparation (Ministry of the Environment, 2009).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	6a5af006f75170a2b7819be58a208e63	Spending on humanitarian relief alone exceeded 2% of GDP in 2015/16, underlining the impact of including emergency assistance within calculations for total social protection expenditure. It is notable that the GoE and regional administrations are bearing a significant portion of the cost of this expenditure. However, it achieved the strongest growth in real spending across the five focus areas over this period, averaging 33% per year. Technical support to on- and off-farm livelihoods activities.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/64011ade-en	6a5b127da49857f541546eebefafe870	As a possible consequence demand for public transport is higher in Rome. The other differences are relatively more congested roads, less bicycle use and relatively higher fares in Riga versusTallinn. While the congestion should speak in favor of Riga in attracting demand for public transport, the already mentioned ITS and the cheaper fares seem to attract more users to public transport in Tallinn even despite more popularity of cycling for transfers. The combination of better accessibility at a lower fare may be crucial in this context.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	6a5b2a644b8527e9b1d01107b0da2d59	The former is generally associated with the opportunity cost, and provides an indication of the value of the water allocated to alternative users. Irrigation can affect the environment through its direct impact upon water resources, soils, biodiversity and landscapes, as well as its secondary impacts that arise from the intensification of agricultural production through the transformation of rain-fed land into irrigated land (EC, 2000). The list of regions or basins where problems related to excessive irrigated water use have been identified would be very long.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	6a5ccadddd75814a97625baf6327383b	However, there are still methodological hurdles that hamper the comparability of statistics across countries and periods. In fact, the self-employed often have accounting practices which make it difficult for them to provide accurate responses to survey questions. Moreover, their financial and accounting framework does not relate well to the one statisticians use in constructing national accounts or household income analysis (Eurostat, 2011).	5	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	6a6575b4baedf343d0f2408d9b902b56	Most of these taxes are based on energy consumption: 73% of tax revenues come from an oil duty, 15% from the motor vehicle tax and 11% from the electricity tax. With the sharp decline in energy intensity since 1990 and the increase in energy prices, environmental taxes declined as a share of GDP and are now standing close to the OECD average (Figure 4). In 2009, environmental tax revenues accounted for 2.3% of GDP and 6% of total tax revenues.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	6a69c5a3e6d118cb79e5d5bb811695c7	"On the other hand, others such as P. Veltz see the territorial result of post-Ford ist regulation modes combining the uncertainty of the economic situation and flexibility of the job market. Californian geographers such as A. Scott or M. Dear insist on relations between functional and social mutations of very large cities and new forms of urban territoriality."" Both are independent of the level of urbanisation of the territory considered. Table 3.2 presents the indices for Togo and Nigeria. In Togo, Lome was the primate city for the years 1950, 1970 and 2010. In Nigeria, Ibadan held this position in 1950 and 1960, and since then Lagos."	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	6a6ab56ad1ec3c80ca8e0a552c92c01f	To achieve this, a wide range of measures were ordered by the Committee, targeted at the legal system, to improve the judicial handling of rape cases, as well as training and education to change discriminatory attitudes towards women. Ensuring adequate representation of women in the judiciary is also important. The Human Rights Committee specified in its general comment No. However, she was unable to obtain such an order since she could not afford a solicitor and legal aid was not available. The European Court of Human Rights held that this was a violation of her right to access a court for the determination of her civil rights and obligations (art.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	6a6b35151b6c48bdb4112881cd807bf5	The Ministry of the Environment is currently working on how ecosystem services' value to society can be made more visible. In 2012, a decision was made to introduce clarifications and interim targets to the system of environmental objectives. The project produced a set of 26 indicators based upon the decision VIII/15 of the Conference of Parties Convention.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	6a6df62ad91e41c765121feb395ee103	Wastelands statistics indicated that about 55.3 million ha, which account for 16.8% of the total geographical area (328.7 million ha) could be categorised as wasteland in India in 2003. About 20 million hectares of these wastelands are currently in use for agriculture, but the yields are low. About 34% is land with or without scrub.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	6a6e762380944dc6c2725cb5cfc0d0d2	Clarity of the mission and the mandate of these institutions, including cross-sectoral authorities to promote gender equality and mainstreaming are also critical to ensure the effectiveness of these institutions. In terms of the responsibilities, not unlike in OECD countries, the primary focus is on the policy functions of developing policy proposals, providing expert advice and making policy recommendations (Figure 3.5). Yet few gender institutions in the MENA region are involved in guiding the development of gender-disaggregated data, monitoring the implementation, enforcing gender-related policies and conducting research.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	6a6f6582201a10a00d4bf5556cda3803	Sweden also uses its coiporate governance code to steer companies towards gender balance - an approach that has brought results. Australia and Chile - together with other countries like Finland, Spain and the United Kingdom - started to include disclosure requirements in their corporate governance codes and regulations compelling corporations to reveal the gender balance on their boards. They also pledge to develop and enforce measures to that end. Finland, while it does not enshrine targets in law in its state-owned enterprise sector, has a rule in its nomination practices that ensures at least 40% representation of each gender. While quotas have boosted the number of women on boards in many countries, the gains at the top have not been reflected below board level.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	6a6f9316423d17a2dd725c0e60c7d5d3	Land use forms a critical pillar of the plan which aims to introduce and seek approval for spatial plans in each of Metro Cebu’s 13 LGUs. At this stage, it is uncertain how many of Metro Cebu’s 13 LGUs have approved their respective spatial plan (Table 2.1). It is equally unclear the extent to which these local administrations will influence the development of their relevant comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) based on the JICA roadmap land-use plan.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	6a768d09604d2c0e5486dfb699294e68	The re-orientation of the direct payments system gives farmers more flexibility in their choice of production, but continues to distort market signals. Mexico’s new policy framework re-links support to the adoption of farm practices to improve land productivity, with potential risk of distorting markets and reducing income transfer efficiency. It covers seven OECD countries or regions (Canada, the European Union, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, the United States) and models six commodity markets (wheat, coarse grain, oilseeds, rice, milk and beef) and input market, and it represents policies according to the PSE classification. It is a partial equilibrium model that measures impacts in the medium term. In Canada, supply-management continues to generate significant levels of market price support, in particular in the dairy sector. Although market price support has been reduced significantly in the European Union, tariff quotas and domestic measures continue to protect some sectors significantly, and most direct payments are not linked to specific income criteria.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	6a79745ef2491f4359efe5bb4635b183	There are direct user charges (flat-rate payments) for primary and specialist care, which are set by the regions, leading to variation across the countiy. In 2014, the fees for consulting a primary care physician varied between SEK100-300 (EUR 11-33), for an outpatient hospital specialist between SEK 200-350 (EUR 22-37), and per day of hospitalisation for an adult between SEK 80-100 (EUR 9-11). Dentistry has separate and less generous coverage and no cap in cost-sharing Private supplementary insurance is held by 6% of the population, mostly in the form of coverage from employers to provide quicker access to specialists and elective treatment (see Section 5.2).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	6a7c9fab2c97d95982f04e010e9a8f72	The most commonly used method in Viet Nam is the intrauterine device (IUD), which was being used by 39 and 38 per cent of currently married women in 1997 and 2002, respectively, followed by withdrawal (11.9 per cent in 1997 and 14 per cent in 2002). Despite the predominance of IUD as the leading method in Viet Nam, use of it has actually declined slightly (about one percentage point) during the period 1997-2002. Conversely, the use of contraceptive pills has increased slightly (from 4 to 6 percentage points) during the same period. Unlike other countries, it lias been found that the use of traditional methods and pills has increased in Viet Nam while female sterilization and condom use have decreased.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	6a7e20ea38fe8c279bad1e2e7f596344	Cannabis continues to be the most trafficked and abused drug in the region, mainly due to domestic cultivation. In its reporting period from July 2013 to June 2014, Australia recorded 93,000 drug seizures weighing more than 27 tons in total, the highest numbers on national record. Police and customs seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants in the country were also the highest on record.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64d31d53-en	6a7e474b0f824f261d255890f2a895e5	Climate change-induced weather variations, coupled with deforestation, require greater distance to be travelled to collect food and water from safe sources, thus diverting time that would otherwise be used for income-generating activities, community activities or simply for leisure. Women and girls who travel farther from home to find food and water are also at risk of sexual harassment. In households that reduce non-food expenditures in response to rising food costs, young and adolescent girls are likely to be pulled out of school, while available funds are likely to be redirected to educate boys. Policies in the region must address the three dimensions of food security—availability, accessibility and utilization, while also acknowledging the gendered aspects of these dimensions, which impact the health and nutritional status of children and women.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	6a80aa3ab9e8b6000303b4cf5b0929c0	The decomposition of men with and without dependent children, by age, is presented in Annex Figure 3.A1.2. A key determinant of a mother’s likelihood of engaging in paid work is the age of her child. Flexible work arrangements -another important work-life balance strategy - are discussed in Chapter 4.)	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	6a813aa8a58bd09d4d5c86bba974948d	"The countries of the Gulf of Guinea and of the Atlantic with higher rural densities saw a reversal occur before the Sahelian countries. However, the data at the sub-regional and national level cannot show the important differences that exist within countries and across areas, masking areas where the ""traditional"" system is still possible because arable land is abundant and/or demand centres (markets) are distant. Farmers' production decisions are based on constraints (land, labour and capital), risks and multiple objectives. Urbanisation and the growth of a non-agricultural based economy are the most powerful transformations (Box 4.2). Yet, it is necessary to identify and conceptualise the important differences in livelihoods and production systems to understand producers' constraints and target policies according to the various realities."	2	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en	6a84868f8ed91118f5274ca030cb0293	Sport for Health aims to reduce the burden of non-communicable disease in Tonga. The project has two connected activities: strengthening the capacity of the Tonga Netball Association (TNA) to increase opportunities for Tongans, especially girls and women, to participate in quality sport activities; and a targeted Sport for Health intervention, harnessing the improved capacity of TNA to develop a programme focused on women and girls. The Sport for Health intervention uses a social marketing approach: target a specific audience; develop specific health-related behavioural objectives for that audience; take a holistic approach to engendering behaviour change; and conduct a baseline and measure the target group’s progress. Through the programme, sport is being used to support health in mobilising women and girls to engage in healthy behaviours; as a setting to educate women and girls about health-related behaviours; and as a means to empower girls and women to take the lead in improving health behaviours in their communities. The 42nd Pacific Island Forum declared NCD as a crisis and called for a holistic government approach.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	6a884644e3d2201803851d35f091f5b7	Given that exports of nuts must meet international regulations and standards, a decline in quality can make it impossible to export the nuts, disrupting the market and preventing SMEs such as Mira Impex from fulfilling their potential. An estimated 80%-90% of the cashew apple harvested annually in Africa goes to waste, due to lack of standard storage facilities. Using a reputable forwarding agency is an effective way to transport our goods to our end buyers.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	6a8955b43dc2b8fda45568bf85caeff6	In many developing countries, climate change increases stresses from climate variability (IPCC 2007). As climate change exacerbates the existing economic vulnerabilities, LDCs are expected to be the most affected among the developing countries. Moreover, 4 pages out of 74 dedicated to the priority area are related to climate change and environmental sustainability. Thus, the climate change issue is not presented clearly in the declaration, although the recommendations made are highly important for the international community. One of the main goals as stated at the beginning of section F (paragraph 94) is to ‘Strengthen least developed countries’ ability to withstand and overcome the adverse effects of climate change, enhance sustainable growth and protect biodiversity’.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/1826beee-en	6a8abe10f1aafac7721eaab97718191f	The Common Agriculture Policy also underwent reform in 1992 and later in 2000. The ND was focused on monitoring NVZs and keeping levels of nitrates below 50 mg/L, which is the threshold for drinking-water safety. Although eutrophication risk was one of the criteria for the definition of NVZs, the environment was less of a concern in determining its provisions.30 The ND has constituted one of the basic measures for WFD implementation since 2001.31 During the 2008-2009 period, all Member States formally submitted implementation plans for the first time. A 2010 evaluation showed that action programmes had been effective especially for surface water: it was estimated that nitrate concentrations in surface water remained stable or fell for 70% of monitored sites between 2004 and 2007 (European Commission, 2010(67]).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/056eee1d-en	6a8d890b9d37f3b7c9ae809e776e982f	The Agency deducts 10 per cent of all such income for remittance to the State budget. A procedure of calculation and payment of the said deductions for the State budget is set forth by the Ministiy of Finance, the Chief State Tax Service and the Agency. Its responsibility includes the monitoring and inspection of energy sector activities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	6a8f30cb08cc68352d8cef6c08da9267	The next step is for public, private and non-governmental institutions to seek status as accredited entities; institutions are required to meet a threshold that ensures adequate capacity to manage funds and capacity to ensure positive environmental, social and economic outcomes. Accredited entities then bring projects or programmes to the GCF to request support. The GCF considers projects against a publicly available investment framework, working closely with DNAs, and seeking to have an impact on one or more of the eight areas listed above.	13	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289350846-6-en	6a8f703d3ff7e9d0a70f5da86e871b5d	Often the succession will go back to primary species like birch and rowan. Focusing more on the natural environment like management approaches now being introduced in forestry emphasise the need fora research effort related to natural recovery processes and how to prepare the forests for coming storms by actions aiming at improving the post-wind-throw resilience. After deposition, the tephra can be a long-term source of sandstorms, which can cause extensive soil erosion. Furthermore, the re-distribution of volcanic materials years and decades afterthe volcanic event can cause hazardous dust pollution which affects human health.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	6a8ff59367c12d8f59a2824a9aff1e4c	Without working with men and boys, discrimination, violence and inequality will continue. Sufficient opportunities and knowledge must be afforded for how young people, particularly boys and young men, can challenge gender norms, stereotypes and harmful practices. Furthermore, reaching adolescent boys through age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education, which allows them to reflect and question predominant norms around masculinity and femininity, is a critical way to better ensure future generations of gender-equitable men. Communicating positive messages—that change is possible and that boys can positively influence not only their own lives but also that of girls—can increase boys’ participation and responsiveness.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	6a906e02bde227e24cc01576ee81c6e4	The GCF seeks to catalyse funds, multiplying the effect of its initial financing by opening markets to new investments (GCF, n.d.). There is an expectation amongst some actors that the Green Climate Fund will over time become the main vehicle for climate finance under the Convention reducing some of this fragmentation (Amin & Jaramillo, 2015). However this is dependent on the GCF becoming a transformative fund attractive to both donors and recipients and operating at scale (UNFCCC, 2011). It may take time for the GCF to emerge as the central driver of a coherent climate financing system, so it will be important in the interim to ensure that the various funds work well together and that country systems and country plans are the central drivers of climate and development action (Amin et al, 2014).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	6a90704044b065e8109c7f97167fb73f	In the case of reducing risks from seismic hazards in urban areas, for example, it may not be feasible to engaged in demolition and reconstruction, but there are affordable forms of retrofitting. Just as important, all new projects should be disaster resistant not only in their structural components, but also in their impacts on society, livelihoods and the environment. This can be offset to a certain extent by international aid.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	6a9468e00aa7e82866825133c613bd8f	In many countries, the coverage of reporting requirements or injury compensation, and thus the coverage of the statistics, is limited to certain types of workers such as employees only or insured workers only. If the numerator and denominator derive from different sources, this should be clearly specified. Furthermore metadata should specify (i) whether the data relate to cases of occupational injury which have been reported (to an accident notification system or to an accident compensation scheme), compensated (by an accident insurance scheme) or identified in some other way (for example through a survey of households or establishments) and (ii) whether cases of occupational injury due to commuting accidents are included in the statistics.	8	2	6	0.5
10.18356/55e1e2ba-en	6a9496a9ae2d158336ed57ef3b94165f	Young people visited the Cotroceni National Museum while several members of NGOs who took part in debates about women in politics and decision-making positions. An essay competition for college and high school students was also organized. For example, we ran a week-long Facebook campaign about female scientists who have made history in Romania and the world.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	6a95e2cd124ac62e926567389fd047fc	La protection economique des femmes en age avance, depend aujourd'hui de plusieurs facteurs lies,y compris des regies des systemes de retraite, des conditions du marche du travail et des dispositions fa-miliales prises a divers moments. Cet article se penche sur les regies des systemes de retraite et leur interaction avec d’autres conditions sociales et du marche du travail au cours de la vie d’une femme, pour reproduire ou attenuer les inegalites entre les sexes au moment de la vieillesse. Une rubrique separee est consacree aux systemes de retraite sans cotisation, a leur evolution dans le monde et au potentiel qu'ils ont de resoudre les lacunes existantes en matiere d’acces a la protection au moment de la vieillesse, independamment du sexe et du niveau de revenu.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	6a9c821368b80697225a22e41ab09a4c	Also, if you wish to prioritize more than six crops, please proceed and substantiate why. Did you face any problems/limitations? They will be subject to subsequent review and validation by international research institutes and experts and serve the basis for further validation and discussion at the Regional Expert Consultation from 3-5 December 2016 in Bangkok and finalized after the Consultation.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	6a9d7f95c91b8d04f1f3c6336881c107	The Italian approach to digitalising schools (Box 4.1) offers one example of the need to put pedagogy in the driver’s seat to use technology effectively. The aim was that the plan would be conducive to new teaching practices, new models of school organisation, and new products and tools to support quality teaching. The plan was to equip Italian classrooms with ICT, namely interactive whiteboards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	6a9e22701b5c3dc9a51884a18df45f04	As women’s time in paid employment increases, their time dedicated to unpaid work decreases less than proportionately. Time-use data highlight the severe constraints on women’s time (cont.) The OECD Job Quality framework provides a new tool for measuring labour market insecurity along two important dimensions: insecurity generated by the risk of unemployment and insecurity due to the risk of extreme low pay while employed (OECD, 2015, Chapter 5). Unemployment insurance captures the effective net individual replacement rate of unemployment and social assistance benefits in terms of previous earnings.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	6aa45507b1df47b17e9bf8689f1ac50c	Thus despite the more reasonable average outcome, much needs to be done to promote healthier behaviours among men in Kazakhstan. Women in Kazakhstan are much more frequently obese than men. In 2012 (latest available data) measured obesity data indicated that more than 30% of women were obese compared to 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016). This places Kazakhstan on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. The prevalence of obesity varies about six fold across OECD countries, from a low of 5% in Japan and Korea, to over 32% in Mexico and the United States. Across all OECD countries, 19% of the adult population is obese.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	6aa485324a3569130ee0e8a864026cc3	Although specific training and one-on-one guidance was necessary for the initial transactions, the deals that followed were orchestrated by the local banks. The programme would probably not have been so successful without the indirect training of personnel and bankers. Such sustainable success was also found in the Eastern European implementation of the programme by the IFC.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	6aa5d02c3cd69a939a9fd9dff0a4a870	For example, promoting compact city design will have impacts related to air quality, transport system viability, energy-technology decisions, and the like. This concept is discussed at length in the following pages. Finally, these policy decisions all occur amidst an important backdrop, i.e. the goals or values that influence policy decisions.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	6aa875b76ef0dd5db674f5a053804fcc	In 2012, 83% of all deaths in Costa Rica were due to NCD; cardiovascular diseases being the principal cause of death accounting for 30%, followed by cancers with 23% of all deaths (Figure 1.6) (WHO, 2014). In a 2010 survey, 38% adults had hypertension, 42% high cholesterol levels and 51% had low or no engagement in physical activity. Prevalence of obesity was 24.4% of the population in 2014, which is higher than the OECD average of 19% (OECD, 2016b).	3	0	8	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	6aa8d449b6b6aa85cca5cf7dcdc632ad	If tall oil or waste-oils are used as a feedstock, the climate impact of HEFA/HEFA+ will likely be comparable to the FT-SPK from the second scenario around an 80-90% GHG reduction per MJ fuel. Avinor 2013 is one of them, with a listed value of an 80% CO2 reduction relative to fossil jet A-l (no LUC or ILUC included in this estimate). For FT-SPK fuel using energy crops, such as willow or switchgrass estimates are comparable in the range of 80-90% reduction (SWAFEA 2011, Partner 2010).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	6aa9356a87e4da36166e4cd7d48beda2	Key changes in the new definition include: i) the inclusion of the value of goods produced by households for their own consumption, as an element of self-employed income; and ii) the deduction of current transfers paid by households to non-profit institutions and other households (e.g. alimonies). The new income definition implies a break in OECD historical series that makes it impossible to use for analyzing long term trends. For this reason, we used data available for at least one common year (typically either 2011 or 2012) based on both definitions to correct the most recent data so that they match the data series obtained with the old definition.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	6aa9c9e7598d8ef9751aa54814249cc3	This chapter looks at them in greater detail later. The seven objectives are: 1) equality in the workplace between men and women 2) reconciliation of family and work life and the sharing of domestic and family obligations 3) eradication of violence against women 4) women’s participation in social, economic and political life, 5) education, 6) development of actions in other sectoral policies, and 7) instruments for incorporating the principle of equality in government policies and action, which is fundamental for clearly understanding how to update the EOSP’s tenets across sectors and issues. In this way, Spain has developed methods of strengthening the integration of the gender perspective in all government programmes and policies.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	6aaa74235bb944989e6cba8bab51e7a7	Traditionally, compared to expenditure decentralisation, this area has been relatively neglected by the researchers of the Russian fiscal system. They repeatedly stress the importance of the decomposition of revenue and expenditure decentralisation in Russian regions. They insist that the revenue measure is more accurate for evaluating the efforts of local taxpayers by themselves, which is not easily captured by expenditure measures.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	6aabaa68b070abade3f6cf5fb9cd8029	A stable, long-term domestic policy framework with wide political support helps provide investment certainty, although global uncertainties will still cause investors to question the probability of these policies being modified in the future. To provide this sort of certainty, the EU has already set targets for 2020 in its emissions trading system, and intends to set 2030 targets in the next few years. Emissions trading schemes (ETS) are currently regarded as the most politically feasible means of pricing greenhouse gas emissions, aiming at providing appropriate incentives for investment in low-carbon technologies and demand reduction. However, the detailed design of these schemes matters, particularly setting the overall cap on emissions at a level that requires emissions reductions from participants.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-3-en	6aadf336b76794983d69ac861813b74d	To avoid wasting years of investment in educating girls and young women, it is important to make the most of the talent pool and ensure that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace, thereby enhancing their well-being and that of society. Almost half of the children in the region now participate in formal early childhood education and care (ECEC) facilities, and most economies have won the battle to provide primary education. But the picture is more mixed at secondary and higher education levels, with participation lowest among girls in Pakistan.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	6aaf797a89009705807d09c8534d293f	Some clients can profit from social skills training, while others need enduring support. Furthermore, if diagnosis and symptoms affect the success of vocational rehabilitation, it is vital that vocational rehabilitation is integrated with specialised mental health treatment.5 Lastly, the schizophrenia focus of most current research on success factors of vocational rehabilitation calls for a broader research agenda looking at predictive factors of the most prevalent mental disorders. As there is some congruency of illness-symptoms and work-functioning, the efficacy of treatment, to a large extent, decides whether and how fast work-functioning can be restored.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	6ab03dfe7e11d4cdd8740c26e7f3b105	For example, according to the Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999), decisions of ICPR shall be taken unanimously. Each delegation has one vote. The delegation of the European Community and delegations of Member States participate in the voting depending on whether the measures to be carried out fall within the competence of the Community or within the competence of the Member States.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	6ab1ce2e7eaca3df6194c995a5dabec4	This measure has effectively encouraged people to consume electricity in off-peak hours. Similar pricing incentives (also agreed and implemented at the provincial level) are applied to industry to promote peak shaving and load shifting, along with measures to shut down energy-intensive factories to help rationalise electricity use in extreme weather conditions. As the measure divides the day into two or three time intervals for which prices are fixed, it does not allow real-time response to demand-supply fluctuations across smaller time intervals, as might result from variable renewables.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/922d178c-en	6ab1dcee852a29b419a954e90148ed47	"The independent variables available in the data included place of residence, age, age at marriage, education level, children ever born, prior experience of abortion or stillbirth, and contraceptive use prior to pregnancy, which are found to be correlated with pregnancy intention. In the ILFS data, in addition to these variables, the region of residence (four selected provinces) was added to the analysis, and ""children ever bom"" was replaced by pregnancy order. The ILFS further provides information that allows for exploration of the association between pregnancy intention and the outcome of pregnancy in relation to the timing of pregnancy. Pregnancies are divided into three cohorts; those that occurred at an early age (15-24 years) before 1985, during the period from 1985 to 1994 and during the period from 1995 to 2005."	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	6ab1eb1ca8581694cdf08b5d90560546	"It is “growth that not only creates new economic opportunities, but also one that ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all segments of society, particularly for the poor"" (Ali and Hwa Son, 2007). This implies a focus on the “outcomes"" of growth. In the UNDP perspective, inclusive growth is seen as both an outcome and a process."	8	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6ab27056733a748289a81bdae89f9e1b	It can be expected that once increasing supply risks are appropriately communicated and major supply vulnerabilities are manifest, actors in importing countries will enact public and private measures to respond. An early attempt to use Stirling’s SWI to assess security of supply by an international organisation was made by the IEA in Towards a Sustainable Energy Future (IEA, 2001). The SWI remains a useful tool, but as has been pointed out above it must be complemented by qualitative information about different supply options. Well-diversified, liquid markets may provide a hedge against the exercise of market power. Competition authorities tend to focus on the related but opposite characterisation of markets: the extent of market concentration. The most common indicator used to measure market concentration is the HHI developed above.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	6ab51c4a933fe468a15a4771a80cbefc	The Land Law of 2013 refers to the principle of compensation at market prices, but how district or provincial party committees do this is left open, and compensation is still based on the agricultural use value, thus much below market prices for alternative uses of land. The negotiation over the price of land should be left to the buyer and seller, so farmers could negotiate a higher price if they chose and could do so. It would then be less critical to alter the procedures for compulsory takings and price arbitration for truly state uses of land such as for a highway, which account for a small minority of current land conflicts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	6ab52eb839c43a6a9c417349d47226b6	Grants are available to sites across the DECD public schooling system and for all levels of schooling and care. In a partnership arrangement with a university over a 12-month time frame, these emerging innovative sites are being supported through initial research training and support in developing their research proposal, access to an academic critical friend, or to purchase additional academic time for particular aspects of the research process. Presentations at various events and progress reports are required and there is the option of final report formats including longer reports, posters and PowerPoint presentations, although certain basic research report features must be covered (background to research, research methods, findings, conclusion and references). These schools and preschools have also joined the existing innovation community of practice as active members.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	6ab5b153935afaf2510ea2c1bfa61f52	An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed - one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently developed aims to tackle the problems inherent in growth paths that produce environmental problems, and to realise potentials from investing in Ethiopia’s natural assets. For example, the country’s agricultural products and potential for green hydroelectric power are unique attributes that could drive development in ways that are environmentally sound and provide new jobs and satisfying livelihoods. Ethiopia’s leadership, and its early attempts through greening its economy to achieve more inclusive growth, are of real interest for a world in which alternative growth models for long-term sustainable development and social equity have rapidly become a priority in government, business and civil society.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e027915b-en	6ab5b88dcb198b2156c1625934b73459	The river plays an important role for industry, cities and agriculture, but climate variability and change have created difficulties in forecasting the available water resources across the basin. Decision makers started to realize that part of the challenge in forecasting at a basin scale was due to problems with reconciling spatial and temporal scales for different types of climatic and hydrological information. When developing integrated climate and hydrological forecasting models for the Neman River Basin, there has been a strong emphasis on data and modelling harmonization.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6ab6d0f8d95c29ac8352553e001a508e	Seven sites, or 807 MW of capacity, will allow electricity storage to help stabilise the electricity system (pumped storage). Public tenders to allocate the privately funded construction and operation of the ten selected hydroelectric sites were launched. As of the end of 2009, eight sites were attributed, one had already passed the environmental impact assessment stage, and the others were awaiting environmental assessment results (IEA, 2009a).	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	6ab95b0ac26532a1925042cd353bf998	This update focuses on smart cities, discussing in particular challenges for smart city strategies and addressing environmental risks in Emerging Asian cities in light of rising urbanisation, increasing economic activity and climate change. High levels of air pollution have serious health consequences, especially among lower-income households, and can curtail economic growth prospects. Policy makers in the region would need to strengthen the enforcement of existing rules and work towards clearer and targeted policy frameworks with the participation of all levels of government. Co-operation between countries in the region is just as crucial since environmental hazards are often transborder issues.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/irtad-2013-en	6aba6178ad898def449287701e64563b	Results have been less satisfactory for vulnerable road users, however, there has been a reduction of only a third in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities over the last decade. In terms of killed PTW riders, here, too, results were disappointing, with a reduction of only 14% in fatalities. The safety of vulnerable road users continues to be a core road safety issue, not least in lower income countries. In Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, the rate in terms of fatalities per 100 000 population has been divided by more than six.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	6abb89f66ea94705de4d540a94460d41	But she’s up to die challenge just five months after giving birth to her first child. Growing up, Rasamee watched her parents struggle financially. Her mother worked at home and her lather sought jobs in construction, but was often derailed by illness. I used to think about how I wanted a prosperous life.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6abc17b6990298d6d4bf32fe296b7d9d	A major issue is also the lack of integrated management of water resources, energy and waste. Sustainable practices need to be introduced to reduce the stress on natural resources in the region. The municipality is concerned about the sustainable environmental development but lacks the instruments to implement a coherent environmental protection policy.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5be883c5-en	6abd383675b31be7727283925f850d67	However, his analysis did not explicitly consider either gender or the provision of care (Razavi 2007; Orloff 1996). This group includes New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Canada. The most extreme variant is the US model, where markets supplement a very basic public safety net that is highly targeted (Esping-Anderson 1996). The result from a gender inequality perspective is a sort of two-tiered system of social welfare, with men’s insurance centred on labour market issues and women’s being family-related and primarily means-tested social assistance (Orloff 1996).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	6ac4d684786eecf61eb723a6b45e5ee6	The pace of urbanisation is quite regular, but is proceeding even slower than was expected by the current SCoT. Despite aspirations to increase density within the city, suburbanisation and peri-urbanisation continue apace and appear difficult to stop (Box 2.8). At the same time, even if the core of the city provides building opportunities on the old industrial land, the process of reconversion is difficult to handle because of the cost of remediating soil pollution and the possibility of archaeological constraints. But, in Clermont-Ferrand, as in other urban places, there seems to be a clear preference by many households for this type for dispersed development, and not the more compact approach favoured by planners and city officials. As has been discussed, this imposes a number of costs and externalities including the environmental costs of commuting and fiscal costs borne by the municipality when expanding and servicing infrastructure to peri-urban areas.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-3-en	6ac54cb5f68801808a8953985c6ac06d	More specifically, an agreement between the OECD and the Mexican Ministry of Education (Secrelaria de Education Publica, SEP) was established to support the design and implementation of education policy reforms to improve the quality and equity of the education system in Mexico (2008-2010). Support was requested specifically in the areas of teacher career paths, school management, leadership and social participation. Three types of contributions include comparative analysis, communications (workshops, conferences and country visits) and recommendations (presented in this report), delivered by the OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	6ac639a52fc58a16cf82852bfc7e92d0	A more reasonable indicator of this commitment would be the proportion of public spending or public revenues that is allocated to social protection since this would (to an extent) neutralise the fact that public revenues as a proportion of GDP differ widely even among countries at the same income level. Looking at spending in absolute terms also demonstrates that per capita spending can increase substantially in a fast-growing economy even when expenditure is declining relative to GDP or public expenditure. However, this is not an ideal basis for long-term projections, especially in a context where the future plans of development partners are not clear and expenditure by new programmes, such as CBHI, is difficult to predict.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47e32247-en	6ac72061caffffeef711fa842cbfd156	Oats (spring cropping), turnip (winter feed) and clover (increasing nitrogen nutrients using nitrogen-fixing bacteria by cultivating forage legumes on fallow ground) were grown to provide feed for draught animals, and animal-powered tillage, supplying barnyard manure, etc., This new system required close cooperative work by farm families, transforming formerly dispersed rural hamlets into centralized villages. One of the benefits of this three-field system was that, during the fallow stage, the use of ploughs to perform deep ploughing and overturn the soil removed weeds (fallow-period weeding work).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	6ac8dd372fd35284d08f3e3be5271193	Their functions include making recommendations on: plans and training programmes, teaching methods, programme evaluation and teacher training, among others. These councils are chaired by the director, and include as appropriate the assistant directors, heads of class or subject, ATPs, presidents of the students' council, and representatives of the parents' association, the school cooperative and the school garden plot (where this exists). In general terms, these councils' attributions are limited.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	6aca20998036849633a08ff81fa692b6	The images are then often sent across time zones (Spain, Australia, India), with the receiving radiologist working his normal daylight hours. Tele-radiology can also be utilised to obtain a consultation with an expert or sub-specialist. See earlier comment on a mental health night stay, which is usually also recorded as a day case.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6acb66cc50676acebccdb9ef70e30dac	They can be significant especially if distant resources have to be connected as can be the case for offshore wind, if load factors are low or if the technology has more stringent connection requirements than for nuclear power. Connection costs are sometimes integrated within the system costs (NEA, 2012), but more often are not considered as system costs and implicitly included in the LCOE as plant-level costs. The difficulty in this assessment is that connection costs are sometimes borne by the plant developer and sometimes paid for by the transmission grid operator.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	6accc74bdd22e28e7fc67a60405ae94d	Progress on resilience was monitored using indicators created to track the performance of the system, actors and institutions, which facilitated fulfilment of one of the most important requirements under this model: continuous review of the implementation of interventions to ensure that they contributed to producing the expected results. This kind of process of iteration helps to identify problems as they arise and to ensure the incorporation of new information so as to improve project implementation, which is particularly important as new information on climate impacts is continuously evolving. In Sri Lanka, for example, while the introduction of high-yielding hybrid varieties of rice seeds had initially had a beneficial effect on yields, support for their use led to an undermining of the ability of farmers to adapt to changing conditions.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	6acfca8912da33463763cce68bb8b129	The benefits of electrification are direct and indirect. Direct benefits include improvements in living conditions, such as illumination (and hence also the opportunity to study longer hours in the evening or to work longer hours in family businesses) and improved cooking methods (and hence the reduction of health hazards associated with biomass burning). Moreover, access to electricity can also reduce energy costs, especially for lighting and small uses, resulting in savings for poor households.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	6ad177a777d7b644c9f05b4532026fdf	It would be impossible for the private sector to implement crop insurance systems without there being weather monitoring stations in operation; however, the act of setting up such stations historically falls within the purview of the public sector. In recent years, development banks have facilitated increased levels of participation of the private sector in financing their adaptation portfolios (Climate Policy Initiative, 2015). In addition to providing incentives, Governments can regulate private sector participation in sustainable environmental practices that support adaptation. Payment-for-ecosystem services schemes which generate revenue and then redistribute that revenue to vulnerable populations constitute one example of regulatory measures that provide incentives to protect natural resources.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	6ad237b7556d9976fba2a56716326018	At the same time, fossil fuel-based energy systems incur relatively higher operating costs, driven by volatile fuel prices, as discussed above, which are however spread over the whole lifetime of the asset. Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue on Natural Resource-based Development, 25 June 2018, Paris, www.oecd.org/dev/tenth-meeting-pd-nr-june-2018 .htm. Innovation in the battery industry has created viable solutions to the challenges related to the variability of renewable energy output, which depends on weather conditions.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6ad90589f91e0a5331fb97a37b98b1b4	Most of them are primarily financed by student fees. Students are attracted to these institutions since they offer courses which are of immediate relevance to the job market. In this sense, private higher education institutions respond more easily than their public counterparts to the demands emerging from local business and the industrial community.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	6adbf0d00b87f1255e1b71e8be6caa32	Whereas the production of ethanol reached over 97 billion litres in 2012, that of biodiesel was roughly 26 billion litres. Ethanol production is led by the United States (45 bn litres) and Brazil (24 bn litres), with China, the European Union, Canada and India also producing significant quantities.6 Biodiesel production is strongly concentrated in the European Union (11 bn litres in 2012), while the United States, Argentina and Brazil also produced more than 2 bn litres each. Biodiesel is today produced mainly from virgin vegetable oils, but can be made from any lipid source, such as used cooking oil and tallow.7 Feedstock quantities used for the production of biofuels are significant: 11% of global coarse grains produced, 13% of vegetable oils and 16% of sugar cane were used in the production of biofuels in 2012 (OECD-FAO, 2013).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	6add45a902416f74f2024b25d3f50bb3	As a consequence of this strong migration tendency, the city is faced with an employment challenge for these populations and encounters strong spatial segregation concerning migrant populations. A potential solution to the mismatch between demand and supply in the Hamburg employment market is to encourage self-employment for migrants, promoting business making. Such a solution has the strong advantage of encouraging integration in the formal economic sector, and the potential to develop the local economy.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	6ae1e4a263e917c2be5f2ad132fa197b	The Caribbean countries with low child poverty levels (Saint Lucia and Antigua and Barbuda) are in the same range as the Latin American countries with the lowest levels, i.e. Chile and Uruguay. Poverty levels in the other Caribbean countries range from medium-high (Suriname) to medium-low (Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago). These initial estimates suggest that the scale of child poverty in the subregion, at least in the seven countries studied, is similar to that in Latin America.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	6ae2a294da5c9e49d4dcf23867eb14df	Without climate change mitigation, those numbers would grow to 321 million in the 2050s and 391 million in the 2080s. Among the developing regions, Southern Asia and Africa would be the most exposed to an increased risk of hunger as a result of climate change. The impact of climate change on total production will be relatively small.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6ae52c63c2d97bb0e308a482998edd16	Include the contribution of higher education institutions to local and regional development in their annual evaluations. Mobilise the resources of higher education institutions in the preparation and implementation of regional and urban strategies. Help identify areas of research for regional development. Between 1970 and 2010, the share of the Malay population living in Penang increased from 30.6% to 43.0%.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	6ae614039a3e503e06e305a8aa8560d2	Among the countries shown, the United States, Poland, the United Kingdom recorded the highest market-income Ginis in the mid-2000 (Gm). Market incomes in “working-age” households have become more unequally distributed everywhere and this trend was mostly stronger in the first half of the mid-80s to mid-2000s period. In addition, countries with data going back further, including the United Kingdom and United States, have seen significant increases in market-income Ginis before the mid-80s. Overall amounts of taxes paid and benefits received in the mid-2000s.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	6ae822af792a408931e3d6297df024df	Two Nordic countries (Finland and Sweden) would move up four and seven places respectively, while two post-communist countries (Croatia and Hungary) would fall four and seven places respectively. These differences are likely to reflect migration policy in these countries: Finland and Sweden accept migrants whose children score below the national average. In turn, PISA divides children into three categories: 1.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	6aecb0741e6ce09f58b73410137a63e0	This pattern is verified in all countries, although the gradient is not significant in a small number of countries, and with the exception of Korea which displays an unclear relationship between education and drinking status. Almost all countries display a negative index indicating that people with less education and with lower incomes are less likely to consume alcohol in the past 12 months. The magnitude of these inequalities varies among countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	6aeccb5257cc1d16029c4ea9cf94c540	They may also deter students who are risk-averse and/or are from a disadvantaged background from participating in higher education in the first place, as they may face financing difficulties later in their studies. The pattern of enrolments in the first grade of undergraduate professional and university education by regions reveals that most students attend higher education institutions in the regions of their residence. For instance, the greatest share of the students of the University of Ljubljana comes from the central region of Slovenia (Osrednjeslovenska regija), where Ljubljana is located.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	6af032ce62a752aeae828834f2a4a943	This process of academisation would be accomplished by better connecting these UC programmes with research activities based largely at universities, to support the development of research competencies among students. Additional goals of the associations included improving the efficiency of programme offerings and reducing overlap, sharing infrastructure, and increasing student mobility to strengthen equity in access. The policy was not seeking to promote mergers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264167865-9-en	6af0fd8b63b0ad1e11cb5839bc2c9692	The Washington programme places higher priority on protecting natural areas than the Oregon programme and its governance is less centralised. Vancouver and Clark County have revised their comprehensive and implementing regulations to comply with the GMA. Both local programmes have been found to comply with the act. The act calls for periodic updates to local plans to ensure continued compliance as growth occurs.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	6af141be7155bf4c85a93456c0251c66	Useful public procurement training areas include preparing and submitting tenders, understanding contract terms and conditions, and learning how to work with government officials. This training can help women as they grow their businesses, expand beyond their borders as exporters, and interact with foreign governments, corporations and agencies. However, the economically most advantageous award criteria may not be appropriate where this invites corruption or increases complexity.) The course teaches how to set up procedures and targeted assistance that facilitates women-owned businesses to access opportunities.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	6af191889fb8cb91a9bd42b8659247e9	The Northeast Strategic Technology Centre (Centro de Tecnologias Estrategicas do Nordeste, CETENE), the National Institute for the Semi-Arid (Instituto Nacional do Semiarido, INSA), Minerals Technology Centre (Centro de Tecnologia de Minerais, CTEM), the National Amazon Research Institute (Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazonia, INPA) and the National Institute of Technology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, INT) are examples of the centres that have relevant activity in the field of water. Examples of water-related programmes undertaken by these institutions include “Systems for Integrated Production in the Semi-Arid Region” and “Climatic and Environmental Monitoring” conducted by the INSA; as well as ‘Topics in Health, Climatology and Water Resources” and “Sustainable Management of Water Resources”, promoted by the INPA. Some percentage of the royalties paid by hydropower companies is allocated to research in the field of water resources.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	6af2e4ebcfa2301a964ed2b894c3dae0	The definition of national multidimensional child poverty indicators is therefore necessary as a tool to monitor progress towards this SDG target. The headcount is as high as 82 per cent in rural areas, while it is 53 per cent in urban settings. Nationwide 12 per cent of children are not deprived in any dimension. However this is true for only 3 per cent of children in rural areas, while 18 per cent of children in urban areas do not suffer any deprivation.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	6af6ea160f1a2a7bae44725ba4926ea1	"He devoted specific attention to violations of reproductive rights. He explains that ""forced sterilization is an act of violence, a form of social control, and a violation of the right to be free from torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment."" He called on States to ""safeguard free and informed consent on an equal basis for all individuals without any exception, through legal framework and judicial and administrative mechanisms, including through policies and practices to protect against abuses."" He recommended that States ""ensure that women have access to emergency medical care, including post-abortion care, without fear of criminal penalties or reprisals."""	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	6afb880cf72b971e9ff276d29a7f2e69	However, it is in the Commonwealth’s developing economies such as Kenya, Malaysia and the Pacific islands of Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu - where the historically poor fixed line infrastructure has resulted in the proliferation of mobile telephones - that cutting-edge innovation in the form of mobile phone banking is taking hold. Numerous institutions are already supporting training for SMEs; however, there is a case for targeted training for women-owned SMEs given the structural differences in firm make up, industry sectors as well as attitudes to finance. This further limits their ability to form the relationships required to successfully navigate the world of business finance.	5	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	6afcbc79bd051ff4964db183015e6760	Plans are being developed to produce a series on television and radio, as well as other forms of promotion that will serve to sensitise the public. For example, a series of training workshops has been conducted to address the role of police officers as partners and first responders in the fight against domestic violence. These materials are distributed to homes, schools, agencies, social service district offices, community centres and local businesses.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db521e55-en	6b01001c054b0a50ac4bf9f23281d023	The findings of the IPCC served as the scientific basis for the Secretary-General's climate leadership throughout 2015 and provided added urgency to the negotiations under the UNFCCC on the Paris Agreement. As defined by both COP 19 and COP 2o, INDCs were to reflect Parties' planned climate actions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, and were to be submitted well in advance of COP 21 and in the first quarter of 2015 by those Parties able to do so. In early 2015, the Secretary-General prioritized engaging leaders on early submission of INDCs, meaning that by the time the COP 21 opened, 188 countries had submitted their INDCs.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	6b0516ccc6906c0b0d77b1bed62838c0	Immutable IDs of assets and projects have to be seamlessly integrated with related IT systems and monitoring services. By adopting a decentralised registry based on blockchain, a new renewable power plant (as an example) with its key specifications can be registered globally. Rather than locating this process with various national and sub-national entities, an effective cross-border system could be provided by participating governments.	9	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	6b0537c6012aebba6e5b8fa4163e613b	The objective is may not be to develop a working career but to contribute immediately to the household income for the benefit of younger members. Discrimination, occupational segregation, and work/family conflicts result in lower wages and fewer opportunities for women, regardless of labour market sector. Although a key advantage of enclave employment is access to resources that facilitate entrepreneurship, research shows that women in the mainstream economy encounter more barriers to self-employment than men. Therefore, enclave employment may be more exploitative of women (Gilbertson, 1995).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	6b08c433c82135d7cc5db0a37c07edf3	Of the Asia Pacific LDCs listed in the GHI for 2010, Yemen has the most disturbing score of 27.3, due to high scores on all three indicators. Using the GHI criteria, for example, a cut-off point might be 10, which would include 16 countries in the Asia Pacific region.4 However, this neglects many other countries not covered by the GHI. Another option would be to consider as hotspots countries where undernourishment was greater than 10 per cent.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	6b0b90b13f85efee46875f17d671df58	Ninety GW of new power plants would go through early retirement, but after having recovered their investment costs. These reserves are often referred to as “unbumable carbon”. As part of their commitment to climate change mitigation, governments, regulators and central banks should start addressing this market failure alongside the implementation of core climate policy instruments.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ebcefb5b-en	6b1032b5bcf32d87af4bcbbc5d6ca3bc	The maternal-newborn bottleneck analysis tool developed by the Every Newborn steering group was then used in a series of national workshops between July and September 2013 in eight of the selected countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda. More than 500 individuals participated in these workshops, which were run by each country’s health ministry with support from different facilitating partners. In addition, regional workshops were held in Senegal and Nepal.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	6b10a48dfb476acde43dc571dca8058a	Indeed, programme outcomes are mixed. For instance, CCTs have demonstrated a reduction in malnutrition in Mexico and Nicaragua (Maluccio & Flores, 2005) and increases child height of approximately one centimetre in Mexico, (Fiszbein & Schady, 2009). However, there is no evidence that positive initial impacts observed in Oportunidades were sustained over time (Neufeld et al.,	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	6b13041dadc53192331be1b09ea4ecd0	Developing and other economies include all other countries, regardless of whether they receive ODA. Of critical importance is the fact that access to an “improved” water source does not necessarily mean access to “safe” water fit for human consumption. As a result, half of Africa’s hospital beds are filled with people suffering from a water-related disease (OECD, 2012b).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	6b1a623e7a5400e047940cea8ce32de9	According to this tool, personal care, metal work, and health associates were the entry-level occupations with the most advertised vacancies relative to qualified job seekers in 2014. By contrast, occupations in animal care, agriculture and creative occupations had many more qualified job seekers than advertised vacancies. Quality check comparisons with the Labour Force Survey reveal that Burning Glass data slightly overestimate the proportion of professional and associate professions occupations in demand, while slightly underestimating the proportion of elementary occupations. Skills Route won the Education Open Data Challenge by bringing together education and career-related open data sets to provide students with a unique picture of the career prospects associated with a particular course of study.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264088986-en	6b1b0556c4c244802d1fa4945017f43f	The youth unit provides several programmes and services that are available in the Galilee region, including science days and lectures, enrichment courses, visits to the Technion and summer workshops. The unit on fostering excellence conducts a summer campus, promotes mathematics education in the schools and conducts a Pre-Atidim programme. There are special programmes for example to orthodox Jews and outstanding Arab youth from northern Israel (NAM).	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	6b1b621b0989ceb88105e13c2c63ef35	However, the Russian Federation and all the Latin American countries analysed except Peru have a higher share of female executives than the average OECD country (31.6%). By contrast, in Egypt, India, Morocco, Tunisia and Hirkey the share is below 15%. In all the countries analysed, except Egypt and Peru, the share of women in top-management positions has grown since 2000. The most significant improvements, relative to the initial level, have been recorded in Chile, China, Mexico and Hirkey.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289349918-11-en	6b25a848b9e8bd2596cb645576fa9708	During windy periods, there is abundancy of electric power in the Nordics, and the electricity prices are very low or in some hours even negative. The subsidized investments into renewable electricity generation partly drive the electricity market prices down, and the profitability of condensing power generation has decreased, which has led to closing down of power plants. As a result, there is increasing need for energy storage, but also need to cut the peaks in power demand.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	6b27c281c997c7c0c45f256e141a36b3	The main findings confirm that labour mobility has an important role in narrowing the rural-urban income gap, not only in theory but also in practice. Although the empirical efforts are still preliminary and are not sufficient to prove this conclusion, they lay out a new direction for further research on the subject. Moreover, as more people have shifted from unemployment and underemployment to full employment through mobility between regions and sectors, mainly benefiting rural workers and their families, the income gap between rural and urban areas has tended to narrow. Since the rural-urban gap contributes the major part of overall inequality, the narrowed gap will in turn reduce the country’s overall income inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	6b2d6eded4216402bdfc27cb1c4a0881	While world prices have since fallen, agricultural prices and food prices inside many countries did not reflect this change with the same cadence or rhythm having remained “sticky” at high levels for an extended period of time. While the Outlook does not project food prices, there remains considerable interest in how fluctuations in commodity prices translate into changes in the cost of food. For this reason the following section discusses how food prices around the world have changed between the period of peak prices and 2009 as commodity prices have declined.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	6b2e06e8726ebbc7758d4fea8350e0c3	"Focusing solely on direct mobilization may lead to overestimating the role of project-level climate finance and, in worst case, neglecting the importance of finance directed to capacity building, budgetary support (e.g. feed-in tariff scheme for renewables) and overall work to strengthen enabling environment (OECD, 2015). While to date only few studies have assessed the mobilizing effects of public policies and support for policy development, and these mainly direct and project-based mobilization, preliminary findings from WRI23 highlight the importance of overall policy frameworks and stability as key enablers of climate compatible investments. According to GCF (2015) a key challenge for mobilization is the missing link between climate projects and ""initiatives that strengthen underlying policy, regulatory, or enabling environment""."	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	6b31f657f6fb8a5521a9a88add8f2f86	Increasing food availability leads to more robust diets and decreasing numbers of malnourished children. However, the price changes that we see in the adaptation scenarios are fairly modest and lead only to small increases in food availability globally (less than a 0.5% increase), with a correspondingly small improvement in the rate of malnourishment (which decreases by less than 0.5%). Thus, while these scenarios help mitigate some of the effects of climate change, they do not fully mitigate potential food insecurity in developing countries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	6b32b5a4a163b81c149e1e46ce17c79f	Universities in collaboration with regional stakeholders should rediscover and develop regional assets and use project approach and potential of flagship events to mobilise sustainable regional collaboration. Finally, the existing good practices in school/college collaboration, rural development, recognition of prior learning and industry engagement should be scaled up into a system within and between institutions. Despite progress made, the human capital capacity remains low.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	6b334c53efe07eaa15387a008a08fa10	Since the results for 2003 and 2008 are so similar, only those for 2008 will be reported here. The upper panel of table 5 shows the totals for each indicator (i.e., the number of people for which a value of 1 was recorded for the specified indicator, either as a one-dimensional or as a multidimensional measurement). The second-most significant indicator was “deaths of live-born children”, with over 24 million Brazilians living in households where such a death had taken place.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/935513ee-en	6b346174e011ee1d6da0066b12da9f56	Extractive companies may be directly or indirectly involved in human rights abuses, either related to negative economic, social and environmental impacts on communities mentioned above, or with regards to their own staff and security providers. The United Nations Special Representative on human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie,34 has outlined the ways in which businesses can abuse human rights. For example, this can be done through child labor, forced labor, discrimination, restrictions on unions, forced displacement, and as a result of the actions of both public and private security forces.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	6b373e7497d6d22b2af29d461c883d8c	These cultural practices are a strong determinant of higher poverty among women than men. High poverty and a lack of empowerment affect the well being of women and have a strong impact on the future outcomes of their children. Such disadvantages may work at national, local, community, or even at household levels.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	6b3ab9f81bcbbd175629071433cc2eb7	Kazakhstan and its cities are modernising, but its urban centres still have issues to address before they can achieve their full potential as the engines of economic growth. Kazakhstan inherited a legacy of low car ownership and extensive, but not always cost-efficient, urban public transport from the Soviet era. However, car ownership has risen rapidly since the 2000s, with the highest motorisation rate in Almaty and Astana (428 and 385 cars per 1 000 inhabitants, respectively, in 2015). Car ownership has been increased by the high demand for private automobiles, moderate gasoline prices, road extensions and improvements in and around big cities, and the low quality of public transport services.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6b3af09531e1cccd4e263a4cf19c565c	The initiative makes use of various communication channels. It developed and disseminated digital packages in simplified Arabic (and sometimes French) such as CDs, websites and audiotapes. The WRCATI also runs telephone hotlines in some countries, where operators who speak the national language have been trained in answering legal questions and offering advice.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6b3c689c4be3c96e5c7ecaab51876563	The Department of Education established a strategic medium-term Action Plan (2009-12) for the Institutionalisation of Gender Equality in the Education System. The plan falls under the framework of the National Strategy for Gender Equality through the Integration of Gender Objectives in Public Policies and Development Programmes, which was adopted by the government in May 2006, as well as the NAJAH Emergency Plan (2007), which aimed to give new impetus to educational reform. It also aims to ensure that the state secretariat in charge of education has the adequate institutional capacity to mainstream gender in the educational system in terms of the design, budgeting, delivering, monitoring and evaluation of educational services.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	6b3dcfaa13f45b032d96b532c68ec91b	For instance, there is a large variety of ready-for-use technologies and business solutions in the field of autonomous toll systems, real-time traffic light optimisation, Global Positioning System (GPS)-based data collection, and real-time traveller information. However, consideration should also be given to the interactions between technologies. Smart transportation is an integrated system where efficiency depends on a set of technologies rather than on just one or a few. This also means that consideration should be given to the future development of the system, including its expansion and upgrading.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	6b401476ae839eed8ebf42b117db543f	Comments and review by OECD colleagues are much appreciated and acknowledged, including Nathalie Girouard, Tomasz Kozluk, Eva Hiibner and Michael Mullan. Members of the Network on Environment and Development Cooperation (ENVIRONET) under the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) also provided substantive comments and are gratefully acknowledged, in particular Austria, Germany, Sweden, United States and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Laura Jenks provided editorial support.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/06f7e845-en	6b409c790c2b0d355d5560ecf3319171	Governments should provide the necessary backup facilities to meet the demand created. In keeping with the Declaration of Alma Ata, all countries should reduce mortality and morbidity and seek to make primary health care, including reproductive health care, available universally by the end of the current decade. Countries should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 75 years. Countries with the highest levels of mortality should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 65 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years. Efforts to ensure a longer and healthier life for all should emphasize the reduction of morbidity and mortality differentials between males and females as well as among geographical regions, social classes and indigenous and ethnic groups. The role of women as primary custodians of family health should be recognized and supported.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	6b415897f336b1bc62995d05f30d17c5	Journal of Economic Inequality, vol. Beyond Headcount: Measures that Reflect the Breadth and Components of Child Poverty', in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds.), Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. Sub-national Disparities and Inter-temporal Evolution of Multidimensional Poverty across Developing Countries', OPHI Research in progress, University of Oxford. Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: Where and How?' Indice de Pobreza Multidimensional para Colombia (IPM-Colombia) 1997-2010.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	6b47818250d1afd231dc584e497b4604	Sweden’s public health policy, under the Medical Services Act, aims to provide health care on an equal footing to all, regardless of age, gender, the ability to take initiative, education, capacity to pay, nationality or cultural differences. Overall, minority groups are well-served in Sweden -both officially listed national minorities as well as other minority groups present in the country. However, there is nonetheless evidence of generally reduced mental health levels amongst Swedish minority groups, which indicates the need for culturally adapted outreach efforts. There is also evidence that such groups are more frequently prescribed hypnotic and sedative drugs than the majority population, which points to a general difference in the way their treatment is approached. Language barriers may play a large part in explaining this treatment gap.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	6b47965a971260e9e5cf0b1fff714262	Contaminated earth from a rail-twinning project on the Luxembourg-Petange line produced a recent jump in exports. The Environment Administration works with the Customs and Excise Administration to detect illegal waste transfers. In 2008, written warnings were issued to 24 firms found to be non-compliant during these inspections. Regulation EC/1907/2006, in force since 2007, makes industry responsible for managing the risks that chemicals may pose for health and the environment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	6b492541778bafda38c48d0ec92cca77	Some areas that are critical for lifting the quality of agricultural production and per unit returns received by farmers, such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion, receive relatively little support. The growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important re-orientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers, with potentially less production and trade distortions. Despite the large increase in expenditure on irrigation, and to a less extent agricultural knowledge and innovation system, the %GSSE has remained small at 23% in 2011-13 (Tables 2.13 and 2.14).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6b4c313b4c63d5d424cf926456073188	The general characteristics of the three sub-sectors are presented. This is complemented by the evidence on how supply chains function as experienced by farmers, intermediaries and processors based on the case studies undertaken specifically for this Review (ACEPAS, 2012). Additional information is derived from recent FAO studies on food chains in Kazakhstan (FAO, 2010a and 2010b). General observations and policy issues conclude the discussion of each sub-sector.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	6b4d3c9d20d4f8c6e25e23939b30b6af	Secondly, land tenure arrangements and the urbanisation of agricultural or collectively-owned land (ejido) have left a complex legacy for modern-day housing and urban development. Thirdly, Mexico has managed to address, to a large extent and with remarkable speed, the country’s quantitative housing gap and transition to more permanent housing for an increasing share of the population. Such a rapid expansion of the housing stock has been seen in only a few OECD countries. Fourthly, while public policy in other OECD countries has also tended, to varying extents, to favour home ownership in recent decades, Mexico, along with Italy and Spain, is unusual in focusing its social housing policies on home ownership. Finally, Mexico is now beginning to transition out of a long period in which housing policy has been set by an implementing body (INFONAVIT); housing and urban policy is now in the hands of an explicit policy-making body, SEDATU.	11	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-95a5ae73-en	6b4fe896a8a447d5ce88aaefbf316e3b	"According to the International Telecommunication Union (""ITU""), Universal Service means that every household or individual in a country has the opportunity for telephone service. Universal Access means that everyone in a community can gain access to a publicly available telephone, although not necessarily in their homes. While these basic notions have stood the test of time, the concepts are evolving in light of changes with respect to technology (i.e., ICT has move beyond the 'telephone'), applications (i.e., offerings other than simple voice) and society (the development of highly mobile populations, increased urbanization, globalization, and increased levels of education in most countries). It notes that UAS is firmly rooted in the market liberalization context and that despite the changes in the environment, its rationale is fairly consistent."	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	6b507dd9469566ce1aa1ea8605d58325	By 2016, a total of 626 000 beneficiaries had contracted savings accounts, and 639 000 had acquired basic credit (CONAIF, 2016). Yet norms and expectations around gender are hard to change. Public opinion about the role of men and women has shifted very slowly over time, especially in emerging and upper-middle income countries (OECD, 2016d).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ad12659d-en	6b51e9e412eae4db0fd6cd6986062bf0	In its General Comment no. Education must also be provided in a way that respects the strict limits on discipline reflected in article 28(2) and promotes non-violence in schools”, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/ GC/2001/1, “General Comment No 1 (2001). Article 29(1): The Aims of Education”, #8.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/50e33932-en	6b53d9285a6dee23c8bd84a88014cc04	Although these type of projects have not disappeared, they have significantly decreased. Instead, the projects are progressively devoted to general and qualitative goals, such as the welfare of citizens, the quality of employment, efficiency of firms and sustainable development (OECD 2007). For instance, the State-Region Contracts 2015-2020 have five priorities for which 30 billion EUR will be made available: transport, higher education, digitalisation, innovation and ecological and energy transition (Charbit and Romano, 2017(n]).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	6b53dcdd1d02dca9f64d347648a1b29d	The effective integration of land and water management issues is hampered by the fact that, although the Province of Venice has the administrative responsibility for residential and industrial development on much of the coast, it does not control “upstream” land use, which also affects water quality in the Lagoon and in coastal waters, and it does not control the main urban areas of the Lagoon (the responsibility of the municipalities). In theory, all plans are required to refer to the Watershed Plan, but compliance with and interpretation of these plans is often weak. Sewage in the historic centre is untreated, and flows directly into the Lagoon, which receives an organic and pathogen loading equivalent to a city of more than 400 000 persons during the tourist season.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	6b57283137957132c7135ff171ae53aa	In a move to promote better ownership of projects, funders are exploring options such as the use of innovative financing mechanisms, such as blending loans and grants for development and project management by external contractors who are able to relieve often-overloaded local stakeholders (ECDPM 2013). As most utilities work on timescales that account for the expected life of their generation plant (20 to 30 years), it is definitely conceivable that by 2050 the Caribbean’s energy system can be 100 per cent based on clean, sustainable generation plant. This will help the region to connect to the international community and develop on an economic and social level. Renewable energy technologies can provide substantial economic relief to farmers, who can boost their incomes with the careful installation of solar, wind and biomass technologies. The use of climate-controlled greenhouses and cool- and cold-water agriculture can improve food security in the region.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	6b57c0dcf73a9f6f6b7ebcf4ff785026	San Francisco (Box 2.7) is a good example of a city that has managed to divert waste to landfills by 80% in efforts to reach zero waste by the year 2020 (SF environment, 2016). Sweden is similarly a good example as only 1% of w'aste goes to landfill sites. Several jurisdictions in OECD countries such as New York City, Kamikatsu, Japan; Toronto, Canada; Seattle, Washington and New South Wales have all adopted a long-term zero waste goal.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	6b59f45974f44e487cca38b4e3593e63	The study aims to increase understanding of young people's health behaviours and well-being during the key developmental stage of adolescence. This includes all European OECD members plus the United States, Canada and Turkey. The primary purpose of the surveys is to monitor the indicators (the so-called Laeken Indicators) by which the EU has agreed to measure its progress towards reducing social exclusion.	1	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	6b5a912833ee1e1cec57ada3de40ebe5	Young people with only a lower secondary education have limited opportunities to realise their potential and develop their learning skills. This may be due to the poor quality of the educational assistance given to them in schools and lack of resources, including availability of trained teachers or methods of teaching. Much less attention is being paid to the quality of the teaching and learning that pupils experience. Only recently has the focus shifted to the quality of the education on offer and support for transition to secondary and tertiary education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	6b66aa3ebe031d4f49266e72b683aea8	The planning exercise starts with a “Map of Enforceable Conditionalities” in which several constraints to land use are taken into consideration from the veiy beginning. Among these enforceable constraints, the adjacent areas including the areas threatened by floods have to be taken into account. This legislation has led to a systematic consideration throughout the country of the flood risk areas and the protection of those areas from undesirable human occupation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6b67350834504bcfd0a1426dfd89c44b	As long as adequate framework conditions are provided, in particular low financing costs and stable electricity prices, nuclear energy is well-placed to contribute to the security of energy supply and the smooth working of electricity systems with adequate capacity margins in OECD countries. From this discussion can be drawn a number of broad policy conclusions. As far as the temporal dimension is concerned, one can distinguish periods reaching from a few seconds (for technical failures), a few days (for policy responses to supply interruption), to several years (the time to implement new policies) up to 100 years (the lifetime of certain energy structures). The list of security of supply risks presented above quite naturally reflects this distinction between a short-run and a long-run aspect of the security of energy supply.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	6b6808385a0670a0b1d601007f2c0eb1	Moreover, the main distinction of the SIGI is that it focuses on rights, as well as on social institutions that often are not codified in laws, but are based on norms and values, as well as attitudes and practices, that shape women's opportunities and decisions (Branisa et al., In addition, the SIGI is a more comprehensive measure considering other dimensions of gender inequality in social institutions. It is a composite index which scores non-OECD countries on the basis of 14 variables (Table l).4 The scale of the SIGI goes from 0, meaning low discrimination to 1, high level of discriminatory social institutions. However, it may still be a good measure of gender norms governing male behaviour and opportunities.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	6b68980cea77febf58943a1adebe5e57	Welfare provision therefore has a substantial influence on how market income is distributed in the first place. As the OECD notes, welfare states that maximise employment and earnings will have a more equal distribution of original income, and policies to encourage employment (particularly among high-risk groups, such as lone parents) may be more effective tools for poverty reduction than transfers. Public transfers may influence not only individuals’ employment and earnings decisions but also their choice of living arrangement. In particular, where the income of single parents is supported there may be a greater risk of individuals choosing these living arrangements and therefore being at greater risk of poverty. Sawhill (2006) has argued that there are growing behavioural differences between the well-off and the poor, in particular in relation to education, marriage and childbearing, and that policy should focus on behavioural change, in particular increasing the role of conditional cash transfers. However, most empirical studies on partnership decisions suggest that the tax and benefit system produces small behavioural effects (Adams and Brewer, 2010).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-3-en	6b6900a44a136eb4d9cda13971259c76	However, this approach, whereby water planners assume they have all the energy they need and energy planners assume they have all the water they need, is not likely to work effectively in the future. Countries that deploy incoherent water and energy policies might find themselves with severe scarcity of one resource or the other, or both. Support provided to lower the costs of water supplied to agriculture, for example, by not reflecting the scarcity value of water, can undermine efforts to achieve sustainable management of water, especially in situations experiencing water stress.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	6b6d798b93a6614fa1719d0234066e13	In the case of meat and dairy products, the fastest consumption increase for the non-OECD region occurs for dairy products of whole milk powder and butter (38%), followed by poultry (37%) over the period to 2019. While these changes represent a faster increase in meat and dairy products use than in the OECD area, in a number of cases they are taking place from a smaller consumption base. On the import side, the developing countries are becoming increasingly integrated into world agricultural trade and regional markets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/16f915a4-en	6b702d35e38240b20895448582e97024	An additional problem associated with the sale of standing timber is the incorrect evaluation of the harvested timber and poor recording and monitoring of harvesting and removals. The current timber sale methods do not give equal access to forest resources to all sectors, due to the existing competitive auction system and to the lack of availability of the results of all timber sales. In the context of “Forest Europe”, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, the Ministry of Forestry regularly takes part in expert meetings on the preparations for the Ministerial Conferences and contributes to the work on Pan-European Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management and the State of Europe’s Forests Report.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	6b7084d5c54301d7fb8214fb2da552c4	The framework evaluates local health authorities across 30 indicators in the domains of access, continuity, effectiveness, efficiency, patient satisfaction and organisational competence. Many indicators reflect processes (such as coverage of vaccination or cancer screening), but each of the five effectiveness indicators reflect outcomes, such as adequate control of lipids and blood pressure in people with diabetes (see Annex C for full list of indicators). For each indicator, a national target is set.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	6b7947a1c4758f3e6f7c5eec08e0affd	These types of historical differences have had lasting impacts on everything from the settlement patterns in these territories to the structure of agriculture and the socio-economic characteristics of the population. There were attempts for inter-regional integration during the interwar period (1918-39); however, these were short-lived (Hathaway and Hathaway, 1997). Post-World War II, the Polish border shifted west and efforts were made to integrate these new areas. In general, one can characterise the first half of the 20th centuiy as one of shifting empires, borders and, in general, tumult.	9	4	0	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	6b7bfc481bbbf96da2d5b623b5be2399	A consistent amount of the transfer is directed to the student's guardian, while a smaller part (around 30 per cent) goes directly to the schoolgirl. For secondary students, school fees are paid directly to the schools upon successful fulfilment of the enrolment. The only condition applied to the transfer is that students must attend school for at least 80 per cent of the time.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	6b80b3aa1783ed879099c011b4869ccc	The table is not comprehensive and is intended to be illustrative. The type of data needed for these vary, with some requiring a simple binary response (e.g. has a national assessment of subsidies harmful to biodiversity been undertaken - yes/no); others requiring some kind of qualitative response (e.g. how has biodiversity been integrated into other national strategies - such as high, medium or low); and others requiring quantitative data. Roe (2010); OECD this document.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f11729d-en	6b82b0d50800cce22998f0a50cedc2bc	Hence, children in low work intensity households, holding other characteristics constant, are more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that higher or is equal to 20%. Differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity is highest in Slovenia, closely followed by Slovak Republic and Estonia. The proportion of children living in deprived households differs across European countries with the lowest being 4.9% in Switzerland and highest reaching approximately 60% in Bulgaria. In all the European countries included in the analyses, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	6b83d6abad82d30c60f1385053bf0a86	Some management processes - activities planning, control, financial and human resources - should become centralised, and, together with change brought by the new Law on Employment, this is expected to reduce the administrative functions of local LLE offices and release some time for direct services to jobseekers. However, to enable LLE counsellors providing intensive counselling to those who need it, their number should also be increased. The government also plans to equalise the workloads of LLE staff across counties. Concrete steps should be taken soon in this direction, especially to reduce caseloads in the counties most in need.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	6b845159b90ee9614e2cbb0ad3b59c09	It is a medium size agglomeration, with two relatively dense cores, close suburban belts and peri-urban areas, faced with significant geographical and environmental constraints. Comparable regions face the same set of issues regarding maintaining natural or preserved hinterlands, resolving competition and tensions among land uses, engaging citizens in complex matters that do not have simple solutions, and in constructing appropriate local policies. Even though there are always issues that are specific to any area, three main topics that are also at stake in many places can be identified.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	6b88bef20eec5a321180878e87ab8669	The Conservation Banking scheme in the United States, for example, requires offsets to conserve threatened species’ habitat “that contributes to the overall conservation strategy of the species, which may be located in a corridor or core area that supports essential breeding habitat” (USFWS, 2003). The use of out-of-kind compensation is complicated by the need to compare the relative conservation values of two dissimilar biodiversity sites. To address issues of comparability, programmes frequently require out-of-kind compensation to adhere to the principle of trading-up whereby compensation is limited to biodiversity that is at least as good or more valuable from a conservation perspective than that lost at the clearing site (Quetier and Lavorel, 2011). Under the Environmental Offsets scheme in Australia, for example, offsets for threatened species that contain a different habitat to that being lost at the development site (e.g. breeding habitat for foraging habitat) are only permitted when the proponent is able to demonstrate a greater conservation benefit (Flanigan, 2013).	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5c639880-en	6b89813b27c151c2cd968be8a7127e8d	Serbia has developed and implemented a system of permitting of waste management activities and is improving its control over the transboundary movement of waste. In 2013, data were delivered by 106 of 168 companies. Data reported from some companies are still based on estimates, although the Regulation on the methodology for collecting data on the composition and quantities of municipal waste on the territory of the local government unit (OG 61/10) prescribes the methodology for analysing the amount and composition of solid waste in local government areas.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	6b8a88cbaf4f94ad9a5265b9a877b85c	During their participation in the programme beneficiaries will receive a stipend of TND 200 if they have at least a higher technician diploma (brevet de technicien superieur) or university degree, while those with lower level qualifications will receive TND 100. The maximum participation period is set at 24 months. In line with previous ALMPs in Tunisia, the stipend increases with educational qualification, but it is not clear what the reasoning behind this is.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	6b8e538beef2127475c51f812ce715a1	Thus, the specific effects of the two water stress simulations on agriculture are readily analysed by comparing each additional water stress scenario (SD, SB, SG) to the reference scenario (SO). Table 3.A 1.1 describes the scenarios implemented in the study. Based on various definitions provided by Keller et al. (	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264272392-4-en	6b8f7e4394dd9c56dedafd474290358b	Given this, governments generally apply a range of policy responses to help tackle issues of food insecurity within their countries. However, within the set of policies used, policy makers in Southeast Asia and across the globe often turn to agriculture and, to a lesser extent, fisheries, as a central pillar in their policy mix. The two sectors’ primacy in policy responses to tackle food insecurity stems from their links to both food availability through production and its accessibility through incomes and prices. Agricultural and food markets more generally have a dual role in providing income for poor producers and supplying food to consumers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	6b9183c1bae20b66e528aeecdc7ca88e	Moreover, the country will not be in full compliance with the Urban Waste Water Directive until 2011, six years late. Many sewage treatment stations have a poor record regarding statutory effluent limits, and there is no inspection regime for septic tanks. A fundamental and politically sensitive issue in Irish water policy is pricing household consumption of water, the absence of household water charges impedes the development of an economically, environmentally and socially efficient water services sector.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	6b918d14fcd94d73ac70900abd8ce0c8	"The events in Tabou28 triggered a continuous flow of returning Burkinabe citizens, a movement that reached a climax with the events of 2002"". It should be stressed that such returns are not necessarily to the regions of origin of migrants. Indeed, while West African emigration today is still driven by economic considerations, the latter are increasingly tied to political factors, linked to the conflicts and retreat from democracy affecting a growing number of West African states. """	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/223159ab-en	6b9224d7ea09021d49792d29fc6a2f9e	Consistent with the increase in mean BMI, the prevalence of overweight or obesity increased between 2010 and 2014 among both men and women in all European and EU countries for which data are available (Wilkins et al., Childhood obesity is increasing, the average for self-reported overweight rates among 15 year olds in the EU having increased from 11% in 2001-02 to 18% in 2013-14. The rising trend in child and adolescent body mass index (BMI) has plateaued in many high-income countries, but at a high level (NCD-RisC, 2017). These adverse patterns are likely to have negative consequences for current and future morbidity and mortality rates.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	6b9d8be96ba2277876568ba53525bbc4	Even with the tremendous effort of draining the basin, seasonal floods remain a concern. Between 1980 and 2011, rain-related flooding incidents occurred every year and caused severe traffic disruptions, damages to business, homes and residents.2 During the rainy season, the metropolitan area experiences high-intensity rainfall in a short amount of time. A single storm can produce as much as 10% of the total average annual precipitation (see ANIS, 1995). The southern parts of the metropolitan zone, along the area with the highest elevation, exhibit high risk levels. But the area at risk extends north beyond high-risk municipalities and delegaciones along the border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico. From 2010 to 2013, the delegaciones and municipalities along the northeastern border between the Federal District and the State of Mexico experienced several severe spells of rain that led to declarations of states of emergency (Figure 4.1, left panel).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	6b9de6d7dc2b6cb8927f3fb60335b395	In the field of solar and renewable energy, the TERI institute of energy and resources in India is a unique research organization, while the Malaysian institute RESTARI is tackling sustainability issues related to industrial waste management. For example, the Hanoi branch has exchanged experiences and practices on CP inside and outside Viet Nam. The Japanese MOE has provided a training course for researchers and officials in central/local governments to help them master ways of accounting for and evaluating value changes to 3R-related indicators.	12	2	3	0.2
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	6ba078d6174f43e46132e443b0f659c9	The effects of violence may include direct costs, such as the destruction of property and the loss of human lives, and indirect costs in the form of resources allocated to criminal justice and incarceration, as well as high health expenditures. In a more general sense, the rise in violence and insecurity undermines social cohesion and breeds public distrust with respect to the effectiveness of the rule of law as a means of ensuring people’s safety. The outcome document was presented at the eighteenth Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in El Salvador in October 2008, which focused on youth and development. This information was supplemented with data from other agencies also working on the implementation of policies aimed at reducing and eradicating youth violence. The second section outlines the major policies, programmes and approaches being applied to preventing youth violence, focusing in particular on legislative reforms and changes.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	6ba2dd02d8855a0b5fc6eac2f5fdcf84	The next-most common (also one-dimensional) profiles were those corresponding to “deaths of live-born children” and “disposal of household waste”, with over 5 million people registering those types of deprivation in each case. The fourth-most common profile was a combination of two indicators: “sewerage system” and “deaths of live-born children”, with over 4 million people exhibiting that profile. This is followed by four different one-dimensional profiles: “school attendance”, “overcrowding”, “child labour” and “household assets”, with over 1.5% of the uiban population in Brazil exhibiting each of these profiles. None of the two-dimensional profiles that does not include the lack of a sewerage system were very common, and the same is true of all of the profiles corresponding to three or more indicators of deprivation.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	6ba48ac42bea513853c117a62492c4da	Lessons from common challenges can help governments accelerate progress. Most countries have implemented some measures to begin pricing pollution and provide incentives for efficient resource use, such as pricing instruments, regulatory measures and subsidies.1 Around one-third of OECD countries and a number of OECD partner economies have adapted, or are adapting, the Green Growth Strategy’s indicator framework to help evaluate and monitor progress towards national green growth objectives (OECD, 2014a). To drive green growth, governments must embed environmental challenges at the heart of economic policy making, by linking environmental and economic reform priorities in a consistent set of objectives. Finance and economic ministries have a major role to play.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	6ba4d2079703fe3efffbb49b2130e1f6	"These various factors are acting in a circular (systemic) fashion, sustaining the dual economic structure characteristic of regional economies. The ""informal"" economy is also a way in which African societies and economies resist and adapt to globalisation. On the other hand, there were those who believed that the legislative and administrative system must be thoroughly reformed in order to free the initiative and economic potential of microenterprises (the approach adopted by the neo-liberal reform movement in Latin America)."	2	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/cac71849-en	6ba52251a94068c67827c39c94b8e843	However, changing land distribution practices, securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo. In other instances, the scaling up of innovative practices—inter alia, for rice intensification, for farmers’ training and in the case of India, for the watershed initiative mentioned above—was possible through the endorsement by international organizations, national non-governmental organizations and local governments of new practices in support of dissemination of knowledge, greater participation by and capacity development of farmers, building of missing infrastructure and improving access to credit, information and other supportive services. Women in rural areas face major labour constraints as a result of their multiple responsibilities: besides providing traditional family care, rural women are typically responsible for fetching water and firewood, tending animals and farming the house garden and often engage in wage employment.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	6ba815fbea2768456461d32bf4d58911	The maximum level of subsidised savings is set at COP 885 000 per year (i.e. USD 485) and the benefit at retirement cannot exceed 85% of the minimum wage. The BEPS will help broaden pension coverage and should be implemented swiftly. Familias en Action is the main conditional cash transfer programme. Created in 2001 to protect the rural poor during the severe crisis of the late 1990s, it has since been expanded to urban areas and now benefits poor, displaced and indigenous households. It covers 98% of the municipalities and benefits roughly a fifth of the population - a higher proportion than many similar conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America (Figure 1.22) - for a fiscal cost amounting to 0.2% of GDP in 2011. The average benefit amounted to about COP 110 000 per household every two months, which annually represents about 5% of GDP per capita.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6bab2de7b08cb24549680e84e826f037	For renewable sources, such as wind, solar and biomass, once capacity is installed, land use no longer increases. The more hours of the year one of these sources runs to generate electricity, the smaller is the land requirement per MWh (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009). While all renewable sources share the quality of having a constant land occupation over the time of generation, the variation in land requirements is greater both quantitatively and qualitatively than among nonrenewable sources.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283336-en	6bac5b9691300bf97ddcddbfccae3423	Based on self-reported data, nearly one in live (19%) adults are now obese, a higher level than in most EU countries (See also Figure 5). This is of particular concern given that being overweight or obese during childhood or adolescence is a strong predictor of weight issues in adulthood. The Czech Republic has initiated several national action plans on nutrition, preventing and treating obesity, and promoting physical activity. For example, the population with the lowest level of education is more than twee as likely to smoke on a daily basis and nearly twice as likely to be obese as the highest-educated population.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	6bb17b59a8fb91cdd426abdf10615ae8	"In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities"" (IPCC 2014a:5). Mitigation, in contrast, ""is a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases"" (IPCC 2014b:4). Vale Encantado is at risk as Rio plans to upgrade and remove favelas."	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	6bb2dae62cfb47861add4073e7e86bcf	We assume that the cost starts a US$ .21 per KWh, which is the value used in the US-EIA study, and then declines at a decreasing rate over time to reach US$ .13 per KWh in 2025. We use the cost curve for “Conventional Coal” from the US-EIA study for both natural gas and oil costs. The cost of “Conventional Coal” is used as the indicator cost for all coal production.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	6bbba8679c3ab09de00bb5daa88970b1	Dhaka - Bangladesh's capital - has been identified as the city most vulnerable to climate change among Asian cities. In its adaptation planning, the government identified a range of investment and technical capacity related priority activities in relation to building urban resilience. Investment related activities include: (i) Construction of cyclone-resistant housing, schools, hospitals and shelters; (ii) Construction of flood and cyclone shelters; (iii) Urban drainage systems; and (iv) Early-warning systems and communication infrastructure including information and assistance centres.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	6bbd227ce1d66b4b4ac9a65bc79e0f6b	In addition, attending hospitals and clinics are provided with KRW 1 000 per registration for persons aged 65 and over and KRW 5 000 per registration for persons aged under 65. Funding for the scheme is split between National Government (50%), Provincial Government (15%), and the Gwang Myeong Municipality (35%). The programme has been running since 2009 and will be expanding to three other Korean cities.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	6bbd7596d09c0c5a008df3182f2ea47d	The WIO is notable for its narrow shelves (Figure 8.2), with the exceptions of the central Mozambican region, where sediments from the largest river in East Africa, the Zambezi River, have extended the shelf break some 140 km offshore, and off parts of the Malagasy west coast, where large rivers such as the Betsiboka have been similarly influential. The East African shelf only averages 15-25 km in width (UNEP-GEF 2008), compared to a global average of around 80 km (Shepard 1963, Pinet 2009). Other areas where the shelf widens considerably beyond the local average are off the Thukela River in South Africa, the Limpopo River in southern Mozambique, the Ruvuma, Rufiji and Pangani rivers in Tanzania, and the Tana and Sabaki Rivers in Kenya. In parts of Kenya, northern Mozambique and the east coast of South Africa, the shelf break is as little as a few hundred metres to <4 km from the coast (Flemming 1981, Abuodha 2003, Green 2009a).	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	6bbe268cc75b27e34dec317478ff1e8e	Before introducing capacity mechanisms, governments should consider their impact on incentives and define common rules on a market-wide basis. They are quite heavy-handed administrative interventions which may ultimately lead to re-regulating many parameters of electricity markets. Their introduction can be motivated by a lack of trust in energy-only markets or poorly designed electricity markets. However, capacity markets involve very technical discussions, still ongoing, about the incentives and their expected effects. Price restrictions or regulatory opportunism: governments anticipate that they will not let electricity prices go high enough during periods of scarcity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	6bc1416b2651a4afa925d99ab4d8c032	One of the main objectives of the Chars Livelihood Programme (CLP) is to reduce vulnerabilities to external shocks such as floods. By providing an integrated package of support, the CLP targets the greatest challenges faced by Char dwellers. By placing women at the centre of its interventions, the CLP seeks to reduce their vulnerability in two key ways.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	6bc1e1d79a0702b36d72b91f76a2f4aa	As primary care expands relative to inpatient care as the authorities intend, then the scope-of-practice rules for nurses could widen if backed up by better and longer training. The bulk of the remainder comes from the MHI system where, for example, insurers may pay providers on an activity basis. Such arrangements may dilute any incentives to reduce hospital supply: if all funding came via one source (or through one channel) it would be easier to influence behaviour.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	6bc267e3a87c2c2763d1a4828ac25b9a	In 2013-14, 190 460 Australians accessed services through this programme. However, it has become an essential part of the Australian health workforce. Outreach represents 28.7% of specialist services in very remote areas, and 4.2% in remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). An evaluation of the Medical Specialist Outreach Assistance Programme - which has since been brought into the Rural Health Outreach Fund - indicated it had the greatest impact in reducing the gap in access in very remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	6bc60856e5803ceef6e7edfc6b92245f	This is consistent with recent advances in poverty measurement (see Ravallion and Chen, 2009). Although the facts are disputed (Jomo, 2006), there is an extended literature on how low levels of inequality were conducive to growth in East Asia (see World Bank, 1993). The inference from this literature is that strong economic growth is difficult to sustain in the context of high inequalities. In addition, Amsden (2001) suggests that countries with high income inequalities have had much less success at promoting national industries because of the difficulties in mobilising public support behind “national champions”.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	6bc78df1f74e554514713c472797ce51	Similar disparities were found in Egypt and other developing countries in these and other indicators of maternal and child health (Montgomery, 2009). Thus, although there is an urban health advantage, health disparities are larger in urban than in rural areas, and the burden of disease bome by the urban poor is similar to that borne by rural populations. For example, poor households may lack the information or the agency needed to seek health care. In addition, poor city dwellers often live in close proximity to health services yet lack access to basic sanitation or safe drinking water, thereby facing a higher risk of contracting communicable diseases.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	6bc7fee0275c1b4d5b1f9633e6514083	The trend towards smaller families facilitates greater (public and parental) investment per child which, in Korea as in many other countries, is then spread equally among boys and girls (Behrman et al., At present, young Korean women are as well educated as their male peers (Chapter 4). Men spend little time helping women with household chores (Chapter 17) and married women are still expected to leave their jobs upon giving birth (Kim, 2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	6bca4ddb0964f536681869ca414c6c94	It should also be recognised that not all reforms have gone to plan. As outlined in the regular reviews conducted by the European Commission and European Central Bank, there have been delays in implementing some reforms and in some instances have led to unintended consequences including, for example, shortages in medical supplies and continuing arrears in paying providers of health care. The following discussion provides examples of some of the main instruments used by countries in their efforts to reduce health care expenditure and restructure national health care systems. While a substantial number of papers have been written on crisis-related reforms, the literature does not provide complete coverage. The summary reported here does not attempt to list all reforms.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	6bcca9fea8a061e4c4f778812c747f0c	The planned extension of the training system to the unemployed and vulnerable workers through the public employment service will reduce the inequalities in access to worker training. The new auction of the Bolsa National de Empleo (BNE) is a step in that direction; however, it should be integrated with training opportunities. Efforts to further reform SENCE may increase its ability to deal with its ambitious mandate of co-ordinating worker training and activation policies and the addition of quality assurance requirements to training providers may increase the efficacy of worker training.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	6bcd6c283d5fbba9d0387e3892f41c64	During the response period, for example, these include impact assessments, humanitarian needs assessments and the coordination of resources and capacity. Each has its own information requirements. These include DRR actors, relief agencies and development practitioners who in turn may be operating at the international, regional, national and local levels.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6bcdd8db384d6bed5b4c94190dac1864	The infamous term “three-day week” was coined during the 1984 “winter of discontent” when the UK coal miners went on strike. Gittus thus unwittingly highlights that fact that domestic energy resources need not necessarily outperform imported energy resources in their contribution to the security of energy supply. His own statistics confirm that the longest significant energy supply interruption in the United Kingdom was precisely due to the 1984 strike (Gittus, 2004, p. 5).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	6bd10e086b9311cd82f34d2374cef814	These shortages, estimated at about 2,700 GWh, about one quarter of winter electricity demand, impose economic losses estimated at over US$200 million per annum or 3 per cent of GDP. When the losses during transmission and distribution of electricity are considered, the deficit at the generation level amounts to about 3,100 GWh during winter, compared with a total winter supply requirement of 11,200 GWh, a gap of about 24 per cent. Without prompt action to remedy the causes of Tajikistan’s electricity crisis, and with growing demand, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 (over one third of winter electricity demand) or worse. Rehabilitation also offers an opportunity to increase the electricity generation per unit of water.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	6bd1d58f8e39a4165efc30bbb625a1e1	This point may be crucial for policy purposes. To put this simplistically, if care activities are taking people away from the labour market, policies should focus on providing formal care or promoting employment patterns that are more compatible with care duties. If, on the other hand, it is a lack of job opportunities that is leading people to devote themselves to care activities, the emphasis should be on the employment prospects of the caregivers, not on the market for the provision of care, since these individuals would not be able to change their employment situation even if opportunities were available (Heitmueller, 2007).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-8-en	6bd328f775646ba4fce834263d8229c9	Strong growth in ICT infrastructure, connectivity, access and use promise great development opportunities but the full potential of the Internet remains untapped, as over half the world's population remains offline. Unless policy-makers address infrastructure, affordability but also broader socio-economic challenges outside the ICT ecosystem, the Internet is liable to reinforce existing inequalities, instead of addressing them. This chapter analyses progress but also the gaps that exist in developing countries—and in particular the least developed countries—in terms of infrastructure, connectivity and quality of service, particularly for mobile and fixed-broadband Internet. It addresses some key connectivity bottlenecks and points to recommendations to overcome these.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	6bd4d6cfa7df8df07bba3b6ebce49443	In the meantime, 14 out of 15 regions have established PROT. Not only does this mean double planning, but it calls into question prioritisation - i.e. which plan is given precedence for implementation in those cases where PROT and PRDU have both been approved. Given the similar aims of both planning documents and the weaknesses of the PRDU (a top-down development process with complex and long approval and amending processes and hence limited flexibility), it may be wise to redirect the focus of regional energies from developing a PRDU to developing and/or implementing the PROT.10 This could help address the problems of overlap as well as an inefficient use of scarce resources - financial, human and infrastructure.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	6bd8d0bf82560317757d2f90c6758f8e	Another form of endogeneity may arise if people who are not part of the labour force tend to report poor health to justify their non-participation. Besides, it may be difficult to isolate the causal relationship from health to labour market outcomes because of the reverse causality of the link (from labour market to health). For instance, obesity may cause poor labour market outcomes through lower productivity (e.g. because of related illness) leading to lower wages and poor employment prospects.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6bdb7b8c9649ca96cd79e54e59589fb1	Today, Penang is at the crossroads, in need of new strategies to revitalise its economy and attractivity. It highlights the key features of the higher education system in Malaysia and in Penang and identifies the main strengths and challenges that Penang is now faced with. It is a multi racial, multi cultural country (Table 1.1.)	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	6bdd933750cf31382b1381134b56c50d	However, other countries are still catching up with Northern Europe, whose collection rate is 49%, the highest in the world. The directive is meant to regulate the collection, recycling, and recovery of e-waste. It includes the provision of national e-waste collection points and processing systems, which enable the proper disposal and treatment of e-waste.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc6f8911-en	6bdee60a2a8819d8d3f869e008e55b1d	Tajikistan’s economy is based on cotton, aluminium and electricity, from which Tajikistan derives three quarters of its total export earnings. This figure has been almost constant for the past 10 years. Cotton alone, as the main agricultural export crop, contributes 90 per cent of agricultural export income, which in 2004, was 24 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	6be0fbcabd330e6ec076437ef67c15a9	While school choice can be seen as an end in itself, it can also be used as a tool for accomplishing agreed upon goals of the education system (Miron et al., In the case of the Flemish Community, school choice is primarily seen as an outcome or end in itself. As will be explored in this chapter, the goal of ensuring school choice may compete with the goals of quality, equity and efficiency. In the section discussing policy recommendations, this chapter will highlight design features of school choice that could be established to help pursue quality, equity and efficiency rather than compromise these other goals. Estimated for reference year 2006.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	6be47758b24f3a878c9172bed93a88a7	A proposed goal of ensuring healthy lives includes an indicator for ensuring universal sexual and reproductive health and rights. Depending on the opportunities and choices they have during this period in life, they can enter adulthood as empowered and active citizens, or be neglected, voiceless and entrenched in poverty. The impact can reverberate throughout her life and carry over to the next generation.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-8-en	6be6497a3715fbf2fe31a03bc6a1ccc8	The focus is to increase consumption of seafood per capita, which is currently 7.2 kg. Initiatives taken by the government includes gastronomic fairs and exhibitions, and projects to build processing plants and improve selling stalls at small-scale fisheries landing sites in Chile. It is located in Islas Salas y Gomez and is the largest marine protected area in Chile, covering 150 000 km2. Thus, by the end of 2011 and beginning of 2012, a number of farming centres and related processing plants have been certified and other have started the process.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3615596e-en	6be8e9033e4c1e2dbe0055171e3fa6ac	It can be seen that there are none for reserved seats, but that there are for the number of female candidates. Columbia has gone furthest, establishing that at least 30% of posts at the highest decision-making level and at other decision-making levels in the public administration must be held by women (Law 581 of 2000). Why should there be a particular interest in studying and understanding female enterprise, though?	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	6beb8d730150f1eb77126be05a87deca	In these countries and economies, policies need to increase the overall level of resources while also ensuring that resources are allocated equitably between advantaged and disadvantaged schools. Even if two countries have similar levels of educational resources overall, one may allocate those resources more equitably than the other. Thus, in countries and economies that have already attained a certain level of resources, policy should focus on allocating those resources equitably, rather than just on increasing the overall level of resources.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	6becfed2a4c699e6191e24585624163b	This framework is fully consistent with the results of the EEL research programme in New Zealand; it recognises, for example, the importance of information networks, as well as the essential nature of professional development, to update information on industry changes and post-school courses of study and training and to expand knowledge on new, relevant technology. Thus members of CAANSW are natural allies for disseminating knowledge to young people about emerging opportunities and requirements for participation in the green economy. The science leader for the project is the author of Chapter 3, who can be contacted at Paul.Dalziel@lincoln.ac.nz.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	6bee4d82094e2ca0489e189b3a1a9599	Drawing from a number of existing or proposed RBF programmes relevant to climate change, these triggers can include the number of natural gas connections made or solar-home systems installed (GPOBA, 2013), the number of technical assistance sessions held (IFC, 2012a), or the amount of fugitive methane emissions abated (MFSG, 2013). The first relates to the requirement of demonstrating verified results up-front. With an ex-ante assessment of mutually agreed outputs or outcomes, donors can more easily account for results to both taxpayers at home and development partners abroad. The second is how RBF approaches transfer risk from donors to service providers, thus creating a direct incentive to achieve the result more efficiently and effectively (World Bank, 2013a).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/74f4872a-en	6bef03b692e0f6d77986f359559942cc	This made input-output tables, rather than aggregate demand, Hirschman’s policy framework of choice. Since he was unconvinced that most developing countries had the capabilities to undertake big centralized investment programmes, he offered a more pragmatic approach to infrastructure planning that would help break the “interlocking vicious circles” of underdevelopment (Hirschman, 1958: 5). This would occur by allowing infrastructure (“social overhead capital”) to lag behind in an investment sequence beginning with productive private investment primarily in the capital goods and intermediate goods sectors (see Hirschman, 1958: 83).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	6bf2d9826104f3fcb18fe76958d93e36	Viet Nam and Georgia lowered their undernourished populations by 37.9 and 35.4 percentage points, respectively, during this period, whereas Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic managed to reduce their undernourished populations by 16 to 18 percentage points. In the case of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, the proportion of the undernourished population has risen by 7.0 percentage points in the past two decades. The proportion of undernourishment remains high in low-income economies, lower-middle-income economies and least developed countries.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	6bf542bfd497a01e4aae687771087015	Further, monitoring and evaluation can help to ensure that resources earmarked for adaptation, or mainstreamed through other initiatives, contribute to agreed objectives in a cost-effective manner. The nature of this accountability mechanism, however, depends on countries’ approaches to adaptation, the governance systems in place, and the financing mechanisms used. Theoretical frameworks have proposed how monitoring and evaluation can achieve the twin objectives of learning and accountability.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	6bf5489caf3866ca0b59cfb8006ec060	This type of structure has tended to lead to rivalries among ministries and its effectiveness is being called into question by many of the OECD countries that have utilized it. In a centralist system, the full range of green technological projects and issues are coordinated by a single ministry. An inter-ministerial committee formulates policy, approves the technology budget and oversees all decisions related to technology policy.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	6bf55274dfdf623ec8869549e8b7aa45	Increased competitiveness of countries in the region, including through the recent EU-Viet Nam free trade agreement and other such agreements, might also threaten Cambodia’s current competitive advantages in the garment industry. Cambodia has been able to exploit its competitiveness and expand market share in traditional export industries in the last decade, gaining market share from economies like China and Viet Nam. But the potential for these industries to continue to propel growth in the future is unclear, with growing competition from other low-cost producing economies such as Myanmar. Garment producers in Cambodia are mostly foreign-owned and generally engaged in low value added, labour-intensive cut-make-trim activities within the value chain, which are potentially more footloose and sensitive to cost pressures.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	6bf72758f13d7cad498856e642aefde9	This has led to a sharp decline in the RVCC scheme, and reset the focus on schemes that combine the recognition of skills with new coursework, however at the cost of a significant decline in enrolment (Figure 2.15). Estatisticas da Educaqao 2012/2013, DGEEC/MEC, Lisbon. Moreover, the education system should put more emphasis on providing training options to less academically-inclined students, by expanding the vocational education and training (VET) system.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264276116-6-en	6bf92fc83e61bd8408f2e33799fd5e55	Moreover, the concept of services for the children under the age of 3 is broadening in many countries from a labour market perspective to the inclusion of quality objectives, especially in integrated systems. Increases in the access to ECEC are not limited to children under the age of 3 and pre-primary education now begins for most children well before they are 5 years-old. However, universal access is not a guarantee for high-quality ECEC and inequities still persist in many countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	6bfda36d49d2bce8e92f18d9860d187f	A crossover between infiltrated sewage and drinking water might occur, subsequently contaminating drinking water by sewage water. About 90 per cent of industrial wastewater is not treated properly. Non-organic matter and compounds are typical for thne chemical industry, fertilizer producers, and the galvanization and metal industry.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/899c7c48-en	6c001d3a1272c3ba6e38e95e53040bcf	Where changes in the anchored poverty rate across the EU or the OECD are reported, it is usually only done for the overall population (Caritas Europa 2014; OECD 2014; Social Protection Committee 2014). The severe material deprivation indicator uses the threshold of four items out of nine. The only exceptions are Slovakia and Hungary, where severe deprivation increased to a greater extent than would have been (linearly) predicted based on their standard deprivation rates, and Ireland and Poland, where the reverse pattern was observed. However, as the child deprivation module is currently only available for one wave, it cannot be used to analyse the changes during the Great Recession. The absolute difference in the poverty change between children and the overall population is then used as an indicator of how much poorer children have become over the course of the Great Recession compared to the population as a whole.	1	1	15	0.875
10.18356/5950d914-en	6c004d3a51d1f37606d19c3f8b1b1885	In 2015, the manufacturing value added per capita was 406 in North Africa versus 165 in the rest of Africa. However, the 2015 figures reflect an improvement of 14.6 per cent for Africa (excluding North Africa) and a slight increase of 0.5 per cent for North Africa, compared with the situation in 2010. Between 2010 and 2013, manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment stagnated at 5.4 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	6c043fb77f55b0907a27a5b4d7785b49	The closer the country points are to the vertical axis, the higher the contribution of changes in market price support to the change in PSE, while the closer the country points are to the horizontal axis, the higher the contribution of budgetary payments. The more modest changes in support to producers in Korea, Tbrkey and the European Union (increase) and in Iceland and the United States (decrease), are also mainly due to changes in market price support. In Canada, lower producer support can be attributed to the decrease in both market price support and budgetary payments.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264210745-2-en	6c05dd54837bb5dca01c7f9bbed67e58	Women politicians more often bring attention to such issues as gender-based violence, family-friendly policies and responsiveness to citizen needs. A judiciary that is representative of a country’s population and its different perspectives is found to evoke greater societal trust, add to the credibility of the judicial system and bring new' insights to different challenges. Finally, a diverse public sector at all levels helps to achieve fairness and improves the quality of service delivery through a better understanding of the citizenry. These range from uneven access to decision-making posts across the public sector to the persistent pay gap and women’s concentration in lower-paid occupational groups.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	6c063e75aa8e4892d676c082c10aa7c2	The Public Debt Committee consists of the Central Bank, the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance. It is positive that there are high-level decision-making bodies in Jordan that can give mandate to PPP projects. However, it appears that they may have difficulty in performing their tasks effectively.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	6c094b959f7578c34063732cedc4a7ae	The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. Current NEA membership consists of 30 OECD member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission also takes part in the work of the Agency.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	6c096dc6e554394e7f8e7d0249460b48	However, cost-effectiveness is not systematically assessed according to a well-defined and rigorous methodology and the decision-making process lacks transparency. As financial pressures from the health system increase, ensuring that investment is driven by evidence on cost-effectiveness would be worthwhile. At a time when Switzerland will need to rely increasingly on primary care personnel to coordinate and support patients living with chronic disease, the number of general practitioners has been declining relative to specialists, and there are substantial differences across cantons. The Swiss medical and nursing workforce is ageing and a significant number are expected to retire in the next two decades.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	6c0b1a87c09681a538cead7acb7d079e	Alternatively, various other types of mechanisms could be used. By way of example, in the case of supply-side subsidies, a set amount could be provided to help social organizations adapt existing facilities for use as childcare centres. In the case of demand-side subsidies, funding could be based on the number of children served. In addition, subsidies could be provided to people who had paid into the social security system but had later been called upon to serve as caregivers (e.g., older adults). Accordingly', assess sectoral budgets from a care perspective, including accountability as a policy follow-up mechanism.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/859159ab-en	6c0d4728e8476da87e54534d827cfb46	Each of the 100 cities will have an SPV (headed by a full-time officer) that includes, on its board, representatives of the central, state and local city governments (India Ministry of Urban Development, 2015). The SPVs were established to ensure transparency and multi-level co-ordination because they foster autonomy in the implementation of each mission. In fact, part of the programme ensures that each selected city will have a Smart City Centre (SCC), which acts as an integrated command and control hub.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	6c0f52dfe9d78f37dbc9e82f30b633ca	This section reviews the existing or foreseen regulatory instruments which contribute to promoting low-carbon electricity and discusses their merits and impacts from the perspective of electricity markets and investment decisions. In this perspective, the long-term credibility of governments to have a high carbon price will be important. But both the last summit dedicated to global climate Page | 26 negotiations and recent carbon market experiences suggest that this is far from being the case.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6c0f80d1c8becace50be8d401c0b8764	In the final report of the Working Party on Russian WTO accession (WTO document WT/ACC/RUS/70 WT/MIN(ll)/2, dated 17 November 2011, Article 364, pages 88-90), the Russian representative made seven specific commitments on how the Russian national body would administer TRQs. The CTS is part of Kazakhstan’s national railway company Temir Zholy. Following the August 1998 Russian crisis, Kazakhstan introduced a 20% value-added tax on all personal imports from Russia, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan, and then in December 1998 enacted a law on Measures to Protect the Domestic Market/rom Imported Goods.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	6c10510c1cd73b162f80a15127e5893f	In the discrete time case, spells of receipt may be defined in terms of groups of consecutive intervals in receipt, but the accuracy of measurement of spells depends on how short the interval is. If observation of receipt is only annual or at one point within a year, short spells of receipt may be missed altogether. If a ‘benefit year’ is defined (for data-related reasons) as receipt at any time within a given year, as commonly done (see Annex 4.B), there is an asymmetric treatment of receipt relative to non-receipt. Only one week of receipt is needed to generate yi, = 1 for a benefit year, whereas non-receipt requires a full 52 weeks of non-receipt.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	6c115c170db014d892380b93a34849a6	It also includes a discussion of the economically optimum level of investment. The study concludes with a discussion of the various market based initiatives and policy approaches to provide the necessary finance in cost-effective ways. In this context, consideration is given to future sources of finance for upgraded and new capital infrastructure; and private-public partnerships to raise capital and improve long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure. Table 2 displays an example of a cost and return budget for selected crops grown in the Lower Rio Grande Basin of the U.S. state of New Mexico for 2006.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	6c154082bd8ae2b2a6cb4aeb65685104	Secondly, the way that the information was generated did not fully involve and capacitate the target audience in the ministries, which consequently are not well positioned to use the results regularly in their decision-making. Thirdly, there are weaknesses in the CRGE’s lack of inclusion of different social and economic groups, both in engaging them in the formulation of CRGE, but also in recognising the implications (benefits and costs) of CRGE implementation on these different groups. In this sense, it was thought that a ‘spirit of inclusion’ was broadly inherited by the CRGE. On the other hand, the CRGE methodology did little to look at the specific poverty and inequality issues connected to natural assets and environmental hazards, or at the opportunities available for specific environmentally-dependent poor groups - and little to identify the distributional implications of its recommendations. Hence there are not yet clear answers to the question: ‘who will be the winners and losers from the CRGE’s approach to green growth?’	13	3	5	0.25
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	6c176db7b205c94d45c9aa16cb991050	This chapter briefly summarizes the current state of scientific knowledge on the potential health and environmental risks (Box 17) associated with genetic engineering in food and agriculture, followed by a discussion of the role of international standard-setting bodies in harmonizing risk analysis procedures for these products (Box 18). There is a substantial degree of consensus within the scientific community on many of the major safety questions concerning transgenic products, but scientists disagree on some issues, and gaps in knowledge remain. These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (.inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU).	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	6c19d96547a88868e588f0a41998b9a7	Public employment service office networks and staffing, selected OECD countries, selected years (cont.) Staff data previously published in Duell et al. ( In 2006, the Arbeitsgemeinschaften SGBII had 51 000 staff (including both PES and municipal staff). Includes the administration of Ul benefit payments but not contribution collection.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	6c1c9fa3f3891c2fe2ddfce78f5cb0d9	The three indicators are 3G coverage (% of population), 500 MB monthly mobile Internet (% of GNI p.c.) For example, in Sudan, mobile Internet access is affordable at 1.3% of GNI, a reflection of the relatively high level of competition with three strong operators. However coverage and school enrolment are far less developed.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	6c1f5aea016e803275bc8304b47a0147	Following a typical banking model may not be sufficient to cater to the financial and non-financial needs of unbanked women. Savings and credit products need to be fine-tuned to cater to the various lifecycle needs of women, such as children’s education, a daughter’s marriage or long-term saving for old age and medical emergencies. While savings and credit products remain the most important pillars for a women-owned/ managed SACO, other services such as financial literacy awareness programmes, insurance services or pension products can also be delivered through the same co-operative banking channel, if regulatory institutions permit such product offering. Although the grass-roots women owners and senior managers of the SACO need to be mentored and trained in the initial years, it is necessary to let them lead and choose the path for the organisation once they have matured in their leadership roles. As their sense of ownership increases, the women become more involved in runningthese enterprises. Grass-roots women are more aware of the key challenges that plague poor women clients.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	6c23cb01fbea548ed489a5bf883bf6dd	What is essential about these is that they have the potential to put a value on urban amenities and the benefits of agglomeration. They can therefore discourage greenfield development while raising revenue for urban services that can help further mitigate the negative externalities of agglomeration, such as public transport to reduce congestion and green spaces to mitigate higher densities. Many cities in the OECD, particularly in North America, impose development fees on new developments to cover the costs of new infrastructure.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	6c23f01adc18f5d93e450dedabe82d66	Older persons usually suffer from a combination of these diseases (WHO, 2011). The socioeconomic potential cost of these diseases has risen sharply with population ageing and may affect economic growth (WHO, 2011). Furthermore, the burden of non-communicable diseases is projected to increase, especially in low-income countries.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6c26e61752bc06ac3345a09ed45e686c	During the period 1985-2008 primary, secondary and tertiary education saw an unprecedented increase in enrolments. Higher education showed the greatest growth at 93.1%, representing a yearly increase of 4.1%. Enhanced access is reflected in the percentage of the higher education enrolment in the 19 to 24-year-old age cohort which grew from 0.6% in 1970 to 24.4% in 2007.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/afa296fe-en	6c26fad413f84f55d51e3fac8da1326e	The concept is accredited to Charles Booth,5 who undertook to classify London's society statistically into four categories on the basis of daily income. Measurability and quantification were crucial for the success of this approach. Since Booth's work, many countries have adopted different criteria for the definition of poverty through income grouping. The World Bank played a major role in establishing the first unified international standard for the measurement of poverty in the 1990s with reference to those earning less than $ 1 a day.6 In 2000 the United Nations consolidated this approach by adopting the Millennium Development Goals, particularly goal 1, aimed at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	6c282f524ef9d46ecf780816299049a6	The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	6c28a0804f757050696778955f2483df	In the absence of 'hard' evidence but under pressure of time, TISIs must take decisions within this context of uncertainty. This is also the context in which most of their clients are currently operating. Where data sources are unknown and the algorithms that crunch them inaccessible, generated evidence is basically a black box. Users of the evidence have to trust those who generate it.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	6c29f2df94c17610a4f5efd381db4085	The creation of a multi-stakeholder commission composed of government officials, investors, producers’ organisation and civil society organisations could help develop such standards and mechanisms. The Farmland Law states that farmland administration bodies (FABs) will arbitrate land disputes, but as many of these disputes may involve the MOAI itself, the impartiality may be compromised. An independent body could be established to arbitrate land disputes.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	6c2c54dadffd0f04d966c89b9f207137	For each application, compliance with required distances to other aquaculture facilities and rivers is evaluated. The evaluation also includes the maximum standing biomass being sought relative to disease risk and control and the applicant's ability to perform responsible delousing treatments. An adequate contingency plan for handling of high mortality and serious diseases must accompany the application.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	6c30fcc2bc90fca0a4488ceedef2b350	In addition, in July 2017, the government began to privatise eight state-owned energy distribution companies (oblenergos) to increase competitiveness in the electricity sector. Given recent economic and political developments, the Ukrainian government has stepped up its efforts to intensify its indigenous energy production and improve energy efficiency policies. This document, adopted in 2017, sets out strategic objectives for the various energy sub-sectors and defines large-scale reforms. It is set to become the co-ordinating framework for sustainable energy investment.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	6c3177a32dbfd1208ebf4f05b1830cd3	"The provisions of the Agreement include an exchange of information on transboundary waters. Monitoring surface water quality is carried out at four monitoring points. Information on discharge, regime, quality monitoring results and flood and emergency situations is exchanged in the joint Mongolian-Russian Working Group, established by order of the Minister of Nature and Environment of Mongolia, and its Russian counterpart. In the framework of the “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia"" project, 17 groundwater-monitoring wells will be set up within the Selenga River Basin area."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	6c35cfdc643ec43a93c3077b4e464cac	However, their coverage increases with age. In contrast, coverage is relatively constant across age groups in mandatory or quasi-mandatory private pension plans, as Australia and the Netherlands illustrate. Among the poorest income groups, however, voluntary scheme coverage is quite low - around 15% - except in the United States where it reaches 29%. By contrast, the mandatory/quasi-mandatory systems of Australia and the Netherlands plateau out much earlier - after the 2nd or 3rd deciles - and coverage of the poorest income groups exceeds 65%.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088979-en	6c360028f1e084fffd76258eb4f4e09e	The system of information gathering about the regional environment, as well as about the successes and failures of respective activities of tertiary education institutions, is limited in scope and quality. There is a lack of information and robust data, for example in terms of innovation performance in the private sector, student progress, graduate employment, graduate destinations (outmigration) as well as the breadth and scope of work-based learning activities which make it difficult to evaluate the outcomes of local policies and institutional practices. There is a need to develop collaboration across government, private and public tertiary education sector and to share, extend and scale up the many good practice examples that are already in place. Stronger incentive structures would help mobilise tertiary education institutions and their staff for local and regional development. In order to improve regional development outcomes, more robust data is required, for example in terms of student records.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	6c396c980e5aac6f4d7122334ca462df	Labour market institutions and policies have also probably played a role in the patterns of substitution observed in certain countries. In Germany, for instance, the employment share of the least-paid and highest-paid jobs increased by about 2.7 and 2.3 percentage points, respectively, between 1995 and 2010, whereas the share of employment has fallen in most other job deciles. Polarisation varies across countries, however.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	6c3bb10fe270df20b4655dffebeed9eb	This is a positive step towards monitoring the results of Kazakhstan’s recent efforts to improve the business environment for firms and tracking city-level differences and progress towards the implementation of reforms. According to the forthcoming 2017 Investment Policy Review of Kazakhstan (hereafter, OECD, 2017b, forthcoming), national and subnational investment promotion agencies play an important role in facilitating foreign investments, and helping the government mobilise FDI into priority sectors (on this topic, see also Harding and Javorcik, 2007). This forthcoming Review covers in detail Kazakhstan's investment policy, including investment promotion policy. In particular, it highlights the challenge due to the fragmentation of Kazakhstan’s investment promotion activities and the resulting lack of transparency.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	6c3bdd973fbef92216c57e36fb12c583	These countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The EECCA countries cover a large geographical area with total population of approximately 140 million and are markedly diverse in terms of geographical and population sizes, levels of economic development, political and economic structures, energy mixes, geopolitical circumstances and vulnerabilities to climate change (Table 1.1). This has made such infrastructure among the most energy-inefficient in the world. In Kazakhstan, one of the wealthiest countries in the region, about 50% of energy-related infrastructure is more than 30 years-old; some installations are 50-60 years old and coal-based. The World Bank estimates that Uzbekistan lost USD 2 billion in 2011 - or 4.5% of its gross domestic product (GDP) -due to inefficient electricity transmission. These examples illustrate the significant level of financing needed for upgrading the energy sector infrastructure on both supply and demand sides.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	6c3d55295029e6b21c3218cc519af688	That notwithstanding, the country also plans to strongly pursue a renewable energy drive which in 2015 accounted for 25% of gross power generation. In terms of percentage of renewable energy as percentage share of total primary energy supply, the Philippines has the highest rate (38%) compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia (3%), Thailand (20%), Viet Nam (31%) and even the OECD average of (10%) (Figure 2.4). The law envisages reductions in GHG emission while promoting economic growth, protecting health and safeguarding the environment.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	6c3e05878cf068510d041f4d0b9a6da8	First-best instruments may involve entry costs or cause frictions that make them much less affordable than more ad hoc contractual solutions. Taking into account pre-existing regulatory frameworks that address the core constraints of water quantity and quality, the marginal benefit of action may not cover its significant marginal cost. In this setting, ad hoc small-scale contractual arrangements - which have the advantage of addressing a particular city’s specific constraints, and involve a limited number of actors - may have much more appeal than well-defined but complex or challenging institutional responses.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	6c3f3f285c94376d417c8b5f65e078c9	Here we discuss two main constraints faced by MSMEs following the crisis, namely limited access to finance and taxation, and skills development, and provide examples of recovery measures that have been put in place to address them. During the crisis, access to finance was tightened even more for small-sized businesses in many regions, and developing Asia was no exception. Many governments responded by loosening monetary policy and providing stimulus through fiscal policies and tax reductions, in order to help enterprises maintain working capital and retain workers. Policy measures have been put in place to assist MSMEs access credit through loans for small sized businesses. Credit guarantees and fund trusts for micro and small enterprises have also been set up, as well as duty reductions and the elimination of tax refunds.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	6c4062172a1deba762d46991ddae0ac6	Implemented initially in 200 districts across the country, the act was notified to another 200 districts in 2008 and it now operates in all of rural India accounting for a total expenditure equivalent to 0.3 of the national GNR NREGA is now the world’s biggest “right to work” programme and providing work opportunities for some 45 million poor rural households. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the number of days of work to which beneficiaries are entitled was increased from 100 to 200. By this token, NREGA contributed to buffer the effects of slower economic growth on the poorest households, in particular for those workers returning to rural areas after they lost their jobs in the cities. The scheme had an influence in providing “livelihood security” for large numbers of people and in ensuring that minimum wages are actually paid for unskilled, casual agricultural work - by far the primary source of earnings for poor households.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	6c417dabe43d7eb9c215e22c0fec06c6	Currently, there is no gender requirement in the FPA’s hiring practices. Key policy recommendations (cont.) Such measures may include disclosure requirements, target setting or quotas and the inclusion of the gender perspective in managerial performance criteria in order to improve executive accountability for gender balance at all levels and in all occupational groups. Such data would include variables like contract types and wages and salaries by grade, scale, and occupation. Indeed, over the past decade, alongside efforts to incorporate the gender perspective into all government action, Mexico has embarked upon a series of reforms to narrow' the gender gap in public decision making.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	6c42f4f9c2f5a14976b364502743118a	A lesson from OECD countries such as Sw'eden is that the zoning process should not be too complex or restrictive, as it can have an adverse effect on housing supply and prices. Kazakhstan’s authorities may wish to emulate the experience of New Zealand, whose zoning practices are comprehensive, predictable and easy to implement. Box 2.7 above illustrates the use of municipal planning and zoning as a tool to facilitate the construction permit process.	11	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	6c45114fccbd0e9626480318138b67e7	In the health sectors, basic needs are probably less well satisfied, required activities are not undertaken or are undertaken by less skilled people, especially in more remote areas, and there is a loss of morale among those who have remained, as working conditions deteriorate. Waiting lists and times lengthen and examinations are more cursory, or complicated by new cultural differences. Organisations lose a sense of corporate memory and continuity. Training is constant, and often costly. Because of the necessity for appropriate skilled training, it is more difficult to make substitutions for absent skills in the health workforce (or transfer them from elsewhere in the public service).	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	6c4773f02349ef1d1cffb4cfc1df866f	Moreover, increasing its focus on current income stream may help better target support for low-income households. Changes in FPS are being implemented, and should be effective already in 2016. Under the new system only actual incomes will be considered, people will be still asked to enter a register, as in the current FPS, and these records will be matched with administrative records of income.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	6c49f4f25660bf851b567b6f5f0f25be	Rather, macroeconomic adjustment has typically taken the form of “administrative measures”, such as moving to slow down an overheating economy through a squeeze on credit provision to regional and provincial governments and public and private corporations ensured through administrative fiat, rather than the use of traditional macroeconomic measures. But the Chinese governments continuing ability to quickly ensure macroeconomic correction when required is because that transition is still limited. But the financial system in China still remains heavily under the control of the state, despite recent liberalisation and the sale of some shares to foreign investors.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	6c4ac0002d623135d4e4336c58c80deb	This means that individuals/households missing a certain durable or good are deprived of this durable/good only if the reason for lacking it is that they cannot afford it. ( See for example de Neubourg et al 2012a; Guio, 2009; Guio et al, 2009; Whelan and MaTtre, 2012; Nolan and Whelan, 2010; Fusco et al, 2011; and Fusco et al, 2013). It allows identifying the individual children on the basis of whether they suffer from monetary poverty, multidimensional deprivations, both, or none of them. This allows exploring the underlying distribution of consumption or income and the relationships between deprivation, multiple deprivation, and monetary poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	6c4d825759ece1f22f263cd7971bde77	The basis for assessing the property tax on undeveloped land is 80% of the notional rental value of the property resulting from valuations regularly updated by the authorities. To encourage owners to put their land up for sale in order to increase the volume of buildable lots, an increase in the notional rental value of buildable lots is applied in zones w here real estate pressures are the strongest. Agricultural lands, including those left fallow, are exempt from any increase.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	6c4f131ab1bb0160a92b714b8c093789	As a result, the further development of the renewable energy sector was at risk, since low spot market prices had an adverse impact on the bankability of renewable energy projects, increasing their cost of capital. To overcome the overcapacity challenge, in 2017 Chile’s National Electric Coordinator (CEN) completed a major infrastructure project to connect the SIC with the Great Northern Interconnected System (SING). The latter is located in the north of the country and services a large share of industrial activities, in particular the mining sector. The further successful development of the Chilean renewable energy sector will depend on continued technological advancement, including storage solutions, regional inter-connection with neighbouring countries, and effective energy demand management. Government may contribute to bridging remaining risk gaps in innovative pilot projects, particularly those that might otherwise not be implemented, but have significant potential to generate benefits for the economy and society in the future.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	6c4f13e160739e5b11347edfe39fe9b1	Available data for Latvia suggest that underreporting of working hours is indeed significant. For instance, while LFS data show that less than 7% of workers (aged 15 and above) report working part-time (less than 30 hours), data provided by revenue authorities show that reported earnings are less than the full-time minimum-wage for 20.3% of employees (data from the State Revenue Service for February 2015). Macro-economic trends may have contributed to this decline, but a number of welcome policy initiatives have played a role as well.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	6c507c5d292b89f3b5b195607c4eecbe	The Global Fund and the World Bank are the major international investors in HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean, and along with the European Union, these loans and grants affect the relative significance of national expenditures reported under this indicator. Support is also received from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). In June 2001, the bank approved a US$ 155 million lending programme for the Caribbean to help countries finance their national HIV/AIDS prevention and control projects. Under this programme, the bank has approved loans to Barbados (2001), the Dominican Republic (2001), Jamaica (2002), Grenada (2002), St Kitts and Nevis (2003), Trinidad and Tobago (2003), the Caribbean Community's (CARICOM) Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP) (2004), Guyana (2004), St Lucia (2004) and St Vincent (2004). As of December 2006, all countries reporting to UNGASS for the 2006 review receive assistance from the World Bank in support of national AIDS responses, except Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica and Suriname.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	6c530dad94fc05546c1df375897964c7	"It is also vital to women's ability to shape their relationships, including with intimate partners, and to exercise voice and agency in their lives. Improvements in girls' education, declines in infant and child mortality and increased access to modern contraception have paved the way for sharp declines in fertility rates in most regions of the world. Further progress is dependent on greater access to rights-based reproductive healthcare services, which often go hand in hand with overall health systems strengthening (see Box 3.5). Policies to reduce deaths and suffering caused by unsafe abortion are also needed (see Story of Change, ""Compassion was a key message"")."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	6c593de8addbae8defa8b5f6018fb482	In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico, its importance diminished steadily during the decade under consideration, reflecting improved provision of household waste treatment methods. However, the contribution of the drinking water dimension to total child poverty was found to have increased in 11 countries. A notable case is Costa Rica, where it increased from 20.8% in 2002 to40% in 2011 (see table 11.8). In this country the drinking water dimension contributed even more to extreme poverty, rising from 42.8% in 2002 to 67.6% in 2011, as table II.7 shows. In the case of Jamaica, it shows some of the deprivations for which data are available.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	6c5a526a1792763f207792b31982a579	Energy-intensive firms can receive up to an 80% discount if they join a Climate Change Agreement (CCA), which requires meeting energy efficiency or carbon-saving targets. Renewable electricity suppliers are exempt from the CCL. Receipts from the CCL amounted to £0.7 billion in 2009. The RO requires electricity end-suppliers to purchase a certain fraction of their annual electricity supply from producers using specific renewable technologies, and they receive tradable Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) for doing so. The supplier can also ‘buy out’ the obligation by paying a set price per MWh. The buy-out revenue is recycled to participating suppliers in proportion to their ROCs.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283350-en	6c5b31ea10911cc8e5f7b5a7e0eed01f	Shortages are mostly felt for family physicians and nurses. It has also become increasingly difficult to attract health professionals to rural areas because of budgetary constraints, and also because increasing workloads are particularly onerous for rural staff. There is also a need to develop a cohort of auxiliary professionals such as nutritionists and dieticians who can help combat the growing obesity challenge.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	6c5b578821f76b7a094b229dc4c4ba61	This is a positive move as a well-designed funding formula can, under certain conditions, be the most efficient, equitable, stable and transparent method of funding schools. The scheme under piloting in 2014 has considerable scope for improvement. For instance, the envisaged new funding scheme provides no room for local governments to adjust the allocations to local needs and excludes some types of schools (e.g. gifted, small-class schools). Despite the fact that the formula is overly complex, it might not capture with enough accuracy class size, which greatly varies in Kazakhstan and strongly influences the costs of provision.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	6c5bcc4d22b5c93292a08df3989a3998	Such information could bring into focus the often higher needs and fewer resources in rural communities. More broadly, these indicators can bring the benefits of primary care into sharper relief and foster a culture of delivering higher quality care. The majority of new medical graduates in Korea currently prefer to gain a specialisation.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/45094dde-en	6c622ce3fca8a9870a997409f8df6590	Bonn: German NGO Forum on Environment & Development. Available at <http://www.forum-ue.de/fileadmin/userupload/publikationen/ aglw_l999_ppp_engl.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2010). Global Food-Safety Governance under Review”, in C. Joerges and E.-U. Petersmann (eds), Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade Governance and Social Regulation.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	6c625278ce01edfffac20e2e5c51fcc1	Nonetheless, care work is also driven by other inequalities, apart from gender per se. Thus, poor women, indigenous women and Afrodescendants are all over-represented in paid domestic work in nearly all countries of the region (Rico and Vaca-Trigo, 2016). Women's contribution to the total economic value of unpaid work is considerably greater than that of men, representing between 70% (Peru) and 87% (Guatemala) of the total GDP-equivalent value of unpaid work (ECLAC, 2017a).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	6c655e4c4011ec5838b938ef74a925cb	It is the only firm in Mexico operating in the transmission and distribution segments, following its takeover in 2009 by Luz y Fuerza. Its articles of association explicitly prohibit any investment abroad. Under these modalities, the private sector share has gradually expanded to account for 45% of all electricity produced in 2010.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	6c6b5f7ea2130945e53fdd7e641c596e	Justifications for this discrimination are sometimes explicidy tied to religious or cultural mores to add social legitimacy. Sometimes they are framed as being ‘natural’ given a particular gender’s disposition. But when stripped down to their roots, they are merely aims to prevent women from obtaining power, resources and control. Though some inequalities run deeper and are more present in some contexts globally than others, gender inequality is a long-standing, persistent and virtually universal phenomenon.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	6c6dd88867b5705efe51bf6571fd87a3	He believed that enhanced connectivity between regions would encourage trade, commerce and industrialization in Europe and the Ottoman Empire, and that this was the only way to foster political harmony. This vision tied “public w'orks” (as infrastructure was then known) intimately with the economic, political and industrial progress of Europe at the time. The essential features of this plan were indeed adopted by France as well as a number of European countries that became independent between 1830 and 1871, including Belgium, the German Empire, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Romania; and it even led to cross-country multilateral initiatives for infrastructure expansion (Ambrosius and Henrich-Franke, 2016).	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	6c70aa43b97502f3dea6a32707fd55ae	These include long or inflexible working hours, being a sole parent, in addition to language barriers, since parents of immigrant or migrant families may not be fluent in the school’s language of instruction or have little formal education themselves (OECD, 2012). An extra effort must therefore be made, both by schools and through government reforms or programmes, to reach out and encourage increased participation by parents, particularly those of low socioeconomic backgrounds. Horizontal” accountability, which encourages them to participate in the management of schools through formal channels such as school boards, is one effective way to increase involvement.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	6c712f8cf0feac5a5ee5d351adc2d304	Costa Rica's path toward achieving universal health coverage is explained as well as the major actors in the health care system and main policy frameworks upon which the system is built. Early prioritisations on primary care permitted population health indicators to improve and today Costa Rica has the second highest life expectancy among countries within the western hemisphere. Access to health in Costa Rica has continuously improved over the past decades, achieving significant progress towards universal health coverage; data from 2014 indicate that health care coverage in Costa Rica reached 94.7% of the population.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	6c72a3c842049408fef720c018976653	Through its awareness raising activities, it has generated greater visibility of the barriers women face in economic participation. Taken together, these activities demonstrate institutional- and systemic-level change. In particular, the partnership approach between a specifically created, independent council and government has been a significant success.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	6c72d11c26d5997c72256dac09aaad8b	Challenges • The institutions of security and justice become focussed on keeping the ruling elite/party in power, instead of mediating conflict within society. • Challenges • State capacity is weakened due to low numbers of capable, skilled individuals. • Challenges • The exclusion of particular groups/regions can exacerbate socio-political tensions, compound state fragility and provoke violence. • It might be argued that in some cases this failure stems from poverty and is not a state failure at all, but a development failure.	1	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	6c733bb636432029827b9a4a76374cd6	The simulation is conducted to estimate the impact of a single farm payment (SFP) on farm risk management strategies and welfare under uncertainty in the UK (Table 2.1). A level of GBP 199 per hectare is chosen for the payment based on the average per hectare receipt of SFP in UK cereal farms in 2007. However, the expenditure for direct payments does not necessarily result in equivalent increase in farm income. According to the previous estimation in OECD (2003), the impacts of single farm payment on the mean income (transfer efficiency) are assumed to be 50% of the simulated impacts.7 The simulation result shows that certainty equivalent income increases slightly more than the increase in mean income, and the coefficient of variation of income falls by 19%.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276116-3-en	6c73c4441e5fd5fa157a20319862893e	Policy makers have recognised that equitable access to quality ECEC can strengthen the foundations of lifelong learning for all children and support the broad educational and social needs of families, and they have therefore increased the resources allocated to this sector over the last decade. With this trend, governments have taken recent initiatives that aim to enhance the quality of ECEC services and improve the equity of access to ECEC settings. This is in contrast to the public debates of the past, which were limited to quantitative issues, and public spending was mainly concentrated on measures to expand access to affordable ECEC.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	6c7632adb4cafb986c1f6b6beb230bac	One way is to ascribe it to the residual after all other factors have been controlled for (“excess growth”) (see Annex A 1.6; White, 2007). Given that technological change occurs over time, a time index is another logical way to control for the effects of technological change on health expenditures (see Annex A1.10; (Di Matteo, 2005). Tw'O models (A1.3 and 1.24) among those reviewed used a direct measure of specific technologies. On average across the OECD, demographic effects are projected to have a small impact on expenditure growth of 0.7 percentage points from 2005 to 2050.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cac203b4-en	6c78cd12692e062c3dcd9feee91bb91c	This program leverages the comprehensive network of student support services already in place and will develop customised initiatives to further ensure that the MasterCard Foundation scholars are fully supported and given every opportunity to succeed in a welcoming environment. Scholars' home communities will also benefit because they will be selected in part based on their motivation to give back to Africa both while studying at McGill and at the completion of their degree. In addition, ineffective sexual and reproductive health education inhibits adolescents’ access to information and contributes to school dropouts, especially among girls who have reached puberty.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6c795ac361aa8892fee13690ddd04d40	For example, precipitation was lower in 2007 than in the previous year, but emissions from energy generation continued to decrease. In 2008, Portugal emitted 10.8 kt of NOx and 4.4 kt of SOx per Mtoe of TPES, compared with the OECD averages of 6.4 and 4.5 kt. For example, the sodium hypochlorite used to prevent algae proliferation in the pipes. The PNAEE implements the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (2006/32/EC). This Directive contains an indicative national energy savings target of 9% up to 2016, to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS. The EU 20-20-20 targets, set out in March 2007, seek: i) a reduction in EU GHG emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; ii) 20% of EU energy consumption to be provided by renewable energy sources; and iii) a 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	6c79f12814124a53c9bd52d8542716c9	This was partly because the devaluation of the Argentine currency had an extremely adverse effect on the conditions under which electricity companies (and other public utilities) operated in the country;6 but also because it coincided with an exhaustion of the easiest privatization possibilities and a global financial crisis. In that period concession contracts on privatized utilities (including electricity firms) set their rates in dollars, indexed to prices in the United States. With the breakdown of this parity, the government set rates in pesos and eliminated indexation as a way of controlling inflation. The electricity firms considered this a breach of contract, and most of them appealed the decision in international tribunals.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6c81022db0693217d705eecb6f6e165a	Firstly, the higher education institutions can contribute more to the role that culture and tourism play in the socioeconomic development of the region in order to develop the region into an attractive place to live, work, invest and study. Secondly, the higher education institutions need to address the unbalanced growth and challenges linked to health and social cohesion. Thirdly, the higher education institutions need to respond more actively to environmental challenges and opportunities, seeking new sources of growth in the green economy. Are there gaps in delivery and are resources and incentives aligned with the objectives? Increasing life expectancy has led to a growing share of the population at risk of “old-age conditions”. There are also concerns related to health inequalities while certain demographic and socio-economic groups face significantly poorer health circumstances (OECD, 2010a; WHO, 2008).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2481bd92-en	6c826e275ceffa8c4bc815cc635c9c74	Building last-mile infrastructure connects isolated rural areas to urban centres, creating conditions that foster agribusiness development. The 300 farmers benefiting from this irrigation scheme sell their crops to the agro-park. Developing gateways, such as ports and airports, may also be needed to move agricultural products to domestic and international markets.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	6c84b4fb8793c765e53bd2e11da89c02	The indicator poverty rate simply reflects the proportion of children that does not meet the established threshold for the particular indicator. The domain poverty rate is consequently constructed along the lines of the union approach as aggregation procedure, considering a child to be poor in a particular domain when they are poor with respect to at least one of the individual indicators within that domain (Atkinson, 2003; Alkire and Foster, 2008). Consequently, the domain poverty rate represents the proportion of children that is poor within that domain, given the union approach.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6c88bbd511e493286eff33f72aa3a05e	The indicator provides an indication of the length of time that stocks would last if supply were disrupted. Storage capacity and critical stocks of fuel (including oil, gas, uranium) as an indicator provides a useful indication of a strategic resilience aspect of energy systems. The indicator is transparent with respect to specific primary fuels. Typically, storage capacity data is available for oil and gas.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	6c8c5d805bbc00703c2007ad9201bd18	Although there is a very large inequality in the volume of freshwater availability between the two country sub-groups, the impact on trade is much smaller due to a relatively low elasticity. Policy conclusions for aid for trade investments should be drawn by comparing these outcomes with the cost and feasibility of actually achieving the improvements being discussed. The econometric approach, while suffering from data limitations, serves to highlight the relative importance of different constraints to agricultural development in developing countries, and the need to take into account country-specific circumstances in designing aid for trade programmes.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6c93f3a7c6059bff24d2519ff037290a	Extra-judicial unilateral repudiation by the husband is no longer allowed. Besides, both husband and wife can get a judicial divorce without fault against compensation: “If the husband grants his wife the right to file for divorce, then she can enjoy this right by submitting to the court a request in accordance with provisions 79 and 80. The court ensures the share of assets agreed on between the spouses and tries to reconcile them in accordance with the provisions of Articles 81 and 82. If reconciliation fails, the court grants permission to the wife to proceed with divorce, when ruling the entitlement of the wife and children when/as necessary in accordance with provisions 84 and 85. In addition, Article 39 of the same law stipulates: “The registrar accepts the divorce and records it, if there is consent by both parties. The court will declare the divorce: (1) at the request of the husband; (2) at the request of the wife on the basis of the damage which was done to her; and (3) at the request of the wife on the basis of khuFu According to these provisions, although the legislation in Djibouti retains differences between spouses in seeking a divorce, it enables the wife to do so in a full capacity.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	6c99f57046c260c1c5155c5781d14853	Both of these sets of implications are examined below. Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement's 2-degree objective it implies a transformation of the global economy not paralleled since the industrial revolution. This in turn implies a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming the global community is successful in its ambitions to limit anthropogenic climate change.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	6c9a0f4c95e57159b0d2b5f4d8101776	The growth in the numbers of self-employed contractors working for just one company or franchisees constitute groups on the borders of dependent and self-employment. Defining non-standard forms of employment (cont.) Definitions across countries outside the European Union are not harmonised and are based on different approaches. For Korea, workers in temporary jobs include fixed-term jobs or jobs of a limited duration, which is close to so-called contingent workers, as well as other atypical workers, i.e. temporary agency workers, individual contract workers, at-home workers, on-call workers and others.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	6c9be5b2ad233fab63cf58c3d32ab781	Such reforms comprise mainly two elements: i) reform of environmentally harmful subsidies; and ii) the introduction of environmental taxes and/or the strengthening of environment-related taxes or tax elements, possibly within an environmental tax reform in which a tax shift reducing distorting taxes on labour is implemented (see definition given under Section 3 and the discussion under Section 5.5). Fossil fuel subsidies have been shown in many countries to disproportionately benefit the richest 40 per cent of the population (del Grenado et al. Nonetheless, governments have to take care when reforming subsidies to ensure that the vulnerable are protected from energy price rises and indirect impacts, such as food price rises, by means of compensation - for possible approaches to social protection see Section 5.7.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	6c9ed23f9491627ab8219d6752c81797	However, borrowing creates a claim on future budgets since debt has to be serviced and repaid. Moreover, external debt carries additional risks since a depreciation of the exchange rate can increase the burden of servicing it. In deciding whether deficit financing can contribute to the sustainable realization of rights over time, it is critical to consider whether the government is using the debt in ways that support the fulfilment of rights without compromising future streams of revenue—which would violate the principle of maximum available resources if future generations are considered.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	6ca07c96f3c57a28b4cc4aacb480529e	This postponement of prenatal care is most likely due to the delay in the recognition of the pregnancy (Kost, Landry and Darroch, 1998a), thereby making women less emotionally and financially prepared for the demands of impending motherhood. Prenatal care is an important component of healthy pregnancy and childbirth as it ensures regular monitoring of the health of the pregnant woman and her baby as well as early detection and diagnosis of any pregnancy-related health problems. Since prenatal care is central to achieving Millennium Development Goal No. The study established that unintended pregnancy predisposes young women to abortion and delayed initiation of prenatal care.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/db521e55-en	6ca09d47407db422710a92df92668d73	While it was critical to get major emitters to reduce their emissions, whether developed countries would take the lead and whether the strict firewall between Annex I and non-Annex I countries of the UNFCCC would remain in place, proved to be sticking points. At the end of very contentious negotiations, late on Friday evening, 18 December, the text of the Copenhagen Accord was released. The text had been negotiated by a small group of world leaders behind closed doors, and only indirectly based on the party-negotiated texts under the AWG-LCA or AWG-KP. This contributed to feelings that the negotiations were unfair and opaque, and the process looked to be on the verge of collapse.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	6ca33ccec11c17f86d815b6d42403b16	Private consumption growth continued to be the main growth driver, as reflected in robust services activities relating to trade, finance, transport and communications, and real estate. However, strong household consumption was not broad-based; rural demand was weaker due to muted agricultural activity and slower rural wage growth resulting from subpar monsoon seasons in recent years. Meanwhile, stalled large-scale infrastructure projects and somewhat cautious investor sentiment resulted in sluggish fixed investment growth.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	6ca3df03221fccaf567509c7ae70dbd9	In order to ensure consistency among cost data, the exchange rates used in the Projected Costs study were adopted. The assumed exchange rates are USD 1.30/EUR and USD 1.59/GBP. Those investment costs are then divided by the total amount of electricity produced by a given plant during its lifetime, opportunely discounted. For a given country, a given technology and a given penetration level, the firm capacity guaranteed by that technology and the one guaranteed by the existing mix of dispatchable technologies that would provide the same electrical energy output were calculated.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	6ca5635114da42371cd23fb5371aef15	However, city akimats usually do not have budget allocations to order district-specific plans (Akimat of Uralsk City, 2015). In many cases, local governments have to attract additional financial resources to implement the plans. The short-term budget provisions diminish the city akimats’ capacity to forecast and be prepared for the long-term development of the city.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	6ca725427ac041ffae1246a70dc269cd	Additional investments are foreseen as of 2013 to develop railroad and road networks; these projects will increase the flow of agricultural commodities because they enable better connectivity between producing and consuming regions and with neighbouring export markets. Other activities include the development of electronic systems to facilitate the control of shipments in ports and other border points. As of 2013, the National Rural Credit System provides a reduced-cost credit for the construction of private storage.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	6ca78b1f66721b336d857da7ad527f9e	Given those firms’ recent creation, productivity is relatively high, all of which reflects low barriers to entry and access to inputs. Critical to this 21st century technological industrial revolution is the high level of education of these mostly young new entrepreneurs. As suggested in Chapters 4 and 9, many cities experience growing concentrations of private income and wealth, but this is accompanied by a decline in, and depreciation of, public resources and assets.	11	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/808e784e-831f19ea-en	6ca7aacb18d0469ec151247a0be84762	This report also includes details of 'band usage' and 'sharing studies' for each of the frequency bands identified for IMT. This entire band was unanimously adopted by WRC-07 as the future IMT band and was recommended by ITU to its Member States to free up as soon as practicable. The Resolution 749 as revised by WRC 12 and the footnote MOD 5.316A bring out the conclusions of the deliberations during the WRC-12 on agenda item 1.17.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	6ca823378b4c326c9b0a2b3f50f66d39	It is often challenging to estimate the expected impacts of Type G NDCs on national and collective emission levels, though methodologies exist to estimate the GHG impact of energy and other non-GHG targets (such as the WRI GHG Protocol Policies and Actions standard) (WRI, 2014).14 Reporting requirements for such goals should not be overly rigid since this might discourage some Parties from taking action. Like Type G, many different goals are possible and significant flexibility in the guidance will be needed to adequately capture the variety of qualitative goals that have been put forward in INDCs to date. A few NDCs do not contain any measurable quantitative or qualitative goals (Type I). The lack of specificity of this type of NDC makes it very challenging to understand and track progress in implementation and achievement.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	6ca902051021e42549e0a8ea731e1bed	With a higher interest rate, a larger capital expenditure implies greater upfront financing costs, while the effect of fuel savings throughout a plant’s life cycle tapers off quickly because of discounting. This highlights the critical importance of sensitivity analysis in the interpretation of the LCOE. While its exclusive focus on private costs is in line with private investment decisions, it neglects key policy issues, including (unpriced) environmental externalities, system-wide considerations (notably the time profile of generation) and energy security. Energy-security concerns underline the importance of attention to resource endowments and geographical factors as well as the relative climate resilience of different energy sources (highlighted by the slump in hydro-based electricity generation following the 2016 drought in Southern Africa). Such considerations are essentially ignored in LCOE metrics (IEA, 2016c). Anticipating growing complexity as systems develop, and enhancing system flexibility from the planning and design phases for newly built electricity infrastructure, could offer significant leapfrogging opportunities to LDCs, by reducing the need to retrofit existing infrastructure (Welsch et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	6caa1856fec63a6571d6d13a5c4876d9	This ecotax on water abstraction (mostly on groundwater, but also on surface water, e.g. in the case of France) tries to internalize environmental and social costs, but the level of environmental cost recovery is quite low as seen from the first reports presented by the EU member states reporting on WFD implementation. The Spanish government is debating whether to charge an ecotax on all water use (both surface water and groundwater) to contribute to global integrated resource management at the basin level and meet the 2010 deadline set by the WFD for implementation of measures including water pricing. Provisional estimates for this ecotax (EUR 1.00/1000 m3) make it a ‘political contribution of users’ rather than an environmental cost recovery charge.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	6caab91967d0dc5922e452075e07106f	They might yield major GHG reductions, but at the cost of considerable social upheaval, as well as removing what can be the ecologically optimal use of rangelands. Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The methodology is certainly credible with its roots in IPCC-led assessments, and potentially rewarding with its tendrils in new international climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	6caf3c3fff9e5375f5aedfe47e4b8d8c	As a result, the annual capital repayments, which represent the majority of the lifetime costs of a renewable energy plant, when spread over a shorter term of a PPA, would be significantly higher than when spread across the longer potential operating horizon of the asset. This can be done by redeploying the renewable energy asset elsewhere, upon the closure of the mine. However, relocation of solar and wind system is often uneconomical, given high disassembly, transport and re-assembly costs, besides the cost of the technology itself. The risk of stranding the renewable energy assets, due to their limited re-deployability, may therefore create a barrier to their increased uptake in mining activities (ARENA, 2017).	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	6cb49a6f6e52463cfa629ae64402a8c7	The UN Special Rapporteur states clearly that transition from segregated, special education to inclusive education is not a simple matter, and the complex issues it raises must be squarely faced. For example 'integration', often in the guise or in the place of true inclusion in education, has created its own difficulties. Attempts at integration into mainstream schools without accompanying structural changes in organisation, the curriculum, and teaching and learning strategies, have failed to meet the educational rights of disabled persons. Integration may simply lead to exclusion in the mainstream rather than in special schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	6cb642a7e0a7741c256500121c8d9694	Those who run a sufficiently large and vertically integrated business - “from paddock to plate” - will undertake hedging as would any company as part of general risk management activities. In contrast, farmers who sell at the farm gate typically do not hedge. For producers who are members of a co-operative, the co-operative hedges on behalf of its members on a “same price for all” basis.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	6cb97bb5e0919b6420161fa7c9295cd3	Gender issues are evolve over time and are affected by socio-economic shifts. Undertaking participatory needs assessments, and offering coaching and feedback sessions are critical to ensuring women and men can empower themselves through BDS. Successful BDS for women SME owner-operators needs to be supported by organised advocacy by women, and for women, with government officials and bankers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	6cba4afe64656c7d244f85f141d4a7b1	These include: a strong commitment at both the national and international levels to support and mobilise private investment for green growth; policies and regulations to provide a level playing field for more environment-friendly investments; policies to encourage more environmentally responsible corporate behaviour; an institutional capacity to design, implement and monitor policies to foster green growth objectives; financial mechanisms for green investment; and policies to support private sector involvement in green projects (Corfee-Morlot et al., The targeted use of official development finance is particularly relevant to set the right incentives (e.g. fiscal, economic, legislative, etc.) In particular, since some green sectors operate in highly regulated markets (e.g. energy), development finance could support opening up markets for private actors or help set regulatory environment conducive for private investments in these sectors.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	6cbb887580a19088141c101fdc3379f7	It provides a glimpse of the health care resources available to, and used by the various health care agencies. Conversely, there is international agreement on the inclusion criteria and classification of types of expenditures in the form of the System of Health Accounts (SHA) developed by the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In northern Norway, the per capita expenditures are 25-30 per cent higher than the national average, whereas in northern Sweden and Finland the difference is less than 10 per cent. Greenland reports a lower level of per capita health expenditure than Denmark, the only instance where expenditures in the north are lower than in the south.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6cbf8586192778de0a71af894502a56f	Both economies are recovering from these natural disasters. Reconstruction activities contributed to improved growth performance of these economies in 2012, and at the same time inflation rates fell. The strong Australian dollar is weighing on the prospects for the Australian economy; however, the overall performance of the country in 2013 will depend on the mining sector’s continued boom.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-6-en	6cc21982902a40de47e9f03fd08cc886	This analysis helps to inform policy choices by disentangling the contributions of average skill levels, how skills are distributed across the workforce, the extent to which skills are used on the job, and the return they command on the labour market. The chapter also shows that putting skills to better use can help reduce wage inequality, by strengthening the links between workers’ skills, productivity and wages. These findings provide important insights into the role that skills policies can play within a comprehensive policy strategy to reduce wage inequality.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	6cc2d21bd32c20949f91408d16cb4b86	It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. The Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the Council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The Council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	6cc45f35957a70dc1f450fbc4ab74b22	This motivation is still strong with the reality of recession and austerity in many countries making the idea of green employment growth a welcome antidote to the high unemployment rates. Capacity building and skill development within the regional communities are also important benefits of green initiatives.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	6cc52d4fb8ade163f43848603a4a79f6	Third, the limited tenure of contracts to farmland may weaken farmers’ incentives to invest in sustainable farming practices. The average farm size (where a farm is defined as a continuous tract of agricultural land) in China is small compared with other middle-income countries (Table 2). While the optimal farm size will depend on various elements including topography and production mix, some farm consolidation may improve the scope for mechanisation and vertical integration of production.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	6cc6e918e8da302269e0ceb421989b70	The value of producer support has been growing in recent years and is now just below that in OECD countries (Figure 12). Transfers included in the PSE are composed of market price support, budgetary payments and the cost of revenue foregone by the government and other economic agents. To the extent possible, income support to agricultural producers should be provided through the social welfare system and not through introducing distortions into agricultural markets.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	6cc82246d3e8f5fc9674bfe8e5634916	Firstly, as was noted in Chapter 3, this is because the employment-to-population ratio of the foreign-bom population is higher than that of the native-born (60.8% versus 36.0% in 2011). Secondly, the share of the population that is of working-age is also higher for immigrants than for the native-born (91.7% versus 69.5% in 2011). Furthermore, as demonstrated in Chapter 4, immigration does not seem to reduce employment of native-born workers (at the national level).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	6cc85e04825548ac520a8ca535136c0d	Even though Aspen Snowmass' spending on KC product was low, the case attracted a considerable amount of media attention, and as a result, KC changed their fibre resourcing practices. In the table below, are some examples of green initiatives in the Artie region. Many of the certifications focus on reducing the carbon emissions where possible as well as limiting waste, water usage etc.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	6cc97f50239c61a0d17085b07ec01079	Labour market perspectives are positive compared to most OECD countries: unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD and the proportion of 15-29 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) is below average. In recent years, school leaders have benefited from increasing autonomy and their use of instructional leadership approaches is above the OECD average, according to school principals' reports in PISA 2012. Teacher training takes between 5.5 and 6.5 years, and the teaching workforce is ageing. Teachers’ salaries are among the highest across OECD countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/26c33c69-en	6cca31a3bc36115c83a20df96021d52e	To find an explanation of existing barriers and recommend alternative or additional measures, this article will be focused on the issue of the development potential of remittances in North and Central Asian countries in several ways. First, it is crucial to identify what kind of development impact is expected from remittances. At the microeconomic level, the development impact of remittances is evaluated from the perspective of improving the financial well-being of receiving households.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848590618-6-en	6cccb5e41ab5b7796d35a689a7a30296	Adopted on 18 December 1979, it is the leading modern instrument on women's equal rights.6 It has thus been described as the definitive international legal instrument requiring respect for and observance of the human rights of women.7 It entered into force as an international treaty on 3 September 1981, after the twentieth country had ratified it in accordance with the Convention’s article 27. It, therefore, examines the praxis in selected domestic jurisdictions. As will be seen, tremendous success has been recorded in some countries in the domestication (i.e. bringing into domestic use) of the Convention’s provisions. The chapter also identifies normative customs and practices in Nigeria and other jurisdictions which, if modified or even completely abrogated, would lead to the maximisation of the potential of the individual and collective potentialities of women as enunciated in the Convention.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	6cce5deacea6bd4f00b9bb3663b06793	Libya should also reinitiate the WTO accession process. The government should take actions to improve trade facilitation, reducing the costs of trade-related transport logistics and increasing the reliability and timeliness of shipments. High transport and transaction costs impose important obstacles in exploiting opportunities presented by world trading systems.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	6ccf0c67d31b7d8f2a9db8fde8e100ee	She teaches, advises and supervises our activities and now I really know much about farming. However, with the coming of the WOLAR project, we, women farmers have been highly targeted and we are part of the greenbelt Government initiative on irrigation, where we will be growing similar crops and market them.” This process has helped to implement the Inheritance Law passed in 1999 that provides for women’s equal inheritance rights with men.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	6cd134ad53baad2fd1845dec06dc3f81	The impacts of change in physical habitat have been considerable in ecological terms. The morphology of the river channel has been altered by straightening and canalizing, in some places becoming eroded and incised. This is ranked as a widespread and severe pressure in the Swiss part of the Rhone, in the main Rhone valley.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	6cd27f92b795218bf8b69f687f070a55	Common carp production fluctuated around approximately 5 300 tonnes (CAGR of -0.8%) between 2011 and 2015. Its value followed a similar pattern to that of rainbow trout, increasing from EUR 17.1 million (USD 23.8 million) in 2011 to EUR 18.3 million (USD 24.3 million) in 2013 before falling back to EUR 16.1 million (USD 17.8 million) in 2015. Blue mussel production changed more substantially, falling 62% in volume between 2011 and 2015 and 70% in value over the same period.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	6cd3578e62bd2360904da0def953586c	Organic standards are set by individual practitioners, traders and handlers, re-packers or individual producers of certain products who use them for internal purposes only, but few generally acceptable standards exist that are elaborated and approved at the national level through the wide participation of practitioners of the organic agriculture movement. This fragmentation and the related lack of any legal protection or quality signs make both certification and labelling impossible for most of these standards, according to IASA. Most of these certification bodies only provide certifications for the recently adopted basic national standards for the domestic market, which are different from those applied by foreign certification agencies. Certificates issued nationally by bodies lacking accreditation and on the basis of divergent domestic standards are of little use to companies willing to export on foreign markets.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	6cd4b957b05250ad840518298439f2e4	Thus, the Government decided to conduct the supplementary immunization activity for people aged 18-30 years in May 2016. Of the reported cases of enterovirus disease, 83 per cent occurred in children who were younger than 10 years and 10 per cent of those infected were younger than 1 year. Hygiene promotion activities were performed by volunteers and staff of the Mongolian Red Cross Society in order to deliver important messages to the public about the prevention of this disease.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264203419-61-en	6cd59a199823cc7963f93cf892da6c6a	How do they envisage moving towards sustainability? Marginalised communities and poor people are rarely asked their opinion about their lives or aspirations for the future (Chambers, 1997; Narayan et al., The Equity and Sustainability Field Hearings project (Initiative for Equality, 2012) set out to do this by asking people living in impoverished and disempowered communities around the world what they think about poverty, sustainability, and the future for their families and communities. A global collaboration between social scientists and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the Field Hearings project aims to ensure that poor people’s voices are included in discussions on environmental and social sustainability such as Rio+20 and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals processes.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	6cd5d65d0f23697b4ece502149bf5cac	This would go along with several other benefits, such as greater availability of funds for HEIs from private sources and encouraging students to make better informed decisions regarding what to study. The low share of private resources allocated to higher education in Slovenia and relatively high private returns suggest that there is room for introducing cost-sharing in funding higher education without undermining access and equity (Figure 11). Increasing the share of private expenditure on tertiary education would clearly reduce the duration of studies beyond what is necessary (Brunello and Winter-Ebmer, 2003). For instance, a repeat student can take the exam up to six times to stay in the study programme at the University of Ljubljana.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	6cd6924561b7817fcc880775d4248323	This has resulted in significant variations in the criteria and processes used to evaluate eligibility for the payment across provinces. Consequently, a number of reports of corruption in the administration of dibao have surfaced, leading to more rigid policies being outlined by the Ministry of Civil Affairs (Golan et al., One of the most promising remedies is allowing rural citizens to apply directly to the county government for dibao. However, county governments may lack the capacity to administer and thoroughly evaluate these applications.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	6cda5a1aca142c1f1b11e1e830a3d4bd	The space for doing this can be increased by introducing measures to control and regulate international capital flows as well as the operations of the domestic financial sector. Countries like Chile and Malaysia have managed to follow this course for a certain period of time with some degree of success. The right mix of these policies can be applied deliberately so as to promote investment in specific industries at specific times, and especially in sectors with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, reaping economies of scale and raising productivity growth, thereby increasing the rates of return on investment.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	6cdd5cb9525fa769b438b8760bae11d3	As a result, this classification does not always reflect current land use, thereby impeding land users from registering their rights and increasing land tenure insecurity. For instance, agricultural land may be used for non-agricultural purposes only with government approval, and such transfers are normally allowed only for public use. Similarly, some forest land has been partly or completely converted to agricultural use but remains classified as forest land and administered by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MECF) instead of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	6cddf2ee202dc7d11095ab20b2b7cab5	The agreements must have been concluded with a reservation for subsequent legal actions as well as approval by the government and, where relevant, the parliament. On 4 January 2016, ID checks were introduced for all train, bus and boat passengers traveling from Denmark to Sweden. On the same day, the Danish Prime Minister announced that Denmark would introduce temporary border checks for those travelling from Germany to Denmark. Until then, transport companies were responsible for checking the identity of passengers while they were still on Danish soil. Train passengers were therefore required to change trains at Copenhagen Airport and go through the identity checkpoint. Likewise, HH Ferries had introduced ID checks of all passengers travelling to Helsingborg at the ferry port in Helsingor.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	6ce06453208d2a83fdb8c8f4757ad1ac	At the 2nd meeting, on 4 May, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the Forum secretariat. At the 3rd meeting, on 4 May 2015, a statement was made by Roman Michalak of the Joint Forestry' and Timber Section of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and FAO on the ECE/FAO study on progress towards global objectives on forests and challenges for the region. At its 4th meeting, on 5 May, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the Forum secretariat.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	6ce48b295be6b6020e16c3e9a640b1d8	One study in Pakistan found that while girls with more schooling did not delay their marriages or first births, they were more likely to use contraception and delay second births (Alam et al., Successful cash-benefit programmes to improve health and education indicators in Brazil and Mexico, for example, have helped girls overcome gender disadvantage in school (Lindert et al. Evidence suggests they may also help delay marriage (Baird et al.,	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	6ce579d2906e311256b59f89c9cf1d24	An alternative (and probably better) proxy might be child and elderly poverty rates in combination with some measure of economic mobility. These more directly reflect how the social structures of reproduction manifest in public and private preferences and capabilities. But we use the non-income HDI because it proffers a consistent time series for a large number of countries. Countries are categorized into one of three groups according to their 2010 per capita income: low and low middle income, middle income, and high income.7 We split the sample this way because higher-income countries tend to have higher human development, all else equal.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264302037-en	6ce72f32186baefc60a5c001695aabff	The share of Ghanaian-born workers with less than primary education decreased far more than the commensurate share of foreign-bom workers, while the share of Ghanaian-bom workers with secondaiy education increased much faster. In fact, the share of the foreign-bom employed with secondary education was stagnant, and this share increased by more than 10 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed. However, there was a sharper rise in the share of the foreign-bom employed with tertiary education, which increased by 4.5 percentage points (1.2 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6cef3a3743b89191a8054e50e757431a	While Universiti Sains Malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving “billions”, there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region. But it is constrained by skills shortages and mismatches. There is a need to increase the relevance of education and its alignment with the regional labour market needs. Firms in Penang are being impeded in their R&D or produce/process development efforts by shortages of specialised skills.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	6cf0f9c345f245c606c7a37e7f50845d	It is also a clear contradiction of the principle of equality of opportunity to which all OECD countries aspire. Allowing children to fall unnecessarily far behind brings in its wake a long list of practical costs and consequences. Causality is always difficult to establish, but many hundreds of studies in many different OECD countries have shown what the costs of falling too far behind may be. But this cannot change the fact that children who fall behind early in their lives, or who spend a significant part of their early years in poverty, are likely to find themselves at a marked and measurable disadvantage.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	6cf10230f1dd5763698bc9e648800bde	Pass rates and exam results at large would also allow prospective teacher students to assess the quality of the programme where they intend to enroll. Institutions, that turn out not to prepare students effectively for the exam on a prolonged basis, should face sanctions that could ultimately result in a withdrawal of their accreditation. Evidence shows that young teachers find their first experiences in school often overwhelming (Veenman, 1984; Britton et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	6cf12472376c870b7c5d0893fcb61e21	Patients can choose whether they have a “medecin traitant” or not, but face significantly lower reimbursements if they choose not to. The “medecin traitant” can be GP or specialist and their role is to guide patients through the health system and keep patients medical records. If patients have an attested long-term condition (“affection de longue duree”) the “medecin traitant” receives an annual payment for documentation and co-ordination. Point presse de l’assurance maladie 21/04/2016”, Paris.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	6cfb5fd0af22e821285642003d487255	The removal of subsidies resulted in public financial gains, as the government was able to save the equivalent of 2.5% of GDP (OECD, 2010). While the purpose of fossil fuel subsidy reform was not environmental protection, it did create a boost in clean energy generation by removing price distortions for conventional and clean fuels. The subsidy reform was also hailed for its compensatory measures that helped cushion consumers from rising living costs (OECD, 2010).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	6cfb779f5bb42bc2abdf76bce163227c	The percentage of the employed population in the pension system in the region increased from 35% to 45% (as a simple average) between 2002 and 2011, although the coverage gap is still very large. An early warning sign is that the total variation in employment is accounted for fundamentally by increased employment in commerce, construction and transportation, which are non-tradable, low-productivity (commerce) and medium-productivity (construction and transportation) sectors. Labour productivity also risen over this period (12% on average in PPP dollars), but structural change made a very limited contribution to that increase. In effect, much of the increase in productivity can be attributed to gains within sectors; only a small part is explained by shifts among sectors that would amount to virtuous structural change (Weller and Kaledewi, 2013).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	6cfe1b8eccc66b0f6785c42ad9f64c56	In 2003, 1 511 domestic students and 378 international students commenced medical courses. By 2012, the number had grown to 3 035 domestic and 651 international students. This trend is also reflected in graduating students. A combined 1 425 students completed medical courses in 2002, and the number doubled to 2 964 in 2011 (Health Workforce Australia, 2013).	3	3	2	0.2
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	6cfe1c1b83de516cd0c0733382c78dd8	"The nurses and doctors speak to you with affection, and they are always receptive to any question or situation you may have,"" she says. His peer group also leads workshops, forums and other activities that bring young people together to discuss issues ranging from responsible sexuality to gender-based violence. Sometimes as many as 1,000 young people turn up for events."	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	6cfe9011fc8986c1f07d96b76dcb20ce	Both discharge of mine waters and water abstraction for agriculture (irrigation) are assessed by the Russian Federation as local but severe in impact. Silting of the riverbed caused by flow regulation is a minor factor. According to the Russian Federation’s classification, water quality in the Mius at Kuibyshev station at the border of Rostov and Donetsk oblasts is in class 4, “dirty”, which has been the level in previous years.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	6cfead4d717548834ff92e4fc60ef6e9	"En particulier, ce qui importe le plus est l'ecart entre les menages a faible revenu et le reste de la population. En revanche, aucune preuve n’est trouvee sur le fait que les personnes ayant des revenus eleves s'elevant loin du reste de la population nuit a la croissance. Le document evalue egalement la «theorie de l'accumulation du capital humain"" montrant le capital humain comme un canal par lequel les inegalites peuvent affecter la croissance. Les resultats scolaires des personnes issues de milieux les plus riches, toutefois, ne sont pas affectes par les inegalites."	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	6d020394bfcd200457d59c042ad7f004	For reasons of sample size, this exercise used a recoding of the income groups originally defined in the World Values Survey. Steps 1 and 2 in each country refer to the low-income group, while steps 5-10 refer to the high-income groups of the population. But the collapse of the old order and the opening of a window on developed-country levels of consumption might have brightened expectations that subsequently went unfulfilled because of the crisis that hit Eastern Europe in the mid-1990s.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	6d07f21370eb4cfa04ef70c620fba4a9	Young people with no education are more likely to be discouraged or working. While this pattern holds for almost all African countries, unemployment rates among the educated tend to be much higher in MICs than in LICs (Table 6.2.). In IXinisia the unemployment rate among university graduates in 2008 was 33% among men and 46% among women (Stampini and Verdier-Chouchane, 2011).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	6d0bcc400ddc0ce69faf4206a450408b	To provide a quantitative assessment of these results, using Table 4 column 7, a one-unit increase in the SIGI (as explained above, representing a country's social transformative change required to move from a situation with perfectly discriminatory social institutions to a situation of perfect parity) would induce an increase of 0.157 on average at the individual level in the ladder of life satisfaction (0-10 scale). This is quite large when comparing with the effect of life events such as getting married or becoming widowed that are known to be important determinants of life satisfaction. For instance, Lucas et al. ( We now use the SIGI's coefficients from Model 1 first to quantify the loss in subjective well-being associated with the current level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and second to estimate the gains, in terms of increased level of life satisfaction that could be achieved with greater gender parity. Simulations are carried out using equation 2 and relying on individual-level variations in life satisfaction.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	6d0d36f6c3bda2675681b1e057531133	Nevertheless, at 6% of GDP the OECD average public spending on health is twice as high as across Asia. Also, the share of public spending in total health spending is much lower in Asia compared to OECD countries: 48.1% vis-a-vis 72.7% respectively (OECD, 2014a). Public financial resources for health differ markedly across countries: they are highest in Japan and New Zealand at close to 8% of GDP and around 1% of GDP in Bangladesh, Lao PDR and Pakistan.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/871f6812-en	6d0d7105685643a511670117274d2e48	Given the potential impact of widespread AV use in urban areas, e.g. in terms of congestion, environment, road safety, user behaviour and infrastructure development, it will be important for cities to assume a more prominent role regarding AV policies. If this does not occur, the promised impacts of AV adoption may not materialise, or even generate negative impacts, e.g. if people shift from walking and cycling to personal AV use. It is therefore important to judiciously frame the introduction of AVs in order to ensure that this technology benefits, rather than hinders, mobility in urban areas. Accomplishing this represents a significant challenge: while AVs are an attractive choice for users, their attractiveness could in fact lead to over-purchasing, low utilisation capacities, congestion, urban sprawl, loss of public space, as well as the decreased use of public transit, walking, and cycling (along with the accompanying health implications).	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	6d0ea37b65f21bc6a27b876d56325a48	As a consequence, foreign agriculture investment is often associated with decreased standards of living and loss of subsistence means for local communities and long term consequences with water users. On the other hand, international law' guarantees to foreign investors the access to the necessary means of production, including access to local freshwater. Overall, it was estimated that appropriation of water rights associated with land purchases represent 140 billion m3 of surface and groundwater each year (Rulli et al.,	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	6d13923a5abd40f1d5a96ffc085590c5	These benefits arise from the regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services that biodiversity and ecosystems supply (MA, 2005) (Figure 2.1). Use values refer to benefits derived directly in the form of consumables (e.g. timber, fuelwood, genetic information, tourism and recreation); indirectly through non-consumables (e.g. water purification, soil conservation, flood protection, as well as cultural and spiritual values), and option values (e.g. potential future benefits from genetic material). Non-use values comprise bequest and existence values. While valuing the magnitude of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits can be resource-intensive, it does enable making a case to other stakeholders, such as those in finance and agricultural ministries, of the size of trade-offs that are likely to be involved. And indeed, estimates of the size of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits suggest that these are considerable. For example, the worldwide economic value of pollination services provided by insect pollinators was estimated at USD 192 billion per year in 2005 (Gallai et al.,	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	6d145801bfc0bf715488c6efae1aed68	Les jeunes adultes ne trouvant pas de travail regulier sont desormais reconnus comme groupe cible pour les programmes du marche du travail. La plupart des entreprises fixent toujours 1’age obligatoire de depart a la retraite a 60 ans, mais elles sont obligees d’etablir un systeme qui permet de continuer it travailler jusqu'a l’age legal de la retraite, ce qu’elles font typiquement en offrant a leurs anciens employes des CDD avec des salaires plus faibles assortis de retraites complementaires d’entreprises. En fait, de nombreux travailleurs ages changent de metier et continuent it travailler jusqu’a l’age de 65 ans et meme davantage.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	6d149894172d2b01d90a6577ea13cf4d	"Includes centres that were not launched or that do not have a website or web page with information about the leadership. All of these analyses were carried out after the schemes were introduced. A Danish study of the research councils' distribution of funding in a gender perspective found indications that a gender imbalance was especially noticeable when selective and highly visible instruments were used. The report entitled ""Gender equality in research - what works?"""	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	6d1adfc28e16ddddcc04d0cd7da2dd29	As for what constitutes having'strong' caring spirits, we simply list those for which the increase in the nonincome HDI is greater than one half of one standard deviation above its predicted value. But it is instructive in that it shows how a wide variety of institutional arrangements and rates of economic growth can be consistent with different levels of investment in human capacities as measured by achievements in health and education. Conversely, Rwanda and Yemen made the strong caring spirits list largely because they began the period with such low levels of human development (though the trendline does control for initial levels, one imagines it is fairly‘cheap’to boost human development on this side of the distribution).	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2f3f72fd-en	6d1b03cd67fbb7eb493a9a4a777b3f8d	Some research is done on crop production and climate-change-related issues. The development of water economy technologies such as bio-agriculture can be used to reduce the pressure on water resources and production costs in terms of ecology and economy. In 2010, the emissions from fuel combustion arose mostly from electricity and heat production (66 per cent), followed by the transport (14 per cent), manufacturing industries and construction (12 per cent) and residential (7 per cent) sectors.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6d1d1493fb8c64fd83efe2c83766f5df	Portugal is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, which has stimulated diversification of the energy mix. The increased use of both natural gas and renewable energy sources is the main reason for the decline in greenhouse gas emissions since 2005. The challenge will be to sustain this reduction once economic growth resumes, with a view to achieving Portugal’s targets by 2020. Portugal has also actively supported energy efficiency and renewable sources, and it is poised to meet its ambitious renewable energy target.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	6d1d9101f19ba31e692e840676d16220	Two excellent signs that African countries are taking on the challenge of waste management in urban areas include; Rwanda’s banned on the use of polyethylene bags in Africa and Ethiopia's recently-built Waste to Energy Plant at Reppie, the largest plant in Africa, which recycles 1,400 tons of waste to generate 30 per cent of energy consumed by households. The collection of solid waste in many African countries is largely performed by private services. In Bamako, Mali, for example, more than 120 microenterprises collect some 300,000 tons annually. In Lusaka, Zambia, 30 per cent of the municipal waste is collected by informal service providers (UN-Habitat, 2010).	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	6d1fc749a4d0d5a52625901ef851c67c	The Avaza national tourist zone is one example of promising, ongoing economic projects. In Avaza, the new water treatment facility with a capacity of 11.9 million m3 per year has been put into operation to offer uninterrupted clean drinking water to citizens and guests of the town. The water supply system has also been rehabilitated in Turkmenbashy, where several new pumping stations, drinking water reservoirs and thousand of metres of new pipelines were installed. It is an important tool for ensuring uniformity and standardization of environmental standards with regard to economic activities in the Caspian Sea area. Issues such as emergency response management, protection of nature reserves and biological diversity are addressed through the Tehran Convention, and are essential considerations for oil and gas companies operating in the area.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	6d25fc4c7f4b03d59ebbcb3277ea43a5	Note: Estimated percentage of adults (aged 15-64) who used drugs in the past year. Although cocaine use is decreasing or stabilizing in parts of Europe, wastewater analysis suggests an increase in consumption of the drug in the past five years (see booklet 3, chapter B). There are also indications of an increase in pans of North America.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	6d277ff5cdc11d5039e9cb891c024826	It should be clear that for every woman who dies, the investment that society has made into her education and training is lost. The importance of addressing current health challenges is paramount to accessing the full potential of African women and men to contribute to growth and structural transformation. The AU Abuja Declaration encourages governments to increase health budget allocations to 15 per cent.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	6d293870d3a4356750ac0058b21b184a	This list was renewed in 2007. Successively, in 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012, new chemicals were added to the list. As of 2016, 126 chemicals are banned and use of 31 chemicals are in limited use in Mongolia. A licence is issued for chemical use. As of 2016, five certificates for ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) were issued in Mongolia.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-10-en	6d293e3f4d7d498f33ca098e1f78c057	At the student level, many countries, such as Estonia, New Zealand or the United States, have introduced grants and financial support for students. High performing countries build on their institutions and take into account the different governance levels, their dynamics and resources to drive improvement across the system and schools (OECD, 2010). To achieve higher education performance, governance strategies and funding need to be aligned.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	6d2c1003bf1dd8c73a16b62c7c84400b	Data derived from the drone missions in Chin State have allowed FAO and government experts access to high-resolution, high-accuracy and high-temporality (timely) landslide and erosion risk information that was not previously readily accessible (both in terms of cost and quality). The maps produced also allowed state, township and village agriculture and DRR officials to examine aerial images of selected communities in Chin State in stunning detail, thereby promoting an entirely different level of appreciation of agriculture land use features and components, as well as a clearer understanding of hazards and risks present in a community. The drone mapping team consists of 30 interdisciplinary experts from the different departments and universities across MOALI (including the Department of Agriculture, Department of Livestock, Department of Extension, Department of Agriculture Research, Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Department of Land Records and Statistics, the Agricultural Mechanization Department, Department of Cooperatives, Department of Agricultural Planning, the Yezin Agricultural University and the University of Veterinary Sciences).	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	6d2e8bfb55df4d9a7595a5e4fb920452	Case studies were meant to assess: (i) recent experiences with tariff structures and instruments aimed to improve the capacity to deal with affordability issues; and (ii) the difficulties of comparing cost recovery levels and financial sustainability of service providers. It was decided to rely as much as possible on data endorsed by the countries (for OECD members) and to avoid aggregation of local data into national indicators. In a number of countries, the regulation of water abstraction and wastewater discharges is funded through license fees and charges.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	6d3341edd2568e84afa533147091a435	Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. Health Affairs 24 Suppl 2, W5-R67-W5-R76. A reform in 1996, however, expanded the types of services available to patients and extended coverage to all veterans on a priority-based enrolment system. The VA operates a large integrated health care system that serves over 5 million patients annually.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6d3a2a4ab1a95e24e95d466a20016e85	Since 1990, Penang’ net migration has always been positive, indicating that Penang has attracted migrants from other states in Malaysia. The lowest number of 2% worked for the agricultural sector with the rest of the labour force in the services sector, being particularly high in the wholesale and retail trade at about 15%. Significant employers in the services sector are hotel and restaurants (8.40%); transport, storage and communication (5.80%); public administration and defence, and compulsory social security (4.80%); and education (4.60%). Other major employment sectors are health and social work (3.50%); other community, social and personal services (3.00%); private households with employed persons (2.80%); financial intermediation (2.20%); and electricity, gas and water supply (0.50%) (NHERI, 2010).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	6d3a8cda036c1012102c2997cbf9c1b7	In Egypt, Jordan and Libya, where the husband can end financial maintenance of the wife on the grounds that he did not authorise her to leave the house or work, the insertion of a clause in the marriage contract enables the wife to continue her education, seek employment or travel abroad without having to ask permission. Discussions with focus groups highlighted that the future bride rarely demands clauses such as the right to work. Women are often not aware of their rights and, even when they are, strong social pressure dissuades future brides from mentioning this issue during prenuptial negotiations.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	6d3aee2e8b154af79a502267d6ab9b74	In the United States, the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy tend to be in states where abstinence-only education predominates. The lowest rates occur in states where information about sexuality and contraception is provided in a non-judgmental manner (Szalavitz, 2013). One is that even in the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, governments have been slow to implement comprehensive sexuality education, and even slower to reach the most vulnerable young people (Haberland and Rogow, 2013). Research shows that programmes that tend to have the greatest impact on adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections are those that emphasize critical thinking about gender and power in relationships (Haberland and Rogow, 2013).	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	6d3b39161d97b618a46666db9a0e6a7c	The initiative, building on the experience of the Rhouda Centre and Enterprise Qatar, will study barriers to entrepreneurship, introduce a business plan competition and encourage internships in domestic, regional and international enterprises” (p. 151). Also, gender-sensitized legislation will be developed to encourage more women to take active roles in society, and a thorough review of gender equity in public sector employment will serve as a first step in removing existing social and cultural barriers”(p.l76). For example, Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025 sets a target to increase women’s labour force participation rate to 50% by 2025.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	6d3c3359506e48f927a5e8e16004b5c6	In 2010, 40% of domestic accounts were metered, which is set to rise to 92% by 2015, an additional 487 000 accounts. The emphasis in the consultation process is to explain the economics behind the programme. Radio and newspaper advertising is followed by distributing information and meeting local groups and communities.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264240407-8-en	6d3e22a23ad91965bc17dc3846ef02fa	The reforms increased the flexibility of the previously highly-centralised education system by introducing greater freedom of choice with regard to programme types, textbook selection and teaching methods. They also promoted democratic participation in educational processes by granting more responsibility to municipalities and parents (Zogla, Andersone and Cemova, 2007). In the vocational education system, a process of consolidation was initiated.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	6d40d161ffa6b41b72687d4322521bed	The cost of water is reportedly 25 times cheaper than before, while the service level has been maintained.273 The company has also been proactive in seeking out households in need of financial assistance and raising awareness about the availability of subsidies. To fulfil this right, public authorities use various strategies for the provision of free basic water and sanitation services. Each household is entitled to a supply of 6,000 litres of free, safe water per month, and ventilated improved pit latrines and flush toilets are being installed to replace bucket latrines in townships.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6d4349ba5e6f1db80c5464d8f6a5307a	Individual farms also have large regional variations in size, from 1 782 hectares in Mangistau to 29 hectares in South Kazakhstan and 95 hectares in Almaty oblast. In sum, the regional variations indicate that where economies of scale are more pronounced, farms are larger and agricultural enterprises more prevalent. Where economies of scale are less strong, e.g. in cotton and in the mixed farming of the southeast, individual farms have become the norm (Annex Table 1.A.10 and 1.A.11).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	6d456d50ab1efc10a3a6feca10218686	Individuals with lower educational attainments are less likely to have participated in adult education and training in the last 12 months. Being foreign-born does not imply a statistically different probability of attending adult education and training compared to native-born when controlling for background variables. Coefficients with a value below 1 indicate that there is less chance of an event occurring for a particular group compared to the reference group, and coefficients greater than 1 represent greater chances. Literacy and literacy residuals variables are scaled by their respective standard deviations.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6d4673baae30ecd978ef962b0d0b5a08	Pollution from factories and power plants has been the classic example for the concepts of external or social cost. While long considered a beneficial side-effect of decarbonisation, pollution control efforts are increasingly the primary policy driver for reducing fossil fuel use in power generation, with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) being a welcome side-effect. Indeed, in most climate change mitigation studies, the benefits from reducing human exposure to PM, S02 and NOx outweigh the benefits of reducing GHG emissions and the resulting climate change mitigation, which offers new perspectives for internalisation.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/c530cc54-en	6d47bf6956af958e60ee8477d6748c4a	This component of LEAP falls under the second type, income transfers combined with asset accumulation. Other programmes within this type aim at strengthening individual or communal assets. They include permanent public works and guaranteed employment programmes, such as Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) and India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/db521e55-en	6d493e142a19ebcda9d2489f613223c0	"Aware of the consensus-building role that Brazil had played in a variety of multilateral processes. Ban Ki-moon had approached President Rousseff two weeks earlier at the G20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey, and requested Brazil to play a ""bridge-building"" role in Paris. As a consequence, Brazil included both a team to represent their national position in the negotiations and a team to engage with other delegations on consensus-building within their delegation."	13	3	3	0.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	6d495e117ff5c8a180c4ed883dcde544	Moreover, SUC has a longer term focus, with goals not tied solely to valuations, but a focus on creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Interestingly, it includes a special programme for female-founders. Selected start-ups receive around USD 14 000 equity free and 4 months acceleration (i.e. seed investment, connections, mentorship, educational components) that culminate in a public pitch event. After the 4 months, successful start-ups may apply for the seed programme. There are two application rounds per year selecting 20-30 high potential female founded start-ups in each round. Instead of establishing a gender quota for the accelerator, SUC decided that a supported programme for less experienced female entrepreneurs would have a stronger impact on changing the low-female-founded start-up ratio.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	6d49772b7e0bfae5e119cc583570a9d2	Adopted in March 2007 by a group of human rights experts convened by the International Commission of Jurists and the I nternational Service for H u ma n Rights on beha If of a coa I i-tion of human rights organizations. From these developments, it is evident that States have a positive duty to prevent, protect and punish cases of violence even when the harm takes place within the family. In its General Recommendation No.	5	7	3	0.4
10.18356/63d08c20-en	6d499a2bb4602734415d8d9dedbbecc3	Most refugees live in individual accommodation in urban areas (UNHCR, 2018c) where they seek security, anonymity, job opportunities and better access to services. Around 500,000 Syrians who were never registered by UNHCR are excluded from the new residency policy in March 2017 that waived residency fees for refugees registered by UNHCR (Janmyr, 2018). In 2015, Tunisia officially hosted fewer than 1,000 refugees (UNHCR, 2016a), even though some 1 million Libyans had fled there from the civil war (Karasapan, 2015).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/048348bd-en	6d4b89bda5b32eaed4f035638dce2bbb	Data from water, waste water and emission accounts can be taken into environmentally-extended input-output model provided that the data in the accounts is sufficiently disaggregated. Water-amended input-output modelling allows interesting opportunities e.g. for studying water issues in the contexts of circular economy and international trade. In the following sub-chapters, we describe some of these applications to illustrate why water accounts are highly relevant.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c30f3d31-en	6d4eebb09ec8985eaf5d2128652ce422	First, although the formalization of informal jobs is itself a positive step, the effect may be initially to widen the gender pay gap as there may be an increase in the share of women in low-paid formal sector jobs. Second, women's material position is not improved if the gap is closed either because men’s pay has declined or if real wages are falling for both men and women. Figure i shows that, in the United Kingdom, although the gender pay gap narrowed after the financial crisis, real wages were falling for both women and men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	6d4f00a39d93a072da8beab8d158faf7	This means that 8 million fewer people were living in poverty and 3 million fewer were living in extreme poverty in 2011. The indigence line is updated each year on the basis of the variation in the food price index, whereas the non-food component of the poverty line is updated on the basis of the variation in prices for other goods. For the years from 2007 to 2009, that difference was the main reason why indigence rose at the region-wide level while pov erty declined. The poverty rate is likely to fall by at least one half of a percentage point, while the indigence rate is expected to hold more or less steady at its 2011 level.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en	6d56ae2d55a0fcaff17de17147794a89	Qualification mismatch is determined based on a comparison of a worker’s qualification level - expressed as the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level corresponding to his or her highest educational qualification - and what is thought to be the required qualification level for his or her occupation code - the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) code attached to the job he or she holds. Because ISCED levels do not accurately reflect skills -not even those acquired in initial education - and ISCO codes do not accurately describe jobs, the resulting measure does not precisely describe how a worker’s skills set matches the skills needed to carry out his or her tasks at work. Skills mismatch, however, refers more precisely to a worker’s actual skills and to the skills needed in his or her specific job.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/35651950-en	6d575d433b69337ce08917e4f3f56c00	It is common to find projects focused on rural or peri-urban areas to try to close access gaps with urban areas. Affordability concerns are already being integrated in project preparation in many water sector projects. However, the equitable access dimension related to vulnerable and marginalized groups is rarely considered (with maybe the exception of schools and healthcare centers).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/152bf84c-en	6d5a5723b552afe2f105e7013098fb65	Within a single country, different groups of women may occupy different positions of power within the same fish value chain, depending on how wealthy they are or on their religion and ethnicity. In general, women are concentrated in the lower levels offish value chains (De Silva, 2011). Their unpaid labour sustains fishing households.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	6d5a994d67b1ebb9f33d63b411efd29a	There is also the factor of the “subjective cost of labour”, which is a person’s marginal disutility of labour (or marginal utility of foregone leisure) weighted by his marginal utility of income. Typically, this would give a positive value, and hence a positive reservation wage rate. The underlying issues have also been modelled as a case of “occupational choice” in the new literature on endogenous inequality, where the occupational choice space can be dichotomous, a multitude, or even a continuum.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	6d5da1a65337996442bc5658ea2c26ad	Information and the insights provided to us by computational models or ML models can help us plan the development of national infrastructure better, as well as enable us to make plans to prevent disasters during natural or man-made crisis events. Besides this, several technologies, tools, and products exist to enable the conversion of raw data or data from models into actionable information for use in regular maintenance and repair, as well as during times of crisis. Integrated command and control systems can be used to implement this thinking on an operational level.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6d5dbfe884166149d555acd0d09115f2	Heating oil and natural gas are indeed substitutes in electricity generation and certain industrial uses, which induces fuel switching and price correlation in the short or medium terms. In electricity generation for instance, gas-fired plants exhibit a very high sensitivity to fuel prices as a two-fold increase in the fuel cost can augment the cost of generating electricity by over a third (IEA/NEA, 2010). On the contrary, for nuclear power plants the fuel price risk is generally much lower than for fossil-fuelled plants, since fuel costs are a small share of total cost, indeed even a doubling of the cost of uranium would only increase the share of fuel costs from 10% to about 20%, implying an increase of about 10% in the total cost of electricity produced by a nuclear plant. This translates into stable costs over the lifetime of a plant and, depending on market structure, potentially into stable electricity prices. In 2008 the ratio of spot to total deliveries in the EU-27 was 2.8% (Euratom Annual report, 2008).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289331142-4-en	6d60fad51c91b53b34b920adec516a5f	A shift towards heavy industries and a decline in low-carbon industries (light industry, machinery, etc.) Thus, the policies aimed at the elimination of the dominance of heavy industries plays a positive role in terms of emission reduction. These measures directly influence fossil fuel consumption, and hence the carbon emissions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	6d629b891aaff10795a5f909f5995e63	However, labour market features (the high share of self-employment, high level of informality and persistent duality) lead to gaps in coverage for many workers and job seekers. Despite progress, many workers and their families do not have access to social supports: for example, social assistance take-up is in Korea well below the OECD average: the Basic Livelihood Security Programme covers around 13% of that population compared with an (unweighted) OECD average of around 30% (OECD, 2018(7]). Some efforts have been made also to customise Korea’s social assistance payment (Basic Livelihood Security Program) to claimants needs, as well as to improve the situation of the working poor. From September 2018 onwards, Korea has introduced a family allowance paid to families with children aged 0-5 years old, and which is loosely means-tested, with only households on incomes at or above the 90th percentile of the income distribution not eligible.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	6d66c958929dd48125b27de199af73cc	Stronger partnerships between tertiary education institutions and industrial associations could stimulate innovation in the modes of delivery of education and training. This would require transparent pathways between different levels of education and also between higher education institutions. In order to make the connection between the current research focus and a more broadly defined third mission, “translational research” could be adapted to address the critical issues that bridge the university and community.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-31-en	6d684b2fc1618cd473a70950f85f76c6	For the North Sea, the advice is given on about 60 stocks and is available publicly. According to the 2016 advice, most fished species are fished sustainably, following the goal of harvest at maximum sustainable yield (MSY). One exception is European sea bass. To address this issue, EU-wide measures have been undertaken, including lower catch limits for 2016.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	6d6869142ac56bee4043cc4d8a851b2a	Patient harm can be caused by a specific incident (adverse event) or a cascade of events (miscommunications, delays, errors or omissions) which are individually innocuous but collectively result in harm. Error can occur at the planning, monitoring or execution phase of health care. An acceptable minimum refers to the collective notions of current knowledge, resources available and the context in which care was delivered and weighed against the risk of non-treatment or alternative treatment (WHO 2004).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	6d6a84e74603ac29e38bf6a18e9073cf	Strong public institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability for fulfilling gender equality and mainstreaming commitments. Tools for evidence-based and inclusive policy making that account for potentially different effects on women and men. Effective monitoring mechanisms and reliable gender-disaggregated evidence for making informed policy decisions. For example, Mexico’s National Women’s Institute developed an institutional mechanism called “National System for Equality between Women and Men”, which co-ordinates the gender-related work of 42 federal agencies.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	6d6b2ed042043aea664898da873a0184	Firstly, white settlers fleeing from newly independent African countries, many of them in fact being returning South Africans; and secondly, refugees and people leaving Eastern Europe (Peberdy, 2009). The uncertainties of the last decade before 1994, coupled with a sense of imminent loss of power for white South Africans, have resulted in a negative migration rate since 1994. Based on the number of permanent residence permits issued, it can also be seen that the proportion of African immigrants decreased until 1992/93, while the numbers of Asian immigrants jumped dramatically.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	6d6d43295ba96f7bfe996af2c7210319	The environmental costs of production, such as pollution, toxic waste and greenhouse gas emissions are externalized. Such patterns of development create profits at environmental expense, whether through the entrenched fossil fuel systems that supply industry, energy and automobiles, or through industrial agriculture that generates short-term gain by mining soils and depleting water resources. Such patterns are unsustainable, compromising future production and consumption and threatening the integrity and resilience of ecosystems and biodiversity (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	6d704535836aab01e1ede3c03c99bfda	It is therefore clear that any further gains from improvement to existing preference schemes will come from the USA implementing a broad and comprehensive DFQF scheme. A recent study employing a computable general equilibrium model estimates that full implementation of DFQF by OECD countries would boost LDC exports by about USD 2 billion (or 17 per cent) without affecting preference-granting countries in any major way (Bouet et al. Another study - commissioned by the ICTSD - uses a partial equilibrium model to examine the impact of providing 100 per cent dutyfree treatment to LDC exports by a selected group of trade partners - including four major developed economies with long-standing trade preference schemes (Canada, the EU, Japan and the USA), one with a fairly recent duty-free scheme (Korea), and two emerging economies (China and India). Impacts on the rest of the world will be negligible (Table 7.3).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a25027f3-en	6d7357321eceb54a94bbd6eaa5ef2fcd	These unemployment queues are lengthening and the pool of the unemployed is getting deeper. Available data show that the widening “earnings gap” does not merely reflect differences in productivity (or investment in human capital), but is more closely associated with better access to highly paid jobs and positions through family connections and institutional factors (for example, endowment of “symbolic capital” a la Bourdieu), which make the labour market highly segmented. High job turnover and more irregular earnings are leading to a large section of the workforce in the ESCWA region falling into the secondary labour market, with low, irregular income and weak social protection.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	6d75adba88d47d0b9460953019b77abd	Furthermore, the World Bank is working to deepen the reach of those funds in cooperation with the regional development banks in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Innovative financing in dealing with climate change is needed now, more than ever, to confront what has emerged as the major threat to the development priorities of the poorest countries and communities. Other examples are basic telecommunications and financial services.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	6d78eb68613056987d7a8ef2b159acc1	A second caveat relates to the definition of the STW take-up variable in terms of the number of participating workers rather than the number of full-time equivalent participants. A bias in the country-specific estimates of the impact of short-time working may thus be introduced to the extent that the average reduction in working time, as a result of short-time work, differs across countries. More specifically, the estimated jobs impact is likely to be underestimated in countries where the average reduction in working time per worker is relatively large (e.g. in countries where short-time work tends to take the form of temporary layoffs such as Finland and Norway) and overestimated in countries where the average reduction in working time is relatively small (e.g. Germany and Japan).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46a5795c-en	6d7a259b9a6a6f142075bd2b362e3c11	Occasionally, such a scheme is complemented by another scheme, usually non-contributory, to cover unemployed persons who do not qualify for or are no longer entitled to unemployment benefits from the contributory scheme. Data from national household surveys (Labour Force Surveys in particular and Household Budget Surveys) can be used provided that employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme can be identified and that the number of persons concerned is sufficient to provide representative results (based on a sample survey). Establishment surveys can possibly be an alternative source, for example data from an employee benefits survey, ensuring an adequate coverage of employees in the survey. The source for the denominator will preferably be census data or Labour Force Survey data.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	6d7c60d30c7b1d9da832a7253e58d543	As well as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which takes place every two years, ministers responsible for education, environment, civil society, finance, foreign affairs, gender affairs, health law, tourism and youth also meet regularly. This ensures that Commonwealth policies and programmes represent the views of the members and gives governments a better understanding of each other's goals in an increasingly globalised world. The following statement was only included in the 2007 CHOGM Ministerial Statement because of the founding of the Commonwealth Disabled People's Forum103 in Uganda in 2007. It has subsequently been poorly supported, but is still functioning.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	6d7ca887995679c33b8ba15113129c55	There are, with few exceptions (salmon hatcheries), no measures applied to enhance the productivity of the oceans, analogous to seeding, fertilization, or plowing and harrowing; the fisheries take what nature gives them, and nature responds in a niggardly way if the fisheries take too much. The productivity of the oceans depends on ocean climate; the upwelling of nutritional materials from the deep sea that occurs in certain areas depends on currents, which in turn depend on winds, and currents carry plankton to certain areas so the fish can thrive. The strength and even location of ocean currents can vary substantially over time, which in turn gives rise to fluctuations in the productivity of fish stocks, as well as in their migrations and location.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	6d7e06549b33bce16f210dbf4c7f2985	During its operations, the landfill grew to a height of 70m and contained 17 million cubic metres of waste (Park Sharon, n.d.). By its final year of operation in 1998, the landfill was receiving 3 000 tons of household waste per day before the Ministry of Environmental Protection made the decision to transform the landfill site into a transfer station in 1999. The immense amount of garbage in the landfill site also attracted flocks of birds such that at one point, the birds were a hindrance to the safe landing of aitplanes landing and taking off from the nearby Ben-Gurion airport.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	6d8148ca716278d8f6444043f51a37b9	While data for household food losses are relatively reliable, coverage of other areas of the supply chain remains insufficient (Bagherzadeh, Inamura and Jeong, 2014). Case study evidence from Japan and the United Kingdom suggests that the reduction of food losses and waste has been a major policy objective in these two countries for a number of years. In both countries, food waste within the food industry has been reduced, yet while household food waste declined by 15% in the United Kingdom, no change in consumer food waste could be identified for Japan.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	6d83f0dedd2318985e56118eb67d57f5	Diabetes with complications causes heavier limitations and has a stronger effect on employment probability compared to diabetes without complications (Kraut et al., Diabetic people earn less than non-diabetics (Minor, 2013; Ng et al, 2001). Diabetes may affect the number of worked hours and the choice of full/part-time work (Pelkowski et al.,	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/78349259-en	6d849fe15381ca8bc7089d35a743334e	Similarly, efforts to target women in public works projects by setting gender quotas can lead to unintended outcomes, if women who are already overburdened and “time poor” have to do even more work. Within die region’s complex resource environment, and amid die debate on self-reliance versus self-sufficiency in food for sustainable food security, the gender equality scorecard is marked by disparity. This is reflected in human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) rankings.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	6d8599b3bb1b74148850e864944abb74	In Africa, women receive 7 percent of agricultural extension services and less than 10 percent of credit offered to small-scale farm holders. Moreover, inasmuch as educational curricula tend to exclude topics with particular relevance to women (such as nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, gender-specific tools, and management), gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated in agricultural education, research, and extension services (Davis and others, 2007). The ability of farmers to innovate, learn from one another and adapt to change largely depends on their capacity to access and process information including through information and communications technology.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6a39744b-en	6d86babe0620166c5b4e8e7e7c56f356	Despite these successes, challenges remain: there are tensions between public policies that focus on regulatory or restrictive approaches and those that support development. There can also be tension between collective and private rights, with different stakeholders having different priorities, and difficulties in balancing tradition and innovation. Its population growth is 0.36 percent per year.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	6d8a41815d1035976dd5fb130f183b68	Expressing the results in this form stresses the importance of reducing losses for the larger cities. By comparison, the average of the 20 water companies in the UK loose 7m3/km/d, ten times less than in Chisinau (Moldova). There have been some improvements in recent years, such as in Ukraine, Moldova or Armenia (which started from very low levels), but performance has sharply deteriorated in Georgia.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	6d8b77ed1776140432df96003ba2f4ab	The budgets available to CGIAR centres grew from $15 million in 1970 to $305 million in 1990 (Pardey and Beintema, 2001). Basic education, agricultural research and extension services to support farmers also improved, and international lending for agricultural development was prioritized. Also, the technology arising from the green revolution was based on intensive use of fertilizers, chemical pesticides and water, which had negative environmental impacts.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	6d920f3f390150581f3b070466cce65b	People involved in accidents who are 65 years or older incur a relatively higher share of accident cost in accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles than other age groups (Figures 2.13 and Figure A.3). The difference arises both because relatively more elderly people are victims in such accidents and because the injuries they sustain tend to be more severe than the injuries of younger victims. The total percentage of accident cost from such accidents accounts for 52.7% of total accident costs for the elderly, but only 26.3% of the total cost for all other people affected by traffic accidents.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	6d935496b6d136bf7fe18d8edbe168aa	There are no common standards of collection and use of data, some registers are not electronic, and information systems are not mutually compatible. The implementation of the new legislation on information systems and of the “e-health” programme, which is planned to be completed by 2015, should improve the situation. Another possibility is that the illness resolves itself while waiting for treatment. A more subtle argument arises from the existence of a private-sector alternative.	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	6d94bf4dd93c50e51044f92a29234911	This is underpinned by a bold public health vision that states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home. Scotland has demonstrated keenness to play an internationally leading role in promoting health care quality, as evidenced by its innovative patient safety initiatives, world-class training programmes, and a clear desire to learn from patients ’ experience. Scotland is also taking steps to integrate health, social care and other services for local populations, and has an abundance of data to measure the progress in achieving health system and outcome goals.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	6d96157842531ef04e1062002dd35707	The Union Learning Fund receives public funding (GBP 12 million in 2016-17) to develop the capacity of trade unions to work w'ith employers, employees and learning providers to encourage greater take up of learning in the workplace. The learning offer generally reflects government skills policy, with the current focus on basic skills and apprenticeships. The 2016 Union Learning Evaluation survey revealed that learners acquire both soft skills (self-confidence, professional development and planning skills) and hard skills (vocational, literacy, numeracy, language and IT skills), and most believed that the skills they developed could be transferable to a new job. Union learning representatives perform an advocacy role in promoting learning to their colleagues, both union members and not. These representatives engage with low'-skilled workers, w'ho are less likely to participate in training.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/21b84508-en	6d989e2e5d5ddf942d5bb017fc300af6	Frequently, impacts on child labour have been mainly among older children. The Mexican PROG RES A/Oporfun/c/ac/es/Prospera programme, for example, reduced child work among children aged 12-17 years, especially among boys, and increased school enrolment at the junior high school level (Skoufias and Parker, 2001). Similar findings have been reported in studies evaluating two conditional cash transfer programmes in Cambodia and Pakistan, two school-feeding programmes in Bangladesh and Burkina Faso, one unconditional cash transfer programme in Ecuador and two education fee waiver/ scholarship programmes in Colombia and Indonesia (IEG, 2011). Other studies reported similar findings from the LEAP programme in Ghana (OPM 2013a). In Malawi, however, the SCT programme reduced child wage labour outside the household while it rose inside the household, as younger children replaced adults in performing chores, caring for other household members and working on the farm; nevertheless, this was combined with a substantial rise in school attendance (Covarrubias, Davis and Winters, 2012). The Zambia Child Grant model had no clear impacts on child labour (Daidone, Davis, Dewbre, Gonzalez-Flores etal.,	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	6d9a262a0330675d099de14264f5a444	Como (2008) explicitly distinguishes adaptive teaching from individualised instruction, noting that in adaptive teaching, teachers never adapt to individual students in a social vacuum. However, these terms are used quite differently in the literature. For instance, whereas Diack (2004) and Campbell et al. (	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	6d9b2902a0870ecc58309034efb8b684	In 2009, G20 leaders made a commitment to “rationalise and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption” and called on the rest of the world to do the same. In addition to being environmentally-harmful, the subsidies absorb substantial public resources that could be spent elsewhere, and largely benefit the wealthy. The Indonesian government continues to pursue reform, however. At the beginning of 2015, it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel price-setting regime.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	6d9cac9b7f41b829338c69ae1a727eac	The OECD has developed a conceptual framework for monitoring progress towards green growth. While the set of indicators is still being refined, indicators pertinent to the energy sector are those that measure the carbon-productivity or intensity of energy production and consumption, energy intensity and efficiency, “clean” energy-related research and development and patents, as well as measures of energy related taxes and subsidies. More needs to be done to improve data quality, methodologies and definitions, and to link the data to economic information. It also requires appropriate information and indicators to support policy design and analysis, identify ineffective or no longer needed measures, and monitor progress.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	6d9d7d918ce357e689ccc4d4eb8cccb9	Unemployment is particularly high among youth (15-24 years old), with an important gender gap: in 2007, almost half of all young women in Egypt and Jordan were unemployed compared to 17.2% of young men in Egypt and 23.7% in Jordan (World Bank, 201 lb). Various trends in nationality restrictions and in the prevalence of foreign workers can potentially impact women’s vulnerability in employment. In the last quarter of 2010, Algeria witnessed a female unemployment rate of 19.1% compared with a male unemployment rate of 8.1%.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	6da7107f99461c4397c1ae54e1bd3a83	The magnitude and persistence of the financial and economic crisis will depend, among other things, on the confidence of actors in the international financial system and the efficacy of economic revival plans that most industrialized and emerging countries have begun to put into action. However, designing practical and appropriate policies in developing countries to stimulate growth and protect vulnerable populations groups, in particular children, from the harmful effects of the crisis requires an understanding of the likely magnitude and nature of these effects. African growth will decline by two thirds according to IMF forecasts - from 6.2 and 5.2 per cent, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 to 1.7 per cent in 2009 - with sub-Saharan Africa facing a more extreme decline - at 1.3 per cent in 2009 compared to 7.0 to 5.5 per cent, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 (IMF 2009b).	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	6da8eaad0746d3238a7bbaf8c1743efb	When temperatures drop, and lichen is covered with ice, many reindeer are likely to starve. In addition, the thinning of the Arctic ice has made tracking reindeer herds more dangerous, as the inherited local knowledge regarding safe tracking is then no longer useful. This is clear when considering the case of Nepal, a least developed country, where rising temperatures, erratic rain- and snowfall, and the unpredictability of the beginning of the monsoon season have resulted in slow growth and decreased crop production.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	6daa22e0485f73dca02ba535a22760a9	Mexico’s Productive Territories programme, for example, designates technical teams in charge of designing development plans for specific poor mral areas, taking into account existing assets and local needs. The technical team also ensures that local communities access all federal support programmes for which they are eligible. This is the main objective of the Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development programme in India. The analysis of region’s potential is made by specialised agencies that receive governmental funds. Support for SMEs to integrate IP protection as part of their business models where such protection is appropriate can also support innovative SMEs. Several types of IP rights are particularly relevant for traditional sectors.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	6dae81771821cfc5f0c65169a2e4d312	Since April 2013, NHS England has commissioned health services for all prisoners in England. Following two challenges under the Human Rights Act in 2006 and 2010, prisoners are entitled to receive the same NHS healthcare treatments as non-prisoners - known as “equivalence of care”. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 abolished PCTs and transferred offender health budgets to NHS England from the beginning of April 2013.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	6db04bcefa75022583c74caf6e7fd3ce	In 2013, health expenditure (excluding investment in the health sector) represented 6.9% of GDP in Korea and is estimated to have increased further to 7.1% of GDP in 2014. Still, the health spending share of GDP remains much lower than the OECD average in 2013 (8.9%). This was about two-thirds of the OECD average and half of the G7 average. Health expenditure per capita in real terms (adjusted for inflation) more than doubled between 2003 and 2013, whereas it increased by only about 1.5 times across the OECD on average.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	6db47b2d9f55208b7b62b49295a60be3	The most targeted way of addressing work incentives affected by childcare costs would be to increase the refund rate for eligible childcare costs. Potential cost-driving effects on childcare provision should be considered. The rate was lowered from 80% to 70% in the 2010 spending review, with estimated savings of £350 million a year.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	6db564350437b06a27f2e80bc1f958db	Moreover, polluters are given an on-going incentive to reduce adverse environmental impacts, whereas regulatory command-and-control approaches are static: once the target is reached, there is no incentive to make further improvements. Economic instruments can offer incentives that impact on drivers of biodiversity loss, and hence are also instruments for mainstreaming. As with regulatory instruments, their effective design and implementation will also depend on the institutional and governance capacity within a country.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/50e33932-en	6db5a3670988fa621d99ca8a65df16d5	Besides, the definition has been applied to Colombia, where 54 FUAs have been identified (Sanchez-Serra, 2016). The new typology classifies TL3 regions into metropolitan if more than 50% of the regional population live in a FUA of at least 250 thousand inhabitants (and as Large metro TL3 region (MR-L), if more than 50% of its population lives in a FUA of at least 1.5 million inhabitants or Metro TL3 region (MR-M)), and non-metropolitan otherwise. Non-metropolitan TL3 regions (NMR) are further classified according to their level of access to FUAs of different sizes into: With access to a metro TL3 region (NMR-M), With access to a small/medium city TL3 region (NMR-S), and Remote TL3 region (NMR-R).	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6db657113b1e59ce3141c0af607f6793	"Every person bom in the Greater Lebanon territory and who did not acquire a foreign nationality, upon birth, by affiliation. Every person born in the Greater Lebanon territory of unknown parents or parents of unknown nationality"" (Article 1).5 A woman may transmit her nationality to her children in the event of the death of her husband, or if the child has an unknown or stateless father. Her role in this case is limited to making it possible for her husband to obtain Tunisian nationality in accordance with naturalisation laws without being subjected to the five-year residency requirement under Article 20 of the National Code. In contrast, Yemeni women are required to separate from their husband and return to Yemen. Article 14 dictates that in order to recover her original Yemeni nationality, a woman must terminate her marriage or at least reside in Yemen. This represents a discriminatory practice towards Yemeni women."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/81e6e689-en	6db8352a4d4acb4d0d75f8096d5a0054	It is therefore argued that good governance is a precondition for poverty reduction by ensuring sustained growth. Additionally, “pro-poor” good governance reforms are supposed to enhance the scale and efficiency of service delivery to people living in poverty. The stabilization of property rights, the rule of law and the significant reduction of corruption—that is, the achievement of good governance goals—require fiscal capabilities not available in most developing countries. As structural and fiscal constraints prevent significant improvements in governance capabilities, market failures are likely to remain significant, and are unlikely to be significantly reduced by governance reforms.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190658-7-en	6db9705795d5ac5a2b413255aa244359	The following four sections describe key features of student assessment and country practices, structured around the main topics of the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes: governance, procedures, capacity and use of results. The final section provides pointers for policy development. It encompasses summative and formative purposes, and may be designed and implemented internally within the school or externally through standardised assessments.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	6dba86bd503fafc0aa805a438ddaed73	A new type of strategic (challenge-driven) PPPs should be established based on new models of governance and operation. This includes embedding them into innovation ecosystems, improving access to business services that facilitate the development of management skills necessary for the internationalisation of SMEs and better integrating them into global value chains (GVCs). All three elements need to be combined to make both new and existing industries more dynamic. Finally, efforts should be geared towards providing better growth opportunities for firms through value creation networks and internationalisation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	6dbba14787bab1dfa8ae708fbe80c3bb	The initial version of the Law on Permits and Licences considered permits for surface water abstraction and wastewater dischaiges; however, shortly after adoption, permits for surface water abstraction were cancelled. The issuance of permits for wastewater dischaige, which was also included in the initial version of the Law, was abolished in 2007. The 2005 Tax Code abolished the taxes for environmental pollution, including water pollution. Georgia’s water-related environmental legislation has developed considerably since the 1997 Law on Water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	6dbdfb88f5c5a7a4b80a14082393f2ce	Golgher (2010a) analysed Brazilian households’ perceived deprivation and found that deprivation profiles differed markedly between urban and rural areas. He also found very little correlation between deprivation and income for most of the dimensions covered in his study (Golgher, 2010b). It is based on a multidimensional deprivation index (mdi) inspired by the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007) and applied in 104 developing countries, including Brazil, by Alkire and Santos (2010). The mdi has four dimensions (housing conditions, health, education and the labour market) that are captured by 13 non-monetary indicators (see table 2). The measurements using this index indicate that a majority of the population lives in households that are not experiencing deprivation and that, of those that are, the instance of deprivation is confined to a single indicator.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	6dbff8b413e1152fd45088f9390f581c	In DAC statistical reporting systems, commitments, even if multi-year, are recorded in whole in the year they are signed (the use of moving averages in statistical presentations smoothes the resulting fluctuations). Subsequent disbursements of an earlier commitment are recorded annually, in the years they are transferred from donors to recipients. An increase in aid allocations (commitments) is thus visible in disbursements data only with a few years’ time lag.	13	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6dc0a2eeed692e681c8b757bdb025a5d	Even if it is assumed that migrant workers send home the entire amount of their wages and salaries, the total income generated by them is much larger due to complementarities between migrant and native workers and higher corporate profits, that is, the increment in GDP is much higher than the income of the migrant workers. One approach to estimate this additional benefit uses the concept of consumer surplus (Borjas, 2010). Consumer surplus arises due to lower prices that consumers pay as a larger supply of goods or services is made available by the migrant workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	6dc472e8794394197a14a2983430f120	Financial market reforms, domestic banking supervision and macro-prudential regulations designed to reduce financial fragility are not covered in country-specific Going for Growth priorities as this in an area where collective rather than isolated action is needed (see Box 1.1 in Going for Groioth 2011). A growing body of research highlights that rapid increases in domestic credit have can have predictive power over subsequent crisis (Gourinchas and Obstfled, 2012; Jorda, Schularick and Taylor, 2011; Schularick and Taylor, 2012; Borio and Lowe, 2002). In looking at the implications for the current account, the section considers the impact of structural reforms on both public and private investment and saving rates, and hence including the effect occurring through a change in the fiscal balance.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264249424-en	6dc4c83bc667955d3f549738c458233c	Methodological choices made this year on refined definitions and accounting approaches represent progress but it may be some time before they can be systematically implemented and before data can be consistently and routinely collected. Improved methodologies for more robust estimates would need to take into account the effects of public finance for capacity building or budgetary support, and of public policies, while also considering the role of domestic conditions for enabling private financial flows. We note in particular that there are opportunities for developed country Parties to improve on the transparency and comprehensiveness of their climate finance reporting under the UNFCCC. The OECD and CPI stand ready to support and continue to co-operate with and contribute towards these efforts.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	6dc909088b88074d400761ef92e4de24	Training materials have been simplified and the scheduling of training takes into account women’s time constraints. In addition, the fees charged to women clients are lower (never more than EGP 100) because of their lesser ability to pay normal fees. By responding to these circumstances of women, El Mobadara has adopted a more gender-sensitive approach to the delivery of BDS services.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	6dcb0b1c3252c5233b038d88b334cfe8	However, the project is already fulfilling its objective. Awareness of the importance of ecosystem services has increased in Iceland, and its incorporation into national and local decisionmaking has been proposed. The literature review has been selective in seeking out studies that capture economic values of ecosystem services that are not directly reflected by market prices.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	6dcb5480787de899821b31ff6897809a	According to estimations presented in the “Columbus 2050” report of the Uiban Land Institute, the tax revenue to acre ratio and the land value to acre ratio is higher for mixed-use projects. Sources: Author's own elaboration based on various sources including Schneider, K. (2016), “Downtown Columbus comes to life with targeted investment”, www.nvtimes.com/2016/06/01 /realestate/commercial/downtown-colmnbus-comes-to-life-with-niillcnnial-tower.html? Greenpoint’s waterfront location (bounded by Newtown Creek) helped turn the neighbourhood into an industrial powerhouse and a centre for shipbuilding.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3af953a4-en	6dd18798bb1daed6c03b45837744ab5e	Through special measures, historical wrongs and inequalities are corrected by temporarily giving advantages to women, and giving them access to opportunities that traditionally have been out of their reach. Achieving substantive equality requires a change in attitudes, in gender roles and stereotyping; a fundamental societal change which will lead to a change in women's lived realities. Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. They must refrain from engaging in discriminatory practices, ensure that third parties do not discriminate in a forbidden manner and take positive action to guarantee women's equality.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	6dd646aa3f93fbb30ea0b09b0482d1ba	A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region. Includes national forests, states forests and forest plantations. The Amazonia Legal super-region corresponds to an area larger than the Amazon biome, encompassing both the Amazonian forest (about 4.1 million km ) and transitional vegetation (1 million km^); the Amazon biome covers only the forest area.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	6dd821ea9a94ed0e39bc7265385d5bc2	This topic includes health statistics on morbidity (such as incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with pollution are to be included in this topic. Water-related diseases and conditions are still significant public health problems in developing countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	6dd8c4f31afd9ab5470d488bff67aa73	Over the last 20 years, alcohol consumption has increased by two litres per capita per year (compared to an average reduction of four litres across the OECD) and over the last decade, rates of obesity have increased by 50%, one of the steepest increases in the OECD. Of particular concern are high rates of unhealthy lifestyles in Czech children. Children who establish smoking habits in early adolescence increase their risk of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses and cancer. They are also more likely to experiment with alcohol and other drugs.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	6dda247669a94ead87b558eada0e4063	In other words, the details of institutional design are at least as important as the overall choice of policy instrument. This wide range is not limited to gasoline retail prices, but is typical of most energy markets. Fifteen countries (mainly oil producers) had “very high subsidies”, with retail prices ranging from 1 to 51 cents per litre, which was below the world crude oil price of $81 per barrel at the time.	7	3	5	0.25
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	6dddad9f11cdd257b109ab6c5eea4204	These young people raised three main concerns over the health status in their respective countries: the deteriorating health status among women, the lack of awareness of health risks and differential health service provision between the public and private sectors (annex 2 table A.14). In Iraq, the rate rose by around 6 per 1,000 population, while, in Syria, it surged almost fourfold. In both cases, the increases may be attributed to the continuing conflicts in the two countries. In the other Mashreq countries, the rates fell, notably, in Lebanon, where the rate dropped in 2012 to almost one ninth the rate in 1990.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	6dde30e5d6c5d960b7b2bfde42d9c403	The Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) leads rural technical assistance and extension services which focus on family agriculture. At the national level, the priorities for R&D are established by the national government through the different ministries involved in innovation, led by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI) which also has a strong role in providing resources for agricultural research, especially at the university R&D level. Agricultural research is thus integrated into the national innovation system, as reflected in the National Strategy for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation 2012-15, and follows clear mechanisms at both the federal and state levels.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	6de0713d2d31c9a2f9fcd5b3e742a96a	This allow's the president of a company, in partnership with a venture capital fund, to transfer his/her business, or more generally to prepare his/her succession, by selling his/her business in several stages (double trigger LBO). This may be cash funds (in cash) or in kind funds (machine, building, patent). In exchange for their capital, external investors receive shares of the company.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	6de1d1f6b301ab2ba9b38da6318f8a2b	Given the potency of the drugs and the small amounts that need to be transported, combatting illicit supply is extremely difficult, though with some success recently. U.S. Custom and Border statistics reveal that discovery of fentanyl has increased considerably in the past couple of years from essentially none in 2015 (US CBP, 2018(52]). These statistics also show a marked increase in seizures of methamphetamine (which tripled between 2012 and 2017).	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	6de3325a5420d6853bc7d9b062290777	But the story is not fully written. But to the extent that decentralization has not been fully realized in practice, many discrepancies and inadequacies have been attributed to questions of finance. Chapter 8 notes that city financing particularly in rapidly urbanizing developing countries is not keeping pace with the demand for infrastructure and services.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	6de3bcf4ce4ca47471e3bbe99fff8dfd	It will be important for developed countries to signal clear and transparent pathways to achieving the USD 100 billion goal in order to give confidence to developing countries and to enable medium to long term planning. The survey contributes to better informed decisions on future aid allocations by individual donors and for partner countries, and reveals opportunities for improved co-ordination among development actors. It is considered an important tool for international accountability and improved predictability (OECD, 2014). The survey could also be designed to collect information on predicted shares of ODA targeting climate change.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	6de42a00c623959cebc9d2ed768595ec	Finally, the inclusion of intangible capital in the US growth accounts explains a larger share of labour productivity growth, leaving a smaller contribution of MFP to labour productivity growth. They do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions. Japanese estimates do not account for the contribution of labour quality.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	6de44ab0366876cf3c0ba56b8096aae5	Le rapport a aussi pour buts de synthetiser la recherche empirique pertinente sur 1’impact des tests standardises sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage et de retirer des lemons de la litterature sur les aspects des tests standardises qui sont plus efficaces dans l’amelioration des resultats des eleves. Des debats cles concemant les tests standardises sont identifies, notamment (entre autres): 1) selectionner l’objectif approprie pour le test; 2) evaluation des enseignants sur la base des resultats des tests standardises des eleves ; 3) l'impact de la publication des resultats des tests standardises des eleves ; et 4) minimisation du comportement strategique des enseignants et administrateurs dans la mise en place des tests standardises. Allison has a Master’s degree in Public Affairs from Sciences Po, Paris with a specialisation in Human Security. She also has research experience in the areas of microfinance, education in emergencies and economic development.	4	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	6de577ab9c698b2b404f914f23daf50b	Likewise, the redistributive power of benefits is determined by comparing Ginis of market incomes and market incomes plus benefits. This approach is used for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The redistributive power of taxes is determined by comparing Ginis of market incomes and net-of-tax incomes.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	6de5c0e93d49183067c1f479e7c34c17	Allowances and deductions for the payment of union dues and affiliation to cooperatives and authorized savings accounts, also in the case of the payment of compulsory social security contributions and disciplinary sanctions imposed under the duly approved employment regulations. The employer can contract insurance against risks for workplace accidents and occupational diseases of its workers. The employer is the party that owes the worker or his/her beneficiaries the benefits established by law. The regulation must contain a series of normative provisions including indications to avoid professional risks and instructions for providing first aid in the event of accident.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	6de87be4403e71f15ac1ac422e8226ec	It can also reduce the time they spend in hospital after a medical problem. Should conventional gender roles and a lack of public alternatives continue to prevail, women may find their choices to be increasingly constrained. In countries with weak health services the burden often falls on caregivers working silently within the home. In these circumstances people are expected to sacrifice themselves for their families and communities, even putting their own well-being at risk. Traditional gender-differentiated roles then result in a further restriction of options for women, often greatest for the poor, who can least afford them.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	6de8bec28692b77defa7d8c4858074b0	Demand for drinking water might increase in the next 10 years by almost 30 per cent, although it is not clear whether resources can be increased under sustainable conditions. In Skopje, water loss in the water supply network is about 30 per cent, and is tending to increase (Figure 7.4). Only structures and facilities for energy generation (hydropower plants, thermopower plants, mining, and oil refineries) are located further from urban areas.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c530cc54-en	6ded17b78e64bf5dda6ce0a485f8a681	"After piloting the programme for about half a year, a first up-scaling was undertaken in June 2006 by extending it to two schools per district, and then subsequently to five schools per district. It has been suggested the GNSP and its predecessor might have been directly influenced by the transnational poverty agenda of the 2000s. However, Grebe (2015) draws attention to the ""largely domestic"" roots of these two policy frameworks. He traces their adoption to the identification of extreme poverty as a major impediment to the country's ambition of attaining middle-income status, particularly during the implementation period of the country's first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS) I 2003-2005."	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	6dedad671982a96eb79b39e527e043d0	Agriculture has also exerted pressure on aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal zones), from increasing levels of livestock effluents and diffuse pollution through the use of chemicals in arable farming. Other issues include the genetic erosion of maize varieties, which show a loss of 80% of local varieties compared to the 1930s, and more recently possible contamination of domesticated landraces and wild relatives from transgenic maize (OECD, 2008). While agri-environmental payments are possible under PROCAMPO for soil and water conservation, for instance, farmers’ uptake of these payments has been limited.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	6deee0745dac722ecd098d5df546215b	By building on improved climate projections and lessons learned (from initiatives focusing specifically on adaptation, as well as those focusing on climate variability and disaster risk reduction), the capacity to adapt to climate change can gradually improve (IEG, 2013). The value of monitoring and evaluation of adaptation as a mechanism for learning therefore lies in the use of the information for adaptation planning processes and for improving government performance. At the national level, it can be difficult to ensure that the lessons learned are readily available to, and used by, the stakeholders shaping the domestic policy agenda on adaptation (GEF IEO, 2013; Kato et al., In developing countries, an additional barrier to learning can be that the monitoring and evaluation systems to varying degrees may be shaped by the information required by the providers of climate finance rather than by the national authorities.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	6df10fd1565919345da956a9173aa7fa	Among the 638 entrepreneurs from the region that regularly crossed the borders, nearly 6 out of 10 (58%) mentioned that their economic efforts were hampered by diverse obstacles (Figure 6.1). Men were proportionally more numerous in reporting obstacles (64%) than women (46%). Nearly one-third of women and 40% of men indicated that these payments limited their commercial activities.	5	2	3	0.2
10.6027/f76e337c-en	6df16a062bf3402ea78de81d053e76d4	T able 24 overleaf provides an overview of the five indices. Generally, the characteristics and quality of the habitats in the open land will predominantly be determined by agricultural activities including structural changes, crop use and intensification. Also, infrastructural developments such as road network developments, establishment of power lines, wind farms etc. In more pristine open landscapes, such as open upland landscapes in northern Scandinavia, agricultural activities do not play a significant role (though extensive grazing with reindeer may locally result in notable impacts on the habitats).	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6df714dce3b0b61abe05177e9ee826ce	Unforeseen plant outages or forecasting errors related to electricity generation require that a higher amount of spinning reserves be carried out. Uncertainties in VRE power production may also lead to an increase in ramping and cycling of conventional power plants, to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and, overall, to higher costs for the system. While all generation plants may have some siting restrictions, the impacts are more significant for VRE. Also, high shares of distributed PV resources may require sizeable investment into the distribution network, in particular to allow the inflow of electricity from the producer to the grid when the electricity generated exceeds demand.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	6df82eb53f18cc67b51201477175bfd2	As data on market price support in the six SEE economies are currently unavailable, support indicators only include budgetary support. As a result, assuming that market price support is positive in the six SEE economies, support values are probably lower than they otherwise would be. Budgetary support to agricultural producers in the six SEE economies ranged from less than 1% of gross farm receipts in Albania to 6% in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 2013-15 (Figure 14.11.A).	2	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	6df8863098e9e7b7e97c88facf1e66c3	The African Union is supporting the project as part of an initiative to create regional IXPs in the continent's regional economic communities. Limited Internet markets meant that LDCs became highly reliant on foreign countries for content, hosting and data storage. Access to these services required international connectivity, where they were also disadvantaged since they had to pay for the full cost of the link.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	6dfb7674ac3b3311c5a7baa9d7b0091d	For example, some INDCs include detailed information on adaptation projects or programmes to be implemented, their timeframes, and the general aims and goals of adaptation. Other INDCs are unclear about whether actions mentioned are new or part of broader development actions, what the aims of these individual actions are, whether they are being implemented, and how progress towards them can be identified. A few countries include adaptation undertakings in an annex or an “other information” section, rather than a dedicated section on adaptation contributions. More than a dozen INDCs with adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	6dfbc4a5a110b3c106687e6d5e684389	Development in this case is tantamount to a process of poverty reduction. Note that we have earlier defined the unskilled reservation wage to be equal to the minimum cost of living that would be necessary to ensure a person’s continued survival and continued capacity as a labourer. This could be seen as in line with a threshold level of income for absolute poverty.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	6dfc4ce0292eef248ee69172d488ce27	Social protection typically includes individual or bundled policies in the form of labour market support, social insurance, and social safety nets. Social protection policies can range from short-term targeted policies to universal coverage. Part one of the next section discusses the social challenges and vulnerabilities in PICs, while part two focuses on informal and traditional types of social protection system that exist in PICs. Part three deals with the role of NGOs and CSOs in social security and protection in PICs.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	6e04ce915d5c5aa01a1c8295eb0f9e07	Various studies, such as by Irwin and Saunders (2010) and Gilbert (2009) provide differing conclusions as to whether index funds have caused the 2006-08 bubble in commodity prices. Price volatility refers to unpredictable price movement. The nature of volatility, in terms of periodicity of movements, either daily, monthly, yearly, or season of a year may have differing implications for producers or consumers depending on the commodity.3 Agricultural prices have followed a long run stagnant trend, punctuated by high spikes; at least one study has identified three major spikes over the period 1970 to 2008.4 In terms of causes, volatility fundamentally follows from the dependence of agricultural production on weather conditions, which can have direct impacts on the variability of yields.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/2d08a027-en	6e06f8a117b14c081cf2794c550ca17e	This was discovered during the ZNWL’s recent local government conference, where it was established that about 90 per cent ofthe women that won local government elections [were] first-time politicians. The ZNWL is ofthe view that the newly elected women leaders should be trained in the following areas: local government systems and mechanisms; gender and gender mainstreaming; transparency, accountability and good governance; effective service delivery in the ward; understanding democracy and community participation; and decision-making skills, bargaining power and networking skills, advocacy, problem-solving skills and building alliances. These are some ofthe topics suggested by the newly elected women councillors themselves. Most of these are highly experienced women, who still have the potential to be active in politics.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	6e07db5d48f9f75caff50872383bf2e3	As the DNA approved proposed CDM projects, delays in establishing them also delayed interest and therefore funding from potential CDM project developers. For example, the Amazon Fund (focused on REDD+ in Brazil) ensures full access to external auditors of its records (Amazon Fund, 2008), and the Adaptation Fund has signed up to the International Aid Transparency Initiative in April 2013 (IATI, 2013). While GHG-related impacts of mitigation interventions accrue globally, the impacts necessary for climate-resilience are more directly linked to local conditions. This has led a number of institutions and funds to develop indicators to capture biodiversity and environmental cobenefits of interventions (see e.g. UK, 2013; Thamrin, 2013; CIF, 2011; and AF, 201 la).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	6e0836f2eca5a24922ece267b97ac59f	This w'ould contribute to women’s economic empowerment and produce significant economic benefits to MENA economies. Most initiatives have been launched within the past five to 10 years as governments have focused more on the importance of MSME and entrepreneurship development for job creation, social stability and economic growth. Mainstream BDS organisations and incubators are generally aw;are of the constraints faced by women, but less than half of them make special efforts to promote their services to women and adapt their programmes and services to accommodate their specific needs. However, they demonstrate some examples of good practice in their attempts to attract women clients, w'hich can serve as models for other service providers.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	6e0a595e3c913f68d8f1cbd04877c2b7	Gasoline prices are in dollar per ton of oil equivalent (toe). Subsidies for biofuel production are calculated based on the idea that the price of ethanol and biodiesel per MJ should be the same as the price of gasoline per MJ; 6) Total production of by-products is added to sector livestock; 7) Finally several standard adjustments are included to balance the SAM. The difference between the production costs for ethanol and the gasoline prices are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU. The production costs of biodiesel are almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries.	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	6e0cd4787cc20e7c8cef36392c94b047	To the extent that agricultural growth leads to a diversification of the demand pattern and hence of activities that can meet domestic demand, the employment-generating potential of an “agricultural push” strategy can be quite significant. The experience of developed countries demonstrates the critical importance of developing manufacturing activities and related producer services, so as to benefit from synergies and increasing returns to scale and to provide employment for the younger population. Modernization of agricultural production processes generates a growing surplus of labour in rural areas, and that labour surplus then seeks productive employment in urban centres. Improving the prospects for subsistence workers of finding jobs in more modern activities is essential for the structural transformation of the economy. This is the second prong of the approach outlined in this Report, focusing on employment opportunities in tradables sectors.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgkdgdkc8tl-en	6e0d068b76a30dc7ce883c2b6224fe70	These methods are based on principles such as team-work, devolution of management responsibility and high levels of workforce engagement in continuous product and process improvement. This is argued to require not only mastery of occupationally specific competencies but also an understanding of the theoretical principles and knowledge that underpin routine tasks. This broader understanding is necessary to engage in creative problem solving and experimentation (Keep and Payne 2004: 55). Other skills include literacy and numeracy; facility with computers; verbal communication skills and capacity to engage with external suppliers or customers.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	6e11f6cc460c4f0fc9ec7f2687a15edf	Collaboration at local and higher levels of government involves the promotion of common structural changes, leading to new types of investment and spatial administration for new trade procedures and promotion (Arnold, 2010). They are connected through an infrastructure network, have potential for deep economic interdependency, and have implemented policies to facilitate trade and investment and increase business opportunities. The two cities are also part of a growing transport network within the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC) connecting the cities across the border.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	6e13a49b397a7034cedc2a67d6895799	The National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development commits Commonwealth1 and state and territory governments to addressing access and social inclusion issues through collaborative action in skills. The National Foundation Skills Strategy for Adults (2012) aims to help working age Australians increase their English language, literacy and numeracy skills for improved economic and social participation. The Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Program provides additional funding to help universities attract, support, and retain students from disadvantaged backgrounds. These students may receive financial support through income support grants for eligible students and income contingent loans available to all students. Expenditure on education institutions at all levels is 6.1% of GDP (slightly below the OECD average of 6.3%) (see Figure 8).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	6e1b87ab396b01d99f51070dafc9c9c5	Of these, Norway has emphasised that its approach is not a monitoring and evaluation framework in the traditional sense. Rather, Norway is using existing systems and initiatives to track adaptation and to continuously learn what approaches to adaptation are effective in reducing climate vulnerability and risk (GIZ, 2013). Some of the frameworks outlined in Table 1.2 specify desired outputs and outcomes (e.g. the Philippines and France).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	6e1bb9f01350201c51dfe682f97d7024	This is often based on misperceptions -for example one DAC donor in Niger stated that non-DAC donors never made the effort to go to joint donor meetings on development and aid, whereas a non-DAC donor complained that they were not invited to events or kept in the loop about different donor initiatives. There is at times a feeling in donor meetings or fora that whoever mobilises the most funds and has the largest projects, de facto, are a more important actor with a larger say in matters, regardless of how they are spending their budgets, whether their programming is high quality with great impact, or not. Some very large multilaterals also seem to feel that they have everything 'under control' and that they don't need to form partnerships.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	6e1c299dbbd7b01e8cea3fc960ad65e9	Rising levels of crime and growing inequality have in part played a key role in rise of gated communities in major African cities such as Johannesburg, Lagos and Nairobi. If one doesn't aim carefully, the river, which is flanked by weeping willows and navigated by ducks, swallows all the balls launched its way. During heavy rains the river overflows, inundating their makeshift aluminium and brick homes with sewage.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	6e1d612ec61ee43929897a3a1deaa686	The most suitable areas for wind power plants (WPPs) in Georgia are in the Caucasus high mountain zone, the highlands of southern Georgia (in the Javakheti region) and the southern section of the Black Sea coast. Areas and sites for wind farms of 30-630 MW have been identified. Many of these sites have a seasonal wind pattern yielding maximum output in winter.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283350-en	6e216f7f4b1128eaae391c7060f5253d	These indicators suggest that there is room to protect outputs by improving efficiency in the event of a further shock (although any bed cuts in rural areas ought not to compromise access to health services). Legislative changes in 2002 stimulated prescribing of generics and have improved value for money. Pharmaceuticals now account for 21.4% of total health expenditure, slightly above the EU average but well below the inflated burden of pharmaceutical spending (around 30%) that affects its Baltic neighbours (2014).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599406-10-en	6e24c5a14988204db30e310d586454d4	In the spirit of William G Demas, addressing this innovation deficit and developing the requisite transformability will be crucial for the future of the Caribbean. In challenging the status quo and developing the requisite transformability and flexibility to adapt and innovate, this chapter concludes by outlining innovation pathways for systemic transformation and building the resilience of small states, in which private sector leadership is essential in developing institutional innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emphasising the need to innovate systemically across the private and public sectors, in addition to elevating and engaging (regional) innovation across small states, the innovation pathways underline the importance of strengthening institutional trust and thrusts, and deepening emerging business ecosystems. Facilitating capital, connectivity and capacity - financial, social, digital, human and creative - is thus pivotal in the pathways for innovation.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	6e2963dd36f7273c515c83467c5e2e82	For a sample of 23 OECD countries, OECD (2011) showed that the growth in female employment tended to have an equalising effect on household earnings in all the countries studied, despite substantial differences in employment levels and type of employment and in pay gaps across countries. It then examines how changes in the distribution of female eamings and hours of work have affected the evolution of individual eamings and household income inequality for the period from the late 1980s up to the economic crisis. While most of the literature looks at aggregate employment trends, the analyses below decompose different employment types (full-time/part-time, full-year/part-year) to analyse the impact of changing patterns of women’s employment in more detail. The three pathways through which women’s labour market participation affect the distribution of household income discussed here are: first, trends in individual gross eamings; second, trends in household gross earnings; and, finally, total household disposable income (after taxes and transfers).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6e2e95032e9349d8e0e89ae58e1e1f2b	The Programme was subject to socio-economic evaluation and strategic environmental assessment. It was approved in December 2007 and ten hydroelectric power plant locations were selected, out of the 25 potential sites initially identified. The ten plants are to be located in the basins of the Rivers Douro, Vouga, Mondego and Tejo.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	6e2f705af649958d21660a52668d1068	This will enable schools to identify where insufficient support is being offered as well as helping national authorities to and scale-up those interventions found to be effective. However, in practice, initial training has placed a heavy emphasis on language learning. Language skills are central to the success of integration across OECD countries, strong language skills facilitate not only access to employment, but access to education, to social interactions and, hence, to further acquisition of language skills.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	6e32f4e03e1ec512d023c16e4f4b4955	This is usually complemented with additional opportunities to learn and be assessed. In many countries, repetition cannot be applied in transition grades, when students' poor performance may be due to a short-term failure to adjust. Repetition may be limited to grades considered as fundamental for consolidating basic skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	6e3427e169aa4c8832708a0c363ceabd	Critically, it will be important to ensure that information on inequalities in health is then effectively used to tackle inequalities at local and regional level, through on-going central guidance as appropriate, agreeing targets, disseminating and encouraging the scaling-up of successful local initiatives to tackle inequalities and other measures. Incentivising or requiring young doctors to practise in underserved areas during their early years of practice may be one way to address geographical disparities. This does not seem to systematically occur today. Indeed, a concern remains that by specialising certain hospital services at a higher level, patients will have to travel further for care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	6e34440b04daa944216280c53c33bcb2	In a competitive labour market, wages should be close to the marginal revenue product of workers. If wages reflect productivity differences, captured, for instance, by measures of human capital and demographics,8 they should be the same across sectors for comparable workers. Yet, many empirical studies, starting with Slichter (1950), have produced robust estimates of cross-sector residual wage differentials.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	6e3e0ce262106b534905288201bfe6cd	This difficult policy challenge - diverting water to value-adding activities (including environmental services, see below) may require reallocation between water users (e.g. from farmers to cities). Some OECD countries are gaining experience with socially fair and politically acceptable approaches for achieving this. These include water abstraction licences which reflect scarcity; market mechanisms, e.g. tradable water rights; and information-based instruments (smart metering).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	6e3e694c0d43d65435b251a8e84f3a86	This information gap will lead to poorer treatment options for patients, and a lack of understanding for patients. As primary care practitioners in a number of countries are being asked to do more and deliver a wider range of services for mild-to-moderate mental illness - many GPs are being asked to delivery cognitive behavioural therapy, for example (see Table 2.5) - levels of confidence in the ability to effectively care for patients -will make the difference between poor, average and excellent quality of care. Effective care at a primary care level includes appropriate diagnosis of disorders, initiation and management of treatment, referral and case management, and the long-term management of some cases of mild-to-moderate disorders using the principles of chronic disease management (Ford et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	6e40d6c8b4abba6c91c9f735d9a637b2	"It is key for a life of dignity for billions of people around the globe."" Given that assessing vulnerability entails a predictive quality that consists of conceptualizing ""what may happen"" to a specific unit of concern under conditions of particular risk and hazards,4 the analysis aims to estimate the impact on vulnerable population groups in a context of scarce water resources, based on identifying mechanisms and measures that have already been put in place by local populations in different target areas. For example, water scarcity that results in crop failure could affect women and men differently."	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	6e41b411b928144f05b446630824fa09	This being so, any coherent development policy must offer a solution to poverty. But the second question is a more complex one. There is a broad range of literature that tries to define and measure poverty, and there are a great range of anti-poverty policies, which depend on the approach used to analyse the issue and the way poverty is defined.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	6e41d4801493f022c795e59ea814e488	It's hard to explain to my mum''. She left Ethiopia during the military dictatorship of the Derg regime. Her migration trajectory was somewhat atypical compared to other Ethiopian refugees who fled the country during the Derg regime in that the first country she migrated to was Saudi Arabia, as the wife of a Saudi man.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	6e458dcf57af47211ccbf36fd9b523f8	The tables in appendix 3 provide information on the composition of the group of deprived children according to the European Child Deprivation Index by the characteristics of the households they live in. Analysis of the combination of deprivations that children experience and of the combination of household and personal characteristics that identifies deprived children in more detail, are the next logical step. A first approximation of the overlap analysis is given in the next section. This analysis is presented on the pooled data for all countries in table 10.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	6e47fc642fc0eef164008dbe98c93f90	The introduction of demand-side policies via smart metering and smart grids could in principle provide the necessary tools to allow more active participation of all demand-side actors to price formation thus achieving a more efficient energy only-model (see also Section 6.1). However, in many liberalised power markets, many consumers are exposed neither directly nor indirectly to market prices, for instance due to regulated tariffs. Even reinforcing the demand-side policies previously mentioned will thus not help to stabilise prices. In addition, even under the best of circumstances, consumers will require massive incentives to forego heating, washing, cooking or watching television at the moment they originally desired.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	6e48e899afde84786d924e809aef2c9f	The share of the population with access to improved water sources increased from 88% in 1990 to almost 98% in 2012. Water supply in urban areas is almost universal, though 15% of the rural population still lacks access to an improved water source (Annex 3.A). The share of households connected to water pipe networks reached 94% in urban areas in 2013. Regional disparity is wide, however, with most of the urban dwellers still not connected to a water network found in the North-east region and, particularly, the North, where less than 60% are connected (MCid, 2014).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	6e4e7f972857c21696be6a6eef0ad851	It produces about 1 600 research papers including a technical report, a monthly newsletter, national epidemiological bulletin and a peer-reviewed journal in order to provide technical and scientific assistance to the Ministry of Health. The Institute is involved in research, clinical trials, control and training. It supports scientific research and national programme by allocating funds, increasing the scope of Italian participation in international activities.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	6e4ee25e2afd188b1242c10eaa3ded36	The case is different for a country such as the United Kingdom, where back-up will be provided by relatively high-cost gas turbines. In general, balancing costs increase more than proportionally with the level of penetration of variable energy sources. This reflects the fact that overall system variability is lower at low penetration levels and the system has relatively more low-cost dispatchable capacity available.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	6e544d69cfbf84613da7b25f8704eac1	Since the transaction costs are lower on a first-come, first-served basis than under competitive bidding, this approach is still widely applied, including in Viet Nam and in the Philippines (ADB, 2015). By including more criteria for selecting the projects, such as financial viability, environmental impact and grid connection access, the government could create a more stable investment environment while incentivising cost-efficiency. Another option is to combine a fixed tariff with a competitive bidding process. Under Thailand’s new FIT system, fixed tariffs will be granted based on competitive bidding (OECD, 2016).	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6e54d87743d277f143bebf2306c21e2c	The major settled areas were in the rain-fed regions of the east and southeast in the foothills of the mountains, and along the Syrdarya River; the former being settled by Slavs and other groups from within the Russian empire and the latter being geographically similar to Central Asia. In the South Kazakhstan oblast, there is a large Uzbek population. The northern regions are geographically similar to Siberia, with relatively good soils and a variable climate.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	6e550451a13ea6681ed267082e685bc7	Most Africans live in rural areas and so do most of Africa’s young and most of the unemployed. However, among those who live in urban areas unemployment rates are higher than among the rural young. In some countries, the urban youth unemployment rate was estimated to be more than six times higher than the rate in rural areas (AfDB 2012, Figure 6).	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	6e56b015dea7ab4ccb9d01d6b784e374	A safe court system for survivors was set up and the establishment of units to investigate sexual violence against minors has increased the capacity of police officials to enforce the law. The major issue is that children are not necessarily granted agency when they choose to head a household of friends or siblings because they perceive this as safer than an alternative of having an older male in a household. These children should receive all forms of social protection available to adults in their position, including access to sex education, ongoing support to cope with the pressure on them to have sex or to use transactional sex as payment, and to keep them safe from abuse and from feelings of vulnerability that arise from being placed in the care of males who are expected to keep them safe. The interests of the child need to be paramount.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	6e5a7f491032ec8e8fd89ab270bf1547	The Institute has a general plan for 2006-2016, which is consistent with the government's strategic objectives on poverty reduction, since it contributes to achieving short-, medium- and long-term results by reducing the vulnerability of the communities most exposed to disasters. The plan includes specific actions for the country's arid zones, such as the generation of income from non-agricultural work, the development of conservation agriculture, the development of rainwater harvesting projects and measures to ensure the supply of drinking water to communities (Macaringue, 2010). Firstly, the Direct Social Support Programme (Programa de Apoyo Social Directo - PASD) includes a transfer in kind to households whose members are temporarily unable to participate in the labour market. The PASD is also conceived as permanent support for the most vulnerable households.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3615596e-en	6e5ab014ea86a76a8733f81b40907577	The present article sets out to analyse the progress and evolution of women’s participation in production and business activities in South America, considering the situation of female employment, its evolution over the past decade and its differences from male employment. The article also analyses men’s and women’s time use, women’s share of employment in jobs with higher average earnings (executive positions) and women’s empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs). One of the goals laid down at the Conference was equitable participation by women in the economic activities of their respective countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	6e5c9794d093dfcca11601903af99bb9	It has five subordinate committees: State Inspection of the Agro-industrial Complex, Veterinary Control, Water Resources, Fisheries Management and Forestry Management (Figure 2.1). It has the status of a stock company fully owned by the state. The holding was established at the end of 2006 through a merger of seven state agencies, which became KazAgro’s daughter companies.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	6e5d8b907dcbf939cb225d8a4f381fa5	As noted earlier, the appropriate processes of implementation for fostering and sustaining innovative learning environments are identified in this section as a series of C’s, including: culture change, clarifying focus, capacity, creation, communities, collaboration, communication, change agents, coherence and consolidation. Much also depends on how such approaches are combined in systemic ways rather than treating policies as isolated practices or single bullets. The examples and strategies are described here are illustrative not prescriptive.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	6e616051ce3928f6bba956edcb22a6f9	Information on the positive outcomes of such initiatives could be disseminated more widely and opportunities for similar projects could be exploited in other municipalities. Invisa Fiduciary Services (IFS) operates the YUMP Academy pilot project together with YUMP Holding Inc. (AB), Botkyrka municipality and a large number of support companies. The project is financed by IFS, NUTEK, YUMP Holding Inc. (AB) and Botkyrka municipality.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264200449-32-en	6e62528f362c31b36dc6036d9de150db	Refer to: www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/about/ climate-change-affect-regions. A changing climate presents both challenges and opportunities for land-based sectors. The programme funds research and technology transfer, www.maf.govt.nz/environment-natural-resources/climate-change/impacts-and-adapting-to-climate-change.aspx.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	6e655b01eb6cfb45c9dbb6b938ee95da	This waste will be stored is surface-type storages (one per reactor), enclosed in single-use containers with capacity of 1.5 m of radioactive waste. Capacities of storages were estimated to 4,900 m3 for very low and low activity waste, 600 m3 for medium activity waste and 60 m3 for high activity waste. Design work for this site should be completed by 2026 and the start of operation is planned for 2028. A fund for financing NPP decommissioning is also to be established.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	6e699ea4c0fa10a9c9efb9b3826e074b	Pensions at a Glance: Retirement-Income Systems in OECD countries. The Age of Austerity: A Review of Public Expenditures and Adjustment Measures in 181 Countries.” New York and Geneva: Initiative for Policy Dialogue and the South Centre. The Return to Social Policy and the Persistent Neglect of Unpaid Care.” Development and Change, 38, no.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/469d7fec-en	6e6d73b8b9f786d026051274a35f83ad	It also estimated development co-operation flows of ten countries that do not report to the DAC at USD 7.5 billion, drawing on publicly-available information. This information is often incomplete, as some providers do not specify which countries financial resources are flowing to, or do not provide this information on an annual basis. Bilateral development co-operation from providers who are not “developed” countries may choose not to publicly report information for various reasons, including the lack of systems in place to collect such statistics, or fear that providing assistance could make them ineligible to also receive development co-operation - though this is not the case (OECD, 2015b).	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	6e6e06cdc1ee5308790e60efe319b429	The 2012 OECD report Women in Business: Policies to Support Women's Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region was the first comparative assessment of policy measures to promote women’s entrepreneurship and covered 18 MENA economies (OECD, 2012a). The study underlined that while BDS services are known to be relatively weak in MENA economies, the extent to which women entrepreneurs are being served by those services seems even more limited despite the increasing number of women starting up businesses. Considering that experience from non-MENA countries suggests that women’s enterprise centres are successful at helping women entrepreneurs especially in the early stages of business ventures, the study concluded that there was a need to collect data on and carry out an assessment of BDS services in the MENA region, and to outline the current good practices in the MENA region.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	6e6e0aac4ecc4dfdd54c37f08feabd82	There seems to be a relative balance between solar PV and wind power, with solar thermal projects remaining scarce. Notable examples of large plants are Antofagasta's 115 MW wind power and CAP’s 100 MW solar PV projects in Chile, as well as Industrias Penoles’ 180 MW wind power plant in Mexico. Among smaller initiatives, the geographical distribution is more diverse, with Australia and Canada, as well as South Africa, emerging as potential hubs. At the same time, in developing countries, particularly in lower-income economies, despite the existence of some successful projects, the uptake of renewables by mines remains limited.	7	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	6e6e37af3b301071418420b24f687bf6	"As loT revenue and investment opportunities are scaling up, certain enablers, such as Artificial Intelligence, big data analytics (BDA) and Blockchain, are gaining momentum. These emerging solutions are helping businesses to boost revenues, lower their cost base, and gain in efficiencies and competitive edge, while laying the foundation for ""smart societies"". This illustrates the rapid transformation experienced by the sector, from the analogue era of the 1970s to the convergence era of the early 2000s, all powered by the advent of the Internet, and the digital transformation phase which the sector has been experiencing since 2010."	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/35f875c3-en	6e6e9f67c8313dae41af8a2e574c68b1	E.93.1.8 and corrigenda, vol. I); Report of the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993 (A/ CONF. See also Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. A progressive interpretation of gender was agreed in 1999: see United Nations, 1999 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development, p. ix.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	6e6f791e9c7847dfcb70d6dda7f04d57	As previously discussed, the MCDA is in a good position to minimise such co-ordination challenges, as it will be in charge of both transport and overall sustainable development plans for Metro Cebu. However, the fact that LGUs remain to be responsible for their land use plans (CLUPs) underscores the need for effective co-ordination on spatial development. Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	6e73673430fa4691e213280c54a20541	While 47% of advantaged students reported having more than 200 books at home, on average, this is the case for only 7% of disadvantaged peers. Advantaged students also reported a greater availability of other educational resources, such as educational software. On average across OECD countries, however, more than 80% of students, regardless of their socio-economic status, reported having a quiet place to study at home and a computer that they can use for schoolwork (Table ll.6.2b).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	6e73badc6da3f00952a7279d2a1f2e45	Most rivers exhibit a high degree of degradation, particularly within the Murray-Darling catchment, Australia’s main agricultural producing region. Drinking water quality is impaired in many locations, and coastal regions downstream of large agricultural areas suffer from sediment and nutrient loadings. In terms of the environmental health of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), recent research indicates that quantities of sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen entering the GBR have been increasing, with agriculture a key contributor to water quality issues in the GBR (Rolfe and Windle, 2011). But given the lack of a national monitoring system it is difficult to assess national trends in water quality related to agriculture (OECD, 2008a). There are expensive restoration clean-ups going on in some iconic lakes and there are questions over the state of groundwater. At a national level, diffuse discharges now greatly exceed point source pollution.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	6e77ffba23650c6b4cb1bf0fe6f757aa	"The low population density explains the low level of illness in humans. In Mongolia, transmission to humans occurs primarily from direct contact with animals through injury while handling them or during slaughtering and, to a lesser extent, from drinking contaminated milk. According to the 2003 study on emerging infectious diseases"",18 as of 2001, approximately 8,000 cases of chronic brucellosis were reported."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	6e783133361c73e7f3cce836befd370c	"Today, many low carbon alternatives are considerably more expensive than the incumbent technologies. Governments will need to continue and expand the range of transitional incentives from RD&D support to market mechanisms to foster technological innovation and move technologies towards market competitiveness. These incentives should be tailored to the maturity of the technology and be decreasing over time. This should be accompanied by policies that close the dirtiest and least efficient plants at the earliest opportunity."""	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	6e7839f85e09c1bb4e7f455853ff9c08	Community-based approaches to medicine and medical education would also benefit the region and improve students’ learning outcomes. Medical students will spend far less time in hospitals and far more time in communities. Students will leam from an early stage to work in multidisciplinary teams alongside nurses, social workers, psychologists and other allied health professionals.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	6e78792ee4a72584527a9ea4a52faf64	Since then, the country has made national commitments that go beyond any existing international agreements. These changes are explained by the new international context and, perhaps more importantly, by internal changes in the domestic political landscape. As a consequence, the Brazilian economy has a comparatively low carbon profile of 5 tonnes CO2 equivalent in emissions per capita, ranking it 17th globally.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	6e7a154162f64dd06b5cadbd7c051d95	There has been good progress in Skopje regarding water meters in houses by getting the used water amount monthly through remote data transfer or by inspectors. About 80 per cent of the people pay their water bill. Outside Skopje, most households seem to have no meters for billing, which does not encourage water saving. According to their data, drinking water quality in the public water supply systems is very good and safe to use.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	6e7f26215b9f4165e746dc0f3c24af8e	The cash delivery is provided in locations that are easy to reach, so that no recipient has to travel for more than 5 km to the cash payment point. From a sample of 3,805, a total of 1,230 randomly selected young women received the benefit, while the remaining constituted the control group. The results show that the programme led to large increases in school enrolment, especially among those not present at school at the baseline (17.2 per cent among the control group, 61.4 per cent among the treatment group). In the control group 27.7 per cent of initial dropouts got married during the preceding year, compared with only 16.4 per cent in the treatment group, a reduction in the marriage rate of more than 40 per cent among baseline dropouts.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	6e81ffc6350fdd2b0620952a9e23d143	Poor diffusion of ICTs thus contributes to a digital divide that can undermine policies aimed to stimulate growth, and foster resilient economies and inclusive societies. Lack of access to digital infrastructures at competitive prices is the first barrier. In particular, access to ICTs such as (mobile) broadband, including in rural and remote areas, as well as access to data which are becoming an infrastructure for data-driven innovation (DDI), are crucial. The lack of appropriate (open) standards and fears of vendor lock-in, often due to proprietary solutions, are another barrier to adoption in particular for SMEs. With the growth of digital security risks and concerns that privacy and intellectual property rights are violated and not sufficiently enforced, lack of trust in the digital economy is also a potential barrier to adoption and use of ICTs across society. The effective use of ICTs and data requires additional investments in complementary knowledge-based capital (KBC), in particular in (organisation-specific) skills and know-how, and in organisational change including new business models and processes.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	6e832dc259fddc73d7f0b080e23fcef9	They also provide food such as sweet chestnuts, walnuts, hazelnuts and olives. Although timber production contributes only 0.25 percent of regional GDP, the broader services of forests, including production of NWFPs and regulatory and cultural services, are estimated at 6 percent of regional GDP. Tuscany's approach could have a broader application in countries where landscapes resemble complex mosaics, with tourism, environmental protection and cultural as well as production values.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	6e901b75247edfa635501b3be9fb5acc	The living space available to the household is a key dimension to be considered when assessing housing quality (CECODHAS, 2011). Evidence shows that living in an overcrowded dwelling can affect the physical and mental health of household members as well as children’s social and emotional development (UK ODPM, 2004). Moreover, living in an overcrowded space corresponds with a higher likelihood of child maltreatment and accidents in the home (UK ODPM, 2004).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	6e924fb0303a9f529a31ad8e837dfd7b	Because the individual commune, or group of communes, is ultimately charged with developing the actual land use legislation that governs changes in land uses, it has to find a way to balance conflicting signals from higher levels of government with the pressures from the local populace to maintain or change the use of particular parcels of land. Typically, rural communes do not have staff with strong competences in land use planning, which makes this an even greater challenge. While consultants can be hired to provide planning support this can also be problematic, because while the consultant may understand the approach of the higher level in spatial planning, they may lack a strong understanding of the local milieu and offer advice that is controversial locally.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	6e9553627ebe09acca4871b8fc6615ab	What are the main barriers facing enterprises and other stakeholders involved in the national software system? The UNCTAD-WITSA Survey of IT/Software Associations (box V.2) conducted for this report found that most such associations actively contribute to the process of national policymaking (figure V.1). All responding associations support national policy formulation and engage in policy advocacy and lobbying.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	6e989b5c59a0a9aa9ec54b9eee498e1f	Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2) and (3) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables). While column (2) uses GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. The quintile regressions estimated the SIGI coefficient for the median, the lop and bottom income quartiles separately. While the reduced-form equation provides estimations of the total effect of the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income per capita, with and without controls for gender inequality in outcomes, it is quite interesting to further look at the channels of transmission. For the sake of brevity only the SIGI is presented.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	6e9a23f06a65516a9ca40d03803d3e76	Information can also be found on the website of the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP), at: www.clasponline.org/worldwide.php. The intention was to promote international agreement on testing procedures, efficiency classes and labelling schemes to enable product comparisons worldwide. Completed in November 2008, it was merged with the 4E Motor Systems Annex in early 2009. April 2007; available at: www.iea.org/textbase/ papers/2007/standby_fact.pdf. Various approaches have been identified in energy audits to improve the average performance of electric motors. Similar system replacement projects exist in residential buildings, but are often more difficult to package attractively (Taylor et al.,	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	6e9bf0db912308e067bf00ad23f756df	Around 2 billion people worldwide are still unbanked—lacking accounts at banks, other financial institutions or mobile money service providers. Some may be helpful in promoting harmonious coexistence, but others may be discriminatory, prejudicial and exclusive. In employment recruitment in the United States White job applicants are often systematically selected over African American and Latino job applicants, even when the minorities have equal or higher qualifications.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	6e9e72d9cad0b83467c7122d9db92015	The development of the new Environmental Planning Act, integrating all spatial, environmental and water legislations at the national level, could provide an opportunity to put renewed emphasis on minimising risks to freshwater systems and ensuring a better balance among various water policy objectives. However, the way the act is currently formulated allows for significant flexibility to decide how' objectives will be balanced. Hence, in the development of specific plans, there will remain significant discretion to prioritise economic development and short-term cost reductions, at times at the expense of long-term benefits to the environment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	6ea18a9276939f628861bde2f8d5146c	But the most important barrier was attitude young adults in particular were reluctant to take up support because of the stigma attached to poor basic skills. Also many w'ere not aware of the need to improve their basic skills to get through their course. Basic skills support was available through workshops offering drop-in and timetables support for individuals and groups.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	6ea1cea0052aa9ec7959858aa48cf01d	Pigou took much the same line in his “welfare economics”, where he argued that poor women, and mothers in particular, ought to receive financial assistance from the State so that they could perform their domestic work properly without having to look for a job. Progress was also made in adapting market concepts to the analysis of activities within the home. In them, people make rational decisions about the distribution of their time between activities for the market (paid production work), activities for the home (unpaid domestic and care work)10 and leisure.11 Becker, who went closely into this aspect, considered that households acted as a unit following the rational choice model12 and maximizing the shared utility of their members, who were subject to time and income constraints.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	6ea4433d5ef2cc060ad4709831983d78	Hence, what we think we know continues to rely heavily on the accuracy of the poverty estimates generated by the Bank. This has occurred in the midst of an expanding global economy, which has resulted, on average, in higher per capita incomes in both developed and developing countries (Sachs, 2008; United Nations, 2005a). In these countries, information on the depth, severity and duration of poverty may be limited, and available information may be unreliable. To address some of these data gaps, the research programme of the World Bank Poverty and Inequality Group has been engaged in improving current data as well as methods and tools for poverty and inequality analysis through, inter alia, producing new household-level data (notably through the Group’s Living Standards Measurement Study), monitoring poverty and inequality using household-level data, developing more reliable “poverty maps”, and rolling out computational tools such as ADePT and PovCalNet (see http://go.worldbank.org/NT2AlXUWP0).	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	6ea4524f74450d0901f0949af8ca267f	Especially important in this regard was Decree No. Viet Nam signalled its commitment to trade liberalisation by entering into a large number of bilateral and regional trade agreements and partnerships. Increased funding was provided to the Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD) to support the opening of commercial credit to farmers.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	6ea4741a89ab6b574a2bcd908e80bb0c	Furthermore, Uruguay needs to improve dissemination of information about activities at the school level, including information on school budgets. While dissemination of reports may be viewed as another burden in the reporting process, the education councils should consider using a single nationally-developed format to ensure that parents and voters know how schools operate in their community and how school resources are used. In particular, it would be important to publicly disclose the public resources each school receives alongside the uses of those resources and the educational outcomes at the school.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	6ea515d62ad63670c819bf2527b4f57f	For example, output-based financing has shown positive results. But overall, whether private or public, the available financing or refinancing options for solid waste management remains minimal, necessitating the need to choose those financing models that are most likely to secure revenue and investment capital while delivering reliable services. Such financing models should integrate mechanisms that support good governance, accountability, and reporting and monitoring that matches the global standards and indicators.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	6ea83cb48012477f5bd865350535e50d	The Palestinian Authority has designated its emergency protection centre as the primary referral centre for women escaping or at critical risk of domestic violence. Lastly, several awareness-raising activities are conducted by the staff in response to local and/or personal areas of concern raised by participants. Professionals in the healthcare system and the police are often the first to notice and register cases of violence.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ff49553-en	6eaaf858051701aa60e88d8e082e7623	At present, 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have CCT schemes in place, covering more than 120 million people, or 20% of the region's population, at a cost of about 0.4% of regional GDP (Cecchini, 2013). The recent work of Lustig and others (2013) and the studies conducted by OECD support such a comparison, notwithstanding methodological differences. Two definitions are used: the first includes all income from employment (formal and informal), income from capital, auto-consumption (where it is reported), imputed rent for owner-occupied housing and private transfers and contributory pensions.	10	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	6eac8927997fdcc92fa0cd0c3a23bb57	Data for water management and shared responsibilities (cont.) Therefore, it is always necessary to compare water balances based on the amounts of granted abstraction with data monitored on the ground reflecting the effective use of water. Compliance is a major challenge and very much influenced by cultural factors.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	6eae33978fd1e9ee8bd5745d5da0e0ce	Increasing wind speeds, the occurrence of stronger, more frequent storms and further expansion of wind turbine deployment could place more pressure on existing infrastructure. This is especially relevant in winter and during the months in autumn and spring when maintenance is usually carried out, because the capacity of the grid is reduced when maintenance occurs. Both cases also identified climate policy to be a concern for distribution companies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	6eaeb94a465c2f295c9938b6758d8717	New Results from the OECD Income Distribution Database”, Policy Brief, OECD, available www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Poverty-8p.pdf. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264097759-en. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-en.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	6eaebddd098ef7860440d722b2b6095f	Instead, the demographic transitions experienced by a wide variety of societies suggest that family sizes tend to decline with higher incomes and greater economic security. Conversely, poor families tend to have more children in the hope of increasing contributions to household income as well as of ensuring continued economic security as parents age (Leibenstein, 1957; Mamdani, 1972; Robbins, 1999). A significant proportion of this decline can be largely attributed to the rise in living standards in East Asia and the Pacific which accompanied explosive economic growth, particularly in China. Other regions of the world also experienced a decline in the incidence of poverty, with the exception of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day increased from 1.7 to 3.7 per cent between 1981 and 2005 (figure II.2.B).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	6eaf0e2c095d66d5aa1d272f9f75e85d	They also discouraged her parents from authorizing an abortion, stating that it too posed a risk to her life. They insisted that even if Marta Paula died later in the pregnancy, at least the baby might survive. In the end, the delivery happened without incident. As a teenage mother, Marta Paula was expected to go to work to help her younger brother and her mother.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264174542-5-en	6eb0113690b007f97b4f2425ba46bf2a	As for water services, and specifically drinking water for domestic use, municipalities are the primary sub-national authorities in charge of (co-)designing and/or implementing policies in two-thirds of the LAC countries surveyed (9 out of 13). They are followed by regions and inter-municipal bodies. The trend is similar in areas of water supply to industrial users and wastewater treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	6eb26b90ff7c1b417ff90efd138970f5	This action line is intended to promote the development of national e-strategies, including the necessary human capacity building, taking into account different national circumstances. It has ensured, in addition, the comprehensive exchange of views, information and experiences among WSIS stakeholders, as well as providing advisory services and technical assistance to developing countries. At the same time the 2014 United Nations E-Government Survey observes a new trajectory in the efforts of governments to put together a national ICT policy and e-government strategy by strengthening institutions and building the capacities of public servants. Collaborative service delivery is now pervasive, where governments, citizens, civil society and the private sector often work together to innovate processes and leverage new technologies.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	6ebb80f57693cb1041c15a7737cc1da1	Focusing on institutional aspects of effectiveness will also be crucial in creating the conditions and capacities necessary for transformational changes within countries. Even when interventions are targeted towards similar aims, assessments of effectiveness may differ due to a number of internal and external variables. This can include national, institutional or local/site-specific issues.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	6ebd0e614e915f6206b0bd3e82657685	Rudimentary health care provided by an army of “barefoot doctors” was free to villagers before the economic reforms of the last three decades, with financial support from rural collectives. The rural household responsibility system (family unit-based agricultural production) of the post-reform era eliminated the financial bases for maintaining the services of these rural health-care workers. As a result, rural households now incur greater out-of-pocket expenses for health services (Grigoriou, Guillaumont and Yang, 2005).	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	6ebf0ab9eacb1cd48954a6c4eb6bfb45	The findings suggest that unintended pregnancy is an important consideration in interventions aimed at improving maternal and child health but further studies are needed to fully explore the dynamics between unintended pregnancy and maternal health outcomes. Of these unintended pregnancies, more than half a million were terminated through an abortion, a procedure that is legally restricted in the Philippines (Hussain and Finer, 2013). Although the proportion of unintended births has declined, the share of women aged between 15 and 24 within this population has increased, from 34.2 per cent in 2008 to 41.5 per cent in 2013.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	6ebfd62fcef9d6a2eb59162d6ca51f96	The most common models, and their basic payment composition, are listed below. For instance, Family Health Organizations (blended capitation, FFS and P4P) and Family Health Groups (blended FFS and P4P) account for about 55% of primary care physicians (Table 2.4). Additionally, some incentives are paid periodically (e.g., once a year) while others are paid every time a specific service is provided. Eligibility for some incentives is patient-based (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having provided a specific service to an individual patient), while for other incentives, eligibility is based on performance across all registered patients practice-wide (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having reached a pre-defined target level based on a number of services, a number of patients or a percentage of eligible patients who received the service).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	6ec0039af5af44ed2b06c1d0dd578c1d	This results in geographically dispersed trade through global production networks opening the opportunity for low-income countries to use their comparative advantage in labour-intensive value chains to enter these networks at different stages, including final assembly. The volatility of import prices and the increased availability of intermediate inputs may have a direct impact on the relative prices of manufactured goods. Opening up for trade is usually associated with an increase in competition, often resulting in a decrease in the relative prices of manufactured products (Pain et al.,	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-4-en	6ec1802e3fd42dc72f778ebd05d102ee	"Learning"" and ""education"" are considered synonymous with formal schooling. Auxiliary organisations, such as education publishers, examination boards and teacher-training organisations are seen as extensions to arrangements set by governments. Such a framework of understanding has become increasingly inadequate."	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/847feb24-en	6ec2c9a156f759f3bd756fca2d039dec	Another study complements this approach by investigating and surveying the nature of illegal trade in waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) in the European context (Huisman et al., The study estimates that among the 9.45 million tons of e-waste generated in Europe in 2012, only 35% of them were collected and recycled in official systems while the remaining 65% were either exported (16%), recycled under non-compliant conditions in Europe (33%), processed by the informal sector (8%), or simply discarded in waste bins (8%). It also estimates that 1.3 million tons (14%) of e-waste departed the EU in undocumented exports that w'ould likely be classified as illegal waste trade.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-2-en	6ec37008f1dc6edbb9286d96ea344553	The property rights issue is central in this respect. This raises questions as to future sources of finance and asset management. Securing financial and investment assets may require water user groups to seek private-public partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for infrastructure renewal. This is because there remain many impediments to water market formation related to, for example, issues of equity, incomplete science, specific quantity-related property rights, high transaction costs in creating water markets, and the historical allocation of water. In addressing these issues a different mix of policies may be appropriate, such as the use of well-targeted payments where farmers provide a clearly-defined and verifiable public good or service, such as wetland conservation areas. A few countries, however, are using water markets to meet consumptive (address the scarcity value of water) and environmental objectives.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	6ec54318df812ad0ddfb2b1bb841ec0b	Delegating care is closely linked to reconciling work and family life in terms of the compatibility betw een working hours and the opening hours of the care centres, continuity or discontinuity between postnatal periods and access to care sendees (Saraceno, 2011, summarized in Sojo, 2011). Social care is tied to place; in other words, the social relations that determine who provides the care (in what form, quality and quantity) are closely linked to the scenarios of meaning and interaction that, together, shape them. In addition, the concept of social care provides a fundamental look at the binomes of production and consumption, public and private sectors and formal and informal spheres that characterize the place of the action (Daly and Lewis, 2000; Hanlon and others, 2007, pp. These criteria are useful, for example, for distinguishing between the care and treatment that are necessary to prevent morbidity, restore health or treat chronic diseases but are within the purview of the health sector and its providers, and complementary' health-related activities that are dispensed within the framework of care, for the most part within the home.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	6ec5687d8f3796980769887520f43590	It also led to a nuclear disaster in Fukushima. But despite the large loss of human life and record financial costs—estimated at $210 billion—the impact could have been dramatically worse. The Tohoku earthquake, estimated at magnitude 9.0, was the world's fourth strongest since records began in 1900, and the ensuing tsunami waves reached heights of up to 40 metres and travelled up to 10 kilometres inland.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	6ec57da3dfd8440ac571df38be9c3122	Other key factors are car ownership (eases the transport of bottled water), living in urban area, and the lack of trust in government or local authorities (Table C.6). The lowest the P>|z|, the highest the correlation. Because they invest less in bottled water, as it would represent a higher share of their disposable income, lower income groups are more likely to be exposed to water pollution and potentially “pay” a higher share of the health costs of policy inaction. The same reasoning applies between the urban and the rural population (Figure C.14).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	6ec6cafd2a30bd81b9f6dd422b9a04ea	In particular, they should interact with and/or facilitate water stewardship efforts by agro-food sector companies. The rest of this section will look at these three aspects (additional programmes, adapting policies, co-ordination with other actors) successively, encompassing different types of approaches based on the existing literature and illustration from existing programmes. The level of action can vary by region, state or province, to a county or district, or even farms most at risk or most responsible for water risks, and could expand if successful in the hotspot area if funding allows.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	6ec84c89da9b224044dce08b134fc5db	Oblasts and rayons have their own training centres for professional advancement. This has the potential to effectively identify gaps in employees’ current skills and help them map out training and development plans. Belgium has introduced “development circles” focused on building competencies to achieve personal and organisational goals.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	6ecb40f86e77b839661cf2ac5502c777	When the water supply decreases for any of these reasons, competition will increase, as may the risk of conflict. The risk is highest when institutional mechanisms are not in place, especially at the transboundary level, to deal with such variations in supply and to help resolve related disputes. When this impacts local livelihoods (farming, fishing, hunting), tensions can erupt.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/24485d89-en	6ecc9b635ca68f41b438236409d74d41	It is important to note that extreme poverty is rare in most Pacific island developing economies (PIDE). There are a further 0.6 million poor living in the Pacific, half of which is accounted for by the poor in Fiji. Great variability exists in the incidence of basic needs poverty among PIDE; the lowest basic needs poverty rate was recorded in Vanuatu (13 per cent in 2010), followed by Kiribati (22 per cent in 2006), and the highest rates were in the Federated States of Micronesia (31 per cent in 2005) and Fiji (35 per cent in 2008).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-7-en	6ed16179c11914c874da1b4db462d60b	Specifically, the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) has recently identified five interconnected drivers of ocean decline, all of which are related to economic development: rising demand for resources; technological advances ; decline of fish stocks; climate change, biodiversity and habitat loss; as well as weak high seas governance. The commission and many observers agree that more innovation is needed if humankind wishes to continue to raise the productivity of the oceans while protecting its ecological integrity. Specifically, it assesses the role of new knowledge about the oceans, recent technology developments which have enabled the growth of the ocean economy, emerging and potentially disruptive technologies and, finally, what innovation, including disruptive developments, might be needed to address the challenges of the future.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	6ed6419d7c8be2d134da0ce98817f9c7	One of the areas of greatest untapped potential in the German labour force is inactive and/or part-time working mothers. Better sharing of unpaid work at home accompanied by coherent public policies helps mothers to maintain labour market attachment and continue their careers. Young German women are well-educated in comparison to young German men: 32.1% of 25 to 34 years-old women have completed tertiary education, compared to 27.9% of their male peers (Chapter 2).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	6ed7622d0d29ad5444ad00ca93d9af40	Inequality declined in nine countries, including some small European countries and a few medium ones. Inequality increase was near universal in the transition economies and very common in OECD countries, but less general in the developing countries, particularly in SSA and MENA, for which however, the data were limited and not of high quality. In other words, rising inequality might have been caused by a slow or negative growth rather than other factors such as greater global economic integration.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	6edc6d1a650881f6885db3fae85b9780	This is because innovators may not reap all the benefits of their innovations, and because environmental benefits may not be appropriately valued by markets. This is particularly the case for water-related innovation, where the opportunity costs and environmental costs of using or polluting water are not reflected in prices paid by water users. Since markets fail to deliver the appropriate level of environment-related innovation, policy interventions are required. The question then is: what is the best way to support the development and diffusion of eco-innovation?	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	6ee4d7c92d34851c9ece12f86eb29977	However, both male and female Mexicans engage in formal banking at rates less than half of the OECD average. Both men and women face challenges to growing their business in Mexico, including inadequate access to credit. However, self-employed men are more likely to be employers and to be formally registered in the tax and social security system. Self-employed women tend to be own-account w'orkers and are more likely to work informally, often as domestic workers or street vendors. Women fill 42% of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 33.6% in the Senate, compared to 22.6% and 17.2%, respectively, in 2006.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	6ee4ff67b9e42046e8ab848e901fe70f	The college seeks advice of employers for the design of its courses. Through internships with local employers, students gain both practical experience and increased chances for employment. Because an industry supervisor and a faculty member mentor each student the internships also provide a means for interaction between the college's faculty and employers on the design and relevance of curricula.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6ee5746bcd5a7b1de281f231e8c4cb47	With unprecedented CPO prices in 2008, and export tax rates of up 20%, this revenue source accounted for 2.1% of government revenue in 2008 (Barichello, 2010). The export tax on derivatives of CPO was on a similar, but slightly lower, sliding scale. Further changes to the regime in 2010 and 2011 have increased the export tax on CPO relative to derived products in order to give greater incentive to further process CPO in Indonesia. The current variable export tax regime for CPO and derived products is set out in Table 2.A1.8.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/899c7c48-en	6ee62e71575d56645f3bd855d9bcab8e	The biggest absolute increase in severe child deprivation was observed in Hungary (12ppt) and Greece (llppt). In half the countries, child deprivation has increased by at least lppt. Meanwhile, in six countries these rates dropped by at least the same amount: Austria (2ppt), Germany (2ppt), Poland (4ppt), Portugal (2ppt), Romania (lppt) and Switzerland (2ppt).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	6ee69dd0d7766010d3afb0bdf2a07e4b	In principle, all people and communities whose livelihood is associated with crop production should be negatively affected by these hazards. However, Gentle and others (2014) have shown that the impacts are not uniform among people and communities. While the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 gives detailed country data on forest employment, it does not provide an estimate for the total. In fact, the interviews conducted by the authors of the study revealed that the number of climate hazards experienced by Nepalese households was largely concentrated among the poor. On average, poor households experienced 2.63 climate hazards over the six-year period of the study; better-off households experienced 1.76 hazards on average.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	6ee84be01e5910b846f0342a193a4f26	The corresponding indicator of changes in material deprivation is constructed the same way. The absolute difference in the poverty (material deprivation) change between children in each of these sub-groups and the rest of the child population is then calculated. This helps investigate the extent to which the most economically vulnerable children may have been affected disproportionately.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	6ee8ab0514fce72eb2066e35f505dcc1	In the 2009-11 period, EUR 22 million has been approved in the electricity sector and EUR 1 million in the gas sector (ERSE, 2010). Landscape integration (e.g. use of traditional building materials and local vegetation, underground cables) and birdlife protection (e.g. installation of anti-collision and anti-perching devices, installation of nesting platforms for white storks, compensation measures for the Bonelli’s eagle) make up for the majority of the approved environmental costs of the electric utilities. Electricity suppliers in the retail market must provide in the bill and/or via internet information on the fuel mix from which the electricity they provide is generated and related environmental impacts in terms of C02, S02 and NOx emissions per GWh and radioactive waste.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	6ee8f0ced15743c48a27ff8a43ddd501	Due to external shocks, the country has suffered increasing deficits -primarily as a consequence of a sharp increase in the price of energy. The increasing deficits have been financed via borrowing resulting in a steep increase in the debt stock since 2009 and a breach of the fiscal ceiling set by the government at 60% of GDP. Since May 2012, the authorities have taken measures as part of their programme to stabilise the economy and address Jordan’s economic vulnerabilities (International Monetary Fund, 2012).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	6eebe4a420919c7a05f816b1d86f611e	The phosphorus concentration decreased markedly in the latter half of the 1990s, and has since remained consistently at the same level (figure 2 below). Its implementation is supervised by the Commission, to which the Parties report on implementation, discuss implications and, in some cases, agree on compensation. The changes would be the greatest for the winter season. Thus, winter floods arc expected to become more severe in the Vuoksi Basin.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	6ef0e9d9cd6f9d20ce26487320919f89	"In particular, the poverty rate - commonly used in the EU - represents 'the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfers) below the poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers' (Eurostat Glossary). This indicator measures low income relative to other households in a country and not poverty perse; it is rather a measure of people/children who are at risk of being poor (Atkinson et al., As described in Report Card 11 (UNICEF, 2013:8), the relative child poverty rate ""shows the proportion of children who are to some significant extent excluded from the advantages and opportunities which most children in that particular society would consider normal"". The poverty rate is therefore a relative measure, relative to both place and time."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	6ef116508f1a681b48174e54221a2ac0	Aid for trade programmes have a critical role to play along all of these policies. However, the importance of agriculture varies considerably among developing countries even within one region: for example, agriculture accounts for 71% of the national GDP in Liberia, 57% in Guinea-Bissau, and 52% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo but less than 8% in oil-rich, middle-income countries like Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and Equatorial Guinea (USAID, 2011). A declining share for agriculture in national employment and GDP is an inevitable consequence of economic progress (Byerlee et al.,	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	6ef20a770b32fab6b440da05ba720a9b	However, the potential causal nature of the link between education and health is still subject to a certain degree of scrutiny, and these data should be interpreted with caution as the conditions through which education and health are correlated are not yet fully understood. Therefore, mothers need high-quality, affordable ECEC so that they can return to work with confidence that their children are well cared for, and achieve a better work balance. However, during the past decade there have been signs of convergence among OECD countries, and the concept of services for children under the age of 3 is progressively broadening to include educational, gender equality, social integration, and family support objectives.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	6ef2ff29dc168a50fb7ecb7cbdd2c6a5	This is not surprising owing to the rising incidence of teenage fertility in the Philippines amidst a general trend towards declining fertility among Filipino women. Evidence from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study suggests that the trend towards increasingly early sexual initiation of Filipino youth and a low level of contraceptive practice are the likely contributors to the sharp increase in the teenage fertility rate in the past decade (DRDF and UPPI, 2014). For instance, although women aged between 10 and 19 account for 11 per cent of all births worldwide, these women account for 23 per cent of the overall burden of disease (disability-adjusted life years) due to pregnancy and childbirth (WHO, 2008a).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	6ef3439e6bb2d9082fd09cd05927a70a	They may also reimburse the costs of seeing non-NHS providers. About 30% of the schemes have different coverage, leading to some level of competition in the market. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, some insurance schemes excluded coverage of medications that were not reimbursed by NHS, but the extent of coverage for outpatient and inpatient care was generally maintained. Private health insurance is mainly used by a few large companies to make employment contracts more attractive - almost all the privately insured are employees of these companies. Local governments and other public entities also offer private health insurance to their employees, but the coverage of benefits typically more limited. The European Union, for instance, provided EUR 250 million for improving health system infrastructure and EUR 60 million for human resource projects over seven years up to 2013.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	6ef47c0071dfff03705a22e788690d83	The first section overviews key features of Mexico’s water policy. The second section provides an institutional mapping of key players in water resources management and service provision, including both official and non-official actors. The following section discusses the major governance gaps in terms of information asymmetry, divergent objectives, limited capacity at the sub-national level, poor accountability, lack of policy coherence across water-related areas, insufficient funding to carry out duties at different levels, and appropriate scale for water resources management and service provision. The fourth section identifies options for reforming water governance in Mexico based on national and other OECD member countries’ good practices.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	6ef5e4b664db1bb99155b11d2021a7a2	Thus, after socio-economic status is accounted for, private schools do not perform better than public schools; and schools that compete with other schools for students do not perform better than schools that don't compete. Thus, the cross-country analysis suggests that systems, as a whole, do not benefit from a greater prevalence of private schools or school competition. Principals' perceptions of school competition are not necessarily the same as that of the parents of students in their schools.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a11581d8-en	6ef5f91a4d8d9d0cf5d6b58231e3668a	Many migrants return to their places of origin after years of residence abroad. In some cases, returning migrants aremotivated by a desire to live closer to family members who can care for them in old age or to seek affordable institutional care. Some studies suggest that migrants from some Central and Eastern European countries who had returned to their country of origin within 10 years of emigrating represented between 6 and 8 per cent of the adult population of those countries.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	6efd6d4e36b1ad8604b5c6d5aa2d0cf5	The indicator may also be disaggregated by management category of the protected areas. It shows how much of each major ecosystem is dedicated to maintaining its diversity and integrity. Protected areas are essential for maintaining ecosystem diversity in countries and ecological regions, in conjunction with management of human impacts on the environment. Description: Management effectiveness of protected areas is an important indicator of how well protected areas are conserving biodiversity.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349536-5-en	6efe8f1bf55ca1f51238faabf112f004	The environment is protected as it has traces from human settlement from prehistoric times to the present day. The Swedish Environmental Code sets the general frame for protection but the single sites often have specific regulations. Thus, there is a variation regarding what is allowed and what is prohibited.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	6efea7eb024e4332a1026bd1e1fdc5d7	These include spot market development, cross-border balancing, regional capacity allocation, and cross-cutting measures which include increasing the effectiveness of national administrative bodies. Since the 2015 summit over 50% of soft measures have been implemented by the six governments, with Seibia and Montenegro implementing over 60%, Albania. Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo 40-50% and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia just under 40% (ECS, 2017a).	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	6efec4bfcca948ebf082de225f05a7cd	However, having a baby during the teenage years increases the risk of school drop-out, and makes it difficult to enter the labour market and subsequently make career progression. Therefore, the decline in teenage fertility has been accompanied by a decline in child poverty rates. The relationship is likely to work both ways: the decline in the adolescent birth rate reduces the risk of falling into poverty, while the reduced likelihood of living in a poor family reduces the likelihood of an early birth.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	6f01b3b357141e5264dfb61ede375516	At federal level and in some provinces, a greater emphasis has been put on the expansion of childcare services since the mid-1990s to accompany the rapid increase in mothers’ labour force participation as well as to enhance the development of disadvantaged children and tackle poverty (Lefebvre and Merrigan, 2003(9]). Services for children are provided through full-day ECEC centres (including kindergartens), part-day preschools, home/family childcare, school-age and family resources programs of which the mix varies across provinces and is determined at the local level based on a planning process taking into account community needs and priorities. Services that seamlessly provide “care” and “learning” for children are also offered across Canada, with parenting support resources integrated into service provision.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6f03623fb9652bf0e5046f227f2746c6	The correlation coefficient between the share of positive responses to this proposition and support for nuclear energy is even higher than in the case of energy source diversification; it is of 0.91 in 2005 and 0.86 in 2008. Most nuclear countries (with the exception of Estonia) can be found in the upper right-hand square indicating both high degree of awareness of the GHG avoidance advantage of nuclear power and high degree of support for nuclear generation. Importantly, one half of non-nuclear countries in Europe are found in the upper right-hand square that can be characterised as a section of improved public acceptance with improved knowledge about the strengths of nuclear energy.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/fed97d13-en	6f0480008556874ccb9208ce021afb8c	A quick comparison of these criteria with the present global indicators to measure progress on drinking water and sanitation, one could notice that the access to improved or unimproved water and sanitation services (accessibility) is the only criterion currently used, and the other criteria (availability, quality, acceptability, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse) are not measured. In comparison, the MDG+ Initiative measures, in addition to JMP accessibility indicator, indicators related to the availability, water quality, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse. The MDG+ Initiative indicators thus move in the same direction as the United Nations Human Rights Council recommendations. Third Committee draft resolution (A/C.3/68/L.34/Rev.l).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	6f048e6183b6d51653d440d0b7597723	In all countries, state militaries are predominantly male by a wide margin, as are most military-style organisations such as paramilitaries, guerrilla groups, militia, village guards, private security companies and the like.2 Being a soldier and the use of force is often explicitly linked to manhood. Similarly, gangs and extremist groups tend to be heavily male dominated. They also often espouse attitudes, ideologies and practices that draw on extreme understandings of masculinity, misogyny and intolerance of those with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI).	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	6f068b75e2a527156240b4ed13a1c644	These are best thought of as the means to achieve the outcomes sought by the SDGs in the central dial. Further, our focus will be on the role of governments and ICTs affecting these remaining thirteen 13 SDGs over time. As we shall see, these form key preconditions for sustainable development, and ICTs have a critical role to play here.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	6f07f31677b32475266c79d65ae8fc57	Lowest income quartile is equal to 1 if the individual’s income falls in the bottom 25% of the national income distribution, it is equal to 0 if the individual’s income is higher than the lowest quartile. Age dummies are equal to 1 if the individual’s age falls in the age range of each dummy (0/1 variable). The age category 15 to 24 is the reference group with respect to which the results for the other age categories should be interpreted.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	6f0cdae93b847ea86ee6280d3f9c1548	It has also placed special emphasis on “training the trainers,” thereby ensuring that its RTOs can deliver quality sustainability education. For example, the two departments coordinated a Green Skills Task Force that was announced at the NSW Green Skills Summit in 2009. The Green Skills Task Force included education and training representatives, key business and community leaders, environmental groups, sustainability advisers, apprentices and green-skilled workers.119 Most significantly, DET has coordinated closely with DECCW in implementing the Green Skills Strategy and in targeting funds towards high-visibility training needs.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	6f0d5e5748f4d03c282460d15133d148	Men are hospitalised annually for psychoses (especially schizophrenia) at a slightly higher rate than women. In 2007, this number was approximately 3 000 hospitalisations amongst men, as opposed to 2 600 women. Data from 2011 found that 15.1% of hospitalised schizophrenia patients were re-hospitalised within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a).	3	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f52533-387caaaf-en	6f0eb1e118431f89e23772e0b0e205da	This will require roll-out of wireless loT platforms, reliance on network virtualization and improved fibre connectivity. Moreover, it will require the development of advanced ICT skills among users. Network operators and users will have to adapt their business models to take advantage of the opportunities of the digital transformation. Policy-makers and regulators are called upon to create conditions facilitating entrepreneurial experiments and innovation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	6f0f3c1082817d4577c30ed93a485cb6	In either case, poverty reduction was the indirect outcome of growth. By the same token, some increase in inequality was thought to be unavoidable in the early phase of development, because the inequality would be helpful for capital accumulation, since, as suggested by the Keynesian theory of consumption, the rich have a higher marginal propensity to save than the poor. This was manifested by the strength of suggested radical alternatives, even though these were directed against an orthodoxy that now seems disconcertingly progressive by comparison to that of today. A prominent challenge to the orthodoxy was represented by the various forms of dependency theory, which promoted the view that development and underdevelopment constitute two sides of the same coin, and that autonomous development was possible only under socialism (see Cardoso and Faletto, 1979; Kay, 1989, ch.5; and Saad-Filho, 2005). These outcomes were surprising, given the expectations of spontaneous reduction of poverty through the trickle down process (see Bigsten and Levin, 2004, pp.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	6f10cc5d23632f25fee955ac03947ccd	Meanwhile, there is a need for more systematic impact assessments of factors determining the rate of success of incubators, technology parks and software labs. Android for Developing, a pilot project, was launched in Mozambique in 2010 and is expected to be replicated and further developed in other contexts. The pilot project is part of the first phase of cooperation between Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS and its African partners aimed at fostering the joint development of high technology products that can respond to local demand and thereby have a potential to become commercially viable. The open source Android platform was chosen as it enables powerful applications for smartphones.	9	0	4	1.0
10.30875/9e478973-en	6f1240e63f0db0ff9914dc5a9cbb2d2e	One of the main messages of the 2015 joint report was that trade openness or trade growth alone may not be sufficient to end extreme poverty. The extreme poor face specific constraints—due to the fact that they tend to work in rural areas, in the informal sector, live in fragile states and face gender inequality—that can limit their ability to benefit from wider trade-induced economic gains. It continues to focus on the linkages between trade and extreme poverty rather than the broader distributional effects of trade and the agenda of shared prosperity.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	6f1658622193ec3daafaabf3c247dc23	In Norway, the share of immigrants among recipients with spell lengths in the top decile is about twice as high than among those with spell lengths in the bottom decile. Similarly the share of recipients living in the household with an immigrant in Sweden is more than twice as high among recipients with long spells than among those with short spells. The gap for the Netherlands is smaller but still sizeable.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264257344-en	6f18255d6435f943053c754e2ff406e0	While this may or may not lead to a net increase in employment, it will change the skill profile of the workforce. Governments should therefore assess new job skill requirements and adjust education and training programmes accordingly. This could help to co-ordinate efforts by engaging key stakeholders, to monitor progress, and generally to provide the political impetus needed to achieve ambitious policy objectives.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	6f187062cc61fd7454e5484352930acd	It can also partly be explained by the difficulty of obtaining data necessary to estimate adjustment effects and by the complexities adjustment considerations introduce into standard trade models (Francois et al. In two recent overviews of trade adjustment in developing countries, a partial list of the range of areas affected by adjustment costs included, inter alia, the public sector (e.g. tax reform, revenue replacement, civil service retrenchment/retraining and increased expenditures); industry (e.g. reallocation of capital and investment, support against profit fluctuations); labour (e.g. unemployment insurance, retraining); and wider social costs (e.g. health, internal migration) (Francois et al. A similarly wide-ranging view is taken in Milner’s (2005) study on EPA adjustment costs for the Commonwealth Secretariat, which considers adjustment across several sectors/activities, including fiscal reform, trade facilitation, labour retraining and financial sector reform. This reinforces the idea of adjustment as a motivation for a given aid intervention, rather than a sector or activity unto itself.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	6f19ff4982565565fd36db5603a3ab74	The second fund is from Hg Renewable Power Partners, in which PGGM has also invested EUR 50 million on behalf of one of its clients. As of the end of 2010, 9% of the infrastructure portfolio was invested in sustainable energy (amounting to 17.5% of committed capital). Unlike pension funds which are asset owners, in addition to their own assets arising from their life insurance and annuity business, insurance companies are also asset managers, investing money for external clients as well as their own parent insurance company funds. This makes it difficult to get a holistic view of how much in terms of green assets an insurance company is in total exposed to.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/de83ab61-en	6f1ae848f7ac43a7359e835614e6641c	However, publicly guided international mechanisms of technological diffusion have limited precedents, since, historically, the bulk of technological knowledge has been embodied and transferred as private property through the operations of private companies. The successful experience of CGIAR is an example of how rapid worldwide diffusion of new agricultural technologies can be effected through a publicly supported global and regional network of research institutions. In the climate change area, building international public policymaking capability can draw upon the experiences already existing in international scientific networks and the example of multi-stakeholder cooperation provided by the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	6f1b6029272992854ec3e204851b94eb	These are increasingly being used to recover regulatory costs from the regulated parties. The classical example is water licensing fees - when the fee is set to pay only for the administrative cost of issuing a license to abstract water. Other examples include the pollution control tax in Spain (to pay for enforcement by river basin agencies) or the research charge in South Africa. They are based on the user-pays and polluter-pays principles.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	6f1ffd296ef0e558789665df4745ec56	With respect to the no crisis scenario, this amounts to a reduction of 4.64 percentage points in 2008, 4.05 in 2009, 3.84 in 2010, and 3.70 in 2011; the total decline of the number of children in caloric poverty at the national level is 12.95% in 2008, 11.37% in 2009, 10.85% in 2010, and 10.57% in 2011. The VAT food subsidy appears to be the most ineffective of these two policies vis-a-vis the goal of reducing caloric poverty. The likely reasons for the inefficiency of the two policy responses on the reduction in monetary poverty, as mentioned above, remain valid to explain the inefficiency of these policies in reducing caloric poverty. This policy is found to be ineffective at completely eliminating the increase in child caloric poverty generated by the crisis in Yaounde and Douala.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a22d206d-en	6f2267be025598083a809fabace5a99d	Moreover, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) warns that, while land titling programmes have become popular with many international agencies and beneficiaries, attempts to formalize land titling and registration can have unintended consequences forwomen.includingthe loss of secondary land rights under customary law (FAO, 2013). For example, when land registration programmes were first introduced in Kenya, the male-dominated adjudication committees typically registered land to the male head of household, but failed to record women’s secondary rights to the land. This had the unintended effect of extinguishing those rights altogether (FAO, n.d.). The Kenyan Constitution, as amended in 1997, prohibited discrimination based on gender.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	6f260d749f3163436de591218b955a51	Over 2005-12, the fund surpluses financed activities worth PLN 230 million a year on average, and as much as PLN 400 million in 2012 (Table 4.8). It is not clear whether the allocation of such resources was based on cost-benefit analysis of proposed projects. In 2010, the finance minister proposed using the Forest Fund to reduce the central budget deficit.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	6f2be2b122e66db8005c0ef7b2bcd4b8	There are certainly some potentials: some measures, such as soil conservation policies, will tackle both adaptation and mitigation simultaneously. Support programmes and gradual diversification of crops and income sources, as well as farming practices, will be necessary. Despite suggestions during the inception, no separate (stand-alone) institution was created for the delivery of the CRGE work.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	6f30a096244f5262ab96d71b5569a3da	Moreover, investing in agriculture and rural activities is a top priority for these countries due to the expected rise in demand for food and feed resulting from rapid income and population growth. Achieving these objectives becomes all the more critical in the face of increasingly unpredictable extreme weather events in the LDCs resulting from climate change impacts. There should also be renewed focus on stabilizing the domestic food economies of these countries. The provision of social safety nets to the rural and urban poor will be necessary because of the significant risks and vulnerabilities that these countries might face in the future.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	6f314311a9a72ca5f51270acaaa305a9	In view of Latvia’s volatile labour market, it does seem appropriate to maintain an ability for quickly scaling up public works programmes should the need arise. However, current allocations of Latvia’s limited ALMP resources should be based on a careful review of national and international evidence regarding the merits of public works programmes relative to other forms of ALMPs. On balance, the international evidence suggests that, while widely used as a redistributive tool and an effective employment buffer during crisis periods, public works programmes tend to have little to no positive effect on participants’ longer-term employment outcomes (Cahuc et al., Based on this evidence, Latvia probably devotes too large a share of the overall ALMP budget on public works programmes.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	6f3181ee9fee621f3311e438184f7ca4	In the 20111 century hydro-electricity was deliberately intertwined with regional development, with legislation requiring developers to site industrial plants close to a source of hydro-electric power, typically in the remote mountain and fjord regions. Most often this was used for die metals industry looking for cheap electricity. Troms County was no exception, and several energy-intensive manufacturing companies are still located in this region.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	6f3261aba739bb9305e4a3072338065d	The decline in SA benefit receipt observed for many countries in Figure 5 has been driven primarily by falling entry rates into benefit receipt. The two top panels of Figure 7 show that the patterns observed for entry rates are remarkably similar to those reported earlier for the rates of benefit receipt. There is a clear downward trend in year-to-year entry rates into benefit receipt for five countries, for which entry rates into SA benefits appear to converge to around 1-1.5% towards the end of the observation periods. Exceptions are again the entry rate for Germany, which fluctuates heavily between 2% and 4.5% possibly in response to the 2005 ‘Hartz reforms’, and the one for Latvia, where no clear trend can be identified due to the shorter observation period.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab381733-en	6f3687077ba0d34b7be26b1303832780	According to the composition of waste in Georgia (table 5.1) the share of recyclables is nearly 20 per cent but achieving higher yield at the sorting plant would require the introduction of separate collection in the serviced area. Also, the sorting plant currently operates on one shift and increasing the throughput would require additional financing for the second and third shifts, which the municipal budget cannot provide now. The sale of recyclables is low, due to the undeveloped market and lack of incentives for recycling.	12	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	6f376bbc9358062ba83876f8dd2b3833	Consequently, Dominica faces a high risk of debt distress in contrast to the previously moderate risk (IMF 2013a, 2016a). Dominica suffered considerably from the impact of Category 5 Hurricane Maria, which was probably even more substantial than Hurricane Erika, while Vanuatu had to undertake a massive relocation exercise of 11,000 people on account ofthe threat ofthe volcanic eruption on the island of Ambae. Both countries have similar physical island characteristics in terms of climate and vegetation, but, whereas Dominica consists of one island, Vanuatu is a group of around 80 islands. As a result of their island geography and locations in the Caribbean and the Pacific, respectively, both countries are highly vulnerable to multiple hazards, such as cyclones, earthquakes, flooding, volcanic activity and associated tsunami threats.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	6f3adeb91dd3eb222c63a03da6f0f885	A pool is pro-competitive where the participating parties are able to use each other’s technology for further competing product development, and where the pool is open to be used by third parties, against the payment of a fee. Box 11 provides an example of such an open patent pool created by UNITAID for accelerated treatment of HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, patent pools may also have serious anti-competitive effects where participating parties agree on joint use of the technology, establish uniform prices of the resulting products, and refuse licenses to outsiders.	3	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	6f3cd8b64b0bd39c2f926f2c2e278542	In extreme cases, such as in parts of the Middle East, desalination and reuse of wastewater can be used, which in general has a high energy intensity compared with “conventional water” (Ghaffour et al., Firstly, a large part comes from individual pumping in agriculture which is not well monitored. Secondly, the energy consumption of water supply largely depends not only on the volume of water consumption, in particular in the agricultural sector, but also on the availability of the water resources in the regions considered, and the distance from the place of consumption.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	6f3f379955605e7e3cddd7192fd39f22	Earnings from this tax for 2010/11 are estimated to be around INR 22.5 billion (USD 500 million). As India's pledge refers to articles in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) related to the provision of financial resources and technology transfer from developed countries, it is unclear whether India regards this technology co-operation as a precondition for pursuing its reduction efforts. The pledge explicitly excludes emissions from agriculture, but it is also not clear whether the target refers to C02 or GHG emissions.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	6f407c892960571fc39cbe6b1e712ac6	Concentrating first on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, results from Table 3, Panel A suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty produced by market earnings, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on social assistance, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates. Only three social expenditure programmes share an association with changes in child poverty rates (Table 3, Panel A).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	6f43b7c72c07cf9e1deeed6e5a2d367c	More will be said on the importance of establishing such a communications and reporting framework later in this study. In the case of debt financing, investors lend a certain amount of money on credit in exchange for repayment plus interest. In equity financing, investors lend a given amount of money in exchange for a stake in a project.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	6f43d03177d1beade1b2cd457251a060	The Job Card (which may be seen as a counselling tool) and the Japanese Dual System (which in the case of commission-type training provides one month of relevant work experience after three months in public vocational training) do not represent a radical break from the past structure of public vocational training measures. However, these measures, along with the introduction of “life security” benefits for participants without an El entitlement, seem designed to reverse the earlier decline in training participation, which is a welcome change. Older-worker policies are mainly focused on those aged 60-64, with a policy objective of increasing actual ages of retirement to at least the minimum age for a public pension, which is being progressively increased to reach age 65 in 2013. However, MHLW seems unwilling or unable to enforce further increases in the mandatory retirement age.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	6f453f6249299beed01d901b1231d478	In 2009, on average 46% of Italian waterways were classified as class 1 (high) or class 2 and 81% were in classes 1 to 3. About 72% of lakes were in these three top classes (Figure 4.1). The number of bathing sites closed (i.e. sites where swimming was banned) during the summer season increased from 125 (2.6%) in 2002 to 310 (6.3%) in 2009, but it fell to 33 (0.7%) in 2010. Closing of these sites has been linked to toxic microalgae blooming, which occurs in many coastal regions.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	6f45c48fb4bba4bf241bd6b17baea00e	As shown in the table below, there are differences at several stages of the process, although the overall procedure remains the same. Medicidndelapobrezaporingresostactualitacidn metodoiogica y resultados (IC/FUB.2018/22-P). December 2018; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University IFAO/OMSAINUI, Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Report of a Joint FAQ/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Between 2002 and 2008 and again between 2008 and 2014, the poverty rate fell far enough to offset population growth, which led to a reduction in the absolute number of people living in poverty in both these periods. Between 2014 and 2017 the rise in the poverty rate and growth in the population reinforced each other, so that the absolute number of people living in poverty rose more than the poverty rate (see figure II.2).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	6f47a98bc3465724c9c5d34e4a5096b8	Leaving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to emit CO2, with members of Group A will increase their relative income and their willingness to pay and hence climate change impacts must be economically valued in a rather modest manner. Instead, giving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to demand an end to CO2 emissions, to members of Group B will increase their income and their willingness to pay, and hence climate change impacts will need to be valued in a more substantive manner. This is the representative value of the probability distribution.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	6f494e51865b84e00124908fe9e62521	Recent events in these markets - such as the oil price collapse and structural decline in coal markets - were not caused by climate change policy, but they give us some indication of the potential risks that more stringent climate policy poses to the sector. Importers and exporters will, for different reasons, need to manage carefully the implications of the eventual structural decline of these sectors for their own economies.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	6f4a5647949c3eff2dd17964224ea5c2	Such rights signal the importance of work/life balance considerations to employers, while generally granting employers the right to refuse for compelling business reasons. In Australia, the Fair Work Act of 2009 provided employees with a legal right to request flexible working arrangements, depending on the personal and family circumstances (including the responsibility to care for a child of school age or younger). Accordingly, in 2014 almost two-thirds (64%) of all Australian working families with children 12 years and under had a parent who made use of flexible working time to help care for their children.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c341a207-en	6f4ee400d10c5c02549a31a92f61143e	It can allocate consumption values to the individual groups allowing cities - including those in data scarce environments - to monitor the distribution of resource flows (where and who). This same information can be used as a scenario building tool to simulate the potential impact a policy change can have on the resource flow distribution. In addition, the approach enables countries to report on a consistent set of cities for which progress can be tracked over time in a more systematic and scientific manner.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	6f4f81f75b766544149fd8d787c091bc	As with co-operative banks, there is broad scope for collaboration and integration between the federal and state governments in the promotion of MGS. The national government will need to set the legal framework in which the guarantee societies will operate and possibly ensure counter-guarantees. State government can also provide public counter-guarantees, in addition to encouraging the establishment of the MGS at the local level. In order not to have the size of their mutual fund reduced by defaulting loans, they will have an interest in providing coverage only for reliable borrowers. In turn, this lowers information asymmetries for the lender.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	6f524cc02bc069f59970ac19ddeb27a4	"Second, they suggest that a non-negligible share of inactive workers that is either receiving benefits that are conditional to inactivity, or is too sick, too addicted, too uneducated to work or disconnected from the labour market or even just ""too poor"" to access available jobs, will not easily join the labour force despite the tight labour market. Several measures of regional dispersion applied to OECD data on participation by states and counties show an increase over past three decades, especially for men. For instance, the gap in participation between the bottom 10% counties and the top 10% has increased by about 3 percentage points on average since 1990; the gap in participation between the bottom 5 states and the top 5 has increased by about 2 percentage points on average and by 3 percentage points for males."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	6f53c6d04fa3b5bcfb91a4f806d20ae7	To achieve its aims, the arrangements of the enhanced transparency framework will need to be workable and efficient from a practical point of view. A shared understanding of what the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 mean and how the existing system could evolve will help to lay the groundwork for this task, together with agreement on the priorities and timeline for the work to be undertaken. I., et al. (	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289330923-7-en	6f549fdfcd027fd5dca0149980f445a6	On the 27 May this year, more than 50 countries gathered in Oslo to establish a global partnership on climate and forest, which will improve transparency and coordination of financing in this field. The partnership may also be a stepping stone to agreement on REDD+ in the climate change negotiations. The partnership established in Oslo is the first of its kind, and the first partnership between developed and developing countries in the battle against global warming. Norway has worked actively on international policy development for REDD+, including through its secretariat role of the Informal Working Group for Interim Finance for REDD+, through the REDD Options Assessment Report and other studies.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	6f54ec1fb64562e4bfbeb7864905c029	In both cases, essentially the same package of WC policies was offered, with only the order and speed of implementation being open to debate, regardless of the persistent underperformance and repeated crises in the adjusting countries. Even under the PWC, the Bank’s policies were presented to its clients as a package whose components may be sequenced, but should not be jettisoned. Interestingly, both WC and PWC economic policies were presumably identified deductively, starting from the “best” economic theory (either neoclassical or of the “new institutional economics” variety). This is a way to incorporate carefully selected insights from the developmental state debates as if they were merely practical truths.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	6f583f57581dd82d3733f291905a4e0c	In Poland, a number of government-funded programmes are focused on strengthening the capacity of business-support institutions to provide innovation and R&D-related services to SMEs. These partners focus on building links between R&D institutes, SMEs, and people who can be encouraged to start businesses to commercialise their knowledge, and systems that connect incubators, technology transfer offices, and technology parks. Further detail on specific programme measures is provided in Box 3.6 at the end of this chapter. Financial assistance is offered to cover the costs of consultancy services to develop a development strategy for the innovation centre, consultancy and promotion resulting from the centre’s strategy (e.g. databases, coaching, matching partners, estimating costs of the implementation of a given project for production by client entrepreneurs, the assessment of the market value of the R&D results), implementing expansion or modernisation of existing technical infrastructure, and promotional activities resulting from the centre’s strategy.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	6f59688e04a176aac249bc602dcc4743	The misalignment of fund allocation with transit-oriented development is evident, for example, in the fact that investment in road infrastructure between 2004 and 2013 for the business and commercial district of Santa Fe was double the cost of installing the five lines of Metrobus (Medina, 2014). As a result, projects are limited by the lack of physical and operational complementarity, and they cannot benefit from shared knowledge and good practices. Both the regulatory framew'ork for Metrobus and Mexibus and the financial schemes for implementing corridors are significantly different.31 Segmented implementation limits knowledge sharing and harmonisation of quality.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	6f5b877c2aeef25570703fee3bba4f4d	The framework is made up of three sub-models: assessment, forecast and management. Figure 3.2a shows the assessment sub-model, which is used to construct the ecosystem structure and to assess risks. First, species in an ecosystem are identified and then grouped by the self-organising mapping (SOM) analysis based on nine ecological characteristics (Chon et al., The ecosystem structure is constructed using the Ecopath model, which has been widely used to describe the trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on quantitative bases (Pauly et al.,	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190672-3-en	6f5bde515c4ef7c01ff82b69d82275cf	The implication is that the yardstick for educational success is no longer simply improvement against national standards, but against the best-performing education systems worldwide. The first volume - Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States (OECD, 2010) - high I ighted insights from the education systems of a selection of top scoring and rapidly improving countries as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The following reports analysed Ihe contexts, recent reform paths and performance of the education system, drawing lessons for Mexico (OECD, 2011), Greece (OECD, 2011), japan (OECD, 2012), and the Canary Islands, Spain (OECD, 2012). The focus of these reports is on how countries are reforming their education systems not only to produce better learning outcomes, but in particular, to ensure that their students acquire Ihe skills needed for the unpredictable labour market of the future.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	6f5db5e0aa7324bd99a01d49fec6d0a8	It is difficult to know which generation options will be most financially viable 40 years from now - i.e. the average lifespan of generation facilities. At present, many of these countries use fossil-based generation technology that operates at efficiencies below that of OECD countries. This context creates significant opportunity for the private sector to support the upgrade of such technology.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	6f618da8659309b7df7b085a5b44083c	Through end-to-end tracking and auditable data trails, investors may transparently track their investments. For successful implementation, an international legal framework would need to be established, which allows for simple investment transactions for the full spectrum of investors. The problem is even more severe as the top recipient countries for climate finance are often also countries with high levels of corruption (Transparency International, 2014).	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	6f6225bbe3da324d9f7b4825dfbf4f82	However, train utilisation -that is, the average load of a train - is low compared to what is observed in other emerging economies. This suggests that better management of train operations might be needed. Note that although European countries have lower train loads, this is mainly the consequence of subsidised train services. Labour productivity is also low.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	6f6714b4d29478edae4da3c615937bd0	Trends in U.S. wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2): 300-323. Working Paper 12/130, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Trade and globalization after globalization’s 2nd unbundling: How building and joining a supply chain are different and why it matters.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	6f68f81a771f2cf74e48c12a0f83bbbb	Collective bargaining mechanisms were first piloted in the mid-1990s and have been evolving ever since. The 2008 landmark Labour Contract Law sets out regulations governing collective contracts. At the same time, tripartite co-ordination bodies have been set up at provincial level (in 2002) as well as at city and prefecture levels. Union membership has also expanded, coinciding with an increasingly tight labour market. While it remained stable at about 100 million throughout the 1990s, union membership has more than doubled during the 2000s to reach 226 million - over a quarter of the labour force - in 2009 (Cai and Wang, 2011). A significant number of countries increased minimum wages in the years before the financial crisis of 2007-08 (ILO, 2009), while others made changes in response to the crisis.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	6f693e66835bb81a53786f1b1d789c15	Current Reforms of German Family Policy”, Social Politics, Vol. Ergebnisse der dritten 361°A.T. Keamey-Familienstudie”. Failure to Dominate Government, Intraparty Dynamics and Welfare Reforms in Continental Europe”, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). Crossnational Effects of Maternal Employment on Gender Inequalities at Work and at Home”, Harvard Business School Working Paper, No.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/b9699195-en	6f694d6b222ad44c95f3ad49b298fd47	Combined with generally higher incomes for urban dwellers, these changes widen the selection of products available. Although the diversity of choice leads to higher consumption of animal-source foods and fruits and vegetables, increases in consumption of processed foods also lead to higher intakes of fats, sugars and salt. With higher energy intakes and lower energy expenditure, urban dwellers incur a higher risk of overweight and obesity than rural dwellers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	6f6e3c25bcbeb1d9963d09af1a70d91c	This opportunity might motivate students for higher achievements than without such assessment. As assessment for qualification and certification is expected to increase the overall level of achievement, the proportion of students proceeding into higher education may be positively affected. But findings on incentive effects are diverse in international and cross-regional comparative and national studies (more on this below).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	6f703591cde868510ff0a2142b653e88	However they are beyond the scope of this paper and, as explained in Box 1, they have not been surveyed in the OECD QuASH (2014). This complexity makes the classification of policy programmes difficult; nevertheless a classification is necessary to collect and monitor information. One useful and common classification divides subsidies into supply-side and demand-side. Supply-side subsidies are directed at producers of housing and can consist of direct government grants or subsidies, as well as land and tax concessions for provision of housing or urban renewal.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	6f73f339e1302ac87782ad4f6b5c1c34	This implies a need for a shared vision and strategy for women’s empowerment and gender equality, w'hich should be supported by an effective institutional framew ork with clear roles and responsibilities and specific mechanisms to embed gender considerations in all policies, programmes and budgets in a systematic and evidence-based manner. Most countries in the MENA region have reported developing a gender equality vision and strategy. Yet, these documents do not uniformly integrate international standards nor they are supported by effective implementation capacities.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	6f77c79a45796c589063f86dbebcdc66	However, whether the latter is mainly aimed at identifying supply shortages, the indicator at hand is aimed at discovering temporary oversupply. Whether or not this situation may occur, depends on the flexibility of the power system as a whole, i.e. flexibility on the supply side (shutdown and ramping capabilities of generation units) and demand side (interruptible contracts, variable pricing, smart metering, etc.). The flexibility of the demand side of the power system will be dealt with in more detail under demand-side security of supply indices. This is particularly relevant when extreme events occur, occasioning sudden decreases in demand or increases in supply from other sources.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	6f7877410fd718316c7c21ca7c6c1a66	Studies that attempt to explain the impact of biofuel demand on world food prices exhibit marked differences in their findings, which suggest that demand could explain anywhere from 15 to 70 per cent of the 2007-2008 food price hike. Direct competition between food and fuel has led to calls for support for a new generation of biofuels that do not compete with food (Vos, 2009). The share of total overseas development assistance (ODA) allocated to agriculture fell from a peak of 18 per cent in 1978 to 4 per cent in 2009, with ODA earmarked for agriculture having decreased significantly in the 1990s (United Nations, 2008a) (see figure III.6).	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	6f7ca7afe205bf7ec217ab3867f3e9ce	Since 2001, rapid population growth in large and mediumsized cities has led to a shortage of affordable housing for low-income residents, incoming migrants and even middle-class households. After the massive privatisation of housing in the 1990s, owner-occupancy is the dominant tenure in Kazakhstan, as it is in Eastern European and OECD countries. Given the extremely limited direct public provision of housing (including social housing), the private sector is best equipped to accommodate the rising demand for affordable housing in large cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	6f7f727ca6f4d428932ec5e793b2f490	This creates a new set of challenges for the design of the welfare state. In particular, there is growing interest in the behavioural effects that welfare-state provision may, in many cases inadvertently, produce. Provision of generous benefits may lead to changed behaviour: for example generous maternity pay may increase fertility or result in longer leave for new mothers, unemployment benefits may reduce job seeking among the unemployed, and pension provision may reduce savings for retirement and employment among the retired.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	6f82ac110e35c960361c9c209ba437e7	Private, but publicly funded schools receive direct payments for the salaries of teachers and other staff (e.g. special needs assistants) and grants to cover day-to-day running costs (e.g. heating, cleaning, maintenance). Schools can also undertake fundraising activities; at the secondary level, a small number of schools charge fees, but the majority do not. However, about 20% of schools are oversubscribed, and can apply selection criteria.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/74f4872a-en	6f8e01a37fe7bdd05a554774108f0bba	Infrastructure is a result of both public and private investment, with private investment ranging betw een 25 per cent to 70 per cent of total infrastructure investment in different countries. But since data on infrastructure are scant and typically do not provide a comprehensive total of private and public investments, public infrastructure is used as a proxy in a large number of studies, thereby potentially leading to undercounting of total infrastructure stocks of countries in existing empirical analyses. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many countries have not maintained reliable public infrastructure investment figures until recently, which creates issues around comparability. Hence, existing estimates do not capture the efficiency of infrastructure and service quality, which is a very important determinant of growth.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	6f8e90ab3fa06cc0e39ef2e4d2e86f85	In both cases (with the exception of decoupled payments), the result is that instability is exported to world markets. This tendency of agricultural policies to stabilise domestic markets acts as a vicious circle: as world markets become more volatile, governments see even more reason to stabilise domestic markets, thereby adding further to instability in international trade. Of concern here is the extent to which the drivers are, themselves, likely to exhibit greater variability and uncertainty in the future, or to condition market responses in ways that will exacerbate price volatility in the coming decade. The main drivers are discussed individually below.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a29f7945-en	6f8ed8eb021789e4064d32916884dcf7	In 2003, members of the African Union committed to allocating ten percent of their national budgets to agriculture development in the Maputo Declaration. Malawi has successfully introduced an extensive subsidy programme for fertilizers - allocating 9 percent of its budget to it - which stimulated both agricultural production and economic growth (Dorward and Chirwa 2011). In Africa overall, the number of undernourished increased by 8 percent between 2007 and 2008, while it remained constant in Asia (FAO 2011). Their rise was greeted with optimism early on, with African countries ostensibly benefiting from the technology transfer, higher yields and higher productivity generally associated with foreign direct investment.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	6f9059454a5620300ecdbda924113aad	In Koulikoro 46% are poor, 41% are deprived, and 24% of the children who are simultaneously poor and deprived are found in this region. For Tombouctou the deprivation rate is remarkably high at 75%, but this region has a lower poverty rate (33%). Since the region has a low population density rate only 5% of all children poor and deprived are living in Tombouctou. As a result of data limitations no indicators on nutrition and health are included, though both are acknowledged to be important aspects of well-being for children regardless of their age.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	6f91428ca7b8145669bcf33a5a8c711f	"Further, credit meters were generally mounted on external walls of dwellings (in all residential areas), and suspicion was widespread that supply was accessed by unauthorised users. These meters also reduced the problem of non-payment. When selling prepaid electricity, the challenge of providing a convenient payment point close to every home can easily be underestimated. In most instances, the change from credit meters to prepaid meters was started with a focus on the installation of meters, but it was soon found that the system only started to operate smoothly once the focus included the sales channel page | gg as well. From an end-user's perspective, the real delivery process has much more to do with the logistics of moving vouchers (sometimes called ""tokens"" or ""PINs"") from a computer where they are generated, to the user's home and moving the cash from the user's pockets to the utility's bank account. However, in the disadvantaged communities targeted by the INEP, few residents have bank accounts."	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/08756197-en	6f914fdf4f0f92fa2afe4bd63ffe2452	There is a lack of legislation and control of the authorities in several environmental health domains, for example, safe use of chemicals, waste management, industrial emissions, occupational health, and outdoor and indoor air quality. The TAIEX report (2013) also underlines these points. The Law was amended in 2012 by way of harmonization with EU rules.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-12-en	6f93220d5e0aa67e42a2959e7859cc02	This chapter considers: the use of indicator frameworks to monitor key information on school systems; the use of tools to monitor student outcomes (in particular, specific national assessments designed for this purpose, longitudinal research and surveys, as well as international assessments); the use of qualitative reviews of particular aspects of the education system (including ad hoc reviews, as well as evaluative information generated via external education system reviews); and the evaluation of specific programmes and policies. The overarching policy objective is to ensure that education system evaluation contributes to the improvement of student outcomes through improved education policies. There is a complex range of features associated with education system evaluation.	4	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	6f936ff69b754551bc14469a9c5c4358	In the sample used for econometric analysis, storage patents represent on average only 0.2% of total patents. Nevertheless, in order to avoid any concern over possible endogeneity, regressions are estimated on the difference between the patent total and the dependent variable. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	6f94e018c48131ec257029977472c547	In essence, practitioners will have more latitude to make judgements about what type of information is required in order to proceed with a development. The environmental code requires that the state and the provinces adopt an area vision. These measures outline the environmental values or goals to be achieved. For municipalities, this is the regional plan, for the water boards, the Water Regulation, and for the provinces, an area regulation.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa683360-en	6f991712083c9d6426f36ebf5eaf8df4	Their violence is carefully targeted at certain people at certain times and places. They generally do not attack their bosses or people on the street, no matter how angry they may be. Abusers also follow their own internal rules about abusive behaviours. They often choose to abuse their partner only in private, or may take steps to ensure that they do not leave visible evidence of the abuse.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	6f9971c46319a97351d8c7d79381bf96	Discussions aimed to answer how refugee teachers could best be managed so that their rights were protected, their impact on the destination country was beneficial and they were enabled to improve educational quality and access. Participants explored systemic and structural issues as well as good practice and identified future research directions. Ongoing quantitative and qualitative research was presented by field-based practitioners as well as educational managers and academics.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a72b920d-en	6f99d44dd3b8d155f300d0b940361f43	Regional integration facilitates mobility of services and resource flows and the free movement of people across the region. Integration further provides an opportunity for promoting synergies and the harmonization of policies within the region. It offers opportunities to synchronize health and security concerns.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	6f99e0c4fa5ec83ce5c5df03edaa129c	The UN Secretary General's climate change summit in September 2019 will provide an indication of whether the facilitative dialogue has provided countries with inputs to raise the ambition of their climate actions. The world is not on track to meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature goal of 2°C and even less so for the 1.5°C goal (UNEP 2018a, IPCC 2018). As for meeting the aspirational goal of keeping temperature rise below 1.5C, as small-island states have pushed for, this would require transformation of energy, transport and food sectors on an unprecedented scale.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	6f9b1948bcdee49bb253227f5850a913	Other priorities for Denmark include ensuring that teachers and principals have quality support, feedback and professional development opportunities and that principals take a more active pedagogical role. Completing a framework for evaluation and assessment and using the results in schools are also considered priorities. Building the capacity of municipalities and schools to implement national strategies at the local level and optimising resources in a decentralised context are key issues.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bb63671b-en	6f9cc261beef236aacced5896be73679	The time spent on household work depends not only on the strength of bargaining power, but also on conditioning factors such as household composition, life cycle stage, and the person's educational level as well as the resilience of gender norms and institutions that limit women's access to for example resources, employment and promotions. This is in contrast to running separate Ordinary least-square (OLS) regressions, which introduces bias due to the likelihood that the error terms of the equations are related to one another. However, this study focuses on the household division of labour with respect to market and non-market work and the regression results on leisure and rest are not included in this paper.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en	6fa0d11a6b4ad83899dc4b43cbea9c27	Each region participating in the OECD Local Indicators Project ranks the variables within the framework according to the relevance of an individual indicator to their region. Each variable is rated low, medium or high in terms of its ability to contribute to the green growth assessment at the local level. The effectiveness of policy responses in encouraging these green economy opportunities and ensuring that the net economic benefit is captured for Schonefelder Kreuz is also seen as an important measurement variable.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	6fa3d8540d4d8eb22268e4d102fd2fc5	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Building on good practices and evidence of what works, the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (hereinafter the GEPL Recommendation) confirms that a whole-of-govemment approach to gender equality is the most effective strategy for achieving gender equal societies for inclusive growth. It sets forth important benchmark policy recommendations necessary to set in motion well-functioning gender machineries (see Box 1.1 in Chapter 1). As such, these institutions facilitate a consistent whole-of-govemment response to gender equality, provide advice and guidance to centre of government and line ministries, monitor the status of gender equality and help formulate and implement policies throughout the government.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	6fa40d564d353fd04be96020562486f3	Contracts — that can be broadly defined as an arrangement that reorganises the rights and duties of governments — define mutual obligations and agree on authority and enforcement mechanisms (formal or informal), can be innovative policy tools to enable flexible collaboration among levels of governments. In this context, the experiences of France, Italy and Sweden are useful examples for Korea. This paper looks into the experienced of these countries to derive some policy lessons that could be important in the Korea context. One of the main puiposes of the decentralisation in France was to reform the system of central planning. Contracts have been developed since 1980s in the French decentralisation efforts aiming at reforming the system of central planning. As an “empowerment contract”, the CPER is a tool for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c607b535-en	6fa559ff717231c96cf32dd8e6e4f211	Nutrition-sensitive interventions ond programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving moternol and child nutrition? The lancet, 382(9891): 536-551. Household dietary diversity ond Food expendilures ore closely linked in rural Bonglodesh, increasing Ihe risk of molnulrilion due lo Ihe financial crisis. Association of household rice expenditure with child nutritional status indicates o role for macroeconomic food policy in comboling malnutrition. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(5): 1320-1325. Higher household expenditure on onimal-scurce ond nongroin foods lowers Ihe risk of stunting omong children 0-59 months old in Indonesio: implications of rising food prices.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	6fab463dca3873162f7ed355d23f420b	The bank also encourages borrowers to become savers (another microfinance tool) and the local capital is used to fund new loans, as with traditional commercial banks; around 90% of loans are now funded by interest income and deposits. However, within these limitations, there are some large-scale studies based on comparisons of treatment and control groups in three Asian countries (Bangladesh, India and Thailand), where microcredit is well established. However, in a similar study, Murdoch (1998) failed to find any positive impact of microcredit on poverty reduction or any form of female employment, including self-employment and entrepreneurship.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	6faea07f84bbb913e9d24f4869094672	Personality characteristics are linked to the course of mental disorders and to work functioning. This is of importance because such personality traits cannot be directly changed. This holds also true for personality disorders, which can be influenced by psychological interventions, coaching, or training (e.g. training of social skills, or work skills), but cannot be directly treated, or even cured, in clinical practice. The significance of enduring personality characteristics, be it accentuated personality traits which are quite common or real personality disorders, shows that there is a group of people in need of long-term supports in order to achieve vocationally. They found that the association between mental disorder and subsequent work impairment weakens or even disappears once personality characteristics were taken into account.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	6fb1701516fc0deba7a6e05cd3691d37	The purpose of this Guide is to provide corporations with a better understanding of the barriers and challenges preventing women-owned businesses from accessing and fully participating in the corporate supply chain. It also provides tools and techniques for overcoming these barriers and leveraging the vast untapped economic potential represented by women-owned businesses. To put this in perspective, about 63 percent of the top 175 global economic entities are corporations and not countries based on annual revenue or Gross Domestic Product, as the case may be (White, 2012). Each year, corporations spend trillions of dollars acquiring goods and services,yet purchases from women-owned businesses account for a merei percent of the total spend (Vazquez & Sherman, 2013, p. 43). By overlooking women-owned businesses, corporations are missing an opportunity to expand their markets, diversify their supply chains, and grow the economy, while simultaneously improving the lives of women and girls around the globe.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	6fb448084d87db34a8896601b59dc971	In Germany, women make up the bulk of workers in marginal employment like minijobs and midijobs - flexitime casual jobs which provide limited levels of social security, income and career options. Evidence from the United Kingdom (Connolly and Gregory, 2010) and Austria shows that part-time work is often poorly paid (at hourly rates) compared to the equivalent full-time employment. And in many European countries part-time employees are significantly more exposed than full-time workers to the risk of poverty, particularly women and those who have no choice but part-time work (Horemans and Marx, 2013). Indeed, the shorter the weekly working hours are, the greater the risk of poverty is.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	6fb59b9d45a54211b3c2c0b742874e96	At present, there is both a high degree of linkage associated with the effects from rapid suburban growth that revolve around weaknesses in road and public transport investment, congestion rising from the increase in commuting, perceptions that suburban residents are using urban public services that they are not paying for, and a shift in tax base from Prague to nearby municipalities. Because Prague is spatially bound, almost any suburban development takes place outside its municipal boundary, which makes the intensity of the effects high. Prague is striving to adopt a green growth urban strategy that is based on a compact city and to encourage urban renewal through redevelopment of browmfield sites. While this is the vision of the city of Prague’s government, it does not appear to be the vision of the surrounding municipalities, nor of the people who have relocated there.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	6fb5b335f253a28d028e086fa5a75473	If we look at how the average life expectancy of Eastern European men (67.4 years in 2000) ranks against that of men in other regions of the world, only two regions score lower (Sub-Saharan Africa at 50.13 and South and Southeast Asia at 65.3). Western European men live almost ten years longer than their Eastern European counterparts, wheras the gap for women in the two regions is just under six years. Ours would not be the first study to show that Eastern European men are at a heightened risk of mortality.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	6fbc574770d38e7e007c00ab098f9e0f	A new structure of initial teacher education was elaborated under the education act of July 2013, and has been in effect since the start of the 2013/14 school year. Within graduate schools of professorship and education (Ecoles sup6rieures du Professoral et de t'Enseignemenl, ESPE), which are integral parts of the universities, the study programmes combine academic subject studies, theoretical pedagogy and practical teaching experience to ensure a progressive start to the teaching profession. Induction programmes still exist, but they are now reduced and included in other in-service teacher training activities.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264086180-en	6fbd08a0f40ad6de83d3aa47146414fa	A second sorting of students into four different school types takes place at age 14. First- and second-generation immigrants have much lower scores than native students. The reading performance disadvantage of second-generation immigrants compared to their native counterparts is one of the largest among OECD countries (Figure 1.1).	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	6fc00a9fe2c7c0ea7f9be56425238178	This situation entails a financial loss for producers and additional pressure on natural resources. However, of the 70 per cent of harvested food that reaches the marketplace, 30-50 per cent is wasted at home by the final consumer (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013). Insufficient purchase planning and conservative expiration dates on labelling, as well as significant discounts when food is purchased in higher quantities, are the main factors explaining the large degree of waste at the consumer level. At the producer level, premature harvesting of crops usually causes a loss in nutritional value and, as a result, a significant portion is wasted as it is not suitable for consumption.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	6fc1f184e91139dc1f89807f5cfb1331	Responsibility for vocational secondary schooling is shared across two ministries, there are multiple course offerings, and provision is dominated by the private sector. This hinders statistical generalisations and sector analysis. Nevertheless, in line with trends worldwide, access to vocational senior secondary education is affected by the demand for its programmes and the level of resourcing available. Vocational education is typically perceived by Indonesian society as being for the “academic failures” and the poorer classes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	6fc203e2730c69be9e6773ca9224a9cf	Still, the supply can be constrained locally and/or seasonally, and also due to poor quality. In the first domain in Figure 1.1, the LWE resources represent a biophysical system, characterised both in terms of quantity’ (for instance, surface of land, energy equivalent of in situ oil, volume of aquifer water and rainfall) and quality (for instance the fertility of land, the accessibility of water supplies, and the access to oil fields). Concern over availability of adequate volume and quality of resources emerges from their vital role as inputs for economic activities; the second domain in Figure 1.1.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	6fc3dfde377caf643e78e78723a3280f	Women’s position in the labour market is poor, as indicated by the wide gender pay gaps and limited number of female managers (Chapters 11 and 13). Korean policy is moving to further strengthen work-life balance policies, such as parental leave and childcare support, but as long as workplace culture involves long working hours, socialising after work, and a seniority-based pay system which punishes women for leaving their jobs to have children, social policy reform will have relatively little effect. However, from 2018 the working-age population is projected to decline and Korea’s demographic dividend will start to erode. The country, which has traditionally experienced little immigration, will need to use its human capital more effectively to face the challenge of a potentially dwindling pool of paid and unpaid workers.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	6fc47d69eddba9121856a49eaad1b8f4	Clusters such as Otigba computer village in Lagos emerge and grow organically, and show immense resilience, but their expansion or transformation is often limited by a host of challenges beyond their collective effort. They would benefit from policy support. Big data can inform transport planning and how investments are prioritized.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6fc543319e656818178c6c717f2f23aa	With its 6 000 inhabited islands, proximity to the very open economies of Singapore and Malaysia, and a corruption-prone customs service, smuggling has been an ever-present feature of Indonesian commercial life. While accurate estimates are by definition not available, a widely adopted rule of thumb in the business community is that tariffs in excess of 15-20% will attract illegal trade (Basri and Hill, 2008). The arrangement yielded substantial profits to the BPPC at the expense of users and farmers, as its government-sanctioned market power allowed it to maximise the spread between the purchase price to clove farmers and the selling price to consumers (WTO, 1998).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/729bf864-en	6fc5c0560402edadd22dc19693a07364	Depending on its characteristics and the context in which it is deployed, this software may be patentable in its own right, may require a separate licence to permit its use, and is likely to need periodic updating in order to make the asset as a whole continue to function, or operate to its full capabilities. The value a financier attributes to the machine has to include the value of the intangible. Sometimes, an intangible such as software may be packaged and presented in such a way that its purchase can be financed in its own right as an asset. For example, if a large organisation needs to update its desktop software, it is often possible to obtain finance to cover purchase of the necessary licences.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	6fc6f95d25c21b71f5189c131d0520ec	Many African countries are classified as arid or semi-arid, and climate change is likely to reduce the length of the growing season in these regions. Projected reductions of yields could be as much as 50 per cent by 2020 in some countries (IPCC 2007, Chapter 9). The small-scale low-income farmers will probably be the most affected. This effect on agriculture would result both in lower economic growth and in lower food security.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	6fca7aaea920230b47177270c6b6ac05	In other words, significant numbers of adults do not possess the most basic information-processing skills considered necessary to succeed in today's world. In addition, there are also adults who lack confidence in their ability to use computers. Of the adults undertaking the problem-solving assessment, most are only capable of using familiar applications to solve problems that involve few steps and explicit criteria, such as sorting e-mails into pre-existing folders.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	6fcbe3b4cafdb5050cb848f9aae9b342	Previously, drug trafficking used to be dominated by foreign nationals. Trafficking of heroin into Sri Lanka has been steadily increasing. The main trafficking routes were by sea, from southern India (for Indian heroin) and from Pakistan (for Afghan heroin). Heroin is smuggled into the island in sea containers and fishing boats.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	6fccf84c685a88e09dcb0429f4445853	Available at: http://tourism.gov.in/wiitereaddata/Uploaded/Tender/051720121254577.pdf (Accessed 5 September 2013). International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 739-749. Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme, Paris. Measuring Well-being, OECD Publishing, Paris. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, France. Paper presented at the Global Science Forum, Sicily.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	6fcd6c518cfa9e0b0c91d2cc6dc918f7	Moreover, the Government orders that accompany the release of the funds to the city corporations/ pourashavas need to specify that the funds are to be dedicated to public and primary health in urban areas. To make the expenditure allocation and disbursement transparent and efficient, computerization of the accounting system is also imperative. Information, education and communication services should also be intensified to educate the poor about the consequences of being exposed to an unhygienic environment and eating stale food. The capacity of local government institutions to deal with public health issues needs to be improved by making them truly autonomous and financially independent.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	6fcddd56af488476c692bf14e071f41a	Some argue, pointing to the success of East Asia, that government should select or target particular activities or firms. Others point to government failures, and argue that government interventions are meant to improve markets without favouring specific activities (Lall and Teubal, 1998), such as by setting standards and letting the private sector make the decision on how best to meet those standards. Yet, while standards are an important tool, they are unlikely, as discussed above, to be sufficient to spur innovation of green technologies to the extent necessary.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	6fce2eaebfa3d9eab10bc940115ea5f6	Conversely, when world prices are high, the government is able to limit exports, putting downward pressure on prices, harming farming households while benefiting net rice consumers. As a consequence of weak co-ordination among these departments, there is a lot of overlap and gaps in policies and regulations. These emerge in areas such as food safety, disease control and water management.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	6fcf2424b7d936acc08b6675fb8409b1	"As much as ""leaming-to-leam"" skills are important, we always learn by learning something. However, success in education is no longer about reproducing content knowledge, but about extrapolating from what we know and applying that knowledge creatively in novel situations; it is also about thinking across the boundaries of disciplines. Everyone can search for - and usually find - information on the Internet; the rewards now accrue to those who know what to do with that knowledge."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	6fd01cc7a51c5d78ca7bef56190c9f43	This provision goes further than Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention. Injunctive relief can be granted if the plaintiff shows that irreparable harm may otherwise occur, or that implementation of the judicial decision will otherwise be prevented or hindered. However, there are no provisions for class action suits in Slovenian legislation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	6fd2cb0922d6306358dedb5e66c52f3d	To monitor the impact, indicators, such as the number of green jobs, the contribution of green businesses to GDP, GHG emission by strategic sectors and spending on green technology research and development, will be used. The finance ministry has identified economic instruments, such as environmental tax and green budgeting, while the central bank has included environmental performance in bank credit policy. These are part of the Government’s strategy to move away from the current high rate of per capita energy consumption and reduce energy intensity by 45% by 2035.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	6fd613dd807065fbc378ab0503ad8e2d	According to public health authorities, most of the cases of HIV infection were due to abuse of oxymorphone tablets, which were dissolved and then injected. Authorities in the United States have indicated that the medical consequences of cannabis abuse continue to grow: the percentage of emergency room visits and admissions to treatment reported as cannabis-related increased from 6.9 per cent in 1993 to 17.5 per cent of all drug-related admissions in 2012. At the same time, surveys conducted in the North American region indicate that among young people there is a low perception of risk associated with regular cannabis use. In the United States, the Monitoring the Future Survey showed that 60 per cent of twelfth grade students (aged 17-18 years) do not consider regular cannabis use to be harmful.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae96c002-en	6fdd97b1294925f6b0ceb801ba3a0cd6	Labelling students according to their assessment outcomes, and particularly making students repeat a grade, stigmatises them, and it has been shown how students' self-perceptions and their ideas about others' perceptions can negatively affect their motivation and learning (Hoff & Pandey, 2004; Schunk, 1985). At the same time, schools and teachers need to acknowledge that examination success continues to be important for students' life outcomes, and take on joint responsibility for their students' learning, for instance by offering more support to struggling students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	6fdfa865275d72ee0dcaf6bfaf66c3b8	The demand elasticity of electricity declines in this scenario from 0.95 in 2011/12 to 0.725 in 2051/52. This significantly affects demand in 2050. Both projections are, however, still considerably higher than those from the IEA. A fivefold increase in electricity demand from 792 TWh in 2007 to 4 069 TWh in 2050 is projected in the Baseline Scenario. Total electricity demand is reduced in BLUE Map to the level of 3 769 TWh. Figure 3.1 shows electricity demand projections for India from the two different sources.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	6fdfb58855ea005857528ec9644a02fe	Death rates from ischaemic heart disease in Malta remain above the EU average but have shown a relatively consistent downward trend. More than a quarter of all deaths from ischaemic heart disease were premature, occurring in people aged under 75. These are potentially preventable through appropriate action within the health care system and wider policies affecting population health (see Section 5.1). Further remarkable improvements in survival have been demonstrated for malignant melanoma, testicular, thyroid and prostate cancers However, outcomes have remained unchanged for some cancers, such as those of the pancreas, stomach and brain, and specific types of acute leukaemias in adults. Deaths from lung cancer have also remained fairly stable and are among the lowest in the EU.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	6fe0dcbf4a73ff30dc02ec4e6f918528	"A small number of countries have introduced incentives for employers to retain or recruit older workers. Workplace discrimination, typified by ""less pay for the same work"", exists across the region. Gender abuse and gender violence too act as impediments to the social integration of women.8 For social integration to be effective, there is a need to ensure that policies and attitudes are more conducive to fostering gender equality. Almost all countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, while many have framed laws against gender discrimination. However, there is considerable divergence between the actual situation and the letter of the law. To ensure integration of women into society on an equal basis with men it is necessary to introduce appropriate legislation and ensure enforcement of existing laws."	1	4	1	0.6
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	6fe3e5a82165079a3b8b3c3d9ad61b24	For different conceptions of citizenship, these attributes will be correspondingly different. The ‘knowledge’ element is the bedrock of traditional schooling, but can also be acquired through independent learning with books, the internet and other sources of information. Skills are distinct in that they require actual practice of the activity, rather than solely abstract understanding, and therefore some of these can be developed in a classroom context - e.g. analysis of texts, oral communication - and others, such as campaign organisation, cannot. Values are the most complex of the three, since it is hard to determine the extent to which these can actually be ‘learnt’, particularly after early childhood, and the means by which this might happen.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	6fe5a5425469d0f357447e3d7589d78d	Job creation, which includes job opportunities at low, medium and high skill levels. We do not attempt to calculate net job growth, but rather look at which activities might foster job creation in a particular green growth sector. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. While the metro-region is one of the richest, most populated metro-regions in the world, ranking third in the US and eighth among 90 OECD metro-regions in terms of GDP per capita, growth has slowed since 2000, in terms of both GDP growth and per capita GDP growth. This contributes to the metro-region’s greenhouse gas emissions, which are exacerbated by high demand for energy to heat and cool buildings. This section concludes with an assessment of the strategies and green sectors that hold the most promise for creating jobs and contributing to a regional specialisation in specific clusters of green activities.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	6fe67b35e1d3d7239a2dc7f26380abbb	At the school level, the analyses consider the relationship between the average socio-economic status of 15-year-old students in the school and the scores of the 15-year-olds attending that school. At the country level, the socio-economic status of students, both on average and its distribution within the country, can be related to average performance at the school-system level. These associations partly reflect the advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status confers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	6fe8227f4a394d181bd3ab7e62e77ea0	The export tariff rate applicable in any month is determined by a sliding scale based on the international price of CPO in Rotterdam, a major market for vegetable oils. If the monthly average CIF price Rotterdam was less than USD 550/tonne then no export tax would be charged the following month; if between USD 550-649 then the rate would be set at 2.5%; between USD 650-749 at 5%; between USD 750-849 at 7.5%; and if above USD 850 at 10%. The regime was revised in February 2008 when the international price kept increasing, with new higher rates introduced. Under the revised regulation, if the monthly average CIF price Rotterdam is between USD 1100-1200/tonne, the tax rate is 15%; between USD 1 200-1 300 then 20%; and 30% if the price exceeds USD 1 300.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	6fea606e8f6c2fa86662e31bac18ac06	There is considerable diversity in strategies for primary care-based treatment of mild-to-moderate disorders between OECD countries, and strategic approaches differ based on the organisation of the mental health system and primary care provision, as well as in many instances following the idiosyncrasies of individual primary care practices (Glied et al., Treating mild-to-moderate mental disorders in primary care is less costly for health systems than treatment by specialists, or by most specialist services (WHO and Wonca, 2008). With sufficient increase in coverage, depression treatments in primary care were found to be an effective use of health resources, even in resource-poor settings (Chisholm et al., As well as bringing economic benefits through helping return to work and improved productivity (OECD, 2012), more effective treatment of mental disorders in primary care can contribute to fewer inappropriate referrals to more expensive specialist care services (NICE, 2011).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	6febf6ade30f1479377197911276104d	It increased in 2007, as a result of the legal obligation imposed on oil companies to incorporate biofuels into petrol and diesel sold in Luxembourg. Currently, renewable sources account for 9.5% of total electricity production. However, Luxembourg covers more than half of its electricity needs through imports. The indicative target for electricity produced from renewable energy sources as a share of gross electricity consumption is 5.7% for 2010.	6	9	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	6fee19a754d9eea0b0f2898f5a329adb	Global monitoring will, to the extent possible, be based on comparable official statistics produced by national statistical systems (NSS). Where feasible, and in line with the Agenda's pledge that 'no-one will be left behind,' data will be disaggregated according to income, gender, age, disability and other characteristics in order to improve the granularity of monitoring. It is recognized, however, that this will be difficult to achieve.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	6fee476445a1ca7153b48e8a262aea27	The redistribution of tasks to nurses or the broader clinical team could be exploited, notably in emergency facilities that face increasing pressures from the demand side. A more co-ordinated and faster response from emergency department is furthermore urgently needed. There are innovative examples that can be found in Japan or in other OECD countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	6ff41f92d7caa830343acfb57e706421	In some regions, agriculture remains an important economic factor, especially in the south east, which is also where some of the river basins most affected by water scarcity are located (see further below). The decline in 2005 and 2006 can to some extent be attributed to a marked decline in precipitation, which reduced water supply to irrigated agriculture, reflecting the priority water legislation assigns to urban water consumption (see below). A consensus has emerged that the scope for expanding water supply through new large-scale hydraulic projects has ended. (	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	6ff5870e7063deadb4a6910d7836b558	"Award"", Savewater website, www.savewater.com.au/news-media/?newsid=345, accessed 1 December 2011. Municipalities can tap into federal Clean Water Act funding, which is funnelled through the Illinois EPA in the form of revolving loan funds. Such user fees both provide new funding sources and incentivise developers to allow for on-site water containment or the downsizing of impermeable surfaces. Water system upgrades can result in opportunities for job creation in the construction trades, metre installation, the manufacture and sale of water efficient devices and appliances, and the development and installation of advanced water treatment technologies."	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	6ff5b346ef19465e6a3f0bb2097d00cd	As in other OECD countries, the principal offices deliver placement and guidance services, handle benefit claims, and refer job-seeking clients to training programmes and job-creation and subsidy schemes. They offer modem self-service facilities, such as touch-screen kiosks to consult vacancies and access to internet and printers. Suitable types of incoming clients can be referred to the special offices which, however, do not provide the full range of services.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac71849-en	6ff67486d1c0b967068f5e9c9b5214be	Hence, improving food security and even economic growth will critically depend on removing the barriers faced by small farm holders and expanding their productive capacity, while paying particular attention to the needs of female farmers. This would entail both the establishment of a comprehensive national framework for sustainable use of resources, and a harnessing of the technology and innovation needed to increase the productivity, profitability, stability, resilience and climate change mitigation potential of rural production systems and forests. Water conservation, soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach of sustainable land and forest management,3 which must also integrate biophysical with sociocultural, institutional and behavioural variables, while recognizing the multifunctional nature of agriculture. In view of their competitive land uses, many solutions, involving difficult choices, will be reached through open and inclusive discussion and negotiation.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	6ff8853bb2bd775d2ffeceba522a7c38	In addition, a large number of other sectoral laws and institutions still impact the sector of land use and management. It also means likely delays for project development, including of urban infrastructure. Importantly, given the pressing needs for development under urbanisation, the complexity and opaqueness of the system also open the door to corruption. An immediate policy action should be to review existing legislation and regulations in order to streamline the regulatory framework and reduce the administrative burden that hampers developments and land regularisation.	11	0	9	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	6ff9a37239d1418f309cc3393452e00d	Ryff and Shmotkin, 2002). Brazil and Chile; Inglehart and others (2008) analyse evidence from 12 countries of Latin America and 2 countries in the Caribbean (4 of them with a single observation). Indicator constructed on the basis of information provided by the World Bank. In the slums of Calcutta, the ratio between income and life satisfaction was 0.45 (Diener, Oishi and Lucas, 2003).	1	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	6ffafcde5bae510e63a340f15cf144ae	The NRHDP guidelines indicate that forested areas are to remain intact, developments on steep slopes are to be controlled, and residential settlements are to be regulated. The previous paragraph states what are the NRHDP guidelines on the use of private lands. Hillside slopes are very attractive sites for high-income households that place a premium value on the scenic views of the valleys of the Northern Range, although the engineering costs are quite exorbitant. Moreover, the increasing pressure of limited land space, which is common in small and island states, has pushed built development onto the hillsides of the Northern Range.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	6ffc5d33fc3400765b8b453a4d9b65f3	In all three countries, children in households where adults work less than half of the potential time are significantly more likely to be both poor and deprived in at least one dimension, or deprived only, but less likely to be poor but not deprived. Everything else being equal, the odds of simultaneous poverty and deprivation are significantly higher for rural children and children in large families in Finland and Romania; for children in non-owner occupied housing in Finland and the United Kingdom; for children in migrant households in Finland; and for those with one or two parents not present in the household (i.e. children in lone parent families) in Romania. Although the present analysis barely scraped the surface of EU-MODA, it demonstrated that the framework can be applied to both newer and older EU member states using child specific deprivation data from the ad-hoc deprivation module of the EU-SILC 2009. This serves as a baseline for future analysis using child deprivation indicators from the forthcoming waves of the EU-SILC.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	6ffd685c5224c771474cb0e2cba4284c	Manufacturing and construction, however, could not eliminate negative growth in real wages even by 2011-2012. The real wages of such workers in 2011-2012 were lower than those in 1999-2000 in all segments of economic activity (Table 11-19). In other words, the real wages of over 82 per cent of the workers did not increase in this period.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	6ffe9bf74c3883ac32ff1d5b3f80cb59	It would also be helpful to have some degree of international convergence on the approach to be used for calculating national BAU baselines. Parties could agree the time frame and GWPs or other GHG-equivalence metric to be used for commitments. It is possible that bounded flexibility could also be negotiated for other dimensions of mitigation commitments, depending on the varying national circumstances of countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	6fff29450de83c2fb49853c18b65a32d	"The world’s poor are especially vulnerable to climate-induced phenomena, including rising sea levels, coastal erosion, storms and desertification. Poorer households and other socially marginalized groups are also among those most likely to lack sufficient clean water, as its availability will increasingly be affected by changing patterns of precipitation, melting glaciers and droughts. Although the causes of these multiple crises vary, they all share a common feature: ""in the last two decades much capital has been poured into property, fossil fuels and structured financial assets with embedded derivatives, but relatively little has been invested in renewable energy, energy efficiency, public transportation, sustainable agriculture, and land and water conservation” (UNEP, 2011). On the investment side, liberalization has been geared towards both foreign direct investment and short-term capital flows."	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	7001200f798d088b5895e6fa70a4789f	The OECD value is a simple average of the countries displayed in the figure excluding Mexico and Chile. The glass ceiling appears still to be shatterproof, even after controlling for differences in occupation and sector of employment (OECD, 2012a). Acemoglu and Autor (2011) and Autor and Dorn (2013) show that wages and employment rates in traditional middle-skill job sectors are declining in the United States, with different consequences for men and women.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	7003897515c8a5503ef72cc7abd4a59c	Table 1 presents the list of national surveys used and the number of waves available for each country. The use of different national surveys for several years may be a source of data heterogeneity across countries and over time, although all the variables are constructed in order to get the highest level of comparability across countries. International comparisons in alcohol consumption need to rely on a common measure of alcohol level.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	70050970ea5af72453a3882763cbcde2	Only Almaty City has a metro line, with plans to build a tramline. Many cities depend on taxis, most of them informal (but cheaper) private cars operating as taxis, which increases traffic in some cities. Low fuel prices and parking space for cars provide further incentives for private vehicle use and limit cities’ income for public transport improvements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	70061715bcb724b0a9da2df725d569b5	A learning model presented in the appendix describes how a facility in Denmark is aiming to be Europe’s number one centre for testing, demonstrations and research into technology harvesting renewable energy offshore (the Lindoe Offshore Renewables Centre). Following the Lindoe example, leadership for any similar initiative would need to come from the business community with the support of local and State governments. Sustainable Schools NSW, for example, is a government-funded support programme to help schools integrate environmental learning and awareness into all aspects of their activities, supported by a wide range of web-based resources at www.sustainableschools.nsw.edu.au. This support reflects the principle that the education system should aim to ensure that school leavers are well equipped for emerging opportunities in the green economy.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264196261-5-en	70073f4f93d3d3edd687a4201240f7ab	As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching workforce and making comparisons with other countries in order to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning. The first section focuses on teacher characteristics and provides a profile of lower secondary teachers (with selected information provided for primary and upper secondary teachers). Analyses in this section focus on demographic characteristics such as the age and gender of teachers, their employment status, their formal education and their previous work experience. This chapter also looks at these characteristics in relation to how teachers are distributed across a system, in rural or urban areas or in schools deemed to be in more or less challenging environments.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	700adc7acd9aadd66359fcc035b253da	For OECD countries, it is possible to compute a measure of effective unemployment insurance capturing the accessibility of benefits and the generosity of unemployment compensation, while also taking into account the progressivity of the tax system24. The effective unemployment insurance is thus defined as the product of the coverage of the unemployment insurance/assistance, and replacement rates of public transfers received by the unemployed25. For non OECD countries, this measure is calculated from survey data as the ratio of the average benefit level (among the unemployed) to the median net earnings (among the employed).	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	700b8180c87d06c12cb12c26c54aedf4	Nonstandard work can create job opportunities but also contributes to higher inequality. Many non-standard workers are worse off in many aspects of job quality, such as earnings, job security or access to training. In particular, low-skilled temporary workers face substantial wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	70115aaf68b939b3092d50ce8ead1e07	Second, it is implicitly assumed that characteristics that vary simultaneously across sector of job loss and tenure group do not affect the outcome of interest. In order to control for any such differences, the econometric analysis also controls for a wide range of observable characteristics. The PME has a rotating panel that allows one to track individuals over time.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/feb1987a-en	701366284da066ce1219d4f74e787acc	"The use of LNG as ship fuel has now started with ships on regular trades. An increasing number of ships on tramp trades i.e. when the ship does not have a fixed schedule or published port of call are using LNG as fuel in Northern Europe, where access to LNG can be provided by LNG bunker suppliers. ""Safe"" in an health, safety and environment (HSE) sense, ""reliable"" from the ship owner's perspective as the owner depends on fuel supply in the quantity and quality as needed at a location where needed and at a time when needed."	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwz83z3wnw-en	701411b8b0d9fdda39fb7b252dd1475f	Even the most consolidated providers continue changing their services in order to reach broader audiences and ensure long-term financial sustainability. Udacity, the first MOOCs provider, was also the first to shift from a student to a corporate -oriented model, whereas edX has kept its focus on their original mission of expanding access to knowledge. To better understand how they can address education and labour market challenges, it may be useful to classify MOOCs according to the main market they serve (Table 1).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	7018a5b80665d9749dc6e70fe1dce528	These shares have been fairly stable over the past five years. In comparison, the IEA average in 2008 was 23% for industry, and 32% for transport and 45% for other sectors. Industry has modernised and restructured itself, and, counterbalancing the impact of rapid population growth, energy use in buildings has become more efficient. The transport sector, in turn, has seen a dramatic increase in energy use over the past decade.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	70194132395e6613e28edf073908ea6c	Mobile-broadband services are offered in only 38 per cent of the LDCs; however, in those countries where the service is offered, handset-based prices more than halved in PPP terms between 2012 and 2015 and currently account for 11 per cent of GNI per capita. Still, mobile-broadband cannot always replace fixed-broadband Internet access, especially in the business sector, and a growing number of applications require higher speeds and better connection quality. Figures on mobile Internet traffic show that the amount of data consumed by each subscription is increasing in most countries for which data are available.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	701b01382264358af6eecebbabe5d716	Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. Some programmes have multiple donors, in which case they have been recorded under the agency that supplied the document. Some projects and programmes only have ex ante evaluations; others have ex ante and ex post evaluations as well as a number of intermediate reviews. This is in part due to the timing of the projects.	13	7	0	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	701b0da6595692e8239f05316a87f25a	While this focus has, no doubt, helped to raise awareness of the infrastructure challenge, it misses or, worse, sidelines, some key questions from a developing-country perspective beginning with how infrastructure can actually become a real force for structural transformation, raising productivity across sectors and activities, and creating a more virtuous development circle. It draws, in part, on the framework provided by Hirschman to make planning and programming activities more effective, in the face of the uncertainties, constraints and tensions inherent in the development process. Recognizing that development planning is a “risky business”, Hirschman stressed the importance of sequencing and experimentation to establish the right balance between what was then commonly called “social overhead capital” (public infrastructure) and directly productive activities (private investment) (Hirschman, 1958: 83). It seeks to show how public infrastructure investments can help to break the “interlocking vicious circles” (Hirschman, 1958: 5) that impede development and to help generate the kind of linkages that are key to structural transformation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/leo-2015-5-en	701c1d06e9babb39d2331adf882372ae	Finally, Argentina and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are projected to record negative growth. These differences in growth rates among the region’s countries are explained by both the varying impact of the international climate (especially the different changes in commodity prices) and internal factors such as those related to economic management.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	70234239767a718491aa4fb316c19c1a	There is also a 1997 regulation on the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. The Law defines the general functions of PAs, as well as the related responsibilities and jurisdictions of State institutions. It states that PAs can have international, national or local importance, and provides more detail on the status and regime of PA categories (State reserve, historical/memorial park, sanctuary, natural monument, botanical/zoological garden, arboretum, natural spa), as well as rules and responsibilities for zoning, management and monitoring.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	702638896576d96994e527fac18d4b95	During flood events, the water flow through the weir is increased to lower the water level in the lake (the maximum discharge set in the jointly agreed operation rules is 15 mVs); conversely, the weir is more or less closed in times of drought, in order to maintain the water level. The overall trophic situation of the shallow lake is mcso-eutrophic. Lake Neusiedl had a good ecological and chemical status in 2009, according to the requirements of the WFD. Since the 1990s and the early 2000s, the diffuse nutrient load (e.g., nitrate-nitrogen) has markedly decreased.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	7026b95a2875ad00abb685c64204744a	There will be flexibility in the scope, frequency, and level of detail of reporting and the scope of review that takes into account the widely varying capacities of different Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of this exercise is to facilitate a shared understanding of the transparency-related provisions agreed at COP 21, and analyse the extent to which the information requested will be sufficient to meet the stated purposes of the enhanced transparency framework. Developed country Parties shall report information on support provided and climate finance mobilised.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-5-en	702773ede3b42d52fe127c3441d83798	In 2012, 32 per cent of Members of Parliament were female, compared with 13 per cent in 1984. In the early twenty-first century women have held each of the country7s key constitutional positions: prime minister, governor-general, speaker of the House of Representatives, attorney-general and chief justice. It will further examine the contribution, status and role of women after a period of extensive social and political change in New Zealand, and how this has translated into women's voting and representation, women's role in conflict and co-operation, participation and protest, equal access to power, institutional culture and feminism.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	70280409c788325efb9d6fc841550ac8	An individual is considered poor if deprived of at least 33% of these 15 variables, taking into account their relative weights. The indicator portrays the incidence, intensity, severity, and nature of deprivation. This poverty rate shrank by half, from 60% in 1997 to 29% in 2011 (Figure 1.1, Panel D), mainly thanks to wider health care coverage, increased school attendance among 6-16 year-olds, better access to early childhood services and reduced long-term unemployment. The rural/urban gap is higher for the multidimensional than the income approach, partly reflecting the critical lack of infrastructure (in particular water provision and sewage), low education achievement and the prevalence of informal employment in rural areas.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bd29807d-en	702872120da3af44be407446c8b7c071	The Convention covers both civil and political rights (rights to vote, to participate in public life, to acquire, change or retain one's nationality, equality before the law and freedom of movement) and economic, social and cultural rights (rights to education, work, health and financial credit). The Convention also pays specific attention to particular phenomena such as trafficking, to certain groups of women, for instance rural women, and to specific matters where there are special risks to women's full enjoyment of their human rights, for example marriage and the family. The Convention foresees that achieving equality may require positive action on the part of the State to improve the status of women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	702e4b38edd61e6e67413c95fe0b1de8	This type of research has proven valuable for the UK fishing industry (Box 1.8). This includes a project related to the removal of pinbones in cod and whitefish, the development of novel bioactive seaweed-based products, marketing, including retail displays of fish and fish products. A particularly interesting project is the establishment of a North Atlantic Marine Cluster w'hich seeks to strengthen relationships, build arenas for communicating research findings and benchmarking in the marine sector.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/18376853-en	7031143d4f79f0b15dc309d754fb2d2e	They show that urban children tend to have better access to health services, which in turn is reflected by higher immunization rates (Ruel eta/., 1998). Urban households are also more likely to have access to water and sanitation facilities, although they may come at high cost, especially for the poor (World Resources Institute, 1996). Examples from IFPRI's analysis of 11 demographic and health surveys show the consistently higher intake of milk and meat products by toddlers in urban areas compared with rural areas (Arimond and Ruel, 2004). Three of the most commonly measured micronutrient deficiencies and related disorders refer to vitamin A, anaemia (related to iron) and iodine (Figure 2 and Annex table).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	70315877b7017f443e73a64226706b5d	Such a forum could organise thematic events, with regular information retrieval and exchange facilitated by a dedicated website. As a first step, universities’ current connections, initiatives and projects involving stakeholder collaboration, community development and/or outreach should be mapped and published in the collaboration platform. The lack of robust and comparable data constrains the visibility and impact of universities’ activities. It also makes it difficult to measure the success or failure of programmes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	703246ca1472185dcb7312ee57c13b1b	Prime-age workers also have relatively large shares of exits at high and low levels of skill, while overwhelmingly moving into medium-skill occupations. This section examines the development of levels of education of foreign-bom workers in comparison with Thai-bom workers in the context of changing labour market needs in the country. Additionally, the share of foreign-bom employed with a secondary education was below the corresponding share of Thai-bom workers. Nevertheless, a larger share of foreign-bom workers had obtained a tertiary education (13.1% versus 4.9% of the Thai-bom employed).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-23-en	7035142b65e95973f430a58d7b562837	The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development (OECD, 2017a) has been following these developments and supporting stakeholders in their actions to reform policy, with the MENA-OECD Governance Programme working on gender equality in public life (OECD, 2015a), and the MENA-OECD Competitiveness Programme addressing women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship (OECD, 2013a, 2014, 2015b, 2017b forthcoming). Despite great progress in reducing gender inequalities in education, women do not generally enjoy equal participation in or access to opportunities in employment, entrepreneurship and public life. Further reform is therefore essential if gender equality principles are to translate into concrete policy reform and practice on the ground. Gender gaps in adult literacy rates are gradually falling and, in many countries, they have mostly closed among the young (Figure 20.1).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	7037b9ca9d2f503a27dc6b50aecdc5a5	It will apply 24 hours per day, seven days a week, and will include fewer exemptions. It will also require most every vehicle in London to meet emissions standards or pay a surcharge on top of the congestion charge in case of noncompliance. As such, the objective of the zone is not to ban carbon-intensive travel entirely, but to allow low levels of infrequent travel at a cost.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	7038187c9ad7056ce007b2265a5d3f53	Children of 15 years and older experience a high deprivation level in school enrolment and attainment (54%) and literacy (48%). As a result the percentage of children who are deprived in one or both indicators amounts to 56%. In comparison to the previous age group, deprivation in child labour is remarkably low (33% and 14%, respectively), but it should be mentioned that children of these ages are allowed to work more hours. At the national level 55% are deprived in education, and 14% are deprived in child labour, however only 11% of children aged 15 and older are deprived in education and child labour simultaneously.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/469d7fec-en	7039805325f6ebacf063dcadf381e9db	Sections 3 and 4 discuss issues relevant to climate finance mobilised and received. Conclusions are highlighted in Section 5. In particular, reporting this information to the UNFCCC is mandatory for Annex II countries. This section reviews this experience in relation to climate finance and highlights implications for the transparency framework to be developed under the Paris Agreement.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	703babda821ce6679f998b8eb01421ab	"Where local jobs are lacking, investments in connective infrastructure specific to the food system - such as warehousing, cold storage, and wholesale markets - can generate employment in both agriculture and the non-farm economy. Where rural people are attracted by more prosperous conditions in urban centres, investments in ""agglomeration"" services (such as education, health, communication and leisure facilities) in small cities and towns in proximity to rural areas can curb rates of out-migration to overburdened larger cities. This growth also creates more opportunities in urban areas not too far removed from rural areas, thus providing options for both permanent and circular migration that are closer to the place of origin and less costly for rural populations."	2	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289329422-8-en	703dd858d96d671944d27c5a06867a10	The indicator has an indirect relevance to food waste prevention since the more food waste that is avoided the lower should be the amount of food that is purchased for consumption to provide for the same intake of nutrients. It should be noted that the indicator is only relevant to reducing food waste at the end point of consum p-tion i.e. in households, restaurants canteens etc. However, the indicator can be affected by factors which are unrelated to waste prevention. These can include changes in food consumption behaviour-i.e. However, the indicator has been criticised in the past due to assumptions made in the calculations. Its acceptability as a food waste indicator might also be reduced as it has not been used in this context before.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	70453deb4f04ad6590cb6f92b04997d1	Implementation costs should be estimated, along with alternatives, comparing also to the status quo: it is important to determine early in the design phase whether a blockchain application is value-adding to its intended use case. By developing a prototype, technical and functional feasibility of the concept can be tested, and the application can be demonstrated to stakeholders. If the general concept for the prototype is approved by all decision makers, initiation of the business ecosystem of relevant stakeholders can start.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	70496320d9e22579f1297aca00aca403	Targets or indicators for measurement would track the success of these programmes in improving population health, and improving equity in population health. Closer examination and evaluation of polices targeting risk factors would be appropriate. Furthermore the administrative cost of implementing the tax was deemed to be unacceptably high.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/208cb99e-en	7049e24188d08710b15f7edf9c04cf55	"Because an MPI incorporates multiple dimensions, it can promote integrated and collaborative policies across a subset of SDG indicators, while prioritizing the poor. According to a July 2015 UNGA document the SDGs are providing ""a stronger incentive than in the past for cross-sector, integrated and collaborative work. Similarly, to evaluate progress under the sustainable development goals, it will be necessary to look at multiple goals concurrently and in an integrated fashion."" It recognises the need for ""United Nations agencies, funds and programmes concerned with a specific goal (e.g., education, health, economic growth)"" to take into account targets that refer to other goals"". Because the MPI has multiple indicators it is often mistakenly presumed that the time and cost of surveys is higher."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	7052ad52eeca6b011c1ed9c50f9f2721	This means forest owners need to purchase allowances if they wish to develop their land while, as many forest owners see it, farmers who have been a major cause of the pollution of Lake Taupo, will be rewarded with allowances and have no obligation to reduce their discharges to the environment. The Regional Council’s allocation rules mean that farmers will not be compelled to reduce discharges below recent levels and will be compensated if they do make reductions, a decision that was upheld by the Environment Court. It is not clear, however, if farmers will be compensated, when the plan is reviewed in 2020, if nitrogen reductions beyond 20% are required to protect the lake. Farmers in those catchments might increase nitrogen use (and hence pollution) in anticipation of a future allocation of nitrogen allowances.	6	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	7055a62466b186c179338b0cc2dcb8ca	The temperature increase on the Earth's surface has been 0.8 ± 0.2°C since 1870. It differs markedly between the two hemispheres, being more accentuated in the North and in the higher latitudes. Variability among continents is also observed. There has been a constant upward trend since 1870. According to NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS),1 the globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.99 °C from 1880 to 2016.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60a8d482-en	70572658406e052973343934f5f16bc6	Informal safety nets are increasingly fragile: many households simply cannot afford to extend support to others for long periods, while community-based support is frequently minimal and precarious.19 Social transfers can mitigate these risks and lessen the effect of market-induced inequalities. A recent review of pre- and posttransfer poverty rates in 27 high-income and 10 middle-income countries shows that in developed countries, social transfers reduce by around 60 per cent the proportion of women and men living in poor households and in Latin America, they decrease female and male poverty by 30 per cent.30 In South Africa transfers bring poverty rates down by 37 per cent. In Guatemala, for example, women's poverty rates are 4.2 percentage points higher than men's before transfers but almost 1 percentage point lower after transfers. But women's personal income continues to be substantially lower than men's everywhere, indicating that existing social transfers are insufficient to fully redress the disadvantage arising from gender inequality in labour markets.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	7057f107f24c23498453b59dde51ba30	In smaller communes where the local government has few resources and limited capabilities the prefet can have a direct role in land use decisions, because they have the resources of the national state to support their decision while local officials have limited analytical capacity. In rural areas this asymmetry in capacity can lead to asymmetries in power. Today these decisions have been devolved to local councils at the commune level.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	70589bbd2329b9f9ab6ddf9f149c36e8	It contributes to the Multilateral Carbon Credit Fund of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EUR 10 million), to the Carbon Fund for Europe sponsored by the World Bank and the European Investment Bank (EUR 10 million), to the Asia Pacific Carbon Fund of the Asian Development Bank (USD 15 million), to the Community Development Carbon Fund (USD 10 million) and to the BioCarbon Fund (USD 5 million) of the World Bank (Table 7.2). Source: Draft 2010 budget. It calls for Luxembourg to: improve energy efficiency by 9% between 2001-05 and 2016;8 reduce GHG emissions by 20% below their 2005 levels; achieve an 11 % share of renewable energy in total energy consumption by 2020; and achieve a 10% share of biofuels in total transport by 2020.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	705c7f76fb4084ce5548f3662c93e069	The largest categories of edible finfish imports in value terms were frozen fish fillets (AUD 228 million) and canned fish (AUD 243 million). Crustacean and mollusc imports consisted mainly of prawns (AUD 246 million) followed by calamari, squid and octopus (AUD 55 million) and scallops (AUD 29 million). Non-edible fisheries products imported into Australia in 2006-07 consisted of pearls, fish meal, marine fats and oils and ornamental fish.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	705ce9500ade572dd362ea4be51fe866	Different cultural attitudes to gender equality, women’s changing social roles, and women’s greater autonomy and access to resources have also contributed to the improvement in their educational levels in recent years in most countries in the world. As a result, the supply of highly-educated women in countries of origin has grown. Indeed, highly-educated women are increasingly the principal labour migrants rather than family dependents, though Docquier etal. (	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	705d16e80a8fb229ec650565da5ffdd2	This suggests that helping single-parents get better jobs and/or ensuring better compensation for the cost of children for single parent households is likely to significantly reduce the poverty rate in these countries. By contrast, Denmark and Finland have higher child poverty rates when both the single parent poverty rate is the same as a single without children, and when the two-parent poverty rate is the same as for childless couples, while Ireland and Norway just have higher poverty rates in the former case, and New Zealand just in the latter case. This suggests that these countries already effectively compensate parents for the cost of having children, meaning the poverty rates of those with children were originally close to those of childless households.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264205208-8-en	70608dc5bf8e6cadedd006bfd9debccd	The figures presented in the preceding tables confirm that, while there have indeed been improvements, they fall short of bringing about a radical change in income levels for education professionals in Kazakhstan. The State Programme for Education Development 2011-2020 recognises the problem and has therefore committed to bringing the average teacher pay to levels comparable with the private sector by 2015. What is unclear (and presumably not possible to establish with certainty) is how many of the teachers in the country make use of these possibilities, and what prevents other teachers from doing so.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/899c7c48-en	7060d6f4cc64f9ed866821d68ec39684	Meanwhile, the focus on changes may hide important differences in the levels: the highest poverty rate for children in large families was observed in Bulgaria (62%), where there was virtually no change between 2008 and 2012 for any of the two sub-groups. Data for 2011 is used for Belgium and Ireland. Break in the series for Austria and the UK in 2012. Migrant households are defined as those with at least one adult born outside the EU.20 Countries with insufficient case numbers of children in migrant households are excluded from the analysis.21 In countries like Iceland and Greece, where the overall child poverty rates increased substantially during the Great Recession, poverty rates rose much faster for children in migrant households between 2008 and 2012.	1	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-5-en	70621f16f4b11c5fda3f942316b3b581	The initiative and plan provided a mandate for Nordic countries to work together on both fossil fuel subsidy reform and linking up environment and climate change work within development aid programs. The Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD) worked with the NCM on a number of projects. For example, in 2015 the GSI-lntegrated Fiscal (GSI-IF) model was developed to evaluate the impact of fossil fuel subsidy reform on greenhouse gas emissions: it was applied to 20 countries within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to enable a better country-level understanding ofthe link between fossil fuel subsidies and climate change (see Figure 5) (Merrill, Harris, Casier, & Bassi, 2015; Merrill, Bassi, Bridle, & Christensen, 2015). The information was shared with UNFCCC country negotiators through policy briefs and publications and side events. Ultimately, 14 countries included the issue of fossil fuel subsidy or energy sector reform within their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) (Terton, Gass, Merrill, Wagner, & Meyer, 2015). A UNFCCC Technical Experts Meeting also covered the issue briefly - technical papers prepared by the Secretariat have also pointed to the issue.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/31959a6d-en	7062adbb3af90b2ea2710de62d783418	Volume 2: Case Studies of Romania and Slovenia. Budapest: International Labour Office. In The Gender Dimensions of Social Security Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Case Studies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. E. Fultz, M. Ruck and S. Steinhilber (Eds.). Budapest: International Labour Organization.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	70635f740cfab31b2a47ee5b68c1c3bc	Lifting more specific sector barriers to FDI is a priority for Iceland (electricity and fisheries), Mexico (transport, media and fixed-line telecom and financial services), Japan and Korea (in the service sector) and India (aviation, multi-brand retail), where targeted barriers to trade should also be removed. Insofar as some of the rising trend in inequality in many advanced OECD countries can be attributed to growing economic integration of emerging market economies, recommendations aimed at further enhancing productivity through lower barriers to trade and FDI could in principle exacerbate wage inequality. As well, the rents created by agricultural support sometimes accrue to high-income farmers - especially when it is granted in the form of price support. Energy subsidies are often motivated on equity grounds, as poorer households’ income tends to be spent disproportionally on basic consumption goods, such as food and energy.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	7064930fe19e3ee9b8697aa755aee2b4	In other words, the costs of these measures should be reflected in the cost of goods or services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment. While this is conceptually sound in terms of both equity and economic efficiency, it is politically and practically difficult to apply the PPP to every instance of pollution, because the regulatory burden would be immense for both governments and resource users.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	70651f70c6af05b4e4654f190daebe47	"As a first step, in 2014, the Ministry of Environment and Water prepared a framework document entitled ""National climate change risk and vulnerability assessment for the sectors of the Bulgarian economy"". Another important element to be integrated into a national adaptation strategy is insurance. The purpose of the document is to analyze the role and importance of the insurance business for the prevention of risks that occur as a result of climate change and support the development of adaptation measures."	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264310278-en	70659773d4b07b7d9860abc39e4acccd	There is some variation across countries in the extent of the decline. Notably, Germany has managed to buck the relative fall in output experienced elsewhere, but even there the employment share has still fallen. On average across the OECD, the share of workers in low-skilled and high-skilled occupations rose by 2.5 and 4.3 percentage points respectively between 1995 and 2015. In North America, the polarisation has seen high-skilled jobs largely absorb the losses experienced in the middle of the distribution.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/50674358-en	7069f21d7e35266f5fdff9de4b1f9693	The Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan. The discussion took place as part of the panel “Cross-Border Waters and Regional Sustainability“ moderated by Gidon Bromberg. Israeli Director of Friends of the Earth Middle East. The Palestinians have suspended their side of JWC since September 2011, arguing that the committee is unable to address any water-related issue.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	706a95a8b32819803d3c31b370115d2f	In regional terms, over the 1990-2012 period, and more intensively in 2003-2008 and 2010-2012, consumption was the demand component contributing the most to growth (see figure 1.10). This stands in contrast with weak contribution made by consumption in the 1980s, amid sharp adjustments in response to the external debt crisis and its fallout. The recent growth in consumption may be linked to two factors.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	706b15680d2a5f75e903e80f5183a4d2	The two centres are served by 326 transfer stations. In 2002, there were 30 municipal waste management systems, 26 806 drop-off points, 26 sorting stations, 54 transfer stations, 5 units for organic waste valuation, 2 incineration units with energy recovery, and 37 landfills. The minimum amount due is EUR 5 000 per entity treating waste. Primarily due to an increase (by 18% in 2000-07) in intensity of use of irrigation water (litre/ha irrigated).	6	3	2	0.2
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	706dd7e1b680ac4abe76499bf1c9c964	Further disciplines could also be considered for capacity-enhancing subsidies. Besides subsidies for IUU fishing and overfishing and overcapacity, developing countries, including LDCs and small vulnerable economies (SVEs), should be permitted to provide fisheries subsidies for coastal and commercial fishing activities. These proposals reflect the position held by SVEs since the late 2000s—that disciplines should fall hardest on developed WTO members with large-scale distant water fishing (DWF) fleets, allowing developing countries and LDCs the policy space to provide subsidies to support the sustainable development of their domestic fisheries. The main new addition of the ACP and LDC proposals was to draw attention to subsidies that support fishing in the high seas. General disciplines for the elimination of subsidies contributing to IUU fishing and prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies contributing to overfishing and overcapacity would enter into force no later than 2020.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	70727008a7de26a480ec041f1ac83622	Subsidies for water consumption, which currently cover 50-60% of the water bill, are expected to stay in place.12 The tariff increase of 2011, coupled with measures to reduce non-revenue water, should help meet the Ministry’s goal of becoming revenue neutral by 2022 (GWI, 2010) Further tariff revisions may need to be considered to spur changes in consumption patterns and to improve the prospects of private investment by making the sector more financially sustainable. In 2006, for instance, there was only one management contract with the private sector but now there are several. In some cases, private sector management has led to positive outcomes, as in the case of the govemorate of Madaba, where a three year management contract with a local private company led to an improvement in the collection of bills (MoPIC, 2009).	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	70739e2cdb9c0f5b80b115116730320c	In responding to climate change, policy options are either to mitigate impacts through prior actions or to minimise impacts through adaptation. A central concept is to avoid surprise and unexpected events. This chapter discusses a range of options policy makers have to adapt to climate change, including research, stakeholder engagement, risk assessment, strategic planning, cross-sector co-ordination, market integration and regulatory control. In addition, it discusses how policy makers can implement these options through improving the information base, building literacy and capacity, reducing risk, expanding policy frameworks, increasing coordination, strengthening linkages and adopting flexible management. In general, resilience is the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem, economic system or governance system can absorb before shifting to a regime with a different structure, function and feedback mechanisms (Walker et al.,	14	5	0	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	70741e9745188ce281f2f8fdbbd08b7f	In 176 villages, the programme has created youth groups and resource centres where adolescents can learn about sexual and reproductive health, receive services and enrol in training for future livelihoods. The programme also trains local health providers in youth-friendly care, organizes volunteers to distribute modern methods of family planning, deploys peer educators, organizes counselling sessions, and provides a forum for young people and adults to come together to talk about youth’s role in society. My girlfriend panicked, which I fully understand. But I actually think we managed the situation well.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	7074bbc004bb26752bd79b0567db5e97	Accurate prices can promote irrigation efficiency within agriculture and increase the likelihood of achieving economic efficiency across the sectors that compete for limited water resources. In the trade setting, irrigation subsidies can generate a competitive advantage for farmers in one country, if farmers in another country are required to pay water charges that reflect a greater range of cost components. To date, there is no published evidence of such a competitive advantage, but the topic arises in policy discussions.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	7074eeca29daa060da0e70cd7397b564	Geneva; availableat: www.ilo.org/globalAVhat_we_do/Publications/ILOBookstore/Orderonline/Books/lang-en/WCMS_ 100354/i ndex.htm. The financial and economic crisis: a decent work response. Geneva, ILO, International Institute for Labour Studies; available at: www.ilo.org/global/What_we_do/Publications/lang-en/index.htm.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264209527-6-en	7076cda05eb857619b7896083e09eab9	This change in policy resulted in a split of responsibilities between national and regional actors, which required the creation of strategic agendas seeking to facilitate the interaction between national and local plans. At the national level there is the creation of a new sectoral policy, the Top Sector policy, which aims at facilitating innovation in well-established sectors which represent the main strengths of the Dutch economy. The spatial policy retains a central government element in the definition of the areas of intervention of national importance. Cross-border policies also have an impact on regional development.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264128392-3-en	70771418a72ff74dadb8b93566900bdb	With average annual growth of GDP and GDP per capita of 6.3% and 4.5%, respectively, it has been among Latin America’s top economic performers. It weathered the recent financial and economic crisis well and picked up vigorously in 2010. Underpinning this excellent performance are sound macroeconomic policies, structural reforms to improve the functioning of product and labour markets, and the openness of the economy to international trade and foreign investment. These policies have fostered investment, productivity and job creation.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	7079ddcc1000f4efb2e3fe45c2c1097b	In the United States, eminent domain is defined as “an exercise of the power of government or quasi-government agencies (such as airport authorities, highway commissions, community development agencies and utility companies) to take private property for public use” (United States Department of Housing and Uitoan Development, 2016). A community land trust is currently being developed in Brussels, Belgium as well as in Voi, Kenya. Other examples of stakeholder engagement in cities include the emergence of workers’ co-operatives. For instance, the Cleveland Evergreen Cooperatives in Ohio (United States) bring together local hospitals and universities in supporting new business creation and aims to chart the way for intra-community development while creating a fairer workplace (Box 5.18).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	707b9d20380c171fabfb153db2967d4e	The results of these projections should be subject to cautious interpretation, because of the lack of reliance of regional precipitation projections (Liu et al., Lastly, because IMPACT is a partial equilibrium model, price and trade effects are based on excess supply and demand equilibria at the global scale; they do not capture changes in bilateral trade relationships and they do not take into account of other sectors’ feedback loops. Further results, including those combining some of the shocks with climate change projections, are shown in Annex 3.A2.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	707cc1daf9e2f65955e670f198a84bd6	The study also found that one in five children lives in extreme poverty. As is the case with monetary poverty, there is a pronounced difference among the countries when it comes to the failure to meet at least one extreme need, with variations ranging from 8% to 42% (see box 1.6). Although at first glance this might seem positive, there are several elements that need to be considered.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	707fa5a44adcb6ecafc2dedec4eda192	However, as they focus on local as opposed to global causation factors (Deaton and Banerjee, 2012) they may lack external validity at larger scales and in other contexts (Pritchett and Sandefur, 2013). Such methodologies, for instance, allow for a characterisation of contextual effects in enhancing or supressing the effectiveness of an intervention, e.g. the influence that national programmes or policies such as feed-in tariffs have on an intervention’s ability to mobilise private capital (Cardenas et al., Such methods may be better suited to assessing the effectiveness of policies and measures.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	7081109031d2d4ee1d1e668151a51e99	In 2010, the southern regions, which are typically the most rural regions, show higher rates of population over 15 that have not completed secondary education than northern regions. Over 30% of the population over 15 had not completed primary education in Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca, which is well above the share of nearly 10% found in Nuevo Leon and Distrito Federal (Table 1.2). The index of marginalisation, used by the Mexican Government as a summary measure of the degree of social and economic deprivation and lack of access to services, is very high in the regions of Guerrero, Chiapas and Oaxaca (Table 1.2).	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	708198bf1e25911170db11c40e652234	Sometimes referred to as iterative risk management, the process can be divided into four stages, as illustrated in figure IV.l. Each quadrant represents one of the steps of the policy cycle, which encompasses formulation of objectives and assessment of risks, assessments of the effect of policy options-related decisions on the course of action, policy implementation, and monitoring and review of outcomes. At each stage, progress can be measured in terms of the quantity and quality of outcomes along each of the four axes: policy design, policy action, policy impact and policy understanding.	13	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	7081dcbe6eff3e489d6a1362c227f150	Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas. In contrast to other BRIICs or OECD countries, education and incomes are negatively correlated with female labour for participation in India. Apart from lack of jobs, social and cultural factors keep women outside the labour force. Other determinants relate to infrastructure, access to finance, labour laws and rural employment programmes.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	708279f2b2cfe2ed4ed93a06216870ed	In the area of factor markets modelling, the segmentation and imperfect mobility between agricultural and non-agricultural labour and capital was introduced in a dynamic way. All types of CES production trees can be made by changing a simple table, allowing adjusting them depending on the application of the model. Last but not least, MAGNET is extended with a dedicated module on the EU Common Agricultural Policy and with a dedicate module on biofuel policies.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	7082f07a8a02f9aaaa1b2b5fd814bf7c	The fact that socio-economically advantaged students attend a private school contributes to more than 40% of the explained differences in countries such as Greece, Canada and Brazil. Ability grouping and selection criteria for schools contribute to 22% of the explained differences in students by socio-economic background. Which school policies explain the gap in student achievement by background?	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088986-en	70833604402f621a38c7a3d6950a8e51	Grants are structured as a conditional loan: they are subject to 3%-5% of sales. In case of non-commercialisation no repayment is required. In 2006, the fund derived USD 132 million for project royalties and reinvested it in the fund. Part of this fund is used to promote particular R&D areas and utilised for infrastructure purposes.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	70846c16e72e64affac3aeb95ba655cf	Gender differences in educational attainment imply that these highly rewarded high-skill workers will be predominantly female and increasingly disadvantaged low-skill workers will be predominantly male. The gender gap in educational attainment can therefore have far reaching labor market implications. When it comes to documenting the trends, the emphasis in this article will be on crosscountry comparisons.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	7085ff245073e678268e84c497a55135	Self-employment is more important in Greece, the Czech and Slovak Republics and Turkey. Temporary employment is largest in relative size in Poland, Portugal, Korea and Spain. Youth and workers with a lower level of education are over-represented in NSW - close to half of temporary workers are under 30 years of age, and the incidence of temporary employment is 30% higher for those with lower level of education than for those with medium education. Non-standard workers are also more likely to be found in small firms.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	708889a0598f2376e0dc140f372be869	As understanding increases, data requirements will change and an iterative conceptual modelling approach will allow this to be clarified. Although the project is led nationally by policy makers (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs - Defra - and the Environment Agency), it will encompass the interests of all other relevant sectors in a collaborative approach, including the farming community, water companies, environmental non-governmental organisations, and the research community. The development of communities of practice, which develop approaches to fit their discrete geographical and local circumstances, but are also able to learn from each other and serve as examples to communities in other catchments, is an overarching goal of the DTC programme.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	708b547f9ea7d02c0f0c85e119c90af9	Figure 9 reveals again the dramatic decline in absolute poverty in China over the last thirty years. It is also noticeable that within the total amount of absolute poor a steady amount are relatively poor as well. Then between 2002 and 2005 it is clear that a new group of relative only poor emerges, as the relative poverty line moves above the dollar-a-day threshold. As absolute poverty reduction continues apace throughout the last thirty years in Brazil, the relative-only component of poverty grows substantially and comes to dominate what is meant by poor in the country.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	708c206770d80007c153aa7653bd9cec	"To close this gap, while improving learning outcomes for both immigrant and native students, it is necessary to include integration measures into school choice policies. While the Parliament voted down in May 2018 a proposal for the school provider or head teacher to facilitate the development of a balanced social composition, policy pointers on school choice discuss what Sweden could do to manage school choice and provide equal opportunities to all students. However, many students in the Swedish system have simply accepted their ""location-based” school."	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	708fd2f85df72979240b7768fab23c70	Cheapening of food, however, requires substantial investment in agriculture. The idea would then be to promote development through an industrialization process linked in a balanced fashion to the development of the rural economy and agriculture. In order to match the number of persons released from agriculture and industry, the number of employment opportunities in services must be sufficiently dynamic.	8	1	4	0.6
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	709157334ac88d4b3e3903bd3d0d933c	Figure B.1 gives a sense of the power of Moore's law. In the early 1970s, one could fit only 2,300 transistors into an Intel chip. Today, a single Intel quad core i7 chip contains about a billion transistors, and high-end chips used in workstations or servers (Xeon chips) can contain double that number. Over the period 1997-2015, the US consumer price index (CPI) for personal computers fell by nearly 95 per cent, while the corresponding index for all items purchased by consumers has risen by nearly 50 per cent.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	70931344645108c209012a8f65244610	In Jordan, 52% of the female workforce is employed in the public sector (OECD, 2012a; Hendy, 2012). This situation mirrors similar trends in OECD countries. Yet, despite this progress in central government representation, women remain under-represented (the OECD average is 50%; see Figure 6.3). Indeed, the differences in salaries and benefits are affected both by vertical and horizontal segregation, as well as the incidence of part-time employment.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	709597c29a1c596ac224b276e2b9ed7b	Only for those students that risk not being eligible for upper secondary school, the weakest students, do they find a somewhat negative correlation between a large proportion of immigrant students and grade point scores. However, country of origin is no longer a criteria and the focus has shifted to all children, regardless of ethnic background. To determine the level of grants and funding, schools use a combination of socio-economic status and parental educational attainment (see also Section 3.8.3).	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	7096f48c0c4feff1b3124e6f29d0c926	The novelty resides in the new angle from which they are conceived: they are designed to facilitate the participation in research, innovation and entrepreneurial activities of those groups that currently have fewer capacities or opportunities to do so. Policies addressing social inclusiveness proceed either by building the innovation capabilities of disadvantaged groups, or by facilitating their access to opportunities to participate in innovative activities. The focus is on strengthening their innovation capacities, as well as on building the adequate business environment for innovation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	7097486f68a4b40f066543465864395c	Husbands with higher bargaining power (as proxied by the education gap between spouses) spend less time on housework and more time on market work. However, the education gap does not influence women's time spent on household work, while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husband's household work time. Having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses, but the wife's housework increases considerably more than her husband's (89.3 minutes vs. 29.8 minutes).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	709915da5ddb8c6bc752d4da4fbd53e9	To improve health outcomes, health systems as well as global geopolitical, socio-economic, informational, technological and climatic interventions are required. Comprehensive coverage is sought for health promotion by including the total expenditure of joint efforts within multisectoral and multi-partner services and programmes that can be of policy relevance. In most cases, the multi-sectoral approach has joint interests, and expenditure that is beneficial to health care may overlap with that of other social functions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	709aaa35b0020561aa500e72eb50f71b	Others were the unintended benefit of initiatives aimed at achieving other development objectives. Either way, countries are finding ways to ensure young peoples sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights and tear down barriers to their entry into the productive labour force. But education alone will not suffice to build a critical mass of human capital to reap the demographic dividend.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	709f147d57d5d18de3f22768cbe32832	Thus the establishment of the GSM is now an essential aspect of the organisation and management of smuggling networks. More generally speaking, the emerging transport network links the national urban networks to each other; together they promote the renewed regionalisation of international migration flows, which is itself supported by the development of new information technology. In this context, the capitals of Niamey, Ouagadougou, Bamako and Dakar are an East to West and West to East route of high traffic, incorporated in the global networks.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	70a04107d473c9216a05d517deb0ae01	Specifically, this exception is made for India and Brazil. The purpose of including regional initiatives from these regions is to identify how promising initiatives and best practices can be shared and learned from across countries facing similar economic, environmental and social challenges. Of these, 15 global, 32 regional and 11 national initiatives have been included in the analysis. A list of these initiatives can be found in Appendix B. The initiatives chosen for analysis share a common focus on agriculture and climate change, and the interaction between these areas. Thus, initiatives have been excluded from analysis if their scope and objectives are not focused on agriculture and climate change.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	70a0b4352a431e8b3dede628bd99f0bd	"Under the programme, nearly 700,000 “clunkers"" were taken off the roads and replaced by more fuel-efficient vehicles. Cars purchased under the programme are, on average, 19 per cent above the average fuel economy of all new cars currently available, and 58 per cent above the average fuel economy of cars that were traded in (United States Department of Transportation, 2009). The database provides a comprehensive annual update of the policy-making process in place since 2000 (www."	7	0	8	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	70a262d290c16639e8cecce7d954f540	It may miss those in informal employment, who are usually not covered. Since income coverage generally includes, for those in paid employment: total earnings and, in some cases, social security contributions, it would be important to obtain information on earnings components only for purposes of constructing the indicator. Administrative records may not be available disaggregated by key relevant variables, thus preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups. Should hourly data on earnings not be available, another variant of earnings data may be used, such as monthly earnings, weekly earnings, etc.	8	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	70a2dd013a3e6fdc54003c066e3df8d1	The NHS manages data reported from providers in primary care and secondary care on activities and expenditures. On its website, it reports hospital data such as average length of stay (ALOS), use of hospital and observation beds, and hospital admission rates. The NHS also reports waiting times, although this is not always considered up-to-date.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	70a60926e08ab52d30a91f2a0761156b	In particular, small farmers and indigenous communities are still under-represented, and greater participation of irrigation districts and units would contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. River basin organisations and river basin councils report to different constituencies and there are only limited platforms to share concerns and take consistent and mutually beneficial decisions. Coordination is currently undertaken on an ad hoc basis.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	70a716ed8b20032f12c8d62c6a8df4e0	The concept of actio popularis is recognised in the 1976 Constitution and its scope has gradually enlarged. A 1998 law concerning environmental NGOs clearly states the conditions under which this right may be exercised. For example, NGOs (whether or not they have a direct interest) may submit a complaint or accusation and initiate the legal actions necessary for the prevention, correction, suspension or cessation of actions and omissions by public and private entities that represent, or may represent, a cause of environmental degradation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	70a75eafa72c49caeb5e114c912588bc	Example of gender mainstreaming in two OECD countries (cont.) To that end, it uses the concept of indicators established by the OECD, defined as “parameter, or a value derived from parameters, that points to, provides information about and/or describes the state of a phenomenon and has a significance extending beyond that directly associated with given parametric value”. Developing the ability to track and appraise the implementation of certain action and to evaluate results is useful for reporting purposes - on execution and interim and ex-post evaluation.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	70a7c1319b79ebf3189d474a4d1a4c61	The aim is for more girls to fully enjoy their childhood free from the threat of early marriage, and to experience healthier, safer and more empowered lives, making their own decisions about education, sexuality, relationships, marriage and childbearing. A fundamental human rights violation that affects all aspects of a girl's life, child marriage was also widely recognized as an obstacle to the achievement of nearly every Millennium Development Goal (MDG). The UNFPA-UNICEFGlobal Programme is working to strengthen the critical institutions and systems that deliver quality services and opportunities for girls, lay the foundation for attitudinal change among families and communities and support Governments to deliver on the SDG target on child marriage.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/062acf72-en	70ab484e0ae2eaf454c641f77ce6ad20	Its population continues to decline, due to habitat and prey base loss, poaching and retributive killing (because, due to declines in the density of wild ungulates, snow leopards then turn to livestock). According to the official statistics, the snow leopard population in Tajikistan in 2012 amounted to some 195 specimens. Tajikistan is home to its largest population (894 animals in 2012), but the number is reported to be decreasing, mainly due to poaching and competition with livestock.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	70abb02c290f15a8fb4b0cc74f940368	For certain (non-biological) medical waste, a temporary storage facility should be developed. This would avoid dumping part of medical waste until the incinerator comes on stream and create a back-up facility in case when the incinerator is not able to receive this waste due to maintenance or repair. At the moment, statistics for industrial waste do not include all waste and do not reflect the real situation. An environmental audit of functioning enterprises as well as abandoned industrial sites is needed in order to identify all sources of industrial (non-hazardous) and hazardous waste.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	70abecf1aee1d6e490ab8fd72ee3e827	Thusthe CEDAW Committee has expressed particular concern at the notably high dropout rates of Roma girls and women in some State parties. Here too it is not enough simply to espouse a policy of equal access: a more transformative approach is needed that, in the words of the CEDAW Committee, requires States to address barriers to the education of women and girls, including negative cultural attitudes and excessive domestic duties, and to implement re-entry policies. The first relates to the extent to which women are represented in the workforce, particularly in higher grades and in traditionally male-dominated areas. In this context, the participative and redistributive dimensions operate closely together.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	70b08628ac4a2c359f724ded36317a00	Global experience has shown that consistent policy commitment at the highest levels of government is key to accelerating women's entrepreneurship development. The level of policy support for women’s economic activity varies across the MENA region. Some governments have implemented national development plans or national gender strategies; others have engaged in efforts to promote women entrepreneurs and showcase their accomplishments.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	70b0f7eff0f12bf16e224723bab65f1b	Most state laws have opened up the possibility for water utilities to have a consultative body where public participation is expected. Consumers can also rely on legal and administrative recourses in case of complaints, although their efficiency is often questioned as the existing mechanisms leave ample discretion to authorities to solve the cases. The Federal Consumer’s Attorney (PROFECO) can serve as a mediator between consumers and service providers (see chapter 4 on institutionalising regulatory functions for water supply and sanitation); it can also give the service provider a report (dictamen) that specifies the compensations to the consumer.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	70b31575c5fcf51bd05abae452cad336	Oil export revenues should help to increase government revenue and the current account surplus, even though oil prices remain low. Foreign investment is also expected to pick up strongly in the near term, especially in infrastructure projects, but the country’s medium-term growth is limited by significant domestic bottlenecks and restrictive business conditions. Inflation is likely to exceed the central bank’s single-digit target due to supply-side bottlenecks and pent-up consumption demand released by renewed access to global markets. Examples of such measures include reductions in the bank reserve ratio and the interbank rate, $200 million in deposits in the export promotion bank to support non-oil exports and a plan to develop a public debt market. The role of fiscal policy would be constrained by low oil prices.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	70b5e9ecd3fdada2548baf0d7a02826d	Both funds follow an active management investment strategy. The targeted investment amount is between USS15-35 million and seeks to realize strong risk-adjusted returns, particularly through investments in mature technologies. The investment horizon is between 3 and 5 years. Mubadala is involved in all aspects of the clean energy value chain.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	70b79103517e2ae03af54dbded439584	At its 10th meeting, on 15 May, the Forum considered agenda item 4 jointly with items 3, 5, 6, 7 (Multi-stakeholder dialogue) and 9. For its consideration of the item, the Forum had before it the report of the Secretary-General on the means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels (E/CN. At its 2nd meeting, on 5 May, the Forum heard an introductory statement by the Director of the Forum secretariat. The Forum considered agenda item 5, jointly with item 3 (Forests: progress, challenges and the way forward for the international arrangement on forests), item 4 (Means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels), item 6 (Regional and subregional inputs), item 8 (High-level segment) and item 9 (Forum Trust Fund), at its 2nd and 3rd meetings, on 4 May 2015.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/2933d7d2-en	70b7a5d90e70e0dc26ef3c9c04c17c31	The Fund was established to remediate the damage caused by oil pollution, after a major environmental controversy involving the direct dumping of by-product water into the Amazonian rivers of Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Maranon, since the 1970s (Defensorfa del Pueblo., There is also a degree of disconnection between the policy planning led by CEPLAN and public investment decision-making effectuated by MEF. Given that biodiversity projects do not always have readily available and easily measurable outcome and impact indicators, it is often difficult for public agencies to effectively bid for biodiversity funding. Therefore, even if biodiversity might be mainstreamed in national strategies, this may not always immediately translate into implementation.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	70b8d53bf1303f2a886f08a0ef9c5dd8	I he language skills of parents, particularly of mothers, may not be sufficient to allow them to assist their children in their schoolwork. This is especially the case in the Internet age, when media in the language of the country of origin are more present in immigrant households than they ever used to be. However, the variance in the performance gaps between immigrant and non-immigrant students across countries, even after adjusting for socio-economic background, suggests that policy has an important role to play in eliminating such gaps.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	70b9c3e699098fd77a7a1e2fe6c06912	A reduced VAT rate of 8% applies to foodstuffs. Some agricultural inputs pay a reduced VAT rate: it is set at 8% for plant protection and veterinary products licensed by the MOFAL, while the water delivered for agricultural production and land improvement services performed by public and cooperative providers are free from VAT (Deloitte, 2016). Irrigation covers about 6 million hectares, which represents about 15.6% of total agricultural land (MOD, direct communication) and about 70-80% of total freshw'ater withdrawals in Turkey.	2	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	70ba9f07609056091cc515ad9fb68195	Migration is directed at improving both the living standards of those who remain at home and the lifestyle and income of the migrants. In Tonga ‘there are few opportunities for socio-economic advancement in Tonga and migration is perceived as the only solution (Morton Lee 2004: 135). In Samoa, migration was simply ‘to seek wealth for all’ (Muliaina 2001: 25).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	70bdfe5c45a49173c21fe676699cc93d	In 2012, water released from the dam caused floods that led to 10 deaths, submergence of 10 000 homes and 10 000 ha of damaged farmlands. Nigeria has proposed to build the Dasin Hausa Dam to control floods that occur due to water released from Lake Lagdo. Since releases from the dam began in 1984, average low flows recorded are about 60 m3/s, an increase of over 300%. Changes in the floodplain have affected flood-recession cultivation of sorghum (yearly floods and clayey soils have made the land highly suitable for sorghum cultivation).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	70be38da5a2ae16698f27b9ba49b03f4	However, both sides have a lot to gain from resolving the problems. Prague is unlikely to see significant urban renewal as long as greenfield development opportunities are available just outside its boundaiy. However, small municipalities cannot resolve growing transport problems, nor provide the full set of services to their new residents without co-operation from Prague. This ultimately may be a more difficult task because there is a considerably smaller shared interest between the two regions than between Prague and its nearby municipal neighbors.	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289348379-6-en	70bf482fa6788589937cd0fc1759fa2f	"Information on land-based and sea-based litter sources, however, does not give much guidance on how to ""Plug the Marine Litter Tap"". These sources have to be broken down to a more detailed level. Usually it is necessary to identify the different activities or sectors that generate waste and assess the risk for littering, whether intentional or accidental."	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	70c246ca6adf27187f3c5fb9dc91ee58	A similar clear-cut conclusion cannot be drawn for coal-fired power plants. Imported coal lands on international ports (Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Antwerp, Hamburg and Bremen) and is carried to the plant via ship or rail. Overall, rail transport is considerably more expensive than transport by ship, which makes the transport costs for hard coal strongly dependent on the geographical location. Hard coal transport costs range from a few euros per tonne for coastal sites close to the delivery ports in the North and Baltic Sea, to about EUR 10/tonne in the areas accessible by inland waterways, mainly along Rhine and Elbe. Coal transport by rail to inland locations is considerably more expensive, between 30 and EUR 50/ tonne. New coal-fuelled power plants are almost exclusively located with access to coastal ports on the North or in the inland waterways, reflecting the above mentioned differences in hard coal transport costs.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	70c4476030cd19223982027c8a4debdc	However, these sources of productivity gains usually do not have much connection to what is going on in the rest of the economy, and often can be utilised by relatively small number of farmers. They are like donations, better to have than not, but they depend less on a dynamic non-farm economy. However, agricultural productivity is also driven in some sub-sectors by dynamic developments in the non-farm sector, for example due to increasing demand for higher value-added products (especially in the context of the supermarket revolution), and due to reduced marketing and transaction costs from improved financial, transport and telecommunications markets.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/bb3f3ae6-en	70c5ef11d8ff2af9712755869e5e8ac1	Encouraging the rapid and broad-based adoption of innovations by customers must therefore be therefore another goal of policies supporting innovation for sustainable development. By the same token, we will not restrict ourselves to technological innovations but also consider non-technological innovations, for instance in business models, services, or marketing. The second section analyses challenges and opportunities for innovation-led sustainable development, focusing mainly on initiatives that could open up new economic opportunities with higher value-added by greening established sectors.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	70c9159fca3c2ab30240fac8440e01d6	This implies that income-based measures need to be complemented by non-monetary measures to present a solid empirical picture of spatial differences in poverty and deprivation.8 Non-monetary measures are based on either the respondent’s self-assessment of their owrn material conditions or on measures of ownership of consumer goods and living standards (Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006) but could also extend to measures of other types of achievements, such as their health, skills and political voice. This indicator is closer to an absolute measure of poverty as it is based on a set of commodities, each with the same weight, that are equal across all countries.9 This indicator is also based on counting the same number of deprivations in all EU countries, implying that it is based on a common EU-wide norm (as compared to the country specific thresholds used when measuring the income-poverty headcount). As the list of deprivation items is generally country-specific (and influenced by cultural factors), no measure of ‘material deprivation’ is regularly compiled for OECD countries.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	70c9d49b89875d3d1bdc3f32ef96ac1d	The portfolio markers are practising teachers with at least five years of experience in the same teaching area and level as the teacher being evaluated. They examine the evidence provided by teachers and assign the performance ratings for the different dimensions evaluated by the portfolio. Portfolio markers receive proper training for their function by the Docentemas team and benefit from a detailed set of assessment rubrics describing the meaning of Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent and Outstanding performance across the different elements analysed by the portfolio.	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	70cb0f42183c20589c159798dc29b567	Bommelaer and Devaux (2012) list such cases: inherited orphan industrial pollution (ruins of war, sediments, sludge, dredging residues, etc.), Putting a price on water cannot compensate for such pollutions, as this would transfer the cost of pollution to agents not responsible for the externality. This first category of benefits encompasses the direct benefits received by water users such as farmers, energy producers and industrial facilities, as well as households.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36457e13-en	70cbbab61c293458050a2de55a34c1d8	Forest stands are fragmented, with the number of owners increasing as a result of continuous division owing to inheritance processes. In FBiH there have been attempts to buy forests from private owners to incorporate them into the public forest stock. The management of private forests is delegated to cantons and municipalities.	15	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	70d2d0a5c65b95f204986ee03c0b4a86	Where effective ESD is taking place, it tends overwhelmingly to be in schools where there is a highly engaged and motivated principal, or another influential staff member taking on this leadership role. It is notable, therefore, that there is very little evidence of work being done to build the capacity of principals to introduce ESD in their schools. Like the teachers in their schools, many principals lack any specialised training in educational leadership, and very few have any training in ESD. As focal points and sometimes gatekeepers at their schools, this group of leaders will be important to the successful rollout of any broad scale ESD-related initiatives, including those related to the introduction of new curricula.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	70d3764f612a90c75e9253327c96b45c	The Welsh Government has overall responsibility for planning of the system, while local Health Boards, trusts and local authorities also have established mechanisms for setting out how resources (financial, workforce and infrastructure) will be deployed to yield maximum benefit in order to address areas of population health need and improve health outcomes, improve the quality of care, and ensure best value from resources. Health Boards in Wales are responsible for assessing the needs of their population as a whole, and for ensuring services are provided that meet those needs. Wales’ 22 local authorities, with locally elected politicians, are responsible for local government including social services. They are statutorily required to work with the NHS and non-statutory partners using a variety of joint arrangements such as local strategic partnerships. Groups of local authorities have coterminous boundaries with Health Board (Figure 3.1). Health Systems in Transition, Vol.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	70d85135f8f1cf29c267d031135d3da1	Creating ex-outs in national nomenclature may serve to address the former problem, but not the latter. Experts tend to agree that for the vast majority of renewables, dual use is a function of their ubiquitous nature, whereby they can be employed for uses other than environmental. Therefore, using ex-outs to “drill down” to single use from dual use does not seem a viable option (OECD, 2006). This problem has led to disagreements among trade negotiators as well as between customs authorities and traders, to the point that some analysts are questioning the relevance of the Agreement and the technological assumptions it was based on.39 If there is an overall lesson to be drawn from the ITA and other sectoral agreements, it is that ex-outs have been - and should remain - the exception rather than the rule.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	70d94ebfd61d1589285d4ced87ecf58d	We call this regime time squeeze to emphasize the trade-offs between the marketization of women’s work and the consequent time pressures on human capacities production. If they are substantial enough, the time squeeze effects of higher wages completely counterbalance their positive growth effects, leading to stagnation or growth path instabilities. Growth is elusive or unstable. Growth and social reproduction reinforce one another.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	70d9cf5ad72f8e6aa66a222dc368ef2d	This is an intergovernmental institution focusing on the generation and application of early warning information and supporting capacity building. By 2015, RIMES had grown to include 13 member States and 19 collaborating countries. Consequently, countries in Asia and the Pacific are calling for better regional early warning systems for hazards such as transboundary river-basin floods (e.g. in South Asia and South-East Asia), landslides, flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0d19e2fd-en	70dedc8bd65b7ad51c3da0b5a6b4b14e	Early childhood development is a driving force for sustainable development in all societies,16 and through public investment in early care and education initiatives, a good start in life can benefit not only millions of children today, but also their communities and societies in the future. Specifically, participation in such preschool programmes decreases the likelihood of low educational performance at the age of 15.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282735-7-en	70dfa8b4df7022b3822cffff4359244f	As discussed in Chapter 1, OOP in Peru represented 29% of total health expenditure, a figure significantly above the OECD average, although similar to other LAC countries. But this does not mean that SIS, in practice, can rely on resources that are consistent with the number of its affiliates or the actuarial cost of providing benefits. In 2015, SIS’s average expenditure per affiliate was S/.82.81 (including all regimes) (equivalent to USD 31 or EUR 24), which represents a mere 23% of the estimated cost. Similar gaps between the expected cost and actual allocations to SIS have been identified almost since the inception of SIS (Prieto et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	70e1e5a3a13bf81cb06db232ce11e171	"Too often, school science is seen as the first segment of a (leaky) pipeline that will ultimately select those who will work as scientists and engineers. Not only does the ""pipeline"" metaphor discount the many pathways successful scientists have travelled to reach their career goals (Cannady, Greenwald and Harris 2014; Maltese, Melki and Wiebke 2014), it also conveys a negative image of those who do not end up as scientists and engineers. Because knowledge and understanding of science is useful well beyond the work of scientists and is, as PISA argues, necessary for full participation in a world shaped by science-based technology, school science should be promoted more positively - perhaps as a ""springboard"" to new sources of interest and enjoyment (Archer, Dewitt, and Osborne 2015). Expanding students' awareness about the utility of science beyond teaching and research occupations can help build a more inclusive view of science, from which fewer students feel excluded (Alexander, Johnson, and Kelley 2012). Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more effectively, increase the supply of skills that fuel economic growth, and promote social cohesion."	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	70e49dd54c3f845a011558811de670e3	The EmPower Partnership Programme is structured to ensure that these conditions are met. Ltd. launched its 100-Village EmPower Partnership Programme for Araria District in the state of Bihar in February 2005. These 100-kW plants were each expected to create at least 50 direct and indirect jobs in each village and eradicate poverty in the participating families. Since the launch, projects have been completed and operational in three villages. A governmental subsidy and the selling of C02 emissions savings (shown as a likely source of capital for the villagers who have no capital of their own) are used for “leveraging” capital by convincing ethical investors to provide the external equity or loan. Discussions with commercial and development banks indicate they would be prepared to consider 50-60 per cent of the project cost as a loan if the other funds are assured.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	70e56d45f2c8a2e5a576391cb5c6d536	The data provided and the information available in the OECD Benefit and Wages (www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives~) show that the country provides some form of support for homeownership and rental assistance. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing 2014; see Box 3 for QuASH details and coverage. Due to data limitations, the monetary value of support provided through rent controls and tax relief for residential housing is not quantified in OECD QuASH and is therefore not included in the spending figures. It is important to stress that this is a first attempt at producing comparable data on the instruments and amount of support towards affordable and social housing in OECD countries. In particular, not all reporting countries provided information on all surveyed instruments and information on spending, recipiency and eligibility is often missing. As a consequence, the number of reporting countries changes across policy types.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	70e6aa10a839675db20e30706e45058e	While the emphasis is on learning practical strategies by taking part in the project, Imprint members learn about the power structures that lie behind the phenomenon of sexual harassment, including patriarchy. During Egypt's major holidays, when harassment is typically at its worst, Imprint organizes patrols in public spaces, made up of young male volunteers who intervene non-violently to prevent incidents of harassment, to deliver harassers to the police, and to help in filing legal claims against harassers. The patrols also act to promote positive examples of masculinity. They show that there is an alternative, that joining the movement against harassment is cool.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	70e77a826173a6422c453df1b0e8f884	In northern Israel, however, intensity of pesticide use (0.07 tonnes/km2) is more in line with the OECD average. In 2007-08, one or more pesticides were detected at around 35% of the Water Authority’s monitoring sites in coastal aquifers, although none had pesticide concentrations exceeding Israeli drinking water standards. There is some evidence that pesticide use has begun to decline in response to wider adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)22 and the need to meet the pesticide residue standards of the European Union, a key export market for Israel’s horticultural products.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	70eb5786d85e50a79c088f3a65a9eaaf	A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to become damaged or to die. It usually occurs when the heart muscle becomes too weak to work properly. These substances are called plaques or atheromas. It is also sometimes known as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3452c9e6-en	70ed7f1f0f2319109f21dae095b4c0e1	Excludes countries on which no data are available for the two points in lime taken as a reference. The gap is smallest in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Uruguay. But even though there is an obvious gap in general terms, and with the exception of the countries that are furthest behind, non-wage-earner affiliation has risen in recent years, in particular in Colombia and Peru.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e5cda530-en	70ef85be224527f706369dd86fcd6a25	Furthermore, GMS governments have designated more areas for forest protection and conservation such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and so forth. At the same time, there has been an increase in awareness of the importance of maintaining the remaining natural forests and more information has become available on the protective functions of forests and the value of ecosystem services. While it is difficult to obtain concrete data on financial aspects, it could also be true that governments may have increased budget allocations for forest protection and conservation compared to the outlay 20 years ago. This is also intended to ensure that they can benefit from forest management, e.g. enhanced livelihoods and income.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	70f52695578125a42098a241ba3fb71d	The distinction between formal and informal enterprises is meaningful for policy design because the profiles, needs and growth potentials are different. Female owners in the informal sector of developing countries have much less education, start out of necessity, and often earn very little from their business. Programmes to ease registration can impact extensively on women, given that the burden of complying with government regulations weighs more heavily on the low-scale businesses where female owners are prevalent (Ellis et ah, 2007). The SIMPLES programme in Brazil introduced simplified regulations for micro and small firms with the objective of boosting registration rates.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	70f8cc21015161bca4f1037408e84cc4	"This survey also covers Georgia but excludes Turkmenistan. To avoid the ""add-women-and-stir"" approach (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2003), the study is designed to consider gender not as at the category ""sex"" used in quantitative data but rather to interpret gender in the framework of social relations arising in connection with ideas of masculinity and femininity. To do so, both quantitative and qualitative data are used in this study."	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/281344f5-en	70f961caa7d935f35b84d6bb28afd8d8	Honduras’ murder rate, the highest recorded in the world at 90 per 100,000 people per year, was often cited in the news media as a leading reason for die exodus of unaccompanied minors from that country to the United States in mid-2014 (Patton et al., In a positive development that demonstrates that the right investments can save lives, such deaths “among adolescents have declined significandy since 2000,” accoiding to the World Health Organization. “ This decline is particularly noticeable in the regions where maternal mortality rates are highest. The Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and African regions have seen declines of 57 per cent, 50 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively.”	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	70f9f5dc562f40203078d553b232fba0	This is a particular challenge in a system which relies extensively on school-based workshops to develop practical vocational skills. Current budgetary pressures are putting particular strain on Spain’s school-based model of vocational training. Retiring teachers are not being replaced - ageing the workforce and perhaps distancing it further from industry, while postponing the replacement of out-of-date training equipment.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	70fa7895671699bd6c5ffb130e8edef7	Second, with the government taking the same risks as the investor, the government and investors’ interests would be more or less aligned, thereby making it much less likely that the government would put in place policies that harm the fund’s investments. Thus, one type of political risk usually faced by investors would be removed. Third, because Governments establish the regulatory and policy framework, they tend to have inside knowledge of what type of projects makes the most sense for their country.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	70fbe31483b673a4197f93ed236b3a65	However, at the moment there appears to be a conflict of the university’s designation as an APEX University and the regional engagement mission. While Universiti Sains Malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving “billions”, there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region. Realities of differences in socio-economic issues facing Penang and those facing the other three states include the urban-rural divide and the priority of agriculture in other three states. Furthermore, the focus of Northern Corridor Economic Region does not encompass higher education except indirectly through other issues, such as human resource development from the perspective of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, not the Ministry of Higher Education.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	70fedeccd8b3c5406923c0cfe1b07d27	In addition, short innovation cycles in the IT industry add pressure on software enterprises to upgrade their capabilities. In the Indian software industry, formal training programmes exist in all large enterprises, especially those catering to the export market (Vijayabaskar and Suresh Babu, 2009). Such programmes typically aim at equipping new employees with programming and problem-solving skills, as well as exposing them to organizational procedures and routines.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	7100c6d5443e5285a7bc2e2ee63c1c3b	Some such people may not even be registered. Corporate income tax contributed between 3.5% of GDP in the Philippines and 9% of GDP in Malaysia in 2012. While a declining corporate income tax rate is a worldwide trend, the issue seems to be exacerbated in South-East Asia with ASEAN integration. Since the adoption of the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint in 2007, several countries have further reduced their corporate income tax rate and expanded tax incentives and exemptions for investors (see table 2.1).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	71020e1e7559b3ab13fb200fde989110	Past reports have covered a range of aspects of schooling such as the education of Maori and Pasifika students, special education, school curricula, pedagogy and assessment, school management and the education of diverse learners. The areas investigated in the National Education Evaluation Reports reflect the government’s educational priorities as well as issues identified by those in the sector. Schools use the reports to review and improve their management, organisation, teaching, and the achievement of students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	71036bef3b7ab203ed128b34d9e73efb	The first section presents a brief overview of current trends in the work-family life related areas. Then the main key drivers of change over the last decade are identified and described. Emphasis is placed on the dramatic organisational changes that have been taking place in the workplace and on their impact on the strategies elaborated by parents to combine their job with family obligations. In the last section, drawing lessons from evidence-based research and the latest data presented in the previous sections, we flesh out the two scenarios to 2030 developed for this purpose in the project.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	7104ea8b662442a14ff565e545897777	However, those costs are mainly borne by the nuclear power plant developer and only impose limited additional costs on the electricity system as a whole. The specific arrangements in place in OECD countries may be different with regard to the special conditions that nuclear power plants impose on the electrical system in terms of higher requirements for grid stability and security, specific conditions for the grid layout, as well as the interaction between the overall generation system and nuclear plants due to the latter’s operational characteristics. In fact, the large size of a nuclear power plant may require increasing the amount of available reserves to offset, according to the N-l criterion, the risk of a frequency drop in the case that a nuclear power plant trips. All these system costs are real, but are overall in the range of USD 2-3 per MWh, slightly above those of other dispatchable technologies but well below those of variable renewables (see Table ES.2 below).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4a27e063-en	7115de88810a59b122cc4f712fbe7d08	Due to the limited size of the individual herring quotas the operators proposed to introduce transferability, which were approved by the Icelandic authorities in 1979. Through the individual and transferable quota system, the Icelandic authorities had found a convincing instrument to solve the distribution problems related to a limited resource and large fishing capacity. The system covered cod and five other species, but also included an option for operators to choose an effort-based management option (days at sea). Initially, vessels under 10 GT were not included in the system.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	711a8fd287bba1b45fef89c4bd62a056	First the consequenses of scaling up the production for the climate change mitigation (chapter 12) and then the socio economic factors are discussed (chapter 13). The section is wrapped up by a discussion on the identified challenges for the Nordic, including barriers and steps to take (chapter 13). Forecasts on Aviation growth shows that emissions will almost triple by 2050 with over 2.6 Gt/yr in a baseline scenario (ICAO, 2013). It assesses the climate effects of this conversion.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	711e370d77d9b301ca8e6433e72c068e	In addition to its contribution to national income and employment, agro-processing has the potential to increase income and access to food for the rural poor, who largely depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. This is achieved through the creation of small-scale processing businesses that can be carried out at home and do not require huge investment. Through such a ‘spillover’ mechanism, agro-processing can potentially impact household poverty in a sustainable manner.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	7120595be54e4b05be61d4e024edd580	Developing countries are therefore required to actively participate in international standard-setting meetings for the harmonisation of standards and legal requirements. As such there are important benefits from further globalisation in the fisheries sector. Concurrently, increasing cross-border trade through the fisheries supply chain also carries risk when food and food products, both fresh and frozen, are moved around.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	712306e35f872a4cf7a4ffc0823a0cae	Relatively high wages at the bottom of the wage distribution make it costly to hire professional household service providers (Albrecht et al., In Sweden, both men and women spend more time on household services than in the United States since their high cost and social norms against buying household services encourage people to perform their own household tasks rather than relying on market provision. Policies to improve wage flexibility at the lower end of the wage distribution, as proposed earlier in this paper, would lower the cost of in-house child-care. In 2007, a tax deduction for up to 50% of expenses for domestic household-related services was introduced, mainly to reduce the extent of informal economic activity. The fact that the tax deduction covers various domestic services including house renovation makes it hard to assess its impact on female employment outcomes. The impact of the tax deduction on female employment outcomes should be monitored.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf70833b-en	712426141572b6f30bbb85e250ece7b4	The White Paper presents a framework within which the EU and its Member States can prepare for the impacts of climate change. The framework will evolve as further evidence becomes available. It will complement actions by Member States and support wider international efforts to adapt to climate change.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	71247f3c45f966ac20dc86058d25b1d1	But equally important was the rise in non-tax income in commodity-exporting countries. But tax reforms introducing a more progressive tax system also drove the rise in public revenues in some Latin American countries. For example, in Uruguay a new progressive labour income tax and a flat capital income tax were introduced, while some indirect taxes were reduced, with the objective of improving the fiscal balance, income distribution and economic growth.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	7126c545de5bd96b4e053bf25909f3e1	Data from six African countries indicate that the average youth underemployment rate was approximately 15 per cent in 2011 (ILO, 2017a). Figure 14 shows that youth unemployment is especially a concern in Northern and Southern Africa. In these subregions, young people also constitute a higher proportion of the total population than in other subregions, having already begun developing a significant demographic dividend. For the rest of Africa where youth populations and corresponding youth unemployment has yet to swell, there is a need to prepare accordingly.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	71270bcf7ceaa9a0890c416ff5378a0b	The development of energy markets in South and South-V\fest Asia, through the creation of regional energy grids and cross-country pipelines across the subregion as a part of the proposed Asian energy highway, could assist the subregion in promoting energy access and security. Diversification of the energy mix and an increase in the share of renewable energy, such as solar and hydroelectric power, is essential to enhance the subregion’s energy security, to reduce the impact of price shocks due to fluctuations in international crude oil prices and to mitigate the environmental impact of energy use. This, in turn, creates more and better jobs in addition to building productive capacity, particularly in the subregion's least developed countries. Regional cooperation can play a pivotal role in crafting solutions to shared vulnerabilities and helping ensure food and energy security, as well as reducing the subregion’s vulnerability to natural disasters.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	71292ef7ad38ec40c2236ff322c6cf2c	Municipalities, especially those with a large share of low-income households and a high share of unemployment, may not have the financial and organisational capacity to supply and maintain social housing. In Poland, for example, municipalities are responsible for the supply and maintenance of social housing, but due to their scarce financial resources, the supply of affordable housing has remained a major challenge, especially in mid-sized cities (OECD, 2011b). This takes the form of demand-side subsidies (e.g. tax relief on paid rent for tenants) or supply-side subsidies (e.g. favourable treatment of rental income for landlords).	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	712955c3651945b50e85fd885c250ed1	Regardless of the options chosen, every developing country that may have any capability to engage in improvements of existing inventions and incremental innovation must be aware of the need to address so-called blocking patents, i.e. patents (which are typically foreign) that stand in the way of locally developed improvements. For this scenario, the TRIPS Agreement itself provides a solution in Article 31(1), which allows a compulsory license that enables the second comer to practice a patent on an improvement that might often infringe the dominant patent. Developing countries are free to adopt legislation enabling the issuance of compulsory licenses for dependent patents consistent with Article 31(1) of the TRIPS Agreement.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	712a2d7c969679714e5c8db786216769	Having more limited contribution records, many women fail to meet the eligibility conditions to obtain a benefit of their own. When they do, their benefits tend to be lower than men’s, reflecting the joint impact of shorter periods of paid work, more part-time work and lower earnings. In some countries, this can especially harm low-income women who have lower (formal) labour market participation and may also lack access to derived benefits if they are single or divorced from/widowed by an informal worker with no pension rights. Indeed, the extent to which gendered labour markets effectively affect women’s pension entitlements depends on specific aspects of pension design that are particularly relevant for gender equality. In contributory social insurance systems, workers are typically entitled to a retirement benefit when they reach the retirement age and have a minimum number of years of work and/or contributions. Women find it harder than men to accumulate long contributory records.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	712a455395781aecb99750262d69d07e	Some tax reforms appear to be win-win options - improving growth prospects while narrowing the distribution of income. Many, however, may imply trade-offs between these objectives. Following the same approach as for labour market, product market and education policies discussed above (Table 5.2), these complementarities and trade-offs are drawn out in Table 5.3.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	712a4c412f1fce6a095e40efd975a6a0	Particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 micrograms (pm) in diameter (PM2.5) is a major concern among all air pollutants for human health since they can penetrate the lungs, impacting respiratory health. In 2015, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Central and Southern Asia, recorded the highest PM2.5 concentrations estimated at 49 and 48 pg/m3, respectively (Figure 18). The Oceania subregion recorded the lowest concentrations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1916aa05-en	712e73df2bcaf4a8cf2b11d402fb9fb3	It also means less time for schooling and training, political participation, self-care, rest and leisure. This has profound implications for gender equality and women's and girls' enjoyment of their rights, as well as having wider ramifications for poverty, inequality and the achievement of sustainable development.2 Furthermore, time and resource constraints among some groups that are both time-poor and income-poor translate into care deficits, especially for children, reproducing disadvantage from one generation to the next. The international human rights framework, as established by treaties such as these, is complemented by labour standards, in particular International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	712f1615dfa4dbd382cf2f25b2f34e97	Rural youth often face similar problems. In addition, they are put at a special disadvantage by government programmes that target only urban youth and jobs. Adapting schooling and skills trainings in rural areas to rural needs would be an important step in supporting rural youth. Today the region counts almost 300 million people, 122 cities exceeding 100 000 inhabitants and an urbanisation rate of 40%.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	71302017e3569ab08ae6abe769082ffd	Since compound fertilisers are used widely in crop production, establishing private fertiliser compounding plants should be encouraged (ARDC, 2011). Prior to 1993, fertiliser prices were heavily subsidised. When subsidies were removed, domestic market prices rose to international levels and the government allowed the private sector to import and distribute fertilisers, providing import tax exemptions. Despite these measures and a lack of competition in the fertiliser market, most enterprises find it difficult to be profitable in fertiliser production (ARDC, 2011).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	7130564d7ef2d2edf819ee9aae94c071	Most national curricula include subjects that specifically target students' social and emotional skills, such as physical and health education, civic and citizenship education, and moral or religious education. Some countries also incorporate the development of social and emotional skills in the core curriculum. In addition, many OECD students participate in school governance and classroom management as alternative forms of extracurricular activities. These activities help students to develop the skills necessary for living in democratic societies, such as negotiating, teamwork and taking responsibility.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/80c371eb-en	713065dfd39536d0e29bf9f1dd1ee8ff	The most recent work, performed in 2018, included a revision of the methodology used in previous years. The MSE simulated the impacts of 18 different management scenarios in the future (up to 2036) including: the protraction of current fishing mortality (F status quo, FSQ); the harvest control rule (HCR) contained in Recommendation GFCM/37/2013/1; a catch limit set at the catches of 2014 and other measures outlined above as well as contrast scenarios. The results obtained showed that, for both species, maintaining the status quo would result in a high risk of spawning stock biomass (SSB) falling below BLIM in the short, medium and long term (example given in Figure 93 for European anchovy). They also showed that a recovery of the stock could be possible under a restricted number of scenarios with a low risk of dropping below Bum, at least in the medium term; for example, an effective implementation of the HCR foreseen under Recommendation GFCM/37/2013/1 would allow sardine SSB to recover with a low risk of dropping below BLIM in the short and medium term (0 and 0.4 percent, respectively) and a relatively low risk (16.8 percent) in the longer term (Figure 94).	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	71322f546cd2c3507c9d268861f30e15	Other definitions of impact evaluation also exist such as that of the World Bank Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) initiative, which states: impact evaluations compare the outcomes of a programme against a counterfactual that shows what would have happened to beneficiaries without the programme. See also: Tracking Economic Instnimcnts and Finance for Biodiversity. The second focus of this report on cost-effectiveness relates most closely to the DAC criterion on efficiency, which measures the outputs - qualitative and quantitative - in relation to the inputs. The MSFD, for example, explicitly requires the member states to assess the present state of the sea in question and develop a national Programme of Measures (PoM) designed to narrow and eventually close the gap between the current and desired state of the sea. The member states must show that the chosen PoM is cost-effective (Oinonon, 2016).	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	713804da8e3e2b16663cd7d60d6d37c3	If the primary goal of regulation is to address a spatial externality within a surface water-groundwater system, such as stream depletion, then targeting land retirement based on that externality (i.e. paying a premium to purchase entitlements that have higher associated marginal externalities) will be cost-effective. Note however, that if there is a strong positive correlation between the marginal benefits of groundwater use and the marginal externality of groundwater use, the optimal solution may be to retire a relatively large area of less hydrologically-damaging but low-cost land. This includes voluntary programs undertaken by users to manage or reduce groundwater use, or collective mechanisms induced by regulatory framework requirements. It is possible for local groundwater users' groups to introduce binding management policies collectively, voluntarily, often in conjunction with other higher level instruments, or sometimes set up independently.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ec606c8a-en	71385df0d542e3b0b22eabfbb858b710	These include bioregional classification, coherent systems of marine protected or managed areas, ocean zoning and fisheries management. Environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment ensure that proposed activities do not cause undue environmental degradation. Overall, a key challenge remains: integrating various management approaches undertaken by sectors into a comprehensive and cohesive plan with the ecosystem as its central framework. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is one approach that can help countries undertake this task, and it is gaining considerable popularity. Similarly to integrated coastal zone management, it provides for operationalizing an ecosystem approach through a planning process involving all stakeholders.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	713a1cbaa7c3b0e5929342b3ab5b3197	This section provides examples of programmes that aimed to kick-start an ESCO industry (through, e.g. pilot ESCOs in China, a state-owned ESCO in Ukraine) or to support the growth of an existing ESCO by facilitating its access to finance (Bulgaria). The project supported the establishment of three new pilot ESCOs (or Energy Management Companies (EMCs) as they are called in China), as well as their efforts to adapt and develop Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in the Chinese market. The project included (i) $5mln of GEF grant support to each company for development of initial projects and (ii) $21mln of IBRD loan funds, on-lent to the companies, for scaling up their business.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	713a20c37849cc6f1d0b7870313347ab	"Because it does not conform to national accounting and overlaps with the modern sector, studies (such as those of PARSTAT) still underestimate its real size. In practice, this economy is defined essentially by default: ""informal"" covers any economic activity that does not comply with the obligations to register, keep accounts and pay taxes - even in recent studies, such as PARSTAT. The rapid urbanisation of sub-Saharan Africa is not based on the demand for industrial labour or, more generally, the supply of modern employment arising from industrialisation and external trade."	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264264113-5-en	713b9d2efaaed575bfad15e051585edb	Land-use policy must be applied across the entire BMA, as risks are also incurred by a lack of inter-governmental co-ordination on hazard mitigation planning. Although a general master plan for the BMA has been prepared by the provincial government, no effective land-use plan has been set up. The delivery of building permits in different local government areas in north of Bandung, for example, is at cross purposes with hazard reduction efforts at a metropolitan scale (Hudalah et al., The BMA should draw up a metropolitan spatial land use plan binding the local governments. The formation of the metropolitan institution will be a good opportunity to advance this idea (see Chapter 4). Up to now, the BMA has not prepared and disclosed natural hazard maps, implying that the BMA is by and large underprepared.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	713c887b1498aa3a3b25860ba666ac4c	Using as a benchmark a world with no gender discrimination in social institutions, the current level of discrimination is estimated to induce a loss of up to USD 12 trillion or 16% of global income. Income losses are measured in terms of 2011 real income at current PPP. The regions are: East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), South Asia (SA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA).	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264283534-en	713d83dd39af0d009d38a23afe66ec73	European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2015, Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Sanatate pentru prosperitate [National Health Strategy 2014-2020. Health for wealth], Ministry of Health, Bucharest, available at: http://www.ms.ro/documente/Anexa%201%20 -%20Strategia%20Nationala%20de%20Sanatate_886_1761.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	713e4a9aa848c939224d4cd7657e27da	Typically the required information in the text is prominent and there is little, if any, competing information. The reader is explicitly directed to consider relevant factors in the task and in the text. The text typically provides support to the reader, such as repetition of information, pictures or familiar symbols.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	713e867acb00ca0cd7ec64c9e9bf4850	In its current form, the CDM does not address risk perception or actual risks of EE projects. The small size and scattered nature of end-use EE projects, and potentially low generated income from CERs, often does not even cover the transaction costs -should the project be accepted. Current methodologies prevent the crediting of capacity building, training or education, all essential elements to the creation of an enabling environment for private-sector financing of the EE end-use sector.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	713eda63b2b96a03b9b8e269fc6da2c3	In Canada, Career Bridge3 is a national internship programme run by the Toronto-based non-profit Career Edge Organization and designed to address the dilemma of getting a job for those without work experience. The 4- to 12-month internships for skilled immigrants are paid positions that provide a crucial bridge between the international and Canadian workplace. In Finland, pre-vocational preparatory education for immigrants, known as VALMA,4 seeks to help immigrants improve language skills and other abilities that are needed for studying, according to individual study plans.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	7143a22f92d3eb650a07fb46c295e742	Throughout the project, the available data proved difficult both to interpret and to analyse. While Kazakhstan continues to invest in and strengthen PHC, additional efforts must be directed toward producing better quality data, otherwise it will remain challenging both to demonstrate progress and to determine how best to drive it. Structural elements have been put in place and the configuration of primary care services is evolving towards international best practices - a specialised and multidisciplinary PHC workforce, autonomous facilities, quality assurance tools, and payment mechanisms that seek to incentivise quality in service delivery. A great deal more information and evaluation is required to understand (i) if and how the overall reforms are changing practice on the ground, (ii) if practice changes are producing the desired effects, and (iii) what drives or limits performance.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	71458050cdfa4ef594ccd257caddc53c	Monetary policy must be part of the overall macroeconomic policy directed towards these targets, rather than operating on a separate track of addressing monetary variables only. It should be coordinated and aligned with fiscal and exchange rate policies. Since the chosen target must be met within other constraints, interest rate management will not suffice; other instruments will have to be used by the central bank, including directed credit. Policymakers should avoid being fixated on one particular target and should be prepared to adjust targets and instruments depending on the requirements of changing situations. This is especially critical for MSEs and farms that cannot provide collateral for credit and are thus deemed not creditworthy by the banking sector.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	714c09a7bc442f715d43719fdfba88e4	Having high-profile spokespeople who are independent of police to support the rationale for the enforcement is particularly helpful (OECD/ITF, forthcoming). For example, trauma surgeons w'ho have experience in treating injuries from road accidents are able to speak with compelling authority' about the impact of alcohol, speed and the failure to wear safety belts on people’s lives. The programme features doctors, nurses, emergency workers and health professionals who volunteer their time to educate the young in the hope that their stories can help reduce the incidence of road accidents.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	714f8156e1b45f1548d9ccf40b933f77	The gap in unemployment rates between the foreign-bom and the natives is wide (Figure 10). Foreign-bom women show a particularly weak attachment to the labour market as they are more often inactive than native women. The foreign-bom have also lower income than the natives and, thus, are more exposed to poverty risk. Those coming from outside the European Union and through the family and asylum channels, who made up more than 70% of immigrant flows between 2006 and 2008, are less educated and younger than the natives, which make them more likely to suffer from labour market exclusion (OECD, 2011b, Table 4).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	71514694404371abeb92bb84239ade66	After the farmers harvested their wheat, they used 66 per cent (standard usage rate in Japan) of the wheat straw as fertilizer (NEDO, 2009). Considerable potential exists to obtain energy from currently unused organic materials. There are 2,051 cows in Furano (Furano Branch of Kamikawa Agricultural Extension Centre, 2007), and all cow excrement is used as fertilizer.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	7156ac70f07db4406feceebd0e4bbef8	Dozens of similar stories were shared by other migrant women, both during the focus group discussions and in the shelter cases. In this way, migration has helped challenge a well-entrenched customary system of discrimination that deprives women of strategic assets and access to resources. Moving outside the parental house without being married comes with great stigma in Nepalese society. The money earned abroad allows women to postpone their marriage and better negotiate their role and space in their new home.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	715c6e42928a8158eea6f273eabfa2a4	Inconsistent approaches to setting reference flows and managing water permits can create conflicts, as can the absence of defined flow requirements for transboundary rivers. There is also the potential for allocation decisions to be taken at a state or basin level (and based on state or local priorities) on matters of national significance and in conflict with national priorities. For instance, while hydropower generation is a national priority, in some basins (e.g. Sao Marcos), irrigated agriculture may have more value. In such circumstances it is difficult to balance priorities between nation-wide energy needs and regional development. Stakeholders in the basins may fail to see the big picture, and national players may fail to consider local issues. There are also the benefits of a more holistic approach to basin management, which is supported by retaining greater control over management decisions at a higher level.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	715c73720bcea5e0b9356e65e82e268e	Indirect taxes, such as value-added or excise taxes, can put a greater burden on poor women because women tend to consume goods and services that benefit families—health, education and nutrition (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Because men's businesses were much more likely to use unpaid family labour, some of the value-added was not costed and hence not taxed. Women entrepreneurs were more likely to be in the trade sector where the VAT rate was 10 per cent, while male entrepreneurs were in the production sector where the rate was 5 per cent. Recent budget analysis shows that the ratio of tax to overall government revenue is extremely low in many developing countries, compared with developed countries. Estimates from the early 2000s suggest that the ratio ranges from around 8 per cent in Bangladesh and India and 10 per cent in Nigeria, to about 32 per cent in Barbados and Botswana, compared with 29 to 30 per cent in Australia and the United States of America and 51 per cent in Sweden (Barnett and Grown, 2004).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0d2045c7-en	715d3d3e25ed8a41b8bc99bea0badd2b	The process of developing the Index involved a panel of experts from the academic, non-profit and government sectors to identify and prioritize food security indicators. The panel of experts was tasked to review the framework, select and weigh the indicators, and to advise on the overall construction of the Index. The development of the Index is based on the 1996 World Food Summit definition of food security; however, it differs from the FAO indicator system in that it groups the indicators according to three dimensions of affordability, availability and quality.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	715ed395327eda962cbcdc64ee4c8a33	It must be ensured that further amendments to the catalogue take into account the beneficial impact of FDI through knowledge spillovers to domestic firms. A proxy for innovation activity, the number of agricultural patents granted quadrupled between 2008 and 2013 (Figure 9). While the share of agriculture in the total economy declined, innovation intensity in the agricultural sector kept pace with China’s economy as a w'hole in the past decade.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/84fc8700-en	7160424ede46b87de0afd9d68971524f	But the ICPD has not yet changed daily realities for the hundreds of millions of people who want to avoid or delay pregnancy but are unable to either because they still have no reliable access to quality contraception, information and services or because they face insurmountable social, economic and logistical obstacles. The post-2015 sustainable development agenda will likely be based on the fundamental principles of human rights, equality and sustainability. In 2012, realizing this right for all seems increasingly within our grasp.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/bb3f3ae6-en	7160f20dbcca9009c54796613faa763d	Through this agenda, the countries of the world have committed themselves to achieving, by 2030, 17 sustainable development goals that will result in economic prosperity, within planetary boundaries, for all. Fostering innovation is one of these goals. Innovation is also recognized as a key means of implementation for achieving the 2030 Agenda as a whole.	12	3	2	0.2
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	7166ea18fe3c083e86588b647dca736a	This includes a plan for relocating the two refineries in Baku. First, this decision ensures the viability of remediation action, as it is not artificially limited by start/end dates of project financed by foreign donors. The experience gained in Absheron can and should be used to improve waste management in other parts of the country. Although it is understood that there are limitations due to the undeveloped waste management infrastructure, the State Statistical Committee and the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources could improve the quality of collected data by gathering data from disposal facilities equipped with weighbridges.	12	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	7167e24770a755a36e906fff4097719b	They do not have enough knowledge of municipal acts and rules and regulations, and they lack prior experience of dealing with urban development issues. They get little support from their senior male or female colleagues and municipal officials do not co-operate with them. Women do not have the necessary resources to contest elections and they face discrimination in party-level decision-making, which leaves them feeling insecure about political corruption and the use of 'money power'. Moreover, they lack confidence in public speaking, and family responsibilities prevent them from participating effectively (State of Women in Urban Local Government India).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	716839537e6d9d60873286edbd14127b	In countries such as Finland, Mexico, Estonia and Italy, prices increased by less than 1.5% over the two-year period, whereas in countries such as Spain, Turkey, the United States and Australia, prices increased by more than 20%. Across all population groups there is a negative relationship between price changes and tobacco smoking, indicating that higher prices can lead to a reduction in smoking rates. The coefficients for the price (log) variable can be interpreted as price elasticities, reflecting the percentage change relationship between prices and smoking rates. For example, for females aged 15 to 24, a 1% increase in the price of cigarettes is associated with a (approximately) 1.3% reduction in smoking rates.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	716c2c2a6a89b9169be2716078d758e6	Depending on the national context, substance abuse can include excessive consumption of alcohol (including commercial or home-brewed), consumption of illegal drugs, misuse of prescription medications and misuse of consumer products in order to achieve an altered state (e.g., sniffing petrol). It is important that measures of substance abuse include frequency of consumption or intoxication and amount consumed within a typical consumption period. This could be defined as drinking to get drunk or drinking a set amount, such as five or more drinks on one occasion.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	716c92ea32d699d2cb15aaa2dead8683	Not only do the consortium participants need to decide on the type of blockchain solution they want to build, but they also need to agree on adjacent issues before going further into development of the solution. Often times, the most pressing question is around legal set-up and guidelines of collaboration. For example, agreement needs to be reached on which legal form should be chosen for initial and future collaboration, who is contributing how much in investment and resources, how governance of the project should be set up, or who owns the intellectual property created during the project.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6614d209-en	716dc90df54e3e54726fe2c25164ff16	This section describes the wide variety of alternatives that are applied in the countries studied, in terms of the beneficiaries and benefits of unemployment insurance (section B.2), the access conditions (section B.3), the financing of the system (section B.4) and its organizational models (section B.5). This is followed by a brief discussion on unemployment assistance (section B.6), particularly as regards Australia and New Zealand. The section concludes with some comments on the challenges facing the design of unemployment insurance (section B.7) and a brief summary (section B.8).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/96e69229-en	71707d8055aba9f0dd243aa2ae653b6f	They show that labour market institutions and policies, e.g. the strength of collective bargaining, the share of public employment and the strictness of employment protection, can partly account for the large country differences in the estimated returns to skills. The skills premium is also positively correlated with a country’s GDP growth rate. A recent study by Hampf et al. ( They apply several different methods used in the literature to correct for causality bias.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/eag-2016-53-en	7170b8be9f44d4e5c2bce1624a1b5101	Results of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that participation in ECEC is strongly associated with better reading performance at age 15, even after accounting for students' socio-economic background. In 2012, on average across OECD countries, 41% of students with no pre-primary education performed below the baseline proficiency level in mathematics, compared to 30% of students who had attended pre-primary education for less than a year and 20% of students who had attended pre-primary education for more than a year. The difference in the share of low performers between students with no pre-primary education and students with more than a year of pre-primary education is statistically significant in all EU22 countries1 except Estonia, Ireland and Latvia.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	7171ab8b4d2b906f60bb02781802f7f9	At the same time, some areas in the country are subject to recurrent flooding. Agriculture is still a key sector in GDP and employment (Chapter 7), and also primarily rain-fed with low access to irrigation facilities. In this context, climate change is expected to reduce average crop yields by 13% for maize and 7.6% for rice by 2050 (Rowhani et al, 2010, recited from Maurel and Kubik, 2014); this in turn will affect rural income and increase the probability of migration, particularly for households that are highly dependent on agriculture (Maurel and Kubik, 2014). Environmental goods such as water, forests and soil are key inputs for production in rural areas.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-bc36f70d-en	717413dff25e37ea3294dac43b1a45e1	Harnessing this technology to advance gender equality and women's empowerment is not only vital for women and girls, but critical throughout the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The link between technology and women's rights is clearly reflected in SDG 5 on gender equality and the empowerment of women, which includes a specific target on utilizing technology and ICTs to realize women's and girls' empowerment. However, realizing gender equality reaches far beyond any single, individual goal.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	7175c52cb486a6c90ba7178c474ad70c	There is now strong evidence that small farms are less productive than larger farms. Some LDCs have underutilised land which could be opened to commercial farming on a competitive basis. However, such commercial operations are quite distinct from the geopolitical mega-deals that some governments have attempted to negotiate with LDCs.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	71774267c76605b2a50b9d8f768201cb	The Sixteenth World Meteorological Congress (Geneva, May-June 2011) approved, in the form of a set of decisions and resolutions, the initiation of the process to establish the Global Framework. For example, agrometeorological forecasts, epidemiological predictions and early warnings for floods or droughts will come in support of adaptation measures at community level. The GFCS will allow the United Nations system to better help Members States to fulfil their commitments regarding the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, and meet the new challenges they face. Each hot spot is home to large numbers of poor people whose livelihoods depend on climate sensitive sectors.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	71797806b367d11a65ec16a7c9d963a5	However, since green growth policies cannot be separated from related sectoral policies, co-ordination among relevant national ministries is critical to the successful implementation. However, other ministries are also responsible for monitoring air pollution based on the economic activities under their supervision. For example, Ministry of Transportation (MOT) is responsible for monitoring emissions from cars and other transport modes. This has created overlapping mandates.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	717c2fb76b5b91ee840649f2f991f691	Quality of legal frameworks signifies the ability to produce the regulatory reforms required by policy makers. Effective legislation must have a clear purpose and introduce consistent and well thought-out rules and enforcement mechanisms, and unambiguous rules and obligations. Finally, it must allow for systematic monitoring and evaluation of the results of legislation. Implementing an evidence-based NUP process requires investment in civil services, research, university curricula and educational opportunities.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	717fa516dbcb66b3de50fc97402eeade	However, where changes in time are concerned, developed countries are increasingly providing high-skilled labour value added whilst emerging economies have seen increases in capital and low-skilled value added. For example, in 1995 38% of the value added of developed country exports came from domestically employed low-medium skilled labour. The right panel shows how foreign value added is being used according to its origin and destination so that in 1995 15% of the foreign value added that developed countries use to produce exports comes from high-skilled workers from other developed countries.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	7180d03bed0f8f741ee33ffd5792079d	The views expressed are those of the authors. Dimensions and indicators for three age groups (0-5,6-14 and 15-17) were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by UNICEF Armenia. Based on nationally representative data from the Armenian Integrated Living Conditions Survey 2013/14, the study finds that 64 per cent of children under 18 are deprived in 2 or more dimensions, with a substantially higher rate in rural than in urban areas. The highest rates of deprivation are in access to utilities, quality housing and leisure activities. More than one in four children are both multidimensionally deprived and live in consumption-poor households, while more than one in three are deprived but do not live in poor households. The findings suggest that to target the most vulnerable children, policies should concentrate on closing the rural/urban divide in infrastructure and on strengthening social safety nets, especially in rural areas.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283411-en	7184de9f8274b02752f5481f189643ed	Given that most hospitals are publicly owned, potential exists for further central-led efforts to achieve efficiency gains in the Hungarian hospital system (Section 5.3). Only a small proportion of doctors are general practitioners (GPs) (about 12% only in 2010, the latest year available), with most doctors being specialists. Furthermore, nearly half of GPs are over 60 years old, while only 10% are younger than 40 years, a factor that is expected to further reduce access to primary care when the older generation of GPs retire.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	7186725fa69263fdf9c131c7644d0eed	As a consequence, European legislation such as the Water Framework Directive promotes the concept of cost-recovery, i.e. policies to recover the full costs of water provision, taking into account private costs (costs endorsed by water suppliers such as abstraction, storage and treatment costs) as well as social costs (costs endorsed by the society as a whole, including environmental costs). This reaction is measured by elasticities, which are often quite low (see Box 4.4), reflecting small effects of pricing. This is influenced by income levels and pricing structure.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	71873d7a8add14201237d8ccc6c062aa	Over the last 30 years, as a result of very high rates of growth, China has reduced poverty despite increasing income inequality. Similarly, in the early 2000s, Brazil used targeted policies to reduce poverty despite high income inequality—though income distribution became more equal over this period. The sharpest contractions in growth after 1975 occurred in countries with divided societies (as measured by indicators of inequality and ethnic fragmentation). But even these basic policy instruments may not empower disenfranchised groups.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	7189e0254a7d129c60fb84f86b65ece5	Including socio-economic indicators related to food security, robustness and diversification of livelihoods, access to quality housing, water and sanitation, savings, school attendance for children, etc. For example, international economists criticised evidence of the economic growth impact of South Africa’s system of social cash transfers at a conference organised by the government of South Africa’s Committee of Inquiry for Comprehensive Social Security held in Cape Town in 2000 (“Towards a Sustainable and Comprehensive Social Security System”). Specifically, the evidence that cash transfers had a greater impact on reducing liquidity constraints to labour market participation and strengthening risk management barriers to investment in job search contradicted the conventional wisdom that reducing the personal costs of unemployment would undermine incentives to work and create dependency.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f14dbdbb-en	718a3507fd3a378e6560b72344032530	Patrols are groupings of six or seven boys (and later girls) within a scout troop. Eugenio Lemos, musician and leader of Permaculture Timor-Leste, the organization behind the permaculture-agroecology movement, participated in Pramuka and thereby gained valuable experience in both music and agriculture (Wigglesworth 2016). His founding of the PermaScouts was an attempt to combine Permaculture with some of the excitement for scouting among young people.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8464a369-en	718e31b9ca0beaaad0345a63b70198fa	"Labour union day-care centres (very few). Estudio comparative de la “economfa del cuidado"" en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico y Uruguay, Red Internacional de Genero y Comercio - Capitulo Latinoamericano, 2007; and E. Vegas and L. Santibanez, The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010. Among them are Uruguay (National Care System) and Costa Rica (Care Network and strengthening the CEN-CINAI programme) (Sauma, 2012). Both countries have made progress in building care systems with service networks expanding out-of-home care coverage for children aged 0 to 3 years (Rico, 2011). Among other goals, this will help increase the space available for that age group."	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	719337c2a7f187480d724b753ac6c3dd	Private sector tenants receive support through housing allowances in all four countries - albeit very little in Chile - but private sector tenants account for about 30% of housing allowances recipients in the Czech Republic and 45% in Norway (see Figure 15; no information is available for New Zealand). Norway also provides public guarantees for private sector tenants and New Zealand directs part of the reported developer subsidies to the private rental sector but data on the amount of spending relative to these policies is not available. Overall, the spending mix in these countries is not tenure neutral.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	71978d035b308ee10a8d9e4d19d4d8df	Among ASEAN countries, Myanmar has the lowest per capita agricultural expenditure in PPP terms and the lowest share of agricultural expenditure to agricultural GDP (Table 9.1). Last year of data available is 2007. More balanced public expenditures across various public goods, including rural infrastructure but also research and development and education, may help enhance agricultural growth.	2	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	7197f75202c16a812229810047fb08d8	Which staff will have specific targets and which other business units will support the delivery of the GRI initiative - e.g., marketing, human resources, IT, credit, product development? Are specific branding and materials required? How much will it cost to deliver the GRI initiative and what are the expected returns?	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264173668-en	719bb011fe1575f18b67fbb13eafa645	In university colleges teachers (lecturers) are required to enrol in a pedagogical course, which lakes four years to complete. Postsecondary VET teachers are required to hold a higher level qualification than the level at which they are teaching (i.e. those teaching at professional bachelor level need at least a master’s degree, those teaching in academy profession programmes need at least a professional bachelor). In addition, they are required to have relevant professional experience (the minimum length of work experience is not specified by law).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	719e80678bff10e5eabf7568c5ddd5f7	Happiness and Alleviation of Income Poverty: Impacts of an unconditional cash transfer programme using a subjective well-being approach, Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-23, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Effects of a Large-Scale Unconditional Cash Transfer Program on Mental Health Outcomes of Young People in Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health 58(2): 223-229. The effect of a conditional cash transfer for HIV prevention on the experience of partner violence for young women: Evidence from a randomized experiment in South Africa HPTN 068. Journal of International AIDS Society (in press).	5	0	5	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	719eb9ead88a25af2534cd2d25035645	If export taxes in a big agricultural country are raised, this pushes up world prices and this is bad for small net food importing countries. Reductions in import duties have the same effect. Trade needs to be looked at as an international public good, which means that cooperation and discipline are needed, and requires countries to not think and act selfishly.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	71a0878ca8c7f0c69c92ca18569dab07	According to a statement from a female professor, “refraining from dealing with police is partly caused by the fact that it is not acceptable to report many problems, such as violence against children or women.” This consideration is reinforced by the perception that private matters should not be discussed in the public sphere, including with the police. This trend is similarly observed in access to all types of public services.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	71a0ef344499ba281f7e04e0592935a8	Changes both in policy and markets - such as the structural transformation of many countries over the last twenty years due to shifting wealth - affect the income distribution through different channels. The evolution of inequality within countries is the result of policy changes as well as of changes in individual and household endowments and resources, returns to those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics. Differences between market incomes and disposable incomes are sizable in many OECD countries, which points to the important redistributive role of the state. The role of taxes, cash, and in-kind transfers is markedly less important in many developing countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	71a0f53c34e3b0dab1cb6099ca20f04c	Graduation rates refer to the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will complete tertiary education, based on current patterns of graduation (the age cohorts of 25-26 for tertiary type-A and 23-26 for tertiary type-B programmes). Entry rates are the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will enter tertiary education for the first time (19-year-olds in Slovenia). Completion rates correspond to the proportion of new entrants who graduate with at least one degree at the level entered into.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6236c858-en	71a2cb0de17f4338d390202c799fd654	This currently affects between 7-8 million cars being sent every year to the scrap-yard in the EU. The world has seen global increases in population, average incomes (and consumption rates), urbanisation (and infrastructure investment) and huge growth in production activities. In many countries these trends have contributed immensely to economic development, creating jobs, increasing the material standard of living of many people, enabling investment in public infrastructure and reducing poverty levels.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	71a4c67f4e1890892c47bd48a4076975	It defines adaptation as the outcome of reduced exposure and vulnerability to climate risk and increasing resilience to the potential adverse impacts of climate extremes. The objective of a monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation is therefore to assess if countries over time are able to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of people and infrastructure to natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. This chapter explores the main objectives and challenges for monitoring and evaluating adaptation at the national level. Some of the challenges discussed equally apply to adaptation projects and programmes. The chapter also briefly reviews some theoretical approaches to monitoring and evaluating adaptation and compares these with the approaches currently being designed and implemented by countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/1826beee-en	71a5e8d432c10897b3ceaa8f87eaec82	This decision was supported by years of discussion and mounting evidence and observations, notably by economists, that the block pricing system was not effective in reducing water use. This amendment removes the extraction levies for farmers and embeds a slightly lower rate of extraction cost in the water price to be applied to all regions. The amendment was meant to reduce regional inequalities; it increased water prices in the north and slightly reduced them in the south. This process also reallocated the collected revenue from the levy from the Ministry of Finance to the state-supported water company (Mekorot) and reduced cross-subsidies by other sectors.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	71a6b960412dc6da06b4ffe9f202a955	While there may be the endorsement of MoEs for such initiatives, they tend to survive as ‘squatters’ in the formal education system. More promising approaches are emerging in a number of countries, in which MoEs are more directly incorporating ESD into their core thinking on education. With a clear prioritisation of ESD, there is a chance for extra- and co-curricular activities to become a more influential aspect of students’ daily experiences.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	71aca7fb20f49f5e028f71fabf6908a6	The objective of mutual accountability is to facilitate a process whereby development co-operation providers and partner countries are held jointly accountable to a set of agreed commitments (OECD, n.a.). For example, an independent evaluation of the implementation of the Paris Declaration found that results management and mutual accountability were two of the areas with the least progress made by development partners (Wood et al., Similarly, a review of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation found that targeted efforts are needed to make mutual review processes more transparent and inclusive, extending participation to emerging providers, civil society organisations and the private sector (OECD/UNDP, 2014).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en	71ae45772c45fb798c426929863b7c89	Authorship is usually collective, but principal w'riters are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The author remains responsible for any errors and omissions. The opinions expressed in the paper are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its Member Countries.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	71af6a1a92feec9cb0f799c802ca7db9	The case-fatality rate for people admitted for heart attack in Denmark is now among the lowest in those EU countries reporting these data (Figure 11). It is also low for stroke admissions. Due partly to earlier diagnosis but also better treatments, Danish women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancers have among the highest chances of five-year survival in the EU (OECD. Denmark offers as a primary screening modality the human papillomavirus test for the early identification of cervical cancer (IARC, 2017). Denmark's overall cancer mortality rate is the fourth highest in the EU.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	71b0d3149263cbf3e71ddbe5f6fb6a24	Within the climate community, the framing of effectiveness has changed over time, primarily reflecting changes in the development community’s provisions on aid effectiveness. Additionally, while not homogenous, some within the private sector have adopted certain principles or environmental and social safeguards (e.g. the Equator Principles). However, a key requirement for effective private investment generally involves maximising risk-adjusted returns.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	71b216851601a6c72f8d91c5bcb1827c	The consequences of the warming of the planet will continue to challenge the capacity of countries to prevent devastating impacts on people and ecosystems. The persisting inequalities in multiple dimensions have led to recognition that climate hazards have a differential impact on people and communities. It argues that, in the absence of well-assessed, far-reaching transformative policies at the national level, supported by effective global partnerships, building climate resilience will remain elusive and poverty and inequalities will likely be exacerbated. This would pose a fundamental challenge to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-4-en	71b58406d9015aa72a132e421fe889ba	In practice, for a relatively small country such as Georgia, 90% of water pollution is likely to be caused by a few' dozen of the major polluters, which w'ill facilitate checks on compliance at source -though regular monitoring of water status will be needed, and the current monitoring and data collection systems will need to be reinforced. There is strong synergy between the tw'O processes: effective licensing requires information about all actual and potential uses of water w'ithin river basins. There is also the option of earmarking some or all of the proceeds of abstraction and pollution charges to the budgets of the new river basin management councils.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	71b6087216eed2d940326ba3a7ad98b3	Revenues from water abstraction charges have remained stable in real terms at a level of around MXN 8 billion per year. Agricultural users are exempted from water abstraction rights for water quantities within their licensed quotas and the charge rate for quantities above their licensed quota is only between 0.7% and 8% of the general charge rate (depending on the availability zone); in 2011, revenues from agricultural users represented MXN 8 million or 0.1% of all water abstraction revenues. Water utilities pay preferential rates, at 2% to 10% of the general rate, and most of the proceeds are returned to them through the PRODDER programme.16 As a result, industrial users represent close to 70% of water abstraction revenues, which increases to 90% if the PRODDER reimbursements are considered. For example, water users can deduct the cost of buying and installing metering equipment from their water abstraction payments.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	71bde4a736eadffec671c9d92fd5f23a	Since 2009, ACC’s largest credit allocations were for sowing and harvesting works, accounting for around 40% of the total amount of loans issued in 2009-11. Another type of credit opened recently consisted of concessional loans for government-supported investment projects (see below), as well as loans to livestock producers for the acquisition of cattle. Short-term loans provided by the CPs are used mainly for sowing and harvesting works. Credit for processing, storage, transportation, and input supplies.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	71be5d7f03f9b3242798ffcc9d174278	It is assumed that the costs of exhaustible energy increase linearly with the cumulative consumption, whereas the costs of renewable energy increase as the annual amount of renewable energy consumed grows. Special attention is paid to the possible role of nuclear energy under two different CO2 emission constraints, and different nuclear cost conditions related to the available amount of plutonium and whether or not the nuclear non-proliferation treaty prevails. A large set of different factors contribute to the current level of security of energy supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	71c0af98b8216ec275a8393e4a854e7f	On the other hand, inequality-poverty elasticity may be higher or lower than zero.' This means that poverty changes may result both from economic growth (typified by the increase of average income) and from a decline in income inequality. However, the poverty reduction effect is much stronger when both factors combine. The arithmetic average of this variable is then established and average income values thus obtained for the states in the sample.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	71c169fc1518178f82c4ca947477ecdf	For example, MPS increased dramatically in 2010 because domestic market prices rose and border prices fell, increasing the gap between them. A stronger rupiah in relation to the USD was one reason why border prices fell. The most important commodity is rice (Figure 2.15). Its importance in the overall value of production means that changes in the MPS for rice have a significant influence on annual changes in total MPS.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	71c27aa90ead0ee3ac7296cc950a5637	"Therefore, regional cooperation is critical for creating cross-border resiliency in energy infrastructure, going from ""energy self-sufficiency"" to ""high interconnectedness"". Table 4.1 presents an example, from transboundary power trade, of typical integration levels by key targets for energy cooperation. These common challenges present in the majority of member States include political, technical, regulatory and financial barriers."	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	71c4cc01b652a09cd1c8b94eb76a5642	Panel B provides a better gauge of the risk by focusing on inflows into disability. The annual percentage-point increase in the recipiency rate prior to the crisis (2000 to 2007) is compared to the growth rate observed after the onset of the crisis (2007 to 2009 or 2010 depending on latest information available). That being said, factors other than the business cycle may also affect these recent trends in beneficiary numbers, making it difficult to discern the impact of the recent upsurge in unemployment. These factors include population ageing, since disability prevalence increases with age (OECD, 2010d), and disability benefit reforms.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264075429-11-en	71c62a15a9d8c90f8682fd2b227fd941	Furthermore, science committee and fishery resource management committee were newly organized to coordinate joint participation and role assignments to relevant stakeholders. So far, 10 FSRPs have been established and operated, and it is planned to be expanded to 20 species by 2012. The result of pilot projects show that stocks are increasing after the introduction of FSRPs. For instance, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sandfish in the East Sea has increased from 0.44 in 2005 to 0.78 in 2007.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	71cca05904d1a12c3226c0e4b4ebe452	Autarky, or the pursuit of pure self-sufficiency via prohibitive levels of trade protection, exposes a country to the risks associated with its own food production, risks which are likely to be higher than pooled risks on international markets. The key manifestation of risks to availability and access is price volatility, which is likely to be higher on isolated domestic markets than on domestic markets which are integrated with international markets. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010; Demeke et al.,	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	71cdef66c269ef4bb0c6718cbba74111	This same observation has already been made in the case of social pensions and has also emerged clearly from a number of national health service systems.24 The issue is not exclusively one of public provision of insurance, but of missing insurance markets. Informal workers who cannot access social security systems unless they subsidise their employers by contributing as self-employed - something that very few of them do - have no option but a private health insurance that rarely caters to their needs. Social protection systems provide the means for societies to eliminate certain forms of social exclusion and to limit downward social mobility.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	71cece2ce4064acdba526ef086a20bd1	One WRC equals 1 000 gallons of water restored to rivers and streams that are certified by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation as being critically dewatered. Similar to carbon offset payments, WRCs allow purchasing water and environmental benefits independent of the location (so-called offsite mitigation) - as respective mitigation options might not be in place where the damage takes place. While only 2% of the customers decided to support the system, the generated income provides almost 6% of the Deschutes River Conservancy’s budget for leasing water rights. In particular, opportunities for replication and scale up need to be assessed, taking account of institutional and other requisites which drive the capacity of each tool to deliver.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	71d0c9f0e6227d2119f2daea838141cc	In some developing countries, subsidized energy prices reduce the incentive to introduce EE measures. The large number of small and dispersed end users and inefficient small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also represent a particularly difficult barrier to EE improvements in many developing countries. Furthermore, a large number of developing countries lack an effective EE policy at the national level.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	71d235c812425ecf385d9847eb0bb2ed	While the largest shares of future health expenditures will continue to go to hospitals and physicians, smaller but faster rising components of health expenditure include government administration, retail sales of prescription medicines, investment in research and development, and private health insurance: all of which may double or more from 2009 amounts (CMS-OACT, 2010). The extent to which health care expenditures are financed by the state is a policy decision and some forecasting models explicitly consider scenarios related to the public/private cost split. For example, the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis forecast public health expenditures to reach 10% of GDP by 2015 with no policy action.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	71d5e63db9a54b435bd80fa0c29c2844	Changes have been made, but on average only once every 10 years”. They improved responsiveness and increased community participation for setting priorities and health-related performance targets. A network of almost 150 local users’ groups {juntas) is well-established, which actively collaborate with the CCSS to discharge a wide range of responsibilities. As well as mediating public queries/complaints and generally seeking to improve relations between the CCSS and users, juntas' activities include identifying local service needs and assisting in procurement decisions (for a new ambulance, pain clinic or mammography kit, for example); assisting in local epidemiological surveillance (particularly of infectious disease such as dengue); organising blood donations; and, organising local health promotion activities.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	71dad8cdbc034124eeaa03ea6bb9c951	Anglo American has become one of the steering members of the Hydrogen Council - a global company-led initiative seeking to harness the potential application of hydrogen in the global low-carbon energy transition, including in fuel cell technologies. The company’s South Africa-based subsidiary, Anglo American Platinum, is exploring and testing applications for hydrogen and methanol fuel cell technologies. In partnership with Ballard Power Systems, the Department of Energy and Eskom, Anglo American Platinum started in 2014 a 12-month trial of methanol fuel cell prototype to provide electricity to 34 households in the Naledi Trust community in the Free State province of South Africa.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	71db717bcfdd41a4790cf62e2045ccdb	Smooth integration of variable renewables needs to draw on a portfolio of solutions, including generation, interconnections, transmission and distribution, storage, and demand-side management. Geographic characteristics of a specific country influence the appropriate combination of solutions. Thus, system operators must balance the power supply and demand at all times in order to maintain system stability and power quality.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	71db926aa80611a20c81d1ed9157716a	Entirely protected and sealed off means that the information is unlikely to be discovered by people that need it and therefore unlikely to be put to any good use. Entirely open could mean exposure to vulnerabilities, and in this case, infrastructure vulnerabilities, which could have severe implications on national security. Carefully constructed information architecture with information security built in as an inherent component is essential.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	71ddf7b66ad511e5508153c3a4830409	The IMF has therefore projected growth of only 2.6 per cent for 2015. Namibia’s growth was primarily powered by its tertiary sector, with services accounting for 61 per cent of GDP (World Bank 2016a). All Commonwealth small states on the African mainland have close economic ties to South Africa and to each other.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	71e027bd868299a208f9bb2aced5c7ee	However, there are countries that have been able to reduce household poverty without significant economic growth. He demonstrated that the higher the average income and the lower its concentration, the higher the resulting elasticity. They concluded that a higher average income resulted in a higher absolute elasticity and that higher income concentration led to lower absolute elasticity. The highest income-poverty elasticity values were found in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. He found that both estimations showed very similar standard variations across the different states. They also tested for the existence of a non-linear interaction effect between growth and initial inequality, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that higher inequality was associated with a lessening of the poverty reduction efficiency of growth.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264247543-9-en	71e431bb5d21a59c77593674b48ed4b4	While this topic may not be at the top of governments’ agendas, the practical cases highlight how OER can give access to virtual laboratories, but also contribute to breaking down disparities in educational resources between countries, between educational institutions in the same country, and between formal, non-formal and informal learning settings. Studies and concrete cases show that the adaptation and augmentation of educational resources made possible by OER are necessary to ensure successful integration into new educational settings. Adequate educational resources have an impact on the overall performance of the education system, but the distribution of resources may be unequal at the institutional and national levels, as well as between formal, informal and non-formal learning settings. The advantage of OER is the ease of their distribution - both because of online distribution and open licensing.	4	3	7	0.4
10.18356/74f4872a-en	71e56fcc6ac76a4a5393ada0240d8bfe	Given the ideological currents of the time, that discussion was strongly shaped by an emerging development narrative focused on overcoming “market failures”, seen as endemic in infrastructure provision, and requiring government involvement through public utilities (power, telecommunications, water, etc.), Infrastructure was again the focus of attention, but from an opposing perspective, in the 1980s, as talk of “government failures” accompanied the sharp neoliberal policy turn. At that time, privatization became the instrument of choice to boost efficiency, along with measures to enhance private participation in infrastructure provision by making it more profitable. This included - in a sense coming full circle - tying infrastructure to the right business environment to enable participation in global value chains. The 2030 Agenda has once again broadened the debate with a more ambitious infrastructure agenda. Answering this requires unpacking the term “infrastructure” to consider the requirements, implications and consequences of different types of infrastructure creation.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	71e5f885e97175e21b24cfe32505d6b3	They have contributed to the design of both general and sectoral plans for the advancement of women, covering a range of themes from women’s health and education to the linkages between gender and the environment (see box below). They have also assumed the important function of coordinating programmatic interventions and facilitating decisionmaking on contentious issues, such as violence against women. The Women National Committee of Yemen, for example, gathers over 150 specialists from various governmental and non-govemmental organisations to provide consultation and mainstream a gender perspective in various areas of policy.42 In addition to their role as gender focal points, some Arab national women’s machineries have spearheaded projects to establish gender sections within various ministries.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	71ec7bc45bd78ad545af96912f0eba2b	Foreign investment and international assistance could be a potential source of “greening” effects, both directly through transfers of more energy-efficient and environment-friendly technologies and indirectly by facilitating spillovers to domestic firms through best practices in environment-friendly productions, technologies and management (Section 4). These export-oriented sectors have also attracted an important share of FDI (20% of the FDI stock). By ensuring transit of natural gas from Russia to Europe, Ukraine also plays a strategic role in international energy relations. Its total primary energy supply (TPES) is dominated by four energy resources: natural gas represents 41%, followed by coal (29%), nuclear energy (18%) and oil (11%). Electricity production comes mainly from nuclear power plants (48%), followed by coal power generation (34%) (Figure 4.1). Heating depends almost exclusively on gas.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	71f00dbc5236f1b8996383d76b4002d9	In most cases, however, the majority of the funding burden falls on local governments, meaning funding differs markedly depending on local fiscal conditions (Dai et al., Out-of-pocket payments are likely to be largest in those areas where local governments have the poorest financing capacity. As such, the design of the scheme may be accentuating existing regional inequities, calling for a larger role for the central government in its funding.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	71f21e8d7d6f1b5c7cc03d2c751bc906	Another approach, albeit more costly for public budgets, would be to provide state guarantees for clean energy projects, thereby making commercial banks more prone to approve loans for clean energy projects. However such guarantees may be perceived as a sign that the regulatory environment is not transparent and stable enough to encourage investment. In the case of a non-investment grade country, the credibility of the guarantees may be undermined by a lack of confidence in the country’s ability to honour the guarantee.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f35d28d-en	71f33a00517648997fb532fd0f5d6735	A national fossil fuel tax has provided the main source of funding for Costa Rica’s PES scheme. Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) As well as core biodiversity budgets, this Target has opportunities to attract funding from businesses. Engagement of businesses will be important in the development of SCP plans for different sectors, and should provide opportunities to secure business funding for research and action planning, helping businesses to develop the evidence base and identify the actions they need to take to reduce their impacts on biodiversity over time. Reduced loss of natural habitats Wetland banking is an innovative economic instrument that has substantially increased private sector funding for wetland conservation in the US, and could be applied in other countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	71f4cb3caddae71b760e3a15684dc5d7	In addition, the Albanian government launched a large campaign in 2015 to fight informality. The campaign involved a significant number of stakeholders and resulted in an increase in more than 70 000 new registrations as employees or self-employed. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo have the lowest scores, at 1.5 each. While legal provision and functioning institutions (e.g. labour inspectorates) that address informal employment are in place in both of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s entities, their efforts are rather fragmented and do not address the issues systematically. Similarly, there is no coherent approach for tackling informal employment in Kosovo.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	71f5b218bfda17ad32d11901d21c1916	The cost of some forms of social expenditures - such as mutual gifts - is conceivably proportional to standards of living, as it is relevant to the extent that the social group can partake in it. Other expenditures may impose a lower bound on the cost of social inclusion even at very low levels of income. In the proposal of this paper, such a fixed part of the cost of social inclusion should be included in the absolute poverty line. Based on poverty line data collected by Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula (2009), the elasticity of national poverty lines with respect to mean consumer expenditure is estimated to be significantly lower than unity (at about 2/3).	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	71f85bc666705acc76ea7e1de65a3a34	Seethe UNFCCC website for the complete list of countries (UNFCCC, 2016). Three more projects - in the United States, Australia, and China - are currently in various stages of planning or construction, with anticipated start of operations in or before 2020 (Global CCS Institute, 2016a). However, the Sleipner and Snohvit projects are currently the only ones in which C02 is injected specifically for permanent storage. All other operating projects use the C02 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR),26 in order to recover costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	71fb8afe675b94a6823afc98ef1adc48	In order to get an idea of the minor injuries, one might make inquiries at emergency services departments and at GPs. Whether this is a realistic option primarily depends on which data bases related to public health are available in a country. This issue could be resolved by investment in technology if police organizations would fill out Geographic Information System location data electronically from their vehicles or computers and stop filling out their registration forms by hand.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	71fc8b6492106ff4845ea5358050a337	It implements an extensive pest control programme to reduce bovine Tb. Farmers and the public can obtain free data on movements in the national average yearly milk solids price for up to 20 years from its publication New Zealand Dairy Statistics, available on its website,. Information is also provided on how to cope with adverse conditions arising from drought and floods based on previous experience. Since its launch in 1998, the Group has grown to be one of the world's largest online foreign exchange companies by offering competitive exchange rates, technology and service. The company is structured as a farmer cooperative and is owned by about 20 000 farmer suppliers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	720171256ecf27ccca146e24925e3f8f	The centres were set up to deliver services to business, government and other stakeholders and to assist them with adopting cleaner production methods, practices, policies and technologies. The programme aims to improve the resource productivity and environmental performance of businesses and other organizations in developing countries. The centres promote and facilitate industrial energy efficiency in tandem with pollution prevention, water and Sowee; UNIDO 2010d.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	720223c760f0120ede22675c4566e66a	Among OECD countries, the large number of reforms promoted in recent years to help improve the teaching profession shows that countries are increasingly making teachers a priority7 (OECD, 2015a). The challenge shared by education systems within and beyond the OECD area is to find ways to better support teachers in a context that is continuously changing. Teachers have to do more than transmit educational content: they have to cultivate students’ ability to be creative, think critically, solve problems and make decisions; they have to help students work better together, by developing their ability to communicate and collaborate; they have to build students’ capacity to recognise and exploit the potential of new technologies; and they have to nurture the character qualities that help people to live and work together. (	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	7203ae21f076160bdcc3fd1f60b8a7be	Quality indicators should focus on chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as well as mental health, given Costa Rica’s evolving health care burden. Validated metrics of the quality of primary care for these conditions are well established internationally (such the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators), and should be adopted by Costa Rica. Costa Rica should aim to submit data to the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project in 2017.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	72041405cdde0b52d8ecf6c481fab726	This however, may be difficult in practice. Experience with the Performance Assessment Framework in Mozambique (discussed in Box 1.3) demonstrates that despite a formal agreement by the government and the supporting development agencies to use the assessment framework jointly agreed upon, the co-ordinated approach has been challenged by the prevalence of stand-alone projects and programmes. With the arrival of climate change-related funding, different actors have also tried to position themselves as being best placed to access the additional climate funds (IIED, 2013b).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	72067bfb4d4b5be3d09f7cc19e7f2ef9	Suicide is commonly used as a measure of serious mental health problems. In general, across OECD countries, death rates from suicide are three to four times greater for men than for women, and this gender gap has been fairly stable over time. The exception is Korea, where women are much more likely to take their own lives than in other OECD countries.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/afa296fe-en	72079d84ca710ae3a86274f0f8f68547	"Under article 2 (3), quoted above, States are obliged to design development policies through a process of participation. A second approach to participation emphasizes the perspectives of right holders. Article 8 (2) of the Declaration says: ""States should encourage popular participation in all spheres as an important factor in development and in the full realization of all human rights."""	1	6	2	0.5
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	7207c5d2bac5d1b73acc2b7f3f4fe8c5	In the 2°C scenario, the IEA (2015, p. 64) estimates an average annual investment of more than $1 trillion per year between 2016 and 2050 over and above the baseline scenario. The changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing GHG emissions and adapting to climate change, which will send the price signals to investors and producers that will drive the changes. The first category involves massive increases in consumption of goods that are heavily traded globally. Global exports in 2014 of products under Harmonized System (HS) code 854140 (which is overwhelmingly made up of solar panels) stood at $54.5 billion, up from $7.2 billion in 2000.3 The second category also involves goods that can potentially be internationally traded: manufacturing equipment for modules, wafers, transformers, etc.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	72098e8d45c6903f97101ae625659965	In both the BPO and 2DS, biomass plays a bigger role in district heating towards 2030 and beyond. This is due to the relatively cheap domestic biomass available to meet RE targets in the BPO. Biomass competitiveness is subject to uncertainty, if global biomass demand drives up prices. By 2050, heat pumps could supply up to 40% of the annual heat consumption in the 4DS and BPO.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	720f2dc06c5667ac47bd549d506b1e95	"For some countries—mainly the Nordic and Western European countries—the situation is a reflection of a mature, generous and redistributive system of pension benefits.32 Full-career workers are covered by eamings-related public pensions and supplementary pensions from mandatory occupational schemes, while low-income workers and older people are eligible for basic or minimum pensions (OECD, 2011). Similarly, France provides a rather generous targeted (subject to a means test) minimum income to older persons aged 65 years or over via an old-age assistance programme, the “minimum vieillesse"". Accessed in September 2011)."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	72116c8c7756e0e7a61a889903138805	Obviously, this reserve capacity adds to the upfront investment cost, requiring a trade-off between investment and distribution costs. Since the daily peak demand in rural Indian areas typically occurs in the evening through lighting loads, replacing incandescent lights by compact fluorescent lamps can help to reduce the peak load. Around 404 million people in India, or 36% of the population, mostly living in rural areas, have no access to electricity (IEA, 2010c). Rural electrification has been an important issue of India's policies since its independence. Initially the focus was on electrification of irrigation pumps for agriculture, especially during the time of the green revolution in the 1960s.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	7212ade6a91c34ed828a73b3767c22ca	Children and parents can participate in evaluation, and their views are to be given prominence. Additionally, self-evaluation kits have been developed so that professionals can evaluate their knowledge and implementation of the curriculum framework. This requires a comprehensive approach that includes specific support at schools, help from social institutions to address social and behavioural aspects, and the involvement of schools, students and family.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264271654-8-en	72142c66fcc76a700684430aeeba1bce	"Some countries have specialised working groups or ""innovation networks” - involving industiy, institutions, government, academia and experts - in thematic areas such as skills, education, sectors (e.g. manufacturing; agriculture), etc. These groups facilitate the creation of policy roadmaps and innovation agendas, which will nourish the design of strategies and policy programmes at a higher level. A corollary of this increased accountability is the importance attached to policy monitoring and evaluation in good governance practices. This, in turn, requires a sound and reliable system of STI indicators and innovation statistics."	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	721453e4605384ab58dd5a31aa45a9a0	This is part of the general shift to outcome measures in the public sector. There is a greater emphasis on the use of student achievement data both to understand the balance between school, student and contextual data and to look at the school processes that appear to support improved achievements (Campbell and Levin, 2009). These make data on student learning outcomes available, providing a picture of the extent to which student learning objectives are being achieved, and they grant the opportunity to compare student learning outcomes across individual schools, regions of the country and over time.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en	7215ec36a2a642caea35bced174cfdc3	This reflects customs agencies’ efforts to encourage compliance through increased communication and confidence between the administration and the traders. Limited progress is also noted as regards the publication of rulings of general interest to the trade community. The analysis conducted in the OECD Trade Policy Paper 114 (Moise et al., Analysis of cross-sectional data demonstrated that the main predictors of the number of advance rulings, in order of importance, were the average tariff levels, the number of tariff lines, the per cent of trade entering under a preference program and the number of importers. Trade volumes do impact advance rulings, but only modestly and only in selected sectors.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	7217a37ffe7cc5f7b6af3f3fdd243c29	The tool is intended to assist governments and decision makers in deciding on the most appropriate road safety policies and measures to achieve tangible results. The model is based on historical road safety data and relations between several road safety parameters, and provides information on different road safety scenarios. The tool's output is a spider diagram that summarizes a city's overall state of urban transport and performance against each indicator.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	721cbc5d6b87647ef25dee588dcfc1cf	Factors considered when allocating funding among WAUs requesting assistance include the current state of the irrigation channels, the proposed rehabilitation work, the anticipated production increase and the management capability of the applicant. Over the six years 2005-10, the JITUT and JIDES programmes have supported the rehabilitation of farm level channels irrigating 433 137 and 276 819 ha respectively. The poor condition of the existing network and the lack of new development means irrigation is providing less and less benefit for agriculture. Only half of the current irrigation system is considered to be in good condition, with about one-third being medium to heavily damaged and in need of rehabilitation (Table 2.10). By comparison, 78% of the network was in good condition in 1999, with only 2% heavily damaged. Factors contributing to the deterioration include the lack of maintenance across all levels of the system, forest destruction and sedimentation, and natural disasters (Azdan, 2011).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2ae853dc-en	7224cb4f787cc08c86c73314542b819a	This is mainly due to the fast growth of the region’s urban population, which has more than doubled since 1950, and the issues faced by cities in developing the adequate infrastructure to keep up with the escalating water and sanitation needs. This inequality of access between rural and urban areas varies among sub-regions, as shown in Figures 9.3 and 9.4. Within cities, it is the poor urban populations that tend to be left behind. Women and girls are traditionally responsible for domestic water supply and sanitation in many countries, whilst at the same time being particularly affected by the lack of availability of sanitation services in terms of health and safety (see Section 2.2).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/36b318e6-en	72281396f8d1d08cd541c3cb851e134c	The Gini is a measure of inequality of the whole income distribution, whereas previous indicators focused on the lower end of the distribution. This indicator is known for being particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution. However, changes in Gini happen slowly. Indeed, in terms of magnitude, there was little change in household inequality based on the Gini coefficient over 2008-2012 (see Figure 16).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	7230286ded8ed048656b1f72fb0d3dba	The transition towards a green economy depends on the development of policies and market-based instruments that support further innovation and diversification in forest products markets. The EU Forest Strategy, international trade agreements and timber regulations can have significant influence, along with non-regulatory systems such as voluntary certification programmes, markets for ecosystem services, research findings, and green building innovations. Available at: www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2015/04/29/ justice-department-now-seeking-criminal-charges-against-lumber-liquidators-over Beveridge and Diamond. Lacey Act amendments impact wood products.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	7231bb1bf237b936f39dd3d6735c4173	The UAE’s Office for the Co-ordination of Foreign Aid, which was established in 2008, started reporting activity-level data to the CRS database in 2009. It is the first and only country outside the DAC’s membership to have done so (Tirpak et al, 2010). At present, only DAC Members - 23 countries and the EUI — use the climate change mitigation marker (see footnote 46 for a full list). However, once a country reports data al the activity level in the format required by the CRS, using the Rio markers is a relatively straightforward next step.	13	0	3	1.0
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	7233af3cdd64e050af652f765a197230	Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to implement the APEC environmental goods list, which lists goods on which APEC members will reduce tariffs by the end of 2015. In 2014, this included briefings by CITES, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). New Zealand briefed the CTE on the jointly organized Parties meeting held in Lima in December 2014.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/215a990d-en	723537c5b7b73fee4634fd5790aebc97	These platforms can be different in type depending on their end-customers, inventory business model, the value unit they provide, and the extent of their open access. However, they have all grown in market reach, scope and in the communities they serve. Moreover, they have expanded from mere matchmaking to providing many more services for their customers including logistics, software and even hardware sales. Finally, with every increase in community reach, more information and knowledge is generated through them, increasing the value they provide for SMEs.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	7237428c3647d4cc25892f46785131e0	These challenges would have to be addressed with substantial financial investments in market infrastructure. The central procurement of cereals may also crowd out private sector or state government initiatives that might be better tailored to local needs (Gulati et al., Chand, R. and P.S. Birthal (2011), “Food Grain Stock Requirement during 12th Five-Year Plan”, NCAP Working Paper, No.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	723bddba6a3411f5d7daed22fcafc866	Data was only available from Benishangul Gumuz, which spent an average of ETB 0.1 million between 2010/11 and 2016/17 on this instrument. This was the second-largest focus area in expenditure terms between 2012/13 and 2015/16. Spending grew by 6% per year on average in real terms over this period. Moreover, social sectors such as health and education are not well equipped to accommodate children with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	723c000c300add8e3129af3c6066f365	Thus, he further developed the idea, put forward in his early writings with Marx, that the main objective of the institution of the family was to ensure the transmission of private wealth down the generations.6 In his observation, Engels argued that, within the context of the patriarchal family, the organization of households and the care given to their members (mostly by women) became a private service that did not form part of social production. Engels even went so far as to identify the strain created in this context by the growing need of capitalism to incorporate women into the workforce. Indeed, the view was taken that women could only free themselves from this burden and achieve equality with men once domestic and care work had become socialized.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	723cb8f572d2bd6310fb42723d3a13b3	Shared responsibility for teaching and learning characterises education in Finland; parents, students and teachers alike prefer an approach that allows schools to keep the focus on learning and permits more freedom in curriculum planning than the external standardised testing culture prevailing in some other nations. While the National Curriculum Framework for Basic School and similar documents for upper secondary education provide guidance to teachers, curriculum planning is the responsibility of schools and municipalities. Local education authorities approve curricula for schools, but teachers and school principals play a key role in curriculum design.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	723ee82a3f50195ba0abe68a8f509c83	Andriopoulou andTsakloglou (2015) used both the ECHP 1994-2001 and the EU-SILC 2005-2008 to analyse the effects of employment, income (i.e. changes in earnings) and demographic events on adults' movements in and out of poverty in all EU countries that had valid data. They found that changes in labour earnings of the household head is a consistent predictor of poverty transitions in all countries, but more so in the Mediterranean ones; employment events matter more for poverty exits than entries; and demographic events are somewhat more important in Scandinavian countries. First, it uses children, rather than adults or households, as units of analysis.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264200197-7-en	72416789a94c5f15df40bd10d843097b	These teachers identify their development needs and seek advice and support from colleagues. They have high expectations of themselves as professional learners and for the learning of their students. They have the commitment, enthusiasm and interpersonal skills to assume a professional role within schools and their broader communities and to contribute to the operations of a school as a whole. They have met the standards for professional competence.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	72432a36f3ab0b6ee0ce906a909c6b52	For the international movement of fish, once an operator has been verified (mostly by the importing nation’s food safety regulators) and approved to HACCP standards, that operator can export to the international market. Box 6.3 illustrates how a number of important markets have implemented traceability systems in recent years to help ensure food safety. What at present seems to be missing and where further work may be required is to have one “integrated traceability” system in place for all the various standards and requirements, including sustainability verification and legality checks. That would lower the costs for operators along the fisheries value chain and could contribute to the advancement of global trade.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	72432a4d30e792fd99e97953e6f1ec39	Efficient mechanisms will be needed to ensure that transport and development projects effectively follow the plans developed. In Paris, only projects included in the PDU (see Box 3.3) are subject to financing. In London, all development projects that do not conform with the development plan are automatically required to produce a transport assessment (which is normally only required for large projects considered to have major transport implications).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	7243b95e26f0f8a625b218ed6744d1a7	Considering collectively the selected indicators presented in Figure 1.6.2, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong (China) and Macao (China) stand out by achieving both high performance and high equity in education opportunities. As shown in Chapter 2, countries with higher national incomes are at a relative advantage in performance comparisons. However, the relationship between national income and mean performance is not deterministic, and countries and economies of similar wealth show very different mean performance in PISA 2015.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	724583ee5befe8842c8a8a6e8fc34be8	Rewards are distributed among teachers and education assistants within each rewarded school. Regulations specify that 90% of the Subsidy for Performance of Excellence is to be distributed to teachers in proportion to the number of individual contract hours. The remaining resources may be distributed according to special incentives programmes designed by individual schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	7245eecc17f4ab0e14d217e869e268a8	In Brazil, there is practically no difference between the White and Afrodescendent populations in this respect. The study in Colombia, however, shows that indigenous and Afrodescendent peoples in areas affected by violence spend more time on personal activities, while for the population older than 50, being an Afrodescendant increases the probability of spending less time on personal activities. With a view to ensuring that the information obtained describes time use in Afrodescendent populations, race should be a focus of analysis from the design stage of measurement tools and methodologies.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	7248640577939bc3911d84b1e782fc34	Indeed, some countries have included the energy sector, including investments in renewable energy and EE, as a part of their stimulus packages. They should also be prepared for a rebound in oil prices. Low-carbon growth should therefore become an increasingly important pillar of competitiveness and sustainable development.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	724a020986cec1e1c00ba94350a85546	It should be noted that growth of TFP has been stronger in agriculture than in the economy as a whole over the last two decades. For example, in 2001-09 agricultural TFP growth was 3.7% per year compared with 2.1% for the whole economy (Fuglie, 2012 and OECD, 2010a). Since 2005, the value of agro-food exports has been consistently more than twice the value of agro-food imports and its share in total exports increased from 11% in 2000 to 21% in 2010. Palm oil and natural rubber alone accounted for 60% of total agro-food exports in 2008-10. Asian countries are the main export destinations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	724bc6ea0e2d3e23084546d6087db76c	"The Summit, together with a People's Climate March in which the Secretary-General participated, demonstrated the power of civil society and business as catalysts for national action. The close of the Summit brought renewed hope, not only that a universal agreement might be possible in 2015, but also that the high-level engagement of leaders, civil society and business would help galvanize it. Among its conclusions, the IPCC again found that human influence on the climate system was clear. It stated that anthropogenic GHG emissions were the highest in history, and that recent climate change had widespread impacts on human and natural systems.91 AR5 emphasized that climate change risk would more severely impact already vulnerable and marginalized communities92 Limiting global warming to 2°C would require ""substantial emission reductions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of C02 and other long-lived GHGs by the end of the century""93 In addition, AR5 indicated that effective mitigation would require international cooperation."	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	7250d25271b621639aac3cd601dd731b	Likewise it is now understood that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. The World Bank Shockwaves Report (World Bank, 2016), for example, finds that climate change threatens the objective of poverty eradication. It also finds that the immediate emissions reductions policies required to combat climate change need not threaten short term progress on poverty reduction if they are well designed and if international support is available for poor countries. Neither ending poverty nor stabilising the climate can be achieved without progress on the other.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	7251b9724e68297aee285ca7629260ab	The future transparency framework is likely to increase the overall frequency and quality of information on GHG emissions and climate support, for example by increasing the frequency of reporting for some developing country Parties, filling information gaps in the current system, reducing duplication and providing clearer guidance in areas such as accounting for NDCs relating to mitigation. Technical expert reviews and multilateral consideration of progress under the Paris Agreement may also provide improved feedback and assist Parties to improve their measurement and reporting systems over time. Further examples of ways in which the future transparency framework is enhanced compared to the existing system are provided in Section 3.2.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	7254663919ad228a58e602a948f719bc	Figure 1.3 shows the declines in agriculture’s share of GDP since 1980 in selected African, Asian and Latin American countries (Panels A, B and C respectively). In Latin America, agriculture’s share of GDP has declined to less than 10% of the total in most countries, and is less than 20% in nearly all countries. In Asia, the ratio is above 30% in a few countries but has declined to between 10% and 20% across most of the continent. Africa stands out as an exception. First, because of the significant number of countries in which agriculture still accounts for a third or more of GDP; and second because in several of the poorest countries, all with a per capita income of less than USD 1 000 per year, agriculture’s share of GDP has actually risen over the past 30 years.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	7254d579b057075bb389ea15aff20b6a	There is no common platform to coordinate the activities of all of these ministries. Although local government institutions are the key implementing agencies of public health programmes, they are not strong enough to coordinate their functions with the relevant ministries. A wide range of private organizations and NGOs supplement government functions, but they are not working in a coordinated manner, either.	3	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	725532db0199491f3098ea31f6d27255	As the Fosen service matured, an intermediate-care facility was created, where people could be admitted for a few days and cared for by community primary care doctors working closely with hospital specialists. With support from the specialist hospital, Fosen DMC is providing a comprehensive package of care and services closer to where residents live, minimising travel time, promoting patient-centred care, and avoiding costly admissions to the acute hospital. For example, when the hospital was persuaded to locale an audiologist at Fosen DMC, his lists were soon full, patients were satisfied, and patient transport costs for which the hospital had been previously liable were reduced. Evidence of staff satisfaction can be seen in veiy low absence rates of around 3%.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	72553ee1a70f5cfd1e8ea61213739816	This relative measure brings the important dimension of inequality into the definition. Thus, the prime concern with the material dimensions of poverty alone has expanded to encompass a more holistic template of the components of well-being, including various non-material, psychosocial and environmental dimensions. Deficits within the other dimensions of well-being exist at levels of income well above the absolute—and even the relative—poverty lines.	1	0	8	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	7257e60802b2595420c6621a243027e4	The need for contraceptives to prevent unwanted or unintended pregnancies, however, remains, especially among women with economic constraints. Initiated in the 1960s, the Indonesian Family Planning Program has been hailed as a demographic success contributing to the expansion of modem contraceptive use and halving the total fertility rate. Today, Indonesia is close to replacement level while the program has been scaled back, but the maintenance of the small family norm remains a priority in view of the still significant increase in population discussed in the previous section.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	7257ef00e3c065ac94410e380edd8706	Strategies for increasing the number of smaller housing units can include zoning accessory dwelling units, which can be used to increase the supply of small units. One such example is Manchester’s Urban Cohousing project, which supports a resident-led group for independent flats and communal spaces for older people. A housing relocation system to match housing demand with household size can help satisfy the housing needs of both generations: Older people living in large houses earn income by renting their houses to younger families with children, and moving to accommodation more suitable to later life. The Japan Trans-housing Institute (JTI) helps to connect house owners over 50 years old with families with young children who are looking for rental accommodation (Japan Trans-housing Institute, 2014).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	72598af53e543d0bd757409c0f0aca8a	A key determinant of success is that policy interventions are usually aimed to bring about lasting change by successfully addressing the causes of market failure so that the market itself can take the initiative forward (and ultimately make the principles mainstream). The following sections consider the emphasis needed to deliver effectiveness. Historically, in the cases where IP and intangibles have been considered, these are the larger ones (in part because of their absolute levels of profit, and in part because of the need to have headroom to absorb the present high transaction costs, as discussed in Part 2). This is potentially at odds with efforts to encourage SMEs to grow, because they will not be able to afford large repayments, especially if the loan tenor is short.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/1f11729d-en	725bcd971fc96263d3d419db1e22c3e7	For instance, in the Slovak Republic children in low work intensity households, holding other characteristics constant, are 63.1 ppt more likely to fall into the poorest decile than children living in households with work intensity that is higher or equal to 20%. Differences in the probability of being in the bottom income decile by household work intensity are highest in Slovenia, closely followed by the Slovak Republic and Estonia. It is lowest in Austria, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (seeTable 1).	1	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	725de70f6686eefb96c1653b790d6b6a	A way to improve energy efficiency is to tap the huge potential for efficiency gains in the building sector which is the largest single energy consumer in Europe, absorbing 40% of final energy. About 75% of buildings are energy inefficient and, depending on the Member State, only o.4-1.2% of the stock is renovated each year. ( The energy efficiency target on EU level is set on fixed Mtoe-level for final energy and primary energy use in 2030, and the Member States have to set their targets so that this target will be reached. The Commission will lay down a process to ensure that the contributions add up to the Union's 2030 energy efficiency target in the legislative proposal on Energy Union Governance.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	7262bc6b689c3a92ba9d498fb13ab01a	In pre-primary education, 25% of teachers are at least 50-year-olds, on average across OECD countries. The proportion is equal or exceeds 35% in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Slovak Republic. The bachelor degree has become the minimum qualification required to be a teacher at the pre-primary level of education in 27 of the 37 countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/48927deb-en	7266c4b48f12bac4cdef8a89ec2e69d3	The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (1CPDR) stands as a positive model for cooperation between EU and non-EU countries. Older agreements date back mainly to the 1950s and 1960s, including the Finnish-Norwegian, Finnish-Russian and Polish-Russian agreements; the 1929 Convention between Norway and Sweden being the oldest. Currently, a number of countries are in the process of revising or have recently revised their bilateral agreements.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	72686778cb14d3df829f5265e7bd382d	Migrants can place great burdens in countries where existing resources are often limited, poorly managed and overexploited. But unsustainable use of water and land resources will not help to meet these targets. Climate change is focusing minds on sustainability and the fact that the natural resources of future generations are being consumed to satisfy the economic demands of today. The findings confirm that water insecurity acts as a major constraint to global economic growth.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	7268cb62132fa63dcded2af4abe4986d	It is after all mainly firms that innovate, from small start-ups to large multi-establishment and multinational firms. Moreover, aggregate analysis conceals their significant heterogeneity. Firms’ performance and characteristics differ across countries and within industries, and they may take many paths to innovation. The advantage of micro-level analysis lies in its effort to model the channels through which specific firms’ knowledge assets or channels of knowledge access affect their productivity.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	726b0bbfe40749db421a47b2403bf419	More broadly, selecting the appropriate instrument mix will require taking into account local and regional priorities, as well as international commitments under the CBD and other agreements. Biodiversity policy may affect broader national priorities, such as poverty alleviation, sustainable development and economic growth, and these need to be considered in a coherent way so as to maximise synergies and address any trade-offs (OECD, 2012). For example, if an over-exploited fish stock is on the verge of collapse, a (temporary) ban on fishing may be most effective, so as to allow the stock to recover.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	727076c80638feda336787ddc12c1325	They need to start learning about their human and legal rights, and where they can get support and protection if needed, whether through health or legal aid services, peer groups, school mentorship programmes or other options. Support to grow and develop must reach girls regardless of where they are—in well-off and poor communities, in urban and rural areas, and at any stage of migration or displacement. This offers the added benefit of spurring demographic transition and the size of any associated demographic dividend.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	7277bf10d79181bff87d418be0785a59	"Each of these three dimensions works interdependent^ with the others and influences the overall impact of a capacity development intervention. Capacities need to be strengthened at the individual level, the organizational level and at the level of the enabling environment."" Female farmers and the use of ICTs for agriculture In Uganda: experiences from WOUGNET."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	727a85c0695e8fd1c427bdbef5ee2aeb	"This second market failure is due to the fact that firms investing in R&D activities cannot entirely prevent the diffusion of the knowledge gained through these activities to others, including their competitors. Although such ""knowledge spillovers"" are considered ""positive externalities"" (i.e. they make the social value of R&D greater than its private value), they legitimise the government support to R&D activities - independently of climate policy. They have developed a unified framework to assess the six different policy options for reducing GHG emissions and promoting the development and diffusion of renewable energy in the electricity sector."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	727af599ad2932dd60883007704eb965	They commit themselves to increasing students’ school and personal success through an improvement project. In turn, education authorities commit themselves to providing the necessary resources. The last report on Retention in post primary schools shows that the average Leaving Certificate retention rate in DEIS schools increased from 68.2% to 73.2% for students who entered post primary level from 2001 to 2004.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	727c45cd02ef34773fbb7b513d816559	It is fair to say that it is a growing market in Norway where different actors offer AfL packages, and from a research point of view, not all of these packages are seen as high quality tools. The policy programme could be seen as a sign of distrust of the teaching profession, as well as of Teacher Education, since it both suggested which material should be read, and offered examples of how to practice AfL in classrooms. This, according to the researchers, suggested that teachers were not able to develop assessment practices for themselves, and therefore needed recipes to know how to do it.	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349536-6-en	727cf0b4f66d6c936eb5eb78ef4b9bca	A good or service may be valued as a means to reach a specific human-focused end, such as good health, safety, satisfaction or happiness. Instrumental values do not exist in a world without humans, as it is the human valuation that defines this value. For example, we assume that the conservation of historical sites, wetlands, and/or species is motivated by the contribution this makes to individuals' well-being. The goods and services generated by an ecosystem or cultural landscape can create and contribute to people's welfare either by being used directly or indirectly (use value), but can also be valued even if it is not used (non-use value).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	727f1085c4be4e511936b0edda8bdd83	Most have been adopted or revised within the last ten years, in the context of harmonisation with the EU regulatory framework. Since then, it has made substantial progress in creating a multi-tier system of environmental permitting. Pursuant to the EPA, the 2004 decree on Categories of Industrial Activities and Installations Able to Cause Large-scale Pollution specified the administrative procedures and conditions for granting environmental permits. These permits are issued by the ARSO.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	727fd18b2335370b4b307f9dc14f7545	Until 2016, growth is not expected to exceed 2% per year. From 2017 to the end of the projection period, real GDP growth is expected to average 2.6% per annum. The exchange rate of the Brazilian real (BRL) relative to the USD is expected to depreciate throughout the outlook period making Brazil’s export sectors more competitive in world markets but also increasing the cost of imports. This is not expected to put undue pressure on consumer prices, with inflation remaining low. Producer prices are expected to rise briskly during the next ten years, but when adjusted for inflation, crop prices are relatively flat.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	7282644bb2a8de2ca544ed9bcfaf67f8	Latreille (2007) finds that conciliation in the UK employment tribunal increases both the probability that an employer makes a settlement offer and the likelihood that an employee accepts the offer, possibly by helping parties to tone down their expectations about the outcomes of a tribunal ruling. A key question when examining the efficiency of pre-trial conciliation is whether cases resolved in conciliation are those that would have been settled out-of-court anyway. Almost uniformly high settlement rates across OECD economies, along with a lack of correlation between the existence of pre-trial mediation and conciliation rates, suggest that formal conciliation may play only a minor role in promoting settlement.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	728346f2ca925436f4963ba6d1fce80a	Of these, the following countries were selected for examination: Angola,Austria,the Bahamas,Bulgaria,Chile,Macedonia, Pakistan and Togo {with occasional reference to other country reports). Because there were no country reports from the MENA region in this reporting period, we have also included the report from Jordan, which was from an earlier reporting period (February 2012). This entails a recognition of the interlocking nature of women's disadvantage: how imbalances of power within the home and family radiate outwards into inequalities in the labour force and more generally in access to resources and public life. It is not enough to point to the many situations in which women remain subject to formal legal disabilities; it is also important for UN bodies to highlight substantive disadvantage, whether or not caused by legal inequalities. He adds that lack of recognition of reproductive rights is also part of this cycle since women lose out on work and education by having to marry and have children early (ibid.,	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	728391cd42705de72f9c9a41d503d3e9	Women did not only learn how to use a computer, but also how to maintain one and process data. The association also developed a website that enabled women members to improve their marketing and sales skills. The website has proved important in enabling women to reach out with their products beyond the local market.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/08d97fd9-en	728420b6cc269bd08a45ecc95e502534	At the country level, each National Dialogue is managed as a collaborative effort involving the national GEF Focal Points, the GEF Secretariat, and the Implementing Agencies. These dialogues normally last two or three days and are organized by the GEF OFP, with financial and technical support from the GEF Secretariat. At the 9,h ordinary meeting of the BLG in 2014 Ms. Yoko Watanabe of the GEF Secretariat indicated that this process might provide opportunities for the conventions of the BLG to participate and provide input to the process.109.	15	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	7284d4643b7730cdef26fbb7530cef1e	The higher uptake is not necessarily a problem since it has allowed people to escape waiting lists. However, there has been evidence of unintended use {e.g. grandchildren taking their grandmother to a jazz festival, home help providers who lost the bid for home help in their municipality requesting payments out of their patients’ cash benefits) or even in some cases fraud (Mot, 2010, Ministry of Health, 201 le). This led the government to drastically restrict access to cash benefits from 2012 to only people eligible for institutional care - about 10% of the current 130 000 cash benefits recipients - which should save EUR 0.6-0.7 billion by 2015 (CPB, 201 lb, Ministry of Health 201 If).	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	72857c1428e02e4146bb645e9ecedac5	While Sweden offers SFI to adult migrants that have received a permission to stay, there is no clear bridge between SFI and parent engagement in school and language learning of their children. Parents of immigrant students are often not included in learning of the host country language, which can slow down the learning process of their children. Since newly arrived immigrants must learn Swedish, language training (Swedish for Immigrants) for parents with pre-school and school-aged children could benefit from being integrated in the education system of their children. In the years preceding the refugee crisis, the metropolitan areas had the highest number of immigrants, with approximately 15-16 immigrants per 1 000 inhabitants in areas such as Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	7286f9fe6a76c0f8a59a6423f6ccc0b6	Although time-use surveys are still not comparable owing to methodological differences, even the lowest percentage of time that women spend on unpaid work (14% in Brazil) is still higher than the highest percentage of time that men spend on this activity (12.6% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia). Women dedicate between one fifth and one third of their time each day or each week on unpaid domestic and care work, compared with about 10% for men. The data correspond to the national total except for Costa Rica (Greater Metropolitan Areal and Cuba (Old Havana).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	7288c830bb6f9f190c230b5b53add6e3	In Sri Lanka, for example, active steps were taken to address this challenge. This initiative helped to reduce the number of non-compliant bids and led to greater involvement of the local private sector in winning bids (UNCTAD and BMZ, forthcoming). Governments should also try to ensure that their procurement practices are conducive to greater involvement of domestic suppliers, especially SMEs.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	72893dad0e8a69412541ba040d8bf1d8	The limited changes of HB receipt rates over time could be explained by different, and often higher, income thresholds than are used for ‘core’ SA. Low-income families may therefore receive HB regardless of employment status, which could explain a lower responsiveness to cyclical changes in employment levels. Rates of benefit receipt at one point in time, and even the changes in these rates over time, say very little about how often people move on or off benefits. In particular, from looking at the rates of benefit receipt alone, it is not possible to tell whether the recipient population changed completely from one period to the next or whether the same group of individuals remained on benefits.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	728af09f0d1da9edf0247e3504d262a0	These agreements sometimes involve sales of state assets and greater economic deregulation, based on the assumption that the private sector is more efficient and better for growth. This leads to women and girls spending more time on daily livelihood activities such as fetching clean water, cooking and caring for the ill, young or frail elderly. In 1999, the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia privatized the municipal water system in Cochabamba, granting a 40-year contract to Bechtel, a multinational based in the United States. It subsequently cancelled the contract in the face of widespread protest due to the company's failure to supply adequate water, especially to poor communities.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264113756-en	728cbe4172dd3223154b8e1a080e4241	Clearly set criteria would also help to identify schools and regions that perform particularly well and that use innovative approaches to improve their performance. This would allow information about good practice to be shared. This approach is consistent with the broader principles of good governance in decentralised systems in other areas of public policy (see for example OECD, 2003).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	728ced4b9bc000acf79ab654f06f8738	Additionally, support will be given for biodiversity protection and restoration of rivers. The main expense is the implementation of the annual data collection programme, including investments in better harmonisation of data collection through regional co-operation and the development of innovative data collection methods. The programme mainly supports the development, purchase and installation of technology used for surveillance, data management and product traceability as well as modernisation and purchase of control vessels and devices.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	728d1bff242541730e573fcb05dcd152	The particular risks of the agricultural sector, exacerbated by a particularly risk-averse financial services sector and unpredictable government policies limit access to agricultural finance to a narrow group of large farmers and preclude smaller farmers from the possibility to finance the modernisation of their production and the expansion of their trade. The study discusses actions put in place by Aid for Trade programmes aimed at enhancing access to agricultural credit. The remainder of the section is structured as follows: a description of the structure of the agricultural sector in Zambia and of the specific constraints burdening the financing of agricultural production and trade; and a discussion of the aid-for-trade interventions meant to address those constraints. Agriculture occupies 85% of the labour force and represents 21.4% of the country’s GDP.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	728fb4e07a8feaf18e7b12c80045e604	For example.an increase in women in higher grades of an occupation might coincide with a lowering of status, thus decreasing both the redistributive and recognition measures of substantive equality and possibly negating the gains in the participative dimension. Alternatively, more women might be employed in higher grades without changing male-dominated working hours, so that childcare is simply delegated to other low-paid women. In this way, the participative and even redistributive measures might be improved but no transformational gains will be made.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	728fe9b4ff16124af94ec1dbde1d85a2	Much attention is given to reformulating and extending the legislative and regulatory framework, and the recently adopted Law on Drinking Water was a key step in that direction. Although the main principles of IWRM are set out in the Water Code, it is necessary to reorganize the water management system throughout the country, by means of a national IWRM plan covering not only the country as a whole but also individual water basins separately. Although the Government pays great attention to water-saving ideas, there is still a shortage of analyses and practical guidelines on how to save water, using both economic and technological means. To reduce the water deficit, it is possible to take measures by improving the technical state of irrigation systems and applying modem water-saving irrigation techniques and a closed system of water supply.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	7292c6df8630764a45f515857362f894	The Paris Agreement does not specify whether this aspect of the global stocktake will address the three components individually or collectively. Further, the diversity of these responses means that “translating” different countries’ progress in adaptation into a single unit would be difficult. Indeed, a review of principles for indicator development, selection, and use in climate change adaptation monitoring and evaluation highlighted that “There are no universal metrics or indicators for adaptation” (Climate-Eval, 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	7295273e4e1ad7b14ffa01906a2ac4a1	If the perpetrator is a descendant or the spouse of the victim, the penalty is two years in prison and a 2 000 dinars fine. Article 53 of the UAE's penal code allows the imposition of “chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children” so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by sharia. In such cases, the court may request compensation for the woman, at the discretion of the judge.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	72982bb632f866ebc35d26dc3f1394a6	Diseases of the respiratory system w'ere the leading cause of death in 1990 (31.3 per cent), but decreased to 4.5 per cent in 2005 and stayed between 3 .4 and 4.5 per cent in the period 2005-2016. In 2014, the probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from the four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was 32 per cent. The leading causes of mortality in 2016 were diseases of the circulatory system (33.3 per cent), cancer (25.6 per cent), injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (15.0 per cent), diseases of the digestive system (7.4 per cent) and diseases of the respiratory system (4.3 percent).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	7298863586fb3549e9e78a77eb76d757	It was launched in February 2009 at a global meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and initiated by the Malaysian Muslim feminist group Sisters in Islam. The movement was a transnational response to the equally transnational problem of the use of Islam to resist women's demands for equality. Musawah comprises NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners and policymakers across the globe and approaches gender equality in the Muslim family along three axes: knowledge-building, capacity-building and international advocacy. Musawah starts from the premise that equality is a founding principle of Islam, and gender equality is therefore in line with Islam, rather than opposed to it.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	72990cf2e3168b60e5b82cc16a2ab4f5	However, Norway has developed a range of other policy levers predominantly aimed at improving the quality of higher education, and these may also affect the labour market relevance and outcomes of the system indirectly. This approach has built high levels of trust between the government and the higher education system and could be used more effectively to build a consensus on the role of higher education in developing labour market relevant skills and helping graduates achieve good outcomes in the world of work. At the highest level, the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Education and Research host an annual meeting with stakeholders to discuss priorities for higher education and research. Participants include the rectors and senior management from all higher education institutions, experts on higher education and research, and representatives from other ministries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac203b4-en	729b4eeb9eb4785fd4b53bf6d06fc9a8	Not only is it impossible to achieve gender equality without education, but expanding education opportunities for all can help stimulate productivity and thereby also reduce the economic vulnerability of poor households. This heralds what was effectively one of the strongest themes that emerged in the post-2015 education consultations, i.e., a rights-based approach in which rights are indivisible. Indeed, overcoming structural barriers to accessing good quality education is vital for realizing education rights for all. Several inputs noted that inequality in education remains a persistent challenge.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	729b70f44ef688d1e2710fdd4a2cca0b	Participation can also reduce domestic violence, which is part of wellbeing and relatively frequent in India (Mathur and Slavov, 2013). The 2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reported that one third of women aged 15 and 49 had experienced physical violence and one in ten had been victims of sexual violence in their lifetime (van Klaveren et al. In baseline scale changed compared to Table 7 in Agenor 2015. Policy changes are e.g.an increase in targeted cash benefit from 0.01% to 0.04% of family income etc.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ed8628cc-en	729c98bb4e9553c4a6f20675219b84cf	One of the most serious gaps in the implementation of relevant outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development is in the area of fisheries. Although countries agreed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation to restore global fish stocks to sustainable levels by 2015, stocks continue to be fished at increasingly unsustainable levels. To address this problem, States should recommit to maintaining or restoring depleted fish stocks to sustainable levels, and should further commit to implementing science-based management plans for rebuilding stocks by 2015, including reducing or suspending fishing catch for all stocks being overfished or at risk of being overfished.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	72a2fa1aa54642b13fd794f3c4a8ddbc	In Turin, Italy, when such an assessment was undertaken it came to light that one building segment, multifamily, high-rise buildings constructed before 1980 accounted for more than 70% of total residential floor area and about 70% of total energy consumption for heating (IEA, 2016a). This information allowed for better targeted energy saving measures. Also, In Paris, an energy information advisor has been providing support to building pennit applicants for energy saving projects since 2008 covering issues on sustainable building renovation (Maine de Paris, 2012).	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3400179e-en	72a452d93bcd12adcbbceb08437c08dc	The provisions for partnership in Goal 8 of the MDGs need to be strengthened and include quantitative, time-bound targets, besides those established for ODA flows. The crises of the last decade have shown that instability in global markets (e.g., finance, food, fuel) is a key issue demanding priority attention. In addition, rising natural disasters, partly caused by climate change, as well as political violence and poor health conditions continue to contribute to human insecurity.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	72abc960129fbca8c51edf0d1948adb7	In the case of technological disasters, there is sometimes no precedent for a given disaster. The full impact of such disasters cannot always be fully anticipated or measured. This topic should include information on the identification and characterization of different types of events, including information on type of disaster, location, date of occurrence and duration.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/774c08c9-en	72aeba7160c647c3b7274ee65009ce1f	The second is the relationship between inequality and sociopolitical instability. The third concerns the political economy implications of high inequality'. Finally, the fourth channel through which inequality affects the pace of output growth is related to imperfect capital markets and investment in education. And it is assumed that their higher savings will quasi automatically lead to greater investments. As discussed in previous TDRs (see, in particular TDR 2006, Annex 2 to chap. I. and TDR 2008, chap.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264218512-3-en	72b0450cf8b5365301b4514aa6741f22	Vulnerable social groups are also affected disproportionally by pollution and are often ill-equipped to cope with environmental degradation. Within countries, some regions, and even neighbourhoods within cities, prosper while others lag behind. As highlighted in OECD work, it is important to inform the policy debate about pro-growth policies with a better understanding of the drivers of both monetary and nonmonetary outcomes, and actions that create opportunity for all segments of the population.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	72b14092bb2c932c1a8f887235804e8a	This declining trend is observed in all OECD countries, reflecting the shrinking importance of the agricultural sector in the overall economy. Turkey and Korea stand apart with the weight of agricultural support, at 2.1% in 2011-13, more than double the OECD average despite the fact that these shares have substantially decreased since the 1995-97 period. For Tlirkey, this mostly reflects the share that agriculture occupies in the overall economy, which was 9% of GDP in 2012.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	72b187313ae00e0c80eb6d96c30dedfe	As Norway stipulates, “the importance of non-formal and informal learning is recognized, and aims to be achieved through organizations and services complementing the formal system; awareness-raising is addressed in order to change behaviours [towards] sustainable development” (Norway, NIR). Slovenia reports that non-formal and informal ESD have been included in the National Master Plan for Adult Education 2013-2020 as a priority task, as one of 15 long-term goals and, on the implementation level, as one of the priority content areas of programming for adults (Slovenia, NIR). Armenia reports that the development of the National Strategy for ESD and Plan of Activities for 2016-2025 is in progress (Armenia, NIR).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	72b372a87564b5d381e050e3b09bebb1	Contributes also to reduce precautionary saving by providing households with better diversmed source of incomes Reduce private saving as workers have extra years to build retirement income. Saving is also expected to rise as productivity gains are realised, but by less than investment Contributes by raising private investment in the short run. The effect can fade in the medium term.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	72b4fa87b38ef3b1466b88203bff6cf1	Banks, however, do not usually accept social housing as collateral for a mortgage (OECD 2012b). In addition, subsidised housing faces low resale values due to relatively poor construction quality and location, as well as associated restrictions on selling property purchased under a subsidy programme. This negatively impacts the wealth generation objective of Chile’s housing policy, and also affects residential mobility.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	72b66f9e4558d4c1b87d8c5c312a11ca	A number of key policy areas should receive priority. First, it is important to attract high-quality candidates to the profession and to ensure that the best school leaders work in the most disadvantaged schools. Chile needs to improve the profile of school leadership. A distinct career structure with its own salary scale could ensure adequate levels of remuneration that are significantly above those of teachers and similar to other professionals in the public sector with similar levels of responsibility.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/99372f3d-en	72b6d02dc5e4223f146d55b3dc00d03a	If this figure were to be reproduced today, the compression would be even more significant in western Europe with only small changes in South-Eastern Europe and many of the TER countries. As expounded in D. Bokemann's and H. Kramar's study NO-E [12] for the Austrian Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan, this boosts productivity, strengthens competitiveness of local economy, enhances employment and increases social welfare.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	72bc2099057c5d0da7d38f1cee7f3e77	The concept of critical mass as applied to women’s political representation, and the UN targets that have flowed from it, have played an important role in supporting countries in the adoption of gender quotas in various spheres of the public and private sectors. According to data provided by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU, 2015), the global average of women in national parliaments has nearly doubled in the past 20 years from 11.3% in 1995 to 22.1% in 2015 (a rise of 10.8 points). However, recent socio-political studies (Childs and Krook, 2008), as well as IPU data (IPU, 2015) confirm that the achievement of a critical mass is no longer seen as the sole target of efforts to bring about gender-equal participation in positions of leadership.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	72bdc37187b1b1bc2f94d27ef289044e	Courses of this kind aim to address the need to rapidly develop a general understanding of emerging issues where there is limited capacity. Introduction level and general courses are then superseded by more specialised technical courses and /or integration into vocational and masters training courses. Multi-stage courses combine on-the-job-learning and assignments with one or more intensive training sessions, often involving exposure to projects or other real-life management situations that provide the experience participants need to build their own capabilities. Participants then complete assignments and projects based on their workplace (or volunteer) experience (Coley and others, 2002).	14	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	72c29db167072256fe4a9da6fc6babbf	Other definitions exist19 but space precludes further discussion. We will discuss the composition of the tourism supply chain in more detail later. This will be explored with reference to the case studies and the key questions that refer to what local supply chains exist, who the main players are, what level of contribution is made along the supply chain and, where possible, the level of local supply and procurement along the tourism value chain. It examines the chain of expenditure and transactions of a commodity and identifies the agents involved as it flows from production to consumption.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a25027f3-en	72c2d19c7b546579dd84c95a14a22cc9	Markets are never neutral and need constant nurturing, regulation and supervision by democratic States. At a further remove, it should be recognized that poverty is not transient in the ESCWA region, but deeply rooted in the economic and social structure of the countries in this region. The elimination of poverty requires structural social and economic reforms in order to eradicate the inequalities responsible for the reproduction of poverty amid pockets of wealth.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	72c2eef351d00b1a6df9ba0b006f3e8d	Subsequently, pressure towards its internalisation will build up in public opinion, the political process or the legal system. This pressure will lead to more specific research and ultimately to the implementation of appropriate incentives for internalisation. By no means all, probably not even a majority, externalities identified by individuals or small groups are being taken up by the mainstream, but only those which in fact affect the well-being of a sufficient number of people in a strong enough fashion to warrant wider concern. If this is not the case, interest will fade quickly.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	72c53751653f569181db81c7a12ea3e4	It is the long-standing “heir” of a Keynesian approach in Brazil’s public policy, based on intense public investment for the construction of large infrastructure. But in recent years, this ministry has been combining this heritage with a “soft” approach that gives room to more bottom-up regional development strategies for addressing regional and social disparities. One is the National Secretariat of Hydraulic Infrastructure, dealing mainly with large irrigation projects; the other is the National Secretariat for Regional Development that is involved in initiatives for fighting poverty, such as the “Water for All” programme. Important entities that are simultaneously relevant for water resources management and for the social and economic development of the country are linked to this ministry such as CODEVASF (Company for the Development of Sao Francisco and Pamafba Valleys) and the National Department of Works to Combat Droughts (Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, DNOCS).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	72c99d34f7cacbaac0237d8911538dd9	The Agency also estimates that over 8.1 million jobs exist in the renewable energy sector across the world. According to ILO (2016a), in Brazil, 2.9 million people were employed in sectors with low carbon emissions, equivalent to 6.6% of the formal job market. In Mexico, 1.8 million jobs are related directly to low emissions, 4.4% of the employed population in 2011 (ILO.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	72c9fa1aa2f82c81fcb10037f589aa27	In Thailand, a long-standing refugee population from Myanmar has no entitlement to state education. More generally, restrictions on refugee employment reinforce poverty, which in turn dampens prospects for education. And difficulty obtaining refugee status leads many to go underground (UNESCO, 2011: 16).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283466-en	72caccd4ba9116cc57fb724dbf65d313	In fact, four times as many men as women died in road traffic accidents in 2014. Although a series of tobacco control policies contributed to a reduction in smoking rates among adolescents and adults in Latvia over the past decade, the smoking rates among adults nonetheless remain higher than in most other EU countries, particularly among men and people with lower levels of education. Spending on prevention represents only 2% of current health spending in Latvia compared to the EU average of 3%. Investment in public health and prevention in Latvia is also heavily reliant on funding from the EU and the international community more broadly. For example, thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke is excluded from the benefit package, tunning against clinical evidence on international best practice.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	72cc8c63a1a2f26d051025ba5b80f362	There should be a code of conduct that obliges them to discuss all matters with the sector that they represent, obtaining their points of view and conveying them to the council or committee at stake. Inclusiveness and equity: Map who does what, core motivations and interactions across all those having a stake in the outcome or likely to be affected. Attention should be paid to newcomers, out of the water box players, and traditionally marginalised groups to ensure that all stakeholders involved are identified and included throughout the decision-making cycle.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	72cda41064d98530838a85c931eefb2c	Indeed, eight countries showed sharper declines in the inequality indices in the second subperiod than in the first. Of these, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay had the most significant reductions, of around 4% per year in the case of the Gini coefficient. This group also included Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico, which along with the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela saw a slight increase in their inequality coefficients in 2012 (see annex table I-A3).	1	3	3	0.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	72ce2cf9b543009cb20c46b51dad33a2	Its central objective is to keep the global average temperature rise 'well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels' (UNFCCC 2015, Article 2(a)). The Paris Agreement was concluded on overtime and signed by over 190 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP). The Paris Agreement offers a political framework for implementing the goals in the agreement through voluntary national climate plans - national determined contribution (NDCs) - submitted by the states.	13	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	72cedf9d54b87a1d8b4ca892503d8e14	The major share of the EEZ is fairly evenly distributed between non-Commonwealth countries and dependent territories. The ocean and coastal seas have long been integral to the Pacific way of life and world view. Commercial fishing access fees contribute up to 60 per cent of national revenue for some Pacific island nations and tourism may be the largest contributor to formal employment (Bell et al. This chapter sets out to briefly review the state and importance of its contributions to Pacific island countries, outline its governance and management arrangements, and after identifying some key issues and promising responses, suggest some ways forward to achieve a sustainable future.	14	0	8	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	72d0eb4d28bc66bda604040eaddf27cd	Eligibility for GAVI funds is restricted to countries whose per capita gross national income (GNI) was below US$1,000 in 2003. Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition, and Population Services: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2005. While this is encouraging and can contribute to reducing gaps across countries, it does not guarantee—except in the case of massive campaigns reaching a significantly large share of the population—that inequality within given countries will be reduced and that the most disadvantaged groups will be reached.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f47faf05-en	72ddbab185161bc29cc0a669b8190fb4	This subcomponent organizes environment statistics on land cover, ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as their recordable changes over time and across locations. Land cover is defined by FAO as “the observed (bio) physical cover on the earth’s surface. Ecosystems can be broadly defined as a community of organisms, together with their physical environment, viewed as a system of interacting and interdependent relationships. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part, including diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.29 It is also a measure of ecosystem health.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	72de08d27403af93ff72c6fa256843f9	In trade negotiations, such as current efforts to revitalize fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization (WTO), knowledge of fisheries issues and awareness of the interconnectivity of the various policy frameworks applicable to the fisheries sector are necessary to assess challenges, opportunities and concerns and to avoid the creation of unnecessary barriers to trade. Technical assistance to trade negotiators has become essential for bridging possible knowledge gaps. Greater weight is placed on the role of fisheries as sources of livelihoods (e.g. income, food and employment), sites of expression of cultural values and a buffer against shocks for poor communities.	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	72e15f53eb53adb68ada8f2ab4f606c5	Returning foreign-bom students are foreign-bom students of one or more Swedish-bom parents. Among first-generation immigrant students, non-native speakers were 13 percentage points less likely to report a sense of belonging at school compared to native-speakers. By contrast, for second-generation immigrant students, returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage, there is no statistically significant difference in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school.	4	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-588649a5-en	72e9c913b849e67eeadfa76652fafeb4	However, in recent years, growth is slowing for most of the access indicators, particularly in countries where large parts of the population are already connected. Growth will need to pick up again if the ambitious targets of the ITU Connect 2030 Agenda and the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development are to be met. These include a target of 70 per cent Internet penetration by 2023, and 75 per cent by 2025. While fixed-telephone subscriptions continue their long-term decline, mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions continue to grow.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	72eba3619f7644b4d24d5e343e31d446	It is open to all Israeli registered firms wishing to engage in technology research and development. Proposals are evaluated by experts and approved by the Research Committee. With a few exceptions, the recipients of funds under this framework are obliged to pay royalties to the Tnufa fund if their project succeeds. The form of support is a grant that can reach anywhere between 20% to 50% of the total cost of the R&D project.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	72ebffe959d77358ee159219f2e7db5c	Bhorat and Lundall (2004) set out evidence of skill-biased technological change in South Africa, while a variety of studies (e g. Human Sciences Research Council, 2003; Clarke etal., Meanwhile, international tests indicate that South Africa has both a low average level and very high dispersion of educational attainment (OECD, 2008a; OECD, 2008b). Moreover, most students who enter the school system never make it to the matric, and most of those who pass do not go on to university.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	72ec746566be1df1c779f3baa71727c3	In a context of family vulnerability and limited support in raising children, high fertility at a young age makes it difficult to enter the labour market, find employment and access social protection mechanisms. Education helps change reproductive behaviour and reduces the likelihood of adolescent motherhood. Although the main factors behind this decline relate to exposure to sexual relations, the use of contraception has had a rapidly increasing impact, partly due to growing contraceptive prevalence and partly due to the use of modem methods.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283473-en	72ee0e6b7a29bce66d596d26d2c2382b	The new pharmaceutical price list from July 2017 (see Section 5.2) is expected to lower both public and private costs. They identify key priorities and set out implementation plans. However, even though recent efforts have been made to include meaningful indicators to measure progress, regular monitoring and evaluation of implemented reforms is limited Also, few independent evaluations of health system performance have taken place. Life expectancy for men is more than 10 years lower than for women, the largest gender gap in the EU.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	72f3aa9b6d4a503b10e66c2489fea2e4	The case studied is the Gulf of Finland, which forms part of the Baltic Sea. They present a dynamic model that integrates land loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, cost of nutrient abatement measures in agriculture, nutrient dynamics in the sea basins adjoining the Finnish coast, exogenous risk of oil spills, and recreational value of the sea, which faces environmental damage of uncertain magnitude and duration. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to evaluate the profitability of nutrient abatement measures carried out unilaterally by Finland or as a joint effort by Estonia, Finland and Russia.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	72f4ace0926830802c2afcf997821d1c	The aim of this chapter is to provide a clear theoretical basis for the ways in which assessment can support learning, to show how the different formulations of the notion of formative assessment proposed over the last 40 years can be encompassed within a broader over-arching framework, and to use that framework to understand research in related areas. Wiener noted that sometimes the effect of the “feedback loop” is to drive the system further in the direction it is already going, such as population growth with plentiful food and no predators or inflationary price/wage spirals in economics. Such feedback is called “positive feedback” because the effect of the feedback and the tendency of the system operate in the same direction. In other situations, the effect of the feedback is to oppose the tendency, restoring stability by returning the system to a steady state, as with population growth when food supply is limited or the familiar room thermostat.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8716e19c-en	72f4e24407cbca07e6cf0fac2c20cad6	These steps, however, might be significantly different in different regions. Without a successful green technology transition, GHG emissions may increase substantially in the next decades. An obvious way to decrease the transport carbon footprint is to increase the price of energy through taxation, thereby encouraging road users to adopt more energy-efficient driving behaviour and/or to consider other transport modes. However, high fuel taxation can have important implications on mobility, if not complemented by measures promoting viable alternative transport options such as adequate public transport.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	72f517aedf7a68491f2ebf44d0cbc6cb	A drop in biofuel production is observed in all countries, as shown in Figure 9. In countries where the biofuel mandates are binding, abolition of both mandates and budgetary support significantly decreases biofuel production because it is not competitive with fossil fuels at crude oil prices assumed here. The decline in biofuel production in Brazil is comparatively small.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	72f9bc40d068ef790f666040301ef4a6	Progress in these areas may be relatively easy to measure (e.g. levelised cost of electricity for different technologies as in UNEP, 2013), but will be difficult to attribute to specific interventions or policies owing to time-lag issues, uncertainty and difficulties in determining causality over time. By annualising the needs for longer-term impacts, this type of analysis overcomes the time lag that complicates evaluating the effectiveness of today’s interventions in achieving future global climate goals. However, certain types of mitigation interventions such as technical assistance, capacity building, or policy and regulatory reforms will still be difficult to relate to impacts.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	72ff745bcfa133d8fa8a08b388cab304	As custodian of the child and despite some rights to act as guardian over certain decisions in case of divorce, the mother must keep a reasonable distance from the guardian to enable him to fulfil his duties, or she may lose custody.54 This may prevent divorced women from accepting work opportunities in another city for fear they may lose custody of their children. Hence, insurance companies, for instance, systematically reimburse the father for medical expenses incurred due to a minor child’s illness or accident, even if the mother has paid the bills. The father is also considered to be in charge of a child’s bank account even if the mother opened and manages it. Guardianship may be awarded to the mother in cases of incapacity of the father.62 A woman who remarries loses custody, except in some exceptional circumstances.63 In Egypt and Jordan, in the event of divorce, the father must pay alimony until the child reaches adulthood.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	73033697ef968be5e2d8acaaef624d07	Monitoring and evaluation in the six economies is performed by the education authorities with little involvement by the agricultural sector. Exact figures on expenditures for the agricultural education system in the economies are largely missing. Rural infrastructure would benefit from better co-ordination between the agriculture and infrastructure authorities; irrigation policy from better co-ordination between the agriculture and water authorities; and the agricultural education system from closer co-operation between the agriculture and education authorities.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	73076c6ff33e3685e3f3a935e52abc7e	The decline in women’s status made them more susceptible to physical abuse by their spouses. They undermine traditional roles and relationships, as both men and women are exposed to new social and cultural environments. Often it is the first time in their lives that these refugees have stepped outside their villages or towns.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	730a4a6e02ed35b6f2bbf7c20863bb54	As the platform should be operated by various governments, limited numbers of participants need to be selected and validated to take part in the validation process. By setting up a private blockchain with only registered governmental stakeholders, policy changes such as the reduction of the global cap of emission certificates can be conducted. Each government should host a node in their own premises.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	730aad79b61a4a4770d3e3adfe2b9d41	The first two sections illustrate the nature of the urban governance of primary and public health services, including water, sanitation, waste disposal and food safety, through a review of existing policy and relevant legislation and the institutional arrangements for their implementation. The next two sections focus on the nature of policy implementation in practice by illustrating the nature of urban poverty in Bangladesh and the extent of access the urban poor have to primary and public health services. Based on these illustrations, the penultimate section pinpoints the policy and institutional weaknesses contributing to the limited access of the urban poor to the existing services. The final section of the paper concludes the study and puts forward certain recommendations for improving the situation which have implications for the Asian region at large.	3	4	7	0.2727272727272727
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	730ac62ab06134e9eb25ebb27207945c	Therefore, capital and labour market segmentation is introduced by specifying a CET structure (Keeney and Hertel, 2005). The elasticities of transformation have been calibrated to fit estimates of the elasticity of labour supply from PEM (OECD, 2003). At this moment most sectors have the possibility to substitute between different production factors and between capital and energy. The petroleum sector has the possibility to substitute between ethanol, biodiesel and fossil fuels.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	730bd84ec9196fe12b16f78ccb8914a9	The income share of the top quintile increased from 33% in 1989 to 47% in 1995 and it remains at this level; the income share of the bottom quintile dropped from almost 10% in 1989 to 5-6 % in 1993/94 and has been around that level ever since (Annex 3.A1, Table 3.A1.1). The relative poverty series presented in Figure 3.3 is based on data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (Box 3.1 and Denisova, 2011). Notwithstanding the recent decline in poverty at 16.5%, the relative poverty rate in the Russian Federation (as based on RLMS data) is high compared with the OECD average of 10.6% in 2005 (OECD, 2008a).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	730bdc172a08a9b4b9575a1369ec70e1	Instituted in 1994, it currendy lists nearly 150 vessels that have either violated Norwegian fisheries regulations in waters under Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction or are listed on the IUU lists of regional fisheries management organisations. There is no provision for removing vessels from this list.20 These lists reveal one of the difficulties for fishing inspectorates, in that many of the vessels have sailed under a number of different flags, and may also have changed their name several times. In September 2009, members of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation agreed a treaty that would, if effectively enforced, improve the effectiveness of this kind of measure by refusing port access to foreign ships that cannot justify the legitimacy of their catch and requiring ships' flag countries to take action against their own vessels subject to such refusal. The actual results of enforcement efforts are mixed - and they are also difficult to analyse because data on overall catches are not fully reliable. Considering the tendency of total allowable catches to be set relatively high, it should be important to ensure that they are not exceeded.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	731408c5c11f0c6fdec5b385f997179f	By the late 1990s, the intervention stocks had been drawn down. In fact, many developed countries that implemented farm income support policies, accumulated stocks as a by-product of these policies. Maintaining these stocks put a financial strain on a country’s budget and guaranteeing that prices remained stable required some degree of isolation from the market, often in the form of import tariffs to protect domestic producers from international competition.	2	4	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	731476bf42518703202730f4c24478d7	This is not only about creating new applications for consumers and producers, and astronomical fortunes for innovative entrepreneurs and their investors, but also about providing full and productive employment and decent work for all, in line with the 2030 Agenda. This will require innovative institutions, societal learning and political re-thinking - technological determinism and blind faith in the market are simply not sufficient! Political choices determine the direction and impact of these changes. The transition process needs to be managed. While history does not always repeat itself, it can teach us that job-destruction can be followed by job-creation - if we take the appropriate measures to adapt our institutions, laws and regulations to improve the rules of the game and make them fit forthe challenges of the 21st century.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	73157abeb01e78a44910f85cf380611f	One of the main problems is that even the existence of landfills does not guarantee an adequate treatment of waste. Only between 3.9% and 6.7% of the waste that enters into the selection plants is recuperated, and the rest is deposited in landfills. Managing solid waste costs MXN 3 billion yearly (USD 185 million approximately). Mexico City has 13 transfer stations to select, store and concentrate solid waste. It also has two selection plants to separate waste that can be recycled.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/50e33932-en	73176a7318b3e67122469c803ebf18a8	In 2014, Gangwon-do and Jeju-do's GDP per capita were lower than the national average as well as the average OECD rural region. Four out of five predominantly rural regions had faster GDP per capita growth than the national average in 2000-2014 (Figure 1.9). The highest growth rate occurred in Chungcheongnam-do, where the GDP per capita grew by 6.2%.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	731826477425cc947ee414886fbbfc47	Kyrgyzstan plans to build and expand its internal network of highways through the construction of an alternative North-South highway and the reconstruction of the Bishkek-Osh, TyupKegen, Bishkek-Naryn-Torugart, Kochkor-Aral, and Osh-Batken-lsfana-Khujand highways. The construction of the international Balykchy-Karakol road and the Tyop-Kegen highway will continue. The strategic goal in the railway industry is the creation of a unified railway network connecting currently detached northern and southern sections of the national railways. The country has tentative plans to continue negotiations on a project to build a section of the transnational China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	731a961387605455b9dcb612044c86a1	In the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education, certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market. As such, certification fulfils an important social function (Remesal, 2011). The extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies, and in some cases, the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value. Schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students’ performance.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	731c615e40f3fc6e446508adf7085988	Although the 1988 Local Finance Act was amended several times (in 2005, 2009 and 2011) to enhance fiscal decentralisation, subnational governments in Korea still depend heavily on central government transfers. In 2013, the share of central government in total subnational government revenue in Korea remained well above the OECD average (61.6% vs. 37.3%) (Figure 1.22 and Box 1.8). According to the Act on the Management of Grants, the national government provides grants to cover part or all of the costs of traffic-related investments in cities and provinces.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	731e11aa6619a5015c4d7a43a7e35215	The same is true for farmland: high-yield crops on fertile arable land are taxed more than extensive meadows and pastures. The tax is payable to the local authority in which the forest is located. The unit tax rate (per hectare) is now calculated according to the average sale price of wood by forest districts for the first three quarters of the year preceding the tax year. As a result, the maximum forestry tax rate has increased by more than 60% over the last decade (Pater, 2013).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	731e9865af8616096c065983108b63e6	The literature on standardised testing is often dominated by debates over the advantages or disadvantages of standardised tests with high stakes for students (Popham, 1999; Wang et al., This paper looks at another end of the spectrum of standardised tests: those in which there are no-stakes attached for students. The term stakes refers to judgements passed based on test results.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0488519d-en	7320ccc9994d1c4e8350390c3dba4cb0	Analysis of this ‘big data’ can, give immediate indications of population movements, for example, or other behaviour that can be useful before and after disaster events. Cell phones can also be valuable for general disaster management — receiving text messages and warnings of incoming disasters, and also transmitting crowd-sourced imagery of damage and impact. But taking full advantage of these is difficult for governments. A specific application might only have a lifespan of five to ten years.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	732150ea00de2879c274e60e4ec2fd5f	In part, low coverage reflects the high incidence of informality and self-employment. While workers in informal employment cannot be affiliated to social security, it is not always compulsory for the self-employed, and when it is, it tends to be difficult to enforce. The share of self-employed in total employment is around 40% in Indonesia and between 20 and 30% in most of the other emerging economies, well above the average OECD share of about 15% (see Annex 2.A2 in OECD, 2011b for details). Moreover, coverage of contributory programmes is concentrated among better-off workers.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	73247959b772de371fee92f65f662ab0	Children below the relative poverty line in Japan, Latvia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain and Romania are seen to be at average income levels that are below the poverty line by 30% or more. Figure 7 also throws up some surprises. Sweden and Denmark are rightly proud of their traditionally low rates of child poverty, but both find themselves in the bottom half of the league table when judged by the depth of relative poverty into which poor children are allowed to fall. The relative ‘poverty gap’ for children is greater in Denmark than in Sweden, greater in Sweden than in the United Kingdom, greater in the United Kingdom than in France, and greater in France than in Finland.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	7324b031835daee9206d0eec222d7762	In the medium term carbon pricing thus has the potential to be a transformative force in the energy markets of OECD countries with overall positive impacts on the security of energy supply. The more volatile are electricity prices, the higher is the penalty for low-carbon technologies such as nuclear and renewables. Since the latter have overall good performance in security of supply terms, electricity market liberalisation without measures to address price volatility such as long-term contracts cannot be considered ceteris paribus as contributing to improved energy market security. The cost of supply interruptions may be substantial but it is not infinite, so neither will be the price that countries are willing to pay for avoiding them.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	7327892cbc5477278a84920a4b29fa68	For example, on average across OECD countries, 12% of 15 year old boys are likely to aspire a career as a scientist, architect or engineer, while only 5% of girls do the same (OECD, 2016[30]). Similarly, a career in information and communication technology (ICT) is an aspiration for some 5% of boys and less than 1% of girls. Furthermore, parents’ expectations on STEM related careers tend also to differ significantly by gender (OECD, 2015 [3i ])- There is some evidence that this gap have declined recently (Ernst & Young (EY), 2018(32]). Still, overall, the participation of women in STEM is significantly higher than the participation in venture capital financed entrepreneurship. Regarding debt financing, female entrepreneurs face more limited access to credit and even if they receive funding, they are confronted with higher interest rates (Bellucci, Borisov and Zazzaro, 2010(33]; Alesina, Lotti and Mistrulli, 2013(34]).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	732c33ca4af993a1c0cbd887f5289480	Box 1 provides details on scope and measurement choices. There exist several recent and detailed national studies of redistribution trends (e.g., Riihela et al., Multi-country comparative studies that consider the entire tax-benefit system are rare, and mostly limited to a particular point in time (Immervoll et al.,	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	732e3aff4ab280458ef259bc2bfb977f	Efforts to mainstream climate change issues into development activities, and vice versa, are growing. Thus, there is a growing need for climate interventions to demonstrate their impact on development and for development activities to show their impact on the climate system. As financial needs for both development and climate activities currently exceed supply, this further underscores the importance of managing projects for multiple objectives and demonstrating results.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	7331ca1c5f718de48cfdd7cbbad154c2	The multidimensional nature of these commitments, and more importantly the underlying risks they address, require systems-based approaches, including in assessing needs and making national and local decisions about the most effective use of available resources. The objective is to identify the enablers and opportunities, as well as the barriers to integrated risk governance, which may come in the form of legislative mandates, institutional structures, capacity, resources, social equality/vulnerability, gender roles, people's awareness and habits of thinking about risk. This could also be described as an integrated risk governance assessment, taking into account multiple hazards (man-made, natural and mixed) and related risks, the way hazards, vulnerability and economic activity interacts with the environment and with each other within and among complex systems, and the need to adapt policy and implementation to enable systems-based approaches to risk reduction. It can also be hard to imagine what success looks like in the face of so many demands.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	7332b5b574077c0f560fa8ae9cf99e52	E (2017), Welfare and Environmental Impact of Incentive Based Conservation: Evidence from Kenyan Community Forestry Associations. Global Canopy Programme, UK. Pattanayak, S.K., Wunder, S., Ferraro, P.J. (2010), Show Me the Money: Do Payments Supply Environmental Services in Developing Countries? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 4: 254-274.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	7333c2cb06973a51fe7105bb275d3a5a	Often such problems are a result of timing—it takes years to collect evidence, and policy makers need to make decisions quickly about which policies are succeeding, which require adjustment, and which should be phased out. This is all the more reason to have few priorities, invest strategically and parsimoniously in research and evaluation, and carefully assess interim trends. The Steering Group did not hear much about either data driven or research-based decision making, although there are a substantial number of evaluations going on. The new Centre for Education Research within the Norwegian Research Council should address this issue.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	73377fd56b954f910bf2edddb84500ad	However, a significant additional barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the “intermittent” nature of the electricity produced. The extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks (power system flexibility), and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity rises as well. Moreover, since those renewables which are the most promising sources of future increases in capacity (e.g. offshore wind, tidal/stream, wave energy and solar photovoltaics) are intermittent in nature, the need to be able to adjust output levels and sources on short notice is likely to rise (see Infield and Watson, 2007; Sinden, 2007).	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/ab343038-en	733cdc259473433b39e9645a03770637	In practice, many sales contracts do not specify what needs to happen in the case the objective for which a genetic resource is provided changes. Like many other issues, the debate at Nagoya took place over largely North-South lines and the text of the Protocol avoids providing a clear answer to this question. Up until 12 October 2014 when the Protocol comes into force, genetic resource transfers to outside the provider country in fact continue to be pre-Nagoya (in the absence of Nagoya-compliant ABS legislation). Plants that are part of ex situ collections or animals that reside in zoos are examples of such genetic resources.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	73412c89d3cf35f7cfa9e8792fabc849	Cycling and pedestrian facilities are also being constructed in rural areas. The project was launched in Toyama City and operates on the basis of a monthly fee or ad hoc usage fee for 30-minute blocks. Japan is encouraging employees of private companies to ride bicycles to work, especially for short trips. It has also upgraded transport nodes and public transport facilities to facilitate smooth transfer to and from bicycles.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	7342d6191d36e88cdc37040e0120751a	Participation rates for the unemployed and those who are out of the labour force are significantly lower than those who are employed (Figure 5.3). Workers in small and medium-sized enterprises in Hungary, Poland, Portugal and Spain are particularly under-represented in continuing training (OECD, 2005). On average among the 22 OECD countries in PIAAC 2012 (Figure 5.3), only 30% of adults aged 25-65 at Level 1 and below in literacy had participated in some form of adult education and training in the previous 12 months, compared to 51% among the rest of the population. Although over 40% of adults with a low level of literacy proficiency in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands reported participation in adult education, the figures are still below that of the overall population.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	7346579cbedd9cc63a75a494af2b8851	On average, the respondents took 50 minutes to complete the cognitive assessment. This test assessed vocabulary knowledge, the ability to process meaning at the level of the sentence, and to fluently read passages of text. The test had no time limit but the time taken by respondents to complete the tasks was recorded.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dcr-2014-22-en	7346cc171f24f1bcfd07cf1d5c7207f1	Without further policy action, for example, the OECD estimates a doubling of premature deaths from local air pollution by 2050, with air pollution today already a larger health threat globally than malaria (OECD, 2012). Natural assets represent over a quarter of the wealth in developing countries today, increasing the vulnerability of these countries to growing environmental risk, including resource scarcity (OECD, 2008). Local benefits alone can provide justification for environmental action, and measures in support of climate change adaptation and improved resilience are often locally focused.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330657-6-en	734768cf7868161d72d37044c6fe8d5e	Unfortunately, no initiative targets environmental impacts but some initiatives exist that reduce simultaneously the amounts of both total C&D waste and its hazardous content. The evaluation would identify the advantages which can be exploited even further, opportunities for gaining more benefits out of the same initiative and drawbacks that should be avoided. In this way, the future implementation of similar initiatives would be equipped with a tool for a more successful application. Each description of the initiative is supplemented by a case study.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	734d298991cabfb796a59a456e76fcf2	By inducing and exacerbating landslides, mudflows and slope erosion and by releasing hazardous substances to the surroundings, the impact of these activities on the environment in general, and on water in particular, is considerable. The most important mineral deposits being exploited are gold, but also other minerals such as coal, mercury', uranium and antimony'. Coal output diminished from 2.5 million tons in 1992 to 0.4 million tons in 2003 and 0.3 million tons in 2006.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	735316c26e44e54cb1522b71aba8f951	In 2012,14% of Australian men and 12% of Australian women aged 25-34 had below upper secondary education, a smaller percentage than the one observed on the OECD average (see Figure 4.4). This process may be driven by a range of different factors - learning difficulties, mental health issues, family problems, parents’ attitudes towards education or a more general disappointment with the school experience-which tend to interact and accumulate over time (OECD, 2012b). Since reengaging drop-outs with the education system is difficult, identifying students at-risk from dropping out early is crucial.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	73549929a02613340ddb7db2655a7b82	This review recommends actions aimed at improving both instructional quality and amount. We begin by focusing on instructional time, and subsequently focus on opportunities for improvement in instructional quality that can be achieved through changes to the teaching workforce and use of assessments. Instructional time represents a major part of public spending on school education and it is a key resource that offers opportunity to learn (OECD, 2013b). Research shows that, all else being equal, increasing instructional time leads to better academic performance (Gromada and Shewbridge, 2016).	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bb63671b-en	7355909a8ffbe9154645697b89c1bb1c	"Yu (2014) uses data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), and finds that married women's labour market time and level of earnings are negatively associated with their time spent on housework. Her findings indicate a phenomenon called ""gender display"" whereby wives fail to reduce their housework time even as their relative earnings increase to the point that they earn more than their husbands. Time use surveys (TUS) have been invaluable in estimating the time contributed by household members and in measuring all forms of work."	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	735666966939227bddf5700187a8a80c	Many of these are relevant to terrestrial and marine biodiversity (see https://www.environmental-auditing.org/). Causal impacts are unit specific, where / can refer to locations, firms, households, individuals, species, etc (Ferraro and Hanauer, 2014). This can be illustrated by a formula that the causal impact (d) of a programme (P) on an outcome (7) for unit / is the difference between the outcome (7) with the programme (in other words, when P = 1) and the same outcome (7) without the programme (that is, w'hen P = 0).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	735933e71d7620cb75e6682f358699a5	Yet, the impact on child care use is even stronger, suggesting that part of the increase in subsidised child care does not directly support labour force participation. In this scheme, a high share of child care costs end up being publicly funded (76% in average, up to 96% for low-income households), explaining the high budget cost of EUR 50 000 per full-time job created. Women’s labour supply increases less than above (there is an income effect for higher earning women, which slows their participation), but high earning men’s labour supply is resilient. As childcare costs are in the first place less subsided for these households (by about 40%), their broader recourse to additional care after this incentive is less fiscally costly. Moreover, these families’ higher work hours generate higher tax revenues. This second variant of childcare support is more efficient (EUR 40 000 per full-time job created) but comes at an equity cost.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	7360bc797766ed7619468bdfc6d62bc2	The pension system will be discussed in detail in the next chapter, but the system is fairly comprehensive with public spending at around 5.2% of GDP in 2007 (it was 6.6% in 2009, Chapter 4), about 2 percentage points of GDP below the OECD average. The amount spent on cash transfers to the working-age population and their children is much smaller: just below 2% of GDP. Public expenditure on health amounted to 3.5% of GDP in 2007 (OECD, 201 lb), well below the OECD average of around 6% of GDP. Public spending on other social services amounted to almost 1.5% of GDP in 2007, of which about 40% concerned public spending on childcare and kindergartens (Sinjavskaya, 2010).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	73617c071754035dd60e1e775483d41d	In addition to the suboptimal location of much new housing development, migration, insecurity and the global crisis have also been important contributors to this high vacancy rate. Approximately 4.9 million homes are uninhabited in Mexico, equivalent to one-seventh of the total housing stock. Three million of these are located in cities, although there is considerable variation in the location of vacant housing within metropolitan areas.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	736222625d50699ab70dfb1ebf317cac	The options for conducting independent macroeconomic policy are particularly constrained in post-conflict countries (see Box 4.7). Effective macroeconomic management requires that certain key institutions are in place, but in post-conflict situations those institutions have often been damaged or destroyed. Macroeconomic strategies for post-conflict countries must therefore rebuild many of the institutions that are often taken for granted elsewhere.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	736704c4c430885f494701931d90bb5c	Education for all: prospects and challenges of mobile schools, mobile education, and e-learning for the nomadic pastoralists in Kenya. London: Minority Rights Group International Available at http://minorityrights.org/ wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-150-Batwa-Pygmies-of-the-Great-Lakes-Region.pdf. State of the World's Minorities 2008: Events of 2007, Ishbel Matheson, ed.	4	1	9	0.8
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	7368360a8c91d1165d3cca92696f7308	Although in principle this can be taken by either the mother or the father, in practice only 7.5% of beneficiaries are male: there is a very large gender employment gap among those with children aged 0-3 in Estonia (European Commission, 2016). Increasing the length of parental leave would therefore likely reduce labour market attachment among mothers, and potentially have undesirable longer term impacts: although parental leave of up to a year has been shown to increase mothers’ labour market attachment, further extensions are likely to reduce wages among mothers in the longer term (Rossin-Slater, 2017). Therefore, it has been decided to introduce an additional month of parental leave that will be available only to the father on a non-transferable basis. More flexibility to allow parental leave to be used over a longer period has also been proposed.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	7368d7754e3f2ffcbe78152eb28ef381	Results of the health care cost models are used to forecast future health expenditures based on the characteristics and health status of the projected future elderly population from the other two FEM model components. Per capita expenditures are also calculated for each of these four payment categories. All projected expenditures are in real terms that correspond to 1998 dollars.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	7368e71cea1f995232d5eb3d0171ad65	Otherwise, the Australian system is quite exceptional as it reimburses providers for outcomes, not inputs. This feature has been acknowledged in many OECD reports which, however, also conclude that the fee structure could be tilted towards longer-term outcomes to ensure job retention. With the total potential provider fees being available after 26 weeks of employment, longer-term employment outcomes are not sufficiently rewarded in jobactive.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	736a2cb0bd36a43c566b45415a022cac	It also impacts the water sector since the topography of Jamaica requires that water be pumped uphill to many communities. As a result, the National Water Commission, which is the main supplier of water for domestic and commercial use, is one of the largest consumers of electricity. Tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner, and its competitiveness depends on how rapidly, extensively and deeply it can ‘green its activities.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	736a995ac08bac9f16193e406153e337	Gender discrimination in employment and pay should be outlawed. While women have increasingly taken on paid employment outside the home, their responsibility for household work has changed very little. Consequently, women generally work much longer hours than men. There is a need for much greater support for the care of children and the aged.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	736c595de618be291b003ee519c6331c	Relevance of instruction”, “clarity of instruction”, “preparation and management style” and “monitoring learning” were among the categories of the first factor of effective teaching based on student ratings. Some research shows that clarity and organisation are effective teaching behaviours in higher education not only based on student ratings, but also on student achievement in exams. Feldman (1989, 2007) gathered data on student perceptions on characteristics of superior teachers and found that organisation and clarity are teaching behaviours that highly correlated with student achievement in common final exams.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	736d29fc070799bce90992c28c9d8d6c	Pensions in particular have an impact on child well-being since one or more of the family members are elderly. In Azerbaijan, 45.3 per cent reported living in households where at least one member received a pension, while the coverage rates of targeted social assistance (basically means-tested cash transfer for poor families) reached only 30.5 per cent of the population (World Bank, 2010). In Georgia, 42 per cent of households receive a social pension, and 45 per cent of all children live in households with at least one pension recipient (UNICEF Georgia, 2010). As a result, an estimated 9.2 per cent of children from households that receive pensions were lifted out of poverty.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	736db2304e1198e87613ba43082ba803	These gender-related disparities remain significant even when other differences between men and women-founded enterprises are controlled for. It shows that in the United States (as across European countries) gender differences in innovation outcomes tend to disappear when less capital- and research-intensive forms of innovation are considered. The only significant differences between men and women-founded enterprises relate to expenditure in design, software, and databases. Sample means for enterprises where all the owners were men at the start-up date (men founded) and where all the owners were women (women founded).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	736f908aaa9d188b0f2050615db5ddac	The industry committed to voluntarily halt abstraction and to create a joint water supply and wastewater treatment company with the public bodies which would provide water from sources other than groundwater (including reuse of treated effluents). The SINTAI is managed by ISPRA based on information provided by the regional environmental agencies. It contains a wealth of information related to surface and groundwater quality and water pollution discharges.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	737015fda5bb325298944ec23af4ebc1	Currently, the students in matriculation programmes comprise about 90% Bumiputra and about 10% non-Bumiputra. While the different pathways increase access they do not ensure quality at entry. Students in these schools may choose to prepare for qualifying examinations leading to Australian, UK and US universities or the International Baccalaureate. A small but effective segment of privately-financed Chinese-medium secondary schools exists.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	7370549369d51234cd396e3f17221741	Figure 1.24 uses the regressions coefficients in Panel A of Table 1.4 to provide estimates of the additional permanent employment in 2009 Q3 that may be attributed to the operation of STW schemes during the crisis period. Both proportional and absolute job impacts are reported. The proportional job estimates are obtained by the product of three terms: i) the coefficient of the interaction term for the change in output, the crisis dummy and average take-up rate in Table 1.4, Panel A; ii) the total change in output during the crisis period; and iii) the average level of the STW take-up rate over the same period.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	7372d4e08d3c3b14bde53b628f46c3b0	The use of public stocks as a mechanism for providing either systemically higher than market prices to producers or below market prices to consumers opens a wider range of issues, in terms of both the effectiveness of price policies in addressing domestic objectives and their external implications for domestic markets. Policies that stabilise prices around market levels need not have such effects, but there remain questions about the domestic effectiveness of public stockholding as a component of even “price neutral” buffer stock schemes, as well as the implications of such schemes for international markets. A recent World Bank review of national and regional experiences concluded that while public stocks could contribute to addressing short-term emergency needs they have not been an effective instrument to stabilise prices (World Bank, 2012c). Similarly, the international organisations’ 2011 report to the G20 rejected the use of buffer stocks to stabilise prices as costly and ineffective, although it did see a role for small-scale food security emergency reserves to assist the most vulnerable (FAO, OECD et al.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	73747035e76af004ad7465969bdcbcc9	Once again, this indicates a relationship of mutual dependence. The relevant information does not lie exclusively with one level of government, and actors depend on each other’s knowledge to disseminate information to and from relevant levels of government. But the quality of hydrological data varies across states in Brazil.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-9-en	7374cb8109fe814c06096632f5b28960	There is a consensus that environmental law is complex and that integration is legitimate. But living in a small, highly developed and densely populated country leads to pressures on the environment and conflicting interests, which will not be solved by integration of legislation alone. In that framework, shifting tasks and responsibilities to other authorities requires specific mechanisms to ensure accountability. To that effect, the Environmental Planning Act aims at efficiency (fewer rules, more opportunities for economic development and “better regulation”); protection supporting the positive development of integrated water management; and integration in line with economic development keeping a balance between long-term environmental goals and short-term economic interests.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4kntgq7xx-en	7375674a23df762040d9e4eed874a203	This ‘bird’s eye view’ of the issues provides insights that would otherwise remain hidden; useful in addressing hunger and environmental degradation in an integrated way. The overlaying of visual data representations provides a picture of the interrelation of land, people, and prosperity; and also reveals areas of causal overlap, highlighting key hotspots and areas with synergistic potential—opportunities for win-win scenarios. This method, applied elsewhere, would allow the targeting of funds to key areas, improving efficiency of resources used.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	737739bb1172f4c659f3e1e14f44c552	Reasons for this are given below (Nurse 2001: 6). Understanding the benefits and contribution from hosting annual festivals or events to the tourism economy can help in strategic tourism planning that is sensitive to island life and culture. Box 2.3 refers to a niche tourism product categorised under ‘cultural tourism’ called creative tourism, where value-added is generated and evident along the supply chain.	12	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	737968bcd77cc85dd6d5e258bafedf66	In the health sector the ability to work in the usually better resourced and remunerated, private sector deters migration, although enabling such opportunities has been resisted where it is seen to divert doctors away from public responsibilities and areas of particular need. Tonga, where additional private practice is permitted for public sector doctors, has retained them more successfully than neighbouring Samoa, where this is not allowed. Larger numbers of doctors and nurses migrate but the more critical migration is of the relatively few allied health workers, and of those with such skills as anaesthesiology. ( Nonetheless, many countries have sought to raise salaries for skilled workers and have used particular strategies involving overtime and similar payments to achieve more effective recruitment, retention, geographical distribution and skill mixes.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	73796c84b01b9461e2543603fd7d6bee	The Strategy estimated that such a shift requires investment of approximately USD 20 billion. However, much work remains to be done to overcome barriers such as access to finance. The Ministry of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Communal Services has been exploring the potential for improved efficiency in public and residential buildings.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3afdf450-en	737ab11ea36f75808c957e36ac96e0b5	Countries with comparatively high gaps may have inadequate coverage of social protection. However, it useful to test and discuss results based on different poverty lines, to explore how the country ranking varies and if poverty levels change dramatically with small changes in the poverty line value (for example a substantial increase in poverty levels due to a small increase in the value of the poverty line, means that there is a quite high density of households just above the original poverty line). In general, however, sizeable re-ranking is quite limited.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	737c4118e64486e55d14dff0ec2352e5	"Televisions""), and 10% of students had missing responses on attendance at a science club (""How often do you do these things? Attend a science club""). These two questions were chosen for comparison because they appeared in both the PISA 2015 and 2006 student questionnaires, were easy for students to answer because of the closed format, and they appeared before (televisions) and after (attend a science club) the question about career expectations. The highest missing-response rate on career expectations in 2015 was observed in Germany, where about 26% of students had missing or invalid responses, followed by Austria (23%), Iceland (22%), Canada (21 %) and Chinese Taipei (21%). In Mexico, Peru and Viet Nam, only around 3% of students had missing or invalid responses to the career-expectations question; in Korea, around 4% of students had missing or invalid responses."	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bb63671b-en	737d0946a397f59669ca61793adbfb3d	After converting this from minutes into hours, we divide the total monthly income, as calculated using the midpoint of the income category group, by the total monthly hours of market work to obtain the estimated hourly wage. Non-working individuals are assumed to have zero hourly wage. For example, if the wife reports 5 hours of market work a day and has a monthly income of 1,000-2,000 RMB category, we calculate her hourly wage as: 1,500/(5x22) = 13.64 RMB.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	737eb38b3c0061f0c198f6aeff1a94c9	To give them democratic legitimacy, there are general elections for water boards, and there are even some political parties specialising in this level of public authority. However, in administrative and financial terms, they are submitted to the rules and to the inspection of the provinces and the central government and heavily controlled by them. They are a level of government in the Dutch Constitution and enjoy specific taxation powers and a governance frameworic (functional democracies).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	737f347b09cf545e99b16a7fb39bdd7d	In addition to being eco-friendly, the products may be more effective than existing chemical products. The most attractive approach involves integration of all components in a global business model. In the integrated marine biorefinery, biofuel is one product but more valuable feed, food and other materials are also produced (Figure 2.3), and indeed may have to be produced to make the refinery financially viable. As in petrochemical refineries, profit margins on bulk production fuels are likely to be low, and higher revenues from high-value, low-volume materials make biorefining more attractive. Microalgal biomass cultivated for its lipid content for conversion to biodiesel offers several possibilities for obtaining additional commercial materials such as fermentation to obtain ethanol (low conversion rates) and biogas.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	7385d4e36a9f84d15dd0bd966ca63394	It encourages German policy makers to build on the important reforms of2007 and 2015 to enable both fathers and mothers to combine work and family commitments, and commends families to “dare to share To those ends it places Germany’s experience in an international comparison, and draws from the experience of for example, France and the Nordic countries, which have longstanding policies to support work-life balance and strengthen gender equality. The chapter begins with an explanation of why and how equal sharing pays: it is good for family well-being, child development, female employment opportunities, fathers' working hours (Sections 2 and 3) and sustaining fertility rates. Section 4 examines policies to promote partnership, looking both at persistent shortcomings and progress achieved through reform since the mid-2000s. The chapter closes with a set of policy recommendations designed to enable parents to share work and family responsibilities more equally.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	738748de711f25d4b4f39bcc8ca08ac6	For those who are dependent on such state support, conditions are also expected to become increasingly tough with work requirements attached to receipt. Families too will be expected to support other household members and there is likely to be a consequent rise in multiple family units. While poverty is reduced as a result of these living arrangements, there remain important questions about income-sharing within these family units.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	738b89a6d4f62cd25e59258f0339361d	Before the training, initial assessment data showed that up to 30 per cent of pharmacy staff were providing emergency contraceptive pills correcdy; after the training, diat figure rose to about 80 per cent (Parker, 2005). Sexual coercion is more broadly the act of forcing or attempting to force another individual through violence, threats, verbal insistence, deception, cultural expectations or economic circumstance to engage in sexual behaviour against his or her will (Baumgartner et al., Definitions that aggregate all forms of sexual coercion and sexual violence make it difficult to establish a relationship between adolescent pregnancy and sexual violence, such as rape, or sexual coercion which adolescents may or may not identify as violence. However, much like laws prohibiting child marriage, their efficacy resides in enforcement and the publics support for them.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	738ec72d107d06757985ffe54778ff4c	Using RUA as a starting point, establishing a PRTR in line with good international practice and with public access to the information collected should be a medium-term priority for Colombia. Policies and best practices of OECD countries could support these efforts (OECD, 1996a, 1996b,). Colombia could benefit from a wealth of information on country data and experiences and OECD-wide agreed release estimation techniques provided by the OECD website.4 This information could assist greatly in launching a PRTR in Colombia. To date, however it has a limited focus, dealing only with chemicals covered by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Colombia should strengthen its policies concerning public availability of safety data on chemicals. To this end, practices followed by OECD countries and reflected in two OECD Council Acts (OECD, 1983b, 1983c) could be of benefit.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	738fa4d7812d17a492ed32b9b58b99bb	Parenting must therefore be understood as a continuing effort towards individual survival and provision for others where the means to do so are severely constrained. Also, parents are rarely able to protect adolescents from significant levels of physical and psychological abuse, including humiliation, owing to their own low status in society, or detachment from the sphere of adolescents' work. Parents and children are in this sense equally vulnerable. This trend matters insofar as parents and adolescents worry about the future work opportunities for adolescents and their capacity to earn.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	73905777bd24ff07a748ee0d18bb8112	This could involve a system of accreditation to certify schools as capable of managing a budget for operational expenses as part of school evaluation processes by inspections (see Chapter 4). The granting of autonomy should then be associated with relevant and focused monitoring, especially monitoring of outcomes (see also Chapter 2). They should be required to develop a school development plan which links the school’s education priorities with its spending intentions in collaboration with the school community.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	739187949909ab55fb06242a86284d17	The ratio of the expected lifetimes at birth to health care spending per capita indicates that the Russian Federation performs poorly when compared with OECD countries (Figure 3.15). Similarly, there is no strong relationship between public health spending and life expectancy at birth at the regional levels: regions with high levels of health care spending do not necessarily perform better than low spending ones (Figure 3.16). Estimations based on federal treasury data and federal MHI fund data.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	739223764baa426146359ad2721d6364	Within India, the industry’s share of TFC will develop from 19% in 2013 to 28% in 2040. Although industry will be the sector with the largest increase in annual consumption in Emerging Asia in absolute values, the transport sector will have the highest growth rates in annual energy consumption. As the disposable income increases for the population in emerging Asia, the increase in personal vehicles will contribute to more than doubling the annual energy consumption of the transportation sector, from 437 Mtoe in 2013 to 981 Mtoe in 2040. While India accounts for an increasing share of TFC in emerging Asia, and ASEAN’s share remains relatively stable, China’s share decreases from 66% in 2013 to 56% in 2040 (Figure 3.2). Calculations are based on IEA’s New Policy Scenario.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	7392eba5ff1eec935aa75479328b6dee	For example, xanthan gum, from the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, is widely used in foodstuffs and cosmetics. It is used in large quantities during drilling for oil, particularly in horizontal drilling, as a mud thickening agent with excellent rheological properties. Marine bacteria are expected to be a valuable source of new exopolysaccharides with diverse and useful functional and structural properties. Marine-derived silica may be used as a carrier or stabiliser of manufactured products, can confer unique properties to adhesives or paints, and may be used as an insulator or filler of materials.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/859159ab-en	7392f1b5fe1ea28f6d2115f26660d77f	India aims to steady its deficit ratio in the coming fiscal years. The shortfall in fiscal year 2018 (ending March 2019) will likely exceed the initial target and deficit ratio set in the previous year. The trade tensions could affect economies in the region via global value chains, foreign investment, trade diversion and exchange-rate reaction, among other channels.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/355832ee-en	739360047139d49c9f958087b8543714	"Similarly, the ""homework"" indicator was removed from the construction of the educational resources dimension for Ireland. Unfortunately, the entire educational resources dimension had to be removed from the analysis for school-age children in Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, and Slovakia. As regards the oldest age group, the following countries were entirely omitted from the analysis because information on many items was not collected at all: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Slovenia and the UK."	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	739b9b76212129ef5d6b6f4d3b04e1ed	The NRC report claims that the gain in student outcomes as a result of NCLB is small and, given the ambitious program initiated by the U.S. government to improve significantly student outcomes by 2014, the system is set to fail. Test-based incentive programs, as designed and implemented in the programs that have been carefully studied, have not increased student achievement enough to bring the United States close to the levels of the highest achieving countries. When evaluated using relevant low-stakes tests, which are less likely to be inflated by the incentives themselves, the overall effects on achievement tend to be small and are effectively zero for a number of programs.”	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2faee448-en	739d2de82a42bb13cfea1c33842b00e3	Combating domestic violence is one of the most relevant instruments to achieve the MDG 3 + approach. To replicate the experience of the Brazilian Government with the implementation of the Maria da Penha Law and the National Plan to Face Violence Against Women that have established a new legal landmark in dealing with this matter. The participants had extensive discussions on the three sub-themes: “Present situation of women in the outlying regions”; “Empowering women for economic and social development in the outlying regions”; and “Tapping the NGO resources for women’s development in the outlying regions”.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4b795325-en	739e22c6b10ee21af1ca45b727b6b0a1	The Tuareg of Mali have lost their cattle, crops and shops owing to looting and revenge attacks (Poulsen, 2016). This situation has also put pressure on the Peul and Tuareg communities in Burkina Faso. Indeed, poverty in indigenous communities is directly linked to the decision of families to take girls out of school to prepare them for work. Since girls carry out important household tasks, which include assisting their mothers in performing chores and taking care of their young siblings, they are often kept at home.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	739f8dad860f2c6aab713f82e36ee000	Territorial authorities issue licences under the Food Hygiene Regulations and monitor compliance. Truth in labelling is regulated under the Joint Australia-New Zealand Food Standards Code and the Fair Trading Act 1986. The government does not intervene to regulate matters which are perceived to be commercial risk for processors, such as managing post-harvest loss or waste.	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	73a05afa68cb7d7cc0380ffb0be88a8e	At the same time, if paid leave is too long, skills may deteriorate and an extended absence from paid work can make the return to work difficult. Using data on parental leaue reform, this chapter considers the ouerall effects of 40 years of changes in parental leave on female labour supply. The chapter also looks at how policy uses parental leave arrangements to promote more gender equity in leave taking.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	73a2123a841e0b8e2383797215318202	Occupancy could be recognised as evidence of land ownership and informal evidence accepted, such as tax receipts combined with testimony by neighbours. Land registration enhances land tenure security, but it often implies the transformation of ulayat rights into individual rights which affects the fabric of social relationships. Land registration should not disregard the great diversity of local land rights and tenure arrangements that still exist. For instance, overpopulated Java, where customary land rights have almost completely disappeared and land rights have become strongly individual, requires different land rights provisions than other regions.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	73a2e254f4f6b45434658c81dae04608	As in other countries, China uses a grading system for monitoring and reporting the quality of freshwater across the country, with grade I water the highest quality and grade V-plus the worst. Water meeting at least grade II is deemed useable for drinking and water quality grade IV or worse inappropriate for contact with human skin. The situation remains especially serious for major rivers in the north of the country which pass through large cities, including the Huaihe and Liaohe, where well over half of monitored sections were deemed to be grade IV or worse (Table 2.2). Recent data confirm that other parts of the freshwater system also suffer from serious pollution, with 85% of lakes deemed to have water quality grade IV or worse and over half of all lakes and reservoirs assessed as suffering from eutrophication.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	73a4e2832d41a649b6340143cd774ec0	Moreover, care services that do not include quality standards for employment in this sector, mostly undertaken by women in Latin America, consolidate the job insecurity and social vulnerability from which they suffer. Other examples include the regulatory instruments of the labour market, which can simultaneously perform functions such as employment, social protection and care policies, such as those that establish a minimum wage or maximum working hours (ECLAC, 2016b). Moreover, the mechanisms of pension recognition for female caregivers could include the set of non-contributory social pensions that mainly benefit women in the region.11 In other cases, programmes that are on the border between employment and social protection policies could take account of the specific vulnerability faced by unpaid caregivers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-5-en	73a5fa07632e4f7886bdfd95e8ae7007	The variable Iny is the log of real GDP per capita so that the left-hand side of equation [1] approximates five-year growth in a country. On the right hand-side, Ineq is a summary measure of inequality; per capita GDP (yc-i) is the standard control for convergence, and the vector X contains a minimum set of controls for human and physical capital (see Annex 2.A1 for a detailed description of variables and sources). Using panel data allows accounting for country and time fixed effects (//c and pi). The country dummies are included to control for time-invariant omitted-variable bias, and the period dummies are included to control for global shocks, which might affect aggregate growth in any period but are not otherwise captured by the explanatory variables.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	73a8e6e84377c1cd75320daacde50450	Nonetheless, the absence of multi-annual budgets does not facilitate the integrated financial planning of the implementation of the reform. School financing is based on objective criteria (number of students being the most important one, but with adjustments for other factors which affect schools’ per-student costs) and not the result of negotiations between the government and school providers. Moreover, the existence of a clearly defined and objectively measured formula as the basis for allocating resources imposes a hard budget constraint to providers and creates the conditions for basic spending discipline. Also, by using the same formula-driven grants to finance public and private schools, the system facilitated the growth of a diverse network of service providers and enabled a high degree of choice among households.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6c990279-en	73ab9ae1222549d56f1b7bb08e6e7624	There are another 20 research institutes at 53 universities plus more than 25 institutes under various ministries (e.g. Education and Science, Health). The number of public sector employees increased over 2009-2013 (Table 3.2), driven largely by increased numbers of research specialists. Furthermore, there are various joint projects with universities (e.g. with the Kyrgyz National University (KNU) in the field of hydrometeorology) and efforts to integrate higher education with the NAS.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264085398-en	73b4a344b485b342189a62b51c1caf41	Critical aspects in terms of duration and conditions of employment, reliance of the sector on foreign labour, impact on local workers’ wages, social rights, and benefits’ portability remain largely under-researched. While the South African Domestic and Services Allied Workers Union (SADSAWU) has adopted a national strategy, protection remains limited in practice in a sector characterised by high levels of decent work deficits for all workers, and in particular immigrant workers. The remaining columns represent the differences between the native-born and foreign-bom sectoral employment shares.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	73b5842613f598a21d6514f07ed7c8fe	To date, 10 public policies related to planning and investment in different sectors (urban, rural and natural resource management) have benefited from DRR mainstreaming. Both issues are recognized in the Resilience and Disaster Risk Management Strategic Framework and Investment Program 2015, which will operationalize the country's National Development Plan 2015-2020. For example, in Indonesia, the 2007 Disaster Management Law made subnational governments at provincial, district and subdistrict levels responsible for DRR integration into development programmes, requiring them to allocate sufficient funding to do so. Pilot projects on DRR planning were implemented at the community level, which were expected to feed into village level development plans, which were to inform development planning processes at the subdistrict and district level.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/150942f1-en	73b691ff68cd049d2f30d318d10d438d	In Ghana, the decrease in school participation as a consequence of the crisis is driven both by a decrease in the number of children who combine school with labour and of those children who only work. School and labour impacts are practically nil in Cameroon with or without a policy response. This suggests that, even more than in the other two countries, interventions should focus more on supply side policies in order to try to reach the relatively small number of children currently out of the school system. In Burkina Faso, the likelihood falls by up to 1.2 percentage points, whereas the impact is more modest, but still substantial in Cameroon and Ghana.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	73ba48affe949ac2f5f8239b2bfb818c	Indeed, it is hard to deny that genuine development and the sort of social marginalization brought about by the Washington Consensus are incompatible. Its vision is of an economy dedicated to repairing the damage done to the world, one that prospers through creating a myriad of new business opportunities in the environmental field - in renewable energy, in low-carbon goods, in organic agriculture, in sustainably managed fisheries and forests, and in the power of innovation and invention. In this world, the power of the market is not sent back to its corner by the power of the lion-tamer’s chair and whip; instead, it is harnessed to do good.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257344-en	73bafa6f741d3bca8d8fb9908fafcfbd	While these policies have helped to reduce landfilling of waste and increase material recovery, incentives for eco-design can be further strengthened. Further efforts are also needed to ensure that EPR systems operate according to good governance principles, strengthening their transparency with a view to enhancing accountability, improving performance assessment and identifying good practices. The ambition of EPR systems should be increased, better internalising environmental costs, broadening their scope to encompass a larger number of products where possible, and strengthening their enforcement.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	73bd1e3b14311775ad0bf123cfffcb6b	Household financial vulnerability: An empirical analysis”. The Financial Crisis at the Kitchen Table: Trends in Household Debt and Credit”, Federal Reserve Bank of New York StaffReports, 480. Household debt and spending in the United Kingdom”, Bank of England Staff Working Paper, 554. Income, wealth and financial fragility in Europe”.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	73bd20628e09e57fb985cf80fde6eb55	Also, issues related to the state of human health and safety, the conditions of human life, and cultural sites and built structures, in as much as they are or may be affected by the elements of the environment, are not included explicitly in the scope of environmental information. It is not clear whether providing public access to information entails any kind of security or risk assessment before the information is released. The content of the website is prepared by the Ministry's Media Office.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	73be8fc67868aa964846853f1c51380d	For families, one minimum-wage job is typically not enough to escape relative poverty at the 50% threshold. However, in-work benefits and/or gradual benefit phase-out rates for families with children, such as in Australia, Ireland and the UK, can provide a significant income boost. Lone-parent full-time minimum-wage workers in these countries take home net income at or above 60% of median incomes.	1	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	73bf88d49ec79582e5a84915732acb0c	In addition they are able to export excess energy to BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada, thereby generating a much needed financial input to the region. Income from state-owned transmission lines will provide the funds necessary to build the Southeast Intertie connecting all of the Southeast’s communities by 2030 thus enabling a substantial portion of the Alaskan population to have access to a renewable energy supply. Or it is small scale diesel or gas generators just connected to a local network supplying typically a municipality, a town ora village.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	73c038b2296e743d0416360f6eda6b11	Although coffee is a major agricultural export, the branding possibilities of these unique assets have not yet been fully exploited, along with value added possibilities such as certified shade-grown, organic and fair trade. With approximately 50 million cattle, livestock in Ethiopia provides income for farming communities and a principal means of household saving. Livestock confer a certain degree of security in times of crop failure, as they are a ‘near-cash’ capital stock. Furthermore, livestock provides farmyard manure to improve soil fertility and is also used as a source of energy.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	73c1f07031397936eb68a8cce1dc55e2	However, while it was stronger than in Indonesia, India and the Philippines and equal to that in Thailand, it lagged behind China and more recently also Malaysia, reflecting a slowdown in the 2000s compared with the highest rates registered in the 1990s (Fuglie and Rada, 2013). By 2011-13, Viet Nam had become the world’s largest exporter of cashews and black pepper, the second largest exporter of coffee and cassava, the third largest exporter of rice and fisheries, and the fifth largest exporter of natural rubber. Annual exports for these commodities were well above, or very near to, USD 1 billion in the early 2010s.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	73c2df9df20077361a2e871ffaf65c06	In hindsight, this appears to have been sound policy advice, since it is highly unlikely that LDCs will achieve economic and social development and halve their poverty levels in line with internationally agreed goals without a sustained period of growth. In fact, in recognition of this likely scenario, the IPoA states (United Nations, 2011 ,para. As explained in chapter 3, however, it is now evident that economic growth, although necessary, by itself neither guarantees job creation nor automatically results in inclusive development.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	73c96a95b423af0e4b3bba5689efcd58	But they also add substantially to the private sector’s compliance burdens compared to a broad, single-rate scheme. Moreover, the budgetary costs of such tax expenditures are less measurable and controllable than explicit outlays on low-income support programmes. In the absence of the political will to acknowledge the lifetime proportionality of indirect taxes, politicians are likely to remain opposed to further increasing the share of consumption taxation.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	73ce8db128339ebc2a37cbd2f35975c7	Furthermore, making the teaching profession more attractive and more competitive would improve quality. Inequalities stem first and foremost from the urban-rural divide and secondly from social stratification, while, age, gender and regional differences contribute to a lesser extent. More central funding at the compulsory level would ensure minimum quality. Migrant children should be provided access to public schools or given vouchers to private schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	73d15b700f7c9460a70290cc87024ffc	The Committee's assignment was to establish the scientific basis for formulating a national action program for biological diversity and nature conservation in Denmark. The focus of this value transfer guide is the Stated Preference methods (CV and CE) and the Revealed Preference methods (TC and HP). The study comprises valuation of the effects on both drinking water quality and the quality of surface water recipients, expressed by the quality of the living conditions for wild animals, fish and plants in lakes and waterways.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	73d2688668b94d57b20271196dad2fbb	This may be reflecting a lower rate of successful entry into the labour market for younger generations. Our understanding of this aspect of the situation may benefit from further research in the future. On the other hand, the analysis of deprivation as measured by at least two indicators demonstrates that the values are higher for older cohorts, suggesting that multidimensional deprivation is more prevalent among older adults.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	73d2e7b2a2988b6d467bb0cd58ee35ff	Despite this growing knowledge, information on the links between migration and discriminatory social institutions has been neglected in the economic literature. The causes, processes and impacts of migration on women and men are expected to be different. By defining which decisions and behaviours are acceptable for each gender, as well as restricting women's access to power and resources.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	73d45714124848e9e3c74df6d9d06136	Ashgate: European Centre Vienna: 527-556. Dynamic General Equilibrium Modelling for Forecasting and Policy. The approach used has the merit of being “technology-specific” as it treats technologies at an identifiable, descriptive level, and measurable level. It should be noted that the estimates were illustrative only, and intended to give some insights as to whether the impacts of new technologies were likely to be expenditure increasing or decreasing, rather than to accurately estimate the magnitude of those impacts.	3	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	73d4b2e42785acf87f5b2ce2d665523d	In 2014-15, 64 schools that demonstrated highly deteriorating infrastructure were supported through an investment of 28 657 236 million pesos (MEX). This investment allowed for the construction of new classrooms and the renovation of others, as well as the improvement of schools’ basic sanitary services (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). While the Programme of Excellence to Combat Lagging in Education came to an end in 2015, it has been replaced by the Education Reform Programme (Programa de la Reforma Educativa).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b376f88-en	73d604d362f4b4b3ae6d414a1947c558	The content of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and pesticides in collector-drainage water is significantly higher than in surface water. To prevent pollution in the Amu Darya River, a package of measures on drainage flow management along the right bank of the river has been developed under the Drainage, Irrigation and Wetlands Improvement Project financed by the World Bank. These measures could make a considerable contribution to saving water in Uzbekistan and in the whole region.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	73d884f9f83108737278925df2a7a81e	The sheer size of the poverty problem in these countries and the dense income distribution at the lower end make it difficult to distinguish the poorest from the poor. Potential beneficiaries have to submit various documents with their application, including birth certificates, passports, residence permits (propiska’s), employment certificates, unemployment registration cards and more. Obtaining these documents in the first place can be too high a cost for very poor households.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	73d8d991a180b1b47aea5c42d096d0bf	Eight lane city road; 402. Two lane city planning road; 404. Four lane city planning road; 406. Six lane city planning road; 408, Eight lane city planning road; 502. It sets targets and areas for interaction. The core responsibilities of the DGT are at national level on all inter-urban roads, except for the Basque Countiy, Catalonia and Navarre.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	73da3e50f09f3c51e6dffe621572e672	Risk on the cost side for public agencies is also contained since most of the services to-date are time bound pilots with fixed budgets for subsidy payments - once the money runs out, so too does the service unless additional funds are allocated through the budget process. And the pilots typically allow public agencies and operators to enact sometimes substantial cost savings. Revenue estimates also oftentimes correctly assume a rise in ridership linked to the greater convenience and contained costs of services offered - especially in comparison to the pre-existing public transport-alone offer.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac203b4-en	73db674e671b2184a6b3a860cc39ac8e	The ILO report noted global estimates where more than 100 million girls were involved in child labour, and many were exposed to some of its worst forms. This is in line with assertions made in numerous other references, which also point to a strong link between education, increased women’s (as opposed to girls’) labour force participation, the wages they earn and overall productivity, all of which ultimately yields higher benefits for communities and nations. In other words, it pays to invest in girls' and women's education. Anne Oakley in particular, is known for coining the term gender socialization (1979), which indicates that gender is socially constructed.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	73dd35dfaf625d3e6fdcc14763382e90	Regional wellbeing indictors, Auvergne”, June 2016). Since the 1990s, population growth in the Puy-de-Dome departement has been concentrated in the north-south corridor of the territory surrounding Clermont-Ferrand, following the major road. The peri-urban areas around Clermont-Ferrand have seen particularly strong growth. This land is seeing an increase in both the elderly population and that of children—peri-urban spaces are an attractive place for both those retiring and those who are raising young families.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	73dfad9b4304213f2a64d59ca0f8b912	The sample of countries is listed in Annex 3. It includes a representative set of countries from all continents, a number of landlocked countries, least developed countries (LDCs) and major emerging economies. The chief reason to expect a potentially disproportionate effect of some constraints in developing countries is the fact that constraints are likely to interact with each other, with some constraints increasing or inhibiting the effect of others.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	73e6277a8294a79dc90f122736179eb3	Available from http://pascual.scripts.mit.edu/research/01/PR_jmp.pdf; Soloman Pol-achek and others (eds.) , Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets (Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2017). At the same time, higher volatility and slower growth in wages undermine the sustainability of current social protection systems.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	73e7fd95a73b653dc097ab44188ad1dc	In all scenarios, the girls being minors were found to have got married to men above 21 years of age, out of their own free will. The larger bench went to the minutest detail to conclude that the object behind enacting the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was to curb the menace of the prevalent child marriages. Court noted that indeed such marriages were illegal for several sociological and seemingly moral reasons. However, Court was dissatisfied that all the relevant laws contradict their illegalising clause by turning the disputed marriages voidable other than void ab initio.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	73e8a3e0f3509226071a0a183ad70cd8	Replacing a traditional property tax with a land-value tax, or a split-value tax that includes higher rates for land value and lower rates for structures or other improvements (as implemented by some municipalities in the US state of Pennsylvania), could encourage development in the urban core. A development charge is a one-off levy on developers to finance the growth-related capital costs associated with new development or, in some cases, redevelopment. These charges are levied on works constructed by the municipality, and the funds collected must finance the infrastructure needed for the development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599604-14-en	73eb3f5819b3dd3a39fe985e904c61c0	However, the EU argued that the non-reciprocal terms of the Cotonou Agreement made it World Trade Organization (WTO) incompatible and, in order to maintain access to the EU market, ACP countries had to sign subregional interim or comprehensive economic partnership agreements (EPAs) in 2007. These are free trade agreements and provide for reciprocity.	14	5	3	0.25
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	73ed4458fc0de69f9d6c1332ecc63165	Tax allowances (e.g. voluntary pension contributions, long-term savings to finance construction, dividends that have been taxed at the company level), deductions (e.g. mandatory and some voluntary health care contributions, mortgage interest payments for residential housing) and exemptions (e.g. 25% of wages under a threshold, most pension payouts) are so generous that less than 40% of the income of the top 1% is deemed taxable (Alvaredo and Londono, forthcoming). This percentage decreases further with income - for the top 0.01%, only 11% of their income is taxable. The law has hitherto stated that if an individual is not required to file a PIT return because gross income is lower than the filing threshold, then the withholding tax operates as a definitive tax.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	73efe4bbf45c5fa01390ed0c8c77a7bf	Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers. It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process. But as Parties implement increasingly forceful Paris Agreement commitments, they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies, and BCA will undoubtedly be weighed as one option for addressing them.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	73f015cb5eeb37a0cda89d82ec481729	It provides an overview of the financing for development agenda, highlighting the critical role of official development assistance (ODA) for the least developed countries, as well as its catalytic role in higher-income developing countries. The chapter analyses2002-15aggregate aid-for-trade disbursements (around USD 300 billion) and takes a detailed look at aid-for-trade programmes that are building physical and digital connectivity. It offers a brief overview of academic findings on the results of aid-for-trade investments, as well as recent evaluations of donor aid-for-trade strategies and programmes. Case stories show how aid for trade is helping countries improve their physical and digital connectivity, turning trade opportunities into trade flows. Finally, the chapter provides an analysis of aid-for-trade commitments in 2015, closing with a series of conclusion.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	73f0eeed9773dcfb8abf6717a07bd486	To what extent has UNDP learned from past evaluation findings to strengthen gender equality results at the programme and institutional levels? The aim is to redefine systems and institutions where inequalities were created and maintained. The strategy included programmatic and institutional guidance and a results framework, both of which are essential ingredients for strong gender mainstreaming. However, it was not endorsed by the Executive Board, making it a set of voluntary guidelines that weakened its potential impact and integration.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	73f25b0833c7a2b85d2718c0cd14ccf9	In Viet Nam, whether or not a sewerage system is available, septic tanks continue to be the norm for individual households. Although households are obliged to connect their septic tanks to the sewerage network, connections are sometimes extremely difficult in cramped urban centres and residents are naturally reluctant to undergo the inconvenience of intrusive works within their properties. Moreover, not being convinced of the benefit of the sewerage system, they often object to paying for the connection.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	73f5f88f29e55df791aedc82ea103fdf	Other countries see this stage of care framed in a more family-oriented or social development setting, with accordingly different requirements in terms of worker training. In countries of the region for which data are available, it is evident that the level of staff training in this area is very mixed and in many cases most staff are not trained (see figure below). Training and professionalization are urgently needed in this area, in order to increase staff retention and reduce turnover.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1f11729d-en	73f7cac9d2b458af1c11911e82b07652	The child in Romania located in the poorest decile holds approximately only 37% of the income of the child at the middle of the income distribution. Across the OECD area, recent statistics highlight that children and young people were the groups hit hardest by economic downturn (OECD 2014). Child poverty and severe deprivation increased faster for children than for the population as a whole in many countries and notably in those most affected by the crisis (Chzhen 2014,33).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	73f7f3b187f36684b4d94192b4ca393e	The platform is run by the Trade and Industry Department in association with industrial and trade organizations, professional bodies, private enterprises and other government departments. One of its innovative features is 'Meet the Advisors’ Business Advisory Services. Its mission is to show Swiss SMEs how to enter attractive export markets and create opportunities for growth. The initiative includes other private sector partners, such as Credit Suisse, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Amber Road, and Swiss Export Risk Insurance SERV.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d990dbd9-en	73f881819c54ba11c60dd099481630a8	"Primary prevention frequently receives more support and hence is more prominent in national drug demand reduction frameworks and programmes. Nonetheless, many primary prevention activities are thought to be based on limited evidence, have limited coverage and be of unknown quality."" The value of treating, rehabilitating and socially reintegrating people afFected by drug use disorders (to be discussed later in this chapter) needs greater recognition. D (“What works in drug use prevention?”)."	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	73f9172623d865f6914a5ff39a87a5d3	Switzerland shows a decreasing rate among the less educated. The complete set of trends in social disparities by education level and by SES is available in Annex 5. Trends in social gradients in hazardous drinking show: narrowing social disparities in six countries with decreasing rates of hazardous drinkers among the more educated and/or the better-off (England, Finland Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, and New Zealand). In contrast, increasing social disparities are observed among women in England with rates of hazardous drinkers growing among the more educated. Ireland, which has the highest proportions of heavy episodic drinkers, displayed a remarkable trend of narrowing social disparities. In contrast, social disparities have been increasing in Germany, New Zealand, and the United States (men only), with the worse-off increasingly at risk over time compared to other SES groups (although education-related inequalities in HED narrowed in Germany at the same time).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/baf425ad-en	73f9776dc5f20d139a5938e0820c908d	The complex nature of both primary care settings as well as capturing patient harm in these settings may be explaining the knowledge gap. Some studies on medication and diagnostic errors have been identified. In Indonesia, a study identified ADEs in 226 out of 229 prescriptions in the outpatient setting, out of which 99.12% was due to prescription errors (incomplete prescription error the most common), 3.66% dispensing errors and 3.02% pharmaceutical errors (Perwitasari et al, 2010).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	73fa06acbfdc6b66b1fd8c8d16fe12af	By cooperating in this way at the regional level and local level they can share the risk information and allow for timely evacuation. Such transboundary information management also needs to be more comprehensive - integrating river-basin hydrology with climate risk scenarios, seasonal weather forecasts, monsoon variability analysis, terrain characteristics and information on land use and cover. In this way it can address information gaps and promote South-South and regional cooperation. They should be able to employ the data in their risk models and vulnerability analyses and use these as a basis for decisionmaking. One study that assessed ten major geospatial information products found that for humanitarian purposes the most valued products were those related to earthquakes and floods.33 For economic purposes, however, those of greatest use were for urban land use classification along with flood and landslide risk assessments (Figure IV-13).	13	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	73fa63e753c480564d8cf1043a6741ee	It is therefore not the frequency but the intensity of cyclones that is worsening, with two combined phenomena: warming of the oceans - which creates more water vapour and therefore energizes cyclones as they form above the sea - and rising sea levels, which IPCC experts put at between 26 and 82 cm by the year 2100. The climate change now occurring is taking us towards ever more intense meteorological events. This was also the conclusion of two studies published in 2005, the first in Nature3, which showed that the total energy dissipated by hurricanes in the northern Atlantic and western Pacific had increased by 70 per cent over 30 years; and the second, in Science,4 which confirmed that the number of category four or five hurricanes increased by 57 per cent between 1970 and 2004.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	7400658d7be69acb726a6e2bd04248c8	In Canada, many of these are recent. In New Zealand, on the other hand, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 as a founding document of the country itself and so has had far longer to help define core values and practices. Among other things, it states: “Under this Treaty, responsibility for Maori language (and its revival) is shared between Maori and the Crown.”	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c5af5698-en	74056954154e458640ce939f2826bf5e	See Mogues, ef a/., 2012. Public expenditures on agriculture, education and roads contribute strongly to agricultural growth across regions, although to different degrees; and, within agriculture, the impact of research expenditures on productivity is stronger than non-research expenditures (Fan and Saurkar, 2006). Investment in research, often associated with extension, is consistently found to be the most important source of productivity growth in agriculture (Fischer, Byerlee and Edmeades, 2009). In Rwanda, for example, 1 dollar of additional government expenditures on agricultural research increases agricultural GDP by 3 dollars, but the effects were larger for staples such as maize, cassava, pulses and poultry than for export crops (Diao eta/., 2010). In India, expenditures aimed at improving productivity in livestock had greater returns and were more effective in mitigating poverty than general public investment in agriculture (Dastagiri, 2010). Because R&D drives technical change and productivity growth in agriculture, it raises farm incomes and reduces prices for consumers.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	7407cb07ca3a10d3e7fb8998f2cde453	The fourth phase, the current one, commenced in 2013. The Huduma1 Kenya programme — the public sector innovation of focus in this study — is a critical part of this effort. This programme aims at transforming public service delivery by providing citizens with access to various public services and information from one-stop-shop citizen service centres (CSCs) called Huduma Centres and through integrated technology platforms. The decision by the current government to invest limited public resources in the programme was informed by the belief that improved service delivery would lead to realisation of the vision.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	740873e8d7f4670dde768ad39a94338d	The most recent climate change negotiations in Katowice in December 2018 resolved some key differences among states on the rules for implementation, but postponed some important decisions for future negotiations. While other countries could have followed the example of the US and abandoned the Paris Agreement, the political reactions to President Trump's announcement seem instead to have strengthened the support and legitimacy of the agreement as world leaders have reaffirmed their commitments (Betsill 2017). Moreover, the establishment of a coalition of over 3000 US sub-state and non-state actors under the banner of America's Pledge initiative testifies to the support for the Paris Agreement among a range of important US actors despite lack of federal support.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	740923e434b65f313469c37ae1fffa1f	Elderly populations are likely to be particularly vulnerable to changes in access to hospital and physician care with the current hospital reforms, as they are likely to be less able to travel, and have more regular health needs, and hospital visits. Efforts to identify unmet needs of the elderly population should be made, including efforts to consider mental and physical wellbeing of elderly populations, both in the community and in residential care-settings. Good health care in nursing homes and long-term-care settings is a further dimension of equity in health care access that should be considered by municipalities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188914-en	740bda155173c871863237c2c3d8629f	Most occupations in this major group require skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Technicians and associate professional group “includes occupations whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of physical and life sciences, or social sciences and humanities. The main tasks consist of carrying out technical work connected with the application of concepts and operational methods in the above-mentioned fields, and in teaching at certain educational levels. Most occupations in this major group require skills at the third ISCO skill level” (International Labour Organization, 2004).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	740d122f798c2ed94d950537e7d54a45	The metro-region’s labour market is characterised by a high degree of geographic segmentation that reduces low-income residents’ access to employment, since they are likely to find it hardest to bear the cost of commuting. Eight % of the residents in Cook County and 5% of residents in the metro-region live in high poverty neighbourhoods (in which 35% or more of residents live in poverty). Residents in high-poverty areas typically have access to fewer jobs, in part because businesses tend not to locate in them (Figure 10).	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4b376f88-en	741095227201d625162ab61580184f93	There are seven classes of water quality according to the WPI, from I (very clean, WPI < 0.3) to VII (extremely dirty, WPI > 10). These include the Chatkal, Ugam, Aktashsav, Kyzylcha and Chimgansay Rivers in different years ranging from Class II (clean) to Class III (moderately polluted) due to heavy anthropogenic pressures in the Chimgan tract. In all but a few areas, this water meets the Uzbek 2000 state standard (O'z DST) 950 on drinking water.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	7410a4e539788aa4ffdc69fefeb5ae71	So far, municipal and state governments have not shown particular willingness to use these revenues to improve or consolidate the water management system. A key way forward is to set the incentives to focus this source of revenues on the main water priorities, which entails strong links with planning. Even in the case of Rio de Janeiro, this is a critical issue.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	74118832c4c797468ffde4faa9db5615	The same holds for countries where poverty increased during the period, with falling incomes being the main factor in the loss of well-being. Income growth accounted for two thirds or more of the decline in poverty in Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Panama, Peru and Colombia. In another five countries (Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador and Uruguay), the share was between 55% and 65% of the total.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	7412c8c097bc37af4d8aa74073efd609	Various functions of the Union Parishad are executed through these standing committees, and women from reserved seats would head one-third of them. The bill also provides for the formation of the Samaj Unnayan Committee in every ward consisting of the member of the reserved seat, who shall also be its chair (The Local Government (Union Parishads) (Amendment) Act, 2001). Panchayat raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has three levels: gram (village, though it can comprise more than one village), janpad (block) and zilla (district).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	741547b1fffe101893b0f9b78a39926d	The Polish PEFC standards were accredited in 2008. Decisions to opt for FSC or PEFC certification are left up to the RDSFs. Because of their small size, private forests are not subject to certification (Koziol and Matras, 2013). Key regulations on land conversion and tree cutting have been used to protect the forest cover from destruction.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	741591d32e8213433fa0a9e3cc780ef5	"Democratic life has given rise to new electoral preferences and brought social demands to greater prominence. This means that, in a positive cycle of economic stability, governments respond to these demands for social inclusion with new, more redistributive policies. In most cases, these are reforms inspired by the idea of ""prudent redistribution with growth"" (Cornia, 2010) by way of fiscal, employment and progressive transfer policies."	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	7415ea7c8771cc6b50012e6c677b46f3	While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags involved are over so many years. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits are realised. Policy makers may lose an election over education issues, but they rarely win an election with education.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	7417890fd2718a4d430051885d91ce67	Any effort to upgrade the capacity of the state to implement social policy should be seen as part of the overall development effort. Privileging the provision of social and basic services by the private sector or external entities could provide immediate advantages, but would not exempt the state from the obligation to set standards and monitor and regulate such provisioning. In the area of trade, the need for uniform international trade disciplines must be balanced against the need to facilitate the increasing participation of economies with more limited capacity. There is also a glaring absence of multilateral mechanisms for more humane and mutually beneficial migration. The international aid system is rife with costly duplication, fragmentation among donors and misalignment with the needs of aid recipients.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	741997128944b28d955c17f2b3f7cb2a	This research would also be useful for the comprehensive contextual understanding of the sector’s energy transition. Finally, improved knowledge of the mining companies' energy transition efforts in different regions will be of great interest. Mining companies tend to provide aggregate data on the integration of renewables in their operations, with limited geographic granularity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	741c9517f65672b3461b815b102ad5b9	Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and reestablish a continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for (nuclear) baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources. A more decentralised electricity system based on local energy sources could allow under certain conditions, such as the local matching of demand and supply, for shorter electricity transport distances and thus reduce electricity transmission losses.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	741fd547a40562127bb2ad99dafa4d13	The body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his/her height in meters (kg/m2). However, it should be considered only an indicative guideline, because it may not correspond to the same degree of overweight and obesity in different individuals. However, the respective public health burdens of overweight and undernourishment/micronutrient deficiencies are not quantified only in terms of the number of people affected.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	7420645165eee5829f6cb02ff308cf65	Only 5 percent of surveyed firms had engaged an accredited energy auditor to conduct a formal audit (Ghosh 2011). Most firms know little about how an audit could identify energy-saving measures. Many smaller firms assumed that an energy audit involved government officials and worried about external interference. Indian energy auditors corroborated these findings (Ghosh 2011).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	74274d58aa160ac9369c50cd3edd7324	Whether or not this land redistribution process had positive results remains unclear. Significantly, the state owns approximately 25% of the land. Walker and Dubb report that of the total land area in South Africa, 67% is “white,” commercial agricultural land, 15% is “black,” mainly communal areas (mostly state-owned), 10% is non-farming state areas (mainly conservation areas), and the remaining 8% is urban zones (Table 20) (Walker and Dubb. The Strategic Plan for Smallholder Support (SPSS), which is the blue print for support to smallholders, proposes the following basic qualitative typology of smallholders: 1) SP1 Smallholder producer type 1: Smallholders for whom smallholder production is a part-time activity that forms a relatively small part of a multiple-livelihood strategy.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	742882051ad3d5cc9b5d50a8e64cd9cd	Examples for countries with partial tax reductions are France, Italy and Poland. Among these, there are countries which grant the tax relief only to an agreed amount of biofuel production (for example France and Italy). For Canada this ratio is assumed to reduce by about 30 and 15 percentage points for ethanol and biodiesel respectively (OECD-FAO, 2013).	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	7429654bef548befe1d12f2d9e0085a5	On the other hand, the federal government's position is that provincial services should extend to reserves under the cost-sharing arrangements that apply to the general population. This fundamental disagreement translates in a very real way into program fragmentation, problems with coordinating programs, underfunding, inconsistencies, service gaps, and lack of integration. Critics argue that the federal government routinely tries to rid itself, or limit, indigenous programs and services by continuing to diminish what it determines as discretionary health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	742a4e7c62fdd2a9cdad948503cfe2eb	Demand Side Energy Efficiency Plan (PPEC) consists of a tender mechanism, by which eligible promoters submit measures to improve electricity efficiency. These measures are selected through technical and economical evaluation criteria. Evaluation of the benefits from PPEC in 2008 were much higher than the correspondent costs, with a ratio of 8:1 in the residential segment; 9:1 in the services segment and 7:1 in the industrial segment.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36457e13-en	742caaa5a519f200218fb586c77a490d	In RS all protected areas fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the entity. Two special strict nature reserves are included for RS, as these territories continue to be counted as protected virgin forests in accordance with the law on forests. Development of national systems of protected areas is a direct implementation of international obligations.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	742ccdaf9a5e14ad6ac2ebe6c8ff56a4	Work strengthens its link with human development if it goes beyond individual benefits to contribute to shared social objectives, such as poverty reduction, sharing prosperity, social cohesion, culture and civilization. The approach became popular in Latin America in the 1990s when the region was facing an economic crisis and high unemployment rates. People looking for alternative sources of income began to cluster into groups, co-operatives and associations to establish economic ventures that would benefit the community (Nobrega 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	742d2a24cac5209e7335e8269a2a2380	If the diesel engine has a particulate filter, the tax will be EUR 93. Thus, Road Fund revenues increased from EUR 70 million to EUR 112 million between 2000 and 2008, and outlays from EUR 108 million to EUR 83 million. Rail Fund revenues increased from EUR 104 million to EUR 306 million between 2004 and 2008, while outlays rose from EUR 120 million to EUR 275 million.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	74303f12bdb2aaa458c41bdd34840808	In addition, Africa’s urbanisation is taking place in a resource and climate-constrained world unknown to earlier urbanisation (Swilling, 2015; Currie et al., Ensuring that the ongoing wave of urbanisation is more sustainable than in the past is of strategic importance to Africa and to the world at large. It took Europe 110 years to move from 15% urban in 1800, to 40% in 1910.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	74317c49580d352cd955700f8e622cb9	However, the lack of supportive structures for women’s entrepreneurship, complicated business registration and licensing procedures, and access to markets were also mentioned as constraints. In addition, entrepreneurship tends to be seen as a domain for males and there are few women entrepreneurs to serve as inspiring role models for other women or to challenge traditional stereotypes. Because of the w'eak culture of female entrepreneurship, women tend to lack self-confidence in their abilities to start and manage a business and are afraid of taking the risk.	5	0	6	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	7435e28ddbb007fa5bbb76614359b0a6	And the fact that different countries show very different patterns indicates that some countries are making more progress than others towards 'the just society'. As die trend line shows, there is a significant correlation between the two. Figure 6a should therefore be read in conjunction with Figure 6b which compares overall government spending on protecting families (including cash benefits, tax allowances, and spending on services for families) with overall child poverty rates.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	74389403df5a0b107b8ef11f0792c8e1	Through the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its 169 targets, the 2030 Agenda seeks to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls (Preamble, paras. Moreover, under this Agenda, world leaders committed to promote cohesive families (para. If families have changed over time, what is a ‘family’ today? How do critical human rights principles such as equality and non-discrimination, the best interests of the child and the right to live a life free of violence shape the understanding of family?	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	74389fbddf71344d5357db6d7827f604	The quantity of mercury released into the environment in the Yamal-Nenets and Taimyr autonomous districts reaches 15 tons a year; polychlorinated biphenyls, 3.2 tons. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Today, however, the consumption of meat and fat from certain species of birds, fish and animals can present danger, particularly to pregnant and nursing women and to children.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	74393cc87f73f1f6350b807fea2f5967	In the post-apartheid higher education system, technological universities have a mandate to undertake applied research. To support R&D and innovation, the CUT has established a number of research centres and developed a Technology Transfer and Innovation Centre, an African Entrepreneurship Centre and an IT Hub with a telecommunications network in Welkom. At the national level, within a relatively short space of time, 152 public colleges were merged to 50 diverse multi-site colleges.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	7439626c9a27c062751c335f119cebd5	Some limited information is available on private sector agricultural research in other countries. See, for instance, Pardey, Beintema, Dehmer, and Wood (2006). Whether they were concerned with spillovers or not, studies have imposed implicit or explicit assumptions about the spatial spillover effects of agricultural research based on geopolitical boundaries. More recently, agricultural economists have been paying increasing attention to accounting for the fact that knowledge created within a particular geopolitical entity can have impacts on technology elsewhere, with implications that may matter to both the creators of the spillouts and the recipients of the spillins (see Alston, 2002, for a review of this literature, and Alston et al.,	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	74396a06155ac146b6aff1c1c9fbfed2	From a long-term perspective, much of the increase in non-regular work was offset by a decline in the number of independent and family workers. The largest categories of non-regular workers are young people on temporary contracts, older persons who continue to work after formal retirement from their lifetime job, and married women working part-time. Less than half of non-regular jobs pay work-related health and social insurance contributions and about two-thirds make Employment Insurance (El) contributions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	743a59e0b6bab78c58de64a2375fcb29	In addition, the role that public research should play in poverty alleviation is not clear. According to Ekboir (2009), the system sets priorities and strategies on the basis of a linear vision of science that is more suitable for enhancing agricultural production through plant-breeding than for alleviating poverty. Furthermore, CGIAR Centers do not have sufficient expertise in fields such as agricultural marketing that would enable farmers to earn higher incomes (Science Council Secretariat, 2006). Therefore, it is of great importance that CGIAR establish partnerships with actors in the private sector and with NGOs that have this type of expertise.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	743dae4fb75aa4dcee3b2da6c67c62be	Charging a fee is not the normal practice in government agencies, such as the Egyptian Social Fund for Development, Dubai SME, the Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development, etc. In fact, one of the purposes of any donor funding is to be able to provide BDS services to start-ups and micro- and small enterprises that would otherwise not be able to afford them. This is sometimes a minimal or symbolic fee, which they feel creates a higher level of commitment on the part of the beneficiaries.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	743f88bd2fa8535d87e9c39d75ff6715	Populations in developing countries are more vulnerable to, and will be more adversely affected by, climate change. The negative impacts especially in marginal lands include soil degradation and increased risk of droughts, floods, storms and pests. Three hundred million farmers in Africa live and work on marginal lands. Growing aridity is expected to affect agricultural productivity directly in some regions, such as southern Africa and some parts of Asia and Latin America.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-6-en	7447c7991cd83b506f0c94a22eb57f6e	All wage variables are in log form. See OECD (2014) for more details of how the levels are constructed and how they relate to proficiency scores. The cut-off points defined by these groups are then applied to each one of the other countries (creating groups of different sizes, depending on the relative supply of skilled labour). Table 2.A3.1 shows the proportions in each of these skills group by country.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	744a6ae46210a4f23e6efdb45be7682b	Indirect taxes - taxes such as electricity taxes, which are collected from a limited number of energy suppliers rather than a large number of energy consumers - may minimize administrative costs and be more feasible to implement in the developing country context. Policymakers can go on to consider more complex instruments later on. Many countries, including developing countries, have concentrated taxing authority and tax administration with the central Government, which has the important advantage of collecting taxes where sound capacity exists to do so (Mikesell, 2003).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/95417570-en	744e096dfe8b7ee9d8bf7e9dc2d9c7c8	Technical abatement opportunities up to a cost of €60 per ton of C02e include: energy efficiency, low-emissions energy supply, terrestrial carbon (forestry and agriculture) and behavioural change (figure II.3). The first three options generate a total abatement of 38 Gt CO,e per year in 2030 relative to annual business-as-usual emissions of 70 Gt C02e. Abatement opportunities in these three categories are spread across many sectors of the economy: with approximate figures of 29 per cent for the energy supply sectors (electricity, petroleum and gas); 16 per cent in the industrial sector; 22 per cent in transport, buildings and waste; and 33 per cent in land-use sectors (forestry and agriculture).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	7450284a79358fe42c8870a42a6b32d4	Troisiemement, le role, actif ou non, joue par la main d’ceuvre d’une entreprise dans la promotion de l’innovation est determine par les pratiques suivies en matiere d’organisation du travail. Enfin, les systemes de formation de la main d’ceuvre des pays developpes presentent un tableau contraste, en particulier s’agissant de l’enseignement professionnel. Les differences qui en decoulent en termes de quantite et de qualite des competences de la main d’ceuvre constituent un facteur determinant pour l’innovation telle qu’on peut 1’observer et certains aspects cles de la performance economique.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-11-en	74516b88addc56939d97c1b225029947	The amendments focus the Act's regulatory regime for the protection of fish and fish habitat on managing threats to the sustainability and ongoing productivity of Canada's commercial, recreational and Aboriginal fisheries. They also provide enhanced compliance and protection tools; provide for clarity, certainty and consistency of regulatory requirements through the use of standards and regulations; and enable partnerships with agencies and organisations best placed to provide fisheries protection services. One of the questions in the Fishery Checklist asks for the status of the stocks. Seventy-four stocks were in the healthy zone, above their upper stock reference point; 41 were in the cautious zone between their biological limit reference point and their upper stock reference point; 16 stocks were in the critical zone below their biological limit reference point; and the status of 24 stocks was unknown.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	745481c829cb91701d63d465cefbf802	Despite efforts to offset the underlying social inequalities stemming from the market-driven penetration of such equipment, the school system has not had much influence. The only clear signs of an impact are in Chile (see figure II. A recent study (Sunkel, Trucco and Moller, 2010) profiled young ICT users in three countries on which PISA 2006 information was available (Chile, Colombia and Uruguay) on the basis of what they reported using computers and the Internet for, and how intensely. The typology shows that there are four types of user, differentiated on the basis of how intensely they use the technology and the degree of specialization they have acquired.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c530cc54-en	74574a8e22d964fc1f84159001d1e7e3	Alternatively, prioritiarians rationalize graduation as an opportunity to redistribute limited resources to the next group of individuals that comply with the eligibility criteria. The withdrawal of support needs to balance against the likelihood that beneficiaries might fall back into poverty again. Anti-poverty programmes using single events as eligibility conditions such as pregnancy or completion of primary education might not be effective when used as exit or 'graduating' conditions. More importantly, ethical justification for eligibility conditions might not apply in the context of exit conditions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	745971cb242bc8f479e48696fe0b4601	Finally, supply-side constraints to additional private financing include strict pension investment rules and regulatory restrictions such as Basel III and Solvency II, which require more capital allocation for infrastructure (Woetzel et al., In line with this diagnosis, multilateral development banks are stepping in, by establishing joint investment platforms in which they provide technical expertise, capacity-building and financing instruments to increase the supply of “bankable” projects (G20, 2011; UNCTAD, 2018). In many parts of the world, infrastructure investment has declined since the global crisis (Woetzel et al.,	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d35e799b-en	745cb77260e898afd44d9191fb957848	Globally, however, 45 per cent of all workers are still working in vulnerable conditions. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia account for more than half of the world's vulnerable employment, with three out of four workers falling in this category. The number of workers in vulnerable employment has increased by 25 million since 2008, because of the increasing number of people entering the labour market and limited opportunities for paid employment.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	745cec55bc81aa21c519bac27df0d17a	The t-tests show that Korea’s average pedestrian fatality rate between 2000 and 2013, 5.2 fatalities per 100 000 inhabitants, is statistically significantly higher than in any other country with a margin for error of less than 0.1%. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates a difference that is statistically significant at the 5% level. Korea ranked highest in the elderly traffic fatality rate, w'ith a rate of 3.6 per 100 000 inhabitant elderly traffic fatalities, i.e. fatalities among the over 65 year olds, on average from 2000 and 2013.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/641d54a4-en	7464d99f642d80c80ee2d932aa5d9586	Much of the paper sector output, particularly for paperboard, is intimately tied to the demands for packaging by the manufacturing sector, which has been in an unsteady decline since 1999 in the USA, and is likely to trend downward into the foreseeable future. The expected recovery in traditional forest products markets is accompanied by great uncertainty about the extent and consequences of production of wood energy. If wood energy supply is consistent with the volumes the IPCC in its report considered necessary to stabilise climate change (assuming a constant share of bioenergy in renewables), it would increase 4-5 times between 2006 and 2030 in the USA and 3-7 times in Canada, with steep price rises. However, if the historical mix between energy and industrial wood is assumed to stay constant, the increases in wood energy are relatively small in both countries, a clear indication of the importance of policy factors in driving the expansion of wood energy.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	74672484064f582dc800de5411f67dc0	Thorough consultations with communities about programmes that have such profound effects on local livelihoods and lifestyles should be undertaken to ensure deeper community understanding of the consequences. Programmes designed and planned from outside the community may not create local jobs, particularly if the construction contracts arc won by large international companies that are not accountable to the community. Only if there is a conscious effort to consider the needs of local people, such as through skills development in the Suai community housing project, are the expectations of the communities for local jobs likely to be fulfilled.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7468874d5f38b453f025618c234cfd53	Training health professionals on effective communication of complex information is therefore important. Such training includes methods to assist patients to problem solve and interpret their symptoms, and to increase health professionals’ awareness of the impact of patient self-management on health outcomes (Yank et al., Patient education programmes and counselling sessions are another fruitful way to support better patient self-management.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	746dc43e3ea13225327a4dfabeae3f2b	This accelerating change is matched by an even more rapid release of labour out of the sector. In Korea, agriculture’s share of employment fell from 40% to 16% in just 14 years - a transition which took 53 years in the United States and 68 years in the United Kingdom (the first country to go through the industrial revolution). Figure 1.6 compares agriculture’s share of GDP with agriculture’s share of employment for recent years in a large number of developed and developing countries.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	7473420af4bd2b9aae396f6aed81f778	This has resulted in higher inflation and a higher current account deficit. Mongolia is the only exception; it has a large current account deficit due to its imports of machinery for the mining sector and strong domestic demand because of the economy’s double-digit growth. In 2012, the current account as a share of GDP remained positive at about 2.6% in China, 1% in Japan and 3.9% in the Republic of Korea.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	74755846cc63e4f15537e93049343716	This type of agreement could in future be strengthened by an initiative of the UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), which is developing an Industrial Standards Framework. The Framework will include, among other elements, an energy management standard that will link to the ISO 9000/14000 quality and environmental management systems standards. This would be a voluntary standard, available to support and strengthen industrial efficiency initiatives (UNIDO, 2008).	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ae18b798-en	7476b4cbaaaadeda27913211b37d274b	They started from the assumption that a rational individual maximizes his or her utility or satisfaction as a function of consumption (C) and leisure (L), subject to time and budget restrictions, and they used the criterion of satisfaction with life to evaluate the effects of substitution between leisure time (L) and income (I). The time poverty' threshold was set at 60% of median free time (the sum of time devoted to social life, sport, hobbies and culture consumption). Then the multidimensional poverty threshold was set at the utility point where the time and income thresholds meet and, lastly, individuals were classified in different poverty regimes (see diagram 1.1). These authors propose that people spend more time than is strictly necessary on paid and unpaid work and much of the time pressure they perceive is discretionary .	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	747776de24dc6a898960383ef0997e0b	Overall, assistance for victims of violence, hotlines, shelters and counselling services remains very limited in MENA countries. More shelters are needed to ensure that all victims throughout the country can access immediate protection. According to recommendations of the Council of Europe, all countries should provide one place in a shelter per 7 500 residents; this coverage is not achieved by the existing geographical distribution of shelters (Council of Europe, 2007: 18). There is also a need for greater provision of free legal aid and advice services for victims of violence.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	747a0c31803241d47a7cea945879db42	In the United States, 7% of students can be considered resilient, in the sense that they come from the 25% of the most socio-economically disadvantaged students but nevertheless perform much belter than would be predicted based on their socio-economic background (7% is also the average in the OECD) (Figure 2.7). However, in Korea, Hong Kong-China and Shanghai-China, the share of disadvantaged students who excel at school despite their disadvantaged background is about twice as high. Using economic modelling to relate cognitive skills - as measured by PISA and other international instruments - to economic growth shows (with some caveats) that even smal I improvements in the skills of a nation's labour force can have large impacts on that country's future well-being. Bringing the United States up to the average performance of Finland, the best-performing education system among OECD countries, could result in gains in the order of USD 103 trillion.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	747b5d2fb7a416d02f7fcca2e2d91ccc	As agreed by 23 international organisations and 192 countries in 2000, MDGs include 8 goals and 18 concrete targets that support sustainable development. Accomplishing this goal would help to tackle most development issues. Access to water is a vehicle to eradicating poverty and hunger, addressing gender equality (women’s empowerment and girls’ education), and reducing child mortality and major water-related diseases. Water accessibility cuts across sectors and is affected by policy decisions in multiple areas; lack of access to water can result in many cumulative impacts.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jxx20dk8jf5-en	747c3abf59da0e714dcee4ae5ad61eaf	It has been estimated by the World Bank that around 3 SO million jobs are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism, and research. More than 1 billion people depend on fish for their primary source of protein intake. The economic dimension of oceans is encapsulated in the blue or oceans economy concept. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and David Vivas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of UNCTAD and Commonwealth secretariats.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	747fc2c2d37bf305900117ce77206bed	However, it needs to be emphasized that small, resource-rich or affluent countries can achieve much faster transitions than large, resource-poor, or low-income countries. Current ambitions would require a rebuilding of the majority of the power grids in the world within the next 10 years, another achievement that would be completely unprecedented, which is not to say that it would be technically impossible, but only that it would come at a significant social and economic cost and would divert resources from other pressing needs, especially those of the world’s poor. For example, a solar power proponent might state that the potential for solar radiation absorbed by land is 790 zettajoules (ZJ), which was about 2,000 times the figure for fossil fuel extraction in 2010.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	7480b097d268d295b9c12c426aba4ff6	In 1992 two school choice reforms were implemented, allowing the opening of private independent schools and also giving pupils the right to choose between private and public schools. Rules for teacher qualification assessments were abolished in 1993, and a new curriculum and a new grading system were implemented in 1994. It was thought that if decisions were taken locally, schools would more easily adapt to the individual needs of pupils. Furthermore it was envisaged that schools would be better adapted to their local context when school staff were given increased discretion and that communication and influence of parents and other local stakeholders would improve when decisions were taken locally. The cost per pupil dropped as a consequence of a higher number of pupils per teacher.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	7481c337b831880f5835fbf7e67f27ee	This can result in extreme measures for those irrigators wishing or needing to continue to apply water to their crops, for instance, by resorting to trucking in water from other locations, a costly way to manage shortage. However there is an expectation that Dutch water shortages will become more frequent in the future, so the limitations of the current approach are likely to become more evident. While priority regime banning may seem adequate as a short-term emergency measure, if regions need to limit and/or periodically ration water abstraction on a regular or even permanent basis, then development of a more sophisticated control regime is vital. A more sophisticated control regime is worthy of serious consideration, especially as it can complement the other options. Establishment of a water licensing or permitting regime that covers most agricultural forms of water use is the first step in transitioning to a regime designed to limit access.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	748385a0fcc1c5e2bee90331fca32cc3	Blank (1989) reports in her analysis of AFDC-receipt in Denver and Seattle that 62% of the completed spells for a household ended within a year, with an average duration of benefit payments of 13 months. She however does not include the 36% of right-censored spells in these calculations, which generally have a longer duration until censoring. Fitzgerald (1991) calculates a much longer median AFDC benefit spell length of 20 months over a shorter observation period (32 months), but calculates a median spell duration of 11-12 months for receipt of AFDC and Food Stamps in a follow-up study (Fitzgerald, 1995).28 Also Hoynes (2000) reports longer AFDC spell lengths for California, where 46% of spells end within 12 months and 62% end within 24 months.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	748797d73e036c7a8d7973c145b70a5d	This percentage shrinks as income rises, to stand at 14% of the non-vulnerable group. Those who completed primary education but not secondary education make up the largest group (some 45%) among the non-indigent poor and the vulnerable. A large share (41%) of the non-vulnerable completed secondary education but not higher education.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	7489472122b311c75e11e5a67537f6bf	These include loan guarantees and insurance options. For example, some form of public / private partnership will be needed to mitigate regulatory risk.80 Specialist underwriter Parhelion (2012) has proposed the creation of a public / private funded Green Insurance Agency to make available to investors insurance policies to underwrite the specific risk of changes in policy and other insurance policies that the private sector are unable to do on a standalone basis. For example, Danish utility company DONG Energy took responsibility for the construction risk of an offshore wind farm which Danish and Dutch pension funds then invested in. The financial engineering relied on three pillars. First, DONG “de-risked” the investment by deploying PPAs, construction management and O&M agreements.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	748c6e5682598cc854dca51ce3054af5	Nonetheless, there are currently no incentive or sanction mechanisms in place to enforce gender equality provisions. The SFP has agreed to define and issue policy guidelines to promote special temporary measures in furtherance of gender parity in management positions and to include affirmative action to promote equality of opportunity and equality between women and men in its regulations. The SFP also plans to reflect those provisions in its human resources and professional career service manuals.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	7490a2786ec3da566e5fdb9da8616fd3	Research suggests that women are more likely to purchase a variety of financial products from the same provider and are less likely to switch between providers (IFC 2011a). For financial institutions, this trend reduces acquisition costs of a new customer base and offsets the somewhat higher costs associated with the risk of providing services to under-banked or unbanked women entrepreneurs. The portfolio of loans to women-run businesses tends to be lower than the share of these businesses in their target markets.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	7495041976793ad40b35f394f3c84302	In Korea, a working visit visa programme for ethnic Koreans from other Asian countries, primarily China, has drawn a large number of women into domestic work, especially childcare. In 2014, there were more than 120 000 women with such visas, working primarily as cleaners or domestic workers. This disadvantage appears to be driven chiefly by the gender differences in labour market behaviour, although there are wide variations from country to country. Country rates vary considerably, with only 28.1% of migrant women in Turkey in work and as many as 78.5% in Iceland. In countries such as New Zealand, Canada, Australia and the United States, rates among migrant women are all equal to or higher than the OECD average (Figure 21.4). Population in Korea aged from 15 to 59 years old.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	749801010dfc8db68b4a17f24a1ea27c	This reflects deficiency in the provision of full-time ECEC services for children below 3 years of age in these countries. However, cross-national comparisons of employment rates of mothers with very young children are particularly complicated due to cross-national differences in the treatment of parents on parental leave. For example, unlike most countries, Estonia treats all parents on parental leave as economically inactive, which may contribute to the relatively low employment rate among mothers with a youngest child under the age of 3 (Figure 5.10). On average, around two thirds of all mothers with their youngest child aged 3-5 years-old in OECD countries are employed.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264088986-en	74980dbedfea82f4ac0931cbf2ac238b	The business sector began to understand the hidden potential of these investments only in the late 1990s. In 2006 the private investment was four times greater that invested by the OCS (US-Israel Science and Technology Foundation, 2008). Other incubators include NGT in Nazareth, Yokneam in Naiot, Yoznok Haemek in the Jezreel Valley and Kinarot in the Jordan Valley.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/4b795325-en	74995e62d88cc8654fb166f172cba664	While the Northern Cape Education Department has expressed its commitment to designing a curriculum and materials that incorporate San languages and culture, the persisting lack of funding and logistic difficulties have slowed this process. As a result of decades of linguistic persecution during the apartheid era in South Africa, most San and Khoe currently speak Afrikaans as a first language, with only a few elders still speaking their mother tongue. Thus, for these groups, mother-tongue education is more an issue of language restoration than one of effective pedagogy, although it is still a crucial aspect of community development. At the same time, performance in primary- and secondary-level education is declining dramatically.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	749972e5ff5a469d46e2e97ba72b6d3e	World Blind Union (WBU) (www.worldblindunion.org) - the sole voice speaking on behalf of approximately 160 million blind and partially sighted persons in 178 individual member countries, representing approximately 600 organisations. The WBU advocates for human rights of persons who are blind and partially sighted and seeks to strengthen their organisations and advance the participation of all persons who are blind and partially sighted, including women and youth. A non-profit organisation, WFD works for human rights and equal opportunities for Deaf people everywhere.	4	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	749a97a714496256b6a6f14360a36330	Data were collected for 40 284 individuals in 8 848 households in 358 census enumerator districts countrywide. Of these, 73.8 % were classified as African, 7.8% as Coloured, 2.9% as Indian and 1367 13.5% as White. When weighted up to population totals this represents 38 118 616 individuals from 8 530 808 households with the respective racial percentages being 77.0%, 8.1%, 2.6% and 12.3%.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	749a9ee4c770548578c7cb30a3eba5a7	Compared to an average employment growth rate of 3.2% across all occupations, growth rates of high- and medium-skilled occupations were relatively high in South Africa. Together with the slight underrepresentation of foreign-born workers among plant and machine operators and agricultural workers, the slowest growing and shrinking occupations, this pattern suggests that labour immigration is to an important extent demand driven. Black foreign-bom workers are overrepresented, compared to their South African-bom counterparts, in all the major occupational groups exhibiting growth except among clerks, professionals, and plant and machine operators.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a6267136-en	749c36f91e7f696ac054ad66b523be6e	Scenarios emphasizing improvements in end-use efficiency tend to meet sustainable development goals, such as ensuring (almost) universal access to electricity, maintaining air quality, and limiting global average temperature increases. However, if efficiency gains turn out to be small, the world will become highly dependent on rapidly improving innovation and increasing the supply of “clean” energy. Another insight is that sustainable development pathways have been devised that exclude nuclear power, and carbon capture and storage (and its bioengineering variants), technologies that face great sociopolitical and technical challenges.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/bf400991-en	749d929b2b895bd29b10ae01a0cda418	Funding for monitoring is needed to pilot test several global tools that monitor and report on the involvement and participation of various stakeholders and at various sub-national and national levels. Many national statistical organisations need capacity building and additional support to establish relevant reporting lines/channels and systems for reporting on this indicator. This includes sensitizing authorities to working with different groups, support engaging communities, running and advertising community consultations, and drawing concrete feedback and next steps from consultations.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	749e9a3450384621faa2a1e3ed352d16	The Ogallala has been the source of substantial, large-scale irrigation development, beginning in the 1950s, when affordable technology became available for extracting groundwater and applying it to large fields of cotton, corn, winter wheat, and sorghum (Warren et al., The number of wells on the Texas High Plains increased from 48,000 in 1958 to 101,000 in 2000, as farmers increased their production of irrigated crops (Colaizzi et al., The Ogallala is largely a fossil aquifer with a very slow rate of natural recharge.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	749f677bbea3b7337e4849da83039c14	How to reform these policies is therefore perhaps less pressing than in the past. However, growing attention may now need to be paid to policy regimes that more or less automatically re-introduce price supports or equivalent measures if market prices decline again. Two outstanding examples are government support for biofuels and all forms of export restrictions.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	74a02743b51e6d018ab5dc8f94347653	Professional bodies lead the development process in a number of countries. For example, in Scotland the revision of national standards was led by the General Teaching Council of Scotland (GTCS) - a professional body that gained independence from the Scottish government in 2012 (GTCS, 2018(33)) - and involved extensive consultation with the profession and other stakeholders (Hamilton, 2014r48]). The process consisted of setting up a steering group with a range of stakeholders, including parents and students, and forming writing groups. It involved both face-to-face meetings and online consultation, in which engagement was encouraged in various ways such as through social media (ibid.).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	74a073f07a42e0705d6204d0d4b6ecb7	These cards would guide the students and help them to ask relevant questions, support their different roles in group-work, and facilitate the process so that it would be easier to assess each other. One of the students would act as a group leader, telling the others what to do, based upon these cards, and students would then participate in the activity guided by the cards and the group leader. This was very much appreciated by the students. School 9 already had a transparent assessment culture, where the school leader, teachers, and students shared knowledge of assessment practices. This can be seen as an indication of the importance of capacity building. In some schools, teachers and school leaders had the capacity to improve their practice, while other schools do not seem to have the knowledge or capacity to transform good practices supplied by the DET to the local level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	74a202d6e168c4ba2ca4adef9d6783db	The 2014 National Energy Policy sets a target of 50 per cent of electricity generated by renewable energy by 2020. The Solomon Islands Government has indicated that it will consider market-based mechanisms to raise funds to support the establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund that will co-ordinate and manage the allocation of climate finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. The National Energy Policy notes that gender-sensitive approaches are required when considering the needs for, and decision-making processes in, sustainable energy systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	74a45d51b455b083a6cb7528578d5a5b	The Water Boards also operate dams and provide bulk water supply services, thereby playing an important role in water resources management Some Water Boards provide technical assistance to municipalities. Similar MINMEC committees have been established in other sectoral ministries. At the same time, South Africa’s Constitution provides that local government is “entitled to an equitable share of revenue raised nationally” and may also receive additional conditional transfers from the national and provincial governments.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	74a4e54a0b3d4ebed172da335fb22c66	Even then cashew nuts remained one of Mozambique’s leading exports and were a source of income for almost one million families or approximately five million people (McMillan et al. Storage capacity is also important and farmers who can afford to store their raw cashew and sell them towards the end of the season could obtain a much higher price. Small-scale traders operating in distinct areas of 5 to 8 villages, usually at a distance from main roads, would purchase the whole local production, ranging from 5 to 12 tonnes annually, and resell to larger traders or wholesalers located in bigger towns on main trading routes.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	74a64ac256daef59ef6d33704ef7c2d8	This may include moving staff from one ministry to another and from one area of specialisation to another. A candidate will need specific expertise, work experience in lower positions and continuous training. If no ideal candidate is found, the competition is opened to the wider civil service, and eventually to external candidates. The aim is to facilitate the promotion of public servants, since in the past, external candidates had preference.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	74a807a13d191be414a7b8985baed8f0	For example] when they talk about Assessment for Learning, then the legal aspects perhaps become more important than the pedagogical aspects. ( The researchers feared that teachers would work within these constraints and thus limit themselves to doing what they were told. Because Assessment for Learning then loses the moments of continuance. Some students need this type of feedback and other students need that type of feedback.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	74a8a9297edaf8d877ff0724ece4061c	The Paris Agreement is ambitious in its scope, aiming to limit climate change to as little as 1.5°C global mean temperature change, targeting a 'balance' of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the second half of the century, and expecting progressively more ambitious mitigation commitments from all states party to the treaty over the coming decades. It is also novel in its approach: all member states will be legally bound to make commitments, but each state will determine the nature of its commitment and is not legally bound to deliver the policies that they comprise. The agreement's novelty has led some critics to question whether it will deliver against its ambition.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	74a902ea10b38756d0461a9d26efc164	Other proposed or existing congestion charging schemes are not limited to fine-tuning to the same extent. Given the weaker degree of integration of the various components of transport policy elsewhere, the mismatch between demand during peak hours and capacity may be larger than in Singapore in many cases. Traffic volumes have declined in all time periods, suggesting there is more trip elimination than rescheduling.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	74aa32339f96d1eb9ef06a8d057ee1fa	The country level stability objective requires managing different threats to this minimum level of food security. Policy choices must be able to respond to different sources of risk, from high world market price volatility to domestic crop failures. Potential policy responses include fostering a competitive domestic food sector and ensuring a stable physical and financial access to imports. Risk assessment starts from collecting stakeholders’ perceptions of food security risks, and experts’ assessments of potential threats to the prevalence of food security. This information will identify specific events or plausible scenarios that could potentially reduce the prevalence of food security below an acceptable level in that country, including those with low probability but severe consequences.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	74aa8073d0c1022094c54457c684d05c	The online map shows all relevant objects like buildings, roads, parks and stations as clickable objects that hold basic information and also in-depth thematic information via both open and user-generated datasets. The timeline features recent developments and future plans and scenarios as well. The full interactivity of the dashboard makes it easy to engage and respond directly to plans and projects. Everybody can share their own ideas and initiatives for the area, obtain feedback from other people and from the official institutions and, in doing so, test the local base of support. With the underlying crowdfunding infrastructure, project-based alliances can be formed and resources combined.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	74ab87425c3c015583c2f15275b54d49	We explore these trends in greater detail below. More specifically, they are persons who are working and living in households with income below the poverty line. They comprise two distinct categories: working people living as unrelated (non-own-family) individuals with income below the poverty level; and working people living in families with total income below the poverty level. Data series 2013 to 2018 are preliminary projections. However, that percentage is still substantially above levels prevalent in ODCs, where it is expected to shrink from 30 per cent in 2000 to 7 per cent by 2017. Among that group, Liberia and Madagascar experienced no overall change in the share of the working poor living on less than $1.25 per day during the period 2000-2012.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	74af549696c8ac9d71b3ab2323ab42c3	It is important to clarify that it is the municipalities with their project leaders who participate in the official programme, but they also invite and choose schools that are then offered places at the conferences and subsequently implement the AfL programme. In some of the municipalities participating in this study, it seems as if some of the schools who are not officially members of the programme believe that they are. One possible explanation for this is that some of the municipalities use strategies for sharing knowledge through conferences for all schools in their municipality. Nevertheless, it is challenging to evaluate the impact of the AfL programme on participating schools through test scores when so many schools were confused about their status/degree of involvement in the project.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	74b10712aaa71f1b512b940cef045eae	This chapter focuses on what it would take to make innovative mobility services accessible and acceptable to, and useable by, older people and people with physical, sensory or cognitive impairments. This is due to a close correlation between age and disability; as populations age, disability becomes more prevalent. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number of older people in their population.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	74b5616658598f1024f9ee27aafab2ab	Island LDCs have traditionally had a higher level of labour productivity (largely explained by their small population size), but the level has declined gradually over the past 35 years (chart 2.4A). After stagnating in the 1980s, agricultural labour productivity growth picked up as early as the following decade. Since 2000 it has risen at a strong pace (3.5 per cent annually), which is higher than in all ODCs and Asian ODCs (in both country groups it has grown at approximately 3 per cent per year since 2000).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	74b82e8763891609f7255b50e4a447cc	Other fiscal and financial measures include: an increase in the tax rate on heating fuels, already included in the PNAC (to be fully implemented in 2014); an accelerated depreciation regime for investments in energy-efficient equipment and vehicles in the services (and industry) sectors; subsidised low-interest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures; and income tax deductions for investments in solar collectors and renewable microgeneration systems. Each PPEC supports actions proposed by suppliers, grid operators, and business and consumer associations. The proposed measures are selected using a tendering procedure and ranked on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis that takes into account environmental benefits (including abatement of GHG emissions) and cost savings for the electricity sector.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	74ba26d9df43c11b34211bf5d8ed8ee7	Given the prospect of continuing globalisation in its many facets, possible new financial and economic crises figure prominently on many an expert’s list of the main global risks of the next decades. Equally prominent are concerns about the twin nexus of climate change and tensions around natural resources such as food, energy, water and minerals. These, in turn, may be compounded by further tensions linked to urbanisation, migration and global inequalities.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	74bcb557d7eff4692610eab6fbde983b	The difference is almost double in the case of the idle state. As expected, the cluster manager successfully issued commands to wake up additional servers when the request rate increased and put them to sleep when the request rate dropped. The transition of the server states is smooth; no responses exceed 550 ms, unlike the results of the previous experiment shown in Figure 9. Comparison between energy-proportional control and conventional operation.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	74bd1bbbad5ea91cb2194fcb42ed8b5e	We noted above that developers of renewable energy projects often do not have a proven track record, as well as some of the new technologies they are investing in have not reached a mature state yet. As a result, these investors are struggling for capital and for access to commercial loans at reasonable conditions. By offering low-interest loans with long repayment periods or loan guarantees, governments can increase the commercialization of such projects.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	74c6d5e56955e7c7b44a3f390a840620	Given this small average size, unsurprisingly family farms together only hold about 24% of all land and produce about 38% of the total value of agricultural production. While commercial large-scale farms dominate export-oriented agricultural production, family farms accounts for 70% of the food consumed domestically (FAO, 2014). Land ownership is a constitutional right in Brazil, where traditional private property, indigenous customary tenancy and unchallenged possession of land are recognised by the government. The four most important pieces of legislation concerning land rights in Brazil are the 1964 Land Statute, which regulates land tenure and specifies how the land reform programme is to be organised, a law from 1966 that establishes land reform based on the former legislation, the 1981 Law of Occupation that recognises squatter rights and finally the 2002 Civil Code, which organises family, inheritance, possession and property rights. These laws have helped to develop a relatively well-functioning land market system. These policies are part of the umbrella of the Zero Hunger programme created in 2003 and subsequently of the Extreme Poverty Plan of 2011.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	74c719272da3f6120d437039cfb15bc2	Unemployment is projected to return only slowly to its pre-crisis level. Estonia, Ireland and Spain recorded the largest increases in the unemployment rate (ranging from 10 to 15 percentage points) in the OECD and the latter two countries have yet to see any labour market recovery. In contrast, a number of countries, including Germany, experienced only small and short-lived increases in unemployment.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	74cb62159fc2557a093b4bf196df803c	There is also a capacity challenge: not all facilities have sufficient management skills to handle increased delegations; and facilities need to have access to the Treasury’s Basic Accounting System (BAS) to ensure timely information on budget execution. These include quantitative targets for health outputs such as reduced infant and maternal mortality rates, or service outputs such as increased coverage of antiretroviral treatments. Targets are set nationally and then cascaded down by province, with annual performance plans detailing how these health-related targets can be met through various health activities.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	74ccd813d83ae10e8d543a756c1dbaac	"They are sensitive, however, as absolute poverty measurements are, to within-country price differentials both between regions and across income groups, and how these are taken into account, as well as to the quality of source data on the income distribution. Using the dollar-a-day poverty line as an international standard is an arbitrary choice that focuses attention on the first of the ""hierarchy of capabilities"". Treating absolutely poor people in the same way as relatively poor people risks drawing attention away from the first capability of overcoming barriers to physical survival, which is the priority in most international efforts to improve the lives of the poorest (World Bank [1990]; Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula [2008])."	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea442617-en	74cfcd50c847fd8b3ed4d208d28f56dd	But Pillar Two of the R2P principle recognizes the role of the international community in preventing mass atrocities through exerting pressure on states to comply with their international obligations and by assisting states to build capacity via, for example, a UN or regional presence or development assistance (UNSG, 2009: paras. Early warning and assessment are also an important part of the preventive strategy advocated by the Secretary-General (UNSG, 2010). This is especially important, given that ethnic cleansing is one of the four atrocity crimes.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	74d047b02370a64d9ed2527371a5ca59	Higher education plays an important role in providing people with skills for innovation, but a number of important questions remain as to what kind of higher education teaching can be conducive to the strengthening of skills for innovation. Problem-based learning typically requires students to work in small groups to solve real-world problems. The report explores the extent to which problem-based learning can be an effective way to develop different discipline-specific and transferable skills for innovation. By contrast, no clear difference between problem-based learning and traditional lecture-based teaching emerges as to performance in tests.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	74d1cc868f863e9515aa4a4ffc15b35c	Its membership reflects all the relevant actors in the education system: school inspectors, school organisers, researchers, teachers' unions and parents' representatives. The involvement of practitioners - teachers, other education staff and their unions - in producing, interpreting and translating research evidence into policy can give these practitioners a strong sense of ownership and strengthen their confidence in the reform process. Regular interactions help build trust and raise awareness of the concerns of others, creating a climate of compromise.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	74d2268c1bbca841d9cb604e226d60cb	The long-term mean annual discharge of the river in Turkmenistan is 0.354 km3. Following a bilateral agreement, the river’s water resources ate equally shared between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. Of the total area of fertile land in the basin, only 25 per cent can be irrigated due to a lack of water resources.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	74d3b47f7bf5bcb7b703904ee0ceb8d4	Countries such as South Korea and Singapore have already made that leap. Without radical reshaping of its economy and a move away from low-value added electronics exports and labour intensive industries, Malaysia risks losing ground to the likes of China and Vietnam and not making it to developed nation status. Reforms are planned particularly in the service sector in order to attract foreign direct investment and domestic financing sources. Re-energising the private sector is a key element in the Economic Transformation Programme (NEM Concluding Part, 2010).	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	74dc1c9255252cc99af4c7e3cc92088f	Support to the establishment of security system monitoring bodies should ensure that they are participative and inclusive of CSOs. More specifically, they may require training on security system oversight. In turn, CSOs working on security oversight may also benefit from training on gender issues. In addition, support for the creation of CSO networks on security and/or gender issues can increase the credibility and impact of CSO engagement with SSR and security system institutions.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	74e205edce01b71f85cffe4d88bcb501	This requires a different approach to macroeconomic policy, as the next section will describe. When they are formulated, the impact of social policies on the macroeconomic environment and future trajectory of the economy are not considered. While social policies are recognized as important, they are to be implemented only once broad macroeconomic parameters have been set.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	74e3c0553031234c34dd7f7e326ddd41	Large amounts of data are provided, often as absolute frequencies or counts of observations, making it difficult to discern the main differences between women and men. Additional processing and analysis are developed when more analytical reports or articles focused on specific topics are prepared. In those cases, the differences between women and men may become more visible.	5	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c55a6d-c954bfd9-en	74e3f1cde7e6c75f638f5b6b9faf1ef5	Continuing provider development through in-service training is an important component of any health sector improvement plan, but traditional residential courses, which take clinicians away from their patients, can disrupt the provision of care and are an expensive method of maintainingan educated workforce. Under-resourced libraries, the high cost of medical journals relative to health budgets and health professionals' incomes, and poor infrastructure for disseminating current medical information and Department of Health directives limit the ability of health professionals to provide quality primary health care. Using smartphones and tablets, practitioners access a mobile health library comprising South African treatment guidelines, drug formularies, diagnostic tools and other evidence-based content, at the point of care. They download clinical and public health information to mobile devices using a mobile library portal developed by FHI 360.	3	0	11	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	74e47dbce63dcabf5707b40cec09df7c	Concentrations of ground-level ozone are regularly above the prealert threshold for the protection of human health at several sites. The country has yet to come up with a regional ozone plan. Biosurveillance programmes for dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in the vicinity of steel plants indicate that sometimes certain health standards are exceeded. A new Water Law consolidates the various pieces of water legislation and transposes the EU Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	74e6d254298c09662195330da713bd4b	Article 3.3 states: ‘States have the duty to co-operate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. States should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality, interdependence, mutual interest and co-operation among all States, as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights’. See, for example, Fukuda-Parr 2012. There should, however, be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries, or from emerging markets to developed countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	74ebe4965df2ece8a37e81576e284deb	The immense power consumption is mainly the result of the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism. This consensus algorithm requires high computational power to solve a mathematical puzzle in order to validate transactions, while many computers compete with each other in order to solve the puzzle and extend the blockchain with new blocks. The decentralised approach to validating transactions and amending new blocks to the blockchain allows for resilience and immutability, yet, coming at the cost of high resource intensity.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	74ed4564b220f6bb9ca3ef93bd728ad0	Finally, the triangle represents the estimates of household earnings inequality with the inclusion of households where no-one works. Standard worker households” refers to households where all adult members (16-64) are in standard work or to households with the presence of both standard worker(s) and jobless adult members). Similarly, “Non-standard worker households” refers to households where either all adult members are in non-standard work or there are only non-standard workers and non-working adult members. “ Mixed SW/NSW households” refers to households with both standard and non-standard workers. Jobless households refer to households without any worker during the year. On the one hand, when mixed SW/NSW households were added, household earnings inequality declines by one percentage point, from 0.32 to 0.31 on average (more than two points in Austria and Luxembourg), compared with inequality among households with only standard workers.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	74ee48a6b0c7354132d4b350b4cfa737	In another typical example of maladaptation, which occurs more often in richer countries, policies to protect the population from heat waves and avert excessive demand on urgent health services result in greater use of private air conditioning and consequently a greater demand for energy (O’Brien and others, 2012). This type of adaptation initiative is in fact a form of maladaptation, since it shifts the pressure from one sector to another. The overall vulnerability of the system is not reduced: instead, one source of vulnerability is simply replaced by another.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	74ee70d8d10aed9d30e3b341d0aa6d6f	The authors concluded that removing facility directed financial incentives from clinical indicators may mean that the performance levels decline. Most schemes have been small scale and tentative, and researchers have struggled to find a material impact. However, there has been some success in encouraging desired behaviour.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	74f0ea600601e12f05242650103db568	The decline occurred in both rural and urban areas: the rural poverty rate fell from 94 to 26 per cent and the urban poverty rate fell from 45 to less than 2 per cent during this period. They have been able to capitalize effectively on the opportunities offered by strong growth to significantly reduce extreme poverty. Indeed, the big three success stories—China, Indonesia and Viet Nam—together account for an absolute drop in the numbers of the extreme poor of 718 million.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	74f43308376e306b86a66d8914c10c0b	This policy seeks to guide the Caribbean community in its pursuit of a sustainable energy sector and has a renewable energy (RE) target of an overall 47 per cent share in the region by 2027. Regional and national governing bodies must be proactive in implementing policy frameworks that promote the investments needed to encourage energy efficiency improvements and allow renewable energy projects to take hold. Instead, policy-makers must design and implement an appropriate policy mix that matches unique domestic conditions.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	74f5f26b90fc869a2a9aae8c43b48da1	However, the ability of an intervention to mobilise or leverage financing does not necessarily imply effectiveness in a broader sense. For instance, some analysis has highlighted the possibility that high leverage or mobilisation rates may indicate a strong perception of commercial viability amongst private investors who may have invested without public intervention (Stadelmann et al., In addition to its narrow focus, one of the difficulties in using financial mobilisation as an indicator in assessing effectiveness is that there are wide differences in how mobilisation and leverage are defined and measured between different institutions (see Caruso and Ellis, 2013 for a more detailed discussion). Even in the absence of methodological differences, mobilisation rates will vary significantly across financial instruments, technologies, sectors, and countries (UN AGF, 2010; Smallridge, et al.,	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	74f6cd143671fa5699b578c961d80153	Mortality from liver diseases (including cirrhosis) also increased substantially, partly linked to excessive alcohol consumption (see Section 3). Major depressive disorders and suicides also continue to be majo causes of DALYs, although their importance has diminished since 2000 (IHME. Wide disparities exist in the prevalence of these chronic diseases by education level.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	74f9e5dcb5b09cd191061f361e75eca1	As discussed in the Report on the World Social Situation 2016: Leaving No One Behind—The Imperative of Inclusive Development (United Nations, forthcoming), the term social exclusion refers to both the inability of individuals to participate fully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the community to which they belong and the processes leading to their exclusion. The structural inequalities that result in social exclusion are reproduced by the economic rules, institutions and social norms that govern societies. People and communities are relatively more exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards when their livelihoods depend on natural resources and they have few options for diversifying their income sources; when they are without appropriate access to insurance and financial markets; and when they have low levels of education and inadequate access to health services or inadequate access to appropriate facilities for persons with disabilities and older persons. This Survey will strive to delineate the structural inequalities that most increase vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	74fb8c4cc0b9865188e13d09996bd1f0	It is, however, already notably different from CDM in a few important respects. First, whereas CDM emphasized trade in emission credits from project-based activities, the reference to 'outcomes' in 'ITMO' suggests that the SDM will have encompass a broader range of activities. Second, Article 6 expressly provides that the SDM will be used to ’promote sustainable development' alongside mitigation, suggesting a balancing of objectives between exchange in least-cost emissions reductions wherever they may be, and ensuring participation by and benefits to poorer and more vulnerable countries that may otherwise have weaker capacity to participate in the scheme.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289329651-6-en	74fde08d08733d36f342710ffa4f9809	Two Norwegian approaches may serve as examples, and may also be quite relevant for similar efforts in Finland and Sweden (perhaps less so for Denmark due to differences in forest characteristics]. The identified biologically valuable areas shall be delimited, ranked, and recorded in the DN database for conservation sites, valuable nature areas etc, to be taken into consideration in physical planning. This inventory scheme has specified 13 forest types (Table 4.3].	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	74fe1019fbeb4a6c63cec763b0efa321	At the same time tertiary education in technical fields tends to be significantly more expensive than in the social sciences, which makes expansion of such faculties more challenging for public education institutions. Private providers of education could fill this void, leaving the government with duties of quality control and oversight. As is shown in the preceding discussion of youth in NEET, unemployment rates vary by field of study. At the same time these latter fields have much higher enrolment and graduation numbers (Table 6.1.)	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	750147af4a60c6866251f0981b52ed77	Clinicians and service managers should be encouraged to change practice towards better and safer care through a mix of educational measures, data collection and disclosure requirements with feedback on performance provided back to clinicians, managers and users. The celebration of good practices or encouragement of hospital and clinician “champion roles” will also contribute to a quality improvement culture. Whilst this reform is likely to have protected patients from being referred unnecessarily to physicians’ private practice, or from being seen by exclusively by junior doctors in public hospitals, there are reports that it has led to some clinicians dropping part-time practice in public hospitals. A review of quality and access indicators before and after the reform should be undertaken. Although a growing amount of data is becoming available that can be used to monitor quality of care, present quality assurance activities are rather control-oriented and the available information is not exploited to its full potential.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7501995b135b58c7f995e9b6567ab66c	Over three-quarters of total investment comes from loans based on public sources, with the main contribution being from the National Fund and the republican budget. A smaller part is provided by local budgets (through Social and Business Corporations) and own funds of KazAgro agencies (the FCC, the KAF, the ACC, the FFSA, and the KAP). The KAP is developing large-scale projects to establish livestock breeding farms, including two with up to 1 000 animals each, and a feedlot (up to 5 000 animals). The ACC credited investment projects in 2009-11, mostly related to livestock production, grain infrastructure, and food processing. Since June 2011, all ACC’s credit financing of investment projects was given to KAF.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/d28d0ce2-en	7503a4997309ab7f648ac233dc403634	Adverse negative impacts on these vulnerable habitats have been documented as result of bottom fishing (Buhl-Mortensen et al. Increasing pressures from human activities within Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, poses additional risk to VMEs and it is thus urgent to map the seafloor in these areas to facilitate a sustainable management of the VMEs found there. Management entities like the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) have published lists of vulnerable ecosystems.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	75043bee1296b9cba5e2853dc6221d97	It also creates new requirements for care. Some developed countries, including Denmark, Norway and Sweden, provide tax-financed long-term care services for the elderly, while both Japan (since 2000) and the Republic of Korea (2008) have introduced long-term care insurance following the example of Germany (1995). In Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam, for example, governments have supported non-governmental organizations in the recruitment and training of volunteer caregivers and the creation of self-help groups as a way to manage the rising share of older people who require assistance.230 In other countries, such as China and Singapore, legislation has been put in place to stipulate the obligation of adult children to provide care for their elderly parents by threat of jail or fines.231 In both cases, state commitment in terms of funding and service delivery is minimal.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	75045a37edb442639f30dc6d6d8e950c	The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The situation should eventually improve as overall entry rates into tertiary programmes are rather high in Slovenia, reflecting wide access to higher education. In 2007, 88% of the relevant age cohort was expected to attend a vocational or academic tertiary programme at some point in their lives, substantially exceeding the OECD average of 71%.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-2-en	750552b2a3def09d01dfba1b4f5f0c7e	Benefits from such investments for society as a whole are equally substantial. Yet, most systems are underfunded with dire consequences for water and sanitation users, especially the poorest. Providing sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation services (WSS) requires a sound financial basis and strategic financial planning to ensure that existing and future financial resources are commensurate with investment needs as well as the costs of operating and maintaining services. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation reduces health risks and frees up time for education and other productive activities, as well as increases the productivity of the labour force.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	7506925ad2c20ff928626367ae1d6c49	Some countries and groups will be negatively affected by reduced demand for their products and resources. On the other hand, countries that keep up with research and development efforts and manage to generate new linkages with the rest of their economies will be better able to keep in step with the emerging technological trends and experience gains in wealth and welfare. The capacity of an economy to generate new dynamic activities is key to sustainable development.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	750845091393f14118d27177dfa5f1b9	Production is driven by local demand rather than by market prices. One result is low prices for producers because of a seasonal surplus when crops in a region are harvested and sold. Better storage facilities cold allow farms to hold onto their crop until prices rebound, but this would require investment in storage capacity.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jm0q1n38lvc-en	7509ec8427af64ea44e30f305b90921d	As a comparison, the gap in literacy proficiency between tertiary and lower than upper secondary educated individuals is close to 50 points in most countries. The ranking of countries does not change significantly when comparing literacy and numeracy, but the age-proficiency profiles differ somewhat. In the case of literacy, the gap between young and prime-age adults are generally smaller (something apparent also from Figure 1), and are actually negative in Korea, Poland, Italy and Estonia (and virtually zero in Spain, France, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-7-en	7517f3d25cac69b0524e30c0c141801a	The primary care sector is not as strong as it could be, however, and poorer health and access to health care persists in rural and remote areas. Several steps need to be taken if the ambition of having primary care front and centre of the health system, particularly to tackle chronic diseases, is to be realised. Transparent reporting of a wider set of quality and outcome measures will enhance the performance and status of the sector and assist in developing a specialist primary care workforce, a closely linked priority.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	7518848725fb10e63feb781dbbd8229a	The juntas are not disruptors; they have the capacity to be, but vested interests are too strong. The 1990 reforms to decentralise the CCSS architecture, primary care reforms to create EBAIS and creation of a unified health and social care electronic patient record (EDUS, as discussed earlier), demonstrate that the CCSS is able to reform. In the hospital sector, however, and more critically, in the broader issues of transparency and accountability, the system has made little or no progress.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d787867d-en	751dee10af90e620ca771be1d3d93c00	Those with such access are 195% more likely to report good health than those with limited access. This underscores the importance of one of the key goals related to well-being and health into old age: the ability to access comprehensive health services and the adaptation of services to people’s needs and economic conditions. Also included in the model were place of residence and marital status (non significant).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	751e1d3277d7c5231f2aff54422b0b6c	Reducing losses, using more efficient technologies and recycling are all part of the solution, but applying the user pays principle to all types of users and an integrated approach to the management of freshwater resources by river basin are essential elements of sustainable management and hence of green growth policies. Social aspects, such as the affordability of the water bill for low income households also need to be taken into account. Agenda 21 (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992) explicitly considered the protection and preservation of freshwater resources.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	751f431bed0890fad55238fa37fd6c42	It only has to confirm its insufficient manufacturing capacity for pharmaceuticals if it is no LDC. Referring to the 2016 transition period for LDCs, the Government announced that it would no longer enforce patent rights that could have previously been granted on the triple combined fixed-dose anti-retroviral drug TriAvir.462 Between September 2008 and September 2009, Rwanda imported 260,000 packs of TriAvir as manufactured in Canada by Apotex Inc.463 As an LDC, Rwanda did not have to prove its lack of manufacturing capacity. On the quantity of imported medicines, see WTO document IP/N/9/RWA/1.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81e6e689-en	752016ba7a525e5eade7d249651693f6	They often treat unemployment as a transient problem and are merely effective for the short term, following an emergency or an economic shock, but rarely stimulate job creation in the private sector or offer long-term solutions to unemployment or underemployment. Often, the programmes are not located in regions with the highest rates of poverty or unemployment. An assessment of seven public works programmes in South Africa, for instance, found that some districts with very high poverty and unemployment had no labour-intensive public works projects, while other districts with low poverty rates had four or more projects (Adato and Haddad, 2001).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	75225d28c946e8568c893bea9225499a	The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD members. All of the major religions have the potential for both patriarchal and more equitable readings of their key tenets of faith, as well as for violent or non-violent, tolerant and intolerant interpretations. They can also offer locally understandable and readily acceptable models, in particular of respectable male behaviour.	5	3	2	0.2
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	7527ce4e7019d0d4438cf09a451dc47f	Samoa ratified the Salamanca Statement in 1994. The Samoan Government therefore strongly supports programmes for the inclusion of disabled children in schools. The government sponsors all trainees who wish to take up teaching as a career. The National University of Samoa's Faculty of Education offers three programmes for these trainees: general education; special needs education; and early childhood education. The aim is to ensure that equal opportunities are provided for all children to access a balanced education system, taught by well-qualified teachers. With Samoa's involvement in UNESCO activities and international conventions, the country now has a platform for action to push for these developments.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/803655cd-e60ab719-en	752b10e6dfd6f486175ab41290f5173f	In most countries, especially developing countries, there is a large gap in the availability of information and communication technologies (ICTs) between urban and rural locations, and Target 1 is important for ensuring that rural areas are not excluded from the information society. Because of their isolation, rural areas arguably stand to derive even more benefit from connectivity, since ICTs can deliver health, education and other services that might be less widely available there. The second underpins the first, in that one of the most practical methods of providing ICTs in rural areas in many developing countries is through shared access.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	752eb2023ff8d660da56ab932d4e4a24	However, this form of layered interventions can be difficult to plan and implement. Large funders are often reluctant to fund projects in the same areas with similar objectives to previously funded projects. For this reason, biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives often have to be completed within short funding cycles, with little chance of extension or further funding, despite the lengthy nature of biodiversity mainstreaming. In many cases, the success of biodiversity mainstreaming projects can be significantly attributed to a particular champion or leader.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	7534e5b1d92d496b79574e636e7c2c58	These are nurses who undertake postgraduate education qualifying them to take on some of the duties that previously only doctors could perform. Compared with some other countries, Australia was late in creating these roles. The United States and Canada established nurse practitioners in the mid-1960s (Delamaire and Lafortune, 2010).	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	753625aa28c5aabf3003a6ba0f68fe5a	"Certified production increased slightly in the CIS in 2015 and decreased in Asia. In the 12 months to May 2015, the number of CoC certificates increased by 1,258 for the FSC and by 513 for the PEFC (graph 2.4.4). It was the third part of a four-part round of negotiations to be completed in Paris in 2015; there, Parties to the UNFCCC are to adopt the ""Paris Protocol"" to replace the Kyoto Protocol (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2014). An additional 1,002 projects are undergoing validation and 11 have requested registration."	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	75378d92dac477fc3cc327c03590327e	In addition, the land a wind farm occupies can often be used by and large just as it had been before, e.g. for grazing or agriculture. Indeed, it can be considered the major land-use change for offshore wind farms, which critics say detract from landscape and coastal views and lower the value of homes in areas with recreational value and, in particular, on the seaside. The first is the dominant source of solar power (139 GW of installed capacity compared to 3.4 GW of the latter) and has been the focus of studies on land requirements (REN21, 2014).	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/76c9b151-en	7539360173498115cc0ea3491cb842a7	Moreover, progress between 1990 and 2005 was worse for LDCs than for developing countries as a whole, with 6 out of 10 importers seeing their Pll for LDCs decline during this period. Among the ten importers the share of their total Pll accounted for by LDCs was less than one-twentieth, at only 3.7 cents of every dollar to the poor via trade going towards those within LDCs. Australia was the lowest at 0.7% (0.7 cents per dollar to the poor via trade) and the European Union the highest at 7.1% (7.1 cents). The first is a measure of the share of national income going towards those within these poverty groups below the $1.25 and $2.00 per day level, which are denoted as SIP1 and SIP2 (share of income to the poor). These are calculated based on the surveys and income distribution data used previously. The second dataset provides the share of import-value these 89 countries account for in 10 developed economies (with the EU as a single block), using the IMF’s Direction of Trade database.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	7539f45e5ec023a8a91d3b159ce29471	"However, less attention was paid to other fundamental causes of food insecurity, or to nutrition. This focus led to the use of short term policies, rather than policies that would likely be better at addressing food security issues in the long term. In general, this involved ""ramping up” the use of existing instruments (mostly market interventions), rather than the introduction of new measures or changes in the direction of policy."	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	753a34e19e18df376b29e4d8a3dda6f8	Overall, this ensures that WSS can be provided to a larger population leading to larger benefits. In the medium and longer term, this would also mean that O&M and replacement costs would be kept lower, which strengthens the long-term sustainability of WSS. Investments in drinking water and sewage cannot be considered in isolation of (upstream) resource protection and (downstream) wastewater treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	753dd5b38e6fc74340ed2aef25cf183f	But was the lower P due to higher fertiliser prices, increased conservation tillage, lower planting of row crops, or farmers retiring? The standard one litre chemical bottle sent to a lab does not provide these answers: was the sample collected after a major rainfall, or after a four-week drought? The water quality will be substantially different in each case. Biological measurements, visual assessment protocols, and other methods can provide assurances that water quality has indeed improved.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	753ef90e1a3a24964d9d023d1e0c7093	These are playing an increasing role in the water sector, limiting CONAGUA’s role to the administration of the NWL, the co-ordination of water policies, the conduct of national water policy, and planning, supervision, support and regulatory activities. It is composed of the highest representatives from SEMARNAT; the Ministry for Social Development (SEDESOL); the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food Supply (SAGARPA); the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP); the Ministry of Energy (SENER); the Ministry of Public Administration (SFP); the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR); and the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA). With administrative and financial autonomy, it is responsible for implementing the National Water Resources Policy and the principles of integrated water resource management, granting and providing funds, regulating access to water, promoting its sustainable use and arbitrating conflicts among users.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/afa296fe-en	75438db31bb89dac065800526873c875	It is essential to have opportunities to correct and intervene in policies, not only to ensure that development will fulfil basic needs, but also that it will achieve its critical transformative value. In both instances, vested interests may impose policies on people who are perceived as powerless. Human rights offer a framework for challenging these trends, as they provide legal protection of human dignity, and development processes must be undertaken in a context of accountability in order that those living in disadvantaged and vulnerable positions do not face negative impacts as a result.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	75443e95a66e3fda9fd7bb9c7a1b6564	In practice, the best way to monitor food security is to look at outcomes — that is, to count how many people are going hungry. There are two principal measures used in this case, and they are also used as food targets for MDG: (i) proportion of the population undernourished; and (ii) prevalence of underweight children. On either of these measures, a look at the Asia Pacific region presents some disturbing facts. The most comprehensive data on undernourishment are available up to 2005-06, which is prior to the most recent food crisis.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	75446128e8bc088adf35ee327e8442ac	Long-term projections of continuing growth in London’s economy and population (various scenarios are examined in the London Plan) are an essential input to the EDS. All proposals in the EDS must be consistent with the spatial strategy set out in the London Plan. The TfL is the statutory authority responsible for ensuring the deliveiy of the MTS. The MTS takes into account the emerging policies in the London Plan and the EDS and is supported by a detailed evidence base, including the “Travel in London” report, strategic transport models and recommendations from the Outer London Commission.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	7548d9b3fe0ad9ff519111c6de04b8f8	The cost-benefit ratio revealed that for every €1 invested in medication follow-up, a benefit of €3.3 to €6.3 was generated (Malet-Larrea et al, 2017). The adoption of computerised provider order entry system (CPOE) is another way to improve medication safety in primary and ambulatory settings. However, the implementation of COPE often requires large upfront investments.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	754e6f31c21fdbbd7cde9dc8aae9c5ea	Simultaneously, a stronger enforcement of the anti-littering regulation must be enforced to accompany pricing reforms and deter indiscriminate disposal and illegal dumping across the metro area. In Japan, Korea and Switzerland where a number of households are subject to the PAYT, significant positive impacts have been seen as waste generated has decreased. An OECD study indicates that PAYT reduces w'aste generation between 16% and 20% (OECD, 2014a). Likewise, volume charging for mixed waste also saw increases in rate of household composting.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	7557f80903fb3ea2b827658d15ba3eb1	The 1988 constitution established health as a fundamental right and the responsibility of states, which resulted in increased access to primary and emergency care, in addition to achieving universal coverage of vaccination and prenatal care (Paim et al, 2011). Service delivery is strongly decentralised, which has led to a fragmentation in the delivery of services and inequalities in the distribution of health system resources, as not all municipalities are capable of delivering services to people and economies of scale are often not exploited sufficiently. Brazil’s public sector invests about 4% of GDP in health, compared to almost 6.5% of GDP in OECD countries. This shortage of medical staff leads to insufficient access to basic health care services. Despite recent increases in training capacity, Brazil is currently not training enough doctors and nurses to keep up with demand. The measure to require new medical graduates to serve in the SUS for two years before their degree becomes officially valid - discussed in July 2013 - can be useful if supervision is ensured, as it would boost the number of doctors available to the public system in the short term.	10	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350846-6-en	755977c14fe39c56bcc4e5cc3392f3d8	Ecological restoration can moderate flooding in these watercourses and reduce flood peaks downstream of restoration sites by making use of retentive measures in the catchment, riparian zone and in-stream channel. With further climate change, mean annual discharge is likely to increase in many streams and rivers in the northern parts of the Nordic countries, although with more restricted water-level variations. A higher frequency of extreme rain storms may, however, lead to more large floods in the future, especially in small streams (Nilsson et al. A proactive approach to large floods in the future, with a focus on the sustainability and services of free-flowing river ecosystems, means that certain land use practices have to move away from the most flood prone areas.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	755e964156ee83548ce97731a6901db6	These deductibles are described in following sections. Table 6 summarises information on the extent of coverage for inpatient acute care in OECD countries for average adult patients who are not entitled to any co-payment reduction or exemption. In many OECD countries patients also have the option of paying supplements for additional comforts (e.g. a private room, access to TV, telephone, etc.).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	755f4e5ba5368c8a6c06000172a12e21	Smoking rates among both boys and girls have also fallen since 2001, bringing smoking rates for young people down to the EU average. S litres higher than the EU average (see Section 5.1) although regular binge drinking5 among adults, which can be particularly damaging, is close to the EU average. Nearly one in five adults were obese in 2014, up from one in six in 2007.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	755fa81b3f11d768746c496f5ddcead7	In addition, over longer periods of time, the proportion of individuals who experience at least one spell during which family incomes fall below minimum-income thresholds will be higher still (see Section 2.2). Finally, non-take-up rates are commonly found to be particularly high for means-tested benefits. Behavioural requirements and other barriers (such as the perceived burden of filing an application) exclude some of those who would otherwise be entitled.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	75634d3950ef597feddc98aee57f14c8	Women from households not having small children are more likely to be in the labour force than those from households with smal I children (Table 6-3). The decline in the LFPRs of women due to the existence of small children in the household is the largest in the case of women aged 25-34 if the age of the youngest child is three years or below (Table 6-4).The difference in participation rates of women in that age group between those from households not having small children up to the age of three and households with such children was as high as 10.1 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 10.5 in 2004-2005 and 5.9 in 1999-2000. It was 4.4 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 4.7 per cent in 2004-2005 and 3.0 per cent in 1999-2000. In the case of men, the increase in LFPRs got further increased to 3.2 percentage points in 2011-2012.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	756571d609626877952f16b79a2ee052	In some market segments the price differential between high quality and low quality products14 does not seem sufficient to justify small traders’ investment in becoming familiar with standards and certification and making use of national public-sector laboratory testing and certification services. The varying quality of many agricultural commodities often restricts commercial exchanges to strictly immediate contacts, because of the lack of trust as to the quality shipped and pushes intermediaries to inspect and re-pack consignments at each transfer stage. Furthermore, the perceived risk of low-quality agro-food products exacerbates the shortage of formal credit in the sector. An effective standards system would support the trade orientation of agricultural production by providing technical reference and supporting claims for value addition.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	7567067cd4f69726f7afb19ffebca61f	In France, for example, the abstraction charge represents only around 1.3% of the water price paid by households and is thus unlikely to make them change their behaviour (French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy, 2012). Assessing the resource cost is also difficult since it requires measuring the benefit induced by water for all types of use (agriculture using irrigation water, drinking water supply, hydropower etc.), The former refers to methods that use market data to elicit monetary values, either as how much individual would be willing to pay for the good or service of interest, i.e. their willingness to pay (WTP), or how much they would require in compensation for being exposed to a loss of welfare, i.e. their willingness to accept (WTA).8 The latter refers to methods that use hypothetical scenarios to estimate individuals WTP or WTA. The methods have been used for a large range of non-market goods, in addition to water (e.g. air pollution, noise levels, health risks, etc.)	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	7568b888bed39194fa67d1e1cc2ddc6c	In most cases, data on the structure of household consumption patterns for both foodstuffs and other goods and services are derived from national household budget surveys carried out in the 1980s. In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by one factor for urban areas and another for rural zones. For the 2006 poverty estimates, a factor of 2 was used for urban zones and a factor of 1.75 was used for rural areas.8 The factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffe and for other goods and services.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	756b1bd503019ef5aa8d10e0c232fd54	A special case, due to its intrinsic importance as well as due to the particular challenges that it poses, is constituted by power generation, which is discussed in the section below. For instance, dispatchable capacity needs to be adequate at all time in order to ensure that sufficient active power is available in the system to meet demand, otherwise the frequency of the system would deviate from the desired 50Hz or 60Hz.21 Lack of sufficient active power capacity may also lead to “brownouts”, which is a reduction of the system voltage. This usually only occurs in regions with weak or isolated grids, where the lack of active power leads to reduced frequency, which in turn may lead to reduced generator voltages. To keep the voltage of an electric system at appropriate levels, sufficient generation of so-called reactive power is also necessary.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	756bbac89df4788d9565539e872c9c0d	This may end up marginalising subnational entities in greater financial distress, as they cannot afford to pay the remaining share of the matching funds (Kim et al., Standardised, earmarked and conditional grants in Korea often end up restricting the flexibility of local authorities, thus reducing their ability to meet local demands and risking sub-optimal spending (Jones and Yokoyama, 2005). Interestingly, this concern seems to fade when comparing the per-capita amount of subsidies from MOLIT and the financial independency rate of local governments, which shows a strong negative correlation: the higher the financial independency rate of the metropolitan city or the province, the less subsidies the latter received from MOLIT (Figure 1.23).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bb3a7bc3-en	7572bca9662f85196aa3aace6f9ee29a	The gross theoretical hydropower potential is estimated at 850 MW, of which 520 MW are technically available and 250 MW economically viable. The rivers in the northern and central parts of the country are most suitable for small low-head hydropower installations. Water used in 2014 for these purposes, an amount of 473 million m3, accounted for 32.78 per cent of the total water use in the country.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	7572ca4f3cf1b115141d1c5241f1cb5b	Moreover, women who attain office do not always advocate for reform and women’s rights. These organisations traditionally have been the sole domain of men, and have served as a primary venue for informal discussion, networking and decision-making. The challenges encountered by women as a result of their exclusion from these circles, as well as the initiatives to create women-only diwans in Kuwait, are described in GonzSles, 2014, p. 133.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	7574c6784b36637a165ed22e0637bce5	The central and provincial governments are responsible for personnel and financial management of schools. Although overall funding has increased in the past decade, data suggests that primary and secondary education are underfunded compared to other OECD countries. Tertiary institutions have more autonomy than schools to address their needs, but central authorities oversee funding and student entrance exams for tertiary institutions. Improvements have been made, but both quality and equity remain a challenge.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	75773406f74f6301c95fd2ecdaf7772f	Such effects hold across the distribution of household income, with stronger estimated gains for the poor - implying reduced inequality. The decomposition of total household income effects suggests that indirect GDP per capita-driven gains are compounded by additional and reinforcing direct gains accruing to the lower-middle class and, even more so, the poor. The income-equalising effects of export intensity are broadly consistent with previous empirical literature (e.g. Jaumotte et al.,	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	757741933d7c6986a88b8da4d9f378a4	It is frequently asked whether income or consumption poverty measures should be included in a national MPI, instead of reporting them separately. To date, it seems preferable to report monetary poverty separately, although Armenia and Mexico (only) combine them. Moreover, the relative weight of income can be adjusted (if there are two separate measures the weight of each may be implicitly equal).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	757ae450ecbfecdda2be5acd1900d9c6	A challenge in the coming years will be to ensure that federal and state programming adhere to that prioritisation. In the case of water supply and sanitation programmes, conditions to receive support include the existence of a formal agreement between the state and federal governments for joint action, and to present an annual programme approved by the State Committee for Planning and Development (COPLADE) or the state-level organism in charge of water supply and sanitation planning. Subsidies for wastewater treatment activities must be first applied to ensure that supported wastewater treatment plants operate at a minimum of 90% before they can be applied to other investments.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	757e9050a3a724ecef8347815ed79065	Gender parity has been successful in terms of equitable numbers of men and women occupying the lowest and highest positions in the organization. However, at the critical middle levels (P-4/P-5 and D-l/D-2), parity has not been achieved. Men enter the organization at higher levels and get promoted more quickly than women. The culture and unwritten rules about who gets promoted and valued, and whose voices are heard, require deeper attention to truly achieve gender equality.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	7581392de64d57236d1de46599112416	Tax-payers also demand accountability for results. There is a need therefore to build a strong evidence base across all sectors - including those relevant to biodiversity - in a variety of contexts to provide guidance for policy-makers (OECD, 2006). The general lack of impact evaluation studies in the field of environment, and more specifically biodiversity, implies that these fields are not keeping up with best practice.	15	0	6	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	758482b92be0d912a83c6ca5ea157e76	Lastly, cash transfers in disaster situations can serve as a basis from which the affected families can start to implement productive ventures, or some other type of project, that will enable them to grow their productive and financial asset base in the long run (Bene and others, 2014). The transfers require the beneficiary families' to fulfill certain conditions (related essentially to health and education), with a view to strengthening future human capital and supplying short-term monetary income. In addition, households in situations of poverty or indigence in which there are no young children (which generally are not CCT-beneficiaries) would be excluded from the special transfers that could be made through such programmes. Consequently, Fernandez, Jadotte and Jahnsen (2011) advocate the need to relax the eligibility criteria in emergency situations, with a view to averting a deterioration in the living conditions of those family units which forces them to sell their productive assets, with a consequent decapitalization and future reduction in autonomous incomes generated through that channel.	13	7	0	1.0
10.18356/74479ade-en	7586903c0d4e87152356434a6df89503	The responsibility of integrating a gender perspective falls on the whole team. When Gender Advisers are part of the team, they have the primary responsibility to provide advice and inputs on all sections of the report in order to ensure the consistent integration of a gender perspective. Addressing women's concerns in each section, including the background/context, methodology, legal analysis, findings and recommendations, allows for the proper representation of the experiences of the entire population. As stressed above, disaggregated data is particularly important in this regard, but is only one element that allows a gender analysis to be undertaken.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	7587737007e7665c81530352ecb3b165	Clearly, geographic proximity to the supply of domestic food is not enough to ensure access to food. Urban regions have greater access to food, in part because they are better connected to national and international markets, and able to source food from multiple locations, whereas in more remote rural regions, there may be few alternatives to local production, due to limited connections to other food sources. Urban regions also tend to be richer, which provides them with the income to purchase food even at times of shortage, when higher prices ration demand. Finally, rural regions tend to rely on the few varieties of food that can be locally produced, and production may be difficult to increase due to limited land or an inability to modernise production methods. In addition, the volume of the local food supply may also be highly variable, leading to a higher frequency of food insecurity episodes in rural regions.	2	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	758b4c3296c8f0114c1a73015b88181c	The authors of Africapolis (2008) detected in this the beginning of the urbanisation process, in which countries in the region have reached different stages: one of initial urbanisation based at the outset on a small number of settlements; then the appearance and development of secondary towns until the urban network is large enough for the pool of rural migration to start dwindling. Finally, when the demographic transition is accomplished, the number of urban centres and the urban population level out, with some centres losing ground to others. These phenomena are a means of understanding the potential linkages and scope for movement and trade between places.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/0ec26947-en	7594b4b1bc05e9975c3f189ff569999e	One of the benefits of promoting digital innovation is that it could lead to further innovations, unlocking unforeseen possibilities. This is particularly true in infrastructure services as the potential for innovation within the sector is large. This report explores how innovation and specifically distributed ledger technologies (DLT), such as blockchain, integrated with other technologies like the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (Al), could accelerate a cost effective transition in key infrastructure services.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	7595617d8e47bada15a530097ab86b1d	By 2008, installed capacity had grown nine times over the 1998 level of 15 million km . The IEA projects China's solar heat use to grow another 450% by 2035 in the New Policies Scenario. Solar water heating now covers over 3% of residential water heating demand in China and so absolute growth will be significant.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	759830eca46fbe00da36189d6dd4a1b5	The government stocks consist mainly of rice, wheat, and maize (OECD, 2009). The exact size of government state reserves is a state secret, which complicates any analysis of the impact of stockholding policies on prices and volatility. The current price support schemes are implemented in two forms: a “minimum purchasing price” programme and a “temporary stocking purchase” programme.	2	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	75997e3577a7eee25b572a9808856bef	I do not think I will even finish the term of office' (Mtintso 1995). However, in follow up research in 1998 Kompe reflected: 'When I came here I felt out of place, isolated, with no education and I was just bombarded by everything. I was completely powerless, despite the fact that I was in a powerful institution. I only started to grasp most of the things in 1996.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	759a3b6e49deaa1ff8327b34da677fd8	While collaboration with GPs improved, it was not regarded a “spectacular success” because GPs were in short supply and reported being overworked. High GP turnover also made it difficult to form relationships with psychiatrists. Still, this model suggests that more flexibility can improve mental health access, and warrants further exploration. The authors note that this model is not sustainable under the normal FFS arrangements, and its success depends on a commitment to appropriately fund it.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	759acc767f2b97565ca922674c38cd8f	Transferring this to central government would support national planning and, by pooling capacity and expertise, may spur innovation in service delivery. Contracting with more private sector providers should be based on clear cost and quality selection criteria, with outcomes pre-specified in contracts. National standards and guidelines for care, as described earlier, will be needed to underpin this.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289346597-10-en	759b95e2698c40e89242d61169ef6b4d	We have not been able to get a clear answer from the responsible person at Teijin, and in the basic scenario it was therefore chosen to use a conservative approach, assuming a low yield of the process. For climate change, the increased efficiency means that there is a net benefit instead of an impact. The same finding is seen for human toxicity, cancer effects.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	759bd75e878aa2fe6b52d8185ca97949	The black dot in the middle is the mean. Low education corresponds to less than upper secondary, medium education to upper secondary’ and high education to tertiary education. Low education corresponds to less than upper secondary, medium education to upper secondary and high education to tertiary education.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	759d55f7a28f9de54f9bbb9f03f07afa	To this end, some institutions adopt a more top-down approach by assessing effectiveness at sectoral, national, or even global scales. Both the Philippines and Bangladesh have developed indicators for climate interventions, the former as part of an overarching results framework for its 5-year development plan and the latter as part of its national climate change fund (Philippines, 2011 and BCCRF, 2010). The Republic of Mozambique is also in the early stages of building a comprehensive M&E framework for climate change activities implemented by public, private, and non-governmental organisations (Manjate, 2013). The Government of Kenya (GoK) is in the process of setting up what it calls an MRV+ system, which combines the elements of project-level M&E in a coherent framework that facilitates meeting international MRV guidelines (GoK, 2012a).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	759e054db0d4a151b3eb4f392f76e2ae	The potential for increased recourse to insurance markets and public-private partnerships should be explored. At present, neither individuals nor businesses bear the full cost of their exposure to climate risk, which effectively acts as a subsidy for high-risk areas. It also affects the manner and extent to which climate change will affect Austria.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	759e893433c1cff472b351758344e01a	Washington Consensus reforms—involving macroeconomic stabilization, defined as low singledigit inflation, as well as microeconomic market liberalization associated with structural adjustment—were all supposed to accelerate poverty reduction. In this new framework, poverty reduction was seen as an almost automatic consequence of economic growth. Little attention has been given to structural causes of poverty, including inequality of opportunities and initial conditions (such as assets), and the distributional consequences of growth.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	759f8db447d91cbd2d41a81e8694dcce	Average life expectancy at birth has increased by 6.4 years over the period 2000-2016 (63.2 years in 2000 and 69.6 years in 2016). Since 2000, the lowest life expectancy values are observed in Domod Aimag (58 years in 2000, 63.9 years in 2010 and 68.63 years in 2016) and Khuvsgul Aimag (59 years in 2000,63.6 years in 2010 and 66 years in 2016). In 2015, the major causes of death in under-5-year-olds were related to certain conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, and diseases of the respiratory system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	75a214884e9cad1be407e214c4badd92	Specialist out-patient care is paid mainly by a flat rate determined for diagnostic groups such as acute diseases, chronic diseases and prevention, and fee-for-service payments. The coverage of products and services reimbursed by the NHS is based on health technology assessment, which evaluates affordability' and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods, but not for medical devices and procedures. Medical care at home has been developed for patients with chronic disease and movement difficulty, for instance, after surgery, for stroke patients and palliative care patients. Family support, however, continues to play a significant role in caring for patients at home, and support for carers (such as respite periods or financial allowances) are less developed than in some OECD health systems.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	75a3cc3fc99bde3f5e6287e1289ff632	While the overwhelming majority of the labour force in developed and transitional economies is found in waged and salaried employment, the labour force in developing countries is distributed between waged and salaried employment and various types of self-employment. Women and men within these households engage in a diversity of activities, often migrating in search of new opportunities. While these activities are generally labour-intensive in nature, they do not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets focused on waged labour.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	75a3d844b7f574a76d28b5d7263e14b7	There is an increasing trend of a higher share of arts graduates in comparison to the technical and science streams. At the same time technical and vocational schools are producing a declining number of graduates. There is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen these training programmes in Penang. For example the Penang Skills Development centre (PSDC) was established as early as 1989.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	75a8cd4f8598ffa4ab94743afd4eb851	Indeed in the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/260 adopted in April 2016, member states embraced Safe System principles of “shared responsibility to move towards a world free from road traffic fatalities and serious injuries”. The challenge now is to accelerate the implementation of the Global Plan by harnessing the added impetus provided by the SDGs and encouraging all UN member states to achieve the greatest possible reduction in the number of road casualties. In this phase of commitment and renewal in international road safety work, wider application of the Safe System concept can play a leading role. First and foremost, a Safe System helps to overcome the risk of a bias towards behavioural measures in road injury prevention.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	75aa6a35a11ce9f1dc613de886d28100	The ranking of a group of distributions can be considered definitive only if it does not vary depending on the index used. The best procedure, therefore, is to use inequality indices in a complementary way and analyse the results jointly. One involves determining to which extent changes in poverty rates are attributable to changes in income level and to which extent they are attributable to changes in income distribution. Another approach evaluates the role of different sources of household income, placing special emphasis on labour market factors that explain changes in labour income. In this section, both methodologies are applied to data from 1990-2008, in order to gain a perspective that complements analyses conducted in previous editions of Social Panorama of Latin America.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	75abe0e2b51fee98c6e67250d06515c7	Three options can be envisaged. First, companies may purchase products from farms outside of the hotspot region, if those alternative regions do not face an equally high risk; second, they may possibly change their agriculture inputs (or ingredients); and third, they may undertake stewardship programmes with farmers to ensure that they respond to risks (change practices or technologies). The choice of responses among these three options depends on transaction costs, such as transport costs for outside of the region engagement, cost of alternative ingredients, or alternative practices (Annex 4.A1.3).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	75ac00c073549f561d6092c299dfee26	The overall objective is neither to rank countries nor to determine an optimal model of governance, but rather to identify categories of countries facing similar challenges in order to facilitate peer review dialogues and to learn from experiences within the LAC region when seeking appropriate policy responses. In the 13 countries surveyed, respondents from central administrations (most often from water directorates) were asked to rank a series of water governance challenges from 1 (not important) to 3 (very important), according to a set of indicators attempting to illustrate each of the multi-level governance gaps. Though several elements contribute to the seven broad governance challenges previously described, one proxy indicator per gap was selected to facilitate the analysis.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	75ac76ca6762396adeb9d99e723d1cf4	Rapid population growth over the past 20 years in combination with low en-ergy prices has increased the demand for energy. Construction of a number of new dams, mainly for hydropower but also to store water for irrigation, was initiated in the late 2000s. However, hydropower generation has placed pressure on water resources and dam infrastructure disrupts water flow, with consequences for other uses and ecosystems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	75b01fd7fc58ac12da66f97c2cf4a62d	Policies could put more focus on skills and individual needs. The impact of reforms and policies could also be assessed more regularly. Youth skills are of little value if youth remain outside or on the margins of the labour market, or if their skills are not used effectively in the workplace. Youth typically face many barriers to gel into the labour market, and those with low social capital find it even harder.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/b276eed7-en	75b287a64785f6dc4fdee85bc43d7242	Similarly, in urban areas, an average of one third of the region's workers are covered for retirement or other pensions, which, when broken down by country, ranges from double that figure to half (see table II.l). This shows how much contributory social protection coverage varies, posing different challenges for different countries and economic sectors. Lack of a contract is closely associated with poor-quality employment and informal work, comprising the majority of workers without social protection, and is concentrated among the poorest sector of the population, which is the customary target population for non-contributory social protection programmes.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	75b307625ae94beb75d6a6fd4a4ce484	By contrast, exemptions or reduced tax rates should only be implemented to avoid a double taxation. For instance in the sectors covered by the EU ETS, carbon emissions are already priced through the scheme and thus should not be eligible for the carbon tax. However, sectors covered by the EU ETS should not be totally exempted from the eco tax which covers other externalities than those related to CO2 emissions.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	75b3de699eb599012c80c9ffb697fa3d	The payment system needs to foster interaction across multiple providers. There are generally separate and distinct programmes for the prevention of polio, tuberculosis, AIDS and other infectious diseases. Often there are distinct hospitals and delivery systems to care for each infectious disease. This organisational structure makes sense for infectious diseases because the mode of transmission of each infectious disease is often very different, most patients only have one infectious disease and few patients have multiple infectious diseases.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	75b4c97b1da27e585e80f284c1bc268b	Steps already taken, including the introduction of a groundw'ater model bill, suggest a w illingness to move in the right direction. From project impacts to effective responses: Who, what and how to confront future water risks? This chapter analyses and identifies solutions to respond to such risks. The proposed responses will be assessed generally and are applied differentially in the three identified hotspot regions and in others projected to face high agriculture water risks.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	75b550b6b3b80025571bfcc53b6b1018	There is an urban dimension to this, since broadband Internet access has developed much more quickly in Almaty City than in Astana or other regions (Figure 1.35). Dispersing scarce public funding over a number of specialised sciences or smart cities, or several innovation clusters based in special economic zones (SEZs), may detract from the success of any one city, including Almaty City. The risk is also that the complex layers of priorities and institutions ultimately exceed the capacity of the national and subnational bureaucracies.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c544899f-en	75b56e0f6000bb39b8dea4218a4b0455	This minor investment boom in the sector has not affected all economies equally, so there are still countries with supply problems owing to low investment in capacity. While privatization was complete in Chile, other countries stopped halfway (Brazil and Colombia); others opened the sector to private capital under a single-buyer model (Costa Rica and Mexico); while some, such as Uruguay, maintained the vertically integrated monopoly (Altomonte, 2002). This helped the development of privately owned Chilean firms which, as from 1992, took advantage of the reforms in other countries in the region to invest in them. This regional network made ENERSIS highly attractive to transnational corporations which were looking to expand in the subcontinent in the late 1990s. In 1999, the Spanish firm Endesa made a full takeover of ENERSIS S. A., and in the following year, the United States firm AES purchased Gener, another Chilean firm in the sector (see point 1 of section D).	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	75b613919935ddccfe3b7b4fa9c13078	In practice, the National Marine Fisheries Service and regional fishery management councils typically set an overfished “threshold’' as part of designating what are called status determination criteria for the stock. When stock abundance falls below the threshold, the agency designates the stock as overfished and requires the relevant regional council to develop and implement a rebuilding plan as part of a fishery management plan or plan amendment. The plan must also include management measures to constrain the fishing mortality level to rebuild the stock within this time period. When a population increases to above the overfished threshold but remains below the rebuilding target, it is considered not overfished but still rebuilding.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	75b73d0f0d80ac48451d44e468a17590	Keep the number of proposed new indicators realistic, as the national statistics office will raise justified concerns related to the costs of data collection, the feasibility of regular data collection and how the data will be used for reporting. The adoption and application of poverty-environment indicators can take five to ten years, owing to the cyclic planning and monitoring process. National development policies and plans and sector strategies are normally subject to five-year review and formulation cycles, and national monitoring systems are linked to these.	15	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/51c574fd-en	75b8a769181294778e497692a4c528bd	However, available finance for investment in agriculture falls well short of needs. Smallholder producers in developing countries face major hurdles in accessing credit for investing in new technologies and practices, and female farmers even more so. The shortfall in finance limits investment in agriculture and food security and, with it, the capacity of smallholders to adapt to climate change.	2	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	75b9df97cd522068296910e5e6f8f335	Therefore, servers consume more than half their full power even when they are idling [13]. In our case, however, a hypervisor cannot host many VMs effectively due to its limited resources. For example, it takes 20 s for the low-power server we used to boot a new VM, which is 5 times longer than waking up a new physical server. Therefore, we managed the system in units of physical servers, not VMs. This phrase indicates an ideal feature of energy-efficient servers, namely, power consumption is proportional to the load or CPU usage. Since this feature is not available in existing servers as aforementioned, it is often emulated roughly in a server cluster by turning off excess servers depending on the load of the cluster.	7	1	3	0.5
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	75beb4673a1523cea24fcee689abb31e	Developing countries and LDCs would be given a transitional period to implement disciplines on subsidies related to overfishing and overcapacity, as well as technical assistance for capacity-building. All have the shared objectives of reaching agreement by MC11 in December 2017 and achieving UN SDG 14.6 by 2020; similarly, all proposals call for across-the-board prohibition of subsidies linked to IUU fishing and overfished stocks, with no exemptions and some specified prohibitions (to be determined) on capacity-enhancing subsidies. Each proposal includes S&DT provisions for developing and LDC members, but to varied degrees in terms of the level of exemptions offered, transparency and notification requirements and capacity-building.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	75c1fd7e470a6f66ae0657eb63a63c40	"Let us shift the focus away from mutilation to education,"" the Secretary-General said at a special event in February 2016 marking the 2030 commitment. "" Let us make a world where FGM stands for Focus on Girls’ Minds. To fast-track progress, in March 2016, UNFPA and UNICEF launched the Global Programme to Accelerate Action to End Child Marriage."	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60a8d482-en	75c208b067793df255653846b14bbee7	These include older women, women living in remote areas, as well as women and men from ethnic minority and migrant communities. Membership is voluntary and, in most cases, CBHI schemes are run on a nonprofit and participatory basis. In the United Republic of Tanzania, for example, it took social and community-based insurance schemes a decade to enrol only 17 per cent of the population.179 In Ghana, where community-based plans were absorbed into the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) from 2003 onwards, almost two thirds of the population remained without coverage in 2011.' Mutuelles de Sante were piloted in three districts in 1999 and later extended to other districts.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/637f5278-en	75c350c3283408355db3edc90f2c1d5e	The same is also tme for certification standards for sustainable biomass and biofiiels, for which there are currently around 65 separate schemes. Industrial holders of rights could emit annually at die specified level and/or buy and sell pennits. This raises, in particular, the issue of the extent to which the private sector will need public incentives to foster some green activities.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	75c6377aacc776d666aabe8a5ea9e8e2	The strategy is to focus on a few activities such as life sciences (see Box 3.3.). For this purpose an Innovation and Pre-Seed Fund has been developed and structured cooperation among companies launched. Furthermore disciplinary clusters are being developed in co-operation with the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (MOITAL).	4	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	75c8251eb07ddd24c4c2fe0e23ae33d2	The concluding section sketches a staged approach which can guide a review of the financial dimension of ongoing water management practices. It can inform a policy dialogue on financing water resources management, the ultimate way to manage reform in this area. But, in the second half of the century, the impacts of climate change are likely to compound water-related challenges. For instance, in the case of agriculture, the anticipated increased incidence and severity of flooding could mobilise sediment loads and associated contaminants and exacerbate impacts on water systems, while more severe droughts may reduce pollutant dilution, thereby increasing toxicity problems.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	75c88fa48452d935a9f81390fafc9cbf	The lack of capital for year-round operations constraints the plants’ ability to maintain stable commercial relations with prospective buyers and limits employment opportunities. The NGO started working in Mozambique in the late 1990s by seeking to identify promising industries that could generate income and economic growth for the country. Despite the disappointing results of the first attempts to revive the sector, it was quickly obvious that the cashew nut industry still bore significant potential, because of Mozambique’s history in cashew production, its excellent environmental conditions and its low labour cost.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	75c9ff6aa2dd866c36b811a8a29428ea	But policies are also needed to address the gaps and take due account of investment priorities and local needs. This could make them better candidates for further investments in transport, logistics and digital infrastructure, boosting their competitiveness. Taobao villages are clusters of e-commerce activity developed to revitalize rural villages and bridge the rural-urban income gap.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	75ce99da652867ec3c8c68064eaa6b20	However, this feedback to physicians and information campaigns could be better focused, as practitioners and patients are broadly targeted. Indeed, in the case of the United Kingdom, feedback practices focusing on physicians with the highest prescribing rates for antibiotics were effective in reducing their use, while patient-focused information campaigns had limited effects (OECD, 2017b). Hospitals represent around a quarter of overall pharmaceutical sales in France, and the share of generics use there was only 2.3% in value in 2013 (ANSM, 2014). This low share is partly explained by different patient pathologies and hospitals’ heavier and more innovative treatments (OECD, 2015b), but producers also often sell branded drugs at discounted prices to gain a wider market (Dahan, 2016).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	75ceabf0c5f329fa1c1b14bb6b041b51	The available space should be used efficiently and excessive programming avoided. The authorities concerned assess whether the intended development meets a regional, inter-local demand for industrial sites, offices, residential buildings, retail developments or other urban amenities that has not been met elsewhere. Besides a quantitative assessment (number of hectares or number of homes), there must also be qualitative demand (e.g. an industrial site where a heavier environmental burden is permitted or a specific type of living environment) at a regional scale.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/efc21c19-en	75d0d3d91266e8b58e05e1762449ba97	The exchange could be both intra- and inter-agency at the national level, as well as across national, provincial and local levels. In the context of G2G interactions targeted toward improving gender equality, activities may include the establishment of gender statistics and relevant data sources that integrate national, regional, and local governments through a seamless single point access. By automating and integrating many of the gender-related administrative tasks and data transaction across different levels of government agencies, it has a potential to bring about a more coordinated policy development as well as an effective monitoring of gender impact. Initiatives in this form of interaction attempt to make traditional on-spot based transactions less time-consuming and more convenient.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	75d1305cd9f5da676e4f268605e9ea2b	However, only a limited range of curriculum goals can be covered. It is conducted internally in the classroom and counts towards a final grade or evaluation of the student. Teacher-based summative assessments may include different types of assessments, such as teacher-made tests, classroom-embedded assignments, project work and portfolios.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	75d1814145d59478e38e6f6b74238c17	The result is that urban agglomerations to tend to generate higher levels of productivity and output. For an over view of the many mechanisms involved, see Duranton and Puga (2004). The City of Chicago has approximately 31 recycling and reclamation facilities for various C&D materials and another 40 are located within Cook County.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	75d39cf85ad20bd6030ad433c4de8b1a	Different measures have been implemented to resolve this, including an infrastructure upgrade, an increase in the number of trains, better organisation and distribution of service, more frequent running times and public information campaigns. Despite these efforts, Santiago’s Metro continues to face severe congestion at peak hours (see El Mercurio newspaper, 24 June, 2012). In 2007, this jumped to 600 million (with no increase in the number of Metro lines).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	75d8c18e4644b0d9efea58a322b9a983	This is evidenced by the involvement of the FCC grain purchasing agency in crediting investment projects (with some of them unrelated to the grain sector). Financing of investment projects has been included in the portfolio of the Agrarian Credit Corporation, whose key mandate is to support the system of local credit institutions. The involvement of KazAgro agencies in activities which do not constitute their core mandates deserves re-consideration.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	75da1436684dcb3927d521f31f490c5f	These rules will be addressed in the course of the following sections. To define what is “reasonable” in these respects is up to each member and has to be considered by the authority granting the compulsory license. In cases regarding the production of life-saving drugs, negotiations for a voluntary license may be considered unsuccessful after a shorter period of time than in other cases, such as the production of items for the tourism sector. This usually provides the government with the power to rule by decree in areas where it normally depends on parliamentary consent.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	75dada65cb8c4029b0d08a3dbb1edf62	Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to make career progression, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers at around 25% (30% on average across the OECD) and declining since 2005. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day (2.5 hours for the OECD), and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. However, women are more likely to have been involved in setting up new businesses often without much financial gain in the start-up period.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	75db72617321764db275bd15b6c6bf11	Ce type de tests n’a pas d’implications pour le parcours scolaire des eleves. Ces memes tests peuvent toutefois avoir des consequences pour les enseignants et les ecoles. Le rapport offre une typologie de ^utilisation des tests standardises sans consequences pour les eleves y compris les raisons pour l’augmentation de leur utilisation dans les pays de l'OCDE et ses differents objectifs. Dans ce cadre, le rapport analyse la fa^on dont les tests standardises sans consequences pour les eleves sont consus, implementes et utilises dans les pays de l’OCDE.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	75e156ff13126557cdb57ce86d5e9990	If all regressors are identical, the results are identical to those obtained by running separate OLS, which would yield consistent but less efficient estimators. Thus, the husband's and wife's shares must sum to 1. Furthermore, the respondent's labour force participation may directly affect the amount of time spent in housework for reasons unrelated to bargaining power. Education can affect a person's outside or fallback options. More specifically, a wife's education level relative to her husband's (so-called education gap) may determine her relative bargaining strength in the household. However, the effect is likely to be non-linear in that as the gap increases (with the husband being more educated), so does the relative bargaining power of the husband.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	75e195af146227acdfc87746c35fc137	One of these employs the idea of a “bassin de vie” to argue that the appropriate geographic unit for optimizing quality of life has a small geography, especially in rural territories. “ Basssins de vie” in France are defined as an area where people both live and work, and where they can obtain the vast majority of the services that they need locally. The logic in this theory is that a high degree of physical and social connectedness leads to a better quality of life and to better local decision making.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	75e29773404268785e09b5aa02d4444e	Urbanisation also implies greater dependence on purchased food without recourse to alternative household production. It has also raised political sensitivity to consumer food prices through a stronger consumer voice (public mobilisation and demonstration). For example, imports to China soared in the aftermath of the melamine milk adulteration incidents as consumers lost confidence in domestic products.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	75e31a7c748aa8436bc340747a165a82	To estimate probabilities of health care consumption, these regression models included variables such as age, health status, and consumption of the same type of care in the previous period, consumption of other types of care in the current and previous period, education, sex, and region. The presence of dementia and dependence in activities of daily living were also explicitly included and both influenced demand for elder care assistance which was captured as having two levels: home services and special housing with 24 hour care. In turn, these factors were significant predictors of mortality for those receiving elder care. Data on incidence, prevalence and health care use of patients were obtained from patient registers providing longitudinal histories for a six-year period. Age and disease-specific risks of mortality were used. Individuals surviving beyond the six year period were considered disease free and were returned to face the same risks of health care consumption and death as the disease-free population in the model.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	75e4158c94d65d4785e8e831dd54adbf	Given that assessment, as well as the significant administrative and legal difficulties involved in implementing a mandatory regime,9 the final recommendation in the Staff Working Document was to apply the environmental footprints on a voluntary basis. It is therefore unlikely - but of course still possible - that a mandatory regime would be the recommended option at the end of the pilot phase. That is, labels may gain enough market penetration to become de facto mandatory.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	75e46ba7d706cf1d7567195cc8112f7c	Smil (2010b, p. 110) notes that “direct solar radiation is the only form of renewable energy whose total terrestrial flux far surpasses not only today’s demand for fossil fuels but also any level of global energy demand realistically imaginable in the twenty-first century”. Leaving aside unsuitable locations constituting about half of the worlds land area (those characterized by weak insolation or inaccessibility) about 470 ZJ are available. Yet, it would be technically possible to harness only a small fraction of this, and even less would be economically or politically acceptable. For example, the very ambitious Global Energy Assessment efficiency scenarios assume a techno-economic potential for solar PV, solar thermal and solar water heating of 2.6 ZJ.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e9a3c39a-en	75e51daab5db82b12ff6690c099c2ff9	In Italy, university graduates are less likely to hire workers on temporary contracts (Ghignoni et al., Further research is needed, including in low and middle income countries, on how education affects management practices and paying more than minimum wage. In many cities, unskilled, semi-skilled and poorly paid skilled occupations no longer make it possible to live within a reasonable commute of urban centres.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmbphh7s47h-en	75e6605d380e654ba0bc43721061a646	Thus in some countries, the content of the initial education can be quite different according to the position the aspiring teacher is expected to have. In Germany, according to the school, subjects, level of schooling that a teacher is preparing to teach, the content of the education he receives can be quite different. They divide the existing models in two important groups, defined by several common features: the “traditional models of teacher initial education” and the more modern ones.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	75e7bed029dbf6c0241c07c88ac7b4fb	All countries in Eastern Europe, except Moldova, currently have national legislation that regulates e-waste. In 2017, Russia will start an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme for electrical and electronic scrap. Manufacturers and importers must help collect and process obsolete electronics in line with Russian circular economy legislation.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	75e8092566e48db1537bbf36581750ac	Also, several illnesses other than cancer should be looked at simultaneously, which would be very data demanding. As an alternative, life expectancy can be selected as the health variable. It could be argued that life expectancy variables show little variation among OECD countries and over time (and thus do not help discriminating between policy effects). However, weak variability among countries does not seem to be borne out by the data, even if only OECD countries are considered11.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	75ef238ae53cc355f6a8e424ec0403ed	In some examples, it appears that other non-financial changes were at least as important as the payment mechanism change. For example, there are notable improvements in the quality' of care in the new FHUs in Portugal, where P4P is a significant component of payment, but the payment reform w'as accompanied by significant organisational change. Even if areas targeted by P4P are showing improvements, these improvements might need to be seen in context of other broader dimensions, such organisational change in Portugal and Canada, and a broader reform agenda aimed at improving quality of care in Norway, for example.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b1ccac57-en	75f3b34f63c2e4e80ec29033b5741709	The expected high level of monetary expansion is likely to pin the inflation rate in Egypt at the 10 per cent mark for 2016. Yemen is set to suffer from hyperinflation as a result of its severe balance-of-payments situation and monetary factors. The currency of Kuwait, which is pegged to a basket of currencies, including the euro, also remained weak against the dollar.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	75f88682ece4aac81b0ad461b75b1aa6	One-third of participating families in two of the sampled municipalities reported incomes from sources other than agriculture. The case study of the Celeiro region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, focusing on two municipalities, noted the PAA's ability to add a social dimension and structure to local markets and commercialization channels for farmers who were otherwise resource-poor. A DAP is issued for free by authorized institutions, such as the official entities of technical aid and rural extension or agriculture federations and confederations.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21334b08-en	75f8ac44083481821c7cb9b7f469628b	Under this Forum, the Bangkok 2020 Declaration was developed, which includes “Sustainable Transport Goals for 2010-2020” in order to demonstrate a regional commitment to measures for achieving safe, secure, quick, reliable, affordable, efficient, people-centric and environmentally friendly transport in rapidly urbanising Asia. Transport is not an end in itself; it is a tool that facilitates access. Improving access, be it to employment, schools, healthcare, social activities, etc.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	75fdbc641d2d2daa833d0993ef12097f	The book describes the rationale and implications of the lEA's BLUE Map Scenario, which explores the energy policy and technology options needed to achieve a 50% reduction in global energy-related C02 emissions by 2050. The analysis indicated that achieving such reductions would require maximum implementation of energy efficiency worldwide and a virtually decarbonised power sector (Figure ES.l). The decarbonisation of the power sector, in particular, poses a major challenge. The goal was to refine the ETP2008 scenarios and to assess their viability in greater detail.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	75ffe54da493c0c0386ec743936fcac3	Most of the local government institutions lack the capacity required to implement the policy, legislation and associated programmes. Local bodies are not financially independent and they have no autonomy in decision-making. They are financially dependent on grants from the central Government, as locally mobilized resources (mainly from property taxes) are often insufficient even for their basic operation, let alone for public services. Thus, local bodies depend on the centre for policies, plans, financial resources, human resources and even for budgetary decisions, which severely restricts the creativity and innovativeness of local leaders. Moreover, local leaders lack adequate knowledge and proper training to become visionary with regard to the socio-economic development of their locality.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	760080f96d45abdc8b3c10b028481035	Venture capital investment in the clean energy sector, Harvard Business School Working Paper 11-020. Wind project financing structures: A review & comparative analysis, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-63434. Renewable energy - market and policy trends in IEA countries, IEA, Paris.	7	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	7600c1af8af2d61311004c5840a6e0b3	The DC current generated by the solar panel is stored in the battery and then converted to AC using an inverter. The bottom one labeled EMBOXO also plays the role of a load balancer and cluster manager because the load of these two modules is less than 1% of the CPU usage when handling 10 000 requests per second. The aggregation of the functions into one server reduces the number of machines and the total power consumption of the system. An embedded Linux platform with Intel Atom Z530P/Z510P was selected.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	76030d1f14e9e89f05b3c023e083b4ef	At the same time, the shift in the nature of employment towards more temporary, less secure jobs risks placing a greater burden on individual workers to acquire the right skills and competences at their own expense.17 In many parts of the world, women are over-represented in informal occupations or the self-employed, constraining their opportunities for training, lifelong learning and skill acquisition. Providing strong policy support will be essential to ensuring the equal sharing of technological dividends from innovation. Currently, about 15-20 per cent of employees in advanced economies and 40-80 per cent of employees in developing countries are self-employed.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	76050d758c81076d94052d1126c6d0d8	Real food price inflation is still a feature in most countries, but it is significantly higher and more volatile in developing countries than in OECD countries, as illustrated in Figure 1.5. One of the explanatory factors is a higher weight of food in the consumer basket of developing countries. Another factor is the higher integration in developed countries between food markets and other sectors of the economy, due to lengthier, more complex and diversified value-chains and market structures.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	76060d287f9c1bb82639b44d8b1bbfec	Especially important in areas prone to disasters are improvements in transport and logistics infrastructure and decentralized food storage facilities. Measures can include realigning roads away from unstable slopes, protecting and raising riverbanks in flood-prone areas, stockpiling food in strategic locations for quick deployment, and ensuring the availability of a range of transport options for emergency food distribution. Measures are needed to enable people to have access to health-promoting foods and to nutrition education that recognizes food pattern and preferences. People have a right to make informed choices about the food that is available to them.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ca796bd2-en	76097c413e86c0957ddeb3a2a67f58d1	The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	760bf05730d103815774ce1617161734	In addition to a higher income, she now employs six youths full time and has trained a large number of others. She also offers continued advice and monitoring services to four chicken farms in the area. During a January 2012 visit to her farm, the UNDP administrator hailed the courage of young people like Ms. Diallo who take the risk of borrowing and investing in sectors where their elders do not see opportunity. More important, however, the integration of training, post-training coaching and access to low-interest credit is the most important aspect of this success story.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	760d751d78f8f2f7e03d77ab5f1e41e1	A model (Figure 1, page 12) is provided for thinking about what the evidence tells us about the ecology of adolescent-parent relationships, including skip-generation or sibling-headed households1, and when adolescents themselves become parents. It allows for innovation and reflexivity, particularly regarding policy implications. The review encompassed academic and grey literature from six countries (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa,Tanzania and Zimbabwe) and from the region as a whole.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	760da5c2f97312186632ce62319a9079	"Yet while the urban poor are covered by social insurance and labour market interventions for a rate double that of rural areas, those programmes only reach a fraction of the urban poor (i.e. 3-4 per cent)"" (Gentilini 2015:8). A significant proportion of the working poor, especially in lower-income countries, work in the informal sector, with employment and wages characterized by irregularity and unpredictability. In this sector, employment-related social protection is not the norm."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	760e97bc0cec24c5f34fcb83a1f332e4	Several factors allowed for these reforms to take hold. The most important were having stable political leadership; making education, and the need to monitor education quality, a national priority; international support; and partnerships with non-governmental institutions. In 1997, the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anisio Teixeira, INEP) was mandated to lead evaluation activities in the country.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	760ed5e22202bb872c68eb9f501dd664	"The resulting tool, called the in-accessibility index, measures individuals' ability to reach necessary activities based on their travel time satisfaction. The goal of the analysis was to create a tool that allowed different users' needs to be taken into account when establishing planning and investment priorities, while simultaneously identifying population groups for which access was particularly poor. Further details are available in the ""Accessibility indicators for planning"" chapter of this paper."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	7612ef0c86a325efb239f219d734a576	While this is welcome, consideration should be given to reform means testing as well to better target those with high disincentives. Moreover, a rising group of high-income pensioners, approaching 30% by 2080, will not receive the supplement (Figure 21, Panel A), implying they will profit from favourable taxation of additional pension savings (Figure 13). The new measures also amplify the complexity of the tax and pension system further with the risk that people focus e.g. on reducing tax payments rather than setting pension savings at a desirable level.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	761588b627556721d52f6a8300e1d451	The programme also promoted the upscale of local practices with the objective of incorporating them into local, subnational and national strategies. A tangible impact was seen in Malta, where the National Water Management Plan included NCWR solutions as part of the water security7 strategy of the country. Another example was seen in Australia, where governance reforms to allow for improvements in conjunctive management of surface and groundwater leading to a reduction of risk of too little water (Practice No.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	76188c2ec8d2e20534c3f0f2af618ad2	The paper outlines what ex-ante information would need to be provided in order to understand commitments, and explores whether guidance could take the form of “bounded flexibility” for the various dimensions describing mitigation commitments in order to provide a basis for post-2020 emissions accounting and tracking progress. It also describes possible stages of the process for establishing commitments for the 2015 agreement. Son adoption doit intervenir en 2015 au plus tard, et son entree en vigueur en 2020.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	761b8d5f1fd9830e937c4535239a03aa	These include, for example, the achievement gap between low- and high-status groups, differences in access to schooling, and the segregation of students into different types of schools and school programmes. Willms (2011) argued in the OECD's Education al a Glance (OECD, 2011), that equality and equity should be defined as separate concepts and measured with a consistent approach. Equality is therefore measured by the differences among groups in the distribution of Prosperity Outcomes, which are performance, attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	761db95028317399a491dbf59d99f873	They are well-positioned to play a more important role in the Canadian economy with their numbers approaching one million (CIBC, 2005). Immigrant women, as new Canadians, are opening new doors with their growing numbers in different sectors. Due to their more educated profiles and higher skills they quickly adapt themselves into the Canadian business environment in a very short time period and they have become “mainstream entrepreneurs” in five years. As one in five self-employed women is an immigrant in Canada, immigrant women’s contribution to the Canadian economy is very high.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	7628cb4a99b09dcf192bb63246d8ee26	For example in Niger, one third of all girls are married off before they are 15 years old, whereas in Burkina Faso more than half are married before 18 years, meaning that fewer girls in Burkina Faso marry before the age of 15.12 Other factors too often change the rate at which children are married; for example rural versus urban dynamics. In East Africa, CEFM is evident in the various forms of marriage it often manifests itself. Some of these manifested forms are: levirate marriage whereby marriage is forced upon a widow to the brother of her deceased husband, also known as ‘wife inheritance’; and sororate marriage whereby the sister of a deceased or infertile wife is forced to marry or have sex with her brother-in-law or widower/husband).16 The other forms of CEFM in East Africa include the trafficking of brides, marriage as a dispute settlement mechanism, and forced marriage in the context of armed conflict. Bush Wives’ is a term given to the thousands of women who are abducted and forced to become the wives of the soldiers, regardless of age.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	762c5e71fa919051666d7e0ab8613fd3	In order to strengthen Metrolinx’s role in regional co-ordination, access to additional revenue sources could be considered. Metrolinx is required to come up with an Investment Strategy by 2013 to fund the balance of the Regional Transportation Plan; various additional revenue sources could be considered as part of the development of this investment strategy. The coverage of urban public transport operating costs by fare box revenues varies greatly in OECD countries (Figure 2.4). The definition of cost categories is not uniform across countries, which makes comparisons risky, but in the majority of operations, cost-coverage levels vary between one-third and two-thirds.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	762d8755280e281ab05fe47acf9d1948	Similar to a weather forecast, their value is in their predictive accuracy. The weather in the next day or two cannot be changed, but you can react to it. Similarly, there is little room for policy intervention to change health expenditures in the very near term. An example of this approach is the “nowcast” projections of the Canadian Institute for Health Information (Ballinger, 2006).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	762ec321751fdf234bf55575502a7e78	When locally controlled forest enterprises implement those interventions, many benefits for inclusion arise. Local control helps them, for example, secure land and resource tenure; form larger coalitions and achieve economies of scale and the power of collective bargaining more easily; invest in programmes that strengthen business know-how; and revitalize technical extension services and deliver local and global public goods. The Forest Governance Learning Group (FGLG) initiative is an informal alliance of 10 in-country groups of partners, including 7 from Africa (Cameroon, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda). The FGLG thematic areas focus on strengthening forest rights; supporting small forest enterprises; encouraging trade in legal forest products; and advocating for pro-poor climate change mitigation and adaptation through forestry.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d72eb315-en	7631add0530ecc92595b78a2c3874b5e	Remote sensing and GIS could be valuable tools but their application to inland fisheries and aquaculture is lagging far behind that in other sectors. Such data deficiencies can result in mistaken policies. For example, the SmartFish project12 pointed out that some African countries' food security and nutrition policies overlooked fish despite its importance in people's diets as evidenced through dedicated surveys. Moreover, the contribution of women is poorly assessed and, thus, gender-aware policies cannot be adequately formulated.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	7631b1e74bea87c29156832e1ec29de0	Apart from drought vulnerability, where the data often need to be presented at a regional or global level, the most useful geospatial information should be on much smaller scales and at high resolution. Flood risk maps, and urban classification for earthquake risk mapping, for example, should be on scales of 1:2,000 to 1:10,000, with a spatial resolution of one to five metres per pixel.34 Landslide hazard assessment mapping can be at a 1:50,000 scale, with a spatial resolution of 10 metres. Another issue is the frequency of updates which in both these cases might be every five years.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	7633263cd9d0d153db9aa0a0e925afbe	Data refer to 2014 for Germany; 2011 for Australia, Austria, Germany, Portugal, Sweden; 2009 for Denmark, Hungary and Netherlands, 2007 for Estonia. The services offered vary widely across the Ldnder, which are in charge of education, and Kommunen, which are responsible for OSH care. Any school offering education and care, including lunch, on at least three days of the week for at least seven hours is considered an all-day school (Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2015a).	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/ee1a3170-en	763422f437ccc5018cde890f6e94d459	Furthermore, as the data collection, analysis and diagnosis stages take into account ongoing plans, policies and programmes in the city, the resulting Actions for Resilience in Maputo will be more easily integrated into existing urban development strategies as opposed to an isolated resilience action plan that might not be joined with other initiatives in the city. This process will allow integration with the Ecosystem Based Adaptation Plan and the Metropolitan Transport Project, as well as relevant new policies, plans and agreements that are currently being developed at the municipal level. Commitment of a local government lead with a clear mandate and the necessary authorities is the first step to local-level DRR action. However, urban risk governance is a more complex than merely having the necessary legislation and institutions in place, it requires broad participation for effective implementation.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	763467283bd9da10812dcac5eb63d2a0	Many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union even experienced deindustrialization during 1990s, with the share of manufacturing falling; they also experienced increases in poverty during that period. Thus, there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction. Thus, a growing economy has to have larger shares of non-agriculture sectors.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	7637308b46851f76cf1f405d1663de42	Regional dummies are included in all regressions and robust standard errors are clustered at the country level. However, to test the robustness of our results, equation 2 is also estimated as an ordered probit model, fitting the ordinal nature of the dependent variable. This model will again be estimated for three separate samples (the overall population, women, and men) to test the existence of gender-specific effect of the SIGI, using both ordered probit and OLS estimators.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/abb991ba-en	7638b1582acb9c48f2be4f07803e0fd8	"In terms of coverage, the non-contributory benefits will be expanded to include protection for children, older persons, persons with disabilities and pregnant women. The main priority is to ensure that ""every Cambodian citizen receives two main sorts of protection (1) a pension at the age of retirement, and (2) health insurance when they fall sick."""	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	7639c8a85901e2c59daedb9b72f1a9ba	In the short-term, this can highlight what is possible to monitor and evaluate and how existing mechanisms can be rationalised to meet emerging needs. Examples include the termination of data collection activities no longer useful, the consolidation of activities carried out by more than one agency, or a reduction in the number of data platforms used (Bedi et al., In Niger, for example, such diagnosis found that there were 10 distinct databases and other government information systems in place.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	763a25498a186277a0e16ede19272bce	It argues that increasing women''s participation in the labour force, a general trend in most developing countries in recent years, is not a straightforward pathway either to faster or to more inclusive growth and development, as is too often implied. Rather, the potential for w omen's increasing participation in paid work, including self-employment, to substantively enhance both women’s economic empowerment and gender equality is determined by prevailing socio-cultural conditions. Moreover, its wider distributional impact is fundamentally dependent on the prevailing processes of technological and structural change. Those processes in turn are affected by the global and macroeconomic conditions and policies which influence the level and structure of aggregate demand.	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	763abe512c911c24e8055bf34bb25647	In low and middle income countries GERD has increased significantly from around 0.6 per cent in 2000 to 1.4 per cent in 2014. This indicates that even in developing countries more and more funding is becoming available to support innovation processes that benefit from cross-sectorial collaboration. It appears that policy makers have set up framework conditions facilitating collaboration between the two sectors.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/sti/outlook-2010-6-en	763d43d340eb602c5c755be680428786	It is estimated that between one-tenth and one-third of innovating firms participate in public support programmes for innovation, with large firms receiving support more frequently than SMEs (OECD, 2010b). For example, in France, 1 unit of R&D expenditure results in 0.425 unit of tax relief. However, France, Norway and the Netherlands (for SMEs) are the countries which have enlarged their indirect support to R&D most significantly.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	763d7ed922ae6cf5905f0113d26c17a8	And yet tax settings on company-car use can influence distances travelled, favour certain modes of (more polluting) transport and influence decisions on both housing location and vehicle choice, as well as contribute to traffic congestion, accidents, noise and other social costs. Most OECD countries do not tie their taxable benefits to the distance driven - which is one of the main factors of the discrepancy between actual and neutral tax settings (Roy, 2014). The countries that do so apply fixed per kilometre rates that fail to capture the benefit of additional fuel consumed by less-efficient vehicles.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	763f00afdc0a39b4f1675f37b19292d6	In fact that was one of the initial stated aims of the software when it was first developed. It includes detailed output logs of all the Povcal software calculations, including the estimated parameters of the Lorenz curve in each case. To bring OECD notions of poverty to this mostly non-OECD dataset requires extending Povcal's methodological framework in order to derive the median welfare measure directly from the parameters of the Lorenz curve which Povcal estimates from grouped distributional data.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	763f22f9e86aac6d354f65bdd682a8da	Lower earnings as well as the buffer role played by their partner’s earnings underlie this result. The loss of the income previously provided by a partner, the (potentially) increased difficulty of combining work and care commitments, the change in taxes paid and benefits received can lead to substantive income drops after a relationship ends. Frequent career interruptions help explain at least part of this observed gap: life and career events impact women’s income mobility and earnings profile in ways they tend not to for men.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	7641f8ea8713434a81f10ff9fde81415	Consequently, there are no data and no analysis on the current impact from climate change on forests. Among these, the w'etlands of karst fields are particularly sensitive. Although some reports systematically cover climate change issues, there is still no established system for monitoring the incidence of certain diseases in a particular region that could be linked to changes in some climate parameters and subsequent natural disasters. Data gathered from the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have not been used for development of a clear response methodology for crisis situations caused by climate change, including the preventive measures that must be implemented in order to avoid the occurrence of crisis situations, or mitigating measures for consequences caused by climate change (e.g. reduced food yield due to drought or flooding or a shortage of safe drinking water).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	764c3a5496014ce5e4f94b4bb4379476	As such, equity should be one of the key objectives in any strategy to improve an education system. For example, disadvantaged students (those in the bottom quarter on the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status within their countries/economies) score 88 points lower in science than advantaged students (those in the top quarter on the index), on average across OECD countries. In B-S-J-G (China), Belgium, CABA (Argentina), France, Hungary, Luxembourg, Malta and Singapore, the difference ranges between 110 and 125 score points (Table 1.6.3a).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	764d0d4c464e6b191a5474bc84142613	Unemployed youth in MICs are more likely to be food insecure than unemployed youth in LICs. Many of the poorest young must work to support themselves and their families and cannot go without income while searching for better job opportunities or being idle. Working poverty and unemployment rates are strongly negatively correlated in Africa, suggesting that many young people prefer unemployment over working poverty and will chose unemployment in the hope of finding a better job when they can afford it. As countries grow richer low-skilled jobs disappear and the informal sector faces increasing demand constraints.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	764e1f30a58a81171d86cf03099c12e5	Canada and France are two of the few countries where mortgage interest payments are not deductible from personal income in the calculation of tax liability.3 Mortgage interest deductions are phased out in the United Kingdom, and Finland and Ireland are eliminating them gradually over time. In all countries, governments were advised to either take steps to tax imputed rent, or to eliminate the deductibility of mortgage interest. First, property taxes tend to be unpopular, and the political economy challenges surrounding any increase in their share are obviously delicate.4 Where property taxes are an important source of local government revenue, policy recommendations to national authorities to effect a revenue-neutral shift toward property taxes ought to be accompanied by compensatory schemes that are feasible within the country’s intergovernmental fiscal framework.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	764ec52551f96306c337792856dac110	Dollar a Day Revisited', The World Bank Economic Review, vol. Child Poverty Measurement in Bangladesh: Improving upon existing measures, OPHI, University of Oxford. Monitoring Progress in Child Poverty Reduction: Methodological Insights and Illustration to the Case Study of Bangladesh, Social Indicator Research, vol.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	76501d0bff88c3639ef698c2d3f55a73	The amendments were not followed up by any subsidiary legislation and very little was implemented in practice. The Programme also indicates die urgency of revising die still-valid Regulations on delineation of responsibilities of specially authorized state bodies on use and protection of water resources (2002 Resolution of the Government No. The Law covers centralized, decentralized and autonomous (for a single building or farm) w'ater supply systems and aims to ensure their safety and reliability through measures related to drinking water quality control, protection of drinking water sources (e.g. sanitary protection zones) and uninterrupted drinking water supply in emergency situations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/391ac1cb-en	76545d26688b5275d62065b974988b49	It describes follow-up activities in the immediate aftermath of the adoption of SCR 1325, and highlights strategies and tactics used and the increasing concerted development of national action plans, focusing on the Liberia National Action Plan as an example. As peace support operations generally fail to include women, their perspectives are often marginalized, especially at the decision-making level. It is now a commonly recognized fact that during armed conflicts women become targets of systematic gendered and sexual aggression by different warring factions, with perpetrators ranging from regular armed forces to peacekeepers.9 Sexual torture, rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy,	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	76567fe3716bd0234692d651cf0619e1	One advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether a given family at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution is now better or worse off than they it have been with unchanged policies. By comparing the mechanical income effects of redistribution systems between different periods, it is possible to identify family and earnings situations that are better or worse off as a result of policy reforms. For simplicity, we refer to these families, respectively, as “gainers” and “losers”. Results are shown for the same 8 OECD countries that were included in the above summary of policy changes. For each family, changes in tax burdens and benefit entitlements do not only result from policy action; they can also occur if policies are not adjusted.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7656e7d7b435b71f13640b29096ca187	The amending act included provisions to improve treatment and care for people dependent on drugs. It allowed for the management of drug dependence, and in that context legitimized opioid substitution, maintenance and other tertiary services. The amending act also repealed the mandatory imposition of the death penalty in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	765c30fd8530298003b73f6060066d9d	It also calls for an understanding of how gender roles, identities and relations shape the possible outcomes of statebuilding itself. This includes recognising the role of social expectations associated with being male (see Box 1.3). Gender analysis helps uncover the ways in which these processes and institutions are “gendered” and is the starting point for identifying and addressing gender disparities.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	765c7bcb56cda49b0a48d853e53b32c9	These resources will be very valuable for other organisations motivated to create their own women business incubators in the MENA region. Based on the success of the Casablanca incubator, AFEM opened the second incubator in Rabat in 2009 and subsequent incubators in El Jadida and Tangier. Applicants are subjected to a very systematic screening and evaluation system based on a number of criteria and rated points The selection process is assisted by a committee comprised of representatives from AFEM, the ANPME, the Fondation Creation d’Entreprises of the Banque Populaire, and the regional investment centres.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	765d62b827dcd9f046b468875dc06136	Collection of excess mortality and suicide after discharges will continue, as will research and development work on inpatient suicide. For those indicators that are being reported publically Norway’s data collection appears to be improving year-on-year, which is very promising. However, there are clear shortcomings, as identified in Table 4.3.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	7660dc99e351c87fc90f9cb9257bd6c2	These include the structure and characteristics of the higher education system; how the system is governed or steered; and its broader social and economic context. This applies when considering multiple policy levers used together. Various combinations of policy levers may be more effective in some contexts than others. This chapter concludes with an examination of how effective these objectives are co-ordinated in the Norwegian context.	4	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	76624dff055b32029d901aafaf5708e5	To reduce housing costs effectively, akimats need to ensure that the number of new'ly constructed housing units is higher than the number of new households. New housing development should be compact and transport-oriented, using a mix of densification and brownfield development to control sprawl (OECD, 2017, forthcoming). It is a means of using the planning system to create affordable housing.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591448-10-en	76645b1af46a4b1171c9a7b8c6f13ffd	Three states had child mortality rates of five and below (Cyprus and Malta with five and Singapore with three). The same number had rates of over 100 per 1,000 live births (Comoros, 105; The Gambia, 109; and Guinea-Bissau, 195). This represents a 65-fold difference in the relative risk of death for children under five across the 46 small states.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	76674151315a89f2cbda373b0d49ca27	For example, in the Arctic, where rises in temperature are most noticeable, there are some 400,000 indigenous peoples, which include the Sami of northern Norway, Finland, Sweden and the Russian Federation, for whom herding reindeer is a way of life. The Sami people had observed signs of climate change as early as the mid-1980s, when winter rainfall increased. Higher temperatures and increased rainfall began to make it difficult for reindeer to reach the lichen that they consume.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	766bcb198e64bae46190580851db8fe1	In both countries, students from the capital regions of Helsinki and Reykjavik outperform students from the rural areas. The article shows that these differences to a large extent can be explained by students' families' socioeconomic status and cultural capital, as well as students' own ambitions and expectations. Also, at a national level the Nordic countries are in the process of transforming their national assessments to computers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	766cac97adf6c538215b5071f5299c39	While in OECD countries households pay on average 40% of the cost of pharmaceuticals out of pocket, in Kazakhstan, the figure is 84% (OECD, 2018). Medicines prescribed in primary care are generally paid for by the patient, and only provided free of charge for patients with a listed “socially significant disease”. It is not known, however, the extent to which hospital drug coverage (in terms of quantities) is available for any given condition. To alleviate the cost burden of medicines for patients, the government has been gradually expanding the outpatient medicine benefit package since its introduction in 2005, but high OOP costs persist.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	766dcc1376a2d6eb836576eceeadaea7	Industry and urban residents are the largest consumers and have been benefiting for a long time. National energy efficiency efforts should be directed primarily to those who consume the most electricity and whose potential for savings are the greatest. In an attempt to maximise and accelerate the reduction of the housing backlog, energy efficiency has largely been overlooked in the design and construction process. Principles are now established to correct these errors and ensure that all houses, including the very small ones, comply with the best-practice energy efficiency standards.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	7670370620463ad921b5bd8d87eb50ae	Moreover, under various ‘Swiss formulas’ for industrial tariff cuts, the effective preference margin for LDCs’ exports into the EU will average 1.4 per cent while being negative but close to zero in the USA. If the USA implemented a 97 per cent DFQF scheme, LDCs’ exports could increase by 10 per cent or about USD 1 billion annually. In 2012, this share was below 20 per cent. Since this is compiled on the basis of notifications, it could be that the rising numbers reflect better reporting of NTMs that have been in force for some time rather than an actual increase in new NTMs.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	7670b34737e30b05e7632aa617004fb4	"In 2007, the General Office of the State Council issued ""Views on the Implementation of Deepening the Reform on Power System during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period"" (The General Office of the State Council Doc. No.19 2007), which standardised the restructuring of power enterprises at the county level, and encouraged the involvement of independent power companies. Since 2007, the State encourages all types of investors to invest in rural power grids."	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264077287-en	76717768e43193aa6aebc9fa8ca14a2f	A bill has been drafted to revise hunting activity so that it can play its proper role in ecosystem management. On “green belt” lands (not covered by development plans), permission must be obtained to erect public or agricultural buildings. Luxembourg has taken steps to ensure permanent protection6 for the wildcats living in its territory (Mamer and Eisch valleys, Fingig/Kahler/Hivange region, vicinity of La Croix de Gasperich and Dudelange, forest of Bettembourg).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282735-5-en	7671dd5b5bd555571937ec08978360a4	In Peru, smoking prevalence is higher than the OECD average for men but lower for women: 34.6% of men and 8.3% of women over 15 years of age in Peru used tobacco daily in 2013, as compared to 24.2% and 15.5% respectively among OECD countries (OECD, 2016). This was somewhat lower than the OECD average of 8.8 litres in 2013 (OECD, 2016). Nevertheless, 23.2% of the Peruvian population are affected by excessive alcohol consumption (35.2% of men and 12.7% of women).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	76720c3dc411a92222d9f13a20d53380	Nominal discount rates would be higher, reflecting inflation (see Chapter 8). These rates should not be seen as being applicable to particular projects but as a method to compare the costs of various technologies across regions. ( The opportunity cost of capital at the time of investment as determined by the income it could potentially generate in alternative uses.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	7673ad869b2d020e80d2e3b7947f92f4	Another driver has been the search for lowering cost of energy use in fishing and includes hull and gear design and in particular motor technology and the installation of effective fuel meters. The basic point is that when a market exists or can be created/developed (e.g. fish oil supplements) innovation and products will follow'. The introduction of a discard ban in the European Union, starting in 2014, will lead to the landing of fish without a ready consumer market. Alternative uses and markets - e.g. ensilage, fodder - will need to be developed to bring the raw material to good use.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	76768e0c5bcbf5609b74872826b6571c	It is important that, in the future, action to ensure equality should also include measures to empower women so that they may access positions of leadership (making them role models) and take part in decision making on equal footing with men. Mexico’s civil service should consider further policies and initiatives for enhancing the recmitment of women in sectors where they are underrepresented. Managerial positions in departments like the Navy, the Interior and Finance and Public Credit are male-dominated. As in the private sector, they are smaller among younger workers and wider at the upper end of the income distribution.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	767936dccb1068bb136140f7553c29e3	Classrooms and schools with more disciplinary problems are less conducive to learning, since teachers have to spend more time creating an orderly environment before instruction can begin. More interruptions within the classroom disrupt students' engagement and their ability to follow the lessons. The disciplinary climate is indicated in PISA by how often student do not listen to the teacher during lessons on the language of instruction; there is noise and disorder; the teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down; students cannot work well; and students do not start working for a long time after the lesson begins.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	76799b4fa4fd8884636aff480237c76e	The distribution of different tasks, duties and rights as well as expectations related to gender has changed. A consequence of these changes is that many women have had better possibilities to get an education and to participate in labor market activities (Poppel, M. 2010; Statistics Greenland 2014). Poppel, M. 2010). The figure below shows the changes in employment by trade and industries for a long timespan (1834-2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	767b2c977e723bb533d94a5a17a44523	For example, in Australia, separate funding became available for Herceptin, and a similar arrangement is available in France. In Germany, cancer drugs are paid on a DRG basis or through “specific additional payments” (Zusatzentgelte). In the Netherlands, the pharmacy units in hospitals were previously responsible for pharmaceutical purchases, and hospitals with a pharmacy unit that managed to purchase innovative drugs at lower prices were able to use these drugs more than other hospitals, leading to cross-hospital variations in the availability of expensive pharmaceuticals. But due to pressure from patient groups, in 2002/03 the Ministry of Health became responsible for 80% of the costs related to the purchase of expensive pharmaceuticals to insurance companies, with the rest paid by the hospitals and pharmacy.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	767d6a07afc73c2e4162e8d6f5cfe61e	On the other hand, the level of annual drain have followed a flat trend and remained below the level of annual increment that followed a gradual upward trend (Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute [NFLI] 2012). As a result, biomass and thus carbon have accumulated in forest at an increasing rate in Norway over last few decades. This increasing trend is expected to continue in the future as well and thus the atmospheric CO2 removal by forest biomass and soil is also expected to increase.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	767df5eecb654df6305184a63ee044b0	In Indonesia, after the elections in 1999 that ended another phase in the transition from military rule, the new government extended unemployment benefits to both formal and informal sector workers. This was in response to the very high levels of unemployment triggered by the Asian financial crisis, which affected mostly informal sector workers. In 2012, the Philippines Parliament passed a law allowing contraception and promoting family planning to help manage the problem of very large families, especially among the poor.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	767edbe5d01be0ebc33fd684ea704e9e	For example, providing safe water supplies and sanitation, and the resulting health benefits, is a much more effective approach to enhancing food security than imposing tariffs on staple foods. Initiatives to raise awareness about adequate nutrition and childcare can help to overcome nutritional deficiencies. Using international trade to make food available and affordable on domestic markets is beneficial for food consumers, while negative implications of open trade for producers and for market stability can be counteracted through appropriately targeted policies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b55e471b-en	767fb257ea4b9f8a356cd1e553852ec4	Thus, as an essential first step in capacity-building, it identifies the need to establish a more robust evidence base on the relationship between environmental change and migration. Third, it suggests changes to the legal and normative framework that, once in place, will provide the scaffolding for future policymaking, even if that policymaking need not take place in every country straight away. The challenges relating to establishing such a database would be significant, including the need to standardize definitions and develop internationally comparable indicators.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21b84508-en	768301037706512f2ffc35f92271fb69	Many of these goods are only traded within a small area, either because they are perishable or because of transportation costs. When social protection programmes generate additional income that creates demand for locally produced goods and services, they contribute to virtuous circles where agricultural and rural non-farm income growth reinforce each other. The degree of the impact will depend on the availability of local resources, including labour, that can supply the goods and services needed to meet additional demand without significant price increases.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	7683d0b8a78a10f25a2d34040e35cb79	This has put into question the relevance of centrally-planned investments and/or turnkey technology transfer, and highlighted the need to look for better technology delivery models. The Programme was superseded by the Programme on Renewable Energy Development and Construction of Small Hydropower Plants for the period 2016-2020 (2015 Resolution of the Government No. It recognizes the current shortcomings in the country in the process of construction and operation of SHPPs, hindering the growth of investment and cost effectiveness of already constructed plants. One of the main objectives of the Programme is to eliminate the need to import electricity by 2013, by commissioning new power generation capacity and reducing electricity losses in the energy system to 13.5, 13.2 and 13.0 per cent in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. According to the Agency of Statistics, electricity continued to be imported in 2013 and 2014 from Kyrgyzstan and the total electricity losses in the energy system have increased from 13.8 to 17.0 per cent in the period from 2010 to 2014.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	7685f5b3596787c49ad68b274676c87e	In order to overcome silos and diverging interests, a range of co-ordination mechanisms can be employed at the urban level to enhance policy complementarities. Building on this, cities should foster stakeholder engagement in order to create consensus and ensure the accountability of city managers and service providers to end users and citizens. Stakeholder engagement can help build trust and ownership, secure the willingness to pay for water services, raise awareness on current and future water challenges, manage conflicts on water allocation and set convergent objectives across policy areas.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	7689678f25b7879cc148af39bdc61ee6	The baseline specification focuses on the level of such variable (as in recent works on inequality and growth, see e.g. Halter et al. The data are sourced from the latest (2013) version of the widely used Barro and Lee dataset.37 In general, the quality of available cross country data on human capital has been shown to be relatively poor (De la Fuente and Domenech, 2013). The baseline specification does not, on the other hand, account for the last term in A3.7, cumulating population growth, capital depreciation and technological progress (n+g+S). The paper focuses on a simplified specification for several reasons.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	768a977e08180c18614f86860c888e00	In the other four countries, differences on the divorce procedure remain. Moreover, none of the countries offers equality in guardianship and head-of-household provisions or in the financial arrangements that apply to childcare in the case of divorce. They often join the informal sector, especially if they lack prior work experience, and may have to accept low-paid, strenuous work with no social protection.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	768af180134e995a648a1f5f4be7de12	In 2009-2011, the total volume declared (and paid) under the general regime was only 33% of the volume granted. A water entitlement can expire if the total volume of water granted has not been used in two consecutive years without explanation.19 Since 2011 the water title-holder can pay a guarantee fee {cuota de garantid) to avoid the expiration of the water entitlement. The aim of this mechanism is to encourage title-holders that do not intend to use the water to give back their titles. The rationale is that unused entitlements generate opportunity costs for society: water that is allocated but not used could be used in other activities and generate social benefits.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	768baceb8f23e6909ae0eab7fa904a1b	Other findings that were perhaps less commonly expected include the result that subsidies on variable inputs are the most production- and trade-distorting among all measures analysed, and that area-based payments can induce significant cross commodity effects. Where a policy instrument reduces the variability of farm income, it acts like an insurance. At the same time a policy that increases expected farm income, and hence raises implicit farm wealth, may lead the farmer to adopt riskier behaviour. Both the insurance and the wealth effect can result in an expansion of production if farmers are risk averse - an attitude that is found in many empirical studies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	768c961309d7f10e70de841add1d3835	Although many experts anticipate that it will have a wide-reaching impact on daily processes (e.g. cross-border transactions, procurement of energy, e-commerce, food supply chain tracking), a lack of education and knowledge regarding its principles and drawbacks is observed in the market. Moreover, some misconceptions have become engrained in the wider public. New technologies, especially in untested markets, pose risks which need to be compared with benefits.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	768f777c248dfd4b5cc19dc7c39cc300	The self-reporting system and periodical expert inspections should be operated more stringently, by for example increasing penalties for non-compliance. In addition, financial support for SMEs to improve their emission treatment system should be considered a top priority. Energy-efficient production systems can cut the cost per unit of production and increase price competitiveness, in addition to consuming less energy. Energy efficiency in industry in the city can also reduce electricity consumption at the national level.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	76908a50bc38b6944ddfe73cdf82a9eb	The United Kingdom has consistently been in the vanguard of developed nations in promoting international action on climate change. It has strongly supported international climate-change negotiations through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and EU channels, along with considerable unilateral efforts to support adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. At the G8 Summit at Gleneagles in July 2005, the United Kingdom proposed a focus on poverty reduction and climate change.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264302037-en	7691d4abb2271dfd04eefa883866d251	Citizenship plays no role: Someone who was bom in Ghana but has a different nationality is not understood to be an immigrant; while someone who has a Ghanaian passport but was bom abroad is understood to be an immigrant whether or not he or she already had the nationality at birth. The index represents the proportion of a group, either native- or foreign-bom, that would need to move in order to create an equal distribution. The same index can be applied to occupational distributions.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	7691f57a3863eafe826b29934d869ed5	However, countries facing especially large government budget deficits or where an already high unemployment rate is projected to remain stable or decline are more likely to envisage beginning to trim back some of the increases in spending that were taken in response to the crisis. Many of the crisis measures are scheduled to expire, often at the end of 2010 or early in 2011. This is particularly common for expansions of unemployment benefit coverage or benefit generosity and measures to stimulate labour demand, including expansions of short-time work (STW) schemes. Public employment service (PES) staffing has increased significantly in a number of countries, with Japan increasing it by over one-third.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	7693bcfbbae270adc930de61e8e514b8	"In Flonduras, parents increased the use of health services for young children by 15-21 percentage points, although no effects on children's illness rates were found, as in Brazil (Adato and Floddinott, 2007). Although these programmes are unconditional, their impacts are similar in magnitude to those of the influential PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera programme in Mexico, which conditioned transfers on school attendance. In the sub-Saharan African context, key factors that raise the impact on children are the transfer amount, with a threshold of 20 percent of pre-transfer income being especially critical, and the degree of ""messaging"" about the purpose of the transfer. For example, several programmes, such as Kenya's CT-OVC and Lesotho's CGP, include strong messaging that the transfers are intended to support children's welfare, which has been found to be effective."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	769717551537dd8ef93fa8c684a0cf0d	"Indeed, while an increase in the share of older age groups tends to boost health-care spending because health needs increase with age, longevity gains could translate into “healthy ageing"". For long-term care, however, there may be less of an offset: extra longevity is unlikely to reduce dependency, and long-term care costs are concentrated on the very old age groups, whose numbers will increase the most. The reason why income gains on their own might not generate tremendous pressure is related to the size of the aggregate elasticity of health expenditure per capita to GDP per capita. The hypothesis that health care is a ""superior"" good is generally rejected based on micro-data analysis where health spending is found to be relatively inelastic to individual income (implying that health is a “necessity"", even though estimates might be blurred by the extent of insurance coverage). Moreover, evidence that the aggregate elasticity is significantly greater than unity is not very robust (see Oliveira Martins and de la Maisonneuve, 2006, Annex 2B). As a result, long-term financial simulations generally assume an aggregate income elasticity within the range of 1.0-1.2."	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	769ceedd4092ee5ba4c6b6296fc2b7cd	Their simulation results show that the overall world price impact of trade policy distortions is most significant for rice, at 24%, followed by wheat (14%) and barley (9%). Poorer food-deficit countries and regions, with limited power to manipulate their trade policies, experienced higher price increases than those major trading countries which adopted policy interventions. The authors show that developing countries which are net importers but did not implement trade policy interventions experienced significant welfare losses resulting from interventions implemented by other major trading countries. The lower prices penalise farmers, reducing the incentives for investments that can increase long-term supply.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	76a17c76aa1b9ebc593bcfb9a61c73ac	Currently, the most important national policy development related to forestry and forest management is the transfer of ownership, rights to use and responsibilities for the management of what is ultimately planned to be 60 per cent of Albania’s forests and pastures to local communes. In 2009 the forestry lands (high forests, low forests/coppices, shrubs and other areas with forest vegetation) encompassed 1,071,880.2 ha, which accounts for 37.28 per cent of the territory of Albania. The structure of the Albanian forest resources (forest fund), namely its division into different forest types, surface covered and stand volume for the dominant forest species is presented in table 8.1. Areas overgrown by bushes accounted for some 24 per cent of the total forest area and 9.3 per cent of the total timber volume.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	76a44c907a4841afcf67016f9c62b2c2	In this way, the vulnerability of the economy to natural hazards and extreme weather events can be reduced. As such it suggests itself in particular to SIDS under the Mauritius Strategy for the further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. Laws are passed and regulations are promulgated in various spheres, but enforcement is often lax and too often apparently non-existent.	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	76aa89286d2d5101bb0e36a00f9ee717	For climate change adaptation, regulators were required to assess possible climate impacts in four areas: human health; infrastructure and location; land use, landscape, ecosystems and biodiversity; and water resources. The presumption was that the most climate-friendly alternative would be selected. Legislative texts were required to include a statement on the climate relevance of the act and alternatives considered, and, if the alternative chosen was not the most climate-friendly among those considered, a short statement of justification.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	76aaab5887c56c3f6d2c97e741eaa1c4	"Far more low-skilled immigrant workers enter the country through other channels: nationality verification, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), One Stop Service Centre (OSSC), or as border/seasonal workers. The majority of low-skilled immigrants obtain regular status through the nationality verification and OSSC channels, jointly totalling approximately 2.6 million workers. These immigrant workers originate from Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and Myanmar. Immigration policies in Thailand have been criticised for “lagging behind reality"", and policy makers appear to be struggling to develop an adequate framework for the governance of migration flows. This is in part due to the diverging perceptions of immigration by employers and workers, while at the same time policy makers aim to govern migration flows in such a way that the economy benefits."	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	76b2504c77b8e19103c6d7916c00c286	These problems may be causal or exacerbating factors. Boundary delimitation processes that influence control over natural resources have always generated tensions and controversy due to the critically important economic and political implications. In particular, the delimitation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and maritime boundaries has increasingly important implications for the ownership of offshore oil and gas reservoirs.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	76b810deb6cd53b6ac1f1a637bd9d922	The value added by the exchange is therefore marginal. Luxembourg could benefit from the experience of other OECD countries in this area and look for synergies elsewhere in the “Grande Region”. The acceptance rules and the financing methods are not co-ordinated, and firms often contribute nothing to funding the facilities.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6f8911-en	76b9f01fd001af7f62594b076c982dbe	However, the statistical yearbook on environmental protection does not contain statistical information on industrial waste, inspections and law enforcement on protection of the environment and natural resources. In particular, information on the use of water resources is excluded due to inconsistencies in the statistical data in that area. However, since the beginning of 2010, due to the lack of funding both the Aarhus Centre in Dushanbe and its website are not operational.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3400179e-en	76b9f541ceced56f0dbe25e6ff3c0de3	Such new macro policies should simultaneously aim at maintaining a reasonably stable macroeconomic environment; pursuing explicitly long-term growth of GDP and employment; and lowering income inequality. Evidence shows that countries relying on external finance often ended up in financial traps characterized by high spreads, exposure to sudden stops, external shocks, and rises in domestic interest rate in line with those charged on foreign loans. As a result, investment/GDP ratios drop. During the last decade, several middle-income countries with a large amount of public foreign debt started to reduce their dependence on foreign capital and financed their private capital accumulation mainly through the mobilization of domestic savings.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	76bcbf4874eff4c6ee7362b2ce9cdfd5	Figure 4.20 presents the impact of taxes and transfers in reducing poverty, comparing NSW with jobless households. Households with non-standard workers see their poverty rates reduced by a third, from 34% to 22% on average. In comparison, taxes and transfers have a much larger impact on jobless households, halving their poverty rate from 76% to just 39% after taxes and transfers. The poverty-reducing impact of taxes and transfers for NSW households tends to be particularly large in Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	76c09bc23a61aa27f60992c2ae75ba10	If the chief physician or psychiatrist considers that treatment may continue under outpatient status, a request for involuntary outpatient treatment may be submitted to the administrative court. Involuntary treatment may only begin if the patient has objected to it or if the patient’s mental condition is “a well-founded reason to believe that the care cannot be given with his or her consent” (Bolling et al, 2009). When the need for care is assessed, it should also be taken into consideration whether the patient, as a result of his or her condition, is a danger to other people’s health or safety. No minimum age for compulsory psychiatric treatment is specified.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	76c0eab047bf0efa61c75a9156b33952	This could provide an efficient and effective way to bring together different educational providers with key businesses (public and private) to provide meaningful learning pathways and sustainable employment. This would help inform education provision at all levels. The most effective region-wide graduate labour market systems are based on the collection of comprehensive labour market intelligence, on-line publication of the data in a single place to improve students’ ability to make rational choices about their studies and to help graduates and employers to come together and students to move into employment; and using the data strategically to identify regional priorities and at an institutional level, to respond to the data in terms of course provision and the provision of employer specified skills.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	76c15606ae7e41d751eba219618d8dd6	Having established near universal literacy by the end of the 19th century, its economic and social development has been and remains deeply intertwined with a commitment to education. As the economy has developed in recent decades, the education system that helped propel the country to upper middle-income status now needs to evolve to respond to rising expectations and changing demands for skills. New challenges are emerging: economic growth has recently slowed, inequality is widening and productivity growth is weak.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	76c25b8643de4c2d77486c5f1b67f05d	Investigating the relationship between the SIGI and different aspects of subjective well-being can thus shed light on key domains that significantly affect men's and women's lives and ultimately guide policy actions. It contributes to the subjective well-being literature from a gender perspective in two important ways. First, it investigates whether the societal level of gender inequality in social institutions affects national and individual levels of subjective well-being (SWB).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281318-18-en	76c3f00b444acc40f14f7293d3cc2c94	Recognising that the unequal distribution of unpaid work is a key barrier to gender equality overall, many OECD governments are promoting fathers’ parental leave-taking and care for young children, as well as a range of public awareness campaigns challenging gender stereotypes and norms. Long hours at home spent cooking, cleaning and caring for family limits the amount of time individuals can spend in paid work. Women have a disproportionate share of responsibility for caregiving, which can prevent them from entering full-time jobs, remaining in the labour market, and advancing their careers, earnings and pension entitlements.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f14dbdbb-en	76c505e95de6124cf7707b661d57d3d2	It has paid a great deal of attention to identifying the future labour market skills that will be needed and making sure they are covered by the education system. Table 4.1 presents a skill typology realized in Rwanda when that countiy and Timor-Leste were at a similar stage of development. Some are employed as agricultural extension workers, but more aspire to attend university and study agricultural science, although there are even fewer jobs available for agricultural scientists.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	76c7182fa2db7f1c8d176853dfc64f53	This has been observed in northeastern Spain for instance, where irrigation modernisation has led to increased consumptive use (Lecina et al. Furthermore, increasing water efficiency can lead to reduce recharge of aquifers, reducing groundwater recharge, which further the problem of groundwater depletion in critical regions, like Northwest India (Ward, 2016) or the High Plains Aquifer (Pfeiffer and Lin, 2014). Dam or infrastructure investments also can result in conflict and lead to environment problems, and generally do not result in long term changes in the use of water. In particular, well-designed water transfers have the potential to help alleviate agriculture water risks in the United States Southwest (Cooley et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	76ca0192ebd4ed31b95695b5c2b92f94	Self- or other-directed violent behaviours associated with alcohol and drug use are also significant problems. The period of adolescence and young adulthood is a time when violence is often given heightened expression. Any preventive measures envisaged must be flexible and tailored to the characteristics of young people and their environment. Understanding when and under what conditions violent behaviour typically occurs as a person develops can be helpful in planning interventions and policies for prevention that target the most critical age groups (WHO, 2002).	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	76ca9a599a9338eecae914e96da59747	In case of electric systems, this level refers to avoiding blackouts. In the case of gas systems, it refers to avoiding sudden gas-delivery cuts. In order to guarantee that systems continue to function under extraordinary circumstances they require sufficient back up and redundancy beyond the requirements of normal operations.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	76cbc0cded9eb37616aa3ffb58789ce3	Cash transfers are often intended to 'fill the food gap' in food insecure families, so their value is set at the cost of a basic food basket, adjusted for household size. Another option is to calibrate the transfer value against the cost of a basket of essential goods and services, including food but also utilities that might cost more in urban areas. The basic benefit level for LEAP should be adjusted to incorporate the different consumption needs of urban households, accounting for lower self-production, higher reliance on cash and higher costs associated with urban life. To account for the elevated vulnerability of urban households to price fluctuations, the transfer level should be reviewed regularly and adjusted in response to inflation.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	76ccb0eaf9be41638dc1a61eac66821b	In this case, the evidence shows that the proposed index is extremely robust to changes in these parameters. When all k values between 10% and 70% were considered, 93% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust.3 When k values were restricted to a range of between 20% and 40%, the percentage of robust comparisons rose to 98%. The Kendall coefficient for k values between 10% and 70% varies between 0.89 and 0.99, while the Spearman coefficient ranges between 0.98 and 0.99.	1	12	2	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	76cf9001573de95595c4f96be98cd8d1	Who chooses who does what and who gets what? Why should policy makers care about men and women having equal opportunities to participate in paid work? In Becker’s rational choice model, the family is viewed as a single entity with common preferences. All family members work together to maximise the well-being of the family unit, and to achieve maximum returns, Becker argues, members participate in a strict “sexual division of labour” -one partner (typically the man) specialises in paid labour, while the other (typically the woman) specialises in unpaid housework.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	76d014f7e879c642115ac8bf83b2f405	This current study, however, will focus primarily on the technical and physical interactions between different producers mediated by the electricity grid rather than on the environmental impacts of different technologies. Rare cases of auto-production apart, all production and consumption really does pass through the same transmission lines where everyone’s production and consumption decisions interact with those of all others. Limited storage capacity implies that electricity demand and supply are inelastic.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	76d6633bebada3572bc1af2bf0783e7c	Of significant concern, Czech mortality rates from ischaemic heart diseases and stroke remain the fourth highest in the OECD at 260.4 and 106.4 deaths respectively per 100 000 population in 2011 (compared to OECD averages of 122.2 and 69.1). This chapter explores the quality of these services for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer - the three cancers with the highest mortality burden in the Czech Republic for which screening is available. The quality of primary and secondaiy prevention for cardiovascular diseases (including diabetes, the focus of chapter 4) is also considered.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a692184d-en	76d71a35e73e7d5064ed108627f4fd9f	Preschool education can be increased by one year. Preschool education facilities include nurseries, nursery-kindergartens, kindergartens, nursery-sanatoria, kindergarten-sanatoria and preschool centres for children’s development. Levels 1 and 2 constitute basic education. After basic education, graduates can complete their secondary education (two years) in secondary schools and lyceums.	4	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	76d74fdc64f89ca04251edb6d4fa8bca	To address this challenge, the MITD organised a number of training sessions with supervisors who were working in relevant industries, to provide them with the necessary skills to coach apprentices. During their training process, a logbook was introduced to assist in the monitoring of on-the-job training. To contain this problem, apprentices are paid a higher stipend in the second year of apprenticeship to encourage them to complete their training programme.	4	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	76d80886a90ca4f8a83ef8b9103f878e	The measure, which follows a recommendation in the 2010 Survey * should help the recruitment and retention of better teachers as, after many years of wage freezes, teachers' wages had become very low vis-a-vis other occupations at the same qualification level. Preschool will be made compulsory for children over three years-old in 2015 (94% are already attending), which is a positive step given that enrolment generally enhances education outcomes of children with poor backgrounds. A so-called Sure Start programme aims to support young children in disadvantaged areas by providing pedagogic and social support in dedicated centres and promoting parental involvement. To reduce school dropout, Bridge programmes were launched in 2013 to help pupils performing poorly in elementary education to acquire basic skills and a partial vocational qualification, and an after-school support programme (TANODA) was launched.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	76e2c612e1860eb4e369f31150b3f1a6	Logs of Chilaune tree, Utis (alder), and Painyu (wild Himalayan cherry) from private forestland wait to be trimmed and dr ied. Slimmed of any branching limbs, then wide, sturdy chests will be sawed at NPR 60 per cubic feet, on dieselgenerated power. A 2001 study of the area published in the Journal of Forest and Livelihood found that the rate of increase in tree diameter drastically declined from one centimetre a year until the age of six, to 0.2 centimetres by the tenth year — an estimated annual loss worth NPR 20,000. “	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8b39690f-en	76e5aa7f152f0e9ae7e4922857b19032	This area includes mountain pastures that are expected to undergo significant changes in the accumulation of carbon if there is no change in land use. It is the optimal zone for capture and accumulation of carbon from forests and other vegetation. Forecasts of the realistic scenario in 2050 increase the range of Zone A, as it incorporates parts of the Danube valley, parts of the Upper Valley of Tundzha hilly plain and the Struma valley and parts of die Black Sea coast and Dobrudzha.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	76eadd9c5c8ee091c7bb9b9b5911adbd	For example, paddy rice, if it is irrigated, can yield a maximum of 5.5 tons per hectares in the sampled fields, but without irrigation the yield rarely goes above 4 tons per hectares. A recently released report by IFPRI (Svendsen, Ewing, and Msangi 2009) finds that irrigated yields in Africa are typically 1.5 to 3 times of those of rainfed yields. It should be noted that water footprint measurements do not necessarily relate to the opportunity cost of water, which can lead to blatant misinterpretations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	76ed8f9a791d7e06504f477ef47a8d9c	Reflect and evaluate tasks may require the reader to hypothesise about or critically evaluate a complex text on an unfamiliar topic, taking into account multiple criteria or perspectives, and applying sophisticated understandings from beyond the text. Reflective tasks require critical evaluation or hypothesis, drawing on specialised knowledge. Both interpretative and reflective tasks require a full and detailed understanding of a text whose content or form is unfamiliar.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/194768b3-en	76ef825aa9c484901f6ddb628d25d474	Successful cases of joint initiatives could inform this process. Gender mainstreaming should also go beyond providing sex-disaggregated data for all results areas of the Strategic Plan. In this connection, the merits of integrating the Gender Equality Strategy as part of the next strategic plan (2018 onwards) should receive serious consideration.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	76efd4b112735038717ec3bcd74c2218	Binding biofuel mandates also risks to increase price volatility on agricultural world markets. International trade in ethanol is subject to significant import tariffs, and climate-related standards are already in use on some biofuels and may become increasingly important in the future. In order not to act as trade barriers that discriminate between domestic and foreign products the development and application of internationally harmonised standards warrants close attention.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	76f180f039582dc91d89887eefd3c7c7	Poorer states have also been able to lift a greater number of people out of poverty, implying a convergence in poverty rates across states (Allwine etal., To evaluate the contribution of policies to the observed improvements and get a sense of their effectiveness, a useful exercise is to decompose the respective contributions of the increasing pie and the improvements in distribution. By contrast, keeping the average income level constant w'hile applying only the change in income distribution to the households data allows an estimate of how' much redistribution alone contributed to poverty reduction. Such a decomposition reveals that between 52% and 56% of the observed decline in poverty can be traced back to growth, depending on the poverty definition applied, with the other half owing to successful policies that improved the income distribution.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	76f244268e232ac690c7458e33bc6075	For those who are better off, low levels of maternity pay force women who can afford childcare back to work quickly after childbirth and, as women now take shorter periods of time off to have children, they find that they have improved their position in the labour market. While governments are keen to support childcare, particularly for the least well-off, there is a trade-off between using state funds to improve the quality of care and improving the affordability of care for all. While the former has been shown to improve social mobility, subsidising care is an important anti-poverty tool because it boosts women’s employment.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	76f2916223e8737323da1d02279c7c79	Shares remained roughly stable for LDCs but increased slightly for the other three groupings. This evidence suggests that, for food-importing developing countries in general, meeting the cost of food import bills has become less onerous over time. Konandreas (2012) conducts a more disaggregated analysis for the period 1990-2009, looking at individual countries in the LDCs and NFIDC groups and at their average, maximum and minimum shares of food import expenditure in both total merchandise imports and exports.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	76f78955469b823a6aa3b8d3408376a3	The indirect economic costs of mild-to-moderate mental disorders, in terms of lost productivity, unemployment, and sickness benefits claims have been estimated to be extremely high. Taking these costs into account, and offsetting them against the projected economic benefits of improved treatment for mild-to-moderate mental illness, has been used to drive investment in psychological therapies. In England in particular, this economic reasoning was used to make the case for the introduction of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2956c59a-en	76fbb5fddfa7960858f94a8d6de96d96	"This contrasts with SDG 4 on access to quality education and lifelong learning, for example, which tracks gender equality in 8 out of 11 indicators. The first is the lack of readily available data and indicators that target women and girls and/or capture gender inequality."" The second is an ongoing failure to place gender at the centre of macro level processes, such as growth strategies and environmental and sustainability concerns."	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	7701cfdde624f91738a40379e043a9de	This initiative utilises consultants to evaluate projects and present them to potential investors. This represents an innovative form of institution building that is confronting directly the difficulties that investors face in assessing the risk and return of new projects and committing to involvement in smaller scale initiatives. For some, there are clear economic objectives. Such programmes are guided by conventional rationales for intervention such as market failure, for example correcting information asymmetries in knowledge about market and technological development opportunities. While for other programmes, the economic aims are connected to broader social objectives and the needs of particular groups and areas. These programmes are not just about market failure.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	7702fca85002468a9e3750a9f18435da	In fact, captured fish used directly for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil dropped by 43% between 1992 and 2012. Recycling fish residue in the fishmeal and oil market (cont.) According to IFFO, the Marine Ingredients Organisation, the share of fish oil in the Omega-3 market has increased from 5% in 1990 to 22% in 2012. While still 74% of the fish oil is going to aquaculture, fish farmers find themselves competing with a buyer that is able to pay substantially higher prices.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	7704e8b0e6c9a79035c36444a70c3e15	These include the number of available public transport stops and how they are distributed, the clustering of population close to stops, and the overall density and distribution of the street network. For many cities, there are few sidewalks and pedestrians have to share crowded roads with motorized traffic. Although cycling may be relatively inexpensive, it is often difficult and potentially dangerous, with few cycleways or lanes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	7707d6ce2c06efb852473f544d3d954f	Innovation that harnesses these new opportunities will benefit from the exchange of knowledge and practices on how to successfully implement reforms. This research particularly emphasises the need to use diverse strategies for teaching and learning in different circumstances. This means that even if this report is focused on OER - i.e. on educational resources and particularly educational media - it will attempt to keep in focus the interaction of organisational processes and infrastructure, the means of using networks and collaboration, and insights (given and missing) from research.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	770a24fb4fcf429312081cf241937e5e	Due to their very high probability and/or high damage potential, intolerable risks are deemed unacceptable. Urgent action is needed to reduce them to an acceptable level. The acceptability and tolerability judgement process enables policymakers to prioritise risk management decisions when risks exceed acceptable levels (OECD, 2009).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5830c400-en	770b193c635cb558fd42a5fe82c6cb79	When the process leads to course exemptions, the costs of education or training to the individual are reduced, as the person will need to spend less time off work and may have their tuition fees reduced. Finally, when a person has nearly all the skillset required by the target qualification, and can obtain it just by passing an examination, the direct and opportunity costs are greatly reduced compared to pursuing a full training programme.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	770cd1a9de75740dc60ea83a6122461c	Accounting for such system costs can make significant differences to the social and private investor costs of different power generation technologies. In particular, the integration of variable renewables is a complex issue that profoundly affects the structure, financing and operational mode of electricity systems in general and nuclear in particular. The present study, overseen by the Working Party on Nuclear Energy Economics (WPNE) of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), presents an overview of the most important system effects, proposes methodologies to assess them and provides systematic empirical cost estimates. The deployment of electricity from variable renewables is also significantly affecting the economics of dispatchable power generation technologies, in particular those of nuclear power, both in the short and the long run.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	770da606874026dcb920ced1412dab67	In the north, livestock breeding is developing at a rapid pace and Kostanay oblast is the fourth largest beef producer. The average household has two to five heads of cattle and other livestock and poultry, and production is focused on satisfying their own needs for milk and dairy products. Selling livestock for slaughter usually occurs due to a need for cash or at the end of the pasture season. Inadequate conditions for cattle breeding, lack of balanced feeding from a nutritional perspective, limited veterinary services and insufficient knowledge, lack of financial resources, and an undeveloped infrastructure are common.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209527-6-en	77159817875081c2b0bf1650ce1106d8	Therefore adapting policies to the context and characteristics of each region can better address their particular bottlenecks and build upon their strengths. The government recently abandoned the explicit regional policy of the Peaks in the Delta and replaced it by the Enterprise Policy which includes generic policy as well as a policy specifically for innovative sectors in which the Netherlands excels globally rather than on the area-specific strengths of regions. This change was partly driven by the need to priorities resources in a tight fiscal environment brought by the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and current difficulties in the recovery phase.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9f24d500-en	771cbab3067da313c221d4c42dc81e0c	A unified contract agreed in 2015 ensured the same recruitment and employment policies for all migrant workers and clarified their rights. Since 2016, the programme has overseen modifications to the contract to include coverage for refugees, coupled with the issuance of 2,000 work permits for Syrians (Better Work Jordan, 2016a, 2016b). It trains qualified plumbers, recruiting trainees particularly among Syrian refugees, with an emphasis on women. Graduates have created autonomous cooperatives that promise to make a long term contribution to social objectives (ETF, 2017a).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	771fa40d66983e145fb96d7570c4cda3	Significant effort will be needed by countries to develop detailed sector level implementation plans and understand associated investment and finance needs in light of available domestic resources. They are intended to articulate the actions each Party plans to implement post-2020 as part of its commitment to the international climate change regime. The (l)NDCs are in the first instance documents for communicating political commitments, setting out national or sectoral climate goals, and as such provide no detailed implementation plans, which can be used as a basis for business planning and investment decisions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	7720112c26b5de048a60a40418f2cbde	Accounting for 70% of the Mexican mortgage market, INFONAVIT has over time become one of the most important actors in housing development in Mexico: one in four Mexicans lives in a house financed by the institute. An additional 31.3 million workers have an account with INFONAVIT to which they are not actively contributing, likely because presently they are not formally employed. The Assembly, its highest governing body, which is comprised of representatives of the federal government trade unions and the private sector, appoints the Director General upon the recommendation of the Mexican President.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	7722c01439806b12abb4b4dd9b4d6eac	This facilitates co-operation between teachers of both institutions and makes transition easier for children as they are already familiar with the learning environment. For stand-alone settings such as nursery schools and partner provider centres, joint planning may present more of a challenge (Scottish Executive, 2007). Furthermore, little is known about the impact of collaboration with services outside the school on child well-being and early learning. Participating jurisdictions report a number of activities and guidelines to foster such collaboration, but few signal challenges in this area.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	77240da2c21375187fc9f440209ea5c7	However, any of the main components may be of crucial importance for a country, more or less independently of the level of the other components. It is then relevant to use an averaging method that reflects this limited substitutability between components, either by a quadratic average of the components or by a reversed geometric average (as discussed in Guillaumont 2009a,b). The progressive shocks cover those due to the sea level rise and the trend in average rainfall and temperature. For each of these four main components, an exposure index (marked on Figure 8.1 in italics) and a shocks index have been computed.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	77270ab8c866666a06aeca62cedb1778	The distribution of earnings changes is trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles. Source: OECD calculations based on national longitudinal household and labour force surveys (UHS: China, Fedesarollo: Colombia, NIDS: South Africa) and the EU-SILC national files (Hirkey). While these conclusions hold on average, one should keep in mind that informal jobs are also extremely diverse.	8	0	4	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	7727722d9cd7edee3b2808b3e44d0e53	They both have a long history of sustaining considerable losses from the impact of disasters, although Vanuatu has a higher risk of humanitarian crises and disasters than Dominica, based on the Index for Risk Management. Nevertheless, both countries are considered to have a high resilience to external shocks and are categorised as 'high vulnerable and high resilience' countries according to Briguglio's (2014) revised vulnerability/resilience framework. There is also commonality and diversity in other aspects.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	772a6067c43971ff7f1de79ec0cf3b86	Most nets are lost in deeper fishing areas between 200 to 800 metres, but also in cod fisheries in relatively shallow waters. However, the TAC system for cod (Northeast Arctic and Coastal) does not restrict the overall catches of coastal cod. The Norwegian coastal cod north is recognised as a stock complex. Genetic studies indicate that some of the spawning components along the coast could be local stocks, more or less isolated from coastal cod in neighbouring areas. The challenge for the management is, therefore, both to keep the total stock complex at a productive level and, in addition, to give protection to potentially vulnerable local stocks.	14	1	9	0.8
10.18356/27e660be-en	772a64e323ae3b9a00ab99cef581966a	A diverse group of women through the Liberian Women's Initiative prevailed upon warlords and political leaders in concerted actions all over Liberia, as well as in Nigeria and Ghana during the peace negotiation processes (African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004). Through the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace under the banner of the Women in Peacebuilding Network, which I coordinated, Liberian women mobilized aggressively for peace between 2000 and 2003, using advocacy, mass protests and sit-ins as well as the presentation of petitions to the former Liberian President Charles Taylor and other international actors. Our activism combined with international action on war crimes and military action resulted in the signing of the peace agreement, officially ending the war. While these causes are diverse, social, political and economic inequality plays a significant role together with state collapse, economic decline, and historical patterns of conflict and battles for control of natural resources (DFID, 2001).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	772aaf2310de2bcbe6d3f40fe19f04ed	Reclamation and Irrigation Boards receive a quota at the beginning of every year (availability versus needs). Individual farmers, in their turn, are also subject to quotas or abstraction requirements. This contains a complete set of databases and tools concerning land use, irrigation networks and economic data in eight regions of southern Italy (Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, Sardinia).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	772b5abdc4659743e0f14592a59fb868	In addition, from 2000 to 2010, the private vehicle fleet grew by more than 58% in Chile (INE, 2011,2005, 2003). This was paralleled by a rise in the percentage of total trips made in private transport versus public transport (CEPAL, 2012). In common with most of Chile’s larger cities,31 these trends are leading to greater road congestion and elevated pollution levels. In 2006 on average, approximately 54% of the daily motorised trips in the Santiago metropolitan region were made on public transport (bus, metro, collective taxis).32 If daily commuting is disaggregated by income, results show that the lower-income segments are still highly dependent on public transport (CEPAL, 2012).	11	0	10	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	772c286c3aefb5b9f9f55da957bcb0f3	The European Union will remain the main cheese exporter, but its growth rate is slower than New Zealand’s, the United States’ and Australia’s. The United States is the largest exporter of SMP, while India is expected to increase its exports considerably over the next decade. The main destinations for dairy products are developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	772d095d02691b63046e9d6a024bfbfb	Extraction of conventional oil and natural gas is done primarily through well drilling, which can cause localized erosion and loss of soil productivity, and carries a risk of spills which can cause serious environmental contamination. However, biofuel production and other uses of biomass require a large input of “raw” biomass feedstock, the production and harvesting of which can have environmental impacts (depending on the biomass source). Electricity production based on combustion of other fossil fuels is also associated with significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas and other air emissions.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	772e50e7ad966e830b2d62b6f3353aac	In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile and Paraguay, after rising between 1990 and 2000, wages dropped as a share of GDP in the past decade. Income inequality declined in all the region's countries except Costa Rica between 2002 and 2009, while only in Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica did the wage share of total GDP increase (see figure II.3).3 Distributive improvements at the household level have not, broadly speaking, been reflected in a more egalitarian share-out between capital and labour. If the measurement does not include taxes on production and products net of subsidies, it is said to be a factor cost measurement. Taking the average for all the countries covered, the earnings share is 10 points higher than if wages alone are considered.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/488a38e7-en	77308fe3910baf5f4e6306a0ec8f5896	Within the region the variation is substantial. Less than a quarter of married women have a say in purchases for daily household needs in Niger and Senegal, while more than three quarters have a say in Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The pattern of variation is similar for decisions on major household purchases: less than a quarter of married women have a say in Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal, while three quarters or more have a say in Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia and Zimbabwe (see Statistical Annex). Demographic and Health Survey (OHS) database (2009).	1	4	1	0.6
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en	7732faa16d21d5a4c73a97feb7164080	Components of the program will include “pollution control in poor densely populated areas; environmentally sustainable development in poor urban areas; cleaner production in industry; sustainable livelihoods in and around marine protected areas; and capacity development support for environmental planning and management. The broad aim of these programs is poverty alleviation through approaches that build local capacity to develop permanent solutions using approaches that are environmentally sustainable. The Netherlands has financed a range of projects aimed at promoting pollution prevention and reducing toxic chemical exposures in partner countries. Projects are designed to provide broad support to entire sectors, and often address a need shared by a number of developing countries.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	77349298e2553215bf9c98062525374b	Financing for this remediation is not readily available from government and private local property developers are reluctant to undertake this function. At the moment, there is no systematic planning, nor serious anticipation regarding the potential for brownfield redevelopments, even though a number of initiatives to encourage new housing construction have been launched. One strategy to begin the transformation of brown-field sties is to encourage temporary uses in order to increase interest in the area and demonstrate its potential vitality (Box 2.6). The first is the cost of reconversion.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	77355e1a676b60415d80b8df617d3ff2	The result is a concentration of social housing in the peripheries of select municipalities - areas that are normally far from job and service centres, have poor transport provision and infrastructure and face a high incidence of social problems (i.e. poverty, unemployment and criminality). Since 1978, housing policy has been structured around two main pillars: i) demand subsidies targeted to households with saving capacity and access to credit; ii) the construction or assignment by MINVU of housing to low-income population with a reduced savings capacity. Public support for housing is comprised of demand-side targeted subsidies: the government provides a voucher to buy or build a house to first-time home buyers who comply with basic eligibility criteria. In addition to reducing a housing stock deficit, the policy has also aimed to improve the material and financial capacity of the population by facilitating access to a capital asset. Table 2.5 summarises the three leading subsidy programmes according to the targeted beneficiary group. Recipients sign a rental contract with a real estate company under the obligation to buy the home at the end of the contract.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	7736b33e8de41877a2df4b993263651e	Emigrant women tend to return less to their country of origin, partly because migration facilitates their empowerment. They also tend to use networks in destination countries more extensively and their networks tend to be more developed and active than those used by men. Highly educated” refers to those who have attained tertiary education.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1ae01c49-en	77379bd95e5eae524431236c6376f2c5	This makes the reduction of inequality a difficult, complex task. Ensuring that improvements in one area are not hindered by growing inequality in others is, therefore, important. This calls for an integrated policy approach and a specific policy focus on disadvantaged groups. It purports to be a set of cohesive, coherent and complementary policies (social, monetary and fiscal, developmental, trade and industrial, and other) to attack inequality in its various dimensions, since standalone policies are unlikely to have much effect.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f14dbdbb-en	773b1401c53937c6f61329eb6a1fbc39	He felt both had an ethical base in the respect for nature. Other potentially important youth groups are Junior Landcare, Red Cross Youth, the YMCA, the YWCA, community radio associations, musical organizations, drama clubs, and art, craft, and pottery groups. The centres also offer courses such as carpentry and dress-making.	4	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264096356-en	774541547d503f724a92a013eece170a	But contrary to other commodity markets, in the case of a disturbance in supplies, nuclear reactors operate without refuelling for 12 to 18 months (thus securing months of electricity supply before halting), and if delivery of fresh fuel is delayed, a reactor can still be operated for two to six months beyond its scheduled shut down, at gradually lower power, whereas strategic oil stocks correspond in most EU countries to 90 days’ forward requirements. Thus shortages due to geopolitical or economic factors are far less harmful in the nuclear fuel market rather than in other commodity markets. In 2008, the EU-27’s gross inland consumption consisted of 36.4% of oil, 25.1% of natural gas, 13% of nuclear energy and 12% of coal, for the most-used energy sources.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b64c6036-en	7746a76464eae8ea7f7ec3154d15dc35	In some cases, even new laws lack key elements such as definitions, precision of rights and obligations and setting of standards, and also fall short in terms of determining procedural stages. Many are framework laws and require the adoption of secondary legislation and a set of regulations; steps have been taken, but there is still a long way to go. Overlapping competences and fragmentation of responsibilities among different institutions and management agencies often occurs and so docs a lack of effective coordination among the different ministries/authorities. Insufficient human, financial and technical resources are an additional barrier.	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	7748874c58f0469ba0d2265955a30079	Main Economic Indicators (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cbcc2905-en. This is much higher than both Russia (86%) and EU countries, where owner-occupied housing accounted for 71% of the housing stock (Amann, 2013). This suggests Kazakhstan’s rental market is underdeveloped, and that much renting is informal and undocumented, with no rental contracts and often no registration (propiska) of tenants. Among Kazakhstan’s large cities (i.e. core cities of the 26 FUAs), only Astana seems to have a significant rental market (26%) (Figure 1.21).	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	774901ec45abacd631f9fc28eccc7de9	State and Territory' education departments are responsible for implementing the Australian Curriculum. In 2009-2010, ASIC made one of its key priorities the integration of financial literacy in relevant learning areas of the national curriculum. In partnership with relevant professional associations, and with the support of the Australian Government Financial Literacy Board, ASIC participated actively in the consultation process on the draft curriculum for Mathematics, English and Science. As a result the integration of financial literacy content in these curriculum areas is strengthened. For example, there is a sub-strand in the Mathematics curriculum called ’Money and financial mathematics'. For example, the content of the draft Economics and Business curriculum, due for Ministerial approval in December 2013, includes significant content about consumer and financial literacy.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	774997699926b9a39ffbe720f114fbb8	Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality among people who use drugs and are living with HIV.23 One of the high-risk groups for the spread of tuberculosis are people who use drugs. Based on the limited data available from studies in Europe, Asia and the Americas,24 the prevalence of tuberculosis among PWID is estimated at approximately 8 per cent (median prevalence based on 23 studies) with a range from 0.2 per cent to 66 per cent. People who use drugs are often socioeconomically disadvantaged and vulnerable to poverty, homelessness and malnutrition.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	7749f7f11e9d26d85a44d20febb88798	Comparative advantage is the pertinent economic concept, and virtual water considers only absolute advantage. It is used to assess whether a region or country is consuming resources in a sustainable or unsustainable fashion from a global perspective. However, estimated water footprints are somewhat one-dimensional, as they depict the use of only one resource. In addition, water footprints do not describe the implications of water use.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	774bc5166c7efd955aad2e49348148b8	The number of intellectual property rights cases brought before Chinese courts tripled between 2009 and 2013. Subsequently, China’s Leading Group of Overall Reform has established specific courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou focusing on intellectual property. Transparency as well as the extent of judicial efficiency and independence will be important determinants in how effective these institutions are in protecting intellectual property rights and private returns to innovation. Strengthening patent rights and further rural financial development will be beneficial, but so will measures that encourage knowledge spillovers and reduce barriers to firm entry into rural sectors.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	77534f5cf125e62d4145dd2a6dae6feb	Furthermore, the fee schedule as it stands does not fully address improving care, and creating new care options, for very long stay patients. Reimbursement could cover a wider but more specific range of treatments and services, for example psychological talking therapy, participation in community engagement projects, or art or music therapy sessions. The fee schedule could also be used to pay for services in hospitals that would help facilitate safe and earlier discharge, and help improve quality of care. This programme has seen some success, with a positive effect on patient outcomes, which were measured carefully (OECD, 2014a).	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	77540e79416edbc8f00d948436ecaa17	Such laws are also a cause for statelessness. If the family resided in the father’s country' and the father died or otherwise left the family, the mother would have to remain in that country (with whatever nationality issues that may have presented for her) or abandon her children to return to Egypt. This constitutes discrimination against women and is contrary to the provisions of Article 18 of the Bahraini Constitution in which equality between persons in rights and duties is recognised, without discrimination based on gender, origin, language, religion or beliefs.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	77558a73bb9c362e96bd801a0044abfd	Beyond sustainable infrastructure, investments will also be needed in new green products, services and business models (e.g. water recycling). When considering the balance between public and private resources for climate change specifically, the private sector is already the major source of climate finance globally while public finance plays a critical role to catalyse, leverage and guide private investment. In the case of investment for renewable energy, for example, Hascic et al. (	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	775b6b2a3715e73f13bf9cc7a69d355c	The cadastre has introduced performance standards to motivate staff to work more efficiently. Staff exceeding the average can receive a salary increase of up to 25%. A customer asked about his recent experience reported having to wait in line outside the cadastre for 4 hours in the summer heat—but considered that a huge improvement over a few years ago, when transferring property took several months.	11	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	775b726ef4caa1fcb0937e83aaa1dd39	Emerging evidence suggests that relaxing constraints faced by women farmers is particularly beneficial. The latter suggests the potential for a beneficial demand-side effect (import leakages are reduced). But there is an additional productivity boost derived from targeting women insofar as this improves children’s outcomes in the long run. These effects make such investments more affordable because they have an impact on long-run growth and thus a payback.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	776110b1c3263bbdca869df39f2b7f15	Other structures include fixed charges per hectare for nonmetered agricultural abstraction or a price per megawatt-hour for energy production. In Belgium (Flanders region), the level of the tax varies with the quantity of water abstracted. For groundwater abstraction, water abstracted is sometimes paid through increasing block tariff (IBT): the volumetric price is higher for larger volumes. In contrast, the volumetric price sometimes decreases for larger volumes in the case of surface water, the so-called decreasing block tariff (DBT). One issue with decreasing or increasing block tariffs is that the market signal sent to consumers on the value of the resource might become misleading.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a72b920d-en	77630832f0f9db816c0db3cd92ac6ee7	As discussed below, Ghana and Nigeria, for instance, have adopted National Strategic Frameworks and Plans for HIV/AIDS, which are being implemented. In fact, Cote d’Ivoire has established a Ministry of AIDS tasked with the mandate of strengthening care, prevention and community response to the epidemic.19 Resources have also been mobilized at each country level for HIV prevention, care and support programmes. In addition, public-private partnerships have been fostered and strengthened between governments, the private sector, faith-based groups, people living with HIV/AIDS and civil society organizations across the countries in the region.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	77683ff914cb2b07949d81129034b049	Schools are evaluated every seven years by teams of external evaluators who are recruited, selected, and trained by NASE, and who follow evaluation policies established by the MoES. Schools are assessed within an evaluation framework covering five domains - school culture, teaching and learning, student achievement, support for students and school management - and linked to 67 performance indicators. The conclusions of the external evaluation are presented to the school in a detailed report that outlines school’s strengths and weaknesses and provides recommendations for performance improvement.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	776af9d0badcf7871b5655b0557699a5	If well designed, such targeting can, in turn, create the necessary fiscal space, and possibly the political support, that is needed to ensure adequate support for individuals and families who need it most. More fundamentally, however, the highly asymmetric nature of the GR, and its consequences, across Europe have highlighted the incompleteness of redistribution in the EU, where social policy is formulated nationally, and without a mechanism for ensuring that spending patterns account for differences in poverty and unemployment risks across countries. There are major political barriers to moving social policy responsibilities from nation states to the European level.	10	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	776cb89650497b3061ecbb126ec50a87	Travel for the poor has thus become slower and more difficult even as other economic and planning forces have caused many of them to be displaced from central informal settlements to more peripheral locations (Immers and Bijil 1993)10. Access to affordable transport is one of the most important factors in determining livelihoods for the urban poor. A survey by SPARC in central Bombay of pavement dwellers showed that 80% walked to work.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264107243-en	776d75be0d67faa78410a3344753361c	They can select, compare and evaluate appropriate problem-solving strategies for dealing with complex problems related to these models. Students at this level can work strategically using broad, well-developed thinking and reasoning skills, appropriate linked representations, symbolic and formal characterisations, and insight pertaining to these situations. In Mexico 0.7% of students reach the PISA mathematics Level 5 or higher, compared with 13% on average across OECD countries (C20 countries average 10.3 %, countries with simi lar GDP per capita average 4.9%).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81d39474-en	776e619b76d680d956d806149f33f8ef	While in treatment or when incarcerated, drug users may be unable to participate in work, education or training, adding to the economic loss, in addition to the cost of treatment or incarceration. It should be noted that these productivity costs will be lower if job opportunities are already scarce as a whole. As discussed in chapter I of the Board’s annual report for 2010,8 drug traffickers in countries all over the world corrupt officials at all levels of law enforcement and government in order to continue with their criminal activities unimpeded.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	776fe5cf39bb97c2352e17af54d4d64d	Investment is more likely to be cost effective in cities that are already close to becoming attractive and productive locations for firms and investors, and in cities that can support investments targeted to industries already interested in locating there. Investment in roads and connectivity based on careful spatial vision will in the long run help to evolve viable secondary cities. Policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography. The upshot is that governments should avoid policies that harm or undermine cities and their economic functioning.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/293adac7-en	77733d55b2eedb631e3069b13be3ec15	It is common practice to set even municipal dumpsites on the fringes of water courses or in river beds, in bushes or along railways. These sites often lack fences, and it is possible to find children playing and animals wandering through them. The dumped waste often self-ignites, emitting dangerous pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air, and contaminates the soil and the water.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/859159ab-en	7776732991150129167806999deab56c	It is important in supporting people’s livelihoods, as the sector employs 7% of the population and provides 20% of Cambodian households with at least one income (ILO, 2018a). Furthermore, the incomes of GTF workers are rapidly expanding, with the minimum monthly wage in the sector rising from USD 80 (US dollars) in 2013 to USD 170 in 2018. Given that a large part of a GTF worker’s pay is non-wage, the median take-home revenue totalled USD 225 in 2017, well above the national average (ILO, 2018b).	11	5	3	0.25
10.1787/799337c2-en	7776d78d57eb5e6484addbe45c43bfaa	The survey is administered in lower secondary schools (ISCED 2) and, as an option, is administered in primary (ISCED 1) and upper secondary (ISCED 3) schools. The survey is also optionally administered in PISA sampled schools, forming a TALIS-PISA link. Therefore, this TALIS 2018 conceptual framework builds on the previous two cycles in 2008 and 2013 and underpins the survey’s focus on effective instructional and institutional conditions that enhance student learning, while describing how these vary both within and across countries, and over time.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	77783526e549fe5e667b780c7abe5bb5	There is a pressing need for further investment on waste infrastructure to meet requirements of the Waste Framework Directive. In the operational programme on environment, EUR 434 million (including EUR 369 million in EU funding) is allocated to waste management for 2007-13. In 2006, the average annual fee was EUR 35 per household, amounting to 0.6% of household income (GHK, 2006).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	777cfda6dadfcd27de881ba1a4a3a3fc	Given the inherent limitation of these data, other indicators of the size and progressivity of taxes and transfers are presented to investigate the characteristics of specific tax and benefit schemes. A cluster analysis of 15 carefully selected policy indicators, capturing the progressivity, size and mix of taxes and benefits, is then implemented to identify groups of OECD countries sharing common redistributive approaches. Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income be/ore taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s.2 For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	777d8c90a9802acd03aea2864aca5f9e	Mexico now has the lowest life expectancy of all OECD countries. While life expectancy increased by three years on average across OECD countries between 2000 and 2013 (rising from 77.1 years to 80.4 years), it increased by only 1.3 years in Mexico (from 73.3 to 74.6 years). This means the gap in longevity between Mexico and other OECD countries has widened from about four years to almost six years. Between 2000 and 2012, rates of overweight or obesity increased from 62.3% to 71.3% of the adult population; one in three children is also overweight or obese.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	77804e9daae661ee6db14dbb45c5c4be	This can be explained by the fact that conscientious students have more positive study habits, put more effort into their studies and have better behaviour in the classroom than others, controlling for intelligence. Other personality traits such as Openness and Emotional Stability appear to have a stronger role at lower educational levels. For example, both require completing work on a schedule and involve intelligence to varying degrees.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	77814a45897b36f4279f0d1263e9570d	While rice will continue to play a major role in Myanmar’s agriculture and offers potential for increased production, policies should not prioritise rice at the expense of other crops and activities, including non-farm activities, which may well offer both farmers and the country a greater return. Policies encouraging rice self-sufficiency at the state or division level do not necessarily ensure an optimal and sustainable use of natural resources. Some regions are better suited to rice cultivation than others, and deficit areas can buy rice from low cost areas.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	778193740802635b407dc8dd4cb0cb08	Are local capacities and knowledge made use of? Are people prepared and ready to react to warnings? Available from httpyAvww.imisdr.oig/2006/ppewAvhats-ew/ basics-ew.htm (accessed 19 May 2015). In Asia and the Pacific, regional trends suggest that such new technologies can significantly strengthen early warning systems but must be combined with people-centred approaches.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	77838d030e6b9ea63de61e0e3b3f6f7d	Microalgae are productive photosynthetic organisms on this planet that can double biomass on a daily basis. Under optimum conditions, commercial algae farms can produce 5 000-10 000 gallons (equivalent to around 19 000-38 000 litres) of oil per acre, compared to just 350 gallons (about 1 300 litres) of ethanol biofuel per acre grown with crops like maize. Replacing all US biofuel production with algae oil would need around 2 million acres (almost 8 100 km ) of desert; however, it w'ould potentially allow 40 million acres (equivalent to around 161 874 km2) of cropland to be planted with human food, and save billions of litres of irrigation water a year (Brennan and Owende, 2010; Chen et al., Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and discarded catch (by-catch, also called unused catch) are part of this problem and are all potential threats to the sustainability of fisheries (FAO, 2014).	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	77851bd2ee51469f13fd64cddaca5d18	The government has been developing taxes and subsidies to shift relative prices especially to favour the use of renewable energy sources. There will still be the need for laws and regulations to complement market instruments in areas where competitive markets are not sufficiently developed, such as electricity and water. Several privately-operated recycling processes, such as deposits for glass bottles, collection of PET14 bottles and the collection of scrap metal, are well established. As in many countries, there is informal recycling by way of people prospecting for reusable materials in garbage containers and landfills. So far little progress has been made with the separation of recydates from the rest of household and commercial garbage.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	7787bc6860b0690f5418e6d134830334	Moreover, the new law stipulated that at least one of the top three candidates to proportional seats was to be female. In case of non-compliance, COFIPE foresaw that the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE, Instituto Federal Electoral), responsible for organising federal elections, refused parties the right to register their candidates in the respective district. The law, however, contained a loophole as it exempted parties from applying the quota when candidates were elected by direct vote using a primary system.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	778882fddf4de7d4d8f5a571580a79c9	Its Department of Statistics had estimated that creative industries contributed around 3% of the country’s GDP in 2000. Developing these industries would give them the potential to contribute 6% of GDP by 2012, out of which 5 to 7% of the national workforce could be employed. In the area of arts, using the tag “Renaissance City” the Singapore Government aimed to “position Singapore as a key city in the Asian Renaissance of the 21 st century and a cultural centre in the globalised world”, to make Singapore “one of the top cities in the world to live, work and play in, where there is an environment conducive to creative and knowledge-based industries and talent”.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/808599e4-en	77896b13a37ec4933276d7f01863c3ec	The global rate of youth unemployment was estimated at 13 per cent in 2017 and was expected to remain steady during 2018 (ILO, 2018b). In real terms, this means that nearly 67 million young people between the ages of 15 and 24 report that they are actively searching for work but are unable to find a job. A deep concern is that world unemployment rates did not decline after the global downturn; as economies began to recover, the rate of unemployment among young people remained at or near 13 per cent (see figure 3.1).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	778b7b719a32c0808afb63a277e78c90	Unobserved characteristics - i.e. traits that are not measured in micro-data or that are intrinsically unobservable (for example ‘ability’) — can have a similar effect. In technical terms, the share of observed state dependence that can be attributed to persistent observed and unobserved heterogeneity is referred to as spurious. The aim of econometric modelling is to provide a quantitative estimate of the extent to which observed state dependence is genuine rather than spurious. The model that is most commonly used in recent studies of benefit receipt is the dynamic random-effects probit (DREP) model. This model can be explained as follows. If p*a < 0, individual i does not receive SA: y„ = 0.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	778b95ba1e588fba6fa542cc2425111e	The number of samples analysed, however, is relatively low, mostly due to a lack of re-agents, laboratory equipment problems, etc. Furthermore, the share of food samples taken within the framework of projects and studies is growing, which may not show the real situation as the objectives of projects and studies have their own specifics. Capacity for pesticide residue controls in food and feed of plant and animal origin is not yet in place.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	778cd53cf131cbc352455e24ac07985a	Wind data are drawn from ARUP (2011) with median case assumptions. More up-to-date cost estimates and load factors for solar technology have been provided by the IEA Renewables Division. Germany and United Kingdom data are 2012 estimates from BSW (2012) and Parsons (2012), while data for France, the Republic of Korea and the United States are drawn from IEA publications of 2010 (IEA 2010a, 2010b and 2010c), with a 33% reduction in order to account for the afore-mentioned decrease in market prices.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/e309eca0-en	778e191a7ac93d2d6ecb232e54db22ea	On the other hand, employment appears to improve life outcomes, including by reducing the need for medical treatment, as well as by raising household income. While causality is complicated, the importance of drawing workers into the labour force and employment is highlighted by the relationships between non-participation and disability and drug use. Prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower. There is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability. This may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions. Krueger (2017(47)) found that around one-fifth of the non-participating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	778f682e2a9382e77aaf951324989eeb	Again this has been a priority identified by the 2016-19 “Densaulyk” programme. Multiple waves of policy reforms have sought to expand access, modernise service delivery arrangements, and reduce reliance on inpatient care. The system continues to face many challenges, in part reflecting its post-Soviet legacy of under-investment in primaiy health care and relative focus on the treatment of communicable diseases. Others constraints are more contemporary, including the unavailability of the adequate information systems, the seemingly limited accountability for delivering results in all parts of the country, and insufficient emphasis on developing services and programmes that address the current burden of disease effectively.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264203464-7-en	779219161d9ddc30a55ab722f9c8e5a2	Efforts to address these challenges are compounded by policy discontinuities that result from a change in the majority of the municipal administration every three years. The region’s transport network is characterised by congested highways and poorly maintained urban roads. As to water and wastewater management, in spite of the high coverage of water and sanitation in the Puebla-Tlaxcala metropolitan zone (reported at 87% and 96%, respectively [SEDESOL, 2012]), the frequency of water provision and quality of infrastructure remain inadequate.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	7792edd4a2f18d169746bba6eee965e3	This exercise was realized on the basis of a measure of insufficient income. For its part, Chile has a lower poverty incidence but a very similar level of poverty intensity to that observed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Uruguay. As regards the area of residence, the values of MO are higher in rural areas of Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, while in terms of ethnicity, the highest values for MO are found among the indigenous population of Guatemala, Paraguay and Peru.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-3-en	7798be549f97e39ca6c705f9e06d405c	However, the learning outcomes of these students at the age 15 and from 20 to 29 are not as successful. Austria, Belgium, France and Italy fall into this group of countries. Yet, Canada, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Latvia and Spain perform above the OECD average on equity grounds in at least 3 performance levels out of 4. In particular, Estonia, Finland, Japan and Korea had an exceptionally high proportion of resilient students.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264229679-11-en	77991f3413596439f01402431886749c	It is therefore important that the risks are well understood, and that the governance structure (e.g. building codes, land-use planning and regulation of energy infrastructure) and market mechanisms (e.g. price signals and disclosure of climate risks) facilitate effective adaptation to both climate variability and change. Broad public acceptance is also a prerequisite for action on climate change adaptation. To assess progress, 12 indicators have been proposed.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	779a217984e5876cf379e0d8aee1546b	One size does not fit all. Tax policy To fulfil their functions, all governments require taxation revenue. Sound tax policy enables governments to achieve public policy objectives while also supporting a favourable investment environment. Policies that develop and maintain a skilled, adaptable and healthy population, and ensure the full and productive deployment of human resources, help create a favourable investment environment. While there is no single model for good public governance, there are commonly accepted standards of public governance to assist governments in assuming their roles effectively.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	779ff40f13e1e994d28028594a20ee49	While there remain challenges in providing equitable learning outcomes for children and young people from Indigenous communities and improving attainment at higher levels of the education system, Chile has achieved equity in access to basic education. Furthermore, there are no significant differences in primary completion between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. Targeted initiatives such as a specific scholarship (Beca Indfgena Basica and Beca Indfgena Media) have had a significant impact on increasing attendance and reducing drop-out among beneficiaries. In addition, the recognition and promotion of Indigenous languages and cultures in the education system benefits from the implementation of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) targeted at schools that serve Indigenous students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	77a08bb9ee80df2779fd1004afc89033	It im plies that there has been considerable reduction in inequality in the earlier period, although the average per capita consumption expenditure did not change in real terms between 1999-2000 and 2004-2005. The methodology used forthe estimation until 2004-2005 was anchored on a calorie norm of 2,400 K.Cal per day per person in rural areas and 2,100 K.Cal per day per person in urban areas. The poverty lines for rural and urban areas in each of the major states were determined as the MPCE required for deriving the required calorie norm.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	77a15e0ccf12c6388c9350b9bbaefcf1	However, if key elements of either approach are poorly designed or implemented their functioning and effectiveness can be undermined. Ideally the coverage should be as broad as possible to capture a diverse range of polluters. Indeed, an ETS works on the principle that mitigation is undertaken by firms with the lowest mitigation costs and total mitigation costs will be minimised with the broadest possible coverage.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	77aae1fc4166a4efc221b58a438339c4	The government’s efforts to develop modern large-scale production should be complemented by the efforts to integrate small-scale producers into agricultural markets as well as to diversify rural incomes. Large state agencies operate on the grain, machinery leasing, and agricultural credit markets. Their primary function is to implement support programmes, but they are also empowered to undertake commercial operations and as such enjoy substantial market power.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264267787-en	77ab0820dc1715b561606896d5b10369	Beyond the QOF, the country' collects several patient experience measures with general practice. About 2.4 million patients registered with a GP practice are surveyed twice a year around access, making appointments, quality of care, satisfaction with opening hours and experience with out-of-hours National Health Service (NHS) services. England has other rich data sources on the quality of mental health care, prevention measures, or around the use of hospital care by GPs, all of which are published at the GP practice level (OECD, 2016a). Denmark and Israel also took steps to better measure quality and outcomes in primary care, although recent events in Denmark illustrate that unexpected obstacles can derail progress in this area (see Case Study 1).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	77acfc0b22381ba997a37b9b3edf644f	Moreover, annual run-off may decrease due to increased evaporation in large lakes. Possibilities of heavy rain floods even in summer time may increase, especially in small river systems. Flooding can cause overflows in treatment plants or problems with water abstraction, affecting also water quality. Groundwater level may increase in winter, and decline in summer. Reduced groundwater recharge may cause oxygen depletion in small groundwater bodies, and consequently increased metal concentrations in groundwater (e.g., iron, manganese). The river originates in Finland and its final recipient in the Baltic Sea basin is Lake Ladoga in the Russian Federation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	77ad17049ac6d2197203b19290e9f345	This exposes the mining sector to potential policy and regulatory risks, stemming from government efforts to shift the global economy to a low-emission development pathway, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. At the same time, renewables have become an increasingly cost-competitive source of power generation. This has resulted in a business case for the adoption of solar and wind energy solutions in the mining sector, to reduce costs as well as carbon footprint of operations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	77aebdce1f7c73b7b27385fffc527391	The country has also used opinion surveys (e.g. metropolitan areas of Queretaro) to raise awareness on corruption. This applies especially to agriculture and energy that figure less in the 2030 Water Agenda than territorial development. This implies consistent, multi-annual and mutually supportive national, state and regional water programmes that incorporate the 2030 Water Agenda’s objectives. This implies combining investments into physical water and sanitation or “hard” infrastructure and providing “soft” infrastructure, i.e. mainly the institutions upon which water outcomes rely and their ability to fulfil their duties in an effective and co-ordinated way.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2011-11-en	77af2a8ea2ebe0ef3623b87d4f885166	Nonetheless, pervasive under-investment by donors, among other reasons, has led countries to lag behind on gender equality commitments. Official development assistance (ODA) has made significant contributions to reducing poverty and advancing health, education and infrastructure development in almost all developing countries. In some cases, ODA has been the major source of support for achieving these development goals.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	77b044d4526204201982400a98681d13	Both recipients and providers mentioned the importance of tracking so called “brown” or fossil fuel intensive investments in addition to climate finance, to effectively measure progress towards greenhouse gas emission reduction across their broader portfolio of investment activities. However, considering the resource intensity of establishing and operating tracking systems and the recent focus on defining and tracking flows in the context of the UNFCCC USD 100 billion commitment, providers of climate finance were sometimes of the view that an over-emphasis on tracking per se can itself be a barrier to effectiveness, redirecting scarce resources from achieving impact on the ground. On the other hand, recipient countries claimed that domestic systems tracking finance can be useful in verifying finance reported to the UNFCCC.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/137d57b2-en	77b696c758d1127c9122bee9f9bc8783	Among the regions, the population of Europe is projected to peak around 2025 at 0.74 billion and decline thereafter. The pace of growth poses enormous challenges for many of the poorest countries, which lack the resources not only to keep up with demand for infrastructure, basic health and education services and job opportunities for the rising number of young people, but also to adapc to climate change.” These services must be based on and reinforce human rights and should include sexuality education for young people, particularly adolescent girls.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	77b697cdec33aa5b891c089e06bf1689	Some countries Including Benin and Mali have repeated the survey to update their data. Furthermore, the international seminar on the informal economy organised byAFRISTAT in Bamako in October 2008 proposed setting up a unit to coordinate methodological research and implement a pilot project in some African countries, to test the viability of a system of national employment surveys and mixed surveys on the Informal economy. The analysis focuses on employment and socio-economic and demographic characteristics.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	77ba003a02e1dce68a05fadadb6af8ae	The programme “Water and Climate: Contributions for a Sustainable Development” was promoted by Petrobras as part of the company’s increasing attention to climate change and social responsibility. This is an important feature of many Brazilian rivers, which imposes limitations to other uses because it requires reasonable depths of water throughout the year. The construction of dams raises additional difficulties that can be overcome in many cases by costly transposition infrastructure. This way of reaching the hinterlands is important for the economic development of Brazil, also because it is increasingly recognised as energy efficient, environmentally friendly and low cost.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	77ba3287973b4e9380a6f42f2c6ac211	Increasing attention is being given in the region to developing policies specifically targeting persons with disabilities (United Nations, 2012). In Mongolia, persons with disabilities are entitled to a monthly social welfare payment as disability support (Casaubon, 2010). The social pension provisions for persons with disabilities in the Republic of Korea include a means-tested disability pension.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	77c1987955de245793f12ce09bc3fb7a	However, a strong case can be made that these expenditures represent an investment in future human capacities and should thus be accounted for separately from other consumption expenditure.35 Non-market and unpaid childcare activities represent a similar investment, yet these are not counted at all in macroeconomic statistics, whether as consumption or investment. It can thus be argued that total investment is underestimated in current economic statistics because the investment of both time and money in human potential is excluded. For example, spending on the operation of services for children in early childhood is classified as public consumption (current expenditure), although the construction of new nurseries and clinics is classified as public investment (capital expenditure).	5	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	77c2329a1e1320a9f087a34bee819714	A lower opportunity cost of water increases the net national benefits of measures that maintain irrigation infrastructure. A higher opportunity cost does the opposite. For example, in a region where values of water outside agriculture are high, due to water-sensitive or high-valued environments, or possibly due to growing cities, then investments in infrastructure maintenance will perform weakly. In fact it is in cases such as these where opportunity costs of water outside irrigation are considerable that it may pay to never renew irrigation infrastructure, and let it depreciate to the point of zero value in irrigation. A common belief by governments is that even if the government subsidizes the development of irrigation initially, they are less willing to assign adequate budgets to keep its infrastructure in top form. The high cost of maintenance is a major reason.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	77c41963db1ba4b9a2df56649b8e8e91	The reform will allow negotiations of special work conditions, without going through the DT, if the company has 30% affiliation in one or more unions. The negotiation process starts with a floor: the employer cannot offer lower benefits than the ones that already exist, with some exclusions. Therefore, the effect on overall income distribution is ambiguous. However, the fact that income inequality is larger at the top of the distribution indicates that the Gini coefficient will be reduced.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/797ccf27-en	77c45bd5fb25d15ebf667b1549df90f7	As the lower wage level in developing economies is reflected in lower prices of goods that are not traded internationally, one unit of the local currency will have greater purchasing power domestically than worldwide. For that reason, the World Bank has used purchasing power parity (PPP), which is calculated by converting a local currency into a reference currency (US$) in terms of purchasing power equivalent. Following this logic, in 1991, an international poverty line was estimated equivalent to one PPP dollar per day at 1985 prices.	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	77c7964b92da871cb53b14e6ebdd48c8	The most isolated places are outside the national grid and currently depend on power supplied by local diesel-fired generation or local natural gas resources. Diesel is used for communities located off the electrical grid as well as in situations where there is not enough hydroelectricity to meet the demand. A small amount of electricity, less than 1% comes from wind.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	77cd1a8dcf17511a4ba37b38c4e940b0	Few local governments established metal hospitals, and most local governments instead called on private hospitals to provide services. The Mental Hygiene Law was passed in 1950, which dictated that confinement of individuals with mental ill-health should be in psychiatric hospitals (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). Involuntary admission was included, and could be made by administrative order, or by the proxy consent of a legally responsible person (Asai, 1999).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	77cda64a4cf8e14a6eec20459973ec54	The housing stock increased more than twofold in Astana and Almaty, and also expanded rapidly in regions with strong economic and demographic growth, such as Atyrau, Kyzylorda and Mangystau. The average housing area per person increased throughout Kazakhstan. However, there are spatial inequalities: the residents of Astana and Almaty City have more housing space per person than the national average, and Astana is now well above the national average (with 28.5 square metres per capita, compared to the national average of 23.8 square metres). By contrast, residents of poorer cities such as Taraz, or in cities experiencing rapid population growth, such as Zhanaojen, have on average less housing space per capita (18.9 and 16.4 square metres per capita respectively) than the national average.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/f7cce716-en	77d28db32113f00d735c09e4837c8b79	The section ends with a review of the region's experience with micro-insurance policies that aim to restore the productive assets of vulnerable people. Transfers can be delivered directly, or else they may depend on the beneficiaries' fulfilling certain conditions. In the search for ways to overcome the consequences of a disaster, they are the most effective and lowest-cost means of distributing resources to the victims, since it is they who decide autonomously how to use the cash.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	77d30267ef9d9e2366b205f9e3b8454d	Six stakeholder forums were held in several key cities in which participants were asked to give their views on four suggested reform options. In the end, none of the options was preferred to the status quo. The discussion did however help reveal the range of opinions, dilemmas and tensions that exist among the stakeholders (Romero-Wirth and Kelly, 2012).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	77d5e9b71e87fa33e40729f5efdd1fee	An estimated 14-33% of the total global catch consists of IUU fishing, with a value of USJ8-19 billion (Borit and Olsen 2012). The real figures are likely to be higher since IUU data, by definition, are scarce. Information on women's roles in IUU is even scarcer (Kleiber ef al. When carried out on an industrial scale on the open seas, they rely almost exclusively on labour by men, many of whom have been pressed into indentured labour and held on ships as actual or de facto slaves, often for years without being allowed off the ship (Urbina 2015, ILO 2013). Pirate fishing operations in particular are characterized by some of the worst working conditions, and there are extensive reports of abuse (EJF 2010).	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	77d64090fd1d31765c23a93b58c50774	Building on a long history of international human rights and gender equality commitments, its universal approach recognizes the common challenges faced by all countries— developed and developing alike—and reaffirms the responsibility of governments to address them. The 2030 Agenda is clear that achieving gender equality is not only an important goal in and of itself but also a catalyst for achieving a sustainable future for all. Climate change and environmental degradation are advancing at an unprecedented pace; the global economy remains volatile after nearly a decade of crisis; a shift towards exclusionary and fear-based politics is deepening societal divisions, breeding conflict and instability; and millions are being forcibly displaced due to conflict and humanitarian catastrophes.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/18db943d-en	77d6d5f1d10ce32adb4e91168720cd2d	Proper signage and evacuation centres need to be maintained. These activities should be accompanied by sustained education and outreach to maintain risk awareness among local communities and government officials. The IOTWS, for example undergoes communications tests every six months and large-scale exercises every two to three years.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	77d76c67f52b36beaf2595c197cb8ff7	It is fundamental for survival of normal society. These changes reflect in new institutional norms and discourse; sea changes in the lives of women previously excluded from the corridors of power; and in the 'new men' emerging to champion gender causes. They also reflect in the lives of 'ordinary women' now claiming access to land, mineral resources, finance and other means of production with which to enhance their livelihoods and those of their families. Even so, women remain the majority of the poor, the dispossessed, those living with HIV and AIDS, and daily violated as a result of high levels of gender violence.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	77d94879c94fae628379c5fef85a2498	This assessment section includes impacts on security, severance, townscape, accessibility (in the meaning of usability of the transport system for people with physical and hidden disabilities), affordability, etc. It is important to note that non-monetised impacts require the most work and research for improving methodologies in order to better link these impacts to decision-making. This is important for not only essentially influencing whether the investment goes to particular scheme but also to serve as a basis for the adjustment of the scheme design. While improving methodologies for monetising accessibility benefits may help with this in some cases, in others, monetary valuation of accessibility gains - for instance when analysing distributional and spatial impacts - may be unnecessary, as a sole outcome ratio (such as the BCR) could be hiding relevant effects.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	77dbbf3150bbbb0d9d1eb68bee5a7778	High-skilled immigrants (consisting of the first three groups in Figure 2.5), are mainly from a limited number of countries (Figure 2.7). Immigrants from Japan, which is the largest foreign direct investor in Thailand, and to a lesser extent China dominate the number of immigrants over time. In 2015, more than 36 000 high-skilled immigrants from Japan and almost 19 000 from China together accounted for more than half of the number of high-skilled immigrants.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0d2045c7-en	77dd4287d336c01118da5dc6d9822461	The 1974 World Food Summit defined food security as “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”.21 The discussions in the subsequent two decades introduced an economic element to access food and thus made a distinction between chronic food insecurity, related to poverty, and transient food security, associated with natural disasters, conflicts or economic downturn. As such, food insecurity is the state when people do not have adequate physical or economic access to food. This cross-cutting nature of food security poses a difficulty in trying to measure it.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-10-en	77e120a50d7ecd8ef9c3fdb3e297841a	They specify the name of applicants to the programme by federal state, the amount of resources requested, the area covered by each intervention, as well as the list of successful applicants, the amount of funds and area approved for each project. There is, however, limited assessment regarding the overall environmental effectiveness of the scheme. Moreover, since the environmental impacts from land-use change are estimated based on a score that is translated into financial terms during the determination of the compensation fees by SEMARNAT, it is not possible to compare specific environmental impacts directly with the outcomes obtained through the compensation activities of the CUSTF programme.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	77e1b7a595594366295b299193090435	The three inter-communal syndicates operate, respectively, two controlled landfills12 and an incineration plant.13 The incinerator handles around 135 000 tonnes of waste a year, 10% of it from other inter-communal syndicates. Thermal treatment costs around EUR 0.10/kg of waste.14 The incinerator generates 5 700 tonnes of hazardous waste every year, as well as 29 000 tonnes of slag; most of this waste is exported to Germany, including the slag which, until June 2008, was recovered in Luxembourg. The remaining quantities are such that domestic facilities are less justified than in the past. Non-household waste for disposal is exported to specialised facilities in neighbouring countries, primarily in Germany.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c96bb166-en	77e1c073de6a90745616190dd9a1a1be	Condoms, for example, should not be perceived either as a method of family planning or a means to prevent HIV. They can serve both purposes, so it makes little sense to compartmentalize them or to pay for them from separate budgets. Condoms, Osotimehin said, are in most places today associated with a tool for preventing HIV infections, and most people seem to have forgotten that they were originally a tool for family planning.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	77e263368a9c70ee4202ca80117e1a42	"A failure by the Court to maintain a dynamic and evolutive approach would indeed risk rendering it a bar to reform or improvement. While the Court had previously examined several complaints about the position of transsexuals in the UK without finding the State in violation of its obligations, in this case the Court found it was necessary to look at the situation “in the light of present-day conditions” in order to determine ""what is now the appropriate interpretation and application of the Convention"" (para 75).See also see E.B.v. Yet, the European Court tends to use this'evolutive'approach when it perceives a convergence of standards among member States. Thus, a still controversial family-related issue is same-sex marriage. The European Court has refused to recognize the denial of same-sex marriage as being in violation of the Convention (art. States enjoy a wid e margin of a ppreciation."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	77e831e56461b254b01dcc2544f226f1	A number of factors, however, can complicate sharing lessons both within and between organisations. These include lack of formal co-ordination and advanced planning, uncertainty on how to organise information in a useful format, and difficulties in making context-specific findings relevant to other interventions (e.g. see previous discussion on RCTs). For instance, an independent review of the CIFs highlighted that the incorporation of information sharing and lesson learning in interventions varied significantly by fund (ICF, 2013).	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	77ed3d3153952ed3ffd2dedaa3cda6ac	Polytechnics are funded by the government and local authorities and also have external sources of funding. Core funding provided by the government is based on unit costs per student, project funding and performance-based funding. Financial aid includes mainly study grants and housing supplements. Scholarships and/or other grants to households amount to 14.9% of public expenditure for tertiary education, above the OECD average of 11.4%.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	77ef59551f157d899f2e563bf1316d46	Almost all conditional cash transfer programmes (with the exception of South Africa) require some time commitment by participants, necessitating a reorganization of household time patterns with potential impacts on time to engage in paid labour. Because of gendered norms, it is primarily women who perform the unpaid tasks of fulfilling conditions required to access programme payments, and thus such programmes may actually reduce women’s relative access to income or gender equality, even as children's status improves. This result is indicative of more gender egalitarianism and movement towards a high road strategy of social reproduction.	5	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-8-en	77efccba1fb886a1d0c2ae6f89037821	"We welcome G20 countries' progress on their commitments and look forward to further progress in the future. Further, we encourage G20 countries to consider participating in the voluntary peer review process"" (G20, 2016). We reaffirm ourcommitment to rationalize and phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, welcome ongoing peer review and capacity building activities, and encourage furtherefforts to facilitate subsidy reform"" (APEC, 2016)."	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	77f9a6700314d3ac5f361684f037d4b6	All public and private projects located in PUD areas within Mandaue City are obliged to comply with this ordinance (with heritage or cultural buildings and post-disaster infrastructure exempted), while other projects have the choice to comply with the ordinance, or not (IIEE, 2015). The city lias also employed the use of the Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) Green Building Rating System as a tool to measure, assess, verify and monitor the environmental performance of building projects in terms of management, use of resources and mitigation of emissions. The Green Building Ordinance requires building owners to use environmentally-friendly construction methods and resources that would have less damaging effects on the environment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	77ffc739769026527692ed26f45d47f1	Pressurised water reactors (PWRs) also offer the possibility of increasing operation beyond the natural cycle length by taking advantage of the power and coolant temperature reactivity coefficients. A decrease of reactor power and coolant temperature allows for a 30-60 equivalent full power days (efpd) extension beyond natural fuel cycle length. Only non-storable hydro-electrical capacity should be considered here. In the mid-1980s economic forecasts were calling for a moderate increase in energy demand for the coming years and for a substantial overcapacity of the French nuclear park. The nuclear energy was supposed to be the marginal for about 7 000 hours, i.e. for more than 80% of the year.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	7800aa687fc65dd35051ba7bab804c9c	The editors would also like to acknowledge the review provided by Clara Barata and members of the OECD Secretariat’s Technical Advisory Group. The document was copy-edited by Elizabeth Zachary. The Conceptual Framework provides an integrated theoretical and analytical underpinning to the survey that articulates its research foci and links to existing knowledge and evidence and policy questions. Le cadre conceptuel offre a l’enquete une base theorique et analytique integree sur laquelle reposent les axes de recherche et qui fait le lien avec les connaissances et donnees existantes ainsi qu’avec les questions qui se posent quant a Faction des pouvoirs publics.	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/a020cea6-en	7802b11107f094c903e623856aacaa04	Ideally, this is an available resource during the policy development stage, to help formulate objectives and goals, but joint risk assessments and ongoing information sharing are key elements of integrated strategies. These include strong support for the assessment of flood and climate risk through the Adaptation Reporting Powers under the Climate Change Act, which encouraged key infrastructure institutions to consider the impacts of hazards such as flood and climate change on their business and the provision of key services. It does so through the application of scientific methods and consultative processes involving communities in CCA and DRR.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	7803d816305dd151fe06a9cd037f2114	The obstacles encountered by adolescents and youth on the path towards healthy, productive futures differ among and within countries. Obstacles are often more imposing for those who are poorer, rural, less educated and otherwise marginalized or denied their basic human rights. Many of the solutions found to help young people enjoy their rights and access sexual and reproductive health information and services have been small in scale or scope but have the potential to reach many more individuals.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	780747726ff6add20dd981b33d10907c	According to these data, the teacher shortage index is 2.3 times higher in rural areas, and the index of quality of educational resources is 3.6 times worse in rural areas compared to urban areas (OECD, 2013b). Also, according to PISA 2015 data, the index of science-specific resources (resources for science such as laboratories and materials for science activities) is significantly lower for students in rural areas than students in urban areas (OECD, 2016b). When looking at time of instruction devoted to different subject areas, the main difference is in time spent in regular school lessons in science: 246 minutes in rural areas, in contrast with 298 minutes in urban areas (OECD, 2013b). In order to continue into upper secondary school, the majority of rural students need to change schools.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-3-en	78076a47295beb299e69cb2f7ff9ced5	These include the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Millennium Development Goals and the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals. In 2006, the Government of Kazakhstan developed its Strategy for Gender Equality for 2006-16, which served as the main reference for the state gender policy for the past decade. In 2009, the Parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Notwithstanding, many planned elements of the Gender Equality Strategy for 2006-16 were only partly implemented, often due to uneven presence of indicators and government capacities to measure real-time progress in tenns of gender equality.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	7809d51f0c0631ca48d5b9c9b9659b8c	Support programmes can also be adapted to the time constraints of women. For example, distance learning may afford women greater access to training since courses can be taken at times suited to their schedules. Policy initiatives in the areas of information campaigns, training, and reducing the care burden offer a potential double dividend - greater women’s empowerment and more productive businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	780a84c235f1897f02014ce312708f02	A lack of knowledge of basic financial concepts and lack of confidence are likely to reduce women's ability to access and use appropriate financial products and opportunities. It may also reduce their ability to set up a small business; build up emergency savings; save for retirement; and choose the best financial products for their needs. Women need to improve their financial literacy even more than men in order to address the challenges they face in achieving financial well-being (OECD, 2013). The OECD/INFE data collection in 2010/11 provided a first international comparison of gender difference in financial knowledge for 14 countries (Atkinson and Messy, 2012; OECD, 2012), while the OECD/INFE 2015 survey covered some 30 countries and economies (OECD, 2016). Figure 10.1 shows the difference in the percentage of men and women who can correctly answer at least five questions out of seven on financial knowledge.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	780b8f0158cdbc4604ba202d0eb266b6	High turnover rates disrupt the continuity of care. Moon and Burbank (2004) argue that when turnover rates are high, children spend less time being engaged in meaningful activities. Workload refers to the number of working hours, indicating the extent to which staff’s schedules are compatible with family life and the physical demands of the job.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74f4872a-en	780f1ca92c496c23bca8882fe5fc56cb	As industry - particularly manufacturing - expands, primary activity tends to become more efficient, as a result of both increased demand and the provision of capital and intermediate goods, in turn feeding industrial dynamism. The service sector also expands to complement manufacturing activities and, at higher levels of income, comes to dominate the economy. This was based on the belief that the resulting disruption would not only stimulate further private investment in the favoured sectors but would help promote various oiganizational and other capabilities whose shortage might otherwise curtail the growth process.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	78172504792cc66edd6492d799601259	This is a clear violation of Article 9 of the CEDAW since although this article does not guarantee women the right to choose their nationality nor that of their children, it gives them same rights as men to pass on their nationality. Their children, deprived of the nationality of their mother, will be considered as foreigners in their own country and will be deprived of all the privileges granted to citizens, such as healthcare, free education, access to employment, etc. They will also need to acquire a residency permit, w'hich must be renewed annually.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	7818cb1ff14e8e445df3cfcd2139b71c	The International Monetary Fund (IMF) nonfuel commodity index fell by 26.0 per cent between Q1 2014 and Q4 2015, with metals experiencing the biggest decline: the IMF metal index fell by 35.3 per cent in this period (IMF 2016d). This is higher than the 2014 global average of 2.6 per cent, but lower than the 3.6 per cent recorded by the wider group of emerging and developing states to which most of the Commonwealth small states belong (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1) (World Bank 2016a). Growth in Commonwealth small states reflects both the internal conditions of each state and the challenges faced by small states in general. The openness of small states to trade, and to trade with a small number of advanced economies in particular, renders them acutely vulnerable to exogenous global economic changes (IMF 2015a).	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	7819b1d9abfdec29bde0a4af198b0a5b	These complex issues are not evident in a projection of the nature provided in this Outlook, which assumes an inherently stable trajectory for key driving forces such as crop yields, input prices, energy prices and policy environment. The price spike of 2007/08 is revisited and measures of price volatility are presented. The focus then shifts to a discussion of market integration and price transmission to domestic markets, again looking at the implications for price volatility.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	7819ea473b6fc76c9948395ed53cb7e1	The approach to implementation embodied in the Paris Agreement focuses on facilitative dialogue and collaborative processes, rather than punitive compliance mechanisms. The transparency framework will therefore play an increasingly important role by providing the information necessary to understand whether and how Parties are fulfilling their actions to tackle climate change under the Paris Agreement. In addition, transparency-related provisions are contained in other parts of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. The aim of this paper is to unpack the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21, specifically those relating to mitigation and support (i.e. finance, technology and capacity building).3 This paper highlights the extent to which the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement are similar to or differ from the existing transparency provisions. The paper also briefly discusses two specific topics: (i) reporting of information needed to track progress towards NDCs related to mitigation, and (ii) reporting of information relating to the provision, mobilisation and receipt of climate finance. The Paris Agreement lays out general principles for this future framework.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	781a25ffd7107489cc9736c96b357fda	Strong teaching standards will be important to concentrate accreditation on the factors that contribute to high quality initial education, including not only strong subject-specific knowledge, but also pedagogical training with opportunities for practice and reflection (OECD, 2005). At a minimum, one requirement of accreditation should be for institutions to publish the proportion of graduates who gain permanent posts. This could help students make more informed choices about which university to attend, and reduce the demand for - and eventually the supply of - low-quality providers. The MEP should also work with providers to raise the bar for entry to programmes in order to identify students with higher basic skills and who are motivated to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, Costa Rica does not have any programmes to incentivise talented students to enter the teaching profession.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	781b2ba9504967210b7013c9b3fdeabc	In addition, using these data to inform about children requires too many assumptions about what happens within households, and how children are impacted. For all of these reasons, it is important to move forward with a global monitoring system that measures child food insecurity. Table 1 summarizes the constructs described above and why they are inadequate as proxies for child food insecurity.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d100c303-en	781b69639b7673cba2f36b2f07f8551a	But they can make a real difference in reducing the effects of poverty and bolstering Children in Supaul, a flood- families and economies. As households spend the transfers they receive, their impact is multiplied in the local economy and the benefits transmitted to others in society. In Brazil, for example, Bolsa Familia, one of the largest cash transfer programmes in the world, was paired with Beneficio de Prestagao Continuada - a combination social pension and disability grant.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3400179e-en	781b9d9768895d52a872a35d4a2fef7c	Moreover, the formulation and implementation of the global development agenda will only succeed with inclusive participation. To be truly global and reflect a shared vision, the development framework should be applicable to all countries, both developing and developed. While the present Policy Note focuses on the developing countries, the implication of the new framework for developed countries should be further explored.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	781ca313ef4818f06bf4e99f50f3fcb5	Over 1.6 million people have been displaced internally while over 616 000 people have fled to neighbouring states. Severe food insecurity is expected to affect 4.6 million people this year, compared to 3.8 million last year, at the height of the lean season. The incidence of poverty has worsened from 44.7% in 2011 to more than 57% in 2015.	11	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	781d3c2b6431829dfc9893a3ce068744	Their main responsibilities are secondary schools, public health services, social welfare, culture, architecture and construction, and public safety and most multi-municipality infrastructure.26 However, because of their limited finances, the role of powiats in social and economic development policy is limited. There are ongoing debates in Poland about the efficacy of the county level of government, particularly in areas surrounding municipalities with county status (Sakowicz, 2017). In terms of subventions from other levels of government, small rural gminas benefit from grants that take into account more limited tax capacity and needs related to the community’s socio-economic characteristics.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	781e875847a9565d525154fa3ebc321d	India also is a leading producer of spices, fish, poultry, livestock and plantation crops. Agricultural commodity production in India rose significantly over the past six decades: the production of food grains increased from around 50 Mt in 1950-51 to over 263 Mt during 2013-14, a fivefold increase in six decades. This phenomenal growth, however, was marked by phases of stagnation, such as the period from 1996-97 to 2004-05 when real prices fell, and periods of rapid growth, which have been experienced since that year.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/afb85d08-en	78202b82c32eaf4996270927e5bfdc52	For example, UN-Habitat's City Prosperity Initiative has over 450 cities with 72 urban- indicator data points available, and this has been complemented by other global data from 200 cities from the Global Sample of Cities. This helps city mangers to assess the urban policy implications at the national or regional levels that goes beyond the silo assessments of the single urban indicators. For example, slum data has now been expanded and new components of informality and inadequate housing are now available. Additionally, aggregate data shows that people who live in slums are also deprived of many other urban services such as access to adequate health care, reliable transport, safe public spaces, and that these residents live in more hazardous environments where municipal solid waste collection services are unavailable.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	78204fc7b410e087ad62e1fe8fdd4e5a	Recent analysis of carbon taxation proves that reinvestment of the revenue into industries such as renewable energy enables recovery of a part of GDP lost to GHG reductions. The Korean government goal is to increase the share of new and renewable energy to 4.3% in 2015, 6.1% in 2020, and 11% in 2030. To do so, a feed-in tariff (FIT) system and renewable portfolio system (RPS) have been implemented. The cost of solar photovoltaic electricity is as high as 710 KRW per kilowatt and 108 KRW for wind (whose baseline generation costs are much less). Subsidy based on FIT amounted to USD 243.1 million for 1 503 gigawatt hours of electricity generation in 291 units in 2009.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	7821d9c9c198b32f88aecb60695a0145	Under the plan, some para/iscales - those financing ICBF (2%) and SENA (3%) - and the employers’ health care contributions (8.5%) will be abolished for firms employing workers with monthly wages under 10 times the monthly minimum wage. By reducing contribution rates on wages by 13.5 percentage points, the reform aims at creating between 400 000 and 1 million formal jobs. Non-wage labour costs will, however, remain above the OECD average and most other LACs.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	7822b3a944cb49a9c52f7e1dd8290aff	To accelerate this process, new technology mechanisms to support knowledge-transfers and strengthen countries’ STI capacities were launched at the 2015 Summit and through the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), which was agreed at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development in July 2015. While some developing countries are on track to catch up, or even surpass, many advanced economies in research spending and the adoption of new technologies, other countries are still struggling with basic social and infrastructure needs, such as basic education and access to electricity. If these basic needs are not addressed, there is a risk that the technology gap will widen across countries in the coming years.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	7824a64976c76aa0a745f138d8a80281	Ageing populations are often seen as economic drains on national economies. As such, states can mitigate or harness the impact of youth bulges through providing increased educational and employment opportunities. Recognizing and respecting the variety of experiences and aspirations among young people is necessary to design policies that enable the realization of human rights and capabilities.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	7826e65fc2cc19d268a2cdec189368cf	The local representative body, or maslikhat, is elected by the inhabitants of the oblasts or rayon (for a city of oblast value). It expresses the will of the citizens, determines measures to implement this will, and controls their implementation in accordance with legislation. Villages and small towns do not have maslikhats (Makhmutova, 2006; Bhuiyan, 2010).	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	7826fa649325bad52de276295c6e5d3f	By focusing on a sample of youth aged 16 years at the beginning of the observation period, the analysis could only provide insights on periods of NEET status up to the age of 20. It would have been very interesting to look at how patterns of labour market entry of 20- or 25-year-olds differ from the ones observed for 16- to 20-year-olds, and at future periods of NEET status for those who left education early.21 An implication of the short observation period is moreover that the share of censored spells is higher than it would otherwise be. The sample size and the available information on personal and household characteristics in the EU-SILC data are rather limited.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	7829c29522cb5455c1c1329d5453d60c	Among these provisions, it is likely that the change in the right to bargain collectively, which after the reform will be restricted only to union members, and the change in the extension of benefits, which now will occur only under the agreement of unions and employer, will increase union membership. The reform proposes that unions have the priority for collective negotiations in the companies where they exist. Non-union members will only be able to bargain collectively by affiliating to the union in firms where unions exist. In firm where there are no unions, groups will still be allowed to exist. The reform proposes that the union and the employer should agree whether the benefits are extended, and in order to benefit nonunion members will have to pay the full union member fee.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	782a2291a9acf3cd8e256778e432eddb	Examples of this are a non-dependent child living with his patents (two benefit units), or three single adults sharing a house (three benefit units). Although only one individual within a family is the benefit claimant, the family-based means test all the individuals within a family are assumed by the benefit system to gain from the income provided by a social security benefit. That is, there are multiple recipients within each family or household (other than within single adult benefit units).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8259a41-en	782a850cbd928a6a0a121ba8888243c5	In particular, 52 per cent of women aged 20-24 years were married in 1997, compared with 46 per cent in 2002. The level of age specific marital fertility rate peaks in the age group 20-24 years and afterwards it declines at older ages. In the age group 20-24, both rural and urban areas experience an almost equal decline in the proportion of currently married women between the two surveys. In both the settings, marriage postponement clearly was observed.	5	4	6	0.2
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	782ad6fe58e1c2489c7d6bbff886996c	The authors note that trade liberalisation may reduce the capacity (and choice of instruments) for developing-country governments to conduct redistribution programmes, and thus help smooth the short- and medium-term impacts of trade reforms. Based on a 2010 joint study by the Commonwealth Secretariat and Overseas Development Institute, some 15-29 per cent of the total estimated loss of developing-country exports due to preference erosion would come from SVEs. For certain countries, such as St Vincent and the Grenadines, St Lucia, Dominica, and Sao Tome and Principe, the loss of exports due to preference erosion could be as high as 29—60 per cent of their merchandise exports (see Cali et al.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9f4e280f-en	782da6be91fa5ce8690de2fe8ef68302	Yet their use is usually limited to ex ante assessments of regulatory and legislative initiatives, and they are used too late in the process to have a real impact on decision making, reducing it to a “tick the box” exercise rather than an informative tool. However, about a third of respondents indicated their plans to undertake such assessments, showing that the demand for such practice is starting to take hold across the OECD. There is much scope for advancing gender mainstreaming in the monitoring and evaluation phases of the policy cycle.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	7830c29a631e3722684157713eda0eae	The importance of cities for GDP has been growing consistently over the last five years. In 2015, Almaty City and Astana accounted for about 15% of the country’s population, and produced one-third of national GDP, due to the concentration of high added-value activities. “ Getting cities right” can provide a supportive environment for firms, entrepreneurs and institutions to innovate.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	783127f4ba52bfadb9e458238f62db12	Physicians benefit by having the capacity to compare their performance against that of their peers. This is a move consistent with Scotland’s bottom-up approach to quality improvement and reluctance to use financial incentives to promote health care quality. Special NHS Boards that do not provide direct patient care return their savings in order that they are recycled into the overall funding available to support patient care. Much of these savings are expected to be found by through improvements in the quality of care -by reducing unnecessary hospital stays, unplanned readmissions and adverse events for example.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	7831b581f821b4d9824d17acd2c2aa2f	Since small-holder farmers cannot reap any scale benefits, they often have to bear a high cost price due to low yield and efficiency. On the price side, global banana markets play a balancing role in that they fill on a spot basis the difference between supply and demand. However, since small-holder farmers often lack the means to access these markets, their position becomes insecure if prices are low and/or fluctuating and therefore not covering the real costs.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/eb61760a-en	7835a187f4a9ddd840128f870cdf7fb7	In terms of absolute values, there is thus no “correct” value for the employment-to-population ratio; for example, no clear correlation is found between a country’s per capita GDP and its employment rate. In addition, an upward movement of this indicator is not necessarily positive as regards poverty reduction. In any case, the employment rate in Latin America climbed between 1990 and 2006, primarily because more women entered labour markets and found work. However, since 1990 employment rates have decreased for men and increased for women, as more women enter the labour market.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	78361b3436038d63d08806cc180dbd59	In that sense, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and two other ministries jointly issued a Circular on the Implementation of a Special Vocational/Skills Training Programme on 7 January 2009. In 2009 and 2010, training programmes will be offered to help several groups of people who have been hit by the financial crisis to find jobs. These groups include employees of enterprises with financial difficulties, rural migrant workers who have returned home without jobs, unemployed workers, which includes registered college graduates and unemployed rural migrant workers living in urban areas, and new labour market entrants.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/46a5795c-en	7836654e62ec2c063b49b70b001176b2	"In particular, the proportion of workers with short job tenure may tend to fall during an economic downturn. This results from both reduced hiring and lay-offs of newly-hired workers; therefore, it does not indicate a ""true"" improvement in job quality. Job tenure indicators and the share of workers with fixed-term contracts are two complementary approaches of employment stability."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	78369a424e5022f76239fb52faeca561	Finally, employers in some countries appear to be showing a greater propensity to hoard labour than in past recessions.78 By reducing the increase in unemployment, greater reliance on hours adjustment may tend to reduce the build-up of the number of long-term unemployed during the recession and the number of workers withdrawing from the labour force (or postponing labour market entry) due to poor job-search prospects, indirectly reducing hysteresis effects. However, that need not be the case. Labour market segmentation could be further heightened by increased labour hoarding, if the resulting reduction in labour turnover rates places unemployed job seekers at a heightened risk of long-term unemployment, even though there are fewer of them.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	78384e09843351117320f06c5936c6f9	There was a reduction in the percentage of members of union/ association among male workers while there was an increase in the case of female workers. The percentages of the working poor were 14.8 per cent among men and 17.1 per cent among women in 2011-2012. In other words, women workers were more vulnerable than men. The relative poverty measure is essentially an indicator of inequality in the per capita income/ consumption expenditure of the population.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	783afdfad14164ee38d6bc60a5812b4b	While still covering only the central part of Mexico City, ECOBICI is the fourth-largest public bike-sharing system in the world, after Hangzhou, London and Paris (Government of Mexico City, 2015).15 While installing bike stations, the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District has significantly expanded road infrastructure dedicated to bike use.16 It must be noted though that a large percentage of ECOBICI trips are made on roads that do not have bicycle infrastructure. In addition, better connections between bicycle lanes will be needed if this type of infrastructure is to develop into a useful network for bicycle users (Figure 3.2, right-hand panel). There are a growing number of bicycle parking facilities throughout the city, including in underground, Metrobus and trolley bus (zero-emission corridor) stations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	783db9de8f064c2089f330a8474e61e6	The second aims to cover urban residents without insurance (children, elderly people without pensions and the long-term unemployed) but not migrants. The first two schemes share many features. Membership is voluntary and the central government is to provide a payment for each participant, which the local government is encouraged to match.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264203464-7-en	783f1b9c5d37e821cfdcf3535953b06e	These estimates differ from density levels reported by SEDESOL/CONAPO/INEGI (2012), which are based on total surface area, urban and rural areas combined. This map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map. Most of this growth occurred between 1980 and 2000.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	783fca67f58c08ea65ac81305d1c0b39	More than a dozen adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation. Typically, overarching objectives state the importance of undertaking actions to protect the most vulnerable populations or sectors (e.g. agriculture, water supply and biodiversity) and enhancing in-country institutional arrangements to implement such actions. Sri Lanka’s INDC explicitly links its national goal to a global adaptation goal by enhancing local climate change adaptation (Sri Lanka, 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fdfdfb-a715a89d-en	784051e8776b76bc8d630764b55b0eb2	This is extremely beneficial for international development and humanitarian action, while the capacity to collect and analyze larger and more complex kinds of data is increasing. The State of Mobile Data for Social Good” report shows the value of harnessing mobile data for humanitarian and development action. Mobile network operators hold data for nearly five billion unique mobile subscribers and eight billion connections. Using that data to improve the well-being of communities requires a concerted effort to meet the unique needs of all stakeholders and ensure privacy rights are respected, so the benefits to society outweigh the risks associated with data use.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	784114c919ecdcc5f7f0442e54e5a350	As for internal migration, 2010 census round data for some countries suggest that internal migrants no longer account for such a significant share and the trend is towards convergence with the non-migrant population. The association between international migrants and domestic employment is much stronger and more persistent. A large portion of them engage in domestic woik in their destination countiy, where they fined real opportunities for economic integration. There is a high degree of labour segregation by gender and by countiy of origin, however.	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	784ed45c170dd47ce89f0deacc4b7efb	Teachers receive tailor-made training with contents and timing adapted so that they best overcome their weaknesses in effectively helping their students reach their educational objectives. In comparable publicly funded schools, teachers seem to have much more freedom to “teach the way they feel most comfortable” (Henriquez etal., The SNED is awarded to schools based on their ranking in the national student achievement test, but not based on whether or not teachers have helped students attain their learning goals.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	7850973ac4c56f7147a4988d81eee48d	With the SMC’s well-established horizon-scanning function, Scotland is a step ahead in this respect. A 2008 evaluation of its budget impact estimates concluded that they were valued and used by NHS Boards. However, limitations in budget impact data and infonnation provided to SMC by the phannaceutical industry meant that meaningful comparisons of estimates with actual expenditure could not be made, nor the reliability of manufacturers’ estimates determined (Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2008).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	78509b10f62aac991a8a7727a80a46f1	Supporting finance can be found in a combination of a government subsidy, revenues from the selling of CDM credits, soft loans from private investors, commercial project loans, and grants. The scheme is completed with capacity-building and training of local partners and microentrepreneurs to manage and run the plants and use energy efficiently for sustainable productive uses and income generation. No non-traditional productive activities are possible without those services. A host of traditional and new agro-based industries and microenterprises would be able to operate profitably in villages if they had access to reliable electricity supply.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	7851bf3cc8312bb6443619aaa59b061f	Esteban and Dinar (2013) conclude on the superiority of packaged sequenced policies instead of individual ones. Fuentes (2011) supports the use of economic incentives for water user associations to co-operate and enforce regulatory requirements on groundwater in Spain. Sophodeous (2012) reports that the relative successes that have allowed to slow down groundwater overdrafting in Kansas can be attributed to the multiple approaches that have been implemented, such as: the establishment of groundwater management districts, minimum stream flow regulations, metering and monitoring of resources, integrated resource planning, aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), a central water bank, and various water conservation programs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	78520ba07b47a35361fca19f9d6b0faf	For example, irrigation water prices in the federal Central Valley Project in California include cost recovery charges (financial policy goal) and an environmental restoration charge (environmental policy goal). Water prices in California’s State Water Project include charges for repaying all construction costs, with interest (financial policy goal), thus ensuring that decisions regarding water use and allocation reflect the full cost of developing and delivering the state’s limited water supply (economic policy goal). Most irrigation occurs in the arid western states, where rainfall is insufficient for producing most crops (USDA, 2006).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	78549146af9d196126186ca19a11f6d3	Source: UN (2015), UN Comtrade Database. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth averaged 7.4% in the 1990s and 6.8% in the 2000s, contributing to a three-fold real increase in GDP per capita over these two decades. Growth has slowed to 5.7% in 2010-14, but still compares favourably with most emerging economies.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	78590a51fb9dcd221ce10df432be210a	Focusing on the value added of learning opportunities is also important. This way, it is progress towards gains in skills that is rewarded, for instance, rather than the final level attained by learners, which may reflect their pre-programme abilities. This is calculated primarily based on student activity that results in passing examinations. Annual negotiations between providers and the Ministry of Education set budgets and targets.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	785a2209b85ebf565623fa12d1073760	This narrow approach can increase gender inequalities—for example, when women are more likely to lose their jobs than men if the economy slows in response to monetary policy choices or when women work in sectors that are more sensitive to reductions in domestic spending.' Women do much of this work. The fact that this labour is unpaid does not mean that it comes without costs—and most of these costs are borne by women and girls in terms of lost opportunities and foregone earnings. For example, evaluations of the benefits of public policy measures that reduce unpaid work—such as installing water taps or improving access to childcare services—will be inadequate if they do not consider the costs to women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	785a800b53fb38d932d04deec8631864	Chinese ESCO industry grew to USD 10 billion with potential to USD 100 billion. One ofthe key responses to the Chinese regulation on electricity has been the establishment of a number of subsidiary ESCOs. China's ESCO sector is the world's largest with 4800 ESCOs investing USD 12 billion producing 17 Mtoe of energy demand reductions in 2013. (	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264196261-5-en	785d16c5d20f8283e570b3c26be07aec	Because TALIS focuses on teachers and teachers' working conditions, it is important to note that, as in the first cycle of TALIS, most of the tables and charts in this section and in most of the report are presented from a teacher perspective. This focus becomes particularly apparent in the second section of this chapter, where the data represent the proportion of teachers who work in schools with certain characteristics rather than the proportion of schools with certain characteristics.2 In cases where the policy issue is most interesting at the school level in particular (especially in Chapter 3), analyses were performed accordingly (proportion of schools), and this is clearly noted under the tables in question.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	785dd484cd7ad92258de63395f63eb3a	The CPI also helps to define targets and goals that can support the formulation of evidence-based policies, including the definition of city visions and long-term plans that are both ambitious, and measurable. This framework allows for periodic assessments of the various dimensions of urbanization and the overall conditions of cities. Still, it is for governments to define the scope, frequency and form of the monitoring and reporting, enabling policy-makers to measure progress and identify areas for improvement, including capacity-building needs. Such monitoring will also enable public authorities to identify potential setbacks and constraints, thus pre-empting unintended consequences. In order to avoid overload and duplication in national and local monitoring and reporting, including the potential for double counting, it is recommended to adopt common metrics and methodologies with a unified global platform. The CPI works as a support for multi-scale decision-making, connecting the city with the region and the overall country.	11	1	7	0.75
10.18356/64011ade-en	785f09f057b1f0ba84080c3cb34b85e0	For cities operating older buses, they should evaluate the impact of the cost savings on fuels versus increased leasing costs for new buses. Accessibilityforall neighbourhoods to public transport is an essential factor of social inclusion. Therefore, more investments are needed to improve accessibility.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	786076ca543337340633a12dbf3a52bb	The coastal fisheries take place during the summer months (May to August), with a common pool quota. The total pool quota is allocated for each month to four geographical regions. The vessels that can apply for a coastal license are small vessels using hand lines only, fishing mostly cod, haddock and saithe. Coastal fishing boats are not allowed to take part in the general commercial part of the management system during the coastal operational season. In 2016 the total quota for the coastal fisheries amounted to 8 600 tonnes (a fixed amount that is not related to the TAC). This quota is allocated to communities deemed to be in a vulnerable position regarding population development, coastal fisheries, or to areas that experience sudden or drastic declines in fishing opportunities.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	7861f243f51442fda9615e14efb3c030	Bringing together four existing institutions to establish the French Biodiversity Agency, for example, was aimed at rationalising biodiversity governance and creating a one-stop shop for action on biodiversity, which can also help promote synergies between action on biodiversity and other environmental agendas such as climate change and green growth. Co-ordination mechanisms, through the establishment of inter-ministerial committees or working groups for instance, can facilitate a dialogue and working relationships that are necessary to formulate and implement wide-ranging policy reforms associated with reciprocal mainstreaming of biodiversity and development-related issues. At least nine of the countries reviewed have some form of biodiversity-relevant inter-ministerial committee already in place (including China and Nepal). However, challenges have arisen in many of these; for example, the institutions lack the authority or the resources to perform their functions, decisions taken are not binding, or they simply do not meet as frequently as they are supposed to.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	78620ff045bc5995ff995e719deed2db	This vulnerability is a particular concern for Denmark since households hold the largest gross debt level across OECD countries (Figure 9). Household leverage is highest among the more affluent households and in the bottom of the income distribution, while buffers in the form of financial assets compose a relatively small part of total assets across the income distribution (Figure 22). Substantial balance sheets create exposure to short-term asset prices and interest rate shocks. For instance, large drops in house prices during 2008-09 caused technical insolvency among 10% of homeowners (Skak and Bloze, 2013(48]).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6236c858-en	78625638c482b151a88161b2f6e4894f	Resource efficiency can be achieved by increasing resource productivity (value added / resource use) or reducing resource intensity (resource use / value added). It is related to strategies like dematerialisation, such as fuel efficient cars. It will be clear that no production can be said to be sustainable if it is profligate in the use of resources, thus there is a direct link between resource efficiency and SCP, particularly sustainable production.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	78630afa89d7487347081fc33bf6e3b7	In the city of Skopje, industry has to pay 1.07 €/m3 (0.76 €/m3 for water use and 0.31€/m3 for sewage) compared to the domestic tariff, which is 0.48 €/m3 for drinking water and wastewater. It is also very important to emphasize that large numbers of industry facilities are not operating, due to the difficult economic situation in the country. Some factories are closed, some are operating at reduced capacity, and others have changed their production.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	78630eb8ee4d0782eb3f862be5a35626	At the federal/national level, competences are often limited, so it is important to strongly engage local agencies, including local road authorities and police agencies, in actively committing to road safety. This may require allocating adequate funding to local agencies. Urban sprawl and fragmentation of public transport planning create car-dependent communities, which in turn make it harder to develop road safety policies addressing car traffic speed and volume.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	786441e1662b42432620a33809299ab3	However, price volatility for all commodities and food overall was much lower than what was experienced between 1970 and 1980. Despite this, in most recent years (between 2010 and 2014), volatility for many crops (except maize) and food has fallen. Since the mid-1990s, growth in agro-food trade has averaged around 5% per annum.3 Since the start of the new round of WTO negotiations on agricultural trade, growth rates in agro-food trade have been significantly higher than what was seen between 1994 and 2000 (Figure 1.3). Between 2000 and 2013, the BRIICS’s share of world agricultural exports increased from 9.9% to 17.4%, while their share of world agricultural imports increased from 6.5% to 15.6%.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	78686387d0bb2f4a00a654fb1201fc2e	There is also a flyway through the West Plain, part of the Tisa Plain, shared with Hungary and Serbia, which is used by cranes and Passeriformes. The secondary flyroutc passes through the Transylvanian basin, from northwest to southwest. The most recent CoP adopted the Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities and a revised Strategic Action Plan. The entry into force of the Protocol is still pending and there are implementation problems related to financing.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	786dc13ee5d3e4f7ea7df7f6981e60bb	To reduce the consumer burden of adopting e-mobility, a technology venture named Share & Charge has proposed a blockchain-based charging experience. The platform promises to provide open access to any charge pole, including a P2P sharing model. The utilisation of charging infrastructure can be increased to cater to more consumers, reduce costs and due to its technical flexibility, allow integration with adjacent services such as smart grids.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	786e04c7385382e7d189ce84328f7eeb	Forecasts from the models should always be accompanied by clear and complete notes on the methodology used. In addition, models should be validated and users should be informed about the results, including about how sensitive forecasts may be to assumptions and small changes in key variables. There is tremendous future potential for the development of decision-support tools to help guide policy makers in the management of health systems, resources and expenditures and the landscape is evolving rapidly.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	7870e37e3e50315a088b9e27195baa2f	The behaviour and attitudes learned in childhood are carried forward into later life, where they reinforce gender roles and models with respect to adult duties and opportunities for a better quality of life (see the figure below). Information is a public policy tool and opportunity. The calculation of indicators for children's economic, social and cultural rights helps to ensure full enjoyment of the rights set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other human rights instruments.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	7872bb5f77a1dcc5e377095fd99fcc19	The WTO will continue to play its part towards achieving the SDGs. This is how the best technology works - so simple and easy to use that not so long ago it would have seemed like magic. But those of us concerned with improving the lives of people in developing countries know that there are systems behind this technological wizardry: policy systems that enable and reward innovation; economic systems that allow raw materials, components and finished goods to flow across borders; financial systems that secure investments and payments; regulatory and legal systems protecting workers and consumers.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66896486-en	7874620c9d6400931441222fa59245d6	The Company also acts as an agency of the Ministry of Energy to enforce the laws and regulations related to water, including the management, monitoring and assessment of water resources. It also prepares input to the preparation of strategies, policies and long- and medium-term plans in the water sector for the Ministry. It directs and supervises the study and implementation of projects on water supply and transfer, irrigation and drainage networks, dam stability and safety, river and bank engineering, flood control, artificial recharge and hydropower generation, as well as directing and supervising the operation of the related installations and structures. The Department of the Environment sets environmental standards.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	78755095112f8e4fc64a137c62898ed8	Traditionally, within Ethiopian families, men - particularly older men - are authoritarian patriarchs, and gender roles are strictly divided such that women are responsible for all household work and care. Migration to Australia often changes these dynamics. But, men who come from a different country like not straight from Ethiopia, [but via] Kenya, Sudan or somewhere else, when they come here, because they had experience of living by themselves, and then cooking for themselves, cleaning and things like that, they understand how it can be hard for the woman doing the housework, going to work.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	7878bf574e60dc0641db3923368a0f5e	Researchers, journalists and activists have an important job to do by challenging these frameworks so that currently “unthinkable” courses of public and private action capable of addressing chronic poverty can be openly debated. So for example, it may be “unthinkable” for policy makers in a particular countiy to provide a social protection “floor” for consumption because this is held to generate dependency and to be unaffordable. The evidence from countries in the South shows that neither of these are true (Chapters 6 and 7). Politics - and the ways in which institutions work - are usually at the heart of the problem of chronic poverty. Yet because the chronically poor rarely organise themselves to put pressure on politicians or the political system, there is often little political motivation for change.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	787db022a8cfd544cfe6e2dee8065fdb	Correspondingly, the target groups of these community services are very broad, including also milder disorders. The position of psychiatrists and psychologists within the service system varies widely across countries. Correspondingly, the characteristics of patients in private specialised practice differ.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264223776-en	787f6f2276c760b06800d68ee3f9abee	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d‘exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We owe particular thanks to Nolitha Vukuza-Linda, Gerda Magnus and Monica Koen, who were most directly involved in facilitating the work of the OECD and the mission. Promote effective college leadership by ensuring more systematic training for prospective and current college leaders.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	787fa14d0ca0650a332b8f1b26f91b52	Falls are a major problem for the elderly, both on pavements and in public transport vehicles; however data is seriously lacking. Initiatives such as Silver Zones, where the presence of older pedestrians is also indicated by road signs, can increase the safety of areas frequently visited by vulnerable road users. A major study was conducted by Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist in Finland and Sweden (Hakamies-Blomqvist et al.,	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	7880cb259a5306cfafea8a94f1663b08	The municipality plays a limited role and has limited capacity to ensure citizens’ needs are met, for example, through a transport system that provides remote communities adequate service; routes that are coherent and well timed throughout the city; ensures that vehicles are well maintained, clean and meet existing emission standards; and establishes affordable fares that can benefit frequent riders, etc. Citizens often make little distinction as to who is responsible for providing the service - they view public service delivery as a local matter and seldom distinguish which level of government is responsible for providing the service, or even if the service provider is a public or private entity. Service provision in Antofagasta is spread across many jurisdictions and entities, and citizens cannot be expected to keep track of the complexity. In addition, municipalities are legally established as autonomous corporations whose purpose is to satisfy the needs of the local community and ensure its participation in the economic, social and cultural progress of the municipal territory (Government of Chile, 1988).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	788261840c3a76d9aaca7d2edef81887	David Valenciano and Elodie de Oliveira also contributed during the revision process. This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD's Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Much of this information and documentation can be accessed through the Education GPS http://apseducation.oecd.org. Hyperlinks to the reference publications and to relevant legislation are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	7883aedafdec5a4a167fbef1ec10e28c	This cross subsidy of irrigation by power also avoids government subsidies of public power production that competes with private electric utilities. In some cases the irrigation supporters have successfully negotiated a project evaluation framework in which farm income is substituted for net national benefit. In that case, considerable overinvestment in irrigation has occurred from the view of net national benefit. That is, the gain in farm incomes would be very high.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	78841f543d382b7b532499aade42dfc5	For several years, large-scale trafficking in APAAN, a pre-precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine, has been of concern to drug control authorities worldwide. In the European Union, following control measures implemented in member States from January 2014, both the number of seizures and the amounts of APAAN seized have decreased gradually from 34 seizures (a total of 28.7 tons) in 2012 to 9 seizures (8.1 tons) in 2014. In the first half of 2015, five incidents involving a total of 1,250 kg of the substance were reported. In December 2013, the European Union adopted new control measures aimed at preventing the large-scale diversion of acetic anhydride from the European Union market.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	788473346cdb6852c4c1bb3d71b8ba96	"Furthermore, long-term unemployment among natives is more cyclical, while immigrants see a steady increase. The PIAAC Survey measures what people know and can do within three cognitive skills, namely literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. Literacy proficiency is measured on a six-level scale ranging from “Below Level 1” up to “Level 5"". Individuals scoring 5 and above are highly skilled and able to search, integrate and utilise complex information on unfamiliar subjects to make high-level inferences, while those scoring at or below Level 1 can at best understand short texts on familiar topics and solve simple assignments (OECD, 2013a)."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	7884fee42ca35f5bf67cf4398f24e75d	This result is in line with most findings on inequalities in unhealthy lifestyle habits (e.g. smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity), with a range of explanations including health information, time preferences, and intergenerational transmissions. In contrast, for women, the social gradient is reverse, in particular for hazardous drinking. Women with higher education who end up taking better-paid jobs involving higher degrees of responsibility may drink more heavily because they have more stress, and more frequent occasions of socializing and going out with colleague. Besides, these occasions being typically in masculine work environment, they are confronted to higher limits of drinking (Com-Ruelle et al.,	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	788646086b04db81dca2e15ecff22030	Palm oil is one of the main target sectors in Sumatra and Kalimantan, while food estates are developed in Sulawesi and Papua. It is envisaged that these growth centres will benefit from an improved investment climate, including the easing of regulations and licensing, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, and infrastructure development. The law requires that all land rights be registered.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264283329-en	7886dd976dc91809cd4b319d59b7c666	At the same time, the revenue base shrank, causing total government revenue to fall in nominal terms by around 7%. Although health spending as a share of total government expenditure remained reasonably steady during this time, public debt increased rapidly - more than doubling as a share of GDP - to cope with the fall in government revenues. This included changes to user charge policy and public sector eligibility aiming to both raise revenues and reduce unnecessary demand for services. There were also renewed calls to implement the new universal health system (see Box 1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	7888949353c61476a31aa022eb806d5c	In March 2011, nearly 80% of the population lived in an area where the waiting time for a GP consultation was over two weeks and this proportion was rising. For a dentist consultation, the waiting time was over four weeks in 85% of health centres. Such a situation creates inequalities in access to health care as employees can use occupational health care and private consultations are available to those who can afford large co-payments.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	788cac2b1251634c3e9ce9688ff7fb77	In addition, 20 countries that are not DAC members also provide the OECD with data, including nine non-Annex I countries. For example, AidData gathers information on financial flows provided by China, Saudi Arabia and Qatar to other developing countries; for China, some limited information is available at the project level.19 Gallagher, Kamal and Wang (2016) used information on Chinese development bank finance in Latin America and Africa, to analyse project-level data on USD 128 billion in energy finance provided by the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China from 2005 to 2014. They find the banks provide finance to all regions of the world and help to expand access to finance for energy, since borrowing countries generally do not overlap with World Bank borrowers.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	788d821b64274eee840f48b7d2b3a5af	In this light policies to promote balanced development should not neglect primary cities because they are at the crux of economic innovation and growth. Policymakers should therefore tailor location-based industrial policies to the needs of targeted sectors and firms. Thus governments should foster these advantages by supporting knowledge-based institutions and mechanisms for knowledge sharing between firms of different sizes and sectors in large cities.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	788ed9750c9b09a1a113db54a6bd00e8	Considered together, average dietary energy supply adequacy and undernourishment can shed light on whether food insecurity is caused by supply deficits or by other factors such as income or food distribution. However, for a particular country, high average dietary energy supply adequacy alone may not be sufficient to ensure adequate food for all people. In the SAARC countries, however, it remained low at 106 per cent.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	7892fdef11d34d207294fb781a693ad8	Students from higher SES report wanting to work as a professional more in all OECD countries than students from lower SES (Figure 3.5). Similarly, students from lower SES expect more to work as technicians and associated occupations in the majority of countries (Figure 3.6). Surely not all students could and should aspire to work as professionals, but this means that there is a lot of waste of opportunities and potential amongst individuals that could aspire to more for their future.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7897a6f752f7923a3191b1de55355540	Making indicators available by key dimensions of inequality is essential to map and monitor such disparities. Strengthening health information infrastructure requires steps to collect more information on outcomes and quality of care (notably in primary care), as well as on practice variations and health inequalities. Publishing data, providing performance feedback and rewarding high-quality care are key instruments to promote accountability, facilitate shared learning and push for quality improvement.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	789ace39ea3f032cfc2086d662b8a4c9	The index was then used to explain the PISA scores of immigrant students as well as their well-being. Most importantly, the regression accounts for the geographic and cultural distance between the two countries and includes host and origin country fixed effects, so the effect of sport distance is isolated from other potential confounding factors. The results show that for immigrant boys, a 1-point increase in the sports distance index reduces PISA science scores by over 1-point.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	789e6a898ec8080d041343dd7caf6a94	The increased public social spending, the ongoing State-led investments in the development of the hydrocarbons sector, as well as the Government’s initiatives to diversify the economy through helping the manufacturing and construction sectors contributed to job creation and helped somewhat in boosting domestic demand and avoiding a rapid slowdown in economic growth. Gold production, accounting for nearly half of industrial production, was hindered due to a combination of difficult weather conditions and labour strikes at the Kumtor gold mine, the largest mining site in the country. Output of the manufacturing sector also fell, which led to a slowing of exports. On the positive side, remittance growth rebounded strongly, supported by the steady economic expansion of the Russian Federation.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	789eaa36e3fbe250420d4a5f6bfab1d6	It seeks to include sexuality education as an integral part of the education process. The programme is brought into the curriculum of educational institutions at all levels, with activities and specific guidelines for each. The sexuality education contents are also part of teacher training curricula. The main obstacles are the lack of specifically allocated teaching hours, support materials and teacher training on the subject.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/08e82310-en	78a034e5e7cac24848f833aad415d424	The integrated function of these riverine systems ensures the development of self-sustaining aquatic populations, flood protection and reduction of pollution. The DRBMP reports the area of floodplains/ wetlands to be reconnected by 2015 for both the Danube River and its tributaries. The inter-linkage with national River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) is vital for wetland reconnection, as, for example, significant areas arc expected to be reconnected to rivers with catchment areas <4,000 km’.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	78a2ac4eb2aa7792c43216b029f5f96e	"See WHO, “Health of the World's Adolescents"", May 2014, http://apps.who. Global data indicate that 2.6 million deaths occurred among 10-24-year-olds in 2004; 97 percent of these deaths occurred in lower-middle-income countries (Patton and others 2009). The same report indicates that, in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (includes 16 lower-middle-income countries), young people (10-24 years of age) had a relative risk ratio of dying of 3.7 compared with those in high-income countries across the globe (39 countries, five in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates). The lower-middle-income countries in the same WHO region had the third-highest relative risk of dying among all the low- to middle-income countries after Africa and Southeast Asia."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/11e28764-en	78a36e923b4a838b2ae1f9e560af83a1	While gender-based patterns are context-specific, global trends indicate that while women play important roles in agriculture, fishing and non-timber forest product activities, they have limited access to or control of land, labour and finance. These inequalities are reinforced by development processes in many countries that are unfavourable to women (e.g. where there is male bias in agricultural extension programmes) (IAASTD 2009). The level of female agricultural employment is generally higher in developing countries than in developed ones. However, in 2010 the agricultural sector in Canada had 52.6% female workers (compared with 25.9% in the United States); the State of Palestine had a very high share of female agricultural workers (72.5%), while seven countries (mainly in West Asia and Africa) had a share greater than 60% (FAO 2011). In countries and cultures where women do most of the farming in rural areas, they are also likely to be responsible for most urban agriculture (Pimbert 2010).	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	78a4f15d4a9d0b3baef098db01e40134	In Gulf states, such as Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, migrants are the majority group (United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs, 2017b). About 40,000 out of470,000 primary school children in Costa Rica are immigrants, mainly from Nicaragua (IOM, 2018). Immigrants asa share of the total population fell in Cote d'Ivoire, from 12% in 2000 to 9% in 2017, which was still the highest in sub-Saharan Africa outside oil-rich and small states. More than half were from Burkina Faso in 2012 (Teye et al.,	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	78a8c12c2bffcfe74020d744f269257f	Following the dispositions of the Belem do Para Convention, spousal rape has been included in national legislation. Similarly, to improve the access of victims to legal support, Justice Centres for Women have been established across the country (OECD 2017a, 2017b). Despite these efforts to strengthen legal and legislative frameworks, culture and inertia discriminatory attitudes complicate the implementation of these laws: for example, 16% of women agree that domestic violence is justified under certain conditions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	78ab68feedb8cda5ec09c677c150b7f0	Some centralised guidance relating to the objectives and priorities that infrastructure policies and investment prioritisation should pursue is essential to ensuring the overall coherence of investments across sectors. Thus, infrastructure strategies should not only take into account the specific needs of a sector, but also ensure that investment plans contribute to achieving broader long-term development goals. The infrastructure plan encompasses how infrastructure is financed, delivered and used, and it is guided by a set of Australia's main long-term ambitions. This holistic approach considers all infrastructure sectors within a single plan, which encourages greater alignment across sectors and investments and creates more spaces for generating synergies.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	78ad9046f20a260fcac8402122a01866	Since then, the number of attempts to divert supplies from trade among European Union-based trading companies have decreased considerably, although they have not ceased altogether, as was evidenced by a seizure of 2.2 tons of the substance in Austria in April 2015. New control measures have also led traffickers to revert to other forms of crime to secure supplies. For example, in 2015, the Netherlands reported that 18,000 litres of acetic anhydride had been stolen during transportation between two companies in that country. In 2014 and 2015, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain reported seizures of large amounts of diverse “designer” precursors, derivatives of internationally controlled precursors included in Table I of the 1988 Convention.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ac21c613-en	78af912ca9979ec2966d0cada5d3225f	"Most of the meters that are installed are for whole apartment blocks, and distributed water is then billed on an equal per capita basis. Individual metering exists mainly for water supply and sanitation outside the household sector. Given that most households’ water supply is not metered at all, payments due for water supply and sanitation are calculated on the basis of the established price per cbm and an established ""norm” of water consumption in terms of litres per capita per day (led)."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	78b0a0dc219664baf0e1826e474810d2	There are no river basin organisations formally established or functioning. Although responsibilities for water are distributed between various ministries, integrated water resource management is hampered by poor co-ordination between these institutions, and the fact that local authorities do not feel responsible for the protection of their local water bodies. Likewise, the National Environment Agency (NEA) has several units - the Hydrological Monitoring Department, the Water Quality Monitoring Department and the Geological Department, all performing WRM roles, but alongside other functions, hard to separate from WRM.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	78b15a3eaf104e9878f64a5c7cb15396	African Americans are often rejected solely on the basis of their names (which employers glean from resumes ) and receive only half as many job offers as White candidates. Despite Nepal’s laws against untouchability, individuals considered of lower caste continue to be excluded from certain jobs and services, and Dalits earn considerably less than non-Dalits. Discriminatory treatment of persons with disabilities is widespread and has implications for their livelihoods. In Mauritius, Panama, Peru, the Russian Federation and the United States the employment gap between persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities is more than 40 percentage points.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	78b2bae9347dc3edd8e0ab9479fca506	These insights are in line with the findings of research elsewhere (such as Bird et al., Interviewees agreed on the overarching need to strengthen MRV systems for climate finance, but differences in views were found regarding providers’ and recipients’ relative priorities over the tracking of finance flows versus the monitoring of results. The emphasis on and appropriateness of preconditions were also found to be context specific, depending on the source and objective of finance. Many of the pre-conditions and elements to enable effectiveness identified through this research are considered to be inter-linked, and may require simultaneous and sequential action (for example, integrating climate change into national development plans can help to define national priorities, before donors can then align behind these).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	78b951af8cd30bd4e0cf7a155992ce34	The Achilles’ heel of coal instead is the carbon price. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of C02 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process. This is reflected in the good security of supply performance of OECD countries with significant investments in nuclear energy during the 1970s and 1980s as measured in terms of the Simplified Supply and Demand Index (SSDI).14 Figure 4.5 from the NEA study on the security of energy supply shows how countries such as Finland, France, Sweden or the United Kingdom improved their security of supply situation during the past 40 years. While any composite indicator is the product of its defined inputs (which are explained in detail in NEA, 2010), it is clear that nuclear energy has very attractive security of supply characteristics.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8464a369-en	78baba9cbca4196b54b9345dcf87c2d2	"Hunger in Latin America and the Caribbean: approaching the Millennium Goals [online] http: / / www.fao.org/docrep/019/as082e/as082e.pdf. Reducing Present and Future Poverty, Washington D.C., World Bank. Sugerencias para mejorar su operacion e impacto"", Futuro de las familias y desafios para las politicas, Seminarios y Conferencias series, No. Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)."	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	78bc9211f5f31b6ed2ae9cfb60e33300	In the case of climate action, the focus on mobilising private climate finance has been driven largely by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations and financial commitments made by developed countries to address climate change in developing countries. This has resulted in high visibility for tracking the amounts of private capital mobilised, but less attention to the effectiveness and impacts of these efforts. In particular, some authors note that there is no clear consensus among development co-operation policies and practice regarding the overarching ‘theory of change’ in engaging the private sector for sustainable development (Kindornay and Reilly-King, 2013; Vaes and Huyse, 2015).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	78bdf17c40627fb26947475536b3570d	Using 29 comparable variables from this study, the OECD calculated that Antofagasta’s composite score rose from 21st place in Chile in 2002 to 13th place in 2013 (Figure 4.1). This is a significant step, but Antofagasta’s performance is still spotty. While it rose from near bottom to almost the top ten in health and environment in 2013, it also ranked 50th in connectivity and mobility, whereas in 2002, it was 38th out of the 93 municipalities evaluated.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-4-en	78bf8e462c13a2b8afdd34bb93efda98	However, the literature and debate (especially from Indigenous scholars and representative organisations) highlight distinct and broader criteria of educational and learning success, such as positive self-concept, strong cultural identity, happiness and confidence. There is a widespread concern among Indigenous scholars and community advocates about loss of language, the importance of language and cultural preservation and revitalisation, and a desire to see greater social harmony, anti-racist sentiment and cultural respect (Dreise and Perrett, forthcoming; CCL, 2007). Indigenous research also points to identity, wisdom and traditions as critical in shaping identity and character, and sustaining deep relationships between kin, land and water.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281509-3-en	78c299012fc749f56a902169ad505488	"In particular, this chapter analyses the opportunities for coastal regions to develop “blue"" economies, which promote sustainable economic development and job creation in a marine environment. International examples are provided to demonstrate how the concept of the blue economy is incorporated ivithin local development strategies. These examples highlight global trends in the marine economy along with strategies for promoting blue growth."	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7fd14686-en	78c6417d52d32f55e27e890723402df6	This demographic and economic unevenness has also inevitably brought spatial and income inequalities along with adverse effects on environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Figure 2 shows the change in agricultural land area from 1990 to 2013; with the exception of Thailand, all countries experienced an increase in agricultural area. This trend, unfortunately, had an impact on forests as well.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	78c670f8063a58144522d98f02b6db4c	As discussed in Chapter 2, there is scope for the NHS to play a larger role in monitoring and improving health system performance, through selective purchasing and evaluation of providers. The coverage of services reimbursed by NHS is decided based on health technology assessment, which evaluates affordability and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods. The scope of NHS coverage is more limited than in other OECD health systems.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	78c7a6857643ac9ce6ab6c558dd0b518	The deterioration of the underlying fiscal balance since 2007 was partly due to an increase in public investment to support demand through the crisis and recovery. As the economy recovered, the high investment level has not been reversed as had been planned, but the overall fiscal stance has tightened somewhat since 2010. Looking ahead, it would be prudent to let fiscal policy lean against the wind in the already capacity constrained economy.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	78c9a375eab50a3fc5dcccd0acf0e049	At present, the dam releases water for hydropower generation during the winter months. The weighted average tariff in 2006 w'as USD 0.006/kWh, which w'as increased to USD 0.015/kWh by 2008. According to Barki Tojik, these tariff levels are unable to cover the operational cost of the power-generating sources (USD 0.030/kWh). In 2010, the government increased the tariff to a weighted average of USD 0.024/kWh.	6	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	78ca342eb4e173445cfdecf8247e96ae	Families with three or more children have the highest poverty risk (UNICEF and ISAE, 2009). Young families also have a higher probability of living in poverty. This may be related to the lack of affordable day care and kindergarten options. Once a child is bom into a family, usually the mother has to reduce her employment in order to take care of the child.1 Family income is reduced while, at the same time, the available income has to be shared with more members. In Kazakhstan, for example, households where the head is between 30 and 44 have the highest poverty risk (World Bank, 2009b).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	78cbc1a14e933d72147078f299ab746f	It can be seen that the scenarios with higher shares of renewables are dominated by wind and PV power plants. Those values apply for all scenarios analysed in this case study. For hard coal and natural gas, prices are based on the projections of the World Energy Outlook 2010, New Policies Scenario (IEA, 2010). The assumed price for C02 emission certificates is set to EUR 50/t C02 in all scenarios.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	78cd3c3cc479a08cfabe11b83d48c83f	One example of a comprehensive, national implementation of such a platform-enabled on-demand marketplace is FlexDanmark (see Box 1). This system builds on regulatory requirements to ensure health- and education-related accessibility across the country to create a nationally co-ordinated and optimised on-demand transport facilitated by a common IT platform. By centralising information on demand and creating a marketplace to provide flexible supply, it enables specialised trips (medical, school, etc.) For example, some operate fixed routes that are in-part crowd-sourced by users (e.g. Chariot - see Figure 2) and others offer services where riders are directed to pop-up stops within defined geographic areas.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	78cee4dc5ecd78f8fc11653484af5639	This suggests that households headed by persons of African descent exhibit a pattern of monetary poverty that is similar to the pattern displayed by other households but that the level of deprivation was slightly higher for the former, especially in terms of multidimensional forms of deprivation. The absence of a spouse in the majority of these households is one of the reasons for their low incomes. Households in which there is a couple, many of which have at least two sources of income, tend to be headed by males. When households headed by single males or females are compared, the differences are much smaller.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	78cfb535f296b0f19eddc1374b3e1828	The deeper causes of stunting and overweight should therefore be addressed in more detail in further research that is unfortunately beyond the scope and possibility of this report. Deprivation in housing is driven by housing problems (i.e. dilapidated walls and windows), while deprivation in utilities is mainly driven by the heating indicator (Figure 30). More than one in three children are deprived in education, which derives almost completely from the lack of a suitable place for the child to study and do homework.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	78d15d027e907dcf78a3850f446a75c3	Uruguay also saw social unrest, but on a smaller scale than in Argentina, and a political crisis led to the sacking of part of President Battle’s economic team but not to the resignation of the president himself. These missions, which began in 2003, were intended to satisfy the unmet needs of low-income sectors not covered by social policies. The programmes were introduced at a time of intense polarization, the most stark manifestations of which were the April 2002 attempted coup d’etat, the shutdown of the oil sector in December of that year and the August 2004 referendum.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	78d3ef0c75c4d74b489d8f63e6a3f739	The exceptions are France, where 92% of pre-primary teachers are women, the Netherlands (87%), Norway (91%) and Spain (93%) (see Table 1.1). Source: OECD (2017a), OECD Online education database, OECD, Paris, wvvw.oecd.org/education/database.hmi. However, the duration of teacher training for pre-primary education varies more than for any other level of education.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174238-4-en	78d7b9b813a8015142c39258c928eb9c	This tends to be true for all those engaged at the bottom of a market chain - whether for wildlife, timber or waste - the greatest profits being won by those towards the end of the chain. For example, studies of the illegal timber trade in Nicaragua found that the forest owners and local co-operatives received just 5-10% of the timber’s value, traders and exporters pocketing the rest (Colchester et al., Similarly, in the Papuan province of Indonesia, rural communities involved in the illegal trade of merbau received less than 10 per cent of the export value of this timber, while officials and middlemen made huge profits (Banks et al., This pattern of returns is, of course, also common in legal trade.)	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	78d9c6e0e36aed5c66cb4f64aba3e4d2	These are supplemented by a dataset on various economic, demographic and meteorological variables that can explain the variation of air pollution. The results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that urban structure has significant effects on pollution concentration. In particular, they suggest that fragmented urban areas experience higher concentrations of NO2 and PMI0 and that densely populated urban areas suffer from higher SO2 concentration.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	78da245eeeb709cde5c1d65bce1903ef	The positive effects on the environment may however be weakened at the global level by possible cross-border leakage and increased emissions from international transport (OECD, 2010d), as some of the economic activity is shifted to countries with less strict environmental standards and enforcement (Box 2.2). Finally, in some cases new or higher environmental taxation would replace or make redundant environmental regulations already in place, limiting the positive effects on environment. Of the countries with a recommendation to rely more on such tax sources, France, Belgium and the United States tend to have relatively low environmentally-related revenues (both with respect to total revenues and to GDP), with Finland, Estonia and Korea at the other end of the spectrum. The effects on the environment will depend on the nature of exemptions that are scrapped.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	78dc4301cadae9f5a27ea31a96361818	However, while formal employment presents better opportunities to the employed population, informal employment provides essential income to most. Due to a high rate of population growth and urbanisation, Indonesia has a huge labour force, especially in urban areas, which can be absorbed in the labour market through informal employment. On the other hand, to survive, the poor tend to have to take on any kind of activity even if a job is characterised by a very low wages, irregular working hours, uncertain job tenure, and other similar conditions. These links between the informal sector and the poor mean it is important to learn more about the different aspects of the sector, such as its production processes; the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of its employment population; and the enterprises that compose it.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/64011ade-en	78dccdce68b7cb06c5c20b27c585a3e8	In the bus network case, provided thatticket machines should be available at the majority of stops, such solution might be quite expensive for launching, in particular in comparison with more modern ways like through website and mobile services, already available in a few capital cities. The only case can be that of Sofia and Bucharest, which can be considered peer cities. They have the same number of public transport options and although Sofia has relatively a little bit more accessible public transport network in terms of length and stations, it is Bucharest that achieves higher relative demand while offering on average more ticket purchase options. The compilation of several capital cities shows, at the same time, that the more rich cities offer more ticket purchase options (figure 2.28.),	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	78dcfd0a8d5d888cc21a8cdc5c331b05	The third is the economic climate. In recessionary times, the number of companies wishing to participate decreases. The final one is that the programme can be very bureaucratic. Mexico’s universities could be more involved in setting the national skills agenda and thinking creatively about how to capitalise on their resources.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	78e3c417f2e650ef184ef72903bc6101	These estimates are roughly in the middle ranges of temperature changes found in the peer-reviewed literature (IPCC, 2007b). For temperature, most climate models agree that changes at high-latitude areas will be larger than at low latitudes. For precipitation, while changes differ strongly across models, they all show that some areas will experience an increase in precipitation, while others will experience a decrease.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	78e4245c1c02dafb5a5aa12ddff3d0f0	Furthermore, collection rates are low, especially among smallholder farmers. Education enables both the development of new' technology and its adoption by producers (OECD, 2015). All six SEE economies are committed to compulsory primary education, and as a result literacy rates among farmers are close to 100%. However, some elderly farmers have not completed primary education.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/0492621a-en	78e533e57ec7eca82ed81ba7568e5aa4	Train services are usually scheduled and use a small number of stops for loading and unloading. In Western Europe, intermodal freight is a rapidly growing market, unlike block trains and single-wagon services. Kazakhstan alone has about 30 container terminals, all handling a small number of containers. About ten terminals are in the Almaty area alone, the biggest handling a volume of about 30 000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) per year, or about a train a day.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c271815-en	78e69f74977efcb7ec91f6ae2f68907e	The period covers the crises of 2001 -2002 and 2008-2009 and the economic boom that took place between 2003 and 2008. Shorter reference periods were selected for access to basic services and new technologies, essentially because of the limited availability and quality of survey data. Firstly, they improve the chances of access to quality employment and better wages, thereby contributing to social mobility and helping to break the intergenerational transmission of inequality and poverty. Secondly, they put people in a better position to participate in democratic processes and exercise their rights as citizens.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/b7590987-en	78e7d1795b3e9db9437e04faa7c2b52e	The progress on the most prominent fronts has led other previously overlooked issues to move to the forefront. For example, the reduction of deaths in children under five years of age but older than a month, has brought to light the issue of neonatal mortality, which was overlooked early in the 2000s. This progress has been reflected in the headway that countries have made towards the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since 2000.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	78e96f19c571de33948edd8e7195dc0c	If many countries seek to transfer price risk to others, the outcome is likely to be ineffective (Martin and Anderson, 2012). In the case of a large exporter, or if a number of exporting countries that are collectively large in the market impose export restrictions, the effect is to increase the world price of the staple food. If, in addition, importing countries reduce tariffs on food imports in an attempt to avoid adverse impacts on consumers, the increases in world prices resulting from the initial price shock and the restrictions imposed by exporters will be further compounded.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-11-en	78ea672a1675327e61f8dce52e0c336d	While most fisheries have been brought into alignment with multiple elements of the SSF, additional work remains. In October of 2017, Canada announced that it has achieved the 5% target. The review is focused on gaps in protection under the current legislation and on how to incorporate modem safeguards to protect and conserve fish and fish habitats.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	78eca0ff6a9c04f6fd789a5f9630fa48	Disruptions of imported water conveyance and basin-wide distribution were determined to be major impacts. A follow-up analysis of water system impacts (Davis and O’Rourke, 2011) estimated that it would take at least 12-15 months for water service to be completely restored for much of the affected population, and that the costs of business interruption losses due to water supply reduction would likely be much greater than USD 50 billion. The study concluded that there is a need to increase local water storage.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	78ef0c8f22d4c02c0066e6aa383ec1f7	Available evidence from individual longitudinal data for the United States and Europe suggests that the NEET status can be very persistent, leading to a vicious circle whereby inactivity feeds into discouragement and that, in turn, to a further detachment from the labour market (Quintini and Manfredi, 2009). For instance, low skilled workers are much more likely to oscillate between the formal and the informal sector and between inactivity and unemployment than workers with higher skills (OECD, 2012a). Low skilled workers benefit also from lower social protection (e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness coverage, severance pay) than high skilled workers, as they are more likely to work informally (OECD, 2009; Scarpetta and Sonnet, 2012). Informal employment, although has receded during the past three years, remains significant in Chile.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	78f3cc0ef481fadf934e3ef3b696f1ce	Climate change can increase the importance of maintaining natural assets and thus increase the urgency felt both for mitigation and adaptation objectives. Therefore, the two components of the CRGE Initiative need to be carefully aligned to avoid conflicts and unexpected consequences. We do not yet face a significant clash of perspectives in Ethiopia, but robust debate can be expected quite soon, and ways to forge an Ethiopian approach to green growth that realises all potential benefits (and manages the potential downsides) might need to be explored.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	78f3ebf3e5f7694cd87c11451a733149	It strives to ensure that individual, short-term planning decisions support strategic, long-term goals. To be sustainable, tourism transport must be resource efficient, sensitive to cultural and environmental impacts, and benefit (or at least avoid harming) disadvantaged groups. For example, it allows resources currently dedicated to roads and parking facilities to be used to improve alternative modes or implement transportation demand management programs if they are most cost effective overall.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	78f8db81a5e4c7e3ec09beb3a767f3d5	Major reductions in the costs of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar PV, geothermal, and wind are expected during the period 2010 to 2025. Also, a subsidy limited in time would give countries a strong incentive to accelerate electrification and reach a level of energy consumption compatible with a high development level by the end date for the subsidy. By then, they could presumably assume the lower costs of national feed-in-tariffs with no or less need for assistance from the international community.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	78f8f73586acc66e5735fad352b14014	Integrating promising NUS in farming systems can reduce the build-up of pests and diseases when they are grown in rotation with the main crops. Depending on their characteristics, NUS can also increase soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, reduce evaporation and suppress weed growth. They can be more resistant to biotic stresses and provide dependable harvests under unfavourable climatic conditions or depleted soils. For instance, DeFries etal. (	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	78f93467aa857ac37f8d918d286991d5	Whether and how to do this will very much be determined by the skills and capacities available in firms. It will also depend on signals that firms receive about the reliability of new technologies and their likelihood of standing the test of time. The question arises as to whether the relevant sen/ices will satisfy the needs of exporters, in particular SMEs.	9	0	6	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	78fd5c290311a38759f890b37314911b	"Table 5.1 summarizes results of the expert evaluation of the indicators regarding the vulnerability of the economics sector in Bulgaria to climate change. The estimated vulnerability index (Y) shows that the sectors with relatively low resistance to climate change are the water sector (0.41), followed by agriculture (0.42) and tourism (0.44). If the value 1 denotes the sector most resistant to impact, expert assessment for all sectors is that adaptation capacity is 3 (""insufficient""). Vulnerability to changes in rainfall is highest in the sectors of tourism (0.39), agriculture (0.42) and aquaculture (0.44)."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	78fe496e5b7da5e3ea9ab5285517e93a	"Innovators"" and ""early adoptors"" primarily use research and innovation projects. Includes both advanced counselling on technology development, access to state-of-the art technology and independent advice on how to increase digitalisation. This mean is used by all three target groups -but matchmaking and access to technology is most relevant for ""early adopters"" and ""Innovators""."	9	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	79006dc3e12f5104a9e8e870672e3fea	Available at: https://www.h2.scb.se/tus/tus/default.htm. [ Cited 6th August 2012]. Environmental awareness among Estonian population]. Keskkonnaministeerium, Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus, Turu-uurignute AS 2012. Available at: http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/ action=preview/id=1187006/Eesti+elanike+keskkonnateadlikkus2012aruanne. Nature Protection Development plan 2020].	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6546680a-en	7900d6d340ace397f19afb29e2971848	This will depend on reorienting policies on infrastructure investment to ensure that technically viable and cost-effective, employment-intensive options are used instead of more capital-intensive ones. In other words, there is a need for adopting appropriate technology. Millions of LDC citizens still have very poor or inadequate access to the most basic conditions of decent life, such as nutrition, sanitation, electricity, water, transport and communication, health services and education.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	790133a1886cccb5cd8f139f646f3fd0	Some climate change impacts were explored in previous work by the OECD (2007). As a country with an advanced economy, an educated workforce and strong public services, Austria is in a strong position to deal with the effects of a changing climate. The potential for taking action to minimise costs and exploit opportunities arising from a changing climate can be seen in the effective system of natural hazard management that has developed over the past decades.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	79016cb55a0b6edf502f74bd7533ee0c	Nevertheless, they do not constitute an economic inefficiency per se but are part of the usual dynamic adjustments in a market economy. As mentioned above, the price mechanism allows a reaction by the affected parties and thus avoids the absence of a possibility to respond to a one-side impact that is typical for external or social costs. Taking the example described above, the deployment of a same amount of VRE on a pure market basis would impose the same revenue shortfall to incumbent power generation, but in this case, this would constitute a pecuniary externality and not constitute an economic inefficiency.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	7902d731a4e0d0e5381b949312831830	In urban areas of Vanuatu, extended networks are usually based on kinship ties among individuals originating from the same island or village. Various urban informal settlements around Port Vila and Lauganville tend to be inhabited by migrants from the same island of origin (WB, 2006c). Migrant families and relatives living overseas provide cash and in-kind support periodically to friends and relatives residing abroad as well as in their home country. Wantok association exists abroad as well. An example of such association would be the Solomon Islands Wantok Association in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.5 There are a number of diaspora associations which currently exist overseas.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0196687-en	790505d190d450fbee5395c875c73b0f	It remained relatively constant until the early 2000s when the share began to decline, hitting a low of 17.8 per cent in 2011 as the consumption of fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand increased. A key factor behind this downward trend was the rapid increase of coal supply in China, which, in 2014, accounted for more than 30 per cent of the entire region’s primary energy supply. In the following years, consumption of renewable energy began to gain traction, with its share in the energy mix climbing to 18.3 per cent in 2014 (figure 4.1).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	79070807a212ba20d37152606f93c6b4	Where schools are thinking carefully about their learning design, they tend to anchor that design in a small number of approaches which are defined by the different ways they arrange time and agency. Each frame involves discrete pedagogies to achieve more specific teaching and learning goals within the sequence. The study of pedagogical combinations offers a fruitful way to understand how established pedagogical approaches can be brought together to create effective learning designs.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	79085ed95bb1ba360ee8abe3eea7faac	The influx of migrants to Europe was spurred by the demand created as the education levels of native-born women in the countries of southern Europe rose. And the presence, arrival and return of women performing care and domestic work raises several issues. This is evident in specific sectors, such as domestic sendee, which have been internationalized as a result. There is general agreement that this situation is the reason for the increased presence of women in international migration flows.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	790aa34a21a91363a356a5c9aa124113	For this, Denmark should continue to monitor the equity impact of any major reform affecting health services such as the hospital specialisation reform. Using its data advantage, Denmark may wish to pioneer monitoring of the frequency of travel to hospitals for treatment. Reporting average travel times to the nearest hospital, the performance of ambulances, and the extent to which patients have had to travel to reach primary care or emergency services, as in the Netherlands, would be important. While greater use of mobile teams as in the Netherlands and ambulance services as in France come at high unit costs, these should be traded off against safety considerations.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	790b99df3dbedac484d8d373871edf4a	Eliminating zoning cannot solve the problems of restrictive land uses and social segregation, as is demonstrated by the experiences of cities that do not rely on zoning. In the absence of zoning, cities still tend to be shaped by land-use rules in some form, but these rules may be driven by private-sector demand, giving higher-income areas more land-use protections, while leaving low-income areas with few development standards. For example, the city of Houston in Texas is well known for being the only major city in the United States without a zoning ordinance.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	790c8514b2c4bffd82abbbf1270c9fb9	The International Council on Clean Transportation reviewed the existing and future energy sources, fuel type and quality, vehicle technology, and infrastructure available in each project city, helping identify the most appropriate clean bus technology from various options. In addition, various tools have also been developed to promote sustainable transport at the individual, city and national government levels (box 11). Hie tool offers cities a method and guidelines to rapidly assess and report on their transport status across 10 indicators (box 11).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	790d7a2d83b9c43d0dbbaedcaf363c19	Getting a taste of rural medicine early may create a desire to stay in these places upon graduation. The University of Sydney says approximately 20% of graduates from its rural programme take up rural postgraduate training positions, where they are available (Mason, 2013). The rise of specialists, particularly in surgery, has contributed to workforce problems in rural Australia. A rural generalist programme began a few years ago in Queensland enabling GPs to be upskilled so they may perform some specialist roles including anaesthetics and obstetrics. The programme has since been expanded to other states.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	790d817ca999185dd86eb53e422e6273	Defining new flexibility products such as ramping up and down, fast response ramping, minimum load balancing, etc. All technologies should be able to participate in these markets, including variable renewable and conventional generation, demand response and storage. On this basis, forward markets for such services could provide longer-term signals to invest in the right technologies. Above a certain level, the renewable output must be controlled during periods of oversupply in order to ensure secure and reliable system operations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	790e979be5c6e7d44ce813d2369b7d97	It is also part of the IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI), for the period of 2013 to 2027, and has its own national plan within this process. It also discusses forced displacement as a cause and consequence of this, across borders and within countries. Technical experts (e.g. agronomists, meteorologists, veterinarians and water engineers), funded by international organizations, have worked on issues related to drought and its effects on pastoralism and agriculture for many years.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264279421-10-en	790eef32a3f1966240ccc7550eda54b3	The Australian Government provides funding for schools, higher education institutions and vocational education and training. In 2016, 65.4% of students attended government schools, while 20.2% attended Catholic schools, and 14.4% were in independent schools. The majority of their funding comes from state and territory governments (91% of the total amount in 2013), while the Australian Government provides supplementary funding (9% in 2013). While, the share between the two sources varies depending on jurisdictions, on average, public funding represents 57% of total non-government schools’ income.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	790f1b28e48106c5ecffc5611a47f9c5	Group (or horizontal) inequalities and exclusion limit the political influence of some groups, even if they are the majority of the population, as with the poor. Horizontal inequalities can lead to elite capture of policies that favour certain groups and not society as a whole.107 This magnifies vulnerabilities for the excluded by limiting the quantity and quality of public services they receive. The exposure of some groups and the way society treats their inherent characteristics produce adverse outcomes.108 Shocks also create new vulnerabilities or new groups of vulnerable people.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	790f724074f092ded1966cd0ce1a1702	Admission rates for both conditions are significantly above the OECD average and probably reflect the higher than average smoking rates within the country (especially among men). Hypertension admission rates are also high and have increased steadily over the past few years. The trends presented in these data particularly for COPD and hypertension indicate that Korea’s mounting chronic disease profile is not being managed effectively. Supporting the observation of potentially avoidable hospital admissions, reseachers in Korea examining the impact of continuity of care in four chronic disease areas among elderly patients (diabetes, hypertension, asthma and COPD) found that as care continuity increased, the risk of hospitalisation and emergency department visits decreased for all four conditions. The same study also noted that Medical Aid Programme (MAP) receipients (the health care scheme for the poorest 2% of the population) consistently had lower continuity of care score when compared with NHI beneficiaries. This was observed even despite the fact that MAP recipients have low or no out of pocket payments means that they can visit multiple health care institutions without financial loss (Hong et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	7913acf849eb572607b4ffd6d6eac3a1	When we consider upper secondary or post-secondary education, there is evidence that VET is associated with higher training incidence. The estimated positive gap with respect to academic education ranges from 2.4 percentage points for females to 4.0 percentage points for males. In this case, the estimated negative gap is close to 10 percentage points.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	79141b35bff6449d21e3c853cb0d7a79	However, due to the significant variations in water availability across space and time, defining terms such as “water stress” are difficult tasks. As a result, there are a number of different ways in which the level of water stress can be measured. This approach defines water stress in terms of the relationship between water availability and population; measuring stress as the amount of renewable freshwater available per person per year. According to the water stress index: if the amount of renewable water in a country falls below 1 700 m3 per person per year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress; if it falls below 1000 m3 it is said to be experiencing water scarcity; and absolute scarcity if below 500 m3 (Falkenmark et al., However, it also has limitations in that it: 1) ignores variability in water availability within countries; 2) fails to account for the accessibility of water; 3) does not consider anthropogenic sources of freshwater, such as desalination plants and dams which increase water availability beyond natural flows in a given year; and 4) does not account for the fact that different countries, and regions within countries, have different demands for water (Rijsberman, 2006).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	7914d2a28b93d1d7b71ed516e1f78441	"A more recent and comprehensive initiative is the National Medium-and Long-term Talent Development Plan (2010-2020) to attract and retain highly skilled individuals in six broad areas (political leaders and officials, business entrepreneurs, technical professionals, highly skilled industry staff, skilled workers in agriculture and rural areas and skilled social workers). In 2014, around a third of companies encountered a skills shortage, and 6% filled the gap by recruiting foreign talent (Standard Chartered, 2014). Although this share appears to be increasing, the talent gap is still well below the levels of around 70% reported in Brazil and India according to Manpower (2014). Although in China, as in other emerging economies, concerns have been raised about the outflow of talent (“brain-drain""), cross-border human mobility has been beneficial as it spurs innovation in Chinese high-tech firms (Liu et al.,"	4	4	4	0.0
10.18356/9897593b-en	7916a79c13320fc9b6a799ae069eb3fb	Globally, inclusion of conflict prevention and conflict resolution was low at around 10% of social science textbooks over 2000-2011. High-quality, equitable education that increases respect for diversity can make a positive contribution, albeit only in the long term. An open classroom climate that accepts critical viewpoints needs to be embraced. Country reporting on the implementation of the 1974 UNESCO Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provides the basis for global indicator 4.7.1.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ac75aa0b-en	791946182e99eddbcf4167bf3a0ce6ce	For instance, the realization of sustainable integrated intermodal transport connectivity will contribute directly to target 2.a, to increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation in rural infrastructure; target 3.6, by 2020, halve the number of road traffic deaths; target 7.3, by 2030, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency; target 9.a, facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure; and target 11.2, by 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all. It will also contribute indirectly to Goal 1, reducing poverty. Physical connectivity and operational connectivity are required to achieve seamless transport connectivity that allows goods and people to travel efficiently across modes and national borders.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	791c818573d72353673cf697c609dc64	The objective of the programme is to improve rural students’ learning through differentiated pedagogical tools and teaching materials (Ministry of Education, n.d.). Currently, PER targets rural multigrade schools and focuses mainly on the work of the micro-centres (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). According to the law, the objectives of these meetings are all related to the improvement of pedagogical skills and student learning.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	7920d3f88a514b60a55a7cfa3471c162	Asymptomatic cases (n = 1997), Minor depression without mood disturbances (n = 696), Minor depression with mood disturbances (n = 176), Major depression (n = 49). This was the case for 10% of all depressions at baseline in the study by Broadhead et al. ( For example, higher self-esteem and emotional stability are strongly associated with better work functioning.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264244566-6-en	792d925fe2b2846acb6490e5ce3b5cb5	The datasets included in this study cover the key health care services provided to patients: hospital in-patient services; community health services including primary health care, emergency health care and formal long-term care (such as nursing homes and home care services). The use of prescription medicines is a key part of the health care services offered to patients that are delivered in hospital, in other care settings and in the community to be used at home. They are both tremendously useful and highly risky products and understanding benefits and risks is essential to keeping patients healthy and safe. Thus these data are a key component of health care pathways and outcomes.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	792f6e4130fd024141d8d5469ab22515	Andrew Barker from the OECD Canadian desk is also deeply thanked for his valuable comments. First, trends in child poverty and living standards since 2007, i.e. one year before the onset of the Great Recession, are described. An overview of children's material deprivation and of key indicators of child w'ell-being is also provided. The paper discusses the observed poverty trends in relation to policies implemented to combat it by federal authorities.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	79342fd1a464ca893e0391256175eacc	Where the distribution of staff across functional categories is not directly known it has in appropriate cases been estimated by proportional allocation e.g. proportions in earlier year’s data are applied to the current year's total or PES head office staff are distributed across functional categories in the same proportions as PES local office staff. Total staff in each functional category in principle include all management and support staff. Where data for part-time staff are available they are counted as a half of a full-time equivalent. Staff hired through a labour market programme which fully subsidises their wage are not included.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	7934513db297aefe3f6d6847dec8db79	The annual budget of the organisation is estimated at EUR 280 000. According to the Institute for Migrant and Ethnic Studies in a 2008 study, the initiative had accompanied about 150 start-ups, out of which 73% survived their seed phase. However, auditing of the association has pointed out the need to further knowledge and know-how in the fields of financial management and fiscal matters.	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	7935703427a2a3b82b5e5ecb2114ac55	Shifting the balance in favour of one of these will automatically reduce the scope of the other. Given that foreign IP right holders must be provided treatment that is no less favourable than national or other foreign right holders, (Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement), the challenging task for governments is determining which approach is most appropriate for their country’s efforts to promote technological innovation and technology transfer. At the same time, they must ensure the pursuit of other policy goals in such diverse areas as public health and access to scientific and educational data, information and materials. See, for example, the United States-Jordan FTA (Article 4, paragraph 20).	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	79398296cdc91750a69b1da9dbf2f171	"The importance of SMEs will remain critical in the required transformation (from climate and SDG perspectives) and is further accelerated by various aspects of technology disruption, including distributed technology solutions, smart IT, microfinance, etc. In addition, more systematic tracking and learning of adaptation relevant investments by Nordic finance institutions and Nordic DFIs is needed. Nordic actors should contribute to continued standard development (building e.g. on the Green Bond Principles as well as pioneering work by Cicero on ""shades of green"" (e.g. Cicero, 2016)). Extensive experience by various Nordic actors in carbon markets, including a 15-year track record in carbon finance by NEFCO, can serve to ensure that lessons learned from the CDM regime are optimally made use of in developing further the green bond market. While the existence of Nordic financing institutions is a definite value-added forthe Nordic region and its global outreach, the early international experiences with Green Investment Banks as well as corresponding experiences within the World Bank Group could serve Nordics to assess additional advantages/disadvantages of deeper and/or more formal Nordic collaboration/merger between existing Nordic finance institutions."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa683360-en	793e44b736920b982cf284e1c52714f8	The likelihood that cases of partner or non-partner violence will result in a conviction is just 1 to 5 per cent in all studied countries, except for Poland, which had a 10 per cent conviction rate. In many jurisdictions, criminal justice professionals at the various stages of the criminal justice system act as gatekeepers, not allowing what they consider as weak cases to enter the next level. However, in some countries, this gatekeeper role might be restricted by laws or policies, for example, mandatory or pro-arrest prosecution policies in cases involving violence against women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	793ef33b046960e2c612c96ed9cf387c	The foundation provides women entrepreneurs with the full range of BDS services, including assistance with feasibility studies and business plans, product development and design, start-up and advanced managerial training, and business counselling and mentorship. A special project is the Village Business Incubator (a virtual model) which promotes the role of rural women in economic development by encouraging them to establish micro- and small enterprises that reach beyond traditional home and gender-based models. Located in Irbid, this project targets women in 21 villages in Northern Jordan and focuses on non-primary activities in different sectors, such as food processing, handicrafts, small manufacturing services and environmentally friendly and eco-tourism products oriented to the fair trade channels. This so-called ILAYKI product offers a higher level of guarantee than the standard product.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/179bc73d-en	794002ca7c63990242db7c1af9ba7689	This progress, while dramatic, is still insufficient to prevent measles outbreaks. Globally, coverage by PCV has made steady advances since it was introduced, but has yet to reach 50 per cent. Many countries, including middle-income countries that have limited access to international financial support, are lagging behind because their current health budgets may not be sufficient to cover the costs without external support.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	7940034b2b8da97127a804e5e4b97e1f	Article 3 may inspire MENA countries to adapt their national legislation. Such determination may be necessary' in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child’s place of residence. See Table 2.1 for the list of countries that officially ratified this convention.	5	6	2	0.5
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	79426f8d8c9b8746189a6918b694d670	"Models have been developed and made available online for pedestrian crossings, bus stops, pavements and traffic calming measures. Tried and tested design solutions are integrated in a template for Tendering Pedestrian Accessibility and Safety Construction. For instance, crossings are divided into categories such as ""uneven crossings"", ""crossings with traffic lights"" and ""pedestrian crossings"". For each type of crossing, specific accessibility standards and requirements were developed."	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	794378ea8bd579a6ea489b660ae2ebea	England’s experience in building and using such a system would be an informative model to study. A particular focus on the effectiveness of secondary prevention is needed, by comparing rates of avoidable hospitalisation and the quality of prescribing in primary care. Recommendations for health system performance strengthening in Latvia: Access, quality, efficiency, sustainability (cont.) In particular, consideration should be given to whether municipalities are the right level of government to hold accountability for hospital performance.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/d91c28bf-en	7943f32229c99b4d43d7b3d79606871f	Most are (to varying but increasing degrees) users of ICTs. Meanwhile, some enterprises - from equipment makers, telecommunications operators and call centres to computer maintenance business and mobile airtime vendors - are directly involved in the production of ICT goods and services (chapter III). Policy approaches need to consider all these categories.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	79488e3c3b58c12893af81b703ceabd0	Technical and vocational education should be strengthened for the benefit of the regional industry and underrepresented groups. Models for linking postgraduate students with the local industry include the Knowledge Transfer Partnership Scheme in the United Kingdom that has improved the competitiveness of the companies through introduction of some form of innovation or new technology and around 75% of postgraduate associates are offered jobs in the companies. The universities and colleges should focus their concerted efforts on challenge-driven innovation on the key issues in the region, such as water, health and social challenges stemming from the multicultural population and use the region as a “laboratory” for research and knowledge transfer.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	7949f5ea46b52e58014b4ece5235dbd1	As of 2015, there were 16 degree programmes for initial teacher education offered at seven university colleges across the country which may also develop a certain specialisation (e.g. in science education). Previous teacher education programmes involved a relatively detailed regulation of the content and structure of initial teacher education. This was especially the case following a reform introduced in 2006. Based on a four-year evaluation process by a mandated group of experts, however, a number of significant changes were again proposed in 2012 (Fplgegruppen for ny laereruddannelse, 2012).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	794a5b9a25efeb0b13530f56b6849839	Policy makers, ECEC managers, ECEC staff and parents may disagree on what aspects of quality should be monitored, how frequently, in what manner, and what stakes should be attached to them. Policy makers might want to impose certain monitoring practices, such as one inspection by external evaluators at least once every two years, while management and staff may oppose this - especially when high stakes are involved in the implementation of a monitoring system. It is therefore important to take into account that inspections or other forms of assessment may cause stress to management and staff. The NAEYC (2010) noted that the purpose of monitoring should be to collect information that can be used in improving services, to ensure that children benefit from their early ECEC experiences.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267787-en	79514e57aed7edefdd9b7fdcf838a110	Participation in CPD activities has long been required for doctors working in the United Kingdom, a condition of employment in the NHS and later a condition of participation in the royal collages (speciality schools) for physicians. In 2012 a system of five-yearly revalidation was introduced for physicians, and a system of revalidation is soon to be introduced for nurses. It publishes performance reviews and inspection reports on a website to provide public assurance of the quality and safety of health services. Its role is to provide independent assurance of the quality and safety of health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d45e831b-en	7951a7d5a83d983380ce8d83c78bd85a	Fewer girls are forced into early marriage; more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership; and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	7954b140ee221c1b1141c40eda282af2	Considering other goals, the bundle of incentives provided by a programme could play a central role in its performance. The Zomba transfer in Malawi, for instance, was designed to provide incentives to households to send their young girls to school, reducing the risk of early pregnancy and of contracting HIV/AIDS. This is notably the case of Chile Solidario.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	7956e13a6f65ce658a43369b7116e928	Scale matters and stakeholders at different levels need to be engaged in a process of learning for the innovation to be scaled. Scalable adaptations have often evolved from the original model inspiration and may w'ell not be high-fidelity replications. Pedagogical approaches populate the middle ground on this spectrum.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	79570dcc5802cb8bfd88e0bafdb15bf5	These forward looking analyses suggest that new approaches may be needed to improve safety for all road users. The SRA and its partners have established databases to identify and monitor final and intermediate outcomes against targets and the results are published annually. The SRA uses the Euro NCAP and European Road Assessment Programme for monitoring the safety quality of vehicle fleet and aspects of road network safety.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	7959c365f5aabaa76c886bf37ddc51fa	Household w ell-being, in turn, depends on income and consumption levels and on decisions as to the time devoted to paid work. Moreover, households need a minimum of hours for domestic and care work, for rest and for leisure. Guatemala (2006), Honduras (2010), Mexico (2010). Nicaragua (2009) and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (2009). Doing so would produce a deeper understanding of poverty' and of gender inequality and should enhance policy design.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	795af3e6dcb4a7d982519e6ac0bd89d3	Looking across the OECD, sub-national governments manage around 72% of direct public investment - with notable variation among countries. If well managed, public investment represents a potentially growth-enhancing form of public expenditure. However, poor investment choices and implementation not only waste limited public resources and erode public trust, but they may also hamper future growth opportunities. Invest using an integrated strategy tailored to different places.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e617261d-en	795edf44aa0da465260c4a73555e6d5a	"These issues should be addressed by tine countries of origin. The few studies in this field show that migrants do not have full access to information and services in this regard and thus may face various risks. The opportunities for raising awareness are hampered by ""traditional"" values according to which sexual relations are possible only between spouses; thus, knowledge about contraception and sexually transmitted infections is not required. Raising awareness is a goal to be achieved with the concerted attempts of the countries of origin and destination, as well as international organizations. Vozvrashhenie domoj: Semejnye i migracionnye scenarii v Uzbekistane [Coming back home: family and migration scenarios in Uzbekistan]. Migration, education and the gender gap in labour force participation."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	795f86426ea5332a754d4a60f9aa1a0d	"A study by Ouyang and Pinstrup-Andersen (2012:1456) on health inequality between ethnic minorities and the Han populations in China states, ""Health and nutrition status in terms of height-for-age and weight-for-age actually improved for both the Han group and the minority group, but the improvement is much smaller for the minorities, and hence the growing health gap"". Another study conducted in China has made similar conclusions and suggested that stunting, wasting and being underweight were distinct indicators of the nutritional status of children and chronic growth retardation is the major type of child protein-energy malnutrition in poor rural minority areas of Yunnan Province, China. The country has a small population of indigenous peoples, approximately 100,000 with most concentrated in two provinces in one of the world's poorest countries with low human development index (UNDP 2004)."	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264111356-11-en	796065ea125266d715e8233368f5bf07	More needs also to be done to explore the impacts of environmental degradation on human health and the associated distributional and equity issues, and identifying suitable indicators. These indicators should be read in connection with information on air emissions in urban areas, on socio-demographic patterns and on emission and fuel standards. Exposure to ozone has increased in the EU-27 between 2000 and 2007 by 2.5 % per year on average, with considerable variation from one year to the other.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	796317916f6feac7e42344508a947fc6	Durante is a fully integrated business that, in addition to fish products, offers a full range of services, including advisory services and franchise systems to mid-scale farmers. It is one of Nigeria's leading fish-farming businesses (NRI, 2014). Durante shifted away from tank culture to pond and cage culture because of power cuts and water constraints.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	79643c6b4af0e36f4a086d9cb7733d3b	Only half of women in 45 countries with available data make their own decisions about reproductive health. In more than half of the countries with available data, the gender gap is higher in one-person households compared to all households. This reflects women's heightened vulnerability when living by themselves.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	79646859ef4911cf7b8ac7be9ce656bb	Strategic imports such as energy and food are therefore very important. However, this openness to trade means that small states are highly vulnerable to changes in the patterns of world trade or the prices of commodities. This distance raises the costs of importing and exporting by increasing the costs of transportation. For some archipelagic states, this can also result in high transport costs within the state.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	796713420984368205c3b7d20b493a0f	Women are over-represented among beneficiaries (more than two-thirds of beneficiaries) because they are eligible at a younger age and live longer. In addition, they are less likely to be eligible for contributory (private) pensions because of their poorer labour market performance and weak labour force attachment (Leibbrandt et al., As a result, take-up was fairly low and led to the revision of the eligibility conditions and other related requirements. The CSG changed the approach of child-related social transfers in South Africa by paying the benefit to the care-giver rather than to the child. As a result, women who were the majority of care givers were given some freedom in the use and allocation of such funds.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	79680e7f1c23faf41166ded86e93b7e4	In order to sustain the growth momentum in the post-crisis world, these countries need to find new sources of demand to deepen their dynamism. This should happen mainly through rebalancing their economies in favour of greater domestic and regional consumption. With likely adjustments coming that will reduce global macroeconomic imbalances, the import demand from the developed countries, especially from the United States, is not likely to play the buoyant role that it played in the past decade. The LDCs will, therefore, have to identify new drivers of growth to compensate for the anticipated reduction in traditional export markets. In view of the economic crisis, this requires rebalancing the LDCs’ economies to make them more resilient and more dependent on domestic demand rather than exports. Obviously, this would require these countries to spend more on basic social services, social protection, and infrastructure along with measures for boosting poor peoples’ incomes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsjqtp90v-en	7969738a5b8377deec359185e60d426c	Actions targeted to teachers can vary from feedback with no consequences, recognition of excellence, salary increases, the requirement to take in-service training to being unable to practice as a teacher. The consequences for initial teacher training institutions can include closure. The exception is the state of Texas, while all the other systems either use portfolios, observations of classroom practices or rely on the assessment of performance developed by school principals. The majority of the systems meet the proposals of Ingvarson and Chadboume (1994), in Jasman (2009) who suggest that besides the formative impact of assessment, this should be summative, criterion referenced and based on different sources of evidence (portfolios with teaching plans, student-learning assessments, analysis of responses, videos of lessons, etc.) The validity of the assessment will depend on the degree of authenticity of the tasks that are used.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	796b7812992870bf8590cbb239e9ab80	The project design relied on the initiative, and willingness to incur risks, of small and medium private entrepreneurs, supported by donor know-how. The decision to opt for a business support structure that was owned by the participating processing industries and which provided services usually assumed by the donors themselves, helped to sharpen the private entrepreneurs’ sense for business opportunities and to enhance ownership of the programme. It also shows that the emergence of (partly private and commercial) standards that focus on food safety, produce traceability as well as social and environmental compliance can successfully be introduced in developing countries. Although the country experienced sustained economic growth since the end of civil war in 1992, at an average of 8% per year during the 1994-2005 period, GDP per capita was USD 418.4 in 2009 and the share of the population living below USD 1.25 per day was 60% in 2008.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	796eee8a6c7fbdd5811f5dd296c3e4af	And the prevalence of deaths from external causes is higher among adolescents and youths than in other age groups (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008). Deaths from external causes (homicides, traffic accidents, suicides and other injuries) account for almost half of all deaths in the population aged 15 to 29; for the total population the figure is only 9.9% (see figure IV.4). Invertir en juventud en America Latina y el Caribe: un imperativo de derechos e inclusion, Santiago, 2012, on the basis of figures provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this sense, urban segregation is a key factor and a distinguishing mark of Latin America in relation to the issue of vulnerable youth and adolescents.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	796fc035e9f1d3dcaaa9c408338b96ec	The highly indented eastern coast of the Adriatic acts as a breeding ground and nursery to a large number of marine species. The central sections of the Adriatic Sea Basin, where the coast of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located, have relatively little discharge. In any case, the main habitats described in fishers’ reports show the high heterogeneity of the area, with mixed bottoms with rocks, sand, mud, sand-mud, and ostrea beds.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	796fceac87c94621e634395f11be5e3b	Key actions in these three areas are set out in the 12 lessons presented in this synthesis report. We are grateful for comments on earlier drafts from Ian Brownwood, Niek Klazinga, Francesca Colombo, Mark Pearson and Stefano Scarpetta from the OECD Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Thanks also go to Marlene Mohier, Lucy Hulett and Alastair Wood for editorial input and to Duniya Dedeyn for logistical support.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	797a63464ab8c6c60a49e7ed1e2f48bc	More places in the regular education system, with a special focus on VET. Launch of an investigation on the performance of the current VET system and how to improve it. Increased requirements to accept a job offer for those under this programme. In some parts of the industry', short-time working schemes were introduced during the crisis in 2008-09.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f47faf05-en	797deba44f5a2a36cac82df07eb7aa4c	Degradation is accompanied by depletion of aquatic resources based on human exploitation. Relevant statistics about marine and coastal water quality and pollutant concentrations may include, but are not limited to, nutrients and chlorophyll, organic matter, pathogens, metals, organic contaminants, physical and chemical characteristics, and coral bleaching. The most commonly monitored marine pollutants and associated phenomena, such as eutrophication and red tide, can be analysed as relevant in local, national or supranational terms, based on the type of pollution and effect. Data sources for marine water quality statistics are typically either national or international monitoring stations, associated with scientific research or compliance with policy objectives and targets.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	797edeae12c357235a07c4e9cac7abee	Fast increases in productivity will therefore be key to sustained economic growth in the long run. Following the footsteps of resource-rich OECD countries, such as Australia and Norway, which have successfully managed the transition from resource extraction to high-productivity services-based economies, will require structural reforms in these areas. There is also room to enhance the country’s long-term growth performance by better utilising labour resources, as the labour market participation of women and youth remains low from an OECD perspective.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	797f69a1055dc89a1ec11a7525ca2237	Furthermore, companies involved in green initiatives are seen to gain in terms of competitiveness, while the anticipated financial benefits will help to boost the local economy and employment. The country's natural resources stand to benefit greatly, of course, which is a significant factor as they seem to be rather scarce in specific sectors. Leading healthier lives will also mean a rise in the life expectancy indicator, and thus a reduction in the cost of health care for the state. There is also no guarantee, since technology is changing at a remarkably fast pace nowadays, that new technological breakthroughs in a few years' time will not supersede today's solutions.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	797feeee036617ba5be10d40c4946698	The National Action Plan of Palestine was endorsed further to Decision No. In addition, the Sudan established a Committee for Women and Peace within its General Directorate for Women and the Family. Articles 4 and 43 of the Tunisian Republic’s Loi organique relative a l'instauration de la justice transitionnelle et a son organisation [Organic law pertaining to the establishment of transitional justice and its organisation], available from httn://w ww.ihei.org/wn-conieni/unloads/2014A)2/Loi-iustice-transitionnelle-Tunisie.pdf.) The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women later adopted General Recommendation No.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	7981fa2a4bcaebe2f5bad5da5da76cc5	In addition, courts often lack the infrastructure, capacity and expertise to prosecute crimes such as gender-based violence. Supporting the development of special measures to address gender-based violence can include: effective witness and victim protection programmes, including safe houses and protective orders; preventing the submission of evidence on the prior or subsequent sexual conduct of the victim; specialist courts focusing on sexual offences or gender-based violence; staff specially trained to give support to victims; properly-equipped forensic labs and trained personnel; and involving women's organisations and social and health workers in providing assistance to victims. In order to increase women and men's access to justice, paralegals can be used to promote legal literacy, assistance and access.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	7982ea3598c2f898eed814d45bf4ed59	A common motivation for such policies is to improve the environmental performance of the farm - reducing pollution risks, improving soil quality, animal housing or biodiversity for example. Payments based on input use may also be directed at providing on-farm services. This includes in most cases pest and disease control, extension services that provide production and marketing advice to producers, seed and soil testing, or other services that can improve the efficiency and profitability of farming.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	798428eddd85e74e00597b1f6eeca14f	Therefore, in this case, the moral duty of poverty alleviation only makes sense up to the threshold. The interests of everyone above the threshold are irrelevant for the purposes of anti-poverty policy. Finally, a strong basis for assisting vulnerable groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition (Fraser, 1995).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	798781e9cdbd67582c07e00bb6082b82	Local flooding and local seasonal w'ater shortages are common. Prior to this, in 1987 flooding in the Tbilisi region caused 110 deaths and economic losses of USD 546 million. Flooding is due to natural seasonal variation of river flows, aggravated by widespread damage to watersheds due to deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and siltation, and blockages caused by widespread dumping of solid waste (OECD, 2015).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21b84508-en	7989fb17c684cff4f3f3c33e83124dfa	In Mexico, the PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera programme's impacts on private transfers have varied with programme duration. After six months, the programme crowded out private transfers to beneficiary households (Albarran and Attanasio, 2002), while other evidence shows that after 19 months the programme did not have this effect (Teruel and Davis, 2000). The programme increased the flow of private transfers to non-beneficiary households in target communities by 33 percent, compared with non-beneficiary households in control communities (Angelucci and De Giorgi, 2009; IEG, 2011).	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/3726edff-en	798addbb765c8e580c3eb26b69ce871e	The backbone network also deliver traffic to and from Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which is a network access point that helps facilitating local Internet traffic exchanges between operators and helps reduce the cost and latency of data traffic. There are hundreds of IXPs around the world and new IXPs are established every year. However, IXPs are still scarce in many parts of the world. In 2017, less half of LDCs had an IXP (ITU, 2018(13])- Developing a national backbone network is capital intensive and often financed by the private sector or through public-private partnerships.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	798e06b9ffbab181287e46adfdf2d117	Les pays declarants consacrent 0.6 % a 1.8 % de leur PIB aux allocations de logement. Presque tous ont recours a cet instrument d’action ; dans la moitie d’entre eux, les allocations sont reservees aux locataires - et sont generalement disponibles aussi bien pour les locataires du secteur privd que du secteur social -, mais dans l’autre moitie, les menages proprietaires de leur logement les pergoivent aussi. Elies sont generalement accordees sous condition de ressources, mais les criteres d’eligibilite et les baremes varient considerablement d’un pays a 1'autre.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	798e8a8d9f24b63de6159114092cc938	760-V “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Encouragement of Energy-Saving Activities” (16 March 2007). Joint Implementation 01) is one of the Kyoto Mechanisms, together with Emission Trading and the Clean Development Mechanism. Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol allows a country with an emission level commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex I Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs - equivalents of one tonne of C02) from a project reducing emissions in another Annex I Party.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	79902a4fab2ddb85c1c4930afc06754d	Distances travelled vary considerably between cities as well; the length of the average trip by car is 14.2 km in Mumbai, but only 3.1 km in Bhopal. The pump price per litre of diesel varies across the region, from USD 0.22 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 0.81 in China and India, while that of gasoline ranges between USD 0.37 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 1.25 in Singapore (Figure 2.9). Fuel prices can account for a large share of drivers’ transportation costs (Box 2.4). These prices are affected by taxes, which are often designed to generate revenue and to price the environmental effects of vehicle emissions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	79907ca967a255476e41d65c55237d6e	In particular, we have to make sure that people are capable of being in employment and earning wages that keep them and their families out of poverty.”**'* In Australia, for example, an independent report to die Fair Pay Commission proposes that “an increase to the minimum wage is one method of increasing family income and reducing child poverty.”*** Similarly, a 2007 study in Japan also proposes that “to improve the economic well-being of households with young children the first task is to ensure a minimum wage that maintains a reasonable living standard.”***' In the United Kingdom, the 2010 report of the National Equity Panel argues that “the minimum wage is a powerful tool in reducing labour market inequality.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	799570b011ed12dbac2f3b605699d80d	Giving priority to low- or no-regret interventions provides policymakers with the space required for responding to immediate needs without incurring the risk of maladaptation or of being faced with unintended consequences. The health sector provides a vast number of examples of low-regret actions, such as distributing mosquito nets, improving child nutrition, extending the coverage of health services, developing hygiene education campaigns, and improving water and sanitation facilities, among many others. Early warning systems constitute another example, as they grant authorities the flexibility to act pre-emptively and adjust civil security plans to the expected weather conditions, thereby reducing the number of lives at risk and/or the quantity of resources used.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	799633a93e11b0c58f084ab4037ac4a1	Mutually reinforcing economic, social and political aspects of empowerment allows people to move out of poverty through participating in, contributing to and benefitting from growth processes on terms which recognise the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible for them to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. Growth rates have risen and the incidence of poverty has declined. They are able to invest in their own health and education, as well as in that of their children.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/70095f8a-en	7999605849485713400128403d1d58d6	By 2015,27 countries have improved the proportion of total government expenditures on health. As of 2010, only Rwanda, Liberia, Malawi and Togo met the targets of the Abuja Declaration while Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Mali, Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso were close to achieving the target - they recorded 12.0 per cent and above (WHO, 2014b). Policies are necessary at a Continental level in order to bring countries in line with the 15 per cent benchmark set by the Abuja Declaration.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6a39744b-en	7999778050c4979eb784b51781ddc2b7	In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Guatemala and Italy, high-value niche products (hazelnuts, specialized coffee, Brazil nuts, shea nuts, and many more) have also helped boost local incomes. Certification and labelling can further increase their value. In Burkina Faso, careful forest seed selection and breeding as well as support for village nurseries have helped ensure that planted trees are adapted to local ecosystems, and that survival rates are high.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	799a9f19ad926f617be50eda47288ea9	Chile has an ageing teaching force, which can be an opportunity. Chile needs more teachers, and needs to attract high-quality candidates to the profession. There is high demand for more teachers and younger teachers in Chile. This typical teacher reports having 15 years of teaching experience, and having completed teacher education or a training programme. While the typical teacher in Chile is female, the proportion of women to men in the teacher workforce is below the TALIS average (62.8% of teachers in Chile are female, in comparison to the TALIS average of 68.1%) School leaders in Chile are ageing as well.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	799d49c4e0d42c206e52781a5592ccde	This price gap results from a variety of policy measures that prevent domestic prices from aligning with international levels. These policies include trade measures, such as import tariffs, import quotas, tariff quotas, SPS regime, export subsidies and taxes, as well as quantitative restrictions on exports. Policies creating a price gap also include domestic measures, such as administered pricing, market interventions, or public stockholding. In emerging economies like Kazakhstan, the gaps between domestic and international prices are also created by factors that are not strictly policy-related, e.g. deficiencies in physical infrastructure, inadequate information and weak market institutions. All of this generates market inertia as it takes time and creates costs for market agents to implement contracts in reaction to market signals.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	799fdcd8da95ad85518fbca516112073	For instance, Antigua and Barbuda sets such targets as “By 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels” and “By 2030, all buildings are improved and prepared for extreme climate event”. However, some adaptation components of INDCs do not include any indication (e.g. proposed indicators) against which progress can be assessed. Indeed, depending on the characteristics of the indictors, it might be challenging for some of the countries to properly monitor progress in their adaptation actions.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	79a22c0f94537daccfbda349f6317fd0	Examples include projects or programmes on regional electricity transmission network improvement; flood management; better ecosystems and agriculture management for trans-boundary river basins; regional forest management; and international road transport infrastructure. Selected examples of such projects and programmes are listed below. The committed amounts to some regional projects were allocated to each participating country and recorded in the OECD DAC CRS, and are thus reflected in the figures by country. Others were unallocated and recorded as, for instance, “Europe regional”.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	79a33fe4a787a1bcc9716fc286495106	Over the last 25 years, China successfully moved from agriculture to manufacturing activities and saw an annual trend of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of just under 10 per cent (Ghosh, 2008a). China’s manufacturing sector doubled its share of the workforce and tripled its share of output. The rate of extreme poverty at the national level declined from a high of 84 per cent in 1981 to a low of 16 per cent in 2005.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	79ab30268ed8b8bea6b7e353a8ff02ea	La reproduccion social se incorpora a este modelo tratando el factor trabajo como un medio de produccion que, a su vez, tambien es producido. Este proceso de reproduccion corre principalmente a cargo de las mujeres (pero tambien de los hombres) a traves del trabajo tanto remunerado como no remunerado. Uno de los objetivos clave es diferenciar las sociedades que prestan mas o mejores cuidados de aquellas que prestan menos cuidados. En terminos de crecimiento, la autora distingue entre lo que denomina economias con una alta o baja propension a la prestacion de cuidados, identificando para ello la relacion entre los salarios, la inversion en las personas y el crecimiento economico.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	79ab4d224c82f2bfb1984d404a5049df	On the one hand, if water bottlenecks are well managed and the change of resource availability is well anticipated, all the options available to limit the effect of water scarcity will be implemented in a cost effective way. In that case, the cost of adjusting to the bottleneck is quite low for the electricity system. On the other hand, if disruptions in the electric sector cannot be avoided, they can be very costly. Therefore one needs to take into account the cost of investments to hedge energy systems against the risk of disruption, for instance by providing more back-up generation capacity.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	79b0ccd52e4c9bc82c808e61b767d612	The parental/community attitude against educating girls has also started changing in recent times due to concerted efforts by the Government to promote the education of girl child. There was an increase of 12.5 percentage points in the share of such women between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The only age group that sawa decrease in the percentage of women in domestic duties was 15-24 years, as more women in this age group attended educational institutions. It was launched as per the mandate given by The Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act 2002, which made free and compulsory education of all children aged 6-14 years a fundamental right.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	79b0f0032a45a6eb4587839b54f51e17	Agricultural growth affects poverty and overall economic growth directly and indirectly through linkages with the non-agricultural sector; at the same time, reinforcing economic activity in rural areas has a significant impact on the disproportionately large number of poor living in those areas (see empirical studies on Ethiopia by Diao and Nin-Pratt, 2007; on Ghana by Breisinger et al., Nin-Pratt et al. ( The authors stress the mismatch between the old-fashioned, low productivity and high risk production patterns that are still prevalent in the region and the role of the agricultural sector as the main provider of employment, rural livelihoods, export revenues, and more generally national income.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	79b3084dc01e608b03c21f4fd87be7e3	Female labour force participation could thus potentially be increased by developing various options for older care. Marriage decreases the probability of female labour force participation by 7.8% in rural areas and more than twice as much in urban areas. This should not be surprising as rural women are often employed within the household in the agricultural production process.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/50e33932-en	79b435e296845c705bbff09f5d1b30df	Recently, nongovernmental entities such as social enterprises and community-based actors have been active and playing larger roles in the rural development policies. This framework takes into account the demographic challenges in OECD rural regions and it envisages rural areas as key engines for national prosperity. Delivering improved well-being for rural dwellers (across economic, social and environmental dimensions). Understanding the growth dynamics of low-density economies (distance to markets, role of the tradable sector, and absolute advantages).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	79b5c64043b461f5d849fbefcc8a1d68	It was originally developed for informing the investment choices of electric utilities in regulated electricity systems. Since it does not capture technology-specific quantity or price risks nor bankruptcy risk, it is less pertinent in deregulated electricity systems where the revenues and risks of different operators can vary substantially both among different technologies and from period to period over an electricity generator’s lifetime. The subscript t denotes the year in which the sale of production or the cost disbursement takes place.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8b5c6a68-en	79b6290fc802cf767dcba431e1f20620	United Kingdom Sullivan C.A. and J.R. Meigh. In a transboundary context, the riparian countries have to agree upon the scope of the study but also on the definitions to be used. A key element in this step is defining the vulnerability indicators and critical thresholds. This choice depends on the scope of the study and the water management objectives and is needed to assess the direction and magnitude of the changes affecting the system. This understanding should be used in further adaptation policy and planning. These stakeholders are identified in the first step of the VA.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	79b70ed5e0395600f91131b084702a24	Population in China, Japan and Korea by broad age group, 1950-2050 (cont.) In part this is because groups with traditionally low labour force participation, such as mothers, use part-time employment as a tool to reconcile work and family commitments (OECD, 2007). Workers in part-time employment often still face a penalty compared with full-time workers in terms of pay, job security, training, promotion and lifetime earnings, pension entitlements, or unemployment benefits and/or re-employment assistance in case of unemployment (OECD, 2010b).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/edu/today-2010-5-en	79b793bc8d0d72303611a9fd14db5244	Shared patterns exist alongside notable differences such as in teacher beliefs (as charted with the Teaching and Learning International Survey [TALIS]) and in school time use. Since the 2005 study, Teachers Matter, much OECD work has analysed the characteristics of learners and learning, teachers, and how to improve school leadership. Data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) have permitted specific analyses of aspects of schooling, such as student attitudes towards and knowledge of the environment. Work on the educational role of technology has shown how important is home use for educational outcomes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	79b7b2e31c5a8df66f112c3488faf91e	Except for Brazil, where both men and women seem to face difficulties in exiting NEET status, young women are considerably less likely than men to exit NEET after one year (29% vs. 67% in Mexico and 34% vs. 61% in Argentina); this suggests that NEET status can be a trap for young women. In general, exit rates show it is easier to exit from NEET status when younger. This analysis is limited to urban populations owing to data limitations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	79ba2632655010bca03e6c3754cc99bd	The WRC aims to achieve this goal by challenging people to speak out and think about their actions, language and beliefs; educating youth on violence against women; raising public awareness on the issue; and partnering with women’s organisations, the private sector and media. The campaign is driven by community groups in towns and cities throughout New Zealand and is rapidly becoming part of the annual events calendar. White Ribbon Day events and activities are increasingly supported by businesses, cultural groups, sporting teams, local government, and a wide range of community and government agencies.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	79bf1e8e5c2deda1c7c0df551d1095f6	For instance, the World Bank reports that in Mozambique the epidemic and endemic risks for malaria are high (21 and 57 per cent respectively), while child mortality is also high at 118 per 1,000 live births. Meanwhile, the AIDS prevalence rate reaches 3 per cent but funds allocated for the disease are 2.5 times larger than for malaria and 46 times the allocation for the integrated management of childhood illness. Problems emerge from this vertical approach. The first problem is related to the potential conflict between the “horizontal approach” of national health systems and the “vertical approach” of the GHPs.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/10ef1979-en	79c42f18bb1f2b875da695c9ab85e55e	Although climate conditions, such as rainfall (amount, intensity and frequency) and temperature influence erosion processes, other anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fires, overgrazing, topography modifications and water management policy, have stronger impacts on land and soil. Unfortunately, the report does not describe any such evidence. During the summer months of 2009, a three- to fourfold increase in the registered number of diarrhoea cases was observed, which demonstrates the link between these groups of diseases and warmer temperatures.	13	1	9	0.8
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	79c8b2af1983449e1e03a391d525a870	These studies reinforce the general argument that migrations around the world from rural areas to the big cities are part of a two-stage process. Its political institutions, business relationships, social networks and transactions are all footholds intended to give new village arrivals a purchase, however fragile, on the edge of the large society, and to give them a place to push themselves, and their children, further into the centre, into acceptability, into connectedness. While many still live in slums, they have clearly been receding as a proportion of the urban population over the last two decades.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	79c90022c485bf9df69d37712733c0b2	The share of GDP devoted to education is below the OECD average, with a higher proportion of public funding than the OECD average. Portugal needs to continue to define professional pathways for teachers and school principals, providing relevant training and implementing reform of the teacher training system. Further developing an integrated evaluation and assessment framework centred on quality student learning would help move beyond the objective of accountability to provide clearer information on how schools, school leaders and teachers can improve in the classroom.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	79cb0adff643fe47eb39c2b0892dafee	This is why the Sustainable Development of Protected Areas System of Ethiopia was set up, with support from the Global Environment Fund and UNDP. The project is spearheading a suite of interventions, focusing on the national system in terms of capacity building and training, and integrating the protected area system into mainstream development. Since the initiation of the project in 2008, valuation exercises have found that the main value of protected areas is in the environmental services that they provide to poor rural communities, many of which are food-insecure; protected areas were incorporated into the Ethiopia Poverty Strategy; and the legal boundaries of the protected area system were strengthened by supporting the demarcation and gazettement of four areas through a highly consultative process (UNDP, n.d.).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	79cccf25aeef8d468757c5f3d1263046	Social norms and the relative weakness of women’s networks may also play a role. Most notably, these theories are unable to explain why male and female workers with similar characteristics have similar wages upon entering the labour market but experience a divergence later on in their working lives (with men’s earnings growing faster). Pregnancy, childbirth, recovery and child caregiving increase women’s need for flexibility and make it more difficult for them to work long hours.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	79d2f30a2b975f418ca3fd9cd05a469e	However, importing water from neighbouring basins cannot be the main strategy to supply water to the ZMVM, because this practice has created social and political conflicts and led to regional deficits of water (Escolero Fuentes et al., The water tariff in the Valle de Mexico does not reflect the environmental damage to the Lerman and Cutzamala basins. Moreover, the costs associated with water delivery across long distances (and heights) are high, and increased reliance on surface water systems increases vulnerability to climate change.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	79d4264237a6ca4fe06beb9b85bc3f75	Equally, the 2010 Constitution of Kenya provides forthe elimination ofgenderdiscrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land (art. Land tenure systems - ranging from informal to formal - determine who can use what resources for how long and under what conditions. In practice, land tenure may take a variety of forms, such as ownership, rental (public and private) agreements, cooperatives, leasehold or informal settlement-including informal occupation of land. The reality is more nuanced.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	79d8fec4e99959c9b8468b1d04576da6	The problem is that U. prolifera is presently an unwanted and uncontrolled growing nuisance species of limited commercial value. The solution may be to create a competition for nutrients by intentionally cultivating species, which not only carry on the biomitigation, but also have a commercial value, where U. prolifera starts to enter the coastal environment in order to control its proliferation. This time, the IMTA concept has to be interpreted as an integrated land pond/coastal aquaculture system in a supra Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) effort, beyond provincial borders, to address issues at the Yellow Sea scale. We understand that this “out of the box” approach to ICZM will, initially, raise eyebrows as the idea of growing more seaweeds (but of commercial value) to contain the proliferation of other seaweeds, presently considered nuisances, is not the most intuitive approach for a lot of people or decision makers!	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	79d99b9eb657a42ace64a2dc3f7b12a7	They differ from the usual ones employed by trade modellers of developing country policies in that they are based on direct domestic-to-border price comparisons rather than (as with the GTAP dataset) on applied rates of import tariffs and other key border measures. A first attempt to exploit that new database was recently undertaken to assess the relative impacts on national, regional and global poverty as well as inequality of agricultural and non-agricultural trade policies at home and abroad. This chapter summarizes some of the working papers that have emerged from that research project (see www.worldbank.org/ agdistortions).	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	79d9ec621b79a5fcf0906fc6d9c9bcfe	Many countries encounter difficulties in accessing funding and in effectively deploying the resources that they have obtained. For example, allocating and approving finance requires time, and many countries face capacity constraints in the effective management of funds. The constraints include the low absorptive capacity of low-income countries' public financial systems, which slows the rate of disbursement.	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	79dab5156e92ff291d339c7235c31317	Increasingly complex and changing forms of mobility and fluidity are emerging. Vellum is made of strips of woven wool (in the Saharan Maghreb and among the Maghrebis), an assembly of tanned skins (by the Touareg), a woven material made of braided fronds of the doum palm (by the Touareg and Tubu), or nowadays, imported white cotton or plastic tarps. It comprises most of the fertile lands of Algeria.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	79ddebf9fed3c18031c30812621f3278	For existing electric utilities this risk is mitigated by exclusivity, consumer dependence on electricity and regulated monopoly status that allows the unused electricity generation capacity to be charged to the customers. With many sub-utility solar projects, the output is used by the owner of the project. Many others operate under long-term contracts - power purchase agreements, which have a risk of default.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	79de89243d0c13251bf98a650945c961	Moreover, they most likely affect some very specific groups of the population rather than the aggregate. Given the correlation between health indicators or the share of the inactive population declaring too sick or disabled to work and disability recipients, they cannot be included simultaneously in the regressions. The main issue remains that once on disability benefits or sick the likelihood to re-enter the labour force is limited. But it may also just reflect the fact that inactive people have lower income, hence live in more crowded houses or in cheaper areas far away from job centres.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d0196687-en	79e10cb018cc0775eaeb30e012776936	This represented a 4 per cent gain in the share over 2012. Geothermal resources are also abundant but capacity additions have not increased significantly because of technical and financial barriers, though new efforts are being pursued in Indonesia and the Philippines where the potential is high. Solar is also increasingly being used in on- and off-grid applications across countries, with Thailand accounting for 75 per cent of solar energy consumption in the subregion. Backing this development is a shift in policy stance towards supporting renewables with the introduction of targets, financial incentives, public financing measures and regulations. Such policies and measures were rarely implemented in the region prior to 2000.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	79e21e98fb6b045132780430b58f4875	In the future KARI will also collect data on: climatic change risks, household vulnerability to climatic change in specific regions/production systems, performance of various crop varieties under different climatic conditions. It has 17 hydro-meteorological automatic weather stations in the major water catchments for measuring surface discharge, used by the Kenya Energy Generating Company to monitor hydro-power generation under changing rainfall conditions. The NEMA Geographic Information System laboratory focuses on water quality-monitoring, which can be used as an indicator of climate change. These data cover e.g. gender, poverty, living conditions and occupation.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	79e2557de938922b337e3716555bdcbb	According to the results of a national survey about EPS services conducted by the MSPS in 2014, the average of enrolees waiting more than ten days for consultation with a general doctor was 10.1% among EPS in the SR, compared to 13.3% among EPS in the CR. The MSPS estimated that the share of OOP payments in Colombia was 15.2% of the funding of the health system in 2012 (as seen in Chapter 1). While the WHO estimated that the OOP in Colombia was somewhat higher (around 17%) in 2012, it was still among the lowest in Latin America (Figure 2.1) and also lower than the OECD average of around 20%. Cost-sharing is determined both by the scheme that the person belongs to and their assessed socio-economic vulnerability, measured by an index called SISBEN. Enrolees of the SR make no co-payments for services if they belong to SISBEN 1 (most vulnerable individuals) and pay only a 5% co-insurance rate if they belong to SISBEN 2.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	79e299068992d172728fcdbb85b0379e	A strong policy focus on education and training pays off, particularly in the shift from low- to high-skilled labour demand due to automation in the manufacturing sector. New skills and well-educated workers are essential for optimal implementation and operation of new technologies. Thus, policymakers should prioritise and increase public investment in education infrastructure to effectively deal with the challenges of new technology implementation. As automation may have negative effects on employment in labour-intensive industries, special emphasis should be placed on retraining and redeployment measures for workers who have lost their jobs.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	79e4cd0485777befa632b7b483a8fb4b	Aquaculture, which comprises a varied mix of low-value bulky products (such as seaweed) and small high-value products (such as pearls), and freshwater fisheries production contribute very little value to economic growth in Commonwealth Pacific small states. Consequently, Gillett (2016) has attempted to re-estimate fisheries contribution to GDP given the weaknesses in official data. It was found that while official estimates varied from 1 to 9 per cent, re-estimates varied from 2 to 16 per cent.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ee52a573-en	79e979696ef8ced9051cdfa7a39db959	By changing consumer behaviour in relation to the above, consumers can have a positive influence on the environment; these are the domains that define sustainable lifestyles. There is however, strong evidence that the above areas are highly relevant in the developing world. Next, the examples of food, housing and transport are discussed. The impacts of food start right back at the production stage, including land distribution and use patterns (as well as social tension from lack of land titles or land grabbing), use of chemical fertilisers that also kill soil microbes and emissions of GHGs that cause climate change.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	79ea971f74ee28be3b7d306565bb9f3e	The new legislation, Compulsory Education for 12 years (4+4+4) (see below), can improve student transitions between educational levels, but if not managed well, it can lead to more segregation among schools and further inequities. Currently, students are academically selected at age 13.5 and sorted into upper secondary schools based on results in a national examination. If the different pathways vary in quality, this can widen achievement gaps and hinder equity.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0a98da25-en	79eaeb41ec7ec96e77402aa90f236eb0	This is especially important since data indicate wage gaps are closing very slowly, in large part due to women’s exclusion from high-paid jobs. A good deal of research shows that once employed, gender and racial inequality is largely attributable to job segregation. Even in rapidly growing middle-income countries, which are experiencing industrial upgrading, we observe evidence of defeminization of manufacturing employment (Tejani and Milberg20i6). As a result of the higher consumption rates of low-income groups, higher minimum wages also stimulate aggregate demand and job growth, reducing women's unemployment and offsetting negative effects of higher female wages on female unemployment. Evidence from Latin America’s decade of inequality reduction indicates that the gender employment gap was narrowed in the 2000s in part due to higher minimum wages in a number of countries (Braunstein and Seguino 2012). Because the employment data are broad, they do not allow us to assess the quality of employment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	79eda43d1b031f1d82c4bf70696bc13a	Fish is also the most important source of protein intake in the Indonesian diet (OECD, 2012). All these aspects have led the Government of Indonesia to place a high development priority on the sector in the context of its employment and poverty alleviation strategy. Indonesia is the fourth major fish producer after China, India and Peru, but only the world’s tenth exporter of fish and fish products, with export performances weakening during the last decade.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	79ee9f7f39c5de388b9e81e4399ef03d	All governments today are saddled with huge debts, and due to large public deficits, the future may not bode well for additional funding for government grants for either point or nonpoint source control measures. In this context it is important to stress that trading is not only cost effective, but it also allows for income to move from areas with large property tax revenues (e.g. cities) to rural areas with low property tax revenues. Wastewater plants will always be needed, or upgraded, and the use of trading allows income to shift, with resultant water quality improvements, without as much need for costly government subsidies that may be non-existent in the future. Several jurisdictions across Canada have discussed the trading concept with SNC, and the Federal Government produced a series of papers on water markets and trading (Policy Research Initiative, 2005).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	79f1c7303ef90898e2ae5fe04ca5c808	In this study a simulation model was built in the proprietary software (STELLA) of the environmental and livelihood outcomes that might be expected from the development of oil palm estates in Indonesian Borneo. The model was then used to answer “what if” questions and its use greatly enriched the local debate on the pros and cons of the planned establishment of industrial scale estates. However, our overall impression is that such tools are not widely employed in practice and are still mainly used by researchers. These tools are a valuable resource in harnessing traditional knowledge to modern knowledge and innovation systems and deserve to be much more widely used in natural resource management.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	79f4f8a1ff3fbbaac9481caf9499b039	An effective strategy to reduce informal employment should encompass a broad range of policies aimed at reducing the costs of formalisation, increasing its benefits and strengthening enforcement of labour codes. Special attention should be paid to minimising existing disincentives to formality that disproportionately affect women, such as high marginal tax rates on secondary earners. Removing obsolete legislation that impedes women’s access to certain sectors of the economy will further reduce reliance on informal employment. All countries should have a modern legal framework to deal with violence against women and especially domestic violence.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3afdf450-en	79fc44074eb45275587955de72031858	The results also confirm that the risk of poverty is higher for children in migrant households or those characterized by a lower level of education. This suggests that poverty is not simply an outcome of labour market conditions and dynamics (e.g. unemployment, low wage, inadequate benefit packages etc). Thus, a strategy to assure a decent standard of living for children must take into consideration not only the generation of employment but must also ensure decent working conditions for parents.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/524212d8-en	7a0048449e06bdb2c71ac177c5ced3c1	A delicate balance has to be maintained and this is where voluntary initiatives such as the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GTSC) certification scheme play a critical role: there is no confrontation since the industry has voluntarily agreed to follow norms which will not only meet but frequently exceed the requirements of the law. The recommendations are based on a list of 12 principles for sustainable tourism development. Typically the Sustainable Tourism Criteria established by the j Global Sustainable Tourism Council extend to measurable indicators I and an appraisal and certification scheme which is rapaidly gaining j acceptance by the accommodation sector. Laws pertaining to land use, access, waster disposal, I pollution control, minimum wages and the like exist in almost all | countries: occasionally, these are relaxed for the tourism indistury in some developing countries in an effort to attract foreign tourists and i investments in the industry.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	7a010ec7387ef1f60c20c428da42a260	Along with expanding “new economy and green industries” through investments in renewable energy and in energy efficient technologies, addressing ecological imbalances of growth would also contribute substantially to reducing poverty in the LDCs. A key to addressing the LDCs’ ecological imbalances will be the implementation of technological innovations to reduce the adverse impacts of production and consumption activities on the environment and unsustainable pressures on natural resources. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCQ recognizes these constraints and stresses that developed countries need to provide support to LDCs based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.	1	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	7a03237bcc04037cbdb46cf676e3a2de	This chapter looks at such structures in the MENA region. Most MENA governments have established institutions mandated to advance women's economic and social status, although none have yet established a government unit dedicated specifically to women's entrepreneurship development. Business registration and licensing bodies seldom have mechanisms to reach out to women entrepreneurs. Nor do SME agencies generally have clear strategies or targeted support for women entrepreneurs.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7a05718c44ee097d92328a4233197e3a	Cocaine arriving from South America transits in particular countries in West Africa on its way to Europe. One of the main modes of transport used for such trafficking is commercial aircraft; it is likely that that development is related to the increased number of commercial flights between Brazil and West Africa. Data provided by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency of Nigeria on drug interceptions at the international airport near Lagos indicate that a total of about 120 kg of cocaine were seized at the airport in 2014.	3	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	7a0a1fe063e61bbad211885dec32ffad	In a review of government-sponsored training in Denmark, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Sweden, better outcomes were found for women participants and the long-term unemployed, whereas poorer results were found for older workers and youth (Card, Kluve and Weber, 2015[24i; McCall, Smith and Wunsch, 2016|22|). Not all approaches work for all learner profiles. For instance, McCall et al.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	7a0faaedda995052642a60bf126b123d	Reforms can lower the volume of water some users will have access to, they can change the distribution of the risk of shortage across water users, and they can affect infrastructure and investment needs. Even incremental changes to an existing allocation regime can create opposition and require costly compensation to free up water by buying out existing water users. These insights can be instructive for those contemplating allocation reform or actively pursuing it.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	7a0fccb9b3b1fd6ce702919bdf5426e4	Evidence of political intervention in competition cases can considerably erode the authority and credibility of the authority. Independence can also enhance the quality of policy advice that the competition authority can provide to government, especially to warn of any possible trade-offs between competition and other policy objectives. In some countries however, access to long-term finance is constrained by shallow and illiquid financial markets.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	7a1178680e88ebdd02ae8d8700ade48e	Other traits such as Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness are also associated with longer lives. However there is evidence that Self-Control (associated with Conscientiousness), Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness are important protective factors against criminal activity (John et al.1994, Agnew et al. Controlling for the influence of education and cognitive ability, these traits appear equally predictive of lower criminal activity (Heckman, Stixrud, and Urzua, 2006). This provides a new perspective on the direction of social and educational policy interventions.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	7a134f02c43ce02f36ba43f532f2a6ea	Experience from the first adjustment of the voluntary early retirement pension age starting in 2014 has been encouraging (Danish Ministry of Finance, 2017(44]) and has supported a significant increase in the employment rate among 55-64 year olds (Figure 19, Panel B). Measures have also been taken to encourage people in work to opt-out of the early retirement scheme; in the labour force below age 50, less than 10% will be entitled to early retirement when they reach the relevant age. Nevertheless, the senior employment rate remains below those of Norway and Sweden.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/355832ee-en	7a13c92e29640d5ff59bf6d2fe51589c	"Finally, the ""multiple housing problems"" indicator is defined as living in a dwelling that suffers from at least one of the following: a leaking roof, damp roof/walls/foundation, rot in window frames or floor; there is not enough day light coming through the windows. The ""water and sanitation"" and ""multiple housing problems"" indicators each comprise several survey items because these items fit together conceptually and the deprivation rates based on each item in isolation would be very low. Severe material deprivation is defined as lacking four out of the above nine items. Information on these items is collected in every annual round of the EU-SILC, which allows monitoring the level of household material deprivation in the EU. The European Commission Recommendation ""Investing in Children: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage"" adopted on 20 February 2013, lists child deprivation as one of the items in its monitoring framework, but specifies that its definition is ""under discussion""."	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	7a13f255a6b8a082d71e00e1d76a7c56	Yet, despite recent improvements, outcomes, as measured by PISA results, still need to catch up with OECD standards and equity problems should be addressed. One decisive ingredient will be better teachers. Chile should aim to attract qualified individuals to the profession and bolster initiatives to improve initial teacher education and training.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	7a14480ee2b5e8ce6c0b7a4d1a307bd6	Modern service activities such as financial intermediation, real estate, renting and business activities and health and social work also have more informal workers among men than women. Public administration and defence is primarily in the government sector and as such has the lowest percentage of informal workers. However, about one quarter of the women workers even in this sector are informal. The lowest percentage of informal workers is among those with graduate and above levels of education, although it has been increasing over the years among both women and men.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4a540597-en	7a148aba8a50f159f05efd4cd1ad2c94	This contrasts with the older planning pattern of attending to the physical design of public buildings, streets, parks etc., A city that plans not only projects the future from past trends, it also brings the public, private and third sectors together with communities to build a collectively preferred future. In modernist planning, progress was often elusive and the benefits were often concentrated among small groups of elites.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	7a1605268b7aa1b829b23a320f55a5bb	Others, such as trends in door-to-needle time after a heart attack, are less reassuring. In general, however, scant data is available to assess quality of care more fully, with patient-reported outcomes and experiences being notably absent. Less than 11% of total hospital discharges are related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions with a trend declining slightly since 2001 (Guanais et al.,	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7a17220d9d62e19267e308e416a87190	The armed conflict and refugee crisis situations have given rise to increased demands for emergency supplies, including internationally controlled substances for medical purposes. However, as supply is wholly dependent on emergency aid, delivery in certain areas has been inadequate or severely limited. In that context, INCB wishes to draw attention to the special topic published in its annual report for 2014 on availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in emergency situations39 and remind all States that, under international humanitarian law, parties to armed conflicts have an obligation not to impede the provision of medical care to civilian populations located in territories under their effective control. This includes access to necessary narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	7a17984e86643d3295938c8f94c2e387	The location of federally-funded “multi-purpose” facilities can help supplement services in communities but may also instigate disinvestment by state governments in hospitals or appropriate transfer arrangements. This medical outreach is expensive but has become a vital part of health service delivery in Australia’s most remote parts. Such schemes work best when a visiting specialist pairs with a local GP to manage a patient’s care. There is a need to maintain investments in technologies to help overcome geographical challenges to care. Telehealth is a very promising innovation in Australia and internationally, using technology to link patients or GPs in rural areas to specialists in regional centres or major cities.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	7a18bfd878636c28ecda82831c7f65a6	Stakeholder engagement tools and mechanisms work differently across places, times, objectives and stages of the policy/project cycle. They should be tailored to each context (geographic, socio-economic, cultural), type of stakeholder concerned, policy goal targeted and place-based needs to accommodate varying levels of interest and resources from stakeholders and consider other options as needs arise. Water governance systems are complex and in flux, where change is dynamic and often unpredictable.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	7a1a3510ec169019bce00c9b4db9b242	More than 80% of the delineated Natura 2000 forest area is on LP-administered land. A survey conducted in 2006-11 by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection revealed that natural forest habitats in the network had predominantly poor or bad conservation status; only 30% of their area was in good condition (MoE, 2013). ( It should be noted that the survey shows the non-forest Natura 2000 habitats to be in similar shape.) Natura 2000 also requires significant investments: financing needs for the network in 2014-20 are estimated at more than 12 times the level of spending in 2007-13 (Section 4.3).	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d100c303-en	7a1b0f805d9b63fe835eb521cdeebc46	An integrated approach that focuses on interventions in health, nutrition, water and sanitation, protection, and learning during the first years of children's lives can set a firm foundation for their entire lifetime. Given this commitment, they need consistently updated data on who is poor and how they are poor in order to monitor progress, identify gaps and guide policies and programmes - all in the interest of making sure that vulnerable children are not left behind. Multidimensional child poverty measures give a fuller picture of how children experience poverty.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	7a1c0befed135fa718770f25d3c4c8f1	By 2012, female literacy was almost equivalent to the male rates attained in 1994. It had reached over 70% in Tunisia and almost 100% in Jordan. But the gap is still significant in some countries. In Morocco only 57% of women were literate, compared to 76% of men, and in Egypt only 65% of women could read, compared to 81% of men (Figure 1.1).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	7a1c5079de549fbc068e4d507e2cd136	The mean value of annual precipitation for both the Sava River Basin and the Adriatic Sea Basin has not changed significantly in the period 1961— 2014 (table 6.3). In the period 1991-2014, annual precipitation in the Sava River Basin was 44 mm higher than in the period 1961-1990. However, the range has increased (769 mm compared with 407 mm) and the minimum value is lower at 100 mm, whereas the maximum value is higher at 262 mm. Accordingly, the value of variance is significantly higher in the period 1991-2014.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	7a238c12f2976ea4998e83f11cc827c6	"A standards development process has been initiated in Cameroon (PEFC, 2014c). At the 19th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (""UNFCCC COP 19""), held in Warsaw, Poland, governments took steps towards a new universal agreement to limit global temperature rise to 2 °C. Thirty-nine national and 23 subnational jurisdictions now have carbon-pricing instruments, emissions trading schemes or taxes, either enacted or in process."	15	3	2	0.2
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	7a238ec2e561878de23d8209b7e20b2b	Korea also has FTAs with Singapore, EFTA (The European Free Trade Association; Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland), European Union, and United States. In 2012, Korea signed a FTA with Colombia. As of July 2014, Korea is pursuing negotiations with Viet Nam, Indonesia, and China. The FTA with China in particular is expected to have a large impact on the Korean fisheries industry.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	7a248a0aea0fa3deb6f813db792c8a56	The coordination and advisory function includes tasks (a), (d), (e), (f), (h) and (i). The executive function includes tasks (b), (c), (g) and (j). At the same time, the difference between the coordination and advisory function and the executive function is sometimes not distinct and depends on the extent of participation of an individual joint body in the implementation of a certain task.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	7a2738732a387fe4adba506e087fdbf6	Article 2 of the draft PPP Law' (dated 14 June 2013) includes in its definition of PPPs that the private partner assumes substantial financial, technical, operational and/or environmental risks in connection with the performance of the public functions or provisions of the services and/or public property in accordance with the terms of the PPP contract. This article could be construed to clarify that the risks should be allocated according to the party that can best manage them at least cost. Companies interviewed in support of this work (see Annex l.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	7a27b2fa4cc3bba718ab0e3e5a757bae	A shift from driving a car to unprotected modes of transport can - and probably will - be the effect of these measures which might be detrimental for older persons, as using these modes tends to be far more dangerous for them than driving a car (Hakamies-Blomqvist et al. Practice in European countries on the licensing of older drivers varies greatly. Some countries require renewal of the driving license at a certain age, whereas others do not. Those countries that do often require some sort of medical examination (Table 7.3).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	7a2a729c645be37434ff69a7cb543c9d	The largest problem is the inability to save out of current income because virtually all they earn in a year is required for current farm operations and family living. However they also face a problem of finding a way to hold wealth. For farmers with title to land the land itself serves as a wealth holding and wealth creating vehicle. Improvements to land through farm household efforts can be captured through appreciation of land value.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	7a2b1783b07b9b0ac410f01508bca845	Given the uneven performance in the four focus areas of the Strategic Plan 2008-2013 in promoting gender development results, UNDP should ensure that future assessments pay specific attention to the progress, effectiveness and quality of gender development results in the seven outcome areas of the current Strategic Plan. The assessment can build on the limited data from the Integrated Results and Resources Framework report cards, which summarize UNDP progress and performance in 2014 and include a deeper, qualitative analysis of the UNDP contribution to gender results on the ground. Preliminary lessons of the Gender Equality Seal certification process, which has been completed in 28 country offices (and implemented on a non-certification basis in others), could also be a rich source of information.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f0e2a96e-en	7a2b44502e7540252b5046ec4133b764	Furthermore, wind power is commonly regarded as a key technology in addressing some of the greatest environmental and resource concerns of today, namely anthropogenic climate change and other negative consequences from air pollution, and energy security. Among other factors, a strong growth in today's markets and prospects of exploiting vast and as yet untapped resources, contribute to the anticipation that wind power will play a significant role in shifting energy markets away from fossil-based power generation towards renewables in coming decades (GWEC, 2011; Wiser et al., Wind power likewise features prominently in the current body of global climate change mitigation scenarios produced by energy-economy models (IEA, 2010a, 2013; Krey and Clarke, 2011). These environmental and resource pressures can be quantified and assessed by methods of life cycle assessment (LCA).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	7a2b8fe2eeae9e44c9e0061aebe09641	Overall, means-tested family and education benefits seem to be providing a useful contribution to reducing inequalities. Given the high and rising incidence of poverty among children, raising the means-tested child benefits is likely to be an efficient way to reduce child poverty. The average effective income tax rate faced by the top quintile of the income distribution is around three times higher than for the bottom quintile, and as a result, the top quintile accounts for over two thirds of income tax payments (Figure 9). Income tax rates were increased in 2010, 2011 and 2013, and a comprehensive income tax reform in 2013 reduced the number of income brackets from 8 to 5, significantly increased marginal rates, and reduction in tax breaks, including for private education and health expenditures, which are overwhelmingly consumed by better-off households. The elimination of these tax breaks is clearly a step in the right direction, and it also makes the tax system simpler and more transparent. The overall redistributive effects of these changes to income taxes are difficult to evaluate, particularly the 2013 changes to personal income taxes.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	7a2c7696f0edb28832dd97472f3f56f1	For the non-indigent poor, the figure was 15%, and it was even lower in the two other groups (13% for the at-risk group and 6% for those not at risk). These data point up the complexity of the situation to be addressed by anti-poverty policies, in the broad sense of the term, w'hen dealing with sectors w'here ethnic identity' is a significant factor, since, in these cases, policy initiatives have to focus on basic needs satisfaction, recognition, and social and cultural inclusiveness at one and the same time. Among the indigent and the non-indigent poor, minors (up to 17 years of age) make up 51% and 45%, respectively, which means that children account for nearly half of the poor population.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	7a2dd08e8c8251824d95582c9e9d5db1	Over the past decade, the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has become the world's premier yardstick for evaluating the quality, equity and efficiency of school systems. This chapter introduces PISA and sets the scene for situating the PISA performance of 15-year-olds in the United States against global patterns and trends. Results from the OECD's recent Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013a) show that highly skilled adults are twice as likely to be employed and almost three times more likely to earn an above-median salary than poorly skilled adults. In other words, poor skills severely limit people's access to belter-paying and more rewarding jobs.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	7a2e2d2b28664b29179509a6ad3c6943	Urbanisation is largely driven by high rural-urban migration and high population growth. The lack of adequate policy frameworks and the weakness of institutions have significantly undermined the potential of urbanisation and the management of its associated risks. The services sector was the main driver of growth.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	7a2e48a415902240b6ab89a0f360459b	For Canada, fees and regulations as applying in Ontario is taken into account. In 2001, the period granted for maternity leave was expanded from sixty to ninety days, and the payment started to be ensured by the Employment Insurance for 30 days. In 2006, a further extension of payment was introduced with the payment by the insurance system for all the 90 days applying to employees in small and medium enterprises.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	7a2fda28d185285806167dd5db7e3815	These, in turn, have provided a strong incentive for girls to invest in their studies and increase their attainment level. And full-time workers with upper secondary levels of attainment earn 19% more, on average, than those who did not go that far (OECD, 2016(5]). These penalties may be reduced in absolute terms if men will continue to have better returns than women given their level of education (OECD, 2016[5]).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	7a31c8b93aed24c0d07e702bc1a8ee70	The SRA established the Road Traffic Inspectorate to help monitor road safety performance and stakeholder activity. A review by the Swedish Road Administration estimated that the performance indicators suggested the potential for a total reduction of more than 250 in the number of road fatalities by 2002. The 2012 summary appears in Table 3.3. Cumulative counts of people KSI compared to targets fatality rates per 100 000 population, Western Australia and Australia- moving 12 monthly data Fatality rates per 100 000 population selected Australian states and territories- moving 12 monthly data.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	7a35123794340aaa94230e887c847c24	Few commercial banks are, in fact, equipped to deal efficiently with very small firms, given their high mortality rates, low availability of collaterals, and demand for micro-loans. Data from the Mix Market Database show that the percentage of female borrowers from NGOs and NBFIs is much higher than from commercial banks providing micro-loans, especially in East Asia and the Pacific (where women account for 89% of the micro-borrowers from NGOs and only 35% of the borrowers from commercial and rural banks). Therefore, even if the private sector has proven to be an innovative and fast growing provider of micro-loans, subsidised credit and other public interventions still play an important role in increasing access to credit for women of all socio-economic backgrounds, thereby contributing to financial inclusion and the fight against poverty through entrepreneurship (Karlan and Morduch, 2009). Technological innovations like mobile banking are promising tools for extending financial services to self-employed women, particularly in rural areas.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	7a3550a0e0e28a89ad24ace077dbecd3	Source: Shadbolt, 2009c._____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evans and Meade found that these shares are higher than in other countries. The two largest fertiliser companies in New Zealand (Ravensdown and Ballance AgriNutirents) are cooperatives, allocating profits to shareholders proportional to the amount of fertiliser sold.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	7a369e38a742102c80064b7992887082	Non-demographic growth is projected forward using an exponential growth form, starting at the rate implied by the component models at the end of their projections — around 1.8 per cent. This is transitioned up to the all-government growth rate of 3.2 per cent using a logistic curve. The impact on percentage point change in 2049-2050 in health spending of alternative scenarios as to participation - total labour force, older workers, and unemployment - productivity, and population - net migration, fertility, and life expectancy - is assessed.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	7a38b008d0996c6f9ea29b612d10330f	A greater female presence in these areas could have a positive effect on Mexico's economic performance. See Source section for more information and Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm). In 2011, 63% of Mexican women over 15-years of age declared that they had been victims of some kind of violence in their lifetime.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	7a39924bf8af649ea33569a7a37e6e2b	National statistical systems need to regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues. Gender statistics should document womens and men’s participation in and contributions to all social and economic areas and reflect the underlying causes and consequences of gender inequality (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996; United Nations, 2002). The coverage of gender issues by official statistical systems and the adequacy of such systems should be regularly reviewed, as recommended in paragraph 207 (b) of the Beijing Platform for Action (United Nations, 1996).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	7a3c63da60b12635bd63db031b62e258	Equity between present and future generations in a perspective of sustainability' should be promoted. Thus, disaggregated data on gender, age economic status and the level of impact of proposed policies and measures is crucial. Clarifying the goals and reasons for engagement is key to building mutual understanding and trust of how stakeholders may be involved in the process, and for informed stakeholders to provide quality contributions in line with expectations.	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	7a3e56c052165cd201122cf460c77c9d	It is a set of balanced and realistic policy measures that countries can adopt to ease the impact of the crisis and accelerate recovery in employment (www.ilo.org/jobspact). There is some indirect evidence of a positive impact on the local economy from reports of an increase in the sales of motorcycles in remote target areas, where better transportation means is a conduit to the expansion of economic activities. The Community Works Programme of South Africa (CWP SA) also provides a guarantee of 2 work days per week to its beneficiaries. International Training Center Validation Workshop on Public Employment Programmes, April 2010.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	7a4632ff34a0778a5c579783d3a0ee8d	Social skills are a key determinant: the ability to get along with others (i.e. with co-workers) is crucial for the likelihood of employment success. This is why social skills training gained importance in vocational rehabilitation. Social skills are needed for the job interview and they increase the chances to stay employed even if the work performance is fluctuating. This is a main reason for poor employment outcomes of those with personality disorders (Baer et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlvx2wjq0-en	7a471a6f39a8ccccdc6d509740820f43	Cuts in unemployment-related and disability benefits will likely hit poorer people in the first place but may have less adverse effects on inequality in the long run once employment increases in response to a better incentive structure. Cette conclusion doite Etre pourtant consideree uniquement comme une premiere etape approximative de l’analyse. Une Evaluation complete des effets de distribution de consolidation fiscale nEcessiterait de prendre en compte des mesures dynamiques, comme la distribution du revenu tout au long de la vie et l’Egalite des chances ainsi que les reactions comportementales et les interactions avec d’autres politiques. En tout cas, il existe une marge pour Equilibrer les efforts d'assainissement dans le sens d'une plus grande EquitE avec une incidence nEgative limitEe sur la croissance potentielle.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	7a47b91dc1424f10cfab6743221eed36	The Task Force on Commodity Futures Markets, established by the International Organization of Security Commissions to look into these matters, reviewed the available research and came to the conclusion that they “do not support the proposition that the activity of speculators has systematically driven commodity market cash or futures prices up or down on a sustained basis”. In its October 2008 World Economic Outlook, the IMF concluded that there was no evidence of a long term systemic effect due to speculation on commodity prices, although it suggested that short term expectations can be influenced by sentiment and investor behaviour, which can amplify short-term price fluctuations, as in other asset markets. On the other hand, Tang and Xiong (2010) conclude that as a result of the bundling of commodities in index funds correlations among commodities have gone up and that shocks from oil and financial factors now spill-over more strongly to non-energy commodities.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	7a48a892010309a06bd838205511159f	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre fra ng a is d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Mobilising clean energy investment will also help to reduce local air pollution, improving health and well-being, and it can create opportunities for developed and developing countries alike.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	7a4be88cd6bdfc9442d4f35a482d0b39	Nonetheless, the table presents a useful broad overview of the complexities of legislative impact on different phases of offshore renewable energy development. Shipping emissions are projected to increase over the coming decades. The IMO, for example, indicates that shipping-related carbon dioxide emissions would double or triple by 2050 (IMO, 2014).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56317379-en	7a4e6d545a00d28d1c562eacc15b0e87	If the water is lost to deep percolation and surface runoff, then crop production levels would reach 5 tonnes per hectare and perhaps up to 7.5 tonnes per hectare, assuming that plant nutrient availability is non-limiting. In reality, only a small fraction of rainfall is used by plants (through transpiration), and the rest is channelled into non-productive use or lost as evaporation. Water stress, particularly during critical growth stages, reduces crop yield and may even damage the entire crop.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5e7977af-en	7a4f3740e2abacc03e836c5974c132bb	Methodology is another significant issue. Data on income poverty are based on a long-established methodology whose results are solidly enshrined in monetary income thresholds that unequivocally delineate the poor population and, within it, the indigent population. By comparison, the multidimensional, deprivation-based approach to poverty measurement still lacks the methodological consensus enjoyed by income-based measurements, and does not support such a clear-cut interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, it complements the income approach and captures both population groups that both parameters signal as poor, and groups whose income places above the poverty line, but that suffer deprivation in relation to basic needs. The most recent available data indicated that the poorest income quintile (i.e. the 20% of households with the lowest income) on average accounted for of 5% of total income, with the figure varying between 4% (in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Paraguay) and 10% (in Uruguay). Meanwhile, the wealthiest income quintile accounted for an average of 47% of total income, ranging from 35% (in Uruguay) to 55% (in Brazil) (see table 3).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	7a4fd45d50213a3a959ef4cfcaada315	The product of this equation gives an ni x ni matrix decomposing the value added embodied in exports according where it ultimately originates. By summing the non-diagonal elements of this matrix across column nations a metric of the foreign value added of exports can be obtained. Presenting this value as a share of gross exports then gives the measure of backward participation.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	7a51285018c63216467442ce74e3cea1	The best approach is to begin by considering it for a single person then extending it to a multiple-person household. The calculation for a single person is a simple actuarial one. Dividing wealth holdings in period zero by the annuity factor yields the proportion of wealth that the individual can safely spend now while maintaining a constant (discounted) level of consumption and leaving net wealth of zero at death.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	7a55096e262790d6e0514cf7cb14e04e	The Oslo Manual defines a business innovation as “a new or improved product or business process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the firm's previous products or business processes and that has been introduced on the market or brought into use by the firm.” The product can be either a good or a service. Innovation activities “include all developmental, financial and commercial activities undertaken by a firm that are intended to result in an innovation for the firm”.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	7a55c429769f0caed1d53e3defd6bb82	Second, the benefits need to be weighed against the challenges of implementing a new standard, such as engineering costs, slower deployment of new technologies and long lifespans of existing equipment. Standards can be especially difficult to impose on specialized process equipment and are probably not cost effective for Iow-volume equipment (McKinsey & Company 2009). Regulatory policy needs to overcome this disincentive to upgrading equipment (Stern 2006). Conversely, firms could try merely to meet the mandated minimum standards, even as the standards get outdated, thus discouraging innovation.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/152d606d-en	7a55cbf96ddb5fdc69bf4a36e80f0b2d	In some regions social change and the expansion of formal education are altering the opportunities for and constraints on young people’s social transitions to adulthood. For example, young people are marrying later and delaying having children. But if substantial deprivation occurs in childhood, there is potential for longterm losses.54 A recent study looked at 15-year-olds who experienced a food shortage at age 12.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	7a5651b761b22a494f8770698c15ee28	No more than 40% of SP funds can go to human resources, for example, and no more than 30% can be spent on pharmaceuticals with a minimum of 20% on preventive activities. For example, Italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to Mexico, having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting. Since the beginning of the 2000s, regions have been able to obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting of health service activities, costs and outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	7a593467871ffe068d2e2fd59927a07b	"The highest overall effective tax rates tend to be in European countries, and the lowest in Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. If well targeted, subsidies can weight incentives in favour of more environmentally sound activities and products, address market failures, and drive green innovation and investment. Governments spent an estimated USD 121 billion on renewable energy subsidies worldwide in 2013 (IEA, 2014a). Mixed messages, ""stop-and-go” policy making and retroactive changes can seriously weaken market signals, however. In the United States, only 1 gigawatt of new wind power capacity was installed in 2013 - a fraction of the 13 gigawatts installed in 2012 - following the anticipated expiration of a tax credit on renewable electricity production at the end of 2012 (IEA, 2014a); the credit was subsequently extended in late 2012. Governments currently spend an estimated USD 640 billion a year on environmentally harmful support for fossil fuels, with an estimated USD 550 billion spent by emerging and developing countries."	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	7a595554651e49d6340d9a1e4dd2476c	Patients could be referred to the teams by general medical practitioners or after assessment by the local authority for support for social care needs. The study found that the intermediate care group had a higher number of unscheduled admissions into hospital and the integrated care group showed no difference. Both interventions led to higher rates of mortality than what is seen in their matched control groups. The authors found that over a six-month period, the costs were greater for the virtual outreach consultations than for conventional outpatient appointments - the equipment used, which might be expected to have reduced costs over time, only accounted for some of this greater cost, with increased consultant and general practitioner time accounting for the rest.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	7a601ae72daae6479aa87483004aca92	In the case of the United States, there is abundant evidence of health disparities along racial lines, while such factors as place of residence, occupation, education, and income are considered to be secondary to ethnicity. The life expectancy of African-Americans in the District of Columbia is 63 years, compared with 80 years for whites in neighbouring Montgomery County (Maryland). A life expectancy of 63 years is below the average found in a large number of developing countries, including the Philippines, Egypt and all Latin American countries. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the ratio of people of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin who reported “not good’’ health in a survey was around 1.8 times higher than the average for all of England and Wales.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	7a61b7b0fb582215f763d77b208943b9	This definition includes concepts closely related to ESD, including: environmentally sensitive; democratically engaged; culturally grounded; historically conscious; and gender and diversity respectful (Jules 2011). If the CXC is successful in substantively integrating these foundations into its work, there is great potential for examinations to be a driver of education in the region to provide a more focused push towards ESD. Predictably, the most common examples come from programmes in environmental science, or tourism and leisure, supplying an important economic niche with graduates who have a grounding in principles of conservation and sustainable resource management.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	7a663b7829691b4691a48d9af89201ca	While both plans focus on the importance of bolstering innovation and fostering the region’s attractiveness, neither explicitly identifies environmental or sustainable development initiatives as potentially important sources of growth. In contrast, the plan for the City of Amsterdam, Plan Amsterdam (2011a), specifically identifies improvements to environmental quality and the promotion of environmental technologies as an integral part of the city’s economic development strategy. Hannover, Germany, has even merged its economic and environmental departments, bringing both activities together under the same plan. While this arrangement may not suit all cities, it would be valuable to revise both County and City visions to explicitly promote economic growth through policies to improve environmental quality and impact.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/32bff34e-en	7a695698c7cb0b1a4be29761bc92156a	Nearly half of the participants accessed through e-lea WTO's online platform. In 2017, 11,491 participants from 146 countries enrolled for e-learning courses, with Africa providing 34 per cent of participants, followed by Asia and the Pacific with 31 per cent, Latin America with 23 per cent, Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia with 6 per cent, the Caribbean with 4 per cent and the Arab and Middle East region with 2 per cent. Some 61 per cent of participants undertook the online course in English, 21 per cent in Spanish and 18 per cent in French. Technical assistance was strengthened for countries seeking to join the WTO (see page 39 and Figure 5 above), with government officials invited to participate in approximately 140 technical assistance events.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66704cc0-en	7a69fd71d83e70b04c589fde5a025d68	In Jordan and Yemen, working-age men participated in the labour force at over five times the rate of working-age women. The largest difference between participation rates for men and women was in Iraq, at 58 percentage points. Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar were the only countries to report female labour force participation rates higher than 30 per cent. The lowest male labour force participation rates were reported in Kuwait, Mauritania and Jordan, at 53, 53, and 51 per cent, respectively.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bb63671b-en	7a6ffff8dca88221e0c488d9e73cfd4d	This suggests that the assumptions implicitly made by governments that the work of care does not impact significantly on women's well-being and/or that it can increasingly be shifted to the market in terms of private, paid care services is flawed. Unpaid household care work remains significant and continues to be carried out by women. For one, the choice of proxy for bargaining power and the indicator for household division of labour can yield different outcomes.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	7a7653138e0af0a0541e322fff9b1853	There are also some differences in the regulations for personnel management between DAEMs (or DEMs) and municipal corporations with delegated authority. The purchase of goods and services is regulated through the Purchasing Law (Ley de Compras). In the private-subsidised sector, all staff, including teachers and principals, is subject to the Labour Code.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/215d0d56-en	7a7aa72008656ad81c0cba8457f32115	The participation of all relevant stakeholders, including at the local level, has helped to improve the use not only of natural resources but of the ecosystem as a whole. This is considered an important determinant of the sustainability of the entire agricultural and food system. In the city of Manizales in Colombia, for instance, national and regional authorities worked together with local communities and leaders to discourage settlements on slopes characterized by instability, which posed a threaten to people’s lives and livelihoods.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/3726edff-en	7a7b4d65ad946e924f13a61405b1f7a4	The Broadband Commission has the aim to promote access to broadband infrastructure as a mean towards sustainable and inclusive development, and set up international targets for incentivising further investments in broadband development (see Box 2.4). The Commission, which was rebranded as the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development following the 2015 UN summit, brings together industry leaders, senior officials, academia and international organisations, and advocates for universal access to the Internet. A key component has been to encourage the development of national broadband plans or strategies.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	7a7d8b88f56f753a4be6f9eee67828b1	Consequently, it was better able to resist the opposition from the rural lobby. In particular, they were aimed at promoting capital investment in larger and more efficient fleets, and at adapting production and marketing conditions. As a result, there was a threefold increase in the engine power of the fishing fleets over the next 17 years and the fishing industry became increasingly capital-intensive and technologically productive.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	7a805dc5d389f94a8b4f2699244b7ba2	A longer historical perspective would provide insights to help researchers and policy-makers better understand the drivers of these gender inequalities so as to achieve the goal of gender equality in these regions. The size of the gender gap may differ significantly between different social groups, and therefore indicators at a less aggregate level could provide further understanding of the drivers of gender inequality. A good starting point would be censuses and/or micro data where detailed information on various aspects related to the well-being of women can be found.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	7a811c69487892cae2b581a944274c95	"Investors also communicated a mistrust and wariness in EE technology. Through this MoU, HSBC commits to work in collaboration with the Indian government on the former Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) to promote EE projects through the development of ""risk-sharing strategies"" as well as ""capacity up-gradation of financial institutions"" (news release announcing the signature of the MoU in March 2010). Although it is of course too early to gauge the effects of this initiative, it is a significant step in the right direction."	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	7a84ae6b0085ad04db9ff7bff4fb2dec	It also requests Parties to conduct consultations through a joint body to develop cooperation regarding issues covered by the Convention. Only in the case of a failure to settle a difference or a dispute through a joint body, should other means of dispute settlement be applied. For example, the Russian Federation-Belarus Commission (under agreement 20 in table 1) has to “facilitate the settlement of disputed questions concerning the use and protection of transboundary waters”. The Russian Federation-Kazakhstan Commission (under agreement 2 in table 1) has a similar task. The Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation of 1992 (agreement 1 in table 1) entrusts the plenipotentiaries with addressing disputes concerning the interpretation and implementation of this Agreement. If the plenipotentiaries fail, the dispute should be settled by the competent authorities of the Parties.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	7a87878b6b0538c780ede7227926d7d5	However, only a few states and river basins charge for water. When charges exist, unit prices are often too low to affect decisions about water allocation and use (Chapter 3). National parks can charge entrance fees, but only a few of them have done so and have the capacity to collect such fees (Chapter 5).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	7a89b029b51dca26bc2078da33766f28	In equilibrium, the markets for hours of labour must clear in both sectors, giving rise to equilibrium wages for these sectors. However, while in the short run, the hours supplied may equal the hours demanded, this need not mean that, in the long mn, all those who are dedicated to the skilled or the unskilled sectors in terms of human capital are necessarily fully taken up by these sectors (i.e., there need not be full employment). However, a significant number of unskilled workers (equal to the distance between points L and N) are unemployed.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	7a89c56b6e12134c066faa4efe71eff1	Nevertheless, productivity of hospitals has been declining since the late 1990s, and large regional differences remain in efficiency, cost and outcomes (Aaltonen, 2007, Hakkinen, 2010). The average length of stay in hospitals is long for most conditions (OECD, 2010b). Municipalities tend to complain about difficulties in controlling costs because of the asymmetry of information between hospitals and them, as well as standards fixed at the national level (OECD, 2005).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	7a8a7e6aace3558343c82c34f4158f8c	Legal minimum ages for contraceptive access and HIV testing may be overly blunt instruments that often fail to extend protections to all who need them. These include female genital mutilation and child marriage. A minimum age of marriage should be set at 18, avoiding ambiguous definitions such as “puberty,” which begins as early as age 8 in girls.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	7a8e4bb14d10a55b0c1a223f3058bb15	She convinced her own family and other relatives to not participate in such marriages, as they could all beheld responsible and arrested. After hearing details on the legal implications of underage marriage, many families decided to boycott the wedding and informed the parents of the couple about the risks. The wedding was eventually cancelled.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	7a8ea5f1003ab6fae74a7820e9e1f56d	The amount is generally proportional to the amount of the loan with a minimum charge. Life and/or disability insurance is often optional, but recommended when available and is also included in the additional costs of the loan. The cost of making guarantees is the responsibility of the borrower. This cost varies with the type of security (pledge of the business, personal security, etc.)	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/488a38e7-en	7a900ac087ae2fdc30fa596c8c4f703c	When collecting data on individual consumption, only part of the goods - for example, adult clothing, alcohol or tobacco - can be assigned to specific members of the household. It is less easy to measure how much of the food or household common goods (such as housing, water supply or sanitation) is consumed or used by each individual household member. Women have higher poverty rates than men in most of the countries in the region for the upper poverty line (60 per cent of the median equivalized income).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	7a945ef0e26cf5bcf521f2a6772d858a	Expansion of irrigated areas without improving irrigation efficiency results in lower average yields in southern and Western Europe (and in North American vegetable yields) due to increased water scarcity for irrigation. In all other regions, the expansion of irrigation leads to greater productivity as agriculture production benefits from having a larger proportion of more productive irrigated areas. When improved efficiency is coupled with irrigation area expansion, agriculture can further benefit as the reduced demand for water per hectare reduces the constraints on water use.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	7a9487042d8a39f2be26b5b50d5f6b16	Another obstacle to proper implementation of the WFD is the conflict between national authorities and the regions, as well as regulatory uncertainty due to the perception of continuous changes in the institutional framework. Indeed, when the river basin authorities became river district authorities, the central government acquired more power regarding river basin management while the distribution of power among the state and the regions had previously been more clearly defined. The district authority is now considered a source of conflict between the state and regions, instead of being a planning and co-ordinating authority.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	7a94962007a30ea37297b626164f3f0e	While personal choices play an important role, women may face certain barriers to pursuing research careers, such as the existence of gender stereotypes; insufficient measures to facilitate the work-life balance; inadequate facilities for childcare; and non-transparent nomination and appointment procedures. Between 2009 and 2013, women in the European Union were half as likely as men to be new business owners (1.8% vs. 3.5%) (OECD/EU, 2016). Evidence also shows that more women than men decide to become entrepreneurs out of necessity (e.g. due to difficulties in entering the labour market otherwise).	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	7a977a50b9b23cf27eca134939bdb4ae	While Penang and George Town lack the agglomeration assets of Singapore, they could tap into the growing stream of cultural tourists in Singapore by providing ready-made packages in authentic South East Asian environment. It defined the creative industries as: i) arts and culture, ii) design and iii) media. The Singapore Government wanted to reposition Singapore as a vibrant and exciting creative hub, utilising the formula that fuse arts, business and technology.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	7a991b0cd6f50cf90d754db02f83b77b	Per capita levels of gross domestic product (GDP) vary widely. While for the European Union (EU), the average GDP per capita at prices and purchasing power parities is about 30,000 USD, the average for countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia and the Balkans is around a third of that, and for several countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia the GDP per capita can be less than a sixth of this figure. Countries with transition economies experienced a major collapse in economic activity in the early 1990s.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	7a9ca27594bfc9705b0b1834992ec0a1	Moreover, in a number of cases countries have trimmed their notified levels of MPS by eliminating the notion of administered prices. This means that the domestic support provisions suggested in Rev.4 should not be too difficult to accept in the negotiations. In the Doha negotiations up to 2008, this issue played no more than a limited role.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	7aa1181ce61ea4e180afc4a95b146df7	In addition to limitations in countries’ capacity of distinguishing between planned and unplanned readmissions, differences in care delivery models may also limit the comparability of these rates across countries (OECD Health Statistics, 2014). In Norway and Sweden for example, municipalities are responsible for primary health care, while specialist inpatient and outpatient (mental) health services are governed at the regional level - by counties in Sweden, and health districts in Norway -which has shown to lead to a lack of mental health support at the local level in municipalities. This has led to long waiting times for treatment (OECD, 2013a).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	7aa4196e7524fe8115623e6eb9d23c56	Only 7% of individuals with university-educated parents have only a primary education, compared with 42% of those whose parents’ highest level of education was lower secondary. At the same time, the probability of relative upward mobility towards tertiary education has stagnated for people born post-1975 at 15%. At the same time, school effects are driven by the selection of better students into schools, which is partly a parental choice, partly a school choice and partly the result of tracking or other institutional policies.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	7aa569f6dab2a899e40b5ffca61a9b68	The extent to which climate change translates into risks for infrastructure depends upon the interaction of changing climate hazards with exposure (the location of assets) and vulnerability (“the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected”) (Agard & Schipper, 2014). Climate risks to infrastructure can be reduced by locating assets in areas that are less exposed to climate hazards (e.g. avoiding new construction in flood plains), and by making the assets better able to cope with climate impacts when they materialise. The development of infrastructure should also consider the impacts on risk elsewhere: for example, the potential contribution to flood risk resulting from increases in paved surfaces.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	7aa6b6963fb7a2775cf189e932e3acfb	Quilts of Denmark contacted Outlast and they agreed on a joint development. Basically Outlast kept the rights for insulation materials and Quilts of Denmark received the rights for down quilts and pillows. However, NASA’s technology could not be transferred directly to the company’s quilts, since quilts are soft and the technology invented by NASA was very stiff.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/cdc2482b-en	7aa9d26e41eb9d7e8b4314f9a46c5c06	"The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) provides a useful way to compare students' learning outcomes across countries. By setting PISA Level 2 as the “minimum proficiency level"", Global Indicator 4.1.1.C reveals large discrepancies in students' performance in mathematics and reading across countries. For example, less than 50% of 15-year-old students achieve at least PISA Level 2 in mathematics in Mexico (43%) and TUrkey (49%) while almost 90% do in Estonia (89%) and Japan (89%) (OECD, 2018,3,)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	7aaa07ac3341d9a1e187199c36310d40	Such projects usually involve development partners providing concessional finance to public and private financial intermediaries in order to set up and demonstrate green financing, and technical assistance to finance institutions and related stakeholders to build capacity and raise awareness of green finance (Box 2.7). Natural resource related sectors (agriculture and forestry) are less targeted by bilateral DFIs and dedicated private sector operations within bilateral and multilateral development banks. Where natural resource sectors were targeted, they received the majority of support from bilateral agencies and public sector operations of development banks, largely towards value chain development.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3400179e-en	7aaa3e789234ffec60781e967dffea8f	"Combined with the provision of public services, such as in health and education, these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low cost-to-benefit ratio. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour. An International Assessment (New York, 2010); Goran Holmqvist, ""External financing of social protection: opportunities and risks"" Development Policy Review, vol."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	7aaab969c00af68101e7ff3cdba3de22	In this way, some of the externalities of fed monoculture are internalized by extractive co-cultures, thus increasing the overall sustainability, profitability and resilience of aquaculture farms. The economic values of the environmental/societal services of extractive species should, therefore, be recognized and accounted for in the evaluation of the true value of the IMTA components. It is particularly important to recognize that once nutrients have entered coastal ecosystems, there are not many removal options available: the use of extractive species being one of the few realistic and cost-effective options. To improve the sustainability of anthropogenic nutrient loading practices such as aquaculture, incentives such as Nutrient Trading Credits (NTC) should be established as a means to promote nutrient load reduction or nutrient recovery.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	7aab127f64113d65dec12d0496d07bc2	They also introduce international price risk, even if that risk is lower than the price risk in a protected domestic market. In each case, the most effective way of dealing with these downsides is likely to be through non-trade instruments: targeted social payments to protect against losses, support to farmers in developing risk management tools, and broader investments in productivity to improve incomes and access, and ensure that households are better equipped to cope with adverse shocks. The optimal way of managing these risks is through joint commitments to desist from beggar-thy-neighbour trade restrictions, on both the export side and the import side.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	7aac0c32607950be128eec7d9fbedf9c	Others have adopted a range of climate-proofing approaches; applying standardised environmental screening and scoping, assessing environmental and social risks of projects financed; adopting green procurement guidelines, developing and mandating green guidance notes for staff working in the agency. The graph also shows how SDGs are related to different economic sectors. While the energy sector performs well in terms of development finance targeting mitigation, further measures could be taken to increase the resilience of this sector to climate impacts through adaptation. Agriculture is starting to reveal the potential for actions that address both adaptation and mitigation through climate smart agriculture (12% of ODA address both adaptation and mitigation).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	7aaf2ae9e704964294496601d4281522	One characteristic of dual agricultural systems is certainly the uneven distribution of land, with large holdings accounting for a large share of total land. An FAO study (2004) defines smallholders as farmers with limited resource endowments, relative to other farmers in the sector. The World Bank (2003) defines smallholders as those with a low asset base and operating in less than 2 hectares of cropland.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aa35ea60-en	7aafecffe61b53cfdf725977f13b881d	Forests cover 11 per cent of the territory in Azerbaijan and 10 per cent in Armenia, mainly due to unfavourable natural and soil conditions and scarce rainfall. Primary forest of native species, with its extension of 500,000 ha largely consisting of protected forest, has remained virtually unchanged. The country’s nine varied climatic zones, ranging from wet subtropical to everlasting snow and glacier zones, in combination with variation in soils and reliefs, favoured the development of diverse vegetation formations. Beech (Fagus orientalis) is the species with the highest growing stock, estimated to 229.3 million m3.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	7ab0fc0a1f6535adf5f2d7013b33896a	Such public interventions are most effective in mobilising finance when they target specific market failures and barriers that hinder investment. Analysis of the factors needed for effective national enabling environments has highlighted a number of barriers to effectively scaling-up the levels of private investment in climate-resilient activities (e.g. Corfee-Morlot et al. The private sector has identified several policy recommendations for improving national enabling environments for mobilising and attracting low-carbon investment (see e.g. IIGCC, 2011).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	7ab0ffd2263d22cc810a9b7d86907e93	The third subcomponent is a system to support the development of common safety net mechanisms including payment systems, targeting, wage-rate setting and market price monitoring. This component is aligned with the second focus area of the NSPP, which focuses on promoting employment and improving livelihoods. The livelihood support component includes counselling and life-skills development, technical skills, entrepreneurship opportunities, and financial support and training. It also finances capacity development and programme management.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	7ab187e034a5e24ce0e263780a139529	No empirical studies are available on this topic in Ghana, yet studies undertaken elsewhere often suggest limited effects of immigration on native-born labour market outcomes. These jointly determine skill cells, which are at the centre of the empirical approach adopted in this report. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes, including the real wage, the employment-to-population ratio and the proportion of employed in paid employment, is measured by the variations that exist in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells. Furthermore, on average, a decline in employment rates is observed across all education groups at younger and older ages due to cyclical unemployment or early retirement.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	7ab18d0c2f44325cac5bf0bd65c813a5	In urban areas in Emerging Asia, fine particulate air pollution in excess of WHO guideline level is estimated to cause an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per year (Table 3.2). Most of these deaths occur in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) (767 772) and India (614 522), due to their large urban populations and high levels of exposure to air pollution. The welfare costs associated with this increased mortality totalled USD 1.28 trillion in 2015 dollars.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	7ab46f8c2fb6f79cba4d2362db7fd4ed	These agree with the recommendations made by the OECD in its study Meeting the Water Reform Challenge (OECD, 2012b). In 2015, water and sanitation should no longer be a modest component of the seventh Millennium Development Goal but rather a fully fledged priority. Multiple partners and water management stakeholders should be brought together in an atmosphere conducive to trust.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	7ab5d497cb6cbb84c315844ab4df9d6d	It is important that statistics made available on a regular basis to policymakers include a gender dimension. As recommended in paragraph 207 (d) of the Beijing Platform for Action, Governments should use more gender-sensitive data in the formulation of policy and implementation of programmes and projects (United Nations, 1996). Presentation of gender statistics in regular statistical products produced by national statistical systems increases the accessibility of gender statistics and their chances of being taken into account in policymaking.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	7ab6dd6d44ddcc16b827fd5a24514353	The notion that children's early experiences are biologically embedded is gaining further support from research showing that the development of children's endocrine and immune systems are also influenced by children's environments during the early years (Barr, Beek and Calinoiu, 1999; Gunnar, 1998; McEwan, 1998). For example, children develop their literacy skills in a cumulative way as they move from one stage to the next. The rate at which they develop these skills depends on the strength and duration of their exposure to the family, institution and community factors that comprise the Foundations for Success in the Educational Prosperity model.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0cf73767-en	7ab812b3b04a161ed6f3f0037cc340c6	The framework derives from the experiences of other countries, mostly industrialized and more recently some developing countries, in severeral traditional and modern sectors, including agriculture. The framework is therefore particularly suited to exploring sectors where the private sector and other nongovernmental actors are playing leading roles and where firms, sectors and countries have to cope with shocks and deal with competitive pressures. These linkages are primarily fostered through policies and institutions (that refer to the rules of the game, as set by laws and regulations or simply cultural and social attitudes) that promote access, diffusion, use, adaptation and creation of new forms of knowledge in agricultural production through learning mechanisms of various sorts. R&D and science conducted within centres of excellence and premier institutions within the country and outside, is one such form of knowledge, but not the only one. If we were to assume so, what are the points of departure of African agricultural systems of innovation? First, the private sector is conspicuous largely by its absence, rather than for its proven ability for product development as is the case in the industrialized countries.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	7abb1f5241c83a0d9b4c03bdf0a01ef2	Three new laws on the judiciary also took a decade to produce. Economic growth still depends heavily on exports of garments and footw'ear, leaving the economy vulnerable to potential declines in competitiveness and the erosion of preferential market access. Overseas development assistance is declining steadily as a share of GDP, increasing the importance of private capital.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	7abb288045ccab12e06ab838e8cb61a0	Activities are carried out by a broad range of actors, mostly research institutes and universities but also government entities at all levels, sometimes in co-operation with private partners. Database ol Adaptation Projects (www. A majority of projects relate to natural hazard management, an area of particular importance for Austria irrespective of climate change, and many projects involve multiple sectors.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7abc31281cea0132f69a9641c430da64	During the hyperinflation period of 1992-94, agricultural input prices increased by at least twice as much as output prices. However, the state order system remained in place until 1994, at which time it was replaced by a more flexible system of purchases for the state’s needs. The Food Contract Corporation (FCC) was established in 1995 as a state grain purchasing agency. State purchases continued to dominate marketing channels, but as procurement prices remained low, most agricultural enterprises became insolvent.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264090415-15-en	7ac3316c999abb21f73f2711dd9c3b1f	Accelerating sea surface warming in the waters surround Chinese Taipei since the 1980s has not only diminished winter migratory fish stocks year on year, but also caused such changes as displacement of fishing grounds, species regime shifts and increased the vulnerability of the marine ecosystem. The marine ecosystem and fisheries have to face the problem of the expansion offish stocks from the south and withdrawal offish stocks from the north. In addition, the numbers of large fish at high trophic levels have decreased under pressures from several decades of fishing activity while small pelagic fish have shown a relative increase. Meanwhile, frequent extreme-weather events and climatic variability during the warming process will damage the Chinese Taipei fishery more. Under such circumstances, traditional fishery management measures will not be able to adapt to the problems caused by climate change. External precautionary and adaptation measures need to be introduced to reduce its impact.	14	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	7ac55f0acb6b86f643aab3fa44e5015e	"With its much higher albedo, the sea ice reflects the light and hence limits the warming effect. By forming a ""protective"" layer, it also limits heat exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean. When it melts, however, those exchanges increase and the surface albedo diminishes, resulting in a local temperature increase."	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	7ac7ffdd0f71804c538e834cd0a7784a	Moreover, Android applications are programmed in Java, a widely used, standard programming language. Finally, low-cost Android devices are appearing in the African market, with prices under $80 and expected to decline further. Together with the Centro de Informatica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, PT Inovagao and SAP Research South Africa, Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS invited university students to submit ideas for mobile applications.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	7ac8024b4a3c8b30053c806ca89a46d1	Since then Barbados, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago have received technical assistance from Chile, with support from the Organization of American States (OAS), in the development and implementation of local versions of the Puente programme. So, for example, in Jamaica the Bridge Jamaica initiative assists families to access basic services or benefits to which they would not normally have access. These services or benefits all relate to the seven supporting pillars of the bridge, namely, personal identification, health, education and training, family dynamics, housing conditions and disaster management, employment, and income.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	7acadcf0a2d3025eaf83933b1e5525ba	It will create employment and rejuvenate economic sectors that have suffered in recent years, such as tourism, manufacturing and transportation. It will provide vital experience of the region’s ability to work together, leading to better regional understanding and cohesion. Perhaps most importantly, the Caribbean successfully pursing a sustainable energy system will send a strong message to the rest of the world that tackling climate change and transitioning from an almost 100 per cent fossil fuel-based energy system to a clean, sustainable energy system is indeed possible. There then follows a review of the international sustainable energy environment, determining both emerging trends and risks, before assessing the ability of existing strategies to foster sustainable growth.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	7acb26264f14d016e504632ef48698dd	At the national level, strengthening democratic governance to increase representation and participation of people living in poverty and other marginalized groups in decision making is crucial to ensure that their needs are met and rights fulfilled. There could be benefits in the involvement of businesses not only in supporting implementation processes, but also in policy dialogue and the design of mechanisms to address sustainable development, as it could help persuade the private sector to consider changing the way it operates. However, there are significant risks associated with unequal bargaining power (chapter 7). Oil exploitation and mining, for example, continue to undermine sustainable development, even in countries that have attempted to craft alternative development pathways (chapter 6). At the same time, the country’s reliance on mineral revenues means that it employs environmentally harmful practices.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	7ad17899f9fa29119caab9178dba3832	This is a consistent picture that emerges for a range of mental health indicators and a large number of countries. Yet, in the empirical analysis presented in this paper, there is no evidence that these higher expected needs are being met through higher hospital admissions or pharmaceutical consumption for mental health. This is perhaps a sign of further stress on mental health systems that are unable to respond and provide adequate treatment during times of high need. The clear lesson is that providers need additional capacity to respond to the additional mental health needs during times of economic downturns.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	7ad37a45b6f4b48bfccd5d7b0955f4ab	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries' educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	7ad5f7056469682e79fb0fc85244618b	Topics can cover international finance and capital markets, international trade, the environment, natural disasters, macroeconomic management, and economic and social development. Submissions should not exceed 1,500 words. Reader feedback, publication announcements and notices of upcoming events should reach the Commissioning Editor two weeks ahead of publication.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	7ad7be150f118f50ffb8fc9d6dc0e15e	Positive peer pressure can also play an important role in stimulating business growth and innovation. To be effective, these initiatives should allow for a great deal of interaction between the entrepreneurs in the target group and the wider business community, so as to enlarge the pool of resources they have access to. Such networks should also have clear objectives.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	7ad96f232d08b26ae97b4889c28f3c93	Lone Christiansen and Per Tronsmo present Norwegian approaches to leadership, and national programmes for school leadership professional development and the Advisory Team programme for mentoring principals and local providers. The South Australian and Israeli examples presented by Susanne Owen and Dorit Tubin feature the work ofparticular sections of the education ministries looking to drive innovative learning and provide conditions to support it. This layering of networked learning opportunities helps to sustain and extend their leadership influence. Both CIEL and the earlier programme have been informed by international research on school leadership development, in particular the work of Stefan Huber and Viviane Robinson.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7ada8e299135cfd32c739a19f40a18d3	Innovation activities follow mature technological trajectories and are focused on incremental and process innovations. Process innovations dominate over efforts to introduce radically new products in to the market. Old industrialised regions often have a developed and specialised knowledge generation and diffusion system oriented on the traditional industries and technology fields. A supply oriented approach to technology transfer reaches larger firms but fails to reach the smaller ones.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	7adc791017fdbaa506a847c06fbcf38f	The 130,000 solar photovoltaic panels installed are expected to reduce the mine’s fuel consumption by about six million litres per year and its C02 emissions by nearly 18,500 tons per year.51 Many more renewable energy installations for mining sites are at different stages of planning. Examples for technological and process-based approaches in this context include improvements in energy monitoring and management, in-pit crushing and conveying, and haul truck payload optimization. Furthermore, autonomous technologies for loading, hauling, crushing and drilling have the potential to reduce fuel consumption, while also improving safety and productivity. For instance, it is estimated that driverless technology could lead to a 10-15 per cent reduction in fuel use and an 8 per cent reduction in maintenance costs (Cosbey et al.,	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	7adcb422a8f44d2a7469c48477c7eecf	For coarse grains, the production response to the high prices in recent years is expected to be especially strong in the United States, the Russian Federation and Argentina. Global demand will not be able to absorb this supply at current prices. Based on this expected surplus in international markets, coarse grains prices will experience considerable decreases in the early years of the outlook period, before rebounding to about USD 230/t from 2017/18 onward.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/afa296fe-en	7adde7fa919bdf695ac4a13f973f6a58	Offices of command must be accessible to all. Rawls's second principle relates to Aristotelian distributive justice, which refers to the sharing among people with regard to proportionality considerations. The Human Rights Committee affirmed in its general comment No. In other words, development processes are to be designed to serve impartially and to be favourable to all the beneficiaries of development, and in particular to those who are vulnerable to the adverse effects of development projects or programmes. The Econom ic Journal, vol. The requirement of the distribution of wealth originating from development also has concrete consequences for the enjoyment of other protected human rights.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	7ae238d298e64730e4d372422a68549d	Ibis can help public employment services to identify the most appropriate course of action for each job-seeker, particularly at the start of a period of unemployment. Economic rewards for greater proficiency provide an incentive for investing in developing and maintaining skills. Greater proficiency in information-processing skills appears to be more generously rewarded in some countries than others, where wage-setting and other labour market arrangements may limit those incentives.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cd232eb5-en	7ae3b6c0cf084560b2c05553b8a464a1	It is the scourge of sexual and gender-based violence that leaves women and girls furthest behind in terms of development, locking them in situations of poverty and vulnerability that persist across generations. If we are to achieve the SDGs and eliminate gender-based violence by 2030, it will be critical to economically empower women and foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies. In many of these contexts, especially in agricultural societies, women are the backbone of the informal economy. Girls are unable to safely attend school. To cite just one example, more than half of all sexual assaults documented in Darfur, Sudan, occur in the course of essential sustenance activities, such as when women are forced to venture out to remote areas to collect fuel and firewood. Moreover, the burden of care that war leaves behind in its wake, including care for the wounded, sick, traumatized and orphaned, is disproportionately borne by women.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	7ae82f51c76533b1d5a41f4036c026c5	Although over half of the total international tourist arrivals in Malaysia are from Singapore, only 1.3% fly into Penang (arrivals by land are not included in the figures). A considerably larger proportions of visitors from Indonesia (14%) and Japan (12.3%) end up in Penang, possible thanks to the availability of educational institutions (Indonesians) and the presence of Japanese manufacturing plants. The state government stresses its cultural and ethnic diversity reflected in the language, costume, custom and cuisine and its historic links with the neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Indonesia. The listing of Penang by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site has become a major tourist feature as do its natural scenic beauty and popular beaches which, however, suffer from environmental degradation. The Penang Investment Tourism Office was established in 2010 to consolidate the shift from promoting Penang as a sun, sea and sand destination to higher value-added segments, such as leisure tourism, medical tourism, education tourism and heritage tourism.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	7aebe86a87b694275d6d3b8bd0f238d0	These institutions are essential to monitor the respect, application and enforcement of anti-violence legislation and policies. To achieve this objective, governments may choose to establish specialised courts with specifically trained judges and prosecutors who efficiently and professionally deal with the civic and criminal aspects of violence against women and facilitate quick access to support and counselling services. For example, New Zealand has established family violence courts with appropriately trained judges and other court staff to streamline and speed processing to ensure that matters of domestic violence are dealt with in a timely manner. Governments can set up specialised police units, like those in several Latin American countries, that offer a safe environment where sensitised and mainly female police officers focus on protecting victims of violence and uncovering cases of violence.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	7aed4502e03c0e802deabeb06a88d46e	Many large hospitals have such programmes, but they are rarer in rural services (National Rural Health Alliance, 2004). Compounding these issues is physical isolation associated with remoteness. Examples include the creation, use and transmission of electronic health records, patient-held records, telehealth and patient self-management.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	7af37908b0139fc08a37099cc1f0dfb2	For instance, in many communities, wood is the source of fuel for cooking food. Data on these activities, however, are typically not available at the national level. As a result, the contribution of the forestry sector to the economy is undervalued, an issue that was briefly highlighted in section 3.4.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	7af45d30c1846d167bfabdf48529ea7f	"Monocultures, Monopolies, Myths and the Masculinization of Agriculture, Development, 42(2), 35-38. Siason, I.M., Tech, E., Matics, K.I., Choo, P.S., Sharif, M., Heruwati, E.S., Susilowati, M., Shelly, A.B., Rajabharshi, R., Siriwardena, P.P., Nandeesha, M.C. and Sunderarajan, M. (2002). "" Women in fisheries in Asia"" in Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries, Sixth Asian Fisheries Forum, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	7af46ee388e05846fb316f4afcd88379	Federal government support for landfill construction has helped reducing the amount of waste disposed of in non-sanitary landfills, although Brazil fell short of its national target to close all uncontrolled landfills by 2014. It requires all manufacturers, distributors and retailers of pesticides, batteries, tyres, lubricating oils, fluorescent lamps and electronic devices, and their components, to recover these products at the end of their useful life. Insufficient recycling infrastructure and limited municipal capacity for separate waste collection are the main bottlenecks in implementation of these extended producer responsibility programmes. The federal government has encouraged the formation of co-operatives of waste pickers, who are key players in the waste recovery business, thereby linking environmental and social objectives.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	7af6958f966646941e4be2d2c4b4db36	"Together with ozone and NOx, S02 causes damage to forests, fisheries and other ecosystems through ""acid rain”. Natural coal has trace amounts of uranium and thorium, and radiation levels become noticeable when these radioactive materials are concentrated in the fly ash (PM10) emissions from combustion. Indeed, a series of studies since the initial report in Science (McBride et al., Disposal sites for coal waste also emit non-negligible levels of radiation, owing to the presence of fly ash."	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/da48ce17-en	7af857859780b3c5ea800224343e7c89	Systems to date have focused on a diverse range of specific purposes, types of indicators or self-assessment, and taken different approaches to aggregate information from sub-national scales. Several bilateral and multilateral channels of support aim at addressing information gaps, capacity and resource constraints, which can be one of the limiting factors to building national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation. The processes and results of national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems have the potential to provide relevant information to assess progress towards the global goal on adaptation under the UNFCCC, but the extent to which this can be done is still uncertain. Si jusqu’ici relativement peu de pays ont elabore et mis en ceuvre un systeme national de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation, beaucoup ont indique dans leur contribution determinee au niveau national (CDN) qu’ils s’y attelaient ou prevoyaient de le faire.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	7afc87ef006dc524f7e142fb78c9e275	In 2015, almost one in three students in Sweden according to the PISA study had an immigrant background, a share that was considerably larger than observed across the OECD area on average (of one in four students). However, this number most likely underestimates the prevalence of newly arrived immigrants in Swedish schools because the latest PISA study was conducted in 2015 and students must be settled in their host country well before the administration takes place to guarantee minimal language skills and be part of the sampling frame. National data reveal that between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 school years, the number of newly arrived students (including those with an unknown background) in compulsory school has increased from approximately 33 000 to 81 000 (Skolverket, 2018(4]). Newly arrived refers to students bom abroad with two foreign-born parents and who have arrived in Sweden in the last four years (and who have permanent permission to stay in the country). They currently constitute 8% of all students in compulsory school.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7b018aa593df4e75c4f5f96539b37032	Using a questionnaire, AGENAS monitors compliance with the recommendations and seeks to understand the barriers that R&AP encounter in implementation. High-quality care is care that is safe, effective and patient-centred, and should never be taken for granted. Health care systems face tremendous challenges -complex care needs and care processes, increased health care demands (especially for chronic conditions), and, crucially, an economic landscape in which health care systems will have to achieve more for less.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f11729d-en	7b01cbd97183b7b744afae976429ba32	In Romania, two thirds of the children in the lowest part of the income distribution are unable to invite friends round to play or eat from time to time as it is too costly for their household. It compares the rates for children in the poorest decile and for the total child population in 2009 and 2013 in the countries that collected child-specific items in 2013.17 The share of children in the bottom of the income distribution living in households which cannot afford books suitable for the child's age is considerably higher than the share of those deprived in the total child population. For instance in Slovakia the share of children in the poorest decile living in a household deprived of books is 48.4% compared to 11.3% for the total child population, this is a difference of 37.1 ppt.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	7b025e32b9236a31835b2f84b351029a	Evidence from the United States suggests that “achieving better work-life balance” was an important reason for starting a business for 40% of the female entrepreneurs in the smallest revenue class, but for only 12% of those in the largest revenue class (RSM McGladrey, 2008). The relatively high rates of women entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries are primarily due to high levels of “necessity entrepreneurship”. Figure 23.2 shows that more women than men start their business in the informal sector out of economic necessity, especially in Egypt and Mexico. However, no significant correlation exists across countries between women’s educational attainment and their entrepreneurial activity, as measured by the proportion of women among the self-employed. This suggests that it is not the level but rather the type of education that matters in female entrepreneurship. Women are significantly under-represented in engineering and computing (Chapter 8), two fields of study that build the knowledge useful for starting a technology-oriented business.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	7b02feeec7ec238eeb71c6c774757e98	Of the private schools, two-thirds have less than 100 students, and they are mostly located in the main cities in Nomay (The Directorate for Education and Training, 2012). The capital, Oslo, is both a county and a municipality'. It contains universal welfare schemes, a close cooperation between government, unions and private business organizations and a private sector that functions well.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	7b0750f67b889b99f33f66f418da714e	Personal autonomy—or the lack of it—is a key determinant of access and use. Girls may also not seek care if they believe providers of services will be judgmental or refuse to accommodate them. Pregnant girls often lack knowledge about which services exist, when care should be sought and how to find care at the right time.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/808599e4-en	7b0770f3328e46e0186bdf52d322ede7	In spite of the economic need for immigration among developed nations, native workers and the unemployed push back against migration, seeing migrants as contributing to low wages and labour competition. In leaving their homes and social networks, they set out to secure work that is not always available or of the quality they had envisioned. Migrant youth, in particular those immigrating without the proper documentation, are often forced into the informal economy, where they are vulnerable to exploitation by unscrupulous employers.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	7b0b3e0e89e7fb202eec4613a5eb86df	Furthermore, considering patients’ wishes, and ensuring that their human and patient rights are respected, are of upmost importance. Mental health service user advocacy and representation is particularly important given the nature of mental illness, and the fact that individuals are often struggling with a disabling condition, restrictive circumstances, and high levels of stigma. Service user groups -and groups representing the families of service users - can also play a role in shaping the mental health system, and improving care quality.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ad12659d-en	7b0cb84c85c339aa71264b66d21549b2	Law Cell, “Circular no. The first calls for a clear and comprehensive legal framework that includes penal and/or disciplinary standards, complaints mechanisms, and mechanisms for investigating and recording of acts of violence. It also refers to the importance of administrative procedures relating to acts of violence in school that guarantee the rights of parents to be fully and promptly informed, and the right of victims of violence to the protection of privacy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	7b0dd3f07bdd305813188b236f0f6602	The study recommended better structuring of information provision so that it is more manageable and is provided when most needed. Workers under notice of redundancy are also referred to career guidance services offered by the NCS under the Rapid Response Service. A key feature of Universal Credit is that the benefit amount reduces only gradually as recipients earn more from paid work - so incentives to work remain high. Under Universal Credit, benefit recipients are assigned to Work Coaches who provide personal support to move into work or to find a better job that makes better use of the recipient’s skills. The Universal Credit full service is currently being rolled-out nationally and the effectiveness of Work Coaches is one of the elements being examined in a randomised control trial. But due to short-sightedness or the concern that training firms will have their workers “poached” by non-training ones, employer investment in education and training may be lower than what is socially optimal, and in particular, may be limited to the provision of firm-specific training which is less transferable.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264251090-5-en	7b1238d1d204d0cc950646e935cf4d4c	At that time, the leaks in Wawarsing would be repaired and the bypass tunnel would be connected to the existing tunnel. The shut down work would begin in 2022 and take between five to eight months. According to the results of the OECD Survey on Water Governance for Future Cities, several Mexican cities (e.g. Hermosillo, Veracruz, Toluca and Chihuahua) show lower shares of wastewater treated (Figure 2.5).	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348379-6-en	7b14c1191294d1fcd1979669716de99a	The data used in these studies all originated from marine litter surveys on beaches. Several authors mention the problem of differentiating litter items since they may belong to both land- and sea-based sources or to multiple sectors, if looking at a more detailed level. However, based on best practice by the researchers and experts, the suggested source of litterfound in the literature is presented in Table 1.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	7b19114e1d2b62f516adcf4cfc0f90b0	The defendant could also be a friend or family member of the victim and uses that relationship to gain, and then betray the victim’s trust. Perpetrators often are very adept at being charming and social, as they are often grooming people to trust them. Either they’re asking for it (sexy clothes incite men to rape), they wanted it, or they put themselves in dangerous situations (prostitution, drunk).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	7b1a2ce2a41195c47c4759eab4b30395	While sample weights are required for obtaining unbiased estimators of means and other indicators for descriptive statistics purposes, we follow the argumentation in Wooldridge (2002) and O’Donnell et al. ( This is the case provided that the source of the differences between the sample and the population proportions is not driven by the variable of interest, in this case infant mortality. Assuming that infant mortality does not strongly influence the choice of geographic residence, we therefore prefer the use of unweighted estimators.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264097834-5-en	7b1c1b5573246b2f50092cb6317f2065	The Polish land-use planning law also refrains from granting the Ministry of Infrastructure any direct regulatory powers over local planning beyond national roads, nature reserves and the like. While the ministry does play an important function in issuing regulations for making local plans, these tend to focus on technical rules, such as how to calculate the need for public services. Only a small part of the country is covered by approved Municipal Physical Development Plans that are in accordance with the 2003 Spatial Planning and Spatial Development Act, which are produced at neighbourhood scale. While the share of land covered by these plans in cities with county (poioiat) status has increased from nearly 11% in 2006 to 17% in 2008, this leaves a significant share of city land that is not managed by Municipal Physical Development Plans (Table 2.4). Only Gdansk is fully covered by Municipal Physical Development Plans (Sleszyhski et al., In Poland, unlike many OECD countries, the law does not require the preparation of any overall citywide plan, and cities have not adopted this mode as a good practice.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d72eb315-en	7b1c4fb8ccd44765587bceffa305be73	Through this framework, FAO will be able to coordinate the partnerships assembling the foundations (data repositories, information standards, methodologies, tools, expertise, and collaborative data infrastructure) required for the collection and integrated use of data across initiatives and disciplines. The framework will participate in the Open Science20 movement and, as such, is expected to boost capacities to produce indicators inclusive of developing countries for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this context, fisheries policy-making and management should benefit from the experience of the agriculture, biodiversity and environmental communities by reusing their analytical and mapping methodologies. The project will investigate the role of bycatch in food security and livelihoods, and explore alternative income-generation opportunities for those affected by the management action, including women (often involved in processing and selling products from bycatch).	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	7b1c6ddbcc024ea49729479d0cd8e99f	Optimal use of our Nordic strengths such as access to good quality water sources, highly developed fisheries sector and good national infrastructures should be taken into account in the prioritization of policys and measures. This adaptation is based on existing knowledge and on-going development processes (see e.g. EATiP at http://www.eatip.eu). However, before a large-scale use of new resources, progress in legislation, research and infrastructure is needed. Most potential new sources are by-products of agriculture and underutilized marine resources.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	7b1cb38a0ddeb79dd02db8240be3a165	Second, to its credit the index accounts for the importance of energy demand within the economy. Yet in the modelling structure of demand is separated from supply. Ideally, the index model would identify the impact of potential supply disturbances in an integrated supply-demand chain setting (ECOFYS, et al.,	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	7b20567116289881b446f63ea69e3838	Even though poverty rates do not differ significantly between men and women when the comparison is made for the total population, the result is different when the comparison is made for adults with the highest probability of participating in the labour market. In practically all the countries of the region, the poverty rate is higher for women than for men. The poverty incidence is highest for persons who have had no more than three years of schooling and it diminishes gradually as the number of years of schooling of the population increases.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	7b2171cd9feb6fd8a23fe32c1bc1ebe7	The methodology was pilot tested in the response to the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, and then adopted for capacity development training as a smart PDNA module. In South Asia, ESCAP is partnering with SAARC to customize the manual which will subsequently be rolled out in other subregions. The framework is supported by an important PDNA tool - Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	7b21cdb99d929f90393fcc70fcdbc8ed	"Brunori, Ferreira and Peragine (2013, p. 15) acknowledge the complexities involved in this area, however, and identify ""the issue of age of responsibility, and whether or not all inequalities in access to services for children below a certain age should not be considered inequality of opportunity."" For example, parents may choose which school their child attends, in which case this is a 'circumstance' beyond the child's control. Similarly, parents may influence their child's 'effort' in various ways, such as by funding extra tuition, but unless the child is fully involved in these decisions, and depending on the context, this may again be best regarded as a 'circumstance' from the child's perspective. We compare how different formulations of our measure of this aspect might affect a country's relative position (ranking) in terms of inequality."	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	7b227134710251c7bed9f8d1fec1469f	Eighteen countries in Africa, 12 in Asia, 8 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 8 in Oceania allowed abortion only to save a woman’s life. Both Governments in Northern America and 73 per cent of Governments in Europe allowed abortion on request. Among the countries that reduced the number of grounds, two countries (the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua) that previously allowed abortion to save a woman’s life no longer allowed it on any grounds.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/6f855643-en	7b253a4fe895b838bf74880a5a950e96	Norway and Denmark have remained consistent in reading and science and improved in mathematics. Iceland has not shown any improvement from its 2012 performance and remains below the other Nordic countries and the OECD average on all subjects. With respect to gender, female students have significantly higher reading scores than male students in all Nordic countries (consistent with the OECD average). In Finland, female students also outperformed male students in mathematics and science (both counter to the OECD average).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	7b2565c613e65170894826f9b15d34d1	Aspects of Labor Economics, H.G. Lewis (ed.), Princeton, Princeton University Press. Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, M. Ferber and J. Nelson, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. The Capabilities Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. United Nations publication, Sales No. Genero, migracidn y desarrollo series.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264283572-en	7b297de9422d0265f35efd24273b0fd8	This means the total yearly amount can be substantial for people with low income. In addition, similar to most countries, dentistry is not induded in the public health care benefits package and is subject to higher copayments, although all children and adolescents up to the age of 21 are fully covered (to be increased to 23 in 2019). While Sweden has very low levels of catastrophic expenditure' due to health service utilisation, some people report financial accessibility problems. Almost 7% of people in the lowest income group reported some unmet needs for dental examination in 2015, compared to 3% for the national average (Eurostat, EU-SILC).	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	7b29f7a926a7beb1973dd9297c19ca4f	Accidents in some specific energy chains may also cause extensive and long-term impacts on the natural environment and ecosystems, as well as wider impacts on the security of energy supply and the national economy. However, when weighted with the expected frequency of occurrence, the risk associated with severe accidents in the energy chain is relatively low. The EU NewExt study shows that overall the degree of internalisation of damage8 ranges between 50% and 80% in OECD countries, depending on the technology considered. In non-OECD countries, the degree of internalisation of accident costs is considerably lower, lying in a range of 20% to 50% (see Table 6.2 for details).	7	4	4	0.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	7b2a4ab52f10bf836a8cf8edb7034337	Monitoring programmes are usually constructed when scientific interest in research exists and/or when policy or quality norms are established for specific areas that show the most problematic signs of marine pollution. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations. Spatial and temporal considerations are very important when constructing statistics on this topic. For instance, with regard to oceanic and marine water pollutant concentrations, most monitoring stations and water regular quality monitoring programmes focus on surface marine water and coastline zones.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	7b2a4c45033695456f1df3d5f33f583c	World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series no. Washington, DC, World Bank. Commentaiy on ‘Taxation of Wealth and Wealth Transfers’ by Boadway R, Chamberlain E and Emmerson C. In: Institute for Fiscal Studies, eds. Dimensions of Tax Design: The Mirrlees Review. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 825-831. How progressive is the U.S. federal tax system?	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	7b2a548d4b8e9f423d5cf93242a0d133	This share is expected to continue to increase to at least two thirds over the coming decades. At present, 2.7 billion people continue to rely on traditional, non-commercial fuels typical for pre-industrial societies. They use only between 15 and 50 GJ of primary energy per capita, delivering about 2-5 GJ of per capita in useful energy services. Growth of per capita energy use in developing countries has accelerated since 1975, whereas use in developed countries has stagnated (figure II.2).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088979-en	7b2c1678dc10d69e6194e21595aa1c09	The Victorian Government and tertiary education institutions should take steps to ensure that flexible ways of provision are in place for those who combine work and study through work-based, e-learning and distance education. Increasing emphasis on reskilling and up-skilling would offer new opportunities for TAFE institutes especially if the training entitlement could be refashioned to recognise the value in reverse articulation. In order to ensure a fully functioning human capital development system, transparent pathways for learners through the education system are required.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/84c81011-en	7b2cab41d191c898372729dfb50a8005	Tne identification phase sets out the stage for project preparation and implementation, it is crucial to address all the conceptual issues at this stage. Many issues encountered in preparation and implementation are rooted in the identification phase; it is also important to address them properly. Major issues to be addressed during the identification phase include: rationale for project intervention; compliance of proposed project concept and approaches with relevant IFI and government strategies and priorities; clarification of client's commitment and ownership; feasibility of project development objectives (PDOs) and time frame; suitability of technical models and methods; appropriateness of financing instruments and models; sustainability of project investment; and balance between risks and results. Depending on specific project concept and scope, application of relevant innovative approaches and practices summarized in Part 1 and further described in Part 3 could be considered. For example, the AWM investment planning approach can be used for defining water service demand, financing model and O&M arrangements in the context of local value chain and agribusiness development. The WAA approach can be used for preliminary water resources assessment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	7b2d5c65773e0a68e240bcaba12a965d	The standards framework is composed of seven standards organised in three areas: Professional knowledge, Professional practice and Professional engagement. Professional knowledge incorporates two standards: 1) Know students and how they learn, and 2) Know the content and how to teach it. The majority of standards in this area are designated by the expression “demonstrate knowledge”. Five of the twelve areas explicitly focus on teaching diverse classrooms.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	7b2e020711eb45dbc90c545321f411b5	The costs of environmental damage were cut by RMB 36 billion ($5 billion) (GTZ, 2008). Similarly, in Islamic Republic of Iran 20 per cent of the savings from subsidy reform were redirected to industry to facilitate investment in energy efficiency (USD, 2013). Such strategic use of revenue can reduce the overall cost of environmental tax policies (Ekins, 2009). This is because environmental problems tend to be multidimensional - not only does it matter how much pollution is released, but also where and how (OECD, 2006).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	7b2e47a0e0c5206bed10e9aee684f62c	However, these villages are not considered properly electrified until further solutions are implemented (Ministry of New and Renewable Energies, 2007). However, the vast majority, 95%, of remote census villages taken up for electrification under the programme are provided with SPV home lighting systems. Such complaints have been taken up by some political parties which have been exerting pressure for grid power to reach their constituents, as opposed to stand-alone systems. As a consequence, the list of villages to be electrified under the Remote Village Electrification (RVE) scheme is being shortened each year.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	7b34011cde3ea1815f1ccef5203d071e	Between 1700 and World War II, the economy was almost exclusively based on exports of agricultural semi-processed and primary products, mainly sugar and bananas. The mining of bauxite and its processing into alumina became the leading export industry by the end of the decade. At the end of the 1950s, tourism expanded rapidly as a result of redirecting the flow of American tourists from revolutionary Cuba.	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	7b3449d6abbaa8f2f1cce276a793b267	Further, many countries have continued to decrease or restructure their support programmes in line with the commitments made under previous WTO agreements. Underlying the increase in producer support is often a policy objective of increasing production to promote food security and to achieve self-sufficiency targets. However, the instruments at play are very similar to those used in the past by OECD countries.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/baf425ad-en	7b34d85fcc3b05cecfd14bd51bcae817	Pirmohamed et al (2008) looked at costs of ADEs resulting in a hospital admission in two hospitals in the UK. Eighty percent of all ADEs led to a hospital admission, which accounted for 4% of the hospital bed capacity in 2008. The projected annual costs of these admissions to the NHS amounted to €706 million (USD847m).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	7b371d33b60ddda1505688f49aabd143	Average yields of maize are higher in South Africa than in all other SADC countries, with the exception of Mauritius. Hence, South Africa produces more maize per unit of water consumed than in most other SADC countries. Some authors will propose utilizing international trade to alleviate national or regional water shortages, while others will suggest that other national issues and goals might limit reliance on international trade.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	7b375116a858fae72cf7b81b4860e7b7	This is indicated by the percentage Producer Support Estimate (%PSE) which, on average for the OECD area, fluctuated between 18% and 19% over the 2011-13 period (Figure 1.2). In value terms, the PSE in 2013 totalled USD 258 billion or EUR 194 billion. Most of the decline took place since the mid-1990s.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32ea1505-en	7b37d643e63292d5e613ce4c90fa40f5	Equally, on marriage, girls receive items considered more appropriate for women, such as kitchen utensils, rather than land. In other districts, property is shared equally between male and female children; but when girls get married and move out of the household, they leave their land behind. While they may resume use of the land once they return to their home village, they do so under their brothers' authority.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	7b38f5784f6c75b7aeefb762b33ddecc	It’s important to note, however, that even System GMM have shown to be subject to weak instruments problems (Bazzi and Clemens, 2013). These tests include the Arellano-Bond test of autocorrelation in the residuals (which would invalidate the use of lagged levels of potentially endogenous variables as instrument for their first differences. As reported in Table 1, however, serial correlation does not appear to be an important concern in this application. The analysis also reports tests for the joint validity of all instruments (the Hansen tests of overidentifying restrictions), which do not suggest that any instruments might be invalid (see Roodman, 2009).	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6d6a82b2-en	7b3a1fadd03b55881db2381710f494ce	In Fiji, for instance, estimates show that the cost of domestic violence was equivalent to about 7 per cent of GDP in 20027 Australia estimates that violence against women and children incurred a financial cost of AS 13.6 billion in 2008/09. Impunity in the violation of women's and girls' human rights is, however, evident in the absence or limited amount of legislative protection against, for example, sexual harassment, domestic violence and/or rape in some countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Thailand,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As indicated in the figure, country-level data/ spanning the period 2005-2013, indicate relatively higher rates of marriage or union before the age of 18 years among women and girls in South and South-West Asia as compared with other subregions. In Bangladesh, for example, 65 per cent of women/ girls were married before they reached 18 years of age, with approximately one third being married before reaching 15 years of age.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	7b3a91586604b7d482db8199763a244c	The driver is given a defined period to fix the fault, forward evidence that the fault is corrected within 14 days, and the police will waive the fine. Similarly, an unlicensed driver who is issued a NZD 400 instant fine and is forbidden to drive is given the opportunity to commence the driving licence testing process. When evidence is presented to police, the fine is waived.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	7b3bb43e45596cc09eb909069737bf92	In most cases, the income surveys used for the OECD Income Distribution Database (IDD) are not designed to be representative at the regional level. The problem is particularly evident for city-regions. For example, the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla are represented respectively by 113 and 114 households in the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2011 sample; similarly, the regions of Bremen and Hamburg in Germany are represented by, respectively, 66 and 166 households in the German Socio-Economic Panel for 2011. These representativeness issues are discussed in detail in section 4 and in the annexes. Figure 1 shows, for each country, the ratios between the highest and the lowest value of GDP per capita, household market income and household disposable income data observed across regions. This evidence suggests large cross-country differences in the level of interregional disparities as measured by GDP and household income data.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	7b3f7c4d5174589a6c0891de30a463a3	Public resources will be transferred directly and without conditionality to the extreme poor, ensuring that they have enough resources to meet their basic food requirements. Three commitments address the opportunities and living standards of the indigenous population, with the aim of ensuring that their rights in these respects are equal to those of the rest of the population (commitments 34,35 and 6). All these commitments will require additional spending, making the tax reform all the more essential. It would be desirable to strengthen the impact of such transfers by making them more progressive, so as to ensure that they are more focused on support to the lowest-income families. To this end, review CT programmes with a view to identifying gaps that could give rise to loopholes, leakages, inefficient transfers and badly targeted spending.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	7b404b0a9fc715641bf2c0bcd0dbfae8	At the same time, the average traffic speed through the Namsan Tunnel increased by 115%. This type of congestion charge could be expanded to other areas of Seoul and to other cities (OECD, 2012b). Several attempts have been made to increase charging fees and expand to other congested major arterial roads, such as urban expressways, but these failed owing to public opposition and concerns over stagnation of the local economy.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e8741432-en	7b414e77a079caf305afc6fab6229a49	Oceania also reported a net loss, largely due to severe drought and forest fires in Australia. Asia, on the other hand, registered a net gain of around 2.2 million hectares annually between 2000 and 2010 following a net loss in the 1990s. This gain, mostly due to large-scale afforestation programmes in China, offsets continued high rates of net loss in many countries in Southern and South-Eastern Asia.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	7b451b4870cbadf618f3cac6f56818c7	Support for teachers’ professional development is even more important as acute teacher shortages often mean that adults and youth who have never taught before or even finished their own education are recruited as teachers (Kirk and Winthrop, 2005: 18). Training new teachers, however, as a response to teacher shortfalls in the emergency, does not address the question of where the already qualified teachers are. Baxter and Bethke (2009) similarly report that teachers tend to prefer government schools, because they receive a salary from the government.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	7b48e45fb6f1ab6ca4bf517702e9762c	It is recommended that an organic process be adopted, whereby the decision on the management of sanitation services rests w'ith the LSGBs whereas the central government would provide support to LSGBs so that they can make the best decision possible. These options were discussed and have been accepted by stakeholders as being the main options offered to LSGBs for reforms. This is due to the fact that WSCs are already managing substantial portions of the country: whether or not they want to deliver new services should be left to their own strategies rather than mandated from the top.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0cf73767-en	7b4a6f6e404c7863e851eeb27b234b44	Theyprovideguarantees with regards to investments, supply of agricultural inputs (seeds and fertilizers) and credits, and are a suitable platform for education and training. Cooperatives also provide opportunities for marketing agricultural products, particularly in the case of smallholders who, in most cases, are not able to meet quantitative and qualitative thresholds and therefore rely on communal storage and marketing instruments. In Brazil, cooperatives have been instrumental in linking small-holder farmers into the agrifood chain.	2	1	7	0.75
10.6027/28b76697-en	7b4cc14cfb95fab94534e3f454648859	Educational programmes and adult-learning schemes that align skills and competences more closely to labour market demands may therefore be one way of improving chances of employment. Further research is needed to show the effectiveness of these and other measures in facilitating access to the labour market for different groups of migrants (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017). In the coming years, asylum seekers who have obtained refugee status in the Nordic countries will have to be integrated into the Nordic labour market.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1bb49a04-en	7b544847258e7c6dde8bae18e54c9137	For example, many small towns, while classified as rural, display urban characteristics in terms of population density and service provision models. The speed with which many of these ‘rural towns’ are growing is unprecedented — for example, annual growth rates in excess of 5% are typical in urban agglomerations in Sub-Saharan Africa (UN-Habitat, 2005). The existence of different government structures (even in the same geographical region) adds to this complexity, such that caution is needed when making policy decisions based on national statistics. Within urban areas, the inter-urban differences in service levels are perhaps a better indicator of overall delivery.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7b56d079f2e1755c0d43af9be199c953	The park is the implementation of an integrative model that locates a quality residential community alongside a park of advanced industry and an educational centre, all within a short distance of each other. The “Zur Lavon” educational centre, located in the park, provides a varied programme of training courses for industry. Much in demand is the industrial entrepreneurship course for Arab and Jewish populations, a collaborative initiative between the Industrial Parks and the Executive Education Centre of the Tel Aviv University. In 2006 the Zur Lavon Industrial High School opened alongside the Lavon Industrial Park.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	7b5c014fbee6ead837faa84c52e06e74	In contrast, OECD countries on average demonstrated a decreasing trend from 9.5 in 2000 to 8.8 in 2013 (OECD, 2015a). The prevalence of obesity is also higher in Latvia at 23.6% of adults, compared to the OECD average of 19% (OECD, 2015a). Although many OECD countries have a higher share of obesity among men, Latvia does not follow this trend.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	7b5c6219bd665235ecd03a8523a0bc09	Third, the Catalyst Initiative overall provided a wider umbrella and support framework for collaboration and mutual learning within and beyond the Initiative. For example, two face-to-face summits convening all projects - one in New Delhi, India, in 2011 and the other in Beijing, China, in 2012 - were planned from the start of the Initiative. The Initiative also set up an electronic platform to facilitate social networking, share information and materials and allow communication with others. Conference calls took place on a monthly basis between the consortia leaders and HP to support and exchange ideas on developments within the Initiative.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599598-13-en	7b6231cf0061e6986d9c6fd0cfd603a1	Patterns of participation in different types of sport vary considerably across and within different countries. Evidence from developed countries, especially, points to links between changing work-leisure patterns and increasing interest and participation in individualised and noncompetitive forms of sport and active recreation (Kural 2010). As a result, innovative utilisation or re-orientation of existing outdoor community spaces for non-traditional forms of sport can be a feasible option in high-density urban environments (Kural 2010).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	7b62879b4897ca40ccfa7efb8b525e66	Therefore, the authors emphasise (p. 18) that “pollution control is one of the most basic ways of increasing water supply”. In contrast, they find that, at the time of their writing (1998), most international data sets “simply assumed that once water is withdrawn it is lost to further use”. This clearly leads to an understatement of water availability.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	7b636f306cf7ea49191c2733446da685	Congestion also exacerbates noise pollution, air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases by vehicles. Social impacts include increased stress and road safety problems (OECD/ECMT, 2007). This was compared with a counterfactual average trip duration if average motorised transport speeds were 30 km/h and average trips were of the same length.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	7b63d3ee54aa955c4c3f5ea2f0c65fee	Economist Intelligence Unit, London. Note: the indicator on access to childcare indicates the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services, as well as the role of the extended family in providing childcare; the indicator on women’s access to finance programmes expresses the availability of outreach programmes for women that target the provision of financial services through either government initiatives or private lenders. See Economist Intelligence Unit (2012) for details on the construction of both indices.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	7b64e0572c9c4918f517dc99197ff728	Considering the period since the early 1990s, only three countries in the group (Benin, Central African Republic and Mali) have managed to double labour productivity. Major factors impeding significant improvements in agricultural labour productivity have been the low level of rural human capital, the slow accumulation thereof in many of these countries and the low level of conventional inputs (apart from land and labour) to agricultural production. Low levels of education and literacy, and poor health, also limit technical efficiency.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/da48ce17-en	7b67e764f28c3112d58ebdb1ab57fb9e	This was in part due to the lack of monitoring of some variables crucial for constructing robust projections and the lack of a centralised system to co-ordinate and store meteorological data (INTOSAI, 2010 in OECD, 2015b). Countries may wish to start by conducting an inventory of adaptation-related monitoring processes already in place to get an overview of existing data availability, identify redundant collection processes then rationalise these activities to meet emerging needs (Bedi et al., To efficiently meet adaptation-related resource needs, questions specific to climate change can be inserted into established data collection processes, such as household surveys which are in many cases conducted every four to five years (OECD, 2015b).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	7b6b73349359ff79d000d8f9e9bc4a53	A key focus is to support schools and school boards to include the principles of equity and inclusive education in all policies, programmes, operations and learning environments. The Ministry supports effective implementation of the strategy through board-led implementation networks and diverse education and community stakeholders working to deliver evidence-informed tools, resources and professional learning opportunities. Parent and community engagement are essential components of the strategy.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	7b6bcf2e9a19b45d352ad90f1b253004	Table 9.1 shows the factor 'loadings' for each dimension for younger children by region. A loading or correlation with a factor is considered 'strong' if it is above 0.40 in absolute value. In urban areas, water, sanitation, housing and health load on to the first factor while nutrition loads on to the second; information is not strongly correlated with either factor and the child protection dimension is strongly negatively correlated with the second factor (-0.69). Nutrition and child protection seem to represent unique dimensions in urban areas.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d256607a-en	7b711fc1c936c1ae6f5b4cfcfa88e828	The productivity and contribution of cities to national economic welfare cannot be taken for granted. Both tangible and non-tangible cultures can also be identified by location, religious and other beliefs, and by other characteristics such as common historical roots or experience. Resources are squandered, temperatures and sea levels are rising, and the numbers of people at risk of being left behind are staggering.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	7b71c817be24eae413a8577c74cdd58d	It is also about meeting one of the key “learning principles” outlined above: promoting horizontal connectedness, including connections between the worlds of education and the broader social worlds beyond school boundaries. Growing and sustaining ILE reform is about helping to create ever denser clusters of 21st learning practice so that critical masses of practice and change may be reached. Further, it is about recognising that in contemporary learning systems, formal institutional provision is only one part of the whole.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	7b71e4d7e75db8f62749df1cba032369	Chile’s fragile ecosystems in the Andes, coastal areas and deserts have experienced continuous biodiversity losses due to extensive, partly unplanned, urbanisation. This calls for an integrated approach to biodiversity within urban and regional development plans. Other OECD cities, such as the City of Edmonton, Canada, have successfully integrated their biodiversity strategy with urban planning (City of Edmonton, 2009).	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	7b76b91e09d54abc84b480f0db7f37e8	Low-wage residents are less likely to have access to a car, and commuter train lines and bus routes do not serve the south side of the Tri-State metro-region as well as they serve other parts of the region. Commuting times are even longer for those who commute across the region instead of following the hub and spoke system. Investment in public transport infrastructure does not sufficiently respond to demand for access to jobs, especially in lower -income neighbourhoods. While the Tri-State metro-region ranks high among OECD regions on many technology-based innovation indicators in terms of volume, its position has slipped and it is not among top regions when controlling for the size of its population and economy. For instance, in terms of patents per capita, the Tri-State metro-region ranked 23rd among OECD metro-regions and 11th among US metro-regions in 2007, the last year for which data are available; it ranked 27th and 12th, respectively, when adjusting for GDP (Table 1.5). These are hardly poor scores, but neither do they suggest that the Tri-State metro-region is fulfilling its innovation potential, particularly given that it ranks below so many other US metro-regions, including San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, Los Angeles and Houston.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/223159ab-en	7b76c82e4963118b2ec96fadab05e9c1	Age-adjusted death rates increased for seven leading causes and decreased for one (Sherry et al, 2018). Life expectancy at birth fell by 0.1 year between 2016 and 2017, largely because of increases in mortality from unintentional injuries, suicide, diabetes, and influenza and pneumonia, with unintentional injuries making the largest contribution. Age-adjusted death rates increased at ages 25-44 and 85+.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	7b796041313001f4b8863041067424f6	In Kosovo, rates were EUR 0.061 per kWh (USD 0.068 per kWh), in Serbia EUR 0.065 per kWh (USD 0.072 per kWh), in Albania EUR 0.082 per kWh (USD 0.091 per kWh) and in Macedonia EUR 0.084 per kWh (USD 0.093 per kWh). In 2015, gasoline, diesel and LPG average prices were USD 0.918, 0.810 and 0.507 per litre, respectively (ANRE, 2015). The new regulation prohibits commercialisation of petroleum products at a price that exceeds the price ceiling set and published by ANRE.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	7b79afc3a72302bba05575b9c335aa1b	According to field surveys, most farmers admitted that they could not know whether the fertiliser that they had bought, either imported or produced domestically, was adulterated, except for some brands selling at a 50-100% premium. A test to check fertiliser quality should not cost much relative to the price of the fertiliser and could be made widely available (HKS, 2011). Three urea state-owned plants, built in the 1970s and run by the Myanmar Petrochemical Enterprise, produce around 100 000 tonnes per year, i.e. less than 25% of their capacity and around 17% of domestic requirements.	2	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	7b7a7718a8c8f148e8479123807d5376	This suggests that the current approach to counting adjustment flows may be underestimating the true value that donors and recipients place on supporting adjustment needs. It also suggests that the currently expansive definitions of TRA -such as the OECD’s suggestions that it covers all ‘contributions to the government budget to assist the implementation of trade reforms’ (OECD 2008: 2) — are, while subject to excessive overlap and lack of clarity, closer to how the AfT community actually perceives adjustment needs. The change in approach to TRA would thus involve transforming TRA from a ‘tick one box’, mutually exclusive category, into a ‘marker’ that could be applied to any AfT flow.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7b7b386c133d1f9e2a56f7ce30dfb760	Clear leadership from central authorities to provide a national, consistent approach towards measuring quality in mental health was a key enabling factor. In England, patient level mental health data are collected in primary, community and secondary care settings, including process and outcomes measures for the service user. These include, for example, data on hospital admissions for mental illness, patient experiences with community mental health services, access to psychological therapies and recovery rates, and waiting times. By contrast, a national strategic approach to measuring quality in mental health care is still lacking in Japan and Korea (OECD, 2012b, 2015f).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	7b7e80093ba14472e524e4ff42820434	"It introduced the National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development in 2010/11 to mainstream climate resilience and low-carbon development into key sectors. Its long-term strategy, ""Vision 2050"", aims to transform Rwanda into a developed country, with a strong service sector, low unemployment and low poverty rates. This strategy also envisages that agriculture and industry will have a minimal negative impact on the environment, operating sustainably and enabling Rwanda to be self-sufficient in basic necessities (Republic of Rwanda, 2011). It attracts and streamlines climate finance with the national strategy and leverages private investment for low-carbon initiatives. Putting FONERWA into operation has been a strategic move to facilitate access to international climate finance, especially Fast-start Finance for adaptation. Under the National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development (2011), there is a programme of action focusing on the Low Carbon Energy Mix Powering the National Grid."	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	7b7eeed9dc4ce70fe8f501cadba4dd3a	Actors involved in the production or use of educational sciences also mediate their conceptions of these. This lean manifest in standards containing specific references to certain research domains (e.g. developmental psychology in the Estonian standards, see Section 4). Sivell (2005|so)) argues that the exchange among individuals or groups with different backgrounds in the process of developing standards can be characterised by a highly uncomfortable level of cognitive dissonance - using Rogers’ concept.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	7b7fc373e5006863bf0a1b1773f94e65	Results should enable comparability within and across countries and over time, especially for international studies. There are fewer choices for assessments of executive functions and for some cognitive measures in the areas of math and science. These findings are mirrored by the analysis of countries’ current monitoring practices in the area of child development and outcomes, which will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345569-7-en	7b808b0026ea8a16ca8cb39dff48c893	The data consisted of the number of units sold and the number of units that had passed the use by date and thus were discarded. The corresponding purchasing value for units sold and units discarded were included in the data. The data basis was specified for three varieties of minced meat in 629 stores in Norway.	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	7b82cab49e1460d65b4ce3276264b75d	Indeed, as women’s representation in politics increases, so too does the risk of becoming victims of violence, as women’s presence challenges the (male-dominated) status quo of power in politics. In 2013, Mexico registered 18.9 intentional homicides per 100 000 people (World Bank DataBank, 2016). European OECD countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain each registered less than one intentional homicide per 100 000 people in their most recent year of data collection (ibid.). Mexico also has more homicides than Canada (1.4 homicides per 100 000 people) and the United States (3.8), as well as Latin American countries such as Peru (6.7 homicides per 100 000 people), Chile (3.1), and Costa Rica (8.4).	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	7b8387b322fb21d383743e3e8b54f422	These loans have been substantially expanded through the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act. Similar credit support programmes have been operating effectively in Finland. Overall, policies seem to be particularly effective when financing instruments are supplemented with other services, such as training and consultancy, to address the additional challenges typically met by female entrepreneurs.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ae512255-en	7b84c4b079b6b908290ebbdf2574d898	The way governments collect revenue and allocate resources can have a differential impact on women and men. As taxes affect wages and disposable income, they can influence how women and men allocate their time to formal, informal and unpaid work (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Joint filing in income-tax systems with higher tax rates on higher incomes is found, for example, to discourage womens participation in the labour market (Elson, 2006).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	7b8505d9b5e0dd27dae10185f8bf3b2b	Design a comprehensive policy intervention to boost the demand for high skilled workers so as to fully exploit the existing skill supply and to generate incentives to increase it further. In particular, special attention should be paid to engage firms more systematically in the process, reach out to NEETs more proactively, align the quality of offers across regions, and allocate more (financial and human) resources to ensure an adequate service delivery. Italy is the only G7 country with a higher share of tertiary educated workers in routine occupations (tasks that can be accomplished following a set of specific and well-defined rules) than in non-routine ones (tasks that entail performing more complicated activities, such as creative problem solving and decision making).	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	7b856e2d43837b6f3baf0c328d5f453b	These eastern cites are now economically and ethnically segregated from central Paris: the peripheral suburbs are characterized by poverty, a high share of public housing, and low education levels. Labourers and the unemployed are overrepresented among households in this region (Clerval et Delage 2014), and many of the residents are Algerian, Moroccan, and sub-Saharan African immigrants or descendants. The French government has labelled 731 of these neighborhoods zones urbaines sensibles (“sensitive urban zones”), which makes them a high-priority target for policy intervention.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	7b8e0708e1b87a184b66e202a9e8b0ec	These efforts should be pursued, and a new performance management system should be developed in the framework of results-oriented planning and budgeting. In cases of accidental pollution that causes environmental damage, the responsible party is liable for the costs of appropriate measures. The EPA was amended in 2008 to strengthen the environmental liability regulation with respect to prevention and remediation of environmental damage, in accordance with the EU’s Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC).	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-5-en	7b9047ec9adbd014e713827f1b73d0cc	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The country was amongst the first in the region to achieve universal primary school enrolment and ensure all young people and adults have basic literacy skills. This early progress provided the foundations for the country’s strong social and economic development over the last century.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/937bb150-en	7b93ca0069f654d0b9de7288906999b9	Malnutrition and childhood illness compromise cognitive development and reduce adult productivity. When health systems fail to prevent illness, society pays a price in the form of treatment costs and lost productivity. Conversely, improved maternal and child health and nutritional status can create a positive cycle, enabling children to realize their potential and helping their communities and countries to prosper. The spending packages would cover maternal and newborn health, child health, immunization, family planning, HIV/AIDS and malaria, with nutrition as a crosscutting theme.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ee1a3170-en	7b944009b7071ac41f91dad85bffeea4	Such aspects include the increased flows of refugees and migrants; the region has the largest global number of IDPs, at 17.3 million. Urban slums are not a significant feature in the Arab and North Africa region as a whole, but certain countries in North Africa have very high levels of informal settlement. The complex nature of the evolving risk landscape is most articulated in coastal areas, which are particularly susceptible to flooding, as well as seismic and climate risks.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	7b94bfb46d3e91ac5b9090501a558dae	These could include tax incentives and other relevant measures. In-work benefits can translate into potentially significant increases in employment rates, provided they have a sufficiently large impact on financial incentives. When in-work benefits are very low, they are unlikely to have much of an impact on employment. On the other hand, generosity has to be accompanied by narrow' targeting in order to channel help to the neediest families and keep programme costs within reasonable limits. Well-designed targeting, conditions on the number of hours worked to become eligible and phasing-out rates (i.e. the speed at which benefits are w ithdrawn as incomes rise), can help them to be effective. In terms of the impact on competitiveness, some research points to the role of social enterprises, and a vibrant social economy as a whole, in encouraging innovation.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	7b9537a301a9dedc16786cbc12fd7d22	However, these approaches need further development and applied more widely. In order to coordinate resources, it may be appropriate to establish international oversight on EC’s and to promote greater international co-operation. These commodity price projections are expected to remain well above the levels observed over the past decade, but fall from recent price peaks, i.e. during 2007-08 and 2010-11 (Figure 2.4).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c607b535-en	7b95dffa3fd6937e50b110282cf4f806	Insurance market efficiency and crop choices in Pokislon. Managing the Risks ol Extreme Events and Disoslers to Advance Climole Chonge Adaptation. A Special Report ol Working Groups I ond II ol the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Combridge, UK, ond New York, USA, Combridge University Press. D. Morlsch,, M. Brklacich, D.l. Climole chonge 2007, impacts, odoplolion ond vulnerability.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	7b96c14a6db1c90439537f1775c13ce8	From an analysis of a set of comparable schools, it appears that at the end of the intervention, sexually active young participants were more likely to use some form of contraception than sexually active nonparticipants of the same age. Rodrfgues-Planas (2010b) suggest that for some participants, this component might have increased the risk of substance abuse. For instance Behncke (2009) finds that giving words of encouragement, that boost self-efficacy or self-esteem in the short-term, just before a math test was associated with 2.5% higher scores among all students and 8% higher scores among those with self-reported difficulties in math. The result suggests that non-cognitive skills can be shaped, even in the very short-term.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	7b9868ed8af8be9d4b7dabb479795303	Variation between Australian local areas was evident across all interventions and conditions. There was also wide variation compared with other countries. For example, hospital non-surgical admission rates were twice as high in Australia, at about 12 000 per 100 000 population aged over 15 years, than in Spain, Portugal and Canada, where they stood at below 6 000.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	7b992d4da88334eaa615aa7b300b6104	One way in which scarcity of water could be reflected in water prices would be to link them to indicators of water scarcity in the relevant river basins. Indeed, a system of such indicators that allows the development of water resources to be determined in real time has been developed with the implementation of the latest National Hydrologic Plan. Current legislation does not create any room for charging for environmental costs from water abstractions that result from changes in water flows, river morphology, or water quality and their impacts on human health and ecosystems, although this is required by the European Water Framework Directive.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	7b9a30d09ad0959d082f2721801d7812	While their role has been reduced over time, they continue to exercise responsibility for enforcing national law's and regulations at the region or departement level. A central responsibility of prefets is to manage police, fire and other public safety organisations, and to head all local public services that are delivered directly by the national government. Regional prefets have authority over departemental ones and their activities are formally co-ordinated through the Regional Administrative Committee.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	7b9e3fd2064b8178f6a6916e09562a0f	Africa will account for more than half of the global population growth between now and 2050, followed by Asia, and then by North America, Latin America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Europe is expected to have a smaller population by mid-century than it had in 2015. By the middle of the 21st century, the urban population will have doubled to almost 6.5 billion, i.e. some 66% of total world population.	14	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	7ba1a3ff19fb7f9f3bf05dcb08539f9b	Most of the 2011 GDP data are provisional estimates. It was found that remittance-financed community projects contribute to development of infrastructure in a number of LDCs (Bakewell 2009). In addition, remittances were also found to promote development of the financial sector, one of the key drivers of economic growth (UN-OHRLLS 2010). At the national level, remittance flow replenishes foreign reserves, helps maintain stability of the foreign exchange value of domestic currencies and provides the purchasing power needed to import goods, services, capital machineries and other imports of developmental importance. On the other side, the local currency released against the remittance flows that accrue to the households of migrant workers helps meet their consumption and investment demands.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eb366761-en	7ba39657817025eb960a15830c103285	This can be achieved through a range of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures that will need to be included in master plans. Waterproof surfaces within the city can be balanced with permeable ones, since permeable surfaces mitigate extremes in temperature. Cities should view tree planting as an environmental service, providing shade during the hot season and protecting buildings during the cold season. Peripheral greenbelts will be vital for maintaining urban resilience to climate change.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	7ba4f1e8ce85b566b399d2aba42384db	These mechanisms affect later stages of the lifecycle, when children have reached school age or working age. But a growing body of research suggests that the intergenerational perpetuation of deprivation begins before birth and that the intergenerational transmission of advantage may already be advanced when children enter the education system. It has also been connected to children's developmental outcomes such as motor skills, cognitive ability, emotional stability, attention deficit disorder and early educational achievement. The antenatal period includes critical and sensitive developmental stages in which the effect of the environment on future capabilities is especially strong and potentially irreversible, regardless of subsequent interventions.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/bd9b0dc3-en	7ba51dde670d14819e1e6863ed250c74	Payments based on improving fishers’ business operations provided the greatest benefit to fishers and had relatively less tendency to increase fishing effort. If only USD 5 billion in fuel support was converted into support of this type, fishers would see increased income of more than USD 2 billion, while at the same time reducing effort and improving fish stocks. Such a change would also provide relatively more benefit to smaller fishers. The authors are grateful for the input of all the individuals that participated in an expert meeting that contributed to the development of the model, Jesus Anton, Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, Martin von Lampe, the TAD/NRP Fisheries team and the OECD Fisheries Committee (COFI) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the document and Fabiana Cerasa of TAD/NRP for statistical support.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	7babd7a4d50425e715b1e92028d432af	This regime can be consistent with the TRIPS Agreement, as will be explained below. It should also be noted that a totally free market policy towards new uses risks significantly lessening the incentive to explore such uses, even for potential local producers. For this and other reasons, we shall also discuss other means of protection that offer an alternative to patents that developing countries might find particularly well-suited to promoting investment in the discovery of new uses of known pharmaceutical substances. As will be further described below, the manner in which governments implement the options available under the TRIPS Agreement will determine both the extent to which the originator patentee will have control over new uses and the space available for follow-on innovators, including local companies, to produce the product in question for such uses. The first concerns the extent to which TRIPS obliges countries to protect new uses of known substances at all, as a technical legal matter. If the TRIPS Agreement does not include such a requirement, the second question concerns the benefits and detriments of choosing whether or not to protect new uses of known substances.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	7bac9df3e8a5ea3fc76716f697e2b4af	Mexico concentrates more on fixed capital formation (44%) and on on-farm services (33%) and South Africa on fixed capital formation with 76%. Activities of smallholders and their degree of specialisation or income diversification depend on their assets and the broader environment in which farmers can make best use of those assets. This environment is related to aspects such as off-farm infrastructure, access to inputs and services, healthcare, schools, climate conditions, and so on. Rural non-farm income is positively correlated with level of development.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7bad61274169207583ba4e0c98e69057	It is unknown, however, whether the availability of courses and programmes is sufficient to meet the needs and demands of adult learners. Other approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, such as work-based programmes and on-line courses targeted to adults were not so readily available. Furthermore, as earlier noted, the Galilee, and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University. The college provides programmes for teachers to prepare for changes in the math and science curriculum. The Gordon College conference centre organises meetings and conferences in fields such as gifted education, green education, that provide opportunities for teacher professional development.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	7badf08ee92db621fb6dd2b1322b878e	Typically, this means a fixed asset in the form of a land title or property deed. In many countries, however, women do not own or have rights to land and therefore lack the collateral with which to secure loans. Worldwide, it is estimated that women own only about one per cent of registered land titles (IFC, 2014).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083578-4-en	7badf13c7a31f0354dec2740bd98e661	Based on a survey of OECD countries the incidence and severity of flood and droughts has been increasing for the majority of countries (Figure 1.2). Many of these countries also project that with climate change the incidence and severity of flood and drought events may continue to increase, while other research also supports an ongoing intensification of the hydrologic cycle (Huntington, 2006; IPCC 2008). This applies to rain fed farming systems, but is especially relevant to irrigated areas where upstream extractions and storage reduce the quantity available for environmental services, floodplains, and other uses downstream, including irrigation (Productivity Commission, 2006).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7bae51cbec175d25867ec1b9cdf83e19	In addition the PBC provides indirect allocations to colleges through its support of research funds in external research funding bodies. The block grants include a teaching component and a research component, but the research component applies only to universities. While the PBC establishes the enrolment levels at each institution for the purpose of allocations, institutions can enrol students outside these limits on a tuition fee basis within limits established by the PBC. The principal incentive for the colleges is negative: their exclusion from research funding.	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	7bb0c6a1573e8fd23058c097731fdfe6	That record-breaking trend has continued in 2016. The global average surface temperature in 2015 broke all previous records by a strikingly wide margin, at 0.76±0.1° Celsius above the 1961-1990 average. For the first time on record, temperatures in 2015 were about 1°C above the pre-industrial era, according to a consolidated analysis from WMO.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	7bb1381c7ee26481fd780111ef91d63d	The use of fertilizers is rapidly growing in parts of the world where only limited use has occurred in the past. In the absence of careful management, there is a risk that such growth will increase run-off of the nutrients that fertilizers contain. In the case of pesticides, the issues are analogous to those of industrial development. Excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage provide the conditions in which harmful algal blooms can occur.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	7bb3fe78d941ab8bbb4a16a10d666b0b	In 2010/11, grants accounted for 19.1% of total revenue; by 2015/16, this had declined to 5.3%. By growing domestic revenues at a faster rate than grants are declining, Ethiopia is avoiding zero-sum domestic resource mobilisation, whereby countries do not have scope for higher public spending despite increasing their tax revenue because donors withdraw financial support at the same rate. Annual tax revenue averaged 78.2% and 86.1% of total government revenue and total domestic revenue respectively, between 2010/11 and 2015/16. Since 2011/12, non-tax revenue has been a more important source of revenue than grants although its level has fluctuated.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	7bb52d4eed7933f727271a4555900cf0	"The study reviews the extent to which the design and implementation of these policies take into account the contemporary interpretation of rights related to the family included in human rights treaties and the commitment to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls as required by the 2030 Agenda. The recognition of the family as the foundation of society requiring protection and assistance is also included in regional human rights instruments such as the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador, e.g., art. If families human rights treaties."" The African Charter differs from other human rights instruments because it not only enshrines the duty of States to protect and assist the family (art.18) but also includes several 'duties'for individuals, such as the duty towards his/her family (art. This section is based on Sepulveda 2003, Chapter III."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	7bb7cd72e15efb023255d69cc7ca5279	Moreover, in many of the FCAS where these processes take place, there is little to nothing in the way of trained support staff or accessible support infrastructure in place for this. Nonetheless, local NGOs and former combatants’ self-help organisations have been able to do important transformative work with few resources, as for example the “Centre d’Encadrement et de Developpement des Anciens Combattants” (CEDAC) in Burundi. Valuable lessons have also been gathered from reintegration processes in spaces where there is more of a care and support infrastructure in place, such as Colombia, Northern Ireland and South Africa (see for example Ashe, 2012; Ashe and Harland, 2014; Theidon, 2009; Xaba, 2001; Langa and Eagle, 2008).	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/a72b920d-en	7bb85b66fb6483a237b4f106993e4202	Center for Global Health Policy, “WHO Regional Director for Africa Discusses Abuja Declarations”, Science Speaks: HIV & TB News, 8 May 2010, (http://sciencespeaks. African Union, “An African Common Position for the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on AIDS, New York, June 2006”, Sp/Assembly/ATM/3 (I) Rev.2, (http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/ UNGASS_Common_Position.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Resolution AFR/RC55/R6, “Acceleration of HIV Prevention Efforts in the African Region”, 25 August 2005, Maputo, Mozambique.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	7bbb87907016770ed8537eaf714194e5	For the San, language has become an added barrier to learning. Further, many families consider the costs to be incurred in obtaining a birth certificates extremely high. There are also issues associated with learning in a foreign language and culture, the absence of successful San students who can serve as role models, and the lack of availability of formal education and real economic opportunity in the areas where San are living.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	7bc4584e816c2a4ba823fcc18f6c5ec2	Soil polluted by industry around cities is analysed for 20 hazardous substances. Samples are taken every five years at these points. Concentrations of nitrates, heavy metals and microbial contamination are analysed. Since 2005, the Ministry of Health has been monitoring soluble fluoride in soil in the Surkhandarya region, which is exposed to pollution from the Tajik Aluminium Plant.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	7bc551d9a2d26ece2b70c8779c6b3110	Still, it is possible that we are not picking up the impact on children in countries that went into recession recently, such as Portugal. In addition, the full impact on children will be felt over many years, and may in fact permanently affect their labour market experience - obviously this analysis only looks at immediate responses. Finally, there is a high degree of heterogeneity in policy responses, not only between countries but also over time.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	7bc581a6246b5c19615244a4bfe6d2e3	It is clear that the scope of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is greater than the Millennium Development Goals, increasing the number of goals from 8 to 17 to include many new action areas, from protection of oceans and access to sustainable energy, to sustainable cities and climate change. In addition, while the MDGs had a single goal on environmental sustainability, the Sustainable Development Goals mainstream environment into all of the 17 goals. The Agenda recognises the changing role that ODA will play in the future, as domestic resources play a greater role in in most countries; in other cases ODA may primarily be used to create the conditions necessary to attract private finance.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7bc8b33900258b2dca605c1008e1d830	Declining quantities of ketamine seizures were reported in Indonesia (declining from 117 kg in 2010 to 4.7 kg in 2013) and Malaysia. The seizure of the plant-based psychoactive substances kratom and khat and the eradication of their cultivation continues to be reported. The largest total of kratom seizures in the region was reported by Thailand in 2014 (54 tons), up from 45.5 tons in 2013. Considerable seizures of kratom were also reported in Myanmar (219 kg in 2013). More than 6 tons of khat were seized in Hong Kong, China, in 2014. Almost 2 tons of khat leaves imported from Africa were found in the storage facilities of four logistics companies, destined for the United States, Canada and Taiwan Province of China.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	7bc9e58d1ed852385d8f2bb1837996d6	While improved security and military presence may improve access to services for women (such as schools, health providers, etc.), Rape carried out by soldiers/insurgents/private military troops and military-fuelled prostitution are the most blatant examples of the negative impact of military-embedded organizations on gender. The likelihood of progressive gender change is thus mediated by CoSOs in complex, multifaceted ways, depending on identity, framework of action and political opportunity structure as well as context.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7bca46df60e5259ead1d033e482e6fa8	Labour productivity has large regional variations. For example, between the northern wheat region where labour shortages are reported and the southern cotton region where harvesting is largely done by low-wage migrants from Uzbekistan. Yields per hectare do not show a clear pattern; potato and vegetable yields have improved substantially after declining in the 1990s, while grain and sugar beet yields are volatile (Figure 1.13). On an international scale, Kazakhstan’s yields of key crops are relatively low (Figure 1.14, panels A and B). The three northern oblasts (North Kazakhstan, Kostanay and Akmola) specialise in grain, producing much of the country’s farm output by value (Figure 1.16). The eastern oblasts (Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan and Almaty) produce most of the oilseeds.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	7bcafceb7c4fe3c29cd3b8f6aff8d70d	In the project-based component, students interview business owners and business managers and report back to the class in form of a written paper and an oral presentation. Unpublished data (from 1995 to 2009) provided by Student Affairs and Development Division, Universiti Sains Malaysia specifically Student Personality Development Section, and Centre for Curriculum Programme. Since 1995, 190 firms were started, of which 100 in the period 2005-09 (IPTTN (National Higher Education Research Institute) 2010). Universiti Sains Malaysia’s “3-track promotion exercise” based on research, teaching and community engagement or industry collaboration provides a promising tool for rewarding and incentivising community engagement and entrepreneurship support.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	7bccc0bbf9f2212d0a234c2f7174635d	According to the results of the CONSOL-project, risks of falls are mainly linked to the characteristics of the pavement: Uneven pavements are a major factor causing falls on streets, followed by slippery pavements (with external contributors like rain or ice). Non-detection of stairs and kerbs is a frequent cause in cases of visual impairment (O'Neill 2013). Falls in public transport (PT) vehicles (O'Neill 2013) often also have to do with irregular flooring. Such falls may be frequent but the severity of the resulting injuries is assessed as only minor.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/99aadf34-en	7bcd99015dd2838d5f08a0423ec08d8f	Domestic value-added in manufacturing exports is also low in those countries. This process would also lift the productivity of the agriculture sector where the vast majority of the poor live and work. In the countries with special needs, production linkages within and across services are still rather weak, compared to those in other developing economies, partly reflecting the slow labour productivity growth of their services sector.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	7bd13ee2c915950a30b6f3cda57e04d6	The geomorphology of the Georgian coast is influenced by the many rivers that rise or flow through the region. This biome occurs at between 150 and 600 m. The vegetation is characterized by halophytic and ephemeral species. One form of eroded deserts is found on Iori Plateau, where the rare endemic Tulipa eichleri can be found. The climate is subtropical with continental dry winters and hot summers. Snow is rare and snow cover is unstable. The bearded grass (Botriochloa ischaemum) ecosystems are the most spread on the steppe.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea56e86b-en	7bd19ab898fd649e821f740243019bf9	To date, 160 organizations and more than 40 countries have made official commitments to the updated Global Strategy, pledging over $25 billion to women's, children's and adolescents' health. Priority is given to low-income countries with high maternal and child mortality burdens that have set specific targets for improving, integrating and expanding access to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services. Within these countries, H6 partners are working with Governments to help formulate and implement policy and legislation to codify lasting improvements in national health plans. They rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children, and to have the information and means to do so.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/97ed059a-en	7bd2b61fda8b48c95b50f4fa5fbf1bb1	This represents a 1.05% increase in the number of poor children in 2008, 4.04% in 2009, 4.34% in 2010, and 4.18% in 2011, all with respect to the no crisis situation. However, in urban areas, the growth rate of child poverty is very high (4.67% in 2008, 20.36% in 2009, 20.82% in 2010, and 19.24% in 2011). This growth rate is relatively low in rural areas, which initially have a large number of poor children (0.71% in 2008, 2.55% in 2009,2.81% in 2010, and 2.78% in 2011). Indeed, if we look at the additional number of children in monetary poverty (engendered by the crisis), we can see that the greatest contribution to this growth in poverty comes from 6 regions (Centre, Far North, Adamaoua, North West, Yaounde and West), the other regions having contributions below average.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7e830810-en	7bd538158147efbdd0237df83fb49dc8	Many utility companies are motivated to manage demand because they face load-capacity limitations, blackouts and unreliable supply. Demand-side management programmes aim to reduce industrial energy consumption through rebates, loans, subsidized audits, free installation of equipment and energy awareness programmes (Gillingham, Newell and Palmer 2006). The changes are implemented through specialized firms.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	7bd54c9bbabafd4d5176ed18c9a2490a	Austria introduced a similar exam (the Lehre mit Matura) in 2008 (Musset et al., In Korea, although vocational high schools are designed for direct labour market entry, in fact around three-quarters of graduates immediately enter tertiary education (Kuczera, Kis and Wurzburg, 2009). Upper secondary vocational programmes therefore need to be designed not only for labour market entry but also to prepare students for further education, building into these programmes a sufficient range of study skills, including basic skills - a point emphasised in OECD (2010).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	7bdafff67b21d3f320e4e3bf4f44d1f4	It trained 22 engineers in motor-system optimization techniques. And within two years of completing training, these local experts had trained more than 1,000 factory personnel, conducted 38 industrial plant assessments and saved nearly 40 million kilowatt hours of energy. Energy awards provide a channel for companies to audit their energy use, identify possible energy savings and increase profitability. In India, the Ministry of Power launched the annual National Energy Conservation Awards programme, which recognizes industrial firms that reduce energy consumption while maintaining production. Companies submit reports on completed energy conservation projects, which are reviewed by government officials. The number of participating firms expanded from 123 in 1999 to 558 in 2009 and over that period saved 12,113 million kilowatt hours of energy (11.3 million rupees; NECA 2009).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	7bdcd101d1a9ae6cc82dd5a169773cef	The negotiators and the secretariat held around 100 meetings with municipalities and regions located along the railway’s possible routes and in the metropolitan areas, as well as with representatives of business, stakeholder organisations, and other actors in Sweden and internationally. The Swedish Transport Administration was an important collaborator and produced a great deal of the analyses required. In the second half of 2015, municipalities and regions submitted benefit analyses to the National Negotiation.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	7be4c1e532727aad3948aa8290c1825f	However, domestic reforms supported by aid for trade can enable producers and exporters to use natural resource endowments more efficiently, productively and in a sustainable manner. A decrease of 10% in the tariff trade restrictiveness would lead, on average, to a 3.7% increase in agricultural exports. This is in line with the findings of other studies that consider overall trade (Hoekman and Nicita, 2011; Hallaert et al.,	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	7be6d2527c97cc29408b1d29736b40a5	Globally, one in every three women has experienced some form of GBV. Men and boys are also victims of GBV and may face even greater barriers than women in reporting it and seeking justice. Due to the high prevalence and costly impact of these crimes, GBV merits a high priority within SSR policymaking and programming.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7be91473b13eaf8a0e138f4cb79221c8	A multifaceted disease-related approach is needed to reduce this excess mortality, including primary care prevention of physical ill health among people with mental disorders, better integration of physical and mental health care, behavioural interventions, and efforts to change professional attitudes. The use of individual care plans (ICPs) could help support patients, and their care providers, to secure the care package that they need over time. Across several OECD countries (notably in Norway and Japan), ICPs are not fully exploited as a tool to promote good coordination and good quality of care between mental and physical health (OECD, 2014d, 2015f). Scope exists to raise professional awareness around the need to attend to the physical health needs of individuals with mental ill-health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e8a00c8-en	7beb6a4e6b04cddce6b3b6cbdb0b8675	The storage may be geological (underground) or in tanks. To be traded as a commodity, all gas entering the pipeline system has to be treated to limit impurities (dry gas). The gas pipelines are pressurized; the high-capacity lines have pressure over 100 bar. Automatic gas leak detection and location systems are important for pipelines to avoid loss, ensure safety, and prevent greenhouse gas emission;45 the same systems are useful for reducing loss and speeding recover)' in case a pipeline is damaged for any reason, including sabotage.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	7bee3ebee8f420b30d94cc73c178df6c	This chapter outlines the evolution of this mix of environmental policy instruments, including regulatory, economic and information-based measures. Portugal’s extensive system of environmental enforcement and compliance promotion is examined, along with the efforts made in promoting public participation in environmental decision-making and opening up access to information and justice. Progress has been noted in the improvement of air quality, particularly in urban areas, reducing pressures on inland and coastal waters, strengthening the management of water supply and sanitation systems, and improving waste management efforts, including the reduction, appropriate treatment, and safe disposal of hazardous waste.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	7beec2faa3801f96aba2c4a221b2a4e3	From 2007 to 2008 public investment in housing and utilities increased by 1 percentage point to 3.3% of GDP, but by 2008, this had fallen back to 2.4% of GDP (Rosstat, 2010a). Comparing the Russian Federation with OECD countries, public social spending in the Russian Federation in 2007 was 12.6% of GDP, and almost 15% in 2009: about 4.5 percentage points below the OECD average (Figure 3.7). Countries are ranked by decreasing order of public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	7bef6623293aec4c66a65c3a2588a006	Many Arab countries, including Bahrain, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, have recently taken action to protect migrant domestic workers with new laws, regulations and policies. These provisions laid the groundwork for improving domestic workers’ access to a minimum wage, labour dispute settlements mechanisms, social security and health insurance.225 However, with the ongoing constellation of factors that severely limit female migrant workers’ empowerment and human rights, further efforts are still needed to safeguard the rights and ensure adequate protection to this vulnerable group of women. Microfinance alone is not sufficient to promote female entrepreneurship, which entails growing an enterprise over time, and eventually employing other individuals.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	7bf11d5e1d2c848f2ef03d3754e1b251	Whilst the trend for addiction care is towards integration, the two systems are still frequently separate. There are variations of between three and 23 weeks for access to a Medically Assisted Treatment scheme for opiate addiction (http://frittsvkehusvalg.no); 23 weeks is an unacceptably long time to wait for access to treatment. Addiction services, which are less widespread in Norway than mental health services, likely need support from mental health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	7bf1f313f1f1a497e7648f58befff0b3	Central government spending for this form of support amounts to between 0.6 and 1.8% of GDP in reporting countries. Eligibility conditions and payment rates vary, but these allowances are mostly reserved for lower income and vulnerable households. In all reporting countries housing allowances are granted to private market tenants but they are often also granted to social housing tenants and owner-occupants.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	7bf43b260735b139f4242c30d50b773d	With this in mind, the School Resource Review' advised the Ministry and the wider education community to complete work on the 2014 draft ‘Teacher Competency Framework”. This framew'ork, it proposed, could serve as a common basis “to guide initial teacher education, regular teacher appraisal, certification processes, teacher professional development and career advancement.” However, the review identified the “lack of strategic oversight” provided by the Ministry to this process, and, while noting wide stakeholder consultation, it also pointed to “lack of debate or common understanding across the system regarding w hat constitutes good teaching” (Shewbridge et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257344-en	7bf68acf79197016e2f71ad69ec88b17	Two key drivers of resource consumption will be economic and population growth. The global economy is projected to nearly quadruple by 2050 (Figure 2.7). Within the same timeframe, the world population is expected to increase from about 7 to more than 9 billion and the per capita income of the world’s population will roughly triple.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	7bf8150cbad715dd45b4f2a909f4886b	For example, can electricity generated by a new wind farm gain access to the transmission network on equal terms to electricity generated in an existing power plant? The extent to which rules are harmonised indicates the ease with which producers and consumers of energy are able to trade across borders. At 3, Kosovo has the highest score: structural reform is underway and arrangements for non-discriminatory access to the grids are in place. Kosovo has also transposed legislation for unbundling and third-party access, including congestion management in electricity, that complies w'ith Third Energy Package requirements.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	7c003c8e3fa2722c2ae4296dd03d4dce	Most of this supports investments and a large part of it is targeted to assist smallholders. The share of support based on input use is also important in Australia, where interest concessions linked to drought, extension services and disease control measures predominate. In Mexico, support to the cost of price hedging and support to on-farm productive investments have become important in recent years. In Israel, both support to variable inputs and investments are important and are often related to the use of water in agriculture.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	7c036082459b0f9a8e725b42669b3654	Although, on average, climate change may have a negative impact on yields, the projected yields by 2050 are still higher than current yields for most commodities. In the case of maize, for instance, under Scenario 4, climate may reduce the potential yields by almost 20%, however the maize yields are still expected to be about 50% higher than they were in 2005. The two scenarios that use inputs from the DSSAT crop model (Scenario 3 (IPSL/DSSAT) and 4 (Hadley/DSSAT)) result in higher world prices for maize, wheat and rice than do the two scenarios using the LPJmL crop model (Scenario 1 (IPSL/LPJmL) and 2 (Hadley/LPJmL)).	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	7c0a06cc8ba9e57a47ec5edaad103d05	In this index, as in ECLAC (2013), households without electricity and those using toxic fuels for cooking are considered to be deprived in respect of energy. Although information on durable goods is usually available in national surveys in the region, it has not been particularly widely used in multidimensional measurements of poverty. It was therefore decided to include a durable goods deprivation indicator in the index, as a more lasting proxy for the standard of living of households.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	7c0a6e9b7def98105973f3040fb6d436	This would remove a bias against poor parents who find it difficult to find ready cash and also prevent students misspending the bus fare money on other items. Free home-to-school transport should also be provided for upper secondary school students from low-income families, so that their participation in upper secondary education is not inhibited by transport costs. The organisation of home-to-school transport should be better co-ordinated in order to make school consolidation involving several municipalities easier to achieve. It is not necessary to provide dedicated school buses as a cheaper alternative but, in the absence of suitable public transport, an option is contracting private bus operators to provide home to school services.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	7c0a99228abad836955b74467d00b31c	The central co-ordination body is responsible for developing the strategy and the government-wide policies, for monitoring progress, promoting the benefits, and providing guidance and support to line ministries and agencies for policy implementation. Indeed, about 30% of countries responding to the OECD Survey on National Gender Institutions, Public Policies and Leadership identified lack of funding among the top barriers for advancing gender equality reforms. The OECD countries’ experience shows that mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than mandates originating from a governmental decree. Having both the statutory authority to propose policy and the proximity to the executive or central administrative structures increases the influence of national gender institutions. Finland’s national gender institution is an instructive example.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	7c0b07ee3b4e7df6f0fd37f97104ef16	According to Klasen and La manna (2009), per capita GDP growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could increase by as much as l per cent annually with gender equality in education. Bandara (2015) finds that total annual output losses due to gender gaps in effective labour (the combined effect of inequality in education and labour market participation) could exceed $60 billion for sub-Saharan Africa, rising to $255 billion for the Africa region as a whole. The latter reflects the wider gaps in North Africa.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/cee83719-en	7c0b21b78a25e822f4d6d1fb382ad1ee	Opinions about how biodiversity offsetting and alternative land rehabilitation actually work differ among governmental officials and international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and activists. Guidelines for biodiversity offsetting and rehabilitation of alternative land are insufficient. Practical implementation of environmental audit has been rather slow and experience is limited to date.	15	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264075429-11-en	7c0b9694415c04c02b5f1d66f5c4840b	Instead, while maintaining fishing activities through restrictions on individual fishery resources based on ecological system and fishery resources, the system allows effectively and quick recovery of resources. As a result, suspension or contraction of fishing activities due to resource recovery can be minimized. Accordingly, fishing business can be maintained with relative stability while promoting resource recovery at the same time.	14	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	7c0c23ca97a153d1f923db7b27842462	Hence, the willingness to pay for improved health is likely to rise sharply with income, and so is the willingness to pay for health care, since health care is a vital input in the production of health. Hall and Jones (2007) claim that as people get richer and consumption rises, the marginal utility of consumption falls rapidly. Furthermore, the marginal utility of life extension does not decline and spending on health to extend life allows individuals to purchase additional periods of utility.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	7c0fd7a3fcf0c8db7dd532a29325e332	Incidents of seclusion and restraint should be kept as low as possible, and it is possible to reduce rates. In a large state-run psychiatric hospital in the United States, for example, rates of seclusion and restraint were reduced through staff training and changes to the treatment culture in the hospital, including changes to unit rules and language, changes to the physical characteristics of the therapeutic environment, and involvement of patients in treatment planning (Borckardt et al., Promoting a patient-centred care environment in hospital settings, and raising the need for awareness of patient safety concerns, can also have a positive impact (Wale et al., This variation suggests significant room for improvement in some prefectures and hospitals. Even more worryingly, the national average rates for seclusion and restraint have risen from 2.4% and 1.6% respectively in 2004 (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2004), to 3.2% and 3.2% in 2012 (National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2012). Incidents of patient injury, self-harm, or inpatient suicide could be reported by prefecture and nationally, as seclusion and restraint, and involuntary admission are.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/665c59ff-en	7c12360977c2c9e76cac3bb0dbcab179	The AREI envisions smart, distributed energy systems that can handle a mix of renewable energy generation. With a highly diversified ownership base compared with conventional, centralized energy systems, a vast number of households, communities, cooperatives and enterprises of all sizes will become producers and consumers of electricity, allowing Africa to leapfrog to the energy systems of the future. As such the AREI stands to contribute substantially to the green growth agenda in Africa.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/cdc2482b-en	7c131d30df6103f9b824af7955b898bf	In particular, Sustainable Development Goal 4 stresses the importance of providing equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities that lead to effective learning outcomes. It also emphasises the need to adapt the content of education to include relevant topics such as human rights and gender equality. The challenge, however, remains to collect quality and comparable data to monitor the wide range of Sustainable Development Goal 4 indicators.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	7c145c1bb597f2b35f5508d9e9385d1f	The licensing system for surface water abstraction and for wastewater discharges was eliminated. According to the 2007 Law on Environmental Impact Permits EIPs are required for new developments and already operating industries w'hich started their activities up to 1996 (before the Law on Environmental Permits came into force). Currently, the legislation on water resource management contains many contradictory provisions, which limits its implementation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	7c16ae24008bb75fec767509988b87cb	Many cases go undocumented due to the perception among victims that the criminal justice system is unresponsive. More than 31 lesbians were murdered in South Africa between 1998 and 2009, but only one of these cases resulted in a conviction. In response to their demands and a petition with 170,000 signatures from 163 countries, the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development established a National Task Team in 2011 to devise a strategy for combating the problem.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/973d5b65-en	7c19a99557488dbb7c4f463eeff3688d	Although connectivity increases, the reliability of information, the safety of access and the openness of data is not guaranteed. The Smart Cities for All toolkit supports a range of organizations and roles related to Smart Cities, including government managers, policy makers, ICT professionals, disability advocates, procurement officials, technology suppliers, and developers who design Smart City apps and solutions to be accessible for all. The toolkit includes several tools targeting specific digital inclusion challenges facing all cities and is available in 10 languages.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	7c19ebcfcf22717e7c26c0a560a42574	The CCSS does have a system in place to monitor, respond to and prevent hospital-acquired infections. A national monitoring and learning system for other adverse events is not, however, in place. The ministry’s 2015-2018 National Health Plan established a health care quality programme that focuses on wider implementation of the EDUS information system and reduction of waiting times. It also, however, aims to systematise measurement of patient experiences and establish quality standards and indicators, initially around organ donation and transplantation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	7c1a1858b0d97bcee3f48e853061615c	Second, political backing must support projects that are necessary at the national level against excessive delays, through appropriate regulatory processes and zoning laws, as well as provide effective mechanisms for consultation, mediation and compensation. The challenge is always to combine pertinent indicators with relevant, consistent and comparable data. In 2010, the NEA published The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy which developed a consistent methodology for all forms of energy and electricity to deliver quantitative metrics for the security of supply.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	7c1bd95b4acbed239960a5a748011d69	It was first established in 1960 as a moral obligation for employers, and became a legal requirement in 1976 (Matsui, 1998). The main features of the policies currently in place to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities appear in the Basic Programme for Persons with Disabilities, which runs from FY 2003 to FY 2012. In addition, already in 2003 MHLW formulated a Five-Year Plan for increasing the number of people with disabilities who can find a job through the PESOs (JILPT, 2006). However, the employment of people with severe physical or intellectual disabilities counts double in the calculation of the fulfilment of the quota.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	7c1f8bfabcaf3475134c285f0bf14b82	Some of these are solely related to the large size of the new commercial nuclear units and would be equivalent for any power plant of a comparable size. However, most are in relation to the essential role that the electrical system plays in the safety of nuclear power plants. In particular, nuclear poses additional requirements in terms of grid control, monitoring and operations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	7c237142114ca0af2ebae830513126af	With regard to access, there are concerns about the impact of greater openness on the incomes of those who were formerly protected. Rising incomes may increase the utilisation of food, but also contribute to a “nutrition transition”, under which not all effects are positive. And while open markets reduce the risks associated with poor domestic harvests, they make international instability a more relevant issue.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191150-7-en	7c240c96b2e693b12d9aa72b731e6e10	Rural and local development policies can help as well by providing targeted policies to improve the attractiveness of rural areas to residents and investors. While this may be perceived as unfair, it is no different than a farmer operating on rented land. A fisher may have many reasons for choosing to rent a fishing right rather than purchase it.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	7c2797b76d904c3acd2b3899122560da	"Water Workshop on Re - thinking Water and Food Security Paradigms, CRC Press, London. Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain: Can we square the circle?, The Establishment of Baseline Groundwater Conditions for the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Spain"", Water Resources Management, Vol. Fixed Effects Estimation of the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Irrigation Water Demand."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	7c28affe9f51ad80278bf0d1a1d0064b	This proportion is slightly above the average of 9.5% of teachers in TALIS who said they regretted joining the profession (OECD, 2014). This ISCED classification defined tertiary-type A education as ISCED level 5A and tertiary-type B education as ISCED level 5B. According to this classification, tertiary-type A education programmes (ISCED 5A) are largely theory-based, but are not exclusively offered at universities. They aim to provide sufficient qualifications for entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements. These programmes have a minimal cumulative theoretical duration of three years, although they typically last four or more years.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	7c28c7129b8fe919b1fa1ff3e598311c	Pou-rakhi, una organization creada por mujeres retornadas en 2003, ha recopilado mas de 1.700 estudios de casos sobre las trabajadoras migrantes retornadas a Nepal. Ademas, en septiem-bre de 2016 se celebra en Katmandu una consulta con 14 mujeres migrantes retornadas procedentes de 14 distritos, a fin de comprender mejor el proceso de reintegration. Tras el debate de los grupos de discusion, se realizaron cinco entrevistas en profundidad para con-solidar los datos obtenidos. Utilizando la triangulacion y el analisis de discursos, el articulo analiza especifica-mente las narrativas que emergen de las voces de las trabajadoras migrantes.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	7c2a8c6eff64a45ad4db821be459f60d	National efforts will be assessed against the objectives laid out in the NDCs, but the NDCs themselves will not be assessed by the UNFCCC for adequacy.6 Therefore, no Party can rely on its membership in the Agreement and good-faith fulfilment of its NDCs to shield it from being judged to be ‘inadequately’ pricing carbon, and being subject to BCA as a result. See, for example, UNEP (2015). It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7c2b36be3ebfd3974b0f546732baac68	Fertiliser use declined dramatically in the 1990s, partly as a reaction to over-use of such inputs in the planned economy. In some cases, especially in the northern grain region, fertiliser use could mask the basic unsuitability for cultivation of some marginal land. When producers had to pay commercial prices for fertilisers, their use dropped dramatically (Figure 1.12).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	7c2bf53dc9988fa264731c102a2ad9de	This compares with an average bound rate at 47% in 2010. Rice and sugar are covered by specific tariffs with levels adjusted frequently in response to changing international prices for these commodities. Since 2008, companies must be approved by the Ministry of TVade as registered importers to import a range of processed products manufactured from meat, cereal, sugar and cocoa.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	7c2e8063c68ed0fa4d7cd41969df88f4	"School leaders' purposeful use of data is essential to ensure that attention is being paid to the progress of every student. In the former, one typically sees bureaucratic ""command and control"" systems, leaving little discretion to the workers and supervisors at the factory floor or service-delivery level of the organisation. In the latter, the people responsible for actually making the product or delivering the services have much more control of the way resources are used, people are deployed, the work is organised and the way in which the work gets done."	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	7c2f98d52a2334d097e3b61165337e79	Depending on the water risks faced, incremental risk reduction may be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability and tolerability of water risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses, and thus cost effectiveness. It also helps to clarify risk-sharing arrangements between public and private actors.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	7c2feb2dfc6b7a80fdce5a476eb866a0	By linking up jobs into a coherent system, they help make the labour market more transparent which facilitates supply and demand matching, as well as providing a basis for adult careers advice and the co-ordination of local education and training (Froy and Gigu£re, 2010). Such approaches are important in a complex and fragmented labour market like tourism where employees move vertically and horizontally around a set of jobs. The Department of Labor has identified 16 career clusters by classifying specific jobs and industries into similar categories based on the knowledge and skill required. Within each cluster are job, industry and occupation types known as pathways.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	7c317d2ed71255cc9d135f570a52d51a	In India, 60.9 per cent of mainstream population has heard about HIV/AIDS, compared to only 38.6 per cent of women from Scheduled Tribes who have received such information. The situations of Bangladesh and Nepal are also similar as 46 per cent of the population has ever heard of HIV/AIDS and only 13 per cent of women have complete information on transmission of the disease in Bangladesh. Disparity between the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Nepal with regard to knowledge about HIV/AIDS remains a cause of concern as the only 60 per cent of women among the indigenous peoples living in southern plains of Nepal known as Tarai have heard about HIV/AIDS compared to national average of 73 per cent. Indigenous women lack direct links and access to public information and mass media, and most importantly it is not communicated in their mother tongue. The first and often-cited reason is the distance to the health facilities. As most indigenous peoples in Asia live in remote parts of the country where government has not invested in the health infrastructure, thus leaving the majority of indigenous populations to rely on the traditional medicines and methods for health care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	7c3352a85242e11e8a287c40b76d2d4e	Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 5 to Mas a percentage of the population aged 5 to 14. Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 15 to 19 as a percentage of the population aged 15 to 19. Data from 2010 on net enrolment rates of ages 20 to 29 as a percentage of the population aged 20 to 29. This figure includes includes all 20-29 year olds, including those in employment, etc.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	7c363f6c9807565c08af255e3d95b999	This is because countries are not explicitly asked to report on adaptation effectiveness, and effectiveness is challenging to measure in an objective. Further, decision 1/CP.21 gives flexibility to developing countries in reporting on the scope, levels of detail and frequency of i.a. Therefore, it is unlikely that information reported will be consistent or timely across countries.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	7c3697aba009b0d53a1f6b9730ca5504	Mezzanine debt financing is thus riskier than traditional debt-financing but also more rewarding; it is associated with a higher yield. As such, it is more flexible than equity financing. This type of financing can be particularly useful for midsized enterprises that cannot access high yield markets due to high minimum size requirements. However, issues of uncertainties around collaterals and problems identifying exit strategies still apply to mezzanine financing used for EE projects.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	7c37b7c2a686ae01bbccaef43ad2121d	In contrast, concessional finance towards technology is stable following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Still, technology-oriented concessional finance is scarce, representing only one-third of the amount spent on research and innovation and less than 2 % of total concessional finance. While nonconcessional and private finance represents a large share of total support towards ICTs and other technologies, greater international efforts using concessional finance could further support people’s access to ICTs and improving digital skills. However, there are wide discrepancies across countries with core research activities representing one-quarter or more of total STI resources in Ethiopia and India, but less than 5% in Indonesia and Pakistan. In Ethiopia, Kenya, and Pakistan support towards ICTs represents less than 1% of total support to STI, while more than 10% of STI resources are targeting ICT development in Indonesia and Tanzania. The sum of the two charts will exceed total support to STI because of activities contributing to both science/innovation and technology.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	7c3bdf3d4df9df678a700e857512c30a	The household connection subsidy is not specified in the budget forecasts as this is largely a choice to be decided by the municipalities. The household connection subsidy is not specified in the budget forecasts as this is largely a choice to be decided by the municipalities. The standard was expanded to allow the use of SWER directly coupled to 33 kV three-phase systems with neutral earthing compensator (NEC) earthing. Take-off points are very sparse and lines feeding less than 200 kVA are typically about 100 kilometres long (Gendenhuys & McLaren, 2007).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7c3c7c35f599e4853ebb3caf218d1a80	Coordination was necessary, given the Pacific Ocean’s usefulness as a route for drug trafficking. The members adopted a three-year plan for the period 2015-2017, which sets out the strategic direction of the Organization and helps members’ administrations to align their activities with the best international customs standards and practices, in order to foster greater economic prosperity and increased border security. In June 2015, the annual meeting of the Regional Security Committee of the Pacific Islands Forum was held in Suva. The Forum is a political group of States that works to promote regional cooperation and integration in the Pacific region.	3	4	0	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	7c3d06ecb4cafa6f9418d1e373e4673c	The purpose of this indicator is to assess the extent to which child care can be used by employed persons. International agreements and conventions: • ILO Convention: Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981(No. Household Child care: This indicator measures the actual use of childcare by calculating the percentage of employed persons with children under compulsory school age (according to national circumstances). Three types of child care from outside the household can be distinguished : • Family (informal) childcare from parents, grandparents or other family members living outside the household • Non-family (formal) childcare by: A nanny, childminder or babysitter in the child's home.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	7c3f30530d44582c5f0812c56a529a11	Belize is a regional leader in the use of bioenergy as a base load energy source. Many CARICOM member states, particularly those on the mainland and the larger island states, have good biomass potential. Waste-to-energy technologies are considered to be thermal power plants in that they raise steam to drive a turbine, which then drives an electrical generator. These types of plants can have characteristics that make it difficult for them to respond to variable changes in a utilities power curve - for example, if there are large numbers of intermittent power plants such as wind and solar.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	7c40c1a036d589dbfb9e57cb6139b651	In general, recent government reforms and policies have tried to address these issues in order to strengthen the contribution of education and skills strategies to inclusive growth, competitiveness and people’s well-being. The overall satisfaction with the education system and schools has increased in Korea since 2007, but remains very low among the poorest population groups. Between 2007 and 2015, the general level of satisfaction with the education system has increased by 4 p.p.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	7c43cf0597dfce2f7303f9da823b497f	Contractual information and agreements, such as nationally determined contributions (NDCs), investment agreements, or service agreements (e.g. research activities or emission audits), can be implemented on the self-enforcing network. In this regard, blockchain solutions have been proposed for the shipping sector in the EU, which is by law required to monitor, report and verify (MRV) CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and other parameters from each ship using EU ports. By combining IoT and blockchain, this data can be tracked easily and immutably, increasing efficiency in the MRV process (EC, 2018b). The blockchain layer is the base protocol, which defines the overarching consensus and validation mechanism, as well as smart contract and wallet standards.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	7c44c97f29b9e22aa371bcbab49947b4	Many countries across the OECD, including France, have recently grappled with similar reforms - with the need to reduce complexity and yet forward integrated spatial planning that can address multiple sectoral issues and policies across a functional territory and act in a timely and responsive manner. The new approach in the Netherlands is unique in terms of how it reorients relationships. A critical element of Dutch spatial and land-use planning is that while institutional frameworks (laws, policies, regulations) structure action, they are not the only feature that does so.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	7c462138d671cc194230eb3d3550299a	The IAPT training programme is a standardised model which trains individuals across one year, where time is split between one or two days per week in formal training, and three or four days per week in supervised service delivery, following an intensive introductory course. Trainees are paid throughout their training. Using this training model 1 500 new IAPT therapists have been trained since IAPT’s establishment.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264212664-en	7c46444cd479a009a18a9db841e2b9dd	In other words, ensuring that the tool is used in the correct context matters just as much - if not more - than the choice of the policy support tool itself. Recent OECD analysis seems to show, however, that price-based support schemes such as FiTs and premiums might be more positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance than quota-based schemes (renewable energy certificates, obligations and targets) (Cardenas-Rodriguez et al., When used in combination with FiTs or TGCs, they can stimulate clean energy investment.13 However, because of their fiscal nature, these mechanisms can create uncertainty for investors as they are influenced by national budget fluctuations and political priorities.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	7c497109fe7bb081c97ed449fda7aef5	Similarly, immigrant students in Canada are more likely to expect to complete a university degree (Figure 6), with a difference of 19.72 percentage points, compared to the OECD average difference of -0.34 percentage points. However, regarding health outcomes, like in many OECD countries, immigrant students are less likely to engage in regular physical activity in Canada, with a difference of -7.02 percentage points compared to the OECD average difference of -3.66 percentage points. Canada has differences on the ESCS scale that are higher than average for access to a desk and a quiet place to study, as well as access to books for school work (Figure 7). Responses are scored and summed to form the Family Affluence Scale (FAS).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d85bcb9c-en	7c4ba03880a46487309c6c1096b946e8	Reflecting this, risk and related concepts permeate the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is also broad recognition that the tools of risk management should be mobilized to support SDG implementation. As risk management becomes prominent in development management, public institutions have to not only adopt risk management approaches and tools, but also adapt their cultures and ways of operating in order to embed risks considerations in their daily business.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/76c9b151-en	7c4f17fd3843d6da92fc1c6b75f0baf7	Although a detailed assessment is outside the scope of this report, recent findings by the International Labour Organization are useful in understanding how trade impacts on employment prospects in developing countries. An ILO study, Trade and Employment in the Global Crisis, describes the general employment impacts in the year following the 2008 financial crisis and trade slump, including detailed assessments for seven countries: Ukraine, Liberia, Uganda, India, South Africa, Brazil and Egypt. Country specific observations were based on official statistics, ILO Country Level Rapid Impact Assessments conducted at the behest of national governments, and economic modelling undertaken by the authors.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	7c50c4ff303c99dc6dda1de8fa88f3f5	Since it came into force in 1986, the law has undergone four amendments, in 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2013. Further amendments were still under development in 2015. Suggestions for changes were collected by conducting investigations, surveys and symposia where policymakers, industries and scientists had a chance to provide input.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/293adac7-en	7c50f9fc14e256f3076d14d6fab3eb20	A central temporary' storage facility for outdated pesticides has been built and pesticides are being transferred to it, depending on MEPNR availability of funds. An incinerator for medical waste has been built in Batumi and some pilot projects on municipal waste management have been implemented. Old batteries are disposed of at special facilities for metal recycling. Environmental licenses will be required for some existing activities in January 2010, but until then IEP is not allowed to enter the premises of private or public entities without a judicial order, as a result of which there is no routine inspection.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/08756197-en	7c510c0cb60cb13f5f9a7727f0b96d0f	The second National Environmental Action Programme 2012-2016 (NEAP-2) underlines the impact of environmental degradation on health, but no specific actions are given to better understand the health impact. The main goal of the action plan and governmental programme is the promotion of health quality in the Georgian population by reducing tobacco consumption and protecting the population from passive smoking. The NCDCPH develops national standards and guidelines; promotes the improvement of public health; participates in the development of public health policy; carries out epidemiological surveillance, the immunization programme, laboratory diagnostic and surveillance activities; responds to public health emergencies; and produces health statistics.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	7c52ea52e3d7942fa9b9c416a011372b	However, attempts to introduce national urban policies need to be responsive to the national context and sensitive to the political culture as well as an appetite for such a policy. This makes it vital to understand the distinctive history and evolution of urban policy in each place, including the role of other territorial, rural and regional policies. Fblicies can attract investment -connecting big cities to intermediate ones, which provide the necessary linkages with rural areas.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	7c53b4310d4df487934b47687549b791	There are, however ISO technical specifications for LNG facilities on land18 or LNG bunkering”, and recommended practices for LNG bunkering, of which the first one was published by DNV GL20 in early 2014. These initial projects had the purpose of building sufficient competence as a basis for decision making. Examples are the COSTA (C02 & Ship transport emissions abatement by LNG) project in Portugal or Archipelago LNG in Greece, to name a few.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	7c548a39cfc54230226352bdeb20da44	The indicator system covers 20 indicators in five major dimensions not confined to academic performance but also including moral development, physical and mental development, nurturing of academic interest and pupils’ burden. This framework was piloted in 30 areas, including in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai Municipality. Several aspects of the current education system are recognised as needing reform to enable the country’s transition towards an innovation economy. Schoolwork burdens on primary and middle-school students are often too heavy and there is enormous family pressure to get admitted to good schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	7c569c7da61609113c726eb1ffdf7fa0	The irrigated area decreased to 5,000 ha in 1998, and increased to 37,000 ha (about 10 per cent of the area under crops) in 2010. Currently, most crops are cultivated without irrigation, and crop yield largely depends on w eather conditions. In the Gobi region, the average wind speed is 3-4 metres per second or even stronger, which can cause significant soil moisture loss and erosion. It is estimated that, over the past 30 years, an average of 35-50 tons of soil have been lost per hectare of cultivated land.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	7c5708f86713d7048d27825371c83b3e	The government can be held liable for environmental damage that occurs because of its actions or omissions (Rincon D., 2011). All damage must be repaired. Examples of aggravating factors are repeat violations and obstructing environmental authorities. The payment of fines or damages does not exempt violators from the obligation to undertake remediation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	7c5b062e0e335ec393ab8a7b8f7f5878	If the industry is shielded by a high weight-to-value ratio and import tariffs, the industry is deemed at low risk of carbon leakage, because the industry is far from the tipping point. Being far from the tipping point means that C02 prices need to be high to spur international competition. We evaluate the investment rate of the industries at risk of carbon leakage to find out whether it is a long-term or short-term risk.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-12-en	7c5c440ec892a8e0cd4fd95d09c25ef3	Adaptive governance implies flexible institutions that can evolve to become more efficient and better articulate their functions and roles. At the same time, this flexibility should build on the comparative advantage of century-old institutions that have proven to be less vulnerable to, and able to recover from, disaster. Drinking water companies are responsible for abstraction, treatment and distribution of potable water; municipalities deal with sewage collection; and regional water authorities manage wastewater treatment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	7c5c9492d0e6aa8ecf634d64b3b978f8	Out-of-pocket costs or net costs to parents are determined by child care fees minus cash benefits, rebates and tax concessions, as well as other relevant benefits. For such dual-earner couples, the average out-of-pocket expenses across the OECD for two children in full-time care are around 17% of AW. However, centre-based formal care is most expensive in English-speaking countries (save Australia), where net costs are above 40% of the average wage. In Germany, the net child care costs for such a dual-earning family type are 11.2% of average wage - well below the OECD average.7 While child care costs matter to German parents, the main disincentive for second earners remains the joint income tax system (OECD, 2007b, 2015e, 2016a; Rastrigina and Verashchagina, 2015).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	7c5ceeb68a46a5f47b06bb790754ee74	This is known as academic tracking or streaming. Some countries have comprehensive systems that provide the same educational programmes to all students up to the end of primary or lower secondary education. Other countries separate students into several tracks that have a different focus in preparing students, which involves providing different curricula, levels of academic intensity and learning experiences.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-7-en	7c61d49c936b813a1ef243135a66b0cb	Bycatch and Discards Work Plan applies. Key management arrangements include input controls (limited entry, individual transferable quotas, gear restrictions and area closures) and output controls (total allowable catches) which apply for 34 species or stocks of shark and finfish. Harvest Strategy Framework used to set total allowable catches for these species. Bycatch and Discards Work Plan applies.	14	1	7	0.75
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	7c6256779c4876056fe38bfa0bd48295	Let T be the required number of time-slots, which is the required number of time-slots determined using the time-slot assignment algorithm. In other words, T means the required frame length to accommodate all traffic. T is calculated by computer simulation, as frame length increases by 1 time-slot from the frame length with 1 time-slot and then scheduling is performed.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	7c6276df9afd19c4c00fe02f26a83ece	This is a relatively small business (approximately EUR 300 000 in 2010) but with good potential for growth. The water and sewage department of Troms0 Municipality has undertaken a number of innovative projects to reduce its own energy demands, and aims to be energy neutral in 2014, which implies producing more than 7 GWh of energy themselves. The city is currently extracting energy from the fall of water between the source and the urban settlements, and also by using heat pumps to remove heat from sewage.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	7c63989a75265cf9789f53fd86aca022	It is necessary to assess to what extent the issue will be reduced if the option is successfully implemented. Accordingly, policy makers may prefer quick fixes to eliminate the symptoms rather than addressing the roots of the problems: If you don't have enough capacity, just ask the system operator to add new capacity! This is simple to understand, has visible effects and keeps the lights on.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	7c64a950524ff96663b98626471e88bb	The participant survey showed that on average, half of the participants in work while on the Work Programme received in-work support. The support rates were higher for participants with caring responsibilities and those with long unemployment spells prior to employment. In-work support included advice from a personal adviser, help and support with benefits and financial advice, and contact with the employer to support the participant. However, providers did not use the sustainment payments to pay ERA-type retention bonuses. Also providers emphasised a need of in-work support for those who had been out of work for longer periods. In contrast, 30-39% of participants entering work avoided or refused the in-work support, possibly because they felt stigmatised by being on the Work Programme or wanted to feel that they had moved on from unemployment.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	7c64ad23aec87e2511141e2405a76967	The main governmental institution responsible for forestry, forestry-related activities and forest management is MoNP and its subordinated bodies, the Department of Forestry, NIDFF, and the Service for Forest-Seed Farming and Natural Parks Protection. During that period, the Department of Forestry had 29 forestry companies and organizations. Among engineering and technical personnel, there were specialists specifically qualified in forestry, as well as agronomists, geographers, biologists and others.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	7c65e018220c02c1644f611510147c74	Yet mothers in two-parent families who had more time to spend with their daughters did not always follow up on their sexual activities, whereas fathers did. The implication is of underlying material needs and of paternal reluctance to recognise their role in the decisions of adolescents. These cash transfers are often deployed to ensure children's schooling, improve health care and re-allocate productive resources within households (Adato & Bassett, 2009; Mokomane, 2013). It has been found, for example, that girls in households receiving non-contributory social pensions are more likely to attend school, succeed academically, and have better health and nutrition indicators than children in similar households that do not receive the pension (ISSA, 2008).	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	7c66e4bca53729a68a35c2aaad1937b0	All LDCs and SVEs are engaged in free trade agreements (FTAs) with countries both within and outside their geographic regions. At the regional level, Table 13.4 shows that small and least-developed countries are engaged in RTA negotiations, in many cases in multiple theatres: for example, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Pacific Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) and East African Member States are also engaged in both sub-regional and regional trade negotiations; Afghanistan is a member of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) but also pursuing FTA negotiations within the framework of its membership of SAARC. Outside their regional groupings, SVEs and LDCs have either signed, or are in the process of negotiating, bilateral trade agreements with both developed and developing countries.	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	7c671a3b388e651ab50db6aed4e5234a	For our analysis, we use the case of Jordan, a lower middle-income country that has come a long way in reducing child mortality, as evidenced by the drop in under-five mortality from over 80 per 1,000 live births in the 1970s to 26 per 1,000 in 2007.5 While this is a remarkable achievement, particularly at Jordans per capita income level, recent progress was slower than in many other middle-income countries. At this point, a fresh assessment of the main determinants is warranted to inform the policies needed to get the country back on track towards achieving MDG 4. The sample includes over 40,000 children born between January 1971 and September 2007. Differentiating between personal and biological factors, behavioural factors, and household and community factors, we find that behavioural factors such as birth spacing, smoking and breastfeeding seem to matter most for infant and under-five mortality in Jordan.6 This is in contrast to earlier studies on Jordan that had found a strong impact of household and community factors, most notably the area of residence— urban versus rural—and the mothers education level (Adlahka and Suchindran, 1985; ESCWA, 1991; Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa, 1996).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	7c68065f619c86c22dd1b000ad88cdfd	Where that is the case, they can derive an extra benefit over and above the cost reduction resulting from the other factors. Where appropriate and reliable data are available, the cost reductions resulting from given forms of government support to the “export measures with equivalent effect” can be estimated in a reasonably straightforward manner. They can be expressed as a total sum or per unit of the product concerned, dividing the total by the quantity of either the targeted exports or of all exports.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	7c681ca94ef665bb490c4f327f9e61cd	Paris, OECD; available at: www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/44/3/35837840. Briefing note for the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment, Special Session, TN/TE/INF/7, Geneva, 5 October. Report of the Expert Meeting on Strengthening Participation of Developing Countries in Dynamic and New Sectors of World Trade: Trends, Issues and Policies, TD/B/COM.1/EM.26/3, UNCTAD, Geneva, February.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	7c6a51881c78fa7246c40b7c93aee6d7	Agar and Sutinen (2004) considered the impacts of different rebuilding strategies in a multi-species fishery. More specifically, they considered alternative gear restrictions and non-selective technologies by changing the catchability of the over- and under-exploited species. These rebuilding strategies were then analyzed within the context of biological predator-prey interactions between the species and economic cost interdependencies in the fishing of the two species.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7e830810-en	7c6bbea07c46d03b3c69bf0900191aa6	In addition, using a simple payback rule neglects the time-value of money and the expected positive cash flow from energy cost savings in the longer run. Finally, the non-energy benefits of industrial energy efficiency are often overlooked. More efficient furnaces, for example, are more reliable and reduce down time, improving productivity (Worrell et al.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	7c6bc0cdeb789ddab944c14a3c01c98f	Several governmental and civil society organisations are actively involved in raising awareness of the relevant legislation and they provide legal advice in this regard” (CEDAW, 2012). Such a procedure could ensure women greater access to financial assets. Land may also be divided among male heirs before the father dies, as it is possible to make living bequests and donations. Women are then put under pressure not to claim their share.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	7c6e70ab3447fdc693c216628dfc18a5	"To enhance labour productivity, the government needs to reduce the share of informal employment, which remains high vis-a-vis the OECD average. High severance pay has reduced employers’ incentives to formalise employment relationships, trapping informal workers in low-productivity jobs without access to formal training. Reducing severance pay while further expanding unemployment insurance, would go a long way towards a Chilean model of ""flexicurity”, characterised by more flexible employment relationships that would, nonetheless, grant better protection to workers. Openness to trade and foreign investment has intensified competition in domestic markets and facilitated access to imported intermediate goods."	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	7c6f2db9fcc9ae152a9930322d770841	For example, some countries with career-based public employment have increased the level of school involvement in selecting teachers or in matching teachers to vacancies, or they have introduced performance-management schemes and devolved the responsibility for them to school leaders. More radical reforms of public-sector employment are rare, however, and often encounter significant resistance. But the shared goal of supporting teachers' professionalism throughout their career translates into many different approaches to selecting and evaluating teachers, and a wide range of career and compensation structures.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	7c7130d5d21da28dbe3f57dd5ed4b0e4	"Cities and countries reporting on this indicator are encouraged to promote better design and use of streets as public spaces. The fact that the indicator measures the share of the built-up area allocated to open space makes it sensitive to the definition of what constitutes a city and its built-up area. The indicator does not include measurement on safety, and it partially covers the notion of inclusivity by reference to access should be available ""for all? Definitions on what constitutes public space, public use and the notion of open were agreed upon by experts through consultative meetings.35 Disaggregation of information by sex, age and persons with disabilities remains a key challenge which requires conducting comprehensive surveys in cities on public spaces."	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	7c728195629caf5734013101e4c5529a	It improved the understanding of the system's problems and made specific measures to be taken. For instance, the process of school consolidation first targeted the poor performing among the small schools. Such data provide teachers with valuable diagnostic evidence about both student performance, and school performance, more generally.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-4-en	7c72ae446eb474b389d16f9893580035	This has led to a world fishery that is characterized by falling productivity, economic inefficiency and stagnant incomes for fishers. Recent work by the World Bank indicates that the economic benefits from rebuilding and effectively managing fisheries are substantial, estimated at around USD 50 billion a year (World Bank/FAO, 2008). In particular, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, governments committed to an ambitious goal of rebuilding fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield by 2015. Recognizing that rebuilding international fish stocks must occur within a cooperative governance framework, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA, December 2001) has enabled RFMOs to address the overfishing of straddling and highly migratory stocks fished primarily on the high seas. The primary motivation for the OECD work on the economics rebuilding fisheries stems from a recognition that policy makers need to not only ensure that rebuilding paths are scientifically well-founded and achievable, but also that the programs are cost-effective and efficient in achieving their objectives. This requires the integration of a broader amount of economic information in decision making processes than is generally the case in many OECD countries.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	7c782bee65688b0fead053cdccfdaa76	The path towards a post-2012 climate regime had to be launched at COP 13/CMP 3 taking place in December 2007, in Bali, Indonesia, if an agreement was to be reached in 2009. This timeline was necessary to allow for the new agreement to enter into force prior to 2012. As part of his strategy, the Secretary-General quickly integrated climate change into his regular meetings with world leaders. Of particular consequence, on 16 January 2007, only two weeks after the start of his term, he held his first meeting with United States President George W. Bush.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	7c7a4074f9c8426a2911274db1a44140	Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper, No. As the gender ratio of education increased on average by around 0.09% each year, it suggests that it contributed to increasing annual economic growth by a further 0.07% per annum (i.e. 0.09% * 0.81). Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, RJ.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	7c7bbcea5b717e0daafe68ee373c2d5c	Transcalar approaches also need to be considered when identifying the “right” scale for stakeholder engagement as they can challenge the usual conception of levels of governance and governments and shed light on stakeholders that are active alternatively at different scales. As a result, it can contribute to making stakeholder engagement more inclusive and implemented at the relevant scale so it effectively contributes to formulating sustainable water policies and projects. But mappings are specific to given places and times, across which targets change and adapt. Such exercises should therefore be iterative, transparent, regularly assessed and adjusted each time targets change to allow actors to leave, and new ones to join, including from outside the water sector. Therefore, formulating rules on how to ascertain that engagement processes remain “fit-for-target” is important to guide decision making and implementation (Figure 3.16). Similarly, the Swiss private bank Pictet Asset Management has financed activities in water reuse and recycling, smart water grids, storm water management and decentralised integrated systems such as rainwater harvesting.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae3ea1a6-en	7c7e76d009aa860d640ddf27c0cb564d	At the same time, the high population growth and rapidly changing lifestyles and diets are leading to growing demand for wheat. This increasing demand for wheat is not only an Arab phenomenon; rather it is a worldwide occurrence indicating, therefore, that ensuring wheat availability will remain at the top of the regional agenda for the foreseeable future. It is easily stored and processed into flour that can be used in many culinary preparations, making it one of the most important sources of carbohydrates. It contains proteins and a wide diversity of minerals, vitamins and lipids, which makes it highly nutritious especially when combined with other food items (such as, for example meat, legumes and vegetables).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	7c7fc5f4884e7c9df68519fa2b83918b	Very-Low-Cost-Access (VLCA) practices, which receive subsidies to serve high-need communities, accept in exchange to forgo some revenue from patient fees. As a consequence, the average co-payment per visit payable in “ordinary” practices (NZD 36.58 or USD 24.73) is reduced to NZD 14.77 (USD 9.99) in VLCA practices. Otherwise, patients may be exposed to costs.	3	1	3	0.5
10.6027/c491a19d-en	7c80b1758c13b8c88a040deac6fc73d8	"The emphasis in these reports is mainly on identifying the relevant ecosystem services in Nordic freshwater and marine waters. These reports may act as ""check lists"" to see which ecosystem services and benefits may be affected by socio-economic activity and should be taken into account in decision-making. This report further gives an overview of the importance of ecosystem services from these coastal ecosystems, see table 4."	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	7c82f41dd3182517e4d113ba6470b757	In practice, there remains a large gap between commitments and funds that have been pledged and disbursed by developed countries. The largest target sector for these flows in 2016 was renewable energy, with a share of 43.3 per cent ($295 billion), followed by energy efficiency with a share of 36.1 per cent ($246 billion), and sustainable transport with a share of 13.5 per cent ($96 billion). Climate finance flows to non-Annex 1 Parties (developing countries) are only a fraction of these total flows, as illustrated in figure 4.1. Total climate finance flows to developing countries, including mobilized private finance, increased by 13.4 per cent between 2015 and 2016, from $61.9 billion to $71.4 billion. Several initiatives that aim to provide an overview of available funds are under way.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	7c87e86fb06c841a3103a580816ea4a2	Although Latvia is a small country, municipalities own most of the 30 hospitals in the country. Each municipality makes its own procurement and capital investment decisions, resulting in a large numbers of expensive pieces of equipment, such as MRI scanners (discussed further in Chapter 2). In contrast to municipality-owned hospitals, these are under more restrictive financing obligations, and also pay dividends to the central government.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	7c881e87b0086f6d34118e8f46eacbab	For many, well-being is to be found in a way of life that minimizes the need for the sorts of material goods and services included in calculations of GDP per capita (AHDR, 2004). These problems are related to the region’s small scale, its resource dependence, the importance of subsistence, and the significant outflows of resource rents and inflows of transfers. This drawback has long been recognized and emphasized as a limitation in using GDP as a measure of social welfare.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	7c8e401344be377bd9b0310102e9c5fb	There were co-payments for outpatient services across all programmes, except for SSK pensioner and dependents who had to pay TRL 0.8 per outpatient visit. For inpatient services there were no copayments. For outpatient pharmaceuticals, coinsurance rates for active workers and dependents under SSK, Emekli-Sandigi and Bag-Kur were 20%, while for pensioners and dependents they were 10%. At the centre of the Health Transformation Programme was a consolidation of multiple health insurance schemes into a single payer.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	7c9076d96a6b53589f663de8908667b0	The example of Mexico outlines how different satellite accounts can overlap in the phenomena that they are attempting to measure. For instance, the provision of help or care to other households may be captured in both household satellite and health satellite accounts. Recognising these linkages helps avoid duplication and achieve results that are consistent across satellite accounts.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	7c90a5b4bcf5f714f8992c9ad7295e50	Groupings of dwellings whose owners co-operate to provide and maintain a common water supply. Drinking water standards do not allow any presence of E. coli. When a group scheme gets its water from the local authority (e.g. from a public main), it is called a public scheme. One that distributes water from its own intake or well is called a private group water scheme.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	7c923bd8278e7321843a529e03020eae	The mean scores of 18 of the 21 risk management strategies rose significantly over the 12-year period (Figure 11). This suggests that farmers now consider that virtually all ways for managing risks are more important. In only one instance did the mean score decline and this was for the strategy “keeping debt low”. It is noteworthy that the largest increases in the importance scores were found for marketing and diversification, strategies that farmers use less widely than output and financial risk management. However, the growing appreciation of the importance of certain risk management strategies has not been coupled with actual (or a proportionate) increase in the use of these strategies by farmers. The approach of keeping debt low fell from third in importance in 1992 to ninth in 2004, and fewer farmers were using debt (63% versus 85%).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	7c924925784578b0fffa7d4ede0c48d3	As expected, total income increased for all household types that experienced the shock (table 14). The impact is highest, however, on nonpoor rural households with a non-educated household head (a 1.16 percentage point increase in total income). This is followed by households that are in the rural areas below the food poverty line.	15	3	2	0.2
10.18356/215d0d56-en	7c92cbf3a3e03c34d1e0b6dfffee4175	Governments, which have a unique capacity to convene all relevant stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and the scientific community, have an important role to play in facilitating consultations with, interactions among and the participation of those stakeholders so as to enhance reciprocal trust. As highlighted above, actions in multiple sectors (including energy, health, agriculture, transportation and technology, among many others) and at different levels of governance are therefore required to provide coordinated and coherent policy support. An additional layer of complexity is imposed by the fact that the negative impact of climate hazards is usually localized.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264310278-en	7c92fdbaf8cd56e7c33e1a3034738b33	Black and African Americans and Hispanics are financially more vulnerable as compared to non-Hispanic white Americans. On average, Black and African Americans are 8 percentage points more likely to be financially vulnerable whereas Hispanics are 6 percentage points more likely to be financially vulnerable, as compared to white non-Hispanics, after controlling for other household and regional characteristics. On average, having a college degree decreases the probability of being financially vulnerable by 11 percentage points as compared to having no high school diploma.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	7c97c29221a11c47beaff1b7bc2b7f53	These charges can represent a significant share of the water bill (about one-third of water supply and sanitation bills for households, in the case of France, as an illustration). This is reflected in the level of prices (which have increased, at times substantially, over the last decade) and in the structure of tariffs (which better reflect consumption and treatment costs). Water tariffs in Denmark reflect the choice to recover all supply and sanitation costs from users (see Box 3.2).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	7c98c37be4796b8ed14421150ea5887a	Because poor consumers are more responsive to price changes than affluent consumers, tax and subsidy policies may have disproportional impacts on different population groups. Moreover, many foods contain a combination of nutrients that may be beneficial or harmful depending on the amount consumed and the nutritional status of the consumer. These and other factors pose challenges to the effective use of nutrition-specific taxes and subsidies to improve dietary choices and nutritional outcomes.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	7c9e7f9efa340359eba011019c3469c3	For example, investing in infant nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life can prevent malnutrition among older children (Scaling Up Nutrition 2016). Social cash transfers have been proved to reduce school dropout rates, child labour, adolescent stress and risky behaviours such as substance abuse, transactional sex and teenage pregnancy (Davis et al. Most often, social assistance programmes are designed with rural poverty and vulnerabilities in mind. What do urban contexts imply for the design (adaptation or extension) of social assistance programmes, especially for urban children?	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	7c9ead47afa544a1273e277659bce054	The Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association, a human rights organization, fights for access to justice for all women and children, targeting the poorest in the most disadvantaged areas. The Kiribati Association of NGOs organizes workshops and training on issues related to gender and domestic violence. They have been involved in awareness-raising and advocacy, which has in some countries contributed towards the enactment of relevant legislation.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	7ca1ddb82ccd546507f1ff3d4e1e3a8c	When placed at the end of a paragraph, such references apply to all preceding paragraphs up to the previous such reference. The citations on which the text is based can be found in those chapters. Important issues arise for the institutions of ocean governance at the global, regional, national and local levels in balancing the benefits of acquiring these services against the disbenefits (referred to by some as detriments) caused by overexploitation and destructive practices, and in preventing or mitigating those disbenefits (chap.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	7ca25574497e17ff63de9ba18166655d	The value of the substitution emission-credits depends highly on the individual country or even region in which the substitution takes place. If a solid lignin byproduct is co-fired to produce electricity, the emission-credit will for instance be much greater in a country/region with a fossil-dominated energy supply than for a renewable energy supply. Extrapolation of LCA GHG-estimates to other countries/regions should therefore be treated with caution.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1ea53441-en	7ca359377fd96383bfe7c96aebf26c52	Several of the economic instruments, like energy taxes, have fund raising properties the revenues of which could be channelled back or “recycled” into funds for climate-related activities. Regarding the latter, national governments could decide to voluntarily make available funds in relation to their own GDP (a voluntary “GDP tax”), or there could be GDP-related transfers based on an internationally agreed rate (analogous to ODA commitments), or there could be a multilateral collection of such “GDP taxes”. In terms of intertemporal reallocation, a dedicated international financing facility could stimulate front-loaded investments in mitigation.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264284425-10-en	7ca7f3a7b42616643168e4f0d803efc0	The OECD stands ready to continue supporting Chile to achieve this objective, and to set new, more ambitious goals once previous aspirations are met. Such work will entail meeting the demands of the rapidly changing world. Since then, Chileans from all parts of society have paid close attention to efforts aimed at improving the quality and equity of the education system (see Chapter 1).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	7cad684d8fba04a69e084ec3e96beae2	When the unemployment rate rose above 10% during the global economic crisis, the government financed temporary emergency programmes. On top of that, the reconstruction temporarily boosted the demand for workers in labour-intensive industries, especially construction. The mining and agriculture sectors, though less intensive in jobs, have also taken advantage of high commodity prices to increase employment. At the same time, important policy reforms, such as extended early-childhood education and maternity leave and the new in-work benefit for low-income women (Bono al Trabajo de la Mujer), have aimed at fostering female labour participation.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	7cae0c4902b7d6d3d9328b8c8c8d6205	This programme is funded by the Ministry of the Economy and other sources. Information for other years is not available.____________________________________________________ Of note, budgets that are lower when executed than when planned are common in Portugal. Only programmes with information publicly accessible to the OECD team were included, hence some funding sources may be missing.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/c544899f-en	7cae93a3e49befdb922efe4622dfd9d3	This largely reflects the region’s strong economic performance and, in some countries, a shift in the sector composition of GDP towards more electricity-intensive activities.7 Current per capita electricity consumption in the region (2,150 kW), while still far below the level in developed countries, suggests sustained growth of consumption in the next few decades, as has happened in other developing regions such as Asia or Africa (IEA, 201 la). These differ widely between countries, and it is impossible to analyse each one in this chapter; but certain key measures are highlighted which have contributed to investment in new capacity, particularly in the generating segment, in the region’s largest economies. Under this system, the firms that bid the lowest electricity prices are awarded a contract to sell energy to the distributors.8 With the resulting 20-year income guarantee, the firms constructed generating plants with good financing conditions, which, together with the availability of good hydro and wind resources in Brazil, enabled them to make auction bids to supply energy at 67 reais (USS 59) per MWh for large hydroelectric plants in 2010, and 102 reais (USS 59) per MWh for wind and hydro and gas energy in 2011.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	7caf7521c68adecd5545a2ef3f50ce04	Meanwhile, Governments of countries in the subregion should continue to make progress in tackling corruption within the tax and customs administrations, strengthening the rule of law and the protection of migrant workers’ rights and ensuring fair business competition. One group consists of Pacific island developing economies and the other, the developed countries, Australia and New Zealand. All the Pacific island economies, except Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Tonga, improved their growth performance in 2011, averaging an economic growth rate of 7.9%, following the setback they had experienced during the global financial and economic crisis of 2008/09.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	7cb138a8d14dceb5d89ae0386504ca77	In New Zealand and the United Kingdom teenage pregnancy rates are above 20 births per 1 000 women aged 15-19 years (22.1 and 23.6 respectively). Rates of teenage births are lowest in the Netherlands, Slovenia, Italy, Japan and Switzerland, with rates of 5 or less per 1000 young women (UNICEF, 2007; OECD, 2013a). The lower gender wage gap at the bottom of the earnings distribution is partly explained by institutional factors, such as the influence of minimum wage and the coverage of collective bargaining (ILO, 2006).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	7cb3da9a35da0f88e88e4c72e386cc97	The percentage of non-poor children increased from 18% in 2002 to 65% in 2013 while the number of severely poor children fell by 33 percentage points over this period (Figure 2.6). The sources of funding for public expenditure are tax revenue, non-tax revenue, domestic credit, external assistance and external loans (Kiringai et al., These include the federal block grant, which is transferred to federal-level agencies and ministries such as the Ministry of Education and regional Bureaus of Finance and Economic Development (BoFEDs).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	7cb4432d55f34f27544b9b4d53b966e3	Reference was also made to the importance of clear land tenure and effective governance arrangements to support implementation. The Co-Chair concluded his summary by emphasizing the importance for the future international arrangement on forests of securing strong political commitment to the implementation of sustainable forest management. The high-level interactive dialogue with the heads of the member organizations of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, heads of the regional organizations and senior representatives of major groups was held on 14 May 2015.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	7cb48ebcb3bb5f0c6f1e8ef5098345c1	State-budget transfers are supposed to cover all costs, i.e. there are no mandatory local-government contributions. However, local authorities can, and often do, top up school funding (particularly for infrastructure, such as sports facilities). There are two main teaching unions, the High School Teachers’ Organisation and the Israeli Teachers Union. Indeed, about one third of students are in schools that run vocational variants of the Bagrut examination.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	7cb54a20576af7336062b21659dc79ff	The third-most significant indicator in terms of the number of instances of deprivation was that of “disposal of household waste” (14 million people), followed by “school attendance”, “child labour” and “overcrowding” (over 10 million people each). The totals for the other indicators varied from slightly more than 8 million people (household assets) to less than 1 million people (material used to construct the walls of the house). The rest of table 5 gives a more detailed picture.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/f81b7706-en	7cb82ac276f71f8ed37fd139abf020ce	In so doing, they are not only increasing the chances of their success, but they are also paving the way for a new generation of women to enter the legislative process (Karam 1998, p.125). The study concluded that: ‘In Norwegian politics, there is unquestionably a mandate of difference attached to women politicians’ (Skjeie 1998, pp.183-189). Great progress has been made but we are not there yet.' The pillars of ‘good governance’ are now generally agreed to include: the responsibility of the government (that is, the executive and its administration) to manage; the role of the judiciary, statutory bodies, the media and civil society to provide checks and balances; and the role of the private sector, working in a conducive macroeconomic environment, to create wealth and jobs.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7cbc325a9927ad410fc69c0bfcd74984	The legislation, which amends the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, establishes specific criteria that must be met by applicants seeking an exemption for activities involving illicit substances at a “supervised consumption site” in order for the exemption request to be considered by the Ministry of Health. Canada currently has one supervised consumption site, but additional applications for the establishment of drug consumption rooms have been received by Health Canada and are currently under consideration. In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada issued its judgement in the R. v. Smith case relating to the definition of “marihuana” in the country’s medical cannabis programme which, until then, limited the lawful use of cannabis to “dried herb”.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	7cbf403f860790ef596d076eff219e75	For example, given the crucial role of MOC in urban green growth, MOC could be added to one of the vice-heads of the ICB. As outlined in the previous section, out of VGGAP’s 42 actions which are relevant to urban areas, only five actions have been allocated to MOC to lead on. Currently, while green growth is assigned to DPI and climate change is assigned to DONRE, no inter-sectoral co-ordination mechanisms are institutionalised.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	7cc06ebbb9a0284b5222b7484f0c4103	In Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, groundwater use is conditional on the assessment of third party impacts, an environmental impact assessment, and current and past uses (OECD, 2014b). In France, the authorisation to abstract groundwater is dependent on an impact assessment conducted by the Prefet that can be revoked in case of water shortage (OECD, 2010a). The moratorium was originally supposed to end in 2003, but has been extended several times.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	7cc303cd412aab7e3019d0ed115568ca	Figure 1.3 presents time-series data on the number of PYLL due to CVD as well as for all other causes of death by using the age limit of 70. The vertical axis represents the average number of PYLL per 100 000 population across OECD countries. Among men, CVD accounts for approximately 18% of the total number of PYLL.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	7cc5a142d565c7f87a58f36f25460b52	Gender-blind policies and public sendees are often based on information derived from men’s activities and/or the assumption that everyone affected by the policy (both women and men) has the same needs and interests. Because men and women will have different experiences due to societal structures, such as gender roles, access to resources and opportunities, equal treatment is often insufficient. Achieving gender equality, therefore, necessitates recognising differential impact.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	7cc5c04bd2f88f9e29df07ca5616d0b6	It originally served to connect debates on politics and administration that equated governance with government, but the focus has subsequently been extended beyond government to encompass relationships between a range of state and non-state institutions (Kaufmann etal., Public governance now refers broadly to power and authority and to how a country manages its affairs, and is taken to encompass all the mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions citizens and groups use to articulate their interests and to exercise their rights and obligations. Water governance formally refers to the set of administrative systems, with a core focus on formal institutions (laws, official policies) and informal institutions (power relations and practices) as well as organisational structures and their efficiency.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	7cc9d4af45995a2bd30145c33d012549	Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society - one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Ensure a shared vision across the system concerning what students should leam and why. Make effective instructional and school management practices visible across the entire school system.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	7cd2c8ae7d7a21162130a3d1c1391ab7	The Brcko District is not assessed separately. The focus of this sub-indicator is therefore on electricity, though in accordance with the Third Energy Package, the unbundling and third-party access rules indicator also reflects the status of rules and legislation in the gas sector. Evidence from the Weatherisation Assistance Program”, Energy Institute at Haas Working Paper Series, Berkeley, CA, http://facultv.haas.berkelev.edU/wolfram/P apers/paper_draft_06_ 15 clean .pdf.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	7cd53e19e4f274c22a69113694bad63f	It is also a major reason for the practice of fallowing of aquaculture facilities (O’Connor etal., As aquaculture moves into offshore and deeper waters, oxygen will be a limiting factor in many areas around the globe that seasonally develop severe bottom water hypoxia. Offshore areas that may be risky places for aquaculture include the northern Gulf of Mexico off the coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, much of the Danish straits, the northern Adriatic Sea, the northwest Black Sea, the East China Sea off the Changjiang River (Rabalais et al.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599598-13-en	7cd6ed639863f4c73a6be2f1d985cec3	For example, overall effects of urban planning and design on levels of physical activity and a range of related health outcomes are now well evidenced, especially in developed countries (Smit et al. Such policies may be especially important in low- and medium-income countries where rapid urbanisation and related developments have resulted in the loss of outdoor spaces conducive to sport and active recreation (Akindes and Kirwan 2009). However, spaces that allow both structured and unstructured engagement in sport and active recreation, alongside other leisure pursuits, can encourage wider family and community engagement, and more sustained use (McCormack et al.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	7cd99f29e166e992f48e7ee3ba852bdf	Unified territory implies promotion of a peaceful unification and the establishment of a co-operative relationship between the South and the North. The balanced growth approach aimed at reducing disparities between regions and at favouring decentralisation from the Capital Region. ( First, the Multi-functional Administrative City, otherwise known as Sejong City, is constructed to form a self-supporting city of 500 thousands inhabitants by 2030 and a home to many of newly migrated central government ministries and institutions.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	7cdb07ecda40c06848a11f9d77c791a5	A special programme for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species on a national scale is currently being prepared by a professional team led by the National Parks Authority (NPA). The IGB is a national body responsible for the collection, preservation and evaluation of indigenous plant species, with the aim of preserving plant genetic resources and the endangered genetic variability of Israel’s flora. A few additional small, targeted ex situ collections are located in other research institutes. Efforts are being made to conserve both natural and agricultural biodiversity, applying conservation not only to species related to agriculture but also to other endangered or rare wild native species.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	7ce20a88e66e44b22d145ab81c5042b6	All Parties are now requested to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities at the national level under Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement, and report on their adaptation activities under Article 7.10. In both cases, collecting and providing information on adaptation monitoring and evaluation is at the discretion of Parties. Under its Ar ticle 14, the Par is Agreement also requires the Conference of the Parties to periodically take stock of the collective progress made towards achieving the global goal on adaptation (Article 7.1), through a process called the “global stocktake”. National adaptation monitoring and evaluation is a relatively recent activity, and there is limited experience with mid-term and end-term evaluations of adaptation policies at the national level. Evidence of growing interest in adaptation monitoring and evaluation at the national level can be found in the recent proliferation of initiatives, guidelines and frameworks to develop systems in the policy and research commuities, as well as references made within countries’ NDCs. Among the large majority of Parties who have included adaptation within their NDCs, almost half reference the importance of monitoring and evaluation systems, often indicating they plan to develop one.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	7ce3fdc740c990dde52c9e8ca36f93be	Fourth, small and medium-sized enterprises only rarely embark on collaborative programmes with higher education institutions. The Government of Malaysia is called upon to take steps to reduce or eliminate these obstacles. Increasing the incentives for collaborative research would be particularly helpful.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-bra-2015-6-en	7ce47874b6320f45df65df45875ddc2b	To facilitate access to health care, Brazil should train more doctors and nurses, especially in family medicine, and strengthen incentives for them to move into underserved areas. Explicit targets for expanding capacity to reduce waiting times could also help to ease difficulties in access. Improving the governance of the system requires strengthening the role of regional networks and a better co-ordination of health care services, especially beyond primary care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	7ceadc6e04eb5ad1354b6640c5f842ca	The sequence of questions that lead gradually to sensitive questions about violence and the specific question wording are also critical for eliciting honest and complete disclosure of violence. The potential for these questions to elicit emotional trauma must also be considered and efforts built into the questionnaire and interviewer training to reduce this possibility. Immediately prior to reaching modules of questions concerning experiences of violence, respondents should be informed more specifically about the nature of the questions to follow and reminded of the voluntary nature of their participation so that free and informed consent to proceed with those questions is obtained. In order to produce a reliable and valid measurement of womens experiences of violence, specific acts of violence must be explicitly operationalized and clear definitions provided. Over the years, researchers have come to agree that single questions such as “Have you ever been attacked?”	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	7ced868fc3154725bbb2430a022ed09b	Specific support should be given to all those forms of tourism whose development has long-term significance for the economy and which are independent of weather and not easily vulnerable. The overall level of water consumption by tourists is not too different from water consumption in households, and tourism is not seen to produce large quantities of waste and wastewater. However, intensive visitor presence in some areas in summer can have negative impacts where basic infrastructure for drinking water and wastewater treatment has not been built.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	7ceec8d9ccfcd1c2b2fe8ed2e66cdf07	Poverty among young adults and families with children increased over the past 20 years as well. By 2005, the poverty rate for children and that for young adults were about 25 per cent above the total average, whereas they were close to and below that average, respectively, in 1985. Poverty rates are three times higher than the average among households with children; for single-parent families, they exceed 40 per cent in one third of OECD countries.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	7cf4ba8b87c6efc240b4971f5bcc507b	Unlike women, men’s share of unpaid care work remains relatively stable across age groups, slightly increasing later in life. The following three sections present policy options within the “3Rs” framework. It is crucial to design policies and programmes that empower women and men to spend their time in more fulfilling and productive ways, such as paid work or study, quality time with their families, participating in their communities or resting.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	7cf62eef2b984f8cd8dc06d5c15b5eda	However, such quotas work better in more stable contexts with inclusive political parties and strong civil society (Good Practice Note 3. Empowerment through local citizenship). In some countries, for example Peru and Bolivia, donors have enabled marginalised populations to realise their right to vote and gain access to information about the election process (Good Practice Note 6.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	7cf81381bb312f4a8b752011aa482ebe	The OECD TSE, which is the sum of PSE, GSSE and transfers from taxpayers to consumers, drops by 17%, from USD 409 billion in the 2013 report to USD 342 billion in this report. Most changes occur in the US estimates, which are reduced by 91% for the GSSE and 48% for the TSE, while in other OECD countries, variations in estimates between the two reports range between -12% and +5% for the GSSE, and -5% to +6% for the TSE (Table 1.A2.2). The most frequent changes in GSSE are found in expenditure on agricultural knowledge transfer and reflect the fact that expenditure on agricultural education are now fully included in the measure of policy effort, while in the previous methodology, expenditure on students, which did not remain in the agri-food sector, was excluded. While a new expenditure item was added in the inspection and control category (for farm input), numbers change only marginally in most countries.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	7cfb03d87776b56368859d5cb04e43e2	A set of policy indicators has been compiled which breaks down the redistributive impact of both taxes and transfers into these three dimensions. Individual country profiles facilitate the comparison of each country to the OECD average and thus help identifying reform options. Spending on transfers and the level of taxation are considerably below the OECD average, with a heavy reliance on consumption taxes (Chile and Turkey are in this group).	10	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	7cfe06e66a7bed6593c9d47a68afd9eb	"For information on how this works under IPBES see Annex 7, ""Box 13. Preparation of reports under IPBES"". In preparing the first draft of a report and at subsequent stages of revision, lead authors should clearly identify disparate views for which there is significant scientific, technical or socioeconomic support, together with the relevant arguments. Sources of uncertainty should be clearly identified, listed and quantified where possible. The implications for decision-making on the findings, including knowledge gaps, contrasting evidence and minority opinions, should be explicitly discussed."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	7cfe9432cdb3ec2926e7fb739f891595	According to selected evidence, only about 10% of candidates who apply to primary-teacher studies are accepted. Applicants for teacher education must have passed the Finnish matriculation examination (or a foreign equivalent) or completed a three-year vocational education programme. The selection process for primary-teacher education involves two stages: an examination to assess applicants' academic learning skills and a combination of written questions and aptitude tests to assess their skills, motivation and commitment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	7d00adfc71a272ec7aad9a018328ffa0	The selected individuals were asked to complete an online questionnaire and could also ask for a paper copy. Participants were offered an incentive to complete the questionnaire, with their names being entered in a draw for prizes. Those who were particularly difficult to reach (e.g. early school leavers) were followed up by telephone initially and then face to face.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	7d00c37d12db59ef6225afaa878b3dd2	The first is the Dutch disease phenomenon. According to this phenomenon, the discovery and exploitation of a major natural resource leads to massive inflows of foreign currency and appreciation of the domestic currency. This hampers the competitiveness of traditional sectors and, in many cases, increases the concentration of the economy around the natural resource.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	7d00fbf8e77a5a9911bf5365f295ab4f	While Mexico has made significant progress in increasing women's representation in elected bodies over recent years - making it one of the top OECD countries for female political participation -their access to positions of power within both Houses of Congress remains uneven. There are still gender gaps in access to leadership in the judicial and executive branches of government, too, and in the Federal Public Administration. The chapter examines the mechanisms and policies in place to support women's access to positions of power. It also explores the barriers to women's participation in public life and in senior positions, such as political violence, a culture of long hours and limited work-life balance policies.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	7d0138c6a5b3d10694be8971ecd97c89	"Related to ""Nature's benefits to people"" and ""quality of life"" there are also indirect drivers and policy options, and many others as well, such as outdoor recreation organisations, local development groups etc. Examples are the PISUNA project in Greenland and the Snowchange Deatnu Oral History Project in Finland. This includes the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, see Annex 8, and the Nordic region and countries' specific policy questions. It should present Nordic aspects of priority regarding the thematic challenges identified by the IPBES, such as land degradation and restoration, invasive alien species, and sustainable use of biodiversity."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152bf84c-en	7d0203f701c1b31b078ba8faad369706	Ironically, this provided a favourable opportunity for Cambodian women fish traders in the Tonle Sap region to engage in cross-border fish trade. They had an advantage over male traders, enjoying greater mobility as they did not risk being considered war combatants. In the late 1990s, as the war subsided, control over fish trade moved into the hands of government agencies and the police.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/644f1023-en	7d03452d18a33c581d301a19a30b55fe	"Based on the technological solutions available back then, CFLs were good, now LEDs are good, maybe tomorrow a new lighting better than LEDs will come along,"" admits the former trail blazer. We were walking through the dense pine forests when he pulled out his wallet, took out all his cash, and threw the money on the nest of needles below our feet,"" recalls Netra. “ He said that we had been given chickens that could lay golden flowers, but had neglected to pick our blossoms. We face the rain and the slippery, red-soiled road that brought me here. Several buses, loaded with people, heave back and forth, before heading downhill."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	7d03a8fb86b16ceed8a004f7467ca870	Rates of survival after heart attack or stroke are markedly worse than in other OECD countries. Failure to modify lifestyles which harm health is a particular concern: with 32% of the adult population obese, Mexico ranks as the second most overweight nation in the OECD and almost one in six adults are diabetic. Other key metrics imply deep-rooted inefficiencies in the system: administrative costs, at 8.9% of total health spending, are the highest in the OECD and have not reduced over the past decade.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	7d04524b427735d41ed7ea312b0c62ea	"One researcher has correlated suicide rates among Inuit peoples in Alaska, Nunavut and Greenland with the period when governments encouraged them to move from their traditional territories to villages and towns. The trend began in north Alaska in the 1960s, Greenland in the 1970s and Nunavut in the 1980s.49 Today, suicide rates among Inuit are the highest in Canada, at eleven times the national average"".50 In Greenland, suicide rates by young men in East Greenland reached a rate of 1,500 per annum per 100,000 in the 1990s, before beginning to decline.51 These figures contrast starkly with historical records, which indicate that Inuit suicide rates were traditionally low. Given the tribes' population of some 3,000 individuals, ""the yearlong spate of deaths adds up to a suicide rate of 500 per 100,000 people. The overall suicide rate in Colombia was 4.4 per 100,000 in 2003, according to government statistics."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	7d06fab2bd7fa3652cff1383d463a8a0	"The greater variation in the data at higher levels of mean living standards can also be seen to reflect greater variation in the social subjectivity of poverty lines at higher levels of development. Indeed, the political nature by which societies choose to set their national lines may become more salient at higher levels of economic (and institutional) development. A tendency for higher income countries to politically decide to choose a higher poverty line than what might otherwise be the most socially salient poverty line would bias upward the regressions on which Ravallion and Chen's income elasticity of the poverty line is based. Citing Fuchs (1969), he reminds us that it is desirable for the setting of the poverty line to be recognised as ""a national value judgement-arrived at through the normal political process""."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	7d0753660d27c03ee1393c94d8582e36	This orientation to improvement should be carried across each sector of its education system. Lithuanian policy makers should therefore focus on raising demand for care in rural communities - where participation in ECEC is low and social and educational disadvantage are pronounced. The quality of education and care appears to follow international standards, but monitoring and assurance of quality are inadequate and require improvement.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-5-en	7d099c0981758d894016b11dadbc1922	"Both demand and supply side pressures are on the rise, driven by economic development, population growth, deteriorating water quality and climate change. The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 highlights that water resources are already over-used or over-allocated in many places. This is the case where current levels of abstraction exceed the sustainable level (“over-use”) or where existing water entitlements (e.g. licenses or permits) to abstract water exceed the sustainable level (“over-allocation"")."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	7d09ab11fb0b7dc9b7d1adfc00dc9714	However, in the absence of strong public participation it is difficult to claim that the plan has local endorsement or acceptance. Efforts to capture local concerns through the use of mathematical models that assess the impact of changes in transport networks at the local level on agriculture, landscape and housing provide a weak substitute for direct contact with the local population. Most opposition was directed towards the proposal to increase housing density in the urban core and to limit the peri-urbanisation process.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	7d0a12b8920ed5907cc360342a8e083c	In 2011, countries in South Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific received almost half the world’s remittances and the volume continued to increase in 2012.29 Indeed remittances are now on such a scale that they exceed government social expenditure or official development assistance. In the year ending June 2012 Bangladeshis sent home $13 billion, more than all the Government’s social protection programmes put together.30 Remittances have the advantage that they are often countercyclical, rising during economic downturns and natural disasters as migrants send more cash to meet their families’ emergency needs. This process is illustrated schematically in a model in Figure III-l.	1	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	7d0cb7d35a3dcc6b448317bb6204b203	Some are purely economic, some environmental and others embracing social issues, such as equity, affordability, universal coverage. Regulatory' functions do not necessarily have to be in the hands of a single institution. However, they need to be clearly spelled out and allocated to avoid overlap and incoherence. International experience shows that regulation of WWS can have various solutions and be embodied in a wide variety of institutional arrangements and legal instruments, depending on the particular characteristics of the country under consideration (see various publications, including Marques and Simoes, 2010).	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	7d0f6018a7a47b27bd81edf237323413	For example, values and goals of such an engagement programme could be increasing social learning, citizen empowerment for decision-making, transparency or trust in government. The programme could also utilise information technologies and emerging social media tools to activate greater involvement in water pricing policy formulation and to create greater information exchange between citizens and the government. However, because some areas may occasionally suffer from scarcity issues and conflicts of use, a charge on water abstraction has been implemented in order to make users internalise opportunity costs of using water.	6	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	7d10bb809e2821031fe86594383d665d	This Act set a legally binding target of 80% reductions in emissions from 1990 to 2050. A medium-term target of a 34% reduction by 2020 was also adopted, with the promise of a further tightening in the event of a global deal on climate change. To achieve these targets, the Act established the principle of five-year carbon budgets.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264290747-en	7d116b0b5fa528f8c1a9e2ef68f7f00e	The report still indicates a certain thematic asymmetry in global NUPs. The most concerning aspect is the insufficient attention paid to matters of environmental sustainability and climate resilience. The growing recognition of the weight of urbanisation on environmental issues illustrated in the SDGs or the Paris Agreement, and the fact that extremely vulnerable regions such as the Arab States and Africa address it the least in their NUPs, calls for action to raise awareness, capacity and resources to integrate a concern for climate change and environmental issues much more strongly into NUPs.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	7d1170822ae0c383530608a8fff4d690	"Accordingly, clearing a hectare of forest translates into a total loss of TSh 16,767 per ha per year (2001) in terms of direct losses and losses incurred by other sectors, which is equivalent to TSh 83,771.70 per ha per year (2013). In this section we consider the question: “What is the contribution of the 17 industries modelled in the social accounting matrices to aggregate GDP?"" Table 2 presents the contribution to GDP by sector (in descending order), highlighting the value added by the sectors of forestry and hunting, and that of wood, paper and printing."	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/855edf42-en	7d11807d0d8b9e1294d16ab50fa89477	On another level, agency is dependent on factors such as the degree to which a partner respects the others bodily integrity or the degree to which there is freedom to express views about contraception. Within all these relationships, gender norms are key. They can build—or undermine—agency in all aspects of life, but especially in making sexual and reproductive health decisions.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	7d11f6de756c78b82b4a056e34cabee6	The solidarity economy is considered among many international development experts as a viable means to seek to reduce poverty. None of these institutions requires a great deal of initial investment, though they all require a great deal of skill to make them successful. In line with Sens (1999) approach, the mission-related impact is the central criterion for success, not merely wealth creation (box 3.1). They are cause-driven entities and have social aims; they limit the distribution of profits or are non-profit and are independent of the state, and their internal organization is inclusive and participatory (Lipparini 2015). Globally, social enterprises constitute a small share of the economy, though they are perceived as an important channel for fulfilling the social development needs of communities that might otherwise struggle to obtain certain goods or services (Bank 2013). Meanwhile, agriculture is viewed as a last resort.	8	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	7d130fc939bdd61e47d2a87242112d96	These gravitation effects are often difficult to quantify, and in order to detect any significant trends the phenomenon has to be monitored for longer time periods. Likewise, different type of counteracting effects should be considered, like the cost of wear and tear, and the need for investments in infrastructure. To conclude, the authors were critical towards some of the simplified interpretations of economic impact studies, but still argued that such studies are needed. However, these studies should take account of all effects, both positive and negative effects on regional economies, include comparative analyses (i.e. what would have been the effects of alternative investments), and also explicitly specify the type of financing allocated to the project under consideration.	11	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-5-en	7d136c10a1b9b8d946e4efafbdf37b7c	While Samoa and Dominica share the characteristic of high female teacher numbers with regional neighbours, Sri Lanka - as a South Asian country - is relatively unique among the majority of its politically regional neighbours, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, all of which continue to struggle nationally with increasing female teacher numbers, in that it has made progress towards gender balance in the teaching workforce. Lesotho is also a small state, this time landlocked. However, within the Commonwealth African mainland context, again the characteristic of high female teacher numbers goes against the overall trend within the continent, although it is important to note that are three other Southern African countries on the mainland continent - Botswana, South Africa and Namibia, which also have high female numbers.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2faee448-en	7d1ba6286f431e31337330b1d1cec069	The implementation of efficient and effective public services on these areas in special at local level and in the family is strategic for achieving gender equality and empowering women. Infrastructure - The lack of appropriate basic infrastructure, such as transport systems, water and sanitation, energy systems, nursery system as well as sharing the household division of labor assignments and the responsibility of daily maintenance tasks limits gender equality and empowerment of the women. Increasing women’s participation in the design and implementation of family oriented infrastructure policies and projects certainly will help to overcome gender equality obstacles. Property and inheritance rights - Ensuring women property and inheritance rights empower women both economically and socially and rectify a fundamental injustice. Secure tenure to land and home improves women’s welfare, provide economic security, incentives for taking economic risks that lead to growth, and important economic returns, including income. Gender-equal land rights improve women’s rights to credit strengthening the assets of the family.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-9-en	7d1e3403d3e28bb80ac641b27b32dbaa	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries or those of the European Union. It identifies some of the tools and techniques for targeting biodiversity co-benefits within climate change funding and discusses the key environmental and social safeguards that need to be considered. These include, for example, environmental and social impact assessments, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and transparent, participatory approaches. There are therefore likely to be opportunities to deliver co-benefits to biodiversity with climate change funding.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	7d1e6b605b5f15af2b1a4922bbc6cfda	First, as long as the technology that is less expensive in the short run is subsidised, natural movements towards market equilibrium are suspended. Without subsidisation, renewable technologies with their high fixed costs would be the first victims of lower electricity prices due to their own low, short-term costs and investors would quickly hesitate to invest in them. Given the resulting impacts on system stability, investment conditions and consumer preferences, the resulting system costs may well be higher than in a system where dispatchable producers were unaffected from the price impacts of variable renewables.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	7d1f8d17bd50c5f75b9e3430ac6d693f	The project will provide the Member States with tools and methods for mapping, assessing and communicating the status and trends of biodiversity. It also examines how the concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services could support wider EU policies in the economic, social and environmental sphere. A number of case studies in the project cover themes like sustainable urban management, management of mixed rural landscapes, integrated river basin management and coastal area management. Together with the project OPERA, the project has established an online platform (Oppla-http://oppla.eu) gathering the latest knowledge about nature-based solutions across Europe.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b8db134e-en	7d22327b136ce7dd3a9760a183e1d9f0	An inclusive culture that engages women in the design, operation, and maintenance of water and sanitation systems leads to better responsiveness and customer satisfaction. As satisfaction increases, so does willingness to pay for services and maintenance of water systems, which is key to sustainability. Its targets 6.1 and 6.2 are measurable by access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services, coupled with hygiene promotion and an end to open defecation. Special attention is paid to gender and social inclusion, which brings sustainability into focus. Other targets respond to the environmental considerations and needs, along with a focus on international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water and sanitation-related activities and programmes.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	7d240fc60d9e0da035ccb5292f0a3b11	For instance, in the early-mid 2000s, the English-speaking countries, Israel and Poland ranked highest in terms of the inequality indicators of both market and disposable income. That countries with the highest market-income inequality are also those with the highest inequality in disposable income is notable as it contrasts with findings from studies that include the elderly population (e.g., Jesuit and Mahler, 2004). This can be interpreted as choosing a social welfare function that attaches greater importance to the situation of low-income households (see Duclos, 2000).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	7d248f2c2ff58d444eafdb37f0bfe052	Troms County recommended the Energy Lab Dyrpy as a pilot project in the 2001 county council “Action Plan for Climate and Energy in Troms”. The energy lab is intended to strengthen the RE industry's innovation capability in small-scale production, energy efficiency, energy management and energy conservation. As in the rest of the country, the county has specialised in large-scale hydro-electric power, prompted by the excellent water resources and a national policy that supports rural development through the availability of energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ec606c8a-en	7d293ab40ab01f8a8d8209c46b570651	Scientists are seeing greater and faster change, with more rapid declines in ocean health than had been previously anticipated. Today we live in an age of a changing climate, and no part of the ocean is unaffected by human influence. Some areas, particularly those near large population centres, are strongly affected by multiple pressures.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	7d2a3845e8e2ef4ea6a6f5221f8ecb1e	Similarly, they calculate that only 35 % of benefits spells last one year or less, compared to around 58% of spells with a duration below 12 months reported in Table 9. Even though the benefit receipt rate in urban Rotterdam is two to three times as high as the one for the country as a whole, heterogeneity in spell durations within the country does not appeal' to be responsible for the differences in findings. The postcode information in the SSB data can be used to restrict the sample to recipients who live in city of Rotterdam at the beginning of their spell.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	7d2ad1ff68589976b47e451b02228a2b	"When estimating mobilised climate finance, decisions need to be made at various points on the methodological option used. A scoring system of three values is used, in which development co-operation activities are “marked” as targeting the environment or the Rio Conventions as the “principal"" objective or a “significant"" objective, or as not targeting the objective. A marker for climate change mitigation was introduced in 1998, and one for climate change adaptation in 2010."	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	7d2d39486ca3eaf7a05ec2faf9bc5ac3	Improving access of smallholder farmers to risk management tools such as index-based insurance, is another means of protecting their livelihoods from climate and weather-related shocks. It is estimated that global forests sequestered an average of about 4 billion tons of carbon per year during the period 1990-2007, which amounts to 60 per cent of fossil emissions during this period (Pan et al., In addition to their crucial role in regulating the earth’s climate, forests also provide essential ecosystem services, including water regulation and retention, soil stabilization and habitat for biodiversity.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a72b920d-en	7d3126bee8f062f37ce029d9775d0df6	This was followed by HIV antibody testing and blood-screening facilities, which were introduced in 1987.23 The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed a major HIV campaign by the government of Ghana and it adopted a multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS programming. The Ghana AIDS/STI Commission (GAC)24 was established as a supra-ministerial and multi-sectoral body under the leadership of the President to direct and coordinate all HIV/AIDS activities in the country. For instance, as a result of the accessibility of funds and the efforts by the implementers of some of the policies in place, the care, treatment and support for HIV/ AIDS patients were expanded and the number of people accessing these services increased. However, existing findings reveal that, although there is high HIV/AIDS awareness amongst the Ghanaian population, this has not translated into behavioural changes because most citizens believe that they are not personally at risk of contracting HIV.30 This shows the failure of the behavioural adjustment model of HIV/AIDS intervention in this country.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a84cce24-en	7d31db3112007f1bb88f9b192ba6afad	To describe the non-marginal changes that would need to occur, these economists used metaphors like the “snowball” (Lewis), the “big push” (Rosenstein-Rodan), “dynamic linkages” (Hirschman) and the “take-off” (Rostow). Different views existed on how best to induce the necessary change, but the dominant one was that the developmental state should be the prime mover. In 1955, for example, developing countries were granted special treatment in the GATT, allowing them to protect particular industries and introduce quantitative restrictions so as to address balance-of-payments difficulties.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	7d336c5dc0ba0e235701f2bdbd9eda47	Public forms of sexual violence are more likely in conflict, while sexual abuse and violence in more closed institutions.4 As with sexual violence against women and girls as well as against those of non-binary gender identities, sexual violence against men is about gendered and patriarchal power and domination. One of the main reasons why SGBV against men and boys is so effective in undermining survivors’ selves is that it strikes at multiple levels what it means to ‘be a man’ in many societies. This includes: to be able to protect oneself, the family, and the community; to be a breadwinner - as this might become impossible because of the injuries incurred, especially where manual labour is the main opportunity available; to partake in the leadership of the family and community; and to not seek outside help or support.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	7d36a39d796f38a9cb6300fab1c40f17	Formularies are defined for each level of care. In the free-choice option plan, patients have to pay the full cost of pharmaceuticals, except for medicines considered in the Payment Associated to Diagnostic Program (PAD). Patients insured in the private system Isapres pay the full costs of medicines used in ambulatory care. On average, patients in the Isapres system had co-payments of 20% in 2010 for pharmaceuticals.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	7d38c07c7610ad1b863b9635e9dd30ca	Almaty accounts for the lion’s share of R&D expenditures and personnel in the country and a large share of its SMEs.62 This is important because of the need to rebalance business innovation from SOEs to private businesses: Almaty City appears best positioned for this, thanks to its sheer size and unique concentration of privately owned financial institutions and firms. Moreover, the broadband penetration rate (a crucial enabler of research activities) in Almaty City is by far the highest in Kazakhstan. To encourage productive competition between Astana and Almaty City in scientific and technological innovation, excessive concentration of public support on Astana’s cluster should be avoided in future. However, the Regional Development Programme until 2020 emphasises the role of Shymkent and Aktobe as “first-level cities” and “national level economic growth centres”.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	7d3c2e64866f4c5c4c9a20ab7a8da431	The proposals that feature the best conditions for the government as much as for the client SMEs are then picked and funded. It reduces crowding-out effects towards private business development service (BDS) providers if the programme is managed by private intermediaries, which is the most frequent case. It is gauged to guarantee a deeper geographical outreach at lower costs than if the government had to deliver programmes in peripheral regions of the country.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	7d3e090bc506e0d2772ba7843d534467	Differences across countries are again very wide, with median wealth ranging from USD 5 600 in Finland to almost USD 39 000 in Japan and mean wealth from USD 22 000 in Finland to USD 219 000 in the United States. The highest shares of older people without wealth are found in Slovenia and Greece (around 25%), while in Finland and Luxembourg close to 100% of the elderly had some form of financial wealth. Mean financial wealth was about EUR 120 000 in the euro area’s total population in 2010, ranging from EUR 7 700 in the Slovak Republic to more than EUR 260 000 in Spain. Median wealth, however, was much lower at EUR 20 000 on average, with EUR 3 000 in the Slovak Republic at one end of the spectrum and EUR 69 000 in the Netherlands at the other. Among the countries depicted in Figure 2.21, the gender wealth gap in old age is about 46% on average.36 Countries where the gap is widest are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece and Spain (see also D’Addio et al., The x-axis sorts households by wealth deciles, while the cumulative proportion of financial wealth held by households lies along the y-axis.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	7d4019782dccc795d0d51708d0586642	Assumptions about economic and population growth are the same in each scenario, while they differ with respect to assumptions about future government policies. The implications of these different policies on energy demand are shown in Figure 1.3. It assumes the introduction of new measures, but on a relatively cautious basis. It illustrates that these policies would, if implemented, have a sizeable impact on energy demand and related CO2 emissions.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264302037-en	7d41c7c057d0434f8440ac5c681f3087	However, these differences remained positive and became larger for women (i.e. foreign-born women became even less likely to participate in the labour force or to be employed in comparison with native women, see Figure 3.2B). Such gender differences may reflect various factors, including the unequal distribution of unpaid care and household work between women and men and sectoral employment patterns (ILO, 2016b) which will be discussed in later sections. In 2010, the employment-to-population ratio was 9.5 percentage points higher for Ghanaian-bom women, and foreign-bom women experienced a relatively high unemployment rate at 8.2%, compared with 5.8% for native-bom women.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/edf15661-en	7d43550c63a7121cb93d896284057bec	Because of the ongoing conflict, youth displaced by violence now face huge disruptions in their education, and many will encounter barriers that will prevent them from returning to their studies. However, the resolution itself has not prevented these atrocities. The recommendations of women leaders in the region, led by Karama, underscore that international organizations involved in peace processes, such as the United Nations and the League of Arab States, must make such processes inclusive, ensuring that women are adequately represented in at least 30 percent of decision making positions.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	7d4533813fc63e951b4bdff310cc95b8	The Parties will meet every five years with the first meeting in 2018, to take stock of the collective efforts and to assess progress on the NDCs and towards achieving the goal of the PA (Obergassel et al., In SSA, the structure of mitigation targets varies a lot, however, the most common type is either relative emissions reduction targets (28 countries) or use of a conditional mitigation scenario (16 countries) with the majority using the business as usual baseline (31 countries) and the target year of 2030 (IGES, 2016). In addition, all of the SSA countries mention adaptation measures in their INDC/NDC, and 41 of these have quantified their financial needs, especially finance for mitigation actions.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	7d4b9e48575fe65e99a1949287d6775c	Like BLKs, AKs can provide second chance opportunities to secondary education graduates, mostly SMK graduates, who did not progress into polytechnics or universities. These latter two formal VET providers were not reviewed by the review team. This section limits its discussion to the provision of formal vocational education and training as provided by schools under the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA)2 and the MOEC. Non-formal vocational education is the responsibility of the Directorate General of Early Childhood Education, Non-Formal Education and Informal Education, also within the MOEC.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/ee1a3170-en	7d4e3c61098d5bca51553d7e95067b29	"It welcomes the efforts of cities and local authorities, and invites them to ""scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts. For this reason, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management has developed the Strategic Framework on Geospatial Information and Services for Disasters.376 This approach offers urban areas and cities options for strengthening risk governance, enabling these localities to access and utilize nationally generated geospatial information as well as feeding local information back to the national level. This mitigates consistent challenges regarding the provision of geospatial information and strengthens informed decision-making and monitoring, before, during and after hazardous events. However, the reality is that integrated implementation is not consistently pursued across countries or within States and regions."	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	7d4f2a3d95c1d878163ed3d2e7d426f7	However, this meant that potato growers with senior water entitlements could not send their produce to the processing plant, since it was cut off from water. To address this issue, while retaining the priority allocation principle, the preferred option made it possible for the senior licensees to temporarily assign seniority to some junior licensees. Among the options considered was importing bulk water from Turkey.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	7d4f9cdb329c739b55cbb51f06602c06	The Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority has emphasized the role of joint regional operations in large methamphetamine seizures. For example, in July 2015, a sea container sent from South America to Fiji contained 80 kg of methamphetamine and was intercepted in a joint operation of Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. The Australian Crime Commission has also determined that, of all drug types, methamphetamine poses the greatest threat to the Australian public because of its increasing purity and the involvement of organized criminal groups.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	7d56f3b4c700367406391e070500fb09	This equality is now usually evaluated by means of a handful of well-established income distribution indicators, most particularly the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the different socioeconomic strata. This is not to disregard the fact that these inequalities stem from the distribution of assets and the concentration of power in the hands of elites, which are crucial aspects in structuralist explanations of equality. The following pages analyse what has happened in the region in terms of income inequality, but will also suggest other ways of analysing income distribution that complement and broaden our understanding of resource equality in the region.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	7d5712baa73ffca1e03dda627bcf23c3	However, recipients of homeownership grants are constrained in their residential mobility not least because the subsidized dwellings cannot be sold for 5 years. The subsidy is designed as a rental voucher targeted at young families, i.e. people aged 18 to 30 living in households of at least 2 individuals. Eligibility is based on income, household composition and current housing conditions and targets households from the 2nd to the £>h decile of the income distribution.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	7d584626962a83f231bfb72c366990b9	This can be explained by one of the biggest increases in first-time graduation rates at the upper secondary level in Europe - from 41% to 86% between 2005 and 2013. Attainment of below upper secondary level is rare in Poland - no adults have lower secondary education as their highest level of attainment, although 9% have only completed primary education, compared to an OECD average of 7%. Poland also has an above-average proportion of adults whose highest level of attainment is upper secondary vocational programmes: out of the 64% of adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or postsecondary non-tertiary education, 87% were enrolled in vocational education compared to an OECD average of 66%.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	7d5a0da09d530e2decbe5bfcb500a649	"It reflects the country’s efforts to improve the economy by ensuring that all segments of society can ""harness digital technologies and benefit from these advancements” (Smart Nation Singapore, 2018). The three key components of Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative are digital economy, digital government and digital society. Each initiative includes framework documents, which are, respectively, the Digital Economy Framework for Action, the Digital Government Blueprint and the Digital Readiness Blueprint (Box 2.2)."	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/99aadf34-en	7d5eae7eb9ca0031d0160577bed58fb8	The services sector, especially in the least developed countries, also faces the challenges created by the informal nature of many service activities, which could perpetuate poverty and increase the vulnerability of the poor. The country passed the thresholds for gross national income per capita and the human assets index at the 2018 review. If that country sustains its development gains and meets the criteria again in 2021, it will qualify for removal from the list in 2024. In the context of structural transformation, the Lao People's Democratic Republic may have to face more intense competition from other labour-surplus countries in low-end, assembly-type production than that confronted by the early industrializers, especially in a more globalized economy.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	7d5ec4b7cae0a43bf0aed9ee779a4322	This includes, for example, policy reforms such as helping phase out fossil fuel subsidies, which in turn increases the profitability of clean energy investment and the potential for instruments such as feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energy technologies. More broadly, this support also goes towards building much needed institutional and technical capacity in partner country governments and institutions, which enables governments to mobilise and sustain green investment. Emerging approaches by development partners take a 'market systems' approach to promote green growth by encouraging the development of green value chains and markets for green products and services.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/22919e33-en	7d5fd67297db2e8de3901fcde5ef2e2c	If this is the case, this will be the first time that the income criterion has not been met at the time of graduation. However, the UNCTAD projections indicate that this target is unlikely to be met, as only 10 LDCs are projected to be fully statistically eligible for graduation by that date, rather than the 24 targeted. Even in 2021, only 16 countries are projected to have achieved full statistical eligibility, still well below the IPoA target.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/20f4eda5-en	7d6434b305b0a2c57c05cbdc6327246c	How the resources on which these people depend for their survival are obtained and used, by women and men, is largely determined by local contexts and customs. Women's knowledge and needs frequently differ from those of men, but similar patterns exist in different parts of the world. For example, timber extraction for household and community construction is often carried out mostly by men (especially in developing countries) while more complex gender roles are identifiable in the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs).	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	7d663e019dbafe7e24c0746935b6dca3	According to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2008 on Agriculture for Development, 70% of poor people live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their living. An estimated 2.5 billion persons depend on this activity worldwide. Cervantes-Godoy and Dewbre (2010), seeking to identify shared characteristics among developing countries that had been particularly successful in reducing extreme poverty over the last twenty to twenty-five years, find that, while economic growth in general was a necessary pre-condition and an important contributor to poverty reduction, agricultural growth had played the most important role in the majority of the reviewed countries. Brooks (2012) highlights the contribution of agricultural growth in reducing poverty in particular through smallholder development.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/51bd6023-en	7d6888895ff9eaa0493dbe90c99c81b3	Malta has one of the highest proportion of refugees and asylum seekers in Europe relative to its population (1.5% of population in June 2015) (UNHCR 2016; CIA 2016). Projected figures indicate a continued decline in 2015 (World Bank 2016a). In general, inflation in small states has been on a downward trajectory since the end of the commodity boom of 2011, in tandem with global inflation.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	7d6ab57f15ed591c7058b8b8d63e3071	Under certain circumstances, the xenon effect on core reactivity is so substantial that the reactor cannot be restarted for a certain time after shutdown. Also, if control rods are used for power variations, they can deform the axial power distribution and thus create an axial imbalance in 135Xe distribution. Management of these axial power imbalances and oscillations is an additional challenge for operations in load following mode, especially in the case of large power variations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	7d6ac525df43f680391ab7603d411c9e	"The study covers dairy farms only and may reflect a certain bias related to this sector. New Zealand dairy farmers strongly rely on cooperative marketing and therefore may not rate marketing techniques as high as farmers in other sectors. In the meat, pipfruit"" and grain sectors, primary producers are relatively less integrated with downstream activities and individual farm marketing strategies may be more important than in the dairy sector."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264107243-en	7d6ff3d15c595696f5e07a9930119b27	Students proficient at Level 6 on the mathematics scale are capable of advanced mathematical thinking and reasoning. These students can apply insight and understanding, along with a mastery of symbolic and formal mathematical operations and relationships, to develop new approaches and strategies for addressing novel situations. They can formulate and accurately communicate their actions and reflections regarding their findings, interpretations, arguments, and the appropriateness of these to the given situations.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	7d72c7a3641e93c924616a80b181d14e	The 985 universities have been given ample funding to build new research centres, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad. The 985 group now counts 39 members including the best-known universities such as Peking, Tsinghua, Renmin, Fudan and Beijing Normal. Most are located in Beijing, some in other large cities and provincial capitals, but not all provinces host one. Some other ministries also have universities but the majority are governed at the province level. Vocational colleges” are tertiary vocational institutions.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	7d75791d9d94b02b66c37d17894677f0	It is also responsible for the water supply and wastewater treatment in rural areas. Together with the oblasts, this Ministry is charged with construction and maintenance of the primary infrastructure for irrigation water, including reservoirs and their dams and main canals, and for delivering irrigation w'ater. All users, public or private, need to obtain a permit from the Ministry to abstract water.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	7d75bbd88df80fa69930c66a85dc562c	It should be noted that Figure 7-10 only indicates the deprivation incidence of girls with a given characteristic; it does not identify the causes of the actual deprivations as the underlying cause might not be included in the figure. Identification ofthe multidimensionally deprived uses thresholds specific to the age group, namely being deprived if having at least four out of seven possible dimensions (K=4) for children in the first and second age group, and having at least three out of six deprivations (K=3) for children in the third and fourth age group. The multidimensional deprivation rate for all children up to 17 years consists of the average rate of the four age groups weighted by the respective child population shares.	1	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	7d772d786f71313bb24c679c61b2f557	Ad valorem equivalent trade costs are converted into index number with 1998 = 100. Indeed, the liner-shipping connectivity index (a high value indicates better connectivity) and trade costs are strongly and inversely correlated (Figure 18.5). Even with improvements in shipping connectivity, unfavourable geographical location combined with small consignments may indicate limited trade gains (Figure 18.6).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	7d7b8c4a13ceadd162f686c7218ea203	By providing extensive and internationally comparable information on students' skills and their family and community backgrounds, PISA offers a unique measure to assess progress towards the SDGs and to analyse inclusion and fairness in education 1 international perspective. In this light, education systems where a large proportion of 15-year-olds has not learned the basic skills needed to fully participate in society are not considered as sufficiently inclusive. First, access to schooling can be seen as a precondition for children to benefit from education. Access is chiefly reflected in school enrolment rates; more equitable and inclusive systems succeed in minimising the share of school-age youth who are not enrolled or are significantly delayed in their progression through school. Using the innovations developed by the most skilled workers requires a workforce that has acquired at least basic skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	7d7ce0802560a42a1b9e88e5e40bc685	This lack of genuine choice can, in turn, make women and girls more vulnerable to trafficking than men, particularly in certain circumstances and for women and girls of certain nationalities and ethnicities. For example, minority women and girls, women and girls living in poverty, or women and girls living in conflict or post-conflict settings may face increased risks of being trafficked. For example, women may accept dangerous migration arrangements in order to escape the consequences of entrenched discrimination including family violence and lack of protection against such violence. Women may also be more vulnerable than men to coercion and force at the recruitment stage, increasing their susceptibility to being trafficked in the first place.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	7d830f72cb2464ecbbc3b0c6df6ab98e	An estimated amount of $320 million is available for Tier 2 activities. For instance, at WTO, in addition to regional courses, LDCs are entitled to participate in three national activities per year such as training and technical assistance activities, compared to two for other developing countries. Apart from regular participation of LDCs in general WTO-related training, an introduction course on the WTO is organized in Geneva exclusively for the LDCs. It articulates policies and measures by LDCs and their development partners to promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development of LDCs and their beneficial integration into the world economy. Accordingly, it addresses the following cross-cutting priority issues: poverty eradication, gender equality, employment, governance at national and international levels, capacity-building, sustainable development, special problems of landlocked and small island LDCs, and challenges faced by LDCs affected by conflict.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-8-en	7d878852099d2d31bd2828663b7d36c6	Vocational education and training should be strengthened and expanded, through the creation of specialised technical schools and the development of short post-secondary vocational programmes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This needs to reflect both fast-changing labour market requirements and the varying needs of students, preparing them as citizens, and opening up a range of career paths. Costa Rica aspires to be a high-income country and realising this ambition will require young Costa Ricans to have higher level skills, as well as basic literacy and numeracy.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	7d88a7c0e88bf63f2f642d3f2b344ae1	Indeed, there is no conclusive evidence that moderate inflation has adverse effects on growth (Stiglitz et al., In such cases, the focus of policymakers must be on preventing inflation from becoming excessive. These can include aggregate growth, productive investment, employment generation and poverty reduction.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	7d8b71e380782844240036863e116ae9	Social protection and agriculture can also be joined together in integrated programmes, such as Bangladesh's BRAC graduation model, which combines a package of one-time productive assets, cash or food support, savings, training, health care and social integration. Interventions can also be sequenced or layered; as households gradually improve their well-being, they can receive a broader menu of complementary agricultural interventions to assist farmers in expanding their agricultural production and income generation. Since linkages between agriculture and social protection occur at different levels (i.e. household and local community/regional economy), there are significant opportunities to exploit interactions among instruments, even when they are not delivered in the same locations or target the same beneficiaries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	7d8be89d399f064cfccb49531c6abc71	The construction of oil and natural gas pipelines can also have ecosystem impacts, affecting habitat and disrupting land and water resources (Consumer Energy Report, 2010). The transmission and distribution of electricity also has environmental impacts, primarily related to land use, habitat, and related impacts of construction and maintenance of the transmission/distribution system. Most renewable energy technologies are either used on-site or use the established transmission/distribution system for electricity distribution. For remote generation sites, new transmission facilities may be required, with associated environmental impacts.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	7d8c53957b7460acf2d2ad69f0a48c09	The motivation for these changes was to avoid the closure of one-quarter of Denmark’s 13 000 farms that had been forecast to take place within five years. The new taxes are expected to generate extra revenue of DKK 150 million (around EUR 20 million) compared to the previous taxes. One of the objectives is to provide subsidised advice in the implementation of IPM.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/32ea1505-en	7d8f19dedae7397f2c69a9c1532988ec	Particularly in rural areas, gender issues need to be assessed in each specific geographic and cultural context, which vary widely both between and within countries. These relate particularly to women’s double burden of productive and “care” work; gender-based cropping and marketing patterns; and gender-specific patterns of employment and discrimination in rural labour markets. They are also central to understanding the critical constraints women face in engaging in productive work, notably in terms of time allocation and mobility.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	7d8f9a91156cf5d71a0bd781bdc7ec84	Funding was sufficient to follow the central system plan as laid out in the Technical Advisory Committee’s initiatives, and most donor countries allowed funds to be spent without restrictions and in accordance with TAC’s directives. The World Bank faced financial crisis in the early 1990s and hence had to change the resource distribution scheme from donor of “last resort” to “matching grant” in respect of the CGIAR system. Since stakeholders in donor countries are concerned with their national interests, donors selected a particular region, research centre, programme or domestic research institution that matched their interests (Ekboir, 2009; World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, 2003). Some recent studies note that increasing the production of staple foods has not always contributed to poverty alleviation in developing countries, whereas integration into the global economy has contributed to poverty alleviation (IFAD, 2008; World Bank, 2005).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	7d91ac7b9cc824fe84ccb9f8c0db5e54	Gender inequality appears to be both a pull and a push factor for migrant women. On one hand, higher gender discrimination at home reduces female emigration, since women's restricted opportunities and low decision-power limit their possibility to move abroad. On the other hand, lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	7d9328f9179e14abaf8fdf126d6c638f	Another distinct feature of the primary care system is that the majority (around 94%) of clinics are solo practices (Table 3.2). From a quality of care perspective and in the absence of a patient registration system embedded within primary care, this raises obvious questions about care continuity and co-ordination and about the functionality of the primary care system outside of normal working hours. Solo privately owned clinics are also less able to weather difficult economic circumstances, which is a compounding viability issue in a market where patients tend to prefer to be seen in a hospital setting.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	7d97b85ffea5c85df11f2e22694345f9	Given the relatively low share of public revenue in GDP in most LDCs, improving domestic resource mobilization may be the best way to place the financing of public investment on sounder footing. This can be done by strengthening fiscal revenues through tax reforms and by making tax collection and administration more efficient. Many LDCs receive ODA in the form of grants and conditional lending, which enables them to finance significant public investments.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	7d99559055c7aaba24bbb9a7689981cc	Today, the pastoralists are Arabophone, including the Shuwa and Fula Mbororo from central Nigeria to the Central African Republic and to the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the case of the latter. This can create problems with other pastoral populations and farmers who have no tradition of complementary co-existence with nomads (Map 6.2). Unwelcome among the local population, they often carry weapons to deal with livestock raiding and are sometimes taken (rightly or wrongly) for militia. The situations are too complex to speak of simple wars between nomadic pastoralists and farmers.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	7d999c91c668ba0cfce956341fb5799d	The design and governance of electricity systems is highly dependent on country-specific factors, technological innovation and disruptions, and the evolution of economic theory; and countries face different challenges in the evolution of their electricity systems when they seek to change their generation mix and market structure. In developed economies, characterized by high generation capacity and falling demand, liberalized energy systems have emerged as the dominant (although not universal) model. In most LDCs and ODCs, however, electricity systems are neither served by a monopoly provider nor fully liberalized, but are situated between these extremes; and their domestic markets are characterized by insufficient generation capacity and rising demand. Virtually all developing countries have sought to allow private-sector participation either through concessions or power purchasing contracts, or through liberalization of the generation segment of electricity supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	7d9e855e71e6d8e839b21eb59abce212	La derniere rubrique du document aborde les elements les plus pertinents qui sont integres aux regimes de retraite par repartition pour proteger les femmes dans la famille,y compris les droits a la retraite des veuves et des femmes divorcees, et les credits de cotisation pour les soignants. Les politiques visant a ameliorer la protection des femmes au moment de la vieillesse impliquent des choix portant sur certains aspects cruciaux de la conception de la retraite qui ont egalement trait a la repartition des droits et des ressources dans chaque pays. Etant donne que les femmes cotisent pendant moins longtemps et que leur esperance de vie est superieure a celle des hommes, les politiques qui renforcent les exigences en matiere de cotisations ou mettent I’accent sur I’epargne individuelle peuvent rendre I’obtention de prestations adequates plus difficile pour les femmes.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	7d9eea8c9d93b2273037530717ae79ec	Providing employers with a code of good practice can help them to navigate the existing legislation, which can often be complex, and reduce non-compliance. Lowering the burden of proof for plaintiffs and shifting it to employers can be a step in the right direction, but should be accompanied by measures to help complainants gather the necessary evidence to initiate the case and sustain the costs of the trial (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3). In the early 2000s, most European countries lowered the burden of proof for plaintiffs, who are now only required to provide evidence of differential treatment without having to prove that it was indeed due to discrimination.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	7da725bb08f864d676836c7935fa11d0	The indicator includes regular paid and unpaid extra hours and work done at home. It excludes the travelling time between home and workplace and the main meal break. Employed persons with non-response should be dropped from the calculation (see glossary). Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	7da9c8abad7415bfa6497df67005a60d	First, food demand in this part of the world had already grown rapidly for some time, and not suddenly in 2007. Second, in the cereals sector, where the price spikes were particularly pronounced, India and China are almost self-sufficient. Moreover, the imports of meat during that period remained somewhat constant with the exception of China.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2300e21f-en	7daa78da8b1af8f563f25455e17f0de7	The proportion of the global population using improved sources reached 89 per cent in 2010, up from 76 per cent in 1990. This means that the MDG drinking water target was met five years ahead of schedule, despite significant population growth. There, coverage rates dropped from 89 per cent in 1990 to 86 per cent in 2011. Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia and Southern Asia showed the largest gains.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	7dadff9bea608ef7d10067a6d2785e0b	In other words, the statistical results should be interpreted with caution and in light of all evidence/knowledge available. For example, if different castes have different determinants of FLFP and/or different average marginal effects of the determinants of FLFP, and there is a huge gap between two regions with respect to the shares of the population belonging to the different castes, the differences of these shares can bias the results. A great gap exists, for instance, between the Western and the Southern Region: the percentage of the population belonging to the upper caste in these regions are 34% and 21%, respectively.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	7dae9220a2463cc1d2b2513c032317a8	Figure 1.1 proposes a simplified framework that summarises the channels through which climate change may affect farm systems through changes in the water cycle (a more detailed analysis of the linkages can be found in Annex A from FAO, 2011). Climate change is projected to lead to long-term changes on climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, etc. At the same time, climate change could also lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, and cyclones.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7daedf6bb37ef8e177f713f0ea0ebb7a	Systematic joint efforts should be made by the authorities, educational institutions and key stakeholders to raise the levels of education attainment, particularly among the Arab population. Authorities should provide adequate support for the existing Arab colleges and allow colleges of education to diversify their provision according to the needs of the local industry. Investing on Arab colleges would generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy in the form of tax revenues and job creation.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	7db359b25520ef948fffdbf699df0458	Continued close collaboration is also needed to limit climate change, most immediately in the context of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, and to address other global environmental and food security challenges. Governments also need to become more transparent and coherent with respect to their long-term strategies, including on food and agriculture. Political choices are based on the dichotomy between societal preferences and the evidence-base.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	7db4126482e99deb9fca8e7bca8b2ccc	Third, the channel decomposition analysis indicates that gender-based discrimination in social institutions tends to reduce income per capita by lowering both women's human capital acquisition and labour force participation, as well as total factor productivity. Fourth, the income loss associated with gender discrimination in social institutions is estimated at up to USD 12 trillion, or 16% of world income. By contrast, a gradual dismantling of gender-based discriminatory social institutions by 2030 could increase the annual income globed growth rate by 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points over the next 15 years, depending on the scenario.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	7db56ad767a84c66de5003c1433b4af1	The development of RES also necessitates public support as barriers, such as network effects or limited access to credit undermine investment in these technologies. Such market failures thus require the implementation of non market based measures. Germany implements several of those, but they could be made more cost-efficient.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	7db5a24b30492c0b4ca9c13b2c887bf7	For instance, in Finland, the Job Start experiment run from 2006 to 2009 helped young people unsure about their options to clarify study choices and increase their learning skills and motivation in liaison with existing VET / apprenticeship programmes. The network created between staff and the participating institutions, as well as the individual approach proved to be key to the success of the pilot (Jappinen, 2010). Also in Germany, ‘preapprenticeship’ training exists to prepare those who are not ready to enter an apprenticeship because they lack either motivation or the basic skills needed to succeed in his type of programme. The programme consists of a subsidised internship in a firm where predominantly basic practical skills and literacy are conveyed.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/425ac0ec-en	7db6bddbe6846d92b0700ba66b752a70	While it is too early to know the outcome of the current global financial and economic crisis, studies of earlier crises highlighted their gender-specific impacts (UN-ESCAP, 2003). Regardless of whether men’s or women’s jobs are most affected by crisis, women spend more time in both paid and unpaid work to offset the impact on household incomes. When meals have to be forgone, it is most often women who reduce their food consumption to ensure that children get sufficient nutrition.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5eb49706-en	7db9ea409b9813098594eb30d925737e	These concerns appear to apply in at least several such assessments. It was noted during the EPR review mission that there is a need for more taxonomists within the country, not only because of the gaps in knowledge on biodiversity issues but also because some existing data may need to be reexamined. The dearth of taxonomists is not only a national phenomenon but has been noted as a worldwide shortage, with significant negative implications for conservation efforts; according to 2006 data from the Global Taxonomy Initiative of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), it would appear that some systematic evaluation of taxonomic needs within Morocco has been conducted, but that this is not comprehensive and that, generally, taxonomy is not well addressed.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b36e562d-en	7dba7a5c97871648dfc71d4449a8dde7	For example, a substantial share of today's renewable energy consumption comes from the use of wood and charcoal by households in the developing world; however, such energy use is sometimes associated with unsustainable forestry practices and health-threatening, heavy, indoor air pollution. However, incompatibility between the definition of the industrial sector used for energy statistics and the classifications used for GDP statistics severely limits the calculation of a number of indicators, such as energy intensity for different sectors. A separate note of caution must be mentioned when referring loenergy intensity figures: this indicator is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency as it is affected by a number of factors unrelated to energy efficiency, such as climate, structure of the economy and nature of economic activities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	7dbd300eb0fb207e536340a85c202cd3	To the extent that glass factories participate in the European Emission Trading System (ETS), which will evolve after 2013 (when the national allocation plans are to be replaced by a European quota, and all emission rights are to be auctioned), the glass factories will be driven by market incentives to reduce their C02 emissions (and their NOx emissions as well). The Euro 5 standards are more permissive for diesel vehicles (0.18 g NOx/km) than for gasoline vehicles (0.06 g/km), but the diesel standard is to be lowered to 0.08 g/km in 2014 (Euro 6). With relatively low fuel taxes and no road tolls for private cars, there is nothing to discourage the use of cars licensed in Luxembourg or elsewhere (Chapters 5 and 7). Something will have to be done about road fuel prices. The climate levy (the “Kyoto cent”) is far too low (2 centimes per litre for gasoline, 2.5 centimes for diesel) to have any impact on private vehicle use.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	7dbddcfefeaa5bbb0fdabe92f989e238	Moreover, strategic goals were based on careful diagnosis of underlying problems and their causes, including the need for household energy and food and the impact of deforestation on erosion and flooding. The approach to reforestation was adapted over time, taking account of lessons learned and adopting a more scientific approach to seedling selection and maintenance. The reforestation programme also coincided with a period of very rapid economic growth and societal transformation. Its population is growing at 1.2 percent per year.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-11-en	7dbe222e22b61056cc66f97200fbf9e3	This implies implementing appropriate pollution control policies, technological progress, energy savings and environmentally sustainable transport policies. Progress can also be assessed against the health costs induced by degraded air quality and against domestic objectives and international commitments regarding air emissions and quality. Fine particulates (PM10) can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and worsen the condition of people with heart and lung diseases. Ozone (O3) is a photochemical oxidant, which causes serious health problems and damage to ecosystems, agricultural crops and materials. Human exposure to high 03 concentrations can give rise to respiratory problems and decreases in lung functions. Ground-level 03 is a ‘secondary’ pollutant: it forms when precursor gases (nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, methane) come into contact in the presence of sunlight.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	7dc2a512c844056cd5ca9c960c551f09	Herwartz and Theilen (2010) suggest that the income elasticity could be directly correlated with age. Such an assumption is introduced by the Dutch CPB, the Italian RGS model and the USA CBO long-term model, among others. In the CBO case, the assumption is labelled as “Excess Cost Growth (ECG)” and refers specifically to the percentage points by which the growth of various components of health expenditure (e.g. Medicare, Medicaid, or health care generally -per beneficiary or per capita) are assumed to exceed the growth of nominal gross domestic product (per capita). Under the assumption that excess cost growth rates for spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and all other health care continue increasing indefinitely at their average values from 1975 to 2005, federal expenditure on health in the United States could reach 99 percent of GDP by 2082 (Orszag, 2008) (Figure 6). It is obvious that such a long-term forecast is totally implausible and therefore the validity of the GDP+X growth hypothesis is questionable for long-term projections.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	7dc34f141aafc109947095f6e50d9a14	No specific data are available on the impact of UV on the health of the Mongolian population. Despite traffic jams observed in Ulaanbaatar and noise around mining activities, this environmental factor is not taken into account, though its negative impact on public health is well known. In January 2017, alcohol selling and distribution was temporary banned in response to one death and four hospitalizations due to methanol poisoning.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	7dc705b2da3e154e69850b13ac0072be	Its objective is to generate teachers’ reflection of their own practice and encourage teachers to review the GTF. The self-evaluation proposes 12 areas (3 areas per GTF domain), each related to a specific criterion in the GTF, on which the teacher rates his or her performance in four possible levels: Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent, Outstanding. There are no open-ended questions.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	7dcb72e6f0687ae1d2a5b6fb6c3d1eaf	Thus, Gunnarsson concludes that many of the young women might consider finding occupation within the same industry as their mothers; however, most of them will aim at higher posts and full time employment as opposed to their mother's who would often have been content with part-time positions - and part-time positions are now scarce in the peripheral areas. It is a well-known phenomenon that areas with poor labour markets will have a surplus of men. One explanation for this is that women are more likely to move away (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2 005: 35, own translation). The women who choose to live in the region often have permanent employment in the public sector whereas a large proportion of the men are either unemployed or in short term employments.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	7dcc6ebb150343b956bf27b367dfdc2c	However, most of these measures are implemented at the school or regional level which makes it impossible to follow progress of specific groups of students over time. It would be of great value to establish a systematic approach to monitor the educational progress of specific groups of students against educational standards that are common to all students. This would shift attention from the average learning outcomes at the school level to the average learning outcomes of those most in need (e.g. socio-economically disadvantaged, Indigenous students, students in rural and remote areas, students with special needs). Information for specific groups of students would facilitate the analysis of the particular learning needs of these groups and the pedagogical needs of the schools serving these students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	7dccbee16a54d0039136d4259182df4f	Women often have limited access to reliable information and education, which can further exacerbate their vulnerability. In transit countries, women risk different types of abuse, such as sexual and physical abuse by the escort or agent. Migrant women frequently end up in gender-insensitive work environments in the country of employment, where notions of what type of work is appropriate for women limit their options to domestic work and certain forms of entertainment. In many countries, these fields of work are not regulated and thus the women are excluded from any protection of the law.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	7dcd15e6a287c01294aa3489c1e3e735	In addition, in humid agriculture regions that expect to face future shortages, such as part of the United Kingdom, there may be some benefit to design supplemental irrigation schemes (Rey et al., The US Department of Agriculture has developed “climate hubs” (Box 4.1), or regional agencies covering specific agro-climatic regions, with the goal of assessing and responding to locally-specific agriculture or forest production vulnerability (USDA, 2016). A similar approach, focusing on irrigation vulnerability on the water supply side, has been conducted in Korea (Nam et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	7dd108252f6c39c4cc5d436aa744f293	These simpler exercises are largely descriptive but also including an assessment of strengths and challenges in the country system. The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. The OECD study, Skills beyond School, is addressing the range of policy questions arising, including funding and governance, matching supply and demand, quality assurance and equity and access. The study will build on the success of the previous OECD study of vocational education and training Learning for Jobs which examined policy through 17 country reviews and a comparative report.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264211940-9-en	7dd15332e1b803ee83b26c9b4c84eb0d	The Ministry’s main functions in education system evaluation are: the development of tools to monitor the performance of the education system (e.g. indicators framework, national student assessments, cohort studies), the promotion of evaluative studies of particular aspects of the education system (e.g. policy and programme evaluation), and the use of evaluation results for decision-making and policy development. The Dutch Constitution entrusts the Inspectorate of Education with the preparation of an annual report on the State of Education in the Netherlands. Overall, the Inspectorate is responsible for reporting publicly on the education system as a whole, providing information for policy development, and supplying reliable information on education. In consultation with the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, it also engages in policy evaluations, and contracts research and analysis on specific aspects of the education system.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	7dd15a3618814294379715b0d707d277	Secondly, Mexican authorities could also consider strategies for streamlining the institutional landscape of the housing sector. The paradox of the Mexican institutional structure is the existence of a large number of housing organisms, which serve specific geographies (urban vs. rural) or segments of the population but which, taken together, still do not adequately reach the entire population. Some institutional mergers could be considered over the longer term.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7dd31831353b1c24035678f08f1d535a	The Magneton track provides for dual cooperation between academic groups and industrial company. The aim is to transfer technologies resulting from academic research. Grants are up to USD 800 000. A kibbutz (plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. Today, farming has been partly surpassed by industrial plants and high-tech enterprises.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	7dd3f28587940264ac608dd1ba0e2d0d	Currently, the Illinois Energy Conservation Code incorporates the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code, which is considered the current global building code standard. Local governments around the state may adopt more-stringent energy codes for commercial buildings, but not residential buildings. The City of Chicago was granted an exception, thus the City of Chicago Energy Conservation Code of 2008 requires residential buildings applying for construction permits to exceed the standards called for by the Illinois Building Energy Code.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	7dd8491bc46c9079e5659c57955d1e21	Grants to support access to homeownership consisted of one-off transfers to households for the purchase of a house whereas financial assistance to home-buyers consisted of subsidized mortgages, down-payment assistance or mortgage guarantees provided by the government. Grants were relatively important policy instruments in Chile and Luxemburg, which spend roughly 0.3% of GDP on these gi ants. Financial assistance is especially prominent in Norway (0.2% of GDP), in Australia (at least 0.7% of GDP) and in the United Kingdom (0.6% of GDP).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-5-en	7de07bbfd644ca5b7e7993aa391af99e	In the past, floods and investments in flood protection were mainly concentrated in the Valley of Mexico and the Southern Border, but the Central Gulf and Yucatan Peninsula are now also at risk. The hurricanes in 2010 affected 118 municipalities in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas; 138 municipalities in the states of Campeche, Puebla, Veracruz; and 56 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. Approximately 200 cities with a population of more than 10 000 inhabitants are located in river basins with high flood risks. However, policy implementation is uneven, river basin councils are not yet fully operational and the regulatory framework for drinking water and sanitation is fragmented. There is a particular need for efforts to increase the water productivity and the cost-efficiency of water policies.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	7de2390feff5d42e88ae697eec3ed869	A report on the outcome of the Algerian programme, delivered by 1’Agence nationale de soutien a l’emploi des Jeunes (ANSEJ), revealed that 18% of the enterprises created from 2005-08 were led by young women (MPMEA 2009). The argument for the gender mainstreaming approach is that it is better, from a resources perspective, to ensure that mainstream business development service providers are sufficiently sensitive to the needs of women since it avoids duplication. Although there are some examples in the MENA region of mainstream business development organisations which have made it a priority to integrate women into their client base (the Business Development Centre in Jordan as a case in point), the infrastructure of generic SME support organisations is still generally underdeveloped. In addition, given the strongly-held cultural gender biases, it would take considerable time and effort to gender-sensitise BDS service providers, counsellors and trainers. This work should begin, but it will be insufficient in itself to overcome the current systemic and market failures in MENA economies with respect to business service provision to women entrepreneurs. There are many examples of such initiatives in developed countries which demonstrate their effectiveness.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-8-en	7de35b07ace99bb97a48b73b75ec3730	Other studies have focused on assessment practices in specific regions, such as UNESCO’s work on the Asia-Pacific (UNESCO, 2012a). Still others have focused on the more technical issues of assessment, such as the recently revised guidelines by the American Psychological Society, the American Educational Research Association and the National Council on Measurement in Education on standards for educational and psychological testing (AERA, APA and NCME, 2014). The latter is an important reference work for good assessment practice both in terms of technical quality and as regards fairness and ethical testing.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/e8424b2c-en	7de62293b199fc692495f5c95d3a7e56	Bioresources are mostly located in rural and coastal areas (forests, fish, algae, farm by-products) but appear also as e.g. orga nic waste. Their productivity a nd accessibil -ity differ between localities, given variation in natural conditions and the management of ownership and use. However advanced are the technologies involved, the biological raw materials used stem from - and impact on - land, water and sea-based bioresources. Alternative and competing uses touch on human rights and common property.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	7de78cc85aa5a88e7924f728bd9a8717	Policies contributing to emissions are also under review. Their report shows that between 2002 and 2008 there was a 16.8% increase in the combined carbon footprint of all Dutch holidaymakers, to a total of 15.6 million tonnes of C02 in 2008 (Table 4). This is equivalent to 9% of all C02 emissions from the Netherlands in that year as calculated under the Kyoto Protocol.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	7de81c1eb461b542e820de1f2e7ad230	Candidate outcome indicators would be the prevalence of complication from surgeries, percutaneous coronary intervention mortality rate, number of patient undergoing CABG within 24 hours after PCI, incidence of pressure ulcer or user satisfaction. To facilitate the functional differentiation and specialisation of hospitals beds, factors contributing to inadequate case-mix could be also examined. Special attention should go to acute myocardial infarction.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ad12659d-en	7df3afb761717c10f135cc88ac0c72d7	In others, the effectiveness of legal prohibition is hampered by poor enforcement or by low levels of awareness of this legislation among school staff and pupils. The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment”, #13. India’s National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) reports that a study of emotional experiences in classrooms, based on a survey of 1100 children, revealed that those who were frequently scolded saw their learning abilities compromised. It has been linked to slow development of social skills, depression, anxiety, aggressive behaviour and a lack of empathy or caring for others.52 It also contributes to the perpetuation of violence in schools.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	7df4cdd6bb9f7fcf3b610f195ce41de4	The system includes 3 biosphere reserves, 13 national parks (table 9.3), 14 nature parks, 5 Ramsar sites, 1 World Heritage site, 2 geoparks, and many nature reserves, strict reserves, nature monuments and Natura 2000 sites. Without a management plan, the PA administrators have to comply with the laws for PAs in general. The benefit of the management plan is to make the regulations clearer and more specific. There w'as previously a proposal to establish a National Protected Areas Agency with dedicated staff, but this body was not set up due to the financial crisis in Romania.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	7df7537519ec8ff96c8853a21379a840	Table C 3 substitutes information about adolescent fertility with information about contraceptive prevalence rate, which is the percentage of women aged 15 to 49 who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. The results indicate that an increase in the proportion of women using a contraceptive method goes hand in hand with a reduction in child poverty. This finding thus seems to support the idea that the risk of poverty is reduced when unforeseen births are lower.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	7dfd06f125ea0e497bf3840b3d083146	Among other things, it allows notaries to check information on encumbrances and the status of applications. Continuing on this path will propagate the cycle of extended commuting, high transport costs and levels of congestion, and poor quality of urban life. It is in direct contrast with the principles of TOD.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7dfe7676fc7208a72384151eaca5794a	Au Kazakhstan, ce cycle pourrait etre ameliore en renforqant le suivi et devaluation des mesures actuelles et nouvelles, ce qui suppose de creer les systemes d’information appropries et de recourir a des outils d’analyse, tels qu’enquetes et modeles economiques. Un processus concerte d’elaboration des politiques a toutes les chances de se traduire par des mesures qui refletent l’equilibre des interets des differents groupes. Alors qu’au Kazakhstan, il est necessaire de faire participer les organisations non gouvernementales au processus d’examen des politiques, cette participation a ete limitee aux etapes finales de l’elaboration des textes de politique publique. Un conseil des entreprises a ete cree recemment pour servir de plateforme de coordination entre autorites publiques et acteurs prives. Il importerait de veiller a ce que tous les acteurs concernes soient representes et impliques a tous les stades du cycle des politiques, notamment pour l’identification des sujets de preoccupation publique, la definition des objectifs d’action, et la formulation de nouvelles propositions. Les organisations non gouvernementales doivent aussi concourir au suivi et a devaluation des mesures publiques.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	7dff63ef9aac480871dbffeaae98ff31	For example, a comparatively high share of 15-year-olds say they feel like they ‘belong’ at school (80%, compared to an OECD average of 73%), and a relatively low share report being the victim of bullying at least a few times a month (12%, compared to an OECD average of 19%). Average scores on the OECD’s PISA reading and mathematics tests are also high in comparison to many other OECD countries, and a very high share of 15-year-olds say they expect to complete a university degree (75%, versus an average of 44%). Moreover, despite the highly competitive education system, only a moderate share of 15-year-olds in Korea report feeling anxious about school tests even when well-prepared (55%, the same as the OECD average). However, teenagers in Korea are less likely than their peers in most OECD countries to say they are very satisfied with their life as a whole, and are more likely to report being not satisfied. Only 19% of 15-year-olds in Korea report high levels of life satisfaction (compared to an OECD average of 34%), while 22% report low life satisfaction (versus an average of 12%).	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	7e010078e8c5a8f33b2e904311a365dc	Many wastewater treatment plants are inefficient as the treated water they discharge into water bodies significantly exceeds MACs for ammonium, nitrites, organic substances, copper, chrome and oil products. Although the soil pollution at old pesticide landfills and former agricultural airfields has been decreasing, it still substantially exceeds the MACs in terms of chlororganic pesticides. The areas of agricultural lands polluted by nitrates and phosphates have been increasing in Uzbekistan.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	7e0208e125bf317f01b7f19fc3c6f525	Secondly, the evaluation of the loan is generally done by the management board of the MGS, which should know the repayment capacity of its member. This lowers the information asymmetries and transaction costs for the bank conceding the loan. Thirdly, the public sector can intervene through counter-guarantees beyond the capital of the mutual society.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-4-en	7e02d7898240e757e8220a689202c72c	Complex systems do not operate in a linear manner, but rather exhibit a series of well-defined characteristics: tipping points, feedback loops, path dependence and sensibility to local contexts. Understanding complexity is thus an important element in policy making and reform, as complex systems cannot be successfully governed with the linear mechanisms of the traditional policy cycle. Devolving power to local authorities will not improve the functioning of the system unless it is accompanied by attention to the connections and interactivity present. This interactivity means that a single intervention may generate both positive and negative effects in different parts of the system. For example, disclosing information about school performance might have a very different impact on a school that is thriving than on a school that is struggling to attract well-performing students.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6e237bee-en	7e03144745568e51ad909c3a280eead0	When soils are exhausted, this allows the growth of certain weeds. A practice similar to this has been described in a part of south-western Nigeria to raise shade-tolerant crops such as Dioscorea spp and cocoyam in, essentially, a permanent forest setting (Adesina, 1988). In addition to the fact that agroforestry techniques can be perfected to cope with the new conditions that are anticipated in a drier climate and with a higher population density, they lead to an increase in the amount of organic matter in the soil, thereby improving agricultural productivity and reducing the pressure exerted on forests.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	7e04ca8d99a7e83c39ea2e219698c620	"Particular focus was given to how ""innovation"" was articulated and communicated in the documents. The business case - the community supported fishery Oresundsfisk - was analysed from semi-structured interviews with the initiating NGO and one of the active fishers. Notes were taken during the interviews, and particular attention was given to potential and barriers for further development."	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	7e051cab6b8c0a490bdcc3c3225686ee	If a surviving spouse who stays on the land remarries and dies, the new surviving spouse will also have a right to remain on the land. However, if the second surviving spouse dies, the land reverts to the traditional authority to determine who has the right to stay on the land. This decision must be made in consultation with the members of the concerned family or families identified by the traditional authority with reference to the relevant customary law. Traditional gender practices and norms such as patrilocal residence and patrilineal inheritance influence the decisions ofthe village committees in such a way that renders women's land tenure insecure.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	7e098bce7a1fbe53d78a082f8c3a7b81	Only recently have commercial property owners started to recognise that the lower energy and operating costs and better rentals of energy efficiency buildings translate to increased capital value. As different building owners (such as public, private, investors, commercial, and institutional) have diverging interests in energy efficiency, different approaches are required to develop incentives and build awareness. Programmes like Netherland's EnergieSprong that focus on transforming the building value chain as a system, work with all the decision makers in the system. Many building retrofit programmes undervalue the multiple benefits of energy efficiency initiatives. Health benefits in terms of reduced hospital visits, doctor's visits, prescription costs, and reduced sick days, can exceed the energy cost reduction significantly in some cases by 400%.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	7e0a8fd53e692691f68825135f37f4fb	According to UNICEF, in a typical developing country, each 1% increase in female secondary schooling results in a 0.3% increase in economic growth (Bartram, 2008). Besides, there is a significant negative effect of soil-transmitted helminths (i.e. worms) on education, by affecting learning and cognitive development among children (Bhargava et al., The spread of such worms can be stopped through avoiding contact with human excreta. Many workplaces also lack adequate sanitation facilities, affecting time use, productivity, and employment decisions, especially of women. A myriad of workdays are lost to diarrhoeal diseases - days lost or where productivity is reduced when the worker is ill as well as when she or he is caring for a sick child.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	7e0b49e19fc09a4b3f4996d84a232c6c	Second, IUSAs are likely to be more appropriate when the objective is to smooth consumption rather than unemployment-related poverty alleviation. By contrast, unemployment compensation systems that put more weight on alleviating unemployment-related poverty require more redistribution which may be more effectively provided by traditional UI. Third, individual IUSA systems are more effective in the context of frequent and short unemployment spells.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	7e0f58ab715678a24eab5e167f5ab2bc	More than one-third of respondents in the Slovak Republic reported an activity limitation induced by health problems, compared with only 15% in Iceland and Sweden. On average, 17% of the population is obese in the OECD (Figure 5.7). The proportion of obese people varies from about one-third in the United States and Mexico, to around one-in-four in New Zealand, Chile, Australia and Canada, to less than 5% in a number of Asian countries including India, Indonesia, China, Japan and Korea. Rates of obesity have risen rapidly in recent decades, affecting all population groups to varying extents, with more educated and higher socio-economic status women displaying substantially lower rates, and mixed patterns being observed for men (Sassi, 2010).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	7e1219035cdaa3c27950310d6170fed9	About three quarters of women workers with graduate and above qualifications are in regular wage employment. Better education is thus a crucial factor for getting regular jobs. In 2011-2012, about two thirds of male SC workers were wage workers and among them about three quarters were casual workers (Table 7-5). Even among women workers, the largest percentage of wage workers was among SCs.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	7e13b2d73f37c11f20d343cb9f007daa	While a national-level surplus means the situation is currently manageable, demographic trends indicate that the growing gap between demand and the number of available workers will cause a significant number of jobs to go unfilled over the next 20 years. By 2030, shortages in the tourism sector could grow to 228,000 jobs, leaving 10.7% of potential labour demand unfilled, with the food and beverage services and recreation and entertainment industry expected to be most affected. If the expected shortages are not mitigated, it estimates the sector could forgo CAD 31.4 billion in potential revenues by 2030.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	7e1627e39be4d764772e762c08bef35a	Studies from the Mediterranean have found, however, that only one of every three MPA boundaries are marked at all (MedPan, 2013). Advances in technology can help in this context: to help recreational fishers keep track of their position in Parks Victoria in Australia, the agency introduced a recreational fishing guide app for mobile phones in 2013. This uses the geolocational ability to show fishers whether they are in a no-take zone (red warning message), close to one (orange message) or safely clear from one (green message). In 15 MPAs in Italy, for example, only 3 were identified as having high levels of enforcement (Guidetti et al.,	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	7e16b853b41aad801b093876c926bb19	Such policy developments include Europe 2020 (a strategy for growth and jobs); the Resource Efficiency Roadmap; the Rural Development Policy; the Industrial Policy; the Climate and Energy Package with its 2020 targets; the Plant Health and Reproductive Materials Strategy; and the Biodiversity and Bioeconomy strategies (European Commission, 2013a). The goal of the TTIP is to remove trade barriers from a wide range of economic sectors and to make it easier to trade goods and services between the two trading blocs. Negotiations began in July 2013 and are expected to continue through 2014.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/01a171e9-en	7e16eff84cdd49678ecfaf021991435e	Most importantly, there is a signticant scarcity of data, particularly for developing countries. While the European Union and the United States follow India and China in the rankings, they have much smaller proportions of STEM graduates. Latin America accounted for just 5.2 per cent of graduates, and Africa for less than 1 per cent. Despite substantially increasing both the quantity and quality of its STEM research output, sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for less than 1 per cent of the world’s research output in this area (Blom et al.,	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	7e187d3c07bc885d2921eb797ca0607d	The significant increase of large scale land allocations in recent years has led to numerous land conflicts. In fact, the Foreign Investment Law remains quite vague on the activities restricted to foreign investment, stating for example that “agricultural or livestock breeding business requiring a small amount of investment capital” are closed to foreign investment, without specifying the amount of capital. Similarly, activities “detrimental to traditional ethnic cultures and customs” are closed to foreign investment which leaves significant discretion to the MIC to decide if a specific activity may be detrimental. In fact, the law even allows the MIC to allow foreign investment that may have adverse cultural impacts if it considers such investment is in the national interest.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	7e19b445b79b279157cb950b437406b0	It is here that the transformative dimension should also come into play. Social security schemes that depend on contributions from continuous, full-time participation in the paid workforce will not benefit women with interrupted careers due to childcare obligations or women in precarious work or the informal sector. This aspect is sporadically highlighted by the various bodies. Improved worker rights, access to employment, childcare and access to land, extension services and finance are crucial to address discrimination against women in relation to their rights to food (HRC 2012a). The CERD Committee has noted that forms of racial discrimination may be specifically directed at women because of their race and gender.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	7e1d8e1d095b1e0b96527510098f7e8e	Supervision of the Shaban within the Ministry of Health makes sense in that it means supervision of all health-fund activities is within one body. Meanwhile, commercial health insurance is more appropriately supervised by CSMID, as it is subject to insurance legislation. However, there does have to be a good deal of co-ordination to ensure the system remains balanced and harmonised.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289346597-10-en	7e1e3115344fd7bfd893c8cf44aa85ea	The main reason for this is that there is less transportation in the Nordic scenario, and the final fate of the textiles after reuse (incineration/landfill) also plays a role. It is noted here that the documentation for the recycling process is of poor quality, and the results shall therefore primarily be used as an indication of which types of environmental impacts are affected by the process - and how. The poor data quality in this scenario primarily concerns the input of energy in relation to the output of recovered chemicals (DMT and EG).	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	7e216bceb918e5505b68fac0176d15fa	Work-life balance in this framework encompasses not only measures that would be expected to be closely related to decisions to work for pay or profit given family or care responsibilities, but also attempts to measure time allocation between time spent in a job(s) and time spent in private life. The Resolution concerning the Measurement of Working Time34, adopted by the Eighteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2008, established international statistical standards for seven concepts of working time associated with the productive activities of a person and performed in a job. The indicators in this dimension refer to the concept of hours usually worked.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	7e257eb5d58d8dee6ce8718344a9cc71	However, many commercial fish stocks are overfished with resulting loss in benefits and welfare due to poor management of the fish resources (World Bank, 2009). The oceans are not only a source for wild caught fish but also an important location for expanding marine aquaculture production. For millennia the oceans have been used for transport of goods and people. The bulk of long distance transportation for world trade of goods is done by freighters on international shipping routes.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	7e2a65020b165d48ad8f905e9a241fa4	This analysis highlights the need, in order to counteract the effects of the crisis and reduce child poverty, to implement policies that not only increase access to employment for parents from low-income families, but also promote greater mobility towards better quality and better paid jobs. Finally, the decline in disposable income experienced in many countries by low-and very low-income families suggests that social benefits have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis. There is, however, some indication that transfers may have cushioned the effects the Great recession had on the income of the poorest families in the United Kingdom and the United States (as shown also by (Bradshaw, Chzhen and Main, 2017[37]) and (Wimer and Smeeding, 2017(33]).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	7e2b60d248c5165562e0d35b94ea3416	Estimates for 2009 show a slight increase from the previous year. Compared with production figures a decade ago, the current amount represents a growth of more than 28 Mt. This additional supply is mainly due to increases in aquaculture production. Capture fisheries production, which reached its peak in 1996 with 93.8 Mt, has stabilised within a range of 85 and 94 Mt, with variations mainly caused by the El Nino climate pattern phenomenon. In the last three years, capture fisheries production remained close to 90 Mt. Forecasts indicate that any major increase in future supply will come from aquaculture. Aquaculture production is already playing a substantial role in supplying fish for human consumption, growing from a share of 17% of per capita fish consumption in late 1980s to an estimated 46% currently.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	7e2c34f041cd06952891b2e9789c951a	This implies a fully co-ordinated approach with interventions from each agency with responsibilities for road safety implemented in concert. It also demands enforcement effort dosed to achieve optimal results and ensure measures are mutually reinforcing. It requires effective leadership from a unit at the highest levels of government to facilitate the work of the road safety agencies, co-ordinate then- interventions and be the main interface with NGOs and the private sector.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	7e2c357bb29a8a0afaa96f5881e5f97d	Implementation of transport projects in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is especially complicated because most of the roads are mountainous, which means tunnels will be required and construction and maintenance will take place in adverse conditions. In terms of railway transport, the planned implementation of 13 development and electrification projects includes the Angren-Pap, Maroqand-Qarshi, Qarshi-Termez and Maroqand-Bukhara rail lines. The plan envisages measures to build and rehabilitate roads and railways, logistic centres and communications. The country also plans to develop a 920-km route going from Uzbekistan through Kyrgyzstan to China (Andijan-Osh-lrkeshtam-Kashgar).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	7e2d4ed32abff99efb6e647ab897c4d8	The kink in the aggregate demand curve characterises urban and rural residents’ different willingness to pay. Under normal conditions, efficient allocation is achieved at price PO; total water supply (QOt) is divided among urban and rural users (QOu and QOr), such that their marginal benefits of use are equalised. In case of water abundance, supply exceeds the total demanded quantity; there will be no competition for water resources and therefore the efficient price of water will be PI (opportunity cost of water). Under severe water scarcity conditions (S2) such as droughts, the optimal strategy to minimise total damages is to impose a larger reduction of the water supply on the more price-elastic user, namely agriculture.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264240056-12-en	7e3304bb1e9da5372b3788f2ce155925	Finally, the chapter examines the efforts to date to promote the circular economy and the challenges that lie ahead. The first National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) (Landelijk Afualbeheer Plan, LAP), which covered the period 2003-09, set targets to be achieved by 2012. It was subsequently updated by the second NWMP of 2009, which covers the period from late 2009 to 2015 and sets targets for 2015 and 2021. These plans built on policies put in place in the 1990s to reduce landfilling and improve recycling and recovery.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/caeceb38-en	7e33bfa9b15dc42cff1e8c914672b00b	"If a child has problems, parents should speak to the child. There are only a few parents who do that - too few of them "" (Ramphele, 2002:73). Of potential significance to both generations are the shifts in responsibilities at home or in the family that function as informal rites of passage, including increasing domestic responsibility, deeper and more meaningful communication with parent figures and inclusion in household decision-making (Bray, 2009).To date, these relationships remain poorly documented, particularly outside South Africa."	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	7e35f3a8d779aedec3f41de405dce903	The estimated nutrient load has been decreasing due to the closure of several sources, resulting in improvement in the status of the lake, indicated, for example, by a slight decrease in chlorophyll. During the recent very rainy years, surface water run-off from the adjacent areas slightly increased nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations, and decreased water transparency (Secchi depth). On the Finnish side, the Juustilanjoki Basin includes the Mustajoki River, the catchment of the KSrkjarvi River, and part of the Saimaa Canal,19 including the Soskuanjoki River.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/893fb414-en	7e37316ec0d335717b5131a976ae70ba	In Uganda only 6% of rural health facilities and 16% of all health facilities are connected to grid energy (UN Women, UNDP and UNEP 2015). Socially constructed gender roles, identities and underlying power dynamics affect whether (and how) women and men access and use energy and participate in decisions and investments. Surveys have repeatedly shown that women and men express different energy needs and priorities and perceive different risks in regard to energy choices (as discussed below).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	7e38d5a2595f806a13982a2d7bbe3317	By participating in leisure activities in the host country with native populations, immigrants can learn about local customs and culture and interact with native peers on a par (Ito et al., This, in turn, can improve the way immigrants relate to native individuals and create positive social bonds. Participation in sports has a dual cultural function: it allows immigrants to maintain their own culture and interact with the local one (Allen et al.,	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/922d178c-en	7e3926709a6cae6039612ac6dda67f13	The post-revolutionary population control policy and the availability of contraceptives through urban health clinics and rural health houses (Salehi-Isfahani, Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavosi, 2010) have been instrumental in the rise in the contraceptive prevalence rate from around 49 per cent in 1989 to around 72 per cent in 2000. The total fertility rate also declined from around 7 children per women in 1980 to around 1.8 children in 2011 (Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald and Hosseini-Chavosi, 2009; Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014). In response to the low level of fertility, there has been a population policy reversal towards a pro-natalist approach in recent years. The proponents of the new policy argue that contraception has had a strong impact on fertility decline and, thus, contraceptives should not be provided freely under the new pro-natalist policy (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014; Roudi, 2012). This may lead to an increase in the level of unintended pregnancies and abortion.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	7e3b29a9979cd5252e154d2369351222	In Svalbard, the electricity and heat production is mainly based on coal and diesel oil. Energy efficiency measures can be implemented directly by the sector whereas a switch to renewable energy must be driven by the energy production sector if the energy is produced centrally. In the cases where the energy is not produced centrally the tourism sector can take steps towards a reduction in fossil fuels.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	7e3e49d39176bdf098dc32e3c6268854	On the other hand, such networks partly overlap with each other and do not always lead to concrete results. Even though the consensus-oriented Nordic (and particularly Swedish) political culture generally minimises disruptive disagreements, the oversupply of co-ordination channels may generate inertia and inaction in Western Scandinavia. If Western Scandinavia wants to effect real change, it needs to define clear policy objectives for co-operation (Box 2.15). Structuring objectives into a hierarchy of higher and lower level objectives is a good way to prioritise them and illustrate how they affect each other.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	7e3f186da97bfb4b83c5c56da9b3da8e	When market systems are functioning well, transfers are made in cash; otherwise, food is often used. Cash expenditure was ETB 5.4 billion in 2004/05 but decreased steadily (and significantly) in real terms over the subsequent decade (Figure 1.2) even though the number of PSNP clients did not follow a similar trajectory. The value of benefits is expected to decline further over the course of PSNP IV as a result of a gap between financing needs and the resources made available.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	7e4261379602e881a22066b62b8f7a20	Some of the biggest DFIs (by size of portfolio), including DEG (Germany), Proparco (France), OPIC (US), currently do not report activity level information on Rio Markers and FMO (Netherlands) does not report on its activities to the OECD DAC statistical system at all. As a result these agencies have been excluded from the analysis, which biases comparisons between types of providers towards multilateral providers. As a result the analysis in the paper covers development finance targeting climate change only.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	7e45b0144352d0c53e948f8ea7028a46	Because of the interconnectivity between ecosystems across scales, land degradation triggers destructive processes that can have cascading effects across the entire biosphere. Loss of biomass through vegetation clearance and increased soil erosion produces GHGs that contribute to global warming and climate change. Land degradation and desertification affects biodiversity and global climate change through soil and vegetation losses.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	7e4c4a08c53891ab0e17247c524408be	Women in particular tend to disagree that they have been the object of malicious rumours, deprived of information, managed aggressively, and above all, most of them claim that they have not been subject to sexual coercion by superordinates: only 3% of the female sample claimed that this was the case, and only 0.3% of the men (UT). Women quite strongly rejected the notion that they were being isolated from social activities. Let us now look at university practices. The German respondents agreed more strongly than the British that there are too few women at the top of the system (UK 34%: Germany 44%); females too agreed significantly more often than males with this statement together with the proposition that their universities were still “gendered organisations”.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	7e4ec6586c1708a051eb53f7854f24c9	Refining capacity may therefore limit the availability of oil derivates for final consumption. There exists a number of indicators to monitor refinery capacity and its utilisation (differentiated by product) (ECOFYS, et al., This indicator applies, in particular, to the flexibility of oil refineries in the face of overall demand changes.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	7e5042c8a5ba88b774cf227409e8f503	While limited in effectiveness, such social protection often provides initial help in the face of shocks. Social protection thus helps relax liquidity, credit and/or savings constraints. The evidence shows that social protection fosters more investment in the education and health of children, and reduces child labour, with implications for future productivity and employability.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	7e540d1df995c3bd595a99e906a36ba8	As another example, TRIPS (Article 31) obligates governments, when issuing compulsory licenses, to respect certain procedural requirements.58 Beyond these procedural minimum standards of protection, there are no substantive restrictions on the discretion of governments to freely determine the grounds upon which a compulsory license may be granted to allow the patented invention to be used without authorization of the patent holder. Org/unctadictsd/projectoutputs.htm#top); Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, pp. Concerns about broad exclusive rights and their impact on competition and innovation have also been expressed in developed countries; see, e.g.. United States Federal Trade Commission, “To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy”, Report, 2003 (executive summary available at http://xml.coverpages.org/FTC-InnovationReportSumm.pdf).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	7e544e0f793c147044e71eaa82a834c7	More specific estimates of future spending are even rarer: only one-third of respondents could provide estimates of climate-specific finance for the upcoming year. At COP 16 in 2010, reporting provisions for Annex II countries on climate finance were extended to become more frequent via biennial reports. As previous analysis has shown (Ellis and Moarif, 2015), the guidelines for reporting climate finance information in national communications and biennial reports overlap significantly, but are not a complete match with each other nor with the coverage of the USD 100 billion per year commitment.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	7e54e856bb0f6fae96c384e192bab77b	Nurses also go abroad for advanced specialist training. Nurses run their own clinics for a wide range conditions, including diabetic complications (such as foot ulcers), anticoagulation and cardiac rehabilitation. Such well-developed advanced nursing roles are unusual even in OECD health systems, and offers an example of good practice for other health systems to consider. Health system financing is discussed in detail in Section 3, but a steady upward drift in out-of-pocket spending is worth noting during this discussion on accessibility.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	7e580ad4ce2c111f793217280403c1c7	In addition, occupational licensing can increase the costs of moving. These are addressed in the next sections. The data for the United States are based on aggregates of counties that are smaller than States. As a result, workers and families hit by adverse shocks from technological change or globalisation arguably face greater difficulties in moving to areas where employment opportunities are better. Empirical evidence points to negative equity leading to lock in and higher homeownership rates being associated with higher unemployment, but these findings are either economically small or contested in other studies (Goodman and Mayer, 2018,291).	8	3	2	0.2
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	7e5ad8b3f7489533ddadee6a10512c3f	Accordingly, a multidimensional approach is meant not for international comparisons, but to create a better understanding of poverty in a specific context and then generate relevant information for policymakers. Furthermore, the selection of dimensions has to be context-specific and based on socially accepted development objectives (e.g., the good living rights approved by referendum in Ecuador). But there are different approaches to identifying a person as poor.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	7e5c6fdd759f03aff8747d99a3111dbc	Women say that, among all the little millet landraces, Kottapattisamai is the most beautiful, as stated in a local language (Tamil: samaikku azhaku kottapattisamai), and prefer this landrace due to ease in processing, productivity, meal quality and adaptation to diverse agro-ecosystems. Women rate the landraces according to meal quality and taste. Also, women classify little millet landraces based on bran to edible portion ratio and prefer landraces that are lower in bran proportion.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	7e5e67adea904a033f1bf24d7f7ed550	As in the case of BRT schemes, authorities have negotiated with incumbent operators to annul individual concessions in exchange for giving priority in granting new concessions to enterprises formed by these incumbent operators. While no smart card has yet been introduced, buses acquired by concessionaires are required to be prepared for introducing this technology in the near future. The BRS corridors introduced to date are Valenciana-Tacubaya, Chapultepec-Palmas and Pefion-Panteon San Isidro. The price of the service is MXN 7 (USD 0.5).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	7e5e90e3896a8780044dd917559d45f0	However, it was ultimately rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. As result, the Federal Electoral Tribunal endorsed the working group’s work and developed a regulatory Protocol on Political Violence against Women. It can also help increase women's participation and create a more gender-balanced workforce.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	7e5f1038391c3b990493cd978c810248	"J. (2006), “Measurement of the Contribution of Informal sector/informal Employment to GDP in Developing Countries: some conceptual and methodological issues"", Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group). The African Statistical Journal, Volume 9. Chambre de commerce et d'industrie du BEnin, Cotonou."	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	7e60de844a72d926b4b172a143ea4068	As the generic product is a copy of the original one (more or less modified), the generic producer in order to submit its product to the regulatory authority (for purposes of demonstrating bioequivalence) will rely on lawful reverse-engineering of the patented drug in order to understand how it was formulated. See Box 12, below, for details. While some countries may consider it unfair to let second comers take advantage of the investments made by data originators (“free riding”), other countries may regard as unfair to impose on financially weak generic producers, in particular those in poor developing countries or LDCs, the same requirements as those set up for multinational pharmaceutical companies, especially where the latter may at the same time benefit from patent protection on the respective substance and may already have entirely recouped their R&D investment in OECD country markets. Where this is the case, data originators no longer need to recoup any remaining costs, and there is a risk of over-compensating the data originator at the expense of generic price competition.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/0ec26947-en	7e625b1e56ae35c53a9a85b9d2f2f757	Since probably not all countries will participate from the beginning, new joiners can be granted a right to participate in the validation as well, if agreed upon by the existing members. These entities will initially be all the validators that create the network plus all parties that are involved in the first phase. As the network grows, more parties can join the network if all the validators agree on it using the PoA algorithm. Therefore, an on-premise hosting in all participating countries is suggested.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	7e639f6b9def80ba7ba9e9c1d42d6ac7	Both sexes are guilty of woman and child abuse. Since women often have the primary responsibility to shape their children into gender roles, some play a significant role in encouraging males to be violent to prove their masculinity. In northern Kenya, some mothers acknowledge that they urge their sons to steal cattle and kill young men from opposing tribes so they can prove their masculinity and be initiated into manhood.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/00287855-en	7e64098df5d19ac4b6676b9a71db9153	These are defined as policies that generate a transfer from taxpayers to fishers. It also provides a review of the past literature on the nature and effects of support to the fisheries sector, including a preliminary analysis to identify the factors that determine how support can affect overcapacity and overfishing, including illegal fishing, along with their likely benefits. These countries represent 35% of global fisheries landings by volume. This database currently contains data from 2009 to 2015, and is updated annually.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	7e644fd13f7368e43eb7c9e3d13debce	It brings together both large-scale agribusinesses and smallholder farmers (MDA, 2011). The programme introduced a mandatory content of 2% (B2) biofuel added to fossil diesel in 2008 and set a 5% (B5) goal for 2013, though in reality this was reached in 2010. Brazil became the world’s third largest producer and consumer of biodiesel in 2014, and towards the end of the year a new mandatory content of 7% (B7) was established (Presidencia da Republica, 2014). The consumption in that year reached 3.4 billion litres (bln L) (ANP, 2014).	2	3	1	0.5
10.30875/c7f78275-en	7e64e1d1233323fa1ff10765b51c87ff	However, full realization of the potential of 3D printing depends on overcoming a number of obstacles. The necessary material technology is still nascent and building complex objects is slow. There are also regulatory issues that need to be addressed before 3D printing can be widely adopted in the consumer market.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	7e6723e0dca84bc0bd152af2b63de309	If he abandons his religion once the marriage has already been consummated and then comes back to Islam during the wife’s retreat, the dissolution is void and the marriage is reinstated; b) the marriage is not dissolved when the wife abandons her religion. According to Article 16.1 of the CEDAW, states shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, “The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution” as well as “The same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation” and “The same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration.” In many countries, the woman’s role as a wife is usually seen as an obedient women, whose basic freedoms can be, to some extent, controlled by her husband (for example in Bahrain,7 Djibouti and Yemen).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	7e67bee8dd40d7c7467bf2f4b3d34a70	Special thanks to Diana Martirosova and her colleagues at the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia for giving access to the survey data and for giving constructive feedback on the results. The views and findings in this report are the responsibility of the authors alone. In addition, this report analyses multidimensional poverty together with monetary poverty, providing estimates of the degree to which the two measures of child poverty overlap, and offering a comprehensive picture of child poverty in the national context.	1	0	10	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	7e6abf0949f6678f883a3d32e56a784d	The Constitution of January 2014 ensures equality of opportunity to achieve parity between women and men in elected posi-tions, and highlights the role of the state in eliminating violence against women. This progress is due in large part to the efforts that women's organizations have made, pushing for a more representative parliament that would understand women's specific needs and chal lenges. In particular, the use of alternating gender lists for elections has been instrumental in achieving this increase in women's political participation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	7e6c08bf5f94a703cc8d1d66b10bd90c	For Japan, Korea and Chile, infrastructure carries the largest weight, consisting mainly of expenditures for irrigation systems. In Canada and New Zealand, knowledge and innovation systems and inspection services share the main part (around 40% each) of support to general services. Most of general services spending in Iceland was allocated to inspection services (42%) and stockholding (43%) in 2011-13.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/01772a94-en	7e6ce2f7fa4501654e3eb337c88c25ea	The rationale for using this approach is to capture all children showing any sign of deprivation in a specific dimension. If there is more than one indicator per dimension, the selected indicators have been chosen to complement each other in the explanation of the dimension they represent and to jointly identify the children's status in the respective dimension. This method does not account for the depth of deprivation within a given dimension because the methodology is developed to focus on the dimensions rather than separate indicators. The indicators and their thresholds are selected based on the international standards set by the WHO, UN-HABITAT, UNESCO, and UN MDGs (see De Neubourg et al 2012b, for the precise definition of each indicator).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	7e6f85f015c601f37a6166f575576390	"Investment Plans included objectives such as public transport efficiency, or promotion of ""integrated development"" of both housing and residential infrastructure, along with so-called productive investments such as industrial parks or factories. Strategic investment plans acknowledged that the urban area was larger than a project area, that some spaces deserved higher priority than others, and that ""strategy"" meant making choices in a spatial context. The challenge, therefore, was to determine which rules might encourage behaviour in specific directions and what were the so-called ""enabling conditions"" required for desired outcomes to be achieved. The difference lay in the assertion that market-oriented policies were intended to affect not only individual entities, both corporate and otherwise, but the whole pattern of behaviour of all entities, both individually and collectively."	11	0	8	1.0
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	7e703044d530f487cef2f833d72ef3dc	Furthermore, unemployment is not only a major concern for the uneducated but also educated youth. In the United Republic of Tanzania, unemployment rates are higher among people who have completed secondary education than those who have not (Amare, 2014). A total of 31.1 per cent of those unemployed in Egypt had completed tertiary-level education in 2013 (World Bank, 2017a).	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	7e722b2d4a4a9c76e554ee364e22ccf7	This underscores the need for carefully targeted measures to promote adaptation to ensure that the benefits of opportunities presented by trade are as widely distributed as possible, and that vulnerable populations are protected from adjustment costs as much as possible (see Box 5). On the contrary, domestic market and government failures may hinder any spillovers from trade reform. For example, in many low-income countries, the informal sector represents a very high proportion of the domestic economy and cross-border trade.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264095199-5-en	7e77755b5a3946df087bc4d49c75fbd6	Over time, consider moving away from shared financing and increase voucher subsidies sufficiently to make up for this. If needed, teachers’ assistants and trained special education teachers provide extra support under the supervision of the teacher. Close to 30% of the student population receive support in this way each year (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). If all of these measures fail, a multi-disciplinary team comprising teachers, social workers, psychologists and representatives of health and public housing authorities, if necessary, work out a plan of support.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7e77d89f2e531f08f67b9dc3633e5f1a	There is a lack of support for integration of field experience, work-experience and community service within the curricula. The long delay in the process for approval of new academic programmes, which in some cases lasts for more than five years, inhibits the responsiveness of higher education institutions to changing regional needs. There is a need to ensure that higher education programme review and approval process is streamlined to allow for speed and greater responsiveness to regional needs. The principal incentive for the colleges is negative: their exclusion from research funding. Student numbers are established centrally and there are no incentives to enrol students from within the region. Because the institutions depend to a degree on revenue from tuition fees (within limits set by the Planning and Budgeting Committee), they have incentives to recruit paying students from outside the region to generate additional revenue.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264086197-en	7e7a0b29ab7d8bc991388a9933bea7df	Some of the policy options proposed for this area may be equally relevant to Danish parents of less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds. This section is not concerned with the many other immigrant parents who understand the Danish education system and who, with their children, are successfully integrating into Danish life and its education system. In Denmark, parental involvement is particularly important because school only lasts for half a day and a significant responsibility for support with homework and choice of educational pathways is placed with parents.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	7e7a52883350b6b438a032f198449c52	The first step of the budget formulation consists in drawing the list of personnel of the school, which is based on the number of consolidated classes. The number of classes determines the type and number of school deputies, the number of teaching hours and related tasks to be allocated, and the number and type of support staff of the school (see Annex 4.A1). The overall number of teaching hours is used to determine the number of teachers needed as well as their teaching workload, once up to nine teaching hours have been allocated to each school leader.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-9-en	7e7a70d7f45178baa78f2a818a35b016	Research has found that the quality of teachers and their teaching are the most important school-related factors in student outcomes (Darling-Hammond, 2000; OECD, 2005). Teachers are also at the front line of any education reform movement, ideally providing input when policies are being developed, and tasked with understanding and implementing the new vision (OECD, 2005; Jensen et al., As a representative of Thailand’s Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) said to the review team, “teachers are the heart of the matter”.	4	0	10	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	7e7bb52282f613362f9694f584e6ca54	Although it calls for caution when interpreting domain poverty outcomes, it also points towards the largely consistent results in terms of financial resources despite the comparatively large number of indicators included. Standard errors are calculated taking into account the survey sampling design. Levels of dimensional and monetary poverty are generally highest for UK, although deprivation with respect to access to basic services is smallest in this country.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	7e7c7a7cb85b06c8a8101fc5e62e12c2	Challenges of peripherality are common in predominantly rural OECD regions (Box 2.1), but the example of NORA is certainly one of the most extreme cases of geographic peripherality. The magnitude of this problem, of course, differs from country to country. For example, it is a greater issue in Finland than in the Netherlands, and a bigger challenge for Scotland than England, even though they are both part of the United Kingdom.	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	7e7fb76df134123ecb1b153f707e1d51	Furthermore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has a vast potential for renewable energy sources (RES), which is largely untapped with the exception of large-scale hydropower. While the region is expected to see a steady rise in hydropower and rapid expansion of other renewables, the International Energy Agency (IEA) still projects the share of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply (TPES) to increase to 78% by 2040. The target is to increase the share of renewables (including large-scale hydropower but not traditional uses of biomass) in the TPES to 23% by 2025. In emerging Asia as a whole, coal and gas are expected to prevail as the dominant source of energy towards 2040. However, the projected growth in energy demand provides great opportunities for emerging Asia to exploit its largely untapped potential of renewable energy sources. Although energy efficiency measures could help to slow the growth of fossil fuel consumption, large-scale investment in renewable energy development would still be needed to make a significant difference.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	7e80ea2d60c1b16f867f540d0e205786	The percentage of the population with some level of deprivation in work and social security was 84% in 2010, showing that this dimension requires special government attention and an increase in the coverage of the social security system. The indigenous population has the largest deprivation gap (see table 3). Lastly, the work deprivation gap for indigenous people decreased from 32.7% in 2006 to 15.6% in 2010. This reduction cannot be interpreted in the same way as a headcount ratio (i.e. a reduction in the number of poor people), but the important thing is that it shows that the level (severity) of multidimensional poverty in the country has fallen.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	7e854f343b05faadf0e7b5099b4edf88	"The Drina nexus assessment is a case in point: electricity generation could be increased by coordinating the operation of hydropower plants and optimizing the flow releases, while taking different water needs into account could bring different co-benefits. The ""benefits"" perspective is explicitly included in nexus assessments under the Water Convention to strengthen these very aspects of cooperation. Similar to the Water Convention's policy guidance on benefits, the nexus approach invites its primary target audience to consider broader cooperation, rather than to just ""allocate water""."	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	7e85f209eafadd65d14202b2ce675cc5	The amount of municipal waste - around 10% of total waste - has decreased by almost 4% over the past decade; meanwhile, the amount of material and energy recovery from waste has grown, thanks to efforts to treat waste as a resource. Recycling rates are increasing (by up to 80% in some cases) for important materials such as glass, steel, aluminium, paper and plastics (OECD, 2015a). More sustainable waste management has played its part: the country has used effective pricing (among other policy measures) to reduce municipal waste, improve waste recovery and reduce landfill (OECD, 2012c).	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348164-3-en	7e87689f2cb6e60486b08c465b071bce	"Some Member States (for instance, Estonia and Hungary) even require sending copies of all Annex VII documents to the competent authorities, but the countries considered in this project-Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden - do not. Because the companies arrange the shipments between themselves and the authorities are not automatically involved, it can be stated that the control of shipments of green-listed waste is not very strict. On account of this low level of control, the fact that interpreting the regulations requires some experience, and the fact that several kinds of operators are active in the waste business, there is a risk that not all shipments described as shipments of green-listed waste take place ""by the book"". It might be that some waste requiring a notification is shipped as green-listed or that waste is shipped in contravention of an export ban."	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	7e89315c15d5e4fc791275e70aa01d96	At the same time, the government needs to ensure that the voices of non-traditional players are head and can influence policy choices. For all participants, the nature and status of this consultation should be made clea. Transparency is required concerning the ways contributions are weighed and incorporated in policy proposals.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277274-5-en	7e89b6614f6bb1fef695cb3963b0ff3d	This principle means that “learning centredness” should permeate the priorities of the learning organisation, whether it is a school or another site for learning. This is about each individual learner engaging and ensuring that all learners are engaged. The principle also stresses that learners should be capable of organising and monitoring their own learning, and able to assess what they have already accomplished and what still needs to be done.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	7e8b92a8459772a88b051551b2619c0a	However, the yearly number of severe accidents substantially increased in non-OECD countries whereas it remained stable or decreased within OECD member countries. While the first had practically negligible radiation-exposure related health and environmental consequences, the two others had significant radiation-exposure related health and environmental consequences, and all three had from small to very large social and economic impacts. The Chernobyl accident, for instance, caused 31 immediate fatalities, and approximately 6 000 thyroid cancers (fatal in 15 cases).	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	7e8c4778ced7e5df79f432f72b0610c4	On average, morbidity compression could reduce the health care spending to GDP ratio by a 1 percentage point for the OECD countries and by more for the BRIICS countries. A lower trend productivity growth rate of half percentage point was assumed and the productivity changes were translated into new GDP growth paths using the OECD Long-term Model. The effect of lower GDP on the health spending to GDP ratio is small, because the elasticity of health spending to GDP is relatively high, being 0.8 (de la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins, 2013).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	7e9206d78f6e28f700e04611832ca15c	Among the new challenges are the trend towards autonomy in academia, the excellence in research initiatives, innovation policy and internationalisation. As a result of these new research policy focus areas, the gender equality efforts in academia have become more diverse and complex in recent years. Although gender equality is a stated objective in academia in the Nordic countries, there are very few comprehensive studies of university and research policy in a gender equality perspective. The intention exists, however.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	7e929699ae991fe57ec91a0252ab5436	This means that some children are already advantaged over others when they begin formal schooling, while in turn school results exert a strong influence on their university outcomes (Boarini et al., Moreover, people with higher education and skills are more likely to undertake on-the-job training (OECD, 2010c). The way that inequalities are compounded means that educational deficiencies should be tackled as early as possible and that pupils from a lower socioeconomic background should receive adequate support in schools to compensate for their initial disadvantage.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	7e94e691d188e06e89975fea1b103e41	In all habitat categories together, nature and landscape complexes increased from 78 000 ha in 2000 to 96 000 ha in 2012. There are 161 documentation sites in all, which are important for research and education. Natural monuments have particular scientific, cultural or landscape value; Poland has a total of 36 316, including glacial boulders, rocks, grottos, caves and springs.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	7e99fb7cf8cdfe6a6617b6615277d3d4	The outcomes are promising: 32% of the participants were employed at the end of the project, 8% had returned to education and 40% had held short-term jobs. However, that the payment of related benefits has remained under the Social Insurance Agency (SIA) while the PES is in charge of job-search support has created inefficiencies. For instance, not many actions are initiated in the earlier phase of sickness absence, even though this can be very important for unemployed with mental health problems (OECD, 2012g).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	7e9a603985a3d37b06fe86cfecbc8b8a	In principle though, educated and informed consumers can be appropriately targeted by food companies through their product development and marketing, enabling the market (for sustainable foods) to expand. The FarmSave Program is an education-only programme and the other two programmes include both education and financial incentives to the agriculture sector. The FarmSave Program is implemented through public benefits funding by the En-Save Energy consulting group. The outreach and education programme attempts to reach out to all farm types and has a broad array of experts to assist farmers with increasing their energy efficiency.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	7e9b810f3abe442c2f874c140ade2393	It becomes increasingly necessary, moreover, as crises originating in the financial world spread to the real world and affect people’s lives and livelihoods through a variety of transmission channels. As such, policy responses to a crisis in the LDCs need to address not only the economic impact but also social dimensions, such as poverty and employment. It may also be prudent for the LDCs to consider the idea of creating a “basic social floor” for the poor.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264251724-9-en	7e9c44e58d0d6a341bd77efc4682f3f4	The remainder of the chapter is devoted to reporting some of the findings of this new database, notably estimates of the overall global value of the ocean economy on the basis of the ocean industries selected, approximate employment levels in the different industries, and a breakdown by sector and broad geographic regions. It consists of 169 coastal countries and aims to improve the coherency and consistency of the assumptions, indicators and measurement methods used to estimate the size of the ocean economy. The database draws heavily on UN and OECD sources to collect industry-specific data on physical capital stock, employment and value added for those ocean-based industries defined in ISIC Rev.3 (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities). Where official data were patchy, proxies were used based on national reports and secondary sources (for details on the methodology, see OECD, forthcoming).	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	7e9e752d1a6b074ad6c883bf17965904	Others have highlighted that indicators alone are not always sufficient (or appropriate) to monitor and evaluate progress in adaptation (AC, 2014b). Thus, while there is some experience with M&E of individual adaptation actions, this has tended to focus on positive lessons. Learning from what has worked less well is also valuable, but such information is less readily shared (UNFCCC, 2014). Such M&E can include process indicators, as well as outcome indicators.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f7cce716-en	7e9fe38487152448ec9539d357328403	To that end, income or asset transfers are made to poor households, and protection measures are adopted for households that are vulnerable to natural hazards that damage their means of subsistence. In general, the three programmes are not well targeted, and cases of corruption and cronyism have been detected in the process of admitting beneficiary families (Rahman, 2012). Vulnerability has been incorporated as a structural factor, rather than as a circumstantial or emergency element. Those experiences combine different aspects of social protection, such as food security (through the distribution of food in famine-affected areas), and ensuring minimum incomes for working age adults.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	7ea0b54ad44b17cb44e4f15f07c9a9cb	In the first AHDR, the authors expressed a desire for education indicators allowing comparisons of education functions and outcomes, such as graduation rates, per capita spending, educator recruitment and retention and so on (Johansson et al., The lack of consistent primary and secondary education data across circumpolar regions continues to be a problem; the Arctic Social Indicators project only includes post-secondary indicators, which is symptomatic of this problem (Rasmussen et al., Our hope is that there is a movement among circumpolar nations to collect and disseminate consistent and comparable data on primary and secondary education before another decade passes.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	7ea0bfae07ee548c9a271e8858fed33c	The separation of students into different educational programmes occurs only after grade 9, when students can choose to continue to tenth grade in the same regular school, in a more academic school (e.g. lyceum, gymnasium) or a vocational school, and are therefore separated into different educational programmes. The review team visited schools where teachers and psychologists provide students with some individual attention in the form of remedial after-school classes at schools. Some students told the review team that when they had difficulty with any subject, their first strategy was to discuss the problem with their teacher.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	7ea15af8ed399de26af7386288446095	Its members include staff from a number of different ministries, including the NFPs to the Biodiversity-related Conventions (as above) and also to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A specific sub-committee charged with the review and harmonisation of the implementation of Biodiversity-related Conventions will be set up in 2015. This council is formed under the UNFCCC focal point, but includes different ministries which are focal points to other conventions; the Hon.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	7ea68b84949e26bb86997629470fcc04	These events reached up to 100 000 people. Among the 78 countries from all over the world which organised Entrepreneurship Week, Poland was one of the leaders in terms of the number of partners and planned events. The European Enterprise Awards identify and recognise the most successful promoters of enterprise and entrepreneurship around Europe, showcase best entrepreneurship policies and practices, raise awareness of the added value of entrepreneurship, and encourage and inspire potential entrepreneurs.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	7ea8b67f23a8d68d406bc7deb7618a90	Attaining the Goals will require coherent policies, an enabling environment for sustainable development at all levels and by all actors, and a reinvigorated Global Partnership for Sustainable Development. Meeting the means of implementation targets is key to realizing the 2030 Agenda, as is the full implementation of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. Incremental progress has been made in these areas, but more is needed.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	7eac3aed59126ab30664887010258c33	However, young people who leave school at the minimum leaving age without a qualification are likely to spend a long time out of work during their working life. In fact, in most countries over half of low-qualified unemployed 25-34 year-olds are in long-term unemployment (OECD, 2009). Basic skills of VET graduates were evaluated as “strong” by only 38% of employers; 58% of employers assessed basic skills as “medium” and the remaining 4.3% of employers assessed graduates proficiency in basic skills as “weak”.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	7eb1f782ea87e8773355b5d10c605e0b	This missing analysis would not be an issue if the existing research results on OECD countries applied equally to non-OECD countries, but they may be different due to a different context. Moreover, the economic and policy context in which these immigrants integrate into the labour market is different. As an example, the share of informal employment3 tends to be more elevated in lower than in higher income countries. Both of these factors likely contribute to impacts of immigration that differ between developed and developing countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	7eb76264fed80cd59fd57205135772f3	Each country has its own definition of a standard drink (how much pure alcohol it contains) and its own recommendation for hazardous drinking limits (defined as number of glasses or amount of pure alcohol per day or per week) (see Table 2). While some countries do not have official recommendations, others set national guidelines for maximum weekly and/or daily consumption, either expressed in standard drinks or grams of pure alcohol (Furtwaengler and de Visser, 2013). To overcome this problem, we transformed the various measures of frequency and quantity of alcohol drunk into a common measure of quantity in grams of pure alcohol per day.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	7ebe5ba3b93ac001156f572270e44161	This effectively acts as a subsidy for high-risk areas. It is very difficult to get comprehensive private insurance (which in principle would have premiums aligned to risks) because insurers believe the risks to be too high for them to offer affordable policies. The Austrian Insurance Association estimated that only EUR 400 million of the 2002 flood losses were covered by private insurance, out of as much as EUR 3 billion (Habersack and Moser, 2003).	13	3	5	0.25
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	7ebf0b60496590f7481140b490c297f3	The variables under analysis are disaggregated by sex in order to permit an analysis of the differences in the ways that women and men react to deindustrialization. The results indicate that deindustrialization has led to a decline in quality employment and an upswing in self-employment, at the same time that the female labour force participation rate has risen and the male participation rate has fallen. This all occurred in parallel with the economic measures introduced in the 1990s and reflects the role that women have assumed in order to safeguard the well-being of their families.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/520b80a5-en	7ec24ce5298f5c07f7cb1081821e3b6c	For example, the countries with the highest proportion of undernourished during the period 2010-2012 - Bangladesh (16.8%), Cambodia (17.1%), India (17.5%), Nepal (18%), the Philippines (17%) and Sri Lanka (24%) - spend about 1% of their GDP on agriculture. The 2008 Survey noted that “growth and productivity in agriculture have stalled, and the green revolution that boosted agricultural yields in the 1970s has bypassed millions. Farmers are now facing mounting pressure, evident in declining subsidies, rising input prices, intensifying protests over landlessness and an alarming number of suicides among the indebted”.	10	1	4	0.6
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	7ec33e843d904d79c0aede9e2db735d4	The coalition adopted the universal mitigation approach of the USA and the EU, with the much more aggressive targets sought by the SIDS and African states most affected by climate change. It focused on establishing a COP agreement with legally binding, science based long-term goals and a system by which to track and review progress on a five-year cycle. By aligning developing and developed world interests, it largely succeeded in its ambitions for Paris. It establishes several new longterm goals.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	7ec40f921235f66a62b4f64ae0bbced1	This is exemplified in Rwanda, which achieved the highest percentages of women in parliament after the introduction of a quota system in 2002. With 44% of its parliamenterians being women, Rwanda outperformed even Sweden, one of the few countries that has made continous progress towards closing the gender gap in parliament (without a quota system). This composite index is available from 1950 to 2003 (Figure 12.10). After a slow start in the 1950s, the gender equality measure exhibits a steady trend upwards, which can be observed for all the world’s regions.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	7ec71fc654bf46c512e1cbba4b3087e1	A learning centre in the Yukon integrates services such as housing, health and social services with the early learning centre, and it offers a variety of language and cultural activities for the very young, while strongly involving parents. In another Yukon school we visited, and for students who become parents early in their lives, there is a teen parent centre in which student mothers receive prenatal and postnatal nutrition care, health screenings, parenting help, day care and help to find employment and to acquire a driver’s licence. Similarly, families living in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia have access to the Parenting Journey Programme, part of Stronger Families Nova Scotia, which aims to strengthen child welfare and early intervention.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	7ec93941c63752701a2ef7870e4c4257	Many of the diverse carbon-related investment ideas in the CRGE are practicable and financially sound. While such ideas have not yet reaped rewards in terms of significant climate funding, they have improved the confidence of Ethiopia’s bilateral donors, some of whom have supported the CRGE process, but more of whom are considering ways to help Ethiopia address the evident implementation and capacity challenges. While the current focus of the CRGE is usefully tactical, if the singular focus on achieving MIC status and GHG reduction were to continue beyond an initial carefully-monitored phase, that focus could bias against future options for wellbeing. Sustainable development demands, ultimately, that linked systemic problems are tackled with systemic improvements to institutions and governance, and not just with investment projects. It requires changing the way that routine government expenditure is channelled, and not just with attracting new sources of finance. It demands attention to the range of environmental opportunities, and not just with GHGs.	13	3	8	0.45454545454545453
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	7eca0074d345e618a25181ff45ea45ca	Only one-third of the workforce contributes to a pension plan and/or health insurance - approximately the same level as in China but less than South Africa and Brazil, where between half and two-thirds of the workforce contributes to such schemes. ( This share is only one-tenth in India and Indonesia.) The low coverage in part reflects the high incidence of informality and self-employment (see chapter covering Labour market issues).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	7ecd29439fb49a234b9972743fcb8f4a	Economic models of sanitation must be redesigned to cover the entire value chain, managing waste, protecting the environment and living conditions, while generating business and jobs for private operators. Its official name is French: Organisation Eau et Assainissement pour VAfrique (EAA). See u>um>.communityledtotalsanitation.org/page/dts-approach.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	7ecd97b1ce4fdaf7b76dc69435cb470e	Mercurio (2008) considers a mixture of internal and external assessment as a way that strongly promotes fairness. However, in most states in Australia there is a stronger focus on external assessment (INCA Australia, 2008; QSA, 2010). The distribution of responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education also tends to depend on the subject. In many systems, including Austria and several German Lander, central institutions hold responsibility for designing assessments in core subjects such as mathematics, the language of instruction and foreign languages, while teachers hold the sole responsibility for other subjects. There is, however, a general trend for central agencies to take on assessment responsibilities in an increasingly broader range of subjects. In terms of transparency, it is argued that externally processed assessment for qualification and certification allows a clearer communication of students’ achievements (Cedefop, 2010; OECD, 2010a).	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	7ece5f4290eac91c552affd281ac6b39	Offshore bottoms are usually viewed as receiving compartment, dependent on primary production in the water column. Benthic compartment regulates mineralization, affecting pelagic production. Sea floor integrity is therefore cmcial to the Adriatic Sea and the productivity of its coastal areas, as in the case of the Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal area.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f85273a2-en	7ed807c53d9c78e3b3f9db95bcf79115	Background paper prepared for World Economic and Social Survey 2011. The Resource Outlook to 2050: By How Much Do Land, Water and Crop Yields Need to Increase by 2050? Paper presented at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Expert Meeting, June 24-26, 2009, Rome on “How to Feed the World in 2050.”	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	7ed86679b84925cba0d6d0aacc895bcf	The programme's success was, in part, due to the fact that it replaced other poorly targeted subsidies, suggesting that good targeting is important for reducing poverty. Furthermore, the Mexican experience highlights the importance of rigorous independent monitoring and impact evaluation, which gave the programme legitimacy and enabled it to be scaled up and improved on the basis of lessons learned regarding design and implementation. The programme has been credited with a reduction in poverty and extreme poverty by 1.9 and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, between 2003 and 2009. That corresponds to 13 percent of poverty and 32 percent of extreme poverty.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	7ed94afae50fc548a8f893246d4e36e4	The Secretary-General then departed for Timor-Leste, expecting negotiators to conclude their deliberation with substantial results. At issue was how to apply the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in an ever-evolving world. Ban Ki-moon quickly flew back to Bali and, with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, returned to the Conference to try to break the deadlock.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	7eda0fe32d55045a0b0777ec726c5878	Farmers participating pay a higher electricity price, although still partially subsidised and below the average cost of electricity generation. In exchange, they receive a cash transfer equivalent to the forgone electricity subsidy, calculated on the basis on their last three years’ average consumption. Thus, farmers’ income is maintained while pressure on water resources is reduced (see Box 3.3).	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	7ede7cd6b4b433e7c8464591fdb7cd7f	The most efficient irrigation system, so-called drip irrigation, delivers water directly in the neighbourhood of the roots of a plant via a dripping pattern. Such systems increase the efficiency in water use to about 90%. Changing from one irrigation technology to a more efficient technology, or improving inefficient irrigation technology by, for instance, insulating or covering canals to reduce evapotranspiration, is a good way to prevent water loss.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/81d39474-en	7ee1c8668c2132551ddad9e3874bf2f1	As a result, wildlife and humans can be chronically exposed to very low doses of drugs and the chemicals used in their illicit manufacture. That results in costs to individuals and to Governments, as they are responsible for ensuring public health. Illicit cultivation of both coca bush and opium poppy has often resulted in the clearance of forests—in the case of illicit cultivation of coca bush, primarily in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia and Peru. Some devastating effects of illicit cultivation of cannabis plant, coca bush and opium poppy on biodiversity are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of the forests, and the loss of areas where food could be grown.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	7ee76f5eacb464056a82920c9454b419	"Western Australia, for example, has implemented a mandatory review of all deaths that occur in public hospitals and private health facilities that provide services for public patients. Queensland conducts an annual “Bedside Audit"", where clinicians collect information on certain elements of care to gauge whether expected standards have been met. At a national level, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons makes it a requirement to participate in the Australian and New Zealand Audit of Surgical Mortality as part of the college's Continuing Professional Development programme. The ACSQHC also conducts audits to assess compliance with standards. Most data is focused on volumes of care and resources within the system. Clinical data is also gathered almost exclusively by specific registries (organised by disease, targeting specific group of population, or hospital based)."	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	7ee8b8accdec7f9aade598fce1195852	African Development Review-Revue Africaine De Developpement, 14(2), 251-275. Malawi Youth Status Report: Adolescent andYouth Situation Analysis. Report by Maestral International for Ministry ofYouth, Culture and Sports Development, Government of Malawi and UNICEF. Families and Households in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Socio-demographic perspectives.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e1196521-en	7eebc96c44ebe4f20bdfd5752a29a911	As a further comparison, the secretariat of the Council for Environmental Cooperation (the organization set up as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to facilitate coordination of environmental protection in the three countries) employs fewer than 50. Finally, energy security issues are of prime importance to political leadership and it was widely believed that national energy security would be compromised by regional energy trade diat creates import dependency on neighbouring countries. Political and policy mindset was thus working against regional energy connectivity until very recendy. This will have to change if energy connectivity is to take root in the Regjon.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	7eecc614d2c71e9e2a9272017b27f7bf	"Technological change is path-dependent: the current set of available choices depends on past policies and actions, just as the available technological options in the future will depend on our policies and actions today. In such cases, an early market leader can become “locked in”, whether or not it represents the ideal technology, as occurred with the Windows operating system for computers, for example.66 The current style of industrialization has been described as “carbon lock-in"", meaning that carbon-intensive technologies gained an early lead at a time when fossil fuels were cheap and concern about global warming was not yet on the horizon (Unruh and Carrillo-Hermosilla, 2006). Today, the economic benefits of standardization and the low costs of imitating and replicating existing technologies keep the world locked into that same undesirable path. Research on wind power, for example, has found reductions in unit costs as great as 20 per cent from a doubling of production (Junginger, Faaij and Turkenburg, 2005), which made it competitive in the marketplace under many conditions."	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/208cb99e-en	7ef11f15cbe01dd8e6f7ad041fd158b6	Such information is essential to guide integrated policies. Whereas the traditional dashboard of non-monetary indicators reflects deprivations of all people, rich and poor (and is also reported), the coordinated dashboard of consistent sub-indices that unpack the MPI is focused on the poor. The MPI and its associated statistics can be reported for more than one poverty line or cut-off.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	7ef4d104daa075dda681d604fbcb39dc	Close interaction and responsibility help them to gain a deeper understanding of the growing environment, particularly soil and its interaction with rainfall. Women have greater knowledge than men about soil texture, fertility status and suitability for millet cultivation, though men do the ploughing. A quote from one of the Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with men and women farmers “Often men plough but it is women who touch, feel and work in the soil” further supports this fact. Women’s intimate relationship with the soil is reflected through their statements made in FGDs. Local category pallakadu (black clay soil) retains moisture for seven to ten days after the first rain, but the sudumannkadu (red gravelly soil) absolutely lacks any moisture holding capacity after the first rain.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	7ef631d2b77fcecccd5bc67e3280026e	Furthermore, while in many EU countries, income growth has been fairly uniform across deciles between the second and the ninth, in Sweden, growth has been faster the higher the income decile, pointing to some polarisation of the income distribution (Figure 3, Panel B). Relative poverty has increased with those w'ithout a job and children now facing a higher risk of poverty (Figure 3, Panel C). The authors would like to thank Miige Adalet McGowan, Olof Aslund, Andrew Dean.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	7ef67ed6c7abea829b07f9c9d24f497f	Examples include Korea’s strategy “Creative Korea - Smart Nation” and Colombia’s “Vive Digital” strategies. Some initiatives also have an explicit focus on SMEs such as Germany’s initiative “Mittelstand-Digital” (EN „SMEs digital11), w hich aims at promoting the use of software for enhancing business processes by SMEs including skilled crafts. Others have an explicit focus on ICT adoption and use for addressing specific social challenges, such as Japan which is addressing the needs of an ageing society through its programme on the “Platinum Society”.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	7efa4311d49bdfd6136e45691e6df15a	There should also be strong links with the public technical-pedagogical support services (ATP) and their new school improvement framework as well as private technical-pedagogical consultancies (ATE). Second, concerning the school evaluation process itself, the Agency should continue to focus on the formative dimension of school evaluations that leads to lasting changes to practice. School evaluation that is meaningful should involve: an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of schools; an assessment of strengths and areas for development, followed by feedback, coaching, support and opportunities for development; an opportunity to celebrate, recognise and reward the work of schools and to identify best practice; and an opportunity to identify underperforming schools. Third, school self-evaluation should be central in any national approach to school improvement and as school systems mature schools should take on a greater role for driving their own improvement.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	7efa4e06a36fa4a0215dcc215f13e79c	Combinations of deprivations are highlighted at this stage and estimations are made on the proportion of children suffering from one or multiple deprivations at the same time. The headcount ratio (H) refers to the percentage of children who are multidimensionally deprived. The average intensity (A) is the number of deprivations experience by the deprived as a percentage of all possible deprivations.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-13-en	7efc44f28558a814f1f62067141d38a8	The poor track record of women entrepreneurs has been attributed to multiple factors such as lack of credit or savings, lower education levels, inability to access training opportunities, gender bias and lack of social capital. The new Kenya Constitution, which grants women equal rights before and after marriage, was promulgated on 27 August 2010. It also grants equality of inheritance rights.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9efca30c-en	7efcb5c7e23f707fa8b10926c947f55d	See Table 3 for details of changes in overall average age of first marriage (SMAM) in the region, and in percentage of married girls under 18.) While these rates, along with the figures indicated below, may not be always consistent or exact, they do nevertheless give a fair indication of the persistence of this problem and its overall prevalence. Moreover, examining data on women aged between 20 and 49 years, researchers found that 43.7 per cent of women in this age group in Yemen (in 2013), 23.5 per cent of women in this age group in Syria (in 2009), and 18.5 per cent of women in this age group in Morocco (in 2011) were married before the age of eighteen.52 Furthermore, the PAPFAM research found that age differences and educational disparities between spouses in marriages involving minors were associated with divorce.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	7efcc489601bd869b697de92fdb505fc	The initiative has proved successful in terms of students completing the relevant credit courses. These positive outcomes have led the ALP to be adopted by different colleges throughout the United States. Institutions are rewarded with additional funds if they record a significant improvement in the number of students moving from remedial to credit courses, completing credits, and successfully completing a degree.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	7efd8d20356ad03034003507337bbdb2	Extending this approach to active job search, where monitoring is now low (Figure 2.23), as the economy improves, would help direct the unemployed to activation programmes best suited to their need (OECD, 2010; OECD, 2011b). Greece has had a legal framework for “mutual obligations” since 1985. It stipulates an interruption of unemployment benefits for those who do not accept a job offered to them, or if they refuse to undertake OAED training or re-training.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	7efe7ffb8091abf75085cf344a8d25b6	Goldwind’s recent partial acquisition of the German turbine developer Vensys was similarly motivated by the desire to improve the product quality of China’s leading turbine manufacturer. One way to foster R&D in a particular technology area is to concentrate technology firms, suppliers, and ancillary services in spatially circumscribed technology clusters (a sort of dedicated industrial park) (Porter, 2000). To a certain extent, this has happened in the Chinese wind energy sector.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	7effd4d09230550cfa29c747aae18ad3	National and European regulations (EC/850/ 2004) prohibit the production, marketing and use of substances covered by the Convention. Since 2001, the limit values for emissions of dioxins, furans and PAHs have been exceeded several times. A bio-monitoring network has been in place around major industrial sites since 1995. For dioxins, furans and PCBs: i) the sanitary action threshold applicable to washed vegetables for human consumption (beyond which consumption is not recommended) has not been exceeded since 2003, while ii) the sanitary prevention threshold has been exceeded each year at Schifflange and on several occasions at Esch/Alzette.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	7f03f3b532b0f90cdb51226e9e02f7b1	In 2016, enrolment rates among 15-16 year-olds (i.e. those typically in upper secondary programmes) reached at least 95% on average across the OECD. At age 17, 92% of individuals are enrolled in education on average across the OECD, reaching 99% or more in Ireland, and Sweden, but also in partner countries Lithuania and Saudi Arabia. By contrast, fewer than 80% of 17-year-olds are enrolled in education in Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey, with the lowest rate in Colombia (52%). Declines in enrolment for this age group coincide with the end of upper secondary education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/eb40a355-en	7f04ed681fe6e234d3289aed88236454	Given the limited capacity of cities, especially the smallest ones that lack the capacity to develop complex studies, support on how to develop cost-benefits analyses would enable cities to do more. Supporting local policies with national and international ones is essential. It is crucial not only to focus on measures in affluent countries but also measures that can be implemented in low(er) incomes countries.	11	2	6	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	7f051f95d42af45cb5bc90b93a739e98	It should be noted, however, that the effects on deforestation of biomass utilization by rural communities are very location-specific. While wood burning is not always a primary cause of tree cutting (as women carry mostly twigs), it can exacerbate other existing environmental problems. But in some instances (e.g. in Africa), fuel wood collection does constitute one of the causes of tropical deforestation (Modi et al.,	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	7f08490ccde75ffea2463220e7a347c2	Methods applied in the different countries are either means-tested or community-based. Ideally, one targeting method should be applied to all income-dependent transfers. The presence of large informal sectors, widespread dependence on subsistence agriculture and inflow from remittances influence the applicability of the different methods.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	7f0851639fd034fde967d3cc576b67eb	As far as the levels of deprivation that are measured by at least two indicators, similar values are obtained for the four youngest cohorts in 2003 and for the first three in 2008. The highest values corresponded to the members of the older cohorts, and the differences increased over the time span in question. The improvement in the indicators for monetary poverty was stronger than it was for the other indicators.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	7f0943128050f241bd4868edaf363a91	As such, CHUEE offers elements of risk mitigation for the investors on two levels: counterparty risk level and risk perception. Box 2 illustrates in more detail the amounts of money spent on the two first rounds of IFC projects developed in China. Despite being focused on larger industrial projects, the IFC intends to diversify through CHUEE III.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	7f0a19c4a7be8b053b36bf5a6b125a32	The cost of investing in apprenticeship training for employers depends greatly on the sector - for example, there are higher costs associated with engineering relative to other sectors such as hospitality, retailing and business administration. In the retail sector, the net cost of training is particularly low and some firms are able to recoup their whole investment by the end of the period of training (McIntosh, 2007). This is especially true if employers are able to retain apprentices, because the majority of associated costs are incurred in the early stages of the training period (McIntosh, 2007). Employers can obtain a range of benefits by investing in apprentices, including securing a supply of workers with applied workplace skills, potential replacement of an ageing workforce, lower recruitment costs, and lower labour turnover.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	7f0c55f62d33856599aecbc5faa99357	Overall, the interviews provided an opportunity to better understand both public and private financial institutions' perspective of the EE market opportunities and barriers. Personal interviews were conducted with representatives from the World Bank (WB), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), as well as private financial institutions (JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, Climate Change Capital etc.). They allowed gauging the relative importance of different challenges facing EE financing, i.e. access to capital vs. risk, or others.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	7f0f4057da4f1ac3ac1cc53d7c9d0d8b	Governments introduced several measures in order to help families, for instance measures of debt relief. As a result, firms started to cut jobs or reduce wages. Moreover, they increasingly used temporary employment contracts without benefits, and more generally entailing a reduction in job security and deterioration in job quality.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/864d004f-en	7f103d8f04b95da76eeff6c2b92e264c	Cumulative FODEP grants corresponded to 0.03 per cent of GDP in 2011. The goal is to finance projects (within the framework of the National Programme of Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment) that reduce discharges of polluted water by means of the installation of water treatment equipment at the WBA or industrial company level. The fund is supported by EU grants totalling 100 million dirhams (US$12.4 million) over the period 2011-2013. In a similar vein to the FODEP, grants are provided within a range of 20 per cent to 40 per cent of total project value.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	7f111eae8c2b0b44dd3a18243f0ab432	The GES screened over 150 GHG abatement technologies against cost criteria and conditions in Ethiopia, coming up with an investment plan of over 60 initiatives that can be turned into bankable projects in order to attract international climate finance. The GES’s bold proposition is that, by 2030, there is potential for per-person GDP to increase by 475%, from USD 380 to more than USD 1,800 GDP per capita, while at the same time decreasing GHG emissions on a per capita basis from 1.81 to l.lt CC>2e - over a third. A more deliberate focus on social equity and poverty reduction considerations can maximise the ‘winners’ and minimise possible ‘losers’ from embarking on green growth pathways, as well as ensure the widest range of sectors and livelihoods are embraced and mobilised, in particular with respect to land access and changes in land user rights.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e8f21017-en	7f1203820ada8132cb45592df35539aa	Well-advised policies and strategies backed by strong research programmes will be of paramount importance in overcoming production constraints. Especially in more-affluent markets, consumers are increasingly requiring high standards of quality assurance and demanding guarantees that the fish they purchase are produced sustainably. Stringent quality- and safety-related import standards, together with requirements for products meeting international animal health and environmental standards and social responsibility requirements, might act as barriers to small-scale fish producers and operators attempting to penetrate international markets and distribution channels.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	7f151cb45709c14598a4780086114649	These would allow the countries to consolidate existing programmes and expand the scope and coverage of the system. Since the rural poor derive most of their income from agricultural activities, policies to facilitate the access of smallholder producers to land, agricultural inputs, finance, extension services, and markets would both contribute to enhancing food security and reduce poverty. Such policies also promote nonfarm business and employment opportunities.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	7f1564e8d84fa03e0d8146a908240884	If present in the conventional generating portfolio, nuclear power plants can compensate for the decrease of the electricity generation from wind and PV power plants. In the scenario without nuclear, mainly gas-fired power plants are used to replace the shortfall from wind and PV power plants. As expected, total electricity system costs are higher with lower availabilities of wind and PV power generation, since the electricity normally produced by low marginal cost technology must be substituted by more expensive technologies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8eb4eb9e-en	7f16e15a9eaa6d7d2cc4d3ac6f29ed88	The continents’ coastal and marine resources support many economic activities such as shipping, transportation and recreation. The state of the coastal environment is an indicator of the potential economic benefit that can be derived from the natural goods and services that accrue to government accounts and their people. An analytical exploration of the future state of coastal resources is required to understand the relationship between the use and exploitation of natural goods and services and the concept of sustainable development.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	7f1792b6cc74d9e5cc493513428c7a1e	Use of these options indicates that the entrepreneur anticipates a period of cash shortfall. Indeed, it is better to base the repayment period on the duration of the tax amortisation of the object financed. It is listed in an amortisation table attached to the deed. This interest can be calculated with a fixed rate from the beginning to the end of the loan; in this case all the payments will be of the same amount.	5	3	1	0.5
10.6027/e2e1c8ab-en	7f186ff49862ae8a5fa04082cf401b4d	However, this should be seen in the context of very high initial redistribution and thus a likely binding trade-off with economic efficiency. Education, employment regulations and wage bargaining have also seen significant changes since the 1990s, and there are no doubt further challenges and need for reforms looming. However, the Nordics have so far been able to adjust their policies in such a way that equality, opportunity and economic efficiency co-exist relatively well compared to the rest of the OECD.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	7f1a9318f3e63b0d99923090d3cdc1b2	This is particularly true of PWPs, where, too often, programmes provide only short-term, periodic employment of a month or so. Programmes that demonstrate the most substantial effects on food security are those that run for decades, not years or months. Social protection programmes can certainly contribute to shock response, but they can only buffer households against emerging shocks if they are already in place. Too often, agencies deal with this complexity by incorporating too many objectives into a single programme, rather than working in a co-ordinated and cross-sectoral way.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	7f1b9fa936a2aee7f1878e587e14997a	After investment approval has been attained, and the environmental impact favourably appraised, the proponent must submit a request for land allocation to the local Department of Natural Resources and Environment. A construction permit based on detailed design of the project is also required. Under the relevant Construction Law, construct permits are issued either by the Ministiy of Construction, the provincial Department of Construction, or the District-Level People's Committee, depending on the complexity of the project. After approval, the project proponent negotiates the compensation and resettlement plan.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	7f1c208ebc3d84690b6282fc38e9bad1	For example, statistics show that youth are less likely to vote than older people, and that todays youth vote at lower rates than in the past (Oxford Analytica, 2014). These rights are not new and are already embodied in hundreds of national laws and dozens of international treaties and agreements (UNFPA, 2012b). According to the Population Reference Bureau, an estimated 100 million to 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation and more than 3 million girls are at risk for this harmful practice each year on the African continent alone (Feldman-Jacobs and Clifton, 2014).	5	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	7f1e65c447508f2d21968480fe14a795	Global fixed-and mobile-broadband penetration had reached 9.8 and 32 per cent, respectively, by the end of 20141. While fixed broadband showed only cautious growth between 2013 and 2014, mobile-broadband subscriptions were three times higher than wire-line broadband connections worldwide and are growing fastest in the developing regions, where growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions. Mobile broadband has helped bring high-speed data and Internet services to unconnected areas2.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	7f1ed23810a592adf753c1e6492c617f	The capacities of all the organizations involved in an ICT for agriculture or rural development initiative should be developed to better take into account gender in their work and activities, whether these are farmer organizations or other development partners. At the organizational level it is important to ensure gender responsive systems and structures. In order to design and implement gender responsive ICT projects, organizations need gender aware staff, monitoring and evaluation systems that capture well what is happening on the ground, cooperation among staff with different tasks, and learning mechanism to deal with gender gaps when and where they surface. When policies and strategies are developed, it is crucial to ensure that all stakeholders are represented, including women and men at all levels.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	7f1f6148002dd992e3ba70ee6a22d554	To build up self-sustaining stocks of salmon, access must be restored to a maximum number of identified spawning and juvenile habitats in the Rhine catchment, and greater facility for upstream migration allowed. Activities to support this include work on two dams in the Upper Rhine at Strasbourg and Gerstheim by 2015 to allow access to the Elz-Dreisam system in the Black Forest, improving existing fish passages at four dams on the High Rhine and at several barriers on the navigable tributaries that are the Moselle, Main, Lahn and Neckar. Such measures arc also a feature of responses in the Moselle and Saar and in the Scheldt.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fb79328d-en	7f201742b354d7f2e052839bbb8321be	Thus, a growing economy has to have larger shares of non-agriculture sectors. Additionally, the scope for technological innovation and accompanying productivity increase is much greater in non-agriculture sectors (in particular industry) than in agriculture. Hence, growth leads to expansion of non-agriculture sectors (via demand) and expansion of non-agriculture sectors leads to faster growth (via their generally higher productivity). The question is why certain countries prove more successful than others in bringing about dynamic structural transformation (accompanied, that is, by an overall rise in productivity) and what the latter can do to emulate the former. All developing countries that have witnessed sustained successful economic growth since 1960 used active industrial polices to support the economic diversification and technological upgrading of their economies.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9947c813-en	7f242a61a6d81167f1c2d9833af1ba82	These put specific emphasis on measures to be executed during the pre-election period, election period and post-election period. The pre-election period will include measures relating to registration, nomination of candidates and parties, and voter outreach. The election period will cover planning for election day, polling place management, voter information, while the post-election period will include election assessment, recommendations for regulatory framework and strategic and action plans.’	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/73d010ed-en	7f262403eed612907144ef93abac3900	However, seasonally adjusted quarterly data were used in order to attain a sufficient degree of variability relative to the macro variables. These results were used to derive a 32-period panel database for each country corresponding to the quarters comprising the period 2003-2010. The trend for 2003-2009 shows a rise of two points, on average, in the female labour force participation rate for Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay and a comparable decline in Argentina and Peru.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	7f263781f541dbf4c2a4f7fd47f9c638	"Although a very wide range of national policies can have a profound effect on urban development, national governments rarely review this impact systematically through an ""urban lens"" (OECD, 2014; OECD, 2015d). For example, fossil fuel subsidies negotiated at the national level clearly undermine local efforts to develop environmentally sustainable cities. A NUP can also connect all levels of government and other stakeholders by providing forums for the co-creation of a shared vision and a framework which enables them to move as one towards the stated goals."	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	7f2ae4f2a1c4460986ed34e258830017	Harassment and sexist practices decrease the possibility for women to work in fair, equitable and safe environments. Unconscious bias in recruitment and promotion systems continues to limit the progression of women into leadership roles, and while there has been some progress on new institutional mechanisms to address womens employment concerns, formal policies on flexible work, childcare or strategies to address caregiver roles still do not adequately respond to the wide scope of womens work needs. It is necessary to work across all four quadrants of the Gender at Work change framework, to ensure that employers are both providing resources to women and ensuring that they utilise this untapped potential.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/57623964-en	7f2ddd4795bc6df47e3f1025bc7ba592	It will remain crucial to the future growth of developing countries. That is the central question addressed in this Industrial Development Report 2016. The ISID concept is part of the new Sustainable Development Goal 9 to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. The first is long-term, sustained industrialization as a driver for economic development.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/77d08b03-en	7f2ffc8c95f7cb05afdff1aca4f6572d	This lack of demand was attributed to inadequate comprehension of how statistics could be used for effective decision-making by policymakers, or how other actors could employ them in advocacy to influence policy. What is needed to deal with this situation, in the view of an official at the National Institute of Statistics, is capacity-building among users of statistics. However, lack of capabilities is not the only problem; lack of political will is critical as well.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	7f3196ca33f970d145b933e12501f43a	Climate change is a key driver for developing an ecosystem based fishery management system as it exerts a pervasive influence over the whole fished system. Management approaches and policies should be expected to differ in detail due to regional differences. Still they will have an overarching functional similarity as a result of responding to climate drivers of change.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	7f33bede99f22a39dc1c2ac728e7d459	It could also shed light on the quality of small primary schools, and ensure that learning considerations are at the forefront in the rationalisation of the school network (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census assessment could also provide a more reliable indicator of student learning for supervisors to prioritise their interventions, and assess the progress of school. An example is Mexico's new National Plan to Evaluate Learning (Plan Nacional de Evaluacion de los Aprendizajes, PLANEA), which alternates full cohort with school and national sample assessments in different years and grades to provide useful, timely and reliable data for national and school needs (see Table 3.3).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	7f35d380fb5f927b30d948fa900863f6	Ministerial and Expert Meeting of the NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative. Retrieved from Mondaq: www.mondaq.com/x/170430/Antitrust+Competition/Turkish+Competition+A uthoritv+Published+A+Competition+Report+On+Eleven+Sectors+Industries +In+Turkey. The World Bank, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank. Bio-fuels Policy and Legislation.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	7f3817c383a221511a2ada7ca05f2470	"The chapter should assess the status, trends and future dynamics of indirect and direct drivers, focusing on those affecting ""Nature”, ""Nature's benefits to people"" and how that links to ""Good quality of life"". The chapter should also analyse the interrelations between and among direct and indirect drivers. Indirect drivers include, for example, policy changes, changes in economic activity, population change and technology change."	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	7f38c5fd491b287c4a64e018dfa5c981	These pilot projects have in turn sparked other similar biodiversity stewardship projects in other comparable farming communities. These lessons would apply to all sectors, but are particularly acute within the agriculture sector in South Africa. Perhaps most significant is the realisation that the agriculture sector is broad and complex, and that interventions should be strategically planned to align with existing initiatives.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	7f3be35850ce3094f3527a81e105cc34	The challenge is operating within the 5-year AMP cycles, which result in five-year cyclical spending patterns. Instead of innovation, utilities have been driven to large framework agreements with a small group of outsourcing specialists, driving down margins through economies of scale.8 Ofwat regards efficiencies as being deliverable within each AMP period after which each utility’s cost base is re-set, cancelling out the efficiencies attained during the period. Smart metering has too long a payback time for this model. Ofwat has commissioned UK WIR (the w'ater utility joint research body) to prepare an evaluation of the costs and benefits of smart metering before the price setting for AMP6 in 2014-15.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	7f3e3ec06e78f46da23f72c76ad71eb8	The government has taken steps to improve quality of services over the past decade resulting in reduced waiting times. In 2005, a new law (Primary Health Care Act and Act on Specialized Medical Care) set maximum waiting times for health interventions: immediate contact with health centres during working hours by phone or personal visit must be guaranteed and non-urgent appointments must be made within 3 working days. Treatment needs must be assessed within 3 weeks following hospital referral and nonurgent hospital treatment must take place within 6 months thereafter.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ae18b798-en	7f4155a6640a0af55e24b3c00f4bc128	Income and Living Conditions in Europe, A. Atkinson and E. Marlier (eds.), The subjective well-being of rural-urban migrants in China” [online] http://economics.ouls.ox.ac. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. Pobrezay poblacion: enfoques, conceptos y vinculos con las politicas publicas”, Notas de Poblacion, No. United Nations publication, Sales No.	1	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	7f43611e58ca49dc038e6ee37e495ac0	Additionally, developing more concrete timescales and descriptions of actions and associated responsibilities would facilitate the process of monitoring and evaluation (Section 6). A clear political mandate to clarify roles and responsibilities, particularly outside the BMFLUW, would be useful step in this regard. There is a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation, as interest and activity on adaptation are still concentrated in the BMLFUW and Environment Agency Austria.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-can-2012-5-en	7f4672f3c2b2918e521f05f8668b60f2	Although these outcomes vary across socio-economic groups, the disparities are small compared to other OECD countries, suggesting a relatively equitable compulsory education system (OECD, 2010a). The country also benefits from high attainment rates at the tertiary level. Because of the impossibility of using human capital as collateral, financing constraints on investments in education prevent the instantaneous flow of financial capital to where rates of return are highest.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	7f4cdb65624e92517ab7d03ca4d38258	In the EECCA region, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,3 Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine are eligible to receive the funding. The Green Climate Fund also approved funding for this programme in 2016 (hence it is not reflected in the statistical data examined in this report). The specific objective is to foster improved climate change policies, strategies and economic instruments.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	7f4cf43ad0a4c7dd0159f788347ab1c8	Under Government Regulation 28/2004, the Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for the safety, quality and nutrition of fish products. Processed food exempted from the obligation to possess a registration number shall be the food that has 7 days shelf life in a room temperature and/or imported into Indonesian territories in small quantities for the purpose of requesting the registration approval letter, scientific research, or self-consumption. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 27/2009 was replaced by Minister of Agriculture Regulation 88/2011 in December 2011.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	7f4f26ae1060e854011f49f482eac1e2	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@eopyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. It was undertaken in partnership with the OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs and with funding from the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, which is co-financed by the European Union. Mr. Marat Tolibayev, Vice Minister of Agriculture, provided support at all stages, and many experts from the Ministry and KazAgro Holding provided essential data and information on the functioning of agricultural programmes, as well as numerous comments on the draft report. Detailed comments on statistical data presented in the study were received from Kazakhstan’s Statistics Agency. The Centre for Trade Policy Development of the Ministry of Economic Development provided comments on the trade policy section.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	7f4fa3a6e833517fc36aae093144ff54	There is much less experience with reporting and review of mobilised private climate finance than with public climate finance provided. Reporting on private finance mobilised by multilateral sources, or indirectly mobilised by policy interventions, is not mentioned in current reporting requirements for biennial reports from any country grouping. To date, some donor countries have commissioned and completed pilot studies to make initial estimates of the levels of private climate finance that they mobilised from their bilateral public climate finance (e.g. Abeille et al.,	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	7f4fb076abf635204a574d3b952717a9	Further efficiencies than those assumed in the Baseline are considered less likely for OECD countries and therefore this remains unchanged in this scenario; it is assumed that irrigation in the OECD in the Baseline has reached an upper limit of efficiency as risks of salinisation and pollution problems are associated with more than 70% evapotranspiration of irrigation water (Fraiture et al., Hence, compared to the Baseline, the water demands in each region are reduced in proportion with the energy savings rate in the Resource Efficiency scenario (van den Berg et al., Larger shares for solar and wind-based power generation versus thermal are assumed, but until 2050 an assumed shift to (thermal) bio-energy and nuclear power plants limits the overall reduction in this sector. The assumed reduction in energy demand described in the point above translates directly into less water demand for cooling.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	7f53f8458686fdec6a78f510c90c909d	As of the end of October 2014, the European Union is also negotiating with Mercosur on a possible future FTA. The European Union expects that liberalising trade across the Atlantic could add an additional USD 160 billion a year to GDP in Europe. This FTA once established will be the world’s largest free-trade area.	14	5	0	1.0
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	7f5a7490f1e8247fb421cfd80d7bdd2a	For many labour market policies, by contrast, the impact is less clear cut as they affect both the dispersion of earnings and the level of employment in sometimes conflicting ways, at least for some types of workers. Examples include increasing the minimum wage relative to the median wage, increasing the level of employment protection and increasing the generosity of unemployment benefits. One labour market reform that stands out as having a positive effect on both employment and earnings equality is lowering the gap of employment protection on temporary and permanent work. The impact of product market liberalisation on income inequality is ambiguous.	10	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5be883c5-en	7f5cc776347f752e984dd3fee67e30c8	Seguino and Floro (2003) find that, fora group of semi-industrialized countries, higher incomes and more bargaining power for women are associated with higher aggregate savings rates. Rather than centre their decisions on expected profit rates, individuals invest in themselves and others based on expectations about future economic opportunities. Higher wage shares boost those expectations, as does more current economic activity as measured by output. The pathway from expectations about future opportunities to actual investments in human capacities isgoverned by what we term ‘caring spirits': the tendency - whether determined by social norms, individual motivation or public preferences as reflected in the structure of the social welfare state - to provide care (or support for care) for oneself and others in ways that add tocurrent aggregate demand and future economic productivity.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	7f5e246bb722b9f0b0918fa146bbd81e	The main interpretation issue with relative poverty lines is that poverty rates based on them may remain constant or even fall if all households (including the poorest ones) experience a decline in their incomes . Moreover, people identified as poor in one country might not be considered poor in another, given the substantial differences in median incomes across OECD countries. Figure 5 shows the interregional dispersion of poverty headcounts w ith the poverty line defined at 60% of the national median income.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	7f640e6d16c269e5e8b2f71de1be4ae5	"Evidence brought together in this review suggests that such attempts would also require working with existing power structures at local levels, and perhaps more broadly. It also requires substantial local choice, power, management and ultimately ownership of both the ""trigger"" (the actual stimulus for change) and the process (Panter-Brick et al., 2006).Thus far, parenting programmes are the chosen trigger through which the feasibility of offering parenting support is being tested in the region. However, there are many other models that exist around the world (Daly et al.,"	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	7f65bc2069aa093570ed75794afa418d	It provides potential young entrepreneurs with the experience, support and advice they need to establish and run successful businesses and contribute to overall economic growth and job creation. Its initiative, Promise Programme, is a highly intensive youth entrepreneurship training programme of 14 months that combines traditional entrepreneurship theory with interactive case-based studies, practical experience, personal development retreats, and professional business consulting and mentoring. This support has included the provision of incubator facilities including office space, monthly training workshops, group learning, mentoring, and counselling (provided by some of the best-known companies in Senegal).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	7f65c8700d6cd829e2b4706acda56842	The minimum wage was raised again to EGP 700 per month in June 2011. See Bell (1997) for Colombia, Maloney and Nunez (2004) for eight Latin American countries, Lemos (2004) for Brazil, and Saget (2001) for further references. See Lemos (2004) for the Brazilian case and Saget (2008) for the Indian state of Punjab, Indonesia and South Africa. In the Uruguayan case, the minimum wage was de-linked from social security benefits in 2004.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8d5cb67b-en	7f6a3fc2718f41e8386c809cab409177	Growth in mobile-cellular networks and services, particularly over the last decade and a half, has allowed many people to join the information society. Access to ICTs can be an important enabler of broader development objectives, for instance, through the field known as “e-government” services. Other forms of technological change have also been monitored, if succinctly, in the current series of reports, including those addressing climate change and disaster risks.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	7f6a68a85f48a7cf18254e2a8e1181bd	For Mexico, 1995-97 is replaced by 1991-93. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The OECD total does not include the non-OECD EU member states. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia are included in the OECD total for both periods and in the EU for 2011-13.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	7f6cff6e276dfd77493d0f036d7e2df5	This person runs the school development process locally, both when it comes to content and organisation. Resource persons can be administrators, school leaders, teachers, university employees or from other agencies. The school owner can hire the resource person at a higher percentage of a full-time equivalent, and for municipalities the resource person(s) can also serve more than one municipality.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	7f6e3f235596c61c086c1346b57a0cb2	It is particularly important to focus on the participation of youth in the labour market (UNDP, 2006; ILO, 2009; USAID, 2005). Good Practice Note 5 highlights strategies and good practice to increase employment opportunities across low income-countries. Many of these approaches are equally valid in fragile situations.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6872c3df-en	7f6e5243018e5ca80c9f3ecc5e5020b7	So innovators must strike a different, more delicate, balance - accepting the degree of risk required to break through to new solutions while safeguarding the hopes and well-being of children. And so a principled approach to innovation starts with, and is guided by, questions throughout the process - from identifying problems to developing and scaling up solutions to evaluating their impact.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/70095f8a-en	7f716bd2c368f82fc10111d70ebdd105	The different impacts of HIV/AIDS for women and men call for gender-specific health strategies. But African women are now facing a new form of health hazard in the modem formal workplace. Entering the formal work world, especially at a managerial level, has subjected African women to the same levels of stress, bad diets and lack of exercise as men, leading to a rise in the kind of diseases that were commonly associated with men.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	7f75305c46c6504ea0a9df957c1d35d8	In OECD countries, rural population shrank throughout the second half of the 20th century, while urban population grew (OECD/China Development Research Foundation, 2010). However, empirical evidence shows that the proximity to urban centres can have positive impacts on the population grow'th rate of rural regions, as they can potentially benefit from better access to services and markets (Veneri and Ruiz, 2013; OECD, 2015c). Ensuring Sustainable Futures, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230149-en.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	7f757d8c0566a1ac9b4515f0c96d9924	In an effort to maximize their national interests, states strategically choose to go into bilateral or multilateral negotiations, engage in forum-shopping to find rules that best suit their aims and form various types of coalition. For the promotion of sustainability, it is necessary to institutionalize rules, norms and agreements that restrict some of the freedom of self-interested states. It is not always a bad thing for states to restrict their own freedom through institutions, because international institutions among states can enhance the prospect of cooperation by decreasing transaction costs and uncertainties, avoiding moral hazard through monitoring, and raising the cost of deception (Keohane, 1984). A central question for global governance concerning the management of international coordination, therefore, is the degree of centralization: the extent to which states delegate their authority by creating informal or formal institutional structures, rules and procedures for decision-making, and voluntary or mandatory agreements.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	7f76955638225d3f942c8d0d0cd99938	This makes tourism a co-ordination-intensive, as well as information-intensive, industry (Zhang et al. The key components of tourism are accommodation, transport, attractions and excursions, and restaurants; all are ‘perishable’. This means that airline seats, hotel rooms and daily ticket sales, for example, cannot be stored for potential future sales. This level of uncertainty, coupled with the uncertainty of global trends and exogenous shocks, has become an important area of tourism supply chain research. Areas of particular interest include demand forecasting, yield or revenue management and inventory management (Zhang et al. Finally, the supply chains in tourism that already exist are usually part of the wider global operations of major hotels and resorts (for example Hilton and Four Seasons hotels) and of cruise ship operators (for example Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean).	12	0	9	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	7f77c8d8790f3d3645f9ee54272f47f2	First, there is the need to integrate (or mainstream) adaptation objectives into longer-term development processes, with careful consideration given to the uncertainties inherent in forecasting under the climate change scenarios and the hazards created by a changing climate. Second, a participatory approach is fundamental to acquiring a better understanding of risks and vulnerability and the various priorities and interests of stakeholders, particularly at the local level. Direct engagement of local communities and stakeholders leads to a better identification of problems and an improved policy design in accordance with people’s needs, and allows local problems to be addressed through local solutions, thereby increasing policy ownership and implementation. Third, in the context of a changing climate, policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their long-term plans, using iterative and adaptive processes.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	7f7d427821b63f466e073dec8ffaefa0	Adverse health effects start to occur at a blood lead level less than 10 pg/dl in children. However, no statistically significant difference in blood lead levels was observed between women living in gers and in apartments, suggesting that lead exposure comes from several sources and not only from polluted air resulting from coal combustion. However, there is a lack of data concerning the different sources of lead exposure, such as lead in paint and in toys, lead and occupational exposure, and lead in dust and soil, and their impact on the health of the Mongolian population.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	7f7db21602df1ef71a286646f934a451	The United States Department of Justice's own statistics indicate that Native American and Alaska Native women are more than two and a half times more likely to be raped or sexually assaulted than women in the United States in general and that 86 per cent of the reported crimes are committed by non-Native men. Health Service providers have a key role to play in providing survivors with medical attention they may need. Trends in Indian Health, 2000-2001.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	7f7f538dae4d705ea1219e966c16ce0a	In the Pacific, both Australia and New Zealand have elaborate social security schemes for the unemployed, including firsttime jobseekers. In most countries, they are covered by social security and social protection policies. They are also eligible for old-age pensions and income support if they meet the eligibility criteria.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	7f80dd677f03ee1e70654a85dc719538	And because industrial energy-efficiency investments depend on context, energy and cost savings can sometimes be assessed only after installation. Assessment is at times difficult even after installation because of metering difficulties. Without submetering, for example, the performance of control systems, motors and variable-spccd drives is difficult to monitor and evaluate.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	7f8260b2a8bd59ddb0bf3cf8a13d24b4	Both the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, and the subsequent outcomes of their review conferences, have reaffirmed the centrality of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights to sustainable development. Sexual and reproductive health and rights include rights to access essential information, education and services for all on issues such as sexuality, relationships, pregnancies and safe childbirth. This includes recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly on the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so. The human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	7f852c90925acb5fae9f2eafd5b0137f	Etant donne le role central du systeme communautaire d'echange de quotas d’emission, la strategic du Royaume-Uni devrait en particulier viser 1‘adoption de quotas plus rigoureux dans le cadre du systeme communautaire. Les efforts d’adaptation aux impacts climatiques doivent aussi etre renforces, en s’attachant a developper l’information, a ameliorer les cadres devaluation des risques, et a affiner les outils de mesure utilises pour le suivi et revaluation de la planification des mesures d'adaptation. Application for permission to reproduce or translate all, or part of, this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	7f8726c900dcc4d46318290ebc5576c0	First, the programme for Strengthening School Management (Fortalecimiento de la Gestion Escolar), which will invest MEX 41 million in 595 schools, seeks to support school leaders in the management of school resources (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). With a similar ambition, the Schools of Quality programme (Programa Escuelas de Cualidad) aims to strengthen the autonomy of basic education institutions in managing resources, while supporting each school and their Technical School Council in the adoption of best practices that can help them meet planning, evaluation and budget allocation responsibilities effectively. Through an investment of MEX 26.57 million in 2015-16, a total of 475 schools are benefiting from the programme which, compared to the previous year, represents an expansion to 55 new schools (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Another component of the Schools of Quality programme involves the evaluation of teachers in their classroom instruction and directors in their capacity to lead as well as activities to increase parents’ engagement in their child’s learning. The instructional costs of disadvantaged children are likely to be higher than those of the well off and Morelos is taking positive steps in palliating those needs.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	7f8f15cd052818f894d63c9afcb5ed7e	However, service providers can add more photovoltaic systems at the current price. Because the total cost of the minimum required photovoltaic system becomes approximately half with $1.0/W solar modules, they can provide the same scale of energy supply to customers as the AP, which feeds 60 W constant energy to more 35.2% (= 60 x 24/4092) customers. It is interesting to consider the return on investment of additional photovoltaic systems, but that is outside the scope of this paper.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	7f9088d22c892a8cc60958324e3ea3dd	Spatial approaches can in particular help address local externalities. Five countries (Estonia, France, Korea, Slovak Republic and Mexico) and four regions (Almonte-Marismas in Spain, and NHPA, SHPA and MPW in the United States) use groundwater entitlement acquisition for conservation purposes. In Japan, Korea and the United States, for instance, there are programs whose objectives is the conservation of wetlands while reinforcing the groundwater recharge capacity of agriculture, including paddy rice system (OECD, 2010b).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/508a648f-en	7f9310fa2a92750729199cc2319eef12	In addition, it is also important to consider the scale of income tax. In particular, marginal tax rates at the top of the income scale are an important element in overall progressivity, even though the top earners constitute a small segment of the population, because they often account fora large share of aggregate income and the total income tax yield. Yet marginal personal income tax rates at the top of the income scale in OECD countries fell from an average of 71 per cent in the late 1970s to around 57 percent in the late 2000s (chart 5.1). One reason for this was divergent patterns in the taxation of wealth (Piketty, 2010).	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264283428-en	7f94925f6bbf99dc5faf825f98ae1f94	Great emphasis is placed on primary care, and people are required to register with a General Practitioner (GP) (or a paediatrician up to the age of 14). Primary care seivices in health centres are guaranteed 24 hours a day/7 days a week through the primary care out-of-hours service (called the guardia medico). Moreover, financial incentives have been provided in recent years for GPs to move towaids various models of group practice with fellow GPs and/or other health professionals, following a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional approach.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	7f97c19cf1d7ef9721a7e0277b97a5db	This increase is due to the increased participation of Arab population in undergraduate studies. At the same time, 8 500 Israeli Arab students are reported to study abroad, notably in Jordan. With the exceptions of the Technion, the University of Haifa and the Tel Hai Academic College, the higher education institutions draw most of their students from the Galilee.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	7f9f84cd3f8a42d80cf3425df07e8393	"As in other studies by ECLAC and UNICEF, therefore, childhood is understood to refer to the population aged 0 to 17 years. The particular concern for children and adolescents comes in response not only to their overrepresentation among the poor but also to their greater dependency and lack of autonomy within families and to their particular vulnerability to the consequences of poverty and inequality. Any measurement of poverty among children should recognize their specific characteristics and adopt households and individuals as the unit of analysis. According to The State of the World's Children 2005, ""children living in poverty experience deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy their rights, achieve their full potential or participate as full and equal members of society"" (UNICEF, 2005, p. 18)."	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-4-en	7fa020ad5dd558a8748808a1915da317	However, the growth in cruise passengers in ten years has been almost threefold (rising to 140,000). This rapid growth could have overshadowed land-based tourism development, especially if air access had not significantly improved over the same period. Maldives is used as a best practice case study of detailed analysis of this direct contribution. Figure 1.4 gives statistical data for government revenue from direct tourism services.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f4eb59e6-en	7fa4995a70f1ba4b5f9f67d6d11dfda0	Clearly, this failure is not confined to plastics production and use, but is symptomatic of a more pervasive tendency, of pursuing economic growth whilst neglecting the impact on ecosystems and society (Turner and Fisher, 2008). Current economic models tend to measure economic success in terms of the rate of economic growth (e.g. GDP), with less attention paid to the extent to which consumption patterns and societal demands are sustainable in the longer term. This will influence, in turn, the direction on technological innovation, political decisions (e.g. trade agreements), product design, consumer demand, waste generation and treatment. Unfortunately, there has been a failure of the market economy to take into account environmental externalities, in this case the social, ecological and economic impacts of marine litter. The current ‘plastic economy’ has been characterised by a linear pattern of production and consumption, generating unprecedented volumes of waste, which ultimately is very inefficient economically (Figure 5.1; Defra 2011, WEF/EMF/ MCKINSEY 2016). Leakage of plastic to the ocean can occur at every stage in this process, and the response has been generally patchy and ineffective.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	7fa70abb909971807f9ecd8b5d0ed976	Department of Health, 2014a). The consultation has now closed and comments are being considered. Decisions to detain a person under the Act are a matter for clinical judgement, and it is agreed that there is no right or wrong overall number. What matters is that each individual decision should be correct at the time that it is taken. Positive and Proactive Care; reducing the use of restrictive interventions’ was published by the Department of Health in April 2014. It includes a requirement for Trust boards or equivalent to develop restraint reduction plans and to record the use of restraint.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	7fa995e248654e5ab0e4864e990c0b24	The Fishery moved to total allowable catches allocated as individual transferable quotas on 1 July 2010. Responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure, transport, regional development and local government. The department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western Australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries.	14	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599598-9-en	7fb164b2ed6307a4a015edf58cb390c8	The paradigm shift from the more specific focus of the MDGs on child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis recognises the immense significance of global health threats that have risen to prominence in the interim. Non-communicable diseases now account for 38 million deaths per year, of which 28 million are in low- to medium-income countries (WHO 2015a). Mental illness is expected to account for 15 per cent of the global burden of disease by 2020, with young people disproportionately affected (Biddle and Asare 2011). Consistent international data indicate that inactivity directly accounts for between 1 and 4 per cent of all healthcare costs (Davis et al.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	7fb1ba90e1a08e7e9d17f39d12c48058	A country can find itself in an emergency situation due to a specific shock that requires a rapid response: a price spike of a staple food or sudden food inflation, a severe drought that produces crop failure, or an economic slowdown reducing the income of the poor, a local natural disaster like an earthquake that destroys assets and livelihoods. The framework set out in this report is not concerned with the management of disasters and emergencies themselves, but rather with the portfolio of policies that can respond to transitory shocks to food availability and access. Many countries are prone to potential events that could occur at any time and plunge large segments of the population into extreme food insecurity of unspecified duration.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	7fb2ffb4df4fe6738853c30acea841f5	It is primarily a producer of cereal and vegetable seeds, with a major share of its seed production taking place in other countries around the world. Local farmers who own the co-operative produce wheat and vegetables, and the firm has a large industrial bakery division. The firm is the fourth largest seed exporter in the world and its crop production has a large impact on land use in the hinterland, especially in the Limagne plain where agriculture is dominated by field crops and wheat in particular. The area is also known for the cultivation of sugar beets and has historically had a significant confectionary manufacturing industry that relies on local sugar. On some of the hillier land there has been a revitalisation of the wine industry, but the amount of land in vines remains well below historic high levels.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	7fb3229150ddacd59d7e83be448bd6ff	There would be no need to protect short lived innovations from wholesale copying for a period of more than a few years. This right, which could last for up to 20 years, could be preceded by a much briefer period of market exclusivity for the inventor (e.g. one or two years), in order to give him the opportunity to establish his brand. Under the subsequent, longer period of compensation, the original innovator would be prevented from blocking the access of competitors to his innovation, unless wholesale duplication is sought. Competitors would be authorized not only to use the innovation for research activities to develop a superior product, but also to make and sell that product. This differs from a utility model or patent regime, under which an experimental use or research exception may enable competitors to use the protected substance for improvement-oriented research, but not for the sale or other commercialization of the results of their research before the expiry of the underlying product patent, unless a license (voluntary or compulsory) is granted (see below, Section 3.1.2, experimental use exception).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283527-en	7fb4a2a3deede94211fa6a22081cb826	Two recent government decisions seem to suggest a new intent to achieve these goals: the National Health Council (which was established legally over 25 years ago but never put to work) has been 'activated' and an NHS portal (www.sns.gov.pt) has been launched. It works at arm’s length from the Ministry to promote system transparency and accountability to society. The new NHS Portal provides detailed information about how NHS facilities function, including waiting times for outpatient consultations, emergency services and elective surgery. The new NHS Portal also provides a 'transparency' area, making a wide range of indicators on NHS access, efficiency and quality available in real time. However, life expectancy at birth has increased by over four years since 2000 and is higher than the EU average. Mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers) have been decreasing, but some unfavourable trends have emerged, such as the increase in number of deaths caused by diabetes.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	7fb8218cd53f872b9b4345492deb1f18	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Its higher education sector performs well below OECD averages with respect to research and innovation, and it remains weakly engaged in international research collaboration (Figure 4) and student mobility. Final Report MORE 2 to the European Commission, https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/ default/files/policv library/report on survey of researchers in eu hei.pdf.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	7fb8a7d7295a2f6e3678457d466dcbd8	Experiences from developed countries, for example in relation to automobile emission standards, show that clear long-term timelines with fixed tightening of performance standards can be an important driver of technological change. If future standards are set and announced several years in advance, industry has more time to innovate and invest. However, in order to be effective, long-term timelines and targets need to be robust to political changes.	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	7fbba266e57b0bb4c223935c6e4ce00d	This work has highlighted the differences between the types of risks faced and the respective role of government in addressing them. Namely, some level of fluctuations in output or price represent normal risks and should be managed by producers. On the other extreme, there are catastrophic risks from extreme, uncertain and infrequent events that create damage beyond the capacity of farmers or the market to cope.	2	0	3	1.0
10.30875/c7f78275-en	7fbee701995125208586100d315c94b9	Nevertheless, wider adoption of the technology faces some stiff challenges. The deployment of connected devices, many of which were designed without much thought for security, can contain dangerous vulnerabilities. Connecting large numbers of new devices to the internet can create serious bottlenecks in telecommunication systems.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	7fbf31e451fdc5be938c8a7cc7eb88c2	As discussed below, some procedures are performed very infrequently in Kazakhstan, implying that access to them is likely to be uneven. Referred patients have a higher likelihood of being admitted (82%) than those who arrive by ambulance (56%) or through self-referral (49%). The most common reason for patients being refused admission (including those with referrals) is lack of medical necessity. Unplanned procedures also represent the bulk of surgical activity in most Kazakh hospitals. Unplanned admissions occupy beds intended for planned activities, can lead to the postponement of necessary care, thereby becoming in effect a barrier to access. While waiting times appear short, given the low volumes of surgical procedures performed, comparisons should be made with caution.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	7fc108ce927ad1787e8b222cbb34edf4	While the pervasiveness of serious market failures in the health care sector means that markets alone cannot produce efficient outcomes, the introduction of regulated competition in some areas of health care supply can improve user choice, efficiency and innovation. Establishing a separation between purchaser and provider functions is at the heart of the creation of market-type mechanisms. With such settings, the purchaser is in principle able to maximise value-for-money for its residents by buying medical services from competing suppliers, either public or private, though this requires sufficient size and expertise. More choice is provided to users, though control over patients’ choices remains tighter than in insurance-based systems, where choices are individual rather than made by purchasing organisations.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	7fc12076eca4910de029ac2cbfad424e	The WB6 and CESEC initiatives, combined with the dynamic nature of EU energy, place increasing demands on resources. However, all SEE economies have taken steps to develop legal and regulatory frameworks covering all sub-dimensions of the energy sector and encouragingly, progress is generally good in the fundamental governance and regulation sub-dimension. This is critical because the governance and regulation indicators set the direction for the remaining sub-dimensions.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237087-5-en	7fc21646c0f6c3d3dbeac42cd7090154	Accelerating investment in public transport is the backbone of all urban green growth strategies. However, given the demand for travel and the increasing dependency on automobiles, a multidimensional approach and policy alignment across governments are crucial. A number of specific RE technologies show particular potential for development. Meanwhile, the Thai government should continue to roll back fossil fuel subsidies and gradually increase the carbon tax on transport fuels and electricity, in proportion to their relative carbon intensity, to reflect their real cost to society.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	7fc21d054bf14f754b2e2eca81c8f257	Principal changes include modification and stabilisation of the inlets via the construction of long jetties and outer sea walls, dredging of broader and deeper navigation channels to favour tanker, cruise ship and container traffic, land reclamation on marshy areas, and fish farm development through the closing off of vast areas of the Lagoon periphery to tidal excursion. These modifications intensified during the latter part of the twentieth century to support the growth of industrial activities in the Marghera area, whose legacy left contaminants, especially heavy metals and complex hydrocarbons, in the various layers of Lagoon sediment (Capodaglio et al., Human activities, especially industrial production in Marghera, which extracted large volumes of groundwater, have caused a further compaction of the soil.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	7fc319e318a22399fe06ece5afb54caa	On the one hand, technology may underpin globalisation and on the other, the increased competition that comes with globalisation may force firms to innovate. Innovation may raise labour income inequality both temporarily - since R&D is skill intensive (Dinopoulos and Segerstrom, 1999; Neary, 2003) - and permanently, provided it results in skill-biased technological change as discussed above (Acemoglu, 2002). Policies that foster equity in education lower income inequality by reducing the dispersion of earnings. The same applies to policies that promote upper secondary or tertiary education, at least in countries with an already high share of upper secondary or tertiary graduates, respectively, among the working-age population.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	7fc4b8a08a7c65ddd8fe50eed8c3d7a2	"Over E-health en zelfredzaamheid van patienten in de ggz” (E-health: Face-to-Facebook. About e-health and self-reliance of patients in mental health care), Erasmus University, Rotterdam; TYimbos (2013), [Online], available at www.trimbos.nl/, accessed 8 July 2013; Riper, H., L. Kooistra, J. de Wit, W. van Ballegooijen en T. Donker (2013), “Preventie & eMental- Health kennissythese 2012"" (Prevention eMental Health knowledge synthesis], ZonMW. Almost all OECD countries reported that they had a national mental health user group (see Chapter 6), and in many instances user groups have local branches that organise meetings to offer peer support, discussion, and information. Often, support groups are disorder specific, for example in Germany more than 5 000 self-help support groups were identified, covering a broad range of psychiatric disorders, particularly groups for families and partners, bereavement, anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	7fc74514944cd04ce7690e36a5f97cfb	The RDP has been greatly influenced by the prevailing sectoral policy approach in the central government. Between 2011 and 2014, the RDP was transformed from an urban and regional development programme into a collection of specific sectoral policies that had already existed, such as: the “Programme for the Development of Single-Industry Towns”, “Modernisation of Housing and Communal Facilities 2011-2020”, “Ak Bulak programme 2011-2020”, and “Affordable Housing 2020 Programme”. These sectoral policies were put together as part of the RDP, without any preliminary assessment of their efficiency. For instance, until recently, the “Ak Bulak” programme focused exclusively on supplying drinking water and did not include any assessment of the possible impact of subjecting the sewage system to increasing volumes of water.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	7fc92845a90f02d2dfba606af662a135	This limits the potential of the appraisals to positively influence teaching practices and enhance student outcomes. This is particularly important for new teachers, who require more support in their first year of employment and currently receive limited initial preparation in areas essential for activating student learning, such as formative assessment. At the same time, Romania’s summative appraisals of teachers, which provide a level of quality assurance on entry to the profession and for career progression, should be revised to encourage and reward the development of important pedagogical and professional competencies.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264257344-en	7fc9bd34fb8e4df842bb01c891869148	There is some evidence to support these claims but this line of research should be deepened. Thus, to ensure that these benefits are realised, the design of resource efficiency policies should be guided by an assessment of their costs and benefits, particularly when establishing objectives and targets. The G7 can play an important role in this respect, including by supporting businesses in their supply chain management efforts, addressing trade and investment related obstacles, using official development assistance to support resource efficiency efforts, and improving environmental labelling and information schemes, as well as resource efficiency data and indicators more broadly.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	7fcba0f8c00f3dd76922f3025959718b	With the exception of scolarisation precoce, some of preschool child care places may, on occasion, be used by a child aged 3 or over. The OECD Tax-Benefit Models incorporate child care costs. They can, for example, calculate the net child care costs of full-time care for two children aged 2 and 3 in a typical child care facility.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	7fcc78e7dd8bec3b7054576c3b158825	The specific needs and vulnerabilities experienced by some household members, such as children, women, older persons and family members with disabilities might not be addressed if complex intra-household dynamics are not considered, increasing the likelihood of the programme having an indirect discriminatory outcome. However, little information is available on some aspects that are critical for evaluation of their impact on family-related rights. For example, there is little information on the impacts of CCTs in intra-household violence over time or on the use of contraceptives.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	7fcd88601c018c385ca8fad26b3fd823	It is projected that four countries will experience slow urbanisation, increasing less than 2 percentage points in urbanisation levels between 2010 and 2030: Djibouti, Mauritius (which will continue to experience negative urbanisation), Swaziland and Zimbabwe. While African urbanisation patterns are diverse, up to now few may be deemed sustainable economically, socially or environmentally, as confirmed by the AEO 2016 experts’ survey (Figure 6.1S). Without productive jobs in rural areas, most economies have seen labour move from agriculture into urban, low-skilled and informal service activities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	7fcdf48a3c65236174395063ed46cff5	As the first initiative to address auto fuel economy specifically in the region, this project is a part of the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). Road freight is projected to grow 37% to 2020, mainly in non-OECD countries. ( From 2014, weight class based regulations (fuel consumption per 1000 tonne.km) costing USD 8 billion will provide USD 50 billion in cost savings over vehicle life. ( Why do Top Runner Energy Efficiency Standard Regulations Result in Large Positive and Negative Costs? -	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	7fce6fffdbe22cf1d3e7801678c926d4	The ideal situation would be to use longitudinal data and fixed-effect panel regression methods to control for self-selection, cohort effects or other types of unobserved heterogeneity besides labour participation choices (Gangl and Ziefle, 2009). There has been an increase in the demand for places at childcare centres during recent years, and most of this has been met by the private sector. There is growing unmet demand for places at State-run day-care centres and kindergartens from those unable to pay for the care of their children.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	7fd09f8f0d571326489ff98e45f88078	In Germany, though, where male earnings are widely seen as crucial to securing the income required to have children, the likelihood of having a child increases considerably when men earn significantly more than their partners. Fertility behaviour would then become less dependent on partnered women working part-time in selected occupations and on the traditional household division of labour. Reconciliation policies - those which seek to balance employment and family commitments - are thus a critical component of environments that seek to foster higher fertility rates and the more equally balanced participation of men and women in the labour market.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	7fd1a7511652b7639cee288dca9efab8	Cambodia’s “Strategic Program for Climate Resilience” includes an action on strengthening institutional capacity for planning and implementing climate actions (CIF, 2011). In addition, 20 of the 28 EU member countries had developed a national adaptation strategy by April 2015 (EU, 2015). Indeed, Burkina Faso, one of the two countries to have submitted a NAP to date (via the UNFCCC’s NAP central), indicates that the process of developing a NAP was “long and costly” (CNPP, 2014).	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	7fd20ea335c2847c4d9ceb8f0adb6dae	A family working-time model that operated on the assumptions above could sizeably increase the length of working hours for a number of German employees (see Annex Figure 3.A2.1). Potential male claimants w'ould number around 815 000 employees - of whom just under 800 000 are in dual-eamer couples and about 15 000 are single fathers. As for possibly eligible claimants among female employees, there are 910 000, of whom about 800 000 are in dual-eamer couples and about 105 000 are single mothers.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	7fd5f70ed853b4eedde80ac3d60e3c43	Thus, the decision to liberalize exports by C is likely to displace As exports to B with adverse effects on equality. It may even happen that, because of Cs decision to liberalize, A will shift to the production of goods with a medium-high skill and capital content with the effect of worsening its wage distribution. This is what happened in the 1990s, with the entry into the world market of labour-intensive manufactures by China and other Iow-wage economies affecting the exports and comparative advantage of the middle-income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and South-East Asia. While an increase in land- or mineral-intensive exports may reduce inequality in countries with an egalitarian distribution of assets, it would raise it in countries dominated by latifundia and a highly concentrated mining sector. Indeed, due to the labour surplus prevalent in their labour market, it is unlikely that an eventual rise in the demand of workers would raise their wages in line with the increase in export receipts. Yet, trade liberalization can enlarge the access to previously restricted technologies or, by relaxing foreign exchange constraints, raise the imports of capital-intensive investment goods.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	7fd8234b93718a919988cce45ccf60bd	However, before such projects are developed, detailed plans for MPAs should be elaborated, and other measures to preserve marine and coastal biodiversity should be resourced and implemented. This is necessary to provide a clear framework for sustainable investment and development by industry while safeguarding the marine environment in line with policy objectives. Designating protected areas (as discussed above) and restricting trade in endangered species are classic examples.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090101-6-en	7fd9b3e8ec17849af22558bf09fb5e70	This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity in terms of the amount of water available for irrigation compared to water demand for irrigation, as the projected decline in irrigation water use for China and some countries in the Middle East and North Africa shows. Water quality impairments can lead to increased competition among water users for the shrinking supplies of unpolluted water. Pollutants can include both human-induced pollution such as salinisation, microbiological contamination, eutrophication and excess nutrients, acidification, metal pollutants, toxic wastes, saltwater contamination, thermal pollution, and increases in total suspended solids, as well as natural pollutants such as arsenic and fluoride. Poor water quality increasingly constrains agricultural and economic development in densely populated regions that experience water scarcity and are plagued by poor wastewater treatment, particularly in densely populated Asia.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	7fdc72a705f5e4592fafec4fcd0958ad	In principle, domestic production should for the most part “trickle down” to domestic households, which implies that, absent measurement and methodological considerations and controlling for shifts in terms of trade, the elasticity of average household disposable income to GDP per capita should be close to one in the long run. Associated distributional patterns depend on the differential effects of GDP per capita growth across income groups. The question is then whether economic growth “lifts all boats”, including incomes at the lower end of the distribution.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301757-8-en	7fdd40eaa93c0e97bb62119d3999b26b	The performance agreement outlines key objectives that the institution should strive to achieve over the course of a three-year period. The ministry meets with each institution during the year to discuss progress towards achieving these goals. Each institution is required at the end of the year to report data to the Database for Statistics on Higher Education (DBH) and to present an annual report to the ministry. This information is used by the ministry to develop an annual report on the state of higher education and to develop an annual feedback letter for institutions about their annual performance (Larsen et al.,	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	7fde51e43cf6d04cd912f0473797d467	There is also a decreasing trend of discharges treated according to regulatory requirements in Ukraine. The impact of the presence of viruses and bacteria from insufficient wastewater treatment is, however, assessed by the Republic of Moldova as local and moderate. In Ukraine, 15% of surface water samples do not meet the requirements for bacterial indicators.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	7fe08532215e0628236acd0442e9bd95	Although K. made a series of visits and phone calls to local police regarding these threats they did little to intervene. In fact, after one incident, the police assisted her in withdrawing her complaint when she returned to the police station accompanied by her husband. Shortly thereafter her husband did in fact shoot and kill their children and himself.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	7fe127119c521d64829677e5c203f9e9	A good mix of on- and off-chaining, i.e. to only store parts on the blockchain, and of a hybrid use of public and private blockchain, can address the fundamental conflict. To break this into concrete concepts: One approach is to calculate a hash value for each contract version and only store this on the blockchain. By hashing each version of a document and submitting that hash to the blockchain, ideally a public blockchain, e.g. Ethereum, each party is in a position to prove in case of litigation that a certain version of a document has been agreed upon and handover that document.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	7fe1686f1fc070dcbdcd4f8f3281c56f	However, taking advantage of these new data sources needs investments in staff training and in systems for integrating geospatial, and earth observation data and ensuring interoperability. Advances in technology or technical human capabilities will only deliver their potential as part of integrated systems that align the flow of information with the shifting needs and demands of users. There can also be measures at the regional level.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	7fe26eef2e848909a341274741bb81b4	The values for the three indicators for white male heads of household are below average for both years, whereas the values for all other categories were above the average (signalling a greater propensity to monetary and multidimensional poverty). The values of both types of poverty indicators were lower in 2008 than in 2003. The trend in terms of deprivation as measured by at least one indicator is unclear, since all the cohorts register similar values (around 70%).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	7fe640c66b7483f91652cc8c4edc3b18	In some countries, UI / UA benefits for young unemployed decrease when they live with their parents (Australia, New Zealand, and Finland). In Finland the benefit is reduced with the parents’ income above a certain threshold. In Denmark, unemployed youth who joined the voluntary UI immediately after finishing their education receive a reduced UI amount (either 82% or 50% of the maximum UI benefit received by unemployed with an employment record).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	7fe7568de11067351f9d71ae56324ec7	South Africa’s social grants, for example, reduced the country’s food poverty gap by 65% (Samson et al., Many programmes in Latin America aim to break the pattern of perpetuation of poverty from one generation to the next. Mexico’s Oportunidades programme (Box 6.1) and Brazil’s Bolsa Familia (Chapter 7) have substantially reduced poverty while building people’s skills.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	7fe8a121320a517300cda532c81d5329	While the core component of a decentralised energy system is distributed generation, the system can be further combined with various energy storage and demand response solutions. While heat cannot be transported over long distances, distributed generation that is located closer to the consumers can allow for coordination between heat and electricity generation through combined heat and power plants (CHPs). Since heat is often a by-product of electricity generation, the use of CHP increases the system’s efficiency and can thus reduce the environmental impact by limiting greenhouse gas emissions.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283473-en	7fe9e34124ff1e8c66d246b74b172380	Alcohol-related deaths are more than two times greater than the EU average. One-third of health spending comes from private sources - largely out-of-pocket payments. In addition, informal payments are not uncommon in Lithuania. The Lithuanian health insurance system has an effective counter-cyclical mechanism in place and was successful in protecting public spending on health at the time of the financial crises. Quality indicators provide a mixed picture, but both hospital and primary care services are improving their performance.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	7fea43b1e13e3c97c7bad427d47e6096	But the status of early warning for the region as a whole was transformed following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which affected 14 countries in Asia and Africa, and led to over 230,000 deaths. With no tsunami early warning system in place at the time, most of the victims received no warning at all. It had a profound impact on the development of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) only weeks later.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	7feb00e74e46df5188f990bd8c49dea1	While indicators for the security of supply had been discussed before, their application to consistent data had so far been lacking. Despite such progress, monetisation remains elusive. Since the security of energy supply is tied closely to broad, high-level policy issues such as national sovereignty as well as to complex social attitudes towards risk, monetisation is currently not a viable option.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/36b318e6-en	7febcc302d16716c0f628779c1866431	High CDS rates indicate lower investor confidence in the government's ability to re-pay debt and, therefore, higher government borrowing costs. The data also show that countries were affected differently in terms of intensity/magnitude of the shock. Among affected countries, the total cumulative slump in real GDP per capita from peak to trough (2009) ranged from around 2-3% in countries such as the Netherlands, Portugal or Switzerland to an impressive 18% in Estonia and Latvia. Countries were also affected differently in terms of duration of the crisis.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	7febd3e3b7c66ce2e3e8a5cd89ee2dc9	All provinces and territories provide pre-primary education for 5-year-olds. School is compulsory until age 16 or 18, depending on the province or territory, and grade repetition is below the OECD average. Attainment in upper-secondary education is above the OECD average. Due to the structure of education systems in most Canadian provinces and territories, the proportion of students enrolled in vocational education and training (VET) programmes at upper secondary level is among the smallest in the OECD.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/127a6106-en	7fefa4d6e86eb4ad437c7d6242307a6a	Without diversity, these crops do not provide wholesome nutrition. According to Graziano da Silva (FAO, 2012a), dependence on a few crops has adverse consequences for ecosystems, food diversity and health. Food monotony also increases the risk of micronutrient deficiency. The world population is around 7 billion and is expected to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050 (UN, World Population Prospects, 2015).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	7ff4ae0e5df8e7386b45d87804e2ced9	For the non-OECD group of countries, the leading growth products are comprised of whole milk powder (48%), poultry and skim milk powder (43%), butter (42%), and with cheese (38%) also showing rapid production increases to 2019. This is shown in the next section. Aggregation across commodities provides a summary measure of how the agricultural sectors of countries and regions or economic groups are performing.1 In terms of the commodities covered in this Outlook, agricultural commodity sectors are performing quite differently across these groups, as noted in Figures 1.5 to 1.8. The Russian Federation and Ukraine are projected to grow 26% and 29%, provided plans and support measure by the respective governments proceed as indicated and bear fruit, marking a significant recovery in production levels.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	7ff8679ae9be57eb77e665653d5b558a	It mandated that any municipality located within 15 km from the outer limit of an urban agglomeration w ould lose its right to elaborate a land use plan and give building permits if it were not covered by a Territorial Coherence Plan (Schema de Coherence Territoriale, SCoT) —a form of inter-municipal plan whereby municipalities commit themselves to integrated and joint development. This rule created a very strong incentive for municipalities to join the SCoT, but it was not enough to limit urban sprawl from persisting. Writing in 2014, a government note on the matter comments that only 20% of the territoiy is currently covered by an enforceable SCoT, and that their coverage is not wcll-connected to areas of population growth. Moreover, industrial and commercial developments have continued to contribute to sprawl.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	7ff944fcb81db83eaa8849c4420d951b	In contrast, Austria ranks eight places lower (i.e., more unequal) using the R-squared measure, and Spain, Latvia and Italy fall seven, five and four places respectively-also notably lower than when using the P90-P10 measure. Norway and Spain would respectively rank four and six places higher (more equal) based only on the occupational R-squared than on the overall R-squared. In fact, Norway tops the overall ranking as having the lowest proportion of reading score variance that can be attributed to parental occupation.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a98da25-en	7ff9d0e11b6bc7c9334147cc5a8edd02	"Moreover, targeted public investment can leverage or ""crowd in” private investment by lowering production costs,further stimulating aggregate demand and employment growth. Because public investment can raise economy-wide productivity (Ranis and Stewart 2007; Roy and Heuty 2009; Bose, ef al. First, it creates fiscal space in the long run by stimulating income growth, thereby expanding the tax base."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	7ffbe2f59b99e57192866bbf9dde5988	This is where the importance of encouraging innovation and supporting commercialisation of R&D lies at the metropolitan and local level. City characteristics, notably size and diversity, are important since innovation comes from interactions between populations diverse both in people and firms. The argument is that the greater the size, the greater the diversity25.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d72eb315-en	7ffd64b625dbb7342a409ef68357b6bf	Inventories can provide the starting point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns (landings in volumes and currency). Inventories can also be used to characterize fisheries in terms of their potential impacts on biodiversity (e.g. by itemizing bycatch species). In aquaculture, inventories of farming installations’ can provide policy-makers with the knowledge to enable effective planning and management.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282988-5-en	8000109fd2dcd1a9fc80718b81b2c9be	Urban and coastal areas are generally better off, with much lower poverty rates. Ethnicity follows the geographical divide in wealth with the indigenous population especially deprived, and also underserved in terms of public services such as education and health (INEI, 2014). This is high even by Latin American standards, although the growing economy has led to some reduction in the level in recent years.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	8000dab19f0ca1ec2be94259c6966f26	There are now 11 transport card companies (including KSCC), operating in different cities and provinces through direct service contracts with subnational authorities. Beyond these conventional pre-paid sendees, ten commercial banks nationwide also topped their own credit or debit cards with a public transport card function, with deferred payment. Transfer discounts are applicable for up to 4 times a day, within a transfer time limit of 30 minutes (up to 1 hour from 9 pm to 7 am the next day). The user simply needs to tap his device on the sensors as he/she gets off the bus or exits the subway.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0aec43e1-en	80045d3899683e4a4732d65acefab57f	The first target of the first SDG proposed by the Open Working Group (OWG) of Member States is to “eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere” by 2030. The second target is to reduce at least by half the proportion of people living in poverty according to national definitions. These are noble and historic targets for global progress—they deserve their status at the top of the list. At the same time, they illustrate issues affecting a considerable number of the 169 development targets proposed by OWG, such as how do we measure them and are they plausible?	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	8007d1e56ffb913590d9551fadcc6463	However, the institutional setting of the agencies under its supervision was subject to significant adjustment as part of the Programme for Restructuring the Government’s Central Administration (PRACE). The purpose of this programme, launched by the central government in 2005, was to increase the coherence and efficiency of public administration. The APA is the principal body responsible for monitoring and implementing environmental policies with regard to climate change, air pollution and air quality, noise reduction and waste management.1 In the area of nature protection and biodiversity conservation, reorganisation of the Institute for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity (ICNB) has included the establishment of five new Regional Departments for Management of Classified Areas (DGACs). In 2009, the Institute for the Regulation of Water and Solid Waste (IRAR), responsible for regulating water and waste services, was reorganised into the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority (ERSAR).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/13c3d6e4-en	800aed18a7dff29ae507eaebc448e949	The total area (mainland and sea) under permanent protection in Croatia steadily increased over the period 2009-2012 (table 8.4 and map 8.1). By the end of 2012, there were 431 nature sites protected in nine categories (table 8.5). The national protected areas feature internationally recognized protected areas including five Ramsar sites (Cma Mlaka, Lonjsko polje and Mokro polje, Kopacki rit, Neretva River Delta and Vransko Lake), two biosphere reserves (Mura-Drava-Danube Regional Park, and Kopacki Rit Nature Park), and a World Heritage site (Plitvice Lakes National Park).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	800b4d18d8518b91cf56ef3a410258ab	Data are sampled from the operating model to mimic collection of fishery dependent data and research surveys (and their inherent variability). These data are passed to the assessment model, which estimates parameters such as indicators of current abundance. The assessment model can explicitly calculate stock abundance, or may focus on a simple indicator such as standardized CPUE - whatever will actually be used in the decision rule.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	800ce0bed424cf07ab709e1b5582c887	Far fewer women than men become entrepreneurs, and most of those who do create micro-firms that contribute little to formal employment, value added or productivity growth. However, some reservations introduced by the countries have not yet been lifted and still affect the legal impacts of CEDAW. The countries have also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	800ebe8ecc33b6d4f51fb988d15c7455	The effect of taxes and public transfers in reducing regional differences in income inequality is particularly evident in the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium and Italy. The median reduction in the regional Gini when taking into account taxes and transfers is 30% across the 28 countries, the highest effect being observed for Finnish regions (regional Gini coefficients for disposable income 48% lower in median than regional Gini indexes for market income). Each point in the panel represents a region.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	80174ecea0e1f336e8080a5b2278bcc6	And as much as learning-to-learn skills are important, we always learn by learning something. They do not reflect the actual population of countries or sampled groups. Perhaps surprisingly, data use and research literacy is a relatively weak area of the teacher knowledge base as measured in this assessment. Part of that work consisted of an in-depth study of some 40 learning environments that have taken the innovation journey (OECD, 2013).	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	8018153681b46bb217422867c1c6ebb9	One explanation offered for this is that people at the bottom of the distribution scale did not benefit as much from growth as other sectors of the population over the decade (Morley, 2001; Szekely, 2001). Generally speaking, less unequal countries performed worse on average than more unequal ones over the decade, as described in Gasparini (2003). Inequality increased in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay, whose economies have lower levels of inequality, while countries where inequality fell were invariably those with high initial levels of inequality. This was compounded by the effects of structural reform (trade liberalization, financial reform, tax reform, privatizations and labour-market reforms). In the case of trade opening, the evidence suggests that this contributed to rising inequality (see the reviews in Taylor, 2005; and Goldberg and Ravnick, 2007), while for the other reforms analyses are less compelling.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	80198d6768b5da2895441d424147505d	An assessment of the carrying capacity levels in Israel’s protected areas should be prepared (Box 5.4). They include hiking trails, camping areas, and areas for sports and recreation activities. Forests adjacent to nature reserves attract visitors and consequently help lower visitor pressure on nature reserves.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	801dd50d6ee794556df9f9ab69e38f61	In Brazil, for example, where participatory budgeting was first adopted (in 1989), municipalities utilizing such programmes appear to manage their public finances with a significantly greater effectiveness than those where the programmes have not been implemented (Petherick, 2014). Concerned experts might wish to keep decision-making power out of the hands of local stakeholders in cases where more complex matters such as climate adaptation need to be confronted, not recognizing that local stakeholders can provide different but complementary forms of expertise (ibid.). While local buy-in and ownership do contribute to successful project implementation, participatory budgeting is sometimes not sufficient to deter corruption, as vulnerable groups may become victims of elite capture or bribing. Therefore, a participatory accountability framework must be implemented alongside participatory decision-making.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	801de52e0ca53edfa5b500059fa317e6	Such incentive-based schemes may produce revenue for the regulator (taxes), may be costly to the regulator (subsidies), or may involve payments only between producers (trading). The broad categories of instruments considered here are taxes (whether on pumped water or on a proxy), transferrable entitlement systems, and buyouts of land or water entitlements. Instruments that provide incentives related to the physical quantity of groundwater used, such as pumping taxes and some transferable permit systems, require the ability to monitor water use accurately and to confirm that changes in water use are occurring as a result of the incentive.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36b318e6-en	801ef6d7f5c1e0a8f097f98c14fa399b	For this reason, it should be highlighted as an exception. However, It is important to keep in mind that this is done to ease our discussion although the shock was different across these countries. Alternative definitions of exposure to the crisis were considered. Further details are reported in Annex 2.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264195363-9-en	801f2b0e0f2a7deb588737cdc79c00e3	The OECD’s Policy Framework for Agricultural Investment (PFIA) seeks to help countries identify their specific requirements. Smoother functioning of world food markets will require efforts at the multilateral level. Some gains can be achieved at the regional level, but there would be wider benefits from WTO members addressing the Doha Development Agenda and successfully concluding the Doha Round of trade negotiations.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	802057a86f70992ce40eca03ba65969e	It will also contribute to OECD trust and inclusive growth agendas, in response to the mandate provided by the OECD Ministers at the 2013 Ministerial Meeting. Finally, this report contributes to the OECD agenda on New Approaches to Economic Challenges and Prioritising Inclusive Growth by identifying policy levers to reduce rising inequality, restore growth and strengthen government performance. Women make up half of this talent pool in any country.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	8023ac7045ab5408f9e3feadb0796e32	For example, one of the most remarkable peace-making initiatives by women in the Pacific has been the work of the Kup Women for Peace (KWP) in PNG (Dinnen, 2003). For example, the traditional forms of social protection such as reciprocity such as duties during ceremonies are also formal. There exist clear linkages between formal and informal social arrangements.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	80240372653f9f778aa38fb3ba3e3ed9	However, as a derogation from the common CU tariff, Kazakhstan will maintain a zero import duty on raw cane sugar up to 2019 with the obligation that neither raw sugar for processing, nor white sugar would be re-directed to Russia or Belarus. For refined sugar, the previous combined duty of 30% (but not less than EUR 120 per tonne) was replaced by a specific duty of EUR 340 per tonne. Tariff rates were increased for many agricultural products and Kazakhstan’s tariff system became less liberal than it had been prior to the CU (Box 2.6). This implies that the CU tariff will evolve in accordance with the commitments that the CU members undertake within the WTO framework.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-5-en	802515de05cb22ceb90965aea1384c91	This report finds that Mexico has a long way to go on the road to gender equality. Mexican women's economic outcomes, including labour force participation, continue to lag behind those in most other OECD countries. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains high, and the share of young women not in employment, education, or training is nearly four times the share for young men. Mexican women continue to suffer from high levels of violence and face pervasive gender stereotyping.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	80270570e8d2ec72721c2a459d8ede4d	However, the survey method does provide information about issues (especially perceptions) that could not be obtained through other methods. In addition, the TALIS Video Study will provide important perspectives on the validity of self-report data because it will collect both survey and video data. Because the database does not allow identification of classrooms, it is not possible to link teachers with their class students. Student outcomes can, therefore, be associated only with the school-aggregated indicator of teachers. That review argued for better national and international information on teachers. These were attracting, developing, and retaining effective teachers; school policies and effectiveness; and quality teachers and teaching.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/31959a6d-en	802746c531d580ee5840775e69ff248d	These are contributory pension schemes, administered by the state, which provide earnings-related benefits for formal sector workers (contributors). These systems may involve some type of intra-generational redistribution (for instance, when they include progressive replacement rates or minimum benefits) but their main purpose is consumption smoothing (section 4). Defined contribution systems are also aimed at consumption smoothing, but with stronger links between contributions and benefits. These systems by definition exclude redistributive elements (which can instead be incorporated in other'piliars’in multipillar systems) and make entitlements closely reflect work, earnings and retirement patterns.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	8027e3a1c2c6e31edc285551fb8c092a	"Adequacy is generally assessed using indicators such as the probability of lost load or the expected duration of load curtailment. Consequently, assessing the amount of power they can be expected to produce with a reasonable degree of confidence when demand is the highest is challenging. This ""capacity credit"" of renewables depends on the correlation between wind, sun and demand. ("	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	802993f8406b1b16cf74b6b26bf72420	Adolescents and youths are marrying or forming conjugal unions later, and they are older when they have their first child or leave the family home (ECLAC, 2000). This change, however, does not affect all adolescents and youths in equal measure. Rather, it has become a highly stratified process. This stratification is associated with structural conditioning factors (Filgueira, 1998, p. 66) associated with divisions caused by inequality and essentially resulting in postponement of the assumption of adult roles in the more educated and higher-income sectors, as opposed to early assumption of these roles in lower-income ones (Ullman, 2015).	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29661a20-en	802a6c6ce492c6bb42c02fc0f28fe29e	Poor sanitation and wastewater management leads to contamination of fresh water sources and is a major cause of disease and death while also being detrimental to the health of ecosystems. Nevertheless, improvements among Asia-Pacific subregions vary in terms of both speed of progress and attainment levels. In the Pacific, overall coverage has declined from 82.1 percent in 1990 to 79.9 per cent in 2015. Access to basic sanitation is a particular concern in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands where less than a third of the countries' populations had access to improved sanitation in 2015, with limited or no progress over the levels recorded in 1990, that is, from 20 per cent in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2015, and from 26 per cent in 2000 to 30 per cent in 2015 respectively.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	802aa76acc44b5823fc9b19211bd50d0	For example, in Slovenia the net targeted and minimum pension benefits were worth around 40% and 93% of the poverty threshold in 2008, respectively. In Belgium, in contrast they were both above 100% of the poverty threshold (see Whitehouse et al., Through stigma, ignorance of eligibility, and the cost and complexity of claiming, less than 100% of those entitled to such benefits take them up. In the United Kingdom, for example, figures for 2009-10 show that only between 62% and 68% of people eligible for the means-tested pension credit took it up.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	802b141c3e0f74eb001ee74ca56b3c75	The authorities should swiftly proceed to implement the quality assurance system to counteract potential adverse effects of relying on enrolments and the number of graduates to determine public funding. This constraint adversely affects the position of public HEIs to compete for hiring and retaining most talented staff. Considering that salaries are included in the lump-sum public funding and HEIs are autonomous in the allocation of those funds, HEIs should be given more freedom to determine the salaries of their academic staff.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	802b92f327f44a2a45434bb5b1bcd8ea	However, the discussion remains focussed on the total effect, without decomposing the fertiliser and biofuel policies. The modified reference scenario assumes that biofuel mandates are binding in all countries apart from Brazil, and that the EU blending target of 7% will be met. In Brazil, the share of biofuels in total transport fuel use is projected to be 12%, which is significantly lower than the results presented above (32%).3 Compared with the non-modified reference scenario, the mandatory biofuel shares have a higher ad valorem equivalent subsidy (about 1.5 percentage points higher in each of the countries with biofuel mandates).34 This implies that abolishing the assumed biofuel policies should intensify the results described above on agricultural production and prices, and, as a result, income in all affected countries apart from Brazil.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	802c7df9c0dc25960c5049df63868274	Measures that support international collaborative research activities across countries can be a helpful mechanism to encourage the development and diffusion of climate mitigation technologies internationally. The policy approaches have varied across Europe, leading to a wide range of policy experience. It must be embedded in wider energy policy, and be stable across the lifetime of projects. Investors need to be confident, in a policy-driven market, that governments are serious.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	802da3503142887a8210a29478e9e319	Recent joint public commitments highlight convergence around key principles and greater ambition. All new operations are to be screened for short- and long term climate change and disaster risks and, where risks exist, they will be addressed with appropriate resilience measures. Screening tools have been developed for the national policy level, along with project-level tools and a specific sector tool for agriculture. The tools are designed to help increase the effectiveness and longevity of investments.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	803587b898b65875c3dc10505eb44d1c	In addition, IRENA estimates that about 80% of Ukraine’s renewable energy potential is in biomass where most biomass operations could be undertaken by agricultural companies. A commission establishes the level of green tariffs. The feed-in tariffs are paid both to new and existing renewable energy plants. The tariff system was revised in July 2015, reducing the level of tariff for solar (which had been among the highest in the world), establishing a fairer system of quarterly euro-indexation and restructuring the local component requirements (moving to a bonus, rather than a mandatory requirement which had been acting as a barrier to investment).3 The revised tariffs are listed in Table 3.3.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	8039e9a7a6c744e9181f3766d02e8e9b	Even countries with modern anti-discrimination laws and well-designed incentives for employers may find it difficult to curtail discriminatory practices if, de facto, the law is not enforced. Policy makers should ensure that equality bodies, labour inspectorates and other agencies that are in charge of enforcing anti-discrimination laws are sufficiently resourced and staffed with adequately trained personnel. Similar concerns apply to the policy initiatives to curb informality outlined in the next section. Fighting informality requires concerted policy action based on three pillars: increasing the benefits of formalisation, reducing the costs of formal employment and strengthening enforcement mechanisms (see OECD, 2015b; and OECD, 2008, Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	803bcc389d30ed24ab7ad03973e8c425	Thus important challenges remain to be tackled so that Riga and Latvia can reach their national targets of reducing fatalities by 50% by 2020 (European Commission, 2015). The following sections delve into governance structures of road safety and further explore specific policies and mechanisms that were introduced to improve road safety performance in the city of Riga. It sets out the main principles and governance bodies for the organisation of road traffic and the responsibilities of different administrative levels. It organises and co-ordinates the development and implementation of national policies and monitors compliance with laws and regulations concerning road traffic safety.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	803c2f597fc89c7694e08d05e77412b6	Both priorities will require supply co-ordination: vertically - in order to ensure that individuals are not left behind, falling through the cracks between educational progression and job market entry, and horizontally - to ensure that the private sector is able to interact with the disparate training and education service providers - both public and private - to ensure that their skills needs are being met on an ongoing basis. Even the green jobs at the lower end of the skills spectrum will require specific training, calling for an engagement by both the public and private sectors. It is important that workforce incentives be built into new environmental policies and green industries are taken into account in workforce development services.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	803c484331225508e2d6068de5e86226	"The topics have included “Re-positioning Switzerland in summer tourism"", “Structural change as the key to success in Swiss Tourism"" and “Tourism product development: basis for successful marketing"". Presentations from renowned national and international experts are combined with smaller group discussions. The integration of international know-how is essential for the success of the TFS."	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	803c825499792bd3e9b654840daa6bf8	The first emphasises development based on the market economy with socialist orientation; the second seeks to ensure national food security by guaranteeing adequate food supplies, particularly for rice. There is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time. These two resolutions have been implemented through a number of documents, including the ARP to restructure the agricultural sector towards improving value-added and sustainable development.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	803d27188554fbfd34b37cb71e5b351e	It is also noticeable that while for both Jamaica and St Luda the dramatic fall in treatment costs caused the share of GDP lost to be reduced, in the case of Trinidad and Tobago the opposite happened. The downward effect of the fall in treatment costs was more than compensated for by the upward impact of the significant increase in the number of infected individuals. The results of the study are summarised in Table 4.4, which shows HIV/AIDS negatively impacting on key macroeconomic variables.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	803d46ed8834ae01989dad57201a7f8f	Nevertheless, this approach could be used to report climate-relevant information voluntarily to the UNFCCC as well. Several countries that provide development support to developing countries also report on this information domestically, for example in financial yearbooks and public expenditure reports.18 Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed countries shall communicate “indicative quantitative and qualitative information” on finance provided and mobilised including, as available, projected levels of public financial resources. The use of the term “indicative” suggests this provision refers to communication of expected amounts of finance to be provided and mobilised in the future.19 Such reporting, which is currently voluntary, could be made more complete and transparent (UNFCCC, 2015d).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	804083b3521122182c352610f0d65c8b	In comparison, Bolsa Familia has been estimated to nearly halve extreme poverty from 8.0% to 4.7% (IPEA, 2013). Many of the poorest families are unable to travel the distance and/or put together the necessary application files required, meaning they end up being excluded from the programme (INS, CRES and AfDB, 2013). In addition, the eligibility criteria lack transparency (Handoussa and Tzannatos, 2002) opening the door to clientelism.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	8044c901b48dfe183a0b266127086072	The CEFC also invests w'ith co-financiers to develop new sources of capital for the clean energy sector. In line with its policy intent, the Corporation considers the positive externalities and public policy outcomes when making investment decisions and when determining whether concessional funding should be granted. Funding is for projects valued up to AUD 5 million, and is aimed at cutting energy and carbon emissions in small to medium enterprises, including farms.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/150942f1-en	8045aa5c2e07a233e958646de0cad060	If we disentangle this result by type of facility we see that in Ghana a higher percentage of consultations for ill children occur in hospitals or health clinics (more than 65 per cent), deemed as high to good quality health facilities, and only 4 per cent to traditional healers. In contrast, in Cameroon a relatively high percentage of ill children receive health services from traditional practitioners. Consistent with results for monetary poverty, our simulations suggest that in the absence of the crisis, Burkina Faso would have registered a slight decrease in the demand for health services, while in Cameroon and, to a larger extent Ghana, there would have been an increase. Numbers in brackets refer to the base-year values.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	8045aabdeec41dd81f5aa06f7c314f35	Another is inherent in what the agreement does not say: what sorts of unilateral actions are Parties free to take, given the lack of specific direction the Agreement provides to the Parties in terms of achieving their NDCs? Both of these sets of implications are examined below. Such calculations are methodologically problematic, but it can be argued that, were all the Parties to fulfil their NDCs, that figure would significantly increase.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	804647feb24c137e3587a6cb8bfb7b1b	According to the Energy Conservation and Cleaner Production Centre of Hai Phong City (ECC), the energy audit activities have saved a total of 50.3 million kWh per year, equivalent in monetary terms to more than USD 3.03 million (VDN 64 billion) and a reduction in carbon emissions of 42 000 tons per year (ECCH, 2014a). To accelerate these efforts, the city could consider providing technical guidance and financial support to all small and medium-sized manufacturing industries in the city. For example, the city could send experts who provide technical advice to these firms and finance a part of the costs of high-energy-efficiency production facilities. The experience of Kitakyushu, Japan, suggests that process conversion and end-of-pipe (EP) technologies can achieve a significant reduction in pollution, and that decisive action by the city w'as a critical factor in its success (Box 2.1).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/becaa395-en	8047fb6701e42d4103d18c3e2eaa34a6	Assuming the full effectiveness of C02 fertilization, climate change impacts on yields are reduced to a range of between -10 and -35 percent for maize, between +5 and -15 percent for wheat, between -5 and -20 percent for rice, and between 0 and -30 percent for soybean. If limits on access to nitrogen are explicitly considered, crops benefit less from C02 fertilization and negative climate impacts are amplified (Muller and Elliott, 2015). The most important impacts are on animal productivity, animal health and biodiversity, the quality and amount of feed supply, and the carrying capacity of pastures.	13	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	804bc56164763afbb83714f5b2b7449a	In addition, self-employment rates tend to be high in countries where the public sector is small, taxation levels are high, product market regulation (PMR) is tight3 and the rule of law is weakly enforced (OECD, 1999; Schuetze, 2000; Torrini, 2005). Temporary employment tends to be higher in countries with stricter employment protection legislation for regular workers (OECD, 2014; Chen et al., One explanation put forward is that the employment protection of permanent jobs has a minor impact on total employment, but leads to a stronger substitution of temporary jobs for permanent jobs (Cahuc et al.,	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	804f02acb23b86725c435cd190ee873d	"In addition, high administrative costs are incurred in the application of ""means tests"" in order to verify eligibility for free basic supply. To avoid these administrative costs, some municipalities have opted to apply free basic allocation to all domestic consumers, with the unintended consequence that wealthy consumers receive the free basic allocation if they happen to reside in one of those municipalities. South Africa has one of the lowest electricity tariffs in the world, with an average selling price (as illustrated below) at around USD 0.027 per kWh. Despite the tariff regime, there is argued and documented energy poverty among both electrified and non-electrified consumers (Department of Energy, 2009g)."	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	804fa4f6f4dd43780f16287436e22e78	No major reform of the public sector is expected before the resumption of a functioning government. As the number of public sector employment opportunities declines, the expectation is that workers will be absorbed by the private sector, which is unlikely unless it significantly expands. At the same time, public sector workers will need retraining to develop the skills required by private sector employers or to start their ow'n businesses. An educated and skilled labour force is critical for developing the private sector, entrepreneurship and SMEs.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	805292d3340c2f849b94ef7067cd8f2d	Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship. Interdisciplinary team efforts in entrepreneurship education allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	8052f9695a19c72c86cb9ffe7de6a471	More specifically, the chapter consists of four main sections - family law, physical integrity, nationality and access to justice - that are key elements affecting women’s participation in the public sphere. The first section analyses provisions in family law that affect women in the private domain. The second deals with actions taken by governments to promote the protection of physical integrity through: legal frameworks, data collection and monitoring, law enforcement and legal services, and an action plan to combat violence. The third section addresses equality in nationality law, while the final section on access to justice highlights factors influencing awareness and understanding of women’s rights, mechanisms to access justice and the social barriers that inhibit such access.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	8056a3f982b00386fe372fe80983cce2	The current top-down approach, with the government deciding what extension advice is to be provided to farmers, should be re-oriented towards a greater role given to farmers who could guide extension services according to their needs. While the current use of a competitive bidding process for the selection of extension projects creates the possibility for more efficient allocation of resources, there appears to be potential for overlap in projects awarded at the central and local government levels. Viet Nam has made significant steps in removing quantitative restrictions on trade.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/952404bd-en	805919f89fc91597315d1ec2b128602a	The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, which surveys adults in 54 countries, includes an indicator on 'fear of failure as a barrier to starting a business' (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2018), which is addressed by three different competences in EntreComp. The World Bank's STEP survey includes questions on grit, a personality trait that EntreComp addresses under 'motivation and perseverance'. However, these surveys are costly to administer, and skills, such as creativity and managing uncertainty, are difficult to measure.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	805a7d2612aefb574c9ec54c4f4805d6	It will remain important to monitor the effects on investment and savings and stand ready to adjust the reform if warranted. For instance, estimates by the World Bank (World Bank, 2015) suggest that with the changes introduced by the tax reform, the share of net income received by the richest 1% of the population will fall by 1.1% of GDP. However, the effect of the reform on the Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers will be small (0.07 points). This is because the Gini coefficient is more sensitive to transfers to the centre of the distribution than to the tails, which is what this reform is targeting.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d787867d-en	805c32cf2b78a6f5d7eae74d418774e0	The proportion of older people who reported being mistreated or witnessing the mistreatment of a fellow resident was 2.4% in Uruguay, around 8% in Argentina and 14% in Chile. These figures are a cause for concern, as the study included a direct question on this issue. Similarly, provide mental health services to older persons living in long-term care establishments. In practice, government bodies responsible for overseeing such services usually report problems in assessing compliance with care standards in private institutions; in some cases only institutions that receive State funding are monitored.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	805dbf51f2e32aad2d0f3018eb52daee	Domestic investment is even much lower. Since 2007, no domestic investment has been registered for crops, and USD 18.22 million has been registered for livestock and fisheries (Table 9.6). However, additional DICA data show that, as of 31 October 2010, domestic investment in crops reached around USD 0.53 million and domestic investment in livestock and fisheries around USD 14.39 million.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	805e85cdfe0592979899ac563dfc891c	Given that approximately 20% of poor children in two-parent families lived with a father who was not working for most of the year in 2013, increasing coverage of unemployment and/or social assistance benefits could improve the standard of living of many poor children. Relative poverty is 16% among households headed by a non-regular worker compared to only 5% in those headed by a regular worker (OECD, 2016): reducing the barriers between regular and non-regular employment is key to improving the living standards of one-earner households. For example, one option may be to further limit opening hours.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	805eca819896a7c4c833e6d0a1e1b1f2	This requires the close integration of the different active and passive labour-market policies, including unemployment insurance. A key dimension is that of increasing productivity, both by reassigning workers from one sector to another (structural change), and by making improvements within sectors. This requirement is due to the possible effect of high employment insecurity on confidence in political institutions, as well as the short- and long-term impact on the well-being of households, especially those with low income levels (ECLAC, 2010a: page 51). This also means not reversing course in respect of the labour advances achieved in the recent period.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	8060bd89beebb9c74fcef07e26af2b95	It has also an important water retention and flood protection function, and is regularly flooded in spring/summer during the snow melting period. The Danube River is also used for navigation purposes, while on the Morava and Dyjc rivers only recreational boating is allowed from June to December. The most important economic uses of the area are forestry (timber production), agriculture and tourism.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264221826-en	8060e2e74d8d14fec013d6d79338bdb0	The number of pre-school institutions was 8 392 units in 2013 with a net enrolment of 631 489 children, a significant increase from 232 925 children enrolled in 2007 (MESRK, 2013b). The duration of lower secondary education is 5 years, followed either by 2 years in general upper secondary education or 3 or 4 years in technical and vocational education. Students that successfully complete general or vocational upper secondary education can attend either post-secondary technical and vocational training programmes or continue to higher education (OECD, 2013).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	806157c1f755083d05d12c466a12c9e8	It outlines information on climate-related development finance and sectors w'here such finance is directed, as well as policies directly or indirectly relating to mobilisation of finance for climate actions. This amount covers both finance for adaptation and mitigation, while excluding overlapping finance for both mitigation and adaptation. It accounts for 7.1% of the total climate-related development finance committed globally in 2013 and 2014 (i.e. USD 47.3 billion per year on two-year average). More specifically, climate-related development finance committed to mitigation in the EECCA is 8.3% of that for all the recipients globally, while adaptation finance accounts for 3.5% of the global total.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	806287c1c6241a496d116b16e08003c8	Some adult members of the community, particularly, though not exclusively, in Malawi, perceive a father's interest in his daughter's life as a sign of him harbouring incestuous feelings toward his daughter. Fathers tend to distance themselves from their daughters when they reach adolescence in order to avoid such accusations. Humiliation and shame were experienced particularly acutely due to the strain that poverty placed on these women's family relations. Lone mothers reported being insulted by family members, being made to feel a burden and in some cases abused, all of which undermined their self-esteem. Moreover, the consequent loss of standing in the community, coupled with an inability to provide for their children, further eroded their sense of dignity. This reduces parental ability to fulfil parenting aspirations both for young children (Bray & Brandt, 2007) and for adolescents (Bray, 2009; Bray, 2014, cited in Posel & Ross, 2014).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5d345c92-en	806287d0e61230595f61534ad8cf427e	In the absence of these conditions, decentralization can lead to capture by local elites. In reality such transfers generally give little weight to levels of poverty or vulnerability - being based more on the size of the population or the geographical area. Fiscal transfers thus fail to address regional inequalities; indeed the rich regions may get more than the poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	8065115ccd55af9d11b4e425115a4570	Migration to, from or between rural areas is an important component of both internal (within countries) and international (between countries) migration. Due to the complexity of factors driving rural migration, it is usually a multifaceted process that takes different forms. These rural migration flows are closely linked to agricultural and rural development in a bidirectional relationship: agricultural and rural development affects migration, but at the same time is itself affected by migration (see Box 4 for a list of terms describing various migration types and patterns).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b620ec70-en	80696d82940dbf68c0357e68c03f2dd4	The aim is to create a system of care framed within social reform policies, with a universal, rights-based perspective. A combination is also being sought between creating services and supporting families so that they can hire care services within or outside the home. Community participation, in its existing forms and in new ones, will be a cornerstone of this process.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	8069f4dc53792187b10e42c3ec67e65d	Balance also requires the need for an individual to live in harmony with others, their community and the spirit world. Hence, indigenous peoples' idea of sickness or illness tends to refer to an absence of well-being. Indigenous liaison and caseworkers are able to offer more culturally sensitive services and are working hard to impact the policies and practices of their organizations to be more responsive to indigenous clients.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-21-en	806a2078935d5bc9bc9623df97560242	In contrast, in 2011 the value of “dried, salted and smoked fish” was down on the previous year. The prices of whole Atlantic mackerel and whole Spanish mackerel also increased. The price of whole cuttlefish did not change, and neither did the prices of dogfish and anglerfish. The producer prices of tuna supplied to industry fell by 4%, to EUR 1 200 per tonne.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	806bb649a2da0c54dd9fb7c81e5eef2b	These may be based on age, sex or income level; or groups of risks based on people’s environment, such as the roadway, home, workplace or residential area. Thus, selected individuals or groups of individuals exposed to similar risks are targeted by preventive programmes to help them to avoid these risks or to detect specific conditions at an early stage. Although some risks are related to specific health conditions, the same or similar types of risks may lead to various health conditions, thus overlaps may exist in the coverage of programmes, depending on their structure at the national level.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	806c8740e1a9c08938cb89238191c19f	However, this positive effect is limited by the small amount of attention which GHPs have dedicated to strengthening national health systems, and by the unintended adverse impact that they may have on those systems, as discussed below. In addition, the provision of services does not reflect the actual use of those services by different sectors of society. There is ample evidence that improvements in access to antiretroviral treatments in Africa, for example, do not necessarily lead to the actual use of those treatments by many people, especially among the poor. To achieve this requires strengthening national structures of primary health care, aiming at providing rational, evidence-based and anticipatory responses to health needs and to social expectations.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	80710d674a132dd13c52c9716dbf04ab	A permit is not required in cases of wastewater discharge (Chapter 2). Food production impacts the water quality' with high loadings of nutrients and organic material, the mining industry with heavy metals and suspended material. Agreements are signed by industrial plants and local authorities; however, in view of the fact that no regulations exist for indirect discharges, which cause problems in public wastewater treatment and worsen water pollution, requirements are not placed there.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	8072171431dd41ed371a0824f79fcc51	The report diagnosed the three D’s - density, distance and division - as the foremost impediments to regional development, and proposed the three I’s -institutions, infrastructure and integration - as the treatment for each. From this perspective, the principal problem that impoverished rural areas face is a lack of agglomeration related to sparsely populated areas with few connections to more densely settled towns and cities. From this perspective, rural areas face considerable physical, institutional and transactional cost barriers to accessing and engaging in trade with domestic and international markets. The more remote and sparsely populated - where poverty is coincidentally at its highest - the lower the development potential.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	8072a55e3cc1d518b6177109a8005a17	Loans from these institutions generally have a longer tenure than from commercial banks, which helps lower the energy tariff; their participation also lowers the risk profile and thus the cost of funds. However, it is important to satisfy the more stringent requirements of the development institutions, particularly regarding transparency and minimizing environmental and social impacts. It is envisaged that energy connectivity (electricity transmission lines, markets and natural gas pipelines) will initially strengthen the systems in the four subregions — South-East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and North-East Asia.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	80747198d5f83cb4f36796c779decc95	The Government’s essential role was limited to providing transport and communications infrastructure services and to facilitating international trade. For example, there is a proposal to convert the city of Almaty into a subregional services hub through development of transport, tourism and financial services (see box 2.1). Such developments could also stimulate modern firms to participate in global value chains because many initiatives on the proposed hubs, such as effective Internet connectivity and courier services, are also prerequisites for value-chain participation.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591110-5-en	80762ac6dca3dab13b70df3b9197fa68	From the 2006 population-based survey, Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BIAS II), the national average prevalence was estimated at 17.1 per cent, while for those aged 15-49 years, it was estimated that 24 per cent was HIV-positive (CSO/NACA, 2005). A third population-based survey was completed and preliminary results have just been released indicating some slight increase in prevalence to 17.6 per cent (CSO/NACA, 2009). Women account for a majority - about 57 per cent - of people living with HIV/AIDS. Just like Botswana, Lesotho has been experiencing declines in infection levels among young pregnant women, falling from 25 per cent in 2003 to 21 per cent in 2005.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283299-en	8076f2c00679b771be6d229592c1dae5	Nevertheless, the average number of physician contacts per person is not greater than the EU average. For example, home visits to patients by GPs are a regular practice and patients do not usually have to wait long to get access to GPs, although waiting times for more specialised services (e.g. mental health specialists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists) can be longer. Nurses also play a key role in providing home care services to people with chronic diseases or disability.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	8078c029d3cf163fe9b13e6534a9a266	The study by MacKay and others (in press) supersedes the generalized review by McClurg (1988), based on limited sampling in the same geographic area, and appears to be the only study of its kind in the WIO, and for which results are available. The proximity of a semi-permanent upwell-ingcell and a large river mouth (Lutjeharms 2000), together with their relatively high latitude, probably mean that the soft sediment shelf habitats differ from those further north, with implications for the benthic macrofaunal community composition. Having said this, it is, however, notable that there are marked similarities in some of the larger demersal shelf fauna found in several countries of the region.	14	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	807c71dbee085e91787a40e107bb5860	Farmers in drier areas (east coast of both islands) or in colder areas (especially in the South Island) often carry more than one year's supply of feed, but very seldom more than two year's supply. In recent adverse events, while feed reserves within the affected area were limited, sufficient feed was brought in from outside the area. There is also an increasing trade in imported feed, particularly Palm Kernel Extract (mostly from Malaysia), which is largely fed to dairy cows.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/973d5b65-en	807d09f375bcee1b693490a0e79b7302	Emirate Transport worked with the bus manufacturer to adjust the efficiency of applications, such as the air conditioning, to comply with local regulations and specifications. Numerous integrated bus power stations will be constructed that will recharge the batteries within four hours. It garners the Clean Development Mechanism to fund the project more effectively.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	80808a0de493936382e42460e9c076f2	The Kor Timor associate was not familiar with the social enterprise concept, though her description indicates the business is a social enterprise. It represents an alternative to fly-in, fly-out high-end tourism such as has been established across the Pacific, where visitors pay to stay in luxury international hotels, eat largely imported food and have minimal contact with the local people. Ecotourism aims to develop small-scale locally run hotels and restaurants that will use local products and local staff as much as possible.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	80808cc13ae03420fdd71deff3e3adee	Given existing inequalities in health between the native Danish population and some immigrant groups, this additional fee may present an obstacle for some patients, although it is unclear how large a population group would be affected by the measure. The recent reduction in cost-sharing will also help low-income groups improve access to care. That said, cost-sharing remains the most repressive form of financing health systems. International evidence shows that cost sharing applied indiscriminately is a blunt instrument for controlling cost, because it reduces both desirable as undesirable health service utilisation. A starting point would be to review the effectiveness of current exemption policies and monitor health utilisation patters and out-of-pocket expenditure for other vulnerable categorises not currently benefiting from exemptions.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	8080af9abb807cbd3b0972e0dba3062c	This programme is strengthened and rendered truly effective and impactful through the wide engagement of stakeholders involved in the NUP process, from all levels of government, civil society, the private sector and academia, to bring about a stronger and more connected network, and to share more knowledge and experience. Matters of climate resilience or vulnerability, environmental sustainability or degradation, social equity or turmoil, economic competitiveness or decline, all converge in urban areas, and involve a variety of actors from all levels of government, civil society and communities, and domestic and foreign businesses. Recent global agreements, such as the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, the New Urban Agenda and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, illustrate this realisation, identifying the management of urbanisation as a global priority and a national responsibility.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	808170b203b17daac31de5fd99c87ece	In these cases, it is the Chairman of the intercommunal body who will have primary responsibility for planning decisions (French Property, 2016). Expropriations for private uses of land are not possible. Reasons for expropriations include the construction of infrastructure, public buildings, and housing developments as well as the establishment of nature reserves.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	8082bae794bac1cb4303ccd4191bd2b0	The premium is then set as the difference in the average wind market price and the feed in tariff level. This represents an implicit floor price guarantee for the wind farm at the level of the regulated tariff. All wind generators that achieve a higher price on the market have an advantage; all who make a below average revenue get less.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	808707fd97bde63cec8632f9c20c2e96	Complete reporting should be encouraged, and include accompanying information if reports are not in terms of total finance disbursed or committed, so that this information can be calculated. Not all countries manage to separate finance used for capacity building and technology transfer with other purposes; in some cases all three are aggregated, and in others some capacity building projects will be listed in finance received. In its BUR Argentina indicates that all types of support overlap for some projects.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	808724610b61dff52a6979dcb0efeb78	This may be in part related to the industry structure of the two states, as Queretaro is largely an industrial state, dominated by big manufacturing companies, while Morelos, thanks to its proximity to Mexico City, is an economy driven by services where entry barriers are lower and start-up rates higher. This flags two problems: low entrepreneurialism, on the one hand, but also high informality on the other, for a figure roughly half that of the United States disguises a number of firms that operate without being recorded in any registry. Nevertheless, an estimate by the UN International Labour Organisation (ILO) reports that 43.8% of Mexico's population is without pension and/or health coverage, a figure that ranks the country behind other main Latin American economies (Argentine, Brazil, Chile and Colombia).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	808b512476f2ad094640b82429e2b57c	A lower paid w'orkload could allow' fathers to invest more time in their children at a young age and set the basis for greater paternal involvement as children grow up. Furthermore, a period of reduced full-time w'ork when children are very young could facilitate an increase to full-time work for both parents (which is very difficult when starting from a short-hours base), and further stimulate German labour supply in the long-term, which will be essential to cope with population ageing. Surveys suggest that many Germans are unhappy with their work-life balance: w'orking parents in Germany are more likely than most other parents in Europe to report that their job interferes with time they would like to spend with their family. The 2007 reform of the parental leave system in Germany was in line with international best practice and a great step towards a more gender-balanced division of paid and unpaid work.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/50e33932-en	808e0e64baa3cf8954a1d9507994b78d	Correspondingly, rural policy has increasingly adopted functional and network-based approaches to deal with rural issues such as basic service provision, along with traditional large-scale investments to build growth hubs. Rural economies require to improve the agricultural productivity, that remains a key rural industry, and increase the economic opportunities and jobs in off-farm and non-agri sectors. To this end, several policy initiatives such as the Smart Agriculture and the 6th industrialisation of agriculture have been in progress by the Agriculture Ministry.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/da48ce17-en	808e5b28adf77f340955bc270db796c5	The former refers to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the adaptation process through the incorporation of new information and lessons learned, while the latter is about demonstrating that actions have taken place and led to a result. National systems for the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation are tailored to domestic circumstances, priorities and capacities, and reflect the context-specific nature of adaptation responses. Systems to date have focused on a diverse range of specific purposes, types of indicators or self-assessment, and taken different approaches to aggregate information from sub-national scales. While adaptation processes are most commonly monitored, adaptation outcome indicators are among the least used and most difficult to produce, although they play an important role in evaluating adaptation effectiveness over time.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	8094ec2a87368c961f73b313e48cbd5a	It reached 1.8 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity) in 2014—1.7 per cent of global GDP. In 2016,95 per cent of the world's population was in range of at least a second-generation (2G) signal and 84 per cent received at least a third-generation (3G) signal. More than half the world's population, or nearly 4 billion people, lived in cities in 2015.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	8096abdae7c8f76ec776a109282ebb6b	Meanwhile, greater mobility has increased the spread of infectious diseases across oceans and facilitated global pandemics such as influenza and SARS that threaten developed as well as developing countries. Now, we find ourselves in the midst of yet another transformation in biomedical science. The first decades of the current century may well be remembered for the advances occurring in genomics and in associated areas of science and technology. These advances promise new understandings of disease and more effective ways of tackling ill health.	3	57	858	0.8754098360655738
10.18356/c607b535-en	80975a50925ae25f6c1dece5cffce578	The rains ore disappointing us: dynomic vulnerability ond odoplotion to multiple stressors in the Afram Ploins, Ghono. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Globol Chonge 14: 317-337. Regional Environmental Chonge, 10(2): 157-168; W. loube, B. Schroven ond M. Awo. Smallholder odoplotion to climote chonge: Dynamics ond limits in Northern Ghono, Climate Chonge, 111 (3-4): 753-774; Tombo ond Abdouloye, 2013 (see note 72). Adoptalion, odcplive copocily ond vulnerability.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	809c1be3e6c22cd2f657e057052ef596	One of the main incentives being that it opens up the possibility to treat foreign patients and get their costs reimbursed by foreign insurers that often require JCI status. The standards are applied to public hospitals but also to private hospitals and university hospitals. All hospitals are evaluated once a year.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	809ebb031a44857dd32ff15b611b6ab9	Well-designed intergovernmental transfers can create incentives for improved financial sustainability and creditworthiness of local jurisdictions, eventually helping to decrease demands on central budgets. As with central authorities, the 3Ts (taxes, tariffs and transfers), including inter-governmental transfers, are the ultimate source of finance, since other forms must be repaid or provide compensation. These may include grants, funding programmes and specific agreements that can be included in contracts.	6	5	0	1.0
10.18356/0899dee9-en	809ec941f19cd9071b9ce92930602d7d	But the very fact that they work for households limits enforcement. The examples above illustrate other drivers, in particular the role of the state in providing care services and in regulating market or community provision. As in the case of rich countries, lack of state regulation drives fees up and care workers’ wages down, thereby excluding the poor. Sometimes, the appearance of intermediaries, like employment agencies for domestic workers, also drives prices up without improving working conditions.100 A “high road” 101 to care provision is one that does not exploit care workers in order to keep care services going, and provides quality care—two sides of the same coin.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	80a049c2ffb023d522cc970a66dde331	Comparing the salaries of primary teachers and nurses in more than 20 developing countries reveals that in 2009, many were near the poverty line (Chai, Ortiz and Sire, 2010). The terms and conditions of employment for care sector workers need to be better regulated and improved (Folbre, 2006). This requires effective regulation and monitoring by states, but also a critical role to be played by the organizations of care workers and of care-users, who need to build public confidence in such services and sustain their adequate financing.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264123564-7-en	80a05af73dc5b99a0180204b68d1f0b5	Edin and Lein (1997) show that, in poor families, child care and medical care arrangements are unstable or of low quality. Additionally, their economic hardship often results in chronic stress. This is more prevalent among low-income populations because they have fewer resources to mitigate these events (McLeod and Kessler, 1990; Shonkoff and Philips, 2000). The connection between economic status and mental health is important because poor mental health is related to harsh, inconsistent, less involved parenting and less caring interactions.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	80a08921fc5a6aa9b97d98d286c5fe1e	De nombreuses personnes sont sans abris : les statistiques sont certes difficiles a comparer, mais la plupart des pays de l’OCDE signalent que 1 a 8 personnes sur mille sont privees d’un acces regulier au logement. En outre, de nombreux menages sont mal loges : 15 % des menages a bas revenus vivent dans des logements trop exigus et 14 % n’ont pas acces a des toilettes interieures avec chasse d’eau. La criminality de voisinage et la pollution sont egalement problematiques pour de nombreux menages dans les pays de l’OCDE. Ce document a pour but d’engager des travaux en vue de reunir des donnees et des connaissances sur les politiques du logement a I’echelle de la zone OCDE et de determiner dans quelle mesure les pays de l’OCDE utilisent les politiques du logement pour poursuivre des objectifs d’ordre social.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	80a0d97ff3fa05c30e642161616b0179	Experimental evidence in Sri Lanka shows that women who have less autonomy in household and business decisions invest a smaller portion of their grant in assets that are easy to capture (De Mel et al., For Ghana, Fafchamps et al. ( Capital injections significantly raised profits only for a subset of high-ability women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	80a750d7614c36d3fffbbebc711867df	The instrument has 12 items measuring four domains of behaviour, impairment, symptoms and social functioning (Wing et al., Each item is scored from 0 (no problem) to 4 (severe problem) yielding a total score in the range of 0 (best) to 48 (worst) (Table 4.11). Scores at the second point in time can be more challenging to obtain if there are issues of staff changes or patient access (Jacobs, 2009).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	80a7cdf255539841a37455487dd657e5	In particular, successor republics of the former Soviet Union such as Turkmenistan, the Russian Federation and Uzbekistan, as well as the three Baltic States, saw their Gini coefficient increase by more than 10 points between 1981 and 1999. This group of countries10 is home to 750 million people, or 12 per cent of the world’s population. It is claimed that the economic growth prospects of these countries have been undermined by their geography, with 28 of them being landlocked or small island States (Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger, 1998; Collier, 2007). Controlling for economic policies and institutions, some researchers contend that the location and climate of the continent of Africa have had a negative impact on its income levels and growth.	1	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	80aa1d43fcc4f34244bb1e651d273001	A major concern for distribution companies appears to be climate policy that influences the demand patterns and the levels of distributed generation on distribution grids - increasing the risk for both under -or over-dimensioning current grid extensions and reinforcements, and making investments in future transmission and distribution infrastructure a significant challenge. The developed method is valuable for the companies to study the upcoming phenomena and trends and furthermore evaluate the order and intensity of action plans needed. As expert knowledge and data was available from the other groups of the CES-project, this was not an especially significant issue for the case studies.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/152d606d-en	80ac2ed6d6edea24307975ea32ad1c65	"It is the reason why the International Labour Organization constitution tells us ""Labour is not a commodity.""' And we know that the quality of work defines in so many ways the quality of a society. So we must begin by helping the working poor step out of poverty and informality into quality livelihoods, self-employment or a formal job."	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	80aed5afc428624c7fb7ba621a1f0f46	Groups branded as “terrorists” around the world use violence to express their deep resentment against perceived economic, political and cultural domination. Men who engage in violence against women communicate to women that they should keep in their place below men. Women who engage in child abuse communicate that they have power over children.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	80aedbf529ea838661d842e674a5664b	The State of Chihuahua has the highest incidence of VAW for this particular group, at 80%, followed by Estado de Mexico, at 78% (INEGI, 2015). One major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system. It is inherently difficult to estimate rates of violence and rates of underreporting, but the National Survey of Victimization and Perceptions of Public Security (INEGI ENVIPE, 2015) offers a baseline. Fewer than 10% of all kidnappings, sexual harassment, sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and rapes8 were reported to authorities in 2014 (ibid.).	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	80b0206f4423e7f4fad2fef2a7e2bac1	As groundwater resources run out, those in the informal settlements are most immediately affected. Small-scale farmers in the Sana'a Governorate are also vulnerable given that groundwater, which represents their main source of income, is depleting at a faster pace with each passing year, which forces communities to relocate. However, for the city as a whole, including informal settlements, it would be easy to secure the drinking water source by reallocating 5-10 per cent of the irrigation share in the basin to the domestic supply. Some physical investments and economic incentives are needed to apply this solution.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-11-en	80b166ca8bac7e998364a8fc84173e55	It requires the involvement of and buy-in from all government actors. In Mexico, the central government - comprising all secretariats, sub-secretariats, public agencies, parastatal entities and civil servants- is required by law to make the gender perspective a transversal objective that cuts across all sectors of activity. The President of INMUJERES is called to Cabinet meetings on an ad-hoc basis, as it does not enjoy the same standing in the Cabinet as, for instance, the Secretariats of Finance or Public Administration.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	80b1db98521f297e70636b12a7ead430	Member country researchers, such as Norway’s Institute of Marine Research, give scientific input. Each group quota is shared between vessels within the group. Thus, the quota system is based on a three-stage process: the negotiated national quota, then the group quotas, and finally the individual vessel quotas (IVQs).31 The IVQ regime differs from ordinary individual transferable quota (ITQ) systems: it is a bundled system in which quotas and vessels are integrated.	14	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46a5795c-en	80b564111eaf76a2c9153c3c591dbce1	People are often simply unable to find a job in the formal part of the economy due, for example, to a shortage of employment opportunities, or a low level of formal education. Such workers have generally no other choice than to seek a job within the informal economy since they cannot afford to be unemployed. High taxes, bureaucratic procedures and corruption can make formal employment complicated and expensive.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	80b700e4975c99c3e60bcb2ae6bb5ea9	Thus, the same equivalence scale is applied for children living with two parents or with a single parent, while their cost varies greatly depending on the family living arrangement (Henman et al., In addition, some parents share their lives between different households (in case of divorce or family re-composition) which has an impact on the shared income within the household. The poverty rate can then vary greatly depending on the assumptions regarding effective income sharing between different households.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	80bc7edea6ef1e8508ac9c88a8cf1082	These countries have in fact led the global recovery, but the re-emergence of growth, trade and employment generation is far from complete (World Bank, 2014). In significant ways, there has been a shift of global production and consumption to large emerging economies, which in turn has helped smaller economies that cannot rely on their own domestic demand by providing new markets for export (Gereffi, 2014; UNCTAD, 2013a). In terms of scale, for instance, demand from middle-income countries is a very long way from replacing that of large developed countries as the global engine of consumption growth (Cripps, Izurieta and Singh, 2011).	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	80bc810fb9eb5966ec4bf495645302fb	Food and water This dimension is defined by two variables. The first is measured at the household level and is defined as deprivation in the public water supply to the home. The threshold is defined on the basis of the responsibility of the State (municipal governments) to provide a water supply (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, article 264).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5db444d4-en	80bcb40c569ea2948885dec4b8daaf02	The document provides concrete examples, such as mapping out the necessity of using gender-equal staffing procedures for positions responding to asylum seekers. Swedish law requires anti-discrimination measures be taken into account during the formation of public procurement contracts and government spending above a fixed amount is also legally obligated to apply “anti-discrimination conditions” in procurement contracts (Callerstig, 2014(29]). Forthese reasons, the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions published a guide on gender procurement “which informs on the legal possibilities of imposing gender equality criteria in public procurement on the one hand and contains practical examples on the other one”} The guide emphasises ex ante efforts, specifically the role of planning and design as well as that of feasibility studies. It considers the core of gender procurement to revolve around ensuring all citizens are offered equal services (while increasing efficiency and quality of services offered).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	80bd0ba76d1e1b775c151a0f88df794c	The resulting EDGE indicators are part of the broader “minimum set of gender indicators” as supported by the IAEG-GS under the aegis of the United Nations, which includes indicators on access to media, education, health, public life and decision making, and human rights. The areas selected for initial focus are education, employment, entrepreneurship, and asset ownership. Activities will include the development of a database for international data compilation covering basic education and employment indicators, the drawing up of standards and guidelines for entrepreneurship and asset ownership indicators, and related pilot data collection in ten countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	80bee5053a2c37f9eeb89df38c740a22	Overall, the studies represented seven countries, including two assessing Oportunidades/Progresa in Mexico, one each from Ecuador and Nicaragua, three from SSA (Somalia, Uganda, and Lesotho) and one from Turkey (column 2). Four of the qualitative studies were NGO-led programs, of which two were external evaluations of the same CT implemented by Action Against Hunger in northern Uganda in 2012 and 2014; three were government-run programs (two UCTs and one CCT) and two were run by international organizations (column 3). From the total, four interventions were UCTs, one provided cash, food or voucher conditional on attending nutrition training and four were CCTs (column 4).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/09b7b73e-en	80c1fa2f40eef5dee0b76e5ee9d5ce25	Addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without improving energy efficiency would worsen energy poverty. The region achieved 98% access to clean fuels and technology for cooking in 2014, up from 95% in 2000, but 23.3 million people in remote regions still relied on traditional fuels for cooking in 2014. The growth rate from 2012-14 was -2.0% per annum, almost equal to the global rate of-2.1 %. Decomposition analysis shows that changes in energy intensity since 1990 result from decoupling energy consumption from economic growth through efficiency gains.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	80c5db2b46a369c231e5b8c03018c16c	"Clifford and Clancy (2011), using a detailed model of the all-island Single Electricity Market, show that the wind generation expected in 2011 will reduce Ireland's wholesale market cost of electricity by around EUR 74 million. This is approximately equivalent to the sum of the Public Service Obligation (financing the feed-in tariff for wind) cost, estimated as EUR 50 million, and the increased ""constraint"" (or balancing) costs incurred due to wind in 2011. The reduction of Ireland's dependence on fossil fuels and the C02 emission cuts cost nothing in this case, despite the persistence of the support scheme which ensures recovery of the long-term costs of electricity generation from the wind even when the market prices are low."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	80c612fe890fec1d1280f8b33b577b8b	Figure 8 shows the intensity and development speed in ICT-related technologies. The size of the bubble indicates the “burst” intensity, and different shades indicate the different technologies that burst. The X axis indicates the year in which the technology bursts and the Y axis indicates the number of years during which patents field are accelerating before levelling off.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	80c687522baccdafc85d04e5cccff832	It is recognised that there are many ways to depict well-being. The OECD’s work in this area is specifically structured to facilitate comparative analysis between regions. Eighty per cent of the territory is composed of natural and agricultural areas, 23% of the territory of the Nantes Saint-Nazaire metropole is covered by wetlands and approximately 2 800 km of rivers.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	80c9559622f4f6c68abc65ce85a01fc2	The mothers all live and work locally, and they drop their children off in the morning and pick them up as soon as they have finished work. The children are given lunch and spend most of the day watchingchildren'sTVand/or playing with each other in the small space. It is primarily Rubka who looks after all the children as well as doing domestic work, but this arrangement works for her as it allows her to also look after her three-year-old son Yafit (which she would not have been able to do in a ‘regular’job as a domestic worker).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	80cbc4c1da60b3e318f3981f124a92da	The killing of just a few would not only represent a great loss in itself, but could upset the chances of survival of whole packs, such is the dependence of wolves on the stability of their social structure. For all four large carnivores, areas have been designated where the species are allowed to reproduce.21 In other parts of the species’ range, no reproduction is allowed. Since 1994, livestock holders have been compensated for losses of livestock to predators.	14	6	2	0.5
10.18356/fa683360-en	80cd0e678871a1613ceb9c2647c80760	The criminal justice system should seek to restore and reinforce those qualities, while avoiding measures that re-victimize the victim. In violence against women cases, the criminal justice system needs to shift the focus away from questioning the credibility of victims to enhancing evidence-gathering and case-building and ensuring consistency in investigation, prosecution and punishment. This could include early case discussion between police and prosecutor to explore potential evidential weaknesses and whether these might be addressed through additional evidence expert testimony, research findings or courtroom advocacy.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	80cd183876578746009cf0225f4622a2	Figure 25.1 shows that self-employed women earn significantly less than men across countries. The gaps in earnings from self-employment are substantial everywhere and wider than those observed in wage employment. The gap narrows, however, when calculated on the basis of earnings per hour worked, as women tend to work significantly less time on their businesses. There is also less disparity when only the self-employed with employees are considered.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	80cdc300bbd0bfb0df42530d182f570e	Everyone assumes that some responsible authority must be managing and coordinating information, but this may not be the case.49 Data sharing may also be hampered by policies for data privacy and data protection. Otherwise any sharing is likely to be ad hoc and sporadic based on personal relationships and informal networks.50 Many countries have addressed this delicate policy balance through ministerial or parliamentary directives that override existing policies during emergencies. Or they may allow for exceptions where, under certain conditions, one policy takes precedence over another. Such policies can be broad, at the national and regional levels, or they can be specific or bilateral, between agencies and line ministries.	13	6	0	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	80d05e0a97337e6ead92c3b071e41e4a	This is the reason that emissions projections are made for the chemical industries as a whole. The consumption of HFCs in Bulgaria depends on domestic production and manufacturing for domestic consumption - the filling of newly manufactured products and refilling of equipment - or on precharged equipment. The emissions in 2011 had decreased by 67 per cent compared with 1988. In 2011, GHG emissions from industrial processes were 3,977.93 Gg CO2 equivalent, compared with 11,959.94 Gg CO2 equivalent in 1988.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	80d092756cb7d15df4d1deec1b9f09d4	Some of these health-care schemes - such as that for blue and white collar workers - were vertically integrated in that they also ran hospitals and primary care facilities to which patients were directed or obliged to visit. At the same time, the Ministry of Health operated a network of preventative and primary health-care centres and hospitals, though it often suffered from shortages in critical staff and basic resources, particularly in regional areas. The poor with Green cards were eligible for free primary and emergency hospital care, but did not receive reimbursements for outpatient care and had limited reimbursements for pharmaceuticals.	3	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	80d1661c028885ae3a2afa12a7d00b22	A related challenge lies in the recruitment of unqualified teachers by private establishments, an issue which is dealt with by regular institutional inspections. Currently the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (MITD) is working with a network of around 150 enterprises on this project, and more than 1,000 apprentices are enrolled every year to follow courses under the scheme - representing 30 per cent of total pre-employment training. The figure shows that apprenticeship training contributes to enhancing the employability of young people.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	80d35949968bbf30ea04a4bec4019e31	As an example some further investigation is needed for the classification of some measures under the EAGGF that were phased out in 2007. Knowledge transfer up because better coverage of national expenditures. Reclassification and better coverage, of some items, especially in the category knowledge transfer at member state level, leads to some shifts between categories of the GSSE and overall it declines by -4%, while the TSE is hardly affected.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-11-en	80d39f79d319db10d5efe35151893762	Under authority of the Fisheries Act, the AAR provides greater environmental assurances and regulatory stability for businesses. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from Canada's 2015 Sustainability Survey for Fisheries.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	80d50be71a5735d99e0dd41c6f2a9280	The results show that the Maradi market has a large influence on markets in Niger and also Burkina Faso. As pointed out by the authors, the inclusion of Nigeria, and in particular the Dawanau market in Kano, would probably have changed these results. Another, problem is related to the different roles individual markets occupy in a market shed which should be accounted for in analyses.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	80d5f3b2d1cea72f3a8b90779bd02d3c	Within this context, in 2009, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) signed the Green Skills Agreement (GSA) to ensure that skills for sustainability are an integral component of all vocational education training29. As defined by the COAG GSA30, these include technical skills, knowledge, values and attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and support sustainable social, economic and environmental outcomes in business, industry and the community. Initiatives are being implemented under the Green Skills Agreement Implementation Plan which was presented to the Ministerial Council for Tertiary Education and Employment (MCTEE) in June 2010. The focus is on skills in emerging industries and occupations (as analysed in Chapter 2), as well as on improving sustainability skills within existing skills and occupations.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	80d9a6bcacd67856c363ec32b4541c65	As a result, adaptation is often a relatively small component of larger programmes, strategies and plans that may not explicitly target climate change but that nevertheless influence the country’s climate resilience (e.g. disaster risk management and flood protection strategies). Such an integrated approach makes it difficult to determine the attribution3 of specific initiatives to adaptation and to distinguish their impact from national development in general. However, if the strategic policy on adaptation is complemented by an action plan with clearly defined objectives, it may be possible to assess the attribution of these confined objectives in the short- and medium-term.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	80dcd1f16cdb4bb6ec2d38f9ffb29111	Innovators face larger uncertainty and information asymmetries, as well as larger sunk costs (since markets are often created from scratch and require infrastructure/ecosystem development to become profitable), all of which result in missed markets. Moreover, among the relatively large pool of potentially successful inclusive innovations that have been developed, few have managed to reach a large enough scale to make a sizeable impact. Localisation can be critical (e.g. for agricultural activities) not only to improve local production techniques, but also to adapt them to specific rural contexts.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	80e2570fc467041584b7f4740a41d75b	Both spouses are responsible for managing the family and bringing up the children, and a wife with financial resources must contribute towards providing for the needs of the family. Any agreement to the contrary' is deemed null and void. Article 23 of the 1956 Tunisian Personal Status Law as amended in 1993. Article 4 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law. Article 51 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233256-en	80e3f5cb5f43c3b549d8cd91d43bf10e	However there are many obstacles. The Council of Higher Education prohibits the recognition of technical courses like the ones offered by INA at almost all universities with the exception of the National Technical University (INA, 2014). Its objectives are: to co-ordinate the activity of training institutions and meet the needs of the productive sector; to promote technical education; to collaborate in the attraction of high-tech investment; and to advise the government in the field of technical education (MEP, 2014:27).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	80e42fd7ef60ae1f1fe5a78bb3006dd9	"Supporting such potentially productive people with economic opportunities can thus generate substantial national returns, while their continuous exclusion represents a missed opportunity to the state. As the GNSP states: ""With their basic subsistence secured, the extremely poor will regain their confidence and seek to engage in productive activities to support themselves and ultimately contribute to national development"" (Republic of Ghana, 2012, p. 48). Specifically, LEAP targets extremely poor households which include one or several elderly persons over the age of 65 who have no means of support, low-income victims of natural or man-made disasters, persons with a severe disability and orphans and vulnerable children (Republic of Ghana, 2012, pp."	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	80eaa9a1c47db8dfb6286c3c900f2137	Within this framework, a relatively large share of the total land area is protected. About 20% of land area is currently classified as nature reserves (primarily for nature conservation) and 1% as national parks (primarily for conservation of heritage and archaeology). Although the number and extent of protected areas are increasing, they do not adequately represent the country’s diversity of habitats.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	80edd4b62e7583f286a1f7b8a971c508	In Australia, there is no longer a difference in hourly wages between standard workers and temporary contract workers with similar characteristics. If anything, a wage premium is found in Australia and, to a lesser extent, for women in Korea. By contrast, part-time temporary workers still face some wage disadvantage in Germany and Korea (for women).	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/c7f78275-en	80ee877ac04ca8c8aae9aee1326cf420	New technologies will help to further reduce trade costs. Our projections predict that trade could grow yearly by 1.8 to 2 percentage points more until 2030 as a result of the falling trade costs, amounting to a cumulated growth of 31 to 34 percentage points over 15 years. Trade in information technology products has tripled in the past two decades, reaching US$ 1.6 trillion in 2016.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	80efa019476688d9f6e44c093512cd34	They have outgrown their traditional role as complements to North-South cooperation and are now an indispensable source of knowledge sharing and innovation for many developing countries. Japan helped Brazil develop its own tropical savannah region, known as the Cerrado, making it a leading producer of soybeans and other agricultural products. The two countries now extend collaborative support to Mozambique to develop that country's vast savannah.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	80f259961110540a7fd86ddda23ab038	The circular economy represents a life cycle approach to maximise value creation in each link of the system. The overarching goals are to enhance the restorative capacity of natural resources, improve the reuse aid recycling of products and raw materials, phase out waste and hazardous substances, and transition towards renewable and sustainable energy supplies. In recent years, the Netherlands has begun laying the groundwork towards a circular economy.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	80fc89d8e24e4765ce1f6fa0993ba63d	Plans to expand telehealth, however, need to be supported by the necessary infrastructure to facilitate this technology. Patient travel assistance schemes should be evaluated and refined to ensure national consistency around eligibility requirements and levels of reimbursement. As earlier highlighted, the differing criteria make patients eligible in some states but not others. An approach that better reflects the true costs of travel would make the scheme more equitable, and support patients to move more easily.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	80fc97debe3d3bec6bb5191f3464dbb8	Similarly, studies on the cultivation of FSF crops in paddy fallow revealed that these crops respond positively to balanced nutrient management inclusive of secondary and micronutrients. Similar results have been reported from watersheds in China, India, Thailand and Viet Nam (Wani, Pathak and Jangawad, 2003; Wani, Joshi and Raju, 2008; Wani etal., Chickpea is a crop that attracts little private-sector involvement because of its lowseed-multiplication rate, its production being limited to the rabi season, and vulnerability to storage pests throughout the intervening rainy season.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	80fcddbd457dafe405f424dfd99d700c	Risks have arisen even in protected National Parks, such as the Tablas de Daimiel, which are now fed by artificial surface water supply. Eighty-seven per cent of wetlands are, moreover, unprotected (Garcia Novo et al., While 97% of abstractions for human consumption comply with the nitrate regulations (MARM, 2008b), 25% of measuring stations reported very high concentrations of nitrates (more than 50 mg N03 per litre) in Spain in 2008. This share is larger than in almost all other European countries for which data are available from the European Environment Agency.2 Nitrate pollution mostly reflects diffuse pollution from agriculture and cattle-raising, although the consumption of nitrate-based fertilisers has fallen by about 25% since its peak in 2003.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	80fd4218bcf7332965547a9961a6b1a6	The new law (passed by the Danish parliament on 29 May 2012) allows municipalities to ban construction in certain areas solely due to climate change adaptation reasons. Woik is underway by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH) on the development of the next edition of the Building Code to make new buildings in Ontario resilient to climate change impacts and to enhance their ability to conserve water and energy. The plan comprises national actions (regulations, information-based instruments) shared across levels of government, as well as local projects. This put in place a framework that will allow the spatial plans of the Lander and regions to be gradually supplemented with the aspect of provision for the spatial requirements of climate adaptation during their redrafting process.	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	80fff19038908e2dfdf51196e2aa64e3	This, coupled with the increase in the importance of debt management as a strategy (ranked third, with 83% versus 68% farmers reporting it) and an increase in the perceived risk from changes in interest rates (Table 1), suggests that New Zealand farmers today are not afraid to become indebted, but instead are more focused on monitoring and managing debt to control this area of risk (Gray et al, 2009). This finding is supported by the changes in ranking of other financial responses. For instance, arranging overdraft reserves increased in ranking, while the use of financial reserves has declined. A greater percentage of farmers are investing off-farm (43% versus 36%) and have a family member working off-farm (27% versus 19%). In order to mitigate production risk, many farmers conserve surplus feed, in the form of hay or silage, usually in the spring, to feed to animals over the following winter, and sometimes in the summer.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	81003286fdc65f2f207f487d1da486f7	As noted previously, there are a number of examples of policies that have caused considerable conflict between stakeholders; and as a result strategies have become lost in claims and counter claims as well as judgements on individual rights and freedoms. The OECD has therefore called for co-operation among multiple stakeholders, including government and industry. The most promising policies are those that align the aims of government with the objectives of industry. Policy actions vary in the degree of interference, ranging from fairly light-touch actions that provide individuals with more choice, to more heavy handed approaches which involve banning products or enforcing certain types of behaviours.	3	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	8101c7aa3b331ed1bb96d61159c60ded	Rural areas, for example, will always host some population, related to past or current rurally based economic activity; and migration of the more mobile people to cities can result in disproportionate costs in the supply of public services to the residual population. It therefore makes good public policy sense to search for untapped growth potential and look to exploit regionally specific assets in rural areas to the full. Those assets are dominated by natural resource products - food, water, forest products, minerals and scenic attractions that can be a basis for the tourism and leisure industry.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	8102fe760a74e444d3866036e5d09a5d	This mode is being implemented to reduce congestion and promote healthier living by some cities that are experiencing congested sidewalks and broken bicycles that contribute to unsightly littering. With government support, both are also operating in Singapore. The fastest adopters of this mode of transport are young users. Mobike has 6,000 bicycles and records 20,000 rides a day.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	81037c03bbaa827da054cfc4b86b4485	For the same reason, however, separations of long-service employees can result in a significant short-term reduction in cash flow at the time of separation and this might somewhat distort the distribution of dismissals across workers with different tenure. In most countries, specific procedures must be followed. These procedures have been typically justified with by need to give workers the means of defending themselves against wrongful dismissals. However, they can sometimes be complex and constraining and the non-respect of the procedures must be established and sanctioned by courts.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	8108d1a0ba1928cc87bf9c293a0f088e	Van Doorslaer, et al. ( Nevertheless, both central and state governments in India have become increasingly remiss about ensuring such minimal expenditure and taking basic precautions.. Health expenditure of central and state governments taken together declined from more than 1 per cent of GDP in the mid-1980s to only 0.9 per cent in the mid-2000s. Central government expenditures on health alone have been completely flat at only 0.1 per cent of GDP, which is one of the lowest ratios in the developing world.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	810bc3a6e3eb8645e93f5ba9f742e3a0	This outlines a simple set of steps on how to build a workforce plan for a business. It includes leading practice techniques, tools and case studies to support businesses in workforce planning and ensure they have the right workers and skills to meet their needs. For more information on Australia’s labour and skills initiatives please visit www.tourism.gov.au/labour.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	810c738ee49a6592c53e055950cddf2e	Leaders and managers in organisations, who likely made time sacrifices to reach their current rank, often have difficulty accepting that work can be done in fewer hours. In some workplaces, “non-compliers” - those employees who opt to take flexible work hours and family leave - may actually be punished via denied promotions, reduced visibility to superiors, or exclusion from important projects. In-office “face time” remains an important metric of evaluating employees, even if it does not correspond with output (Elsbach and Cable, 2012).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	810e4bd69a6e62a3cae82aca7c812111	The FDI regime has been liberalised, but Indonesia still remains more restrictive towards FDI than most OECD countries. In fact, agriculture has become more restrictive towards FDI over the last few years with upper limits to foreign equity for food crops decreasing from 95% in 2007 to 49% in 2010. For example, the Horticulture Law enacted in 2010 lowered the upper limit of foreign ownership in horticulture business to 30% and businesses must comply within four years.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	811b558c377a322d922a7a76cfd20f01	Provinces and territories provide minority-language education where there is a sufficient number of qualifying students (French or English depending on the jurisdiction). In PISA 2012, students in majority-language schools outperformed their peers in minority-language schools in at least one test topic in six of the seven Canadian provinces with sufficiently large minority-language populations (Measuring Up: Canadian Results of the OECD PISA Study). Native-born students and students with an immigrant background in Canada showed no significant difference in mathematics performance in PISA 2012. Among Aboriginal people aged 25 to 64, 28.9% had no certificate, diploma or degree, compared to 12.1% for non-Aboriginal people in the same age group.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	8121b1157b27718a592b60d33dd24fe5	It is important to provide information and guidance for parents to increase enrolment in pre-primary education for all children, regardless of their socio-economic status. Governments should ensure that quality pre-primary education is available locally, especially when disadvantaged families are concentrated in certain geographic areas. Governments should also develop fair and efficient mechanisms for subsidising pre-primary education to ease the financial burden on families.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	8121d51e291b47ecf1c280c5db0334fa	It is essential to ensure that access to health services does not become less equitable as a result of GHP interventions. New GHPS should be introduced only where they support these objectives. In this way, GHP interventions can respond to the specific characteristics of domestic health systems and their respective needs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	8122a8590e0ffac015cfe5ca46811526	Premature death rates (age group 0-64 years) from ischemic heart disease vary by nearly a factor of five between the region with the lowest mortality - Kyzylorda Region - and the much more rural Pavlodar region. Similarly, premature death rates from cerebrovascular disease are nearly three times higher in the mostly rural North Kazakhstan Region than in the city of Astana, which recorded the lowest mortality in the country (MOH, 2016). Overall, the three risk factors that account for the greatest disease burden in Kazakhstan are tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and excess weight (IHME, 2010). Indeed, a recent study (Kulkayeva et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	81264d4f055f17ac4a34bb0b922247eb	Data on patients collected by primary care providers forms the basis for an electronic database (the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care, QICH, programme) that is one of the most comprehensive in the OECD area (OECD, 2012). The QICH data include basic patient demographics and more than 60 measures across six areas - asthma, cancer screening, immunisation for the elderly, children’s health, cardiovascular health and diabetes. The data also flag risk factors and log treatments, drug utilisation and treatment outcomes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b505e041-en	8128a0b5406ff726c3e0b3fd249d1535	Cities have the capability to improve living and working conditions, and to create an environment within which poor people are treated equitably by political and bureaucratic systems. Unfortunately, however, many poor do not benefit from the opportunities offered by cities (www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/wssd-neg-cochin.pdf). Urban poverty in India remains high, at roughly 25 per cent, with an estimated 80 million poor people in the cities and towns of India (source: National Sample Survey Organization’s survey report).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	812dba2e1251ad99e19deea0812e048b	The programmes could focus more on closing teachers’ knowledge gaps in subject content and could be adapted more to the often especially difficult circumstances. The systematic teacher evaluation that has been implemented in public schools is an excellent starting point to identify teachers’ individual strengths and weaknesses and guide them towards tailor-made professional programmes. The example of schools belonging to the Sociedad de Instruction Primaria suggests that extensive in-class support for teachers can be very effective in helping them develop their pedagogical skills and maybe even overcome deficiencies in subject content knowledge (Box 4.2). In Chile a number of teachers are likely to require courses to improve their literacy and numeracy skills and help them teach this especially in the lower grades of primary schools.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	812df2f8052c464b2cae941116e4b4d4	Section 8 concludes the analysis. The demand for food depends on, among other factors, population growth, diet composition and income levels. The supply of agricultural goods is, to a large extent, determined by the biophysical conditions that crops and livestock are exposed to, but also by socio-economic developments and agricultural and (bio)energy policies.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eb47180e-en	812e34996127a7f50011cf3e7b5657e6	Specifically, the Convention includes the right to live independently and in the community (article 19), and the right to an adequate standard of living and social protection (article 28). These are linked to target 11.3 that calls for enhanced inclusion and sustainable urbanization for sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Inclusion is also reflected in various SDGs.	11	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	81328ec226889a635bfe702378b82b78	The beauty of return migration is that returnees have the same language and culture - particularly valuable in healthcare. In Samoa a renal unit has been established, and operated to a great extent by short-term Samoan returnees. Many Tongan health workers in New Zealand would be willing to return in certain circumstances and could contribute in terms of missing skills. They are enthusiastic about involvement, some would say from guilt, others out of ‘ofa (love) or, again, for pride and social insurance, but in the end it does not much matter why expatriates make a contribution. Success in the health realm may offer models for successes elsewhere.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	81357f0d2df0a1af7fddc02e2bf2f4d5	In Jordan, for instance, the share of women dropping out of the labour force after 30 increases by 29 percentage points for those with a university education, while that of women with lower levels of education increases by no more than 7 percentage points (Sayre and Hendy, 2013). Public sector salaries are regulated in terms of grades, seniority, etc., In 2007, the average pay gap in Egypt was estimated to be 25%, with particularly high disparities in the sectors of mining (72%), manufacturing (35%) and health and social work (25%) (Tijdens and Klaveren, 2012). The difference is significantly higher in the formal private sector (35-40%) than in the public sector (2%), which would further reinforce women’s preference for the public sector (World Bank, 2014). Some studies argue that the Egyptian pay gap can be attributed mainly to “discrimination against women” and not to differences in human capital characteristics (Biltagy, 2014).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	813703e9e7ab19f3ba65874945a7797f	First, assuming the radio wave range of cell phones is 4 km, SAp = 50.3. This report also states that 35% of the interviewees own two or more phones, while 31 % share their phones with other people. Thus, we set the average ownership Pown = 1. We set PShare = 44% from the largest market share in the GSM A report [10].	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	813811c9e4117664fd3a3e4ef11db8b6	In 27 out of the 37 countries with available data, an individual can teach at the pre-primary level of education after earning a bachelor’s degree or equivalent (ISCED level 6) at the end of initial teacher education. However, there are some exceptions. In the Slovak Republic, pre-primary teachers can start teaching w ith an upper secondary diploma, but an increasing number of teachers have now a bachelor or a master degree; in Germany and Ireland, they can begin teaching after graduating from a post-secondary vocational programme; in Austria, they typically start initial teacher training at age 14 when they enter upper secondary education, and graduate at ISCED level 5 after two years of a short tertiary cycle programme (e.g. higher technical and vocational college).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	813a972d77e6780e87959dfe1972f131	In that sense, buffer stocks create opportunity costs as less funds are available for other programmes that could also have reduced price volatility, maybe even at a lower cost and more effectively. These other policy options include programmes that support private storage, trade, commodity markets, insurance mechanisms and safety net programmes. The collapse of the International Commodity Agreements was partly linked to their failure to stabilise price movements using buffer stocks.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303201-3-en	813bab2a1619c17c29334183a3666c61	Prioritise responses to address these pressures, and consider the types of policy measures likely to be most effective in terms of environmental impact as well as cost. A few other indicators may also merit further consideration. Selecting a core set of indicators (Step 6) is an important element of this, and aims should be made for these to be as consistent as possible across countries, so as to enable aggregation of data at regional and global levels.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9f796186-en	813f728f1dce04561039a43d59456895	A related concern is that, whereas the share of manufacturing in total employment used to peak at more than 20 per cent in countries which now enjoy a high income, this share has fallen to 13-15 per cent for a typical developing country today (figure 1.7, bottom right panel). However, the past decade was marked by only modest productivity growth. Factors constraining higher productivity growth include skills and infrastructure deficits, inefficient allocation of resources and weak technological innovation and diffusion.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	814076052ff13d260bad2ef0ee2fe2e7	Both public and private investment buoyed the construction sector and created employment. Eased consumer credit conditions and low inflation also supported consumer spending. Cyclone Winston affected Fiji in February 2016, causing damage to agricultural output and tourism services in some parts of the country.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	814274193f9314bc0f1c0d4ef5493494	Extensive college engagement occurs through student community service and volunteer programmes, for example the Perach programme which engages students from all Israeli higher education institutions with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in raising aspirations. The eight Perach programmes in operation in the Galilee involve approximately 1 000 higher education students. The authorities need to address these challenges in the periphery in a comprehensive way and mobilise appropriate levels of financial resources to support public education at all levels and for all population groups. Measureable targets should be set for higher education institutions regarding the enrolment and graduation rates of the minority groups. Institution-wide measures should be adopted to improve the retention rates of the first generation students. There is also a need to increase the outreach efforts of the higher education institutions and share good practices among themselves in a systematic manner.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	8142a44b8817f3e0ca23166a987b91c4	Eutrophication (discussed below), acidification, toxic contamination and micro-pollutants all place pressures on human health, the cost of treating drinking water, irrigation and the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems. Water quality that is too poor for use exacerbates the problem of water scarcity. Pollution loads from diffuse agricultural and urban sources (fertilisers and pesticides, run-off from sealed surfaces and roads, and pharmaceuticals in animal and human waste) are continuing challenges in many countries.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	8142e6b6026dbf0cfe0870e6fa8031c7	Since urban lifestyle, resource consumption and income status are factors contributing to the rising household waste generation, targeted efforts at controlling household behaviour needs to be considered to minimise waste in this regard. These policy instruments offer varied incentives to promote environmentally responsive consumer choices among households whether through economic instruments, direct regulation or information based measures. Cebu City has a policy of “no segregation, no collection”, which compels waste sorting at source with penalties for non-compliance.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	8144dd6530286560b6b2be2159dfb92e	Recent moves to address shortcomings, for example by introducing more psychologists, psychological therapies and internet-based therapies, indicate that Norway is among the countries that are leaders in driving effective and innovative mental health care. In terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality Norway is also making impressive progress in many respects. This chapter explores ways that Norway can build on progress that has been made, and areas of great strength within the system - for example the very impressive service user movement, and a growing data information system - and bring further improvements to the quality of mental health care. There are opportunities for Norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	81452b7b2d33815d8f0b509c3927e6f0	Barriers to imports reduce engagement in GVCs along with the domestic returns from agro-food exports. On the other hand, non-tariff measures based on more transparent and science-based arrangements can increase the domestic value added generated by exports (Greenville et al., Environmental policy plays an important role in agriculture, which is a major user of natural capital - e.g. land, soil, water, biodiversity - and can degrade the natural resources it depends on through inappropriate practices.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283343-en	814562fac7457dc42fcbe54181a5d09e	The Danish health system generally provides good access to high-quality care, with comparatively low levels of unmet need for medical care. Challenges remain to tackle important risk factors to health, such as excessive alcohol consumption and rising obesity rates and to improve care coordination for the growing number of people living with chronic conditions. Danes can expect to spend about 60% of this time beyond 65 in good health and free from disability (12 years r ;, for women and 11 years for men).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	8149846c8851a92b237402728aba54a5	The National Credit Guarantee Fund programme was launched in 1994, followed by the first local and regional guarantee funds in 1995. The local and regional guarantee funds are funded largely from the ROPs. The Eastern Poland Development Fund will have EUR 23.5 million available for guarantee funds for early-stage SMEs.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	814ae8b4db07ed6fbf7b6c9bb9baeceb	Vulnerable groups are those with a higher probability of falling into poverty in any given year. Internationally comparable numbers in this report are based on two regional data harmonisation efforts known as SEDLAC and LABLAC, joint efforts of the World Bank and CEDLAS at the National University of La Plata in Argentina. Unless otherwise noted, indicators for LAC are calculated using data from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (LAC-17). Although the analysis does not include the racial/ethnic dimension, it is another relevant consideration for discrimination and inequality in LAC.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	814affda8f1a320c71444853d8ed00bb	The level of discriminatory norms and attitudes, as well as the prevalence of discriminatory practices, will also depend on their legality. New legislation and incentives, in turn, influence informal laws and social norms, as well as attitudes towards gender discrimination, regardless of the level of development of a country. All data sources and definitions are presented in Table 1.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	814b397f226fb19ed28a9b0284551f5f	Every year in this category counts as two years in the scheme, with the maximum reduction being from five to three years. Includes remote locations, small communities, very difficult community attributes, and high Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people need. Also includes demonstrated requirement for advanced practice skills, special services, and extreme climate.	3	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/85946e24-en	81511247547b1a5de7bb019f9fb2cc09	Life expectancy at age 60 has been increasing steadily since the 1950s, by about one year per decade. Accordingly, life expectancy at birth for women is almost always higher than for men. Central to this transformation has been the epidemiological transition from predominantly infectious causes of death to a predominance of deaths due to chronic and degenerative diseases. The epidemiological transition also entailed a shift in the age pattern of mortality, from one in which childhood diseases and deaths were common to a situation where disease and mortality are highly concentrated at older ages.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	815136039fbfcca5a24b901d7f7242fb	Technology diffusion remains low and few indigenous firms are committed to innovation. Are there gaps in delivery where performance could be improved? For example, while the three Asian newly industrialised economies (NIEs) - Singapore, Korea and Taiwan - have reached GERD/GDP intensity ratios that are on par with G5 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France and UK), the R&D spending intensity in Malaysia is significantly lower at 0.63% of the GDP in 2006, considerably below the OECD average. Business expenditure in R&D is also relatively modest (0.45%) and below most European countries.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	81517457bff4b087641c97bfb3d39552	Today, two-thirds of the local population drinks water from the Allier River’s aquifer. There are new concerns about the impact of run-off from farming on w'ater quality (e.g. manure and pesticide and fertiliser impacts). Similarly, the threat of contamination from spills by mining operations remains a concern. For example, there is competition over agricultural lands between different categories of users.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	815557a476a03f061b352cd03782238b	It would seem likely that these trends will continue into the future. These demographic shifts have reduced the average household size, cutting the scope for economies of scale and raising income needs of families, and consequently raising the risk of poverty. This may reflect the high incidences of poverty among the single young and elderly population.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	815569ec79d43ab9585211fa341a63eb	Its Red Book of Flora (following IUCN standards) has been compiled. This Red Book identifies biodiversity hotspots. Approximately 370 red species have been identified in four types of habitats: wetlands and salt swamps (33.9%); heavy soils and fields (33.8%); sandy soils (20.2%); and cliffs and rocks (19.6%).	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	8155ad9bc607aa5ed23d0ef75c767a1f	Labour-market institutions and regulations need to address these issues. Institutions comprise laws, rules and established social and cultural practices that affect incentives and behaviour (Edquist, 1997),5 such as patent laws, cap-and-trade systems and regulations. As elsewhere in the G-NIS, there should be two-way relationships between these elements and the rest of the system. Domestic institutions and existing infrastructure set incentives and affect how the actors behave. Infrastructural or institutional rigidities that arise can hamper innovation. Such policies treat green economy activities as “infant industries”, requiring appropriate support, including regulatory requirements, government procurement, subsidies (preferably performance-related and time-bound), access to credit and, possibly, some level of trade protection, as discussed in chapter VI.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	81568fa913c266218dbae52d3a96ba49	All this has an important bearing on the government’s ambition to secure strong and sustainable growth with rising living standards and equal opportunities for all. Technology and globalisation put a high premium on skills, which may not be well supplied by the education sector when change is rapid, but also on experience as a means of acquiring skills, disadvantaging youth. The global crisis has intensified the structural disadvantages of the young, as skills and experience are even more highly prized when macroeconomic conditions worsen. The education system must also do more to develop the human capital of low skilled youth, who are particularly vulnerable to shocks.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	8158ae086dcdb9852d89158b0b7d6a8b	These variables come out with significant and negative effects, consistent with the income level hypothesis. The richer and more advanced the district is, the lower is the female labour participation. District credit levels and number of accounts proxy financial depth and financial breadth respectively.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/31959a6d-en	8159bcb70d8004078b5ca75d52818b0a	The denominator corresponds to the total size of the population defined as above the statutory pensionable age or aged 65 or above (for further details, see ILO 2014, Concepts and Definitions for table B.9). In Africa, contributors represent a small share of the working-age population and pensioners are only a minority of older adults. In sub-Saharan Africa only 5.8 per cent of the working-age population and 16.9 per cent of older adults are covered. In Latin America, pension coverage is somewhat higher but still far from complete, with pensioners representing 56.1 per cent of the population above the retirement age.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285712-5-en	815a6bad0152ede0535092720ab4547f	It provides an overview on how they currently operate and provides suggestions on how they could be improved to support attainment of water policy objectives. The discussion extends to an analysis of how they could be combined with other policy instruments (regulation, or information-based ones) and policies (e.g. energy efficiency, food security, urban development, etc.) Tariffs for water services, in particular water supply and sanitation, are not covered by this report, except in so far as abstraction and pollution charges are likely to be reflected in water bills for final users.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	8161d26534694c6e5d6f3919442e79fe	In this favourable context, heavy state intervention in the process of development, and World Bank and other international support for infrastructure and capital-building projects in poor countries, fostered the expectation that capitalist economies could deliver growth, poverty alleviation and international convergence, at least as rapidly as their socialist rivals. It was difficult to find evidence that equality-generating processes would eventually prevail either in the global economy or within most developing countries. The ensuing debates were, inevitably, framed by controversies surrounding both economic theory and policy in rich countries, especially the disputes between the Keynesians and the monetarists.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	8161e8ee28cd916bad2849ef6edc7243	Policy concerns are usually taken into account. These publications are intended for a larger audience: not only statisticians but also research and policy specialists in the topic or topics covered. Data disseminated in this type of product is presented in small summary tables and charts and discussed in the accompanying text.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	81627178723de702a215b16c1432a2c9	Nonetheless, even when this relative line falls below the absolute line, it provides valuable information about the distribution of welfare among the poor. This proposal follows the spirit of Atkinson and Bourguignon's (2002) proposal to operationalise poverty measures that combine absolute and relative measures. It builds on the idea that absolute and relative poverty reflect failings in different capabilities, respectively linked to survival and integration. While the development agenda has largely focused on the first in the past decades, the second should be given its rightful place.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-9-en	8165444a38fbe03a88dc816693246548	It represented 39.2% of export value in 1997, increasing over time to reach 65.5% in 2008. The 2007 ISA outbreak had serious consequences on the Chilean salmon aquaculture sector. The negotiation process was completed in November 2009 and ratification is expected to be processed by the Chilean Parliament.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	816653b04e30f596ad4cf2c92d70116e	Recent cross-national studies4 show large variations in levels of internal migration across countries and both within and between geographic regions. Measured over a period of one year or five years, high levels of internal migration are generally found in high-income countries in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Northern America, Northern and Western Europe and Eastern Asia (Japan and the Republic of Korea). Internal migration has been generally low in Eastern Europe and in South-Central, South-Eastern and Western Asia. Substantial variation exists among countries in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	816770db895b9d21801f02998839a656	Although reforms do not seem to help women’s work, men draw more benefit (“return”) from reform of regulation in their labor participation. This seems to indicate that recent reforms of labor regulation would benefit men more than women. There would be particular effect that this new regulation has on men and that is has not on women. Social Protection Unit Discussion Paper No.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-bc36f70d-en	8169f79f47b8872698569d678fdd8438	Gender equality is key to ensuring that no one is left behind, and is intrinsic to the success of each and every SDG. In Rwanda, some 3,500 women farmers are now connected through mobile technology to information, markets and finance. How can we ensure that women and girls acquire the right ICT and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) skills to compete on a par with boys and men in the 21st Century economy, enjoy greater choice and access better-educated, better-paid jobs?	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	816ecc89eedabde41f3be5437f038d5a	And shortcomings in the quality of care result in failures to diagnose and treat pregnancy-related complications. Following the 1994 genocide, it was among the poorest countries in the world, its health system lay in ruins and maternal mortality rates were well above the regional average. Yet, as shown in Figure 3.8, Rwanda has reduced the number of maternal deaths faster than most other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, from 1,400 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 310 in 2013.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	8176381c5d16d8519f011f90cf46ba97	Another reason could be the user charges that apply for all types of health services. Besides, user charges for dental care can be high for groups with costly treatments such as older people. Finally, waiting times are relatively long for specialists, which may contribute to inequalities in access to health care (OECD, 201 le). In 2010, the Health Care Act was changed to account for these new developments, and now stipulates the freedom of choice of primary care provider for the population and the freedom of establishment for providers accredited by the local county councils.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	8176935fed5918b65c40db5046aacf48	Hai Phong should improve solid waste management in two ways: minimise damage to the local environment and public health, while making the most of the potential for growth. Major industrial waste includes: i) vamish products (paint, varnish, enamel glass), adhesives, sealants and printing inks; ii) waste oil, waste from liquid fuel, organic solvent waste, refrigerants and propellants; and iii) packing waste, sorbent, rags, filter materials, protective fabrics. In Hai Phong’s industrial zones, such as Nomura, Dinh Vu, Trang Due, south of Kien Bridge and Do Sonthese, industrial waste is collected and treated (mostly by burning, while gas and oils are recycled) by five private companies.	11	0	7	1.0
10.6027/26908ff6-en	81780f07bec660e2493f1c08bcf08e86	Consequently, the productive season for flora and fauna remains short as well. The low temperatures also slow recycling and decomposition processes; increasing the risks of pollution (Prowse et al. In Iceland, for instance, environmental pressures are in most cases highly local and not intensive; pollution is primarily caused by lack of wastewater treatment. On the other hand, general atmospheric circulation patterns transport air pollutants to the Arctic from lower latitudes. Moreover, Arctic ecosystems are strongly affected by climate change, with warming estimated to be greaterthan the global average (IPCC 2018).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	817bec1ca4984e3c925fdc671d004750	The licensing of new private primary care providers eligible for public funding is based on compliance with stipulated conditions for accreditation, which focus on the minimum level of clinical competences required in primary care. The same requirements apply to both private and public providers. Since health care provision is decentralised to county councils, the conditions for accreditation vary across the country. As with other health care providers, since 1 June 2013, the Health and Social Care Inspectorate plays an overarching inspection and supervisory role, but ongoing quality monitoring and assurance in primary care is largely undertaken by county councils.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	817c1efad3f72dbe0cef9d723a0c5534	Managing these risks requires greater care in selecting and training principals and other school leaders, and providing schools in unpopular locations with significantly more resources to remain attractive. When teacher allocation and promotion is governed by impersonal rules, those rules might result in suboptimal matches between teachers' talents and preferences on the one hand and the needs of schools and students on the other. Many systems combine multiple levels of governance precisely in order to avoid the dangers of both excessive fragmentation and centralisation. In most countries, schooling is principally a public-sector activity.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	817d4e9323e41c81dfb876d268245a31	When doing so, labels should be explicit about the programmes contained and about any comprehensive metadata provided so as to allow international comparison of categories. The classes by type of service have a strategic focus more than a disease focus, which can be obtained through ICD classes in the distribution by beneficiary (see Chapter 1035). To ensure continuity of reporting, SHA 1.0 classes have been kept as memorandum items.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	817d6f68c6a97e5facc90042d512daa8	From the information available, it seems likely that Sweden will need more GPs if primary care is to take responsibility for an increasing share of care provision and coordination. A nursing shortage is also forecast, because of drop-out and retirement effects. They undergo a medical training period of five years, followed by a 21-month training period in general medical care, and another five years of study if they decide to specialise. ( The terms “general practitioner”, “family physician” and “district physician” vary locally, but all refer to specialists in general medicine within primary care.)	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	817ddacdf697477fc08de7654e466984	A good education is essential for a life out of poverty. The negative correlation between the risk of poverty and educational attainment of the household head holds in all countries. Individuals living in a household with a head having completed higher education have the lowest probability of living in poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	8186f8663b4e7a318db568dae93520b8	This was compensated for in that year by a reduction in both the quantity of rice distributed per household from 20 to 10 kg and a reduction in the number of months from 12 to 10. Over 2000-07, an average of 1.9 million tonnes of rice was distributed each year through RASKIN (Figure 2.8). The number has since fallen to 17.5 million in 2010.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f0e2a96e-en	818832eec578fcf8b758b1ea0daabe35	For marine ecological impacts from emissions to water, robust impact assessment methods are in the early stage of development. In general, unresolved issues may be exemplified by contradictory results for toxic effects of long-term metal releases, as discussed in Pettersen and Hertwich (2008), and effects of particle emissions in (Veltman et al., This is unfortunate for LCA research on offshore wind power, as there are operations associated with offshore wind power taking place in ocean waters that must be modelled.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	818949940ed1262450ac84c4d3504fb7	Conversely, in more developed regions, the percentage of Governments providing direct support declined gradually from 62 per cent in 1976 to 38 per cent in 2005, but then increased a little to 45 per cent in 2013. Despite this recent increase, Governments in less developed regions were more than twice as likely as those in more developed regions to provide direct support for family planning in 2013. However, an increase in this proportion in recent years may indicate growing efforts to raise fertility in many of these countries. In Africa, in 2013, only one country did not support family planning, down from 17 countries in 1976, including three countries that did not permit family planning.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	818bceca549ae18e7ccd75f5c1529fdc	Therefore, in the same way that we inoculate a population against a disease, we can immunise a whole population against road trauma by reducing rates of drink-driving and speeding, and increasing the rates of safety belt and motor cycle helmet wearing. For many individual drivers or passengers, the risks of a collision and death or serious injury are low, and they will choose to drive drunk (or ride with a drunk driver), exceed the speed limit routinely, or not wear a safety belt, without ever being involved in a collision. Their individual experience convinces them that their behaviours are harmless or at least very low risk.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289331777-5-en	818f897023ece5fc9b92355790aef265	"A proper indicator, therefore, should reflect the tension between local and central control across the Arctic and how it has affected the direction and quality of northern education. As well, it should be emphasized that there are marked differences in perceptions of what is considered “the good life"" and “development perspectives"" among youth in the late 20th century compared with youth in the beginning of the 21st century (Rasmussen, 2008). In support of human capital theory, it has been documented that primary education in particular increases productivity while simultaneously improving people's earnings."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	8191077ddd51d136e762c61424168c7d	Health-care spending was 6.1% of GDP in 2008 (the latest year for which data is available) compared to an average of 9.3% of GDP across OECD countries in 2011. This translates to health spending of USD 906 per person (adjusted for PPP) in Turkey, roughly one quarter of the USD PPP 3 322 spent on average among OECD countries in 2011 (Figure 4.1). While spending increased across all major categories of health-care providers, hospitals and the retail sale of medical goods (pharmaceuticals, optical, hearing and medical aids and appliances), sustained growth rates of 11% and 5% a year respectively between 2003 and 2008.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	8196563cd44728c8c1c2091b3a755b38	This will involve assessing climate risks and opportunities within national government processes, at sectoral and project levels, and in both urban and rural contexts. The uncertainty surrounding climate impacts means that flexibility is important. Participation of all major emission sources, sectors and countries would reduce the costs of mitigation and help to address potential leakage and competitiveness concerns. This Outlook models a 450 ppm Core scenario which suggests that achieving the 2 °C goal would require establishing clear carbon prices that are increased over time.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	8196d8fc92a19a991f954594c2ac933c	As emphasised in the current environmental plan, local governments ultimately have primary responsibility for effective policy implementation. In the 9th FYP (1996-2000), the government for the first time articulated numerical targets for controlling some types of air and water pollution, as well as other environmental objectives (Chang and Wang, 2010). More stringent S02 and COD reduction targets were set out in the 10th FYP but were not achieved. In contrast marked progress was made during the 11th FYP which again set targets for reducing key pollutants as well as improving air and water quality and increasing energy and water efficiency (Table 2.4).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264302037-en	8197b49ab42e89f2cb179df344d1e54d	Leading migration researchers provided their perspectives on suitable methodologies at an international expert meeting that took place at the OECD in Paris on 23-24 February 2015.a Data constraints sometimes made it impossible to analyse all aspects in every partner country. Each country report and the integrated report provide detailed descriptions of their methodologies. What is the added value of the project? ( The contribution of the foreign-bom employed to GDP in 2010 (1.5%) was just below the commensurate share in employment (1.6%).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247598-4-en	819a2d7423cb1627bec512c9b9175faa	"There is evidence that in the Flemish Community more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student body while beginner teachers are typically more concentrated in challenging schools. In part this reflects the inability of the system to steer more qualified and experienced teachers to the neediest schools as no special incentives are available. The main response of the system to disadvantage seems to be the provision of additional teacher hours, rather than a focus on the distribution of teachers and the quality of teaching. The system for funding teacher salaries also tends to reinforce inequities across schools: since schools enrolling students from more advantaged backgrounds are in a better position to attract more experienced teachers, they receive more ""teacher resources” in terms of government money invested in salaries. Part of the explanation lies in the fact that beginning teachers are more likely to obtain a teaching post in a disadvantaged school where working conditions can be particularly challenging given high levels of diversity and more difficult socio-economic circumstances."	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/07e053e9-en	819a978b7e4aae766bde6b48adebfee7	The first MSF distillation plant was introduced in Bahrain in 1976. The total installed capacity of this plant was 22,730 m3/d in 1981, which represented 15 per cent of total demand. The first RO desalination plant at Ras Abu Jarjur, located 25 km south of Manama, was commissioned in 1984 and had an installed capacity of 45,000 mVday; it stood as the world’s largest RO plant with seawater membranes during the 1980s.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	819aac86152d8eaf18cc1aa5bf61ef36	It is intended to collect drainage water from the irrigated lands of the Lebap, Mary and Akhal Provinces, and partly from Dashoguz and Balkan Provinces, and direct it to the Karashor depression in northern Turkmenistan where Lake Altyn Asyr was created. The northern system is to collect drainage water from Dashoguz and, partly, the Khorezm oasis of Uzbekistan, while the southern system is to collect drainage from Akhal, Mary and Lebap Provinces. The total length of the Trans-Turkmen Collector is 720 km.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	819bd67b10adba675a5ad83be8feec5b	Social and cultural factors are the single most important barrier to women's access to decisionmaking. They often continue to hamper the effectiveness of women, even when they have a foot in the door. This is reflected in the dual burdens of home and work that women in politics continue to bear; the open hostility in some public spaces towards women in decision-making (especially at the local level); and the difficult relationship that women in politics frequently have with the media. In her study of women in the South African parliament, Mtintso discovered that most women found 'political fulfilment at the expense of personal fulfilment'.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	819d74a58996e69ca7b9a82fd4e815b2	New Zealand and Ireland are the only OECD countries where public pensions have flat and universal payments, without second-tier schemes. As a result, they have the most progressive pension system (Figure 5). Other countries with highly progressive pension systems are Canada, the United Kingdom, Israel, Korea and the Czech Republic. Low-income earners tend to die at a younger age than high-income earners (e.g. Waldrom, 2007; Christia, 2007; Marmot and Shipley, 1996). Pension income is in general taxed at lower rates than work-related income because: i) the personal income tax is progressive and gross replacement rates are generally below 100%; ii) pensioners are often exempt from certain types of social security contributions or pay them at a reduced rate. Still, in 15 out of the 34 countries, taxes and social security contributions enhance the progressivity of pensions.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	819ebde23c33ad472068fe7a5968ce7b	That such targeted measures also minimise distortions of markets and trade is an additional benefit. Most environmental variables in agriculture are only loosely connected - or even negatively connected - with the volume of agricultural output. Moreover, many environmentally relevant conditions are location specific, and any environmental protection and improvement needs are, therefore, equally location specific. This means that policies based on agricultural output cannot do an efficient and effective job in pursuing environmental objectives.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	81a08eb3a3bd90ec020a8fe08c0da85d	Proposals for other increases to the duration of schooling - including a lengthened school year and an earlier start to compulsory schooling (at age six) have been discussed, but neither has been implemented. Three options - or their combination - could be adopted to extend compulsory instruction time: an increase in the number of instruction days per year, extending the number of years of compulsory schooling, or an increase in the number of instruction hours per day. For instance, school vacations could be shortened to gain more instruction days a year. Among top PISA 2015 performers, Japan, Korea and Australia have fairly long school years of 190 days or more. This option could be especially attractive for Lithuania for two reasons. First, Lithuania’s instruction year (168 days in lower secondary) is among the shortest in comparison to OECD member countries (on average, 184 days) with frequent interruption for breaks, including almost three-month long summer holidays.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-7-en	81a30305c02c8b3405e7f70bcb117fc4	The environmental consequences and costs of material resource use are not yet fully understood, nor are the economic opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. More in-depth analysis is needed of specific resources and materials (trade-related material flows, flows of secondary raw materials and waste, etc.) Most of the growth in both income and population will be in the rapidly industrialising economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa (the BRIICS) and in developing countries.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	81a6a2e61de99cd6f28541513cd047b5	Nevertheless, a more in-depth analysis shows that perceptions of distributive justice have varied in recent years. This may not suggests that these changes be associated exclusively with economic issues and with the crises that have occurred, but also with political and institutional arrangements that have been put in place during the past decade, and which, although they were initially expressed through intense social conflicts, later culminated in political responses that to a certain extent channelled the population’s principal demands. Another factor that might affect perception of distributive justice is the specific composition of the welfare regimes of certain countries, such as Costa Rica (see box 1.7). In addition, although the figure fell between 1997 and 2002, the proportion of the population that believed that income distribution was very unfair increased by 15% from 2002 to 2007, placing Chile in second place in the region (with 45% of the population believing in 2007 that distribution was very unfair), only behind Paraguay with 55%.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	81a75bca315674746c57807afc810afd	In Germany, 24% of such couples have a male partner working full-time (40+ hours per week) and a female partner not working (0 hour per week). In France, 8.2% of such couples have a male partner working full-time (40+ hours per week) and a female partner not working (0 hour per week). Data refer to total hours worked in all jobs.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088986-en	81a8103203fe4d957d50554235ebd98c	Employment by industry and occupation in the Galilee differs from other regions of Israel with higher levels of employment in traditional industries and lower levels of employment in occupations that commonly require education at the tertiary level. Even more significantly, employment patterns are different for Jews and Arabs, and within the Arab population, for men and women. These differences stem not from discrimination against Arabs in the labour market as well as the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities. Unemployment, non-employment and under-employment, as well as lower earnings may alienate the Arab population.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	81aac75208252623beaf4b59773ccaf0	Digital technologies are integrated into the city’s social, physical and environmental policies, thus enabling centralised monitoring and decision-making. As of July 2018, SCCs had already been set up in ten cities (Naya Raipur, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Pune, Nagpur, Rajkot, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, and Bhopal) and a further 13 cities had begun the process of setting up their SCCs (Hindustan Times, 2018). This design thereby grants the subnational government more responsibility, along with the associated potential difficulties and opportunities, as well as greater flexibility regarding how financing can be secured through, for instance, PPPs, user charges, multilateral funding and other taxes. In this way, such a framework provides subnational governments with a degree of flexibility in pursuing their priorities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	81ab3234a8316b43bc2977fa8245ceaa	To allow for improvements in these areas, budgetary funds were allocated and progress has been made, for example within the investment programme on construction and equipment of veterinary laboratories. However, the needs to develop modern phytosanitary and veterinary systems that would support Kazakhstan’s development into a competitive agricultural producer and exporter remain considerable. The aim was to improve living conditions in rural areas by optimising rural settlements and developing economic activities. Investments were to be made primarily in construction and renovation of the rural infrastructure.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	81ab7b565c1f26aa13c2cfbd7b423f09	Between the 1990s and the late 2000s, in two-thirds of the countries female employment rates increased more among women whose husbands were in the top eamings deciles than among those at the bottom of the distribution. In certain countries, such as Italy and Mexico, the employment rates of wives of top earners increased more than for wives of low earners at the end of the 2000s while the opposite was true in the early 1990s. Only includes couples with one female and one male.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	81ac9adf09a20217f2e5b5fcbd80b3fc	The survey contains information on the country where respondents and their parents were bom, which allows distinguishing between foreign-born and native-born persons but also identifying second generation migrants. Unfortunately, the Survey of Adult Skills does not allow an in depth analysis of these issues as it does not provide detailed information on the different languages spoken by the individual. The lower end of the bar representes the 25th percentile, while the upper one the 75% percentile.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	81acb9cab748c6ad46f03d3561300e9c	This was the strategy applied to overcome two potential limitations of surveillance under the previous IHR (1969): inadequate capacities at the local and national levels to fulfil surveillance, and government reluctance to comply for fear of the adverse consequences of reporting. However, such WHO authority and capabilities are not sufficiently used. The PHEIC determination is a single binary decision, and the Panel recommends that the IHR Review Committee for Ebola consider the possibility of alerts at an intermediate level to mobilize the international community (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. However, unlike in the case of the Polio response in which both communities collaborated on a daily basis, there were no routine procedures and protocols for the Ebola response.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	81ad5641011413d0cfcde21283117f98	While the reform in Seoul had undeniable positive outcomes, these also came with a cost. According to an analysis carried out by KOTI, public expenses related to the bus system were multiplied by two to five in Seoul, Daejeon and Daegu between the year before the reform and the first year after the reform. In particular, the city of Seoul had to spend KRW 2.3 trillion in bus subsidies during the first decade following the reform and the amount is increasing each year. However, it is difficult to distinguish to what extent such positive or negative outcomes are attributable to the bus system reform itself.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/308db089-en	81afeae3b8cb9d6cc3fd4634a27d1f08	Mothers are usually not allowed to spend enough time with their children. The harsh, punitive environment of prisons can permanently damage the psychological and mental well-being of children. This, in effect, means that worldwide large numbers of children spend some of their most formative years in prison, probably with life-long psychological consequences. Resources and attention allocated to their social, psychological and health needs in preparing them for release and following imprisonment arc generally very inadequate. Collaboration between prison authorities and civil, social and health services is often lacking.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	81b4da710945427a2e08a7191db809e3	The sheer remoteness and poor road and railway connectivity to large urban centres typical of many monotow'ns is a powerful obstacle to economic diversification, especially toward manufacturing activities. Indeed, since transport costs for raw' materials tend to be lower than those for manufactured goods, high transport costs tend to reinforce the specialisation in raw' commodities and constitute yet another barrier that producers of higher-value manufactures must overcome in order to compete (OECD, 2015c). In 10 monotowns, real wage growth has been negative (Figure 1.28).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	81b4f39fac9698725b3c4aff5a5c9a77	Shorrocks (1982; 1983) questions the decomposition of the Gini (or concentration coefficient) by income sources on the grounds that results are sensitive to the specific decomposition rule adopted. After imposing additional assumptions, he shows that the decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation {i.e. the variance-to-squared-mean ratio) is independent of any specific decomposition rule and recommends using this approach. Overall, results using this alternative methodology (shown in Annex 2) are similar to those presented in Figure 6.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	81b55fd59ee746ace420d42a734c8daa	Some countries recognise the validity of other types of job-search actions, which eases this problem. The United Kingdom has taken a different approach. While not necessarily specifying the number of job-search actions, the individual action plan resembles an employment contract and details work preparation and job-search activities covering the same amount of time as agreed hours for prospective work (OECD, 2014a).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	81b72de607859592141c7000adc1822e	Couples living in poverty are thus more likely to divorce than the non-poor. Male unemployment in particular is thought to be a trigger for divorce. More recent work has, however, argued that it is not poverty resulting from male unemployment which leads to divorce. Charles and Stephens (2004) show that divorce increases only after lay-offs and not after plant closures.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	81ba8e68c8eb95778abe79a98afc09ba	"Concluding Observations Jordan Fifth Periodic Report."" Concluding Observations Bahamas Combined First thru Fifth Periodic Report."" In her report she makes it clear that: 'When a woman is unable to access adequate housing and land mainly because she is a woman, she is not only affected in terms of her immediate material needs, she is also relegated to a subordinate and dependent position within society because of her gender. Ensuring that women have access to and control over, vital resources such as housing and land is essential to challenging and changing gender power structures and patterns of gender inequality which continue to oppress, exclude and relegate women to the margins. The treaties on the face of it take a fairly formal equality view of this issue."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	81bdc5c27fc0b9372ec131583fddbe1a	It indicates the degree of income inequality that would prevail if wage dispersion was the same in finance and the rest of the economy. The results can be interpreted as measuring the raw contribution of financial sector employment to labour income inequality. A second approach adjusts earnings of each financial sector employee to the level explained by observable characteristics. Hence, it wipes out financial sector wage premia (using the decile-by-country estimates from the previous subsection).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	81c115087d2a8cdf96b28a98aeab3577	The Fisheries Research Agency, (IFOP), is responsible for conducting basic research. Additionally, institutions such as the police and the Navy may inspect and control the enforcement of fisheries and aquaculture regulations in their relevant jurisdictions. The main tools used in the management and conservation of fishing resources include prohibiting fishing for specific species in defined areas; temporary or permanent prohibition of capture of species protected by agreements to which Chile is a party; annual catch quota per species in specific areas; declaration of marine parks to ensure the conservation and diversity of marine species; allowable percentages of species landed as bycatch; minimum extraction sizes or weights per species in a determined area and restrictions on dimensions and characteristics of fishing gears and nets.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	81c3539a94117812af8d80707097bfe7	The number of consultations undertaken could be reduced by conducting consultations for groups of countries or making the process voluntary for small emitters (e.g. least developed countries and small island developing states). Another way to minimise resource use could be conduct international consultations electronically via the internet, as the European Commission regularly does for its internal policy process (see Box 4). The length of the period of consultation is generally around 2-3 months. A separate webpage is set up for each consultation containing information on the objective and questions posed by the consultation, together with links to any relevant documentation.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	81c389e9d78ef6c5beee24fa7d9efaa6	These courses reflect the best features of vocational learning as they are flexible, low-cost, modular, and focus on real-world skills. Examples of online training are ‘Start and Improve Your Own Business’ by the International Labour Organization, ‘E-commerce for SMEs’ by the ITC SME Trade Academy and ‘Excel skills for business’ by Coursera.296 In addition, data and digital technologies can help education and training institutions to forecast better the types of new jobs being created and the skills they will require. People who feel well prepared for new technologies are less wary of change and more likely to adopt them.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	81c3924bbf25a56c6bf34a91ff6de52e	"The young men attend Centres or outreach sites close to their homes and provide their respective outreach managers with reports on their activities. It notes that ”[s]pecial efforts should be made to emphasize men's shared responsibility and promote their active involvement in responsible parenthood, sexual and reproductive behaviour, including family planning; prenatal, maternal and child health; prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV; [and] prevention of unwanted and high-risk pregnancies"" (paragraph 4.27). Effective campaigns generally go beyond merely providing information to encouraging boys and men to talk about specific issues, such as violence against women. Some effective campaigns also use messages related to gender-equitable lifestyles, in a sense promoting or reinforcing specific types of male identity."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	81c53eab6097b65d7d78dbd0327475df	It is also used for sugarcane, cotton, rice and nut trees in Australia (Deloitte Access, 2013), and olive trees, vineyards, and for greenhouse fruits and vegetables in Spain and Greece (Garrido et al., This exceeds previous figures from 2002, which reported that groundwater irrigation covered at least 30% in only a third of OECD countries (OECD, 2006). Shares vary from a few per cent in countries with relative abundance of surface water (e.g. Estonia, Norway), to higher shares for countries relying significantly on groundwater for irrigation (e.g. Germany, Denmark).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	81c5f01de4b4276a82f984a98be5587c	However, given that foreign-born women are more often outside the labour market, and therefore ineligible to parental leave, and given that when they find employment they tend to be concentrated in lower paying jobs, the incentive to remain at home engendered by the allowance is likely to play more forcefully upon their choices. And, though the benefits of day care, such as language and social learning, tend to be particularly pronounced for children from disadvantaged or immigrant families, the children of foreign-born women are more likely to be cared for at home for longer spells. Worryingly, this is particularly marked among those children whose parents come from refugee-sending countries.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	81c6282fd83d5458aa8a43c1975167d1	The most recent examples include, inter alia, studies analysing the skills needed for ensuring accessibility of tourism destinations and mapping the gap between skills required by the labour market and those provided by member states’ education systems; a pilot series of webinars to enhance the skills of tourism entrepreneurs in the area of digital marketing; services provided by the European Enterprise Network; multilingual classification of European Skills, Competencies, Qualifications and Occupations (Box 16); and the European skills passport for the tourism sector (Box 28). This section has sought to bring statistical evidence to support the discussion. However, available employment data for tourism is limited and national labour force statistics do not capture the micro-level reality of the sector.	8	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	81c77b6a0462e6d9648b1847df70dbb9	A Norwegian study has shown that female researchers participate less than their male counterparts in international research cooperation.42 The link between international researcher networks and career development is interesting in a gender equality perspective and should be studied more closely. A key objective in this context should be to facilitate the recruitment of outstanding female researchers from abroad. Those responsible for recruitment should be encouraged to actively seek out women across national borders in subject areas where the Nordic countries have few women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	81c9e5aa4e0d735b5b69b16bfd826cb2	The greatest difference between the LFPRs of women and men is in the 25-34 age group (Table 6-1). The next greatest difference is in the 45-54 age group, when women are often engaged in looking after old parents and grandchildren and start withdrawing from the labourforce. In order to assess the real impact of marriage and to exclude the impact of age and attendance in educational institutions, the LFPRs were computed for those in the 25-44 age group 25 to 44. Currently married men cannot afford to remain outside the labour force and thus they have LFPRs of about 99 percent in all the three years (Table 6-2).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	81cac3e722f0515a59e9def2d4f613bf	"The Commission noted that towards the end of the Commission's investigation phase, as trust and confidence in the Commission's work had grown, many more women indicated their willingness to be interviewed, but due to the Commission's compressed timeline this was no longer possible."" ( A/HRC/29/CRP. United Nations and other stakeholders have documented how persons have been specifically targeted by state and non-state actors in conflict settings as a result of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity, including for being seen to transgress entrenched gender norms."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	81cb0e066a4b69cf82e12d2e05a61fa0	Export restrictions on rice can help limit rice exports to supply the domestic market but hurt producers and delay the industry’s adjustment to the international market. Direct measures intending to release the constraints on the development of efficient value chains, such as infrastructure development in regions with a comparative advantage, would be more effective to meet domestic demand. Extension workers are not well-trained and their number remains quite low compared to farmers’ needs.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	81cbaadacf9e654d4cd9f85a3af28141	This composition is not far off the EU average of 15%. Albania’s composition of total budgetary' support to agriculture differs more from its regional neighbours, with its focus on general services accounting for 68% of total support to agriculture. In contrast to their SEE neighbours and the EU, in Kosovo and Albania the share of transfers from taxpayers to consumers is about 12% of total budgetary' support to agriculture, in between the OECD average of 20% and EU average of 1%.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	81cceb62fa8251eb1d1074e52c1f59f1	Geography includes latitude and landlocked. Governance indudes the World Governance Index. Macro indicators indudes GDP, inflation and unemployment. Interestingly, the SIGI's effect does not vary by gender: the differences between SIGI's coefficients in Tables B.l and B.2 are again not significant. This negative relationship remains significant when controlling for standard macro and micro determinants of individual subjective well-being. Similarly, the results are robust to estimator changes: using linear (OLS) or non-linear (ordered probit) does not affect the significance of our findings (Table B.3 in Annex B).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	81ceaa1ce2f6b0598868d0f4720e4807	To achieve impact in increasing farming systems resilience or reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate finance must focus on using strategic leverage points to direct broader financing volumes towards climate outcomes. At the same time, capacity constraints are a major obstacle to the effectiveness of all climate finance mechanisms. This applies to funds such as the GEF and the GCF, where a major impediment to impact is the high cost of project development.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c1cd64e8-en	81cf91074cbaa75908a6c181d6884af5	There are diverse opinions today on whether such programmes have contributed to women's empowerment or, on the contrary, have reinforced traditional gender roles, increased the time women are forced to devote to unpaid domestic and care work and limited their participation in the labour market. It must also be considered that making autonomous income dependent on a conditional cash transfer from the State treats women as just another adjustment variable for the economic crises that the region's countries face on a cyclical basis. As many cases have confirmed, o+nce a crisis sets in and public spending is reduced to address it. The result is income fragility with very little certainty of continuity.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	81d237078dbfbb5633f923a77b84ac55	Equal representation of men and women in the public sector is an essential factor for gender-balanced policies and for quality service delivery. Gender diversity in decision-making processes is critical for restoring trust in public institutions and citizen-centred public services. The public service is both a policy enabler and implementer and the largest national employer in most countries.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2014-21-en	81daba1474cb8864511b64e5ee9d8f49	Stunting prevalence is high at around 50% in India, the Lao PDR and Papua New Guinea, while it is below 10% in Hong Kong, China; Singapore; Fiji and China (Figure 2.4.1, left panel). As for wasting, if there is no severe food shortage, the prevalence is usually below 5% even in poor countries, but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as India, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and Pakistan (Figure 2.4.1, right panel). In order to reduce under-5 mortality, countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns, children and their mothers during and after pregnancy, (see Indicator 3.6 “Infant and child health”) but also to promote optimal feeding practice (see Indicator 2.3 “Infant and young child feeding”). The prevalence of childhood overweight is increasing in most OECD countries (OECD, 2013c), as well as in low and middle income countries. It varies across the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.4.3).	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	81dcdefd4f8fc408f120acb067f52e21	In Cote d'Ivoire, for example, the share of firms with female representation in ownership is above 60% (AfDB, 2015). Together with the Beijing Platform for Action +20, these instruments provide the policy framework, priority areas and review mechanisms that inform gender-related national policies and strategies. By 2014, seven countries had adopted such a policy or strategy: Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo (UN Women, 2014).	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	81de731e3e7100d729f3bacda16b3611	Thus, around 90% of beef and 80% of milk in Kazakhstan are produced by rural households and mostly for their own consumption. Household producers participate in markets mainly to sell quantities that exceed their home consumption, and are less guided by market signals than commercial producers. This is examined in greater detail in Chapter 3.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	81dea6d9db1e4ad5725af6bfc2836f4c	On the other hand, it can also address the offer side of the problem by increasing capital availability and adequacy for private sector projects dealing with green growth and climate action (e.g. small-scale adaptation-related projects, innovative green growth projects), through direct financing (e.g. grants, challenge funds), risk sharing mechanisms which improve the risk-return profile of investments (e.g. guarantees), provision of medium to long-term finance to cover the longer payback of relatively new green technologies, etc. The global average is computed by taking a simple average of country-level point estimates. For each economy, only the latest available year of survey data is used in this computation.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	81df3c0a8bc84e28cb8c2ae2bc7f534a	If the decision is made to engage in global monitoring of food insecurity among households with children, no new knowledge is needed in terms of measurement; however, without additional knowledge even this measure will be limited in its utility as it is not yet established how, or to what extent, household food insecurity represents a developmental risk to children across contexts. For all other measurement purposes some new knowledge is necessary. As discussed in the previous sections of this paper, three main conclusions from existing research are particularly important to informing the development of that new knowledge.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-6-en	81e18444801d9376cde9d510d2b0a1a9	It analyses how the effectiveness of resource use is influenced by key features of the school system such as the distribution of responsibilities, the structure of schooling, diversity of school offerings, and learning opportunities across student groups. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Uruguay such as the structure of education governance and equity within the school system. Almost all of the decisions about administrative and pedagogical aspects that provide the framework for the operation and organisation of schools are taken at the central level by ANEP’s Central Governing Council (CODICEN) in Montevideo and the councils for the different subsystems of the education system (the Pre-primary and Primary Education Council [CEIP], the Secondary Education Council [CES] and the Technical and Professional Education Council [CETP]). As described in Chapter 1, the CODICEN co-ordinates the work of the different councils and holds ultimate decision-making power in some administrative and pedagogical areas (e.g. approving the statutes of teachers and non-teaching staff, approving curricula, setting instruction time and the school calendar), even if in practice it works jointly with the councils in these areas.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/179bc73d-en	81ec3ece8e541c44c148767836b5e53e	Almost half (2.5 million) of the total number of under-5 deaths took place in the first month of life—the most crucial period for child survival. The global neonatal mortality rate fell from 31 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 18 deaths in 2017—a 41-per cent reduction. Yet stark disparities persist across regions and countries.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	81edc4b738fce33c482e3edc6049f994	It was recently used in Salt Lake County to expand high-quality' voluntary pre-kindergarten to 600 economically disadvantaged children in the Granite School District. Financial partnerships also need to include effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms. Digitalisation can promote more efficient and more equitable access to some public services such as healthcare, as discussed earlier in this chapter. Access to broadband has also become key to facilitating people’s integration in the labour market and in their community' at large.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	81eedb56feeeee6d80deb2f8e9f2c79a	Many countries have established specific medical specialties in cancer care along with corresponding licensing and certification schemes (see the discussion later in the section and in Chapter 4, “Governance of cancer care systems”), but countries have different specialty categorisations. A number of countries also rely on existing specialists. These specialists often acquire knowledge and skills to provide up-to-date cancer care through continuing training, but in a few countries such training is not necessarily needed for practicing specialists who provide oncology care.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	81f060a2416e42283d20ba29acdcf87e	The agenda also specifically emphasizes the importance of transport, electricity and ICT. Deficiencies of infrastructure thus present a bottleneck to economic growth, a risk to business competitiveness, a factor contributing to growing inequality, an obstacle to poverty reduction, and an impediment to effectively pursuing SDGs and other internationally agreed development goals. Improving access to infrastructure services boosts economic activities and produces spillover effects in various productive sectors.	9	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-15758c70-en	81f30d5cb9c526178f88de76bfb6cb9d	Time will tell how an open, democratic and liberal society will protect itself from such abuses. The public governance model of ICTs should be therefore scrutinized openly and transparently in the pursuit of truly sustainable development. The reach and influence of ICTs in our individual lives are now so relevant that a whole new world of issues and topics on dealing with it will emerge.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	81f4dabdf79e5f77404e73ff9d693586	There is much more variation at the bottom of the proficiency distribution, however. An average of 41% of low-educated adults reported having no experience at all with ICTs, or failed the ICT core test. This share ranges from more than 70% in Korea, Poland and the Slovak Republic, and around 60% in Chile, Israel, Singapore, Slovenia and Turkey, to 48% in Greece, and below 20% in a large number of countries, including New Zealand, Norway and Sweden. These three domains are key information-processing competencies that are relevant to adults in many social contexts and work situations. They are necessary for full integration and participation in the labour market, education and training, and social and civic life. This information includes participation in activities that use the competencies assessed in the three domains, such as the frequency of reading different kinds of material or using different types of information and communications technology (ICT).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	81f8351fa76a5ab86e6b49055f025557	While not available as a benefit on the federal level, three of Germany’s 16 federal states continue paying a comparable benefit on a state level. Provision for this age group is dominated by the comprehensive ecole maternelle (preschool) system - public, centre-based services that, like the Swedish preschools, are considered a core part of the national education system. Already in the early 1960s the system catered for almost two-thirds of children aged 3-5 years and since 1989, all 3-5 year-olds have been entitled to a place in the local ecole maternelle, with participation effectively at 100% ever since. Public nurseries are complemented by a system of private qualified childminders and in-home nannies, whose cost are partly subsidised.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	81fb05f5f3ad37aa2a11397c9fccc4bb	Lack of clear legislative frameworks can act as one of the major impediments to effective design and implementation of these policies, standing in the way of “positive urbanization.” Cities can adopt essential elements of laws that are grounded in sustainable processes and systems, and move on to more elaborated arrangements and legal instruments as management and governance institutions mature. They must be adapted to any country's and city’s specific needs, resources and capacities and be enacted according to specific circumstances. Since the 1990s, extensive research in many countries on urban regulations such as building codes, zoning, environmental rules, and others suggests that many urban regulations are out of date. Some reflected colonial heritage, others were biased in favour of middle- and upper-income groups, while others still generated perverse economic incentives for private (as opposed to public) investment in housing and other services.26 This goes to show that reform of urban regulations is an important lever for change.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	81fc3ccfb9b7055557b0ca50304b1a29	A biofoel incubator project in Limpopo province, South Africa, supported subsistence farmers and unemployed people by facilitating access to land and growing soybeans and sunflowers for biofoel production. The project fostered rural entrepreneurship and actively involved female farmers. It improved the situation of rural men and women by bringing them into productive work.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	81fcb883daace2e6ae4f5866e9b66648	There is a shared understanding that democratic decision making and buy-in from those concerned by evaluation and assessment policy are essential for successful implementation. In addition, the government does a lot to build and strengthen capacity at local levels and to bring local communities together to compare notes. The members of the Education Evaluation Council represent the education administration, teachers, students, employers, employees and researchers. It has two main missions: co-ordinate and review the coherence of the education system, and follow the implementation of pedagogical reforms.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	81fea12d7e25606f984f70ecd9b6c967	North Cameroon had an estimated 9 306 km of roads in 2010,8% of them paved, and a density of 0.057 km/km2. Unpaved roads link areas of production to urban consumption centres. The dynamics of market creation have determined a spatial configuration that depends on the quality of the road network, unpaved vs. paved roads.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	81feadaa75c60065c2c380c2bf4266c1	In state-level cabinets, women held an average of only 16.8% of seats in 2015; ranging from allmale cabinets in Sonora and Yucatan to 55% representation of women in Morelos. The gender gap in the judiciary is akin to that of the political executive. Women occupy only 21% of offices in first instance courts, 19% in appeal courts and 18% of judgeships in supreme courts in Mexico. However, there is a wide gender gap in top managerial positions in central government.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	81ff3dfde6540ef997ace6b1a3ccd144	These limited resources are also seemingly associated with a distribution mechanism which takes account of the type of school, its size and socio-economic context. Technical and agrarian schools receive more resources to take into account greater maintenance and more specific costs. As opposed to other schools, they receive funds for teaching materials, school trips, ICT equipment, and student boarding costs (e.g. meals at dormitories).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39690f-en	81ff812a7e47d016ed6428819b6dbaaa	Interactive educational activities were organized in several Bulgarian schools and kindergartens. The Agency coordinates data supply and data collection activities for the preparation of the GHG inventory. The sectoral experts manage the collection of data, choice of methods, data checking and compilation of estimates that conform to the data quality objectives of the historical time series. The Agency ensures adequate resources for the collection and use of the data.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jm409kqqkjh-en	82020fa5e241cf705cadd635539e72c0	It should be underpinned by allocated instruction time (see below). These can offer remedial or enrichment instructional activities. On average in the OECD, students in PISA 2012 reported spending 4.9 hours per week on homework or other study set by teachers; this was one hour less than reported on average in PISA 2003 (OECD, 2013b, Tables IV.3.27 and IV.3.48).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	82030769d0910e9193c49055edc9fa8c	To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. There is also a lack of incentives for regional engagement of higher education and for collaboration among institutions and limited pathways for students through the education system. There is a need for stronger credit recognition schemes, course and programme articulation agreements, clear and enforceable policies related to credit transfer and increased support for joint and collaborative programmes. Increase regional dimension in student experience through problem-based learning, internships, etc.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	82036c2fc065324225fe9b86fda96795	In OECD countries, this approach was chosen by Belgium, Chile, France, Korea, Luxembourg and New Zealand. In the Palestinian Authority, the ministry’s mandate is to facilitate gender mainstreaming across the government and to carry' out monitoring and evaluation of programmes and policies aimed at advancing women’s situation. Single ministries with a minister for gender equality bring visibility and enable advocacy for gender equality concerns in the Cabinet.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	8203e920be747c0ae9eec77349a24e04	While we consider the variables related to the quality of both housing (dwelling) and the physical environment (safety, etc.) We excluded these variables from the construction of the deprivation index by studying the item-inter-correlations and the iterative changes in Cronbach’s alpha. While clearly important for children, these items do not technically scale on the same dimension as the others.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	82085120118186a742d8a0d3745c512e	This new legislation strongly supports work-based learning as schools are now encouraged to establish partnerships with companies for providing practical training in accordance to their needs. According to CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), the new school-company partnerships may gradually change the nature of initial VET, “transforming the traditional school-based supply-driven system to a demand-driven work-based learning system” (CEDEFOP, 2015). A recent amendment to the School Act is also linking the state funding of VET schools to the labour market relevance of their programmes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	820985f17d03d174ea4825dd372e18aa	Gender and Smallholder Dairy Production in Tanzania. Report to the Livestock Production Programme of the United Kingdom Department for International Development. Appendices 1 -2:37-38. Integrated Household Survey, 2010-2011: Household Socio-Economic Characteristics Report. Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 3 (EICV3).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	820d7fbf858c947d6e119b3bdc0770ba	Targeting procedures are cumbersome both for applicants and for administrators. The presence of large informal sectors, widespread reliance on subsistence agriculture and the inflow of remittances make it difficult to identify households in need based on means-tests. Community-based targeting approaches, as used in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, are prone to unequal interpretation of rules, nepotism, corruption and capturing of benefits by the elite.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	820db33bfd34bd4f4f62ea126da55310	Further, specific reporting tables may be needed for collective reports. Thus, they omit all three sources of mobilised private finance. Improved reporting would be facilitated if current CTF tables were revised, or new (voluntary) CTF tables developed to include reporting items that will become mandatory once reporting starts under the Paris Agreement.	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	820e232cc61a7c699e1c208945d60ed1	The prey species are selected for their key positions in Antarctic ecosystems and where the potential harvest would have a major effect on the marine system (Kock 2000). A number of parameters are monitored for each species reflecting the potential to respond to changes in the availability of prey or environmental factors. The CCAMLR has produced a set of standardised monitoring procedures that are used by participating member states across a series of Integrated Study Regions (ISR) where interactions between predators, prey, fisheries and the environment are examined in detail. This concept is the focus of current and future discussion within the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management (WG-EMM).	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	820e25ad77db0b4011917583cadf8ed3	Labour market structures and a culture of long paid hours combine with the unequal distribution of unpaid hours to reinforce gendered outcomes in the labour market and at home. Fathers - who are more likely to spend long hours in paid work - lose out on time with their family, while mothers - who more commonly care for children - are more likely to drop out of the workforce. Time poverty is taking its toll, and addressing these challenges will require a multifaceted approach involving the government, employers, and families.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	821016229b7edcf380d2e75a5c8b0fd9	However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWH period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth -specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264113749-en	82140904f884a83e6c8f14e40f41ba58	Concentration of practical training in workshops serving a few schools is another way of lowering the cost of VET provision. Better co-ordination between different levels of government is a necessary condition to improve the planning of VET provision according to the principles presented below. Suppose, for example, that engineering skills drive innovation and economic growth in a manner which is very helpful to the economy but where the benefits are not captured in the wages of engineers. This would mean that the incentives to pursue engineering qualifications would be limited and there would be fewer VET engineering students than would be socially desirable.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	8215aeeb7991ac520d45b2c228252ffc	Legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to pro-poor growth). These in turn contribute to further processes of empowerment, for example through access to better-quality services and legal changes to social and political status which shape patterns of growth that are inclusive and equitable. Donors can support various collective actions, including advocacy for legislative change, trades unions (Good Practice Note 5.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	8215d84f8457a29f0f47128d0c4bd2b2	A good tool for this is to ensure correct marking of known monuments and sites and cultural environments in the forest management plan. In forests there will be numerous monuments and sites not automatically protected because of age. Also among these there are valuable monuments and sites that shall be taken into consideration. Important landscape ecology features that cross property lines shall also be considered as far as possible on smaller parcels as well.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2016-28-en	821a1f5fc4801eff7f85e0509dde770e	The large variation in adult learning activities and participation among OECD countries at similar levels of economic development suggests that there are significant differences in learning cultures, learning opportunities at work and adult-education systems (Borkowsky, 2013). Similar reinforcing patterns hold for numeracy proficiency and skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies (ICT) for problem solving in relation to participation in formal and/or non-formal education. Around three-quarters of partidpants in formal and/or non-formal education and training consulted the Internet to get relevant education and training information.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-6-en	821e92fd5e497d7333c27d031fece86b	This reinforces stereotypes about womens and men’s roles, which prevents the equal sharing of family responsibilities and in turn influences women’s and men’s workplace participation. The new, strengthened legislation is applicable to all non-public sector employers with 100 or more members of staff. It aims to improve and promote equality for both women and men in the workplace and includes innovative measures to ensure effective implementation that are likely to be of interest to other Commonwealth governments.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	82213f9dc78c25ff1eeeb88c79d4c257	Following a short introduction on the global status of mobilization, this section focuses on the mobilization of private climate finance and the role of Nordic countries therein (see Appendix 5 forterminology on climate finance mobilization). The role of the private sector in reaching these goals is evident. Most of private sector climate finance is being invested in Asia and Europe and for example in 2014, private climate finance rose by USD 50 billion, mostly driven by investments in renewables in China (Buchner et al.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	82222122653d40b2d2a0a6b22c9fde96	Section 4 ties the case studies together by providing a roadmap for the implementation of ideas and creating pilot programmes. Financing platforms that collect and distribute investment for infrastructure projects, such as renewable power plants, transport infrastructure (e.g. bike roads, community car sharing), sustainable food sourcing and supply chains, as well as natural capital, pose a promising model. However, the associated operational inefficiencies and high transaction costs currently offset the benefits.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	8225ee90989e6581195e0c9e09b8b078	The criteria for evaluating this requirement have been reduced to the turning in of the document, rather than to the evaluation of specific information and analysis in it. Analysis of the Mexico City-Toluca rail project is provided in the next section of this chapter. The Metrolinx Mobility Hub Guidelines are available at: www.mctrolinx.com/en/proicctsandprograins/mobilitvhubs/mobilitY hub guidelines, aspx (accessed 18 August 2015). The Toluca metropolitan zone is composed of 23 municipalities in the State of Mexico. See Government of Mexico City (2014d).	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	822a0646e837b95d5d893680e9153fec	In this way, students learn to apply mathematics to solve problems, appreciate the value of mathematics and develop important skills that will support their future learning and their ability to deal with new problems. There is no question that state-of-the-art knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important. Innovative or creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	822cf3ffed67476e8029a20d89097fba	In Europe, relatively weak labou Germany is the preferred destination economic conditions of migrants, as it received close to 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015, more than one per cent of its population.101 This in part can be attributed to Germany's initial welcoming approach and more favourable economic situation. Besides, Germany has an established quota system for the distribution of asylum seekers among its federal states, based on their tax income and population density. Few countries such as Sweden and Austria have taken a large number of refugees relative to their population.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	82309fb0f5941f454ab6fcee97d34925	The lack of monitoring mechanisms to evaluate the effect of gender equality initiatives was identified as a major barrier by over 30% of responding countries, and lack of gender analysis skills by almost 40% of respondents (see Figure 4.7). As such, building capacity in gender institutions and across the public sector in these areas appears to be critical to address the remaining equality gaps. These staff members are usually located in line ministries and agencies, and are mainly responsible for administering specific laws or regulations related to gender equality (64%), collecting data (64%), developing sectoral plans (64%), training (55%) and developing gender-sensitive personnel policies (50%). The gender unit serves as the focal point for ensuring that questions of gender equality and mainstreaming are brought to the executive table, and for supporting the executive in exercising its leadership on this issue.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-9-en	82314a48e0b41a269293518da5b9bede	Effective and timely adaptation can lower the cost of climate change impacts. In the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions, a risk-based approach can explicitly accommodate a range of possible futures to inform adaptation decision-making by identifying priorities and options to manage risk and enhance resilience at least cost to society. While climate change adaptation should be considered in the broader context of water security and not in an isolated manner, it is also critical aspect of, even a prerequisite for, achieving resilient water security over the long-term.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	8233577638c95d140f83ce3e9fded8f9	The complete isolation of crops grown on a commercial scale, either GM or non-GM, is not currently practical although gene flow can be minimized, as it currently is between oilseed rape varieties grown for food, feed or industrial oils (GM Science Review Panel). Management strategies include avoiding the planting of transgenic crops in their centres of biodiversity or where wild relatives are present, or using buffer zones to isolate transgenic varieties from conventional or organic varieties. Genetic engineering can be used to alter flowering periods to prevent cross-pollination or to ensure that the transgenes are not incorporated in pollen and developing sterile transgenic varieties (ICSU and Nuffield Council).	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	8233941f0d1cf2087caf82382313c5fb	Strengthen mechanisms for systematic consultations. A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=4376& langld=en (accessed 31 October 2014). A Trainer's Manual, Glossary of Gender Terms, http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/librarv7192862/ (accessed 31 October 2014).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	82369d943e15d7d507f2f0c80dab77a5	Not only do countries refer to various types of needs (total investment costs, funding needs, domestic/ international support needs), they also use different parameters to present these needs. Some display data as annual figures, others as totals over different periods of time, ranging from 5 years to 30 years or up until 2050. In some cases, these parameters are not explicitly stated, making a comparison even more difficult.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	823a2053c44ecf1604461fc6a1540397	And the capabilities that matter most vary in different contexts and at different stages of the lifecycle. Security may be at the top of the list for a household in a conflict-affected country, while interesting work opportunities may be the top priority of an educated young person. Nor does rising above the low human development threshold ensure that people are protected from emerging and future threats to human development. Indeed, 900 million people live close to the threshold of multidimensional poverty and risk falling into poverty after even a minor setback in health, education or livelihood.79 The condition of being deprived is therefore dynamic.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	823b9a615231d287410062005d8ff979	K? & # & # & # & & & Flexibility of conventional plants (ramp-up/down, startup/shutdown, reserve capabilities, etc.) Modelling results (Figure 18) for the United Kingdom with a very high share of renewables (80%) and a wind-heavy portfolio shows many hours of excess VRE output (negative residual load). The hourly variation in residual load could exceed 10 GW/hour and can reach 40GW/hour during windy hours (about half of the system peak load), should wind benefit from priority dispatch run at available output.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	823bf3186dc68556b09ef8685e116343	Large increases in imports (or reductions in net exports) of rice, wheat, and maize result in higher world market prices, implying that other countries’ producers and consumers help to reduce, though certainly not eliminate, the suffering that a South Asian drought would cause. In practice, the share of global production of the major staples entering international trade is rather low (Figure 3.5). When an unusual event takes place, such as the US drought in the summer of 2012, the sharp reduction in production is translated into an even sharper fall in exports or increase in imports, putting immense pressure on markets where only a fraction of production is traded internationally.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eb61760a-en	823c53a712af3e4929dcc859b1837308	One explanation for this situation is that the jobs are temporary in nature. In the case of young people, it is also noted that they start in low-productivity jobs because they are less qualified, and their pay reflects their lack of experience. It is also found that this type of employment may be related to inadequacies in the functioning of the labour market, principally as regards the creation of wage employment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	8242bd21ba7f2174155d957545cc8ed7	The major objective of the TNMN is to provide an overview of the overall status and long-term changes of surface water and, where necessary, groundwater status in a basin-wide context (with particular attention to the transboundaiy pollution load). Data are integrated into the ICPDR database and are available for the stakeholders. Examples of information systems from Spain and Danube River (cont.)	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/35f875c3-en	824885f3d3b004d2a39f6ffa8947e1d4	"The list of human rights violations in article 5 of the Declaration that States are required to address in order to facilitate development include ""all forms of racism and racial discrimination"" but, interestingly, not sexism or sex discrimination. Development as a Human Right: Legal, Political and Economic Dimensions, 2nd ed. [ Ihe views of European States, noting that the right to development is the primary responsibility of States, but also highlighting Ihe possibility of using a child- and gender-righls focus in a new human rights engagement in development cooperation (para."	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	82490f8154d53f27344db1e921bd9a3f	A process of modelling the expected results of the government’s road safety programme needs to be undertaken on a routine basis by one of the road safety agencies. Where projected results fall short of targets the programme should be revised and reinforced. Resourcing and coordination would be improved by re-establishment of a unit reporting to the highest levels of government responsible for the delivery of government road safety targets.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	824be2ed1487f0f8999066afc8e9b309	These indicators largely target activity, availability, and patient and provider satisfaction. The five categories include: i) access to examination rooms; ii) hospital infrastructure and process; iii) patient and caregiver satisfaction; iv) institutional productivity (bed occupancy, average length of stay); and v) institutional service targets (caesarian-section rate, share of doctors working full time, surgery points per surgeon and per operating room, and the reporting of scores for the performance monitoring system to the Ministry of Health). For physicians the individual perfonnance score depends on the number of procedures perfonned by that staff member and a job title coefficient (that measures w'orkloads other than providing clinical care for different types of doctors).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/ead1ef57-en	824d073e8a3bfdaf199a218d91cfbb02	In other words, women are less likely to have business leadership positions in economies where their property rights are constrained. Lastly, each regional analysis will conclude by examining countries' results on a composite index measuring the gaps between women and men on labour force participation, remuneration for the same work and on career advancement. The section itself will end with a summary and a number of conclusions based on the data reviewed.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/524212d8-en	824f795a7dcd14478a5e04d7dc1d76ae	Tourism is the principal export in a third of all developing countries and, amongst the 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), it is the primary source of foreign exchange earnings. Secondly, tourism is growing much faster in developing countries than in developed countries. Therefore tourism, if well and sustainable managed, has great potential to alleviate poverty and contribute to local development.	12	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	8250eceef35aadc69a76433ae56828d2	Stock measures reflect the pool of human capital available in the economy at a specific point in time whereas flows reflect the contributions of incoming cohorts to the stock of human capital. A number of researchers have constructed international data sets that attempt to measure both stocks and flows of human capital across a large number of countries. Women are, however, overrepresented among university nonprofessionals and among those with some education beyond high school. Men, on the other hand, are overrepresented among high school graduates.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	8252222847824801b7a5f97cff004719	A school system that lacks quality teachers, adequate infrastructure and enough textbooks will almost certainly fail to promote quality education. Underinvestment in the school system can also result in educational inequalities, as disadvantaged areas or schools receive scarcer resources. The government is aware that public spending is low but concerns about both the sector’s efficiency and its absorptive capacity prevent increases.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	82537209e0a92dba69fc99bbeccb31e7	By contrast, in the Philippines and Uganda, children from the wealthiest households and the best-performing regions are close to universal school completion. Therefore, efforts in those countries would best be concentrated on the poorest and most disadvantaged children (see Figure 2.8). The needs of each group, in turn, will have far-reaching implications for how governments frame policies and allocate resources to specific regions, schools and children.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	82566f3bba15d73077b761b96302f8a9	Using digital technology it provides information about market opportunities, tracks goods, enhances transparency and connects buyers and sellers. The platform also issues regional quality certifications and protects farmers against prices falling too low by offering storage facilities that enable them to sell their goods at more favourable prices in the future. The platform, which received a USD 4.4 million DfID grant, is implemented by the Eastern Africa Grain Council in partnership with various industry stakeholders (grain traders and buyers; policy and research bodies; trade and information agencies). Engagement with the private sector has proved critical to the success of the project {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 70).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	82585872c7faa38b0d00972155e54def	Agricultural price, credit and insurance programmes in Brazil (cont.) There are four main programmes: the rural insurance premium programme (Programa de Subvengao ao Premio do Seguro Rural, PSR), the general agriculture insurance programme (Programa de Garantia da Atividade Agropecudria, PROAGRO) these two targeting commercial farmers and administered by MAPA. These four programmes support farmers either by paying part of the insurance premium costs or by compensating farmers for production losses due to natural disasters.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c530cc54-en	8258eba834acf97e27c97592642b0b80	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. The views expressed are those of the authors. Ethics examines the nature and scope of institutions as the deepest level of analysis.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	825ae0596e83094c41d6c1a891cffc27	In other words, increased access to a sewerage system would have a direct effect in reducing the level of deprivation associated with this indicator, and may also have an indirect effect that would be reflected in a reduction in the levels of deprivation associated with the indicators of deaths of live-born children, water, the collection of household waste and/or school attendance, among others. For example, households registering the indicator “deaths of live-born children” were, in most cases, households with one-dimensional profiles. The next-most common were four two-dimensional profiles in which that indicator was combined with the indicators for “sewerage system”, “disposal of household waste”, “school attendance” and “overcrowding”, in that order.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	825e557bfea79d51a72185ec02dac2de	It also collects information from the Korea Meteorological Administration, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency and citizens’ tip offs to prevent natural disasters, react quickly to accidents, reorient traffic in case of street protests, etc. All vehicles circulating in the city are tracked in real time (location and speed). The public can access the collected information via smart phone apps, the TOPIS website and digital information boards in stations.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-6-en	826137e87a11ec9916176084dd2b4d32	Since 2010, policy progress has been made with the introduction of the “Grand Design”, a blueprint for the development of early childhood care and education (ECCE), building on a programme dating back to 2001. The Grand Design sets outcomes, targets and principles for the expansion of early-years education and care from 2011 to 2025 as part of an ambitious and far reaching set of goals to be realised by 2045. Increasingly the period from birth to six years is being seen in a more holistic way, bringing together health, social care, childcare and education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3f0d7881-en	8264795c91cd5bf9c1c7216c745f06a8	This moderate level of severity of food insecurity can contribute to various forms of malnutrition and has serious consequences for health and well-being. For this reason, this report was renamed The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World in 2017. Since then it has reported on nutrition indicators, in addition to food security indicators.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	82675520fa6171cb83608003cf6974c4	The metropolitan institutes have demonstrated their capabilities in response to climate change and sustainability policies. More attention needs to be given to the demand side, particularly to addressing the barriers associated with skills for sustainability, including lack of information, lack of management skills, and perceived high costs of training. The “skill ecosystem” approach addresses this issue (see Chapter 3). More emphasis needs to be given to TAFE Institutes, which can act as a group in a robust way in terms of linking with industry.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8269386bb528526038d9456be71f73ae	The construction involves over 40 companies in the design and construction stages, and over 20 local manufacturing companies will be involved in maintenance, through the production and supply of spare parts and providing metal engineering and electro-mechanical services (MoFED, 2010). The development of a national railway network will integrate and empower the economic activities of local communities, such as farmers, by providing affordable and efficient transportation. At both local and national levels, it will create the conditions necessary for developing local resources and generating employment, e.g. improved access to market for agricultural products and to social services, which will raise living standards in Ethiopia.	13	7	0	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	826a6eb0e7fed1d9504dd1c1e1c34a8b	Furthermore, without ever having been president or prime minister, Ms Aung San Suu Kyi has played a leading role in politics in Myanmar for many decades. On average, the share of women in parliament in the Asia/Pacific region increased by around 5 percentage points. In some countries this can be attributed to a quota system, which reserves a percentage of seats for women. Countries which have adopted quotas as a tool to advance women’s participation include Australia, Maldives, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan (McCann, 2013).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	826b4734fcab1806e239a2302166502f	"A ""0"" score is attributed to countries with a single national scheme (NHS or single-payer system). Source: OECD Survey on Health System Characteristics 2008-09. Various institutional aspects of the health care systems mediate the impact of competition on hospital costs and patients’ health outcomes. In the United States, competitive pressures have fostered the development of Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs) since the 1980s (Kessler and McClellan, 2000). However, effective health quality monitoring by regulators is crucial as recorded quality care improvements may be due to hospitals focussing on monitored quality indicators while neglecting unmonitored and unobserved quality aspects (Propper et al., The overall experience is that regulated competition among private insurers has contributed to better align benefit packages to purchasers’ preferences, but health care cost reductions have proved elusive."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	826b6956ece2864bf9f03b39aa89ff08	On average across OECD countries in 2016, around 85% of students in lower secondary education were enrolled in public institutions. Among all OECD and partner countries, only Belgium, Chile and the United Kingdom have more than 50% of students enrolled at this level in private institutions, which include a large percentage of students enrolled in government-dependent private institutions. At upper secondary level, the share of enrolment in public institutions drops to 80% on average across OECD countries, with a decrease by over 20 percentage points in Iceland, Japan and Korea, where private institutions play a more prominent role at this level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51eba28c-en	826bcedaf5c9272933036800ed468f82	It discusses the various ways in which such violence manifests itself in the lives of women and girls and how it amounts to discrimination, denying women the right to equality in all spheres of life, including marriage; property ownership and inheritance; land rights; and education and employment. Relevant human rights standards (international, regional and sub-regional) are discussed with reference to case law, and how the judiciary can apply human rights standards to address VAW. It discusses the cost implications of violence for the judiciary and law enforcement agencies that respond to VAW.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	826c531947daa070264948bd2268f542	This “unexplained” part subsumes the effects of group differences in unobserved predictors, such as the ability or other personal characteristics of female and male business owners. Enterprises are defined as women (men)-owned if one or more women (men) own more than 50% of the shares. As discussed in Chapter 24, the single most decisive factor in the gender productivity gap is the lower capital intensity of women-owned enterprises - it accounts for 38% of the gap. The lower average size of women-owned enterprises explains a large part of the gender differential in profits and in employment growth.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	826e9fe7139762b8032d4750dac73169	Another focus is on education and training and the relationship to social cohesion. The impact of social circumstances on economic performance appears weaker than the effects of economic change on social conditions. Economic success seems to support some forms of cohesion (particularly social inclusion, equality and stability) provided it is broad-based enough to create a range of jobs relevant to the resident population.	10	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	826f4089936e7c7b182e94efe8f7e0fc	Following this brief introduction, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process on climate change, and the role of agriculture within this, is discussed. Finally, the focus region of this report, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), is presented. This included searching for academic, peer-reviewed literature, as well as recent reports by international organizations, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and research organizations, such as the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	827c19e0f3978d6da2d4b2d2b49a22c5	However, their non-binding nature seems to give the FPA little incentive to genuinely implement them or monitor their effectiveness. In other words, while FPA institutions increasingly develop action plans to promote gender balance, they do so separately from mainstream human resource management processes and do not make them compulsory. Similarly, the SFP reports that, although the Protocol for the Prevention, Treatment and Punishment of Bullying and Sexual Harassment sets out managerial accountability mechanisms, there should be more such mechanisms for general, personal and institutional accountability to enforce gender equality.16 There is also a need for more general implementation of measures to empower women in the FPA.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	827d246a4cae6ec5497d55319bd157c6	Poverty: measures, incidence and recent developments (cont.) First, current per capita expenditure is computed, adjusted by a spatial price deflator to account for regional differences in the cost of the family basket. Households are then ordered by this measure and an iterative method is applied to select the reference population (percentiles 30 to 59).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	827e3d76687f6792cbb2e1db9cad483e	In response, one of ANPME’s initial efforts was to implement “Moussanada for Women”, which involved hiring consultants to proactively identify women entrepreneurs with the potential to be Moussanada clients and then helping them to qualify for the Moussanada and other ANPME programmes. This initiative targets women entrepreneurs in the early post-creation phase of their businesses, aims to strengthen women entrepreneurs’ managerial capacity and ability to direct the daily operations of their businesses, and is delivered in partnership with Morocco’s regional investment centres (CRIs). The GIZ funding was very important because the core ANPME programmes only apply to existing SMEs with at least one or two years of operation, thus the incremental outside funding allowed ANPME to work with women in the start-up phase.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b20b341-en	827f3d64a14ecc6f72d92b62daff869c	In addition, the IWC undertakes co-ordinates and funds conservation work on many species of cetacean. Through its Scientific Committee it undertakes extensive study and research on cetacean populations, develops and maintains scientific databases, and publishes its own peer-reviewed scientific journal, the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. Subsequent work has shown that marine debris, such as ALDFG and plastics, including microplastics, can be a conservation and welfare concern for cetaceans throughout the oceans.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	82824059255fce4f1f3f75d624c6339b	Similarly, Brazil’s national development bank (BNDES) has played a key role in financing renewable energy.30 By contrast, in Chile and the Republic of Korea, capital markets are the main sources of finance. India lies somewhere in the middle, as not only bank lending but also access to capital markets play an important role in infrastructure financing (Walsh et al., This is especially the case where clean energy is concerned, as projects tend to be upfront capital-intensive with low operating costs thereafter.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	828258d3c1966060d9d317d347476cc3	To support partner countries in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and pursuing green growth, development co-operation providers will need to better engage with the private sector to mobilise resources, innovation and know-how. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on how development co-operation providers are working with and through the private sector to promote development outcomes. With a focus on green growth and climate change, the paper provides a broad overview of private sector engagement (PSE) approaches used by development co-operation providers, discusses ongoing challenges, and highlights emerging areas of good practice. The challenge is great, as much of the infrastructure investment needs in coming decades will be in emerging and developing countries.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	8283aa3c1769180215b27a14fcc1730a	The treatments are based on the indigenous concept of health, which sees the therapist as a spiritual mediator who stimulates the healing forces of the sick person rather than trying to cure the disease through a cocktail of synthetic drugs. Keur Massar's traditional healers have succeeded in developing treatments for HIV/AIDS that have the benefits of being non-toxic, of addressing secondary infections such as tuberculosis, and of being formulated with natural plant components that do not require the support of rich nations in orderto be synthesized. Where modern medicine is analytic and attacks the problem with a single molecule, traditional medicine attacks it on several fronts. This prevents the development of resistance to the combined action of all these plants.	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/26be4449-en	828f9d10c42ca7b27a6b52f48e952b70	Most marine technologies (apart from wind) are not yet proven commercially. However, with continued political support for renewable energy as a source of clean, secure and reliable energy, technologies are expected to develop in the coming decade, and to become increasingly attractive and cost-competitive. A combination of significant available resource (including wind, wave, tidal stream and range), high energy demand and the resulting large scale of potential development has led to a highly market-driven approach to MRE in these countries. Such growth and expansion of the renewable energy sector has been politically attractive for countries trying both to recover from financial crises through the development of infrastructure projects and associated industry and to address renewable energy targets.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	8292d56238fcadb64e295e7af8a2c1f9	Research with children, however, indicates that worry about whether parents can provide enough food may, at times, reflect quite severe situations [48], This makes sense from a developmental perspective since children have less control over their food environment, and children's sense of safety depends on the reliability of parents' ability to meet child needs. A child may feel unhappy about reduced food quality, may feel hungry when food quantity is reduced, but feel most distressed when they lose confidence that, in the end, their parents will always find a way to feed them. There is evidence that children age 7 and older can accurately report their food security [3,9], but particularly younger children are less able to report the causes of their experiences.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	82944beae3aef31ee8d70c6c56dc773a	Students’ experiences in class should be discussed and evaluated in specialised training courses in teacher education programmes to help students develop the skills that they will need to help their pupils succeed in class. Over time, becoming a mentor for student teachers could become an interesting career step for motivated teachers. Given the strong stratification of the Chilean school system, many teachers will confront schools with a large number of poor students in a difficult learning environment.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	829503b47ce0fbc9f1208cb6094ded9b	Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. The composition of support is important because how support is provided determines its impact on the agricultural sector and the distribution of benefits to society as a whole. For example, market price support can have a large effect on production and trade, but it imposes additional and regressive costs on domestic consumers, is not effective in improving farm income and can have negative effects on the environment. On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives.	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	829a51fbdf371b7907681eeb869b3b99	According to a survey carried out in Finland in 2012 (Jarviluoma 2014) most of the enterprises providing services directly related to wildlife watching were expecting a growth in the product demand in the years to come. At that time, the average income per customer was estimated at EUR 278 (of those answering the questionnaire). The total turnover of the 20 companies that participated in the survey was estimated at a bit more than 2 million EUR out of which EUR 1.4 million was generated by wildlife watching.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	829ae12c4786213c7dd170162ecc4ef0	The creation of state water resources councils accelerated after the 1997 Water Law (Figure 2.5) and nowadays Acre is the only state with no water council (Figure 2.5). In that state, a project is ongoing to reform the current Environment Council, which should be renamed the Council of Environment and Water Resources. The councils are at varying degrees of maturity: some states have given attention to water problems (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais or Ceara) while others are still stabilising their composition and their role. They often lack qualified staff and financial resources to work properly and sometimes also cany out the tasks of river basin agencies when these do not exist.	6	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	829c9b342ecacb64103ea0fbfd40cb5a	This is why more than 140 countries have adopted national broadband-related policies, plans and digital agendas precisely recognizing the cross-sectoral and pervasive nature of ICTs on all aspects of the digital economy. More analysis of the impact of broadband policies and regulation on getting people connected is available in Sections 1.3 and 1.4. Sensors are deployed in a number of places to quantify (measure) almost anything from human, animals to machine activities. The Internet of Things (IoT), which connects many things to the Internet, and Machine to Machine (M2M) communications through cellular mobile networks are predicted to become the fastest-growing parts of the industry in terms of traffic.	9	0	7	1.0
10.6027/ffe4d41b-en	829fbea4618eeb19c1ecab2fd725a071	Especially in the run-up to COP 21 in Paris and in conjunction with COP 22 in Marrakesh, the last decade has seen a strong increase in non-state actors' actions to move towards climate change mitigation and adaptation. Alongside other nonstate actors, they are increasingly recognized for their potential in raising global ambitions in the face of climate change. Most initiatives were launched in 2014 and 2015, since when the number of new initiatives has continuously increased, with eleven being launched in 2017. In addition, two high-level champions were appointed to encourage the engagement of interested Parties and non-Party stakeholders and to further the initiatives launched as part of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda, among others.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	82a387143989aaeb39efac7a25d82c3b	Similarly, the Syrian Arab Republic reuses approximately 100 m3/c/yr of agricultural runoff. However, this practice has progressively increased the salt and pesticide content in downstream river segments. Furthermore, agricultural runoff in the region often contains untreated domestic and industrial effluents.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	82a3e3e2152853b65218dddde26ea6a6	In Spain, this high-level consultative agency was created in 2009 and includes autonomous communities, local entities, river-basin authorities, and professional and economic unions related to water. These include, for example, the consultation of private actors (including citizens’ groups, water users “associations and civil society”) and financial transfers and incentives across levels of government (e.g. earmarked versus general-purpose grants for financing infrastructure). Other instruments they can consider are co-ordination agencies, contractual arrangements, (multi)sectoral conferences, performance indicators, regulations, shared databases, river basin organisations, regulation and performance indicators, and intermediate bodies. Box 3.4 provides some examples of the use of performance indicators in a number of OECD countries. Some OECD countries have chosen to use all the mechanisms listed above (e.g. France, Mexico), while others have adopted none, due to highly centralised water policy and limited involvement of sub-national actors (Korea, Israel). The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	82a5b804fb4f7efd465f8544db611498	It begins with an overview of apprenticeship systems - the institutional and governance structures as well as the barriers that employers and individuals face to participation. It then looks more specifically at the role that local public actors can play in helping to overcome these barriers, from facilitating access for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to using public procurement to incentivise apprenticeship opportunities. Finally, it looks at how apprenticeships can be a tool for social inclusion at the local level, considering the role of social enterprises and how apprenticeships can be used to further the labour market integration of refugees. Apprenticeships can also help to tackle low productivity levels and stimulate quality employment opportunities by ensuring that businesses can access people with the right skills.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	82a6000bf851cffe645e8ab67131008c	It also supervises the system of minimum wages and working-hours regulations. Another important task for the Bureau is to promote adherence to the Labour Insurance (Workers’ Accident Compensation Insurance and El) system and ensure the payment of the annual premiums. Under its supervision, over 300 Labour Standard Inspection Offices enforce labour standards at local level. It audits Prefectural offices (which in turn audit local welfare offices) to ensure uniform administration across the country.	8	0	6	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	82a8e1825a09b79c5465aad3e917830d	Such bias is especially present in reports based on general retrospective evaluations (example: how satisfied are you with your life as a whole) in which the subjects average the well-being they obtain from certain activities or domains. By contrast, when subjects report on their mood immediately (online), few memory biases are operating because the individual is reporting emotions and cognitions right then. Indicators based on general retrospective questions are modestly reliable for estimating an individual’s current well-being (Diener and Tov, 2005; Kahneman and Sugden, 2005).	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2956c59a-en	82ac6f0365149b9f1df8cbc73ea6dc0e	The chapter concludes with a call for greater investments in and support to national statistical systems as well as greater collaboration and partnerships between producers of official statistics and other producers and users of gender data. In March 2016, following months of open discussion and consultation, the lAEG-SDGs completed its work on the indicator framework and presented its recommendations to the UN Statistical Commission for global monitoring of the 169 SDG targets.4 The General Assembly adopted the framework in resolution 71/313 on 6 July 2017.5 Over the 12 years remaining before 2030, the Expert Group will continue its work, providing technical support for the implementation of the approved indicator and monitoring framework. While minor refinements are still possible, this initial set of indicators is considered fixed until 2020, when a comprehensive review of the framework is planned.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096127-6-en	82ad304ec84b98f7f5c83159799a59f1	Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway had the lowest NEET rates in 2008 (4-6%), while the share of youth in NEET was the highest in Turkey and Mexico at 42% and 22%, respectively. Among NEET youth, two in three were already clearly outside the labour market, either because they had been unemployed for more than a year or were inactive and were not seeking employment. On average, the increase was 2 percentage points, a little more than half due to the increase in short-term unemployment (less than one year).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/93b802f6-en	82af4358ffc74a24ff879e06f96a3a16	Some respondents requested that events be held over lunch or at other times during the work day to include women who could not meet after business hours. However, women have a low rate of mobile phone ownership. There are 300 million fewer female subscribers than male subscribers with handsets, according to the 2010 GSMA Cherie Blair Foundation report.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	82b07aeef500eaad5aa8f0f521fe3c8a	In 2015, 49% of the people in the local news were women, but only 41% in the sports section. The managing editor of the newspaper Gunnar Falck (2014) says that measuring content is key to making changes. Changing the gender ratio has had a positive impact on the readership of the newspaper and therefore also on the economy of the company (Edstrom & Jacobsson 2015: 50-51).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	82b2cfea33011b59d6f743f1b7d001bd	Decisions are typically made closest to where they will have an effect, and the central government takes a subsidiary' function performing mainly those tasks that cannot be as effectively dealt with at the school level. They are responsible for choosing approaches to student assessment (except for the central part of secondary school leaving examinations), designing and implementing teacher appraisal processes, conducting their own quality care, and acting upon feedback by the Inspectorate. There is considerable attention on reducing administrative burdens on schools and limiting reporting requirements that generate paperwork but have little bearing on actual practice. As described by Scheerens (2013), there is a tradition of “bottom-up reforms”, where schools are offered incentives to join networks exploring new' practices, rather than having changes imposed from the top down.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	82b49f9b159d1a6934208415f0dda557	"These types of metrics may include on-time performance, average headways, and other operational aspects of public transport production. These are important but they do not capture how the public views the services being offered. Other metrics relating to wait times (average and distribution), frequency, the ""feel"" of the trip experience (e.g. Los Angeles is tracking transport ""happiness""), overall convenience, etc.,"	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	82b67a22c7f4b07527017c07a65a0e34	As time-series data for the Gini index for labour income are not available for a wide range of countries, the Gini indices are based on disposable income and are calculated over the whole population (not just the working-age population). The estimated coefficients in the Gini regressions thus capture more than just the impact of the explanatory variables on labour income inequality (for example, the coefficient on the unemployment benefit replacement rate captures both the indirect effects whereby a higher replacement rate may reduce employment as well as the dispersion of wages and the direct effect whereby it raises the income of the unemployed). Technical change is measured by the number of patents per one million inhabitants. The stock of human capital is captured by the share of the population with post-secondary education.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283497-en	82b6b60e6f6daa0b5d312d0181d19af3	The move also entails a shift in stewardship arrangements: in contrast to its traditional 'command and control' role of direct management, the Ministry of Health is expected to exercise influence via its newly adopted role as the contractor of services. The contracts were heavily redacted when presented in the public domain and have been referred to the National Audit Office for scrutiny by the Ministry of Health. The reform will need to be monitored carefully, not least to ascertain whether it is contributing to the fiscal sustainability of the health system and meeting other goals such as maintaining equitable access and improved quality of care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	82bee6dcf323c7f1f7351cfac8e4c894	This is followed by an overview of France’s spatial and land use planning system and how it has changed over time. Finally, the purpose and scope of various spatial plans at the different levels of government are elaborated, including a discussion of how they are intended to integrate with each other. But each country implements these tools in its own way and uses its own framework of subnational government to assign different tools and functions to specific levels.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	82c5b30b6a562fdccf32e6476a22869e	The typical TDR programme involves the landowner of a preservation or sending zone (or parcel) selling the development rights to a developer who will use these rights in an area designated as development or receiving zone (or parcel). In general, the receiving area allow s for higher density of construction than the base density established by law through density bonuses provided by local governments, thereby creating incentives for developers to buy the development rights (Tavares, 2003). Successful TDR programmes require strict sending-area regulations, market incentives and or ways for development to gain bonus density' without using TDR (Pruetz and Standridge, 2005).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	82cd5d37d15e839973a54153839182ef	It is worth noting that during the “Arab Spring” of 2011 and other anti-government protests in Africa, joblessness was a key issue in bringing youths onto the streets. Similarly, a World Bank (2011) report notes that half of the young people who join a dissident movement cite unemployment as the main reason for doing so. For developing countries, employment elasticities should be around 0.7, and for some African countries even higher, given the rapid rise in labour force growth (Martins, 2013: Khan, 2007).	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60243856-en	82d1ccd9b3684ee329aae042fffae260	Growth in expenditure on research and development across groups at all income levels is significant (Fig 4). In low, lower-middle and upper-middle economies, annual growth in expenditure on research and development was between 7.8 and 12.9 per cent from 1999 to 2013. The next largest spender on research in the region was Japan with expenditure of $141 billion in 2013, an increase of one third over the $107 billion spent in 1999, a far smaller increase than that of China. Other countries in the region that invest significantly in research and development include the Republic of Korea ($65 billion in 2013), India ($43 billion in 2011) and the Russian Federation ($25 billion in 2013).	9	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	82d25deba2b71f45c9082d705db4e409	Budget hotels and youth hostels offer services adapted to meet their customers’ budgetary constraints in convenient locations, and often working with other small scale operators to provide a range of additional services (e.g. tours, attractions, restaurants). The quality of infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourism inflows into a destination and at the same time, an important contributor to the development of other sectors creating important indirect benefits. For example, the construction of new regional roads to improve access to an emerging tourism destination can create economic opportunities for individuals and businesses located in that region.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	82d3fa4633159a4dca56ecdbc6a01878	It explores how ECEC and primary school quality, as well as the quality of transitions, are affected by staff and teachers’ qualifications, support for staff, and leaders’ characteristics. It builds on evidence from previous Starting Strong publications and recent literature findings to compare the respective roles of ECEC and primary school staff in preparing children during this period. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training” (OECD, 2012:144). A good understanding of child development and an ability to praise, comfort and be responsive to children are also key for high quality ECEC services (OECD, 2012). Neuss et al., (	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	82d4082ae892b76c01914230a7f6065d	In addition, NHI coverage has been expanded. As of 2015, almost all of the mental-health services, currently managed directly by government, will be put under the responsibility of the health funds, and there have been proposals for long-term care to be shifted into the NHI system too (this is discussed further below). Foreign workers on temporary work visas are not covered by NHI and their employers are required to take out private medical insurance.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	82d4173b9cd9118c165eee8c19153883	The ten indicators are presented in Table 4.12. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. This framework has been applied to psychiatric care with the development of more than 30 process and outcome indicators which were then compared between regions or patient groups (Bjorkenstam et al.,	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	82d8911bcc3b8e93abacf23d843712f3	This requires widespread metering, in particular for agriculture in basins where irrigation is the main water user. ( The new' Law' on Water Resources Management (WRM) is being developed, w'ith support from a UNECE project. The Ministry concerned (MENRP) already has basic information on major basins and sub-basins, including some on GIS maps.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	82d9cb706dea08d0cd55e3767bf9ef17	However, it does not account for the time required to inspect different types of facilities. Inspections of Seveso installations are generally planned and conducted separately from other site visits. The IESP has also developed a comprehensive database of regulated installations, showing each installation with its record of inspections, detected violations and the corrective actions taken, as well as imposed sanctions.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a6267136-en	82dbafe384da659a06c6ca7dc740d7cc	However, their exclusion would make the attainment of sustainable development much more challenging and require special measures to improve energy efficiencies and reduce demand. The implementation of a highly ambitious package of policies directly addressing the energy-poverty nexus has the potential to ensure access to modern energy of an additional 1.9 billion of people. The policy package would have to combine financing (including microfinancing), to cover the upfront costs of enabling access to modern energy and the purchase of appliances, with a 50 per cent fuel subsidy in relation to market prices.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	82dc0a8cb0b0669681b925bdf3b6c1ec	Food price inflation (cont.) While those listed in Figure 1.3 follow the general global or regional trends, they exhibit variation that may also be the result of local factors such as exchange rate movements, higher domestic inflation or adverse weather events. For example, while food prices fell in the United States and Japan during the recession, India witnessed its highest inflation rate. Retail food price inflation in China has fallen from high to low levels in the past year.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	82e1579b3d6920b1e10245dccd891a7c	Once again, these observations offer evidence in favour of our central hypotheses, since there are significant differences between the predicted means of mothers and non-mothers in the informal sector, and the unexplained wage gap component is significantly higher in the informal segment. In general, we cannot reject the traditional hypothesis of labour market segmentation and a wage premium for formal-sector women workers. Our central finding is that women working in the informal sector are the ones who suffer a motherhood wage penalty.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	82e37532648818afbb357ab2eaa5cdf3	It is not a measure of overall inequality in the society; it is a measure of how the poorest are faring in relation to those in the middle. But this is a problem not so much in the concept as in its communication. It can and should be addressed by sticking strictly to the term ‘relative child poverty’ when that is what is meant. To say that ‘relative child poverty levels’ are higher risks no such misunderstanding; there is nothing either misleading or meaningless about the statement that a greater proportion of children are allowed to fall significantly below the norms of their societies in the United States than in the Czech Republic.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	82e3b40106339ace68ee74ff04e17387	Of the remaining 24%, those who rent their accommodation at market prices account for 15% and tenants who enjoy reduced rents or free accommodation (i.e. the “other status”) represent 9%. In Switzerland, just over 40% of older people are outright owners - having paid off their mortgages - compared to more than 90% in Hungary and the Slovak Republic. In Australia, Chile and the United States, around 80% of older people are homeowners, while the figure is 70% in Canada.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	82e477bbb7410a235580d620b09c29ad	It is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results (Fives, 2003). Qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children. 2009).There is strong evidence that enriched stimulating environments and high-quality pedagogy are fostered by better qualified staff; and better quality pedagogy leads to better learning outcomes (Litjens and Taguma, 2010).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	82e7c4db12144ba0cd1f99af743b7037	Until very recently, the distribution tariffs were set according to the cost-plus principle, allowing owners a profit margin of 3% on top of their costs. This encourages them to maximise revenues rather than to invest or reduce losses. The “cost-plus” rate-setting method reduces the incentive for utilities to invest in efficiency improvement. This in turn disrupts the market balance and reduces national competitiveness. This will set tariffs at a share of the asset base.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264102637-6-en	82ea2f8fe10f5667bfc0cd797fc4800f	The idea that “the dykes make up the state” has long shaped Dutch water policy, and managing water affairs remains essentially a core public activity. This is in part due to the highly specific challenge of maintaining w'ater levels at desired levels in extensive reclaimed areas. However, private enterprise has a role in actually implementing many water management activities, such as dredging and the construction of dykes, pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants. This overview is important to understand the institutional set-up that has a direct influence on water governance and financing frameworks in the Netherlands. Territorial decentralisation concerns the provinces and municipalities, which have, in principle, a broad responsibility while functional administrative bodies (e.g. regional water authorities) are responsible for one or more specific tasks.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	82ed31b8d39bf313b6ab7b838a233612	Based on current knowledge of the cost of disease treatment, future costs to the government National Health Service are projected. The model is developed in three steps: a regression analysis to project the future distribution of risk factors in the population; a microsimulation model to project the future disease burden associated with these risk factors; and an ex-post calculation to estimate public expenditures in current dollars associated with the projected future disease burden. The equations were then used to predict the future distribution of BMI categories from 2008 to 2050.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/a4d64314-en	82ed95c7503cc634d8b4c8266dec28ed	Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures. Equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender-specific violence, such as sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography and sexual demand, whether by words or actions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	82efb4f939ad36ca57d16e91d23b57a9	Women reported 32% of Danish news stories, but female and male reporters do not report equally on all news topics. Women reported only 15% of the news stories on politics or the economy and female reporters were also more likely than male reporters to use female news subjects and put a woman in the central focus of a story. However, the majority of male and female reporters used male news sources and only 13% of news stories had a woman in the central focus in 2015.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	82efb538851d5b86fb260015b7938127	The need for an overall innovation strategy, for priority setting and for policy coordination is thus critical in strengthening innovation systems whether at the national, local or sector levels. From a policy perspective, the innovation system approach has a number of important strengths. Policy dynamics, moreover, are generated by the interaction of policies with the behavioural norms and attitudes of actors that they seek to condition.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	82f02b4041321f6ec868454306f33084	Some of these regional collaborations are far more developed than others. Flowever, states themselves must take the lead in planning, funding and implementing the range of policy changes and initiatives outlined in this chapter. In 2003 free compulsory primary education was introduced and in 2008 all school fees were abolished.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	82f2345a50285682bfa567f8130431f6	Even if revenue is not used for environmental purposes, or only to a limited extent, environment ministries stand to benefit from environmental improvements due to the tax-incentivized changes to consumption and production patterns. Focussing on economic and social policy aspects might also help convince other ministries of the potential benefits of environmental taxation. Rivalry between ministries can thereby be reduced and potential concerns on the part of environment ministries that insufficient revenue will be used for environmental purposes can be minimized.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	82f382d032fe90bf29f7df66f37eefa7	In the next chapters we will examine whether the legislative frameworks of the six countries contain provisions that hold back women’s economic empowerment. The 1959 Constitution in Tunisia proclaimed equal access to education, which became compulsory in 1991. In Morocco, education for children aged 6 to 13 became compulsory in 1963. In Egypt, the 1971 Constitution established public education as compulsory' and free of charge.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	82f3c5debced2e602833ced6dd7003a8	This act is responsible for identifying the rightful holder, mediating disputes and transferring land to the new owner. In 1994 the Restitution of Land Rights Act was created, which facilitates the acquisition of land in former white areas for black farmers. In 1997 the South African government created the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, which adapted and updated the Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act as to protect occupants from eviction and to regulate land rights as to ensure tenure security.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	82f7c29b0d9ad6b4accea567085791a7	Only by using longitudinal data one can understand the processes behind cross-sectional statistics: the events leading individuals into and out of poverty, and the associated impact on their living standards. Longitudinal poverty analysis can also identify ways in and out of poverty, which can help policymakers adopt better safety nets or other inclusion policies. Discrepancies between international and national databases often result from differences in the ways in which the associated indicators are defined and reported. Empty cells indicate that the corresponding figures do not appear in either database, for any of the years taken into consideration (from 1990 to 2009).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	82fb27dce5c7ccb7d33c865b34963534	Section 5 summarises key issues related to the reporting of information on provision, mobilisation and receipt of support. Section 6 presents some concluding remarks and discussion questions. The section covers the provisions on measurement, reporting, review and consideration of information provided by Parties, as well as related issues such as the global stocktake (for which information reported by Parties could be an important input). The main articles in the Paris Agreement containing provisions relating to transparency of mitigation and support are Article 13, which establishes the enhanced transparency framework, Article 4 on nationally determined contributions.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188914-en	82fbdb4bd85e5d2d3c1bbbdc1b7668a4	The review process is designed to facilitate partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. The principal objective of the OECD review is to examine the links between the higher education institutions and the city of Wroclaw and the wider region, and to strengthen these links to the benefit of both. The two key questions in this respect are: How can the city and the wider region benefit from a stronger higher education system? In what ways can higher education institutions individually and collectively contribute to the economic, social and cultural development of Wroclaw and Lower Silesia.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	82fce3c9760694feb207d11321b8eedb	By making Malanville the staging point for imports destined to the isolated territories of French Sudan, the colonial administration broke with older commercial logics dominated by exchanges along the Niger River valley and by routes linking Hausa territories in the east to the Ashanti in the southwest. Malanville and Gaya became international crossroads whereas the riparian communities entered a period of pronounced isolation. The density and quality of contemporary road infrastructure reflects this orientation and favours international flows to the detriment of the local economy fMap 6.2).	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-9-en	83010c2fbaa4fda82bf74149eec5489c	This chapter reviews Thailand’s teacher and principal preparation, licensing, assessment and continuing development policies and the structures and organisations that support them. It identifies five policy issues that may be preventing the development of a high-quality education profession: 1) inadequate teacher preparation programmes; 2) a lack of a strategic approach to teachers ’ professional development; 3) administrative burdens keeping teachers away from the classroom; 4) no strategic framework to support the development of school leaders; and 5) a fragmented approach to data management and teacher deployment making it harder to tackle teacher shortages. This should be developed in consultation with teachers, school leaders and their associations. Teacher funding and deployment should better reflect local needs to ensure all students are taught by highly qualified and high-quality teachers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	83012c744e6e1e7384a9c0827e6f3a92	In terms of the challenge, building energy consumption accounts for well over half (63%) of the metro region’s greenhouse gas emissions and imposes comparatively high costs on energy consumers (CNT, 2009b). Buildings in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region tend to use far more energy than even comparable buildings in the Midwest, in part due to their age and lack of insulation. While energy efficiency is unlikely to contribute much to emissions reduction if it is not accompanied by a high carbon price, it is still a necessary element of any policy to address climate change (OECD, 2013).20 In terms of the opportunity, retrofitting of existing buildings to increase their energy-efficiency involves a relatively high demand for low and semi-skilled labour and strengthens the local cluster in professional energy services.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8301e983dd8f59c3b0a5aa186b6cc3ad	Ponds have been rehabilitated, springs developed and made accessible to communities and livestock, and slow sand filters constructed. Training has also been given to four rangeland management committees on rangeland improvement and hay preservation. The communities have been deeply involved in the execution of the project, which has extended to 1,422 ha of their land.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8464a369-en	83049a6c3a082afdb10e681392d53f32	The initiative seeks to ensure medical coverage for complications before, during or after childbirth. This policy came linked with implementation of the Equal Start in Life Action Plan (APV), aimed at unifying, organizing and coordinating actions across highly decentralized health services to ensure the right of all mothers to be healthy during pregnancy and childbirth, and the right of children to be healthy at birth. The action plan lays out a set of strategic guidelines for improving care during childbirth, as well as a set of tools for improving services through staff training, replacement and replenishment of appropriate equipment and improving critical case transport services (Secretariat of Health of Mexico, 2008).	1	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	83057adf150e22bfe2dafde2936aa021	One country where final users receive this signal is Korea, where laws were passed in the period 1999-2002 to set up river basin authorities financed by bulk water use charges, which are passed on to consumers through tariffs. This information was provided by national experts as part of the response to the OECD 2007-08 Survey.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	8306bba037e3ccab466fbd689fd1a6d4	As Figure 3.19 shows, wealth and rural-urban disparities are important across regions, with low-income and rural households relying on solid fuels to a much greater extent than high-income and urban households. In 2012, indoor air pollution caused 4.3 million premature deaths, with women and girls accounting for 6 out of every 10 of these. As a cause of non-communicable diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and heart disease, indoor air pollution has become a major environmental health concern.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264222519-10-en	83090ecf039bee510f374a34bf34a11f	The fees are used to carry out the compensation and restoration activities through the CUSTF. This chapter reviews the CUSTF, an environmental compensation programme that has been operating in Mexico for almost a decade and has been adjusted over the years in an effort to better meet its intended objectives. This includes land-use change due to mining, energy transmission, agriculture, tourism and service infrastructure, among other activities. The programme is intended to take action specifically by restoring soils, reforesting and maintaining forest ecosystems that were deteriorated.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	830b19ee6b42aa538746d8274af04dea	Raising the incomes of the poor is the main channel through which trade can contribute to food security. At the same time, trade can make an important contribution to the other dimensions of food security. Trade in food and agricultural products in particular increases the availability of food by enabling products to flow from surplus to deficit areas.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	830bcc8e5a5706f61b246d1ea1c81425	Yet most gender-equality agencies are vested with this responsibility (OECD, 2011d). While audits or inspections also exist, they are very rare. Similarly, it is not common practice to incorporate the implementation of genderrelevant policies into managerial performance objectives and there are often little or no consequences for failing to meet gender equality targets (OECD, 2011d).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	830f0f32c9bfa5d0021d0c47704e10bb	Cote d'Ivoire was estimated to have exported 28 000 tonnes of maize over the same period, including 22 000 tonnes to Mali. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the growing interdependence between policies, flows and production, biasing interpretation of the real capacity of supply to meet food demand. This information is an essential contribution in food security and nutrition policies and provides the basis for calculating food energy supply. Consumption of maize H and sorghum is overestimated and H of rice underestimated.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	831008cb73114cd594eec5eb2ded8abe	Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, w'hich lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008. While there have always been profound changes in labour demand (e.g. when agriculture contracted and manufacturing expanded), the fact that these recent changes have been associated with a decline in labour force participation may reflect the difficulty for workers losing their job to adapt to changing demand and remain in the labour force.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	83106f92cbf67578c650d49f1b1abd53	These are specialised in grain and oilseed production and characterised by more capital intensive techniques. The rationale for breaking up large farms with substantial machinery and other equipment was less obvious in these regions, and the existing managers were well placed to maintain operations. Large grain producers in these regions often have direct contracts with buyers overseas - either foreign traders or mills. Many large production units belong to so-called “agroholdings”, vertically integrated structures which incorporate farms, silos and processing plants and sometimes sea terminals.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	83117efd4eaa16f45ec70e2eda31d959	The differences between countries are due to differences in load factors and the cost of back-up capacity. The system costs of the three key technologies increase from onshore wind to offshore wind and solar PV. These system-level costs come over and above the higher plant-level costs of renewables. Including the latter, based on the figures contained in the 2010 IEA/NEA study on the Projected Costs 0/ Generating Electricity as well as more recent figures for solar power, increases total generating costs by up to 30% for onshore wind, up to 50% for offshore wind and up to 200% for solar energy.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	8311a4d602b7c148cbc52a3bfe89dd92	The report also shows that newborns whose parents have little or no education are more likely to be readmitted to hospital following discharge than the babies of parents with more education. In the 2009 report Doing Better for Children the OECD stated that “Countries should invest more resources during the period from conception until entry into compulsory schooling when outcomes are more malleable and foundations for future success are laid. If interventions are well designed, concentrating on early childhood can enhance both social efficiency and social equity” (OECD, 2009, p. 179).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	83142ba87b17bfdb41b29b3a5d51cc44	Significant investment is also needed to upgrade combined sewer overflows, reconstruct trunk sewers and construct storm water detention tanks (MoE, 2010a). Another significant challenge will be to increase drinking water and sewerage connection rates to new houses, as inhabitants have refused to join the networks citing high collection charges and a requirement that they finance the connection. A low connection rate threatens the financial viability of water service networks.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	83144d7d50846be37cb0a7cc3e67aa57	Involving stakeholders in policy development will create a sense of empowerment and enable policymakers to take their concerns into account in policy design, for example by providing suitable support or capacity building for the installation of new technologies, or introducing a tax escalator to give business time to respond to new policies. The underlying rationale of environmental taxation is not clear to many stakeholders: why increasing a tax on a particular good or service improves environmental quality is rarely understood. The strategies in table 5.1 may help to improve communication of environmental taxes.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	83151295f56dd30a51c3e22f32d47f6a	The causes of such issues are therefore both institutional and political (OECD, 2016a). For example, in 2015, MOC worked with the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) to develop a comprehensive set of Urban Green Growth Indicators, with 40 indicators under four categories: environmental sustainability; economic sustainability; social inclusion; and institutional responsiveness. The indicators span across key green growth sectors including energy, w'ater, air quality, waste and transport (Table 3.5).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	831561dbba9f6d4363278552050f990d	Linked with the complexity and diversity of tourism jobs, consistent and ongoing formal evaluation of policy measures implemented is needed to ensure programmes are appropriately targeted and are achieving the desired outcomes in order to develop human resources in the sector. Monitoring and measuring the return on investment in training can demonstrate the impact on business performance at enteiprise level and for the sector as a whole and can also help to strengthen the training culture and value attached to human capital by industry. More work is needed on the return on investment in training to build the business case in order to encourage industry leadership and convince the sector of the benefits of adopting a strategic approach to workforce development. The emphasis is on enhancing skills development and career progression opportunities for people employed in tourism SMEs.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	83166a0b1db7a75cefcc745c06af7e7b	The financing is split between the national government (50%), the revenues from the congestion tax (41%), the city of Gothenburg (4%), Region Vastra Gotaland and Region Halland (total 4%), and realised property values (1%). While the decision on the agreement was taken with clear majorities in the political bodies of Gothenburg, Region Vastra Gotaland and Region Halland, there was limited, if any, public discussion. In a local advisory referendum, which took place after the agreement was implemented, a majority of citizens was against the tax, but the tax collection (started in 2013) is still in place. The tax is SEK 9-22 depending on the time of day (the corresponding tax in Stockholm is SEK 11-35 and in Oslo NOK 33). Since the tax was implemented, travel by car has increased in Gothenburg in line with the national average, but travel by public transport has increased faster. The package is now being implemented and most investments are scheduled to be finalised by 2026.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	831781924cb441cbbd8988320526feec	According to Tanvig, women in peripheral areas most often opt for a certain type of entrepreneurship; a type of entrepreneurship which is highly dependent on the local communities and the opportunities within this community. Thus, women in these areas often start up small businesses with no or only a few employees working part-time or full-time. This might not create many new jobs in the peripheral areas, however, more women might return to the peripheral areas upon having finished their education and remain there to create other forms of employment than those traditionally offered in the local communities; thus these women might be instrumental in evening out the gender balance (Tanvig 2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	831ac273fe4eacfe9303337a09800e6b	And finally, it is also important globally due to Brazil’s role as a leading supplier on international markets. At present, Brazil’s trade opportunities are affected by slow' growth in developed economies, loss of momentum in key emerging economies, and greater competition in global agricultural markets. Brazil’s broadest challenge today is to sustain high agricultural growth in the conditions when its past powerful supply and demand drivers have weakened. This puts the sector’s cost competitiveness into the foreground where increased innovation will play an essential role in achieving it.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	831dcfed3148e2938bee3b1d54e871aa	Using discarded hard drives, discs, circuit boards and other components, sculptors are able to create works of art, some of which are quite expensive.51 Below is 'Jack', an art piece by Brenda Guyton that was on sale for USD99552. Creative forms of utilization of the e-waste would help to raise awareness while creating employment at the same time.53 An e-waste treatment facility established by Hewlett Packard in Cape Town, South Africa processed approximately 60 tons of electronic equipment, generated about USD14,000, and employed 19 people in 2008 54 . Workers refurbished and resold some products and dismantled others to sell the raw materials to businesses that recycle metals and plastics.	12	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	831dec95f3b17e8557bd0f00bcba4fa9	For small agricultural producers in particular, e-commerce provides an opportunity to gain direct access to more consumers and renders prices more remunerative, as intermediary costs are eliminated. However, business training, access to credit, targeted online promotions and effective distribution networks are a necessary condition for these economic gains. Given that time and mobility constraints are often greater for women, particularly those with children, technological developments like e-commerce can have an important impact on women's work.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	83214af3fa9d338b480d1604d84f0cee	For persons with disabilities, information should be provided in accessible formats. If such vulnerable groups are not adequately informed and supported, the system as a whole must be judged to have failed. Rapid onset disasters such as near-field tsunamis and flash floods only allow between 15 minutes and a couple of hours from detection to impact, so the warning system should be able to respond to imminent danger. Other hazards, such as cyclones and seasonal floods, may be detected days or even weeks in advance - allowing people to protect assets and livelihoods (Figure III-2).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	83216fccee26db5f688e9c79e2f350ea	The build-up of plastic debris in coastal zones is severe and different in character from open-sea plastic pollution, with different impacts on women's near-shore fishing than on open-ocean fishing by men. Loss of economic activities, damage to well-being, and mental health aspects of the impacts of degraded environments are all gender-differentiated and likely to be more intense for women in near-shore fisheries than for men in fisheries located offshore. However, virtually no research or data exist on such differences.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	83225b2d01a33bdcfc64c152fa50dbcb	Finally, the study also suggests that some risks treated as negative in previous studies, such as variations in interest rates, can be viewed by farmers as something that could generate business opportunities. Since 2004 product prices have improved and interest rates decreased so it may be that current attitudes to risk reflect present conditions rather than a longer term view of the likely changes. It should also be noted that the results of the study may possibly reflect a sample bias: the farmers surveyed were all average to above average managers and so would be confident in their ability to leverage skills and knowledge to best effect.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	83237b618aaa89f97e3f6e2c9f267fcb	"There are also some regions where groundwater sources have been contaminated by local industry. In 2000, the Ukrainian Government adopted a State programme to connect 848 villages from 14 oblasts to a centralized water supply. But centralized solutions were too expensive for the State to build and too expensive for rural communities to operate. The new policy on rural water supply developed in 2010 widens the options for providing services to rural communities, including decentralized, small water supply systems and ""on tap"" water treatment measures."	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fbbd3d20-en	8323eae9d700c225aa126c48dfa282d2	In that context, social security plays a central role in ensuring that autonomy and for exercising a series of related rights, such as the rights to food, health, leisure and social integration. Social security also has an important part to play in helping the region's societies achieve gender equality. As a result, although the situation across the region is not uniform, the feminization of old age is a trend that is unfolding in all the countries.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	8328c1d4aedb6154356073539544fdda	Therefore, high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) can result in better outcomes in subsequent stages of life. For instance, the number of years spent in ECEC is a strong predictor of level ofperformance in and out of schools reached at later stages. In the same vein, children with an immigrant background and more globally disadvantaged children can benefit the most of attending high-quality ECEC. However, the benefits of ECEC attendance are not limited to learning outcomes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264107243-en	832957a658339f0bb80f5e0070508cff	A school's socio-economic background refers to the average socio-economic index of the students attending that school. The average socio-economic index of the students in the country is referred to as the socio-economic profile of the education system. A low score on the index relates to a socio-economically disadvantaged background; a high score on the index relates to a socio-economically advantaged background.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	832a0d26b1beae7c7190998c9a9b3a46	The years considered are 2010 for Mexico; 2009 for Brazil and Chile; and 2008 for South Africa. The conditionality attached to them implies that in addition to directly tackling poverty, they are also intended to improve school attendance and the health status of mothers and children. This particular feature, common in all emerging economies, is justified by the high incidence of in-work poverty (largely in the informal sector).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	832c50d9c2ee7ba1fc8a2288343628b1	This paper focuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s lifecourses. In particular, the paper evaluates the way in which specific pension design features can reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age. Identifying the sources of gender gaps in pension systems can contribute to understanding the impacts that recently adopted pension reforms can have and the policy directions that can help enhance gender equality today and in the future.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	832d264f74a2940d768a22c4c18c7051	In China, for example, fees represent the main funding source of public hospitals. Some have taken initiatives to encourage workers not covered by the mandatory contributory programmes to join voluntarily the social security programmes, as in Indonesia and Mexico. However, the lack of significant subsidisation of contributions has resulted in very low levels of voluntary affiliation.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	832e43d668a88f658c65fdd0e6ab6b5f	Together with various universities and the National Research Council, it has also set up specialised centres for research into environmental questions, into philological and literary aspects of the language of the Veneto, and into hydrology, meteorology and climatology. It runs a programme to integrate and share environmental data among all the major institutions and research bodies. With four faculties and 19 departments, many key disciplines are offered and Venice often hosts important research and modelling activities.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	832eaae71248f7d89322e6b73909a74a	It has a mandate to follow and evaluate mainstreaming women’s needs in national policies and supporting the production of budgets sensitive to the needs of women. In the Palestinian Authority, the situation is different due to the fact that the split between Hamas and Fatah has impeded the functioning of the Palestinian Legislative Committee since 2007. To strengthen the legislature’s role in this area, countries may increase women’s representation in legislatures, which is known to increase attention to gender issues and strengthen the mandates of parliamentary' committees to oversee the progress of women’s empowerment.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	833027b22155cd0b00d377aa8f4841e4	The school principal decides how many teaching hours per week to allocate to each teacher (see Chapter 3 for greater detail). This means that teachers who are not needed in the school can be allocated just a few hours, instead of being openly dismissed. In fact direct dismissal of teachers is rare. Similarly, school principals can decide which teachers are given which responsibilities in school leadership teams, but the number and types of deputy principals and their specific tasks are set in legislation.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	8330aa5d192e5474cbce9e87eb43f1aa	The latter are imposed on wastewater emissions by industrial and other large w ater users w'ho discharge into public sewers and who pay the utility according to the volume and strength of pollutants present in their w'astew'ater. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	8331cac7d7656718c30d0d04c3fa39a4	The diversity and abundance of reef fishes is correlated with the extent and architectural complexity of coral reefs (Friedlander and Parrish, 1998). The loss and degradation of coral reefs through climate change can be expected to reduce the abundance and diversity of fishes, with negative impacts for subsistence and artisanal fisheries that provide important livelihoods and a source of protein and micronutrients for coastal and island populations. Events such as the 1998 mass coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean have not been accompanied by obvious negative short-term bio-economic impacts for coastal reef fisheries (Grandcourt and Cesar, 2003; Spalding and Jarvis, 2002; Bellwood et al., However, a longer term study of Seychelles fish assemblages has indicated that responses may lag long after the coral mortality event, due to the loss in complex substrate that smaller fishes depend upon. Fish assemblage structure appears to be determined by the degree of bio-erosion and collapse of the dead reef architecture (Graham et al.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	83351d043c5894bb705b7a02f3ea8d33	Almost 100% of the urban population has access to drinking water and as of 2007 about 82% of it was connected to a sewerage network with treatment (Figure 10.3). This is the result of a modern and effective institutional and policy framework that was made possible by a proactive process of privatisation of water utilities initiated in the late 1990s. The framework combines: i) high-quality regulation; ii) water operators (in most cases private sector providers) being allowed to recover the full cost of service provision, thereby enabling investment in assuring coverage and quality of service; and iii) an innovative system of subsidies targeted to poor consumers to ensure affordability.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264114029-en	833640ac03834da4eab60e77f110415b	The recommendations advanced in this report are therefore designed to shift the balance and increase the incentives for schools and school districts to give adequate attention to quality CTE alongside other aspects of education. A LEARNING FOR JOBS REVIEW OFTHE UNITED STATES. Part-time teachers are also often used constructively to tackle the challenge of recruiting CTE teachers. In postsecondary CTE state standards allow students to move easily from one institution to another in the state while retaining earned credits. These include “Achieve Texas”, which restructures high school CTE provision into 16 federally defined career clusters and defines programmes of study.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	8338f62df6a2d8406ea3e9b35a1051c3	Although around 1 billion people worldwide live with some form of disability, adequate infrastructure for persons with disabilities is still underdeveloped, making independent mobility a challenge for many.74 Remote rural areas present severe mobility challenges. Additional impediments may remain even when infrastructure is in place—such as discriminatory hiring practices that limit access to jobs for persons with disabilities . Many dimensions of human development may still be lacking, including agency, security and sustainability.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	8339d304b4c5672b1f18165c5025a76c	In Cambodia, much of the success was achieved in the 1990s; in the past decade, the country has struggled to maintain its share of manufactures around 90 per cent. Outside of Asia, Haiti stands out as a success story in diversification into manufactures. Its share of manufactures in merchandise exports increased from 67.4 per cent in 1995 to over 90 per cent in 2011. Unfortunately, no African LDC can boast a similar performance.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	833c974d69fff0fa9c3987f42fe1bc32	The preparatory analysis is technical in nature and involves identifying data sources, including household expenditure surveys, indicators and models. A consultation process is proposed for the second and third steps. Risk assessment draws on the perceived food security threats of experts and stakeholders and on available scientific and statistical evidence.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	833caa47c20a163a6caa4b9c717363a5	For example, Decision 12/CP.2 stipulates that the Global Environment Facility is to submit annual reports to the Conference of the Parties that “should” include a financial report with information on the “financial resources required” for projects under implementation and approved. Thus, climate finance information is included by these entities in their annual reports to the COP. However, the COP has not (to date) provided specific guidance on what financial information to report, and how. While most COP requests for information to GEF are couched in quite tentative terms (e.g. Decision 1/CP.20 requests and encourages specific actions or reports from the GEF), others are stronger (e.g. Decision 8/CP.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	833f7901e041f8f291abc9336d907529	In urban areas near international borders, the implementation of smart trade initiatives can help to improve cross-border transportation and trade (Box 2.8). Co-ordination is needed across different levels of government to develop spatial and strategic planning that will foster synergies and avoid duplication and conflict in planning within and between cities and regions. Among OECD member countries, spatial planning considerations are increasingly important, while in some countries, such as Denmark, Finland and Norway, spatial planning takes into account land use and other related matters (OECD, 2011).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	8341375f5ac8d92e21414bced8f1e0f6	The expansion of access to Medicare funding can be considered a possible tool to encourage appropriately qualified and trained health practitioners to embrace other roles. For example, pharmacists in areas of need could be eligible to receive Medicare funding to administer vaccines and prescribe limited medications. Such a move should be carefully regulated and done in a fiscally responsible way.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	8341c1165c413958f21990c5899a59a3	The adolescent fertility rate shares a positive association with child poverty and this finding is robust across different model specifications. This suggests that child poverty is higher when adolescent fertility is higher, ceteris paribus. By contrast, the share of the population living in rural areas shows a negative association with relative child poverty only when taking into account information on the level of social expenditure and the share paid to the poorest 10% of households.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3615596e-en	8342a4eb3f9f07eab23cfa63897b932e	This decline in the participation rate from earlier years (for both men and women) was due to cyclical factors, such as the recession and slow recovery from the recent financial crisis, and to structural factors, such as population ageing and more years of education (ILO, 2016). According to ECLAC (2004), there are still differences between men and women despite this progress. In 2002, about half of all women aged over 15 had no income of their own, while just 20% or so of men were in this situation.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	8342b266c672a44267379aa30351f20e	To safeguard inclusiveness, it is crucial that the government also put in place appropriate policies to ensure that no one is left behind during this transformation and that all firms and all citizens can equally participate in and benefit from it. Between 1990 and 2015, Poland managed to close the GDP per capita gap with the OECD average by more than 25 percentage points (Figure 1.1). Since the start of its collaboration with the OECD under the Partners in Transition Programme in 1990, Poland's economy has undergone sweeping change, with privatisation of many state-owned enterprises and liberalisation of prices, trade and capital flows. Just 7% of employees worked long hours in Poland in 2014, compared to 13% in the OECD, and the homicide rate was just 1% in 2013, compared to 4% in the OECD.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.30875/32bff34e-en	8345e97c2f0aa05b02334449f33a4ecb	In addition, the United States made a notification of its trade preference scheme for Nepal. Overall, 18,500 participants were trained (see page 160). Members discussed an external evaluation of the WTO’s technical assistance. Their share of world exports declined to 0.91 per cent and their collective trade deficit widened to US$ 92.9 billion from US$ 87 billion in 2015.	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	83465cf9e76ac48e583b0ed4de3b0378	These estimates of the effect of poverty reduction on lone parents are, however, based on actual receipt. As these are low the overall effect on child poverty also tends to be low, although for those in receipt of maintenance they are important for the avoidance of poverty. In addition, those that receive maintenance are more likely to have been previously married, and these parents are therefore also more likely to have older children and be in employment. While maintenance may be important to the incomes of these women, those who are not in receipt of maintenance are even more likely to be poor. While behaviour and health differences also follow income gradients, Figure 2.9 illustrates the strong relationship between children’s development and income in the United Kingdom during middle childhood and shows that there are large gaps in outcomes by income. Many of these differences have already emerged by the time children enter school.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8f4c5230-en	8347a40d26130436699cb0bca77084f7	Currently, only 10 out of 54 gender-related indicators, can reliably be monitored at the global level. Established methodologies exist for another 25 indicators but country coverage is insufficient to allow for global monitoring. While this is a challenge for measuring change, at least in the short run, it also provides an opportunity for improving the availability and quality of gender statistics.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	834a55c676df680708c93e969ba61966	Moreover, social welfare programmes targeting the individuals and households most at risk during the economic downturn have been created or expanded. This usually goes hand in hand with weak public care policies and programmes that provide scanty coverage and are fragmented and underfunded. The right to provide and receive care still depends mainly on the time and effort that women in the household can devote to it, on intcrgeneralional solidarity within families, and on individual ability to pay for care services. It also limits women’s options for entering the labour market (see figure 20).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b656887e-en	834b7e3494c265013440fbadf3ee07e7	For this study, the places that homeless people frequent are taken as the locations providing services to meet their needs, as well as the public spaces in which they spend time (De Vitiis et al., Two approaches were instead considered: the first involved selecting individuals at canteens and night shelters (known to be frequented by large numbers of homeless people); the second focused on public spaces. Both approaches had limitations related to incomplete coverage of homeless populations, and to the risk of including people multiple times. Addressing this challenge is more complex for a survey conducted in public spaces, however.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	834f32ea3dc80bf5c91173fb1f970a7f	The survey provides information on the prevalence of selected lifetime and 12-month mental disorders by three major disorder groups: anxiety disorders (e.g. social phobia), affective disorders (e.g. depression) and substance use disorders (e.g. alcohol harmful use). The survey also provides information on the level of impairment, the health services used for mental health problems, physical conditions, social networks and caregiving, as well as demographic and socio-economic characteristics. In 2012, the Canadian Community Health Survey (Area Specific Version) focused on mental health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	8353f87c02a9c3f6810fcb8067d92ab8	The circles represent the country with the highest and lowest impact on wage associated with NSW for each decile. This aspect has remained unexplored in the literature. Previous work has attempted to make a link between the polarisation of jobs and earnings by arguing that pait of rising household earnings inequality is related to the polarisation between jobless and job-rich households (see Gregg and Wadsworth, 1996).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	83561bb812eb69c6da9555a5658c236f	To compete for FDI effectively, Penang needs to target specific industrial clusters that leverage on the existing competencies of the state and the natural resources in its regional hinterland. Examples of possible industrial clusters where Penang could forge comparative advantages might include the marine & agro-technology sector, opto-electronics and precision engineering, as these are sectors where Penang has already built some foundations over the years. In addition to improving the technical contents of its educational system, Penang should also look into injecting an entrepreneurial dimension to its university research and education system, for example by offering educational programmes involving experiential learning of entrepreneurship among the students of science and engineering, and other disciplines and by providing seed funding and mentoring of entrepreneurial start-ups by university professors and students. (	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/65d65044-en	8356b1354aea6dd00cf6970a5f02ff56	Third, and most significantly, it is important to build up women's agency and capabilities to create better synergies between gender equality and sustainable development outcomes. Ensuring women's access to and control over agricultural assets and productive resources is important for achieving food security and sustainable livelihoods (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2011). Women's knowledge, agency and collective action are central to finding, demonstrating and building more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable pathways to manage local landscapes; adapt to climate change; produce and access food; and secure sustainable water, sanitation and energy services. Further, certain aspects of gender equality, such as female education and women's share of employment, can have a positive impact on economic growth, although this impact is dependent on the nature of growth strategies, the structure of the economy, the sectoral composition of women's employment and labour market segregation, among other factors (Kabeer and Natali, 2013).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	8358d361e8ba65e27e3ccb427cdf2770	Implementing self-evaluation of schools as a tool to improve quality has been on the educational agenda in OECD and EU member countries for many years. Greece is now among those countries setting objectives and benchmarks. But policymakers should be aware that self-evaluation of schools is a highly demanding and time-consuming exercise.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/cfea5590-en	835d49026271d72044b9bbec6b8e1481	The estimated dietary energy consumption for the period from 2006-2010 was 3 019.32 calories per person per day which is above the FAO-WHO determined requirement of 2 200 calories per person per day to meet the basic nutrition needs. It is evident from the dietary energy contribution that the intake of nutrients is limited and the diversity of food composition is very poor. Within cereals, the demand for maize and buckwheat is fulfilled by domestic production and the rest is met through imports. In 2010, Bhutan imported 50 percent of its rice, 20 percent of its millet and 64 percent of wheat and barley.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	835da68d7aba28fde69ad996b6d61f19	For example, in South and South-West Asia, the population living on or less than $2 per day increased from 985 million in 1990 to 1.1 billion in 2010, which accounted for about 62 per cent of the regions poor. However, out of this number, India alone accounted for 834 million people living below $2 in 2010. In particular, two of the worlds most populous countries, namely China and India, have been able to significantly reduce extreme poverty over the last two decades. The percentage of people living in extreme poverty in China was reduced from 60.2 per cent in 1990 to 11.8 per cent in 2009.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	835f32b95589271b67bf4d505e2a1d5c	For example, abstraction charge rates are higher for domestic users while volumes abstracted for drinking w'ater supply are much lower than volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. The pressure exerted on the resource can also be assessed through the difference between the volumes of water that are abstracted and the volumes that are returned to the environment. For example, it is estimated that around 90% of the volume used for cooling thermal and nuclear power plants is returned to the w'atercourse, w'hile irrigation returns a small portion of its abstracted volume to the environment. The latter explains why rates for cooling purposes are quite low compared to other uses, but does not explain why rates for irrigation are low'er than rates applied to drinking water supply, know'ing that almost all volumes used by households are returned to the environment after treatment.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	835f46469703aaccf22865d92bd7cf77	However, further actions are needed to enhance smart trade between Mae Sot and Myawaddy. First, both governments are strongly urged to establish a single window to facilitate customs procedures and documentation by implementing an electronic data exchange system for all stakeholders. Second, dry ports, which contain logistical facilities such as container depots, yards, and truck terminals, can be developed, particularly at the Mae Sot side. Third, labour movement facilitation is needed to supervise migration and to enhance the working conditions of Burmese workers in Thailand. Fourth, a formal framework is needed to officially allow Thai electricity companies to export electricity across the border and the Myawaddy firms to use it. Fifth, the SEZs surrounding the border crossing are still at the first stage of their development, and a Cross-border Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) could be jointly developed to enhance smart trade, taking into account their comparative advantages, endowments, and strengths.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	835f7e69786d7f901e5c3224b6dc285b	Recipiency is also high in Greece which allocates to nearly 20% of retirees targeted benefits at a level equivalent to about 14% of the average wage. At the same time, around 60% receive the contributory minimum pension, which is 36% of the average wage. ( Portugal shows very similar shares of recipients and benefit levels.) The Greek percentages are additive, which means that some three-quarters of pensioners receive one or other type of safety-net benefit.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	83634fc94b6531fcf82f5ecc28316a5f	Countries must therefore establish their own definition depending on their analytical needs, the objectives of the survey and the national context. Some countries have developed a classification of localities based not only on population size but also on the socioeconomic structure of the population in the localities and contiguous areas. Locality may coincide with a cluster in cluster sampling designs. Owing to the great variation among countries, questions aimed at measuring ethnicity, religion and language must be developed at the country level. The most recent census of the population may be useful as a starting point for developing these questions.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	83645eee356ddfa77cff77d5496b9fe1	The Australian state of Victoria funds a programme, specifically targeted at boys, called “Boys, Blokes, Books & Bytes” that promotes learning styles that are appealing to boys, and involves adult men as positive role models and reading partners. The programme is based on peer learning, as teachers leam from and with each other with the support of a tutor. Once fully developed, the programme will be offered to teachers from pre-school to upper secondary' school. New York City’s Young Men’s Initiative includes reading and math classes for young black and Latino men who are not yet ready to take the General Education Development (high school equivalency) test.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	8365124cbf788b8c4421e64727fe0749	What steps is the government taking to reduce barriers to entry for renewable energy providers? Mechanisms that allocate the entirety of the costs of interconnection and network upgrades to the generator (“deep cost allocation”) can be prohibitively costly for investors in clean electricity generation, and therefore constitute a barrier to entry. By contrast, only allocating the costs of the enabling facilities to the generator (“shallow pricing”) will be attractive for developers but can constitute a challenge for the transmission operator (Madrigal and Stoft, 2011).	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	836599c3cfea5d6f9eb5a6c4620de116	This is especially so in a world characterized by new and often more precarious forms of work, escalating violence and mounting environmental crises. Many people are deprived of a sense of security that they will be able to retain tomorrow the gains they have made today. Many are deprived of voice and opportunities to participate in the collective valuation of policies and priorities.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	8366176d8f1a2ffae7c96c61a3e7767d	Projections in a recent OECD report indicate that high levels of informality will prevail well into the future; as a result, the growth in social insurance coverage evident in the recent past is unlikely to maintain this trajectory (OECD, 2017[2ij). Due to the timing of its launch, expenditure on CBHI is not covered in the expenditure analysis for the period 2012/13 to 2015/16. However, a rapid increase in enrolment suggests that spending on CBHI will grow strongly over in the near future.	1	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	836633e79b18e1d0f3117cd9bb880a8a	Co-location is another approach that seeks to build demand. Basic overhead costs - energy, security and administrative expenses - can be pooled, generating economies of scope. If post office services are consolidated with a shop, people can obtain their mail and purchase food in one trip. Finally, service merger takes similar or substitute services and combines them into a single entity.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	836b7e1d7d7d3342d81cfd2e036d3328	Likewise, women gain financial independence and increased decision-making power when they emigrate (Peleah, 2007). Specifically, social remittance exchanges occur when migrants return to live in or visit their communities of origin, when non-migrants visit migrants abroad, or through the exchange of e-mails, blog posts and telephone calls (Levitt, 1998). In this way, migrants carry new ideas, practices and narratives which influence the social institutions and norms of their origin countries.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3ad10876-en	836dcbaa0b3a4f6a5c92c37e7068e445	Beyond 2030, the predicted increase in air temperature is expected to lead to reduced river flows. The predicted increased aridity and evapotranspiration in the region are expected to be reflected in increased irrigation requirements in the region. Among the implications of predicted changes is aggravated desertification.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8375592ec9803b945415c9a5e587d38f	As seen in the previous section, a reduction on the availability factor of 0.7-1.4% could be attributed to load cycling operations in the French nuclear park. It is sometimes mentioned that the adoption of flexible operations could cause a suboptimal utilisation of nuclear fuel and a consequent increase in fuel costs. However, more advanced operational modes can smooth the variations in the neutron flux that is associated with load following and therefore limit the impact on fuel burn-up.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	8376a0d2a6adf0109017a160ef4712d6	Households, both poor and not poor, are directly and adversely affected by the crisis. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge the ability of vulnerable households to cope and to maintain their living standards. Social protection programmes play an important role in the response to a crisis.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	8379ca10660144ec82dc4e1e0c19e1e8	More generally, the price volatility of internationally tradable products is lower in Sub-Saharan Africa than that of non-tradable commodities and commodities that are tradable only on regional markets (World Bank and International Monetary Fund, 2012). For example, wheat, rice, and cooking oil — products that are imported on the African continent — exhibit lower price volatility than the prices of domestically produced staples. Efforts to increase the tradability of these less traded commodities would help to lower their high domestic price volatility. There has been extensive investigation of the importance of such import surges in recent years (Sharma, 2005).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	837e2bbb45109409ac5969442e930427	"As noted in chapter 4, information on grid connections can help identify taxpayers and businesses for tax collection purposes, while the availability of electricity for productive use could reinforce the incentives for microenterprises to join the formal sector. Wider access to electricity can also help unlock the development potential of ICTs, which play a growing role in financial inclusion through “mobile money"" systems like Kenya’s M-PESA and in disseminating market information and knowledge of productive technologies. The economic viability of investments in electricity generation, transmission and distribution is highly dependent on an adequate level of demand."	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	837e7b135c29960d43bae2d452f7d269	This is because transaction costs are a residual category that includes all those effects that economists are unable to define properly. Going a step further, one can identify two major sub-categories of transaction costs that can help to understand the non-existence of markets and the existence of external costs. The absence of property rights is due to either the physical nature of the good (such as clean air) or due to ethically motivated decisions (such as maintenance of beaches as common properties). Obviously, the costs and difficulties involved in defining property rights can be defined as a transactions cost.	7	4	1	0.6
10.18356/08e82310-en	8382fb1537765cddd2be947d800150ad	Another concern is lignite mining, which requires groundwater abstractions to lower the water table in the mining areas. Large storage tanks of chemicals and fuels are also potential accidental risk spots in the area. Manufacturing industries are responsible for a part of the emission of organic substances and nutrients (especially the chemical, pulp and paper, and food industries).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	838430d720a01c18b0f9c56b59c754a7	Data for soil degradation types and extent, as well as nutrient content, are usually produced from scientific research and monitoring programmes. They can also come from estimation and modelling by research institutions and agricultural authorities. Soil characteristics are measured through a series of inventory processes, known collectively as a soil survey.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	8385f2ff9a56a255e74944dd3c1a9240	This was because when external finance is channelled through country systems, it is disbursed according to the recipient country’s own planning, procurement and accounting systems, and avoids the creation of parallel processes and additional transaction costs. In the lead-up to Busan, the Manila Consensus on Public Financial Management recognised that using country systems can improve the effectiveness of climate finance.13 However, using country systems is not always appropriate, and evidence in developing countries reveals a mixture of donor and recipient preferences from budget support to designated climate funds. Providers commented that budget support was often not a feasible modality to channel climate finance, the reason being that providers need to ensure that financing was being allocated to climate-related objectives and activities, and to monitor impacts.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	838e9e213967d02d774259ef27b340a4	They are described in separate documents (see for instance OECD 2014). We place our work in the relevant literature and discuss data sources along with some of the short-cuts and simplifying assumptions that are needed. Section 3 shows results for a set of OECD countries and China in terms of the evolution and the levels of living standards.	8	2	3	0.2
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	83905602801b7e1a19cf514494156ae4	This trend stands in sharp contrast with the performance of objective indicators of inequality, especially of poverty in Chile, deviates from what has been said about the role that may be played by a president from sectors habitually excluded from power (in this case, by the country's first-ever female president) and is also inconsistent with the various efforts made in Chile to broaden the social safety net. The factors that may explain this include the targeted nature of social programmes implemented in Chile (even though that has changed considerably in recent years) and the population's low level of confidence in the country's institutions. The pension system was thoroughly overhauled in 2000, based on forums for social dialogue, the most important of which was the 1998 Forum for National Consensus Building (Foro de Concertacidn Nacional).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	839537ad554ed2b766f00bf77c648c66	That emotional, physical and sexual abuse occurred in boarding schools, as well as punishment for speaking their languages and practicing their cultures has been well documented, has been acknowledged and has tarnished the human rights record of Canada and the United States. The effects of boarding schools on generations of indigenous peoples, including generations still living and future generations, cuts deep in indigenous communities throughout the United States and Canada, where many believe are the root cause of pervasive social problems such as alcoholism and sexual abuse and the widespread loss of indigenous languages. Negative memories of this institutionalization are thought to have created a social climate of distrust of other government-funded institutions such as hospitals and clinics, resulting in avoidance until an illness is advanced.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4d2bf859-en	83962009cc93d2559f9ce1b0a833c435	Nutrition-sensitive and climate-smart agriculture interventions can tap local potential to promote agricultural productivity that meets nutritional requirements. These interventions will go beyond the promotion of current staple crops and include crops previously considered of secondary importance. Characteristically, NUS are nutritious, climate resilient, economically viable (in the right setting) and adapt to local conditions, especially in marginal areas.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	8396cd1af2d5473a7268bf7e627569e8	In particular, the Asian crisis and El Nino were two major factors behind the contraction of production during 1997-99. Overall, between 1990 and 2009, Gross Agricultural Output increased in volume terms by 97%, of which crop production by 97% and livestock production by 89%, compared with a population growth of 29% over the same period indicating a significant increase in production per capita. In the 1990s, overall TFP growth was weak, reflecting a fall in public spending in the sector that was not replaced by private investment.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	8399f1cb51d26dacfa56e0cc9eafc59c	Madrid's Aulas de Enlace ('Link classrooms') is an example of this model. The financial crisis decreased immigration rates and cut budgets, which led to a reduction in the number of these classes by 70% between 2006 and 2015 (Silio, 2015). Intercultural classrooms extend the focus beyond language, establishing links between families and schools (Rodrfguez-lzquierdo and Darmody, 2017). While regions tend to follow one of the three models, there is considerable flexibility. In the autonomous community of Andalusia, in addition to temporary classrooms during school hours, there are language support programmes for immigrants during extracurricular activities and a distance training programme (Junta de Andalucia, 2018).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264077287-en	83a03df5aa198dfc621c498f46828557	The amount of the tax depends on the quantity of C02 emitted as well as on the type of fuel used. The multiplier is 0.9 for diesel and 0.6 for petrol. The tax is increased by a multiplier, which is set at unity if emissions are 130g per km and decreases or rises by 0.1 for every 10 g consumed below or above 130 g per km.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	83a0fe9ddcfe0a2b7a17a7f293a42130	Beyond education and health services, both key aspects of the SIEO development model, the service sector is relatively small. Social insurance was limited forthe most part to industrial workers, financed by employer and employee contributions and operated at arms length from the government, all of which contributed to a highly privatized,familial model of social welfare provision reliant on continuing growth successes (Kwon 2005; Peng 2011; Pierson 2004). According to Chang, the contributions that these and other economic policies made to social cohesion, political stability and industrial peace created the circumstances for long-term investment and growth and should be credited with their positive social welfare effects in the same manner as more direct programmes. However, the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) in 1997-98 complicates this equivalence, as increases in unemployment and economic insecurity rendered the presumption of full employment and high growth inadequate for social protection. A number of social policy reforms that extended protections were introduced, particularly in the Republic of Korea, but many of these were in the pipeline pre-AFC and/or phased out after economic growth returned (Kwon 2005).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	83a20814c292fe34b3f95e6c29d3c404	The most prominent biological explanations for gender differences in health and mortality are hormonal, autoimmune (greater susceptibility of men to infections) and genetic (Waldron, 1995; Crimmis and Finch, 2006). Women are found to be more interested in health (Green and Pope, 1999), to be more likely to report symptoms to clinicians (Kroenke and Spitzer, 1998) and to show higher healthcare utilisation than men do (Bertakis et al., Smoking prevalence among men is higher than among women in all OECD countries except in Sweden and Canada. Rates for men and women are equal or nearly equal in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	83a7acbbf8b7a48d95d2a33fa485220b	The indicator also provides information on the success of measures to fight major diseases. For that purpose, especially over a longer horizon, measuring death rates of major diseases is also important. It is calculated from the responses to individual or household surveys that are nationally representative. Tobacco is an undisputable health threat causing 5.4 million deaths in 2005, and representing the second risk factor for mortality worldwide. Tobacco consumption is costly and contributes to poverty and associated health inequalities at the individual and national levels. The cost of treatment of tobacco-caused diseases is high and falls heavily on the finances of poor households and countries.	15	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	83a7b849e44f10dd362aeb92adb351f6	In the past, they were often conducted primarily by external consultants with limited familiarity with the country they were working in and who did not necessarily have a full awareness of the feasibility of different interventions. Moreover, they may not have had an incentive to follow up to ensure a prioritised integration of these constraints. As a result, effective solutions and a prioritised ranking of constraints to assess the feasibility of addressing these within the national political economy were frequently absent. Loans can be flexible to specific project needs and can provide a larger volume of funding, but they are more complex and can also lead to a potentially unsustainable debt burden.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	83a90deca523f0cfc53e97ed2921a6a6	"The importance of considering products and services in terms of their complete lifecycle is introduced and explained. This remains the single most important of the Millennium Development Goals. Economic growth is thus of key importance to developing countries and many of their policymakers believe that developed countries, having already accomplished a high level of satisfaction of their needs, now wish to suggest frugality and restraint on consumption in the developing world. China, for instance, is now considered the ""factory to the world”."	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0bd7f2cc-en	83ac71563f7ac2bcbbfe456d158a1695	The organic load of the industrial treated wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters represents 3.142 per cent of the organic load of urban wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters. Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community has been transposed into Romanian legislation by MO No. Annex 2 of this amending GD sets limit values for pollutants in surface waters which are highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, in addition to stipulating environmental standards and quality standards. Annex 6 contains guidelines for developing an inventory of emissions, discharges and losses of priority substances and specific pollutants.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	83ad91edd99a14872508f3bfaac5e6a1	Priorities identified include customer service, management of small tourism enterprises and marketing. Work has commenced in collaboration with local stakeholders, including capacity building in career guidance, vocational training for the hospitality sector, language training and capacity development in planning and marketing. There is a need to explore policies that generate more and better quality jobs and address the needs of the most vulnerable members of society.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	83b71133c5d817262a4123dcdf4536d4	In its 2015 report, the OECD noted that ASEAN can draw on vast strengths and play an increasingly important role on the global stage. The five largest economies in South-East Asia all feature in the top half of its rankings, with improvements in ranking compared to the previous year: Malaysia (+4 places), Thailand (+6), Indonesia (+4), the Philippines (+7), and Viet Nam (+2). Nevertheless, as indicated in Table 3, there are large differences between countries.28 ASEAN economic integration will thus affect countries differently, and will have distinct impacts for women entrepreneurs in each country.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	83b9fb387c663c11c1185d0d29a06190	In 2012 the number of women in ministerial positions and in parliament was higher in the OECD on average than in Asia/Pacific economies. Across the board, New Zealand consistently performs better than its OECD peers. In recent history, Indira Ghandi (prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again in 1984) is arguably the most famous female Asian leader.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	83bccdcdeef76b63b1339eb203fafd88	By limiting their access to opportunities, resources and power, discriminatory social institutions restrict women's capabilities to achieve their migration wishes. In particular, discrimination within the family and restricted civil liberties drive our findings. In particular, migration may either entrench gender inequality in social institutions or challenge them, according to the level of discriminatory social institutions in the host country.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	83befa1d1af6981deabd9d9e80fd41c4	In Mexico, gender gaps have been found to exist both in wages and in employer-provided benefits (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016). The gap in monthly earnings reflects both gender differences in hourly wages and in hours worked. When looking at the hourly gender w'age gap, however, Mexico performs better: the hourly wage gap of full-time workers is 6.0%, compared to 14.1% on average the OECD (OECD estimates of labour force surveys).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3d019803-en	83bf88d1d614abc4e2e8b544f5c06b5d	This is expected to be completed by 2015. In other words, making health insurance compulsory for all Vietnamese. Notably, in the past years, few of the people working in the informal sector have voluntarily joined the health insurance system, and based on this alone, reaching the goal of universal health insurance coverage by 2015 will require a change in mindset among informal workers and non-working family members towards health insurance.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	83bfb361d7a6ae73aec612f14c4bb362	Rates among male family migrants, though, fell in the two most recent cohorts. This development contrasts with that exhibited by labour migrants, where male and female employment dropped in all four cohorts. The noteworthy increase among female family migrants, albeit from a comparatively low level, might have been a consequence of their improving educational attainment, but might also reflect that female family migrants increasingly enter the labour market to offset falling employment among their male spouses.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264207899-5-en	83c08209c04e4cc27027b73050cb56e8	In 2010, employment increased by 3.3% and by the end of the year, unemployment had dropped to 4.9%. During 2011, the growing demand for labour was largely met by an increase in hours worked. Employment growth in mining and construction has been particularly strong; however, shortages of skilled labour put pressure on investment projects within these sectors.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	83c2ce1a49f066fa44679a6bf30e924b	This suggests that at a given level of social spending and targeting, a greater proportion of households living in rural areas tends to reduce child poverty risks. In terms of the economic environment, the employment rate for mothers - proxied here by the proportion of couples with two earners and the employment rate for singleparent households - shares a negative association the child poverty rate (Columns 4 to 8), implying child poverty rates are lower when maternal employment is higher. The dependent and independent variables are expressed in log.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	83c5ac450e4e51ad80462ed778a54fce	However, such discretion should not result in a systematic erosion of the credibility of the rights-and-responsibility framework for specific benefit claimants or in specific regions. Continually improved profiling methods and ALMP resources that are more adequately responsive to labour market conditions should be primary channels for relieving caseworker pressures in this respect. Before the introduction of the Youth Guarantee in 2014, there were only about 40 career counsellors country-wide.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	83c5fd2bf5517c64a1f19c5aabac3fa5	Typically speed limits are reduced when traffic builds up towards the critical 2000 vehicle per lane per hour. The aim of the speed limit reduction is to reduce speed variance and the propensity for shock waves to cause incidents and accidents. The overall aim is to maintain throughput, but the schemes typically bring about a reduction in crashes and secondary crashes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	83c641099e85f8ae6498bb9bda915c61	Teachers are assessed in job performance interviews with school heads (usually bi-annual). The assessment includes classroom observations. In secondaiy schools, teachers’ peers and students may also be consulted. Some schools conduct annual assessment interview's, which are separate from the job interview.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/46069360-en	83c930c8a8d9e77ffd6f52cded358651	The focus on these economies stems from their vulnerability to climate change. Most of them are also among the world’s poorest, with limited capacity to adapt to climate change. And because of their dependence on commodities, climate change mitigation and adaptation add to the challenges they already face.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	83ccc78ec5bd41a6c7faf2168847e49d	Overall, at national level, the authorities estimate that reaching the level of treatment which meets discharge standards will require levels of investment of some MXN114 billion (USD 9.5 billion). In addition, the municipalities of Chihuahua and Juarez have been active in recycling water for green areas’ irrigation and industrial use. This map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	83cf3e31b94418dbad6bfa4fbc168ff6	Unemployment fell by about 1.4 percentage points in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica, but rose by 0.8 percentage points or more in Cuba, Honduras and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. In nine of them, however, wage growth was lower than in 2009. The simple average of their inflation rates was 6.5%, or 2.8 percentage points more than in 2009.	1	5	3	0.25
10.18356/b505e041-en	83d06b909a899950b18551b803831e1e	Most (84 per cent) were married. Nearly 40 per cent lived in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) houses, while more than two-thirds (38 per cent) of the respondents were in houses constructed with asbestos or zinc sheets. Consistent with the hypothesis, the table confirms that the occupational distribution of the slum dwellers in Chennai is skewed towards services, such as driving, construction work, manual labour and services in private organizations.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	83d1a8defa68c57880018a9a36e9a70a	Each investment option must be characterised by its technical data (used fuel, net installed capacity, energy efficiency, etc.) When mixed-integer programming is applied, investment decisions can only be made in entire power plants, which means that the installation of partial capacities is not allowed. The requirements for reserves primarily depend on the generation structure of the supply system.	7	2	3	0.2
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	83d27ac444fdfad8718e68579ecf033b	While 60-80% of people in many developed countries already shop online, the equivalent share in most of the world's countries is below 3%. Current efforts are simply inadequate. They are highly fragmented and of insufficient scale. To raise a country's e-commerce readiness, a number of policy areas need to address holistically the development of affordable ICT infrastructure, logistics and trade facilitation, the legal and regulatory environment, payment solutions, skills development and entrepreneurship financing, as well as the funding of e-commerce innovation.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7707d4f1-en	83d44eeab0ea3767e9a3b7ea5d08c2ab	However, emissions levels recorded in 1990 and immediately thereafter, rather than being real reductions in emissions, were actually due to economic decline, which caused GHG emissions to fall sharply. The Strategy was meant to be a general framew'ork for climate change policies and measures during the brief period of 2005-2007, outlining Romania’s policies in meeting the international obligations under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the country’s national priorities such as EU integration and possible participation in EU ETS. It assigns tasks and responsibilities for all stakeholder institutions and identifies the main actors for each specific action and relevant task.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	83da8385e9ef753cbc8f6ec82c3e83fa	However, participation and attainment in education among Arab-Israelis is low, and Ultra-orthodox education is unconventional, which is contributing to high levels of relative poverty. Furthermore, international surveys reveal a general problem of weak core skills among secondary-school students, with negative implications for employers and tertiary institutions. This paper investigates these problems and the policy response to them.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	83da9931e6a33ebfcabdfa05aa1087f7	This means that adolescent mothers may have different expectations of their roles and responsibilities to that of their own parents with whom they may still live. However, a higher proportion of black African men than men from other racial groups reported that children are a financial burden and restrict employment opportunity, suggesting they experience both a persistent sense of responsibility and much greater challenges in securing a minimal income (ibid.). Recent research in South Africa shows how organizations providing social care following the death of a parent were more able to fulfil this parenting role than biological parents were able to when living (Vale &Thabeng, 2015).These organizations supplied clothing, food, contacts with missing relatives and privileged access to health care. Adolescents spoke of their expectation to be listened to and treated with upendo (love or liking), whereas parents mentioned provision of material needs, monitoring their children's whereabouts, spending time together talking in the evening and treating their children with respect.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	83db1688ed92d2e614605ff9e5fb6cc7	This pattern is driven mainly by the hours of domestic workers and, especially, education workers, because the number of hours for health sector workers is similar to that for other occupations. Second, multiple job-holding is less common among care workers as a whole than in other occupations, a pattern driven again by domestic workers. Last, there tends to be a wage penalty for domestic work; for education workers the pattern is not clear. There is a wage premium for health workers compared with peers in other sectors, probably because a high proportion of them work in the public sector.	1	4	1	0.6
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	83dd7421d7edfd8047c51c6b5e2b65e2	At a minimum, these frameworks should incorporate the suggestions made by the UN Special Rapporteur {Box 6.1). Eliminate legislative or constitutional barriers to the inclusion of children and adults with disabilities in the regular education system. Ensure that one ministry is responsible for the education of both children and adults.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	83df159263b8a76d26353aba4a946908	Only in Sweden, in reading literacy, can a major change in results be observed, which might be related to the amount of time students spend on the Internet. Even if it is not possible to clearly show whether the change of test mode in PISA 2015 has influenced the results, the authors warn that there are reasons to be careful when comparisons are made of PISA results from 2015 with results from earlier PISA studies. The comparative link between the PISA studies from different years might be weaker in 2015 than earlier.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	83e0e4b9ff905d00a5c31a27e6caa530	The large uncertainty on recharge prevents any meaningful groundwater management response (Crosbie et al., Aquifer storage and recovery in particular requires an advanced knowledge of the hydrogeology to avoid costly mistakes (e.g. see for instance Blood and Splagat, 2013). Ignoring existing connections with surface water in management can be very costly.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	83e1983198d6048450c7fe3ecfa6a90d	This experience provides a number of lessons. Donors need to understand how interest groups will react to, and seek to influence, programmes they support in order to be able to design interventions which have a realistic prospect of shifting the balance of power in favour of poor people. Again donors are not starting from scratch. There are many effective tools already available that are suitable for a range of aid modalities, from simple stakeholder analyses to more complex approaches for identifying drivers of change.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	83e24b6f4079d309f396d2d76984c7d5	This approach has not worked. As this chapter shows, climate change is fundamentally a social and political issue. Social dimensions, including the politics of transformative change, are crucial for understanding both the drivers of climate change and its impacts, as well as necessary responses to address the problem in an equitable way.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	83e25b8eb69a153a1d57a2d22b705e80	Hospitalisation is among the most common sequelae of harm in primary and ambulator)' care. The previous section identified that the majority of the direct costs stemming from safety lapses such as diagnostic error and ADEs generated by the need for hospitalisation. Consumption of hospital resources carries a direct cost - bed days and activity - and an opportunity cost - other admissions foregone (assuming hospitals are operating at high occupancy). This report defines patient safety in the primary and ambulatory setting as managing risks over extended periods of time.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	83e2e145e5ae59219aa28125b9611780	In addition, not all countries report on official financial flows that do not qualify as official development assistance under existing ODA-eligibility criteria, such as non-concessional loans and equity investments. Recently-updated OECD guidance for applying the Rio Markers to climate change adaptation activities (OECD, 2016), along with work on definitions being undertaken by bilateral and multilateral development finance providers, will hopefully improve the consistency of international reporting. Though several countries provide such support (Buchner et al., Some countries have started reporting their official development assistance to the OECD DAC voluntarily, such as Turkey (which also receives ODA), Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.17 Currently, such reporting is sometimes still done at an aggregate level, making it difficult to identify climate-relevant flows.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	83e348aa581fb6b9815ffca3be81013c	Managers of Barki Tojik will learn to identify the risks of climate change associated with hydropower, and ways to control them. By the combination of such information and its application in the company’s business activities, the project will optimize power generation and improve the dam's safety, thereby helping to move towards best international practice. The project is a pilot one which will provide outputs for future application in the hydropower sector of Tajikistan and throughout the region, and have the potential for future investment projects. The In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policies of Tajikistan was released by the Energy Charter in 2013.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	83e38f5b212b863a4d9d8fceafd31fcc	However, a significant barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the “intermittent” nature of the electricity produced. While some sources are “dispatchable” (e.g. hydro, geothermal, and biomass), wind, solar and wave/tide power are subject to varying weather and ecological conditions. The extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks, and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity increases.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	83e5027309a358901d2715ffaf730416	Nevertheless, Mexican women continue to face gender stereotyping, discrimination, and very high rates of violence. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Yet the share of Mexican women in the workforce remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in labour force participation is very high, and Mexican women tend to have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit w'omen particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. This includes a bird’s-eye view of gender gaps in education, the labour market and political life, and discusses how' attitudes and stereotypes -while evolving- still impede women’s opportunities and empowerment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	83e51db7a50d274ebba7107273213a98	They interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider natural, economic and social environment. This means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant. Such external effects or system effects can take the form of intermittency, network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of security of supply.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	83e94dd39da4752b3d867ce774b3669e	However, geopolitical factors and governance are also likely to play an important part in the longer run. The increase will take place almost entirely in developing countries and some emerging economies. In the developed world, some countries’ populations will grow, while others decline, but the size of the aggregate population is likely to remain largely unchanged.	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	83e955b0288312e70d2e7681d270c624	Promoting dense and proximate development patterns, diversifying land use and integrating investment in public transport and private urban development could usefully be explored. Higher residential densities can increase the cost-effectiveness of public transport by providing greater demand. Stockholm County has a few areas of high density (over 5 000 persons per square kilometre) as well as widely dispersed urban areas of low and medium density (Figure 2.1).	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	83ef423910d920ee56e0e6f77c9753e6	The main data source in this chapter is the 2008 NIDS data. Applicants had to prove that they had made efforts to apply for private maintenance from the other parent but been unsuccessful in doing so. There were several conditions attached to receipt of the grant, including ensuring that school-age children were in school. There were limitations not only on nonparents’ receipt of the grant, but also on eligibility in respect of children bom outside of marriage. As a result of significant differences in both rules and how the rules were applied, very few African children and their caregivers received the grant. In December of 1995, the democratically elected government of South Africa established the Lund Committee in order to evaluate the existing system of state support and to explore new alternative policy options targeting children and families.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	83ef9479a4c298f34af15d66e31d5311	These land price differences will influence competitiveness of biofuel production. The key problem is the empirical implementation of this land supply curve for all major regions in the world, as land price data are not available on a global scale. For the EU15 countries, more information on land prices is available, and empirical estimates have been used here (Cixous, 2006). Land heterogeneity is introduced by using a Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) function.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	83f055a32367cfd56cacfe3657cedae7	This data comes from Barro and Lee (2010), as their dataset - to the best of our knowledge - has the highest level of global coverage on human capital by gender.11 Data on average years of schooling for the male and female population aged over 25 is employed.12 To highlight the educational differences between men and women, the ratio of women’s to men’s average years of schooling is used. The data on the percentage of women in parliament comes largely from the Women in Parliament 1945-2003 dataset (Paxton et al., This data was extended back until the beginning of the 20th century in 1907 when the first woman MP was elected in Finland.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	83f10736b114039cc43ee7ebdef0eb43	Previous impact evaluations of the programme - as summarized in part 2.2 -have highlighted well the multidimensional nature of its benefits among participating households (Galasso, 2006; de la Guardia et al., Our evaluation also emphasizes the cross-sectoral impact of the programme on its beneficiaries. In addition, besides looking at the household as the main unit of reference, we also measure the impact of Chile Solidario on some specific dimensions of child well-being. Our results show that the percentage of beneficiary households which escaped extreme poverty status is 7 percentage points higher than that of matched control group households (Table 2).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	83f46118636bb8f30217de80362673b6	By strengthening work incentives, its employment impact is likely to be positive. Although the introduction of such a scheme would raise public expenditures, it could be a comparatively efficient way of reducing inequality without reducing employment. Against this background, potential savings that could be made in other areas, such as aligning the duration of unemployment benefits for older workers to that of young workers, might be better invested in earned income tax credits. Separate public and private sector pension systems have been unified for those who joined the labour force as of 2006, but remain separate for most current workers and pensioners.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	83f7dcb5ddcb57a7a463d05f704d6694	Annual spending on energy-efficient buildings in Europe - including products and services - is forecast to grow from €41.4 billion ($56 billion) in 2014 to €80.8 billion ($109 billion) in 2023 (Navigant Research, 2014). Some European countries have established minimum consumption targets for wood use in new buildings, but these policies can be problematic, both for designers, who may feel compelled to use wood products in suboptimal situations, and for non-wood product manufacturers, who may perceive unfair procurement practices. Rather than identifying specific materials for special treatment, a more constructive approach would be to encourage policies based on life-cyde assessment, which is gradually becoming used more widely in the EU (UNECE, 2015). To overcome this, the European Commission will collaborate with stakeholders to develop a framework of core indicators, including their underlying methods, to be used in assessing the environmental performance of EU buildings throughout their life cycles (European Commission, 2014b). This moves away from a prescriptive basis for green building and toward a performance basis, with greater emphasis on the end use of systematic lifecycle assessment-based tools and information.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	83fa47ca560a7feb675fe40e2e17fd6f	As box 1.5 shows, the index remains robust for changes to weightings, indicators, deprivation cut-offs and k values. Thus, indicators with high cut-offs, which yield high rates of deprivation, have a greater influence in ascertaining poverty, although the relative weight assigned is equal to that of other indicators. This is the case with the social protection indicator.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	83fac89f1bf24e94d123ac4285c16090	The OECD's model survey method is characterised by a series of discrete, self-contained modules that ensure flexibility and adaptability in rapidly changing environments. The approach focuses on developing indicators using a functionality-based method. Importantly, it supports technology-neutrality in that the questions neither require nor assume utilisation of a particular technology (OECD, 2010).	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/28b76697-en	83fc67d58ab747f6591cf7ab85b27948	Specific programmes like Snabbsparet in Sweden, and Hurtigsporet in Norway add hope to a faster integration of skilled refugees in the matchmaking to the labour market. More targeted measures are needed to promote the integration of low and informally skilled people. The Norwegian programme jobbsjansen is one recent effort in this direction.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	8400b6062d1b693ffde12918be480b72	The proportion of students with a good understanding of critical thinking was overall about the same (40%), but with a much better understanding by secondary (47%) than primary education students (30%). In fact, students in primary education clearly struggled with the idea of critical thinking, which is probably more alien to them than creativity. About 40% of the participating students perceived themselves as very creative and 30% as very good at critical thinking.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	8404634733fc0f67b0a08ffb0a470334	Previous work on smallholder development has stressed the need to improve the competitiveness of potentially viable farms (Brooks, 2010; Brooks, et. Therefore, for the small-scale farmers that could continue within the sector, the question is then, what constrains their agricultural growth? And more specifically, what constrains smallholders from accessing markets?	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8e319423-en	8406dc8fd3e6110fb592474b709a183f	See E. Kally, Water and peace: Water resources and the Arab-Israeli peace process (1993). The energy required to lift water is independent of plant size due to the minimum flow rate assumption. Within the context of the latter, in countries that do not subsidize diesel fuel, such as Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates, die cost of a litre of diesel is approximately $1 .OO/litre.50 The cost in other countries where subsidies exist varies from $0.09/litre in Saudi Arabia to $0.24/litre in the Syrian Arab Republic to $0.44/litre in Jordan.51 A subsidy represents a real cost that, while not borne directly by the consumer, is paid for indirectly by the public through government expenditures.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	8408875e7d9c19ca26ebcdc4df13c158	In most counties it is found that some forests are used up to about a thousand times more intensively than others. In Koch (1980) detailed descriptions of the different methodological aspects are presented as well as the results. Due to this, the Outdoor Life '95-'98 project was initiated and a new data collection on a local basis was accomplished in 1996/97 (Jensen 2003). The geographical variation in use intensity as described for the 1976/77 survey was more or less retained. The practical work of inspection and collecting the data is carried out in cooperation with the Danish Road Directorate.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	840dfa35651c6c04e53d74cdad419ee1	Using this information to convert land use in advance of infrastructure deployment can help reduce the time needed by developers to acquire land use clearance. Similarly, mapping could help increase co-ordination between different levels of government (e.g. federal-state, central-local). Policy support to renewable energy should for instance be consistent and harmonised at both the federal and state level, so as to provide investors with coherent signals and incentives. Resource mapping can moreover inform policy design by central and local authorities, and help ensure that these policies are complementary rather than duplicative (see question 5.4).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	840e028022c4dbba34e99b17a8a98277	This might not just be the case for public projects. Private infrastructure investment in rural areas is also likely to depend on the quality of the local administration and the trust that firms have in village leaders. Government policies to boost agricultural productivity will be critical for narrowing the gap between urban and rural living standards. However, the benefits to farmers of productivity-enhancing reforms may take some time to eventuate, requiring government assistance to the agricultural sector in the meantime.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/785f021c-en	841192bc2d87aa1d4fde771a05c798fc	This development allows meeting not only domestic demand but newly created foreign demand as well. Labour-intensive industries, like food and beverages, textiles and wearing apparel, often exhibit fast growth and account for a major share of manufacturing value added and employment in an early stage of development. As resource intensive industries, such as coke and refined petroleum, paper and basic and fabricated metal-based industries, emerge in a middle-income stage, manufacturing value added in the economy tends to increase further.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	841571f6e2e39b9b0d0bc7e856ac7d6f	The relationship between these two variables indicates that around 17% of the cross-country variation in cerebrovascular mortality can be explained by smoking prevalence. Higher smoking rates are also associated with increased CVD mortality, although this relationship is not quite as strong as with cerebrovascular disease. The decision to pursue such behaviours is determined by a complex set of factors, including the perceived costs and benefits, prices, income and information (Lundberg and Shapira, 2014).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	841649d558179229ca3173be3ae1c25a	A broader founding legislation for the PMU, once under consideration, seems to have been taken off the table until further notice. A founding legislation or other government tools to clarify the roles of the regulatory body so that the purpose of the regulator and the objectives of the regulatory' scheme are clear to the regulator’s staff, regulated entities and citizens. Clear co-ordination mechanisms with other bodies (non-government and other levels of government) where this will assist in meeting their common objectives to reduce overlap and regulatory burden.	6	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	841a58d760ec56565a071eb5446bc62e	Whereas in Botswana, ‘there is an absence of free movement and the right to work for asylum seekers’ (Betts and Kaytaz, 2009: 18), ‘South Africa has an unofficial “no camps” policy (a “self-settlement” policy)’ (ibid. Betts and Kaytaz thus find, like Manik, that the institutional framework for processing migrants does not necessarily lead to optimal outcomes. Experienced, well-qualified teachers and head teachers end up in menial jobs, not using their professional skills (Sibanda, 2010).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a020cea6-en	841e8922ae41cf6233c706eb752cb8f0	This means that the line between DRR and CCA, if indeed such a line ever existed, is no longer possible to discern. Climate change is by no means the only source of disaster risk. As the foregoing parts of this GAR have emphasized, risks arise from a range of other natural, environmental, biological and technological hazards and drivers.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	8422757a75978c368b42d98ab1e2398d	The large emerging economies, like India, China and Brazil, aligned themselves with smaller and less developed economies to emphasise the need for aggressive emission cuts from the industrialised economies, and to seek new and additional financial assistance, 'climate finance', as a condition to action for all developing economies. Developing countries, particularly the SIDS and African states, also emphasized the need for greater allocations of climate finance for adaptation. Many experts, and negotiators, were understandably sceptical as to what successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol could be achieved in light of misaligned positions of the various blocs, and particularly between historic and new major emitters. During the conference it was able to add other influential member states, including Brazil, Canada and Australia, to its ranks.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	8425284961c94c1ad4f2a7fbbd1e346d	Similar to the investment platform, pollution-offsetting programmes can be supported by a decentralised ledger. Providing unique identification, allocation and tracking services, offsetting commitments can be integrated in corporate sustainability programmes. Given blockchain technology’s benefit of process efficiency, transparency and fast settlement, even microfinancing can become feasible to outweigh the operational transaction costs and allow for a wider spectrum of investors to participate.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	8427e1f81650222cb6bf49fe8534c838	Hence, appropriate routing with low-level transmission power significantly decreases energy consumption under desired qualify of service level. In the previous works, energy consumption of the Secondary Users (SU) at different states (transmit, collision, idle modes) have not been studied comprehensively in cognitive radio networks. The secondary network is allowed to use the licensed channels in an opportunistic manner.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	84289edb61228237de193f282a402f4a	Countries with low consumption levels (e.g., Iceland, Ireland) report higher rates of alcohol-related social and psychiatric problems than countries with high consumption levels (e.g., France, Italy). But these variations are related to different cultural beliefs, attitudes, norms and expectancies about drinking. Societies with generally positive beliefs and expectancies about alcohol (integrated drinking-cultures) experience significantly fewer alcohol related problems; societies with negative or inconsistent beliefs and expectancies (ambivalent drinking cultures) are associated with higher levels of alcohol-related problems. Figure 5 presents the proportion of frequent drinkers against the proportion of heavy episodic drinkers.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	842f91d1d0488a5dc7d28f96d7666eb9	Compared to other monitoring areas (staff quality and child development), service quality is relatively frequently monitored for accountability purposes with sanctions or rewards attached to the results (this is done by 17 jurisdictions). In Norway, for example, settings that do not meet the regulatory minimum quality standards can lose funding or have to reimburse at least some of the public funding received. Monitoring the level of quality is also conducted for accountability reasons without any rewards or sanctions in 9 out of 24 jurisdictions. In Finland, France and Mexico, no sanctions or rewards are imposed based on monitoring results, while in England and Scotland (United Kingdom), for instance, they are.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	84308eb58fa8d19b4cdb7145405cf774	However, the presence of immigrants is negatively related to native-born employment at the regional level, suggesting that in certain provinces, immigrants could reduce the employment rates of South African-bom workers. This relationship is reversed, i.e. becomes positive, when solely considering the effect of the presence of newly-arrived migrants on employment outcomes of South African-bom workers. Yet both positive and negative effects are found at the regional level. Furthermore, the share of newly-arrived immigrants is positively associated with both employment rates and incomes of native-born workers. However, the pooled numbers do not show the considerable changes over time. While average real income increased nationally between 2001 and 2011, South African-bom workers’ incomes increased by an average of 24% while those of foreign-bom workers actually fell by about 32%.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	84336a9dded210dfc5bfff81340ceda9	Such low rates are, in fact, widespread in Europe - the share of couple families working dual reduced full-time hours is lower than 5% in 17 out of 26 countries. About 34.8% of German couple families have a father who works 40 or more hours per week and a mother who works 29 hours per week or less (Figure 2.12, white bars), while about 23.9% have a father working 40 or more hours and a mother who is inactive or unemployed (grey bars). In Eastern European countries, as in Sweden and Portugal, the most common set-up is both parents working full-time (dark blue bars, and Chapter 4). In Germany, the share of families practicing this “reduced full-time hours plus small part-time” model is 5.3%.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	8433d70aefc22ed6420c43d1ffa61808	This can also include reluctance in pursuing claims against family members due to inheritance law'. A primary' reason for their reluctance may be the social unacceptability of being seen at a police station or any other legal institution, particularly when the matter concerns family or private matters. The fear of social ostracism often prevents women from reaching out for help from institutions and for reporting cases of discrimination, abuse and violence.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	843597aae4db887c818d2083d5e3afc5	In other countries, including Germany, Hungary, Italy and Spain, NSW tends to decrease wages in almost all deciles of the distribution, but the difference decreases monotonically with the upper deciles. In Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, the earnings gap is more pronounced in the bottom 20% to 40% of the distribution rather than the bottom 10%. Portugal is an exception in that the wage penalty is fairly small at the bottom of the distribution and more substantial in the upper middle part. On the other hand, in Australia the earnings gap at the bottom of the distribution is smaller, while there is a significant wage premium of 20% to NSW at the top.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/00287855-en	84363bd5374b7159b450933942c29af9	Payments based on the use of variable inputs are found to be the most likely to provoke increased fishing effort, while payments based on fixed capital formation are most likely to encourage increased capacity levels. Payments based on fishers income are less likely to increase effort or capacity and may be more effective at improving the welfare of fishers. Payments to general services for the sector are least likely to increase effort or fishing capacity. The authors are grateful to Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, and the whole TAD/NRP Fisheries team for helpful discussions.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/26be4449-en	8437fba59371f3ba05d029f84132e621	Relative to larger nations, in SIDS national energy generation and use are therefore relatively small, but domestic demand is increasing over time as populations develop and new industry is created. Trinidad and Tobago has the highest rate of energy use per capita, at over 15 tonnes of oil equivalent per year. In global terms, the energy use and CO, emissions of SIDS are low, with CO emissions averaging 4.7 megatonnes per year; however, there is an extreme difference between the highest and lowest emitters. Higher-income countries are the highest emitters; they include Trinidad and Tobago (the highest emitter, with 50 megatonnes per year), Dominica and Jamaica.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	8439b212dc8f8f6799bd589f4933c080	Although the detailed way in which measures are applied will differ between catchments, the approach to designing the solutions will be similar to make the process more transparent to stakeholders. While the main focus is on diffuse source water pollution from agriculture, the programme will also consider biodiversity, air quality, soil quality and greenhouse gas emission tradeoffs. The measures to tackle diffuse pollution of water will particularly have to take account of the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions whilst maintaining food security for the country.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	843c5a5074639dbe59e810041daed7e7	Difficult terrain and floods in some states have added to the delay in implementation of projects. Overall, there has been long-standing unavailability of sub-transmission systems, of adequate quantities of material and equipment, particularly poles to be procured locally in the project areas, and unavailability of adequately skilled manpower. Finally, franchisee systems were slow to be put in place, which led to theft of materials and electricity as well as the nonpayment of bills in some states (Ministry of Power, 2009a).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	843cf22cca2de617dd7393d32eca8e1b	Norway has a comprehensive education system until the age of 16 and high enrolment in pre-primary education. At upper secondary level, there is strong supply and student uptake of vocational education and training, but completion rates in general or vocational programmes are low compared to the OECD average. Tertiary education attainment is higher than the OECD average, resulting in a highly skilled workforce with a relatively small wage premium due to low income differential in Norway.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	843e6d57621063e7a4cf3da15398b69e	"In Nepal, women’s migration has long been associated with sex work and is highly stigmatized. Media reports on migrant women facing sexual violence in destination countriesarefurtherfuellingtheequation between women’s migration and trafficking/prostitution.48 Male migrant workers also face extreme abuses and sexual violence in destination countries, but while their sacrifices are glorified and appreciated by both families and communities, women are constantly victimized due to the patriarchal belief that they sym bolize the honour of thefamily. As shared by a woman returnee:""/ lied about my migration to my neighbours for a number of years, as migrant women were considered as spineless, easy, and I did not want to face the stigma."" Many unmarried women shy away from revealing their migration experience, as they are afraid of encountering problems in finding a partner. Women feel that people tend to equate migrant women with victims of sexual violence or prostitutes."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	843ee9357cfac6995f6c57b12f22fb66	The National Energy Policy also highlights the negative health impacts, particularly on women, of traditional cooking and the need to more actively involve women in determining future forms of energy sources for cooking. Energy consumption is concentrated in the Gilbert Islands, where 90 per cent of Kiribati’s 112,900 people live, particularly in the capital atoll of Tarawa. Kiribati relies on fossil fuels for 97 per cent of its energy needs, with the rest provided by biomass (Figure 9.1). Fuel imports have almost doubled since 1990, making up close to 20 per cent of Kiribati’s merchandise imports in 2013, which is higher than the world and small states average (Figure 9.2).	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	844485ebb6bfb2670b3849cc93a1bd72	This explains to some extent why the partial indicators of productivity are much higher in Asian LDCs than in other LDCs. A survey was conducted with more than 100 agriculture experts working in Africa, asking them to identify the most important factors in advancing agriculture on the continent. Some 21 per cent of respondents identified such activities as enhancement of soil fertility, improved water management techniques and policy reform as the primary drivers of African agriculture, which were especially successful in southern Africa (Gabre-Madin and Haggblade, 2004).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	8444c2cca786799b4c84db6b7f140feb	The risk remains that citizens forego effective care that can have long-term adverse health outcomes. A further aspect of co-payments that will require careful monitoring are the potential incentives they create for patients seeking care in parts of the health care system where their costs can be minimised. For example, higher primary care co-payments may increase incentives to seek care in the emergency department. However, these incentives may not always align with delivering care in the most appropriate place. This would entail that the co-payments become distortionary and act as barrier to efficient care provision. The strongest evidence can be found in the rate of hospital admissions.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	8446c2435814ce74cb22c107f77f1f6c	First, school evaluations follow a proportional approach focussing on low-performing schools. Second, school evaluations promise to create a greater understanding of school processes and contexts. School evaluations should result in an evaluation report that takes into account the school educational project, context, and results.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264113749-en	8448493cceb525f74fc0103be0a0de7b	Consultation may be organised at national level, regionally or by sector, and carried out either through bodies representing employers or through surveys. Sometimes employers are not only consulted, they decide on the mix of provision. For example in Hungary, since 1 January 2008 the Regional Development and Training Committees (more than half of whose members are drawn from the social partners) now have decision-making powers over the number of students admitted to different programmes and over the qualifications to be delivered in the region. Employers are a diverse group with equally diverse views, and variable in their capacity and willingness to put energy into articulating their future skills needs.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3adc8369-en	844a96aae26c204befb12be2762d83fc	This has implications for policy discussions on how to achieve progress on SDG 14. The interrelationships that we highlight can be used as a tool for dialogue between policy and scientific communities working on oceans, in particular for assessing the status of knowledge on the various linkages, as well as identifying linkages that are likely to matter most for progress on SDG 14. We are grateful for the research assistance provided by Esther Lho and Nelya Rakhimova.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	844aec5832f9b5d6664c067eba16ad86	For many years, perceptions of return migration were negative: it was for failures, the nostalgic or the retired (those who had lost a sense of ‘get up and go’). However, a broader, more accurate perspective now exists. Until quite recently, for governments at least, they were out of sight and out of mind, and their skills and experience had gone.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	844e2636eb54c68465b27933305e51b7	All levels of government could use the JICA-MCDCB roadmap and the present study as a basis to design projects collectively. It could be an opportunity to attract more easily official development finance at the local level but also to give the LGUs - and in particular the MCDA if created - a more important role in attracting international finance to realise urban green growth objectives. Such local mechanism has already been set up in several main cities in Viet Nam, with support of the French Development Agency (AFD). Such initiative could be supported by the national government, and in particular the Philippines Development Bank and the Land Bank of the Philippines.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	844e3d7fef33a79d6d8415de19a3a81c	This requires not only new jobs, but jobs that enable people to avoid and escape poverty. Recent trends towards higher rates of in-work poverty indicate that job quality has become a concern for a growing number of workers. Policy reforms that tackle inequalities in the labour market, such as those between standard and non-standard forms of employment, are needed to reduce income inequality. The lessons from the Restated Jobs Strategy (OECD, 2006), adapted to recent experience, provide important guidelines in this respect, e.g. with regard to more balanced policy measures between temporary and permanent employment contracts.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	844e40431fa3e7012f72be6b7cfb2261	This is a substantial increase in volume and value when compared to 2015. Between 2011 and 2015 the volume of German fisheries landings fell by 4.7% per year whilst the value increased by 2.2% per year over the same period. The majority of landings were landed to ports outside of Germany in 2016, 63.7% by volume, but accounted for only 44.4% of the total value of landings.	14	2	6	0.5
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	8450d28c2510726997c4f87227878655	In an overview supporting the implementation ofthe Norwegian value creation programme, the consultant outlined a few circumstances that could contribute to better utilization ofthe economic potentia I of cultural heritage. Firstly, cultural heritage could provide a competitive advantage of the tourism and travel industry, if the marketing is focused on segments (i.e. groups of people) that are willing to pay more than average for their services. Secondly, there are several benefits of networking between individual companies; a single cultural site may not be sufficient to attract visitors, but as a part of a network of cultural sites, it may become more interesting. Investments in infrastructure and marketing require resources, and by joining forces more cost-effective solutions could be found.	11	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	845192079abb022cf7463a8cde611b5f	This lack of change further emphasises that changes to structures of unskilled labour migration are unlikely to be imminent. It is also argued that neither PICTA nor GATS (Mode 4) will lead to more migration from countries such as Samoa and Tonga in the foreseeable future, at least in part because there are already mechanisms for this to happen, and/or that any movements that do occur will be insignificant. I’d rather people go overseas with some skills.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-5-en	8451edccc7d3de47daccd6a166686a8a	Economic growth in 2014 was 3.3% (compare to an average 1.7% in OECD countries). A combination of intensive investments in infrastructure and human skills and of the rapid and pervasive application of information and communication technology (ICT) on productive sectors has been extraordinarily effective in growing the economy at impressive rates. Since the modernisation of the Korean economy, the shares of urbanisation and industrialisation have been closely correlated (Figure 1.1).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	8451f1f545d0447c7a1c7d88402ba448	Furthermore, clinical trials do not mirror the reality of usual care in practice, which has a lower rate of treatment adequacy compared with evidence-based clinical trials. To put it simply, treatment can improve work functioning but, at present, these improvements are often not substantial enough to translate into significantly improved labour market outcomes. However, it has been found that the increases in earnings are not sufficient to offset lost transfer payments, nor is employment stable (around 50% of the people placed leave the job in six months) (Frank and Koss, 2005).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/09e92b30-en	8457414f00f40e0e04940ce5c6cf1152	In addition, lower tariffs are applied to days of care above and below standard duration thresholds within each DRG group. Tariffs also vary between public and non-profit and private hospitals, where physicians' fees are paid separately. In particular, the number of DRG groups increased from 700 in 2004 to about 2 300 in 2009, and duration thresholds have been regularly adjusted. For example, since 2010, some short stays are paid using a fixed fee and a daily tariff. Moreover, public hospitals have some leeway to adjust the amounts charged to complementary insurance plans and households, such as the per-diem tariffs (tarifs journaliers de prestation). Such differences blur the incentives of public payments and do not ensure equal treatment for patients.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	846225767e77acce0fea650399bb8b43	Farmers need to apply for land use rights on farmland at the ward or village tract Farmland Administration Body (FAB) that submits the application to the township FAB for transmission to the district FAB. Applications for land use rights on VFV land should be submitted at the central level, which constitutes a major constraint for most smallholders living in remote rural areas. It should also review the means for investment and the work plan.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-5-en	846563cec09de0a1e9524090f9cb94d9	Of the 63 developing country respondents to the 2017 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise, 54 (84%) state that trade facilitation has risen to the top of the list of their aid-for-trade priorities. Among donor respondents, a similar story emerges: 27 out of 42 submissions (65%) indicated that trade facilitation is a priority in their aid-for-trade programming (Figure 2.2). Trade facilitation was noted as a priority in the national development strategies of 85% of the respondents -up from 45% in 2015.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	84690833e267d0f2696bb3802fb06b35	In this study, productivity is measured by means of the number of sick days (per month or per year depending on countiy). This information is mainly available in health and retirement surveys focusing on senior people. In this study, early retirement refers to the situation when people retire before the national legal retirement age.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	846cda7fd8d7c77f51e63957036dc9a9	Simulations show that Georgian children living in households in extreme poverty would have doubled without pensions, and the percentage of children living in poor households according to the national poverty line would have increased from 28 to 38 per cent. In the case of Georgia, social pensions have a higher impact on poverty reduction for households with children than targeted social assistance. In Kyrgyzstan, for instance, expenditure is around 5 per cent of GDP, while spending on social assistance and child benefits reaches only 0.5 per cent of GDP.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	847007d6fa0018624c0c4ad9ac1e8550	L/V/l I.111 Doc. The consequences of this are far-reaching. While the concept and legal protection of the 'family' may vary from country to country, the application of human rights norms and standards described in earlier sections should be ensured by all branches of the State (i.e., executive, legislative, and judicial). This means, for exam pie, that when adopting laws, designing policies or deciding on a judicial case, authorities should recognize the diversity of families within the country concerned and ensure that all families and family members enjoy their rights without discrimination of any kind, with due respect of the principles of the best interests of the child and the right to live a life free of violence.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350846-5-en	8470f57ff23484ea9b35a6207c3190ee	Around 55% of the Icelandic alpine habitats are sparsely vegetated. These areas were formerly largely covered with heathland vegetation, which has been degraded in historic time due to grazing, combined with harsh environmental conditions and volcanic activity (Arnalds 2015; Agustsdottir 2015). There is growing pressure for development of the highlands, especially from the energy sector (construction of dams and hydro and geothermal plants) and tourism (Ministry for the Environment and the Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2001).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	8471a842a30aafc8f2559f6a946c8493	Like most OECD countries Kazakhstan seems to be experiencing difficulties in making general practice attractive to medical graduates (vs other medical specialist training) despite an increase in the number of training places. A number of OECD countries have recognised that other factors influence the choice of specialty training beyond the number of places available. Strategies which have been proved successful include offering training places in primary care facilities (outside hospitals), improving the relative remuneration of general practice, and reducing the workload and isolation often associated with general practice by promoting group practices and team work - as detailed below (OECD, 2016d).	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	8474617730e4cc1ad92f196e3c552a3e	There is a potential double cultural barrier for overseas-trained doctors, who are also trying to adapt to life in Australia. All health service staff catering to large Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations should be required to undergo training for cultural competence. Such training would also benefit staff working in other areas, including in major cities.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	847505340ab8895865bce056f3595810	Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conservation, the sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), an international forest-based climate policy framework, is aimed to be implemented in developing countries and has direct relevance to tropical forests. It does not have any direct implication for forests in the Nordic countries. The region has just under one-third of forests in Europe excluding Russia.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	847ad70a761933f893428bb189da2511	As it processes all immigration permits on behalf of the mining conglomerates, TEBA remains the main interface between the mining sector and the Department of Home Affairs. It was severely criticised by the group of experts who drafted the Green Paper on International Migration (Hough et al., This system is critical in ensuring the circularity of workers, by binding their remuneration to their return and allowing the governments that send them to tax this inflow of foreign exchange.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	847e5d995acabed7a20cee285626c145	This idea can be found in the so-called SUNflower approach. Such understanding will identify policy improvements that are most likely to reduce road casualties. The SUNflower approach started with comparing three countries with the lowest accident levels in the world: Sweden, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (Koornstra et al., Analyses included national road safety strategies, changes in overall risks and fatality risks of comparable road types, road user modes and collisions between modes. A case study approach on specific topics has been added to the more general picture.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	847ea2c27d1eb1df85aa9396fbc62d1e	At the same time, beneficiaries are more likely to access health and education services (Devereux et al., The number of direct support beneficiaries of has fluctuated between 1.0 million and 1.3 million over this period and accounted for 13.9% of total RPSNP beneficiaries in 2016/17, down from 22.7% in 2014/15. The number of public works beneficiaries rose from 4.0 million in 2004/05 to 6.0 million in 2005/06, fell to 4.0 million in 2014/15 and rebounded to 6.9 million in 2015/16.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1a8a2851-en	847fa714a0a2f3ccecf79523f2094177	Today, there are fewer than 8,000 Native Hawaiians alive who are 100 per cent blood quantum.412 On the contrary, the number of those who identify as having part Native Hawaiian ancestry and who consider themselves to be Hawaiian, has increased steadily since the turn of the century. Today, estimates are between 225,000 and 250,000 people with Hawaiian blood living in Hawaii. According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there were 401,162 people who identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone or in any combination, and 140,652 people identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone.	3	4	1	0.6
10.18356/5e7977af-en	847fee6af06bcc97b6cfc9bc2c31c75a	The gap widens further for domestic workers, most of whom are women. In contrast to health-care affiliation, no significant progress has been made in pension scheme affiliation in the least secure employment categories. The highest levels of affiliation within this segment of the population were found in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f7cce716-en	8488654e5ad264f0ff48219b25e15d88	"Each hazard is characterized by its location, magnitude or intensity, frequency and probability"" (ISRD, 2004, p. 17). According to Wisner and others (2004), disasters are outcomes of the political, economic and social context in which they occur; and, although they cannot be foreseen, measures can be adopted to mitigate or reduce their adverse effects. The occurrence and severity of a disaster is a reflection of structural inequalities."	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	848938cd6b47c8330fe415f5a240449d	Such efforts should also include identifying information and data gaps, as well as capacity-building needs in statistical authorities and bodies of the EECCA countries. All the above-mentioned analysis could lead to better evidence-based decision making in designing future climate targets and necessary policies, and help mobilise private sector investment and domestic financial resources. Such benefits include reducing duplication and transaction costs; enhancing a country’s ownership over accessing and using financial resources; strengthening linkages between climate policies and the country’s core planning and budgeting processes; and improving accountability and transparency.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	8489cb6e2f2c2117deeb1d22c2471c37	To get the same estimate at regional level, we follow a simplified methodology. The idea (Verma etal. Then, we decompose the design effect in all its components: effect of the weights, effect of clustering of persons within households, effect of clustering of persons and households within dwellings, effect of correlation in non-independent samples. Some of these components are the same at national and regional level, other can be easily calculated at regional level.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	848c3af8b7c87ea409e9f2c5a88f526d	Meat prices, on the other hand, are expected to only see modest real price declines over the projected period. Nevertheless, the projections suggest structurally higher prices than those seen between 1990 and 2006. To convert to real prices, the average annual US GDP deflator was applied to each monthly observation. Measured by coefficients of variation, price volatility between 2007 and 2014 increased for rice and wheat compared with the 1990 to 2006 period.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/520b80a5-en	848ccb8de52101578a6199d0b2061ad4	The global recession of 2008-2009 has moderated productivity increases considerably in comparison to the pre-crisis trend in a majority of Asia-Pacific economies (see figure 1.4). For example, in Cambodia, annual average productivity growth slowed by a striking 6.5 percentage points from 9.2% during 2002-2007 to 2.7% during 2008-2011. This includes wage systems that can help ensure that wages grow consistently with productivity increases.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/2d08a027-en	848db7f950eaae37b58ba7681e811313	Then came a golden opportunity that provided me with a springboard to join politics: that was in 1998/99, when the parliament of Tanzania passed a law that required 30 per cent women's participation in legislatures. It is on record that before I joined parliament, I was the founder the Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA), and was a key player in fighting for women’s rights in Uganda. We as parliamentarians have also benefited immensely from the partnership and training from CSOs in areas of gender-responsive budgeting and human rights, among others.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	848fb3d28e8b87f8377bb4908ff8be30	They also lack the skills, knowledge and information to start or run a business and so need lots of developmental support. Women who are in business tend to work with home-based, unregistered businesses which limits their opportunities for market expansion and growth. The BWF-P has been able to extend its reach to this market segment through initiatives such as the “Young Women Entrepreneurs Leading Role” project.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/66896486-en	8490038f8f5555bf3d843d516087e8f8	The Water Resources Management Agency is the State-authorized body for water resources management charged mainly with assessing water availability and ensuring water use efficiency, the management of competing water uses and for ensuring that environmental needs are met. The Basin Management Organizations are involved in developing water management plans in the five primary basin management areas. The State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service is responsible for monitoring surface water quantity and the Environmental Impact Monitoring Centre for monitoring surface water quality. The Regional Geological Fund assesses groundwater availability for water use permit applications.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/39bb252d-en	8492c896507e793b4c973089ec7c4faf	As civilians, their lives are often dramatically altered, their livelihoods and their rights imperiled, by conflict. As mothers and caregivers, they are often left to head households under harsh, sometimes unlivable, conditions. As breadwinners, they sometimes engage in the illicit trade of arms. As soldiers, they serve many functions, from combatants to cooks.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/09b7b73e-en	849547668514c4eefb5b1b9f78133ddf	Yet, in many countries in the region, the current political, regulatory, and industrial infrastructure is not yet ready for such a transformation. Some countries and sub-regions seek to promote energy independence or self-sufficiency while others strive for efficient integration of energy markets. Promoting mutually beneficial economic-interdependence would accelerate attainment of the 2030 Agenda through integrative, nexus areas that the notion of sustainable development offers. For energy, it is critical to think in terms of a wholly interconnected, complex system in which supply, demand, conversation, transport and transmission interact freely and flexibly.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	8495d47bfc70cac3e81c3b34e9b7d964	Irrigated crops have access to more diverse water sources, including groundwater and rivers. In rain-fed agriculture, the only water available is that which the plants can access from the topsoil. Differences between the IPSL and Hadley GCMs are not especially pronounced, even if these models present contradictory results for some regions.	2	0	4	1.0
10.6027/65fe12b0-en	849778e98d71589a5fbae67bc30d4c13	Tourism in all the Nordic countries is dominated by what is often associated with nature-based tourism. To a greater extent than its Nordic counterparts, tourism in Denmark is characterized by both urban and coastal tourism. These forms of tourisms nevertheless include many aspects of nature-based tourism, such as fishing, mountain biking and swimming.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e617261d-en	8498ef3a2ee425bcea02749721a9acd8	In the context of international migration, gender shapes integration patterns in the destination country (Hagan, 1998; Franz, 2003), as well as transnational practices (Boehm, 2008), including remittance behaviour (De Jong and others, 1996); it also influences reintegration trajectories in the case of return to the migrant's country of origin (Guarnizo, 1996). Surprisingly though, die gender approach is rarely applied in studies of migration in die area covered by die former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Rather, migration is still often perceived by default as a male phenomenon; thus, gender is an issue rarely taken into account in such studies.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	849ec25a92bf658115b41530cd04aea8	It also involves the setting up of land administration committees at the village level. Kumar and Quisumbing (2012) found that the presence of women members in these committees has a positive impact on shifting perceptions toward equal division of assets upon divorce. As a result, resources controlled by women often result in increased investments in the next generation’s health, nutrition and schooling, and they have increased bargaining power. The land registration measures appear to lead toward transformative social protection outcomes. Some of the development indicators are comparable to those of sub-Saharan Africa. Persistent levels of inequity in incomes, assets, education and health pose seemingly insurmountable challenges to reducing poverty and hunger in the region.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	84a0d297429e95df0aa80f56a0d6de23	Between 1949 and 1976, while the country was rapidly developing, the number of farms in Germany declined by 50%, while the average size of farms jumped from near 8 hectares to more than 30 hectares. Technological changes on the farm allowed farmers to expand production with fewer workers. Between 1971 and the 2005, average farm size fell by 50% in India from 2.3 to 1.2 hectares, with a doubling of the number of smallholders from 49 million to 108 million.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	84a589452def6745c8be18b9de21d5db	In Mexico’s public sector, however, few efforts have been made to address pay inequality. The predominance of women versus men in job classes has not been identified, there are no regular pay assessments to ensure equality in pay, and there are no audits to ensure pay equality as well as equity (i.e. in promotions or to ensure gender balanced representation in job classes). Should a public sector employee wish to lodge a complaint challenging a gender gap in wages or inequity between male and female employees, there is no specific procedure for doing so. These rates have changed little over the past decade (Figure 2.8).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	84a7e95dcd3e9915c0f9bd92906e22a8	A much increased need for support, paired with severe cyclical and structural fiscal pressures, can be expected to produce protracted periods of significant reforms, and a continued search for a new balance between alleviating inequality, and achieving fiscal sustainability. In addition, the dynamics of the income distribution produced by the GR - and the boom years that preceded it - can build up further pressure for policy adjustments. For instance, changing perceptions of what constitutes “fair” and “unfair” gaps between low and high-income earners may reshape social preferences and trigger periods of repeated policy adjustments Alesina etal.,	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	84a8f48b62c02f3551c313dec27e4ac9	Upward mobility is considerably more common (39%) than downward mobility (11%) and is highest in Finland and Korea. At the same time, absolute educational mobility in education has declined from 41 % to 33% for more recent generations. There is a sticky ceiling in education, with 63% of individuals with highly educated parents achieving tertiary levels and being protected from falling to lower levels of education.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	84af3792a926d6355b21c6add7c188ec	These statements set out what universities and colleges offer to their students to support their employability and transition into employment and beyond (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/). The evaluation system essentially focuses on measuring the extent to which intended learning outcomes are achieved in terms of three major concepts: i) knowledge and comprehension: ii) competency and skills; and iii) judgment. Hie description of learning outcomes and professional qualifications emerge in close co-operation with professional associations.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/29045c1f-en	84b385c185bd968b89921e994e7e3d3a	Below the surface waters, the deep layer where sunlight penetrates with insufficient intensity to support primary production is called the mesopelagic zone. This zone is a particularly important habitat for the fauna controlling the depth of C02 sequestration. Below the mesopelagic zone, about 1,000 m deep, is the largest layer of the deep-sea water column and by far the largest ecosystem on our planet, the bat-hypelagic region.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	84b385de90877d64fa7a7f7173e36cb5	State Electricity Boards own around 50% of total installed capacity. Public companies owned by the central government, including the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCI) control around 34% of India's total capacity. The eastern and north-eastern regions, traditionally the poorest regions in terms of GDP per capita (Figure 7) have also much less installed capacity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	84b453197038cbf5ca23240a99eba442	The number of herders and reindeer and the organisation and value of production are shown for each country. In this section, we describe a few examples of goods and services that are important in Nordic countries across ecosystems, based on information from the TemaNord reports. Freshwater supplies people with the life essential drinking water.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/73c3a080-en	84b4744b180e079b1de50bb8c6cfac13	This is especially relevant in the context of efforts to expand access and integrate renewables in electricity systems through an optimal mix of centralized and distributed generation (Chattopadhyay et al., Planning should encompass choices between private and public provision of electricity, and private and public financing. For example, public provision through centralized systems provides an opportunity for cross-subsidization to increase affordability, while distributed or stand-alone systems locally operated by the private sector usually aim to be financially self-sustaining with full recovery of operating and maintenance costs.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	84b54db502202b9568c5041aaaed6a3b	Police conduct regular patrols in places suspected of undertaking such illegal activities. The government of the UAE ratified the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime in May 2006 and promulgated Federal Law No. Nevertheless, many other Yemeni laws continue to pursue perpetrators of trafficking.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	84b6a6f08d5ba113a498f24dd1346392	Regarding the identification of the deprived and setting a cut-off point, three options are available: the union, the intersection and the intermediate cut-off approach7 (Atkinson, 2003; Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2002, 2003; Duclos et al., Among the three methods, the union approach would identify the largest proportion of people as deprived capturing any person with at least one deprivation,8 while the intersection approach would focus only on those who are deprived in all dimensions/indicators selected for the analysis. The use of the third method - the intermediate cut-off approach - prevents the dominance of one indicator or dimension, which can be the case with both the union and intersection approaches.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	84b9a5dc8d89d9edab7791b78a75dee8	Inter-generational upward social mobility is also expected to have positive effects on economic growth by improving the allocation of talents and abilities in the economy (Galor and Tsiddon, 1997; Causa, Dantan and Johansson, 2009). Social cohesion in turn benefits norms and institutional rules leading to less risky co-operation, increased innovation and creativity, and higher participation in civil society. Higher social cohesion can strongly enhance people’s well-being (Eurofound and Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2014) and have positive impacts on the economy (Birdsall, Ross and Sabot, 1995; Easterly, Ritzen and Woolcock, 2006).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	84bdc7174a9e2949e354a93b486c15d4	In addition to operating as independent non-banking financial institutions, SOFOLES and SOFOMES have received rising funding from SPYME and NAFINSA to deliver programmes at the local level, which has enabled them to develop also at a period of general crisis. The reverse side is that, in spite of their original objective to encourage SME development, the range of loan size in which these institutions operate suggests that they are rather more active in the consumer credit market and that, as a result, business credit is still concentrated in a few traditional large banks. At present, there are seven large banks in Mexico, six of which are foreign-owned, that accounts for 84% of the total assets in the banking sector.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	84befaa9dfd8e9da3b5eed2c19126372	The average time for decision in labour cases in local courts was 234 days. In cases where the court of second instance was involved it was 586 days (in 2011). In 2011, 24 704 labour cases were brought before the local court and 3 633 before the court of second instance. The number of labour cases per 1000 workers was 6.0 in 2011.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	84beff19099421a17022a430d13a29df	The partnership came about because of two important factors. The first was a common interest in strengthening tourism by co-ordinating the historic and cultural offer of the city with the nature-based and agricultural tourism of the hinterland. The second factor was the role of the Liibeck Bay Regionen Aktiv programme in establishing a way for the individual rural municipalities to form a common association that had shared values and that could act as an agent when discussing options for partnering with the city. By aggregating the individual municipalities into a single unit, the two populations were more equal in size and the negotiations could take place with the rural municipalities having already agreed on a single strategy.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	84c0afe0f437da13d8a459e0f500a6ef	Hospital doctors are required to provide patient data and indications for pharmaceutical use and dosage online, and the pharmaceutical validated by the system is released at the hospital pharmacy. If the patient is considered as a “non-responder” based on disease progression, progression-related death, or an excessively high toxicity level for continuing treatment, the manufacturers are expected to bear a certain proportion of the pharmaceutical costs. For example, during the initial six weeks of treatment with Avastin, half the cost is bom by the pharmaceutical company, and the other half by the NHS. After this period, all the cost is born by the NHS if the pharmaceutical is found effective, but for doses administered above a certain threshold, the pharmaceutical company has to reimburse the entire cost. The risk-sharing arrangements for the same pharmaceutical are sometimes different depending on the indication.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	84c3b2e5cd0afe03fc9d9f96e000e025	Thus, observed differences partly reflect the social and economic challenges associated with single parenthood, and not only gender differences as such (UNCTAD, 2014; UNECE and World Bank Institute, 2010). Equally, differences between male- and female-headed households represent only one aspect of gender in rural communities: The position of female members within households (regardless of headship) raises significantly different issues, and affects much more of the female population. However, it is important to emphasize that gender roles in agriculture (and gender norms more broadly) are highly context-specific. The scope for generalization or wider extrapolation of patterns from a small number of countries is therefore limited, especially among a group of countries as geographically, economically and culturally diverse as LDCs: The country examples provided highlight the diversity of national experiences as much as their commonalities.	5	2	8	0.6
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	84c71a0ab1f5df152230f05ddaa9b4a7	One reason is that non-regular workers have less access to social insurance benefits (OECD, 2018(2]); another is that prevailing norms limit the use of the social insurance system. For example, women are still expected to leave employment upon having a child rather than using parental leave provisions, while fathers fear the career repercussions of making use of their entitlements (OECD, 2017(8]). Take-up of social assistance benefits is lower in Korea (13% of the working age population is covered by the Basic Livelihood Security Programme) than in any other OECD country and far below the OECD average at 30% (OECD, 2018(7]).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-6-en	84ca60b9edaa07ca90219271384184e6	For each tool, the potential role of development co-operation providers in supporting partner countries is discussed. The composition of the tools used will be most effective if they reflect domestic circumstances and capacities. If repeated, such assessments can also demonstrate how risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	84cd799b719d317cc75c1bdebab7f526	These investors may be involved in the daily management of the company. The principle is simple: the entrepreneur tries to raise funds from ordinary citizens recruited through websites, including social networks. Any citizen can invest in a given project, in exchange for shares in the company. Think of the degree of autonomy you want to maintain because you will not be the only one to decide! The investment fund redeems your shares or those of other shareholders wishing to dispose of their stakes. The investment fund directly redeems your shares but does not bring new funds into your company.	5	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	84cfaa10e127e7a9f53240f75f4ecd8a	The methods Discrete Choice Experiments method (CE) and Contingent valuation (CV) are used for the valuation. The results indicate that there is a significant positive willingness to pay for groundwater protection, where the willingness to pay for drinking water quality exceeds that for surface water quality. The value of groundwater protection exceeds that from purification, and this result supports the current Danish groundwater policy and the aim of the Water Framework Directive that aims at a holistic management government of the aquatic environment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	84d0cd2061eb5bd35047831e9a46fb2e	However, which such an acute focused health care system, Korea’s starting point today is behind that of many other OECD countries. Turning this situation around will demand a consistent policy commitment to developing effective primary care services over a long period of time. Better remuneration and more primary care practices will help set the foundations, but will need to be supported by a workforce dedicated to primary care and better information to help the single insurer direct funding to areas of need.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	84d59dd581561529f2fc13126829acfe	It is now attracting interest from other donors including Norway and Denmark. It will channel finance at the national level (through the CRGE Facility), and sector level (direct financing through ongoing programmes such as the Productive Safety Net Programme], disaster risk management, forestry etc.). This was done by EPA through collaboration with the African Climate Policy Centre.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	84d79b801bb8ef698d3d80b856dba7c4	If potential poor co-ordination between health services is added to the equation, this can compromise a patient’s care and lead to avoidable hospitalisations. As discussed later in this chapter, the federal government has provided a range of financial and non-financial incentives to encourage doctors, including specialists, to relocate to, and remain in, rural and remote areas. The overall supply of employed full-time equivalent (FTE) clinicians in 2013 was significantly higher in major cities compared with other areas.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	84df664497351d9f2b456c71fb4c949b	One option, already part of the plans to implement the reform, is to give preference to staff of municipal education administration departments or corporations when recruiting the personnel for Local Education Services. Another option, possibly as a transition arrangement, would be to allow some municipalities, especially those with greater capacity and educational performance, to remain as school providers. In any event, it is very important that the establishment of the new Local Education Services does not involve an unnecessary growth in employment. For that, duplications should be avoided at all costs.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179646-13-en	84dfdb992f15ea8dd56e571f981ae9aa	The PRINTS findings for access to education in Serbia suggest the need for a closer look at all points of transition to secondary and tertiary education. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis carried out in the course of INTES methodology development used data from Ihe Corruption Barometer of Transparency International (the extent to which respondents perceive the education system in a specific country to be affected by corruption), and Ihe mean reading score in PISA 2009 adjusted for the country's socio-economic profile. The square of the correlation co-efficient shows a negative correlation between learning outcomes and perceived levels of corruption.9-,(> While numerous questions need to be answered before such analysis becomes sufliciently reliable, the tentative answers are good enough for orientation and support when working with assumptions about causality.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	84e07706805f80cfc90d5d1693711c70	In other words, a broad reduction in child poverty is to be expected here, not so much from an increase in the employment rate, but from an improvement in the quality of the jobs occupied by parents and/or better compensation by the redistributive system for the penalty weighing on the poverty rate. A sharp decrease in poverty rates can also be expected from a reduction in the child penalty bom by single-parents in many countries (Austria, Belgium, Chili, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Portugal, Sweden, Tukey and the United States) where the lowest poverty rates among single parents occur when the poverty rate for single parents is the same for childless singles (Table 5). In fact, for France and Japan the lowest overall family poverty rate occurs when the poverty rate for single parents and childless singles are the same (Table 4 Column 6).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	84e124fdc66fcd9d098aeb8f3956d0ce	The paper then identifies possible changes needed to the UNFCCC reporting framework in the post-2020 period, to ensure the provision of information adequate for the purposes of understanding and tracking progress towards both nationally determined contributions (NDCs) at the country-level, and collective climate-related efforts for mitigation, adaptation and climate support. Transparency and completeness have tended to improve where reporting has benefitted from regular feedback through review processes (e.g. review of inventories and National Communications from Annex I countries), and where there is a regular reporting system in place in the country (and underlying measurement or monitoring system). In general, reporting (particularly of emissions inventories) has been improving over time, as countries have gained experience and increased their reporting systems and capacities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	84e25735d6f86d9a7793aa66604b4811	While developing countries remain weakly integrated into international capital markets compared to emerging economies, the crisis could compromise the momentum achieved by a number of growing African countries in terms of mobilizing foreign capital (Griffith-Jones and Ocampo 2009). Countries that rely heavily on FDI may therefore be more at risk than others (Willem te Velde 2008). However, a World Bank review of studies on previous economic crises points out that capital transfers and investments -particularly FDI - are less stable than exchange in goods and services or remittances (World Bank 2008).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	84e2be79e0a32770be90b60cf3777c90	Women and young people have entered the labour force in greater numbers, but their participation rates remain low compared to most OECD and Latin American countries. Attitudes towards women’s work and childcare commitments as well as regulations regarding childcare provision pose a barrier to female employment. Overall education quality and access to higher education have improved, but early stages of compulsory schooling remain the priority and poor linkages between education and job related skills often limit employment prospects.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	84e5341800173c1d645b83f021955f9a	These three purposes are: recognising adaptation efforts of developing country Parties; reviewing adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation action and support; and reviewing progress towards the global adaptation goal. Those aims can also include sharing lessons among countries about good practices and actions that worked less well, as well as the narratives behind these results, which in turn can help to enhance implementation of adaptation action. Much of the information needed to fulfil these global aims is the same as that needed to gain national-level benefits, but also possibly a broader range of information. Further details are discussed in Section 4.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	84e71caeaf6adb55e88029e04d3aa6aa	It is obtained from regressions of log wage on age, highest level of education, years of experience in the firm and their square, employees in the firm, geographical location of the firm, type of financial control, level of wage bargaining, type of employment contract, number of overtime hours paid, occupation, and gender and their interactions with gender. See the text for the technical details. The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	84e8a9e9c6fafe7eb38a1e37a726dce9	Thus, the post-2015 development agenda will need to consider alternative macro and meso strategies to facilitate the achievement of the goals, taking into account sustainability, a reduction in inequalities, and improved security as critical components. Available from http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi. In the monitoring and reporting process for the MDGs, there has been a division of responsibilities in terms of the ownership and leading role in coordinating global, regional and country MDG reports.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	84e9a7c1e6d2ee46b2f62a025c53759d	On the contrary, they allow placing progressively less weight on incomes higher up or down the distribution, such as from top to average incomes, from average to median incomes, from median to bottom incomes (Box 2). The equally distributed equivalent level of income is the level of income per head, which if equally distributed, would give the same level of social welfare as the present distribution. Clearly, the general mean reduces to the standard mean or equivalently the average when a = 1. The case where a = 0 is called the geometric mean whereas a = -1 is known as the harmonic mean. General means as income standards (cont.) The income standard pa(x) places greater weight on higher incomes and less weight on lower incomes as the parameter rises.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	84ea2d4e8783405888f3253c9351c8bc	To a great extent there is an expectation that school leaders in all schools undertake regular internal evaluations of the teachers in their school. There are indications that observation of classes as well as the associated feedback to teachers is somewhat common in Chilean schools, according to the perceptions of school directors of municipal schools (and subsidised private schools). According to a survey by the Centre for the Study of Educational Policies and Practices (CEPPE), 56.5% of school directors in municipal schools stated that they observe classes and provide feedback to teachers at least once a month (the corresponding figure for subsidised private schools is 46.6%) (CEPPE, 2010) Also, as a result of the 2011 Quality and Equality Education Law, schools can develop internal management tools which may include internal teacher evaluation processes and incentive programmes for teachers.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/18db943d-en	84ea745d745ee738746b3681122764b7	This is because, except for flash floods, these hazards can be predicted fairly accurately - making it possible to evacuate people and reduce damage to property and livelihoods.34 The benefits can be lower from tsunamis which, although they can be very destructive occur less frequently. Instead, the report suggests addressing practical needs - such as estimating and calibrating models, carrying out hazard analysis, digitizing past data and improving data from ground observations. Multiple partners can coordinate their investments and thus reduce the risk of duplication. One example, established after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, is the ESCAP Multi-donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness (Box III-4), which applies a regional approach focused on South-South cooperation. By the end of 2013, GFDRRs global portfolio consisted of 226 grants worth $156 million.37 This included 45 grants worth $34.8 million in East Asia and the Pacific, and 30 grants financed with $13.6 million in commitments in South Asia.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	84eb74c79e5c9de5430b5cb1c16aa83e	In the United States, public-private partnerships are an important component of government innovation policy (Audretsch, Link and Scott, 2002) and have been particularly helpful in overcoming the risks associated with the introduction of new technologies into the market. A prominent example is the 1986 United States Clean Coal Technology Program, which was created to address the acid rain problem. The industry covered almost two thirds of the project costs, and a Department of Energy (DOE) study found that “cost sharing between (the) DOE and industrial collaborators frequently improved the performance of RD&D programs and enhanced the level of economic and other benefits associated with such programs” (National Research Council, 2001).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	84ebd0d029e1bfbe5faaad006444cd05	And while for most Low Income Countries and Least Developed Countries, ODA still accounts for the majority share of external finance and will remain essential, a tendency to take advantage of the full range of development finance flows is becoming evident (UN, 2015b). The Paris Agreement stresses the important role played by public finance in supporting climate action and stresses the need for public and grant based resources for adaptation in LDCs and SIDS (Article 9.4). Decision 1/CP.21 also invites all UN agencies and international, regional and national financial institutions to report on how their development assistance and climate finance programmes are climate proofed and made more resilient.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	84ec7ffc92d5dd6d85c6cd9c9b9f50e4	After a short description of CVD and diabetes, it will examine trends in mortality and morbidity. It summarises recent findings that seek to explain some of these recent trends. This chapter will also assess the mortality and morbidity burden across countries according to gender and age. Finally, this chapter will describe the economic burden in terms of direct health care cost.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	84ed4e5130552f79ff20553426bcf641	Currency depreciation against the United States dollar did not boost exports much, due in part to stable or appreciating real effective exchange rates and offsetting effects on companies with high dollar debt.17 At the same time, consumer spending moderated in some countries on the back of slower job creation, high household debt and weak rural incomes. Mild inflation and low interest rates were unable to stimulate domestic demand as much as in the past. Given the subpar demand in both external and domestic markets, private investment was not robust either. Fiscal policy was generally supportive, such as strong growth in social spending and capital expenditures in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Except for the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Malaysia, subregional countries still have relatively low levels of public debt and external debt. In particular, consumer spending and investment are expected to steadily strengthen in Indonesia and Thailand - the two largest economies in South-East Asia - benefiting from economic stimulus and reform measures introduced in late 2015.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	84f032619a01d1494cb406973276d986	To feed an additional two billion people by 2050, food production will need to increase by half globally (FAO, SOFI, 2017). Increasing the production of traditional staple crops is unlikely to meet the increasing demand; in major irrigated wheat, rice and maize systems, yields appear to be near 80 percent of the yield potential. The second challenge is the nutrition gap between what foods are grown and available, and what foods are needed for good health. This requires increasing the availability and access to the nutritious foods necessary for a healthy diet.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	84f3805e5a357b6364027acf223a4019	However, they enable policy makers and epidemiologists to monitor the impact of reforms and policies. According to Rosstat (2009b), the number of deaths directly linked to alcohol consumption decreased by 40% between 2005 and 2008. Nonetheless, 76 268 people died in 2008 due to over-consumption of alcohol.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	84f5b1ad697c1cf86d0a267863620a86	In Italy, several of the OECD’s set of health care quality indicators are well above the OECD average. Figure 1.2, which shows admission-based acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 30 day in hospital mortality, places Italy above the OECD average, with an AMI 30 day in-hospital mortality rate below Switzerland, France or the Netherlands. On for example hospital admission rates for asthma, Italy reports the lowest age-sex standardised rate at 11.4 per 100 000 population, compared to an average rate of 45.6 per 100 000 population across OECD countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	84fd20518fc3d2361d1237baed2fbe69	Other activities include analysing and assessing emerging problems, projects and policy interventions. The third area of activities in the FAO projects are supporting state management at all levels such as: developing legal documents, strategies, action plans, policy mechanisms, governance mechanisms as well as agricultural product standards, quality management and food safety, as well as introducing and complying with international norms and standards. The financial requirement for implementing CPF 2012-16 is USD 62.5 million. Provincial People’s Committees implement the support at local level (TYan and Dinh, 2014a).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	84fefcde2e4485188d688306e91dfab2	In 2013 for example,over 200 million women started or operated businesses in 67 countries, and more than a third of the firms worldwide had women owners (Vanderbrug, 2013). These businesses—which primarily operate in the consumer sector—have contributed to the gross domestic product of their respective countries, generating millions of new employment opportunities and spurring local development. The Center for Women’s Business Research (CWBR) quantified the economic impact of women-owned businesses at $3 trillion annually.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	8500fa983a00f479b6c3746b867a0474	The PSC defines the roles of CGIAR and the private sector and strengthens these partnerships. In the case of GM organisms and intellectual property rights, the PSC advocates the introduction of biotechnology, including GM organisms that are protected with intellectual property rights (CGIAR, 1998; Forum on Environment & Development, 1999). On the other hand, the NGOC offers critical evaluations of improvements in food security in developing countries, the environmental impacts of agricultural production, the management of natural resources, farmers’ participation, and other issues.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	85013d098930b8d8624161978947fdff	The IPSL model shows more distinctive changes than the Hadley model. For instance, for some regions of Kenya, IPSL shows an increase in average precipitation per month of more than 100 mm, while the Hadley model estimates an increase of about 10 mm per month. Large differences are also apparent in the models’ projections for equatorial America: Where the IPSL model shows a significant increase in precipitation, the Hadley model projects a large decrease.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	850259af2ac3063599a8ac2668312156	There exist a number of social network systems between urban and rural areas and the outer islands in PICs. In Kiribati, for example, a mutually beneficial social network system exists between urban South Tarawa and the outer islands. In return, the relatives on South Tarawa receive produce from their outer island relatives (ILO, 2006b).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	8504f48badc3ccd88894fc6e0832d875	The recteur, who is the local representative of the Ministry of Education, holds the main responsibility for the processing the assessment. Despite this centralisation, the French system strongly relies on the principle of participation and thus teachers are involved in all processes (INCA France, 2008). Even though differences existed between the assessment procedures across the German Lander, the only tool for verification was the collection of some sample papers for central checking. By now, however, most Ldnder have introduced central examinations to some extent.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21f323da-en	8505dbfb80af21186cc7dfb130e7e341	Direct care is the actual provision of services and attention to physical and biological needs, which involves a transfer of time and face-to-face interaction between those providing and those receiving care. Indirect care is the transfer, through some component of a social system, of the mechanisms required for individuals to tend to their own care needs (Gimenez, 2003). Direct care may take three forms: (i) care that is spontaneous —i.e. provided on an occasional and voluntary basis rather than as part of an ongoing relationship; (ii) care that is necessary —i.e. care that people cannot provide for themselves, such as the care given to children or to those who are ill; and (iii) personal services —i.e. care that the recipients could provide to themselves, but that they delegate to someone else.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/1d5eda46-en	850641d26f8a8d4aa0c819ac13dc831d	Since 2005, the REDD+ framework has evolved under the UNFCCC, adapting to improved understanding of issues regarding potential impacts, methodological accounting, safeguards, and financing (Smith et al., This activity can only make a contribution to mitigation if the carbon stock would otherwise be lost, so it is difficult to estimate mitigation potential separately from (a) or (b).	15	1	4	0.6
10.18356/215d0d56-en	850a6e47ba96098a73ff0dc502c98503	Maladaptation (entailing further environmental deterioration, increased vulnerability or decreased welfare) may arise owing to inconsistency among these sectoral adaptation policies, or among short-term solutions and long-term adaptation needs. Maladaptation may then result in greater vulnerability in the future or in negative effects on other communities or sectors. An integrated policy approach, in contrast, possesses the advantage of taking into consideration different priorities and various sources of information, which are crucial in the policymaking process, in order to prevent maladaptation.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264113848-en	851300dc0fa5cdf923d202dfc5a00d7f	Second, it would increase accountability to stakeholders. This establishes whether sufficient general skills have been developed in the graduates, and whether training is targeting skills shortages in an effective manner. Similarly, data on labour market outcomes provide a signal whether VET graduates are equipped with the appropriate set of skills. Without effective feedback mechanisms indicating whether VET provision meets labour market needs there is a risk that training provision will be driven by the kind of training which it is easiest to supply, or which has been supplied in the past, rather than required by the labour market.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a68df323-en	8517c6f6ac7fcc25055be3b484390c66	The secretariat holds regular meetings alternately in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The secretariat’s main tasks are described by regulations approved by the Commission covering, inter alia, preparation of the meetings of the Commission, administrative and organizational management, development of annual reports and some coordination functions. The secretariat coordinates the activities of working sub-groups set up by the Commission.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	851b04e19e9a89aec9127d6bef624e31	In Country' Groups 2, 3 and 4, the characteristics of the partner share little or no association with the probability of an employed mother working full-time. In Country Group 2, there is a negative significant association between an employed mother having a high-earning partner and the likelihood of the mother working part-time, but the marginal effect is only small. Employed mothers with a high-earning partner are only about 2 percentage points less likely to work full-time than otherw'ise similar mothers with a low-earning partner. Otherwise, the partner’s characteristics appear to have no effect on the probability of full-time work.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	851d06015e2977ecd074ce03b485cc56	For the application to the Central and West Coast Basins, expected emergency benefits of artificial recharge are dominated by reduction of potential subsidence costs (Figure 2.4). The extent of damage to the distribution system, and the time and cost required to make necessary repairs could be represented probabilistically. These extensions of the analysis would allow assessment of the benefits of investing in additional well capacity for emergency supply purposes and improvements in the resiliency of the water distribution system. The approach demonstrated in coastal Los Angeles could be applied to assess the emergency benefits of these conjunctive use strategies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	851fda5e406391eb4c2174c9ccbbf418	Unfair commercial use (Article 39.3, TRIPS Agreement, first sentence). Note that a number of bilateral and regional FrAs make the latter approach mandatory. Article 15.10.1(c) of the United States - CAFTA FTA: “For purposes of this paragraph, a new product is one that does not contain a chemical entity that has been previously approved in the territory of the Party.” (	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b7590987-en	852167e7b928d18edba97b6314ac2d74	At the same time, health systems need significant strengthening. External assistance will be critical for countries that do not have enough domestic resources to finance the spending required. Vertical interventions should continue to be harmonized with the horizontal health system so that the former do not weaken the latter, but instead strengthen it. The world has seen a reduction in under-five, maternal and malaria-related mortality rates and the number of new HIV/AIDS infections, as well as an increase in the number of lives saved through improvements in testing and treatment of tuberculosis.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	8521ab03c73722e7f27dedf8e11063bd	It explores each city’s strengths and challenges in terms ofpublic transport policy, with an analysis of accessibility and inclusiveness when available. The first three cities were selected as case studies because they received several awards from the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) in “sustainable transport” and “public transport policy evaluation” (Box 3.1). The fourth city, Sejong, offers a unique case of a city entirely planned and created by the central government as a new administrative hub of Korea, which is strongly committed to transit-oriented development (TOD).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	852a5ad3e5d964fd34b57602595aaf21	The share of the population with access to drinking water and wastewater infrastructure has expanded significantly, driven by financial support from the EU and matching national funds. The process of establishing multi-municipal bodies for more efficient water supply and sanitation has been completed. The water sector has been opened up to competition and participation of the private sector.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	852c329fd2d757d15b1d2de9093b82b2	In the meantime, both cities are renewing their municipal bus fleet and introducing integrated electronic ticketing systems. As in other post-Soviet countries, road traffic has grown rapidly in Kazakhstan since 2000. The rapid shift of goods shipment from the railway to the road network and the high level of road shipments per capita led to a rapid deterioration of roads, raising the demand for funding for repairs and maintenance (Coulibaly et al.,	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	852d219532b8fb625fac966df25aee6f	The net abatement is then 216 (200-233) MtC02eq (6.66 MtCHJ in 2025 and 357 (323-384) MtC02eq (10.0 MtCHJ in 2030. Further, because of the great variations between onsite conditions, individual countries must be able to use a variety of country-specific measures to achieve the targeted reduction rates. We therefore base our cost estimate on the most comprehensive assessment of global methane abatement opportunities to date, the US EPA 2013 report on Global Mitigation of Non-C02 Greenhouse gases (US EPA, 2013). In so doing, we are strictly speaking assuming that each target country will not take exactly the same measures as in Norway, but rather that they will implement the measures that are most cost-effective for their individual circumstances in order to reach the same rate of reduction in methane intensity of oil and gas production as Norway.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	852fc19db634a009b40cfb55d848ab09	Given that global production of conventional crude oil will be declining by 2035 (IEA, 2011c) and in light of other related supply constraints, energy efficiency will be increasingly important measure to relieve pressure on scarce resources. At the same time, oil demand is projected to increase along with economic growth, particularly as a result of needs in the transport sector. As options for fuel substitution are limited, energy efficiency will again provide an important response in this sector, reducing emissions of black carbon and other internationally monitored toxic gases, through measures such as fuel efficiency standards, eco-driving, public transport and logistics efficiency. Energy efficiency is also a vehicle for environmental protection at the local level, helping to reduce waste and emissions detrimental to local air and water supplies and to delicate ecosystems.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	85355947d0abf491736346c7f4a38d97	In this endeavour, it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women’s healthcare. The council is responsible for providing recommendations to the President on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals; for suggesting changes to federal programmes or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls; for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce; and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls. The functions of the council are advisory only.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	8535e83ea512d98f9065d98a854b43ab	In Egypt, this obligation extends until a son completes his studies or until the marriage or financial independence of a daughter.64 In exchange, the father exercises guardianship over property and persons, and performs administrative procedures concerning the children on his own (management of bank accounts even if supplied by the mother; choice of education system, educational institution, professional orientation; authorisation to undergo medical treatment; obtaining an identity card and passport, etc.). In the event of the death or incapacity of the father, guardianship is awarded to the closest male relative.65 A woman who remarries in Jordan may, depending on the judge, lose custody of the children. In Egypt, a woman who remarries loses custody. This is not stated directly in Egyptian law; rather it became a common legal practice pursuant to a key Court of Cassation decision.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b8259a41-en	85365df2febe4070a10a016c7b4360d3	Even though the women in the region may wish to lower the family size, they are often unaware of these methods. On the contrary, the South-East region is well developed, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. In this environment, women tend be better educated, the family sizes are usually lower and among the population, there is greater knowledge and supply of modern contraceptive methods.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	8538b39e3e0adc81ea0676898ad50a95	Managers might also consider asking about potentially important issues, such as traffic accidents while reading messages on a mobile phone. Data could be collected by continuous reporting, monitoring (e.g. surveys) and scheduled evaluations involving either all participants, subsamples or whole populations. A useful process indicator is the opt-out rate. The sample size for an evaluation of effectiveness should be based on pre-identified diversity in the population (e.g. geography, income, diabetic versus non-diabetic).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	8538edb5b3a52a2d526744b7b44d0fee	It is important that, throughout the process, the scope and assumptions of the project be revisited based on experience (Jones and others, 2014). An ideal iterative policy cycle is one in constant evolution, adjusting to new information and learning throughout the process. A flexible policymaking process will have the capacity to iterate best possible outcomes when it is sensitive to the context, involves all stakeholders, leverages expert and local knowledge, and establishes clear pathway connecting knowledge-generation, decision-making and action. For example, during the stage of design of policy options, the process will be well served by the decision to involve stakeholders, representing many different organizations, communities and government agencies, which can present their priorities and concerns (see the sect.	13	9	0	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	853b20c1c098712027f284b23add7d94	The same study found more time poverty in urban than in rural areas, indicating that increasing participation in paid work has not resulted in a concomitant decline in the demands of unpaid work, as the time squeeze scenario would predict. A close review of the programme found improved nutritional outcomes for children who attended, both while at day-care and at home, a result that is associated with long-term cognitive and educational benefits (Leroy et al. The reach of the programme is extremely limited, care is underfunded, day-care workers are not well trained and less time is spent on educational activities than anticipated (Ruel and Ouisumbing 2006).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	853ca68b939950bf06000eb1f5dc52fa	High growth in the converging countries played a major role in this decline, though poverty also fell in a number of poor and struggling countries. In fact, improvements in health and education were largely independent of growth. The pace and pattern of growth as well as initial country conditions matter for how much growth turns into social development.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	853f81dcc62a50c3db36934b34a419b7	Oil and hydro are projected to grow at a slower pace, with the annual growth rates averaging 1.4% and 2.0% respectively. Hence, the share of oil is projected to increase from 16% in 2013 to 18% in 2040, while the share of hydro remains unchanged at 3% of TPES. The share of natural gas is projected to increase from 5% in 2013 to 11% in 2040, whereas the share of nuclear will increase from 1% to 7%. Coal consumption, driven by power generation demand, will grow at 3.8% per year and reach 934 Mtoe in 2040, up from 341 Mtoe in 2013. Coal thus maintains the largest share of TPES in 2040 at 49%, compared with 44% in 2013. Owing to rapid motorisation, oil demand will increase to 468 Mtoe and represent the second largest energy source in 2040, at 24% of TPES.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	853f824d775ab0947651320950dcbd0b	Redirecting innovation from dirty to clean technologies reduces the cost of environmental policies and can lead to higher economic growth in the short run, if the benefits from higher spillovers exceed these costs. This financial effort needs nevertheless to be sustained and accelerated, if indeed the objective of a near-zero-GHG emission electricity production is maintained. The commitment made by the 22 countries (and the EU) under the Mission Innovation, to double their public financing for low-carbon energy RD&D is therefore crucial and may need to be strengthened even further in the future.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	85419b86a7bd82142e4ec7803d597922	Each nation has distinctive R&D characteristics, which are a reflection of the heterogeneity of structures and the concentration of R&D by region, institution, sector and even project (UIS, 2010). The heterogeneity of the R&D landscape is reflected in the supporting institutional frameworks and directly influences the coastal and marine research landscape. They suggest that not only is R&D in many developing countries highly constrained by funding, but also, that resource allocation procedures are sensitive to personal or political affiliations or entitlements. This is often not balanced out by considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, utility, or excellence.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	85426de6a3e92f1da8714c75d72a5162	The NDP has a dedicated section on “Environment and natural resources”, which details biodiversity-specific objectives and interventions. Biodiversity is also incorporated in the plan’s recommended post-2015 goals and targets (Annex 3) and “Public investment plan projects” (Annex 6). Regarding the indicators, the NDP notes that the National Planning Authority is charged with the task of developing NDP performance indicators and targets in liaison with sectors. Currently, the NDP includes as a biodiversity-specific indicator the increased forest coverage area.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	854326bc32cd6eb69562eb9faad9279f	There are also increasing population pressures, resource scarcities, price pressures, and competition with other countries. An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed - one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. If adopted early, such a perspective offers many opportunities - not least to shape a generic Ethiopian ‘green brand’ that helps national competitiveness. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently chosen to take is conceptualised around ‘green economy’, as we shall see in section 4.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	85441a6c4d63d8c8eda44322e7c96a35	As for income from household capital, its decline with respect to the no crisis scenario results from the declines in the capital remuneration and accumulation rates. Table 17 shows that the loss of labour income in the formal sector that year is stronger among non qualified urban workers (-4.44%) than among qualified urban (-2.65%) and rural (-2.35%) residents. Relative to the reference scenario, the child monetary poverty rate increases by 0.52 percentage points in 2008, 2.02 points in 2009, 2.17 in 2010 and 2.09 in 2011 (table 18).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	8545a6729618e960d5bca206d6f081c6	And how does it reconstitute gender relationships? I situate these questions within the literatures on gendered migration and social reproduction (Kofman and Raghuram 2015) and migrant social protection (Sabates-Wheeler and Feldman 2011), and draw particularly on the concept of depleted social reproduction (Rai et al. Thefourth section summarizes the key features of Ethiopian migrant regimes and childcare regimes in Australia and Lebanon. The fifth section presents narrative vignettes of migrant mothers in the two countries.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/a4d64314-en	8545dd89394c2e49203130873fc09d0d	Rural women are at risk of gender-based violence because of traditional attitudes regarding the subordinate role of women that persist in many rural communities. Girls from rural communities are at special risk of violence and sexual exploitation when they leave the rural community to seek employment in towns. Compulsory sterilization or abortion adversely affects women’s physical and mental health, and infringes the right of women to decide on the number and spacing of their children.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	8547020e0b9f87d0e0f06e305f20a2a4	Because water provides the basis for life and survival, the scarcity, pollution and poor quality of water can generate strong political responses sub-nationally (sectors, locations and users) and between neighbouring countries. Water-scarce economies often show conflicting needs, as final consumers and agricultural producers compete for the same scarce resource. In Africa, agriculture gets the lion's share of water, for irrigation, with industry and domestic consumers sharing the remaining 15-20 per cent (UNESCO, 2009 p.99).	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	85477e4cf1205215a36ce6d37ca1badb	This indicator relies on the question: “Could you tell me if you think you spend too much, too little or just about the right amount of time” in four areas: i) my paid work; ii) contact with family members; iii) other social contact; iv) own hobbies (see OECD, 2011b). Data are drawn from the Gallup World Poll and refer to the following question: “If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no).	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	854b4dfb14cdf0be7281ef387c476375	Since the mid-2000s Germany has also increased considerably investment in ECEC services, to the benefit of children and their parents (OECD, 2011). Nevertheless, capacity rather than affordability appears to be an issue. Out-of-pocket centre-based child care costs for German parents are similar to those for Danish and Sw'edish parents (Chapter 3), but - despite a marked increase in recent years - ECEC participation rates are still below' the OECD average (Figure 1.7).	5	4	0	1.0
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	854bb1b40785f26b118b1857818e29d6	The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth SecretariaL 1 This Trade Hot Topic has been prepared based on a background paper prepared by Campling and Havice (20171 in March 2017 in which the last known submission to WTO members included In the analysis Is J08/RL/8 by Japan. Second, the proposals reintroduce discussion about 'capacity-enhancing subsidies', which had previously dropped out of discussions on the SDGs, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and MC10, contributing to their narrowing of scope of the rules. The following summarises each of these proposals in turn. It focuses on prohibiting subsidies linked to overcapacity, including subsidies to enhance the capacity of existing vessels, for new vessel construction and for flag-based vessel transfers (EU, 2016). Subsidies to vessels engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing (i.e. on flag-state and/or regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO) IUU lists) would also be prohibited.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	854dea74850f51cb81f83149adbb6bcf	Therefore, although there has been a steady decline in the incidence of poverty in India, the efforts of the Government have not resulted in a uniform impact across regions. There remain regions where the poverty is still deep and severe and hence they require greater attention. In several countries, the rate of rural urban or interregional convergence has declined over time as a result of widening income inequalities and pro-urban industrial and public investments policies.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	854f22bd419e82eed195950aa83612d4	In doing so, they bring market-determined growth processes more closely in line with environmental values (World Bank, 2012). As a recent report by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) puts it, payments for ecological services, the process relating to the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD) and incentives to produce biofuels often involve trade-offs with smallholder agriculture, biodiversity, livelihoods and food security. Moreover, market-based approaches often promote corporate interests, which in turn may constrain the scope for policy and regulatory reform that is conducive to social and sustainable development (UNRISD, 2012b).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	8552c52cb083d4b5267b74ee5ceab1df	Per capita, the amount of food available for human consumption was more than twice as high as in 1980. Food balance sheets indicate a clear improvement in production aggregates for the region as a whole, though the main food balance sheet items have remained relatively constant in relative terms since the 1980s (Figure 4.7). Animal feed has increased from 20 to 25% of total production, while waste subtracted from production has fallen from 17 to 13%. In the light of studies of maize in Benin, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, the share of waste reported in food balance sheets could be overestimated (IITA, 2010a; IITA, 2010b; IITA, 2011a; IITA, 2011b).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	85550f41d2bcf0a5b3c69c8fb60d1756	Private companies can foster the manufacturing of efficient appliances along with the necessary instructions and after-sales service to ensure appropriate application and long-term operation. This is necessary to increase economies of Page ^ 39 scale, which will reduce prices and reduce investments in inefficient technologies that have lower up-front costs, but higher long-term costs and greater environmental impacts. In this case, it is typically found that the extra cost associated with highly efficient end-use equipment is cost effective when the entire electricity application is considered.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	8559965c0cf20ce07c1f914bcc24159f	Institutions and Policies to Manage Global Market Risks and Price Spikes in Basic Food Commodities, FAO, Rome. Challenges and Possible Adjustments for the Multilateral Trading System”, Issue paper for the E15 Expert Group on Agriculture and Food Security, ICTSD, Geneva. Background paper prepared for OECD.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	855a2368c82c0fccdb7bba89fff0a0f8	This must become a priority for those responsible for regional policies, whose actions are currently informed by partially false or incomplete assessments due to a lack of reliable and homogeneous figures. The following paragraphs set out the modelling proposed for estimating the agricultural population in urban areas and then for the same population in a rural environment. This particular stratum of urban and peri-urban farmers plays a vital role in structural transformations in the agricultural sector, because of the environment in which they live and carry out their activities (e.g., market gardening, horticulture, poultry farming, fishing). Settlement dynamics also require developing new and simple indicators to monitor these changes.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	855a3a00846e7d8731324397b36d3075	For Spain, Calvo and Sanchez (2010) show that the inclusion of imputed rents in household income does not substantially change the number of people considered poor and non-poor on the basis of where they live. The main changes in the composition of the poor population that result from including imputed rents in income are the type of households, the age of household members, and tenure status. The authors suggest that the inclusion of imputed rents reduces by more than half the poverty rates of the over-65s who live alone.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	855da7e71433b267d3ee068230d14591	In 2017 in the Southeast Asian region and China, the percentage of people aged 65 and over was respectively 12.9% and 10.6% of the total population. Nevertheless, most countries in Emerging Asia will be confronted with issues related to the ageing population in the near future. Smart technologies are being applied to support independent living for the elderly and monitor long-term health conditions with the intent to enhance citizen well-being and ease the stress on public budgets. In the OECD, younger people tend to dominate digital communication, content creation, social networking, online purchases, cloud computing, and software downloads, whereas older people are more frequent users of e-government and e-banking services (OECD, 2017).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	8560275022fc2213cad1428ddf018ca0	Mosaic Curriculum shaped specifically to each group using “the competencies matrix”, “the skills matrix” and “matrices of content of knowledge” (one for each area of knowledge). In a project/workshop, the tutor and the master choose which competencies, skills and knowledge are being developed and students are assessed on these. Formative evaluation: There are two qualitative evaluations: the student self-evaluation and the “tutor&master” evaluation.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	856112a8337989e850d7353e107a9444	When the recipients spend the cash on goods and services, they generate further income and employment for others. This is true even if die grants go to those who are not economically active, through social pensions or child support grants. But transfers offer even more benefits for food security if they go to poor farmers who spend at least a part of their incremental income on producing more food.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	85637114061cfbd99c00f381bcd95fa9	In Morocco spouses may make such an agreement in writing in a document separate from the marriage contract.28 In Algeria, a clause can be included in the marriage contract, or the community of assets can be established later in a separate document.29 In Egypt, Libya and Jordan, spouses may also opt for communal assets in the marriage contract. In Jordan the portion of assets registered in the names of both spouses seems to be increasing somewhat. It allows them access to markets, employment, business activities and services.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	8564a90a2c79cc825c0e525c0aea1b1e	For example, aquaculture farming along coasts, lakes or rivers can conflict with urban development or tourism. This can create problems related to water quality and scarcity and push aquaculture expansion into less optimal production locations. Furthermore, the high costs of fishmeal, fish oil and other related feeds will serve as a drag on growth as an essential component of production for many species, in particular carnivorous ones.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	8569502aa99d54d00e058f30eb975db7	The Government Financial Transfers (GFT) database measures and classifies support provided to fisheries, an important indicator of either government commitment to the sector or the potential for reform. The key principles suggested by the OECD may help the selection of relevant green growth indicators (Box 1.11). Indirect indicators can be useful when direct ones are impractical or ambiguous. For example, measuring the availability or use of energy audits demonstrates increases in environmental awareness on the part of fishers and indirectly measures energy efficiency.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	856ca098c924353debef81efa06b6a3c	In many OECD countries such bodies have the necessary investigative powers to help workers gather the evidence needed to bring their case before the courts.31 However, equality bodies are generally not empowered to offer legal representation to plaintiffs, with the result that lodging complaints with courts may remain overly expensive for a large share of workers. In emerging economies, this may be particularly important, as a larger share of the population may lack the necessary resources to sustain the costs of a trial.32 TYade unions and other bodies of worker representation can play an important role in this respect by providing counselling and legal assistance. As such procedures typically do not require professional legal representation, they are less costly for both parties. They can also be less expensive for the public purse, as they help resolve disputes more swiftly without engaging the courts.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	856d39941996c6fcefe0e115fdfd66b4	Their number has increased rapidly, though with considerable differences across provinces. Focusing on Northwest China, Garnevska et al. ( The high and rising stock of agricultural R&D as well as the increasing presence of foreign firms in the agriculture sector may improve China’s ability to absorb new foreign inventions (Andrews and Westmore, 2014). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is encouraged in most parts of the agricultural industry, although there are some restrictions. Changes to China’s foreign investment catalogue in 2007 raised restrictions on FDI in five agricultural industries including seed production and development, soybean processing and distribution services. In addition, an update in 2011 expanded restrictions to the areas of grain purchasing and the processing of rice, flour and edible oils.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/281344f5-en	856d90b2978a8b6db24dce4064604423	This reflects progress by many developing countries in achieving the fifth of the United Nations’ eight Millennium Development Goals: to cut the maternal death ratio by three quarters in all age groups by 2015. The complications of pregnancy and childbirth are nonetheless still the second leading killer of females 15 to 19, and the risks of dying rise with the proportion of young people in populations. The leading cause of death for adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide is suicide—a fact that raises questions about hopes and opportunities for young women, especially in the developing countries in which most of them live (World Health Organization, 2014). Mental disorders are high among health disorders suffered by people of all ages.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	856de84a5d4897b3ea52f105cb668edc	They reduce design and production costs related to differentiated compliance. And they help remove trade barriers by harmonizing test protocols or increasing their compatibility. But they can also create barriers to market access in developed countries for small and developing country producers, especially those that lack the technical or financial capacity to comply.	7	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	856ed59efe6765c9f8ca7361b0e5f608	According to Luxembourg law, the annual average radon gas concentration in dwellings should not exceed 150 becquerel (Bq)/m3, a stricter limit than that recommended by the EU.4 Private dwellings are also checked for dampness and chemicals. A new “passive smoking” law was introduced in 2006, forbidding the advertising of tobacco products and banning smoking in public places. The related noise action plans are being prepared and draft plans were presented in early 2009.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	857346d042278327488d3a99f738a6d7	In a bid to become more self-sufficient, Australia has also made efforts to increase the number of locally-trained doctors and has provided incentives for doctors to relocate to areas of need. Other policy levers Australia has experimented with include task delegation among health professionals, and the use of technology to facilitate access to health services for people in the most remote parts of the country. There are on average three Australians for every square kilometre of land, a density similar to Iceland and Canada (OECD, 2009). As a result, the spatial concentration of population in Australia is the highest in the OECD - almost two-thirds of the population live in 10% of the regions with the largest populations.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	85752175dec442220b395ea41d30a518	Nonetheless, this chapter’s analysis offers new insights into how to provide adequate income support to unemployed persons without hindering their quick reintegration into employment. This was true during the Great Recession despite the considerable responsiveness of first-tier unemployment benefit programmes to rising unemployment and the many crisis-related measures that OECD countries took to reinforce these programmes. This suggests that it would be timely to consider whether asset tests or other eligibility rules for these programmes are too strict for them to function effectively as a backstop to first-tier unemployment benefit programmes during an economic downturn.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	8576a22f19bf911dc3126023792e1db9	The countries of the former USSR, Latin America and Western Europe have also closed the gender gap in education over the last 50 years. Moreover, since the 1990s there has been a trend for women’s outcomes in education to surpass those of men, and in some countries women achieve higher levels of education than men. This is the case in parts of Western Europe (e.g. England, Sweden) and its Offshoots (e.g. Australia, United States). Among the developing economies, Kenya and India made substantial progress in catching up with developed countries in terms of gender equality.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	857805d3f372b6262cf57ef946298b00	For instance, aiming at increasing the proportion of one-day surgeries, 126 new surgical procedures have been added to those that may be performed as day surgeries in 2011. The high share of highly paid specialists and low nurse-to-physician ratios create cost pressures, which could be aggravated if substantial increases in the wages of health care workers take place to retain them in the system. Although skill-mix arrangements likely depend on productivity considerations, health worker and patient preferences, and other economic and social factors, there is some evidence suggesting that certain tasks traditionally performed by physicians could be transferred to highly qualified nurses, without undermining the quality of care. Indeed, Hungarian physicians tend to perform medical and administrative tasks that could be carried out by nurses and other support personnel (Gal et al, 2003; Orosz and Hollo, 2001).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	85790b0be56c7e6d3f354b1eab618360	Thanks to the growing demand for quality cashew kernels worldwide, cashew production and processing could offer a promising tool for lifting smallholders out of poverty. It opted for an increase of revenue rather than of quantities, by seeking to upgrade the sector to a quality niche. At the heart of the NGO’s competitive strategy, and meant to secure the impact and sustainability of TechnoServe’s support operations, was the collaboration with local entrepreneurs able to build viable businesses.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	857e0f5cc69d4745d5381d78b338d08b	"The largest cost components of the bill are the sewage and wastewater levies. This includes a water pollution levy and is the approximate average for the category ""residents” or “households”. The OECD survey referred to above suggests that the Netherlands compares well with countries that recover costs from revenues through w'ater bills (e.g. Belgium-Wallonia and Flanders, England and Wales, France, Sweden, Switzerland). This figure initially increased from 109 litres in 1970 to a peak of 149 litres in 1990, but subsequently declined (CBS, 2013)."	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60243856-en	857f567e625820ab8096efdb87d8b45d	The ubiquity of mobile phones and affordable communications contributes to the empowerment of previously marginalized and poor people through an increase in people-to-people connectivity and facilitated exchange of knowledge. However, even though more people around the world are now online thanks to the rapid uptake in mobile-broadband technology, large disparities in terms of ICT access and use continue to exist in the Asia-Pacific region, with least developed countries still lagging far behind their developing neighbours in terms of access and use. This figure is a little below the global average of 95.8 (Fig 6).	9	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	857fe8ac7bc4615f7e057646220fca7b	In meeting multi-faceted sustainability challenges, governments are, for example, increasingly using open data and big data analytics to improve accuracy in forecasting citizens’ demand for public utilities or to screen for irregularities in public procurement. Predictive analysis is also used to identify issues before problematic scenarios develop, and sentiment analysis is deployed in engaging citizens in public consultation and decision-making processes, notably through e-participation. As this collective global effort, led by the United Nations, gains momentum towards greater acceptance, and the institutional linkages among the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development are strengthened, there is a need for awareness of the importance of e-government that is for and with the people, in achieving higher standards of living for future generations.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/223159ab-en	85804120d9820777c6045dea0923d045	"Suicide rates in a number of EU countries increased following the 2008 recession and the EU financial crisis of 2009, mainly among men, and were associated in part with rising unemployment levels - but this trend did not persist in most countries (OECD, 2016). Mortality rates at these “midlife” ages have been increasing since the 1990s, a trend attributed primarily to drug overdoses, alcohol related liver disease, and suicides (""deaths of despair""), and to decelerating improvements in mortality from heart disease and cancer (Woolf et al, 2018, Bernstein and Ingraham, 2017). The death rate from drug overdoses more than tripled between 2000 and 2016, with a sharp rise from 2014 (Hedegaard et al.,"	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	8580bd672f189150978ee313296917dc	Sewage and solid waste were disposed to river channels. Rivers have become the “backyards” of most localities, serving as sites for the disposal of sewage and solid waste. But over the past two decades, river rehabilitation and recovery of the river’s environmental and social function have taken an increasingly important place on the public agenda.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	85815c241633a2beeb13d92a4a749489	Despite these concerns, the depletion of non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels and uranium, should not be a major issue of consideration in policy making. As commodities with high private and little additional social value, oil, coal, gas and uranium are traded on large and liquid international markets, where information about long-term scarcity is widely known and would be priced in immediately if it ever became a genuine cause for concern. From a policy-making point of view, the best response to resource depletion concerns is to ensure that existing markets remain as open and competitive as possible and that information about resource availability is shared widely.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264247598-4-en	8581da4b0ecbbc8545d44f1bb9647360	To help schools meet the needs of students from diverse backgrounds, school operating grants are weighted for socio-economic status (SES). This is intended to check the influences of key differentiating variables - the mother’s educational level, foreign language spoken at home, the family’s financial capacity, and the student’s neighbourhood characteristics. Student socio-economic characteristics are also used in the calculation and allocation of teaching hours to elementary schools, and secondary schools receive a top-up of teaching hours based on such characteristics.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/899c7c48-en	8582402179df45ee3102f5bc15148058	However, there were some notable exceptions to the linear pattern. In Iceland, child deprivation rose by an amount (7ppt) that was much less than would have been expected given its surge in anchored poverty, while the child deprivation increase in Hungary was much higher (9ppt) than what would have been predicted given its moderate increase in child poverty. This suggests that in Iceland the crisis affected household incomes to a greater degree than material living standards generally.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	85827625cfd8433e6bca8e35ac61c9c1	Civil society organizations and family compensation funds (kindergartens and educational institutions). Childcare facilities to support working mothers in low-income households and informal employment (Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL)), where care is provided for children aged 11 months to 4 years. The municipal programme serves children aged 6 months to 3 years in areas with gaps.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	8587f369ae95d2dccd79b5fa4762f0a6	These conditions involve frequent and regular travel as well as fragmentation of the social group and the herd. The duration and distance of the travel vary based on the composition of the herds, the shepherds, etc. Nomadic societies use animal husbandry techniques that have been adapted to climatic vagaries to increase the size of the herd.3 Accordingly, animal husbandry contributes to the development of abandoned and isolated areas by ensuring a human presence in areas with significant security issues3 (Map 6.1). These include certain groups of Wodaabe-Fula, Azawagh-Touareg, Mahamid Arabs of the Diffa region, Kreda-Tubu of Bahr El Gazel.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330244-7-en	8588014c00a887b766859d30d450571b	The individual day-care institution or childminder determines the goals of the learning plans. Children begin to attend compulsory school in August the calendar year they turn six and end compulsory school after grade 9 in July. There is no streaming, which means the students are not grouped according to ability or interests. When a child enters first grade, he/she normally receives education in all subjects together with the same classmates throughout the nine or ten years of school life.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	858a44a024227aa92bd272033242dba2	They said even relatives, and especially in-laws, found it difficult to accept the idea of women going into parliament. They complained that marriages were breaking up, friends and children feeling abandoned. One woman had separated from her husband after he started to abuse her physically, and accuse her of having extra marital relations in Cape Town (Mtintso 1999a). It's just a reality'.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	858ec295689811abe37ac97abc1f381c	The TC and the PTC undertake original research and pilot projects to further improve the understanding of tropical cyclones and related hazards. Developed as part of the IOTWS, these networks share data regionally and globally in near real time. Tie boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. These centres operate within the framework of the WMO’s World Weather Watch Programme and support countries with analysis, forecasting and training especially those with limited domestic capacity.	13	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	858ff38b19e1cdb8057d93ef4a4a0f2b	Five main types of aquifer can be found (Box 2.1): sand and gravel, sandstone, karst, volcanic and basement aquifers (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). Each of these types is associated with specific physical properties, such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity and thickness that determine the flow and storage aquifers can allow. The two first types include the most conducive agriculture irrigation systems, and some of the most fertile land.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	859261ce2f04144517b6543290cfc327	It is organised under the auspices of the EU Water Framework Directive and the French national organisation for the development and management of water resources (the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux, or SDAGE) and is mainly funded by the European Regional Development Fund. Achieving a shared diagnosis, on the basis of six workshops held in the region in the fall of 2009 and the first restitution workshop seminar held in December 2009. A forward-looking phase, to define and analyse a combination of plausible scenarios for water policy by 2030.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	8593c44f3dbd89dff9b1ae5eaaa50657	Moreover, public investment in these areas is a precondition for private investment in agriculture and stimulates the latter (Zepeda, 2001). The “soft” (institutional) infrastructure and public policies also contribute to fostering or hindering the growth of the sector’s productivity. In some cases reforms in pricing policy or the marketing system may have changed the incentive structure and helped boost productivity growth. In African LDCs and Haiti, and in Asian LDCs, it corresponds to just 15 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, of the level of ODCs (chart 2.11).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	85944043f823e2d929ad2d7a130c6e9d	The specific work programmes on accounting for NDCs, and for financial resources provided and mobilised, should help provide guidance on what to measure and how to do so.13 Further, conducting technical expert reviews of GHG inventories and progress reports from all Parties should assist Parties to continuously improve their measurement and reporting over time. Previous work on this topic (Briner and Prag, 2013; Levin et al., Subsequent information is needed to regularly track progress towards NDCs.	13	2	6	0.5
10.18356/e6252c36-en	859a03d4fea86b68ed2c4e36405537a3	These are useful to focus attention but the numbers should be treated with some caution due to the large uncertainties involved. Some of the most important land-based sources of larger plastic objects (macroplastics) include: construction, household goods, packaging, coastal tourism, and food and drink packaging. How much of this material enters the ocean will be dependent largely on the extent and effectiveness of wastewater and solid waste collection and management.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	859aafe005e84739ebaaa5c1a4533fbd	First, fertilisers represent one of the main inputs into crop production. Augmented by higher energy prices in the second half of the past decade, the cost of fertilisers represents a significant share in agricultural production costs around the world. Several emerging economies have identified greater use of commercial fertilisers as an important means to improving their domestic agricultural production base and increasing farmers’ incomes.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	859b99e292d9d6ba2634b6dd4602f78c	However, Penang’s ability to build a health hub is faced with human resource challenges and intense competition in the wider region. There is acknowledged shortage of skilled health personnel, particularly nurses, a shortage of highly qualified people. There is considerable growth potential in tourism through diversification into higher value-added segments.	4	9	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	859f1c3350ed7d6059ec586bfa780f84	This underscores the need for initiatives that focus on agriculture and climate change in combination. Without increasing adaptation and resilience, this is expected to reduce food production and cause losses to economic growth, livelihoods and well-being and make fulfilment of the SDGs especially difficult.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202146-en	85a04a8cba26da85a0726701fd6193c5	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights®oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info&copyright.com or the Centre ffamjais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We are very grateful to the authors of the background report on Germany which provided a very important foundation for our work.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	85a05ab942f7d4315dffb05192a5fc1b	Well organized public transportation provides numerous benefits to communities and individuals by lowering the unit costs of transport and easing access to different locations. Public transportation helps to reduce congestion and delays, improving air quality and increasing productivity, i.e., less time is wasted in traffic congestion (Litman, 2014; Public Transport Victoria, 2014). Thus, better planning and integration of land-use planning with transportation planning is an important factor for sustainable urbanization. The SDG’s imperative to make cities more inclusive implies that cities need to move away from car-based travel to public and active modes of transportation, such as walking and cycling with good inter-modal connectivity.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	85a10e0f0d8a3e15980c614718b0a14f	The evidence indicates that the rate of innovation has accelerated for many of these technologies, coinciding approximately with the passage of the Kyoto Protocol.3 This is particularly true of those technologies that were closest to being competitive, i.e. wind power, some solar power, biofuels, geothermal and hydro. Patent activity for other technologies, i.e. carbon capture and storage showed declines, even in comparison with the rate of patenting in general and for other energy technologies (Hascic et al., But some indicators emerge as particularly relevant from a policy perspective and one of them is public investment in research.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	85a11a8edd83c21732ca47e2bfd895f3	A climate extreme (i.e., an extreme weather or climate event) occurs when the value of a weather or climate variable is above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) end of the range of observed values of the variable. For simplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events tend to be referred to collectively as “climate extremes” (IPCC, 2014b, annex II). Risk is constructed by summing rankings for vulnerability and exposure to climate change and the number of weather-related events.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/43ad018a-en	85a5caf9be27edb957ace9d2f4402e73	The health attitudes, attributes and behaviours that are developed and cemented during adolescence, which begins at age 10, will define a girl’s health outcomes throughout her life. Positive choices during this critical period in a girl’s life, and access to youth-friendly health services, have lifelong effects. Strikingly, an adolescent girl is more likely to die from AIDS than any other cause (World Health Organization, n.d.). In 2013, two thirds of the 250,000 new HIV infections among adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 were among girls.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	85a737cc86c69b5d86e254a4189071bc	To a significant extent, some basic development issues, including ensuring adequate food supplies and universal primary education, were already dealt with. The domestic market for consumption goods was also significandy larger than proved to be the case in India. The control retained by the Chinese state over financial institutions and the activities of state owned enterprises (SOEs) allowed it to sustain high levels of investment and to deal with volatility, to prevent undesired levels of inflation from persisting beyond relatively short periods. In the event, the state ensured that cyclical fluctuations occurred around a high overall trend rate of income growth.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	85a7ceb3fae71394cee459fda92d0a20	Africa, of course, has most of its population living in tropical climes. The study explains this significant tropical zone shortfall in terms of the greater prevalence of disease, poor soils, typhoons and other natural calamities in the tropics. Surprisingly, the study seems oblivious of W. A. Lewis' (1969; 1978) pioneering work seeking to explain economic performance in the tropics as a result of falling terms of trade. Lewis emphasized however that not all tropical countries responded to this increased demand for exports. As the exports in greater demand were largely water-intensive, only those areas with enough water - or minerals - to substantially increase their exports were able to take advantage of the new opportunities.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ae18b798-en	85a806db927a5bd28fe35605820e8cd3	The problem lies in the trade-off between time and income, since to raise a poor household’s income above MO, its time has to be reduced to less than TO. Conversely, if a household slightly above the monetary poverty line tries to increase its free time to a value equal to or greater than TO, its income will fall below MO. Therefore, a poverty threshold that incorporates time and money must have a minimum monetary level (MO), a minimum time value (TO) and a trade-off between the two.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	85a90e868f71cbb4ffa346874f21a44e	In describing the economics of irrigation projects, the report characterized the optimal level of investment in irrigation and in irrigation infrastructure maintenance. It examined both financial and economic views of the optimal level of investment in irrigated agriculture. It also examined some of the historic causes of overinvestment in irrigation compared to investments that limited to ones passing a rigorous economic analysis. While the motivation for this report was a better understanding of the economics of maintaining off-farm irrigation infrastructure, the economic performance of those investments depends essentially on how the additional water produced is managed on the farm.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	85ab8b663a1a04ee6bfeb41e6e6ea071	In contrast, no conceivable future engine technology could achieve the same overall efficiency increase for a single occupancy vehicle. Engine efficiency would need to be 100 per cent, which is a thermodynamic impossibility. It should also be noted that there is only limited potential for efficiency improvements in power supply technologies, some of which, such as gas combined cycle and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, operate not far from their theoretical limits. Similarly, the so-called cumulative degree of perfection is high for diesel oil and natural gas, compared with other materials, implying only modest room for improvements in this area (Szargut, 1988).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	85ac76c21741d164ed2c6f3214fb5dbe	All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority- called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as well as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg). The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated the expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 1.9).	11	0	8	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	85ac8993dfdfead03551e7a6fdba690c	Two typical IP-documents home-care related search-reports from EPO (left) and FPO (right). In order to establish the state of the art, an extensive search concerning home-care related patented software and equipment has been performed. The search has employed the European Patent Office (EPO) IP-Docs search-engine esp@cenet, the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and other ones, e.g. Free-Patents-Online, FPO http //www.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7e830810-en	85acfa295aff5fa2ade50c0d3ef5e3db	The international governance framework for industrial energy efficiency consists of soft legislation and nonbinding rules, norms and action plans to coordinate strategies, policies and programmes. International agreements on specific actions and global coordination of domestic policies should benefit countries in two ways - providing domestic initiatives with the stability that comes with international legitimacy, and enabling countries to learn from each others successes and failures in designing institutions and implementing practices (Sugiyama and Ohshita 2006). Reducing the risks of climate change (a product of perhaps the worst market failure ever) is the purest example of a public good - greenhouse gas emissions from any one country affect the atmosphere in the same way as those from any other (Stern 2006). Markets also fail to supply information to evaluate energy-saving opportunities.	7	1	3	0.5
10.30875/c7f78275-en	85ae16cbd21cee5543ab644e7c706fa5	E-commerce transactions are understood to be digitally-ordered but may be delivered either digitally or physically. For example, nearly one-third (32 per cent) of Amazon’s net sales are international. The international streaming revenue of Netflix rose from US$ 4 million in 2010 to more than US$ 5 billion in 2017.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	85b1d43438c40d6471881945d21359b5	Human rights approaches also call for the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights accountability systems. Adolescents and youth, particularly poor, rural and indigenous girls, lack adequate access to the sexual and reproductive health information and services needed to avoid unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Unmet need for contraception remains high, and demand is rising.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	85b3e6e4887f5315bc464811aa0a0be8	Traditional biomass solid fuels are wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung. In some sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Chad and Sudan), biomass provides 90 per cent of all energy consumed, and it is estimated to account for most of the household energy needs even in oil-rich sub-Saharan African countries such as Angola (95 per cent), Cameroon (78 per cent), Chad (97 per cent) and Nigeria (65 per cent) (IEA, 2008). The indoor concentration of such pollutants is often several times higher than concentrations recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and result in a higher prevalence of respiratory diseases,1 obstetrical problems, eye infections and blindness, among others (IEA, 2002). There is consistent evidence that indoor air pollution increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and of acute respiratory infections in childhood -the leading cause of death among children under five years of age in developing countries.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	85b56e37fdd4d93c309806dade93e37e	The national examinations at 6th and 9th grade, which determined whether students could move to the following level, were also discontinued in 2007 to remove obstacles to transition (see Figure 4.4). The assessment has been applied twice in primary education (2007 and 2010) and three times in lower secondary education (2008, 2012, 2014). It tests students' knowledge of the curriculum in core subjects, and also surveys schools' socio-demographic characteristics, resources and climate.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	85ba1263bd6967e0ea624bebff1209b0	Cotton ginning has been extremely volatile, falling from 99 297 tonnes in 1990 to 68 968 in 1995, peaking at 143 091 tonnes in 2005 and falling back to 97 062 tonnes in 2009. About 80% of foreign food processing entities are small enterprises; however, the share of medium and larger foreign enterprises has increased since 2001. No complete official data exist on the total number of wholesale enterprises, as not all of them are registered. Among the registered wholesale enterprises, the largest number is engaged in purchase and sales of grain, sunflower, and vegetables.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264274051-5-en	85bc8b6d2aad196ce46bd574c9410d83	All key responsibilities for education strategy, policy and delivery are concentrated within the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research (MNESR). Several specialised bodies provide input to the ministry, but there is no fully independent evaluation body. Locally elected authorities play very little role in the design and delivery of education policies.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	85bcae2a3ee1c16a4c9a8b19b12c2b6b	For example, farm labour may be easier to motivate and supervise, while smallholders may have important local knowledge and may be more adept at managing some forms of risk. On the other hand, there are important economies of scale beyond the farm in areas such as procuring inputs, obtaining information on markets and technical farming issues, in meeting standards and certifying production, and in transacting with large scale buyers from processors and supermarkets, with their exacting demands (Wiggins, 2009). Small farms may be technically and allocatively efficient, given the existing level of development, but economies of scale beyond the farm gate are likely become more apparent as the economy develops. In much of Africa, only a minority of farms produces a marketed surplus.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	85bdd35d6f647d42403a5de85e6f89f5	As with the United Kingdom, France requires this information to be third-party verified. The rule governs mandatory reporting of GHG for suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of vehicles and engines, and all facilities that emit more than 25 000 tonnes of GHG every year (US EPA, 2014). In 2014, the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program released its 4th year of emissions data, including information from facilities in 41 source categories.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	85c04d9058d286d5695387ca897e4a14	Evidence shows a low public esteem for the teaching profession in Chile. A study from 2010 (Avalos and Sevilla, 2010) found 80% of teachers reporting that social recognition of their profession was medium to low. Just 33.6% of Chilean teachers reported feeling that their profession was valued by society, according to TALIS (MINEDUC, 2017a; OECD, 2014).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	85c3c885f0a86a86495e1447b1278974	The estimated total fertility rate (TFR) is probably smaller than the actual one and the difference between the two has narrowed over the period. Three major components affecting population growth are fertility, mortality and migration, and among these components, fertility plays the most important role. A number of factors, such as social, cultural, economic, health and other environmental factors, directly determine fertility. Davis and Blake (1956) first introduced the term intermediate variables of fertility to describe the biological and behavioral mechanisms through which social, economic and cultural conditions can affect fertility.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264200197-7-en	85c575ae2d4440b9a44a4bf15d0b3ee2	Competences involved account for the principal's ability to ensure effective learning in the institution he leads, enclosing both his own culture and the education project. Management of the Organizational Climate and Relations with Community: refers to the generation of adequate organisational climates to empower the education project and the learning achievements of its students. The selected criteria foster the collaboration within the institution and the framing of support networks to itself in its environment.	4	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	85c8191df511d8b6753a257effeeae08	The research concluded that: 'The representation of women is not only politically and theoretically justifiable, but the evidence available about the working of parliament after 1994 suggests that a more representative parliament is a more effective institution' (Albertyn et al. If the answer is yes, then there should be women in all spectrums of society'. This framework, which has been elaborated for the purposes of this chapter, is illustrated in Figure 2.2. She argues that once women have entered political decision-making, it is necessary to remove the barriers to their effective participation.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	85ca0f198a7fa9c59ed4855e4e5f64fb	"The aim is to increase by 2020 the share of foreign investments to fixed assets by 50%; that measure will be used as an indicator of the city's ability to independently attract foreign investors, including multinational companies, in the work of the city. Towards this end, Almaty is opening a “one-stop"" business service for investors that will streamline and shorten the time spent between application, approval and start of implementation of investment projects. Through the balanced integration of these three pillars, Almaty may be on the path towards becoming a model of sustainable development."	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/c73325d9-en	85cbac363f596ece172ebbbac4dcb3da	The authorities should promote the monitoring of shortages and give the education system enough flexibility to adapt curricula and class sizes quickly. This could be facilitated by setting up a national information service beyond the tourism sector that provides up-to-date labour market infonnation for all involved parties including students and teachers (OECD/ADB, 2015). Such a system can take the form of a website providing trends in demand and supply by occupation, industry' and district, complemented with skills shortages and surpluses. Information on occupation remuneration and requirements in terms of qualifications and experience could also contribute to increase the flexibility of the system. For example, ministries of education and labour in Peru provide data on the cost and employment outcomes at all higher-education institutions (McCarthy and Musset, 2016).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/194768b3-en	85cbd357391646b38a494198c1e8d7ef	The headquarters of both agencies could facilitate the clarification process, which ideally should also take place in the regional and country contexts. This should help both agencies to establish working arrangements, particularly in areas where they address similar development challenges and can add significant value to each other’s initiatives. The establishment of improved working arrangements needs to acknowledge that a one-size-fits-all approach will be inadequate and that partnership is based on mutual understanding and a clear appreciation of contextual factors.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	85cc6cac2e7d3ab9858c427651179da8	Stronger agricultural growth and public sector consumption have failed to compensate for sluggish industrial production, investment and exports. This is a substantial slowdown compared to previous years, and the question is whether and when recovery will occur. Persistent high inflation and low productivity have contributed to a loss of competitiveness. High government transfers through social security schemes also raised wages, especially in rural areas; rural real wages that had been flat earlier showed a substantial rise after 2007 when high food inflation and rural employment programmes set in. Real INR depreciation combined with a projected increase in external demand should increase exports.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	85d182ae3f6c7a21ff8badb48ce2d767	One important policy measure is the Secretariat of the Interior’s ability to issue “gender alerts”, which oblige authorities to implement measures that protect women’s rights and physical security, conduct more comprehensive investigations into acts of VAW, and increase efforts to address the problem in areas where violence is prevalent. The gender alerts send a strong statement about the severity of the problem. These multi-purpose anti-violence centres are intended to offer psychological, legal and medical care; temporary shelter; and consultation with child development experts. The centres also often offer workshops on social and economic empowerment to help women break the cycle of violence and start a self-sustainable life free from violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	85d2481026922fd158d5de68de62e55b	As mentioned earlier in the report, comprehensive data on the demographic status of the indigenous peoples in the Asian region are incomplete or not available. Information on indigenous peoples in Central and Western Asia, in particular, is so scarce it is very difficult to draw even a rough profile of the population. An estimate offered by the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) in 2008 with a subsequent edition by Hall and Patrinos (2012) is an often cited source for understanding the distribution of the indigenous peoples is in the subregions of Asian continent. In Japan, according to Figure 1, there are some 230,000 indigenous peoples.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	85d6cca34c1633da8289fd08e0fb415a	Specific provisions can be included in legislation for the accreditation of other bodies’ activities and staff where they are consistent with the standards applied by the regulator. The assignment to a regulator of both industry development and regulatory functions, such as protecting health or the environment, can reduce the regulator’s effectiveness in one or both functions and can also fail to engender public confidence. Such conflicting functions can impair a regulators’ clear role and they do not contribute to effective performance. For these reasons, this combination should be avoided” (OECD, forthcoming).	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	85d6fe78bec3d6f494a03d3fe3e7e926	"In these countries, migratory flows usually begin with internal displacements which, depending on the intensity and the duration of conflict, become frequent and may lead to large international out-migration. Therefore, it adopts a broader indicator of economic and social development. The majority of the ""transitioning countries"" in this typology fall into the OECD category of ""high and sustained growth,"" while some from that category of OECD have graduated to ""aspirational"" and others are still in the ""development momentum"" category."	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	85dbab976278fa4e5e9e4aa042a09501	This is the highest figure in TALIS, where the average is just 25.8% (OECD, 2014). Chilean teachers currently decide with full autonomy whether they want to participate in professional development, a practice that is less common among OECD countries (OECD, 2014). This figure is higher than in any other TALIS country.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289329224-8-en	85dbd8ec4181f072f129a82d98ef8158	Information provided by policy makers is only a small part of the consumers' information environment and it competes for consumers' attention with several other sources of information (Aspegren 2002). Advertising, media communications and the information gained from daily interactions and the physical environment are much more influential and visible to consumers than any individual public information campaign. Consumers are also overloaded with information, and hence, the impact of public campaigns is limited from the outset Some studies demonstrate that people in consumer societies can be exposed to up to 3,000 advertisements per day (de Graaf, Wann etal. Some behaviour, such as large investments, involve more information processing, whereas most daily behaviours, such as driving to work or using energy at home, are habitual.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	85dc879ded84f09a7149634803beee4b	The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost-effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	85dfb74c705d74bb4fc75c03269e0bdd	In primary education, for the same school year, about 25% of teachers did not have a higher education degree (NCESE, 2013a). As a comparison, the average proportion of teachers with no higher education qualification in education systems participating in the 2013 cycle of the OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) was 2.3% (OECD, 2014c). This might reflect some ageing of the teaching profession. However, the teaching workforce remains younger than the average in the OECD area.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/dd581311-en	85e436ab6271fccaac6a4be975bb2f41	Then, an empirical analysis is presented using part of the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007 and 2011). The analysis begins with an index based on a core set of indicators of critical deficiencies or unmet basic needs (UBN), continues by adding to this core a measurement of deprivation due to income insufficiency, and is supplemented with the addition of some dimensions not usually included in the poverty analysis. This interest was prompted by the dissemination of new conceptual frameworks on development and well-being, such as the rights-based approach and the capabilities approach.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	85e6c9bbc9583c104e4753bf87b0a22a	Importantly, the exchange of goods and services, methods, ideas and technologies, as well as capital and investments, has the potential to raise both incomes and productivity. This has clear benefits for food security, while effects on farmers, biodiversity or GHG emissions are more nuanced. While regulations generally help to achieve important policy objectives by responding to a range of societal concerns, often related to market failures, differences in regulations and their enforcement lead to increased costs related to administration, the gathering of information, conformity assessments, etc.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	85e9c4a414e49492cbe23a04778fb7ea	"In Switzerland and the United Kingdom, reduced progressivity has cut the (already low) redistributive effect of income tax approximately in half. The redistributive effect is the difference between the Gini coefficients before and after the respective tax or benefit. “ Size"" is the average ratio of the respective tax (or negative benefit) over pre-tax/benefit income."	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3383d551-en	85ec8df6aba1353253f89aeb516bba36	Although land laws are the starting point, related legislation should also be considered. Family and marriage laws, inheritance provisions and housing law are all important legal areas that play a supporting role in ensuring equitable treatment of men and women in control over land. In many countries, tradition is stronger than law when it comes to land issues. Opposition from land reform authorities, peasant unions, village authorities and male household heads can frustrate land reform efforts to extend legal land rights to both single and married women. Legal rights are difficult to enforce if they are not seen as legitimate; thus recognizing customary land rights and working with community leaders is essential to ensure that women's rights are protected.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	85ee16229b3f658f53a8967bc1c2a23f	Gurley-Calvez et al. ( While it is difficult to determine an exact causal relation between hours worked and business income, findings from analyses of earnings from self-employment suggest that enabling women to work longer hours would increase the profitability of their businesses (see Annex IV.A2). The earnings gaps between self-employment and wage employment are widest at the bottom and narrowest at the top end of the earning distribution.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	85ef1ed7c8513a394d5fdc62719b1a81	Overweight and obesity are often perceived as higher income economy issues, but in fact they have been on the rise, and at a fast pace, in low- and middle-income countries. Breaking down by World Health Organization (WHO) regions, in the Americas, overweight and obesity affect 62 per cent and 26 per cent of the population, respectively. On the opposite side of the spectrum, in South-East Asia, only 14 per cent of the population are overweight.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	85ef9f1669841b649f0786e79f7180ee	The standard for embodied carbon and life cycle assessments (LCA): BS EN 15804 and environmental product declarations (EPD) for construction products. Webinar delivered by Jane Anderson during the United Kingdom Embodied Carbon Week 2014. Lacey Act amendments impact wood products. Available at: www.bdlaw.com/news-51 l.html Brack, D. and Leger,C. 2013.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	85f69bf73017a2bce2cf05c9b67054bc	Many took the opportunity to increase public investments in green infrastructure particularly in public transport, low-carbon energy production, smart electricity grids, energy-efficient public buildings and water and sanitation infrastructure. A few countries have also invested in research and development (R&D) to support green innovation and raised taxes on environmentally harmful activities. Still, some stimulus measures have been environmentally counterproductive.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	85f7754eb87bbd60a3e301685921ddd7	This quota was followed by a few universities such as Universiti Malaya and USM. Others particularly the newer universities have largely Bumiputera students. The 2002 policy of admitting students based on merit as measured by the results of STPM examinations and matriculation assessments raises important questions about the dual entry mode.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60a8d482-en	85f812d389a13cec28c8c77e23c786ab	As a result, there are few alternatives to unpaid family care, which can have enormous economic and psychological costs for women. In order to address the rights of caregivers and care receivers comprehensively, however, a combination of investments are required: in basic social infrastructure, from water and sanitation to public transport systems; in social services, from primary health care to school feeding programmes; and in social transfers, from disability benefits to paid parental leave. This should also be kept in mind in the design of national social protection floors. Setting priorities for investment in social protection should include a thorough assessment of the needs of caregivers and care receivers to make sure that policies contribute to the recognition, reduction and redistribution of unpaid care and domestic work.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	85f83d70cf0b54203b998a184699e945	An increasing number of countries, including those of the European Union, formulate targets for reducing serious injuries. First, an absolute number is easier to communicate and will be clear to everyone: 1 000 road deaths less per year. A target expressed in terms of ratio is more difficult to explain (Box 4.3). For example, deaths per kilometre travelled may drop while the overall number of road deaths increases.	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f47faf05-en	85fac67ec38bfbf1007452e0368f2bd7	Extraction involves methods such as underground or surface mining. Extraction of mineral resources reflects the quantity ofthe resource physically removed from the deposit during a period of time (usually one year). The difference between the opening and closing stocks of mineral resources for a particular year result largely from extraction. However, new discoveries, reappraisals and reclassifications of stocks, as well as catastrophic losses, can also influence the difference between opening and closing stocks. Main sources of statistics about stocks of mineral resources are geological surveys and inventories, as well as economic statistics on mining and quarrying.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	85fc68fe58eb346e0283c98c0d3c3610	The report highlighted the high rate of speed involvement in fatal collisions and the fact that speeding is a widespread problem. Furthermore, the level of enforcement was assessed by looking at the number of speeding tickets issued per 1 000 population. Offence detection rates are highest in the Netherlands, Austria and Switzerland where safety cameras are used extensively.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	85feb267296200a80dd24f899fc90851	Among all 15 to 49-year-old females in Mexico, only about half report currently using any type of contraceptive method. Mexico’s rate of unmet need for family planning is higher than rates in many other OECD countries with available data, and Mexico’s adolescent pregnancy rate is the highest in the OECD. Access to abortion is prohibited or severely restricted in most of Mexico.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	86003a0009da4a0c27d6dfb2664bfb15	Other low-income countries are those in which per capita GNI was less than or equal to USD 1 005 in 2010. Lower middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 1 006-3 975 in 2010. Upper middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 3 976-12 275 in 2010.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	86007733b84c917bb1d1bd643042bbf2	However, since then, it has become increasingly common for municipalities and developers to jointly undertake the land servicing with the developers paying the infrastructure costs. In such cases, the (extra) infrastructure costs need to be subsidised. The costs of providing serviced building plots on the brownfields are usually far higher than on greenfield locations. Much is done to keep the losses small by, for example, encouraging high-density development and multiple commercial uses.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	8608c641594c3f5a139a9bcf13cf4c3b	As events in other sectors in China have demonstrated, rapid infrastructure expansion can entail safety problems. The number of official regulatory personnel per unit of nuclear energy produced in China is relatively low by international standards and increasing regulatory capacity in concert with the expansion of the industry raises broader problems of limited training and research capability. A further issue is ensuring that the nuclear safety regulator, the National Nuclear Safety Administration, has an adequate voice at the highest levels of government.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9d0e6611-en	8609f974ef20e6b6629e0773dde3d986	The Forum also helps identify gaps in pan-European research capacity as well as strategic needs associated with research infrastructures. Moreover, the Forum issues periodic recommendations on the management of research infrastructures and related human resources. Finally, ESFRI members are tasked with communicating the significance and importance of research infrastructures to a wider public.	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	860a3802afc38aaf2c74e1afb54fbb74	On average, a teacher student is expected to graduate with teaching competencies in three main subjects, but it is possible to graduate with just two main subjects. The 2012 reform of initial teacher education also made special needs education and Danish as a second language obligatory for all teacher students. Entry into teacher education used to be strictly based on marks obtained in upper secondary education, but the dropout rates of students entering this programme used to be very high (as much as 41% in 2005 according to data from the Ministry of Higher Education and Science and Statistics Denmark) and needed to be reduced.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	860a56c439a315dc63dc8cb2f1590035	Data for water quality statistics are produced primarily by monitoring stations. Monitoring programmes are usually developed when a policy or quality norm is set up for specific locations that show the most problematic signs of pollution. Most monitoring stations and regular monitoring programmes are aimed at measuring specific pollutants. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	860fac262bde3be5ee49467565c24106	In practice, the average capacity factor of hydropower in India has often been lower, with an average national load factor of 43% in 2007 because of factors including shortcomings in design of old existing hydropower plants and strong dependence on monsoon rainfalls. Nearly 90% of the total remaining hydro potential of 98 GW is in the Himalaya mountain region (Figure 1.12). The definition of the regions within India corresponds to the one used in the geographical model analysis (see Annex B).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	860ff4a637f75feefa9b56cac02de366	The great majority (80%) of these are located in two oblasts - Almaty and South Kazakhstan - the regions with the fastest rates of student population growth (NCESE, 2014). A symptom of infrastructure shortages carried over from Soviet times, multi-shift teaching results in a full use of the existing facilities throughout the day. After-school use of facilities is also quite common for a wide range of extra-curricular and related activities. School auditoria are used by art and drama circles, gyms and sport fields by athletic teams associated with the school, and classrooms are often used for the delivery of evening classes to adults (if permitted by the local executive authorities) (IAC, 2014).	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	861550c9abcdfb4924ca6122e5cd32a2	In the 160 countries included in the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), one in three women agrees that domestic violence is justified (OECD Development Centre, 2014). There are significant economic effects, as well. Women may be unable to work and lose wages, stop participating in activities, and struggle to care for themselves and their children (ibid.).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	8615a008338d34e33d6d39fb2b1d76a2	In particular, the monitoring component of national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation could provide information on the development and implementation of specific adaptation responses, which could be included in countries’ adaptation communications. Further, the resources invested in developing and implementing such processes could be reported in countries’ biennial update reports (for resource needs) or biennial reports (for resources provided). Provided Parties monitor and evaluate their adaptation actions at the national level, and reflect this in information they communicate to the UNFCCC on adaptation, this could help support learning and increase accountability among Parties.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/797ccf27-en	8615aa09cf339c94c40631f954330f6c	In Bolivia, urban income is more than double the level in rural areas; in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, urban income exceeds rural income by between 50% and 60%; in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico, average urban income is between 25% and 40% higher than in rural areas. The largest reduction occurred in Brazil, where the gap narrowed from 2.2 to 1.5 thanks to a much larger increase in rural incomes than urban ones, which also grew substantially. Mexico, Panama and Paraguay also report significant reductions in income disparities between areas, although partly reflecting a deterioration in real incomes in urban areas.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8615d1996554fca3dd633f94cdbd877e	Moreover, a more active approach to protect and realise higher value from natural assets can support wealth creation and wellbeing for Ethiopians for whom natural resources are important assets in delivering key ecosystem services (e.g. food security, clean and secure water supplies, greater resilience to extreme weather events), and to build competitiveness to attract a wider range of investment and partnerships apart from climate financing. Thus equal attention should also be given to other environmental priorities, such as sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, sustainable land management, and improving provision of water and sanitation, to ensure many more ordinary citizens in the country can benefit. Shifting domestic investments toward “green” activities can be pursued in parallel with the international climate agenda.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	8615f10cabb14e51d7c23e48827e3380	The PROTAR (Wastewater Treatment Program) programme prioritises wastewater treatment works that belong to inter-municipal systems and does not provide support for rehabilitating a work before five years. Investments to increase efficiency increased (in constant 2008 prices) from 2002-2008 from MXN 1.5 billion to MXN 4.0 billion (CONAGUA, 2011c). However, this only represents an increase from 11.5% to 13.6% of the total sub-sector investments.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	86180f5458492caac180c1aa940b0f2a	"Three key factors elevate this system to a best practice. In 2007, the NSW Board of Vocational and Educational Training published Skills for Sustainability, a ground-breaking report that investigated the skills required for sustainability business development in NSW.116 This report formed the basis for the NSW Green Skills Strategy Implementation Plan 2008-2010, which is aimed at ensuring ""that the NSW workforce has the skills and knowledge to support progress in becoming a more sustainable community, with the business and economic benefits that flow from adaptation to environmental change. The Department of Education and Training (DET) has worked to deliver accredited training for sustainability skills to support industry needs through the TAFE Institutes and other Registered Training Organisations (RTOs)."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	8618ca7023590c3fb490d35f6ef46b9b	The Congressional Budget Office projects these changes in Title 1 will reduce outlays by USD 6 billion (nominal USD), or 25%, over the projected costs of continuing current commodity programmes. New US farm legislation in 2014 (cont.) Producers of covered commodities (wheat, feed grains, rice, oilseeds, peanuts and pulses) may choose to participate in either, but not both programmes, for the life of the 2014 Farm Act.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	861934e5d5d28eee209a0ce9dbc06dd8	In Chile, the national government would do well to create a definition of natural-hazard zones, and to specify the conditions for development and types of land uses applicable to them. The primary risks in continental France are floods, landslides, avalanches, earthquakes and forest fires. The PPRn indicates at-risk zones, and either prohibits construction or allows it only under certain conditions.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	86198212674e52b0b383a3355dbc9c2b	The water companies were asked to provide information about their current practices to calculate the ELL, which includes external costs and benefits (as shown in Table 4.1). However, it recognises that several approaches exist, and that regional differences should be taken into account (Tripartite Group, 2002). In 2008, Ofwat conducted further work to revise leakage based on a frontier approach to leakage target setting (WRc, 2008).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	861b9ef67c16acf77371d54a41eb9afd	The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, OECD Publishing. The concept of “formative assessment” emerged with recognition of the importance offeedback and application of navigational metaphors about staying on course through corrective steering. There is substantial evidence, reviewed here, on how feedback improves learning but most studies suffer from weak conceptualisation and neglect of longer-term impacts.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/663aa107-en	861d3bc790aa99e1c1a8259ff2a95013	The maximum storage capacity of the major dams and reservoirs (>144 BCM) on the Euphrates exceeds the natural annual flow volume of the river (30 BCM) by four to five times. Its water infrastructure projects and programmes, particularly GAP, have greatly impacted water resources throughout the basin, modifying the natural flow regime of the Euphrates and affecting other riparians' water use patterns. It is the farthest upstream of a series of Turkish dams on the Euphrates, serving the dual purpose of hydropower generation and flow regulation.25 The Karakaya Dam.	6	0	3	1.0
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	862692df4757a60dbbdae3525c71ad45	The importance of artisanal fishing and technical assistance to developing countries as well as the need to address IUU fishing were also discussed. Some WTO members noted that the peer review was a voluntary process taking place outside, and without any link to the WTO, and expressed the view that the CTE was not the appropriate forum to discuss fossil fuel subsidy reforms. Other delegations, highlighting the broad CTE mandate, welcomed the discussions and considered such information sharing to be useful.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	862897092f3059201e56f66135bc2e24	Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8629678a342a01db21565378c55cb2d3	At meetings at Rio+20 in June 2012 between the Secretary-General of the OECD and the Director-General of Ethiopia’s Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), it became clear that it was very timely to reflect on the Green Economy Strategy component of CRGE’s progress, and consequent implications and prospects. The EPA of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia subsequently agreed to a joint study with the OECD. Workshop participants were invited in their personal capacity, having been selected primarily for their knowledge and analytical capabilities, rather than for their representational and administrative roles.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	86310aa8080d5755d5013ab96b5f8d20	It decreased at an average annual rate of 2.9% over this period, although there was considerable volatility between years. Multilateral assistance accounted for the largest share, averaging ETB 21.5 billion per year between 2010/11 and 2015/16; bilateral assistance averaged ETB 16.5 billion. External assistance as a percentage of GDP decreased at an annual average rate of 11.4% between 2010/11 and 2015/16, falling to 4.3% of GDP in 2015/16.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84974ecb-en	86311c88a353d029499aa6f65757d9a5	"The issues taken up in its Programme of Action5 are fundamentally related to women's human rights, including gender equality, the family, reproductive health, birth control and family planning, women's health, as well as immigration and education of women. Importantly, the Programme of Action is explicitly grounded in human rights and proclaims that ""advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women, and the elimination of all kinds of violence against women, and ensuring women's ability to control their own fertility, are cornerstones of population and development-related programmes."" The Conference was also important for its clear statement of reproductive rights, explaining that these ""rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	86316f8fb549452e3debdcc135d34d22	In addition, barriers to trade in clean technologies and the entry of new firms must be removed. Most ASEAN countries do not have the resources to fund a comprehensive approach to green growth so private sector participation is critical. However, many environmentally sustainable projects are risky and not undertaken because the returns are low.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/67989bf6-en	8636e493a90e271e4416662d5dc20060	In 2014, a new electoral law even required parties to reach gender parity in candidate lists for federal and state legislative elections and to alternate genders within the lists (OECD, 2017(9]). In the last elections before quotas were introduced in 2007, 18 women were elected to the national parliament; in 2009, the first elections following the introduction of the quota, 52 women were elected (a change of 189%). In Slovenia, only a modest change has been discerned: 11 women were elected in the last elections before the quota was introduced in 2004 and 12 during the first elections after the quota was applied in 2008 (a change of 9%); however, the number of women candidates increased in 2008 even though the number of total candidates decreased (24% of total candidates were women in 2004 compared to 35% in 2008). In Poland, in the last elections before the quota was applied in 2007, 94 women were elected, compared to 110 in 2011 after the quota was introduced (a change of 17%).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	8636fa6df2c4657167cbd669b870f160	This output required 6,070 hectares (ha), or about half of all land (10,397 ha) (Furano Branch of Kamikawa Agricultural Extension Centre, 2007). A quarter of the straw was converted to feed for milch cows (standard usage rate in Japan) (NEDO, 2009). This feed contains 37.6 per cent total digestible nutrients (TDN) (standard usage rate in Japan) (NEDO, 2009); and 63 per cent (standard usage rate in Japan) of hulls were converted to 4.4 t-N (NEDO, 2009).	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/84fc8700-en	863ae53591f0c3efcf258ae8ce3b9904	An analysis of the social equality dimensions of health, for example, would help to focus efforts where they are needed (Austveg, 2011). A human rights focus to family planning requires costing of demand-side programming. Singh and Darroch (2012) recommend systematic data collection at the provider and facility level to include indicators such as the number and training of staff, the range of methods offered, the consistency with which a range of contraceptive commodities is supplied and the quality of care.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	863f4252a93195d9730d7df6393f1573	The growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important re-orientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers, with potentially less production and trade distortions. Despite recent increases in expenditure on agricultural schools and irrigation, the %GSSE has remained small at 14% in 2006-10 (Table 2.12). Expressed as a percentage of GDP, the %TSE provides an indication of the cost that support to the agricultural sector places on the overall economy.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	8641e44b8b47d4e46b72b857945fcf57	However, the total number of graduates in computing is small among all fields of education in Mexico; it makes up just 2.8% of bachelor’s level degrees and 2.4% of all tertian' education. However, Mexico also has a laige population of children in school, relative to other OECD countries, and Mexico’s expenditure per student remains low. In total public and private expenditure per student, Mexico spent less than the other 25 OECD countries with available data (OECD Education Statistics, 2015).	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/508a648f-en	86462ee923f0e0d1b90d4be138ef0e9a	By contrast, the transition economies have seen, on average, a decline in this ratio, from an already low level of 0.56 in the second half of the 1990s to 0.48 in 2006-2010. While this rough indicator does not take into account possible shifts in the income tax scale or possible variations in the rates of the VAT for different types of goods and services that are consumed in different quantities by the various income groups, it suggests that the evolution of the tax system has become more regressive. Regressive structures of revenue collection make the system dependent on the purchasing power of the lower and middle-income groups, but since this tax base is relatively small, the yield from this source is also limited.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	86485d09078ec91bdf55d8b7d0ee7fc0	Water supply lines were repaired, leaks were found and plugged, the production of polyethylene pipes started - they are widely used nowadays for construction of new pipelines and replacement of old ones. The computer control system for water supply to the city and automatic pressure monitoring were introduced. The water company pays special attention to communication with consumers; meetings with condominiums, motivation of accurately paying consumers, provision of benefits for veterans, sponsor aid, information about the company operations became customary for residents. Water Resources - Marketing, LLP is now evaluating the opportunity of attracting a long-term loan to implement its investment programme.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	8649ba385a6acdf4421f9557b385cfc8	Both these options are limited in the short term, and in the longer term depend on investments in the expansion of productive capacities. Wages do not increase much in such economies, so domestic demand does not grow and employment creation is limited. Informal activities may persist and even expand in situations of relatively rapid economic growth. Industrial upgrading is thus crucial for these economies.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/872035ff-en	864be9adca9874b8ca71b5fab3c64ac5	"This project supports a participatory approach within the community to reach a common agreement on the selection of sites and their protection from grazing, as well as the planning and implementation of interventions needed to accompany this change. As the source of funds in this case is a World Bank Loan, this example possibly stretches the definition of a PES slightly, but from the point of view of the rural communities it operates in a 'PES-like fashion'and can be used as a model for other, similar projects in future. Currencies"" can be used to determine biodiversity losses (in destroyed areas) and gains (increases in biodiversity value of restored areas)."	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	864e00c4ee4a8f6e341e63f6501cf62e	For example, for a single person without children who takes up work at 33% or 50% of the average wage, the participation tax rates are 51% and 38%, respectively, compared to an OECD average of 69% and 60%, respectively. For a married couple with two children, the participation tax rates for one person taking up work are 55% and 57% for work paid at 33% and 50% of the average wage, respectively, while the OECD average is 71% and 69%, respectively. Better targeting resources to households with children could be achieved by giving children a more generous weight in the calculation of RSI benefits.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	864eb2cae5505c5ccbe3b463c2365985	In Mexico, for example, where 71% of women report feeling insecure in public transport, stakeholders point to the fear of violence or harassment as a hairier to women commuting to work (OECD, 2017). Twenty-one of the 37 responding OECD countries and other adherents to the OECD Gender Recommendation listed VAW as one of the three most urgent issues facing their country (Figure 5.1). Workplace sexual harassment presents both a human rights challenge and an economic cost.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf70833b-en	8650a77840b1719321ea6d5da075b648	"The conference conclusions were agreed at the Tenth Ordinary Meeting of the ICPDR in December 2007. The environment"", depending on the scope of the SEA, ranges from the biophysical environment alone to encompass biophysical, social, economic and institutional environments. Furthermore, there is a strong common understanding of what good SEA practice is."	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	8652ea9494cec12b8c0c042ca6c5d8d1	These offer lead purchasing opportunities for clean-tech and can be expected to raise the attractiveness of the Negev, which will help overcome a barriers in the attraction of highly-skilled people to the region. It is a worldwide leader in supporting technology-based innovation. But clean-tech is market-driven and on its way to become design-driven innovation. In its public institution-driven rather than market-driven approach, a number of aspects of traditional Israeli innovation policy instruments are not well adapted to the needs of supporting the Negev clean-tech sub-cluster.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	8656cba95176efcac100d7dbf294f105	First, as a global universal comprehensive treaty it eroded the Kyoto Protocol's 'firewall' between developed and developing countries where the latter were exempt from mandatory obligations to reduce emissions. Second, the Paris Agreement has replaced the Kyoto Protocol's top down 'targets and timetables' with a bottom-up 'pledge and review’ process, thereby making domestic climate action central in multilateral climate policy. Third, the Paris Agreement has enacted a new model of 'hybrid multilateralism' whereby the function of a climate agreement is to direct, orchestrate, harness and mobilize climate action by sub-state and non-state actors such as cities, business, investors, regions and civil society (Andonova 2018, Backstrand et al.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	86597f1c518d588bb594ac3bd114f528	Some exceptions to this include the United States, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, where the employment declines relative to output have been faster than historical norms (see Box 1.1 for a discussion of the US case). In the case of Spain, labour shedding has been so great relative to the fall in output that productivity, which typically falls during a recession, actually rose sharply, while it was essentially constant in the United States. Although the link between a smaller employment response to recessionary shocks and a larger fall in labour productivity is purely algebraic, it does provide a useful reminder that measures to preserve existing jobs in a recession are likely to imply significant costs and need to be subject to careful benefit-cost assessments. Who bears the costs resulting from productivity declines during recessions is also important and depends in large part on how real wages adjust (see discussion below). Why did Okun’s law break down in the United States during the 2008-09 recession?	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	865c52af40ae09e92ceee43961cda176	The amendment to the WAJ Law (Article 28) in 2011 gave it the right to corporatise utilities. The utilities in Zarqa and Balqa govemorates are expected to be corporatised. A number of options are possible for these govemorates: either both will be bundled as one corporatised entity; or Balqa could be added to Miyahuna or Zarqa would be a stand-alone corporatised company, but progress has been slow to date and the modalities have not yet been finalised.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	8663014df55d2c3af907b845d87671e3	Moreover, despite many initiatives to reduce gender gaps in fields of tertiary study, the situation has changed only slightly in the past decade or so (OECD, 2012b). As a result, dominant gender norms governing what is the ideal type of masculine and feminine identity impact strongly on educational choices (Connell, 2005). Recent studies have also shown that teachers’ and parents’ gender-stereotyped behaviours and expectations can undermine girls’ confidence in their mathematical abilities, discouraging them from choosing mathematics-related courses (TUrner et al.,	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	8663cb3a0589d747a0670c8ee964701b	Importantly, policies on regulation and competition need to stimulate integrated care, which requires clarity for all stakeholders about how the rules around competition and integration will be interpreted in practice. The evolution of such models does not need to be standardised, and can be tailored to the specific health needs of local communities. A review of six initiatives1 considered successful in increasing integration found that, although they spanned five countries and differed in their design and payment systems, a common denominator was the high degree of bundling in their payment systems, with a single budget used to pay for multiple components of a person’s health and social care (Hagbjer, 2012). Several initiatives also integrated the delivery of health and social care in one organisation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	8666eb92d96880ca135b7148baf71c1e	The transparency framework could potentially be used to clarify whether financial resources provided are “scaled-up”9, whether these balance mitigation and adaptation, and how provision of these resources accounts for developing country needs, priorities and strategies (Article 9.4). Article 10 specifies that support shall be provided to developing countries for technology development, co-operation and transfer, but doesn’t specify who is to provide it. This information will be subject to an expert review (Article 13.11). Under Article 13.10, developing countries should report on support needed and received under Articles 9, 10 and 11.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	866877062ff52fc9e19407b9b68b2330	This was followed by regulations instituting subsidies for the rational use of energy and the promotion of renewable energies, but there has been no noticeable impact on national emissions. It estimated the potential reductions at between 3 and 16 million tonnes equivalent of C02 over the period 2008-12, through action on transportation (from 0.350 to 13 million t. eq. C02),6 use of biofuels (1.185 million t. eq. C02), industry (except electricity production, 1.125 million t. eq. C02) and buildings (0.419 million t. eq. In 2006, these measures were incorporated into the first Action Plan for Reducing C02 Emissions, which was adopted by the government.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	86697a1e9d9fafb78c4a084aa28c29de	Amongst others, robust skills at basin and state levels lack to ensure proper enforcement and compliance of the law; to strengthen inspection powers and capacity; and to improve the water information systems. Water policies are often long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation, consultation, several stages of implementation, and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in action that is potentially counterproductive.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	8669e0fdf733c5a47ede190e6b5430cf	This is true at all times but perhaps even more so during times of economic downturns when risks may be higher especially among some vulnerable population groups. It is clear that families reduce their health care consumption during times of economic crises. The empirical analysis confirms that higher unemployment is related to fewer doctor consultations, diagnostic exams and some procedures.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	866b23cbc476d32ae9a4f944d457006b	For example, the Revised Family Code (2001) of Ethiopia provides for partial community of property, as well as joint administration of marital property. Consent of both spouses is mandatory for the transfer of common property. The law also provides that, in the event of dissolution, common property will be divided equally between the spouses.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	866c41e831d52cd6fa1e96867d53b94d	Countries are ranked in ascending order of the differences in net income of dual-earner and single-earner couple households as percentages of the net income of single-eamer couples - see values listed at bottom of figure. Net transfers” refers to what households pay the government in taxes and contributions minus the benefits received. The white triangle refers to a household where the primary earner lias work income of 133% of the average wage. The dark diamond refers to a household where both partners earn 67% of the average wage, so that household income adds up to 134%.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46069360-en	866c4c6002d36edbf85ed5cbba8a81d8	However, there is heterogeneity within the group of CDDCs. For example, small island developing States (SIDS) that are commodity dependent are even more vulnerable than some of the others. Due to their geographical location, for instance, these countries are confronted with the risk of rising sea levels and declining revenues from fisheries as global warming reduces fish production.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	866e90dcd332387d8adca947cc63dcf7	There is therefore a possibility that both losses and gains from the reform have been overestimated. In any case, cities that are financially worse off than Seoul or struggle with financial uncertainty may be advised to explore alternative models, such as introducing a tendering scheme for new and discarded routes, with the possibility to expand public ownership in the future. At the moment, in an attempt to further support the reforms carried out by city governments, the Korean government is initiating efforts to improve the transparency of bus operating systems.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	86706e5e1859c5b32d0f0b6716c85682	The report concluded that the industry would benefit through strategies to improve career development, training, the use of under-represented groups in its workforce and targeted regional solutions. The TEPs are the first of their kind in Australia. A TEP is a locally-led plan to respond to a region’s labour and skills issues.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	86738260b83d8ba18cf743d9210bb75e	In 2004, it established a joint master’s programme in hospitality management with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Launched in 2006, the Cornell-Nanyang Institute educates up to 50 students per class who split their time between NTU’s campus and Cornell’s campus in Ithaca, N.Y. The programme is the first joint degree programme for both institutions. The gift, the largest single gift ever made to the school and one of the largest ever in hospitality education, supports the Leland C. and Mary M. Pillsbury Institute for Hospitality Entrepreneurship.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	867948d3ae85d5895ac675d2f7a745e1	The June 2016 elections saw the share of seats held by women skyrocket from 16% in 2013 to 40% in 2016 - a remarkable increase considering that the Durango Congress brought up the rear of the 32 states for women’s representation, but now ranks 14th. Nevertheless, women’s state-level representation still varies - from 60% in Chiapas to 20% in Morelos. Where does the 30% “critical mass” for women’s political representation come from? Borrowed from nuclear physics where it indicates the quantity of plutonium necessary to produce a nuclear explosion, the concept was first applied to gender in the 1970s by an American scholar, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (Kanter, 1977).	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	867b40d96621474da3d6f432096c75e7	The chapter should include an analysis of customary sustainable use of biological diversity and its indirect effect on biodiversity, local livelihood and human well-being. The chapter should assess how to manage slow variables and feedbacks. An example of a slow variable is soil erosion, where time-diminished soil organic matter can result in lower productivity over time. The Nordic Assessment should include knowledge on historical ecology, natural resource management, and rural history should also be included when assessing governance options.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	867b4f715c530fe676569dc08294b07e	Crude oil prices have a major influence on the fuel price for the consumer, indeed in the United States, crude oil constitutes 69% of the price of a gallon of regular gasoline (where refining only costs 9%, distribution and marketing 8%, and taxes 14%).7 Gas prices are more complex, since there exist three regional gas markets (North America, Europe and Asia) with strong historical relations due to the pipeline infrastructure on these continents. At the same time, a new type of gas transportation is rapidly accelerating: liquefied natural gas (LNG), which can be shipped over long distances albeit only with specially equipped tankers since it requires constant cooling at minus 162°C. Usually, the long-term price of gas is indexed to oil product prices, and consequently follows its volatility.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	867f975bf49ea5cda7329c63f764918d	The Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC) and the Fund for Financial Support of Agriculture (FFSA) implement concessional credit programmes, serving agricultural borrowers of different sizes. These agencies are either large or the dominant players on their markets. A feature of KazAgro companies is that besides acting as government agencies that implement support programmes, they also perform commercial operations. For example, in 2003-11 the FCC purchased annually between 10% and 30% of total domestically produced grain, of which approximately three-quarters represented commercial purchases.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/39291afb-en	867fa303a3ca1f55cbb85b6c8409d22c	On the one hand, it is encouraging that the changes in income distribution and levels needed to meet poverty reduction targets are consistent with the regional trajectory of the last decade, assuming past performance is an indicator of feasibility. However, it is also a wake-up call to strengthen social protection systems, because some countries of the region will not meet the targets and because several countries have performed better over the last decade than over the last three years. The incidence of poverty is greater among people living in rural areas; children, adolescents and young people; indigenous peoples; working-age women; people with lower levels of educational attainment; and those whose basic needs are not met. While some of these gaps have narrowed since 2012, others have widened.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	86807d9bc27fe084a1c5cfecbc532b8a	Expansion in coverage was accompanied by health spending growth well above other OECD countries, averaging 7.7% since 2002. As a share of GDP, health spending in Turkey went from 5.4% in 2002 to 6.1% in 2008. The training of new physicians as family physicians and retraining of existing GPs into the speciality have been national priorities. The introduction of a pay penalty for doctors not delivering a basic set of child and maternal health services led to remarkable improvements in the delivery of these services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	868091d52233a9e3f349704c9c2f3f00	Despite this increased investment in intervening early, however, in the majority of OECD countries the funding and resources available for child and adolescent mental health are yet far from those dedicated to adult services (OECD, 2014). While in some countries concerns over privacy or parental consent may hinder the integration of (mental) health and education systems (Evans, 1999) many OECD countries have implemented school-based mental health programmes in recent years due to its several benefits. Educational systems reach the vast majority of children and adolescents and provide a non-stigmatising, universal setting for prevention and targeting of children who experience (or risk developing) mental illnesses. Delivering mental health services through the school system can also contribute to solving some major financial and structural barriers that may prevent children from seeking or receiving services due to mental health concerns.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	868831279888ef05099e7a1cb648c2e6	Thus, student engagement is a necessary, but not entirely sufficient, condition for positive student learning and development. Students who do not do well are more likely to skip classes or days of school, arrive late for school and do less homework than higher-performing students. For example, students who had skipped an entire school day at least once in the two weeks prior to the PISA test in 2012 were almost three times more likely to score at a low level in mathematics than students who did not skip school (more than twice as likely after accounting for students’ socioeconomic status, gender, immigrant background and attendance at pre-primary education).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	86886f7208344444253b707ee6e758d3	However, they also tend not to spend a lot of money locally, since they are present for only short periods of time. Presently, agricultural land use is relatively undiversified in suburban areas. However, there are two phenomena to note. The first is that urban sprawl is occurring in stages. The first suburban ring is ageing and becoming less attractive, while the second suburban ring (to the East) is growing. The purchasing power gradient is moving further away from the centre.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	868a7ad5503f2947d8e3d9af5293ba27	The aim is for all elements of the fleet, big and small, to be economically viable and operating without long-term subsidy. Through the Act UK Administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a UK Marine Policy Statement adopted by all UK administrations in March 2011. England's first marine plans (for the East inshore and offshore areas) were adopted in April 2014 and, following consultation in 2013, a National Marine Plan for Scotland is expected to be adopted in early 2015.	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	868c490a5b547b1cca363d67aa7847ef	This was confirmed in the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 and reaffirmed when the Lisbon Agenda was announced in 2000.3 For the EU, as well as for the OECD, social cohesion is something to strive towards, to be created via ‘modernised’ social policies, regional redistribution and new forms of governance involving both more active citizenship and mechanisms for identifying best practices. With the 2005 mid-term review and adjustment of the Lisbon Strategy the policy directions have been modified, but the overall goal remains. Social cohesion is a flagship concept which constantly reminds us of the need to be collectively attentive to, and aware of, any kind of discrimination, inequality, marginality or exclusion.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	8691c06189c475bcd31bb03fed2b8b6f	The costs of establishing a commercial kitchen and obtaining a licence to operate would be prohibitive for most w'omen. Successful in their efforts, the federation now develops and leads a network of women’s business incubators under the “Pionnieres” brand, supporting companies which offer innovative personal and corporate services. Women Business Incubation (WBI) as a Gateway to Economic Development: Findings from an infoDev World Bank Study on WBI”, Powerpoint slides.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-10-en	8691d644480a6b3880aabd8e44382779	Mental health has been traditionally neglected and underfunded, especially when the significant burden of disease accountable to mental disorders is considered, and there is a need for governments to keep mental health high on the health agenda. A number of key stakeholders are involved, including governments at various administrative levels, user and carers organisations, and professional organisations, and this chapter considers their various roles. Mental health policy makers are using a variety of tools to improve mental health systems and lead system-wide improvements, including legislative frameworks, mental health strategies, and vertical initiatives to deliver mental health services to target population groups.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	8694391910f386b15be27b875d6c135f	At the beginning of the crisis, households adapt mostly by increasing their labour supply and consuming past savings. Past economic crises have been shown to be detrimental to children in various dimensions of their well-being. As shown by the table below, past (local or regional) economic crises had strong impacts on household welfare. For example, past crises led to an increase in poverty ranging from 1 percentage point in Brazil (1989) to a dramatic 12.2 points in Venezuela (1994) (Lustig 2000).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	8694afe5e5f08e3cd0b0041f45041175	The Singaporean experience can be extended to other contexts for planning retail developments and other public facilities to maximise both user access to and use of the developments (e.g. number of visits to retail centres). The assessment recommended prioritising investment on 17 km of paths within the areas around essential metro stations. The investment proposal took into account improvements that would reduce access barriers for the people who mostly used the amenities, particularly vulnerable groups such as women and children.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	86961ddf3f39cfbd6d80d9f81d83614f	But this transparency does not fully transmit on allocation decisions to health from provincial treasuries. In terms of budget execution, up-to-date data reporting systems, strict en/orcement of fiscal rules, and well-developed monitoring processes are good budgetary practices. However, despite good aggregate spending levels, there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264282735-4-en	86987935829e4ef9f2b1b2856e9f5488	Regardless of the approach taken to increase coverage, renewed ambition and strategic vision on the part of the Peruvian authorities is needed. Achieving UHC ought to become a guiding principle of all health policy in Peru. In the midst of an often fragmented health care landscape, the government should seek to make universal coverage a common goal.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	869dd27d83c289404d9bd6dcd5f25b74	The size of the functional area of Almaty City is much larger than suggested by its administrative population. Almaty is also the only polycentric functional area, i.e. it consists of the two interrelated city cores of Almaty City and Kaskelen. Almaty City has the largest commuting zone among all Kazakhstan’s FUAs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	869fb40501b8b54d210dafcc3b98494f	The output value of fertilisers is derived using the following fob prices as reference prices: Urea (HS 31102.10) for nitrogen, DAP (HS 3105.30) for phosphorus, and MOP (HS 3104.20) for potassium (Figure A.3). Bilateral tariff data obtained from the 2007 MacMap database for Urea, DAP and MOP, serve as reference bilateral tariffs for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The production technology for the three fertiliser sectors is derived from IFA (2013b). The rest of the chemicals sector is then calculated residually.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	86a445684a3dffe84490eeae6418cca3	Only then will the promise of a regional market provide a sufficiently realistic incentive for originator companies to agree to make their products available at prices affordable in the region. It will also be important for the countries of the region to agree upon the choice of local producer(s) of any given drug. Depending on its patent status in the exporting country, the foreign generic producer may manufacture the drug under a compulsory license and export it under the draft Article 31 bis, TRIPS Agreement system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-7-en	86a4a31ed7c96bc82d5352fbc26addd5	The rise of women’s education raises their minimum standards for acceptable matches, lessens their economic need for marriage and, in theory, increases the chances that they may choose not to many (van Bavel, 2012). Less well-educated men are likely to be the main losers, as they are more likely to remain single than any other group (De Hauw et al., Married couples and civil unions are the most common arrangements, but about 10% of people aged 20 and over OECD-wide - i.e. one in six of all partnered adults - cohabit informally.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	86a860113bab75bdc43bf6f8bb939862	Women may also, in such circumstances, elect to bow out of social reproduction by putting off or avoiding childrearing. Such a result is evidence of the low road case. Looking to the results of Figure 2-1C, however, we see a number of countries in this group (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) characterized as having strong caring spirits.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	86af60fe91f401cb382dbfc053a89b1e	Children’s right to agency in what they consider their paramount interests would result in social protection that would be both anticipatory and transformative. With nearly 1.3 million orphans, Zambia has the highest proportion of orphans in the world. Evidence demonstrates that grandmothers care for approximately 43 per cent of the 845,546 HIV orphans.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	86af744479ed3e30e0b4fec09af56ebc	Some hints on how to optimise expenditure are offered in PISA 2009 results. For example, PISA shows that higher teachers’ salaries are more associated with better student performance than smaller class sizes. Teachers’ salaries are related to class size in that if spending levels are similar, school systems often make trade-offs between smaller classes and higher salaries for teachers.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	86b1c672d08679649541fa1dd58dcbfe	This is especially true of healthcare and long-term care services, though countries also provide other services such as free transport, TV licences, or free participation in cultural and social activities. Publicly provided in-kind services add value to retirement: they enhance the income of the elderly by an average of 40%, compared to 24% among the working-age population. In some Nordic countries, the share of services in the disposable income of the elderly is as high as 70%. The analysis presented here also shows that services benefit the poorest retirees much more than they do richer elderly households. The contribution of long-term care, however, which by definition is focused on the elderly, is still small.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	86b3edfb7102c4cd98b7fb62e2e55865	Gradual withdrawal of external funds in the coming years could lead to a slowdown in economic growth. To enhance economic self-reliance, strengthening of the domestic economy through better economic governance, improving the efficiency of public spending, decreasing capacity constraints and strengthening the overall business environment should be pursued more vigorously. Growth marginally slowed to 6.3% in 2012 from 6.7% in 2011, mainly due to slower growth of the agricultural sector. Growth performance of the services sector was virtually the same over two years.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	86b4eef244c8e34b00d48ee4ba0156c5	For nonpartner violence, high-income countries have the highest prevalence rates, at 12.6 per cent, followed by Africa, at 11.9 per cent. Finally, table 3.2 shows that nearly one out of every two African women (45.6 per cent) have experienced some kind of sexual or physical violence during their lifetimes. All regions show shockingly high and totally unacceptable prevalence rates. Figure 3.6 shows the percentage of women and girls affected by FGM in the concerned countries.	5	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	86b5f69fdb5dd4eb36dc573d63b27abd	Let gjk be the number of shortest path between node j to node k and gjk{ni) be the number of shortest paths between nodes j k via node i. The betweenness centrality Ct,(rii) is calculated using Eq. ( Therefore, we used the number of nodes and links causing phase lag for the second approach. Figure 11 shows the types of node and link which need to be counted for the base tree metric.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	86b861c907c8ca2ca890e43783b3401c	Pilots allow a safe, time-bound, space for experimentation and ensure that ex-post evaluation occurs before the initiative is prolonged, adapted or terminated. Perhaps one of the most compelling reasons, however, that these initiatives are run as pilots is that they allow public authorities to enter into contractual agreements with service providers without going through typical procurement processes. This is due to the limited budget involved which in most instances is below the threshold for formal bid processes and due to the temporary nature of the partnerships. In some instances, however (the RIDE partnership in Boston), the pilot is run through a bid-based procurement process.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	86bc32be9c444826befb8a64b9c44560	They had limited authority within the river basin but were able to have some influence. River basin commissions included more than one state and were therefore more powerful than the states and municipalities, which generated tensions among water institutions (Tortajada, 2005). When the river basin commissions were established, Mexico’s economic policies focused on large-scale agricultural and industrial development projects.	6	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	86be00754f50c99e89b66c4220769ce3	This issue was highlighted by stakeholders regarding, for instance, the short window for establishing a network of 300 Qualifica Centres across the country by the end of 2017. For some stakeholders, this process amounted to largely reinstating previous providers, with little opportunity for a new assessment of quality. The establishment of a monitoring process managed by the ANQEP for all Qualifica Centres is an improvement in this regard, as it can lead to corrective action or to closing low-performing centres if needed.	4	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848590908-en	86c3654887a9a0c68d1f893dc426cfa8	Dr Keevy noted that this was also not perfect and pointed out that increasingly, in both the European and global context, both time-based and outcomes-based approaches are being challenged. He called for a commitment to find the most appropriate methodologies to move forward. He also mentioned that South Africa is probably one of the only countries in the world in which the unions rather than government run the schools. He commended the work of SAQA in comparing qualifications across South Africa, and the core values on which its thinking is based.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	86c40a5926ba3e1a388a964d564d50e5	Self-appraisal and/or the preparation of portfolios may also require considerable time and efforts from school leaders. Bearing in mind the often heavy workload and range of responsibilities of school leaders, this is an important point to consider (Ginsberg and Berry, 1990). Opinions about the effectiveness of portfolios were divided. Different school principals perceived their work on portfolios either as a compliance tool, documenting their past achievements, or as a forward-looking tool for goal-setting and professional development. Johnston and Thomas argued that it was the contextualisation of portfolios in a larger supportive social network of professional practice that enabled portfolios to function as a learning tool. They, ultimately, suggested that, considering the time and efforts involved, portfolios can mainly serve as a tool for formative appraisal.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	86c478c3620687bc057aaa9d1f727ca8	"These rules may soon be relaxed. The government provided extensive financial and other support to help develop a flagship “innovation university” that would be a world leader in research and teaching (with a special interdisciplinary emphasis), strengthen innovation and boost economic competitiveness (Tienari et al., It appeals that one of the institutions' rectors first proposed the merger idea in 2005, and all three were eventually in favour. The ""innovation university"" message allowed the merger to receive wide support from the business community, and also proved very successful in national and international media."	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	86c50a5871ecded865e9179e5b7f1c7d	Indeed, this was an important and unrecognized feature of successful Asian industrialization, from Japan and the east Asian NICs to ' (most recently) China. The public provision of affordable and reasonably good-quality housing, transport facilities, basic food, education and basic health care all operated to improve the living conditions of workers. Indirectly, it helped reduce the money wages that individual employers need to pay workers.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	86c6eada1fe11ccdc4d513e4617935e6	In comparison, the land requirements of an actual coal plant are instead rather limited. In addition, there is significant offshore extraction, which has no direct land requirement even though it generates ecological impacts of its own. It should also be noted that oil-fired electricity generation is small and declining. A gas well uses about 5 acres (0.02 km2) of land, while the equivalent surface for oil would be about 50 acres (0.2 km2) per well (NRC, 2010).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	86c9eee536dbca38083705c05827121b	The likely result is an increase in bottom-end inequality. Second, admission policies can be designed to avoid the concentration of pupils from disadvantaeed backgrounds in low socio-economic status schools. This might be achieved, for example, by admitting children in ability bands without regard to socio-economic background.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	86ca7fe366ef0b80436454225ea48ba1	In 2008, the PES (OAED) launched a programme providing financial support and counselling for young people who wish to implement innovative business ideas, primarily promoting the use of new technologies. All unemployed 22-32-year-olds, not resident in the Attica or Island regions, are eligible provided they fulfil the following requirements: i) they are registered as unemployed and have drawn up an individual action plan; ii) they have attended a seminar on entrepreneurship; and iii) they are Greek or EU nationals and, if male, they have fulfilled their military obligations. The programme targets doctors, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, lawyers, engineers and graduates of Polytechnic University Faculties over the first four years after graduation or after completion of a medical specialisation course. Participants must be aged under 34 with the exceptions of medical doctors and mothers of young children for whom the age limit is extended to 40, and of those who have enroled in post-graduate studies before turning 34 for whom the age limit is extended until completion of their post-graduate studies. In addition, youth are required to hold a certificate proving registration with OAED.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	86cd29ca593bbd832c8f3b19b6a137af	Between 2007 and 2013 a 55% tax deduction offered in the Energy Efficiency Tax Rebate Programme scaled-up investment in new appliances and equipment by EUR23Bn in 1.8 million applications. The cost of the scheme was EUR 13 billion. ( Org/W/ bookshop/463-Energy_Efficiency_Market_Report_2014 South Africa. The Income Tax was amended in 2013 to include regulation 12L, which sets out tax incentives for any energy efficiency project that reduces energy use in any way, and is claimable until 2020.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	86cf096155298557c772b4238a95d6f6	A master planning exercise was undertaken for primary care in the context of a World Bank project with the objective to determine how the network of primary care facilities could be adapted in each region (Sanigest International, 2014). Building on this, local authorities should develop and implement their restructuring plan for the public network, but should also remain open to considering and testing new models of service delivery. The country's geography and low population density pose unique challenges for health service delivery.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	86d011b4b03f2a870261029196f26137	Provision of affordable private rental housing can be supported through additional instruments such as supply-side grants, rental guarantees, tax relief to tenants for rental costs and tax relief to landlords for rental income. However, little data are available on the design of these instruments and on the level of public support provided. It will be important for governments to understand how access to good-quality affordable housing can be supported through this sector. Data are not yet robust enough to provide a comprehensive cross-country analysis of the distribution of public spending across various housing policy categories.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	86d2c5d28865fc1593f41abf49a87d22	One of them is the Enhanced Industrial and Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-14 (PEIID) that aims to reduce the heavily oil-dependent industrial structure and transform it into a more diversified one by promoting competitive and export-oriented goods and services. The agro-food sector was identified as one of the eight priority sectors for diversification. Twenty-three sectoral programmes were developed to implement the PEIID, including the current programme for Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex for 2010-14.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	86d34c38a9f1418118421b97279cf113	English reading shows no difference in the period 2010-12. The 2011 English reading scores are missing due to technical problems with the computer-based tests in Norway. The mean student score for Reading in intervention schools was 3.44 in both 2010 and 2012, while the nonintervention schools show a decline from 3.49 in 2010 to 3.46 in 2012.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	86d416d2cc765e0b022877e33da7a7c3	The limits for extraction of natural resources have largely been reached and climate change is expected to continue lowering natural water endowments markedly in future especially in dry areas of the country. The costs of exploiting alternative supply sources on a large scale, notably desalination and recycling, remain well above water prices paid by consumers at present. The government has recognised that water policies therefore need to switch to demand management, so as to ensure that available resources are put to most efficient and priority use.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en	86d83e8ee1be6d32c2efc743cfae093a	Projects are often designed to respond to the needs of new or anticipated environmental legislation. In some cases, the national level work is coupled with support for local level or industry specific demonstration projects. This program was part of the preparation for a reform of the Pollution Control Act of Botswana. We do not explore this extensive history here, but simply provide some information on recent projects focused on chemicals.	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4796ea8c-en	86d856eb84f7763ef9d80f3e2acd1100	Namely, we try to define a way to understand the emissions and resource use, and sometimes the social impacts along the life cycle of everything we make and do; and we try to understand the impact on everything we care about: for example, the impact on our health and ecosystems, and the availability of resources for future generations. This means that we are dealing with a complex problem. How do we objectively understand each and every supply, use and end-of-life chain?	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/39291afb-en	86da7b0926e9cf8a0a157e923617da85	In Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras and Paraguay, the rise in the income of poor households came mainly from the labour market, in particular from a gain in the average income received by workers. In several of these countries, employment rates edged up among poor households, and in Paraguay the number of labour income earners in fact declined. In these three countries, the rise was due more to an increase in the number of recipients than in the average amount received, which actually fell in Peru in the period under review. This was because of the increase in income from imputed rent, a source which does not reflect income actually received, but the in-kind benefit accruing to households which own the dwelling in which they reside.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	86dc205ff39fbfdef7631418cf8a9008	It was also given monopoly import rights over rice and wheat flour. Through BIMAS, packages of technological change in the form of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of rice, fertiliser and pesticides were developed and disseminated at subsidised prices through kiosks operated by village co-operatives (Koperasi Unit Desa, KUD). Local branches of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) provided subsidised credit to farmers to purchase these inputs.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	86dd3ed42716350f9f48e4b1dfdd6876	Similar examples can be found in the MENA region where there is a large gap between when the extension of male and female suffrage occurred, as in the case of Saudi Arabia. The variables are discussed in the following order: life expectancy, sex ratios, marriage age ratios, educational attainment and then the composite indicator. This is visible both from the individual country trends and the overall world average.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	86dd9f889483a7a212273b1d6c593478	For the former, low-income workers had the incentive to contribute up to the point where the contributoiy pension would be at least half of the minimum pension because, after that point, the amount paid by PASIS would be zero (a 100% EMTR). The same held for MPG, which required only 20 years of contributions. Beyond that point, there were increased incentives to work informally and evade contributions.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	86e0fcd0d1240b87358dfd1ed97917d8	There are no clearly defined standards for on-site sanitation and no means of enforcement to ensure that only improved facilities get built and are adequately serviced. In addition, LSGBs have not invested in sites for the safe emptying and handling of septage, i.e. the content of pit latrines and septic tanks. Sanitation services can be operated in an isolated manner, or combined with other services (water supply, district heating, storm water collection, solid waste collection, etc.).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	86e17f15c282c0e2fe93f00e62ca6803	Consistently, a larger percentage of girls than boys reported internalizing characteristics on question items related to sadness or hopelessness, feeling lonely, and feeling nervous. In addition, a greater percentage of girls than boys indicated the presence of psychosomatic symptoms (headaches, stomach aches, feeling irritable or bad tempered) at least once a week during the past six months. Across survey administration years, the percentage of students rating high life satisfaction varied from just above to just below half of all students.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	86e315c926ff3fbc61dffa5ce64de0e4	The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. I have benefited from comments from Shahra Razavi, Silke Staab, members ofthe Expert Advisory Group for the report and anonymous reviewers. Any errors or misinterpretations of events are mine alone. A shorter version ofthe paper is forthcoming in a Special Issue of Global Policy.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	86e441c5e512ac394b02e90bf708444a	In Central America, between 3 per cent and 10 per cent of men between the ages of 19 and 30 reported having been sexually abused as a child (Willman and Corman, 2013). Early sexual activity also often stems from persistent gender inequality and low value for girls, which together deny them the power to decide when or whether to have sex or with whom they will have sex. Seven types of policy interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing sexual violence by intimate partners (Heise, 2011).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	86e52b93d5f05bcdf32d24f2f24da845	"For instance, this is the case of creativity and critical thinking, which are often called ""21st-century skills"" and are expected to contribute to the capacity to adapt to major changes and to innovate. Creativity involves producing content that is not only novel, original and unexpected but also appropriate, useful and adapted to the task at hand. It has been found to be related to measures of intelligence, as well as social and emotional skills."	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	86e662c267ec78772134761ff671aa73	-The year is an example of ambiguity: even if ENSO+ is statistically associated with droughts in India, this is not systematic. ( The exceedance probability of the February 23 flood peak reached 4%, equivalent to a one in 25-year flood (Bowers, 2001). -All Punjabi districts affected, reported as the most severe (Government of Punjab, 2016).	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	86e71af62cdd46c71e75d10ac3005eee	It was created in 1994 to assess households’ eligibility for the subsidised health care system. In 2010, 8 institutions and 31 social programmes were using the Sisben score as eligibility criteria (including Familias en Action and SENA). Sisben aims at assessing households’ quality of life, based on interviews (29 million people are covered) with questions along 5 main dimensions (health status; education; housing and access to public services; individual vulnerability (mainly age and disability); and social vulnerability (environmental and public health risks, security conditions). On the basis of their answers, households are grouped into one of the six Sisben levels - level 1 is the most deprived group; levels 1 and 2 are entitled to the subsidised health system.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	86e96b41d2e653f597aba256a028d717	About 90% of health funds’ income for providing NHI services comes from government (Figure 2.9), about half of which comes from an earmarked component of national insurance contributions (often referred to as the “health tax”), the rest from general taxation. Almost all of the government-to-fund transfer is through a capitation payment based on the age and sex profile of each fund’s client base and a “remoteness” variable (which was added in 2010 and is discussed further below). In contrast, transfers between the funds and the providers are based on health services provided (or approximations thereof). Hence, in principle, one of the key strengths of the system is that the health funds have incentives to ensure the efficient provision of services and to engage in preventive measures - a healthy client base means fewer costs through the reimbursement system.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264088986-en	86ef283321b54a46a5e900865c2a141c	The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) have traditionally been a supplier of highly skilled engineers to the R&D labour force, e.g. in electro-optics, radio-frequency engineering, computer science, information technology, cryptography, applied mathematics, industrial management, human resources, system integration and project management. In 2008, the US Patent and Trademark Office issued 1 496 patents to Israeli inventors, corresponding to 208 patents per million inhabitants. By comparison, OECD countries patent at a rate of 43 per million inhabitants per year (this does not include patents issued in Europe and Japan to Israeli inventors).	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	86ef7b2762231e5b1ba24f9dcc05de47	Seventh, individual delays and individual notice periods are normally deducted in the computation of the score for additional delays in the case of collective dismissals, when the latter do not add up to individual delays but run simultaneously or substitute for individual notice periods. Applying rigorously this principle resulted in a number of significant revisions (notably in Sweden, where the score fell from 6 to 1). Finally, and perhaps more important, the revised scores take much more systematically into account national or branch collective agreements and, where relevant, court rulings. This is due to the fact that, from a quantitative point of view, they can be easily measured. The seminal work of Lazear (1990) used severance pay and notice periods at ten years of job tenure. However, the tenure profile of severance pay and notice periods also matters, with progressive profiles typically considered as providing better incentives for workers’ investments in their job and having a less negative impact on firm experimentation and hiring (e.g. Blanchard and Tirole, 2003; Pries and Rogerson, 2005; Andres et al.,	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	86f10401bd2d08a810e7620b1eca2273	As the first step, it requires political agreement between all parties involved (including Russia and Belarus). Latvia and Estonia have doubts about the possibility of synchronisation through only one existing line to Poland due to safety issues (Baltic course, 2017). According to Poland, building a second LitPol Link would be complicated dueto environmental requirements (Energy central, 2017). In addition, a single line could mean significantly higher costs forthe operation of the energy systems in the Baltic countries and a decline in the security of supplies (Financial observer, 2017).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	86f25edf4f45066dfa331e82506714eb	In the Pacific, their presence is particularly valuable in rural and remote areas, where they also reduce travel costs for patients; in Fiji at least, it was a requirement that they be based in rural areas. This has been successful and has constantly been extended. It is not evident that this practice is yet being taken up in Samoa or Tonga, despite tentative steps in that direction, as both countries began new programmes for the training of nurse practitioners in 2010.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	86f2d24a6ec236861031e16d9a6adaaf	Support to renewables could encourage innovation and diffusion of emissions-reducing technologies, beyond the incentives provided by the EU ETS. However, OECD analysis shows that when a carbon price exists, applying other policy tools, including renewable or biofuel subsidies and targets, can lead to overlap and undermine cost-effectiveness (OECD, 2009c). Despite simplification of administrative and permitting procedures, these are still seen as the main obstacle to development of the renewable energy sector (IEA, 2009a).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	86f6b96ae284b7e05eeb72d8042e81f5	This is not unique to the United Kingdom, as mental health problems are gradually becoming the main cause for disability claims across OECD countries, accounting on average for a third of the total and often more than half for young people (OECD, 2012b). According to an evaluation for the OECD Mental Health and Work project (OECD, 2013), the United Kingdom is among the most advanced countries in terms of awareness about the costs of mental illness for employers and society as a whole, and of the mental-health benefits of employment. Integration of health and employment services is also well developed, as illustrated by the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative which aims to provide access to both evidence-based psychological therapies and matching employment services.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	86f9f64670da40f9a3c8d3e5eeaa5b0b	Although they account for a rather small share of total cash transfers in most countries, they tend to be more progressive than other transfers.14 In the mid-2000s, the redistributive impact of family cash benefits was the largest in Ireland, followed by the Netherlands, Australia and Austria, but well below the OECD average in the United States, Switzerland, Portugal, Denmark and Norway (Annex 2, Table A2.1). As with other cash benefits, crosscountry variations in the redistributive impact reflect differences in the size and progressivity of such benefits. While the majority of OECD countries implements universal family cash benefits, some rely on income-tested schemes. In addition, child benefits based on the number of children in the household can benefit low-income groups more as these households often have more children, at least in some countries including the United Kingdom (ONS, 2010).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/525625ce-en	86fa7adcc87128cb323d476d1e33f465	Boosting public investment can thus support growth and raise well-being. At the same time, public resources are constrained, which limits the size of public investment. This calls for the need to maximize the return on public investment through an improved selection of investment projects. This chapter reviews policies to improve the efficiency of public investment.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	86fcbd0704590e4f39e9ff507c43b608	Social time preference reflecting wider benefits and society’s desire to protect the interests of future generations. Some mixture of these concepts. Both the borrowing rate (or dividend or composite rate) and the opportunity cost rate are likely to be higher for investments perceived to have uncertain outcomes. In analytical terms, it can be convenient to distinguish the concept of time preference from that of risk.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	86fd1a3dea69abf45d91cd6878c60073	In Kenya, disaggregated information on ODA is available, but not screened or tagged for climate relevance. Cambodia is integrating climate finance tagging and weighing into its existing ODA management system. Management of external financing received is often divided among different ministries, financial organisations and agencies, and spending is similarly spread out; co-ordination and information sharing can be a challenge. In Bangladesh, the Ministry of Environment and Forest oversees the activities of two off-budget climate change funds, while the majority of climate-relevant spending is overseen by the Ministries of Agriculture, Local Government and Disaster Management.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	86fd8678871782a73e22c3cf2459f276	Le present rapport passe en revue les elements des mesures d'adaptation et des progr&s accomplis par les pays qui pourraient etre notifies au titre de l'Accord de Paris, afin d’ameliorer la communication sur les efforts deployes en faveur de l'adaptation et de la resilience. Ce rapport montre les retombees positives que pourraient avoir 1’identification et le rassemblement des informations sur l'adaptation au plan tant national qu’international. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, including adaptation, with built-in flexibility.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	86fd93db2e8eea22f0b3c634dd9acb44	Moreover, the presence of more adults in a household can facilitate parental employment outside the home, increasing a family’s economic well-being and thereby facilitating additional supports for young children. Yet, households with many people can also become problematic for young children if conditions are crowded, chaotic or unsafe. Crowded household conditions (e.g. more than one person per room in a household) and poor quality housing are adversely associated with early learning outcomes (Coley et al.,	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	86fff0c7f74531f1bdb9ce539d0672c4	In no event shall the World Health Organization or the International Telecommunication Union be liable for damages arising from its use. Copyediting and proofreading was done by Elisabeth Heseltine and layout and design was done by Aram Melikyan. The origins of the Initiative lie in the response to the Moscow Declaration on NCDs, the Political Declaration on NCDs to identify concrete actions to be undertaken by Member States, and actions of the WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020, marking when the WHO decided to scale up activities to reduce the global burden of NCDs using innovative technologies.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	870473ac2284a2966291a096579e3a44	As developed in Chapter 2, the re-allocation of labour resources towards more productive uses within and outside agriculture is fundamental to agricultural productivity growth in Turkey. This is typically evoked with respect to field-cropping where the size of parcels is believed to constrain the operation at an optimal-scale. Small farms seem to be perceived as less of a problem in horticulture (Akder, 2015). The analysis on relative productivity and efficiency on farms of different sizes is scarce and in general is limited by the availability of up to date farm-level data.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8706971f041063588ad4c8bafdf13d85	There is also evidence of brain drain, with an estimated 350 000 Malaysians working abroad in 2008, over half of whom had tertiary education. In 2000, only 8.9% of the regional population had achieved tertiary level education. The economy has depended on importing labour from throughout Malaysia as well as from other countries. Within the Northern Corridor Economic Region, the State of Penang has a better educated population than the other three states, but in international comparison Penang is a low-skilled region. While there is a push to move to a high-skill, high-wage economy, Penang remains dependent on low-skill industries and occupations.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	8707243cf6d0dd9e17c678b3abd0a96d	Table 3.4 presents the number of students who graduated with specialization in specific environment-related subjects from universities in Uzbekistan from 2001 to 2008. The Biological Department of the National University of Uzbekistan (NUU) teaches a course on sustainable development. In 2008, the Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology (named after M.V. Lomonosov) became a co-founder of the centre.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	87085579e70fb2e61598abd4fa1716c1	Sweden has no formal, national systems of CME and CPD, and consistent with Sweden’s culture of local empowerment, trust and shared values, this agenda is not nationally mandated. The responsibility for CME and CPD for all employed medical staff in Sweden rests with employers (e.g. county councils, municipalities and private providers). In Denmark, professionals engage in regular CPD and learning, but expectations and requirements around this are not formalised in any way.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	87092bea7e5cdd9a2abace6b0f4ab658	In the literature on this subject, this no-roll-back requirement has been described as illegal and therefore non-enforceable through the WTO dispute settlement system. See for example S. Musungu, “A Conceptual Framework for Priority Identification and Delivery of IP Technical Assistance for LDCs during the Extended Transition Period under the TRIPS Agreement”, Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva, 2007 (available at http://www.quno.org/geneva/pdf/economic/Issues/Priority-ID-English.pdf). Musungu considers the no-roll-back requirement to be an additional substantive obligation for LDCs, one that the Council for TRIPS does not have a mandate to implement.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	870a9bdd5d2eb3e4ca80e17f035bc21a	A new national R&D survey is currently in progress. In spite of the recent expansion of the higher education sector in areas related to agrarian sciences, an important growth of agricultural R&D staff is not expected. The integration of agricultural innovation system in the governance of general innovation ensures better use of public funds, and increased efficiency of innovation systems through the pooling of different expertise. The MAPA is responsible for the coordination of agricultural research through Embrapa.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	870bd3c37b19cb3958137c01c0fbc67a	For example, Shvidenko and Nilsson (2002) reported that Russian forests have been carbon sink for past decades. Likewise, Nordic countries particularly Finland, Norway and Sweden have vast area of forests which store a large stock of carbon. Biomass and carbon stock in forests in all countries of this region have been growing constantly. Disturbance will cause release of this carbon, and thus global attention and policy mechanisms needed to incentivize the carbon sequestration in the Nordic countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	870bff33c3d09cb3f79e76683b312fca	Governments in the MENA region started setting up targets for renewable energy deployment in the early 2000s (see Table 3.1). However, compared to the targets of the majority of OECD member countries for renewable energies these MENA targets are non-binding. It was endorsed by the CTF Trust Fund Committee on 2 December 2009. The vision is for the Mediterranean MENA economies ultimately to become major suppliers and consumers of CSP-generated electricity.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	870bff833a866e6905419b30683d122f	Some also target a mix of farms, big villages and small towns all of which call for different technologies. In fact, rural electrification policies are shaped according to the various energy needs, resources and target groups. Electrifying the suburb of a major Indian city obviously poses problems that are different from those of a remote village in China. Remote or rural regions lacking electricity supply are often characterised by well identified challenges. They may lie at a reasonable distance from national or regional electricity grids (remote villages in the Amazon), may be difficult to access (far from urban centres with a difficult terrain such as large rivers or jungles), or may suffer harsh climatic conditions that render electrification through grid extension a perilous task. Rural communities are also often highly dispersed with a low population density and characterised by a low level of education, low load density generally concentrated at evening peak hours, and low revenues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	870d0b8206bf9c2b7ed6c839e717104b	Early assessments concluded that school choice increased inequalities, benefiting independent-school students only. More recent studies tend to argue that it spurred competition and improved results slightly across the school system. The overall effect on results from students’ socio-economic backgrounds has not changed (Holmlund et al., Bohlmark and Lindahl (2015) find that more private schools within municipalities are associated with reduced overall education expenditure, while other studies reach the opposite conclusion (Antelius, 2007). Only 5% of Swedish teachers report that their profession is valued in society, as against 60% in Finland.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264223202-7-en	8710147f447c8f130f41a9e4ba8e7a9d	It is understood to contain both a quantitative dimension (e.g. the quantity of output produced with a given input of natural resources) and a qualitative dimension (e.g. the environmental impacts per unit of output produced with a given natural resource input). However, unless such improvements outweigh economic growth, there is a risk that the associated negative environmental impacts might increase. Protecting and managing the natural resource base cannot, therefore, rely on improvements in resource productivity alone; it will also be necessary to de-link economic growth from environmental pressures (Box 3.2).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	871b2242acf1ff1f34c1684f681b89c5	The extent to which an intervention mobilises external resources could therefore be one upstream measure of effectiveness. Some development partners and institutions utilise results indicators for tracking resource mobilisation as part of larger monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems (e.g. CIF, UK, USAID, and CIF-CTF), as shown below in Table 1. Mobilising external finance can be a particularly important result for climate finance interventions that provide seed capital to private-equity umbrella funds or insurance and guarantee instruments, for example.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	871b8b6edab4e0818eac3ad898bc0ad2	In PISA 2012, student performance in mathematics showed some variations across provinces. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick show smaller differences between high and low performers compared to the national average, while Alberta and Quebec have the largest differences. The impact of socio-economic status on student mathematics performance in Canada (9.4%) is below the OECD average (14%) (Figure 3). Every province and territory has publicly funded pre-primary education for 5-year-olds, and Ontario has full preprimary education provision for both 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	871d0e338a45397a7cb84ace0e70d1a8	For instance, the quality of general education in Tunisia has been considered as relatively low compared to other middle income countries. This is shown by Tunisia’s PISA scores (Figure 4.3). While setting these objectives is a valuable first step the most demanding challenge will lie in implementation.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	871effdec6774ec55641e042d5e3869d	These inequalities in expenditure and resources are a cause for concern both in terms of the capacity of sub-systems to deliver effective care, and as a real problem in unequal care quality and availability for the population. Financial allocations to state health services from federal revenues are based on historical precedent, not according to need. Furthermore, once received by states there are few mechanisms to ensure that they are spent in ways that best meet local health care needs. There are marked differences between states in the per-capita resources available for providing the public health care services; with rural areas facing particular problems of access.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	8722a6eb8fe8fc03fbc13dc5a7097ff3	A “problemshed” approach is very wise under many circumstances, but specific incentives also need to be set at the federal level for outcome-oriented governance at basin and state level. This is very much the spirit of the National Pact for Water Managementsigned in 2011 between the ANA and state governments to converge towards integrated water resources management (see Chapter 3). In many instances water policy reforms are difficult to put into practice because little data and information are available, particularly on the economic, financial and institutional implications.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/85946e24-en	8725365f7e805a83a9e1b8aab7e5d06a	In Latin America and the Caribbean, the association between household wealth and child survival is comparable to that of Asia, with a child from the richest quintile having a relative risk of only 70 per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile. Of the three regions, Africa is the region where the association between household wealth and child survival seems to be the lowest. This finding is consistent with the conclusion that household wealth has a substantial causal impact on levels of child mortality and may account for a large portion of the observed differentials. The knowledge and practices that could save the lives of children tend to be more prevalent among women with a level of education higher than primary.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/2c271815-en	8728dcc4178a25da1a0d9b58f739a8bc	"Semiannual Report"" [online] http://www. The inclusion of these figures in this publication is meant to raise awareness of them and avoid the impression their absence might give rise to that their reliability was open to question. Accordingly, ECLAC produces estimates that use a common methodological structure to achieve the greatest possible regional comparability."	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	872d326bb1238ca7c423eb2fb7c43e4a	The scheme has been successful (about 118,000 m2 of SWH installed). Its main advantage lies in the fact that payment through the utility bill reduces risk of credit default (STEG can cut off supply in case of default) and lowers collection costs. The customer now legally carries the debt whereas in the earlier version of PROSOL the installer was the legal debtor. The programme was extended in 2007 to the tertiary sector. It is also beginning to emerge for residential customers. Under the TPPPA model, a third party designs, builds, owns, operates and maintains the solar systems and sells back solar-generated electricity to the end-user.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km4m2t59cmr-en	872d57da67b816ab6f1c644c22c4cfc4	This data should be transferred between school levels to guarantee early preventive measures and selective interventions. Completing upper secondary education makes for a greater number of citizens that cost society less and produce more. High investments in dropout prevention strategies is money well spent. The benefits in terms of higher tax revenues, less public spending on health, public assistance and criminal justice largely outweigh the costs.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	872d7608c13d160519c60cdb59890a30	"Again, the State has an immediate obligation to guarantee that the right to work will be enjoyed without discrimination, and to take deliberate, concrete, targeted steps towards the realization of the right to work and full employment. In particular, pregnancies should not constitute an obstacle to employment and should not constitute justification for loss of employment."" Other notable conventions are the Equal Remuneration Convention No."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	872eb97c7163516bb2f66ee6718dca32	More specifically, it combines the information available in the Survey of Adult Skills about the first two languages the person learned as a child and still understands and that spoken at home. Adjusted for host-country language ■ 4. The results in this figure are coefficients obtained from separate regressions with controls for level of education, age, gender and parental background. Parental educational background is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	872f3f3c840a512d2e856d1124562e01	For example, the international price of wheat and maize rose by 25% in June and July 2012 after summer droughts in North America and Eastern Europe, which worried international markets and affected the global outlook for cereals and soya production (World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, gradual shifts in water risks that lead to production changes can result in long term market changes. Liu et al (2014) explored the impacts of irrigation risks on agriculture production and the role of international trade. Their simulations focus on regions that are expected to face irrigation failures, including China, South Asian countries, and the Middle East-North Africa region.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8730d893c0d63ecf25ca044e9f058b8d	Among companies, the propensity to work with universities is actually lower in Penang than the national average (16%) (see Table 3.5.). The Innovation Office is managing the intellectual part of the innovation platform with the aim to facilitate commercialisation. There is also a Research Creativity and Management Office (RCMO) which is involved in research processes and grants management.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	873164d5be00396f3da1844deb2239d8	Young women nonetheless are hospitalised for suicide attempts at twice the rate of young men (300 young women per 100 000 inhabitants, as opposed to 150 young men) (Socialstyrelsen, 2007). Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been a proactive actor in the field of suicide prevention. This is currently manifested in the form of The National Programme for Suicide Prevention, which was ratified by the Swedish Parliament in 2008 and aims to reduce the nation’s number of suicides and suicide attempts (see Section 4.5).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	8735f836fb9fedb7995ceacb19090986	In contexts where accessibility requirements impose that all public transport vehicles are accessible and public transport frequencies are high, a move to longer wait times for accessible ride service vehicles will represent a retrograde step. This would include both disability awareness training and job specific practical training in areas such as guiding a blind person, assisting a wheelchair user, understanding and supporting a person with dementia. These are the principles that guided the development of MBTA's RIDE pilot. Provided that vehicles were suitable and drivers were trained, they would mostly adapt without difficulty.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	8735ff241207d2a2f9c56f73a15bd120	If the coefficient on the self-employment dummy increases along the eamings distribution, this solely reflects that the dispersion that is due to the unobserved determinant is higher among self-employed since the impact of education is picked up by the education dummy. In the CQR example, the size of the two sectors was hardly affected as only one person was assumed to change employment status. Similarly, cross-country differences in earnings inequality can be decomposed into: i) differences in the composition of the population (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a more unequal distribution of education endowment) and ii) differences in rates of return (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a larger wage gap between highly- and low-educated workers).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	873601ce978e1e8ccde4316a50fac391	Compared to other fossil fuels, releases of carbon dioxide per unit of energy output are reduced. Perhaps more significantly, when used indoors biomass fuels impact indoor air quality, with significant health impacts. The energy efficiency of biomass cookstoves is also very low compared with other fuel options.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	8737072df5d40b6d4631c9c6fe693388	Since the Ebola virus disease was discovered in 1976, the 2014 outbreak has proven to be the most serious and complex. However, those warnings failed to cause a stir at the sixty-seventh World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) held that same year, and an international response was not launched immediately. It was only after August that the outbreak was recognized as a “public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)” in accordance with International Health Regulations (IHR).1 However, by the time PHEIC was declared, it was already impossible for WHO alone to coordinate countries’ efforts to contain the epidemic. In September 2014, the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER) was created with the endorsement of the General Assembly in its resolution 69/1 and the Security Council in its resolution 2177.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	87396f8c6e231e5854d1c236a08ef9b6	This may be a result of improved incomes and a similar phenomenon as above may be at work impacting the workforce numbers. The other contributing factors, as per their analysis, were: (i) diminishing self-employment opportunities for men, leading to a greater number of women losing their status as unpaid family labour; (ii) loss of employment as casual labour in agriculture, which pushed them back into the households; and (iii) men moving from household agriculture and manufacturing to casual labour in construction. These include their age, life cycle events, education, location of residence, social status, living standard, employment of men in the family, social constraints, mobility, labour market conditions, wage rates, etc.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	873e3fae5e7d2187cb46ea0215948295	"Furthermore, while the paper recognises that domestic finance also has an important role in financing adaptation and mitigation (CPI, 2014), it is beyond the scope of this paper. It explores views on the question ""What are the conditions of effective international public climate finance?” This paper does not seek to draw conclusions."	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	873f14bd853d73cce9a252abb2f0be78	Regionally, there seems to be less information available about aquifers (compared to surface waters), in terms of quantity and quality. This is particularly true for karst systems, widespread in the Balkans, for which the delineation of the aquifers boundaries is an additional challenge. At the same time, some positive examples of transboundary cooperation should be highlighted.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	8748a3476cbf37ff83c41d7258482995	The region, with k,500 people, is relatively isolated; it has little government presence and receives little assistance from external institutions. In 2000, community leaders established the Kahua Association (KA). The organization has been helping communities learn more about external market forces and appreciate the risks they face, while helping them enter into partnerships with development agencies.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	874ab1fd2b87885425a55ca574ef9eac	The ongoing work on improving the poverty register in Tunisia is welcome (AfDB, 2012) and closer links should be made between this database and those held by social security so that past (and future) income can be better monitored. Related to this, families’ eligibility should also be reassessed routinely and, in order to promote graduation/exit from the cash transfer, recipients should be connected with income-generation and labour-market participation programmes (so-called “activation” measures). Finally, revising eligibility criteria, but also how the benefit is administered, should be based on a detailed analysis of the poor population that is currently not in receipt of the benefit - little is currently known about this group and the reasons why they are excluded. The evidence, however, suggests that these types of programmes have little adverse impact on employment because: i) they are usually not conditioned on labour force status; ii) the means-tests are frequently only loosely applied; and iii) the level of transfer is usually low relative to household income (OECD, 2011a).	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	874bc10fde20e0756f5f4cfaf24c8db0	This is particularly important in an LDC context, since a large proportion of time spent at work is devoted to subsistence activities, and since a large number of people are engaged in such activities, particularly agriculture. Broadly speaking, agriculture in LDCs comprises both subsistence activities and commercial agriculture.11 Agricultural development policies are likely to benefit both types of activities. In the case of subsistence agriculture, they are expected to have an impact on earnings, on poverty, but also on output levels.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/irtad-2013-en	874da332b12637ea45e92fbbd03a2d7a	However, because of under-reporting problems and possible bias (for example with differing rates of reporting by vehicle type), police data should be complemented by hospital data, which are the next most useful source. This information — without personal details — should be made easily available for statistical purposes, policymaking and research. These have a limited value on their own, and cannot replace police or hospital data, but can be used to build a more balanced and comprehensive picture, to enrich the main data sources, and as a quality check. Using this method combined with linking police and hospital data may be appropriate to give a fuller picture of road casualties.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlphd2twps1-en	87511172344738ff9955b82402b2981a	Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. A negative partial relationship between literacy and age exists with literacy declining with age, especially after age 45.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	8751edea2f764f928b56d6044de54c8e	Other works (Sawe, 1997; Nzioka, 1998; OPM/ PSTD, 2010) have generally characterised reform and transformation in Kenya into phases that more or less mirror the presidency regimes. In this classification, the first transformation phase spanned the 1963-78 period, for the first presidency. The second phase coincided with the second presidency, of 1977-2002. Reforms under the third phase spanned 2003-12.	9	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	87520da7e42a1c0cab89cbc609913e00	In countries with occupation-related health insurance, social contributions are proportional to income (sometimes up to an income threshold) and based on earnings, pensions and (often) unemployment benefits. For these countries, additional interventions to ensure universal coverage only concern a small share of the total population. In countries where health insurance premiums are not or are only partially related to income, policies described in Table 3 aim to reduce the burden of contribution for households with lower revenues and ensure some “redistribution” between richer and poorer households.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	87526f8bd49f102297429e2c2ea49080	As they steadily cut fares, TNCs are erasing these longstanding financial disincentives for traveling by motor vehicle in Manhattan. The report suggests that if TNC growth continues at the current pace (and it finds there is no sign of it levelling off), the necessity of some type of road pricing will become more and more evident. These function are much like ride-sourcing services except that they match multiple, unrelated individuals or parties to share the same vehicle over the course of the same ride.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	8754ee1a286346b946bd471292725a29	First, economic growth is an absolute prerequisite for providing employment opportunities, and only an expanding economy can provide jobs for a growing labour force. However, most Pacific economies are growing very slowly and cannot keep pace with the increasing number of young people entering their labour forces every year. Additionally, young people are also less experienced and thus face structural disadvantages compared with older cohorts in an already squeezed labour market. Second, in most Pacific island developing countries there is a great mismatch between skills gained through the education system and the skills required to be employed given the country’s economic structures (ILO, 2010a; World Bank, 2009). While the curriculum of most educational institutions prepares students for jobs in the formal sector, there are very few jobs in that sector.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	8755abc3dc7208740bef9382c28f03dd	Climate-related risks are expected to increase in the next decades. The main reasons for this - the observed trends of warming and rainfall deficit - are expected to persist over the coming decades as well. The indicator-based document assesses the risk of climate-change-related natural disasters for the period until 2035. According to the document, the main dangerous phenomena and processes related to climate change, which can generate different levels of risk for socioeconomic and natural systems, are extremely high temperatures (heat waves), drought, floods, forest fires, rising sea levels, rising temperature of surface waters, invasive species, etc.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	875bee8a40a98f695c9866c58d313e04	They bypass some of the major constraints that SMEs face when applying for traditional finance tools and expand SME access to finance in general. This includes access to trade finance through mobile phone-based money (Box 2). It was launched in 2007 by Vodafone for Safaricom and Vodacom, the two largest mobile network operators in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, respectively. It has since expanded to Afghanistan, Albania, India, Romania, and South Africa. It is estimated to have contributed to a drop of two percentage points in poverty rates in Kenya, with larger reductions among women-headed households.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	875c93f282ed401726d7e68d996e7c5b	Measures in the health sector included a reduction in health workers' salaries, cuts to public pharmaceutical expenditure and a price review of private providers. Medical practices were also targeted with the introduction of clinical guidelines. Recent efforts have targeted changes to provider payment mechanisms, the development of Health Technology Assessment and defining a national list of pharmaceutical products and prescription guidelines.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	875d16f6802d873b46bd80e00551766a	There is also potential for the improved regulation of the aquaculture sub-sector, with better monitoring of its impact on ecosystems, notably through the clearer allocation of responsibilities and sharing of information across government structures. Catch limits and other measures aimed at improving the sustainability of fish resources should contribute to increasing producer incomes in the long run by increasing the value of the catch per unit of effort, leading to a reduction in production costs, particularly if complemented by an efficient catch allocation system. Better regulation of environmental externalities linked to aquaculture production and the adoption of sustainable production practices also have the potential to increase the returns from aquaculture farms in the medium to long run.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	8762527d66da54972015daacde36a297	This suggests that an increase in social spending within a given country reduces relative child poverty, ceteris paribus, and the estimated effect is large: according to the estimate reported in Table 2, a 1% increase in social expenditure per capita is associated with roughly a 1% reduction in the relative child poverty rate, all other things being equal. There is also a negative association between the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households and the child poverty rate, implying this reduction is greater when a larger share of expenditure is directed towards the poorest. This result finds some support in the existing literature despite some mixed results (Box 3).	1	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	876367fb4e324cb8d5be462bbedda214	There are, of course a range of positions to be taken on this continuum. These initiatives encounter the obvious problem of the absence of a global state to which formal citizenship might correspond - and therefore relate to the ‘feeling’ and ‘practice’ elements of the Osier and Starkey (2005) scheme, rather than ‘status’. When these initiatives are channelled through state education systems, there may be tensions with national interests, although theorists like Appiah (2006) are confident that different levels of identification (local, national, global) can be maintained simultaneously.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/afb85d08-en	876377fbb6748be39631cf65d49b5e7f	Efficient transport and mobility systems are at the core of poverty and exclusion policies. Connectivity is crucial for prosperity and development to occur, and for integrating people to places, opportunities, markets and jobs. Data shows that the world's demand for public transport has increased by nearly one fifth.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	8763e29e91f26d49905b508ff0394c84	While it is possible that private operators have already targeted such areas, it is reasonable to assume that opportunities for regional core development could also be found. The experience of Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands could be very instructive in this regard. Along those lines, policy makers, particularly in emerging countries, facing decisions of where to focus ICT deployment, need to consider important trade-offs.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	87644d6baf9adab6d560adf1869a3d83	"In connection with this process, the curriculum document for Year 0 (the pre-school class) was also changed, setting explicit goals for students. This aims to further strengthen the development of crucial skills in Year 0 and improving their readiness for benefiting from the instruction in subjects from Year 1. To further this intention, concrete guidance for evaluation in relation to all learning goals (including specific examples) were made available to teachers together with the Common Objectives at a web portal (urn; ui.emu.dk), which is to function as a ""knowledge portal”, providing guidance and inspiration for working with the Common Objectives. The portal also offers suggestions for concrete teaching modules and activities. These tools are intended to support a shared understanding of goal-oriented instruction and assessment, thus helping teachers to work with the Common Objectives in a more qualified way."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	876758eb9e474126fab84995836a0d0a	New firms are those most likely to generate the most radical innovations and successfully bring them to market, while also creating spillover effects for others. Targeted public support may help those firms that managed to weather the crisis and raise their productivity to now focus on the need to acquire new skills and knowledge assets. The country is less innovative than it used to be.	4	5	6	0.09090909090909091
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	87676142b69dac387628bac8270a457b	Ideally, groups could be formed that included the core sub-specialties of family medicine: paediatrics, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynaecology at a minimum. The triaging of patients, children, women and other adults, within these group practices is likely to occur on the same basis as occurs today in the United Kingdom, where health clinics are staffed by general practitioners with their own practice preferences. At the same time, location in a common facility puts the onus on doctors to work together to help meet the complex needs of patients, which may require the support of multiple specialists, and makes it physically easier for them to do so.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	8768d2738f80019999d283dad741d8f1	Tonga and Samoa have shown no interest in this and are unlikely to do so. Without that demand, less migration would occur. Continued migration has thus led to more interest in national self-sufficiency, through ethical codes of practice on recruitment and compensation for countries experiencing losses, yet political and practical realities confront ethical arguments.	10	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	876965e4eff1f4b8f7c47a99f547817e	Cependant, le plan du gouvemement consistant a transferer l’achat de soins de longue duree aux assureurs est voue a Fechec en Fabsence de mesures suppiementaires faisant supporter a ces demiers les risques financiers correspondants. Ce document de travail se rapporte a l’Etude economique des Pays-Bas de 2012 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Pavs-Bas). All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	876c0b4f0ec17fd5c34ac40f38495498	Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), this definition covers four dimensions of food security: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, meeting nutritional requirements, and stability of these three aspects over time (Stamoulis and Zezza, 2003). These four dimensions are directly or indirectly influenced by the level of agricultural productivity.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	876dc2ec22247d96216fc1f713ce83cd	According to Foster and Briceno-Garmendia (2009), this would bring them closer to the amounts needed to meet the MDGs but could not compensate for the accumulated backlog. For example, good hygiene and sanitation may prove more important to protect health than clean safe water to drink delivered at the tap and is comparatively very cost-effective. In addition, the adoption of hygienic practices has been found to be a necessary condition for the benefits of investments in access to water and sanitation to be effectively realised. A number of experts have also recommended relying on point-of-use water treatment until more expensive water networks with centralised water treatment can be extended.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	876f350a95ef85274901939d62876f27	In Sweden (one of the most gender-equal countries with a strong family support system) men’s (fathers and non-fathers) paid work hours are about an hour less than in Germany on average and women’s (mothers and non-mothers) paid work hours more than three hours more per week compared to Germany. If, by 2040, German men and women aged 25 to 54 emulated the labour market behaviour of Swedish men and women in the same age bracket, the projected decrease in the German labour force would be slowed and GDP per capita could increase, if it is assumed that changes in labour force participation rates or weekly working hours do not affect the labour demand (see Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion of different scenarios). In countries with limited support for reconciling work and family life, child birth often implies a significant reduction in family income, as at least one partner has to stop (or reduce) their employment participation in order to care for the new child. The number of children in a family has a greater adverse effect on female employment in Germany than in many other OECD countries, and German women are much more likely to remain childless than women elsewhere (Chapter 6).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlpszwghvvb-en	8770bd02654a6194961dbc675bb6896a	Financial literacy: In recent years, developed and emerging countries and economies have become increasingly concerned about the level of financial literacy among their citizens, especially young people (OECD/INFE, 2015). Finance is a part of everyday life for many 15-year-old students: they have bank accounts with access to online transactions, and as they near the end of compulsory education, students will also face complex and challenging financial choices, such as whether to continue with formal education and how to finance their studies. Financial literacy is thus an essential life skill, and high on the global policy agenda (OECD, 2014a). The assessment found wide variations in levels of financial literacy within and across countries (OECD, 2014b).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	877222b44f211cab363cf8ac246a862a	There has been an historical tendency to assume that labour productivity grows less rapidly in agriculture than in the manufacturing sector, partly because there is less scope for benefiting from the division of labour. Indeed dual models of transition, such as the Lewis Model (Lewis, 1954) typically contrast a stagnant traditional rural sector with a dynamic and modem manufacturing sector. However, this view has been challenged by others, who have observed rapid science-based technical change in agriculture (for example, Hayami and Ruttan, 1985).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	87737c24010da9e68b01011769bb704c	With the exception of Japan, all of the member countries in this group are located in Europe. The growth of material extraction is weaker than in lower income countries, implying that incremental value added remains dependent on resource extraction. This group is generally characterised by, but not limited to, large resource-rich countries with relatively low population densities.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	87753f46a53353ec22703422643eb3a2	How these resources are used—and the extent to which they support social objectives, including improvements in gender equality—depends on how the financial sector is organized and regulated.94 Central banks have a key regulatory role, setting out the rules and incentives and determining how the financial sector channels and allocates its resources. By changing these rules, central banks can channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Credit allocation policies extend the toolkit available to pursue a range of objectives and should be considered as part of an alternative approach to macroeconomic management.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	87771bd49b3fbda0a9cd642ac6a62e20	Further, quantity-based interventions are typically easier to administer than more complex price-based incentives, making them particularly useful tools for countries with weak administrative capacity. Many of these instruments are already utilized by developing countries. Green investment tax credits are used in 18 developing countries, public investment is used in 17, while feed-in tariffs, which guarantee prices to clean energy producers above the existing market price, are used in 17, including Algeria, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Uganda (REN21, 2010). Many of these mechanisms have been criticized for locking in subsidies that then become politically difficult to remove, although putting time limits on them can help reduce this risk somewhat.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	8779646f01b6b027894534e8d11b5fec	Only 10% of travel between Aix and Marseille is with public transport. Private cars account for 90% of trips within the metropolitan area, close to the level observed in large US metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles and Denver. Road traffic increased by 10% between 1997 and 2009 and the roadways leading to the main urban cores of the metropolitan area are increasingly congested.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	877d76c9f801455050cb23bf3df26097	Over the same period, the participation of the female citizen population in the total citizen workforce also rose (United Nations, 2008: 35). The share of women nationals in the labour force is higher in Dubai and Abu Dhabi than in the other Emirates.1 The increased participation of Emirati women in the labour force can be partially attributed to their improved educational opportunities and achievements. For nationals, education is free and compulsory until age 18.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	878040846cfddc6b0f3cd28e1cf7d045	Equity usually attracts investors that are looking for higher risk. Public investment per capita in 2012 fell in 15 out of 33 OECD countries, compared to 2007 (OECD, 2014a). The low-carbon transition will require the large-scale mobilisation of all sources of private sector investment and finance (Corfee-Morlot et al.,	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	8782c0e96c06d667cd42e3e4ac48dd82	Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in action that is potentially counterproductive. The prospects of success are greater when the timeframe for one policy aligns with activities in another policy. In theory, time scales are relatively easy to co-ordinate. For instance, regulatory and budget cycles can be synchronised over time (e.g. multi-annual budgeting) so that decisions that require coherence can be taken independently of political calendars and agendas, which vary from one ministry to another. In addition, strategic planning is more difficult to design if policies, legislation and institutions on the water environment are questioned from one government to another.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	87831906c28a3ca30241e38fee468077	Vanuatu, for example, has combined data on earthquakes and tropical cyclones with information on exposure and vulnerability and then used a probabilistic risk assessment model to estimate total average annual losses (Figure IV-3). This was used to identify high-risk areas, for appropriate development plans and interventions. Pacific Catastrophe Risk and Financing Initiative - Country Risk Profile Vanuatu.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8789dc047897f7bef485f310d680eac7	Electricity markets in many OECD countries already allocate capacity payments of one sort or another (not all motivated by the impacts of variable renewables) and several others are considering it. One question that urgently needs to be addressed in the near future is the extent to which the combined impact of the compression effect and capacity markets affects different dispatchable technologies in different ways. The compression effect, for instance, will affect capital-intensive technologies such as nuclear more significantly than less capital-intensive technologies such as gas.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264204638-6-en	878c71f47bb65f55c56d7426cf7a185c	In 2012, the share of funding that was spent on initiatives targeting the demand side was relatively low'. While this has been done for some programmes such as Computers for Education, it is lacking for most other initiatives. The risk is not only that public funding may not be spent in the most efficient way and but also in the potential to crowd out private initiatives. Generally, these countries allocate major responsibility' for research in the universities and for basic research to the education ministry' and the task of funding innovation and more obviously industrially relevant research to the industry ministry.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	8790fe7b0bc49655cb6a93b0f50b9903	However, cash transfers are not universally appropriate and may be difficult to deliver in certain contexts, harder to target, more prone to corruption and capture and inflationary. They are a complement to, not a replacement for in-kind assistance (Harvey, 2007). In many crisis situations, women become the primary carers and breadwinners, yet humanitarian aid and social protection support has frequently been channelled through men, resulting in poorer outcomes for women and their dependents.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8791c138f9c74641c54e092ddd592e36	The Park is located alongside the Tel Hai Academic College in one of the highest priority industrial development areas for government support. The park has attracted advanced industry seeking the benefits and lower-costs of outlying regions. Residents in the park are ten innovative companies employing some 500 workers.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	8793025f97413497d874ca185f19d44a	On the Russian side of the Kaltonjoki (Santajoki) River, sea trout reproduces naturally. Baltic Whitefish rises regularly to the lower parts of the Vaalimaanjoki River, and trout also appear occasionally. Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe27 and the Narva Reservoir (built from 1955 to 1956) in the basin are transboundary, shared by Estonia and the Russian Federation.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	8793b4965f609b28fbd1f6505e6b40d1	The shift of production processes to developing countries also relocates the ecological and health costs of polluting production processes to countries with less stringent environmental regulations (UNCTAD, 2013b). The second recent development concerns intensified global imbalances, which threaten the economic sustainability of the model, to which the chapter now turns. For some countries, the longterm decline in savings and the accumulation of private debt has increased consumption in spite of stagnant earnings, resulting in large current account deficits. At the same time, countries with a current account surplus used export markets as a way to sustain employment in the absence of sufficient domestic aggregate demand (Blecker, 2012; UNCTAD, 2010).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	8797c4365d0ef37b5c0a1152aaad8b9f	Recently, the reform consolidated the five main social security funds into a unified social security system, the General Health Insurance Scheme (GHIS - Genel Saghk Sigortasi), which now covers the majority of the population for services provided by a mix of public and private sector facilities (Tatar et al., The Social Security Institution (SSI - Sosyal Giivenlik Kurumu) has become the single-purchaser of health care services. It is funded by contributions from employers and employees, and by government contributions, which finance coverage for low-income people (former Green Card holders) and civil servants.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	8798d9d7397848dd88989a1ae295f1a8	It also offers potential to improve coherence at the national level and to better capture the synergies between the different 2015 agendas as they are implemented. Meanwhile, the increased scope of the goals will increase pressure on human resources and capacity in development agencies as the prioritisation of goals at the national level may not always be a good match with the expertise development partners have at their disposal. Assessing this expertise will need to be a priority for providers. The principles and tools that have informed development practice in the past decades, ranging from the Paris Principles and the Busan Partnership Agreement12, to tools on environmental mainstreaming and the Rio Markers, will provide a shared framework for action in equipping development partners for the challenge ahead. This will range from expertise in mainstreaming and policy coherence to good practices in transparency and mutual accountability.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9f796186-en	879a07bbae36346e63a564b567a55880	For instance, combined education and health expenditures remain at below 5 per cent of GDP in such countries as Cambodia, Bangladesh and Pakistan (table 1.7). Governments could increase expenditure efficiency and ensure equal access to basic public services. Without such efforts, additional spending may not translate into better development outcomes. For instance, compared with regional peers at the frontier of expenditure efficiency, Pakistan could decrease its public expenditures by some 33 per cent in education and 17 per cent in health to produce the same level of education and health outcomes (figure 1.14; ESCAR 2017a).	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5d345c92-en	879a68d9d12db165caab8bd03c0f2cc9	Ms. Eni was relieved when she found a job in Hong Kong as a domestic helper, but her happiness was short-lived. She was denied wages for the first few months, cut off from the outside world, and was given no holidays. She found herself trapped with no support network, living in a foreign country with an abusive employer. Yet she stayed because she was the main breadwinner for herfamily back home.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283343-en	879b475f4835c0d518e10ffb298e1e64	Denmark continues to implement a range of tobacco control policies and programmes, including tobacco cessation programmes, health warnings on cigarette packages, public awareness campaigns through mass media and high taxation on tobacco products. The government financially supports two partnerships to help with achieving this target. The 'Partnership for youth and alcohol' involves municipalities and civil society organisations, with the aim to reduce underage drinking by initiating local activities for young people in collaboration with local authorities and civil society (OECD, 2015). A number of measures have been taken in recent years to reduce excessive alcohol consumption (Box 1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	879c4553c9cb9f304614e8448ba16de9	When the utilisation of psychiatric and other medical services is regarded in relation to unemployment, it has been repeatedly found that unemployment, underemployment and disability are strongly connected to service use. An analysis of all psychiatric hospitalisations in Switzerland between 2000 and 2004 showed an up to 17-fold hospitalisation risk for unemployed persons in comparison with full-time employed patients (Kuhl and Herdt, 2007). In this analysis, the work-related difference in hospitalisation days is substantial.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-9-en	879d47771f982eba111fabc8d1820bef	As such, current low funding for research may constrain sustainable agricultural productivity growth in future and, in turn, the capacity of countries to eliminate food insecurity. Beyond funding for agricultural research, development and extension, the OECD (2013a) has stressed the importance of agricultural innovation policy3 - and governments' role in the AIS more broadly.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	87a05637e403fe224f5e62868bfdd964	Therefore, it is seen as a more effective way of consuming funding lines compared to longer-term mitigation and prevention actions. However, using short-term mechanisms and approaches to address the structural issues at the heart of risk is only able to resolve the symptoms rather than addressing root causes. Further, the focus on food and nutrition security as the overall objective of risk management dangerously oversimplifies the risk landscape faced by people.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	87a0e35146e7132d550be2622f22f339	High SSCs create a significant tax burden on labour income; they reduce employees’ work incentives by reducing their after-tax earnings and make it expensive to hire workers, especially low-income and low-skilled workers. The larger the difference between total labour costs in the formal sector and after-tax disposable income for workers (the “tax wedge”), the greater the incentive for employers and employees to avoid taxes by remaining or joining the informal economy. Moreover, the average tax wedge is highly regressive in Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia at the bottom of the income distribution, meaning that the average contribution rate is higher for low-income workers (see Chapter 4, Tax policy). While the general consensus is that stricter employment protection legislation is associated with higher rates of informality (Marshall, 2007), research also shows that this relationship is moderated by strong enforcement of labour regulation and good governance (Loayza and Rigolini, 2006).	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	87a14dad24633542a84416ddb820a9fc	In developing countries, the most affected by the global crisis were emerging market economies with current account deficits that could not withstand the drop in capital inflows resulting from the crisis (UNCTAD, 2010). But for low-income countries that had little involvement with global capital markets, and for countries with current account surpluses and/or substantial international reserves, the negative impact of the financial crisis has been shorter lived and less severe. For instance, many Asian and Latin American countries employed counter-cyclical monetary and fiscal policies, turning towards domestic sources of demand to counter declines in global trade (UNRISD, 2010).	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	87a22c5d1e21f402f17ceb91605cec85	Over the past five years, hospital spending accounted for half of the growth in overall health spending in the Korean health system (see Figure 5.8). In comparison, across the group of 17 OECD countries for which data was available, hospitals accounted for 35% of the growth in health spending over the same period. This strong growth in hospitals spending reflects the structure of health services and operation of payments in Korea. Hospitals in Korea are generally classified into major “tertiary hospitals”, larger “general hospitals” and comparatively smaller “hospitals”. As can be seen in Table 5.1 below, increases in the number of “hospitals” and “general hospitals” have been accounting for most of the new institutions over the past half decade.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	87a3d73f070dcb67f891aeca472095a6	Although climate change is expected to have a negative impact on yields in the majority of cases, in a few cases a boost in yields may be expected, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 presents the changes in land allocation relative to the Reference scenario. In irrigated areas, the negative impact of changed precipitation and increased temperatures is reduced by the availability of irrigation water, making yields more resistant to climate variations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	87a64b617cd05fc86935775ab2955626	Uncertainty also behaves differently: in equilibrium, uncertainty with solutions is linearly related to the uncertainty in parameters. In non-equilibrium models, uncertainty on parameters leads to scenarios that diverge from each other, such that model outcomes in the far future are much more uncertain than those in the near future. It shows the trend in GDP, relative to baseline, of a policy-driven sustainability transition for two types of modelling approaches, equilibrium and non-equilibrium.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	87a67fbe1ba7e4cf456f89b8a0ecebfa	There is considerable evidence that some beginning teachers, no matter how well prepared and supported, struggle to perform well on the job or find that it does not meet their expectations. A formal probationary process can provide an opportunity for both new teachers and their employers to assess whether teaching is the right career for them. The satisfactory completion of a probationary period of one to two years teaching should be mandatory before moving into the Initial stage of the new career structure.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	87a6949d8a2fe576f9673ab7714764e1	Assuring interoperability would require the architects and developers of the blockchain layer to be knowledgeable of related database technologies and commonly used data structures. Critical security and privacy requirements of each key stakeholder, e.g. energy and transport regulators, digital infrastructure regulators, financial institutions, would have to be considered in the design as well. It would be very important to maintain the decentralisation when adding external systems, so that all the APIs need to be decentralised as well, creating multiple entry-points to the system and therefore not centralising it by just having one possibility.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	87a90643f92982596a3509968043b7d8	"This is longer than the average length of teacher salary scales in OECD countries (24 for lower secondary education, see OECD, 2014a). The maximum salary of a pre-primary, primary or lower secondary teacher is approximately 73% greater than the beginning salary, whereas for upper secondary teachers the maximum salary is about 76% greater. The salary scales for Flemish teachers look slightly ""steeper” than the OECD average (OECD, 2014a). Compared to most OECD countries, the Flemish Community puts a heavy emphasis on length of teaching experience in determining individual teachers’ salaries. Teachers with the same levels of qualifications and teaching experience receive essentially the same salary."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	87a98995e10de0c3f672e0889da9aeac	In the London area, road safety is directly ensured by TfL if the road in question is part of the TfL road network and by the boroughs and the City of London for roads on their territories. Vision Zero emphasises preventive measures that promote safe speeds, street design, vehicles and behaviours on roads, as well as measures that reduce the severity of injuries post collision. Such interpolations are essential to support the computation of a five year average denominator (e.g. population, traffic, trips), as survey data can be missing between survey years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/857c81f8-en	87abebe9e3eaf71c9d62f69c7a094927	Even though the support for quota markets and individual quota rights in general is increasing in the sector, there is nothing to suggest this tension will disappear. On the contrary, recent political developments give rise to renewed debates regarding the purpose of fisheries management. However, as in other sectors, there is increasing popular opposition to this model of economic development and balanced alternatives should be better explored.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	87af44537601e1069b30137f23c6ba15	This was the first international instrument to specifically address this issue. It recognizes that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women and a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women. The Declaration calls on States to condemn violence against women and work towards its eradication.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	87afc9c9fb3bfe034974eba8f3dc86b1	Women are also more likely to enter the labour market through temporary jobs than men. In all OECD countries except Japan, Portugal, the Netherlands and Turkey, women leave school later than men, delaying their entry into the labour market. In continental and southern European countries and in Korea, young adults stay longer in education before entering the labour market.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	87b128de9ca98360c5c6493c91e3cfcd	Areas where changes are needed are highlighted in Table 1. If information related to collective efforts are to be successfully tracked via the UNFCCC’s reporting framework, this would entail a significant change in reporting requirements, e.g. by making it mandatory to report information not currently required or not currently required with such frequency, from selected developing countries. Alternatively, the international community could potentially rely on information not submitted by countries themselves (but e.g. international organisations, other non-party stakeholders such as local authorities and industry groups) to track progress.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	87b3fea346f3830f9683e80b37a32169	The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. This is made up of EUR 220 million (USD 291 million) from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF, see EU chapter) (77%) and EUR 65 million (USD 72 million) of national funds (33%).	14	1	7	0.75
10.18356/5d2bfc1d-en	87b59bae9d51c5f48fba1359131b262a	This ratio remains reasonably constant across countries grouped from low-to high income economies. Nepal is the only low income country with data available for the reference period. Public investment should help address the equitable distribution of resources across education subsectors and geographic locations, and Support programmes for marginalized groups. An enhanced focus on innovative financing strategies that do not burden the poor but do support good-quality public education is needed; funding of education will need to be drawn from multiple sources. Postsecondary and non-tertiary education, which is used in many countries for school-to-job transitions, receives less than 2 per cent of total education expenditures in three countries; Brunei Darussalam, India and Malaysia.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	87b6d3335759b887a796a1a70b12c5ec	Therefore, this indicator brings out a supplementary aspect of system adequacy. Generally speaking, the indicator is transparent, apart from minor baseload classification issues and issues pertaining to the use of different criteria for load following capabilities of generation. The required detailed country-specific data is probably difficult to obtain for multi-country analysis.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/27e660be-en	87b6fbb05abc8796e508600096a1c078	Educational gaps overlap with the leadership gap in part because the pool of women in science and technical fields is limited and not growing. There can be no doubt that SECURICO has developed into a world-class security services organization recognized for its ISO certifications and industry awards, more than 20 in over a decade. In 2013, Divine was voted African Woman of the Year and also won the 1st Runner-Up UNCTAD Empretec Women in Business Award.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/4bfdcb5d-en	87b818ea41fcb23bd4c3c792d0604e00	These countries are also among those with the greatest market income inequality and those in which, accordingly, fiscal policy should in fact be more redistributive. Conversely, oecd countries with a more unequal market income distribution tend to redistribute more (Joumard, Pisu and Bloch, 2012). Brazil, Chile and Argentina have high pre-fiscal inequality, which is partly corrected through public pensions, transfer programmes and direct taxes.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264244825-8-en	87b90f1dfca6b844cea0f82c57f84c0f	On average, the amount of the allowance was COP 22 940 per dependant per month (4% of minimum wage or USD 12.4). In order to finance new responsibilities added to the system without additional funds, the amount of the cash allowance has been falling in real terms (in some years even in nominal terms). The share of resources earmarked to the cash allowance fell from 55% in 1982 to 30% in 2014 (see Table 4.3).	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f47faf05-en	87bf0e789b58a74b3258fc967ce249de	"Within the NSO, national accounts and government finance statistics also contribute to the development of government expenditure statistics. The statistics are expressed in monetary units, typically with annual periodicity, depending on the availability of resources. The environmental goods and services sector."""	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	87c19b4ff79888e4ebbdc1924f48f51a	First, they act as a disincentive for those out of work to stay on benefits, and “shake out” those who are able to move into paid work. A second intention is that they allow participants to maintain skills and enhance their employability, for example by allowing them to demonstrate that they are reliable and good workers. These schemes are particularly important for those with durations of non-employment of over three months.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	87c1ba99d748547fd1bd9c8dbc7a7f3a	Whaling and sealing, though internationally controversial, form a small part of Norwegian fisheries (Box 6.5). For this reason, it resumed whaling in 1993 after a five-year break following the moratorium set by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). That year Norway became the only state in the world to resume commercial whaling; it had objected to, and thus opted out of, the moratorium. The IUCN Red List categorises the northern minke whale (the subspecies found in Norway) as of “least concern”, though it is listed in CITES Appendix I (threatened). No commercial or scientific whaling of other species takes place, and the whaling industry does not receive direct subsidies.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	87c38dad8f7a059e5e4f46746a6ad04b	After the relationship is estimated, it is then possible to predict the individual expenditures and the individual poverty status of all individuals in our household survey in order to simulate the actual implementation of the policy. By comparing the predicted and actual (according to the household survey expenditure data) poverty status of the survey households, we are able to evaluate likely targeting errors: namely under-coverage (poor individuals excluded from the social safety programme because predicted as non-poor) and leakage (non-poor individuals benefiting from transfers because erroneously identified as poor). The administrative costs faced by the governments to put in place the policies proposed here are not taken into account and we thus only include the total amount of cash transfers allocated or the cost of the subsidies provided. We made the hypothesis that all the transfers received by children living in the same household are pooled and shared equitably among all the household members. As we cannot know what allocation rule is in force within each household, we adopted a relatively neutral approach. Therefore, the model requires a benchmark data set presented in the form of a SAM.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	87c3e11f2059e499ca1ff46e005d0f21	In Poland, Poleski National Park offers good opportunities for nature tourism; an Educational Center and Natural Museum have been built at Zahicze Stare. In Belarus and Ukraine there are a number of health resorts. A long history of sustainable natural resources use has led to the formation of a specific landscape that includes both natural and semi-natural habitats (both ofhigh conservation value).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ac21c613-en	87c4b17f4f40fe25e86c222ff97e311d	The development of water supply and the protection of drinking water would have to be accompanied by the development of the sanitation service and the introduction of mandatory treatment of wastewater. The primary responsibility for ensuring the sustainable water management of water resources rests with the Government. Reforms are a dynamic and iterative process, and not all necessary reforms can be carried out at the same time.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	87c5cc95896a3720f272e755e1321a99	Both enterprises and governments must strive for closer co-operation and a stronger involvement of firms in the education of young people. Cisco set out to provide Internet-based learning and information technology (IT) skills training in half the world’s 50 least developed countries including 11 West African countries (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo). In 2008, over 9 200 students aged between 25 and 34 were enrolled throughout West Africa (YEN-WA, 2008). A survey of the LDC Initiative conducted in six countries showed that two-thirds of respondents found IT jobs after completing the programme and that 10% started their own businesses.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	87c64e07a2cffd8fe1a7825ee172d1b8	Support should also be provided to the Arab academic colleges for education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios. Investing in Arab education would improve education attainment levels and generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy including increased tax revenues and job creation. The authorities should support the provision of colleges on the basis of the current and projected demand in order to provide the growth (or reduction) of services in locations where it is required. A region-wide assessment of current and planned capacity should be conducted against anticipated student numbers, identifying needs in terms of staff and infrastructure and taking into account related transport and student housing provision.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	87c67c18364193f04e5d388f7916d1f3	There are also elements complementing infrastructure rollout referred to as the hidden mile. These constitute regulatory issues such as infrastructure sharing, frequency management, licensing framework and universal service. It outlines regulatory, policy, institutional and other factors that underlie ICT sector growth in LDCs. It assesses the middle mile covering both national and regional backbone networks.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	87c70382fe86b68fc44d2f84e04ed0ad	Decisions about infrastructure should consider relevant uncertainties to ensure resilience across a range of potential future scenarios. Uncertainties should be clearly communicated and valued, and there should be access to the tools needed to support decision-making under uncertainty. The use of platforms and online tools can provide accessible, credible and transparent information on past and future climate behaviour. The risks from climate change are diverse, vary by national circumstances and there are multiple possible metrics for measuring progress in addressing those risks. Nature-based, flexible or innovative approaches to climate-resilient infrastructure may even be cheaper than traditional approaches. Global studies find that the benefits of investing in resilience outweigh the costs with high benefit-cost ratios, for example of investment in flood defences for coastal cities.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	87c76baab096c8f2e3bd7eb7eee6bb10	Within this framework, the Inter-Ministerial Conference for the Environment (CCIM) Steering Group Water (presided over by the Flemish Environment Agency) is the consultative body in charge of the necessary co-ordination of the implementation of international water policy between the different Belgian authorities in charge. It also advises on strategic planning of water policy in the long term, makes proposals for institutional mechanisms, incentives and guarantees towards the implementation of water policies in rural and urban areas, and adopts the necessary agreements for the implementation of the national integrated water strategy. It seeks to co-ordinate the actions of ministries of Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure, which used to be collectively responsible for the decision-making process over matters concerning water and sewage.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	87c76d16df0e43b4f041cf58d982a0ed	Moreover, policy makers and road safety experts have to understand that they have great opportunities to win when they operate together with other important areas such as traffic management and environmental policy. Measuring progress can be done by means of information that is collected every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year or at a longer interval. Monitoring can establish whether developments are still on track compared to a policy goal, and monitoring can establish whether new and undesirable developments have surfaced. The sooner we axe aware of such developments, the better we can prepare suitable countermeasures.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	87cbdc3087559ead1e812edf99aa6d69	Workload refers to the number of working hours, indicating the extent to which staff schedules are compatible with family life and the physical demands of the job. Large group sizes, low staff-child ratios and a heavy workload are potential stressors for ECEC practitioners. Some research findings show the effects of workload on ECEC quality, indicating that practitioners with a heav>' workload perform less well than colleagues with lighter schedules (De Schipper etal., Contact hours with children and the extent of non-teaching duties may also affect the attractiveness of the teaching workforce.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191761-en	87ce2061e12a30771a2058bf30432361	Funding for research and development has also increased since the mid-1990s, in particular as a result of financing directed to KazAgroInnovation since 2008. Compared to research and development, agricultural education continues to receive significantly lesser funds (although these expenditures have been steadily rising). Infrastructure expenditures varied during the analysed period, with the highest spending taking place between 2001 and 2003 when a large project to improve irrigation and drainage systems was implemented. However, towards the end of the 2000s, the funds directed for infrastructure improvement decreased substantially. Figure 2.30 illustrates the importance of each component in the total support to the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	87ce2b36839d521c0627ac7d561d64fb	Many such economies of scale - including being able to buy food or cleaning materials in bigger quantities - are available to larger households. Rough and ready methods must therefore be used, of which the most common is the 'modified OECD equivalence scale' by which the first adult in each household is counted as 1.0, the second adult as 0.5, and each child under the age of 14 as 0.3. The total then becomes the number of 'equivalent individuals' by which household income must be divided.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	87d2d3a613a84d0473a3f01beabdda3e	One extreme case, however, is that of Afghanistan, which has only seen success in a few areas. These are reflected in 10 indicators, each with equal weight within its dimension. The MPI for the Asia Pacific LDCs, using data available for 2000-2008, is as follows: Bangladesh (57.8 per cent); Cambodia (53.9 per cent); Lao PDR (47.3 per cent); Myanmar (14.2 per cent); Nepal (64.7 per cent); and Yemen (52.5 per cent). A somewhat similar situation also exists for underweight children under age five.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	87d66287aefcb619a6692eb9b389fccc	In equation (2) the chosen benchmark is the male rate of return (pm), but it would be equally plausible to use py as the benchmark set of coefficients. As the choice between these two alternatives may appear somewhat arbitrary and can give rise to differences in the results of the decomposition, a widely used alternative is to calculate a benchmark coefficient p' from a pooled earnings regression over the joint sample of male and female workers (Neumark, 1988). Data refer to regular employees for India.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	87dacc65d228243d25f34065ffc6357d	For example, for some institutional investors, infrastructure investments are not viable, because, as alluded to in the previous paragraph, maturities make it impossible to comply with the capital and liquidity requirements stemming from existing regulation. If conducted responsibly, securitization would enable private sector investors to more actively take on climate-related projects as part of their portfolios. Report from the Nordic Conference on Green Investments and Nordic Pension Funds.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	87dc3f8af59a840713f8d4f826633485	In particular after World War II, the housing associations played a key role in addressing the serious capacity shortages. At its peak in the early 1990s social housing in the Netherlands covered 44% of the Housing stock (Boelhouwer and Priemus, 2013). With time capacity shortages have decreased reducing the need for public sector intervention. In addition, public budget concerns and the belief that market provision could generate efficiency gains started a series of housing- policy reforms during the early 1990s (see Boelhouwers and van der Heyden, 1995). At the same time the housing associations that operate social housing have become independent organisations that - conditional on prior approval by public authorities- can take on commercial private activities so they can raise private capital complementary to public funding. These reforms enhanced the independence of social housing associations in the Netherlands: they no longer have to submit project/investment related to social housing for approval by public authorities in advance (Algemene Rekenkamer, 2014).	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	87dca0a7f3c0123af4d16dd073b893a3	The centrality of gender equality for the achievement of the remaining SDGs does not imply this goal has only instrumental value. Though good for societies as a whole, substantive gender equality is most importantly a goal in its own right. At the centre of the goal of human development is broadly shared well-being, which requires the creation of conditions where all people have the right and ability to realize their full human potential and to benefit from rising living standards. A frequently overlooked attribute of investment in gender equality is that such spending can be self-financing when effects are evaluated over a medium- and long-run time horizon.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	87dcb577b7f2b84ef4f173ed4f2b7828	In the 2007 census, 68.5% of production units were under the social regime - ejidos - and accounted for only 34% of land; 29% of farms were under the private regime, accounting for 61% of land (Table 17). As it turns out, about 75% of farms of less than 20 hectares are in ejidos, while 75% of large farms over 100 hectares are privately held. It was only in 1992 that the Constitutional Ejido Reform changed the situation, strengthening property rights. However, despite reforms, this communal property still constrains the agricultural land market.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	87dde5eb0d2c111785cc50f571364f87	"In 2013, total program funding was $5.46 billion. Although the IHS budget has increased over time, funds are not equally distributed across facilities and they remain insufficient to meet health care needs. As such, access to services through IHS varies significantly across locations, and American Indians and Alaska Natives who rely solely on IHS for care often lack access to needed care. Indigenous peoples often use their own words that translate roughly to ""living well' which combines beliefs in the importance of balance. The four elements of life: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual are all are intricately woven together and interact to support a strong and healthy person."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	87de5db6b687c1623c115b1d764916dd	Avoid” or “reduce” the need to travel and the trip length, by improving the efficiency of the overall transport system through integrated land-use planning and transport demand management, e.g. through compact, mixed-use development planning, traffic restrictions, mobility management and marketing, and national subsidies for low-carbon transport metropolitan design and planning. Shift” or “maintain” tools, to improve trip efficiency by encouraging modal shift to low-carbon transport modes such as public transport, e.g. through parking restrictions, road space allocation, public awareness campaigns on alternatives to private vehicles; procurement of public transport. Improve” fuel and vehicle efficiency and technologies, e.g. through vehicle standards, speed limits, labelling of vehicles’ environmental performance and fiscal incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	87def5c636262e5fbab97c5d07bc270f	Other low-income countries are those in which per capita GNI was less than or equal to USD 1 005 in 2010. Lower middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 1 006-3 975 in 2010. Upper middie-income countriesAerritories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 3 976-12 275 in 2010. Source: OECD calculations based on OECD (2013) “DAC List of ODA Recipients”, OECD, Paris, available at www.oecd.org/dac/stats/daclist'.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	87df8de269bdf12045c551a269972151	For instance, w'omen in over 100 countries covered by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) still face legal and other forms of discrimination in their access to land and property, and 77 countries have inadequate legislation addressing domestic violence (OECD Development Centre, 2014). Women’s economic involvement promotes good use of skills and talent and increases social cohesion. The participation of w'omen in the economy is indispensable for promoting global well-being, reducing poverty and combating inequality.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	87df8fcb13a3799313ba63bba534ecc8	The ‘kafala’ system, whereby migrant workers' visas are sponsored by their employer, leaves female domestic labourers vulnerable to situations of exploitation and contract slavery, since their visa and continued presence in the country is subject to the will of their employer. A certain degree of cooperation between labour-sending and labour-receiving countries is also necessary. One milestone in this area was the adoption of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention No.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	87dfb74ed5e094a088550b11e2dc2af6	This system for permanent consultation of and negotiation with stakeholders is certainly one of the conditions for ensuring that water management measures are socially acceptable. Focus on improved quality of aquatic ecosystems and sustainability. This dual time-frame ensures that management is socially acceptable and fair in the long term, while preserving the rapid response times essential to crisis management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	87e0e49cbd98290de549e4c2f50206f4	For example, the UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, associated with the Global Environment Center in Osaka, has organized international collaboration programmes in the focus area of sustainable production and consumption, especially eco-town promotion in Asia. A publication on eco-towns in Japan (GEC, 2005) shows a step-by-step flowchart for stimulating the roles of legislation, strategic policy-making, finance, capacity building and technology development and transfer among stakeholders, including universities. The centre maintains a database on environmental management and technology, which is focused on CP, eco-efficiency, zero emissions and environmental management. Recently, ICETT has become involved in reducing the energy consumption of Yunnan and Gansu provinces in China, and in the glass and beer industries in Viet Nam, by improving energy efficiency and offering training opportunities.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	87e1f4e49ed0c16fe460342487415423	Mind is an independent charity organisation. These groups represent important sources of information and support for service users; many organisations also present their own research, for example surveys of service user needs or access. Some non-governmental organisations also provide mental health services, from support group services to more regular care services for mental ill health sufferers or their carers or families. The Crisis Care Concordat, launched in February 2014, details how the Government plans to improve emergency support for people in mental health crisis across the country.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	87e2ecadf29aa40526a04c3b8366a7ee	Furthermore, there is strong path dependency arising from the history of the sector and from previous policy reform attempts. Decisions are often irreversible; some policy and production choices cannot be undone once made (ibid.). The advantage of this approach to review past policies is that it emphasises the role of interactions across actors and institutions, thereby providing a realistic depiction of decision-making. Yet, at the same time, the approach makes it harder to draw cross-reform conclusions, as it focuses on specific institutional features of the country, region or policy, without considering changes in others. There is evidence that water and agriculture reforms are influenced by pressure group competition. For instance, discussions around the management of the increasingly saline Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California have opposed groups representing environmental interests to groups using upstream watercourses for irrigation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272392-5-en	87e31d1c5e6263337627c9938028e026	The chapter draws on the 2015 OECD-FAO Outlook (OECD-FAO, 2015) publication for the medium-term projections (2015-24).2 The commodities on which the medium-term analysis is focused are taken from the set of modelled commodities in the Outlook, and, as a consequence, some additional products that are likely to experience changes due to rising incomes, such as processed foods, or which are important for food security, such as fruits, vegetables and nuts, are not included. The possible long-term implications of climate change are assessed with the use of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) IMPACT (Robinson et al., Climate change adaptation strategies are also considered - however, mitigation is not analysed in detail in this study.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	87e55b656d15046429850a7f61b05c87	Percentages will add up to 100 unless the categories are not mutually exclusive. In gender statistics, proportions can be calculated as relative measures of (a) distributions of each sex by selected characteristics; and (b) sex distributions within the categories of a characteristic. These two types of proportions are presented in the table IV. In the first case of distribution, the proportions are calculated as relative frequencies of the categories of a characteristic for each sex, with womens and men’s respective totals used as the denominators. For example, in the third column of data in table IV. This is calculated as the number of women employed divided by womens total population in the corresponding age group and multiplied by 100.	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	87e874216f787a9abf3e6bb66f9fb712	Both systems also heat water, which integrates with the existing systems on campus to heat the buildings and provide hot water on campus. The system not only provides a sustainable energy system for the campus. For northern communities, the bioenergy project shows how future energy supply in areas with access to biomass may provide a sustainable energy supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	87ea783ff409d6180f31df11a4f16556	One of the key measures has been the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP), which was introduced in 1972 as a joint programme of the Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. Through a network of over local 50,000 volunteers, the CPP ensures rapid dissemination of official Bangladesh Meteorological Department cyclone warning signals to the communities. Once the community has been warned, the project also assists in sheltering, rescuing and providing immediate medical attention. As such, the CPP is a good example of a large-scale 'last-mile' project in early warning, which achieves results through community mobilization.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	87eba6c2984896582c4f587f8264eaf0	This problem is exacerbated by the high share of income spent on food in low-income households and the competing needs of buying food and paying for other major household expenses such as rent, health care costs and transport to work. All three can be seen as components of a broader economic development strategy that has an explicit food dimension. Importantly, the basic principles for defining a territorially based food security programme should follow the framework of the OECD New Regional Policy.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	87ebe1e5f62b460ab2d15d1b0be2dfaf	Although students acquire curriculum-based content knowledge in mathematics, reading, and science to international levels, their performance on the PISA assessment reveals they are persistently less successful in using and applying knowledge than are students in peer countries, or OECD member countries on average. Although Lithuania has achieved equitable learning outcomes among its language minority populations, others - especially rural students - lag behind. While Lithuania has developed a framework of external assessments with which to monitor student learning across primary and secondary schooling, it could make fuller use of these assessments in assuring the quality of schools and linking them to the management of schools and classroom instructional practices.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	87ebf064c243e18d00d581e618c1bcd1	These surveys generated a new set of evidence on policy and institutional instruments for achieving gender balance in the public sector, integrating gender considerations into the policy and service-delivery processes and implementing a gender equality agenda. Chapter 1 provides the rationale for the study, its objectives and the methodological approach to data collection. Chapter 2 reviews the trends and approaches to enable equal access to decision-making posts in the public domain across OECD countries for both men and women, including parliaments, the political executive, the judiciary and the senior civil service. Chapter 3 accounts for trends in public sector employment of women and highlights policy measures used in OECD countries to enable parity in the public sector.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	87ed621ce073b64d6bf9497a510dc0af	To answer these questions, the IEA has developed in-depth indicators - tools that provide state-of-the-art data and analysis on energy use, efficiency developments and CO2 emissions. In addition to these recent improvements, there remains a large potential for further energy savings across all sectors. For instance, analysis shows that the application of best available industrial technologies and practices on a global scale could save between 18% and 26% of current energy use in industry.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/797ccf27-en	87ef0e858222f06d6f96ba629395e532	In other words, there are no major differences in average income between households headed by men and women, at least compared to the wide income disparity among households headed by a person of the same sex. Here it can be shown that inequality in households headed by men is clearly greater than in families headed by women, except in a few countries where the differences are negligible. In keeping with this, male-headed households contribute most to total inequality.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7b9bb2c1-en	87f54063f182e076dfa8e0d66b4c79ce	At the same time, there is urgent need to expand access to modern sources of energy to meet the needs of a large proportion of people in some of the poorest countries, who depend on traditional energy sources to the detriment of their health from air pollution. In 2012 fossil fuels accounted for 81.7 percent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 4.8 percent, hydroelectricity for 2.4 percent, and biomass for 10 percent. Modern renewables jointly accounted for only 1.1 percent. ( International Energy Agency, 2014).	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	87f88e9c764df521f5384bc8b3bf8b8c	In Niue women traditionally catch fish in near-shore ecosystems and are responsible for harvesting marine products. Traditional taboos have restricted them from participating in every sector of fishing activity, especially fishing from boats; women, especially if menstruating, have been believed to bring bad luck if they touch fishing gear or cross over fishing lines. These taboos are slowly disappearing, and women in Niue increasingly fish from small boats with their husbands or friends (Tuara 2000).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	87fad81cad67c1437d19c3a117163c18	In 2004, the state-controlled prices and the compulsory sale of sugar, rubber and cotton to SEEs was lifted, but jute procurement and export still remained in the hand of SEEs to provide export earnings and supply state-owned factories. The production, trade and export of all crops have now been liberalised, except for rice which is still subject to some controls (ARDC, 2011). Its graduates represent a significant proportion of MOAI’s staff.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/21b84508-en	87fba947acc6c09dc3a65fa5ec4c090e	Overall, the evidence suggests that social protection programmes have had minor impacts on the overall labour supply, but can lead to significant shifts in labour reallocation within households. Ultimately, the size and direction of the impact depends on a variety of factors, including household size, demographic composition, the nature of the programme, household economic activities and local labour markets. Many studies do not find a significant impact on participation in wage employment by males and females, but some find evidence of a reallocation of household labour between agriculture and non-agricultural sectors. For example, Nicaragua's (now discontinued) Red de Proteccidn Social did not have an impact on labour market participation, but slightly reduced the time spent working by males (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	8802149a24d6dab6fa44cffa522ebac0	"To provide more insights into what motivates a diverse and skilled pool of candidates to enter the teaching profession, this chapter uses data from PISA 2006 and 2015, and analyses cross-country differences and trends over time in the characteristics of 15-year-old students who expect to work as teachers when they are 30 years old. This chapter also identifies factors that are associated with countries' ability to attract individuals with high skills and with an unconventional background (i.e. men and children of non-native parents) to the teaching profession. Factors that shape early career aspirations greatly determine the overall pool of prospective candidates to enter the ""teaching pipeline"", even though alternative pathways that enable adults to enter the profession at any point in their lives can mitigate the influence of these factors. The chapter also attempts to explain these differences between countries by relating them to the working conditions, social status and monetary compensation enjoyed by teachers in different countries. Attracting high-achieving students to the teaching profession might be particularly important in countries that suffer from shortages of teachers, or where perceptions of teacher shortages are worsening over time."	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	88031d615692cf71b0af6c7a6f998902	In many OECD countries, three-year degrees are sufficient to equip students with high level of skills and employability results are good. Italy is an important manufacturing country and needs the technical skills that can be acquired through participation in shorter tertiary professional programmes. However, these programmes were introduced only recently and account for a tiny share of overall students. For instance, ITSs (ISCED 5) were created in 2011-12 and, as mentioned above, account for less than 1% of all students enrolled in tertiary education for the first time.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	880513e89480dad3d3c887bf80e26a86	The creation of more of these positions through rural generalist training pathways could help rural communities become more self-sufficient, potentially lessening the need for outreach and improving continuity of care. Given nurse practitioners in Australia are often specialists, options to create and encourage more generalist rural nurse practitioner roles could also be considered. An important way of providing support is through CPD and engagement with peers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	8806b523d4c911018961cf8ea1187cc7	Large hydropower plants are excluded from this support mechanism. A simplified licensing procedure and favourable tariffs apply to microgeneration capacity from renewables at household level, provided that a solar thermal collector is also installed. The overall support framework provides sufficient stability for investors (EC, 2009b).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	8810d7e186d318273f23469c2ac78513	Most of the catchment area is mountainous. In Tajikistan, groundwaters occur in Quaternary deposits consisting of boulders, gravels, and sands, with an average thickness of 30 m (maximum 160 m), with medium links with surface waters. In Tajikistan there are no measurements of discharge; water levels only are measured at some stations.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8815785b22db3e3c3a82c35441115dcd	As concerns the Land Tax, it is based on the land fertility scores that date back to 1986-1990. As for the Single Land Tax, the land valuation is based on the cadastre value of land established in 2003 and which is also outdated. Current proposals to reform land taxation include as a starting point a revaluation of agricultural land to reflect its quality and market value more appropriately. To this end, it is proposed to withdraw the land tax from the Single Land Tax, so that individual farmers would become explicitly eligible for payment of Land Tax at rates aligned with agricultural enterprises.	2	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	88182588048b15a7ca99fde477e1c977	For example, there are only a small number of studies that look at whether the effect of unemployment on health outcomes is different in countries with strong social protection versus those with weaker schemes. There is also a need for more evidence on the longterm effects of unemployment on health outcomes, particularly when unemployment persists over longer periods of time. This particularly true in the case of the most recent economic downturn as health care system’s capacity to cope with changing health care needs may be affected by the resource constraints that have been imposed in a large number of countries.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	8818fa672331b4da5178706e609c4480	Evans and Meade (2006) note that traders in countries like New Zealand are exposed to market power arising from scale economies and co-ordination/consolidation issues in international shipping, given that much of the nation’s agricultural output is destined for time-sensitive overseas markets. The figure below shows that during the 20-year period studied, variations in the exchange rates typically counterbalanced variations in world prices, with the exception of only four years. They concluded that by offsetting global market swings, exchange rate fluctuations have reduced the overall volatility of prices received by New Zealand producers and that policies to stabilise the exchange rate would harm, not help, these sectors. However, exchange rate movements were not found to be stabilising for beef, wool, seafood and forestry products, implying that the exchange rate has indeed been a source of volatility in these sectors.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5f39af5f-en	881a96aaf1d5246ceb376b6ca0bcb2bc	This represents an increase of 24.3 per cent compared with the beginning of 2005. The total urban population is 2.215 million and the total rural population is 6.136 million. Over the past decade, urban and rural areas have seen an increase in their population of 24.45 per cent and 24.25 per cent, respectively.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	881ab79a89191172f4ad238c4d254a4b	In other words, individuals who join the sample late or drop out early for age-related reasons are excluded. Any non-censored spell is represented in only one inflow and one outflow sample, but is included in several separate stock samples depending on the spell’s duration. A long spell will be included in many more stock samples than a shorter spell, which is equivalent to saying that each stock sample includes a disproportionately large number of long spells.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264303119-en	881afd0ec024eaac99cb05f2a12897f2	If the latter are already difficult to determine for marketed goods, the intrinsic complexity of external costs prevents the establishment of social welfare functions adopting a broader notion of welfare. To a large extent social costs are external, i.e. not internalised, precisely because no well-defined utility functions exist. Discussion quickly shows that any framework based solely on static optimisation will run into internal contradictions.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/76c9b151-en	881e6b82aca409514eacac4c875d3a82	This was an important consideration, given that rising food prices in 2008, coupled with declining wages in 2009, led to an overall deterioration in real wages, with the share of undernourished in the world increasing for the first time since 1969 (when data collection began). In Brazil, in the Egyptian textile sector and in South Africa, unemployment increased. In Uganda and the Egyptian tourism sector wages declined.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	8822ce0fb3c7159444122d828184bfe9	Another major health risk that CEFM presents is in relation to a traditional practice known as female genital mutilation (FGM), which is outlawed in most East African countries. Legally CEDAW and CRC Committees have defined FGM as a harmful practice violating the human rights of girls and women on par with child marriage.29 Despite this, FGM is still widely practiced and seen as a prerequisite after achieving puberty and before marriage.30 In relation to CEFM, FGM can be forced upon a girl who is to be married as young as nine years old. Lastly, FGM can cause ‘severe bleeding and problems urinating and later lead to medical conditions, including infertility, complications in childbirth and increased risk of new-born deaths.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	882668371e30625db8898ae869a66814	In 2012, USAID and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection signed an MoU that supports EC-LEDS and provides the framework for bilateral cooperation in Georgia. During the five years of the programme, EC-LEDS Clean Energy is expected to reduce GHG emissions in Georgia by at least 236,372.9 metric tons of CO2-equivalent, facilitate up to US$14 million in private sector investments in clean energy, and lead to energy savings of up to 315 GWh (the equivalent of approximately US$22 million). The ENER2i project focuses on the need to find innovative and sustainable solutions to these challenges, directly addressing the gap between new energy research and European industry.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329408-6-en	882671046a52edb2e90837e99f976619	Given that this treaty, which commands almost universal support, lays out only very general climate change mitigation and adaptation duties for states, it was only natural that states negotiated a Protocol (Kyoto Protocol) to lay down binding emission reduction targets for the industrialised states in 1997 (entry into force in 2005). The first commitment period, within which industrialised states were expected to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, ran from 2008 to 2012. The December 2012 climate regime meeting in Doha was able to agree on a second commitment period for some industrialised states, led by the European Union and Australia, but many others dropped out.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	8829cf96081ccc2ec598f4ca214cef38	Finally, the majority of programs delivered benefits on a monthly basis (Column 6). Sample sizes at the individual level range from 1,010 women (Kenya, Give Directly) to 8,065 women (Peru, Juntos). Additionally, several evaluations use administrative data aggregated typically at the municipal level (in Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	882a45ecab818c472911adbc2a2a76d9	Quality standards, indicators and monitoring frameworks are much less developed in primary care. This may be because hospital-based care is more procedural, and so is more amenable to standardisation and measurement. The strengths of primary care (comprehensiveness, co-ordination and continuity) are harder to define and measure.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	882b718bc72a03304999170004d0297e	There would also be academic colleges, two-year community and vocational colleges. The system would facilitate an easy transition for students from one tier to another. This report recommended that the decision-making authority and accountability of existing colleges should be enhanced, mainly in areas pertaining to regional needs. The report also envisioned a new role in life-long learning for higher education institutions. Tertiary education in Israel would encompass post-secondary studies (associate degrees), academic studies (colleges and universities) and life-long learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/d6a81156-en	88310d988284766fbe3af84caecab62d	This means that, in general, the share of students expecting a teaching career is larger than the share of working-age people who are teaching today. At this early stage of career orientation, however, it cannot be concluded that there is a general lack of candidates for a career in teaching. In fact, teaching, like healthcare, enjoys a clear advantage over other occupations: all 15-year-olds know that teaching exists, and they all have had some contact with teachers and have at least an approximate idea of what they do and of their working conditions. Furthermore, in many countries, students who expect to work as teachers have lower mathematics and reading scores in PISA than students who expect to work in other professions that, like teaching, require at least a university degree.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bf400991-en	88334f0d691f35cf7f7223c6d73f30b9	Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a role in creating smart, sustainable and resilient cities and overcoming financing constraints. However, it is important that such partnerships are designed in way that they are not a source of risk to public finances and that affordability and inclusiveness considerations are duly taken into account. While the value for money concept remains important, with the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, the challenge is to implement PPPs according to a broader set of holistic criteria and undertake projects that from inception to termination create 'value for people'. The action plan for implementation of a National Disaster Risk Management Programme for period 2017-2020 was adopted by the Government in March 2017. The plan was coordinated by the Public Investment Management Office -with participation of all line ministries, special organizations, local self-governments, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders in the countiy. Along with the action plan, a Disaster Risk Financing Programme has also been adopted.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	8833dd904562a53ccc9ff26f7d749231	A specialised knowledge and counselling organisation (Videns- og Specialradgivningsorganisation, VISO) within this board provides advice to municipalities, institutions and citizens across the country in the area of special needs education and rare special needs free of charge. Examples for the areas of expertise include, autism, cerebral palsy and diffuse brain injuries, hearing loss, and self-harm. Typically, teachers and school leaders should in the first instance discuss their needs with their local educational-psychological advisory service (PPR), which should then decide if VISO should become involved.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	8834a26e554ba30d9819762156e5d82f	Cars engaged in parking can hinder sight distance of other drivers, causing accidents particularly around junctions and crossings in residential areas. However, traffic signal times are not revised properly according to changes in traffic conditions. In general, the initial design of traffic signal timing is not reviewed for long times.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	883beb783c504b7b557140985b8a363f	In particular, adequate information generation and sharing among relevant actors as well as scattering and fragmentation of the generated primary water and environmental data are important bottlenecks across ministries, agencies and levels of government involved in water policy. In addition, substantive problems with data inhibit integrated water policies in several ways (including jargon, a mix of terminologies, unclear definitions, overlapping meanings of terms related to water, etc.). In New Zealand, the lack of common information and a common national frame of reference has historically been the largest hurdle.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	883c04e85fa656daf7442e5b9b096ebc	Policy action can play a crucial role by helping women access collateral and build solid credit-records, by closing gender gaps in financial literacy and business skills, and by strengthening anti-discrimination legislation. Moreover, in most countries analysed there exist laws or customary, traditional or religious practices that prevent women from having the same access to land, non-land assets or financial services as men (SIGI Database). This problem is often exacerbated by family codes and social norms granting more control over family assets to men, and inheritance law that favours men over women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	883f5e818a180aee5b4902cf94a0ebc6	The handbook provides a conceptual framework for measuring equity in education and offers thorough methodological guidance on how to calculate and interpret various types of equity indicators. Each of these programmes plays an important role in preparing students for the labour market. Participation of 15-24 year-olds in technical-vocational programmes in secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and short-cycle tertiary education (Thematic Indicator 4.3.3) varies widely across countries, from 4% in Brazil to 30% in Slovenia,1 and has a strong association with both gender and socio-economic status.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/77cccad1-en	88424dd9a8f0d33ec87c5595bf6507c6	Such principles have recently adopted in 2015 by UN-Habitat Governing Council. However, there is not sufficient detail on how these towns will be developed to provide functional complementarity and accessibility to infrastructure, services, jobs and other advantages that can be found in Minsk. Also, the social, economic and environmental sustainability effects of this policy have not been well articulated.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	88439947b86ae8060c98c2697dea42e1	The upside risk is from potential trade and investment impacts related to the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement. Together with the floods, strong domestic demand and continued monetization of the fiscal deficit drove up inflation to 10.7% in 2015 from 5.9% in 2014. On the external front, exports of natural gas increased, but imports grew more rapidly, resulting in a wider current account deficit of 9% in 2015.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	88486d1efcc5f71f7434b4a5b7e963b5	The post-2015 framework needs to focus on goals and targets that will very directly help to achieve poverty eradication as the overriding goal, rather than struggling to construct a single framework for developmental and environmental issues; in such a monolithic framework, poverty eradication could get lost. On the other hand, a poverty-focused framework can - of course - include global public goods3 where relevant. This would draw attention to the fortunes of the poorest people.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	8849a63734143d60bd658a21e2302ae3	Tier 1 is based on a quantitative analysis and requires a high level of information, while Tier 2 is a semi-quantitative or a qualitative analysis, which requires a lower level of information. The EBFA approach includes: management objectives and attributes, indicators and reference points, nested risk indices, and management status indices. Its four management objectives are to maintain system sustainability, to maintain biodiversity consistent with natural processes, and to protect and/or restore fish and prey habitats. Evalutating the EBFA approach, Kruse et al. As shown in Figure 3.1, the attributes for this component include economic production, revenue, market and employment.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/208cb99e-en	884a0b07de17a581be04348732bce5ca	"Monetary measures may be accurate ""on average"" but not at the household level. Yet the MPI requires each indicator to accurately depict deprivation status at the household level. If a relative poverty line is used for income (as in Alkire and Apablaza 2016), then the poverty focus and deprivation axioms do not hold. Having a mixture of relative and absolute cut-offs also is conceptually challenging. For example, in the case of Mexico, it appears that economic and non-economic aspects of poverty are equally weighted. But in fact, the identification procedure is designed to exclude all persons who are not income poor from having the possibility of being identified as poor."	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	884a3c2236f3f9612dca9f822a98917b	Municipalities can choose the level of control among several different methods. They have the authority to either formulate a plan local d'urbanisme (or PLU, a local uiban plan that includes detailed land-use regulations and sets the zones where construction is permitted) or a carte communale (the municipality map demarcating areas where construction is permitted), depending on the context of the municipality. Construction in green fields is only possible when allowed by the PLU or by the carte communale, and municipalities must otherwise comply with the national principle of limiting construction.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	884bd87c164849f685698f0851661d3a	For instance, Koeniger etal. ( Labour market regulations can give rise to inequality due to the labour market rigidity they foster. As Rama (2003) pointed out, countries may push to adopt ILO labour standards, raise the minimum wage or expand government employment, but all this may not have any significant effect on inequality. Based on the data from 121 countries from 1945 to 1999, Calderon et al. ( Firstly, data limitations create difficulties with respect to the measurement of inequality and regulations. Secondly, most labour market institutions have only been set up over a relatively short time, so it is difficult to observe any impact they might have had on inequality at this time.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/372e5e3a-en	885232d1865a9ee27d6e700ec9122817	The gap between girls and boys has also narrowed considerably in North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia. Overall, 64 per cent of countries in the developing regions reporting data by sex had achieved gender parity in primary education in 2012. More than half of the countries with gender disparity in primary education in 2012 (56 per cent) were in sub-Saharan Africa.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	8852c54a8b7143f8c44fe58eff9c0b84	For low-level consumption the higher income group is charged 150 per cent of the price paid by the low-income group. With a sufficiently large consumer base that has enough high-income consumers, the water tariff enables the recovery of costs and the progressive structure supports poor people. The costs are associated with operating, maintaining and extending the water networks and providing basic levels of service.	7	7	3	0.4
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	8853c19f15451d2d9c42839112eee79d	Policymakers may assume that adolescents ages 10 to 14 are under the protection of a parent or guardian and thus devise programmes that depend on parents’ engagement. But for some young adolescents, parents may not be present in their lives. Men’s and boys’ relationships with women and girls can support or hamper these objectives (UNFPA, 2013b). Integrated programmes, especially ones that combine community outreach, mobilization and mass media campaigns with group education, are the most effective at changing behaviour (UNFPA, 2013b).	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	8853e013165e09fa9e1100540a8b4c16	While family structure cannot account for rising poverty rates over time or differences across countries, it is clear that in many countries a strong association between family type and poverty exists. The extent to which this relationship is causal is unclear, for two reasons. Firstly, groups such as lone parents or teenage mothers may have a greater risk of being poor not because of their family status per se but because they have other characteristics, such as low educational attainment and low employment rates. Secondly, family structures may also be a consequence of poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	8855b27747301e4ae3977579d9a016de	Either way, breaking the cycle of disadvantage across generations and enhancing social mobility is a key policy goal - and challenge. In some countries, the rapid ageing of populations will also contribute to massive shifts in the composition of the talent pool. But these overall results hide some striking variations across countries. Unemployed Japanese adults, for example, outperform employed individuals in every other country.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	885a638d07ad16278d5319702fc7d5c3	Doctors are twice as likely to migrate as nurses because wage differentials are greater, and because most nurses are women and men are often the primary decision-makers regarding migration (Brown and Connell 2004). A growing shortage of skilled workers in the region has also contributed to increased intra-Pacific migration, with workers migrating to countries offering better work conditions and salaries, such as Samoan nurses moving to American Samoa and tourism workers to the Cook Islands, and various skilled workers going to Nauru (including health workers from Tonga). There is some weekly commuting from Samoa to American Samoa.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	885ad5fae38b46b59b82766d1be28957	Universiti Sains Malaysia is one of the organisations involved in this effort. Potential actors include the Department of Environment, Penang State Government, the Municipal Council and NGOs such as SERI. Furthermore, USM’s Centre for Education, Training and Research in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CETREE) promotes community services in relation to energy efficiency. It has a mobile unit to provide advocacy to school children on the themes of sustainability to operate more effectively. The BJIM also encourages community-based participatory projects and research. For example, it funded nearly 60 community projects over 2008/09.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	885f175cc6f51ce20e0be456cf850b22	This is a result of Poland’s long history of forest biodiversity protection. For example, efforts to save bison from extinction and protect wild horse, lynx, wildcat, beaver and predatory birds were initiated between the wars. The LP has always had programmes to protect threatened flora and fauna species.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	8860dc9eb82a84059804f98f71212567	Many fewer countries have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress. Some INDCs quantify support needs, while others do not. It is often not clear how costs were calculated or what they include. Table 2 outlines articles and paragraphs relevant to communication and transparency regarding information on adaptation under the Paris Agreement.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5e122a91-en	8861c9ce60266f9fb676d775172a7acc	A study in Australia found that in larger companies, mentoring services and buddy schemes were more common than in smaller firms (Bednarz, 2014). If conflict arises during an apprenticeship, in small firms there is no dedicated human resources department for the apprentice to discuss a grievance with (Dickie, McDonald and Pedic, 2011). This should improve the cost-benefit balance to employers by helping apprentices complete their training, and by building their skills more effectively along the way.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	8864ae2d8363140579997e6de4433da9	For example, the number of lakes at risk of harmful algal blooms will increase by 20% in the first half of this century. The Millennium Development Goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met in Sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, more city dwellers did not have access to an improved water source in 2008 than in 1990, as urbanisation is currently outpacing connections to water infrastructure.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	88675bf3ba0eb20b2b570054271d9d64	The rationale for requiring a research-based dissertation is that teachers are expected to be able to have a holistic view of teaching and learning process, and be able to engage in continuous professional development in their career as a teacher. Traditional teacher-preparation programmes too often treat good pedagogy as generic, assuming that good questioning skills, for example, are equally applicable to all subjects. Because teacher education in Finland is a shared responsibility between the teacher education faculty and the academic subject faculty, there is substantial attention to subject-specific pedagogy for prospective primary as well as upper-grade teachers.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	8867ff0e47d221295ff484ef7dd99272	In the oil-rich countries, higher fuel prices have a positive effect on the living standard as a result of increasing aggregate demand. In the oil-importing countries, a fuel price increase can have a direct poverty effect through the consumption of energy and an indirect effect via higher prices for commodities whose production requires energy. The poverty impact of an energy price increase may vary for different geographical locations and depending whether a household is connected to the utility infrastructure. In urban households, the share of energy consumption is usually higher compared to rural households.9 If the utility infrastructure is insufficient, households may not even be connected to central sources of energy.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	8868c657939ffc19d912c92ae66d6e22	Missed diagnostic opportunities and English general practice: a study to determine their incidence, confounding and contributing factors and potential impact on patients through retrospective review of electronic medical records. Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Cost-Effectiveness of a Computerized Provider Order Entry System (COPE) in Improving Medication Safety Ambulatory Care ,Value Health.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c73325d9-en	886abcf10efc59ac06e604f2ebe1d894	The integration of tourism activities in domestic value chains can foster activity and productivity. Bundling attractions and services together can increase visitors’ spending by providing diverse tourism services and encouraging longer stays and facilitating access to local culture, which is the primary purpose for around 60% of visitors (see above). One way to achieve this is to improve tourist information and service centres, which rank poorly (96,h) in the WEF (2017) tourism competitiveness indicators. Tourist information centres are a hub for reliable information and offer local knowledge to create packages. Financing for information centres could come from local government, visitors and local firms.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	886cbdf90331b3b2f08f76df77c144eb	Nearly all students continue learning in upper secondary education, beyond compulsory education. All of this is accomplished in a schooling system that provides wide autonomy to school leaders and teachers, and it is achieved on comparatively modest levels of spending. Continuing declines in the size of the school-age population challenge authorities to efficiently manage the nation’s school network. The nation’s capacity to replenish its teaching workforce is hampered by unattractive conditions of employment, an unclear vision of what good teaching practices are, and what sort of training can best promote good teaching.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	886d418fd5b701f113402925d6fafa74	The traditional avenue for resolving labour disputes and non-compliance with labour legislation is generally considered to be the judicial one, involving specialized labour courts. This is an area in which the necessary information is not always available, except in some countries where labour justice reforms have been implemented, usually based in the ministries of justice or organizations in the sector. Accordingly, the contents and results of the labour justice reforms undertaken in the region should be considered and integrated into the analysis. Nonetheless, the evidence reveals major shortages of inspectors to cover the relevant population.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	886d659f6392dd73274f435706faf139	The Power plant study highlights future changes associated with the actual power plant, such as technique and maintenance. The final element, Distribution, allows the study of aspects and changes in the transmission and distribution network, like future changes in seasonal energy consumption needs. Each part can be affected in a specific way due to the changing climate and it therefore makes sense to examine the parts separately.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	8875e3fd14ada928d0751a52d577f0e3	Information regarding farm scale is manually compiled at the village level before being passed up to the county and then onto the provincial governments which allocate the funds (Gale, 2013). The administrative costs of this system are high and could be reduced by further progress in the development of a nationwide property register or investment in technology that enables more efficient collection of production data. Minimum grain prices are implemented only in those regions that have a supply surplus, with the annual price setting based on estimates of the production costs of agricultural producers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	8879535a12c49ccb0444842461ad6c39	On average, they work fewer hours per week and are more likely to work on a part-time basis than other workers. Hourly wage gaps —adjusted for type of worker— show that there is a considerable wage penalty for domestic work in the vast majority of countries. While there is no overall pattern in conditions for care workers in the education sector, health-care woikers enjoy a wage premium compared with other workers with similar traits. While domestic workers are mainly private-sector wage-eamers, almost half of all other care woikers are employed in the public sector.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/81234575-036c9708-en	887abb43117767347d3ebe037e408b48	Both qualities -sharing and leading-are moving increasingly centre-stage for regulators worldwide. The essential need to share has driven technological innovation across time and geographies. Until the new millennium and the digital era, the nature of regulation had very much been about command and control. Its nature has seen significant evolution nowadays - and the nature and quality of leadership have become central to regulation. Today's regulation has also become a process, embracing collaboration and shared reflection of the complexities at hand.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d100c303-en	887e9ab86ae59514ddfc2e73a8a76553	These data can be adapted and applied to each country's economic and social context, informing the development of national approaches to poverty reduction. Such a course would bring the world one step closer to the goal of eradicating extreme poverty in general, and child poverty in particular. Social protection mechanisms such as pensions, fee waivers, child support grants and cash transfers are an effective approach that can reduce vulnerability to poverty and deprivation, strengthen families' capacity to care for their children and overcome barriers to accessing essential services.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	88806c840c9a88b5f212ca195f003466	Earnings from non-standard work tend to be more dispersed than earnings from standard jobs, as non-standard jobs are more heterogenous (Annex 4.A3, Table 4. A3.2): the factor dispersion (in terms of Gini coefficient) for NSW earnings is about 0.8, compared with 0.55 for SW earnings. In addition to being more unequally distributed, earnings from NSW are more concentrated in the households at the lower part of the income distribution, as the factor correlation between NSW earnings and total household income is low (on average about 0.33).	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a020cea6-en	88815d9f063b69fb79d2f16b39775a4b	The criteria include safeguards for indigenous peoples, gender mainstreaming and environmental and social safeguards. For example, a project just commenced in Namibia is on building resilience of communities living in landscapes threatened under climate change through an ecosystems-based adaptation approach (Project SAP006). It is hoped that this clear move towards integrated risk governance by GCF will encourage integrated project proposals from countries where disaster and climate risk have significant overlaps, either generally or in specific regions or sectors.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	88823b6f69e946172857ab9e4b71a571	If they experience at least one severe deprivation, children are considered to be living in extreme child poverty. It is important to bear in mind that the following estimates of total child poverty also include children living in extreme poverty. Total child poverty in the region affected 70.5 million children under 18 and 16.3% of children and adolescents were living in extreme poverty.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5db444d4-en	8882e18e5b3057f1b0dfd263ae68ef4c	The Department of Employment and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency are held responsible for the implementation of these principles. In Spain, the legislation guiding procurement provides a more flexible language stating that “contracting authorities may establish social considerations such as the elimination of inequalities between men and women’'. These instruments are useful to bring clarity to both government organisations and those seeking contracts on what is expected and how equality is determined. A number of countries such as Canada and Spain also focus efforts to develop gender expertise among procurement officials.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	888455b920aa9c6acaf6e7f5647b0e71	Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in the compulsory school curriculum prepares students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education. They also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy, including the role of financial information in that environment. The role of design tools is different for a carpenter than for a baker. The role of robotization may vary from hotels to health spas.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	8884d51a0ecd14be5ae1a846d90693de	Another option would be to allow private practitioners to use the public clinic’s facilities at low (or no) cost from where they can bill the NHI for the patients that they see. This would still offer Korea’s substantial number of solo practitioners the opportunity to reduce overhead and administrative costs for of maintaining an independent practice. Unlike these countries, Korea does not have a large number of doctors trained as general practitioners, a strong professional identity for general practitioners, and high pay rates for general practitioners relative to specialists.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	888679430bdc4cd9fc965f1d7b0f287e	Employment growth in Hong Kong, China is starting to slow, with a lag in response to weaker economic growth and corporate profits. According to the last labour force surveys for the fourth quarter of 2011, the unemployment rate in Mongolia was estimated at 9%, down from 13% in last quarter of 2010. This is the result of considerable and sustained investments in education, advanced infrastructure, such as highspeed communications and broadband technology, and institutions that reward innovation and facilitate economic transactions.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	8889b87e6e0d03aa7ac25892e33c3d8b	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. We would like to acknowledge the contribution made by Lisa Simon as part of her summer 2013 internship at the OECD. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/665c59ff-en	888aafdd3f4c722da812b33a9df8a44a	"The first aspiration is for ""a prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development"" and seeks a context in which ""the environment and ecosystems are healthy and preserved, and with climate resilient economies and communities"". Under the mandate of the AU and endorsed by African Heads of State, the initiative is set to achieve at least 10 gigawatts (GW) of new renewable energy generation capacity by 2020 and to realize African potential to generate at least 300 GW by 2030. It also recognizes the critical importance of energy access for enhanced well-being, economic development and the fulfilment of, particularly, Sustainable Development Goal 7 on energy access."	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6a0f251e-en	888ddcff1ee14552a58611b7eb8bc60e	Trade regulations themselves aside, this may be attributed in part to the fact that regulatory procedures are not aligned with these new ways of doing business. Enabling trade control agencies to take advantage of the fact that the original data generated and used by private sector stakeholders are now almost always in electronic form would go a long way in facilitating trade - and increasing regulatory compliance. Development of mobile applications for completion of regulatory procedures may also be actively considered as, unlike computers, these devices have become ubiquitous in even the least developed countries of the region. Finally, establishing public-private partnerships between trade control agencies and the e-commerce, e-payment and/or e-logistics platforms may be explored to transfer part of the regulatory control functions to these private service sector providers, taking advantage of their IT capabilities and know-how, as well as their privileged access to data.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	888f43e327d027a935002f6ebab1f727	There are limits in the extent to which measures of disposable income reflect households’ wealth and/or standard of living. Home ownership, for instance, can bring a supplement of wealth that would modify the estimation of poverty rates if it were taken into account. Note also that poverty rates poverty rates calculated according to current disposable income current disposable income does not capture the impact of savings and debt, nor does it account for the irreducible expenses households may have to cover basic needs in terms of housing, electricity, heating, transports, childcare, etc.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	888f8b73f70e03776c88339164378d5c	There has been some discussion about lowering the price for licences and simplifying the procedures for coking coal exploration activities. Due to the political sensitivities, gas tariffs for households have been kept low, corresponding in the first half of 2010 to 20-25% of the gas price as imported from Russia. District heating companies paid less than half of the import price but non-payments by these companies and by individual consumers have nevertheless been widespread.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	888fa08d4d84cbee0b22435dec072974	The method of matching gets rid of selection bias due to observables. It is not able to address bias caused by un-oservables. Similarly, in the context of an agri-environment scheme, treated farmers can be compared to similar untreated farmers that have the same observed characteristics (e.g., same education level, age, farm structure and equipment but who differ in treatment status). It is then possible to form the difference in outcomes between the treated farmer and his twin.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1ac856f7-en	888fa81f43a5ef1ad30c4e636584da07	In the first subperiod, the number of people living in poverty decreased by 2.6% per year, while the number in extreme poverty declined by 2% annually. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of people living in poverty and extreme poverty decreased at annual rates of just 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Lastly, in 2015 and 2016, the region's per capita GDP contracted by 1.8% each year, while the proportion of people living in poverty and extreme poverty grew by 5% and 12%, respectively (see figure II.2). Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	889078906694acd45cc758e1580f905f	Fiscal policies such as taxes and transfers are essential tools to ensure sustainable funding for social programmes and public investments, and also contribute to reducing income and spatial inequality. However, trust and confidence in fiscal institutions are crucial to ensuring fiscal performance and preserving the social contract. The level of trust in the government's fiscal responsibility is often driven by the extent to which taxes and transfers play a redistributive role.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8890e7527819bc2dd8a385e33f4fb465	They have established environmental management units which disseminate information and organise a broad range of activities, including courses, seminars, debates, exhibitions and competitions, to raise awareness among the university community and general public about environmental sustainability. They also work with key stakeholders, including NGOs to identify lines of action in environmental sustainability. The healthy campus programme embraces most of the university’s sustainability activities and initiatives. The programme is based on volunteerism, research and evidence-driven activities, team-based and multi-disciplinary initiatives, in-sourcing {i.e. using the university expertise) and documentation of activities.	4	3	5	0.25
10.18356/d004d8b3-en	88923641b6aea242eb74e821ed2197d3	In addition, such a selection provides a framework that enables consensus-building in this specific area. This rationale reflects the context of financial reports, for which different users share common needs. As discussed during the thirty-third session of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts, materiality has taken on a new dimension in the context of Goals-related reporting.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36b318e6-en	8893106bf7d055b124e133ee0b1d98a3	Requests to translate the publication in its entirety should be addressed to: Communications Unit. Bruno Martorano®'b (bruno.martorano@unifi.it: bmartorano@unicef.org), Sudhanshu Handa® (shanda@unicef.org). The goal of this paper is to monitor the impact of the Great Recession on child well-being in countries of the European Union.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	88933eb9da3364287671bb404ac5e084	A more realistic growth projection would be about 4%, slightly lower than that achieved in the previous year. The economy of Afghanistan is projected to grow by 6.5% in 2013, assuming normal weather conditions and agricultural production. Industrial growth may be boosted by improved electricity supplies.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a6267136-en	889717d4a235dd7ce1419969ecae8e3d	However, the proportion of people who are undernourished declined from about 20 per cent in 1990-1992 to 15 per cent in 2008-2010. Progress has been uneven across regions and the 2007-2008 food and financial crisis posed additional challenges. Under current conditions, the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015 will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Individuals may take in enough calories for daily subsistence, but still suffer from “hidden hunger” with low levels of micronutrients owing to the lack of diversification of diets.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	889a6465648bce77c03c67a78e99553a	However, owing to a largely favourable budgetary position and a set of reforms and initiatives, no major financial sustainability risks have been identified for Denmark due principally to a favourable budgetary position (European Commission and Economic Policy Committee, 201S). Denmark’s comparatively low number of hospital beds and average length of stay have not resulted in any discernible reduction in quality, suggesting that overall the hospital system is functioning more efficiently. However, the ongoing sustainability of this annual funding reduction is beginning to be challenged.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	889ae1140d7a6265a5a62074c822f9ef	The Fifth Malaysia Plan, implemented from 1986 to 1990, stipulated that universities would give greater emphasis to basic research (40%) relative to GRIs (10%) (Cheng 2009). Likewise, the rapid rise in patenting among the leading Asian universities such as National University of Singapore and Tsinghua over the last ten years coincided with a growing emphasis on basic research. Rather than the basic vs. applied distinction, it seems that the quality of the research and its strategic focus on economic significance (the so-called strategic basic research or “Pasteur quadrant”), are the main parameters that matter.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	889d16a08a4e6a6fc20a0f5117232fd6	Furthermore, seeking help, in particular for emotional and mental health problems, comes with a high degree of stigma. In addition, in many FCAS the requisite systems are either inadequate or non-existent, in particular outside urban centres. The resulting lack of engaging with emotional and mental health issues or not having anger management training leads not only to emotional harm and negative coping mechanisms among the affected men themselves, but it also has broader societal impacts as men channel their frustrations into violence.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/799337c2-en	889e74e735b5bc4317cde4c5c5af3636	Instructional leadership itself needs to be more clearly defined in terms of principals’ actions, and it is here that the work of Day et al. ( Distributed leadership focuses on leadership practices, including interactions with other leaders, teachers, staff, parents, and students, rather than on formal leaders’ traits, roles and functions, or on organisational structures (Grubb and Flessa, 2006(57]; Spillane, 2006(58]). Three specific aspects of distributed leadership are: making collaborative decisions; emphasising school governance that empowers staff and students and encourages shared accountability for student learning; and emphasising school-wide participation in efforts to evaluate the school’s academic development (Hallinger and Heck, 2010(4ij).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	889f22fa3b06b87617f8e114c7afdd63	The same effects may arise from ALMP-driven improvements in skills and job matching - to the extent that they benefit disproportionately marginal labour market groups. Ideally, the higher labour supply elasticity of women should be dealt with by taxing them at a lower rate than men. Since this is not feasible in practice, policies to improve the availability of formal care for children and the elderly can serve as a second best solution. Such policies should help to reduce gender differences in working hours and pay, and at the same time improve long-run living standards through higher participation rates. This should reduce inequality between men and women with a positive effect on GDP per capita through better allocation of resources.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	88a1c7d464839dd2f7eb8b4060074607	The approach in this framework is that the basis of measurement is each contact with the health system, and not the entire duration of the disease or health condition. A contact is distinct from the complete treatment, which comprises all the contacts to treat a health condition. At this stage, interventions aim to enhance health status and to maintain a condition of low risk of diseases, disorders or injuries - in other words, to prevent their occurrence (HC.6), through vaccinations or an injury prevention programme, for example.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	88a25f688cf263744c9fb4ed6bc2a710	Based on this analysis, we propose a new paradigm for enhancing agricultural productivity per unit area through the introduction of more adaptable crops with a holistic management approach. We outline an integrated genetic natural resource management (IGNRM) strategy based on hands-on experiences in India for harnessing the untapped potential of rain-fed paddy fallow areas to increase food production, and improve the livelihoods of people with finite and scarce resources by enhancing resource-use efficiency. Approximately 46.9 million ha or 45 percent of Southeast Asia's cropland is planted to paddy in irrigated (18 million ha), rain-fed (18 million ha), and other cropping systems (see Table 4.1). South Asia accounts for 40 percent of the world's harvested paddy area (USDA, 2010), which supplies almost 25 percent of the world's population (FAO, 2015).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	88a4a5b08a3771c0f13f86b952a64f39	Their report focused heavily on the tolling highway lanes rather than a scheme focused on limiting travel into the central business district in Chicago. The study found support for this concept among a range of stakeholder groups, although there are concerns about equity issues (MPC/Wilbur Smith Associates, 2010). In some cases, such as the schemes introduced in Norwegian cities, the primary objective was to raise revenues for infrastructure expansion rather than to control traffic congestion levels.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	88a5552f2b40a590502034c073460285	In general, more students are choosing to study overseas and many of them are choosing to study in countries within the region rather than in traditional destination countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. All regions of the world have been sending more students overseas for tertiary study, but the most significant growth has been in the Asian and Pacific region. In 2011, more than half of all international students came from countries in the region (see figure A). Available from http://74.220.213.127/rihcd/programmes/aims/ (accessed 7 May 2013).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	88a8cf164057f20e24eb13ab4c7cea66	This would also encourage entrepreneurship and thereby the adoption of new and innovative business ideas. The government recognises the importance of structural reforms in these areas and in January 2011 a law was passed that reduces the time needed to start a business from 27 to 16 days. Similarly, reforming the very burdensome bankruptcy procedure would improve the conditions for entrepreneurship, among other things, by giving creditors legal certainty and removing the stigma of failure. Although the government has made substantive progress in providing childcare for working women over the past few years, there remains scope to further expand these programmes.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	88ac5d2d7b1d3ce178e7fbde236bebf1	Particular attention should be paid to reproductive behaviour leading to early fertility. It has been observed that children are highly likely to repeat the reproductive patterns of their parents, and in the poorest families these patterns involve early fertility and more children than the average for all households. It has been suggested that there is a vicious circle whereby poverty is linked to higher and earlier fertility and a heavy child-rearing burden for households that leads back to greater poverty (Carrasco, Martinez and Vial 1997; Paz and others, 2004; Rodriguez, 2006).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	88acfc67d81ae372160902fbc1080abc	Graduates of tertiary education who are roundly educated and skills relevant to the job market will boost productivity and economic growth, thereby increasing capacity for greater investment in education and other services. Improvements in teacher education, in part resulting from better-prepared entrants to pre-service training, will promote better teaching and learning at all levels of education. Thus it will be necessary to determine relative priorities among the sectors, find efficiencies in future expansion whilst raising quality, and, where appropriate and possible, shift a proportion of the costs from the public to the private sector.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	88ad9d44a24b84620bf549c739d7a97f	Log of trade costs used. Moreover, country ad valorem transport costs of 20 per cent on both final output and intermediate goods reduce domestic value added (including wages and profits) by 60 per cent when intermediate goods account for 50 per cent of costs. The implication is that because of geographical location, foreign firms might be reluctant to move or relocate their production to these countries - even when wages are low (Redding and Venables 2001). It has been argued that distance matters more in supply chains and, even with today’s information and communications technology revolution, global production networks are likely to remain concentrated in low-wage nations that are near, or even contiguous with, high-technology nations (Baldwin 2011). This reality poses a major challenge to the current GVC narrative. The fragmentation process of the future will be different from that of the past and is likely to be at a much lower level of disaggregation.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	88adf7d3a4539a7f2d1bf371290d60c1	In June 2015, the United Arab Emirates health authorities recommended the inclusion of three plant materials, namely kava (Piper methysticum), kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and Salvia divinorum in Table 4 of that country’s Federal Law No. In the United Arab Emirates, efforts are also being made to standardize procedures for prescriptions involving controlled substances, restricted pharmaceuticals and psychoactive drugs, including innovative measures such as the establishment of an electronic system for the issuance of prescriptions and the dispensing of medicines containing controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In February 2015, Turkmenistan strengthened its main drug control law on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors through an amendment establishing that amnesty may not be granted to individuals who have been convicted of crimes related to trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	88ae9107799b978195791709f6c72603	In the case of cheese, the developed countries still dominate imports, but the developing countries are closing the gap. Developed countries continue to be the main importers of fish for human consumption, with their share in world imports projected to remain above 50% in quantity terms. Developing countries represent two-thirds of world exports in fish for human consumption, with more than half of exports in 2023 originating from Asia.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	88b020bc9123beaa29441cad73109f2b	Data for countries in the European Statistical System come from the pilot EU Adult Education Survey (AES). The EU AES surveys were carried out between 2005 and 2008 by 29 countries in the EU, EFTA and EU candidate countries. The EU AES is a pilot exercise which proposed a common framework for the first time, including a standard questionnaire, tools and quality reporting (OECD, 2010b). They do not, however, indicate anything about the actual quality of the competences gained by people and therefore about how the qualifications earned contribute to individual wellbeing, e.g. by improving access to the labour market.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	88b120b8932a699266a663801194bccb	Nevertheless, the evidence of higher prices in particular in services sector remains (Ministry of Business and Growth, 2013) and weak competition is also reflected in the large number of low-productivity firms in many sectors (Productivity Commission, 2013; Danish Economic Council, 2010). Many professions are highly regulated, notably retail trade, pharmacies and taxis. Also, some network sectors, such as railways, have some scope for further opening to competition.	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	88b2698c582d70b56bcf75a31d76fd14	Using the present values of costs and benefits as a basis for comparison shows a net benefit of the WFD in England and Wales of USD 10 million (GBP 7 million) (Defra/WAG, 2009). In 2006, a strategic cost benefit analysis tried to monetise benefits as far as possible. The assessment indicated that the most important benefits of WFD measures are related to the value attached to living in a beautiful natural environment, which could be revealed in the increased value of houses in the vicinity of water. Other benefit categories identified included recreational benefits and benefits for the production of drinking water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	88b376e169502ccc014c1cad99251852	This could well destroy incentives to work among the poor, and is unlikely to be optimal from the point of view of poverty reduction in the long-run15. Neither, do the different scenarios account for potential interaction between social benefits or change the amount of tax paid following a reallocation of benefits16. Therefore, they should only be seen as the initial effect that would arise from certain redistributions of transfers, with the understanding that in the longer term, other factors may change the overall impact. Table 8 shows the various redistribution scenarios of family17 and housing benefits considered for OECD countries and what the associated child poverty rates would be for these countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	88b3d010d6df88dff73e1f73f742ee43	Exceptionally buoyant external conditions for LDC exports — in the form of the global commodity boom, strong external demand and ample external financing - did result in higher GDP growth in the 2000s. That, in turn, led to some increased investment, including, and in some cases mainly, by foreign firms. The investment ratio of LDCs (i.e., gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP) rose from 18.5 per cent to 21.8 per cent between 2000-2001 and 2010-20112 — the highest level in over 40 years. First, the increase in the LDCs’ investment ratio still falls short of the level typically required for developing countries to sustain high growth rates over long periods.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	88b5fef7c21ed7be052fb4a7da054a5b	It provides an overview of public satisfaction with the education system and schools, and then assesses the level of private and public expenditure on education and discusses issues around access to upper secondary education and tertiary education. Using the results from the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and other data sources, this chapter also presents indicators on the performance of Korean students to international standardised tests on mathematics, science and reading as well as indicators of equity in learning outcomes and on the transition from school to work in Korea. Since the 1950s education and skills development strategies have played a key role in the economic development of the country.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	88b6d374c3d6f4982076692b4765ad83	They can be applied descriptively to identify lack of accessibility to essential services in certain areas (i.e. to take stock of accessibility gaps). They can also be used to assess how various policy or infrastructure alternatives might change accessibility levels across territories and for different users, demonstrating how given options would contribute to or undermine the attainment of wider sustainability goals. Additionally, accessibility indicators can be used in ex post analysis, comparing a previous situation to the current one after implementation of a specific action.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	88b6fba1d4e38db64f23526beb67dd77	A gender-responsive team of project staff and technical assistants is needed to coach and mentor managers of BDS to respond to the distinct needs of male and female business owner-managers. A growing body of experience in both the micro and SME sectors shows the critical need for coaching, especially of female SME owner-operators, male and female graduates and start-up entrepreneurs. Awareness, creativity and pro-active outreach can work towards recruiting females and males as BDS specialists, trainers/facilitators and beneficiaries to meet the need for a gender mix in BDS facilitators/providers/trainers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	88b8f0c4a1d81c2b2ac2fb3497a2c54f	All data are processed starting from the aggregation level at which they are supplied, and are aggregated or disaggregated using mappings towards the lowest aggregation level that MAGNET uses. This implies that for example tariff data is considered at the HS6 digit level and aggregated (weighted averages) according to the chosen commodity aggregation scheme for a particular study. Input and output prices are endogenously determined by the markets so as to achieve supply and demand equilibrium.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	88ba733032f443b662bf57a8639bbd26	It promotes energy awareness in schools using educational programmes in human, social and physical sciences. Municipalities have regulatory and management functions with respect to provision of environmental services (e.g. water supply and sanitation, waste collection and disposal, protection against noise). Municipal communities may also adopt their own environmental protection programmes, while larger urban communities are obliged to do so.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	88ba7cc0cf47d50715a9829518a044af	On average across OECD countries, about 13% are foreign-born NEETs. Long periods of inactivity can have negative consequences. The longer individuals spend time as a NEET, the more likely they are to lose their skills, which affect their chances of finding employment. Being a NEET can also have a negative impact on the mental and emotional health of young people.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	88bc7e8b7c3d00b84e7a77d2523d4e79	As a result, the deployment of renewables has increased considerably, particularly of solar PV, which in 2016 outstripped the growth in any other form of new power generation, with renewables reaching nearly a quarter in the world’s electricity generation (IEA, 2017b). Based on estimates, improved energy management through the scaled-up use of renewables can reduce mining companies’ energy costs by 25% for existing operations and up to 50% for new mines (Deloitte, 2017). There is scope for further research to look at issues related to the energy transition of processing facilities (Section 3.2).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	88bd6e621aeac1d6aac99c1dde45865f	A much wider range of policy tools are available to central banks than are now used. These include capital management techniques, asset-based reserve requirements, and loan guarantees in the absence of restrictions on women’s legal title to assets. The review of monetary policy tools here also suggests that emphasis on low inflation via the policy interest rate is problematic on two counts.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	88bd9d314a5fefb8ab0b3bb5ba6ff752	The initial process of identifying schools for participation in DEIS was managed externally by the Educational Research Centre (ERC) on behalf of the Department for Education and Skills. More recently, the Department's statistics section has assumed responsibility for the assessment of schools' level of disadvantage under DEIS. About 20% of schools in Ireland are eligible for DEIS support.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	88bdb553a7869a7eee8eabf1f56a0cbf	Even under the most restrictive assumptions, the situation of uranium, which has very high energy intensity and can be easily stored and transported, still looks very favourable when compared with the limited availability and geographic concentration of other fuels such as oil and gas. One example is enrichment, where there are essentially only two international suppliers of enrichment services. Other, less pressing examples are constituted by the production of reactor pressure vessels, specific stainless steel tubes or high-quality graphite.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/bd9b0dc3-en	88c247d31ae2676bf0474531bb243ed0	A higher number indicates a greater impact. For example, payments based on variable input use have the largest impact on fishing effort and reduce stock size the most. The picture is complex, but the results show a clear separation between policies that are based on what fishers buy (fuel, other inputs) and what fishes own and do (vessels, capital, income). The former tend to pose the greatest risk to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks while the latter provide the greatest benefits to fishers.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	88c346bc8d2af836aec4680ec6615b21	Meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of well-integrated policy measures. This can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels (national, regional, state, municipal, basin, etc.). Greater policy coherence among different institutions does not mean uniformity, but an attempt to create synergies between customised approaches. It requires mutually reinforcing co-ordination across government, departments and agencies for achieving the agreed-upon policy objectives, defining long-term strategies and adapting them to different contexts.	6	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	88c42124d598640f28945aba0250a5c1	However, there is ample evidence that in many countries take-up of disability benefit is also related to labour market and early-retirement-related reasons (OECD, 2006, 2007b, 2008b and 2010d). The rapid increase in disability receipt of the 1990s cannot be linked to a similarly swift deterioration of the health status of Russians. The NOBUS survey suggests that the average age of receiving a disability pension is about 44 (Sinjavskaya, 2004), while Merkuryeva (2004) suggests that 50% of the individuals receiving disability benefits do not have worse health conditions than the rest of the population. In financial terms, the disability benefits are also attractive.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/60a8d482-en	88c514a284ce10e02c3db2800f63bd7d	In addition, 11 per cent of Kiribati women aged 15-49 reported physical violence by men other than their partners, most commonly by male family members including fathers or stepfathers, and 10 per cent reported having experienced non-partner sexual violence. The detrimental impacts of violence on women's physical, sexual and mental health are well documented, including unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, miscarriages, sexually transmitted diseases, emotional distress and thoughts of suicide. Gender-based violence coordinators have been put in place in the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs to support health promotion to outer islands, capacity building and improved availability of emergency contraceptives.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac249e8-en	88c668398945bc2179c4ec47d86746d0	During the last 25 years, approximately 122 species of vertebrates and four species of plants are expected to have lost more than 50 per cent of their population. There are about 32 endemic and approximately 110 subendemic plant species in the country. According to the project on invasive species in Albania, funded by the World Bank in 2007, they are mainly nematodes, molluscs, insects, decapods, fish and mammals.	15	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	88c6ae377fef4487a8163a517bf03046	This failure is not only in contravention of human rights obligations but is also inconsistent with commitments to encourage family cohesion as a way to achieve sustainable development. The achievement of the SDGs requires taking comprehensive measures for protecting and assisting families as well as ensuring substantive equality for all their members. Plan of Action on the Family in Africa.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	88c83152b2db7ce64f3c4b96ab653a04	Disparities in secondary and higher education are increasingly powerful forces driving inequalities, given that their roles are more and more vital in the development of the skills that are needed to participate in the global economy. In developing countries, young adolescents from the poorest 20 per cent of households are three times more likely than those in the wealthiest 20 per cent of households to be out of school (United Nations, 2013). Young adolescents living in rural areas are 9 per cent more likely to be out of school than those living in urban areas. Moreover, young girls are more likely than their male counterparts to be out of school.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	88ca89f72e7209d19ca3cf1db95117b8	Even though Figures 4.2 and 4.3 take a cross-sectional perspective and consider women of different ages only in a given year, the implication is that once women in Germany work part-time they do not resume full-time employment. Indeed, they appear to be stuck in a “part-time trap”. Inactivity is widespread, particularly among older women, suggesting that once they are out of employment it is difficult to return to work. Figure 4.3 shows a correspondingly wide gender gap in working hours across all ages in the overall working-age population (right-hand panel).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	88cdbd448d05e5ae5cc9abee449139d2	As described, the task of compiling systematic overviews of Norwegian and international educational research and make this knowledge available to the authorities and other users could go a long way toward solving this problem. However, higher spending in lower secondary education (beyond a certain basic level) is only tenuously linked to better student learning outcomes (OECD, 2007). According to PISA, the overall lack of a relationship between resources and outcomes does not show that resources are irrelevant, but that their level does not have a systematic impact within the prevailing range and it also depends on that resources are used efficiently.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	88d07231afb6eb53f927f2fb9b774316	Pashiardis and Brauckman (2008) argued that due consideration to a school leader’s experience can significantly improve the usefulness of the appraisal process since the needs of school leaders change markedly as they progress through their career. Pashiardis and Brauckman, therefore, suggested adjusting the feedback provisions for school leaders to the stages of pre-leadership, initial, experienced and exiting leadership. For summative uses, evaluators equally need to take into account specific school and individual contexts and a school leader’s experience to ensure a fair appraisal process.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/469d7fec-en	88d1dfe2f8595c210c46a84ec6027dfb	An overview of financial support provided would deliver information on trends in public climate finance provided by developed and “other” countries, and would also offer a partial picture of developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion climate finance commitment. In order to be able to provide this overview, either information from individual Parties would need to be aggregated, or aggregate information on climate finance would be needed from elsewhere (e.g. organisations, financial institutions, UNFCCC bodies such as the SCF). Aggregating country-specific information would provide clarity if the information being aggregated were monitored and reported on a comparable basis.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	88d398fe78c5a2dfbfdd98cfd1364181	Close to 40 countries8* have since submitted national reports, providing information on progress towards Aichi target 20, outlining the flow of resources for biodiversity from developed to developing countries, financial resources available for biodiversity, steps taken to implement the strategy for resource mobilisation and the role of specific initiatives including those relating to technical cooperation, and innovative financial mechanisms. The trends in national and international biodiversity financing and progress in mobilisation of resources during the 2on-2020 strategic programme will be a key indicator to achieving the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as expressed in decision XI/6, CBD COPu. The programme has strengthened the implementation of the Convention through supporting CMS conservation initiatives for a number of migratory taxa, with a strong focus on implementation in developing countries8*.	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289339766-6-en	88d3a5e3941c64c04f0201cd7726b34c	"A system for calculating the state of condition is integrated into ""Naturtyper i Norge"".9 In this system a number of relevant disturbance factors and appurtenant variables have been defined. All variables have a number of levels defined by a ""state index"" (the description of the system is only available in Norwegian).9 These states indices can most likely also work as threshold values between disturbance levels, but so far this has not been a specified objective for this system and no statistics are available for degraded land in this system. Theoretically such stages/levels can be mapped on any scale and further used to calculate progress of restoration, but this requires large resources and most likely only relevant for specific purposes (like for specific nature types, restricted geographic areas or specific restoration priorities). The ""Nature Index"" (NI) is a different approach to describe levels of disturbance (Nybp etai."	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	88d576d69dc6e7ade24c2b7517306f08	Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. A Demographic and Socio-Economic Portrait of Aboriginal Populations in Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2009, p. 7, http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/ainc-inac/R3-109-2009-eng.pdf. Urban Aboriginal people in Western Canada: Realities and policies.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	88dd0cda4610906213f58a05d80deb47	Thus the emphasis for each country depends on its specific challenges and priorities. They do however provide illustrations of the progress that countries in a variety of situations have made towards sustainable development, and the challenges they have faced in practical implementation of their forest and woodland management programmes. The case studies were prepared by national experts and summarized in a common format.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	88dd43fa08efec1c800ec075da0ed856	Any additional country-specific policy instruments that address emissions under the cap may reduce them in a given country, but, as long as the cap is binding, will not affect overall emissions. Hence for instance, measures facilitating entry of renewable energy producers - which can have various other benefits - will have no effect on the total emission levels. By lowering the price of emissions, the additional measures can however yield less tangible, though not necessarily less important benefits, such as facilitating future tightening of the cap (Braathen, 2011).	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	88e92514d1a40df2aed3af6121c6cdc0	Thus, technology transfer is essential to the achievement of SDG 7. Around half of LDCs’ imports of power-generating machinery and 70 per cent of electrical end-use machinery and appliances are from ODCs, highlighting the growing importance of South-South trade as a vehicle for energy-related technology transfer. From this perspective, technology-transfer measures in favour of LDCs have a rather inadequate track record, reflecting vague and nonbinding formulation, lack of adequate funding, fragmentation and limited political will (UNCTAD, 2016b).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	88ea1c0611a787ce1d98c7e565635c50	Korpi and Palme, 1998(25]) suggested the existence of a paradox in that benefits targeted at the poor achieve less redistribution than universal benefits, the main reason being that universal benefits receive wider popular support so that their payment rate can be set at a higher level than the targeted ones. Recent evidence suggests, however, that targeting is no longer necessarily associated with lower levels of redistribution (Kenworthy, 2011 [26]), (Marx, Salanauskaite and Verbist, 2013(27]); (Jacques and Noel, 2018(28])). Similarly, with short time series data from 2004 to 2011, (Diris, Vandenbroucke and Verbist, 2017ooj) found that increased pro-poorness leads often to lower poverty rates, but that the effect sizes are quite modest, and strongly dependent on how targeting is defined.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7707d8d0-en	88ea7413700c1379e7993d97e87cfe5d	However, despite widespread recognition of women’s rights and the benefits that accrue to all of society from equitable treatment and access to resources and opportunities for women and men, inequalities persist. At the regional and national levels, there is growing recognition that as African women attain higher measures of economic and social well-being, benefits accrue to all of society; despite this growing understanding, removing inequalities for women has not kept pace. Significant gaps between men’s and women’s opportunities remain a major challenge and a severe impediment to structural economic and social transformation that is still the goal of all African countries.	5	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	88eb947c8315d5a7d7afddf1658f54d7	By 2009, the average had come down to USD 10.88, and 12 countries were offering the basket of services for less than USD 5. Guinea and Madagascar had joined Bangladesh in the lowest-cost group from among the 49 LDCs. Sudan, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, and Senegal were among those that showed satisfactory performance, with prices below the average for the 77 countries (Chart 3.2). Special edition 99, p.12. Expanding Horizons, 2/2009, p.ll.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	88ebe599b8667e4dac56dcb0e9037fc9	Help was provided to establish a number of new institutions, including the Institute of Agricultural Science, the Soils and Fertiliser Institute and the National Plant Protection Service, as well as to strengthen existing organisations. Through such technical assistance projects, Viet Nam gained access to up-to-date technologies, equipment and techniques. At the same time, FAO contributed to the formulation of legislation aimed at enhancing the ability of the agricultural sector to respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by the new market environment. The programme works under four major multi-sectoral initiatives, including the Joint Gouemment-UN Programme, the World Bank’s VAHIP Project, the One UN Initiative with the largest contribution to FAO coming from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) projects. The second highest was food safety which received USD 3.8 million for 13 projects.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1ea53441-en	88f274480e358ce19e1e6c48f2559227	In terms of institutional features, climate change will be analysed as a “global public good” (GPG). This is certainly the case with climate change; the “safe” boundaries of this space have been passed (Rockstrom and others, 2009). Similarly, pressures on environmental systems affect livelihoods at the sub-global level (UNEP, 2011a). The resulting unsustainability has distributional aspects, including infragenerational elements: poor groups and countries depend relatively more on the use of natural resources to secure livelihoods and development; moreover, there are gendered asymmetries in environmental burden bearing.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	88f886a2b8534604a871e604201fe8c6	Average length of stay (ALOS) in hospital is often used as an indicator of efficiency in delivering hospital services because, all other factors being constant, a shorter stay will reduce the cost per discharge and allow the treatment of a greater number of patients for given inputs. Patients admitted for life-threatening conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), also tend to stay much longer in hospital than in other countries.1 For instance, patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) spend on average 13 days in hospital, which is 6 days more than the G7 and OECD average. The difference is even greater for patients admitted for cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), with these patients in Korea staying on average more than 60 days, while in most other G7 countries, they are hospitalised for about 10-15 days only.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	88f9ef5905fde6d67d14787dadd2910f	In manufacturing, the role of overtime has been even more important accounting for about half of the reduction in working time.2 This reflects both the greater incidence of overtime in manufacturing before the crisis (almost one in ten hours) and the concentration of the decline in output demand in the manufacturing sector. Hours and pay reductions in Japan reflect adjustments along many different margins (cont.) The relative importance of reductions in standard hours reflects the limits of the overtime margin in the context of a severe decline in aggregate demand.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	88feed3c72f1d7a2863040489f07ee92	The generation gap grows wider because young people are continually recreating their identity and developing ways of seeing the world that are shaped by connectivity and risk, further distancing themselves from the adult world. All this translates into various forms of discrimination against young people and into the stigmatization of youth (ECLAC/OU, 2008). Several studies have pointed out that the frustrations felt by young men as a result of unemployment often give rise to illness, increased violence among youth gangs, interpersonal conflict and domestic violence. Among women, unemployment leads to greater economic dependence on men, which in turn can lead to increased violence against women (Moser and van Bronkhorst, 1999). The social exclusion that unemployed young people experience every day, in a context of mass consumption, accounts for a structural dimension to violence that affects young people in the economic sphere. Indeed, there appears to be some consensus that what young people receive as structural violence they return as social violence (De Roux, 1993).	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	88ff74b229c6b13eaf8f61e264d47a91	More intensive M&E approaches are also outlined such as cost-benefit analysis and impact evaluation. With respect to the Bank’s M&E system, the review concludes that there has been an uneven record in strengthening the quality of performance information needed for a better assessment of results. To achieve improved results, the World Bank needs to better track indicators for projects across sectors, strengthen monitoring and reporting of outcomes, and build the capability to collect information at the country, regional, and global levels (World Bank, 2009c).	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/17c99677-en	890550b16286a1ce545b4c5dc14e18c2	A case study in Ethiopia revealed that the entrances to toilets are often too narrow for wheelchairs, forcing individuals to crawl or drag themselves on the floor to reach the toilets (Wilbur, 2010). Accessibility problems also apply to children, (chronically) ill and older people as facilities may not be within easy and safe reach. Some illnesses can generate stigmatization (such as HIV/AIDS) and people affected may suffer from exclusion and be denied access to facilities. In 2015, two out of five people in rural areas had access to piped water supplies (a form of‘improved’ supply, but not necessarily a ‘safely managed’ supply), whereas four out of five people in urban areas had piped supplies.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-69c0aa91-en	8905fa1e0be606fc34d4670d620f5e43	The fourth 5-year rolling plan, the Smart Rwanda Masterplan, was adopted in 2015 and includes, among others, a target for gender digital equality by 2020. The Broadband Commission targets and policy analysis were key inputs to the formulation of this and other targets for the Smart Rwanda Masterplan. Steps have been taken to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, reduce the cost of end-user devices, stimulate the development and uptake of relevant content and diffusion of technologies into various sectors of the economy. In October 2013, the first Transform Africa Summit was co-hosted by the GoR and ITU, and culminated in the Smart Africa Manifesto as a continental agenda to leverage ICTs for Africa’s transformation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	8905fb84f192fdb1aedf0018bbca2619	Publicly provided goods and services - such as healthcare and long-term care - can also be particularly important for retirees. In doing so, it draws on internationally comparable data. Unfortunately, such data are often available for small groups of countries only and are not collected frequently enough to yield a clear, up-to-date picture of how sources of income other than pension benefits help sustain adequate standards of living in retirement. Nevertheless, this analysis - the first of its kind - can inform the debate on the adequacy of retirement-incomes by examining some patterns of elderly homeownership and wealth holdings and exploring the importance of a public service provision.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	8908d6fc39a6ef95d8fc4e422de43545	But the quality and usefulness of the reported social data are doubtful since they primarily are based on interpretation of national survey data on recreational behaviour from Statistics Norway. Such data have limited value on the regional and local level concerning practical forestry and forest management in relation to social goals and interests. In other words: Norway has the perfect conditions for outdoor recreation.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	890932c854948e1f8880e30c0750f17a	For instance, construction of the Elizabeth Line from Abbey Wood enlarges the catchment area and thus increases the number of reachable jobs. Rather than calculating travel times to specific locations, this method quantifies the number of services that can be reached within a given period (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018). Such maps, for instance, those quantifying the number of workplaces reachable within 45 minutes by public transport for each zone in London, are used as a strategic indicator of connectivity in the Mayor's Transport Strategy. Projects potentially affecting the whole Greater London area, such as Crossrail 2 - the new rail link that will connect Central London to Reading and Heathrow in the west and Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east -, are assessed using London-wide catchment analysis to determine how many more services will be reachable within 45 minutes from each zone once service begins (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	890fa5610be7ee8cc9355e6a24f879ed	The insurance format resembles that found in Germany and some other European countries, while the fund-based delivery structure has echoes of the US system (see Joumard et al., The NHI structure has many welcome features, including: choice of provider, checks on cream skimming and funding arrangements that incentivise efficiency. Take-up of VHI is extensive.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	891012ff2165d903dff7dabc9543f5f6	For example, the effect of GDP at origin is two thirds of that found when multilateral resistance to migration is not accounted. Thus the basic gravity framework is augmented by adding gender inequality in social institutions using the SIGI. Having access to education in the country of origin enhances the likelihood of migration (Gonzalez-Ferrer et al.,	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	8912cefa17af9261c9d5d27f74e788c5	These domains reflect the spectrum of factors that shape the food environment from the most macro to the most micro level -from facilities to produce, distribute, commercialize, acquire, preserve, prepare and consume foods, nutrients and water through to the biological utilization of them into the body. At the household level, food insecurity is characterized by four dimensions : 1) inadequate quantity of food, 2) inadequate quality of food, 3) psychological unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food, and 4) social unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food [19]. Figure 1 shows the relationships between household food insecurity, its causes, and its consequences.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/73d010ed-en	89131f956740d6f1ffb135600f47cd31	The Sargan-Hansen test demonstrates the absence of overidentification. Reduced forms were also run to gauge the explanatory power of the additional instruments (lags and differences) for the variables of interest. The F values that were obtained corroborate the instruments' validity. In the first case, an increase in the feminization rate boosts GDP growth by 4.7%.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	89141d5a104d0927a826e993fb25d310	In addition, professional standards are an expression of what a profession stands for - its objectives, its expectations of members in meeting those objectives, the career path and the level of commitment members of the profession make to the community they serve. The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership’s (AITSL) National Professional Standards for Teachers describe w'hat is expected of teachers across the four career stages: Graduate, Proficient, Highly Accomplished and Lead (AITSL, 2016). The General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTC, 2012) goes further. The GTC has developed an overarching career-long standard or nest of standards which regulate the career path from provisional registration as a teacher to full registration, career-long professional learning, middle leadership and then full school leadership (see Box 3.2).	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	89150b702634bccc35cbc325afaad521	The per-capita expenditure is projected according to specific assumptions, and then multiplied by the group-specific population in the projection year. However, the average cost per individual in older age groups should fall over time for two reasons: longevity gains are assumed to translate into additional years of good health (“healthy ageing”); and major health costs come at the end of life. This is generally due to the effect of technology and relative-price movements in the supply of health services. This effect is mitigated somewhat by declines in the share of dependents per older age group as longevity increases due to “healthy ageing”.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	89163617c7f849fe8b3759d37934408e	However, after the first years the customers of these women entrepreneurs became mostly Swedes. However, as mentioned also by Abbasian and Bildt (2009), there is a risk that society may force the unemployed immigrant woman to start her own business without sufficient support from either her family or the society. There are approximately 1 013 000 self-employed women (7.6% of women in employment) in the United Kingdom and 48% of female entrepreneurs own businesses in the service sector. Today, female entrepreneurs are responsible for one third of all start-up businesses in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 2007). While women’s Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) is 3.6% amongst non-ethnic persons, it is two-and-a-half times higher amongst women from mixed backgrounds (10.2%), Bangladeshis (10.9%), Other Asians (10.3%) and Black Caribbeans (10.5%). According to the report, the most entrepreneurial group is that of “Other Black” at some 29.2% of all women (GEM, 2004).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	8916440abda3b75ed0adea61dd6deb6d	In the Middle East and North Africa, women are mostly discriminated by limited civil liberties as limited freedom of movement and limited freedom of dress (obligation to wear a veil). In South Asian countries, a significant number of missing women indicates that women are mostly discriminated by son preference. The civil liberties discrimination is also very high in this region. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	8916dd0716751afbaa4dd10d40f2af0b	The difficulty lies in striking a balance between securing the participation of incumbent operators in a more regulated system and ensuring that conditions offered to operators do not compromise financial sustainability. Negotiations on bus reform are particularly challenging since incumbent operators have political clout and, as has happened in Rio de Janeiro, can potentially suspend all services to put pressure on the authorities. The negotiations with operators of Mexibus failed to incorporate enough microbus owners into the new system or to relocate them into feeder routes. Nonetheless, ensuring inclusion of incumbent operators also came at a significant cost for the project.	11	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	891756ddfdeb772318ac36055be0830a	The Principles have been applied across different scales, stakeholders and sectors, either as a tool to understand how' water governance systems are performing at local, basin or national level, or as a reading template to guide decisions for w'ater stakeholders and institutions on specific water functions (e.g. service delivery, water resources management, flood risk prevention, etc.). In January 2018, the journal Water International published a peer-reviewed set of articles reflecting such examples in its special issue “The OECD Principles on Water Governance: From Vision to Action”. Some of these applications are summarised hereinafter and should neither be considered as the views of the authors of this report nor of the OECD.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	8917b102976be0d8bb8453d3739e82da	This figure is 8% higher the OECD average of 76% (OECD, 2014c). It is worth noting that between 2007 and 2012, satisfaction levels increased by 0.6 points in Mexico while the average points of life satisfaction declined in nearly all OECD countries with an average decrease of 1 point since 2007 (see Figure 1.3). Only Chile and Iceland saw a stronger increase in life satisfaction than Mexico over the same period (OECD, 2014c). Nearly 74% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in time of need, w'hich is lower the OECD average of 89% (OECD, 2014c). In a similar vein, public trust in government or the citizens’ participation in the political process as measured by voter turnout was 63% during recent elections, which is well below the OECD average of 72%.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be1e55c-en	891916004e8ffa49f5b66a6678694c81	Arguably, SDG 12.b is a high-impact leverage point due to its capability to induce green growth, which further triggers social development (health and education) by way of water. Financial assistance (SDG 17.3) and stakeholders’ participation in decision-making (SDG 16.7) are two overarching influences that strengthen system connections between nodes. Sustainably managing and protecting marine ecosystems (SDG 14.2) and reducing marine pollution (SDG 14.1) are the keys to solving the trash problem that Japan is facing.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	891a4ad83247e2cb59e7c6166769084b	At the beginning of the twentieth century, Europe was a major source of migration, with people moving to the Americas, Australasia, and Central Asia. Another considerable migration flow was from Southern China into Southeast Asia. Today's Europe is mostly a destination for migrants from Africa, Asia, and the Americas, as well as a locus for major internal migration flows, while migration to North America originates mostly in Latin America and Asia.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	891aaf404aa2422cdcc8d2fdfb082ecd	In the closer term, the city aims for 80% of trips to be taken by soft modes or public transit by 2041. In designing these demand management measures, it is important for the government to be able to anticipate how people will respond to such regulations. Those who own non-compliant vehicles, for example, may decide to either buy a compliant vehicle, pay the charge, or alter their travel behaviour by diverting their route, changing their travel mode, or forgoing the trip altogether.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	891b55e597bd94ffe8edff12c2272653	Quantity-based mechanisms are quota obligations (usually by using tradable green certificates) and tendering systems. Priced-based market instruments are feed-in tariffs (FiTs) and feed-in premiums (FIPs), fiscal incentives, such as carbon taxes, or investment grants. Nuclear investors would have to forego the hope of ever recouping their initial outlays on the fixed costs. From an investor point of view, the advent of zero variable cost renewables thus militates against capital-intensive technologies such as nuclear.	7	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	891d32035086e00d59a499ef4d6bda13	The benefit expatriate teachers can bring is not only to teach in the classroom, but also to coach and train local teachers through on-the-job training and organisation of workshops. However, short-term measures raise concerns about their impact on the quality of teaching and learning. Many countries, including Ethiopia, have chosen to recruit large numbers of teachers on a contract basis. The idea is to keep the wage bill down, while increasing access to education. Many of the new recruits, however, are not fully trained, as described above in paragraph 8.3.4. According to the government, compared with ‘regular’ civil service teachers, contract teachers often have: i) relatively lower academic credentials; ii) uncertain or no career prospects; and iii) lower salaries and fewer benefits.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	891f6f0fbbdd48f408adad06d6ec860d	These dynamics also touch on a demand side issue: when the relations of social reproduction discourage child-rearing, investments in human capital will fall, lowering aggregate demand and threatening growth. Instead of referring to the two sides as demand and supply, we use the more descriptive labels of growth and the distribution of social reproduction respectively. The result is four stylized regimes that we term (in clockwise order) time squeeze, mutual, wage squeeze and exploitation.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	8921892d3865e7edb801599f05d8df91	Improvement of content, methods, classifications and measurements from a gender perspective should be made part of the ongoing efforts to improve all statistical sources - censuses, surveys and administrative systems (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in data collection programmes involves review and revision of the conceptual basis of data collection tools, review and revision of coding and classification systems and terminologies, gender training for all personnel involved in data collection, media campaigns that include gender-specific messages, gender-sensitive selection of field interviewers, and review and revision of tabulations and data presentation and dissemination (Corner, 2003). The presentation and dissemination of gender statistics should reach all potential target groups. Most often, existing data are not fully exploited for obtaining gender statistics (United Nations, 2009).	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	892747f00ece41d18ae71c89413b00b7	All except South Sudan, who does not have cross-border fiber connectivity to its neighbors, have at least one cross-border route for access to submarine cables. Guinea-Bissau recently signed an agreement with the World Bank to obtain access to the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) cable, a project that should be completed by early 2019.1 Although Eritrea had opportunities to connect to submarine cables on the east coast of Africa, it declined and is the only coastal LDCs without a landing station. In May 2017, a project providing a US$20 million World Bank grant for Kiribati to establish submarine connectivity was approved.2 A project to connect Solomon Islands to submarine cable was approved several years ago, but delayed.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f76cbb14-en	8928aa79bf65a8ea8b41802634887e4c	There are estimated to be 500 international treaties and agreements on the environment (155 biodiversity-related; 179 chemicals-related; 46 land-related; and 196 water-related) and a proliferation of subsidiary bodies for the different conventions and administrative arrangements. Additionally, important are leveraging synergies in responsibilities of conventions across various sectoral policies, with the promotion of joint implementation and coordination of funding sources and programmes, as well as multi-stakeholder outreach and engagement to ensure buy-in.5 Capacity building is required given the increasingly complex scientific and technical issues involved. Meanwhile, critical actions may not be taken with fallout for human and environmental health.	12	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlpszwghvvb-en	89299a53b6728f1254e2bbddf285571a	Despite the negative long-term effects working at home can have on children’s ability to fully benefit from the resources offered by the education system, in the absence of alternatives, it may be necessary for households to survive. Students were asked to describe their parents’ last or current job title and responsibilities (in case they were not in the labour force at the time of the PISA test). Information from these open-ended questions was coded using the ISCO-08 classification of occupations at the 4-digit level, which was used to calculate the ISEI index of occupational prestige (Ganzeboom, 2010; Ganzeboom, et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	892aae10d3a73f227317d7626e44aa08	The long lead times for the construction of large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the Meslre Bypass or MOSE, are thus symptoms of a lack of co-ordination, in which issues do not get resolved until they become emergencies. This is the case for water as well as other issues. This occurs despite the large amount of data and scientific research produced within the region.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	892d54d100701af27bbf9568cfa7a759	This has resulted in many isolated initiatives and policies in critical sectors for green growth that have not addressed the metropolitan size of urbanisation and growth in Metro Cebu, and also in incoherence and management failures due to inconsistent policies across jurisdictions. The BRT is only being designed and implemented in Cebu City. Even though Cebu City is the largest LGU of the metropolitan area, Metro Cebu would benefit much more from a bus network that reaches out to adjacent LGUs, as many residents commute from these areas to Cebu City, or vice-versa.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	892d67431a5a5dc9cfb924ab07550625	The new tariff guidelines also establish a maximum of 5 per cent of household expenditure on water and sanitation. This goes beyond providing a tap and a toilet in every home. Experiences from Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania suggest that placing women at the centre of water decisions leads to improved access, more cost-effective delivery and less corruption in water financing.280 Women have also been essential to the success of community-led total sanitation (CHS), a subsidy-free approach that encourages people to build their own toilets/latrines with local resources to stop open defecation. Awareness-raising and advocacy campaigns are one way to break taboos and to make such needs visible.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	892f814505f7a21c01d86c4d81898ed4	As a result, hospitals face a relatively soft budget constraint and hospital costs are squeezing municipal budgets, potentially constraining municipalities to cut on other valuable items, including primary care and social services. Municipal reform, if implemented successfully, should alleviate these problems. Finland needs to increase hospital concentration, and develop special units to take care of remote areas based on a careful evaluation of the trade-off between proximity and appropriate scale to deliver effective treatments. There is increasing international evidence of a link between hospital size and quality of care, indicating the presence of minimum volume thresholds for effectiveness of care.	3	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	893d939e2a70972a3bee80641e8b704b	"This viewpoint came up in more than one interview. China also insists on there being no differentiation in mitigation responsibility among developing countries, regardless of the fact that rapidly developing countries such as China and Brazil are much more able to mitigate emissions than poorer countries such as Bangladesh and Cameroon. This point also explains why China is unlikely to agree to any binding international commitments as long as the domestic inertia on climate legislation in the United States continues. This explains why many observers view the two dominating emitters as playing ""hide and seek"" in a way that serves each country's domestic interests."	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	89419abc57a13044f48e17e1ef2e07aa	This study was based on a review of studies of all countries around the Baltic Sea, where environmental economists participated from all countries. Their conclusions confirm our review of Swedish studies valuing watershed ES. Within the sector of recreational values of reduced eutrophication, contingent valuation, choice experiments and indirect approaches have been used.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	89452a17c281e949b0dd707cc57c73fc	Special employment support navigators, usually private-sector experts and experienced workers, have been assigned to the PESO to provide individuals with detailed support in their re-employment efforts. Services targeted at this group include enrolment into specialised programmes, help with CV-writing, guidance on career paths and weekly counselling by appointment by the same officer, and job referrals made by officers. Jobseekers can receive this service for only three months.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	89457ab2bb84d91ff8986822ef1caec5	The government recently issued guidance outlining the desirable characteristics of exchange platforms for rural assets. They advised that exchange platforms should be established by nonprofit institutions (public or otherwise), be internet-based and cover a variety of assets (e.g. operation rights to rural land, rural collective operating assets, agricultural production facilities and use rights for water conservation facilities). Exchanges should also aim to provide various services such as asset valuation, legal advisory and assistance in connecting households with land-backed mortgage financing.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	8945838416174966ea96b7543b6c466c	Inefficient subsidies for energy, agriculture and fisheries could be replaced by higher direct social spending with much greater benefits targeted for the poor (see Chapters 11 and 13 on green growth and Agricultural policy, respectively). In principle, means tests can be a useful tool insofar as it could lead to reinforcing the capacity of the administrators to assess the real welfare situation of households. In Mexico however, close targeting is also likely to entail several costs (OECD, 2010).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	89464681e043d9e0dd809eee19e5ed7c	The chapter reviews existing social policies, and recent attempts to find better ways of allocating public resources for those most in need, in particular families with children. It concludes with a summary of the main challenges and suggests reform avenues to develop a social protection system which would support the working-age population more effectively. The subsequent sharp economic slowdown in 2009 did not generate a significant increase in overall poverty rates as labour market adjustments involved reduced working hours rather than lay-offs (Chapter 1), and because pension payments increased almost by 50% since 2007 (Chapter 4).'	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7db07bca-en	894aec8635d5d3c4d8758b94a8bdbe75	Poverty and its corollaries - malnutrition, illness and lack of education - limit agricultural productivity. Hence, providing social protection and pursuing agricultural development in an integrated way offers synergies that can increase the effectiveness of both. Extreme poverty has fallen substantially in many regions, especially in East Asia and the Pacific as well as In South Asia. In sub-Saharan Africa, little progress has been made and almost half the population is extremely poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	894bf339dca7a6cf86b914f663b30e8f	Introducing individual taxation, as in Sweden, would lead to a marked rise in the labour market participation of mothers, a slight fall in fathers’ participation, and, therefore, more equal sharing of paid work. This result was corroborated by Eichhorst etal. ( It found that individual taxation would lead to a more equal distribution of paid work between partners, especially those partners with medium to high levels of educational attainment.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9efca30c-en	894d90e7a2d31e5732d450d0d780a67f	The Committee noted that the increased number of child, temporary, and unregistered marriages severely undermine the rights of women, impinging on their education, employment, and potential as full members of society. In addition, the Committee on the Rights of the Child noted with concern Kuwait’s approval of marriages for boys or girls who have reached puberty, and requested the State party to raise the minimum age of marriage in conformity with the CRC’s definition of a child. A “misyar” marriage is a contract between two parties that exonerate a man of any financial responsibilities to his bride.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	894f3c9a67bc2eda51e9bb7bca503318	The Ministry of Health plans additional supplementary incentives to improve healthcare access, limit extra billing, and foster the uptake of IT systems in practices, but P4P schemes could also be expanded further. Bundled payments could also be developed for nurses, midwives and physiotherapists, as outpatient prescriptions and spending for these care activities have increased rapidly, driven largely by hospital prescriptions (Figure 13, Panel A). Indeed, such prescriptions are less restrained than for other medical expenditures.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	89565fcdbb088b036eacd0a92e38d49b	Clearly, more evaluation of the impacts of pre-trial conciliation in labour law cases is needed. Mandatory conciliation is unlikely to be constructive if parties are particularly hostile, but mandating an initial conciliation meeting at least provides an opportunity for parties to meet outside court in a non-adversarial environment and may add pressure to resolve disputes amicably. Zack (2006) argues that maintaining confidentiality (by not reporting back to the court on what is said during conciliation) is important to encourage frankness. To this end, having the same judge presiding over conciliation and trial proceedings is less preferable than maintaining a separate conciliation service, either within or external to the court, or at the least having different judges preside over conciliation and the trial.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	8957b6a77cefc18daabb6237c0a9d0a5	Half of the participants, chosen at random, were invited to attend the sessions with a peer of their choice. The brief sessions had positive effects on business behaviours and outcomes, but only among those who were trained alongside a friend. Women invited with a friend were more likely to use loans for business purposes and reported higher volumes of business, while women invited alone almost exclusively used the loans for home repair and did not report a higher volume of business relative to the control group.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	89585b6cc969d09abd779873598d2683	Open defecation rates are declining almost everywhere except Sub-Saharan Africa, where rates are still increasing; however, it is the only resort for about a billion people in the world (UNDESA 2014). A gender-responsive approach to sanitation is required which acknowledges that people's intimate needs are socially intertwined and culturally embedded (Tilley ef al. Such an approach is necessary not only in order to address the specific needs and preferences of women, but to create spaces where taboo personal activities can be carried out without exposure to danger and shame. In most of the world women do not have the same access to toilets as men.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8be0ed45-en	89589b8018ea7d24152739c9f4a80e76	A broad grouping of ’urban' wastes, including MSW, commercial and industrial (C&l) waste, and construction and demolition waste (C&D), is estimated at around 7 to 10 billion tonnes per annum. In high-income countries, MSW generation rates are now beginning to stabilize, or even show a slight decrease, which may indicate the beginning of waste growth ‘decoupling’ from economic growth. However as economies continue to grow rapidly in tow- and middle-income countries, one can expect per capita waste generation to increase steadily.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-4-en	89594313f5e8402f91874c76c5676725	A related draft Threat Abatement Plan (TAP) has been developed to provide a national framework for the co-ordinated implementation of measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of marine debris. It will guide Australia’s efforts in international forums to build and strengthen collaboration to identify the origins of, and effective responses to, marine debris on a regional and international level. It should be finalised in early 2009.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	895ab5c3479f4711231ef7bac1f3ec51	In the first scenario, the effective burden of employer contributions is assumed to fall exclusively on the employer. In the second scenario, the burden falls exclusively on the employee, the underlying assumption being that in the long run employers adjust wages in response to the level of employer contributions (see Brittain, 1971; Vroman, 1974; and Beach and Balfour, 1983). See Figure 2.3 in OECD (2007). Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	895bb0a8233f86916a277605e1de894e	"Later, in India, during the 1950s, the concept of ""minimum needs” was developed by Pitambar Pant of the Indian Planning Commission. Still, the basic needs approach did not become a mainstream approach in development, even if the attractiveness of the concept was clear. Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1975) and in the ILO World Employment Programme. It became clear that employment creation was notan end in itself but rather served to fulfil the basic needs of individual human beings—corresponding more or less to the first of Maslow's five rungs. Many people were already on the second, third, fourth and even fifth rungs, but a significant proportion were not even in sight of the ladder. And so the idea arose of designing a development strategy that had as its main objective the meeting of basic needs, including those of the poorest 20 per cent of the population."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	895ca7b12bedeb944f1de3201622d53f	Despite rising debt levels and declines in gross domestic product (GDP), the initial policy response to the crisis was stimulus spending. However, by 2010, the combination of financial rescue packages and stimulus spending, along with falling revenues from taxation due to economic slowdown, led to a push for drastic cuts in social transfers, such as benefits for families with children, and social services in many countries. Women are likely to feel the impact of these cuts most acutely because they are over-represented among public sector front-line workers; because they depend more than men on public transfers and services; and because the burden of providing care when public support is reduced falls disproportionately on women.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	895d0dbb91117da2e535e00722d50e2a	This reorganisation of service delivery must be underpinned by a clearer vision of the future health system architecture and implemented more systematically. Beyond delivering the appropriate volumes of services, attention must be paid to embedding quality improvement initiatives in health professionals practices at all levels of the system. Finally, the availability, relevance, and quality of information and evidence must improve and all health system actors - health professionals, local and national providers, local and national units of authority - need to be held accountable for the outcomes of their actions and results. With a population of only 17.8 million in the 9th largest (and largest landlocked) country, it is one of the least densely populated nations in the world.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	895f60ede6d32c6415d4ba4f5e6af43c	Each of the networks has about 8 to 10% of their schools established as special needs schools (Table 3.1). At the secondary level, the mainstream schools are on average 2.5 times larger than the special schools, although the size of the mainstream schools also varies depending on whether they offer all or only some stages of secondary education. As explained in Chapter 2, there are two main bodies responsible for financing the construction and renovation of school facilities and the implementation of government policy on this topic: The Flemish Community network (GO!)	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	895fac1d22424b54bbd89e3443450543	The Programme is operational in the following countries of the region: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. South Asia continued to be particularly vulnerable to the trafficking of opiates and heroin. In addition, widespread trafficking of cannabis, synthetic drugs and new psychoactive substances persisted in 2014.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	895fb1cd3451ced7e92daa6a9e17f0ad	One scheme can be to assign to each stratum a (rounded) number of random groups proportional to its (weighted) sample size - with the total number of random groups taken as 100-200 - and then adjust this number it to ensure that it is not less than 2 for any stratum. As noted, grouping of small PSUs within and across strata, and grouping of strata to form fewer and larger computational units is generally desirable to improve stability of the results. Our general recommendation is to begin, as the basis, by defining 100-200 computational PSUs of approximately equal size, and then adjusting and fine-tuning the scheme in accordance with details of the actual design. The final choice is always a matter of statistical judgement and numerical experimentation.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	895fb9ff3cae1cd93b263f1e98a5decd	However, the pilot projects encountered a number of difficulties including buyers unwilling to enter into complex agreements to pay for services, regulatory issues, complicated supply chains and poor communication. Ultimately, the potential buyers of services were unwilling to enter into long-term payment contracts with an uncertain return on investment. In parallel, SANBI embarked on a series of dialogues aimed at improving the communication of the essential PES messages.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	896004934a043c268773a022e0ff30e9	In particular, the move from employment to unemployment has been shown to exert a strong negative effect on people’s subjective well-being. Unemployment is also the variable that has repeatedly been used in the literature on the measurement of living standards and well-being (Fleurbaey and Gaulier, 2009). At the same time, neither unemployment nor employment rates may be particularly meaningful in developing countries and emerging-market economies unless it is possible to capture informal employment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	896560107b43c747d5b745d4254be39a	While there is a substantive literature on the extent to which shared values define welfare institutions in developed countries,5 this literature is scarce in developing countries (Ulriksen & Plagerson, 2016a). Our paper aims to address this gap by contributing to the understanding of how ethical perspectives influence the shape of poverty reduction policies in lower- and middle-income countries. In the main body of the paper, we analyse how ethical perspectives help understand key design features of anti-poverty programmes, and provide three case studies (Brazil, South Africa and Ghana) exploring the role of ethical perspectives in the development of poverty reduction policy and programming in these countries. It pays particular attention to three design features discussed extensively in the literature: targeting, conditions and graduation.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	8966845068e70557017afd514b602e04	"They are considered to be universal in that they are necessary conditions for success at each stage of development. The selection of the foundation factors was based on theory and a large body of research that provides evidence of the effects of each factor on student outcomes. A ""potent"" factor is one that has a strong correlation with an outcome or set of outcomes. For example, the quality of classroom instruction is arguably the most important driver of student outcomes during the schooling period (Anderson, 2004; Rosenshine, 2010; Kyriakides, Christoforou and Charalambous, 2013; Creemers and Kyriakides, 2006)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	89694f60bd280c22a9a0857ffa17d3ee	However, the scope for further productivity gains on this score will diminish over time, as the urbanisation rate approaches that in more advanced economies. Gross enrolment rates at the primary level have long exceeded those in OECD countries, while at the pre-school, upper-secondary and tertiary levels there is still a gap to fill (Figure 1.2.D). Encouragingly, however, enrolment at the preschool level has increased rapidly, to 67.5% by 2013, exceeding the 2015 target of 60% (Table 1.1). In the pre-reform era when the wage structure was administratively determined and the state sector provided most employment, returns to education were low.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	8969ac736db25e6e0935dcd468a1b6dd	It was based on the establishment of production-related direct aid payments and gave a prominent role to agri-environmental instruments to support farmers’ income. In June 2003, the EU decided to replace, from 2006 onward, most of the direct aid with a single farm payment scheme that is not linked to production. Beneficiaries will be obliged to accomplish certain environmental and food safety requirements, being those almost identical for irrigation and rain-fed farms. The EU Commission recognized, within the launching of the ‘CAP’S Health Check’, that a new CAP should achieve climate change and water management objectives by means of cross compliance. These authors show that the price support delivered to cotton producers in the region is largely responsible for the large benefit of water in the region.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/48927deb-en	896acaf061c66d1bcbb6c02e6a686965	The assessment of the individual transboundary surface waters and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in Chapters 1, 5 and 8 of Section IV (drainage basins of the White Sea, Barents Sea and Kara Sea; Black Sea; and Baltic Sea). Eastern and Northern Europe holds a number of other important transboundary wetland areas, including numerous freshwater lakes and extensive mires connected by rivers and streams, which stretch all along the Russian, Norwegian and Finnish borders and further to the south along the Russian, Estonian, Latvian and Belarusian borders. Extensive river flood-plains, temporary flooded forests, grasslands and fens are also typical for the region, as well as coastal bays, lagoons and river deltas in the Barents, Baltic and Black Seas. The northernmost part of the region is characterized by permafrost.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	897086c1d863812e0984a85d660e681a	But feasibility is often limited due to considerations of political, financial and capacity, and this complicates the implementation of central government decisions at the sub-national level. In Greece, Israel and Italy, the absence of monitoring and evaluation of water policy outcomes were considered important obstacles to water policy implementation at the territorial level. In Israel, the outcome of national water policies is not always quantified in a timely manner, due to difficulties in obtaining the relevant data from the IWA database. A complete reorganisation of the database is needed to provide clear results from policy changes.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	89719a19808fa688954eaccd3ec7df89	Finally, price support is found to have an extremely poor transfer efficiency - that is a relatively small proportion of the price increase it generates is actually captured by farmers. Instead, it goes to input suppliers, is captured by processors and distributors or ends up capitalised in land values, benefitting land owners who are often not themselves farmers. A major aspect of any commodity price spike is a fast and sudden erosion of confidence in the workings of the market, both national and international, with the result that unco-ordinated operations, by private and public agents alike, for individual protection leaves all worse off.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	8974ef1e140a9fe9530b51c60189ca70	However, the decentralisation experience in the agricultural sector has resulted in gains for water users who now have more local control and authority over how to manage water. Historical over-exploitation of agricultural water has been a factor in uniting water users in irrigating communities to design strategies that allow them to continue production. For example, the strategic goal of the Agenda related to “universal access to water services” makes a distinction between urban and rural regions for what regards wastewater treatment in medium-sized and rural localities, the construction of wells, and rainwater harvesting.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	897811f0ba6e7bf7c289a101a8f9dac1	Yet to understand the causes and consequences of monetary child poverty and to design effective anti-poverty policies, it matters if the same group of children remain poor or if every child experiences one brief poverty spell. Adverse consequences of experiencing poverty are well documented and the length of time spent in poverty amplifies its negative impact on key child outcomes (see Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997), including cognitive and behavioural development. A recent comprehensive review of income mobility in the European Union by Van Kerm and Pi Alperin (2013) does not focus on children.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	89785d64730e60cf8b2c794ca6a26bf3	In Panama, on the other hand, this is conditional, since a pregnant woman can be dismissed, but only for just cause and with prior judicial authorization. There are also many regulations on the right to pre-natal and post-natal rest, for example, in Chile (six and 12 weeks respectively), the Dominican Republic (six weeks in both cases) and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (six and 20 weeks), among others. This objective is achieved in Brazil through public institutions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	897daee85e5958308cb36333314f36e4	These reforms are undertaken for a wide variety of economic security and resource management reasons. While not specifically energy efficiency policies, these energy markets effectively motivate a wide range of sustainable energy options including and especially energy efficiency and renewables by ensuring all the players in an energy system receive effective price signals for their decisions. Market operators in each country generally have a significant amount of information about the function and performance of these systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330732-5-en	897e41d9359b2cf4406308aa87fdedd6	However, none of these encounters resulted in the victim being freed because the health care professional failed to recognize the true condition. In a study of casualty unit personnel it was found that only 3% had ever had any training in recognizing trafficking victims (Chisolm-Strike and Richardson 2007). Health and Human Services, USA, provides a list of indicators for health care professionals to identify victims in its Rescue and Restore Campaign. The identification of being a victim of sexual trafficking is important for the right to health care (Dovydaitis 2010).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	89881a33a4956e291aba8f110f04079b	The coastal fishery is notably less efficient than the ITQ fleet managed with a cap on catches and days at sea limits. All such exemptions have a negative effect on the efficiency of the fisheries management system. Keeping in mind the importance of the fisheries to the Icelandic economy, the government should be cautious in making amendments to the Fisheries Act that weaken the ITQ system by authorising such measures.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	89897c6d5b6cd183a023dbfd2dacabda	So too, TRIPS included a provision for compulsory licences for health - the breadth of that provision was a major subject of controversy prior to the Cancun meeting. It recognises that in the formulation of the trade rules, the voices and concerns of the least-developed countries were not given sufficient weight; that provisions on special and differential treatment were not adequately ‘hard wired’ into the international trading system; that development itself is a complex matter; and that trade ministers have neither necessarily the competence nor interests to design a global trading system that promotes development. A corollary, then, of the right to development within the international trade regime is the ‘right to trade’. This right to sanction would be tradeable (see Stiglitz and Charlton 2005). Rather than merely raise tariffs, sanctions should also be able to include suspension of other WTO commitments of interest to advanced countries, including the TRIPS agreement. Setting aside the differences in their ability to bring suit, even when a developing country prevails, enforcement is difficult.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/69c44297-en	89899530301071b4ba23b71cbb6808da	Israel transfers an annual 700-900 MCM of water to the Coastal Plain from the Jordan River Basin and the Western Aquifer Basin. Desalination in the Gaza Strip is currently still very limited but is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2011, the European Union announced its support for the construction of a short-term low-volume desalination plant to supply 75,000 people in the Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates.”	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4ca7e7ff-en	898b2c1b7e092bc2e2d7d26552753cb8	Thandi Shezi, who was gang-raped by the police, testified, “I thought I’d done something that I deserved to be treated like that. She explained: “Sometimes I feel like I invited the trouble myself. Many high-ranking women in government who were rape victims during the apartheid years may have worried how they would be perceived if they came forward with their stories.13 Some women in government were former MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe) soldiers who had been molested by their own comrades in training camps in Zambia, Angola and Tanzania but may have not wanted to discredit fellow members in the African National Congress (ANC).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	898b7493c9724d10f492ccaa99ff2641	Metropolitan cities can levy both provincial and municipal own taxes. Taxes on properties represent a total of 30% of subnational government tax and 1.2% of gross domestic product. Transfers from the central government to local authorities mostly include transfers from revenue sharing between levels of government and categorical grants. Revenue sharing is divided into regular revenue sharing (RRS) and revenue sharing for decentralisation (RSD).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	898e7470afe94ca9be8820c36deb8d91	The authors would like to thank Jan Corfee-Morlot, Sara Fyson, Raundi Halvorson-Quevedo, Nicolina Lamhauge and Suzanne Steensen from the Development Co-operation Directorate, and Jane Ellis and Randy Caruso from the Environment Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for their comments on earlier drafts and help in carrying out this work. The authors would also like to thank all interview respondents for their insights and time dedicated to this research, many of whom also provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the paper. This report explores current understanding of what makes international climate finance effective - focusing on climate-related development finance. Its scope includes, but is not limited to, official development assistance (ODA). The research approach used is qualitative, and is based on a series of in-depth interviews.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	89902b37e4865eddee6b7394576a6cb3	Education-related inequalities are marked in Switzerland in men, and in Slovenia in women. On the other hand, the indexes of inequalities in men in Korea (by education level) and Chile (by SES) are near zero, indicating that no inequality is detected. Positive indexes are found in SES-related inequalities in men in Czech Republic and education-related inequalities in women in Korea. This indicates a reverse socioeconomic gradient: people at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder are more likely to drink alcohol.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	8990e2ec349f5e00a528903891acb092	Over the same period, about 4 billion people will be living in water-stressed areas and 20% of the population will be vulnerable to floods, especially in coastal cities (OECD, 2012c). As competition for w'ater among households, farmers, urban dwellers and industry intensifies, non-state actors, directly or indirectly affected by water policy, will play an increasing role in adaptive water governance. These stakeholders may have the ability to influence water policy outcomes positively or negatively (OECD, 2015a).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e5cda530-en	89959b49906a8242cbdd6e1264a3bcb3	The National Forest Programme NFP (2010-2029) set a target to allocate 2 million ha of production forest for establishing CF and the FA developed a CF subdecree and guidelines for forest-dependent communities for establishing CF. Under this framework, communities have legal rights to manage their forests for 15 years through a CF agreement between the Community Forest Management Committee (CFMC) and the FA. Moreover, several NGOs strongly support the establishment of CF in Cambodia, However, the detailed requirements for compiling the CF management plan, including a CF resources inventory, data analysis and other procedures can slow the process of achieving approval from the FA cantonment and the MAFF. Although many CFs have been established, approved and authorized, very few CFs have had their management plans approved and implemented.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/864d004f-en	89978185de56a04c13c1370c59417c49	And the 20 per cent of households at the bottom of the income scale receive only 1 per cent of the subsidies. Industry also benefits substantially from the subsidy scheme. In 2011, one third of the total fuel oil (fiouls) subsidies of 4.5 billion dirhams (US$0,555 billion) went to the State-owned monopoly OCP (previously Office Cherifien des Phosphates) and private industry, and two-thirds to ONE, the National Office of Electricity.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	89983d31a1a44ff88f63fd1e2fb82e67	The high suicide rates indicate a crisis in mental health and may be due to underservicing of indigenous communities' mental health systems. Mental health strategies should be a priority in any current mental health initiatives within Canada and the United States. Indigenous peoples' mental health issues are best understood in the context of colonialism. Traditional teachings and knowledge provide a basis for positive self-image and healthy identity.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	899872e082eeab0d5f341177190d3271	The rise in the share of top-income recipients in total income is a sign that their capacity to pay tax increased and progressive tax reforms may thus be an effective tool. In particular, tax reforms that increase average tax rates without raising marginal rates (e.g. by scaling back tax reliefs) could enable greater redistribution without undue blunting of incentives. It can stifle upward social mobility, making it harder for talented and hard-working people to get the rewards they deserve.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	899b6b59bb4436b9e6b3f5a878a91c2c	However, it went on to state that when large-scale health crises were to arise in the future, the UNMEER model would not be appropriate, and it strongly opposed the establishment of a United Nations mission. It pointed out that an emergency coordinator might be set up at the regional level for operations and that the Sub-regional Ebola Operation Coordination Centre (SEOCC) could have coordinated the Ebola response (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. For example, comments were voiced that cultural factors, such as traditional practices for the deceased, should also have been emphasized.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	899c96ecff9e3efea2b6f80ca3da6bff	"Since SEA-U is primarily staffed by marine biologists this has proved to be of added-valueto the business model, since marine biological competence is regarded among the public as a sustainability guarantee. The basic idea was to increase local sales of locally caught fish, and to increase the economic value of the catch for coastal fishers. The brand ""Oresundsfisk"" was created and this brand is owned by the economic association ""Oresund fran bat till bord"" (""Oresund from boat to table"") managed by professional fishers. The brand criteria are articulated based on quality, traceability and sustainability."	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	899dcb3a32fb68a1fbe855952c58a839	The NBPE is being implemented in the four main crop growing regions of the country: Amhara, Oromiya, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP), and Tigray Regional States. In the Tigray region, for instance, the project covers many communities and includes women who are from the poorest segment of the community (Edwards et al., Results indicate that the use of bioslurry as organic fertilizer has indeed increased crop yields, outperforming chemical fertilizers.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	899e2a3a7a4aa17dfaad6e68c37bb944	In 2007, about 36% of the work force was employed in manufacturing (22.8%) and construction (10.4%), compared with the national average of 23% (see Table 1.5. Salary levels are relatively low: in 2005 the average monthly income in the Northern District was NIS 6 000 (NIS 6 887 for men and NIS 4 657 for women), compared with the national average of NIS 7 054 (8 575 for men and 5 419 for women) (see Figure 1.3. Income per capita in the Northern District is approximately 47% lower than in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area (see Figures 1.4. Between 2006-07, 300 000 people migrated to the region while 329 000 left the region.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	89a02e17596438927cdae89d9e54568f	For 2019 and subsequent taxation years, the government has proposed to introduce the Canada Workers Benefit (CWB), an enhanced version of the Working Income Tax Benefit (WITB). Compared to the WITB, the CWB will increase both the maximum benefits received, as w'ell as the income level at which the benefit is phased out completely. As a result, a low-income worker earning $ 15,000 would receive up to almost $500 more from the CWB in 2019 than in 2018.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	89a50561c28cd411ee66a4e634511681	An average annual GDP growth rate of 7.6% prior to the global financial crisis placed the country among the world's fastest growing economies. This achievement is largely attributed to the Doi Moi (renovation) economic reform process, initiated in 1986. This launched a series of structural transformations that moved Viet Nam towards a decentralised and market-oriented economy through the encouragement of private sector development and foreign investment.	10	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289328647-8-en	89a51cc489d2c4a456b34b28ca1ce110	This is why district heating networks have the potential to be very efficient: From a systems perspective, it reduces the demand for primary energy. As an example, today's district steam system on Manhattan in New York was commissioned already in 1882. Today, however, modern district heating systems in the US are found primarily on university campuses.	7	0	8	1.0
10.18356/47e32247-en	89a698ca33ca1967790961e18d0b3c20	Using corn for ethanol increases the price of US beef, chicken, pork, eggs, breads, cereals and milk by more than 10-30 per cent, which exacerbates food and fuel shortages and raises major nutritional and ethical concerns around the world. Much of this effect is the result of deforestation for grazing and the processes that many countries are still using to produce meat, which require the animals to live longer than do other, more economically efficient processes. Nathan Fiala (2008) reported that beef production accounts for the majority of CO2 production and is increasing, though pig products also have a large aggregate impact owing to their high use.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	89ac267cf21db7832f2b3001b3f53dcf	Business development services “range from common facilities (photocopying, reception and telephone services) to more technical services (bookkeeping, IT support), skills development (training and coaching) and strategic assistance (advice and consulting)” (EC and OECD, 2008). They may also include legal and accounting services. Business-related information may involve issues such as tax regulations, export regulations, licensing procedures, etc.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	89aeac93481c45447c8bd6e248bb0152	Poverty is now a predominantly rural phenomenon, and indigenous northerners experience particularly severe hardship. As previously mentioned, there has been a sharp drop in the number of rural hospitals since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both indigenous and non-indigenous rural populations have poorer health and less access to health services than urban residents.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	89aef35f06e8e41c452a20a945903374	However, they principally serve those from the low and lower-middle income strata that make up the majority of the population. In contrast, private facilities are oriented more towards the smaller subset of upper-middle income and high income households. Mostly financed through voluntary private health insurance, the private sector takes a significant share of overall health spending.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	89b06555a96a8587c6639e21e6b81c55	Each year a specific amount from the central-government budget is allocated to taking on board new treatments and pharmaceuticals. This is then allocated according to the recommendations of a committee comprising representatives from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, the physicians and health funds as well as experts in health policy and public figures from outside the health system. The committee’s recommendations are based on a list of candidates for inclusion in the basket drawn up by the Ministry of Health in consultation with key players (notably the health funds, pharmaceutical companies and the IMA). Changes to the system in recent years include for instance the adoption of a multi-year allocation in 2008 (three years instead of one).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	89b65479990f6a8798e2dbc6ea185a0d	Attention needs to be given to entry-level jobs and skills. Education and training organisations are continuing to invest in cost effective and convenient ways to deliver green skills upgrading - with emphasis on e-learning, short courses, customised courses and local industry networks. For example, the City of Sydney is developing new models of sustainability around trigeneration systems, which integrate waste, water and energy efficiency initiatives.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/63fef40d-en	89b657c9306190b2fb29657b396d4d84	For example, in both temperate and tropical regions, farming system diversification and crop-livestock-tree integration would increase resource-use efficiency and reduce GHG emission intensity (Soussana, Dumont and Lecomte, 2015). A number of technologies can help to raise production efficiency and harness co-benefits, including precision-farming, advanced breeding, judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and better use of legumes, genetic resources and landscape biodiversity. Agroforestry, forest regeneration, plantations, conservation agriculture, organic farming and grazing management can all contribute to those goals, although options will not apply equally across all farming systems and regions. According to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, deforestation and forest degradation account for nearly 11 percent of all GHG emissions: more than the world's entire transport sector.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	89b951f599df73d043f7678e8297cbad	Rent-to-buy schemes tend to be much smaller, at least in countries for which data has been provided. Australia and Chile both spend less than 0.003% of GDP for these programmes (Figure 9). Specifically, the spending data is missing for: Mexico and the Netherlands on financial assistance: Luxembourg and Spain on tax relief; Canada and France on rent-to-buy schemes; New Zealand on construction subsidies. Data for Austria, Denmark, Finland, Korea, Sweden, and Switzerland are not included as information on spending for two or more policy instruments is missing.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	89bcb98f632fce846af391cfda2ee91f	It is generally more straightforward to identify and attribute short-term outputs to an activity than their longer-term outcome or transformational impact. It may also be more straightforward to identify and attribute results at the project or programme level, rather than more broadly at national or global scales. Such a focus on concrete projects and programmes and their results risks skewing funding decisions to discrete activities with more immediately-quantifiable results rather than investing in enabling activities or activities that are mainstreamed into broader development plans and could have greater longer-term impacts.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	89bd68d1db46ba629ee144ac3c91d217	Per adult in the household. Under the current system a working-age individual with low earnings and no disabilities may be entitled to receive payments from one or more of three main benefit groups; unemployment benefits and social assistance; the Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit and Tax Credits. Different benefits within each of these three groups are internally co-ordinated and roughly based on the same framework, while there is close to no co-ordination across the three benefit groups, leading to a rather erratic incentive structure.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	89bd76bf10165685661266278cc04a9b	In implementing ANATER, it would be important to include research organisations and universities. Possible actions could be to remove restrictions for public institutions to hire foreign researchers and trainees, to facilitate temporary transfers of Brazilian researchers abroad, and to explore arrangements regarding the sharing of property rights, and which could facilitate public-private partnerships. Financial assistance to poor farmers, as planned under ANATER, should improve access, in particular if clear eligibility rules are set and impact monitored.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b620ec70-en	89bdbfcbba19d112fee7ffca76a80b45	It is essential to develop an information system that feeds into care policies, guides the allocation of resources and makes it possible to include paid and unpaid care work in the system of national accounts. It grounded in the need to spread the risks and work towards higher-quality sendees. The rationale is analogous to the reasoning behind health insurance (Arrow, 1963 and 2000; Sojo, 2003): it is important to make sure that long-term care is guaranteed because fortuitous events can exacerbate dependence, and it is difficult to predict the degree of dependence that older persons will have to face, regardless of their socioeconomic status and any preventive measures or provisions for self-care they might have made during their lifetime in order to mitigate dependence. Child care, on the other hand, is a desired situation, not an unpredictable one, and bound up with a temporary need relating to this stage of development.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	89bf9bd531d36d39dc48729c4c749645	However, the negative effect of direct taxes is estimated to be of a lower magnitude in the case of household incomes compared with GDP per capita. The decomposition of direct taxes between the personal and corporate tax components indicates that their combined negative impact is driven by the personal income tax component. However, no significant effect on average household income is found. The estimated neutral real household income effects from consumption and property taxes holds for median income and income of the lower-middle class, but there is some evidence of positive effects on income of the poor, possibly reflecting lower tax wedges and unemployment.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	89c4cd11710693faeba2d294b3e9d9a2	Temporary workers are worse off in terms of many aspects of job quality. They tend to receive less training and, in addition, have more job strain and have less job security than workers in standard jobs. Earnings levels are also lower in terms of annual and hourly wages. Evidence shows that temporary workers in OECD countries face a wage penalty, even after controlling for observable individual, family and work characteristics (OECD, 2015a). On average, a temporary contract worker receives an hourly wage that is 11% lower for men than their counterparts in standard jobs (13% lower for women). The under-investment in human capital associated with short-term contracts can give rise to lower wages for temporary workers.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	89c55241e87651dbd5bf53b85a1372df	According to recent data, costs from major flood events will likely be counted in the billions of dollars with potential serious impacts on national GDP (World Bank, 2010), as well as on the lives of poorer and marginalized communities, in particular. The international community, multilateral development banks and United Nations funds and programmes are working to support delivery of and direct access to existing and pledged international climate finance. However, international flows alone will not be sufficient to meet the growing demand for climate mitigation and adaptation finance. In the absence of an internationally acknowledged definition of climate finance, in this paper, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) definition is used, which is “local, national or transnational financing, which may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing” (UNFCCC, 2014a) and which target low-carbon and climate-resilient development.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5775ac71-en	89c786e05860046f15510a699bd9803d	Disadvantaged individuals are less likely to be able to invest in education and skill development than those who are well-off, which limits their access to skilled jobs. This also limits economies' capacity to produce, grow and innovate as they are unable to give education access and opportunities to segments of their population. A person's educational attainment is closely related to their likelihood of being unemployed (OECD, 2014a) and future wages (Barro and Lee, 2013). Increasing the educational performance of everyone, and especially the most disadvantaged, is beneficial to both economy and society.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	89c7d87fa201dc2ec317b72967149b79	Since renewable energy sources often are located far from the demand centres, the underdeveloped transmission and distribution grids in the region hamper the development of renewable energy sources of electricity. In Viet Nam, a lack of grid upgrades and unclear technical regulations for grid connections have particularly hindered wind power deployment under the FIT system (Wind Power Monthly, 2015). In addition to discouraging investments in new projects, the lack of grid connections also affects renewable energy plants that have already been developed and increases the risk of stranded assets.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/85b52daf-en	89c947df4b9974a991e63d65c23331d3	The operations considered and sources of data used are given in Table A.2. Such activities were isolated using a keyword search of project descriptions, followed by a manual review to validate the findings of the keyword search. Support to state-owned enterprises were also included within this category, where they could be identified using the keyword search.	13	9	0	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	89cafc129498dfdffbef726a03fb2db9	Each of these is considered in turn. In the late twentieth century this type of intervention was frowned on in mainstream policy circles, although industrial policy remained in use in many of the more successful developing countries, such as China. Recently, however, there has been a revival of interest in industrial policies, with more analysts arguing for their usefulness and desirability (e.g. Lin and Monga, 2010; Lin, 2011; OECD, 2013). There is greater recognition that several developing countries have improved their capacity to design and implement industrial policies (te Velde et al.,	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	89cd256d29e78af89adeac46184adc50	In particular, the obligation to publish by December 2009 River Basin Management Plans has been a strong driver for water management in EU member States. Eastern neighbours are also interested in the application of the provisions of the WFD. Belarus has schemes for the complex use and protection of waters, and is interested in seeing how these compare with EU River Basin Management Plans. Due to lack of resources and capacity in the eastern neighbours, the preparation of River Basin Management Plans has been mostly supported by external donors, but the implementation of the developed plans in some cases advances very slowly.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	89cd74053188bf47df54c687a01b40e7	In many developed countries, one of the most prominent political priorities in agricultural policy making is support for farm incomes. The traditional response W'as to provide that support through price policy for agricultural commodities or output-based payments, keeping domestic prices above the level prevailing on international markets. As discussed above, the OECD has engaged in all sorts of analysis showing how such policies distort markets, create trade problems, waste resources and reduce economic welfare.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	89d387deff1644f52fb20adcb019e2c7	"Among other actors, the media in Mexico widely contribute to perpetuating gender stereotypes, inequalities, and the ‘""traditional” role of w'omen (Aguilar, 2012). Young Mexicans are more gender progressive than their older counterparts across many measures, but especially so in acceptance of women’s equal role in the labour market and access to education. When similar survey questions are asked in consecutive waves (e.g., the question on priorities regarding boys' versus girls' higher education, and on child well-being when mothers work), there is also evidence that attitudes are evolving with time across age cohorts."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	89d4ea6906adc07c0b170d3612be1bd5	Figure 4.8 illustrates some of the measures that can be taken to eliminate barriers to participation and support for these measures among OECD countries. Participation may be limited by subjective rather than objective barriers. A lack of appeal of participation may stem from a low interest in politics, a lack of trust in how people’s input will be used or limited personal benefits from participation (OECD, 2009). Consultation with key stakeholders is best incorporated into every stage of the policy cycle, from policy development and implementation to evaluation, including for both gender-specific and mainstream initiatives.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	89d57c3948c28972fdd0bbc38c762d00	Central government has direct influence over oblasts and cities of republican significance. They have limited scope to regulate urban issues affecting their jurisdictions. Local administrative decisions on issues such as land use planning and management, environmental protection, local economic development and zoning normally need to be approved by upper levels of government, which are not always fully aware of the needs of the cities, settlements and villages.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-13-en	89d58d1c5cf765de9924c712ca7b8ac2	Weakening links between economic growth, employment and social progress have pushed a larger share of the population out of the labour market or towards low-skilled and low-wage jobs in the service sector. Social polarisation and segregation are increasing. The recent economic crisis has further amplified the effects of market processes and the gradual retreat of the welfare state in most European countries.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	89d736a3e6096872e4d3027ed893b80d	As a result, the share of OECD countries in global C02 emissions declined from 55% in 1990 to 43% in 2010 (Figure 4.2). On the other hand, the share of Developing Asia jumped from 17% to 37% during the same period, and China alone more than doubled its share to 25% in 2010. While the respective contribution of India, ASEAN and other Asian countries to the global emission increase remains relatively modest, their collective contribution surpassed that of OECD countries as a whole.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	89d7f94c1b97bc25b7c8d14f19c095ed	Wiley compared OER to a toothbrush, which only provides the potential to improve dental hygiene when it is used (Thomas, 2010; Wiley, 2011). The use of instructional technology is usually classified by its purpose regarding the existing teaching and learning environment in which it is used. The SAMR-model developed by Puentedura (2006) constitutes a framework that can be applied to how OER are being used in teaching and learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	89da08d1e5f3c372baef40d583dc6bd8	Energy taxes may also lead to a reduction in fossil fuel imports as responses to rising energy prices result in energy efficiency improvements and increased deployment of renewable energies. In general, poor people benefit disproportionately from environmental improvements, as they tend to live in informal settlements with poor sanitation, or in areas with poor air quality (Cottrell et al., The potential equity impacts of environmental taxation should also not be discounted, as discussed below.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	89dc018e1ec132ab6b0d68c041b1c439	For example, in the area of biomass energy there are significant interactions between the energy, agriculture, and forestry sectors: decreased reliance of conventional biomass fuels can reduce pressure on forest resources; increased reliance on liquid biofuels can increase pressure on agricultural resources with implications for agricultural land use, rural livelihoods, and food security. Development efforts in many of the poorest countries will fail, even if they are supported with substantially increased funding, if the development of sustainable capacity is not given greater and more careful attention” (OECD, 2006). Capacity development is the process whereby people, organisations, and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt, and maintain capacity over time (OECD, 2006).	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	89dc86a7374d9670048657cffef96bf3	In the Argentinian scheme, for example, payments represented approximately 75 per cent of the monthly minimum wage up to 2002 but this gradually decreased to 10 per cent by 2010 as minimum wage levels were raised in subsequent years.78 Benefit adequacy was also a major issue in the first phase of South Africa's EPWP. There was no specified minimum wage and stipends varied widely across regions and sectors, with payments in the social programmes being especially low. In 2008/2009, the average rate for social sector work, where women dominate, was R43 (US$5.8) per day compared to R78 ($9.6) in the more traditional infrastructure components where men dominate.79 In the second phase of the programme, a minimum wage of R60 per day was introduced to address the low and varying benefit levels. This was also inflation-adjusted on an annual basis, reaching R66.34 ($6.9) in mid-2013. Public works programmes that only offer physically demanding work are also likely to exclude some women or put them at a disadvantage where wages are linked to workload. Social service work opportunities offered by the programme include care of young children and home-based care for people living with HIV.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	89dd50f1bed6953df0784a4686fc3d46	The project is expected to cost USD 228.5 million (World Bank, 2014). The objective of the BRT project is to improve the performance of the urban transport system in the areas of quality of service, safety and environmental efficiency. The BRT will run between Barangay Talamban in the north and Barangay Bulacao in the south.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/11618be9-en	89dfc80e8d46002551ea44a65408532c	Thousands have died attempting to cross the Mediterranean. The closure of transit routes in Europe and the resort to smugglers has exposed many migrants to risks of exploitation or human trafficking (IOM, 2017). Especially in the initial rush to provide food and shelter, responders may overlook the particular ways a crisis can increase the vulnerability of women and girls and threaten their lives.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	89e5c4555062a93b830557e53deb1beb	Accordingly, sections D and E look in depth at care workers and their employment conditions, highlighting not only the sharp disparities within the sector but also the gulf that separates care woikers from other workers. Section F takes a closer look at domestic employment because it accounts for such a large share of the care sector, addressing aspects such as labour regulation and the link with migratioa The final section provides a review and summaiy. The topic was first covered in the sociological literature on the division of labour, but it was a later addition in other disciplines, especially economics.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/469d7fec-en	89e789c920045cac3792e59e2767dee9	At the international level, it can help to build trust that developed countries are delivering on their climate finance commitments and so facilitate more ambitious climate action by developing countries over time. In particular, as outlined in previous CCXG and other analyses, there are significant methodological challenges in estimating mobilised climate finance (Caruso and Ellis, 2013; Jachnik, Caruso and Srivastava, 2015), including assessing causality between a public intervention and mobilised private climate finance. Further, current climate finance reporting requirements under the UNFCCC contain inconsistencies and gaps (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). In addition, there can be significant capacity and institutional challenges relating to collecting and reporting information on climate finance received.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	89ea26638c23963e0246fbaf2e6cfd99	Predictability of support for climate and sustainable development can provide greater clarity and certainty, enabling longer term planning at the national level. Unfortunately public funds for climate and development have been quite unpredictable in recent years due to the global economic downturn. Agreeing credible pathways to deliver on the commitments made by developed countries to provide 0.7% of GDP as development assistance, as reaffirmed in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, and mobilising the USD 100 billion / year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries made under the UNFCCC, will help to improve predictability.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	89ea83cdf14ddaf7713f517d64c4b9cf	The Danish national parents’ organisation supports school boards in these tasks and has received dedicated funding for this type of support with the 2014 Folkeskole reform. However, the degree to which school boards confront school leaders and get involved with monitoring school results varies across schools. Some of the school board representatives interviewed by the OECD review team reported that they had become more involved with monitoring school results since the 2014 Folkeskole reform. In April 2015, the Agency for Education and Quality (Styrelsenfor Undervisning og Kvalitet) was created to replace the former Quality and Supervision Agency (Kualitets- og Tilsynsstyrelsen). The new agency is responsible for the quality supervision for the Folkeskole. This includes supporting quality and capacity development activities in areas such as the new learning consultant corps, including consultants working with inclusion and bilingual children as well as international supervisors, and the development and operation of assessments and examinations.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	89eb10a2e4159219f4e025241067fe63	In this context, a GPI value of less than 1 shows that the net enrolment rate for boys is higher than the net enrolment rate for girls, and vice versa for a GPI value of more than 1. A GPI value of between 0.97 and 1.03 is generally considered to reflect gender parity. The opposite is true in Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Mongolia, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste, which have GPI values between 1.06 and 1.18.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	89eb241bf587ec7fb9de52eb4abd4e37	The first section examines patterns and trends of female participation and retention in the labour force. It also looks at the nature of the positions that women tend to occupy in the labour market and various aspects of the gender gap in unemployment. The second section highlights the role of legislative and institutional frameworks in supporting or limiting women’s access to employment, including provisions on maternity leave and discriminatory laws. It also discusses the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship, which has gained particular momentum in recent years as a strategy to alleviate female poverty and support women’s access to gainful employment.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/08e82310-en	89ecdc472fab5225abe254486bc0ead2	Population -10 635 (45 inhabitants/ km'). Recharge area is both in Croatia and Slovenia; the discharge area is in Slovenia. Possible drainage to surface water systems; groundwater covers the total of the water used in the Slovenian part; groundwater flow direction from Croatia to Slovenia. Spring water quantity fluctuates significantly due to the karstic geomorphology; water scarcity in summer; possible problem regarding the surface stream hydrological minimum during drought.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	89ed8e3e81e7fdf0d090943634653bc2	In 2015, ODA disbursement on forestry was about USD 800 million, or just under 1 percent of total ODA. While net ODA disbursement on forestry has increased since 2000, there is annual variability and it has decreased as a proportion of total ODA. There is a lack of reliable information from official statistics about the informal forest sector, although it has been estimated to provide between 40 million and 60 million jobs.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	89efbb99ba2cee1ebac5c2ca016683a0	Governments increasingly recognise that there is a strong economic case for gender equality' (OECD, 2012a). Much of their equality' action focuses on equality between men and women in employment and paid work, and the gender gaps related to employment and pay (Chapter 2) are among the most widely used indicators of gender equality. Women in all OECD countries devote more time to unpaid child care and housework than their male partners (also see Bittman etal., As a result, they may struggle to enter the labour force and - for those who are employed - to advance professionally.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	89f159beefdd39f127d4681a120a3287	This exclusion — which is the result of administrative restrictions — can be easily addressed by a Government that has the political will to undo the restrictive regulations. Together with its smaller numerical size, a minority group is often characterized as such on the basis of distinct ethnic, religious, linguistic or cultural characteristics. The population of many countries is multi-ethnic, multilinguistic and multireligious. Religious minorities have also been subject to discrimination and outright persecution. The right of minority groups to be considered equal is normally guaranteed constitutionally, although their social integration requires strong political will to enforce the relevant laws. In addition, the population at large needs to accept minority groups as equal members of society.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	89f3354c3cfa8ace9693c2a0b1513b32	These four institutions combined have over USD800 million in outstanding loans and around USD380 million in savings (Zaman, 2004). The Grameen Bank was started as a majority government-owned bank established under a special Grameen Bank Act and has different status vis-a-vis the government that can help the bank in case of unpredictable liquidity crunch due, for example, to floods. Other microfmance institutions were set up under the Societies Act without government participation and most depend to some degree on grants or low-cost funds from international donors (Hoek-Smit, 1998).	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	89f4422baab6b8b746f2f06e5631b1c2	In Norway, this can be explained by an above OECD average time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities, above-average contact time of teachers with children, average level of teacher salaries, and below-average estimated group size. In the Netherlands, there were above-average teacher salaries, average contact time of teachers with children, and small estimated group size compared to the average, however, these were more than offset by a significant below-average amount of time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities (Figure 3.3). For example, because of Luxembourg’s high USD salaries, it has by far the highest salary cost in pre-primary education: at USD 9 729, it is over triple many countries shown in Figure 3.3.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	89f45fd3cf8b975dadbb0d7a4811a508	However, the project has not resulted in the establishment of the Emerald Network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conversion of habitat (change in purpose) is recognized as one of the major drivers of biological diversity loss. For example, construction of infrastructure, roads, quarries, water reservoirs and irrigation systems affect habitats by their fragmentation, alteration and irreversible loss, which directly affects the populations of certain species.	15	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	89f51579709fb1d6fad6a8aa4d0e8272	Here we look at some of the key interventions that have been found to be cost saving. If purchasers and insurers fail to reward chronic care quality, improvements are difficult to sustain. To improve chronic care, provider organizations need linkages with community-based resources, e.g. exercise programmes, senior centres, and self-help groups, as they are able to provide more frequent support.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	89f9ec0ae9c8921440a90f4ec36b3479	The steep increase in the minimum wage might have an adverse impact on human capital acquisition by further compressing wage bands and thereby returns to education (see Box 1). Nevertheless, the impact of minimum wage increases on human capital and schooling tends to be much longer-lasting than the employment effects as they set back human capital formation and employment prospects even later in life. First, a higher minimum wage might meet the reservation wages of some students and induce them to drop out.*	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	89fab74131e3564cd28bceb9fc93e308	Information from relevant outside processes (e.g. SDGs and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction) could also inform the stocktake, as appropriate. As highlighted above, there is a good match between information needed to gain national-level benefits and information that countries are already requested to report to the UNFCCC via National Communications or other types of documents (e.g. adaptation communications or NAPs) as in Article 7.11 of the Paris Agreement. However, some of these information needs, such as the results from individual adaptation actions or broad adaptation strategies, may be difficult to assess and quantify.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	89fb2e0bd01ab3dc53757b5a2cb5e7ca	The average discharge of the Mustajoki River is 0.8 m3/s and of the Karkisillanoja River 0.2 m3/s (determined by random measurements). The water level of Lake NuijamaanjSrvi is regulated in favor of waterborne traffic. It has definitive upper and lower levels of water and water level variation is narrow, with an annual fluctuation of some 20 cm during the year. The volume of water in the Saimaa Canal affects water flows in Lake Nuijamaanjarvi.	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	89fd390c3473e3d254364fd1b3f4f446	This means that they may not always be able to adduce patterns at regional or global levels where, for example, multinational companies are playing a negative role in relation to acquisition of land, harm to the environment or poor employment practices that have particularly harsh impacts on women in the affected countries. The general recommendations/comments are one way in which the committees can addressthis gap and there have been some important statements on States’ international obligations of cooperation and assistance, although these are not specifically ‘gendered’ (for example, CESCR 2007, paras. The special mandate holders tend to be better placed to analyse the systemic impact of macroeconomic policy. As mentioned, the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt has made a number of important statements linking gender inequality to debt and policy conditionality as well as austerity.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	89ff3ecc368cd8801730ce3c84c67bd3	In this paper, Clas Rehnberg and Unto Hakkinen present and discuss the findings from the Nordic collaboration on productivity differences across acute hospitals. As the four countries share many administrative tools and use common standards for data collection, unique cross-country comparisons are possible. The results suggest that there is a markedly higher average hospital productivity in Finland compared with Denmark, Norway and Sweden.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	8a01a4959d60b67c5145eee946b62fe3	An impact evaluation revealed that after completing the programme, a third of participants started building emergency funds, and that more participants were better able to smooth consumption, even though debt reduction was still a problem for many participants. Garment-factory workers are increasingly paid through digital direct-deposits, but many are transacting with a bank for the first time, and do not know how to use their new bank accounts or how to withdraw their salaries from an ATM. The programme covers budgeting, saving, financial planning, responsible borrowing, discussing finances with family, and using local financial services, not only through scheduled educational sessions at work but also informally, in casual conversations.	5	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848590908-en	8a01c83799fe0a8c66683b687c8651ec	One of the oldest Anglican churches is in Bloemfontein, where JRR Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings, was baptised. In 2008, the University of the Free State ended up in the news for all of the wrong reasons, and in 2009 the process to set it right was started. In August 2010, the University will launch an institute for the studies of race, reconciliation and social justice to deliberate how to make the country safer and more equal and just.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/78349259-en	8a02fe43a3e6d3a1b4ac3fd59cc447a1	The most severe problems are in South and South West Asia, where some 21 per cent of the population was undernourished in 2003-2005. Indeed, South Asia alone is home to more than one third of the food insecure people in the world’s developing countries (von Braun 2007). Here, on average, 42 per cent of children are underweight.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	8a04508f18e8943d8d86b4dd3f47542c	However, not all policy formulation has a primary health purpose, nor does its implementation usually have the immediate purpose of improving health. Excluded are all services whose primary purpose is linked to the collection, treatment and remediation of environmental risks. Included within the health boundary are environmental health components that are part of specific health regulations (under HC.7).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8a05da61c5f1e86eebe604e3aac14a84	Such investment should address public transport and telecommunication, childcare and education as well as social services. In the medium to long term, strengthen the higher education system in the Northern District to build the basis for a university. High birth rates prevail among ultra-Orthodox Jewish and Arab populations.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	8a0675d574076d47797e057c4172a9e0	The use of an IV-probit model is preferred, both because it solves the problem of the high occurrence of zeros, and because it is coherent with the Heckman results. Tables 2 and 3 present the estimated effect of SIGI in both origin and destination countries on female migration flows. The OLS estimates are provided in Table 2 column (1), Table 2 columns (2) and (3) report the estimates using the two-step Heckman approach and Table 3 those using instrumental variable.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	8a075c067bf14fe079d563ae7bb590dd	In most countries, women-owned enterprises are over-represented in the smallest size class. Table IV.A1.1 provides evidence on the magnitude of the performance gaps across the 21 OECD economies with available data. Column 1 presents results from a linear regression of the natural logarithm of value added per employee (a commonly used proxy measure for productivity) on a binary variable indicating female-ownership and country-fixed effects. It shows a productivity shortfall by women-owned enterprises of around 11%.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	8a07909fe11f5fde354e6c1f4d90c355	Indeed, urban populations are expected to soon exceed rural populations (figure 4.1). Ninety per cent of the world's urban expansion is in developing countries. As of 2017,23 of the world's 37 megacities are in Asia, of which eight of the top 10 megacities are in Asia, including the top three. However, nearly half of urban dwellers live in emerging cities with populations of less than half a million.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	8a092779223b85e018851a4d632a9610	The stock of public debt rose from just below 70% of GDP at end-2010 to 108% by end-2015. Consequently, interest payments on public sector debt increased to absorb 40% of government revenues in 2015, up from 25% in 2013. The outlook for 2016 is clouded by policy slippages related to financing another large programmed deficit of 9.3% of GDP. Associated with the fiscal deficit, Gambia experienced a significant balance of payments crisis, which led to a decrease in its official reserves from six months of import cover at end-2012 to less than three months in early 2016.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8a09becc937b2e371a4bf300247bbdc9	To qualify for the tax breaks, the company has to satisfy a certain critical in terms of the number of jobs the investment will create and the international competitiveness of its output. The investment incentives includes grants (covering between 10% and 24% of the cost of investment in land development, investment in building and machinery and equipment), employment grant programme and grants for employing highly qualified new immigrants and returning residents. Additional direct pubic infrastructure investment is required to redress the infrastructure inequities that have developed over past five decades.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	8a0ada27a79682cc365cbcc131aee28a	Higher inequality at the top is unlikely to induce such consequences. In fact, increased inequality at the top end is rather a signal of the existence of high rewards to risky investments, and therefore more directly linked to the theories implying a positive effect of inequality on growth (theory d above, for example). However, the present findings differ from those of Voitchovsky (2005), who found support for both bottom and top inequality having negative growth consequences.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	8a0c60386ec53a00c7302c3a929f50b3	Despite this progress, bilateral aid to LDCs fell by 3.9 per cent in real terms. However, remittances to developing countries fell in 2016 for a second consecutive year, declining by 2.4 per cent over 2015. This section provides a few highlights of these interconnections in the context of the theme and Goals under review at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2017.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	8a0dfc29b4df6ce6ffb430da0680a678	Their respective comparative advantages, skills, experiences and resources can be pooled, and can help connect sectors and overcome institutional silos. In addition to addressing the risks to, and from, the road project in each and every phase of the project management cycle, the contractors received targeted risk management instructions to fully understand the rationale behind risk-informed road construction. The University Centre has started a network of 23 public and private sector institutions at state, federal and international level, called REDESASTRE.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	8a0eac3fb7b63cc9e0878e17c4434cb7	"This is done (i) by comparing the differences in the multidimensional estimates of poverty that result from adding a monetary dimension and an index based on traditional UBN indicators; and (ii) through a redundancy analysis of the monetary dimension and the non-monetary dimensions in the different countries. With this threshold, a person living in a household with two or more deprivations will still be identified as poor. In this regard, it should be noted that: (i) the probability of a person having two or more deprivations is higher than in the case of the exercise limited to UBN indicators, owing to the increase in the number of dimensions; and (ii) the intensity of poverty should fall (generally speaking), as a result of the lower weight of dimensions and indicators, which could ""cushion"" the increase in the adjusted headcount ratio (MO) that an additional dimension is expected to bring."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	8a10b38e382be9d73e5d955f3a08a04f	Members agreed to have a Secretariat in Tokyo. Participants are Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Russian Federation, United States, and Chinese Taipei. Members of the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization (SPRFMO) are Australia, Belize, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, European Union, Denmark in respect of the Faroe Islands, Korea, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Chinese Taipei and Vanuatu. This organisation is meant to fill the gap that existed in the international conservation and management of non-highly migratory fisheries and protection of biodiversity in the marine environment in high seas areas of the South Pacific Ocean The main species covered by this RFMO are pelagic fisheries for Jack mackerel and bottom fisheries for species like Orange roughy. The first SPRFMO meeting was held from 28 January to 1 February 2013 in Auckland, New Zealand.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	8a1448e3426f9cd86aabe90f2074eb2d	This system has been heavily criticized for creating opportunities for the exploitation of workers and being a de facto slave market, depriving migrants of the most basic rights. See also IOM 2009,2012; World Bank 2012. The title comes from an influential essay on G.C. Spivak (1988). Tacoli and Mabala 2010; Rahman 2009,2012; Semyonov and Gorodzeisky 2005.	5	8	0	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	8a16a3fe6b170c888d077de3a8f45087	Most of those jurisdictions that allow for utility model protection either require a lower standard of inventive step or waive that requirement altogether.158 The advantages of utility models, as compared to patents, are their rapid registration159 and low registration fees, which can accommodate small businesses. In Australia, for example, utility models (“innovation patents”) are required to include an “innovative” step, as a lower threshold than inventive step. Going even further, the new IP Law of Rwanda includes no requirement of inventiveness at all.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f7966277-en	8a17eed0669d62200c3cff6156b8daaf	"Any form of coercion in population policies and programmes is unacceptable. Women and men have the right to choose the size and spacing of their families, and to the information and the means to do so."" We have it in our power to lighten their burdens, remove obstacles in their path and permit them the full flowering of their potential as human beings."" By placing the causes and effects of rapid population growth in the context of human development and social progress, governments and civil society from multiple political, cultural and scholarly viewpoints could join in support of the recommendations (Ashford, 2001). It emphasized the crucial links between sexual and reproductive health and rights with almost every other aspect of population and development: urbanization, migration, ageing, changing family structures and the rights of young people."	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/638a5aa8-en	8a19604abdf1736eb7b42706e2e2610d	This chapter therefore uses MDG data first to assess the extent of disparities. Then it makes comparisons between and within countries that can help reveal underlying causes of varying levels of attainment. The primary sources for the analysis of between-country disparities are the global MDG Database, supplemented with ADB’s key indicators and Asian Development Outlook, as well as the World Bank’s World Development Indicators.	3	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/469d7fec-en	8a197b05c233082cb5f1c29327846de6	Where individual projects are listed, the nature of the activity and sector could be made clearer, for example “tagged” as addressing adaptation, mitigation, or other. When aggregating amounts, it can be difficult to separate finance received for mitigation, adaptation, or both, and difficult to disaggregate finance received with other types of support (capacity building, technology). Countries would need to careful not to double-count finance received across different areas of use. Countries with such systems in place could report results either quantitatively or qualitatively.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2015-6-en	8a1af868e5fd5e80aa2cc0a6ca9524eb	Improving the quality and equity of education would help achieve stronger productivity growth and make Chile a more inclusive country. Therefore, Chile should set the goal of attaining universal skills by 2030. Reaching this goal requires investing more in early childhood education, making schools more inclusive and reshaping teacher careers.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	8a1c69ef72ebb73fe8e74e8feffee7ec	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The information generated will also provide a report card that can help track the environmental performance of Canadian agriculture over time and assess the degree to which the sector is managing its resource use. These Reports are tabled annually in Parliament in the fall by the President of the Treasury Board on behalf of Ministers.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	8a1ef66bcb259e366190f2ca3be6c494	The Regulating Plans were designed to regulate land use, construction and the physical development of urban areas, and the notion of a planning instrument in Chile revolves mostly around these activities. They were not designed to promote more integrated urban development, programming or service delivery. Thus, a management instrument, one from which the land use plans cascade down, becomes essential for ensuring overall coherence.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	8a1f16a8559b7b1f0ad19ecff7725b44	It provides 13.5 million consultations a year, of which just under 10% are secondary care consultations. Individuals are assigned to an EBAIS according to their address, and EBAIS are networked with defined secondary care facilities. Patients cannot access secondary care directly, but must be referred from primary care. Both primary care facilities and hospitals receive a global budget, based on last year’s outlay. Some adjustments can be made if additional services are offered, but the budget is not explicitly based on risk-adjusted capitation.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	8a244ac7579f5666e1d6c098b1b666af	While science is not yet capable of providing precise predictions, there is wide agreement in the scientific community on some climate change trends. The IPCC projects that warming will be greater at the equator and the poles than at the mid-latitudes.b In very general terms, this may translate into more favourable agricultural conditions for temperate regions (e.g. warmer, longer growing season), but less favourable conditions (e.g. heat stress) in the already hot tropics. Global water availability is likely to remain constant.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264116672-5-en	8a24a6674c3720873b5f853880fdff4a	There are instances of evaluators lacking credibility as they do not have specific training for their function and also concerns about the processes to select evaluators. There is a wide range of quality assurance activities developed locally within classrooms and schools, which tends not to be documented. A consequence is that the existing knowledge and information on evaluation and assessment may get lost and there is little systemic learning over time. As indicated earlier, the Review Team considers that there is no sufficient articulation of ways for the national education agenda to generate improvements in classroom practice through the assessment and evaluation procedures which are closer to the place of learning.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	8a28aef716fc815fb2238f809f675995	This empirical information is used to calibrate a microeconomic model to simulate farmers’ responses to different risk environments and policy changes. The conclusions in terms of risk assessment and policy implications are subject to the standard caveats and limitations associated with this methodology. First, the samples of fanners that have been selected may not be fully representative of the country.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	8a2a3758ba7a855df01ef0beff4b3eda	This could disincentivise investors from land banking and open up more available land for affordable housing for the urban poor. This and other fiscal measures - for example, providing incentives for development of infill sites - could also augment the overall supply of affordable housing. Previously, builders could exchange money or land instead of setting aside up to 20% of new developments for social or affordable use, a provision under Part V of the Planning Act and therefore, some developers have been able to build the social portions of new developments elsewhere. However, now social units must be predominantly on site, making it mandatory for developers to set aside up to 10% of new developments for social use.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	8a2f667ec0779bf907c82bcc2ed8b564	Students trained to become teachers often obtain very low scores, compared with other students, on cognitive tests such as Saber PRO (Baron and Bonilla, 2011). Third, despite recent reforms introducing some elements of performance-based compensation and promotion, and the possibility to fire low-performing teachers, there is still a high degree of teacher absenteeism (estimated at 10% on average, and reaching 40% in rural areas). Experience in India suggests that monitoring coupled with financial incentives based on teacher attendance can reduce teacher absence and raise educational outcomes (Duflo et al.,	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	8a3072616ddc0aea466480e05418b162	The Ministiy of Economy and Finance carried out a feasibility study in 2002, which applied to the 1997/98 budgets and identified key elements for introducing the gender dimension into budgeting. Examples of the inclusion of gender concerns in budgeting procedures (cont.) The government gradually introduced a gender dimension into ministerial department budgets, starting with five pilot departments in 2005 (finance, education, health, agriculture and planning), which was expanded to 21 departments in 2009). Since 2005, the Ministiy of Finance publishes an annual Report on the Gender Budget as part of the report accompanying the finance law.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	8a33feb75069dcb762631cd969d8987f	Domestic contributions are expected to increase substantially after 2017/18 to reach 78.5% of the total cost forecast for 2019-20. These include transfers to the urban poor, which consist principally of food assistance during holidays such as New Year and Easter. Average annual spending across the regions was about ETB 85 million between 2014/15 and 2016/17.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	8a343f2fc9c91561d6a7e6382a92626f	This has given rise to calls to remove regulatory and tax biases that give incentives to replace workers by machines, or even to tax robots (Box 1.3). In addition to the direct effect on employment, others have worried about the ability of the government to raise revenue and the scope it can give for tax avoidance (Abbott and Bogenschneider, 2018[ 13]). For example, Bill Gates has raised concern about taxation shortfalls when robots replace workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f8310af3-en	8a358bdac4df1188fa7d87b9522084a2	As mentioned previously, anaerobic systems are a particularly relevant technology for consideration; the resource requirements, environmental impact and robustness of the anaerobic digestion of effluents and solid residues offer distinct advantages in the Arab region. In this section we consider other factors crucial to these technologies being successfully implemented. In most developing countries, technologies are developed locally. While the public sector typically invests in long-term research capacity that later becomes the foundation of technological innovation, the private sector is increasingly involved in short-term investment in research and development.	6	2	2	0.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	8a399f14562be20a0a948d364fd68cec	A LAG owned project does not demand as much time from the fishers and other external participants. The LAG decided to collect them under an umbrella project run by the person responsible for the ESSF. The general goal of the project was to contribute in practice to the development of a profitable and sustainable coastal fishery that does not threaten the marine environment in Oresund.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	8a3a6ccb763c0d5c97e81708e6e0a40a	"At the operational level, a skilled workforce is needed for building and operating installations. The main instruments for reaching policymakers and C-Level decision makers are industry-run instruments. An example at the national level in Germany is the ""Maritime LNG Platform""15 and at the international level ""Sea\LNG""’4. On the shore.no particular competence standard or model courses for training of personnel directly involved in LNG operations or indirectly related to LNG operations exist."	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99118340-en	8a3a88969394dccd3453d1bd6b1b4ead	The share of people in vulnerable employment remains unacceptably high, at almost 60 per cent in 2014 (see figure 2.6), often heavily skewed towards young people and women, which will continue to challenge the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the aspiration contained in Agenda 2063 to reduce poverty by 30 per cent by 2023. In all regions, the burden of poverty is much higher among young people and women, notwithstanding declining trends over time. Inequalities by age are particularly large in developing regions as a whole, but much higher in the rest of Africa, Oceania and South Asia, where initial conditions were much higher than the rest of the world in 2000. On the continent, following the general poverty trends, the gap between adults and young people has been especially wide when comparing North Africa with the rest of Africa.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	8a3c4c43ebe3a10f7ef9006cae07ecd2	Some studies have shown that male migration contributes to shrinking of the gender gap (Abdulloev and others, 2014) while others indicated that women in households with migrants are less likely to be in paid employment 0ustino and Shemyakina, 2012). Women from Uzbekistan, however, are less likely to have specific plans; when they do have them, the women are less likely to come back to Uzbekistan. Among all migrants from Central Asia, going back and forth between the Russian Federation and their country of origin is a popular and desired way of life. This phenomenon stems from highly developed transnational practices - the sending of remittances and developing familial, intimate and other ties diat die migrants maintain in both countries.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	8a3ccbe8496942ac566412c58ea1878d	In particular, cooperation in improving trade-related procedures, infrastructure and services could be enhanced in line with the recent trade literature which finds non-tariff trade costs to be significant determinants of trade flows.” Of the 2,025 completed projects under grants or interest-free loans, 390 were in transport, power supply and telecommunications.' Technical cooperation, export credits and special loans for SMEs are other important contributions related to trade. The findings clearly indicate the potential of South-South cooperation to enhance the trade capacity of low-performing developing countries. In line with recent trade literature, the ESCAP analysis uses the Logistics Performance Index (l=low to 5=high) as a proxy for trade costs and assumes an export-cost elasticity of 0.5. Taking East Asia as a benchmark, the analysis assumes that South Asia, Africa and Latin America and Caribbean would each narrow the differences in LPI scores by one-fifth.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	8a3d33d0bd50a1076b7e5443360b973f	The survey topics include household composition, income, expenditure, assets, and housing in addition to school attendance, employment, and health conditions of respondents. The BHPS was obtained through the UK data archive (www.data-archive.uk). The marginal effect of previous labour force/contract status on the probability of transition to unemployment (cont.)	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	8a3ddc2b0a3ff124c43a7577609220ea	The microsimulation model currently projects health status and health status transitions at the individual level, and CBO is developing a methodology to project eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid at the individual level. Health status is linked to mortality, and further development will link health status to work, marital status, fertility, and federal health care expenditures (Topoleski and Manchester, 2009). The population changes through births, deaths and immigration.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	8a3ea34cd2fbb666c3fca752c0b0aa5a	"The findings are likely to bear interest among Austrian policymakers and may give rise to discussion about innovations in the tax and benefit system. The researchers suggest that their ""findings are relevant for the effectiveness of these policies in other developed OECD countries"". Only couple families with children less than 12 year old are covered. The model simulates their decisions in the face of different incentives, and helps calculate “net employment gains per euro of public spending” under different schemes."	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	8a3f0b185096e799f8103c2404bdd226	These contrasting findings should be viewed carefully in the light of the national context, but they may also be due to some other explanations as suggested below. First of all, it is important to read these findings within the national context, in particular to understand the mechanism in place (either at the workplace or at the national level) to help chronically ill people to cope with diseases once diagnosed, such as the social security system and other policies. For instance, in the United States, health insurance is largely secured through the employment contract, so people with chronic conditions have strong incentives to remain in employment, which may contribute to explain some positive outcomes of chronic diseases on employment.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	8a3fe3f3b5fc80b3c901a4a91dcc144b	Fertility in countries in more developed regions averaged at 1.7 children per woman in 2010-2015. Fertility has also continued to fall in the vast majority of countries in less developed regions, and 41 of those countries had already reached below or replacement level fertility in 2010-2015. Yet, in 2010-2015, total fertility remained high at four children per woman or greater in 45 countries in less developed regions, including 17 countries where total fertility was five children per woman or greater (United Nations, 2013a).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	8a417f214b7f57b6650f51f3ba441d96	In 2009, the quota allocated to municipal parks or gardens (20 million m3) was less than half of estimated consumption for that purpose in previous years (45 million m3). Demand management policies in the agricultural sector seek to accomplish two key objectives: to irrigate with non-potable water (effluent or natural brackish water) wherever possible; and to maximise efficiency in the use of irrigation water. First, there is a price incentive: for irrigation the price of treated domestic wastewater (USD 0.34/m3) is one-third that of potable water (about USD 1/m3).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	8a41f7c42004158d1baa06cbfd5e69aa	Not all countries can assume that such favourable developments in their export revenues will last much longer. While net food exporting countries are likely to continue to benefit from a favourable external environment, a prolonged global economic slowdown could well have less favourable outcomes for exporters of energy commodities and base metals, many of which are in Africa and Central and West Asia, and where recent distributional changes have already been less favourable than those in many Latin American countries. However, most of their activities have focused on simple labour-intensive activities, and they have been unable to ignite or sustain a dynamic process of industrial deepening.	10	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	8a4368b12529ef353af82cf6e9c2d168	The few references to media, like those mentioned above, have tended to be focused on particular issues, with no broader plan for systematic awareness raising on sustainability in more comprehensive terms. As evidenced by the climate change quiz programme, in popular programming formats such approaches can generate considerable excitement and interest. However, there is always a danger of trivialising important issues that warrant more critical analysis, and therefore such approaches need to be carefully considered and thoughtfully implemented. While the two examples mentioned above were television-based, good opportunities remain through the development of engaging online platforms, as well as radio and newspaper content.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/520b80a5-en	8a445e8d4e6b55f7b5ffbbe0b5c2852b	It can be argued that the United States is currently engaged in a moderate form of austerity, a reversal from its previous expansionary policy stance. This equates to total loss in GDP of $870 billion. However, the analysis shows that governments in the region could fortify their economies against the impact of such economic uncertainty by implementing pro-active policies. This could on average, moderate the negative effects on GDP for countries by around 75%.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8a49727fb72ca3fbac7c14aa7421092e	The dominant share of milk is produced by units of between 10 and 50 heads of cattle (Figure 3.6). Only 3% of the overall milk output comes from agricultural enterprises, and their total production has fallen since the late 1990s. This decrease concerned agricultural enterprises of all sizes, but the largest units with over 100 heads continue to dominate.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	8a4e74b9fc814142446153cf3509c125	Mild-to-moderate disorders are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Instead, in most OECD countries primary care practitioners take a leading role in treating mild-to-moderate disorders (see Table 4.2). When primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care, it can be a highly effective way of delivering care to a large number of patients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	8a52045778e9c8f221bf3b1c8407c783	The focus of such cooperation should be on sharing tools, strategies and experiences across sectors - from large infrastructure projects to community-based interventions - all of which need to drive innovation, learning and upscaling. The task ahead does not entail holding more conferences and workshops, but rather expanding the audience and participation of these kinds of meetings in addition to the kinds of South-South and regional exchanges. These senior officials have historically been outside discussions or only occasionally involved, or have not thought the discussion important enough to attend.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	8a539e06856069db3cb983eab3a27f17	Such work could develop a more programmatic approach to which combinations and sequences of financial instruments, public/private partnerships, and capacity building provide the best leveraging of private investment in the most cost-effective way. This report seeks to improve the understanding of this gap, and what can be done about it. The many benefits of EE improvements -increased energy security, reduced energy costs, cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits - have been described in detail elsewhere. The WEO 2009 estimates that over 57% of the energy mix to move the world towards a 450 scenario could be reached through the introduction of existing EE technologies. This efficiency potential should be an attractive investment opportunity, as energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector generally have net-negative cost abatement opportunities, albeit with higher upfront costs that require additional financing. The estimated savings from the complete implementation of the IEA building recommendations are an annual 31.28 exajoules (EJ) by 2030 (IEA, 2008a).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	8a54542fb17beb12ed1bed90fe0da107	Regional actors are well placed to identify local strengths and weaknesses and can bring together key players such as industry, research institutes and educational facilities to provide appropriate responses. The State of New South Wales has been a leader in this field (see BVET, 2009). In 2005, the NSW Board of Vocational Education and Training (BVET) commissioned research on the skills required for sustainable business development, which informed the release of the first edition of Skills for Sustainability in 2007.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	8a54c8b6313972524164f634d831c582	Banks in the UAE have similar concerns to the banks that participated in the questionnaire for this publication: insolvency and good corporate governance of SMEs. Some are calling for the creation of credit bureau ratings and reforms of current insolvency laws, as well as access to other forms of finance such as business angels, private venture and private equity. This initiative is designed to foster Emirati entrepreneurship through training, development and consultation.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e027915b-en	8a56823540a66d87f32622e0c3d8cca5	"Even the knowledge that information is missing can inform decisionmaking processes. Transboundary water management has many special problems not always found at smaller scales, particularly with the transmission, alignment, resolution and integration of information. For instance, collected data should be stored in a way that will allow easy retrieval, which may entail specific agreements in a transboundary setting. Climate change adaptation also has special concerns, given that clear, tangible, precise and accurate information may be available for the past, while knowledge about the future lacks all of those qualities. All basins, countries and water management decisions have at least some gaps in information, particularly under holistic approaches that include hydrological, environmental and socioeconomic data. Instead of trying to describe perfect data, this chapter will focus on assessing, gathering, compiling and exchanging ""good enough'information to enable effective transboundary climate change adaptation decisions."	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	8a59a380f98874a1713d35d860341aaf	Power relations and cultural aspects that are not founded in labour-market dynamics contribute to this exclusion (ECLAC and others, 2013). It is striking that labour-force participation did not see a proportional increase in the group with the least formal education, meaning that the slight increase in the participation rate —in both urban and rural areas— above all reflected rising formal education levels among women, since labour-force participation tends to increase in line with the number of years of schooling. Female labour-force participation increased in all age groups, which the exception of the youngest women, among whom —as with males of the same age— there was little change owing to a longer-term tendency to remain longer in the education system.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	8a59f6202e353848a8df87465ee904cf	Furthermore, this solution increases the chances that the entrepreneur will obtain a bank loan. The proportion of the personal financial contribution is part of the overall balance of the financing plan for a new business or takeover project. Hence it must be understood in terms of the many other criteria that differ depending on the type of project.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8a5a6b031aecd8f4312d6beedc709457	This is because it may be difficult to ensure the collection of project-level information from the ultimate beneficiary of these funds (Caruso and Ellis, 2013). Such methods seek to test whether theories of change are leading to observable results and can help to overcome some of the challenges outlined with regards to causality, baselines and attribution. The design of RCTs (explained more fully in Duflo et. This allows a given policy or programme to be judged against the performance of randomly selected, similar, and actual cases that have not been subject to the intervention as opposed to assumed baselines of how the intervention’s subjects would have performed in its absence.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	8a5c7f18a29f1010fc5283edeb6574f1	Similarly, expanding demand for oil etc., Advancing development in these countries in a sustainable way is a shared international goal with benefits for developing countries themselves and for OECD countries alike. The multiple benefits outlined above lead to welfare gains, but sometimes at the expense of energy consumption.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ff1be167-en	8a5e71368997d08e3c35866d1d225e8b	The Bristol study lists a basket of goods and services considered essential for child well-being and defines different thresholds of deprivation (Gordon and others, 2003). This set of indicators is based on the principle of child rights with regard to adequate nutrition, clean water, acceptable sanitation facilities, health, housing, education and information (Minujin, Delamonica and Davidziuk, 2006). It argues that children's needs differ in degree and nature from those of adults and that the unit of analysis should be the child and not the household, even though the needs of adults and children may overlap in certain dimensions, making it difficult at times to separate children's conditions and experiences from those of adults in the same family or household.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97ed059a-en	8a5eba0855a48555aa49169699061352	We observe a profound gap between the two types of poverty in several regions, notably in the cities of Yaounde and Douala, where the caloric poverty rate among children is respectively 18.86% and 24.57%, while the corresponding levels of monetary poverty are just 5.4% and 6.3%. Cameroon’s two most northerly regions (the North and Far North regions) are far and away the regions which experience the greatest levels of caloric poverty. Nearly 3 in 5 children living in these two regions are in a state of caloric poverty. The total of the first group is equal to 62% of the second.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	8a676345f18f378b4728d407e0aae028	The government has taken a number of measures to bring pharmaceutical expenditure under control. The ROHTO programme, initiated in 2003, promotes rational pharmacotherapy by involving health practitioners in workshops focussing on prescribing decisions and care processes. The program is exceptional in spreading information on pharmacotherapy independently from the pharmaceutical industry.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/985d3253-en	8a68cb7eeff34d8c0f7a6a581853b925	There is also in each overview an Annex on state forest related institutions. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. Over 2% of the population are reported as living in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1.90/day. However, it is envisaged that by 2019-2020, forest management plans for all forest enterprises and complete forest resource data will be available.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	8a6afdbf8d140228fd326b2524579f28	In Sweden, for example, a regulation stipulates that a “committee of enquiry” must carry out gender impact analysis of a policy proposal with a potential effect on gender equality. The committee extensively examines the proposal and drafts a report that is submitted to Parliament ahead of its decision. Spain has passed legislation, the Act for Effective Equality between Women and Men, that requires gender impact analyses for regulations and plans of specific “economic, social, cultural and artistic relevance” that are submitted to the Council of Ministers.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264077287-en	8a6c9c22cbb6dd96d785887fb83bdb8a	The proportion of species threatened varies greatly according to their principal habitat. Strengthen protection of conservation areas by establishing and applying multiyear management plans for existing SPAs (special protection areas) and for special conservation areas. The 2005 law lays the basis for partnership in the conservation of nature and natural resources and institutes a natural environment observatory. A register of biotopes is now being compiled. A public awareness campaign was launched in 2008. A second natural park has been designated (the Our Natural Park) but its management plan has yet to be developed.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	8a6e89a9f9770771b3e7e9e3e9e17c0f	From the public sector perspective, there may be an interest in starting with a few tenders of limited capacity, or in limiting the size per bidder so as to avoid committing too much too fast.19 Under such “one-shot” tendering circumstances however, actors can be reluctant to bid as the learning and transactions costs of bidding cannot be amortised over time. Integrating tenders within a long-term infrastructure strategy can help improve visibility over the pipeline of upcoming projects and increase willingness of investors to participate in the bidding process; this would in turn allow for more competitive bidding and result in lower tendered prices (see competition section for more details on tenders). Governments should therefore ensure that the appropriate human resources and capacity development programmes (in construction, operation and maintenance of clean energy infrastructure, management of the processes for tendering and permitting, co-ordination within government and interaction with the private sector, as well as technology and skills upgrading) are put in place.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	8a7642d1449c4a62bafa8e9b6f512fc8	Multipliers show the effects on global farm incomes (capital and labour) in USD per USD of global value of given support measures, as calculated from these marginal policy simulations. A marginal increase in subsidies leads to lower agricultural prices compared to countries with lower fertiliser cost shares. As a consequence, competitiveness and market shares of Indian agriculture increase in domestic and foreign markets. In contrast, countries with lower fertiliser cost shares see agricultural incomes fall due to lower market shares and lower crop prices. Model results suggest that fertiliser output subsidies on the one hand, and fertiliser input subsidies on the other hand, have very similar relative effects on world market prices and the production of primary agricultural products, and hence on agricultural incomes. This effect is partly due to the fact that the farming sector is the only user of fertilisers, and by the assumption of perfect competition in agriculture (zero-profit condition for firms).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264267787-en	8a794e68fddee4797166fa0857d3f236	This is a fundamental step to then move to more systematic public reporting and to appropriately link payment to outcomes, quality and high-value care. It can consist of various data sources such as mortality statistics, specific clinical registries (such as a cancer or diabetes registry), administrative databases, electronic health records (EHRs) and surveys conducted on specific patient groups or households. Depending on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data infrastructure, such data sources can serve as a tool not only to assess volumes of care and inputs within the health care sector, but also to monitor quality in the provision of care (OECD, 2013a).	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	8a79d4cec68088343736444329ecb1ad	What differentiates one from the other is education. An unskilled labourer could be anyone from a traditional agricultural worker to someone working in the modem sector but doing menial tasks or otherwise engaged in providing some low value added services, often with little education. On the other hand, to be a skilled worker one has to undertake comparatively more—sometimes a lot more—education, involving considerable human capital investment. Note that this categorization of skilled and unskilled worker cannot but be left somewhat vague. In the early phases of development, an unskilled (in most cases, mral) labourer may well be illiterate.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/508a648f-en	8a7af9daa1f3a4772cb5297d0ba792dc	The perception of what makes a “good tax system” shifted from one that explicitly introduces distortions into the functioning of capitalist market economies to one that minimizes such distortions (Steinmo, 2003). It was based on a revival of the belief in the efficiency of markets. According to this view, the tax burden and government expenditure should be kept to a minimum, and the distribution of the tax burden and allocation of public expenditure should be determined primarily by efficiency criteria (McLure, 1984; Musgrave, 1990).	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	8a7b7f4b23031070aa04b8c7c9d7586e	Consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would help in this regard, to facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care. Although there is much to praise in Scotland’s local, or bottom-up, approach to quality monitoring and improvement, these initiatives could at times be supported by stronger national frameworks. Consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance (separate from the improvement function), and ensuring that primary and community care services are subject to the same level of scrutiny as hospital services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	8a7d081f9774db77a8706fb6a666e8f4	In lower income groups, women may have lower access to bicycle both due to lower ownership of vehicles as well as inequality amongst men and women in households. Men have the 'first right' over the vehicle owned by households. Lower use of public transport by low income women is also due to cost implications of public transport.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8a80081d05e8d25099d4f9112b65cae1	With the creation of the XIT, the Catalan Government got involved as active player in a new structure of interface among universities and firms. The XIT is formed by units and groups of researchers with the capacity to offer innovation services to Catalan companies. The units that form part of the XIT have to maintain a research of high quality but they receive incentives to engage in knowledge transfer.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/86ec538f-en	8a81050ead709aa93663f5d8029f93fa	Small scale, tow cost projects of the community range from support for the local Saturday markets, to development of small cleaning and composting businesses. It is critical that in addition to the focus on the environmental dimension, consumers (private and organisational) are able to favour the notion of justice and quality of life for all. It is also important to encourage learning about consumption that is not limited to those who can afford it - many educational processes today, especially those unfolding around green technologies or premium green products, might not be accessible for the less economically privileged.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8a8123bf80f6b3b5d49722572cd6173e	Poverty is concentrated as Arab and ultra-Orthodox Jews families tend to have large families. Public spending on children in Arab localities is estimated to be at least one-third lower than for children in Jewish municipalities and the average number of years in education is about two years lower for Arabs than for the population as a whole. The percentage of Arab families below the poverty line is 51.4% compared to 15% among the Jewish population. The percentage of children below the poverty line is 62.5% compared to 23.8% among the non-Arab population. The average gross income of Arab households amounted to approximately NIS 7 590 which is only 57% of that in the Jewish households. A high degree of non-employment contributes to low per capita income.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	8a87a48f49d364517227d8ba3aabb1b8	Responding to these changes demands a deeper reform in the development cooperation system. The perceived need for additional and more assured funding has led to a search for innovative sources of development financing to complement traditional ODA66 (see box 3). Adjustment to payments imbalances should be equitably shared between deficit and surplus countries.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	8a891698fe358dc95fe2257cd571eb5a	Anthropometric scores are calculated according to WHO methodology, for children aged 0-59 months. This leaves out children aged 5, therefore there is not a perfect overlap between this group and the first age group of the rest of the analysis. In rural areas, stunting affects one-fifth of children aged under five, while urban areas have the highest proportion of overweight children (Figure 25, page 32). Nonetheless, about 10 per cent of children are both stunted and deprived in utilities, and about 9 per cent are both overweight and deprived in utilities.	1	5	0	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-7-en	8a8bbe484f9943710566a9ed3e0de854	Projected total forest area declines to 2020 by nearly 200 000 km2 in both the OECD countries and the BRIICS, and then expands to 2050 to reach a greater extent than in 2010, mainly on abandoned agricultural land. In the RoW, decline in forest area is projected to continue until 2030 with a total loss of around 1 million km2 due to expansion of agriculture. After that, forest area expands, but does not regain the 2010 level.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	8a8db7db99569a72eb468382c7ccf9d7	The strategies outlined in the three main planning documents are closely related. It identifies the main objectives for London: a city that meets the challenges of economic and population growth; an internationally competitive and successful city; a city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoods; a city that delights the senses; a city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment; a city where it is easy, safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs, opportunities and facilities. Examples of these policies are: housing densities, which are linked directly to public transport accessibility levels; maximum car parking limits that are also linked to public transport accessibility; minimum cycle parking standards for all different types of land use; requirements for electric charging provision in new developments; construction and servicing management plans.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c9f34fd4-en	8a8ec300e41ec1e898fb03f367fe5a88	This means that achieving SDG 6 depends on the overall progress of the entire 2030 Agenda. All SDGs are mutually dependent on one another; action therefore needs to be of an integrated nature, ensuring that all SDGs advance together. The global targets for SDG 6 will not be achieved by 2030 at current rates, taking into account the status of SDG 6 global indicators, and considering trends in financing, capacity and political commitment. Achieving sustainable management of water and sanitation for all will require profound evolution of actions among policymakers and decision makers. Actions need to be taken now to move towards a more sustainable and resilient path, leaving no one behind, if the 2030 Agenda targets are to be achieved. Each national government must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into its national planning processes, policies and strategies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32528cbf-en	8a9256cf2c7e83bb4e39aa0a98794818	Fish that are dependent on oxygen will grow more slowly, decrease in size and reproduce less. Larger fish such as tuna, swordfish and shark, which are dependent on a large amount of oxygen, will be driven to more oxygen-rich surface waters, as will a large proportion of their prey. This will lead to increased food competition. Creatures living in or on the seabed will also need to seek out shallower waters.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	8a92b1955987fa867303ae3833304e01	They score it higher than the transport infrastructure, resulting in a higher international country ranking (4.57 points on a scale between 1 and 7 points), although there remains a significant quality gap with the best OECD performers (Figure 5.4). World Bank, htto://data.worldbank.orQ/data-cataloa/world-development-indicators. Labour income play ed a key role in reducing poverty and income inequality in Brazil, helped by a steady decline in unemployment. Under Brazilian labour regulations, the minimum wage is subject to the automatic indexation rule based on past inflation and increases in overall GDP (as opposed to per capita GDP).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	8a94907181f20f22d5c7a24478cd1e3b	Where individual countries in this group will end up depends on the steps that each takes with regard to changes in the distribution of social reproduction and whether they move towards greater gender egalitarianism (wage squeeze) or a feminization of responsibility and obligation (exploitation). It is also possible, of course, to move vertically between wage- and profit-led growth regimes. Strong norms and institutions that support investments in care make the wage-led case more likely. Additionally, more domestically oriented economies, ones governed by sustainable employment-generating macro policies, support wage-led growth.	5	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	8a94b6eb614c1d397d0574a656984877	There is usually no sector-specific gender analysis, including involvement of women and womens organisations in stakeholder consultations. Further, there is a lack of gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation, including use of gender-disaggregated indicators. Towards an Energy Secure Pacific - A Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP) 2010-2020’ was adopted by the Pacific Islands Forum Leaders in 2010.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	8a96196cac79362abb1717454cb0d90d	Overall, support to the agricultural sector imposes a relatively low burden on the Brazilian economy. In 2012-14 the ratio of the TSE to GDP was 0.4% in Brazil. Altogether, these data suggest that there is a scope for policy to become better targeted to productivity and sustainability outcomes, and for increased spending on the provision of important public goods.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	8a998063abb703e1365da3187fbdc2b0	Controlling for other factors, the former has lower odds of being delivered via caesarean section compared with intended births, which is contrary to the expected pattern. Higher odds of caesarean delivery are also noted among births to more educated women, while lower odds are reported among Luzon and Visayas residents. As expected, experience of pregnancy complications or delivery problems are strong predictors of caesarean delivery.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	8a9a55e071342b1f228e672b7bdecf83	Education decentralisation reforms are generally in line with the characteristics of local funding. In short, the greater the voice of community participation there is the greater local or school autonomy, and the greater competition among schools. Some of those reforms reflect reallocations of resources and a change in school agents’ behaviour.	4	0	10	1.0
10.6027/9789289329408-6-en	8a9d3dbe27c46cd5930c07cabed7b3d1	Of the Arctic States, Russia did not join the second commitment period and Canada had already withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 while the United States had never been a party to it. The formulation does not however make it clear what kind of a legal outcome the parties actually committed themselves to. The goal of this negotiation process is nevertheless to set binding emission reductions after 2020 for all parties - even industrialising countries and the United States.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	8aa0d78182450e568199b168d8b5c3a9	Over 80 per cent of the land in Samoa is under Matai control, and about 65 per cent of the population derive their livelihoods from Matai land. The Aiga (descent group) in rural Samoa is redistributive social and political units, pooling resources of both cash and food allocation by the Matai chiefs according to individual needs (WB, 2006b: 73). The traditional system in Samoa, however, has been undergoing dramatic changes as a result of modernization and socio-cultural transformations (ILO, 2006c: 89). In Vanuatu, nakamal is a community of related households that are headed by a chief.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3adc8369-en	8aa1fb08aba1395bf2c68bf38cd4c8d6	Because of the complex dimensionality of the interactions among the targets when viewed socially, economically and environmentally, the arrows in Figure 1 should be taken as illustrative but not definitive. However, in many cases the “real life” impacts of what is done in a target area on other target areas is variable, and can be positive or negative. Some targets are mostly at the “receiving end” of the interlinkages and are affected by many of the other targets. They include targets 14.2 (sustainable management of marine ecosystems), 14.4 (restoration of fish stocks), and 14.7 increased benefits for SIDS and LDCs. On the other hand, targets 14.a (science and technology) and I4.c (implementation of international law) have the potential to affect most of the other targets.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	8aa55da6f2d7da6425ba203431c65034	Globalisation in the harvesting sector is, to a large extent, driven by the need of fleets to secure access to fish. The more secure and the long term access is, the more willing an investor will be to invest in fishing opportunities abroad. Fishing companies may globalise their activities as harvesting opportunities arise and could also be an outcome diminished opportunities in domestic waters.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/caeceb38-en	8aabb2df061af62fc11afc99efaf15fd	Cultural practices influence the activities of everyday life and are re-shaped overtime by socio-economic trends, history and family circumstances. Starting with Bronfennbrenner's (1986) concept of nested spheres of influence on individual well-being, the authors developed this working model using both regionally contextualised understandings of the interactions between young people's well-being and that of their families and communities (e.g. Dawes et al. While the scope of this study could not permit a full exploration of all interactions between the macro-level driving influences and parenting, it is able to demonstrate that the activities and relationships that constitute 'parenting' in any given context are both directly and indirectly influenced by wider socio-cultural, economic and political forces that change overtime.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	8aabb308812dedbe2f75d371927a3690	Photovoltaic systems for direct electricity generation. For example, while photovoltaic is useful if the end-user needs electricity, thermal technologies are appropriate for heating water for residential, domestic and industrial sectors and for steam-based energy uses, such as turbines and power plants. Other considerations when making a selection are presented in a scorecard in the module on increasing knowledge of technological choices. Solar water heating technology for the residential sector is widespread in many Arab countries, with the biggest success stories in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine andTunisia.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	8ab1100b776fa4ca28372aa53eb2b404	Tangible projects, as those concerning public services, can motivate the collaboration at metropolitan level and represent a first step for effective metropolitan governance reforms (Box 5.5). Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects. This step consists in identifying the framework conditions as favourable (economic, social and political ones.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	8ab11f1d5d9e3d01b142f90afa443cca	The total area of palm oil plantations owned by both companies and smallholders expanded from 5.7 in 2004 to 8.1 million ha in 2010 (almost one-fifth of the total crop area). Investment in biofuels has been driven by subsidies and mandatory requirements for the domestic use of biofuels in transportation, industry and power generation and by exports. In particular, the government is focusing on six economic corridors as growth centres through its Master Plan 2011-2025.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	8ab3a6512cdcc6f17b645b1c23e70c12	As FAO also estimates, deforestation accounted for a loss of forest cover of approximately 13 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2005— a loss that could not be compensated by the 5.7 million hectares recovered during the same period from the natural expansion of forests and forest plantations. Local human activities that are being undertaken in and near forests—mostly unsustainable logging, conversion of forests to agricultural land, conversion of coastal mangrove forests for aquaculture, mining, infrastructure creation and the expansion of human settlements—as well as forest fires, further accelerate deforestation and degradation. Forest degradation lowers the capacity of forests to provide the community with the livelihood resources needed to withstand and recover from disasters.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	8ab454be291cf5c8083dd8db224db7ed	This stimulated the establishment of new agencies: the National Water Council, the State Committee of Water System, the Public Services Regulatory Commission and the Dispute Resolution Commission. Since then, the Public Services Regulatory Commission implements the tariff policy and balances the interests and relations of the utilities and their customers, and effectively plays the role of an economic regulator. It projects to set up an independent regulatory body for the water supply and sanitation sector.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	8ab63fa1ac427b1afe9897ac752e9823	Such aspects as governance and management structure, amount of autonomy afforded at the school level, accountability prescriptions, school size and complexity, and levels of student performance can shape the kinds and patterns of school leadership. Thus principals must not only be managers but also leaders of the school as a learning organisation. They interact with teachers to create a productive, cohesive learning community. Therefore, for reasons of legitimacy and authority, but also for reasons of efficiency and effectiveness, the training of school leaders should be swiftly prepared.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	8ab65fe3017d42e24a80b9c7578164b0	Though the ILCS is not as comprehensive as the Demographic and Health Survey in covering younger child deprivations in health or nutrition, it does contain enough basic information to construct an individual deprivation measure. Moreover, it also measures monetary poverty so that both monetary and non-monetary aspects of child well-being can be compared and analysed together to provide a comprehensive picture of children's living conditions. All choices reflect both international and national standards as well as data availability.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	8ab7a41830edf9e4f5e9f8d2ad84dab9	Yet, for hundreds of millions of young people, these basic building blocks are not in place. Staying in school means both boys and girls are less likely to have sex. The longer a girl stays in school, the greater the chances that she uses modern contraception if she does have sex, and the lower dieir chances of giving birth as an adolescent (Greene et al., Most of these children are never expected to enrol, and in sub-Saharan Africa, most are girls. (	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	8ab82d80b3ce9737113d2fa532ec8bb5	They are also typically responsible for collecting firewood, fuel and water. At the same time, they are farmers and/or contribute labour to the household farm or participate in the labour market. These different responsibilities typically impose heavy burdens on women's time, and often imply trade-offs in how time is allocated, inter alia, for child care.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9fd0fg78bs-en	8aba6ce2e573fea593e99f07c0a9d2c8	The biomass industry (based essentially on wood energy, or dendroenergy, in IDF) would benefit from better structuring, including the construction of a supplier network and the creation of multimodal platforms. As for waste-to-energy, the region could take industrial ecology initiatives further in such a way that waste from some firms constitutes resources for others, an approach demonstrated in cities such as Kalundborg (Denmark), Guigang (China) and Paju (Korea). As the leading agricultural region in France, which is in turn the leading agricultural producer in the European Union, Paris-IDF already possesses assets in organic farming, not to mention a strong growth potential. Development of this type of farming, which is generally more environmentally friendly than traditional agriculture methods, would serve to strengthen short delivery circuits, biodiversity, product quality, and hence the region’s attractiveness.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	8abd779e27adc99d19c8917ad6931bb2	"The “success formulae"" for Matsentralen is certainly the involvement of national charity organisations in planning of and establishment of the food bank, which has made it possible to develop collaboration with local organisations quite rapidly. The problem is more to receive fairly stable amounts of food and to have a sufficient variety of food types. The food banks do both have capacity to receive more food and there is a need for more food for redistribution, so there is potential for increase in redistribution in the future."	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	8abe47e8ea3c35586f5712b06f12101b	In fact, prices appear to have been less volatile in the most recent decade than throughout the 1970-80s. Using more formal time series analysis methods Balcombe (2008) also investigates the dynamics of international commodity prices over a long period. Using monthly and yearly observations, the author does not find evidence of a trending behavior in price volatility.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	8ac2d3a6c5bea39eb490fdac1c99937f	A long and healthy life for all South Africans. All people in South Africa are and feel safe. Decent employment through inclusive economic growth. A skilled and capable workforce to support an inclusive growth path. An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure network. Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities with food security for all.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/g2g9faa5-en	8ac89cfa09769bfac005667a7f5d005d	This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality. The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	8acc5a443214964f410bc9876c8aa9d4	"While the between-household component of consumption inequality has increased over the last decades, inequality within households has been decreasing due to the higher labor force participation of women. The question in the special module asks whether incomes are treated as “common resources” or “private resources"". “ Common resource” means that any of the two adult (income earner or not) can freely use the money from the household income pool for his/her consumption."	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	8acc5d9d7c262631bdf14c429712c019	In the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as the liberal AIEs more generally, this defamilialization has been largely market-based. By contrast, Northern Europe has transitioned via an expansion in the public provision of care (see section 3.1.3 on social democratic AIEs). Both regimes are consistent with higher rates of female labour force participation and fertility, though with markedly different results for the distribution of social reproduction. Getting back to the question of social reproduction and growth, higher wages for women are good for growth, but highly familial, privatized structures of care mean that higher wages and market participation among women may pose a threat to human capacities production and ultimately compromise growth. Geographically, these regimes are concentrated among the countries in Northern Europe. Labour market policies promote full employment and wage equality across different groups of workers, ensuring ample tax revenue and lower reliance on the welfare state (Esping-Anderson 1996).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	8ad1b66a7db90824c0d03d34cef5244a	There are nevertheless debates on how necessary and appropriate these strong downward adjustments in wages were as an answer to the crisis (Sommers, Woolfson and Juska, 2014[29j). In any case, from the workers’ side, the high wage flexibility' implies strong cyclicality in incomes and periods of hardship for Lithuanian employees. Employees should be informed and consulted before its adoption and for any modification.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/355832ee-en	8ad2728c28656f4873ca5b37b3b3608c	For children under 16, it is based on two household-level indicators: a computer and an internet connection (accessed by any means, including via a phone or a television). Availability of a TV in the household was considered as an alternative indicator, but was excluded because public information can be obtained via the internet. For 17-18-year-olds, whether they have a mobile phone is used as the third indicator of the information dimension because of the high prevalence of mobile phone use among young people in the EU.15 In a Special Eurobarometer survey on the perceptions of poverty and social exclusion carried out in 2007, young people aged 15-24 were the most likely of all cohorts to name having a mobile phone an absolute necessity (TNS Opinion & Social 2007). It comprises three indicators: overcrowding, water and sanitation, and multiple housing problems. All three are measured on the household level, so this dimension is constructed identically for all age groups. Overcrowding is measured using the Eurostat definition.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	8ad3f44230e219349a96da92aaf93381	This process of opening up and internationalising is still ongoing as - after markets for goods and services, company ow nership and location - science and business R&D have also become increasingly globalised. The government responded by increasing public investment in education, research and innovation to compensate for reduced business R&D expenditure. In the second half of the 1990s, public and private investment in R&D increased at a fast pace.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	8ad5e5240abdc3eb758abb56a3629444	These are: 1) the senior secondary vocational schools known as sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMKs) and the Islamic vocational senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAKs); 2) community colleges or akademi komunitas (AKs); 3) polytechnics; 4) universities; and 5) vocational centres known as balai latihan kerja (BLKs). At the time of the OECD review team’s visit, the Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) was responsible for SMKs, which provide secondary education, and the newly established AKs, polytechnics and research universities, which provide post-secondary education. The latter are now under the purview of the new Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MORTHE) combining the former Directorate General for Higher Education and the Ministry of Research and Technology. The BLKs, which provide non-formal technical and vocational education and training (TVET), fall under the administration of the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (MOMT).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	8ad73658f99464bf7ae6ac69e2b8d724	The role of international public finance, as well as other international development co-operation actions, is however significant, and expected to remain so. For 2013 and 2014, the annual average climate finance is estimated to be USD 57 billion, of which over 70% (USD 41 billion) is estimated to be public finance, either bilateral and multilateral (OECD, 2016). Bilateral climate-related ODA commitments, as reported by donors to the OECD DAC, have been on an increasing trend since 2007, and reached USD 25 billion on average per year in 2013-14; multilateral public climate finance reached USD 25 billion on average per year (OECD, 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	8ad7f87271258eb85af68e8f43a40ab8	This has been done by applying climate elements to public expenditure reviews, in the form of climate change public expenditure and institutional reviews (CPEIR), climate change finance assessments or analyses, or a mitigation fiscal framework (in Indonesia) (World Bank, 2014). Different countries have established, or are using these analyses to establish, tagging or tracking systems to identify climate-relevant expenditures, and put in place institutional arrangements as necessary (UNDP, 2015). They have also been reporting on support needs within their national communications and BURs.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	8ad81998a0c1edb6a1cfb52949898db8	By and large, 4G networks are layering in on top of existing 3G connectivity in higher income, urban centres, while universal service in more remote, rural areas remains problematic. This may be problematic for the SDGs, as the highest incidences of poverty, hunger and inadequate health coverage are often found in the more remote and rural areas. Therefore, it is important to encourage demand driven private/public partnerships and economic and marketing strategies targeted at rural consumers in order to mitigate persistent access divides. Fresh investment models are needed to unlock the power of ICT connectivity that fuels growth in today's digital economy.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	8adce027f196045889a54b5a8d97b990	The new system also provides for the possibility of acquiring new responsibilities within the school such as head of department or subject co-ordinator as a non-monetary benefit resulting from high performance. This examination will focus on the assessment of knowledge and teaching abilities and will be the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. It draws on the experience of the graduation test of the INICIA programme (see below).	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	8addb9a9f9511185abb07e66bcec9142	Metering is often associated with enforcement measures to remain effective.5 In Australia, salaried government employees read meters, with large penalties for violators. In some cases, metering is linked to other agricultural policies. Under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, payment of subsidies is contingent of demonstrated compliance with environmental regulations.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	8adeccd07229a2cc554206445af55af4	Across OECD countries on average, neither the proportion of students scoring below Level 2 nor the proportion of top performers show a statistically significant change between 2006 and 2015 that would suggest progress and an improvement in student outcomes (Figure 1.4). It is mainly through education that individuals acquire the skills to overcome personal circumstances that could hinder their success and face the challenges of our globalised world, in which technology is changing how people work, communicate and socialise. Only education systems capable of adapting to the rapidly changing environment can empower their citizens with the right mix of skills to allow them to lead satisfying professional and personal lives and, at an aggregate level, lead to inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4b376f88-en	8adece28c54ba4fb90aefa2c26615c92	The Law is currently under revision, with proposals to include the different categories of water consumers, water users and water bodies. Many important aspects of state management, use and protection of water resources are regulated by by-laws and Cabinet of Ministers Resolutions, for example the 2002 Law on Granting the Status of Specially Protected Natural Territories of National Value to Formation Zones of Groundwater. They ensure, among others, an improvement in the organization of water resources management and irrigation management, the regulation of all water use, and the preservation of protected natural areas through the withdrawal of facilities that represent a danger to the environmental from the water protection zones of the eight major rivers. So far, 155 such facilities have been withdrawn.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	8adfab239c3f6a545ed4a49f12fe9317	Increased safety will reduce injuries, deaths and economic losses from traffic accidents and increase usability of public means of transport by the most marginalized groups such as women, children, and persons with disabilities. It will also increase the safety of those working in the transport sector. Connecting marginalized communities such as the urban poor to efficient public transport will significantly increase their access to opportunities, and in turn enhance their connectivity with the rest of the city.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	8ae08103172e8f9ef31b9ed9171317e3	This rule defines zones based on wells expected to pump at least 28% of their water from an adjacent stream over a 40-year period (Nebraska DNR, 2004). As stream depletion increases with both time and proximity to a stream, all else being equal, the 10/50 rule is more stringent than the 28/40 rule and will cover a large area adjacent to streams where stream depletion is a concern. In Nebraska, numerical methods have been used in the Republican River Basin and the Big Blue River Basin (MODFLOW-based), and in the Platte River Basin (COHYST-based).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	8ae4a5c6cef8bd95e8be9ac44b9e8726	Although the signed negotiated agreement was meant to enter into force on 1 January 2010 for Indonesia, the government delayed ratifying the agreement because of concerns it would negatively impact local producers. It was eventually ratified in late 2011 and came into force on 10 January 2012. While discussion have occurred with potential partners such as the United States, the European Union and Chile, Indonesia has established only one bilateral trade agreement, with its largest trading partner Japan.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	8ae5729cc733b6e07224fdcea4523a5e	The outcomes of particular interest relate to how' student teachers are trained or given the experience of how to integrate technology in learning environments. References include books, journal articles, policy briefs, government acts, legislation, newspapers and URL links. Contemporary information and communication technology, e.g. computers and different kinds of software, mobile phones, digital cameras, Learning Management Systems, etc.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8aebee9b81df9736d404cbc0f9f532fa	Prior to joining NCHEMS in 1993, he was a senior staff member for 17 years at the Education Commission of the States (ECS), one of the principal sources of policy advice on education reform for state governments. On the international level, he has served as examiner for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reviews of education policy in the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ireland, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation and Turkey, He is currently a consultant to the World Bank on governance of technical/engineering in India. He was general rapporteur for the September 2007 OECD International Conference, Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged. Previously, Marmolejo was an American Council on Education fellow on higher education leadership development at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. His past positions include vice president for administration and academic vice president at the Universidad de las Americas in Mexico.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	8aee0cc14f88d516ac99e2f8259dc66c	In the modern era of life-long learning and career management in the face of technological advances and industry restructuring, all citizens should have access to high quality careers information, advice and guidance. Nevertheless, it is particularly important that young people are not shut out of opportunities in the green economy as a result of receiving guidance from counsellors who have not kept up to date with developments in local and national labour markets. In all cases, there are risks involved, since the decision-maker may discover in the future that an unpredictable change in market conditions or the policy environment has resulted in the original investment becoming obsolete. In the past, some government policies at the federal and state levels (such as industrial policy based on ‘picking winners’ for public subsidies) have been rightly criticised for locking individuals or businesses into a narrow skills training or industry development trajectory that has proved unsustainable.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	8af011cc482fc72ee2ac70768885211a	It may be seen from table 2 that forestry and hunting contributed TSh 297 billion to the country's GDP in 2001, which translates to TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001), equivalent to Tsh 29,234 per hectare per year (2013). To begin with, the cut hectare will not contribute to current GDP, meaning the TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001) mentioned in the preceding paragraph will be lost. In addition, forestry adds value in other sectors of the Tanzanian economy, the magnitude of which was estimated in table 11.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	8af107966b47cc53c135fd8cc71b49c6	Most significantly, the 2011 Constitution guarantees equality between women and men, prohibits all forms of discrimination against women and requires the State to promote women's rights in their entirety. While these momentous changes have been welcome, considerable work remains to be done in aligning all domestic laws with international human rights treaties to which Morocco is a State party and ensuring that all groups of women benefit from the equal protection of the law (see story: Counting women in). Analysis of data across these 71 countries suggests that women's political agency, especially the influence of autonomous feminist movements, is an important catalyst for family law reform.17 In both authoritarian and democratic settings, women's rights advocates have seized political opportunities for equality-enhancing legal reforms by establishing alliances with other actors, including government officials, lawyers, politicians and development practitioners.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	8af3918cfa71e04e52993c72744704d6	An open question began to be used in 2004. However, there are differences by occupational situation: between 1996 and 2009, the unemployed were more likely than any of the other groups to say that unemploy ment was the country’s main problem, followed by own-account workers. Conversely, the group composed of mid- and high-ranking executives and professionals were less likely to identify unemployment as the countiy’s main problem than the other groups (see figure 1.19). An open question has been used since 2004. Data for the Dominican Republic have been available shce 2004.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	8af4f7f4ec4a130539ff9f799bc1880a	Providing access is often perceived as the core function of water and sanitation services and therefore considered to be the area where most benefits materialise. In addition, access to those services can confer many additional benefits, ranging from the easily identifiable and quantifiable - such as time saved from collecting water closer to home or from defecating in a household latrine rather than in the open- to the intangible and difficult to measure - such as convenience and well-being. The latter are collectively referred to as “non-health” benefits. This is partly due to the fact that measuring the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions on health is difficult and highly location-specific. The World Health Organisation estimates that the total economic benefits stemming from achieving the sanitation MDG for the most off-track countries would amount to USD 35 billion, out of which 90% would be generated from time saved from not having to travel long distances and queue for obtaining water or defecating (Hutton and Haller, 2004).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	8afbcb81929afc30e7dbca5f679220ae	Reform in this area costs money. This restricts coverage to those who are most in need of social support. The monetisation of the substantial in-kind housing and utility support has so far been largely left untouched by regional authorities who cannot easily resolve the issue of waiting lists for affordable social housing, and do not have sufficient funds for in lieu cash payments to all eligible citizens. In all, monetisation has improved transparency in social support, but otherwise gains have been limited. The income-tested housing allowances, for example, have not grown dramatically in importance and spending remains at about 0.2% of GDP; a fraction of the estimated value of in-kind housing support.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2016-86-en	8b0265ae461dde1abb8250a4e3298d4e	This trend also holds in the United States, where the gender gap in employment is particularly high among 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education. For this age group, the employment rate is 67% for men and 40% for women, a difference of 27 percentage points, compared to the average difference of 20 percentage points across OECD countries. The gender gap in employment in the United States shrinks to 13 percentage points for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and to 9 percentage points for adults with tertiary education.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	8b02d2e002dbb3016c03e8d4d386719e	The only comparable data on a global scale are on the date of suffrage and the percentage of female seats in parliament, which provide a very limited overview of gender disparities in politics. Because data on conventional forms of political participation (such as voting trends) are not available due to secret ballot systems, and as a result of the difficulty of capturing unconventional forms of political participation, such as protesting, with quantitative methods, it is very difficult to measure other forms of women’s political participation. A similar issue arises when using data on education.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	8b031e1c89cf07e57a499d4018424af9	Building effective data collection and processing systems is not easy; many governments in the world face the challenging task of improving the quality of their data systems. In fact, sufficient good quality data provides the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities that help to understand the kinds of initiatives required, ensure that the current initiatives are on track and generate the desired impact. While gaps still persist across policy sectors, the trend is to increase the availability of data to enable sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women. Line ministries in charge of specific policy areas most often determine data needs with gender institutions and statistical offices playing an important role in the process.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/81e6e689-en	8b05f6e97743a2763d835bfae45a7e01	Thus, microfinance is having a modernizing impact, even if that impact is inadvertent, unacknowledged and unsung. The borrowers learn some basic principles of business, and with luck—and perhaps some help—may be able to become more viable and even expand. Microfinance also gives the unemployed and people living in poverty some opportunities, hope and self-esteem.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	8b0994564d930938847cb6c025cc5bee	After the peso crisis in 1982, Mexico liberalized its economy, becoming increasingly open, both internally and externally. Along with this process came the gradual realization of the importance of policy intervention in the creation and diffusion of knowledge. The role of CONACyT, as well as that of other government programs aimed at innovation, has expanded accordingly.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	8b0bfb084d74d3f1d7b020001419492c	Requests for information that is in the possession of other organizations should be transferred to the relevant organizations within two w'orking days and the requester should be informed of this. Also, the Law specifies that requests to which a response can be provided immediately shall be resolved and responded to immediately. Complaints submitted to upper level bodies are regulated by the 1995 Law on Resolving Complaints made by Citizens against Civil Servants and State Bodies, the 2015 Law' on General Administrative Procedures and 2002 Law on Civil Procedures.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8b0e13597ee0671ace9061765de97c3d	The number of first degree Galilean students for the year 2008 was 22 564 (see Table 1.6.). Increasing percentage of students - 8.5% or 14 300 students -study in the nine colleges in the Northern District. Five regional colleges that had been established during the 1960s and 1970s as non-academic institutions - one post-secondary polytechnic school, two teachers colleges, and an inner-city college in Nazareth - were upgraded to accredited academic institutions granting bachelors and masters degrees in a range of fields. In addition, there are teacher education colleges that operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Education.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	8b0e1eef499b49b7c5cae571ad56dc3e	For example, among surveyed developing countries, the Ministry of Land, Natural Resource and Environmental Protection in Zambia monitors GHG emission reductions through the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). In particular, the vast majority of bilateral providers of finance were interested in monitoring results and progress towards achieving impacts on the ground. The prime reason cited for this was to demonstrate “value for money” of their international climate finance and for reasons of accountability towards their own taxpayers.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	8b0e76f6113a2f4aa3319f602e938c68	This said, the national government could, at a minimum, better define the role and relationship of the various planning documents. To improve planning coherence, a clearer definition of the interaction between regional-level strategic and planning instruments (i.e. ERD and PROT) and their municipal level equivalents (i.e. PLADECO and the various Regulating Plans) is needed. This means improving the interaction and co-ordination between regional and municipal authorities, as well as between regional government and line ministries and their SEREMI.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	8b116ad2647e906c350ecbabe7556344	This landfill was meant to properly dispose of the collected waste in Cebu City, taking into account the increasing population. The constmction of this landfill also brought secondaiy benefits such as the creation of a union of scavengers that would be allowed to operate on the landfill (thereby extending the lifespan of the site). However, 6 years after its supposed closure, the site was only partially closed in 2011 and up till 2016, continued to be operational.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8b11fd8178b3e59b0870c775ec0c4b76	Among the population of 15 and older the average number of years of schooling is 10.2 for Arabs and 13 for Jews. Nearly half of Jews have 13 or more years of schooling compared with fifth of Arabs. Dropout rates for Arab students in 9th and 11th grade were 8.1% in the mid-2000s compared with 3.9% for Jews (OECD, 2010).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8b12898dfcc3e40c968ada8d5235fe10	Ces dernieres annees, le gouvernement a affecte des fonds importants a des projets d’investissement concernant le stockage, le commerce de gros, la transformation, et les grandes unites de production de lait et de viande. Les credits d’equipement etant fournis a un cout beaucoup plus reduit, ces investissements risquent d’etre determines par l’offre et de donner lieu a un endettement excessif du secteur agroalimentaire. Ce risque est renforce compte tenu de l’endettement actuel du secteur agricole. Une strategie plus vaste visant a developper les biens prives tels que la production, la transformation, le stockage et les activites de gros necessiterait de mettre en place des conditions-cadres favorables aux investissements prives dans ces secteurs.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/803655cd-411d8009-en	8b14bde66327cd6b7a0d2ea3eac5231b	Public libraries provide a venue for the community to read and learn and, like the community access points referred to in Target 1, are ideally positioned to extend their mission by also providing Internet access for people without easy or affordable access. One study found that 78 per cent of public libraries in the United States are the sole location providing free access to computers and the Internet in their communities.' Libraries are specifically referenced in Action Line C2 as institutions to be provided with connectivity as part of the national e-strategy. They are also important in several ways in the context of Action Line C3. First, they are repositories of information and knowledge with their collections of books, journals and other items, so connecting libraries is therefore of direct relevance, since it facilitates access to the information and knowledge they contain. Second, they are also cited as candidates for housing community public access points.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	8b1554889c6790e80b9f30d79af8a453	In this endeavour, the role of ICTs is critical. This is particularly relevant to two fundamental UN goals: SDG 16 - Peace and Justice for all -and SDG 17 calling for global partnerships. In this section we explore how ICT-enabled systems such as e-Government offer considerable scope for creating peaceful, just and inclusive societies by facilitating more open, accountable and transparent governments. Second, in Section 4.5, we assess how government policy on ICT markets impacts the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Finally, in Section 4.6, we consider how government policy on non-ICT markets is shaping the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Government policy on non-ICT markets (including food, water, energy, urban and human-settlement services, education services, health, etc.)	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	8b16a50291d41e5ec75efa5f7ec9623c	By drawing on this interrelated set of arguments and evidence, MWA presents a business case for why gender diversity and increasing women’s leadership must be a priority.3 Through this evidence-based and business framework, MWA aims to increase the percentage of women in leadership roles and their representation in management. The ministry also recognises that measuring success in terms of increasing women’s leadership does not just depend on increasing women on boards, but through a variety of decision-making and leadership positions across society. The realisation of these goals is still hindered by social institutions and discriminatory norms, which deter women from reaching their leadership potential. These manifest in demand and supply side constraints, where women are either perceived as unqualified or have faced barriers to enhancing the skills needed for leadership roles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	8b18a6417e55c26e19a4d456175a8aee	Therefore, if the city of Amsterdam were to increase its rates, this would have consequences for other cities, the macro-standard and for the contribution that they receive from the municipal fund. Considered less distortonary, more progressive and efficient than the composed property tax (land + building) and the tax on commercial activities or labour. One-time tax, levy or charge imposed on landowners adjacent to public infrastructure investment that would have contributed to land valorization. “	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8b18e3073b7a134f732996568ea5ab80	For example, joint work with Intel Technology Sdn. In collaboration with the Penang State Government, courses on oral and written English are offered to the support staff. Furthermore, the school of computer sciences works in close collaboration with several industries such as Intel Penang and the Software Consortium of Penang.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	8b19094339fa8a02dcb97b26cb416d12	The estimates from the 2014 report use the revised GSSE methodology and may contain updated information across all agriculture support categories. The main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under “Marketing and promotion” into two new sub-categories. Most of these programmes have both a collective processing and promotion component. The total expenditure has been provisionally allocated to each sub-category in equal amounts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	8b198ca60aeb323a86d1a72d91f513dd	There are no clear legal procedures and rules for selecting species for the Red List and assigning them a threat category. It is desirable that the legislation clearly defines the State’s responsibilities vis-a-vis listed species, and that the legislation be better enforced. For example, the State should develop recovery plans (or national species action plans) for species, at least highly threatened category, and should be responsible for implementation of these plans.	15	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	8b1b572f07c40f011b6700a9bed4a890	Individual water utilities were still allowed to differentiate water charges depending on eligible costs, reasonable profit and quantity supplied. Between 2007 to 2010, prices increased slightly: the average charge for drinking water in households rose by 9% and the average price of wastewater services by 13%. The office, established in 2001, has jurisdiction over the electricity, natural gas, district heating and water networks.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	8b1c49f80df80f7369fe563fb857e852	In this context, the main challenges are to reorganise the system to improve efficiency incentives, to reduce further the dependence on institutional care, and to better target patients as the rapid uptake in the cash benefits system has exposed screening problems. As they face no financial risk on care purchase (Box 4), purchasing agencies are not inclined to bargain with care providers on price and quality. In the home care sector, this has led prices to stay very close to the regulated maximum tariff.	3	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	8b1dab00abba0d6de987e2380552946c	The aviation non-C02 effects can be broken down into radiative forcing (RF] components from contrails and induced cirrus cloudiness, aerosols (black carbon and sulfate], water vapor, and possibly also surface albedo changes from feedstock cultivation (Myhre, et al 2013]. These effects are far more uncertain and less studied, in particular the effects of aerosols and cloudiness. The total anthropogenic RF from aviation have been estimated to be as high as 5% (compared to the 2% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions accounted for by aviation] (Lee et al, 2009], due to non-C02 effects. A traditional GHG inventory assessment may therefore not fully account for the actual climate impact of alternative jet fuels.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	8b1e78e964fe3cf5cd42fd577f9c71c8	An initiative to improve the quality of the Nature Chronicles consisting of more detailed written guidance and training courses for scientific staff of State reserves was launched by the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna in 2010. A comprehensive State biodiversity monitoring system for the entire country (e.g. following the pressure-state-response (PSR) model) has not been established to date. The exclusive focus on monitoring PAs has been explained by the reported high concentration of Turkmenistan’s biodiversity in its State reserves.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a3c1ce6c-en	8b21283c10f6169c4d872316271f0d4d	Source water protection reduces water treatment costs for urban suppliers, contributes to improved access to safe drinking water in rural communities, and can potentially also provide water of adequate quality for other uses such as agricultural irrigation. For example, a recent modelling exercise by Abell et al. ( More than 1.7 billion people (over half of the world’s urban population) living in the 4,000 cities in the area covered by this study could therefore potentially benefit from improved water quality as a result of NBS applied to their source watersheds, including “780 million people who live in watersheds located in countries in the bottom-tenth percentile of the Human Development Index (as of 2014)” (Abell etal., Forested riparian buffers serve to prevent pollution of rivers while providing shade that helps to reduce thermal pollution (Parkyn, 2004).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	8b22c72aa0c7fac99758b3269d802950	The number of certified oncologist per capita is highest in Sweden with over 60 per million population and lowest in Korea, Luxembourg and Chile with under three per million. The data need to be interpreted with care as the data coverage and also cancer incidence are different across countries besides variation in practice patterns in oncology. But the data are generally comparable to Eurostat data, which ranges between zero in Luxembourg in 2003 and 50 per million population in the Slovak Republic in 2006.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	8b25a67bd329022fd5c69493741f2b35	Information on the amount of spending in Switzerland has not been included because restricted to the city of Basel. Household survey data show that social tenants account for between 1% of recipients (in Norway and Portugal), 30% in the United Kingdom and 50% in Finland (Figure 15). The proportion of recipients among home-owners is lowest in Germany (11%) and rises to over 90% in Luxembourg and Portugal. Eligibility to housing allowances in most countries is based on the household’s income, the amount of rent paid and the composition of the household.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	8b2620b3f2b59322f27fb8a35c042213	Governments need to target their scarce resources at mobilising large-scale private sector investment and at activities unlikely to attract sufficient private funding. But banks are not the only source of financing -the low-carbon transition can mobilise new sources of capital and new financial instruments. The total assets held by financial institutions - banks, institutional investors, central banks and public financial institutions -have been steadily increasing over the past ten years, amounting to around USD 305 trillion (FSB, 2013; see Figure 2.2).	13	0	4	1.0
10.14217/128123a5-en	8b2892768c4a53a0a8704922cff98838	It produces evidence and creates a basis for public engagement. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a continuous and cumulative basis. Lack of confidence is only a by-product of the social system that diminishes womens ambition for political leadership. Part of the civic mobilisation around this question would be to design support, especially for young women and especially focusing on producing quality.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	8b2a435fe6314140bf3b3af2770d8ed2	Given the extent of the change in teaching practices that the new curriculum requires, Costa Rica might find value in standards that offer more specific guidance to teachers as to what is expected in terms of knowledge and pedagogical practice in different subjects and grades, and stages of a teacher’s career. Teacher performance standards in Chile, for example are widely recognised as having made a major contribution to the professionalisation of teaching in the country. For that to happen, they need to be taken as a central reference point for all related policies (see Figure 3.5).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	8b314b392859c7737d9b62c507cb6432	During the first trading period (2005-07), there was an excess supply of allowances in Portugal, as throughout the whole system. Emissions by Portuguese entities were verified as 89% of Portugal’s allocation. Overall, during the first trading period there was less pressure to abate GHG emissions on the trading sectors than on the non-trading ones (IEA, 2004).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	8b32b9f03045aa3f81c44b469773e38f	Where programmes have been used extensively there is evidence that students and the university as well as the host firms benefit from the two-way transfer of knowledge. The learning model of North-eastern University in the USA addresses this topic (see Annex on Learning Models). Internships generally differ from cooperative education programmes in that they usually have a single work assignment, which usually does not take place during term time and students receive less supervision than in a co-operative programme.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en	8b35f3055c8c82bcd86752f7d28d7b38	This was the first time that the international community had adopted an explicit target for graduation from the LDC category. Now, halfway from the setting of the target to the date for its attainment, it seems clear that it will not be met. The projections presented in chapter 2 of this Report suggest that only 16 (one third) of the current LDCs (in addition to Samoa, which graduated in 2014) can be expected to satisfy the full graduation criteria by 2021.	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	8b3770c0f4ea85ccf6ec70dbc8a8cd97	International standards recommend measuring imputed rents on a net basis, i.e. subtracting associated costs for homeowners such as mortgage interest expenses and real estate taxes. The OECD IDD database excludes imputed rents from owner-occupied dwellings due to the poor cross-country comparability of existing data. By contrast, the Danish government includes imputed rents in its income measure (Box 1). This is computed as 4% of the estimated value of the owner-occupied dwelling and is defined on a gross basis by the Danish government.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	8b39502633c30bcd4c3f9f3e161662d1	This exhibit is based on prior OECD work (OECD, 2009), with minor amendments to the functional category descriptions. However, experience and evidence in the literature suggest that while capacity varies greatly among developing countries, most often capacity is relatively low. In view of the major environmental challenges outlined in Chapter 3, and the key role of government in addressing these challenges, capacity development in government is a high priority. (	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	8b3a96e04836728a567b14077ceaf74e	Data analysis, probability, and measurement - as opposed to formal operations - comprised the majority (58%) of PISA mathematics items (National Center for Education Statistics, n.d.). Some schooling systems perform at a high level on both assessments, but many fare better on one or another assessment. Many Nordic and English-speaking education systems, with curricula and pedagogy oriented towards the application of knowledge in real-world settings, perform at higher levels on PISA than TIMSS, while education systems strongly oriented towards theoretically-led curriculum and instruction, such as those of Russia and former Soviet states, demonstrate higher levels of performance in TIMSS (Wu, 2010).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5e354935-en	8b3bbc68bb49a9054ede9ebc5184aca3	The MPGs for the enhanced transparency framework for action and support are negotiated under the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). Interlinkages relevant to reporting of mitigation and finance are discussed in more detail in the specific sections that follow (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). Reporting of information is also linked with two other Agreement provisions, namely the review of reported information, and the provision of support to enable and facilitate reporting by developing countries (see also (Dagnet et al.,	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/47e32247-en	8b3eb731d6e674cd2bac2295393d02f0	Inexpensive fossil fuels are used to operate large machinery, which enables large-scale cultivation, mono-cropping, standardization and high-volume transport; and the synthesis of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals permits the improvement of soil fertility and simplified management of ecosystems. Until the nineteenth century, agriculturalists were basically forced to engage in stable sustainable agriculture that took maximum advantage of nature’s functions. But during the twentieth century, by taking full advantage of the energy sources provided by inexpensive fossil fuels, “using natural functions” gave way to “applying technology to transform nature”.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	8b3ec40ff67a01bd7062cb5b62ca55f7	The low overlap between low pay and poverty has implications for anti-poverty policies; in particular it suggests that policies which influence wage rates, such as minimum wages, may have only a small impact on poverty. Instead, among the working poor underemployment is a major issue, with most of the working poor employed for too few hours to escape poverty. Lone parents are particularly likely to be among the working poor, with the incidence of in-work poverty twice as high as for single childless adults.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	8b4144d5404ec1682b4a76373ed05110	The economic values of the environmental/societal services of extractive species should be recognized and accounted for in the evaluation of the true value of these IMTA components. This would create economic incentives to encourage aquaculturists to further develop and implement IMTA. Seaweeds and invertebrates produced in IMTA systems should be considered as candidates for nutrient/carbon trading credits within the broader context of ecosystem goods and services. Long-term planning/zoning promoting biomitigative solutions, such as IMTA, should become an integral part of coastal regulatory and management frameworks.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	8b4264ee8548cd259ccec87ce79f3c8b	For example, when Brazil in 2010 audited the government’s response to adaptation, auditors faced serious data constraints, in part due to limited access to meteorological data, data not being available in a digital format, and due to the absence of a centralised system to co-ordinate and store the data (see Box 3.7). Further, the information used to monitor and evaluate adaptation often comes from line ministries that in turn may rely on agencies and local governments to collect the information. Capacity and time constraints at the different levels can all affect the quality of the data. An approach sometimes used in the context of poverty reduction strategies is to perform a diagnosis of monitoring mechanisms already in place to get an overview of existing data availability.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	8b439936e55ddf3f5fa1871e18ee72d0	Categories should also be as detailed as possible in order to allow for the flexible regrouping of the data according to different analytical objectives. For international comparisons, survey questions could include categories such as no schooling, primary education, secondary education and post-secondary education in addition to a generic variable on total number of years of schooling. If relevant, data on the literacy level of respondents should also be captured.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	8b46163f3b9ab8ab7fafde7419c21d28	Overcrowding, poverty and unemployment also have an impact on the above-mentioned rights and directly affect the level of violence and sexual abuse in homes and communities. In addition, insufficient protection for victims of domestic violence, including insufficient shelter homes, legal aid and information to women about their rights, has an impact on the level of domestic violence and women's homelessness. Consequently, States should address all these issues as issues of women's rights to property, land, housing, life, personal security, gender equality and being free from violence and discrimination.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	8b466a27947c52bfe3fed2dbcb0ea85c	However, such choices would be more informed if they were supported by broader empirical analysis of the trade-offs between the two strategies. A commodity principle is at the heart of their organisation, with the result that an individual farmer producing several commodities is served by several bodies, each concerned with specific product. This limits the approach to management of farm risk in an enterprise with multiple activities and interactions between these activities.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	8b46a5643020e1a832dbb1cd4d2a3d51	"Since 2008 and with the creation of the Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, ECLAC has systematically updated a total work time indicator, which comprises the amount of time spent on paid work and on unpaid work,3 to show the amount and distribution of work done outside and inside the home, and women's daily contribution to countries' growth, economy and well-being. This effort was consolidated thanks to the global discussion about the measurement of labour statistics in line with the message underscored by the feminist economy for decades. The definition of ""work"" was broadened in the resolution of the nineteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2013: ""work comprises any activity performed by persons of any sex and age to produce goods or to provide services for use by others or for own use"" (ILO, 2013)."	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	8b473e6eb79c78f4825919afa1956cfb	While there have been laudable moves by NGOs and the private sector on environmental issues, real progress is not likely until and unless there is government leadership and political commitment. However, for Viet Nam, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, this recognition has yet to be translated into a set of coherent and integrated policies and programmes. There is a chronic need for clearly articulated strategies at both the country and ASEAN levels.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/1916aa05-en	8b509b6a2dde6b606be54577162a47bd	This makes the sector a perfect candidate for public sector investment rather than private sector profitability. Governments can adopt a range of measures, including subsidies, to ensure that water and sanitation services remain affordable and meet the needs of marginalized groups. A fixed amount of water can be made available to all households at no charge, coupled with a stepped tariff for additional quantities (as in South Africa), bearing in mind that this could still underserve poorer households, which tend to be larger in size and may share a water connection. Alternatively, subsidies can be targeted to specific groups, based either on household income (as in Chile) or geographical location (Colombia).57 Another possibility is to cross-subsidize different public services. Many of these alternatives are financed by households themselves rather than by governments. It is thus necessary to regulate and subsidize their water sources.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	8b51b73a8a42e46a44d203419646aa9b	These can collect information from diverse sources and offer customized presentation for specific types of user. Customization is organized according to ‘access control’ and ‘workflow’. Access control means that different groups of users can be given privileged or limited access to certain areas of the system.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/be112931-en	8b525383d2a5243b6e75f19cb735b83d	Many people, mainly in the south of the country, gather walnuts as well as the fruits of wild apple, pear, apricot, plum, cherry and other trees. In Kyrgyz territory, about 30 species of birds and up to 20 species of mammals are hunted. Marmots and to a lesser extent gophers, muskrats, foxes, badgers, wolves and squirrels are hunted for their fur.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	8b535c666b0803092b36bbc02e18105f	This can help local authorities develop strategies for the ageing challenges specific to their community, in alignment with national development objectives. This will help attract national investment and create shared values among citizens, generating public support for the implementation of policies and raising a city’s profile. Calgary and Helsinki, for example, have set out long-term strategies with the overarching goal of a sustainable community that embraces citizens of all generations. In Calgary, imagineCALGARY is a 100-year vision and long-range urban sustainability plan that outlines Calgary’s goals and sets specific intermediate steps for becoming a sustainable community.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	8b552aeccaa3e97cc8b3c7f5dfc7ee67	Between 2009 and 2015, the changes are only statistically significant for Costa Rica in science and reading. Additionally , changes were made to the test design, administration, and scaling of PISA 2015. These changes add statistical uncertainty to trend comparisons that should be taken into account when comparing 2015 results to those from prior years.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	8b57654c18aa84665b622c527d9edca3	Actively trying to source attractive investments that promote solutions to sustainability issues, APG invests, for example, in alternative energy, clean technologies and micro-credits. Furthermore, improving energy efficiency in the Real Estate sector is one of APG’s focus areas. At the COP-15 summit in December 2009, ATP pledged €1 billion to a new climate change fund for investing in emerging economies, with an open invitation to other European investors to join it.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8b5840ae73c7caab24e373131d602a00	The Galilee has 25% of the population of Israel (and 17% excluding the Haifa sub-district), but a negative migration balance. Young Jewish population from the development towns relocate to big cities in the Central District where commerce and electronic/high-tech companies are concentrated. Evidence of the deceleration process is also manifest in development plans that emphasise tourism and dependency models between the Galilee and the central areas and coastal region. At subregional level, there are a number of fragmented initiatives. One of the most important developments is the gathering of all municipalities in the Eastern Galilee to work together for the development of the region.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	8b585f226cc2362a9b72e96f55c11149	In the past five years, ODA allocated to DRR increased from about USD 270 million in 2007 to USD 820 million in 2012 (OECD, 2014). Although funding for risk reduction is increasing, it remains substantially less than that allocated to addressing the consequences of disasters. Between 2010 and 2012, for every USD 1 allocated to DRR there were USD 19 allocated to emergency response, reconstruction and relief.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	8b59776171e60588cd77c27a2a9ee91f	Convergence and agglomeration processes changing income disparities across regions might also be accompanied by shifts in inequalities within regions, with important implications on social cohesion. Preliminary results presented in this paper, for a set of eight OECD countries, show' that inequalities within regions are always more important than differences across regions. These results may depend, however, on the number (too few) and sizes (too large) of regions here considered, as other studies on income inequality seem to suggest (Hoshino, 2012; Milanovic, 2013). At the national and supra-national level, the goal of pursuing an economic growth that distributes its benefits more equitably across society has become more prominent (EU2020 Strategy; OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/967bd43c-en	8b598f4eaf23e03870f6b9cfa8ee022d	The role of judicial officers to address VAW is not confined to the courtroom. They can take part in creating awareness of the adverse effects of violence and in sensitising women and the community in general, of women’s rights and the consequences of violence on the lives of women and children. They can also create awareness of the existence of laws to address such violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	8b5a9dde19fb19179575a4ba9148408d	These are the Housing Assistance and Relief Trust (HART) and Habitat for Humanity, Fiji (HFH). Fiji has a number of child care institutions, orphanages and boarding schools which have been established by NGOs, such as the Dilkusha Children’s Home and the Veilomani Boys Home. The former not only nurtures neglected and needy young girls and provides protection to children who are victims of all forms of abuse, children of poor families and physically challenged children but also provides social assistance in terms of in-kind or cash educational assistance.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	8b5b5b1e7c9922a06ca3e7703d491211	In view of the existence of various forms of family, such as unmarried couples and their children or single parents and their children. States parties should also indicate whether and to what extent such types offamily and their members are recognized and protected by domestic law and practice. Therefore, we encounter very different family forms today.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	8b5cda337c582046250c7bf2e01ab6bd	On the other hand, in some countries, such as Bangladesh, training of women has been critical in building the green technology sector (see box V.2). The gross enrolment ratio (GER) is defined as total enrolment at a specific level of ed ucation: regardless of age, expressed as the proportion of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education. These innovative approaches supplement the formal education system and focus on the skills necessary for green jobs.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	8b5e32ab7de0b8b0627c6e1ca8df03f8	Other areas of legal reform included biodiversity and wildlife protection, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), and air, waste and water management. The main government agencies dealing with the environment - the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - enlarged their portfolios and staffing. The Environmental Enforcement Network, established in 2003, provides a mechanism for concentrating resources and promoting co-ordination and coherence across administrative divisions. Economic instruments have been introduced, especially in the waste sector.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea442617-en	8b61931df524544a9c11cd4cc49d859a	Prevention of atrocities should also lessen the likelihood of internal displacement. It is recognized that prevention of violations of international humanitarian law can reduce armed conflict-induced IDPs (Ojeda, 2010: 60). But the protection of IDPs and other civilians incountry should not be at the expense of the right to seek and enjoy asylum (UN Commission on Human Rights, 1998: Principle 2.2).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	8b65e59deaabf280b26421c50d82b0fb	It concluded that winter precipitation in Austria and in the Greater Alpine Region is likely to increase by between 8% and 13% by 2050, and that temperatures will increase throughout the year, by 1-2.5 °C in summer and by 1.6-2.2 °C in winter (AIT, 2013). Heat waves are expected to be an increasing problem, especially in urban areas. Climate change is also expected to lead to increases in natural hazards (ClimChAlp, 2008; Korck et al., This can be seen from the EM-DAT disaster database (CRED, 2013), which contains details of major disasters (more than 10 casualties or 100 people affected, or a declaration of a state of emergency).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	8b67fff632c0e836e1c99bc633f3b30f	"This perspective ignores the fact that public investment can ""crowd in” or encourage private investment, for example, when the public provision of infrastructure, education and training, or credit, makes private investment opportunities more attractive. This is especially true in developing economies, where market imperfections are extensive. Public goods are undersupplied by markets relative to what is socially or economically optimal because their social returns are greater than their private returns (Sen, 1999; United Nations, 2013b)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb366761-en	8b6a2925c871b41f2c9e2b9b71bb72d2	Clustering cadastre management functions for all types of land, real estate and registration of rights in a single agency, following a one-stop-shop principle, would be invaluable for the real estate market. It will need to regularly analyze progress of this regard and hasten it wherever possible. Preparing for this by adopting business disciplines will prove a good investment for the future.	11	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289330923-7-en	8b6b85d15d7fb709f0a6900a52779e0b	Norway has pledged several hundred million dollars annually in grants to international REDD efforts. Multilateral channels are considered to be the best and most efficient way of organizing the international efforts to reduce the loss of tropical forests. Therefore, utilizing the competence and capacities possessed by the UN, the World Bank and the regional development banks are core elements of a coordinated international support structure, and essential to succeed in this work.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	8b6c7a6e8c111ed2cd1d9a17748e1a8e	The homicide rate is one of the world’s highest: 21 murders per 100 000 inhabitants per year, compared to the OECD average of 2.2 (OECD, 2013c). The Better Life Index is an interactive web-based tool created to engage people in the debate on well-being and, through this process, leam what matters most to them. The tool makes it possible to compare well-being across countries according to the importance that each participant attaches to a number of topics (community, education, environment, civic engagement, health, housing, income, jobs, life satisfaction, safety and work-life balance).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	8b722cc5acf4889af1d422615828eb0e	The more diversified a country is (number of products exported with a RCA>1) and the more exclusive the goods it exports, the more complex the productive structure is and the higher its growth prospects (Hidalgo and Hausmann, 2009). Export diversification, which evaluates the level of changes in the composition of a country’s export mix, is often used as a measure of economic diversification because several empirical studies have shown it to be a key explanatory variable of economic growth in a large panel of economies (Al-Marhubi, 2000; and Berthelemy and Soderling, 2001). The size of the public sector has further increased during the last three years, along with an increase in the amount of wages and subsidies (OECD, 2014).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	8b737aa63227ae20642f802d1be260f7	The network is currently working to create partnerships with other universities as well as add more members from diverse subject fields as most of the members are either German or social studies teachers (Universitat Paderborn, 2016[m]). First, new teachers can benefit from support offered by mentorship programmes. Comprehensive mentoring is a proven method to support these teachers; “without effective mentoring support, many beginning teachers struggle and fail to learn the nuances of effective teaching” (Spooner-Lane, 2017[nsj)- Furthermore, mentoring is essential for teachers in disadvantaged schools as it can help them learn the necessary skills more quickly (OECD, 2012, p. 132(69]).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	8b76ebcc07e185a6d05d3beed022c3d1	The FAO (2013) emphasises that the combination of growing demand induced by high consumer incomes and of the response of commercial supplier will finally reach a scale that will provoke a transformation in marketing channels, which affects all potential food producers, from large to small scale. Nevertheless, while markets become more formal and demanding in terms of quality control, informal markets will likely remain relevant for some time to come for millions of small farmers in developing countries. As the FAO (2013), pointed out “In the past, much focus on agriculture development has been on supply side issues without sufficient attention paid to how the farmer is going to market the new surplus.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	8b770c53b12b9c2a496ad985dfd2fad3	Structural transformation therefore needs to be accompanied by careful macroeconomic and fiscal management in combination with effective redistributive policies. Growth strategies also need stronger linkages with employment-friendly policies. Employment growth has lagged behind economic growth in Viet Nam. Increase in labour productivity was instrumental in making work pay decent salaries, yet brought challenges in terms of new skills needs.	10	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	8b79937e791ff9e194f2d39c31e665de	Some maternity benefits are provided by a conditional cash transfer scheme - Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) - for pregnant and lactating women as a pilot in 52 districts since 2010. Cash is conditional on health checks for mothers over 19 years of age and first two births via bank transfers. Any national policy for social security, healthcare, childcare, and housing should be linked to efforts to modernise the stringent labour laws to avoid the duality problem in working conditions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	8b7ca3621c8f594566d56555f154c8fc	The most common referral of children and adolescents into mental health services is, as for adults, through a GP (primary health care), although education services, social services and child health services also play an important role in referral and as care providers for children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) provide mental health care for young people under the age of 18 in England. Since 1 April 2013, NHS funded Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services are mandated to collect and submit the CAMHS Data set, including information on targeted needs, referrals to CAMHS, presenting problems and diagnoses, contacts, care planning, interventions, outcome measures and inpatient stays (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2014).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	8b7d8c6c605fe9695d08ab03d601e0e9	A question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are not amenable to influence by policy makers. Since tax burdens and benefit entitlements depend on incomes and population characteristics, a given tax-benefit system can become more or less effective at reducing inequalities, even if policy rules remain unchanged. For instance, when unemployment goes up, measured redistribution is likely to increase even with constant benefit amounts per job seeker, simply because more people claim unemployment benefits. Similarly, a progressive income tax will redistribute more if taxable incomes become more dispersed (or very little if everybody earns about the same).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	8b7f4c4d595b7f8f8ddd5dd130c0491d	Many characteristics of this dimension vary from one country to another, and it is this dimension that has undergone the greatest changes in measurement owing to spectacular advances in communications markets and their fast-expanding coverage. In many cases, differences from one year to another stem from the addition or removal of various household information or communication goods. This is the case with Honduras and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the changes stem not from the scale of deprivation but from differences in the way the dimension is estimated, and Argentina, where there is no possibility of measuring this dimension.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	8b8232b28329dd32a39b33e4de21651c	Teachers earn very close to the national average salary level, typically equivalent to what mid-career, middle-school teachers earn annually in the nations - about USD 41 000 (Figure 7.3, OECD, 2010b). More important than salaries are such factors as high social prestige, professional autonomy in schools, and the ethos of teaching as a service to society and the public good. Thus, young Finns see teaching as a career on a par with other professions where people work independently and rely on scientific knowledge and skills that they gained through university studies.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-svn-2011-5-en	8b8282dd477844b1b0923c7bb2608151	Overall, the estimated wage premia are likely to be higher than those that would have obtained with the full set of controls as additional job and individual characteristics tend to decrease the coefficient of interest in the regression equation. Educational attainment is correlated with unobserved intrinsic abilities that are also determinants of earnings, leading to biased wage premia estimates. The approach adopted here overlooks possible selection bias issues as only employed individuals are included in the sample.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/eco/surveys-svk-2012-5-en	8b82b0ba947797187619e6c8ba4b66c5	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in theWest Bank under the terms of international law. Unemployment is high and the school-to-job transition process does not work well. Spending on education and active labour market policies are very low by international standards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	8b82eb3c6ce18932cb08e22387a8d56c	Alternative scenario II uses the minimum threshold growth rate and the decarbonization rate of the economy needed to meet the emissions reduction target Alternative scenario III uses the historical GDP growth rate: and the decarbonization rate is adjusted to achieve the regional mitigation target of 30% with respect to the constant scenario in which everything would remain unchanged. Decarbonizing the economy requires electricity to be produced from renewable sources and a shift towards fossil-fuel-free electric mobility. The challenge is to reconcile economic growth with changes in the pattern of energy production and consumption in order to decouple emissions from GDP growth. This can be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energy sources in areas such as transport, and enhancing efficiency in the production structure and in the functioning of cities.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	8b8688472584a3f2f47a0b9246e7f193	Health issues can act as an obstacle to education and result in poor physical and/or educational achievements, adding to the challenges faced by children and their families. Promoting universal access to health care and public health policies that benefit poor children can ensure that children’s basic needs in nutrition, medical supervision and health care are met although they live in a low income family (OECD, 2009(6ii). Such a provision is especially important for the poorest segments of children are most at risk of experiencing deprivation in nutrition (Thevenon, Clarke and de Franclieu, 2018(is]) and because poorer families are more likely to alter food purchases during difficult times. (	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	8b89262f3ff26d1c8c1eebc1e694beef	Doctors can understand the health status of patients better, which enables them to provide consultations based on more accurate information. The application of telemedicine can save on the construction costs of new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas, which can help to reduce the national medical expenses. The environments in which telemedicine can be particularly effective are rural areas lacking medical resources and nursing homes, where older persons with mobility problems are found.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	8b8be38e13cf5ab0a958c99039416f10	Data for Turkey is for 2006 rather than 2010. Data for the Netherlands is for 2005 rather than 2010. The Nordic countries, Estonia and Slovenia, where the share of women in general government is 20 percentage points higher than their share in total employment (OECD 2012a), display the largest difference. Estonia experienced the largest rise in female employment over the period 2001-2010; women accounted for three-quarters of general government employment in 2010, more than any other OECD member country.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	8b8efdd6ae34ef52bbded7d658b5866a	The Inter-Departmental Co-ordination Group assumes responsibility for: promoting co-operation between ministries; adopting a federal plan of action; preparing an intermediary' report and a final report at the end of the term; and exchanging good practices and promoting instruments useful to enforcing the law. The representatives of the ministries participating in the co-ordination group are also appointed as gender focal points in their respective entities. They receive compulsory' training on gender mainstreaming and are tasked with ensuring follow-up on the diverse measures foreseen by the law (e.g, gender statistics, gender-responsive budgeting and the “gender test”).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	8b95a08200b9d4f769caf4592acf44c0	The voting pow'er of the education sector is quite potent in political elections. Then, this merger issue has not been placed on the debating table although the solution is quite clear. When taking into account that the financial resources are utterly insufficient to cover all the fiscal needs, which are dramatically increasing due to the explosive welfare budget, policy directions and priorities for resource allocation should be re-designed for sustainable fiscal development.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	8b96de664d0f30c3f3c4034be8b5b8cc	There is a vast amount of literature on Australia in this area that strongly suggests that water trading, especially on short-term markets, not only allows to substantially mitigate the impacts of droughts on agriculture, but is now considered by farmers as a useful and basic instrument in their risk management toolbox. The policy challenges for Australia in the area of water regulation in agriculture is more in the areas of how to fine-tune the existing system and robustness issues related to climate change. While the Australian example illustrates the potential efficiency gains arising from water trading, especially for managing water shortages in drought circumstances, the choice of an instrument must always consider the full range of costs and benefits.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	8b990391c2004d6bc6b108ebbfa4e32a	To obtain an eco-label for a product, the producer or importer must submit to the MESP an application containing evidence that the product meets the prescribed conditions and pay a fee. The MESP may withdraw an eco-label if a product no longer meets the prescribed conditions. Only four companies currently hold eco-labels in Slovenia.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	8b9bd93f40f375edceec0174240f5a9f	The other teachers were DTEP year four students who had converged at LCE for December, 2010 examinations. Some questions answered by statistics were repeated in the questionnaire. The responses were written by the respondents themselves. The return rate was 60 per cent. Saturation of similar or related views or points was easily reached.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	8b9be268b0b3dcb5a848591e025289eb	In particular, the 2005 review’s recommendations to introduce a purchaser-provider split has not been implemented, apart from in a few scattered settings (such as Hidalgo state’s experimentation with new payment methods, and in the SS institutes’ contracting with private providers for certain high-demand interventions, such as obstetrics or haemodialysis). The model of workforce contracts remains largely the same. System governance, too, remains largely unreformed. Apart from very occasional convenios to allow SP and the SS institutes to exchange services, few mechanisms have been created to support closer working across the subsystems.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	8b9c913f9406838e6560cf4fce6959cd	In practice, this may be translated as poverty experienced at two distinct points in time, separated by several years (Hulme and Shepherd, 2003). Severe poverty (people living significantly below the extreme poverty line) can be used as a proxy when measuring chronic poverty - this is necessary since the panel data which allow analysis of poverty over time are not available for more than a few countries. Severe poverty is usually less widely experienced than chronic poverty, but most severely poor people are also chronically poor (McKay and Perge, 2011).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8b9f959d4bf9ceccb9d98850bf53906a	This enables an accurate description of inter-temporal restrictions as start-up, minimal operation and minimal offline times. The generation is however described by a continuous variable, whose value can vary between the installed net capacity and the minimal load. In order to avoid a high computational effort, the start-up/ shutdown status can alternatively be described with a continuous variable based on a linear relaxation. Hence, the provision of reserve capacity is also a part of the unit commitment and dispatch optimisation.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	8ba017429ec6c6f8b3eaa5110915fada	East Asia has exhibited the most dramatic reduction, slashing its USD 1.25 a day poverty rate from 77% of its population in 1981 to 14% in 2008. In South Asia, the proportion of the population living in extreme poverty is now the lowest it has been since 1981, falling from 61 to 36% between 1981 and 2008. Strong economic performance of countries such as China and India has also resulted in more poor people living in middie-income countries than in low-income countries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	8ba09ad6c22bd3da15142352bbe59b74	In some cases (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Sweden), there is only one previous episode available for comparison. Among countries with several previous episodes available for comparison, the response of labour input in Canada, Spain and the United States was stronger this time around. A first observation is that there is a lot of cross-country heterogeneity in how real hourly wages have reacted to the recession, with wage growth rising relative to trend in about one-half of the countries while it is stable or declining in the others.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6614d209-en	8ba1030f69a862bfa0b4f67e93aa7050	The first reform, implemented in 2004, consisted in workers being able to exchange their severance accounts for participation in complementary pension regimes. By 2008 only one quarter of workers had switched to the complementary pension system, which suggests that people prefer to have funds accessible during their working life rather than wait until retirement. Apparently, that preference was strengthened by the low yields on the funds administered by financial institutions.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	8ba19af53f840e0dc88732ac0dbffea7	In addition, there are notable cross-country differences in the current level of earnings inequality. Since all OECD economies face the same global environment and have essentially benefited from the same technological advances, globalisation and skill-biased technological change should have led to broadly similar shifts in labour demand. Even though countries have differed with respect to supply shifts, a relative supply-demand shift story is unlikely to fully account for the marked crosscountry differences in both the level and the evolution of labour earnings inequality. This hints at a possible role for differences in policy and institutional settings.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8ba369179479fdefe358a6ca37a9be94	With the goal to become one of the top performing higher education institutions worldwide as an APEX university, USM has set forth an agenda, Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow in order to “support the drive to improve the wellbeing of humanity, the bottom billion.” The strengthening of the post-graduate programmes, in medical health, life sciences, health sciences, engineering and technology, and information technology is directly in line with regional priorities. Developing the pool of highly-qualified researchers and engineers is critical to the capacity of the region to compete on the basis of design and development and innovation in the electrical and electronics industry and other industries.	4	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	8baa378ec3b2bcf3209650899f06aedd	The graph is divided into four quadrants representing different shares of the recycling market between the informal and formal sector. The analysis suggested that a sustainable recycling system should grow towards the upper right hand corner of the graph, where most of the established recycling schemes in Europe and North America are currently located. E-waste from developed countries finds its way into developing countries in the name of free trade.	12	0	4	1.0
10.14217/2d08a027-en	8bacb28117bb7041458423049a338616	There are strong CSOs founded by women and working towards promoting gender equality. They participate in the mobilisation of communities, especially women, during elections, using methods such as focus groups. For example, Women in Nigeria is a political interest organisation that aims at transforming class and gender relations, while Women in Law and Development (WILDAF) is an African network with a strong presence in Ghana. The Index of Philanthropic Freedom (Hudson Institute 2015) scored Tanzania highest in the East Africa region for affording space to civil society groups (Kwayu and Lipovsek 2010-2015). Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI), a network of East African WROs based in Uganda, led the campaign for an East African Gender Equality Act, and launched the first ‘Gender Barometer’ for the region in 2017. Gender Links, based in Johannesburg, with offices in ten Southern African countries, co-ordinates the Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance, which campaigned for a subregional instrument for promoting gender equality that brings together global and African commitments in one binding instrument.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	8baebbf95460b12013ab4a590d819e2a	The government has launched various welcome initiatives. Trainees with no university degree would be paid at 75% of the minimum wage. The proposed law would also enable companies to develop training programmes supervised by the National Training Service (SENA). Second, a Public Employment Service is being designed and implemented in order to match supply and demand for labour, with a regional view. Third, while there is no fully-fledged unemployment insurance system, the government is considering introducing a system of individual Unemployment Saving Accounts complemented with a solidarity fund. Empirical evidence for OECD countries suggests that raising graduation rates from upper secondary and tertiary education and increasing early childhood care and education coverage reduces income inequality (OECD, 2012a; Koske et al.,	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/896ea4e7-en	8baf4f69414dfb328aadc1c97bf86725	Management of MPAs typically involves zoning different areas with varying types or levels of permitted use, including fishing. In Mauritania, the Banc d’Arguin MPA is partially closed to fishing, allowing only the park residents (the Imraguens) to fish with small sailboats (Guenette et al., Many MPAs in the ecoregion also include areas that are strictly closed to fishing.	14	0	4	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	8bb2418365e4bd1e796a752560ae17d4	Vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households (9.4% in 2008) than in female-headed households (4%). In this case, after a common drop moving from VLSS to VHLSS (between 1998 and 2002), probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys, the risk-induced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of 31% of the overall VEP. Moreover, differently than in the overall measure, a higher share of female-headed households than male-headed households are vulnerable by the risk-induced VEP measure, and the former share rises, with more than 50% of vulnerable female-headed households risk-induced in 2008.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8bb3fcd23d8998ed757c69a0a9d260da	Comparing within the periods when the series were consistent, the trends in shares of agriculture in employment and in GDP were diverging in the 1990s, while in the 2000s these shares moved in the same direction. Indeed, there were strong labour adjustments throughout the post-independence period when people moved in the 1990s to the countryside as a coping mechanism, but the onset of economic growth in the 2000s brought on rural-urban migration. However, agriculture continues to be the largest sector in terms of employment (26% in 2011) and there is a considerable gap between labour productivity in this sector and the rest of the economy.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	8bb7e60f21f1b25f4335edcdecfda07d	Systematic measures to monitor adaptation, on the other hand, rely on indicators or proxies to monitor and evaluate the status of adaptation over time. The typology (summarised in Table 1.1) includes four systematic approaches for monitoring adaptation (Ford et al., These governance factors include institutional arrangements, stakeholder consultation, the availability of climate change information, the appropriate use of decision-making techniques, technology development and diffusion, and adaptation research.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	8bb9b6a0ac1d71cbc3e4c9c349295a2d	These areas initially comprised less than 10% of the entire land mass, later expanded to 13%. The remaining 87% of the agricultural land was made available to the white population for large-scale operations. The Act created a system of land tenure that meant that the majority of South Africa's inhabitants did not have the right to own land which had major socio-economic repercussions (Mahlangeni, 2013; PLASS 2015).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	8bbad4e60e2dd270d2bdec014462a26d	Respondents enter answers directly into a laptop computer - computer assisted self-interviewing (CAS1) - to ensure confidentiality’ and to encourage higher reporting. It provides government agencies, researchers and others working in the area with a heightened understanding of the prevalence of violence towards women; whether or not violence is increasing or decreasing; and which population groups are most vulnerable. In 2001, Sweden commissioned the Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority' to cany out its first investigation on men’s violence against women.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	8bbb21681b037382589064f16e874ff8	Using investor characteristics can further deepen the understanding whether in the presence of asymmetric information and risks investors tend to discriminate in favour of those who resemble them, e.g. those of the same gender. A different angle of homophily could be addressed by looking at who teams with whom, as some 40% of the companies in the sample count more than two founders. Such a survey would need to be conducted in collaboration with the data supplier, but would allow to confirm or eliminate the hypothesis of gender discrimination in the funding amount. Networking is a different dimension to observe and to measure.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	8bbb422708548b01446cad704a7bd858	The report is based on the latest available data. It highlights both gains and challenges as the international community moves towards full realization of the ambitions and principles espoused in the 2030 Agenda. Time is therefore of the essence. Moreover, as the following pages show, progress has not always been equitable.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	8bbcade9264f63aa741ed3fca6a97f35	This is true even after accounting for other differences, such as parental education. Educational differences are also found to be smaller for children of immigrants than new immigrants, which they argue suggests that the education system is working to assimilate immigrant youth. In the United States, Card (2005) finds no evidence of unskilled immigration having a negative impact on unskilled native workers’ labour market performance, suggesting that concerns that immigration may increase poverty among the native population are ill-founded.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5950d914-en	8bbdbad2a64a9070552c7d24ce17ad13	There are no organized data available, however, on road and maritime transport. Target 9.2, which focuses on industrialization, has data for the indicators covered. Target 9.4 has three indicators: 9.4.1 (emissions of carbon-dioxide); 9.4.2 (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP (purchasing power parity)); and 9.4.3 (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of manufacturing value added).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	8bc0ae342ca3eaf1dfc5ab8b36b1dd5b	Schizophrenia costs were approximately GBP 6.7 billion in England in 2004-05. For more details on IAPT, see section 4.1. The vast majority of mental health care and other health services, with the exception of fixed co-payments on prescriptions, is received free at the point of use and paid for by either the NHS or Local Authorities. The independent English health charity The King’s Fund has estimated the direct costs of mental illness across the population in England at GBP 22.5 billion a year (McCrone et al., Evidence shows that approximately 30% of people living with a long-term physical health condition also have co-morbid mental health problems (Cimpean and Drake 2011). International studies suggest that co-morbid mental health problems increase the cost of care for long-term conditions by at least 45% (OECD, 2014) and go uncounted in the estimation of the NHS mental health spending.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	8bc18e6f2d921c1f235934a478b9b85e	This threshold figure has been used by the government in the design of its social programmes and policies and is commonly used in studies on poverty in Brazil (see, for example. This same procedure was followed to process the data for 2008, with these values being adjusted by the consumer price index (cpi) of the Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute for purposes of comparison with the values for September 2003. For the measurement of multidimensional poverty, a distinction was drawn between households that were not experiencing deprivation and those that were doing so in respect of at least one of the 13 indicators.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	8bc2409e0e8d50847a5cd04b3a0b2083	However, effective biodiversity mainstreaming is time consuming and it should be recognised that the process usually needs to be sustained over a number of years. Conservation Letters, doi: 10.111 l/conl.12180. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/469d7fec-en	8bc7414c1cdd78e45c38a2a74f2f9a7c	Developed country Parties” is not defined. Other Parties” are encouraged to provide support, and “should” communicate this information. Meeting the reporting provisions on climate finance provided (mandatory for developed countries, non-mandatory for “other” countries), will require historical data on both bilateral and multilateral climate finance provided for developing countries.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264282261-30-en	8bc8be215e80e9f9f6eff6d77ab3d344	The programmes put an emphasis on the need for improved competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors in the country'. The goal is to establish a procedure for regular updating of regulations in order to assure efficient conservation of available resources. A small number of new web-based services are available.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	8bc9bb1ed068f3c19dd397b6d54ae833	This and other pressures on the clinics in the Korean health care system have resulted in an increase in the closure rate, up from around 7% in 2006 to 8% in 2008, this is compared to a 1% closure rate among hospitals and underscores the additional level of financial difficulty faced by clinics (Cho, 2009). These statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics. These challenges are only likely to be compounded as demographics drive older and poorer patients to present at Korea’s health services with more than one health condition, and requiring care that straddles multiple health services and specialists.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	8bca278c6d01effdd60348122afdf5bc	First, as mentioned in the previous chapter, evidence from the OECD/INFE survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for day-to-day money management in a majority of households across several countries, weakening the idea of specialisation in financial decision making. Moreover, the evidence regarding a link between gender differences in financial literacy and specialisation within the household is mixed. Hsu (2011) finds that the financial literacy of older married women in the US increases as they approach widowhood, thus supporting the idea of household division of labour. Anticipating possible widowhood, women have incentives to begin learning. However, Fonseca et al. (	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	8bcbd32c138a7bc32441bdb494709cdb	Portability of services is discussed in depth in Chapter 5. In this section, portability of insurance affiliation and portability of information is discussed. Portability of insurance affiliation is important because a large percentage of Mexicans switch between schemes during the course of a year if their employment status changes, which may affect their access to care.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	8bcc0c36768c63de6b515c79d33002c4	Systems like these are in use in some form within most developed nations for daily operations and especially during crisis situations. Besides building sustainable and resilient infrastructure through better planning and design based on the understanding derived from computational and ML models, the implementation of systems like these within developing nations can help prevent natural events from turning into disasters. It is normal for most developed countries to require contractors to provide a complete set of BIM data for any infrastructure built using public funds.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	8bcf0d90581e2025b45738b6761ddfd7	In situations where unemployment is high, it is particularly important to maintain some options for the unemployed in the form of ALMP places. Broadly-targeted programmes can implement an offer of a place to all long-term unemployed, which can promote motivation and opportunity. Work experience and labour market training improve employability.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283350-en	8bd2c71ece2fdb5d38b821d3a472cafb	Avoidable hospital admissions are among the best in Europe for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see Figure 10). Moreover, the 30-day fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke are among the worst in the EU. There are structures in place to support quality health care but outcomes suggest substantial room to further improve service quality and the coordination between levels of care. In addition, the EHIF has published a selection of service quality indicators for every hospital since 2012 and quality criteria are included in strategic contracts.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	8bdc7b03926993a82a96da42a686831e	Investment incentives are sometimes associated with negative externalities, such as higher costs than benefits accrued, opportunity costs, and adverse selection, therefore making cost-benefit analysis essential (Chapter 3). The Ministry of Environment helps to ensure consistency and coherence of environmental, sectoral, economic and investment policies that affect private green investment across different levels of government and public agencies while the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources contributes to policy implementation. The Jordan Investment Board, which has a policy advocacy department, champions certain sectors, including renewable energy. While these initiatives are encouraging, more needs to be done to ensure that green policies are mainstreamed into regular policy making and implementation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-5-en	8bdc9a00bbd67eba235439bb4de37ab5	Empirical evidence suggests that workers in OECD countries today need al least an upper secondary diploma to be able to compete in the workforce (see a review in Lyche, 2010). Young people who have not completed school have a difficult time securing stable employment and earn less, on average, than high school graduates (Bradshaw, O'Brennan and McNeely, 2008). In most countries, the share of young people who are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) is relatively small among those who have completed tertiary education but much larger among those who completed at most lower secondary education (Figure 2.1).	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	8bdee482340e39f2cf2402bc30883890	In Mozambique, Embrapa is engaged in three large projects i) Platform with the United States aimed at training for technological innovation and development of agriculture; ii) Food Security with the United States to strengthen family and/or subsistence horticulture; and iii) ProSavannah with Japan to adapt Brazil’s successful experience in the Cerrado for agricultural development of the Mozambican Savannahs in the Nacala Corridor. Both public and private contributions are supporting parts of this very large and long term project. Brazil’s role in promoting South-South co-operation (cont.) Beginning in 2010 with the Brazil-Africa Dialogue, the idea of providing support to partner countries to adapt Brazil’s policies to promote agricultural development has attracted interest.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	8be24bfc267dee6d309831351bf46ed9	These measures were applied in 2016 and there has been no increase in traffic congestion. The team thus identified the biggest barriers to better mobility in the city: motor vehicles and lack of space for pedestrians (including pavement obstructions in many places). It helps them to diagnose road safety problems, prioritise interventions and evaluate projects.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	8be43875afbdd8e7a53449cf31f55606	Investment proposals not specified in the notification were considered by the Commission on a case-by-case basis (DICA, 2013b). However, the MIC retains significant discretion over the approval of investment projects as the criteria for some activities remain relatively vague as currently stated in the FIL (see Chapter 3 on investment policy for further details). However, the MIC can allow foreign investment in such activities if it considers it is in the national interest, especially for ethnic minorities.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	8be461268d87a1514d3310e24538821c	The Sino-Russian online verification system for custom clearance certificates for aquatic products with legal origins has been implemented, which greatly facilitates the fisheries trade between two countries. Sino-USA fisheries dialogues have led to a mutual understanding of fisheries sustainability, combatting IUU fishing, and protection of aquatic wildlife. Sino-European dialogues in 2015 have resulted in agreement on the establishment of a joint working committee for combating IUU fishing and ensuring the smooth flow of Chinese marine capture products to European markets. Between 2011 and 2015, China ratified the “Convention on Fisheries Resources Conservation and Management in the South Pacific High Seas”, “Convention on Conservation and Management of Inter American Tropical Tunas”, and “Convention on Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific”. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 7.7 % between 2011 and 2015, but growth has slowed considerably after 2013 (Figure 4.12). The total value of aquaculture output in 2015 was four times that of marine landings, at RMB 827.4 billion (USD 131.7 billion).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	8be52b06102ff8b076509ffa12f3ab8d	In general, the adaptation options identified in the NAS are broad in scope, allowing for varying degrees of implementation. Box 5.1 presents examples of adaptation options, highlighting opportunities for mainstreaming activities. The aim of this option is to increase the resilience of forests to pests and to increase stability and forest diversity in terms of species, structure, genetics, diversity of habitats, etc.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/76c9b151-en	8be6cc0e03be98faf17a56a1942b1517	As will be discussed in more detail later, the direct impact of exports on poverty can be additional to their poverty-reducing effect, depending on the type of exports, via their overall growth-enhancing impact. The evidence at aggregate level lends definite support to the proposition that exports play a special role in poverty reduction (see figure 26). The graph indicates that poverty ratios decline when per capita real exports increase.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	8be702bd8e9019532c9a5fee1f63cfda	"But while large shares of total tax revenues can be spent on transfers, such a correspondence needs not (and usually does not) hold in every period as taxes finance non-benefit expenditures as well. Likewise, current benefit expenditure can be financed through non-tax sources, notably borrowing. To the extent that the existence of taxes and benefits causes changes in market prices and household behaviour, redistribution policies have an influence on pre-tax benefit market incomes (and economic welfare) which is not captured by looking at the amounts of taxes and benefits alone. There is a voluminous literature on the consequences of tax or benefit reforms that alter incentives to earn and declare taxable income (e.g., Giertz et al., These indirect (or “second-round"") effects of redistribution policies are at the heart of debates concerning their cost-effectiveness."	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	8be99c13328ee563ee14895b32db5446	As a priority, steps should be taken to ensure that ability to pay is not a factor in accessing health care. In particular, reasons underlying low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening should be investigated. Understanding provider-level variation will be critical to addressing Latvia’s poor survival rates after heart attack or stroke, for example.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	8bf17c0e164a8b4584272aa9268fa278	In many developing countries in the region, ICT infrastructure is progressing faster than health-care infrastructure. For instance, 89 per cent of the region's population has access to mobile phone networks; 3.2 billion people use the internet; and 1.8 billion people use a high-speed broadband mobile phone service. Mobile phone technologies and services made up 5.4 per cent of the Asia-Pacific GDP in 2016, equivalent to $1.3 trillion in economic value.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-8-en	8bf40675212acf646ac50df2de4094c5	The reform focuses on fisheries sustainability, in response to the state of the main national fisheries most of which are overexploited. One of the main elements incorporated in this reform is a changed structure of the decision-making process, which will be firmly based on scientific information, compared to the current system, in which stakeholders are involved, leading to sometimes socioeconomic criteria being prioritised over sustainability. In addition, the reform strengthens fisheries research, introduces new inspection elements for small-scale fisheries (setting VMS and catch certification for large vessels), upgrades the industrial and small-scale fisheries access system, and introduces mechanisms for the establishment of a rebuilding programme in accordance to the OECD guidelines, among other elements. Two other legal initiatives are currently under discussion: the regulation, control and sanction of discards, and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/67989bf6-en	8bf602fef2c07363296c8f3f9f47c4bc	Germany noted that there is an annual gender equality evaluation among the parliamentary staff to assess the allocation of positions within parliaments to women and men; results indicate that gender-balance targets have been achieved in recent years. Of the 15 respondents, 9 (60%) indicated that provisions regarding maternity leave for members of parliament are the same as those prescribed by national law. Four countries (Canada, Greece, Latvia and New Zealand) noted that the parliament has adopted its own policies; in the case of Latvia, these policies were in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the Saeima and in the case of Greece, in accordance with Law No.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	8bf88fe41e116da16aad2cbfa47abb9d	In countries like India, where publicly provided childcare services are lacking, such programmes have often been provided by private actors and NGOs (World Bank, 2012). Childcare can also be made more affordable through tax deductions. In emerging economies, that is only the case in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico (WBL Database, 2016).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0cf73767-en	8bfac79ce1b9738a226564e91b56dbad	These short and mid-term policy fixes are identified here. In addition to what is listed here, longer term macroeconomic harmonization, rural development and pro-poor policies, policies for education and human resource development, as well as commodity development and enterprise policies will play a role in creating a proper enabling environment. This includes the distribution and marketing infrastructure that links farmers to markets.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8bfcc6ea801ab2d0505f39ecf6111170	These focus on attracting foreign-funded high-technology or R&D activities to poorer regions based on a map of “National Priority Areas”. The generosity of tax concessions and grants depends on the location of facilities, the degree of foreign ownership and the size of investments. The greatest support is provided to Priority A regions of the Galilee, the Jordan Valley, the Negev and Jerusalem (OECD, 2009b).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	8c004310d6a153318f124617a107d16b	Domestic violence is generally thought to lessen, as women become more educated and empowered, especially as they gain greater rights to land and home ownership. Today, it remains a huge concern for many, many women - half or more of women in some societies. In 25 countries, women became a speaker or presiding officer of parliament for the first time in the last decade.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	8c0063c1cc2274d81d811116e932e50a	In many-metropolitan areas, smaller municipalities often lack the sheer human and technical capacity to prepare adequate plans or to update them, and require both training and funding from higher levels of government, as shown in the example of Puebla-Tlaxcala (Box 2.7). Municipalities have several planning instruments at their disposal with which to regulate and promote uiban development. However, most existing plans no longer reflect the demographic or spatial realities of municipalities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	8c01dd08eccadee771bb4f39610cf2ec	The study led to a broader understanding of the project. Instead, it recommended that it include: the long-term multimodal functioning of the mobility network (the Ringway carries 35% of local traffic; and a relatively small shift to the local network or other modalities could solve the congestion at the national highway system near Utrecht); the investment climate of the eastern part of Utrecht including the campus; and the connectivity between Utrecht and the surrounding rural landscape. This favoured a shift from a defensive discussion about the highway project into an opportunity and quality-driven discussion, in which infrastructure was only one element. Spatial-economic development models for the university campus, together with the A27 Highway and redevelopment of the adjacent Rijnsweerd business park.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	8c024a4d32679a59d94ca449b99fd3e5	For this group of countries, the potential consequences for water quality of the projected growth in agricultural production might include (trends may vary within and across countries) the following. Within the EU27, however, there could be some diverging trends, with the agricultural sector continuing to contract in many of the former EU15 countries, but expanding in some of the new EU member states (European Environment Agency, 2010). In addition, crop and livestock production could undergo further intensification and concentration of production on less land to maintain increases in productivity and profitability. For this group of countries, the potential consequences for water quality of the projected low growth or decrease in agricultural production might include (trends may vary within and across countries) the following.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	8c02d13294d739388c66096db5923272	Scientific assessment is not necessarily an objective activity, but is one that also involves framing subjects with political implications. It must be scientifically sound but at the same time politically acceptable (Agrawala, 1998). Even when the academic/scientific community is directed towards one solution, politics deals with people in a local context who often possess diverse values and different attitudes towards the scientific community.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	8c02e19110369f0402d1e071c9cec8a2	Fees and, in some cases, public support measures do also vary across regions or municipalities in some countries. For Canada, fees and regulations as applying in Ontario is taken into account. The responsiveness can be ensured first of all by the adoption of clear and transparent rules concerning the allocation of places in childcare services for young children primarily to single-parent families and/or with a parent looking for work.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd217899-en	8c03d1367c9ba493c949c64592db3f2e	There are however several unique challenges that need to be considered in order to see this potential maximized. Because the poor will often own smaller amounts of land, ensuring their participation will require setting the minimize land size requirements for the programme adequately low. While the inclusion of a larger number of smaller plots will tend to increase transaction costs, as outlined previously, a number of technical and institutional innovations can be employed to limit these effects. Ensuring the ability of the poor to participate will also includes ensuring that they have adequate access to the necessary capital, insurance and other financial services. As PES programmes often include upfront costs and can involve considerable investment risk, these services are critical to ensuring programme accessibility. Furthermore, because the poor are often renters of land rather than the owners of it, PES also has the potential to adversely affect the livelihoods of the poor by increasing the opportunity cost of the land to land owners and therefore increase the rent demanded.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fb332d66-en	8c0412a60e700c5c42308d957e5b2d45	As seen in previous sections, multilateral and bilateral grants and loans as well as the State Oil Fund are used for investment, while coverage of operating costs depends to a large extent on the State budget. These tariffs were introduced after the establishment of the national water company by Presidential Decree No. As seen in Chapter 5, mineral waters are chaiged at a rate of six manat per m3 for industries. In view of the economic situation of the population, low tariffs were set for households and the system relied on heavy cross-subsidies from industry to domestic users.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	8c058bb95718dc23b23063c9f520aa14	Such engagement is also crucial to ensure post-fraining placement, and to understand start-up potential and opportunities. Moreover, to link these training programmes to measurable outcomes, part of the funding is dispensed only upon proof of successful employment, or self-employment, of trainees. It contributes to achieving the Gambia’s development aims and employing its youth.	9	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	8c074e0de3f4e7a759314f2917bbf7e6	Assessment for qualification and certification is a specific form of summative and high-stakes assessment. For this paper, it is important to clarify the meaning of each of the key terms and concepts used throughout the paper. The main concepts used in the following discussion are summative assessment, qualification, certification and high stakes.	4	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	8c08240b1369195accee5d39ee3b6941	About 5 per cent of wood (1.3 Mtoe) is used as an energy source in the pulp and paper, bricks and tiles, and lime industries. Whereas the pulp and paper industry and some iron producers use biomass residues from planted trees, most of the other industries rely on wood collected from the wild, and use primitive technologies and inefficient furnaces. The latter use primitive and inefficient kilns built with local materials.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	8c09ee879cfc9ea751a3f006bb813f84	Finally, Figure 4.14 uses hourly earnings, while Figure 4.13 uses monthly earnings. Since both figures focus on full-time employees, however, this final difference should not lead to major discrepancies. Despite these differences, the two figures deliver consistent results. As it effectively amounts to comparing less educated men with more educated women, on average.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	8c0dfbe779a878619170069c86b6b8a5	Goal 11 consists of 10 targets and 15 related indicators, majority of which are to be measured at the local city level and progress reported at the national level. ( These agendas and frameworks are particularly complementary and will require coordinated actions at local, national and global levels to achieve. For example, the embedding of a stand-alone goal on cities and human settlements (Goal 11) in the SDGs is a recognition of this complimentary and re-enforcing nexus. Some of the links between the SDGs 11 targets and other SDGs are clear e.g with SDG 1 on poverty or access to basic services, SDG 3 on health, SDG 4 on education, SDG 5 on gender equality, Goal 9 on building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable industrialization, Goal 12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns, SDG 16 on good governance, and SDG17 on partnerships and means of implementation, etc.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/08e82310-en	8c0ed0909dd17758e8256e8947ef9ec3	Settlements, commercial activities, and traffic routes are situated in the narrow valleys and small catchments within the Alps. This infrastructure has to be protected against natural hazards such as floods, torrents and avalanches, which have resulted in hydromorphological changes of the river and its banks. These pressures are of more local nature in the Swiss share of the sub-basin, and more widespread in the Austrian and German share of the Inn River subbasin as there is a chain of hydropower plants on the Lower Inn.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	8c0f7a9800f811815f28fb18432645a9	Aiming to control and eradicate these outbreaks, the government established emergency support policies. Following the initial relevant government decisions in 2004 and 2005, several decisions on compensation were approved.27 The rationale is to encourage farmers to declare disease outbreaks at an early stage so that it can be contained among the livestock population. A key component of the support policy is a compensation level that encourages farmers to cull animals rather than sell them illegally on the market.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	8c0ffa2645714b031ec75d4439412e15	We also consider how Sweden’s well-developed primary care sector can contribute further to improvements in the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The primary care sector sits alongside national public health programmes for health protection, health promotion and prevention, which are not discussed here. Long-term care for older people living at home, in care homes or nursing homes, and for those with disabilities or long-term mental health problems, is the responsibility of the 290 municipalities. Primary health care is generally the route of entry into health care for Swedish patients, and for signposting to services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	8c171d20586d223e5d7a8c55ff883fac	This privileged position was extended in 2011 for another 10 years. So far, no studies were found that examine the effectiveness of the buffer stock in achieving price stability. However, besides their performance, it is also important to examine whether these stockholding policies have other impacts on society.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	8c18922228a8e474c362d397ed438c6d	Mandatory interviews may have positive employment impacts through a threat effect -i.e. However, for the successful delivery of counselling services, the quality and individualisation of content is key. Across the OECD, the PES aims to have a strong market position as a job broker, by offering vacancy databases, referrals of appropriate candidates and other more specialised services to employers. Technology is changing the way people interact with each other and the world around them and the PES is no exception to this.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	8c19d4b0100c7af81e290d8c6bb98342	Market functioning has improved in several respects. Studies have shown that mobile phone coverage has led to falling price dispersion across markets (Aker etal, 2010; Aker 2010). Price transmissions are broader and faster, nationally and across borders. These impacts reduce speculation and arbitration possibilities (Araujo etal., How does information influence producers' production decisions and risks? The impact of missing information is naturally hard to quantify.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7db07bca-en	8c19db9f80fb9862e7a0e56731d7ecb2	Regular and reliable payments increase confidence and creditworthiness, while reducing pressure on informal insurance mechanisms. Households with more available labour, for example, are in a better position to take advantage of the cash for productive investments, in both the short and longer run. Many social protection programmes target women because research shows that giving women greater control over household spending leads to greater expenditures on food, health, education, children's clothing and nutrition.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	8c1baaea29cf2821ed2771674f15c55f	For those covered under the public scheme Seguro Popular, all medicines included in the positive list established by the Ministry of Health are fully covered; patients pay the full price of other drugs. When patients purchase a medicine with a price exceeding the reference price, they must pay the difference. Cost-sharing per item is capped for important drugs (e.g. antibiotics, cardiovascular).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	8c1c9a47ba71b98ad0e66464a88ce296	This is explained by the fact that design and implementation of regional policies relies heavily on sub-national governments. Obstacles to coherence between water and other policy areas in OECD countries (cont.) Besides, overlapping, unclear and nonexistent allocation of responsibilities is more problematic when it comes to co-ordinating water and regional development policies than for the energy and agricultural sectors, for several reasons. First, OECD countries have generally set up more co-ordination mechanisms between water, energy and agricultural policies than in the areas of regional development and spatial planning. Second, water and energy policies are frequently led within an environment ministry and water resources management are often handled, at least in part, within a ministry of agriculture.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	8c1e9119d49b78631a469014f0f4619b	This should be done through engagement with community groups such as parents of school children, local residents and campaign groups, including the families of those seriously injured and killed. These groups should be treated as partners in planning and decision-making. As a country that promotes advanced technology and which is a major producer of motor vehicles, Korea could be a world leader in introducing ISA. It can be noted that the 2014 Kia Sorrento sold in Europe already has the option of providing speed limit information to the driver based on map and camera technology. The same model also has a driver-set speed limiter function.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	8c225f6c671a36b0239e80e79022a951	Under the transparency framework (Article 13 of the Paris Agreement) developed countries shall provide information on the support provided to developing countries. This shall be communicated biennially as qualitative and quantitative information. Importantly projected levels of public support shall also be included wherever possible, although not explicitly part of the transparency framework.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	8c23a5aca3cc67de0fe7b5241a3acd50	Drawing on case studies documenting the experience of water allocation reform of 10 OECD and BRIICS countries, this chapter draws out useful insights and lessons learned. It examines common themes related to drivers of reform, the process of identifying and selecting reform options, the reform process itself, and assessments of reforms that seek to determine if they reached their aims. Often the reform is driven by an accumulation of factors over time.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/641d54a4-en	8c25fe70059f65754df1c314b122774f	Almost all countries in this region were formerly part of the USSR or Yugoslavia so they are in a transition process with far-reaching consequences for their economies and societies. The actors of the forest sector - private and public forest owners and managers, industries, traders, as well as policy makers - must function in an increasingly competitive and rapidly changing political, economic and technological environment, sometimes dominated by large, extremely dynamic, enterprises with a culture of rapid and successful innovation. To survive and prosper, forest sector actors must remain, or become, competitive, developing innovative solutions to new challenges.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	8c272d6ba8ca667f24db56351a8d52ad	Flowever, the governmental social housing projects under the 2006 Housing Law targeted a set of very specific social groups, namely “state employees, officials, government staff, government officers, and workers in economic zones, industrial, productive and high tech areas” (2006 Housing Law, article 53). Projects that have impacted urban areas for instance included housing support for such categories as “meritorious people”, social housing for students, housing for workers in industrial zones, and housing for officials. In fact, the scheme meant supporting some privileged groups and leaving out large segments of the urban poor such as the unemployed, low paid workers, privately or informally employed people, thereby illustrating a segmented and unco-ordinated approach to social housing.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	8c27ff6209202070dbd763c6241ad2bd	Likely that different Parties will develop national and sub-national institutions. One option is that the current institutional arrangements shall support Patties in implementing adaptation. Another is that new international institutional arrangements such as a subsidiary body for adaptation or adaptation registry should be developed.	13	3	7	0.4
10.18356/477abc4d-en	8c28d5592adafc58710f43de75e1485c	For example, following the Sichuan earthquake in China in 2008, the depletion of funds for school buildings reportedly led to compromised design standards and regulatory codes (Pei, 2007; Lewis, 2011). While many older buildings survived the earthquake relatively unscathed, over 7,000 more recently built classrooms collapsed, resulting in high mortality; one local school reported the death of 900 children in the earthquake (Lewis, 2011). For example, Japan and Eritrea or Grenada and Haiti are pairs of countries with similar relative levels of disaster risk (AAL as a proportion of exposed assets).	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	8c2a2e034426605b9ee555e9301f044d	In 2014, an amendment Act came into effect that banned the use of animal testing in clinical trials, effectively bringing the industry and product development to a standstill. Retail regulations due to come into force in November 2015 would allow for the licensing of the sale, both wholesale and retail, of psychoactive substances, and the licensing of retail premises. As of 1 June 2015, approximately 37 local authorities had adopted local approved product policies, which provided directions about where psychoactive products may be sold in a particular area. Cannabis is the most trafficked and widely abused drug throughout Oceania. The Australian Crime Commission has reported that, despite illicit domestic cultivation, the quantity of cannabis seized at the border in the 2013/14 reporting period was the highest in the past decade.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	8c2b4a6318facd2fa8f054a412659630	The majority of the countries have national energy plans, policies and programmes in place to meet these challenges. Development partner support is crucial for many countries in achieving their energy targets. While it may be too early to measure the success of these activities, the targets set are very ambitious and will need continued efforts into the future. The largest proportion of energy consumption occurs in Viti Levu, where the majority of the people, a large part of the tourist industry, and Suva, the capital city, can be found.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	8c2baeb6be313b6f3acb5d9943c497c4	Both Embrapa and Oepas implement R&D projects considered most relevant. The federal role in rural extension is more focused on family agriculture and led by the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA). In the case of public organisations these systems are closely linked to federal and state ministries or secretaries.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a84cce24-en	8c2d4335840b9a4d909a6876afb52238	Each donor tends to undertake its own identification missions, negotiate the terms of the projects to be sponsored, impose its own accounting methods, define its own conditions, and conduct its own monitoring and evaluation. This not only increases the direct cost of providing aid but also tends to affect the institutional capacity of recipient countries, which complicates the pursuit of coherent, long-term development policies by Governments. Aid fragmentation has also rendered the flow of resources less predictable and more volatile, thereby making the management of budgetary processes highly dependent on aid flows all the more challenging.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	8c2e6438de537afcd48c08a0c723f10e	Other possible impacts of climate change on aquaculture include changes in feed composition and supply as well as changes in the type, scope and extent disease outbreaks in fish farms. For both sectors, relocation of aquaculture production sites, wild harvest landing sites (e.g. ports), and fish processing facilities may be required due to extreme weather events, changing stock distribution and location relative to markets. While there will continue to be a great deal of uncertainty associated with the interactions between climate change and fisheries and aquaculture over the next several years, fisheries policy makers should now turn their attention to the development and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	8c30fd7a5f9a9755c93582615e439d55	During the same period, self-assessed health has worsened, while it has improved in the OECD as a whole. An increase in reported health by 1 unit (for instance, moving from good health to very good health) would increase overall life satisfaction by roughly 5% on average in Finland. Other important determinants are being employed and having freedom of choice in everyday activities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	8c3204213cd623907a4488adfe566701	In that context, input-indicators are less suited: how far a child lives from school may be used as a proxy for access to education; however, it says nothing about whether the child is attending school and learning effectively; even children living far from school may be attending and learning depending on the conditions of (public) transport and the quality of the school. It is equally not trivial because the choice of the deprivation indicators determines what types of analyses on determinants of deprivation are possible in the later stages of the research. Some indicators may be binary variables (e.g., at school or not), so the distinction between the deprived and the non-deprived is obvious; other variables, however, are continuous, cardinal or ordinal: in these cases a decision on a cut-off point between those deprived and those non-deprived is needed. There is an ongoing debate on how to aggregate the various components of deprivation into an overall deprivation measure that identifies the (multiply) deprived.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	8c38b82d078d47c660639329024e26ec	Those rural areas, which averaged more than 51 inhabitants per kmJ, accounted for 58% of the total rural population. Settlement dynamics in West Africa (cont.) Rural areas that are well connected to urban markets have more diversified local economies, with a higher share of off-farm employment and income from non-agricultural activities.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	8c3a09630fa1b315c34c36c78d9b7129	The Paris Agreement provides that Parties “should” as appropriate submit and update an adaptation communication, which may include priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and actions regarding adaptation action (Article 7.10). One way of doing this would be for the enhanced transparency framework to build on the UNFCCC’s current transparency arrangements, including national communications, e.g. to allow adaptation communications to form part of current reporting documents such as national communications. How those arrangements would relate to an adaptation communication and an enhanced transparency framework for adaptation will be further discussed in Section 3.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	8c3d993b30a1ee472cfedcd16bef64b5	Hence, before accounting for redistribution, “middle-class” households in these countries participated only very partially in overall economic growth, as real GDP per capita during this period roughly doubled on average. Real-term income gains were more sizable in Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and, especially, in the United Kingdom. Median market incomes fluctuated without a clear trend in Australia and Poland and essentially stagnated over the period as a whole. The initial period used for these comparisons, which is dictated by data availability, clearly matters.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	8c3fe8f99a377584579541ef9565457c	Given a projected GDP per-capita growth of a factor of 5.7 between 2007 and 2050 in India, one would expect the growth of residential electricity demand per capita to rise by a similar amount, to over 800 kWh/cap per year in 2050. The demand would be at a similar level to the current level of Malaysia, but still well below that of Singapore. In combination with an assumed 44% population growth between 2007 and 2050, this would result, excluding any efficiency improvements, in a residential electricity demand of 1311 TWh, some 12 times the demand level of 2006/07. In total, the final electricity demand grows in the BLUE Map Scenario from 567 TWh in 2007 to 3 168 TWh in 2050.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	8c41af769e2351d924f273daf7519c97	When two or more versions of a questionnaire or survey instrument exist, the split samples test can be used to determine the optimal version of the two. Researchers can assess the relative benefits of differences at the level of question wording, interviewing technique or question sequence (UNODC and UNECE, 2010). This method incorporates an experimental data collection component into the survey project if researchers are unsure about and wish to test the relative merits of different approaches.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/76c9b151-en	8c42816d9538a7c33ccf67145d57fd4f	Change in poverty is measured as the change in the logarithm of the odds ratio of being poor (log(h/(1 -h)), and export growth is the log difference in per capita real exports between 1990 and 2007. The fitted regression line has a highly significant coefficient of -0.48 with an R2 of 0.61 which is double the R2 for the overall sample obtained in the section entitled Exports and poverty. Therefore, it will not be surprising to find that the distinction between the successful countries and those lagging behind made above on the basis of poverty trends is also mirrored in relation to export performance of the two groups. To detect causality one needs to investigate the channels through which export growth is linked to changes in poverty by detailed case studies in each individual country.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	8c42c197465b2795ac5ce323b6264e4f	This raises efficiency considerations as well as funding inadequacies in many areas. Greece lags behind in the implementation of the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, which required all municipal wastewaters to be treated by 2005. In 2002 only two of the wastewater treatment plants discharging in sensitive areas achieved the treatment efficiency required by the EU Directive, mainly because of capacity and funding gaps. Municipalities often execute budget only considering their own perspective and plan, and this lack of integrated approach and territorially customised water policy affects the efficiency of budget execution.	6	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	8c435cf424a97e3ee6b3d635b4bc8011	"Their plans seem commercially feasible given the lower cost of satellites and the development of the broadband market. Mobile network operators (MNOs) need scale to compete for 4G licences, invest in mobile network infrastructure and develop services that rival their competitors'. But there may be additional benefits to both BT and EE from synergies in subscriber acquisition costs (SAC) and lower customer churn, as evidence from quadruple play offerings in other European markets shows. On the negative side, however, ""inmarket"" mergers and acquisitions can be expensive and b'me consuming, and success is uncertain. When network coverage becomes less of a competitive differentiator, operators may need to consolidate networks (through network sharing) as a means of moving away from infrastructure investment and toward developing innovative services."	9	0	9	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	8c450d8ddc781364f69a21be0278beb3	The waste management industry depends on the consistent implementation and enforcement of strong public health and environmental legislation to create a level playing field for the ‘waste management market'. This question can be answered at many levels: because it is the ‘right’ thing to do; because it is a legal requirement; or because it makes economic sense, as the costs to society of the indiscriminate accumulation, littering, burning and dumping of waste likely exceed the financial costs of environmentally sound waste management. However, in the absence of waste management, or where waste management services are failing, environmental and social negative impacts of waste are much greater, so the focus here is on attempting to estimate the economic costs of inaction, rather than the somewhat lower remaining externalities (economic costs) of environmentally sound waste management. These benefits include avoiding economic costs, the revenues from the sale of recovered products and energy, and also include the wider economic benefits of resource efficiency and waste prevention such as increasing resource and food security and creating green jobs.	12	0	3	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	8c45404792b4e1aab7901362c426aeef	To give full effect of the Bangalore Principles by making reference to International Conventions and Treaties. To embrace the notion of persuasive authority and exercise judicial creativity and judicial activism as they adjudicate on CEFM. To enhance their roles in court by embracing ‘out of the box’ methods outside the Courtroom e.g. through advocacy, mentorship; personal efforts in their immediate communities or social organisations (Churches, Rotary, School Boards etc.)	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	8c48acd3e3fc1bb5314bad5a44979599	Policies towards industrial symbiosis (IS) can be an effective means to reduce waste and promote reuse among industries in Metro Cebu especially when applied to Economic Zones. Industrial symbiosis, a value chain approach for eco-innovation, helps create a cyclical manufacturing loop for industries in close geographical proximity to exchange by-products (Gibbs, 2008; Chertow and Park 2016). Industrial symbiosis deems the by-product/waste of one industry as resources/inputs for the other allowing for innovation, cost reductions, increased revenues and above all, additional economic prospects in an environmentally conscientious manner. Symbiotic networks can develop spontaneously or be planned. Kawerau, New Zealand is applying this concept to reduce its carbon footprint by closing the loop between its wood processing centres and its geothermal energy industries (Embracechange, 2014). Similarly, in Landskrona, Sweden, though an organic synergy existed among some operational industries, its full potential was realised in 2003 when the government assisted with an agreement to collaborate and catalyse IS development leading to the establishment of the Landskrona industrial symbiosis programme (Chertow and Park 2016).	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289338578-10-en	8c49fc145f3266e755fc30affa944e71	As can be seen, the average number of meals served per year per 1,000 inhabitants varies between 217 and 335 (excluding Finland as an outlier), whereas the number of food bags delivered per 1,000 inhabitants varies between 17 in Sweden and 522 in Finland. Large cities have traditionally a higher share of low income people and social clients than smaller cities and rural areas. Better organisation and clear guidelines from the food authorities nationally will make it more acceptable for the food industry and retail companies to donate food, and realise the big potential for redistribution.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3eecb8cd-en	8c4a1e8873cab470d0b1abafd7a9af3e	This thematic metric therefore adopted contributions from nature-based tourism to GDP and employment as a proxy. There is no data on forest-based ecotourism available for now, as there are no comprehensive data sets available on the economic importance of tourism and the statistical methodology for measuring sustainable tourism is still currently under development. More detailed data would be needed in order to calculate the direct GDP from forest-based ecotourism as a proportion of total GDP and the associated growth rates.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	8c4a4fb428758c64d267dbbc81f70ade	Annual revenues from water right fees increased from EUR 5 million in 2003 to nearly EUR 17 million in 2007, but decreased to about EUR 10 million in 2009 and in 2010 as the number of new users fell. Abstraction for public water supply has required a water right, but not the payment of a water right fee. However, current reform of the system envisages the introduction of a water right fee for public water supply.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	8c4c20f696fb0ebd3c9b5731ffed3840	Chapter 4 discusses the thematic scope of NUPs, assessing the level of attention given to selected sectorial policy themes related to urbanisation, as an indication to the extent that NUPs adopt a comprehensive view in dealing with the multi-sectorial nature of urbanisation. Chapter 5 focuses on the governance of NUPs, which should entail collaborative and coordinated institutional arrangements between all levels of government, and wide stakeholder engagement. The analysis focuses on the type of institutional authority leading the NUP process, on the extent of stakeholder engagement, and includes a discussion of the role of subnational governments in the NUP process.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	8c4d6a1abe2469cb41211ceba5b058d7	Maintenance, leak detection, and engineering studies are currently partly subcontracted. In 1999 SONEDE conducted a study of the potential role of the private sector in supplying safe drinking water (SONEDE, 1999). As part of the study, SONEDE developed a list of activities for which subcontracting could be possible and analysed constraints to the development of contracts.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	8c577b5bde8b2e7ef67c0949855a35be	New laws and policies are currently being developed to increase online security and to strengthen the protection of personal data. National security concerns have also been raised about the misuse of such data and the consequences of the digital transformation on national security. Governments need to apply a whole-of-govemment response to form coherent policies to seize the opportunities and tackle the evolving challenges of the digital transformation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	8c5b3f8f0a6317064c73d786b254c381	But lifelong engagement with science, beyond compulsory schooling, requires more than knowledge and skills; students will make the most of their knowledge, and participate in science-related activities, only if they are also positively disposed towards science. This, of course, is particularly important for students who aspire to become scientists or engineers, or to work in other science-related occupations. Most students expressed a broad interest in science topics and recognised the important role that science plays in their world.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	8c5d7beb2d8b246607504ae8bc3756a0	There are also payments related to placement of nursing staff for Overnight Stay-based Training for Independence Support and placement of health care professionals for disability welfare services and they make it possible for individuals to live in the community while receiving health-related support. Nursing outreach visits and community oriented services in private hospitals and clinics have been established in order to support early discharge. The numbers of psychiatric day care centres, private psychiatric outpatients’ clinics and social rehabilitation facilities have also increased. In addition, the MHLW provides subsidies for “Child mental health care network” projects implemented by prefecture. However, there is a shortage of hub hospitals which specialise in care for children’s mental health, with just 21 hospitals with specialised child and adolescent wards across Japan. “ Hikikomori”, a group identified in Japan generally understood to be reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement, are a particular cause for concern.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3136863b-en	8c5e240eb2f648fb49ba8696b6c686db	The countries with larger proportions of 10-year-olds in their populations are poorer than those with relatively smaller proportions of 10-year-olds. While they share the same chronological age, there is tremendous variation around the world in the ways they live their lives, with significant implications for both their own future and that of the planet. This section examines some of the key components of their lives, focusing in particular on the areas where clear patterns emerge. The situation is particularly acute in countries that have recently experienced significant upheavals such as war or natural disasters.	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	8c6055eb6ed9abff34ace765581daa7f	Therefore, a differentiation of long-term care by dependency level, with a cross-classification by age, is likely to be of significant policy relevance; for instance, if health promotion for the aged is successful, the need for long-term health care services should be delayed until more advanced ages. It may also be important to break down age-related payment strategies so as to link the various layers to public and private payments as well as to the public-private mix in provision (Huber and Rodrigues, 2008). The greater the dependency level, the more comprehensive the set of services included in the package.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8c63be8d6e5f43385e71cf06bfe976ea	At the same time, wheat producers have received input subsidies, and most recently subsidies to transport exported grain. Part of this support is absorbed by the inefficiencies in the marketing of grain. At present, around 76% of meat and 88% of milk in the country are produced by households, primarily for their own consumption.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	8c675b4e924c878eadb55b7dad4aec05	The cost of insurance is deductible from the final fruit returns payable to suppliers. The farmers interviewed by OECD also indicated that apart from insuring structures and machinery, they have little incentive to take up other types of policies. In 2006, MAF commissioned a survey of pastoral and cropping fanners looking at their strategies to deal with adverse events (MAF, 2009e). It showed that farmers attach relatively low importance to insurance as an instrument of managing such risks.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	8c6aa8e40aaac7a3eb9b20dc6e660bb6	It is therefore crucial that public funds share the cost of paid leave for low-skilled workers. Leave mandates may thus be expected to exert a positive influence on female employment rates and to have a stronger impact on women than on men. Such effects may only emerge over time as access to leave is what first encourages women to take short career breaks - these interruptions of employment not being always reported in employment statistics - see below' section on data issues.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	8c6b96d0a8c2a2d5700c7c4ea2e89b68	Full integration of sustainable development knowledge, skills and values by all learners, while well in progress, has yet to be realized across all levels and types of education. The three priorities for Phase III—ESD school plans, teacher competences and ESD in TVET—are proving to be challenging but necessary leverage points in whole-system change. Recognition that ESD lies at the core of the purpose of education has increased but remains to be fully secured across all member States.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	8c6bb107158adf914acc95175f68b1cd	One of the most interesting extensions is the inclusion of disparity, the “distance” between different options. For instance in a gas-based electricity system, it is one thing to diversify into oil and another one to branch out into nuclear, as the second option could be considered more “diverse”. Capturing disparity adequately, however, is problematic.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338912-7-en	8c6d36ad72318d731a3500ba2f25141b	"On the other hand, resource and waste processing firms do not internalize in their supply plans the consequences of the reflux of material to the waste pile"" (Pittel et al., Each major actor type has its own decision node in the circular economy where his decision can break the circular flow of the recycling process in figure 6. The producers' decision node contains the choice between virgin and recycled plastics as input to production and then to sell goods to consumers (or industry)."	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	8c6d907bb5260146d9aefb86a130911e	Section 2.3 studies the opportunities for enlarging the economic base, as well as the important role of innovation in the NORA region. New developments, research and the implementation of new techniques can support the future competitiveness and sustainability of traditional natural-resource-based industries. At the same time, in the context of increasing efforts to sustain and diversify regional economies, innovation could help to support the development of emerging or new niches and sectors. However, this will require improving education and training and encouraging entrepreneurship and competition.	14	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8c6f782aecf7e059ee631f4fe1170a3d	Consider the development of a school of environmental research should be created and the awareness on conservation and preservation fostered through increasing links with local communities in the region. An exchange forum should be put in place to, track and monitor different initiatives and their outcomes and identify best practices for publication and policy fine-tuning. Such a forum could organise thematic events, with regular information retrieval and exchange facilitated by a dedicated website.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8c7122c0c4ceb9130d6666f8e181c56f	Similarly, interventions designed to meet multiple aims (e.g. increased forest sequestration, increased biodiversity, improved local livelihoods - which may be achieved by agro-forestry or mixed plantations) may not maximise results for an individual aim (e.g. increased sequestration by forests — which may be achieved by monoculture plantations). Cost-effectiveness (efficiency) is often identified quantitatively: that is, results compared to inputs. On the other hand, value for money can consider additional information, such as the broader development impacts of an intervention or the role the intervention is likely to play in developing or proving a new technology.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	8c72d3a3889b12c2d5fd50edbf6cd35d	In addition, an ECO channel used to broadcast environment-related programmes; however, its content changed recently and it no longer includes such programmes. The total number of cable TV users has increased from 89,689 in 2007 to 458,735 in the third quarter of 2017. At the local level, TV broadcasts are not used to transmit information about public consultations organized as part of EIA for mining, construction or other projects planned in the area, with a view to offering an opportunity for participation and better engaging the nomadic population in decision-making.	4	7	4	0.2727272727272727
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8c778a2ec1769336a97d137bd644f1b3	The forecast horizons of the individual planning periods always end with the second day, i.e. the optimisation period is reduced by three hours in each planning period. The values of the day-ahead scheduling are taken as starting points for the unit commitment and dispatch. The recourse decisions are determined as up- or down-regulation due to updated wind power and electricity demand forecasts.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	8c77e102ff0e5c35c3a58bc960a4ac8f	His concerns were spawned by the rapid increase of population and hence demand for bread and corn that accompanied the early stages of the industrial revolution in England. The result would be a steady-state economy, where periodic famines would limit the population at a level that the available land could sustain. It is obvious that his concerns came to nought and that throughout the 19th century England enjoyed higher rates of growth in economic wealth and population than ever before.	7	7	1	0.75
10.18356/25a4883b-en	8c78c9dc74bcfd69ee2b06758d714d01	Finally, this SRB model provides ethical and practical guidelines for creating a more sustainable business ecosystem. It also tries to identify some of the challenges. Three of the greatest obstacles to implementing SRB are the lack of government support, the low capacity of businesses and the lack of proper multi-stakeholder collaboration.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	8c79ff29ac2855bdd7e69055d3b14927	Soon after, the then Labour Government commissioned the Stern Review on the economics of climate change, which helped to push climate change to the centre of the policy debate in the United Kingdom and many other OECD countries (Stern, 2007). The United Kingdom offered strong support for a global climate change agreement at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Copenhagen in 2009 (COP15) and Cancun in 2010 (COP16). In July 2010, the environment ministers of the United Kingdom, Germany and France published joint articles in three leading newspapers emphasising the economic benefits of unilaterally increasing the EU emission-reduction target for 1990 to 2020 from 20% to 30%, a proposal that is now official UK policy. The EU recently raised its emission-reduction target to 25%, although the legally binding 20% target has not been amended.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/00287855-en	8c7aa6e46a1c13638a5c5a3133ff014e	Achieving effective fisheries management and sustainable fisheries will require making progress in both areas. The management system can address the negative effects of certain subsidies (e.g. setting a total allowable catch and allocating individual transferable quotas limits overfishing and excessive capital investment), but only when it is effective, enforced and provides the right incentive to fishers to operate at an optimal level of capital investment and effort. Subsidies in turn can put pressure on the management system by giving incentives to increase desired effort above allowed levels, encouraging both IUU fishing and lobbying to increase allowed effort.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	8c7c210e9c2fd79b87cd423d69d478d7	Uganda, Malawi and Haiti are good examples. In any case, a ‘successful’ Doha Round will need to factor in additional measures to compensate potential losers so as to ensure that it benefits a wide cross-section of the WTO membership. Perhaps an enhanced special and differential treatment (S&D) chapter could do this. It is important to recall that the decision to provide DFQF market access to LDCs and to cut cotton subsidies had already been made at the Hong Kong ministerial meeting six years earlier; only the implementation modalities needed to be worked out.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	8c7dd5a2d1743241f75d244ed39892ab	These figures assume that families register for a place at a municipality-run kindergarten. However, some parents may prefer to use privately-run day care centres if they require longer hours or childcare outside of normal working hours, which are significantly more expensive. The Unemployment Insurance Fund is able to give a childcare allowance of up to €352 per month to those returning to work for the first three months, and then local authorities make a contribution towards the cost (in Tallinn, the municipal contribution is €150 per month).	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	8c7e1d43bb519f99950dd5e0472ff664	This refers to the collection, transport, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste. Past waste management practices remain prevalent in Romania today and have led to a great number of non-compliant waste landfills and to the inappropriate disposal of large amounts of waste. Furthermore, due to fact that significant economic activities in the past were carried out without due consideration for their environmental impact, Romania has inherited a large number of contaminated sites which generate high levels of emissions into the air and water, causing excessive soil and landscape degradation in numerous cases.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	8c7e811b2f75621b1785a8df40eca72d	At the same time, it summarizes the achievements of SAICM and other initiatives in the area of international chemicals management. This has ensured broad participation and the presentation of different perspectives on issues, thereby enhancing the legitimacy of SAICM. To realise effective stakeholder participation, general awareness-raising is important; it provides motivation and tools to become active in the development and implementation of the policy framework. This was the case, for example, during ICCM4, where a strong interest group blocked progress towards the adoption of stringent actions on endocrine disrupting chemicals. Notably, intergovernmental organizations (UN-based and others), non-governmental organizations, and the chemical industry are fundamental participants.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/80ec6ed2-7d834385-en	8c807daf0adde0d7941bc5b02a4997ee	The Molson Centre, is a 20,000+seat capacity arena located in Montreal, Canada. In this facility the inactive building can be safely managed and monitored by two individuals. Monitoring the screen with the ability to occasionally dispatch the second individual to validate, verify or to address a situation should it arise. The integration of the systems includes access control, intrusion, surveillance, hold up alarms, elevators, fire alarm system, paging system, television displays throughout the building, emergency evacuation systems/address systems, ice surface management, voice, data and restaurant systems, beer dispensing systems, food storage and kitchen systems, parking systems, water leakage systems, electronic photoflash systems and systems for the hard of hearing or simultaneous translation. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Building engages a highly efficient exterior building enclosure with exterior sunshades for daylighting, glare management, and to minimize heat gain.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	8c81287d03c65896b22653debd5dfbd3	But the recovery is not proceeding at the same speed everywhere. Growth in advanced economies remains subdued, with high unemployment in some countries and financial and economic stress in the euro area periphery. Growth in emerging economies has been more buoyant and began showing signs of overheating, specifically in Brazil, India and China, where inflationary pressures are emerging. Several countries (Korea, Japan, Israel, Switzerland, Brazil, Russia and South Africa) intervened in currency markets in 2010 to attempt to limit the appreciation of their currencies.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/eag-2018-7-en	8c812ebc98a6b39655f24f413ca8a960	In this sense, qualifications certify and offer information on the type of knowledge and skills that graduates have acquired in formal education. Highly educated individuals are more socially engaged and have higher employment rates and higher relative earnings. Higher proficiency in literacy and numeracy is also strongly associated with higher levels of formal education (OECD, 2016m).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	8c81482fa1fa25880f7418a8665769ee	Many of the region’s motor vehicles are used in cities, with increasing use accompanying urban population growth. Including both two- and four- wheeled motor vehicles, there are 10.7 million registered vehicles in Delhi, 9.7 million registered vehicles in Bangkok and 5.4 million registered vehicles in Chennai. Around the world, rising incomes are associated with increasing ownership of motor vehicles.	11	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	8c81689af002ea6cd4dc58e54e03e094	Comprising 11 board chairs and chief executive officers (CEOs) from a selection of private and multinational companies, it promotes the goal of 25 per cent women on private sector boards. Finally, MWA has worked with NGOs, such as Global Women or Diversity New Zealand, to increase leadership and governance capacity across a range of different industries in New Zealand. Instead of only addressing the deficiencies of women candidates, MWA focuses on broader societal and organisational change to foster encouraging environments for women to be able to realise these leadership goals. Mechanisms such as the New Zealand Census of Womens Participation or MWA’s annual Gender Stocktake are used to collect statistical data. New initiatives, such as the NZX Diversity Listing Rule, will be used to monitor private sector progress. Finally, commissioned research and additional publications (including from NGOs and other sources) are used to bolster the evidence base on women’s leadership.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	8c817caa73ed3dc28256d84dfbe27f1e	More generally, unemployment insurance programmes allow for smoothing the consumption patterns of job losers, while minimum wage regulations ensure that “fair” wages are paid to unskilled workers. Notably, they need to raise the target group’s awareness of the policy programmes and increasing their involvement (Section 4.1); establish programme selection criteria that allow to effectively reach the target group and support innovation activities (4.2); build the target group’s capabilities to undertake activities promoted by the programme (4.3); and build the expertise of public sector officials and experts deploying the programmes (4.4). Institutional barriers and ensuring adequate evaluation of policy impacts also need addressing.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	8c8457ed4ee1c97341c9e5da867b8ccf	Reduction commitments were completed in 2013, although commitments were finished on 96% of tariff lines in 2006. Members could decide which tariff lines were included in each list. New ASEAN members were given the same time period for tariff reduction as the ASEAN-6 with the starting point determined by the date of joining.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	8c86e9152e9062135772481ab78a15cc	These standards would need to align with the Good Teaching Framework. The ministry w'ill also have to define what is expected of teachers in their practice in the classroom and in the development of their professional know'ledge. The government needs to ensure that these programmes closely align and are consistent with the Good Teaching Framework and any national professional teaching standards. It also needs to ensure that these programmes deliver a high-quality and well-prepared teacher workforce.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	8c887a6dcc245ccf35f33a734fcd6e99	This is a key responsibility of regional governments, which provide training, employment services and facilitate access to credit for youths. Average annual spending by regional governments on the promotion of employability, employment services and access to finance was ETB 1.1 billion between 2012/13 and 2016/17 (Figure 1.10); loans grew substantially towards the end of this period. It also supports informal social protection mechanisms and strengthens their linkages to the formal system.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/da48ce17-en	8c8eedda9e46b761473ed8c12d9eb689	Some Parties mention the possibility to use other inputs, “as technical basis [is] strengthened at the national and international level” (Independent Association for Latin America and the Caribbean, or AILAC) (ibid). Of the eleven submissions received, only Japan’s explicitly mentions that it would be “helpful to make use of the outcome generated through the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for adaptation planning processes and actions, which each Party has engaged in”(ibid). Although there is no commonly agreed definition of what might constitute “adaptation efforts”, these could refer to the development and implementation of specific adaptation responses, or the resources invested in these development and implementation processes, as opposed to the results or outcomes achieved by adaptation responses. The monitoring component of national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation can provide information regarding the progress made with regards to i) the development and implementation of adaptation policies (monitoring processes) as well as ii) the financial or human resources allocated to developing and implementing these (monitoring inputs).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	8c8f5cdd41fc76c35318e2685ccad9d4	Typically, these are general initiatives addressing capital needs for a broad range of purposes - including funding of digitalisation and automation projects. Of course, digitalisation and automation are sometimes important issues in projects that are supported under these general schemes. The Approved Technological Service Institutes in Denmark and SINTEF in Norway are examples hereof. These organisations help SMEs with the implementation of a number of technologies, including robots and other ICT-based production systems.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	8c91448463f6f43cc790f31d36b863da	"Among Tajik migrants (GMER 2016), again with no significant difference between the sexes, there were more respondents who wanted to live in the Russian Federation (29 per cent); 24 per cent said that they would like to come back home; 34 per cent would like to move back and forth between the countries; 9 per cent did not know; and 4 per cent said that they would like to move to another country. Males much more often expressed willingness to return to Uzbekistan while females much more often expressed their lack of specific plans (figure 21). In the last 10 years, cell phones and Internet connections became cheaper, which together with the emergence of various Internet technologies (""Voice over Internet Protocol"" as well as various instant-messaging services, such as Skype and Imo) make it much easier for migrants in the Russian Federation to keep in touch with people back home in Central Asia."	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	8c92b9e1138ff2f3bf7302cdfab5544c	In the NIDS data, the majority (82%) of the recipients of the Child Support Grant are reported as the child’s parents. Another 12% are reported as the child’s grandparents. Roughly 16% of caregivers receiving social assistance for children are not co-resident with them, which is in contravention of the regulations17.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	8c92e0743344ef285d41f8d01eea443a	After a brief overview of the fundamentals of liberalised electricity markets, it presents the policy context of the transition to a low-carbon economy and reviews the current and foreseen operating challenges and the investment issues. It considers ways to strengthen policy and regulatory arrangements to encourage more flexible and responsive operation and more timely and efficient investment. It is part of a series on electricity published in conjunction with the overall Electricity Security Action Plan.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	8c94a13b7c044ad3c4b5a0d350ee062b	The overall good status objective represents surface water conditions that are appropriate for all types of water uses and functions, besides healthy aquatic ecosystems. As with the TMDL in the United States, the WFD implementation requirements mean that modelling is increasingly being used by member states to characterise current environmental conditions and to predict for policy makers the potential impact of different abatement strategies (Collins and Anthony, 2008). However, monitoring of agricultural pollution of water bodies is more limited with just over a third of OECD member countries monitoring nutrient pollution and even fewer countries tracking pesticide pollution.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	8c94edd51109d89292a2db7ab74ce04f	Investors enjoy an easy regulatory framework. According to the 1997 Law on Electricity and Natural Gas, tariffs for HPPs built after 1 August 2008 and for existing HPPs of less than 13 MW capacity are fully deregulated. Tariffs for HPPs built before 1 August 2008 with more than 13 MW installed capacity are regulated by GNERC.	7	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289331425-5-en	8c963843a6c67bee6099a47285778530	Even though the total quantity and average quality of freshwater resources are high in Iceland and Norway, water supply can be locally critical. Lakes and rivers offer diverse habitats and many aquatic plant and animal species are particularly adapted to live in certain types of rivers or lake beds, at definite depths or in particular light conditions. The cold winters and ice are special features of Nordic lakes and rivers that impinge on aquatic life that may be drastically affected by climate change.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	8c9741d2e7c3dac418ab003bff7f6e1e	At this age, students can expand their social network, learn how to interact with others, communicate with their peers and leam how to follow social cues (OECD, 2017). Such students are unlikely to have access to the educational opportunities they need to acquire the skills to thrive and are likely, ultimately, to work in low-paying occupations. Although enrolment in primary and secondary education is almost universal in most OECD countries, many countries around the world have much work to do to make education accessible to all (OECD, 2016a).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-5-en	8c994dc3d6ad95671dfba8e4a4e4f793	This commitment is reflected in Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5), the standalone goal on gender equality, and in the gender-specific targets included across the other SDGs, such as SDG8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth (United Nations, 2015a). Persistent challenges include stagnating female labour force participation, gender wage gaps, entrenched discriminatory social norms and stereotypes, and high rates of violence against women and girls. All have detrimental effects on women’s rights and well-being and on national development outcomes. Ferrant and Kolev (2016) showed that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions could - depending on the chosen scenario - lead to an annual increase in the global GDP growth rate of between 0.03 and 0.6 percentage points by 2030.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264073210-en	8c9b978b224f06c6c993446356ed2f7e	The way forward is not easy, but this is the time to build on what has been accomplished and systematise these changes to make a significant difference to the life of children in need of special education and their families, both now and in the future. Continue improvements to committees responsible for the diagnosis of CWDs. Make classrooms and education institutions as fully inclusive as possible.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	8c9df5bcfe890d364608d0505e96cbd6	Tokyo, Japan, has used a model that combines privatisation of transport service and joint development. Brazil and Colombia have had significant successes with the use of betterment levies, or contribucion de valorizacion (Walters, 2012). London has successfully used a package of value capture mechanisms to raise 25% of the necessary funding for the London Crossrail project (Box 2.11).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	8c9fe23c6f31bbe9c54815bc42ff915d	With an output subsidy covering more than two-thirds of fertiliser costs, fertiliser support is particularly relevant for Indonesian agriculture. In the case of India, a fertiliser producer support (output subsidy) equivalent was calculated, representing about 56% for nitrogen and 60% for phosphorus and potassium. For Russian crop sectors around one-fourth of total fertiliser costs are covered by governmental intervention.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	8ca0308c4942ce92bb0c2bb65b0bc219	Similarly to the situation in the rest of Europe, cardiovascular diseases constitute the leading cause of death, followed by cancer. Ill-defined causes - when the main cause of death is classified under symptoms, signs, abnormal findings, etc. - Since then, progress in all-causes mortality and that of the leading underlying causes has been inconsistent and rather slow as compared with the steady decrease in EU averages.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	8ca08f64547b73bbf90ae1a8bfc7c8bf	Disaster risk reduction and resilience must be systematically embedded into agricultural development plans and investments - particularly in countries facing recurrent disasters and where agriculture is a critical source of livelihoods, food security and nutrition if no one is to be left behind. Strategies for achieving resilient agriculture include: boosting agricultural productivity with stress-tolerant varieties; adjusting planting dates, expanding water harvesting, storage, and conservation; and insurance and social protection schemes for farmers. Many ofthe same measures that will make communities and households more resilient to disasters can also act as stepping stones out of poverty.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	8ca48c7a91029bb2d120ebc2ca9cc8f7	Elaborated based on data provided by CONAGUA (Comision Nacional del Agua), in November 2012. Several of the Agenda’s initiatives relate to the reassignment of legal functions, regulation, capacity development, institutional organisation, enforcement, compliance and the adoption of incentives to build a resilient water management system at the national and regional levels. Particular emphasis in the Agenda is put on strengthening the role of river basin organisations and their auxiliary bodies (see Chapter 2 on river basin governance) and involving civil society and water users’ associations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	8ca547acb71154a39a9436e1f622a608	The implication is that the aspiration of VET students to enter tertiary education is quite consistent with the experience of OECD countries. It also implies in Egypt as elsewhere that vocational programmes need to prepare students not only for direct labour market entry, but also for a range of further educational and training programmes including tertiary education. This implies sufficient emphasis on core literacy and numeracy skills to underpin further learning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	8ca6fac8834719442648f379f51d8e74	Tackling supply deficits within individual catchments will be a high cost approach, increasing the requirement for new infrastructure, and requiring more constraint on water use. However, water is heavy and pumping - and carbon - costs are high, so large scale, long distance transfers are expensive, relative to the water’s value. But there is scope for greater interconnection within and between water companies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dd2d79e7-en	8ca8c0888169126ce537911fa42cb0ae	Comments and inputs were also received from the European Commission. Key contributions were made by Guy Lejeune and Shadin Viratham of the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Additional comments were received from Simone Baldassarri of the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, and Maria Fatima Ribeiro Vilas Boas of the Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	8cb5c756ceb0a7bfc0272f841ab46c64	The composite additive approach, which is based on tangible, observed practices, is more appropriate for teacher professionalism than other approaches, such as confirmatory factor analysis or structural equation modelling, which rely on inter-item correlations to capture a latent construct (such as, for example, job satisfaction). Figure 2.1 plots system-level values of the TALIS teacher professionalism index against student performance in the PISA 2012 mathematics assessment. The trend line suggests that there is a weak, positive relationship between the overall values on the teacher professionalism index and an education system's learning outcomes.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	8cb65372c14dbb7da2f859efc2db0f10	Annex Table 1.A2.3 of OECD (2010b) provides comparable estimates for earlier recessions. The jobs gap in 2009 Q4 is somewhat smaller for the OECD area that that at the trough of the 1979-1982 “double-dip” recession, but larger than those for all other recessions since 1970. The working-age population shrank in Austria, Germany and Japan, reducing the jobs gap estimates in these countries relative to that implied by the changes in the unemployment and participation rates. Ireland appears to have experienced a shift from net in-migration to net out-migration with the foreign-bom, working-age population declining between 2008 and 2009 (OECD, 2010d).	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	8cb8228f90687264dee076da47f4fadb	For Berea district some copies of a questionnaire were distributed by the researcher to few schools while a certain portion of the copies of the questionnaire were completed by Berea primary teachers who converged at LCE in Maseru for contact sessions for part-time B.Ed primary programme. Lastly, it must also be noted that some of Maseru primary teachers who participated in this study were B.ED part-time students who had also converged at LCE for mid-term contact sessions. Biographical information was sought in section I of the questionnaire. These included information on the names of districts, schools, age groups and qualifications. The numbers of male and female teachers as well as the gender of principals and the deputy principals were sought and used for validation of the existing statistical data in respect of feminisation of the teaching profession in Lesotho primary schools. The names of individual schools are not used in analysis of the data for confidentiality.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	8cb92593c992fe9058c7ea852ee9751b	In one US consulting firm, for example, researchers found that men pretended to work 60- to 80-hour weeks by strategically timing when to send emails, scheduling phone calls at odd hours, and discreetly taking leave without formal permission. In contrast, female workers were far more likely to make formal requests of reduced hours, and were consequently marginalised within the firm (Reid, 2015). Even software engineers argue that programming errors are more likely to occur (and take longer to fix) after long hours, despite the tech industry’s glorification of seemingly endless workdays (Robinson, 2005). The government and employers should also encourage workers to take the leave for which they are eligible. Government can also play an important role in raising employer awareness of the negative effects of overwork. Although the public sector should set a good example by curbing excessive hours, stakeholders in Mexico note that public sector managers largely ignored previous government attempts to end workdays at a reasonable time.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	8cb9d2005f7dae3f15669d43c50037f3	Information for rice in 2010 and 2011 excludes China since it is not clear how China’s licenses were administered, and hence whether they were restrictive or not. In any year, average share of production or exports for 2004-06 refers to countries with policies in that year Data for other oilseeds include cottonseed, rapeseed, sunflower seed and palm kernel depending on the country and year Data for vegetable oils include soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil depending on the country and year. Data are not available for all relevant commodities for all countries.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	8cbc03b6dde112ce0054cf670bf85fac	These are vivid examples of how AfT is helping LDC exporters integrate into GVC or upgrade their products to capture greater value. Policy actions to streamline administrative procedures and rationalise export taxes could be particularly fruitful. Over the long term, governments can help build a national quality culture aimed at improving product competitiveness.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302037-en	8cbe139107b2de5828f6b2da30943963	Female foreign-bom workers face a double disadvantage, in that employment rates are lower for women than for men (whether native-born or not), and the female foreign-bom employment rate is lower than the rate for Ghanaian-bom women. However, the quality of employment as captured by the vulnerable employment rate is consistently better for foreign-bom workers. The evolution of the labour force, in terms of increasing numbers and rising educational attainment of workers, is mainly due to new (Ghanaian-bom) entrants and retirees. The demographic accounting framework also showed that outflows of workers due to retirement are being matched by inflows of young workers in low-growth occupations in Ghana.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	8cc45868978713a748eaf91c53d0da12	That is, for every 100 people offered vocational training, fewer than three will find a job they would not otherwise have found. Furthermore, the monthly income of individuals who receive training increases by $19. This income gain is, however, modest, considering the cost of such programmes (ranging from $500 to $1700 per person trained).137 Yet, sector-specific education and training at the mid-technical level is needed if SMEs are to take advantage of industry 4.0. In other words, the question is not whether the provision of TVET is required but how to design TVET effectively.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	8cc661e05590229e261420d550c18e21	In addition, it is common sense that the disclosure of a group of compounds comprises all of the group’s elements, even if not specifically mentioned. Countries may confirm the novelty of those specific elements that were not expressly mentioned in the prior art group of compounds. Instead of the novelty standard, it would be the inventive step requirement that would act as the principal floodgate against selection patents. The essential issue to examine would be the question of whether the improved properties of the species (as compared to the prior art genus) are beyond what a skilled chemist may expect.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	8cc84af055e2bc1f6cff104671bad0f1	Furthermore, metadata should specify (i) whether the data relate to cases of occupational injury which have been reported (to an accident notification system or to an accident compensation scheme), compensated (by an accident insurance scheme) or identified in some other way (for example through a survey of households or establishments) and (ii) whether cases of occupational injury due to commuting accidents are included in the statistics. Metadata should also specify the worker coverage according to the economic activity (ISIC), institutional sectors and status in employment, information on occupations for which data on accidents at work are subject to confidentiality by national legislation, as well as procedures used to correct data for under-reporting (or over-reporting). Finally, information about any national specificity essential for the interpretation, i.e., description of the work insurance system for reporting accidents at work, discrepancies between national and international definitions (e.g., definition of local unit, commuting accidents, etc.) Because data quality issues may be present, it may be more relevant to analyse indicator trends rather than levels.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8cca6d99cfc86ffc07f877cc63026bd1	In some instances, the design and/or financing of a project may be explicitly based on the achievement of key results. This is the case for results-based finance (see Box 3), or in the development of investment criteria for funds (for example the Climate Investment Funds Criteria for the Clean Technology Fund). Results-based finance is an umbrella term that includes a number of different financing mechanisms that seek to tie the provision of financial resources to specific and measurable results (Caruso and Ellis, 2013). These range from Advanced Market Commitments and Output Based Aid that focus on “outputs” to Conditional Cash Transfers or Cash on Delivery Aid that can be linked to behavioural triggers more oriented towards “outcomes” (GPOBA, 2012). Depending on project types, the results chosen to trigger payments can vary widely after consultation with donors, implementing entities, and partner countries.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	8ccae71a542b800fb0122377a1e63d06	The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) manages water resources and provides bulk water in the Jordan Valley in addition to its other non-water responsibilities, such as tourism development in its geographic domain. The Ministry of Planning and International Co-operation (MOPIC) plays a role in facilitating the submission of project proposals to donors and in every aspect of donor funding to the sector. As in many countries, overall investment procurement takes place in co-operation between the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance under the supervision of the Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	8ccb94f5f295bec45950de663c9dc3a8	The majority of the poor live in urban areas and spend a significant share of their income on food. Agriculture is also a buyer and supplier for a significant part of the rest of the economy - the agricultural input sectors, agro-processing and retailing altogether contribute an additional 17% to GDP and around 18% to employment (OECD, 2014). A new approach to tackling these problems was implemented in 2003 with the launching of the Zero Hunger Program.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	8ccbf3e5ba951fe6bbee5ccb9f885e61	It also may harm families. This new combination of objectives has complex implications on the financial model that could help Korean cities cope with such evolving demand. Although only 6.8% of the overall transport infrastructure in Korea is more than 30 years old (as of 2014),9 this share will rise to 30% by 2030 and the corresponding maintenance costs are expected to increase by 6.1% per annum by 2030 (Kim, 2016).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	8ccc455fd60ad5db7e9fc9d289e87f3b	Different methodologies are used in order to decipher the negative relationship described in Volume II of the PISA 2015 initial report (OECD, 2016b). They explore the interactions between enquiry-based teaching and the school environment, differences in the benefits of such teaching practices, depending on student proficiency in science (e.g. top performers might benefit more from scientific enquiry) and on the branch of science being taught (e.g. chemistry, biology), and whether enquiry is more useful in helping students engage with more difficult science tasks. The question asked about the frequency with which certain enquiry-based practices are undertaken in science classes. Answers were provided on a four-point Likert scale ranging from “In all lessons”, “In most lessons”, “In some lessons”, to “Never or hardly ever”.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	8ccd08a770d6ae5d21fcebfdbe7c0e9c	Specifically the estimates of own-state “private” rates of return ranged from 7.4% to 27.6%, with an average of 18.9% per annum across the states and the estimates of national “social” rates of return ranged from 15.3% to 29.1%, with an average of 22.9% per annum across the states, and the rate of return to USDA intramural research was 18.7% per annum. Nevertheless even allowing for possible measurement errors and biases, the evidence shows that agricultural research has generated very large dividends. It supports the view that agriculture is characterized by market failures associated with incomplete property rights over inventions and that, in spite of the significant government intervention to correct the market failure, nations have continued to underinvest in agricultural research.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	8cd04c7f1eab678a80d7ba7c6a4eeb7d	Some of these homeowners are still repaying a mortgage. For example, 17% of elderly Canadians reported that their households were making regular mortgage payments in 2010 (Uppal, 2010). In 2011, among the over-65s who owned their homes, 6.5% were still repaying a mortgage. In Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland, the percentage is at least 30%.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	8cd24aa0b531aaa0ca2849daa9197cd6	Nationally comparable data on health outcomes and mortality amenable to health care are needed to highlight differences across socio-economic and geographical cross-sections of the Swiss population. Information on the quality of care delivered by health service providers is too often limited to acute care and only available through local or cantonal-level initiatives. Switzerland remains largely dependent on individual clinicians to keep up with best practice themselves, and has only limited capacity to benchmark the quality of health care services across the country. While consumers have significant choice between multiple health care providers, they often have surprisingly little information on quality to inform their choices.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	8cd26d53d1d31308d4861fa923297428	We also include the number of older persons at retirement age. The effect of their presence is ambiguous: if they are in good health, retired persons may be available to perform household and care work. Conversely, if they are in poor health, they may add to the overall household and care work burden for other household members.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	8cd756a21a8e0bc8e96450f0c8564b14	The persistence of high inflation in the face of the significant growth slowdown points to serious supply bottlenecks and sticky inflationary expectations. Increases in the administered price of fuel (mid-September: diesel and LPG) as a part of a reduction of subsidies also contributed to the increase in inflation. Persistent non-food manufactured products inflation, despite the growth slowdown, has emerged as a major concern. Depreciation of the rupee raised the price of imported products.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	8cdf4036fe7bc6cda885fbb3d624b9ed	In such systems, school leaders may be hesitant to take responsibility for pedagogical leadership (Pont et al., The Country Background Reports of some of the countries participating in the OECD Review of Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes equally stressed challenges for school leaders to move towards a focus on pedagogical leadership practices and behaviours. Instead, most of their work is often of an administrative, management or budgetary nature. Despite a high degree of autonomy to manage teachers, many Czech head teachers lack preparation for their responsibilities, particularly in the area of leading teaching and learning.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3400179e-en	8ce0a7701992a881890b59e7352482b1	See Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, ibid. Yet the measures to implement these goals were not always articulated; many PRSPs assumed that aggregate national economic growth would lead to the achievement of the MDGs and did not give enough consideration to distributional challenges. Lastly, the goals were embraced in a selective manner.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	8ce0e2e679e125323580dacec8d4159c	These new practices are intended to improve the provision of education in one way or another, and therefore should be regarded as improvements. The perception of improvement depends on the perspective of the stakeholders, who may wear several hats: consumer, citizen and taxpayer. Assessing the success of companies in the private sector by profit, sales or growth is widely accepted: ultimately they have a single bottom line which prevails over any other objectives.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	8ce2d0ad344c7672dc709ce4709140cd	This means that during this period, agricultural production growth outstripped population growth at a faster pace than what has occurred over the previous 40 years. Growth rates are compound annual growth rates, that is, the annual rate of growth fr) in prediction (QP) required so that production increases from that observed in period t to that in period t*n: 1+r = exp((ln{QPK,) - ln(QPi))/n). It should be noted that if QP in period t+n is abnormally low, the estimated compound annual growth rate will also be biased downwards.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	8ce58ac034c15a3ea0e41a02733c62f9	"Creative cities act as loci of experience, exchanging good practices and cooperating on an international level. Aligning with SDG indicator 11.3.2, the ""proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically',' creative cities have successfully utilized local partnerships and fostered civic participation. The cultural and creative industries account for over 30 million jobs worldwide."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	8ce9329dff7983032cb9955c921d2611	This support should target the major barriers companies face in pursuing green growth in developing countries. There is also clear recognition across the development co-operation community of the central position private sector actors can play in supporting the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) - as drivers of green growth in developing countries, promoters of green supply chains, as a source of investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure, and as leaders in innovation in clean technologies and resource efficiency. In recognition of this, the OECD Development Assistance Committee is looking at the lessons learned and best practice experiences from efforts to engage the private sector for development outcomes, more broadly, and in relation to green growth and climate change, in particular (OECD, 2016a).	13	1	10	0.8181818181818182
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	8ceb141baa515a88cdbc537406c9c4e7	On the one hand, they reduce nomadism to groups living in tents and uninvolved in agriculture; on the other hand, the statistical categories are too rigid and exclude seminomadism, the most common situation. How is an encampment to be differentiated from a hamlet, a neighbourhood, a village, or even a watering hole? Rigid categories overlook the in-between situations or shifting points.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	8ceb71c1b0472280ed05685b0ef55f41	Stock enhancement activities are expected to help conserve fisheries resources in the long run. Local governments responded by producing policy documents to support the development of modem marine fisheries and providing financial support to the sector. The new policy gives priority to resources conservation and environment protection and not just to fisheries development.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	8cecf424788ffb230b17c183c84dfb10	Interestingly, about the same proportion of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector (70%), both public and private, considered their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation. The most common innovation reported in the education sector was in knowledge and methods: 59% of tertiary graduates employed in the education sector considered their workplace to be highly innovative in that respect compared to 49%, on average, across all sectors (Figure 1.2). In contrast, 38% considered their workplace to be highly innovative regarding products or services (compared with 47% on average) and 36% considered their workplace as highly innovative regarding technology, tools or instruments (compared with 41% on average).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	8ced8a8ea89a5a83289a7c43b189014a	Decentralisation needs to be a flexible process, allowing the central/local dynamics to evolve and taking into consideration the potential instability of the political framework (Work, 2002). There should be a clear design for its implementation, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. A situation where local players do not have the authority to take decisions cannot lead to good governance.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	8cee638e1b1f1c858e65b9bb6277999c	Concomitantly, the disposable income of this group declined from 2.5 times the national average in 1993 to just 1.8 in 2009 (Rodrigues et al, 2012). Successive governments have made a determined effort to improve the general level of education of the Portuguese population, and although such improvements always take time to show up in the data, there are some encouraging results. Between 2001 and 2011 the proportion of people aged 25-34 who attained at least upper secondary education rose from 32% to 56%, and the proportion of people with tertiary education almost doubled. In Portugal, the association between students' socio-economic background and their performance at school is more pronounced than on average in the OECD, and much of this relation lies at the school level (Figure 14).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	8cf440db0ea4e9c51d4326cc57a58528	Waste targets primarily emphasise material reuse and recycling as end objectives. Timelines are set for reaching targets. If the goals and targets are not achieved at the end of the set time period, a recommendation is made, and an analysis has to be produced in order to explain why targets were not met.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08fc5d94-en	8cf490ad404bf6438f0cdfc317cf7a2a	Credibility is enhanced when laws are culturally resonant and enforceable. It equally requires responsive, transparent and accountable government at the local level. Civic engagement and responsible government both necessitate the establishment and strengthening of participatory mechanisms, including access to justice and community-based action planning, which will ensure that all voices are heard in identifying problems and priorities, setting goals, exercising legal rights, determining service standards, mobilizing resources and implementing policies, programmes and projects (Habitat Agenda 1996: par.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264085398-en	8cf5c1beb00af83d2643e1a16f5ad819	Underqualification is more widespread among both South African- and foreign-bom workers. The incidence of underqualification decreased considerably between 2001 and 2011, but it still affects close to 30% of the workers in both groups. The decrease of underqualification was also stronger for foreign-born workers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264079915-8-en	8cfb1b477b957678017de39b9ca22eb2	They may even feel they are no longer a full participant in their community. Drug and alcohol abuse, already a problem in many fishing communities, can worsen to the extent that even if other employment becomes available, or fishing picks up again, those affected may not be fit for work. A decline in the fishery, whether through a decline in fish stocks or through deliberate restructuring in the sector, can have dramatic impacts on the integrity of the communities.	14	3	3	0.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	8cfb709097d8a0b0dacf2b492e17abe7	This group’s share of income varies greatly among the countries of the region. The highest percentages of income received exceed 40% in countries such as Brazil and Colombia, while the lowest percentages are less than 27% in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay. The ratio of the income captured by the richest quintile to the income captured by the poorest quintile dropped by more than two points in Ecuador (urban area) and Peru, and at least 0.5 points in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Uruguay.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	8cff26ef18d67920fd85aedb611c6d86	An exemption from export restrictions for humanitarian aid would assist the WFP in helping the most vulnerable populations in a timely manner. The second proposal related to the development of regional humanitarian food reserves. The G20 meeting called for a pilot project, feasibility study and cost benefit analysis to look at small targeted regional food reserves.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	8cff813ccf2f6032b0a51c02aa3fbf01	A number of studies have provided evidence of the positive role of physical (urban) planning in effectively curbing long-term urban GHG emissions (notably from transport), although this type of instrument has not been shown to be effective in the short term (Greene and Schafer, 2003; Rietveld, 2006). Cities’ reactions to changes in the spatial structure (involving the relocation of activities, new buildings and new infrastructure) occur with a certain time lag. Mismatch between land use and transportation policies has all too often aggravated traffic congestion around metropolitan cities. For instance, the introduction of a beltway around Seoul in 1999 was succeeded by the construction of five new cities (Bundang, Ilsan, Pyeongchon, Sanbon, and Jungdong) around Seoul three years later, leading to considerable traffic congestion. Another case is the development northwest of the Yong-in area.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	8d035032877d42706f2da2715bf05ad1	In 1966 the concept of an “urban community” w'as created to address co-ordination problems associated with large metropolitan areas. An urban community (communaute urbairi) is a highly integrated form of co-operation for which a dozen different responsibilities are transferred from the individual constituent communes. Four urban communities were created by the national government without consultation for the large metropolitan areas of Bordeaux, Lille, Strasbourg and Marseille. More commonly however, intercommunality in France has been historically characterised by a voluntary linking of communes to accomplish a specific set of mutually agreed functions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	8d04e202f6f29b6a4922cd5562dd571b	For example, women argued for 12 reserved seats in the new Constitution of an Autonomous Bougainville, but achieved only three’ (Saovana-Spriggs 2007: 106). ‘ It is striking that since the 2005 election, there are only three women members of the government, out of a total of 40’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). Voters were provided with three ballots: a general one, a woman ballot and a youth ballot. Throughout all levels of government in Rwanda, positions have been created to address women’s issues and gender concerns. At national level, the Ministry of Gender and Women in Development co-ordinates with the government in gender-mainstreaming policies, creating gender focal points in other key ministries and conducting gender awareness training. At provincial level, there are civil servants with gender and women portfolios.	5	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	8d06280fd50dfedb30dc974473dda333	The disease is still spreading at an alarming rate, killing exponentially and threatening to frustrate the process of economic development in many countries and regions, the Caribbean being no exception. This is despite efforts to contain the spread of the disease through regional and national response programmes. However, today much more is understood about the HIV/AIDS than when it first surfaced and as such there are many lessons to be learnt from various country experiences.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73b30008-en	8d07e42005daa2939c686e0313da471f	"Poor people are not just victims of a misallocation of resources. They rather lack, or are denied, the resources needed to fulfil social demands and observe the customs and laws of society. This realisation led to the development of ""relative deprivation"" approach, under which a threshold in each dimension of poverty is envisaged, according to prevailing social norms, below which withdrawal or exclusion from active membership of society is common. Relative measures are most frequently used in wealthier societies."	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2640b601-en	8d095324587961ae0e36f15f886b9443	Costs will often only start to fall meaningfully after an extended period of commercial testing, learning, efficiency gains, and other incremental improvements. The concurrent establishment and growth of an industrial base drives costs down through standardization, mass production, and economies of scale. The first atmospheric steam engines had thermal conversion efficiencies of only 1 percent, consuming some 45 pounds of coal per horsepower delivered (Ayres, 1989).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	8d09d31172f01d6be79318edbaa1e674	They may also include the positive or negative impacts of different power technology choices on the security of energy and electricity supply, employment and regional cohesion or on innovation and economic development. In principle, an assessment of the full costs of energy provision would integrate these three categories over the whole life cycle of electricity, i.e. from fuel extraction and conditioning, over construction, operations, generation, transport and distribution to decommissioning and waste disposal. Practical considerations will, of course, put a limit to the complete representation of all costs and suggest a concentration on the most important cost categories.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	8d0d0bcfc2102538bb4dd1fc306072d0	Measurement issues with this TFP measure have been identified (Alston and Pardey, 2014), suggesting caution in drawing strong conclusions based on these data. This is despite recent increases in the land-to-labour ratio with rising emigration to urban areas: the number of rural-urban migrants totalled 270 million by 2013 and the land-to-labour ratio rose by 50% between 1990 and 2010 according to some estimates (Fuglie, 2012). The policy reforms that can contribute in this regard are now discussed in turn.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	8d0d2b3426648349e0e523e96596b2d2	Enhancing the effectiveness of direct forms of higher education teaching is a key challenge for many institutions, especially since problem-based learning is not feasible in all circumstances. A number of teaching attributes such as organisation, expressiveness, enthusiasm and rapport/interaction have been found to have a positive relationship with indicators of student learning and student persistence. In reality there is no dichotomy between problem-based learning and “traditional” teaching and learning approaches -policymakers and practitioners would benefit from a better understanding about which specific practices are effective for fostering different skill sets.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5e29aba4-en	8d0da0f04bd3a4c6fb11a19dc48e5ab8	The labour force participation rate for less-educated women tends to be counter-cyclical whereas for those who are highly educated, it is pro-cyclical (Bhalotra and Aponte 2009). The former situation is due to the 'added worker effect': more participation to compensate for household income shocks, and the latter is to protect against the 'discouraged worker effect' (withdrawal from the labour market). The 'collective' household labour supply model is explicitly based on individual preferences, and control over resources influences the bargaining that occurs within the household. This model implies that women's greater control over household resources may increase their welfare by enhancing their bargaining power. But empirical evidence on the 'collective model' in developing countries has hinted that women actually receive fewer productive resources within households and therefore have less bargaining power (Mammen and Paxson, 2000).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	8d0e14eb6adeecb6f86e0d0f215c85fa	Thus, it provides assistance in the preparation of public decisions of elected officials, its implementation, its monitoring and Evaluation. It may give themselves records or any matter it deems necessary. It occupies a prominent place for the dissemination of information within the professional circles and associations, or even to the entire population and receives experts as needs.	11	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	8d0ef3a97d3cabeb70129be3a86f8c28	Thus, it is understandable that the dollar-a-day poverty-line approach has become the dominant one. However, it has significant weaknesses and there are several types of problems connected with its use that need to be reviewed. Depending on how the constitution of the basket is determined and what is included, the poverty line can be pushed down to what many might feel is too low a threshold, or raised to what others might question as being an overly generous one.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	8d0fa263e0b4dac54a518cfe00ec7e71	In general, the price depressing effects of OECD country policies - calculated when support was considerably higher than it is now - were found to be relatively small for most products, with a 50% cut in all forms of support causing cereal and meat prices to be 2-3% higher than they would otherwise be, and prices for oilseeds and oilseed meal to decline slightly. Dairy products were a notable exception, with 50% cuts causing prices to increase by 13%. These findings were broadly in line with those of other studies conducted around that time (OECD, 2006). The OECD study noted that the welfare effects of reform on developing countries were complex and would vary by country. Specifically, competitive suppliers would gain from more open markets and from commodity price increases, while net importers of agricultural commodities would lose in the absence of corresponding increases in the prices of goods they export. Some countries also stood to lose from the erosion of benefits of preferential trading arrangements with OECD countries.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	8d101de50944c802bff8606606fafabf	Additionally, the most recent wave of new arrivals in 2015 increased diversity further because of the large numbers of immigrants and their corresponding diversity in country of origin. Increasing diversity is challenging the traditional building blocks of social cohesion. Building fair, cohesive societies that promote a new growth paradigm based on social equity cannot ignore the importance that attitudes, dispositions and perceptions both of new arrivals and natives have for the creation of social inclusion and social cohesion. Education systems should not only recognise the challenges in managing diversity but develop and implement effective responses to ensure that youth as well as adults, irrespective of their background, trust each other, trust public institutions, are mindful and open to diversity, and have the knowledge and skills to actively participate in the economic and social life of their communities.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264095199-5-en	8d10f6e4573001c536e16d871b2cc98c	Over time, Chile could increase the voucher for all children, while keeping it progressive, to increase public spending on education. Cross-country empirical evidence suggests that a large share of privately operated schools has a positive impact on PISA results, but only if the share of public financing remains high (WolSmann, 2005). In contrast, school systems with a high share of private financing achieve weaker results than others, presumably because they do not do enough to help children of lower ability catch up. The government oversees only those schools that enter the SEP system and accept the extra subsidy, which has created a disincentive to participate.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	8d14e37ad75f0ef265124540d92b69b1	Among children that have been at least four years in kindergarten only 15% scored low, compared to nearly 40% of children with only 0-2 years of experience. The availability of free core time (20 hours per week) increased the participation of minority-language children by 15% and led to better results on mapping tests in the first and second grade compared to areas with no intervention (i.e. free core time). However, private business and non-profit organisations contribute to the cost of pre-primary education in a small number of countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	8d15cbf6e958d4291356248ddadd5107	This is quite evident in the case of mono-cultivated, intensive crops that use irrigation and increasing amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Timber resources can be natural or cultivated and are important environmental resources in many countries. They provide inputs for construction and the production of furniture, cardboard, cellulose, paper and other products, and are also a fuel source. Timber resources are defined by the volume of trees, living and dead, which can still be used for timber or fuel.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/215a990d-en	8d1b1e1970ce1d942ba1868b3552bf98	If a TIPO with an average budget for new exporters of around $5-$15 million, such as the organizations PROCHILE, PROMEXICO or Turkish IGEME, reallocate another 10% of their budget on supporting new exporters ($0.5 million to $1.5 million) the number of new exporting companies or companies exporting to new destinations would increase by 4.6% per destination market. A cross-country analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the United States to 124 destination countries shows that each additional dollar spent on investment promotion increases FDI inflows by $189. Furthermore, the sectors prioritized for investment promotion experience 68% more employment than those that are not given priority.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	8d2039dc6d99fdde854adabda91cb1ff	To encourage the use of natural gas, its consumption has been exempt from taxation. Partial or total exemptions also apply to other fuels, including those used for electricity generation, for powering boats (including fishing boats), in agriculture, in facilities participating in negotiated energy-saving agreements (Section 4.1) and in the EU ETS, as well as biofuels (Section 5.2). A lower value added tax (VAT) rate applies, among others, to heating oil and household consumption of natural gas and electricity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	8d218b5e62ab0a5309942ea202362ee4	Still, more than a fourth of those with a university degree are informal workers - they do not contribute to the mandatory pension system. This suggests that informality may not systematically be forced by employers nor related to exclusion from the formal sector, but rather that it may be a worker’s decision, e.g. to minimise tax payments. According to this definition, about 50% of the employed population was in the informal sector in early 2012, a level which has been broadly stable since the late 1990s (Figure 1.5). The firm size column corresponds to the share of the population employed in firms of five or less persons.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264085398-en	8d2389e481bd9f1220ce3af7f339411a	Income inequality remains high, while poverty has declined. Source: DHA (2008 and 2009); Statistics South Africa (2012b). The increase in temporary immigration was related to the need to fill positions previously held by the white minority, but was also fuelled by students and others seeking to benefit from the end of the apartheid era.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	8d23eb7e686a10f35fea5702543ddad5	Meeting this challenge will require harnessing all available energy resources and technologies, according to local circumstances, coupled with energy efficiency measures, especially to upgrade grids and reduce transmission losses. As well as reflecting local endowments and resource potential, the energy mix should evolve in such a way as to kick-start the structural transformation process, while maximizing the development opportunities within the energy value chain. While fossil-fuel-based generation is likely to play a continuing role where substantial sunk costs have already been incurred and in countries with significant reserves, a progressive move towards renewable technologies could offer substantial development opportunities as well as environmental co-benefits.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	8d293c47c8296d9edecd132a95776a21	Nonetheless, many countries have found opportunities to infuse sustainability-related content and relevant pedagogical approaches into their systems during ongoing processes of educational reform and modernisation. In 2008, the country undertook a curriculum review, resulting in a national curriculum statement which calls for an outcomes-based approach to curriculum development across the system, while also highlighting the importance of values and attitudes that will be useful in later life. The statement identifies environmental and health education as guiding principles and highlights ethics and citizenship as key learning outcomes for the development of curriculum at all levels.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	8d29c9a0994f9b1eaa1155df219008da	"Childhood starts at birth (or at pregnancy) and ends at age 18 (or even later when full biological and developmental aspects are considered). The effects of policy interventions at any given point during childhood may fade or be reinforced at a later age as they depend critically on the alignment of other policy interventions or combinations of social policies after the early years. This alignment of policy interventions is what scholars refer to as the ""transformative character of social (protection) policy"". It concentrates attention on the fact that single instruments seldom suffice to realise the broader intentions of the CRC."	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	8d2c3e4499497dc944b1650529de242d	A poor student in Costa Rica has less than a one in ten chance of making it to university- an opportunity gap far greater than in most OECD countries. But key drivers of improvement in the most rapidly improving education systems - a concerted push to expand early years’ education, high professional expectations for teachers, leadership for improvement by schools, and strong information and evaluation systems that can guide reform - have not yet gained the needed impetus in Costa Rica. Its role in levelling the playing field for children from the most disadvantaged families is particularly critical.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264176744-en	8d2e3dc8d4e8cb89f77021f3a6799e35	Some areas for reflection and consideration are identified with Sweden’s curriculum, mainly related to implementation or strengthening staff skills to respond to changes in society. New Zealand’s Te Whariki has, due to its non-legal status, more possibilities to prescribe activities and practices for staff and include more detailed descriptions of expectations for child development and staff performance. Norway and Sweden aim at clarifying staff performance and guiding staff through providing complimentary support materials for staff for implementation of the curriculum.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	8d30df693e7c3fab3f39eeb811294062	The Outlook assumes biodiesel use to be held constant over the remaining years although no explicit mandate for biodiesel is legislated thereafter, the subsequent mandates referring only to advanced biofuel. Trade of biodiesel should remain low; Argentina is expected to be the main supplier on international markets. While many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and in South East Asia, have initiated ambitious renewable energy programmes, many have been put on hold during the economic crisis, credit constraints and with the more uncertain market prospects. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, therefore, presents a conservative view on biofuel prospects in many of the developing countries over the projection period.	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	8d315302f1e387b605a1c26138748f4a	Literacy cannot simply be assumed owing to school attendance or educational attainment. There are instances where people leave school without strong literacy skills or lose those skills through lack of practice. It is therefore important to enquire about the literacy level of respondents irrespective of educational attainment.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	8d3231fcaf1f7dd7984fd8d36bd39a6f	We capture these divisions in the model by positing gender-segregated labour markets and women’s association with paid care work. Both women and men contribute to the financial and time costs of providing care, however, just to varying degrees. In our model, investment is of two types: what we term physical investment undertaken by capitalists and human capacities investment undertaken by individuals and households.3 Funds for both types of investment are drawn from national income, which is split between capitalists (profit share) and workers (wage share). Because industries and occupations tend to be highly segregated by sex, we further disaggregate the wage share into the female and male wage shares.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	8d3259f3f401bf62298dc8a802193886	The latter is a rehabilitation and vocational training centre for boys in Fiji. It provides accommodation to young boys who are placed in the custody of the state for juvenile delinquency, and rehabilitates them with the assistance of their families and communities. Women are engaged in various informal income-generating activities: child protection, community awareness/building, conflict resolutions, peace-building and maintaining social cohesion.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/da48ce17-en	8d329f6594f396d4253b28fe0f5b026e	Understanding, discussing and exemplifyingthe key challenges of M&E for adaptation, UNEP DTU Par tnership Working Papers series, Climate Resilient Development Programme, Working Paper 1: 2016. Vertical Integration in National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Processes: A guidance note for linking national and sub-national adaptation processes. Org/wp-content/uploads/2016/l 1/Vertical-Integration-in-NAP-Processes-Guidance-Note.pdf (accessed 20 February, 2017).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	8d33371c6f8df97135fc3331efeffcc8	For example, the census conducted in 2002 revealed that 10 groups of indigenous peoples decreased in numbers and the census conducted in 2010 showed that 24 groups of peoples decreased in numbers. ! The Soviet Union collected information about indigenous peoples, and this information could be accessed for professional or academic purposes. Available statistics demonstrated positive dynamics in indigenous peoples' health. However, the restructuring of the health care system in the 1990s, as well as the abolition of ethnic identity in the Russian passport in 1997, led to the gradual end of the centralized collection and systematization of statistical information on indigenous peoples of the North.51 Countrywide reports by international organizations such as WHO,and the OECD do not pay specific information on indigenous peoples.	3	4	0	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	8d33f0ac65f4da2158c4aef47b19675e	"In Viet Nam, access to maternal health care services ranges from 90 per cent in urban areas to as low as 20 per cent in remote areas of the Central Highland and Northern Uplands regions inhabited by indigenous peoples"".35 Similar trends have been recorded throughout Latin America36 as well as in the richer developed countries. However, between the 1980s and the end of the century, a slowing or stalling of indigenous health improvements measured by life expectancy meant that the gap failed to close significantly (Canada) or even widened (New Zealand and the United States). In fact, because indigenous peoples are essentially invisible in the data collection of many international agencies and in most national censuses, the disparities in their health situation as compared to other groups continue to be obscured. Similarly, even when indigenous peoples appear in health data, they are often conceived of as a percentage of a national population, which UNICEF has noted ""can be misleading in as much as the distribution of certain indigenous peoples does not correspond to national boundaries."	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	8d3438938cabb204c5bd0d3681d53c47	The experience of oppression - in many cases multiple oppressions of race, class and gender - may give some women a unique perspective on the need to treat all people with respect. In some situations, women appear to put their national, ethnic, religious or class identity above their gender identity and solidarity. For example, some Israeli and Palestinian women do not relate at all to women of the opposing group.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	8d34d7bedfd00631a3b3e3dcc0b0fd46	In addition, initial teacher education providers should be required to establish internal quality assurance processes to ensure their programmes are continuously improving in light of evaluation exercises and new research relevant for teacher education. First, the operational features of the National Induction System need to be further defined as it is systematically applied across the system. Second, the certification process to determine progression in the career structure, needs to be fully designed and established.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	8d35ae59a1694adb6053abd268878b1c	Discriminatory social institutions can help to explain why girls leave school prematurely, thereby contributing to persistent gender gaps in both educational and economic participation. The OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a composite measure of discriminatory social institutions across non-OECD countries capturing laws, social norms and practices which restrict women’s economic and social role in five areas: 1) discriminatory family codes; 2) restricted physical integrity; 3) son bias; 4) restricted entitlements and resources; 5) restricted civil liberties. This variable often reflects practices such as forcing girls into marriage or their marrying before adulthood due to discriminatory social norms with respect to the status of women in the family and the reproductive role of women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	8d37e4682c413f0c180deae3ead9a483	Details of sourcing requirements are, however, in most cases kept confidential. At a broader scale, it can be observed that retailers are reacting to the proliferation of eco-labels for all types of products by developing their own ecological brands. This can reduce compliance costs and buyer confusion if buyers trust the brand to embody the desired product qualities. However, self-claims like “sustainably harvested” leave ample room for interpretation if not tied to a specific verifiable set of rules backing that claim. The companies also decide on the type of compliance verification (first, second or third party certification).	14	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	8d391375d3e04fb633fe32d9f46b7f73	Costs are comparable to other countries with institutionally similar health care systems (market mechanisms in regulating both insurance coverage and health care provision) such as Germany and Switzerland, but relatively high in comparison to most other OECD countries with different systems (Joumard et al., More specifically, hospital care exhibits mixed efficiency scores, while quality is high in preventive and outpatient care (findings that predate the effects of recent health care reforms). Other studies have emphasized the high equity and access in the Dutch health care system (Davis et al.,	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/09f3c767-en	8d3bac50b6d8d242c8d883f3518ee071	Although this might suggest an increasing trend in water-related conflicts overall, these data must be interpreted with caution, as much of the increase could be attributable to greater awareness (and reporting) of such incidents. The eruption of armed conflict in several regions of the world during the period from 2010 to 2018 may also have influenced this apparent trend. They are also particularly vulnerable to impacts of climate change (Castaneda Aguilar et al.,	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/d79235bc-en	8d422b6dc6c2c8c47fc2e28eb9fd7343	Inflation, especially if unanticipated, has often unwanted distributional effects, as it reduces real income of fixed income earners and shifts wealth away from creditors to debtors. Very high and accelerating inflation rates may be caused by excessive financing of public debts through seignorage and can be sign of unsustainable public finances. Total debt consists of external debt (debt held by non-residents) and internal debt (held by residents). For countries where external debt is a major concern, the indicator can alternatively or additionally be defined as total external debt (private and public) divided by GNI.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	8d427b3533dcebbd6984995ff6a19edd	In these cases, the high cost of these programmes may arguably be influencing the decision of informal workers to remain informal. As income increases, the decision to remain informal has less to do with costs and more with other factors. They must also be engaged fully in development processes to help the country progress towards a more egalitarian society.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	8d44ab19cd5e5637c700fb42a02aef41	Since then, however, TFP growth has turned positive, although it has been slower than in other country groups. In the island LDC subgroup, TFP has grown very slowly since the 1960s. It has alternated between periods of positive and negative growth, with a performance similar to that of partial productivity measures examined above. The former include the relatively positive agricultural productivity performance of mixed exporters and manufactures exporters, as well as fuel exporters (chart 2.8B).	2	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	8d488cafc18298683b8e145800391ccd	In the model pioneered by the Grameen Bank loans are given to groups of five, with one member being the head of the group. The first loan goes to the first two members of the group, the second to the next two members, and the third loan goes to the group leader. If one member fails to repay then the whole group is denied a loan. This model thus makes use of private information, peer support, peer pressure and joint liability to overcome the challenge of asymmetric information that typically exists between borrowers and lenders.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	8d49352848f40aa376893df4dde1de41	It is not possible to create an urban agglomeration exclusively at the behest of the national government; city and regional governments should have a role in the planning and management. To create new inter-regional policy space, both city and oblast ctkimats have to control territorial development and share some of the managerial responsibilities. It requires, among other things, holistic and inclusive urban policies that support economic growth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	8d4f2c818349a801c600faae9c0bf388	Some INDCs outlined actions or projects, which have been proposed in their NAPAs. For instance, the monitoring and evaluation section in Burkina Faso’s NAP provides tabular formats that outline how to monitor progress in activities to achieve their five priority strategies. The needs for finance are quantified in some, but not all INDCs with adaptation information.	13	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	8d56f3460159aa10c700bcfe6fd43ff7	They focus on the income inequality and regional disparities of fiscal decentralisation in industrialised countries. However, they do not explore the relationship between education expenditure and education performance. The main contribution of the paper is to address the effect of fiscal decentralisation on the net enrolment rate at the primary level, repetition rates and international test scores (PISA).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	8d5775b0f2a83ae87a9b03e06fe4c237	It has about 20 members, including UNESCO and the National Research Council (CNR), presided over by the President of the Region. To some extent it overlaps with the Town Council's land use planning remit, and it has been accused of causing bureaucratic delays. Its decision-making parameters are dominated by aesthetic rather than technical considerations. It decides strategy, co-ordination and control of the implementation of all measures to safeguard Venice and the Lagoon, especially how to divide the budget.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	8d579c8b4bff4015743e2f08d4b313c3	Both these impacts should have a clear effect on the present model, but will not be explored here. If one imagines that, at the beginning of the development process, all workers are unskilled and earn an unskilled wage (which is most likely to be the reservation wage) and that at the end of it, all become skilled workers and earn a skilled wage, then over the process, when an increasing number of workers must move from the unskilled to the skilled sector through education, income inequality must first rise and then fall. Thus, if one accepts the characterization of the essence of a full development process as embodied in the model, then the Kuznets hypothesis is clearly right. The key point here is full development.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	8d57d8fdbcc1c62a0d340f89ee7b7c17	It is grounded in the government’s Strategy for research co-operation and research in development co-operation 2015-2021. The aim of the strategy is “to contribute to strengthened research of high quality and of relevance to poverty reduction and sustainable development, with a primary focus on low-income countries and regions.” While support to research co-operation has represented a minor share of Sweden ODA (roughly 2 %), the Swedish Development Agency (Sida) is aiming to scale up its research programme following strong country demands.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	8d5876404e3833631a0f7274d174c801	Some of those risks include conflict and war, which are hard to predict, as well as being very difficult to prevent or cope with, and hence particularly difficult to include in this analytical framework. Each scenario needs to be understood as a category of events rather than a single event, covering a range of similar threats. It is a simplified representation of perceived risks with the purpose of facilitating assessment and a rigorous dialogue about best policy responses.	2	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	8d59ae0cbd0f535e480d751eaa227e61	While the analysis of interrelations between actors reveals the most frequent interactions, it also sheds light on the limited, or absence of, contact among certain categories of stakeholders. For instance, a very low proportion (16.7%) of regulators surveyed interacts frequently with civil society on water-related issues. Similarly, 20.7% of civil society organisations surveyed are in frequent contact with watershed institutions.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	8d5c234a8c6027086d18f87757041c02	The Chinese EERE credit line launched in 2006 aims at stimulating small-scale EERE investments in the corporate sector in order to help reach the government’s energy efficiency targets. The €60mln AFD concessional loan (Euribor - lOObp) to the Ministry of Finance of China was on-lent to three second-tier commercial banks: Hua Xia, China Merchants Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank. The loan is complemented by a €600.000 TA package aimed at building up participating banks’ capacity and funding a Beijing-based advisory team (staffed with Chinese personnel) which advises banks on project eligibility and technical aspects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	8d5c4d3906214299799340e13fe6047d	The project is huge on several scales: at 4 800 MW, the plant will be the seventh-largest in the world, and the estimated construction costs of USD 17.8 billion is equivalent to 10% of South Africa’s GDP. The electricity from the plant will provide much-needed supply to South Africa’s mining and other industries, as well as generally supporting the quality of supply for household users. And being situated close to large low-cost domestic resources of coal provides a secure supply of fuel. The decision by the South African government to support this project was backed up by the World Bank which is providing just over USD 3 billion of loans, and USD 2.5 billion from the African Development Bank (Sovacool and Rafey, 2011).	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	8d5f0886f40da1810b2c3ea5aa476ffa	In 1857, indigenous men were allowed to renounce their indigenous status and the right to live on reserve lands in order to assimilate into non-indigenous society. Indigenous women, on the other hand were not given the same choice. In fact, in contrast to traditional indigenous matriarchal family structure the post colonial indigenous women's status was determined by the choices made by her husband or father.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	8d625b1727b246a8d0b82ff0fd6e2e09	They are typically reflected in the qualification a person holds, but there are currently no measurement instruments available at the international level to assess and compare those skills (OECD, 2010). In surveys, employers mention a combination of some social and emotional skills, job and occupation-specific skills and cognitive skills as the most important when recruiting higher education graduates (Humburg van der Velden and Verhagen, 2013). Empirical analyses based on employer surveys show that lack of social and emotional skills can create a strong barrier to employment, especially for low-skilled jobs (Heckman and Kautz, 2013). However, studying and/or having a job can help to further develop skills.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	8d6355d1f1b9af82428931d3f1ca2e7c	The final decision by the Commission is expressed in an Individual Evaluation Report. The Commission also holds the responsibility to manage and decide on appeals made by teachers on the result of their evaluation. School directors and the Heads of Technical-Pedagogical Units in the school are responsible for providing the third party reference report.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	8d645ce380ba4782e756f7f9234329fb	However, weak export performance in 2016/17 prompted the IMF to assess Ethiopia to be at high risk of debt distress at the end of 2017 (IMF, 2017[is]). A foreign exchange crisis in 2018 further highlighted the risks to macroeconomic stability associated with Ethiopia's external imbalances (Bezawagaw et al., Borrowing as a percentage of GDP increased across the two sources of external credit (bilateral loan and private credit). Especially large increments were observed for bilateral loans: loans obtained from bilateral sources were 5.8% of GDP in 2010/11 but increased to 11.9% of GDP in 2015/16.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e7977af-en	8d6569c41d1f4890053873e355683ccc	This approach enables detailed analysis not only of the magnitude of poverty, but also of its intensity and its distinctive features in different groups, while also guiding the formulation of poverty reduction policies that dovetail better with comprehensive policies in support of well-being. Despite modest economic growth, employment rose on the back of job creation, absorbing the slight rise in the labour force participation rate and allowing unemployment to edge down from 6.7% to 6.4%, its lowest level in recent decades (ECLAC/ILO, 2013). The purchasing power of average wages held steady or rose in most countries with available information, in keeping with low inflation, the simple average of which fell from 7.1% in 2011 to 5.4% in 2012. In absolute numbers, 164 million people were poor, of which 66 million were extremely poor (see figure 1).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	8d663f2f8836003e9e59158d4b98d2ab	In order to encourage corporatisation, the government agreed to assume part of the debts of those hospitals willing to go through that process until the end of 2013. The Ministry of Health gave hospital authorities an opportunity to transform indebted tertiary-care facilities from publicly owned institutions managed by local governments into companies owned by such governments with the further option to also involve a private investor. In the 2009-11 period, this form of transformation of public health-care units was supported by public resources from the general budget.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289346597-10-en	8d67ddeb85a55b97f2690a7070729812	The high benefits are related to savings throughout all steps in the production, from raising of sheep over spinning and knitting to the final finishing. The data quality for wool production is not optimal [see 5.3.6] - and the variation between different production routes is significant - but high benefits can be achieved for all types of reuse of wool. The benefits from this are most probably lower than those that can be achieved if production of virgin wool can be avoided. This judgment is based on the fact that raising of sheep alone accounts for more than 50% of the climate change impacts in the life cycle of wool and about a third of the energy consumption.	12	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	8d68ed4699d21c7e8072f809c56ecbf8	Kraev considers two different scenarios. The first assumes that the trade balance remains unchanged, but the level of demand is variable (implying the possibility of underemployment of resources). With trade liberalization, imports increase, and domestic demand decreases to satisfy the external balance constraint, resulting in Losses in the order of 10 per cent of GDP (Kraev 2005: 14, Table 3) for SSA. The second scenario holds GDP constant, but allows the trade balance to vary.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	8d695a6ac28d07e607055399f41f929b	Notably, to achieve long-term goals for delivering safe and sustainable urban environments, a coherent narrative based on integrated transport and land-use policies needs be developed. The main lessons that can be drawn from the road safety stories of Lisbon and Riga and provides recommendations on advancing good governance for delivering effective road safety policies are mentioned below. Both case studies show the considerable importance of politics and a capacity for successful creation and implementation of road safety policies. Successful implementation requires not just the political momentum to initiate policies to promote road safety, but also the enforcement of legislation in practice.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	8d6b3cef36a9cae8ac14fd1fdf157d98	Under this heading it can be used for programmes in the fields of climate change, renewable energy, water management, biodiversity and for accompanying measures in the dairy sector. Some changes were made in 2010 regarding the implementation of Complementary National Direct Payments in Member States that joined the European Union in 2004. At the same time the gradual phasing in of payments in new Member States to align them with the EU15 level led to higher payments from EU funds.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	8d6e99cfcf6fd3596e1db3def3169918	The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Mild and moderate mental health problems constitute the greatest number of cases, and such disorders have been on the rise over the past several decades.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	8d70bacacacfeb2da208c5ed0a37c993	The report presents some proposals that would allow CDDCs to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on their economies. Managing natural resources in this context involves trade-offs in balancing a country’s portfolio of different forms of capital along its development path. For example, a developing country might hold a vast stock of natural capital but a relatively small stock of human and physical capital.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	8d713f4fd2ed86342aa4f96f2c528d09	They also seek to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of EEE. Any discharge, dumping, storage, accumulation or injection of this type of waste requires prior authorization. It also introduces the need for programmes for the gradual reduction, and ultimate elimination, of pollution caused by waste from Ti(>2 manufacturing facilities.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8d722ee8efe17b35fc63d5bd1ac55d1c	In 2006-08, 51 microcredit organisations (MCO) were created with FFSA investment in their charter capital (up to 49%). At present, the system is not sustainable without government financing. Between 2005 and 2011, 63 000 such loans were allocated, with a maximum amount per borrower of KZT 400 000 (USD 2 715) in 2010, and KZT 1 million (USD 6 800) in 2011. About 91% of the loans were taken out for livestock production, 5% for crop growing, and the rest for other business activities.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/312bd0fb-en	8d742ab14b84ee9f99928b06e18ae78f	The discussion also examines the historical evolution of each principle and the existing international agendas that facilitate the application of the principle; thereby promoting a sustainable business ecosystem. The principle informs and monitors a whole host of managerial decisions, including where to conduct business, with whom to conduct business, which products and services to offer, the degree to which an organization puts its own capital at risk for proprietary activities and so forth. Strong corporate governance guards enterprises and financial institutions against poor management, misconduct by staff and general business and financial risks.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	8d742b45a2f60c0cbed1e387bb0a696a	However, actual functions depend on the decentralization policies in each country, and these functions are commonly restricted with respect to range of responsibility and/or level of authority. At this level powers are typically delegated by legislation or directive of a senior level of government. In developed countries it is common for these local authorities to have responsibility for such environmentally-related matters as land-use planning, wastewater treatment, solid waste management, and in some cases management of local energy utilities.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	8d79b53cc5a90fed6fe5d83fdd1df8e6	The network connects more than 1 200 companies (www.erfolgsfaktor-familic.de/). They bring together stakeholders (employers, unions, local authorities, foundations, churches, employment agencies, universities, child care providers, etc.) The independent Hertie Foundation audits companies - assessing their processes, identifying their goals, and, where necessary, suggests new workplace arrangements - then certifies them “family-friendly” if they meet criteria. Large firms make the widest use of such audits - 42% of companies with more than 1 000 employees are certified.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8d7cf5fed6f5541f5283a85ffade192b	Between 1997 and 2005 the percentage of Arab students in the colleges grew from 3.5% to 5.6% and in teacher training colleges from 15.6% to 30.4%. After a long period of stagnation there has been an increase in the share of Arab students studying for a master’s degree in the universities from around 3.6% throughout the 1990s to 5.1% in 2004. In 2008/09 about 6.4% of the total number of master’s degree students in universities were Arabs.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	8d7dc9b37931f38c5039e8cb2eef2d6f	Savings' made from cutting back on government funding of public services often increase demands on unpaid care and domestic work. Because these hidden costs are not recognized in economic planning, this can create the illusion of efficiency gains when in fact costs are being transferred from the public sector to the private sphere.32 In the health sector, for example, efficiency may seem to increase when the time that patients spend in the hospital decreases and as a result the cost of providing treatment per patient appears to drop. But cuts to public health expenditure can have substantial and unrecognized knock-on effects for caregivers in households, who may be forced to take time off paid work to care for a sick family member.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	8d7f3f914d7b948dfbbc82fd0ddf37ed	There are a large number of migrants from Fiji living in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States (Mohanty, 2006a). The emigration rate is high in PICs, especially in Samoa, Tonga and Fiji. Table 4 shows that in 2005 the emigration rates for these countries were 35 per cent, 34 per cent and 15 per cent respectively.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233447-8-en	8d8062f9cdce0a6ae85f8a740c5bcec6	The country has made progress in learning how to elaborate pluri-annual plans and monitor the implementation of innovation policy. Nevertheless, major challenges remain: especially in guaranteeing pluri-annual budgeting for innovation; in improving the co-ordination of the promotion of science, technology and innovation with the national development strategy; and in scaling up initiatives in key priority areas. This chapter focuses on: i) the institutional setting and governance for innovation policy; ii) the national innovation strategy and policy mix as outlined in Panama's National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (PENCYT) 2010-2014; and iii) the main implementation challenges. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	9	0	8	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	8d81710f37724e1166c04a7aba739fbd	The combined role as purchaser and provider at the municipality' level is also proposed as important for the resource allocation within the health sector. The paper argues for a closer analysis of the impact of fund-holding, contractual relations and incentives between levels of governments as well as including qualify' indicators in the efficiency measure. These factors imply that a continued growth in health expenditure may increase social welfare. Some measures can be explored to decrease the burden of financing, and to improve welfare for a given level of expenditure. In the medium run, the demand for health care can be crucially influenced by the encouragement of a healthy life style. As discussed by Bolin and by Asgeirsdottir, it is not clear how effective policies should be designed.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	8d81b1b06ad105931cc2ed2bea65d608	One funding criterion for large companies is research co-operation w'ith other innovation actors: SMEs, research organisations and universities. Almost 90% of Tekes funding to large companies is channelled through subcontracting to SMEs or research service purchases to higher education institutions (HEIs) and research organisations.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	8d81d09658504060da1dc478fd0d81d9	Bolsa Famflia’s conditional cash transfers have proved to be fundamental in achieving the poverty reduction observed over recent years. The paradigm shift it implied required an unusual measure of courage and political will. Although Brazil’s Constitution had already included poverty eradication among its basic fundamentals, the tendency to blame the poor for being poor was still deeply rooted in society, generating strong opposition to the programme in its first few years. To give help where it was needed, the federal government had to improve the structure of its social assistance networks and those of the municipalities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	8d81d27ed9ec9f11ee062eff5979878c	Additional joint training throughout their careers would allow better co-ordination among care providers and could help them adapt best practices in terms of care pathways and prescriptions (see below). Together with limited out-of-pocket expenditures and low public trust in some preventive measures, such as vaccines (Larson et al., Moreover, immunisation rates among children against measles are relatively low (Panel C), and immunisation against influenza has declined among older people and remains well below 40% for some risky populations, despite an official target of 75% (Panel D; PLFSS, 2015). The authorities formalised their role as gatekeepers in 2004 by incentivising all patients to register with a treating physician, as recommended by the OECD (OECD, 2000; Imai et al.,	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	8d821c1e126eada948d31f119f30b4c2	Consequently, the impact ofUI on work incentives per se may be weaker in emerging economies. The welfare implications of UI depend on the extent to which increased duration on unemployment derives from a liquidity (or income) effect, i.e. the reduced need to return to work quickly to limit the impact of job loss on consumption, or a moral-hazard (or substitution) effect, i.e. the reduction in search intensity due to the subsidisation of unproductive leisure. The latter is a socially detrimental response as it fails to take account of the cost of unemployment for society.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	8d855f0dd31b59d198fd9ac8a186ddd9	The Ulugbek National University as well as the Andijan, Bukhara, Karakalpakstan, Samarkand and Termez Universities train bachelors on Ecology and Nature Use curriculum. The Tashkent Economic University trains bachelors on Environmental Economist curriculum. There appear to be no curricula on important subjects such as environmental management, environmental law and environmental monitoring.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	8d86d67739c98998fa0a7708f679714b	The extremely strong reaction in Spain meant that the climb in its unemployment rate was even larger than that observed in Ireland, which suffered an output shock that was nearly three times larger. Recessions that 01 until 2006 are included. By contrast, the unemployment response in the 2008-09 recession was muted in most European countries (including Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and the Slovak Republic), as well as in Japan and Korea.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	8d889de362f65e74c4a1b4cb608dbaf4	Water-related hazards accounted for 62 per cent of the deaths and 96 per cent of the people affected and 75 per cent of total damage costs amounting to US$2.5 trillion. They contribute to overall water scarcity, stress water supplies, and affect agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. Proactive drought policies and drought risk management can build greater societal resilience to the effects of drought and reduce the need for an emergency response.	6	0	6	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	8d8b258671ca5fbabf0f39e00f678856	The global market share of standards-compliant products for some of these commodities was as high as 40 per cent. To be clear, these labels deal with more than just climate-change issues, but carbon-based criteria are central to many of the schemes, including, for example, Rainforest Alliance and UTZ certification. First, the various methodologies for calculating embodied carbon are arguably not reliable enough to use as a basis for labels that will have significant trade and market impacts (Bolwig and Gibbon 2009).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8d8bfe5f088111ef7c10b44404c6944b	To this end, a number of stakeholders have or are in the process of designing systems and strategies to collect data and synthesise lessons learned. These efforts include multilateral initiatives such as the Adaptation Learning Mechanism16, the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Platform; Busan Partnership’s regional knowledge sharing platforms; work by Civil Society Organisations such as the Climate and Development Knowledge Network; and efforts within developing countries such as Kenya’s planned knowledge exchange platform (GoK, 2012b). The former allows for project designers and evaluators to access baseline or contextual data efficiently while the latter involves making the results of M&E efforts widely available to those contemplating or designing similar interventions. Sharing data is a relatively easy task, provided that such information is readily available or able to be scaled to the required level.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	8d8ce11c0c8d522051f435cbaf380a89	Creating representative security sector institutions where men and women participate equally at all levels of decision-making is a challenge, particularly in institutions where men traditionally tend to be greatly overrepresented (Chapter 13). The international community has supported some modest programmes for reproductive health and dealing with psychological trauma, for instance in Bosnia, Cambodia and Rwanda. As the treatment of traumatized women is labour-intensive, costly and often misunderstood, poor countries lack the resources, institutional infrastructure and cultural and social capacities to provide such services on a large scale and in a sustainable manner (Chapter 3).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	8d8e4e60ee54d0ae85693d4c285ce625	The UN Fish Stocks Agreement is also incorporated as a schedule to the Act. Implementing the EPBC Act allows assessment of the environmental performance of fisheries and promotes ecological sustainability. The EPBC Act has the following implications. The review' assessed the operation of the EPBC Act and the extent to which its objectives have been achieved.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/fb79328d-en	8d8f3b0997be86879d5db2a589400d2a	In fact, the Millennium Development Goals encompass a considerable number of the dimensions that are often discussed within the context of the definition of poverty. In the end, of course, what matters most for national policymaking is how each society defines the decent level of living that should be achievable by all. For example, the total number of poor (according to the definition above) had been 1.8 billion in 1990 and 1.9 billion in 1981 (compared with 1.4 billion in 2005).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	8d908e7ad7ab41e9b8bab65594cd4a9c	While there are, of course, differences of views, there seems to be an underlying consensus on the purposes of evaluation and an expectation among stakeholders to participate in shaping the national agenda. This is evident in the development of the national evaluation and assessment framework. Schools have a high degree of autonomy regarding school policies, curriculum development, and evaluation and assessment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-6-en	8d9414b7cf412beff089f799c1e6e768	In this context, it is crucial to have a clear picture of the forces driving inclusive approaches in water policy and projects to understand why stakeholder engagement is taking place and for what purpose. By 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow to around 9 billion people, with a major proportion living in urban areas. A total of 4 billion people will live in water-stressed areas, and water demand will increase by 55%, thus generating further competition among water users (especially domestic, hydropower and irrigation). The future gloomy picture for the water sector has triggered new emphasis on the role of stakeholder engagement across public, private and non-profit sectors, combined with structural and conjunctural drivers that have pushed stakeholder engagement to develop along different rationales.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	8d9475ce48f08a2a2dbddd23caaed669	Even after Doi Moi, farming households engaged in the production of export crops and import-competing crops faced higher levels of vulnerability than those engaged in the production of non-traded crops or in non-farm activities. The above results are key for policymaking. They highlight a link between trade openness and risk-induced vulnerability, underlining the need to address vulnerability to poverty, even in the context of trade liberalization policies that result in a net reduction in poverty.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262959-en	8d95502b29669010cb1ca102e0d4650d	Gender gaps remain large in labour force participation rates, job quality and postsecondary education and training. Young women are more likely than men to be not in employment, education, or training and teenage pregnancy rates are higher in Latin America than in most other regions of the world, signalling future risks of poverty for young and often single mothers. Women continue to bear a disproportionate burden for unremunerated work, which restricts their paid work prospects.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/95417570-en	8d963a2840415bb868c8541b1f9da8a6	In addition, this would be equitable and have a highly positive effect in respect of creating new economic activities and development. This is a huge sum for the poorest of the developing countries but it is a humble one in comparison with other financial flows. It pales beside the hundreds of billions pledged by many Governments of the countries members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to rescue the financial sector, automotive industry and many other sectors of the economy. In comparison, the cost of bringing 2 billion into the modern energy service system would appear to be a real bargain.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b656887e-en	8d96d39e997a4f3f7d0468e57f23bb9c	Indeed, Brewer and O'Dea (2012) and others (see Noll, 2007 for a review) argue that it is preferable to consider the distribution of consumption rather than income, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds. However, there are a number of reasons why many countries prefer income based poverty measures. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed later in this chapter.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	8d97e653807a63a6e653c0f4b3e5ca42	This would enable more targeted policies and agricultural extension activities to the level of education. In regards to agricultural higher education, an assessment of agricultural graduates’ early careers would help understand the factors which cause them to stay in or leave the agriculture sector. The agro-food system regulation sub-dimension uses two qualitative indicators to assess the presence and degree of implementation of: 1) regulation of natural resources, such as land, soil, water, air, climate and biodiversity; and 2) regulation of inputs, such as seed, fertiliser, and agricultural machinery.	2	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	8d97f151fe0ca77cd437a6c1caa8aec0	A single factory employs about 3,000 people to make automobile electrical harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. Tourism accounts for about 25 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP); 122,000 tourists visited the islands in 2007. Many of these were visiting family and relatives (VFR) tourists: returning Samoans. The tourism sector has been growing steadily. However, natural hazards, especially cyclones, are a recurrent threat. In September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami badly affected Samoa, resulting in nearly 200 deaths, massive damage to infrastructure, considerable costs of reconstruction and lost production.	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/48fdc937-en	8d98b56a1787abb9f7fd1428b4adca9a	Climate variability may exceed the design limits of any disaster prevention programme, and the exponential rise of health hazards due to thermal and other stresses can extensively challenge health systems. In recent years some Japanese studies have quantitatively reported the likelihood of increased risk of drought and torrential rain, loss of natural habitats such as beaches and forests, increase in regional variability of rice yields and more deaths caused by thermal stress and other factors. These adverse impacts cannot be ignored (Project Team for Comprehensive Projection of Climate Change Impacts, 2008: 96, 2009: 38; MOE, 2008: 70). However, the major objective of countermeasures, as indicated under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, must be to ensure that global warming stays below a dangerous level.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8d9acc8bda0fd01c7c9707f9dd4a1acb	They interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider economic, social and natural environment. This means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant. Such external costs or system costs can take the form of intermittency, network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of the security of supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	8d9e1f2a0cf06873cbd87235c631b0f7	In least developed countries (LDCs), 85 per cent of households lack Internet access.7 The gender gap in Internet use has not narrowed globally between 2013 and 2017, and has, in fact, widened noticeably in Africa and in LDCs. Broadband connectivity in developing countries, when available, tends to be relatively slow and expensive, limiting the ability of businesses and people to use it productively. For example, research has recently found that machine learning algorithms acquire biases from text data reflected in day-to-day culture.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	8d9ee062ba0b98c2ff1d72011734c729	Source: MoA, 2011. One major issue is that the price subsidy paid to manufacturers does not necessarily transfer down to producers - only 10% of farmers paid the HET price or below for Urea in 2007 (Osorio et al, 2011). In reality many farmers who operate more than 2 ha also receive the subsidy by splitting land into several plots on behalf of their family members.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/becaa395-en	8da2ed17c8f9361d5f15b2ba202c74b5	For the developing countries, most estimates for crop yield impacts are negative, with the share of negative estimates increasing the further into the future the study projects (Figure 5). Idawed by East Asio ond the Pacific, and Sooth Asio. Ho/rever, they ore derived from only two studies. Both point to dramatic long-term impacts, compared to a world without climate change and in the absence of climate change mitigation.3 The impact on yields by the year 2100 under high-emission climate scenarios ranges between -20 and -45 percent for maize, between -5 and -50 percent for wheat, between -20 and -30 percent for rice, and between -30 and -60 percent for soybean (Rosenzweig et al.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	8da3fcd775dcb102d6d9159d98411d49	It is true that macroeconomic instability expressed in high inflation can kill growth. However, macroeconomic stability (when broadly defined so as not to be focused on a narrow target, such as inflation) is only a necessary condition for growth, not a sufficient one. Periods of accelerated growth can be associated with moderate or even intense inflation when supply constraints are encountered.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8da4be113b21e5c36b5514e5a5183f1d	We have called these Ethiopian initiatives ‘glimpses’ of a green economy: they are isolated examples from a growing range of experiences in different sectors - some representing established broad-based policies, others newly-initiated pilot projects; but they could be improved and increased in number given the right conditions and sufficient incentives. These ‘glimpses’ offer a good basis to pursue some elements of green growth. However, unless real incentives for programmatic change can be provided to both consumers and producers in the country, real impacts on the economy and on environment will be minimal. The CRGE offers the potential to provide incentives beyond the project level to encourage programmatic and systematic changes that offer an alternative development path to suit particular Ethiopian circumstances.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8da9f054678b5de93e1176bd3ac782d4	For example, while the output of a capacity building exercise on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity can be identified relatively easily (e.g. x number of people trained), identifying the outcome of this activity (e.g. drought-resistant crops planted on y hectares of land) is more difficult to identify. The impacts of such an activity (e.g. improved food security) will be even more difficult to attribute, given time lags, natural variability in weather patterns, “shifting” baselines due to the effects of climate change, and interactions with outcomes/impacts from other related interventions. While assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in producing project-level outputs is relatively straightforward, attributing long-term, global impacts to an intervention is extremely challenging. Lamhauge, 2013, per s. comm.).	13	0	6	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	8dabf0af01e59cec3e2a838f760db633	In the case of violence against women surveys, it is critical from the outset to plan how all aspects of the project will incorporate methods of meeting the ethical requirements to ensure the safety of respondents and research teams, to protect the confidentiality of respondents, to minimize emotional distress, to provide information on sources of support and to refer respondents to sources of support in the community if needed. One of the fundamental challenges for surveys on violence against women is that of obtaining accurate estimates of the prevalence of violence, especially in contexts where there are strong taboos on speaking to outsiders about family relationships, violence in the family or sexual relations. Focus group discussions and other qualitative research methods that engage local women in discussions about the feasibility of the survey and about ways to surmount these taboos and to adapt the questionnaire and protocols to the local context will be critical to the success of the survey. There are several key elements to be considered when developing questionnaires.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	8dacaf6861c6d53829767193e3404cc8	Both of these rates are relatively low compared to other middle-income economies, which is often attributed to a large informal economy in Thailand as well as considerable underemployment in private and public service sectors (Fry, Nieminen and Smith, 2013). Considering the entire decade (2000 -10), the increase of the foreign-born EPR was more than 20 percentage points. It can be expected that this drastic change is related to other indicators such as the level of education or the nature of jobs taken by immigrants in Thailand, and these indicators will be discussed in the following sections.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	8db35ae019c6199290c7985e001a7a6c	The Student Loans Company is a government-owned agency that was established in 1989 and is responsible for managing all loans and grants to students in universities and colleges in the United Kingdom. In recent years, the United Kingdom has shifted away from grants and towards income-contingent loans for students, primarily due to their lower public cost (Figure 3.1). Relative to grants, loans may also make students more responsive to market signals in their degree selection, as most students must eventually repay the money, unlike with grants. In 2015, the government announced it would end grants for students from low-income households, but would raise total financial support via income-contingent loans.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	8db54d81df9cb05ad966c3d82864470d	For island countries like Vanuatu and the Philippines, the risks are much higher from storms and cyclonic winds. For some countries, those worst affected are poor households — as in Myanmar, Pakistan and Fiji, where they experience around 40 per cent of the income loss. For others, the brunt of expected disaster losses, around 70 per cent, is felt in commercial and industrial sectors - as in Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Thailand.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	8db6e96536a9bf839b96bd9e22439b46	This combined better inter-sector co-ordination between the SSA and the SS providers and the government’s first attempt to decentralise SSA services by transferring responsibility' for health care to the states, which was to be the first wave of a longer decentralisation process. It was at this time (1983) that a constitutional amendment was passed, giving each individual the right to health protection and from which the General Health Law was derived. As part of these changes, the Ministry of Public Health and Assistance changed its name to the Ministry of Health (Secretaria de Salud).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	8db7f405d907ac65f1bf060e2a4352b5	While many VC-backed start-ups may fail, 42% of US public companies founded between 1974 and 2013 are VC-backed, and they accounted for 85% of R&D expenditures in 2014 (Gomall and Strebulaev, 2015[2oi)- Many recent tech giants such as Amazon, Facebook, Google, Dropbox, Instagram, Snapchat, Spotify, Uber, WhatsApp and Alibaba were initially VC-backed. For example, in the European Union the proportion of women in self-employment is under 10% compared with 17.5% for men. Similarly on average in the OECD, over 2012-16 some 5% of women declared themselves as working towards opening a business, while the share was 7.4% for men.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	8db977a862fdf5367c2b78a693345b19	Gaps are estimated only for students with nonmissing information on whether they speak the language of assessment at home, on their age at arrival and a non-missing score on the PISA index on economic, social and cultural Status (ESCS) index. Countries and economies with a non-adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk before the country/economy name. Countries and economies with an adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk after the country/economy name.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	8dbb73ed7b02d2f3692bc3a2e02e45f4	However, the top 9% of the population in terms of income received 19% of the subsidy. Redistribution of these subsidies to improve the social security system would have positive impacts on social welfare and macroeconomic variables. Reallocating government revenues in this way would be more efficient and therefore lead to overall economic gains.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/58d686e0-en	8dbcf0c7620cece63d31da23bcff5395	The most common are political party quotas, legislative quotas and reserved seats. Political party quotas are usually voluntary, party-specific and put in place to increase the number of women party candidates or elected representatives, through setting a percentage of women. Legislative quotas are binding national policies that are enforced through legislation, requiring all political parties to include a certain number of women in their lists of candidates for elections. Another method is to reserve seats for women in parliament through a national policy, which ensures a certain number of female legislators.28 Since the Beijing World Conference, States have increasingly adopted quotas to boost women's participation, counter discrimination and accelerate the slow pace at which the number of women in politics is rising.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	8dbf999b85b45c12a96b9122f3092ceb	Comparisons are made between the human capital of native-born and foreign-bom workers, including with regard to skills mismatch. This chapter aims to conduct an empirical investigation of the labour market position of immigrants in Ghana based on a review of labour market indicators regarding migrant workers in comparison with native-bom workers. The review will be complemented in Chapter 4 by a formal econometric examination of the labour market impact of immigration.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	8dc09aaf1e0d8a8dc3dbb7c9fc7a803d	However, local governments have little financial autonomy and are still largely dependent on central government transfers for the implementation of policies and delivery of services. With the national policy goal of balanced national development, the Korean government has been fully committed to actual decentralisation and continued its efforts to realise it. Some value-added taxes are collected under the name of local consumption taxes to increase the tax revenue base of local municipalities.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	8dc10a09d86c9f5284b596ec89dc4e8b	"Farmers must balance between profitability and risks. This trade-off between profitability and risks also explains that the necessary investment for producing for the market takes place gradually and on a small-scale trial basis. These are important steps in increasing yields and profits and thus reducing associated risks. The example of cotton production areas, where yields for food staples are generally higher than average, shows that durable support services, combined with a marketing guarantee and stable prices can accelerate the process of agricultural intensification"" (Cour, 1994)."	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	8dc39f1e55585490c68afdb602849051	However, this is at the cost of ending the win-win situation where patients choose relatively cheaper cash benefits (worth 75% of the cost of in-kind care) that improve their own welfare thanks to a greater choice of providers and also encourage competition across home care providers. Thus, it would be preferable to keep a cash benefits scheme for home care but to improve screening and monitoring to avoid unintended use. One way of reducing the need for monitoring could be to provide cash benefits in the form of vouchers directly payable to professionals, like in the Nordic countries (Colombo et al., To be effective, such vouchers should be designed to cover less than the full costs of care, where the implied copayment on each service purchased would give patients incentives for cost-efficient use of the vouchers. Such a focus could risk impeding the excellent Dutch results in terms of equity and access to health care facilities. However, the increasing role of competition has not had a negative impact on equity so far.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	8dc3a12b916941d2afc0ebec5662aa0a	The disproportionate impact of climate hazards further aggravates existing socioeconomic inequalities and may actually undermine the capacity of people to cope and adapt. Not only is closing the development gaps that leave people vulnerable to climate hazards a goal of sound development policies, but it is also essential to reducing the risk posed by climate change. Investing, for example, in prevention to halt the spread of malaria and other debilitating diseases to improve the quality of life of the most disadvantaged population groups, is both a sound development policy and part and parcel of a sound adaptation policy: healthier and potentially wealthier people will be more resilient to future climate hazards. Disadvantaged groups typically possess few options for diversifying their incomesources, gaining access to insurance and financial marketsand improving their education and health status.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	8dc4ac29477bbb71a483475c3770b1ff	However, solely changing the reporting guidelines for specific issues may have only a limited impact on the transparency, comparability, completeness and timeliness of information reported. This is because improvements may be needed in measuring specific information (e.g. climate support) in order to improve the reporting of such information. In addition, several countries will need to establish or strengthen their domestic monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems in order to improve reporting under the UNFCCC.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	8dc530a590cc367de048aad6fb0db00a	Establishment surveys are not usually the best sources of data for disaggregations by demographic variables except in some cases by sex, thus often preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups. Within the European Statistical System, it has been agreed to use the Structure of Earnings Survey, a harmonised establishment survey on earnings, as the standard data source for computing the gender pay gap. Worker coverage of administrative records, such as social security records, often includes workers in paid employment who are covered by the administrative system.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	8dc599c21d4446e6d31bbc0b1e66b3a0	There are two new' sub-dimensions, activation policies and job quality, while the labour mobility sub-dimension has been removed. Several changes have also been made to the indicators. All six economies have adopted new legislation in several areas targeted at increasing the flexibility of labour markets.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	8dc9903453d8b57129cd71bbbe417688	Many developing countries remain net importers of food, and some increase their net imports of food. For instance, under Scenario 3 (IPSL/DSSAT), India’s domestic maize and wheat production decreases and its imports of these commodities increase by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively, compared to the Reference scenario. Sub-Saharan Africa remains a net food importer across all of the scenarios.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/80f460e1-en	8dc9e20e1c62ff3a7d5092598cfe1c5d	In addition, a special insurance policy costing 365 baht per year (about US$ 12) was also made available for migrant children up to seven years of age. The package is the same as that received by Thai citizens covered by the widely praised Universal Health Coverage Scheme, including access to immunization services and antiretroviral drugs. Migrant parents can buy a policy for their children who are aged over seven at the same rate as adults (2,200 baht or about US$ 70 per year).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	8dcb9eb87decf2572bdef6d50fed0ef5	Pharek’s (2001) analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues, i.e. the regulation of women’s clothing, exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves. Demographic policies are integral part of ethno-nationalist struggles; the socialization -coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group. Demographic policies in Israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in 1948.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	8dcc55b7ffa64008ffa59c982b020964	Teaching staff consists of Christian, Jewish and Muslim members. Study programmes integrate practice, education and theory. Tuition fees are high and students are charged USD 2 500. For 2010, the college budget is USD 1.8 million: 50% of the budget is covered by the board of trustees (mainly from the Illinois state and Austria), 25% tuition fees; the rest by the local Arab community.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	8dcc8f7cad13ffd494147b9c84e6af70	The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Total funding amounts exceeding USD 225 millions (99th percentile) are excluded to ensure that analyses are not driven by few companies receiving large deals. In columns 6 and 8, female start-ups is understood as start-ups with at least one female founder.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	8dccb9ea8f75f0d0d02299f27347b2a5	Low and unstable levels of financing will undermine continued consistent improvements, and reliance on EU funding for some core areas - notably prevention and health promotion - is a challenge to sustainable growth, and impedes the development of a clear long-term vision for the health system. A targeted, incremental increase in spending is needed, rather than a sudden cash injection, which would bring significant risks and likely limited return over time. Support from the OECD, other international partners, and OECD countries could be offered to help Latvia manage the increase in health spending to maximise the positive impact (Box 0.2).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	8dccfc7f82c35b61e56c105d130af4b7	For instance, Tier One in the EU-United States proposal covers energy-related services (e.g. engineering and maintenance services to optimize the environmental performance of energy facilities), and services for the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings and facilities. Tier Two covers a broad set of environmental and climate-related services, including energy, construction, architectural, engineering and integrated engineering services.45 Once the picture on the services front is sufficiently clear, the negotiators would proceed to identify the goods essential to the delivery of the selected environmental and energy services and negotiate tariff concessions using the proposed modalities and taking into account national priorities and programmes. The introduction of sustainability standards and regulations may prove important to trade in biofuels.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	8dcd2a16e4312489e9b5b98a015df595	For example, data from the PISA study administered in 2015 reveal that 76% of native-born students of native-born parents in Sweden attained at least proficiency level 2 in the three PISA core domains -mathematics, reading and science. By contrast, only 49% of immigrant students (either first- or second-generation) did so, a statistically significant difference of 27 percentage points. This difference was greater than the OECD average difference of 18 percentage points.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	8dd04597ba512ba94dc6d0f17a9f3eb3	There is no mechanism regarding decontamination of orphan sites, however, and no financial means exists for the government to take such action. Environmental authorities have made an inventory of publicly owned sites contaminated by pesticides, but no remediation has yet taken place due to a lack of funding (Chapter 5). Law 491 of 1999 requires projects requiring licences (i.e. the largest ones, with the highest environmental risks) to take out insurance covering environmental damage.	6	428	485	0.0624315443592552
10.18356/e1196521-en	8dd04996252bca1d1fe745c753e717ab	As incomes rise, the population moves up the energy ladder, with significant impact on the environment. Similarly, though the Region has made impressive progress in eliminating poverty for millions, there still is a very large pool of energy-poor people in the Region. Overall demand for energy (Figure 2.1) is expected to grow significantly for three reasons: to support economic growth; to meet the demands of an ever larger and growing middle class; and to provide universal access to energy.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	8dd2b328e58e2d65036777044698ead2	Individuals who have left the education system are harder to reach, and adult learning and training is generally much less available and less generously funded than formal education for young children and students. This chapter discusses inequality in outcomes in education, skills and labour market participation during adulthood, as well as the gaps between various groups of the population in participation informal and non-formal adult education and training. It also discusses policy interventions that can mitigate inequality in learning and labour market outcomes between adults from socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds. First of all, learning should be focused on improving the employability of adults, through a combination of education and training and practical job training. Targeted support needs to be provided to adults with a low level of educational attainment and without basic literacy and numeracy skills. Particular attention should be paid to young adults who are not in employment or in education (NEETs), single mothers and women who have had to leave the labour market due to child care responsibilities, as well as the immigrant population.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	8dd34f968f4e59aa602f3b2b3552347e	"It prepared and hosted the fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (Forest Europe) in Warsaw in 2007.8 The conference resulted in two Warsaw Resolutions: “Forests, Wood and Energy” and ""Forests and Water”. During Poland’s holding of the EU Presidency in the second half of 2011, the MoE and the LP convened several meetings of EU forest directors as well as meetings on sustainable forest management in the context of climate change. The MoE has always supported negotiations on a legally binding agreement on forests in Europe. In 2013 it hosted the fourth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Legally Binding Agreement on Forests in Europe."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	8dd38f7460274e024fc7a17661f93c79	In the same way, according to this law, the Superintendence will be in charge of monitoring all ECEC institutions. This will thus address JUNJI’s potential conflict of interest, since JUNJI has simultaneously operated childcare centres and performed of quality assurance in the past. ( The accreditation and inspection processes generate one or multiple reports to providers (including the specific centre) and to the responsible public agencies. Reports are not provided directly to parents, but they are published on the Internet.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3adc8369-en	8dd4e156183ed5aabae880e855332b4a	Target 14.a refers to scientific knowledge and transfer of technology. Lastly, target I4.c refers to the implementation of international law as reflected in UNCLOS. Many of these are adaptations of pre-existing targets that figured in other pieces of international legislation, such as the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (for example, target 14.4 on sustainable fisheries) or the Aichi Targets (for example, target 14.5 on protection of marine and coastal areas).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	8dd4e694ec178068e7363d9fb584a0e4	New Zealand is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, with a commitment to reduce its GHG emissions to 1990 levels, on average, by 2012. The scheme is to be applied also to agricultural gases, according to current terms, starting from 1 January 2015 (compared to 2013 set initially). The ETS imposes costs on businesses, which will be obliged to purchase units of C02-equivalent emissions.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	8dd539ba5a02eb7a05e8528798d4714f	The exact role of space in facilitating better working environments and enhancing child development also remains largely unknown, and the role of multiple adults in ECEC settings is not sufficiently defined to maximise the impact on child outcomes. Additionally, no studies have specifically investigated whether working conditions (and which aspects of working conditions) have different effects on different groups of children, e.g., migrant children or children at risk. The link between Quality Child Care and Early Learning”, Lessons in Learning, CCL, Ottawa. Evidence from project STAR”, Quarterly Journal of Economics (forthcoming).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/45094dde-en	8dd62cf650f4f2dbc4fa185b8e8b0ed1	Issues regarding the conservation of genetic resources and strengthening national and extension programmes are causing major conflicts between the two (McCalla, 2007). The International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) was established in 1980 by the CGIAR system and later merged into the International Food Policy Research Institute in 2004. The purpose of ISNAR was to strengthen NARS in individual countries by conducting joint research, training researchers and distributing new knowledge.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	8dd7e549ad924f97d6b16043181dac7f	Average energy-intensity improvements of around 2.4% a year to 2040 are required as part of a portfolio of measures to green the energy sector, consistent with a 2°C target. Such improvements would result in a 15% reduction in global energy demand by 2040 (IEA, 2014a). Halving global primary energy demand over 2010-35 would boost global GDP by an estimated 1.1% in 2035. This effort would require an additional USD 11.8 trillion investment in more efficient end-use technology, but would save more than USD 17.5 trillion in fuel expenditure and USD 5.9 trillion in supply-side investment (Chateau, Magne and Cozzi, 2014).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	8ddcd8d0e76af8999a0bf0899800c3e2	The comparable figure is much lower (12%) for those living with a standard worker (i.e. mixed households) (second bar in Figure 4.14). Similar patterns are also found for non-standard workers in other low-earnings quintiles, that is, the chances of remaining in the second/third quintile (or falling below) are higher for those in NSW households than those in mixed households. This suggests that the income inequality impact of non-standard employment, if any, happens mainly through the increase in NSW households, not through the growth in mixed households.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	8ddd0bcad866b3273ceab329c95615fb	Thanks to the work done by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), there has also been progress towards a multidimensional measure of child poverty in the world (Gordon and others, 2003). They concern housing quality and adequacy in aspects such as type of floor, access to potable water and sanitation, availability of electricity and crowding (Feres and Mancero, 2001). To capture shortfalls in education, the approach was similar to the one followed by Alkire and Santos (2010), linking attendance rates for school-age children to educational deficiencies among the adult population.5 Box 1.4 explains the selected satisfaction indicators and thresholds.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	8dde30d2db24657d976a0ba3983b39dc	In Korea, the government is striving to generate new and renewable energy for low-carbon green growth. It also assists energy production through water (hydropower, conservation of ocean thermal energy and solar power using water from dams and retention ponds). The recent establishment of the Framework Act on Green Growth is helping to develop green growth strategies.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/85946e24-en	8de1ea152707a3d6772129f510f13449	In the years from 1950 to 1955, only a few countries had a level of life expectancy greater than 70 years, and only 1.0 per cent of the world’s population lived in such countries. At that time, 71.9 per cent of the world’s population lived in countries where the life expectancy at birth was less than 60 years (figure 1). The reductions of mortality since the middle of the twentieth century have been so substantial that the proportion of the population living in countries with a life expectancy below 60 years had decreased to only 8.5 per cent for the period between 2010 and 2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	8de3bc3cc8b16ddb06a2b80702123f5d	Many are sources of innovation in new ways to serve employer demands for a skilled workforce, and for government initiatives to meet skills gaps and engage disadvantaged job seekers. The TVaining Offices have the legal status of a training company, but operate between county authorities and the host employer. Training Offices often take responsibility for recruiting new training companies and coaching staff involved in the tutoring of apprentices. A recent research report on the role of the TVaining Offices concluded that the Training Offices also carry out the tasks of the county authorities and work actively to assure the quality of the apprenticeship training (Olsen et al.,	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/46a5795c-en	8de46679859362ae98cfc33f20f0efb7	It seeks to avoid double counting active contributors who contribute to more than one scheme. This right to income security after retirement is guaranteed by the prior payment of premiums or contributions, i.e., before the occurrence of the insured contingency. Depending on the country, this prior payment of a premium or contributions concerns persons in employment or a sub- group. Combined with other indicators of security of employment, contribution to social security forms part of the set of criteria suggested to define formal employment.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	8de50e7a688119bcbc3eb66049643e92	So, all in all, regulating and cultural services are not part of the framework and the SEEA Central Framework is not suitable for monitoring most ecosystem service flows to different types of end-users (sectors, households, etc). The sectoral classification and more specifically the functional accounts which register environmental activities and related flows can help develop an improved understanding of the number of jobs associated with nature and ecosystems to the extent to which certain sectors depend more or less directly on nature or on improving environmental quality (e.g. environmental goods and services sector). While the focus of the accounts is on the national level, such targets can also be set at the regional level, provided the data is available.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	8de78d9e07817b823ba826e0c5101dbc	In 2011-12, sesame accounted for 52% of the area harvested in oil crops, with a further 29% taken by groundnut, 18% by sunflower and 1% by palm oil (CSO, 2012). From 1990-91 to 2011-12, according to CSO data, rubber production was multiplied by ten and yields increased around two fold to 650 kg per ha as old unproductive varieties were replanted with high-yielding varieties (ARDC, 2011). The government has established a 30-year rubber development plan which sets the goal of reaching a production area of 607 000 ha and an annual production of 300 000 MT by 2030. According to the MOAI data, the planted area has grown tremendously in recent years.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	8de89053108c890f855d7b3ddb5489ac	No paper, to the best of die authors' knowledge, comprehensively and on die basis of up-to-date information, compares the migration experiences of females and males from Central Asia to die Russian Federation. The most important migrant-sending countries are Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, which are the focus of the present study. To a large extent, Kazakhstan is a receiving country whereas Turkmenistan with its visa regime is not an active participant in international migration.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264287747-en	8dea4497271fa34ef869eb60851f87d5	The inflows into skilled agriculture (1.5 million) do not offset this outflow, which results in a -1% growth rate. Furthermore, among both elementary occupations and professionals, prime-age workers had a relatively large downward influence on the annual growth rate when compared to other major growing occupations (Figure 3.10, Panel B). Another finding worth noting is that there was a relatively large number of new immigrants entering elementary occupations; the only occupational group in which such a relative impact can be witnessed.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-7-en	8dea6fbd53ce32886144fe249a248f08	Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Legislative amendments in progress will introduce a maximum legal size limit for Ptectropomus areolatus, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and remove the limitation on holding live finfish. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	8deaf3456c4a0b0cf46a9179ca01212b	The recently agreed ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) being an obvious example. Where possible, Indonesia has sought to remove sensitive agricultural products from tariff reduction commitments under regional trade agreements. Indonesia has not been active in negotiating bilateral agreements outside ASEAN+ agreements.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	8dec3d60a205cb313e32b661fc27b692	One key obstacle to business innovation could be relatively underdeveloped knowledge- and information-intensive services. Business services are essentially concentrated in large and medium-sized urban agglomerations. The R&D “ranking” of Kazakhstan’s cities is relatively stable: the main development since 2005 has been the rise of Astana (from 9.1% of national R&D expenditures in 2005 to 19.4% in 2015). The science city of Kurshatov (11 670 inhabitants, home of the national nuclear centre and its research institutes) is by far the smallest city with significant R&D spending and personnel.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	8decf21a74f0eb04e3650900aa7e7883	Meanwhile, the reduction in gender-related educational disparities has been very striking and stands in contrast to trends in labour market indicators (see chapter IV for more details). This means not only that the physical housing itself must be adequate, but that there must be access to appropriate services such as water, sanitation and energy and security of ownership and environment. This section provides a brief overview of the recent evolution of inequalities in access to basic services (water, sanitation and electricity) and in the quality of housing (using an approach based on the quality of materials), disaggregated by income brackets.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	8df0ec38d7639a44fce05d4b117e923a	A decreasing block system is used to charge for surface water abstraction, whose charges are lower than for groundwater. Starting in mid-2008, water supply and sanitation service providers are obliged to include abstraction charges in the retail tariffs dependent on the actual use and the type of user. The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/4bfdcb5d-en	8df147ac1ed0badf7f5038fe109e1d29	Joumard, Pisu and Bloch (2012) state that the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on their size, mix and the progressivity of each component, and found that taxes and cash transfers reduced income inequality, as measured by the Gini index, by about 25% on average in oecd member countries towards 2010. In those countries, direct transfers reduce income dispersion more than taxes: three quarters of the reduction in inequality between market income and disposable income are due to transfers, the rest to taxes. Moreover, countries with a more unequal distribution of market income tend to redistribute more. A second objective is to simulate the possible effects of potential reforms of tax systems, in order to demonstrate that tax instruments —and in particular that putting the resulting increase in revenue to good use— can have a significant impact on the distribution of disposable income.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	8df1a7798e0dcfaf076084ec7171812d	The main difference is a smaller number of countries where the use of flat fees and decreasing block tariff structures were detected. This relative inertia can be explained by the complexity attached to changing tariff structure. Moving from flat fees to volumetric rates, for instance, entails the installation of meters; and changing the structures of volumetric tariffs {e.g. changing the number or size of blocks in an increasing-block tariff [IBT] scheme) requires that impacts are assessed on the financial sustainability of the provider, the affordability for different consumer groups and short- and long-term impacts of demands. It also requires extensive consultation with the public. Even in countries where IBTs prevail, their design varies across providers in terms of the number and size of blocks. The diversity of tariff structures in a country is generally linked with the degree of decentralisation of the tariff-setting process.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	8df244dd103f317326f2b9d3f100f576	These figures raise important questions about why success has varied so much across countries, and to what extent health care systems and policies help to explain this variation. Numerous studies have shown that rising levels of obesity and diabetes are reducing our ability to make further inroads into reducing the CVD burden. Some studies are showing that the pattern of declining mortality is coming to an end or even reversing amongst some population groups, particularly younger age groups (Wilson and Siskind.,	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	8df3fcda5b90e4d313202a9f3c8f89c2	Thus, we have the propensity score for treated units (vocational school students) PjW*)and the propensity score for controlsPc2000 (students in other tracks), both reflecting the propensity of being sampled in 2000 for students sampled in 2003 or 2006. We first estimate the performance change for students in each type of secondary school in 2000 and their matched counterparts in 2003 or 2006. Then we compare these performance changes among students from different tracks.	4	0	5	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	8df9cc70602d451971765a4a1ba0c05b	The Human Rights committee further ruled that the Fisheries Management Act should be brought into line with the equality principle. A community quota clause has been established giving the municipality the right to buy vessels that are otherwise being sold to firms outside the community. Accordingly, this community right has seldom been used, because it does not include the vessels' quota.	14	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	8dfef398a2d6cc21fdc592bfc8dfaf30	In addition, this form of CCS is relatively simple and low-cost, given that it involves a fairly pure stream of C02 that needs to be separated from the extracted natural gas during extraction and processing in any case, and storage is readily available close to the production sites in most cases. We thus additionally include all countries in the Middle East with significant oil- and gas-related vented C02 emissions,28 as well as China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Argentina. As reported, these amounted to only 7.0 MtC02 in 2013 (6.9 MtC02 when excluding Norway).	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	8e00ec88c870bfdd25c4cf583f543db5	Certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort. For example, while not a priority in the near-term it is important to recognise the growing importance of South-South financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future. Of course such a system must also be built up slowly, allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	8e013178719cdbe8b001ef577255ee4f	"The content of organic matter and also of nutrients is increased by agriculture in Ukrainian territory, also locally (but potentially severely) affecting water entering the territory of Belarus. Higher levels of radionuclides mainly occur in basins within 30 km from Chernobyl. The transboundary transport of ""'Sr varies, depending on the extent of annual flooding."	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	8e02bf255dfbc5ffe6f55251f4b18ff6	This suggests that the management practices applied are inconsistent with the purposes for which the community concessions were created. This firm was created in 2003, as a joint venture by several RBM community concessions, with the strategic aim of consolidation through their collaboration (see table VII.10). The fact that it also markets the timber produced by the communities has enabled it to identify new markets, establish connections between communities and buyers, and strengthen those that already existed.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8e04fe797064a58d8510908094c8bc5b	At the national level, it is difficult for donors to meet the aid effectiveness principle of aligning their inputs with country priorities if a developing country has not yet established such priorities or strategies. At the institutional level, varying national circumstances or enabling environments can enhance or inhibit an intervention’s success. Site-specific environmental factors can also influence the performance of an intervention (e.g. a wind turbine will generate varying amounts of electricity depending on the prevailing wind speed). However, some interventions will lead to results that either materialise or can only be assessed after a longer time (e.g. constructing infrastructure that can withstand a l-in-100-year flood).	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	8e078edcb5e748bdbb0ed39d43e76ad0	These rents may be shared with consumers through an overextension of credit and underpricing of risk, employees in the form of higher wage-productivity differentials and other stakeholders involved in banks' business (Denk et al., The transmission of some of the financial sector rents to employees requires bargaining power on the part of financial sector workers, since otherwise financial institutions would pay the competitive wage. Rents can be transmitted to financial sector workers in two ways: wage premia and overskilling. Wage premia are analysed in this section, overskilling is the subject of the next section.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	8e08fb341b2cd134b29cab0195faaf52	Transparency also enables the tracking of progress towards individual and collective climate-related goals. The Paris Agreement contains global long-term goals on mitigation, adaptation and climate finance. At its core are cycles of nationally determined contributions (NDCs)2 and provision of the support (finance, technology, capacity building) needed to implement them from 2020 onwards.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	8e0977f6159643397afa8567cb04e74e	Developing specific bundled (lump-sum) payments per patient for following up chronic diseases or for long-term services would help. This could partly affect the supply of new specialists, and care will be needed in the adjustment. Around 45% of specialists are allowed to extra- bill patients, except CMU-C and ACS recipients. The authorities offered voluntary contracts to some specialists guaranteeing, in particular, partial coverage of their social contributions if they limited extra billing, but they have had a modest take-up.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	8e09d5df9d38fd86f37dacdf99447590	This is something policy-makers must be more sensitive to. Others point out that the fragmentation process of services has hardly begun yet.4 These future developments are likely to be of particular interest to many Commonwealth small states. Effective value-chain governance requires the alignment of incentive structures for firms taking into account public policy and developmental objectives.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	8e0a0e7aae88cbccb5fa466c28ae1333	Various stakeholders are involved in the Bulgarian strategy as energy agencies exist at the national as well as local level. The Danish NEEAP has comprehensive sectoral coverage and sets a target of becoming independent of fossil fuels by 2050. The centrepiece ofthe NEEAP is the Danish Energy Agency (DEA), which links the country strategy with the regional activities of the DEA. As such, the DEA has multiple roles including: a) sharing information with consumers; b) receiving reports from companies on savings; c) organizing the market for energy obligations; and d) coordinating government and research activities.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	8e0a274b1e753fa347fa863a65cc24fc	The brakes are put on efforts to support people in empowering themselves politically or economically, unless these are complemented by helping people develop “power within” that allows them to claim recognition as fully human, and as entitled to the same rights and respect as any other humans. In the slums of Mumbai, poor people’s federations claimed, refined and defined certain ways of doing things in the spaces they already controlled, for example by doing their own surveys of their living conditions. They then used these to show donors and city officials and that their way of doing things worked (Appadurai, 2004).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	8e0c1cfa4caf289a2389f2a9b7ddbb36	This sale is executed on the primary' market on which the securities are to be traded and circulated beyond a circle of usually 100 people, or through methods such as canvassing, advertising, etc. For trading purposes, the entrepreneur entrusts one or more trading companies with the shares to be circulated so that they commit to circulating them to their customers, institutional investors, businesses and individuals. The prospectus contains detailed information for potential investors so that they can make informed investment decisions.	5	8	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8e0c7850ae07152b02cbb46e16cb019e	Milk capacity is regionally concentrated in Almaty oblast where the five largest enterprises accounted for over a quarter of the country’s capacity, and in the three northern oblasts and the north-eastern oblast of Pavlodar (Table 3.7). Reconstituted drinking milk, a rapidly growing share of the market, sold in 2009 between KZT 48 and KZT 61 per kilogramme. At these prices, processors reported that domestic milk was competitive as long as the price did not exceed KZT 50 per kilogramme (FAO, 2010a).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8a5518-en	8e0d84b0a7e6b495c302a861375da1a9	Education was identified as a standalone goal (SDG4). Epistemic communities have documented a number of links between education and other SDG areas, and policy makers have long recognized many of them. Based on an exhaustive content analysis of 40 global reports, this paper examines how well such links are represented in flagship publications of the United Nations system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	8e0fa354528a6cf171d6a53ddba5b7f5	And I mean he literally laughed 'ha ha ha', and I was like you know, I come from a mining background, I know a lot about mining, more than you will ever know.' Research conducted by Gender Links shows that women constituted a mere 24 per cent of news sources in election coverage in 2009; this was up from 10 per cent in 1999, but similar to the 23 per cent achieved in 2004. This shows that women's views and voices are still marginalised in elections (Lowe Morna et al.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	8e12f8e2d45a33fb13d88d2813858258	Countries where women’s representation in parliament is greatest - such as China, Bangladesh and Pakistan, for example- generally rely on legal gender quotas. The experience of Timor-Leste, the Asian country with the highest share of women in parliament in 2016, is instructive - following the introduction of a 25% female candidate quota in 2006, and the later extension of the quota to 33% in 2011, the female share of seats in the national parliament jumped from 25% in the 2001 election to 29.2% in 2007 and to 38.5% in the election in 2012 (IPU, 2017). However, some of the countries where women’s political representation is relatively high have not adopted legal gender quotas. Instead, some rely on voluntary gender quotas and/or targets adopted by political parties, as in the Philippines, or on the promotion of women by the state, as in Viet Nam.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	8e1509c3fc6935cddb7fe31225747009	For males, we estimate an hourly earnings premium of 10.3 percent and an employment premium of 11.9 percentage points. In spite of spending more time at school than the latter, the former also end up spending a higher percentage of time in paid employment. Les Ministres Europeens en charge de l’EFP, les partenaires sociaux europeens et la Commission Europeenne ont approuve en 2010 le Communique de Bruges qui decrit la vision d’ensemble pour LEFT dans le cadre de la strategic Europe 2020. Dans cette optique, les competences professionnelles sont considerees comme aussi importantes que les competences academiques.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	8e159ab59a4ec632a4aad45d0b50c8de	The UNICEF poverty rates for six countries with near universal maternal/parental leave, preschool and national health insurance, range from 2.4% in Denmark to 10.2% in Germany. The UNICEF measure for the US is at least double these rates at 21.9%. Report Card 10 is based on the direct elaboration of household survey microdata for 33 economically advanced countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	8e169d15f80a4c4afc4386ba32dc894b	The consequences of lower supply would be lower exports, higher imports, or higher domestic prices and lower consumption. These risks are examined in three separate scenarios using the Aglink-Cosimo model which has been used to generate this Outlook. Lower growth may also impact other macroeconomic outcomes such as inflation and the exchange rate, but for purposes of this scenario, these have been assumed to remain unchanged.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	8e1c774ae180f36e9a19428e85d69695	One course tackles school success in a multicultural society and tries to answer how we can create a school with equal opportunities in an environment in which students’ identities and sense of belonging are constantly changing. It focuses on success factors in students’ school achievements, as well as how inclusive school cultures that benefit all students can be created (Linneus University, 2017[igoj). Sodertorn University stands out by offering teacher programmes with an intercultural profile.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	8e1e530d4cea99eabce23e57ea706be9	But even after accounting for the socioeconomic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics, in the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland schools whose principals reported that teacher shortages hinder learning tend to show lower average performance (Table IV.1.12c). On average across OECD countries, almost half of the performance differences between schools are accounted for jointly by school resources and students' and schools' socioeconomic status and demographic profile (Table IV.1.8a).16 This suggests that much of the impact of socio-economic status on performance is mediated by the resources invested in schools. As shown in Figure 1V.1.11, even after accounting for per capita GDP, 30% of the variation in mathematics performance across OECD countries can be explained by the level of similarities in principals' report on school s' educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	8e1eba9baa20a0ca77307ea5b76720e3	For these types of NDC, upfront quantitative information on the BAU emission level and the assumptions behind it is essential to understand what is being proposed. It would also be helpful to state if the baseline is fixed for the duration of the NDC, or whether it might be updated. Paragraph 31 calls for “methodological consistency, including on baselines, between the communication and implementation of [NDCs]” and paragraph 95(b) refers to “consistency between the methodology communicated in the [NDCs] and the methodology for reporting on progress made towards achieving [NDCs]” (UNFCCC, 2015a). The extent to which methodological consistency between the emissions baselines of different Parties is needed (i.e. via guidance for setting baselines) remains an open question. Subsequent reporting of any updates made to GDP or population projections since the submissions of the NDC would enhance understanding of progress made in implementation. Given the large number of different ways in which such non-GHG goals can be expressed, any further guidance on information to be provided for this type of NDC is likely to remain general.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	8e203e6315f99aa35b79c7af9dfe40cc	The objective is also to give students an opportunity to explore their interest in vocational training, and it is seen as an alternative way to enhance academic motivation. Participants at the seminar agreed to work on two basic goals: 1) improving student outcomes in literacy and numeracy and 2) improving teachers' classroom practices. This includes four different aspects: select, develop and make support materials available; provide school-based professional training, including classroom management/instructional leadership; ensure availability of time for teacher collaboration, with the principal’s pedagogic guidance, focused on improved instruction; and develop teacher networks to share and work together on improving instruction.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	8e218db01d36e9014d0dc3ff29853e1d	For fish oil, this share could reach 41% of total production, compared with 33% in 2011-13. The use of fish by-products can affect the composition and quality of the resulting fishmeal/fish oil, because they contain, in general, less protein, more ash (minerals) and increased levels of small amino acids (such as glycine, proline, hydroxyproline) compared to fishmeal and fish oil obtained from whole fish. This difference in the composition may affect its potential for use aquaculture and livestock farming. However, this is not taken into consideration in the fish model and in the Outlook.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	8e227557eb27582e49119685d8615567	The reduction of infra-marginal rents for utilities resulting from the merit-order effect raises issues relating to future investments in new capacities, as well as research relating to the appropriate calculations of true benefits and costs of renewables in complex electric systems. The true cost of the deployment policy for ratepayers is not the simple sum of the incentives, but rather much less, as renewables progressively reduce the market costs of electricity through the merit-order effect. Finally, how C02 prices and RE deployment interact in wealth transfers between various stakeholders, notably electricity customers and utilities, deserves further scrutiny.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	8e2545d9a49d53523bb99a3ebfb3739e	At the national level, responsibilities are shared between the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA), the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Department of Health (DOH), the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), without any official co-ordinating body. In the case of flood management, the absence of NEDA in committee meetings of the Environment Management Bureau, despite the obvious role this Authority could play, reveals the gaps existing in national policy frameworks. At the local level, the allocation of responsibilities between water districts and LGUs is sometimes unclear and not efficient, and there is no appointed body for disaster risk reduction in LGUs, creating a lot of inconsistencies across jurisdictions about the management of this issue.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	8e27c94e901f3cf3f56e201a1e8a8db0	The majority of Americans (64.2% in 2012) are privately insured, either through privately purchased insurance or through insurance provided by their employer or an employer of one of their family members. The government provides various public insurance schemes for low-income groups, older citizens and high-risk groups: Medicare (which covers 15.6% of the population) provides health insurance to residents over 65, people with disabilities and people with end-stage renal disease. In addition, Tricare and the Veteran Health Administration provide health coverage for military personnel, veterans and their families (4.5%). States’ Medicaid programmes cover low-income people (17.3% of the population ).	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/b656887e-en	8e2839680dbad2cd110ce6dbf65da7d8	Although information about such individuals does not feature directly in absolute poverty statistics, their absence may affect who is identified as being in poverty, depending on the type of threshold used. And it can have a direct impact on measurements of relative poverty (inequality) where the threshold is set with respect to the mean. It is recommended that NSIs explore the feasibility of extending this coverage.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	8e29aba85ac02719a5f7202150ed1c5d	Public awareness, media focus and political attention are intense, but have failed thus far to translate into effective GHG emission reductions. The under-reported subset of full costs constituted by system costs are also bound to increase further. Yet outside the circle of electricity market experts, the issue is virtually unknown.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	8e2b048896e6af471f4690bddc179716	Over the years, much effort has been put into finding the relationship between (major) traffic violations and the chance of a crash. And although the relationships vary between crash rates and various types of violations like speeding, driving while intoxicated, ignoring red traffic lights, etc., In order to prove that violations have contributed to crashes, it should be established that those violations have contributed to the occurrence of crashes (causal relation).	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/22758cf4-en	8e2d19751b13945fb72ab289818ec2a8	Both urban wastewater and solid waste volumes have increased due to population growth. The construction of wastewater treatment plants for municipalities in the basin is expected to improve the situation; these are planned to be completed by 2012. Illegal waste disposal is also a pressure factor; pollution of water from controlled disposal areas was also reported.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283329-en	8e2de1c751bb94c3e23245c9c19e41d1	People with the lowest level of education2 were over three times more likely to live with hypertension, diabetes and asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases, and nearly five times more likely to live with depression than those with the highest level of education in 2014.' However, as in other EU countries, there are notable variations according to income group: about 90% of people in the highest-income quintile reported to be in good health in 2015 compared with only about 70% of people in the lowest income group (Figure 4). Nonetheless, based on the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) estimations, nearly one quarter (24%) of the overall burden of disease in Cyprus in 2015 (measured in terms of DALYs) can be attributed to behavioural risk factors, notably smoking, but also risk factors often linked to poor diet and low physical activity (IHME, 2016). Men are considerably more likely to smoke than women (38% for men versus 14% for women; Figure 5).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	8e2e1b3b012e68e152096f4c296dbaf7	My appreciation to the IEA Implementing Agreements for their contributions on technology-specific data, and specifically Gouri Bhuyan (OES IA), Adam Brown (Bioenergy IA), Ana Estanqueiro (Wind IA), Bernard McNelis (PVPS IA), Niels Nielsen (Hydropower IA) and Mary-Rose Valladeres (Hydrogen IA). Many thanks also to Christophe Dossarps (UNDP Consultant), Martina Otto (UNEP) and Anjali Shanker (IED) for their comments and review of this paper. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	8e316931973596d2c1e30f0bae5477f0	The licence had to specify the volumes of water abstracted, the location of the abstraction and the purpose, together w ith any conditions to protect the rights of existing abstractors and the needs of the environment. Although the act required eveiy licence to be assessed according to its reasonable need and its impact on the aquatic environment, over time the former has changed and the latter is now much better understood. In addition, changing patterns of demand have left many licences under-utilised, with no straight-forward mechanism for trading resources.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	8e31ca0ce8e77d3496c5d3e3a6936faa	During the crisis of 2009, the region's countries built up experience with labour-market policy instruments that limit the impact of labour demand on employment. As stated previously, promoting the labour-market integration of young people is a key challenge. Productive development policies would boost productive job creation, especially through the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, and would help reduce the wide productivity gaps that prevail in the region. To achieve this, governments would have to promote the development of innovation processes and the take-up of new technologies, especially in relation to information and communication technologies (ICTs).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	8e32dff9e4b9b5b595dc83bd1e667b41	In 2006, the Real Property Registration Agency was separated from ALAMGaC and formed into the Administration of State Registration of Titles. It has branch offices in the Ulaanbaatar City' and all 21 aimags, with one land officer in each soum. The activities of ALAMGaC mainly include land use planning and management, cadastral surveying and mapping, geodesy and cartography. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism is responsible for managing protected areas, forest and water resources.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	8e32fd842e21adb912d077e0fdea659f	The booked capacities were generally not used while not being available to other market entities (in three-quarters of the cases by distributors affiliated with the network operator) thus excluding small market entities from the market and permitting the network affiliates to maintain a dominant position in their traditional supply areas (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). Now capacities are auctioned, thus removing barriers to grid access and simplifying the booking process. However, as on the electricity market, a majority of consumers are not benefiting from savings they could get from provider switching (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). In addition, eco-innovation could also generate additional growth, thereby offsetting some of the adverse effects of emission reduction policies (OECD, 201 If).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	8e341dd5fadcc8e5b7a16ec451693358	"In most MENA countries,"" responsibility for gender equality is located primarily in a single institution, most often in close proximity to the Centre of Government. While there is no uniform institutional set up for gender issues across the MENA region, those institutions involved would strongly benefit from clarifying and strengthening the mission and the mandate for advancing gender equality and ensuring sufficient human and financial resources and organisational capacities. In addition, strengthening mandates of gender equality oversight mechanisms, including ombudsman, human rights or gender equality commissions, would advance the protection of women’s rights and enable more effective implementation of equality strategies. Yet while MENA governments increasingly adopt co-ordinated approaches, examples of co-operation across the region remain limited. The existing approaches to co-ordination appear insufficient to achieve policy coherence and a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality in MENA countries. Designing this type of strategy requires the use of a rigorous process to embed gender considerations in policy and programme design and delivery (i.e. gender mainstreaming)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	8e34f4f9079ac5293e8e38a327e6335c	Decision 1/CP.21, which accompanies the Paris Agreement, recommits developed countries to mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries from public and private sources. The recent OECD/CPI report (OECD, 2015c) estimated that public and private finance mobilised were estimated at USD 62 billion in 2014, up from USD 52 billion in 2013 and making an average of USD 57 billion annually over the 2013-14 period. There will be an increase in funding from this floor of USD 100 billion by 2020 to be decided by 2025.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	8e38909fd74bb11ef327a4d37ebbc670	The poor energy efficiency performance of the existing building stock is a considerable economic, social and environmental issue in Georgia, which uses approximately 50% more energy per unit of floor space than EU countries with a similar climate (Kochladze, 2012). Energy consumption in Georgia would be far higher still, if it weren't for considerable fuel poverty. Despite encouraging developments at the policy and planning level, domestic policy efforts have been, up to now, unable to affect a significant improvement on the status-quo in the building sector.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	8e389fdf03fa5d0d8b20422916ee7b3b	The OECD work published in OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Korea - Raising Standards (2012b) recommended that policy makers seek out desirable models of what uniquely Korean approaches to primary health care services should look like and support them. This section builds on the broad approach outlined in the earlier report by providing some potential paths to scale up primary care in Korea. Given Korean interest in the US health system, it is surprising that there has been limited interest in moving towards a model of integrated care, where an organisation receives a capitated payment from the National Health Insurance to manage all of the care of the patients. This type of reform provides incentives for big hospitals to restructure their service delivery model to include stronger primary care. This would require comparatively simple changes to payment methods, or at least experimentation to allow some big hospitals to receive a capitated payment.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	8e3ba825e9089eae820201fef5077a2c	Finally, high rates of waste generation point to opportunities for increased recycling. In addition, the metro-region is also home to several coal-fired power plants (i.e. Crawford and Fisk) that are among the oldest operating in the US and thus exempt from federal regulations requiring the use of the best available pollution control technology (ELPC, 2010). Electricity consumption levels in Chicago-CMAP (10.35 MWh/capita) are similar to those of other interior North American city-regions, falling between Toronto (10.04 MWh/capita) and Denver (11.49 MWh/capita).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	8e3e3d804089e7bf8729bd01cff2c455	Impact evaluations are expensive and it is neither required nor possible to undertake impact evaluations of all programmes or policies. The use of impact evaluation has, however, garnered substantially greater attention in the field of development economics, health and education (Sabet and Brown, 2018), and is being used to inform and adjust policy-making in these fields (World Bank, 2009). Moreover while the costs of an impact evaluation can be high, designing or adjusting programmes without information on whether or not they work can be significantly more costly.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	8e404799b06641bfb91d9bac760de145	The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis, Lancet 374:315-23 Sullivan D, von Wachter T. 2009. Job displacement and mortality: an analysis using administrative data. Do not go breaking your heart: Do economic upturns really increase heart attack mortality?	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2017cac5-en	8e4286a49f5d7c840f57466c1b3724f6	As they have markedly different levels of child poverty and child deprivation (based on the standard EU material deprivation indicator),3 using these three countries as examples helps demonstrate the applicability of EU-MODA across the enlarged EU. Poverty among children is usually measured as the share of children living in poor households. The proportion of children under 18 living in deprived households (using the enforced lack of 3 out of 9 standard items) ranged from 8.2% in Finland and 13.5% in the UK to 50.7% in Romania (Eurostat database, last update 04.06.2014). Many efforts have been made to measure child poverty using material deprivation indicators as a more direct way of measuring children's material well-being. The severe deprivation rate is based on the same set of items, but the cutoff is drawn at four items rather than three. Proposed by Guio (2009), both material deprivation measures had been adopted by the EU Social Protection Committee.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/c1cd64e8-en	8e4b7d97cab0e566f75bf9ec55e6ed72	Brazil is an exception, as the percentage is similar for men and women in quintile I, around 41 % (see figure 1.9). Transfers account for 16.8% of women's total income but less than 10% of men's income (see figure 1.11). Equality and women's autonomy in the sustainable topment ggemfe(LC/G.2686/Rev.11.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	8e4e07a50d81d174495af5226e72c4cd	Nevertheless, the proportion of sites with high concentrations (above 25 mg N03/1) increased over the review period. As for bacterial contamination, almost 75% of the 1 330 samples taken in 2004-06 had a faecal coliform count of zero, a marked improvement from about 52% ten years before. Even so, as much as 11% of the samples still had a faecal coliform count in excess of 10 per 100 ml, a level regarded as gross contamination. The most likely causes are land spreading of manure and poorly sited single house wastewater treatment systems. No clear trends can be discerned from the results of the EPA’s rolling five-year monitoring programme of the trophic status of 69 water bodies in 21 estuarine and coastal areas. Nevertheless, several major estuaries, predominantly in the south-east and south, have persistently displayed symptoms of nutrient enrichment since the EPA began to assess their trophic status in the early 1990s.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	8e4ecb86bf63db31920e74a21ec5a6a0	In about half of OECD countries, TWAs must obtain a license from the relevant government authority, with the provision of sufficient financial guarantees being a typical prerequisite for obtaining the license. In addition, in order to keep the license over time, TWAs are also usually subject to regular reporting obligations, often to prove that they comply with existing regulations. Similarly, pay and working conditions are strictly framed in many countries.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/524212d8-en	8e51fd0029b3fdebd2cb36c6af6c7edf	"It supported over 40 projects worldwide and conducted a series of meetings of stakeholder groups. The GSTC describes itself as ""a global initiative dedicated to promoting sustainable tourism practices around the world"". The initiative commenced in 2008 and involved some 50 expert organisations which reviewed over 60 certification schemes and 4500 criteria, inviting comments from 2000 stakeholders."	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	8e523a7f42d146385c4d7d32316fad75	According to the World Development Indicators, infant mortality rates dropped from 98.7 deaths per 1 000 live births on average1 in 1970 to 17 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2011. Likewise, life expectancy at birth rose from 58.5 years in 1970 to 75.2 years in 2012, with women living on average 2 years longer than men in both 1970 and 2011. In fact, literacy rates in the MENA region for females has jumped a little more than 10 percentage points, from approximately 61% in 2000 to 72% in 20112 (Figure 1.1), with significant improvements in gross tertiary enrolment in Egypt and Lebanon and in literacy rates in Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Qatar.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-7-en	8e5b641b6bc5b17ec3fc685180c72a81	Further, the municipality’s CLP 4 400 million landfill construction project is being funded and, in principle, supervised by SUBDERE, although the municipality designs, implements and manages the project. To date, SUBDERE has not set standards for how the municipality should use funds dedicated to developing services that have economic, social, environmental and health impacts at a regional scale. The large picker-scavenger population living in the immediate surroundings of the dump also points to clear social challenges that will need to be addressed, especially upon closure of the site. The municipality has begun to convene a cross-section of municipal employees from various departments (environmental, planning, social services, etc.)	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	8e5f73c2edbfe293a8a7216243008880	The high performance of Switzerland’s health system is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction. Switzerland’s population is older than that in most other OECD countries. At the same time, lifestyle changes today presage the rise of health risks within the Swiss population in the future. While still low, the prevalence of obesity is rising, particularly amongst young people. These trends, along with advances in medical technology, should result in Swiss residents being more likely to live with a chronic condition over the next few decades than they are today. Indeed, they may live with more than one chronic condition or morbidity.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	8e61e2624bb4843afb2455ced0bdda25	The lower bound accounts for activities targeting climate change as the “principal” objective; the upper bound accounts for efforts to mainstream climate change into ongoing activities as well as “principal” activities. Two-year averages, 2014 data are provisional. Reporting on the mitigation marker became mandatory in 2007, and the adaptation marker was introduced only in 2010; thus data on earlier years is under-estimated.	13	2	8	0.6
10.18356/4bfdcb5d-en	8e663d1ba344e15be384cf0ff1e18033	Paraguay and Plurinational State of Bolivia (2011), Honduras (2010), Nicaragua (2009) and Guatemala (2006). Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay stand out with personal income tax, social security contributions and public cash transfers (including pensions) together reducing inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) by around 13% on average. An equalizing effect was also achieved by public pension programmes in Chile, Costa Rica and Panama, and by direct taxation in Mexico.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	8e666687264ff05317ee118a336c14b6	A brief summary of this report is publicly presented, as well. Schools prepare a plan for improvement based upon this report, and the MoES and NASE are responsible for monitoring the progress in the implementation of the recommendations, the frequency of which depends on the school’s performance in the external evaluation (European Commission/EACEA/Euiydice, 2015). While all schools in Lithuania were to have been subject to external evaluation by 2014, in 2016 55% of schools had not undergone external evaluation (NAO, 2016). In 2013, Lithuania spent 1.9% of its GDP on basic education, below OECD (2.5%) and EU-22 (2.4%) averages, and below its neighbours Latvia (2.2%), Estonia (2.2%) and Poland (2.4%) (OECD, 2016b).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-7-en	8e668552e6842d0ec4fecdb11c5ab2f0	According to the OECD Demography and Population database, for example, in almost all European OECD countries, most immigrants are from Europe (OECD, 2018m)- Educational attainment of the native-born and foreign-born population should also inform policies related to human capital within these two groups. In some cases, similarities or divergences between the two groups can signal the need for formal and/or non-formal adult education programmes (see Indicator A7). Among 55-64 year-olds, there is a perfect gender balance in the percentage of men and women who are tertiary-educated on average across OECD countries. However, among the younger generation (age 25-34), a larger share of women than men are attaining tertiary education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	8e684770426624b15d13673766ff0e5b	In the United Kingdom, on the contrary, older part-time workers (men) are at a higher risk of receiving a wage penalty, as they earn about 10% less than their age-similar counterparts in standard jobs. Moreover, in Australia wage premiums are found for all part-time workers, regardless of age or skill level. First, in most countries being a full-time temporary worker is associated with a wage penalty. This result is robust in both cross-sectional and panel analyses regardless of whether or not controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283329-en	8e6849e9a28d7b780a490a6cfa2b83f3	According to EHIS data, smoking in Cyprus is more frequent among the highly educated. This is not very common in EU Member States (where smoking rates are generally higher among people with lower levels of education). Indoor smoking bans are currently being enforced in an effort to reduce smoking rates (see Section 5.1).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264086234-en	8e6ae7e64e352181ccc07ad4de12d7ba	The cabinet and the prime minister are responsible for their actions to the Riksdag, the parliament. The current government was elected in 2006 and is a coalition of liberal and conservative parties. The extensive social safety-net of the Swedish welfare state covers all Swedes as well as inunigrants who have access at an early stage to a basic level of protection and afterwards enjoy the same rights to the social insurance system as Swedish citizens.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	8e72b647937fe35666d1e3db1fd838ec	Greater female entrepreneurship would be an incidental benefit arising out of policy interventions which are motivated by broader objectives associated with education policy. Moreover, some existing policies may seek to address this issue directly. Examples include the emphasis placed on encouraging women’s participation in STEM entrepreneurship in the last decade or through various Business Supporting Programs (see Council of Economic Advisers, 2015).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	8e732e57647b92cf9c13bb22174ae16e	In the metropolitan area, networked water supply reached 100%, although the sewage network is not complete (Regione del Veneto, 2008c). Though recent efforts have likely lowered this rate, improvements are still needed. To some extent, this reflects generic problems that affect the water supply sector in general. The water supply sector, insofar as it relies on hydraulic technologies, entails high capital costs relative to operating costs and to the tariffs generally charged for water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ebcefb5b-en	8e742bf7361d5aac20eba34bcd2f8d85	There are, however, some interventions that would be easier to scale up in some countries and regions than others - for example, kangaroo mother care, which involves the baby being placed in skin contact with the mother’s bare chest and exclusive breastfeeding being supported, is generally seen as more possible in African than in Asian countries. These include addressing health workforce shortages, removing financial barriers, and improving access to care through innovative delivery strategies such as task shifting (delegating tasks to less specialized health workers).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	8e74952c0211332ac3dcb0820f3247b7	In these types of systems, each worker accumulates pension contributions to finance her or his retirement benefits. While specific design features varied substantially across reforming countries - for instance, regarding the relative size of the private pillar (i.e., the share of mandatory wage contributions that were directed to it) - the overall trend was towards a stronger link between contributions and benefits. First, benefit levels in individual accounts are directly based on past contributions and therefore the benefit each one can obtain more closely reflects working, earning and (especially) contributory histories.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	8e772551f40af079f4e3da4e0675624b	A defining characteristic of most agricultural activity is its geographical dispersion. There is a role for public policy in improving transport infrastructure, especially rural roads, which is a critical first step in the supply chain of goods from farm to market. Kazakhstan has high human capital indicators for its level of development, but this chapter highlights the knowledge and skills bottlenecks, as well as the importance of disseminating specific knowledge and best practice, e.g. with respect to cold chains, business management and marketing. Encouragement of producer associations could be one institutional approach to advance in these areas.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	8e79b70209c854c5ba0f76dc305607c6	In addition, reforms seek to attract better prepared individuals to the teaching profession by granting scholarships to top students and giving bonuses to teachers and principals with excellent evaluations (OECD, 2013c). A draft law is in Congress proposing major changes in the organisation of the teaching profession including the introduction of a certification process to access the different levels of the teaching career (Santiago et al., The hiring of principals in public schools has also been professionalised and principals now have more liberty to select their management team and to dismiss teachers with bad evaluations.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264311626-5-en	8e7b349126cf914a0d115af9be379f7d	Northern Ireland has recently introduced a new apprenticeship strategy and strong efforts have been made to increase overall participation in this educational pathway. Employers will be critical partners to boost overall private sector employment and ensure that more apprenticeship programmes can be developed in new and emerging sectors of the economy such as information and communications technology.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	8e7b3aa51ff894e9e2f2788fc8f67f5f	As with good quality public transport, these services help make it as easy to live without a car as with one -and in some cases, more easily. While a car-free city may not be possible or even desirable in many areas, the wide palette of newly available mobility options allows metropolitan areas to flourish even as they mitigate the negative impacts of exclusive, and possibly excessive, car use. Table 1 highlights many of the main differences between the two (the author of the source recognises some over-generalisation).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/da7df531-en	8e7d62257c5126a5191e9913cf6692c7	Six out of ten people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and one out of nine practice open defecation. It is likely that the benefits of improved WASH services for vulnerable groups would change the balance of any cost-benefit analysis that accounts for changes in these groups' self-perceived social status and dignity.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	8e7f35138159ff6bd208b2d83c34a6e2	"The perceived insinuation is that the child is not fully functional because he or she speaks his/her mother's tongue better than Swedish"".' This can stem from traditional cultural or religious beliefs about health and well-being, different customary practices around health care, or living in distinct locations with unique health challenges. In order to achieve better equity in health outcomes, these different viewpoints must be taken into consideration in policy development and service delivery. Pikkarainen and Brodin, 2008, p. 30."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d100c303-en	8e812d051384c919f6eb4d2324f61f65	"The goals also emphasize that no country is immune to the impact of poverty, underscoring the fact that ending child poverty is a universal challenge. Failing to do so in this generation will transmit the human, social and economic costs to future generations. Another time, a child-mother from the streets of Colombia who had been trafficked, raped and enslaved, asked me this: ""I have never had a dream."	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	8e82c91064d938703a6c173a071713c0	At a national level, rail, road, cruise and aviation policies are usually developed within separate agencies in relatively compartmentalised processes, although there is often a range of consultative mechanisms that facilitate communication and coordination. Planning for airport infrastructure, for example, requires not only forecasting of international and domestic travel growth, but also an understanding of the characteristics of these markets in order to determine the level of services required and the need for connectivity between the transport hub and the destination. The effectiveness of information exchange, learning, communication and co-ordination across policy sectors therefore determines how transport interests are balanced in tourism policies, and how tourism interests are balanced in transport policies. The overall effect of these policies has been an increase in aircraft movements and passenger capacity and an expansion of air services.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	8e845e6377fde33b20e23991b70ec7d8	Therefore, an appropriately skilled labour force, good trading infrastructure and geographical proximity to developed countries have proved to be advantages for developing countries whose firms participate in international production chains. This participation takes the form of inter-firm agreements, networks and alliances of various kinds. But most often it involves hosting affiliates of TNCs, as coordination costs are likely to be minimized when production chains are managed w ithin the same enterprise.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	8e855c7ca33c76339d84c3f14893a9db	The difference between the peak of the load duration curve and the residual load duration curve represents the generation capacity that, on average, is not required due to the presence of variable wind energy. The difference between the black and the blue curves shows the minimal generation capacity, over all samples, which is not needed. In the last edition of the World Energy Outlook (IEA, 2011c), the IEA assumes that the annual peak demand is normally distributed around the mean. The capacity credit is then calculated based on the difference between the peak demand and the point one standard deviation above the residual peak demand.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	8e88a5434f6b4a9f94215c3a6d836385	The outcomes of the first two sessions were documented in the form of a Policy Recommendation Paper, which reflects the voice of the water user community to support governmental bodies’ efforts to shape policies to needs and expectations. A concrete outcome is the Azraq Groundwater Action Plan, established and approved by the MWI and the Highland Water Forum Steering Committee in February 2014. This innovative multi-stakeholder initiative could also provide a platform where public, private and not-for-profit actors can share their concerns on service provision, especially as its mandate for the coming years is being discussed.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/afa296fe-en	8e8a518a32d5bf8a4d6e09e51b54a0be	"Pursuant to Council resolution 12/19, the Independent Expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty presented a report containing her recommendations for improving the draft guidelines. She added that ""[t]hese measures should include enhancing the capacity of individuals, community-based organizations, social movements and other non-governmental organizations that give visibility to those in extreme poverty"" and emphasized the role of institutional arrangements and mechanisms for effective popular participation (A/HRC/15/41, para. In this respect, incorporating the entitlement to participation in domestic legal orders becomes crucial in order to create a firm legal basis for people to assess their participation in all stages of development, to address the culpability for development harms36 and to seek compensation for lost entitlements, including social exclusion."	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	8e8b058d2a9ce348b4adad97a96ab038	Major agriculture exporters, such as Australia, Brazil, Chile, or European nations, gain in global market shares. In contrast, beef and dairy markets remain largely unaffected. The absolute size of trade change depends on the initial volume of trade flows, net trade changes can result in shift in the direction of trade flows, which should be accounted for when interpreting these results. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ff1be167-en	8e8b888fb1d18dc3b3e895c4e0f35bb8	The selected deprivation indicators and countries are the percentage of children under 18 experiencing housing deprivation in Costa Rica and the percentage of children under 18 experiencing drinking-water-related deprivation in the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela. At the same time, when only national data are available, it is very difficult to target policies for reducing existing social inequities because social programmes struggle to generate a positive impact on extremely poor children in localized areas. The measurement of housing deprivation is presented for Costa Rica, based on a threshold of overcrowding (three or more people per room, excluding the bathroom and kitchen), mud flooring or unsafe construction materials, such as ceilings or exterior walls made from mud, waste materials or similar.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/967bd43c-en	8e8d71905946d26a75a928e1bc5523fe	Formerly, Article 47 of the Law 27 of 2001 relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child against Violence defined ‘forced marriage’ as any marriage of a boy or girl of less than 21 years of age, and without his or her consent while ‘child marriage’ is ‘any conjugal living-together of a boy and a girl where one of the two or both of them are below the age provided for [in the Code Civil].’ Articles 48 and 49 of the law of 2001 relating to the rights and protection of the child were repealed by the law N° 54/2011 of 14/12/2011 on the Rights and Protection ofthe Child, which is in force today. Unfortunately, the new law does not define ‘forced marriage.’	5	1	7	0.75
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	8e904a039d56eca2b3ca17927f19826c	There are numerous other examples of increased rice production across Africa. For example in Guinea a new type of rice (known as New Rice for Africa, or Nerica) has quickly superseded other varieties. And since the launch of Uganda's Upland Rice Project in 2004, the National Agricultural Research Organization reports an almost nine-fold increase in the number of rice farmers from 4,000 in 2004 to over 35,000 in 2007.	2	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	8e91976974efd2d792d8113238bf89b2	There is an increasing availability of data at the municipal, school and individual student levels to use for different actors when setting goals and monitoring progress toward the achievement of these goals. And in several school and municipality visits, the team heard of trips that principals and municipal leaders had made to various jurisdictions around the world to leam from the experiences of professionals further along with the use of such data to support instruction. Municipal leaders and school leaders also reported that these visits focused on using data to increase the efficient use of resources to support their improvement efforts. This section addresses the challenges and opportunities created by each of these changes in turn. One of the most fundamental changes is the introduction of a set of Common Objectives which focus on student learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	8e93f70fbfe5224e0f87704cfdd6f51f	The different estimations suggest that for a representative state 1 point increase in the share of the population above 65 would lead to a decline in participation of between 0.5 and 0.7 percentage point depending on the specification. For instance, with the share of the population above 65 having increased by 2.75 percentage points between 2000 and 2016, this would mean that aging could account for between 1.4 and 1.8 percentage points of the 4 percentage points decline in labour force participation. The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	8e964e6d1cff2f2e07ab35e1958269f9	The larger consignments of Afghan heroin are first smuggled into India through Pakistan, and then smuggled out in smaller quantities to major drug consumer markets in Australia, Canada and Europe. Reports from neighbouring countries also indicated the seizure of low-quality heroin manufactured in India, but there are no reports of such locally manufactured heroin being seized in India itself. Cocaine trafficking has historically been very limited in South Asia, but the rise in annual seizures seen in India over the past few years suggests an increase in trafficking in cocaine. The quantity of cocaine seized in India in 2014 was 15 kg. In India, the quantities of opium seized in 2014 decreased by 24.3 per cent to 1,766 kg, compared with 2,333 kg the previous year. The number of seizures of opium had been decreasing since 2012 and was at its lowest since 2010.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/bef85c7d-en	8e978f0ec45c13009aa846c039734cbb	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Journal of Urban Economics, http: //dx. A quasi-cohort analysis using PISA 2000 and the OECD survey of adult skills”, British Educational Research Journal, pp. Differences- in-Differences Evidence Across Countries”, Vol. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. Org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031426.09886.bd.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	8e9962322259edde89224e758dc7f626	Beyond government ministries and agencies, WFP's partners included international and local NGOs, umbrella producer organizations. United Nations agencies, input suppliers, output aggregators, processors, financial service providers, research institutions, bilateral development partners and regional entities (WFP, 2014). The reformed public procurement law establishes that food procured for school-feeding programmes and other food security initiatives must come from national producers.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	8e9970f715e7236c1e7d6b33135bcbd9	In conjunction with tight fiscal policies, austere monetary policy has reduced demand for productive loans, and consequently, investments and growth, thus adding to global employment problems. At the same time, exchange rates appreciate due to high short-term capital inflows, adversely affecting employment-intensive export-oriented sectors. Governments are compelled to reduce fiscal expenditures to keep down inflation and to retain the confidence of foreign investors, even in the presence of underutilized capacity and large-scale unemployment. Policies tend to be deflationary, prompting reductions in consumption and hindering employment creation.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	8e9f2a293b1bb1938f1dce0c9e8aa28e	"As described in Mongolia’s 2015 national report, ""Managing the transition from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals"", there are considerable discrepancies in children’s health status related to parental education, household income, infrastructure development and geographical location. Additionally, in selected poverty-prone areas, a decline in household income leads to food shortages, which in turn results in malnutrition among infants and under-5-year-old children. In 2015, the infant (under-1-year-old) mortality rate was 15.3; the highest infant mortality rate is observed for the western region (22 per 1,000 live births). In 2016, the average maternal mortality ratio at aimag level was 56.0 per 100,000 live births and the Ulaanbaatar maternal mortality' ratio was 41.8 per 100,000 live births."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	8ea738fb9d2438da3027bfb45a524920	"See the section on “Data Quality"" in Chapter 1 for a description of the quality criteria. First, however, to give an idea of how the position of both women and men has improved in absolute terms over the past 100 years, statistics on average women and men in the 1900s, 1950s and 2000s are provided in Figure 12.1. These estimates are population-weighted averages covering at least 40% of the world’s population, where missing countries are imputed to alleviate a bias against developing countries for which less statistical material is available. By the 1950s, however, she could expect to live 12 years longer and would marry just before her 20th birthday."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	8eab3503bc2a4e673b671bef087c9d4e	This means that, when calculating total poverty, different distances must be captured for moderate and severe deprivation. This was done by assigning a score of 1 for severe deprivation, 2 for moderate deprivation and 3 for no deprivation (the value 0 was reserved for the situation of extreme deprivation, which is not amenable to measurement by conventional surveys). Flowever, the distances represented by these scores are metric, whereas the three situations (severe, moderate and no deprivation) relate to an ordinal system (where the actual distances cannot be established). So, even though it is possible to differentiate between groups of poor children using depth and severity indices of total poverty, they should be considered merely illustrative of the severity of poverty in these groups.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	8ead9bbbce97d5422811c9c99f7f4281	Although financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, they represented important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that large shares of those with no or weak labour-market attachment face multiple simultaneous employment barriers: 32% faced three or more significant barriers, highlighting the need for broad and coordinated policy approaches that focus on all relevant barriers in a holistic way. Section 3 provides an overview of Estonia’s policy stance on activation and employment-support policies drawing on a range of available data and policy indicators. Section 4 seeks to illustrate how bottom-up information on patterns of individual employment barriers can inform a discussion of policy priorities, effectiveness and gaps. ( A concluding section summarises key policy implications.	8	0	8	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	8eae058226fcb5424e79a3c77df17212	It affects every continent, hinders sustainability, and limits social and economic development. Although the global average water stress is only 11 per cent, 31 countries experience water stress between 25 per cent (when stress begins) and 70 per cent, and 22 countries are above 70 per cent and are seriously stressed. The highest stress levels occur in Northern Africa and in Western, Central and Southern Asia. Levels of stress are likely to increase as populations and the demand for water grow and the effects of climate change intensify.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3da1d894-en	8eae0c8be739361482141b0de2695842	The monetary base used for GDP is S at constant year 2005 exchange rate value, sourced from UNSD (2015). The time series here only cover 1990 to 2010 rather than 1970 to 2010 as was the case for DMC based measures, reflecting the shorter time series available for material footprint data. The developing group has a considerably lower AMI than Ml (10% to 20% lower over the full time series 1990 to 2010), while the reverse is the case for the industrialized countries group (40% to 70% higher over the period 1990 to 2010).	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/a22d206d-en	8eb16a4a9372dcbd1378b28b08bc104c	The statistics bear this out. Globally, women control about $20 trillion in annual consumer spending and this number is expected to rise to nearly $28 trillion in the next five years (GEM, 2015, p. 10). By 2028, women willcontrol nearly 75 per cent of consumer discretionary spending worldwide (Ernst & Young, 2009).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	8eb32f653d62fdebc69d7542839431a6	In the case of new technologies, this may refer to injuries caused through accidents involving autonomous drones. Should the manufacturer pay, the software developers who designed the artificial intelligence system, or the service provider who operates the drone? It has changed the way in which information is generated and accessed to such an extent that some have argued that data is ‘the new oil’. New technologies and tools have entered our daily lives at home and in the workplace.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	8eb342bbbfe60a41a58fa89077d528e4	A total of 26 pilot smart cities have been selected from the ten ASEAN Member States (Table 2.1). The positive externalities arising from agglomeration can be offset by negative externalities when a city’s equilibrium size exceeds its socially optimum size (OECD, 2010a; OECD, 2015a). Traffic congestion is one of the key negative externalities of urban agglomeration, particularly in Emerging Asia. Congestion is a considerable challenge in many of the region’s cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	8eb460dbf2d1d705f06d86d6d0e40892	The risk of shortage is largely borne by low-priority users. Economic incentives to reduce pollution are generally weak. In weighing such “risk-risk trade-offs”, the value of ecosystem services is often overlooked and not taken explicitly into account. By setting standards for flood protection and implementing projects to meet those standards, the government bears flood risk up to a level set by the standards.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	8eb6ab238580116d07aa8dadf0001251	While pursuing Ethiopia’s primary growth aim of achieving middle-income status, a green growth strategy will need to better engage people who depend upon natural assets or who suffer from environmental hazards, developing opportunities to improve the wellbeing of specific groups of poor people through participating in green economic activity. Next steps in implementing the CRGE will need to put the regions, people (especially women, youth and marginalised groups) and business (in both the formal and informal economy) at the centre. On the one hand, it ensures that everyone can participate in the growth process, offering their information and opinions and taking part in decisionmaking, as well as in participating in growth activities themselves, benefit-sharing and monitoring green growth activity.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	8eb8074b5c07790740ac3ce039c9aa37	Firms typically contribute according to the level of their payrolls and bear no responsibility for the costs of layoffs to society. As a result, UI represents an implicit subsidy from low-layoff to high-layoff firms. Any savings that are left upon retirement can be converted into a pension or may be withdrawn in their entirety. Similar to traditional SP, ISAs do not allow for the pooling of resources across different groups of workers.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	8eb8c70674bb7734d3f9a41d2fba7380	Five countries in the MENA region reported the use of either the legislature or a committee in the legislature to perform oversight functions (Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen). Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority report establishing an ombuds office to address violations of women’s rights. For more information on the Egyptian Ombudsman, see Box 3.5. Similarly, judicial bodies serve as important mechanisms to protect women’s rights.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	8ebd04d99cdd152f65425c91fc8eef74	The programme also led to a reallocation of labour from agriculture to higher-return non-agricultural employment (Maluccio, 2010). The disincentive effect was greater for informal and unpaid workers, with irregular or no sources of income as well as for women, and was more pronounced when beneficiaries received more. Some women substituted housework for wage employment, perhaps because of low wages and the relatively high time requirements of meeting programme conditionalities (Ribas and Soares, 2011; de Brauw etal., In Mexico, however, PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera did not affect the adult labour supply, nor does the Programa Apoyo Alimentario food aid programme (targeting areas not covered by Oportunidades), which provides either cash or in-kind transfers. However, transfers by both programmes have led to a significant switch by males (but not females) out of agriculture and into higher-return non-agricultural activities (Skoufias, Unar and Gonzalez-Cossio, 2008; Alzua, Cruces and Ripani, 2012). Old-age pension schemes had varied impacts in South Africa, although they appear to have led to an overall reduction in participation by the elderly.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	8ebf83fde8339061455ae208cf942271	Aguero, Marks and Raykar (2011) document a significant motherhood wage penalty in a large sample of women from 21 developing countries. The gap is widest in Egypt and India, where approximately 60% of working-age women identify housework as their main activity, followed by Hirkey and TUnisia, where the figure is about 50% (the average for European OECD countries and the United States is only 12%).17 These data underline the profound disparities in the division of household responsibilities between men and women throughout the emerging world, but provide little information about the extent to which women’s participation in paid employment is constrained by their family responsibilities. By allowing a detailed breakdown of people’s time, this type of survey provides a more nuanced picture of gender roles.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	8ec156f0d8ac30b7d45668fdac206f25	After accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for one year or more scored an average of 25 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had not. However, there are limits to the interpretation of this finding, as the proportion of those who had attended less than one year of early childhood education (ISCED 0) represents on average across OECD countries of only 8% of all 15-year-olds, and is relatively low' in several OECD countries (Tables 5.1 and 5.2 on the web only). For instance, before accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for three years or more scored an average of 40 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had attended ECEC for less titan one year.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	8ec2a58c2af2e6ee0b9b5264d1b8a0f2	They can also be used to model where the greatest impacts on humans from air pollution may occur. These statistics are also required to monitor adherence to any MEAs, particularly the Kyoto and Montreal protocols, to which the country may be a party. Air emissions may be measured directly or estimated on the basis of fuel and other material input data and process-specific emission factors.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	8ec30a2bd49f1288338d27ed830ac3a7	Over time, levels of internal migration have been stable or declining since the 1990s, with China being a notable exception. The impact of internal migration on the spatial distribution of populations is greatest in countries with intermediate levels of internal migration,5 which, in the process of urbanization and development, experience large regional economic differentials that spur migration. For high-income countries, which are generally well advanced in this process, most internal movements are between urban areas.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090101-6-en	8ec3f9bf44ccff94c2d062aa36abf9e7	For example, the “New Rice for Africa”, a hybrid between Asian and African species, was bred to fit the rainfed upland rice environment in West Africa. It produces over 50% more grain than current varieties when cultivated in traditional rainfed systems without fertiliser. In addition to higher yields, these varieties mature 30 to 50 days earlier than current varieties and are far more disease and drought tolerant than previous varieties (WARDA, 2000).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	8ec7c65e7436abc44aaca4ac7770f99e	With two birth cohorts, research can moreover examine the changing circumstances in which children grow up and how their experiences are evolving. The study is funded by the Scottish government and seeks to provide new information to support policy making, but its findings are also intended as a resource for practitioners, the voluntary sector, academics and others. The tools used differ according to the age of the child and include several widely used and validated scales.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	8ec8bff3c2d80755caac2235c6929506	In reviewing the methodologies, it will also become apparent that the overarching condition guiding the selection of one approach over another is driven primarily by data availability. First, the deployment of broadband technology across business enterprises improves productivity by facilitating the adoption of more efficient business processes (e.g., marketing, inventory optimization, and streamlining of supply chains). Second, extensive deployment of broadband accelerates innovation by introducing new consumer applications and services (e.g., new forms of commerce and financial intermediation).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	8ec8cf474d803a63b1d605db9215779e	Vehicle to person: person crossing the road; 2. Vehicle to person: person walking along the road; 3. Vehicle to person: person lying/standing on the road; 4. Vehicle to person: with a vehicle driving backward (at a car park etc.); Vehicle to person: other (passenger in a bus, person walking inside a bus terminal etc.);	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	8eca4de1e9362d1f4ace9e46502ce45e	Similarly, gender institutions in some countries in post-Soviet space and some in the Arab region tend to be viewed as top-down bodies with limited connection to grassroots women’s groups and infrequent public consultations. Effective policy-making capacities, capable of taking into account the needs of men and women, are critical across all sectors, from education and employment to entrepreneurship, defence and housing. This calls for sound collection and dissemination of appropriate data and knowledge about gender disparities across the entire spectrum of policy concerns, and providing the necessary evidence for the development of sound policies that can be transformative in the lives of women and men. Those strategies must be supported by appropriate institutional frameworks with clear accountability mechanisms across all government institutions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8eca5ee1b142722b5818eeb92f4fc2e8	This includes interventions that increase a country’s capacity to mitigate or adapt to climate change, or that improve the enabling environment for climate responses within the country. Cost-effectiveness could also disadvantage certain types of interventions (e.g. small-scale energy-efficiency) or countries (e.g. SIDS), where transaction costs would be relatively higher. Using cost-effectiveness to assess the effectiveness of climate finance more broadly could lead to perverse incentives to channel financing to regions with lower transaction costs as opposed to greater need. These concerns underlie calls from developing countries for “needs-based” as opposed to “results-based” financing in the UNFCCC negotiations (e.g. LMDC, 2013 and remarks by the Philippines in USD, 2013).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	8ecad2697b72202006583cb9d969686b	Women typically begin using substances later in life than men, but once they have initiated substance use, women tend to increase their rate of consumption of alcohol, cannabis, opioids and cocaine more rapidly than men and may progress more quickly than men to the development of drug use disorders. In South-Eastern Europe, nearly three out of every five people in drug treatment are in treatment for opioid use disorders. Treatment for cocaine use remains prominent in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, in Western and Central Europe, while amphetamines remain a problem primarily in East and South-East Asia and to some extent in North America. I, Nady El-Guebaly, Giuseppe Carra and Marc Galanter, cds. ( Milan, Springer, 2015). Cannabis is the main drug for which drug use treatment is sought in Africa, but many countries, most notably Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania, have reported an increasing number of people entering treatment for opioid use disorders.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	8ecb8eac3f59acf7cd46ccbf7f493f1b	There are benefits to this model, particularly in terms of equity of service provision, and local accountability for the quality and efficiency of service delivery. However, this model also has disadvantages, particularly nationally designed rules that may not be suited to sparsely populated areas, and a lack of incentives for cooperation between municipalities at a functional scale. Formerly used as a coordination mechanism, it has been replaced with the Forum for Sustainable Regional Growth and Attractiveness. This forum is used to promote coordination between levels of government and type of government actor (political and civil service), bringing together representatives from ministries and regional bodies.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	8ecca451fcc208796699b0a983b6945d	Korea has some 20 million drivers and around 260 000 breath tests are conducted every year, which means that only one out of 80 drivers are tested each year, while in New Zealand each driver is tested, on average, at least once a year. Some people are calling for a lower limit. Is there justification for such a move? The expert response was that there were two general movements: to go to a legal level of 0.2 (zero for practical puiposes) or to 0.5 but with lower limits for novice and professional drivers. Consideration could therefore be given to a lower blood alcohol content for these latter categories. One issue is the large proportion of owner -driver-owners who are not subject to company regulations.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/469d7fec-en	8ed33962a2bf3023748b880c9471ed09	Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Firstly, many aid providers listed do not provide climate finance (e.g. Haiti Hospital Appeal).	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	8ed50992052f5368e00bf71d456212d7	The objective of this paper is to conduct an overlap analysis of child deprivation in the EU to gain insight into the breadth of child poverty and degree of overlap between measures of monetary and multidimensional poverty. Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences. Overall, the paper’s findings provide a strong call for the need to take a multidimensional approach towards the measurement of child poverty in the EU context.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	8ed7e5646300301b114e5ac7fc5f3017	For indigenous peoples, health is a broad and holistic concept encompassing the spiritual, the intellectual, physical and emotional dimensions. Essential is the coexistence of the past, present and future, ensuring an intergenerational continuum, including both individual and communal perspectives. The right to health in these documents is applied at the level of the individual.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/99372f3d-en	8ed825569510d1ad6eb6742a149d0fb2	A number of studies have shown that high-speed lines strongly influence the structure and level of accessibility of a country or a region. Where these investments occur, distances seem to shrink, thus even remote places may become attractive as locations for economic activities and facilitating the movement of labour and goods. Figure 2.1 shows the impact of this spatial compression within Western Europe in 1993 and how South-Eastern Europe has not been able to capitalise on this.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	8ed88282e88d42aeebce3892aa127e12	In addition, ethical considerations of increased ICT use in schools have to be considered. The IUFM (Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maitres - Academic Institute for Teacher Training), which provides both initial and continuous training, and the CRDP (Regional Centre for Educational Documentation) are the government-owned corporations in charge of this. ( More precisely, in the field of initial teacher education, it aims to promote an ICT certificate in teacher education institutions: the C2i Level 2.	4	0	4	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	8ed8d0a68e76ff5bd65d11fcfad8549f	To start off his presentation, he put forth a question regarding what provisions of GATS offer an opportunity to advance the objective in terms of food security. Although it is not immediately obvious, many sectors have an important impact on food security, through finance, distribution, logistics and transportation. Though there are no assessments as to the extent to which regional agreements in SADC have led to distortions in domestic markets, such distortions will have to be managed.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	8ed92d57f962625a5c34523d38519941	The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macro-economic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time. Mais ces comparaisons posent implicitement que les niveaux actuels d’inegalite sont constants. Or, la distribution des revenus ne peut etre constante que si les revenus croissent au meme rythme a tous les centiles de la distribution.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	8edcdff1535adad9a6cbbc866b6e3d8f	This collective financial commitment requires a system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the relevant financial flows across a variety of sources. However, the existing effort to track climate finance lacks transparency, comparability and comprehensiveness. The paper suggests tracking information along a multi-dimensional structure. This structure is aspirational, to be achieved and added to over time.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/777ba258-en	8edcf806761f1600a897a4f70b493400	Such growth, moreover, is often (though not always) correlated with a broad set of social indicators, including poverty reduction, which together describe a more inclusive development path. This path does not emerge spontaneously, however, and even after a period of rapid growth, countries can get stuck or fall back. An important part of the early development policy debate focused on how to quickly raise the share of investment in national income to a level that would trigger a virtuous circle of rising productivity, increasing wages, technological upgrading and social improvements. The required investments are often closely connected, depend on the reaching of a minimum scale to be efficient and may become profitable only over a long period of time.	7	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	8edf6b42ef379c74bb1c15a9f164bb6b	These savings offer a cushion and can help reduce default on loan payments in the event of an emergency. Indeed, when providing credit to the poor they often provide other complementary services such as skills training, teaching of literacy and numeracy, health nutrition workshops, family planning advice. This diversification, which now goes beyond financial products, makes microfinance an efficient platform for the delivery of pro-poor services to its clients.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	8ee014924597576005c7b6c60e74a0af	"Community type” where a group of farmer households pool their rights and undertake unified planning, production, operation and management of the land. Collective leasing type"" where farmers entrust the operation rights to a collective cooperative which then may re-organise the land before issuing it for public lease. Joint operating type"" where farmers transfer shares to a rural land joint-stock company, which is often a larger agricultural enterprise with modern technologies and skills. Farmers retain a share of the profits derived from the land. The first such trust was CITIC Trust Co., Ltd which was established in 2013 in Yongqiao district, Suzhou, Anhui province. As part of this arrangement, in return for their operation rights, farmers receive rent and a share of the net profits of the trust (dependent on the area of land they initially contributed)."	2	0	7	1.0
10.6027/2387665a-en	8ee0414a35200eca5516c8629b604ddf	These issues derive from similarities between the results from all or most of the regions. It is important to emphasize that the results is based on an economic analysis. If the projection of this fast implementation of the green technologies should become reality it is important for the countries to develop needed incentive schemes, tax schemes, legislation etc.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	8ee0ff071fd4e92d271d29f8f2cd809f	It is also manifested in the difficulty of combining recognition and redistribution policies, the risk being that upholding cultural difference ends up legitimizing social inequality (or, conversely, that upholding equality legitimizes cultural homogenization). All this adds up to a situation of profound inequality for indigenous peoples, since the scale and depth of the divides are compounded by their persistence and reproduction in numerous spheres. Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are the countries with the highest proportions of indigenous people in the region, and this is reflected in all quintiles, by comparison with the other countries in the sample.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	8ee13eaa6720251e1eb6eb1e66a52284	A few households earned income from baking or hair dressing, while only 1% of the 10% earned income through woodwork using electricity. The community benefits cited were the ability to start small businesses (65%), improved security (42%) and better use of schools. The ambition is to achieve a national grid-based supply, and the plan is to complete the full-scale national electrification by 2014.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	8ee1f47be8f8550fa376d0668c9ae7cf	Creditworthiness of the buyer: The buyer’s bank verifies the creditworthiness of its client as well as the signatures on the application form. It also ensures that the instructions are clear and complete. Opening: The buyer’s bank issues the letter of credit and sends it via the SWIFT network to the seller’s bank.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlpq7tm05r6-en	8ee7df652f745bacb5794481fa8f6d3d	Only vertical transfers are taken into account, i.e. transfers from higher to lower levels of government or vice versa. An exception is made for Germany and Switzerland, where horizontal equalisation systems are in place, which are therefore added. The tax side is captured by general government revenue from personal taxes in per cent of GDP, as well as by an index measuring the progressivity of household taxes, the Kakwani index. It is, for instance, possible that a share of regional transfers received by an SCG is passed on to individuals in the form of cash benefits. In this case, it would count towards both regional redistribution and individual redistribution, making the overall expenditure seem much larger when compared with other countries where the two transfer systems do not overlap. For this reason, a consolidation across systems was carried out.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	8eea6efb9310ff679e0f19484ea57de8	The framework was reviewed at a key development stage by an extended QEG membership for a range of perspectives related to world regions, country characteristics and types of schools. The author would, therefore, like to acknowledge the review work kindly contributed by Elsebeth Aller, Sarah Howie, Magdalena Mok, Susan Seeber, and Sandy Taut. Julie Belanger and Megan Sim provided important inputs and recommendations from the perspective of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey, TALIS’s sibling project.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	8eeea1c1f29e39a1291582772a65e1b6	This has consequences for the validity and limitations of the indicators that need to be gathered. Ideally, innovation indicators in the education sector should be linked to specific social and educational objectives such as learning outcomes, cost efficiency, equity or public satisfaction. Innovation should also be measured at different levels and, where no objective measurement can be made, according to different stakeholders’ perspectives.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8517580-en	8eeec895a757d74abfdaef2bfc0cc0b4	Field measurements in the Sa'dah area showed significant differences in transmissivity (Table 1), which reflect the variations in the hydraulic permeability and thickness.2S Also the wide range of values for storativity reflects the variability of the confining pressure due to differences in lithology and thickness of both the aquifer and the overlying formations, particularly toward the south-eastern edge of the system. However, direct and indirect recharge has been reported in the southern Sa'dah-Najran area where average rainfall is 250-300 mm/yr. In Yemen, it is estimated that a total recharge (natural sources plus irrigation return) of 17.7 MCM/yr30 occurs in this escarpment zone, which is equivalent to 7.9 mm/yr.3' although lower (4.4 mm/yr,32 3.2 mm/yr33) values have been suggested.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	8ef18f8335cef83da02fee1ba2c33cfc	The first is a shift to longer periods on grass before going to the feedlot. The second is a growing focus on better genetics and better animal health to ensure that cattle make optimal use of feed. These changes suggest that there should be price premiums for heavier calves that can be certified as being in good health and having good genetics. Conversely price discounts are likely to increase for light weight calves with uncertain records. To gain better prices there will have to be improvements in both pasture and cattle management.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	8ef1ee426208775b74bcd8b195f12788	Figure 5 presents “synthetic” NRR that are calculated as an unweighted average of NRRs in each month of a Tong’ unemployment spell (60 months), at two levels of previous earnings (67% and 100% of average full-time wages; due to benefit ceilings, NRR are lower for individuals with above-average earnings) and for four stylised family types (single persons, lone parents, one-eamer couples with and without children). Calculations consider cash incomes (excluding, for instance, employer contributions to health or pension insurance for workers and in-kind transfers for the unemployed) as well as income taxes and mandatory social security contributions paid by employees. Where benefit eligibility is subject to behavioural requirements (such as active job-search or being available for work), these requirements are assumed to be met.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	8ef29ef72c5404d34a1a8fafa2176f67	In spite of these achievements, local authorities acknowledge that additional efforts are needed to reduce the level of pollutants that are still beyond the national standards such as ozone and particulate matter. The measures adopted to improve air quality have been diverse, from closing the most polluting factories to banning cars in the metropolitan area one day per week through the Hoy No Circula programme (“No driving today”). Mexico City’s government has introduced the Atmospheric Monitoring Network (Red de Monitoreo Atmosferico, SIMAT), which provides data for informed policy making and has led to the adoption of the Metropolitan Index of Air Quality, and the establishment of contingency and pre-contingency protocols.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	8ef2e56bbab1a9fdf1a72c7522a0fe36	Indeed, they suffer from the consequences of the economic crisis which has created excess generating capacity and low electricity prices, reducing their EBITDA and constraining their ability to invest. This is particularly a concern when it comes to financing large projects such as nuclear power plants or large off-shore wind farms, owing to the fact that only one of those multibillion investment projects is enough to have an impact on the credit rating of even the largest utilities. These factors tend to increase the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) used by utilities to finance new projects.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	8ef32167edc3ca2e434605a26d8a058a	The detailed accounting provided by TUS allows for comprehensive coverage of all activities and enables the documentation of tasks of short duration. Dong and An (2014) examine the gender patterns of time allocation over three activities: paid work, unpaid work and non-work activity (personal care and leisure) and estimates the value of unpaid work. In another study, Qi and Dong (2013) show that working women in China not only spend longer hours on housework than working men, but they are also more likely to have frequent interruptions in their market work, often to perform housework activities, which adversely affect their earnings. It draws from the growing literature on household decisionmaking in developing countries, which recognizes the importance of bargaining in the intra-household allocation of resources, including time.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	8ef352a53acd3db87cd396789a89f303	It then looks in more detail at the performance of the health system as seen from four different vantage points that broadly correspond to the key objectives of health systems. The first objective concerns ensuring that patients can access the care that they need under the Government Guarantee Package on a timely basis. The second concerns the quality of care and whether it is adapted to patient needs. The third key goal concerns the resources allocated to the public health care system and whether this is sustainable over the longer haul.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	8ef43f50bd9212475ddb106a5a3cafd3	Being a fund, this programme does not cover the single loan, but rather the full portfolio up to a limit based on the “expected losses” agreed between the bank and the management of the programme. Any additional loss beyond this ceiling is charged on the bank, which is therefore tasked with the appraisal of the loan. The leverage factor, i.e. the multiplier effect of the single peso given as guarantee, has also achieved its peak in 2006, on the one hand because of the downsizing of the NGF and, on the other, due to the buoyant trend of credit before the outbreak of the global economic crisis. The evolution in the last four years is particularly revealing.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	8ef4a529be6604812ba76918ffbd14ba	The proportion of poor children in a large family (3 or more children) has increased since 2007 in in ten countries including especially Canada (+4 percentage points), Belgium (+4.6 pp), Hungary (+7 pp) and Luxembourg (+3.3 pp). However, the age distribution of poor children varies considerably from country to country. Also, unlike the average, more than half of poor children under the age of 6 in Canada, Finland and the United Kingdom.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	8ef94faeaaf54b0b6e1e9cbfb5cbe84f	The limit is generally 10% for each species in each landing. It is important to underline the main rule that all vessels are obliged to have catch quota for their catches in all species, which are subject to the ITQ system. If their individual quota is over-fished they must transfer quota from other vessels, otherwise the fishing permit is suspended.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	8efa0e34e60356db4063d8ba59615df4	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyri^rt Clearance Center (CCC) at mfo@copyright.com or the Centre francais Sexploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com. This study, which examines a selection of OECD member countries, validates the often intuitive assumption that, as a largely domestic source of electricity with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during production, nuclear energy is well-placed to make a significant, positive contribution. With the help of a series of transparent and policy-relevant indicators, the study shows in particular that nuclear energy has indeed contributed to improving energy supply security in OECD countries in a significant manner during the past 40 years.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	8efa7e2a4524dfd46929733751235b7e	They have engaged with local communities and brought about substantial improvements, especially for children. The goal of CBR is to demystify the rehabilitation process and give responsibility back to the individual, family and community. As can be seen from the above guidance, CBR has taken on the 'social model' and moved away from concepts such as normality and developmental benchmarks when dealing with disabled children.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	8efad82e525d8d7bd2b2ad130db80df8	For example, GHG inventories from Annex I Parties have improved significantly over time, following clear and common IPCC methods for what to measure and how, combined with clear guidelines on what to report and input from expert review teams. By contrast, the clarity and consistency of information on support provided and climate finance mobilised has been limited to date. Work to improve the clarity of what to measure and report, and what methods to use for doing so is underway.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	8efada35178eb5ff01624ede36a6a7e4	The relative increases were largest in Spain (43%), Luxembourg (40%) and Ireland (27%). By contrast, in some Nordic countries there was either little change (Norway, Sweden) or a decline (Finland a 9% decrease). Luxembourg, Spain and Belgium saw the largest increase in this share: more than 20 percentage points over the period studied.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	8efadc3284497b04771b8aaa1fe35348	This means that those countries have to define a ministry that is able to securely host a node to participate in the validation process. Therefore, it is not necessary to have a base-coin in the system to map the data. As all validators, in their roles as governmental bodies, are defined and by design incentivised to participate in the process, no monetary incentive for validating new blocks is necessary.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	8f00609bef81b137612f8309f1db56c3	Chile’s last urban development policy was enacted in 1979, amended in 1985 and then repealed in 2000. These five thematic sub-commissions cover: urban planning; institutionalism; patrimony/ heritage; social cohesion; and sustainability. The inter-ministerial roundtable consists of representatives from the ministries of Public Works, National Assets Environment, Agriculture, Interior, Social Development, Defence, Finance, Economy and Energy.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	8f01adb583ff7b65266b082aa7c6c0ae	Long-term unemployment rate refers to unemployment duration of one year and over. Youth unemployment rate is the proportion of unemployed aged 15-24 in the labour force aged 15-24. This is considered to be key for a well-functioning youth guarantee scheme, but regrettably the Czech youth guarantee has no explicit target outcomes against which performance can be assessed (ILO, 2013). In 2012, more than 40% of the unemployed had been without a job for longer than 12 months. The concentration of long-term unemployment in regions such as the northwest and Moravia-Silesia reflects the loss of heavy industries during transition and their high proportion of low-skilled workers.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/99aadf34-en	8f01f41ff97b09ab2769df63559de6bb	Measures are also needed to raise agricultural productivity. This will require the country to strengthen its capacity to assess the environmental impact of mining and hydroelectric projects. It is important that the largest contributions of growth stem from sectors that are relatively unskilled labour-intensive.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	8f02d1586a3b5dc455e37bd69c6987f2	The multidimensionality of well-being can be positive in that it is more comprehensive than single measures, but it may be negative if it results in approaches that become fragmented into multiple but unconnected components, rather than the holistic approach intended. It has been conceptualised and informs the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 (Borgonovi and Pal, 2016). Five dimensions of students’ well-being are captured, and these align closely with definitions in other studies and w'ith the coverage in this report. Measuring Well-being, http://dx.doi.ora/10.1787/9789264121164-en.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	8f034eae60159592298f3b895a47ba9a	"This development has also had a negative impact on the possibilities for students graduating from the University in Akureyri to find relevant employment; graduates who might then choose to leave the area to search for relevant employment elsewhere. According to Adalsteinsdottir this is largely a result of a vast proportion of Icelanders making gendered education and career choices by excluding certain careers as being incompatible with their gender. As a part of this process, some public institutions were moved from the metropolitan area and placed in Akureyri, including ""The Office for Wildlife Management"" and ""the Centre for Gender Equality"" (Dahlstrom et al."	5	2	2	0.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	8f06e524d696501803cae0b482d65c37	It establishes as norms the ‘strengthening of co-operative action' and ’promoting and enhancing access', and builds on the 'Technology Mechanism' already established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2010. It regrettably, however, provides little detail as to how these norms must, should or will be pursued in practice. These may take many forms - pollution controls that also result in GHG mitigation, land use regulations, clean infrastructure investment targets, or policies aimed at fostering of innovations or new industries. B. (2015). ' State and trends of carbon pricing 2015'Washington. A. (January 21.2016). '	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	8f098174ab2d12bfa227b1851f32c587	The Samoan domestic currency strengthened against the United States dollar and the Australian dollar but weakened against the New Zealand dollar in 2012. The level of international reserves was sufficient to cover 5.3 months of imports in September 2012. At the end of June 2012, Solomon Islands’ foreign reserves were equivalent to 10 months of import cover.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/2d00508a-en	8f09b20d6886e207bc9e1361688d0b4d	The preparatory process for the Second Assessment allowed for a discussion of the existing differences in monitoring and assessment systems, the deriving problems regarding comparability of data and the lessons learned from those riparian countries which have harmonized or made compatible their monitoring and assessment systems. The Convention takes a holistic approach, based on the understanding that water resources play an integral part in ecosystems as well as in human societies and economies. Its commitment to integrated water resources management (1WRM) replaces an earlier focus on localized sources of pollution and management of separate components of the ecosystem.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	8f0ab2e0a0427f6e062cda4479ef2327	Biodiversity conservation status varies widely across regions and states, being generally poorer in the South and South-east regions and along the coast, where most of the population lives. In 2014, after peaking in the mid-2000s, the annual deforestation rate in the area known as Amazonia Legal2 was 75% below the average for the previous 10 years (Figure 3). Brazil is, therefore, likely to overshoot its target of reducing deforestation in the region by 80% by 2020.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	8f0af53cfe591318dfd77ddc7ebb4f58	In Latvia, the very large spikes in exits from SA benefits must probably be attributed to data entry errors in the administrative information. Similar as for SA benefits, the time trends in rates of housing benefit receipt appeal- to be driven primarily by changes in exit rates. An exception is again the large change in HB transition rates for Latvia during the recession years.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	8f0d05be50a33b41e4f6d3a7519257bc	Other diagnostic services include tests such as electrocardiographic diagnosis and effort assessment. These services are not typically independent but components of a health care package, and thus are usually intermediate consumption goods and services. By convention in SHA, their value is not disaggregated: final consumption includes the value of the intermediate consumption components.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	8f0df3ebd9df85e0f14f580de913a0c9	The goals reflect principles of universality that no one and no country should be excluded and that everyone and every country share a common—albeit differentiated —responsibility for the outcomes of all. Global momentum is thus in place to enable policymakers and advocates to move in ways that may have been much more difficult in the past. However, the measures used to monitor progress in human development often cover only countries and not individuals or groups.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	8f1d060eb88ad3b00b489ea3cf81577e	This approach allows policy makers to understand more concretely the broader development impacts of an intervention. Nevertheless, there are a number of key issues and challenges to consider when evaluating these results and tracking effectiveness. This section also explores a number of definitional and methodological challenges that hamper the ability to track results over the spatial scales and time horizons often desired.	13	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	8f20a6d2c611ced247c3bf9ab161f494	They assume that poor working conditions in source countries may be considered as a determinant of emigration. Therefore, when gender discrimination in the local labour market decreases, women's incentives to migrate decrease as well. They show that higher levels of discrimination in the workplace are correlated with higher levels of female emigration and lower levels of male emigration, suggesting a substitution effect between men and women within a given number of migrants. Gender norms may also affect male migration by defining their role in the public and private spheres.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-16-en	8f20cc9320a0e084384cb2d38ee739ef	The enrolment rate in upper secondary vocational education and training is above the OECD average, as is the attainment rate in tertiary education. Compared to their peers in other OECD countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills, proficiency in literacy among 16-65 year-old Australians is above average. Proficiency in numeracy in this survey is at average, with 16-24 year-olds performing somewhat higher. Unemployment rates in Australia are below the OECD average.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	8f20dc486ebc22c408e81f5a9a3a6da0	For example, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) uses hedonic regression to estimate the market value of the rental equivalent of an owner-occupied dwelling (ABS, 2008). Data on the rents paid by private tenants are regressed on some dwelling characteristics (e.g. location and dwelling structure) and the estimates are subsequently used to produce imputed values for the rental equivalence of owner-occupied and other dwellings rented at below-market values. See also Brown et al. ( This category should, for example, include subsidies for homeowners for refurbishment and maintenance work (e.g. for energy efficiency), and tax deductions granted on interest paid on mortgages, benefits for tenants who rent accommodation at below-market prices. Subsidies designed to encourage the building of homes for particular groups of individuals should also be considered.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	8f20e79e3190284f106d8c2bf5674923	"Over 500 million of them are anaemic, millions are stunted, and their growth and development are compromised (Spicer 2015, Darnton-Hill etal. The ""homogenization"" of agricultural production systems, mainly through intensification coupled with specialization by plant and livestock breeders and the harmonizing effects of globalization (CBD n.d.), Above all, this affects the poor, especially women and girls who too often have little else to eat (Koningstein 2013, Pingali 2012). Households headed by women, by youth (female or male), and by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are particularly affected by food insecurity (UN 2014, Boris etal."	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	8f242ee4078a08f0e479b9cfc49501c1	Eletrobras is a federally-owned holding Page | 22 comPanV f°r electricity assets, controlling a large part of electric power generation and transmission systems mainly through six subsidiary companies, as well as some distribution capacity in the Amazon area. The Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica (EPE, or Energy Research Company) is responsible for the development of integrated long-term planning of Brazil's power sector, thus supporting MME's national energy policy and long-term planning. By 2007, 55.35 million out of a total 56.34 million permanent residences were connected to electric energy.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	8f251b1b9f18d6f59d9663ef7203fe95	These findings are consistent with previous research on the distributional effect - as measured by the Gini - of several changes in the tax structure in Chile (Engel et al., These studies suggest that the targeting of expenditures and the level of the average tax rate are far more important determinants of income redistribution. Therefore, to boost the impact of redistribution system in reducing income inequality efforts should be strengthened to increase revenues by broadening the tax base and expand transfers.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	8f2ac5dbdf719f775b6da7076b2671b9	As a result of fiscal stimulus and currency depreciation, inflation increased to 10% in 2015. Domestic demand would continue to support expansion, as merchandise exports and remittance inflows are likely to be weak amid low global prices for oil, gold and cotton as well as subdued economic activity in other subregional economies. Prudent macroeconomic management in past years, as reflected in favourable fiscal positions and large external buffers, helped to enhance the country’s ability to respond to external shocks. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to accelerate privatization and promote a more diversified, private sector-led economy that can generate productive jobs and sustain inclusive growth.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	8f2dc80ef2865e3c078753515faa172b	Good governance enables effective design and implementation of gender equality reforms and the materialisation of gender equality objectives, while the implementation of gender equality is an important aspect of supporting good governance reforms through balanced decision making and resulting better policies and programmes, including in the area of governance. If there are no channels for the government to obtain structured input from civil society organisations and the population at large, it would have a detrimental impact on the ability of women’s organisations to influence public policies. As such, gender equality objectives cannot be attained without the support of good governance policies; and gender equality reforms reinforce good governance within the context of building a strategic state.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	8f3097348d5a5409974632d8a327f38d	In particular, early maternal employment may have adverse consequences for the very young (Ruhm, 2004; Waldfogel, 2006). There is a long-standing debate about when mothers should return to work. Recent research has suggested there may be some small negative effects for child outcomes (Ermisch and Francesconi, 2001) although the most recent research advocates giving mothers greater choice (Brooks-Gunn et al.,	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2014-21-en	8f31983a2b0cfe9fe4ac33dab1c84eea	Malnutrition is an important determinant of poor child health and is estimated to contribute to more than one-third of all child deaths worldwide. Child malnutrition also predicts poorer cognitive and educational outcomes in later childhood and adolescence and has important education and economic consequences at the individual, household and community levels. Children who are overweight or obese are at greater risk of poor health and reduced quality of life not only in adolescence, but also in adulthood.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	8f32a08b4cb81260a18674dde106d309	Students typically enter this level between age 14 and age 16, and these programmes usually end 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary school. Programmes classified at this level may be referred to as secondary school (stage two or upper grades), senior secondary school or (senior) high school. Lower and upper secondary education includes second-chance programmes, literacy programmes, adult education and continuing education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-4-en	8f32c012af089c545b23f9544bb06111	Attendance of a special school requires a recommendation from an appropriate authority and parental consent. The 2005 Education Act puts emphasis on increased integration of students with special needs in mainstream schools. Pre-primary and basic schools are administered by municipalities while secondary schools are administered by regions.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	8f35f99eb44be7e1565707735bed9b62	Malaysia’s expanding carbon footprint jolted the federal government into including green technology as part of the Ministry of Energy and Water’s portfolio and into launching its National Green Technology Policy in July 2009. The Government is also committed to reduce carbon emissions by 40% within the next ten years, but may find this target may be difficult to reach due to increasing emphasis on Malaysia as a regional aviation hub and extensive private transport. The Penang Transport Council was established in 2009 to improve public transport by moving people instead of cars.	4	10	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	8f3818904e06e2f9d5f23e9129f86bc9	In the 1970s, remittances in Samoa were mainly used for personal consumption or to support the traditional economy (Shankman 1976), yet as much as 41 per cent was being used for house building (Kallen 1982). Indeed, in many Tongan and Samoan villages in the 1970s and 1980s it was possible to identify the households that had absent migrants, since they were usually the ones with some form of modernised housing. The assumption that remittances were primarily used for consumption lingered long, despite growing evidence of more diverse uses.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	8f395ccbdfcc76445d5174ef2f3b0b01	In addition to the income and expenditure flows of industries and their outputs, as captured in the input-output tables, the social accounting matrices contain detailed information on different institutions. The matrices thus incorporate institutional and structural details that capture all transfers and real transactions between industries and institutions in the economy. Since the social accounting matrices incorporate the input-output table, they provide a comprehensive economy-wide database with an internally consistent set of accounts for production, income and expenditures. Labour was divided into subsistence labour (FSUB), child labour (LCHILD), female adult labour (LFEMALE) and male adult labour (LMALE).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	8f3b12fab015f08dd670c86f17358c6b	This is a perverse logic that deprives people of services that they provided to others throughout the course of their own lives (G6mez, 2008). This means recognizing and determining the value of the contribution made by men and women to the country's overall output through unpaid household work. Nonetheless, the limited definition of the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary excludes the domestic and care services produced or consumed by members of a household from the central framework of macroeconomic analysis. This conceals the importance of these activities for the economy, and perpetuates economic and power relationships.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	8f3b13c17154477655a1105a2a8e006b	It can be assumed that electricity consumption in rural areas is considerably lower than in metropolitan areas. This holds particularly for the household sector where poverty levels are higher and overall population is low. Only in the remote areas of the Amazon, which cover about 45% of the Brazilian territory but with only 3% of the national population, grid electrification has been in part replaced by decentralised electricity supply alternatives: mainly small diesel plants supply isolated villages and towns at a total nominal capacity of only about 3 GW (Andrade, 2009a).	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	8f3c6e359bd6402dcdc0139527882449	Drug money and corruption have become entrenched in the security services in Central America, paving the way for other forms of organized crime, including trafficking in firearms. Limited law enforcement capacity, corruption and weak governability in Central America and the Caribbean have facilitated the use of smuggling channels and drug trafficking activities. In February 2015, Jamaican legislators passed an amendment to the Dangerous Drugs Act to the effect that possession of two ounces or less of cannabis (56.6 g) is no longer a criminal offence and will no longer result in a criminal record. The use of cannabis for personal consumption has also been authorized for members of the Rastafari community, in the context of their religious activities.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	8f425a10f752cf65e4b2a0bf78cc255b	The creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, as illustrated in the example of Frankfurt (Box 2.3). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning. Spatial planning encompasses a variety of activities across OECD countries.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	8f4585b99356bd522afb789498d28ed0	African governments need to address the challenge of mapping, as much as possible, all primary education facilities and identifying all school-aged children, including tracking down out-of-school children. Although improvements in legal and institutional frameworks and higher political priorities can support further achievements, without tackling social norms around girls’ education, success will not be complete. A number of interlocking factors obstruct school retention for girls and can diminish their learning opportunities: hostile learning environments; inadequate female teachers; discriminatory practices; sexual harassment; lack of sanitation facilities for young girls; and early pregnancies. Indeed, a lack of proper sanitation facilities tends to prevent girls from regularly attending school. When girls enter puberty, their absence from school increases if no adequate sanitation facilities are available. Reportedly, between 10-50 per cent of girls miss out on schooling for this reason.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-4-en	8f465586d7975b49d38988535499324d	Credit resources could be re-directed to support long-term investment and increasingly allocated to w'ell-specified innovation, environmental, and infrastructure projects. Consider a gradual downsizing of concessional loans for working capital to commercial producers. Enhance criteria for loan eligibility to better screen out borrowers that would have invested without support.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/27e660be-en	8f49a74daa1cc684514001ec2f9b93e2	In Sierra Leone, the level rose from 10 percent in 2012 to 16percent in 2013 (IPU, 2015; UN Women, 2015). More women than men vote in Botswana, Cabo Verde, Lesotho, South Africa and Senegal, although overall rates for men seem to be about 5 per cent higher in all countries surveyed by Afrobarometer (Tripp, 2013). The increased presence of women in politics is contributing towards addressing deeply historical inequalities in the political systems of the Continent. Women's political participation and representation in governance have long been taken as key indicators of the general level of democracy in a country.	5	0	5	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	8f4c898b333b96b520cb31516cc50172	These are tariffs, but also non-tariff barriers, such as technical regulations, product standards or licensing. These may include, for instance, taste differences that are not explained by the variables used to proxy for cultural and linguistic differences. The unexplained component is considerably higher for trade costs in services than for trade costs in goods, which may also reflect poorer measures for policy barriers in trade in services. For a detailed exposition of the methodology used to estimate the decomposition, see Appendix C.1.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4a540597-en	8f4dcab2a5c3f72c07f167a476c807e8	These interventions are suggested to be an integral part of the New Urban Agenda as elaborated in Chapter 10. New urbanism calls for smaller lot sizes, shopping and community facilities within easy walking distance of homes, transit access, and street corridors that facilitate safe and enjoyable walking. Smart growth tools include promotion of higher-density and mixed-use development, transit use, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly design.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	8f4f60117f2c11d7bd4ef2139134c144	On the other hand, an increasing proportion of ODA targeted health, education and other social activities, with positive effects on income distribution in the recipient countries. But since the increasing share of ODA for these purposes meant a decline in the share of ODA allocated to growth-enhancing investment in economic infrastructure and productive capacities, its effects on structural change and the creation of new employment and wage opportunities were limited (TDR 2008, chap. In some countries, especially in Africa, the increase in ODA flows was a major factor, but in general it was the result of higher tax revenues, and in countries where the primary sector accounts for a large share of GDP, it was due to higher commodity prices.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	8f51ec9f82cb61e5389d467b678e500b	Prices in the Water Bank ranged from USD41 to USD142 per 1,000 m\ and most of the water was purchased by urban water supply agencies. Agricultural agencies accounted for about 21% of the sales from the Water Bank, primarily for farmers needing to finish irrigating seasonal crops or to preserve permanent crop plantings, such as tree fruits, nuts, and vines (Teerink, 1993b; Green and Hamilton, 2000). In sum, the Water Bank purchased 1,105,000 m3 of water at an average price of USD100 per 1,000 m\ and sold 488,000 m3 of water at an average price of USD140 per 1,000 m3. Carriage losses accounted for 150,000 m3 of water, while 375,000 m3 were carried over to the following year (Howitt, 1994). The Arvin-Edison Water Storage District in Kern County, California was formed in 1942 for the purpose of obtaining irrigation water supplies from the Central Valley Project and reducing groundwater overdraft in the region (Schuck and Green, 2003a).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	8f53f7c8a49b029f27dde178b4e26b02	Doing so would help to ensure orderly payments of ageing-related expenditures, such as health-care costs. In a recent study, it was found that, given a currently low tax-to-GDP ratio, there is significant room to raise taxes without causing major economic distortions in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea (Poesoro, 2015). Recent efforts to increase tax revenues in the subregion include the sales tax increase in Japan in 2014; the Republic of Korea is considering adding another income tax bracket at the top end of the pay scale.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	8f54b0354426b3571c67153476032134	Specialists are concentrated in large cities and shortages are a particularly pressing issue in rural areas. Shortages in emergency medical specialists, anaesthetists, intensive care specialists and ophthalmologists are reportedly particularly pressing in rural areas. Rural municipalities have tried a number of initiatives to attract specialists, including salary supplements and free accommodation. Shortages persist, however, signaling a complex problem that is likely to need additional initiatives (such as improvements to rural schooling and other services) to attract health professionals and their families. The demand for specialised nurses, such as surgical nurses and intensive care nurses, is particularly high in Europe, leading to a relatively high expatriation rate for nurses at 5.0%, as discussed earlier (OECD, 2015c). Although many returned to work in nursing following the 2008 global financial crisis (as it offered more stable employment compared with other sectors affected by the economic downturn), on average about 150 nurses choose to discontinue to work as nurses while about 200 to 350 nurses are trained every year.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	8f5a4559cc2cd2b3bb85b5def16b00db	Markets can help coordinate to some extent, but no market has ever been devised that could efficiently coordinate the evolution of the global energy system towards achievement of global policy objectives. Energy and economic planning units typically provide in-depth assessments of government plans and targets. While, in theory, energy plans would be based on their independent assessments, in practice, energy planning units are not always independent and assessments are either tweaked to support political decisions or sidelined.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	8f5a69b6a389a4daa2c179050a6e3391	All firms would have an economic incentive to reduce pollution, but each would have a choice about how to do this, and over which time scale. Such schemes have been slow to emerge elsewhere, and several have been problematic and little-used, for several reasons. This calls for regular and thorough monitoring and regulation. In their attempt to control such eventualities the regulatory authorities risk adding to the bureaucratic complexity, and the costs of participation, in the schemes.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	8f5b0e38b583c609dad780c71c06f035	This paper assumes that SIGTs instruments, Z, are key determinants of gender-based discrimination in social institutions (Cov(SIGI, Z)*0) but have no direct effect on income per capita (Cov(Z, £*)=()). The two instruments appear to be valid: no evidence exists that richer countries ratify the CEDAW before poorer ones, nor that attitude towards female political leadership is linked to income level. Countries ratifying the CEDAW recognise the legitimacy of reducing gender discrimination and commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end discrimination against women in all forms.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	8f5e6e36d68e5fd8ae38114b1907aa50	Apart from state-level variation, schools also adjust overall models to their circumstances. But the principal difference is between segregation or inclusion of newly arrived immigrants in regular classes (Ahrenholz et al., In the case of unaccompanied minors, Saarland has special language classes for unaccompanied minors (Tangermann, 2018).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	8f6053293f315fa93a5f721b61d94c11	By 2012, tariffs imposed by ASEAN for all Korean products under the Normal TVack would be eliminated. The first negotiating round was held in March 2005, and after 15 more rounds AANZFTA was signed on 27 February 2009. The AANZFTA Agreement is the first comprehensive single undertaking agreement negotiated and signed by ASEAN with a dialogue partner - it covers trade in goods and services, electronic commerce, movement of natural persons (MNP), investment, economic co-operation, dispute settlement mechanism and specific provisions on customs procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, standards and technical regulations, intellectual property rights and competition.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	8f6303bc0b4ab1e40338f9079c2664f8	However, thanks to the impressive growth performance of several emerging countries in the region, the incidence of poverty has fallen by more than half, leaving less than 20 per cent of the population in extreme poverty in 2011. The overall global population living in extreme poverty has decreased by approximately 1 billion people between 1990 and 2011. Asia and the Pacific has lead the global success in the reduction of poverty over the last two decades. In other words, the population living in extreme poverty in the region declined from about 1.6 billion in 1990 to 0.7 billion in 2011, despite an overall population growth of approximately 0.9 billion in the same period.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	8f649ca15674f420fb2ea6554e6ed03d	Nonetheless, all 11 countries are eligible to receive official development assistance (ODA) from OECD DAC member countries. They also have access to some of the funding sources under the Financial Mechanism of the Convention2 (e.g. Global Environment Facility, or the GEF). Exceptions include the Least Developed Countries Fund operated by the GEF since none of the EECCA countries is categorised as a Least Developed Country under the UN. While the data analysed in this chapter is on climate-related development finance committed in 2013 and 2014, the Board of the Green Climate Fund approved two project proposals in the EECCA region at its 13th meeting in June 2016 (one in Armenia and the other in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	8f64b216eb4c7402b59376453f74f799	Administrative culture: An administrative culture that is characterised by risk and blame avoidance hinders co-creation processes, because public officials might not dare or are not allowed to involve stakeholders in the policy process. Attitudes of public officials and politicians: Efforts to establish co-creation mechanisms can fail if policy makers feel threatened in their expertise or consider stakeholders as incompetent. Incentives and objectives: Providing public officials (and stakeholders) with clear incentives and objectives is crucial for establishing an understanding of the added value of co-creation processes. Compatibility: Involving stakeholders in the policy process requires the adaption of supporting structures, procedures and routines, such as training facilities and communication structures.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	8f6ac4d5629cdcc34a15e43b398f722e	Rather, the disbursements are linked to the qualitative information on the original commitment through project identifiers. Consequently, a project marked as climate-related at the commitment stage will be flagged as climate-related throughout its lifetime, unless the qualitative information was changed. Currently, policy objectives are applied to entire aid activities based on a three-tiered value of degree58).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/feb1987a-en	8f6b6571ea88cf5c643966a769482ee4	The net advantage regarding C02 is under discussion, but ideally up to some 25 per cent reduction may be realized. The current downturn has been characterized as one of the longest ever. Shipyards, largely in the Far East, are running out of business. Some evidence shows that there are cases of ships being recycled at an age as early as seven years. Thorough analysis, taking into account regional factors, shows that a strong case for gas-fuelled ships does exist. Figure 7 shows how clusters of year build, distribution of demand over areas, fleet composition with concentration of energy demand and seasonality need to be assessed in order to evaluate whether there is a justification to use LNG as fuel for shipping.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	8f6cc58dfdbadc26b5fe8393fd60fdfa	These include informality, nonregularity and part-time work. In order to quantify deprivation inthe quality of work of men and women, indices of multi-dimensional deprivations are derived using Alkire and Foster’s (2007, 2011) multidimensional poverty assessment method. The headcount ratio of multi-dimensionally deprived persons is computed by dividing the number of deprived persons with total number of persons.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	8f6cce6d50e239b8d3dca07baae9078b	Water abstraction charges were introduced in Mexico in 1982 (OECD, 2003). Their level varies according to the type of user and the geographical location (see Tables 3.2 and 3.3). The main categories of users are general (which in practice corresponds with industry), agriculture, urban, hydropower, aquaculture and recreation (e.g. spas).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	8f71fd7821f9045bb3a7eba465715d0a	Catchments are much smaller and are aggregated into river basin scale to satisfy the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000). Rivers and wetlands of national and international significance are protected and improved by means of the most cost-effective measures. For non-designated rivers, action must be cost-beneficial.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	8f739b02df58f45b835af76952e66960	Social protection systems are essential to attaining inclusive development by providing automatic stabilizers during periods of crisis by providing additional incomes to the poor and enabling them to maintain access to food and basic services. Various types of programmes may be considered for the LDCs, such as employment generation measures, cash transfer programmes, targeted social services, and micro finance programmes. The fragmented social safety nets that exist in these countries lack the framework of institutionalized welfare systems. These social safety nets are not adequately handed, are not coheren and do not provide coverage to protect the majority of the vulnerable populations.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	8f75f935fca2cde1c32565f33a93d518	For example, in some countries, direct referrals from the criminal justice system account for a high proportion of treatment admissions. The abuse of heroin and synthetic opioids remains relatively low in the European Union. The average annual prevalence of opioid use, mainly of heroin, among the general population between 15 and 64 years of age was estimated at about 0.4 per cent. In 2013, opioids were the primary drug of abuse for 41 per cent of all those receiving drug abuse treatment in Western and Central Europe.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d787867d-en	8f7699915f3f672c784ccf309973e725	Strategies include the strengthening of primary health care and the inclusion of specific health care services for older persons; specialized assistance for outpatients, hospital patients and within the home; and pharmaceutical services. The basic principles of primary health care are the following: universal access to care and coverage based on needs, health equity, community participation in the formulation and implementation of health agendas and an intersectoral approach to health. Primary health care is usually the first contact older persons have with health services. It is the area in which short-term health problems are resolved and most chronic health problems are managed (PAHO, 2007).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	8f7b75c759804b0854aef2ded10e2de9	In a number of countries, government spending on cash transfers to working-age individuals and families has remained more or less constant over the entire period (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Korea, Portugal, Spain), despite sometimes sizable trend increases in total spending-to-GDP ratios. As discussed above, public spending on income support for the non-elderly has, relative to GDP, dropped significantly in a few countries. A similar comparison can be made on the revenue side. However, while OECD Revenue Statistics indentify the revenue components that are most relevant in the context of studying income redistribution (personal income taxes and social contributions), it is not possible to approximate the share of these taxes that are paid by “non-elderly” households only.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	8f7b777a8c12b63bec7cd1e98ad1117b	They note that these inputs are essential for increasing the yields of their plots, ranging from 7.5 tonnes per hectare of paddy rice under optimal irrigation and input use to 1.5 tonnes per hectare in the event of malfunctions in irrigated zones (Walther, 2008). The use of agricultural fertilizers is particularly widespread in Nigeria, where its sale is subsidised without having major effects on national productivity (Takeshima and Liverpool-Tasie, 2015). In some cases, as in Benin, government departments distribute enhanced seeds free of charge. In Cote d'Ivoire, where rice production has doubled in less than four years, government policies have been credited with increasing the availability of land and water resources for rice production while improving the regulatory environment for private sector engagement on enhanced financial services and input markets (CARD, 2014).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	8f7bad42f6ec4c0422caab3cad7b5d9c	Since 1980, global disaster related losses account for a total of USD 3.8 trillion, of which 74% can be attributed to weather extremes.7 Adverse impacts are projected to grow - including major shifts in local and regional climate conditions, changes to water availability, sea level rise, heat waves, drought and inundation with severe consequences for human life. Significant investment will be needed to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities, mainly in sectors such as agriculture, water and coastal protection. The Agreement emphasises the need to balance support provision between mitigation and adaptation. It also emphasises that to support adaptation, public and grant based resources are particularly needed.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	8f7d851c98869192373849368cb1d348	The diversity of rural areas was acknowledged and strived to foster urban-rural linkages. Such a spatial planning approach requires a macro regional strategy that recognises the importance of a polycentric urban network to the development of areas linked to these metropoles, including small and medium-sized towns located nearby (European Network). This is driven by an understanding that urban-rural interactions should address not just proximity issues (e.g. commuting patterns), but also consider reciprocal exchanges in order to build meaningful partnerships.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/028f7d06-en	8f8053385c099e224b27488010cb05b8	In the highest quintile, women form families at age 25 and age 27 in the second and first groups, respectively. So, while the higher strata in all of the countries clearly postpone the age for forming the first spousal couple (as is characteristic of the second demographic transition), this is still an incipient process among poor women in the countries of the region that are just entering the first demographic transition. Only among young people in countries at an advanced stage of demographic transition is ceasing to be single part of the process of gaining autonomy from the family of origin.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c96bb166-en	8f82082ce63c507155fd4124a0b94b8e	The ICPD goals, especially those pertaining to reproductive health and reproductive rights, gender equality, women's empowerment and girls' education, are an integral part of efforts to improve quality of life and achieve sustainable social and economic development. Of the total regular resourced expenditures, UNFPA provided $174.1 million in assistance for reproductive health, $76.6 million for population and development, $43.5 million for gender equality and women's empowerment and $72.1 million for programme coordination and assistance.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	8f829db4d9a4fae1a7698471af7ddf76	However, the share of out-of-pocket payment for pharmaceuticals is high, accounting for 18% of current health expenditure, compared with the OECD average of 7%. This suggests access to pharmaceuticals can be challenging in the country, particularly among low-income groups. Data on pharmaceutical consumption and sales are limited in Latvia but the only available data for international comparisons show that sales of antibacterials for systemic use measured in defined daily dose (DDD) are about 35% lower than the OECD average.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	8f834d31c2a853b1c6d885e3b03a6c3c	The essential strength of a well-diversified system is that in the face of uncertainty or even ignorance about future outcomes, it provides resilience. One of the first scientific disciplines where this concept was studied was ecology. Darwin thus already demonstrated that diversification of a species within an ecosystem was a “spontaneous” survival strategy in the face of changing biotope conditions.	7	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	8f836896a201616b225ff187138bd3d0	In real terms, public spending on education grew at an annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. Public spending on early childhood and pre-primary education had the greatest increase during this period (average annual growth rate of 12%), followed by secondary education (9.7%), primary education (8.5%) and tertiary education (8.5%) (INEEd, 2015). The vast majority of public resources are executed by public institutions (about 68% of total expenditure) while the remainder (about 8%) are executed by private institutions (CAIFs and tax waivers associated to private provision of education services).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ad12659d-en	8f86b8ba9e4ccc26c39d8c94f44109d9	The third principle calls for preventive and supportive measures, including security measures to make schools safer environments, inclusive teaching methods to ensure support for pupils of all abilities, the presence of specialized counsellors among school staff, and the availability of mediators and psychologists for pupils, their parents and teachers. This principle also calls for a specialized team within each school district to provide advice to schools facing particular difficulties. It also underlines the importance of collaborating with NGOs that have specific knowledge and experience in this field.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	8f88047cedc4f8d02f0440c2b1775a82	"According to Eistrup and Kahlig, the Greenlandic men became the losers (Eistrup and Kahlig 2005: 204, with reference to Arnfred 1991:105). Rasmussen (2009) further suggests that even successful fishermen and hunters in practice often rely on their spouses' income. Thus, a growing number of households depend on income from the women, and more than half of the homes where hunting and fishing represent a significant part of the revenues, it is women who earn most of the money. As Rasmussen states: ""Single men without these income sources, however, are confronted with severe economic problems"" (Rasmussen 2009: 526), and an increasing number of these may in practice often rely on living as ""couch surfers” with family and friends, or receive help from ageing parents, which according to Rasmussen only amplifies the extent of social problems in the small villages."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259119-6-en	8f88cb20a3f15359148bb3e211d54bea	Thailand’s government expenditure on pre-primary education as a percentage of GDP has increased significantly in recent years, to reach 0.32% in 2012. Only New Zealand and Viet Nam spend considerably more on pre-primary education as a percentage of GDP (UNESCO, 2015). Data for Australia, Korea and Malaysia are from 2011. In 2012, Thailand’s funding per primary student was 29.4% of per capita GDP, compared to 15.4% in Malaysia (as of 2011) and 11.2% in Singapore (Figure 2.4).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264248373-7-en	8f8c080520393c57a7f7eae33d13769e	The authors argue that implementing a parent questionnaire would be a useful option to collect data on family issues for PISA-D. The comparison of international surveys shows that parent questionnaires are mainly used in large-scale international surveys with younger student populations (Grade 4 in PIRLS and TIMSS; Grades 3 and 6 in LLECE) as well as in the household-based surveys ASER and Uwezo, where the head of the household is interviewed in a one-on-one setting. In this regard Willms and Tramonte (2014: 20) suggest to consider an interview approach for parents in PISA-D, which would be valuable to assess parent’s literacy skills and employment, similar to the approach of household-based surveys with an international focus (LAMP, STEP, PIAAC). This is especially relevant of an interview approach, as securing response rates through one-on-one interviews is a financial burden.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	8f8d57b75171a61c5bae0b2f12b37871	For others, such as the low-skilled, it may become increasingly difficult to escape poverty. Understanding how changes in family structure, particularly among those at risk of low income, might evolve over the next 20 years is therefore of considerable importance for policy makers. It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, looking at their evolution over recent decades and at the factors that have driven these changes. The next section then looks at the influence that the policy environment has had on low-income families across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children on poverty outcomes. Three specific issues are addressed in the following section: how the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration influence social cohesion.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	8f8eb9fdaec5ccfbda612611fd6d3ead	Finally, the assessment includes developments in non-formal learning (Indicator 1.4), as well as good practice sharing (Indicators 1.5, 1.16). The change to the 2016 assessment on women’s entrepreneurship is a pilot initiative. The planning and design assessment looked at the existence of policy partnerships, policy frameworks, institutional support and the extent to which women entrepreneurs are given strategic importance.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	8f8ecdcad3e83fd1e04e795923cc37ba	The car is becoming more dominant as a transport mode for older people, but there are differences among countries, especially between Europe and the United States. In Europe, walking is still an important transport mode for older people, with 30-50% of older people’s trips made on foot (~80% of trips of persons over 80 in the Austrian study are made on foot, see Bell et al. There are differences even within countries; town planning and access to public transport have the potential to influence mode choice in the direction of less dependence on the car (Mollenkopf et al.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	8f8ed6c67a78ff7e12532936ac9a677f	To plan national health strategies and prepare health reforms, concerted action is needed to undertake national health care system performance assessments and to benchmark results internationally. Regulation takes place through national and regional guidelines, licensing systems for health professionals and national quality monitoring systems. Citizens have the right to enrol in any fund.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	8f8f22a8a6879daa4aaa81667ba3d948	Ongoing hukou (household registration) reforms will also facilitate labour mobility to areas with better jobs and enable more equal access to public social services. Under this scenario, income inequality would moderate, and average households would use more of their incomes for expenditures. Four decades of breakneck economic growth turned China into the world’s largest carbon emitter.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	8f908b431332bb45c2479178b242c965	Additional obstacles may prevent women and girls' participation and their ability or disposition to meet and be interviewed. This may include organizing interviews according to special schedules that facilitate the participation of women and girls, arranging alternative childcare, considering the possibility of conducting interviews remotely through secure communication methods, or receiving written testimonies, when relevant. Outreach initiatives should also be gender sensitive to ensure that women and girls are made aware of them, in a timely manner, and of the possibility of their attending and that facilities will be provided to enable them to give their testimony. As a result, their testimonies often focus primarily on the experience of their male relatives and/ or children.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-6-en	8f91db0af92c14e5ca6fbfb0ac722363	However, to avoid too few data points per category, it was necessary to group selected forest types into broader units, mainly representing older forests with various main dominating tree species, rich forest types (based on ground vegetation criteria), and coastal forest. For these broader units it was possible to collate data on tree biomass from the forest inventory and use this as a basis for calculating carbon stocks and changes in these stocks between two successive inventory cycles. A brief summary of the results is given in chapter 6.2.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	8f958275700dc8e1598e2c40f1ea16a9	The domino effect and word of mouth then got other banks on board. Although the government did not provide direct risk guarantee, the margin of difference in the interest rate, as well as the organisation of training and awareness building seminars, enabled the development of trust and knowledge within the private sector, which in turn reduced the risk that they associated with EE projects. Therefore, it could easily be applied in other economies.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	8f95e95ab1e4c11407c8bb737d5fe403	Often, the assumption underlying these stratification policies is that students' talents will develop best when students reinforce each other's interest in learning, and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching. Vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older. Even though the student population is differentiated into grade levels in practically all schools that participate in PISA, in some countries, all 15-year-old students attend the same grade level, while in other systems they are dispersed throughout various grade levels as a result of policies governing Ihe age of entrance into the school system and/or grade repetition.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	8f961e23d1ebcfc98ff9520b977902f6	The poverty line is defined as 60% of median disposable income in each year, adjusted for household size. Of those aged 17 and under, almost a third was below the 60% of median income poverty line in 2012. By contrast, poverty increased only marginally among the elderly. This marks the continuation of a trend that can be observed since 2004, whereby falling poverty rates of the elderly were the main driver behind the mild downward trend in overall poverty rates. Not surprisingly, this trend has not been affected by the crisis, as the elderly were not affected by deteriorating labour market conditions and pensions, the main income source for this income group, were not reduced for those at the bottom of the income distribution. Since 2009, the unemployment rate has risen from 9.5% to 13.9% in the second quarter of 2014, with an intermediate peak of almost 17.5% (Figure 2.6).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	8f96efbd59188d2f754917173b978f59	Belarus completed alignment of regulations for transboundary movement of waste with the Eurasian Economic Union. To ensure that transport of waste is completed as intended, a deposit of €40 per ton is required of imported or transited waste. Waste imports originate mainly from Ukraine, Poland and Germany.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	8f9b493e1b3526083671ebf1b7002e4c	During the same period the rate across the OECD fell by 64%.4 The difference between the two fatality rates arises as the number of registered vehicles grew faster than the population in Korea.5 The number of per 10 000 vehicle fatalities has been used as an important traffic safety indicator in Korea. It is part of the regional safety' index, which is provided by the Korea Road Traffic Authority' (KoROAD) and forms the basis for overall regional traffic safety policies. The high density of cars might explain, to a certain degree, why Korea has a high number of traffic fatalities, even though there are relatively fewer cars in the country.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	8f9b5b59371189d95a3981045e0153eb	Currently, doctor assistants, who are trained in emergency and outpatient care for diagnosis and prescribing, play a role between doctors and nurses, filling the resource gap particularly in rural areas. Data refer to all nurses who are licensed to practice. Austria reports only nurses employed in hospital. The number of primary care physicians, however, is low at 0.7 per 1 000 population, compared to 1.0 OECD average.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	8f9da55b793c4e342c6719e4ed661279	The MCDCB has been successful in developing and expressing a strong and coherent regional vision, synthesised in the JICA Mega Cebu Roadmap study, and as such has set the stage as a strong advocate to the national government in terms of capital funding, policy implementation, and LGU capacity building. While it is still ‘early days’ in terms of buy-in and trust, the MCDCB continues to actively demonstrate success in collaborative dialogue and advancing plans and projects in a way that co-ordinates, but does not prejudice the autonomy of affected LGUs. The MCDCB model is also unique in its explicit engagement with, and leadership from, the private sector and civil society.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	8f9eb38202f67e1f2f9e331e286c6e1f	Compared to a situation without climate change, the four “climate change” scenarios modelled in this study project large changes in future yields, resulting in increased threats to food security in many developing countries. Aggregate consumption decreases in all regions in all four of the modelled scenarios. The loss of calories per capita due to climate change ranges between 2% and 5% compared to the Reference scenario. This would have obvious impacts on food availability.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e237bee-en	8f9fc30147cce96b7aa4fac351223cbf	However, the dichotomy between traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge is reported as a cause for underdevelopment. Participatory research and farmer-back-to-farmer models of technology transfer (Amanor et al., Similarly, disciplines such as ethnobiology have sought to build bridges between indigenous knowledge and modern science.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	8fa1ed6e7c9691f36a97dc22eb7e986a	These provisions take basically two forms: special benefits for divorcees or regulations for pension sharing (or ‘pension splitting’) after divorce. On the other hand, some countries that have a pension model based on individual rather than derived pension rights, such as Finland and Sweden, and protect divorcees in a different way by making everyone eligible for a pension benefit independent of past or present family situation (Choi 2006; European Commission 20i3:Tablei4.4). However, they may not be sufficient where there is unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men. Foster (2010) points out that in the United Kingdom, for instance, children are on average 4-5 years old at the time of divorce so caring responsibilities are still likely to reduce mothers’earnings for some years afterwards. These gaps in earning history can thus continue to compromise women’s pensions even after sharing the pension rights and contributions accumulated over marriage (see, for example,Ginn 2006: Frericks et al.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	8fa9b4b50e5bbaa27595fcaf7d39ac02	The statistically derived weights can appear counterintuitive to people as they are based on algorithms that only consider the frequency and/or distribution of data rather than their normative meaning. Finally, normative weighting incorporates the value judgment (of a subsample) of the society on each dimension into the creation of the weights. This method requires participatory approaches in the derivation of the weights, which are difficult to organise.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	8fa9c3f3b3769c225624237e17c07c67	Changes in these strategies are driven mainly by their national development strategies (64%), the implementation of the trade facilitation agreements (39%), efforts to reduce poverty (36%) and efforts to improve international competitiveness (36%), amongst others through regional integration (32%), industrialisation (25%) and the expansion of services (21%). As such, commitments are an expression of the current priorities of the recipient and donor. Commitments are recorded as the full amount of the expected transfer, irrespective of the time required for the completion of disbursements, which in some cases may take many years.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a84cce24-en	8fab5f5b5fc7ee3e7a5f7306b5f75ad9	Yet, important barriers to market access persist for developing countries. Also, agricultural subsidies in advanced countries remain high and continue to limit production and income opportunities for farmers in developing countries. While further progress needs to be made in enhancing world market access for developing countries and reducing agricultural support measures in developed countries, multilateral rules will need to be recalibrated in order to increase the space available to developing countries for building production and trading capacity.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/2640b601-en	8fabc6aba67bf5bb8a738bbb718c6919	Steam is a prominent historical example. Stationary steam engines were first introduced in the eighteenth century for dewatering coal mines. Stationary steam power subsequently spilled over to drive mechanization in manufacturing (e.g. textiles) and agriculture (e.g. threshing) and also to mobile applications such as railways and steamships.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/9c62d948-en	8fac763cb5910995e7f985ddf082cbf6	Generally, accessing property is a tedious and difficult process that necessitates engaging with corrupt and procedure-heavy bureaucracies and paying multiple fees. High land values in the sub-region have stimulated land speculation. This, in turn, reduces the means available for the upgrading of public services. Accurately compiled and updated data on housing settlements are deficient in the absence of formal systems, hence efficient municipal tax collection is virtually impossible.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283299-en	8fad44740b7e315bac2842c61211a106	Belgium implemented comprehensive smoking cessation services, and smoke-free policies were also implemented (WHO, 2015). As in many other countries, mass media campaigns were launched to promote the '5 a day’ target for fruit and vegetable consumption. Belgium imposed a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in 2016, as is the case in France and Finland, but abandoned a sugar tax on food products.	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jxx20dk8jf5-en	8fb0534c1eec2df9720e55c86c8088c0	The latter which concerns sustainability is necessitated by the current overexploitation and poor management of marine resources, resulting in lost opportunities to improve livelihoods, heightened risks to global food security, and diminished economic opportunities especially for the world's fisherfolk and coastal populations. These developments have made possible access to, and use of, marine resources that were out of reach a few decades ago such as marine bio-prospecting, renewable marine energy and rare metal mineral extraction in the seabed. These include small populations, a limited natural (land-based) resource base, high dependency on development assistance and international trade (especially for imports), susceptibility to external shocks, remoteness from major markets, recurrent natural disasters and they are highly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, especially rising temperatures and sea-level rise. The fact that oceans surround them makes many of these vulnerabilities more evident especially in environmental terms, in high transportation cost and in low connectivity terms.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	8fb16b366e8835e12e41143bfb31273a	Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing. In the past decades, effective medical and psychological treatments and differentiated, community-based mental health care systems have been developed. However, these improvements have so far neither translated into a substantially broader inclusion of people with a mental disorder into the workforce nor to financial independence. The evidence points to manifold reasons for this, including the still severe under-treatment, or delayed treatment, of people with a mental disorder, some intrinsic characteristics of even milder disorders like co-morbidity, chronicity and the role of the personality, as well as the lack of collaboration between the health care system, the employers and other stakeholders.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264113718-en	8fb2c3c0d822a13a4a3aa900a7c14e63	This means that there is a risk that companies will offer firm-specific rather than broader occupational training. In practice, because of all kinds of market imperfections, firms do support some training in transferable skills, but often not enough. While workplace training needs to yield benefits to employers to encourage them to offer training places, it should not be so firm-specific that it inhibits future professional mobility.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	8fb33923a382d0b9a229ae2438cb3fc2	It does not calculate cycling access to bus stations, as it is assumed that bus services are accessed by walking only. The main purpose of comparing CYTAL and PTAL is to highlight areas where PTAL is low by itself but can potentially be raised by including cycling as an access mode. This measure, however, does not take into account the availability of cycling infrastructure, such as parking at origin or destination, or the suitability of the cycle network for a given trip. Thus, this indicator serves TfL for strategic cycling analysis and helps identify areas for potential future cycling infrastructure investment in the Greater London Area. Most importantly, such analysis requires additional quality data on availability of cycling infrastructure, including parking and dedicated cycling lanes, and on perceived safety and overall convenience of cycling in various areas across London. However, they do not capture the actual accessibility needs of various groups of people.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	8fb53405c24786cac12ad5bca65cebde	In addition to strengthening horizontal co-operation among ministries, vertical co-operation with the Lander and municipalities will be needed for NAS implementation, as the subnational authorities have legislative and administrative powers in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The involvement of the private sector, the social partners and NGOs has also to be clarified. The NAS participatory process has in this respect already provided a valuable basis. Government funding has supported this community, focusing on Austrian issues, but has also encouraged international co-operation to leverage greater resources, particularly as part of EU-funded initiatives (Table 5.2).	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	8fb887da552d28cfff540352df06db90	The impact of additional instruction time has been identified by researchers who have used quasi-experimental methods to examine the causal relationship between school days and student achievement. Naturally occurring and exogenous variation in amount of instructional time - due, for example, to school cancellations resulting from bad weather, or teacher absenteeism - has been shown to have a substantial impact on student achievement (Hayes and Gershenson, 2015). For example, Fitzpatrick et al.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	8fba3defbc3bd9a789f692143b3e5b54	Based on this, the central government selected several sites for wind farms. However, as the production of RE does not represent a concrete advantage for the host communities, they oppose it. Wind installations are considered harmful to landscape amenities, which support an increasingly important tourism industry, and there is a general perception that negative externalities are not being compensated for. As a result, it can take up to 10 years to deploy wind farms in Troms County.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	8fbacd396e481b3524a359a2b4e4cbb2	Both the forestry market and the industrial market in Guatemala have weak links to domestic and international demand, so the lion's share of exports traditionally consists of low value-added products. It borders to the east with Belize, to the north and west with Mexico and to the south with the departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal. This invaluable wealth, mainly managed under a community-forest management model aimed at the conservation of natural resources, justifies studying the value chain of wood products obtained from the department's forestry concessions. It also explains why the meta-objectives that have been defined point to increasing job creation in the zone, the strengthening of linkages between all links of the chain and between it and the rest of the country's forestry sector, greater participation by SMEs related to the value chain and, hence, a positive effect on the level of exports from the chain and the country at large. Outside that protected area, and others officially included in the same category, various mainly agriculture- related productive activities are undertaken, such as the production of basic grains (maize and beans) and African palm, along with livestock breeding.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0492621a-en	8fbb869be6a8f594fb9cf160ce2d59a5	The country recently finished rehabilitating the Dushanbe-Kyrgyzstan border road, the Dushanbe-Tursunzade-Uzbekistan border road, and the Dushanbe-Kulma-Chinese border road. Numerous other road-rehabilitation projects are ongoing, and others are scheduled for construction by 2020. Most of these roads connect Dushanbe and other cities of Tajikistan with the border crossing points of China, Afghanistan and Central Asian neighbours.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	8fbd2976d24a3439ea1a696831812fd6	Policy coordination and policy tailoring, being the main issues of the report, have been tackled both by a specific chapter of the report and horizontally by the other chapters with a narrower focus on their specific theme. The latter have, however, extended the analysis to include an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of framework conditions and policies for human capital, innovation, access to finance, and business environment at state level. In the case of programmes such as capital semilla or the SME productive project, for example, project applications have been pre-selected by state governments, which has permitted screening out projects not in line with state priorities or unlikely to survive without public support in the given local economic context. The largest national investments have always been preceded by a close dialogue between federal and state authorities.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	8fbe34cc2311e32f425e1b0cf673be36	For example, in Stockholm county council about 40% of the payment is based on capitation, 55% on variable fee-for-service, and 3% is performance-related. In other county councils, between 80-98% of the payment is based on capitation. The risk-adjusted formulas used for determining capitation payments also vary between counties, from simple formulas based on age and gender to more complex formulas incorporating health status, prior use of services and socio-economic need. Such schemes include government or locally funded incentives for attaining specified priorities.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6546680a-en	8fc0322ed709404915ce4698abfd5298	This is typically much more employment-generating than several other economic activities, and also has substantial multiplier effects. Spending on the provision of proper health facilities, for example, or ensuring good-quality and universal education, has great employment-generating potential. There is thus a strong case for pursuing a growth strategy that allows and encourages labour productivity increases overall. Such a strategy should also involve a significant expansion of public expenditure and in turn of income and employment opportunities in social sectors that have a positive impact on the standard of living.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	8fc084757eb6d0fa75f1ff6f53870a73	The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality, International Food Policy Research Institute/Welthungerhilfe/Concem Worldwide, Bonn/Dublin/Washington DC. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, International Labour Organization, Geneva. Electricity Sector Reforms and the Poor in Europe and Central Asia, The World Bank, Washington DC. Recession, Recovery and Reform in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, The World Bank, Washington DC.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	8fc125090f9a15d30f6a6cd560414c08	In Korea, cost-sharing for care including pharmaceuticals is reduced for cancer patients. In Belgium, Finland, Iceland and Norway, payment exemptions are available for certain pharmaceutical goods for patients. The extent of exemption varies across these countries, and includes cancer drugs dispensed in a pharmacy in Belgium, cancer drugs used in hospitals but copayment for pharmacy drugs in Finland, cancer drugs used in hospitals in Iceland, intravenous drugs and several pain-reducing drugs in Norway.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	8fc4738d44d2ed7a6eff7cd7abff7ac3	Pantanal is well preserved, but it is under pressure from the expansion of unsustainable farming and ranching, erosion and siltation, and pollution of rivers due to pesticides. Urban expansion is another important threat to biodiversity in the Pampa. Illegal logged wood is up to 40% cheaper than legal wood, which makes sustainable forest management uncompetitive (Nogueron and Cheung, 2013).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-7-en	8fcb4f2d9a1c233230a22e830853092f	For most children, transitions are satisfying and fulfilling, but for some children they can be challenging and stressful (Jindal-Snape, 2010). Therefore, the nature and smoothness of these transitions can be strongly influenced by decisions on pedagogical (and programme) aspects during the transition stage (Neuman, 2002; Sink, Edwards and Weir, 2007). In educational literature, pedagogy has been conceptualised as the “scientific base for the art of teaching’’ and defined as the set of instructional techniques and strategies that enable children’s learning to take place in educational settings (OECD, 2012; Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Pedagogy refers not only to the actual practices and direct actions of a practitioner, but also to the way a practitioner implements the practices; how he or she intervenes or engages in activities and communicates with children; the way groups and practices are organised; and how the daily schedule is planned.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	8fcd609bd5a91cbf7dcdf5b98068fd4b	In the case of sustainable energy, energy efficiency loans or solar leases could be pooled, securitised and issued as an asset-backed security. The process of pooling or warehousing these loans or receivables is discussed further in the report. To provide a credit enhancement, a specialised insurance provider guarantees or “wraps” the asset-backed security to insure against losses. The insurance wrap typically increases the credit rating of the issuance.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0f7bf42e-en	8fcd9fd26a61dc6bf9418bbe7e7bcd99	Each region—and country—has a unique set of circumstances that influence the number of children a woman has. In country after country, parents have decided to have fewer children in order to provide them with better opportunities.” Pregnant mothers, Chavane says, may not have “enough time to watch over their own health or the health of their other children.”	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	8fd00ab1f65cf810f7ce06acad6664f8	Determinants of participation Community-Based Health Insurance Schemes in Rural Senegal, by Johannes Jutting, January 2003. Lessons from Emerging Markets for EU Accession Countries, by Jorge Braga de Macedo and Helmut Reisen, November 2003. Funeral Associations in Ethiopia and Tanzania, by Stefan Dercon, Tessa Bold, Joachim De Weerdt and Alula Pankhurst, December 2004.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	8fd111cb6781ad2490c0faf63c6c12be	In the context of private sector engagement on the environment, this approach involves focusing on the benefits of improving environmental performance such as increased competitiveness, reduced costs and reduced exposure to risks, rather than environmental benefits per se. Overcoming barriers between relevant departments (e.g. environmental department and private sector development department) within development agencies could facilitate the implementation of interdisciplinary approaches, which use the language of the private sector. In other words, approaches should be rooted in an understanding of how development co-operation providers can better address the barriers that companies face in pursuing market opportunities for green technologies, products and services in developing countries.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	8fd1e53c37f9409a14287fe6fe4b8f7f	Case management is the main mechanism for integration in many programmes targeting vulnerable youth. For instance, a key feature of the Canadian “BladeRunners” programme is a unique system of 24-hour support, seven days per week, from assigned “BladeRunners coordinators.” The co-ordinators take youth to work sites, check to confirm satisfaction with the work site, refer clients to social service providers, assist with housing and transportation, and counsel the clients about future training and job opportunities (Travkina, 2012). Studies illustrate positive results of the programme especially in terms of improvements in motivation and self-esteem.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	8fd844697437b339697305d454899554	The ultimate goal of the discussion is to provide policymakers in the region with an understanding of the state of climate finance and recommendations on approaches for mobilizing climate finance in the light of global efforts, regional trends and successful initiatives. The author would like to acknowledge the ESCAP Environment and Development Division (Rae Kwon Chung, Aneta Nikolova, Riccardo Mesiano, Hala Razian, and with support from Yohan Hong). A peer review was conducted by the Climate Policy Initiative (Mia Fitri and Leela Raina).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	8fd9b2c0f89eef4142adbe2ecf3113a4	On a scale of 1 (very low) to 5 (very high), “High innovation” corresponded to scores of 4 and 5. The indicators presented below capture innovation as a significant change in key practices. On average, more than two-thirds of tertiary graduates (69%) across all sectors perceived their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264167865-9-en	8fdad5400bc0f6b438350650964404ff	The charter required Metro to adopt a 50-year Future Vision and a long-range Regional Framework Plan with which city and county comprehensive plans must comply. Metro has authority to levy taxes (it levies property taxes and excise taxes) and to enforce its planning requirements. Like cities and counties, Metro must comply with state land-use regulations. There are no formal, governmental links that span the Columbia River to connect the Oregon and Washington parts of the region.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ae512255-en	8fde1b06909671d0416ce584459c10ce	The findings suggested that womens life expectancy relative to that of men responded most positively to increased female labour force participation and literacy rates, which enhanced women’s voice and bargaining power within the economy (Seguino, 2002a). Economic growth was positively correlated with progress on SIGE for the two highest income quartiles, but negatively correlated in the two lowest income quartiles. Higher rates of economic growth in the poorer countries were associated with a deterioration in overall gender equality.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	8fdea20c203ff049a64e77ef989baa49	"As a result, it is seen by farmers as an attractive, reliable, and easily accessible source of water (Garrido and Iglesias, 2006) and is highly popular for this reason (Garduno and Foster, 2010). While agriculture is a significant contributor to the recharge of shallow aquifers, both via surface and groundwater irrigation (Taylor et al., Non-renewable abstraction reached 234 km3/year or 20% of gross irrigation demand in 2000, and had more than tripled since 1960 (Wada et al., Due in part to increased climate variability, which affects access to surface water, groundwater resources are increasingly used to the point of being exploited beyond recharge in multiple agricultural regions (Taylor et al., This situation has made groundwater use ""one of the most important challenges for agriculture"" (OECD, 1998; 2013e). Continued abstraction results in falling water tables, which in turn increases the cost of pumping and can create a ""race to the bottom"" among producers."	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	8fe055395c66f729e1b3f355b4a77508	"Recent analysis of Efficiency Vermont, the energy efficiency operator in Vermont, shows HOGWh energy reductions over a ten year period at a cost of USD 35 million with a levelized cost of USD 39/MWh, but with multiple benefits to consumers totaling USD 105/MWh. ( The California Public Utilities Commission policy rules and related reference documents outline the administration, oversight, and evaluation of energy efficiency programmes funded by ratepayers in California. In 2010 the Chinese government issued an ""Electricity Demand-side Management (DSM) Implementation Measures"" regulation requiring all grid companies to deliver energy reduction of at least 0.3% of the previous year sales and peak demand reductions of at least 0.3% of the previous year peak demand.(IEA 2013)."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	8fe7806835ae45537d22261fecdb9b13	First, labour market slack is exceptionally large in many countries and thus outside of most recent experience. Another difficulty in applying historical evidence to the current recovery period is the very different composition that it takes in different countries. Whereas massive labour shedding led to large increases of unemployment and inactivity in some countries, an unusually high share of the total decline of labour input has been achieved through hours reductions in a larger number of countries (cf. The need for vigorous employment growth is evident for the former group of countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	8fec9cdf1660f9870128964a1befcdcc	All the indicators of variability (coefficients of variation and correlations) in Part I are calculated across time for individual farms; the average across the sample farms is reported in the tables and figures. This analysis of observed variability is subjected to the usual caveat that some farmers’ decisions and strategies are already embedded in the observed values of some variables (such as yield or costs). For many farmers, production (or rather yield since our focus is on crop farms) and price are the two variables that reflect the main sources of risk.	2	0	3	1.0
10.14217/50cb9877-en	8fecbbcf8fc61a8124c0b4c7f20e438b	There is evidence indicating that climate change, climate variability and extreme environmental events and natural disasters result in women, due to their social roles (Carvajal-Escobar etal. Their extensive knowledge and expertise should also be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies. And at the national level, evidence suggests that countries with higher proportions of women in political leadership perform much better on climate change mitigation than governments with fewer women, possibly due to women being more concerned than men about the impact of climate change in such countries (Women's Environmental Network and National Federation of Women's Institutes 2007).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	8fecca5983c01d73f1467d890df844c1	Interpretation of changes of working hours over time needs to take into account that the total number of working hours in an economy might be sensitive to the business cycle. It is therefore recommended to analyse the indicators of the sub-dimension together with GDP growth, the employment-to-population ratio and the mean actual working hours. Average working time might decrease during recessions, while employment in long working hours might increase (as layoffs increase the workload of the remaining workers).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	8fef208378f92b952448de9af1b9f420	Multilateral institutions will face the same definitional and methodological issues that the OECD DAC system will need to address, particularly around identifying what is adaptation specific. As previously mentioned, there is currently a process underway within the World Bank Group to identify the percentage share of each project in the Bank’s portfolio which supports climate change related outcomes. The methodology for calculating the percentage of a ‘climate change co-benefit’ could then be applied across all multilateral institutions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	8ff0f4de6518878bd9c6a208bb8b8abc	Since the reform of state-approved contracts (contrats responsables) in 2014, complementary insurance plans, except in rare cases, cover all forms of co-payment. While the numerous levels of co-payments may reduce the transpar ency of the system for households, the systematic acceptance of co-payments by state-approved contracts helps reduce the number of people foregoing treatment. In addition, access to care is facilitated by the fact that use of the direct payment system (tiers payant) is obligatory when dealing with fragile populations (CMU-C (complementary universal health coverage), ACS (vouchers) and AT-MP (occupational risks), but also ALD (long-term illnesses) and persons receiving maternity care since 2017).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289347945-5-en	8ff1d2fcaec4669a3d3da967b9fa3ca3	They state that before engaging in more mining activities better care should betaken of the metals that have already been extracted. One of the Nordic mining companies is a world leader when it comes to the recycling of metals and rare earth metals. Another company is concerned about waste rock dumps.	8	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	8ff22a8021ddf316911c47c4f8af279c	Women's names do not feature in ongoing power struggles for the top leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), although the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) has three women at the helm. In the countdown to 2015 - the deadline for the 28 targets of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Gender and Development and of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3: promoting gender equality and empowering women - South Africa needs to redouble its efforts to ensure the achievement of gender parity in all areas of decision-making. South Africa also needs to ensure that this translates into real changes in the lives of the majority of women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	8ff2d79f99e0bf7883b1b02896e135f4	In this case, the Seoul metropolitan government also collaborated with private partners under a public-private partnership structure to provide public transport (Pucher et al., Revenue is deposited in a trust fund, which in turn proceeds payment for the agents on a weekly basis. This revenue and other charges pursuant to the concession contract contribute to 4% of the system’s budget. The city-owned company that oversees the project, TransMilenio S.A., functioned thanks to city subsidies until 2003.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	8ff3ed178ff681cecf3596d822bf4f0d	A number of key grain exporting countries, primarily developing economies, adopted export bans or at least partial export restrictions in an attempt to provide enough domestic production for local consumption. At the same time, some major grain importing nations reacted by tendering larger-than-anticipated import bids, reducing pre-existing import restrictions such as tariffs and relaxing tariff rate quotas. If many countries seek to transfer price risk to others, the outcome is likely to be ineffective (Martin and Anderson, 2012). In the case of a large exporter, or if a number of exporting countries that are collectively large in the market impose export restrictions, the effect is to increase the world price of the staple food.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	8ff506ee2e5ffe4b5aeb92e6dbe4bec5	On the management side, highly stressed regions would benefit from reviewing their approaches, especially via more use of collective management schemes. Whether the relatively wide use of the proposed recommendations by the regions in the intermediate category contributes to their moderate stress status would require further data and analysis. Conversely, it is not unreasonable to consider that some stresses may be needed to induce comprehensive responses.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	8ff7e9ed3568b428df603aef06d3eb0b	In Ontario, Canada, for example, school principals and vice-principals can be re-assigned to a different leadership position or dismissed from their responsibilities if appraisal has resulted in a third unsatisfactory rating and after the introduction of improvement plans. In New Zealand, school principals are typically employed on a permanent basis. In case of serious concerns, however, a competency process designed to provide remedial support may be initiated.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	8ff818faa9a8f5bc2f2817631f511bb1	However, ODA for STI capacities directed to the LDCs, land-locked developing countries and small island developing States, as well as for developing countries in Africa, has remained at the about same levels for the past decade. The North-South divide in research and innovation, while still large for many countries, is narrowing overall, as more countries incorporate STI in their national development strategies.®5 Increased R&D spending and institutional strengthening over the past 20 years have encouraged more cross-border collaborations. In 2014, 86 per cent of scientific publication in low-income countries had international co-authors (from 80 per cent in 2008), with 38 per cent in lower-middle income countries (from 29 per cent in 2008).	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	8ffd07be24ea4cc82f0ecc8c77933303	For instance, if more open trade raises food availability in importing countries, this may reduce incomes for net food sellers, and specific measures may therefore be required to help negatively-affected households and prevent hardship (Brooks and Matthews, 2015). Within the Individual scenario in particular, which by default is characterised by a lack of international co-operation, little focus on coherent food regulations and hence comparatively high trade costs, a reduction of regulatory heterogeneity could increase average farm incomes in South and Central America by around 9% by 2050. Brazil is found to increase average farm incomes by about 12% in that scenario, demonstrating its prominent role as an agricultural exporter.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	8ffdc7637ce07ce48bc1c5a6ccc80cc9	The goal being to create a modern and industrialised agricultural sector. Previous reforms were locked in and further actions were required as a result of further international integration at the bilateral, regional and multilateral level. The final few quantitative restrictions over agricultural imports and exports were removed.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	9000f00c8b312c865c3e0106f4215c7a	He suggests that the small effect reflects the fact that insurance cannot absorb the non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, it may also reflect the possibility that unemployment insurance has a similar impact on the employed and the unemployed as suggested by other studies discussed in the main text. When jobs and workplaces combine these factors, people are more apt to manage work pressure and difficult tasks; they also tend to be healthier, more satisfied with their job and more productive. But working conditions may also impinge negatively upon an individual’s personal life.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	9005631d12d20c6a1daa7b74791fb99a	Furthermore, the share of local government and the education authority has been consistently increasing. On the other hand, the central government share is decreasing. A comparison of fiscal transfers from the central government to local governments among OECD countries shows that the sub-national fiscal capacity of Korea is weaker than in other OECD peer countries.	4	1	3	0.5
10.14217/e4231bb8-en	900942d03c42370bfe04200b6cd7d991	Malta is prone to floods, erosion and fresh-water shortage (European Commission n.d.). Initiatives such as the National Flood Relief Project - which involved the construction of a network of underground tunnels, canals and bridges for better storm-water drainage by 2015 (Ministry for European Affairs and Equality n.d.) - Valletta will be one of the European cities worst hit by drought and heatwaves as a result of climate change, potentially pushing the country beyond breaking point. The research team showed results for three possible futures, which they called the low-, medium- and high-impact scenarios. Even in the most optimistic scenario, Malta will experience 38 per cent more heatwave days each year and maximum temperatures around four degrees Celsius higher. On this view, drought will become 1.29 times more severe.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/db521e55-en	900d220a11671ba3eb310f102764b5ab	The application of this principle has proven to be the single most divisive political issue between Parties over the life of the Convention. Unlike the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol contained quantifiable binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries in Annex I.70 This represented the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities at that time. The Protocol finally entered into force on 16 February 2005. In spite of its entry into force, however, several major emitters remained outside mandatory emissions regime, either because they were non-Annex 1 countries, such as China and India, or because they were unwilling to sign on to the Protocol, such as the United States of America.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277991-6-en	900fcbc16897f10ab8fdc54f63139436	These water challenges contain both environmental (e.g. depletion of local water resources, untreated wastewater) and economic dimensions, (e.g. cost of inaction to catch up with expanding infrastructure needs, water losses, lack of resilience to floods) and in this regard, are critical green growth obstacles. While there is increasing recognition, in particular by the Metro Cebu Development Co-ordinating Board (MCDCB), of the urgent need to tackle these problems in order to ensure the sustainable long-term development of the Province, this section proposes alternative or complementary policy recommendations to the existing WSS strategies, following OECD and non-OECD countries and cities’ experience in this sector. However, MCWD only serves 57% of the population (1.2 million residents) in its franchise area, the remaining population being served by Community Water Associations or private suppliers (JICA and MCDCB, 2015).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	9011629e9e310b19c8c7099c9519c8f2	Recent projections from the European Commission (2012), however, point to eldercare costs doubling - and possibly tripling - by 2060 in the EU area as populations age. The increase will exceed 3 percentage points of GDP in Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands. The OECD 2011 report Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care shows that the costs associated with low care needs (i.e. ten hours per week) may rise to very high levels at old ages (65 and over) and account for more than 60% of a senior’s available income up to the fourth decile (Figure 2.27).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	9011bf8f7de48015ed67c9378e49f01f	Parents’ views on the possibilities for networking and communication among parents are assessed in less than half of the countries (6 out of 15), as are their opinions on the daily schedules and planning of activities for their children. Parents are also not very often asked about the materials settings have (6 out of 15), nor about the relevance of the setting’s ECEC curriculum for home learning: only a quarter of the countries review this. Bergen’s monitoring practice shows how a large Norwegian municipality tackles its legal responsibilities for monitoring ECEC services, and how the monitoring practice fits into the broader frame of quality development.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	9012f32c9088d88963a9acc28098ccae	The training of school teachers can be strengthened to help them recognise and eliminate potential bias that they can have with regards to gender groups. Such bias can have an impact on student school-based assessment. Boys can improve their performance in core subjects if schools and parents encourage them to read (Box 3.1) and make homework a priority.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	90141dde8ee0b8e8ff8b6e16b4722eac	Its highly qualified collaborators and leaders have largely potentiated this role. This high profile is based on a very rigorous process of recruitment and a very constructive and independent attitude towards all states. The ANA has been, and should keep being, the meeting point of two tendencies. On the one hand, a “centralisation” tendency in the sense that it is part of its role to build a “national platform” of data and knowledge, a role which no other organisation can perform that way.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	9016a67f2ddfe77ccf851018bd1292ab	"Individuals need a multiplicity of skills to achieve diverse life goals. These skills are general in nature and relevant for all kinds of occupations, considered necessary to provide a foundation for effective and successful participation in the social and economic life of advanced economies. The OECD has developed two major data instruments to assess these skills: the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assessing 15-year-olds in literacy, numeracy and science; and the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) assessing adults aged 16-65 in literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments, also called ""information-processing skills"". They are based on recognised taxonomies in personality psychology, particularly the ""Big Five"" factors (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness). So far, no comprehensive measures exist, but conceptual work is being carried out to evaluate the potential of developing measurement instruments in the future (OECD, 2015c)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	90172a20ddaa34274168566ad172dbdb	Basin efficiency in the base year (2005) is calculated as the ratio of the net irrigation water demand to the total irrigation water depletion estimated from records (Shiklomanov, 1999). The projection of irrigation water demand depends on the changes in irrigated area and cropping patterns, basin efficiency, and effective rainfall. Global climate change affects future irrigation water demand through changes in precipitation and temperature along w ith other meteorological variables that affect crop evapotranspiration. Irrigation demand in the FPU is calculated for a given cropping pattern after taking into account the basin efficiency of the irrigation system.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	90172aa454aac5e79759fa179891bfd9	Formally, such system effects are externalities, whose textbook definition is “an effect that is not accounted for by the one who causes it”. The essence of an externality is the lack of reciprocity between those who are affected by them to those who cause them. Usually markets establish such feedback mechanisms (“I give to you, you pay me; I receive from you, I pay you.’’), In such cases, the price mechanism is incapable of organising the usual reciprocal exchanges between those who create a good or a bad and those who enjoy it or suffer from it. Consequently, negative externalities are over-produced and positive externalities are under-produced. In the case of system effects in the electricity sector, the relative newness of the issue, the lack of firm information and the lack of an appropriate allocation of responsibilities all have contributed to a situation, in which system effects in the electricity sector are part of a general “entropy of costs”, where costs rise and profits fall without reasons that are clearly identifiable.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b55e471b-en	90180d8dec310130dcb2ee7883f5f58c	Additionally, it can be difficultto isolate environmental factors from other drivers of migration. In the Middle East and North Africa, for example, it has been predicted that environmental degradation will reduce the amount of fertile arable land and thus compound a shortage of employment for a youthful population expanding quickly as a result of demographic trends, a proportion of whom may thus migrate to look for work.131 In this case, environmental degradation, demographic trends and economic factors (a lack of employment) combine as potential drivers for migration. There is no agreed definition or defined category and no explicit legal or normative framework pertaining to people moving as a result of the effects of environmental change.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	90191a2459cb4cd990d150661000b34b	In the case where the majority of the basic data are available and reliable, and the adjustments are based on sound judgement, the estimate of the food available for human consumption is likely to be reliable”. Burkina Faso is known to be a major producer of sorghum, millet and maize and a net importer of rice. The differences in maize and sorghum - not consumed according to INSD - amount to 80 000 and 185 000 tonnes, respectively,10 or 12% of total production. These quantities have probably been exported, in which case they should be found entering a neighbouring country. Hence, errors in food energy supply estimates of one country can have repercussions on the estimates of other countries in the region.	2	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	90193a750924111a1c960e1343b2a1e1	The included benefits cover three types of ecosystem services; Changes in flood protection (based on avoided property damages), changes of the biodiversity of the wetlands (based on contingent valuation) and the nutrient retention of the additional wetlands (based on replacement costs). The benefits from these changes of ecosystem services as a result of the program are then compared to the cost of both alternative programs. The comparison shows that the dike relocation program is economically advantageous to the polder program if one includes the two additional ecosystem services.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	9019902ef1251f0331ebb114871ffe3b	A similar trend is observed in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, with 74 per cent of NUPs (14 out of 19) at or beyond the implementation stage. In contrast, the majority of NUPs in the Arab States region are in their early stages, with 11 out of 17 NUPs in the feasibility, diagnosis or formation stage. The proportion of NUPs in these early stages is also high in Africa (45 per cent) and Asia and the Pacific (44 per cent).	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	901b34218389837a82472635ee320d08	For example, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia withdrew' their reservation to Article 9 paragraph (2) to allow' w'omen to transmit their nationality to their children. Other international conventions deal with the question of nationality but very few MENA countries have ratified them. It provides the protection of the state and is the legal basis for the exercise of citizenship. In many countries, only citizens enjoy the full exercise of political, economic, social and cultural rights; aliens are deprived of the right to reside in the state in which they live, are denied the right to vote and have limited access to health, education, housing or employment.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	901d25eb016a2ae9eb136cd0d7a516aa	Those children who grow up with a great smartphone but a poor education will face unprecedented challenges. The least we can do now is use our capacity to reimagine the education they will need. David Autor, professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has produced impressive data on this.11 There is no question that state-of-the-art knowledge and skills in a discipline will always remain important. Innovative and creative people generally have specialised skills in a field of knowledge or a practice.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/73320136-en	901e1a10e394fb44ef1167c1b53af13f	Libya and Yemen, too, have more recently slid into states of civil war, with competing factions, often based on tribal and regional affiliations, vying for local and sometimes national power, although given the especially recent and dynamic nature of conflict in these countries, they are not covered in detail in this chapter. Data come from 1990 and 2010.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/b7b9f17d-en	901fe7446a78ed2bc109e49082488d1e	It guides governments and stakeholders in the fisheries sector in how to focus and step up their efforts against IUU fishing. Comments were received from CCAMLR (David Agnew), CCSBT (Bob Kennedy, Susie Iball), GFCM (Nicola Ferri, Federico DeRossi), IATTC (Jean-Francois Pulvenis), ICCAT (Jenny Cheatle), IOTC (Christopher O’Brien), NAFO (Fred Kingston), NEAFC (Darius Campbell), NPFC (Dae Yeon Moon), SEAFO (Lizette Voges), SIOFA (Jon Lansley), SPRFMO (Sebastian Rodriguez) and WCPFC (Feleti P. Teo, Arlene Takesy). The authors would also like to thank OECD colleague Franck Jesus and Gilles Hosh (Quasso Marine) for their comments on successive versions of the paper. They are grateful to Laetitia Christophe, Sally Hinchcliffe, Michele Patterson, and Theresa Poincet for editing and preparing it for publication.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9022838782e0d2b02d4df6457db5cf56	Rates of scientific publication are similarly indicative of framework conditions for research and innovation. According to a 2003 report by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), Israel is ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) with 1 334 publications published per million inhabitants. That is, inventions by an employee are treated as “works made for hire.”	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	9028f77a1b86de57fb8137bd30cdd977	One example of the capability of the system to work on efficiency improvement is the school consolidation process. This process was led in a decentralised fashion by individual municipalities. Municipalities have sought to consolidate their school systems to both increase student achievement by improving the learning environment and to reduce expenditures in the Folkeskole by achieving economies of scale through larger school sizes. The national system reduces financial differences across municipalities.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	902a8dffa6a5cf55379aaab979947f27	One of the initiatives of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 is the development of sustainable urbanisation strategies in ASEAN cities. This includes the launching of a smart transportation initiative for public transportation and non-motorised transportation. These include employment creation, social and environmental impacts, and alignment with broader development strategies and resource mobilisation (OECD, 2018a). Public and private funds have roles to play in financing sustainable investments in public transportation. Public financing could benefit from the development of new sources of revenue, including land value capture tools that allow governments to collect revenue generated through the effects of improved infrastructure and services on nearby land values (OECD, 2015a).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	902b089ac4e8961870ed978cd9b32967	Esteban and Dinar (2012) analyse agricultural water management options and find that collective responses always lead to higher welfare results for farmers and society. Indeed, self-regulation and management by user groups have been effective ways to conserve groundwater (FAO, 2011; Koundouri, 2004). Stephenson (1996) reported how the Upper Republican Nebraska River District helped control groundwater coming from the High Plains Aquifer.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	902db4de468782df323a6257160aa5cd	For example, in the United States, the share of university graduates has been rising in manufacturing and the share of workers with at most high school attainment shrinking. This is largely a result of production in this sector shifting away from physical work in the production process, which is increasingly automated. Despite the shift in employment towards higher skilled workers, wages in the manufacturing sector have been declining relative to the economy-wide average since the early 1980s (Figure 1.2).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	902fa27f01a6fb25f72dce99ad917376	Involvement of all stakeholders is essential to improving the outcomes at each stage of the policymaking process. And, within the context of climate change, it is critical that negative trade-offs, unintended consequences and maladaptation be avoided. Regrettably, those most vulnerable to climate hazards are often excluded from policy discussions or are inadequately represented.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	903091bbbb451426f533a47d4e184245	The chapter reviews the factors that push migrant women towards entrepreneurship and that determine their different entrepreneurial behaviour compared to migrant men. In order to understand the determining factors behind the motivation towards entrepreneurship as well as gender-based differences, the chapter addresses and evaluates the results of several case studies in selected OECD countries. The chapter also evaluates the transformations in the motivation and driving forces of migrant women towards entrepreneurship over the years.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	90318da69b501b978c2a273f7e21008d	In countries where overweight and obesity have increased, diets have typically shifted towards higher intake of energy-dense foods which are high in fat, salt and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. Women with better education are more aware of the importance of adequate diets and can secure access to better-paying jobs. In developed countries, it has been observed that poorly educated women are 2-3 times more likely to be overweight than those with high levels of education (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012a).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	903447cb7247f0abb0f915e73888656c	Moreover PARP co-operates with employers and employee organisations, NGOs, business-support organisations, and central and regional administrations on entrepreneurship policy, the implementation of instruments and design of new initiatives. These are either regional development agencies or institutions with adequate experience in supporting SMEs (i.e. chambers, foundations, associations). The areas focused on by the RFIs include: implementing regional enterprise development instruments and administering PARP-specific sectoral SME support instruments in the regions.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-9-en	90355705c98148a82586f6a3e0df3673	Similarly, multilateral platforms can be an important vehicle for knowledge sharing (for example, in research and development, or in the design of risk management tools). These consist of specific contributions to global food security that OECD countries can make via reforms to their own policies, in terms of avoiding policies that create negative spill-overs and adopting beneficial policies. This corresponds to the Policy Coherence for Development agenda. National governments themselves have responsibility for implementing strategies and policies to improve food security.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264282261-21-en	9038007928b270f0e7127812c37ee246	The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquacullure were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	903955c78d24455cf88ed8fccb98d4f7	This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD's Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Much of this information and documentation can be accessed through the Education GPS http://aDseducation.oecd.org. Hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources. The impact of socio-economic status on student mathematics performance is lower than the OECD average, and performance of students from an immigrant background is similar to that of their peers.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	903f679a56f41bf98fbd871f43d7be94	Intelligent water supply, intelligent parking, intelligent lighting and other services provided by the intelligent system have been applied in Shenzhen, Nanjing, Hangzhou and other cities in China, improved the city management, reduced the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, improved the city's liveability level, and promoted the cultivation and development of new enterprises. Relevant to SDGs 9 and 11, the project focuses on the loT industrial standards-related work, which include Requirements, Terminology, Architecture, Protocols, Security Solutions, Ontology, Interworking and Bindings, etc. Specifically, it works on the transposition from published oneM2M standards, which include 18 technical specifications and six technical reports into ITU-T SG20.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/42b33a50-en	9040a60920df97427125990fa5aae14f	The National Energy Strategy till 2020 reflects the political vision of the Government of European Development of Bulgaria pursuant to the up-to-date European energy policy framework and the global trends in the development of energy technologies. It is prepared as a draft document which formulates the purposes, basic principles, relevant instruments, sector policies, the expected results and the necessary funding for their achievement. It is aimed at the development and implementation of a comprehensive national policy for energy efficiency. This strategy is based on the EU Green Paper on Energy Efficiency and Action on Energy Efficiency, published in 2006-2007, the Strategy for Economic Development of Bulgaria, the National Strategic Reference Framework and Energy Strategy.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	9041354306cfb531ecbce65cb2f5b22b	All childcare is expected to be self-funding or “sustainable”. As much as 85% of childcare is now provided by the private for-profit market (UK Department of Education, n.d.). A mere 1% of the market is covered by for-profit providers. The highly decentralised federal structure and its multiplicity of stakeholders have resulted in a tangled web that has increased the complexity of the system in terms of finances and organisation.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/df7d93a1-en	904159923b5673ecee1b7be44dcfdf28	Now they work to change the attitudes of other men in their communities. At these schools, married men get information about women's reproductive health. For example, they learn about the importance of spacing pregnancies, of regular examinations during pregnancy, and of giving birth with the assistance of a qualified midwife.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	90415d8cb5c57e528f51d54e13beb443	Moreover, regional averages mask inequality within regions. In Eastern and Middle Africa, for example, Eritrea and Djibouti have primary enrolment rates of 34% and 44%, respectively, compared with 98% in Burundi and Madagascar. Yet Figure 4.1 shows that, despite marked progress in Western, Eastern and Middle Africa and Southern Asia, gender gaps in primary school participation persist.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/64011ade-en	9041eb58c6a884bf01e685db2315667c	For the more developed regions, the urban population has been exceeding the rural one already since 1950 (figure 2.2.) Both of these trends show uninterrupted continuation since 1950. The latter ones saw urban population exceeding in number the rural population in late 1950 in Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia and only in mid-1980 in South Eastern Europe. The situation in the sub regions is nevertheless impacted by its most populous countries, like e.g. the South-Eastern Europe byTurkey. Most of these countries have been seeing decreases in both rural and urban population, with the latter one being even steeper, which resulted in lower rates of urbanization in 2010 compared with 1990. The explanation for such a development can be the migration of population related with the collapse of the communist system and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990, and in later years, for countries that joined the European Union, the job migration to Western Europe and for the Eastern European and Central Asian countries, the job migration to Russian cities.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39bb252d-en	9043c85c00dc76d591a40811a90c411c	"Resolution 2220 (2015) also encourages Member States to strengthen the collection of sex-disaggregated data to better understand the impact of small arms and light weapons on women. As part of the Review, a Global Study was launched on 14 October 2015. In the foreword, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director of UN-Women, notes that the resolution was ""one of the crowning achievements of the global women's movement and one of the most inspired decisions of the United Nations Security Council"". It also notes that international courts and tribunals are dealing with sexual violence in more sophisticated ways."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c2dea192-en	9044eef90339ccf6f11bd603d85476a6	Energy Efficiency Watch 2012). The Efficient Vehicle Incentives Programme, launched in 2012, facilitates the replacement of older, fuel-intensive vehicles with high efficiency models with lower consumptions and GHG emissions. A direct government aid of EUR 1,500 per vehicle is given for efficient vehicles whose before-VAT cost is EUR 25,000 or for electric, plug-in hybrids whose before-VAT cost is EUR 30,000.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	9048ddc6506cc79963b6cdf0045015b2	Existing hydropower capacity is concentrated in the north of India in the Himalaya region (Figure 2.5). Only 55% of the planned capacity of 14 GW under the 10th Five-Year Plan was achieved. Most of the factors delaying the development of hydro projects have now been addressed through legislative and policy initiatives (Ramanathan and Abeygunawardena, 2007).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	904bd7e3c96163e9ea094b847a283a95	See, for example, P. Samuelson and S. Scotchmer, “The Law & Economics of Reverse Engineering”, Yale Law Journal, May 2002, pp. This includes making of the patented product through reverse engineering. To the extent that such reverse engineering is done only for non-commercial purposes (e.g. for scientific research and experimental purposes), it is still consistent with the TRIPS Agreement. But the point here is that engaging in reverse engineering for the promotion of domestic industries will necessarily imply a commercial aspect.	3	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	904fa6ffb97a3cba1c1f7628ecd4848b	However, these funds are not currently earmarked to support tourism training, although discussions are underway between the Egyptian Tourism Federation and the Ministry of Manpower to assign a portion of the levy from tourism establishments to training. In Belgium, for example, employer contributions and sectoral funds finance a range of public and private training initiatives. Enterprises who host registered apprentices or interns can benefit from a reduction in their social contributions for each worker or employee which participates in the train the trainer programme, up to a maximum of EUR 3 200. Other countries, however, note the absence of industry levies and support mechanisms to finance skills and career development in the tourism industry, sometimes in contrast to other sectors.	8	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	90503ed4866518d7121e1525160619b9	Land use, land-use change and forestry, as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covers emissions and removals of GHGs resulting from direct human-induced LULUCF activities. Emissions to the atmosphere can occur through forest fires, conversion of forest to cropland and decomposition of aboveground biomass that remains after logging and deforestation. Removals from the atmosphere occur, for instance, through the extension of forest cover through afforestation and reforestation.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	905253a61a3706682685bf7ff709fc88	A warmer climate will also expand the range of agricultural pests and enable them to survive the winter, thereby affecting spring crops. By die end of twenty-first century, rice production in Asia could decline by about 4 per cent. In North Asia, grain production could fall by 26 per cent and fodder production by 9 per cent. In South Asia, under the most conservative climate change scenario, net cereal production by the end of this century is projected to decline by between 4 and 10 per cent.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	905666e00d1c9999d9f10d2f737bd92c	With the number of students significantly increasing, it is necessary to both hire more teachers and retain the current ones; a deficit of 80 000 teachers and pre-school teachers is expected by 2031 (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2017[ii7]). Compared to its peer countries, Sweden is placed below Germany (0.41), but above Austria and the Netherlands (0.18 and 0.01 respectively). Considering the division of the index by socio-economic profiles, Swedish principals working in the bottom quarter of schools report that the shortage of teaching staff to a greater extent hinders the schools' instruction capacity than the OECD average (0.76 compared to 0.15).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	905b11b52df039d48ad79ea2094da45d	The public goods nature of social infrastructure spending—that is, the positive eternality economies experience in response to such spending—reflects the benefits that accrue to broader society as well as the individual. Much more empirical work is needed to identify its quantitative impact on long-run productivity growth.8 There is, however, already substantial evidence that social infrastructure spending that addresses key intergroup inequalities has sizeable beneficial economy-wide effects. Several studies provide evidence that closing the education gap between boys and girls has a positive effect on economic growth (Klasen and Lammana 2009: Bandara 2015).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	905d4ac15dc89c867a4ec49af0e013c9	Mobility of unskilled labour to Australia and New Zealand, through seasonal work schemes for example, could provide some temporary relief to the high youth unemployment situation in the Pacific. Existing schemes, such as the Recognised Seasonal Employer Work Policy in New Zealand and Australia’s Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (made permanent in July 2012 as the Seasonal Worker Programme), have been hailed as a success. Governments of Pacific island economies have argued that more needs to be done, in terms of numbers and sectoral coverage, and in ensuring greater certainty for such schemes.	8	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	905dbfa6c2a24330ff9cf11621ff2a92	The most important factor of all may be an open, agile mindset and willingness to embrace change in a fast-moving economy - it is this open mindset which has seen a book provider become a major cloud services provider, a social media network become a major news outlet/distributor, and a search engine engage in everything from satellite imagery to translation services to self-driving cars. E-commerce can help economies open up to new markets abroad and the opportunities of the online economy, but some commentators have suggested it may also leave economies with shallow, or incomplete industrialization vulnerable to a flood of imports from abroad. Indeed, the role of consumers in driving the supply chain has also yet to be clearly understood in many countries.	9	0	8	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	9061015295846407e68a11041b14875c	Most countries use a mix of policy instruments, including carbon pricing (carbon taxes, cap-and-trade emissions trading, fossil fuel subsidy reform), other energy efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation policies to foster clean technology. The chapter then looks at what further action is needed by comparing different mitigation scenarios against the Baseline. These include various scenarios to stabilise GHG concentrations at 450 ppm and 550 ppm using different technology options, e.g. carbon capture and storage, phasing out nuclear power, and increasing the use of biofuels; linking carbon markets; and various emissions permit allocation rules. The chapter concludes by outlining how limiting global warming will require transformative policies to reconcile short-term action with long-term climate objectives, balancing their costs and benefits. Timely adaptation policies to limit damage by the already changing climate will also be essential.	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	90651b7729fe5c1921b63fae2384e4a0	It was opened by Datin Paduka Dyg Apsah bte Hj Abd Majid, Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Education. The theme was 'Embracing Diversity: Effective Inclusive Schools' and the keynote address, 'Embracing Diversity: Strengthening Inclusive Schools' was made by guest speaker Dr Lori Bradshaw. The materials include the statutory requirements, early identification, a model for developing school-wide procedures, inclusive systems and ensuring staff ownership. These were developed as part of the Enhancing Effective Practice in Special Education project.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	9065533b4cba476dc36d4b6b323a6d4d	However, several strategic documents address some of the key issues. However, no specific timeframe or plan is established for achieving these objectives. The strategy calls for (a) development of an effective sector management system; (b) improvement of water supply to the population, improvement of water metering and reduction of w'ater losses; (c) rehabilitation and expansion of water supply and sanitation systems, and (d) improvement of tariff collection and enhancing the financial sustainability of water companies. This document does not, however, include a programme or plan with timeframes or details of financial resources for achieving the strategic goals.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	906564eab2053352ad06e6a2c06770d0	Incomes obtained from rented properties are also included. Similarly, allowances related to the family and children, housing allowances, regular inter-household cash transfers received, interests, dividends, profit from capital investments in unincorporated business, and income received by people aged under 16 - all are incorporated into income. The income is net of interest paid on mortgage, regular taxes on wealth owned, regular inter-household cash transfers paid, and tax on income and social insurance contributions.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	906824111d63a1ae3d56f7e635dadee0	This is supported by a dedicated customer website and customer contact centre. It is also necessary to tailor these programmes to avoid unnecessary customer contact. Affordability issues for households facing appreciably higher tariffs have been addressed by a three year “changeover tariff’ to smooth out the increase and, for households affected by real affordability challenges, there is a Support Tariff.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	9069d136be4123fef9226d25c7d79c51	Other data in Konandreas (2012) show that self-sufficiency in cereals has remained remarkably stable in both LDCs and NFIDCs over the past thirty years, at 90% and 70% respectively. Nonetheless, constant self-sufficiency ratios are consistent with a growing volume of commercial cereal imports. Paying for food imports can strain the resources of countries where economic growth lags and foreign exchange earnings are limited.	2	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	9070ab4e93b6004e7b7da2ef86e14802	Payments are withheld if a supplier fails to meet the specified conditions. Conditional payments are used in a number of jurisdictions as a compliance mechanism. In the Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia a biobanking agreement is made between a landowner and the New South Wales Minister for the Environment at the establishment of a biobank site which includes the details of the estimated land management costs in perpetuity.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	9071200ab38fe16a9504947edad83763	The availability of such information is particularly crucial for potential investors as this will shed light on resource supply risks, thereby reducing their due diligence costs. To ensure non-discrimination between foreign and national investors, this information should be available in multiple languages, ideally in an electronic format so as to also be easily accessible from outside the country. However, the grid has not always been extended to accommodate clean electricity generation. In fact, renewable energy resources may not necessarily be located close to the existing grid network.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	907a40bc80e3f9fa12dbd29fc4d94684	In response to the devastating heat wave that killed at least 2,500 people across India in 2015, the government is launching a programme designed to protect people from extreme heat in two high-risk regions. In preparation for the onset of summer, the cities involved in the programme will have spent months educating children about heat risk, stocking hospitals with ice packs and extra water, and training medical workers to identify heat stress, dehydration and heat stroke. These plans, which are geared towards reducing health risks incrementally, present a unique opportunity to achieve policy integration. For instance, the so-called urban heat island3 effect, a major source of aggressive heat injurious to human health, can be reduced by creating more green spaces or utilizing different materials in construction4 (Silva, Phelan and Golden, 2010), which could contribute to building climate resilience and more sustainable cities.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	907c1707ad43c810632c047c6fddd251	Forty-five observation points on the Aral Sea bed help to assess the impact of the lowering sea level on groundwater in the area. Twelve observation points focus on the assessment of the impact of the Tajik Aluminium Plant. Several observation points near the Mailuu-Suu and Sumsar Rivers assess the pollution of groundwater from tailings located in Kyigyzstan.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	907cd6cd871993b273b17f331f363788	These can be either independent or structured as elements in a science park, as is the case in Tunisia (World Bank, 2010b). Although every context differs, in general, the government should focus on reducing the red tape that unnecessarily impedes entrepreneurship, while distinguishing between those regulations that serve a purpose and those that simply foster inefficiency. For example, investors might view regulations that require documentation of environmental risks as being simply red tape, even though these regulations are a necessary element of a country’s regulatory framework.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	907d1e958548215ce8985ef0060f2c74	Additionally, owners with TQL allocation are required to pay annually a specific tax calculated according to the amount of quota allocated to the owner. . Satellite Positioning System is required for small-scale vessels (more than 15m length), purse-seine (more than 12m length) and transport vessels. This will help enforce the first mile fishing zone restrictions.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	908093cc03f534cb63344e0597c3471d	More generally, upon comparing the performance of emerging economies with the OECD average, one should bear in mind that OECD countries are a highly diverse group and the average may conceal large differences among them. This falls to 11.7% if one excludes India and Egypt. Calculations based on data from ten countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Mexico, Peru, the Russian Federation and Turkey.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	908427ee2774822e496ddc285064784f	It should also address grid innovation technology directly (Meeus et al, 2011). The intermittency of wind speed, for instance, is assumed to stretch from multiple minutes to the variations on a timescale of several hours. Variability of wind power exists on the longer term as well and is driven by seasonal meteorological parameters and inter-annual variations of wind. Parameters such as wind direction and speed are season-dependent.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/150942f1-en	9085b3492cdd95b9b7373b0f407b2055	The country teams led the country analyses, interacted with the local policy committees and wrote their respective country reports. A visit to each country followed in August. In the following months the regional and country teams carried out the analyses and presented the preliminary results of the study during November and December at the WCARO Social Policy Network Meeting in Dakar, the ODI-UNICEF conference on “The global economic crisis - Including children in the policy response” in London, and the AERC conference on “Rethinking African Economic Policy in Light of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis” in Nairobi.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	9085d47088d62046288ae87a99f44f73	This is a limiting structure, as real-world events occur in continuous time, and more importantly, some decisions/transitions are joint, or occur together. The model also has no labour-supply dimension. There are models for labour-force participation, unemployment and retirement but no model of hours worked and the variables that influence those hours, including the family budget, tax rates, and health. Changes in the macro economy can be entered into the model as a scenario; however, there is no general equilibrium mechanism within the model itself.	3	9	0	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	90877df6e8ec5767a70401b356c053eb	While such metrics would not replace indicators based on casualty numbers, they could alleviate some difficulties associated with the comparability and statistical power of casualty figures. This is essential given the proven relationships between speed and crash risk {ITF, 2018b) and the contribution that speeding plays in making people feel unsafe on the streets. Technology could play a role and support such analysis.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	9087a00932bfd6b450c4cc9a31d5ef51	For example, in order for respondents to be asked questions about intimate partner violence that are relevant to their particular situation, they must first be asked whether they currently have an intimate partner and whether in the past they have had an intimate partners with whom they are no longer involved. The format and design of the questionnaire will also depend on the mode of interviewing and method of data capture. In paper questionnaires, skip instructions and filter questions must be simple enough for interviewers to follow them without error and without causing long delays in the interview. In computer-assisted questionnaires, there is no limit to the number of skip instructions or filter questions that can be included because they are programmed into the computer program in advance and therefore allow interviewers to move through the questionnaire smoothly and accurately. However, excessive use of filter questions nested within other filter questions can cause confusion to data analysts when they attempt to convey the survey results in clear, straightforward messages and may yield results that are unusable owing to the fact that multiple filters have resulted in very small sample counts. Filter questions should therefore be used only as necessary.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	9087d553b12ca84e55643563bba2529f	These women have established families with reduced family responsibilities, wide experience, a loyal constituency and are financially stable. These women can also be mentored by other women in political authority. Appointing women leaders into positions of authority has proved effective in many Commonwealth countries. Redrawing of voting districts - Research has shown women win more open seats (new constituencies) than well-established constituencies. The creation of new districts or local councils can be drawn based on increased population. Involving male champions - Practically, it is important to partner with men who have long-standing control of power, and sensitise them to understand gender equity, equality and mainstreaming.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	9089566e90492e9017e335aae49f4dac	In the United States, the Small Business Act calls for the participation of small business to be maximised with a goal of awarding them no less than 23% of federal contracts annually. The act further calls for no less than 5% of these contracts to be given to small businesses that are owned by women. Similarly, in Korea there is a requirement for 5% of public procurement of products and services in the country to be directed to female entrepreneurs. Although it is not directly related to public procurement, to complete these efforts, some countries also focus on the supply side to support women-owned businesses through low-interest loan programmes, technical assistance, coaching and facilitating access to credit.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	90897b6819f11c932994b9f365d20032	Promotion of gender equality should be the responsibility of all ministries and agencies across governments, from finance to education. Centrally located gender institutions are often perceived as having more authority and better capacity to steer a government-wide implementation of equality agenda, but this is not a generalised rule, and political w'ill and public service leadership support are essential, no matter the choice of institutional structures. Activating and adequately supporting appropriate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the impact of initiatives is another key tool for successful policy development. Effective inter-departmental co-ordination is also critical to implementation efforts.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	908c71acb482abe31431a369cc5e6e8e	Spending on pharmaceuticals per capita in Finland was EUR 377 in 2015, a lower level than in most other EU countries. To contain cost, Finland has also used price freezes and cuts. In 2009, reference pricing was introduced and reimbursement since then is based on the reference price, that is, the price of the cheapest substitutable product plus a small premium. Coverage decisions are reviewed based on the reassessment.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5775ac71-en	908ef064a6dc0f32f7cfc72f1235b0b9	The biggest increases in that time were in Finland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Turkey saw the largest decrease in inequality, although its overall level of inequality remained high. Forecasts for 2060 suggest that gross earnings inequality could continue to rise in the OECD if current trends persist (Braconier et al., It ranges in value from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9091e07d1ac2194a51c9faf317e088b1	Le gouvernement a alors decide d’agir resolument en faveur de la croissance agricole. Differentes incitations ont ete mises en place : developpement massif du credit a des conditions preferentielles, location de machines, aides aux engrais et aux carburants et avantages fiscaux considerables. Les questions de developpement rural et social ont pris de l’importance dans les programmes publics. A la fin des annees 2000, face a l’instabilite de l’economie mondiale, le gouvernement a pris conscience qu’il etait important de veiller a la resilience du secteur agroalimentaire et de faire en sorte que les entreprises privees puissent repondre aux objectifs de developpement agricoles fixes.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6af97a78-en	909c8caf346612c1dd6db6318cf4dfc8	Whether upstream or downstream, these impacts are potentially irreversibly catastrophic in a majority of cases. They will, however, be played out differentially over geographical space in their manifestations and degrees of severity. The uncertainties of very long-term climate forecasting, especially at the local level, suggest that responses must be both tailored to specific localities within river systems and also flexible enough to respond to unforeseen multiple impacts of changes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	909c90ba4f64380e482454a49abcbaf4	While financial and technical scarcity persists, it is the facilitation ofthe polio/ environment and the fulfilment of equity principles in the delivery of contraceptive methods that present the greatest challenges in achieving contraceptive security. A regional advocacy agenda should address ideological objections to modern contraceptives and to people's contraceptive choices and ensure that contraceptive security is meant for all and not only for privileged groups and countries. Financing of commodities is being tackled through high-profile initiatives at the global level, but many challenges in building national capacity for commodity forecasting, procurement, financing, and delivery still remain.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/223b7be0-en	909ee08265e028f5aa8e5667de9edad7	For example, local customs of adopting orphans and separated children by relatives, and particularly women family members, tend to be overlooked (and thus are not sufficiently supported) by Western and national aid programmes. In certain cases, encouraging and understanding the cultural context of mutual help can facilitate a less painful return to some sense of normalcy. For instance, in post-conflict Muslim states such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, external organizations and individuals offering assistance often fail to appreciate the complexity of the culture when engaging with traditional institutions and practice.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	90a133f83049f87d52bca0afa5fcc5da	In the first phase, organizational and managerial training would be provided to those candidates that complied with certain requirements (such as age and educational background). After finishing the training, candidates would prepare project proposals for enterprise development in the second phase. These proposals would be screened, and the most promising would receive seed capital for concretizing their business proposals.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	90a1bc969fb0868035deb25ba9ffa510	"In rural China, electricity is supplied through three channels: a county is connected to a national grid, or is supplied through local dispatch, or is self-supplied. Following this pattern, China implemented the ""Brightness Programme"" and the ""County Hydropower Construction of National Rural Electrification"", using small hydropower, wind and solar power generation for the electrification of rural areas. During the first stage (1949-1977), rural communities were the main investors in rural electrification efforts; during the second stage (1978-1997) the central, provincial and local governments all played fundamental roles; and during the third stage (since 1998) the central government is the main investor. In 1997 the government noted that rural electricity supply suffered from a number of problems."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	90a347397f9ef0b31de52c618b744cd5	This is primarily the consequence of significant price hikes over the year (respectively +33% and +84%), which nevertheless helped maintain the levels of spending. Supply problems on the international market drove prices higher (+17.2%). Consequently, the price of smoked salmon rose by 4% in 2013 and the quantity purchased fell by 7.7%.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	90a4ae0b2c54b915b4159ed9acf97537	As mentioned previously in this chapter, focusing on these raw results is problematic because it ignores the factors affecting student learning that are beyond the teacher’s control and may encourage practices like “teaching to the test” and a narrowing of the curriculum. Appraisal processes that involve classroom observations are associated with better student outcomes, but appraisers need appropriate guidance and instruments in order to conduct them effectively (OECD, 2013b). Since 2013, the Education Council of New Zealand, the professional body for teachers, has delivered a professional learning programme on appraisal practices to appraisers and teachers and has made a range of appraisal resources and guidelines available on its website (Education Council of New Zealand, 2016).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	90a73006a1f211ad98fa282bf4015995	The NRC and AEBC agree that adverse environmental impacts are less likely for livestock breeds than for fish, because most farm animal species have no wild relatives remaining and farm animal reproduction is confined to managed herds and flocks. The danger of becoming feral is low in cattle, sheep and domestic chickens, which are less mobile and highly domesticated, but higher in horses, camels, rabbits, dogs and laboratory animals (rats and mice). Non-transgenic domestic goats, pigs and cats have been known to become feral, causing extensive damage to ecological communities (NRC, 2002).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	90a8ce4635ef6b0f6f21ff70ce836b3c	Among the Thai-bom population, an increase of 0.4 percentage points resulted, over the same time period, in a higher level at 12.9%; while the gap between male and female rates forThai-bom workers was much smaller (0.3 percentage points). In contrast to the sharp decline in the employment-to-population ratio of Thai-bom youth from 2000 to 2010, the EPR of foreign-bom youth increased from 78% to 91%. The same conclusion holds for young men and women separately.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	90b0c041dc8efdac0355c88bdd1a7b87	Early marriage can also have negative inter-generational effects as children are less likely to be educated or immunised if their mother has not received an education (World Bank, 2011). Countries with a lower incidence of early marriage are more likely to have a higher gross female secondary school enrolment rate. In South Africa, for example, 3% of women aged 15-19 are married and the country has a gross female secondary school enrolment rate of 96%. By contrast, in Chad, 49% of women aged 15-19 are married and the gross female secondary school enrolment is 15%.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	90b1cd4cc9379a801bc4c39a56573423	Where the solid line falls outside the OECD average, this implies better results than the OECD average. For instance, for Japan, out-of-pocket spending is low, but is shown as being outside the dotted line, because this is good for adequacy. The indicators are presented in standard deviation units. The equity aspect relates to their effect on the distribution of income, after-tax and health care payments; the efficiency aspect relates to the risk pooling, expenditure smoothing and deadweight losses they entail (Table 2).	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	90b2b80b5709665dcd2738319d0cedc7	In Nepal, for example, where more than 60% of the agricultural work force consists of women, only 13% of agricultural researchers were women in 2012 (Stads et al. The higher up the research ladder, the fewer women are found on the rungs (FAO 2011). Often the perspectives and interests of women scientists, researchers and research managers differ from those of their male counterparts (FAO 2011).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b505e041-en	90b3eebd27d75e1a03e7af0fb9bcf8c2	Thus, while the majority of the contribution to the city economy is made by households in both the cities, the relative contribution of the enterprises is higher in Chennai. Mitra (2010) reported that several of the long-duration migrants and the natives of slums still had a low level of well-being measured by low household income and consumption expenditure per capita, high child-woman ratio and low education and health expenditure per capita, taking the cases of several Indian cities — Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain. The first and foremost issue of contention is the identification of the urban poor.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	90b57172cb9fbf15613e24a801b54884	El efecto del Programa Juntos en el empoderamiento de las mujeres dentro del hogar. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica, Working Paper: Lima, Peru. Asociacion entre la violencia de pareja contra las mujeres de las zonas urbanas en pobreza extrema e incorporation al programa de desarrollo humano oportunidades. Working paper: El Colegio de Mexico: Mexico.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	90b5b307caf0f13324b25adaec02133b	In this field, participation of women, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where women constitute a large proportion of the agricultural labour force, will also be critical to enhancing their decision-making in agricultural research and extension services and to addressing their specific needs. For instance, transformation of diverse agroecological rural economies requires the expertise of biologists, agronomists, water engineers, nutritionists, economists and social and political scientists (Lipton, 2010). Moreover, the private sector tends to invest mainly in profitable research, including agricultural chemical inputs, machinery and biotechnology, targeting wealthier economies and larger farmers.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	90b802a364d907d8d08c5c2ee4ece452	Expectation of graduating from university increases as the size of residence area increases. On average across OECD countries, 31% of students whose school is in a rural area or a village with fewer than 3 000 people, 42% of students in schools located in towns with up to 100 000 people, and 50% of students in cities with over 100 000 people expect to complete a university education. The difference in expectations between urban and rural students was particularly large (over 40 percentage points) in Hungary and Uirkey.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	90b854d841657692d1e4444f5b180979	Since the next 25 years will see an increasingly ageing population, the need for more men seeking employment within this field will increase accordingly. The need for securing the availability of labour within the social care sector is increasing. The need for employing more men in the social care sector is particularly increasing, however, few men seek employment within this sector. Despite its high population, the labour market of Eyafjordur is under massive pressure which is largely caused by geography and accessibility and the four and a half hour drive to Reykjavik (which may be completely inaccessible during heavy snowfalls).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	90bf66893804ddd9d51c3dba9ad767a3	A neutral option was consciously avoided. The instrument was piloted on samples in the United Kingdom and Germany similar to the target sample for the main study, using people in a variety of academic positions from fixed-term staff to deans and heads of departments. The types of institutions chosen were full universities in Germany and pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	90bfb7f148e4325869a9726a638f8841	The work of minors is subject to special supervision and protection by the labour authorities, at both federal and local level. Children over 14 and under 16 years of age must obtain a medical certificate of their aptitude for work and undergo the health checks periodically ordered by labour authorities, even if they have legal authorization to work. The wage must be remunerative and never lower than the minimum amount set by law.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	90c0860882097a1d7b17c72787ff603d	They mainly cater to geographical areas with high levels of poverty and deprivation, often rural remote localities. The rational for both programmes is the need to bring in outside inputs to complement scarce local resources and help overcome bottlenecks and constraints to the optimal use of those resources. Ultimately, the yardstick for success is the level of welfare benefits that accrue to poorest populations as well as the potential of the programme to bring about positive transformation of the local economies where those populations live.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	90c407a9ae4119b73dd6b88dd117d6fd	In Australia, a substantial part-time premium (10-12% for women, 18-24% for men) was found once unobserved individual heterogeneity was taken into account: one hypothesis is that firms may have to pay more to attract part-time workers because of the high effective marginal tax rates for second-earners (Booth and Wood, 2006). In three panel countries where a wage penalty is observed for temporary workers, this penalty is higher for younger workers. In Germany, for instance, the hourly wages of young male (female) temporary workers are 11% (16%) lower than those of their age-similar equivalents in standard jobs.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	90c43cc1d644827935c9586ce35dd841	In the lower part of its run, it forms the country borders between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and also Austria and Slovakia. Its mouth is situated about 10 km upstream Bratislava. The 80-km long section of the Morava River forms the Austrian-Slovak border, and from the confluence with the Dyjc River, the Slovak-Czcch State border, while the River Dyjc - a tributary to Morava River — forms the border between Austria and the Czech Republic.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/da48ce17-en	90c7434216fd017d4762f03a9c2e3bef	The fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators (SBSTA, 2010). Almost half of the (I)NDCs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress, but where this need is mentioned, the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section 3.2 (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Article 7.14 (c) requires the global stocktake to “review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation”. While national-level evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness (Craft and Fischer, 2015, 2016), such national assessment would not be available for all countries. Furthermore, as these systems would be developed in different ways, they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review. Finally, there might be subjective components to “effectiveness”, and the issue of “adequacy” can conflate climate and non-climate factors (Kato and Ellis, 2016).	13	0	7	1.0
10.6027/95b9bcd0-en	90c97208d79ad1cc0a3fe52281f54e2d	The aggregation of herring in the Sound may have been the main reason and motivation for the first settlements around the Sound, and herring fishery has since become a central part of the cultural heritage of the area. The historian Saxo Grammaticus (1160-1208) already described this fishery back in the early Middle Ages, and the richness of this ecosystem service was emphasised with anecdotal descriptions of how people caught herring with their bare hands. The nutritious herring, preserved by salting, sustained food security both locally and regionally, through export to the Baltic Sea region in all seasons. The Danish kings moved their residence from its old location in Roskilde to the shores of the Sound in Copenhagen in 1443.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	90cb3219597cabfd0a1ee9b2f2d4bafc	Whilst focussing on coverage, access and activity were undoubtedly the right priorities in the first decade of the HTP, Turkey’s health system must now focus on quality and outcomes. There are several opportunities for doing so, each implying further reforms, as set out in the text that follows. Thus far, refonns have had a near-exclusive focus on inputs and activity, with a view to increasing the volumes of both.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	90cb709b4419a74bb779d573b8438198	The National Programme for Suicide Prevention (commissioned by the Swedish government in 2005) was ratified by the Swedish Parliament in 2008 as an initiative that aims to reduce the number of suicides in Sweden. It was produced as a collaborative effort between the Swedish Institute of Public Health (which produced guidelines for the population level) and the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (which produced guidelines for the individual level) with support from NASP. The government provides the funding for the Programme’s ongoing initiatives.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	90cec19d1c38344882e6f19a2370db8e	Policies supporting biofuels, which are mainly used in transportation, were thus blamed for spikes in food prices in 2007 and 2008 (OECD, 2015). Growing food crops for conversion into a biofuel (e.g. ethanol) in a refinery (for subsequent combustion in a power plant) will have different land-use impacts from growing woody crops for direct combustion. In addition, the efficiency of bioelectricity processes vary: while woody crops yield more biomass per unit area than a food crop like corn or soybean, biofuel-related processes like ethanol combustion usually convert a higher percentage of biomass energy content into electricity (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	90d05d2aeae08e5d59ff95322fea8fe4	Effective engagement also implies that the participatory processes themselves must be accessible and gender-sensitive (see also case study 1 on Brazil and case study 6 on Rwanda). Quotas meant to support women’s participation must also be adequately enforced. Afro-Brazilian women represent the poorest and are the majority of those living in poverty. Informal settlements cover vast areas ofthe city.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	90d0f395af5e25f55d453ba36c4db359	To offset the high one-off a service rather than as a product. The programme provides access to construction goods, as well as financing and counselling services, stimulating investments of poor households in the housing sector. Fincomun agents avail themselves of transport by Bimbo supply trucks to reach their potential clients, small low-income shop owners. Access to the shop owners’ payment history when purchasing Bimbo products serves as a first filter for future credit candidates.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	90d4a44c2312ecb602800c5c31ba032c	There was a steady decrease in the percentage of students affirming a high level of life satisfaction, with lower proportions noted for girls compared to boys for each year of the survey administration (with the exception of 2006). A notable trend emerging from the analysis of data was the association between strong social support, particularly family support, and high life satisfaction. This finding underscores the critical role that positive relationships and strong social networks play in contributing to and enhancing students’ psychological well-being. ( Morrison and Peterson, 2016, pp.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	90d6694cf7df833611cdaaf4fdb197c3	Policies are needed to make institutional credit available to all farmers, including tenants, women farmers and those without clear land titles (if necessary with some subsidies to cover the higher risks and transaction costs associated with such lending). In order to achieve higher agricultural yields and stronger productivity growth, farmers need to learn and adopt innovations in theircultivation techniques, water management, choice of seeds and/or crops, warehousing, etc. This calls for Governments to provide support services, such as rural extension services, which diffuse new knowledge to farmers and help them learn and adopt innovations. Ideally, such services should actively involve local communities and use traditional or indigenous knowledge systems that are appropriate to smallholder farm sizes, including scale-neutral technologies.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	90d8dc6375f6ac7406b4bcaa520b3749	Although the chapter reflects on the overall performance in terms of closing the gender gap in average years of education, this measure hides any gender imbalances related to the choice of academic field (e.g. young women being less likely than young men to choose Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) subjects as a field of study at the tertiary level), which later in life translates into occupational segregation (OECD, 2013). Furthermore, to achieve the greatest coverage in terms of time period, different data sources had to be employed, which sometimes come at the cost of jumps in the estimates. Most observations are estimates of official statistical agencies (1) or the product of historical research using the same sources and methods as these agencies (2).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	90dc3342b73b8c9917aa64d6db26e754	Of these, nearly 1.3 billion people live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than $1.25 a day. They also face social or economic discrimination. The global financial crisis of2008 exacerbated the employment challenges facing both men and women. Women continue to face a greater degree of poverty, under-employment and unemployment.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	90dc400b6ca5445ffcadefed996875db	They point to a direction of change, but stop short of suggesting what needs to be changed, how, or in what time frame. The term can mean many things, but foremost in current global and national policy contexts is the recognition that cities require priority high-level attention in national development strategies, both in macro-economic and social policy terms. National Urban Policies contribute to building linkages between human settlements of various sizes and defining the broad parameters within which the transformative power of urbanization is activated and steered. First, not many national government institutions have the expertise and authority to understand the direct and indirect impacts of public policies on cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	90de3ab03b2e5105ac6f6dd287b1af6b	The stages in the accreditation of an educational institution in Israel include: i) the stage of authorisation to advertise, register students and commence study (granted on the basis of preliminary examinations of the institution and the programmes of study that it proposes to offer). At this stage the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates, ii) the stage of a permit, i.e. the approval to open and maintain a higher education institution. At this stage, the institution is not yet accredited as an institution of higher education and is not authorised to award academic degrees to graduates and iii) the stage of accreditation and authorisation, during which the Council of Higher Education accredits the institution as an institution of higher education and authorises it to award an academic degree.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	90df8f77a4d32497cc85630aaf918e2b	Models such as this can enable planners, designers, and decision-makers with the information needed to assess vulnerabilities in infrastructure systems and make decisions based on likely scenarios and create high resilience infrastructure as well as plan for swift repair and recovery. In fact, all of our lives have already been touched by machine learning in one way or another and the future will bring many more applications into our daily lives. Recommendations for products from websites like Amazon and Netflix, sentiment analysis of social media embedded into several products, and Google and Tesla's self-driving cars, are just a few examples of machine learning algorithms at play. Using algorithms that iteratively learn from data, machine learning allows computers to find hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look71.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-4-en	90dfe73f2537a86aa0705f8338d4da37	A school board is established by the school’s organising body allowing parents, students, educational staff, and the public to participate in the administration of the school. School principals are appointed by the organising body and can only be dismissed on the grounds stipulated by the 2005 Education Act. The groups which are typically involved include the Association of Regions, the Association of Towns and Municipalities, teachers’ professional associations (teacher unions and disciplinary associations), employers’ representatives, associations of school principals, experts in education and the association of non-governmental organisations in education (parents’ organisations are involved only in exceptional cases). The Education Act specifies situations in which the opinion of stakeholder groups is required.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	90e24a80be5a378ebc96d9eaba0c0b3c	From these values an aggregate score is generated (between 0 and 39), placing it on a spectrum between highly artisanal, small-scale fishing (score of 0) and highly industrial large-scale fishing (score of 39). The matrix is currently in an early stage of testing at a global level, including in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and pending results of testing additional adjustments may need to be made. Concrete case studies on sustainable SSF practices were carried out by the several organizations involved in the regional conference, and the results were presented in a participatory format, allowing for robust discussion and comment to further explore the main themes already identified through the SSF Symposium.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279421-10-en	90e2beb9d1eaaac3caf786f7e825c9a5	With the exception of the last year prior to entering Grade 1, ECEC is mostly private, and access to it varies across jurisdictions. They make most planning, structure and resource decisions, including personnel management. State and territory governments are also responsible for legislation relating to the establishment and accreditation of higher education courses. It is also in charge of developing international partnerships in education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	90e3f33798e2cfc95c140ef186fb00a9	Sustainability Advantage is a business support service from the Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW. It is designed to help organisations understand sustainability, successfully manage for a better environment and add business value79. Industry' Investment NSW offers “LEAN and green” business master classes for people who want to leam how they can improve business efficiency through the application of “lean” business practices, coupled with environmental sustainability, to reduce costs, increase profits, open new markets and create jobs . Despite initiatives like these, it is not always easy for SMEs to take up training opportunities in skills for sustainability.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f47faf05-en	90e46d5df74bbb6a881f18dbbc1b05db	"Crops Statistics—Concepts, definitions and classifications"", available from www.fao.org /fileadmin/templates/ess /ess_test_folder/documents /Production_trade/definitions /Crops_statistics_concepts _definitions_classifications.doc (accessed 4 August 2017). Livestock impacts on the environment"". Livestock are animal species that are raised by humans for commercial purposes, consumption or labour (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A, Division 01). Usually raised in agricultural settings, typical livestock species include cows, poultry, pigs, goats and sheep."	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	90e6854baf75d26f9941fb9a233429a4	Four regions stand out in terms of high climatic constraints, groundwater use, relatively lower availability of surface water, competition with other uses and externalities (but with differences in aquifer characteristics): the Mexican Region Laguna, Israel's Western Galilee, the US MPW region, and the Australian Murray-Darling Basin. A second group of regions in Japan, Korea, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands do not rank as high in many of these categories with relatively more available surface water, less arid current and projected climate, lower level of groundwater use and externalities (with the exception of Spain's Mancha Occidental). Lastly, the Italian Campania region and the NHPA, SHPA and MAA regions in the United States appear to be intermediate in these dimensions. Regions differ in aquifer characteristics, but there is no simple pattern. Israel's Western Galilee and Mexico's Region Laguna both stand out again in terms of their relative emphasis on supply-driven approaches.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	90e6b36de08b8beb306a38b55cbbef60	Waikato District Council is an elected body responsible for managing resources and providing planning and new directions which will sustain and benefit the needs of the Waikato district in the present and future. The Council undertakes a broad list of activities to ensure the sustainability and safety of the district for its residents. It ensures access of farmers at the local level to government drought and flood assistance. Together with MAF, the Federated Farmers has set up Rural Support Trusts to provide assistance to rural communities in times of hardship, including during adverse events such as drought and floods.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	90e87f07d94c9030d93f78f1578328cd	The indicator is calculated from data gained by people's direct responses to eight questions regarding their access to food of adequate quality and quantity. It is used in the FIES module on food insecurity (FAO, 2017c, 2017p) for the calculation of the food insecurity prevalence (SDG Indicator 2.1.2). The answers determine one of three possible conclusions: mild food insecurity, moderate food insecurity, and severe food insecurity.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	90e937f1b148ab67ce179fbd0eb55609	Central government is therefore the primary actor responsible for the development and implementation of NUPs. Jordan does not have an explicit NUP, but rather addresses urban issues through a range of sectorial policies and strategies, overseen by the relevant ministries. The National Land Use Master Plan of 2006, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, can still be singled out as a particularly relevant governmental policy with regards to managing and balancing urbanisation in the country.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	90e99a214823622fce88829e32aa36af	Data from other African countries show that achievements are highly insufficient and that gender inequality in boardrooms is the standard across the continent. Armed with just a small budget, limited knowledge of security and a passionate belief that service quality, professionalism and good old-fashioned organizational skills would win the day. Divine's company, SECURICO, gradually started to make inroads into the industry. In 2005, it expanded into dog services establishing a subsidiary company, CANINE Dog Services, which breeds, trains and leases guard dogs. In 2008, the company acquired an electronic security systems company, Multi-Link (Pvt) Ltd., and integrated it into SECURICO as its Electronic Division.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	90eb0b22dd1fb7a1c7badf8e39886474	Environment and Urbanization, 18(2), pp. Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. Resources, Deprivation, and Poverty, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Using Non-monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe?', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	90ebcc5aa9e491bb5fbf874472b77215	However, most developing countries have reported inventory information that is significantly out of date (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). The improvement of GHG inventories should therefore be a priority area for capacity building and other resources, particularly for developing countr ies that are significant emitters. In addition to capacity building under the UNFCCC, support for capacity building may also be provided by other processes such as the Sustainable Development Goals (Target 17.9 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is dedicated to capacity building).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283510-en	90ed4d82633078a038367fd394a195a3	Coverage and reimbursement decisions are made centrally. Poland is also one of the few countries to compare the cost-effectiveness of alternative technologies, to periodically reassess technologies in the benefit package, and to publish the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio used to inform coverage decisions (the current threshold is set at three times the Polish GDP per capita). Patient representatives are induded in HTA decisions through the Polish Ombudsman for Patients' Rights (Auraaen et aL, 2016).	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	90ed8abd625f724b30a30fb24143212e	The domestic market for processed fruit is relatively small, with domestic consumption being mostly in fresh form. Production of oranges in Brazil has remained stable during the past decade following rapid growth in previous periods. More recently, farmers in some regions have abandoned their orchards due to continuing losses in the fresh fruit market. By 2023/24 total output could reach 17.5 Mt, about 7% above the 2013/14 level.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	90f0a9c1005d4f99badb4da5ede6f04e	Actions are needed at multiple levels of government and across sectors. The technical solutions to water-related challenges often exist and are well-knowm. The policy environment, however, can be a barrier to putting them into practice, which requires effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness in terms governance of who does what, at which level, how and why.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb332d66-en	90f0cfbd928eaf80de7b0613ac4ae1ad	Meanwhile the Hydrometeorological Service indicates that in Azerbaijan, the trend is for an increase in winter river flows and a decrease in summer flows, combined with a reduction of 15 to 20 per cent of yearly water availability. The much larger precipitation (and snow melting) in the ranges controls the magnitude and seasonal variations of the rivers in the lowlands. The map also depicts that a significant proportion of the surface water in Azerbaijan is locally produced. In fact, some 25 per cent (or 6.5 kmVy) of the discharge of the Kura River into the Caspian Sea comes from Azerbaijani national rivers.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	90f109a1d4c37060a65688f4a27d98bb	Karsenti, Raby and Villeneuve (2008)32 show that, in universities that have removed ICT lessons, the lack of teaching concerning the pedagogical integration of ICT has a negative impact on uses of ICT by student teachers in their classrooms. These standards - based on the standards proposed by the governmental institution ENLACES - concern instrumental, pedagogical, ethical and legal aspects as well as questions of professional development. They constitute the basis of the “ICT Competence Framework for the Teacher Education and Profession” implemented in 2007 by the Chilean Ministry of Education and ENLACES. The competence framework aims to support the creation and the implementation of an ICT curriculum in initial teacher education. It has been integrated into initial teacher education since 2006.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a72b920d-en	90f9a32ced722e4c6dbca95a520e929d	Centre for Conflict Resolution, HIV/AIDS and Militaries in Africa (Cape Town, South Africa), (http://www.ccr.org.za/images/stories/Vol_28_hivaids_miUtaries.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Priscilla A. Akwara, Gabriel B. Fosu, Pav Govindasamy, Silvia Alayon and Ani Hyslop, An In-Depth Analysis of HIV Prevalence in Ghana: Further Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys Data (Calverton, MD: ORC Macro, 2005), p. 10. Ghana AIDS Commission, Ghana HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework: 2001-2005 (Accra: Ghana AIDS Commission, 2001).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	90faabd23722311a11f9307d7b138b1e	Another risk is that there is a systematic tendency for both public and private sector project appraisers to be overly optimistic (e.g. the decision for the wider roll-out of a programme is based on the findings of a well-resourced pilot, which cannot be mirrored on a larger scale due to budgetary constraints or unanticipated negative side-effects). This contrasts with economic theory for a labour market in equilibrium, in which the social value of additional work at the margin is zero, because additional output of value to other members of society is offset by the loss of leisure of value to the worker. Conducting a full cost-benefit analysis (cont.)	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	90fad24bea46535dd3b8ccc5f0ab7ac5	This leads to local farmers being willing to sell their land for development, especially if they do not have an heir who wants to farm. The government of France has established a national program SAFER to purchase farmland when it comes up for sale to help existing farmers increase the size of their farm to boost efficiency and to facilitate new entrants into farming. As in other regions, SAFER operates in the Pays de la Loire region as an important mechanism to maintain land in farming.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	90fc589bbf6503e91946dd04937b80c8	For women who become single parents, divorce or separation is also strongly correlated with other events including job loss (Gregg et al., Page and Stevens (2004) find a 41% reduction in children’s family income and an 18% drop in food consumption the year after divorce while six years or more later they find that the family income of children whose parent remains unmarried is 45% lower than it would have been had the divorce not occurred. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (2009) finds that income dropped by 12% in the post-welfare reform period (from 2004 onwards) compared to 30% pre-reform. It has been argued that divorce increases women’s chance of being at the very top or very bottom of the income distribution and that “while some women successfully compensate for lost spousal earnings through child support, welfare, combining households, and increasing labour supply, others are markedly unsuccessful” (Ananat and Michaels, 2007).	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	90fe5893917e1c8790155ef184b3da11	Many other initiatives have been successfully developed in and around Brisbane’s CBD, making it a vibrant city centre for both work and play. The high cost of land contributes to local governments joining private investors to pursue the policy of coastal reclamation because it appears a less expensive means to acquire land for additional industrial and commercial use (Montenegro et al, 2005). The proposed and already reclaimed land currently forms nearly 3% of Metro Cebu’s land area.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa683360-en	90ff458fb9a2956ed5dd7d5639a9bfe4	They are adept at charming the child and they may ingratiate themselves into a family in order to gain the parents’ trust so that they can become closer to the child. Fact: Relative physical strength or weakness is not the issue; power and control are. Far from being a powerless victim, a woman involved in a violent relationship often displays enormous resources of strength in the way she learns to live with fear, navigate unpredictability and intuit her partner’s moods in order to protect herself and her children.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	9104c25c7c6a554faa7b25940fb773dd	Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Over the past ten years, female smoking has declined in most OECD countries, often at a faster pace than rates for men. However, female smoking rates have shown little or no decline since 2000 in the Czech Republic, France and Italy (OECD, 2013d). However, this is not the case in all countries. Male obesity rates have also been growing faster than female rates in most OECD countries, with the exception of Denmark, Canada and Italy (OECD, 2010b). The overall prevalence of mental disorders is about the same among men and women, although depression is more common among women, and substance abuse disorders among men (OECD, 2008).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	9106eaa5e875b9ee6db1eb1ebff5a576	Corruption is considered a major threat to the legitimacy of the Party (NORAD, 2011). According to the Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International, 2013), Viet Nam ranks 116 out of 177 countries, behind Mongolia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, and scores 31 on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). The government has been working to improve the country's anti-corruption legal framework since 2005 (Freedom House, 2010) and the PAPI 2013 survey also shows that, compared to 2011, citizens perceive improvements in the fight against in most provinces. Social network support is understood as the capacity of individuals to count on relatives or friends for help when in need. Family ties and traditional authority patterns are strongly embedded in social networks (Dalton et al.,	10	0	4	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	910c381e37c0801839963c16d694fd76	The European Commission's list includes only Textile fibres (C1310), Non-wovens (C1395), and Leather clothes (C1411). In our analysis, many industries within this category are deemed energy-intensive, but have energy intensities in the lower end of the spectrum. These are energy-intensive enough to be on our list, but have intensities in the lower end of the spectrum.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	9113874b8a79c3f6fe337ab4737c1ca5	Embedding appraisal for pedagogical leadership within a comprehensive leadership development framework would ensure school leaders are given the opportunity to develop the relevant knowledge and competencies to exercise pedagogical leadership. Appraisal focussed on pedagogical leadership can itself provide an opportunity for feedback and help identify areas for school leader’s development. A comprehensive model for school leadership development would ensure strong linkages between appraisal and professional development.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	91155ac0cd3cf3cb4acb3f6ec6698c17	The family and the State are the best institutions for building solidarity; associations and the community can foster it. The exchange of time and money between generations works best when there is relative demographic equilibrium, so it should be acknowledged that intergenerational solidarity is, to varying degrees, currently under threat and subject to tensions concomitant with population ageing and formal and informal provision of care. Care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family, the community, the State and the market (Esping-Andersen, 2009) and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	9115be249e1d70e61fccfae17a823bd1	Nevertheless, all countries with available data were subsequently able to reduce poverty rates; for example, in Azerbaijan, the poverty rate fell from 49.6 per cent in 2001 to 7.6 per cent in 2011, and in Kazakhstan the rate fell from 46.7 per cent in 2001 to 5.3 per cent in 2011. Nevertheless, the highest poverty gap ratios can be observed for least developed countries, indicating pockets of extreme poverty among the poorest and most vulnerable countries in the region. The poverty gap ratios are the highest in Bangladesh at 11.2 per cent in 2010, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic at 9 per cent in 2008 and India at 7.5 per cent in 2010, whereas for countries in North and Central Asia ratios are generally very low (except Georgia). Inequality not only diminishes the poverty-reducing impact of economic growth, but also deprives hundreds of millions of people access to the means to develop their economic potential by denying them adequate health care, education, energy, credit, land and so forth.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	9116b1bbf7ef1f644089ed5a19d0bc2f	In Ecuador, the Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN, 2004) found that 68% of those aged 60 to 74 had this type of difficulties, as did 82% of those aged over 75 years. According to data from Latinobarometro (see figure IV.7), problems in accessing health care are more acute for older persons with lower socio-economic status. Those of extremely low socio-economic status have no access to health care.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	911709ace8c77dbfdfca628ebf1a9d2b	This represents almost half of additional meat produced globally by 2023. A high feed conversion ratio, short production cycle and simple production process has made poultry the low cost alternative which consumers in developing countries demand first as their income level rises. Currently, pork accounts for the greatest share in world total meat production, however, a comparatively slower growth rate through the next decade will result in it being surpassed by poultry by 2020.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	9118f68c40c27b539d60410dced9c68d	Further considerations include the general disease situation in the area and whether there are any risk factors that can compromise the welfare of farmed fish. Within a defined endemic zone for pancreas disease, a prioritisation criterion will apply in addition to other criteria. This entails that new licenses for salmon are allocated in accordance with a regional strategy for mitigating the disease risk. Risk for spread of disease to wild fish stocks is also considered.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	911e495a55c31c1cf4cb18d3a1232194	There is also a need to develop guidelines aimed at harmonizing concepts and definitions related to international migration statistics, building on the existing United Nations standards and definitions. The disaggregation of socioeconomic characteristics by migratory status is needed to monitor differences between migrants and non-migrants and across different groups of migrants. Population and housing censuses remain a critically important source of data on cities of different types and sizes and on internal and international migration.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	911ec05d49d8c55eb5d5bde744c52617	Even within the northern part of the country, the price varied from KZT 293 in Pavlodar to KZT 375 in Astana. In July 2009, this range remained large, e.g. KZT 604 in Astana and KZT 435 in Kokshetau, even though the two cities are only 300 kilometres apart (FAO, 2010b). Such differences indicate that transactions costs of moving beef between cities were too high to permit profitable arbitrage. Transport costs would also be too high for intermediaries to collect carcasses and take them a few hundred kilometres to a large processing plant.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	91245bf902a81d44918f365c607c6140	Production costs of hospitals amount to just under 98 billion SEK. Expenditure on the 7 regional hospitals accounted for 42 billion SEK, on 21 county hospitals for 42 billion SEK and on 28 smaller hospitals for 13.5 billion SEK. As regards to the expenditure on outpatient and inpatient care on smaller county hospitals, 7.7% was spent on general psychiatry (including forensic psychiatry), and 0.9% on child psychiatry. For county hospitals, the corresponding figures were 13% and 2.5%.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	91286a711edfa4a306cac71dc71c8d64	In Moldova, women report having fewer opportunities to migrate because they have fewer resources available than men (IOM, 2005). It may also be less acceptable for women to move about and travel alone (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). An analysis of the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) illustrates that discrimination in the country of origin can be an incentive for women to migrate, but only up to a certain threshold, at which point it becomes an obstacle for migration and emigration of women diminishes (Ferrant and Tuccio, 2015). The emigration of highly-educated women affects negatively infant mortality, under-5 mortality and secondary school enrolment rates in countries of origin (Dumont et al., Women’s levels of education are an important factor for growth, as it is correlated with investments in children’s education. Africa’s high female emigration rate may thus have serious implications for its human development and economic growth.	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	913343c4c02f045f1c4d8f1821709b85	"In addition, the American Meteorological Society published a report entitled, ""Explaining Extreme Events of 2014 from a Climate Perspective"",7 that shows that human-caused climate change has influenced the frequency or intensity of events in a substantial manner. The oceans store large amounts of heat, which they redistribute around the planet: sea water is heated by the sun in the tropics and then transferred by currents to temperate coasts, where it cools down as it transfers its heat to the atmosphere. Colder and denser, it sinks to a great depth where it moves back towards the equatorial regions, and so on, in a circuit lasting over a thousand years. Up until 1992, the sea level was measured by means of sea-level gauges positioned along continental and a number of island coasts. The level of the oceans, as a worldwide global average, rose at the rate of 0.7 mm/year between 1870 and 1930, and by some 1.7 mm/year as from 1930. Since 1992, measurements have been taken from satellites, and have shown the mean annual sea-level rise to have been in the order of 3.4 mm/year."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2351c526-en	91397c70fb4ccc3e664e7c1889e4fa49	This factor could explain the differences between welfare regimes in Europe and the United States. Americans are convinced that their society is very mobile, and Europeans believe that their societies have very little mobility. According to them, the main causes are differences in political institutions and the effects of ethnic heterogeneity on attitudes and ideology.	10	1	3	0.5
10.14217/f81b7706-en	9139fb7d2985300c05da17980ceaecb7	We have struggled to build and advocate for structures right from the grassroots to the top levels. We have also put in place legislation which, if well implemented, we think can protect women's rights as well as create equal opportunities. For example, the numbers that we have in parliament are not ideal.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	913b82b77d38659d136aa57eee62eab9	Recent evidence has found declining returns on investment and increasing unemployment rates among vocational graduates. Transition rates from junior secondary school to vocational secondary school are much lower in eastern Indonesia, particularly in Maluku, West Papua and Papua. The same trend also occurs in the transition rates from senior secondary school to higher education. The highest transition rates from senior secondary to higher education can be seen in Jakarta and Yogyakarta (ACDP, 2013b).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	913b95fe0fe1603ea8855c85fa61db66	In addition to a longer school day, these centres stress teacher training and designing a new model for managing centres. Another example is Mexico —in the 2007-2008 school year, it began to foster a model of full-time schools that benefited nearly 130,000 children in 500 schools across the country. Currently, the full-time model is in place in 4,751 establishments and covers more than 935,000 students in all three levels of basic education.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	913c8d13c007d6442645380e21daac08	They tend to have higher levels of education and income, and have gone further in realizing rights for women. Basic reproductive and other rights are mostly met. Gaps in affordable quality childcare, however, can make it difficult to balance work and family life, leading to people having fewer children than they want.	5	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848591110-5-en	914288b64fa201542af58f53f71e42a7	Even though HIV/AIDS knowledge is good in Swaziland, this does not correlate with use of condoms. More than 50 per cent of adult men and women who reported having more than two sexual partners in the previous year used a condom the last time they had sex (UNAIDS, 2007). One of the major differences identified in the spread in these countries is probably due to different types of HIV.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	9142c6674bee8e66bd15c5210343cfdf	A comprehensive migration policy and legislation could help cities prepare for and respond to emerging problems. Developing a system in Kazakhstan that makes it easier for migrants to register, and that allows for accurate data on migration flows for urban planning, should be a top priority. This could be done by using citizens’ identification numbers rather than their registration status as the basis for access to public services. Strengthening the public administration of subnational governments will be central to “getting cities right”. Intergovernmental relations are based on hierarchical subordination of lower levels of government, so that the level immediately above exercises considerable influence over local decisions. This is evident both in the appointment of akims by the upper executive power and the degree of dependence on transfers from the upper level of government.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	91431c9a10b343ec0c1e962f24d78420	These differences stem not only from employment preferences or cultural considerations of each population group, but also from discrimination against Arabs in the labour market (U.S.-Israel Science and Technology commission and Foundation, 2008). They also stem from the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities. Four key issues contribute to the mismatch between higher education supply and demand. A recent news report indicated that there are 8 000 unemployed Arab teachers in Israel, 60% of whom are in the Galilee (Haaretz, 2009).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	9144a20a5445a1594aa99c3f33156b01	This is implemented through buying specifications that companies operate. In essence, seafood safety is important for retailers and processors to protect their reputation, brand values and guard against costly product recalls. All links in the food supply chain and transporters of food stuff are to establish and maintain records that can be used to track suppliers and buyers. Importers of seafood need to keep records of imported material.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	914608abfce082cfd6a300e6d7e16513	The term was formerly LUZ (larger urban zone). The perimeters used in this report were defined by Eurostat (2015) as part of the Urban Audit 2011-2014. Casualty figures at FUA level were taken from CARE, a database managed by the European Commission's Directorate General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	914af91c9f99ea83970b70666243fbef	Among finalised cases in FWA during 2011-12, 81% were finalised at, or before, conciliation, 15% were finalised thereafter without requiring a decision of the tribunal, and 4% were finalised by a decision (FWA Annual Report, 2011-12). In 2011-12, 90% of applications were conciliated within 36 days and half were conciliated within 28 days (FWA Annual Report, 2011-12). In cases of dismissal by reason of discrimination for disabled people there is a mandatory pre-trial conciliation and the outcome is enforceable.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	914ba679fc02d12102f4995e3ab26480	These programmes have provided invaluable experience, not only for Chile but also for many other OECD countries, and can be first steps towards wider or more active markets. On the scale that they are currently being deployed, however, the efficiency gains from using economic instruments to achieve environmental outcomes in Chile remain small. Environmental taxes in the energy and transport sectors were designed with little attention to their environmental impact.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	914eab1a7efa33037fed5de814499db7	The total length of the bars indicates the observed variation in the index of familiarity with mathematics. The variation in familiarity with mathematics is more than four times greater in Liechtenstein and Spain than in Indonesia. Across OECD countries, around 86% of the country-level variation in familiarity with mathematics can be traced to differences across students who attend the same school, while around 14% can be ascribed to differences across students who attend different schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	914ff40bd67c152c353beac790f13bd0	The few that exist are predominantly based in the public sector and in urban areas. Given the high population growth and low economic growth rates, it is inevitable that young people in the Pacific will end up in the informal sector (ILO, 2010b), and the education system does not increase a young person’s employability in the informal economy. This results in a large number of school leavers — for example, half of school leavers in Fiji in 2005 — not having a job in the formal sector and not having any skills to use in the informal sector (World Bank, 2009).	8	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	9157d10703215033fa1c48484e7abd51	In the case of EE financing, contingency financing can be a useful provision for capacity building as well as potential default, risk guarantee provision. Instead of committing to a grant which may subsequently prove to have been unnecessary, contingent financing recognises the potential need for support but draws on public resources only when justified later, on the basis of actual rather than projected costs. Intrinsic risks, such as failure in the systems or technologies, are controlled; external risks, such as volatility of a given resource price, can be hedged with appropriate risk-mitigation instruments. Figure 2 illustrates the differences in risk exposure of EE projects versus wind power projects. Wind is a useful comparison because although it is technology based, it offers tangible assets (e.g. physical structure) as a security guarantee, unlike energy efficiency. In the case of wind technology, such risk is characterised by the variability of storms and wind occurrence, as well as the reduced output that can result from a damaged plant.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/7ef450ae-en	9157ed2c942e92b18ae02ef1921a40e1	Such breakdown of medical, pharmaceutical and other social services can result in death and serious harm to those whose survival depends on them. The size of this vulnerable group may depend on the stage of development of the country and the extent to which the survival of elderly and people with a disability is dependent on the seamless provision of certain critical services. This chapter examines the nature of disaster risk (Roberts J L, 2010), and offers fresh analysis and recommendations for action with special reference to small and island states, to avert and mitigate the wide-ranging service implications of the aftershocks of disasters. Hurricane Irma in Puerto Rico in 2017 resulted in 52 direct deaths plus 82 indirect deaths, with an estimated US$64.76 billion in damage.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	9159d88cc5d64d1e0a7aff5a78674683	A ban can selectively hinder certain choices, with the aim of limiting the overall consumption of a commodity or incidence of a given behaviour. The results of the survey revealed that governments have focused more of their actions on diets rather than on active lifestyles; although action relating to the latter is the responsibility of regional or municipal levels of government in many countries. The survey also revealed that most actions were focused on increasing choice and delivering information and education programmes to influence preference.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	915a8eebc86329a17e3f6a1da3651133	Addressing gender issues is indispensable for achieving inclusive industrial development. It can be expected that developing countries will most likely increase their emission levels along the path of structural transformation, as industrialisation triggers the emergence of emission-intensive industries. This leads to a global imbalance in terms of emissions, as high-income countries assert that the effectiveness of emissions stabilisation policy critically depends on the commitment of developing countries to such policies.	9	1	4	0.6
10.14217/967bd43c-en	915e0572ef480d5d643584d40eec8aa1	It has been stated that even if model law is not domesticated it can be used for advocacy purposes and/or enabling civil society to hold government accountable. States to harmonise laws and policies including personal laws and laws on domestic and sexual violence including marital rape, reproductive health, marriage and birth registration, education, property and citizenship, and dowry with human rights standards and constitutional guarantees to ensure a minimum legal age of marriage of 18 years and to address gaps and inconsistencies that leave girls vulnerable to child marriage and limit married girls’ access to legal remedies. Enhance and encourage judicial officers to take leadership roles outside the courts of law through: advocacy; mentorship; participation as good citizens by becoming role models in communities and making an impact in their own community’s social organisations/associations, among others. Ensure the enforcement and implementation of judicial decisions and remedies obtained by girls harmed by child marriage to enforce their legal rights and due protection.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	915fe3be0f6517c1413e1c919cc15463	Credible information is an indispensable first step in this process. The preceding sections indicated under which conditions private or public action will be most effective. However, it is useful to emphasise the complementarity of the two modes rather than their opposition. Private action, such as envisioned by Coase, has to be supported by a government delimiting and enforcing private property rights in new spheres.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	916840a7f2cc8dab5344e68eab59079c	"Too often, educational institutions are run by experts sitting somewhere in a distant administration who determine the content, rules and regulations affecting hundreds of thousands of students and teachers. Few are able to figure out how those decisions were made. I am always struck by the power of ""collaborative consumption"" where online markets are created in which people share their cars, and even their apartments, with total strangers."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	916c5a2791d54b9f80b90f787efa4d0c	Total water consumption from industry dropped from 2004 to 2008. The major ground water users are water supply (21 per cent), industry (14 per cent), observation (14 per cent), agriculture (6 per cent), thermomineral (3 per cent), and 42 per cent not classified. Access to regular clean and safe drinking water is an essential part of public health (see Chapter 10). The percentage of connections to public water supply systems in the municipalities-urban areas is much higher than the average and higher compared to rural areas.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	916d956d5d661f4609570cb5e1f5edc6	The WHO also established in 2000 the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network (GOARN) with the aim of managing disease outbreak and alerts at the international level. However, some have questioned whether current GOARN places too much emphasis on avoiding epidemic outbreaks spreading to developed countries rather than preventing such outbreaks in developing countries in the first place (Davies, 2008; Elbe, 2010). Increasing life expectancy explains little of the rising health care costs experienced in previous decades.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	916f1c693701c877885fb3df2518b55f	This is likely due to the Islamisation of Indonesian law following independence (Cammack and Feener, 2012; Lukito, 2013; and Salim, 2008). By 2000, it can be observed that the majority of the world’s countries for which there is data had equal inheritance rights, although the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remains as a belt of unequal rights. In 1913, only New Zealand, Australia, Finland and Norway had granted women the vote. Among these countries, in 1893 New Zealand became the first to extend the franchise to women. The 1950 map makes clear that the interim period has seen a substantial extension of suffrage to women, as countries where women have the vote now outnumber those where only men could vote. Figure 12.4 below shows that the two big jumps in extending the vote to women came after the First and Second World Wars.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	916f5c6e24e184b6d81480d5ccf6e37c	The evidence collected shows that these impacts can be significant including in the case of the three identified hotspot regions. In the absence of policy action, agriculture production in Northeast China, Northwest India and the Southwest United States will be significantly impacted by water quantity constraints. Activities generating low economic value per water use will be the first affected by these changes.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	9173cee160d5590c0a7388b619e0c0db	For instance, in 2015, an average of 72% of disadvantaged 15-year-old students and 82% of advantaged students had attended ECEC for at least two years. Studies show' that locally focussed actions and interventions, especially those targeted at the youngest, can be effective in changing behaviours and decreasing the odds of, for example, being overweight during adolescence. This correlation is stronger for boys than for girls, and shows that early interventions by qualified staff can contribute to forming healthy behaviours. However, from a labour market perspective, the availability of full-day ECEC services is a crucial factor that enables parents of young children, especially mothers, to take up near full-time employment and secure higher earnings.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	91759c5290a4b643ec480986c1d02ce7	Findings suggest that this factor plays a significant and considerable role in terms of income poverty and, especially, financial strain. In Germany, France and the UK, a child’s probability of being financially strained is respectively 32 to 37 percentage points higher than for a child living with both parents (the reference category is a two-parent / one-child family). The work intensity category between zero and 0.5 is also rather small, but we include this category in our analysis as the parameter estimates are consistent with the other lower work intensity categories.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	91788a82db2cbff60afeb0e003f7824b	Child supplement in Panel B covers support which granted to low income families outside the social assistance. In so far as these additional benefits do not reduce the social assistance amount in full, they are included together with social assistance in minimum income protection. This may, for example, concern child and housing benefits as well as refundable tax-credits. If child benefits do not reduce social assistance, they are counted separately as child supplements.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	917a00aa7af297c6211832438406965e	The actions of the akimat and akim are binding on the whole territory of the administrative and territorial unit. The validity of the akimat's acts and decisions can be suspended completely or partially by the president, the government of Kazakhstan, a higher-level akimat or akim, or the akimat or akim themselves, as well as by court decisions (Makhmutova, 2006). Maslikhats, or local councils, are elected for a four-year term directly by the citizens of the representative territories and approve the “comprehensive development plan” of their region or city.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	917b7fabf8ad6645dc01403e0da93a4d	As expected, up-skilling is found to boost long-term levels of GDP per capita and average household income. Total household incomes effects are also positive across the distribution, and with the same order of estimated magnitude - which suggests the absence of distributional implications. The decomposition of total household income effects indicates that beyond positive effects channelled via GDP, there are no additional benefits from education at the household level.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	917e57a691bc6fa68ea49d0db9d63ce4	Early investment is acknowledged to have high social rates of return and help prevent more costly interventions later in life (OECD, 2009 and 201 lc; Heckman and Masterov, 2007; Heckman et al., The family environment plays a key role in a range of child outcomes and it is important that public services should seek to account for “market failures” (e.g. parents under-investing in their children). Investing early in children helps contain inequality between rich and poor with positive short and long-term consequences.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	917e8bc7505e7db6504c2b8f8dce0826	Some Japanese medical schools already provide courses of social medicine or public health and the development of a department of specialist primary care would complement these. These new departments could undertake research in primary care, support development of clinical guidelines specific to primary care, as well as teach the speciality at both under-graduate and post-graduate level. In relation to other OECD primary care systems, Japan is starting from an unusually strong position in one respect, in that the fee schedule already directs additional resources for treatment of patients with multiple chronic conditions, continuity of prescribed drugs and management plans and establishment of continuous care which offers on-call services with medical advice.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea442617-en	9180948dea546ccf983aa1d0a531af4f	The UNHCR is also alleged to have compromised its protection function by being a willing tool for the containment policies of its major donors (developed states), thus undermining the palliative role of refugee protection (Barutciski, 1996; Barutciski and Suhrke, 2001; Cuncliffe and Pugh, 1997, 1999; Frelick, 1992,1993; Goodwin-Gill, 1999; Hathaway, 1995). The rise of intra-state conflict and the non-entree policies of states have led to greater numbers of IDPs (Lewis, 1992: 699; UNGA Res. Some argue that it would be impracticable and immoral for UNHCR to distinguish between refugees and IDPs when distributing aid because of the complex and regional nature of modern armed conflicts, which have produced greater numbers of IDPs as forced displacement has been used as a deliberate tactic of war and where refugees and IDPs from different countries often intermix (Lanz, 2008: 205; Mooney, 1999: 201). It is now widely recognized,” Crisp (ibid.)	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088979-en	9186ea5b584ec6451b55d0479de6476b	Pathways between TAFE institutes and universities are in general need of strengthening. Skills upgrading and general enhancement of qualifications would improve competencies of the work force. Upgrading the skills of the adult population is also likely to have a more direct effect on the region’s economic performance since adult learners are less mobile than younger students.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	918820ceaf7a91804a424296c2a1b3d4	In sectors less exposed to competition, there may be more market failures that have to be addressed. And reform of the energy transformation sector is critical to reduce the large amount of energy simply wasted through inefficiencies in turning primary energy supplies into final consumption. Another element to be aware of is the rebound effect, where paradoxically increasing energy efficiency can lead to greater overall energy use (Box 12.2).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	91893a39066db9bf5f8f11c1f5881818	They are vital for providing benefits and services such as drinking water, water for food and energy, humidity, habitats for aquatic life, and natural solutions for water purification and climate resilience. They contribute to addressing competing demands, mitigating risks and promoting stability and trust-building measures, if they are managed well. They are therefore essential for sustainable development, peace, security and human well-being. They endure effects from pollution, infrastructure development and resource extraction.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	918c128e02629ec134beb701368b06f2	Many countries rely on the revenues from pollution charges to fund environmental policy, regulation and enforcement. In principle the tax should cover all the major sources of water pollution in Georgia - municipal water and sewerage utilities, landfills and other sources of solid waste, mines, industrial processes, hotels, individual farmers and irrigation concerns, etc. Large identifiable polluters such as water utilities, large industrial companies and mines are obvious starting points.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	918c22f4582bd96b0b9079f3476ef1bc	The weak capacity to evaluate the school system constrains the development of national policies that could raise education outcomes at the national level by, for example, targeting resources where they are most needed or reconfiguring the school network. This results in profound inequities across the school system, and limits the chances of the most disadvantaged students to achieve their potential. Costa Rica has taken promising steps to raise the quality of the school system, but a deeper transformation is needed to improve student learning and school completion.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	918c65c5e37428989f63f7fcfbf9b91d	There are also funds that operate outside the Convention like the Climate Investment Funds or national funds like the UK’s International Climate Fund8. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is the only stand-alone multilateral financing entity whose sole mandate is to serve the Convention and which aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to adaptation and mitigation (GCF, 2015). It is envisaged the GCF will play a key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries and will catalyse climate finance, both public and private, and at the international and national levels (Decision 3/CP.17).	13	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	918cc0e0f3b0091a426954d7a92ab62a	Mali _ Eritrea _ igascar _ n. Rep.. nzania _ Liberia _ anuatu . Sudan _ Suinea _ la Faso. ( This loss may be addressed through targeted measures aimed at increasing export competitiveness or through assistance for adjustment, including AfT (Bouet et al. As a result, the Bali decision on DFQF largely reiterates what had been agreed at the 2005 Hong Kong ministerial meeting with only minor procedural improvements.	10	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188914-en	918dfacd24d31d61a0dce90cff5383d3	Since 2005, the Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development have been the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews have analysed how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and helped improve this impact in more than 30 cities and regions in over 20 countries. They examine higher education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	91923a005eb899260e8d79ee43804cce	The challenge is to gear innovation systems so that they both accelerate innovation generally and directly promote green technologies and processes, through a “system innovation” approach that addresses specific market failures, but also responds to demand-side issues such as consumer and household acceptance (e.g. through information provision) and institutional resistance (OECD, forthcoming b). Flexible policy signals that address the externalities associated with environmental challenges are essential in order to generate market demand for green innovation; for example, carbon, water and waste pricing induce potential innovators to seek out the most cost-efficient way to reduce environmental impacts. Well-designed performance standards can also induce innovation. Targeted innovation-support policies can be challenging to design, due to difficulties in determining technology maturity and future commercial potential.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9194c5cfebc0b07a08454517eb65ddeb	A “new” model of employment (rather than job) security is the Danish system “flexicurity”. The Danish regime advocates security for individuals rather than jobs, with high employment turnover permitted but workers being protected with generous benefits being paid to displaced workers and substantial investment in job-search assistance and worker retraining. While Denmark has limited the duration of its generous unemployment benefits, the system is the “most expensive labo[u]r-market policy in the world”.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	91973bba5408a912c79870bc875b5994	In the peer mentoring arrangement, a university- or tertiary-level student goes to the school to counsel young people regarding their studies. Longer days mean that students work more in school and spend less time on homework; this helps narrow household education climate and infrastructure gaps that affect learning. In addition, extending the school day can facilitate coordination between principals and teachers, and it can be used to attract a greater concentration of teacher hours in a single establishment (ECLAC, 2011b). A full school day has positive effects on the organization of family time and out-of-school care, too, as well as the incorporation of women into the labour market and the amount of time that children and young people are exposed to external risks (ECLAC, 2011b).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283336-en	9197408abf0e3173d0fc69dedc9eea29	The health system is based on a Social Health Insurance (SHI) scheme with universal coverage, a generous benefit package, and a strong regulatory role for the Ministry of Health. In 2014, Czech adults smoked more than the EU average. Moreover, adults consumed 11.9 litres of alcohol per capita in 2014, nearly 2 litres more than the EU average.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	91991f23bcb218cd19e132fdd366dedf	More recently, the twelfth Five-Year Plan of China (2011-2015) and the China National Programme for Women's Development Plan (2011-2020) reaffirm the Government's commitment to gender equality by stipulating the strengthening of labour protection, social welfare, health care, poverty relief and legal assistance for women. Women have increased their educational attainment from an average of 5.5 years in 1990 to 8.4 years in 2010, and the gross enrollment ratio for tertiary education has increased from 12.5 per cent in 2000 to 34.5 per cent in 2013 (Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 2013). According to the World Development Indicators, female labour force participation has declined from a high of 79.1 per cent in 1990 to 70.4 per cent in 2014, reaching a low of 69.4 per cent in 2010 (Figure 1).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	919fae30c4d445c00ae407a501fdedfa	Usually, meat is delivered to the central market early morning in order to conduct laboratory testing; meat is then sold by retailers that same day. Feedlots also operate as agricultural enterprises, fattening cattle for sale on domestic and foreign markets. Large processing companies usually have their own brand that is widely known in the domestic market.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/644f1023-en	91a49f3bb492960173d48953843b0231	"Plus, the lamps have become much more affordable. They use almost half the energy of CFLs, last at least five times longer and have the option of repair. According to a 2012 study by the global consulting firm McKinsey & Company, between 2011 and 2012, the unit price of LEDs dropped from 13.36 to 10.55 EUR, a figure that is expected to tumble to as low as 2.81 EUR by 2020. “ In some countries, the price of LED lamps is expected to become competitive with CFLs as early as 2015, which will further speed up the transition from CFLs to LEDs,"" asserts the report. It is a remarkable jump when n /■ compared with the current picture, some 13 per cent today. With China and Japan taking the lead, Asian consumers have been singled out to dominate the LED lighting market."	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a68df323-en	91a4ac585d407a01e8e11277d4ee68d4	The conclusion of bilateral agreements and establishment of bilateral joint bodies for boundary waters is important; however, it should not be regarded as a substitute to cooperation on the entire transboundary basin(s). This presumes the existence of decision-making, executive and working bodies, including a permanent organ to support the activities of a joint body. It also presumes a clear definition of tasks and functions for each element of an organizational structure. The majority of joint bodies in EECCA need to establish small but permanent secretariats.	6	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	91a7f2c1d9f93bc3ab2b6bf860d40b1e	This meant that LDCs were subsidizing users abroad to surf to content in their own nation. Though not many, it still included sizeable Diasporas, researchers, tourists and others. Another factor that has held back core Internet infrastructure in LDCs has been the phenomenal spread of mobile communications. The rapid take-up of wireless technologies initially diverted attention from the Internet because most cellphone use was voice calls, text messaging or mobile money.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	91a81d613239233bc545a9bb0003223e	The General Secretariat of Budget and Expenditure makes a first validation of the report, providing a provisional list of expenditure programmes with “a clear gender impact” and a first draft of all EPGRs, which constitutes the first draft of the GIR. The Secretariat also validates the following reports and produces a third draft of the GIR. The Technical General Secretariat of the Equality Ministry and the Budget General Directorate receive the first draft of the GIR, validate the tasks, update each EPGR with accurate comments and produce an updated draft of the GIR. The General Secretariat of Budget and Expenditures conducts the final validation and editing tasks, producing the final GIR of the National Budget, and sends it to the Spanish parliament.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	91aa3bdd44f74d927fc7fa4c4ff89de4	Standard commission and processing fees are in the range of 1.5-2% of the loan guarantee amount (European Commission, 2006). National Loan Guarantee Funds report, www.ksfp.org.pl/upload/KSFP/RapoTt%20KSFP.pdf (in Polish). As a point of comparison, in 2007-08 the average number of jobs created per guaranteed SME loan in Canada was 2.3 (Industry Canada, 2008). Polish banks are insisting that guarantees be provided for 75% of the loan instead of the assumed 50% (Rzeczpospolita, 2009).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	91acca134615deb7c6e217848df890a0	Five dimensions usefully define well-being in young people: cognitive, psychological, physical, social and material. This chapter focuses especially on the social, psychological and physical dimensions. A number of indicators give rise to concern about the wellbeing of Indigenous young people, although data are inadequate to build a full picture.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ae512255-en	91af182e6dac51dbcd3f9977cede9f5f	Data for the period 1980-2004 for nine OECD countries showed weak evidence of employment impacts in changes in short-term interest rates in the countries studied, with no gender-differentiated employment impacts (Takhtamanova and Sierminska, 2009). A study of 51 “inflation reducing episodes” between 1970 and 2003 in 17 low- and middle-income countries found that there were contractions in total employment growth rates in 71 per cent of cases and that women’s employment was adversely affected relative to men’s employment in the majority of those contractionary episodes (ibid.). Where inflation-reducing episodes were accompanied by an expansion in employment, there was no gender-specific impact. Inflation reduction was most likely to lead to a contraction in employment, with adverse effects on women, when central banks responded to inflationary pressure by raising real interest rates above their long term trend. Maintaining a competitive exchange rate also helped to counter the negative impact on women’s employment during periods of contraction (ibid.). Women smallholder farmers and small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs in rural areas are among those who have been deprived of access to credit.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9fd0fg78bs-en	91b0aa9899d16377e483d848131f524e	The involvement of private stakeholders in metropolitan governance needs to be better organised in order to go beyond the simple advisory role vis-a-vis the national and local authorities (following the example of Greater London). One possible route would be to rely on forms of local governance that are emerging in the competitive clusters. Another possibility, as proposed by the Conseil d'Analyse Strategique (an advisory body to the Prime Minister) would be to enlist all stakeholders, on the basis of equal rights and duties, in a commitment to the development of the region, with a deliberative body to set strategic guidelines and an executive unit to carry them out.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f76cbb14-en	91b202f9e3242015c06133db99fc55d4	The centrality of SDG 12 and Goal 7 of Agenda 2063 cannot be overemphasized as their achievement is related to the realization of the entire agenda with pronounced connections to other social and environmental goals. For example, reducing food waste and post-harvest losses would contribute to the achievement of both Goals 2 and 12; while the sound management of chemicals and the reduction of pollution is critical for good health and well-being (Goal 3), as well as the preservation of the environment (Goals 13, 14 and 15). On the other hand, ensuring that industries make better use of energy and utilize clean technologies is also an imperative for Goals 7,9 and 12.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	91b24cc4fe2490dcd6cae21b0381d5cb	In Australia, Craig (2005) estimated this loss to be about 40% of the total storage volume. This evaporative loss could increase by about 15% by 2080, due to the effect of higher surface temperatures in the face of climate change (Heifer, Lemckert and Zhang, 2012). Increasing total usable water storage by reducing this type of loss depends on the adoption of evaporation suppression technology, which is driven by the marginal value product of the water to be saved. This can be further split into recoverable seepage that infiltrates freshwater aquifers as “return flows”, as well as the non-recoverable seepage infiltrating a saline aquifer.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	91b495df2742255f4e420b812e078da4	It is the shape of this new sector, not continued programmatic initiatives from a central government, which accounts for Finland's success. Closer analysis of Finnish education policies and reforms since the 1970s reveals that Finland has employed different solutions to transforming its education system compared with many other OECD countries (Darling-Hammond, 2010; Hargreaves and Shirley, 2009; Sahlberg, 2011). This is sometimes called the Finnish Way of educational reform.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	91b6a92a41fa767f79afb068c2a5cd5c	In order to overcome capital market barriers, the CEFC will invest in firms and projects utilising energy efficiency and low emissions technologies as well as manufacturing businesses that focus on producing the inputs required. It is intended that the CEFC will act as a catalyst to private investment that is currently not available for clean energy technologies. The new entity aims at providing low-cost financing for clean energy and efficiency projects (including large-scale rooftop solar plants or commercial building retrofits or even high-voltage lines). The bank will be funded by a surcharge on residential and commercial electricity bills, which was previously paid into the state's Clean Energy Fund, amounting to USD 30 million a year.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	91ba47efe8a42e7b3ad97885a6376952	The volume of fertiliser is in turn determined through a bottom-up process. In each village a definitive plan needs group (Rencana Definitif Kebutuhan Kelompok, RDKK) of farmers establishes their fertiliser requirements. This is aggregated up at the district and provincial levels to obtain a national volume of fertiliser demand. For non-urea fertilisers, the subsidy is presented to offset the fertiliser selling price.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	91bc97e3f2829fcef9b12a46b3bc02f3	People aged 65 and over are expected to make up about 30.1% of the population in metropolitan areas, 30.2% of the population in inland areas, and 26.8% of the population in coastal areas, in 2045 (Productivity Commission, 2005). With older people often experiencing multiple chronic conditions, this suggests the need for health care will grow. Some of this need will be in areas with insufficient services to meet the demand for health care associated with ageing. This is compounded by a maldistribution in the health workforce. The country has dealt with this situation with a heavy reliance on overseas-trained doctors, and government policy has directed them to areas of need.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	91bd886dfd554847500edca64ef270b1	On the other hand, when the labour market is booming, wage growth in the informal sector could lag behind growth in the formal sector. In that case, informality might increase the gap between the formal and informal sectors, and hence overall inequality. Due to these two opposite trends, the contribution of informality to overall inequality is relatively small.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	91c3113d6f5e403e82d92167518c5f51	The GSHS collects data from adolescents aged 13-17 years. For some purposes, this age coverage may be adequate, but for other purposes the lack of data on younger children who could be surveyed directly will be a potentially large constraint. Furthermore, some children may be in the wrong grade, some attend only part of the time, and some are completely out of school and perhaps not even in a household.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	91c3b63f21b64503914a9bc91f8a7aef	Waste management and recycling policies are still relatively new. It is estimated that the valorisation rate of waste in Chile was approximately 10% in 2009 (CONAMA, 2010). The main objective of the policy is to manage solid waste in an integrated manner so as to minimise health and environmental risks while ensuring a sustainable and efficient development of the waste sector (MMA, 2011). On a national and regional level, executive secretaries (Secretarfas Ejecutiuas) were created to oversee waste management throughout the life cycle of products (creation/use/disposal).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	91c605a191362e9774aa5c3766b462f1	Land rights are therefore an important issue in Viet Nam. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s farming was collectivised to prevent the reappearance of rural inequalities and class division, which had plagued Viet Nam since colonisation. Efforts were made to redistribute land from large land-owners and colonials to tenants.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	91ca5d66e17e70e512ea0ca6fabce3eb	One monitoring and evaluation system. As a result, external stakeholders continue with unilateral project review missions, often over-loading national staff. Prevention efforts have focused on the development of targeted behaviour change interventions among vulnerable populations, and public awareness campaigns for the reduction of stigma and discrimination. As a result, the majority of 2006 reports from the Caribbean include data on a range of nine or more UNGASS indicators.	3	4	1	0.6
10.18356/fa683360-en	91cc2997a29159b2c3ee860db80d11f4	Such impunity ends up normalizing this type of violence and undermining the rule of law. All sectors of society need to play a role in changing the cultural and social acceptance or discounting of this violence. The criminal justice system has a leading role in efforts to prevent and respond to violence against women. Criminal legislation sets the standards for what society deems unacceptable conduct, and provides criminal justice officials with the authority to investigate, prosecute and punish gender-based crimes. The objectives of any criminal justice system in cases involving violence against women and girls should be to ensure the victim’s safety while holding the perpetrator accountable for his actions, and to send a clear message to society that violence against women will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have a crucial part to play in ending impunity for violence against women and girls.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	91cc46426ecf55579c54c856a8dda708	Nevertheless, women in Switzerland are held back by a number of hurdles in the labour market - some specific to Switzerland, and some not - and by difficulties associated with reconciling work and family life. The first section focuses on education and examines how girls compare to boys in terms of attainment, opportunities and study choices. The next looks at the labour market, the transition from school to the workplace and the difficulties that women face in trying to reconcile their professional skills with their family life.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/584f8730-en	91cee6272e901c8c0d9c9735a3e2f6d1	Private investment is set to return to positive growth in 2016 on the back of economic stimulus programmes and strong public investment. The Government announced measures to support small and medium-sized enterprises and the real estate sector, a number of tax incentives and initiatives to expedite investment promoted by the Board of Investment. Meanwhile, several public infrastructure projects were recently begun, and the Government plans to spend $83 billion over seven years on new railways, roads and customs ports.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6a39744b-en	91d2b94d594af323da3d5d6ca501add6	A land-use dialogue (LUD) accompanies the operationalization of SAGCOT. The LUD recognizes that PFM is necessary but not sufficient in an area which also has a history of small- and larger-scale commercial forest management; a broader landscape approach is needed, as village land-use plans are quite limited geographically and often lack technical and financial support. The capacities of government officials and relevant agencies need to be strengthened and communication is key, as is taking account of long-term effects on land tenure security. Hybrid approaches involving state and non-state actors can work, and participatory land-use planning approaches need to recognize competing interests.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	91d4dc5f6ecc5c52f9e653a1ca78719a	"Nor has it been accompanied by appropriate strategies to improve pedagogy and teaching practices, the professional development of teachers, and the provision of excellent software and courseware. Therefore, systems should be lead by the ""right” drivers, i.e. a deliberate policy force that ends up achieving better measurable results for students. These include the focus on the learning-teaching-assessment nexus, social capital to build the profession, pedagogy matching technology and developing systemic synergies (OECD, 2013)."	4	0	6	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	91d6934f8958049e9be6004c49ba21f2	So, the Internet cafe is no longer necessary and has closed. However, it did provide an important service for several years. This illustrates that a social enterprise must have various income streams to be successful; if one activity is less profitable or has outlived its usefulness, then the business can be maintained by other activities. In addition to marketing tais cloth for clothing, the model may be used to produce a range of new products, including bags, purses, decorated boxes and accessories.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	91d6cfa245a1b88c87afd4a4d36aa4ff	Unlike the MPS, which is “financed” by consumers of agricultural commodities, this support originates from taxpayers. Budgetary transfers are an increasing source of the overall support to producers in Kazakhstan (Figure 2.25). The complexity of budgetary flows in Kazakhstan was discussed in Section 2.1 and illustrated in Figure 2.3 (section on financial arrangements for administering policy).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	91dd32974abeed4110f8d91cac9cc4a0	It has outreach programmes and projects that highlight the importance of effective skills training to parents, teachers and employers. Skills competitions demonstrate the highest standards in skills among youth and help persuade organizations to invest more in skills development. As a member-led global hub, WorldSkills helps countries or regions to improve their TVET systems and raise their benchmarks for skills excellence.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	91de25e65fb0d61137f5b243a2c8643b	They also have much less work experience, given their overall low level of labour force participation, affording them fewer opportunities to acquire skills, identify potential business opportunities and set aside savings. Women’s limited work experience before starting a business is likely to drive a higher attrition rate, since business experience is critical for success (OECD/IDRC, 2013). Across countries with available data (Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia), women have a higher fear of failure, believe less in their own capabilities, are less connected to other entrepreneurs and are less optimistic about potential business opportunities (Figure 1.9). In the MENA region, the share of entrepreneurial activity resulting from “necessity” rather than “opportunity” tends to be high and has been increasing over the past years (GEM, 2013).9 In Egypt, for instance, the share of men and women entrepreneurs driven by necessity rose from 20% in 2008 to 75% in 2010.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	91e4070f9b2d04dbf91800d30b15d55c	They were more keen to work with parents, partly to show them the results of their children's progress and achievements, and partly to persuade other parents to bring their disabled children to school. There was an increase in the number of disabled children enrolling in pre-school and primary school - from 22 to 44 per cent in aimags where the approach was used. These were based on an inclusive education resource centre established by Save the Children at the Institute of Education, the main pre-service teacher training institution.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	91e409cd8ac3adb544e10ededc0efc04	From 2006-2014, urban social cohesion contracts focused on neighbourhoods in difficulty. The 2015-2020 city contracts act on a wide range of levels, organised around three pillars: development of economic activities and employment, social cohesion, and living conditions and urban renewal. The city contracts established within the City Policy are exemplary for the role that they give to the inhabitants of the target inter-municipalities and cities, which are represented by citizen councils.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	91e46e4e9ec405006651eb72cbbbb51b	Alongside the students, teachers and parents that play a role in all education systems, labour market actors such as employers and unions are critically important. Nationally and regionally the involvement of the authorities and social partners helps to ensure that the overall design of the system, the content of programmes, and the mix of training provision meet labour market needs. Some degree of consensus among the different stakeholders is important, but needs to be balanced by effective leadership to ensure that consensus does not become a formula for inertia, with a multiplicity of stakeholders each holding an effective veto on necessary reforms.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	91e47bd599025e4aaee104d7444d753b	Other sources of finance include environmental compensation, international development co-operation, private donations and revenue from tourism and sustainable forestry, although the latter are still limited. About half the states redistribute a share of the revenue from the state-level value added tax (ICMS) on the basis of environmental criteria under a mechanism called Ecological ICMS. The main parameter is the extension and type of protected areas and indigenous lands.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	91e4ecb9a5d418b1cb2aa9c5aa717f30	This section gives the building blocks for such a detailed analysis and illustrates the outcomes for the (non-) overlap between three domain deprivations in two countries. That would create an avoidable loss of information. In fact only by executing an overlap-analysis, can a truly multidimensional analysis be made.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/c69de229-en	91e74c739fa7240cfc7aef8f83cbe5b4	Nevertheless, when comparing two households with otherwise identical in terms of composition and income, except that one of them includes a disabled member, the latter is expected to have a lower standard of living. The additional costs faced by that household may be in terms of treatment costs, higher costs due to specialized transportation, diet or equipment required. Hence, non-poor households having members suffering from disabilities may actually be poor in terms of resources left to spend on basic needs, after deducting medical expenditures.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	91e902eef2a1c2a16fdc48f5c60a99ab	In the two most mountainous countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, living in a high altitude area is also correlated with a significantly higher risk of poverty (World Bank 2009a; World Bank 2009b). Higher food prices may actually have benefited rural households that derive their income from agriculture, i.e. for those who are net producers of food. However, recent data on Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan show that between 2007 and 2009 poverty reduced to a lesser extent in rural areas compared to urban areas (Slay 2011).	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	91ea076f3d96ae8db229b045c0560edd	As a proxy for long-run socio-economic status, such an index has in fact been shown to outperform more traditional income and expenditure measures in terms of explaining differences in health outcomes (Rutstein and Johnson, 2004). However, while it is a valid concern in high mortality contexts, this effect should not be overemphasized for a middle-income country like Jordan that has already made great progress in reducing child mortality. While this does not tell us anything about causalities or the exact magnitude of a correlation and its statistical significance, it provides a first overview of the incidence of early childhood mortality in different contexts.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	91ebe25fe4f86419924cb919fb303d74	This involves a minimum level of financial-market development, low levels of corruption and the establishment of an institution with a certain degree of political independence. Moreover, the administration of initial and continued benefit eligibility requires a rich multi-level infrastructure, ranging from national labour ministries to local public employment services, with effective coordination between the administration of benefits and the providers of employment services. While this can be a challenge in many advanced economies, it is very difficult to achieve in emerging economies.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	91eddac6539ba697fb29a6f84b9a8866	Typically, a GP will refer a patient to a secondary mental health service if they consider the patient’s problems to be too complex, or too serious, to be handled by themselves and counselling services alone. The QOF for GPs is being used by NICE and the NHS to define other primary care objectives for mental health and to try to influence and shape the outcomes and quality of care through this pay for performance scheme. Of the QOF indicators used by GPs in 2013/14, 10 were in the mental health domain.	3	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	91eea8ecc561bab191211520cded1e1f	One influential model of disease management is the Chronic Care Model (CCM) developed in the US by Wagner, Austin et al. ( A systematic review evaluated the impact of disease management programmes that contained two or more of those CCM components for diabetes, depression, heart failure and COPD (de Bruin et al., It found that, of the studies that reported changes in healthcare costs, 13 out of 21 showed a decrease in overall costs. The overall costs varied between -USD 16 996 (a system cost saving) and USD 3 305 (an increase in the system cost) per patient per year (in 2007 prices).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	91eff7a9b8e9c9d5fd13ef060d5dbec4	Primeiro Seminario de Construgao de Cenarios do Projeto de Construgao de Consenso para Eletrificagao de Comunidades Rurais Localizadas em Areas Remotas e Isoladas. Rajiv Ghandi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana - Progress Reports. Retrieved September 01, 2009, from REC: http://powermin.gov.in/bharatnirman/pdf/ Progress on electrification of villages households.pdf Silveira, F.G., Carvalho, A.X.Y., Azzoni, C.R., Campolina, B. and Ibarra, A. (2007).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	91f852ac5503f62a5f5c9fb70935e276	Since crop yield insurance market does not exist in the UK, the transaction cost in the insurance market is assumed to be 30% of the fair insurance premium based on the observation in other countries. Similarly, the cost of forward contract is assumed to be 5% of the expected price for all commodities. It uses valuable and unique time series (history) data from individual farms in seven countries to assess the risk environment faced by individual farmers.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8008ee72-en	91fd1f47344d5739b9cdfbe11c86b19b	In contrast, the gender gap in Central and Southern Asia as well as in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia is much smaller, owing to the significantly higher suicide rates among women in those two regions. Worldwide, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women between the ages of 15 and 29.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	91ff8925f89b17e33cf3475dee7fc8e5	Price support programmes in many cases work countercyclical to markets and become inactive during high price periods. The General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) measures the associated monetary transfers. The methodology used to measure the GSSE has been revised to clarify the definition of the indicator and its components, as outlined in Box 1.3. A consequence of this revision is a more narrow definition of the GSSE which now excludes support to up-and downstream industries. The various implications by country of the more restricted definition and data improvements on the level and composition of the GSSE are summarised in Box 1.3 and with greater details in Annex 1.A2. This definition is narrower than the one applied previously because it now excludes support to services for which primary agriculture is not the main beneficiary.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	91ffb37dda53adc3facda4cf1056dd04	Wartime demographic policies and the use of rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing are two glaring examples of the use of women’s bodies in ethnic/nationalist struggles.2 As markers between self and other, women and non-hegemonic genders are highly exposed to human rights violations within conflict. To provide insight into this complex relationship we analyse feminist critiques of the human rights framework, and the impact of specific human rights claims - individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive - on securitization. Moreover, activists from the South have also criticized the human rights discourse for its racial and class bias and its irrelevance to the struggles of women in marginalized communities, ethnic minorities and developing countries, who are subordinate in national as well as international power relations.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	91ffc4d27d9ac66baf5669303f6726a3	Lower-tier programmes with a broad scope are shown in the upper right-hand corner in Table 3. The biggest group in this category are non-categorical SA providing cash and near-cash support (US Food Stamps, since 2008 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, SNAP, are a near-cash benefit). Incapacity benefits are not shown. The US Supplemental Security Income and the Irish Disability Allowance are lower-tier minimum-income benefits with non-means-tested insurance-based programmes acting as first-tier benefits in both cases.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	9200b461ff4b02f2d55619f9e4a232d4	The data presented demonstrated that pesticides are one of the most important production input costs for a series of crops. The panellist illustrated the fact that prices for the same pesticide product can vary greatly between different countries, and that the critical factor in determining pesticide prices is the level of competition in the market. Therefore, any barrier to competition in the pesticide market can keep pesticides at monopoly prices and increase food production costs. The standard setting process has changed to such an extent that today standards contain confidential information that is claimed as intellectual property by individual companies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	92086f8d2456fbbe9abf2ba3d0bfd557	Elderly households, those headed by young people, lone-parent families, fragmented families and large families are particularly at risk of being poor in many OECD member countries. Predicted trends in family structure suggest that the future will see further growth in these types of families: projected trends suggest that declining marriage rates, rising divorce rates and increased cohabitation are likely to continue while the number of births outside marriage and the preponderance of children living in step- or single-parent households appear likely to rise. Longevity will also continue to increase.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	920b24a14808eba4c6490761e3085e7f	Load variation, from minimum demand to maximum demand, is normally met with cycling plants, such as natural gas and coal, which have lower capital cost but higher variable costs (mainly fuel). Peaking plants (generally oil-fuelled) are used to provide for peak load and are therefore operated for only a few hundred hours per year. The two Kirchhoff laws describe the flow of electric current through an integrated system and indicate that electricity will take the way of least resistance rather than the geographically shortest route.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	920eb969d1d84bb481e3d015b6807ad8	Take the United Nations Millennium Development Goals as an example: of the 8 goals, 6 can be linked more or less directly to female empowerment, with the last two also having elements that can be achieved only through tackling female empowerment. See United Nations (2013) for an overview of how the UN perceives the gender dimension of the MDGs. For the World Bank’s take on the matter, see the Gender Equality as Smart Economics Project, World Bank.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3ad10876-en	921180fb6ab5ce8240f4926ad8139aae	The mean snow-water equivalent in the Northern and Western Tien Shan has remained relatively stable over the past few decades, but several studies have concluded that the glacial systems of the Central Asian mountains are decreasing in size and volume. The number of days of high air temperature (>40 °C) has increased from the 1950s to 2000s. The number of days with low temperatures (below either -15 °C or -20 ®C) has decreased, for example, in Tashkent since the late 1870s.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/106b1c42-en	92123634ac329ca0aed78e3484e2cd7f	These factors are considered malleable. Indicators are descriptive, and should provide information about the unit of interest (e.g. the system) in terms of central tendency (e.g. mean or median), the precision of the estimate (e.g. the standard error) and the variability (e.g. the standard deviation) of the value of the indicator within the unit of interest. However, descriptive information about ECEC systems, pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments becomes even more useful when data from one system can be compared with data from other systems, or over time.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	9213d27c0145e6ae7ce3b63e36b8bda0	They are the ones selected by the systems which engaged actively in the OECD/ILE work and who thus had the knowledge and means, as well as the desire, to take part in this international study. The featured strategies and initiatives can make no claim to special effectiveness; in any case, it is questionable whether any strategy can make the bold claim to be “global best practice” when so much depends on the context and the unique social and political circumstances in each setting. Instead, they provide a fascinating set of cases from which to gain insights into the range of approaches being taken to spread and sustain innovative learning in different systems around the world.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf400991-en	9213f015700072900633d36b5fb8d2db	It is also supporting national governments to organize similar national and sub-national meetings. Local governments, and their local partners, are imparting skills to enable effective use of tools such as the Disaster Resilience Scorecard for cities. They are also providing a simple methodology that can support development of DRR plans from the Scorecard's outputs.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	9214b37cf9a39f2e83a561ed7be4e6fe	Here, too, the donor community will need to ensure that the statistical support it requires as part of their assistance programmes is congruent with the national statistical system. African countries have much to learn from each other - about both what has worked and what has not. The previous chapters offered many successful and innovative examples of initiatives from other regions and from across the African continent.	5	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	921897abf67cd2bc379dfd804cc10b4a	The Internet speed required for a satisfactory quality of experience depends on the activities performed on the Internet, with data-hungry applications such as video and online gaming the most demanding in terms of speed. Beyond Internet speed, other technical factors such as latency might be important for users of time-sensitive applications, such as over-the-top voice applications like Skype or Viber. Quality of service parameters, such as broadband speed and latency, may depend both on the ability of the Internet service provider to deliver on the advertised conditions and on the economic capacity of customers to pay for the plan that better meets their requirements.	9	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330503-9-en	9219a4f3ae30e116dc80bd0617291f5c	"The option of having similar offers like ""buy one now get one later"" (like Tesco in UK) is more accepted - but on the other hand this might make it harder for the shops themselves to order the right amounts. One example for households is the possibility to buy smaller packaging and the possibilities to buy fresh fruits and vegetables cut in halves (on the contrary today often the packaging size is getting larger and larger making it impossible for a single household to finish the food before it goes bad). Smaller packaging are often today significantly more expensive (cost/ kg) than larger packaging and since the cost/kg always is displayed many people choose the larger packaging just to get cheaper food."	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	9219cf2f665b03c2857c4a6283161157	"The decision whether to include an institutional infrastructure should be clearly explained in the documentation. It includes measures related to ""entry strategies” (such as assisting new farmers within the context of land reforms). Transfers provided directly to individual farmers within those programmes should be in PSE. It also includes measures related to ""exit strategies” and diversification strategies outside agriculture used in some developed countries, such as certain programmes in the European Union."	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0899dee9-en	921a885e49a239d3f44f6232cf1ac416	Central to them is the well-being of care receivers. Yet in their design and implementation, care policies can contribute to gender equality, or be detrimental to it. Recognition of women’s unpaid care and domestic work can act as an entry point to bring a gender perspective into care policies, and help reduce and redistribute care as a result.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	921c847242ce6fdc5edcab9c1716f3ae	These charges can be modified by the parliament (Acteon, 2010). However, the availability of good, accessible data and information on water varies across Brazilian states, preventing effective decision making in terms of who gets water, where and when and who pays for what (OECD, 2015b). This causes some issues with the enforcement of different water quality regulations and abstraction rules within the same interstate basin where two or more water management bodies are in charge of different sections of a river; the difference in terms of rates across federal and state domains and the consequences on water quantity and quality management where charges are not applied, even within the same state; the difference in the levels of expertise, capacity, and knowledge across agencies, with consequences on the ability to set and effectively implement charges. At the moment, plans do not set clear priorities or criteria that define available water resources and drive allocation decisions for hydropower development, irrigation extension and domestic and industrial use, amongst others.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	921ced861f38e2f4d69f1ed2d0c131fb	The fact that revenues from water tariffs are not allocated straight to the IWA raises efficiency considerations as well as inadequacies in funding in many areas. Readjustment of intergovernmental responsibilities for strategic water financial planning is therefore a national goal for the coming few years. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff and time as well as obsolete infrastructure. This is an interesting result, since governments often tend to consider capacity issues in the water sector a major concern for developing countries rather than for developed ones.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	921e42f42c9dceb84ca0e59b43a27889	Nevertheless, the trade remains highly concentrated, with the ten largest exporters accounting for 70% or more of the total trade. Each of these is affiliated - through full or partial ownership - to a range of other companies many of which are themselves specialised rice milling and trading companies. Viet Nam Food Association (cont.)	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	921edeb809bfd2603ac5b8dffbb62ddb	Fathers, particularly at the higher end of the income distribution, are viewed as more stable and reliable workers, whereas mothers (particularly those earning low wages) are viewed as unreliable in the face of family care commitments (Budig, 2014). Descriptive evidence from Mexico reveals that fathers have higher rates of employment or education enrolment than men who are not fathers (Figure 3.6), while mothers have lower rates relative to women who are not mothers of dependent children. Fathers are defined as having dependent children aged 14 or younger.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	921f6849bf03a1a4747483e2eea2deba	Programme participants (manufacturers, vendors or resale agents) that sell designated energy-efficient products that meet the specifications of the programme can register to use the ENERGY STAR. The right to use the logo is based on self-declaration (products can be tested in participants' own facilities or by an independent testing laboratory). The standard will provide organizations and companies in various sectors (including utility, manufacturing, commercial building, commerce and transport) with a framework for integrating EE into their management practices.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	92218a75c541498648ffd95ad0e2f1a7	In the Netherlands PHI also covers physiotherapists, contact lenses, and alternative care, as well as cost-sharing by basic health insurance on dental care. In Switzerland supplementary PHI covers dental care and alternative medicine, as well as additional costs in hospitals related to private or semiprivate accommodation or choice of doctor. In Canada, PHI provides coverage for pharmaceuticals for two-thirds of the population. In Israel, PHI covers 80.3% of the populationfor services that are not included in the basic benefit package; the most significant medical service covered by this private insurance (complementary and duplicate) is the choice of physician for surgical procedures.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	9222296e95d03b281a56c42bc266c16d	With this strategy, the Brazilian government is stimulating public R&D organisations and the private sector to expand their international actions. Brazil’s role in promoting South-South co-operation is described in Box 2.3. Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in the Brazilian resources allocated to technical co-operation. As a result, the country has gradually switched from a position of recipient to a position of provider of development assistance.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	9224b973b772b43de0a16ec57047e1ba	They depart from the opposition between the universality of rights and the rationality of targeting, and call into question the merits of social protection regimes based on individual capitalization. Lastly, these new approaches also seek to combine the core elements of the fight against poverty with those of the fight against inequality and efforts to promote social cohesion. The former can be understood as an intangible resource which enables individuals and groups to obtain certain benefits on the basis of social relations based on trust, reciprocity and cooperation (Arriagada, 2005). The theory suggests that, as the social capital of protection networks increases, disparities in benefits will decrease.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b7590987-en	9228e1383b49dce45b89415ca43848af	Diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria alone continue to account for about one third of deaths among children under five; many under-five deaths still occur in children already weakened by undernutrition; and many pregnant women continue to face serious constraints to improve their nutrient intake, especially in low-income countries (United Nations, 2015a; United Nations Childrens Fund, 2013b). These challenges are compounded by the urgency of tackling the problem of neonatal deaths. Likewise, it is important to scrutinize the limitations of the health system that have held back the effectiveness of health policy interventions in helping achieve progress towards achieving the health-related MDGs. Policies to expand access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (MDG 7, target C) have also been critical for achieving health-related goals and are under review in chapter V. The review of health policy interventions is followed by a discussion focused on the constraints of health systems and examples of measures that have enabled Governments to overcome them. Broader issues of governance and institutions that also affect health policies—and development policies in general—are discussed in chapter VI.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	9228ec7c046d401311ece3493aebf447	Consideration for vulnerable users is evident in various initiatives, such as the creation of 144 protected zones for the elderly and children with unmanned camera surveillance, expansion of low-floor buses, on-demand taxi services for wheelchair users and obstacle-free pedestrian environments (braille blocks, elimination of bollards and raised spots). A specific initiative for women is the “Road Manager” programme. The sendee runs from 10 pm to 1 am to accompany women residing in obscure and deserted areas from the bus stop to the front door. This initiative is operated in co-operation with the local university students specialising in bodyguarding and safety. For example, the Good Governance Committee, which was established in 2011, brings together elected politicians, experts and citizens.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/afa296fe-en	9229adede2dfdb21479661ccefc045a6	Social movements, activists and experts have called attention to the adverse effects of such projects. The former Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living presented in a 2007 report basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement, condemning disruptive development initiatives and recommending the adoption of policies that provide for popular participation, adequate compensation and proper resettlement schemes (A/HRC/4/18, annex I). Likewise, the current Rapporteur, in her 2009 report, referred to major international sports events such as the Olympic Games and the football World Cup, addressing the State's role in implementing pro-poor development (A/HRC/13/20, paras.	1	3	2	0.2
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	922a7a6a9f7f8a55243b48df338ed2cf	The PA does not mention agriculture explicitly (see Box 1) or indeed agriculture related initiatives at all, nor sets out if and how agriculture should be treated in to process going forward. However, in the preamble of the PA, Parties recognize the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger, both of which are inevitably linked to agriculture. They further highlight the vulnerabilities of food production systems to climate change impacts. The PA also acknowledge the particular vulnerabilities of agriculture and food production systems to the adverse impacts of climate change.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	922a9e341de6eefd2d69318f13d7cfd7	In this case, however, the premium corresponds to the price of traded green certificates. This premium is more volatile than regulated feed-in premiums and thus creates additional uncertainties for renewable investors. Specific balancing rules can also be applied with respect to wider tolerance values for renewable energy generators. The interaction of TGC and locational signals depends largely on national regulations.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e3495d86-en	922ccbeaca0bb61df57cd3ec4b4729e9	See Acemoglu and Robinson (2002) for a discussion on the dynamics between political institution and inequality. See Tsounta and Qsueke (2014) on how proactive policies can lead to a reduction in inequality in Latin America. At the same time, taxes, transfers and welfare systems provided a basic safety net for poor people and redistributed income for greater economic and social equity. If it were not for these profound reforms and prudent public policies, inequality could have remained persistently high in the now developed world, leading to social unrest, aggressive populist reforms, and economic stagnation as widely observed in developing countries.	10	0	9	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	9234a01e17055e9917bb5a6855c31869	All are members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). There are, however, calls in South Africa to reform the funding formula that distributes customs revenue from SACU to its members (Economist Intelligence Unit 2015a). Any changes to the formula that reduce government revenue could have a major impact upon the smaller SACU member states. Mauritius saw gains in the tourism, information and communication technology, financial and insurance sectors, and losses in the construction industry (Kalumiya and Kannan 2015).	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/fb79328d-en	9234e72011b4d85087f8cff80ae0645b	Poverty reduction was featured as the first and pre-eminent goal. At the end of the 1990s, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund had incorporated a linkage between market-oriented structural adjustment policies and the poverty agenda within the revised framework for the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs), making the formulation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) a precondition for the receipt of debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries Initiative. However, the Goals, per se, do not encompass any particular strategy for achieving those objectives.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	923536da6ef7567c6ef9fe54e8b2234b	In Norway, data on catches and landings are thought to be relatively reliable. As a consequence, high-grading is not allowed in Norwegian waters. The Norwegian authorities strongly believe in the usefulness of the discard ban, and the European Commission, in its review of the Common Fishing Policy, has drawn attention to it as a possible improvement in its own set of policy tools.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	92360918c4571d24c5dfb47111ea268d	In the large funds, vertical integration has helped promote the use of primary and preventive care. Also, the funding mechanisms encourage all the funds to look for more cost-effective approaches. Israel’s relatively rapid population growth is likely to have helped the political economy of adjustment by reducing the need for hospital downsizing and closure.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-5-en	923676779f46bd2fdb9070e098c8a6b4	An amendment to the School Education Act (2011) made attendance in pre-primary education compulsory for 5-year-olds in 2011, and granted all 4-year-olds and 3-year-olds a right to participate from 2015 and 2017 respectively. Amendments to the School Education Act (2013) also introduced a limit to the fees paid by parents, with earmarked grants from the state to local governments compensating the difference in cost. The legislation aims to fulfil the needs of preschool students by: establishing clubs to support children's social and personal development, if requested by parents and where conditions permit; enabling access to preschool institutions during the summer, especially for those who cannot attend during the regular educational term; and opening free mobile classes, particularly for disadvantaged students in rural areas.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73320136-en	92371c1eebca4cc9ec781b75244442c9	Pre-crisis assessments in Yemen demonstrated that women in food insecure families often eat less in order to provide for their children. Displaced women may not have access to hygiene or dignity items, forcing them to remain out of sight. Lack of life-saving response services and safe refuges for survivors - who often fear stigma or rejection - compound the problem. These informal ties are subject to erosion as assets are depleted, income sources cut, law and order collapsed, and people's psychological strength exhausted.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	923dfcc2813c2aed00140696cd2d4cd9	Guatemala's forestry policy explicitly requires the government to promote certification as a mechanism to help the country's forestry products penetrate the international market. In 1989, it launched SmartWood, the first global programme of forestry certification and the first to harness market forces for forestry conservation. There are three types of certification: natural forest management, stewardship chain, and guidelines applied in the plantations.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	92420497601dae859413e8645078f04e	Future upper secondary teachers receive an academic year of professional coursework, similar to many other European countries, but still only have a limited amount of teaching practice: 120 hours compared with up to 1 065 hours in other European countries as indicated above (European Commission, 2013). Evidence suggests that the modules are theory-focused, offer limited preparation in modem teaching and assessment techniques, and do not adequately cover important topics like teaching at-risk students and integrating Roma children and students with special education needs (Stark and Zoller, 2014; European Commission, 2015a). The Teaching Staff Statute that formed part of the 2011 Education Law upgraded the qualifications required to become a teacher to a new two-year Master of Arts programme in teaching.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	9244ac8a142524585dacaac318f13ba6	China and India cover so many production environments that each can, to some extent, smooth out internal regional supply and demand variations via internal trade. Yet even these countries can benefit from this stabilising role of international trade. Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9245dab451c112b18d6c24aa644e1243	Since the strategic motivation for exporting earlier than others is valid for all the export companies, this eventually leads to the actual early suspension of rice exports. The strategic uncertainty may result in suboptimal timing and quantity of rice exports for an individual company, since the quantity and timing of rice exports should be ideally determined based on global and domestic market conditions rather than on the strategic motivation induced by the first-come, first-served basis (Tsukada, 2011). It also reduces the incentive to develop or expand market opportunities (Tran, 2014a).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	92480aa85e161bb3437731561d1c42d7	Expansion of the SGBP may also be needed to improve coverage of products and services for the treatment of priority health conditions, and remove financial barriers to seeking necessary care. However, any SGBP revision should only provide coverage of interventions shown to be cost-effective. Many OECD countries use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) to inform priority-setting decisions for their benefit packages - for the selection and coverage of medicines and development of standard treatment guidelines most commonly, and increasingly, for non-drug technologies, programmes and services as well.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-6-en	924a4e64f711a29e4f99dce61e333384	The chapter also describes four broad principles used to justify the use of economic instruments for water management. At present, the country applies four categories of economic instruments for managing its water resources: fees for water abstraction, user charges for water supply and sanitation, irrigation water supply tariffs and fines for non-compliance with regulations concerning water resources. The chapter also discusses water pollution charges which were introduced in 1993 and then abolished in 2005. This is particularly important in present circumstances, where water infrastructure and services are chronically short of money for their operation, maintenance and new investment (Pegram and Schreiner, 2009). User charges, set at proper levels, are a reminder to water user sectors of the cost of the resource being consumed. Water prices are also useful to public decision makers (Ministers, regulators) in deciding the allocation of water when it is scarce and on the allocation of public budgets and investment programmes to water, rather than other types of public infrastructure and services.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	924b78e677fc97da7412d26a4f84a553	More broadly, global and more localised competition for factors of production, particularly site area, water and feeds can be critical, as is competition in food markets and price-supply conditions. Here, the role of aquaculture in providing raw material for value-added products is different from that for whole fresh or live product as is the potential size and value of markets involved.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c607b535-en	924c39d14c366209b51970a245222db0	Nutrition security differs from food security in that it also considers the aspects of adequate caregiving practices, health and hygiene in addition to dietary adequacy. It is usually a manifestation of expending fewer calories than are consumed. In adults, overweight is defined as a BMI of more than 25 kg/m3 but less than 30 kg/ m2, and obesity as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	924de6bb643cc5de22413a69f23ef89d	Working to narrow institutional mandates no longer makes sense. ' Climate resilience' can be compromised where geopolitical risks are not taken into account in insecure and fragile states. Similarly, disaster preparedness is of little use if it is not directly connected to other initiatives covering a range of shocks. Further, resilience in one sector e.g. food and nutrition security, can be undermined by a lack of similar investment in other sectors, such as clean water. Donors can play a leading role in setting the record straight on this, by breaking down barriers between existing programming silos, in turn leading to a more helpful and harmonised engagement in resilience from those actors dependent on donor resources (i.e. realising the expectations of the resilience agenda).	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	925045a145992b15ec6e281e7527188e	The country’s largest mining companies, including state-owned CODELCO (the world’s largest single producer of copper), apply internationally certified systems or their own systems of corporate environmental management. Large mining companies have engaged in voluntary Clean Production Agreements (Acuerdos de Produccion Limpia, APLs), which cover mine closure, efficient use of energy and water, sewage and waste management, and acid water drainage. Particulate emissions need to be further reduced and water use efficiency increased in the sector. Mining competes with agriculture and human consumption for increasingly scarce water resources. Many abandoned tailing dams in Chile are in deficient/unsatisfactory condition, and much mining wastewater from large companies remains untreated.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	92514acfe160ae7656ef621520b16d5d	A similar picture emerges for fatalities among the elderly - people who are 65 years or older as passengers, drivers or pedestrians. The number of the per 100 000 inhabitant elderly fatalities in road accidents was 3.7 in 2013 in Korea, compared to an OECD average of 1.2. The speed limits in resident areas are often too high to protect pedestrians.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	9255ab1cfce51d26bef08a260b116a9c	They are supporting capacities in the technical, managerial and administrative fields required to make CRGE implementable. And they are providing incremental capital to put in place climate-resilient low carbon infrastructure, boost agricultural productivity and deploy policy incentives and mechanisms. However, donors’ convening power could be further employed in bringing on board multiple stakeholders, in particular civil society groups, into the green growth debate - in this way opening up more ambitious opportunities in governance and mobilising the public.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	925a0325b88b235a0ff9849e8da92ff6	A similar result holds for groundwater. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in its 2014 assessment that it is virtually certain that climate change will reduce renewable water resources substantially in most dry, subtropical regions, resulting in scarcity of drinking water and biomass-based fuels.63 Many of these regions lie in Sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed parts of the world, where women and girls already spend considerable time each day in meeting these requirements for their homes. Should there continue to be a lack of relevant infrastructure or more equitable sharing between men and women, climate change will further reduce choices for women. Paid work provides economic autonomy along with opportunities for participation and social interaction, as well as for enhancing skills and capabilities, helping boost self-esteem and confidence.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	925aa5e12bd2879a670995beadc18d48	Some lower-secondary and upper- secondary schools are combined. An increase from 10 to 12 years of compulsory education is being phased in. There are relatively few private schools in the supervised sector. Vocational training schools (administered by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor) provide an alternative track to mainstream upper-secondary education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	925ad5a4e65c8eba91da49ae21c55f2c	Only countries with over 1000 complete observations are included in the chart. The OECD-ORBIS Database is the output of treatment of raw data provided to the OECD under copyright by Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing. It contains structural and financial information for millions of companies worldwide.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	925bdfd4a23b963dc6436717dc863aa7	The parks in Bergamo aims at modernising the local industries and struggling against lock in processes. They are relatively diversified and host a number of intermediary organisations. The two parks - Servitech and Kilometro Rosso - help build bridges and appear as vehicles for co-operative projects.	4	8	0	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	925cf6290ce900488c68dcf1436f612b	Efforts are being made to generate positive spill-overs by integrating the industrial park with the city of Hawassa and contribute to a stronger service sector. Studies are being conducted to design resource-efficient housing units, to accommodate local workers. Ethiopia has also sought to leapfrog global competition by using the green identity of the park to provide a competitive advantage over rivals from Bangladesh and China. The green industrial park recycles water, uses LED (light-emitting diode) and intelligent lighting systems, plants trees, and uses natural ventilation and lighting.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/da48ce17-en	925e6a6dffdea1b2697b3e400d28ab7f	They concluded that neither the existing UNFCCC reporting and review framework nor the transparency framework currently under development on adaptation require reporting of all of the information needed to fulfil the purposes of the global stocktake. Nevertheless, the country-specific approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation can potentially provide information to track progress towards national adaptation goals. By extension, national monitoring and evaluation approaches could serve as a potential information source for the global stocktake, in particular the following two objectives: “Recognize adaptation efforts of developing country Parties” (Article 7, paragraph 14 (a)) and Enhance the implementation of adaptation action taking into account the adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article” (Article 7, paragraph 14 (b)). The extent to which this information could be used is explained and caveated below.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	92624b2645e489b884d740db3717ceb4	Although public and private dialogue has increased, it needs to be further expanded and systematised to establish a new market. Rather than being seen as an obstacle, the current financial crisis should be seen as an opportunity for a paradigm shift: moving away from considering energy efficiency as a liability, and instead starting to view it as a hedging insurance tool that could be used against price volatility of petrol, for instance. Such a paradigm shift could lead to the emergence of an unprecedented reassurance market. As such the study makes four key conclusions, discussed below.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	926316e8602604dc2c08729c4d3dfb2d	A sample of random gender marker audits will be undertaken each year to improve accuracy (ensuring regional balance). Guidelines for integrat-ing gender in reviews, assessments, evaluations and audits (drawing on existing tools including IRRF, gender marker, etc.) Accountability tools such as the gender marker, ROAR data and gender parity data will inform its meetings.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	9263b8f7541b237144c96d0d54128443	Moreover, enforcement is highly challenging, given the low numbers of PA personnel available to monitor such large areas. Furthermore, there seems to be a problem of coordination in terms of enforcement and compliance. A number of different laws regulate hunting (and fishing), and these should be harmonized and their application coordinated between MoEF and other institutions such as NEPA, NEG, NARW and NIMRD. In the Danube delta, for example, there are eight institutions which control illegal fishing or illegal hunting.	15	1	10	0.8181818181818182
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	92658d53f387e9abbd09a2e852669531	Increasing international mobility of health workers has made the task even more challenging, compared to the case where the government was able to determine both the supply of and demand for health workers. There are additional challenges, such as addressing disparities in physician densities across regions and specialties. Financial incentives alone are not likely to improve concerns in these areas.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	926b13cd420afa37dcaedf38e4a82c91	For example, Zulu men play an important role in rituals that recognise the dead and guide their spirits to their spiritual homes (Henderson, 2011). Henderson coined the phrase 'absent presence' to describe the forms of separation between children and fathers in which the importance of fathers is retained through efforts to sustain rural homesteads, and their symbolic incorporation within the home even after death. In urban contexts, paternal 'absent presence' is sustained through remittances for individual children, mobile phone conversations, visits or even decisions to co-reside - the latter three practices often initiated by adolescents and arranged independently of their 'present' parents (Bray, 2009).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	926ba6e52d81ec144e563ba4d9025529	For example, women’s very existence may be threatened by sex-selective abortions and neglect in medical care. More generally, whether women have the same opportunities as men to live a long and healthy life is of fundamental importance to equality and well-being. Second, the chapter looks at socio-economic standing.	5	0	3	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	926f1448450209d79e6fd731596522a9	The goal would be to provide a rapid response forum, composed of senior officials close to ministers, with timely access to relevant information for managing potential crises. The technical group of member countries of AMIS would work on short-term forecasts, initially in the area of wheat, grain rice and soybeans. Web-based dissemination would ensure that the information reaches as wide an audience as possible.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264077287-en	9273e97a11704b09e7454770ef3f3766	Pressures on the environment, stemming primarily from consumption (pollution from transportation, waste generation, and land use), are heavy. Luxembourg is also characterised by its international interdependence. First, with its neighbouring countries: its economy is highly integrated with those of Belgium, France and Germany in particular and around 90% of its trade is with Europe.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	927403d8ffb16771bdf959a5d05ec4bd	But it at least needs to be noted that it would greatly reduce almost all trade and environment tensions. A host of new issues have risen to prominence since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round, including the need to address environmental subsidies (such as renewable energy subsidies), perverse subsidies (such as fossil fuel subsidies), energy trade, sustainability standards, and green industrial policy tools. But in the absence of an active forum in which to discuss them, such issues will remain lacunae in the global economic architecture. Finding a way to progress the Doha Round, or ways to work around the slow progress in that setting, would allow room to advance in areas that would strengthen the mutual supportiveness between the trade and environmental regimes.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	9276b8fffa9c04e4c514e94d80a3839b	Overgrazing and agriculture are additional pressure factors. Up until recently, neither a management plan, nor any transboundary cooperation on the wetland existed. However, there has been some bilateral cooperation for determination of the border along the lagoon between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Soviet Union, as well as between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. A number of reservoirs and dams on the Kura also help with flood regulation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	92787151f064ddfc22bb716dabda6606	To be effective, FSN initiatives need to be integrated into broader economic development strategies, since development reduces vulnerability to a broad range of individual and social problems, nutrition included. With these challenges in mind, the central thesis of this report is that a territorial, place-based approach is needed to address FSN challenges and that such an approach should be integrated into broader regional development strategies in both urban and rural territories. Further, improving the level of economic development in rural areas is central to addressing the challenges of FSN and poverty.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	9278970ff0f67d141eaa37ad0276d8bc	A promising step towards addressing cross-border transport challenges was finally achieved when the Transport Committee in the Swedish parliament announced that the government should develop a national strategy for cross-border rail traffic to reduce the vulnerability of the transport system (as part of the proposals for the National Plan 2018-2029). The plan is currently submitted for comments and will be decided in the first half of 2018. It should be noted that the national transport plans of Norway and Sweden will then cover the same planning period (2018-29).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	9279225e25326007e39fc70e6c64df8a	Many countries also lack this capacity (Castro et al., The challenge is that such indicators require estimation of the total amount of travel with each transport mode within the city boundaries. Responsibility for this type of mobility data has traditionally been outside the remit of local government road safety teams, making it harder for road safety professionals to gain access.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	927a82458ce4940fbe18f07b75665a07	These are steps in the right direction, but do not per se imply that older workers are more readily hired, and the offices of Hello Work and JEED (see below) should strengthen their special programmes targeting older jobseekers, such as training offers, second-career counselling and training seminars for firms in age management. Hello Work offices administer recruitment incentives (“job development” grants and other incentives for employers hiring hard-to-place jobseekers; trial jobs for youth and other target groups) and start-up incentives. By contrast, vocational training for the unemployed, rehabilitation and employment programmes for people with disabilities and child-care programmes are administered primarily through grants to other public organisations, particularly the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan (EHDO), and the Japan Organization for the Employment of the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities (JEED).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	927afb8391d6cdd77cbd217c2c50e55f	However, each additional customer in the area reduces the average cost for all involved since the cost for connecting the additional customer is small. The physical link through the grid not only links customers to a producer but also links all producers with one another. This is why in the electricity system changes in the level of production of one company immediately have impacts on the production and profitability of another company.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	9280ae9dc1e3bf685820ccfd2446a7c6	Les projections a moyen ou long terme, quant a elles, doivent etre appreciees pour Paide qu’elles sont susceptibles d’apporter a la planification des politiques et a la prise de decision. Ces modeles montrent dans quelle direction une societe peut se diriger si les tendances se maintiennent et ils donnent aux responsables publics une possibility d’agir pour modifier le cours des evenements. En consequence, il ne faut pas juger les modeles destines a assister Paction gouvemementale a l’aune de Pexactitude de leurs projections.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	9281c11db2248d549f219d86cdb60c42	As a result, average changes over wide areas can be relatively well understood, while there is greater uncertainty about the specific impacts at the local level, particularly in countries with diverse ecosystems or topography (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). Regional climate models and statistical techniques have been developed that can downscale climate projections to provide a higher resolution (Ranger, Muir-Wood and Priya, 2009). However, applying such techniques requires technical capacity not available in all developing countries. Given the uncertainties inherent in climate projection, national adaptation policies and planning processes can benefit from periodic reviews and assessments.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	928403e7330b8879e42273ea71bc8d61	China and India both have manufacturers focusing on developing vehicles for this niche. Demand-side measures including land-use planning and management are integral to such interventions as BRT and are included, but not specifically delineated in this discussion. Perhaps Page I the most important type of public transit system will be BRT, due to its low cost and wide applicability, along with potentially excellent performance.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	9285e8b6d1c036354024565afc220c2e	Its mission is to create the conditions for successful partnership between government and the private sector, and develop and consolidate their capacity to implement PPP projects and increasing private investment in the national economy. It supports PPP projects by developing documentation (the concession proposal, tender documentation, the draft concession agreement), negotiating with potential investors and concessionaries. These recommendations are based on the experience of the oblast and city of Pavlodar, but they may be equally valuable for other cities, as they present similar problems in the public utilities sector.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	92868b8fe69db02fb5d44ede59c9555a	Government expenditures to stimulate demand and full employment can be at least partially if not fully self-financing if we consider a longer-run time horizon. Economists and policymakers have not typically thought about the gender effects of countercyclical or full employment policies—but they should. Evidence suggests that in many countries, women and racial/ethnic subordinate groups are at the back of the job queue during economic downturns, making strategies to promote full employment part of the toolkit to achieve gender equality (Seguino 2003; Couch and Fairlie 2010; Seguino and Heintz 2012).'* The ELR is a type of government-funded programme that employs all of the jobless who are ready, willing, and able to work in a public-sector project at a base wage.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	928752ec2ce37f8d6a34dcc27fe2492e	As shown, the Icelandic population has experienced dramatic improvement in several key health indicators, such as the IMR and life-expectancy. Governmental polices shape and determine the context in which we are born, live and die. During the life-course, people are constantly exposed to both positive and negative factors that influence their life.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9287e8c9eabf39f48cc727bc26eb47e9	Similarly, unexpected events and various types of uncertainties, family members’ health shocks, a lack of education, and little or no ownership of productive assets, especially land, are important in the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In addition, inadequate asset endowments, both physical and human, limit households’ access to opportunities, financial markets and credit, basic services, and social networks that create persistent effects on poverty and hunger. Social and other forms of exclusion also make it extremely difficult for the poorest and the hungriest to escape deprivations. The focus has been on the poorest and the hungriest.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	9288ef0f654ee78cbeadc5b424ceebc2	This statement does not imply that the distribution of costs cannot be discussed. Relative costs may be changed through a carbon tax or through a zero-emission credit. In the first instance, costs will be borne by electricity consumers, in the second by taxpayers. In both cases, there will be compensating economic impacts such as increased tax revenues in the first case and lower electricity prices in the second.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	928bb60eba9976e677d88f99c70925f9	It elaborated four governing principles: citizenship, empowerment, gender mainstreaming and innovation. These principles informed the plan’s 12 key lines of action: 1) political and social participation; 2) economic participation; 3) coresponsibility; 4) education; 5) innovation; 6) science; 7) health; 8) communication and media; 9) diversity and social inclusion; 10) violence; 11) foreign and development co-operation policy; and 12) guarantee of the right to equality. The previous Ministry for Equality (2008-10) and the Women’s Institute monitored the development of the measures and actions included in the plan. For example, the Palestinian Authority adopted the Cross-Sectoral National Gender Strategy 2011-2013, which serves as a cornerstone for the elaboration of the Palestinian Development Plan for the next three years. Study participants emphasised the critical importance of these strategies as a means to uphold and safeguard women’s rights in the aftermath of the Arab Spring and fast-track women into politics and public service.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	928c96a6c96f86e46c6315f78ba59c3b	"In Germany, as in other OECD countries, few parents1 share paid work equally and full-time employees, be they men or women, often work longer than 40 hours per week."" Such long hours complicate mothers’ efforts to combine full-time work with parenting, an issue that is exacerbated in Germany by the relatively short days in pre-, primary and secondary school (Chapter 3). In part for that reason, German mothers who work part-time work shorter hours than in other countries and they face difficulties to revert to full-time work as their children get older. As for their male partners, their long hours curtails the time that they spend with their families and the amount of unpaid work that they do at home."	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264128392-3-en	928d06a8151ad260fe1dbbbd96498dba	First, it cannot be assumed that the mere existence of an STI ministry will ensure a net increase in total resources for STI. Second, experience indicates that the ministry option is most effective when the ministry is involved (sometimes as primus inter pares) in an interdepartmental co-ordination body with other ministerial departments. Such a body oversees policies that can affect innovation performance, and the distinction between policy design and policy implementation functions is clear.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	928df00410b1f170b1ad88532cd604a7	There are some advantages to including modules or questions on time use in household surveys, such as lower implementation costs, as the methodology and sample design are part of a regular survey, which also ensures periodicity and comparability with other indicators in the national statistical system (Milosavljevic and Tacla, 2007). This methodology also allows cross-referencing with other survey modules. The Regional Gender Agenda has driven the gradual development of time-use measurement since the 1980s. In addition to the consensus reached by governments at the Regional Conferences for Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Working Group on Gender Statistics of the Statistical Conference of the Americas (SCA)8 has played a notable role in conceptual and methodological development, and in the production and dissemination of analytical documents relating to time use. Cuba pioneered the field with its national time-use surveys in 1985 and 1988 (Aguirre and Ferrari, 2014). The methodologies used were heterogeneous in terms of the objectives, legal fundamentals, collection process, classification of activities, geographic scope and calculated and disseminated indicators.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	9291104d1d4420d5e16c66248ef7addb	Regional authorities can foster social acceptance in two ways: increasing understanding of renewable energy projects; and ensuring local benefits, as communities will more willingly accept some of the costs of renewable energy installations if they stand to gain from such investment. Focusing renewable energy development in rural regions on accumulated competencies is therefore strongly linked to gaining community acceptance (OECD, 2012d). Not doing so can lead to “grey areas” of responsibility, resulting in each actor shifting responsibility to other levels of government -ultimately to the detriment of the service and to deterioration of the infrastructure.38 Governments should also make sure that proper ex ante coordination between the different levels of authorities is established. In addition to facilitating land planning, ex ante co-ordination is also crucial in the case of rural electrification programmes which require full co-operation by local authorities.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	929177dd2814798bd2787e3f02ea59fc	Brazil is also home to several World Heritage natural sites and 12 internationally recognised wetlands under the Ramsar Convention that are designated protected areas and cover over 65 000 km2. The government aspires to obtain the designation of additional 10 Ramsar sites by 2017 (MMA, 2015a). Sustainable use areas dominate in all biomes except the Pantanal (Figure 5.3).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	929263536cb720bf7ee9166a0d74e570	Part of that assessment would be whether students who undertake a cooperative type work experience are likely to undertake further training when in employment, thus potentially overcoming the problem in Mexico that the country has one of the lowest rates of participation of 25-to-64 year-olds in job-related training among OECD countries. The government pays nearly two-thirds of the £65.5k annual budget for a KTP project. This means that companies pay an average of £21k annually and get £65.5k worth of services.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	929332aacf9d559fc0da13363cf0feae	At the same time, three demographic factors present challenges to women’s empowerment: persistently high rates of adolescent pregnancy, a rising share of single mother households, and increases in life expectancy, w'hich imply more hours spent on eldercare. These changes in family structure can affect women’s abilities to undertake good-quality paid w'ork. In 1970, Mexico averaged 6.7 children per woman.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a72b920d-en	92964728881fa787b2d095083449d6d9	Those found to be HIV-positive are not allowed on peacekeeping missions or other local deployments, but are allowed to remain within the Ghana Armed Forces and to continue to work for as long as they are able to.71 The soldiers and their families are guaranteed access to full medical facilities and treatment for opportunistic infections, as well as to ARV drugs. The policy also stipulates that all Ghanaian troops going on overseas courses must be HIV-negative.72 However, this policy negates the VCT principle advanced by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. It is also a breach of the principles of human rights provisions that no one shall be subjected to medical test without her/his consent. This is a contentious issue because physical fitness is an essential feature of military service and HIV/AIDS without treatment erodes the physical fitness that military personnel are expected to possess.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c55a6d-c954bfd9-en	9299348a49a13c29716e60ebad5fe343	The system includes a mobile health library consisting of locally relevant clinical and public health information with easy-to-use navigation tools for mobile devices, and a mobile health library portal that enables users to download new clinical and public health content using mobile devices through an Internet connection. Embedding the MHIS within the ECDOH and transferring the technology and content were key goals for FHI 360 from the outset. The project started in 2008 and will continue through 2016.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	929b3c16a0c94dbf3a0b96f488a12ae0	Progress is being made with improving the exchange of information between different public agencies. However, better information systems to which all relevant authorities have direct access are needed to make eligibility verification work, and deliver social support to those who really need it. The NOBUS survey provided a wealth of information on the effects of policy, but it was held in 2003 and has not been followed up. The introduction of a similar initiative on a regular basis would help policymakers to choose more effective policies and the actions from this would more than justify the cost of the survey.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	929c03e802296b5d0c1f7e0ba7653a6f	The CCVFV should ask for recommendations from the Ministry of Mining or the MECF if relevant and obtain MIC agreement for foreign projects. Once the application has been approved by the district FAB and the registration fees have been paid (around USD 0.57 per person), the township FAB issues the certificate. Applicants that are cultivating the land should show photos of the cultivated land and the Nay Pyi Taw Council or the region/state department office should approve the issuance of a land use right.	2	7	0	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	929c91c3bb847d577fd4bb148446f513	These companies have built up considerable technological and engineering capabilities, which they could apply, at least in part, to the wind energy sector. Particularly for these companies, engaging the services of established design firms has been a logical step in their corporate strategy. At the same time, however, they have started embracing a new strategy, in line with a new trend in thee global wind industry.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	92a14a32051ee00c9e0457258ad4988f	In 2013, about 76% of all Swedish children under 7 years old used public ECEC services, a proportion that climbs to roughly 87% if the under Is - most of whom are cared for at home by parents on parental leave - are discounted. Home-based family day care services are available, but their use has declined since the mid-1980s - in 2013, they accounted for only around 2% of children aged 0to5 (OECD, 2005, 2015g). Instead, the large majority of young children attend day care institutions w'ith care provided in groups of around 17 on average (SCB, 2015; Skolverket, 2015; OECD, 2015g).	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/215d0d56-en	92a280420c0e3ee23a8013adbe7ea394	International agreements and cooperation are important means of supporting implementation. Through the Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention),b which was adopted on 25 June 1998 and entered into force on 30 October 2001, countries have been engaged in ensuring that access rights become effective. In Latin America and the Caribbean, a regional instrument whose aim is to ensure the full implementation of access rights and to promote international cooperation in that regard, is currently under negotiation, with the support of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, at the eleventh special session of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 24 to 26 February 2010, the Governing Council of UNEP adopted the Guidelines for the Development of National Legislation on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Bali Guidelines).'	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591264-9-en	92a5b3fb736bd76439f8d0bf35b10909	We then come to how high levels of education have affected growth in Kerala, before concluding with some concerns about the quality of education in the state. Schooling in Rajasthan is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are enormous challenges concerning both access and quality of schooling. Rajasthan is still in a situation where it is necessary to recruit female teachers to contribute to greater gender parity and social equity in school enrolment.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/da0593e8-en	92a64da304c9889a1cf0da49153b05ea	Significant research has been pursued in the academia and the public and private sectors on these issues. A further goal has been more effective land policy implementation. The role of these land policies, when coordinated with planning and zoning tools, may be very important for eliminating informality, since the authorities can monitor ownership rights and land use, plan more effectively and eliminate illegal occupation of public land. While these measures have not explicitly targeted the informal settlement problem, in general terms they have provided better spatial data infrastructure for urban planning and management with respect to general compliance with the existing planning and building regulations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	92ab24cbec491a40ce74ddf54b83b5ab	While this is true of public employment in general, the problem is likely to be more severe for older workers, as the underlying demand for their skill-set is generally weaker. It is crucial, therefore, to provide older jobseekers with more opportunities for regular employment. Facilitating access to part-time jobs and flexible work arrangements may be an effective way to enhance older workers’ employment and smooth their transition to retirement.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	92ad9a9dcd23b18515c7e75867fc7332	Any declining trends in these statistics regarding gas and coal may well improve the prospects for nuclear. Notable oil price volatility tends to be negatively correlated with macroeconomic growth. In a carbon-constrained world, the price of carbon is increasingly important for participants in energy markets and society at large.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	92b0dc3c697489bf63d4a78e3e1a49de	Among these factors is new technology, developed and adopted as a result of agricultural research and extension. This stream of residual values was expressed in constant year 2000 dollar terms by dividing the nominal values by the GNP deflator. Compounding forward at a real interest rate of 3% per annum, the stream of residual values is equivalent to a one-time payment of USD 7 335 billion in 2002, an enormous benefit from improved agricultural productivity in the United States during the post-WWII period.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b620ec70-en	92b2fdff456921da12694d0dd337c9cb	Here, the risks are associated with access to services, whereas, for undesired events, the risk is two-fold: the event itself and the ability to deal with it. It would therefore be unwise to target only the poor as a way of keeping costs down. Nor can there be any certainty about how much the needed care will cost or how great the other associated costs will be. A compulsory financing mechanism should therefore be used, and young people should be included in order to differentiate risk levels, as is done in the case of health insurance.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	92b3c1749e1b2116cee7ba25610512c8	The PIAAC survey provides a measure of the numeracy and literacy skills. One obvious concern in the context of the present analysis is to what extent these measures actually reflect skills acquired while in education, given that skills are likely to depreciate with age, and might be complemented by those accumulated at work. These concerns are addressed both empirically and based on previous results suggesting that PIAAC skills largely reflect those accumulated while studying (see Annex 3 for a discussion).	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	92b96c4f24414224f48627d5bd41dca2	In other words, the presence of increasing returns to scale, along with forward and backward linkages, allow firms to purchase intermediate inputs at lower costs. Several firms specialise in producing complementary products, reducing overall production costs. This refers to the idea that an industry gains from having a constant market for skills. If there are market shocks, firms can adjust to changes in demand if they have access to a deep and broad labour market that allows them to expand or contract their demand for labour.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	92b9db8aa0d733eeed6936e9be54d4f7	As an illustration, Mohanty (2007) states that establishing a moderately-sized laboratory in India for testing and analyzing samples of spices costs approximately 4 million Indian rupees (USD 88 000), while compliance costs range from 5 to 15% of the fob value of agricultural products in general. In Thailand compliance costs for a substantial number of firms can reach up to 5% of sales; in the case of a few firms, it exceeds 15% of total sales. Those companies often lack the internal capacity and the economies of scale to establish effective quality assurance and traceability systems (Giovannucci and Purcell, 2008).	2	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	92bb00d46e987690a116b89d993b8f0a	By contrast, electrical and HVAC workers will likely need to attend accredited training programmes at community colleges or through their local trade union. For example, to support the transition to green jobs, in 2008 the Mechanical Contractors Association of Chicago established a green construction institute, to providing training to local building contractors, apprentices and journeyman of United Association of Pipe Fitters Local 597 (MCA Chicago, 2011). According to one analysis, 2 200 jobs will be created by full implementation of the retrofit programme called for by the Chicago Climate Action Plan (Schrock, 2009), but given that this is a small fraction of total construction employment in the region, and because there is currently a large volume of skilled trades people currently unemployed (CWIC-CJC, 2010), it is likely that current training programme will suffice.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	92bbbed0e308e84120032637f507c7bd	What little evidence there is of employment mobility indicates that employees generally rise within a career in one company. While the focus of the state of Sonora on continuous skills development for the benefit of the maquila industry is commendable, too narrow skills development will not serve Sonora’s population and economy in the long run. Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on general competencies that will allow people to adjust to rapid changes in the labour market and have the capacity for lifelong learning. Also, given the needs of the state to build a knowledge economy and infrastructure serving its diverse industrial base, changes to the tax regimes governing the maquila industries should be considered in view of the need to invest in long-term economic development.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6546680a-en	92beb070582fe82544e3db6da8ae6e2e	Since doctors and nurses receive relatively high incomes, they can create demand for various types of goods and services that are available locally. To respond to this challenge, their policymakers will have to find ways to stimulate employment creation. In addition, GDP growth rates in the current decade have so far been lower than in the previous decade, and forecasts suggest that this is likely to continue over the next three to five years. Since employment creation was inadequate even in the 2000s, the LDC employment challenge in the present decade is even more overwhelming. The framework is based on the recognition that employment creation without the development of productive capacities is not sustainable. These elements are: the investment-growth-employment nexus; enterprise development and technological change; and the three-pronged approach to employment creation.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-5-en	92c19ee86b6c2b60cfc4c08bbdb14aac	Although the level of women's political activism has peaked and ebbed since 1893, women have continued in a variety of ways to work within their communities and politically for recognition of the equality of women and their right to fully contribute to all aspects of the society in which they live. The key factors that provide women with agency to advance their interests in modern day New Zealand are: (1) the high level of education for women, (2) changes in the electoral laws, and (3) the political activism of women through community organisations and political parties. The main barriers to women's political leadership have been comparatively a lack of access to political institutions (the political parties and the parliament); limited legal rights; and economic dependence. The underlying commitment to the values of enlightenment brought to New Zealand by many colonists in the nineteenth century included a commitment to equality, the rule of law and democratic decision-making through an electoral process.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	92c1b1843e902185cdaafbe978e76dde	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	92c2c1e028e99eedfd95bf865e0cb86e	This sensitive data is the basis for energy services directed towards the end customer like demand-side management or smart-home services. In future, Orange is willing to act as connection point between network elements and customers. This could lead to a greater dependence for DSOs on telecommunication companies.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9efca30c-en	92c490bd64e0fe5ed78391121f9d4370	What Is the Impact of Child Marriage: Human Rights and Justice.” Available at: http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/theines/hunian-rights-and-iustice/: UNFPA (2012). However, comprehensive, in-depth regional accounts of the legal, socio-cultural, and practical dynamics of child marriage across Arab States are still rare. Furthermore, most available reports address the issue for programmatic purposes and on an ad-hoc emergency basis, particularly in the context of crisis and displacement.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	92c6124f0dec0232246aeacb674e2c54	Women clients also value the opportunity to network and learn from other women entrepreneurs. Although the matrix in Annex C is not an exhaustive list, it suggests only a patchy presence of support mechanisms in a number of the economies. These include women’s business development and resource centres, business incubators for women, women entrepreneur support projects, counselling and training services, and marketing initiatives. The network of WECs across Western Canada is a case in point.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/21334b08-en	92c897bb46f689cc97459f00850ba507	Road traffic death rates in 14 countries (including China, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Russian Federation, Thailand and Viet Nam) were higher than the global average. However, of these, four countries brought down the death rates from their previous levels in 2007. For the other ten countries, the death rate increased further over this period.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	92cae4e777e3e273de835bd1944b5898	Companies from Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia are looking into investment opportunities in this sector. It examines the land tenure system, the regime for FDI in agriculture and the investment incentives offered to agricultural investors. This gives the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) significant discretion on the selection of projects as no clear and transparent selection criteria have been established in the legislation to select specific projects, for instance based on the linkages they would create with local MSMEs.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	92cba7a13f108da4f571f02c8b50c42c	It has broad appeal to female audiences and is suitable for adaptation for countries facing similar trends. Associated with SDG 16, governance systems for sport also need to be fully accountable in addressing issues of gender-based violence and harmful practices, in order to command the confidence of all girls and women involved in sport. The scale of the gender equity issues associated with sport calls for strong enactment of a range of policy options. These options include recourse to wider systems of regulation and involve gender-sensitive systems of funding distribution and re-distribution, and various approaches to data and information gathering and dissemination that build awareness and ensure accountability.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	92cf2069acdd5021d3ed7d78f77fafa3	Factors that concern the economic contribution include, for example, the motives which encourage immigrants to work in these sectors; the knowledge and skills they bring; the innovation generated directly or indirectly by them; and possible negative economic or related effects (e.g. pressure on native-bom employment, infrastructure, price levels or the environment). However, these national results do not necessarily hold for each economic sector, since even within the same sector employment creation and displacement effects may occur simultaneously. The study discussed in this chapter illustrates such effects, and in this way complements the analysis in other chapters. Wholesale and retail trade is a very important sector in terms of employment, and almost one in five workers are employed in this sector. The share of employment in mining is far lower (just above 1%), but at the same time this sector accounts for almost 9% of GDP (compared with 7% for trade, Ghana Statistical Service, 2015).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	92cf51ea64ab49a39f96bf5ccfb6a204	A product patent on a new use may therefore directly extend the life of the existing patent, unless the claims for the original and the new patent refer to specific and separate uses (“use-bound claims”, see below. During one year of artificially extended market exclusivity (based on an invalid patent), the originator company gained more than $1 billion in net sales of the respective pharmaceutical product. Governments may seek to reduce the risk of such lawsuits by limiting patents on product variations unless there are clear and demonstrable grounds to show that the modified substance produces truly new and significant therapeutic impacts.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	92cfc4571334c6a8ee017e84526b1b70	Developing the potential of small holders requires sustainable access to markets. Wiggins and Keats (2013) suggest that poor farmers are not linked to markets for a variety of reasons: remoteness, low production, low farm-gate prices, and lack of information, to name a few. Sometimes, however, the natural environment can be unconducive to rapid growth in all types of agriculture, and some out-migration is inevitable.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	92d299e53ccca28d266f32184b0e95dc	For instance, estimates for Thailand suggest that only half of the renewable energy capacity is connected to the grid (DLA Piper, 2014). Grid issues are also prevailing in China, where government estimates showed that 15% of the total wind power generation was curtailed in 2015, according to Liu (2016). Despite having the best wind conditions, the curtailment rates have surpassed 30% in some of the northern regions, where the grid issues are considered larger than in other regions.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	92d33db47d469399ade002788fd41e88	It may however, also be linked to the fact that large adaptation initiatives often come with their own reporting frameworks. A Practical Guide for Planning; Implementing; and Assessing Capacity Building of HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Systems, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, USG, Washington, DC. Climate Change Issues with a/ocus on Development and Science-based Decision Making: Position Paper, WMO, Geneva.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	92d594f1fe48c91d368b800eeef4489a	Source: OECD Network on Early Childhood Education and Care’s “Survey for the Quality Toolbox and ECEC Portal”, June 2011. For Sweden, data regarding child care refers to childminders. For Noiway, data regarding child care refers to child/youth workers. For Prince Edward Island (CAN), data refers to entry-level ECEC staff.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	92d61ab76a6016d2cf19798a4bf4cbef	It is not the intention here to provide a comprehensive review of the principle but just to highlight the most critical areas. A distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference is compatible with the principle of equality when (a) it has objective and reasonable justification; (b) it pursues a legitimate aim under human rights law;and (c) there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized.48 Differences in treatment that comply with the criteria mentioned above are not discriminatory and do not infringe the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Thus, discrimination may arise not only from an explicit unequal treatment in the law but also from laws that at face value are neutral but in practice have a disproportionate impact on the enjoyment or exercise of rights on an equal footing.49 For example, a law stating that the surviving partner of a heterosexual relationship is entitled to a pension would indirectly discriminate against same-sex couples.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	92d7e11262561ac85ad093257d23835e	As part of modernization, the process had the effect of making people more dependent on a system that could be adjusted in response to market or bureaucratic failures (Kohli, Moon and Sorensen, 2003). Greece is a recent example of where the governance of the system has failed to the point where the poor have taken to the streets to protest. A similar process of economic alienation has been intensified in many parts of the world since the introduction of neo-liberal economic policies.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179806-en	92d82cda3e14858e656b5a53f3f47638	In 2009 85% of general high school graduates and 74% of vocational high school graduates enrolled in a postsecondary programme (MEST, 2010). Access to postsecondary education is selective and students are admitted to an institution and programme based on their performance on the Korean Scholastic Aptitude Test (KSAT). It is provided by two types of institution: junior colleges and polytechnics.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	92d9fbd0420985f34756abed7174aaaf	Making-work-pay policies have two main goals: raising employment and limiting in-work poverty. Empirical evidence tends to show that the positive effects on headcount employment outweigh the costs associated with reduced incentives to work more hours (Immervoll and Pearson, 2009). Evaluations have mainly concerned periods of buoyant labour demand, which raises the question of how effective these policies are in an economic downturn, when wages need to adjust downwards if additional jobs are to be forthcoming. Even so, an EITC can still be effective as a tool to reduce in-work poverty in times of crisis.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	92d9fca4b59d6e17f3b63a7729212d5a	Nevertheless, the conflict was regarded by the media as a blow to climate policy, and may have some bearing on what NDC policy options are available to countries within the existing trade rules. C. (November 20.2015). ' Global coal imports heading for second year of 'dramatic' drops-Mining.com - http: //www.mining.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	92dbffe8d4b5c0439574024d50fdea71	The need to find alternatives to the present aquatic feed resources is urgent While aquaculture production shows steady and rapid growth, global fish catches are stagnating or even slightly decreasing. The world production of both fish meal and fish oil have, according to The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation IFFO statistics, slipped remarkably from the record levels 20 years ago. Increasing demand of fish meal and particularly fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids for human use, has led to increasing prices and a reduced availability for the aquaculture sector.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	92debd9ae6e087c1dc36045cad8bc109	In 10 of the 14 countries in the study there is a monthly wage penalty for care workers in education compared with similar workers outside the care sector (see table III.9). However, this penalty disappears in most countries (except Chile, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru) when it refers to hourly wages. In 10 of the 14 countries in the study, there is a monthly wage premium for care workers in the health sector that holds in almost all of those countries for hourly wages (except Chile, where the coefficient was no longer significant). This finding is probably linked to the fact that a larger proportion of these workers are employed in the public sector.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	92df3ba430ff0d4449e252c87f578744	Similarly, Turkey has achieved the highest average reduction of 6.9% per year in infant mortality between 1970 and 2011, followed in the OECD by Korea (6.4% per year) and Portugal (6.8% per year). Financial protection has also greatly improved. Public health spending now accounts for 73% of total health expenditure, slightly above the OECD average of 72%.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	92e655d1bc6c85d3149c9cdac3187c9b	Second, these production effects may have broader market implications both domestically and potentially internationally. Third, broader food security and associated indirect effects may also occur. In the absence of policy action, Northeast China’s agriculture is expected to face water shortage due to competition for water use with other sectors, possible continued groundwater depletion in parts of the region, and the uncertain effects of climate change, leading to possible pressure on field crops such as maize and wheat.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	92e6816e9a793498e9a34bc0fb73932a	Some scholars argued that the act is more inclusive than current programmes, and eligible households will be more aware of their entitlements. This will make the PDS system more effective, because exclusion errors and leakages are better addressed (Dreze, 2013). Others stated that a further increase in procurement levels may aggravate the procurement challenges currently experienced, relating to infrastructure, stocking, transport, leakages and governance.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	92eacef06591e64cfd396b67287dfaf8	The definitions of afforestation and reforestation refer to the three points of land-use change, when there was forest previously and when it was planted (Kobayashi, 2008b). In addition, upper limits were determined for the application (calculation) of capture volume for the commitment targets of individual countries. Methods of calculating forest capture rates used the IPCC’s “Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry” (IPCC NGGIP, 2003), adopted at the Tenth Session of the Conference of Parties (COP 10) in 2004. Article 8 of this law stipulates the establishment of a framework for achieving Kyoto Protocol targets.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/73d010ed-en	92eb06be63eebb1c57c86dc389ecd29a	This may also indicate that a gain in productivity (or a greater amount of effort devoted to work, in line with our earlier discussion of the lack of a counterbalance for the labour-income elasticity of supply) may correlate with a reduction in the number of hours of labour supply but may boost production and growth. This may mean that the gender bias in the labour market is greater than the male/female wage gap that is based on observable characteristic (education or experience, for example) and that the wages of women entering the workforce, on average, should be higher than the wage that the market is currently paying. Among factors relating to worker skill levels, the mean level of educational attainment of the EAP correlates positively, although fairly weakly (about 1 %), with the growth rate for all the specifications.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9edc576b-en	92eb4712efb825ce6804e5fcd0c488dd	With particular respect to settlements and agricultural land in the country’s northern lowlands, floods occurred more often in recent years (almost annually) and caused serious damage. However, the majority of these dams were badly designed and are now, for safety reasons, operating at half capacity, limiting their usefulness in flood prevention. Despite the fact that illegal gravel abstraction decreased from 20 per cent in 2000 to less than 5 per cent in 2011, its impact still affect river beds and infrastructure today.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	92ec67d8e24118708455c090356cfb38	Without the controller, fluctuations in wind power outputs caused stability issues, resulting in the occasional need for turning off the wind turbines, thereby increasing fuel consumption. In combination with PowerStore grid stabilisation system, the MGC600 was able to manage the hybrid energy system, delivering a 29% increase in energy yield, by maximising renewable energy penetration (ABB, 2018). The 7 MW project has an estimated payback period of 4.3 years. Similarly, the success of the solar PV plant at Cronimet’s Thabazimbi mine in South Africa, with its payback period of less than four years, is attributed, aside from financial factors, to the use of a programmable logic control (PLC) system that helps achieve the solar penetration ratio of 60% (Boyse et al.,	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	92edd92e3f5b49bbb05b8b53d12d6827	Only 8% of its revenues come from grants. The picture for the Gauteng province where Johannesburg is located is radically different: the largest share of revenues (70%) comes from the general grant (called equitable share), 24% from conditional grants and only 5% from provincial revenue sources. However, since the provinces cannot raise taxes, their budgets consist mostly of annual allocations from the National Treasury. At the municipal level, the share of targeted grants from the national and provincial government is about 20-25%; the rest is mostly revenues from local taxes and service charges. Targeted, “conditional” project-related grants constitute almost half of financial support from the national budget, but there appears to be great volatility and uncertainty in their size.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264252820-en	92eefef0bf18b628df0c1c76ed8bf937	These remaining gaps not only undermine the well-being of societies, but represent missed opportunities for achieving economic growth that benefits all. To be successful, governments need effective governance mechanisms, and sound public sector capacities to ensure effective implementation of gender equality initiatives. The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality. This work builds on the extensive expertise developed by the Public Governance Committee and its policy communities, including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	92ef8955e91c2c349d0ebf227a61a73f	Higher than average shares of endangered species are recorded for amphibians and mammals (Table 5.1 and Figure 5.3). More than half of the 34 vertebrates listed as extinct are wetland dependent species. This is directly related to the use of all the country’s water sources (springs, streams and swamps) since the beginning of the 20th century to provide drinking and irrigation water. Furthermore, Israel is located on two major migratory routes, avian and marine (Box 5.2).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	92f2072893c7b21ecdaf249444db37fe	On the impact of housing cash benefits on rents paid by low-income groups, see Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires (2011) and Facks (2005). The same logic applies to cash transfers. For both taxes and transfers, policy indicators have been assembled for each of the three dimensions using the OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database and various other OECD Databases. To identify the tax and transfer policy framework, the country profiles show for each country the value of each indicator compared with the OECD average.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/3f0d7881-en	92f238a52689da405bcbefce6e70d2d1	Section 1.1 presents global, regional and subregional figures of hunger and introduces a new indicator of food insecurity that goes beyond hunger to include moderate levels of food insecurity. Section 1.2 presents the latest figures for seven nutrition indicators, including three SDG 2 indicators of child malnutrition (stunting, wasting and overweight), with a spotlight on the rapid rise in overweight and obesity. The links between food insecurity and nutritional outcomes - particularly overweight and obesity - are explored in Section 1.3. Rising mol body-mass index is ihe mein driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	92f65abc70b3020a3802386be4e6e31c	Experiences of international and national tests in Norway and Sweden], Chapter 6, in T.N. Hopfenbeck, M. Kjtemsli and R.V. Olsen (eds.) “ Intemasjonale og nasjonale undersokelser av lasringsutbytte og undervisning ” [Quality in the Norwegian School. International and National Tests of Learning Outcomes and Teaching], Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Evaluating Educational Reforms Scandinavian Perspectives, Information Age Publishing, Connecticut.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264113756-en	92f8e7e42b3fd658577002036284c16e	In technical education at least four weeks of practical training (praxis) should include practical ‘hands-on’ experience (on the example of the educational framework for Mechanical Engineering 26-41-M/01), but again schools can provide it either in companies or run it in school workshops (NUOV, 2008c). Therefore provision of workplace training in apprenticeship and technical VET depends very much on individual schools. The authors estimate that only 35% of students in apprenticeship programmes receive any practical training in a company (Czesand et al. In four year technical programmes around 90% of students do receive training in companies but the majority of work placements last no more than three weeks (Czesana et al.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	92f99c4afa63208311f2fbc2f18d1c4d	On balance, OECD analysis concluded that most developing countries would gain from OECD country liberalisation, although the gains were small relative to the benefits of reforming their own policies. Moreover, a large share of the gains were concentrated among a few emerging economy exporters, in particular Brazil (OECD, 2006). Those price changes exceeded by an order of magnitude the price changes that models such as Aglink suggested would flow from OECD country reforms.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	92fa630519929378947b6637825bb728	The financial decline of traditional utilities due to the influx of VREs with out-of-market finance is a case in point. This massive new phenomenon allows different readings. From one perspective, the sudden depreciation of the value of existing assets due to the political decision to introduce subsidised VRE may be considered a form of expropriation.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1007f69a-en	92fd414543dd2be34f0142013cad474f	That level of emissions would have disastrous climate consequences for the planet. There are a number of emission reduction opportunities for the energy sector, notably reducing the amount of energy consumed and reducing the net carbon intensity of the energy sector by fuel switching and by controlling C02 emissions. Energy efficiency and renewables are often positioned as the only solutions needed to meet climate goals in the energy system, but they are not enough.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	92ff63ab5fa9d993d2589e54a7a690dd	From 1990 to 2000, global CO2 emissions increased by an average of 1.1% per year. It jumped to a 3% annual growth rate over the next 7 years. Two main factors contributed: rising energy demand in coal-based economies; and an increase in coal-fired power generation in response to higher oil and natural gas prices.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	93001b4861dceed4961f1830f3feedd8	The average female labour force participation rate for OECD countries is 50.9%.2 In contrast, men’s participation in the labour force in the six countries reached 70% or more in 2014, only slightly below other emerging economies (WDI, 2016). According to the World Bank data, the MENA region includes the following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. The gap between male and female participation was reduced during the 1990s, but this progress slowed afterwards.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c9f3d59c-en	9302abef91db99dcc0a814308d49a518	Investments in urban areas have more political visibility and usually benefit a larger number of potential voters. Less legitimate are the political decisions to invest in improving services in selected neighbourhoods where elites live (and already have access) while leaving many people in rural areas unserved. As a result, in some countries, the level of service received by the advanced areas (e.g., major cities) is highly subsidized, while relatively little support is offered to the areas lagging behind.	6	4	1	0.6
10.6027/eb40a355-en	9303f7264041762bb14bb1ee8d7db00a	Citizen science should be promoted and used to raise awareness. It is important to stress though that the quality of the data from those low cost sensors is in general far from sufficient to be used for drawing conclusion on the actual air quality situation and form basis for control measures. This links to the need for harmonization of practices for local measures, such as retrofit approaches and low emission zones. It is recommended to the parties to review and share their success story in the cities. It is not only a problem of scale but also of balance between sectors and other policies. Therefore local actions need to be city specific.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	9304e20200792f9e5c1164f97bfd9b9b	In Brazil, for example, contracts are signed between the National Water Agency (ANA), states and river basin committees (water pacts) to enable the joint implementation of water resource management instruments through the establishment of goals, activities and deadlines for each party. There are no exchanges of financial resources among the parties, each one being responsible for supporting the implementation of its activities in the pact. The results achieved are related to the reduction of compliance costs and the adoption of an integrated approach for the implementation of water resource management instruments in those river basins.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	9304e9b522337561411104e717710a72	Vanuatu has integrated wind and coconut oil into the fuel mix of its electricity generation, but other countries have not had similar success with integration of these particular types of renewable energy sources. In addition, electricity grids can be developed in such a way that allows for the adoption of emerging technologies (marine energy, electric vehicles) in the future. The current and future use of smart grids and electric vehicles in developed countries and other island regions should be closely monitored for potential replication in the Pacific at the appropriate time. As the diffusion of grid-connected solar PV technology and wind turbines, for example, has largely trailed the adoption and dissemination of those technologies in developed countries, Commonwealth Pacific small states should not expect the latest sustainable energy technologies to be implemented before, or at a quicker rate than, these technologies have been adopted in more developed countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	9308140ec1eb0cbb780ec7c63a895981	Some localised efforts to improve collection of indicators of mental health care quality have been started, but are not rolled out nationally. Japan should look to establishing national collection of some key indicators that are still presently lacking. A better information infrastructure is essentia] for building stronger mental health care systems.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	930888ff0ff6ffc75cda1406b7d0033f	The latter includes EUR 14 million for forest management activities by public forest enterprises and private forest owners, and EUR 10 million for the Ministry of Agriculture’s forest department and affiliate agencies. Public expenditure on forest management has decreased over the last decade in both nominal and real terms (Figure 3.8). In 2004-06, EUR 8 million was allocated to nature and biodiversity from EU Structural Funds, with the EU providing 75% and the state budget 25%. The total represented 5% of total EU and state funds on environmental infrastructure.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	930c16a2c4762cd7d4c1a3ae7c8bd8f7	This would necessitate a reduction of global C02 emissions by at least half (or 30-85 per cent, depending on countries’ current emission levels) till 2050, relative to the emission levels of 1990 (IPCC, 2007; IEA, 2007:206) (see figure 2 for the required cuts). For developed countries, these targets imply reductions of between 80 and 90 per cent of GHG emissions. In other words, what is required is nothing short of a new industrial revolution that decarbonizes the economy. The potential in this regard is huge. With drastic reductions in material/energy input costs, there is much more room for manoeuvre to invest in R&D and staff training (both extremely important for strategic competitiveness) as well as to increase wages and employment opportunities. As Bleischwitz (2009: 4 and 9) correctly underscores, a resource-efficiency enhancing approach has the advantage of combining climate, energy and waste-policy aspects with the core economic interest in cost reduction and innovation.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/60375438-en	93125dcfded7757a45b8517498edd862	Human rights principles also underline the duty of governments to raise sufficient resources, allocate them in ways that meet the obligations of non-discrimination and equality, and ensure transparency and democratic participation in the deliberation of budget processes. Action is required along three dimensions: redressing women's socioeconomic disadvantage; addressing stereotyping, stigma and violence; and strengthening women's agency, voice and participation. Together, progress on these three dimensions can transform existing structures and institutions and, in turn, the lives of women and girls around the world.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	93131871d3baac7bc5f1ecda8a4c5559	However, despite the world economic downturn, 2009 total investments in clean energy declined by only 6.6 % from the year before, reaching 162 USD billions globally (Pew 2010). Moreover, the trend set in 2008, when the clean energy sector investment outperformed investment in fossil-fuel technologies for the first time, persisted through 2009. In comparison, according to the World Energy Outlook 2009 (IEA 2009a), the global oil and gas industry had investment declines of 19 percent in 2009. Venture capital and private equity financing have been contributing least (7% in the period 2004-2009) to investment in renewable energy, followed by the public equity markets (14%).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f501027d-en	931321f5508e328f68cdd241202f37a8	In most economies in the region, this growth has been driven primarily by factor accumulation, that is, by increases in the size of the labour force and by increases in the capital stock through investment, including from abroad. At the same time, significant increases in productivity, particularly in labour productivity, have also taken place throughout the region. However, the slowdown in economic growth that has been observed since 2010 has increased the difficulties faced by Asia-Pacific economies in terms of dealing with their numerous development challenges. However, economic growth has slowed considerably in recent years, reaching only 4.6% in 2015 in the developing economies in the region, less than half of the rate of 9.4% that had been the average in the pre-crisis period of 2005-2007.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-5-en	93140ca5aca2b40aafffb399f283e6c8	Progress in raising learning achievement, in particular in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects that are associated with higher wages, combined w ith policies to address the distinct barriers women face to employment, including affordable childcare, will be important to provide more equal opportunities for women and girls in Costa Rica. Similarly, there have been major efforts to cater to students with special needs in mainstream schools, including the development of an adapted vocational programme to facilitate transition into the labour market. Less policy attention has been given to improving the opportunities of children and young people from migrant communities, many of whom face significant barriers to accessing education and other public services.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	93148fe19af014d5f537752141d14391	Education and training policies should be pursued to improve social cohesion and productivity in the state. They should seek to attain inclusive growth by increasing student education performances and improving the alignment of skills supply with skills demand. Investing in innovation is also critical to regional competitiveness. Morelos should better mobilise its innovation infrastructure for knowledge diffusion and exploitation.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	931639e36872e28f30b28846054d2e32	Performing a retrospective data analysis using medical claims, for example, can produce information reflective of specific populations (for example, a particular combination of chronic conditions of interest) that RCTs cannot easily replicate. Each of these options needs to be reviewed to assess how well they can provide evidence to treat people with multiple chronic conditions. In these countries, chronic disease is already responsible for over half of the burden of disease.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	9317d1ae20704480096890d06a38e362	Ask the pupils to respond in ways they can handle. Assess pupils through their strengths, not their weaknesses. The process helps teachers to plan and implement one lesson to accommodate all students and encourages each student to participate at his or her own level. Zone of Proximal Learning (Vygotsky):321 Everyone needs to be challenged in their learning by being placed just outside their comfort zone, so they use all their faculties to resolve a problem and learn.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	931a1913fadb9a18c2dbd6c893eeaed2	The OECD’s Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure: Checklist for Public Action could be useful in this regard. Tvo administrative river basin management units were designated in 2003: the Danube River Basin District, which included sub-basins of the Mura, Drava and Sava Rivers; and the Adriatic River Basin District, which included the basins of the Soca River and all rivers along the Adriatic coast. To facilitate management, every sub-basin is divided into smaller units called “water bodies” (155 surface water and 21 groundwater bodies).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	931c5c974ec22e593846163ad3e5c2ee	Formerly, both lines were updated using the same price deflator, so that the relationship between them stayed constant over time. Year-on-year changes to December. Dividing the total planned reduction in indigence (11.3 percentage points) by the cumulative reduction between 1990 and 2010 (10.2 percentage points) shows that Latin America is 91% of the way towards achieving this. This is more than the elapsed percentage of the time allowed for meeting the goal, which is 80%.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/799337c2-en	931d7654abb18a0d881a420971715f9f	Examination of changes in conditions over time strictly depends on using the same instruments to measure the same variables of interest over successive cycles. Even then, it is not possible to make inferences about what impact changes in individual teachers’ environments have on those teachers. These sorts of inference require a longitudinal study in which the same teachers are followed over time to track changes in variables of interest.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	931da5d4bd0a0bfa08bec52e5cc02b3c	This effort also led to a significant revision of historical time series at the disaggregate level, which is detailed in the chapter. By contrast, a comprehensive re-assessment of the impact of employment protection on labour market outcomes is beyond the scope of this chapter. Section 1 provides a brief survey of theoretical and empirical studies on the effect of EPL on labour market performance.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	931ddddfb51a2c5f159d2f89cff9046a	The 0-2 scale is also problematic given both adaptation and mitigation activities are often integrated with other development objectives such as poverty alleviation and energy access. Particularly given the highly contextual nature of adaptation, it is often very difficult to tell from a project description of an activity whether or not it is adaptive. As Tirpak, et al (2010) point out, an activity that supports adaptation in one context may be maladaptive in another, depending upon climatic, environmental, socio-economic, cultural and institutional factors.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	931f1d69016b80cf7dbfdc4764cfdf82	But it is also important to consider what other benefits may have resulted from the measure. It may be that additional energy consumption can be explained as a consequence of achieving those other benefits. While some multiple benefits can be seen as a result of energy savings and should be counted in addition to energy savings achieved, others can occur independently of energy savings and could provide a different measure of success of energy efficiency programmes, to be considered where energy savings are low. Policy-makers should consider any such trade-off between reduced energy savings and socioeconomic welfare gains arising from particular energy efficiency measure and how the balance should be struck between energy savings and other benefits in designing energy efficiency policy.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en	931f62428c5a01f5305d90f351429658	Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@occd.org. In the programme, nurses visit young mothers from the first or second trimester of the mother’s pregnancy until the second birthday of her first child.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e79e9221-en	9320876a03e6b851d358dec943ae54e0	"Nobody else will do it for me. The coming world belongs to me and young people of today, so we have to make it the best we can."" They are an indivisible part of broader human rights. However, prevailing inequalities in income, living standards and, more generally, opportunity remain at the root of economic, social, environmental and political segmentation, with 8 per cent of the world population accumulating 82 per cent of global wealth as part of a trend of steeply rising wealth inequality for the past 20 years."	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	9320e186b07ba9e0f7a8a8e84a4bd7e8	The next decade, therefore, will be one largely of growth in senior secondary provision and participation. This will require greater efficiency in the deployment of teachers and a better alignment of programme offerings with school size. Enlarged participation in senior secondary school will also require greater attention to the relevance of education to the life, work and further learning prospects of students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	932574d550d9c0c7be745930fa1e1957	At that time, there was a call from the labour market for more flexible movement from one task to another. Formerly, there were several different examinations (childminder, day care nurse, rehabilitation nurse, nurse for the disabled, etc.), Up until 1998, the qualification required for this job profile was a three-year bachelor’s degree.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	9325d0efa8cb85cd1302f6ff52c458a6	The bulk of aquaculture production will continue to originate from Asian countries, which account for about 88% of world production. China will remain the main producer with a share of 62% of total production. China, India and Indonesia are expected to represent the majority of growth in quantity terms.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/288df776-en	9325eeba03c023fe0bd048f3e94f1472	Elsewhere in the region, these rates are 30 per cent for Kazakhstan and the Republic of Moldova and 19 per cent in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Although urban areas reportedly have higher levels of service, close to 3 million people in European cities lack access to piped water and 8 million to sewerage (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Data indicate that the situation regarding piped water supply in the housing stock in the EECCA4 countries is particularly problematic in Republic of Moldova and Uzbekistan, with services available in one third of the stock.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	9326aa00773594f6e1c82271ac715580	Financial assistance for families, assistance with social assistance, assistance in reconciling work and family life are reviewed. Housing price trends and policies are also discussed. Child benefit payments have a strong role in preventing poverty, but a key feature of the Canadian system is that child benefits are also paid to middle-income families in so far as they are aimed not only at fighting poverty but also at covering part of the costs of raising children. The recent reform introducing the Canada Child Benefit increases the level of support received by low and middle-income families.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	9327d0428e355528d883193fea4044dd	Five countries reported that national record linkage projects were used for regular mental health care quality monitoring. These results illustrate that considerable progress is needed in terms of having a comprehensive and well-designed infrastructure in place to measure the quality of mental health care across OECD countries. It is also worth emphasizing that inpatient data is generally better developed than data for community and other mental health care.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	932802fa3109aae5776867956c3110e6	Neither youth-oriented programmes nor those targeting adult women are likely to address the unique circumstances of married girls or the needs of girls at risk of child marriage, unless they do so in a planned and deliberate manner. But unless laws are enforced and communities support these laws, they will have little impact. Timing is key; these interventions, especially schooling and asset-building for girls, must be directed at young adolescents (10 to 14 years old)—before or around the time of puberty—in order to counter pressures on girls for marriage and childbearing for social and economic security.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9328a97c2ce424fac5d532ab0e2cfdce	Blockchain technology provides a digital layer that helps to tackle these core requirements. New sources of capital can be leveraged by developing efficient blockchain-based investment platforms to finance projects globally. By employing an appropriate blockchain set-up, overall transaction costs could be reduced and the par ticipation of small-scale investors such as small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and individual consumers could be made feasible.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	9329f97c3fb82ed65fe89a103f8be89a	Design and construction of new green buildings calls for medium-to-high skilled labour and can enhance the metro-region’s green architecture and construction services sector. Green roofs and permeable services can expand landscaping and road working job opportunities and increase the city’s attractiveness in part by reducing vulnerabilities to potential climate change impacts. These activities would go far in reinforcing the Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s reputation as a global leader in green buildings.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/401c524c-en	932c9420f2c7d4db790624637fa4b2ca	They do not capture how change processes were initiated and if they were on track to achieve intended objectives. Backlash raises the issue of sustainability of results. Gender analysis and monitoring and evaluation of gender results have been inconsistent in tracking gender reversals. This effect, sometimes described as ‘one step forward, two steps back’, was mentioned most often in democratic governance results, followed by institutional gender mainstreaming and then the poverty and MDG area.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	933356e53788f601992c40478331c3d5	These considerations apply to our gender analysis as well. International support is fundamental to gender-progressive change in conflict and post-conflict, but gender agendas are not necessarily shaped bearing in mind the conflict context and the needs of women and LGBTs on the ground. The Bosnia case proves that the most effective organizations in bringing about progressive gender change are those that are deeply rooted in local communities.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1387fd80-en	9333c8639d661dad17469f972868fb20	They are the primary regulator of the global climate, function as an important sink for greenhouse gases, serve as the host for huge reservoirs of biodiversity and play a major role in producing the oxygen we breathe. The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment, completed in 2015 under the United Nations Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-Economic Aspects, provides a stark picture of the state of our oceans. Anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, including ocean acidification and climate change, are challenging the resilience of the oceans and their resources, as well as their continued ability to provide important ecosystems goods and services.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9334db23f3a44ca9484540302cfd1380	Several authors have noted that among couples a low propensity of women partnered to unemployed men to work (Layard et al., Recent evidence, particularly during the recessionary period, has shown that this link between partners’ employment may be weakening as women’s labour market position improves. Figure 2.7 shows wide variation in employment rates by educational attainment across countries.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/50e33932-en	93370349109be86ed58953d0ec3a9ca8	Guiding these regional development strategies is the National Strategy 2015-2020, which serves as an anchor document for regional growth initiatives originating at the regional and national levels. It provides a framework for investing in regions and rural areas. The national policy goal for regional development is to develop the potential in all parts of the country with stronger local and regional competitiveness. The strategy provides a policy framework for the development of all regions in Sweden and focuses on investing in enabling factors utilising a place-based approach.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	93387a8f51a670ca53e92fca649963be	It will also require the emergence of the necessary awareness, skills, capabilities and vision to mobilise the private sector, governments, and the society as a whole. While there is some truth to that, under capitalism, periods of severe recession are also when economic distortions and asymmetries between supply and demand are temporarily overcome, when radically new economic structures emerge and breakthrough technologies are adopted. These poles combine measures to overcome the economic/financial crisis with measures to mitigate climate change, and to deal with increasing resource/ material scarcity and the yawning gap between the rich and the poor. In other words, the crisis offers an ideal opportunity to restructure economic incentives and governance systems.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	933931b2c9ddd4dfa40ca5c9f60eece3	"The coordination of social care, social needs, social policy and health care needs and policy is central to the current health and mental health strategies in England. Health, wellness and mental health are seen as cross-sector problems, and the integration of mental health care services with social care and support is prioritised. “ No Health Without Mental Health"" (HM Government, 2011) further confirms and consolidates this approach."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	933cfc3eb69a13679867f2d9377999c5	Sheikh and Bagley (2017[42]) underline the role of relationships among actors in creating shared understandings, which then function as filters through which the relevance and meaning of new policies are interpreted or translated. For example, the vision that a teacher education institution has of teachers’ knowledge will influence the way in which the institution incorporates professional standards into its programme. This vision is reflected in discourses embedded in institutional artefacts, such as the programme, curriculum or course descriptions, which will impact on how staff receives and interprets the discourse of standards.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264200449-32-en	933ede33bade09abbeb066aba6ce6940	Any proposals for legislative amendment would likely be encompassed within broader reforms to the resource management system in 2013. Under the Local Government Act 2002, local governments are responsible for a range of functions that may be affected by climate change. Regional Coundls are at various Regional policy statements, water plans, water consents.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	933f66c1e08556f79844364eb9f64a8d	Social capital: A shared understanding of (public) interest and the presence of trustworthy relationships among involved actors are important for the co-creation of policies, as they enable stakeholders and policy makers to overcome barriers to collective action. However, participatory governance is predominantly based on an administrative representation model, meaning that there is a central role for the representatives of school boards. Legally, they are one of the components of the quality triangle already mentioned in Chapter 3. In the Decree on Inspection and Support of 1991, the learning plans of education providers are positioned as an important link in the chain from attainment targets to class practice.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/98d85d93-en	9342e2274fb448eb6b24d6f8d93cdad5	"Fishing is frequently portrayed as a male domain, but when the whole fishing cycle is taken into account, actually some 47% of the workforce is female. Climate change is especially threatening to coastal communities and fishing livelihoods. "" Downstream"" effects on fishing sector activities such as post-harvest work are often not taken into account."	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	9342ee3d92f04c8383a4b0a1c9687f31	These linkages have multifaceted positive impacts on individuals, families and communities. The potential for the co-development of urban and rural communities exists but requires partnerships between the migrants and the local authorities of both communities as well as support from national governments. It assists to shift the focus away from why people move to how they work, live and shape their habitats. Cities across the development spectrum have growing mobile and diverse populations to manage. In developed countries, one of the main sources of population diversity is international migration while, in less-developed countries, it is most likely internal migration1 and, to a lesser extent, growing international South-South migration.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	93437a29018f9612e1c6157211a4f188	Given that the first principle of improvement is solid information, it is unsurprising that survey respondents most commonly suggested strategies concerning measurement and reporting for both developed and LMICs (Figure 4.1). This does not mean measuring for the sake of measuring, or public reporting of safety lapses. Rather, it concerns the accurate and systematic collection of information on safety and harm for the purposes taking informed action at local and system level.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	9346fbefae7c2e8cc3c822619d60f0e4	Past unemployment provides a cheap signal to employers regarding low labour productivity, with adverse consequences for the individuals concerned. ( The estimate of X may therefore partially reflect duration dependence in non-receipt, i.e. the fact that non-receipt probabilities maybe tend to be greater, the longer the spell of non-receipt. The factors influencing duration dependence in nonreceipt however need not be the same as the factors influencing duration dependence in receipt. Because unemployment leads to a substantial running down of financial assets and savings, past unemployment may affect the chances of finding re-employment possibilities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	934721483df0d642e7b492cf96b88e32	However, these objectives apply to the amount collected, which came to only one-third of the amount put on the market. With 3.6 kg of WEEE collected per capita in 2008, Slovakia fell short the EU collection target of 4 kg.52 The European Commission has asked Slovakia to address shortcomings in its waste legislation regarding collection facilities for electronic waste and mobile phone circuit boards. There is no facility for recovery of mobile phone batteries in Slovakia.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	934840e9b6e5cf1a1ad0d805352e0d40	The basis for this has been electronic patient records, which has led to the specification of a minimum data set called the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care (QICH) programme. The QICH is one of the most comprehensive programmes for monitoring the quality of primary care among OECD countries today. In contrast to primaiy care, too little is known about the quality of care delivered in hospitals.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590854-6-en	9349689e37fa3fb9cec7df0708d57931	They need to cope with the emerging challenge of vulnerability to increased frequency and extreme climate events coupled with sea level rise resulting from global climate change. Such challenges are further exacerbated by their geographical isolation within the region, as well as from their main export markets. The small island states have many islands scattered across a large area under their national jurisdiction, with poor domestic transport infrastructure and communication adding to their challenges. Growing population in most countries and increasing emphasis on consumerism has encouraged a focus on economic development goals, with often cursory regard for their impact on the environment or on social equity. The international call for the protection of key species and their habitats is often at odds with the economic development desired by the people to support their needs and aspirations and encouraged by governments. The Pacific leaders have recognised the need to balance conservation for international good and economic development for the benefit of their citizens.	14	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	934a080b01c08cf7ab213b2b1a7457a8	Most Nordic development agencies are currently active in the country in supporting adaptation and resilience building activities through bilateral and multilateral channels. The central challenge here is to coordinate and streamline activities of the different donors and organisations in a way to increase their effectiveness and impact. Key for this development is the rapid and significant expansion of sustainable energy supply. To date, water plays a vital role as a primary source for energy generation in Ethiopia, where 95.6% of electricity is generated by hydropower (IEA, 2014).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	934b2fbcaf2ff5ad1d218684616b362f	However, the relative risk of poverty for this group has also been declining over time. For young people, on the other hand, the risk of poverty has increased, as it has too, albeit to a lesser extent, for children. These changes, alongside changes in population shares, have led to a decline in the proportion of the elderly among the poor and a rise in the share of children and young people.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	934c3043a9eac5344e0fc2a41f6855c6	Finally, the extent to which Turkey’s agricultural policy is oriented to the support of long-term agricultural productivity is evaluated based on OECD support indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) was developed and supported by the World Bank as a pre-condition for the macro-economic stabilisation assistance given to Turkey from the IMF.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	93527919b6dcb7ac7861c802a2a61ef4	It does not provide consistent tax and benefit breakdowns for as many OECD countries as the OECD database used for the results in Figure 4. But unlike in the OECD database, which largely records tabulations of grouped data, the micro-data are available directly. Table 1 uses these microdata to calculate inequality and redistribution measures that capture income differences across the entire distribution. Broadly consistent with the widening gaps between specific points in the income spectrum shown earlier in Figure 1, the results in Table 1 show a trend towards greater market-income inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	9352e27843c6119f14ed7d07f23b2142	Despite this strong increase in production, the energy consumption associated with the production of pulp and paper will only be 6.1 to 15 times higher in the BLUE Scenario in 2050 than in 2007 (Table ES.5). In 2007, India was the eighth-largest producer of primary aluminium world wide. The strong growth in production between 2007 and 2050 (Table ES.6) will mostly be driven by the growth in aluminium used in transportation, building and power sectors.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	93560ac585d80705e418878273c11010	A more stable and credible policy environment is particularly conducive to private investment. Generally, a large number of international organisations and NGOs are active in the above case study countries. Nordic actors have shown to be particularly engaged in the energy and forestry sectors, for example in Peru and in Ethiopia.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	93574d86fcc6b17dd093a9b548db7f30	In the late 1990s, Ontario inaugurated “Primary Care Reform” characterised by the sequential introduction of a “menu” of payment models replacing traditional FFS payment for family physicians. This reform was brought about by, in part, concerns regarding a shortage of family physicians and about access to physicians during evenings and weekends. Improving health care quality, for example increasing the payment system’s support for preventative health care and chronic disease management, was also an important goal. The FFS payment system was seen as contributing towards an excessive focus on volume-based acute care, and to lack incentives encouraging both physician and inter-professional teams (Kantarevic and Kralj, 2015). Physicians were given a choice of payment model. These newly introduced models required or encouraged patient enrollment (sometimes called rostering) with GPs.	3	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	935844aaca5bfb5a5f7a33ac9c03830d	A meta-analysis of effects on soil carbon stocks after harvesting in temperate forests showed that harvesting resulted in decreased carbon stocks of the soil 0 horizon but found no effect for the mineral soil (Nave et al. Similar reductions in soil carbon stocks have also been found by studies from boreal forests (Kola-ri et al. The finding by De Wit & Kvindesland (1999] that soil carbon stocks increase with the stand development class (related to stand age] indicate that soil carbon stocks are not back to their former size within a few decades after harvesting but continue to increase (cf also Figure 5.3]. Studies looking at the effect of changing harvesting rotation length, also (mostly] support the hypothesis that soil carbon is depressed after harvesting for a long time. However, modelling studies (Liski et al. Overall, effects of harvesting regime on the input of litter and coarse woody debris will be more important for soil carbon stocks than changes in decomposition rates.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	935a11a407735cd9537cb3c8c946619e	First, we want to assess whether such a global subsidy would be of an order of magnitude compatible with the current and envisioned financial flows going from developed to developing countries such as Official Development Aid (ODA), and figures put forward in the discussions under UNFCCC. Perhaps as importantly, we try to critically highlight the various steps needed to arrive at a final subsidy cost for a global feed-in tariff, and the numerous assumptions related to those steps. A main conclusion from the analysis is that uncertainty over the dimension of such a subsidy is large, and is mainly related to uncertainties in how costs of renewable technologies change over time, in the mixes of renewables that individual countries choose to adopt, and in the share of new investment for electricity generation that is channeled into renewables.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/8be0ed45-en	935b5300b8a33d33f7ca8f69c0bb752c	In 2010, the traditional high-income countries accounted for around half of all waste generation. That is forecast to change quickly, with Asia overtaking these countries in terms of overall MSW generation by around 2030 and Africa potentially overtaking both later in the century. The percentage of paper appears to be proportional to income levels (23% of MSW in high-income, 19% to 11 % in middle-income and 7% in low-income countries). Plastic levels generally appear high across the board (8% to 12%), not showing as much dependence on income level as other waste types. ’	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	935decbd28dace46216e8bfb33a68017	The impacts of agricultural use are ubiquitous, but often vary from place to place. In some places it is linked to fertilisation and pesticides, in others it may be linked to over abstraction or to excessive drainage (e.g. urban flood risk linked to disappearance of floodplains). In 2014, Eau de Paris put in place an information campaign and concrete actions to promote organic agriculture for the preservation of w'ater and natural resources.3 There are also contracts between the municipality of Paris, authorities in the hinterland and farmers for developing a tighter co-operation between supplying areas in terms of water resources and the urban core (see Box 5.9 in the section on stakeholder engagement).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	9362d224d3bc91344e78cb62a31f46f2	In contrast, poverty among older persons has fallen (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a; European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2008). The recent report Growing Unequal Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a) points to growing inequality and poverty in two thirds of OECD countries and finds that the economic growth of recent decades has largely benefited the rich more than the poor. Across OECD countries, the income of the richest 10 per cent of people is nearly nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	936402260eb4370b000e258b2739dec5	Recent data from 2014 show a slight decrease in the level of bilateral ODA from 2013 compared to an increase in the share of climate-related ODA in the same period. This concern is compounded by difficulties in defining the new and additional nature of climate finance and its relationship to aid (Stadelmann, et. However, the fact that an increasing portion of ODA is being “climate-proofed” shows increased mainstreaming of climate action into other sectors.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	9364307c2c67485e79c988a327215f24	As noted, MDBs also have the option to report on climate finance through the OECD DAC system. While most of them report activity-level data to the CRS, only the World Bank applies the Rio markers to provide details on the climate change focus of its operations As noted above, the World Bank is also expecting to report to DAC once they have implemented their new methodology to assign a specific share of each project or programme supported to climate change. This would allow for all public climate finance flows, bilateral and multilateral, to be stored in one database, would allow for mainstreaming of definitions and classifications, and would avoid double counting between bilateral and multilateral flows.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	93665c7f91451c17f9763c752286c8b1	This applies for the entire chain of activities necessary for achieving climate-resilient development: collecting, processing and interpreting climate data; climate forecasting and projections; using the data to identify sector and local climate vulnerabilities; and identifying priority areas for policy action. Development cooperation providers can help establish regional partnerships to pool resources and support national governments in incorporating regional forecasts into national disaster-mitigation programmes to provide warnings. For example, the Regional Integrated and Multi-Hazard Early Warning System works with governments across South and East Asia to incorporate regional forecasts into national disaster-mitigation programmes (Webster, 2013).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9368f99f61028bda6d8ab155d9c4cc97	This variation reflects the government’s efforts to stabilise domestic prices and to balance the interests of producers and consumers in the context of price volatility on international markets. The total value of transfers arising from support to agriculture was equivalent to 2.2% of GDP in 2011-13. A summary of the current key policy objectives for the sector is followed by a description of agricultural policy developments since reunification in 1976.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	936d5f1e871bb8538a19557337c96eff	Similarly, improvement in the business environment is necessary to optimize returns from planned infrastructure investment, including a proposed submarine cable to provide high-speed Internet access. Cyclone Pam devastated parts of the country in March 2015, severely damaging housing, infrastructure, agriculture and tourism facilities. Overall, the damage and losses to the economy are estimated to have exceeded 60% of GDP.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	9371aa8dc4a1ba80faacc66219d0f913	This re-orientation of policy appears to have had an impact since the number of freeters had by 2008 declined more than 20% from the 2003 peak. The Japanese government should continue its policy aiming to reduce the precariousness of youth employment, and in this respect the principal recommendations contained in the OECD’s Jobs for Youth: Japan report remain valid. Policies in the 2000s included the further expansion of participation in Silver Human Resource Centres, which now have almost 1 million members (about 5% of the total population aged above 70); and the introduction of an option for firms of implementing a system for continued employment after their mandatory retirement age, rather than increasing the mandatory retirement age itself.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	93742e6663b0dbb1a099559b61b8bf5a	More than 2,000 patients are registered for the online service for video consultations and prescriptions. Doctors can access medical records as well as heart rate, blood pressure and other biosignal data, which are uploaded to the system by various devices. Patients access the Ningbo Cloud Hospital website to make appointments, and the system refers them to hospitals that provide optimal medical services digitally (see figure 14).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	93749f8a06bce270e324837e7bb7a822	More research is needed to shed more light on the link between financial decision making within the household and financial literacy. The female labour force participation rate is relatively high (72%) and the gender pay gap is among the lowest in the OECD (the difference in median eamings for male and female full-time employees was about 8% of male eamings in 2009) (OECD 2012b). Similarly, there is virtually no difference in access to basic formal financial products (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012). Life expectancy in New Zealand is relatively high with respect to the OECD average, making retirement issues particularly salient.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/663aa107-en	9374a96459aa3fe74f7daf1da8f02ade	However, it is likely that irrigated agriculture has declined in some areas. The disparity could also be the result of different methods of assessing and defining irrigated land. However, it must be noted that in Turkey as well as in northern Syria (unlike arid south-eastern Syria or Iraq], agriculture is partly rain-fed with seasonal supplementary irrigation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	9374c05dbf743ff10808023a09f2e1db	"As a result, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action contained an extensive section on women's human rights and declared that ""the human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights"". This violence seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men. The adoption of this general recommendation was a critical precursor to the recognition of this issue at the Vienna World Conference."	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	9379940beedd2caf6eda59496344357a	New initiatives and programs while certainly appealing, address conditions at the margin. For instance, changes to the regulatory framework or the education system would certainly encourage innovation and entrepreneurship however may not address more fundamental concerns about trust, legitimacy and culture. Moreover, smaller reforms may weaken demands for more fundamental and transformational reform.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	937a86d6007cd21c9206480010beaf6a	Furthermore, such selective subsidisation entrenches the problem and impedes progress towards its internalisation. The latter may come in the form of capacity payments or increased prices in the short-term adjustment market. This reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production, which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	937ba01181378808b36708692530fd96	Legal limitations on water pricing which impede prices from reflecting scarcity and environmental considerations should be eliminated. Methods will have to be developed to determine valuations for the environmental impact of water abstractions. It is important to improve transparency in water charging, so as to provide information of the different costs involved in the calculation of tariffs, including environmental and scarcity costs.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	937e4be8b95ee639c14599d321c73a8b	In 2015, almost all regular workers were covered by the EIS, only 63% of the non-regular workers were covered (OECD, 2016b). It is essential to increase compliance with contributoiy rules and weaken incentives to hire non-regular workers. The Durunuri programme was introduced to reduce the burden of insurance premiums of the EIS for small firms in 2013.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	937e55dbe1f7d93ab87e6e9a5b761a61	The modelling structure is adapted from OECD (2005) and is presented in Annex 2. More details are available in [TAD/CA/APM/WP/RD(2009) 14/FINAL]. This model structure is well suited to analyzing the main sources of risk and risk management strategies, and it responds well to the available farm level data. However, it has some limitations (see Annex 2); for instance, it is not able to capture farmers’ endogenous decisions to change the mix of inputs.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	937fd9200a62e9707093b3eaf4a674e5	However, the state of local infrastructure is often quite bad in the State of Kebbi. The road that links Kamba to Gaya shows the low level of interest accorded to certain strategic road sections from a perspective of external exchange. Although plans to completely reconstruct the road were announced since the 2000s, there has been no tangible sign of rehabilitation. This road is, however, a primary route for long-distance trade in this part of the border region. An improvement of connections with neighbouring countries would grow Kamba's population base towards Kandi in Benin, which would be accessible in fewer than two hours, and towards the agglomeration of Niamey, which would be accessible in less than 3 hours and 30 minutes without a wait at the border (OECD/SWAC, 2019b).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	93803e80227367d4c7d948a3f0adf6f1	Much depends on whether Chernobyl is viewed as the result of a singular conjunction of technical, human and institutional failures or as the indicator of an incompressible risk residual connected with nuclear power. The latter figure was derived by a WHO Expert Group based on the linear no threshold methodology adopted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. It corresponds to a 3-4% increase in the number of cancers that would have been likely to happen otherwise in the concerned groups.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	93806f51f24199b91d895f1041036e8b	Our analysis shows that the structure and the average level of electricity prices is identical in the scenario without renewables and in the two scenarios at 10% penetration level. On the contrary, at 30% penetration level there are limited periods in which renewables can meet all of demand and thus become the marginal generating technology, which in a competitive market means zero prices. The price duration curve in the renewable scenario is thus strictly the same as in the reference case, with the exception of those periods in which renewables become the marginal technology.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	9382dc0b8d30830dce806db1c4fc96b0	Participation in the labour market by persons in the age brackets in which such participation is compatible with the overall course of human development is a decisive factor in averting deprivation and having the ability to engage in many important functionings. Each focuses on a specific facet of what will, taken together, provide a fuller, multidimensional picture of the situation of deprivation in urban areas of Brazil. The following section will provide an overview of the index.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	9388c641a4410160f2fefc53b622645e	There are gender differences in pesticide use, exposures, health outcomes and environmental impacts. For example, women may be at greater risk of adverse effects from pesticides partly because of lower literacy rates, as well as limited access to training and to personal protective equipment (Jorsef al. In a number of production systems in selected countries it is predominantly men who apply pesticides and are at great risk; in other countries, and on other crops, mainly women apply them (Box 2.1.5). The reasons for these differences include cultural and social norms, educational levels and awareness (Gupta etal.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	9388de62e7a16d29073c4cfc93b1d6eb	Indeed, the Government of Costa Rica took the decision to deregulate the health insurance market in 2009 to allow private medical insurance companies (Balabanova et al., This was a consequence of signing the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and it meant that the INS lost the monopoly within the insurance marked that it have had since 1924 (Muiser, 2012). Fearing this would open up for foreign corporations to dominate the insurance market and risking to loose equity in the system, this deregulation w'as allegedly put in place in order to enhance the financial sustainability of the health care system.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	938eda8d5eef72653fb0e23000d33894	Such an approach can be used for rebuilding but it lacks information on the optimal time horizon or time path. Because static models exclude information on the transition, and the reasons behind the need for rebuilding, they will be inadequate for addressing the rebuilding of fisheries (Clark, 2006a). How parameters affect the static equilibrium (e.g. Table 1) can be quite different from how they impact the dynamics of a time path. And, while constant parameters may be acceptable for determining an initial equilibrium target (e.g. MEY), the dynamic specification may need to consider endogenous effects such as how costs vary with stock size or effort or how fish prices may change with harvest levels or fish size.	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	938f461571e12c457c9d93cd5a43698a	In its second part, the project anticipates and prevents the creation of new slums by making new land viable and constnictible. Some of the lots are then reserved for modest families, to offer them an affordable alternative to unsafe housing. Finally, the project aims at financial equilibrium in order to be reproducible and to have as great an impact as possible on the lives of the populations concerned.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/85159453-en	9390f83a7c1585483378f94a232990f8	Location of population far away from large cities, industrialized regions and connecting major transport routes also limits human impact on natural ecosystems. In 2015, areas under roads, networks, cities, villages and other settlements constituted only 0.8 per cent of the country’s territory (figure 12.1). Furthermore, some 580 species of moss, 1,033 species of lichens, 2,003 species and subspecies of algae and 574 species of fungi were present.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264113756-en	9391b657adf49376290a1f4d2594b8a8	One option, following the OECD study on regional development policy would be to start with a modest set of indicators and gradually adjust or expand them if necessary (OECD, 2009). For example, citizens that can at present consult regional documents on the web site might be given the opportunity to comment on educational plans before they are approved by the regional authorities. Schools decide whether training is provided in school workshops or in a company and some students receive all their practical training in the school (Education Act No 561, section 65/2).	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	9394c2894840c3c70962a10bd7d452b9	"In December 2012 the government writ “Mai for friluftslivspolitiken"" (Goals for the Outdoor Recreation Policy) was published which points out the future of the Swedish outdoor recreation policy more or less following the intentions in the above mentioned ten policy areas (Writ 2012/13:51). The Swedish forest policy has two equal objectives - wood production and environmental protection. Social values are considered, but lack more specific objectives. The proposition “En skogspolitik i takt med tiden"" (Prop."	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/3726edff-en	9394ea85617206c8692569f80e9305ed	The limitations highlighted by this paper call for a reinvigorated dialogue of the two communities, in the UN Forum on STI and beyond. The OECD DAC and STI committees could play a key role towards that end. Considering that the available information on development activities does not follow standard STI definitions and classifications, several assumptions had to be made as to the assessment of which activities to consider as support to STI. For example, activities for developmental purposes conducted by universities often include both research activities and trainings or other capacity building exercises.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	93956dee944e5482788091a7b9a2ac29	There has also been some work on specific plans for distinct diseases or services although these are not yet complete. In addition, new policies aim at attracting physicians to mral areas and halt migration of health care workers (see above) but there is no overarching policy for planning human resources in the health care sector or for addressing skill mix Further, there are no systems in place aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of capital across the country and across various levels of care. The National Health Strategy 2014-2020 recognises the need to address this but also to improve transparency in decision-making and to boost citizens’ involvement Patients' associations are increasingly part of the policy-making process. For example, over a quarter of Romanian respondents (28%) reported that they had to give an additional payment, valuable gift or make a hospital donation as part of their use of public health care services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	93957c980d3c2610a314b68017320ea4	The government formulated the quantitative target that 95% of teachers in Denmark should be certified in all the subjects that they teach by 2020. As mid-term objectives, this certification goal should be achieved for 85% of teachers in 2016 and for 90% of teachers by 2018. To facilitate goal achievement, the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality has made available additional funding of DKK 1 billion for teacher competency development along with evidence-based recommendations on how this funding could be spent.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	93967fc82cf280271957a21c2a2bf138	Improving child welfare is the top priority, and the calls to action provide a comprehensive roadmap that aims to eliminate the gaps in outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians. There is variation across provinces and territories but in Alberta for example, 9% of children are Indigenous; while 69% of children in care are Indigenous. Improving housing, closing gaps in education quality and increasing completion rates, as well as addressing health and social service provisions needs of indigenous people is essential to addressing some of the material deprivation issues of indigenous children and communities.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	9396c04b0a9da1fcba9542303d6601f0	This was highlighted in the first case study, in which the well-established institutional framework for water management in the Netherlands was highly conducive to the successful introduction of effluent charges. In contrast, the different management traditions in Denmark, France and Germany complicated the use of similar economic instruments in those countries (Andersen, 2001). Experience with water-trading initiatives suggests that successful trading regimes tend to be built on preexisting institutions and are integrated into traditional regulatory regimes. This may entail tradable permits being combined with other policy instruments (taxes, charges, environmental quality objectives, etc.)	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	9398509157a372b256d0a954fd070a14	The role of the counselling service is to assist children and their parents (and staff) in a number of activities, including their transition to primary school. These are cross-cutting themes emerging from the literature and countries’ experiences and struggles outlined above. They are exploratory only, seeking to provide a source of inspiration when designing and revising policies and practices. Not all policy orientations will be relevant for all countries as each country needs to take into account their context (values, traditions, characteristics of ECEC and education systems) and their policy priorities. Many jurisdictions have implemented initiatives to take into account children’s voices and to make them active participants in their own transition.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	9399a83af9958f77d9ef29dc307a7322	The congruence of change in the severity of depression and the level of functional disability has also been found by others (e.g. Judd etal., The good news of this research is that disability diminishes when depressive symptoms decrease. On the other hand, disability seems pervasive when depressive symptoms persist. Moreover, the longer the duration of depression, the worse are the functional outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5eb5ad13-en	939cea8994193c29313c6c5331175fbb	Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has also increased in developing regions, from 8 per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2013), while the percentage with policies to lower fertility has remained mostly unchanged (56 per cent in 1996 and 57 per cent 2013). In 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility was highest in Africa (83 per cent), whereas the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility was highest in Europe (73 percent). Early childbearing also increases the risk of maternal death or physical impairment, and children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	939ddf7ff833fd86e4514b2ddfd57dd1	The tasks of peacebuilding are simply too great and too complex to leave decision-making solely to a few select male leaders. Peacebuilding requires the participation of the whole of society. Women represent half or more of every community and should have a voice and active role to play in peacebuilding. Peacebuilding is by definition an inclusive process that seeks to empower people to take personal responsibility for fostering peace.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	939dfcef22f4aed51c3c4af7e4df063b	This work accounts for about one fifth of HIS’ budget. As part of Scotland’s transition towards integration of health and social care, HIS is already working more closely with the Care Inspectorate, the Scottish social care regulator. As of January 2016, seven joint reports have been published in relation to the care of older adults. In addition, distinctive characteristics of Scotland’s locally-rooted approach to service assessments will be strengthened.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	93a3c66f3f3a0506d8fc120f740928ca	Education and urbanisation influence both population and income levels (and are affected by them), but also the composition of sectoral demand. Climate change affects all aspects of the nexus directly and indirectly. Not least, climate lchange influences the hydrological cycle, resulting in shifts in annual water availability in many regions, and also in more erratic precipitation patterns including extreme events such as droughts and excess rainfall. Reduced water availability can increase competition for water between sectors, as described above.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	93a46e77c2a69c62affe819263ef681a	In the example of a rural municipality visited by the OECD review team, it was reported that they had fewer applicants to vacant positions than more urban areas. Salaries at top of scale and typical qualifications, instead of maximum qualifications. Salaries at top of scale and minimum qualifications, instead of maximum qualifications. Includes average bonuses for overtime hours. The typical qualification of starting teachers differs substantially from the typical qualification of all the current teachers. A recent survey from January 2016 of the Danish Union of Teachers suggests an increasing challenge to recruit qualified teachers (DLF, 2016).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264302037-en	93a840e0c67352c9badc7048c2c3d964	They see Ghana as a place within the West African region that is relatively stable and peaceful. Though, when you compare the economic conditions, other places are relatively better, but of course, an investor is looking at the future. So he is looking at the environment which is uery stable. So the environment is one factor considered before coming to invest in Ghana.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	93a94f1d431a531b37f2c42c821c9167	Baseline cases are ESCAP projections when minimum wages did not rise in 2012 or 2013. In fact, unemployment has fallen marginally in Thailand since the new minimum wage was first introduced in six provinces in April 2012, ahead of nation-wide implementation in 2013. Additionally, any price eifect of the new minimum wage is likely to be short-lived and relatively small in size.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	93aa26964c361f03f92bd33152a9b5c3	By contrast, the interaction term with middle-income countries is not significant, meaning that for this income group, the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact. However, the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for low-income countries than for high-income countries. Similarly, in the quintile regressions, irrespective of the set of controls included, the SIGI coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income: the richer the country, the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	93abf03d97a0a826b3ee03c27929bb15	Developing these plans provides an opportunity for decision makers to take a strategic view of how climate change will affect infrastructure needs in the coming decades and design sequenced packages of investment (“pathways”) that address interconnections and increase resilience in a way that cannot be achieved by looking at projects in isolation. The choice of discount rate will affect the weight placed on potential future impacts relative to those in the near-term. For Public Private Partnership (PPP) contracts, it is important to clarify the allocation of responsibilities regarding climate-related risks planning, management and response.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	93ac04fae7e33929e420a929c85cb8d0	The length of the existence of parental leave rights in a country has an additional effect on its prevalence. In general, for each indicator to be comparable across time and countries, it is crucial that countries use similar concepts and methods in their calculation. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312301:NO ILO, 1981: The Workers with Family Responsibilities Recommendation, 1981 (No. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312503:NO ILO, 2000: Maternity Protection Recommendation, 2000 (No.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	93ad6a469e0dcf4ccea3cceb39e08bb1	Table 2 clusters these application cases into five types of cooperation, describes them and provides insights into the main findings of ENERGISE as regards the relevance of this type of cooperation from the perspectives of industry actors and competent authorities. This is not surprising as ICT today are an essential part of operating and maintaining a modern power grid system. More and more decentralized power generators further increase the need to employ modern ICT in network operation.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	93ae86e43338158090c659825eccfb60	With domestic production more or less tracking domestic consumption, imports of butter and skim milk powder remain stable at low levels while imports of cheese and whole milk powder decline slightly. Dairy is mostly consumed in fresh or lightly processed form and during the next ten years, will account for a stable share of 53% of Brazilian milk production. At 84 kg/p in 2024 Brazil’s per capita consumption of fresh dairy products is projected to be comparable to values in North America.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/208cb99e-en	93b3e6f5714222759b800182917a7b6f	It is built from unit data structured to define deprivations for each chosen indicator and person. The deprivation profiles depict the 0-1 vector of deprivations each person does or does not experience. It uses these (weighted) vectors to identify who is poor, to aggregate information on poverty into a headline measure, and to generate the MPI as well as the incidence, intensity, and indicator composition of poverty. Because of its order of aggregation—first across indicators for each person and then across the population—the MPI captures interconnections between different deprivations for the same person.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	93b420398ecf8b229f2f6a986a5cbcb3	This should be eased with the completion of the fourth bridge over the Yenisei, which is now under construction. Transport policies designed at different levels of government and implemented at different territorial scales cannot be considered in isolation. Regulatory, financial and administrative powers are clearly attributed to the different levels of government (Table 3.3), but policies are not always well co-ordinated and integrated.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	93baa58a9df5238ac5c2662ce82b2a46	Greenlandic women's experiences of referral and transfer during pregnancy. Anthropol Med, 17(3), 301-313. Health care and health care delivery in Greenland. [ Int J Circumpolar Health, 69(5), 437-447. Mangfold og likeverd: regjeringens handlingsplan for helse- og sosialtjenester til den samiske befolkningen i Norge : horingsutkast.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264283350-en	93bd605d637a9d81854766c9797d438d	Smoking rates have also started to decline, most strikingly among the young, but initiatives fail to reach the least advantaged (see Section 3). In 2014 the 'sober and healthier' programme started its activities to raise awareness about alcohol-related harm. Currently, Parliament is discussing limiting alcohol advertising and having sales restrictions.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	93c24bb7a35c904ddb1dd2cc0e33e0a4	This is an important distinction as it reflects the reality of variable capacities across countries and regions, and also recognises that there are strong needs at all phases from research data collection through to the assimilation and mainstreaming of the knowledge gained into decision-making. They were initially few in number and mainly fisheries biologists by specialisation. During the 1980s and 2000s, more marine scientists from a spectrum of disciplines (both in natural and social science) were trained.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-10-en	93c54355787bef57ec9988fa7b212e41	The total budgetary' FSE includes other expenditures such as management of resources (management expenditures, enforcement expenditures) included as transfers to sector, and cost recovery charges. In 2015, total budgetary FSE amounted to EUR 13.2 million (USD 15 million). This includes transfers to fishers of EUR 322 000 (USD 357 000) and transfers to sector of EUR 12.9 million (USD 14.3 million).	14	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/97ed059a-en	93c591bc86f58f2bfba610e8228c7eb4	Overall, more than 80% of Cameroon’s export receipts come from five of 42 products in the country’s Supply and Use Table (SUT). As shown in figure 3 and in table 1, these exports are mostly dominated by crude oil (which represented 41.74% of exports receipts alone in 2007), sawn wood (15.81%), refined oil (12.29%), base metals (5.39%) and transport, storage and communication services (5.20%). Most of the remaining exports include industrial agriculture export products (cocoa, coffee, cotton and bananas) which represented 4.81% of the total in 2007, business services (3.47%), rubber (2.21%), raw wood (2.18%) and agricultural food products (1.37%).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d63f72c7-en	93c79040c701f4083113ed6bd0cad64e	Changing dietary patterns may also mean that consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples, such as rice, and spend more on other cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables; and they will likely eat more meat and dairy products. Globally, wheat and rice annual yield increases (as a percent of current yield) have been falling and are now just below 1 percent. For rice and wheat, yield growth in absolute terms (kg/ha per year) is falling in developing countries.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	93c9a5c9a9a8a6c98013815c5e877075	The results are reflected in lower levels of under-five mortality, reduced fertility, improved health-care practices and later marriage and childbearing. Historically, enforcement of compulsory education has provided a powerful impetus towards ending child labour. In today's rich countries, that was a critical part of the largely successful effort to limit the practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Learning outcomes also matter and have a powerful effect on earnings, the distribution of income and long-term economic growth.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	93ca300e40db9b6db581634ce78781ec	The early years of Taiwan’s export-led boom were fuelled by the entry of these women into export factories. In the 1970s, when Taiwan faced labour shortages, a state-sponsored satellite factory system made industrial work more consistent with traditional female roles, enabling increases in the labour supply of wives and mothers {Hsiung 1996). This sort of structural flexibility relative to women’s work and family roles is a feature that persists in Taiwanese labour markets today, and dovetails with expectations that women contribute financially to their families (Yu 2009). As a consequence, increases in female labour force participation have been large and sustained, going from 35.5 per cent in 1970 to 44.5 per cent in 1990 and 50.2 per cent in 2012.'7 Compared to other East Asian economies, which typically have some of the largest gender wage gaps in the world, women in Taiwan experience a gender wage gap closer to the norm for liberal advanced industrialized countries: the gender wage ratiofor average monthly earnings in industry and services was 81.2 in 2012. Let us consider whether these dynamics have drawn Taiwan closer to the low road/feminization of responsibility or high road/ gender egalitarian case.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	93d4a39f3d0e68c3df3fc479474e222f	By comparison, there is room for increased emphasis on reducing emissions in the water sector and in increasing resilience in the transport sector. Overall, Figure 5 reveals the potential for a ‘nexus’ approach with actions in energy, water and agriculture, for example, being mutually supportive in terms of development and climate outcomes. When it comes to less traditional sectors for climate action, such as health, education or access to basic services, the share of climate change finance is much smaller (reaching a mere 1% in 2014). This further supports the point that there is potential to further improve climate change mainstreaming in development co-operation.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	93d5cd2822b9a7f207f43b2eaebb1434	Gender statistics provide researchers and analysts with the quantitative evidence necessary to assess gender gaps in all areas of life, to understand the interlinkages between cultural, social and economic factors that are at the basis of gender inequality and their dynamic over time and to evaluate the implications of unequal access of women and men to social and economic opportunities. Gender statistics are used in monitoring progress towards gender equality and the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental rights by women and girls. Gender equality means equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, girls and boys (United Nations, 2002).	5	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	93d614d86e440f6e30bbb45584dc87d5	At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs. It will be interesting to see whether health systems can respond to these new pressures, and whether appropriate organizations will arise to manage the challenges of integrating care for such patients. Experience in the US with the new ‘Accountable Care Organizations’, responsible for the costs and quality of health care for a defined population (with a minimum size of 5 000 people), will be of great interest in this respect (Shortell et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	93d8df4dbfa29f1982444ba732fb0dc0	For example, an evaluation of the Canadian Work Sharing Programme shows that about half of the jobs that were initially maintained by the programme were lost soon after its termination (HRDC, 2004). The next sub-section attempts to do so for the operation of STW schemes during the 2008-09 recession. The analysis makes use of quarterly data for the period 2003 Q1 to 2009 Q3 for 19 countries and four industries (manufacturing, construction, distribution and business services). The agricultural and non-market sectors are excluded from the analysis.56 Of the 19 countries included in the analysis, 11 countries operated a short-time work scheme during the entire period, five countries introduced a new scheme during the crisis period and three countries never had a short-time work scheme.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	93dbb4e335e4dfc1125f065bf1b64319	"Because of the prevalence of part-time work among employed women, the gender gap in fulltime equivalent employment (which accounts for the working hours of those in employment) remains large at 24.6 percentage points, compared to a gender gap of 8.5 percentage points in employment rates in Germany (OECD, 2016a). Variable hours/other” refers to women whose usual hours cannot be given because hours worked vary considerably from week to week or from month to month. The definition of ""employed” and “employment” follows ILO guidelines (littp://laborsta.ilo.org/aDPlv8/data/c2e.htmll and covers those in both paid (dependent) employment and in self-employment (including unpaid family workers)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	93dc20c62322fd0426bf0b555099a826	The goal of the project is to group 38 small and often inefficient WOCs into larger WOCs with greater responsibilities in order to ensure provision of an adequate supply of drinking water and improve wastewater treatment systems. The grouping would increase efficiency and lower costs. Under this project, municipalities are committed to adjusting tariffs and introducing cost recovery by their respective water companies to ensure financial viability.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	93dde540b07fa8126397eaf7e34a93b6	Setting ambitious and timely road safety targets can help communities work together towards zero deaths and serious injuries in traffic. For this reason, it is recommend that local authorities set such targets. As a result, road safety priorities in cities are specific to the protection of VRUs. These priorities include traffic calming, improved street design, speed limits and safer trucks.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e92917e3-en	93e6836b685a022a0219f6184e41691c	"Review 5: Population levels of household air pollution and exposures"" (Geneva, 2014), clean fuels include electricity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas and biogas, whereas dirty fuels burnt in open fires and leaky stoves include solids such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung. Available at: httpWwww.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/alg/ energy-inequality.html."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	93e77cfc41fd614703d5639d2130ed41	The rate of femicides in domestic spaces remains unchanged, revealing the strong persistence of intimate partner violence (UN Women, 2016). Political violence against women can take many forms, including assaults and threats during campaigning and while in office, the destruction of personal or family property, intimidation, pressure to resign in favour of male substitutes, and being prevented from voting. This can stymie women’s political participation and has led some to abandon their political careers after election, at high personal, professional, and emotional costs.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	93eb2143731cb3ddeea24d2d5ae5b45c	In Korea for example, becoming a school leader in a low performing disadvantaged school is well regarded by the profession, and well rewarded financially. Often, leaders for these schools are recognised as among the best performers. This restructuring can sometimes require extra support and external intervention and/or additional resources (Black, 2007). Evidence shows that successful strategies should take into account the following key elements (also see Box 3.4).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fbbd3d20-en	93f3bda24cfac5150c15086d3dd9e40a	"Informe final de investigacion',’ paper prepared for the project ""Mejorando la participation femenina en el mercado laboural y el empoderamiento economico de las mujeres a traves de mejores politicas en America Latina',’ La Paz, Fundacion ARU, November. Los casos de Argentina y Chile’’ paper prepared for the Meeting of Experts on the Gender Impact of the Pension System in Chile, Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 17-18 June. Informe de evaluacibn y reforma del Pacto de Toledo"" Coleccion Seguridad Social, No."	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	93f3f00f441c95815c3bec0c70ee983e	Professional development provides opportunities for staff who are already working in the sector to update or enhance their practices; it is often referred to as “in-service training”, “continuous education” or “professional training”. The last two changes have important consequences for what is expected of those who work with young children. This also refers to the ECEC sector (OECD, 2006).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	93f4099235b9dab989ddda0169c8f06f	"The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Since the 2008 global financial crisis spurred the development of a generalised smart city concept (UNDP, 2017), a wealth of definitions of - and approaches to - smart cities has been developed and used. This chapter defines smart cities as “initiatives or approaches that effectively leverage digitalisation to boost citizen well-being and deliver more efficient, sustainable and inclusive urban services and environments as part of a collaborative, multi-stakeholder process"" (OECD, 2019a). Indeed, as digitalisation evolves, smart cities are increasingly viewed as unprecedented opportunities to drive economic growth and enhance citizen well-being in cities."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	93f6da2d898374acd69f05f8808d0091	While coverage rates are low for both sexes in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, women still face significant disadvantages vis-a-vis men. In France, for example, the gender gap in pensions (relative to average pensions for all men) is 19 per cent for women who have no children, 31 per cent for women who have one or two children and 50 per cent for women who have three or more children.104 These gaps not only undermine gender equality in old age but also women's right to an adequate standard of living. In Chile, for example, the combination of these factors creates a gender gap of 66 per cent in pensions derived from the individual capital account system (see Figure 3.6).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-3-en	93fa216d3ee3cdd0ceae1df28070dc5f	Identifying and promoting such policies is a central aspect of OECD’s Inclusive Growth initiative which is a broader strategy to achieve growth that creates opportunities for all and distributes the dividends of prosperity fairly. The main challenge is to ensure opportunities for upward mobility for talented people at the bottom, while at the same time preventing the top end from pre-empting advancement. Much can also be done to promote mobility over the life course, in particular by protecting against the effects of unforeseen personal events or temporary shocks while at the same time providing targeted interventions to help disadvantaged groups. Perceptions and expectations about mobility are influenced by a range of country and individual circumstances, but these perceptions matter in themselves, as they have economic, social but also political consequences.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	93fb2ddef3fc8684926e22314cb9341c	Thus, the work presented here shows that through appropriate policies and international co-operation, climate change can be tackled in a way that will not cap countries’ aspirations for growth and prosperity. The Kyoto Protocol4 intends to limit emissions of the six gases which are responsible for the bulk of global warming. Of these, the three most potent are carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), currently accounting for 98% of the GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol (Figure 3.1).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	93fc429e0ccd4964fbf54c5a5e72be1b	Four of the most energy intensive industrial products (electric motors, circulator pumps, fans and water pumps) are regulated to minimize energy costs and environmental impacts over their respective life cycles and will lead to energy demand reductions across the EU of 195 TWh by 2020. The policy has been accompanied by significant technology development and has initiated EU and global standardization processes. Voluntary but not without obligations'.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/7921771c-en	93fdbaa7c92adc4dfa7ba7eecc940b82	"National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-lncome Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. An Anthropological Approach to the Evaluation of Preschool Children Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico"". Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol."	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	93fdc2e478654ae605428ec028ac95d0	However, a major attendant risk needs to be managed - of selling off all the cheapest CERs so that Ethiopia has fewer affordable options left, if the country ultimately needs to meet its own mitigation target under a future global climate regime from 2020. The second component of the CRGE therefore constitutes the Climate Resilient Strategy, to be completed in 2013. Ethiopia submitted its first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2007.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	93fe70db3c8588438831db57e74a0027	The study demonstrated why focusing exclusively on the cross-sectional picture of child poverty incidence may paint a misleading picture of economic disadvantage among children. However, Bradbury et al did not analyse predictors of child poverty transitions except for recording lower poverty exit rates and higher entry rates for children in lone parent families. Yet identifying the key determinants of poverty transitions helps target policies more effectively.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	93febfe332d152c2601a621c720621fd	The use of forward contract at zero transaction cost increases the certainty equivalent income by 1.3% and 2.2% in Australia and UK, respectively. As the forward contract covers more price risks, the producer adopts a riskier crop diversification strategy as indicated by the lower diversification index both in Australia and UK (third graph in Figure 2.4). The crowding out effect is stronger in the UK so that the farmer completely specializes in wheat production and hedges 60% of its production at zero transaction cost.4 Yet the income coefficient of variation is reduced by 15% in this case (Figure 2.4).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300279-en	93ff1ca5b225d5ffef34264c0ec48a07	Leaving school early has a major impact on young people’s life chances, as well as generating large negative external effects for society and lowering economic productivity. However, over the last 15 years a remarkable effort has been made to bring their number down to 19% in 2013 (European Commission). Among other measures, evaluation reports have highlighted the key role that the increase of Vocational Education and Training (VET) provision in Portugal has played in improving students’ performance and reducing dropout rates (QREN, 2009; QREN, 2010).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5d5f408e-en	9400a9de6983dfec0e1cf89857c1a0a4	It also means being willing and able to change our mind when a convincing argument is presented. A variety of resources such as movies, plays, talks, forums and even community activities are used in a process where the teacher assumes the position of facilitator and guide, rather than sticking to the traditional lecture style. Of course, this also transforms the evaluation processes, with conventional tests being complemented with self-evaluation and co-evaluation by students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	940146c49daa1ab260e4a4bb51df330f	Shifts in organisational culture can be seen in the key decision-makers that have been engaged with and partnerships established. By highlighting the importance of gender diversity in boardrooms and company settings - either through evidence-based research or wider leadership initiatives - MWA continues to make these issues visible and to promote gender-friendly shifts in organisational cultures. Through its multipronged approach to address ‘pipeline’ challenges to womens advancement, the women in leadership programme offers some lessons for other countries on effective strategies for tackling social norms and other barriers to women’s career progression.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	9403ab4a9d15000962996701bc97d943	The ten new member states that joined the EU in 2004 were poorer than the existing EU15 and had high expectations of support for their fishery sectors. If it is to be successful, either the reform must take account of the existing institutional framework, or the framework must be adapted to support the desired reform. An appropriate and conducive institutional framework is a key factor in determining the success of an economic instrument.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	9404b9bb80966cc1a6b5ed3472f8fcee	To improve quality and equity, the state of Morelos’ main actions are towards the improvement of educational materials and infrastructures and supporting schools in managing their own resources and developing more autonomy. Four key programmes have been supporting those efforts. The Programme of Excellence to Combat Lagging in Education (Programa de Excelencia para Abatir el Rezago Educativo) aims to improve the physical infrastructure of some school buildings in order to improve the working and learning environment for students.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9404d22098a21ed9239dc4bafef14af1	The overall budget of the Ministry of Science and Technology was cut nearly by half during this time. Similarly, university research budgets, which are based on the total budget per student, declined by 9% between 1996 and 2005, while many government ministry budgets for R&D (excluding agriculture) have been cut by over 50% during the past ten years. The recommendation has been approved, but no decision has been taken for implementation.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	940588f71c02a13f5028d2dba2ccd8b1	Nevertheless, Costa Rica presents one of the best life expectancy [second highest life expectancy in the Western Hemisphere, after Canada (Knaul et al., Nonnalised indicators are averaged with equal weights. Indicators are nonnalised to range between 10 (best) and 0 (worst) according to the following formula: (indicator value - minimum value) / (maximum value - minimum value) x 10.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	940853764c5ae2b7e7cedd0894ea835d	Nevertheless, coverage is still very limited in some countries. Given that the two forms of coverage are highly correlated, countries reporting low levels of coverage in one area tend to do so in the other, as well. Countries with the highest levels of pension scheme participation (on average, 76%) record health-care affiliation of around 90%, and in several cases their health systems are making progress towards universal provision through contributory and non-contributory mechanisms.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	940875ad698bdb2ccdd77bc5bac36a12	When the policy environment is conducive. In particular, this is the case in regions with a favourable investment climate, limited regulations on direct transactions between companies and farms, well defined grades and standards and the presence of farmer organisations that link farmers and firms. The participating firms are selected on the basis of criteria including capacity to provide technology and training, and receive preferential treatment such as government loans and access to land (Lohmar et al., Nevertheless, by examining farmer surveys from villages mostly in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces, Guo and Jolly (2009) conclude that the proportion of households engaged in contract farming is relatively low and well below the proportion willing to produce under contract, owing to an absence of opportunities.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	9409ae0f4e5ba42f734a012376172a9a	This can ease communication across levels and facilitate common accessibility-oriented policy frameworks. To this end, it recognises the need to considerably decrease anthropogenic GHG emissions in a way that is complementary with the social sustainability goal, such as reduction of poverty. However, without ensuring access via alternative modes, these policies can generate negative social externalities, imposing burdens on vulnerable users while not significantly delivering greenhouse gas reductions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176744-en	940ccde99385234050324e34c53916ba	Each and every person working in the preschool should promote respect for the intrinsic value of each person as well as respect for the environment. This means that kindergartens (barnehager) in Norway should base their activities on ethical values rooted in Christianity1 and humanism - which are assumed to be widely held by the Norwegian population. The Christian and humanist values upon which the plan is based include empathy, forgiveness, a belief in human worth, equality, common responsibility, honesty and fairness. Kindergartens in Norway should also promote human dignity, equality, intellectual freedom, tolerance, health, sustainable development and respect for the environment. The Te Whariki curriculum of New Zealand emphasises the critical role of socially and culturally mediated learning and of reciprocal and responsive relationships for children with people, places and things.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	940e4ec6a471c996c57ccee3698a57e8	While this process may be predicated on the idea that increases in autonomy and financial transfers will benefit the absorbed areas as well as the original city, in reality there are no guarantees that the social and physical infrastructure will be adequate for what may now be a greatly expanded and more complex area. Another concern is that, given that population density is given little regard, this results in cities paying less attention to developing dense and well-connected urban environment, by instead favouring ad-hoc development which can quickly add to their population figures. This will make the provision of public services, such as wastewater treatment, solid waste collection and mass public transport extremely costly and inefficient. In this way, the classification system may also have an impact in limiting longer-term economic investments that may suit the particular characteristics of a given city.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	94109904b0f9d1bb0174f143843e1a8f	Data points outside the average circle indicate that the group or the country under scrutiny performs better than the OECD average. The data shown are simple deviations from the OECD average. Legislation (Primary Health Care Act) requires municipalities to have a health centre providing primary health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	94113f520f5874dfa305fc4e24d4627e	Here we will draw on the insights presented in previous chapters, put these into a wider context, and identify key knowledge gaps as well as possible policy implications. Biomass is a larger carbon sink than soils and dead wood. In boreal and temperate forests, carbon stocks in soils represent 60%-85% of total forest carbon stocks (Prentice et al.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	941261bb46cc1216d6af3b9171169221	However, some inconsistencies remain in information communicated by Parties via the CTF, particularly for climate finance provided to multilateral organisations. For example, some countries report their entire contribution to multilateral organisations, whereas others impute the climate-specific portion of their total contribution to multilateral organisations. If being “consistent” includes consistency across different countries (as well as being internally consistent),12 then significant changes in monitoring and reporting will be needed. The UNFCCC’s most recent compilation and synthesis of Annex I Parties’ national communications indicated that “there was no common approach in terms of the methodologies used by Annex II Parties in defining and tracking climate finance from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective” (UNFCCC, 2014).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	9413334f812fbce3114674b98540afb0	Even though there are other reasons employers find it difficult to fill vacancies, such as poor wages and working conditions, unattractive locations, limited career options and precarious contracts, the skills gap is often a real concern. Researchers view labour market mismatches as one factor in weak employment trends and sluggish productivity improvements. At times, the skills demanded by employers are simply not available, because the vocational training system is weak and/or unresponsive to labour market needs. However, this depends on adequate knowledge of a country's supply and demand for skills.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	94175ab4a9a9ed24437458cca16c65d7	It was decided to strengthen the CP model, as recommended by the Project, to revitalise CPs and improve the provision of credit to rural areas. The new model, revised by the ACC in May 2011, aims to strengthen the legal framework and structure of CPs, change the interaction between ACC and CPs towards more decentralisation in the decision-making process, but at the same time strengthen ACC control on the financial stability of CPs. Thus, CPs and local ACC branches will be able to make independent decisions on issuance of loans (up to a certain limit). The proposed changes are expected to simplify and shorten the process of loan provision, and increase the financial robustness of the system by expanding its membership to larger agricultural producers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	9417eaef9c0f7768b131d4a78efc8edd	While state-of-the-art CCGTs are capable of start and stop operations, most of the installed capacity has not been designed to be operated in such an intermittent mode. In addition, existing market design does not necessarily provide an adequate remuneration of these start-up and cycling costs. Whereas demand uncertainty on a day-ahead time-scale is typically in the range of 1-2% of load, the mean absolute error for wind is 15%, 24 hours before real time. Commercial providers of forecasting solutions claim that they can reach a forecast error to 5%, 24 hours before real time.14 Centralisation of information concerning weather forecasts and improvements of forecasting models will reduce this uncertainty.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	9418c2d3b6b885703b33109c374631d6	Diseases of the respiratory' system was the leading cause of morbidity, increasing from 829 cases per 10,000 population in 2005 to 1,647.4 cases per 10,000 population in 2016. Detailed data are not available on the characterization of diseases, such as asthma, allergy and asbestosis, with respiratory disease origin. The leading five causes of cancer in males were cancers of the liver (42.2 per cent), stomach (20.9 per cent), lung (11.9 per cent), oesophagus (5.7 per cent) and pancreas (3.7 per cent), whereas cancers of the liver (36.9 per cent), cervix (13.9 per cent), stomach (10.5 percent), breast (7.1 per cent), oesophagus (5.6 per cent) and ovary (3.8 per cent) were the main causes for women. For example, air pollution from indoor burning of coal or biomass w as associated w ith substantial increase of lung cancer risk.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	9418d57e129b9fc81b61c83127db4090	Currently the system fails to provide youth with a sufficiently smooth transition into the labour market, and inadequately meets the needs of employers. The two main challenges are: i) the lack of attractiveness of vocational education and training in Tunisia, including the negative effects of the low status colleges techniques, and the underdevelopment of high quality options at the upper secondary level; and ii) the mix ofprovision (as between fields of study) is driven mainly by the capacity of the system, and it may not reflect the needs of the economy. This chapter recommends the implementation of a set of mutually reinforcing policy reforms, including a strategic expansion of VET at the upper secondary level and stronger mechanisms to engage employers.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	941a4e8c8b916f28a4b975ad6488fc31	The most recent example is the self-generation of electricity using renewable energy sources, which allows private users to sell surplus energy to the national power utility (UNCSD submission, Tunisia, 2012). Fossil fuel dependence exposes countries’ growth pathways to both financial and political risks arising from the price volatility of fossil fuels. Reducing fossil fuel dependence also reduces the fiscal burden from fossil fuel subsidies where they are in place (however, subsidy reform is also essential, as noted above). Without such policies, dependence on fossil fuels can also lock-in higher local air pollution and higher carbon emissions for many years through long-lived infrastructure choices and development patterns (e.g. for transport).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	941b792df2421cd05b2b57710118a1e1	The two concepts represent different approaches, but both aim to quantify the extent to which water is used more efficiently in agriculture. Plusquellec (2002) estimates that 60% of the additional food in the next few decades will be provided by irrigated agriculture. To support such an expansion in irrigated output, world agriculture needs to consume additional water, or use the current extraction in a more productive way, or both.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	941d4425b497573ebac3b8c52bce13e5	This involves calls for tender for the construction of the work, hiring contractors and supervising the execution of the project or projects. Finally, the closing of the neighbourhood contract with the neighbourhood development council includes an evaluation of the programme, recording the experiences of the participants of the project, drawing up an agenda for the future, the alignment of the community’s commitments with the facilities’ operation and maintenance needs, and the formulation of new multi-sector projects. At a “closing event”, the neighbourhood history compiled by the project is presented to the community to promote the continuity of the social and community dynamics initiated by the project and to strengthen the community organisations formed by the programme. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC; Ministerio de Viviendra y Urbanismo (n.d.), Programa Recuperacion de Barrios, www.minvu.cVopensite_20070212164909.aspx, accessed June 2012. However the programme has limited resources (about USD 1 million per neighbourhood).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	941df3601e494d9a59b19b396df90ba9	While approaches differ widely, competition is most frequently introduced in generation and marketing (also known as retail). Competition in distribution is limited for the reasons outlined above. As such, government agencies are tasked with ensuring that the quality meets community expectations and prices are kept at acceptable levels. If investment is inadequate to meet demand then customers will experience electricity shortage and rationing of electricity.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/76c9b151-en	941ee35b11810b80ec3fefae19dd73e2	All the preconditions for growth generated in the previous phase should already be in place. A disciplined labour force and sufficient levels of technical and managerial expertise should have been attained in the process of economic development in the previous phase before the manufacturing export phase can start to kick in. In both the commodity and manufacturing export phases, foreign trade can also play an important part in transfer of new technologies trom more advanced countries.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	9420a235725f34ab166fc6de4158d46c	Supported by sound government policies, meaningful partnerships, and a shared commitment from consumers and society, we believe reductions in harmful alcohol consumption around the world can be achieved. Where they are too narrowly focused on a compliance agenda, policies can miss the opportunity to make the most of these win-wins. Well-framed regulations -such as on human rights including labour rights, health and safety and environmental regulation - are of course vital. Good policies in these areas, implemented consistently and predictably, are in businesses’ interests as well as everyone else’s.	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	9420e08a429f0e1ad46ef9b775f4cc0d	Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. Within the three main sectors, further industry sub-sectors can be identified. This sectoral breakdown helps to identify specific risks faced by different sectors and industries - the sector businesses operate in and the types of goods and/or services that they provide can directly affect their exposure to climate change risks.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	94214e0df6b738f32105efef9dd3fbaf	For Saint-Nazaire, one can expect slight changes in this respect, given the new contracts signed by the shipyard for the construction of several big cruise ships, but these largely protect current jobs and do not offer large net increases in direct employment. Further, it is important to consider that the 2008 economic crisis would have negatively impacted economic development in the intervening years. There is now a strong focus on improving interaction and dialogue both between the two urban areas in the estuary, and also among the two urban areas and the more rural communes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/10ef1979-en	942543faeeb8ae086529ad6c4c0eb5d8	"Since 2001, there has been a period with a positive anomaly; this is a consequence of an increase in both maximum and minimum daily temperatures, especially in summer time. Several summers after 1990 are characterized by an increasing rate of minimum temperature higher than that of maximum temperature. The northern part of the coastal zone does have lower temperatures in the winter season compared with the middle and southern zones, but summer temperatures are similar across all coastal regions. There were two cases of ""heat-wave days"" (when, over six consecutive days, the air temperature is at least 5°C more than the long-term average temperature for the corresponding days) recorded prior to 2001."	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	9427c1293d29c966126dcd953ef8c5b3	Greater sensitivity to capital-to-labor ratios and other sector-specific factors material to the development of successful firms will ensure that successful firms are recognized as such, and that prospective participants are not discouraged from entering SME Fund accelerator programs. Generate policy guidelines regarding repeated participants in SME Fund and other innovation-and learning-focused programs to ensure that firms can achieve self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, while making programs available to the widest array of potentially suitable participants. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	94280ab112f6fb21ff2b1fa8c6b578d5	This Survey proposes mainstreaming sustainable development objectives into existing national innovation systems and situating those objectives at their very core so as to create what it calls Green National Innovation Systems (G-NIS). The G-NIS would also serve both to coordinate the reorientation of sector-specific innovation systems for agriculture, energy, construction, manufacturing and transport, among other sectors, towards a focus on green technologies and to ensure consistency among green technology, industrial and demand-side policies. A comprehensive global energy transition is urgently needed in order to avert a major planetary catastrophe.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	942c0f2068c6be7f895c86a44d972d4c	As has been mentioned already, the small scale fishers were exempt from the ITQ system when it was first implemented, mostly due to fears that they would be bought out of the industry. Various measures were taken to safeguard their livelihoods while at the same time there was an increased pressure on this fleet to adopt some form of quotas to limit their catches. To increase employment in coastal communities, fishers using a long-line that is baited onshore have been allowed to double their catches in demersal (living near the bottom) species.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	942ca3b9bf72932ebd5059f1109bdac7	The Secretary-General took the podium to express regret at the lack of progress and urge agreement. Direct, leader-level engagement was to remain a hallmark of the Secretary-General's approach to climate change. The Bali Conference launched a round of negotiations guided by the Bali Action Plan, but Parties could not agree what form the final result expected in 2009 would take.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	94303b30a7bf56d170ca7db0f9efd0e6	This firm was purchased for over USS 2 billion in 2006 by a consortium of Canadian investment funds led by Brookfield Asset Management (BAM). In addition, 20% of its capital is applied in more cyclical activities, such as residential real estate or privately owned firms. Actis is a private capital enterprise that invests in emerging- market infrastructure projects or in those that capture the growing purchasing power of the new middle classes. It has US$ 4.6 billion in its portfolio, invested in 65 firms. Only 9% of its assets are in energy, and 5% in Latin America. The monies it manages mainly come from pension funds, investment funds, and sovereign wealth funds.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	94321c77a3d80624032c3df299dcb292	Contracts are a tool often used by government to set a framework for long-term projects. They can be broadly defined as an arrangement that reorganises the rights and duties of governments; define mutual obligations; and agree on authority and enforcement mechanisms (formal or informal). There is indeed a trade-off between long-term programmes for economic development which provide certainty for the public and private sector, and the need to adapt to new priorities.	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/36457e13-en	94335f3b92d82d91abcb875b05ff53ce	Furthermore, there is no system or institutional structure currently capable of taking responsibility for the collection, processing, integration and further maintenance of biodiversity data in a systematic way, or at least of providing information on where data can be found. The statistical services in both entities and the State-level agency do not collect this information either. This is despite the fact that there are relevant legal requirements to develop RDBs in both entities (articles 22-23 of the FBiH Law on the Protection of Nature and articles 20 and 23 of the RS Law on the Protection of Nature). There is no consistency between this information and data at the national level, for example on endemic species (see table 9.6).	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	94336c6f4dfe2a18739328944bc39892	On the Russian side, insufficiently treated wastewaters discharged from settlements, mainly the village of Wtirtsila (Sortavala municipal district, Karelia) and from the Vartsila metallurgical plant, exert pressure (local, moderate), but the plants use mechanical and biological treatment. The biggest nutrient load originates from agriculture (5.8 tons/year of phosphorus and 98 tons/year of nitrogen), and forestry and peat production combined are almost in the same order (5.0 tons/year of phosphorus and 76.3 tons/year of nitrogen). Low water periods pose problems to fisheries (Janisjarvi Reservoir).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	9434838e3a23b18f20d86ffea7431a8e	On top of basic competences all teacher training has to continue fleshing out the teaching methodology for the use of ICT and feature it in the training to a sufficient extent. Further training organisations are expected to include a high standard of opportunities in teaching the implementation of the new' cross-curriculum final objectives and developmental objectives. The idea cannot be to call upon the services of an ICT co-ordinator w'henever a problem crops up, as the official cannot be on tap at all times. Self-reliance means the teachers themselves are capable of solving problems to do with the use of a computer. (“	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	9435261bc08335494ad5c35fa3e19ad9	The Caucasus Ecoregional Conservation Plan was adopted at the 11th Caucasus Biodiversity Council Meeting in March 2011. It provides for Georgia, as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan, a comprehensive ecological network map with corridor planning both within the country and with neighbouring countries. However, of these 20 sites, the eight conservation areas so far identified and nominated are located within the borders of existing protected areas.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	9436f21e5c156d76502c16433c23311f	Moreover, the expected rebound in 2013 is still below the trend of 7.8% in 2010-2011 and 8.6% during the pre-crisis period of 2002-2007. The output loss could be significant for the region as a whole at almost $1.3 trillion by end-2017. A “new normal” of lower growth may result in 27 out of 43 of economies sampled in the region.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	943d729af62ee5b88b0d89a43ee61f44	"Like catchment analysis, the indicator measures accessibility in terms of travel time to jobs, education, health services, retail and open spaces. Unlike catchment analysis, which shows access to the nearest destinations, ATOS reflects the degree of choice by measuring, for example, access to the nearest three schools or doctors' surgeries. A ""basket"" of key services is used to calculate the indicator."	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	943e7927f4cbf48274389b4d186f733b	Allocations are not linked to land titles. These annual allocations may be traded among willing purchasers. Site use approvals are not generally tradable as the conditions relate specifically to a piece of land. Water for the Future is a AUD 12.9 billion investment over 10 years with overarching objectives to take action on climate change, use water wisely, secure water supplies and support healthy rivers and waterways.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6b8e044d-en	943ee6603ed65bf1a255b9b5a872e597	The last review in March 2009 concluded that Romanian authorities still had to close 65 dumpsites. The EU extended the deadline for closure of these sites to July 2017. In all, 27 new landfills compliant with EU standards have replaced closed dumps and 56 sorting plants with an installed capacity of 700,000 tons/year were put into operation.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	944012f4354512e341f250d27dff8287	Yet when women want to be involved in peacebuilding, they often meet resistance from men and other women who believe women’s gender roles should not include public leadership. Men currently hold the seats in most peace talks due to their dominance in government and economic spheres.30 Women, on the other hand, are now making the case why it is important for them to be involved during all stages and activities of peacebuilding. The discussion of including and encouraging women as peacebuilders often faces the challenge of needing to “prove” that women make a difference when they are involved in peace processes.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	94418ff5ecc950f1941149ad1b692db8	Diseases or conditions are defined by a range of pathological characteristics that themselves relate to biological structure and function. These physiological characteristics can be complex and measured at the level of the organ (or multiorgans) or they can be more targeted, such as genetic abnormalities or predispositions. Measures of disease states are common, and there are many examples of disease-specific measures available. Cause-of-death measures would be included here.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	9443083eb83c0cd2f5edb60ba763e7f1	The establishment of a consultative group between the main NGOs and the MoE could help rebuild relations and lead to more constructive dialogue and co-operation. However, even successful judicial review has not always led to implementation of decisions. The case of the Pezinok landfill is a case in point.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	944451d1372f980dd3c546e612c03047	"This was in line with the Government's policy to foster innovation-led growth and support higher value-added sectors. Countries such as the Republic of Korea, which have sustained high economic growth for an extended period, managed to also sustain high investment growth for an extended period. Aside from increasing investment, enhancing the quality of growth and allocating resources to productive sectors will be important to enhance the return on investment and avoid ""boom-bust"" cycles."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	9444eeb6edb2cb2ac9a29f3d7df65b41	In contrast, public health funding accounts for more than 8% GDP in Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, France, Japan and Germany. Health spending, however, only increased by 3.0% annually, less than the OECD average of 3.4%. Between 2009 and 2013, the Latvian recovered more quickly from the financial crisis than other OECD economies, with annual GDP growth of 4.3% on average, compared to the OECD average of 1.1%. Growth in health spending during this period was, however, no different to the OECD average at 0.6% during the same period.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	94453521be5bd0fc41ddc0ac2261f66e	Renewable energy sources such as wind or PV are directly sensitive to climate variables in obvious ways. In the case of wind energy, changes in seasonal wind patterns or strength would likely have significant positive or negative impacts because wind energy generation is a function of the cube of the wind speed. For PV systems, potential impacts require further research; however some experts anticipate that climate change could cause a decrease in global solar radiation which would lead to a corresponding decrease in solar cell output (US DOE, 2007).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	944643e854ee136cd9165acd78ccb4e0	"Many respondents to the survey underlined the importance of ensuring the implementation of appropriate market conditions over and above that of increasing the actual level of money. One independent consultant who has been working in India on EE projects for over 30 years was adamant that ""people are looking at EE financing as the Holy Grail; but I don't think that it is the right approach, because they are actually issues at different levels and financing is not necessarily the most important."" In that same conversation, the respondent went on to argue that he ""seriously believed that the barrier was not actually financial. Instead, government should focus on non-market barriers (i.e. organisation, market and risks)."" Establishing proper channels of verification and enforcement are essential in building investor trust and attraction to EE markets (the difficulties of establishing such certification protocols were explained earlier, in Box 1). One could imagine the creation of an international platform for better co-operation and communication between the public and private financial sector."	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	9446ceae6c3ddaf286b88280e7a0289a	The way guidelines are funded and developed is problematic in Australia. Another problem relate to the confusion caused by the existence of hundreds of clinical guidelines produced by numerous organisations. It is unknown the extent to which clinical guidelines are contributing to quality improvements in the health system, or better population health outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	9447dd42090ef12f2d896533af0c60ee	At the same time, there is a slightly larger share of Lithuanian students as compared to the OECD average among low performers who score below Level 2 in mathematics, reading and science. The largest gap is observed in reading. Only 4.4% of Lithuanian students were able to perform the most challenging reading tasks as compared to the OECD average of 8.3%.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/10366d60-en	9448775170c8774e453abdfde6c47a3e	This is especially important for the poor, who rely on good health and nutrition for productive work. If they are to improve their incomes and their quality of life they must be able to resist and recover from diseases, and women should be able to count on safe pregnancies. Yet, as outlined in die previous chapter, it has seen health disparities widen — notably for infant and child mortality, maternal mortality and the proportion of underweight children. This echoes the concerns raised by the MDG Summit in September 2010 which drew attention to the persistent imbalances in the current workings of the global economy, which are socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	9448e39d830bcf0c5a7ca03b062eb279	For a household situated close to the 20lh percentile (aversion to inequality close to 5), the losses involved by income and ages at death inequalities amount to 44 and 41% of income, respectively. Thus, health inequality appears to weigh as much as income inequality on living standards. The next task is to examine the evolution of living standards over time and to identify its drivers.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d712be22-en	944a47095ba0b8f3668bc620aa8102b9	The findings suggest that child characteristics are important in explaining inputs and nutritional outcomes, and that maternal agency and health contribute to improved health status. Household resources in the form of consumption are positively associated with food intake and nutritional outcomes. Simulations show that income growth, improving maternal care and avoiding sudden price shocks have a positive but rather limited effect on the reduction of malnutrition.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	944ca8344f45470eda6c825d18e0b50b	The reviews provide information on how public funds are being used and their impact. This also entails enhancing the capacity of stakeholders to interpret and use the data to inform national policy processes. Capacity building at the organisational and system levels is closely interlinked and refers to the presence of an institutional and legal infrastructure that supports the collection and reporting of data in a transparent manner (UNDP, 2009).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/63d08c20-en	9450a86897305d59621a30dd5c05c981	Numbers of new IDPs also surged in 2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq and South Sudan. Such displacement tends to be temporary (IDMC, 2018c) (Figure 4.1b). A machine learning tool reads, filters and analyses news and UN or non-government reports and extracts information, which is then validated (I DMC, 2018d).	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	94534c7db2310c9f20d205d31866dcc9	The ability for farm households to access commercial credit commenced in 1993; previously loans had only been available to households through institutions such as co-operatives.33 This was supported by the 1993 Land Law, which allocated LURCs to households and gave them the right to use these as collateral for bank loans, and the establishment of the state-owned Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD), also known as Agribank. To further expand access to credit, the concept of “trustable mortgage” (tin chap) was introduced in 1999, allowing farm households to borrow up to VND 10 million (USD 700) without collateral.34 This was quickly raised to VND 20 million (USD 1400) in 2000. It achieves this by providing accessible financial services and low interest loans to people living in remote areas, members of ethnic minority groups, students, etc.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9454e137c30224ce08da297ec0ca47fb	Both aspects can be observed in Figure 4.16, which compares the residual load covered by nuclear after the introduction of wind energy (the dark blue area) with the original load without renewables (areas in light and dark blue). The figure also shows that the average load factor for nuclear decreases from 98% in the reference scenario to about 92%, after the integration of wind energy. This means that nuclear plants tend to be operated more frequently at a partial load and are required to cycle more often. The decrease on average electricity prices is expected to be more significant at higher penetration level of renewables, as shown in the quantitative study presented in Chapter 7.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	945ac11067e56d9203e84761ac621c47	Fishery management systems that have already implemented most if not all of the best practices are the most capable to produce positive results from climate adaptation measures. Fishery management systems that lack some elements can still benefit from management actions although the options are more limited and the condition of the ecosystem may limit responses.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	945b8c6c52d0ce396e8dc6218b7403f0	The river flows into the Varangerfjord, not far from Kirkenes. Vaggatcm, Fjorvatnet and Hcstcfossdammen are transboundary lakes within the basin. The catchment area of Lake Inari forms the Finnish pan of the Paatsjoki water system. Lake Inari has been regulated since 1942 by power plants situated in the Russian Federation and Norway.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	945ccccd978d0ebc2fddd1f5676a1690	Through the Tonga Education Sector Programme (TESP), for example, Tonga’s Ministry of Education, Women’s Affairs and Culture undertook its first ever approach to sector-wide strategic planning, resulting in a number of substantive changes to approaches and policies. These activities all reinforce the view that ESD is not something that one party subjects another to. Rather, it is a process of ongoing learning and iteration whereby all involved should grow and adapt as a result.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	94611f1a5ce124c19a8961f128a47cf4	To enable pregnant adolescents or new mothers to stay in or return to school, they need supportive national and local school policies. But even with supportive policies, many may not resume their education. For example, despite progressive legislation in South Africa allowing young women to return to school post pregnancy, only around a third actually reenter the schooling system (Grant and Hallman, 2006). To improve this picture, some girls will need child care, financial support and individualized, one-on-one support and counselling to help them deal with their new responsibilities and feeling different from their peers.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	94668c9271762f0e5510bca620f9c09c	The bilateral investment treaty (BITs) with the United States includes a preamble stating that investment can be encouraged without “relaxing health, safety and environmental measures of general application”. Jordan also signed a BIT with Canada (2009), which includes environmental provisions (Article 11). Specifically, Article 11 states that “it is inappropriate to encourage investment by relaxing domestic health, safety or environmental measures” and that both parties can consult with each other if one of them thinks the other party has waived its environmental measures in order to encourage investment. No other BITs to which Jordan is a Party include environmental provisions, although this omission is common among OECD and non-OECD countries (Gordon and Pohl, 2011).	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	946781f9f08fc1c306ca56c6c60647bd	Raising awareness of existing supports and introducing a well-functioning feedback system - w hich would also help potential beneficiaries identify their needs - would improve the maintenance and actualisation of the database which is key to its effectiveness (Bah et al., Ultimately, the system could evolve into a rights-based social protection system that provides social benefits where they are needed. Its development was driven by the ADBs social protection strategy and key questions such as how much is spent on social protection in any given country', what are the programmes, who is covered and how can the implementation of social protection programmes be monitored (ADB, 2006, 2013 and 2016). As a rule of thumb, social spending totals calculated in line with the ADB methodology (as below) are likely to be a little lower than OECD data as the ADB data do not capture all public health spending for all countries - the SPI does not account for free universal public health services financed out of general taxation - and does not account for the impact of tax systems on social spending (Adema et al.,	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/e8741432-en	9468e0f1e5842d38b912601819734628	In 2012, average emissions from the developed regions were about 10 metric tons of carbon dioxide per person per year, compared to about 3 metric tons in the developing regions. Emissions per unit of economic output were slightly higher in the developing regions (0.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide per dollar of economic output) compared to developed regions (0.3 kilograms). At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conference in Paris in December 2015, participants will work to forge an agreement on a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force that will apply to all Parties to the Convention. This would provide a framework for strengthening international action to mitigate climate change.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	94691ee4b36f18cfb41e262795548c87	Effect II depicts the impact of ICTs on business productivity by reducing transaction costs and enhancing the efficiency of enterprises (sometimes referred to as the “spillover effect”). Effect III posits the increase in the average household income as a result of enhancing the capacity of the population to market its skills. Effects II and III contribute in turn to GDP growth.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	94692a7fd0ad78706a2aa12f0e953b2d	This should also make more explicit the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and strengthen platforms for data sharing, providing evidence and analysis to support policy development and disseminate best practice. Databases and regular surveys should cover: health risks; primary care, health personnel (including nursing and other allied health professions) and outpatient activity; the quality of ambulatory, hospital and long-term care services; morbidity and mortality amenable to health care; and health inequalities (e.g. by income, education and other social characteristics). Cost-sharing arrangements should be designed to encourage the use of cost-effective medical goods and services and prevention. Integrated and managed care models should be promoted by monitoring and reporting on quality outcomes and their success at disease management.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	9469e148f0bfa7aea4759984583d6c0d	Even though protected areas might exist, a lack of enforcement, control, or even simply information can easily lead to the deterioration of the quality of these areas. ( Examples of instruments that allow for international financial transfers are Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) (Chapter 4), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) (Chapter 5), and Official Development Assistance (ODA) (Chapter 8). These allow consumers to make better-informed decisions about the goods and service they purchase. Markets for green products can raise revenue indirectly via premiums for biodiversity-friendly attributes and investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use measures by producers.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	9479a7ad4a7e5d310dc90576ba7268b6	Options include full-time courses and e-leaming tailored to interested utilities or institutions. Three of the 2030 Water Agenda initiatives seek to develop regional information systems to reinforce water management by catchment, and aquifer harmonised with national databases and systems (Initiative 35); create an information system on investment in the water sector made by the three levels of government and users (Initiative 36); and consolidate regional and national hydrological services to better measure and respond to meteorological phenomena. However, these initiatives do not address the need to improve the availability and use of economic information, which means strengthening the design of water programmes and projects through the use of cost-benefit analyses and value-for-money evaluations, and/or the creation of a programme of economic information and analysis (possibly within IMTA) to collect, analyse and publish information on the geographical and sectoral distribution and efficiency of public investments.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289344678-7-en	947bb10761d425844310eccc1f108446	"Of importance and closely connected to the environmental pressure from the economy is also the energy system infrastructure, i.e. how electricity and heat are generated, and the use of fossil fuels. The analytical starting point is the national accounts - where we find the basis for calculating the macroeconomic indicator, GDP. The description of the economy needs to be ""opened up"" so that the structure of production and consumption can be seen, since the environmental pressure is very different depending on the type of economic activity analysed."	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b7f1b74c-en	94801d4342c494b1bc49bf4537a3d132	I don't .now why. Children and adolescents require special protections, both because they are vulnerable to exploitation, abuse, and other harmful outcomes, and because they have less power than adults. Others believe that the stigma surrounding premarital sexual activity for girls is too high to obtain accurate information (Chong et al., Niger, for example, has the world’s highest adolescent birth rate and the highest child marriage rate overall, but girls in the country’s Zinder region are more than three times as likely to give birth before age 18 than their counterparts in the nation’s capital, Niamey.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	94802cd0d18bc0ee4073face45ead555	The original Spanish text gave the etymology of cuidado which derives from the Latin roots cogitatus, thought, the participle of cogitare, and agitare, to agitate or trouble (Gomez de Silva, 1998 and Robert, 1979 in Flores-Castillo, 2012). In Spanish, as in several other Romance languages, therefore, the word for care is etymologically related to thinking, caring, care and curing. It is considered to be a regulatory component, expressed in terms of self-knowledge and skill in the quest for the principles of truth, which can encompass such widely diverse spheres as death, illness, suffering and political life, and, by the same token, judgement as to the value of the actions that the individual carries out (Foucault, 2005). Care of oneself is knowledge of self and the compilation of a certain number of rules of behaviour or principles which are at the same time truths and prescriptions: thus ethics and the game of truth are linked.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-12-en	9487e6f85ddd85ca585fe1689b2de84f	Three years learning with a high-performing teacher rather than a low-performing teacher, can make a 53-percentile difference between two students who started at the same achievement level. The negative impact of low-performing teachers is severe, particularly during the earlier years of schooling (Sanders and Rivers, 1996; Barber and Mourshed, 2009).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	948bbb8e780f75b2c499d2e68fc009dc	However, the efforts of regional authorities to make their case at the national level also seem to play a role in funds allocation, which may lead to suboptimal outcomes. The result is that utility network companies do not have a long-term planning horizon, which leads to underinvestment in municipal utility networks. The national government and local akimats are promoting the installation of meters. For instance, the installation of heating meters for housing buildings can be financed at subsidised, low interest rates through a government financial vehicle, the Public Utilities Development Fund (Fund razvitie JKKh). Differentiated tariffs charging higher fees to consumers without meters are also increasingly common. They provide incentives for homeowners to install meters, but their actual impact on metering coverage varies across regions and subsectors (e.g. district heating, sew'age or water supply).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/46069360-en	9490818fa9f1bc274de7d61dc7c27768	Measures aimed at climate mitigation and adaptation will increasingly necessitate the stranding of some natural resources in CDDCs, highlighting the need for these countries to adopt an alternative model of development based on a greater diversification of their economies.' The report aims to highlight how CDDCs will be directly affected by climate change, and indirectly by mitigation and adaptation policies pursued not only by themselves but also by third countries. The report also responds to calls in the Nairobi Maafikiano to assess the trade and development implications of the Paris Agreement and examine the nexus between trade, development and environmental sustainability, with a view to assisting member States in developing natural resource management systems that are appropriate in the context of climate change (Articles 55(f) and 100(h) of the Nairobi Maafikiano).2 The report’s discussion on commodities and climate change is also in line with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Three SDGs are particularly relevant.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	9492524316a34a058643df66660f094a	In view of the lack of programme evaluation in the Arab region, the evidence for this assertion comes from programmes around the world on tobacco abuse, bullying, drugs and obesity.106 A school approach is appropriate for sexual and reproductive health, although, in this area, cultural stigma and taboo are barriers to access to information. Although the analysis in this chapter identifies policies that each country can implement, success will be enhanced if countries apply the policies comprehensively and if groups of countries adopt similar policies. Tobacco shows why: before 2006, Jordan and Syria had bans on advertising in tobacco products, although Lebanon did not.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	94955aa4252b60639e1a0780e998ce7b	The tariff rates of the state-owned electric company STELCO are set at Rf 1.5 (USD 0.10) per kWh for 0-100 kWh per month for the lowest rate, and peak at Rf 4.25 (USD 0.27) per KWh if the monthly consumption exceeds 600 kWh (STELCO, 2016). The reform set specific (and increasing) prices per each block (quantity) of consumed electricity per household and meter. Under this new system, tier one keeps the old quota price (applicable to 89 per cent of households), tier two electricity prices are slightly higher and charged for kWhs exceeding the amount of basic use, which is differentiated across regions, and tier three sets a much higher tariff for the amount of electricity referred to as luxury use (Zhang, 2014). The new pricing system was implemented in response to growing energy security and environmental concerns, to improve efficiency and lower pollution while maintaining affordable consumer prices.	7	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	9496165fbd0c0eeff486a209a669d9ab	Petroleum accounts for 100 per cent of Tuvalu’s energy supply (Figure 9.1) and 10 per cent of GDP (SPC 2016). Petroleum replaced biomass as its major energy source in the 1990s. Fuel is imported into Tuvalu via Fiji by Pacific Energy, which owns all storage and distribution facilities. This fuel is mainly used for electricity generation (41%) and transport (40%) (Figure 9.3).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	9496c1e66140283c4305752c1af82ac9	The guarantee helps mitigate the risks faced by a bank that provides financing to their IPP, and thereby reduces a price offered by the PPA (Baker & McKenzie, 2015). For example, Cronimet offers its mining clients an option to fund the offtake of electricity through commodities they extract rather than a cash settlement. This arrangement allows combining commodity trade finance, through Cronimet’s Trading division, with a PPA from Cronimet’s Power division.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	9496d1c7b84bf2a396fc913eb697c597	Similarly, for solar projects this risk is mitigated by data from existing installations, and, where there is little data, occasionally by insurance. Currently this performance data is closely held by project developers as a barrier to competition, increasing returns to incumbents but slowing adoption by other market participants. Deployment of low-carbon infrastructure would be greatly accelerated if there were standard methods to measure and report the characteristics of systems and their components. They are looking for investments which provide steady, low correlation, long-term, and preferably inflation adjusted income streams. They are therefore likely to invest in established and mature technologies. However, much clean energy technology remains at the pre-commercial stage.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	9497d2bf9f7152d6e7f751ab58893084	In the 1980s, for example, the CCSS contracted co-operatives in order to provide health care services in areas where there was a shortage (Saenz et al., As of 2016, four co-operatives and two non-cooperatives (the ASEMECO association and the University of Iberoamerica) provided health care services to 15% of the Costa Rican population on the basis of primary' level contracts (as earlier described). In case of need for specialised care, these providers should refer the patients to the secondary and tertiary level within the public health care network.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cabe9310-en	949888a762f4eb83becaac114663d26a	If waste is perceived by the generator as having little or no value, it will tend to be managed either at the lowest possible cost to themselves, or at minimum cost in compliance with legal requirements. The costs normally considered are the financial costs of waste management that occurred for the collection, treatment and disposal of waste. These costs may be offset in part by direct revenues from selling recovered materials or energy or the benefits of action to the society as a whole, such as resource efficiency, green job creation and a healthy and clean living environment.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	949ab17522f75be1ac04397675e3c94e	In addition, their focus should be primarily on servicing investors and administrative burdens, and tasks related to servicing ministries should be minimised. One option would be to involve both the regional akimat and the Regional Chambers of Entrepreneurs in the governance of ISCs, to ensure that the voice of the local private sector is taken into account in ISC governance (as is the case for the Hamburg’s Business Development Corporation, see Box 1.13). Co-ordination between the national agency Kaznext Invest and oblast- level ISCs on investment promotion and facilitation is essential, and should be enhanced. This could be done by giving Kaznext Invest a reserved seat on the executive board of all ISCs in Kazakhstan or the use of shared staff and/or facilities, for instance.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	949adcc445c02fdd9232f0d8ea760d8d	First, eco-innovation can help address domestic environmental challenges; they contribute to environment policy objectives. Second, eco-innovation can create new and sustainable jobs; after 2008, it has been considered a new engine for growth, as crystallised in the concept of green growth. The potential for growth is all the more important when markets for a particular innovation are global and growing. Relatively small countries, with limited domestic markets for eco-innovation, are targeting global markets and set out policies to grow their global market share.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	949bd8e1fa03bef077a8f9bad3b26a97	The concentration of some air pollutants has decreased over the past decade, but air quality is still poor (see Chapter 1). The key driver for air pollution in cities is on-road transportation, which continues to be a primary mode of urban transport34 in Chile. National air-quality regulations were updated for a number of air pollutants (PM2.s S02, NO, HC and CO), and a “Clean Air Programme” was launched in 2010, aiming to improve air quality in the biggest cities through sectoral emission reduction strategies (e.g. firewood, industries, transport and monitoring).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	94a082a1b4256544a2c81b88da372966	According to United States Federal Circuit jurisprudence, patent applicants may not easily avoid this restriction by merely referring to some trivial use.213 The patent applicant would have to disclose the particular function for which use of the EST or SNP is intended, and the scope of the patent would be limited to this specific use. In the public health context there are several cases under which the choice of a broad or a narrow approach will have important implications on the availability of pharmaceutical substances for generic production. These cases will be presented in the following sections.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	94a09dea44fe7088f124d6e06b05304e	Indeed, the recent increase in the number of public child care places has contributed to a rise in fertility. Most of the evidence emanates from Nordic countries, where paternal leave entitlements are more generous than in other countries and administrative data enable comparisons of behaviour before and after reform. The effect of paternal leave provisions on fathers child care involvement is rather weak, however, and does not materialise in all countries.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	94a0e3081b7061dea1ea938d45da1ef0	When it was still possible to assume that what we learn in school would last for a lifetime, teaching content knowledge and routine cognitive skills were rightly at the centre of education. Today, when we can access content on line and routine cognitive skills are being digitised and outsourced, the focus must shift to enabling people to become lifelong and lifewide learners. Schools now need to prepare students for more rapid change than ever before, to learn for jobs that have not yet been created, to tackle societal challenges that we cannot yet imagine and to use technologies that have not yet been invented.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	94a4a5ace12eb57ccb8e732ce56bde44	Attention to students' emotional and motivational state and development therefore becomes part of any pedagogical design. One conclusion sometimes drawn from technological change is that new technologies lower the requirement to master knowledge and skills, as holding information and many basic tasks may be ‘outsourced’ to devices. This position goes too far in neglecting the importance of learned knowledge and skills as foundations for more complex abilities, but it must be acknowledged that the ready availability of information changes our learning needs. Without wishing to over-simplify the past, up until the mid-point of the previously century most people in industrial societies faced a relatively limited array of options when it came to where they would live, what job they would do, whether they would marry, and whom.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	94a4e321ebd5d7a4dc1e17ee5843138f	For Mexico, the data in Figure 22.2 were derived from the Economic Census 2009. For Japan, the figure refers to the number of men and women sole-proprietors with and without employees, and not to women and men-owned sole-proprietor enterprises. Japanese data are thus not fully comparable with other countries, given that a single sole proprietor can own more than one enterprise and that there might be gender differences in the propensity to own more than one enterprise.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	94a52655bd08dce7941de9d7608e7fdd	Phase 1 will cost about USD 50 million, part of which will be funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience of the Climate Investment Fund will provide a USD 11 million grant and a USD 10 million concessional loan (HydroWorld, 2015). Hydropower generation in the winter implies accumulating water (and not releasing enough water) in the summer, when the need for irrigation water is the highest.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	94a5a15b7eeeee3ea5a8eeb1f397679a	Similar earlier analysis have for instance been presented for New Zealand by the New Zealand Ministry of Employment (MBIE, 2013) and for the United Kingdom by Dorsett and Lucchino (2013). Data requirements for an analysis of school-to-labour-market trajectories are substantial. The identification of individual’s transitions from school into the labour market requires individual-level panel data with frequent observations that permit tracking young people’s educational status and labour market participation over a longer time horizon.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	94a6cf9655032718fe2277d7afd49491	Countries are ranked, from left to right, in increasing order of the share of poor people living in households with no workers. Data for Switzerland refer to households without children. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.9, OECD Publishing, Paris http://dx.doi.org/10.I787/4222I0017310.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	94a6f900a7daa617b0e5acbda68679be	This is an issue well recognized in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which includes a provision on guaranteeing citizens’ rights to information, participation and environmental justice (principle 10) (see box IV. In the context of climate change, new tools for engaging stakeholders in the design of climate impact assessments and consideration of policy options are emerging, including at the local level as discussed in chapter III. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	94a7d740880934910f36699fa95d0c99	As a part of the administrative reform and reorganisation of the government, the Ministry of Coal Industry and the Ministry of Fuel and Energy were merged in December 2010 into the Energy and Coal Industry Ministry. At the beginning of 2011, the Ukrainian government declared that it would seek to postpone indefinitely this 50% increase in prices of natural gas supplied to households. Among sector-specific programmes adopted between 1994 and 2002, the following could be mentioned: Creation of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (1994); Development of Hydrocarbon Resources in the Ukrainian Sector of the Black and Azov Seas (1996); Energy Conservation (1997); Construction of Wind Power Stations (1997); Oil and Gas of Ukraine until 2010 and Thermal Power Plant Reconstruction (2002).	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	94a885cd1942d41bcc7a384465eae533	Sanggar SAINS Sdn Bhd, one of its commercial units, has developed the “Innovator Programme” dedicated to provide guidance, advice and support to start-up companies commercialising R&D outcomes of the university. Sanggar SAINS is also at present managing business incubation facilities at the university’s innovations park, sains@usm “USM Connectors” enhance technology scouting and increase collaboration with industry. Finally, the university’s“3-Track promotion exercise” provides a tool to reward and incentivise not only leading-edge research and quality teaching but also community engagement and entrepreneurship support.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	94a97c665386ae8ce7aa77e58284b8be	In Sweden, the opposite occurred, implying an increase in inequality. Panel D illustrates contrasting inequality developments in the two halves of the distribution: Spain experienced lower growth in top-sensitive income standards compared with the middle of the distribution, implying contracting inequalities in the upper-half of the income distribution, but at the same time slower growth in bottom-sensitive income standards compared with the middle of the distribution, implying increasing inequalities in the middle and lower-half of the income distribution. Whether inequality increases occurred across the whole distribution of income (such as in Sweden) or within a narrower part of the distribution (such as in the United States and even more so in Spain) would bear differential policy implications such as e.g. increasing top marginal tax rates versus introducing tax credits for low incomes.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	94abb411f0b7b756be8b0faf66c01fdf	There are wide disparities in quality between public and private education services in many developing countries. A recent review of 21 studies in Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria and Pakistan found that students in private schools tend to achieve better learning outcomes than do students in state schools. Epidemics, violence, climate change and natural disasters can quickly undermine the progress of individuals who have exiced poverty and push poor people into more extreme poverty.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	94ac8724e63c2bc9dbbc30a98c634d2c	Biofuels now account for a significant and growing part of global production of a number of crops. Higher feed prices also may induce supply reductions in the livestock industries, although the full effect is somewhat mitigated with the incorporation of biofuels co-products into feed rations (distillers’ grains, oilseed meal). Biofuel mandates and blending targets, which are satisfied regardless of price, introduce inflexibility into the demand for feedstocks, contributing to the extent of required price adjustments in the event of a shock and price volatility.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	94acd57860b69a07d6ec2881f9f15ee9	Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) generally face additional barriers to providing training, including difficulty articulating training needs and lack of economies of scale. To encourage employers to take an active role in investing in the skills they require, government intervention may therefore be needed. These pilot funds included the Employer Ownership of Skills initiative (mn from 2012-14), the Employer Investment Fund (launched in 2011, and supported 87 projects), the Growth and Innovation Fund (launched in 2011, and supported 37 projects), and most recently, the UK Futures Programme (ran from 2014 to 2016).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	94aeac5b0c79d5dfd4369dd726e3570d	Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD and asthma. While the elderly population currently represents around 10% of the total number of National Health Insurance beneficiaries, they are responsible for around 32% of the total health insurance expenditure (HERA, 2010a). In 2010 these expenditures represented between 11% and 14% of the entire Korean health budget. The IDF also estimates that expenditure on diabetes will increase from between 7.3 billion in 2010 to 10.3 billion dollars by the year 2030 (Zhang, 2010). Furthermore, while Korea spends a large slice of its health budget looking after people with diabetes, Korean mean expenditure per person with diabetes is relatively low (Figure 3.4).	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	94b02f8d7871a0f76e0bcf3497db5b03	One approach to realize a sub-A switching network is all-optical time driven switching (TDS). In TDS network, optical bursts are all generated at the scheduled time-slots based on the precisely-sy nchronized global clock. The TDS architecture provides fine bandwidth granularity by the time-slot division and reduce pow er consumption by at least 40% since OEO conversion is not needed at the optical node[2].	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	94b10859c79b11088af50b5aa4531210	In addition, the annual growth rates of GDP (2002-09) of the three metropolitan cities of Busan (6.9%), Incheon (7.1%) and Ulsan (7.0%) are higher than the national average (6.5%). A similar growth pattern among local cities can also be observed. Interestingly, energy consumption on transport increased by 10.10% between 1980 and 2009, whereas building energy consumption decreased by about 20% over the same period (Figure 1.16). Moreover, the share of energy consumption by the road sector is the highest among transport modes and rose steadily from 1990 to 2009 (Figure 1.17).	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	94b14a312204ce2734c76ba3acb91367	The Finnish health care system offers good quality health care at a moderate cost, provides universal coverage, and enjoys high public satisfaction. It has contributed to improvements in the health of the Finnish population over the past decades, as evidenced by spectacular increases in survival rates following heart attack, stroke and cancer. Nevertheless, on a number of health outcome and efficiency indicators, Finland is lagging the best OECD performers.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/ed3c16ff-en	94b4b93df18979dc1f59579982d7f8e8	If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO and OECD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c271815-en	94b505e9d4d38e3c3604ab107ef4012d	Inflation increased in 2014 in 14 of the 20 countries listed in table 1.1, with particularly rapid retail price growth in the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela (68.5%) and Argentina (23.9%). The biggest drops in absolute terms were in Panama (from 3.7% in 2013 to 1.0% in 2014) and the Dominican Republic (from 3.9% in 2013 to 1.6% in 2014). The lowest inflation in 2014 was in El Salvador, where the rate was an estimated 0.5%.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264288744-9-en	94b5efad76110c98bcdc8070d8258c62	Investment support, classified as payments based on fixed capital formation, has decreased in recent years, but that may reflect delays in implementing the recent RDP. As a result, they were equivalent to 22% of payments to producers in 2016, compared to 12% in 2004. The highest increase was for innovation-related expenditures on research and development, extension and agricultural education, which increased tenfold.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5ad16036-en	94b6bb41fce5a1ab4b0fce6e4e6dd141	Primary sources of data include vital registration systems, household surveys (direct and indirect methods), reproductive-age mortality studies, disease surveillance or sample registration systems, special studies on maternal mortality and national population censuses. Despite being based on established demographic techniques and empirical data from other countries, the country-specific point estimates obtained through the statistical model do not necessarily represent the true levels of maternal mortality. Data obtained: 2 August 2013.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289344678-7-en	94b75479dfdc4a04d0b0c5198a369701	Similarly, the aggregates for natural resource extractions and foreign trade of products sum up the weight of different resources and types of products with no regard for environmental pressures. As with the example of the material consumption, a measure that contains fossil fuels as well as sand and gravel, the environmental pressures need to be assessed separately. As such the indicators should be interpreted with care and always be put into a specific context.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0f6ff1b0-en	94b99438c95803c696e8cd03977874e6	Target 6d recommends recycling or treating all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge. While this target aims primarily to reduce the detrimental impacts not only on human health, but also on the ecosystem, it seems that it leaves some loose ends given that it does not define a minimum treatment level nor does it reference the huge financial burden associated with the treatment of all domestic wastewater at the global scale. Several refinements of the targets and indicators initially proposed by the working groups will lead to a final list of targets supported by WHO and UNICEF. As of June 2013, the proposed list of targets is not in its final form, but has gone through several rounds of revisions.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	94ba0e03435647944dcecbe5cb998155	Programmes that require only finite periods of land management usually secure land management finance using a wasting endowment or trust fund (see below for a discussion of contingent payments) (DSE, 2012). Funds from the sale of biodiversity credits are then paid into the publicly managed BioBanking Trust Fund to establish the principal sum necessary to generate enough interest to cover the future land management costs. Any additional proceeds from the sale of credits are paid to the landowner as a lump sum. The landowner receives annual management payments from the Trust Fund to implement the management actions. In the US Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation scheme, the bank instrument - a broad agreement between the bank owners and regulators - is used to specify how an endowment fund will finance the bank over time (Treweek et al.,	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	94ba5e3b6f8baba6fc08eea16ef1ece6	For example, reducing the average class size from 15 to 10 requires a 50% increase in the number of teachers and, thus, total teacher salaries paid. Plus there is little clarity on exactly which group sizes or staff-child ratios are most favourable or optimal (Chetty et al., Care should be taken that in-service training is linked to career progression and to obtaining further qualification (OECD, 2006).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	94bb248afd8004e950d2671a8c137a1e	The estimates of per capita consumption provided by FAO using commodity balance sheets data indicate 158kg/person. Household consumer expenditure data for 2011 indicate 144 kg/person (NSSO, 2013). This analysis abstracts from important issues of waste or programme inefficiencies which may mean that people do not receive the full benefits of the programme.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	94bc0842e5975e2438d438ebd12ad902	Often, climate policy is led by environment ministries, energy planning is led by energy ministries, national planning is led by planning ministries, and country finances are managed by finance ministries. However, it is important that these various agencies work together to address the multi-faceted and economy-wide nature of energy and environment issues. Collaboration will allow finance and planning personnel to better understand how energy, environment, and climate change can be addressed in national and sub-national planning processes and through fiscal (i.e. budgetary) and investment decision-making (UNEP, 2008). In Nepal, for example, decentralizing the delivery of energy services in rural areas dramatically increased efficiency and created local empowerment to plan, implement and monitor local energy programmes. This required dedicated support to build capacity of local organisations involved in the supply chain of energy service delivery (United Nations, 2007).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	94c2061aa76e2aa42b5c0c6c79f26b6f	To minimize opposition when the EPT was first implemented, the gasoline surcharge regulation was abolished at the same time. This prevented an overall increase in transport fuel prices and protected vulnerable households (and businesses) from the impact of energy price increases. However, while such measures facilitated the initial implementation of EPT, trade-offs are certainly evident between environmental effectiveness and revenue-raising potential on the one hand and political feasibility on the other. Further increases in the tax rate will be necessary to ensure that EPT is environmentally effective.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	94c23eb5122c38c5060115ec535f967c	Households with older adults tend to spend more on care, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of total spending (see figure 22). On top of that, older women must often take on the role of main care provider for their spouses— a task that can be hard enough to even hasten their own vulnerability. Incudes households which report expenditure on care. Although the Convention affirms the right of all persons with disabilities to live in the community on an equal basis with the rest of the population, ensuring that this right can be realized in practice requires setting up a proper network of home care, staff and other support services and technical aids. It is important to bear in mind, however, that the data available are not entirely comparable between countries, because the questions contained in the various measurement instruments —which can be censuses, household surveys or specialized surveys— refer to very different degrees of disability'. Care for persons with disabilities can be the mechanism for ensuring the exercise of their rights and participation in society.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/488a38e7-en	94c2e562ea93e59114f1c22b2afe905c	Data are also available disaggregated by sex of the head of household and type of household in Latin America and the Caribbean, and by type of household in Europe. In contrast, poverty data compiled for this report cover only a small number of countries in Africa and Asia and none of the countries in Oceania. The revision of the international poverty line and corresponding estimated poverty data reflects new data on PPPs compiled in the 2005 round of the International Comparison Program.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	94c390c968d7510461f0777d66db6fc7	It is the NGOs, mostly the Federation of Reproductive Health Associations, Malaysia (FRHAM) and its 13 state members associations that have taken upon themselves a task of making contraceptives available at a subsidized cost. Private outlets sell a wide variety of contraceptives, including emergency contraceptives, but this option is reserved for those who can afford higher prices. Similarly, in Singapore, with a decrease in subsidies to commodities and the closure of government family planning clinics in the mid-1980s, private sources (pharmacies and drugstores) have substituted public sources (Yap Mui Teng, 2007, p. 206).	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/547ad041-en	94c3fdeff3f1ae2d2006d392e5c42a09	This kind of collaboration can take place between regions as entities, as well as between stakeholders or organizations of the respective destinations (Fyall et al., Yet, one cannot take for granted that this is reflected in actual behaviour. Despite their concerns, visitors rarely possess adequate knowledge as to which aspects of their behaviour will increase or decrease sustainability.	12	5	6	0.09090909090909091
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	94c7ff965bec6f2c7f4a495b10122823	Equity funds formed as partnerships of public and private institutions could become important sources of finance and providers of organisational capacity and expertise in support of the financing of infrastructure projects including sustainable energy infrastructure projects. Green investment banks may also seek to create investment funds. Australia’s national green investment bank, Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), is developing an unlisted sustainable energy fund in partnership with Colonial First State Global Asset Management that would attract institutional investors.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	94cb35a7474bd4ca66dcf79347e75bed	Consequently, women's experiences were until relatively recently not adequately addressed by the human rights framework. The work of activists, human rights mechanisms and States has been critical in ensuring that the human rights framework has grown and adjusted to encapsulate the gender-specific dimensions of human rights violations in order to better protect women. Effectively ensuring women's human rights requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying societal structures and power relations that define and influence women's ability to enjoy their human rights. These power structures have an impact on all aspects of life, from law and politics, to economic and social policy, family and community life.	5	0	6	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	94cb75c57d9790ab9418694f058f307d	This vulnerability is a function of both the magnitude of the outof-pocket expense in question and household spending capacity. The analysis of how these spending patterns are related to the various forms of financing is still relatively unexplored terrain. At any given moment, out-of-pocket health spending can plunge families into poverty; this reality is measured in the chapter.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	94cd23db336d5dcb0ffc29d2ddda62a0	In contrast, the data for Iceland (with an extremely low level of child deprivation - see table 5) show that six dimensions do not contribute at all to the overall deprivation level: the resulting deprivation score is entirely due the remaining eight variables. Firstly, the scale is built on “indicators” each trying to capture a kind of deprivation that children might experience. However, “indicators” are by definition “indicative” and may reflect larger issues than that specifically measured. The intake of fruit and vegetables may point to dietary shortcomings while the lack of a place for doing school homework may point to problems in the housing situation.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	94d0a084911e664fa57f199f6b912de0	If the effect turns out to be insufficient, treatment is stepped up to a more complex, costly or taxing level. The aim is to ensure that all eligible patients have access to appropriate care, while reserving the most intensive treatments for those that have not to benefitted from lower intensity treatments. There is evidence to suggest that psychological treatments, especially cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), are effective treatments for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety (Otte, 2011; Driessen and Hollon, 2010; NICE, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	94d2808587eb003f9005f88941f107bc	One of the most prominent risks is the trade tension between the United States and China. The rising trade tensions may affect Emerging Asia through various channels. Import growth from ASEAN showed signs of improving in March 2019, but prospects are uncertain. While new tariff measures were announced in May 2019, the resumption of trade talks during the G20 summit sends a positive signal. The downturn in China’s imports since late 2018 has affected ASEAN to varying degrees.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	94d4f144d16ec14897c3287d323f361b	They can also play a crucial role in reviewing the existing production of gender statistics and in developing a gender statistics programme. Gender statisticians, meanwhile, can be more involved in the planning of data collection, including the coverage of gender issues and the use of gender-sensitive concepts and methods. They can also help to review data collection instruments and regular publications in order to ensure that a gender perspective is integrated in all statistical fields and programmes.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	94d50ba9c2f4364b13590d531c3e83e2	The metropolitan municipality, as the sole local government in such provinces, took on the local government services for the entire province. It is responsible for rural and urban administration, and 77% of the total national population lives within the metropolitan boundaries. Technically and for economies of scale, it is necessaiy to plan and manage the services for the entire uiban space.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264195363-9-en	94d63e4dcb1d51713b7ad2909d178147	They include peace and political stability, sound macroeconomic management, strong institutions, well defined property rights and good governance. The food and agriculture sector has a key role to play in reducing global poverty. More than half of the world’s poor depends, either directly or indirectly, on agriculture for their livelihoods.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	94d7022b168ff765c859f4cda16d4d87	The role played by the communities, and central and local governments are broadly correct, although the central government could be more active in reducing flood risk. The central government currently concentrates most of its investment in flood risk management on the response and recovery following the event. Investment in the reduction and mitigation of flood risks, i.e. in providing information, guidance assistance, and funding - would help local governments to manage flood risks more effectively and prepare for climate change.	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	94d752ae93dd837aa98dbab3f3e2bdde	This was not the result of political capture by powerful districts: in the example of South Africa, the allocation of projects was determined using presumably objective criteria; however, local authorities in richer communities had better means of, and more assistance in, preparing their applications. In practice, recruiting workers for programmes offering remuneration below the market wage has been challenging. In many cases, wages are raised during implementation of the programme through workers’ collective bargaining (Adato and Haddad, 2001; Subbarao, 2003).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	94d809468e2dd8125e0943bc64f9a5ad	The rate of loan recovery is very high, making the fund self-sustaining. All skills training programmes offered under this project are NTA accredited. The objective was to offer women and young people the opportunity to increase their skills, giving them the tools to seek employment or become self-employed at the end of their training.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	94d85cb634f801c01bb2d27f7042119a	The present study found that, in a good number of cases (47 per cent), one tube-well was shared by 76-110 households (see table 2). In one slum, there was only one hand pump tube-well, which was shared by 170 households. In one slum, it was found that people mostly used water from the nearby river for bathing, washing dishes and clothes, and other daily activities, as it was free.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	94dc701a92f8e05210ef015f7113abfe	A cross-sectional analysis reveals that mortality is 20% lower where density doubles. This is likely due to lower vehicle speed and greater use of public transport, but further investigation is needed. The Safer City Streets database and network could support such research. Answering this question requires looking beyond strict numbers of casualties and crashes to consider wider economic, health and well-being issues.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	94e23d66e55f9260d8788de77b66b294	A third-generation bicycle-sharing programme, an electronic parking system, smart cards and traffic visualisation are being developed; although as of 2016, they were still in the pilot or design stage. Bandung could become “smarter” through the use of digital technologies to analyse traffic congestion and commuting flows. It could also develop smart city initiatives that target the energy sector (i.e., reduce energy consumption and increase the use of more renewable energy sources) (OECD, 2016).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	94e4e3f01913aaaffaa5ee45ee8458cc	As suggested by Figure 2.10, labour force participation is higher in states where the educational attainment of the labour force is higher. As a response, more and more initiatives focus on workforce development, starting with the 2014 Workforce innovation and opportunity Act. Some may affect both the relative cost of working and the ability to work (e.g. limited supply of child care).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en	94e4ed8574d9cc2498f05827292ddd23	Projects and programs on chemicals have included182 a program to support the development of National Profiles to Assess National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals. ( Antigua, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Chile, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: National Profile to Assess National Infrastructure); a project providing National Training Activities for Developing Countries on Toxic Chemicals, Environment and Health. ( In 2002, the government of Sri Lanka launched a “100 Days Program,” halting the sale of leaded gasoline in the country.	12	1	4	0.6
10.14217/128123a5-en	94ef18953510a28ab61ce24bbb19da03	As a long-term strategy, national legislatures should aim at reforming the electoral laws towards PR systems. Swaziland, for instance, is noted as one case of limited compliance with the constitution, the SADC protocol of gender and development and the AU protocol of womens rights, as well as the Commonwealth Charter. In countries outside of the SADC region where gender parity (50:50) has not been articulated as a principle, this should be given priority.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	94f1a2e5d3e415a09af6e70aa524218d	These roles may be unified within one level of government or agency but in many instances it may be spread across several levels (national, regional or local). Even at any given level, responsibility may be spread across several departments or services with little top-level co-ordination. This complicates the task of aligning outcomes in, say, the regulation of ride services that may fall under those in charge of taxi or for-hire regulations and public transport regulation which may fall under a completely different authority. If transport governance structures contribute to this friction, it may be very difficult to even broach the subject of synergies between ride services and public transport, let alone experiment with them. This is certainly the case where, for any number of reasons, new ride services are prevented from operating or face constraining conditions. At a very basic level, split responsibility and split levels of decision-making may hamper the trialling of innovative new arrangements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	94f4d809a1f4f3fc469eacd59535fa57	Understanding the influence of demographic, economic and policy factors on poverty trends is then essential to build an effective strategy to combat child poverty. After summarising the conceptual framework, this section presents the main findings of an analysis of such factors on child poverty since the mid-1990s at OECD level, with particular focus on the role of different cash transfers. The roadmap summarised in Figure 18 provides a framework for analysing how demographic, economic and political factors influence child poverty - separating the analysis of child poverty into two streams.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264280359-3-en	94f7f960a13374b3377c1e96e1b9d118	While family policy can be used as a tool to enhance gender equality objectives, gender equality policy must be seen as an encompassing and multi-dimensional strategy that goes far beyond family issues and touches upon eveiy aspect of public life. As such, although some goals are fully pertinent for both women and men, such as equal share of unpaid work and family-friendly work policies, it would be important to ensure that the adopted policy maintains clearly defined goals related to women’s political and economic empowerment. Consider including gender-sensitive target indicators more widely across state and sectorial programs and strategic plans to facilitate the promotion of gender equality in all areas of life. Over time, consider developing an annual “whole-of-government” report on the implementation of the gender equality strategy.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	94fad1d9c6d2ed9b09c307eb344516a9	Transport of radioactive pollution occurs both in dissolved form and with sediments. While in normal operation, thermal pollution from nuclear power station at Rivne (of the same type as Chernobyl), Ukraine on the Styr River is reported to be negligible. Concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr radionu-clids in the surface waters at monitoring stations near the Roven-skaya nuclear power plant, as well as in industrial wastewaters and storm waters, is insignificant and does not exceed permissible limits (12-15 times lower).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	94fbb270b36663aea7eb7b840501975b	Research from the 1980s reported that a large majority of El recipients received their full benefits, but the proportion receiving their full benefits must have fallen since then, because in 2008 31% of El recipients found a job with more than two-thirds of their benefit period remaining. Early re-employment is promoted by the Re-employment Allowance, which is paid to people who start work with at least a third (or in some cases, at least half) of their remaining benefit entitlement period remaining. It is a lump sum corresponding to 30% (recently increased to 40%) of the unused entitlement.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	94fc5709d71d78a0312202db6a7ccd13	This is because as part of the case-mix scheme, a conversion factor is applied to reflect hospital historical charge, an important number of acts and services are paid outside of the DPC and hospitals can further charge by a traditional fee-for-service scheme if the hospitalisation is prolonged beyond a specified period. Taken together, these arrangements might undermine hospital efforts to improve performance, and provide incentives to shift costs to services paid outside of the DPC component. Evidence demonstrates that outpatient expenditures increased by 4.1% between 2002 and 2003 in hospitals participating to the DPC payment scheme, and readmission rates have also increased from 4.7% to 9.7% between 2002 and 2004. These figures might reflect inappropriate incentives associated with the hospital payment structure. Although Japan compares well to other OECD countries in terms of the evenness of doctors’ geographical distribution, available evidence suggests persisting problems of workforce supply in hospitals. In 2010 for example, the MHLW estimated that 725 emergency care physicians were lacking across the health system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	94fdbd876d3260654f24e53f7def6ffb	All these losses add up and electricity companies are seriously weakened when their service is not paid for. Although theft takes place just as often in urban centres as in rural areas, measures to control and reduce electricity theft are more difficult to apply in rural areas. The introduction of India's 2003 Electricity Act, a law in which theft is considered a criminal offence heavily penalised, dissuades electricity thieves.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	94fe72d5d4ce4cab3e56070414495161	Geographical isolation and terrain, dispersed populations, and high infrastructure and transport costs are key barriers to the electrification of rural and outer island areas of these countries (see also Chapter 9). In addition, based on the energy intensity indicator for Target 7.3, only Fiji, Samoa and Solomon Islands are expected to improve their energy efficiency by 2030, with the other countries not expected to achieve this target even in 2050. While the energy intensity indicator is an imperfect proxy as it can be affected by factors other than efficiency (climate, structure of the economy, nature of economic activities) (IAEG-SDGs, 2016c), the current general lack of attention to energy efficiency by Commonwealth Pacific small states (see Chapter 9) also signals that this target is unlikely to be met if this inattention continues.	15	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	94fef1a10ef0a8d4a3b3649588bdb796	An organisation’s overarching goal should be to adjust workplace culture so that managers value prioritisation of tasks, time management, and efficient output over hours in the office. It is important for organisation leaders to recognise that long hours are not necessary for high-quality work and, at a certain point, may run counter to it. Such traits (e.g., co-operativeness) may be unfairly biased by the physical presence of employees, whereas outputs like the number of projects or project quality are arguably more objectively measurable across employees with varied hours in the office (Elsbach and Cable, 2012). Reconsider scheduling practices and job design, and introduce health protection programmes for employees in jobs that often have overtime hours (Dembe et al.,	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	94ff495fe8657acaf91845055232c9b9	The bureau has launched an ambitious project of data gathering in EE consumption of buildings.27 It is too soon to measure the impacts that the BEE training programme is likely to have on the Indian EE sector, however, it is a notable step in the right direction and should be underlined as such. In (i) devising additional EE lending schemes; (ii) making efforts to market the new and existing schemes; (iii) empanelling certified, reputable energy auditors; (iv) developing standardised energy audit templates; and (v) developing in-house skills, and/or identifying a pool of external experts to assist on technical matters in the appraisal process. Their small size and proportionate equity levels mean that they face challenges similar to those encountered by customers investing in individual end-use projects.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	9500f7ac5fdd86833776ea84fee6d346	It will also help to improve understanding about collective progress on making finance flows consistent with a low-carbon pathway, and thus with meeting Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, given this information is not systematically reported elsewhere. Reporting on climate finance received is not currently mandatory, nor will it become so under the Paris Agreement. However, more countries are establishing or improving systems to better track inflows of climate finance for their own domestic purposes.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	9500fc52f0645050a79c917277113dae	"Designation of a nature preserve ""Panj"", with an area of 18,000 ha within the boundaries of Tajik national park, was planned for 2007. However, none of these planned activities has so far been implemented. It implied the establishment of some 150,000 ha of industrial forest plantations. If die Programme were successfully implemented, the afforested area in Tajikistan would significantly increase, and the share of forests in the overall territory of the country (currently 2.95 per cent) could extend to 4.0 per cent."	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	9501b3d5acf61441e7fc393c59ffd41e	Forests and trees can strengthen resilience and adaptive capacities to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. Such adaptive measures must be context-specific and there is a need for better understanding of the relationships between climate change and detrimental factors such as storms, fires, and pests and diseases. Tackling forest degradation can be important for addressing problems of land degradation, but it is difficult to measure forest degradation or detect it in a consistent manner through remote sensing.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2011-11-en	95034907d6a34f440af3bc94d53616c9	As Minister of Health, she implemented healthcare reform, improving attention to primary care facilities with the aim of ensuring better and faster healthcare response for families. She highlights the contribution that official development assistance (ODA) has made to empowering women and girls to exercise their rights fully as equal citizens. Partnerships on gender equality between the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have also played a fundamental role in ensuring enhanced support to and impact on gender equality goals, particularly as the deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approaches.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	950dffb9570e8fec943ff4938c0483de	Implementing such programmes via NGO’s may offer a political way out of this impasse. These rates fluctuate quite a bit and are much higher during periods of public recruitment rounds. Such a framework would set the base for linking various occupations to specific skills and can assist in identifying further training needs.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251090-5-en	950edd0354f5041a2521bffd762abe68	This is due to water conservation measures, water loss reduction and enhanced awareness among consumers. In the case of domestic water consumption, customer-targeted water conservation campaigns, systematic monitoring and increased price of water can help reduce the amount of water individually consumed. For instance, a combination of these measures has been successfully employed in Copenhagen, whose inhabitants have consumed a fairly low amount of water compared to other cities of the sample since the 1990s. Copenhagen has completed water-saving campaigns like “Max 100” to raise awareness of citizens on daily water consumption. Likewise, the Calgary’s “30-in-30” Plan aims to reduce per capita water demand in the next 30 years (Box 2.2). On the other hand, domestic water consumption per capita has increased in Belo Horizonte, Mexico City, Kitakyushu, Queretaro, Hong Kong, China; and Lisbon among surveyed cities (Figure 2.10).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	9514a4932a8e26157d6f4e420207c720	The analysis uses published data and literature reviews on energy trade, including recent projections. It then analyses the structure and evolution of trade in primary energy commodities, cross-border electricity as well as climate-smart goods and technologies within and from the ESCAP subregions. The focus is on flows of oil, natural gas (through pipelines and LNG), coal, electricity, and climate-smart goods and technologies from, to and within the ESCAP region.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	9514bf89642c2db370b850714da87f86	In other words, a 10% decrease in income inequality translates into a 20.56% reduction in the poverty headcount index and a drop of 22.50% in the extreme poverty headcount index for Brazil. In short, all the results for both subperiods (the years leading up to the Real Plan, which were marked by spiraling inflation, and the years that followed it, when inflation rates were low and stable) are similar and fit in with the results obtained for the study period as a whole. Nonetheless, the income and inequality elasticities of poverty, both for the poverty and extreme poverty headcount indices, are lower (in absolute values) for the pre-Real Plan period that for the other two periods that have been analysed.	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	95162baf5c2e2ac4e094213088daa4fd	The volume of fisheries production in the Pacific region7 is around 1.7 million tonnes, with an estimated value of US$3.6 billion dollars, 75 per cent of which is accounted for by Commonwealth Pacific small states (Table 5.1). The larger proportion is accounted for by offshore tuna fisheries, mainly by foreign-based vessels,8 particularly in Kiribati and PNG. However, the importance of coastal fisheries should not be underestimated.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	95164e6bfed35a004caeaebe2617c850	Despite having a very small number of services for which there are co-payments, very limited exemptions to co-payments on these services appears to represent a barrier to care, and Section 4.6 recommends that co-payment exemptions are re-examined and made the subject of greater policy consideration in Denmark. The principle of equity underpins the health care model across the Nordic countries, and indeed reflects the wider societal view that social security and protection should be provided to all citizens (Vallgarda and Lehto, 2009). Health financing in Denmark is a mix of proportional taxes at national and local level.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	9519929f4ea7a20636bf938317e7af06	The four largest microfinance providers experienced a growth rate of 70 -75% between 2003 and 2006 and, as a general trend, smaller providers too have significantly increased their loan portfolios and outreach in recent years. In Bangladesh, non-governmental organisations are the most common providers of microfmance to the poor. However, there are also a number of government-sponsored MFIs, Cooperatives and Credit Unions, Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs), as well as statutory banks, commercial banks, development banks, involved in micro-lending. Furthermore, institutions that act as intermediaries between banks and borrowers also play an important role in Bangladesh both for regulations and for the provision of loans to the small microfmance institutions.	13	5	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	951e6ab5b89e7d7608cd0e328990577d	"However, the CAP 2014-20 offers more flexibility to member states to re-introduce commodity-specific and output-linked measures. A better alternative would be for member states to focus support on measures to improve the long-term productivity, profitability, sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. The ""Plan to Create Vitality for Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Industries and Local Communities” aims at revitalising the agricultural sector in view of significant drops in output and farming incomes over the past two decades."	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	951f015b4e363db719e44b0ff52a30c0	In September 2012, the share of women that were in cabinet across the MENA region averaged 8%. This ranges from 0% in Lebanon to 23% in the Palestinian Authority. In addition, when women do serve as ministers, they are often responsible for “soft” portfolios focusing on social policy issues and sectors associated with the “traditional female role”, with limited access to key economic positions. Equal access to public office also remains a challenge.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	9520fae498b5ab12bec10bf690a034f8	"Unsubstantiated cases"" are those where insufficient evidence is available to determine whether or not a crime occurred. An overestimation of the scale of false allegations by prosecutors feeds into a culture of scepticism, which in turn leads to poor communication and loss of confidence between the victim and the criminal justice system. Furthermore, in only a very small number of cases was it considered that there was sufficient evidence and that it was in the public interest to prosecute a person suspected of making a false allegation of rape or domestic violence.”"	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/ae63590d-en	9521fd5eb536f149525dbff99ffa9108	While there have been many achievements since then, several pledges remain unfulfilled, Africa Renewal's Zipporah Musau spoke to the Executive Director of UN Women, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, on Africa's accomplishments and remaining challenges. Again, we have only two female presidents in Africa’s 54 countries. But there is still room to do more.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	9522dd250ac941beb5e3a31b77ea200e	For example, China and India both have a high reliance on coal power: 80% of China's and 70% of India’s electricity comes from coal (IISD, 2008). Nonetheless, in India there are no current regulations on NOx or SO2 emissions from power plants, and in China many of the coal power plants are outside the jurisdiction of the central government and are seldom required to conform to strong environmental standards (Watson et al, 2007). In these and other countries, a strengthened environmental regulatory framework would yield significant air and water quality benefits.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	95280a549e62fe43259711ecc3446f1a	The project involved 15 primary clinics and 239 patients. After patients transmitted self-measured biometric information to the monitoring system through the gateway in a smartphone application, tlie doctors reviewed die data and gave feedback directly to each person. Between the beginning of the project and diree months subsequently, for the test group, HbAlc levels decreased by 0.64 percentage point on average, from 7.98 to 7.35 percentage points, while for die control group die fall was 0.36 percentage points.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	952a74d32adfce80b8a12a5bc1407194	For an example of a DREP model of poverty dynamics in Germany extended to allow for feedback effects on household composition and labour force participation, see Biewen (2009). Biewen (2009: Table IV) reports that the estimate of the APE for lagged poverty status from the extended model is roughly half that of the corresponding APE for the basic DREP model (0.31 compared to 0.61). Thus, different assumptions can make a substantial difference to the estimates. However, fitting DREP models that incorporate feedback effects is difficult, especially since software modules to fit them are not widely available and, in any case, identification of model parameters is hampered by a lack of plausible instruments. Getting definitions right is important not only for intrinsic validity, but because having different definitions in different studies hampers cross-study comparisons of estimates. Additional empirical issues that may have an impact are the length of the panel, whether the panel is ‘balanced’ (i.e. whether all individuals in the sample are observed in each time period), and sample dropout.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	952b9d326980c173402864b324417180	Two proxy measures of access to basic health-care services are used to calculate the degree of inaccessibility: a service use-related indicator and a staff-related indicator. The service use-related indicator is the percentage of live births not attended by a qualified health professional. The staff-related indicator measures the shortfall in the minimum number of health professionals. Higher values of this indicator indicate a greater deficit. The data available on these two indicators for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are summarized in table 5.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/a2206e44-en	952bcd47ea909935538f63471f87ebaa	However, the law did not alter the wind concession system for large-scale wind farms and replace it with a feed-in tariff. Under the concession system, wind project developers engaged in competitive bidding; the winner received guaranteed long-term power purchase agreements from the grid operator. The model tended to award those developers, which offered the lowest feed-in prices.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	952d7722b7c3df72f203e2e0fd332e46	While this is significant, further reductions from industrialised countries and the more advanced developing countries would be required to achieve the reductions judged by the IPCC to be necessary by 2050 to have a 50% probability of limiting warming to 2°C (this scenario entails stabilising the atmospheric concentration of long-lived GHG at 450 ppm CCb-equivalent). To reach a final agreement, it will be necessary to agree a fair distribution of abatement burdens. In the context of the above noted commitment of developed countries to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them with abatement and adaptation measures, the US government announced that it would contribute its share to developed country financing of almost USD 30 billion over 2010-12 (US Department of State, 2010 for this sentence and the rest of the paragraph), which would entail a substantial increase in US climate assistance. In keeping with this commitment, the FY 2010 budget provides for more than a three-fold increase in bilateral and multilateral funding for climate-related activities from the enacted funding in the previous year.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	952f0e08e96f7977ea3f34fe8d2996d7	Various OECD documents clearly describe three levels of capacity: the enabling environment, organisational capacity, and individual capacity. Environmental capacity development (CDE) is the process by which environmental capacity is enhanced. In the world’s least developed countries (LDCs) and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, more than 80% of people rely primarily on solid fuels such as coal or wood for cooking.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283299-en	95315cb00fa5dfe89c971b8321004688	Waiting times for a first face-to-face contact with an ambulatory mental health centre can also be fairly long. In 2013,37% of patients had to wait one month or more for a first contact with such centres (Vrijens et al., As noted in Section 4, the legislated ceiling on public expenditure on health was reduced from a 4.5% growth rate per year from 2004-12, to 3% in 2013 and 2014, and down to 1.5% since 2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4d2bf859-en	9531a8dc389afaf0c3467ebc84fa6819	In the past, NUS have been ignored by agricultural research, not included in agricultural extension curricula, and did not benefit from organized value chains. Flowever, due to their adaptability and nutritional qualities, many NUS could make a major contribution to increased food availability, affordability and nutrition security.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	95327b41871f5b89b71c700b7c50e193	The increase of women’s representation in middle management is an important factor in closing the gender gap for the top leadership positions, as middle managers constitute the natural pool for senior management candidates in most countries, particularly in view of the ageing trends in the civil service. Similarly, the growing number of women in the professional category - with more than half (54.1%) of professionals being women - is consistent with higher educational attainment and also increases the talent supply for both management categories. Some countries, such as Ireland, create specific initiatives to support talented women in middle management in their progress into senior management positions within the public sector (European Commission, 2012).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	953342f1feab0e8448d51cf14fbafd4c	This assumption is relatively innocuous for factors such as measures of labour market tightness such as local unemployment rates or measures of benefit generosity. More debatable is the supposition that the impacts of shocks in individuals’ SA receipt on where they live, the type of housing, or their household composition, are sufficiently small that they may be ignored. This is a model specification issue because endogeneity issues can be addressed in principle by extending the basic DREP specification to also model the determinants of endogenous factors jointly along with the model of SA receipt.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9535a1cdb4cb26d34da8407b942f0898	Inequalities that result from disparities in education, exclusion of poor groups due to ethnicity or similar grounds, or limited access to credit and services are hard for the poorest to overcome. On the other hand, removing market restrictions may compress labour returns to schooling that ultimately would help reduce inequality. Most LDCs experienced positive growth in per capita GDP. The rate of reduction of poverty and hunger, however, has not been commensurate widi economic growth. One reason for this is the rising inequality in income that most of these countries have experienced over the years (Table 3.6). There are various types of shocks, both idiosyncratic and covariate, that affect the lives of the poorest.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	953833474c70e071cfc13acdaa1f805a	Policy action by the Jamaican government on many environmental policies and on sustainable development as a whole has been stimulated by international agreements to which Jamaica acceded. The culture of Rastafari11 has had a profound influence on dietary preferences for organically grown fresh foods in both rural and urban Jamaica since the 1970s. Some of these preferences coincide with the practices of the Seventh Day Adventists, which is one of Jamaica’s fastest growing Christian denominations.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	953cd3d85b666dfdf2c2634016a677fb	Some IAMs use different spatial resolutions in different submodules. The simplest and most common approach to consider uncertainty is sensitivity analysis, where uncertain parameters are varied one at a time. A more thorough treatment of uncertainty is through stochastic simulation, where probability distributions are specified for several uncertain model parameters and inputs, and the results are determined as a probability distribution.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	9541627aeefcc338d773fe16c5f972d0	With 1% or more of GDP, these services are important in all Nordic countries, as well as in France, Hungary and the United Kingdom (see Figure 8.1). Pre-primary education is a more important category than childcare in most countries (OECD Family Database). In countries with high enrolment rates in formal care for under 3 year olds, public spending on childcare is accordingly high.	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	95494d6d2a75627715009129df414788	Before data collection and analysis can start, it is necessary to consider the question of which road safety indicators are considered relevant. Indicators can be used in policy making, for progress monitoring and for explaining developments, particularly in relation to the policy conducted. Good data are indispensable for this. When data are not good, erroneous decisions are possible. Improving road safety is a social issue, and society cannot afford to let dilettantes take erroneous decisions based on false data leading to unnecessary road casualties. In addition to their use in road safety policies, good data axe of extreme importance for research.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	9549830c9cba7cdcde40148deebc1c62	The Master Plan for Water Development and Management of the Senegal River was drafted in a participatory manner, through know ledge sharing and meetings with key stakeholders, including illiterate people using illustrated informative guides. It led to the adoption of a Water Charter. Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-6-en	9549cf874e98f7f93d05ce636ca2cb28	Students are fully engaged with their learning and contribute to the planning and evaluation of lessons. Teachers provide differentiated learning experiences and high-quality feedback. Over time, students learn to assess their own progress and take greater control of their own learning, establishing strong foundations for lifelong learning (OECD, 2013d).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	954a5f704fd1ef18d0d169c020429ac6	Other short-term effects are those of the transfer on the actual beneficiary in the case of transfers to the elderly and subsequent impact on retirement age (see Piggott et al., A study by Mitra (2009) on the generous South African Disability Grant (DG) finds negative effects on broad labour force participation (includes discouraged workers who would be willing to work if an offer was made to them but would remain unemployed otherwise as they do not actively engage in job search) of older men (55-64). The study finds no significant impact on the labour force participation based on the narrow definition (which only includes the unemployed who actively search for a job) implying that less stringent screening techniques pushed out the discouraged workers from the labour force while not impacting the existing labour force.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	954a8a8f4b80cc68f5a7df189e11ae52	China’s absolute PSE (in USD) is now more than 50% larger than that of the European Union, and Indonesia’s farm support comes close to that of the United States. At the same time, some emerging economies are large participants in international trade with agricultural products, either as exporters or importers. It is conceivable that agricultural policies in emerging and developing countries now affect price formation on international markets at least as much as do OECD countries. For all of these reasons, the nature and evolution of agricultural policies in emerging and important developing countries has become a focus in the OECD’s work.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	954ff9ce02616d651ebc3deee2e4aa94	Some countries may choose to put forward packages of commitments including both mitigation and finance objectives. For many developing countries, financial, technical and capacity building support may be needed in order to implement their mitigation actions. For example, many developing countries explicitly stated that the extent to which their mitigation pledges for 2020 can be implemented depends on the provision of finance and other support (e.g. South Africa, Bhutan, Central African Republic, Colombia) (UNFCCC, 2013b).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/787cb9be-en	9550374106c396568fc59e0bd261df37	It also stems from the widespread use by policy-makers of purely economic measures (e.g. corporate profits, GDP) as the ultimate but ill-conceived benchmark of progress (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi, 2009, Costanza et al. Indeed, theoretical economic models underpinning this approach largely ignore the broader macroeconomic, social and environmental context. They do not take into account the role of income distribution in determining the level of domestic demand and economic stability. They also fail to acknowledge the existence of unequal initial endowments as well as environmental and other market failures that perpetuate unsustainable development, and which discriminatory taxation could seek to correct.	10	3	3	0.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	9558d2afc62dfb71b2df71a12156f037	However, Daze et al. ( Germany has for instance developed 102 indicators to monitor adaptation action and climate impacts, many of which are based on information that is similarly reported by all federal states. South Africa is following this path through a set of Desired Adaptation Outcomes, allowing information on progress towards each outcome to be gathered in different ways by various stakeholders (DEA, 2016). Currendy, adaptation policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation is only led at the sectoral level and is not aggregated nationally.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	95592e980eb545725039c85bd73ec2dd	Some of these external effects, such as taking land out of production can generate positive externalities to the benefit of society, including the provision of wetlands, wildlife and water quality services. Others are costly to society producing negative externalities, such as water pollution. Without markets, however, there is likely to be a sub-optimal provision of ecosystem services by farmers from society’s perspective (Moxey, 2012; Ribaudo etal.,	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/faa55f92-en	955baceb68d66f2d18a8b8c82a54b101	The pro-poor growth among children was not enough to successfully lower income inequality among children due to re-ranking. The decile boundaries have been based upon cross sectional EU-SILC datasets. It plots the probability of moving into poverty for children under 18 who started out as non-poor as well as the probability of remaining in poverty for those who started out as poor. The poverty entry probability ranges from under 2 per cent in Denmark and Norway to just over 10 per cent in Estonia, Iceland, Italy and the UK.Thus, one in 10 children fell into poverty in these countries each year between 2010 and 2013.The probability of remaining in poverty ranges from 31 per cent in Norway to 83 per cent in Portugal.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	955e82fa645950197265a3248a81488f	The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is among the international agencies that offer credit-enhancing PCGs to private companies. These partial guarantees have the special feature of being able to be issued in foreign or locally denominated currency. This feature has the advantage of eliminating the foreign exchange risk for local borrowers, which means that they can be used to issue bonds in local currency for example.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	956011e781922d9c7adbe6e898469ed9	Indeed, if the abstraction charge is set below KRW 2000 per cubic metre, then users in the vulnerable region will abstract too much water (because the price is too low for them to get the right signal) and water resources will be overexploited. But if the abstraction charge is set at KRW 2000 per cubic metre for everyone, users in the less vulnerable region will reduce their consumption below the optimal level (since they will pay a too high price for water). This could result in a loss in welfare for households and a loss in value added for industrial and agricultural users.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	95605b67408327917c00b27fdacf3528	"Poverty rates are extremely high - 55 per cent of the population was identified as living in poverty in 2006."" And wealth concentration is associated with land ownership, a legacy of highly unequal systems of land appropriation and allocation that contributed to Guatemala’s 36-year civil war, which ended in 1996 (Wittman and Saldlvar-Tanaka 2006). On the growth side, the results illustrated in Figure 2-1A, where Guatemala is classified as exhibiting the 'caring spirits’ that are associated with wage-led growth, are a testament to this feature."	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	9563a5e43c419c410d912b390290a7cf	A UPPO consists of 35 cows, an animal enclosure, organic fertiliser processing tool, simple compost house, fermentation tank and three wheeler vehicles. Each UPPO is capable of producing 135 tonnes of organic fertiliser per year from livestock manure. As at the end of 2009,1 345 UPPOs had been distributed.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	956588cef2ae645feab89e6da718085a	Hence, extensive stakeholder participation was considered essential to the reform process. However, all concerned in the abstraction licensing reform in England and Wales recognised the importance of engaging with those most affected and interested, involving them in the process of development, and using their feedback to refine the options. A series of sector-based and broad-based facilitated workshops helped this process.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	95663ba3f3f0e849bbffaf839ddb3fa3	Seeking support from the broad community, including churches, employers, sports clubs and social service groups. Working with other government agencies, including the Ministries of Social Development, Health, Pacific Island Affairs and Te Puni Kokiri (Maori Development). Working with schools in low socio-economic areas to identify and reach children who are not participating in ECEC.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	9566b5f79d695def255a7c7e8cbb1ffb	If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, adversely affecting sub-national development. In the past few decades, this trend has been exacerbated by the increasing involvement of local and supranational actors whose concerns for water differ. This can be at the origin of resource and supply gaps.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	95681f7b52ef3bb0d7ca850729133b1e	"The first programme, launched on 18 November 2012, was ""The Venture Tool Box,"" a foundation exercise/course for business owners and managers who want to gain further understanding of some of the fundamental principles associated with owning and operating a start-up or established business. However, such a perspective risks discounting the “gendered interpretation and implementation of gender-neutral economic laws” (Chamlou, 2008) and policies. Banks also appear to demonstrate little awareness of “culturally driven constraints faced by women entrepreneurs, such as their mobility and higher demands on their time, [which] may further limit their ability to access finance” (IFC, 2011). Instead, some of the banks questioned the need to develop specific financial products targeting women entrepreneurs."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	95687c0468a6f707eb7ce5be30f77f38	This means that the retrospective benefit histories from successive interviews provide two reports for each of the months for which the reference years overlap. In practice, there are major impediments to both approaches in household panels. In particular, as already mentioned in Section 3, the retrospective histories show an implausible number of transitions at the ‘seam’ where successive between-interview histories are spliced together.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	956b19d5cf2c44868f0a0810b83f1de0	Pollin and Zhu (2006), for example, found that an inflation rate up to 15 to 18 per cent is associated with moderate growth gains, after which growth declines. Anwar and Islam (2011) explore the inflation-growth trade-off for developing economies and obtain similar ranges of acceptable inflation rates that are growth-stimulating rather than growth-inhibiting. According to another study, the threshold is 11 to 12 per cent for developing economies (Khan and Senhadji 2001). These rates are substantially different than the inflation targets set in a number of developing countries, which frequently lie between 3 to 6 per cent (Epstein and Yeldan 2009). By raising the target inflation rate, central banks could allow real interest rates to fall, thus stimulating output and growth, and generating revenues to fund infrastructure spending and employment growth. It is worth reiterating that monetary policy has not typically been seen as a means to promote gender equality.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	956d343233ac59852be5e68c376302c1	Further studies are underway in Africa and Latin America. These help meet aid effectiveness principles. One of the specific aims of this partnership is to increase donor harmonisation (JICA, 2011); The Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund was established so that development partners could support Bangladesh in implementing its Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCRF, 2013).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	9570a99796d5676a0e056c385d1b6379	Nonetheless, the transition to a modem, growth-oriented regional policy is incomplete. There is still a tension between the need for sustained federal support to very poor regions and the desire to foster the emergence of growth poles that might aid economic diversification but might also reinforce inter-regional disparities. In reality, most regions (and most citizens) fall between these two groups.	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	95717a7d880cf79361765ec97e2f5ef4	The main parameters are here the magnitude of investments (size of schemes, etc.) Conversely, Norway and Iceland are the countries least committed to the agenda. It appears that the countries have different focus. Includes cooperation that has longterm perspectives focusing on developing new technologies or applying new research or technology in concrete areas. “	9	0	5	1.0
10.14217/8dd40278-en	9573c2afea15fe783ffc696c244814fe	The aim is to enable and sensitise judges and other stakeholders to make informed and human rights compliant decisions when they are dealing with cases of child, early and forced marriages. Section 5.1 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in Cambodia, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues. Section 5.2 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in India, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues. Section 5.4 focuses on the issues of child and forced marriages in Thailand, i.e. its symptoms, causes and legal and other responses by state organs to address these issues.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/84fc8700-en	9574c1dfb888c68ed7e0573c56298ba8	These add up to significant benefits, particularly if declines in fertility occur quickly enough to generate a demographic dividend. In addition, almost all studies on this topic confirm chat the magnitude of the demographic dividend depends not only on the pace of mortality and fertility decline, but also on the policy environment, particularly in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and family planning, education, labour-market flexibility and openness to trade and savings. Preventing unintended pregnancy protects adolescent girls and boys from being hijacked from their life opportunities. Learning to plan one’s family is a skill that is needed for decades of a person’s reproductive life.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9575a9e337aead6c80788bdf4d70c1ff	For Israel as a whole, only about 20% of the Arab population age 15 and over has attained tertiary education compared to about 45% for the Jewish population (Figure 2.1). The younger age group of Arabs is increasingly better educated, but the gap between the Arab and Jewish population aged 25-34 remains stark (Figure 2.2). If strong measures are not taken to revise this trend and with the global shift towards a more knowledge-based economies, in 10-15 years Galilee’s labour force will see an influx of young workers who lack the appropriate skills that are needed in the economy. While educational outcomes of the Arab population are improving, they still lag behind those of the Jewish population even in the younger cohorts.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	9575ea652d9c9b01cb9d809cb026a9e2	If a head of household dies without a will, the law requires an equal distribution of property among the next of kin. In practice, the general custom is for the eldest son to inherit the parental home and the largest portion of the family property, particularly land. Younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value, while daughters receive only small symbolic items (CEDAW, 2005).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	957700b32fa0b02eb602671309f4edd5	What mechanisms exist for co-ordinating activities of multiple national ministries operating at the urban level? Which national policies encourage co-operation/networking among cities and reduce the incentives for them to engage in unproductive forms of competition? Are there any national policy barriers to inter-municipal co-ordination?	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	95788a209b049ad11cf97dedeefb543d	He/she calls, presides over and concludes any sessions of the General Meeting and the Board of Directors, as well as directs their discussions. The president adopts any urgent measure that the proper mnning of MedCities makes advisable or that proves necessary or useful in undertaking its activities, with no detriment to rendering account to the Board of Directors thereafter. The vice-president shall stand in for the president in his/her absence, on grounds of illness or for any other reason, and shall have the same attributes as the president.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	9579058ef754e2dc61e975e2b35b44e9	The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Draw lessons from the planned pilot phase for the design of the minimum income scheme. Increase the accountability of local governments for the allocation of social spending through a more rigorous auditing system and by enhancing transparency with regard to the use of the grants.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	957a5984951bc73ae647f3a657fd4fd3	In addition, social spending needs to be expanded, but also be made more efficient and better targeted to the most vulnerable groups. The capacity of social programmes to reach out to the poor has been extended, leading to significant progress in reducing poverty and inequality, especially over the period between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. In 2012 the coverage of Oportunidades, Mexico’s main anti-poverty programme, reached 5.4 million families, more than 20% of all families (SEDESOL, 2012).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	957aad1d5c337b9a077077bddad544c1	This reform package includes the formation of an effective state apparatus, ensuring the rule of law, facilitating industrialisation and economic growth, developing national identity and unity, and enhancing government accountability. However, Kazakhstan cannot enjoy its full economic and social development if the strategy does not acknowledge and enhance the role of urban centres. The experience of OECD countries shows that no country has become rich and developed without successful cities (OECD, 2015a). Cities are the engine of economic development, and their productivity and sustainability is at the core of their success.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	957b14d3a183a143db1780e1565e47d9	This uncertainty is a particularly vexed issue in education because of the range of people who have a stake in education (including students, parents, teachers, employers and trade unions). Uncertainty about costs is problematic, because education infrastructure is large and involves multiple levels of government, each often trying to minimise or shift the costs of reform. Assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult, because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature, size and distribution of any improvements resulting from reform.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	957b1fde3024dbba10eecfd2e49c1f91	Changes in behaviour are increasingly driven, not just by prices, but also through interaction between firms, energy authorities, researchers, public sector agencies, and councils. Many decisions impacting GHG emissions are long term such as public transport infrastructure, growth of compact employment centres and sustainable energy networks. These initiatives shape urban outcomes including business spinoffs to firms and demand for skills.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/74f4872a-en	957f213ab3e9f2d0271a35d31e23f0de	For example, in road construction, investing in secondary roads in rural areas has been found to have wide-ranging positive impacts and higher benefit-to-cost ratios than investments in highways (United Nations, 2016). Rural roads that increase connectivity for rural areas obviously increase access to markets and related knowledge; they also have benefits for household income, poverty reduction and access to health care and education (Schweikert and Chinowsky, 2012). Efficient transport systems can also reduce production costs, alleviating the need to store large quantities of material and allowing large and small producers to work with just-in-time systems (Nordas and Piermartini, 2004).	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/cac203b4-en	957fc4debb88ee019046fcf6e461e477	This is closely connected, in many relatively socially conservative contexts, with the need to ensure (the prerequisite of) marriage. The World Bank estimates that one year of female schooling reduces fertility by 10 percent, particularly where secondary schooling is undertaken. Not only that, but as indicated earlier, these women are less likely to undergo early pregnancy. Being better informed increases the chances of women knowing how to space their pregnancies better, how to access pre and post-natal care, including prevention of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and family planning in general. The World Bank estimates that an additional year of schooling for 1,000 women helps prevent two maternal deaths. An educated mother is more likely, it is maintained, to attempt to ensure educational opportunities for her children.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264089457-en	957ffeb6f0a9c0ca9d126e5d07a5a242	Faculty and students are engaged in outreach activities. Some activities are also carried out in rural communities, bridging the gap between the university and the society. The higher education institutions have also contributed to developing co-operative strategies that respond to issues that are difficult to address through inter-governmental co-operative efforts. Major achievements include the development of co-operative initiatives that address needs in the region, such as Universiti Sains Malaysia’s efforts in sustainability and the AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG) which has become a national model.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	95808dfc73f04c871234cb39b563ec22	Often, local radio stations are owned by men, the radio broadcasts are presented by men, and the topics are chosen by men. Radio programmes can also be combined with the use of mobile phones, encouraging listeners to call in to ask questions, or to intervene by sending an SMS. The Internet can make radio programmes available at all times, while also serving as a valuable resource for the radio producers.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	9580bdb33044f03589576a4abcc46d6f	Convergence in intensity of labour market participation: this scenario accounts for the difference in usual working hours between the genders and assumes that the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female full-time equivalent participation rate (see notes to Figure 1.2) increases to equal the full-time equivalent rate for men by 2030. Educational attainment is expressed as years of schooling completed (Barro and Lee, 2010), which, however is a weak proxy of the progress in the quality of educational attainment as measured by the OECD Education Database. Nevertheless, even with this minimum-level indicator, the importance of greater gender balance in educational attainment is confirmed. This remarkable transformation is related, among other things, to the introduction in the 1960s of a sharp policy focus on investment in education and family-planning policies to curb birth rates, which fell from six children per woman in 1960 to 1.15 in 2009.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/937bb150-en	958131392e32179a7430d47bb0bd4d8a	This means that the share of under-five deaths occurring during the neonatal period is increasing. Still, of the 5.9 million under-five deaths in 2015, almost half were caused by infectious diseases and conditions such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meningitis, tetanus, measles, sepsis and AIDS. Pneumonia and diarrhoea remain leading causes of death in the three regions with the highest under-five mortality: Eastern and Southern Africa, South Asia and West and Central Africa.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	95829248d68925499c485f08a0699ab0	Women in Business: Policies to Support Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (OECD, 2012b) highlights existing efforts by governments and other stakeholders to improve support for women entrepreneurs and identifies avenues for future action to accelerate the development of women’s entrepreneurship. Better quality data - about informal enterprises too - would support the development of more effective policies for promoting entrepreneurship in the MENA region. And better entrepreneurship policies would have long-term positive effects on employment opportunities for the entire population, so helping to offer a response to citizens’ calls for greater prosperity which have been at the core of the recent political and social movements taking place across the MENA region.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	9582da0b879b70a997e076431e604248	We combine the ols results with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to explore the explained and unexplained sources of wage gaps. The regression analysis shows that not all women experience the motherhood wage penalty. In the case of formal-sector workers, the coefficients on the motherhood dummy are not significant; it appears clear that those mothers do not experience wage penalties.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	958368eac7b90d0fc11d3d84578d3098	The process of choosing a hypothetical scenario (“counterfactual”), a core principle of impact evaluation, can be technically difficult, data-intensive and subject to significant uncertainties (see e.g. Clapp and Prag, 2012). Without meaningful baselines or counterfactuals, however, it is difficult to assess the causal relationship between the observed impacts and the goals of a specific intervention. This is especially relevant for indicators used to compare interventions or that are aggregated for tracking and reporting at larger scales, since data collected using dissimilar or vague indicators may not be comparable.	13	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	9586421fcbbc10a739361bb6eef54814	Overall, however, these earned data plans are not very frequent. Finally, full-cost plans are offered in all the countries studied, although they are not always the most common offering. While in Ghana seven out of 12 plans were offered at full cost, only one out of a total of 12 plans in the Philippines was a regular, full-cost plan (Chart Box 4.1).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082052-5-en	9586637a36bf6d4ea8084af23a06f866	It had been argued in the past (Riba and Leyersdorff, 2001) that Catalonia’s innovation system lacked some of the essential features deemed characteristic of effective regional systems.19 This is why knowledge flows, as well as the market and non-market processes that facilitate such flows, were emphasised in the third Plan. However, Spanish level regulations limit Catalan academic institutions’ ability to develop their “third mission”. In response to real deficiencies and to such regulations, Catalonia has taken a number of institutional initiatives aimed at overcoming the resulting systemic weaknesses and limitations suffered by universities. In the course of the third Research Plan, the number of Catalan Research Centres grew from 12 in 2000 to 20 by 2005, and the number of ICREA researchers from 60 in 2001 to 135 in 2004.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	958666e1c0d96297414d25a62e148a12	Alternative sources of information report different poverty trends; for instance, the latest Human Development Report for Pakistan reports an increase in poverty during the 1990s, while a report by the Asian Development Bank cites several studies that showed a trend for the 1990s that was the reverse of the one reported by the World Bank (see http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/asiathepacific/pakistan/ and http://www.adb.org/documents/reports/poverty_pak/chapter_2.pdf). Data problems may also be responsible for a reported rise in poverty in Bangladesh, which appears counter-intuitive, given the rise in GDP per capita. While poverty declined in most countries, levels of poverty went up in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Guyana, Haiti, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and in urban areas of Argentina8 (table II.6).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	9587811c3819f1f77e61cb97d2b1ed89	The winning projects received funding and expert support. Not long after, buildings with extremely high energy and environmental performance started appearing across the region. Six Exemplary Buildings calls have resulted in more than 350 000 m2 of new passive buildings, and 621 000 m2 of newly constructed and renovated surfaces.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	9588b38d2a22977c8afb96421fbe20d0	"Unions typically have incentives to protect the interests of existing workers, ensure that those in work use their skills adequately and have access to good-qualily training, and see that investments in training are reflected in better-quality Jobs and higher salaries. In the United Kingdom for example, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) established UnionLearn, a network of ""learning representatives"" who provide a high-profile strategic framework and support for union work on skills development and workplace learning. Unionl earn representatives provide information and advice and encourage employers to sign up to a ""skills pledge"" that commits them to training their staff to a specific level of qualification or diploma."	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/48927deb-en	958978b780d9a0e1cae6e7a1d515fcce	However, for transboundary river basins, activities in the different riparian countries need to be further coordinated and harmonized in River Basin Management Plan(s), in particular for basins shared by EU and non-EU countries. The Programme is based on the national programmes of measures, which arc to be made operational by December 2012. In the EU, the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Council Directive 91/271/EEC) requires collection and treatment (basically biological) of wastewater from agglomerations and sets the time frame for compliance. Many countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007 enlargements — in this subregion, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Romania — were granted transitional periods to comply with the Directive’s requirements.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9589dd3a9f6f553547543612e7512afc	There is no formal process for monitoring outcomes and assessing the impact of local engagement. As a result, a considerable amount of university research is theoretically-oriented with limited relevance to local and regional development. Unless this becomes a regular element of ongoing planning and is accepted and approved by the authorities, it can be difficult to ensure an adequate alignment of higher education institutions’ activities with local and regional needs.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	958a50a932a01800a06982ec27f2f766	The concept of a “social protection floor” has been in use in recent years to mean a set of basic social rights, services and facilities that global citizens should enjoy. The report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization states: “a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families needs to be accepted and undisputed as part of the socio-economic floor of the global economy”. A “social protection floor” could consist of two main elements - services (access to water and sanitation, health and education) and social transfers, in cash or in kind that help to realize respective human rights (ILO, 2010/11: 17).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	958bbef6f4b128cf175705af425ce0cb	Some banks report offering loans to women-led businesses through microfinance institutions. Yet gender-neutral policies and procedures can often have an “unintended differential impact on men and women” (World Bank and OECD/INFE, 2013). The premium that banks place on collateral and credit history, as well as, business experience and strategy, in their bank lending decisions tends to disadvantage women entrepreneurs given their relatively low level of economic integration compared to men. In addition, overly stringent risk management regimes may further discourage banks from taking risks in this new market. The Islamic Bank of Jordan added that a risk report from the Central Bank is also a key element, while the Arab Bank cited the importance of sector and market studies.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	958bfd9a34a76396c3dd1404dc646a54	However, in Korea’s dual labour market women are over-represented among low-paid workers with limited employment security, which limits the poverty-reducing effect of maternal employment. Labour market dualism is very strong in Korea. Non-regular workers1 account for a little over one-third of all employees (OECD, 2018(7]).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	958c972ceb3a2c884345ac588c23c838	The project developer can choose whether to create its own offset or to pay into the compensation fund. An example of a developer-created offset is PEMEX’s Jaguaroundi project, in which the state oil company aggregated its required offsets into a single 961 ha tract of tropical rainforest near PEMEX refineries. The compensation amount per hectare is calculated using the average cost of reforestation activities (not including the cost of purchasing the land) instead of an estimate of the value of the environmental service affected.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	958d9fce359bc67419117295777e2b1f	As new legislation has not yet been adopted, the 2001 mining code is in force without its 2010 amendments. The development of the National Policy for Integrated Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is said to have been rushed, limiting opportunities for stakeholder engagement (ODI, 2010). In addition, there is evidence that the industrial lobby has been able to reduce both the evolution and ambition of environmental policies, in relation to establishing targets and translating them into practice. Nevertheless, there have been cases where courts have effectively been used for environmental protection (UNEP, 2013). For example, in a court case that involved logging on the territory of indigenous peoples, the court found that “the devastation of forests alters their relation with the environment and endangers their lives, since with the reduction or disappearance of the forest, the main source of animal protein is also reduced or extinguished”.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	958f07f70bcfa51ea387d2f42548e9af	Changes in productivity could go both ways; less intensive upwelling in the areas where this occurs would adversely affect the productivity in these areas. This is what occurs during the famous El Nino events when warm waters are carried towards the west coast of South America and the upwelling diminishes, adversely affecting the anchovy stocks in the area and the fisheries of Peru and Chile (see Appendix). Conversely, the blooming of plankton could increase and so could the intensity of currents carrying plankton to certain areas; this is what happened in the warm period in the 1920s and 1930s in the northeast Atlantic, to be further discussed below. How fish stocks will be affected is a more complicated issue, depending on predator-prey interactions. As to the industry and society, changes in productivity of fish stocks may necessitate investment in new equipment or finding new markets, or cause obsolescence of real and human capital and loss of markets.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	95931e49f189da229a55b17198e2d16a	They contribute most to contain poverty rates in the Czech Republic, France and Ireland and least in Korea, Mexico and Chile. The cross-country variation in the reduction of poverty rates is mainly explained by the targeting and size of public cash transfers, with household taxes having little effect. Overall, countries that achieve a greater reduction in poverty are those redistributing more towards low-income groups.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-9c6d6090-en	9594f30465bfaed9775accf48b5b7620	They argue that non-vocational learning can often produce learning outcomes which are beneficial in the workplace and conversely vocational training can often satisfy broader individual needs for personal fulfilment. For instance, lifelong learning provides a vital opportunity for adults to 'catch-up' on elements of their initial education and training that they have missed. It can also prepare adults for a new life stage, for example: new employment, preparation for retirement or accepting new family or civic responsibilities2.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	959b1e31a6c07273bfbe9bb312dc4535	Its main recommendations included: universal pre-school education from age three and organisation of pre-schools into clusters with links to primary schools; lengthening of the school day for all students; and increased responsibilities combined with increased pay and qualification requirements for school principals.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	959e9e6cdc5759b55a82f87f2705d80b	As mental illnesses are often a major cause and/or a factor of youth vulnerability, mental health support is becoming an increasingly important part of youth activation strategies. This section provides a review of integration strategies targeting vulnerable youth, and discusses integrated services effects’ on youth activation and mental well-being. Levels of integration vary, but the most intensively integrated systems offer multi-service agencies in a single location. These agencies offer assessments, planning (such as individual action plans), referrals, and associated social services (Taylor, 2010).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	95a23851194926fcc04af43f1438614b	Do they reduce inequalities within families or do they worsen existing ones? Do they promote cohesive families? Generally, the aims of these programmes are the reduction of poverty, improvement of food security and, over the long term, development of human capital. Under international human rights law. States are required to implement social protection measures, giving priority to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged. As such, they benefit different types of families.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	95a40b2cf45d83a6428383de7be0ff47	The work also investigates alternative implementation strategies, namely replacing vs. preserving existing bus rapid transit (BRT) networks. In Auckland, simulations indicate that preserving BRT corridors is always more advantageous than replacing them. In areas characterised by low frequency bus services, however, existing performance appears to be worse than that which could be achieved by shared mobility services.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	95a42e62140d4b71cbcca035044d0e98	The industrial safety standard of risk analysis for technological systems (IEC 60300-3-9, 2000) was chosen to provide a structure for the desired risk analysis process since it is already widely applied, for instance, in the process industry. A structured risk analysis process is general in its nature so it may be exploited across many industries and applied to many types of systems. An overview of the general risk assessment procedure is presented in Figure 11.1.	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	95a5038c9486392681a380422e03b004	The ecological land management programme (POEREM) although mainly focused on land use it introduces environmental criteria that should be taken into account by the state and local administration when they decide the different uses of land. The state administration is also promoting a programme for climate action in municipalities (Programas de Accion Climatica Municipal, PACMUNE), with the aim of improving the knowledge of local actors about the environmental issues in their territory. There is however a lack of an overarching strategy for environmental conservation in Morelos. For instance, issues related to w'aste management, GHG emissions, and land use are addressed in different programmes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	95ae5c4f9bb59f80617a3c9260117e4c	Evaluations were carried out annually between 2000 and 2006, during which time the only hospital to fulfil all accreditation criteria was one in the private sector. No CCSS hospital attained the necessary standards; indeed, serious emergent deficiencies led to the closure of several units. Despite this, the programme was discontinued.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	95af0e522f51da0721612285cd685d18	The results show that the main issue for emerging economies is not the lack of jobs as such, but the shortage of quality jobs. This is partly the reflection of inadequate social security, which pushes workers into subsistence-level occupations. Earnings quality is generally much lower in emerging economies than in more developed OECD countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264250529-18-en	95b272f865b2e0002161f236ffb402cd	It also gives them the chance to play a fuller part in the civil and cultural life. Such rights and opportunities underpin and extend the dividends that flow from better health, including greater labour productivity, demographic change and higher educational attainment. Conversely, poor health undermines growth, as it places an economic burden on individuals, companies and governments. Because health is a key measure of economic and social development, governments invest in comprehensive policies that include national health strategies, plans, governance instruments and systems.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	95b2902821d11a59d83b2b066d069709	However, introducing an aggregator adds significant cost that is reflected in lower prices to the farmers. The aggregator has costs associated w ith identifying farmers, assembling products from diverse sources and verifying quality that can be significant. Further, unless there is a large enough quantity of output that is produced over multiple months, the marketing interval may not be long enough to justify setting up as an aggregator.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	95b38ae97a12bbbbb04a0279ab66c797	The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the cadastral income of each property by the rates voted by each beneficiary local authority for the year in question. For residential premises used as the taxpayer's main home, compulsory relief for dependents or optional relief (general relief on the base, special relief on the base, relief for disabled people) is deducted from the notional rental value. The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the income from the tax base by the rates voted by each beneficiary commune or public establishment for intercommunal co-operation for the year in question.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	95b65dadaf465531b2cdf295692fe5f0	Meanwhile, the Global Fund’s guidelines are seen as encouraging countries to consider social and gender inequalities in their applications.45 Yet, it is not clear whether or not this recommendation has been followed in all cases, or how such considerations address existing inequities. In this regard, GHPs should analyse the specific factors that limit the access of poor people to health services, and ensure that their interventions help to overcome these limits. As Hanefeld (2008) points out: “GHIs [global health initiatives] need to consider social inequities, including gender inequities, in designing context-specific programmes, to ensure that these are equally accessible to women and men”.46 GHP policies and programmes should be checked for their potential longterm impact on social and gender inequities before they are implemented. For instance, the participation of pharmaceutical companies may have negative implications for equity, as there may be conflicts of interest.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	95b690ade00380f986536b0b2361954f	Understanding the housing conditions of households is therefore crucial to assessing their level of wellbeing. In European OECD countries, for example, 36% of residents report feeling “heavily burdened” by the cost of housing (EU-SILC 2012). This is a sizeable 18% increase in the share of households that feel heavily burdened since before the Great Recession in 2007.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29661a20-en	95b7bf63f10435b4ebb024169431b35c	However, a considerable proportion of wastewater is not treated before being discharged or reused. Japan is the second largest producer of wastewater with 16.9 billion m3 generated in 2011, and 11.6 billion m3, or 69 per cent of the total treated. Singapore is the only country in Asia and the Pacific where all wastewater is treated, or 0.5 billion m3 in 2013. (	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	95ba1e4ddd49328e0b10d1eff019920d	An evaluation in 2010 (Auditor General for Scotland, 2010) found that New Ways had been fairly successful, and seemed to have improved patient experiences. Notably, New Ways was found to have stopped patients remaining on waiting lists indefinitely, and helped with the fair and consistent management of patients. Areas highlighted for further work included communications with patients regarding the timing and planning of their appointment, and filling in gaps in some recorded data.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a6267136-en	95bc44691e4084fcdef64a89d3bfa0cb	It should also be noted that urban areas are constantly evolving as a result of people’s mobility, natural population growth, socioeconomic development, environmental changes, and local and national policies. Challenges to the institutional capacities for improving access to sound infrastructure, decent employment, and reducing vulnerability to pollution, natural disasters and other risks, loom large. Large and wealthier cities, in particular, may have well-managed resource systems but they also have larger ecological footprints.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	95bcfb4256a58e8ffcaae7e6bdb43e08	Some offer the rationale that green water cannot be captured and moved to a higher valued use in the same way that water in a river, aquifer, or canal can be delivered to one or more potential users. Some suggest also that surface water and groundwater often are used to produce higher valued crops, while soil moisture often is used to produce lower valued grains and pasture. At least four points seem pertinent: 1) There is no fundamental principle suggesting that the opportunity cost of soil moisture is always less than the opportunity cost of surface water or groundwater, 2) The incremental value of soil moisture can be quite high in many rainfed situations, 3) The incremental value of surface water or groundwater can be quite low in many irrigated settings, and 4) Relative opportunity costs (comparative advantages), rather than one’s own opportunity costs, must be considered to determine optimal trading strategies.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	95bfa2922c6e7f2830f7ee8c12366952	"For example, the government of Canada recently embarked on a policy of “Fisheries Renewal” with renewed objectives for the fisheries management system. In the European Union, the objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is “to provide for sustainable exploitation of living aquatic resources and of aquaculture in the context of sustainable development, taking account of the environmental, economic and social aspects in a balanced manner"" (Holden, 1994). As in Canada, recent reform of the CFP also seeks to improve fisheries governance - a common lament given unrealised objectives - through enhanced stakeholder engagement."	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	95c5286a7a77c355c0f018228f3abafd	For instance, local farmers and communities have shown a great capacity to innovate in response to weather and other shocks. There are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management, water efficiency and biodiversity, including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty.11 Traditional practices, such as low-tillage farming, crop rotation and interplanting, water harvesting and recycling, water-efficient cropping, and integrated pest management, have also proved their relevance to increasing productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability. Adaptation measures involving organic soil nutrient enhancement and other ecologically sound methods—an approach popularly known as climate-smart agriculture—can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	95c8ab92d03a4f9995f948b160a057df	All Finnish children start their formal schooling in August of the year they turn seven. Normally, primary school lasts six years followed by a three-year lower secondary school, although the new law allows some variation. Today it is widely recognised that the six-year primary school provides a solid basis for high educational performance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	95ca361623dff2e7f09117aa966984e3	Professional school leadership standards or frameworks also need to clarify and highlight the importance of school leadership for evaluation and assessment, in general, and for teacher appraisal and school evaluation, in particular. To give an example, distributed leadership in secondary schools can help provide regular informal feedback to teachers in their subject areas, something an individual school leader might not necessarily be equipped for considering the lack of expertise in different subjects (OECD, 2009). At the same time, distributing leadership in schools does not necessarily decrease a school leader’s workload and may create new challenges for school leaders, who, in turn, require ongoing support.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/80c371eb-en	95cdf93dddb4a09b63f477947dbeaca6	This flat-topped seamount measures approximately 120 km in diameter at the base and rises 1500 m above the adjacent bathyal plain, with a summit 756 m below sea level. The high faunal diversity and density indicate a uniquely rich environment in the Levant basin, possibly an isolated refuge for relict populations of species that have disappeared from the adjacent continental slope. This area likely represents one the most pristine environments found in the Mediterranean Sea, and therefore its protection fromfishingactivitiesisconsideredapriority (GFCM, 2005). The coral colonies consist of bioconstructed buildups mostly located on muddy mounds widespread in the study area. Other important taxa (Foraminifera, Porifera, Brachiopoda, Anellida, etc.) These species also contribute to the complexity of the Lophelia reef community, with the presence of many suspension feeders and a complex trophic system.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	95cedaaec2af9c93a00a2b6bd8fdb093	A recent nationwide survey of physicians conducted in the United States showed that almost half of them receive requests from patients for an unnecessary test or procedure at least once a w'eek. Three in ten said this happens at least several times a week {Choosing Wisely®, 2014). Patients might need tools that help them better understand evidence-based recommendations and that support them in demanding high-quality and good-value care. Yet presently too few' decision aids are available for patients. The campaign was launched in the United States, but has since expanded to more than ten countries. It is hoped to be effective by educating both patients and their doctors, and by facilitating a discussion between them that assists in decision making.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	95d13a8c0fd6306d43f3532754d25c66	Evaluation instruments such as student ratings are very reliable outcome measures capturing the data they are set out to capture. Students’ ratings capture perceived instructor effectiveness - they are primarily a function of the instructor who teaches the course and not of the course that is taught (Marsh, 2007). Global student ratings - such as overall instructor rating, overall course rating, course materials - are especially suitable for summative evaluation purposes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	95d4d6c0bbfe7f746eacfc32d8657875	The most deprived and vulnerable are most often excluded from progress and most difficult to reach. They require particular attention not only in order to secure their entitlements, but also as a matter of ensuring the realization of everyone’s rights. The most rapidly and widely ratified of these is the Convention on the Rights of the Child.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66641c52-en	95d91369840d5d6c0e13c198d054ca0f	This task is particularly urgent as the greatest population growth will be in cities in developing countries where significant urban transport challenges already exist (see section 3.3.1 below). Such challenges are particularly pronounced in developing countries where strong migration to urban areas and increased private motorization fuelled by strong economic growth, are outpacing infrastructure development and the expansion and modernization of public transport systems. The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems, designed with the principle of accessibility at their core, depends on the participation of all stakeholders in cities: the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, within the principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighbourhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding (Kennedy et al.,	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	95dd31bc7999a0d621cc3f5c0fd2a43f	While the other subcomponents are also part of the physical environment, their physical, biological or chemical characteristics can be influenced in the short to mid-term by human activities. Statistics on these general physical conditions are important, as they help determine the scope of and influences on the environmental resources of a country. Without information on these baseline conditions, it is difficult for governments to judge the need for and efficacy of policies. This topic covers data on atmospheric, climatic and weather conditions across territories and over time.	6	4	1	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	95df17ca3984968199ce654a17a06d3e	This is mainly due to the exhaustion of temporary UB and the assumed ineligibility for social assistance and housing benefits, which will be analysed separately below. Similar drops can be observed in other countries when unemployment enters a third (e.g. Netherlands, Switzerland) or fourth year (e.g. Sweden, Iceland). The average net replacement rate averaged over the first two years of an unemployment spell is displayed for 2007 and 2009. While the generosity of UB remained fairly steady between 2007 and 2009 in most countries, it increased significantly in some of them, especially in the United States.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	95e081c0af987350618fc55724fbbbbe	Chapter 5, “Conclusions”, was written by the project team. This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the services essential for production, communication and exchange. Unsurprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and seek to develop policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. However, before proceeding towards the demonstration of the contribution of nuclear energy, the complex concept of “security of energy supply” must itself be defined and made amenable both to the formulation of concrete policy objectives and numerical verification.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/31959a6d-en	95e1568d7f9a104958364786f2b6d95e	Gender inequalities in the labour market and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work in the family mean that women tend to have lower pension coverage, lower benefits and greater vulnerability in old age. These gender gaps overlap with existing inequalities in pension coverage and benefits for workers across occupational and income strata. In addition, women’s labour market patterns have also changed substantially over the past half century and so have the family arrangements on which many pension systems have traditionally relied. Recent pension reforms around the world have addressed some of these issues, leading to progress in some countries, but gender inequalities in old age protection remain.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	95e327c41aadf148df7bce7b9c9a1117	For these reasons, there has been a tendency to rush the implementation in ways that have not always been positive. For instance, building schools in the mral areas of many African countries has been accelerated to the point where the public revenue to maintain these structures, for hiring teachers and obtaining educational resources, is often woefully insufficient (Theikildsen and Buhr, 2010). The result is that students enrolled fail to graduate, and drop out of schools with little knowledge. According to the Minister of Education of the United Republic of Tanzania, no less than 46.5 per cent of all pupils failed to pass their Standard Seven national examinations in 2010.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	95e4b00321133c5d8724bcd21c401812	This is particularly so regarding reductions in S02 and COD from point sources, including power generation and heavy industry that have been accomplished primarily through end-of-pipe solutions. Going forward more emphasis ought to be placed on the use of a broader range of tools, including well-implemented market-based measures, to tackle a broader range of challenges. Such changes will form part of the broader reform effort needed to rebalance the structure of the Chinese economy, including moving towards more consumption and services-oriented growth.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	95e50d4854cb44718776e9b216fb1ea4	Moreover, the notion that gender is binary—man and woman—restricts every person’s freedom, regardless of their gender identity, to enjoy fully and equally the privileges guaranteed by international human rights norms. Cutting off the development of an individual’s full potential as a human being, whether man, woman or transgender, is also a rights violation. Men, Gender and Development, Zedbooks, 2002.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	95e5214813b0b48521fe4590d96a6f0c	Programmes for the development of the agro-industrial complex represent the main mid-term agricultural policy framework in Kazakhstan. The succession of agricultural programmes since the beginning of the 2000s shows that this process has largely been driven by changes in ministerial leadership. Policy adjustments are necessary to respond to evolving situations both within and outside the agricultural sector, but this should not create undue policy instability.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	95e7b0b20886690b18f0e8dcab7274cd	Adopting an eco-social lens in policy design and implementation can facilitate not only green but also fair approaches that will be required to achieve the SDGs. It would help minimize the risk of injustice associated with green economy policies, and redress the distributional impacts of environmental and climate change policies in favour of vulnerable groups. An eco-social policy mix brings together participatory governance and decision making, progressive social policies and environmental regulation with local initiatives and innovations to promote equitable and sustainable outcomes.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	95e7fc2605a0d5b9a6c492a73abdbd24	Indicators of deprivation in health are difficult to define, since most routine information in surveys refers to temporary illnesses during reference periods. This speaks of the need to include more suitable child health indicators in household surveys, measuring access to healthcare rather than temporary health status, which could be accomplished without increasing the length of the questionnaire by an excessive amount. More suitable indicators for health for example would be compliance with routine check-ups or vaccinations, and possibly access to health insurance, while for child development valuable information would be provided by asking about appropriate toys and parents' engagement with children up to three years old.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	95efc6820761458b5f4592225adc97e5	We therefore believe that desegregating special education is the first step in tackling prejudice against people with disabilities and other difficulties. They have been omitted from previous equal opportunities initiatives, and it is now obvious that our aim of achieving comprehensive education in Newham will remain hindered while we continue to select approximately 2 per cent of school pupils for separate education. Parents became increasingly confident that their neighbourhood schools could meet diverse needs. Newham has 17 resourced mainstream schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	95f0f0dfd54745adcfc1afcdab1ac4e6	The simulations are presented and discussed in the following sections. It is based on a number of assumptions for which other sources were used. Most importantly, these include assumptions on future developments in GDP and population, price paths for key fossil-energy carriers (crude oil, coal and natural gas), and policies in the fertiliser and biofuel sectors.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	95f2435c1b8209470998c77441af939d	Frequent replacements of battery banks would consequently cause higher costs for operation and maintenance. Ownership is often unclear to determine in China. Table 14 illustrates the starkly different distribution of common household appliances between rural and urban households and also reflects China's enormous economic development in the course of the last decades (Pan et Page | 52 al.,	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	95f37b2444131584843270acd8a0b003	Young people from poor or vulnerable families are more likely to have informal work than middle-class youth. Informality rates are slightly higher for young women and for younger workers than among older youth and adults. Crucially, and in line with existing evidence, less-educated youth experience higher informality rates (68% for young workers with primary school or less vs. 24% for workers with a university degree).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	95f63f82a79758df8870ef3b8ee9628f	The share of the feedstock for every biofuel producing country describes which feedstock is used in each biofuel producing country. For most countries only one feedstock is used. For the EU more detailed data was available and a share of several feedstocks was used. The input cost data for biofuels to calculate production cost are structured in Table A.3.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	95f63fe0724e8f60557932b6f01c4958	He has also linked principles of equality, non-discrimination and participation as an approach to commenting on ‘the impact of foreign debt and related policy conditionalities on the realization of women's rights, in particular their economic, social and cultural rights’ (ibid., International financial institutions in relation to loans and conditionalities often fail to consider and address the needs of women (ibid., Without this perspective, policies contribute to the ‘feminization of poverty and deepening gender inequality’ (ibid., States should promote women’s involvement in development planning and decision-making related to debt management (ibid.,	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	95f78c081c5de0f0b30b5ed93eff0217	Given that a third of the world’s poor live in fragile states, it is essential to consider whether and how processes of empowerment and pro-poor growth might differ in fragile contexts and how donors might support these processes. There is therefore a need to carefully analyse the specific weaknesses and failings of each “fragile” state and society in order to provide appropriate support. Societies where conflict and deprivation have weakened people’s physical and intellectual capabilities e.g. low levels of education, skills, poor health etc. Societies where conflict and deprivation have weakened co-operation and collective action and there may be significant levels of mistrust between groups.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	95ff031257a09cc820e14937e1df1a1e	Used in combination with other policies, such standards can be a tool to help develop domestic capacity to produce such goods. We are convinced that the aims of upholding and ’ safeguarding an open and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system, and acting for the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development can and must be mutually supportive. One policy discussed above was harmonisation of sustainability standards, or at least of methodologies. Another is liberalisation of green goods and services. The latter, however, is easier said than done; it has languished with the rest of the Doha results in the WTO context, and is proving difficult to effect at plurilateral level among like-minded countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	9602d36d81d02d75b0137398898f1d61	The main - and most contentious - item related to the redefinition of the respective roles of trade unions and work councils in companies. In the previous labour code, work councils could be established but only in companies where no trade union was present, and they had collective bargaining rights.19 The new Labour Code establishes a division of competences between trade union and work councils, with trade unions being in charge of collective bargaining matters and w'ork councils responsible for all employees’ information and consultation activities. In addition, work councils can be created in companies where trade unions are active, unless more than one third of the employees belong to the trade union (against 50% before the March 2017 negotiations at the Tripartite Council). After the March 2017 negotiations, trade unions are automatically allocated one seat in the work council, which should avoid complete side-lining of trade unions from information of and consultation with employees.	8	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	9605c925be55e5603ba25fe9da806006	As GCI Frontrunners reach the limits of growth from current ICT investments, AI and Intelligent Connectivity are opening up a new economic growth cycle. Point Topic reports that fixed wireless technologies are increasingly giving way to 4G LTE-based mobile broadband access, with 4G L.TE now a major means of getting broadband at home in several regions - for example, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe14. The Inclusive Internet Index (3i)15, commissioned by Facebook and the Economist Intelligence Unit, shows that access to 4G networking services improved over the last year, particularly in low-income countries where coverage almost doubled, from 9.1% to 17.3%.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	96068e475be62df07fc328dc5f1dc87a	Thus article 11(1) of CEDAW requires States only to ensure the ‘same’ rights for women and men in relation to the rights to work, to employment opportunities, to free choice of profession, promotion, job security and training, to equal remuneration, to social security and to protection of health and safety at work, including safeguarding reproduction. Article 3 ofthe ICCPR simply requires State parties to‘ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant’. However, it is now well established that the same treatment for men and women is unlikely to bring about change. Thus in order to address women's inequality, it is necessary to focus on the specificity of women’s disadvantage, particularly by recognizing the link between discrimination in the home and discrimination at work and the extent to which women’s primary responsibilityfor childcare and unpaid work in the home impacts on theirabilityto access good quality paid work.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	960794844e6a792d117a8b8ea832000b	This in turn seems to have contributed to greater overall support for nuclear power generation. Figure 4.13 illustrates the shares of positive and negative responses to the proposition “the use of nuclear energy enables European countries to diversify their energy sources” (on the vertical axis), and the share of support for nuclear energy (on the horizontal axis); the correlation is examined for nuclear and non-nuclear countries. The correlation coefficients are 0.87 for 2005 and of 0.78 for 2008. Relatively high correlation coefficients suggest that the role of nuclear power in the diversification of energy sources is one of the key drivers behind increasing public support for nuclear generation.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	96091438f7e9dc6f3057b82675b331f1	Based on data from urban informal entrepreneurs in West Africa in the early 2000s, they estimate the share of constrained gazelles among young people to be 27% compared to 49% among adults. Assuming similar distributions elsewhere, support programmes must strive to identify these 27% of young entrepreneurs with potential and help them overcome the many barriers they face in terms of access to finance, risks and skills. Where firms and young entrepreneurs are not chosen carefully, based on their skill, drive and business plans, providing credit can be wasteful and harmful.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	960a653beef5ed6620c5b37fd9508a74	Examples include research grant schemes, innovation vouchers and entrepreneurship education schemes, among others. Policy instruments that address social inclusiveness include, for example, the provision of giants to researchers from disadvantaged groups, the use of role models and mentoring programmes to tackle stereotypes, and the deployment of programmes to popularise science and technology. To address industrial inclusiveness challenges, innovation policies may focus on addressing the main barriers to entrepreneurship encountered by disadvantaged groups, such as obstacles to access finance (e.g. through the provision of micro-credit and equity financing), talent (e.g. through grants to SMEs to recruit researchers or experts to implement innovation projects) or other support services (e.g. through the provision of business counselling, assistance to access new markets, etc.).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	960b2699a4dfe83434a138afeda9dd8f	For Myanmar, the 2018 data are based on ADB (2019) and IMF (2019a) and refer to the interim period ending September 2018; and the dataset does not disaggregate consumption into public and private. Lao PDR has no demand-side data. Net tax equals taxes minus subsidies. Singapore and Thailand data are based on chain-linked volume measures.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	960c6c24c71bc5e01cd08fca0527d3b7	At the same time the European Union has been adamant to make sure that vessels flying the flags of its Member States comply with management and conservation rules of RFMOs. The Conference on Regional Fisheries Management Organisations RFMOs “Fit for the future,” (Brussels, 1 June 2012) was the opportunity to enhance dialogue between RFMOs and to identify key areas that determine the performance of RFMO. Political will and commitment by the parties, co-operation across RFMOs, compliance, robustness of data and science, capacity-building, the fight against IUU fishing, the need for transparency and better communication were recurrent themes during the day.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	960d997a63a3ca876ddd5e7177d5b41b	But see discussion on industrial application, Section 2.4.1.3, for limitations of the scope of granted gene patents under both European Union and Member States law. Therefore, a member that opts to implement this standard must also exclude local innovators from patents on matter existing in nature. Local inventors would still have the ability to patent such substances abroad, however, under the independence of patents doctrine.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	961160ddc35d24dc1f7480211f6135e0	If female-owned enterprises had, on average, the same characteristics (size, capital intensity, distribution by industry, age) as enterprises owned by men, then their productivity gap would be reduced by 51%, their profit gap by 92%, and their employment growth gap by 78%. The purpose of the survey was to shed light on factors that help or hinder the success of newly created enterprises. It was conducted as a one-off survey, within the framework of data collection on business demography, using samples of enterprises in the business registers stratified by activity and employee size.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	9618813ef0cd002425386685b902f7a0	This figure however is not comprehensive and does not cover other barriers identified earlier in Figure 1 (such as technical, information failure and other). This mechanism runs by the name of China Utility-based Energy Efficiency Finance Programme (CHUEE). It involves a USD 15 million fund from the GEF for the first round of projects, which enables the IFC to provide guarantees to three main Chinese banks: the Industrial Bank (IB), the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (SPDB), and the Bank of Beijing (BoB).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089464-en	961b0fcf9f84c2d3e7d6dce946642f90	Assolombarda is the largest industry association with 6 100 member firms in the region. It promotes quality of education, training and university/industry partnerships. It influences the design of and updating of academic programmes through contact teams, develop experimentation (contract of high-skilled apprenticeship for MA and PhD students), collaborates with university placement offices and is involved in boosting the appeal of hard sciences through the “Scientific Degrees” project.	4	0	4	1.0
10.30875/c7f78275-en	961e6740355d7ec16ec0dff104920c94	But there are also growing concerns that companies are not taking data privacy seriously enough. Partly as a result of this, a number of governments are enacting legislation to better clarify what information about individuals companies can collect and retain and what they can do with this data. To this extent, anti-competitive effects that arise may be transient. However, significant welfare losses may arise from these anti-competitive effects before one platform or entrenched business model is replaced by another. Measures of productivity in the United States, for instance, suggest a significant slowdown since 2005. Several explanations have been given to explain this discrepancy, including the mismeasurement of inputs and outputs, and delays in the time needed for technological change to work itself throughout the whole economy.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/128123a5-en	96200e88333ae68e3c259f3a3232eeb1	Monetisation makes the campaign unnecessarily costly and often dissuades women from active participation, due to their limited economic muscle. The PR systems have proved effective in embedding notions of inclusiveness, without putting the burden on the individual woman. This is partly the reason why some countries emerging out of conflict (e.g. Rwanda and South Africa) have adopted PR as the suitable electoral system.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	9627dd20609a62e77a9a20c1a8ad315f	Early general equilibrium models tend to show by contrast that environmental taxes interact with existing taxes to exacerbate rather than improve tax inefficiencies, implying that environmental regulation would lead to an overall increase in business costs, discouraging employment and investment (Bovenberg and de Mooij, 1994, Parry, 1995). However, extensions of these earlier models show that recycling environmental taxes can in fact have a beneficial effect on employment, but that this depends on the characteristics of the pre-existing tax regime (Bento, 2007). Applications of such models on a regional basis have indicated for example: that using carbon taxes to finance reductions in distortionary capital tax can lead to an overall growth effect (Takeda, 2007); that the recycling of energy taxes in Taiwan to offset income taxes would stimulate domestic consumption and investment (Bor and Huang, 2010); that that environmental taxation can bring economic benefits in Turkey when fuels are the primary source of pollutant emissions (Kumbaroglu, 2003).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	962814bb8c66f67b72ff16dd574bad23	The results and the related analyses may reveal the need for different policy responses depending on which form(s) of poverty different groups of people experience. Standardised datasets (the latest waves of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)), age-groups, dimensions, indicators, and thresholds are used to ensure cross-country comparability. Due to data limitations, only one concept of poverty - deprivation - is analysed (see de Neubourg et al, 2012b).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cac71849-en	9628e25b6601176ef6f0d49f09bc913e	Bt cotton8 and corn, for example, use less herbicides and pesticides, but if these crop varieties develop resistance to the less toxic chemical herbicides and pesticides, future more toxic inputs may be required. In this case, adoption of transgenic crops could have large negative ecological implications if “GE crops are adopted more widely in developing countries where domesticated crops have wild relatives” (Ervin, Glenna and Jussaume, 2010, p. 7). Innovative mechanisms designed to engage the private sector need to be explored: results-based performance contracts—for the development, for example, of improved seed or crop varieties with higher water-stress tolerance and greater responsiveness to fertilizers—granted on a competitive basis may be one means of stimulating private research.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39690f-en	962a49ea361824fe2e14b8f6bbb3c539	According to the monitoring and reporting mechanism within the Third NAPCC, review of the implementation status of those measures is envisaged as being undertaken every two years. In that respect, during 2015, a report containing information on the current status of implementation of the measures in all sectors covered by the Third NAPCC was prepared. The main obstacles for large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in the country are their relatively high price and limited mileage capacity.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	962cee81f2957c4e64bf405b489a499f	"Income Redistribution via Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Income Inequality - A Review of the Recent Literature”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Class discrimination and meritocracy in the labor market: evidence from Chile,"" Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, Vol. Distribucidn y mercado de trabajo: Un vinculo includible”, ppl63-201 in G. Reinecke and M.E. Valenzuela (eds): El impacto del mercado laboral en el bienestar de las personas, OIT, Santiago, Chile."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	962e8617649981792b93217e6b488d80	The alliance helps guide the mobile communication department to reduce the tariffs on mobile terminals and to support the development of the communication industry; it has a positive support for both the economy and the surrounding industries. At the same time, this project formed a set of FTTx network construction specifications applicable to the local conditions in India, covering the entire project life cycle, including planning, survey, design, construction, supervision and acceptance. While the project was implemented, the project team compiled training materials covering the whole process of FTTx construction for the local environment in India.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	962ecef6413e789bbb2766fff0b3e44c	"The notion that ageing populations act as a drain on national economies, coupled with alarm over their size and longevity and fears of pension scarcity, have been used as a rationale for pension privatization in developed countries. Pension privatization, however, is largely driven by opportunities to open up new markets and increase the flow of capital. As Minns and Sexton (2006) conclude, ""if there is a crisis of too many old people, it is one of too many people in poverty in their old age, both now and in the future."	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	962fa5fb37a732e36e62708766bc939c	Rolling out modem technology that can better integrate localities into wider economic networks and expand the job finding and education opportunities for rural residents. Better broadband coverage can also provide access to healthcare and education in the most remote locations. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated $2 billion in 2018 to use in competitive bidding auctions to expand access to nearly 1 million homes, which should minimise the risk of the infrastructure investment having little impact. Municipal networks have also been created in some cities, often using existing infrastructure to cut costs.	8	2	6	0.5
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	9630eb2ef30b7d1fc537188e3e00dd99	This includes only expenditures on inspection of domestically produced commodities at first level of processing and border inspection for exported commodities. Import control activities are not included. Production and trade data may be used to make an approximate estimation of a differentiation between export and import inspections. In case that such a separation is not possible, the entire expenditure on food safety and inspection should be included and mention should be made in the documentation. Water subsidies granted to individual farmers and investment subsidies to on-farm irrigation infrastructure are included in the PSE. In the case of large investments, such as dams, with multiple outputs (irrigation, water retention, flood prevention, hydro-energy), the GSSE accounts only for the share of the outputs used by primary agriculture.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	96323fa7bf0074a0e76fb728b3adca40	The high value of the D (MANU) coefficient in the equation for female self-employment is in line with other types of evidence that indicate that women are more likely than men to be employed in low-quality jobs (Lichter and Landry, 1991). A number of studies have provided evidence on the steep increases in self-employment and underemployment seen in the United States as industrial enterprises have closed their doors (Belcher and DiBlasio, 1993), while, using a sample composed of both developed and developing countries, Pietrobelli, Rabellotti and Aquilina (2004) have found that the rate of self-employment tends to decline as the degree of industrialization rises. This agrees with the evidence presented by Caceres and Caceres (2017a), who found that economic growth drove down the self-employment rate in a sample of panel data for 1993-2012 from six countries in the region.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	963261cd2be28c51e1a69ea4587ca38f	With improved farm and crop management, most of these emissions could be reduced or compensated by sequestration. A conversion to organic agriculture would reduce industrial nitrogen-fertilizer use that emits 6.7 kg of C02-eq per kg of nitrogen on manufacture and another 1.6 per cent of the applied nitrogen as soil-based N20 emissions. It could also considerably enhance the soil sequestration of C02.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/285e0716-en	963344b88c5d6d30ad17e0711564c6ea	We find that these factors combined have increased disposable income inequality in all the Nordic countries, but to a different extent and through different mechanisms. The strength and direction of demographic change, within- and between-group inequality and the responsiveness of redistribution all play a role. This article builds on previous OECD work by Robling and Pareliussen (2017).	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	9635a65e6f1c70ab40387fb35640b263	These results are accomplished by teachers and school leaders who are accorded wide autonomy, and on the basis of comparatively modest levels of spending. However, there are important challenges facing primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania. A declining school-age population makes it difficult for authorities to efficiently manage the nation's school network.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	96366f5e066d5fbc04802a045cff4845	They also show a fall in real wages for unskilled labour, the group with the highest rates of unemployment. At the level of the economy as a whole, therefore, for the period since the mid-1990s, there is little sign that employers overall were pushed up their labour demand schedules. The evidence suggests that since the early 1990s outward shifts in the labour supply schedule and/or inward shifts in the labour demand schedule, combined with some feature(s) of wage determination that prevented market-clearing, left overall real wages little changed but unemployment much higher.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	9637502561c23892c51b27227c577304	In larger employment offices, there are separate counters by type of work, i.e. for those seeking technical work or white-collar jobs. In cases where the skills of the jobseeker do not match with the skills required by the employer, the PES officer makes an attempt to negotiate the desired skills and inform employers of other jobseeker attributes, e.g. their eagerness and motivation to work. At times, when no suitable match can be made, the officer will refer the jobseeker to alternative jobs and/or make direct contact with the employer to develop a new job offer that is closer to the skill profile of an applicant.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	96383953421482db59b8ea081bc77d5f	New valuations will be implemented and updated every second year starting in 2020. The new tax system replaces a nominal tax freeze of property taxation with proportional taxation, maintaining a progressive element for the most valuable homes. No changes have been made to mortgage interest rate deductibility. Households with debt-to-income ratios above 400% are required to fix interest rates for at least five years if the loan-to-value ratio is above 60%. Thus, locally there are some concerns whether house prices are increasing faster than warranted by disposable income growth and low interest rates, thereby elevating debt-to-income ratios for new homeowners (Systemic Risk Council, 2017[i6i). This prompted the authorities to tighten financial regulation by reducing access to risky loans for households with high debt relative to income from January 2018 (Table 3).	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	963a0723d6ae76f9ff49c615555da72d	In some countries, Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards require energy suppliers to meet a specific proportion of their energy demand through EE (DEFRA, 2007). Energy suppliers may also help reduce energy demand (and electricity bills) by encouraging households to generate their own electricity. Eventually, it may give customers the opportunity to sell power produced in the home back to the grid. In Mauritius, for example, the Government encourages innovation to enable households to produce electricity based on emerging technologies for renewable energy.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	963ac00a40cc002162981c203e348fd7	Similarly, the generous deductions for private pension savings and mortgage interest deductions could be cut significantly to increase revenues and reduce inequality. The additional tax revenues raised could be used to provide more generous benefits for particular families, either through direct cash benefits or indirect PIT reliefs, including for lower income families with children. In Chile, only “Single Taxpayers at 167% of the average wage” have to pay a small amount of PIT; single parents can benefit from a small child benefit, which reduces the tax burden slightly below 7 per cent. Chile has very generous non-standard tax reliefs which primarily benefit richer taxpayers, which contributes to lowering the PIT system’s progressivity. Chile allows taxpayers to deduct voluntary contributions and voluntary pension fund savings from taxable income; the maximum deduction in 2014 (CLP 14 776 260) was more than twice the average wage. Chile also has a very generous mortgage interest relief deduction.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	963d62773a8b508bbde74ff065313efa	Since then, road deaths have steadily decreased (with some fluctuations) and were halved by 2004. In 2013, Korea counted 5 092 road deaths, a 62% decrease when compared to the level of 1991. With a population of 50.2 million, there are 19.4 million registered vehicles (i.e. around 400 vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants). Korea’s road network totals 106 414 km, which includes 4 111 km of motorway.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-2-en	963dfb4e988a16c38ad28b94855ee720	Moreover, a stable democracy with an effective rule of law has been established. A range of governance indicators relating to both political and economic conditions shows that Chile has caught up with, or even surpassed, OECD averages. Income per capita remains significantly below the OECD average -making sustained and non-inflationary growth an important goal. Between 1986 and 2007, Chile’s income per capita grew at around twice the rate in the OECD area and the income gap with richer countries was reduced substantially.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	963e719a655eb88599c3ccb25ad17631	These agreements only focus on the benefits of energy resources exchange and do not look at the long-term balanced use of water. This can cause early drawdown of the Toktogul Reservoir and huge losses in both the pow'er and water sectors of the republics. Further, 3 767 houses with yards have been moved from the area of flooding.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3afdf450-en	963ef4d34f5f121b24eee419be84e535	These recent data confirm Nordic countries and the Netherlands as those having some of the lowest child poverty levels. At the other end of the spectrum are Japan, the United States, some Southern European countries (Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal) and some of the new EU member states (Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Lithuania). As discussed in the paper, several factors are associated with the risk of poverty, in particular the household composition, the level of education and the actual workforce participation of household members.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/355832ee-en	9649ffc6fe36b1207ba08423576e0c82	Description of target variables: Cross-sectional and longitudinal. Measuring material deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the whole population and child-specific indicators', Eurostat Methodological and Working Papers, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Characterising the income poor and the materially deprived in European Countries', In A.B. Atkinson, and E. Marlier (Eds.),	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	964df1d1995be884ca65ce66147c6905	Policy making at the system level needs to be informed by high-quality data and evidence, but not driven by the availability of such information. Using these data, governments can analyse performance and identify priority areas for planning, intervention and policy. This typically entails the development of a system performance-measurement framework. In addition data should be based on accepted definitions for all levels of education; the quality of data should be improved; research should be conducted on those 'gaps' where systematic collection is loo cosily or not feasible; and a long-term strategy to improve measurement tools for future information needs should be developed. One option is to establish a protocol to share data system evaluation among key stakeholders.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	964f41855bedf973a7162bad5a6d4fa7	This includes cooling tanks for farms with small numbers of cows, improved milk collection and transportation in chilling tankers, and quality and safety controls. The latter requires the establishment of rules and protocols, training and laboratory equipment, and specialised training and assistance to farmers so that they can upgrade from local supply to cold chain supply. Payment for milk differentiated by quality would provide milk producers an incentive to improve hygiene and technology. The policy issue here is to encourage processors to establish farm-to-dairy cold supply channels.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	9650a749a2c9cff702ac5309145ba950	It is worth noting that within the National Treasury there is a specific directorate responsible for social affairs, including health. Broad /unctional groups are also convened (health is currently one of nine groups). The health functional group is composed of the nine heads of provincial health departments plus the NDOH lead, alongside their finance counterparts.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	96535429fca5b2ed5ff51fb4b901a598	The development of “managerial and entrepreneurship skills” are also required for higher education programme accreditation. Despite the progress made, the results are still at a low level. In 2004, only 30 out of 2 275 graduate respondents chose to get involved in entrepreneurship either by running a business on their own or by being part of a team. Several universities participate in the government’s incubator programme MTDC, the National Unipreneur Development Programme (NUDP) that stimulates technology-related start-ups and university-industry relationships, and the annual business plan competition (MIBPC).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	9653c4072b78a26d5bdedb6d795e0f38	The Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty puts it even more strongly:'Entrenched gender stereotypes about the place of women in the home and the family, and the unpaid care work girls and women are expected to perform throughout their lives, often deprive women and girls of time.au-tonomy and choice to exercise this right’ (UN General Assembly 2013, para. Legislation criminalizing assault, murder and other forms of violence against the person is standard across States. But its pervasive lack of application to gender-based violence reflects a deep-seated negation of women as persons, the antithesis of recognition. This in turn both stemsfrom and reinforces gendered power relations in society.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	96547e72370324d1ce7fc32e1cc9cfda	Combining working life and family life needs to be further developed and companies need to rethink their employment and career models, as well as working hours. Active labour market programmes tend to focus on lone mothers, who get stronger support to (re)-enter the labour market than married women. Only if Japan makes big efforts in the above-mentioned areas will it be possible to significantly increase the utilisation of the female labour force in more productive workplaces. New policy orientations tackle the problem of non-regular workers. Freeters are one target group and the government is promoting the conversion of temporary and other types of precarious jobs into more stable employment.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	965c4b5702b6910cde2a39294931c3f0	Cooperation agreements for the Lake Skadar/Shkodcr, Prespa Lakes and Sava River Basin have been established, with the Sava cooperation proving the most advanced so far, covering most aspects of water management as well as navigation. Another promising example is the initiation of a multi-stakeholder dialogue process between countries in the “extended” Drin River Basin aiming to create a sound framework for cooperation in the whole basin. Also, cooperation in the Danube River Basin is an example to follow: more than half of the countries in South-Eastern Europe participate in this effort and can use the experience gained in this framework for cooperation in other river basins.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	965edbfd7adc8341248dc6da756e78e0	This does not only concern the absolute level of information but also the bias of information. Figure 4.8 shows that less than one in ten respondents believe that nuclear risks are perceived correctly. While the percentage of those who think that they are underestimated is slightly larger than the percentage of those who think that they are overestimated, the overall picture is one of fluidity and uncertainty.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	9661f5fa52e16a047a7cee04c2e4859e	Through comprehensive contracts that specify the production process, they ensure other product characteristics (e.g. related to food safety, retailer specification, or exigencies of particular overseas markets) that enable these sectors to maintain existing markets or to penetrate new ones. Co-operatives in these sectors go further than just managing member’s market risks but through technology transfer and investment also address farmers’ production and financial risks. In other sectors, such as pipfruit, co-operatives co-exist with other companies which also offer primary producers contracts that address various risks.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	966331d19186cd381c5e149eed1588c8	Note: The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Sampling is carried out manually following a shorter version of the programme at most stations: samples are taken three times a day, contrary to the four times required by current monitoring regulations. Owing to the low frequency of measurements and the absence of automated monitors, accidental or intentional short-time emissions into the air by polluters are not registered.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	96650aa62409b141d2296adfabdb70f7	This is turn allows us to probe deeper into questions of why there are differences and if design can support or hinder gender equity. Although there is a dearth of literature and research in this area, studies do indicate that gender structures are embedded in the built environment. Quantitative and qualitative research methods should be used to collect data on how and why men and women use space differently, and to further explore how gender relates to issues of sustainable development, health, safety and access. To successfully mainstream gender issues in any public policy area requires long-term policy planning, commitment, time and resources. This is no less important in the context of educational facilities.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	96652605b7ecb59b54659fdc2906e7f2	Not surprisingly, most of the research has been carried out in those countries with high numbers of women in parliament. There is also some support for the idea that women can impact on the nature of the institution itself once they have a critical mass. Karam and Lovenduski (1998) note that women in Scandinavian legislatures at the national and local levels have influenced the nature of politics in a number of ways, including a greater prioritisation of family obligations and more accessible laws and debates'.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	9668512636db4b90aece2bd75026b477	For cocaine seizures, the most significant countries of departure for shipments to Europe in 2014 were, in descending order of volume seized, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Argentina. For individual cocaine seizure cases reported in Europe in 2014, the list of countries of departure in the greatest number of cases was headed by Brazil, followed by Colombia and Argentina. Trafficked drugs enter Argentina through the country’s northern provinces, which are vulnerable due to their remote areas and geographical proximity to the Plurinational State of Bolivia and, to a lesser extent, Peru.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	9669097b6dd34d25bd3a58143ce709f0	Data on GDP, working age population, and gross fixed capital formation are from the OECD Annual National Accounts. Average years of schooling of the working age population are from the recently updated version of the Barro and Lee (2013) dataset. The inequality indicators are sourced from the OECD Income Distribution Dataset (IDD).	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	96694bbbdfdc608c1ded535002855c23	This method is applied to Water Districts of Central and Western Macedonia, Greece. Results have been published in the Integrated River Basin Management Plans of Western and Central Macedonia Water Districts (WFD Directive) which is a formal legal document, under the Special Secretariat for Water of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change in Greece, funded by Strategic National Reference Framework 2007-2013 (co-funded by the EU). Estimating the Environmental and Resource Cost in the Water Districts of Western and Central Macedonia: Methods, Results and Proposals for Water Pricing”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. Examples of information systems are provided in Box 5.3.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	966a0190f3f0b28321aff12e3222d440	Nevertheless, it has been increasing (from 22.5% in 2000 to 32.8% in 2010), while the share of heads of household employed in other sectors has even fallen slightly (from 49.3% in 2000 to 47.6% in 2010). The percentage of heads of household was similar among domestic workers and other care woikers (33.4% and 30.6%, respectively, in 2010). Although the percentage of heads of household has risen for both groups, the increase has been more marked among domestic workers (see figure HI. Data for Ecuador and Uruguay corresp ond to urban areas. For example, the share of female care sector workers w ho are heads of household is higher than among other female workers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	966d8686dcd33840332f372dff2983b5	Permitting procedures have been simplified: the APA is the only competent national authority for IPPC permitting, and installations may use accredited private entities to prepare permit requests (GLG, 2009). A new system for accelerated licensing of potential projects of national interest (PINs) has been in force since 2005. Covering large investment projects with a value of more than EUR 25 million, or those directly providing at least 100 jobs, it is concerned with strategic areas such as territorial planning, the environment, new technologies and energy.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	966fa3d0471809050325fa3564936ea5	Overall, while these aggregate statistics suggest that access is generally adequate, large variations in the number of contacts with the health system in different regions suggest that in some of them at least, access may be significantly constrained. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011). Across regions, greater use of outpatient care and relatively less of inpatient care are strongly correlated with per capita bed numbers, suggesting that structures (e.g. the existing hospital infrastructure) shape service delivery in different ways across regions. Indeed, looking beyond the frequency of contacts with providers, the fundamental question is whether services provided “mirror in attention” (frequency, priority, resources, etc.) Data systems in Kazakhstan provide limited information on the nature of services delivered, and in particular on the coverage of interventions related to the management of the chronic diseases that increasingly affect the population.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	9670c2d4533016f92b5921b27def1978	If the regulatory goal is to reduce aggregate water use, the entitlement system will have a single market-clearing price that is equal to a tax that would achieve the same aggregate pumping. In this case, the marginal benefits of water are equalised across all traders, and a frictionless transferable entitlement scheme will by definition achieve the optimal allocation (e.g. Montgomery 1972; Sunding et al., The more binding the constraint on total water used, the larger the equilibrium entitlement price.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9672c54bea6eb213a841292789d146c3	Today, however, it is the large share of variable renewable which requires flexibility from all dispatchable electricity sources, including nuclear energy. The amount of recent load following that has been undertaken in Germany by nuclear power plants is quite remarkable. Figure 3.4 shows the daily variation in the nuclear energy output showing clearly the extent of the load following capacity of the nuclear park in Germany.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/85946e24-en	9674978380219fadc2728b6ee48c6ec3	Longitudinal cohort analyses based on the INDEPTH network of demographic and health surveillance sites (www.indepth-network.org) show an association between socio-economic status and under-five mortality (Mwageni and others, 2011), but this association does not hold when other factors are taken into consideration (Debpuur and others, 2011). The country data are from the most recent DHS surveys conducted in 2005-2013 and are weighted by the 2005 population size of each ofthe 50 countries in a multivariate regression. Figure 9 presents the measured effect of household wealth on child mortality (ages 0-4 years or 0-59 months) for the three regions included in the analysis. The net relative risk of dying before reaching the fifth birthday for a child born in Africa from the richest household is 89 per cent that for a child from the poorest household in the region. In contrast, the net relative risk of dying of a child born in Asia from the richest household is only 52 per cent that for a child from the poorest household.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9676841de8b38d881b96736a6baef94b	"The other option is to earn a degree through one of several affiliated foreign universities most of which are British (e.g. the University of Hull, University of Kent). Students completing a degree programme are then given intensive skills enhancement training (""FasTrack"") to prepare them for employment. The “FasTrack” programme is a government-funded initiative designed in collaboration with multinational corporations to accelerate learning and hands-on experience of new and existing engineers to support industry’s competitiveness in design and development. ("	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	967819b11578bb165094fe6ef0001d0c	Most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so. However, the issue of self-sufficiency does assume a particular significance in electricity markets, where a certain amount of domestic generation is required by the fact that electricity can neither be stored nor transported over long distances at reasonable costs. In island countries such as Australia and Japan or de facto geographically isolated countries such as Korea, domestic power generation must be able to cover demand on its own. This is not the case for storable resources such as coal or oil, where countries can enjoy high levels of security of supply even if they have no domestic production.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-19-en	96782e1f42a09116fe2e8f0f14fd1ff4	The Ministry grants licences for schools to operate, develops policies to guarantee the right to education and freedom of education, proposes changes to the legal framework governing education, develops compulsory components of the curriculum, monitors school and student performance, and assigns and distributes school subsidies. There is a difference in the degree of autonomy between municipal and privately managed subsidised schools (in which more than 50% of students are enrolled), including administrative, financial and work restrictions. Privately managed schools have full autonomy. Municipal schools also have high levels of autonomy: about half of the decisions that affect educational practice take place at the school level with the remaining half at the municipal level.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	967a627e5267d895cdacd6306908b669	In Germany, about 84% of young teachers had chosen their career by the end of secondary school, while in the United States, only about 42% of these teachers of 15-year-old students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school. The remaining countries fall between these two extremes. By contrast, in Australia, Chinese Taipei and the United States, around half of today's young teachers had decided to work as teachers only after they had left high school, possibly because tertiary studies and education systems offer multiple, and relatively flexible, pathways into the teaching profession.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	967da82962a2736c0150e89b0d30d9b0	As the report was being written, the crude oil price per barrel had just hit a new record which was almost four times higher than the price at the beginning of 2000. Energy price increases and thus volatility are the first thing to come to mind for one-third of Europeans (33%). An overview of the price data over the last few years corroborates public concerns about energy price volatility, as a multitude of factors do indeed affect energy markets on a continual basis (Figures 4.7-4.10). Almost every source of energy has become a traded commodity, with for some fuels an historical world wholesale market (oil for example), and for others, intervention of the energy market liberalisation process that changed for example gas or electricity industry from a government controlled monopoly to a competitive market, meaning that customers have the freedom to choose their energy supplier.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	967e408e4f24a4c9af106d928699a247	That indicator showed significant drops in several countries, among which are the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela (-18%), Argentina (-10%), Peru (-9%), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (each with -8%). Figure 1.8 illustrates the percentage change in the Gini, Theil and Atkinson indices (the latter, calculated with an inequality aversion ratio of 1.5) between 1990 and the date of the most recent data available. Because these indices assign different weights to each income distribution bracket, they may show different trends.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	967fdd17b121ec50683792e00db53051	Slightly more than half of stocks (57%) are fully exploited, producing catches at or close to their maximum sustainable limits. The percentage was stable at around 50% from 1974 to 1985, dropped to 43% in 1989 and increased gradually to 57.4% in 2009. They account for 30% of all stocks, a significant increase from the 10% that fell into this category' in 1974. These stocks yield less than their maximum potential due to excess fishing pressure in the past.	15	3	2	0.2
10.18356/8e319423-en	967ff1505f07288d6957023316849c4c	Y. Zhou and R. Tol, “Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport”. Water Resources Research, vol. The transport costs are broken into capital costs ($0.13/m3), energy costs for pumping ($0.10/m3), operation and maintenance ($0.06/m3), and the cost of water at the source ($0.07/m3).47 Excluding the cost of water at the source, the total cost for capital, pumping, and operation and maintenance is $0.29/m for a Suez-Negev transfer.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	968141c8faec23f3f3fe9574a19a5241	For example, in 2007, the same public official served as the Plenipotentiary of Ukraine for the Agreement of 1994 with the Republic of Moldova and for the Agreement of 1997 with Romania. In 2001, these commissions signed a Memorandum of Understanding. The Joint Danube-Black Sea Technical Working Group was established to support the implementation of the Memorandum.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	96829dbdbb0ea0e332ecc24c66b499f7	Consequently both the NBSAP (2008) and the NBSAP addendum (2014) list action points related to inventory building for setting baselines and building valuation models for biodiversity-related goods and services. Despite considerable progress through the development of the National System of Environmental Information, challenges persist. Where the data are collected, they might not always be shared with the government or made publicly available. They are also not always sufficiently systematised and user-friendly.	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	968566c78e31042967b56198a75b32e1	The Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation w'as signed and a research alliance was launched in May 2013 at the Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland. This historical agreement focused on aligning ocean observations and research among the three participants. Other potential areas for co-operation include: (1) sharing of data, such as on temperature, salinity and acidity; (2) interoperability and coordination of observing infrastructures, such as measurement buoys and research vessels; (3) sustainable management of ocean resources; (4) seabed and benthic habitat mapping; (5) promoting researcher mobility; and (6) identifying and recommending future research priorities. Research on aquaculture is one of the main issues in the Alliance.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	968869a9762eac1af1a74d8b5d1c8bdf	"According to a study published in 2012 there were eight districts in the Slovak Republic where the proportion of the Roma minority was close to or higher than 20% (Matlovifiova et al., In such districts the proportion of Roma children can be very high. Both the definition of “special educational needs"" and the age range for compulsory education differ across countries. See the source of the data for further details."	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	9688a5277190c10b14baeb065bb5c121	The situation in Denmark has been improved the last year, since a big private foundation (Velux foundation] has supported further development of the organisation for a given time period. This has resulted in both a big increase in turnover, as well as in a net positive margin. In Norway, there are also some time-limited support from private foundations in the start phase, and there is a need to increase income from other sources in the years ahead.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	9688b4f61f9d7e9ae5af5c695fe04799	Consumers, producers and decision-makers therefore do not receive the accurate price signals necessary to reach decisions about how resources could best be used. Climate change strategies and measures were elaborated in the 2004 and 2006 National Climate Change Programmes. On its board are representatives of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development and the Ministry of Finance and Public Administration, acting as sub-co-ordinators, as well as representatives of the ministries responsible for foreign policy, agriculture and rural development, public works and transport.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	9688dcfd1cad996da8b7d614c6e04d75	The OECD’s Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels released in 2015 found that governments in the OECD and the emerging BRIICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, the People’s Republic of China and South Africa) collectively support the production and consumption of fossil fuels to the tune of USD 160-200 bln a year. With most of that support coming in the form of budgetary transfers and tax breaks - the OECD inventory identifies about 800 such measures - this effectively means that governments today still spend billions to encourage the extraction and burning of fossil fuels at taxpayers’ expense. Adding in the consumer price subsidies measured by the International Energy Agency (IEA), this makes total subsidies and other forms of support for fossil fuels in the vicinity of USD 500-600 bln a year (OECD, 2015a).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	968930ec43dce86f91a7dce1c6fcc574	Chile, Iceland and Slovenia continue to employ the largest percentage of women in central government, at more than 60%, while Japan employs the smallest share (16%). Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Japan and Spain are for full-time employees only. Even among the best achievers in terms of gender equality progress, strong segmentation in educational and occupational choices remains: for example, in Norway in 2009, half of working women were employed in seven occupations, while men were employed in 14 occupations (OECD, 2012a).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	9689e169d64c2da8511a9dc9a977fc9c	"The expectations of cash transfer programmes promoting investment in productive activities (in terms of transfer levels and time available, especially for women with additional care work responsibilities) need to be realistic, and the timing of the transfer (e.g. one-off ""lumpy"" payments or regular transfers, as well as seasonal considerations) appropriate. Expectations concerning the impact on productivity should be adapted to the target group of the cash transfer. Credibility (ie that people believe that payments will come and be on time) is essential and programmes of longer duration are necessary for systemic impacts on productivity. A recent evaluation of the PSNP in Ethiopia found that for households that had participated for only one year and received much lower levels of transfers, the PSNP improved food security by 1.05 months."	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	968a8c6e9a6c2e582501906e633d1d0c	It is a platform for creating, implementing and sharing solutions on air quality improvement and climate protection, with a specific focus on near-term actions targeting short-lived climate pollutants. The CCAC has attracted a high volume of funding and directly funds projects. Furthermore, the Coalition has been able to attract high-level political engagement through its High-Level Assembly.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	968f16e8e98b5c7da8a9492e580b86db	The government is addressing low digital skills in the large-scale Incode2030 strategy. Spanning the period 2016-2020, the strategy involves both existing measures from programmes such as Qualifica and Industria 4.0 and new measures. It also includes quantified targets: 20 000 enrolments in digital literacy programmes by 2020, 2% of GDP invested in R&D by 2025 and 80% of the population with basic digital skills by 2030 (Govemo de Portugal, 20 17j32)).	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	96956c67c1189e17f1c26da4411ebba5	One contributory factor is entrenched stereotypes about which careers are suitable for men and which ones for women. They are passed on to children by their families, teachers and society at large. Indeed, PISA reveals, that parents are more likely to expect their teenage sons than their daughters to work in STEM occupations - even when they perform just as well as their male classmates in mathematics, science and reading (OECD, 2015). Students could enter any job title or description.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	969594f08623ae10f3c81e0a16ed840f	This is owing to the fact that information on breastfeeding is available only for children who are born within the five-year interval before the survey, and the logit model forces us to drop all observations that are not fully at risk—in this case, all children less than five years of age and alive at the time of the survey. For control purposes, we also run a separate estimation for under-five mortality (excluding breastfeeding as a determinant). The results broadly confirm this view and are reported in the annex.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	9695c4d5a6d5b725e32b35bd9e20731e	With regard to this, a framework may be strengthened to check the appropriateness of measures under IHR, and coordination may be pursued with actors in other sectors, such as WTO.10 The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of WTO states that when national standards that are stricter than international standards are adopted, the national standards must be scientifically justified. For example, in the case in which Europe instituted trade restrictions during a cholera outbreak in Africa, the SPS Committee of WTO deliberated on the restrictions, including a scientific debate on the risk these measures pose to public health, which resulted in the trade restrictions being lifted (WHO and WTO, 2002). Collaboration with initiatives, such as the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), is already under way, including the joint external evaluation tool for IHR formulated by WHO with GHSA, a multilateral framework led by the United States, which has stated that it will achieve its goals in at least 30 countries over the next five years, and has declared that it will invest US$1 billion in 17 countries towards this effort.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	9695cb3d867ef0518406e7ca05edc233	Stakeholder mappings should be done in relation to a specific issue and be updated on a regular basis. Such mapping should pay attention to newcomers, players outside the water sector and traditionally under-represented groups. This is critical to ensure that all stakeholders are identified and properly involved throughout the policy/project cycle.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	9697891557179f87a93ea4c999a7142b	The budget balance is estimated to have fallen into deficit in 2012, although the target of having the budget deficit not exceed 1% of GDP was met. The fiscal surplus of Azerbaijan increased from 0.6% of GDP in 2011 to 1.3% of GDP in 2012 thanks to rapid revenue growth from the low base of 2011. The revenues continued to be heavily reliant on transfers from the oil fund; more than half of such transfers were directed towards social and infrastructure projects, such as the reconstruction of infrastructure damaged by the earthquake in early 2012.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	969a63a2497a037ac5b34941ae175e2d	In the summer of 2015, the first WPP in Georgia will start to function. The plant will be built near Gori and will be implemented by the Georgian Energy Development Fund (GEDF). Its capacity will be about 20 MW and investment value is between US$30 million and US$35 million. However, it only briefly mentions the need to promote improvements in the efficiency of energy generation, transmission, dispatching, distribution, import, export and consumption, as well as natural gas delivery, import, export, transportation, distribution and consumption. In 2008, the Government approved the regulation for construction of renewable energy sources in Georgia, “Renewable Energy 2008”.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	96a0f15c6c4fa6d9b9b0ff2989ee1b3e	In a quarter of LDCs, traditional biomass accounts for more than 80 per cent of total primary energy use; in half it is between 50 per cent and 80 per cent. This leaves only a quarter of LDCs in which it does not represent the majority of primary energy used. In most cases, the remainder is made up mainly of oil products, though with significant contributions in a few cases from natural gas (particularly in Bangladesh and to a lesser extent Myanmar and Yemen), coal (most notably in Lesotho and Afghanistan) and renewable energy (mainly hydroelectricity, particularly in Bhutan and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with smaller contributions in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	96a1536aac5a0d21c0292e98b5779442	Official statistics distinguish between “registered” and “active” agricultural entities. As of the end of 2011, the number of registered agricultural enterprises and individual farms totalled 214 008, of which 188 616 were active entities. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the rapid increase in the number of individual farms can be explained by the tax incentives which led to a large number of agricultural enterprises to re-register as individual farms.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	96a18878931c9f7188f94fb54aa3cf34	The higher the value the more disparities between females and males (2010). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). The level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until the 18th century there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	96a39e0fbaacc349094ed428cbde502a	Low usage of enhanced input and mechanised technologies contribute to the rudimentary nature of smallholder rice production. As discussed in this report, very few of these wholesalers are women. Small-scale processing is dependent on portable basic milling machinery with only a minor proportion of millers operating with modern facilities able to produce quality polished rice. In Nigeria, there are examples of modern sized mills integrated with large-scale paddy production.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	96a638e4d229137e4e992e53e350cfb3	All the Sendai Framework's targets are critical for the achievement of the SDGs, whose progress in turn is key to building and strengthening resilience against disasters. Local leaders showed strong leadership and commitment under the Global Action Agenda and this links well with the global goals of SDGs and NUA targets. The SDGs offer many opportunities to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change especially through environmentally sustainable and resilient urban development.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	96a63db150151a5e112b004b1c9d4852	Created in 1941, the mission of the CCSS is to provide health care services in an integral form to the individual, the family and the community and to provide economic, social and retirement protection to the Costa Rican population in accordance to the current legislation (CCSS, 2014). Directed by health boards, the CCSS is made up of health establishments organised functionally by three levels of care (primary, secondary and tertiary') and geographically by seven regions within the three service networks in the country (the southern network, the western network and the northeastern network). Interrelated, they are intended to form networks that are articulated both vertically and horizontally and satisfy the health care needs and demands of the Costa Rican population.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	96a7c26e6b1dc4def35ff6ebdbff9d86	However, urbanization represents an additional challenge. Rapid increases in urban electrification rates in recent years have not matched the absolute increase in urban population, so that the number of urban dwellers without access to electricity has continued to rise. The continuation of such rapid urbanization, together with progress towards universal access, is likely to result in still greater pressure on the (already poor) T&D infrastructure, reinforcing the need for upgrading.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	96a7cf1bdba347e73a0c39ee6fe18878	"Agriculture and its activities remain split into two domains. Despite this, in this paper agriculture refers to all agricultural activities, e.g. all livestock and all land management, and hence encompass two UNFCCC reporting categories. A noteworthy top-down mechanism is the Global Stocktake (GST) mentioned in Article 14 of the PA, ""which serves as a crucial review exercise to periodically assess collective progress toward the Agreement's long-term goals, enhance implementation of the Agreement and scale ambition"" (Bushan and Rattani, 2017). However, the PA is largely bottom-up in its ambition to allow Parties to choose their own country-specific climate action plans and targets, as set out in the INDCs in the lead-up to COP21 and confirmed in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted after the ratification of the PA."	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	96aca4ddbbaea117372e54d4826cb8e6	The majority of health and medical services fall under the responsibility of county councils, whose representatives are elected by the residents every four years. County councils are obliged to provide health and medical services of good quality as well as to promote good health in the population. Primary care is delivered through 1 100 (public or private) primary care units in the country. In most of the counties, it is possible to bypass primary care and access specialist services directly (there is no gate-keeping).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	96acc7f130b8a6936fdd585449d083d4	Results are summarised in Table 6.8. Pure public goods do not decline in availability or quality no matter how many people benefit from them. In economic terms, they are non-rivalrous, while congestible goods are rivalrous. Therefore, they can be provided in the same amount and at the same cost regardless of the number of immigrants. Identifying such goods is not always straightforward, since certain apparently pure public goods may in fact be extended when the population grows.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	96ae414549afd23c0f703d65d6b2fa9a	Spearheaded by the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs, in close partnership with civil society organisations led primarily by women - the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding-Sierra Leone (WANEP) and the Mano River Union Peace Network (MARWOPNET) - the development of the plan also involved a broad spectrum of stakeholders including other government line ministries, parliamentarians and UN agencies. The collaboration of so many varied stakeholders and the extensive involvement of local and international partners can help provide a strong framework for awareness raising, capacity building and overall monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the NAP, but it will take time for the effects of the plan to be identified and assessed. The present conflict has lasted over 20 years, with the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) under rebel leader Joseph Kony being particularly brutal and committing acts of unspeakable violence. Women and children have been especially affected, subject to abductions, widespread rape and murder.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	96aec8332e727412f8a9644b488fa122	International support will be required in this regard. Investments in basic industries may be more labour-intensive and cost-effective in terms of immediate job creation and income generation. Investments in basic infrastructure, education and health are often more effective stimuli than certain environmental initiatives.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	96b0ba51f42b26675a1c2ca9a496f95a	In Chile, under the new postnatal leave legislation, the mother can transfer up to a month and a half of leave to the father. In several countries, the leave may be extended for multiple births or in the case of illness, and often varies from the public to the private sector (Pautassi and Rico, 2011). Tronto (2012) and Williams (2012) examine interesting aspects of these contemporary tensions. Belize, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil. Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	96b29ec95dbd3e2a18d310cdaef704d2	Because choosing the percentage to use is discretionary, it is standard practice to estimate relative poverty based on a range of values: typically, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of median income. But for most of the countries of the region, the relative poverty lines determined using this methodology are lower than the absolute poverty lines. Therefore, the standard methodology for estimating relative poverty cannot be followed across the board in the region.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	96b2f5b64f3b88bc410818c9d8b5a1da	In other words, all workers without either job security or social security are regarded as informal workers. Using these definitions, it is estimated that about 92 per cent of the workers in India, including those in agricultural activities, are informal workers (Table n-i). The share of informal workers, however, increased marginally over the years in the case of men.whilethat of women decreased between 2004-2005 and 20H-2012. The economic activity with the second largest share of informal workersthatyearwasconstruction,which had 97.1 per cent of men and 99.6 per cent of women in informal work.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	96b40a35139ca552268123770774606c	The clusters can be organised and combined in different ways to enhance their effectiveness and to create unique approaches to teaching and learning. Combining the approaches means moving beyond the fragmented focus on specific pedagogical innovations to highlight the importance of the creative work of teachers and schools w'hen adjusting, adapting, mixing and updating the clusters of innovative pedagogies. This pedagogical approach blends student work and teaching for understanding, adapts their sequencing and draws heavily on digital learning resources.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	96b598a9a9f1202bffb1bf919e5d97ce	One of the tasks of fisheries management and economic policy in general is to encourage the expansion of such rents (Anderson, Arnason and Libecap, 2010). If the rent is completely removed by taxation, there are no more incentives to expand it. This means that the rebuilding of fish stocks is not in the interest of the fishers and must be implemented by command-and-control measures. Rather, the fisheries resource rent tax should be set at a rate where its marginal excess burden is no higher than for other taxes.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-7-en	96bcdfce6179f4617e3cf317758460fb	It then looks at trends in several indicators of biodiversity - species abundance (e.g. mean species abundance or MSA), threatened species, forest area (deforestation) and marine fish stocks - and the implications of business-as-usual trends continuing to the year 2050 under the OECD Environmental Outlook Baseline scenario. The chapter provides an overview of the different policy instruments available for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, ranging from regulations to market-driven approaches, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES). Some more ambitious policy scenarios are examined - such as the implications of meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Target under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to expand the global protected area network to at least 17% of terrestrial land by 2020.	14	2	8	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	96bcf74e552798e3b1f8d3755823ef39	These numbers are based on a standard relative poverty measure, defined as those below 50% of the median disposable income. Relative poverty rate is defined as the share of people living in households with less than 50% of the median disposable income (adjusted for family size and after taxes and transfers) of the entire population. The Gini, probably the most widely used measure of income inequality, is particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution, while the other measures focus more on the tails of the distribution.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	96bdccec346b6a8858d144204c430f7f	More and more households have installed garbage-grinding units in their sinks and are now disposing of their kitchen waste through the sewer system. Only a minority of communes are respecting the legal requirement for recovery (PGD Act). The recycling target (75%) and management harmonisation goals (PGGD 2000) have not been achieved.	6	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	96c2d142a4e91e8a461b612e2685d8f9	However, the data contains many missing values compared with the aforementioned dataset. The elasticities used in this study are lower because developed countries have been redirected away from farm productivity toward other concerns, such as the environmental effects of agriculture; food safety and other aspects of food quality; and the medical, energy, and industrial uses of agricultural commodities (Pardey et al., As a consequence, the additional cost will be larger in OECD countries even if the impacts of climate change are the same.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	96c55348477897a976884c1a34a60517	In addition, primary prevention activities such as tobacco control programmes have also had a real impact on CVD mortality. A number of countries have used the so-called IMPACT model to explain the changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates observed in a population. This model, developed by academics at the University of Liverpool, uses longitudinal data on major population risk factors (smoking, high systolic blood pressure, elevated total blood cholesterol, obesity, diabetes and physical inactivity), and from medical and surgical treatments to quantify the contribution that treatments and risk factor reductions has made to the decline in CHD mortality (Capewell et al.,	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	96c60a91c5dea1f223a458148886ee96	The hospital sector appears less effective, with the death rate within 30 days of hospital admission for an acute condition (heart attack, brain haemorrhage, stroke) being about twice as high as the lowest rates in Europe (Westert et al., Access to care is facilitated by the comprehensiveness of the basic mandatory health insurance scheme and by the lowest copayments in Europe (Table 2), securing that only few people forgo medical visits for financial reasons (Westert et al., In addition, essential care services are available at short distance to almost the entire population, while waiting times for almost all treatments are below the agreed acceptable standard (known as ‘Treek norms’) (NZa, 2012).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	96c9373c3d8a282815ad3d58ba9f8848	For the other 10 houses, it is economically beneficial to have individual treatment plants, as their connection to group treatment plants will be quite expensive due to their location. This approach is efficient from the environmental point of view, since the treated wastewater from each rest house will be used to preserve the surrounding natural landscape. It is also planned to construct a WWTP on the bank of the Dalarik River.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	96c9b39af8809a127b06f0b942351e41	Using as basis the common structure of this total sample, a set of JRR replications is defined. Each replication is formed such that when a unit is to be excluded in its construction, it is excluded simultaneously from every wave where the unit appears. For each replication, the required measure is constructed for each of the cross-sectional samples involved, and these measures are used to obtain the required averaged measure for the replication, from which variance is then estimated in the usual way.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	96cc484c766af22da0a4ea0cfeedbc5f	The ruling outlined the ‘horrific consequences’ of child marriage and said there had long been a 'lack of common social consciousness’ on the problems faced by girls who marry early. The case defines ‘child’ pursuant to Article 81 of the Constitution to mean a girl or a boy under the age of eighteen years. Therefore, no child i.e. a boy or a girl under the age of eighteen years, has the capacity to enter into a valid marriage in Zimbabwe.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	96d0371415aa6de866974e446d5134a3	Regulations for agricultural inputs are largely in place, w'hile those for encouraging efficient natural resource use and preventing pollution are being developed. Basic rural infrastructure is accessible. While agricultural extension services are operational, policy frameworks to facilitate agricultural research and development are at an early stage. Monitoring and evaluation activities are limited - indeed, a few economies lack key agricultural statistics.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	96d2f5202b9d3df4c7af186a27e12623	An example is the Eastern Scotian Shelf ecosystem that suffered from overfishing of cod and other ground fish, and consequently became dominated by crustacean and small planktivorous fish in the early 1990s (Frank et al., Despite the ban on fishing since 1993, the ecosystem on the Eastern Scotian Shelf has failed to recover to its former composition of fish. Thus, both fisheries and climatic perturbations may have important consequences for the composition in ecosystems, including the seabed community composition and biodiversity (Worm et al., These losses occur at two levels: depleted fish stocks imply that the cost of finding and catching the fish is higher that it needs to be and fleet overcapacity means that the economic benefits of fishing are dissipated due to redundant investment and operating costs. The cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades associated with overfishing is estimated to be in the order of USD 2 trillion (FAO, 2009a).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	96d33eb28be81511ddbb7fb7af93cc63	It assesses developments in international sustainability and climate change-related policies based on green economy examples. Looking at innovative measures that combine environmental and social objectives, it analyses the potential of eco-social approaches for promoting innovation and transformative change. When carbon emissions are factored into the measurement of development levels, country ranking can change significantly.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	96d4e624d3159d048c7ad9cbfa881c3e	Malawi and Mozambique both adopted land redistribution policies favouring the landless and de facto occupants, while Niger’s 1986 rural code provides for mechanisms to resolve land tenure conflicts. Decentralization was achieved through land boards in Uganda, rural councils in Senegal, land commissions in Niger and land committees in Lesotho (UNECA, 2005: 129-166). Wider access to land through land reform and/or more secure rights (whether individual or collective, proprietary or not) creates better incentives for agricultural investment and is therefore likely to result in increased employment in agriculture. The mix of measures to be enacted naturally needs to be adapted to local conditions, the local institutional setting and local traditions. Nevertheless, since the mid-2000s several LDCs have been entering into lease or sale agreements involving large patches of land for commercial agriculture development by foreign investors (so-called “land grab” operations), without fully privatizing land markets.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	96d584c449f13bddbd9f3c6f4734c4ae	This has involved setting new institutions such as basin agencies, giving WUAs managing capacity to administer both capital assets and water resources, and transferring the financial responsibility of running districts and collecting charges to the WUAs. Research has shown that between 1990 and 1996 government water subsidies and tariff deficit had gone down to 15% and 13% respectively, from 35% and 26%. By 1996, 372 WUAs had been formed to control water delivery to nearly 3 million ha. During this time water prices increased by 45-180% and government operation and maintenance (O&M) subsidies had been removed, but some researchers claim that O&M charges are too low (equivalent to 2-7% of the gross product), and that maintenance may be suboptimal in many cases.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	96d672f2b038706b8fc0b7b71b0dec0e	Since the enlargement of the European Union to 25 countries in 2004 and then to 27 countries in 2007, this problem of ‘the meaning of the median’ has become more pressing. A relative income poverty line based on 50% of median incomes will inevitably struggle to reflect this new diversity. Figure 3 illustrates the problem. This shows, for example, that the 10 richest countries have poverty lines that are higher than the median incomes of the 10 poorest countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	96de38bb522ddd9d65d52df57ae6ef75	The electricity price is key. All things equal, the higher the electricity price, the lower the relative contribution of carbon finance. Therefore, whatever the targets agreed upon will be, the role of implementation mechanisms is fundamental. Several proposals have already been put forward and they are being discussed by the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	96df4ab479f4b49ff182e02b508f1a3c	These policy initiatives are not equally relevant in all parts of the world and additional analysis will be necessary to tailor policy packages that best meet the specific needs of each country. Data for Argentina should be interpreted with caution due to the state of emergency in the national statistical system declared by the government of Argentina on 7 January 2016 (www.boletino/icial.gob.ar/pd//linfeQR/QIFISld)nVmpOWXMrdTVReEh2Zl;U0dz09). The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), published by the OECD Development Centre, is a multi-dimensional index that combines quantitative and qualitative data to capture both de jure and de facto gender discrimination in social institutions, through information on laws, attitudes and practices (for additional information, see ivunu.genderindex.org). The average rate of change in OECD countries would be even lower if one did not include the fast-changing Latin American countries that are also OECD members (Chile and Mexico).	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-443a6582-en	96e05c536ae4c2f5e574d841bb9a5d41	The IAEA uses ICTs to support Member States in improving the functionality, safety and security of existing and new Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) to ensure Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) and improve Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9) by managing complex nuclear lifecycle technology systems. However, the applications of nuclear techniques - and the IAEA's work -in fact extend far beyond just nuclear energy. The IAEA's work extends into the education and training of health professionals in nuclear medicine techniques (SDGs 3 and 4 on health and education, respectively), monitoring of marine contaminants (SDG 14).	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	96e3a13cf9fba7e0602c12ccf7fa1ccb	Last-resort guaranteed minimum-income programmes (GMI), such as SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, formerly food stamps) or TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in the United States, and “Social Assistance” benefits in most European countries, have seen relatively few explicit changes in benefit amounts, although benefit levels have frequently not kept up with earnings growth so that GMI recipients are likely to have slipped further down the income distribution(notably Finland, Poland and Spain). After 2007, benefit erosion continued but tended to be less rapid, mainly because average wages growth was slower. The United States was an exception to this pattern, with a moderate post-GR increase in SNAP benefit levels relative to average wages.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	96e69e13e66d54c927246aeeb6ede808	Young people are now virtually excluded from state support as benefits for those under 25 have been removed. Pensioners and the ill or disabled are still supported by pensions and welfare payments but the low levels of these benefits means that they increasingly rely on private insurance or pension payments. Among the working age, in-work poverty is a substantial issue and income is increasingly unstable.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	96e6e7c97c7a7ef09811286f087e8cfe	Over the last two decades, thanks to the implementation of four consecutive comprehensive programmes called ProAire (Box 4.1) there has been a dramatic reduction in local air pollution (Figure 4.5). Since 2003, the levels of SO2 and CO have not been above the limit established by the Mexican Official Norm (NOM) of 0.130 ppm average per 24 hours and 11 ppm average per 8 hours respectively. The levels of lead (Pb) have been below the accepted limits since the component was removed from fuels in 1997.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	96e7781631a269b3f00c4bc5d8c3a8e0	Figure 2.14 shows the locations of accidents in the selected hotspots for 2009-13. The map depicts about 1 000 individual accidents (black dots) with overlaps when several accidents occurred at the same location. Dark blue lines indicate expressway and light blue lines national highways in 2012. For example, local governments responsible for the area where the hotspots are located are typically less affluent than other local governments.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	96ead85fb2c745f353f510a687480c1c	Affordable housing is necessary for the social integration of immigrants and for local development (Collier and Venables, 2013). Accessible transport systems help migrants to access work which in turn sparks off economic development. Investing in social inclusion strategies is necessary if migration is to pay dividends in terms of economic benefits for cities (Qlaglar, 2014). With the renewed enthusiasm among international communities and scholars to rethink cities, city mayors and urban policymakers are starting to see immigration reform in major destination countries like the United States as an urgent economic imperative for cities.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	96f4236a348b3b2c9fecc417dc983cc0	However, the interactions helped to create good foundational relationships that allow for ongoing contributions to policy processes, thus enabling SANBI to make inputs when the CARA revisions do occur. While intentions to create a biodiversity-friendly red meat label were hampered by a limited market for such products and a complicated value chain, broader aspects of biodiversity good practice have been successfully implemented. Subsequent projects, such as the Meat Naturally Initiative implemented by CSA, have learnt important lessons from these pilot projects. These initiatives are showing promising financial returns for biodiversity-friendly grazing practices.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	96f5240594a6cb949613ee5f0b39eb5f	Competition among environmental, social and economic interests is generally stronger in cities, as urban protected areas are likely to be on high-value land that can be used for urban expansion (Box 5.4). For protected areas to be established and managed effectively, consideration must be given to all these conflicting interests so as to avoid environmental, social and economic losses. This is one of the main areas of progress represented by SNUC.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fd217899-en	96f8c2c297c9d2ae472f9c1fc9cd656e	Rates vary by use; commercial and industrial users pay more than drinking water users and farmers, while hydropower companies and fish farmers pay the least. Large state companies have challenged the enforcement of this decree. Individuals and companies wishing to further their CSR programmes and/or reduce their carbon footprints were encouraged to make donations to fund PES programmes.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	96f93c3b2824e86614639901e7da4145	In contrast to these and similar developments throughout the world over the last decade, the Israeli system of higher education has been lagging behind in implementing a policy of co-operation between higher education, industry, the individual employee and government. Reported reasons were the competition among institutions for a limited pool of students and the lack of a credit transfer system. Higher education policies emphasise the important objectives of differentiating the missions of institutions and discouraging unnecessary programme duplication.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	96fa4ce59ba76f843d8832552e886519	Simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary. Skill creation and re-skilling activities in green growth are delivered by Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Penang Skills Development Centre. Skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	96ffa7f23ef15198e766baecf1d52bc3	There are local branches of the EBWC active in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah (Sharjah Business Women Council, 2002). The main objectives of EBWC are to: lobby on behalf of UAE women entrepreneurs; facilitate research into the problems of women entrepreneurs; and function as a platform with national and international organisations interested in supporting UAE women entrepreneurs.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	97006d6eaa621cbfba37bd6117c21fc9	In Mexico, support based on farm input use accounted for 45% of the PSE, while market price support was the second largest component with over one quarter of producer support. Input subsidies in this country are directed predominantly at the lowering of energy, insurance and price hedging costs for farmers, as well as for investments. Amongst these, energy subsidies are the most distorting support, although they are provided within an overall support level which is around 12% of gross farm receipts.	2	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599147-15-en	97031845b5f7a4cb358898e86195045a	Section 13.3 presents a discussion of historical and ongoing efforts of regional co-operation. Finally, Section 13.4 puts forth areas of possible future co-operation and suggests ways in which this can be achieved. The four countries not only share important social-economic characteristics but they also face similar challenges in terms of the provision of energy services.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32ea1505-en	97056e9d8418caf1b9cb18de4249b46a	While all female-headed households with outstanding loans used land as collateral, male-headed households also used livestock, houses and other property (UNCTAD, 2014). Major obstacles include target groups’ lack of awareness and inability to comply with lending requirements. Cooperatives and other civil society organizations could serve as a bridge between these lending institutions and individual women; but establishment and registration procedures are often cumbersome and involve high transaction costs, and civil society organizations often lack the financial and human resources necessary to perform such a role on a large scale (UNCTAD, 2014).	5	4	4	0.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	970651f0910ee092fe83a2e95b60e8e2	Culture and political economy are intertwined. While the former calls for public education, changes in attitudes and religious reform, the latter requires structural change without which it will not be possible for women to achieve sustainable advances. Women in these countries, as in many other locations, are suffering due to instability and conflict, gender-based violence, exclusion and discrimination in work and education.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-19-en	97098a06509d5be0d49e6bb3f0fb4af4	The university sector has 25 institutions which are members of the Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas, CRUCH (Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities) and which have traditionally enjoyed different treatment and a much higher status than newer private institutions. The governance and quality of tertiary education are currently the focus of reform: draft bills on the oversight of higher education (Superintendencia de Educaddn Superior) and changes in the accreditation system are under development. The Ministry of Education also sets reference fees (Arancel de Referenda) to calculate the maximum student aid package that students are entitled to receive.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	970ab2669df91cabe1949abb2065e9cd	A 2002 multi-state accord between NIRPC, SEWRPC, and CMAP, amended in 2008 to include the Southwest Michigan Regional Planning Commission, already exists and has been described as an “historic agreement in which the planning agencies have committed to work together as they consider major environmental and economic issues, enabling planning at the watershed or aquifer scale without the limitation of traditional political boundaries” (NIRPC, 2011). The accord originally led to research and projects related to regional water resource management, for example, the establishment of the Southern Lake Michigan Regional Water Supply Consortium in 2005 (CMAP, 2010b). More recently, the directors of the four constituent regional planning agencies have discussed coordination of projects to develop regional trails, with progress described by CMAP (2010c) in its report on regional greenways and trails in Northeastern Illinois. To facilitate regional co-ordination on transportation, the Tri-State Region would benefit from a long-term, cross-border regional transportation plan.	7	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264303119-en	97113a7b62b64b1ce85be860478a6f6c	External cost accounting, by its very nature, will always allow for alternative viewpoints. Coal, for instance, does emit a higher level of radionuclides than nuclear energy. The estimate of the impacts of hydroelectricity on biodiversity seems small when compared to anecdotal evidence. Such uncertainties show that more systematic as well as policy-relevant research on the external costs of power generation is needed.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	9715b4aeddc48d8e86444fc1f69d76dd	Since low-skill offshoring is more prominent than high-skill offshoring, on aggregate, engaging in a wider backward participation is associated with lower wage inequality. When it is a low-skill (high-skill) task that is received, then the labour-augmenting productivity effect pushes the wages of low-skilled (high-skilled) workers up thereby reducing (increasing) wage inequality. However, in this instance it is the high-skill effect which dominates and therefore being the recipient of an offshored task tends to increase wage inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	971b5133893866a720b5f07d923b4720	"The featured examples illustrate how the application of telemedicine to a health-care system not only promotes accessibility between doctors and patients but can save on construction costs for new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas, which thus can help reduce national medical expenses. However, to initiate ICT-based health-care service delivery, governments in Asia and the Pacific need to first establish related policies that promote telemedicine. In featuring how some of those technologies are being applied, this report first looks at the trends and the socioeconomic impacts of the ageing population in the Asia-Pacific region. The report then concludes with recommendations for applying ICT when working with older populations. In 2047 - for the first time in history - people aged 60 years or older are projected to outnumber people aged 16 years or younger (OECD, 2015). Globally, the ""oldest"" population group, at 80 years or older, is growing at a faster rate than older persons in general."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	971d5f261e0f4d430118bb4783199c68	This inequality is a further reflection of the persistence of the culture of privilege and its new norms. While in 11 of the 18 countries included in figure V12, the capital cities displayed less inequality than at the national level, in the other 7 the opposite was the case. The tendency towards declining inequality recorded in the region in the 2000 decade was also visible in the capital cities. In 10 cases, The Gini coefficient decreased by more than 1 % per year in 10 cases, and by more than 2% in 5 (La Paz, Managua, Lima, Buenos Aires and Panama City), as reported in Jordan, Riffo and Prado (2017).	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	971d88be2b826b31545f135a8efdd2b5	Elementary occupations” is the title of major group 9 in the ILO classification system of occupations. It comprises, inter alia, street vendors, shoe cleaners, domestic helpers, building caretakers, messengers, doorkeepers, garbage collectors, hand labourers, etc. However, in recent years the bargained minimum wage has risen well above the statutory minimum wage, and was 25% higher by 2012, reducing the signalling effect of wages and thus not stimulating demand for unskilled labour (Box 2.1).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/4a27e063-en	971f3c6818396ef2cb5f3cb61afd6d1e	The Strandveidar is an open-access system running from May to August. The system is effort and output regulated and allows operatorsto catch 650 kg demersal fish pr. When the monthly catch limit is reached in one of the four areas the fishery will close down until next month. The participating fishers are either without ITQ or must have finished their ITQ allocations before entering the Strandveidar.	14	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	972095d2d96015f05f71435c5aae3a68	The first section presents the initiatives, including areas they cover and how they work. In the second section, a SWOT-analysis of the initiatives are undertaken, allowing us to identify strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) across initiatives. Finally, in the third section of this chapter, examples of best practices from various initiatives are provided. Information on the initiatives were extracted and placed in the two appendices. Appendix A presents all initiatives that were part of the initial screening, including the name, responsible authority and the period the initiative is/was active. In Appendix B, those initiatives included for consideration in this report are found.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	97223c1d3cfbf08c95058769ef7de8c0	Consequently, no statistics are available on the contribution of major sources by sector to the city’s air pollution. Even though the implementation of the automated environmental monitoring system for major emission units was mandated in the Environmental Protection Regulation and Decree No. The city will need to work with the Department of Industry and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to make a roadmap and allocate sufficient resources to systematically install real-time monitoring stations (air and water) at major IZs, ICs and the port, to identify and measure major pollutants and make the information accessible to public.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9723e308325275fbe5dbcd5818abce30	This also requires aligning aid by sector, with internationally agreed development goals and country priorities. Meanwhile, donors need to increase the predictability of their support, reduce fragmentation, and invest while keeping long-term national goals within view. Overall, there should be improved coordination and accountability.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	9724174ce946020220f7eca13bf404d6	In the medium term, technological changes play a more important role in explaining growth. In the long run, risk factors, such as obesity, and changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases also enter the picture (Thorpe et al., Factors influencing the future trajectory of health spending include demand-side factors, such as ageing and the health status of a population, income growth, and consumers' behaviour; supply-side drivers, such as technological progress and changes in treatment practices, productivity, and health prices2; and regulatory factors, such as institutional characteristics of health systems and their financing'.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	9725d201ea96019a1d662c82b0125b9a	Rice is an excellent product because it contributes to all self-sufficiency rates (food, energy, nitrogen and feed) and to income. Conversely, vegetables such as onions, carrots and sweetcorn are ignored despite having high economic values. Additional energy: no additional energy sources were considered when obtaining biomass energy from rice straw, hull, livestock excrement and willow.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmbphh7s47h-en	972bbb5a6508e1a63e9d185c7903e7ca	Clotfelte, Ladd, & Vigdor (2008) arrived to this conclusion through the estimation of a model with student fixed effects, that minimizes possible bias, using data from North Virgina at the high school level. After ruling out alternative explanations (like prior achievements, or socio-cultural environment), they find a positive relationship between teachers’ college ratings and test scores, as well as a positive relationship between teachers’ degrees, coursework and certification and student outcomes in mathematics. Good, Grouws, & Ebmeier (1983) were among the first analytical study of the links between teachers’ education - and in particular in-service education - and student performance. This study wanted to put into evidence the impact on students of their mathematics teachers’ continuing training. To do so, teachers were assigned randomly to either a control or a treatment group.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	972ce34cf5a6ec4edcc7bd16459fe5d6	And commercial development in suburban locations can often impact on the economic strategies of the city. The city hinterland also supplies essential services, such as the supply of food and drinking water, flood management, and waste disposal. So, city governments need to take an interest in land outside the city boundary' - if possible to deter urban sprawl, development that may increase flood risk and the need for transport infrastructure. Equally, local governments outside the city need to reflect how the development of the urban area will place demands on their plans and land use. David Audretsch’s book, Everything in its Place, sets out a framework for strategic management of growth in a place-based approach; but across multiple places, big and small, how' can development planning help to avoid unwarranted externalities and thus achieve the best overall outcome in use of land? How could the national need for sufficient new homes be reflected in the totality of local plans, while (reflecting the views of those who elected them) local planning authorities were reluctant to designate sufficient land to deliver a “fair share”?	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	972d2d78b2b7e51f5d61e420ff1103b0	It will be important for local adapters to be able to produce lower-cost versions of imported technologies and adapt imported technologies to domestic markets and circumstances. In the Hyogo Framework for Action and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the international community identified the need for external financial support for local adaptation and disaster resilience efforts, including through the mobilization of resources for dedicated multilateral funding. Scaling up and reforms require action in three areas.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188617-en	972ea9d999c0ee947f6681d2fc648b93	The extent to which super-grids will be developed, remains, however, uncertain (see the barriers for investment in transmission capacity that are discussed earlier in this report). However, to which extent the system will actually evolve this way is difficult to predict. Smart grids have many features and may serve various purposes.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	97363d58bc74822a589b45927567ac85	The priority in measures to achieve equality of opportunity ex ante is to grant all citizens a fair chance of making the most of their skills, talents and efforts. Inequality of outcomes can be reduced through progressive taxes, service provision, and by targeted income support policies, such as minimum wages, which aim to empower the relative poor to participate more fully in society. Greater equality of opportunity can be fostered by addressing education inequalities and gender discrimination and by providing a level playing field for marginalised groups like rural inhabitants, ethnic and racial minorities, and informal workers.	10	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	9738d95548376e55005c14eff7b008fc	This chain of co-ordination and co-operation between agents can, if measures are taken, minimise risks (and associated costs) and maximise the value, reliability and speed of the supply. This restricts opportunities to harvest the abundance of tropical fruit in Seychelles and reduces farmers’ ability to sell surplus fruit to hotels and restaurants. To buy locally would be a dream’ — unequivocal support and preference for local produce over imported goods was clearly expressed by the hoteliers interviewed, so long as the supply was consistent.	12	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	9739cbe1f1a72e04738c31418963dd33	Digicel found that money transfers between Apia and other parts of Samoa were effective and sought to make such national transfers international. Digicel launched its Mobile Money service in Fiji in mid-2010 and in both Tonga and Samoa in 2011, at the same time reducing the cost of mobile phone ownership dramatically, making it available to a much larger number of people, and setting up networks of agencies to provide credit services etc. Money on the phone can be used as a mobile wallet to buy food and household goods, pay bills or send Digicel Top Up credit or withdraw cash and purchases and cash withdrawals can be made at over 300 participating stores and service agents throughout the Pacific islands.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/97ed059a-en	973a6415bb75521a0add392f441a4cc1	To do this, in the calculations and analysis carried out in this document (unless otherwise specified) the Centre region should be understood as “the Centre region excluding Yaounde” and the Littoral region as the “Littoral region excluding Douala.” In the ECAM survey, urban areas include cities with at least 50 000 inhabitants; all other localities are considered as rural. According to this logic, 36.24% of Cameroonians were urban in 2007 across the entire population, while this figure was 30.7% for children aged 0 to 14. In the general census, however, any town with over 5000 inhabitants and all towns which were the administrative centre for a county were considered as a city.	1	8	2	0.6
10.1787/9789264283268-en	973a901fe2130344235340edbaa00646	Alcohol consumption and smoking rates have not declined and are among the highest across the EU. Obesity rates, although still lower than in many other EU countries, are on the rise for both adults and adolescents. Encouragingly, smoking rates among adolescents declined in recent years and Austria is finally catching up with other EU countries in terms of policies for the protection of nonsmokers, for example by introducing a comprehensive smoking ban in restaurants and bars. National Action Plans on Nutrition and Physical Activity were put in place to counter the rise in obesity.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	973adb6e4e5a155e67ccbe2abcf8bf92	Attempts to systematise health technology assessment, w'hich is not generally carried out in Costa Rica, have also failed. The inability of the Ministry of Health to hold the CCSS and its providers to account has already been discussed. In turn, the ability of the CCSS to reform is significantly constrained by professional groups.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	973c543ba13e1fd49213f12b0a2901a6	While participation rates for men (81%) are close to those observed in peer countries, female participation (71%) still lags behind rates observed in the selected countries (75%). Each component is projected out to 2060 according to long-term dynamics and convergence patterns between the countries. Speed of convergence depends on the initial position and structural factors such as product market regulation. The baseline specification assumes that these returns to education are the same for all countries and that educational attainment (measured by average years of schooling) of the 25-29 age cohorts improves by 1% per year over the projection horizon.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	97407893561084161a843100e605bdf4	This general behavioural pattern limits the employment of women, whose professional occupation may be viewed as “optional” vis-a-vis men’s duty to be the breadwinner. This factor, in turn, may contribute to an increase in women’s unemployment relative to men’s. Each spouse retains individual ownership of assets brought into the marriage, and assets obtained during the marriage are registered in their individual names.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	97419001b09545aa2961e536381c0482	The earlier the privation and the longer its duration, the greater the potential impact on the child. The difference between the two is illustrated in the diagram below. The household with the lowest income in the street lives at number 1, the second poorest household lives at number 2, and so on up to the richest household in number 15. In the example given here, this comes to $60,000. In this example, the median income is $40,000 (the income of house No. Imagine, for example, that the two richest people in the street, living in houses Nos.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	9741a9b9aaa406ed241383dcc031881e	This is a sizeable change in a short period of time. In 2012, Mexico extended compulsory education beyond low'er-secondary education to include upper secondary school, w'ith the goal of making it universal by 2022. Drop-outs remain an important issue, and one that has attracted considerable public attention.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/92aef047-en	9745ff35aaafaa8dc25d8b8a83046235	The respondent countries identified both (a) priority areas for action on gender equality, and (b) requirements for accelerating implementation of the Platform for Action. Achieving gender parity across leadership and decision-making positions is seen, by the respondent countries, as requiring identifying women with the potential to lead; investing in building the capacities of women to occupy leadership positions; engaging “male champions”, and employing special temporary measures, such as quotas, affirmative action and targeted funding. Other identified areas for attention include reducing the gender pay gap, accounting for women’s unpaid care work, advancing the rights of women engaged in the informal sector, fostering entrepreneurship and making decent work a reality for more women workers. Action on violence against women is seen as requiring the existence and implementation of normative frameworks comprised of policies, legislation and strategies, along with a position of “zero tolerance”.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	9746a84c03ad33860b9898aa7a958cfb	However, there were no major differences in the types of positions they filled, with the exception of under-secretaries, where the proportion of women fell slightly from 13.5% to 11.6% (see Figure 5.8). It is noteworthy that secretariats of state headed by women do not necessarily have more female under-secretaries (UNDP, 2012). Data from IMMUJERES reveal that, in 2011, consultancy appointments account for the highest percentage of women working professionally in the FPA - 38.6%.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	9746af7fc4b48db552337b6d7c1bd51a	Only through gradual public education can the perception issues surrounding this potential use be addressed. Stakeholder engagement can also exert a strong push towards increasing the accountability of private actors and public authorities. A menu of options should be considered to strengthen existing mechanisms when they have proven effective, and develop a larger consultation base that can support inclusive water policy, with a positive impact on the willingness to pay and financial sustainability of the sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	97481db7126a41caf7eba3910e4a32f8	They serve as refuges and produce seeds and seedlings for specific reintroductions or reinforcements, as well as for storage in the IGB. The purpose of the 2006 botanic gardens law is to support and strengthen these gardens, and to allocate financial resources for their activities. About 15 botanic gardens currently qualify for this support. In 2007, the Center treated 1169 injured terrestrial vertebrates, mainly birds (88%) (MoEP, 2008, 2010a).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	974b34884989d9b2090ddb93f2c02b8b	Similarly, the seller can rate us as trustworthy buyers. Teachers there are judicious and selective in using technology in their classrooms, but they embrace technology when it comes to enhancing and sharing professional practice. When I visited Shanghai in 2013,1 saw teachers using a digital platform to share lesson plans. That in itself is not unusual; what made it different from other places was that the platform was combined with reputational metrics. The more other teachers downloaded, or critiqued or improved lessons, the greater the reputation of the teacher who had shared them.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	974b3acebfb50f5b227fdcdc77b9d8b1	The city should also implement measures for decreasing motor traffic and controlling tourism pressures. A set of indicators for urban and architectural heritage components needs to be established. In order to maintain the World Heritage status, George Town needs to protect its “outstanding universal values” (OUV) including the trading settlements at the crossroads of civilisations, historic towns paces with a range of shop houses and townhouses and the hubs of living multicultural heritage.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	974d7a5478c695af46b93b6280d84099	"How can policies, laws and regulations contribute to the elimination of existing inequalities and promote equality between women and men in participation rates, the distribution of resources, benefits, tasks and responsibilities in private and public life, and in the value and attention accorded to masculine and feminine characteristics, behaviour and priorities? Are there barriers to women’s access to training, advisory services or other activities that would strengthen their economic participation as employers and employees? A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, http://ec.euroDa.cu/soc ial/BlobServlcl?docId=4376 &langld=en: Bremer, J. (2009), ""Introducing Gender Analysis into Regulatoiy Frameworks”, position paper prepared for the first meeting of the Gender Focus Group of the MENA-OECD Governance Programme on “Addressing Gender in Public Management”, American University in Cairo, www.occd.org/dataoccd/54/50/43088074.pdf."	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	974dd32d8c7681018614e4ed9b4e20cc	The main contributing gas is CO2, followed by CH4 and N2O. The CO2 emission trend reflects fuel consumption and therefore show's a decrease in the period 1990-2000. However, with the reviving economy, CO2 emissions grew constantly until 2006. From that point, there was a period of stabilization until 2009 when there w'as a slight drop in emissions, mainly related to the economic crisis and the consequent decline in transportation.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	974f4ee0227fbb6f0f4980f09d68e0b0	In part, this is a legacy of the apartheid government and more recent attempts at redress (Bray et al., Ongoing work in Malawi (Amoaten et al., This could be due to poverty, lack of real educational opportunity plus lack of jobs, and gendered power relationships. However, the regional picture is varied and complex.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	974faed7193950f5ef43de8b0b53bfcc	Vulnerability is assessed by considering six “life-supporting sectors”: food, water, health, ecosystem services, human habitat and infrastructure. Each sector in turn represents three cross-cutting components: the exposure to climate-related hazards, the sensitivity to those impacts and the adaptive capacity to cope or adapt. Exposure is measured by projected changes in (not levels of) the following components, some of which are due to projected climate change: cereal yields, population, water run-off, groundwater recharge, deaths from climate change induced diseases, length of transmission season of vector-borne diseases, biome distribution, marine biodiversity, warm period, flood hazard, hydropower generation capacity and sea-level rise impacts.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	9750157be28fd2f2a3e9f2ca60515502	Subject to this caveat, Table 3 shows that, like social expenditures, total government revenues have also increased on average across OECD countries (from 33 percent in the mid 1980s, to 34.7 percent in 1995 and 35.8 percent in 2005). But, unlike in the case of social expenditures, the shares of the total that are typically accounted for in redistribution studies, have gone up as well (from just under 35 percent of total revenues in 1985 to just over 36 percent in 2005). Some of these direct taxes are much more progressive than others. Personal income taxes employ progressive tax schedules (even if they have become flatter, as shown in the next section), while social contributions can be regressive, consuming a bigger part of the incomes of low-to-middle income earners than of higher-income groups.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	97520dcc2ec1e9a979bfde58f7114fe3	Private storage in local villages and at the regional level can better match local supply and demand but are often discouraged by high material costs and a lack of credit. Policies to improve the investment climate, to strengthen farmer organisations and local co-operatives, as well as extension services should be encouraged. They provide instruments to transfer price risk, enabling commercial participants to hedge their products/purchases against the risk of fluctuating prices.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	975957de59e44ef38f671e39c0652ac4	It reached 35 vehicles per 100 inhabitants, which remains well below the OECD average and the vehicle ownership rate of most OECD countries (see Annex l. A and Basic Statistics). Nonetheless, emissions of CO, NOx and particulate matter (PM) from mobile sources decreased significantly, thanks to stricter vehicle emission standards, improvement in road vehicle technology and widespread use of ethanol in cars (Figure 1.9; also see Chapter 3).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	97599da27071c5c93eabef7d63c473dd	This shows the scale of the potential impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development over the coming years, if policy-makers foster market and investment sustainability. This transformation is fuelled by emerging solutions — enabling the Internet of Things -such as AI, big data analytics and Blockchain, which all present important policy questions and challenges, including policy and ethical questions linked to safety and security, data privacy, legal accountability and liability, as well as their potential impact on employment and skills. Data on revenue is expected to change as technologies converge towards the delivery of multi-play services, blurring the line between revenue streams generated by fixed and mobile business segments.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	975e4f3791f8d739e57e6e3a6deb4535	It is critical to reducing the national import bill and enhancing the international competitiveness of the economy’s export industries. This is probably a common problem shared by small developing countries that are dependent on imported petroleum. Indeed, it is arguable that even those that are endowed with petroleum would be wise to diversify their sources of energy, because their endowments of this non-renewable resource are limited and they have to share the responsibility of reducing the discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Supplying organically grown food to the tourist industry will be yet another way of greening that industry.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	975ef78a0cbe4889ba9421c74025e1e7	Increasing agricultural productivity plays several releases labour for employment in roles in the archetypal process of structural transformation. By reducing the more productive sectors. These linkages underlie the traditional view of increasing agricultural productivity as a precondition for industrialization (Boserup, 1981; Rostow, 1960; Timmer, 1988; Kuznets, 1966; Baumol, 1967; Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny, 1989).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	97622fab9a6c6495556298504d6ab13c	From the 1990s onwards, population issues also started to play an increasing role in the country’s development plans and projects (Al-Qutob, 1994). In 1993, Jordan’s cabinet approved the National Birth Spacing Program and in 1996, government agencies were requested to implement the National Population Strategy, which included, among other areas, maternal and child health, family planning and birth spacing (National Population Commission, 2000). In the five-year development plan for 1993—1997, the staffing of primary health-care centres with nurses and midwives was one of the key strategies for raising the quality of health care, directly benefiting maternal as well as child health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	9764e954a7049c7653975500b4af11bd	If investments in provision for mild-to-moderate disorders will reduce sickness absence and presenteeism (see subsections above) it makes good economic sense. Some large Japanese firms are already getting involved in promoting wellbeing and preventing ill-health. The National Federation of Health Insurance Societies also carries out activities such as information sharing and awareness raising making efforts to help identify mental distress amongst their employees, and advice around encouraging employees to seek help for mental distress.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	97667eac56e4d03c36143e91e36f5198	Significantly fewer focus only on adaptation (4 initiatives) or mitigation (1 initiative) (see Appendix B). Several of these approaches have been found to contain various benefits in relation to climate change and agriculture, e.g. increased mitigation of emissions or larger adaptive capacity. These benefits are identified in peer-reviewed literature, and based on local experiences, on-the-ground tests, and various evaluations of such agricultural approaches and practices5. Success stories of CSA include water harvesting in the Sahel and Drought-Tolerant Maize for African farmers, the purpose of which is to make crops more climate change resilience and mitigate the GHG emissions related to agricultural production (Neate, 2013; FAO, 2017b).	13	3	7	0.4
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	976a1294d68e39e90a2e20fffd3e0718	Statutory requirements under the EU Birds and Habitats directives insofar as they relate to sea-fisheries are implemented through secondary legislation. Gross Value Added (GVA) and gross profit increased between 2011 and 2012. The major factor driving this overall increase in economic performance was a higher estimate of total income in comparison with other years and reductions in non-variable and capital costs experienced in 2012.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	976a51c884ad438c3e9eeae85bc4065c	It could aim to investigate innovative long term financing options and more directly engage the local business community, community groups, labour and environmental advocates around a vision for green infrastructure that will generate good-paying jobs and reorient investment towards green growth (see Box 9). Move Sydney Green would be a forum to hold the NSW and federal governments accountable for delivering sustained and strategic infrastructure investment to the region. For example, the Australian Conservation Foundation and Australian Council of Trade Unions identified renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable water systems, biomaterials, green buildings, and waste and recycling as six growth markets in their Green Gold Rush report.140 The NSW Government’s Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 sets forth a goal of w'orking with “councils and business to develop a renewable energy design and manufacturing cluster and a sustainable housing service cluster. The effort should avoid being overly broad.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/028f7d06-en	976fd0ffb007152077fe9f0b2609d251	For example, Frey and Stutzer (2002) noted that gains in subjective well-being level off once GDP per capita tops US$ 10,000, and Diener and Biswas-Diener (2002) found that the correlation between income and subjective well-being is far smaller in more developed countries. Diener and Suh (1999) observed a correlation of 0.62 between mean purchasing power12 and life satisfaction in the countries under review. But they did note outliers like Japan (high income and low subjective well-being) and poor countries whose population did not report extremely low satisfaction levels.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	976ff26659c21ecf7e76c42fb39b69e3	The existence of the cheese plant makes the dairy industry in the immediate region viable because it is the sole market for raw milk. However, while fresh milk cannot be exported, it is possible to transform the milk into a stable and higher value product and ship it out to distant customers. Cheese is an ideal transformation since it results in a high value product that is easily transported and has a long shelf life. Most importantly, Mennonite Cheese is clearly a local brand that reflects the local population.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	9770b3a00528d12c59fa66007bc9f226	If the global stocktake increased links to (non-UNFCCC) analyses of lessons learned, it could also help to indirectly enhance adaptation. Including a synthesis aspect would help to identify lessons learned (in terms of process, institutions, actions and/or funding), and therefore help to identify promising options for the future. This is because many countries have not identified in communications to the UNFCCC what their adaptation needs are (in terms of actions and/or support), nor what would constitute effectiveness of such action.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	9773ce8dd9c66b6d574286203d0e5d5c	Thus, multilateral and bilateral providers of support will continue to play an important role in implementing climate-related projects. To enhance such policy coherence, the EECCA countries first need to take stock of existing and planned policies in the country, and identify any misalignment. The countries then explore potential areas to improve coherence across such policies. Policy frameworks and measures to be examined could be broad and markedly different between countries, ranging from adaptation and mitigation, finance and investment promotion to competition, and other environmental and development issues.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	977b785090e0613b841fdcc86637838b	The court ruled that: the investments made by the squatters in the Nariva Swamp were destroying a protected area; that they were not property improvements and therefore could not give rise to an equitable interest in the land. The Main Ridge Forest Reserve in Tobago has the distinction of being the oldest forest reserve in the western hemisphere, having been declared in 1764. The reserve was established expressly for watershed management purposes (Toppin-Allahar, 2001). However, the forestry legislation, as noted by Toppin-Allahar (2001), is directed at the regulation of production forestry on publicly owned lands and weak on the issue of deforestation on private lands and watershed management, including the control of forest fires.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	977d29dbf6f2a62bab55047271966a5d	Moreover, PES staff seem to be reluctant, or unable, to sanction workers with long benefit entitlements at the time of mandatory retirement for failure to take up job opportunities. It may not be reasonable to expect them to do this when, as discussed below, benefit levels are high relative to re-employment wages. This applies to situations when the date of separation is predictable from the terms of a fixed-term contract or from the firm’s habitual mandatory retirement age. This plausibly contributed to the stabilisation of the LFS unemployment rate. In the future, other approaches that tackle repeat unemployment without lowering benefit coverage could be considered.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-2-en	977e283c9bc328b4e8b222664682df18	Achieving cost recovery targets, developing water pricing and trading mechanisms, clarifying water entitlements and changing institutional arrangements, need to be underpinned by more and reliable information. Encouraging examples are the monitoring of minimum water flow rates in rivers as part of environmental planning, and comprehensive river basin assessments being undertaken in a number of countries. However, considerable information and knowledge gaps still remain. This encompasses data on the sources of water used; improved calculations of the physical and economic efficiency of water use in agriculture; and a better understanding of the links between on-farm water use and off-farm environmental impacts.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	977f7d707b43f74a9802df83c291f19f	They conclude that the evidence constitutes an empirical puzzle and that no general consensus has emerged so far. The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers is defined as the difference in the concentration coefficients for income before cash transfers and taxes (i.e. household market income) and after cash transfers and taxes (i.e. household disposable income). The redistributive impact and the inequality measures are for late the 2000s, except for France and Ireland, which refer to the mid-2000s.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e428e6c6-en	977f95b46302e49a1c3eaf4d58fbc99f	The lines in the figures are the linear regressions of the variable in the vertical axis and the variable in the horizontal axis. The slope of the regression line is statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Note: a takes a value of 0 for the poverty rate, 1 for the poverty gap index and 2 for the poverty severity index.	10	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cefc94d2-en	978a77e59bc519b2d51115ab5e60a335	The General Assembly in its resolution 70/1 called for increased support for strengthening data collection and capacity-building and committed to addressing the gap in data collection. Given this substantial gap, strong focus should be placed on efforts to generate and collect reliable country data and information to monitor progress towards achieving SDG 7, especially for countries with special needs including small island developing States. Enhanced regional collaboration on capacity-building to implement SDG 7 should also be prioritized.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	978ffc62c7081cf37b273820130ac298	Annamaria Tuske is a statistician working on the India Desk. Mathilde Didier, Caio Guimaraes, Marie Rabate and Gen Tang are masters students at Paris ENSAE who prepared their thesis on this topic under Ms Sorsa's supervision. This working paper is based on material prepared for the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of India published in November 2014 under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC).	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	979004118c5c2c4bda3d2a7f0985d082	It appears that unemployed women are also better educated than unemployed men. In Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, women with a tertiary education are more likely to be unemployed than those with lower levels of education.7 In Algeria and Jordan, 52% and 65% of unemployed women respectively are university graduates, compared with only 11% and 21% among men (ILO, 2016). Vulnerable employment, defined as the share of unpaid family workers and own-account workers (ILO), is higher among women than men in Egypt and Morocco (Figure 1.7).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	9794843241c7234983a509f83188ce21	"The unintended consequences of long working hours (cont.) The years in which employees are expected to climb the corporate ladder coincide with parenting years, especially among women, as their fertility window is more restricted. Workers are often forced to choose between bringing up young children or putting in ""face time"" at the office."	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6d59148f-en	979561762e83fc24be9ffb1a26139ae1	To the extent permitted by its national laws and regulations, each member of the Commission shall establish arrangements for making available to prosecuting authorities of other members of the Commission evidence related to alleged violations of the provisions of the Convention and any conservation and management measures adopted by the Commission, including information available on the beneficial ownership of vessels flying its flag.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	979587f612b5ffaaf71f944f2e1abee6	Southeastern Wisconsin regional plans for the year 2035 address land use, transportation, water supply and quality, flooding mitigation, open space, and natural resource preservation. The NIPRC Comprehensive Regional Plan 2040 addresses growth patterns, transportation and environmental and green infrastructure. Green growth efforts in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region are also being driven by several other analyses prepared by different consulting firms or non-governmental organisations analysing the state of the green job marketplace, and analysing opportunities and impediments to expansion.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/02e538fc-en	9795b47efa452612da5237393c7738ba	However, they are typically not included in the System of National Accounts or - in the case of activities like fetching water/fuel - are is theoretically included but often not well documented or accounted for (Folbre, 2018). In this paper, unpaid care work will be used to refer to unpaid care and domestic work. Globally, women spend three times longer on unpaid care work than men, ranging from 1.5 times longer in North American countries to 6.7 times longer in South Asian countries (see Figure 1). Research using the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI, see Box 2) finds that this unequal distribution of caring responsibilities is deeply embedded in social norms that view unpaid care work as a female prerogative (Ferrant, Pesando and Nowacka, 2014).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d75b687f-en	9797a019d565bac025ec783b1f37a755	The growing importance of ecosystem services in global policy development can be seen in the Paris Agreement on climate change, emerging REDD+ activities,1 and a range of global and regional initiatives, commitments and programmes. These include the Global Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests; the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Biodiversity Targets; the Bonn Challenge; the New York Declaration on Forests; and the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 15, which refers to sustainable land and forest management. The need to ensure the sustainability and enhance the supply of goods and services from forests and other tree-based ecosystems is gaining increasing policy attention and work on the ground.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	979a8a82994d4cbc06a3a94704a42004	Even though these hold schools and school leaders accountable for performance. There is no comprehensive overview of the i various self-evaluation activities, which may involve a wide range of different methods of data collection, 'olves an external review by the municipal district council. The appraisal of school principals can take place at the local level, but is not mandatory.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9f9d5d8d-en	979cde241b3345ee0dac20f0b0c09872	"Among several adverse implications, they can lead to a deceleration of economic growth, hamper efforts aimed at eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, and weaken bonds of solidarity at the community level. Inequalities of outcome also correlate with political capture, especially by vested interest groups. A disproportionate political influence of the rich over policymaking increases rent-seeking activities at the expense of the broader society, hence undermining the global aspiration of ""leaving no one behind"". The chapter presents new research on the drivers and costs of income inequality in the region.3 Owing to data constraints, the chapter primarily focuses on income inequality at the regional and country levels."	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	979d5ea727fd3bf0e59d89fb6ed4979e	So far, they have been an important instrument to increase the geographical outreach of federal policies, enabling firms everywhere in the country to access information about existing policies and programmes. In doing so, they have also become a vehicle for the formalisation of the shadow economy, a stumbling block to the development of Mexico, as participation in public programmes is a common way to allure informal businesses in the regular economy. Being managed by intermediary organisations, CMEs also facilitate the local rooting of these organisations. If a drawback is to be singled out, this is the shortage of competition in the selection of the intermediaries running the centres. The very large majority of the centres are managed by the three main employer associations and chambers of commerce, whereas the implication of a more heterogeneous group of intermediaries should in principle result in better terms and conditions for the client firms of the centres.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	979dd0d0ba550cce0ee01b7e2706ce81	"Migration as an Adaptation Strategy and its Gendered Implications: A Case Study from the Upper Indus Basin.” Special issue on ""Gender and Sustainable Development in Mountains: Innovative Transformations,Tenacious Resistances. ""Mountain Research and Development 34, no. No Easy Exit: Migration Bans Affecting Women from Nepal."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264212664-en	979f75321cfa93f24979ba7b6510558e	Other important issues relate to, inter alia: whether or not the planning is done in a co-ordinated manner with incoming flow of projects on electricity generation from renewable resources and whether the planning is done in a way that reflects natural resource endowments. These are treated in the public governance section of this report. In Tanzania, the state-owned utility company TANESCO has passed through an excessive fraction of purchase costs to consumers, causing electricity tariffs to rise by 70% between 2008 and 2012.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	97a0d05c50053a1dbe6c5f41200bee21	"If they are thrown back into the sea (“discarded"") they do not survive (with rare exceptions) so although they may conceivably provide food for some other species they do not help the conservation of their own species; nor do they contribute to satisfying market demand for fish, so more fish than are needed for this are caught. Rather than throw them into the sea a vessel may hope to land them illegally or transfer them to an intermediary who will land them in a port outside the national or EU jurisdiction. One is that they are not wasted and the other is that they are recorded. The disadvantage is that there is some economic incentive to over-fish, which seems counter-productive. The Norwegian view is that allowing discards while penalising landings provides an economic incentive to systematically fish for large and higher priced fish and systematically discard “unwanted"" fish - so-called ""high grading"". However, the EU did introduce a ban on high grading in the North Sea in 2009, Furthermore, a vessel’s record of overfishing can be monitored and the economic incentive removed in the case of persistent offenders."	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	97a3ecb406dd709cc9d4922f841ac6ac	Gender Evaluation Methodology for Internet and ICTs. Giving everyone a voice and a say in the formulation, implementation and evaluation is the first step towards an inclusive development initiative. It is important to plan activities taking into account the daily timetables of both men and women, and not to overburden them with extra activities.	5	0	10	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	97a3f624e6ba9afd6f5e56765fef664e	Creating the incentives needed to expand access to credit and insurance markets is an example of government activity that would contribute to reducing the structural inequalities constraining the capacity of people to diversify their livelihoods and adapt to climate change. Climate change resilience will demand that social, economic and ecological systems become capable of reorganizing so as to maintain their essential functions, identity and structure, while also maintaining their capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.19 This will pave the way towards sustainable development—as long as the structural inequalities that drive poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability are addressed. At the same time, it identifies concrete areas where national efforts will need to be supplemented through enhanced international cooperation. The chapter builds upon the idea that climate hazards and inequalities are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby those hazards affect people experiencing socioeconomic vulnerability disproportionately.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	97a5fe9a29a373d58d9ad524dff18069	Between 2015 and 2017, six countries show an annual reduction of 3% or more in poverty rates. In Chile, El Salvador, Panama and Paraguay, over half of the rise in poor households' income came from labour income, while in Costa Rica and Uruguay increases in contributory and non-contributory transfers predominated. In some countries, especially Chile.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	97a7d821c575c720b685eaba77fe3cf7	All participating corporations, hence the public and private organisations that purchase or receive allocated certificates, could join the network via an application. Accordingly, these actors engaging the platform would not validate certificate transactions. Once all regulatory, compliance and administrative requirements are set, tokens representing quotas of emissions could be created on the blockchain and held by the responsible regulatory authority of each participating country. Covered organisations in the private and public sector could then be registered and (digitally) on-boarded to the platform.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	97a9a3f7944b99ed203717f3605eb636	While some of these are natural increases, the most significant changes have most likely occurred through migration. The percentage of increases in the Malaysian and “Other Bumiputera” populations far exceeds the increases in the Chinese and Indian populations, increases that most likely reflect a deliberate policy for ethnic redistribution and migration of labour from other parts of Malaysia to Penang. While the pattern of these changes has been consistent over the past forty years, the pace of change has accelerated in the past decade. A concern about out-migration is a main issue for the Government of Malaysia.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	97acf90bc8b6ccc1bb31abe1c7bcf060	These include, among others, the co-ordination of policies on food security and sustainability, regulation and economic tools to correct market failures such as the lack of integration of costs related to environmental externalities, the funding and orientation of research, technological transfer and adoption, and the participation in international science and research co-operation. Governments also need to provide support to innovative experiments and outreach. There is a need for strengthened links between policy and research, where policy needs drive research activities in order to be properly informed by the research outcomes. Governments are actively involved in international standard-setting where improved cooperation is required.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	97adfc8ea1c74d9f6654bf52a89139e2	This is due to the fact that in Ghana food prices are predicted to increase much more than non-food prices whereas, in both Burkina and Cameroon, food prices decrease in comparison with non-food prices. In Cameroon, this difference between food/non-food price changes is such that hunger rates under the crisis are even slightly lower than those observed in the base-year. Children in Burkina Faso, already with the lowest school participation rates, are the most affected with a reduction of up to 0.8 percentage points in school participation and an increase of their involvement in work of nearly 1.2 points. In decomposing these results, the situation is even worse: the fall in school participation is entirely driven by a reduction in the “school/no work” alternative, while the rise in child work is the result of an increase in the “no school/work” alternative.	1	4	0	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	97ae30bc10518f0468a62e6c46a039b9	For instance, it costs 2.5 times more for an economy of South-East Asia to trade with Africa than with North America. It is also comprehensive, covering 178 countries, including a wide range of developing countries, over the period 1995-2010. A clear policy implication is that South-South cooperation could be improved to lower trade costs.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	97aeca6cdfae0c8b6e16e6a368b9873d	The Directorate-General of Customs and Excise offers a facility whereby eligible exporters can reclaim import duties within seven days (WTO, 2007). It had previously become a contracting party to the GATT on 24 February 1950. As part of its URAA commitments, Indonesia agreed to bind 100% of its agricultural tariff lines.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4e17cc4e-en	97b147e067be39bd684fbcd9afda76c6	Injury is both a welfare issue and a cause of increased mortality, for example in seals (Allen et al. A comprehensive review of marine litter impacts on migratory species has been published for the Secretariat of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS 2014a). Brown mussels expressed stress proteins, had signs of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage; and effects on lysosomal integrity (Santana et al.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/56f09402-en	97b4ec2a2865034e9bfd66b9bc7cb4fc	It highlights the sweeping changes over the past 15 years and identifies patterns and new trends within these changes. But the fundamental objective is to show stylized trends in the major changes that have taken place in social protection systems designed to serve adolescents and youths. In this exercise, special attention is given to progress in terms of coverage, the challenges in terms of access and benefit stratification, achievements in terms of adequacy and quality and the most noteworthy approaches regarding financing.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	97b4ee8876ad22e28fb41cc60ff6e187	This figure is a compilation of paleo sea level data (purple), tide gauge data (blue, red and green), altimeter data (light blue), and central estimates and likely ranges for projections of global-mean sea level rise from the combination of models for Representative Concentration Pathways for a scenario that corresponds to above 700 ppm C02-eq but below 1500 ppm) (blue) and a worst case scenario (red), all relative to pre-industrial values. These data confirm that the rate of rise has increased from low rates of change (on the order of tenths of mm/yr) to rates of almost 2 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century, with a likely continuing acceleration during the 20th century. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. Stammer and A.S. Unnikrishnan, 2013: Sea Level Change. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	97b67475d007dfa8f2d767e181964176	The central government accounted for 57% of government expenditures and 89% of government revenues (OECD, 2016a). The Ministry of Finance is transferring part of the national budget to all local governments. The General Allocation Fund (DAU) and the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) accounted for 51% and 5%, respectively, of regency and city revenues in 2015 (OECD, 2016a); transfers also dramatically increased, from USD 9.1 billion in 2001 to USD 43.7 billion in 2011 (Ritonga et al.,	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	97b886a1dd08b7dcb8e5d81c46552a8f	They should also establish the research capacity necessary to assess the effects of climate or environment change on fish stocks and aquatic ecosystems. ( Some countries consider that fisheries management can be improved, under the responsibility of the administration, by the active participation of management bodies and by the use of management instruments that enhance fisher’s sense of shared involvement in solutions. For some other countries, co-management frameworks that provide for input from fishers are considered to be valuable by providing improved user right and stewardship over the resource, in addition to being a valuable source of information.	14	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	97c410dfca828ccd1be3a7a2ef175435	The importance of subsistence harvest in the Arctic emphasizes the need to include this aspect of the Arctic economy in a measure of material well-being. Even when the traditional activity is less important in providing real income, traditional pursuits maintain cultural significance. It is projected that there will be significant impacts on the availability of key subsistence marine and terrestrial species as climate continues to change, and the ability to maintain one’s material well-being may be affected and may necessitate adjustments in hunting and harvest strategies as well as reallocations of labour and other resources.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	97c46dfce1f6c07eaf1be2da8de02a7e	"The advent of ""big data"" within the agriculture and food sectors could therefore open new and promising opportunities, including for service providers. At the same time, there are some policy challenges, such as those related to data protection and data property rights and to the control of air space when data acquisition takes place via unmanned air vehicles. Consumers may distrust certain technologies, and individuals may undervalue the notification of livestock diseases. There is a strong need for the better showcasing of the benefits of innovation while improving citizens' trust by encouraging a frank and open exchange on potential risks, based on the scientific evidence available, and considering the different approaches which exist across countries with respect to the precautionary principle. This also includes a need for continued efforts to maintain or enhance scientific standards, including those on transparency, notably in the event of conflicting scientific results."	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/14bb75d6-en	97c4ac9c76996d5dcf7f2643ddf30ea8	For women, it is very important that the definition covers the full range of the work they do along the fish value chain, including in pre-harvest, harvest and postharvest. Local differences have to be articulated, and common interests need to be carried forward when defining policy and programme priorities. Given the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the sector, it is important to subject the definition to periodic review. This is likely to be a cyclical, interactive and iterative process involving rounds of consultation and debate (Jentoft, 2014).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	97c9e370bae463d430b9f9a6cdb4751f	Electricity production in 2015 generally declined compared to the early 2000s (by about 25%), particularly in Chisinau. This is closely related to the increase in gas prices. Energocom is a state-owned company and acts as a single buyer at nonregulated prices for imported electricity from Ukraine as well as from Transnistria. Energocom sells to RED Nord and RED Nord-Vest, or directly to eligible customers (Ener2i, 2014).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	97ccf5345388dc394c601bf6a0dae110	For example, several countries have adopted legislation that takes into account changes in family structure, recognizing same-sex marriages (e.g., the Netherlands,’36 Spain’37 and Uruguay’3*)’39 and civic unions between same-sex partners (e.g., Argentina,140 Chile’4’ and Sweden142). Thanks to women’s movements,143 many countries have also adopted or improved legislation to prevent and respond to violence against women. Civil Code, article 30, Book I, reform of 2001.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	97cdd040669cebb7e3b921f1925c68f5	Women’s empowerment is often defined in terms of traditional areas, including health, education and social protection, with less emphasis on access to public life and economic opportunities. Such an emphasis, however, risks narrowing women’s role in the society, which may pose constraints for women’s empowerment in economic and public life. The vision of this national gender equality strategy is to build a future that promotes progress “towards a human, sustainable and fair development based on equity and equality between the two sexes.” Its two strategic objectives are: i) to promote the participation of men and women in the elaboration, analysis and direction of policies in a just and equal manner; ii) to ensure that women and men benefit equally and fairly from government policies and development programmes.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	97d033bc2a1012c4b77b4619cc65970f	"The informal economy is a system in which the informal income of some is the informal expenditure of others. Institutionalising an informal activity reduces its already weak competitiveness in relation to imports, and/or lowers its employment level, even though labour is the abundant factor. Yet this does not mean that the public authorities should neglect this economy. Nwaka (2005) argues that ""what is needed is not less government, less control, or mindless deregulation of economic and planning activities, but rather a more enlightened, more participatory, and more equitable form of state intervention that eliminates needless restrictions, and provides a more appropriate and flexible regulatory framework that is compatible with local conditions and yet reasonably efficient and environmentally sustainable"". These activities need to pool resources and costs and require, more than large-scale enterprises, an appropriate physical setting or support from external savings provided by the local or national community. The practice of ""participatory budgeting"" is one example of this kind of management."	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	97d051044eefd7226cbce89afcbcd092	The Operational Programme (OP) for allocating this funding is targeted towards achieving both key national development priorities and the EU’s Europe 2020 objectives. It will support the reform of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and implementation of the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) in Germany. A comprehensive range of outcomes are being pursued within these objectives and include greater technological development, competitiveness, efficiency, safety, and environmental performance.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	97d3efef574b6e3fd946dcf3cfde9f21	An emerging trend in some OECD countries is the increasing use of fixed charges alongside volumetric components, or the progressive increase in the weight of fixed charges in the overall bill. Water pricing is also increasingly complemented by a range of other approaches, including abstraction and pollution charges, tradable water permits, smart metering, water reuse and innovation. Many forest resources are threatened by overexploitation, fragmentation, degradation of environmental quality and conversion to other ty pes of land use.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	97d9dbfe4eb2a9a7c84995452bf460f9	An innovative economy is based on interactive learning, information exchange, timely availability of finance and other resources, and coordination among firms, universities, research centres, policymakers and other actors. Building technological capacities can help developing countries “catch up” with more advanced countries, and innovation policy must play an important role in facilitating sustainable development. The present chapter argues that green sustainable development-oriented innovation policies should be an integral part of countries’ national development strategies.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	97db62a1c9914b0643bc38ad4bf06853	On the other hand, the self-reported data from the Municipal National Information System (SINIM) administered by the government agency in charge of regional development (SUBDERE) indicates a total debt of CLP 79 570 million. School Choice International - Exploring Public-Private Partnerships, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. La Agenda Pendiente en Educacion [The Pending Agenda in Education], Universidad de Chile and UNICEF, Santiago, w w w. uchile.cl/documentos/ elaqua_75179_1 .pdf.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb366761-en	97dd3410a4b5461666763b359c6507e3	Green urban infrastructure planning also may be integrated in territorial development planning to prevent risks related to heat and floods. In reconstructed urban areas, the focus should be on sustainable land management through denser development and modernization of buildings. This can be extended to improvement of water supply, sewerage and heating systems, to save resources.	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	97e1350dddd89ebf77f0cdcd86d01cd5	As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching and ECEC workforce, and making comparisons with other countries to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning (OECD, 2014b). They may also be called pedagogue, educator, childcare practitioner or pedagogical staff in pre-primary education, while the term teacher is almost universally used at the primary' level. Data sourced from the OECD’s Education at a Glance Indicators exclusively covers this category. Assistants are more common in pre-primary education than in primary education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	97e4a95ea9cc00255d7bc37c205a955f	Gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries except for Ireland and Spain, when relying on friends, and excepts for Luxembourg and Slovenia, when relying on the partner/spouse. In Panel B countries are ranked in descending order of male-to-female ratio getting social support from spouse/partner when looking for psychological help. Gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries. The gap between partner’s and friends’ support is largest in TUrkey, in Slovenia and in East-European countries such as Estonia, Poland and the Slovak Republic.	5	1	7	0.75
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	97e5f4727bb925a45f639c8c382b6274	While 96.8 per cent of men were full-time workers in 2011-2012, only 82.7 per cent of women were in that category (Figure 11-2). The improvement has to be seen, however, in the context of the overall decline in the work participation rate (WPR) of women in 2011-2012. The shares of such workers during 2004-2005 were 26.9 per cent and 33.6 per cent, respectively, for men and women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ad12659d-en	97e7044bb4adb3eb2d84d36708c58f7c	The guidelines open with a statement of the Government’s commitment, “to ensuring children’s rights and providing a healthy environment for the mental growth of children in all educational institutions of the country. Any direct or indirect involvement with any offence defined [in the Guidelines] shall be considered to be a contravention of the Government Servants (Conduct) Rules,1979 and shall also be considered to be a punishable offence. Penal action may be taken against any such person on a complaint of misconduct under the Government Servants (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1985.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	97e7827146331f7f6dbc543e6507afc5	Evidence showed that not only was poverty among children and adolescents more rigid during business cycle upswings, it was also more elastic during downswings. Most striking was that children and adolescents proved to be worst hit by crises, despite representing a shrinking share of the total population as a result of the deep-seated demographic changes occurring in the region. In short, child poverty decreased less than poverty in the total population and much less than that of older adults (Rossel, 2013; ECLAC, 2010), indicating that children and adolescents are seeing fewer benefits from the overall reduction in monetary poverty as has occurred recently.	1	1	7	0.75
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	97e87d03c09c24506fca0f970a560c58	The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. Identifying, locating and profiling the poor and deprived individuals in a society are the most basic imperatives for good social policy design. Understanding why people are - and remain - poor is the next analytical step.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	97e96f9eb825a558f8e3074514e5a445	’The DART system consists of pressure-sensitive tsunameters on the ocean floor and buoys on the surface. The buoys are equipped with an acoustic modem that receives data from the tsunameter sensors and a small data modem that transmits pressure measurements. Since DART leverages global mobile satellite coverage, the warning system itself is global.	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	97ed82f6e589507c1c21fc58835479e0	It calls upon States parties to take all necessary action, including legislation, to specify a minimum age of marriage (article 16(2)). The Committee recommends that States parties take effective legal measures, including penal sanctions, civil remedies and compensatory provisions, to protect women against all kinds of violence. It specifically recommends that legislation remove the defence of honour in regard to the assault or murder of a female family member.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	97f0379bac8e80a203b9edbd7408a162	This is the case of drinking water, where the protection of water sources is seen as more cost-effective than end-of-pipe water treatment. For example, starting in 1996, the municipality of Lons-le-Saunier (a town of 20 000 inhabitants) gradually introduced financial aid packages for farmers within a perimeter of 270 hectares (667 acres) of drinking water abstraction points. The aim is to encourage them to stop growing maize, make less use of plant protection products, stop using certain products, leave grassed strips, and cover the soil.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	97f0cbd63dd2534f76806b035a30676e	There is also evidence of a higher incidence of poverty and hunger among elderly people due to exclusion and dependence, especially if the extended family itself is poor. This may lead to reducing children’s consumption, especially for women and girls. Another potential result is pulling children out of schools and other similar measures that result in the intergenerational transmission of poverty and hunger. There are many other types of shocks, as well.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	97f8cce45c949a3f9071cf317b1a2e75	On the contrary, while electricity consumption has been slowing down, governments have accelerated renewable investments since 2008. The implication for Europe is that the residual demand to conventional generators in 2011 was equal to the level of 2002. In addition, the average price levels decrease, negative or zero prices can happen, and peaking units are running fewer hours.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	97fa2d45690eb9b6fd48ba130d09a2db	In most cases, these are embraced in reports or programmes that identify priority themes which are then translated into action. The Outlook identified a number of strategic goals aimed to achieve the objectives stated above. Most of the goals can be further refined for the global coastal and marine environment.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	97fa56aa540e52210912261be21b693b	However, as Wilson et a I. (2011) point out this would not be the case if storage operators are able to exploit price differential through inter-temporal trading. With “locality” restricted to the basket of intermittent renewable energies. Such a strategy would favour intermittent over dispatchable renewable (e.g. hydro, geothermal) energy. Moreover, it would favour renewable energy in the electricity supply industry over other means of carbon abatement.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	97fa6e6dbbb5e5442f30ab18173c765d	The local elasticity of demand for essential services, such as energy and transportation will determine the extent to which green growth policies drive up the cost of these services and, ultimately, price some consumers out of the market. Human capital can also shape the type and sustainability of green policies. While agglomeration policies are valuable in encouraging economic growth, policies cannot depend on agglomeration alone.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bf400991-en	97fb5b00521a7ff034f0987998e321c1	Based on the results of the metadata survey and the Pilot survey undertook in 2017 UIS is designing a detailed global data collection tool that matches the needs of the indicator. The 180 cities from 72 countries that currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively internationally. The report looks at the contribution of culture to urban sustainability, and the promotion of a culture-based approach to urban planning.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5db444d4-en	97fc73624819b0e9cf4277033acea7dc	This approach mainly focuses on ensuring gender equality in the workplace of suppliers. In Switzerland, this requirement relates to ensuring wage equality: the Federal Act on Public Procurement requires equality in the pay of men and women in all companies as a requirement for awarding government contracts. Companies of 50 or more employees are obliged to verify their compliance with this princinple.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	980191cfd53172414703f736265d7a22	Between 1990 and 2010, the area of forest used for environmental protection has grown four-fold (Table 2.3). The increase in forest cover is estimated to have absorbed almost 100 million tonnes of carbon per year between 2000 and 2010. The conversion of grasslands into agricultural land appears to be continuing, which could have adverse long-term consequences as soil erosion is likely to increase and, eventually, when soil nutrients are exhausted the land is at risk of desertification.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	9801be9e6815e1316f834cb65c398ab8	Wastewater treatment plants are required, by regulation, to discharge 0 kg of phosphorus (P) for new or expanded wastewater treatment plants. The amount of phosphorus removed is calculated using mathematical formulae, and dischargers must remove 4 kg of phosphorus for every 1 kg discharged into watercourses. The use of a trading programme improves water quality compared with traditional wastewater treatment since other pollutants are removed by the nonpoint pollution control methods, and not just phosphorus.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	9802625e0e11401a24941ab52e05dbfd	China’s official target for 1985 was 20 million units, but in reality their numbers fell to less than 4 million by 1984, as millions of the units were abandoned owing to lack of the necessary skills for maintenance (ibid.). Included in the review were costs, efficiency and technologies used. The review highlighted the wide range of cooking-stove models tailored to local needs, fuel supply, available technical skills and affordability.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	9802deb7d510f65e44c4b9e8985a4452	Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategies (APEIS) - Research on Innovative and Strategic Policy Options (RISPO) -Good Practices Inventory - Shift from Leaded to Unleaded Gasoline in Thailand. Available from http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/contents/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/ db/pdf/0097.pdf. An analysis of economic instruments for GHG mitigation in Thailand.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2fa96d20-en	9804c4cef18dcca814ec4d1e695ae3de	The Protocol focal points may be considered information multipliers as they can reach and motivate important target groups and potential supporters, such as policy makers, donors, media and the general public, to get them involved in the implementation of the Protocol. The objectives of the Protocol align closely with the objectives of the 2030 Agenda, and the Protocol can be considered as a precursor of several SDG principles such as universality, intersectorality, equity, prevention and safety. Org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2000/wat/nip.wat.2000.l .e.pdf.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	98057c44878bc103316d2023650c5aec	The Solar Electric Light Fund has successfully deployed water irrigation pumps powered by PV panels in Benin. The sustainable systems are expected to be cost-advantageous after 2.3 years compared to gasoline or diesel engines (SELF, 2011). Four main segments of the private sector that can play a leading role in improving access to electricity have been identified: large multinational manufacturers (vendors), utilities/ESCOs, local private companies (community-based), and NGOs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	9805acbdc0bfb3e6b20043dd7e0f050e	Following a territorial approach is complex but crucial for policy making that connects the objectives of equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability - each indispensable in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition. A striking feature of contemporary' economic development is unprecedented regional disparities, not only across but even more within countries. Within OECD countries, inequities between regions within countries are larger than inequalities between countries (OECD, 2016).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	98068039baaf28f491aa0e71b03b4d2f	The personal care service is generally a part-time provision, but a full-time service for children aged 0 to 2 years old is available. However, the service is used by only a minority of children - less than 1% in 2014. The data show n in the chart cover all children aged 0-5 (where age 0 includes those not yet born) on 1st January of the given year, and thus cover all children aged 0-5, plus any children w'ho have tinned 6 by the time of the survey.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	98073517ae9b55ffddb4f7a9669ae166	Integrated, holistic and linked data bases have been established in leading countries to match the records of crashes contained in police records with data from health, insurers and other sources to form a complete picture of the road crash problem and more recently the level of severity of injury occurring. These “matched databases” involves establishing memoranda of understanding between agencies to manage issue such as privacy and, integrity and confidentiality. Both the police report number and the real number are published annually since 1996.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	9808ce125f238132a1b96a20de7f92e0	Lower wage single parents with two children also face a negative tax burden for similar reasons (OECD, 2013c). This results in a high implicit tax on returning to work, due to the income tax and social contributions that would have to be paid, the elimination of the parental allowance and other income related benefits such as the housing allowance for low-wage earners, and the childcare fees that would have to be paid in the unlikely event that a place in a creche is available (Figure 2.13). The 2012 update is currently under-way but the changes in benefits and taxation in the Czech Republic are expected to leave implicit taxes on returning to work broadly unchanged.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	9809b80c0f16ffef6e133ad15e9aaddc	The Research Institute of Soil Sciences and Agrochemistry developed methodological guidance for monitoring land in Uzbekistan in 2000. It is implementing an extensive state programme aimed at describing all soil parameters at selected (“dominant”) plots throughout the country. By early 2009, studies had been completed in eight regions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	980af8654cf32be75806d83de789da01	Growth in social benefits reduces the overall child poverty rate, however it appears to have had no significant effect on the poverty risk of families with incomes far below the poverty line, such as in particularly single-parent jobless families. The main reason is that the income of these families is often far below the poverty line and that the cash transfers they receive are not high enough to lift them out of poverty. In addition, benefits seem to have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis in countries where the family disposable income has declined between 2007 and 2014.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	980c108f4f30bc1c08d690aa25e15446	However, there are mixed results in the literature of mental health treatment effects on vocational outcomes. The effect of medication on work impairment was higher than a placebo and psychotherapy, respectively. Moreover, work outcomes improved as the duration of treatment increased, which was not related to better symptom outcome.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	980c3a66763d34423b94c94cc440957d	These banks could be allowed to set their interest rates freely and fund input traders, crop buyers and processors. They include fertiliser dealers often lending at 4-6% a month and wealthier villagers or townspeople lending at about 10% a month. Pawnshops lend at about 5% a month with collateral (HKS, 2010).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	980da6c997470ae682f19f119c5c4e97	The government identified the expansion and improvement of the networks as a key priority, by developing a strategic plan for grid extension and - in line with the recent revision of the Energy Act - is establishing ten-year-plans for grid extension which are coordinated amongst operators on a national basis. This initiative is welcome as it ensures the coordination of the projects and may create synergies, increases transparency and enhances participation of all relevant stakeholders. Also while it will not reduce the need for grid expansion, smartening the grid could help managing unpredictable energy sources and generating efficiency gains as it improves demand side management.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	981126a46ba0f308878306abcac604f4	Finally, the report “Estimating the Constraints to Trade of Developing Countries” sought to identify the most important supply-side constraints to trade expansion and estimate their relative severity for trade and economic growth. The report uses the term “supply-side” constraints by contrast to “market access” constraints and applies it to the categories of economic infrastructure and building productive capacity used in the OECD Creditor Reporting System (Figure 1). The recent food crisis has elicited increased interest. The policy challenge confronting policymakers is to find an effective mix of policies that: (1) promote food production, in particular through productivity growth; (2) foster trade and the proper functioning of markets; and (3) address the wider development dimensions of food insecurity.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b656887e-en	98115f38fc8508371f051823c524143a	Adding income from production to property income (section 2) gives primary income. Total income is the sum of primary income and current transfers received (section 4); from this measure it is possible to obtain disposable income, which is total income less current transfers paid (section 8). Total and disposable incomes are the most commonly used income aggregates. However, to provide additional insights into the nature of poverty in a country or area, compilers of poverty statistics may also wish to make use of supplementary income measures, such as income before social transfers.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	981299b569c86e948f66301dfe148fc5	Using the data reported in Table 5 (column 2), averaging across years, and extrapolating trends for countries where available data cover only a short period, it can be shown that the Gini coefficient for market income has, on average, increased by 16% over a ten-year period across the countries shown. This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. For instance, and as discussed below, 16% is the same order of magnitude as the reduction in inequality among the non-elderly population that is achieved by the entire tax-benefit system in some countries (e.g., Switzerland or the United States).	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	9813d24f3fef13cf04fdc24f0824101c	For some bigger countries that share may be also well above 10 per cent (Paris and London) or around 10 per cent (Warsaw and Moscow). The rate is the higher the more centralized a country is with the capital city being the major business and industry hub attracting the various enterprises, while the jobs they create attract workers to move there. At the other end are countries with more decentralized or federal structures, like Canada, Germany or Switzerland, where the population of the capitals is under 6 per cent of the urban population, and where there are other cities with the role of major business or industrial hubs.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c30f3d31-en	98142be1b8fd0bbe1ebcfcc99915798f	Policy attention has focused on women’s own behaviour and choices, but women have been investing more in their education and participating more continuously in employment without reaping the expected benefits. It is time to focus instead on changing the environment in which women are making choices. This brief focuses on policies needed to change employment arrangements. This would involve: raising and extending minimum wage floors to reduce the penalties that come from being at the bottom of the wage hierarchy; improving the valuation of women’s work through strengthening legal and collective regulation; extending gender pay audits and action plans; and improving women's employment opportunities by developing progression opportunities in female-dominated jobs and sectors, and enabling mothers to remain in, or return to, employment.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	98159cbd224263ca9a671ad0d81cfddb	The pension formula was also made less generous with a reduction of the average accrual rate. Subsequent changes were approved in 2011 and 2012, including an increase in the statutory retirement ages from 65 to 67 for a full pension, a cut in monthly pensions greater than i,000 euros by 5-15 per cent (depending on income) and a reduction of bonuses previously paid to public sector employees (US-SSA 2011; 2012b; 2012C; OECD 2013). Italy accelerated the transition from defined benefit to NDC pensions.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	9819ef2f056bf446c1e63bd2312bf5da	In both New Zealand and Australia, improvements have been led both at the system level and by individual communities and schools. Where these efforts are aligned and mutually reinforcing, the impact is more positive than reliance solely on system-wide efforts or solely on interventions by individual communities or schools. The rationale behind compulsory education is that learning occurs primarily, (although not exclusively) in school, and that higher enrolment and attainment rates benefit both individuals and society as a whole (Lleras-Muney, 2002; Oreopoulos, 2006).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	981affa177891e33e7f7471bee27da79	The discussion centres around three principles which, when applied to the policy process, can prove helpful in facilitating adaptation and development, with particular benefits to disadvantaged groups. The underlying uncertainty of climate change, the locality in which its effects materialize, and the interconnected nature of various sectors require a policymaking system that is (1) coherent2 and integrated, (2) participatory and (3) flexible. The present Survey has noted, more broadly, that building consistency across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development policy is a core challenge that building climate resilience and achieving sustainable development will have to confront. Further, application of a better understanding of risks and priorities achieved through the engagement of local communities improves both policy design and implementation as well as development outcomes.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	981eb09d299fc3a3e0fe79471acfbcf9	Agglomeration economies (cont.) There is a possibility that contractual problems arising from renegotiation among buyers and suppliers will result in one of the parties losing out to the other party in a renegotiation. However, if the agglomeration is extensive enough, agents can find an alternative partner.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	9821c2703ee9b210b64666d4a47c4460	In these cases, the role of w'omen’s movements, other civil society organisations and activists is critical. For example, in Egypt and Tunisia, civil society has prevailed in preserving as many gender equality achievements as possible. In fact, Tunisia has adopted a constitution that is very advanced in terms of gender equality, although further efforts are necessary to ensure its effective implementation.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	98257c3497805ab6cabb6103ddd2b322	This has been achieved through liberal air transport policy as a catalyst for aviation growth coupled with extensive development of hotels, resorts, retail precincts and attractions driven by the Singapore Tourism Board (STB). The STB manages the Tourism Development Fund, a S$2 billion fund set up to support infrastructure development, capability development, anchoring iconic and major events and product development (Singapore Tourism Board, 2012). Taking advantage of global growth in cruise tourism, Singapore has completed an upgrade of its existing terminal facilities and the development of new facilities.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	982701925292738bb1f46b3d3de0b460	"Findings from the OECD Survey on Water Resources Allocation indicate that 60% of countries surveyed have recently reformed their allocation regimes. Over half of respondents indicated that allocation reforms are ongoing. In this analysis, ""reform” is understood broadly, to encompass both transformational reforms that can entail fundamental changes to significant aspects of an allocation regime, as well as incremental changes in the policies, laws, and mechanisms that have a tangible impact on allocation arrangements."	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/332a43d7-en	9828b4fd8dbb00824c920ade62bc8197	In this paper, we want to provide new insights into why it differs. Country variation in the skills of less-educated adults: One possible reason why less-educated workers may fare better in some countries than in others is that the skills of the group vary across countries (Heisig and Solga, 2015; OECD, 2013; Park and Kyei, 2011). In particular, we would expect less-educated adults to achieve somewhat better labour market attainment in countries where they have higher levels of skills.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	982c96d711f5adc0f0157eba35727634	Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of soil nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa and the use of chemical fertilizer and improved seeds is limited. More than 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest or semi-forest coffee. The three main regions from which Ethiopian coffee beans originate are Harrar, Ghimbi and Sidamo (which produces Yirgacheffe coffee).	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	983301c58372d56333e352098ea5ffd8	Some flexibility over pay may help adapt pay levels to the market situation in each city. This will result in pay differentials across different governments and cities, but not necessarily across individuals. The experience of OECD countries in this respect is wide and mixed. One issue for consideration is affordability, and whether SNGs have the resources to pay competitive salaries.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	9833dcec5ea69206c51aba70bc7f8f59	When considering a water quality risk they may resort to change in practices, including, drainage, dilution or treatment. In particular, changing practices will only occur if the costs of doing so are inferior to the risk avoidance benefits, and changing agriculture activity will only be profitable if the alternative provides more resilient and still viable revenue. This simplified illustration assumes a perfectly elastic demand and water risks are interpreted as a vertical shift in supply.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	983632a738ba909d7bf05cac1d81fbbf	This was later supplemented by the addition of cash crop agriculture, particularly cocoa and (to a much lesser extent) coffee (Gocking, 2005). To a very large extent, the trade patterns created from the late 15th century onward continue to this day. The British formally declared the Gold Coast a colony in 1874, which was accepted by the time of the Berlin Conference in 1884-5 (Boahen, 2002).3 At the Conference, the British reserved a rectangular area which consisted of about 500kms of coastline and about 1000km forest and savannah hinterland.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2017cac5-en	98363c60db679760577488d4803948be	"Only 1% are deprived in nutrition on its own, 1% are deprived in nutrition and child development but not in housing, and 3% are deprived in child development without being deprived in any of the other two. The biggest differences were observed for ""computer"" and ""internet"" in the information dimension (see Table A2 in Annex 1). Figure 5 decomposes the deprivation rate for nutrition, child development and housing (separately) into the proportions of children deprived in this dimension alone and the proportions deprived in this dimension as well as in two, three or more dimensions simultaneously."	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264088986-en	983656f389a4a584e44f3499eb9f518a	The national policy and the research universities emphasise academic excellence and global impact rather than regional needs. The lack of a recognised regional mission for higher education institutions which would include clear goals and a significant role for academic researchers and the college faculty is a weakness in the present higher education and innovation system. Furthermore, there is a lack of information and data on innovation performance within the private sector and also within higher education institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	9837708ef3410a514c0e76fe765b39ba	Moreover, within a sector, the objectives of environmental protection and improving water management sometimes conflict with each other (e.g. subsidies to fast-growing forest plantations aimed at carbon sequestration are sometimes at the detriment of old growth natural forests that better regulate water flows). This is particularly the case where water insecurity causes disruptions in globalised businesses’ supply chains. Not only are water risks directly affecting users (e.g. through the depletion of water resources), they also can result in significant additional use costs (e.g. increased abstraction costs due to groundwater subsidence). Moreover, there can be costs associated with damages to non-use values, such as the life-support function of water.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	983858fe7a8937fb7251447e1ccd12b7	However, while 40% of the total EU imports from Indonesia would be eligible to preferential treatment under the GSP, only around 23% are actually covered under the GSP scheme and the majority of the products are non-agricultural (Lord et al., Beyond mandatory requirements, private standards, such as GLOBALG.A.P61 certification, are now a de facto prerequisite for doing business with most European agro-food companies. The average import growth rate reached 4% in 2009 (Lord et al.,	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	983915157de70f520326b7607f425390	This added to uncertainty, and the interruptions coincide with dramatic drops in renewables investment in the US (see drops in installed capacity in 2000, 2002, and 2004 in Figure 23; for an elaborate study of the case see Barradale 2008). Thus, to make use of this privilieged tax regime, RE developers have to cooperate/merge w'ith large established companies, which provide the tax liability against which the PTC can be claimed. During the last decade three major policies have been implemented which we consider to support directly investment in physical capital.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	983a4c9727e2b01c1d7bd681424f23bf	Overall, monitoring and evaluation is still not in place in most economies, with little evidence of system-based approaches. Paying more attention to exchange of experience and good practice, both in local/national contexts and at a multi-country/regional level, will bring value not only to the education and training community but also to the policy environment. While partnership arrangements take different forms, a common factor is that key ministries and agencies, the business world, and other civic stakeholders come together to advance entrepreneurial learning in the economy.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	983fb441eed8501a3dea1b22c30350b1	They suggest a unified framework approach to forecasting the implications of climate changes for marine fish production which involves: (i) identifying relevant mechanisms; (ii) conducting a feasibility assessment of the implications of downscaling climate scenarios; (iii) evaluating climate model scenarios and selecting Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models; (iv) extracting environmental variables from climate scenarios and incorporating them into projection models; and (v) evaluating fish and shellfish production under a changing ecosystem. Recently, Zhang et al. ( According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) exploitation state summary of 441 assessed stocks, 77% were fully exploited or overfished, depleted or recovering (Kelleher, 2005).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	984291f9f865aaada65beb2648f87a9d	However, some important aspects of job quality, such as workplace relationships, can only be measured through individuals' self-assessment of their own situation; including such indicators necessarily entail some subjective aspects. The OECD framework does not however include purely subjective judgements of “job satisfaction”, as these may be subject to individual preferences, attitudes and values and are not easily amenable to policy. The building blocks of the OECD framework are tailored to specific features of certain countries (including data availability), while retaining the same conceptual foundations14.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	9846461bf624b1d8365b787be0517ee2	Even though such estimates need to be taken with caution given difficulties in estimating the income equivalent of in-kind benefits, it is clear that public services benefit poorer households the most. However, efficiency gains could compensate for lower spending. Better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages could contribute significantly. Reaping potential efficiency gains will be essential to preserve at the same time the quality of public services and fiscal sustainability. The income-increasing effect for reduced rent tenants is 41% in the bottom quintile and 7% in the top quintile.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	98484f00b19c73abdf1245565ce34106	To check the robustness of the findings, this paper also reports results obtained when ignoring interruptions in benefit receipt of two months or less. A first way of summarizing differences in spell durations is by plotting the average exit rate from benefits at various stages of a spell, i.e. the hazard rate of exits from benefits (Figure 10). In all four countries, hazard rates show a declining pattern indicating that the probability of leaving benefits in a given period (conditional on not yet having left in any of the previous periods) falls with increased spell duration.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	984a8ec4005c379140405614a359c356	Farmers and communities are also given access to extension services through the firm or through NGOs and donors. Producers negotiate prices with Honey Care Africa and are able to demand transparent information concerning costs, profit margins, etc. Donors and NGOs act as mediators and as guarantors of transparent transactions.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/17427635-en	984c7e83df1e89b3fb48a2ef507062ce	It is perpetuated by traditional and customary practices that accord women lower status in the family, workplace, community and society, and it is exacerbated by social pressures. The United Nations Secretary-General’s 2006 study on violence against women5 elaborates on the context and causes of this violence and on its forms, consequences and costs. The study dedicates a separate chapter to issues related to data collection and the gaps and challenges in the different sources of data used for quantification, with an emphasis on types of violence and ethical and safety issues related to population-based surveys used as sources. Furthermore, the study points to the fact that the development and use of common indicators on violence against women is critical for a full and comprehensive overview of this phenomenon.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	984cd4649ec52af4ddd5e1f348463e8a	These schools are often run by non-profit organisations but nevertheless fall under State supervision and are under the immediate responsibility of local authorities. In addition, there are vocational schools under the authority of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor that teach “traditional” trades, such as vehicle maintenance and construction, for the equivalent of Grades 9 to 12. The sector is relatively small, with approximately 13 500 students (in around 70 institutions). This is equivalent to only 3% of the total number of Grade 9 to 12 students.9 However, military service is playing a role in developing vocational skills, as for many conscripts it includes learning general skills in engineering and trades.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/efc21c19-en	984d37a6856b549298e67db3f6cd3ffd	The findings of this research reveal that online public service for women should go beyond merely providing an access to the existing national e-Government services, and design and implement targeted online services for women based on adequate assessment of needs. Findings of this research confirm that the gender objectives should include gender mainstreaming within the national e-Government framework, with an aim to bring about a more gender-friendly public administration approach. In addition, it is important to consider the potential of women’s online participation to transform the offline reality, using the e-Govemment as an important vehicle. The crucial elements of the application of ICT for gender equality in governance in this regard is to reinvent the public sector by transforming its internal and external way of handling activities, as well as its interrelationships with women and other actors in the society.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	984da024ea3f7fdf6e5b3719efd327b7	Some focus on emissions, others also cover climate risks. Some schemes provide a reporting framework, others leave latitude in the choice of a reporting fiamework and indicators. For instance, Ernst and Young (2014) found that institutional investors are often unable to identify what issues presented in ESG disclosures could materially affect shareholder returns. Similarly, investors have difficulty connecting non-financial and financial performance, and comparing across companies.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	984e8f6838bf62246cac5bf65b4a46d1	"The Marine and Coastal Protected Areas project, supported by the Global Environment Facility, will contribute to this goal. Federal protected areas cover nearly 60% of threatened flora and fauna species (Chapter 4). While Brazil needs to keep a tight focus on the Amazon biome, future efforts will need to concentrate on marine areas and the other terrestrial biomes, notably Cerrado and Caatinga, where protection through land-use zoning is low and the most future deforestation is expected (Soares-Filho et al., The ecosystem representation of conservation may appear more balanced once the set-aside areas, as required under the Forest Code, are implemented and monitored. It has also been driven by a desire to recognise traditional and local community rights. Since the mid-2000s, more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas have been created in the Amazon, including along the so-called ""deforestation arc” (comprising the eastern and southern edges of the forests in the states of Rondonia, Mato Grosso and Para) and in areas expecting road infrastructure development."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	984ff105accf430a8733f620567846bf	Policy makers continue to deploy targeted approaches such as subsidies and favourable tax treatments of specific technologies. Existing technology will progress, albeit at a slower rate, as the most cost-effective applications, with a reduced vision of large-scale deployment of variable renewables and supporting technologies. Progress on electric vehicle development as well as storage technology development and supporting business models is also slow.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	985344a9c0bfcb49d4d6b9e9409754cf	In the world’s least developed countries, every year about 15 million young people enter a labour force in which the large majority of workers suffer from unemployment, underemployment, or vulnerable employment (UNFPA, 2011; International Labour Organization, 2011). The rate of youth unemployment worldwide remains at very high levels, both in developed and developing countries (International Labour Organization, 2013). Youth unemployment is highest in North Africa and Western Asia (United Nations, 2014b). Almost everyone works some kind of job, but these are typically subsistence activities characterized by very low productivity.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	98547b5827e1a4f13a1e965009b772af	The aggregate TSE for Indonesia averaged nearly IDR 92 trillion (USD 9.9 billion) in 2006-10, ranging from negative IDR 52 trillion (IDR 5.4 billion) in 2008 to IDR 244 trillion (USD 26.9 billion) in 2010 (Tables 2.12 and 2.13). It is slightly lower than in China and Korea but much higher than in Japan. Given that Indonesia had a relatively low %PSE for this period it shows that for a developing country with a large agricultural sector, even if the level of agricultural support as measured by the PSE is low, the cost of support to the economy can be relatively high.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	985574833ecaa7e4e1bb704dd718603c	Each of the cells provides selected examples of public instruments that could affect groundwater management in agriculture. It, however, excludes private approaches supported by legal instruments, such as adjudication or litigation, that do not fit into any of the above-discussed categories. As noted in Chapter 2, just as groundwater systems are diverse and associated with specific challenges, not all options will be useful in all contexts. The next section proposes elements of a model to help identify factors of differentiation for choice.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264303119-en	9857ca8708166c65a1a33bb767ed1c60	In addition, large-scale solar power arrays are limited to certain high-insolation regions, like the American Southwest and Spain. Frequently, land-use values are low in regions witnessing the highest solar power development, i.e. arid regions with comparatively little agriculture and vegetation. The development of rooftop solar PV panels is also growing fast.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	9859d292f1f3bd2df194bfdef07331ed	The most egregious example of hyperfragmentation of water policy is the United States (see Box 2.3). In some countries (France, Spain) the intervention of ministries and public agencies is focused on strategic planning and priority-setting, as well as policy making and implementation, while in others (Canada, United States, United Kingdom), it is more oriented towards environmental regulation. Naturally, the role of central government in water policy is less important in federal countries that have either devoted most of the responsibilities to sub-national governments or totally decentralised their water policy making, as in the case of Belgium.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	985f3f11e78e47d6bdfc3515f71c4d8f	This chapter focuses on inclusive growth. The negative effect of income inequality on PISA scores is more closely reviewed by decomposing the total sample into two groups in order to see the degree of sensitivity of public provision of education services. Additionally, regional disparities will be explained under the frame of fiscal decentralisation. The empirical relationship between fiscal decentralisation and education expenditure/performance points out that education may be a more highly prioritised sector through the budget process in region/municipalities governments. This section constructs a stylised model to capture how decentralisation affects education outcomes.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	985f565ff02b69967ed3c6f32c49607f	Different disorders show different degrees of recurrence or persistence. On the other hand, inpatient data show only part of the whole picture. Patients in inpatient psychiatric care are a selected group. Inpatient data from Switzerland show that clinicians tend to overestimate the chronicity of their patients’ illness because of a relatively small group of patients who are readmitted very often (Frick and Frick, 2010).10 Diagnosis was strongly related to the risk of rehospitalisation and the duration between two consecutive inpatient stays, with a higher rehospitalisation risk as well as a shorter time until readmission for schizophrenia and personality disorders.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	98605dc43bea3ba459462eb98a9503fb	Equal contribution of men and women from the planning to the implementation of peacebuilding programmes is a precondition for enhancing the impact of local and international interventions and making the consolidation of peace increasingly just and sustainable (Chapters 2,10 and 11). Commitments to gender equality are thus an essential requirement for peacebuilding activities. However, while one or two programmes dedicated to the inclusion of women or women’s organizations may show symbolic goodwill, they do not substitute for a truly participatory process that capitalizes on the contributions of women peacemakers and responds to and advances women’s specific needs and experiences (Chapters 2 and 11). Individual requirements of specific groups must be analysed, understood and considered, particularly of those groups which are marginalized in peacebuilding processes and thus prevented from fully determining their own fate and making positive contributions to their society’s future. Being one of these groups, women have been marginalized and are now in need of proactive inclusion.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	9865befb53abf5771ab84c142443b956	Second, the entity in charge of examining appeals must be independent of the micro-institution that is responsible for making or implementing decisions. Three possible mechanisms of appeal are commonly used: mediation, based on the common agreement to look for an acceptable settlement (e.g. through a conciliation commission); arbitration, which transfers decisions to independent parties; and courts. Costs tend to be higher for courts than for arbitration, and higher for arbitration than mediation. Other characteristics of institutions that are generally desirable are the capacity to coordinate and delegate, clear assignment of rights and responsibilities, involvement of stakeholders, methods of appeal, and capacity to promote good norms of behaviour (Table 2.2).	14	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	986988eee4444a77962216378d725465	The 2013 OECD Reform of Social Welfare Programmes highlights the need for a more effective system of governance of such programmes. The acceleration of the rationalisation of social security funds, and further consolidation of the remaining ones, is a critical priority in this regard as, despite steps towards consolidation, merged funds have generally retained their own structures. The recent transfer of the overall responsibility of social welfare programmes to one ministry (the Ministry of Labour) is welcome (OECD, 2013b). The recent creation of a National Register of Beneficiaries of social and welfare benefits is a positive step towards data exchange, but it needs to be accompanied by an upgrading of the ICT competencies of funds’ employees.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	9869d62396e9ab3cfe46febb0c77c474	Grassroots innovators often operate as informal businesses. Given their importance within national economies, however, policy makers would do well to foster innovation in their local context: in 2007, the informal economy amounted to 14.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in China, 45.1% of GDP in Colombia, 25.6% in India, 20.9% in Indonesia and 31.7% in South Africa (Schneider et al., The informal sector employs 84% of the non-agricultural workforce in India, 60% in Colombia, 33% in South Africa (International Labour Organization [ILO], 2011) and 68% in Indonesia (OECD, 2015a).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	986bf1c76b5a5c06f4093a0782372d90	"Given Viet Nam's Green Growth Strategy it is very likely that further steps will follow when perceived adequate. Announcing policies in advance of their implementation, or introducing a tax at a low rate and increasing it year-on-year can give business and individual consumers time to adjust to a new measure. Indeed, the ""announcement effect"" may generate environmental improvement even before such policies are implemented (OECD, 2006)."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	9872972fc432f58970144a7c66456ae8	The availability and quality of transport, condition of public spaces, and safety while moving around and accessing urban services and the workplace or school are crucial factors in the lives of women and therefore affect their chances of increasing their autonomy comprehensively (Segovia, 2016). There are also studies on gender inequality in access to transport (United Nations, 2005). Hence, there is a dynamic approach to time use linked to the spatial dimension, to the degree that it takes into account the schedules and time necessary to carry out certain activities or access and effectively use public services, spaces for recreation and participation, educational institutions and places where paid work is carried out. This is reinforced when, as policies are being designed, attention is paid to inequalities in access and effective use that affect households and persons (particularly poor women) whose social and geographical positions seriously compromise their ability to manage time as an asset to take full advantage of opportunities and resources and to achieve autonomy and well-being (Rossel and Hernandez, 2013).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b505e041-en	987d518accf1564d4344ff3fd65b8ba5	This will help shed light on the contributions low income areas make to the city’s entrepreneurship. This paper also makes an attempt to understand the demographic and income earning characteristics of the urban poor. It examines if the sociodemographic and other characteristics of the urban poor determine their contribution to the city’s economy, society and governance. First, a literature review to document that this is really unchartered territory is presented.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	988328d58a3be46d241204885e3822e4	According to the most recent survey from INSULA and the Tide Forecasting Office, 14% of the historic city is flooded by the time water level reaches 110 centimetres.3 Indeed, areas of historic Venice start to go underwater when water level approaches 90 centimetres. The probability that INSULA can raise pavements and reinforce banks by 2014 is highly improbable given recent budget cuts. In 2009 and 2010, the funding averaged EUR 16.85 million per year and has been falling since 2003, when INSULA was allocated EUR 55.7 million.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	9884f6b8cd41cba2e96238026ea5753f	Part of the GBP 400 million pledged to improve access to psychological therapies will specifically help people from communities that find it difficult to access these services. In 2012/13 Time to Change, the Department of Health funded mental health anti-stigma and discrimination programme focused on working with African and Caribbean communities, ring-fencing 25% of the grants fund for work with BME communities, and build partnerships with BME organisations. It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat acknowledges that there are particular difficulties to achieving better mental health outcomes for people in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	9888eae2abd31890ab1ee3cb0b5c2077	The TRM approach also provides the option of modifying the 4 per cent basic royalty rate for high income countries in case the originator’s price is considered excessive in those countries, or does not properly reflect the therapeutic value of the invention (UNDP/WHO Guidelines, p. 85). Members have to make available in their domestic legislation means to appeal the decisions taken by the initial granting authority (Article 31 (i), TRIPS Agreement). Such appeals may be filed with a court or an administrative authority distinct from and higher than the initial granting authority. In addition to appeals relating to the authorization of a compulsory license, a court or a distinct higher authority shall also review any decision concerning the remuneration of the patent holder (Article 31 (j), TRIPS Agreement). As the issue of compulsory licensing is closely related to non-IP issues such as public health, it might even be more appropriate, from a public policy point of view, to have a general court review the initial authority’s decisions on grant and remuneration. In addition, the review authority must not be subject to control by the authority that initially granted the license and decided on the compensation.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	9889d0a81cf2467da5620977bfd9884b	In the absence of continuation with national funding, which very rarely occurs, this also tends to reduce appropriation of the projects by national officers who tend to see them as pilots unlikely to be pursued. Evaluations from the Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education about the involvement of employers in the provision of study programmes, including through student internships and company-based practices, also show' that appropriate forms of involvement remain to be found, that could better take into account mutual interest and availability for commitment. The tools put in place to assess the labour market situation of Lithuanian employees have started to provide information that could be used and widely diffused to provide evidence of VET benefits in terms of eamings and employment success to prospective students (OECD, 2017(47j).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	988ba5bab925da153d14310971d6bc05	Large-scale retrofitting for residential and commercial buildings has also made a major contribution to energy conservation. A focus has been retrofitting central heating facilities, to increase household metering, install technology allowing local temperature regulation and improve heat transfer efficiency. During the 11th FYP retrofitting of this kind was undertaken in a total of 190 million square metres of residential floor space (Bao et al.,	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	988c0cf66d227db348fd3ee6580107d4	An important question is whether such a pace can be sustained over the next decade. The previous section noted that in some states, actual yields were not far from their potential, realisable level, while in other states a considerable gap remains. Further, some neighbouring countries have higher yields, and it appears that sustaining high yield growth may well be possible. This Outlook is optimistic in assuming the yield growth will remain robust over the next decade, particular if the current policy set remains in place (see discussion below).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	988ec2da5b339112449b8c64bb46c65a	In addition, the Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts regularly requires departments and agencies to report on how gender analysis informs their decision making. The involvement of the Office of the Auditor General in overseeing the commitment of the Canadian federal government to gender mainstreaming has proven particularly useful. In 2009, Canada’s Office of the Auditor General examined 68 programmes, policy initiatives and acts of legislation across seven federal departments to ascertain the integration of gender analysis into policy making.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	9891a766dbd27c6e9a5f8a2a442af239	In addition to the national umbrella organizations and international NGOs, there are large residential social welfare NGOs, such as Home of Hope and Pearce Home, that provide social services and protection to the poor and needy. Still other NGOs, like the Home of Compassion and the Father Law Home, provide shelter and care to the elderly of Fiji. Outside Fiji, there are few public programmes designed to assist the disabled.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	98927dcbfd07b245da833f19419177e8	This common ratio may then be interpreted as the effective (present value) optimal entitlement price. In an agricultural groundwater use setting, Kuwayama and Brozovic (2013) have further shown that if the marginal damage of the externality is the same for all farms, this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a one-to-one basis, where the marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by this ratio. Conversely, if the marginal benefit function is the same at each pumping location, then wells closer to the stream will always be more constrained than wells further from the stream. Annex 3.B provides a complete case study of an applied economic model used to compare the cost-effectiveness of alternative policy instruments, such as land retirement, quotas, or tradable permits to address simulation.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	98941f30bbfb98030c5625eaaca13b66	In a ‘business as usual’ scenario with current population growth, continued migration to urban areas, growing energy demand, and little improvement in regard to access, energy efficiency and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states will increase fuel imports and become more dependent on petroleum, increase their vulnerability to macroeconomic impacts (GDP decline), and generate greater GHG emissions. In a scenario with moderate population growth, some migration to urban areas and other countries outside the Pacific, subdued energy demand, and some improvement to access, energy efficiency and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states are likely to moderately lower their dependence on petroleum, mitigate macroeconomic impacts to some extent and generate moderate levels of GHG emissions. In the more optimistic scenario of maintaining population at current levels, including urban and rural population ratios, some migration to neighbouring states, reduced energy demand, and escalated action on access, energy efficiency, and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states will significantly lower their dependence on petroleum, have greater economic independence (GDP increase), and will achieve SDG 7 and the NDCs.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	98964586ad4b5327cfd830f98af813d3	How these pathways play out depends on intra-household gender dynamics, which are in turn are affected by local gender regimes and socio-economic inequalities within a setting or beneficiary population. Likewise, programs that generate smaller shifts in relationship power appear more easily accepted by men than those catalysing larger disruptions (Wasilkowska 2011, Slate and Mphale 2008, Maldonado 2005). For example, Buller and colleagues (2016) note that increased cash and in-kind transfers to women was accepted by Colombian and Ecuadorian men in part because it was intended for children’s nutrition, a domain already within the domestic r esponsibilities of women. Indeed, how' a program is ‘‘framed” and the meaning imbued to cash by a program’s stated intent (e.g. for women’s entrepreneurship versus child health) may influence the transfer’s impact on gender dynamics and IPV as much as any other program feature.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	98965b2e326899be77d4629e28e609fa	And since a multihazard system will be activated more regularly it is likely to be better maintained and more readily available for hazards such as tsunamis that occur infrequently. Such integrated systems may also help the public better understand the range of risks they face and the need to prepare and to respond to warnings. For example, many Asia-Pacific countries have already set up warning systems that are common for most hydrometeorological hazards. However, it can be difficult to combine these systems with those for geophysical hazards which are often managed by other ministries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	98971e8c9374547945d45de1e99a8531	Producer organisations exist for sugar, cocoa, coconut, palm oil, rice, sugar, tobacco and coffee. In more recent years it has moved on to campaign on issues such as food sovereignty, sustainable agriculture and anti-neoliberalism, protesting strongly against rice imports and “unfair” trade practices such as subsidised commodity imports. Other national farmer organisations include the National Peasant Union (Serikat Tani National, STN), the Alliance of Agrarian Reform Movements (Aliansi Gerakan Refarma, AGRA), and the Indonesian Peasant’s Alliance (Aliansi Petani Indonesia, API). A farmer’s interest in joining an organisation or group tends to be based on the assistance to be provided to the group. Consequently, farmer organisations are generally dependent on facilities from other institutions and their activities will likely cease without help.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	989c4271556a669b0429b6036b5f8175	With weaker import demand, the market strength largely reflects policies in the major exporting countries, tending to reduce export supplies, for instance, through export restrictions and the retention of large public stocks. Global rice inventories are projected to rebuild over the Outlook by 18% by 2019 and this should increase the stocks-to-use ratio. World rice prices are expected to weaken in the coming years, ending in 2019 at USD 422 per tonne.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283336-en	98a35e8c176eb37a0e6aa467c375940b	Indeed, the 30-day mortality from AMI recorded one of the steepest decreases in the EU and stood at the very low level of 6.9 per 100 patients in 2015. This is lower than Germany (7.7), Austria (7.4) and the United Kingdom (7.2) (Figure 10). However, 30-day mortality from stroke is average compared to other countries, and could be improved further, particularly given that neighbouring countries Germany and Austria achieve markedly lower rates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	98a687ef45f3095c5e423175b64d9854	These countries include Ecuador, Eritrea, Ghana, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Thailand.418 The Government of Thailand has moved with particular zeal in this direction by issuing a government use compulsory license on a remedy for heart disease in addition to HIV/AIDS drugs (see box 5). See A. Ahuja (Associated Press), “Thai Health Groups Urge Abbott Boycott”, IP health newsletter of 21 March 2007. For a critical assessment of such actions from a competition law standpoint, see S. Flynn, “Considering Competition Complaints Against Abbott in Thailand - A Brief Explanation of Potential Legal Arguments”, 23 March 2007 (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/); and “Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing and Abbott’s Anticompetitive Response”, 26 April 2007 [hereinafter Flynn, Thailand’s Lawful Compulsory Licensing] (available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/faculty/flynn/).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	98a6e9889d784a584076da2315e696b5	Minimum wages—which most of the literature shows reduce inequality—need also to be raised to adequate levels. Finally, wage-bargaining institutions, which have been weakened substantially in most countries during the last three decades of liberal policies, now need to be strengthened. Efforts at “formalizing employment”, even at the cost of greater employment flexibility, may also be needed. The effects on inequality of rising secondary enrolments are lagged by several years (at least 5 to 10), but the long-term effects are quite powerful. The impact on inequality of the increased supply of skilled labour is not automatic, however, as an increase in employment and drop in wage inequality can come about only if additional jobs are created. Increasing wage inequality accompanies trade liberalisation in Mexico.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	98a70a6f0c968b72fc29856fc3f33414	The increase in inequality driven by higher skill levels was more pronounced for men (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1), particularly in Belgium, Finland and Spain, where the increased share of households with a male member employed in a managerial, professional or technical job contributed 1.5 point to the increase in inequality over the period. One possible explanation for why more households with high-skilled workers drives inequality higher is the growing tendency of people with similar education/earnings levels to live together (“assortative mating”), as described in Section 5.2. In part, this may reflect a narrowing in the gender wage gap as a result of increased women’s educational attainment. Female workers today are more likely to have more labour market experience (and thus higher earnings) than 20 years ago. Moreover, changes in policy parameters such as legislation mandating equal pay may also contribute to reducing the gender gap.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	98aadca567a02466fc83ebafbc2a83d8	This poses a threat to the global economy and the welfare of millions of people. Continuing on a conventional growth route that undervalues natural capital will at some point run up against planetary boundaries which will limit growth prospects. Key pressure points include freshwater limits, ecosystem destruction, atmospheric aerosol pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change and chemical pollution (OECD, 2011). The way in which these problems manifest themselves is often unpredictable, involving a complex web of interlocking problems.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	98ab1a42f0213212e5b87cf67279aab7	Thus, labour can only be substituted by machines or robotic devices to a limited degree. Repetitive tasks, for instance, can be fully substituted by robots while tasks that are more complex will continue, for the present, to rely on conventional labour inputs. This will initially lead to a skill-biased technological development.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	98ae202d0965ff82fad8d89ee15292da	Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction; 10. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a U-turn; 11. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from non-public road ways (car park, pedestrian way); 12. Collision between vehicles during parking; 13. Collision between vehicles with other reasons; 14.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73c3a080-en	98b2073573ddd6195d15180ff584d6eb	While technologies linked to smart grids are efficiency-enhancing and could in principle improve the economic viability of existing centralized systems, smart grids are not simply plug-in additions to existing networks, but require new approaches to electricity network design and operation. A significant number also have legal frameworks for mini-grids, although these are often inadequate or incomplete. In some cases, the private sector is permitted to own and operate minigrids and receive some type of public support in the absence of a legal framework, and only a minority of LDCs specify technical standards for mini-grids.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	98b72c52ec5e6cc47473b28be72635a5	Family cash allowances regarding dependent children (up to age 15+) do not exist in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam. Similarly, many Asian countries do not have legislation that provides for regular payment of unemployment benefits, but severance payment provisions exist in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Overall, it seems that in South Asia and the Pacific social protection systems are still at a relatively early stage of development in contrast to Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia, Thailand and the OECD countries in the region (Table 2.1).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	98b80797e43040602ccd7874b0de230f	Tanja Westfall-Greiter describes the strategy of creating teacher learning leaders (lerndesigners^ in the current Austrian reform (Neue Mittelschule or NMS). Judy Halbert and Linda Kaser discuss a leadership programme in British Columbia, Canada that engages leaders together in a “spiral of inquiry” about learning in their own school and networked activity across sites. The New York City examples described by Roser Salavert cover Professional Learning Communities, coaching, teacher teams, and student “voice”.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/059ce467-en	98b82b548bb60fc7263d28391e3f15ef	For school-aged immigrants, this active role can begin in the classroom through the language learning process. However, a number of challenges exist that hinder language learning of immigrant and refugee students. Within two months of starting school, all new arrivals are assessed on their academic knowledge and language skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	98b8d4e47bc915d4e67ed4c24b438815	Second, if the intercultural component of the Bilingual Intercultural Education Programme (PEIB) is to be implemented successfully, all teachers need further tools and competencies to develop the intercultural competencies of their students. It would be important to develop a larger strategy and to incorporate and strengthen the intercultural component in both initial teacher education and professional development for in-service teachers. Third, Chile should consider giving Indigenous communities more autonomy to develop and implement their own pedagogical projects.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	98bbf8546d3cd4d74f3ec335ef64e2e4	However, total expenditure per capita for specific objectives is often low'er in Austria than for the EU, with the exceptions of earth sciences (including climate change), energy, education, and - above all - industrial production and technology. In contrast, the shares of R&D dedicated to health and the environment are comparatively low in Austria. A systematic identification of key challenges for Austrian R&D has gained momentum recently, inspired by the European Commission’s proposal for Horizon Europe, w'here a mission-oriented policy approach to R&D funding plays an important role.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	98c2d6f9fcd361fe4c0cedc0acd7d87a	Enhancing the dynamism of underperforming cities could, on its own, have a visible effect on the aggregate performance of the countries concerned and would also be likely to generate positive spillovers for the surrounding regions. Unemployment has increased in metropolitan areas in almost all OECD countries (Figure 5.1). Over the period 2007-11, the total number of unemployed in 207 large OECD metropolitan areas for which data are available rose by over 56% (with a peak at over 60% in 2010).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	98c4d051c93abe0d55af48b25a1accf0	Move from unified and technocratic policies, standards and norms of urban design to more flexible and locally based practices. Urban policies are designed with a top-down approach that is not appropriate for balancing public and private development interests in the economic realities of the market. There is a disjuncture between urban planning and development, because citizens and main local market players are excluded from formulating policy.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	98c53c04b73d5d3194e1546d8d8a08c7	Both are deemed important in fostering economic development. As the availability of initial finance for projects is a frequently stated reason why women do not take part in the labour market, higher financial depth should promote participation through increased availability of credit. At the same time, having an own bank account has been shown to promote female economic independence and say within the household. Financial depth and breadth are hypothesised to positively affect the female labour force participation (World Bank 2012, OECD 2012).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	98cab97f3953cf119c8b45b16e358a7e	Finally, although one of the former President of the organisation had to step down due to corruption allegations in 2001, the organisation has received the all-clear from the National Audit Office (Contraloria General) in recent years. At the national level, a number of institutions have been set up which have successfully blended concessionary and commercial financing in the water sector. For example, FINDETER was set up in Colombia to attract commercial bank financing into local infrastructure by lowering the cost of these loans to municipal borrowers.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	98cbde07f03b46f24af8b96f8103b8f9	This demonstrates that innovation is the main driver of growth in advanced economies. Firms constantly change products and processes, collect new knowledge, and develop new ways of working. Basic aggregate indicators from innovation surveys show that the share of firms developing a product or process innovation ranges from over half of all firms in Austria, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland to less than a third in France, Japan and Norway.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	98cbdeac5f655fffd2446128745538bc	Secondly, government procurement of sustainable goods and services would send strong signals to market players supplying government, which can help the market to get used to new specifications (OECD, 2012). The government’s public procurement database, to which all prospective government suppliers are required to register, could start to introduce green considerations. While challenging initially, trials in sustainable public procurement of vehicles, buildings, equipment and supplies could be launched, and there are international networks that can support this.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	98cefceeec3ce8572beaba52acabd361	However, protests increased rapidly after the government's decision to prolong the reliance on nuclear power in 2010 and especially in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident in 2011. Theoretical analyses and international experience suggest that despite strong policy commitment, moving away from fossil fuels without nuclear pow'er is costly, not least because other available low carbon technologies are not yet competitive (OECD, 2009). The public investment needed to reach the targets is estimated at around 1% of GDP per year (KfW, 2011). When assessing CO2 abatement cost in Germany, evaluations differ significantly. Reducing emissions by 35% by 2020 is estimated to cost on average from EUR -38/t CO2 to more than EUR 80/t CO2 (BMU, 2008b; McKinsey, 2007). The differences in estimates are mainly due to assumptions about the technological changes to be expected by 2020 which determine the cost of investment in low-carbon technologies and their performance in energy savings.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283329-en	98d1f45333205d5d7e031436dd375d9b	This has the potential to lead to low prices, presuming there is no monopoly producer. Private sector medicine prices are determined using external reference pricing. Generic substitution is required in the public sector, although in the private sector there are no incentives for doctors and pharmacists to prescribe generics. There are also clinical guidelines to discourage overprescribing, although no formal auditing system is in place to monitor compliance. There have been many reasons for delays, including a lack of political wilL In addition, there has been stakeholder resistance at times among public sector workers not wanting to lose their civil servant status, private sector workers concerned about income losses, private insurers wanting to be included as part of the new system, and employers and employees unhappy about their proposed contribution rates. For example, the basic goal of the new national health system is to bring together the public and private sectors under a single, competitive system.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/74479ade-en	98d7007212fadd72044102e2245afe8e	"Stereotyping attributes are also common, for example reports should avoid portraying only men as leaders and women as followers, or men as active and women as passive and ""vulnerable"". Women and girls are not intrinsically vulnerable or victims by nature. This stereotypical language denies women and girls' agency, depicting them as weak and passive bystanders of conflict and agentless victims, and builds a distorted, male-dominated narrative that contributes to women and girls' exclusion from decision-making, transitional justice, peace-building and reconciliation efforts. Avoid using gendered nouns, such as ""mankind"", replacing them for example, with ""people"" or ""men and women""."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	98d7056716cda68ab2f00f19172445b2	The reform was based on recommendations by a governmental committee (the Shochat Committee) in 2007 (see Box 1.4.). Around 60% of additional resource requirements would have been funded by higher state budget transfer and the remainder by increases in other revenues, most notably greater income from tuition fees. These included: i) returning the budget to its 2001 level, ii) raising student tuition by 50%, iii) expanding the support system for students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, iv) merging existing colleges and v) recruiting new faculty in order to enhance the quality of instruction and research.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	98dc75404419a2a891b70a17be215710	Includes social, political and economic violence. Violence against women encompasses: Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, violence perpetrated by family members other than the spouse and violence related to exploitation. Studies reveal gender, age and ethnic biases in youth violence. However, there are major impediments that hinder comparative analysis of rates of violence among youth, including lack of information, insufficient disaggregation of the information that does exist and the fact that the available data cover different periods and have been collected from numerous sources. Most countries in the world lack adequate information on the number of deaths caused by violence, and in any case deaths account for only a small proportion of the problem.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	98e0ed595bbd1d5b38fc92415fda4248	In Hai Phong, for example, annual waste generated in 2025 is expected to be quadruple the levels produced by the city in 2015 (OECD, 2016b). It includes specific targets for the collection and treatment of solid waste in urban and rural areas for industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, tow'ards 2015, 2020, and 2025. For example, by 2020, 90% of municipal solid waste is to be collected and treated in all cities and 85% of the collected waste is to be recycled, reused or used for energy recovery and organic fertiliser production.	11	0	3	1.0
10.30875/64b86eed-en	98e205c49bfcbc61acf067759d7cc17c	In 2017, the Global Review of Aid for Trade highlighted the importance of accessible and affordable connections for trade connectivity. Drawing extensively on information harvested in the Monitoring and Evaluation exercise in preparation for the Review, this paper analyses aid for trade for digital connectivity and e-commerce. Also presented in this paper are the types of issues and challenges faced in cross-border electronic transactions - an area in which demand for support is set to grow. The paper also surveys flows reported to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Creditor Reporting System.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	98e89d89ca9e8fe9f5e0cbecbc599d60	However, much research is needed to better understand the driving forces, motivations and success conditions or performance of migrant women entrepreneurs. Sometimes ethnic characteristics are prominent in their behaviour, at other times gender-related characteristics determine their attitudes. Here, the critical question is: Does this dual effect bring about double barriers or more opportunities?	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	98ef074d4a551479cdc456e7dd7317cd	Successful industrialisation of the country has allowed direct and indirect net taxation of farming to be virtually eliminated. By the early 2000s that had been cut to only a little more than 10%. From 1988 to 2007, the number of households affected by food poverty declined from 2.55 million to 418 000.	2	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	98fb68100fcb4cdde6357e243be2af2a	The advantage could be some spectrum saving, or in turn, some increased capacity for broadcasting. [ Some of these devices also work with DVB-T/T2. The use of UPnP allows more types of media device to be reached, independent of their operating system. The general principle is illustrated in Figure 10.2.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6c5410b7-en	98fe466ebfb437f246b82b9354677640	The Population Division systematically monitoring population policies, including those related to reproductive health, since 1974. Reproductive Health Policies 2017: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/396). Specifically, target 3.7 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes by 2030. Likewise, target 5.6 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	99032b0328cc65719723f10f4852a749	Note: The changes are expressed with respect to the no crisis scenario. Following implementation of this policy, the rates of monetary poverty are lower than in the reference scenario: 48.52%, 49.62%, 49.77% and 49.80%, respectively for the years 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, corresponding respectively to 3.38%, 0.86%, 0.56% and 0.62% reductions in the number of children experiencing monetary poverty across the country. It eliminates the growth in poverty in 2008 and reduces this poverty growth by about a quarter in 2009, 2010 and 2011.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	9905501280e881489e0785c684968f77	A basic descriptive analysis of data involves the calculation of simple measures of composition and the distribution of variables by sex, and for each sex, that facilitate straightforward gender-focused comparisons between different groups of population. Depending upon the type of data, these measures may be proportions, rates, ratios or averages, for example. Furthermore, when necessary, such as in the case of sample surveys, measures of association between variables can be used to decide whether the differences observed for women and men are statistically significant or not. Percentages, ratios, rates or averages are the basis for the calculation of gender indicators.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1f11729d-en	990678d12931bd8bc0759438c3db2174	In Croatia, Greece and Romania 1 in 3 children in the bottom 10th percentile, and in Italy and Belgium at least 10% of the poorest children lack sufficient fruit and vegetables. In Switzerland, 15.6 % of children from the poorest families live in households that cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children. In Croatia, almost half of the poorest children are unable to participate in school trips and school events that cost money and in Greece this reaches a staggering 88.4%.	1	3	3	0.0
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	99068a44ecacde057b70bec7bd734326	The prevalence of stunted children was higher in the poorest groups in almost all countries in which recent nutrition survey data was available.5 In some countries, the prevalence among the poorest group was nearly twice the national average (Figure 9). While the prevalence of overweight children is greater in higher-income groups in most countries, the poorer groups had higher prevalence in Armenia and Serbia. Malnutrition - both undernutrition and overweight - are multicausal problems.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-14-en	9909502dc36650b58009910a011ecfec	The majority of funding is allocated for structural adjustment in the industry. ( Approximately one third of the French fleet is from overseas ddpartements. ( Following the “Fishing Conclave” at year-end 2009, the French government published a memorandum in February 2010 in response to the European Commission’s CFP reform Green Paper.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	990bd4a9fea720c5c25f30a1a3a9fa4f	"Under the Australian Better Access initiative, following the preparation of a Mental Health Treatment Plan, GPs are able to refer patients to clinical psychologists, allied mental health professionals, or appropriately trained GPs providing focused psychological strategy (FPS) services. Whilst the ""Better Access” initiative has met some challenges this is a good example of building greater capacity for effective treatment from a primary care level, promoting co-ordination between primary carers and specialists to provide good treatment, and promoting psychological therapies as an appropriate treatment for primary care practitioners to refer to. In many cases, services at different intensities are likely provided slightly outside of primary care settings, with or without co-ordination or management by a primary care practitioner, and require some investments in new interventions, especially at the lower intensity end."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	990f439dd1b4d7ea5dea2220ff0d855f	Global production of biofuels has grown substantially in the last ten years, primarily due to renewable energy mandates and other government policies. Between 2005 and 2007, when oil prices were rising and global food prices began to increase rapidly, the use of cereals (wheat and coarse grains) for biofuels production grew by 80%. The absolute increase (41 Mt) during that period accounted for about 50% of the overall increase of cereals use (81 Mt).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f85273a2-en	9912a670d7b09eb39a0aea251c6f3946	Instead, a much more radical, systemic, and integrated policy approach is needed to promote sustainable food production at both national and international levels. The policy challenge is how to move beyond the recognition of a multiplicity of innovative experiences, toward the design of policies to expand, transfer, adapt and/or disseminate the plethora of existing technological approaches so as to reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental destruction. Moreover, active participation by various actors including governments, nongovernmental organizations, and multilateral organizations can be critical not only to scaling up innovations but also to disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust, and reducing the risks associated with new technology and agricultural practices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c93219ca-en	9912d14c0ab6c021c89160b486b1d27d	The section then presents current practices to promote access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights for persons with disabilities, before concluding with recommendations for the way forward. Target 5.6, which is placed under the goal calling for gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls, calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences. The CPRD is the first Convention to explicitly recognize the need for sexual and reproductive health for persons with disabilities. Article 25 underscores the need to provide persons with disabilities with the same range, quality and standard of free or affordable sexual and reproductive health care and programmes as provided to other persons.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	991338a0e304439600454a73d61cc844	One positive consequence is that these fish provide a food source for birds on those lakes where there was no fish before. A number of wetlands will be given the status of protected areas on both sides of Armenian-Georgian border. In Armenia, the Programme component “Establishment of Protected Areas in the Armenian Javakheti Region” is aimed at establishing a National Park and integrating it into the local context, as well as promoting related transboundary cooperation.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	991424ae3d1a00619b4d51308b5775d9	It also uses the term “recipient” for the country, programme or activity the funds are being channelled to. Such terms may be less relevant for developing countries that provide support, given the different nature, modalities and responsibilities applicable to South-South co-operation. Countries are not viewed as donors and recipients, but providers and partners.22 Not all countries agree with the “boundaries” of ODA and OOF as defined by the OECD or view them as applicable (OECD, 2015b; Walz and Ramachandran, 2011).	13	9	2	0.6363636363636364
10.18356/a3c1ce6c-en	9914b3a91171f351e63159689b4ef4f5	Accordingly, the reintroduction of animals, is important. Typically, a wetland is created through the excavation of upland soils to elevations that will support the growth of wetland species through the establishment of an appropriate hydrology. Wetlands may be installed or restored via thisor other approaches such as removing u ndergrou nd drainage tiles. A wide variety of agricultural BMPs exist, including practices such as cover crops, conservation tillage, precision fertilizer application, irrigation efficiency, contourfarmingand agroforestry.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	991620036cb974a6ef66ed9ee13a3275	Evidence shows that the realization of these rights increases the likelihood that adolescents will become economically independent, make informed decisions about sex, participate in community and civic affairs and be better equipped to obtain productive employment that will help end the cycle of poverty. As adults, they will also be better prepared to handle the global challenges facing their generation. That is the other side of the story - the Girl Effect. This is the story of girls who are counted, invested in and included in society. When a girl in the developing world receives seven or more years of education, she marries four years later. An extra year of primary school boosts girls' eventual wages by 10 to 20 per cent.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/18a859bf-en	9916b506ae54bb798d2b00ca1d2ed554	This could help to answer the vexed question of the potential for competition between climate and development finance, which continues to cause a political divide between developed and developing countries. The development co-operation community could also consider further research in a number of areas including country level studies of financial flows to identify ways of maximising the effectiveness of finance for climate, development and disaster risk reduction. In addition, country level studies of the measures being taken to roll out the 2015 agendas in a coherent way at the national level would provide valuable insights and learning to share with development co-operation providers and partner governments.	13	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	99179e464ce470de4ed716284dba23c3	If this is not forthcoming, countries must draw on foreign savings - through foreign direct investment or borrowing. Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) generally aim to keep reserves that cover at a minimum 3-4 months of imports. Declining reserves can also affect the availability of credit and interest rate levels in countries as declines in foreign reserves deplete banking sector liquidity (PFTAC 2010, 5-6). Presented by Kepsey Puiye, Assistant Director, Petroleum Economics - Department of Petroleum and Energy PNG.	7	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	991a3a018eca7f91acf5cb1c67082e44	At the post-secondary, as at the upper secondary level of education, the same need to respond to labour market requirements is central, and this forms a guiding theme of this report. For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Often, the post-secondary vocational sector is highly fragmented, with qualifications that may not be well understood within the country - and certainly not internationally.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	991c3d757b645b4f4e884089ee039eae	Sen argues that deprivation should be seen as an absolute deprivation or dispossession (such as starvation and visible hardship), supplemented by a relative deprivation, since deprivation also has to be judged in comparison with the experience of others in the society (Sen, 1979, p. 289). According to Sen (1979), the relative deprivation approach should not be used alone, since this may lead to regarding poverty as an issue of inequality. There is surprisingly little debate on what indicators are suitable.2 This has to be attributed to the fact the empirical applications of multidimensional deprivation concepts are necessarily data-constrained; in most cases researchers only have a small number of options and common wisdom leads the analysts in their choice of the indicators used.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	99243b2cd2aefe2f39298b1578a50632	Since 1997, the JFBPW incubator projects have graduated 85 enterprises. This throughput takes into consideration the fact that women are allowed to stay in the incubators for from 12 to 18 months in Egypt and Morocco (and a bit longer if the enterprise is still not ready to launch into its own space) and up to 24 months in Jordan. They have both established external evaluation committees to screen the project applications and determine the proposals that have the highest potential for success in terms of feasibility, viability, sustainability and innovation.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	9929d7a22dcfb8f69734c809208da318	Mexico has a number of evolving initiatives in this sphere; hence close co-ordination will be required to ensure a common framework and interoperability across them. Steps to establish a system-wide, independent regulator for data who can oversee the expansion of electronic health records will be necessary. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards. The OECD’s work on balancing the public value and individual privacy of health care records compiles international experience in this area, and offers substantial guidance.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	992a759039a7e5ca4f73a44480c9561f	From 2004, this scheme provides a per-hectare grazing payment, taking into account livestock density relative to land vegetation cover, with the regions of Israel divided into four categories according to pasture richness. Herd owners must follow appropriate production practices and environmental criteria. The area covered by this scheme amounted to about 60% of total agricultural land area in 2008. Preliminary research suggests that such managed grazing regimes have helped support floral diversity (OECD, 2010).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	992e0bf296c3b7a7c7df6e22bd546ae7	By contrast, the sectors with the largest productivity gains during the 2000s experienced a substantial decline in employment (chart 4.6B). Computers and electronic products, information, and manufacturing (excluding computers and electronic products), accounted for a sizeable share of overall productivity growth, but employment fell, with a loss of more than 6.6 million jobs, about 60 per cent of which occurred before the onset of the Great Recession of2008 ,20 Moreover, most of the sectors with the largest employment growth were among those with the lowest productivity growth, notably services (chart 4.6B). This has a direct impact on income distribution, as the compensation of top executives often takes the form of stock options whose market price can rise if the company’s share value goes up.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	99315eedf91490fd20e2b5f32adfbd11	The constructor (usually governmental bodies or private contractors in public-private partnerships) sets out the area that will be affected by the newly constructed transport infrastructure. The affected area is determined by changes in expected future traffic volumes. Traffic volumes are calculated based on origin/destination traffic data (O/D data) measured and estimated based on the existing infrastructure for the whole country.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	993506baeed44d15a403b6033749d7a2	"Control variables included in tire regression are age, education level and indigenous status. Education levels correspond to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997. For ""Low education”, the highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 1997 Levels 0-2 (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary ); for ""Moderate education”, the highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 1997 Levels 3-4 (upper and post-secondary); and “High education” indicates the highest level of educational attainment is ISCED 1997 Levels 5-6 (tertiary education)."	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/99118340-en	99374276bec3bfa043c96e833814dce2	The next section assesses progress made on each of the targets with sufficient data. North Africa has made the most progress in reducing poverty globally: between 1990 and 2012, poverty rates declined by some 70 per cent. Africa (excluding North Africa), on the other hand, continues to face significant challenges in this regard and has the highest poverty rates in the world, with rates of more than 40 per cent in 2012 and 2013,' second only to Oceania (see FIGURE 2.3).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	993a02f76f1635f4e0798f357f2dbc08	In July 2009 the European Parliament voted to ban the importation of seal products, reckoning that the hunt was cruel. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List labels the harp seal as of “least concern” but cautions that the species is threatened by climate change due to its dependence on pack ice. The hooded seal is classified as vulnerable on the Norwegian 2006 Red List. Quotas are based on advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	993a05658222129c76be6a7d8b1f9a44	Unemployment among workers aged 55 to 64 is 9.9%, nearly twice the OECD average. Unlike in most OECD countries, labour market inactivity among older working age individuals has also increased strongly relative to the pre-crisis period and now stands at 37.4%. The significant share of young people not in employment, education or training (15.2%) is a major concern, as being excluded from the labour market at a young age can be extremely detrimental for workers' skills and future career prospects.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	993a1d9a0bdecfea955a5b33c70dca5e	The latter paper also suggests ways for an improved treatment of adaptation by considering more of its bottom-up characteristics. Finally, Dickinson (2007) presents a review of different types of adaptation models, including some global IAMs, but most of the models are concerned with the evaluation of regional and/or sectoral adaptation options. It includes all recent IAMs that allow for the comparison of mitigation targets and specific impacts of climate change.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	993c6bdd7d07b2c34ab319cc497abe64	In two countries, the ratio widened; three countries experienced improvement, and one country presented no clear trend. Disparity between the two groups has been more persistent in the case of stunting. Malnutrition, one factor in stunting, reflects chronic problems and hence the deficiency of ongoing efforts related to health systems.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	9940d43c9e2ac8304b53a4422c22ea40	Some of these adults have a lower secondary degree at most; others have no formal education degree or even a primary education. On average across the OECD, adults with poorly educated parents have a 15% chance of attaining tertiary education, according to calculations based on the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2016b). By contrast, adults with highly educated parents are four times more likely (63%) to obtain a tertiary degree.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	9941b10e52bd2df1557343a693c3cb52	For instance, Jordan’s INDC states that their mitigation and adaptation measures should be linked and also aligned with specific Sustainable Development Goals. This approach could help countries streamline their effort for monitoring and reporting given that a number of indicators to monitor progress towards SDGs and their targets might overlap with those needed for adaptation. Some countries use different timescales for different sectors (e.g. Guinea-Bissau’s and Lao People’s Republic), while about 40 countries’ adaptation components of INDCs have no mention of timeframes. Some INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions (e.g. Zambia).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5be883c5-en	994360ec7a5dbf4a7b444864806a1fc1	Dans les economies bienveillantes, les salaires eleves se traduisent par de plus gros investissements dans les capacites humaines, ce qui accroTt les possibilites de croissance a long terme. Dans les economies moins bienveillantes, I’impact des salaires plus eleves sur les investissements n’est pas assez important pour contrer leur effet negatif sur les profits, ce qui nuit a la croissance. La reproduction sociale comprend egalement deux cas schematises: La mauvaise voie correspond a une feminisation des responsabilites et des obligations, tandis que la bonne voie se caracterise par une repartition egale, plus d'egalite entre les sexes des couts de la reproduction sociale en termes de temps et d’argent. Dans le cas de la distribution mutuelle, des revenus eleves pour les femmes sont favorables a la croissance, une plus grande participation surle marcheaccroTt la production des capacites humaines.et la croissance et la reproduction sociale se renforcent done mutuellement.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	9946157ddef8f86bdf58df626e0067b6	There is a need to incentivize those private sector actors who invest in endeavours that represent positive contributions to the country’s future. Private sector development is also an important vehicle to upskill the workforce with much-needed business skills and exposure to innovation and technology. The economic zone was given special status in July 2014 when the presidency of the Oecussi-Ambeno Special Administrative Region was assigned to Dr Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of independent Timor-Leste and the current Prime Minister of the Seventh Constitutional Government.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	994c4233c55052e8ffb5ec6ac0410c0b	Risk sharing is prevalent especially in the aftermath of natural disasters, as witnessed when the 2005 typhoons struck the poorer Northern provinces. Informal social networks can act as a buffer in times of crisis, but can leave those who depend on them extremely vulnerable in the event that the relationship breaks down or the family are no longer able to provide support. Results from the PAPI2012 survey also confirm that better-off people have broader and better-quality social networks on which they can rely.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32528cbf-en	994c5de8b27508c96945a4b6fc97f5d1	Firstly, warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water, so as the oceans warm up, oxygen levels drop. Secondly, warmer water has lower density, making it more difficult for the oxygen-rich water near the surface to sink and circulate. Consequently, deep oceans face a particularly great risk of oxygen depletion.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-5-en	994c6178f444d7bb1242700a5ad45681	Likewise, an education system where levels of achievement and variability are both high and where such variation is only weakly related to social background arguably does better than a system where most students do poorly and variability is low. Equitable education systems are those where inclusion and fairness in education and high levels of performance do not come at the expense of one another. Defined in this way, equity does not imply that everyone should achieve the same results or that every student should be exposed to identical, one-size-fits-all approaches to teaching and learning. Rather, it refers to creating the conditions for minimising any adverse impacts of students' personal, social or economic circumstances on their performance.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fe9e0125-en	994c7b2ac29d65c02893ac31face476d	In this area, precipitation mainly occurs in the form of heavy showers followed by flash floods. Precipitation levels can reach up to 1.500 mm/yr on the southwestern mountain slopes in Yemen.38 Some moderate seasonal shifts in rainfall patterns and intensities have also been observed in the region in recent years. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,3’ the Arab region is highly vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change, which include higher average temperatures, less and more erratic precipitation and sea-level rise.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	994e1396fff3eca32a5125afd3905265	The evidence from the Chilean government’s strategy to reduce poverty showed its inability to reach the poorest, who at the same time were excluded from accessing social services (Barrientos, 2010; Palma and Urzua, 2005). During this phase, Chile moved to a social assistance based model of social protection, adopting conditional cash transfers (CCTs) as the main instrument, thus following the trend in many other Latin American countries over the last twenty years (Ferreira and Robalino, 2010). As with other CCTs, it provides monetary transfers to indigent families enabling them to move out of extreme poverty in the short term, while it tries to support vulnerable people by creating opportunities for a better future in the long term.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	994e37d355b315d7d66d5e1ed08133dd	Foreign ownership of quota or ACE is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted by the Minister of Fisheries and the Overseas Investment Commission. To receive the exemption, a foreign company must demonstrate that New Zealand will benefit from the ownership. If New Zealand ceases to benefit, the ownership or interest in quota or ACE can be taken away from foreign companies without any compensation being offered.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	994e9e930969829d91c47a226213da3f	In the last decade, gender wage gaps have been narrowing in almost all OECD countries for which data are available, with the exception of Italy and France where the gender pay gap has increased. Women often work part-time in order to reconcile work and family life. When part-time workers are also included, the gender gap in take-home pay doubles in many European countries for which data are available, and triples in Ireland and the Netherlands.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	994eb8ed017ac539ecc9e16b09216feb	Similarly, there is also a need to ensure that adequate data exist across both health and social sectors not just at a national level, but at a local level. This will use individuals’ Community Health Index (CHI) number as the basis for linking health and social care data at an individual level, with derived activity and costs, to build an understanding of how people use services and underpin local strategic commissioning plans. The Project also aims to develop a nationally agreed core dataset and definitions; IT solutions to allow access to these data with appropriate infonnation governance safeguards; a reporting tool that will allow easy analysis and presentation of the data; and, bespoke analytical support and assistance with data interpretation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	994f11b061b44096eda61045ed326c0e	Funding responsibilities for public schools are divided between the Lander (for recruitment and remuneration of teachers) and local authorities (typically for non-teaching staff and material costs). A few Lander support local authorities through lump-sum allocations (such as for school construction). The Lander can take over responsibilities from local authorities for special schools.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	994fa4e87bdc63dfd838a9a51b586bdf	However, it is possible that within a family categorized as experiencing deprivation, children w'ill not be victims if, for example, parents have their children's needs met as a priority. Unlike European surveys, the Canadian survey also does not provide information on the availability of resources to meet children's specific educational, recreational or sport-related needs. Table 2 shows the share of children under 17 in Canada deprived of a range of material goods, resources and opportunities grouped according to their income poverty status. Non-income-poor children are less likely than income-poor children to be deprived on all of the measures in Table 2.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	9952e0c3c1d63dfbf09011ca467d8d73	It seems that women with no education are pushed into the labour force due to economic compulsions while those with low levels of education are constrained by social inhibitions against labour force participation, particularly outside their homes. A comparatively low percentage of women with secondary/ higher secondary and higher levels of education were in the category of attending to domestic duties as they seek to enter the labour market. Nevertheless, more than 50 per cent of women had this activity status at all levels of education in 2011-2012. This indicates that women in the lowest deciles are compelled to enter the labour force more often than others.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	9952f5abb71065a0f526e992e00bc1b0	Examples of questions aimed at capturing data on these variables are provided in annex VIII. Additional details about the characteristics of all women respondents are needed to identify groups of women who are at higher risk. This information is critical for developing appropriate responses and interventions.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	99548e61d3043f32a137f444dd06a60d	It is important to include private R&D in analyses because the growth rate in public agricultural R&D investments has slowed and there has been an increase in the rate of private R&D (Pardey et al., To calculate future expenditures for public agricultural R&D, the “Government budget appropriations or outlays for RDin agriculture was used.10 For the estimation of private expenditures, the “Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and socio-economic objective in NABS200T’ was used. Private agricultural R&D expenditure is defined as R&D expenditures by private NPOs and business enterprises.11 To estimate private expenditures on agricultural R&D in the United States, data from Research Investments and Market Structure in the Food Processing, Agricultural Input, and Biofuel Industries Worldwide (Fuglie et al.,	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e790da27-en	99561e2106ee676e92f7095dbf71f844	Similar initiatives to revive these ancient land management practices and the traditional/cultural knowledge that comes with them are also underway in other countries of the Arab region, including Jordan (Box 5.1). Many watersheds are increasingly affected by deforestation, land use change, intensive agriculture, mining, population growth and climate change. Watershed degradation negatively impacts water supply, particularly for the urban population, reducing water availability at least in certain seasons, aggravating urban flooding in others, impairing water quality, and hence increasing the costs of urban water supply and treatment.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	99583f44064f5527109e80522a444878	In order to answer this question, a methodology developed at (OECD, 2010a) was applied to New Zealand micro-data. In fact, approximately 83% of farms in the sample received off-farm income. Other principal sources of income risk that are not explicitly analysed here are variations in output and output-price co-variations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	995b0c3da2b14bfe358c3542cbc3fa1b	However, due to the political sensitivity of both the issues involved and the data required, that work had to be discontinued and the documents drafted were not declassified. A central focus of that w ork was to develop analytical approaches to investigate the impacts of these rather different types of export support in a comparable way.25 Two benchmarks for comparison were shown to be relevant (OECD, 2004). In the case of a direct export subsidy, this is the subsidy granted. In the case of government supported or guaranteed export credit, the cost reduction can result from lower-than-market interest rates, a longer duration of the credit, low'er fees or other conditions that provide benefits to the importer. The magnitude of the cost reduction can be calculated from these variables.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	995efc54ef81fa77ef9f4b714b57f9eb	In addition, the Icelandic company Samherji HF owns harvesting interests in the UK, Germany and Poland and Aker Seafoods of Norway has interests in a Spanish harvesting company. Most OECD and non-OECD countries have various regulations in place that try to reserve domestic resources for domestic fishers. To overcome these restrictions, harvesting companies often use local companies, joint operations, service arrangements, and vessel operating agreements, etc. However, two factors are very important before foreign investments can take place in the harvesting sector.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-6-en	995f401f01dd5ac757ad3154e28e6d63	Legal aspects are then analysed by the Board of Legal Affairs (Camara Tecnica de Assuntos Legais e Institucionais, CTIL). Approval is given following a plenary discussion in the CNRH. Historically, most proposals made by the interstate river basin Committees have been backed up by the technical notes provided by ANA. At state level charges are proposed by state river basin committees and approved by state water resources councils.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/45094dde-en	996007fea638e05fd243c3c44f94afdc	The policies and strategies of the two organizations are sometimes inconsistent because of their different mandates. These problems have led to discussions about whether Codex should be more independent (Codex Evaluation Team, 2002). At the same time, however, great trust and confidence are conferred on Codex by food safety regulators because the FAO and WHO are its parent organizations.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/50bcd9fd-en	996286490a517303944e38ed0b1eef1c	This is not only because of the intrinsic pressures on supply but also because OPEC has learned from the price increases since 2004 that the world can absorb higher energy prices relatively easily. In the economic interests of its members, therefore, OPEC manages oil supply to minimize any incipient price weakness. They use their growing prominence in the world to influence international policies, particularly when it comes to matters they insist are internal, such as human rights and democratic governance. Nations which have hammered out “favourable” deals with oil-producing nations do not want to rock the energy boat they have just managed to board, resulting in a world in which international relations are mainly a race to ensure continuing prosperity, not the building of a more sustainable international community. Developing nations scramble to procure the energy necessary to climb the economic ladder, while wealthy nations struggle to adapt their energy consumption patterns to maintain their existing lifestyles.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	99656ea237bc022272e3344fbf7e2ac1	In 2006, the government established a law by which children’s nurses may be appointed to work in maternelle in collaboration with preschool teachers; and from 2007-09, slightly more than 25% of children’s nurses were appointed to do so. Most college credits for both qualifications are already aligned, and around 80% of staff in ECEC facilities hold both qualifications. Child care practitioners can now also work at full-day kindergarten programmes, although there are still some limitations and barriers in this due to the dual training system and salary differences. Three municipal territories in Korea have therefore implemented an ECEC collaboration project called the Yeong Cha Project. These projects are partially funded by the local authorities and stimulate interaction and co-operation among different ECEC practitioners (child care and kindergarten). Within these projects, kindergarten and child care professionals plan activities together, care for infants cooperatively, etc.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	99664848a5373d9052f7af7921aabdad	Most fishing is carried out by obsolete fleets and very often directed at fish stocks that are already heavily exploited. Further increasing aquaculture production could contribute to supplying seafood and fish at lower costs to the population, thereby reducing pressure on natural fishery resources. However, its potentially negative impact on aquatic ecosystems should be taken into account. Efforts are being made to develop new approaches and techniques, including run-of-river projects in suitable conditions, as development of dams for large hydro can have an adverse impact on river ecosystems and local communities.	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	996979b045a2f2b4edd60b09156040ee	Primary care nurse practitioners are prepared in providing care at first contact for a number of conditions, ongoing management of acute and chronic conditions, health promotion and care coordination. Nurse practitioners are also actively working in US rural areas, with 18% practising in communities of fewer than 25 000 residents (American Association of Nurse Practitioners). With serious workforce gaps in remote Australia, nurse practitioners could play a bigger role, particularly given the higher rates of chronic disease in these areas. They could play a critical role in primary care and prevention.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	996e07c49447cb56a8b999776bbe323d	"Indigenous peoples struggle to access health services in relation to their needs and face health service disparities when compared to the majority population.1 These disparities are superimposed on the higher cost and logistics of communications, transportation and rapidly changing extreme weather related to delivering timely health care to people living in northern, often remote communities. Another of particular significance is a problem related to communication and transportation infrastructure that links regional and peripheral facilities with central or national referral centres. In addition, the harsh climatic conditions and the special needs of the indigenous populations pose significant challenges""."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	996e15754fc3550625e737bf8cf8c25a	Furthermore, despite being threatened by climate change, agriculture also contributes to it. Without seeking to be exhaustive, it considers four broad sub-dimensions which are critical to an agricultural sector that facilitate economic growth and well-being across the population. Agricultural policy: Do agricultural policies and instruments provide incentives for farmers to meet market demand for agricultural products efficiently?	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	996f855dfd11e347e907e100388c95a3	Based on app-ordered minibus services that optimised routes in real-time, the service promised flexible, on-demand microtransit in central Helsinki at an attractive price for riders. Trips cost a base fee of EUR 1.50 plus an additional EUR 0.15 per direct-route kilometre (due to the nature of the service, actual service deviated from the direct route due to additional pick-ups and drop-offs). The project was the first of its kind bringing together microtransit and an app-enabled on-demand booking/payment environment but ultimately was not renewed in 2016 due to uneconomic performance linked to two design flaws.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	99709044ac243db33769b60e222ba0ed	This section documents if and how water entitlements are defined and administered. It covers the main types of arrangements: informal, administered regimes (priority ranking), based on economic instruments (prices, markets). Building on the previous section, this includes more detailed information on the characteristics of entitlements (e.g. possibility to trade, lease or transfer) and the possibility to restrict new entrants. This concerns unplanned events or “shocks” that negatively impact on the water resource.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	99739f8850e38769852fee97f9e29cc9	Over the long run, the differences in hunger reduction across regions and countries are attributable to several factors. Inclusive economic growth, generating demand for the assets controlled by the extreme poor, has a much higher impact on hunger reduction. In addition, when poor households invest part of their increased income in health, sanitation and education, the impact of economic growth on hunger reduction is also stronger. In parallel, as seen in the case of Bangladesh, which is on track to reach the hunger target of Millennium Development Goal 1, higher public spending on health and education with targeted interventions increases nutritional success (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). Micronutrient deficiencies are also a result of under-nutrition, but in this case they are related to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals.5 An individual may take in enough or even too many calories for daily subsistence; however, if his or her diet is not diversified enough, the result may be low levels of micronutrients, a condition referred to as “hidden hunger”.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	9977bed524a06b253f87ea9f2f6922c0	"Firms can work with each other to demonstrate the benefits of participation and encourage new training places. Furthermore, such networks can give rise to other benefits which may occur through knowledge exchange, including innovation and improved production techniques. In many cases, public actors need to convince SMEs of the ""business case” for changing prevailing practices, which may encourage low-quality working conditions. In Northern Ireland, a skills solution service has been established consisting of a small team of trained “skills advisors”."	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	9978917f867c23ae11b90484a929750d	While it is possible to calculate a single poverty figure using this approach (e.g. the proportion of people experiencing x number of deprivations), the method is mainly focused on the joint experience of deprivations. This series of studies applies the deprivation analysis to the data of low- and middle-income countries to measure deprivation in an internationally comparable manner. The methodology, which is also referred to as the Bristol approach, defines deprivations as denials of basic child needs and rights, using internationally accepted declarations and conventions to select relevant dimensions.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	99789d43a0af34bc4b6d4b643ca8e073	There is now an emerging literature on citizen science, sustainability science, appreciative enquiry and so on (Sayer and Campbell, 2004) that shows how modern knowledge and innovation systems can engage with traditional knowledge and link it to modern innovation systems (Asenso-Okyere et al., In general poor people are more vulnerable than the more wealthy. Irregularity and great variation in the climate created uncertainties and this made it difficult for farmers to plan which crops to plant, when they could harvest and how much production they could get every year.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e569c117-en	997b468e2e812739564b5ba98ed3f814	The extension of the eligibility age in the case of the child grants during the financial crisis is further proof of the government commitment to protect children from poverty. Indeed, some of the outcomes described in this review have depended largely on the way such interventions have been designed. For example, it is very important that an antipoverty programme must provide the transfer necessary to emerge from poverty to the targeted population, such as in the case of Child Allowances in Ukraine, where the amount of money received is dependent on the number of children within the household.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-7-en	997b6cfa8a81d84b46cb1787a17dc542	The framework combines top-down indicators that assess institutional (adaptive) capacity and bottom-up indicators that measure vulnerability. The proposed indicators are linked to national level indicators already being measured on a regular basis. To monitor these actions, 63 national level, process-based indicators measuring institutional adaptive capacity were identified.	13	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	997d13f84ba665bd85b8c21f6c7f62ba	Students studying in public centres in “priority” fields receive a monthly allowance of TND 60. This is an innovative way to provide delivery, while at the same time allowing to better matching labour market needs. Veiy often, private providers (both for- and not-for-profit) occupy a particular niche in provision. Sometimes they fill a gap in public provision - for example, in the Netherlands, the public sector faces barriers in delivering part-time programmes to adults, and as a result these are mostly offered through private providers. In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, private providers offer many preparatory courses leading to professional examinations, although evaluation of outcomes is critical in order to ensure the effectiveness of programmes (OECD, 2014a).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	997dcc52047d61e32ac5da7f7c4d3799	The effect of differences in outcomes by income is not just a consequence of differences in parental education or ability. Coefficients on adverse outcomes reversed, such that higher scores equal more favourable outcomes. Indeed, some authors have gone as far as to suggest that the entire difference in outcomes between children in lone-parent families and those brought up by two parents can be explained by the associated loss of income rather than the absence of their father per se (Walker and Zhu, 2005). However, maternal employment, while raising the income levels of lone-parent households, may have some adverse effects.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	997e245a93056961ee084bd690da3bb3	We also consider how Sweden’s skilled primary care sector can be further developed to improve the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These pressures on the demand side, compounded by the unprecedented linancial constraints facing most countries, are major challenges for the Swedish health care system in delivering high quality care and meeting rising patient expectations. The concomitant need for services that are well-co-ordinated, both within and across health and social care, and covering the full spectrum of services from prevention and early diagnosis to treatment of established disease, provision of long-term health and social care, and services for palliative care, is an additional challenge for the Swedish primary care sector.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	997e8517b0e3a6169d3c728358649961	Evidence shows that within cities, socio-economically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions. Such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socio-economic exclusion. The epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intra-urban variations are even larger than variations between cities. For example, in the case of Malmo, Sweden, geo-mapping analysis outlines that the socio-economic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children’s level of exposure to pollution (Chaix et al., In the United States, a University of Minnesota survey based on 2000 US census data found that minorities were, on average, exposed to 38% more nitrogen pollution than Caucasians, with a significant gap when accounting for race and/or income (Clark, Millet and Marshall, 2014).	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	997ee11fa57703581a38cb4cf4425d07	Second, studies need to go beyond impact to include validated and credible measurement of pathways to better understand the behavioral underpinnings of the CT and IPV relationship. In doing so, studies will deepen both our understanding of how transfers affect IPV, and our understanding of the behavioral relationships underpinning each causal link, many of which are understudied in LMICs. There is also need for a better understanding of how program design features affect ultimate outcomes and pathways, particularly with respect to targeting, complementary programming, program linkages and conditionalities.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2015-5-en	99823d96ed4c3c3b3abd367c2b43ab59	Evidence shows that earnings gaps between permanent and temporary workers are significantly larger at the bottom of the wage distribution (the so-called sticky-floor effect) (Bosio, 2014; Santangelo, 2011). As a result, a high share of temporary workers contributes to the wide overall wage inequality, since it increases inequality at the bottom end of the distribution and has a neutral effect on wage inequality at the top end. Temporary contracts provide employers with a mechanism to test workers before making a stronger commitment and adjust to business cycles by not renewing temporary contracts when business is slow.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	9983ef8a11a2095433b4146f40005edd	Under a high-GDP-growth scenario, social protection spending under this scenario would almost treble to ETB 61.9 billion in 2025/26. Under a low-GDP-growth scenario, total annual social protection expenditure under this scenario would increase from ETB 29.3 billion in 2016/17 to ETB 58.9 billion by 2025/26. Under a high-GDP-growth scenario, social protection spending would reach ETB 75 billion in 2025/26.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	99846664fbbca23609f306fcc0feaf6b	This raises the cost of imports including inputs used for agriculture. As a result, Brazil has a low participation in global value chains, while the import content for all Brazilian exports is estimated to reach only 10%, and 7% for exports of primary agricultural commodities and food products. In addition to protection at the border, Brazil uses local content provisions in publicly-financed projects; this condition is also imposed by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) on loans for capital goods, including by the agro-food and agro-processing sectors. Imported capital goods are not financed under the National Rural Credit System, except if there is no similar product made domestically, while those products are subject to a minimum of 60% local content provision.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	99859460d115e01195bbb12a83af5ca5	Despite their relatively low levels of fish consumption, people in developing countries have a higher share of fish protein in their diets than those in developed countries. The highest per capita fish consumption, over 50 kg, is found in several small island developing States (SIDS), particularly in Oceania, while the lowest levels, just above 2 kg, are in Central Asia and some landlocked countries. Catches in area 31, the Western Central Atlantic, exceeded 1.5 million tonnes in 2016, a level that had not been reached since 2004. However, over one-third of total capture production in area 31 consists of catches by the United States of America of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), a clupeoid species that is processed into fishmeal and fish oil.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-10-en	9987e2c2dbfd6f67d00ce919f51bdb65	Thus, proficiency in skills may have an indirect role in building trust in others through its effects on social inequality or on the geographical and social sorting of people according to the opportunities and outcomes related to key information-processing skills. In other words, a highly skilled person may be more likely to trust another highly skilled person, but not necessarily a low-skilled person, and vice-versa. When this happens, intra-community trust is high, but inter-community trust is low (Desjardins, 2008; OECD 2007).	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	9987ea39dc6e4f78720a9373b01ffb14	The long traditions of pedagogical theory provide a basis for defining certain approaches and their contribution to outcomes. The ability to describe teaching and its impacts accurately has advanced through large-scale studies of teaching, including video studies and international surveys (e.g. Vieluf et al., This is supported by a rich variety of other research which highlights the importance of both the social and emotional conditions created by interaction with teachers and peers, and the cognitive demand of tasks (National Research Council, 2003).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	9988ef49716a57b5ffa4d80f30f26af7	At the same time, the regulatory framework and the infrastructure investment process need strengthening. Even though Poland has significantly upgraded its infrastructure over the last 20 years, it still ranks poorly in terms of the perceived quality of transport infrastructure (World Economic Forum, 2016). Electricity supply remains lower and information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure less developed than in most OECD countries. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and urban air pollution are sizeable, contributing to climate change and substantially harming health outcomes (OECD, 2015b; OECD, 2016b; Goujard, 2016).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	998b34d120e6f2bc2247c3eeccf262c0	Unlike the previous IEA publication (2008a), in this current analysis toluene and xylene have not been included in the definition of HVCs. This value, shown in Table B.l, covers all steam cracker HVCs. The product of this value and the production volumes of HVCs results in a figure for the total BPT fuel use (in petajoules [PJ]) of steam crackers. The same calculation is repeated for steam, electricity and feedstock in order to calculate the total energy use of steam crackers.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/864d004f-en	998f3b82e33460d1f8a6a46e779fc64f	Most of the new equilibrium tariffs are slightly below 0.30 dirham (USS0.0037) per m . But the supplementary charges due to energy costs for pumps, were they to apply, are in some cases higher than the “equilibrium tariff” (table 4.4). The tariffs for irrigation water were progressively increased over the past decade or so, and bill recovery rates have apparently improved.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56317379-en	998fac38355d22e1befcce76b49cbe8d	Rainfall in dryland areas is characterized by an erratic and non-uniform distribution that results in frequent dry spells during the monsoon. A direct relationship exists between consumptive evapotranspiration (ET) water use and crop growth/yield. Rockstrom, Hatibu and Oweis (2007) explained that if all the green water captured in the root zone is utilized fully by the crop, yields of 3 tonnes per hectare are achievable in rain-fed agriculture.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	99902ea6cdd339c906e99a6b05bab691	Urban development and management are no exception, and the need for well-integrated approaches to managing urbanism has become ever more apparent. Chile’s practices in this area have been governed by a series of discrete instruments and mechanisms that, while appropriate when they were first introduced, may be ill-adapted today to meet the demands of the country’s dynamic urban reality. Greater flexibility and a unified approach to urban issues could help improve urban outcomes for residents.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	99924b6f7da462bb2dc307cbbd942e1d	"The location was selected because of the competitive labour cost, skills and physical infrastructure. The layout and design of buildings draw from the latest standards developed in the industry, such as those established by the US Customs authority after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, to ensure security of trade, and safety at work, after the fire disasters in Bangladesh textile factories in April 2013. A one-stop government service has been introduced to cut red tape and improve the business environment. The China Civil Engineering Corporation, a leading construction company is building the park as a turnkey ""design and build"" project."	7	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	999267871a4eda7649fe55a92990c729	Furthermore, Finnish adults participate in adult learning courses and programmes more than most of their peers in other countries. Strong educational performance, as it is understood in Finland, also includes the level of participation in and access to education, even distribution of learning outcomes throughout different schools and learners, and affordability and overall cost of education. Equal educational opportunity has been the leading value and the guiding principle of Finnish education policies since the 1960s. The virtue of Finnish education is that everyone has easy access to high-quality and publicly funded educational opportunities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	999491f288850dece851755e3e7068c1	Under this initiative, between 2014 and 2018, the government launched the construction of five large dams, which will allow irrigation of around 8 000 farms covering 40 000 ha in the central and northern regions, for a total investment of USD 1.3 billion. The Public Works Concessions mechanism is used to support construction. Under this plan, the state finances a part of the total cost, private investors build, exploit and maintain the dam, and the end users pay the license holder for water stored. There, future beneficiaries criticized the programme because they considered that the water would have a “high cost”, and “it was not fair” compared to other areas where the state was building directly.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	9994dcdbc1b1af8926748893b8132065	The share of women in the tourism workforce is also higher (55.9% compared to 43.2%). Earnings in hotels and restaurants, meanwhile, are around 37% lower than average earnings in the economy as a whole, and up to 60% lower in some countries (Table 1). Accommodation and Food Service Activities (ISIC Rev.4). For more information, please refer to the Statistical Annex.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	99964ce761d15a0adc936922afb552c4	However, recognising that developing and implementing a national framework can be time-consuming and resource intensive, countries may choose to initially focus on aspects that can be monitored within existing limits of data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity. Over time, the coverage and scope may gradually expand (GIZ, 2013). For monitoring and evaluation to contribute to learning, it is beneficial if they are based on demand for the information by those closely linked to policy-making processes.	13	7	0	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	9996959ae22177138c06656820eb02a7	Some countries experienced a rise in segregation between public and private schools in the 1990s, followed by a decline. This group includes Chile, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador.22 The comparison between maximum and minimum values for these countries is ambiguous and depends on what index is used. In all the other countries in the sample, changes were small (Brazil, Costa Rica and Honduras) or the indices give contradictory results (Mexico and Paraguay).	10	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	9996afa0b33cd2ffc995dff24fbdc6fe	What can be done to hold accountable nonstate actors such as drug and warlords, and the transnational private sector? These questions are not answered here but are important to investigate if SDGs are indeed to be achieved. They lag to various degrees in the areas of gender, race, and class equality and environmental sustainability.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	9999eaa3f5ee1ad7861ab4de5cd1a2f6	Independent cities have much wider tax collection authority than component cities and municipalities, which are much more dependent on transfers from the national and provincial governments. For instance, independent cities collect and retain their own property tax, while municipalities only get a share of the property tax which is collected by the provincial government. Revenues of the provincial government of Cebu are also strongly constituted by the IRA, at around 80%, while locally-raised revenues account for 18% of its total revenues (Department of Finance website). Figures “Other LGUs of Metro Cebu” and “Total Metro Cebu” do not comprise data for the municipality of Cordoba. Source: Department of Finance website.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	999b13dcda13b0c52954ece59d497f17	The countries in Central Asia all have social protection systems in place, though the relevance, focus and mix of instruments varies. It provides a forum for the assessment of development risks (especially around the interplay of vulnerability to natural disasters with potential political conflict, with respect to water, energy and ethnicity) and for improving coordination around the development/humanitarian nexus. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on social policy effectiveness, particularly in terms of mitigating the impact of high food and energy prices on vulnerable households.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	999e4cb756a06e3e79e28385332e5ab4	Together, these regions accounts for about half of total groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900 (Scanlon et al., As shown in Figure 1.10, both systems have been subject to serious groundwater overdraft, with water tables lowered by up to fifty meters or more for some portions of the aquifer during the studied period. However, Figure 1.10 shows that the reduction in water levels depends on the location within the affected areas. Similarly in California, the southern San Joaquin (SJ) and Tulare (T) counties are the main hotspots for groundwater level reduction, while the northern part of the valley, with better water endowment and surface water, is not really subject to groundwater depletion.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	999fe08e805e4505f2ef00c20c2edaba	Corporations operate in many countries simultaneously and move operations and resources across their affiliates. Moreover, the proliferation of agreements to liberalize trade and financial flows between countries limits the policies that individual governments can adopt. Increasingly, this disjuncture between national policy processes and global integration compromises economic management. However, international coordination of macroeconomic policies to support the realization of rights is rudimentary, at best.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	99a00c166329fe04cbf82e8e159d47bb	The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Actions serve as an important action plan for women’s right, gender equality and female empowerment all over the globe. We must always say it loud and clear that human rights are universal and gender equality as an expression of those rights is universal as well so women’s rights are human rights. No philosophical, political, religious or other reasons can justify the violation of these fundamental ideals and this is the type of globalization that we have to value to the utmost. Much progress has been made since the Bejing conference and it is important to mention it because it serves as the foundation for the next steps we have to take. We know that the progress that we have made is far from uniform. In some countries, women have reached very high-level positions while, in others, there are few spaces for them to work or to participate in civic affairs and they do suffer a lot of discrimination.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	99a1ed4e7316cca9ab8b6012d9de292d	The results of this study could shed light on where opportunities are found, on coping patterns, and subsequently contribute to the design of employment services. In particular it will: (a) develop employment services based on customer or industry demand; (b) collect, analyse and disseminate LMI for improved policy design; (c) raise public awareness of labour market information; and (d) enhance and align skills w'ith labour market demand. There is a need for national policy makers and for international organisations to foster labour market intelligence strategies and programmes.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	99a281101d2881e4bbc65eb27121beff	Overall, $30.4 billion were pledged to these funds, of which funds specializing in adaptation received $3.8 billion, those supporting mitigation $14.6 billion and funds supporting both areas $12 billion. The GCF is the largest component of the mixed category with the objective to devote equal shares of funding to adaptation and mitigation. Yet adaptation is the main priority for CDDCs, including many SIDS and LDCs, which tend to be more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than non-CDDCs.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188617-en	99a5607d66a525a38dae0e9845a92fa1	Finally, in all scenarios with an 80% share of renewables, open cycle gas turbines are no longer part of the optimal portfolios as the large pump storage capacity can supply all the fast flexibility needed by the system. However, with increasing penetration of wind and solar plants, the curtailment of variable power plants becomes significant. For instance, with a 35% and 50% share of renewables, the curtailment of electricity generation from wind and PV power plants is negligible and amounts to maximal 0.4% of the possible annual electricity generation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	99a5b8d6c7bbe5c3ba6b5a393f63d30a	Working Paper No.9, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Support Team for the Arab States. A surveillance summary of smoking and review of tobacco control in Jordan. Prenatal care in developing countries: the World Health Organization technical working group on antenatal axe. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, vol.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	99a7b9353c73ef22865acff5de1006ed	Greater state involvement in the regulation, financing and provision of social goods is not a sufficient condition for substantive gender equality. From a human rights perspective, the state is the duty bearer that must guarantee the enjoyment of human rights. This would mean production by for-profit as well as non-profit institutions such as cooperatives and community enterprises, community management of forest and irrigation systems, as well as community kitchens and childcare centres. While states may be active in some of these arrangements, they would not be the only actors.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	99a83d5652d5c531b5965b1432f29ddf	Participation in education is an explicit objective of school feeding programmes, though the impact also extends to nutritional status and, as a consequence, to health and cognitive capacities. Additionally, programmes that combine the objective of promoting access to services with interventions on the supply side also have a relevant impact, as in the case of education, by providing an incentive to attend school and contributing to create a better learning environment. Such interventions can result in positive spill-overs for children, such as in the case of pensions, since grandparents often live in extended households and the money they receive is invested in children, especially their education.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191761-en	99a8e9a9e6e61834340524189b8ecfec	We are grateful to Christian Derlagen (FAO), Brad Gilmour (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), and Henk Riphagen (Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands) for their role as lead discussants during this peer review. Land designated for agricultural use by legal form of use, as of 1 November 2011. Composition of outlays on seed and perennial fruit plants programme, 2000-12 .	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	99ab17c2f7d51e44c90796da74c5d062	A major rationale for special treatment of countries is their structural vulnerability, which depends on outside factors not easily managed by domestic policy. For example, the least developed countries have been defined as poor countries suffering from structural weaknesses to growth. They are more likely than others to remain poor. Landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are two other groups of countries facing major structural challenges.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	99abf73e9545318decc0e43a1704edfd	Few countries have already succeeded in building EPRs. The United Kingdom project (Connecting for Health) has been delayed several times. One of the few successes has been achieved by the Canadian province of Alberta, which has an only slightly smaller population than Finland. Information could also be used to promote evidence-based medicine further and benchmark providers, as in the Hospital Benchmarking Project developed since 1996 (Hakkinen, 2010).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	99ad3720a411007b64d7dda6fbdabef9	Based on a survey of business leaders, the World Economic Forum in 2016 predicted that by 2020, over a third of the core skill sets in most occupations will involve skills that were not considered crucial at the time of the survey. Demand will grow more for social skills, such as persuasion, emotional intelligence and teaching, than for narrow technical skills, such as programming or operating and controlling equipment. This does not mean that technical skills will not be needed, but that they will have to be complemented by social and collaboration skills. On the one hand, automation is likely to make complex problem-solving less necessary in industries that are heavily technical today. On the other hand, problem-solving will gain importance in industries that are expected to become more complex and analytical. The World Economic Forum survey highlights a number of underused but promising approaches to handling the impact on jobs of technological developments, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, nanotechnology and 3D printing.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	99aefe90bdedc7419332e1426e6148b7	Climate finance is increasingly being channelled through complex networks of financial intermediaries, and there are significant difficulties associated with tracking and assigning private climate finance (Caruso and Jachnik, 2014). In particular, development co-operation providers’ efforts to improve the environmental performance of businesses often involve working through intermediaries such as banks, businesses and professional associations, as well as companies with extensive supply chains. Similarly, a review of multilateral climate funds found five different routes to mobilise private investment, comprising a combination of intermediaries (Whitley, Chiofalo and Barnard, 2014).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	99af9cef64245db1442ac869d8ee1b28	The proposed set of indicators does not intend to be exhaustive nor complete or applicable to all circumstances. The purpose of this framework is to propose a first step in creating a list of indicators at the individual country level to monitor and evaluate adaptation actions in agriculture. To reduce risks associated with climate change and maintain profitability, farmers will need to adapt to changing socio-economic and climatic conditions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	99b0a6886682b999a8de993d9849dbe6	All these regulations are more prevalent at the regional than the national level. Indeed, five of the responding countries report that such regulations operate at the regional rather than national level (Australia, Denmark, Japan, Netherlands and the United States), which points to potential sub-national specificities in requirements. Well spacing can provide guarantees against well interference and stream depletion if implemented with sufficient knowledge of the situations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	99b2086d7b47db08db4b2f1afe6cd6c3	"As part of the 2015 Traffic Safety Master Plan established and implemented by the National Police Agency, a system has been developed to allow' for an automatic search of keywords related with road safety (such as ‘""traffic accidents” and “traffic jams”) on social media (such as Twitter and Facebook) and disseminate the information through the urban transport information system (UTIS). In case of necessity, a police motorbike patrol will be dispatched to address the situation rapidly. The police also designated every Monday and Friday as the “day of traffic discipline” and will use cameras to monitor traffic rule violations at main crossroads. This was already the case in large urban areas, but the initiative has now been expanded to the entire country to be conducted on a regular basis. A smart phone application has also been developed in order to allow citizens to record and report situations of traffic law' violations and award prizes to the best reporters."	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5830c400-en	99b354628d46a2e99d1f702cca8ce77b	Jennifer Cannon and Elisa Larrakoetxea provided administrative support and prepared this working paper for publication. It describes how skill recognition can benefit individuals, employers and society as a whole, and identifies in which contexts skill recognition has the highest potential to bring benefits. The focus is on three tools that are commonly used to shorten the path to a formal qualification: admission into a programme, reduced programme duration and qualification without a mandatory programme. For each of these tools, this paper sets out country approaches, discusses common challenges that arise in their implementation and advances policy messages to support policy design and implementation.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	99b44480e97ae789018d8f2245eb4859	About 270 species are native to Israel, but an additional 230 pass through every year. About 25% of the world’s migrating birds fly over Israel. A number of innovative initiatives have been taken to monitor and protect these birds’ migratory patterns and to promote public awareness and co-operation with other countries in this regard.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c271815-en	99b4f0ba48d80ad73b62c3770539a790	"Values around 1.5 indicate very egalitarian societies, while values around 3 indicate very high inequality. The coefficients for developing countries tend to be between 2 and 3 (Alvaredo and Piketty, 2014). A.B. Atkinson and T. Piketty (eds.). A note on the relationship between top income shares and the Gini coefficient; Economic Letters. T. Piketty and E. Saez. """	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590908-en	99b7fffb27a04049809cf46830c5dc79	He had sat with the principal in her office who addresses the young girls as “ladies” in the primary school, and struggles day after day to make sure that every one of these young people has a sense of dignity and self-respect, despite the drugs, prostitution and crime in the area. She sent an email to Professor Jansen and said that she had given up and just wanted out, because the government did not support her and she had no money to pay for the electricity. The school is treated as a former white school although all of the pupils are black and she has made every effort to get top black teachers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	99b9b415801ac56d940cf00ca62860a1	Minneapolis and Saint Paul have successfully re-positioned their cities as green leaders in the US and supported the growth of new green industries, generating jobs and economic growth. Throughout Minneapolis, electricity and natural gas usage was lower in 2010 than in 2008. This leadership was pivotal in ensuring other parties were engaged and sent out a strong message about the seriousness of the initiative to key stakeholders and businesses.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	99bcae95cc271c48496786dd14e1da60	For instance, a flock of studies (Zhang etal., This should have translated in turn into higher inequality. In this regard, part of the increased inequality is understandable, and policies to contain inequality should be oriented to provide more equal opportunities in human capital accumulation. Section 3.5 of this chapter discusses this issue further.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	99bda00699738b1a2311180ef3eccf11	For the country to meet its target of increasing the share of RES in TPES to 23% by 2025, the RES share must increase by 1.52 percentage points per year on average from the 2013 base share of 5%. Viet Nam has set a target of increasing the share of electricity generation from renewable energy to 4.5% in 2020 and 6% in 2030, which is predominantly going to be achieved through hydropower. For 2020, Viet Nam expects to increase the installed capacity of hydropower to 17 400 MW, pumped storage hydropower to 1 800 MW, wind power to 1 000 MW and biomass to 500 MW.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	99bfc1899fc4021ca36638a37ad1d6e0	Ultimately this allows city-regions to pool devolved funding with local resources to deliver transport, training and urban regeneration (Larkin and Marshall, 2008). The concept of a micropolitan area was created by the United States Census and features a smaller nucleus the metropolitan statistical area. A Micropolitan Statistical Area is a Core Based Statistical Area associated with at least one urban cluster that has a population of at least 10 000, but less than 50 000. There are a number of cases where partnerships and contracts have been concluded with recently created metropolitan authorities, though largely as ad hoc sectoral partnerships.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlphd2twps1-en	99bfc1c25097443ac226d520a7ca3f59	The common finding of positively sloped age-earnings profiles is generally attributed to accumulation of human capital with work experience over the life cycle.3 Taken at face value, these results suggest that the relationship between literacy skills and age does not follow the pattern displayed by other forms of human capital. A 35-year-old in 2012 may differ from a 25-year-old in 2012 both because she is older and because she comes from an earlier birth cohort. Those born in different time periods may experience differences in the nature and quality of schooling and work experience, as well as differences in the contributions of other influences on skills such as parents and peers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264290747-en	99c0441e834f6d5564897edd52a1163f	Chapter 6 discusses the capacity for implementation of NUPs at all levels of government, by focusing on the resources committed and the policy instruments employed in the NUP processes. Based on these findings, Chapter 7 presents the next steps, with a focus on the National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP), a global initiative jointly coordinated by UN-Habitat, the OECD and Cities Alliance to promote and support the development and implementation of NUPs around the world. Chapter 8 presents conclusions and key recommendations for a successful and complete implementation of NUPs. No sufficient information was available to this study to make an assessment for 39 countries.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	99c060e9aefeb9923b907d1dcc00fa8a	In the case of early childhood, the standards vary from one country to another. There are indicators of management and quality in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador and Peru. Various entities are responsible for compliance, including the ministries of health, education and social development (Marco, 2014).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	99c2303efe9af9d6ad4e3939cceb91b7	However, this condition might not be sufficient to change the irrigation practice of fanners, especially for rice and wheat, for which drip-irrigation systems are not yet used (Singh, 2015). Since then, only 2 000 solar pumps were installed by farmers in the State, since subsidies were often not substantive enough to motivate the investment (Roy, 2015). Nevertheless, the State and Central Governments are pursuing their support programmes, and the cost of solar panels is falling, which suggests further development of solar pumps, threatening to increase the depletion of critical aquifers.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	99c803b6de23d11b2994288a8bb2fe0f	To accompany the development of its Low Carbon Development Strategy, the Government of Guyana in 2011 established a new Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE). Similarly, recognising needs of its own, the Government of Tonga recently established a new Ministry of Training, Employment, Youth and Sport (MoTEYS), affirming a commitment to training and employment in the country. There is also a growing recognition of the need to revisit the existing structure of line ministries.	13	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264281318-28-en	99ca3a5878b4adb3ed0d0b6b741b28db	They may be attracted to self-employment for the greater flexibility it can offer in managing the work-life balance and family care responsibilities - one of the reasons women entrepreneurs are less likely to seek to grow their businesses than men entrepreneurs. Policy instruments for addressing these challenges, such as training and grants for female entrepreneurs, need to be expanded because they have not fully reached the potential target population. They include dedicated business incubator and accelerator programmes for women entrepreneurs and building dedicated risk capital infrastructure.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	99cad1c106287f94795e74b3df422604	In addition, more attention should be paid to the introduction and use of modern irrigation techniques. A large proportion of the population on the Turkmen coast of the Caspian Sea lives in urbanized settlements and is employed in the oil and gas industry, while a small proportion is still occupied with fishery and agriculture. This includes 420 vertebrate species, including 48 species of fish, 29 reptiles and two amphibians.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	99ce88fdd9a39311d65af3266fb6c0c2	This actually implies that high stand density enhances forests growth and carbon sequestration. Natural regeneration in addition to planting and delaying or not doing tendering makes the stand density high and thus indirectly help in enhancing carbon stock in forests. Silvicultural practices such as clearing make more space and nutrients available for the remaining saplings or trees in young stands, and thus enhance timber production in the long run. The drainage of peatland, on the one hand, enhances the forest growth and thus carbon sequestration in forest biomass, releases carbon from peatland itself on the other hand.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	99cea5273b86cc941dc00234bb9e8249	Africa should take advantage of the widely spreading use of mobile phones to facilitate access to maternal health. The Balaka initiative in Malawi and the Abiye project in Nigeria have shown the value of information technology in facilitating access to health services. These initiatives should be scaled up and replicated, if possible, for better access.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	99d1fd67a6209f130b83260f641db2d7	Publishing subnational estimates with confidence intervals is important for their correct interpretation and use. Despite the development of software routines for the computation of standard errors, users of household survey data with complex design can often only approximate the variance of their regional estimates. This is due to limited infomiation on the survey’s sampling structure in the microdata available to researchers. As discussed in detail in Annex 2, the provision of ‘computational strata and PSUs’ variables in the public-use files would improve the capacity of users to correctly estimate the sampling variance, with limited confidentiality issues.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	99d2ed88b1b9e90b6a8c8d474fb36c37	There has also been a move towards increasingly integrated natural hazard management, which focuses on factors that may affect vulnerability, such as land-use planning, in addition to traditional flood defences. While all this provides a good basis for responding to some of the effects of climate change, enhanced co-ordination of government action is necessary to meet the challenge. It provides information on likely climate changes and sectoral impacts, an overview of ongoing adaptation initiatives, a portfolio of adaptation recommendations and guiding principles for prioritising actions.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	99d46b22d81c2d0e41f1088cf679256e	Provided to ESCAP by UNITAR UNOSAT. This unique regional cooperative platform, which has been running for 20 years, calls on all national space agencies in the Asia-Pacific region to work together to help disaster-affected countries. In 2013and 2014, for example, RESAP mobilized more than 218satellite imagesand damage maps that contributed to preparedness, response, relief and damage assessment.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/935513ee-en	99d4eba28f148843d2036f7a23cf7dee	Disputes can therefore appear at local, regional, national, or transboundary levels. The risk of conflict escalation is higher in situations where two or more sets of actors with unequal power face increasing water scarcity without access to alternatives or coping mechanisms. At the same time, however, shared water resources can serve as a platform to build cooperation between parties in conflict. Whether water resources generate conflict or cooperation between competing users often depends on the governance systems in place.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	99d678f393c4b2da4d384c91abadaea2	Donors should see their role not as experts bringing solutions, nor as politically neutral ‘partners’, but as convenors, facilitators and politically aware contributors to serious debate” (Unsworth, 2009). While donors may wish to support civil society to provide evidence on government performance, such support must be based on a concept of empowerment rather than on “instrumental extraction of information from the poor” (Eurodad, 2006). Support to civil society must be designed so that donor procedural and reporting requirements do not undermine the capacity of citizen’s groups to collaborate according to their own agendas and for that reason donors should be cautious in funding social movements (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	99d84d1e79320a28927174261467efb2	Despite the slight recovery of biomass due to good recruitment in recent years, stocks were still below the limit laid down in the recovery plan. Over the previous few years fishing mortality levels among the main langoustine stocks (functional units 28 and 29, South and South-West of Portugal) had declined as a result of reduced fishing. Recruitment and reproductive biomass had been restored to the levels recorded in the eighties.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	99d8ec4c778c1beef3fbaca316d97dd3	The impressive growth of aquaculture production has generated substantial socio-economic benefits, such as increased nutritional levels, income, in particular to rural households, employment and foreign exchange. It also brought vast un-utilised and under-utilised land and water resources under culture (FAO, 2005). Fish production is set to grow 1.3% p.a.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264191761-en	99d9096e2ea9fea73d187b6f855f898c	The transformation of the farm structure reversed the roles of the large-scale and small-scale production. Agricultural enterprises, producing almost two-thirds of total agricultural output in 1990 accounted for less than one-third in 2011, while the shares of individual farms and household plots reversed accordingly. Households officially accounted for only 0.33% of utilised agricultural land in 2011. In the north and the north east large-scale farms dominate.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	99d970a3c42a8ac55ef5145f36bb7a2c	It is still too early to tell whether these policies are working to boost basic skills among this age group, but relative to 2014, there were over 4 000 more passes in English and over 7 500 more passes in maths than in 2015 (BIS, 2016). For adults with low basic skills, free further education in maths and English continues to be available to anyone who has not achieved Level 2 in these subjects. In 2015/16, the government funded 803 800 adult learners to participate in English, maths or English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) course. An evaluation of this policy finds that learners who achieve Level 2 in English and/or maths will earn 11% more than someone who did not succeed in passing the same course (BIS, 2016b).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	99dae51d3e9c27212b222e80a938bdf2	Tourism is important to the economy of Maldives: tourism receipts constituted 79.6 per cent of Maldives’ exports in 2013 (World Bank 2016a). Strong performance in the tourism sector in 2014, with a 7 per cent year-on-year increase in visitor numbers (Maldives Ministry of Tourism 2015), was therefore reflected in strong GDP growth. Much of the recent growth in the tourism sector has been driven by increasing numbers of tourists from China.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	99df9cbd32e523cd04fd1eadb7421255	The closer it is to 1, the greater the degree of income inequality, while the closer it is to zero, the less inequality there is (Hoffmann, 1998). Figueiredo and Laurini (2015) voice concern about the possibility of endogeneity being a factor when the usual Ravallion and Chen (1997) methodology is used to measure the effects of economic growth on poverty and inequality. According to these authors, this can arise as a result of two mechanisms: the simultaneous determination of poverty and growth, which could generate a correlation with the error component (endogeneity problems can be caused by unobserved factors that affect these two components simultaneously or by a financial development process that simultaneously affects poverty, growth and inequality); or the direct effect that a growth trend could have on the poverty measurement. With linear specifications, it is assumed that the effects of growth on poverty and inequality are constant and independent of the levels of growth and inequality.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	99e0b0ade4fa0a655e1566a9d09d0642	This special issue contains contributions of the approach used in Western Australia (Corben et al., The various approaches show a great deal of similarity as well as differences. For this, knowledge is required of the safety effects /casualty reduction per intervention unit, such as the effect of building one roundabout, or one hour spent on police enforcement.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	99e0f992ffa40145d42a370ab0bcab05	In 2015, all regions had an MMR of less than 50 deaths per 100,000 live births, with a maximum of 28.7 in the central region. This decrease is associated with the implementation of medical treatment for pregnant women with pregnancy-related complications, as well as the provision of medical treatment to women from remote regions. However, in 2015, the MMR varied among aimags from 0 to 78.5 (Tuv Aimag) deaths per 100,000 live births.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	99e2db5117d9daa38cf5fc570d70a6ac	Over one third of children (37%) still do not benefit from two years of preschool, though this has been compulsory since 1997, and very few children under the age of 4 have access to care centres or other forms of public assistance. Those services that are available focus primarily on health and nutrition, and give inadequate attention to fostering the essential cognitive, language, emotional and social skills that children need to develop in the early years. Children from poor families, who are most likely to face a weak home learning environment, are the least likely to access public services.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	99e2e3a38d4bbf07835b2e1a996b09f2	Among the national and regional dedicated funds, the Amazon Fund is the largest source of public finance for forest conservation programmes in the Amazon biome. Available estimates of the cost of adaptation in agriculture vary widely, but are generally much higher than available publicly sourced international climate finance for the agriculture sectors. The World Bank estimates adaptation costs for the agricultural sectors alone at more than US$7 billion per year. These resources would be needed for investments in agricultural research, irrigation efficiency and expansion, and roads, in order to counteract the effects of climate change on calorie availability and child malnutrition (Nelson el al.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	99e2e43f313953bae33ae9b631d4ebae	This may be specified as the number of hours teachers must be available at the setting for teaching and non-teaching activities. This number varies widely across all countries with available data. These affect job satisfaction and staff retention, and through this, contribute to the quality of ECEC services (Clarke-Stewart et al., Smaller ratios are often seen as beneficial because they allow staff to focus more on the needs of individual students, and reduce the amount of class time needed to deal with disruptions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	99e2fb0bc6d52860d76a9a1705f76b3f	Secondly, professional development is key to ensure that all staff and teachers know which are the best practices for successful transitions and that they have a good understanding of the practices and beliefs in both ECEC and primary. Professional development is vital to inform practitioners of the latest findings on effective practices and curriculum content (Litjens and Taguma, 2010; Sheridan, 2009).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	99e601322170dc9992f50feb14a533e2	Economic resources refer to the direct factors of production such as “immoveable” assets, including land, housing, common pool resources and infrastructure, as well as “moveable” assets, such as productive equipment, technology and livestock. Financial resources refer to money-based resources, including government expenditures, private financial flows and official development assistance, as well as income, credit, savings and remittances. Both economic and financial resources have important implications for women’s economic roles in sustaining household livelihoods, in labour markets and in the wider economy.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	99e6afaf29d4d96f7e2e9122c6202622	As a result, there is a risk that the two processes and the criteria they use are not well aligned and do not mutually reinforce each other (Chapter 5). As there is currently no national system for teacher appraisal, monitoring the quality of school-based human resource management could be a key task of the Inspectorate, but it is not yet fully reflected in the Inspectorate’s evaluation criteria (Chapter 5). In the Netherlands, difficulties typically arise when the central authorities’ plans confront the longstanding tradition of “freedom of education” (Chapter 1), which is strongly defended by schools and school boards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	99e91898c500ca8ed8c1a98b246f062d	The Ministry of Education and Sport is responsible for developing and implementing education policies, inspection procedures, and the allocation of funds related to pre-primary, basic compulsory and upper secondary institutions. The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, on the other hand, performs similar tasks for higher education and research. Post-secondary vocational education falls within the competence of the Ministry of Education and Sport.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	99e99f26c2c1687d5202861924031051	What have been the contributions of afforestation and reforestation? The net increase between 2000 and 2015 was 28.1 million ha, or 1.5% of the total area of forest and other wooded land in 2000. Natural expansion onto former agricultural land accounts for most of the increase, but afforestation in the context of public programmes has played a significant role in some countries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1ea53441-en	99e9feacfccae32759999fc34e54dfde	Many proposals for increasing financial resources have been made (Stiglitz, 2006; UNEP, 2011; UNDESA, 2011). Many of the incentive-related instruments may help raising financial resources, but other, additional, mechanisms have to be identified. National authorities could collect taxes on the basis of national legislation, to feed either national or international funds. Taxes could also be levied internationally, on the basis of agreements.	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	99eb12acf3e2a05e7addd6f56a961358	These changes in the distribution of public expenditure are closely linked to the increase in demand for tertiary education and to the decrease in pre-tertiary education enrolment, due to demographic factors (see Chapter 1). In the last decade, enrolment in tertiary education rose from 584 000 students in 2004, to 1.1 million in 2013, i.e. it doubled. There was also some increase in the share of public expenditure going to pre-primary education, from 8% in 2004 to 11% in 2013 (see Figure 2.6). For Chile and Colombia, year of reference is 2013 instead of 2012.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	99ebb636bb87408c1f27605bc9b073a0	Overall, much greater attention is being paid to these methods also in academic circles, and the number of impact evaluation studies covering all fields continues to rise (Sabet and Brown, 2018). Government policy-makers and practitioners interested in ensuring that actions and finance invested is achieving real impact on the ground could therefore also enable academics to undertake such rigorous studies if relevant data is collected. Fostering stronger collaboration in the science-policy interface (i.e. betw'een academia and government) may also help to move from an ad-hoc emergence of biodiversity-relevant impact evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis studies, to a more strategic one. A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica, Land Economics, 88 (2).	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283329-en	99ee2ddf9739699b2a3eaf556d4dfc30	This represents a significant increase from estimates a decade earlier. Overweight and obesity problems among children and adolescents greatly increase the risk of being overweight and obese in adulthood. Nearly all aspects of the public system - planning, organisation, administration and regulation - are highly centralised whereas the private sector is fragmented. Under the proposed new national health system (Box 1), there will be one purchaser (the Health Insurance Organisation), an autonomous public provider and several private providers who will have the option to contract with the Health Insurance Organisation. Purchaser-provider relations between the public and private sectors already exist in the current system on a limited basis when the public sector purchases services, mainly on a fee-for-service basis, from private providers.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	99f4a80cca853cdadd299b9a5a7a78d4	Recent increases have put teacher salaries in Costa Rica roughly on a par with those of comparable Costa Rican professionals (Mizala and Nopo, 2012). The vast majority of decisions concerning education policy are taken at the national level, with the 27 regional offices of the MEP responsible for ensuring these are translated into practice. School principals reported in PISA 2015 one of the lowest levels of school autonomy among participating countries in student assessment, curriculum, staff and financial matters (see Figure 3 .1).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	99f525d192d968579a5f418591bb514f	In Argentina, for instance, where a programme oriented to expand coverage to the elderly with insufficient contributory records was implemented in recent years, the majority of new benefits were received by women and women’s pension coverage rate at age 65 increased to 92.4 per cent in 2010 (Rofman and Oliveri 2011; see also MTEySS 2012:19; Arza 2012c). In Africa, contributory pensions cover a very limited percentage of the population and most people work beyond the legal retirement age or depend on family help during old age. In the past decades, several African countries have developed NC pensions that have achieved high coverage rates either under means-tested or universal designs. Mauritius and South Africa have been pioneers in this regard. The South African older persons grant was initially introduced in 1928 as a social safety net for white people not covered by occupational pensions. It was later gradually extended to the black majority, initially under different conditions and benefit levels, to finally reach full parity.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	99f549fd16d5759388181bb60b9e5731	The observation that the second most valuable intervention had been technical assistance to exporting companies, such as help in designing marketing brochures, upgrading labelling and packaging to meet international expectations, and developing new and better products has led the assessment team to conclude that financial support and technical assistance are more powerful in combination, with finance providing incentives and technical assistance helping ensure efficient use of the funds. Some loans from MIF seem to have had a very substantial positive impact on the firms that received them. For example Freshpikt, a canned fruit and vegetables manufacturer, reported that it would not have survived without the USD 150 000 initial loan it received from MATEP, which in turn positioned the company to receive a much larger loan from the Zambia State Insurance Corporation (ZSIC).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	99f7e88430f001f53b72a02950e0e3c5	The data collected through these subnational centres will be linked to the national system on mass transport information, TAGO (Transport Advice on GOing anywhere), to promote smart mobility at the national level. The centres will be grouped together and jointly operated by subnational entities to reduce costs. The first joint BIS centre is scheduled to be launched in 2017 through a partnership of 15 jurisdictions in Gangwon-do.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en	99f92e035019587c3ed4285f3634e9a5	The inconsistency in results for the different measures of GVC participation leads us to believe that further distinctions of integrated border management need to be explored. Indeed, the coordination of delivery times and multiple inputs into production at specific stages does require effective performance and coordination by a wider range of agencies than we are able to capture at the moment. The eleven indicators are composed of approximately one hundred variables and are consistent with the families of articles covered in the recently adopted WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	99ff629fabf444fde2ae22741815913c	With a view to deciding on the general design and subject curricula, the framework assembled personnel from the Ministry, KEDI researchers, a basic research team leader, other curriculum experts, school teachers, and subject specialists. Public conferences, seminars, and hearings to formulate and review the overall design were held during the process. The Seventh Elementary and Secondary School Curricula were announced in December 1997 following several series of reviews and corrections. Basically, the NCC acts as a national framework for compulsory content for the first ten years of education, while the school level curriculum - created or adapted -regulates classroom processes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	9a02da57cec4594552dfdc65bddb11fb	Almost half the regions have approved new legislation (sometimes contested by the central government, which appealed to the Supreme Court). In many cases, the AATO’s functions are performed by the regions as a temporary measure, maintaining the ATO as a geographical unit for the purpose of planning, contracting and setting tariffs, and supervising the operator. As of July 2012, a number of AATOs continued to operate.	6	3	3	0.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	9a04d78a794d0f8a9c4120e1a0110299	Publicity, advocacy, education and even legislation can also be used to bring about ideological, cultural and behavioural changes so as to reduce high levels of retail and domestic food waste in the developed world. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/26/palm-oil-initiative-carbon-emissions (accessed 14 March 2011). The dairy and beef sector of the United Kingdom accounted for over 24 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtC0;e) of CH4 and N;0 emissions in 2005, compared with 2 MtCO;e from the poultry sector (Radov and others, 2007).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/137d57b2-en	9a0560998a3866340306b646b51e5fd8	While women are on average having fewer children than they were in the 1960s, our numbers continue to rise. Globally, people are younger—and older— than ever before. While labour shortages threaten to stymie the economies of some industrialized countries, unemployed would-be migrants in developing countries are finding more and more national borders closed to them and the expertise they may have to offer.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	9a0ec3bf04f3440ae15d26929063af2b	Lifestyles help explain variations in CVD and diabetes across OECD countries. Chapter 2 looks at the health promotion and public health contribution to maintaining healthy lifestyles in OECD countries. It examines recent trends in obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and physical exercise. This chapter outlines policies that health systems have introduced recently to combat unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco consumption and high salt intake and to promote physical activities in adults and children in order to reduce overweight and obesity.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	9a0ee4e0fbffdad4daf366eee470ac91	"Furthermore, there is a lack of streamlined regulatory and governance frameworks between tertiary education institutions (including both VET and higher education), which also creates duplication and inconsistency. Currently, 27% of upper-secondary students enrol in a vocational college, where after five years they can acquire both a vocational diploma and the upper secondary school leaving certificate giving access to university. After several years of professional experience, graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges can be granted the title ""engineer"". The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	9a10fe5064da124275a3e0d721778175	Source: OECD (2012), Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264124S23-en. For example health services working with other sectors such as social welfare services, employment, education and housing. Developing and measuring relevant quality outcomes for specific mental health care services within this complexity is difficult. There are interdependencies between these different sectors in terms of their impact on mental health outcomes and quality of care which can make it more difficult to establish accountability when shortcomings arise.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	9a1227c2c6fbbc8c20fee55371716b9e	The German survey’s corresponding figures are, respectively, 22% and 34%. External equity capital (Box 28.1) can be instrumental in financing certain types of innovation, but women entrepreneurs’ lower access to these sources can affect their innovation capacity. A growing body of research demonstrates the critical role that social networks play in the funding and success of high-growth ventures (Stuart and Sorenson, 2010). Accordingly, when female entrepreneurs seek capital from other women they are more likely to be successful (Becker-Blease and Sohl, 2007), while the venture and angel capital industries are still male-dominated (Box 28.1).	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	9a13507128cac7e56b7be67d3795807e	It already has more than ten years of utility-scale wind power experience thanks to the 20MW capacity Wigton Wind Farm (Wigton Wind Farm Ltd 2011). This wind farm was expanded to 38MW in 2010, with another 24MW of capacity due to be installed in the near future. The Wigton Wind Farm project is the only large-scale wind farm in the CARICOM region and provides valuable experience of wind farm development and operation. St. Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC) is the sole utility company generating, transmitting and distributing electricity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	9a13dcda55ebf196fd12294ef1a899c0	Therefore, AfT is likely to be most effective if constraints are identified through a comprehensive analysis and data collection process, and context-appropriate interventions are prioritised and costed. A government-led consultation and negotiation process including the private sector, civil society interests and donors should determine a clear implementation and financing strategy that is integrated into the national development plan and contains measurable targets and a clear lead agency or ministry (Table 6.1). There has been a broad spread of AfT coverage but, as a result, some areas are undersupplied, whereas shifting donor priorities mean a lack of funding consistency for recipients. Recent movement towards more pooling of funds, more transnational and corridor approaches to AfT and a greater focus on effectiveness is likely to have helped address some of these concerns.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	9a169e5bd34ccfd93a9434caad4a8c80	The latter region pays almost the same amount of attention to human development as to economic development. In Africa, these are the two dominant themes. Latin America and the Caribbean's and Arab States' NUPs also pay the most amount of their attention to spatial structure. Environmental sustainability also gets low attention globally, although the results are more diverse across regions.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	9a1732a4f61ebad0684dadb6c26808a1	The chapter makes the case for reducing the use of grade repetition and early tracking, identifying at-risk students and intervening early on, providing a continuum of support for struggling students, and holding high expectations for all students. Other countries respond to diversity by grouping students, whether between schools or between classes within schools, with the aim of serving students according to their academic potential and/or interests in specific programmes. Teaching in these schools or classes is adapted to students with different needs; class size and teacher assignments are determined accordingly. Often, the assumption underlying these policies is that students' talents will develop best when students reinforce each other's interest in learning, and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/750717ff-en	9a1c0deef6d6e101741a9ac4f455f50a	In about a four-day time span, a record high rainfall occurred. More than 200 mm of rain was recorded in a week, equivalent to the average rainfall over a period of three months in the region. The increased flow of groundwater resulted in widespread landslides, leading as well to the destruction of houses, roads and agricultural land.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	9a1ca87451fb8e08cf1fb0b23bb28a0c	Most of the public provision of adult education is focused on upgrading lower skills (basic courses) and allowing the completion of upper secondary education (Box 2). For 25-30% of the adults without upper secondary education, second chance education plays an important role. Adult education is not only a way of upgrading basic skills in the short run, but also a long-term investment, particularly for young dropouts aged between 18 and 24, among whom almost half went back to higher education after participating in municipal education (Nordlund et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	9a2087e1304691725b77cbbf7b960849	Only a very limited part of the protected area has infrastructure adequate for tourism and there is only one official park entrance, in Sao Jorge district of Alto Paraiso de Goias. Cavalcante, a town in which tourism has been growing due to popular attractions such as waterfalls and trails on private land, does not have any access to the park. Red tape and administrative constraints, as well as capacity constraints at the park level, have so far blocked the proposed bidding process to award a concession for tourism-related services.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	9a210a2f3703ed9e858b7d4783316367	Furthermore, for the first time an incident of heroin seized at the Australian border was identified as having originated in South America. Australia reported 3,121 domestic seizures of cocaine in the period 2013/14, a record number, although the total weight of the seizures had decreased by 70 per cent. While the number of seizures at the border had increased every year since 2009/10, in 2013/14 both the weight and number of border seizures of cocaine decreased. The increase in smuggling of small amounts of methamphetamine in 2014 may have occurred in response to increased law enforcement pressure on the diversion of precursors and on clandestine laboratories.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264284425-10-en	9a2af27bd2cfd9d6ec527ec3a6d94f3d	This is certainly the first and most important strength of the Chilean context, as broad attention ensures that education remains a priority in the government’s programme. At the moment of the drafting of this report, the Chilean government’s endeavours in education have consisted of broad education reforms covering early childhood education and care (ECEC) through higher education. The scale and pace of Chile’s education reforms to date have required action on a variety of fronts by actors and institutions with differing levels of responsibilities.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289331142-4-en	9a2d47459adf9c683fc8da7e4c4dfe99	Breakdown of GHG emissions in Russia, 1990-2007. Unlike the business-as-usual approach seen in previous years, more aggressive policy measures were adopted. For example, the government’s anti-crisis plan included requirements for recipients of funds from the stimulus package to have an energy efficiency plan.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9a2f18c17c8104a8dce0ca4a51ebdcaa	As mentioned in Box 1, blockchain projects tend to be developed within consortia due to the network nature of the technology. Consortia usually consist of a group of companies and partners, such as technology providers, but may also include regulators or other relevant institutions. It is beneficial to develop pilot programmes for blockchain applications that bring together the main stakeholders, as many additional topics need to be agreed upon (e.g. legal set-up), which are unique to consortia work. In the blockchain space, pilots generally consist of three phases: the design phase, implementation phase and operation phase.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	9a2f68d6881a8ba294d3513f10a9f754	Figures 2.16, 2.17 and 2.18 at the end of this chapter show the relative standing of the United States compared to the benchmark countries examined in the subsequent chapters and other OECD countries. Unlike other federal nations, the United States did not measure the performance of states individually on PISA. However, it is possible to compare the performance of public schools among groups of states.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	9a2fd4a7e5c5553d3207063c3fb7afc1	In 2014 manufactured goods accounted for 41.9 per cent of intra-African exports, compared with only 14.8 per cent of Africa’s exports outside the continent (UNECA and ODI, forthcoming)1. Regional economic communities are one forum where regionally significant policies and infrastructure can be planned, in line with national systems. Countries scoring high on the African Regional Integration Index in the category of infrastructure are listed in figure 4.9.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	9a336f0dc6076c31ace5c5cf7b277a10	Population growth rates are stabilizing or declining in all except Burkina Faso, Guatemala and the United Republic of Tanzania, where growth rates are still high. Its population growth is 1.5 percent per year. Forests cover 50.6 percent of the land area and largely comprise equatorial rainforest, concentrated in the Amazon basin.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/748e616d-en	9a33e3d56233078390e1c93c65abc1c7	Based on a review of existing research it shows that time-use information reveals a much wider range of economic contributions from women, men and children than conventional measures of economic activities, and yields more comprehensive estimates of aggregate production. In addition, household production and caregiving contribute to all aspects of the well-being of household members and yet typically remain unmeasured. Time-use data and analyses uncover the commonly hidden time dimensions of income poverty by exposing the time pressure faced by household members.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	9a36c351392e4f25abe59b696bc1a1b7	Transfers that equalise disposable incomes tend to be smaller in developing countries and to take the form of in-kind services rather than cash transfers, such as pensions. Policy makers in these countries thus may have more room for further equalising disposable incomes, particularly given the increased fiscal space that shifting wealth has afforded them. It is a topic that is examined further in Chapter 5. Changes in market income inequality are the composite result of many different forces, some of which act in opposing directions.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-2-en	9a3c84f60928c4b78d82e3cd8290e024	Section 1 describes recent trends in the OECD fisheries and aquaculture sector. Section 2 introduces four policy issues that are relevant for fisheries governance in member countries while Section 3 provides an outlook and future policy challenges in the fisheries sector. Compared to most meat products, fish and fish products have higher income elasticity in most OECD countries. It is therefore expected that demand for fish and fish products might fall or be re-directed towards low priced species. For example, Danish fish exporters claim that the rather expensive cod products are gradually being replaced by lower priced substitutes like pangasius.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	9a3d6fd00072303bc96cd940ff36df1f	A committee member and an officer from the National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board secretariat also regularly visit sites to monitor its evolution and suggest mid-term corrective actions if the targets are not being met. In extreme cases, the project may be terminated mid-term. Their application is then evaluated based, among other criteria, on their ability to deliver key commercial and technical milestones over the following twelve months, and on the expected impact of an investment of EUR 50 000 on the execution of their business plan.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9a3e728269c0a69ea4a5a0f89e7e3c6e	For low wind penetration, the capacity credit can be approximated by the capacity factor; for larger wind injections, the capacity credit decreases with increasing wind power capacity, and this decrease goes faster for small regions. The consequent variations and disturbances on the grid voltage and frequency are experienced daily by power generators and electricity end users. Each TSO publishes, in a document called “Grid Code”, the performances that each generating unit must meet to be connected to the system. Also, generating plants should be able to ride through certain transient events in the transmission system without tripping, such as a sudden step change in the voltage; a typical requirement is a voltage step of ±6%.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/223159ab-en	9a421e2aad18f65b46cd9c6a5d2dd51d	However, it is possible that although coded as the underlying cause, some of these deaths were precipitated by another condition such as influenza or CVD (Ho and Hendi, 2018). For example, in England and Wales, over a third of all deaths with an underlying cause of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease are reported to also have a respiratory disease mentioned on the death certificate (ONS, 2016a). Although the reasons for the seasonal pattern in deaths from dementia and Alzheimer's disease are not clear, it may be related to the greater vulnerability of people with these conditions to respiratory diseases.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	9a44a267cf572b787c1ccd36320b6c16	This calls for action to facilitate time management; strategies for reconciling paid and unpaid woik; and time policies that are not limited to maternity and paternity leave but also include child-rearing breaks and work schedules and modalities that allow for workers’ family responsibilities. This requires expanding the social infrastructure (drinking water, sanitation, electricity and public transport) to lighten the burden of unpaid domestic and care work in households. Mechanisms for accrediting and certifying competencies should be pul in place to protect the rights of the providers and subjects of care. Occupational segregation by sex is the most obvious sign of inequality and undervaluation of caregiving as paid w ork.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	9a44a88d6c58baf7e754644f945b2a83	The supply-side concentration in the international market for hard coal as for instance measured by the HHI is in fact quite high (IEA, 2007). Due to a variety of facts such as Southern and South-Eastern China becoming more import dependent and Indonesia tightening exports, both, the correlation of hard coal benchmark prices for major import areas (such as the API#2 index for delivery to Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp) with world oil prices, as well as price volatility have increased over the last few years. Often international trade flow data for fuels are hard to get by, amongst others for confidentiality reasons.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2015-23-en	9a44e76a79521e4e279d76632dd6b1b9	This collaborative mechanism is designed to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A broad range of stakeholders - governments, multilateral organisations, civil society, indigenous groups and other forest-dependent communities, academia and the private sector - are included in all REDD+ planning and implementation processes. This chapter describes how REDD+ works and draws out some common denominators among the partnerships it promotes. With only a few exceptions - most notably, Brazil, which has slashed its deforestation rates over the past decade - the clear tendency in many countries is towards a continued and drastic decline in forest cover. While it is not known precisely how fast or how much forest is being lost, some estimates hold that 130 000 km2 disappear every year (FAO, 2010) - an area the size of Nicaragua or England. Most of this loss occurs in tropical areas, such as the great rainforests of the Amazon, the Congo basin, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	9a45e704f6033e102ec5a2b51f09c81e	Urban Toronto in Canada, the University of Chicago Urban Network in the United States, and the Viet Nam Urban Forum (VUF) are examples of platforms for networking and discussion on key urban issues among agents from different backgrounds. The membership of the VUF, for instance, chaired by the Ministry' of Construction, includes public, private and nonprofit organisations (universities, think tanks and so on) and even international organisations. The VUF, a platform for discussion on urban issues, regularly review's and reports to stakeholders on the state of ongoing urban development programmes. It also contributes to a deeper understanding of urban upgrading projects.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	9a48232740a73ac49f5f88d80f4a16de	Health insurers had insufficient incentives because of the still prevailing substantial ex post compensations and a lack of adequate instruments because of remaining government regulation of prices, supply and entry in various sectors. These problems were further compounded by a lack of an adequate system of product classification (DBCs) and a lack of reliable and publicly available quality information (performance indicators) due to insufficient patient level data and an inadequate information infrastructure (OECD 2010b, Klazinga etal., The latter is explicitly formulated as keeping public health care expenditure within an annual growth rate of 3 lA per cent.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	9a49e6a9324f92e116cf3c8bda0eb88d	While there was a considerable upfront investment -equivalent to some USD 200 million in setting up the system, and some USD 300 million in buses, other transit options, and park-and-ride facilities - operating costs have proved to represent some 25% of annual revenues, rendering the investment cost-effective. Moreover, other benefits have been estimated on an annualised basis at some USD 85 million deriving from shorter travel times, USD 18 million from enhanced road safety, and USD 13 million from health and environmental benefits. Moreover, no effect was observed on the level of retail sales.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	9a4a3e436ec35aa4923991c382f478b2	So, despite the fact that fisheries do have an ultimate productive limit, we are currently at some distance from that point. All that is needed is more effective management targeting economically optimal stock levels. But its role in remote and rural areas can be very important in terms of jobs and economic activity such as in Japan, Canada and Norway. Outside of the OECD, it is an important source of nutrition and employment, especially in coastal areas of developing States and territories.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	9a4c1a15cbcf324154b7c32e80f1c1e3	Co-operation between the SIA and the PES will have to continue to be strengthened further. In addition, the rehabilitation chain has been less efficient for persons with mental disorders who stay on sickness benefit much longer than other recipients of these benefits. Efforts to improve the efficiency of the rehabilitation chain should continue.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	9a542034c0e4bb858419f253471e2dda	It is also remarkable that the perception of whether uncertainty generates opportunity or threat depends on the time horizon. For example, variations in product prices are viewed as a negative uncertainty in the short-run, but as providing opportunity in the longer term. This shift in perception may be related to the ability to manage the risk: farmers may feel that in the long-term they can develop strategies and instruments to benefit from the price variations.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	9a556bc6dca0cfd48ea8f1227177d55a	The fact that female labour force participation rose substantially in the rural employment (NREGA) programme (see below), that provides equal pay with men, suggests that this can be the case. However, “own-wage” information is not available for the self-employed, which constitute about half of the female labour force, which makes testing this hypothesis more difficult. It was enacted in 2005 and guarantees 100 days of work per year, for a minimum salary fixed by the state (same for men and women), for all members of rural households willing to do unskilled manual labour with quotas for women. According to existing literature, this programme has had a significant impact on rural employment, increasing both public and private employment and casual wages (Imbert and Papp, 2013).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	9a5af7b9ca29fef03aa98d47884b694e	This type of trial measures a treatment’s effect by randomly assigning participants to an intervention or control group. Randomisation allows researchers to identify causal relationships between a medical intervention and an outcome because it eliminates the potential bias that could taint the study findings. The design of the RCT aims to measure efficacy and not effectiveness.	3	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e9f9b60a-en	9a5f5286c9a3b10191ce6b333ff1b5c0	Population size will also have an important impact on development since very small markets tend to have a narrow resource base depriving them of the benefits of economies of scale, and making them dependent of external and remote markets, with high export/import costs. Press Release, 23 February 2017. Seventeen LDCs are landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), nine are small island developing states (SIDS).	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	9a5f90ad4fe46118dc7e41f420df8616	Avoid unnecessary complexity The more complex the measure of child poverty, the less useful it is likely to be. Measure well-being broadly Child poverty is about more than income or the lack of items on a given list. Children can be poor in love and attention, in parental time and skills, in relationships and community, in public services and environmental quality.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9a61977d577400ced19f95b5f0731441	Furthermore while higher education institutions expressed concern about the lack of employment opportunities for graduates within the region, many did not have robust institution-wide systems in place to monitor the labour market outcomes of their graduates or did not know where they had found employment. Considerable number of students engages in voluntary work. With the exception of the Tel Hai College, this is noncredit bearing and considered outside of the curricula. However, from the student perspective there are competing demands of community service obligations, jobs to pay for college and time needed for academic study.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9a656633e9e419de7009b9c15d091d6a	Other concepts are highly promising, yet are in early development stages and can pose challenges in real-life implementations. This is either done by defined authorities or by a defined consensus mechanism. The participation as a miner depends on the defined consensus mechanism. The participation as a miner within the network might have constraints, which depends on the defined consensus mechanism. This guarantees full control of the node and a complete decentralisation of the different nodes participating in the network.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	9a6841361605797c3d52fcd0fe142c8a	However, the ministry was abolished, and its functions dispersed among a number of other federal ministries, including the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry' of Construction and Utilities, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Justice. There are, moreover, dedicated ministries focusing on the problems of specific territories, such as the North Caucasus and the Far East. A similar structure of responsibility is replicated at the regional level, including in Krasnoyarsk Krai, where the governor gives the main policy directions and monitors the achievement of policy objectives. The Krai government and its sectoral ministries develop state-supported mechanisms for regional development, finance and implement regional policy measures, and control the effective use of funds.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c45e5372-en	9a6aa86d3e9c0f19a314ad1cdebed065	Several programmes try to provide innovative access to finance tor women, such as cash tlow-based loans with flexible collateral, direct credit from exporters to producers, or providing financial services though mobile phones. The women’s economic contributions were perceived as unimportant compared to the main cash crop contributions (usually the husband's view). Yet the woman’s income was otten significant in absolute terms and was critical in facilitating cash flow and maintaining family wellbeing during the off-seasons.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	9a6dfd4cb218b8f10ab7ea08acd0c656	To offer some concrete answers to this question, this paper reports the findings of a synthesis of cross-country empirical work on the ranking (in terms of efficiency and distributional impact) of major tax instruments on the one hand, and, on the other, country-specific tax policy assessments reported in several dozen OECD Economic Surveys since 2008. The paper identifies a wide range of factors, some common to many countries and some country-specific, that prevent governments from adopting tax structures more favourable to inclusive growth. These include political economy forces, legal obstacles, administrative constraints, and intergovernmental fiscal arrangements.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	9a6ef60673a7478932506de94e58a142	Also, the facilitated export possibilities within the trade agreement do not alter the fact that each importing country needs to issue a compulsory license for the importation of drugs protected by a national patent. Box 6 provides an example of an LDC-dominated regional trade agreement and how it could use the new system. The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International, 2008 [hereinafter Correa/Yusuf], p. 421 ff. (	3	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	9a6f244ed2ba375df785b1fcde52d103	Also, the age group of 80+ is the fastest growing population group and at the same time has the highest KSI (killed and seriously injured) rate leading to a strong need to focus on improving safety measures especially for this group. In each of them over 40% of casualties aged 65-69 were car drivers or passengers, but the proportion of car users decreases as age increases (Figure7.2). Thus, a much larger proportion of casualties in the 80+ age group were pedestrians.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	9a6f81d1c4147b82e33f12ce9e8e0d10	"Such regional characteristics put clear marks on national carbon emission inventories. Though relatively modest in absolute terms, the amount of “carbon trade"", measured as carbon emissions embodied in international trade flows, relative to national emissions is larger in several ASEAN countries than in China or India. In other words, international trade plays more important a role for ASEAN countries as a source of carbon emissions when compared with the world's two most populous countries. This reflects the pattern of trade specialisation in ASEAN countries; they tend to import more emission-intensive final products (both durable and non-durable goods) in exchange for supplying intermediate products."	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	9a705a9a9cb31a2de93f6b014681ce4a	The provision of a performance guarantee can be also be insured by a commercial reinsurance company to provide solar plant operators and investors with greater planning security, which will give investors, including institutional investors, more confidence about revenue derived from projects (Munich RE, 2010). In the case of sustainable energy projects, surety bonds are useful to ensure project completion if a contractor defaults. Project contractors purchase these surety bonds from surety companies which assume liability for nonperformance.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	9a7333a23d641840186a79915494c0af	It requires strengthening education, labour market, tax and social institutions with a greater emphasis on the implications of such reforms on youth skills and employability. A broad range of skills matters for employability and, more generally, success in society (Box 1.2). Education attainment but also socio-economic background and the use of skills at work influence young people's skills (Box 1.3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	9a74683580c76c9522c14e98889c87d3	Other countries may not see the use for a national-level system, particularly when adaptation-related policies are led at the sub-national level, and do not mention adaptation monitoring and evaluation in their NDC. Evaluation is in many ways more methodologically challenging than monitoring, because adaptation policies and programmes often lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes. It is nevertheless a useful activity to allow countries to learn from their experience, and support the improvement of future adaptation planning and implementation. These could helpfully focus or continue focusing their efforts on this evaluation and learning gap.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9a76cd1a03702e49b78541e4e53435f4	In light of this problem, the college is pursuing targeted initiatives to improve the qualifications of unemployed teachers emphasising: empowerment, behaviours in job interviews, writing of resumes and job seeking. These include master's degree programmes in business administration and engineering fields, a bachelor's degree in geo-information and certificate programmes in fields such as real estate studies, interior design and computer studies. The Technion medical school, through its clinical department, collaborates with hospitals throughout the region and provides continuing education programmes in family medicine and dentistry.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ca796bd2-en	9a773cc2b172b56bb7aaf7dd9e04f88f	The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics, and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality. This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	9a776abccc2614f2eb9d34c8837aa751	Moreover, the leadership of regional and urban development policy has been unstable. In 2013, the creation of the Ministry of Regional Development (MRD) was announced. This had all the levers for developing and implementing comprehensive urban and regional development policies, except for the allocation of revenue authority and budgetary transfers to SNGs.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0f6ff1b0-en	9a77dcb66f629b5e3dd76d5f50da9e32	Another lasting impact of this resolution is the explicit criteria that it declares for accessibility to drinking water and sanitation, noting that it needs to be “safe, clean, accessible and affordable”. It thus can be argued that this resolution introduced criteria that will need to be considered in shaping access to water and sanitation beyond 2015, including universal coverage, water quality and affordability. Additionally, wastewater treatment is highlighted within the scope of water quality protection and the reuse of treated wastewater is referenced within the scope of rural development and agricultural production.	6	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-5-en	9a78142e4b64fb7cb255e3d7a8f86317	At the macro level, enrollment correlates with the Gross National Product; at the micro level, poor children, particularly girls, are traditionally less likely to enroll. Poverty is both a barrier to education and an outcome of the lack of education. Further, poverty alleviation and gender equality strategies focusing on investment in education greatly depend on government action, first and foremost in relation to financing (Checchi, 2003).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	9a7cdadf30f254a2a1d8a9922ea5d212	R&D efforts (the environmental component of the CORE Programme), ecotechnologies (the new 2009 Action Plan), energy savings (2008 National Energy Efficiency Plan) and the promotion of public transport are all part of a new conception of the environment as an economic opportunity. But as Luxembourg looks ahead post-crisis, it is not certain that environmental action will receive greater priority, beyond the country’s European commitments. Health risk factors, and environmental ones in particular, are regularly checked and the results are often published.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9a7fd133a70dd3fbd0b053eb433823c1	Support should be provided for extension learning centres that draw on a range of providers, including several colleges, possibly Open University and other universities, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates. When developing the network of education providers, care should be taken to ensure that the population continues to have access to adequate lifelong learning services. Adequate IT infrastructure should be put in place to ensure high speed, low cost connectivity.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	9a85d4c79a1c58a25a00dbc031d07621	Still others join caravans to engage in trade activities. The largest Saharan caravanners, the Touareg Kel Ewey (and the Kel Gres) of Niger, are farmer-pastoralists with concessions and gardens in Air or millet fields in Ader. Some cross the Tenere desert to trade their farm products for salt and dates (e.g., Fachi, Bilma and Djado).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9a8909899977845a32cc08f9da174897	Spain has also developed transparent and accessible meteorological forecasts with CECRE and its advanced forecast model SIPREOLICO (de la Fuente, 2010). A system that shares balancing responsibilities with producers will induce as well variable renewable producers to develop their own forecasting resources in order to minimise their deviations from the day-ahead forecast, i.e. internalisation of system integration costs due to unpredictability. All parties have to share benefits and responsibilities from system balancing and there exist nowadays a variety of power market designs allowing increased internalisation of system costs. Several key features of such improved designs are presented in the following. Thus, energy provision and balancing services can be planned in advance by power utilities. The challenge appears within power systems with large amounts of variable renewables, especially wind.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9a8b717b306107488e133506e1d770af	In contrast to the OECD average of 20%, approximately 80% of Israeli R&D spending is concentrated on the ICT fields. These fields represent 15% of Israeli GDP but only 5% of employment. At the same time 4% of government support to R&D is directed to traditional industry (2004 figures). While the Israeli ICT companies invest around 10% to 18% of their turnover in R&D, the corresponding figures for traditional industries are 0.1% to 3%.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	9a8bc2813c16fe910cce4c1dfbe84622	Designing a lean organization and using efficient processes will lower costs. For example, with about 20 full-time professional staff members and a liberal budget for consulting services, a contribution of $60 million will allow APEA to function effectively for the first five years. Its main resource will be the professional staff and it will have a very small capital asset — i.e. mosdy office facilities. Therefore, the member countries will only need to invest a small amount as equity and assume very little risk.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	9a8cd2b96980c5d50ed87246ed9965ad	However, this share has fallen over the past decade owing to rising domestic demand. Production is expected to continue to increase as a result of productivity gains. While exports have been low over the past decade owing to the importance of the domestic market, an increase in sales to foreign markets could occur as a result of industry reorganisation and the opening of new marketing channels.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	9a92d31817ed336354efc0231cb3acb2	Good co-ordination between services and sensitivity to the need for different intensities of treatment are very important. In addition, it is increasingly recognised that sub-threshold mental disorders (where the symptoms fall below the diagnostic criteria for the disorder) can be distressing and disabling, particularly if persistent, and low-intensity treatment for such cases is often appropriate. Those mental disorders with the most severe symptoms are relatively rare, affecting only small proportions of the population (see Chapter 3).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	9a93c33fc7b551a3ecf5a75bc8f43971	Factories shut down, eliminating many jobs and reducing the domestic demand for raw nuts. The additional income accruing to the farmers was around USD 5.3 million, or USD 5.30 per year for the average cashew-growing household, but 90% of the cashew processing workers appealed still unemployed in 2001. By 2002, production had recovered to only 50 000 tonnes, or 5% of the world’s total, of which none were processed locally, and the Mozambican cashew industry was worth around USD 80 000.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	9a93d4e9243d3bb584e3a71210dd834c	A 2012 law stipulates that the ratio of disadvantaged students in each school shall not exceed the average ratio of disadvantaged people in the settlement by more than 15 percentage points. However, the effect is likely to be limited because of the existing geographic segregation. The 2013 recentralisation of responsibilities may help in this respect as poorer municipalities often lacked resources to finance school infrastructures, while the central government may provide more funds (Box 2). The general increase in teachers’ wages may also help in recruiting and retaining more highly qualified teachers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	9a957363e9186c028671955bc20c4bfd	They calculate risk transition between the scenarios based on the literature, including Mead etal. ( In particular, health experts have been debating on whether it is water quantity or quality that matters most in terms of driving health benefits. Cairncross and Valdmanis (2006) estimate that most of the benefits from water supply are attributable to improved convenience of access to water in terms of quantity.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	9a96061f3c77b75db6e4f596f255ad1c	Ramaprasad, 1983, p. 4) In contrast, in education the term “feedback” is often used to describe any information given back to a learner about their performance, irrespective of whether that information has the capacity to alter the gap (Sadler, 1989). In other words, if we use the term as an engineer would, feedback is not just information given to students about their performance. It must direct their future actions in productive ways.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	9a96b82bb78102656c4c8d6bc5da81f3	Competing schemes with different assessment criteria and definitions allow primary producers to choose among them according to their interests. The media also plays an important role in amplifying the NGO messages. Topics like energy efficiency (e.g. carbon footprint, food miles), waste handling and product loss minimisation, sustainable packaging (e.g. biodegradable or recyclable materials; space efficiency), animal health and welfare and social issues (e.g. fair trade) could be included in future multi-attribute standards for a sustainable fishing and aquaculture industry (Box 2.2).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079915-9-en	9a96bffe1a840bca26b083b7d1fb7e47	Sustainability has three aspects, or pillars: environment, economy and society. But preserving this resource also means dealing with the economic and social consequences too. If fishers have no alternative but to fish illegally, they will do so, and harm or destroy efforts to promote ecological sustainability.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/150942f1-en	9a96dcd23ab01b71eda18a0b1e0a8550	Other interventions (or mix of policies) might be more cost-effective in the short run. A combination of a universal or regionally targeted (starting with those regions where child poverty is more widespread) cash transfer programme for children aged 0 to 5 years old together with a school-feeding programme in poorer regions might represent an effective way to intervene quickly to improve child well-being. As discussed here, given the same amount of budget, a cash transfer provided universally to all children aged 0 to 5 is estimated to lead to child monetary poverty rates that are substantially similar to the case in which a cash transfer is targeted to all children (0 to 14 years old) predicted as poor, by relatively improving the situation of younger children.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	9a986161e16be9a1ec5263a15d220ae1	In contrast, the DAK grant is the main source for the development of physical infrastructure for sub-national governments. Although DAK funding is directly transferred from the Ministry of Finance to sub-national governments, MoA provides guidance on what priority agriculture facilities should be financed. In addition to “unofficial” payments, official taxes or user charges (perda) can be imposed on the transportation of agricultural commodities out of a region (The Asia Foundation, 2011).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	9a98e705687ff0fa472c766f37524024	For instance, table 3 shows that having a child aged under 6 is associated with a penalty of 18%, while in the case of older children the wage penalty is 9.9% (ols). If the periods before and after the economic shock are considered separately, the penalty seems to have been relatively stable over time in the case of mothers of older children (9%), decreasing however from 23.2% in 1995-1998 to 13.9% in 1999-2003 for mothers of younger children. For mothers of children aged under 6, the penalty is 30.5% in the tenth percentile, 23.6% in the twenty-fifth, 10.3% in the fiftieth, 12.5% in the seventy-fifth and 12.6% in the ninetieth, again offering supporting evidence for the sticky floor hypothesis in the informal sector.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	9a9b973fcb1ea13310d7a72be549d1f0	In the context of biodiversity management, indicators should help to guide decision-making processes. Ideally, indicators should tell a story and help to communicate ideas. The fifteen Environmental Objectives include six objectives focusing on biodiversity of a certain nature type (freshwater, the marine environment, wetlands, forests, agricultural landscapes and mountains) and one objective that includes biodiversity as one of the main aspects (the built-up environment).	15	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599642-7-en	9a9cd86b6b070fec2cdbbe7157a62a39	This unfavourable turn of events stands in contrast with the buoyancy of global trade apparent when the MDGs were adopted, in 2000. Even with a favourable global trading landscape, small states2 were in any case unable to fully achieve the aspirations of the MDGs (World Bank, 2013). When the MDGs were adopted in 2000, exports of goods and services had expanded by $814 billion.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	9a9dd43b9947d37f7b382d45e8487536	Overweight and obesity are defined as excessive weight presenting health risks because of the high proportion of body fat. The most frequently used measure is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual's weight in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in metres). Based on the WHO classification (WHO, 2000), adults with a BMI from 25 to 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI of 30 or over as obese.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	9aa621d595eb032911b1c6a57bc7c5ad	P4P is typically an add-on payment which promotes evidence-based and preventive services that are linked to specific “targets”. In 2012, nearly two-thirds of OECD countries reported having at least one P4P scheme in place (OECD, 2014). The popularity of P4P schemes also appears to be increasing; the number of countries reporting such schemes also rose between 2008 and 2012.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/45094dde-en	9aae2ef596a62dbb92910c90dddeda2e	The Science Council is composed of six members and a chair and it has its own secretariat; its administrative office is at FAO headquarters in Rome. The features of the planned new structure, according to the CGIAR reform proposal (Change Steering Team, 2008), are as follows. Second, it will separate the “Doers” and the “Funders” by establishing a new legally constituted Consortium of Centers and a Fund.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	9ab29f2bea508202279227a1074e19b1	Children deprived in child labour alone represent 2%, while 16% are highly deprived, having an additional 3 or more. In this age group 48% of children experience two or three deprivations at a time. More than 7% are relatively highly deprived encountering either five or six deprivations, but at the other end of the distribution are 12% of children not experiencing any deprivation.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	9ab3e879e1f2551fd794866ca5884ea3	As they seek work in developed countries, female migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and run the risk of ending up on the wrong side of the law or being targeted by migrant smugglers or human traffickers (figures on these last two are very difficult to obtain). Lim (1998) posited that population ageing and the increasing integration of native-born women into the labour maiket in many developing countries were driving the employment of migrant women as domestic woikers. This issue is still the focus of research today.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	9ab6b0cbe9e54ca4690fb7656fe3b8ff	During the 2005 Mumbai floods the poorest households were the most vulnerable. Though the losses may not appear large in absolute terms, the average loss incurred by households roughly equalled the average households savings. The 1982-1984 drought in Zimbabwe increased the probability of child stunting and delayed the school enrolment of children by an average of 3.7 months, which worsened their performance at school up to 16 years after the disaster. For example, considerable degradation of the ecosystem could threaten the livelihoods of the rural communities that depend directly on natural resources: access to marine biodiversity, nontimber forest products and small-scale or subsistence crop and stock farming.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848599130-10-en	9abc48b6350ad1f06b868500ab9ff2d7	Consequently, three of the five targeted regions for fertiliser and seed inputs have been reporting huge surpluses (e.g. Mbeya region alone had an officially recorded 2,000 tons surplus of rice6), such that at any one time government godowns (with a carrying capacity of about 250,000 tons) are always full, compelling the government to lift food export bans, which have prevailed since independence. The government announced in Parliament that it intends to promote cereals as a tradable good without export restrictions. In paddy, individual farmers have achieved yields up to 8 tons per hectare, compared with the commercial farm’s yield of between 4 and 5 tons per hectare.7 This indicates that, given the right package of support, smallholder farmers can achieve the desired results. Japan, China and Korea investments in irrigated agriculture in East Africa (Dakawa, Tanzania), Uganda (north of Lake Kioga) and Kenya (Mwea irrigation schemes) Private-public partnership (PPP) approach to uplift technology uptake through contract farming with smallholder farmers.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	9abd639f43f1395287967d0b0cdecd65	This new contract provides a basic level of protection for the first two years, after which the level of compensation for unfair dismissal increases. As evidence becomes available about the benefits, and possible costs of the single contract in Italy, Chile could usefully draw lessons. Increasing the share of permanent workers can help Chile reduce income inequality.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	9ac079a8b39bf38d99fcaded41302749	Most are facing increasing problems of alternating seasons of water shortages and severe flooding. Many of the sources of these problems, such as groundwater depletion, covering of aquifers with urban landscapes and filling in low-lying areas with the built environment, are found in the immediate area of these cities. But other problems arise distant from the city, including deforestation of uplands resulting from urban demand and international markets for wood; deforestation is a major source of both water scarcities in dry seasons and flooding in wet seasons.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	9ac4ba54fab772ef2b36a217951df5ad	Honesty and trust are often seen as among the most basic values and the building blocks of Finnish society (Lewis, 2005). Social cohesion and trust are difficult factors to isolate and quantify, but they clearly are part of the explanation for why teaching has become such an attractive profession for talented young people in Finland. Changes in Finnish education after 1990 have been more about ideas and innovation than about new institutional structures.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	9ac4e2a68ffa980ddbf3f4a80ea54f60	This is complemented by specialisation in air and water purification technologies. Both activities reflect the strength Milwaukee Water Council, which advances the interests of more than 150 companies and research institutions located in the greater Milwaukee region, that produce water-related goods, services, or research. These segments do not include suppliers to green companies, thus potentially understating the size of green clusters in the metro-region. Specialisation ranking among US metro-regions: the numerator is the ratio of jobs in the segment and metro-region in 2010 to total metro-region employment in 2010. Total does not include public transit or waste management. These segments do not include suppliers to green companies, thus potentially understating the size of green clusters in the metro-region.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	9ac5273a600cf1643482739ed8966844	This could happen if restricting eligibility increases the effective cost of recruiting workers under the scheme by reducing the pool of potential candidates. Nonetheless, the Canadian experience with the Employment Tax Credit Program suggests that restricting eligibility to unemployed workers is compatible with achieving a significant scale when subsidies are sufficiently generous. For example, small firms may not be able to hire as many workers as they would like early in the recovery because they are more likely to face tight credit constraints.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	9ac61aa983f8ffdb94f466df57f7585b	One of the better-known examples is the interannual variation in egg mortality and fisheries landings of Baltic cod in the Baltic. Spawning success of cod in the central Baltic is hindered by hypoxic and anoxic water below the halocline (70-80 m) where salinity is high enough to provide buoyancy for cod eggs (Nissling and Vallin, 1996; Cardinale and Modin, 1999; Koster et al., In the Western Atlantic, hypoxia appears to contribute to low per capita productivity and slow recovery of cod stocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dutil etal.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/57a5b8c9-en	9ac6b7dc9a53f290f5613f09382da7f5	Although MPI should be seen as a complementary measure to monetary poverty measures, how these measures relate to one another is still an area requiring further research. It is important to note that the figures that follow are purely for illustration purposes as the indicators presented are not comparable. The results of the latest ICP (2011) were released in 2014 and hence provide a basis for revising the international poverty line.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	9ac76b6dc5d7cb41c4b17862f6e7c236	Such benefits may be gained through countries’ national adaptation planning processes as well as processes of preparing national communications. Collecting information for adaptation communications may also help policy makers identify progress towards their national goals or adaptation targets expressed e.g. in nationally determined contributions (NDCs), national adaptation plans or national communications. For instance, information on climate change risk and vulnerability assessments helps a country identify and prioritise its adaptation needs and actions.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	9ac863ae2e76b047e82b82c6d8a7e6c1	The second is that the format is standardised, which facilitates comparison between countries. The third is that they are official statements and, as such, should reflect the government’s perspectives and priorities. As discussed by Gagnon-Lebrun and Agrawala (2006), NCs may not fully reflect the progress to date within OECD countries.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	9aca34ca6526c3c6b4a724961aa848f1	This has been envisaged in the draft Law of Georgia on Water Resources Management (2014). This would entail revision of the Law on Licence and Permits of 2005. Creating the necessary licensing regime would have implications for staffing and funding of the relevant section of the Ministry of Environment. It is clear that Georgia’s river and lake basins differ in their water problems and priorities, and the abstraction licences and charges would need to reflect these local factors. In this context, it is relevant to note that the 2014 draft Law on Water Resources Management now being considered by the Georgian Government includes a provision (Article 26) on assessment of the status of the different river basins and the development of river basin management plans. This will directly support the development of capacity for administering a licensing and charging regime.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	9ad0c723353b6933f2ba5065398285ad	This means that the explanatory values and the effect itself are correlated or, in other words, that cross-country differences are a key factor in accounting for the behaviour of the dependent variable. The within estimators are then obtained, with variables in differences and without the inclusion of moment instruments for the independent variables. These variables are instrumentalized by differences and level.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	9ad30d29faafc1eda3e7efe675ae473a	Restricted mobility also constitutes a key barrier. Needing permission from husbands or guardians to travel may limit women's ability to develop a customer base beyond their local community. There is a need to conduct further country-level research on restrictions to mobility, and on the impact of personal status laws on women’s ability to engage in business and trade activity. In a few cases, businesswomen’s associations have created online stores where women entrepreneurs can showcase their products and reach out to regional, national and international markets.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	9ad3cbb63d24d0e863d55d0140edfd22	While stunting, underweight and wasting are the most common outcome indicators among children under 5 years old. Anaemia and vitamin A deficiency are those indicators assessing the health status of both women and children. There is a clear relationship between malnutrition, low dietary diversity and limited diversity in agricultural production (see Figure 1.1).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	9ad4b1cba82d821b2858b19668a81faa	The arrows show the movement for each country between 1961 and 2005. For nearly all developing countries, the arrow points to the north-west, indicating an increasing rate of protection as labour leaves the sector, whereas the pattern for high income OECD countries is mixed.14 The arrows are also much longer for developing countries, as more dramatic structural changes have taken place, and the associated change in protection has been larger. In few cases, however, have policy makers openly acknowledged that long-term competitiveness is not a realistic goal for the majority of smallholders and decided to focus their programmes on potentially viable operations. At the same time, there is no documented case of a smallholder programme in which the majority of farmers enrolling have succeeded in progressing through the programme to successfully join the ranks of efficient commercial producers. In other words, no programme has reversed the structural tendency for smallholders to leave the sector. This suggests that these policies constitute social policies at least as much as developmental ones.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	9ad607ce93381d84c27d6ba862fc15e0	In doing so, it also helps schools to retain effective teachers and makes leaching an attractive career choice. While research has produced mixed results, there seems to be agreement tbat the design and implementation of performance-based rewards are crucial to their success. Challenges include developing fair and reliable indicators of performance, training evaluators to fairly apply these indicators, and articulating how, and against what criteria, teachers are assessed. The Creek authorities should pursue their initiative for school evaluation, and all school units should lake part in this process.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	9ad68eae665291a688f8cffd42d9c20e	Alternative integrated approaches should also be promoted based on normative values and multidisciplinary, sustainability and multi-cultural principles. There is also scope for increasing the participation of irrigation districts and units to save water, which would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. The absence of an objective and independent assessment represents an important constraint as river basin councils and their auxiliary bodies have not been able to reflect on their failures and learn from past experiences.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	9ad89b0f10b9b897ec08afecc8509987	Oversight by the national government to ensure consistency in the implementation of environmental requirements could be improved by establishing a regular forum for dialogue between the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) and municipalities, possibly with active involvement of the associations of municipalities and towns of Slovenia. Such a forum should aim to better monitor and benchmark the environmental performance of local authorities, with a view to identifying and disseminating good practice. It should also facilitate better feedback from the local level for policy purposes.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	9ada26f83e5848975e665e450f00b005	Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). “ Incomplete” means that the teachers attended, or were attending at the time the Census took place, a tertiary programme but had not completed it. As shown in Figure 5.2, in Uruguay, the percentage of certified teachers according to reports from principals of schools attended by 15-year-olds is 57% against an OECD average of 87%. As shown in Table 5.5, analysis of PISA data reveals that the lack of teacher qualifications is more serious in public schools, technical-professional programmes, outside Montevideo and in very unfavourable to medium schools (compared to favourable and very favourable schools).	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	9adc00f8ea51d93ca4cd5459d446034c	It represents not only a cost-efficient way to make digital learning materials available across the country, but also a new way to improve the digital skills of teachers. The country’s One Tablet Per Child project involved the production of e-books, learning objects, multimedia and songs to be installed on tablets distributed to students. For this project, OBEC produced 336 learning objects in 5 clusters - Thai language, English language, mathematics, science and social studies - which paralleled the textbook content. It is unclear w'hether these materials were also made available to students who lacked a tablet but had access to a computer.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1f11729d-en	9adcc6a534af4ec7e51169070b6defa2	In every country considered, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household. The share is lowest in Switzerland, where it reaches 21% - nonetheless, this is still considerably higher than for the total child population (4.9%). It is substantially high in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Slovakia where the rates are respectively 88%, 73.6% and 76.5% for children in the poorest decile and 39.9%, 29.2% and 25.8% for the total child population. In these countries, the gap reaches 48.2, 44.4 percentage points (ppt) and is as high as 50.9 ppt in Slovakia.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	9add7214767c136b111758ac3d4f8dd7	The Global Environment Facility is tasked with supporting adaptation under the UNFCCC through the Least Developed Countries Fund and Special Climate Change Fund. More recently, the establishment of the Green Climate Fund offers the potential to scale-up finance for adaptation activities. Seven of the largest MDBs reported providing a total of USD 21 billion to support action on climate change in 2012, of which USD 6 billion was identified by them as supporting adaptation (AfDB et al.,	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/61b4958d-en	9ae0d786b11531f163d012f37a3c44fc	The project has made important contributions to the strengthening of the legal framework for local pprotected areas (LPAs). It helped to set up new, or, in some cases, to strengthen existing, LPA management structures in the three target LPAs. It helped develop long-term strategies, management plans and business plans for these areas.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	9ae6c76ad05145743de93abd7f4fe77d	Further opportunities for market-based approaches exist in air, biodiversity and waste management. More could be done to promote environmental management in enterprises, especially small and medium-sized companies. Public expenditure for environmental protection has increased significantly, but still represents a relatively small share of GDP. The economic crisis and large budget deficit impose serious constraints on government action and put at risk Ireland’s ability to meet its environmental commitments.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	9aeb52b1cefd16687aac7e3843428806	Nomadic Berbers inhabit southern Morocco (Ait Atta) and southern Tunisia. First of all, their presence is more visible on the southern edge of the Sahara (especially its Sahelian section) than in the Maghreb portion of the Sahara because of the long-standing and widespread seden-tarisation policy in North Africa. Furthermore, all of the nomadic groups, without exception, are trans-national. Herd composition is also extremely varied.	2	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	9aed76d7f5934645ca3850a3f1c90664	Various alternatives to seek accreditation within the GCF could also be considered in this context. These actors serve to spearhead the dialogue and build awareness within the financial sector in Nordic countries as well as internationally. Taking also note of the recommendations from the Financial Stability Board (FSB) Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD),69 a Nordic study on the potential benefits and applicability of similar legislation in Nordic countries could help ensure that true and/or perceived barriers to engage the financial sector (including ECAs) on a well below 2-degree pathway of investment decision making are systematically removed. It strengthens mandatory carbon disclosure requirements for listed companies and introduced carbon reporting for institutional investors, defined as asset owners and investment managers.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	9aee5f867413398f40987b34ea7d59d3	Data sources include setting specific information structures, and disease-specific registers and data sources. Much of Portugal’s rich data infrastructure is thanks to the use of electronic patient records and unique patient identifiers. These records go towards creating the Portuguese Health Data Platform (PDS), which consists of a Patient Portal (Portal Do Utente, launched May 2012), a Professional Portal (Portal Do Professional, launched June 2012), an Institutional Portal (Portal Institutional, under testing) and an International Portal (Portal Intemacional.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	9af0169506d23a5add4f9567c3656b85	In Sweden they are slightly narrower than in Denmark and similar to Estonia and Iceland, but considerably wider than in Finland and Norway. Nonetheless, this effect is about twice as high in Sweden as in Finland, the OECD country where composition affects results the least. A more favourable socio-economic background is also associated with higher levels of interest, motivation and self-confidence.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	9af0fdc477b4f2ecbdf2bed6c69dfc5e	The third group is about labour market matching, which is a form of job brokerage between employers and job seekers. The main policy instruments within this group are job search assistance, counselling, monitoring and employer intermediation services. In addition, youth-oriented programmes and programmes intended for people with disabilities are recognised as a separate measure in some classifications (Lehmann and Kluve, 2008).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	9af5c9a38c4770e0e1894067f94ab2da	However, focusing exclusively on how many jobs an economy generates provides only a partial perspective on the challenge confronting policy makers, since people’s well-being depends crucially on how good their jobs are. Job quality is not only a key determinant of the well-being of individuals and of the households in which they live (an end in its own right), but can also be an important driver of increased labour force participation, productivity and aggregate economic performance (a means towards better economic performance). Hence, when assessing how policy and institutions can promote job-rich economic growth, it is important to look at both the quantity and quality of the jobs created.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	9af6f022961e45cab230f273e4e11cd8	Nevertheless, the country would greatly benefit from having a more flexible set-up to translate these initiatives in the budget document. In principle, the HIV/AIDS conditional grant, which is based primarily on the disease burden, should help ensure an equitable distribution of government funds. For example, although Mpumalanga province has the second highest HIV prevalence, its provincial government is ranked 7 out of 9 for per capita spending on HIV/AIDS.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9af7dd7d6b4313495be7a5d001b96e61	"This increase was at the expense of the three metropolitan regions of Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv and Haifa, whose share in the student population went down from 87.2% in 1990 to 60.7% in 2006. "" Five out of the six universities that have undergraduates are in the three metropolitan regions, and their reduced share in the student population is the result of the slowdown in the growth of universities and the diversion of undergraduates to colleges."" ( Whereas in 1991 only 10.7% among Arab secondary school graduates completed two years of study in academic institutions, their percentage went up to 18.8% in 2002."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	9afe039a04a815c51e3c117dae833fcc	They describe the current situation, and indicate what the situation in 2030/50 might be, what physical and biological impacts may emerge and how these changes might affect the economic potential of ocean-based activities. It is important to note the interconnections between the drivers and changes addressed in each subsection. By way of illustration, rising C02 emissions contribute to rising ocean acidification, which in turn affects certain marine creatures and, further compounded by e.g. ocean warming, pollution and ultimately the ocean’s biomass. The strongest warming trends have been found at high latitudes (Rhein et al.,	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264176713-en	9aff8634ed0b801adcbe3294b301890b	Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning. We would like to thank all those who gave their time to respond to our questions, provide background documents, comments on preliminary drafts and validate the information for accuracy. We would also like to thank consultants Janice Heejin Kim and Matias Egeland who worked on sections of the preliminary drafts as part of the OECD team on ECEC.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9b00ad35a29b1b926cf17bf08f045829	Israel could establish a special regional investment fund (funded from public and private resources) to provide funding for building HEI capacity for regional engagement and provide incentive funds to institutions and individual faculty members for regional initiatives. These could emphasise increasing tertiary education access and opportunity for the region's population (especially target populations), engaging faculty members and students in teacher/learning and applied research projects related to regional priorities. Kentucky Regional Stewardship and various programmes provided by the Higher Education Funding Council in England (HEFCE) provide examples. Its focus should be on community-based medical education and new forms of health care delivery as well as generating of innovations that link Israel’s IT leadership with effective health care delivery (telemedicine and individualised computer-based medical records systems).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	9b014ba9cb4b7811b8a889de81dfabaa	Roughly 25% of the Baltic Sea’s nitrogen load originates from airborne sources (Chapter 2.3). Climate change may present a further challenge because precipitation is projected to increase, especially in the northern part of the Baltic Sea catchment area, which may, in combination with increasing winter temperatures, lead to increased winter runoff and leaching of nutrients. Furthermore, an increase in water temperatures will make benthic communities more vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia (Box 2.4). Policy responses to climate change, however, may limit the impacts of climate change. Thus, the net effect of climate change and climate policy for the Baltic Sea are not easily judged, especially as the relative abatement costs across different countries are also likely to change under these circumstances. There are no internationally common policy instruments designed with the particular purpose to reduce eutrophication in the Baltic Sea (Elofsson, 2010).	6	5	5	0.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	9b020653cda7b96259958fc08497ecb6	Removing limitations on foreign land ownership would also facilitate FDI. It gauges the restrictiveness of a country’s FDI rules by looking at the four main types of restrictions on FDI: 1) foreign equity limitations; 2) discriminatory screening or approval mechanisms; 3) restrictions on the employment of foreigners as key personnel; and 4) other operational restrictions, e.g. on branching and on capital repatriation or on land ownership by foreign-owned enterprises. The administrative burden discourages firm registration.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264262959-en	9b037569304732c387306bab3929da91	However, it is important to emphasise again that only women in formal employment - and those in formal jobs who have contributed to social security for a mandated period of time - have the legal right to paid leave. These criteria exclude many working mothers. Chile’s policy is arguably the most generous: although the compulsory paternity leave is only five days long, Chile offers parents the possibility to share 12 weeks of parental leave.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	9b0810e3b9a6cdb6d65ae910092e4a0e	If general taxation does not play a more important role, social insurance contributions will have to be increased, with the attendant large distortionary effects and lower “official” employment rates. The Indonesian health care system is still underdeveloped. As a per cent of GDP public health spending, at 1%, is among the lowest in the world.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	9b08e6d0c6c78411cdcfa6542afab6c7	Further, current reporting on climate finance is only mandatory for a subset of developed countries (Annex II) and a subset of climate finance (provided, but not mobilised). For example, the Common Tabular Format (CTF) reporting tables, agreed at COP 18 in 2012 and updated at COP 21 in 2015 (decision 9/CP.21), clarify the temporal scope of information to be provided in developed countries’ biennial reports, include specific line items on individual climate funds such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and acknowledge that some climate finance contributions can respond to both mitigation and adaptation. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of climate finance flows.	13	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	9b0def44bdb20b29b7e00bca59bbc7c0	What makes this increment even more commendable is that it occurred against the backdrop of sluggish growth in world markets, even though LDC exports were buoyed by emerging economies’ continued rapid growth. Much will depend on the state of the world economy and on the ability of emerging partners to maintain their growth momentum.7 On the downside, however, except for a few countries that have made serious efforts to diversify their export base, most LDCs’ exports continue to remain highly concentrated. Aggravating this tendency is the shifting pattern of trade in favour of emerging countries, which is accentuating dependence on raw materials and minerals in many - in particular, African - LDCs.	10	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	9b0f4b41f16924bd9b9ed7ab467c30a8	Studies of 15 countries by three research groups found the price elasticity for industrial energy demand to be between -0.77 and -0.88. Industrial energy use, in other words, provides fertile ground for the application of price incentives for emission reductions. Indeed, industry lowered its energy use much farther and faster than any other sector in response to the oil price shocks of the 1970s.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	9b13ec7bdffa3a9fb5914c18eb3e9159	The main rationale for this type of policy is to offer some labour market experience to the most disadvantaged who have a low probability of finding a job in the regular labour market. Hence, like temporary hiring subsidies, temporary public jobs could ‘re-shuffle the queue’ of the unemployed. This policy is sometimes used at a larger scale to lower the number of the registered unemployed during slumps.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	9b142e98c8737bdd7b61f8f6e89e79af	Given that socio-economic conditions and policy frameworks can vary significantly across jurisdictions, it would be important to understand how the companies operating internationally respond to these varying circumstances. We hope that this analysis will generate opportunities for peer learning between countries, as well as for knowledge sharing among mining companies. Country profile: Chile”, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, http://global-climatescope. Org/en/countrv/chile/#/enabling-framework.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	9b15d4665610c9da0939e9a7f7a34b9f	It has been at the forefront of major trends in psychiatric treatment, such as its initiation of deinstitutionalisation in the 1960s, and development of a suicide prevention programme in 1995 (updated in 2006). In 1995, the country’s mental health care system underwent a major reform in order to improve quality of life for long-term psychiatric patients and emphasise community care (Silfverhielm & Kamis-Gould* 2000). Mental health policy has benefited from increased funding in recent years, with the most recent plan spanning 2012 to 2016.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9b17315ec8be2e763f7dee0fbe186000	In January of that year, Kazakhstan banned imports of meat from Russia and set a prohibitive customs duty (200%) for six months on meat imported from Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic because the devaluation of those countries’ currencies sharply reduced the cost of their meat. On 25 June 1999, after devaluing its own currency, Kazakhstan withdrew these restrictions. A six-month ban on food and grain imports from Russia was also in pace in 1999 to protect domestic market from low-cost Russian exports. The countries may unilaterally impose a temporary non-tariff measure if it, among other specified cases, is aimed at the “protection of life and health of citizens, environment, life and health of animals and plants”.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	9b1950747e7f434789c616f1d8073cf6	About 25 per cent of the annual budget is raised from sale of publications and about 33 per cent is through voluntary contributions from countries and energy stakeholders. Duplication of all activities would be ill-advised. It is envisaged that the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will eventually have about a third as many staff members as the IEA and so the annual budget will also be proportionately lower, or about $10 million.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082052-5-en	9b1d2125666c29ab27802e4a899d4368	It only covers the “direct” budget to finance the actions and programmes explicitly included in the Plan. It does not cover the so-called “indirect” budget expenditures that include other government expenditures devoted to R&D and innovation such as DURSI’s contribution to the salaries of university personnel devoted to R&D activities (EUR 800 million) and sectoral ministry financing of R&D activities undertaken by institutions under their authority, mainly the Health and Agriculture ministries (EUR 400 million). Same definitions for budget executed in 2007. The acronyms used in the table include: DURSI=Ministry for Universities, Research and Information Society, DTI= Ministry of Employment and Industry, DEIF=Ministry of Economy and Finance, AGAUR=Agency for Management of University and Research Grants, ICREA= Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, DGR= Directorate General of Research in DURSI, CIDEM= Centre for Innovation and Business Development, ICF=Catalan Institute of Finance, and SEE= Secretary of Industry and Energy.	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	9b211fed39af9962fbb8b6e78f7675c4	Buildings themselves can be made significantly more efficient through proper insulation, white roofing and smart architecture/ landscaping. In-home products such as household appliances continue to consume comparatively large volumes of electricity. Their inefficiency is exacerbated in the Caribbean by the prevalence of outdated equipment and a lack of strong efficiency standards for new appliances, although progress is being made across the Caribbean thanks to work by the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ 2015) and the OAS (2015) and, for example, with the formation of the Barbados Energy Performance Label by the Barbados National Standards Institute (BNSI2015).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	9b26a046592c1a790bf2bc27de6b1b82	In other OECD countries, private health insurers supply different types of “secondary coverage” for health spending (see Box 4 for definitions). Depending on the country, it may include services that are uncovered by the public system such as luxury care, elective care, long-term care, dental care, pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, alternative or complementary medicine, etc., Typically, duplicate cover does not exempt individuals from contributing to public health insurance. In the HSC Survey, only five countries - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Norway and Turkey - reported that private health insurance does not provide a secondary source of coverage for health and the share of private health insurance in total health spending is null or almost null.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	9b2ae0004fec631a368c8441d09be49e	At the local level, there exist four main types of planning documents (documents d’urbanisme) that govern land use occupation and changes: i) the SCoT (Schema de Coherence Territorial); ii) local plans, PLU and PLUI, iii) the carte communale (which provides a map of buildable and non-buildable areas); iv) and national urban law which is enforceable even in the absence of a SCOT or PLU. It is also encouraged through the possibility to undertake intercommunal local urban development plans (PLUI), something that Greater Clermont-Ferrand has not yet engaged in. The current land use plan for Clermont-Ferrand relates only to the commune (PLU).	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/50e33932-en	9b2c8e9665b2a4fd030c700468250948	However, contracts can be innovative policy tools that can provide flexibility among levels of government to respond to challenges without compromising stability (OECD, 2018[u]). Both France and Italy make use of contracts and the case of Sweden places a bigger emphasis on the promotion of wellbeing in rural areas. In addition, it has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the competences of the representative of the central government at the subnational level -namely the prefect.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	9b2daeadde351becec40de67e0b4be8e	As such they can provide overarching guidance on government priorities in the short and long term. Despite many NDCs being rather vague about the required climate compatible investments, existing NAMAs and/or NAPAs and NAPs in many cases provide important elements of the missing information. Through targeted efforts they could help outline and identify the required investment programmes and enabling environment reforms.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	9b2ff7961d2d778d01902863865e0384	Several of the skippers commented that this information alone would result in the meter paying for itself in less than six months. The UK’s Seafish is an example of how the public and private sectors can work together to promote innovation. Seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed and imported in the United Kingdom. It aims to support and improve the environmental sustainability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting sustainably-sourced seafood. Seafish has worked on the installation of fuel meters on fishing vessels as well as other energy saving devices notably gear and vessel design.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	9b33b08390d4c37b195dc0e3ed2a05dd	These committees play decision or advisory roles, depending on the management category. They are composed of government officials and representatives of civil society and the private sector. As of 2013, out of the 320 federal protected areas (excluding private reserves), 253 had committees established and 25 were in the process of establishing them (ICMBio, 2014). In addition, most management committees have not yet defined their operating rules, so there is still a risk of exacerbating conflicts among committee members (Verissimo et al.,	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	9b34378c28682bc9fec1e1468c44878d	Similarly, Brazil through its Luz para Todos programme has ensured the involvement of rural communities in Management Committees which work to prioritise activities within the electrification process. No single technology is to be recommended. Aspects such as the geographical dispersion of the local population, the community's estimated electricity needs and ability to pay, availability of local resources, all factor into the decision-making process.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	9b359ddbae64681225357456425a0f7b	A World Bank-funded youth employment program in Liberia that included vocational and life skills training, along with job placement help, increased young women’s employment by 50% and weekly earnings by 115%. In India these types of policies could help find jobs for the often highly skilled unemployed women in urban areas, along w ith other enabling policies discussed above. The training programme (STEP) initiated by Ministry of Women and Child Development for marginalised and asset -less rural and urban women across the country is w'elcome.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	9b360dca9db9924e7ddd10618bec0f01	Furthermore, it is not possible to provide a full overview of the economic well-being of women, as historical data on indicators such as female labour force participation and female wages are scarce or not systematically available on a cross-national scale.14 It is also not possible to capture the unequal allocation of time use in the home, which is closely related to the well-being of women outside the household, linked as it is to political participation and labour force participation (Verba et al., However, although a within-country comparison on gender equality between different socio-economic groups might shed further light on the causes for and mechanisms perpetuating gender inequality, the point of this study is to analyse such trends at the macro level. Individual or group level analysis is beyond the scope here, and so it is left to others to take up this gauntlet in future research.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	9b394c8c6792d77c8b6dea5b0a342361	In 2011, the average number of ESRF patients across countries was 101 per 100 000 population, with widespread variation between countries. Countries such as Singapore and Iceland reported fewer than 70 ESRF patients per 100 000 population, whereas Portugal and the United States reported more than 150. The number of ESRF patients has increased in every country over the 2000 to 2011 period. On average, the number of patients increased by 36% over the 11-year period, but in countries such as Korea the rate nearly doubled over this timeframe.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	9b3e978e2d71edc47a64a82d60b8cb12	The long-term view of what has happened to agriculture in those regions during the last fifty years is summarised by Hazell’s (2013, p. 6) description that “the overwhelming story is one of more small farms, shrinking farm sizes and increased income diversification”. Despite growth, sometimes quite rapid growth, in national per capita incomes, there is little sign yet of a shift to the patterns of farm consolidation that occurred during the economic transformation of most of today’s industrialised countries. Rather, relatively few workers are leaving their farms for the cities and instead are diversifying into non-farm activity from a small farm base. This declining trend, however, is an average, and particular countries - typically, of higher incomes - have seen an increase in farm sizes.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/28e6d0d2-en	9b42d52a96de5db6556ae8f1af51df46	Then, between August and October 2016, an external review and pilot tests were conducted, and the methodologies were readjusted in February 2017 to better assist countries in collecting data for establishing an integrated global baseline for SDG 6—in time for an in-depth review during the 2018 High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. First, it is important to identify the interlinkages, synergies and trade-offs among the various targets within SDG 6 as well as across all 17 SDGs. Then these interlinkages need to be compared with the institutional and budgetary structures across the national government to devise institutional reform that can enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the institutional architecture of the 17 SDGs. National targets and local SDG road maps can be developed for the effective mobilization of resources, based on national circumstances.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	9b4708544477a2532d73b50e41bafbf5	In addition, research is increasingly concerned with analysing the work-life balance, barriers to improving this balance and the characteristics of companies implementing measures to balance work and family life, and with demonstrating the benefits of family-friendly policies at company level (Wakisaka, 2007; Atsumi, 2007; and Kodama etal., In 2005, a law was passed obliging companies with more than 300 workers to set up action plans to promote their work-life balance and an accreditation system was introduced to encourage companies to implement childcare-leave schemes (OECD, 2008a; and Takeishi, 2007). Other measures concern reducing working hours for parents with young children.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	9b4919bfb02c2d49537464ad151da43a	In a number of areas of critical interest for policy makers, gender data and indicators are still insufficient or lack comparability across countries. Further effort should be promoted to develop sound gender-based measures in the fields of labour statistics, entrepreneurship and unpaid work, intra-household allocation of resources and gender-based violence. The terms sex and gender are often used synonymously, although in gender research the two concepts have different meanings. Sex refers to the biologically recognised differences between men and women (e.g. chromosomes, internal and external sex organs, hormonal makeup and other secondary sex characteristics). In contrast, the term gender refers to “to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female” (UNFPA, 2009). Gender is “constantly created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and is the texture and order of that social life” (Lorber, 2001:83).	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-7-en	9b4a7487316922f8ffdd1b53aa220c1a	The government views womens workforce participation as an important pillar of economic growth and sustainability and is therefore creating an environment to increase it. The initiative seeks to challenge discriminatory attitudes and practices that are barriers to gender equality in the workplace and to promote a more gender-balanced workforce. Employers also have the potential to increase profitability by ensuring that the different skills and experiences of a diverse workforce are translated into enhanced products and services, and attract investors and business opportunities that increasingly take gender diversity into consideration.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	9b4f202adba4459360baf7c9f2aa2ac4	But research is needed to evaluate the extent to which LDCs are affected and are vulnerable to climate change since the impacts of climate change widely vary across geographical regions (IPCC 2007). As the characteristics of each country are heterogeneous, the vulnerability to climate change in each country is also variable. To monitor how IPoA is addressing the issue, we propose to first identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the LDCs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	9b5187af8c92829a75447aa8b99ea34e	Increasingly there is a competition for access to valuable waste streams (Sox 5.7). Until recently, relatively low and unstable prices for secondary raw materials have meant that in developed countries, the costs of separate collection of recyclable materials are only partly covered by the revenues derived from selling the materials. The cost is justified when compared to alternative means of treatment or disposal, or in meeting recycling targets set by policy.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	9b52011bf9c8a2a22929c8914766853b	"Furthermore, composite indices are mostly based on household level data. This, however, is problematic when analysing the well-being of children or other specific groups, as the needs of people differ depending on their age and as the intra-household resource distribution is not always equal. As agreed by the states represented at the UN World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, ""Absolute poverty is a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information; it depends not only on income but also on access to social services"" (United Nations, 1995, Chapter II, 19)."	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9efca30c-en	9b55273411c72859a175d1ef76b309a7	Finally, child marriage violates the right of girls to express their views regarding decisions that will shape the entire course of their lives. Many of these studies address the problem of child marriage in an international human rights framework, highlighting the grave economic, health, social, and psychological consequences that result when girls are forced to marry too young. The majority of this literature, however, is based on country-level research, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where rates of child marriage are the highest. Syria: A Regional Crisis.”	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	9b556b5a3a3fa174608a519fb364eddf	In 2013, Governments in 20 countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector, including non-govemmental organizations. The remaining 17 Governments did not support family planning, including the Holy See, which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction. The increase in this percentage has been particularly dramatic for least developed countries, from 43 per cent in 1976 to 98 per cent in 2013.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	9b55c6a2d8876816ce2ff47a7f2f8a6c	Similar results were found by Lerner et a 1. ( The authors indicate that antidepressants might not be required for all employees with milder depression, but when prescribed, medication should start as soon as possible. However, it remains a fact that the positive employment effects are lower than the clinical effects (Frank and Koss, 2005), i.e. clinical improvement does not automatically nor fully translate into better work functioning (measured with functioning scales) and increased paid employment with substantial earnings, or in getting off disability benefit rolls. First, symptom improvements do not always go hand-in-hand with productivity improvement.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9b56249099eee1af917c0d6b3c9eba5f	With these changes, farmers are expected to have greater ability to store paddy at home and sell whenever they want (MARD, 2014b). The ISF is collected from farmers on behalf of the irrigation and drainage management companies (IDMC) that manage the upper-level system by water user groups (WUG), which are responsible for administrating the distribution of water to farmers and maintaining the infrastructure below the upper-level system. It was originally collected in the form of paddy production, but from 1995 onwards it has been collected in monetary units.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	9b56c1867c61266819bdea4d1471167a	"Thus international organizations such as the IMF regard carbon pricing measures - either through taxes or trading systems designed to behave like taxes - as ""potentially the most effective mitigation instruments"" (Farid et al., A strategic approach can help to ensure that policymakers maximize the potential of the environmental taxes they introduce to meet the environmental, economic/fiscal or social policy priorities and objectives they have defined. This may include specific measures which are politically feasible and where windows of opportunity for reform exist, or a comprehensive process of environmental fiscal reform. Subsidy reform can free up substantial revenue to fund development objectives, including sustainable development goals. Careful planning of the process - including careful sequencing, accompanying social and economic policies, and measures to counteract price rises - and strategies to build support for reform at all levels of society are essential to prevent policy reversals."	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/663aa107-en	9b5955b98e280695ca92602963ea76d9	Given its importance and in order to adequately reflect the specific conditions as well as its complex hydrology, the Inventory dedicates five chapters to this river system. The shared tributaries of the Euphrates River (Chap.2l and the major shared tributaries of the Tigris River (Chap. 4J are covered in more detail in two separate chapters in order to highlight the role of these rivers and draw attention to local water issues and transboundary impacts.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	9b5b553d8c9a52679fda9c4cc908c952	These figures are promising for a number of reasons. First, both participation and completion increased compared to previous years. For example, data from the SIGO comparing 2017 to 2015 indicate an increase of 88% in adults participating in some form of training, and of 125% in prior learning assessment and recognition.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	9b5eabb3c6d40609722383cbcb8b2129	After 1991, the dismantling of many elements of the Soviet system (including the compulsory work placement of young graduates, heavily subsidised transport and energy tariffs) reshaped Kazakhstan's urban system, concentrating population in large cities. Along with official data based on the administrative definition of urban areas, it introduces the functional urban areas (FUAs), w'hich offer a new picture of its urban agglomerations, based on settlement patterns and travel-to-work commuting flows. This chapter then reviews the links between urbanisation and economic growth and key economic challenges related to cities (including singleindustry towms and attracting foreign investments).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab381733-en	9b638eb2ed98e6cb8b4e055cd909dd09	Iagluja site remediation was complicated by a landslide and difficult terrain, and so only partial remediation was done. A new municipal waste landfill was also developed in Borjomi by the end of 2014, and the existing disposal site was rehabilitated. The expected lifetime of the landfill is 12-15 years.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	9b64038fc02919323ffdeb70d2090488	Available at http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ chr_old/indigenous/country_reports/Country_reports_Uganda.pdf. Principal authors: Francesca Thornberry and Frans Viljoen. Available at http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ indigenous-tribal/pubUcations/WCMS_115929/lang--en/index.htm. Too Soon to Turn Away: Security, Governance and Humanitarian Need in the Central African Republic. Education in Rural Areas: Obstacles and Relevance: Main Findings from Seven Country Studies. Available at https://www.iwgia.org/images/ publications/0740_THE_l NDIGENOUS_ORLD_2016_final_eb.pdf.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	9b651ece6285f7d0f7b57607932bba4d	As in other parts of the United Kingdom, participation by Scottish primary care physicians is voluntary. For those who choose to participate, the QOF measures achievement against a range of evidence-based quality indicators, with points and payments awarded according to the level of achievement. Public scrutiny provides an additional incentive, with the performance of individual practices published on a website.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	9b669fe007725c3072bc3941252504ad	The collaborative care models that use stepped care are even more cost-effective. This is when the intensity is stepped up only when proven necessary. Patients are first offered an intervention that while likely to be effective is relatively easy to implement and carries relatively low cost or side effects.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	9b68689615dd9e6fd07340e3a0d623c9	Income classification based on the World Bank (2012) income classification. This has tended to be the case in the majority of OECD countries, although the degree of protection and other forms of trade-distorting support has declined significantly over the past 25 years (Box 3.1). However, comparative advantages in food production are not irreversibly fixed. While heavily influenced by initial endowments of land, water, climate, topography, soils and the prevalence of pests and diseases, whether a country is a net food exporter or importer also depends on its past investments in agriculture-related physical and human capital, in institution-building and in technology improvement.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	9b68d4be1b4dd8facc27ac9fd1eba66c	A compendium of joint initiatives put together by Metro Vancouver staff identified over 80 past and current joint projects between Metro Vancouver and UBC. Building upon the success of this relationship, in late 2014, senior staff from UBC and Metro Vancouver met to discuss the respective goals and needs of their organisations, as well as the range of opportunities for further collaboration. Through these discussions the concept of a ‘Strategic Collaboration Memorandum' arose and prompted staff from both organisations to work together on a model tliat would explore and expand upon opportunities for future partnerships. The MOU is a framework document within which the parties will identify and pursue joint initiatives.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	9b699ac7306fcec13da39119cc25500b	Targeted measures to address the needs of poor and vulnerable groups in commercialized health systems—such as fee waivers or subsidies—have been put in place but have often proven ineffective in reducing out-of-pocket expenditures.152 Current cutbacks in public health expenditure threaten to increase the financial burden on households. Women's OPPs have been found to be systematically higher than men's in a number of countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru, not only because of gender-specific health needs but also due to the greater prevalence of chronic illness and some mental health conditions among women. Decisions on what health conditions are included can be heavily gender-biased.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	9b6f368b8b4b1a87dc80d095fa1650b9	Coconut and sugarcane are among the country's major export crops and cassava is primarily a food crop with more than 80 per cent of the two million metric tons average annual production normally processed into various food items. Concerns over food security issues were discussed in parliament and the government pledged to produce biofuels without compromising food production. The objective for the policy measure according to the government is to reduce the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. Such diversion is projected to climb to almost 40 per cent of total cereal production in 2015 and one-half of the entire cereal output by 2030.'18 Some question the rationale for the conversion of grain into meat to fulfil the human nutritional requirement, pointing out that 5kg of cereals are needed to produce just 1kg of meat.119 With regards to Africa, this trend could affect the quantities and price of cereal imports.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	9b7000bcd2900af6b032b1040c29619d	In many war-torn countries such as Bosnia, Cambodia and Rwanda, women continued to experience high levels of stress and anxiety in their daily lives and display typical signs of trauma, including depression, listlessness, chronic fatigue, anguish, psychological disabilities and recurrent recollections of traumatic incidents. Despite severe emotional trauma, these women demonstrated remarkable resilience and courage in surviving. Their sufferings often remained unvoiced, however, and were sometimes expressed through abusive relationships with their spouses or children. Most of these women continued undertaking their normal responsibilities, and this clinging to routine work may have helped them to cope with the trauma. Interestingly, in post-Soviet Georgia internally displaced women appeared to adjust better than their male counterparts. Although men became passive and moody, women took outside work to feed their families.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	9b717514a8e2b2fb120326b5e189a0df	Sufficiently outfitted, the teams have proven that they can provide direct health services and raise awareness about prevention. When planning the allocation of resources, the social justice goals of preserving unique ethnic groups collective identities and ancient ways of knowing—rather than purely economic considerations—should be taken into account. Described below are some of the most successful models of health service provision to northern indigenous communities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5d5f408e-en	9b71daf35c3269aec8e965fd923c7bac	"Beware though, as ""quality"" is a tricky concept: for it may be based on objective criteria, but may also be the result of prejudices that often underestimate the quality of new art forms and especially those that attract new generations. Thus we propose an open and fresh approach to arts appreciation. It means to understand the technique of a work of art, because we are talking about artistic disciplines, with specific techniques. A student should be able to distinguish a watercolor from an oil painting, a sonata from a bachata, a sonnet from a free rhyme."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-5-en	9b736573b58f809599e590d624c23b27	Similarly, only a small proportion of ODA specifically addresses women’s needs and interests. Yet considerable data gaps persist. Of Agenda 2030’s 53 gender-related SDG indicators, only 32 can draw on available data, which limits understanding of key areas such as unpaid care work or women’s access to productive resources.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	9b779cf9f8192bbe619a20e00ba77bc0	This renewed interest in keeping public stocks was furthered by the realisation that price spikes tend to coincide with low stock-to-use ratios (Wright, 2012). Even though international crop prices have mostly fallen back since 2011 and most export restrictive measures that partly caused the crisis are no longer in use, many developing countries keep building public stocks. This was for example the case with the intervention stocks that were created under the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union (EU) during the 1980s-1990s.	2	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	9b7808b4652873b7510476d09f4b15e8	One emerging trend in the new media that could have very good potential for enhancing ESD activities is ‘gamification’, which applies game design techniques and approaches to non-game contexts in order to encourage the adoption of certain behaviours. This approach could work well in school greening initiatives, for example, if structures were set up to award points or otherwise reinforce and incentivise waste reduction and resource conservation through student-led monitoring. Related game techniques include the awarding of points for certain activities, badges or certificates for certain accomplishments, as well as levels of achievement. The structure could be established to bring groups together, working co-operatively to implement ESD activities, or to create friendly competition between classrooms or schools. While such an approach runs the risk of trivialising sustainable behaviours, or focusing too much on superficial activity and extrinsic motivators, there could nonetheless be merit in exploring the idea further in relation to whole school ESD approaches. Working with experts outside the government system in the development of sustainability plans and policies may result in quality deliverables, but does little to build internal expertise or institutional capacity.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	9b787e4344b34a1f9d89074221335cfc	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It explains how a more gender-sensitive approach can enhance statebuilding outcomes. It also shows how a more politically informed approach to gender equality can improve the effectiveness of interventions. While many donor countries display higher levels of gender equality than FCAS, no society has yet reached full gender equality.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	9b79c9e56476d9e11dc73e2363c66cb8	These policies are embedded within the larger school policies and societal contexts. This framework views education policy as embedded in a particular society and constrained by the wider institutional and cultural environment of a particular place and time. By setting rules for the school system and guiding the actions of local decision-makers, education policy makers aim to promote excellent, equitable and inclusive learning. Their success in achieving this ultimate goal depends on the policies they choose, and also on how particular policies interact with each other and with the wider environment in which they are applied.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	9b7cf5456ad18e55eeac1150a056bc24	Natixis is in the process of raising a second similar fund, Euro-Fideme 2. They provide diagnostics, technical solutions, procurement and implementation services and they can also finance projects. Few countries have managed to spawn a flourishing ESCO market, due to a number of well-documented barriers.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	9b820979896a38ac064b94b9983c84fa	Table 5.2 shows how, for 13 European OECD countries and Canada, a positive socio-economic environment and parental health behaviour are associated with better health at childhood, while malnutrition is heavily detrimental. Father’s employment is negatively associated with poor child health in Canada. While malnutrition has an impact on immediate health, previous hunger episodes also affect self-assessed health and hospitalisation.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085398-en	9b82d0fadcc24500267a7972f4e6815d	The Department of Labour (DoL) acknowledged in 2012 that its communication with the DHA on these matters was limited. The DoL sits on the Immigration Advisory Board which reviews quotas (albeit erratically given the ad hoc functioning of the Board), however it does not have direct access to DHA databases. Decisions taken in terms of quota allocations between 2007 and 2011 were therefore almost entirely at the discretion of the DHA minister. Interactions between Sector Education and TVaining Authorities (SETAs), the DoL, the business sector, organised labour and academic research have been dominated by controversies around the calculation methodologies and the definition of skills shortages and skills gap (Erasmus and Breier, 2009). In a 2009 study undertaken for the DoL, the Human Sciences Research Council found large discrepancies between official estimates of skills shortages and the quota lists issued by the DHA, even in sectors identified by the government as being in crisis (Erasmus and Breier, 2009). For instance, the National Scarce Skills List (NSSL) for 2006 indicated needs in personnel amounting to more than 200 thousand, while the DHA 2007 quota lists stopped at around 24 thousand (ibid.).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/08e82310-en	9b83fd80e92c1c70336294d1c24d5751	Additional resources for specific activities under the work-programme have been raised by the ISRBC Secretariat from the European Commission and the international donor community. In this regard, a set of activities for the rehabilitation of the Sava River waterway and the development of navigation, a priority issue, have been implemented, and relevant work is on-going. While navigation is important for the economic development in the basin, the interventions in the watercourse for rehabilitation of navigation and the construction of related hydro-engineering structures may become additional pressure factors. The Sava River Basin Analysis Report was developed as a first step towards this direction.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	9b8498a36ac51fec34bcb4cede0798ba	A measured and inclusive approach, based on a sound policy framework that encourages environmentally sustainable investment and promotes investment in green sectors, can help address the challenges and exploit the opportunities in away that complements a sustainable, climate-resilient development pathway. For example, in 2015, over 95% of power generated in Cambodia w'as from these sources, roughly half from each source (coal and hydro). In terms of broader energy use, beyond the power sector, the major source of primary' energy, especially for cooking, is still biomass. Cambodia has favourable conditions and considerable potential for solar power, especially considering the high costs of electricity.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	9b87ba9945148726de5c7c12c2d18bdb	The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of the Dimension 3 (Working time and work-life balance). A variable on commuting time will probably be included in the ad-hoc module 2019 on work organization and working time arrangements. In: Journal of Health Economics 30, pp. Stutzer, A and B. Frey, B., 2008: Stress that doesn't pay: the commuting paradox.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	9b8afbe8c83d21cdca9b648551524ccb	In Afghanistan, for every mile the journey to school is reduced, girls’ enrolment increases by 19 percentage points, compared to 13 among boys (Burde and Linden, 2012). Data from 40 low- and middle-income countries show that up to 10% of adolescent girls reported incidents of forced sexual intercourse or other sexual acts at school in the previous year (UNICEF, 2014). In South Africa, 8% of girls in secondary school reported that they had been sexually assaulted or raped at school in the previous year (Burton and Leoschut, 2013). Formal and informal laws, social norms and practices reinforce the social expectation that women and girls should handle household chores (Ferrant et al.,	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/48927deb-en	9b8e74ad5f7e1ff411589b9951cfb79c	In general, the frequency of spring floods may increase. Groundwater levels may increase in wintertime and decline in summer time, and groundwater quality in small groundwater bodies may be negatively affected. However, in some cases — thanks to the activities of, for example, river basin commissions — climate change has been taken into consideration.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9b903da8d534e6d9ff1f2e189de810c4	This trend has implications for declining costs in education but also lower higher education participation, a factor which may limit future economic growth. The number of female workers is higher than male workers, reflecting the opportunities for women workers in the assembly operations in the manufacturing sector. The overall working age group (15-64) increased from 55.40% in 1970 to 61.70% in 2000. It is estimated to stabilise at 68.40% in 2010, dipping to 67.00% in 2020.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	9b93f14a7860f878ece456a4d6e53656	Public environment-related R&D expenditure has been more or less constant as a share of public R&D spending in OECD countries. The development and diffusion of environmental technologies, as measured through patent data, is generally increasing across countries in all areas of importance to green growth. Yet progress is uneven across countries, and is unlikely to deliver major changes in key environmental domains (OECD, 2014a). Given that a large majority of “green” innovations are developed in a small number of countries, achieving greater global diffusion will be essential.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab343038-en	9b93f8c9a3bf8a2236bbe1808511c24d	For provider countries, the second clause of the Article is designed to provide some assurance of benefit sharing for developing countries in the event a pathogen is shared with a user country in those emergency situations. Notably, the Nagoya Protocol does not specify how a Party could take into consideration the need for expeditious fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the sharing of the pathogen, leaving it up to each Party to negotiate an appropriate response. This could happen when a national health authority or the WHO declares an outbreak, for instance. According to Article 2(e) of the Protocol, ‘derivative’ means a naturally occurring biochemical compound resulting from the genetic expression or metabolism of biological or genetic resources.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	9b94a235378d44d55dae0d05041df19e	As discussed above, livelihood diversification in agriculture-based economies that incorporates non-farm income activities is considered an effective adaptation strategy. While these strategies have helped them respond to short-term needs, in the long term they pose a number of new challenges arising from natural resources degradation, in particular deforestation and land cover change, which has negative consequences for the condition of land and water. This environmental degradation will likely hamper adaptive capacity in the long term. Governments tend to create incentives for farmers to conserve water use through access to more efficient irrigations options. However, irrigation that is more efficient can prompt farmers to use more water through their expansion of the size of the cropland to be irrigated. In some cases, greater efficiency results in greater total water use (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015a, chap.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096356-en	9b9611b60809fe40b8564ab63af8ef5d	The model aims at long-term minimisation of total energy system costs from today to the year 2100 subject to a CO2 constraint. Total energy system costs vary by region and year and are then optimised in order to attain global and long-term energy costs minimisation. Region and year-specific costs are summed up, accounting for the time-value of money by discounting future energy system costs.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	9b977371b59a6d313342dc77543c43dc	The latter has had a significant impact on coverage and brought it up to nearly 41 million people. They are all geared towards families with children and adolescents in conditions of poverty or indigence10, and thus are a key policy tool for protecting the youngest generations. While relatively small in fiscal terms —representing an investment equal to 0.4% of GDP— (Cecchini and Madariaga, 2011), they have immense impact on core factors for ensuring the rights of children.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9b9a8b34d9fb31b18a4be176fa19d737	An Empirical Analysis of Extreme Events in Germany”, Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, March 2010, EWI Working Paper, No. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., United States. January 2012, report commissioned to Parsons Brinckerhoff by the Department of Energy and Climate Change, January 2012.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	9b9b49d790d15bcda7b0be06efbf1a97	Available from www.escr-net.org/usr_doc/Primer_WESCR_English_revl .pdf (accessed 27 November 2013). Today, women represent 70 per cent of the 1.2 billion people living in poverty worldwide. A positive aspect of this is that these responsibilities provide women with an opportunity to make decisions regarding the running of the household and the cultivation of land which they would not normally have.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	9ba136653b75c29fa508c69f6fd57ab8	However, thus far regional enthusiasm for monetisation has been limited (e.g. Alexandrova and Struyck, 2007; Rasell and Wangle 2008). In principle, federal government functions can only be transferred to other tiers of government if relevant financial resources are provided. In addition, since the federal government sets the standards of quality of service (which are not allowed to diminish over time), regions do not have full discretion and unfunded mandates persist.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	9ba1f209191760e31b09159b3d95f53a	For reference, the issue has been a central part of the discussion on heat pumps in Denmark, where electricity use for heat pumps has not only been subject to payments for distribution and transmission tariffs (around 25 EUR/MWh), but also electricity taxes and PSO. There are plans to significantly reduce the latter two requirements toward 2022, when PSO (approximately 23 EUR/MWh Q4 2017) will be completely phased out and electricity taxes will be reduced to 20 EUR/MWh from the current level of around 54 EUR/MWh. It appears that heat pumps are competitive with new biomass and gas-based generation, even with the low COP used as a standard assumption. All technologies are assumed to produce 5000 full load hours per annum.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	9ba28b12a4329b720ed20760c4ca0eb2	The organisation acquires land or property on behalf of its members (or other public bodies) in order to support local housing policy, economic development, leisure and tourism, establish utilities, reduce/eliminate health hazards, enable urban renewal, and save or enhance heritage site and natural areas. Apart from this long list of actors involved in spatial policy and land use governance there are also commissions to regulate commercial development projects and agricultural land use change, a regional public finance agency to collect taxes, the areas under industrial (SEVESO EU directive) or environmental risks (flooding) are managed by the State and the airport is managed an independent authority. Formal rules require consultation with “associated persons”—this is a list established by law which includes other local authorities, and various Consular Chambers that represent specific groups (e.g. agriculture, commerce and industry, trade).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	9ba3a0060cf7c07809c00e833df408d6	While the SCoT was initially conceived as a tool to help larger communes manage land that was outside their direct control, this was too narrow a perspective. Because a SCoT requires agreement among the members, it must consider a broader set of interests, including those of the smaller communes that also play a key role in the organisation because of the increasing expansion of the whole urban and peri-urban area. Questions about: local economic development, mobility, and the role of local food and farmland preservation, need to be approached at a larger scale.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	9ba9618db480d6207ca7e5578547da1f	In 2011, this slack was reduced to 33%, as a result of delays in the entry of new plants, a revival of consumption and the withdrawal of the oldest and most inefficient plants of the CFE. Although all transnational firms in Mexico have plans to expand their investment, these will depend on the government’s decision to open more contracts for independent energy producers and continue with the self-supply model, which in turn depends on retiring CFE capacity. In the short and medium terms, there are no prospects for opening up the electricity transmission and distribution segments to private investment.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	9ba97324103dec78726d84fe010355dd	Box 3.5 describes the principal models used by Transport for London to carry out such simulations. A major role of the COMETRAVI and the COMETAH will be to co-ordinate metropolitan-wide data collection and modelling. This will allow the COMETRAVI to build on the CAMe’s actions on the standardisation and improvement of mobility policies linked to air quality and the environment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	9ba9a3b8d53f49fe690bf3357bb6a8c0	Nokia’s success further built upon existing advantages and entailed large-scale development and mobilisation of national and international stakeholders and supply chains. These ingredients will also be important in the future in identifying and seizing opportunities for innovation and growth, especially in the areas defined by the “societal challenges”. Universities’ research specialisation has an immediate effect on the specialisation of PhD graduates. Hence, the thematically focused research funding (for example, through technology programmes and especially via longer term competence centres, where PhD education is explicitly built into the strategic research agenda) feeds back to the production of industry-relevant PhDs.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	9baae458b1876f69aa22248ab9424481	Finally, countries in the bottom-right quadrant (IV) show below-average levels of homeownership among the elderly combined with above-average public pension expenditure. In this group, Austria and Germany stand out. First, private pensions play a very important role in many of those in the first and third quadrants, while public pensions account for much of retirement incomes in most countries in quadrants II and IV.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	9bb1f20eed8b5b514b51f7a205414174	Around PHP 0.9 billion were spent in capital investment in Metro Cebu, which accounts for 9.8% of total revenues in the metropolitan area. On average, capital investment account for 13.2% of local governments’ expenditures in OECD countries (OECD, 2016b). In 2013, total tax revenues only represented 16.2% of the Philippines’s GDP, while this share is around 34% on average in OECD countries (OECD, 2015c). The inability of LGUs to collect taxes efficiently, in particular, has been pointed out by the LGU Tax Watch, an initiative of the Department of Finance and the Bureau of Internal Revenue.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9bb234b3e37a03bf3ce4fa14d3275a2b	Moreover, the university’s transformation plan as the first APEX university is entitled “Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow” reflecting the leadership commitment to sustainability. One of the key targets has been to establish a strong functional and institutional link between universities and communities locally, regionally and internationally. The university has also engaged in disseminating knowledge to the local community via training seminars and conferences. For instance, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC) and the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia jointly organised trainings in compliance with national guidelines.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	9bb434ac268799326b02cd7fe722c3f2	The authors do find, though, that introduction of P4P programmes has brought some other important system benefits, amongst them clarification of the goals of providers, improved purchasing processes, better measurement of provider activity and performance, and more informed dialogue between purchasers and providers. In the English QOF, one of the most established P4P programmes which is voluntarily applied to GPs working for the NHS, a number of studies show high initial improvements in process indicators after introduction with little change since. Furthermore, little impact on health system performance beyond the immediate GP-provided care was seen, for instance lower hospital admission rates - which might be anticipated with improved primary care management - or an impact on mortality, could not be observed (Eijkenaar et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/51c574fd-en	9bb45c4c24f9d94df70411ce865b5fca	But meeting the goals of eradicating hunger and poverty by 2030, while addressing the threat of climate change, will require a profound transformation of food and agriculture systems worldwide. Changes will need to be made in a way that does not jeopardize the capacity of the agriculture sectors - crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry - to meet the world's food needs. Global food demand in 2050 is projected to increase by at least 60 percent above 2006 levels, driven by population and income growth, as well as rapid urbanization.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	9bb5c73f517df863a38cbe8e94eff292	Countries have already done a lot to raise youth skills and employability. This chapter offers an overview of the whole report, and discusses how countries can continue with reforms by adopting a consistent and comprehensive strategy and engaging all stakeholders. Youth unemployment rates reached high levels at the height of the crisis and since then, have barely changed (Figure 1.1, Ranel A).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	9bb70db49b0750014de96bef32a36a2f	With enabling legislation, these innovations may prove to be a leapfrog technology in regions without reliable road networks, such as Africa, in the same way that mobile telecommunications have permitted many Africans to leapfrog fixed-line networks and move directly into wireless technology. This delivery system is currently incapable of handling heavyweight items and long distances, however, and it will take a few years before SMEs can adopt it in a cost-effective way. Transporting high-priority consignments and delivering to people who live in isolated areas is another way to use drones.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	9bb959b6820cbfdd4e98e215d0c507ac	It also analyses the factors responsible for the widespread rise in inequality during the neo-liberal reforms of 1980-2000 in the fields of trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and capital flows, and the rise in migration. Finally, it compares the decline in inequality observed in most of Latin America over 2000-2008 with the steady increase of inequality in many European transition economies during this period despite their return to robust growth. The paper argues that such divergence is explained by differences in policies. Prior to that he was the Director of UNU-WIDER. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat. The designations and terminology employed may not conform to United Nations practice and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Organization.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	9bba6bf1264953040e8b063642b320d4	Beyond the standard support rate, one-third of additional support is provided for frost risks, except for those relating to flowering period of fruits grown in open-air. Insurance is also available for livestock in the events of disease, natural disaster, or accident. Livestock policies cover cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, apiculture and aquaculture. Following the launch of TARSiM, agricultural insurance has expanded and is currently offered for crop growing, greenhouse production, aquaculture, apiculture, cattle, poultry and sheep and goats.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/50e33932-en	9bbb8bbea4e5b8be4be1066e36f8434c	However, there is great diversity among them, ranging from 10 952 000 in Ile-de-France to 710 000 in Limousin. The central government is represented by a regional prefect in parallel to the elected regional council. Following changes from the Law NOTRe in 2015 which involved new competences for regions, there was a merger from 22 regions to 13 in 2016 (Charbit and Romano, 2017[nj). More specifically, the region’s responsibilities can be described as follows: regional planning, co-ordinating economic development, vocational training, high schools (OECD, 2007, p. 75[isi).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bf400991-en	9bc0191a316f70607b2ff52eef71ff4b	Attainment of sustainable cities in many ways relate to effective planning, development and enforcement of inclusive policies, strong economic actions and strategies, environmental protection plans, sustainable investments which accommodate the needs of all people regardless of their age, gender, social or economic status. Data, information and knowledge are essential in responding to fundamental questions. Some of these are: Which are the drivers and actors of city growth?	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	9bc330068b91c74ed8749ae79c9712ad	In Luxembourg, 60% of all spells are longer than 12 months and close to 40% last two years or longer. In Norway, where mean and median spell lengths are shortest, about 2% of all spells last for at least 24 months. The observed spell duration until the end of the observation period will therefore generally be an underestimate of the true spell length.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/09e92b30-en	9bc79a4892ee5af0123f539680bd562e	However, its system will come under pressure as population ageing is set to accelerate after the mid-2020s, with a strong increase in the share of people over 80 - the biggest recipients of health and long-term care per capita (Panels C and D; Albouy et al., Price developments and technical progress could also lead to increasing upward pressure on health spending (Fall et al., Macro- and micro-simulations show significant increases in public health expenditures until 2060, though the scale of the extra spending varies widely (Box 1).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	9bc94aadd21cd79fea8da387469215a3	Despite these efforts, biodiversity loss continued, as in most European countries. Two-thirds of freshwater fish, one out of three birds, and one out of four mammals are threatened, which is high by OECD standards. Habitat deterioration due to fragmentation, agriculture intensification and land abandonment has been the major driver of biodiversity loss. There are still few marine protected areas (MPAs) offshore but a significant part of the coastal waters (130 000 ha) has been included in the Natura 2000 network.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264221826-en	9bcbccd9fd99c183517ad71a409317d6	It helps to reduce the direct and opportunity costs of formal learning; by making acquired skills transparent, it improves the efficiency of the labour market; it helps adults with limited formal education to re-enter education and advance their careers; also, it might reward and therefore encourage learning in informal settings (Field et al., The centre has, through pilot projects, developed a recognition of prior learning methodology with the main target group being people with poor formal education. The 12 lifelong learning centres around the country and the two centres for certified trades co-operate in carrying out recognition of prior learning projects.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	9bcc16a7c93b0365274b040b7c61559e	Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. The Measurement of Food Insecurity among Children: Review of literature and concept note, Innocenti Working Paper No.2015-08, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088979-en	9bce4e4b9d611b32da17c14270668950	Examples exist from for example the EU Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS) and Regional Innovation and Technology Transfer Strategy (RITTS) programmes in which studies of supply and demand of innovation support were undertaken, and various studies of regional innovation systems in Europe as part of the European Commission's information platform on European, national and regional research systems and policies (ERA WATCH). Clusters should also be conceptualised as cutting across the manufacturing-service divide -agribusiness clusters usually connect with tourism for example and increasingly manufacturing innovations incorporate service components. Universities should be encouraged to draw upon business schools and humanities in providing assistance to business.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	9bcee2f7b6ca17bf7199b97a26f60eda	Funding of agricultural research by non-USDA federal agencies grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s, and briefly surpassed extramural research funding by the USDA, before dropping sharply after 2007 (Figure 7.11). Research coordinating bodies are often established around key federal research priorities, such as the special initiatives presented in Box 7.2. To develop and exploit fundamental advances in biological sciences for plant genomics, in 1997 the NSTC formed an Inter-Agency Working Group on Plant Genomics (IWGPG). With representatives from the USDA, NSF, DHHS, DOE, USAID, other federal offices, and inputs from stakeholder groups, the IWGPG has developed a series of five-year plans and reported on the achievements of the National Plant Genome Initiative. The plan outlines the priority areas for investing federal resources and describes the commitments of each agency toward these priorities. The USDA has major responsibilities for the conservation and characterisation of crop genetic resources and broadening biodiversity in advanced breeding material for use in commercial breeding programmes.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3a98e5b4-en	9bd1c6d5fe43cc782eea3795f60f18ef	Ninety-eight per cent of the area occupied by Pacific Island countries and territories is ocean. We sometimes refer to ourselves as Big Ocean Stewardship States in recognition of this geography. The Pacific Ocean is at the heart of our cultures and we depend on it for food, income, employment, transport and economic development.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	9bd7e950fe3f2b2c9d33882322705eec	In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries have undergone the OECD review process in 2008-10. The reviews have been carried out by the OECD/IMHE in collaboration with international organisations and associations and other OECD programmes and directorates.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	9bd96267cdcee25f2bb2866778ed2b6c	There are also concerns about the treatment of interconnections and the lack of regional coordination regarding supply adequacy. For regions well interconnected and with coupled electricity prices, the target model should include a common definition of capacity credits and the possibility to exchange these credits with a proper treatment of network constraints. This may reduce incentives to save energy or engage demand response actions during these hours, unless they can participate in the capacity market, which might not be possible for small players because of transaction costs.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	9bd9c64b4c82ab25a06d4bc821505533	Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. This equates to an ad valorem tariff of 18% using the International Sugar Association average daily price for 2010. Despite this, the average applied CEPT rate for agriculture, including alcoholic beverage and spirits, is below 2%.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/09ba747a-en	9be109068692a5f1eb7a2da1503ab502	In turn, shifting taxes to immovable property could pose serious transitional challenges as vertical and horizontal inequities could arise, as well as spikes in tax liabilities for some households. For instance, in Sweden, Sorensen (2010) reports that reforms in 2008 increased the bias in favour of investing in housing relative to other assets largely due to strong political opposition to property taxation. As noted, with property taxation in many countries a principal source of sub-national government revenue, shifting the tax mix toward immovable property taxation can often encounter resistance at the sub-national level. Where sub-national governments receive transfers from the national treasury, increasing taxation of immovable property can be unattractive if such an effort results in reduced budgetary transfers or revenue sharing from the centre (e.g. Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	9be72e1bfde1bc6b9cfab18b97681641	See Boxes 11.2.1,11.2.2 and 11.2.3 in Chapter 2 for a description of how PISA defines socio-economically disadvantaged and advantaged schools, public and private schools, and urban and rural schools. The index of equity in resource allocation (material) is the percentage of the variation on the index of shortage of educational material explained by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status of the school multiplied by a negative or positive sign, depending on the sign of the relationship. A value of zero indicates that there is no difference between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools in how concerned principals are about the educational material at school, and positive values (higher equity) indicate that principals of socio-economically advantaged schools are more concerned than principals of disadvantaged schools.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	9bed592dcdfd9d6d61b02b01e7667f5e	Great strides have been made towards the goals in the past decade, particularly for those children currently still in the first decade of life. Immunization against major childhood diseases has risen in all regions. Primary education has seen a strong boost in enrolment and attendance, which in turn has served to narrow the gender divide as girls steadily gain greater access to basic schooling.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	9bedbcb83dc91f7bf8a683a30b68afdc	Economic Analysis of Land LJse in Global Climate Change Policy, Routledge, London and New York, pp. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 8 Data Base, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University, Chapter 10D. Available at https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/5668.pdf.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	9bf21f9a3a4ba1789a26059a8ada3d72	None of these laws were drafted with integrated water management in mind. Hence, the case remains for consolidating the regulations into a coherent framework. This would provide greater clarity both for water managers and for various stakeholder groups (e.g. users, recreational interests, environmental associations). Unsurprisingly, water is of higher biological quality in the less developed Western and South Western river basins (Table 3.4).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	9bf7b42e2e68b68cea3d4252036a9b20	The Ministry of Hydraulic Resources (previously the National Commission for Irrigation) became the co-ordinating institution at the federal level. Populations from the central part of the country, where agricultural land was a constraint, were expected to migrate to these river basins and provide the labour that would be necessary for the development of the areas. River basin commissions had lull authority to plan and execute programmes for integrated development within the river basins.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	9bfa00966ce5b3bbca58365b4f4c3a9e	Whatever the impacts on water systems, the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change (OECD, 2012b). These people will have very little room of manoeuvre to adjust to uncertain water availability. The country groupings BRIICS and RoW are explained in OECD (2012a), Table 1.3. The increase in demand will come mainly from manufacturing, electricity and domestic, leaving little scope for increasing water for irrigation.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	9bfb1d1449e75d423b2d1cb95b0db28f	In parallel their average level of education has increased significantly to a point where more women than men are now attending universities in many OECD countries. In spite of such progress, there are still areas where women are missing out on opportunities to do as well as men, especially in the labour market. Regarding the former, the principle of gender equality has been part of the Federal Constitution since 1981, and in 1988 the Federal Office for Gender Equality was established.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329941-4-en	9bfbfa48ea72e0d2fad7c864577e38a4	The earlier mentioned study from the University Aarhus estimates the amount of avoidable food waste to be in the range of 40-75% of the total. Combining these data with the key figure 125 g food wastes per meal we find a total of approx. This includes both private and public service industry and retail sale. The service sector exclusive retail sale will include both horeca - industry, canteens and catering and therefore more or less corresponds to hospitality sector.	12	0	8	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9c06e219b644ce407efd2057bd81fdb4	The DMS can be any kind of application used to collaborate on contracting; these systems are already used today in order to jointly work on contract drafts. This DMS then needs to be connected, for example through APIs, to an underlying blockchain in order to document the hashes of the latest legally binding contract agreements. Table 5 discusses the technical set-up of the underlying blockchain layer.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/059ce467-en	9c0726e150fed2d19ade30bbf36aef98	The SAS cuniculum is also not designed for newly arrived students who begin to learn the Swedish language. This could help decrease the negative perceptions of the subject. Raising the status and standards of SAS and target more newly arrived students is important and would entail limited financial implications.	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	9c0c8c6ec2a28a4f5400b115d39af298	While the central FAB may allow cultivating other crops than paddy on paddy land, it should conduct close scrutiny to ensure that “rice self-sufficiency is not diminished as rice is the staple crop” and regional/state FABs should “constantly supervise crop change cultivation to ensure food self-sufficiency”. If these conditions are breached, the land use right holder should pay a fine, remove the buildings built without permission or be evicted. If he does not comply, he should be imprisoned for a period ranging from six months to two years. It should not be mortgaged, given, sold, leased or transferred without government approval.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/894b85fa-en	9c0d2363e20b182df432317cb34bf36c	Such relationship recognition may open the possibility of extending other rights to same-sex partners, including the right to adopt children and the right to family reunification in the context of migration. Meanwhile, in developing countries where education has expanded, secondary school attendance is correlated with declines in early marriage and adolescent childbearing. Curricula that promote gender equality and healthy relationships are essential, as well as ensuring that schools are welcoming to and do not discriminate against pregnant girls and young parents.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	9c0edd064fe044a45fe70a900dba5f69	These stocks require international cooperation to manage them due to their cross-boundary nature. Effective implementation of applicable international law is critical to ensuring the long-term sustainability of such stocks and, consequently, the continuation of benefits accrued through international trade in such stocks. The Agreement sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of those provisions of the Convention that relate to the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. In particular, it gives effect to, and elaborates on, the duty to cooperate set out in the Convention, as enshrined in articles 63(2), 64 and 116 to 119.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	9c0fee700837f1dceb473758ad48ba6b	Successful completion of upper secondary programmes is vital to address equity issues (see Indicator A9 in Education at a Glance 2017 [OECD, 2017(1]]), but graduation rates still vary widely among OECD countries (see Indicator B3). Developing and strengthening both general and vocational education (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator) at upper secondary level can make education more inclusive and appealing to individuals with different preferences and inclinations. In addition, VET programmes are often chosen by students who found it difficult to progress through earlier levels of education and are thus more at risk of not completing upper secondary education (OECD, 2017(h).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	9c1282088ff9b7984dbc33bfb9df5d8c	In the 2014-20 funding perspective, Poland is also one of 19 member state beneficiaries of the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). The programme could help limit child poverty, but it may also lower female labour force participation, which in rural areas of Poland is already low, due to a lack of well-paid jobs (OECD, 2016c: 24). More generally, the structure of social welfare policies in Poland creates various disincentives to take up work, especially for second earners (Kurowska, Myck and Wrohlich, 2015).	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	9c144b5f5a45a3da3371db71810016f7	"The water quality of the Pregel at Tsernyahovsk (3.72-3.86) was ""very polluted” during that period, but at Kaliningrad (1 km from the rivers mouth) it was clearly worse, falling in the “extremely polluted” Russian quality class, with the value ranging from 5.36 to 7.25. There is a great anthropogenic load on the Pregcl, especially in the part close to the mouth of the river. In the Polish part of the basin, 93% of the population is not served by public sewerage networks."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289351171-4-en	9c14b28ab6d596fd2dbf1c4fdcb86e17	The data are collected by examining the calculators and attached public documentation, peer reviewed research papers related to the calculators, interviews of calculator hosts, and additional data provided by the interviewed experts. Chapter 3 is devoted to the findings based on the desktop study and the interviews. In Chapter 4, we propose recommendations useful for the future development of existing calculators and new initiatives planning to make use of calculators. The report is concluded in Chapter 5.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/08756197-en	9c14d92f5f8c96632b67b71de9b17fe2	Note: In 2014, new TB cases and relapses = 74.8 per 100,000 population. Since 2009, the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased, from 101.4 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 84.1 per 100,000 population in 2012. The 2013 peak was linked to the failure of a mass immunization campaign in 2008, which provided a basis for a measles epidemic. Some cases of poisoning with mushrooms are reported each year. Regarding waterborne diseases, in the period 2001-2006, 25 group cases were reported, concerning 3,194 persons, mainly in cities. This strong decrease is related to the improvement in the distribution of quality drinking water, especially in the cities.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	9c1ece7a8441e29477c676a7183862c7	Such a plan would allow prioritization and proper costing of water and sanitation needs as well as elaboration of technical designs for all new projects. The Water Strategy appeared to be not realistic financially. The revised Strategy is based on key strategic documents adopted by the country, such as the 2005 Millennium Development Goals, revised in 2007, the NDS for the period 2008-2011, the National Regional Development Strategy for the period 2010-2012, and the targets and target dates under the Protocol on Water and Health approved by the 2010 Joint Order of the Minister of Health and the Minister of Environment. The revised Strategy includes an action plan for implementation within the first three years (2012-2014), which describes targets and capacity that will be necessary for the management and monitoring of those actions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	9c203cf39c29c3a7a5bc568b0279cfcf	For example, during the diffusion process, end-users provide producers with feedback, which should lead to product improvements and further adaptations. The government is often the main actor in basic research, through funding for universities or public research laboratories. In the United States of America, Europe and, more recently, China, many technological breakthroughs of the past decades, including innovations in aeronautics and electronics, were facilitated or funded by Governments (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2008).	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/469d7fec-en	9c2055080dd18adda7182c7e4ded398f	It also encompasses the technical review of climate finance provided. This is an enhancement of the current framework, by requiring all developed countries (not just Annex II countries1) to report on climate finance provided and mobilised, extending the technical review of information on climate finance provided to all countries that include this in their national reports to the UNFCCC, and including the provision of finance within the “multilateral consideration of progress” for all Parties. The Paris Agreement also encourages all “other” countries that provide climate finance to report this information, and also encourages reporting of information on climate finance received. This paper explores how to improve the transparency of information reported to the UNFCCC on climate finance provided, mobilised and received. Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America. Improving the transparency of domestic climate finance, methods for estimating climate finance, and establishing quantified estimates of climate finance flows2 are outside the scope of this paper.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	9c223d4220c81e23bd1423d82fab826d	The final section takes account of the staying power of Africa’s rural economy. The share of urban residents has increased from 14% in 1950 to 40% today. By the mid-2030s, 50% of Africans are expected to become urban dwellers (Figure 6.1).' Urbanisation is likely to continue and level off at about 56% around 2050.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	9c27ef328c06010de71d1aec2059d0d7	The first one is the time frame (the shorter the involvement, the more unlikely an investor will commit vessels and crew) and security of involvement in harvesting (better managed fisheries are likely to be more attractive to foreign investors). In short, long-term access to secure user rights of well managed resources is often seen as an operational parameter which encourages investment and reduces risk. Some companies “go global” because domestic possibilities are limited (for example, a cap exists on quota holding in Norway and Iceland) and hence investing abroad in quotas is the only way to expand the resource base for processing.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5c3fe50f-en	9c28562f2509957a1d0b1f0b98a6fed2	The review report will be submitted to the second Asian and Pacific Energy Forum, to be held not later than 2018. Extend our deep appreciation to the Royal Government of Thailand for the excellent arrangements made for the Ministerial Dialogue and hospitality, as well as our thanks to the ESCAP secretariat for its support to the Ministerial Dialogue. I, resolution 1, annexes I and II. I, resolutions 1 and 2. In addition, as part of its technical cooperation programme through the Japan International Cooperation Agency and in cooperation with SIAP, the delegation announced its Government’s intention to provide fellowships for 86 participants in specific training courses on official statistics.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/a4d64314-en	9c2cc61c79304b68949bf58ed60980fc	In line with their obligations under Article 18 of CEDAW, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Thailand have submitted reports to the committee. Concluding observations of the committee on these countries provides a very helpful overview of the current state of play in respect of violence against women and women’s human rights in general. These observations are reproduced in section 3.2.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	9c2cf74627597958276d78362cee316c	In this regard, it has emphasized the State obligations to prevent and respond to all instances of gender-based violence, including enforced disappearances, securing women's participation in truth-seeking processes, and protecting women's right to a remedy, among other requirements (A/HRC/WGEID/98/2). Ill; and A/HRC/1 7/23, chap. It is no coincidence that those most likely to be trafficked (irregular migrants, stateless persons, non-citizens and asylum seekers, members of minority groups) are especially susceptible to discrimination and intolerance, based on their gender, race, ethnicity, religion and other distinguishing factors.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	9c332a7d9f72283700944d25fb670c8a	In accordance with international standards, the reference population for indicators on child labour and forced labour should go beyond the group of persons engaged in employment work, covering either forms of work within the SNA production boundary or forms of work within the general production boundary, as defined in the 19th ICLS resolution on work statistics. Relevant context information for the interpretation of the indicators on child labour and forced labour includes the respective national legal provisions. In the case of child labour, important aspects may be the minimum age set by national law for employment, hazardous work and permissible light work, the coverage of this legislation and the prohibition of certain types of child labour, such as the worst forms of child labour.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	9c3344c288aea862c0ee8c04ce341663	The wide range of results is in many cases largely accounted for by the effects of LUC and ILUC, but there is currently no consensus on a recognized methodology of quantifying those effects, in particular for ILUC, which is not even considered in most studies. This is for instance the case if residual biomass can be used for animal feed or fertilizer, and the emissions related to the replaced feed or fertilizer are then subtracted from the fuel emissions. Many of the processes also produce significant excess heat and/or byproducts suited for heat and electricity generation, which similarly have associated substitution effects.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	9c358adc4440ad2ac5bd54995fd6939a	Korea would benefit from benchmarking with countries presenting similar traffic and population patterns. The Safe System approach, therefore, aims at eliminating serious injuries as well as road fatalities. For the OECD overall, fatalities have gone down faster than injuries, and it is useful to understand the reasons behind this lag.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	9c36ca91b9b756425b5e216a198c5331	They are also able to participate in political life. But not all forms of economic empowerment are equally empowering. It is women in relatively regular work in reasonable working conditions outside the home that have made the most progress on the indicators that matter to women themselves and to society.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	9c394f4d50258ff9577ce34ee0fbba34	For instance, Brown and Matsa (2017) found evidence that job seekers are less mobile when they own a home in a distressed housing market. The positive relation between housing prices and participation found above could reflect the impact of housing costs on mobility from cheap to expensive states. However there does not seem to be any clear relation between housing restrictions or house prices and state mobility.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	9c3a49c0afe2128a1ea7b011810b9c60	Lastly, the administrative gap is still a concern for half of OECD countries, EU and non-EU members alike, as well as the information gap and the accountability gap, which also prevent the acceptance of water policy reform towards more integration. The “profiles” attached to this report provide in-depth analysis of multi-level governance challenges in water policy of 17 OECD countries. For instance, any country facing a sectoral fragmentation of water roles and responsibilities across ministries and public agencies (policy gap) may also suffer from the conflicting goals of these public actors (objective gap).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	9c3abb99aa1308c0d4debfaa9e80d46f	Canada’s experience suggests that the introduction of tax relief programmes such as phase-ins, deferrals for seniors, and capping of tax increases for some classes of property, to cushion the impact of reforms are preconditions for a successful reform (Bird and Slack, 2002). Kazakhstan could even introduce a centralised assessment system to make the system less vulnerable to changes at the local level. One critical condition for a property tax reform in Kazakhstan would be to increase the capacity to administer the tax at the local level, as many cities may lack experience with property taxation. Information to support the fiscal cadastre on a consistent, nation-wide basis needs to be unified and shared across and among levels of government and the public. Political support from central government would be a key element underpinning any property tax reform.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	9c3f12894ef1e1727d7c32d21e877dcf	Responsibilities for addressing climate change are spread across various ministries, but in 2009 the Government Office of Climate Change was set up as a new central state administrative body directly responsible for climate change and for interdepartmental co-ordination of measures and policies. It is currently preparing a Climate Change Act, for adoption by the national assembly in 2011, which will provide for the inclusion of climate change mitigation and adaptation in national and sectoral policies on the basis of vulnerability studies. There is a range of water-related issues connected with tourist activities. These include heat and pollution discharged from swimming pools, the use of water areas for swimming pool facilities, morphological modifications of the coastline, the abstraction of water, drilling for underground water or abstraction of thermal hot water for swimming pools and natural resorts, the release of waste water from tourist facilities and restaurants (exceeding legally defined pollutant limits at releases from industrial facilities), and the abstraction of water for irrigation of non-agricultural land (e.g. for golf courses or artificial snow). The policy also supports the use of public transport.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	9c438bc578471b0dbae0de537053f9dd	Because earnings data are much more limited than for the previous outcomes, the estimations here apply to a sample of 10 countries and for a limited period of time. The estimates obtained with the piecewise linear regression show large standard errors and for this reason do not provide more information than the model estimated in Columns 2 and 3. Although not all these later estimations find statistically significant associations with the average earnings of women and men, they do show a significant negative effect on the earnings gap between men and women working full-time.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	9c4bc825312b5f47043725bc9c68d7b2	Although this rising trend shifted into decline beginning in 2001, improvement was not observed amongst young people, who continued to report such conditions in increasing numbers. The 2012 Swedish National Public Health report has noted that the number of approved new claims has stalled and even fallen amongst people 30 to 64 years old, but has continued to rise amongst those up to 29 years old. The study suggests that a reason for the negative trends that have been observed over the past several decades may correspond to an environmental shift in which “the balance between healthy and unhealthy factors impacting the actively employed has tilted tow'ards less favourable conditions” (Danielsson et al.,	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	9c4dc6e16cad13133a7783e869fe3bd5	"Land for special needs encompasses multiple subcategories, including land of protected areas (chapter 11), land allocated for the purpose of ensuring national defence and land for scientific and technological tests and sites for regular environmental and climate monitoring. The categoiy ""Land with forest resources"" is broader than the area actually covered by forests, which was 7.85 per cent of the countiy’s territoiy in 2016. The annual growth rate of the urban population was 2.40 per cent between 1987 and 2015, 10 times of that of the rural population (0.24 per cent)."	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-7-en	9c53a8a650eb0a78394e59a750e4616e	Children who are confident, responsible and believe in their capacity to affect the future are more likely to achieve high academic standards than those who are already smart. There is a strong impact of levels of cognitive, social and emotional skills in childhood on future development of these skills (Cunha and Heckman, 2008; Cunha, Heckman and Schennach, 2012). Moreover, these studies document that past levels of social and emotional skills play an important role in developing cognitive skills, although past cognitive skills have limited impact on future social and emotional skills.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	9c5642f88ecf0a33b3438e077e31b5a1	Gender analysis is a requirement of the mandatory project quality assurance process. Quality assurance guidelines for all country programmes and global/regionalprogrammes will address GEWE. The gender marker rating will be included in the cover note for project documents and integrated in the quality assurance guidelines.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264115668-6-en	9c56a1c9ac138bf465467307dc432272	It presents the motivation, rationale and scope of demand-side policies and provides examples of different national strategies and approaches. The policy instruments reviewed include innovation-based public procurement, technology-oriented regulations, product standards and the European Union's Lead Market Initiative. While there is no single definition of demand-oriented innovation policy, it can be understood as a set of public measures to increase the demand for innovations, to improve the conditions for the uptake of innovations or to improve the articulation of demand in order to spur innovations and facilitate their diffusion (Edler, 2007).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	9c5710634ee671912d439af50123d22a	In addition, the 2016 self-regulation (code de deontologie) has further constrained competition and the size of medical practices (Autorite de la concurrence, 2016a). Though the 2016 Health Law expanded midwives’ roles somewhat, a more general definition of the scope of activities of different professions, for instance in terms of general “missions” rather than specific tasks/acts, would provide greater flexibility. For example, private-hire vehicles could be allowed to transport autonomous patients and complement the services of taxi drivers, and optometrists could be authorised to prescribe some medical goods, such as glasses (IGF, 2013). Coverage of telemedicine by the statutory health insurance will be implemented in 2018.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	9c58829da5596cd4125fc51ec4830233	Shifts in investment patterns will gather pace, Governments will implement their national climate plans as contributions to the objective of the Paris Agreement, and non-State actors will continue to drive tangible change across all sectors of society. The Paris Agreement is also the first climate treaty to include gender-specific references. Global emissions need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions thereafter, if we are to have a decent chance at staying below the 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise threshold of the Paris Agreement.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	9c5a0b2339f4cbd590c76bcc8e6eae09	The best they can do is to approximate these costs by relying on impact studies and by partially accounting for the difference in costs depending on the uses, the location, and the time of the year. First, part of the water abstracted is returned to the environment. If the water that is returned is of the same quality, and if it is returned where it was pumped, then it is not abstracted water that should be charged but rather water that has been used (and not returned to the environment in the catchment).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	9c5c45c9b50b2bd493c57db066ad7ae1	These efforts should of course be consistent with any strategies to eradicate poverty and national development plan(s) or planning. Planning, monitoring and reporting at scale will also be required at the national level demanding new data collection analysis and additional resources for this including relevant expertise in government. Maximising the effectiveness of sustainable development finance, including climate finance, will be critical to meeting the targets set out under the SDGs. Environment and climate change mainstreaming has been a practice of OECD DAC members for over a decade (see for example ENVIRONET publications on mainstreaming adaptation into development cooperation, OECD 2009) and the UNFCCC stresses the importance of integrating climate change adaptation into mainstream decision making (see for example LDC Expert Group, 2012).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	9c5d7bbad409736f9122a79b15d13873	For instance, both the PNAEE and the PPEC include initiatives for energy-efficient lighting in the residential sector, so that there is potential duplication of efforts and costs. Portugal will be on track to meet its objectives if implementation continues at this rate. However, the highest savings were obtained in the industrial sector and might well be due to the economic crisis, as shown by the sector’s increased energy intensity.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9c6180d5f42b2b28de0f036ea3c019fc	These traits will be able to be commercially grown in Vietnam following variety registration that will take one season to complete. All four genetically modified maize traits went through confined and multi-location field trials conducted by MARD during 2010-12. According to FAO, the irrigation potential in Viet Nam is 9.4 million ha, of which close to 50% (4.6 million ha) has been developed. Investment in irrigation and flood protection has been a major focus of the government since the 1970s, with some 80% of the capital investment funds available to the agriculture sector allocated to improving and expanding irrigation, and protecting flood prone areas from damage.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f90985ff-en	9c629e5880977fabd35da53c70bc5c4b	Total area' is defined as the physical project boundary, and 'direct area' is the area covered by mirrors, turbines, thermal storage and any other systems as well as any structures that encumber the land. Direct area is always smaller than and within the total area. The capacity-based average results represent capacity-weighted averages. Fgure 6.8 shows the distribution of results for CSP land use.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d79235bc-en	9c62f1947e83237d87e70c1be7b774e9	It reflects changes in total production of goods and services. It is a powerful summary indicator of economic development, even though it does not account for social and environmental cost of production and consumption. It is obtained by calculating gross capital formation as percentage of gross domestic product.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	9c6e92940c701fe1b22ebbfd6d71f45a	With the sugar production cycle in India, domestic demand in deficit years can account for a large share of world sugar exports (7% in 2009/10) with subsequent large additional supplies coming on to world markets in surplus years, contributing to the volatility in international sugar markets. Animal diseases, such as BSE and FMD, have also had major impacts on demand for meat and feed in some years following the imposition of trade bans. A main feature of the Outlook is that productivity growth is slowing due to a number of factors such as higher input costs, slower technology application, expansion into more marginal lands, and limits to double cropping, irrigation etc.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	9c7110b38da9ff5395f53250b2065d96	Such preferential treatment of men and maleness finds its expression in “sexist” behaviour and patriarchal systems and structures of power. Sexism can be seen in the exclusion of women from leadership roles in business, governmental, cultural and religious institutions. It is also the attitude that allows women’s bodies to be physically abused, raped or used as tools of advertisement. Women in every culture experience sexism, although in vastly different ways and to different degrees.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264091344-14-en	9c74719547d7bce4394fd35cc81e1132	It is a voluntary multiple-choice objective test for secondary school leavers. Unlike the Vestibular, ENEM is not specifically curriculum-based, but is geared towards higher-level thinking skills, on the lines of PISA tests. In 2009, the government stated its objective to transform the ENEM into a national Vestibular. However, some universities are loath to abandon their traditional Vestibular.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	9c780d8fb4bd3c68b2446b79601a3e66	Specific goals were also to establish to what degree the emerging economies are committed to such collaboration and to identify the preferred vehicle. Participants also noted the need to have the IEA as a focal point for information exchanges not only between the IEA countries and emerging economies, but also among the latter. They noted that rural energy decision makers required support in adapting policies to local conditions and that assistance was needed in technology transfer and capacity building, both technical and policy-related.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	9c7f7d4a59fa3190b1f8a7547053cefc	The study suggests that this impact works partly through improved sanitation, partly through improved nutritional status, and partly through reduction in psychosocial stress. Case (2001b) - based on the same dataset - finds that the presence of a pensioner is associated with an increase of about five centimetres of children's height for age after controlling for a range of household and individual factors. This is equivalent to about half a year’s growth for children aged zero to six. Her study uses the 1993 PSLSD data, and focuses on children aged 6-60 months.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73d010ed-en	9c7fc75d37718ba274f2da26fd5b5706	The verification of endogeneity is conducted by means of a regression, in reduced form, of these variables for economic growth (see annex A2). In macroeconomics, this specification is used in order to highlight a cause-effect relationship, since the explanatory variables have been lagged and differentiated in order to overcome the endogeneity caused —in this case— by the bidirectionality of the relationship (which has been found to exist in the studies discussed above). The interpretation, after testing for the absence of endogeneity, can be based on the fact that a change in the labour-market feminization variable has a given effect on the rate of economic growth.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	9c8249f3b33e872162062527fb0d4d8b	In addition, lack of domestic financing meant that the systems reached mainly the wealthiest rural population. Further, local firms did not engage in indigenous research or significant adaptation. It represents vibrant solar markets, with 150,000 units having been sold in 2004 and close to 300,000 in 2009 (REN21,2010). Yet, despite this relative commercial success, the industry has been plagued by quality problems (Jacobson and Kammen, 2007), owing to a lack of domestic expertise and capabilities as well as a weak regulatory framework. However, the development of the industry was hampered by the above-mentioned lack of domestic expertise.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b36e562d-en	9c835dba9b0a0cff54ecf307be30dab1	Additionally, the combined impact of slowing growth in major economies and steadily declining energy intensity mean that the growth in energy demand will likely slow. Low prices will induce economic activity, while reducing inflationary, external and fiscal pressures in oil-importing countries. On the other hand, low prices will adversely affect oil-exporting countries by weakening their fiscal and external positions and by reducing their economic activity. For those countries, the Asian Development Bank estimates an additional 0.5 per cent growth rate in 2015 GDP if oil prices remain low.9 Low oil prices also lower inflation rates and present opportunities for oil importing countries to accelerate their programmes related to fossil fuel subsidies.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8f2dr36-en	9c8674a0f5c9134b861f8d9db4c000eb	The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The PEPDEE work is being undertaken by the IEA as a contribution to a Task Group within the International Partnership on Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC). Financial and in-kind support for the lEA's contribution to the PEPDEE work programme comes from UK DECC, the US Department of Energy, the Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE), and the European Commission's Directorate General of Energy (DG-Energy).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9c8819ccb7946a3ead55a4c5209194f3	Again, even when universities are owned and operated by the national government, it is important to have budgetary provision for institutions’ regional engagement. This not only provides the needed financial support, but also orientates the institution’s activities. Currently, the criteria for staff recruitment and promotion in Penang higher education institutions do not sufficiently encourage activities related to local engagement.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/315584de-en	9c8a7f5369dfb4d9fbfa0b4fa4a3e571	Indicators 4.a.l (previously multi-tier I/ll) and 4.C.1 are now tier II, reflecting limited data availability. The TCG consists of representatives from the lAEG-SDGs member states and selected international agencies and institutions. Work continues or is about to begin on other thematic indicators, including language of instruction, distribution of resources and teacher professional development.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	9c8ad64d163ba74bd597caa3838b149e	But as the types of deprivations captured in the HDI and MPI are reduced for individuals and societies, other deprivations become more prominent. People have more choices and freedoms, but there are still constraints that limit life potential. For example, the My World global survey being conducted by the United Nations in support of the 2030 Agenda assessed development issues that matter most to people.108 More than 9 million responses have prioritized action issues from 16 options, ranging from securing a good education and ensuring political freedom to tackling climate change.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	9c8f559af8c515f718f2bfaa4803eca8	A large number of developing countries with relatively neutral pricing policies are at a critical juncture in terms of agricultural policy development. Do they spend scarce resources on supporting farmers directly, or do they invest in the broader underpinnings of agricultural development and economic development more generally? Smallholders in developing countries often underpin the rural economy, yet they face systematic adjustment pressures as a necessary corollary of the development process.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d37abdcf-en	9c90362409752d75ac0915ee81d7be39	Parenting programmes can teach notions of equality and offer tools, ideally sensitive to different contexts, for translating those principles into raising girls. Such programmes can stress positive interactions, inform parents about opportunities for dieir daughters, and may provide entry points for moving away from still widely accepted corporal punishment practices. Awareness campaigns can build momentum and encourage large cross-sections of people to start thinking in new ways, such as on birth registration, where one major barrier is parents foiling to understand its importance.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	9c997245e316d186d464b73151201510	"Households covered under the “Antyoda Anna Yojana"" scheme - a programme for the poorest of the poor - are entitled to 35 kg of food grains per household per month at the above-mentioned prices. Special entitlements shall also apply to pregnant and lactating women and children up to the age of 14. For example, every pregnant woman and lactating mother will be entitled to get food free of cost during pregnancy and six months after childbirth. Cash benefits of INR 1000 per month would be provided for the first six months to meet increased food requirements of pregnant women."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9c9974275696cc78ef6487087fb7e5c1	Working-age households can no longer afford to have no one in work and the numbers that are workless have fallen, but for the smaller number of jobless families poverty is much deeper than previously as the value of out-of-work benefits has fallen. An increasing share of the poor in 2030 are “working poor”, with low pay, short working hours or having just one earner in the family. Education has improved, raising earnings for the majority.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	9c99d256a7c05ef419510a5b737a4424	With the demise of President Mutharika, she became her country’s first female president. Mr Magufuli was elected as CCM’s standard-bearer and he chose Sarnia Hassan as his vice-presidential running mate. She is currently serving as the first female vice-president of Tanzania. Globally, 20 out 193 Heads of State were women; seven of these were from Commonwealth member countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	9c99e0b6577d37767406821af6e61436	As a result, in 2016, 23% of girls have been married before their 18th birthday, the eight highest number of child brides in the world (UNICEF, 2016). The participation of women in the labour force is crucial for promoting and sustaining economic growth, and the gains are largest in countries where large gender gaps persist, like Mexico. In Mexico, halving the current gender gap in labour force participation among 15- to 74-year-olds by 2040 could potentially add 0.16 percentage points to the projected average annual rate of growth in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for the period 2013-40, boosting the projected average growth rate to 2.46% per year. By 2040, this extra growth would translate into an increase of around USD 1100 in GDP per capita, relative to the baseline scenario.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	9c9b3a02741810dad50acd6c2c680503	Practices illustrate how OECD countries and non-OECD economies have designed and implemented effective, efficient and inclusive water governance systems. They are meant to be replicable and support bench learning across different stakeholders within cities, regions, basins and countries. Learning from evolving water governance practices is about gaining insights from real examples, looking at what works (or has worked) and seeing how' others have dealt w'ith challenges.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	9ca1de3b17753874979583de35fa3687	On the contrary, rural areas are still characterized by early fertility where the age group 20-24 years shows the highest fertility rate. Observing the age-specific fertility rates for VNDHS 2002, one can infer that fertility behaviour of women in the age-group 20-24 years solely creates the rural-urban fertility differentials in Viet Nam. A major characteristic of this process is the trend towards late marriage.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/18a859bf-en	9ca21cd55fe5f88cf4ce447cdee06216	Maximising the effectiveness and transformative potential of international public finance and using it to leverage funds from other sources will be critical to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. In a context of scarce public resources for both development and climate action, it will be important to allocate public climate-related development finance where it is most needed and can be most effective and to use it in a catalytic way to leverage further public (domestic) and private sector investment to promote sustainable development. International public finance can increase private sector engagement, for example through use of risk guarantee instruments or blended finance arrangements. Development co-operation providers agreed to increase predictability and transparency of aid as part of the Busan Partnership.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ab381733-en	9ca24b092b95db3c4e2669b3cabd2979	For example, in 2012, the private initiative COOP Georgia started introducing separate collection services to interested individuals and companies in Tbilisi. This is mainly PET bottles, scrap metal, glass and paper. There is capacity for processing recyclables in Georgia. This creates the necessary conditions for introducing new standards for municipal waste management.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	9ca43a0afcc1efac80c89588db05036b	One example is a family, upon the loss of their home, moving in with extended family or friends. This transitionally homeless but “housed” family may be counted as both homeless and overcrowded. Despite this attempt at a common standard, national data collection strategies and estimates vary significantly.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	9cafaa62df68debbb862478ca9de1179	This is especially true in the hilly parts of the region, which have the highest tourism potential. Many of these farms are likely to cease production in a few years and the land will return to its natural state. If this happens it will have local ecological impacts and change the visual landscape for tourists by increasing the amount of wooded land. While some mining continues, its scope has been greatly reduced.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287747-en	9cb01727ba3d8cd463e301b0144172c5	In 2010, one in every eight workers in manufacturing was an immigrant, and immigrant workers were also overrepresented in construction as well as in some service sectors such as private household services. In view of the relatively high employment rates of foreign-born workers, and their positive impact on native-born paid employment, it also seems likely that foreign-bom workers have a positive effect on income per capita. Thai authorities could reinforce the economic contribution of immigrants to the country by offering more accessible channels for regular immigration and developing integration mechanisms.	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	9cb1c40df62699d8deed6fad66c8b094	This is the most demanding use of values and requires the greatest level of reliability and accuracy. Therefore, economic valuation of ecosystem services is often emphasised, also in the NCM reports. However, several of the Nordic council reports, as well as other literature on ecosystem services, also emphasise the need to use a broad spectre of methods to assess the benefits of ecosystem services.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	9cb2a8ccd458c05941fa128ff6645261	In general, as economic development levels increase and/or the domestic financial systems mature, finance tends to be delivered through multilateral channels. However, a range of other factors also affect delivery of climate finance, such as geopolitical interests and historical relationship with finance providers. Given the data present a snapshot of 2013 and 2014, a few large-scale projects committed during the period could distort the overall picture. For instance, Armenia (e.g. infrastructure in energy, water and agriculture sectors supported by Germany) and Uzbekistan (e.g. large-scale power plants supported by Japan) receive a large portion of finance through bilateral channels.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	9cb5e35965f2eaec8f4a5e12be83587e	Besides, interventions cannot be seen as independent events, as potential disbenefits may emerge from investing in one area without commensurate investment in the other. For example, inadequate water quality at the point of consumption may undermine the benefits from water supply improvement (Fewtrell, 2005), and sanitation facilities without hygiene promotion may end up not being used (Tremolet et al., However, a few studies show that multiple interventions do not necessarily bolster the impact on health.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fb79328d-en	9cb668ed6d426d875d0645ca5c40b9a5	Most importantly, this approach to social policy does not effectively address the underlying causes of persistent high poverty and economic insecurity. For instance, increased spending on education may help increase schooling levels among poor children, but will not raise future income if broader economic policies fail to generate sufficient employment and there are no complementary policies that address idiosyncratic determinants of economic vulnerability, including ethnic, racial and gender discrimination, which keep wage returns to some of the poor low. Nor will social investments raise incomes if the poor cannot accumulate physical and financial capital, or if recurrent economic downturns force periodic de-cumulating of their limited assets.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	9cbc296c878c74914816736eb17d36dd	Foggin, 2010, p. 7). In the United States, small businesses that became suppliers to large corporations saw their average revenue grow by 250 per cent and their average number of employees grow by more than 150 per cent (NWBC, 2015). To date, over 1,300 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) from across the globe have signed statements of support for the Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs), signaling their support for and commitment to gender equality and women’s empowerment.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	9cbe0d3ae09e350e6741590edc85db1d	They describe practices, personal resources, competencies and knowledge that form the basis of successful school leadership. Practices entail five dimensions: i) constructing and implementing a shared strategic vision; ii) developing professional competencies; iii) leading processes of teaching and learning; iv) managing the school climate and the participation of the school community; and v) developing and managing the school. Personal resources comprise three areas: i) ethical values; ii) behavioural and technical competencies; and iii) professional knowledge (Ministry of Education, 2015a). In 2006, the Ministry of Education developed an evaluation framework for a system of self-improvement in schools that has now been discontinued (Sistema de Aseguramiento de Calidad de la Gestion Escolar, SACGE) (Santiago et al., In 2014, the Ministry of Education published newly developed Indicative Performance Standards for Schools and School Providers (Estandares Indicativos de Desempeno para Establecimientos Educacionales y sus Sostenedores).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	9cbe81bf4c5b47023e7f3ebe561ca33d	A multilateral multi-year Protocol for Agreements for Minority Language and Second-Language Education with the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (1983, re-structured in 2013) sets the parameters for this intergovernmental collaboration. Students and their caregivers get help more quickly, through referral to a wide range of specialist and community services, including crisis intervention, youth mental health, after-school programming, parent and family supports, sexual health, and child care. The strategy aims to support students who may be at risk of not succeeding and not reaching their full potential.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	9cbec2e90e28cd350e7f17bb1572d86c	Children's experiences of food insecurity also include cognitive awareness of household food hardships, and psychological strain related not only to running out of food, but to awareness of parents' difficulties meeting household food needs [48]. Another difference is that adult experiences of food insecurity are conditioned on inadequate resources for food, but child experiences are not, and are instead grounded in the household social and food environment (e.g., quality of interactions, parental affect and behaviour, and foods available for children) [48]. Adult/child differences are also possible in the ordering of experiences. Adults in the United States (but not in all countries) generally report that worry about running out of food is the least severe experience of food insecurity, followed by compromises in quality and quantity and with hunger being the most severe level of food insecurity.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	9cbef0549a1110eabafe13cf261eec64	Korea’s Employment Insurance started with firms with 30 employees and more in 1995, and its legal coverage has extended to workplaces with 1 or more worker in 1998, and then finally to daily workers in 2004. Employment Insurance in Korea (cont.) The EIS does not apply to businesses in the agriculture, forestry', fishery, and hunting sectors with four or less employees and small construction enterprises.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	9cc7a7e778d03b8597ca26d990a1d094	Based on these approaches, practical applications for the multidimensional measurement of poverty have been developed at both regional and international level. Some recent official applications are described below: The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was prepared by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in collaboration with UNDP This index, which applies the methodology devised by Alkire and Foster (2008), is a measure of acute poverty that reflects deprivations in access to basic services and in key functionings of education, health and living standards among the populations of 104 countries, including some in Latin America. The unit of analysis is the household, with individuals identified as poor when they reside in households subject to three or more deprivations.	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	9cc8461673a80ce75ca5d7c78d126253	As a main rule ordinary food businesses may not supply food to food businesses in the group retail with wholesale or to wholesale food businesses. However, it has been accepted that retail food business operators may supply to a food bank. The Danish food bank collects and redistributes food from both wholesale and retail and delivers to charity organizations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-8-en	9cc86835b1aec5e881f8706fe92c715e	They stmggle to reconcile work and family life because of constraints like access to affordable, good-quality child care facilities and flexible working-time arrangements. How partners share unpaid w'ork is also influenced by factors closely related to the family such as its size, partners’ levels of educational attainment, their relative earnings (potential), and the ways in which they are able to organise their paid working hours. If men do more unpaid housework and parenting work, they free up more time for their partners in the labour market.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/69c44297-en	9cc8a71f94e913dfc53baf8bd2596531	Israeli wells further inland are less prone to seawater intrusion, with a net outflow of 20-23 MCM/yr45 of groundwater from the Coastal Aquifer Basin to the sea occurring in the Israeli part of the basin. In the Sinai Peninsula, groundwater levels have also dropped below sea level in the vicinity of major population centres like Arish and Rafah. In Israel, lateral hydraulic connections to older saline groundwater exist in the hinterland. As the salt front has moved from inland areas towards the coast, salinity has increased considerably over the past 70 years (Figure 6).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	9ccb3c9396fc0457702fbf4ce7dc8a64	The data illustrate that for instance in the Netherlands, 50% of all on-going spells in December 2004 last 85 months or longer. By contrast, a more appropriate measure of spell durations shows a much smaller median of 12 months for all those starting a spell around this time. The number of benefit spells per individual is inversely related to spell duration in that country.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	9ccbe34e24e42b0b3f51721355ddbbd0	Increasing wealth also means that governments can increasingly afford to address the social needs of their citizens directly. Where this is the case social objectives and policies should evolve accordingly and reflect the new-found capacity of the economy to secure greater social cohesion. Growth can be seen as a rising tide, but though it has lifted many boats, not all have risen by the same amount. Strong growth is necessary to reduce poverty and deprivation sustainably in poor countries and can substantially contribute to reducing poverty in middle-income ones.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	9ccf88521615ac325d46980de5a13ae2	There are different explanations for this, including its unpopularity with citizens, the administration of the tax, and the demanding process of property valuation. The large intergovernmental transfers also allow governments not to raise property tax rates. In Kazakhstan, most rayow-level governments and even the two cities of republican significance do not have the technological capacity and the personnel to administer property tax.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	9cd3a5e442ce5171a75c91412d0fcf95	Similarly, in New-Zealand, the New Zealand Teaching Council (NZTC), the professional body of teachers, played a leading role in defining teaching standards, with the extensive involvement of the profession, employers and teacher unions (OECD, 2013(2]). The bases for the standards in these cases are national education laws, codes of professional practices, and experts’ advice (ibid.). This involvement establishes an inherent link between teacher education and standards, as these stakeholders transmit their values, experience and knowledge in formulating the standards.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	9cd41f79e8b24cdc686c8598739e7b6c	According to information provided by UNODC, the significant volume of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in West Africa over the past year may indicate an increase in the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in amphetamine-type stimulants, in particular methamphetamine. A total of 10 clandestine methamphetamine laboratories were dismantled in Nigeria between 2011 and July 2015. In May 2015, Nigerian authorities dismantled two facilities used for the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine in Anambra State. Between January and July 2015, Nigerian authorities effected four seizures of methamphetamine, totalling approximately 92 kg, at the international airport near Lagos.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9cd5d99078edee795d3fdf0d3db91b76	Programmes for facing the development challenges of the poorest and the hungriest have also been expanded. This includes the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC Initiatives, Education for All Fast Track Initiative (EFA-FTI), and other similar measures. The international assistance programmes have begun to focus on the poorest countries and peoples to complement the BPoA. The World Summit (September 2005) reiterated the commitments of the donors to fulfil the BPoA target of providing 0.15-0.20 per cent of GNI as ODA to the LDCs.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	9cd6dcdcd530dc56b90779580573d484	A dense (and growing) population, the effects of climate change, an existing arid climate in much of the basin, and growing demand among competing users - coupled with the need to ensure sufficient water to protect aquatic and ecosystem health - all place significant pressure on the basin. Further compounding the challenge is the requirement that 50% of the annual natural flow must pass to Saskatchewan, a neighbouring province. In addition, the province evolved its water allocation policies and the associated legislation, culminating in the proclamation of a new Water Act in 1999. Pursuant to the Water Act, the right to divert and use water is granted by a licence or registration under the Water Act.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	9cd6f56e5b4f19f315442d871e3e71a7	On the other hand, heavy drinking was shown to reduce the probability of being in employment for both men and women (Booth and Feng, 2002; MacDonald and Shields, 2004; Johansson et al., Some evidence suggests that alcohol-dependent people aged 30-59 are more likely to be unemployed than their non-dependent counterparts while this relationship is not significant in younger and older age groups (Mullahy and Sindelar, 1993). An increase in unemployment was found to be associated with higher suicide rates for people below age 65, and with a higher alcohol-related mortality (Stuckler et al., Working conditions, such as long working hours and job insecurity, have been linked with an increased likelihood of high-risk alcohol consumption (Marchand et al., A US study found that those who drank regularly during early adulthood had lower “occupational prestige” 15 years later, than occasional drinkers, the finding was particularly strong among African-Americans (Sloan et al.,	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	9cd75234998012fdbd9bef9d12570ab6	Constraints to an individual’s ability to access food can include economic growth that is inadequate or insufficiently broad-based (leading to a lack of job opportunities or lack of incentives to become a productive participant in the economy), negative impacts of national economic policies, inadequate training and/or job skills, lack of credit or other means to exchange assets or income streams, food losses associated with ineffective and inefficient harvesting, storage, processing and handling, and political decisions favouring one group over another. This new concept includes securing access by vulnerable people to available supplies, calling attention to the balance between the demand and supply sides of the food security equation. Cassava, potato, yam and sweet potato, as well as starchy fruit (plantain) are among the major food crops in Africa.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	9cd985099587b8338128812abbf184bd	In almost all countries, women more often change working time than men, and women are also more likely to move in and out of the labour force. Age patterns of labour mobility are different for men and women and can partly explain the gender wage gap as women i) have more stable careers when they are young; ii) more often change their professional situation at prime age (driven by moves in and out of the labour force); and iii) less often go through a professional change when above 55 years old. The missing labour transitions (change of job, employer or contract type) at the early stages in their career significantly shape women’s careers: job chum at this crucial time in one’s career has the highest effect on wage growth and helps in finding the right job.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b8259a41-en	9cdb78504f2a13ebab5202310d640b0f	When the index is close to 1, the proximate determinant will have a negligible inhibiting effect on fertility, whereas when it tends a value of 0, it will have a large inhibiting effect. The average effectiveness of the family planning methods in use have been taken into account while calculating the index of non-contraception. The value of TF is rather stable between 13 and 17 births per woman, with the average value being 15.3. In this analysis, the average of TF has been taken.	5	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	9ce42501bb14b0d275a62d7bc3f7e175	Regionally, large increases in irrigation water demand are projected as a result of climate changes. Areas in which runoff is projected to decline face a reduction in the value of the services provided by water resources (very high confidence). Meanwhile, the beneficial impacts of increased annual runoff in some areas are likely to be tempered by negative effects of increased precipitation variability and seasonal runoff shifts on water supply, water quality and flood risk.	10	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	9ce8f1a49be1628623a4bf4668ca0b26	Consequently, policy makers and regulators should also account for the potential opportunity costs for delayed roll-out of mobile connectivity. In situations where infrastructure needs to be built, for example after conflict, a holistic approach is likely to be the most efficient. Business incentives for ICT and energy cooperation can go further.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	9ce8f63541b053ec2467a978478d33c9	The infamous term “three-day-week” was coined during the 1984 “winter of discontent” when the UK coal miners went on strike. Gittus thus unwittingly highlights that fact that domestic energy resources do not necessarily outperform imported energy resources with respect to the security of energy supply. His own statistics confirm that the longest significant energy supply interruption in the United Kingdom was precisely due to the 1984 strike (Gittus, 2004: p. 5).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	9cebaed751b8e9c406f8d6caedc51c91	Air concentrations of a number of other pollutants identified by the international community as the most harmful to human health and the environment - fine particulates (PM25 and PM]0), volatile organic compounds (except benzo(a)pyrene), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - are not measured in Uzbekistan. Measurements of PM25 and PM|0 were started in 2009 in Karakalpakstan under a pilot project managed by Uzhydromet and the Ministry' of Health. United Nations Development Programme, 2008.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	9cf4a2f4eda4df61a80d0b4a6845a7c1	The global unemployment rate—standing at almost 200 million people in 2016—is expected to remain elevated in the coming years and unlikely to fall below pre-crisis rates in the medium term as the global labour force continues to grow.1 Vulnerable forms of employment remain pervasive, particularly among women,2 undermining the ambition to create decent work and sustainable routes out of poverty. This was followed by a second major expenditure contraction starting in 2016. In 2018,124 countries will be adjusting expenditures in terms of GDP and this number is expected to rise slightly in 2019 and 2020/ This is a daunting scenario and at odds with the enormous injection of additional resources that the implementation of the 2030 Agenda is expected to require.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7e830810-en	9cf76f765330e4cd39c3e12443c6ae06	New technologies are the result of a complex process of scientific advances, learning by doing, and directed and spillover efforts in the private and the public sectors (IPIECA 2006). Dominant energy users and equipment suppliers jointly determine the development of new technology. And transitions in major energy technologies often take decades, requiring massive infrastructure investments, even for superior technologies.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	9cf85ad2d9cc4798e6cb9dcb7761d812	Thus, three of these new proposed institutions include knowledge-sharing components. The importance of knowledge-sharing to address information gaps is widely acknowledged, including in the UNFCCC context (UNFCCC, 2014c). By highlighting potential climate impacts on individuals and communities, increased information awareness can be an important driver for change (e.g. USAID, 2014; CIF, 2014).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/477abc4d-en	9cf92d71c6391b98fed1dc452fc75309	The governance approach based on the disaster management cycle and represented by a specialized disaster risk management sector may have reached its limit, while at the same time a new governance paradigm has yet to emerge. However, the governance arrangements required to manage emergencies effectively are not necessarily appropriate to address development challenges related to urban development and environmental management. Put simply, while the fire services at the local level may be completely capable of rescuing flood victims from their roofs or earthquake victims from collapsed structures, these capabilities and the underlying institutional and legislative arrangements have little connection with those required to address issues of land use or water management.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	9cf96e630460e11899925f2911bcf755	The availability, quality and cost of water will be a progressively more important factor in the location and profitability of agribusiness activities. Climate change, increasing population pressures, and rising energy costs are all making water increasingly expensive; changes in the cost of water across different regions will affect the choice of where large international agribusinesses source their products, giving water-abundant areas in LDCs a potential advantage (Roepstoff etal., It therefore has a very low degree of mechanization.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9cff26eacbd3bb73e7b132f116c2f3ca	Systematic problems and shortcomings of emissions markets, for example that CO2 emissions allowances have different prices depending on the region and the scheme, can only be solved by political alignment and integrated policies. However, in terms of increasing technological improvement of ETS, blockchain technology can offer tremendous value-added in the areas of global transparency, steering and immutable tracking. Transactions through a decentralised exchange of certificates could be settled almost instantly, without the interference of any third party. Contractual agreements could also be written and reviewed by a smart contract, automating current manual processes.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9cff7ce41a0b0418f9b38e265d22b7f1	Information asymmetries: Commercial banks deliver the bulk of loans to the most profitable and largest borrowers but have limited transactions with agribusiness SMEs due to poor information on their creditworthiness. Agribusiness companies lack financial education and knowledge about bank instruments. High transaction costs: Reaching agribusiness SMEs in remote areas and processing their loan applications is costly for banks considering the low returns expected.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	9d01ee239bea80b012e575caeab0c509	Another factor contributing to a low rate of job creation is the considerable scope that exists for raising output without increasing employment in many countries (i.e. through increases in labour productivity and working time). While increased layoff rates played an important role in raising unemployment during the initial phase of the recession, their importance gradually diminished as the downturn bottomed out and recovery began. This suggests that policy makers concerned with reducing unemployment or limiting its rise should shift their efforts from protecting viable jobs at risk of being terminated towards re-integrating the unemployed into the workforce and encouraging hiring by firms.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	9d01f633a4e423a03fdeed4480cfbf0c	Such benefits are required to cover benefits from R&D, but not commercialization. The Treaty is overseen by a Governing Body composed of the 152 countries that have so far ratified it as of October 2014. The Governing Body is supported by a secretariat, located in Rome, Italy, which is part of a UN specialized agency, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This secretariat is also the body which administers the common fund for benefit sharing under this treaty.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/cdc2482b-en	9d0508ae723aaf906c0b72cd9f68ea12	Why does the Sustainable Development Goal on Education (SDG 4) matter for OECD countries? Target 4.7 calls for equipping students with the knowledge and skills to foster sustainable development as well as human rights, gender equality and global citizenship, thus linking education t the wider sustainable development objectives. The new agenda is a universal call for action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	9d056d5f40a646c6f086fe7f0c7a40f4	Budget allocations for salaries of teachers, school support and administrative staff cover all the full year, including the months of school breaks, and teachers and school support and administrative staff are contracted to perform their instructional responsibilities for more days than the current instructional year. Thus, an extended school year may not generate additional direct instructional costs. There would be additional public expenditure needed to support a lengthened instructional year, including maintenance, transportation, and other non-instmctional costs, and these would be borne principally by municipalities. Since 96% of six-year-olds are already in state-provided early childhood education and care (Figure 2.8), this option would not adversely affect family life.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	9d061ab71fcd8849ef31e14cfe139431	Report prepared for the regional meeting on PSP in WSS in EECCA, Moscow, 28-29 January, 2010. As a consequence, much of the infrastructure is now out of operation and many rural inhabitants are forced to put in place private solutions where water quality is usually not monitored. In Moldova, for example, it is reported that more than 90% of rural water supply systems are either in need of capital repairs or need to be reconstructed, while more than 50% of sanitation infrastructure has either been demolished or is in need of urgent capital repair.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	9d06553bf292a8f0d682ab2ae6292bc5	Figure 5.1 illustrates the key elements that can help improve safety in this setting in a cost-effective manner. The most important and pressing policy action is implementing an integrated information infrastructure that enables (a) capture of adverse events and harm across settings and over time, (b) information to flow freely between providers and patients across different data platforms, and (c) a multi-modal approach to reporting harm that includes reporting by patients. An integrated electronic health record system that allows interoperability across data platforms and can be accessed by providers and patients across all health settings was seen by survey respondents as the ‘best buy’ intervention.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	9d0754386d3bdc1bddf77d2176aad99a	In response to concerns that participation in professional development may be decreasing, the government is planning substantial increases in professional development budgets and considering ways to require that all teachers have access to adequate professional training financed by municipalities. The slate budget annually allocates some USD 30 million to professional development of teachers and school principals through various forms of pre-tertiary and continuing education. The government determines the focus of the training, based on current national educational development needs, and the training is contracted out to service providers on a competitive basis.	4	0	6	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	9d087c3990f7d0c7a6cf79f393a90a99	The sole purpose of this action was to prevent the sale of generic versions and of parallel imports of the capsule formulation 499 The EGC upheld an earlier decision by the EU Commission, considering that the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of the drug constituted an abuse of the company’s dominant position in the market for anti-ulcer treatments. The EGC stressed that, while a dominant undertaking is under no obligation to protect the interests of competitors, this cannot “justify recourse to practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits. The withdrawal would not have been abusive if there had been some objective reason why such a withdrawal was necessary to improve the competitiveness of the company’s own products.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	9d0ad6bd5d0524c6f8198ccd48f63774	Moreover, the programme design is based on the hukou system, so migrants living in cities and counted in the urban population but having a rural hukou are not covered by the programme. Therefore, as presented in Table 3.6, there is a discrepancy in poverty incidence between the hukou population base and the residence base. To look more closely at the impacts of labour market changes on inequality, inequality is decomposed based on a regression on per-capita income of urban households.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	9d0b04295f88066665503ff13657dc86	This will increase the social security contributions of the domestic service sector and make this type of employment into a gateway to the social protection system for female domestic workers —most of whom are poor— and, ultimately, for their children as well. Fiscal incentives such as tax exemptions for persons employed as caregivers, tax reductions that help offset the cost of employing a domestic worker, progressive taxation systems and personal benefits can all be used to foster behaviours that will improve the workings of the economy and the way in which society is organized. The valuation of the contributions made by women and their families to the care system can take the form of cash transfers to households whose members include children or older adults or persons with a disability'. A contributoiy or non-contributory approach could be used whereby the determination of access to the social protection system would take, for example, the number of dependent children into consideration.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	9d0cf08ba768584afb2c84e8b4c10af2	Multilateral agencies’ contribution is split between grants and loans. Both concessional and non-concessional loans are mainly provided to the recipient government with the aim of strengthening higher education. Other type of finance besides grants and loans, e.g. equity, is scarce. Figure 4.5 shows total ODF towards science by development provider and type of finance.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29045c1f-en	9d0d32f2fbc4f3596e3e99d52aad835c	The Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole has considered an advance, unedited version of the technical abstract for presentation to delegates attending the third session of the Preparatory Committee on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The full text of the first World Ocean Assessment, including the summary, is available from www.un.org/depts/los/rp. The patterns of marine biodiversity are shaped by variations in the depth and nature of the seabed, by variations in temperature, salinity, nutrients and currents of the water column, and by the latitudinal and seasonal variations in sunlight. The size and complexity of the ocean means that patterns in global biodiversity are largely unquantified and their natural drivers not fully understood. It also reveals likely future trends and indicates management options likely to be more sustainable. Uncertainties, however, remain and surprises will be encountered (chap.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9d0eedbf68fa7d33a408df0fa721ceab	Regional collaboration among the institutions in the region takes place on a voluntary, ad hoc basis. The Penang Educational Consultative Council (PECC) under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level, but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state (NHERI, 2010). The Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) and institutions such as the Wawasan Open University serve as important “brokers” of regional collaboration among institutions as well as between the higher education institutions and the needs of students and employers. Modify curriculum to strengthen and deepen student learning through greater integration of research and engagement with industry and community within the curriculum.	4	2	6	0.5
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	9d11bff05845e991131c703553a74189	Some studies have shed light on the extent to which various social groups have access to well-specified facilities, or what facilities certain segments of the population need and want in close proximity. According to the exhaustive overview of Lee and Moudon (2008) grocery stores stand out as the most visited neighbourhood destination. Likewise, Paez, Scott and Morency (2012) found that shopping and health facilities were the most important destinations to have within short distances.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	9d1478cb8d0d6713093d419ec8bee0bc	Water footprint analysis, which is based largely on calculations of virtual water, is gaining the attention of international organizations and policy makers. We endeavor to resolve some of the uncertainty regarding whether or not virtual water and water footprint analysis can be used to guide public policy decisions. We review the literature, describe pertinent economic concepts, and provide several examples that might be helpful in understanding the policy limitations of the virtual water metaphor. Professor Tony Allan chose the term to describe the water used to produce crops traded in international markets.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	9d14f5d787bd8c57cad0b273c54902ac	For the uninsured or those with insufficient years of contributions (less than 15 years), who do not qualify for a proportional pension, the basic pension provides an important safety net (NAA, 2012). To be eligible, claimants must pass an income test (as well as a residence test) and be 65 years and over. First, the basic pension is awarded to these claimants without income criteria.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	9d161c2e8bf13dfb548b5ac4e2379910	Competencies can help to build skills and change behaviours, achieve a better fit between recruitment and the needs of government organisations, and contribute to inculcating a culture of management and performance. To achieve these outcomes, competency management and performance management will have to be developed in a co-ordinated manner and changes will be needed in recruitment and workforce planning. In the Amazon, for example, the problem is understaffing and underfunding.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	9d173c234723904c8e21fd28cbc69d83	Metro Cebu facilitating dialogue and collaboration among industries could serve as an opportunity for business leaders to discover synergistic possibilities and potential exchanges that could fuel the symbiotic networks. It is therefore important that Metro Cebu continues the support to industries through policies aimed at skill development, green procurements, environmental technology diffusion, innovation hubs, and economic incentives. Rather than being the result of a carefully planned process, the eco-park developed gradually through co-operation by a number of neighbouring industrial companies.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	9d174d35cecb1f3918fad07b5c7bcee2	Tol and Fankhauser (1998) reviewed the modelling of impacts in 18 IAMs that participated in the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum 14, discussing the level of spatial detail, the damage categories considered, the impact metrics, the climatic and non-climatic drivers of impacts, the functional specification and benchmarks of monetized damage functions, the feedback of impacts on other model variables and the representation of adaptation. Yohe (1999) briefly reviewed the representation of impacts in 20 IAMs, including most of the models considered by Tol and Fankhauser (1998). Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha (2009) review 30 climate-economy models, focusing on the treatment of four critical issues.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	9d198890352052a35f342b43d8a88c9f	While the science around climate change is relatively advanced in a number of areas, there are significant gaps in knowledge and particularly a need for informed policymaking, strengthened governance structures, and international cooperation based on sound economic analysis. The OECD Workshop was designed to fill that gap. Figure 1 illustrates the how this Workshop complements and contributes to other international fisheries and climate change conferences. The fisheries management toolbox was also examined, from the perspective of whether or not existing tools are available to develop effective climate change adaptation strategies for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	9d1aad2b1524b2a88d9d79a88873c0b1	Contract production loans” of the Ziraat Bank provide working capital to individual producers who have contracted their output or to the companies-contractors. The amount of interest subsidies provided by the government has been rapidly increasing in the past years and rose from TRY 372 million (USD 138 million) in 2008 to TRY 1.3 billion (USD 481 million) in 2015, which in real terms corresponds to more than a doubling. The amount of support is established by decision of the Cabinet of Ministers which, on the basis of a proposal by MOFAL, determines the products, regions, risks and size of businesses to be supported.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/442a2283-en	9d211c68ce56079cc159daa4cb0f58f9	"Dependency on external funding is a major weakness in many community-based and bilingual education programmes. However, there is no comprehensive strategy that ensures that the curriculum and the education system are relevant to the livelihood situation of pastoralists and hunter-gatherers. One of the issues of concern is therefore how the education system can benefit the pastoral community—or as one of the parents put it: ""If I put my child in school, what and when will I reap""? Another comment was that school-educated children often detach themselves from their traditional lifestyle: ""If, after finishing school, they remain unemployed, they end up belonging to nowhere""."	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	9d21d4050aa79d0811a84b3a99c39757	The mean biophysical effect of the climate change shock on yields is a 17 percent decline. The economic models transfer the shock effect to the response variables. Producers respond to the price increases associated with the shock by both intensifying management practices, which leads to a final mean yield change of -11 percent, and increasing the cropping area by a mean of 11 percent.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	9d247ac53d5547746cd24fb044520ab3	This is the case in Poland, where sanitary thinning has included both damaged trees and deadwood. Nevertheless, except in 2007,13 deadwood removal from sanitary thinning as a share of merchantable timber has been halved since 2000 and was down to 15% in 2012. Selection-cutting (as opposed to clear-cutting) is often thought to be more beneficial for biodiversity, though there is still a lack of knowledge about how forestry without clear-cuts affects biodiversity.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9d299055bbe8ea8718d54e7cf0e4b127	No single higher education institution, organisation or agency has the capacity to address these issues alone. Broad-based collaboration between regional agencies, business and industry, higher education institutions and civil society is required. By working together, these regional stakeholders could generate a greater dynamism and change in the local economy and society.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	9d29bfcf41544d261c178349d10ae603	In addition, several other adaptation-related knowledge-sharing or learning mechanisms have been established e.g. the UNDP-facilitated Adaptation Learning Mechanism, which is itself a GEF-fimded project (ALM, 2015). The “NAP Central” by mandate and many of the mentioned institutions by default have been focused on LDCs and developing country Parties to date. Applying them across a broader range of Parties would require significant scaling up and inherent assessment of institutional structures.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	9d35607cbfdf2c3f8b93007cfe292aa9	These lags could be overcome by devoting more resources to meeting international commitments and by giving greater economic and diplomatic priority to the environment. It also examines performance against the targets in the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) should meet the reduction target set by the EU Directive on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for 2010. S02 concentrations have been kept well below the authorised limit value for the protection of human health. Limit values for fine respirable particles (PM10) have never been exceeded. A national target has been set to have 25% of home-work commuting covered by public transit by the year 2020.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	9d37d967b7910e44965e0a4d84882420	Proceedings of an OECD Workshop. Effects of productivity shocks and export restrictions on welfare and food supply in Japan”, Food Policy, Vol. The Political Economy of International Trade Law. Essays in Honor of Robert E. Hudec, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Paper prepared for the conference on “Challenges Facing the World Trade System” organized by J. Bhagwati, P. Krishna and A. Panagariya, Columbia University, New York, and Johns Hopkins University (SAIS), 29 September - 2 October, Washington DC.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277335-6-en	9d37e8ed8254647154a8138f58318961	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. There is strong evidence that favourable circumstances very early on in childhood support the development of the critical cognitive, emotional and social skills that provide the foundations for success in school and life. Disadvantaged children, who are more likely to face poor learning environments at home, therefore stand to gain the most from access to quality ECEC services, enabling them to start school on an equal footing to their wealthier peers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	9d3b6257e1b4f15343a1a29f51a6f92b	Trends in suicide across 10-14 and 15-19 year-olds vary widely across countries. Mental ill health also negatively affects work productivity and absenteeism (OECD, 2012b). In England, for example, health care use costs are at least 45% higher for individuals with co-morbid long-term somatic and mental health conditions compared to individuals with long-term physical illnesses only (ibid.).	3	1	7	0.75
10.18356/f61073ef-en	9d3d19f3d03aec1af93ee880209acd36	According to Rocha (2006), although poverty in Brazil has persisted for decades, it was only after the inflation problem was solved that social problems started to be treated as a priority, the reduction of inequality being an example. This may account for the small output of articles studying the poverty-growth-inequality triangle in Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of public policies aimed at the reduction of inequality, besides solving this problem, may also indirectly help towards other economic policy goals such as increased growth rates and poverty reduction.	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	9d3d6af404907847a14bbfa449be753f	Although it is more expensive, it adequately addresses the needs of the population. ( The government pays no subsidies to the private institutions delivering education services.) To remedy these challenges, the government has enacted a law on private education; and so the process and procedure for creating private institutions has been made easier.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9d4141243663b71fb2ba9ed4f0a80efd	Agricultural enterprises, producing almost two-thirds of total agricultural output in 1990 accounted for less than one-third in 2011, while the shares of the small-scale sector (individual farms and household plots) accordingly reversed from one-third to over two-thirds of total agricultural output between 1990 and 2009 (Figure 1.34). As can be seen from Figure 1.35, agricultural enterprises are the dominant producers of grain (69% in 2011) and eggs (64%), while individual farms dominate in cotton (97%), sunflower seeds (68%) and sugar beet (80%). The remaining part of agriculture, i.e. livestock and horticulture, is concentrated in rural households. In 2011, they produced 88% of milk, 76% of meat, 71% of potatoes, 68% of wool, and 49% of vegetables.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/638a5aa8-en	9d4148ba018e548912cf805ce071f1ce	Even among the group of countries that started at much lower levels some remain at a serious disadvantage while others have built up momentum and have been able to race ahead. Affluent communities and urban areas have pulled ahead of rural ones. There remain persistent disparities between women and men, and between a number of social and ethnic groups.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	9d4394a631f8299367b73d5e03d45f6e	"But there are high costs of informality, including the high cost of finance, less access to utilities, lack of social and legal protection and limited bargaining power or competitive edge. Formalization is often proposed as a way to assist enterprise development in LDCs, as in other developing countries. Its benefits include enforceable contracts; access to formal financial and other services; legally recognized rights; better access to public utilities, infrastructure, services, social protection; and membership in formal associations, providing “voice"" (Sundaram, 2007)."	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f47faf05-en	9d44dfe24d8109f370041bf86c32c65f	Biotic (living) factors function with the abiotic (non-living) factors to form a complex unit such as an ecosystem. Typical themes include the number and population trends of known species of flora and fauna (terrestrial, freshwater and marine) and their vulnerability status category. Human activities affect flora, fauna and biodiversity both directly and indirectly, resulting in changes that are reflected by statistics on the status of flora and fauna species.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21b84508-en	9d45ca4693280209b9b17d13e5485fb8	Overall, only 12 percent of households had nonbank savings initially, while participation in the programme led to an increase of three percentage points. In Paraguay, Soares, Ribas and Hirata (2008) found that households benefiting from the Tekopara programme saved 20 percent more, with the impact being stronger among the extreme poor. Similarly, in Ghana, Handa et al. (	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	9d48cb0224401a3f3b2d6c2d1a231a85	Rainfall variability and crop production in Ethiopia Case study in the Amhara region, In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, ed. Food Security without Food Transfers? A CGE Analysis for Ethiopia of the Different Food Security Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidies and Locally Sourced Food Transfers, Ethiopia Strategy Support Programme II (ESSPII) ESSPII Working Paper 29.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	9d49859e54965f69043838c2a0dc419c	For employed mothers with a high level of educational attainment, this is 72.2% - a difference of just under 8 percentage points. Being unmarried also significantly increases the likelihood of an employed mother working full-time, although the size of the association here is only small. On average, holding all else constant, the probability of working full-time rather than part-time is only about 2 percentage points higher for unmarried mothers than for married mothers. Age has less of an effect - there is no significant difference in the probability of full-time employment across age groups, at least after controlling for other factors.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1ea53441-en	9d4be6263f93566544e6e1f40910182c	This holds for arrangements to protect industries and regulation of processes and products, as well as for arrangements regarding intellectual property in relation to environmental goods and services and technology development (see also Vos, this volume). As we saw, land policies and large-scale commercial land deals relate to climate change; internationally, new codes must be developed and applied (such as the 2009 Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa as endorsed by the African Union). Setting quantitative limits on emissions is a potentially effective way of keeping economic growth within safe environmental boundaries— more so than open ended and voluntary agreements.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	9d4f53a36714b3ce13ec87371d88f086	This hypothesis was formalized in the context of a Solow model by Bourguignon (1981) who showed that when savings are a convex function of income, there may exist multiple steady states characterized by different degrees of inequality. Another possibility, however, is that they end up eliminating most of the variation in the data, exacerbating measurement error biases and reflecting in practice only the short-run effects of inequality. But many of the theoretical effects of inequality on growth may take a significant amount of time to materialise (changes in education, or in political stability, for example).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	9d4f6e351b3d58fcecc40e6036461453	Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its member countries.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	9d4f77792cea5342a29e10b94996ea85	The introduction of improved agronomical practices and advanced technologies will be central. Information and communications technologies (ICT), for instance, can be used to inform smallholders about new farming techniques and market prices (World Bank, 2008a), as well as to improve livestock traceability (Deloitte, 2012), maximizing output, while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Additional investments in research and development (R&D) will be crucial in increasing productivity, but better dissemination and adaptation of existing technology in different agroecological regions will also need to be part of the solution.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	9d50248ac8759e8e9b25d208c8606d8f	There are few activities in the public health arena, though standard deployment in public health ushers in widespread acceptance. We introduce an ecosystem targeting public health, expecting sustainable operations. We then discuss a portable health clinic with body area network technologies (BAN-PHC) for affordable healthcare and telemedicine. A BAN-PHC targets mass medical examinations and treatments because of its easy-to-use and mistake-free features.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9d543f75301186c1c7103191b65fe55b	For the Asia Pacific LDCs, these groupings often promote the priorities of the related countries. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARQ, for instance, has agreed on a number of measures favouring its LDC members. And the South Summits have furthered South-South cooperation with special attention paid to the LDCs.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	9d547e3f63e510ee4f0835ea23fe9856	Girls in households that use solid fuels for cooking spend 18 hours a week on average gathering fuel, compared to 5 hours a week in households using clean fuels. Data on the type of device or technology used in the home for the purpose of cooking, heating and lighting is also needed. At present, most of the data collected through household surveys focus on identifying the primary type of fuel or technology used for cooking and disregard information in cases where various types of fuels might be used for different purposes within the household, such as heating and lighting. Expanding the detail of related information that is collected through surveys can provide more accurate estimates of the health and environmental impacts of this practice.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	9d54aaf91ee112c1aeea009e855d514c	The results also confirm that the greatest inequality is within the African population and lowest within the White population. The table holds a useful caution. The actual magnitudes of the inequality measures that come from household sample surveys are much low'erthan the census estimates presented in the previous section of this paper and it is inequality measures such as these expenditure based estimates that are used in order to compare South African inequality in the post 2000 period to other countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	9d562ce595a6d356673b657313251b1b	According to Conagua (2010), almost two-thirds of the annual 459 mms rainfall occurs between July and September, but leaves Chihuahua as the fifth driest state in Mexico. By 2030, almost 4 billion people (almost half of the world’s population) are projected to live in areas with severe levels of water scarcity (OECD, 2008b). Although OECD countries are for the most part, not as severely affected as the rest of the world, Mexico is among the OECD countries that will be the most affected. Mexico is already one of the OECD countries with the largest per capita water consumption.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	9d590cdfcdb77bcbf07ddbc862f44b41	The largest loads of phosphorus originated from point sources (56%), with municipalities as the main source, constituting 90% of total point source discharges in 2000, with 44% from diffuse sources. For some Baltic countries, such as Finland and Sweden, agriculture is the major contributor of phosphorus into the Baltic. Three-quarters of nitrate leaching into groundwater is estimated to be from farmland, leading to some eutrophication problems and breaches of drinking water standards.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	9d5913c38d4064510f540bf255d3e9e7	"It was therefore necessary to adapt the assessment to accommodate a situation in which participation was incomplete.5 The assessment was not convened in a regional framework, and a progression of solutions was outlined from the national level to the transboundary level (see below). Local experts and officials from participating countries also met for the third meeting of the Task Force on the Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystems Nexus (April 2015), and consultations were held in countries linked to the NPD on IWRM. Findings were also presented and discussed in meetings of the energy sector, most notably at the Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development (Baku, 2016 /Astana, 2017), and in the Thematic Working Group on Wa-ter-Energy-Environment of the United Nations Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia (SPECA). Furthermore, given the challenges to cooperation in the region, nexus solutions for the Syr Darya River Basin were structured according to a logic in which action could progress from ""no regret"" measures taken at the national level to solve domestic problems."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c607b535-en	9d5b190714f847c4a2fee7323b1e25e4	Effect of climatic variability on childhood diorrheo and ils high risk periods in northwestern ports of Ethiopio. Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing ihe SDGs. According to this report, in Cambodia: one in four children under five is underweight, one in ten suffers from wasting, ond one in three is stunted.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	9d5f3bbdf39cb6749307424f9bceef4c	Otherwise, it must be justified on the basis of objective, reasonable and proportional criteria (see section 3). Lack of equality in the enjoyment of family-related rights means that some members do not equally enjoy their family’s economic wealth, gains and social benefits. The negative impact on women is well established.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	9d5f572e3cf4d4ab4a0e668dc6a93ab3	The official name of the programme (as introduced by the Decree) is the Programme de Recherche Active d’Emploi. According to Angel-Urdinola and Leon-Solano (2011), many youth quit the SIVP programme in order to benefit from Amal, which offered a more generous stipend. These are reduced to TND 150 and TND 100, respectively, for individuals who have previously benefited from the SIVP. Individuals wishing to set up their own business receive help with the identification and development of tire project. In addition, and conditional on obtaining a financing agreement, they can receive a sum of up to 10% of the cost of the project (and not exceeding TND 5 000) as start-up finance.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	9d604e9ddcc8f7d492c88ceb6f804a74	In Brazil and Mexico, where homicide rates are relatively high, women make up only 10% of all homicide victims. In contrast, across European countries, where homicide rates are relatively low, women on average account for 35% of all homicide victims.23 This different gender structure indicates a different typology of homicides in different regions of the world, with higher shares of men victims associated with larger shares of firearm and organised crime-related deaths. Intimate partner/domestic violence is likely to be more devastating for victims than violence outside the home, as it might leave victims without a safe place to live, with no one to trust, and anxieties about the safety of their children (Robeyns, 2003).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/838f79eb-en	9d64d25679e0f5aa9b7824c5a5c0ed36	"The international standards, mainly IEC standards, are adopted by the Solar Energy Plants Grid Connection Code and the Egyptian Transmission Grid Code. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: ""By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix."" After starting its full operation, the four substations may be disconnected separately or together. This will cause a big problem for the grid operator (Dispatch centre), as there will be a need for standby generation from conventional power plants or from hydro power plants from Aswan High Dam."	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	9d653c8158ec1a97e386edb36f96a81a	This is because no common framework was developed to measure gender results as such, despite the fact that the GES contains examples of gender-explicit indicators and highlights the objective of UNDP contributions to gender-responsive results. The evaluation was also limited by the lack of UNDP’s systematic collection of sex-disaggregated data and specific indicators for GEWE that are collected in the same way over time. This made it problematic to obtain a picture of overarching trends across all UNDP country offices, from which sampling and validation could take place.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	9d6658b86bd9b50d1d1c7449b7c291f6	The basin committees are deliberative bodies in charge of the administrative management where negotiations and participatory decision making take place to debate on water issues, arbitrate use conflicts and design basin management plans. The basin agencies are the “executive arms” of the committees, providing technical support and implementing their decisions. The latter are financed through the collection of bulk water fees with the objectives to i) better balance water demand and supply; and ii) provide the necessary funds for the adequate operation and maintenance of existing systems and new projects at the basin scale.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	9d66b58b6bda52539720236751b591ba	Moreover, it required the regions to develop monitoring programmes for surface and groundwater in order to establish a coherent and comprehensive view of the physical, chemical, biological and hydrogeological status within each river basin. This legal text reclassified the entire national environmental legislation for pollution control, environmental impact assessment, and environmental decision making (Chapter 2). Part III defined water environmental standards and conditions for water resources management. In transposing the WFD, the Environmental Code divided the Italian territory into eight river basin districts (Serchio, Padano, Eastern Alps, Northern Apennines, Central Apennines, Southern Apennines, Sardinia and Sicily) and defined environmental and public health standards for water resources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	9d67ccf668e51d50571e9fbaa0371671	The highest figures correspond to the northern, north-eastern and central-western regions of the country. The settlement of these areas, especially the zones along the southern and eastern borders of the Amazon jungle, is quite recent, and the production of agricultural commodities for export in these areas is steadily increasing, but the cities in these zones are still not fully developed. The variables associated with the greatest deprivation have to do with urban services (running water, sewerage systems and systems for the disposal of household waste, etc.).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	9d68f7a716da08cde85e3a02330b899f	While monetary poverty gives a good picture of 'the financial resources needed to support household members at a subsistence level ofit is incomplete when measuring whether all household members have access to the necessary goods and services. As argued above, having enough financial resources does not always mean that this access is guaranteed. This can be due to lack of services or infrastructure, lack of information, administrative restrictions, discrimination and other reasons. At the same time, it may well be that the access to certain goods and services is guaranteed without the need of the financial resources at the household level because, for instance, the goods or services are available for free or almost free (e.g., partially subsidised).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	9d6bfbfa2cb068f5861abde6ffdeaf40	"Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating lo disaster risk reduction. ( The agreed terminology con Facilitate the implementation of the Sendoi Framework ond foster cooperation across ond within notions, sectors ond stakeholder groups. It is coherent with the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainoble Development Gool Indicators, ond Ihe update of Ihe publication entitled ""2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disosler Risk Reduction"" (see nole 376)."	2	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848590908-en	9d6f719e5c295892b18253cf28c271b0	Bloemfontein is a historical city in South Africa and the location of the Supreme Court of Appeal. The two big nationalist movements in South Africa started in Bloemfontein: the African National Congress and the National Party. Today, the city is attractive to young people as it is relatively safe compared to other big cities and the quality of life is good.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/9f24d500-en	9d6fa3711918f2e80627ff68a6f6999f	However, some steps have been taken in the past year to clarify definitions. As previous versions of the Globol Education Monitoring Report have noted, such standardization remains limited outside Europe. This chapter highlights the difficulties by reviewing three high-quality surveys in Northern Africa and Western Asia (Data focus 10.1).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	9d722f28fd936949b6e923d9cae48a69	If land use-related emissions are included, however, the picture changes dramatically, giving it 5% of global emissions and making Brazil the fourth-largest emitter after China, the United States and the EU. The per capita figure increases to 12 tonnes per year.44 This reflects the fact that agriculture and forestry play a major role in the Brazilian economy, with deforestation responsible for over half the country's current greenhouse gas emissions, and the fact that biofuels constitute a substantial part of its energy mix. According to McKinsey45 the opportunities from land use put Brazil among the five countries with the greatest potential to reduce emissions by 2030 - and at a comparatively low cost. Nonetheless, the Brazilian economy is projected to grow considerably, and the possibility of increased emission intensities raises questions about the future trajectory of Brazilian emissions.	13	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	9d736a9ca54fa1082657b4d40541448e	"Verisign, a large web address company, is now the sole registry operator for TV through 2021. It paid Tuvalu US$5 million in 2015 in registry fees63, equal to 15% of the country's Gross Domestic Product.64 Today there are over half a million TV domains generating an estimated US$22 million a year. The island nation of Tuvalu is being kept afloat by its domain name."""	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	9d73a11ebc82afc120e1b5dd4dcb9547	In South Africa, government training programmes have had limited success in helping youth with no job experience. To help reduce youth unemployment, the government is proposing a youth employment incentive that takes the form of a wage subsidy to help young workers into the unionised formal sector where entry wages are relatively high. For example, adequate industrial policies (such as investment in labour-intensive industry), technology and infrastructure are required, especially in rural areas.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	9d745462f14b784540c62ad53869574c	Moreover, there is a need to more carefully distinguish between interventions designed to, on the one hand, assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in entering into GVCs and new relationships with lead firms and, on the other, assist countries in beginning GVC participation through inviting FDI and the relocation of production units from abroad. Even when countries are integrated with GVCs, they might not be participating in a gainful way, in part because of a failure to align value-chain governance with developmental objectives, nationally as well as globally. Much of the current GVC literature, and its resultant policy implications, is reminiscent of the 1990s liberalisation agenda. Although understanding of the complex relationship between trade, growth and the achievement of economic structural transformation has improved in recent years, these lessons do not seem to have been heeded.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	9d77661487bdb23506cdef8d1c75e3c2	As a result, the growth of early stage industries ultimately reaches its peak, as the main source of the industries' growth derives from cost competitiveness. Consequently, as incomes increase, capital- and technology-intensive industries, which play a pivotal role for long-term employment growth, must be established to avoid the so-called middle-income trap where countries are not able to compete with low-wage industries in low-income countries or high-technology industries in high-income countries (UNIDO, 2017a). However, demand for goods from these industries hinges on a higher level of disposable household income, which in turn depends on labour market participation and the availability of better pay jobs.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/935513ee-en	9d780eb4d608fe75e993e742cd33ad4b	This should be done in a manner that does not undermine local structures and processes, but ensures coherence with the national system. Some checks and balances may be required regarding local mechanisms to ensure a degree of due process or to protect against certain types of discrimination. In turn, mechanisms may be needed to ensure locally achieved resolutions are then protected within the broader national system.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	9d803660f18f665050f090fcd26ab16a	Micro-finance institutions in the NGO sector in Fiji, for example, started with the FCOSS and Aglow Lautoka in Fiji. These early NGOs assisted in the implementation of micro-credit and savings projects, providing services to communities and villages (ILO, 2006a). The FCOSS runs a Social Enterprise Development and Education (SEDE) programme that aims at “promoting and empowering communities through entrepreneurial initiatives, capacity enhancements and micro-finance services”.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	9d86d16c797f647a5a605a2ccdecaa35	Thirty-nine regional report and co-ordination centres (RMCs) have been established to support youth in continuing their education and guiding their school-to-work transition. In addition, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science allocated funding for better guidance for students in their study and career choice; intensified collaboration between secondary, vocational and adult education schools; and stronger co-operation between a wide range of stakeholders, including local authorities, schools, trade unions and industry, social services and justice departments. The implementation of these policies has coincided with a decline in dropout rales from 5.5% in 2002 to 2.1% in 2013 (although sc issues may have contributed, as well).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	9d8a3190c0927d1c3b648c86bcbf7a4d	However, the age distribution varies considerably across regions, suggesting some regions may face staffing crises much sooner than others. In all regions, urban areas tend to have three to four times the density of physicians as rural areas, with no rural area exceeding 18 per 10 000 population. This suggests not only that rural doctors are probably overworked, but also that adequate access to good quality care in rural areas may be compromised. As in most OECD countries, recent medical graduates tend to prefer working in urban areas, not only because they offer better financial and social opportunities, but also because the workload is higher in rural areas.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	9d8bccb774f9db289ba752237d4e1074	Moreover, because of widespread occupational segregation in the labour market, described in detail in Chapter 2, economic policies that have distinct effects on particular sectors, such as the service sector, will affect women and men’s employment differently. Demands on unpaid work may intensify during times of economic stress, increasing the burden on women. Volatility at the macroeconomic level produces outcomes that both reflect and reinforce existing gender dynamics, although the outcomes will differ depending on the context. When a crisis triggers women's withdrawal from paid employment, they return to dependent positions within the household with less autonomy and less access to incomes of their own.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	9d8e0de247bbd184a5b87dc84ab28636	It focused on recruiting lenders, mainly mainstream banks, in support of the scheme, which provided a guarantee for 80% of the IP value, subject to a cap (originally set at SGD 5 million, but later increased). After companies had drawn down the whole of their loan, they can could reclaim 50% of the cost of their valuation (or 2% of the advance, subject to a SGD 25 000 maximum) from IP ValueLab. The valuation report on which the financing is ultimately based had to be done by an approved valuation panel member. A number of these firms were international or based outside Singapore, and the updated Hub Master Plan (recently updated) includes measures to address this by supporting the development of more locally-based IP valuation expertise (to support a wide range of IP transactions, not just finance). Factors involved appear to have included bank unfamiliarity with IP assets, a relatively informal application process, the insistence on companies having granted Singaporean patents, and high prospective transaction costs (particularly in respect of the IP valuation itself).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	9d91cc4dd6631612ef97593ddfe91d40	After engaging in these activities, students show a stronger sense of personal and social responsibility and improved self-esteem, which has a strong impact on later social and labour market outcomes (Drago, 2008). However, one of the main challenges is to get youth from the most disadvantaged backgrounds to participate in these activities, perhaps through linkages with school and other social programmes. Mentoring programmes can also help fill the gaps for youth who may lack guidance and positive role models at home.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	9d97b9c920b58e073bdea57f4b32cd00	There is more public support for care than in the low road regime, but that support tends to preserve women’s responsibility for social reproduction and is associated with the growth of low-paying, low-skill care services (Razavi and Staab 2010). In a number of countries in this group, particularly in Southern Europe, not much is spent on family policy overall, though others in Western Europe are more generous (Daly 2001; UNRISD 2010). For instance, in 2009 France spent about 4 per cent of GDP on family benefits, Austria and Germany about 3 per cent and Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain less than 2 percent. One of the resulting contradictions is that even if higher wages and market participation for women are associated with more human capacities production, increasingfemale labourforce participation may also induce fewer contributions to social reproduction from men as the familial model breaks down.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	9da155b98c1e497b79fe6c7473e9f8d7	The main artery road in the north-south direction (a #1 national road) and the circular roads in the administrative city are picked out at the global level (Figure 3.17). The new administrative city is particularly poorly serviced by public transport - this may be problematic given the weak local integration already present in the area. The new administrative centre is also weakly integrated locally, meaning that moving around this centre may be challenging - a situation that is not helped by the relatively poor access to bus stops in this area.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	9da2158dd35023744ccedd71d0b95ab6	Some countries have started to consider skills policies beyond their national borders and have begun to invest in the skills of people in other countries. This has Ihe double advantage of providing well-trained workers to brandies of firms located abroad and reducing the incentives to emigrate, especially among highly skilled individuals. Another way to encourage skills development globally is to design policies that encourage cross-border tertiary education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	9da2dc31f4d272293f6a2995e5b8ce12	As part of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) and following a small trial and series of cohort studies that assessed the programme efficacy, a computer-based CBT programme, “Beating the Blues” has been progressively rolled-out across primary care practices in the United Kingdom. Prescribed by a GP, the patient then completes eight weeks of Beating the Blues sessions at home, while the GP who enrolled the patient receives progress updates and risk alerts. The programme has been found to bring reliable and clinically significant treatment effects when used in routine care, and benefits are similar to the routine delivery of face-to-face CBT care, and was recommended by NICE (Cavanagh, 2006; NICE, 2008) as a useful low-intensity tool as part of a stepped-care framework.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/08e82310-en	9da3b10a7656283b2f3ad13ea06c2393	According to Hungary, the aquifer is possibly at risk in terms of both quality and quantity. Hungary considers as needed evaluation of the quality status and the utilizablc resources, joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling, including the estimation of the amount of transboundary groundwater flow. According to Romania, there is no transboundary impact, because of the high level of dilution due to the flow of the Murcs/Maros River, and due to the large distance between the mines and the border.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9da52a8d2ba5278eb046f51bfba201fd	Thus, urban-rural differences in the case of hunger are different from those relating to poverty. Among the Asia Pacific LDCs, Lao PDR has an incidence of 60.8 per cent, while similar incidences are 3.0 per cent in Bangjadesh and 33.0 per cent in Timor-Leste (see, Ahmed et. The results for Bangladesh show that, while food energy deficiency is a major problem for the country, low quality diet affects much fewer people. When it comes to diet quality, rural households are at a clear disadvantage.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	9da5446799a92ca0e1ce16e389f95970	These options offer readily usable starting points. The main challenges to jump-starting the shift to a green economy lie in how to further improve these techniques, adapt them to specific local and sectoral needs, scale up the applications so as to bring down significantly their costs, and provide incentives and mechanisms that will facilitate their diffusion and knowledge-sharing. Meeting these challenges successfully is easier said than done.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267886-en	9da982dbd7d17cd6179ab5e9a5d70d4e	They can thus be an important policy lever to create a more inclusive society (Brys et al., However, Poland's tax system is one of the least redistributive in the OECD. One of the characteristics of the Polish tax system is the high SSCs that both employers and employees have to pay and the comparatively low personal income taxes (PIT) (Figure 3.1). Because SSCs are levied at proportional rates, the average tax wedge - or total tax burden on labour income including both SSCs and PIT - is relatively flat, meaning that it does not vary much along the income distribution.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	9daa20530bbd5ca994945586216a2b3d	They have to go to court and convince the judge to grant them a divorce by grounding their request on specific reasons. While many countries can be commended for their efforts and progress in this area, the provisions of their personal status law still contain a number of gaps and clauses, which may lead to discrimination against women. The father is the guardian of the children, even in case of divorce, while the mother can be granted custody of the children in case of divorce, to a specific age, after which custody is granted to the father.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/441bff2d-en	9daab4f5eb9058abfac8307512834fad	They show that beneficiaries of Chile Solidario have performed better compared to the control group in terms of employment of additional persons within the households (+2 per cent) and especially in terms of improvements in their housing conditions (+22 per cent). Similarly, de la Guardia et al. ( Data report information on the socio-economic conditions of Chilean households for the years 2001 and 2006, and include four regions representing about 60 per cent of the country’s population: Atacama, Maule, Bio Bio and Metropolitan Regions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	9dad3f37a7e5fb67b49bdef5b241aa34	The vertical nature of their approach creates a new type of front-line healthcare worker with very specific skills, which may not correspond to the overall needs of the country. In general, people living in remote areas, urban slums or particular geographical areas with high concentrations of ethnic minorities depend heavily on such basic primary care services. As observed elsewhere, “there is a serious risk that weak human resource and systems capacity at central and local levels can be overwhelmed by the growing proliferation of GHP—and other HIV/AIDS initiatives—with separate demands”.42 Even if vertical funds invest resources in strengthening national capacities or improving their harmonization and alignment, difficulties will persist because each initiative has its own governance structures and decision-making process. The United States President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), for instance, has indicated that it targets children and orphans particularly. The share of children receiving PEPFAR-supported treatment grew from 3 per cent of total beneficiaries in fiscal year (FY) 2004 to 8 per cent in FY2008.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/29045c1f-en	9dae3f3f10fa9acefca6e9ca432c2ccb	In subtropical, nutrient-poor warm waters, transfer of energy from small phytoplankton (< 2pm) to higher predators takes a larger number of steps and therefore provides a longer and lower flow of organic carbon. In contrast, in nutrient-rich, cooler waters with larger phytoplankton (> 20 pm), the pathway is shorter and energy transfer is fast. Found throughout the water column, microscopic and larger animals and juvenile stages offish, crustaceans, molluscs and other benthic animals which feed on phytoplankton form the group known as zoo-plankton.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174337-6-en	9db2c405898fe3da6f661624520107d7	The legal arsenal governing the communication of information is being expanded with respect both to the consultation dimension and to the obligation of ministries and public enterprises to publish their reports online. Making those indicators available to stakeholders is an essential condition for improving local service. The programme contracts already in place between the government and the operators provide a solid basis for collecting information and monitoring performance in terms of service quality. The indicators developed by SONEDE (based on w'ork of the International Water Association, IWA) and collected for each of the 38 districts, grouped into four regional directorates, cover essentially the technical aspects of water supply, and not the quality of service.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	9db2e5cc620e17dc584d91461a60d478	Child Poverty in Vietnam - Providing Insights Using a Country-Specific and Multidimensional Model”, Social Indicators Research;98 (1), 129 - 145. False Positives or Hidden Dimensions - What Can Monetary and Multidimensional Measurement Tell Us about Child Poverty T,International Journal of Social Welfare, DOI: 10.1111/j. Poverty: an Ordinal Approach to Measurement”,Econometrica, 44 (2), 219-231. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. First Things First: Meeting Basic Human Needs in Developing Countries,Oxford University Press, New York.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	9db4a45a5f86d47e12607196f1578aa3	A Safe System encourages a “forgiving” strategy for road injury prevention, which accepts that while human error on the road is inevitable, death and serious injury as result of a crash is not. It recognises the shared responsibility of system designers and road users to ensure that crash energy remain at all times below levels that will cause fatal or serious injury, and promotes a holistic, multi-sectoral approach which can reframe the way in which road safety is perceived and managed. Sweden’s “Vision Zero” strategy was adopted by Parliament in 1997. The decision stated that “the transport system’s design, function and use should be aligned so that no one is killed or seriously injured”.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	9db584836dd49c977140e3ab774354bc	For example, initiatives related exclusively to food security or poverty reduction are excluded. Further, some initiatives have been excluded due to limited information availability. Due to the focus on developing countries, especially SSA, initiatives from these regions have been prioritized. Some also provide concrete recommendations and advice to farmers, e.g. on practices and tools, establishes pilot projects on the ground, or distributes materials, seeds, or other goods to farmers. Less prevalent are those initiatives that finance research, provide insurance, or finance projects on the ground with farmers (Bager et al., The majority of the initiatives include both adaptation and mitigation elements (26 initiatives) although many of them focus more on one of them, for example adaptation, but identifies potential mitigation co-benefits.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	9db65d15e65bf42d3bb8677d73dac206	Other, complementary, analysis (focussed on preferences but with application to aid for trade) finds that assistance needs to be designed to be consistent with international trade in fragmented tasks, as opposed to complete products (Collier and Venables, 2007). Although basic education is widely considered to be critical for reducing poverty, there is emerging evidence that secondary and higher education are more significant in raising long-term growth rates given their role in the creation and application of new knowledge and technologies (DFID, 2008). Aid for trade has a role in addressing both these elements. Bora, Bouet and Roy (2007) present a gravity model showing that Africa’s trade under-performance is driven by poor trade-related infrastructure.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/797ccf27-en	9dba5b75e304dd149612784571492427	Based on this new international line, the incidence of poverty was estimated for developing countries in 2005, and the estimates for previous years were amended retroactively to 1981. Firstly, the higher PPP rates in poor countries mean that one unit of the local currency yields less in parity terms, thereby increasing the value of the international line in local currency terms. Secondly, the review lowered the international poverty line, because if the poverty line of 1.08 DPP dollars of 1993 had been updated in terms of inflation, the value of the line for 2005 would have been 1.45 DPP dollars per day. As, according to the World Bank, the first effect dominates the second, there was an increasing incidence of poverty overall.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	9dbc8607b46607c77bef1775c61d2cae	Changes in the volume of soil resources and other aspects of accounting for soil resources are included conceptually in the FDES but the development of the necessary statistics is subject to further research. For more information, see SEEA-CF, paras. Biological resources are renewable resources capable of regeneration through natural (non-managed or managed) processes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	9dbdb6f9609ced30e1b39f9fd63260c2	More difficult to ascertain is where the lines of connection between generations remain strong, where these have become eroded and the possibilities seen by both parents and adolescents to sustain or retrieve these in new ways. Several decades of labour migration and high HIV prevalence in much of the region have had an impact on instances of unstable adult unions, parental death and the movement of children between caregivers (Amoateng & Heaton, 2007; Moore, 2013; Whyte, Alber, & Geissler, 2004). In Zimbabwe this was exacerbated more recently by the economic crisis (Parsons, 2010).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	9dc06344321763dd4db3943093b9d20b	The dumping of waste at sea is controlled under the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972 and its 1996 Protocol. If these are effectively and consistently implemented, that particular source of inputs of harmful substances will be satisfactorily controlled. However, there are serious gaps in knowledge about their implementation: over 50 per cent of the contracting parties to those instruments are not reporting, and it is consequently not known how effective the instruments are (chap.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-9-en	9dc075419e511dd888231794caf9b3cf	Equitable education systems are those that are both fair and inclusive, and support students to reach their learning potential (Schleicher, 2014). On this indicator of system performance, Canada performs better than either Australia or New Zealand in mitigating the socio-economic circumstances of disadvantaged students (Figure 7.1). Thus, the Canadian education system as a whole has strengths that should be able to deliver sound education experiences and outcomes to Canadian Indigenous students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9dc131f3f43ecc9dd59cbf4a8a914fe8	Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	9dc3a7f2534ddee0d6251a67aecc108f	"The application process is complex, requiring a number of documents involving high costs and strict time limits. The overall cost together with purchasing tickets from a Central Asian country to the Russian Federation makes the initial ""investment"" in migration very expensive. A patent requires that monthly payments be made, which are considered advance tax payments, the amount of which is determined by each internal region of the Russian Federation. However, citizens of Kyrgyzstan as well as other countries that are members of the Eurasian Economic Union do not need a patent."	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/dc0c31b7-en	9dcb90037258837298aadfec289ed917	The lower limit above which a settlement can be considered urban varies greatly, between 200 and 50,000 inhabitants, which can give rise to error when comparing urban populations (and urban areas) in different countries. For example, if India's national authorities would classify populations of 5,000 or more as urban, the country would be considered predominantly urban and not rural. In Angola, Argentina and Ethiopia, all settlements with 2,000 people or more are classified as urban.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/355832ee-en	9dcbb095813ff07baa47d7f509467f50	Access to health care, although relevant for all children, is only used for adolescents aged 17-18 for data availability reasons.12 Conversely, the nutrition dimension, although relevant to all children, is only included for the two younger age groups due to the lack of relevant data for the oldest age group. Although there is information about compulsory school enrolment for children up to the age of 12, nearly all attend compulsory school for at least one hour a week. The MODA guidelines (de Neubourg et al 2012a) advise using the same number of indicators per dimension, if possible.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	9dcefead6465e815106e321ee30b2c2b	In the rest of this paper, we drop individual argument i for simplicity. A crucial assumption in this model is that a difference between transitory shocks in time /=0 and t= 1 is mean independent of the treatment (see Abadie 2005; Heckman, Ichimura and Todd 1998). That means that without the treatment, the average outcome for the treated would change in the same way as the average outcome for the controls, or untreated. This assumption could be challenged if groups differ in important characteristics.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	9dd1f2cfa39f672e132ae50fdccf7d34	The lack of technical capacity constitutes a major hurdle, perpetuated by the loss of municipal staff and information eveiy three years following the election cycle. Although state planning officials provide training to new municipal staff on the process for obtaining funds to develop plans, three years offer a short time span for municipal staff to apply for federal funding and conduct the update. Even when municipal plans are eventually updated, their implementation remains a key challenge. A major obstacle to adequate spatial planning in some countries is the lack of an updated national cadastre. Solving this gridlock requires critical action from the central government, and in this regard, the example of recent progress achieved in Greece in terms of legal framework and financial investment is promising (Box 2.8).	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	9dd20dd2b49c3126b3454c6a3291a61f	In 2007, the European Union adopted its second Hygiene Package aiming at harmonizing existing EU food and feed safety legislation, thus creating new certificates again. It led the United States to negotiate a special status with the European Union regarding the certification of fishery and aquaculture products. As a result, US exporters are still using public health certificates coming from the 2006 legislation and not from the 2007 hygiene package.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	9dd35d97809e91f0c61b7bab1c1ff11c	The PAA is a programme through which the Brazilian government buy the product of smallholders and uses those products to serve free or low cost meals in public institutions like schools. The PAA also supports the formation of stocks, with products from small farmers, for food security purposes. The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE), created in 2009, stipulates that at least 30% of the food served in public schools must be bought from small producers (based on the MDA definition).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	9dd3ccdf78dea72132570197000bbb70	Thus, despite the emergence of a new paradigm, the role of the industrial sector is still important. A strong focus on human capital development and scaling up of technology adoption can transform uncertainty into opportunities. Additional skills are necessary to exploit the advantages of new technologies. Not only well-trained workers, but the country's general infrastructure play a crucial role in the optimal adoption of such technologies.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	9dd5faf42469978fefe46aee27ded870	Benefits to health, employment, or competitiveness, for example, would generally rate higher in societal and hence politicians' consciousness's than savings in energy consumption or demand, yet they tend not to be as well-known in relation to energy efficiency. Strategies to improve energy efficiency are likely to be considered as technical measures best left to engineers and energy ministries. However, efficiency in energy use and production can be shown to be beneficial not only from an energy systems point of view but for the wider economy and society as a whole. There are costs associated with every measure and a full benefit-cost assessment should be carried out as part of any regulatory impact assessment to check that the benefits outweigh the costs.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	9dd8c150ba8d701d19e9c688f4cb7710	A single factor is defined for all genders and age groups since aggregate APC data are not available by gender and age. Weighted percentile rank is calculated for each individual in the original distribution. If two or more individuals have the same amount of alcohol, they are attributed the same percentile rank. Once the correction is applied, individuals are assigned a new corrected status of hazardous drinking, and new CIs are computed.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	9de210b7a6781d7841c03da4cd001731	"It would be useful if instead of collecting information about the group of children in the household, deprivation indicators referred to each child separately. This would allow investigation of inequities within households. Gabos et al (2011) found that the child-specific deprivation variables and the standard household-level deprivation items did not necessarily identify the same children as deprived, with the degree of discrepancy varying across countries. Although they have not proposed a method for combining the child-specific items into an indicator of childhood deprivation, they concluded that: ""the relatively close correlation between the responses for the different items suggests that the construction of a composite indicator is both feasible and meaningful"" (Gabos et al.,"	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	9de46d33ab99f2ef7f55c41cbdf4212b	This association has historically been strengthened considerably by federal irrigation subsidies. With the passage of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982, the U.S. Congress increased the number of acres that a legal entity, such as a partnership or corporation, could irrigate with water from federal projects from 160 acres to 960 owned or leased acres. However, owned land above this limit could not be irrigated with federal water, and the act required irrigators to pay the full supply cost for water delivered to leased land over the limit.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	9de49aed4d6acb3e29f023d8c5ab183d	Indeed, in 2017, close to one in every three participants of integration training fell into unemployment three months following the end of their participation, a further 62 % were in other PES measures. The majority of the remainder continued to vocational training or independent study while fewer than 10% moved into work trials or employment. Coverage, however, is heterogeneous and multiple providers often serve to complicate the integration landscape still further.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ac75aa0b-en	9de50ab990a8f6e10690b797932c7aea	Some of the actions required include: filling infrastructure gaps; harmonizing technical standards; synchronizing operational procedures; developing and deploying information and communications systems; and aligning cross-border legislation. Railway freight in the region has expanded from 4.3 trillion ton-kilometres to 5.8 trillion ton-kilometres during the period 1990-2012, with the largest increase being in the East and North-East Asia subregion, where it has more than doubled from 1.1 to 2.5 trillion ton-kilometres. The World Economic Forum has found that while the road and rail network of India is among the largest in the world, its ranks sixty-first in terms of road quality and twenty-ninth in terms of the quality of its rail network (figure 3.11.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	9de778d195ada6f11b8d9755c8e27993	Ensure that governance arrangements help mobilise water finance and allocate financial resources in an efficient, transparent and timely manner. Ensure that sound water management regulatory frameworks are effectively implemented and enforced in pursuit of the public interest. Promote the adoption and implementation of innovative water governance practices across responsible authorities, levels of government and relevant stakeholders.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	9de7a9290050e85a6e852bae180688c0	This immense decline and the regions lead on the global level have been mainly due to the poverty reduction in China and India, as these two countries alone have lifted 650 million people out of extreme poverty. The highest incidence of extreme poverty is recorded in South and South-West Asia (28.7 per cent in 2010), whereas the lowest is in North and Central Asia (1.0 per cent in 2011). It is noteworthy that, since 1990, East and North-East Asia and South-East Asia have recorded the fastest absolute reductions in poverty rates compared with those in other subregions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	9deda512d8661bb18b919836e23f2bb5	If, for example, a government has established a green growth inter-ministerial committee, which adequately reflects biodiversity, then there is no need to convene a separate one. Embedding permanent environment or natural resource management units in various ministries, as is the case in Ethiopia and Madagascar,24 could also contribute towards mainstreaming. Vertical institutional co-operation remains a challenge in a number of countries, including Madagascar, Peru, South Africa and Viet Nam.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	9df044b87eeea7648491899435112096	Tariffs are also found to have a significant negative impact on agricultural trade. Yet, despite the higher level of tariffs on agricultural products, the analysis shows that their impact is not necessarily stronger than on manufactures. On average, a reduction of tariffs by 10% would increase trade value by about 3.7%. Although data limitations have not allowed controlling for the impact of other trade-cost related constraints, such as standards and conformity assessment, and access to credit, case studies have illustrated how badly these constraints affect the agricultural trade performance of developing countries, in particular as regards small and medium agricultural producers, processors and traders.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.30875/423532ad-en	9df2a54d4aeec264586e35c65ebf3012	Section B has demonstrated that sectors differ significantly in their dependence on digital technologies, and has provided rankings of sectors according to their digital intensity. These rankings show that services sectors, with the exception of construction and transport, tend to use digital technology more intensively than manufacturing and agriculture sectors. Within manufacturing, the transport equipment and electronics sectors stand out as digital-intensive, which is mirrored in data from the International Federation of Robots, which show that the automotive industry uses a significant number of robots and is likely to benefit from progress in smart robotics.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	9dfb59bf3faf8c5d282bcd99403236a3	Obesity and smoking clearly impair employment prospects, wages and labour productivity. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have negative impacts on employment prospects and wages, and diabetes, cancer and arthritis lower labour productivity. Alcohol use, cancer, high blood pressure and arthritis have mixed effects on employment and wages, and are not always linked with increased sickness absence (e.g. cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	9dfc387d8e19ab6dd0d4aaf1a880565d	This chapter reviews such barriers in areas including: regulations related to long-term investment: corporate disclosures on climate risks; public procurement; and the allocation and delivery of development finance. It then provides some guidance for governments on how to align principles governing financial regulations, corporate governance and public spending with the low carbon transition. Investing in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure could put the world on a 2°C trajectoiy and deliver significant co-benefits, including improvements in air quality, health, energy savings and better mobility.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2014-6-en	9dfd87701b282e7b0e9467cc8bf187be	Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	9dffe32e8e9b66fac7291ea06eb65e8a	Following the introduction of the Unified National Health System, patients now have the option to choose the physician and health care facility from which they will receive health care services. In order to facilitate this decision, since 2015 the Republican Centre for Healthcare Development has evaluated and published ratings on the quality of PHC facilities. However, at the time of writing this report, ratings were only available for facilities located in urban areas.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283411-en	9e007e9d0103e46ca5b221ee013a6d0e	Over the past decade, the percentage of women regularly screened for cervical cancer remained flat, at around only 40%, among the lowest rates in the EU. Overall, Hungary has the second highest hospitalisation rates for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in the EU, largely due to frequent hospitalisations of patients with congestive heart failure, COPD and asthma. Hungary fares comparatively better countries when it comes to managing patients with diabetes outside of hospitals, with hospitalisation rates about half the EU average (Figure 8). Since 2000, Hungary has had by far the highest mortality from lung cancer for both men and women compared to the rest of the EU, reflecting high smoking rates. Twice as many men as women died from lung cancer in 2014. Alcohol-related deaths in Hungary are the third highest in the EU, and death rates from road traffic accidents are well above the EU average.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	9e01f9c45f3281bd78a2eed83bb04d89	In a significant number of cases where an individual contacts their GP with a mental or emotional health concern, in particular a CMD, the problem is addressed directly by the GP. An individual seeking help from their GP, for example, may be given advice or prescribed medication directly by their GP. Similarly, a GP could refer a patient to an NHS counselling service or an IAPT service (see below) or place the patient on a waiting list for an NHS counselling service.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	9e056f29f9f8f2febe893db74fe82c9e	A major gender-responsive budgeting program was undertaken by the Asia Foundation 2004-2008 in partnership with several NGOs, involving six provinces and 15 districts. As a result of 2008 budgetary analysis by Mexico’s Budgeting for Gender Equity initiative, the Secretariat of National Defense built nearly 900 childcare facilities and accommodation for women in the Army and Air Force Centre for Studies (Fernos, 2010b, p. 20). In 2012, gender budgeting was piloted with regional governments (see Box 4.19) (Indraswari, 2010).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3ad10876-en	9e0701244f99a5406698388b08e35b71	At the national level, advisory basin councils have been set up already in Kazakhstan and 011 the Talas in 2009 in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan is expecting to complete the establishment of river basin management authorities and basin councils required by the Water Code in 2011. Establishment of an Inter-State Chu Talas Basin Council has been proposed and a concept for it developed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	9e08c48c20c0dab6d881aec443363d17	People planted a diversity of varieties of a crop species to include those adapted to shorter or longer growing seasons, resistant to different diseases and local soil conditions and so on (Boedhihartono, 2004). This meant that they “evened out” the volatility caused by higher yields in years with “good” weather but lower yields in years of extreme drought. The knowledge, crop varieties and management practices employed to deal with climate variability are a valuable foundation upon which to build in dealing with climate change. But alone they are not adequate, as the direction and magnitude of future changes will greatly exceed the variability that traditional practices have evolved to address.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	9e0b91322e0a9af351b9a0913e463532	Italy and Spain covered more ground overthe prior 20years, with much greater positive changes, to simply reach the high levels already established in Denmark and Finland. Countries are categorized as having strong caring spirits if their non-income HDI increase is greater than one half of one standard deviation above its predicted value and weak caring spirits if their non-income HDI change is greater than one half of one standard deviation below its predicted value. The typical pathway in these sorts of models is through net exports: higher wages are associated with a loss of international competitiveness and an increase in the relative affordability of imports.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	9e0ed8fb750f4d8748920f1025b3caa1	Such studies have frequently been consulted for policy making (Lazzari and Vandenbroeck, 2013). North American longitudinal studies after targeted interventions have been influential in this regard, building a case for investing in the early years to boost cognitive and non-cognitive skills and success later in the labour market (Kautz et al., As Box 5.1 shows, Scotland (United Kingdom) is one of several OECD countries that have recently launched such longitudinal studies to inform both policy and practice.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	9e1080f3895a7f2834b54f24118c4a58	Lake Lammijarv between Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe and Lake Pihkva is, according to Estonian classification, partly moderate (Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe side), and partly bad (Lake Pihkva side). At the time of the first Assessment (2007), the ecological status of the Narva River was reported as good, and the transboundary impact was assessed to be insignificant. The Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe retains some of the pollution load, which improves water quality in the Narva.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	9e15d78638a988fd45390e6b5ad6b06f	The development and successful implementation of programmes for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse in Central America and the Caribbean are largely restricted by the limited resources and institutional capacity of countries in the region. In addition, Governments have to strike a balance between competing developmental priorities and the need to adopt drug abuse prevention and treatment measures. However, patterns of abuse and trafficking have continued to shift, requiring Governments in the region to adapt their drug control policies accordingly. Abuse of prescription drugs continues to be the single biggest challenge to drug control efforts in the region.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	9e1820db885cb252093b4d0cdcceda75	In response to this, the government of Egypt has developed a strategy to improve the conditions of shelters. Low trends of reporting incidences related to domestic violence also have resulted in few'er prosecutions. Box 7.11 provides further information on the approach to violence against women in Egypt.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	9e1b42fc61f24907dc7427f73ea9b5d6	On the other hand, low-income workers appear to suffer more frequent job losses, greater subsequent earning losses, and more cycling between precarious manufacturing employment and spells out of unemployment. On the other hand, technological change is likely to continue impacting labour markets. While technological change is difficult to predict, possible shocks on the horizon are related to automation.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	9e1d855bbdd468c42e3136d092db94f4	It is possible to input data on this in the tool, but the information would need to be already available even without the tool. The In VEST tool has, however, already been used in attempts to adjust GDP/national wealth for lost regulating services, and within this category, in particularly those relating to water. This has been done both for Ecuador and Columbia. The tool has also frequently been used in land-use planning and in particular for taking into account the ecosystem services when land use decisions are made and, more specifically, the zoning for land-use plans.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	9e272eb2cc5fb15fcaf0f7a59003324e	In real terms, public spending on education grew at an average annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. This reflects the growing importance of education as an area of public investment and a clear commitment of national authorities to improve resourcing in education. Indeed, the government which took office in 2015 set the ambitious target of converging to a public spending on education of 6% of GDP by the end of its term (INEEd, 2015).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	9e277c638d22e986dff17ab4ed42a914	The data are collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. Mexican States) for non-European countries1. First, they complement international assessments of differences across regions in living conditions (OECD, 2013), by providing comparable measures of differences in household incomes and poverty levels between regions. Second, they can support the analysis of the levels and implications of income inequality in each region, by documenting how household income is distributed within regions and how many people are poor relatively to the typical citizen of their region.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9e2bdc1a547ba507ae20dc06d034b395	Since the adoption of export-oriented strategies, Penang has been exporting consumer products targeted at advanced economies. But the regional economy is at a crossroads: Penang is no longer a high growth economy and a low cost centre. Following the current economic crisis, Malaysia’s traditional market will wane as consumers in the advanced economies are not able to consume as much as they used to. China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam produce cheaper consumer goods than Malaysia, having paved the way to frugal innovation.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	9e2c072e3d622b827b04331ee6923f99	Country invariance of compensating differentials as a share of income is also supported by research showing that elasticities are relatively similar across countries with a similar level of economic development (Helliwell et al., A fixed-effects framework also reduces the risk of biased estimates dueunobserved heterogeneity (i.e. omitted time-invariant effects that are correlated to the regressors). Introducing fixed-effects is indeed equivalent to regressing the change in life satisfaction on the change in explanatory variables. In the sample of countries under study, there appears to be very low correlation (i.e. below 0.25) between changes in log income, longevity and unemployment, and hence no risk of encountering multicollinearity problems.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	9e2ddea75eb9ca04ccf85dde35f8f264	However, at the system level, across all OECD countries and all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2012 there is no clear pattern between a system's overall mathematics performance and whether students in that system spend more time in regular mathematics classes or not (Table IV.1.2).17 Since learning outcomes are the product of both the quantity and the quality of instruction time, this suggests that cross-system differences in the quality of instruction time blur the relationship between the quantity of instruction time and student performance.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9e2e5c7c4541d5f866c31f791df82380	The goal of the operation phase is to maintain functionality and provide seamless services. This includes horizontal and vertical extensions, or general scaling of the solution in terms of features or size of the ecosystem. If the decision is made to extend the pilot, relevant stakeholders should be consulted to define goals, a roadmap and governance for leaving the pilot stage.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9e2edec6a9554d9053c3b8e31f6137a6	A move in this direction was signalled in the new agricultural programme for 2013-20. However, these efforts are only likely to succeed if the current agricultural debt is carefully managed. In the longer run, a deeper liberalisation of the state credit system should be pursued, with a phasing-out of interest rate subsidies and down-scaling provision of public resources for credit. This would require addressing the core issues of why agricultural credit markets malfunction: the high risks in agriculture, the limited collateral opportunities, information asymmetries, and the increased transactions costs in agricultural lending (OECD, 2012c). There has been an apparent multiplication of the functions of KazAgro agencies in recent years.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/76c9b151-en	9e2f40e6b1688ef862d8a567270b0003	For each country the main trends in poverty as measured by the share of population living on below $1.25 and $2 a day are shown, with two hypothetical maximal and minimal poverty trends in each case. The main trends are estimated on the basis of existing information on income distribution in the available household surveys. The maximal (or minimal) trends are estimated by assuming that for the whole period income distribution remains at its most unequal (or most equal) level attained during the period since 1990, while per capita average consumption follows the same trend as in the main estimates.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	9e322668540e96798f0f2f699e4749a5	Some countries further differentiate the minimum wage by sector/occupation (e.g. Japan and Mexico) and lower rates are sometimes set for workers on training/apprenticeships, and for disabled workers. By contrast, in a small countiy like Latvia, there are considerable practical difficulties of introducing geographic differentiation of minimum wages. These difficulties, combined with the large regional wage disparities in Latvia, underline the need to exercise great caution when deciding on across-the-board minimum-wage adjustments, in order to avoid negative employment effects especially in lagging regions. More widespread collective bargaining would ensure better representation of worker interests in the wage setting process and remuneration in line with productivity for a larger number of workers.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/425ac0ec-en	9e351e03e1c57916f0c3e66d33214d44	Article 25 defines this further as the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his or her control. Underlying the Declaration is the belief that people’s ability to achieve socially acceptable standards of living for themselves and those who depend on them should not be determined solely by market forces or by the unevenly distributed capacity to provision for themselves. Yet 60 years after the adoption of the Declaration, approximately 80 per cent of the world’s population is still without access to social security (ILO, 2008d). The provision of social security in many countries, however, shrank as markets were deregulated and the role of the State was cut back. The frequency of financial crises drew attention, however, to the need for more broad-based social protection measures.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264282261-39-en	9e353af9723c5688badd497f3afc6fb3	World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	9e371d047e0612a7e7012aadb41b7b55	The area affected by tidal floods and karst floods is less extensive (approximately 70 500 ha). Although flood prevention measures were implemented in 1990s and 2000s, the 2007 EU Directive on the evaluation and management of flood risks (2007/60/EC) was a new impetus for reinforcement of flood protection measures. Most provisions of the Directive were transposed into national legislation in 2010, and EUR 185 million was set aside under the 2007-13 OPDETI for measures to control flood plains and build flood protection infrastructure for urban areas. However, implementation details are still to be developed, including preliminary flood risk assessments, preparation of flood hazard and risk targets, and measures to reduce flood risks in urban and economically significant areas.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/02e538fc-en	9e376e11958876202e01a5894adfa98e	In Peru, 15-year-old girls spend on average around two hours, while boys of the same age spend a little over one hour. Research by Plan International (2017) found similar results: in their study, girls aged 5-9 spend 30% more time on household tasks than boys the same age. The gap widens to 50% for girls aged 10-14.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3615596e-en	9e3812f578b6b0cfab444de7b5f81245	Countries with higher gross output present lower levels of enterprise but a higher proportion of opportunity-driven entrepreneurial initiatives. In Latin America, the highest female TEA rate is found in Ecuador (33%), followed by Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Chile (see figure 5). The male TEA rate is higher than the female one in all cases (Kelley and others, 2015).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	9e3b000801e8e42ed8967c4b6d558473	Both are still present in Brazilian society and although the ANA is clearly a product of the “first trend”, it has to accept and deal with a sector of public policy very much influenced by the “second trend”. Aboriginal communities, the Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority, the province, agricultural and industrial sectors, interest groups and the public. The process allowed diverse stakeholders to provide input on potential actions, including designated policies within the plan that have legal weight to protect sensitive parts of that watershed. The final plan was approved by the Ontario Cabinet.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f29e3817-en	9e3c198165ffddc2429720306302a069	On the other hand, the majority of the waste generated by private laboratories and the 2,644 health centres is not treated. There is currently no disposal system for the sludge resulting from industrial wastewater treatment, which is also disposed of in landfills as a result. In the case of some WWTPs, dried sludge is used by farmers as compost fertilizer for agricultural land.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	9e3d42769dede063cfa1e6485d592ed4	The less energy is required, the less of it needs to be produced and imported, the less scope there is for any breakdown in supply. And yet, this intuitively appealing reasoning needs to be qualified. In some forms, inefficiency can provide a source of flexibility in times of crisis and supply interruptions - simply by eradicating its most blatant manifestations.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/93b802f6-en	9e3da50aa899412193b62f413ed77686	However, social norms and barriers may keep women from joining business networks. Balancing home and work responsibilities was seen as a major or signiticant barrier by 44% of women business owners in Nigeria and 37% in Argentina. This challenge was more difficult for women managers, executives and professionals. Fewer women reported difficulty in Argentina - perhaps because 51% reported no children at home, while only 28% of Nigerians reported no children at home.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/sti/outlook-2010-6-en	9e40b6375476ca6666ae031d392a32e9	This will allow companies to benefit from the scheme without distorting their commercial arrangements in relation to IP. In 2008, the R&D tax credit scheme for SMEs was extended to mid-size companies and the enhanced relief was increased to 175% (for SMEs) and 130% (for large companies) of eligible expenditure. The AmericanRecovery and Reinvestment Tax Actof2009 (P.L. 111-5; February 2009) increased the research credit for energy research and allowed for claiming a refundable credit for certain unused research credits in lieu of depreciation allowance for eligible qualified property. Legislation to extend the R&D tax credit continues to be considered in both chambers of the US Congress.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55e1e2ba-en	9e41bd2576b8fbfb309b0ae1b9bae510	The University of Waterloo has been recognized as the most innovative university in Canada for more than two decades and it makes sense to direct our innovative spirit toward the challenge of encouraging girls and women to enter and ultimately thrive in STEM fields. The European Parliament is forecasting about seven million new STEM jobs by 2025 in Europe alone and so we believe it is critical to empower those who identify as girls and women to enter these rewarding careers not only for their personal development, but also for the betterment of society. We have hosted STEM outreach experiences for more than 25 years through our Engineering Science Quest (ESQ) camps.	5	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	9e41ded747776df1895c5a1ff62a65ce	This is highly relevant for LDCs where the majority of Internet use is from mobile phones and where prepaid predominates. The ITU basket is based on the lowest monthly charge fora package including at least 500 MB of data usage per month. The basket finds a wide range of prices across the LDCs in 2016 ranging from US$1 to US$51 with the median equal to US$ 6.30 (Figure 4.1).	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	9e429338d895e459e302052615a96b09	The average deductible for individual plans amounts to USD 729 for health maintenance organisations (HMOs), USD 799 for preferred provider organisations (PPOs), and USD 1 314 for point-of-service plans (POS). For family coverage, the average deductible is USD 1 743 for HMOs, USD 1 854 for PPOs and USD 2,821 for POS (Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Education Trust, 2013). Other countries impose deductibles for some categories of services only (e.g. for pharmaceuticals).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	9e43a6b99a3ff03762404f0bcc5c7d17	In 2005, the prevalence of schizophrenia in the province of Stockholm was approximately 0.35% of the population (Svenska Psykiatriska Foreningen, 2009). The corresponding percentage for non-affective psychoses is 0.65% in the same area. These results indicated that the prevalence is higher in metropolitan regions compared to the whole country in 2005.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	9e47db42e481edd6733478d3a4b4ce25	This project plan is aiming at to cover these main steps, see this Section D. Operational structures, rules and procedures, and E. Process and timetable, below. In a Nordic Assessment, these roles have been translated into a corresponding but simplified set of organisational bodies, see Box 6 below. Since the Nordic countries do not have governance structures similar to the IPBES Plenary and Bureau, these functions are suggested here to be adapted to the possible circumstances in the Nordic context in a pragmatic manner. For the potential assessment to be able to be in line with IPBES Rules of Procedure this has to be defined, i.e. the authorising environment that has to approve the scope, give a mandate for the assessment and finally accept the assessment report.	15	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9947c813-en	9e488de0f1905fa42489394b401159d9	It is also important for the EMB to undertake an assessment of staff performance and identify needs for professional training and capacity-building, including in relation to gender sensitisation. As part of this process, the performance of such agencies during the election, and their capacity-building needs, should be carefully reviewed. Several COG reports note that women have been discouraged from participating in the electoral process because of the levels of violence perpetuated against them. Research undertaken by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) indicates that political violence against women affects their effective and sustained participation in the electoral process as voters, candidates and party supporters, and as electoral officials (Bardall 2015).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	9e489f0f4c58409e5f403e40b2041f66	Various other countries indicated that underperformance entails the possibility to dismiss a school leader or to initiate a separate procedure that may lead to a school leader’s dismissal in the case of his or her continued underperformance. This includes various states and territories in Australia, Belgium (Flemish Community), various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile (Performance Appraisal), Israel (ISCED level 1 and partially ISCED level 2), New Zealand, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. In the Flemish Community of Belgium, for example, school principals on temporary contracts may be dismissed if their performance is rated as unsatisfactory. They may, however, remain employed in a teaching capacity if they had previously been granted a permanent teaching contract (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training and the University of Antwerp Edubron Research Group, 2010).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	9e50ab1b83968a67963b73090067548b	Accordingly, the city has looked to value capture strategies to render these measures cost-effective. One advantage has been the continuing rise in commercial property values, which has greatly enhanced the value of TfL’s own real estate holdings. In addition, the rising trend has enabled the city to use a supplement to an existing property tax on commercial buildings as a powerful value capture mechanism.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	9e51198a9959853373a0ee13939c6c8e	Political concern about mergers has led the Parliament to propose a moratorium on mergers, although associated legal instruments are not in place (Ministry of Health, 201 Id). Instead, the Minister of Health wants the Healthcare Authority (NZa) to carry out additional merger assessments in terms of quality and access (Ministry of Health, 2011c, d). However, having several institutions involved in merger assessments would increase unnecessarily regulatory uncertainty without improving the prevention of anticompetitive mergers. To ensure an effective hospital merger assessment, the Competition Authority should develop a clear methodology taking into account all relevant aspects of the problem (including consumer welfare concerns such as accessibility of care).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209992-5-en	9e520ebe2916d874b79c7108f89aa58a	"The different changes it has engendered are transforming our understanding of higher education today. This chapter analyses these issues in two parts. The first section delimits and reviews the concept and evolution of ""e-learning"" from the more traditional forms of ""distance education"" to the current modalities of virtual education. It also examines the global expansion of e-learning in higher education and some of its most recent developments."	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-4-en	9e527b41dc8921d6ede2a3c49bccee5d	The process of open recruitment also offers advantages to applicants since they can more directly choose the school and identify with the school’s educational project. As a result, the process is more likely to build a sense of commitment of teachers to the schools where they are recruited. It should be noted, however, that the teacher labour market features a number of rigidities and imperfections.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	9e54238964250f186ae261ad81879a8d	This contrasts with the efforts of the European Union, which has reduced its energy intensity below that of Latin America and the Caribbean, and even the United States and Canada, which underscores the importance of policies for efficient energy use and energy diversification. Similarly, very unequal cities, with areas that lack public goods such as transport, education, citizen security and a non-polluted environment, will suffer productivity losses caused by transportation time, poor health and loss of human lives, compounded by insufficient access to education. Lastly, inequality affects decisions on what types of infrastructure to invest, which affects energy and production efficiencies.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b276eed7-en	9e56dba27b0569566ad9c242d8d89202	Cross-referencing the two sets of dimensions allows population groups to be defined according to their degree of vulnerability: the income-vulnerable group, which is subdivided into the moderately poor and extremely poor; and the socially vulnerable group. These dimensions are applied to different population groups (according to ethnicity, age and area of residence), which are used to draw up multidimensional poverty maps. Despite the usefulness of panel surveys, most Latin American countries are not yet using them. It was found that around half of those living in poverty in 1996 had exited by 2001.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	9e5872c3c1cb7c6020156e7ab7c6e04c	Available from httpV/data.worldbank-oig/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. Social insurance is often financed through a contributory mechanism16 that involves beneficiaries, employers and the State, and covers such areas as health insurance, old-age pensions and unemployment, maternity, sickness and disability benefits. Social assistance is a non-contributory scheme, which takes the form of cash transfers (often conditional) to poor households, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. It can be either universal or targeted.17 Active labour market programmes consist of skill development and training initiatives, special work schemes and wage and employment subsidies.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	9e5b4092085297b5f2544682f33f4394	Definitions also change from country to country. A country with limited access to cross-border energy infrastructures but a broad domestic resource base will thus think differently about the security of its energy supplies than a small, open economy closely interconnected with its neighbours but with few resources of its own. Not unlike the notion of “sustainability”, another key dimension of energy policy in OECD countries, the notion of security of energy supply is often being applied in different ways to support different policy objectives.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/584f8730-en	9e5f873f59543508d31243382cfbea8a	Despite lower borrowing costs, subdued private investment conditions have kept overall investment stagnant at about 15% of GDP for the whole year. Meanwhile, the trade deficit widened in 2015 as exports declined, mainly due to lower cotton prices. Nonetheless, favourable workers’ remittances helped narrow the current account deficit, and foreign exchange reserve rose to an all-time high of $20.8 billion at end-2015. Downside risk includes slower growth of workers' remittances as economies in the Middle East, the major destination of Pakistani migrant workers, continue to face lower oil revenue and subdued economic activity.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/106b1c42-en	9e6132c5dd392f837012be7e096865d5	How do these settings and working environments compare? This priority rating exercise served to guide the development of the Conceptual Framework and the development of the ECEC staff and centre leader questionnaires. Moreover, not all countries implementing the TALIS Starting Strong Survey 2018 participated in this priority rating exercise as it took place before countries committed to taking part in the survey.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/22758cf4-en	9e622dcacf6328c56415a68780ffe537	The Skadar/Shkoder Lake Commission has been established under the Agreement, and commenced work in 2009. A Joint Secretariat is based in Shkodra, Albania, and four Working Groups (Planning and Legal; Monitoring and Research; Communication/Outreach and Sustainable Tourism; and Water Management) provide support. Harmonization of management approaches and instruments is an imperative in the long term.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	9e63ba1c7e351a0948f03710eb032ff6	Access to adequate and affordable ICT infrastructure (notably national and international broadband connectivity) is essential for the development of the software industry. This involves consideration of the role of network operators, Internet exchange points, data centres and related regulation. While it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss related policies for broadband development in detail, several publications from international organizations address this topic in detail.2 Technology parks, innovation hubs and incubators are sometimes set up with the aim of making it easier for software enterprises to get started, innovate and expand (see also chapter III). Such facilities are of particular value when weak basic infrastructure (electricity, broadband connectivity) represents an obstacle to business development.	9	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	9e641b96ee746cd14d57d66611801d3e	Currently 5 projects are in various stages of development. Examples of successful activities are the chemical leasing models used by Ecopetrol in its oil dehydration process and by the Corona Group in industrial wastewater treatment. Other projects involve the galvanoplastic and ceramic industries, covering products such ascaustic soda, metabisulfites and polymers.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	9e6636c72e7163e1a48eeb7d4525837b	From 1995 to 2011, the number of power tillers increased from 9 900 to 188 500 and the number of water pumps from 107 800 to 178 424. The MOAI’s thirty-year Master Plan intends to mechanise 63% of the crop land by 2030. The Ministry of Industry is producing agricultural machinery, including tractors, power tillers, threshers, disc harrows, disc ploughs and machine parts. In 2007, it produced 11 650 pumping sets and 14 594 light agriculture machines. Until 2012, the MOAI was producing power tillers, reapers, threshers, trailers and machine parts and its Agricultural Mechanisation Department (AMD) was managing 99 tractor stations (retail outlets), five farm machinery factories and one farm machinery plant. In 2013, these factories as well as the production of farm machinery have been handed over to the Ministry of Industry and the private sector.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9e69a615cef182d44ebaaf52e98574c1	Reductions in the agricultural land use tax by 50% is provided for: organisations which manage and use agricultural land; and land holdings in excess of the land limits which are used for agriculture and forestry by households and individuals, including land allocated by state-owned enterprises. Reductions in land use taxes have also been used to encourage commercial investment in agriculture and incentivise infrastructure development.46 The 2003 policy change resulted in most farm households and organisations either being exempt from paying agricultural land use tax or having the amount they pay reduced (Figure 2.4). Extension stations exist in 641 out of 703 districts. Almost all of the districts without a station are completely urban.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	9e6c4c41f7daf2fd4715b5a0d12d2a1b	The environment axis consists of 14 objectives and associated strategies, including slowing deterioration of forests and jungles, conserving ecosystems and biodiversity, and integrating conservation of natural capital with economic and social development. This section looks at key sectors for mainstreaming. Policies addressing agri-environmental concerns are nascent. This is especially concerning as Mexico is projected to continue with strong growth in agricultural production in the coming decade, with the risk of further expansion of production onto environmentally fragile land (OECD, 2010b).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	9e6f8b6734f4fc8363e72c0dfcd69935	Productivity is a measure of output divided by a measure of input (see Feenstra et al., As for income, three-years averages (2009-11) also are used for total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation to reduce the impact of short-run variations. The quality of the labour force is traditionally captured by the stock of human capital and TFP, while the size is proxied either by the employment rate or the labour force participation rate.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	9e70ae4e762871a19cd12527caf607e4	The strategies of exchange rate hedging differ by sector and depend on the marketing profiles and the types of currencies these activities are exposed to (Box 8). Basis risk occurs due to a mismatch between the changes in spot prices and futures prices. They hedge week to week to forward-sold positions, with a minimum of long term contracts.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	9e73b708e1ddd48cdc045466fbf4c499	As outlined in previous analysis for the CCXG, there is no agreement to date on which activities, flows and interventions are to be labelled “climate finance” (see e.g. Clapp et al., Similarly, there is no common understanding of what is meant by “effectiveness”. While there is overlap in views between different stakeholders on what climate finance effectiveness is, there are also differences. These differences relate to the aims, sources, and channels of finance for the intervention.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5aeb0eab-en	9e74ba17a32597104c00fd1e8f8e4409	It will take until 2028 to reach Goal 4 globally at the current rate. The pace of reduction would need to quadruple in the period from 2013 to 2015 to meet the target of a two-thirds reduction in the under-five mortality rate. Between 1990 and 2012, the world neonatal mortality rate fell by almost one third, from 33 to 21 deaths for every thousand live births.	3	2	2	0.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	9e75a98a0a00681b2274667e63ece7a4	These trends have been taken into account when estimating the cost of renewable energy (Annex II). As a result, renewable energy is the cheapest option when evaluating the socioeconomic cost for new generation capacity, as shown by the Level ized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for different technologies in Figure 44. Value of heat set to 12 EUR/MWh.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	9e75f12302e6f5c3cb73d6791fbe6431	Only 17 per cent of reported rape cases reached the court and just 4 per cent ended in a conviction for rape. The report notes that these statistics are typical of rape case attrition rates in many other countries. In response, the Government of South Africa has invested in a network of one-stop shops which have significantly increased conviction rates.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	9e7792ccf890fc5e78b08c9083c73829	Parenthood is a crucial time for couples to set patterns in paid and unpaid work, and the adequate and affordable provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) is key to enabling both parents to w'ork while having a family. Germany has improved public investment in ECEC over the past 15 years. Yet more investment is needed to ensure that supply meets demand, especially in regions where ECEC is underprovided, and to meet parents’ needs more flexibly.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	9e78154fd4eca8532db5715e91fa68bc	In this long period several models were developed, pilot versions implemented, fundamental features modified several times (e.g. whether it should have one or two levels), and heated debates organised. The approach to the examination did not receive consensus among political parties and became an issue for political fights among some groups. Hence, this particular reform has been characterised by significant uncertainty, a fragmentation of adaptations, and the dominance of politics to the detriment of pedagogical aspects.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	9e79dd47fd0f5ad3ae77c6574528531b	The need for innovation and new green and inclusive business models also provides an opportunity for companies to contribute to green growth and climate action on a profitable basis, by developing new products and services, diversifying their business streams, as well as reaching new targets. A survey of the heads of ‘Caring for Climate’ members, a coalition of businesses under the UN Global Compact, found that over half viewed climate change as a driver of growth and innovation in their companies over the next five years (UN Global Compact/Accenture, 2015). Furthermore, green sectors have experienced higher-than-average growth rates over the last few years; for example, the ‘green and renewable energy’ sector ranks first globally in compounded annual growth rates (CAGR) in revenues by sectors over 2012-2017, as shown by NYU Stern which tracks historical CAGR in revenues and net income by sectors. In the same time span, the total global market CAGR in revenues was 6.45% for comparison (NYU Stern, 2017).	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	9e7a6e040ec4dcd2a6e273d1df256ea3	These include the belief that women are much better placed than men to take care of children, or that the family might be harmed if mothers work outside the home. Economic and sociological insights on the persistence of gender differences in well-being outcomes are also discussed where relevant. The analysis presented in this section covers gender issues across the life cycle - from school to the start of a new family and the entry into the labour market to later life - and considers both economic (income, wages, occupation) and social (health, education, social relations) outcomes. There are significant differences amongst women and men that may be greater than differences between the two sexes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	9e7c2cd092ddc6db227df4349ba76c2f	It is part of a joint project between EC and OECD (VS/2016/0005 (DI150038), Cooperation with the OECD on Assessing Activating and Enabling Benefits and Services in the EU) covering six countries: Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal and Spain. The results are published in six separate papers and are also available through the project website: http://www.oecd.org/social/faces-of-ioblessness.htm. Herwig Immervoll coordinated the project and the preparation of this report. All views and any errors are the responsibility of the authors.	8	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	9e7d20e85b82bbee8be25e68ca842c9c	Also, most firms lack formal systems to reward training undertaken by their employees. The productive sector is home to an army of family-owned small businesses which often do not demand, or use, skills effectively. In this context, the Government’s Industry 4.0 initiative is generally considered as a good opportunity to boost firms’ demand for skills.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	9e7ed2260831a3b78bbf9ef1f97b0d2a	The probability that recurrent emergencies will persist is high, even with well-planned and executed strategies. However, over time and with dedicated attention and often incremental action, complex disaster risks can be managed and reduced. Coordinated, collaborative action allows for organizations to play to their strengths and not extend beyond their own institutional capacity while also creating synergies and positive exchanges among actors.	11	4	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	9e7fa7605077f8abe65057cf9465bb5c	This chapter showed that in most developing economies, growth in data services is slow in offsetting the sharp decline in voice revenues that is often due to high rates of adoption of free OTT services. As revenues and ARPU levels will continue to decline over the coming years, investments in network infrastructure will have to be balanced with profitability to create a sustainable market environment. In addition, ITU analysis has demonstrated that removing restrictions on foreign investment is a regulatory measure that correlates directly with enhanced competition and helps to create a level playing field. Policy-makers will have to adapt to this development phase to ensure sustainability and foster the investment required to connect consumers and businesses to smart societies.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	9e7fd2c7c50c463d285b73cf19651846	A particular focus is accorded to: production of renewable energy (i.e. solar, biogas, etc.); The stated purpose of the Strategy is to bring about a modem and competitive agrofood sector that is compatible with a high level of environmental, nature and climate protection. Its central aspect is that it promotes coherence between the environment and production methods through technological innovation and revision of agricultural legislation. A total of DKK 13.5 billion (EUR 1.8 billion), to be financed in part by the EU Rural Development Programme 2007-14, is to be invested in green growth activities until 2015, which is an increase of around 50% compared to previous initiatives.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	9e80be6eedbbc1bca54d4150140a277d	On average, the social tariff is some 25 per cent below the wholesale price (table 4.2). But the “social tariff’ is not targeted at the low-income households; rather, it benefits all private households as well as the public administration. The large majority of poor households, moreover, have a monthly water consumption that is higher than the maximum allowed in the first consumption block. V/client_Lydec_ma/site.fr/tranches-de-facturation_et-tarifs).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	9e8109a95381c8d52d9c1664cd8294ca	Two reasons could be considered. The first is related to project management. Bureaucratic red-tapes, poor co-ordination across relevant authorities, and financial conditions may lead to project delays and thus keep reclaimed land vacant. Such issues have in the past created problems for LGUs, investors and designated government agencies that had financed the reclamation project through loans and were liable for repayment (Dacayo, 2005).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	9e812345ee9ea39fee52ff923335f314	Spatial planning decisions also affect citizens’ quality of life directly, including ease of access to jobs, services and amenities. National and sub-national governments across the OECD are involved to varying degrees in policies pertaining to “place” (e.g. land-use policies and planning, property rights, land development and redevelopment, land registries, urban transport and environmental performance in urban areas). They have at their disposal a range of policy instruments (e.g. regulation, standard-setting, technical assistance).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	9e81855d69d15d1db6c71eb81d2dcc72	Importantly, countries that have had a historically low burden of CVD disease, such as Switzerland and Japan, have still managed to make substantial gains. This suggests not only that other countries can also make further gains, but also raises important questions about why success has varied so much across countries. All countries have been successful in improving life expectancy at birth and at age 65. In percentage terms, life expectancy has improved even more once a person reaches 65 years of age.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	9e85eb270c10b2ddb680c9650a307998	Section II reviews poverty in Asia Pacific LDCs in terms of both aggregate and disaggregate indicators. This covers subjacent, medial, and ultra poverty and the relationships between poverty and hunger. Section III utilizes some of the indicators established for identifying the poor, especially in terms of the characteristics of the poorest and the hungriest.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	9e8995ddb74e315005211a651598cf98	The regulatory aspect includes smooth and transparent licensing procedures, in particular for technologically complex installations such as nuclear reactors. At least as important are, however, the regulations that organise the working of electricity and carbon markets. Long-term contracts on the one hand provide certainty and visibility (and are thus often crucial for accompanying capital-intensive long-term investments), on the other, however, they can act as a barrier to entry for new, potentially more efficient, competitors.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9e8a80b053dd8af2530b045d96f7b642	For this group, policy has concentrated on improving access to employment of older workers by strengthening equal opportunities legislation and increasing access to part-time work. They fare relatively better than other groups in both scenarios. As a number of authors have noted, family behaviour, both in terms of family formation and work, has diverged by socio-economic-status over recent decades.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	9e8b46c885a5c41a4f3714c233e860c3	Previously seen as the Cinderella among the United Nations’ many preoccupations, 2010 finally saw access to clean water and sanitation recognised by the UN as a human right. Not a moment too soon - OECD modelling suggests that if we continue current trends, by 2050, 2.3 billion additional people will be living in river basins that are under extreme water stress. Despite some good progress driven by the Millennium Development Goals, water statistics continue to alarm: every year, for instance, dirty water causes the death of more than 2.2 million children under the age of 14. Water, which every culture on Earth recognises as the source of life itself, is no exception. For this reason, it is increasingly moving to centre stage whenever and wherever people meet to discuss humanity’s response to the major conundrum of how to match growing needs to insufficient or dwindling resources.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	9e912ecabbfaf4272d96ea914d4ea6fc	Moreover, the plan does not only cover the Canadian military; it also targets Canadian NGOs and recommends they adopt codes of conduct in their work to address issues of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian crises. One of the central tenets of 1325 is the inclusion of women at all decision-making levels including parliament and the judiciary. In many post-conflict countries, high numbers of women are reported in political positions.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	9e923c4f40d5237f48dfda748ea3504f	Yearly data are represented by Q1 for all OECD countries except Australia and New Zealand, for which May and Q2, respectively, are used. Share of youth aged 20 to 24 not in education and without an ISCED 3 educational attainment; 2004 and 2009. Employed as a percentage of total population in the age group.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	9e9350c1ff2af3efb5a6769244facafe	The decision usually is between conserving (moving on with the current plan) or pivoting (further modify MVP plan to respond to market and user demands). This is usually done as a parallel solution to traditional systems and transactions, in order to fully gauge blockchain potential. From this point on, the pilot programme moves to the operation phase and is managed according to the pre-defined plan.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	9e981207d97da5c7a11276a626c80b9b	Public safety is concerned with hazards in the home, in travel and recreation, and in other situations that do not fall within the scope of occupational safety. Although safety involves a risk relationship that can be linked to health and to prevention, its uses are not universally included in that boundary but have to do with a collective nature in such a way that specialised principles, structures and social involvement generate a field that itself deals with each of those risks. Health-related management is thus restricted to components with an implicit mention of a health purpose. An example of the health approach to these problems is found in the Global Status Report on Road Safety released by WHO in 2009. The change from SHA 1.0 is considered to reflect a more accurate approach.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/028f7d06-en	9e983738d67b71ab73db14610167cd1d	This criterion for identifying the poor was compared with the indirect method (more traditional in the region), which defines poverty on the basis of per capita household income. The basis for this was an analysis of available surveys of living conditions in households in the region, providing data for implementing both methodologies. To enhance the diagnostic study, the assessment of Latin America and the Caribbean also used thresholds of moderate deprivation, which reflect unmet needs that undermine children's well-being and development.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	9e98d4a494f8d329d603c041375433b4	Water and Waste Disposal grant and loan funds are usually combined based on the income levels and user costs. However, separate stand-alone grants are provided for solid waste disposal and technical assistance and training. The 2016 Budget provides a total water and waste disposal programme level of nearly USD 1.7 billion.	7	3	0	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	9e98ef6f08884a3eabf65f188d44f147	Of the countries where more than 40 percent of the population are living in extreme poverty, all but two are in Africa (Bangladesh and Haiti). Strong global growth in developing countries in particular created the conditions for the reduction by half of the proportion of extreme poor between 1990 and 2010, In a recent study of long-run growth in 118 countries, the strongest driver of poverty reduction among lowest-income earners was found to be increases in average GDP per capita, reinforcing the existing consensus on this relationship. However, both scenarios assume that the same relationship between per capita GDP growth and the decline in poverty is sustained — and there is evidence that this is unlikely. After poverty reduction reaches the majority of poor people close to the middle of national income distributions, poverty will fall more slowly for the remaining poor at the bottom of the income distribution.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	9e99a60473e22acf337866c202bfa51e	About USD 17 bln was provided in 2014 though the amount was significantly reduced in 2015 as part of the subsidy reform. Fossil-fuel subsidies in Belarus steadily increased since 2010, reaching USD 1.6 bln and were approaching the level of subsidies in Azerbaijan in 2014 (USD 1.7 bln). Energy subsidies in Georgia and Moldova were much smaller but increased over the review' period to the levels of USD 228 and 182 mln, respectively.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	9e99c83c19e34684df3d8bee9dc8cfc0	These challenges highlight the importance of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity to meet the increased demand, and to ensure a sustainable use of natural resources (FAO, 2017c). Firstly, food production is directly affected through changes to the conditions of production (e.g. climate, water availability, pests). For instance, changes in temperature and precipitation associated with climate change will affect the suitability of land for production of goods and the resulting yields (see e.g. Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007; Ray et al.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	9e9bb2497cb46b60d7f36c37c0545711	As a result, in contrast to many other immigrant-receiving countries, Finland’s early immigration was dominated - alongside family unification - by humanitarian migration. Since the mid-1990’s, migrants from Russia and Estonia have made up the largest foreign-born group in Finland and continue to do so; in 2016, they accounted for 20%, and 13%, of the foreign-born population, respectively. Since 1994, migrants from Somalia have represented a fairly stable 3% of the foreign-born population of Finland, while the number of migrants arriving from Iraq and Afghanistan has been increasing. As a result, in 2015, migrants from Iraq overtook those from Somalia as Finland’s third largest group, accounting for 4% of the foreign-born population.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/0905f827-en	9e9da46097289436c39b2e74b2afe4df	Nonetheless, the relevant coordination mechanisms are only explicitly provided for in Honduras, through the executing agency of the Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and in Mexico, through the National Council for Financial Inclusion, which is the only such mechanism actually operating. In this respect, the clear definition responsibilities and goals of the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in Honduras is noteworthy. In Mexico, a second round of the National Survey of Financial Inclusion has already been implemented, which reports on the progress achieved between 2011 and 2015 and, in principle, should represent a key input for the adjustments needed to implement the National Financial Inclusion Policy. This is complicated by the risks and opportunities arising from the use of technological platforms to offer innovative financial services through new distribution channels.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	9e9ff9aec2795daca02eb727b5e83fec	Although very subtle, there are gender differences in the use of the media, which from the perspective of skill requirements in the information and knowledge society, are crucial to academic success and labour market integration for these generations. Time-use indicators can provide timely information to follow up on policies for expanding access to the Internet and other appropriate platforms during this stage of the life cycle. Nonetheless, as discussed in chapter III of this edition of Social Panorama of Latin America, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have not yet succeeded in ensuring that young women and men have the same rights and opportunities in training and labour market integration.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	9ea0cfd2c7dcc6e05a6ea454c3f21192	A report on energy efficiency courses suggests that there is a wide range of courses nationally relating specifically to energy efficiency and others that include some components of energy efficiency35. The report estimated there are 22 national training package qualifications, which included some components of energy efficiency, as well as 30 state accredited VET courses and 62 courses run by industries. In NSW, more than 7% of all students enrolled in TAFE NSW were participating in green skills training, well above the 5% target for 201336. The system needs to be flexible to respond to the rapidly changing regulatory and market environment.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	9ea291cf32914d43637880fc112bb54c	Enabling parents to better support their child’s development, combined with more effective strategies for providing public assistance to children most at risk, will be central to improving outcomes for children and society as whole. Support parents to build an enriching home environment. Home visits and community-based services should be expanded and improved to provide parents of the most vulnerable children with more support. Public assistance should go beyond how to best nurture and take care of children and also guide parents on how to stimulate the development of early cognitive and socio-emotional skills.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a11581d8-en	9ea293245255c1ddb9f3cdee09ad6c17	Forcibly displaced persons comprise refugees, asylum seekers, persons in refugee-like situations and internally displaced persons. The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees defines a refugee as someone with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons related to race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, who resides outside their country of nationality and who is unable to return to it. In Africa, persons fleeing armed conflict and violence are also considered refugees (see box 3).	11	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	9ea2aa076b93265eace1718f7edc9168	These results have some critical policy implications. Indeed, reducing gender inequality in social institutions increases the probability to have female migrant and then to benefit from its positive effect on gender equality promotion. This paper assesses the two-way linkages between gendered migration and discriminatory social norms, leading to relevant findings on the interaction between social institutions, gender and South-South migration. While gender inequality in social norms constrains female emigration, it has no effect on male emigration, suggesting that men and women's incentives to migrate differ.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	9ea45e33b32014bfa53c8c1f89619388	Poverty reduction policies will increasingly have to consider this demographic change and include measures to ensure that health care is kept affordable and that guaranteed pension benefits can provide a decent living for older persons. However, at best migration flows can be only a part of the response to this challenge (see United Nations, 2007). The extent to which developed societies will be willing to absorb additional large inflows of labour migrants may be limited. On the sending side, remittances bring benefits, but emigration can also lead to an increasing brain drain and shortages of skilled workers, which may limit domestic economic and social development.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	9eabb271fa6c3502e2274d8a5890deb1	The TALIS average, however, masks significant differences between countries. Also includes hours worked during weekends, evenings or other off-classroom hours. The sum of hours spent on different tasks may not be equal to the number of total working hours because teachers were asked about these elements separately.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	9eaf7872beaa7c4ba3450c0950bf9e7a	Any EECCA countries that wish to pursue a direct access modality under the GCF or the Adaptation Fund can usefully consider potential candidates for a national or regional implementing entity that can directly access certain types of climate finance sources. Some of the countries, such as Uzbekistan, have started to prepare for direct access. However, since finding such candidates and developing their capacities to be accredited is often time consuming, it is unlikely that direct access will become the favoured modality of EECCA countries in the short term.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/051346e8-en	9eb5f4f01cd0081e1479c14a8aa81186	Women from diverse backgrounds continue to face higher barriers during recruitment and promotion processes. In 2016 (for the 31 OECD countries for which data are available), women occupied on average 56% of offices in first instance courts and 47% in appeal courts, but held only 33% of judgeships in the supreme courts. These studies can trigger policy actions by providing information that directly responds to identified gaps.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	9eb7fe6391b422aee7818ded5279208a	These developments indicate the political need for the WTO to act in order to secure delivery on the SDGs. Finally, it outlines negotiation scenarios with a view to securing an outcome where the WTO delivers SDG14 implementation. In short, submissions from the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries and the least developed countries (LDC) group each signals a willingness to continue debate on a multilateral basis, subject to special and differential treatment (S&DT)—whereas the EU submission and the joint submission of six Latin American countries offered advances in the technical debate.2 Crucially, the fifth proposal, by Japan, indicated a possible rollback to the stalemate of the late 2000s.3 Two additional points inform the context of the post-MCIO submission at the WTO. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	9eb97dcace1602defed1ae5bc6426791	The increase in the Korean unemployment rate between December 2007 and March 2010 was also less than 1%, but unemployment in January 2010 was 1.7 percentage points above the pre-crisis level. The upsurge in unemployment during the first two months of 2010 was probably due to the temporary expiration of a crisis-related public works programme. Reductions in employment may result from either increased job losses or reduced hiring.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	9eb9c2fd661e4dcb9c8e64a3252a2d41	As countries urbanize, they gain in wealth; and as such, work and educational opportunities for women tend to increase, leading to later marriages, and fewer children. The positive urban dynamics behind the demographic transition to smaller families is complex, and have been studied intensively,24 but as a general rule, higher rates of urbanization along with growth in GDP lead to lower fertility rates around the world. This has created a demographic momentum characterized by a relatively young population with children under age 15 accounting for 28 per cent of the population, and youth aged 15 to 24 accounting for a further 17 per cent.25 The significant increase in proportion of persons aged 15 to 24 is referred to as the youth bulge.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	9ebb68ec147675a73da593c79e52a583	The effective and efficient use of funding is also an issue, particularly at local levels of government where the lack of capacity may hinder the implementation of investment plans. Indicator systems are costly, both directly (i.e. the cost of development and implementation) and indirectly (i.e. opportunity costs and the potential for inadvertent generation of unintended consequences). They can also increase the administrative burden on the reporting organisation and its staff.	6	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9ebd710123d628865df5a887b353efcf	Extreme poverty, by the World Bank standard of USD 1.25 per day at purchasing power parity, had virtually disappeared. The share of the population living below the subsistence income level fell from its 2001 peak (59% in rural areas and 36% in urban areas) to 8.8% in rural areas and 2.4% in urban areas in 2011. The pattern of a sharp increase in poverty in the 1990s followed by a rapid decline after 2001 is clear, even though the two poverty lines differ. A wide rural-urban poverty gap opened up in 2001.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	9ebf7768919876341067326f09be39a0	Despite the fundamental importance of biodiversity to economic, social, health and cultural systems, biodiversity loss continues worldwide as the pursuit of economic growth and development leads to the conversion, and in many cases over-exploitation, of natural resources for inputs to production and consumption. Biodiversity underpins many of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and effective mainstreaming will be an essential step for countries - developed and developing alike - to deliver on Agenda 2030. In recognition of this, the Cancun Declaration on Mainstreaming the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity for Well-being, adopted at the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP 13) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in December 2016, commits parties to undertake work at all levels of government and across all sectors to mainstream biodiversity.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	9ebfa4e9f15c40e63e8da1d4f9cb4a53	In addition, volatile world market prices for oil pose risks for economic and political stability, with sometimes critical effects on energy-importing developing countries (OECD, 2008). There are opportunities for co-operation with developed nations in the area of carbon financing and investment in low-emission energy technologies, to break the cycle of poverty and other risks associated with fossil fuel dependence. Renewable energy can play an important role in providing a more sustainable and secure energy supply for developing nations.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	9ec01305583cca9eca1ecf2eee9affe8	It includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain, from R&D, through manufacturing into distribution, retail, installation and maintenance services. Companies are included in the supply chain where 20% of their turnover is supplied into the LCEGS sector, but importantly only the sales activity relating to this sector is included in this study. This inclusion is akin to the way other sectors of the economy, such as aerospace, are measured. The study uses ‘bottom-up’ data based on what companies actually do, rather than what they are classified as doing under the SIC system.	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	9ec0660b20420df68cc2a226c80e4dd6	Nonetheless, the relatively small size of the sector limits the contribution that financial sector pay has on income inequality to a small, but noticeable amount. Simulations indicate that most of this contribution is explained by financial institutions paying salaries and bonuses which are above what employees with similar profiles get in other sectors. Estimations that allow for heterogeneity across workers reveal that this wage premium is more than twice as high for financial sector workers at the top of the distribution than at the bottom. The labour market in finance displays other symptoms of imperfection, with, for example, male financial sector workers earning a large wage premium over female financial sector workers, again especially at the top.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9ec1321adff3715ec96557264d17824e	Rice husks are among the most common waste products in India. For example, a cheap ultrasound device, originally developed for the Chinese market, has become the basis of a global business. The current financial crisis is likely to be followed by a long periods of slow growth reducing the purchasing power of consumers. The need for retrenchment will increase when demand for welfare services is rising as the baby-boomers start to retire and medical innovations push up health-care costs.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	9ec32544aceb6a520b322daa4f5c5382	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In particular, pupils with an immigrant background, who constitute around 10% of the pupils at the relevant age cohort, perform significantly worse than native students, even after accounting for the socio-economic status of the parents (OECD, 2007). While the difference between the average PISA scores of pupils with and without an immigrant background does not differ significantly from the OECD average (57 points in Slovenia versus the OECD average of 55 on the 2006 PISA science scale), the gap in the share of top performers3 between the two groups is large in Slovenia, being second only to Germany across the OECD (Figure 2). A similar picture emerges when the share of top and strong4 (and not only the top) performers is considered (OECD, 2009a).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213715-9-en	9ec473de243ebfbbc0210338ec146a27	There is scope to expand the use of PES programmes and economic instruments, such as the proposed trading scheme for discharges of nitrogen and phosphorous to combat eutrophication. This would be more effective if it were implemented with partners around the Baltic Sea. Marine issues were included in the 2012 innovation strategy. The focus on the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems could be further strengthened in the context of innovation policy, and in discussions about a European blue economy strategy.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	9ec5eb331b4fdca11fd3c4d1e3b43165	The focus is on this age category rather than later stages of life for two reasons. The first is that three-fifths of missing women go missing during birth and infancy/childhood. Missing girls/women at later stages of the life cycle reflect not only discriminatory practices against women, but also poor institutions, such as lack of healthcare or water and sanitation infrastructure (World Bank, 2011).Thus, the measure used here specifically focuses on a sex-selection bias in the period of early infancy, where the bias is caused by abortion, infanticide, and the possibility that young girls are systematically less cared for in early childhood (Anderson and Ray, 2010). The data comes from Mitchell (2007) and the UN (2013).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	9ecacd0a8773f929e57cc56cdc82cc00	The state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is under implementation. As stated in the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030, the development of centralized heating systems on the basis of cogeneration plants where it is economically feasible is one of the main directions of heating systems development. According to the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030 it is envisaged to reduce the electricity production from coal to 60 per cent, compared to 70 per cent in 2006.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	9ecbc066f2caaaa801c876c45876002a	Even when trying to prevent a crash, they make errors. In the case of a crash, we don’t ask who is to blame, but instead we ask “how could this crash have occurred?” This new approach fits better with our understanding of the majority of crashes, in which the ordinary behaviour of ordinary people is involved, rather than criminal behaviour by a small number of offenders.	11	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	9ecedf7ab84bec32ab504ed75ac1de9f	However, public information campaigns may work best when implemented in synergy with other measures, such as increased availability or improved labelling (EATWELL, 2012). Moreover, successfully boosting changes in consumer habits regarding diets and food preparation would be difficult, unless efforts to make this change are linked to achieving national health objectives. For example, establishing financial incentives or taxes that discourage people from eating foods with high levels of animal fat could be part of national efforts to reduce heart disease and obesity. Nutrition and eco-labelling aim to inform consumers about the composition of foods and enable them to make informed choices about what they eat; it is a necessary condition for overcoming informational market failures, but does not overcome externality or public good issues associated with food consumption.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	9ecf0218699f8063bd23b6dbe76d3e38	The incidence of pension transfers, by contrast, is higher at the top than at the bottom, both in absolute terms and relative to disposable incomes. Of these three, taxes account for the largest reduction in the Gini coefficient, almost 5 percentage points, while non-pension benefits reduce the Gini by around 2.4 percentage points and pensions by around 1.3 (Table 2.3). At the same time, however, the three instruments differ in size, with the share of taxes and pension expenditures in aggregate income being around four times as high as that of non-pension benefits.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	9ecfb4cd77592ffda4c82bc0d372ee45	In China alone, the number of the poor decreased from 835 million in 1981 to 173 million in 2008, which meant a sharp decrease of China’s poverty rate from 84 to 13 per cent. Progress in several other countries of the region has also been impressive. For the East Asia and Pacific region as a whole, the incidence of poverty declined from 77 to 14 per cent during the period 1981-2008.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	9ed03274c300933362d51b0fa0674586	Second, policy action should address all those factors that hamper women’s labour market prospects even when they have the same endowments of skills and capital as men. In particular, policy makers should concentrate on freeing women’s time by easing the burden of caring duties and by encouraging men to be more actively involved in housework. Promoting flexible work arrangements and making parental leave more effective can play an important role in this respect.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	9ed399d4a80af6dfd4c01f5341ccddb7	However, Klasen (2004) argues that, “[a]s no society, past or present, treated the two sexes equally and the two sexes did not differ in survival-related behaviours, it is hard to separate biology from behaviour. Thus it is hard to say whether females ‘should’ enjoy a longevity advantage of 3,4, or five years”. Views vary on whether income and labour force participation are relevant indicators related to women’s well-being. Klasen (2004) argues that it is not immediately clear that gender inequalities in labour force participation should necessarily be seen as relevant for a well-being assessment, as it might be the result of a consensual division of labour within the household.	5	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	9ed4580f7a1532508591df790d89b06f	Many scientists are in agreement that 350 ppm is the maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric C02. The difference in C02 concentration between pre-industrial times and the present day is 120 ppm. Thus, the most pessimistic scenario from the latest IPCC report is for a C02 concentration in the order of 900 ppm by 2100.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	9ed49199de695fed9835b6fbc00f660a	This Decision was based on the petition from the Association of Municipalities and Cities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to request the Constitutional Court to decide whether the Law on Forests is harmonized with the European Charter of Local Self-Governance to protect the right of local self-governance. According to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federation is responsible for land use policy on the level of the Federation, while the cantons are responsible for policy on the protection of the environment and use of natural resources. Since such alignments were not realized within the set time limit, the Law on Forests was proclaimed invalid.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-7-en	9ed75a174bc219678ff748e44f95dae4	They can also guide teachers in preparing learning programmes and lessons that might be needed in order for students to be able to reach the prescribed standards. For example, it provides content standards describing what all students should learn at each grade level and places a significant amount of responsibility on educators to determine how the content should be implemented.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	9ed95fe0332612a86db5a9413ae41916	This raises the issue of market integration, and the degree to which prices of key commodities in India follow or cause price movements in international markets. The evidence presented in Box 2.2 suggests that for some commodities, such as rice, Indian markets impact on global markets, but for the most part the connection between the domestic and international markets is weak or non-existent. Weak connection between markets is due to policy structures in India, such as market support prices, intervention programmes, export restrictions and tariffs which sever market linkages (Gulati et al.,	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/27e660be-en	9ed9edd71fd19f8cb76fa60efc93b63e	Table 5.2 presents 2007 data in selected countries, showing the percentage of women in senior positons in political parties. The data reveal that while political parties are no longer a male-exclusive institution, there is still considerable room for more female participation. Women make up almost 60 per cent of local government positions in Lesotho and Seychelles, 43 per cent of the members of local councils or municipal assemblies in Namibia, and over one-third of local government seats in Mauritania, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	9eda7a97acf8514baeec0dfa2456cf4f	Since these cannot meet the cooking/thermal needs of households, one of the requirements of the DoE is that the suppliers of non-grid technologies augment their services by selling thermal fuels such as paraffin and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The installation of SHS must be such that the maximum densification of the installed base is achieved in a specific area. The service provider, who holds a monopoly for servicing an area, must make sure that universal access is achieved in a village identified as a non-grid area. In early 1999, the DoE issued a call for proposals for non-grid rural electrification.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	9edb7948ba33089c207bb182b802409e	The IMF also suggested that simultaneous budget deficit cuts in many countries were likely to have a cumulatively adverse effect. In the World Economic Outlook 2012, the IMF acknowledged serious underestimation of the values of multipliers at the time; hence, the actual adverse output and employment impacts are likely to have been much larger—as is clear from more recent evidence cited earlier. Hence the potential longer-mn benefits of fiscal consolidation must be balanced against the short- and medium-run adverse impacts on growth and jobs.”	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	9edfe78884e5499405a3d12d0da588b7	In particular small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which lag in productivity relative to larger firms and governments, lag in their adoption and use. For example, while almost 95% of enterprises in the OECD had a broadband connection in 2014, 40% of enterprises with 250 or more employees used cloud computing, compared to less than a quarter of SMEs. This is a concern because evidence suggests that a slowdown in the diffusion of technologies and knowledge from frontier to lagging firms may be an important source of the current aggregate productivity slowdown.	9	0	6	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	9ee0567db1f2ba8f5e7de395886234f6	Thereafter, they decline gradually to the initial level. The participation rates of this group during 2004-2005 were well above those during the other two periods, and the lowest rates were recorded in 2011-2012. The gap between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was maintained through all ages except towards the end of the age spectrum. While the LFPRs of men in households with small children are relatively high.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dc0c31b7-en	9ee083553739def6cf004c5b21776b1e	Unequal access to, and inefficient use of, public services, as well as financial fragility and the harm inflicted by natural hazards, demand an integrated and coordinated response at the local, national and international levels. Ensuring wider and inclusive access to public services can reduce rural/urban inequalities, disaster risk and food insecurity, as well as strengthen networks between cities and villages. Cities in poor countries need resources to support green technology transfer, and capacity development, and to improve access to soundly constructed housing, water and sanitation, electricity, health and education.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	9ee381cc86346676e902a5393aad2c05	Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education Children’s Services and Skills in England. Ofsted inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Ofsted regularly publish reports on schools in England(see http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/about-us).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	9ee6fead441a183549add8e562468607	Each country will need to determine what efforts are most appropriate to its unique priorities and capacity. Ideally there would be consensus on the broad outlines of a trade agenda that complements and supports the Paris Agreement, while delivering positive trade and investment outcomes. Several Commonwealth countries are already manoeuvring to take advantage of the opportunities.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	9ee8557fe73d96ba6c2d6c0d624f8244	A person must fulfill a number of criteria to be registered as a fisher. These criteria have been established to achieve the political objective that the ownership of fishing vessels and thus the right to exploit Norwegian fisheries resources shall be exclusively given to active fishermen. The law states that only active fishers can own the majority of the assets of a vessel.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	9ee9395745e5fe3f5833113e7ef7cb33	To align with policy discussions, ‘emergency management’ is the term adopted in this discussion paper. Leveraging these synergies requires building awareness of tourism’s potential role in assisting and enhancing emergency management and how emergency management policies can assist tourism agencies (e.g. to reduce the potential negative impacts of misinformation on the recovery of affected destinations/attractions and other destinations within affected countries) in all PPRR phases, and particularly the destination recovery process. In practice, integration between tourism and emergency management policies has been very limited and quite narrow in focus in most countries. This is partly because the focus of tourism agencies has traditionally been on implementing specific actions to mitigate the effects of a disaster or event on tourism businesses (i.e. managing the reputational effects on the destination) and restoring the capacity of tourism businesses (i.e. recovery of markets and profitability).	8	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	9ee96e2afffaefc1bf05a5be7655c314	However, the 2008 evaluation of the programme concluded that, despite progress observed in the capacity of competent authorities, much remains to be done. While it might still be too early to assess long term impacts, because capacity building programmes need time to generate effects on the ground, it appears that the project was insufficiently endowed with financial resources in view of its extremely ambitious objectives. Important delays to the programme’s implementation until the second quarter of 2006 led to the compression of some activities for a much shorter implementation period and the impossibility for others to be completed before the end of the project, foreseen for end 2007. Implementation of technical assistance activities requires a long-term commitment and needs time for planning and delivery.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	9eeb81aeb72efbdd5d695c93ca3ca5fb	For example, a 2014 empirical study showed that environmental policy tightening since 1990 has had no net negative effect on productivity growth in OECD countries. Less productive firms experience a temporary fall in growth, but the gains experienced by the most productive firms - by seizing new market opportunities and deploying new technologies - counter this effect. Another study examined the relationship between the stringency of environmental regulations and country exports of environmental goods, finding that stringent regulation positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products. Other analysis showed that market-based environmental instruments, such as taxes and trading schemes, tend to have a more robust positive effect on productivity growth than other measures.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086234-en	9eee41e7e5f2014b0cf3d81702685bc6	However, policy challenges and priority issues for immigrant students vary from country to country. To this end, each country was invited to tailor the focus of the policy review in consultation with the OECD Secretariat in order to ensure that the immediate output of the review will meet the specific needs of the country. This policy review of Sweden presents selected policy options designed to respond to the main challenges and supported by evidence and research drawn from other country practice (See Annex A for the Terms of Reference and Annex B for the visit programs).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg83k687ng7-en	9ef3fb34c4ff408e79f9de1b3622c708	School access has been expanded by investment in school infrastructure and recruitment of teachers. In higher education too, the number of providers continues to rise rapidly. A new law enshrining the rights of all children to free and compulsory education will further lift enrolment, bringing closer the government’s goal of universal elementary education, which comprises eight years of schooling.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	9ef47851d19a113a4920ceb489292caa	Two examples of such ambitious national policies, in France and in the United States, offer particularly interesting insights (Box 5.6). At city level, innovative approaches can also help pursue co-ordinated investments in housing and other sectors (such as mobility, basic services, public spaces, public safety and green areas), based on local institutional and financial partnerships. The experience of Santiago de Chile provides a compelling illustration in this sense (Box 5.7). Maximising accessibility for all thus needs to be at the core of urban transport planning. Disadvantaged communities often have less well-maintained infrastructure - notably roads, lesser access to reliable public transport services, and are less likely to own a private car.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5be883c5-en	9ef6c290897206774e60b16e333b2823	A number of the countries in the weakca ring spirits list have been plagued by ongoing political turmoil and war, making investments in human capacities difficult to conduct. If we drop Botswana, Namibia and South Africa (all of which have high mortality asa result of AIDS-related deaths) from the sample-si nee the poor human development performance in these three countries is exerting a lot of influence over the placement of the trendline - the trendline gets steeper and the overall fit is much better.8 Argentina makes it to the strong caring spirits list and Turkey and Venezuela drop off (though they are still above the trendline). Mauritius and Thailand are added to the weak caring spirits list.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	9ef86ac537f37d6a1a7439f2f3d6d335	Also “[b]y law, workers have the right to request their employers to insure them” (NIC, 2009). Although firms must insure workers when their contracts specify 20 or more basic working hours per week, workers with lower basic working hours may have higher actual working hours. Higuchi (2001) reported that the “percentage of workers contributing to employment insurance” was 62.6% (67.4% for men, 55.3% for women), which suggests low coverage of non-regular employment. If the numbers enrolled in the El system (40.4 million in 1995 and 38.7 million in 2005) are compared with total number of employees aged 15-64, the implied El coverage was 80% in 1995 and fell to 75% in 2005 (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Tables 16-3, and 20-8).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	9ef86af62f23da2bcfe317440975a1cf	Regulatory changes requiring buildings within a designated zone to connect to the system allow district heating and cooling projects to realise widespread energy efficiency gains. Cities can also improve the conditions for distributed clean energy investments by providing low-interest loan programmes which enable property owners to install renewable energy technologies (in some cases repayable through property taxes, as in several United States cities), or through ordinances requiring installation of renewable energies in new buildings (such as Barcelona’s “Solar Thermal Ordinance”) (OECD, 2010). Access to the longterm finance required for regional clean energy investments can for instance be considerably facilitated by tapping regional financial markets.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	9ef873649863400c257be1848ef8b88b	Disasters caused by vulnerability to natural hazards have a strong negative impact on the development process in both industrialized and developing countries. The indicator may be expressed as percentage of total population (for human loss) and of GDP (for economic loss). Disasters involving natural hazards can have devastating short and long-term impacts on the society and the economy of any country, adversely affecting progress towards sustainable development. In addition to total emissions, sectoral C02 emissions can be considered.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	9ef8a2f472cebc3aa39f53b850e4555b	Governance actions to promote resilience are further hampered by fragmented decision jurisdictions (Hanna, 2008). It includes guidance and directives on economic, social, biological, ecological and governmental matters. Who is a policy maker varies according to the particular political and legal context of a fishery. Over a variety of different political and legal contexts the implicit goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	9ef9d9f4e9f6599cf471da55011d3130	Rapid urbanisation, notably in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, has added to pollution woes. Land use pressures have created environmental problems including severe deforestation, soil erosion, flooding in the deltas, declining fish yields, and pollution of the coastal and marine environment. According to a 2005 report conducted by the FAO, Viet Nam has the second highest rate of deforestation of primary forests in the world, second only to Nigeria.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	9ef9e9457703af74258e819495b82ed9	This practice is usually perceived as an extra opportunity to fully acquire the required knowledge in order to move forward. However, research has consistently shown that grade repetition does not provide greater benefits than promotion to the next grade (Brophy, 2006). In Japan, Malaysia and Norway, no 15-year-old student had repeated a grade, while in Colombia and Macao-China over 40% of students had repeated a grade at least once.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	9efaa2290cb4a594ba74787685a2dddc	Other studies also show that in rural areas relatively wealthy households benefit more from chemical fertilizer price subsidy than poor rural households (Holden et al., A multi-stakeholder accord on green economy might be considered: a similar approach has been agreed in South Africa, establishing the relative roles and commitments of business, civil society, and central and local government. Here, there are opportunities for improving synergies with the Climate Resilience Strategy, identifying enterprises and activities that also adapt and build resilience to extreme weather and climate change.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	9efb5d450150d3c4fb7c8d4011824e70	Section 6 discusses the findings and concludes the paper. Data sources are mostly national statistical institutes, except for eleven countries for which the WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health is used (Belgium, Chile, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, and UK). The methodology to convert alcoholic drinks to a more readily comparable metric of pure alcohol may differ across countries.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ca9f4916-en	9efbf0c0f4e54cd6c55b541be8899c57	To amplify this message of solidarity and strength, Hollywood stars with many millions of social media followers around the world are partnering in their #TimesUp movement with women and girls from rural areas, students, civil society activists and others whose voices have been long ignored. In Africa, activists and survivors are speaking out against female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage. They are led by such women as Jaha Dukureh, the UN-Women Regional Goodwill Ambassador for Africa on FGM and Ending Child Marriage. In Latin America, women have taken to the streets to protest the murder of human rights activist Marielle Franco and to stand up against femicide through the “Ni una menos”, “not one less”, campaign. In Sweden, an open letter from hundreds of actors sharing their testimonies and demanding zero tolerance of harassment led to thousands of women across all industries' echoing those appeals. First and foremost, it has shown the strength of solidarity and sisterhood.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174238-4-en	9efc0b4347f62f995b265c0e4f334ad6	From the forest sector, data from Honduras show that it was 75% cheaper to produce and transport illegal wood than legal wood (Wells et al, 2007). One study estimated that illegal timber depresses global prices of timber by between 7% and 16%, costing US exporters at least USD 460 million a year (Seneca Creek Associates and Wood Resources International, 2004). Illegal harvesters are also able to free-ride on the efforts of those who are striving to manage a resource sustainably, for example, those fishing illegally from managed fisheries or in conservation areas, so increasing the costs for legitimate operators. Examples would be damage to equipment because of the use of poor-quality ODS counterfeit products, or the costs of remediation after the illegal dumping of waste.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	9efc304af0d40afd9ab6f6aa926fc255	It is likely, then, that a University or private contractor will be needed to carry out such an evaluation. Nevertheless, the lack of a national HTA institute stands in marked contrast to most other OECD countries and renewed effort is needed to consider how one could be established, especially given current fiscal constraints. New initiatives focussing on reducing the prevalence of smoking, excess weight and harmful alcohol consumption, and initiatives focussed early in the life course on children, adolescents and families are especially important in the Czech context.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	9efd88d43e8b47ac5933d4930c947910	Other unmet traveller needs include poor levels of infrastructure, the high cost of rental transport and the limited availability of readily consumable information relating to travel within Timor-Leste. While this still represents a small share of overall GDP, it ranks closely behind coffee as the third largest sector. The country’s geographical neighbour, the Northern Territory in Australia, reports an annual visitor economic value added of close to $1.5 billion, and neighbouring Indonesia reports a total economic value added of $9.1 billion annually. Timor-Leste has pristine reefs, unspoiled hillsides and a compelling national story. Peeling away even a tiny fraction of the 4 million holidaymakers who visit nearby Bali each year could make a big difference in the country’s fortunes.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	9efecd5443ba99a9ee8c41337c296d38	But regions remain restricted by the loss of the “general competence clause” and the principle that no government can exert oversight over other governments where it lacks clear jurisdiction. Both France and Austria have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics. France’s Territorial Conferences for Public Action focus on dialogue between regions and local authorities and are open to a range of thematic areas whereas the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning assembles representatives from all levels of government and is specifically targeted to address spatial planning issues. They were established (mandated) as part of the MAPTAM law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities (including EPCI) and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	9f01184caef748f01deda5934555eac1	Turkey’s conditional support to farmers based on crop and irrigation choices (Box 4) may show the case of a medium scope of reform, a low scope of action and high government involvement. Source: Authors’ own work. Implementing water and agriculture policy changes as part of a holistic water policy change differs from dedicated changes in policies addressing specific agriculture and water issues. Reforms associated with significant changes in institutions and governance systems will require different engagement than those that will focus on revising existing policies.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/00287855-en	9f05cf460e1667ff4a64ad7deb9a64dc	These calls have been motivated by concerns that some forms of support may complicate sustainable fisheries resources management by promoting overcapacity and overfishing. This was motived by the view that often commercial fisheries are exploited, potentially exploited by more than one nation, either because fishermen from more than one country operate in the same area or because the fish migrate from one jurisdiction to another. As a result, fisheries subsidies may not have just an impact on trade, but an additional effect of hindering a trading partner’s ability to produce fish products if one country subsidises its fisheries to the extent that the resource is diminished.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9f0d9f88f6c364618a5759dd435bbb99	Raised income levels subsequent to welfare reform, both for those in and out of work, may therefore be expected to have a positive effect on children. A review of the evidence on welfare reform and child outcomes in the United States (Waldfogel, 2007) concludes that those most vulnerable to doing poorly as a result of policy changes are the very young (under age two) and adolescents. Detrimental effects are most likely to occur where there are no gains in income, when mothers are working in low-wage or long-hour jobs, or jobs which reduce the amount of parents’ time with children (such as jobs with non-standard work hours or long commutes). The evidence has largely supported investment in early years’ services with Cunha and Heckman (2005) arguing that early intervention to break the link between poverty in childhood and outcomes in later life is crucial because of the way skills are developed: “skill begets skill, and learning begets more learning. Early advantages accumulate, just as early disadvantages do”. While later interventions may still be worthwhile, it is much more costly to intervene to affect outcomes for teenagers.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	9f0fb8fa9b88909b6d8a4643131c9ee5	Fourth, the coverage of Indigenous scholarship programmes is low. Also, Chile provides resources for the implementation of programmes that promote school enrolment and attendance in rural and remote areas. In particular, scholarships (Becas de integracion territorial) are offered to students finishing their basic education so they can continue into upper secondary education.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/02e538fc-en	9f1036420d9246be431f71783db20a23	Men in the Kitchen” is an opportunity for them to develop their own skills and assume household responsibilities. Women and girls may be reluctant to have men and boys engage in housework, for fear or losing the limited responsibility they have in the home. Women and girls can also internalise gender stereotypes on which tasks are socially acceptable for women or men, making them resistant to change. Thus, as Hopem’s experience shows, real redistribution of domestic responsibilities requires rethinking restrictive gender roles by and for both women and men.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	9f110719cf2079042a3c3134847a1e02	Functioning can be measured across a range of domains, including sensory, mobility, cognition, psychological, communication and the upper body. Disability measures are also included in this level, as they combine functioning with information about the environment to describe the extent to which all citizens can fully participate in society. The Budapest Initiative and the Washington Group are developing measures of functional status.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	9f14bdef685f808b7204e52e5f5c33ee	First, they can manage their country’s integration into GVCs in such a way as to raise its developmental impact, by embedding GVCs in the country’s overall development strategy, building domestic productive capacities, implementing a strong environmental, social and governance framework and synergizing trade and investment policies and institutions (UNCTAD, 2013b: 175-210). Authorities need to negotiate with foreign investors in order to obtain the creation of domestic linkages and technology transfer to local firms, since international integration through GVCs and FDI have a lasting developmental effect only when they are complemented by continuous technological capability-building by participating domestic firms (so as to avoid being locked into labour-intensive, lower-productivity activities). Policies should also target the creation of linkages with other domestic firms that can learn and upgrade through these linkages.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9f1b7257ab977d345a60971940db5ec1	Due to the infeed of low marginal cost electricity, the supply curve shifts to the right, with a significant decrease of the number of hours in which peak-and medium-load technologies are marginal. This results in lower spot and average electricity prices and in a reduction of infra-marginal rent for base- and medium-load technologies. The former effect affects mainly peak-load type of generators, while the latter is more relevant for base- and medium-load generators.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js4rfh5gtbq-en	9f1c9b1f105b8a92d570ea9346b72880	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The first part assesses basic characteristics of female entrepreneurship in India, while the subsequent sections analyse key determinants of female entrepreneurship based on the literature, and test their importance at the state level in India with the support of regressions on panel-data.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	9f1dde757ffdda07ee21f2603b2c973a	New estimates indicate that 200 million women and girls living today have undergone female genital mutilation, even though the majority of men and women oppose the practice in many countries where it is performed.30 Acid attacks against women are a heinous form of violence common in communities where patriarchal gender orders are used to justify violence against women. In the last 15 years more than 3,300 acid-throwing attacks have been recorded in Bangladesh, Colombia, Pakistan, Uganda and the United Kingdom.31 The true number is likely much higher because many cases go unrecorded. More than 250 million people worldwide face discrimination solely on the basis of caste or inherited status.35 In Viet Nam there are gaps between the capabilities of ethnic or linguistic minorities and the Kinh-Hoa majority.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264188617-en	9f2051adbd7c151c004edf9ecac9a947	The first aspect concerns the adaptation of the demand curve. As discussed earlier, smart grids have the capabilities to provide flexible load curves, through demand response, demand shifting and integration of storage. The key question here also relates to the potential, and to which extent this potential might be used in a geographic wide setting. At this moment, smart grids projects are in a piloting phase, so the full potential of demand response and demand shifting is not yet clear.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	9f229092d736c9d8a292a144af35d59d	Customers can easily compare the data of different suppliers using the ERSE website and freely switch supplier. Impoundment of water in a dam exacerbates water pollution from agriculture and domestic and industrial wastewater (Chapter 3). In the early 2000s, all reservoirs were classified as at least moderately polluted. River Douro reservoirs were the most problematic.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	9f23d08ba3d6fdcd1c30a83f1945bdbe	The only ridership growth has taken place in Chicago’s central neighbourhoods (Metropolitan Planning Council, 2013). Although the regional comprehensive plan “GO TO 2040” adopted the goal of doubling public transport ridership by 2040 as a means of increasing mobility and creating more liveable communities, some parallel policies at various government levels are stimulating car use. Such policies include generous parking policies, a gas tax that is relatively low' from an international perspective, and the lack of congestion charges or parking fees in most areas.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	9f249ba1bcdf1431d5cb2c6fe5678c1c	Defining what constitutes a “green job” definitively has proven difficult. A wide range of definitions have been proposed that range from being very narrow and specific, such as the Eurostat definition of eco-industries (i.e. industries producing environmental goods and services) to more broader industry classifications that also encompass industries that are dependent on environmental resources and environmental quality, such as those developed by the United Nations and the ILO. This disparity in definitions also produces a disparity in job numbers.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	9f299440804ae73822fa9cbf8467199a	They have also conducted a variety of research projects pertaining to the status of women and girls. For instance, the National Commission for Lebanese Women initiated a campaign to lobby for legal reform in the field of economic rights and published a study on women’s rights in Lebanese law. Morocco is often cited for its commitment to gender-responsive budgeting. It releases an annual budgetary report that provides all details about its spending disaggregated by sex, and recently went a step further with an Organic Law of Finance (2014) that enshrines gender equality as a key principle in the objectives and performance indicators of the Moroccan national budget.51 Moreover, Egypt has created an Equal Opportunities Unit within its Ministry of Finance, and Palestine has formed a National Committee to oversee the development of more gender-responsive budgets in the future.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	9f2a1943695803097434a23843d7fb79	However, adults seen at primary practices with the attributes of a PCMH - where clinicians are accessible, know patients’ medical history, and help co-ordinate care - rated their care higher and were less likely to experience co-ordination gaps or report medical errors. The conclusion supports the need for redesigning primary care, developing care teams accountable across sites of care, and managing transitions well. Primary care is at the centre of the care system in Sweden, and well positioned and qualified to take on such a role.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e6252c36-en	9f2b7401eb8d91e04702762a3ff75108	Plastic litter in the ocean can be considered a ‘common concern of humankind'. The Background section describes the rationale for the report, noting that marine plastic litter is a global concern, and summarises the UNEA process. This is placed within the context of existing governance frameworks, at international and regional scales, and linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals under Agenda 2030.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	9f2c1d0f62ff5664ea1415590ddc7d3c	Previous research shows that when schools utilise a dynamic priority structure (“soft bounds”), it allows them to admit fewer or more students than their ceiling. As long as students with the highest priority are given their optimal choice, this is more beneficial for the overall welfare for all types of students than hard bounds, which strictly limit the number of accepted students for each type. As opposed to hard bounds, soft bounds do no commit schools to achieve a balance among the different types of students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	9f2c386813966a98beafb9f4afb27569	The Code also allows for special conditions of employment for workers employed by contractors on labour intensive projects, including the use of task-based payment systems, and the setting of payments for tasks based on consideration of the local going rate for unskilled labour. It limits the duration of employment under these special conditions and provides PWP workers with an entitlement to training. The Code of Good Practice therefore establishes a PWP employment framework based on a concept of PWPs as a mechanism for providing unemployed people with a combination of work experience and training.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	9f2d9daa2a24c67adcf006e4b4c0762f	Crop losses are also higher for female-headed households in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, amounting to 10 per cent of total rice production, compared with 4 per cent for male-headed households (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Globally, FAO (2011) estimates suggest that providing women with the same access to productive resources as men could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent, raising total agricultural output by 2.5-4 per cent. This suggests an important distinction between gender inequalities that arise directly from gender norms and what might be called contingent inequalities — those which arise indirectly from the interaction between the resulting disadvantages and those due to poverty. They may, on average, have more limited educational opportunities because of gender biases in household decision-making and/or differential provision.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	9f2edc87a34a916c46f5b04fcb863ada	"It is for public authorities to adapt these operational enabiers to their respective circumstances. When implemented, these enabiers result in better outcomes for patterns of land use, inequality reduction, and improvements in urban form, increasing compactness and walkability. Together, these seven enabiers are “how"" in this process."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/09073bb8-en	9f2f05e6c80c22ff692267b75c914441	The project continued in 2009, when containers were placed in an additional 28 locations. Currently, in Podgorica and the urban municipalities of Tuzi and Golubovci, 262 containers for separate waste collection are spread over 104 locations. Collected waste is transported to the regional recycling centre at landfill Livade, where it is treated.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	9f2f1276f935f9fc25bc8892b66f47a9	"Health Affairs 29 (4): 1-7. Productivity Measurement Issues in Services Industries: ""Baumol's Disease"" Has Been Cured. Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-Term View. Principles of Good Practice for Decision Analytic Modeling in Health-Care Evaluation: Report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices—Modeling Studies."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298781-en	9f30b5954b80dc7c98edfdbdfd5f8095	Preparatory work is done by specially trained teachers who closely co-operate with PES counselors working in the BIZ. The visits include a presentation of PES services for young people, including an emphasis on the importance of starting to think about career choices early on. Opportunities for second chance education and flexible education pathways are needed. Given that Norwegian employers often complain of significant problems in recruiting young people (Challenge 7), it is important that all of Norway's skills potential is being developed, activated and used.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/db521e55-en	9f32afbafdaa26dd263425ea10a6e607	"He visited Patagonia, Chile, and Antarctica where he stressed, in the backdrop of fast-melting ice, that ""all this may be gone, and not in the distant future, unless we act, together now"".75 In Antarctica, he launched the ""Caring for Climate"" initiative, convened by the UN Global Compact, the UNFCCC Secretariat and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), meant to galvanize also business leaders to generate solutions. In 2008, he formed his Climate Change Support Team (CCST), a small unit located inside the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, to provide political, analytical, strategic communication and outreach support on climate change. This team reported directly to the Secretary-General and, beginning in 2008, provided him with neutral, unbranded advice on engaging with Heads of State and Government, leaders from the corporate, finance and investor communities, religious faiths, the global scientific community and civil society. Both Summits attracted more than 100 Heads of State and Government and raised climate change to the top rungs of the global agenda. You need to set an agenda—a road map to a more secure climate future, coupled with a tight timeline that produces a deal by 2009""."	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	9f34ebdc015049ac23c6fa2abd4f8b09	In addition to this, school-based homework clubs or teacher-supervised study time could help those with insufficient home support. Research evidence shows positive effects of organised summer schools offering remedial or enrichment activities. Students’ regular attendance, parental involvement and programme design are the key predictive factors of success of such programmes (Gromada and Shewbridge, 2016).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	9f36e17d8c2819d742edf20620fa24d4	Improve co-operation between the PES, the Social Insurance Agency and the education system. Collective Bargaining Wages in Comparative Perspective: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom, Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution ”, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, No. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a8190975-en	9f389915c6a1687829767ea99169c94f	It then examines women's gains in control over resources across diverse regional settings, focusing in particular on labour market earnings and productive assets. This shows that progress has been uneven across countries, as well as within them, and identifies some of the constraints that stand in women's way. The chapter then looks at marital property and inheritance regimes and the gap between women and men in terms of asset ownership.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	9f3ac42ac9ab1154bf178e67c8a0e58f	For example, several tariffs in the EU are indexed to inflation and adjusted on an annual basis. In the UK retail price index (which includes the price of electricity in its basket) indexation exists on the renewable obligation certificate (ROC) system (onshore wind farms receive 1 certificate, offshore 2) - though this is likely to be grandfathered into a new structure (feed-in tariff with a contract for difference FiT CfD). In projects where specific inflation protection is not provided, high current cash flows provide a certain level of inflation protection. Finally, the assets provide a hedge to energy inflation as they have long useful lives and potentially benefit from scarcity value in the future (i.e. fewer desirable wind/solar sites).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	9f3c7e0bdc28dc60650e6b7d3ebb6433	Within that context, the GCC countries produce approximately half the world’s desalinated water; and Jordan, Palestine and Yemen are incorporating the desalination of seawater and brackish in their water strategies in order to augment their water supplies. Large-scale investments are already under way in Jordan and Yemen, and small household desalination units can be found in the Gaza Strip. However, some adverse environmental impacts are associated with desalination, including the discharge of hot and concentrated brine into coastal marine environments, the entrapment of aquatic creatures in plants intakes, and the production of carbon dioxide (CO2).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	9f3d6a7f2e7bf1ce2b60d42c16633fa7	World Employment and Social Outlook 2016: Trends for Youth. Available from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/ documents/publication/wcms_513739.pdf. Note 1: Diagnosing, Planning and Designing Youth Employment Interventions. Available from https://www.ilo.org/employment/areas/ youth-employment/WCMS_627307/lang—en/index.htm.	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	9f428d4573e28d383d757ef76d465ef0	There are also policies targeting land degradation and reclamation, the promotion of the protection of native birch woods and restoration of marshlands. A number of strategies have been adopted for various issues and sectors. Planning and taking into use national level biodiversity accounting could be set as a target in the next version of the NBSAP in accordance with the Aichi targets.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	9f437b439cc72a06b1781650f0b2938d	"Respondents can be asked about their husband s or partner’s experience of witnessing domestic violence in their family of origin. If this topic is positioned towards the end of the questionnaire, it can be approached in an abbreviated form. There is no need for the level of detail used to measure intimate partner violence; rather, interviewers can define what is meant by such terms as “violence” or “assault"" by referring back to earlier sections of the questionnaire."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e237bee-en	9f43b850b85db4b362352b8050ab6482	The women and the landless labourers seem to have more limited traditional knowledge of soil properties and management practices than farmers. Among farming households men possess deeper understanding and more knowledge of the soil properties than women. Of the men, the farmers who are forty years old and above have in-depth knowledge of soil properties and soil fertility management techniques. This is mainly due to the division of labour in which soil management is the sole activity and responsibility of men. Hence social norms define the experiences of individuals and groups, and develop a framework for interpreting experiences. With regard to age, the introduction of modern technologies, access to external inputs and government policies play an inevitable role in practising traditional knowledge.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	9f44b041217a4b34b9f2709f39c32491	The relevant provisions on farmers’ rights are set out in Box 4 below. In the context of ABS and TK, it is important to note that the farmers' rights as codified in the ITPGRFA deal with benefit sharing but not with access aspects. During the ITPGRFA negotiations it was argued by some parties that farmers’ rights should also cover free access to and exchange of IP-protected plant material as acknowledgement of farmers' contribution to the creation of the existing diversity of plant genetic material without which modem plant breeding could not exist.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	9f45a446623d09c9f586d70d28da831e	As county-level governments’ information systems improve, a better design of the dibao policy will become increasingly feasible. Simulations by Golan et al. ( Nevertheless, this depends on the quality of targeting for additional beneficiaries, highlighting the importance of administrative systems that allow payments to be channelled to those most in need.	2	8	1	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	9f45c6bac2f0d1f3a622264009cd833d	First, within the ICT sector itself, governments should focus upon removing policies that prevent competition and limit innovation. Instead they need to encourage and facilitate the introduction of innovative ICT-based products and solutions. Second, in non-ICT sectors of the economy (agriculture, health, energy, transportation, commerce, etc.).	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9f4608b42b20099ba66fe8180fcb1db0	Penang has strong public health and medical facilities, buttressed by international level private sector establishments. Private sector initiative and partnerships have contributed to medical tourism in Malaysia which, in 2006, brought in USD 59 million, with Penang attracting 70% of this revenue (Kharas et. The Penang Health Association (representing a group of private hospitals) as well as good communication and travel facilities, low cost of services and availability of good accommodation have contributed to the growth of medical tourism.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ae18b798-en	9f47dcb2449f164f53cb7a171ca53c4f	This figure drops to 38% for the at-risk population and to 23% for those who are not at risk of poverty. The opposite is true for the age group of 50 years and over, which accounts for about 12% for the poor population but 27% of the members of the population group that is not at risk of poverty. This percentage diminishes as income levels rise to the point where only 14% of the group classified as “not at risk” have not completed this level of education. The largest category in the group of non-indigent poor and those at risk of becoming poor is made up of those who have completed primary school but have not completed their secondary education (about 45% in each of these groups).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	9f486c8def3d9883bd73bf5001568745	In Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the United States (until 2014), health insurance coverage is voluntary at least for a part of the population. In Chile, employees in the formal sector must enrol in a health insurance plan and pay 7% of their monthly income or pension for coverage. They can choose to enrol with the public insurance fund, called Fonasa, which covers around 76% of the population or with one of the thirteen private health insurance funds (Isapres). Seven private funds are competing in an open market, while others are associated with public enterprises and their employees.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	9f48c6434f5483fefbb3bd15a5aff711	As with international funding mechanisms, capacity - both technical and operational - remains an overarching challenge in many contexts (UNDP, 2015). A number of countries have started making headway in strengthening their investment appraisal mechanisms to integrate climate change (Box 27). Dedicated climate finance should support the strengthening of national systems and capacity for mainstreaming. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for a given policy is recalculated capturing the impact and associated costs of climate change.	13	0	8	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	9f49ffb42e14f560d326f7852bdd2d0e	In fact, these references reinforce the idea of work as being paid work outside of the home. As discussed above, the CEDAW Committee has tried to address this gap in the Convention in two general recommendations. The second focuses on measuring and valuing women’s unremunerated domestic activities in national accounts (CEDAW Committee 1991b), but it fails to consider mechanisms to address the imbalance between women and men in the household or to remunerate women for such work.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	9f4f1a73b2befe574708dcba2409843b	For example, some women’s activities and contribution to the economy and society are not adequately captured in statistics if old concepts of work and labour force, which do not take into account all forms of work, are used (see, for example, the section entitled “Work” in chapter II). For example, gender statistics in agriculture should be based on an adequate coverage of all agricultural holdings, including smallholdings, where women are predominant; should include information on farm labour disaggregated by sex, age and other social and economic characteristics; and should cover aspects of management and ownership of agricultural resources at the most disaggregated level possible, such as the subholding and individual levels. Furthermore, new concepts and new methods of data collection should be used for the production of gender statistics. For example, recent methodological developments in time-use surveys and violence against women surveys and changes towards more comprehensive statistics in national accounts so that unpaid work is covered should be integrated in the production of national statistics.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	9f514a6545a5682fc8b1ce7b5e77cf7c	Informal jobs display lower earnings quality, higher insecurity and lower quality of the working environment (as captured by a higher incidence of long hours). Accordingly, the chapter examines workers’ transitions into and out of informality. This analysis, which helps to clarify the role of informal jobs in social mobility and potential persistent effects on workers’ careers, is limited to four countries for which the necessary data are available (urban China, urban Colombia, South Africa and Hirkey). This finding casts doubt on the hypothesis that informality constitutes a reliable stepping stone towards better jobs. This suggests some workers may become trapped in a vicious circle, cycling between informal jobs and non-standard (lower-quality) formal jobs.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	9f558449a519cd2b24170e1c223c5145	However, these potential economic gains must be balanced against the possible environmental costs. Road and rail development can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Increased traffic on new roads increases air pollution, which can affect health negatively. Even when the infrastructure is in place, operation also requires funding.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	9f580321dc279143c87840a94ed80bb9	Alfonso Echazarra, Analyst, Early Childhood and Schools Division (alfonso ,echazarra@oecd .org). The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	9f5c6e8a44dcbed7de133a6a4c1a9007	Kerekere is a form of reciprocity in which one may ask neighbours, friends and relatives for goods and services to meet one’s basic socio-economic needs, or for the purpose of fulfilling certain social obligations (Ratuva, 2006). Some of these customs are traditions, such as the utu (extended family), karekare (taking turns at joint work with non-utu members), te aiai (sharing fire), bubuti (the requesting of gifts based on family relationships), te Katabetabe (burden sharing, especially at funerals) and tekaonono (sharing food with people outside the utu). The Mata (chiefly title) system in Samoa that controls all local government is a traditional, well-organized social protection system.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	9f5d21103a9f9b9d80a941d46dc63e10	The boundaries between catastrophic and non-catastrophic risks are not well defined but are related to the insurability of the risks and the capacity to cope in the absence of policy measures. On the demand side, theoretical results show that a risk-averse individual is willing to insure both low and high probability events (Eeckhoudt and Gollier, 1999). However, it is highly debatable that expected utility is the most appropriate framework to capture risk aversion behaviour for low probability high losses events.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32ea1505-en	9f5d6e1692e5adac7a7b9fae6f8043cc	In Ethiopia, for example, 22.2 per cent of rural women are engaged in non-farm activities, compared with 16.4 per cent of men (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 48 per cent of the household members involved in non-farm activities are women, the great majority (77 per cent) of them working in wholesale and retail trade (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Artisanal agroprocessing is a traditionally female occupation in many countries; and agro-industrial processing of high-value products such as fish, flowers and livestock products exhibits a marked occupational pattern by gender, characterized by predominantly female employment (table 4,4) and significant occupational segregation by sex.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	9f5ef76f01028250226873335b4143b0	The third section discusses issues around the extension the coverage of social protection benefits among elderly citizens considering pensions, non-contributory benefits as well as the Singaporean provident fund. Section 2.4 looks at the ADB ’s Social Protection Indicator to glean some insight in the extent to which richer and poorer countries devote resources to social expenditure and whether or not they are able to reach potential beneficiaries. This discussion illustrates the importance of different components of social spending (e.g., social insurance, social assistance, and active labour market programmes); and, the poverty and gender dimensions of distributional impacts of social spending. Still, that is only a third of the OECD average at 21% of GDP. Relatively low prosperity levels in the past, the prevalence of informal employment and small shares of senior populations have so far curbed the growth of social expenditure in most Asian countries.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	9f612579df6a3636a98f47592f662380	Similarly, 84% of entrants to tertiary-type B institutions graduate, compared to the OECD average of 62%. Japan fell from first in mathematics in 2000 to sixth (among OECD countries) in 2006, from second to third in science and from eighth to 12th in reading comprehension. Australia has a Child Care Benefit (CCB), a voucher given to families to help with the cost of care. It varies with family income, the number of children in childcare centres and the type of care received.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d1d16df5-en	9f6435e9ee0574fdf091909d6847936f	Tier 3 requires 365 kWh per household per year for households to meet most electrical needs for eight hours a day. With improved energy efficient appliances, such as light emitting diode (LED) technology, this demand is expected to drop further. For example, the cost of a standard package of 36skWh per year should not be more than 5 per cent of a household’s income.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	9f6733b2467bb022ff7462bb21b2ba1f	In this context, a gender impact assessment was introduced in 2004. In 2011, Korea adopted the Gender Impact Assessment Act, which applies to all laws, decrees, and projects of the central and local governments. Existing guidelines have also been revised to ensure that the gender impact assessments are applied to new government activities.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f47faf05-en	9f691f4d69fedebad2fb98c1f249b5b0	Other environmentally important polluting substances are emitted to air beyond GHGs and ODSs. The most important are the different fractions of PM, which is an air pollutant consisting of mixed solid (i.e., dust) and liquid particles suspended in the air. Furthermore, the particulate material contains different chemical elements and compounds that can be harmful beyond the potential impact of dust. For example, PM can contain chemical constituents such as sulphates, nitrates and ammonium.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	9f69d58026e667026bda787d59976364	Action in the energy sector to ensure sustainability is tied very closely with action on climate change. There are many co-benefits of climate change action that flow to the energy sector, which include access to clean and safe sources of energy and ensuring climate-resilient infrastructure. If the identified responses, solutions and contributions to combating climate change (NDCs) can be financed and implemented at the same time as extending access to energy to all of their populations, Commonwealth Pacific small states will achieve real independence through energy and economic security. Building local employment capacity to undertake these tasks, and reducing the need for imports, especially through local food production, will also assist in strengthening the economy and reducing fuel import bills.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	9f6a3f42d0f62ea0c082091d17c78457	In most countries, average salt consumption is considerably higher than the recommended level (Brown et al., In the United States, for example, average salt intake has been estimated to be in excess of 10 grams a day in males and 7 grams for females (Bibbins-Domingo et al., Modelling studies have shown that, in the United States alone, a modest reduction of three grams in daily salt can reduce the annual number strokes by 32 000 to 66 000, and myocardial infarction by 54 000 to 99 000 (Bibbins-Domingo et al.,	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	9f6a8984373877fb4f7d88767c251bfe	They find that over the short-run, higher unemployment is associated with lower overall mortality, but high unemployment over longer periods of time is associated with higher mortality. Data from the state of Pennsylvania reveals that the impact of a job loss on mortality rates persist for 20 years after the event with an estimated loss in life expectancy of 1.0—1.5 years for a worker displaced at age forty (Sullivan and Von Wachter. On the one hand, economic recessions can lead to higher health care needs, particularly in areas such as mental health which may, in turn, lead to higher health care utilisation.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	9f6ad590f8fb98ed7b11cfe056c66a31	Accordingly, there is a need for meaningful curricula, intercultural and bilingual education and initiatives for involving the families of excluded children and young people (UNESCO, 2000) in view of the enormous weight of the family environment in determining the relationship between family members and education. The social and economic returns from investing in early childhood education are vital (UNESCO, 2010a). The focus on early childhood education in recent years led to the World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education held in Moscow in 2010, providing a comprehensive approach to the developmental needs of children in this stage of life.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	9f6d9da288323150e43a14134ac5c036	While these programmes were not intended to directly target agricultural pollution of the Bay, indirectly they have had a number of beneficial impacts on water quality in the Bay. Most significantly has been the decline in soil erosion on cropland and pasture attributed to conservation compliance under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) (OECD, 2011b). Also expenditure on the Environmental Quality and Incentive Program (EQIP) has been increased rapidly over recent years (Figure 1.4), with more than half the programme’s funding directed at water quality conservation and managing livestock manure (Shortle et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	9f71eb2f0eb213d0cd137a408a4731fb	Not only do students with emotional or behavioural problems have a high risk of never obtaining an upper-secondary education qualification (Johnston et al., School-based mental health interventions can take a variety of forms, ranging from whole-school programmes to promote mental well-being, initiatives to improve teachers’ and school staffs’ mental health literacy, co-location of multidisciplinary teams to targeted interventions focussing on at-risk students. Given the strong links between bullying and students’ mental well-being, some innovative anti-bullying programmes have also been developed (see Box 3.2).	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	9f73af1959b3a81f8ba64ba876803766	Cross-subsidies for both energy producers and consumers are another widespread mechanism. In Georgia, for instance, electricity producers sell electricity to the grid at differentiated tariffs that ensure lower costs to end consumers, but in practice provide cross-subsidies from cheap hydropower generation to higher-cost natural gas generation. Another example is Belarus, where commercial consumers of natural gas, electricity and heat pay a premium in the tariff put in place to cross-subsidise the tariff for households. Furthermore, heat tariff for households is cross-subsidised not just through the higher heat tariffs for commercial users, but also through tariff for electricity, since Belarus co-generates a lot of its heat and electricity.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9f77b8fa48929b28b0edcc09a23bacd5	Another processing plant located in Karaganda region purchases cattle only from local households and individual farms and does not use imported meat. The processor has responded proactively, buying from households and individual farms and collecting cattle in his own vehicles which carry 10-30 heads, but he also buys meat through intermediaries (as in the short supply chain above). However, he considers his cattle collection to be costly compared to a situation if bigger catchment areas and bigger lots could be developed, leading to lower per unit transportation costs.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	9f77d4fff245fdebb65721457dde7b84	Important considerations when developing a questionnaire on violence against women include the length of the completed interview, the mode of interviewing, the need for skip and filter questions, the importance of establishing a rapport with respondents, the wording and order of questions, including multiple opportunities to disclose, the need to ensure respondent safety and the importance of minimizing emotional trauma. This questionnaire can be expanded and/or adapted for individual country contexts and used as a dedicated survey. Questionnaire development begins with qualitative research, in which survey managers review the relevant studies on violence against women in order to assess the primary policy and research issues that a survey on violence against women could help to address.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	9f7c7b440cd2989697089855d65732e1	Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation” (Department of Health, 1999) reconfirmed mental health as a key priority for the NHS, and set a target to reduce suicide and death from undetermined injuries associated with mental ill health by a fifth. The National Service Framework for Mental health in adults of working age published in 1999 was a 10-year strategy, resulting in a significant growth in community mental health provision with the development of early intervention, assertive outreach, crisis intervention and home treatment approaches and community “teams”. The first mental health act in England, the County Asylum Act, was passed in 1808, and was followed by the Lunacy Acts of 1845, 1890 and 1891.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	9f7dbfdd405f9f7527b86b0635332227	This has been especially effective in creating jobs and contributing to poverty reduction in some LDCs (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti and Lesotho) and several ODCs (including Viet Nam). Typically, these activities have the additional benefits of raising female participation in the labour force. By providing women with better-paid jobs, these new activities free them from subsistence activities, informal low-productivity activities or inactivity.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	9f7dcb2a5282704f61a2ef5e93f5a5fe	At the national level, macroprudential policies can prevent the financial system from becoming dangerously fragile. Ideally, a gender analysis of national budgets should also examine fiscal policy at the aggregate level: total spending, total revenues and deficit financing. The Ministry of Finance has developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid along five indicators.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	9f7ed0465196e40c3ee82033f92326cf	However, there is a motherhood wage penalty in the case of informal workers; the predicted natural log of the hourly wage is 1.15 pesos for non-mothers and 0.98 pesos for mothers. The positive wage gap of 0.16 in favour of nonmothers is significant, and almost the entire difference (75%) is significantly unexplained or associated with possible discrimination. Thus, these findings bear out the original hypothesis of a motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector, and most of this penalty is attributable to discrimination or unobserved factors.17 It is also worth noting that this 0.16 differential in the informal sector is at the upper end of the distribution of the motherhood wage penalty estimates reported above.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	9f7f2b10db9f1de31f792f0c5917b709	Student selection and sorting may also create stereotypes and stigmas that could eventually affect student engagement and learning. Vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older; horizontal stratification refers to differences in instruction within a grade or education level. School systems determine which specific programmes to offer (vocational or academic, for example), the age at which students are admitted into these programmes, and the extent to which students' academic records are used to select students for their schools.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	9f82e353b92a3556c1a940873d5da1aa	In 2015, Sudan was removed from the “black list” of the Financial Action Task Force, an international financial-fraud monitoring body located at the OECD. However, the continued difficulties of processing international banking transactions may fuel informal transfers, contribute to exchange-rate distortion, and reduce fiscal revenues. In urban areas, job creation is above average and the poverty rate is less than half of the national average.	11	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264089457-en	9f8b660229f0ba1e59483e8da0ebba7d	Stronger partnerships between tertiary education institutions and industrial associations could stimulate innovation in the modes of delivery of education and training. This would require transparent pathways between different levels of education and also between higher education institutions. In Penang, there is a lack of pathways between higher education institutions on the one hand, and between higher education institutions and vocational institutions.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	9f8fbb39ce15fca91b289bd548f76e18	The first category consists of 13 developed countries with old-age poverty rates lower than the OECD overall average (below 10 per cent) among older persons. These countries include The Netherlands (1.7 per cent). The Czech Republic (3.6 per cent), Canada (4.9 per cent), France (5.3 per cent), Poland (7.7 per cent), Norway (8.0 per cent) and Italy (8.9 per cent). In the majority of these countries, the poverty rate for older people is lower than or the same as the poverty rate for the whole population (figure 5.7).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	9f8fd4f3c920dbcb3dfc82657aa5510e	Price-information systems established by national governments, for instance with respect to West African cereals markets, are of varying data quality and timeliness, rarely include information from markets in neighbouring countries and are not typically available to the private sector in user-friendly, market-supporting ways that alleviate inequality of access to price information. Smallholders failing to access publicly available information on market prices typically establish contacts through mobile phones for undifferentiated low-quality commodities (USAID, 2011). However, new technologies, in particular the increasing coverage and decreasing cost of mobile phones25, contribute significantly in overcoming those constraints, especially in more remote markets and those without paved roads.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	9f9164ed4405a1e4ec7e549dada6d7c5	"They are unable to determine, however, whether the effect of equity on the distribution of growth stems from the boost given to earnings by the relatively low wages paid to women (whose entry into the workforce may lower average wages and, hence, reduce what is known as the “efficiency wage""). Whether or not increases in women workers' productivity will actually translate into unbiased wage increases will depend on structural aspects of the economy and its institutions which may reduce or heighten women's wage bargaining power. Employment gaps, in the presence of lower wages for women, can reduce growth because the opportunity for using cheaper labour as a competitive advantage is lost (Seguino, 2000)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	9f9414107b39d57f2649430bd4bb5a1c	The expenditure per student is relatively high compared to other countries, both at the primary and lower secondary level (see Figure 2.1). In 2012, the most recent comparison available, the expenditure per student was 32.8% and 30.8% above the OECD and EU21 averages for primary education, and 19% and 14.1% above the averages of the OECD and EU21 areas for lower secondary education. Although primary and lower secondary education are typically provided under the same roof in the Folkeskole, expenditures are slightly higher at the lower secondary level than at the primary level, presumably because of longer school days for students at the lower secondary level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	9f94aa603a496f841d3ef305b7241663	It is essential for lighting, heating and cooking, as well as for education, modern health treatment and productive activities. Yet 1.6 billion people lack such access, and more than half of all people living in developing countries rely on the combustion of traditional biomass (e.g. wood) to meet their basic energy needs for cooking and heating. Lack of access to modern energy sources is both the result and the cause of poverty, as it exacerbates and perpetuates poverty.	7	0	8	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	9f95b8659e24890de02db4dd05995631	Educational lag is costly for the education systems of the region. Even bearing in mind that several countries have automatic promotion systems for the first few grades, by 9-11 years of age there is already a significant percentage of children who are two or more years behind the grade they should be in (see figure II.3. According to UNESCO, in the period 2007-2008 the overall percentage of repeaters for all primary education grades was 3.8% and the drop-out rates for grades one through six were 3.7%, 1.7%, 2.0%, 1.5% and 2.8% respectively (UNESCO, 2010b). In 2006-2007, nearly 3 million children were not in school. Primary education completion rates are 96% in urban areas but only 85% in rural areas.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	9f9952a3367149c6008e8141998cf196	The latter are higher than those found in electricity sector modelling, since abatement costs outside the electricity sector will be significantly higher. The question is, however, whether they can be more than four times higher since electrification remains an option for the majority of uses of fossil fuel combustion. Here, future modelling work and empirical studies will be required to bridge the gap. Neither the discussions about the social cost of carbon, nor the discussions about the marginal cost of abatement according to a politically chosen quantity target are anywhere near to conclusion.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	9f9a60b3642f48df9f172e801f36e62d	Prima facie, the fact that the average number of acute-care beds per capita is relatively low while the average occupancy rate in Israeli hospitals (98% in 2008) is among the highest in the OECD area suggests that the hospital sector is efficient in this dimension (Figure 2.11). However, the fact that the Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom consider an occupancy rate of 85% as an appropriate limit is perhaps a sign that bed occupancy in Israel may have been pushed too far. In addition, press reports citing instances of overcrowding, such as patient beds being located in corridors, are fairly frequent.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	9f9bddba83463484e16c619bf6edac35	To help do so, this section follows the typology presented in Chapter 1, which distinguishes between five country profiles: (i) fragile and conflict-affected states, (ii) rural youth employment challenges in fragile contexts, (iii) countries with development momentum, (iv) transitioning countries, and (v) aspirational destinations. The premise is that countries in these different categories have different priorities in terms of what they need to continue along their path of economic development, and this will inform how they deal with migration. The discussion begins with the policies that are relevant to developing countries with large agricultural bases, where rural migration for economic reasons is the most common, and which also constitute a major source of international migrants originating from rural areas.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	9f9c5d33d56433e10e83d5ec9af47094	This performance information could be used to improve programmes or redefine minimum standards in service delivery. Central government authorities may wish to link the monitoring of performance closely to the attribution of grants, as part of the budget cycle. The experience of OECD countries suggests that linking this closely is often necessary' to make sure that funds are used as intended and that central government authorities can be made to account for the results obtained.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	9f9c7134606d9cdc9bb1f079c192c18f	Providing information on impacts and vulnerability in national communications is mandatory for Annex I Parties, and is also requested for non-Annex I Parties (UNFCCC, 2002), and an assessment of main vulnerabilities is included in NAPAs. Identifying and assessing information on climate vulnerabilities are also two suggested steps described in the technical guidelines of the NAP process (LEG, 2012). Nevertheless, country reporting on how they have gone about conducting assessments of impacts and vulnerability could help other countries learn lessons as to how to improve such assessments.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	9f9d41c219de485b74c62978bcd172dd	A breeding colony of Dalmatian Pelican, a globally threatened species, exists on Lake Skadar/Shkoder, one of only a handful of such colonies in South-Eastern Europe. Other important numbers of wetland birds include ducks, geese, waders, gulls, birds of prey, owls and passerines. The number of wintering waterbirds on the Albanian side only reaches 24,000 - 30,000 individuals.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	9f9f6adca0fc44310e504a31452b09ce	The wage structure effects combine three covariates participation, work intensity and nature of job skill. Source: OECD Secretariat calculations from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). In Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States, having more households with a female member working full-time and/or full-year was associated with a decline in the Gini coefficient of household income by between 0.6 and 1 point. In turn, in the Czech Republic and Finland the falling share of females in full-time or full-year jobs among households has resulted in a 0.4 point rise in inequality. The impact of skill changes is larger in Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, where it led to an increase of between 0.7 and 1 point in inequality.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a25027f3-en	9fa0ac9942fb447846462a162ccec594	Underpinning both approaches is the view that Government inefficiency has contributed to a wide range of macroeconomic dislocations in ESCWA member countries. One view maintains that this has happened because of excessive protectionism, misallocation of resources and the introduction of restrictions to the workings of the market, as if markets alone could be relied upon to resolve spontaneously the large disequilibria in the ESCWA labour markets. However, when compared to other developing regions, labour markets in the ESCWA region are not as rigid as they may appear.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	9fa145895c3b70fa33458511bb8f0c5b	Excreta management is gender-segregated and often racially differentiated. A 2014 Human Rights Watch report on the caste and gender profile of manual excreta cleaners in India revealed that 95% of private and village latrines were cleaned by women; both women and men cleaned open defecation from roads, open areas and open gutters, while men typically cleaned septic tanks, closed gutters and sewers (HRW 2014). These systems range from natural approaches such as the use of ponds and constructed wetlands (which are low-tech and low-maintenance) as filters and for cleaning wastewater, to high-tech vacuum biogas installations.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	9fa35bf7d3912654f88ec59c34f51f14	The highly educated in the United States, for example, have high marriage rates, few children out of wedlock, relatively few children, and high employment rates. For the less-well educated the reverse is true and policies that attempt to influence these increasingly divergent behavioural trends are will probably be of increasing importance. At the same time, labour market trends imply that inequalities will grow with jobs being increasingly polarised into those that are high- and low-skilled, and correspondingly paid. Work is also set to become increasingly insecure for many with the number of temporary and part-time jobs growing to 2030.	1	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	9fa55caddabb5b0ee0b668c7824344b2	These funds were used mainly to collaboratively disseminate technology-supported education to more (diverse) student populations. The Catalyst Initiative also provided non-financial support for collaboration including opportunities for face-to-face meetings, online communication infrastructure, training and coaching, regular monitoring, feedback and communication. Design of the HP Catalyst Initiative (cont.) The structure of the Catalyst Initiative was designed to promote collaboration for innovation in STEM+ education at three different levels. First, at the project level, the 50 Catalyst members carried out core research and development work on technology and STEM+-education. Second, at the consortium level, full and associate members were grouped together to enhance collaboration and innovation around specific themes such as informal learning, assessment or teacher professional development (Box 4.3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-5-en	9fa5e852980c2c1fb3322422b17a8838	This collaboration started years before Chile became a member of the OECD in 2010. As a part of this work, in 2004, the OECD performed a review of national policies for education and an analysis of the Chilean education system. The reviews deliver policy recommendations, which can be complemented with OECD advice on implementation.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	9fa60b2cfcbcf66186a8d01add4d7893	At the same time, a part of expenditures shown in the categories “incapacity related”, “housing” or “other social policy areas” (which includes social assistance) may provide income support to the elderly. Total social expenditure levels increased, but cash transfers for the non-elderly often did not. Hungary, Israel, Slovak Republic and Slovenia are not included in the graphs as mid-1980s data are not available for these countries.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	9fa6a8200c03161195c73c3923f8f669	The country is bordered by Russia in the North, the Caspian Sea in the West, China in the South-East, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the South, and Hirkmenistan in the South-West. The population of Kazakhstan amounted to 17 million people in 2013. A big surface and small population result in a low density of population, which was estimated at 6.2 persons per square km in 2013 (IAC, 2014).	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	9fa8d36cb782519a6c8ee7c761eb13c9	In each of these locations, the Pathways programme is delivered by a local non-profit agency with credibility and a history of working with the community1. Pathways to Education website, https://www.pathwavstoeducation.ca. The benefits of investing in early childhood education and care are seen in the performance of 15-year-olds in the PISA (OECD, 2014c).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	9fb06c8751ba3dce51777e8708711764	Previsioni di breve e lungo periodo della spesa sanitaria pubblica. Spesa sanitaria e sostenibilita fmanziaria: quale futuro? Organizzazione, govemo, regolazione, mercato. De Vincenti C, Finocchi Ghersi R, and Tardiola A edt. It is part of an annual exercise carried out by the Ministry of Economy and Finance - Department of General Accounts that uses a cell-based actuarial approach to project public spending on three components: pensions; health; and long-term care (LTC). Underlying assumptions, updating procedures, methodological improvements and results have been regularly analysed in an annual report published by the Department of General Accounts since 200017.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	9fb5a242a725711c488ccaed97f62c35	The first of these disaggregates any variation in poverty and indigence rates into two components, growth in average income (“growth effect”) and changes in the way this income is distributed (“distribution effect”). The latter involves assessing the role played by the different sources contributing to household income and paying special attention to the labour market factors accounting for changes in earnings. The growth effect was particularly important in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Honduras, where it accounted for 80% or more of the decline in poverty.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	9fb7834fe65b4f1d3c5f7e8b97e89309	Early warning systems and mechanisms for sharing information along the food value chain will be critical to the success of climate-smart agricultural development. The broad coalition of nongovernmental organizations and private corporations which signed the New York Declaration on Forests, in 2014, is one example of the catalytic role public finance can play. The coalition seeks to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by between 4.5 and 8.8 Gt annually (Conway et al, 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	9fbb6af0a7fa5439166ac4438748c511	Its purpose is to illustrate potential determinants of adolescent care. Thus, interactions between the green sphere and the inner core should be fully understood by those seeking to support adolescent-parent relationship. The lower arrow depicts changes overtime in the socio-cultural and economic environment that shape what is desirable and feasible with respect to raising adolescents. More difficult to represent, but no less important, is the variation in notions of appropriate parenting related to the child's age or life-stage as locally construed.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9fbc2646efa19fc9bce0acd356c93c94	If these meet the requirements, the commission determines the subsidies within the upper limits of subsidy rates set. Annual spending reached KZT 15.5 billion (USD 105 million) in 2011, compared to KZT 2.5 billion (USD 17 million) in 2009 (Figure 2.9). An important share of pedigree animals supplied within the programme is imported. Since 2010, imports have reached 20 000 heads per year, in addition to imports of semen from elite bulls for artificial insemination.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	9fbccdeb53a4b3bbca7ae8fd90cae6ab	Standards related to the quality of water supply services and non-revenue water can stimulate more systematic roll out of SWM and related technologies to detect leakage and respond to consumers ’ demand. Guidelines are supported by websites, green products databases, and pro forma requests for tenders. The Green Purchasing Network arguably is the most active international network in this area. Initiatives in this area could enhance K-SMW’s competitiveness vis-a-vis standard water supply services for Korean cities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599581-31-en	9fbd2fe4c693c3933920abdb877ffd7d	From the impact evaluations conducted in Nepal, the strategy was recognised as being one of a very limited set of opportunities young people have had to participate in urban planning and engage with experts and officials. This work focused on a location called Kiberia, the largest informal settlement in Kenya’s capital, Nairobi. It houses around 200,000 to 300,000 people, who live in congested conditions and with few public spaces, a critical requirement for young people’s leisure, recreation and sense of freedom. It was used as a tool for dialogue in working with young people to ensure that their play space was not compromised in the new design for the community. This was particularly in relation to ensuring that a new access road that cut across the market did not result in a major loss of play space.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	9fbecff3b8b626757f09590717a60372	The service sector has expanded and manufacturing has become tightly integrated into global value chains, changing the skill set needed in the labour market. However, public education has not kept pace. Streaming and early tracking hampers social mobility and human capital accumulation, vocational training has reacted slowly to the changing needs of the labour market, and there is little workplace training. Long term unemployment is high among low skilled workers, in part reflecting low labour mobility, and the crisis has pushed up youth unemployment.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	9fc0d92f46e85a3aca2ff9ce310ff5e8	Together with its sister organisation, Business Region Goteborg, Oslo Teknopol IKS defined a project plan, an organisational form and a financing framework. This meant, however, that the German part was no longer eligible for participation. New political leadership in Copenhagen also took power and turned out to be less interested in international co-operation.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	9fc49396632c7c44d4e7ac62a5944041	Between 1985 and 2014, those living in urban areas increased by nearly 13%, to reach 76.3% of the Colombian population, while 23.7% of the population lived in rural areas. It is projected that 85% of the Colombian population will live be urbanised by 2050. Infant mortality rates have decreased from 40 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1970 to 12.8 in 2013 (OECD average, 3.8 deaths per 1 000 live births).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	9fc5b18b73106dfae98ea173525b8f19	With the control approach, a company accounts for 100% of GHG emissions from operations over which it has control. Operations of interest, but without control thus fall outside its scope. The CDP 2011 survey among 500 companies found that 244 companies use the operational control boundary, 103 the financial control boundary and only 17 use the equity share approach; 38 use other approaches and 98 did not respond.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264191761-en	9fcb5fc74e80fc9eb6d15ca147c7d84d	Land use payment applies to land leased from the state (e.g. agricultural lands that are in 49-year leases from the state currently represent the principal form of land use in agriculture). Overall, since the beginning of the 1990s, agricultural taxation has evolved towards the increasing scope of concessions and the formation of a special tax regime for commercial agricultural producers. Given these different groups of agricultural producers several regimes of taxation in agriculture exist. The SLT replaces personal income tax and taxes which are discounted under the special regime for legal entities, except the VAT, as “non-legal” entities are not eligible for payment of the VAT.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	9fd2870b7e589b645d6740ac4d498527	"This indication came at COP16 in Cancun, when a senior member of the Chinese delegation declared that there had been some rethinking on transparency: ""Now we think: if we have done something, why not say so?""121 Having formerly refused international monitoring of domestic mitigation efforts, this statement suggests a loosening of a tightly held position. While the implementation schemes have not yet been agreed, this development does signal a change. On the one hand, as the Copenhagen pledge has been incorporated into the twelfth five-year programme, the central leadership feels reassured that China will meet its target and thus not risk being exposed as a weak and unreliable actor in the international regime."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	9fd5f7d168f8e88ed5fe8d4f835458bc	Equally, there is a substantial amount of research that shows economic downturns are strongly associated with worse health, particularly in the area of mental health and some causes of mortality. These surprising, and seemingly contradictory, results have led to a body of research that seeks to provide a better understanding of how macroeconomic conditions can influence health outcomes. This paper builds on these existing studies by first undertaking a review of the available empirical research and, second, undertaking a new piece of analysis using well-tested methodologies.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282261-41-en	9fd907c152d13ee33d90ba17cd25ba94	Fishing right allocation depends on the type of fishing gear and size of fishing boat. The overall goal is to achieve long-term economic, social and environmental sustainability and ecosystem balance, whilst also ensuring adequate quality and hygienic standards for consumption. This disease affecting both Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei occurs in shrimps of 7-35 days after stocking in grow-out ponds and leads to mortality rates of 50 to 100 %. Its results show that after three years of high prevalence (especially in 2014), the disease occurrence?	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	9fdabaef1d70e665c5f022f9920191fd	Responsibilities for providing health care services differ across municipalities, depending on their level of development and administrative capacity. This arrangement has resulted in greatly heterogeneous levels and quality of services; for instance, around 30% of the municipalities, mostly in the poorest regions, do not provide urgent medical care and 8% of them do not have a resident public-sector doctor (ISSA, 2013). This is an especially important issue in Brazil given its continental size and the shortcomings of its transportation network. There is evidence that more sophisticated procedures are largely unavailable to more than half of the population without private insurance plans as they mainly are supplied by the private sector only (ISSA, 2013).	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	9fdb51acb10b1f39faced69d4e356012	Such examples include the G20,7 the Clean Energy Ministerial,8 the Climate and Clean Air Coalition,9 the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform,10 the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition11 and many others. In other words, climate change can be tackled through cooperative action in a number of sub-fields, such as clean energy development, carbon pricing initiatives, and fossil fuel subsidy reform. They have introduced a nexus thinking showing that many goals for sustainable development (where climate change is one of 17 goals) are interlinked.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	9fdba4bfd1d2d5c5292b9005b1e076cb	Countries with low tertiary enrolment levels (Azerbaijan, Georgia and Republic of Moldova) should establish more places and ensure equitable access to tertiary institutions. The VET system requires detailed delivery plans with greater involvement of national and local employers. In addition to budget allocation, it is important to consider whether spending on education is efficient and well targeted.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	9fdbbcb21640b59606ec5f50ac4d207a	The first VisitDenmark campaign with Airbnb took place at the beginning of 2016. It was a co-branding campaign centred on the movie “The Danish Girl”, and performed over benchmark on all parameters. Another initiative was collaboration on an event for Danish Airbnb hosts. The main purpose of the event was to share knowledge about the tourists using the services in the sharing economy among the partners involved (including SnappCar, Cook With a Local, and selected local Danish brands).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	9fdf8a9bdc6746782a47f83c014842a4	Arguably, to date, the fisheries management toolbox has experimented with the full spectrum of management controls. It is noted that the modern toolbox represents a diversity of management approaches that are most effective when operated jointly and designed specifically and uniquely for the context and fishery in question. The fisheries management toolbox exhibits strengths and weaknesses with regard to dynamic changes in the complex environments in which it operates.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	9fe11442fac346a4981cdfe746fc431c	"The main difficulty with this criticism lies in how to operationalize the multidimensional notion of poverty. Responding to this issue, some offer to reduce multidimensionality to a few ""basic"" dimensions. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) human poverty index is an attempt to go beyond income in constructing a composite poverty index. The Millennium Development Goals also recognize the multidimensional nature of human well-being through the deployment of a broad range of objectives and targets. The contention here is that the nature of poverty is country-specific. Along these lines, it has been argued that by using a common international poverty threshold that would be applicable to the poorest countries, one would necessarily underestimate global poverty."	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	9fe4f5ae14c1ae34090221f7215d0250	The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income. The allowance received by families living in this situation appeals to reduce the exposure of children living in these families to poverty. Finally, spending per person receiving pension benefits shares a strong and negative association with within-country changes in the relatively child poverty rates. Table D 2 reports the results of the estimation obtained with data on social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213562-16-en	9fe6f56445bcf5b0d6da3fbdd9bfc6c3	This strong decrease in the proportion of infected mosquitoes should translate into an important reduction of transmission in the field. The use of multiple effector molecules, each acting by a different mechanism, should greatly reduce the probability of selecting resistant parasites. The inhibition of parasite development was equivalent when using an African mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) and an Asian mosquito (An.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	9fea84b350eff1e2bb1d8728b37c355c	"In Malawi, for example, grandparents are often understood to be primary caregivers when biological parents have died or are absent owing to ""affectionate and cordial relationships"" with their grandchildren (Chirwa, 2002). When grandparents do not have the material means to assume this responsibility, they retain the name and status of caregivers but the practical tasks are assumed by the orphan's siblings, aunts and uncles (ibid). In southern and east Africa the likelihood of sole or large household responsibilities increases with age, particularly for adolescent girls (Dannerbeck & Muriuki, 2007)."	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	9feaf2a03f6eb95e9f0a94ef65a306ab	For Brazil, this study has used the iidigence lines estimated by the BraziBan Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGE), the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and ECLAC as a joint effort in the late 1990s. For Colombia, the thresholds proposed by the Colombian Mission for the Linkage of Employment, Poverty and Inequality Series (MESEP) were used. For Peru, indigence and poverty liies were estimated by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281318-27-en	9feb037c33b3cdee536a601cfd6f4d4b	The gender gap in entrepreneurial activities has changed very little in most countries since 2012. They also tend to earn less. Evidence suggests a slight narrowing in the gap between the proportion of self-employed men and women with employees. The evidence on self-employment earnings is too sparse to draw conclusions about whether the gap is closing.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	9febee7b2e3206acafa14f55db3a3ac7	However, an MFN applied tariff of 40% applies to a range of commodities including meat or poultry, turkey and duck, tea (green and black), grapefruit, milled rice, refined sugar, and many types of prepared or preserved fruits and vegetables. It is important that import requirements for food safety, quarantine, and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner, consistent with international guidelines and practice. It is where the conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security comes to the fore. The system limits competition in the market place and reduces the incentive to develop long-term market arrangements.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	9fecf8c6fbf883de22a3cbcb741cb93d	The tensions in gender relations resulting from this combination of change and continuity in work and family are set against a backdrop of deep social inequality (Comia, 2010; eclac, 2011; L6pez-Calva and Lustig, 2010). What have governments done to address these tensions and with what outcomes for inequality? This article explores that question on the basis of policies adopted during the 10 years of economic expansion since 2003 in the five countries in which —as will be discussed later— social policy is, relatively speaking, most developed in the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	9fee9c62acb3c129eaedac9e9e2ce02d	Slovakia’s SPA inventory had identified 40 areas eligible for special protection, but six were not actually designated as SPAs and five that had been designated were significantly smaller than recommended. As for the landfill directive, the Commission sent a second warning letter to Slovakia in March 2009 for inadequately transposing the EU legislation on the landfilling of waste into national law. In October 2009, the Commission notified Slovakia that its national legislation was not entirely in line with the directive.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	9fefbb7d281e0ce89476167e58a834f1	The views of the panel are considered important and are valued as a source of information and knowledge on the concerns and views of business. The panel model provides a way of engaging business, perhaps at the state or even municipal level. The process could be divided into an initial phase to gather the view of SMEs and entrepreneurs on the issues relating to policy and, second, once the policymakers have researched and analysed the policy issues and options to consult on the proposed changes.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088986-en	9ff077203464134a6e7e42f11691c9ca	Specifically, the participation rate of Arab women is very low and stagnant: only 17.8% in 2005, when in 1995 the rate was 18.3% (National Economic Council, 2007). Employment by industry and occupation in the Galilee differs from other regions of Israel with higher levels of employment in traditional industries and lower levels of employment in occupations that commonly require education at the tertiary level. Even more significantly, employment patterns are different for Jews and Arabs, and within the Arab population, for men and women.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cac71849-en	9ff1819717c27a1b53286a18170b8d0a	Through appropriate regulation to prevent monopolistic practices in food markets, and better access to information, credits and risk insurance, small-scale farm holders would be in a better position to engage in mutually beneficial partnerships with the corporate private sector. The emergence of large supermarket chains, which control between 40 and 50 per cent of the food market in Latin America, about 10 per cent in China, 30 per cent in South Africa and 50 per cent in Indonesia, has concentrated the purchase of large quantities of food subject to strict quality standards, a phenomenon that has led to the displacement of traditional wholesalers and small retail shops. For small farm holders, participating in these markets depends on their capacity to meet strict quality standards and to achieve concerted commercialization of their products through cooperatives and other forms of association.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/db521e55-en	9ff36e8d7752f7a0611c690d7a0be907	In addition, the process of developing INDCs meant that, unlike in Copenhagen, leaders came to the table with a much better understanding of what their country was capable of accomplishing and to what they could commit. He established a target of $10 billion per year for the initial capitalization of the GCF and used his Climate Summit and the G20 Summit meeting in Brisbane to make a personal appeal to key leaders to contribute to the GCF. It was only through the leadership and advocacy of the Secretary-General that this target was met, and eventually surpassed, when Parties convened for COP 20 in Lima, Peru, at the end of 2014. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, Lima saw the launch of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda (LPAA)—a joint initiative of the Peruvian and French COP presidencies (COP 21/CMP 11 was to be hosted in December 2015 in Paris, France), the Office of the UN Secretary-General and the UNFCCC Secretariat.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea26e442-en	9ff886364877f0352864f5cbb931cf13	Second, as the situation in one country began to improve, it attracted patients from neighbouring countries seeking unoccupied beds for treatment, thus reigniting transmission chains. In other words, as long as one country experienced intense transmission other countries remained at risk, no matter how strong their own response measures were. The traditional custom of returning, often over long distances, to a native village to die and be buried near ancestors is another dimension of population movement that carries an especially high transmission risk. In past outbreaks, Ebola was largely confined to remote rural areas, with just a few scattered cases detected in cities. In West Africa, cities - including the capitals of the three main Ebola affected countries, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone - have been epicentres of intense virus transmission. The Ebola outbreaks in West Africa demonstrated how swiftly the virus could move once it reached urban settings and densely populated slums.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	9ffe7bbd88f84e098381a9ffa56e1aff	Assessing the effectiveness of water information systems and databases in bridging the information gap is a difficult task. It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policymakers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a002acafa7e865f5d24f7f520d878d24	The driving force was the oil boom which made available more revenues for public support, as well as raising concerns about lack of economic diversification. This marked the turn to an active policy to promote agricultural growth. The Ministry of Agriculture’s share of the total national budget went from 2.5% in 2001 to 6.5% in 2005.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/22919e33-en	a003664d804cc132ee4380d3b08eecf0	By the end of 2006, 11,095 of the 22,000 jobs in the tourism sector were filled by expatriates, despite a limit of 50 per cent on the proportion of expatriates among total employees in tourist resorts (Kundur, 2012). An agricultural diversification strategy sought to combine production for local consumption, to improve food security, with commercial investment (including investment large-scale farming) to improve crop production, fisheries, livestock and forestry development. Investment was promoted in new high-value crops (vanilla, pepper and nonu), as were the processing of existing products and diversification into niche markets, notably organic production (for example, of virgin coconut oil, bananas and nonu products). Government measures to support diversification included strengthening research and extension services for product development, a Tuna Management Plan, and investment in supportive infrastructure, such as cooling facilities.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	a006715155165a76910935a541df0c31	They also had similar challenges, particularly around logistics and transportation, as well as coordination of efforts on the ground. However, in terms of learning from their experiences, while both countries conducted workshops to review the lessons learnt, only Vanuatu produced a detailed report with practical recommendations forthe government to pursue. This is further evidence of Vanuatu's strong commitment to disaster risk reduction and management compared with Dominica.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	a00c5403bfb3f4e42eceb11372b252e6	While C02 injected for EOR may well stay below ground permanently, this is not necessarily the case, and C02 injected for EOR is not considered permanently stored in the UNFCCC national inventory reporting system. The available UNFCCC national inventory statistics do not allow us to differentiate fully between C02 that is released from on-site natural gas processing as in Sleipner and Snah-vit, and C02 from other production-related processes or from natural gas processing at a downstream processing facility. Since parts of the latter may be a mix of processes that are analogous to the capture of admixed C02 which is done at Sleipner and Snah-vit, and processes that are not, we calculate four different scaled abatement potentials based on different assumptions about which UNFCCC figures to include, and on whether to include both oil and gas production or gas production only. All are still at the testing stage and not operating at a significant scale.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	a00ef1c7f476c222934ef6a2a6f00205	All violence is also about power. People decide to engage in violence when they feel they have the right - and the power - to meet their own needs at the expense of the needs of others. Some people have an “internalized superiority” that leads them to believe they are entitled to more power and rights than others.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	a00efb6974881ad3de5e4f7b8a3d1e6b	About 70% of staff of primary and secondary rural schools agreed in a recent survey that the transition for students is very challenging (UNICEF, 2014). This suggests that while small schools might have been an effective way to ensure access to primary education, they might also be an obstacle in the transition to secondary school. The necessary expansion of preschool and secondary education services in rural areas calls for a joint review of the school network to foster better quality and equity. With most school buildings in need of an upgrade and demographic trends making rural schools even smaller, it will also be increasingly hard to justify investments in these schools when alternative approaches could deliver better quality to students, while also supporting the expansion of educational opportunities at other levels.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	a00f47a2d982afc8de6785b53aa8b804	This budget was then reduced from 2012 onwards and began rising again in 2016, although reaching lower levels than during the peak investments in around 2010. Nevertheless, in 2017, the budget of the Ministry of Education for adult learning was about twice that of 2006. Similarly, the budget of the organisation in charge of professional training for public servants (INA) benefitted from a major increase in 2016. By contrast, the budget of the ANQEP declined throughout the period.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	a01099152ff0f177f63076a1d1668c03	The total certified area grew by 3.8% (16 million ha) between May 2013 and May 2014, which is half the growth that occurred in the previous 12 months. To enable the possible inclusion of certification schemes in REDD+9 (e.g. to ensure sustainable forest management and monitor illegal logging), certification frameworks and incentives that are more effective in other regions may be needed. Graph 2.4.3 shows how the certified forest area of the two major certification schemes is divided among the CIS, Europe and North America.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	a018b2ec3b1d83065b3f7d7ec0b89904	The Jerusalem Bird Observatory is the only such centre in the world where the public can view the ringing process. One feature of this work has been co-operation with the Israeli air force. Since 1972, the air force has lost nine fighter aircraft and sustained serious damage to another 30 planes due to collisions with birds.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	a019a942d97a436789044f715d241c8d	This will both increase the demand for food and create shifts in relative food demands with a likely greater demand for proteins and more processed products. Trade openness provides a number of advantages in helping countries better adjust to these developments. It provides for a greater diversity of products to be available and accessible for consumers - helping consumers meet their full range of nutritional needs. It also allow's for the benefits from changing patterns of specialisation to be realised and provides access to global and regional agro-food value chains. With income growth, there has been increased demand for more processed products, which means for many commodities, the value chain involved in getting the product from the farm gate to the final consumer is being extended. Participation in value chains is facilitated by low barriers to trade and improved regulatory coherence that allow products at various states of transformation to flow across borders: in other words, imports play an important role in creating a competitive export sector.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/952404bd-en	a01aa3452aa71ca1271389f48c088885	Charitable foundations associated with the financial industry also engage in projects targeting migrants, for instance in Egypt (Attia and Engelhardt, 2016). The institute also works with the IFAD facility to encourage community-based organizations to share good practice in financial literacy. During the migration stage, the focus is on remittances.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	a020d33556403c61d6540eda34708e96	Available analyses of the situation in other countries, such as Russia or Poland, suggest that energy saving measures could be a more immediate and cost-effective way to reduce emissions than electricity generation from renewable resources (McKinsey, 2009). The 1991 Law on the Protection of the Environment, which represents the key legal reference in this area, sets the main environmental standards and introduces the basic instruments to achieve them. It stipulates the modalities for granting permits for the emission of pollutants into the air, waste water emissions and deposits of waste, based on standards established for emission limits by particular pollutants, and sets up respective payment schedules.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	a02148d729368dac43838d007340f29f	The most recent evaluation recorded a 94% satisfaction rate among participants: 41% continued their education, 15% found part-time, and 9% full-time employment (Dobrovoljc et al., Funded by one of 36 national Office of Disability Employment Policy at the Department of Labour (DOL) “Youth Opportunity” (YO) grants, public health researchers worked with Baltimore's Eastside YO Center to add a mental health intervention to the YO Center’s employment training programme. The mental health intervention included three main components: an on-site mental health clinician, a peer depression prevention curriculum, and mental health training sessions for employment centre staff (who had no formal education in mental health). The pre-test/post-test evaluation found no significant differences in depressive symptoms or coping strategies after jobseekers completed the programme (Tandon et al .,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-6-en	a02174cb1bcd03be881d53fe322a0fa0	While differences in competences other than information-processing skills may underlie some of these patterns, the results suggest that skills policies will be more effective in narrowing wage gaps between certain socio-demographic groups than others. To prevent rising wage inequality, investments in skills that are in high demand are particularly important. This finding underlines the importance for countries to assess current and future skills needs and to make sure that their education and training systems are responsive to changing skills needs. The chapter also highlights the need to make better use of skills at work, which takes the policy discussion to the heart of what goes on in the workplace: the role of leadership and management, how work is organised, job design, internal mobility, and personnel and recruitment policies more generally.	4	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	a0265e8a1793885214a49343a0f7de66	Scotland’s desire to strengthen the patient voice is grounded in a recently developed framework that empowers patients as equal partners in their care. Patient and public involvement is promoted through a commitment to transparency about the direction and performance of the NHS, and through a commitment to using feedback as a tool for improvement. For example, the results of a national survey on maternity care were used to identify areas where there was a need for improvement, and to inform future maternity policy. The Patients’ Rights (Scotland) Act 2011 sets out patient rights and principles for the delivery of health care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/8178962c-en	a026f6a6b8c6662056353c8543c25b5a	Industry can contribute with solutions such as, for example, simplified medication regimens or packaging. There is also a scope for multi-partner initiatives to improve patients’ health literacy. Les personnes atteintes par l’une des principales maladies chroniques, en particulier, courent de serieux risques a ne pas prendre correctement leurs medicaments.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	a029c965b5ec5fd98c7d5a933d5b869f	At the same time, the body of secondary environmental legislation is quite complex, as many regulations have been designed to address very specific issues. Thus, along with some insufficiently regulated areas such as waste management, and slow implementation of some EU directives (e.g. the Water Framework Directive), there are overlaps and even contradictions between different decrees or ordinances. The MESP plans to reduce the number of environmental regulations and to simplify reporting requirements under many of them (e.g. through introducing electronic reporting). Conducting regulatory impact analysis for new draft legislation would also be useful with respect to making regulations internally coherent and reducing unnecessary regulatory burdens, in line with the overall government policy.	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/e92917e3-en	a02c3e97fee871decfd160dbb88ba47c	The World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that the scale of impoverishments of households due to out-of-pocket spending on health in some low income countries account for up to four percentage points of the total poverty headcount.18 The Asia-Pacific region has some of the highest out-of-pocket expenditures for health care in the world. Informed decision-making of the number, timing and spacing of children also improves both the health and earnings outcomes for both mothers and their children. Each birth has been estimated to reduce a reproductive woman's lifetime labour supply by approximately two years.19 Improvements in reproductive health services are also associated with reduced fertility rates among poorer women, which, in turn, increases their chances of survival. Equal opportunities for education are central to the development agenda: SDG 4 commits to inclusive, equitable and life-long quality learning opportunities for all.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	a02dd07259aec8ebd8855e54cd24159f	The implications also need to be treated with caution as, in some instances, further research is needed for specific contexts as well as across a sufficient number of countries to be confident about the consequences of specific approaches. Further potential areas of research on school leader appraisal include, among others, school leaders’ perceptions of using separate appraisal processes for developmental and accountability purposes; the effects of using professional school leadership standards as a reference standard for appraisal; the effects of involving peer evaluators in the appraisal process; the effects of using teacher, parent and student surveys and questionnaires as a source of information; ways to strengthen links between appraisal and professional development; and the effects of using appraisal results to reward successful school leaders with a financial reward. These need to reflect country-specific governance frameworks, the allocation of responsibilities in the education system and the extent of decentralisation. The existence of national curricula and standards and the overall culture of evaluation all need to be taken into account in approaches to the appraisal of school leaders (also see Chapter 3).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	a02e169cf0d778244589f70f59c5a18f	The figure for young people in vulnerable employment in LICs who are food insecure is 50%: 15% are even severely food insecure, meaning that they have gone without food many times during the past year. High job quality is associated with fulltime wage employment, low job quality with vulnerable employment and underemployment. In terms of material well-being, working conditions and security, the best employment status to have is full-time wage employment for an employer. These young people have the lowest food insecurity rates and the highest rates of life satisfaction.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/223b7be0-en	a02fb9b80a280abef3645cd5a530a7ec	In Afghanistan, long-suffering men and women turn to opium in order to deal with the harsh post-conflict realities.39 Afghanistan provides the lion’s share of the world’s opium, and exports both the consumption of and trade in drugs to neighbouring countries in particular. The opium industry, for instance, engages women and men in Iran, Tajikistan and Pakistan who survive by trafficking drugs to Western countries. Traumatized by the war and post-war confusion, many civilians become addicted to drugs, leading to their further marginalization within society.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	a02fc7f7e6c7d6b3ff9b33c52a6b0be2	For EU candidate countries in particular, greater commitment to the key competence developments in vocational education and training is likely following the recommendation of the Education Council in Riga in June 2015 (European Union, 2015b). A critical issue is ensuring that all students across all disciplines have an opportunity for entrepreneurial learning (European Commission, 2008). A further factor is the low share of women-led companies and their limited contribution to growth and jobs (European Commission, 2013). Poor awareness and policy focus brings further challenges. The SME data available do not sufficiently capture women’s contribution to the economy, compromising policy makers’ ability to set clear objectives and for institutional support. The lack of policy focus helps explain why so few resources are allocated to train and support women entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	a031cdb917ba3edaad5968f5e9852752	Gender information was available mainly in narrative form from 2008 to 2010. In 2010 the ROAR interface was changed to be more data driven, and the evaluation drew on this material for the analysis. It consisted of an online survey of 53 questions administered to individuals who worked on gender in country offices.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	a038735dc01757858fd4fee555abc8a7	Only female founders with past CEO experience see no gap in amounts relative to men. Addressing general policy failures and some of the specific bottlenecks in access to finance could potentially remove barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, and by extension to female entrepreneurship. Governments have aimed to reform framework conditions such as tax policy and labour market regulations in order to encourage reallocation of financing towards potentially high-growth firms (OECD, 2019[58]).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a038981b378ba88c3de05b7a3a2caa33	However, evidence from other studies is also discussed and, where possible, integrated into the final quantitative assessment. To ensure better quality and completeness of the data, ENSAD focuses mainly on human-made severe accidents, but it includes also data on natural disasters, other non-energy-related accidents as well as on less severe human-made accidents, although with a lesser degree of completeness. Currently, it is considered the most complete and reliable source of information on human-made severe accidents in the energy sector.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	a039d0cfc18e0c8b2cb56ed669f6ecfb	Overall, the health system in Latvia is performing well. Despite challenging economic circumstances, in the past five years Latvia has delivered significant reforms to the hospital sector, closing a number of hospitals and 18 emergency departments in a drive to improve efficiency. Accessibility, both economic and geographical, is a major concern, with out-of-pocket payments remain high. Poor performance on some indicators of health care quality are also worrying. The chapter makes recommendations for improvement, drawing on best-practice examples from OECD countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	a039ee43ea0b052ea348b934e9ad6cd2	For our study, we need to find counterparts for the treatment and control groups in 2000 among students in lower secondary schools in 2003 or 2006. This can be achieved with matching methods where counterfactual 1= 1 scores are constructed using scores of students with similar characteristics to those observed in t=0. Usually, matching methods are used to make control and treatment groups more comparable, assuming that we have the same observations in each group in 1=0 and t=\ In our case, we do not want to adjust for dissimilarities among treatment and control groups. We know that students who were in vocational schools differed from those in general schools, but we are interested in whether moving students from different tracks, who differ by assumption, into the one-type comprehensive lower secondary schools, affected them similarly.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	a03bdf5e2b0bfabb6ec97e8c66b54988	Natural or agricultural areas are easily reachable for urban dwellers and the reverse can be said for mral inhabitants willing to spend some time in the central agglomeration. It is also offers a chance to strengthen local agricultural connections in the form of higher value local foods and additional value-added processing. Taking advantage of these opportunities requires increased collaboration between different types of economic and institutional structures under the umbrella of the Grand Clermont, as well as the setting of co-ordinated land use planning policies (see Box 2.9 for a discussion of common governance frameworks for rural-urban partnerships). Absent an articulation of how this creates better opportunities for surrounding communes, it is difficult to see how they can justify ongoing participation in the arrangement.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4a540597-en	a03ccd60e4edf1fb3f0303a7375595aa	Examples include concentrations of surgical instrument firms in Sialkot (Pakistan), ceramic tiles in Santa Catarina (Brazil), metal working in Kumasi (Ghana), and wine in Cape Town (South Africa). In Turkey, Gaziantep has undertaken heritage resto-and rehabilitation to revitalize the tourism industry. Dubai is investing in higher education in engineering and information technology. In Tennessee, US, the city of Chattanooga incorporates endogenous development in its multi-faceted economic development-driven city plan prepared in response to loss of manufacturing jobs in the 1980s.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/22289f78-en	a03f86a77029aa3f613a4e78c971cec5	Chinese Atademy of Engineering Publishing, Be   nd resource allocation, enw jtng), 2007. However, up to 2005, a significant share of water pollution in the Sungari/Songhua came from non-point sources.' The upper part of the Argun in China is called Hailaer. After the Mutnaya Channel connects it to the Dalai/Hulun Lake, for 940 km the river act as the Sino-Russian border and finally, after confluence with the River Shilka, forms the Amur River. The percentages of the different sectors arc not expected to change markedly.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	a0432bb32700f883846883441808574f	"Several other countries (South Africa, Zambia, Cameroon, and Nigeria) are still working to achieve this in parliament. E-waste imports are prohibited by this regulation, and its enforcement has resulted in the repatriation of several illegal e-waste shipments that arrived in Nigeria stuffed in second-hand vehicles or other containers; for more information, see the chapter on transboundary movement in this report"". The Kenya E-waste Act, which still awaits official approval before public dissemination, has as one of its highlights that no company will manufacture or import any EEE without indicating where its e-waste will be treated at end-of-life."	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	a043d64051574c28233fc7064f3beca9	Ultimately, higher levels of inequality could end up undermining continued growth and thereby the sustainability of the shift.23 Policy makers should pay attention to the evolution of income inequality, both for its own sake and because it influences the poverty dividend of growth. Social policy can limit inequality in outcomes today. But macroeconomic stabilisation and education can level the playing field over the longer term and offer possibilities for the poor to take advantage of future opportunities.	1	0	8	1.0
10.18356/16f915a4-en	a044388bd31470fb77ea31b1a6dc3087	The average age is 54 years. Over the last 20 years, the area of maturing, mature and older forest stands has been steadily expanding, which is mainly due to a change in the regulation of allowable annual volumes of timber harvesting. However, this area is still small and forests composition in terms of age structure needs to be evened by at least 10 years.	15	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	a044666c7fad5972c0deaad3751681aa	Dynamic innovation, adaptation and adoption of new and better ways to allocate and productively use resources over time so as to continuously enhance what is achievable in terms of people’s needs or well-being. At the same time, we may face inter-temporal tradeoffs, in the well-being of people over time. In such cases, it is important to strike the right balance. Climate change is a much cited case of a potential win-lose outcome over time, and therefore unsustainable development. It is also, however, possible to go too far in the opposite direction, adopting policies that hurt those in the present more than they benefit those in the future.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	a0447da630931842ddef6558a1e40118	The combined talents and perspectives of both men and women yield a better, more comprehensive understanding of society' at large, which in turn improves the quality of policies and delivery of public services. Accordingly, there is mounting awareness in Mexico of the benefits that accrue from the equal participation of women and men in public decision making - in Congress, the political executive, the judiciary and across federal and state public administration. They have introduced almost 85% of all the proposals that have come before the Gender Equality' Committee in the Chamber of Deputies1 since the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress opened in September 2016.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	a044e0c8e90abb4402a87fc0589f54d6	El crecimiento se basa en parte en la explotacion del trabajo y los recursos humanos femeninos. Por ultimo, en el regimen de restricciones salariales, el aumento de los salarios de las mujeres ocasiona una reduccion del crecimiento, pero su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral mejora la produccion de capacidades humanasyse obtiene un crecimiento inestable. Este analisis de politicas parte de la hipotesis de que el crecimiento, la reproduccion social y la igualdad de genero estan interconectados de una forma que convierte al trabajo de cuidados en un factor determinante clave para los resultados de las politicas macroeconomicas, del crecimientoy del desarrollo.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	a0463c9b7c072a610209178972f75772	Informal payments are a phenomenon frequently observed in middle and low income countries with relatively low shares of public funding for health care. They are a widespread source of financing health care services particularly in Central and Eastern European Countries, where 'under-the table' payments can be traced back to Communists regimes, due to scarcity of resources and long-waiting queues for technically free-of-charge services. Exact figures on informal out-of-pocket expenditures are difficult to obtain and many studies use projections and estimations as a proxy. In Hungary and Poland, informal payments play a role in out-patient physician care and hospital admissions.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	a049bb107e47a3b465685e5e5b8ba9a1	Further details on the linkages between remittances and food security in the ECA region are examined in Section 3. The prevalence of severe food insecurity refers to a person's capacity to access food (Bo* 2). It is based on eight simple questions about the occurrence of behaviors and experiences typical of situations in which the ability to obtain food is constrained. The combined set of answers to the eight FIES items, analysed through the lenses of rigorous methods based on item response theory, gives an opportunity for assigning each respondent a probability of belonging to any possible class of food insecurity.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	a04b6fe94bc006a034ecd0be4d7b9aa2	Despite the fact that youth in the Million Programme areas live and work in an environment which in many respects is characterised by resignation and alienation, “business” is a widespread subject of conversation and many dream of achieving success through establishing their own business. The YUMP’s long-term objectives are to: 1) empower youth living in the Million Programme areas; 2) build bridges and networks between Swedish industry and the target group; 3) build mutual commercial levers for all parties involved; and 4) create methods and processes which also attract people from outside the Million Programme areas. The pilot project’s short-term objectives are to: 1) identify channels of communication with the target group to capture their interest and create a dialogue about entrepreneurship; 2) verify and develop an attractive process and pedagogy for the target group; and 3) point out to Swedish industry' the entrepreneurial power to be found within the target group and work for their desire to involve themselves.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	a04efc9037ae85f1a22e8048cd5a7dc5	Selected relevant national and local policies are: economic policies (which impact the economic impact (e.g. job creation) that urbanisation can bring), land, public sen/ice, safety and security, housing, certain infrastructure, climate, natural resources/environment, mobility and social policies. Increasing coherence at the policy level can improve administrative effectiveness and resource flows at the metropolitan level. Empowering local authorities by building capacity, rebalancing fiscal systems and giving legal and political mandate. Empowering communities, grassroots organisations, social and traditional leaders and civil society at large by providing them with tools for monitoring and evaluating policies and increasing participatory mechanisms in budgeting and/or policymaking processes.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/sti/outlook-2010-6-en	a04f10a5c86fa0f72c508b50d5abebfc	These incentives are provided until the end of 2023. At the time of publication, over 36 000 claims had been made, with over GBP 3 billion of relief claimed, supporting over GBP 32 billion of R&D activities by companies. To enable companies to access the scheme more easily, the government announced the dropping of the condition that any IP deriving from the R&D must be owned by the company making the claim.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	a04f6adf411ea3ef426c04a500d6ef90	Family medicine in Korea is equivalent to what many OECD countries refer to as “general practice”, and these professionals account for less than 3% of physicians working in health care clinics (Table 5.2). However, this is not the case in Korea. In addition to being staffed by those without specific training in general practice, 94% of health care clinics are solo practices (Table 5.3). These statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a04fb2315795943404a5b37919b0633b	There are two issues for university management to follow up: i) teaching methods and teachers and ii) interests and needs of students. Although “externals” with business experience are generally involved in teaching by providing personal testimonials, giving guest lectures and acting as member of competition committees, there are relatively few examples of entrepreneurial practitioners engaged in the full curricula experience. Linkages between research and teaching should be strengthened, for example by involving doctoral students in research topics that a linked entrepreneurship education. Inviting international visiting entrepreneurship professors on a regular basis could also strengthen the research base, the students’ learning experience and the efforts to “train the trainers”.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	a050d661c37652ebbeb17967c95c4c21	The Pan American Health Organization and its Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) have provided technical assistance to help implement the Strategic Plan, and donors have included UNAIDS and the World Bank and bilateral donors such as the United States. This is due to a combination of efforts by the respective governments, by key regional agencies and by the international community. However, given the apparent levelling off in incidence, there is much room for future research, especially pertaining to the microeconomic impact of the disease. Much work also needs to be done at the national and regional levels on tracking the sources and uses of funds available in the fight against HIV/AIDS.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/477abc4d-en	a0540c6c8580cb06f1ac85b999133dee	Perhaps unsurprisingly, many countries that are ranked high on indices of disaster risk and vulnerability are in conflict or post-conflictsituations (Maplec-roft, 2014; UNU, 2013). At the global scale, corruption has reached dimensions that dwarf development efforts (Lewis and Kelman, 2012): global proceeds from criminal activities, corruption and tax evasion that flow freely across international borders are estimated at US$1 trillion to US$1.6 trillion per annum (United Nations and World Bank, 2007). Illicit financial flows from low and middle-income countries from 2003 to 2012 were US$6.6 trillion, equivalent to almost 10 times the flow of overseas development assistance (GFI, 2014).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/937bb150-en	a055741ff6cb8801d11596ca6cd97c78	If each country matched its top regional performer's trend, an additional 7 million lives could be saved. If each country matched or fell below the current average rate of under-five mortality in high-income countries, an additional 21 million lives could be saved.85 The latter scenario - again, compared to staying at the 2015 rate - would save 59 million children's lives between now and 2030. If each country scaled up intervention coverage as fast as the best performer in each area of intervention (e.g., skilled birth attendance, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, etc.), Closing the gap between the current trajectory and the rate of progress needed to achieve the 2030 child survival goal would save the lives of 13 million children under age 5, almost half of them newborn.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	a058e4c10a59a47f097c52e5465f3660	Larger companies may also use public offerings on capital markets (stocks, bonds). While this method of financing is currently underdeveloped in the MENA region, it is receiving growing attention from public authorities. The entrepreneur also has to choose whether to welcome other partners into the management of the business (by opening its equity portfolio to investors), or whether to retain independent control over the decision-making process (and opt for bank credit).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264079915-7-en	a0591d6d6c553a62a5fb69ec103cace9	Pressure from NGOs has already forced a change of vocabulary with at least lip service being paid to sustainability. It should be possible to build on this to promote real change by convincing fishers that ultimately, subsidies are often part of the problem, not the solution. Not all of this subsidy benefits the fishers, since buyers may benefit too. Price subsidies may make it profitable to keep on fishing even when market prices are low.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	a05a76d79675ee04b38ae0426e4eef55	On the basis of information from 11 countries showing the contraction of regional output and the concomitant weakness of employers' demand for labour, it has been estimated that the number of wage workers fell slightly (-0.2%). In contrast, own-account work continued to follow a markedly countercyclical trend, rising by 2.7%. The processes driving up unemployment rates were different for men and women. In the case of men.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	a05a9f69afaf0940d15c1c6f2be2e070	Confronted with higher energy prices, households can either reduce consumption, or increase the share of total household income spent on energy. Once energy consumption is reduced to a minimum, consumption of other (basic) goods may have to be sacrificed for the payment of the energy bill, resulting in substantial welfare losses (Lampietti et al., Therefore, the government can take mitigation measures protecting the poor against such welfare losses.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	a05b0fb97bbe6645fcc095bf0cd63a15	In this way, all participants of the value chain are provided with the same validated data at the same point in time, so there is no trust needed between the stakeholders. Interfaces with related organisations of the private and public sectors can be uniquely identified, and monitored throughout the network. Measures such as embargos, specifically complex sector-based embargos or special tariffs and limitations, could be depicted on the network and therefore ensure that invalid transactions cannot be triggered by one party. The full transparency provided by blockchain would make the processing of forged transactions very difficult and corrupt corporations and officials would face significant restrictions in misallocating funds. As mentioned in section 1.2, smart contract functionalities, and the native integration of IoT devices (e.g. sensors, mobile devices, cars) throughout all levels of the value chain, would enable an advanced degree of integrity and automation.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	a05cc4d0615cf055903b2b916b7200a1	Tax concessions for farmers were withdrawn, as were free government services. Land-development loans, fertiliser and irrigation subsidies, and subsidised credit were reduced and then phased out from 1987, as were assistance for flood control, soil conservation and drainage schemes. As a result, the Effective Rate of Assistance (ERA)18 fell from 123% in 1983 to around zero by the 1990s.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	a05d0aa69cb87b54d8c2809182a1a3bf	Domestic and external imbalances have been successfully addressed over the last decade. Fiscal consolidation led to a steady reduction in the budget deficit over the period 2001-05 and it has been maintained at below 2% of GDP since then. The central government debt as a percentage of GDP declined from a peak of 90% in 2000 to 28% in 2009 (OECD, 2010a). The country is currently well-placed to finance the short term costs of some of the reforms in the agro-food sector proposed below.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a05d23764c444e8be7dd35822e10c68d	This could be done either by switching from stable feed-in tariffs to feed-in premiums that provide a fixed mark-up over market prices or from subsidies for deployment rather than for production. Both would provide renewable producers with an incentive at least not to produce at maximum capacity in times of negative prices and thus provide better remuneration also for dispatchable capacity. The very question, however, shows how scenarios with very large shares of intermittent renewables, say above 30% of electricity production, begin to require adjustments that create intrinsic ceilings to the original objective.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	a06706cd98e7eeb6b7327172612108be	As climate change can have impacts at local, national and global scales, it is useful to have indicators in place to monitor the results of actions across all of these different scales. For instance, indicators such as the number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted may be important for monitoring the efficiency of delivering project-level outputs. However, it may be difficult to interpret in the absence of indicators at greater scale, such as the overall number of people vulnerable in a country.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	a069700610a890e2f20bcbc87d37d5c4	In particular, the Ministry of the Economy has taken a broad view of learning and innovation, both in terms of apparent technological sophistication as well as of a wide range of needs for firms of different sizes and stages of development. To a considerable degree it has also been thoughtful in identifying the supports that each different target requires. At the same time, having incubators that specialize in the development of business ideas that can involve traditional, medium- or high-technology sectors suggests that ‘innovation' is being understood not simply as the result of scientific research centers, but also involves leveraging site- and tradition-specific knowledge toward further economic development. In addition to the hotels, restaurants and other services consumed by tourists, visitors commonly seek out traditional crafts produced by skilled artisans. Manos a Morelos is an association of craftsman, formed and supported through a combination of the SME Fund and state-level funds, bringing together artisans from around the state.	8	1	7	0.75
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	a06b004e991a763b27ba79346520418d	A great majority think that individual transferable rights are not appropriate for small scale fisheries. However most agree that ecological sustainability serves as basis for a viable fishing sector. Maximum sustainable yield is seen by most commentators as being an important reference point although views differ on whether it should be used as a target to reach or as a point of direction.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	a06f172fea9c31c97f42b1a707c963fd	Concern was expressed by respondents in the OECD review visit that immigrant children’s access to specialist language support classes was too limited. Programmes were of short duration (typically one school year), and great reliance was placed on the teachers in mainstream classes and on social interactions in this setting. However, results from TALIS indicate that the Flemish Community had the fourth lowest percentage of teachers (8%) with recent training for teaching in a multicultural or multilingual setting and this dimension is usually reported as a low-importance item in teacher appraisal and feedback.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	a072709cc850eae4942f5585b8722c1a	Climate Change2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. See box 1, below. Low-income countries can only afford to spend a small portion of their total income on health, and their populations have to cover a large share of their medical expenses out of their own pockets. These facts demonstrate that health attainments and services in developing countries remain unsatisfactory, despite successes achieved on many fronts. Table 2 shows the range of inequalities in under-five mortality rates in developing countries. In virtually every country, children born in poorer families are facing a higher probability of dying before reaching age 5.	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	a072b956b0a06f0430d2fbb69fe1a082	"If, for example, the gap in educational achievement is significantly wider in country A than in country B, then this suggests that young people in country A are falling further behind than is necessary. Put positively, the varying child disparity records of countries at similar levels of economic development offer a real-world measure of the scope for improvement. But government policies and expenditures are also critical. """	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/36cadbae-en	a076d8865df886fb9779dad388e855aa	As noted previously, the WGSS of questions was developed for adults and may not be capable of identifying children with learning or mental health related disabilities, leading to probable underestimation of the overall prevalence of child disability. Furthermore, the GBD calculations for disability prevalence are unusually derived from estimations of injury and disease prevalence, each of which is associated with an estimated distribution of disability severity. Consequently, the GBD estimates of disability prevalence are associated with three sources of major uncertainty.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	a07804a8e4caf5be5533931071640dc1	In response, since 2008, CORFO in collaboration with KfW has been providing low-cost funding to commercial banks for financing renewable projects. In its first phase, the programme allocated nearly USD 140 million, mostly to small hydro projects. In 2011, the programme was extended by USD 90 million, and again in 2014, when it received USD 133 million to specifically target solar projects (OECD, 2016).	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	a0780acc8f96a0dd09ceec3eba842f61	Restraining patients physically (usually with straps on a bed can occur when hospital staff feel that a patient is out of control, presenting a danger to themselves or others, or is causing disruption. While staff working in hospitals, including nurses and psychiatrists, may feel that such action is necessary or justified, restraint can be very stressful and traumatic for the patient, and can result in injury or even death. A report on the use of restraint in England found that in 2011 alone there were eight deaths linked to the use of restraint, and in 2012 there were 1 000 injuries resulting from the use of restraint (MIND, 2013). Seclusion of patients, where patients are kept in a confined space, is often used for similar reasons to restraint, but again can be highly distressing to patients and can have a lasting impact on their mental wellbeing, and their confidence in hospital staff (National Mental Health Consumer & Carer Forum, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	a0789facbf86b366f2e1d444eb135aa2	He finds very little evidence that the probability of using a lawyer increases with income, suggesting that reasons other than affordability play a role in determining representation. Far fewer parties use a lawyer in employment disputes than in other civil disputes (e.g. divorce, housing), which may indicate that the simplified procedures adopted in labour disputes in most countries make it easier for parties to appear unrepresented. The rise in lawfulness and availability of contingent-fee arrangements (where lawyers are only paid if there is a payout made in the case) has raised concern about an increase in labour law complaints, but research is inconclusive on this issue.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	a07a041250cd6f7374fcd35db895506b	Slums swelled at the same time as new settlements appeared. Since 1998, the sector has been revitalised through the introduction of a tax linked to sales of cement, which will provide financial resources to the Fonds Social de l'Habitat (FSH), which provides a levy of 15 centimes/kg (Fawzi Zniber, 2015). It involved 324 000 households (1.6 million inhabitants) in more than a thousand districts in 85 cities, of which nearly a third concentrated in the Casablanca agglomeration alone (AFD, 2011).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/864d004f-en	a07d213eebd34e7a3d5baefb1c569551	For industry, there are, inter alia, dual-rate tariffs that depend on the time of the day (peak load time or off-peak), voltage level and annual hours of consumption. In agriculture, there is a so-called “green tariff’ that distinguishes between summer and winter time. Household tariffs depend only on monthly consumption (table 4.6).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	a080a5d9ce39146d82a92724d90657f0	At the current rate, the world will miss the MDG sanitation target by over 700 million people. Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are especially off track in terms of sanitation coverage. Various estimates of investment needs to meet the MDGs in developing countries were produced since the Millennium Declaration. The most recent estimates of financial needs for the sector by World Health Organization (see Hutton and Bartram, 2008; Pruss-Ustiin et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	a084da967a4edd56c921c95eb50bcf6b	The curve ranks technologies and industrial processes according to the net costs of avoiding a ton of C02 emissions, taking into account both the capital costs and the operating costs of low-emissions technologies. Figure II.2 suggests opportunities for negative cost (or win-win) emissions reductions where the upfront capital costs are more than offset by future energy savings. Most of these savings are achieved through improved energy efficiency.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a0855f8011753c44cbeb31716b4e8920	While there is little doubt that improvements to the region’s public transport system could generate significant economic and environmental gains, the current system barely has enough funding to operate, let alone upgrade or expand. This poses a problem for the metro-region’s future attractiveness, as public transit access and ease of mobility have been cited as key factors in the region’s high rankings among world cities. The Regional Transport Authority (RTA), which serves six counties and 88% of the population in the metro-region, has applied most of its funding on operations (over USD 2 billion annually) rather than maintenance or capital investment.23 This is due in part to operating costs that have outpaced inflation, rising 4.5% annually (CMAP, 2010a). Approximately half of RTA's operating costs are financed by fares and other system-related revenues (e.g. advertising and concession), with the remainder supplied by an RTA sales tax applied, a real estate transfer tax in the City of Chicago, and state matching funds and contributions.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	a087b6afb6fe3da53498eff359dd9ad4	The Federal Mortgage Society (Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal, SHF) provides bridge loans with a preferential rate for developers to construct houses using eco-technology. This project is expected to help cut over 1 million tonnes of GHG emissions over 40 years, the estimated lifecycle of these houses. The air quality plan seeks to minimise emissions, while transport planning seeks to increase mobility. Transport activities are not funded or approved unless they conform to the purpose of the air quality plan.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	a088a2ef3d1d807ade727d7a6cb2ff5a	Student benefits went even further with the preferential treatment of student work until October 2010, when Parliament adopted a new bill that abolishes student work and introduces mini jobs.17 Student work was an extremely flexible form of employment in terms of hiring and firing as opposed to regular employment, which is still heavily regulated in Slovenia. Employers also benefited from lower social contributions when they hired students, as students did not pay social security contributions (see Box 2 for more details). Student workers enjoyed major benefits.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c363e4e-en	a08a4b005493791da231b42e733ba12d	Unlike the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals are universal and comprehensive goals that give equal importance to the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Islands of prosperity surrounded by poverty, injustice, climate change and environmental degradation are viewed as neither sustainable nor acceptable. Bridging such a gap is a formidable task, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).	9	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	a09024a7eaa04f47f2be73114790c2fd	This is because only the ensuing changes in market production are taken into account with no allowance for the resulting decline in unpaid household service work. Further, Walker and Gauger (1973) argued that conventional statistics grossly understate the economic contribution of women to production because women perform about two thirds of all housework. In the 1980s, feminist economists criticised the shortcomings of traditional labour and production statistics.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	a0928ea13a75c8d29f92e787b7e63bf6	Sceptical developing countries torpedoed the meeting. The Ministerial Declaration acknowledged the unfairness of the past and promised to ‘place (the developing countries’) needs and interests at the heart of the work program’ for the new round. These assurances soothed the concerns of many developing countries. Ever hopeful, they signed up to a new round.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	a092d4482c199aedfefeabbfa907099f	This implies that the impacts of fertiliser and chemical use are strongly differentiated by the type of agricultural system and by region (Helfand et al., Given the abundance of rainfall and water resources, the importance of irrigation in Brazil is small, with only around 2% of agricultural land equipped with irrigation. This share, nevertheless, has tended to increase since 1990, with agriculture currently making almost 60% of annual freshwater withdrawals. Brazil ranks fifth worldwide in terms of overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, although total emissions have fallen sharply as a result of reduced deforestation.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/18376853-en	a09de162ef33c868b943d5a8fa2343b3	The most recent data compiled by UNICEF (2013) shows that in 82 out of 95 developing countries for which data are available the prevalence of child underweight is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Guha-Khasnobis and James (2010) found a prevalence of adult underweight of around 23 percent in the slum areas of eight Indian cities, while the prevalence in rural areas in the same states was close to 40 percent. It is technically a form of undernutrition (UNSCN, 2010), but is often referred to separately because it can coexist with adequate or excessive consumption of macronutrients and carries health consequences that are distinct from those associated with stunting.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	a09e95089aa03605ee96989e1c4f4259	In view of the significant differences between the two subgroups, which are illustrated in this chapter, information is presented on care workers as a whole and disaggregated by subgroup. In the second half of the twentieth centuiy, several developed countries saw a significant rise in the number of care workers (Folbre and Nelson, 2000; Simon and others, 2008; European Foundation, 2006), and the sector is expected to continue expanding. In Latin America, on the other hand, there is no conclusive data for gauging growth of this sector over a long enough period of time. Furthermore, the preponderance of domestic workers in the region’s care sector makes for a unique scenario.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	a0a18bd774bfd623cd6f806100c1cece	In addition, National Quality Goals initiated in 2016 set a framework to improve quality and efficiency of care across settings. The Danish health care system is effective in preventing mortality from amenable causes such as ischaemic heart disease and stroke. The case-fatality rate for heart attack patients is among the lowest in the EU.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	a0a45e16ef4f68f1cbfb27d138296263	Purchases may take place in areas with stagnant or declining home values or in distressed neighbourhoods (see Box 5) and their financing is more likely to be subprime, with potentially high interest rates and fees. Poor people living in areas with highly concentrated poverty experience inadequate schools, limited job prospects, and disadvantaged peer groups, all of which contribute to social exclusion. Residential segregation was encouraged (and sometimes enforced) by governments worldwide throughout much of history, in order to restrict the movement of various religious, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups (Nightingale 2012). Throughout the 20th century, government-sanctioned segregation gradually lessened across OECD countries.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	a0a67692a03e5578624a5c1ec94ca368	They facilitate student learning of the content through presentation of the content in clear and meaningful w'ays and through the integration of technology. Candidates in advanced programmes for teachers demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the content of their field and of the theories related to pedagogy and learning. In Australia, the national ICT Competency Framework has been proposed.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	a0a75a1b8c54c8cb7c9dc9ea158a0a4c	Although most adolescents enter high school, the portion completing it remains very small. Looking at the average for 18 Latin American countries, only 59% of youths aged 20 to 24 completes this cycle. In a number of the countries of the region, such as Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Uruguay, El Salvador and Mexico, less than half of the youths aged 20 to 24 complete secondary education (see figure IV.l).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a0a8d5f5eb874c057336689108b4ef4d	This includes, for instance, introduction of improved woodstoves; development of managed woodlots and forests for fuelwood and other community needs; promotion of biogas, solar, wind and other renewable technologies; off-grid rural electrification based on renewable electricity; introduction of efficient technologies such as compact fluorescents; and development of low carbon Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in many sectors. Nonetheless, a number of general observations may have broad applicability. In the case of individuals, the difficult economic situation in many countries, limited access to information, limited access to resources, and low awareness of environmental issues related to the energy sector all serve to disempower and limit capacity - and the most vulnerable members of the community will typically be the most disempowered. In some countries with a strong tradition of participation and involvement, NGOs are key contributors to policy and program development in the country. In other countries the role of civil society organisations is severely constrained.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	a0a9a2c322e3a3ee20df420a5aa0ab45	More recently, two types of social assistance schemes have been introduced. One, applied in some countries of Southern Africa, aims at old-age protection; the othertargets extreme poverty, and is applied mostly in low-income countries in Central, East and West Africa (Nino-Zarazua et al., In many Southern African countries, the provision of non-contributory social pension schemes that targeted the elderly poor of certain ethnic groups have been extended as domestic initiatives no longer based on racial discrimination.	10	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d100c303-en	a0a9a3627028a191e8b09e5b64e57c26	The overall proportion of people living in extreme poverty has fallen, and that trend is projected to continue. It is calculated by converting the national poverty lines from a selection of the poorest countries in the world to a common currency - using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates to adjust for the difference in cost of living across countries - and then taking an average of those lines. It was used to set targets for poverty reduction under the Millennium Development Goals and is now part of the Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030. These measures represent levels of poverty above extreme poverty.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/18a859bf-en	a0aa9ee0af0fcbc1161c26d11abe343d	However, the lack of clarity about the distinction between climate change and development is one of the factors that has led to distrust between developed and developing countries, fuelled by concerns about additionality and the potential for competition between climate finance and development finance for a limited amount of international public finance. Development finance in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA) increased steadily from the end of the 1990s up to 2010. In 2015, net official development assistance (ODA) flows from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD totalled USD 131.6 billion.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	a0af31f081ca5a3791ad3ceae0e26222	The patterns detected were different for each country, as were those for domestic tasks and caring for others. A higher education level meant less time on domestic tasks in Uruguay and Peru; but in Mexico and Colombia, those with an intermediate education level spent more time on such tasks than those in the low education group, while those with the highest level spent the least time on such tasks. The time devoted to caring for others increased in line with education level in Mexico and Colombia.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	a0b161b9c95705bfcc347e673bba02f1	Species groups including birds, plants and butterflies are relatively easy to sample and should be included in indicators or indices for farmland structure parameters, but it may be questioned how indicators based on these species groups track structural changes in the landscape. Effects of decreasing area with suitable habitat may be tracked easily as species disappear and population levels decrease, but because of highly varying dispersal rates, the actual recovery of biodiversity following e.g. a re-establishment of suitable habitat positive structural changes may not be tracked as straightforward and may show significant delay. Dispersal in a fragmented landscape may hold a significant degree of inertia that effectively postpone the recovery of a habitat-specific biodiversity at newly created or restored sites.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	a0b5751521369cdab33b5ea86ea1fcc4	The key strategy at this time was to foster the “growth pole”, which geographically corresponded to the so-called Gyungbu corridor linking Seoul to Busan and Ulsan. The government used public resources and external borrowing to finance the work, focusing first on manufacturing and services in Seoul. It then went on to create the heavy industry base along the southeast coast by building such industrial cities as Ulsan, the construction of which began in 1969, and a number of other industrial estates in that region. During the 1960s and 1970s, to improve efficiency, the government’s investment was concentrated on the high priority areas of Seoul, Incheon and Ulsan, so as to facilitate accessibility to human resources, subsidiary material, product sales and infrastructure. (	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a0b781f2d6b283c628bfb0c0d81995b3	The Council of Higher Education and the Galilee Development Authority could create a forum to enhance regional collaboration and demand-led education provision in the region. Other important participants in this forum would be the Ministry of Minority Affairs and the Arab Affairs Desk with the Prime Minister’s Office. In addition, the region would benefit from sustained community development programmes that help build capacity in communities in responding to change and social, economic and environmental challenges (see Box 4.6.). The regional competitiveness approach argues that regional capacity can be nurtured and developed by identifying their competitive advantages.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	a0bb02ef1951171245b896befcadb0fa	Regional and departmental councils contribute respectively with 8% and 4% (Figure 5.3). When looking at individual entities, seven actors capitalised more than EUR 1 million in 2014. Moreover, PS-Eau claims that DDC in the water sector has a strong leveraging effect: EUR 1 of DDC funds is able to mobilise up to EUR 5-EUR 10.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	a0bbe1214ed20fd2fc059611e71f63fd	However, the accreditation standards are broad and do not specify what is needed for a high-quality teacher preparation programme (MNESR, 2006). The admission criteria for bachelor’s education programmes for future primary teachers are the same as those for other bachelor’s degree programmes and there are no minimum admission requirements for the initial teacher education modules for future secondary teachers. Candidates are interviewed for entry, but all those who apply tend to be admitted (Velea and Istrate, 2011).	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	a0bce8a91b07daeb4bf42ecb51847641	It covers two types of beneficiaries: public works beneficiaries, who receive benefits in exchange for the provision of labour, and direct support beneficiaries, who receive transfers on an unconditional basis. They participate in public works programmes implemented when they are practical and when they are most required, such as during periods of food shortages and/or limited agricultural activity. Payments made to individuals are intended to be in line with the local market wage.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	a0bdf01d769c1838a125666e9f44000f	Language training (both general and on-the job) is critical within programme design to ensure the social integration of refugees, as illustrated in Box 4.7. The programme includes funding of about EUR 1 million and provides internship opportunities, vocational skills training and German language courses. After a pilot phase, a permanent internships programme was consolidated in 2015 in Erlanger-Nuremberg in order to support workplace integration and orientation for qualified asylum seekers. The programme is designed to be reproduced in other Siemens offices in Munich and Berlin and is also intended to serve as a case study for other companies.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	a0be02b4fddcd97457b223088a18f395	The abuse of methamphetamine is also increasing in Kenya. West Africa did not play a key role in the synthetic drug market until recent years. The reasons behind the change, part of an overall increase in global illicit demand for amphetamine-type stimulants, may be explained by weak controls on legal imports of their precursors and the socioeconomic situation in the subregion.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	a0bef49c8382bbb5343c33493e5dce3d	This fell to about one in five workers in 2012, according to The Employment Bureau of Africa (TEBA), an employment agency. With the adoption of the Refugee Act of 1998, which entered into force in 2000, asylum in South Africa was formalised, and throughout the 2000s applications have increased rapidly. Part of this increase is due to the fact that asylum seekers had full access to education and employment, and asylum procedures risked serving as a back door into the labour market.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	a0c23c42182343462ac64ef8c58b356b	"For instance, the environmental goods and services (EGS) sector is estimated to be worth over USD 600 billion world wide and is projected to rise to just under USD 800 billion by 2015, with very positive impacts on employment (Selwyn and Leverett, 2006). Value added is mainly due to rent, interest and profit, however, implying that GDP data hugely overstate the benefits of this investment for the regions concerned, which depend mostly on wages. The impact on labour markets will depend on the job multipliers associated with the activities located in a given region. For instance, the stricter environmental regulation needed to encourage the use of renewable energy will probably act as a “job killer"" in places specialised in conventional energy production, reducing the number of jobs in this sector."	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	a0c551ddeb86c7c49bbacf5da5392fcf	It implies not just creation of new jobs, but also the transformation of jobs, skills and firms (Martinez-Fernandez et al, 2010). To illustrate the richness of local initiatives this section discusses key policy concerns and examples across the region that better show how Asian economies are moving towards a greener future. Fostering new categories of green sector enterprises (i.e. waste reclamation, eco-tourism). Many Asian countries have developed green growth strategies or forward-looking climate-related plans.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	a0c748e85572d2d4cc42551117ea0118	By mid-2010, L&T/MHI had secured contracts totalling 6.5 GW of capacity. Ultra-supercritical coal technology is under development. In September 2010, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) announced the development of an advanced ultra-supercritical boiler with steam capacity of 350 bar and 700°C for an 800 MW coal power plant.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	a0c787ff7c431b3c568347a46669004f	Such standards may cover the content and duration of training, the assessment of training outcomes and the competences of those who supervise trainees (see Box 3.1 for an example from Denmark). A clear legal framework can be an important support for work-based learning - the lack of insurance against industrial accidents sometimes inhibits companies from taking on trainees. Box 3.1 includes elements of the legal framework for workplace training in the Community of Madrid, Spain.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a0c82e2519d911148a8f5f3fef170691	Nonetheless, certain regularities can be identified. Based on the most recently available figures, the least unequal countries in the region are the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica and Uruguay. It is also possible to identify Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras as those with the highest levels of income concentration in the region.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	a0cac9eeeeb5eefb6ebd391949658205	In its decision of 26 June 2009, the latter confirmed the patent office’s rejection of a patent for Glivec, denying “significantly enhanced efficacy” of Glivec under Article 3(d) over a previously known molecule (see the IPAB decision in Novartis AG v Union of India et al. Business Standard of 5 July 2009). In addition, the IPAB ruled that because of the price charged for Glivec, poor cancer patients in India would not be able to afford the drug, which in turn would threaten many people’s lives and thus create public disorder in the country (p. 191 of the decision).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	a0cc8034f15e0ef5904e0151f97839a9	The survey was conducted in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010-2011 in conjunction with TIMSS national assessment, as well as in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The test is administered and marked by schools. The test is administered and marked by schools. The survey is administered and assessed by NEC. The test is administered and marked by schools. The survey is administered and assessed by NEC.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/32bff34e-en	a0ccc8f1da162ee696c649ca88c6f3a5	The WTO houses the Secretariat and manages the STDF trust fund. They include projects to facilitate livestock exports from Ethiopia, to strengthen Zambia's capacity to export plant-based products, and to mainstream sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) investments in policy and planning frameworks in selected countries of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The Zambia and COMESA projects will benefit from co-financing provided by the Enhanced Integrated Framework (see page 156).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	a0ced1cf9700d7f5c021d8e1774e4a48	The parental leave benefit was set at 67% of the parent’s net average earnings during the 12 months preceding child birth, with a ceiling of EUR 1 800 per month and a floor of EUR 300. The first 12 months were paid and, if partners (usually the father) used at least two months of parental leave, it was topped up with another two months - 14 months in all. It was, in fact, possible to extend parental leave to up to 24+4 months (if each parent took at least four months), with a proportional reduction in the monthly payment rate. Unpaid employment-protected leave was available for a maximum of 36 months (Moss and Korintus, 2008).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	a0d01c9dc13be5232c59d01fa41c17da	In addition to other efforts, work undertaken by the OECD points to a number of short- to medium-term decisions which can potentially improve the outcomes of the agriculture and food system. Some of these processes are either ongoing or are on the agenda of international negotiations. Policies such as these often have specific objectives, e.g. rural development or poverty reduction, which can be pursued more efficiently with more targeted measures. Other policies, such as the promotion of specific non-food uses of biomass, both of agricultural and other origin, should be reviewed for their contribution to the stated objectives and in light of the existing pressures on natural resources. International and regional efforts are currently focused on improving the rules in international trade. Increasing the fluidity of trade links without compromising legitimate domestic objectives for food safety, environmental protection and other areas is important to enable the achievement of the full benefits of comparative advantages.	2	1	3	0.5
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	a0d184f41ff1b441449f3d77ba92e671	This is because when the buyer is tasked with ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain, it is much simpler to do so with a smaller number of large producers. This would certainly be true if such labels were mandatory government-led efforts. It might be true to a lesser extent if the labels achieved such market share as to become de facto mandatory. As to the first of these concerns, there are currently no mandatory PCF labels.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	a0dfefb2ac583d2cc6811959e6c7cbcc	The extension of income data at sub-national level is part of the OECD work on advancing the measurement agenda of wellbeing to regions and cities (see http://www.oecd.org/regional/how-is-life-in-your-region.htm). Income-based measures of poverty at regional level are a first step towards more encompassing metrics of deprivation that include non-monetary measures. High disparities between regions can undermine national economic grow'th, leading to inequality of opportunities and creating social tensions that in turn may sustain regional imbalances over time (OECD, 2011b).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a0e01c0e83a191eada64a2a2f18582d1	Some colleges have taken steps to build their capacity in this domain, for example the Tel Hai Academic College and ORT Braude. Enterprise support services for students remains at a low level. Colleges see their role as regional change agents but deliver this role mainly through community service. It has been instrumental in training most of the hi-tech engineers in the country.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	a0e0fa8005ca8a6288cedc245cb289be	"Relevant negotiations to operationalize the Paris Agreement are planned to conclude at the twenty-fourth session of the Conference of the Parties (December 2018). This outcome is expected to provide modalities, procedures and guidelines which will define new data and reporting requirements under the Paris Agreement. There are a total of 49 indicators; 34 are core indicators, and an additional 15 indicators have been identified as ""stepping stones"" for future work."	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	a0e172f9dbf170f918952e15da9241c1	Results are averages over different earnings levels and family situations and account for taxes and for family-related benefits as of 2009.23 These replacement rates provide a summary indication of benefit generosity in the first full year of the recession and thus capture the impact of most measures taken to reinforce UBs early in the recession, but not of subsequent developments.24 Compensation for lost earnings is typically highest during the first year of an unemployment spell. On average across OECD countries, individuals receive more than half of what they earned prior to losing their jobs. In some countries, the level of support can decline markedly as the spell of unemployment extends into a second year (e.g. less than 10% of previous earnings in Luxembourg, Italy, Japan and Korea).	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	a0e3dfaaedc1a0ba82815304f8debcb0	Domestic violence is a major contributor to women’s mental health problems including depression. Marital rape may lead to unwanted pregnancy and abortion. Others have a provision in the law that spouses should not cause physical or mental harm to each other, but evidence of injury is usually required to prove assault, which can be very difficult for wives to demonstrate.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	a0e72aa19d3476ed5d511b4546d95c06	In other words, the VRR combines the degree to which VAT policy is designed to tax consumption at a uniform rate together with the quality of compliance and tax administration. In 2012, Poland had one of the lowest VRRs in the OECD, pointing to both a narrow VAT base and weak enforcement and compliance. Broadening the VAT base, by scaling back the use of reduced VAT rates and exemptions, and strengthening VAT enforcement could help boost revenues and contribute to financing Poland's planned spending increases.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	a0ec7d24108fa9965334866e0bb0708b	Recent analysis has shown, for example, that the economic cost of outdoor air pollution, in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health, is much higher than previously thought. While costs were estimated at 4% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in OECD countries on average in 2010, China faced costs that were estimated at the equivalent of 12% of GDP. Further work is underway to assess the economic consequences of risks posed by climate change, air pollution and the link between land, water and energy. Cost-benefit analysis that includes economic valuation of environmental externalities is a key tool available to comprehensively consider both the economic and environmental consequences of policies. Securing sources of finance to support green growth is even more challenging in developing countries (2014c).	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264096356-en	a0efd96e88ccb8edc593697da6fe91aa	In principle, nuclear energy is also well-positioned to contribute to adequate capacity margins and stable loads. By providing stable baseload electricity it reduces the complications of integrating intermittent or distributed generation, since as a reliable baseload source of power it helps maintain frequency and voltage. Expressed differently, the massive use of intermittent sources will require a significant fraction of continuously operating and robust baseload electric power generation fuelled by more steady sources. While the technical parameters of nuclear energy set limits to the extent it can make up for sudden load changes itself, the development of smart grids and demand response should smooth load variations (and thus increase the share of baseload demand). This would considerably strengthen the case for nuclear energy in co-operation with both other supply-side and demand-side technologies. Price volatility in liberalised electricity markets (and reinforced by intermittent renewables) does remain a challenge and needs to be addressed by appropriate means such as long-term contracts.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	a0f0ecf22c952c5802a969c05aebb8b8	Korea is also not listed as a non-Annex I country here, as it is assigned a basic contribution share as part of replenishment GEF cycles. Some share of these resources could be used for climate-related purposes. Some developing countries also provide development assistance, as discussed below, though these amounts are not systematically measured or tracked; systems for doing so have to date been developed by and for “traditional” developed country public finance providers (Dreher et al., It can also be difficult to monitor this information; developed countries have taken many years to establish systems that allow them to better track financial flows, let alone those targeting climate change action in developing countries. Even then, such tracking has generally been limited to public resources aimed at development; broadening the coverage to other financial flows and private climate finance can be complex.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a0fc0176bd00e667a518fb67b6338bf6	However, public opinion, social forces and political pressures have ensured that policy attention and resources disproportionately favour the latter. Once the relevant subsets of full costs receive appropriate attention from the public, the media and policy makers, the different manners to proceed towards internalisation can be better understood. Price- and market-based measures such as taxes, prices, subsidies, the allocation of property rights and market creation. Norms, standards and regulations, which are the default measure of policy making. When the lives of millions of people are at stake, governments have an obligation to put into place incentive structures that reduce transaction costs and enable new allocations that allow for large welfare improvements so as to address key issues such as air pollution.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a0fcc974643eecb6c83b8148e5e4549b	For this reasons, nuclear power plants pose more stringent requirements in term of the stability (voltage and frequency permissible variations) and availability of external power supply. For instance, nuclear power plants require redundant electrical connections with the existing grid, which makes for higher connection costs compared with a thermal plant of equivalent size. Attempting to work in “island mode”, i.e. a reactor producing its own electricity for cooling, is a difficult challenge in normal times and would be inappropriate and potentially dangerous in an emergency situation.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	a0fcdff44bda8968019faaabd8fe596b	This is because they are far more prominent in the literature. Further, the word commune is used in lieu of municipality throughout this report, along with intercommunalites (instead of intermunicipalities). It offers background context for the case studies of Clermont-Ferrand and Nantes Saint-Nazaire that follow. The chapter begins with a section that describes subnational government roles and functions, and a description of fiscal relations at the local government level.	11	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3400179e-en	a102f2de2ca20b3d8dc50847157816c9	It leaves out much of the important economic policy agenda put forth by developing countries in international negotiations. While they do include a specific goal on the building of a global partnership for development (Goal 8), its wording is weak and lacks quantitative targets in several aspects. However, they fail to mention equity, empowerment of people, sustainability, security, and building sustainable productive capacity for economic growth.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	a103b1356ef8f1fe655d0b0c1221b5b6	Those with the least education have higher mortality rates and a greater incidence of avoidable hospitalisation. For example, survival rates for breast cancer are lower in women with low education, and rates of potentially avoidable hospital admission and amenable mortality are about double among people with lower educational status compared to those with higher education. This is illustrative of other differences in health status and outcomes between socio-economic groups.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	a10557257c372ed02e330958e6b78535	This can be paid by the year, by month, by week, or by day. A modelling study now underway should determine the natural rate of recharge of the deep aquifer in the south of Luxembourg, which contains waters fit for human consumption. The Water Law requires housing developments to have a separate system. With the exception of artificial water bodies (those created by human activities) or those that have been highly modified (through physical alterations due to human activity). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can cause cancers and endocrine disruption.	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	a1069823f0651968342fad8346ec53f9	Overall, transfers operate basically on the family environment of origin of adolescents and youths. In the intermediate stage (the early years of adolescence), these policies act on the regressive distribution of learning and educational attainment and especially target dropout and disaffiliation, trying to encourage education system attendance and retention. But health conditionalities do not necessarily cover the entire population of adolescents and youths. In fact, the requirement for regular medical check-ups extends to age 18 in just 6 of the 16 cases recently reviewed.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	a10771fbd8fb56d2c1525efb5829333e	The Tinbergen rule suggests that one instrument per objective is required, and so one instrument will be required per market failure, such as a tax to address an externality and labelling to address information failures (OECD, 2006; Tinbergen, 1952). In addition, as responses to environmental taxes change over time - behaviour change in the short term and changes in investment patterns and innovation in the medium and long term - packages of complementary instruments can facilitate these differentiated responses. Assuming that policies do not overlap, policy packages have the potential to act in a complementary way to achieve environmental goals while limiting compliance-cost uncertainty, enhancing enforcement possibilities and reducing administrative costs (OECD, 2006).	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	a108cbf9e69edf8ea194b997cdbd1929	First of all the teacher training system is expected to provide the labour market with teachers who have the necessary initial qualifications - in the case of ICT as well. Consequently, all teacher training services have to pay attention to the ICT competence of its students so they can manage the final objectives themselves to a large degree. This is possible only if ICT is incorporated into the training curriculum itself to a large extent.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	a10bec2f891aa808a83ee00715b5a020	Recharging also requires a non-contact recharging facility to be installed at the station (such a recharging system is running in other Korean cities such as Jeju, Suwon and Pohang). The introduction of compressed natural gas buses is another example of low-pollution transport policy in Sejong. The central government provided a subsidy to Sejong to help the city adopt CNG buses. Sejong’s bus network includes 72 routes, served by 130 buses, among which 24 are BRT types.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	a10d2d51def3a8d6206b66fa18ba654c	If properly designed and implemented, they could be a real agent of structural transformation in LDCs. Today, companies divide their operations across the world - from the design of the product and manufacturing of components to assembly and marketing - creating international production chains. While the concept of GVCs is not new, there has been a recent explosion of research into value chains against the backdrop of a sharp increase in intermediates trade.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	a1105ec9b46e4faf0cfad922e898dec9	Viet Nam's investment policy includes incentives for investment in environmentally friendly areas such as renewable energy, afforestation and recycling. Malaysia has instated a major drive to encourage investment in green industrial development, including green technologies (renewable energy, energy efficiency etc.) While the current Cambodian Investment Law and supporting decrees provide incentives for qualified investment projects, projects that promote environmentally friendly technologies are not included in the list. A recent study shows that renewable energy technologies such as solar could provide power at close to the same price as fossil fuels in Cambodia, and could be cost competitive with additional support, such as through feed-in-tariffs.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	a112296864f15daedcfa7a08548d26e9	There have been efforts to co-ordinate programmes through the creation of special oversight commissions (Comision Intersecretarial and the Comision National de Desarrollo Social) and the introduction of a unified register of beneficiaries. While these measures are welcome, reducing duplications and redundancy could require a more ambitious effort to achieve coordination. Carefully reviewing existing federal and local programmes would represent a necessary preliminary step in this direction.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	a1156580587ce2284c00cc2ee429c755	Although these have indeed reduced the shortage, they have also had adverse effects in terms of peripheral expansion and socioeconomic residential segregation. The abandonment of housing is a clear symptom of the inefficiency of formulating housing policy separately from urban policy. For example, in 2010, there were 5 million abandoned dwellings in Mexico, representing 14% of the country's total housing stock. The causes of abandonment included international migration, insecurity and local unemployment: but also the effects of subsidized public housing policies, since 80% of public mortgage loans granted between 2006 and 2010 were in municipalities with higher levels of uninhabited housing (Sanchez and Salazar, 2011).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a115d3ef4f7ab1f2c9141384c86d8b23	These projects covered themes such as drug and tobacco abuse, family health, culture and heritage, environmental conservation, community empowerment etc. ( It initiated a bilateral research project with Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) to prevent Aedes Egypti (the mosquito species that spreads Dengue) from breeding, using chemical and biological methods. The latter focus mainly on breeding Toxorhynchites Splendens, which are another species of mosquitoes that feeds on the larvae of Aedes Egypti. This experiment may be extended to other regions that are affected by outbreaks of Dengue.	4	4	1	0.6
10.18356/60a8d482-en	a116624cb8f5af1ab892c3420fbe6121	Benefit levels are often too low to provide women with financial independence or a greater say in household decision-making. Evaluations of Ghana's Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme, for example, found that, in spite of transfers being directed to women, decisionmaking remained with husbands, brothers and sons.50 In this case, the low level of benefits was compounded by irregular and inconsistent payments. The risk of stigmatization is greatest where gender inequalities intersect with other axes of disadvantage such as class, ethnicity, disability, location or race.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	a119ea14ca733c0349339f4929b1bcb5	The use of bioeconomic models as a descriptive device allows for the examination of economic tradeoffs, including the estimation of potential profits. The fact that bioeconomic models entail the specification of an objective function (which can be a multi-objective function) can force diverse stakeholder groups to be transparent in their objectives and performance indicators. The identification of performance indicators is critical because it can provide additional metrics to be tracked during the ongoing collection of data on the fishery for monitoring and evaluation.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	a11a2a7dc8a8cc43e82c1fc930131e7f	This mainly reflects the severity and length of the crisis in these countries. Among the family types considered in Panel B, individuals in a couple relationship are the least likely to live in a no earner-household not in receipt of unemployment benefits. This reflects the role of dual-earner couples in stabilising household income when unemployment rises during a recession. Indeed, the sustained growth of women’s labour-force participation over recent decades and its rising resilience during economic downturns has reinforced many families’ abilities to cushion earnings losses (OECD, 20011b).	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	a11a9ac1a24727efb64b7913474d8cff	At present, access to health care services appears to be broadly equitable across regions, although limited reporting by regions and municipalities on inequalities inhibits deeper understanding and analysis. The increasing centralisation of specialist hospital services could exacerbate small inequalities in the current geographical distribution of physicians across Denmark. Municipalities will need to ensure that elderly patients are not disadvantaged potential problems in access caused by the closure of smaller local hospitals. Incentives to recruit health professionals from local communities where needs are the highest might have better payoffs on retention in underserved areas in the longer term.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	a11afd00e82151055707dcac4d60c6ed	It shows that the prospects for sustained growth are good if reforms along the lines suggested by the OECD Green Growth Strategy are undertaken. Well-managed fisheries can deliver billions more in value and millions of tonnes more fish each year, while aquaculture has the potential for continued strong growth to supply the food requirements of a growing world. An integrated policy view that takes in the whole of the “blue economy” of marine and coastal spaces and which evaluates itself against clear and measureable objectives is required to secure this vision ofgreen growth for fisheries and aquaculture.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	a11c397c3bda772b0b15b2198d1e40a1	It is often argued that a lower tax rate on capital gains encourages risk-taking and entrepreneurship, thus promoting growth, while high capital gains taxes create an inefficient “lock-in” effect. Burman and Moynihan (2011) show' that 94% of the value of capital gains tax breaks in the United States benefit the top quintile. They consider that, since capital losses are often supported by the government (in the form of reduced taxes), capital gains should be taxed.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/194768b3-en	a11e1923d337e78c24bd605b8980400c	Complexity is intrinsic to such programming, which addresses issues that are deeply rooted in cultural mores, values and belief systems at both individual and societal levels, and where much of the achievement of results is dependent on factors outside the control of UNDP. When gender analysis and mainstreaming were lacking, it was more likely that gender-negative, gender-blind or gender-targeted results occurred. Other examples of the link between institutional and gendered development results were seen in programming that explicitly recognized and developed capacities to ensure that all stakeholders could consider themselves gender experts, which then were applied to programming and policy work. Other programming elements included selecting gender-aware partners and strategically adapting programming based on the changing needs on the ground.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a11eb86f5c273d680ddf99f8b70cd8f7	Job creation should be seen as the focus of innovation activities in the Galilee. Technology Transfer Offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it. Incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer “agents” to bring non-local knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships. Incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	a1203078da1631a6c37c05f99b2c83b5	In order to accommodate United States terminology, the TRIPS Agreement specifies that its terms “inventive step” and “capable of industrial application” may be deemed by a Member to be synonymous with the terms “non-obvious” and “useful”, as traditionally used in the United States (see footnote 5 to Article 27, TRIPS Agreement). In essence, implementation of undefined TRIPS language provides an opportunity for members to tailor their laws and policies to strike a desired balance between the exclusive right promoted by the respective IPR at issue, and the area remaining outside the scope of exclusivity (i.e. the “public domain”). Governments will have to decide where the dividing line between these areas should be drawn, for example, whether to promote broad exclusive rights and a limited public domain, or vice versa.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	a12241988860bf845ece477ec0f3f7f6	For each target area, one or more municipalities have the political responsibility to establish an action plan. In 2013, a Structural Plan for Northwest Skane was adopted. The purpose was to strengthen the regional aspects of spatial planning. The plan is used among member municipalities as a strategic document in their work on long-term planning, such as the revision of municipal master plans.	11	0	5	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	a12401ec525bc6189d9b0b23cd09dd72	The chapter analyses why women are absent, and what can be done overall to promote more inclusive approaches, drawing from the insights shared by high-profile women in Commonwealth Africa. The fact that women are not represented in proportion to their presence in the population is a violation of this principle. In short, women have a right to equal participation in political decision-making. It is also about participation and citizenship, which give people a say in their lives, making for better policies and service delivery, and holding those who make such decisions and take such actions more accountable.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	a1272b3df0f833cccb6b1d6f4cad7cbc	If it does not effectively address that challenge, India will continue to face weak private investment and modest economic growth. The Government's policy initiatives have centred around the so-called 4Rs - recognition, resolution, recapitalization and reforms (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018). The central bank strengthened its asset quality review in 2015, which found significant quantities of non-performing assets.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	a1295a312d16cf65987ebd188e9a2fdd	The EIUC is based on compensation claims made by firms, and hence, will not capture environmental cost not related to financial costs to firms. Moreover, they are likely to not capture recreational values (swimming, kayaking, etc.). Hence, the EIUC may significantly underestimate the true social environmental cost and hence not fully comply w'ith the “Polluter Pays principle”.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	a12b60e74d30e320085cb130a9439db6	Some form of agricultural use, cropland, pastures and permanent crops, covers roughly 60% of the land, while the remaining 35% of land is in forests, other natural environments and water. There is a distinct spatial order with dense metropolises, growing peri-urban zones, and clearly defined villages dotting the predominantly agricultural and natural landscape. While these spatial forms are shaped by their histories, they are also moulded by present practices—the national regulator}' frameworks that guide and structure actions at the regional and local levels, and by economic forces. This introductory chapter describes the institutional frameworks and policies that that shape the spatial planning system and land use practices at the regional and local levels. Complications arise from multiple sources, but one of the largest is the inherent tension within a system of government that involves both, a strong national government that is engaged in virtually all aspects of French society, and a strong tradition of small scale local democracy that has resulted in a plethora of elected local governments, or communes. This leads to situations where national policies impose a series of constraints that can clash with local priorities.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a2206e44-en	a12b72927450b0db5501d73ad5efe0c0	This requires strong institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks, which are often lacking in many developing countries. By adding local content to projects and by adapting RETs to local conditions, it is possible for developing-country first-mover manufacturers to benefit from domestic and international demand for RETs. Trade in RETs has in fact been brought into focus, for instance, as a possible contribution of the WTO to global climate mitigation efforts (see Vikhlyaev, Fliess, Zhang and Jha in this Review).	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6546680a-en	a130374a429b172b7c362fdff07cf4b8	The idea here is not to encourage public ownership, which would amount to returning to failed policies of the past. Rather, the idea is to ensure that the capital-mobilizing power of the State is used to provide the initial investment impulses needed to generate growth with employment. At UNCTAD, the development of the concept in the LDC context was linked to earlier efforts to understand how structurally weak and underdeveloped economies like LDCs should promote economic growth and how they should initiate and then accelerate the growth process. Such efforts also sought to understand what are the key factors or capabilities that enable such economies to produce goods they can consume or sell, and what kinds of productive activities create quality jobs that contribute to poverty reduction.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	a130a5d9c7a7f7986a57f58b388a0aea	Housing and information seem to present the steeper curves. Additionally, for older children the divide between rural and urban seems considerably less, except for utilities. However, the curves for both rural and urban seem slightly flatter, especially at a lower level of consumption. This highlights the fact that for adolescents, in particular, an increase in consumption power is not likely to reduce deprivation in a substantial way.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	a130ed8ce9fa0e0371e3791d8c1d95bd	Tax and benefit payments are said to “redistribute” if they lower inequality, regardless of the extent to which this is achieved through actual or implicit transfers from higher to lower-income groups.1 As in other parts of this report, changes in the income distribution are analysed here using “snapshots” for individual years. The reference period is the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s. International comparisons tend to focus on specific parts of the tax-benefit system (Heady et al.,	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	a13383fe6afbcae78fd4fae6017909b9	In addition, the higher up the pay scale, the greater the differences in career opportunities and compensation. While on average the gross wage gap in OECD countries stands at 15.7% (18.4% in Switzerland as noted), for top earners it rises to 20.9% in OECD countries and 25.4% in Switzerland (OECD, 2012a). Women also make up a small percentage of company board members, 11.6% in Switzerland for the largest firms versus a European average of 15.6% (Egon Zehnder 2012) and entrepreneurs, defined as persons taking on the risk of setting up a business. The gender wage gap is calculated as the difference between median earnings of m median eamings of men; 2010 for the Netherlands.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	a136c885a98ac0275f2e26e04d62d525	For 2007, the number of eligible households was increased to 15.8 million, from 10.8 million in 2006. For 2008, the number of eligible households was increased to 19.1 million. In addition, the monthly rice ration was increased from 10 to 15 kg for 9 out of the 10 months, although the price paid for the rice was increased from IDR 1000/kg to IDR 1 600/kg.	2	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	a137906961e4520c6907e4309ea16476	With several OECD countries planning to raise the age of compulsory education to 18 or tying school-leaving to the acquisition of an upper secondary or vocational qualification, Greece risks falling further behind. In this respect, the current economic downturn could provide a suitable backdrop for a move to raise the compulsory education requirement. Indeed, as labour market opportunities decrease, particularly for youth without qualifications, drop-out rates are likely to fall, making it easier to gather political consensus and to enforce the new measures.	8	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	a1388b80f110cff4e6f5f60fa0ade577	Participating apprentices should be older than 16 years; they normally spend four days each week in an enterprise to acquire work experience, and one day in an MITD training centre for theoretical and technological back-up. Apprentices undergo block release (two weeks’ duration), centre-based training at the start of the apprenticeship to enable them to develop the basic initial skills required for engaging effectively in the on-the-job training. Hie conditions of apprenticeship training are governed by a contract which is signed by the employer and the apprentice (or their responsible party).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	a13e3c34944bc2ea6176d69c76e9feff	Pockets of evidence from the region suggest that parent anxiety and inter-generational discord relating to discipline can increase as the age gap widens. For example, grandparent foster-carers of children orphaned by HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa reported a feeling of disharmony in relationships with their grandchildren and problems relating to discipline (Nyasani, Sterberg & Smith, 2009). In South Africa, one reason why adolescents worry about the replacing of a biological parent is that parents are valued for their unconditional commitment to provide for their children (regardless of actual ability to do so). Relatedly, parents are also valued for their role in introducing children to their ancestors.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	a1446f7375a106481713e68e4d722094	Serbia is due to adopt a new energy strategy though the associated action plan for the sector is lagging somewhat behind. This indicates that they are still developing policy, legal and institutional frameworks and that relevant legislation is not adopted and/or fully aligned with the relevant Energy Community acquis. In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, at the time of the assessment, the energy law was not yet Third Energy Package-compliant and a clear strategy for the whole sector, including measurable objectives, is not in place.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	a1449d692998f6388c5cef9b6f9df514	Modern renewables jointly accounted for less than 1 per cent. The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing CO, emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival”, in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. In 2010, the global share of coal reached an estimated 29 per cent, which in relative terms was higher than, and in absolute terms about twice as large as, at the time of the first oil crisis, in 1973.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/70095f8a-en	a1465474c6d55a200f558ae39570592d	Of the 18 countries in the world with the highest maternal mortality ratio (between 500 and 1,100) globally, 16 are in Africa (UNECA et al., Poor, uneducated and rurally remote women are at most risk. A 10.0 per cent increase in adolescent birth rate increases maternal mortality by about 2.0 per cent (Annex M).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	a14afec7a39a0fadfce81585d68773fb	The independent variables are: a dummy variable for sex (1 for male, 0 for female), a dummy variable for race/colour (1 for white, 0 for black), dummy variables for cohorts (the youngest cohort was used as a point of reference), five dummy variables for levels of schooling (the least-educated group was used as a point of reference) and a dummy variable for the year (1 for 2008, 0 for 2003). The first corresponded to the data for 2003 and the second to data for 2008. The third referred to aggregate data (an analysis similar to an analysis of panel data with random effects) and the fourth to the variations between the values for 2003 and 2008. Monetary poverty and deprivation as measured by the other indicators are more prevalent in households headed by persons of African descent and by women, even when other variables are controlled for.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089006-en	a14c942cdccda4bcdee11bdfa20871b1	Manufacturing and market-related production services account for more than half of the region’s employment and GVA. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) dominate the regional economy. This has been due to the expansion of a less educated and lower skilled workforce, and the inability of firms in major Catalan industries to move up the value chain via product innovation. Almost two-thirds of manufacturing employment is in medium-low or low-technology industries.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289343879-7-en	a14f97d3bbb87fabafe7093abd70daaa	"Secondly, reforms have been decidedly ""pro-poor"" in that the most regressive subsidies -those that benefit the poor the least - have been eliminated. Despite the increase in electricity generation, coal generation has remained constant at around 12 TWh since 2000 with much of the increase coming from gas, oil and an interconnector to Spain which has been in place since 2005 [IEA, 2014c) [IEA, 2014a). Building the four power plants of the Ouarzazate complex in particular will lower the cost of concentrated solar power worldwide."	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	a153a721e256481eac0115bc68b7b29f	School leaders and teachers should develop strategies together to support promoted students who are struggling with certain subjects and give teachers access to staff with expertise to help those students. The greater the variety of opportunities to learn, the higher the probability that all students will benefit. Under certain circumstances, the school year can be reorganised to extend learning time by introducing remedial classes before or after school, at Saturday school or at summer school.5 Spending more time at school is positive for students with unfavourable after-school learning environments (OECD, 2010c).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	a153a8e56f0c63dffa630774958b9229	School principals also evaluated very positively the collaboration dynamics that the project sparked among teachers. Around 75% of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways, and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have had otherwise (see Chapter 6 for more details on teacher and principal reports). While the objective was mainly to trial and test the instruments and evaluation protocol, the pilot data collection also provided interesting insights as students' answers were actually collected.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/35cfe616-en	a153edb64a0d44684d7a542b5e92cbec	Alternative results are presented for a more ambitious scenario in which the proportion of renewable sources increases from 20 percent in 2010 to 50 per cent in 2025. The REN 21 study examines the potential for renewable energy sources for electricity generation, heat and cooling, and transport fuels. The corresponding figures, at the regional level, are given below in Figure 6/ In the basic version of the model, each country within a region is assumed to adopt the same mix, as determined by the regional potential.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	a158276a31d6c756c74d171e33d388b9	Even considering that pensioners’ incomes are below the overall average income, these cuts have likely improved the contribution of pensions to the reduction of inequality. With regard to poverty, the cuts had no direct effects, as they only affected pensions above the poverty line. The program was particularly effective to reduce the poverty incidence, since the minimum income threshold was initially fixed at the relative poverty line corresponding to 50% of the median average income.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	a15915491f64130a5bf3be86b2356b65	Some of these issues reflect weak decision-making mechanisms within RFMOs, which leaves the potential of such issues undermining the effectiveness of collective management. As a result, overfishing continues to be a problem in some areas of the high seas including in RFMO-managed areas. At the outset it is worth highlighting that many fisheries are already fully subscribed and some are overfished. Hence an important policy objective is to ensure that international and national fisheries are managed in a sustainable way and that fishing capacity is brought into line with available fishing opportunities.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	a15cfa1c0b3a1f36794336ff27216c7f	The second document that formulated a vision and consecutive policy actions is the Age-friendly Manchester programme, which was launched to bring the city’s policies in line with the World Health Organization’s Age-friendly Cities approach. Toyama and Yokohama have adopted a legal approach through a “Local Autonomy Law”. The process of formulating a vision for development followed a similar pattern in all of the cities assessed. Each included engaging the wider public and the private sector.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	a15ea965668a2db03ede23b75dfb4f2a	"The Storting (Norwegian Parliament) and the Government formulate the objectives for education, adopt legal frameworks (the Education Act and its regulations), and evaluate the status and condition of the day-care and education sectors. The local (428 municipalities) and 19 county authorities have the overriding responsibility for financing primary and lower secondary education. Adapted version of Theisens, H. (2012), ""Effective governance front the centre”, paper presented at the First Thematic GOES Conference, 21-22 November 2012, The Hague, OECD/CERI."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	a1652e8eb9a5561f2fe480e9f6169458	The work of women and minors must be appropriate, particularly with respect to their age, condition or physical state and intellectual and moral development. Minors under 16 years of age and women may not perform tasks that are designated by law as unhealthy or dangerous. Causes of suspension of employment contracts without liability for the parties, include pre-natal and post-natal rest, leave periods, breaks and vacations, among others. The minimum wage is the pay that every worker is entitled receive to cover his/her normal needs and those of his/her family, in material, moral and cultural terms. Employers must insure the worker at their expense, for the benefit of the person who will receive compensation, provided that the amount of the insurance is not less than the compensation.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	a165c78acc73b139e66b61da6f1423aa	The key requirement is quick action based on the highest possible levels of accuracy. It is therefore critical that the estimation of post-disaster damage should be made in an objective and reliable manner with evidence-based quantitative information. This combines PDNA sectoral assessment methodology with the use of real or near real-time satellite data including geospatial solutions (Box IV-4).	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264267787-en	a166a79b37da46406676406db2a7d64a	The two main actors responsible for the development of clinical guidelines are the government and academics (i.e. the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 2004, clinical research centres in Korea have specialised in specific Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) is responsible for quality assurance and auditing of claims for publicly reimbursed medical services. Both HIRA and KOIHA undertake public reporting on health care providers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	a167838dbcdfb12a99d0e25212a4a7f4	The perception of higher risk in investing in women’s entrepreneurialism and cultural bias among loan officers are two reasons cited by local banks as they attempt to target lending programmes for these businesses. Women business owners also tend to make more conservative investments to minimise risk (IFC 201 la). Furthermore, broader consumer research shows that women value personal relationships with individual service providers; women want to be treated as individuals while men want to feel like they are part of an important group (Melnyk et al. Rather, seamless adaptation of product and service enhancements to benefit women will also benefit men and result in an improved customer experience across all segments.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	a168324819611409ea7b4197cfb7988f	Due to the fact, however, that urban population, and especially that in capital cities, is expected to grow, a public transport network losing demand might be an issue of concern, in particular, if the demand is at relatively low level compared to private motorized transport. While this is a too short period for drawing meaningful conclusions, the demand levels should be carefully watched, and the causes for declines identified. Actions should then follow to reverse the negative trends.	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	a16c19938daf01a10993b6f07ee28f5d	Where the groundwater table is high and there are problems with drainage, irrigation contributes to soil salinization. Waterwithdrawal from the Kura for irrigation occurs mainly downstream from Mingcchcvir. There is some limited manufacturing activity in Turkey based on agriculture and animal husbandry'.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	a16c1f0755096ac3e2eac99fd4158ad6	It also provides an overview of student performance in reading and science, and describes the evolution of performance in these subjects over previous PISA assessments. The volume also reveals differences in how equitably countries allocate resources and opportunities to learn to schools with different socio-economic profiles. Case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283466-en	a16dd2b3e0d3eb2271df29f8e21a1f5b	Furthermore, procedures that might be expected to be covered, such as thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures are not included A failure to make such services systematically available limits access to good quality care. Public funding only accounted for 57% of health spending in 2015, the second lowest share in the EU after Bulgaria (Figure 12). Nearly all of the rest (42%) is paid out of pocket by patients themselves This is the third highest share in the EU after Cyprus and Bulgaria, and nearly three times the EU average of 15% These large out-of-pocket payments constitute a substantial barrier to accessing medical care for many Latvians, as reflected in the high levels of unmet medical and dental care needs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	a16fd3eb571bfa4eae01a4de150d19ee	Cambodia has a high potential for renewable energy and a fledgling solar industry, spurred in part by donor financed programmes over the past decade. Despite this, no renewable energy policy exists and no incentives are in place to spur the uptake of grid-connected renewables, and power development plans do not reflect the potential for green energy in the country. Similarly, there is no policy framew'ork in place to support energy efficiency.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	a17195c6f7da6daf3361454b50f5a77f	This effect is likely to be small considering the low share of the overall number of students being moved. In fact, increased inclusion in regular schools has occurred in a period of a general decline in expenditure per student. The overall cost saving is a result of fewer students in the costly special schools. Thus, when analysing the resource situation in schools, teacher resources are of particular importance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	a171a6f5113ea0ecec74b46fe3e4c19b	"Chile, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2009; ECLAC, “Women's contribution to equality in Latin America and the Caribbean"" (LC/ L.2?38(CRM.1(V3)), Santiago. Chile, 2007; M. Blofield, Care, Work and Class: Domestic Workers' Stmggle tor Equal Rights In Lath America, Penn State Unwersity Press, 2012; International Labour Organization (ILO), Text of the Recommendation Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, 2011 (online) http://www.ilo.org/tocmsp5/ groups/public/—ed_norm/—reteonfcrdocuments/meetingdocument/wcms_157834.pdf. Previous ECLAC studies have addressed the link between this topic and internal and, especially, international migration in the region (Martinez Pizarro, 2003; Tokman, 2008). There is no room fordoubt: in many countries in the region and the rest of the world, migrant women account for a significant proportion of woikers in occupations involving domestic and care activities."	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	a172659016831a0686b504e1ba044292	Network members share best practices and provide financial services to women entrepreneurs. For this type of saving, a formula with regular deposits is preferable because it makes it easier to forecast expenses by spreading them out over time. According to available cash levels and planned expenditures, the entrepreneur may prefer to seek a more flexible savings solution that makes funds easily available.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	a177bf17a07bbc7bdeaebc3e23a40b01	In rural areas, however, there appear to be three unique factors rather than two. Nutrition and health, both measured at the individual level, load together on the first factor (0.80 and 0.78, respectively). As in urban areas, water and sanitation are loaded together, but now in combination with information.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a17beeae10899a2375df17970943f8b6	As a large, frequently centralised activity producing an output that is fundamentally important to human well-being, industrial development and economic growth, electricity production is also the most broadly studied sector in this respect. The risks stemming from nuclear accidents and the disposal of spent nuclear fuel have also always loomed large in public perception. Traditionally, concerns about social costs have focused on electricity production at the plant level. In recent years, however, the advent of significant amounts of wind and solar PV capacity has required, for the reasons explained above, a shift from a plant-level perspective to a systems perspective. Consistent with a general shift of focus in the energy sector, this is also why the present effort aims at providing a policyrelevant synthesis of the full costs of electricity provision at the level of the consumer rather than just at the level of the costs of electricity generation at the individual plant. Its input (coal) and its marketed output (electricity) are paid for in monetary units.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	a17d4c0c091c908b89b82c1983f35b92	At minimum, the State supervises the process and, in some cases, it also participates in collecting the contributions or distributing the benefits. These responsibilities fall mainly on ministries of work or employment, employment offices and social security agencies. Although the former is more generous than the latter, it also has strict conditions, such that individuals who do not satisfy the eligibility requirements for the insurance can receive unemployment assistance benefits based on their income. In that sense, the assistance represents a link between unemployment protection and minimum income protection, irrespective of labour market status, as happens in the social assistance and universal basic income models. It can also serve as an automatic stabilizer and improve the process of matching the supply of skills with the demand for them. The weaknesses of unemployment insurance and assistance stem from the fact that, owing to risk aversion and moral hazard, the benefits can reduce incentives for the individual to seek and find a new job; and coverage tends to be sparser in the case of more volatile labour markets and more precarious jobs.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	a1818dc52a49eec936995d7545198855	For example, although South Asia has seen a significant decrease in the poverty rate (from 61 per cent in 1981 to 36 per cent in 2008), given the increase in population size this means that the absolute number of the poor increased from 568 million to 571 million over that period (figure II. In sub-Saharan Africa, the absolute number of the poor increased from 205 million to 386 million in the same period, while the poverty rate fell from 52 per cent in 1981to48 per cent in 1981. Whereas in 1981, poverty had been concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, with 57 per cent of the worlds poor living in that region, by 2008 the concentration of poverty had shifted to South Asia and subSaharan Africa, which now account for 44 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively, of the world’s poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	a1822490f7206715d10792f1217ac826	Households with valid information in all four waves can be at risk of moving into or out of poverty for one, two or three waves in the UK and for one or two waves in the rest of the countries. Table A1 in the Annex shows the same estimates in non-graphical format). Mean relative income growth rates have been calculated for each base-year decile group. In each period, income growth among children is clearly pro-poor: relative (per cent) income growth is highest in the poorest decile, although the pattern is slightly different for each of the four periods considered. Mean income growth in the poorest decile slowed down over time: it went from 212% between 2008 and 2011 to 122% between 2009 and 2012 and 146% between 2010 and 2013.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	a1828c37ba359a2cbf66af023199cf31	In addition, such an approach would fail to capture several private sector engagement activities supported by bilateral agencies, development banks, and multilateral development banks, which are implemented by the public sector or CSOs. This is due to the availability of data on multilateral climate-related development finance when this analysis was initiated (this analysis was completed between September and November 2015). The definition of what constitutes the private sector differs across DFIs and MDBs, and is not always in line with the working definition provided in this paper (see Box 2.1).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	a188205520b30c0c699edbc9c827348f	Given the need to avoid undue burden on countries for preparing an adaptation communication (Article 13.3), this structure could be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s National Communication. There is a good match between these information needs and the information that countries are already requested or able to report to the UNFCCC via National Communications, adaptation communications or NAPs. However, some of these information needs, such as the results from individual adaptation actions or broad adaptation strategies, may be difficult to assess and quantify.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	a188a1c7a71859585273d66b10b9f610	In particular, an increase or decrease in rainfall with respect to a fixed assumption can result in dams being undersized or oversized. The World Bank supports countries in developing capacity for planning under conditions of uncertainty. By investing in cogeneration, it is possible to increase the production of biofuels from sugarcane bagasse. This leads to reduced imports of fossil fuels, reduced CO2 emissions, and reduced expenditures.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	a18a41014a120df5dad8d7ac4f6c4315	Between 1985 and 1996, there was a 27% increase in federal assistance to families with children, and assistance to the aged rose by 24% (UNPAC, 2010). Further to this, there was a five-fold increase in childcare places for working w'omen. South Africa’s first postapartheid government followed the Australian example in the mid-1990s, launching the Women’s Budget Initiative (Fleshman, 2002).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	a18ab6910ac12e5e178072953fc8f6f4	This represents a serious obstacle to grid extension in rural areas, especially at a scale and pace consistent with the attainment of SDG 7 and the needs of structural transformation. However, technological advances in renewable-energy and storage technologies have stimulated renewed interest in off-grid systems, bolstered by their potential contribution to decarbonization of the power sector, including through the hybridization of diesel-based generators and the islanding of local grids (Kempener etai., Beyond a certain break-even distance from the existing grid, capital costs may be lower for off-grid solutions than grid extension and conventional generators, as may operating costs, due to reduced transmission losses and potential fuel savings (Murray et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	a18b317104046aaf07203b2fe2a036a1	As initiatives often seek to enact some kind of change, either on the ground, within policy, or among other stakeholders, it is important that they have the opportunity to inform policy or research based on the results achieved in the program, as well as to have the political support to carry out activities or projects. Not having this also increase the risk of becoming subject to political winds of change. However, it is worth noting that if an initiative is solely driven and operated by external partners and experts, it risks losing support by local stakeholders, including organizations in the region, local governments, and, more importantly, farmers themselves.	13	8	0	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	a18cdb2662645230520e55aec1d4f5d8	The programme has also been supported by several grants from the Directorate General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission. The contents of this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission, the OECD, or their Member Countries. This paper illustrates trends and social dispar ities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in 20 OECD countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	a18ffed273a465be863f2803c21ccfcd	These are based on cultural, historical and religious contexts. Gender norms can shape incentive systems and support current institutions that restrict women’s rights, freedoms and protection. In most cases, although largely unfavourable for women, traditional gender norms are upheld by both men and women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	a190a4c7d3c84f202b059aaac4729e60	Electricity needs will further be affected by the consequences of energy-related policies, which may not be readily anticipated. This gives rise to a significant degree of endogeneity, in that policies need to respond to changes in demand which themselves arise in part from policies themselves. For example, policies to promote productive use will affect demand, while progress towards rural electrification may affect the rate of urbanization and rural settlement patterns.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	a195a5c713bec3da74c0b44b829ba84f	"Each spouse is allowed to use the joint property in accordance to need and joint property may be sold or donated only with the consent of both spouses. The law also provides that a woman has equal rights with her husband in divorce and that wives and husbands have equal rights to common property after marriage (see also case study 5 on South Africa and chap. Under a community of property regime, all of a couple’s assets and liabilities are pooled and shared equally by the spouses, irrespective of whether they were acquired before or during the marriage, unless expressly excluded by a donor or testator. All profits and losses are borne equally by the spouses and each spouse assumes joint control with his or her partner over the estate. While a spouse in a marriage subject to a community of property regime may perform ""any juristic act with regard to the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse"", a number of restrictions apply, and a spouse shall not perform certain acts, such as the sale of immovable property (including the matrimonial home) forming part of the joint estate, without the consent of the other spouse. Upon divorce or death, each spouse or the surviving spouse of a marriage subject to a commu nity of property regime is entitled to half the joint estate."	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350846-5-en	a196f6b0816a908a5beceb13d5925b0d	This affects the ability of these habitats to mitigate natural disasters, primarily volcanic tephra fall and sand encroachment. The ability to store and mitigate water is also largely lost, which increases the likelihood of floods in lowland areas. Denmark has considerable forest coverage, whereas Iceland and the Faroe Islands have very little forest coverage. Nearly all the Finnish forests are classified as semi-natural forests showing characteristics of human impact.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	a19b4e9fe392a3381a5cd2867dd8ffff	The final section provides a summary of the requirements that must be met in order for the goals considered in this chapter to be realized. The objectives to be pursued in building climate resilience alone encompass multiple sectors, thereby increasing the need for substantive coordination and integration of policy interventions. Particularly within the context of climate hazards, resilience requires that instead of focusing on individual risks, the policymaking process take a more integrated approach to management of change and uncertainty (Arup, 2014). While poverty and development status, for example, are obvious determinants of the capacity of people to cope with and adapt to shocks, there is also an underlying connection between vulnerabilities and multiple inequities in access, for example, to assets, land, work and political processes. Addressing these inequities requires simultaneous actions, as they all play a role in determining exposure to climate hazards and the capacity to cope and adapt.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/11e28764-en	a19f61272220e9985f8b4adc9538e572	These differences have a specific impact on women's and men's lives throughout all life stages and determine, for example, differences in health, education, work, family life or general well-being. Producing gender statistics entails disaggregating data by sex and other characteristics to reveal those differences or inequalities and collecting data on specific issues that affect one sex more than the other or relate to gender relations between women and men. Second, gender statistics should adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	a1a1ba982aabe5e585e7bdec33254307	For instance, NSW households in the United Kingdom have one of the highest incidences of poverty (50%) in terms of market income. Redistribution lowers their poverty risk to 20%, below the OECD average of 22%. The strong poverty-reducing effect in the United Kingdom (and other countries) reflects certain tax/benefit policies that are especially helpful to non-standard workers and their families. In Greece, poverty among NSW households even increases after redistribution.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	a1a7429bdd20ad6a52370f9e3e10b924	"The able includes information on the 25 countries for which data when available is presented. However, the ADB calculations concerns 38 countries in Asia and the Pacific, and results for all these countries are used to calculate the unweighted ""overall ADB average”. The table includes information for all high income countries for which data is available."	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/64d31d53-en	a1a7be8b34b4f92d404c7ed4636bc0df	Of the 4.3 million deaths worldwide attributed to household air pollution in 2012, 80 percent were in Asia and the Pacific. Globally, household air pollution is the second-most important health risk factor for women and girls. Sixty percent of all premature deaths attributed to household air pollution occur in women and children. Policy interventions should urgently address the need to transition to clean energies while acknowledging the gendered dimensions of control over the allocation of resources within households. The thrust of national energy polices in the Asia-Pacific region has largely been on electrification, but with almost no mention of gender-based realities, particularly gender inequalities. The energy sector employs considerably fewer women than men and mostly in administrative jobs.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	a1a896be05d75050a3d3900d50372b0b	Relatively simple and inexpensive improved stoves can reduce by as much as 30 per cent the amount of fuel needed for cooking (Global Energy Assessment, forthcoming). Some of these cooking stove programmes, including their costs, are described below. Such strategies are typically part of national innovation systems, as discussed in chapter V, and provide a framework for coherent packages of policies and programmes that encompass all stages of the technology life cycle.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/01772a94-en	a1aad2885ce528509f343ce031be0011	The average number of deprivations among children with at least one deprivation ranges from 1.7 in Gabon and Swaziland to 3.4 in Chad and Ethiopia. The average deprivation intensity is calculated using a cut-off of one dimension to avoid censoring the deprivations that may be experienced in isolation from other deprivations. See Annex 5 for the percentage of children deprived in one to five dimensions for which the deprivation intensity was calculated.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	a1b2610c98614947392b696f16ea562f	However, aquaculture is associated with a number of environmental risks, including dependency on usually imported feed, fertilizer, antibiotics and other chemicals, as well as destruction of (or damage to) sensitive coastal ecosystems (IFPRI 2015). For example, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo one study found that 60% of women's catch is kept for home consumption compared with only 27% of men's (B6n6 et al. In parts of India they net prawns from backwaters, and in Laos they fish in canals (Diamond et al.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	a1b2f1a768742aec26eed67548c99f13	The ongoing peri-urbanisation processes of the Clermont metropolis is partly constrained by the lack of space, due to the presence of the Chaine des Puys Mountains and the subsequent hillsides, near the city. This peculiar geographical situation has two main consequences. First, it involves a restriction of the possible land uses and occupation and it gives birth to a relative scarcity of available land.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a1b6f264243bac9c49b075a85e0dd05a	However, reinforcement costs at the distribution level were not considered in this analysis, due to the lack of systematic data on this issue. With the ambitious 2020 renewable targets set by the European Commission and the recent decision taken by the German government to phase out nuclear energy, the North Sea becomes a key source for Germany's energy supply and energy security. A big challenge for Germany will be to properly connect the renewable production from the northern part of the country with the big industrial demand centres located at the southern part of the country. A study published in 2010 (Weigt et al.,	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	a1b722f558a5d3089c9bbc9ad769f5d1	A review of experience in financing ESD may be helpful to those countries continuing to struggle with securing, sustaining or increasing public funds for advancing ESD. Active participation in the 2002 Agenda 21 for Education in the Baltic Sea Region has included an ESD action programme that led to the nomination of national ESD coordinators for formal, higher and non-formal education. These early initiatives have created a positive climate for full engagement in the Strategy for ESD.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/11669769-en	a1bec61e22aac95d9247dd48741a8ff1	In this framework, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reaffirms its belief that the countries of the region need to launch a new development paradigm based on an environmental big push. The current generation is the first that cannot deny the scale of these changes; and it is also possibly the last that can lay the foundations for, and launch, a new economic, social and political regime capable of making more egalitarian economic growth compatible with environmental stewardship. Accordingly, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets forth three key lines of action for the new model: a macroeconomy for development, a welfare State based on rights and productivity growth, and decarbonization of the economy and society.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	a1c30c926fb67dddbd52b44f7022ca81	Lost earnings as a result of all depression in England were estimated at GBP 5.82 billion in 2007, rising to a projected GBP 6.31 billion (2007 prices) by 2026 (McCrone et al., Lost earnings as a result of anxiety disorders were estimated at GBP 7.7 billion in 2007 rising to 8.34 billion in 2026. Over the past two decades, most OECD countries have seen a sharp increase in the number and share of people claiming disability benefit on the grounds of mental ill-health (OECD, 2012).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264084070-en	a1c44f110fb90f53542e67aac5ce405f	Overall, students with lower performance in compulsory education go into vocational programmes, but based on performance in compulsory education non-Western immigrant students are more likely to choose to follow a general programme. This suggests a comparatively weaker intake among immigrant students to vocational programmes and after five years of study dropout rates are very high: 43% for female immigrant students and 56% for male immigrant students. The strongest predictor of these dropout rates is previous performance in compulsory education (L0dding, 2009). Recent research has shown that employers screen potential apprentices according to grades and absenteeism in school; students without significant behaviour and learning problems at school can find apprenticeship without difficulties in most sectors (H0st, 2008).	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	a1c5f4b6f1a64622adf0ce4e3b5cecb2	By setting the wage above the local casual labour rate, the MGNREGA public works programme in India encouraged people to withdraw from exploitative casual labour such as bonded labour (McCord, 2012). In addition, by paying men and women equal wages, the programme narrowed the gender wage gap; wages for female casual labourers increased by 8 percent in participating districts compared with non-participating districts (Azam, 2012). The MGNREGA programme has actually eased seasonal fluctuations in labour demand and thus stabilized wage rates (Shariff, 2009; Creti, 2010).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	a1c687d3a45110d37a3717ce39a97acc	Net replacement rates (NRR) are a useful way of quantifying the net effects of these changes. These indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work. This measure of relative income maintenance during unemployment accounts for changes in the net incomes of both working and non-working individuals.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289340311-3-en	a1cef71fee1116a020ac34c8959fd219	Joint collaboration on exchange of knowledge on methodologies, status for monitoring and assessment strategies as well as available data in the Nordic countries is a necessary element in this process. Monitoring studies of marine litter and the beach surveys demonstrate that it comprises of various constituents such as plastics, metals, glass, ceramics, rubber, processed wood, clothing, paper etc. ( The review of literature and studies on marine litter, also called marine debris, demonstrates that plastic debris comprise most of the marine litter worldwide (Aniansson etal.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	a1cf17da8895a38f1815f513b01c8220	Expenditure on social protection (in 2010/11 prices) increased from ETB 16.4 billion in 2012/13 to ETB 19.7 billion in 2014/15. There was a 38.7% increase in expenditure between 2014/15 and 2015/16, due to a significant increase in humanitarian relief related to the drought in 2015/16. The second- and third-largest components of social protection spending were access to basic social services and social insurance, with average annual shares of 13.2% and 9.0% respectively.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/c73325d9-en	a1cf7a7f2528d4cff76e4b4998502715	Growing pressures on the environment from mass tourism are already forcing some countries to shut some tourism destinations, at least temporarily. To raise the sustainability of the sector, medium-term planning should gradually refocus on increasing yield rather than numbers of tourists. That also means improving the availability and quality of data to allow accurately gauging such targets.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	a1d1ec9d35d6835b6692d11e72483056	In cases where surpluses were generated, such as in the EU and United States, export subsidies were granted, which depressed international prices. As a result, these price support programmes with their accompanying stock creation started out as domestic measures, but eventually spilled over to international markets through the creation of trade barriers and their impact on world prices. The effects, however, can be similar to those of price support programmes as both programmes share the same objectives of stabilising prices and influencing the levels of prices.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/73320136-en	a1d7cbe7f04b81d35e657642910e3de1	Damaged infrastructure contributes to the spread of communicable diseases, including those previously eradicated, such as poliomyelitis in Syria recently, and prevents people from receiving curative or preventive health care, which then leads to spikes in NCDs. Access to food and safe drinking water may also be reduced. Internally displaced persons and refugees are particularly vulnerable to ill health because they generally live in poor conditions in which diseases spread easily, and access to health services is minimal.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	a1e31e5a5c15c7aa2dcc2f8c27bc0b37	It identifies three principles and related issues, which policy makers might wish to assess the financial dimension of their water policies and to strengthen it. The next section compiles recent developments on the use and the relevance (and limitations) of economic instruments to lower the costs of water management and generate revenues to cover these costs. Finally, a set of related issues are explored, such as governance and the role of the private sector.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	a1e453b04ba6dffd9bfcfac92c8543ab	Facing the added cost of harvesting a crop, a producer with a low yield or a poor commodity price outlook faces the painful decision of deciding whether the value of harvesting the crop will pay for the harvest costs alone. At this point late in the planning period, costs already incurred (pre-harvest costs) are sunk costs. Sunk costs are irrelevant when deciding whether or not to harvest a crop already planted.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	a1e65b6af4862b95b35cd73c9f40bf36	These methods are classified as long-term reversible methods and include intrauterine devices, injectable hormonal methods and hormonal implants or skin patches. The first stylized evidence, based on data from the Perinatal Information System of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health, shows the clear prevalence of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents and youths from lower-income, less-educated sectors (Diaz Rosello, Fernandez and Filgueira, 2014). But the higher the age bracket, the more likely more marked patterns of lack of planning become among less-educated women (see figure IV.7).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	a1e7f18786849b1f8132259457414de7	Consolidated 2017 figures in Bogota suggest that that while 19 private car occupants were killed in traffic crashes, 133 (seven times more) VRUs were killed in crashes involving a private car. On the other hand, in a year when 59 cyclists were killed, only three pedestrians were killed in collisions with pedal cycles. This illustrates the significant impact of one road user group on others, relatively modest in the case of pedal cycles, yet overwhelming in the case of private cars. Taxis are clearly separated in the collision statistics, which is something other governments could learn from.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	a1e8eb4938e2143876c096dab6b76483	Such payments cover about 33% of senior citizens in Bangladesh; and around 50% in Nepal (introduction in 1995). In Thailand, the Old Age Allowance introduced in 1993 reached close to 70% of the population aged 60 and over in 2011, and almost three/quarters of the elderly in Hong Kong (China) receive the Old Age Allowance. Similarly, the Basic Old-age Pension introduced in 2008 in Korea, reaches about 70% of the people aged 65 and over and provides KRW 200 000 (about USD 180) per month per beneficiary on average.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/81e6e689-en	a1e8f9eb8017ddae178f0e5fe3daecce	Other complementary factors—most importantly a recipient s entrepreneurial skills—are crucial for making credit more productive. Most poor people do not have the basic education or experience to understand and conduct even low-level business activities. The corresponding shares in Pakistan and Sri Lanka are about 70 and 40 per cent. There is no one single solution to global poverty. The solution must include a broad array of empowering interventions and microfinance, when targeted to the very poor and effectively run, is one powerful tool (Daley-Harris, Pollin and Montgomery, 2007, p. 1).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	a1e9078e5329a17c87dbb44623d694b1	The adjustment equals unity - and hence disappears - when individual / experiences the benchmark outcomes Xk*. The aggregation problem has been at the core of social choice theory. Average income is often used as a welfare measure, but does not give priority to the worst-off. A broader class of aggregate social welfare functions has been proposed to reflect distributional concerns.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	a1eb424edddf0ee895baa1ed0a34dd83	Among the main activities of the Institute are the monitoring, analysis and forecasting of atmospheric and hydrospheric processes; study of the spatial-temporal characteristics of climate and water resources; and the Hydrometeorological Service for the territory of the country' and the Black Sea, for the state authorities, the general population and a wide range of users of specialized information. This included two workshops for stakeholders, which were covered by the national media, five consultative meetings to discuss the proposed measures, a training session for representatives of the local authorities, posting of the document for public discussion before its adoption and a video broadcast by Bulgarian National Television. The project focuses its activities on educational institutions.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	a1ecd877bfd9fdc950f66915e6149ef2	Co-operation w ith border countries has generally been limited as they are not in the EU. Until recently, the Russian Federation formed an important export market for many of the voivodeship's products; however, the Russian embargo has limited this trade for particular commodities (e.g. apples) and new markets have been sought in response. Notwithstanding some of the barriers, the eastern market on Podlaskie’s doorstep has been an underutilised asset in some respects. Since 2007, regions have been fully responsible for a large share of European funds under Cohesion Policy.23 Under Cohesion Policy, all regions in Poland are defined as “less developed” - meaning that their GDP per capita is less than 75% of the average GDP of the EU-27 - with the exception of Mazowieckie voivodeship, which recently transitioned to being a “more developed” region and includes Warsaw.24 Less-developed regions are allocated a larger funding envelope.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	a1f007f24c8fc445de2f198f0fc7c623	These figures overshadow great inter- and intra-country variance, with rates of unmet needs for family planning varying from 40 per cent in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and 30 per cent in Cambodia and the Philippines to 9 per cent in Indonesia and 5 per cent in Viet Nam (Sonfield, 2006; PRB, 2008). In the Philippines—a country, where more than half of all pregnancies are unintended—the percentage of married women with unmet needs averages 18 per cent in the National Capital Region of Metro Manila, but reaches 60 per cent in the autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and 87 per cent in the ARMM poor quintile (Darroch et al, 2009, p. 2). The exclusion of this vulnerable group is also reflected in their not being counted in forecasting of commodity demand, in management information systems and in outreach efforts.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	a1f0d8cabf304678246ad4c7921fa4ea	As such, it could be a win-win proposal for both the international community and the LDCs. First, it would enable the creation of enterprise incubators to strengthen their private sector. Unlike public works programmes, it would provide a long-term and sustainable solution to the employment challenge by fostering the development of productive capacities.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264212664-en	a1f114a34a446f7afbfc933748a634a8	Accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries. These challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects, as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk. Ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments, in particular, to combine a short-term strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longer-term approach. The latter would need to address the full range of risks and limitations that increase the cost of financing for clean energy, including: the shallowness of the domestic financial market; key informational, social or behavioural risks related to clean energy financing; and the limited number of financial products that are available and suited to the sector’s financing needs. In some countries, like Brazil or China, bank lending has played a predominant role, with state-owned and/or national development banks being the main sources of long-term financing. In China for example, banks hold around 80% of the total loan portfolio for infrastructure (Walsh et al.,	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	a1f4b57470061727087dcc5a7e67358c	To establish whether large-scale investment in energy efficiency in order to reduce energy demand is cheaper than new energy supply, it is important to have reliable information on the net benefits of saving energy. This includes the cost of programmes, the value of the energy saved and any co-benefits. Until recently, energy efficiency has been accorded low priority by producers and consumers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-5-en	a1f59716eecff0c2317e6d5281690abd	The small sample size also exacerbates the estimation concerns arising because, in GMM, the number of instruments can easily become “too large” relative to the number of observations (Roodman, 2009). Among other things, this required focusing on a parsimonious set of control variables. Indeed, extending the baseline specification (for example, to look for non-linearity or heterogeneity of the effects) provided inconclusive results (see below). All these caveats suggest that quantifying the inequality-growth nexus remains a daunting task and that the coefficients estimated and discussed below are to be taken as indicative.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	a1f8d07fd7cd8aaf98c18b5814a3a33b	The presence of strong women’s movements and civil society groups that advocated on behalf of gender issues was also key to gains in terms of development results that promoted GEWE. The lack of gender analysis explains to some extent why so many UNDP gender results are gender targeted, gender negative or gender blind. The tools and processes to make GEWE relevant to the work of staff members in programme design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation have also not been sufficiently developed and applied. The gender marker and the results-oriented annual report, as well as monitoring and evaluation, require further refinements and a more consistent application if UNDP is to increase the quality of its gender interventions and reporting and the assessment of its contributions.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/df7d93a1-en	a1f97421cd9f88094a3deed4aa5c01f2	The local community needs to truly understand the harmful consequences and see the value of giving girls and women other opportunities in life - on equal footing with boys and men. This means, for example; allowing them to continue their education, inherit, own their own land, and have their own bank account. Gender based violence is an extreme expression of inequality, which affects one in three women in the world. In South Africa and Burkina Faso, I have met men who play a key role in improving the lives of women and girls.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	a1fa79dabb7218948b1b9232ce6558b8	This has in turn shaped policy, and the province is partnering with organisations and providing resources to intervene with these trends. In Alberta, well-being surveys are done at the school level, and many schools use these to inform their approaches to Indigenous issues and students. Each year, Alberta Education produces report cards with 16 selected indicators for schools to use as a basis for an evaluative discussion. It co-constructs the process for understanding classroom practice across a school.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e2fce481-en	a1ffd6013d7757219f7dfc090c13e6bc	"Thus, the future lies in workers creating economic value with machines rather than against them. Expert opinbn is divided between those who see a secular decline in productivity, and those who see a divergence between “frontier"" firms fhat adopt new technologies and reach historically high productivity, and other firms that lag behind. However, the interpretatbn of current trends is complicated by issues pertaining to the appropriateness of existing indicators to measure productivity in the new technological era. Similar considerations apply to concerns about technological convergence driving simultaneous convergence in platforms, commercial interest and investments that can result in concentration of market power."	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	a2016595200bb9a414a8bcbbaa9dabb5	Considering the steep fall in unemployment in the recent period, the imbalance between labour supply and demand seems to account for an ever-increasing proportion of persistent unemployment (Bassi and others, 2012; Cazes andVerick, 2013). To achieve this, it is important to create national vocational education and training systems that recognize the triple relevance of knowledge-building and skills development; meaning that training and educational content accords with employers' requirements, the aspirations of individuals —especially young people— and sustainable development needs (Biavaschi and others, 2012). In this context, and in view of the identified weaknesses, special emphasis must be laid on non-university technical training (lacinto, 2013).	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	a2046d274eb94aba0eb45ff95fe0ee0b	The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) established in 2008, was one of the first schemes to include the forestry sector. The Australian Carbon Farming Initiative has been designed to cover all land-based sector emissions and sinks, the Republic of Korea passed the Carbon Sink Act in 2012, which integrates the forestry sector into its scheme. Forest sector offsets are also under consideration in the Japanese Bilateral Crediting Offset Mechanism (BCOM), and emissions trading schemes in Chile and China.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264243606-en	a20a6f90ee82b83179d0cbd3a66dfc47	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Washington, DC : PAHO, 2015. I. Legetic, Branka (ed.), Cecchini, Michele (ed.). Publication is available on the OECD web site (www.oecd-ilibraiy.org) and PAHO web site (www.paho.org). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication should be addressed to the Communication Department (CMU), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.(www.paho.org/publications/copyright-forms).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/49f729e3-en	a20b799960b6d16e7d3236ff1f879c30	The GES included programmatic and institutional guidance and a results framework, which are essential ingredients for strong gender mainstreaming. However, it was not endorsed by the Executive Board, which made its guidance voluntary. This weakened its potential impact and integration. In a context of multiple competing priorities, staff reported that they do not prioritize an area unless a guidance document has been endorsed by the Executive Board, the area is considered mandatory or an urgent directive has been issued by the Administrator.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a20ca5b49ffb64a682bddec5f88855c9	Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. The first is the Chicago Metropolitan Planning Agency’s Go To 2040 Comprehensive Regional Plan, which covers the seven Illinois counties surrounding the City of Chicago (CMAP, 2010a). The plan provides indicators, recommendations, implementation actions and financing strategies for four core themes: i) liveable communities; human capital; efficient governance; and regional mobility.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f501027d-en	a20eb747cbbd88f635ce69452d7afdaa	While strengthening productivity will contribute to the success of a number of the Sustainable Development Goals, investing in their achievement will also nurture productivity growth, creating a virtuous cycle between sustainable development, productivity and economic growth. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	a2116e097d43cfc55133ba769ec4b789	Skilled professionals concentrated in hospitals and at present information sharing is usually informal and through colleagues. Mechanisms to promote knowledge sharing, the definition of a good patient treatment pathway, and data systems to share patient information could be promoted. The involvement of users of mental health services in policy making and service governance, both due to a legal obligation (Mental Health Act, 1999) and an apparent genuine and quite widespread conviction in the importance of the involvement of service users, is one of Norway’s great strengths.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	a214dde8387f007470167ef3bd518fb8	These include individual institutions (e.g. Adaptation Committee), institutional arrangements (e.g. the Nairobi Work Programme) or funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund). As outlined in these reports (see Briner et al 2014, Adaptation Committee 2013), some of the current institutional architecture for adaptation is relatively recent. For example, the UNFCCC’s Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) both work on adaptation-related issues.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a0e5fdd9-en	a215918b974a6285ed18197cf51f8b90	These subsidies motivate operators to report higher waste amounts and longer distances, to obtain additional funds. These analyses show varying results, but were prepared by different methods and at different times. The first two analyses, for 2004 and 2007, were prepared by analysing municipal waste at the container stand and combining it with an estimation of ash generation in ger areas. These characterize generated municipal waste at the district level. Composition of waste generated by individual households was studied by Delgermaa and Matsumoto in 2016 on a sample of 18 households for two w'eeks. Sampling was done directly in the household, and this is the reason for the high share of food waste.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	a215b24618e151dde737ca624d0c6744	While less common, independent permanent gender commissions and independent permanent Human Rights commissions were used as oversight institutions in 20-30% of countries. In Canada, the House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women, created in 2004, is mandated to oversee the status of Women Canada - the lead national mechanism at the federal level (see Box 3.7). This all-party Committee comprised of male and female members of Parliament and chaired by a member of the Official Opposition, focuses on analysing a range of issues of importance to women, scrutinising government decisions and policy advocacy.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	a2166b42b478b098b9263961296a0a6b	Similar showcasing is required of the benefits of notifying livestock diseases as well as other issues. On the other hand, the fostering of responsible business conduct (see, for example, OECD, 2011b) and socially responsible investments is an important driver of change at both domestic and international levels. Consumer demand for new and high-quality food products or non-market goods may also create additional incentives for innovation.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	a21ad9b4924751923812cfbf5f5edd63	The evaluation is based on the OECD Committee for Agriculture’s approach that agriculture policy should be evidence-based and carefully designed and implemented to support productivity, competitiveness and sustainability, while avoiding unnecessary distortions to production decisions and to trade. Conducted in partnership with the OECD Investment Committee, the Review comprises a special chapter highlighting key challenges to be addressed to improve the investment climate in agriculture, drawing from the OECD Policy Framework for Investment in Agriculture. Its population of 90 million makes it the 13th most populous country in the world.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	a21e2204348ec4443e82851f0584183a	The prize has connected peace and child rights at the highest levels of morality, peace and society. I have been meeting a number of prime ministers and presidents and have had very good meeting with the UN Secretary-General and also with other UN agencies. It is at a stage where the government and intergovernmental agencies have to prioritize children because every single minute matters, every single child matters, every single childhood matters. To pay for travel and secure work abroad, aspirant migrants may have to borrow large amounts from agents. The agents and employers can then manipulate this credit to entrap workers. Other people may be forced to work as a result of incarceration or physical or sexual violence.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	a21f86abfccb7c013da2be0025fe27f9	In some jurisdictions, regulators impose price caps to mitigate market power during peak hours. In markets which are not sufficiently competitive, it is argued that binding price caps are the cause - not the consequence - of under-investments (L6autier, 2012). In that case, removing price restrictions would not necessarily yield adequate generation capacity but would only increase monopoly profits.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	a2217948aa5657e22f2c569a788726e6	It should adequately reflect what it is intended to measure, and ideally there should be wide support for the indicators chosen so they will not be changed regularly. It is critical that the chosen indicators be consistent over time and across places, as the usefulness of indicators is related directly to the ability to track trends over time and compare the well-being of regions. Any differences in data protocol in the Arctic will complicate the task of making comparisons across the region.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	a22354ace55fee2d11f677effdc135b9	In addition to the economic appeal of Gold Coast, there were push factors causing people to move to Ghana. For example, there were droughts, a famine, and ethnic conflict in Upper Volta in the 1920s. Indeed, in the 19th century, the British administered Ghana and Nigeria as part of a larger West African colony headquartered at Freetown, Sierra Leone (Boahen, 2002).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	a2245bc64ba251684b0cc7fc012ef844	To some extent, quantity and quality can be traded off with one another (Becker and Lewis 1973), but declines in fertility can be so large that increased quality cannot compensate. We draw capacities in the widest sense of the term and include a broad array of features that make human beings more economically effective, such as emotional maturity and self-confidence, as well as standard human capital measures, such as education and skills. As such, human capacities are a broader category than human capital, but like human capital they are defi ned in terms of how they serve economic growth.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	a2247ba70d8eebae19a0abac2f6caa5e	Similarly, teacher evaluation for certification monetarily rewards teachers through access to higher salary scales and may lead to dismissal if the teacher is unable to access the Early certification stage. Clearly, there is considerable duplication across both processes. At the same time, there is considerable potential for the teacher performance evaluation system to inform certification processes, as is the case with the assignment of career stages in the new career structure to current teachers.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	a225871d9ccf6633dda3414318efc5c8	For global or other shared assets, such as water resources from a transboundary watershed or a stable climate, taking action that delivers benefits fairly to multiple countries is more challenging. Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. Some low-income countries with considerable endowments of natural resources (particularly mineral resources or even fossil fuels) have economies with growth rates amongst the lowest in the world - a phenomenon known as “the resource curse” (Gylfason, 2004; Collier, 2007). This paradox stems from several factors: the impact of currency appreciation (resulting from the large monetary transactions related to these assets) on the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy; the high volatility of these commodity prices; and social conflict and corruption associated with their exploitation (Collier, 2007).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	a2262a3659702bafb14eab9e1444612f	Several studies have shown that older drivers are to a large extent willing to consider using and buying ADAS such as reversing aids and collision warning systems that are aimed at the prevention of crashes on intersections (Oxley and Mitchell 1995; Viborg 1999). Furthermore, older drivers are also willing to accept systems that give feedback messages or that (partly) take over vehicle control, like automatic speed or distance adjustment (Viborg 1999). The drivers should also be able to understand the information the ADAS sends, via a display, by sound, or haptic. Older drivers are also more susceptible to poorly defined ADAS than younger drivers.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	a227b90141bd95e5153b4b7296354f18	The thrust of these policies relies on capping vehicle growth. Buyers must have successfully bid for a certificate of entitlement (COE) before they can buy a new car. As the COE is valid only for ten years, this requirement lowers the average age of cars on the road and also C02 emission as older cars pollute more and are less energy efficient. The COE may be extended for another five years on payment of an additional fee but the vehicle must pass annual road worthiness tests.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264107243-en	a22bf4e29ce95ec82cd465cce3d0a1a8	The imputation of components for students missing data on one component was done on the basis of a regression on the other two variables, with an additional random error component. Figure 1.6 presents the percentage of students performing below proficiency Level 2 for participating countries, including Mexico, as well as relative changes between 2003 and 2009. Mexico is one of the four countries that showed statistically significant increases in the percentage of top performing students, going from 0.4% in 2003 to 0.7% in 2009T The other three countries were Portugal with an increase of more than four percentage points to almost 10%, Italy with nearly two percentage points to 9%, and Greece with an increase of almost two percentage points to nearly 6%.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0611e938-en	a22ef9a36a58d7f0da7b7adc669bf622	Alvarez, I. (2013). Increasing the Gender Gap: The Impacts of the Bioeconomy and Markets in Environmental Services on Women, Global Forest Coalition, Asuncion, Paraguay and Amsterdam. The plights of African resources patenting through the lenses of the World Trade Organisation: an assessment of South Africa's rooibos tea's labyrinth journey, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 23; 11 (5), 41-47. Understanding the motivations: The first step toward influencing China's unsustainable wildlife consumption, TRAFFIC East Asia.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	a22ff4b2cc37e17e84b79cd618fc2e7b	Since river basin flood hazards are frequently transnational, these efforts need to be re-energized and consolidated into a regional warning mechanism. For this purpose there have already been a number of pilots that can be scaled up and replicated. In the Philippines, for example, with support from Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), a landslide early warning system was successfully set up 2012 in the municipality of Saint Bernard in the province of Southern Leyte.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	a2300fbed0f903099db22ab1c4b49f12	The project was first implemented in academic year 2010-11 on a pilot basis, and the Ministry has announced intentions to extend self-evaluation to all schools. The Ministry had made clear that the self-evaluation project is an effort to develop a culture of evaluation in a country where teachers have strongly opposed evaluation initiatives in the past. But this is only a first step toward a more comprehensive evaluation policy framework. As illustrated in Figure 1.17, a comprehensive system involves multiple components.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	a231949760c368695ec6def859f2fa12	The most advanced work on correcting underreporting bias in alcohol survey data was recently published by Rehm and colleagues (Rehm et al., This new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption. This approach aims to model the survey-based alcohol consumption using a Gamma distribution, and to upshift this distribution so that the corrected mean matches with the APC mean. To shift the distribution, the procedure uses a factor of correction called the coverage rate, r, that represents the proportion of total alcohol consumption as measured in the survey data over the overall APC14 (Table 2).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599598-12-en	a2322982fb29e7774e53cc8d22a11b53	Access to finance for small- and medium-sized enterprises is a widespread problem, especially in developing countries, but care must also be taken to minimise risks that external funding can contribute to pressure for unsustainable expansion (UNESCO 2013). More generally, broader progress towards good governance and reducing bureaucracy is important for removing potential barriers to entrepreneurship and enterprise (Ratten 2014). However, ongoing and multiple concerns have been raised about employment practices, pay and conditions for local and migrant workers in different countries in both of these sectors (Cottle and Rombaldi 2014). Further intervention may be required in cases where selfregulation enacted through private sector manufacturing supply chains proves ineffective (Thibault 2009).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	a235c67029d17487298d563ce6e8f2d8	That means that they have established an overarching energy policy that spans the various policy areas, and have proceeded to implement a proportion of the policies and strategies. Individual scores range from 1.5 to 3 (Figure 12.7). The variation reflects the reality that several economies have made insufficient progress in two key aspects which are basic requirements for all the economies. The first is transposing a legislative framework that is fully aligned with the Third Energy Package.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	a2391832968011a983a3b4f56de5ef77	This report structure could alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s NC. This includes a review of the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support for adaptation. As countries are not explicitly asked to report on adaptation effectiveness (and as effectiveness is challenging to measure in an objective manner), this renders it difficult to use national communications or adaptation communications to develop a robust assessment of this aspect of the global stocktake.	13	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	a23b6c58c1e0a312b75772991160813e	These each demonstrate an awareness of equity issues, although their impact on re-orienting the system to better support the disadvantaged remains to be seen. Socioeconomic inequities in risk factors for ill-health are also widening: for example, the difference in prevalence between the highest and lowest educated groups for obesity has increased from 10.2% in 1987 to 16.9% in 2010; equivalent figures for daily smoking are 17.9% and 27.7% (though smoking prevalence halved over that period). Unsurprisingly, people with less than ten years of education are more likely to have a longstanding and limiting illness (over 78% compared to those with 12 or more years), experience long-term restrictions in activity due to illness (more than 118%), and experience work cessation due to illness (more than 178%) than people with 12 or more years of education, while higher incomes have been shown to predict longer life expectancy in Denmark, as elsewhere.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	a23b8d6b80ba8e167f06284e650f0de7	A classical system for expressing pollution with mainly organic matter from point sources is the saprobiological index. This system is also used in the country. Irregular sampling and determination is done by the University of Skopje, Faculty of Biology. Even if it is an older presentation, Map 7.6 shows clearly the high sewage pollution with dominant water quality classes III (alpha-mesosaprob) and IV (polysaprob), especially below bigger cities such as Skopje, Veles, Bitola and Stip, as well as the Vardar River, the Cma River, and the Bregalnica River.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-5-en	a23c1585b751ed276aec3cbcadf69d89	While soil losses, aquifer depletion, and nutrient over-applications have been slowed through the application of technologies and the financial support and incentives provided by public policy, increasing commodity demands and climate stresses pose new threats. The sector’s capacity to meet these new demands, while maintaining and improving its record of sustaining natural resources, depends critically on the further development and diffusion of innovations in farm inputs, farm production, food marketing, and public policy. Further developments along these lines will be crucial. However, investments in science, which have played a primary role in supporting past productivity growth, continue to provide the largest opportunities, and challenges, for meeting future demands for agricultural products.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	a23d411faf8d735be03c8ae55664cf52	For that, these tools need to be considered as part of a risk-reduction management system, because they make complementary contributions to the prevention, mitigation and recovery systems that exist in the region's countries. Kuriakose and others (2012) have argued that the design and implementation of the system should take account of a number of distinctive elements: (i) flexibility and the possibility of expanding the coverage and geographic zones of implementation; (ii) climatically-smart targeting;3 (iii) investments that promote and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity; and (iv) the promotion of institutional capacity and resources for climate risk management. Vakis (2006) also argues that social programmes to cope with disasters need different operating criteria, including those that highlight the flexibility of adjustment and the extension of coverage to provide an effective response in the shortest possible time, and coordination between government efforts and those made by different non-governmental and private organizations.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	a2433358676eebbd5b11219ad4cdab1a	Genetic resources are genetic materials of actual or potential value (Article 2, CBD). The scientific concept of micro-organism refers to a “member of one of the following classes: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa or viruses’ (UNCTAD-ICTSD (2005), p. 392). Plant genetic resources refer to the economic, scientific or societal value of the heritable materials contained within and among species (FAO, p. 33). From a legal perspective, therefore, the ‘actual or potential value’ differentiates genetic resources, microorganisms and other biological resources from simple genetic material.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283404-en	a24d1101861b6ae024558ca367e9732a	This prompted new legislation in 2016 that now makes access to health care a right for all Greek citizens and provides comprehensive coverage not only to them but also to irregular migrants and refugees (see also Box 3). Previously, the different occupation-based SHI funds had their own contribution rates and benefits packages, resulting in fragmented and unequal access to services. Today, the public benefits package is relatively broad and dental services have been added under the legislation establishing the new primary care system. In 2015 alone, the state and non-governmental organisations dealt with approximately 870 000 new arrivals, providing shelter, food and required medical assistance.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	a24dda88ccdb76989b36f853452b612b	The Department is responsible for all State Reserves and all other PAs of international or national importance, as well as the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. It fulfils a function in terms of Government control related to natural resources management and PAs. The relevant unit consists of seven persons at the Ministry in Ashgabat and around 70 staff in MoNP provincial representations.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	a24efb406d2d2351fb999ed700e2dca8	Depending especially on the catchment characteristics and intensity of rainfall, relatively stable flow or short-duration flooding may result in rain-fed rivers. The beds of rivers flowing into desert sinks may be dry for a significant part of the year. The seasonal water availability situation is further influenced by climate variability and change. Consequently, the water management challenges vary in time and space.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	a24f5ba22220778b6f65b3c69ae1ba97	While some data exists, particularly within Seguro Popular where there is compulsory reporting for areas like expenditure on covered drugs, information regarding other state purchases in the basic package and for public health are often underreported. The legislative change of June 4th, 2014 addresses this issue, but the effectiveness of the reform is not yet known. Nevertheless, access to data on how money is spent by states should be made more widely available. For example, Italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to Mexico, having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting (Tediosi et al., Since the beginning of the 2000s, the central government has given regions incentives for improving their reporting. There have been agreements between the central government and the regions whereby regions can obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	a25062d5655f9a6b24c66d5386f79612	Document management systems (DMS) are also sometimes used in order to draft, review and accept contracts. Often, if there are larger project consortia, one independent and assumed neutral company or the biggest stakeholder is responsible for contract management. The responsible party for contract management sets up the technology and acts as the administrator with access to all data and the possibility to change the status of documents.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	a250b55a5ee516ea22553d24e750db8f	Large farmers also enjoy the benefit of the programmes and sometimes are main beneficiaries. For instance, fertiliser subsidies dominate budgetary support. These payments are channelled through fertiliser companies and have been found to be costly and the extent to which benefits accrue to farmers has been questioned.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	a25288ef6087a285b28d67679a71dddb	Soils in the state are often lacking in nutrients and organic matter and this is a particular problem for small farms. Cropping practices that remove all the vegetative matter further reduce fertility by eliminating the possibility for organic matter to be retained and accumulated. Much of the land in small farms depends on natural precipitation for moisture, because the fixed costs to install irrigation are beyond the capability of small farms as they may be too small to reach the minimum scale of production required to make irrigation profitable.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	a25351637bb3f6cac7059c40a3678b60	At the sectoral level, greater consideration is being given to tax and regulatory policies that encourage producers to reduce their energy consumption and adopt more sustainable production technologies. The recent financial crisis in 2008 shifted attention to getting economies back on track and has diffused the focus on green growth. However, as economies gradually recover, attention on green growth has revived. In the case of Thailand, continuing political uncertainties mean that a green growth strategy may have to wait until after the long awaited elections in 2011 are held and a new government is formed.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	a25639fdc5919217dc569d57f3f428a0	Making the most of available finance and attracting additional funding requires agreements between ministries in charge of federal funding and states, but also ensuring that the funds are spent in ways that provide maximum value for money. Otherwise, inappropriate spending will not only harm implementation, but also curtail the attainment of growth and welfare targets. Revenue collection and allocation for priority investment are sub-national level responsibilities, with a critical role for river basin committees.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	a2565817b2eb915d8d878453ccfcb1a9	While health care spending has declined in real terms in Italy during these different periods, significant growth rates have been reported in other OECD countries. Differences in health care spending are also found between Italy and European countries. In 2011, public health spending (after control for price levels) was 36% higher in European countries than in Italy.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264167865-7-en	a265b4fe7af2cc3c9b4cba785a5e1d2e	Optimum use of land resources and more opportunity for urban-rural linkage - Conservation of farmlands - Higher quality of life due to and natural biodiversity more recreational activities - Fewer CO2 emissions due to shorter food travel mileage  - Rural economic development (urban agriculture, renewable energy, etc.) Better access to a diversity of local services and jobs - - Higher quality of life due to access to local services (shops, hospitals, etc.) They also can reduce automobile dependency through more economically viable public transport systems and by encouraging the use of walking, cycling and public transport.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	a2669a92f84f70b33c86f7dd77061beb	Of internal migrants, 23% reported that employees of citizen service centres (Tsentri obslujivania naselenia) and medical personnel, for instance, took advantage of their lack of local registration to ask for a bribe. Internal migration data is tracked by the Agency for Statistics, using information supplied by the Migration Policy Committee and the Public Service Centres that collect registration records. Unreliable figures for registered migrants pose problems in calculating the real number of people living in a given place. Official statistics do not always reflect the number of people for whom public services are needed.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	a26e517675790ec67afc38672cde50f4	The PRODEEM programme provided mainly non-grid solar PV electrification to community installations, health facilities and schools. Top-down management with little local stakeholder involvement, lack of cost-recovery schemes, and lack of co-ordination with grid electrification plans severely affected the results of PRODEEM (Goldemberg eta!., The target groups for rural electrification thus live mainly in the northern and north-eastern states of the country where electricity access at the beginning of LpT was lowest in both nominal and relative numbers: in the north-east 1.1 million rural households (34.4% of all rural households in the region), and in the north 447 thousand rural households (59.7% of all rural households in that region) lacked access to electric energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	a270033df0aaa4bb45f6422e266024ec	Some producer markets are becoming assembly (or pre-storage) markets, thus also influencing trade patterns. The strategic role played by the regional transport system in supplying urban areas underlines the importance it needs to be given in the analysis and design of policy. According to the African Development Bank, it amounted to USD 8.6 billion in 2008 (Table 4.2). The ECOWAS Commission is more pessimistic and puts forward the figure of USD 7 billion for the same year.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	a271dccd3344877b480e909b671130cc	Indeed, progress has slowed in a number of areas and the remaining gender gaps are often very large in emerging economies. Further improvements are not inevitable, but will depend on effective policy action. The recovery from the global economic crisis has been weak in large portions of the developed world and clear signs of a slowdown are evident in many emerging economies. In this context, increasing female labour market outcomes represents a very important untapped resource with the potential to boost productivity and revive economic growth (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016; Hsieh et al.,	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bd01abcb-en	a2725ea55f5e38305bba9efccffc9258	The analyses on couples are run on the sub-selection of heads and spouses/partners, which preserves consistency between countries and overtime. A variety of household types is distinguished between. A single-mother household is defined as a household with children below age 17 and no male adults (18+) residinginthis household. The measure of living standard used is disposable household income, which is defined as the sum of income from earnings, capital, private transfers, public social insurance and public social assistance—net of income taxes and social security contributions.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a2731efacf2350a3cb8b34dc1cef1dcd	The latter are particularly important. While nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity other than hydropower which is in limited supply. Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. The present study provides a contribution to the debate, which is still ongoing. Further research is necessary and will undoubtedly refine both methodologies and empirical results.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	a27369e97c39dc6e186f1a841c878809	Residential schools, on the other hand, contribute to the enhancement of the academic performance of students, including that of girls, by sparing them the burden of travelling long distances and performing domestic chores. One of the disadvantages of residential schools is the risk they pose of physical and sexual abuse: indigenous girls are often at risk of becoming pregnant and then dropping out of school and in some cases, expelled from school. Not only is the enrolment rate for indigenous children, especially for the girl child, very low, but there is a higher dropout rate among indigenous children.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	a279959847939d49838f5ceaae5b9795	Interpreting these results in a causal way would suggest that the estimated impact of increasing tax progressivity is relatively important: indeed, the variation in the impact of individual family background on teenagers’ cognitive skills from minimum to maximum tax progressivity would range from 25.4 (PISA score points) to 12.4. These calculations are only illustrative, but, nevertheless, point to the potential for redistributive policies to help reduce inequality of learning opportunities. At the same time, relatively high levels of such benefits might discourage unemployed parents to take up employment (e.g. Bassanini and Duval, 2006).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	a28177297f6c24284849b0bd13e3e674	The pastoralists are also vulnerable to HIV/AIDS due to negative cultural practices and low levels of literacy. The negative cultural practices are FOM, early sexual debut and early marriages for girls and the low social status of women. In his report the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples noted that the government of Botswana has made efforts to address the situation of indigenous peoples through the Remote Area Development Policy of 1975, which has been revised over time in line with new developments.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2014-53-en	a28266f876c5d862b326babe8dbcd62e	Most 25-64 year-olds in Germany (55%) have attained a vocational qualification at either upper secondary or post-secondary level, the fourth largest proportion among countries with available data (the OECD average is 33%). Due to the high incidence of vocational qualifications, and the fact that a general degree (mostly Abitur) is dedicated to further education and not to direct entry in the labour market, only 3% of adults attain a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification as highest degree, one of the smallest proportions among OECD countries (the OECD average is 12%) (Table Al. Between 2005 and 2012, unemployment rates decreased by 7 percentage points among adults without upper secondary education (from 20.1% to 12.8%), by 6 percentage points among those with an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (from 11.0% to 5.3%); and by 3 percentage points among those with a tertiary qualification (from 5.6% to 2.4%).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	a2829fe171fbb0aeb07eab4fdcba8d4e	In the Brussels Capital Region, where the Flemish Community government is responsible for the 250 schools providing education with Dutch as the language of instruction, additional support is provided by the Flemish Community Commission in Brussels. The school board can finance the part which is not subsidised by means of a loan guaranteed by the Flemish government. As reported by the representative groups and stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team, it is common for private and municipal schools to use a portion of their operating grants to pay off the loan that covers the portion not funded by public sources.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a285ce09e62c14a8d8b6741f4f715350	Energy suppliers will not want to see their revenues from government subsidies drop, nor will consumers want to pay full price for a resource they are used to obtaining at a lower cost. In many situations, weak knowledge or fear of the unknown related to renewable and low carbon energy technologies is an issue to be overcome. The structure of the energy supply sector may also be challenging, with strong interests resisting change. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	a289651fad47a0b109478f3a91d16d42	The tax, originally intended to be set at almost EUR 1 per kilogram of product, was subsequently dropped to EUR 0.75 per kilogram. At the same time, the existing excise tax on soft drinks was raised from 4.5 cents to 7.5 cents per litre. The tax affects both drinks with added sugars and drinks with artificial sweeteners.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/afd96577-en	a28a1ed86b6fe93fd5710aaf2118e00d	The ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere blocks most ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun in the UV-B range (with a wavelength of 280-315 nanometres) from reaching the Earth's, and therefore the ocean's, surface. Consequently, stratospheric ozone depletion since the 1970s has been a concern. International action to address that depletion has been taken under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and the situation appears to have stabilized, albeit with some variation from year to year. A potential effect of ultraviolet radiation on nanoparticles of titanium dioxide has, however, been identified.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	a28d74786781c1c37e0f0cf8c22d81d4	Their relative productivities rationalize the observed pattern in the household division of labour that leads to optimal household utility. Later on, game-theoretic household models have emerged to explain household dynamics. Manser and Brown (1980) and McElroy and Horney (1981) highlight the role of divorce laws and employment opportunities in determining the 'fallback position' or 'threat point' of the partner or spouse.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	a28fc3f92f4ba5a0c61b09bb42be2de4	Missing data were extrapolated only if a country was missing an observation for a specific year and where such missing data points were bounded non-missing data. Annual country-specific data on unemployment were taken from the OECD’s Labour Force Statistics. A separate regression, using the same independent variables, is estimated for each health indicator using robust standard errors, clustered on the basis of the country.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/3726edff-en	a29684a30d4a8e81d72d0c58dd97646b	Development finance towards science includes spending on activities classified as research through CRS sector codes (stage 1), core funding or earmarked funding through research entities (stage 2), and additional finance of activities with a research component that have been identified using text mining (stage 3). The identification of development finance towards ICTs and other technologies follow a similar approach; however, the accuracy in identifying activities with a technological component may be less than for research, considering the limited number of technology-specific sector codes (stage 1) and the larger heterogeneity in technology-oriented keywords. The approach used in this paper to identify technology-oriented activities is biased towards ICT-oriented activities. As also described in section 3.2.1, the identification of activities supporting innovation is based solely on text mining.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	a29d9f729a7bc3b431df1c9927fefac2	This is an important aspect of it, necessary for advocating for better rights and working conditions. On the other hand, scholarly research on migration and development has also focused on the agency of migrants, mostly through the glorification of the role of remittances for development. The policy field is populated by simplistic storylines (e.g., 'women remit more’, ‘women are agents of development’) that have very little to do with women's realities, aspirations and struggles in the Global South. While de-contextualizing and de-personalizing their experi-ences,such headlines also silence the global structural inequalities that are foregrounded by human rights-focused literature in the name of‘development’.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	a29e519888bf7c819f66a742f695485b	In the Netherlands, the national associations of mental health care professionals have developed national (multidisciplinary) guidelines for the treatment of several mental illnesses. Evaluation is carried out according to positive or negative performance rating according to aspects of services. While mental disorders comprise a large burden of disease they are generally undertreated, partly because people with mental disorders are not adequately identified resulting in a large treatment gap.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	a29ee50bdd3ff109024e67efbf4f97fd	The relationship is straightforward: there is higher risk of disability at older ages. Informal estimates suggest that some two-thirds of people with disabilities are over retirement age and that one-third of older people have some kind of disability. The prevalence and severity of disability increases with older old age (currently 80 years plus). Many older people are affected by a range of impairments including some loss of visual acuity, some loss of hearing, short term memory loss and difficulty gripping, climbing (steps) and balancing.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a29f97a131d3ff5ffb22f624dea0a083	Output volume of the food processing industry fell in every year from 1990 until 1999, except 1997. From 2000 to 2008, the annual average growth in processing of food products, including beverages and tobacco products, was 9.5%, and the value of production in 2008 was KZT 734 billion (USD 6 billion). The share of food processing, including beverages and tobacco products, in industrial output in 2008 was 7.2%.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	a2a1406ca4e1c582fd4b56ba0e361c57	The government has made efforts to improve the legal and regulatory framework for addressing these crimes, but capacity issues remain a persistent challenge in enforcing the existing laws. The legal framework could be further aligned with international norms. In November 2015, all ASEAN member states signed the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. In December 2015, the Lao National Assembly approved the first trafficking-specific law, promulgated in February 2016 (US Department of State, 2016).	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	a2a5f0b1d3614143f855cc10888a6822	Mortality data comes from Eurostat’s demographic database, while self-perceived disability data comes from a minimum European health module that is integrated within the survey on EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC). The EU-SILC question reads: “For at least the past six months, to what extent have you been limited because of a health problem in activities people usually do? Would you say you have been: Severely limited? Not limited at all?”	5	8	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	a2a64d65e8746b9479d6353a39842e05	Although gender-focused aid has been on the rise since the launch of the Millennium Development Goals, there is much room for improvement (OECD DAC, 2014). The total annual average amount of official development assistance (ODA) to support gender equality and women’s empowerment2 committed by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors in 2012 and 2013 was USD 25.9 billion, which was only around one-quarter of all sector-allocable aid, both of which are not mutually exclusive (OECD DAC, 2015). Gendered aid is heavily concentrated in education and health.	9	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	a2a7588a329c0b0c0f3124d50833702b	The PDF was established in 2002 and officially inaugurated in 2004 to work towards inclusive, barrier-free, socially just and gender equitable societies that recognise the human rights, citizenship, contribution and potential of disabled people in Pacific island countries and territories. All disabled children and adults have the right to access education on an equal basis with others. This includes all stages and types of education, ranging from pre-school to basic education to university to lifelong learning.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	a2a8beb0aa7e6d327b4de41826c82e84	If a home visit is deemed necessary, the GP decides if the patient's condition is suitable for an ECP, or whether a GP is required (Halter et al., Variations on this model enable the patient to be transferred to another health service, such as a primary care centre, instead of an emergency department. These initiatives should be considered particularly in the rural context, and scaled up where appropriate.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	a2a957f0c47170d8c4300df27c8c1dbf	A recent study attributes the deterioration in self-reported health, compared to the pre-crisis era, to the worsening of mental health associated with the economic downturn, rather than to its direct impact health care access (Vandoros et al., While the number of new HIV infections related to drug injection continued falling across Europe, Greece is among the few countries where this downward trend was interrupted in 2010 (EMCDDA, 2013). Overall, Karanikolos et al. (	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/pol-2012-5-en	a2aa5cf1787db0481dd23e5b50adfc95	Developments in agricultural productivity growth and resource use are first presented to outline the issue. The different ways innovation systems, agricultural policy, farm structure and other factors affect agricultural productivity and sustainability are then discussed. Suggestions are made to strengthen innovation systems, and to improve agricultural policies, in order to foster agricultural productivity growth efficiently and sustainably.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	a2aabac9bf3d2edf647bbc26858a672f	Available at: https://www.academia.edu/2755320/Nation-al_Infrastructure_Planning_A_Holistic_Approach_ to_Policy_Development_in_Developing_Countries. Sustainable Infrastructure for Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth. Inter-American Development Bank. Financing Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean: How, How Much and By Whom?	9	1	3	0.5
10.6027/bbc022bf-en	a2ad21f20e28eee97baa2252540625ea	For example by washing atlowertemperatures, avoiding tumble-drying, avoiding fabric conditioners, avoiding certain care products, technical (and aesthetic) lifetimes can be extended. Environmental impacts of laundering are simultaneously reduced. Information on howto carry out simple repairs can also extend lifetimes.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	a2afdc552ac5afbf65dc9e4373581fcc	In Thailand, Viet Nam and China, early commitments to providing basic health care, education, and other public services played an important role in rapidly rising incomes and living standards. Thailand made its first attempts at reducing rural poverty in 1980 using rural employment generation programmes and basic needs policy. In addition, it launched an agricultural production restructuring policy, which reduced the production of crops for which prices were declining, namely rice and cassava. More recently, Thaksin Shinawatra’s administration in 2001 marked a return to rural-oriented programmes such as debt deferment, the provision of cheap credit and rice price guarantees to raise farmers’ welfare.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264167407-3-en	a2b657974e9131a802620b369e310b23	Review, in this context, other countries’ experience with establishing universities of applied sciences or polytechnics and the role of local industry in developing specific curricula and assessing future demand for graduates. This is a major task (see also the recommendations regarding internationalisation). Overall, the result can be described as a modem, middle-of-the-road governance structure with performance-based budgeting processes, long-term planning, a science and innovation advisory council with two main ministries in charge, a number of agencies with differing degrees of independence, a funding system with more than 20 individual programmes and a variety of feedback and communication loops. Performance-based budgeting needs fine tuning and long-term planning should encourage continuity of action.	9	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	a2b856c2c0e369ef8bb4c3d005414bfe	"According to Aure and Grimsrud, the latter might be instrumental in maintaining or even recreating traditional gender roles since some newcomers (most often the women of the family) might need to work less in order for the families to have more time together. "" Such messages may be disagreeable to women and men who want a more equal everyday life"" (Aure and Grimsrud 2013:191, own translation). At the same time, globalisation and the internationalised market have created an increased competition from abroad which have put pressure on a number of the traditional industries of the peripheral areas. Furthermore, Danish jobs are increasingly centralised, and with this the demand for mobility among the residents of the peripheral areas have increased."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	a2bbb68f36408b7537d164adab8c177b	Other countries invest in skills abroad. For example, some countries provide training to temporary labour migrants in the host country - and the workers can then take this knowledge back to their home countries when they return (Box 1.28). They can also help to improve Ihe quality, variety and relevance of domestic higher-education - three key elements that require a critical mass of high-quality academics.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a2bd619b89b2bcd5cd725b7d05f64475	Le gouvernement doit assurer la transparence de ses intentions et les communiquer aux acteurs concernes en temps utile. Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective, CAB International, Oxfordshire, Royaume-Uni. The geographic, demographic, political and economic characteristics of the country are presented, as are the key trends in agriculture since 1990.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	a2c1f2316584c63fd6b13100332b4d51	The halving of the time period required for a generic product to become a reference product to three months after the expiration of the patent is also likely to boost competition. Mandating the substitution of prescribed drugs by the lowest-priced bioequivalent and substitutable products and allowing monthly price changes has been largely successful in Sweden (Moi'se and Docteur, 2007). Another policy to encourage the use of generics is to require physicians to prescribe the international non-proprietary name for an active substance, rather than the brand name.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	a2c42d58e8799d1f5f067009d449199f	Social Exclusion and Inclusion: Challenges to Orphan Care in Malawi. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 11(1), 93-113. Changing Class: Education and social change in postapartheid South Africa: Zed Books, London. Cash Plus Care: Social protection cumulatively mitigates HIV-risk behaviour among adolescents in South Africa.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	a2c5585691793f7969596912e02201f9	Changing the area would require the model to be able to allocate water demand for irrigation according to different crops and actual locations; this facility is currently not available. Even if the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline projection were to consider a modest expansion of irrigation,1 the associated growth in irrigation water demands would not alter the total demands decisively. These are increasingly determined by much faster growing demands for domestic and industrial use and electricity production. Other projections of total water demands show a comparable picture (Shen, 2008). However, despite being equipped, the area is often not irrigated for various reasons such as lack of water, absence of farmers, land degradation, damage and organisational problems.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/soc/glance-2014-24-en	a2c59d0a3efea6d4d467020ae73f9ab2	In Greece, overall suicide rates have been stable in 2009 and 2010, despite worsening economic conditions. This underlines that countries need to continue monitoring developments closely in order to be able to respond quickly, including monitoring high-risk populations such as the unemployed and those with psychiatric disorders. Comparability of data between countries is affected by a number of reporting criteria, including how a person’s intention of killing themselves is ascertained, who is responsible for completing the death certificate, whether a forensic investigation is carried out, and the provisions for confidentiality of the cause of death.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	a2c90d9cd45282177d9c6ac48c42b28a	"Pregnant women are exempt from copayment for normal delivery services. Pregnant women are also exempted from co-payments in outpatient care. The average co-payment for primary care provided in ""ordinary practices"" is NZD 28.20 (USD 19.06)_for children aged six to seventeen years old and NZD 2.60 for children aged less than six. For primary care provided in VLCA practices, these copayments are respectively of NZD 7.65 (USD 5.17) and NZD 0."	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	a2ccda3571789cc36c47bd4ecb8e8522	The programme seeks to ensure equal access to education and promote the right of young people, as well as equity in terms of gender and ethnicity. To this end, it provides a conditional cash transfer to these households, so that adolescents and youths can regularly attend and stay in secondary school. The transfer, which may be granted up to university studies, varies in amount according to the school cycle that the young person is in.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264262959-en	a2cea6359cb9fb6ae0ac21cb93fce059	In each case the labour force was projected individually by gender and five-year age group, with the overall labour force size the sum across both genders and all five-year age groups. Estimates of GDP per capita were calculated using a modified version of the long-term growth models presented in OECD Economic Outlook, No. These growth models estimate GDP based on a standard Cobb-Douglas production function with the usual long-term growth determinants (i.e. physical capital, human capital, potential employment and labour efficiency). Potential GDP across the projection period (here, 2012-2040) is estimated by projecting trends and changes in the various input components, with projections of the components themselves based on both long-term dynamics within the given country and on convergence patterns between countries (see OECD (2014c) and Johansson et al (2013) for details on the measures, data and assumptions used to project the individual components).	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	a2d1082d61b0563369bf2d1b3c69bd9f	"The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, drawn up by a group of independent human rights experts, might be of assistance to the committees in defining the global responsibilities of States in the area of economic and social rights. Concluding Observations United Kingdom Seventh Periodic Report."" Joint CEDAW-CRC General Recommendation/Comment on Harmful Practices."" As mentioned, the Special Rapporteur on water has noted that'while universality is about ensuring access for all, equality is about ""levelling up"" or working towards improving the quality and levels of service of groups that lag behind’."	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	a2d2ad79fbceb9544aaaf48a08347bfc	Thus, the HOI is used to measure the degree of equality of opportunity on a scale that goes from 0 to 1, with 0 representing absolute inequality and 1 being equivalent to full equality of opportunity. This indicator serves as a yardstick for the distribution of social services within a country by income level; in other words, it measures the concentration of public social services by geographic area (urban/rural) and by income distribution. A comparison made using a sample of 16 Latin American countries yields a negative relationship between the two (see figure 8): countries with low HOI ratings, such as El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, have high murder rates, whereas countries with high HOI ratings, such as Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, have low murder rates. The productivity gains associated with greater equality of opportunity drive up wages and thus reduce violence and poverty rates.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	a2d4176843e3c595d6cf9f8ea438053b	Building on these papers the WWC intends to prepare an analysis describing ways of overcoming political-economic obstacles to greater regional benefit sharing (WWC, A New Water Politics). To date there are some 83 member organisations from some 34 countries. Buzas (1999), Inventory of transboundary groundwaters, Vol. Case Study of transboundary dispute resolution: organization for the development of the Senegal river (OMVS)”, Oregon State University, www.transboundarvwaters.orst.edu/research/ case studies/Documents/senegal.pdf.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	a2d42797b887d0a7a3a510f75294496e	Several studies, including one among couples in Thailand, have demonstrated an association between current life stressors and the risk of experiencing and/or perpetrating IPV (Hoffman et al. There is also emerging evidence that childhood abuse or other adversities may potentiate the impact of recent stressors on risk of IPV perpetration, a hypothesis known as the “stress sensitization theory.” Among 34,653 US adults, for example, the risk of perpetrating IPV among men with high current life stress was 10.1 percentage points greater among men with histories of high versus low childhood adversity scores (Roberts et al 2011).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	a2d4db2f6b4948b78a1752ff2ea7b244	This led to a demand for licensed electricians to gain the additional Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Installation qualification in order for home owners to access the rebate. The success of this approach resulted in over 200 licensed electricians completing the training within the timeframe of the policy driven demand. These panels form part of the EcoSkills Training Structure, a living Laboratory Learning facility, designed and built to sustainability principles by NSI carpentry, electrical and plumbing students and staff.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	a2dbaca1dfd528d6018ef51fcb10e934	These studies conclude that GM animals may have either positive or negative effects on the environment depending on the particular animal, trait and production environment in which it is introduced. The main environmental concerns associated with animals involve: (a) the possibility that transgenic animals could escape with resultant negative effects on wild relatives or ecosystems, and (b) potential changes in production practices that may lead to varying degrees of environmental stress. These reports recommend that GM animals should be evaluated in relation to their conventional counterparts.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a8190975-en	a2ddcaa8c8fcb5bf101567134974c8f4	Even though women are in the labour market in ever greater numbers, marriage and childbearing often dampen their access to paid work. However, in many contexts, a single (often low) income is insufficient to pull the entire household out of poverty. Moreover, in a world that is increasingly monetized and marked by changing social risks and family forms, strengthening women's command of economic resources is hugely important. To answer this question, this chapter begins by explaining why it is important for a woman to have resources of her own—be it from labour market earnings, assets or entitlements to social protection—regardless of the family structure in which she lives (see Figure 4.2).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	a2deed2945173b7fb758c45538d672a9	Common sources of data include household and living standard surveys, sectoral statistics, labour force reviews and so on. Experience to date, however, has shown that data collection processes often differ and there is a lack of alignment between global monitoring needs and national reporting capacities (Paris21, 2013). The approach used by the UK for the 2012 national assessment of flood risk was to score datasets against a number of criteria to determine their statistical quality and relative strengths and weaknesses (see Box 2.1). However, such scorecard assessments can be difficult to do in practice if there is no central data repository or if there is limited co-ordination between data producers and users.	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a2df1cd2dd0f487de0f9daf7ac2f8d6c	Grain producers applying reduced-tillage are eligible for increased rates of per hectare subsidies. Similarly, producers of sugar beet and vegetables and melons with drip irrigation benefit from considerably higher per hectare payments compared to those who do not use drip irrigation. Apart from its effects on crop productivity, drip irrigation has beneficial environmental outcomes, such as water saving and prevention of soils salinisation, swamp formation and erosion of the irrigated lands (Box 2.2).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264207899-5-en	a2e023bfafa0689ac15475c6d4a3a2ff	This included the introduction of local employment co-ordinators, who identify the needs of local areas and match them with employment, education and training opportunities. It is a federal structure made up of six states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia) as well as two territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). Similar to Canada and the United States, Australia has a w'ritten Constitution based on federalism which defines the responsibilities of each level of government.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bb63671b-en	a2e17e6d76b7328fa76828c27fa562a6	It is a useful tool for policymakers seeking to promote gender equality and improve women's well-being. Using a sample of 13,505 couples from the 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS), this study examines the relationship between bargaining power and the amount of time allocated to household and care work and market work. It is found that wives spend a longer time working in a day (556 minutes) than husbands (520 minutes). The findings also show that the impact of bargaining power on women's time in unpaid work is complicated.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	a2e26f304d41d8aa41e989f7884e78e2	Products with MFN rates higher than 15% were subject to a 5% rate in 2005, and entered China/ASEAN-6 duty free starting in 2006. The Agreement on TVade in Goods between ASEAN and China was signed in November 2004 and set out the modalities for tariff reductions and elimination for tariff lines categorised in either the Normal Track or the Sensitive Track commencing on 1 July 2005. Tariff lines on the “Normal track”, covering 40% of tariff lines, were gradually reduced and traded duty free from 1 January 2010 (for ASEAN-6 and China) or 2015 (for ASEAN-4). Products on the “Sensitive” track were further categorised into Sensitive and Highly Sensitive Lists.	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/547ad041-en	a2e720f4b1eb5314bf26123a09575248	Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) bring various interests and perspectives stakeholders together in collaboration processes (Fyall, Garrod, and Wang, 2012). The specific roles of DMOs are coordination, leadership and the development of facilities and provision of services, and even to function as a link between the destinations and external organizations (such as government agencies, tour wholesalers and travel agents). In this sense, DMO sometimes takes on the role as a management organization, as much as a marketing organization. While some stakeholders (such as hotels and local or regional government agencies) are vital to the success of DMOs because of their financial and partnership resources, there is a multitude of other relevant stakeholders whose views must also be considered.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	a2ea2b9090da1f5933deda0ecf065276	Women currently aged over 50 who have had full careers (less than ten years outside work and full-time education) are no less likely to provide daily informal care than women who have had interrupted careers. As a result, while female labour force participation rates are expected to increase in the future, this may not be enough to reduce gender inequalities in the provision of informal care — unless they are accompanied by broader shifts in perceptions of gender roles (Chapter 14). Effective social protection and infrastructure for LTC and better support for caregivers are therefore likely to remain important parts of policies against gender inequality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	a2ea3afe8eb75c3bad387d39a9452d41	Moreover, about a fifth of the software associations surveyed for this report stressed that the general business environment in their countries constituted a barrier to growth. Given the variety of issues that can be considered under such a broad area, a discussion of relevant policy options needs to remain fairly general. The status of the ICT infrastructure was noted in chapter II to be of high relevance.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264113756-en	a2ed4f0883b5af80a1d807346d7fbbae	Student choice and employer needs expressed through provision of workplace training may be used as one of the main criteria for the planning of VET provision. Regional authorities often have a good overview of the quality of teaching in schools under their responsibility and can use this knowledge to shape provision in individual schools (for example to reward schools that co-operate with employers). But without clear guidelines and standards these decisions are difficult to justify and might be perceived as ad hoc or unfair. Conversely, decisions that do not adequately reflect the interest of students and/or employers are more likely in the absence of transparency.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a2f23b9ed7920a63291a5c1d698c60a6	Whereas for per capita GDP. Accordingly, if the poverty line is held constant in real terms, any change in the poverty indicator can be analysed in terms of changes in average income and the income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the poverty rate observed in the initial period can be interpreted as a “growth effect”.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	a2f744e8849b31915c9cefc098fcacf0	If countries overlook the soft components of the ICT roll-out such as skills, education, local content, inclusive policies, participation and institutional accountability, the impacts of the digital revolution will fall short. In the spirit of inclusive knowledge cities, broadband infrastructure and soft-components need to be conceived and rolled out jointly, to ensure a future human-centred, sustainable city development. Although automation may lead to loss of jobs, smart and knowledge cities will lead to the creation of jobs in IT, data analysis, research and in the socio-cultural and environmental sectors.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	a2f74e09ef0e7dd0905422b8cbb6c61a	This difficulty may be partly due to methodological issues,35 but certainly also to the greater importance of non-labour incomes (whereas Kuznets referred only to pay inequality) and of post-industrial economic sectors, such as services and, especially, finance. Against this background, this section briefly outlines the benefits these economies sought through financial integration. It then concentrates on the macroeconomic effects of volatile international capital flow s, outlining the attendant adverse distributional outcomes in terms of the creation of employment and wage opportunities in high-productivity activities, especially in the traded goods sector. Financial integration36 can bring significant income and distributional benefits, such as through FDI inflows which can create employment and wage opportunities and help broaden technology transfer, as discussed in the previous section.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	a2fbdf9481cf2a5b43e549283c7aae76	They have planning, data collection and co-ordination prerogatives usually devoted to river basin organisations. As collegial structures, they can also arbitrate and prevent conflicts over water use. They provide fora to reach compromise on water allocation disputes, and they are key interlocutors of CONAGUA regarding the management of water risks such as drought, overexploitation and contamination in order to develop mechanisms in line with the national strategy. In addition, the councils participate in the development of financial studies with CONAGUA to best determine the necessary users’ contribution to support their programmes of work.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	a2fe724f56652003c3dbaa5ee00122f9	Strengthening national and local capacities is therefore paramount to enable and build systems that support collection, analysis and dissemination of SDGs data and information, including supporting different forms of disaggregation, accompanied by spatial analysis, and the necessary mechanisms to aggregate urban data at country level. An effective implementation structure for SDG 11 at the national and sub-national levels requires reliable and effective governance structures and supportive frameworks for financing, innovations and institutional capacity-building, with a well-connected network of stakeholders at global, regional and national levels. In addition, most of the 234 SDG indicators have a direct connection to urban policies and a clear impact on cities and human settlements, since nearly one third of indicators are being measured at the local level.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	a3048a3811322f2c0f55fbaff26330e1	Normally, long-term exposure is required before harmful effects are seen. Reduced generation of hazardous wastes may indicate reduced industrial activities in a country, introduction of cleaner production in the industrial processes, changing patterns in consumers’ habits, or changes in national hazardous waste legislation. Waste represents a considerable loss of resources both in the form of materials and energy.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	a306dcc79c0cc06ae9638ca3ae02b8ba	The Dominican Republic’s INDC indicates that it would need USD 358.3m in incremental costs for the period 2005-30. Ghana’s BUR highlights project-specific cost needs (RoG 2015). Other countries (e.g. Cambodia, in its NC2, DCC 2015) highlights specific and qualitative adaptation-related capacity building needs, while others (e.g. Guatemala, in its INDC) indicate that international adaptation support will be needed, but do not specify how much.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	a306e16b51194321633f9c7356e2ef89	Around 10.5 per cent of them are living with HIV. Data at the national level, however. As evidence regarding the effectiveness of different services and treatment programmes (needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy, antiretroviral therapy and the provision of naloxone) becomes more accepted in the countries, it is expected that more targeted service programmes will be implemented in the region. The provision of psychological treatment services has been expanded in some countries in the region to respond to the demand for treatment for amphetamine-type stimulant use.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	a30815f96a8a02301c9a535667d7bcf0	In comparison with total employment (including vulnerable and non-vulnerable employment), the share of skilled agricultural workers in non-vulnerable employment is far smaller (11% versus 42%), and the share of service workers is also smaller. The share of all other major groups is larger in non-vulnerable employment, and differences are particularly large for professionals and plant operators. Foreign-bom workers are also overrepresented in three of the four occupational groups with relatively high growth rates in non-vulnerable employment, although this relationship is weaker for women (Figure 3.8 and Annex Table 3.A1.4b). Org/10.18128/D020.V6.5; see also Annex Table 3.A1.4a.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	a308f30d18031a5ab411fbb370ef4836	Upon signing the contract, the entrepreneur may submit bills as they are issued, under the conditions specified by the agreement. The factor pays the agreed amount and ensures recovery of the debt at maturity. If this bill is payable on an agreed date, the entrepreneur will have to wait for this term to cash the funds.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	a309985d6f07f5f2b81fdb9c87d250cb	Variables for increases in labour intensity, wages and education gaps are also included, in line with other studies covered in the literature review. Given the endogeneity of the relationship between inequality and growth as outlined in the theoretical framework, these problems are corrected for by lagging the explanatory and dependent variables, as well as by using the differences between the values for previous periods in keeping with the generalized method of moments. It is therefore best to include variables that incorporate their previous values, especially in the cases of interest for this analysis.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0a98da25-en	a30b6361a534e57e6a534a7b71ef3c9a	With regard to capabilities, SDG 4 advocates for the elimination of gender disparities in education and training and SDG 5 targets an end to violence, discrimination, and harmful practices, such as early and forced marriage as well as reproductive health and rights. Finally, women’s agency is linked to the target of effective participation in decision-making in the economic and political realm in SDG 5. Macrolevel policies coupled with gender job segregation have made it difficult for women in many countries to convert their greater productivity (related to higher educational attainment) into improved livelihoods, absolute and relative to men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b1ccac57-en	a30f23a9b860f6a9fe683a8a676dffbe	Jordan and Lebanon recorded negative inflation rates in 2015. Both countries' economic activities faced conflict-related logistical difficulties. The Syrian Arab Republic andYemen suffered from conflict-related hyperinflation. Libya also experienced a rapid increase in its consumer price index towards the end of 2015.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	a3106f0053e9f850f48c532fba46379f	This chapter assesses the contribution of immigrant workers to GDP in Thailand, based on labour market and other information. Assuming that the economic contribution of immigrant workers is broadly related to the number of workers, it is possible to make a quantitative assessment of the direct output generated by immigrants in Thailand. As the sectoral distribution of workers is a major determinant of the contribution to GDP, this chapter starts with a brief review of sectoral development of the Thai economy and the position of foreign-bom workers in this regard.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-5-en	a313447ebb87ffdd4c51a15bba39812c	This chapter provides an overview of transition systems across OECD and partner countries, focusing on trends in organisation and governance. It describes four main policy challenges/or smooth transitions, accompanied by a wealth of practical strategies devised by participating countries for tackling them. Finally, it draws out some pointers for policy development to provide some food for thought on improving transitions.	4	7	0	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	a314963a87e2590883f53797f14b6770	The number of these households is especially high in countries having a history of civil conflict, like Cambodia. However, in most countries, female-headed households are more likely to live in ultra poverty, which is partly explained by lower access to assets and resources. Another important aspect of the gender dimension of poverty is the lower level of welfare of women and girls relative to their male family members within male-headed households. In addition, within poor households, women usually receive less food and less “high”-quality food, such as fish, meat and eggs.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	a31679d38abfda69d0dd66f8eeb9663a	Regular reporting of adverse events was institutionalised in 2010, and a Safe Surgery checklist was introduced in the same year. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation. More ambitious quality monitoring and improvement programmes have been abandoned.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-3-en	a317bcd1a8fe1cad5e5278628a1376ba	Individual countries can benefit from lessons learned from large adaptation interventions and innovative pilot approaches to adaptation. These examine whether public expenditures on adaptation are aligned with national and international policy goals, are allocated in accordance with existing rules, regulations and principles of good governance, and if they are allocated in a cost-effective manner. Further, audits and expenditure reviews examine whether the national institutional mechanisms are in place to effectively manage and deliver climate finance.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	a31b7320dcbf4ede3a2dfd92b94e39f6	The impact on people and ecosystems will depend on how the world adapts to those changes. Adaptation policies will need to be implemented to safeguard the well-being of current and future generations worldwide. The management of climate change risks is closely intertwined with economic development - impacts will be felt more by the poorest and most vulnerable populations. National governments and donor agencies have a key role to play and integrating climate change adaptation strategies into all development planning is now critical.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	a31bda52ec0b8fab28d1748fbe929087	Table 11.15 lists the cantons in which over 25% of children are housing-deprived: Los Chiles, Talamanca, Garabito, La Cruz, Upala, Carrillo and Buenos Aires. These cantons are located on the borders with either Nicaragua or Panama, apart from Garabito (with 30% housing-deprived children), which is located on the Pacific Ocean. Costa Rica shares a 312-kilometre border with Nicaragua.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a68df323-en	a31e745b9f7e686a4636f585e3dff66c	These rules are quite similar, although they may differ with respect to the range of organizations which could be granted observer status (e.g. intergovernmental organizations, international and national NGOs, governmental bodies, trade unions, the private sector). At the same time, all these joint commissions consider the observer status as a main mechanism for NGO participation in their activities. Other joint bodies have set up similar criteria for granting observer status. For example, according to its rules for granting the observer status (2002), the Oder Commission requires submission of: (a) a description of organization, its competence and the experience which it could bring to the Commission’s work; the last name of a representative who will participate in the meetings; (b) an explanation how the organization believes its input could be beneficial for the Commission’s activities; and (c) written confirmation that the organization accepts the obligations of the Convention and the rules of procedure. Observers cannot take part in the process of adopting decisions. Representatives of observer organizations take part in the activities of expert groups.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/92c6dc0e-en	a31f20f85c96fd6e1616b3c21a2d0b79	Instead, it fosters the establishment and implementation of such agreements, as well as their further development. The Convention establishes principles and rules that form the basis for countries working together to protect and sustainably use their shared freshwater resources. Such measures include undertaking environmental impact assessments and other means of assessment, preventing and reducing pollution at its source, licensing and monitoring wastewater discharges and developing and applying best environmental practices to reduce inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances from agriculture and other diffuse sources. Parties are obligated to use water resources sustainably, taking into account the ecosystem approach.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	a31f794a558ef801fd5fbfcccd1c26ec	In March 2011, the Government announced the first review of the scheme. The review will be completed by the end of 2011 and current tariffs will probably remain unchanged until April 2012. The review will examine all aspects of the scheme with a focus on large-scale solar projects, which have been more popular than envisaged, and a review of tariff rates for farm-based Anaerobic Digestion plants, as fewer of these plants have been accredited than expected.	13	1	7	0.75
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	a32135ad15fc4b601ca711fc94b5bc5a	Among these indicators, only three - natural daylight in classrooms, quality of cleaning and its frequency, and separation of classrooms for primary school students - met the requirements. The other indicators - floor space per child, suitability of desks and chairs to a child's age and body, classroom microclimate, and indoor air quality - did not comply with the standards. For 38.8 per cent of all schools, the floor space per student is 2.8 times smaller than the required standard of 1.5 m2 per child, while for 22.2 per cent of the assessed schools the number of students per classroom exceeded the maximum allowed level. These items were too small or too narrow for the child’s age and body.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	a3229c824eb096da9ef1e003f8cb3cf6	It sets out a vision, plan and timetable for achieving the United Kingdom's 2020 emission reduction targets, department by department. Updates on progress will be released quarterly and a final plan will be released following the confirmation of the fourth carbon budget in June 2011. A GIB to unlock finance for the transition to low-carbon growth will commence operations during the latter half of 2012.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	a32801874ebc72ebbd82a3e51caca010	Iftotal inputs exceed total outputs, the aquifer will recharge. Reductions in streamflow may lead to impacts on both instream habitat and to downstream or transboundary conflict over shared surface water allocations. If agricultural producers increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems while keeping pumping the same, recharge I3 will decrease, and once again there will be a reduction in outputs, storage, or a combination of the two.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	a329efb3796c2a2a2675e0aef85856d6	Complexity may be a problem in some European jurisdictions with multiple and tiered governance arrangements. There is, therefore, no universal blueprint to dictate the specific way in which relations between different tiers of government are structured and regulated, as they depend on institutional traditions and the relative capacity of each level. However, a key opportunity can be found in a balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches in the NUP processes.	11	4	0	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	a32ac2b0bfa74c6e19b81b25b45733ee	The institutional data collection partners will be the mining authorities at the national and subnational levels. Data are also available from governing commercial bodies such as gemstone and metallic mineral bourses and manufacturers’ associations. Mining and quarrying contribute substantially to the value of goods and services produced by many countries.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	a32b7383e9771959471a0bc32addaebd	In several sectors, efficiencies can be gained through co-generation (combined heat and power) and even through the integration of renewables such as co-firing of biomass with fossil fuels and industrial-scale solar thermal applications. Energy efficiency applications in industry (often using available technologies available in the global marketplace) can be inexpensive to deploy and offer attractive paybacks. Electricity demand currently represents 17% of worldwide final energy consumption. Its share is expected to increase significantly due to growth in general demand and increased use of electricity in heating and transport.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	a32c3b80b9109acbbf595910959158ed	At the same time, heroin of high purity from the Golden Triangle (Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Thailand) sometimes entered the country from the south-east. There were some reports of seizures in China of heroin trafficked through sea ports in Bangladesh. Dhaka airport continued to be a transit point for heroin being trafficked to China, Europe and the Middle East.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	a330ab5327a5ef15d9451fa2237ac0b1	It focuses on the area of tax policies, labour market and product market policies. Non-policy factors such as up skilling, globalisation and technological change are also covered, albeit more succinctly.5 Section 6 wraps up the empirical findings by classifying policy reforms on the basis of their joint effects on GDP per capita and household disposable incomes across the distribution. For each country and each year, the database covers mean disposable income by deciles (i.e. the population is sliced in ten equally sized groups ranked by income), allowing direct computation of income standards (see Box 2).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264267886-en	a332612998558af413620a8ed02c7e65	Poland introduced controlled foreign company rules in 2015 which aim to prevent profit shifting through parent companies assigning passive or mobile income (e.g. from intellectual property, services and digital transactions) to foreign subsidiaries in which they have a controlling interest and which are located in low-tax jurisdictions. Poland also made significant changes to its transfer pricing regulations in line with the recommendations of the OECD/G20 BEPS project. The tax, which entered into force in February 2016, has to be paid by banks, credit unions and insurance companies, as well as other lending institutions.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	a332c0610efeb53ca0332b114988ebf5	Increases in house prices slowed down around the period of the financial crisis, but then price inflation went back to its pre-crisis level. Overall, house prices in household income increased sharply, and after falling around 2008, the house price to rent ratio returned to rising sharply. Recently, house prices declined in energy-producing regions, continued to rise strongly in Vancouver and Toronto, and have risen modestly elsewhere. In this context, the purchase of real estate often becomes unaffordable for low-income families who, as it will be seen in the next section, are increasingly likely to rent their homes. The standardised price-rent and price-income ratios show the current price-rent and price-income ratios relative to their respective long-term averages.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/e617261d-en	a33398ea0f3701a5d6f601565d691eb3	"However, women migrants were less inclined to break migration laws (or to have revealed doing so in the survey). Of die 11 options concerning the breaking of migration laws during the two years preceding the survey, there are statistically significant differences between men and women in 6 of diem, and in all cases figures for females were smaller than for males. On the contrary, more females than males selected the option ""none of this happened to me in the last two years"" (table 2)."	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292093-12-en	a3339ebfbb322574f2df4aacdaeef805	It also details a comprehensive set of education policies and practices. Some of these policies and practices are designed to address the specific challenges immigrants face upon arriving in a new country; others are designed to foster the long-term integration of immigrants and their children. Students with an immigrant background in many education systems are at an increased risk of academic underperformance, of reporting feelings of alienation, high anxiety related to schoolwork and low satisfaction with life.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	a333b34351b8dc18f0fdfb80e98353be	Results from PISA suggest that, across OECD countries, schools and countries where students work in a climate characterised by expectations of high performance and the readiness to invest effort, good teacher-student relations and high teacher morale tend to achieve better results, on average across countries and particularly in some countries. Even after accounting for socio-economic background and other aspects of the learning environment measured by PISA, the results show that reading performance is positively related to higher values on the PISA index of teacher-student relationship in 10 OECD countries, including the United States; on the index of disciplinary climate in 16 OECD countries, including the United States; and on the index of teacher-related factors affecting school climate in 14 OECD countries, including the United Stales (Table IV.2.13c in PISA 2009 Results Volume IV). It is noteworthy that in no country is there a negative relationship between any of these factors and learning outcomes.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	a3344891213503d370b1cc0378cc6917	Despite a 92% enrolment rate in education up to age 14, Brazilian youths still underpcrform their peers from other countries significantly in terms of competencies (Figure 16). This suggests that the bottleneck is no longer access but quality. The quality of public secondary schools tends to be lower than that of private schools, resulting in easier access to high-quality public tertiary education for graduates from private secondary schools.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	a33554205486437b181ceeb7ebaf3dad	There was a discussion between Matsentralen and the regional Food Safety Authority in Oslo about about how many days before expiry of use-by date that retail shops could donnor food. This was clared out in the autumn 2014. However, the four Nordic countries included in this study have defined food banks different with regard to the role in the supply chain, which in the next hand can give quite different situations with regard to what is accepted and not to be redistributed. The role of food banks in redistribution of food in the Nordic countries should be further discussed in Phase II of the project. This should be clarified and harmonised as far as possible.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	a335de7a2bc5fa4d6b1c8710ce33caf8	As such, the aggregate improvement was largely the consequence of a composition effect and reflected a higher proportion of more educated women in the labour market, compared with groups with lower education levels.36 This contrasts with the widespread improvements achieved in the earlier period. In this regard see Atal, Nopo and Winder (2009) and ECLAC (2014b: pages 175-181). For the effects of inequality on the living conditions of young people, older adults, persons with disabilities and migrants, see United Nations (2013).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	a336e0e9a5a10ca52338349e81076e75	Viet Nam’s PSEs: What and how? ( A fixed price of USD 17 per tonne was used for coffee. It incorporates transfers to provincial governments for agricultural programmes and where possible local government expenditure. However, the value of local government expenditure is underrepresented in the budgetary data.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/c544899f-en	a33745b0c19f692ec372695c65138821	In 2010, it earned USS 4.3 billion in Latin America from energy generation and USS 7.2 billion in the distribution segment. Outside the electricity business, Iberdrola would henceforth only invest in the gas sector to supply its own combined-cycle power plants. Nonetheless, it is currently one of the few electricity firms with an engineering subsidiary.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	a33e0bf2acd0d06d196e15cb42828752	Indeed, the level of slack exceeds the rise in unemployment because hours worked have been cut for workers who have remained employed, while other potential workers have withdrawn from (or remained outside of) the labour market in response to poor job-search prospects. Estimates of these other forms of slack are discussed later in this section, after a fuller analysis of the impact of the recession on conventional employment and unemployment measures. The increase in unemployment has been especially sharp in Spain and Ireland, just over 10 and 8 percentage points, respectively.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	a33e121f74f1924c484c9845e835458b	These arguments are not valid for normal frequent variations in yields or production, but for catastrophic risks that have low probability of occurrence and generate high and systemic damages (OECD, 2011a). Covering normal risks with government support programmes crowds out farmers’ proactive management of risks and creates moral hazard. The most appropriate policy response to market failure is the investment in information and databases.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	a33ed0dba09a2ffca4f24943e4fff696	The following chapter examines policy coherence and the importance of local strategies to job creation. This does not necessarily correspond to the municipal level, where the public employment service has its antennas. Such municipal offices are often merely delivery agencies with low critical mass and strategic capacity, except in urban centres.	8	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	a33f0eaeedcc0b5a14f7eb03e1335688	This has partly been due to insufficient application of the “normalised method” (MTN) and long transition periods in water sector reform when the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) functioned as the regulator in areas where no management concession had been awarded. Despite increases, rate levels have remained low. While the average water supply rate in Italy is around EUR 0.90-0.95/m3 (with wide variations across the country), in many other OECD countries they are already between EUR 2 and 3/m3.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	a33f3c483e763d761723d5ba09086861	Many households with one worker will be poor and, in this scenario, the working poor will account for the largest proportion of those in poverty. While promoting the employment of second earners may help to alleviate poverty among couples, policies which increase hours worked and promote earnings progression will also be crucial for poverty reduction, particularly among single-adult households. At present, low-skilled groups have little chance of labour market progression. Meanwhile, interventions to help those in low-paid, dead-end jobs find better jobs, in particular through the promotion of education and training, could have a substantial influence on increasing wages and reducing poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a33f94dd777fbc5587432ef1f097e7a8	Sound environmental management also encompasses major goals such as significantly expanded use of sustainable energy sources and increased energy demand management. This section considers these capacity requirements, first for the government sector and then for energy suppliers, the private sector, and civil society. These requirements are critical, but they are not specifically related to the energy sector and as such are better addressed in a broader, cross-sectoral discussion of environmental capacity requirements. Although increased end use energy efficiency and reduced end use environmental impact are among the goals articulated above in Section 5.2, the sector-specific capacity requirements to achieve this are beyond the scope of this paper.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	a33fdd63f1086628ffafe043689a6174	In 2008, the unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 was 7.2%, above the rate for other age groups, but well below the OECD average of 12.4%. Despite this comparatively low level, youth unemployment and school-to-work transition are major issues in Japan. In the past, the Japanese employment system was characterised by a tradition of direct placement from schools into companies.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/f81b7706-en	a34282edefadc81c3979a0d83f73a7e8	This new law disqualified 95 per cent of the 630 women trained by ZNWL for the local government leadership for the previous three years. They could not qualify to contest elections, because they did not have the Grade 12 certificate. The ZNWL managed to lobby political parties to adopt other women to replace those that were disqualified and dropped out of the election race. However, there was no time to train the new women candidates in leadership skills.’	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	a3428c570a8063fbbe3106be9d63858b	In Viet Nam, a diversified farming system at the household level integrating vegetation, aquaculture and use of cages in animal husbandry has contributed to improvements in both income and nutritional outcomes (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013). For instance, improving fuel and combustion efficiency for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions requires actions which may generate co-benefits in the health sector if they succeed in curbing air pollution and thereby ameliorate its health-related consequences and reduce the demand for health services. Air pollution is a classic example where public policy is required to enable environmental and health risks to be reduced at the same time.5 In a significant number of countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 per cent of the population uses solid fuels for cooking (Forouzanfar and others, 2015). Poor households, women and children in particular are exposed to indoor air pollution (Smith and others, 2014; World Health Organization, 2014).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	a344614de1acbd476c37912993439da0	To that extent, the availability of comparable active ingredients may paradoxically be artificially limited, because the potential supplier countries could be unwilling to undermine their profitable relations with the R&D-based pharmaceutical companies, and no other sources of key active ingredients may possess the technical skills and abilities to produce them. The Financial Times (online edition), 16 August 2006, referring to a top WHO official addressing the August 2006 International Aids Conference at Toronto. This Decision was based on Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which refers to the difficulties of those WTO members with insufficient domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities to make effective use of compulsory licensing.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	a3480c4a397d1ffd628da23c05d3e791	Tunisia used to have a similar committee before the Jasmin Revolution, but only has a temporary Committee on Social Affairs within its Constitutional Convention, as of 27 May 2013. Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Tunisia and Yemen reported establishing committees in the legislatures that deal with women’s issues on a permanent or temporary basis (Figure 3.7. In most cases, these committees focus either only on women’s issues or consider them as part of a portfolio generally related to human rights, social affairs and children’s protections (Figure 3.7). Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen reported that gender committees focus on preparing legislative proposals and examining policies and budgets in terms of their impacts on gender.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	a34860f8ae67503e6ce8b040259de784	This trend can be seen for instance in Australia where the 1991 Fisheries Management Act mandates management effectiveness and cost efficiency as explicit objectives for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority. Both groups value the stock, but the conservationists will place a much lower value on the harvest, if any at all. Boyce (2000) showed that this had implications for their respective acceptance of regulation. In view of the low levels of current stocks and the impact of fisheries on the environment, the effectiveness of conservation groups in terms of political influence and affecting bargaining outcomes is open to debate. The groups are no doubt gaining public support and enjoying some policy gains.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	a34ac67fa42975dc8744c68073409aec	For variables not in a logarithm form (usually ratios and indices), the coefficient would represent a semi-elasticity (as in a standard log-level model). To get the elasticity for these variables we simply multiply the coefficient for the variable’s average value (x only for the developing countries included in the regression). First, following Baier and Bergstrand (2009), we restrict the bilateral trade cost variables and the related multilateral resistance terms to have coefficients of equal value and opposite signs. Second, following Behar, Manner and Nelson (2011) we extend this approach to non-bilateral trade related costs such as TTRI, NTMRI and the infrastructure quality index. Finally, we use a two-step approach.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	a34b5dcac3e28ed94e63e26fcee158e9	However, the courses vary in the extent to which they focus on diversity, as well as the resources available for their implementation (European Commission, 2017(152]). Communication and relationships: Developing communication competences for diversity emerges from the capacity of teachers to be empathic and reflexive about their own beliefs, cultural and socioeconomic differences (Rychly and Graves, 2012[,54]). Management and teaching: Teachers should also have relevant management and pedagogical skills to respond adequately to diversity through teaching (Elbers, 2010(154]).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	a34ceef0d1e939709ad385726dbb0814	Decision rules may combine current states and trends of indicators with seemingly ad hoc rules, such as not allowing changes in the TAC in consecutive years. Managers and stakeholders agree a priori about the indicator data, the decision rules, and the period over which the rule will be used. An operating model is typically used to generate ‘true’ ecosystem dynamics including the natural variations in the system (Figure 4.4).	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	a34e9d733a002551a69ea3503ba412bb	Finally, the Loughs Agency is an agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission established under the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 to provide the effective conservation, management, promotion and development of the fisheries and marine resources of the Foyle and Carlingford areas. These are the recommendations of the International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea and the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO). In 2006 the government reaffirmed its commitment to manage the wild salmon fishery in line with the scientific advice from 2007 onwards in the interests of conservation of wild stocks and the following year essentially closed the Irish mixed stock salmon fishery (principally drift nets and some coastal draft nets).	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	a352797c408ffd739a72be3f9cb17122	This was demonstrated for polychaete and molluscan taxa from the equatorial Seychelles relative to their counterparts at high latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific (Mackie and others, 2005). Another example of the non-generality of the relationship between latitude and diversity is that of MacKay and others (in press), who found that the soft sediment shelf macrobenthos of the central KwaZulu-Natal Bight on the east coast of South Africa (~28-29°S) are abundant and rich, and are comparable to some of the highest levels of richness in marine unconsolidated sediments found elsewhere, as reported by Gray and others (1997). The Annelida were dominated by Polychaeta which were particularly diverse (49 families).	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a35368f1fb104637235c5be716a9f0f9	Grain farming was established in the steppe land of northern Kazakhstan in the Virgin Lands programme of the 1950s and 1960s. However, and similar to the situation in neighbouring Siberia, variable climate led to volatile harvests and the soils in some of the new lands were unsuited to long-term cultivation - about 30%, according to the World Bank (1992). Other regionally important crops include sunflower seeds and oil crops in the northeast and rice in Kyzylorda.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a35548a9768191715c6ab33eb724bf54	However, the reliance of dairies on dry milk imports falls the further away they are located from large urban and commercial centres. The small dairies in Table 3.9 may not be fully representative. Nearly all of the small dairies have their origin on a former kolkhoz, and many became separate enterprises during the 1990s if the livestock were all killed or transferred to households.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	a3557b7031fb2c1fb035477b5c88e6de	Whilst most people with common mental disorders are in employment, the rate of employment for those with a common mental disorder (CMD) is 10 to 15 percentage points lower than the population without a CMD (OECD, 2012). Depression has been found to be highly correlated with poverty (Brown, 2012) (Figure 2.1). A wide number of publications underline the financial losses as a result of reduced output related to mental disorders, including Chapter 1 in this publication (Centre for Mental Health, 2010; OECD, 2012).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb3f3ae6-en	a3559dce7812f12ef98d89320088fd49	The challenge is not only to encourage innovation in general, but to steer the efforts and investments of innovators into fields of endeavor that are particularly critical for sustainable development. The above market and coordination failures are typically exacerbated in these fields because many of the goods and benefits to be generated by innovation have public good properties and generate positive externalities themselves. This means that the private incentives for engaging in innovation in these fields are attenuated even more than when innovation is applied to goods and services without sustainability attributes94. Moreover, because some of the benefits of innovations in fields critical for sustainable development will accrue to society at large rather than to the buyers of the respective products and services, innovations in these fields are also likely to be taken up more slowly by customers.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	a359550a3f9d60c894dd4d53981bf20d	Government provides income or price support. The specificity criterion is important for screening policies and identifying them as subsidies. For instance, in Georgia, a value-added tax (VAT) exemption is granted for natural gas consumed by electricity generators, but not for other natural gas consumers, which distinguishes this policy as a subsidy in this study’s relevant country chapter. It has also not been developed to address the issues specific to the energy industry, such as, for instance, different taxation benchmarks in different countries, as well as the natural resource rent that governments seek or fail to capture from the extractive companies, especially in the oil and gas sector.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	a35cba141f4b3e582acac5a1992ce44a	Furthermore, for some types of adaptation actions, such as the provision of information on changing regional climatic conditions, the government may need to play a more central role. Unless these policies are “climate-proofed”, they may inadvertently hamper adaptation and prevent farmers from taking decisions that improve their resilience to future climatic circumstances. For example, agricultural policies that directly intervene in management practices and lock farmers into current practices that may have historically been best practice but are not well adapted to changing climate, require careful re-evaluation. Governments may assist farmers and other private agents in providing public risk management tools, such as early warning systems.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	a360015ff248317c717f66170c699e68	This fiscal risk is further enhanced for clean electricity generation as the latter is likely to be subsidised at the beginning of the transition from conventional energy to clean energy (see investment promotion and facilitation section). Governments should therefore undertake careful benefit-cost analysis to justify the subsidy levels and financial analysis to ensure that the liberalisation process is fiscally sustainable, and provides sufficient - yet affordable - stimulus for the participation of clean energy investors. The design of clear procurement rules or of standard power purchasing agreements (which can be adapted to better accommodate clean energy IPPs) is also necessary to protect consumer interests.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a3602f9391bfb90f2147b64820e31e0b	The pathways between and among institutions in Penang are limited. According to Penang’s Self-evaluation report, “There are no multiple pathways with well co-ordinated transfer routes and accreditation, including transfer systems, to ensure flexible student transfer between different educational institutions or between higher education institutions.”, ( While Universiti Sains Malaysia has an agreement to allow the transfer of credit for students from public higher education institutions to continue their studies at university, this applies only for students transferring from public higher education institutions such as a polytechnic and UiTM. The OECD received no information on the number of students who take advantage of this credit transfer agreement.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	a3621c785189c488d2ece485529ecb60	The breadth of policy reforms has varied dramatically across countries. In a few, there has been rapid structural change, whereas in a greater number of countries, changes have been limited to parametric change (reductions in salaries, pharmaceutical prices, increases in co-payments). The most common changes have been to reform pharmaceuticals both to pay less at a national level and to encourage more use of generics; increase co-payments; and to centralise purchasing or provision of health goods and services. That said, a number of reforms have attracted considerable critique and political unrest among workers, industry and the general population.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	a364afdbf5b0d3f4e82a4e9f106a5ef1	Half of these special initiatives are undertaken in close co-operation with the private sector. The section concludes with some lessons learned. The 2002-05 annual baseline average was just short of USD 500 million. In 2013, ITC disbursements reached their highest level, at USD 812.5 million; this was largely the result of two large telecommunication projects in Turkey and Romania, both financed by the European Union.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	a3654cce69246c19f636303a7d88f513	In particular, municipalities have been found to show a high degree of flexibility in granting land use authorisations. The decisions of municipal authorities that are incompatible with state planning may find several roots. The economic returns for municipalities and their mayors of delivering land use authorisations may also be identified as a reason for municipalities to grant permits that are undesirable from a state territorial planning perspective. A final political aspect may also be envisaged; that of the mayor who, after three non-renewable years in office, would take advantage of his authority to facilitate projects that may put him in a better position in a political party or group. Ejidos make up 75% of the urban territory of the state of Morelos (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Three types of property exist in Mexico: private property, which accounts for around one-third of the country’s land area; social property, which makes up more than half of the country’s territory; and public/federal property, approximately 10% of the total, which includes national parks and waterways.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	a36652158778042afc60214a8fd2d5ae	Chapter 4 will discuss the changing policy attitudes facing nuclear energy once it is discussed in a security of supply perspective. The reason is that the issue depends on subjective value-judgements, which may vary across market actors, citizens and countries. Markets thus cannot develop the verifiable parameters over which private buyers and sellers could negotiate satisfactory outcomes at sufficiently low cost. This informational complexity -even though it is due to very different reasons - is something energy supply security has in common with certain types of environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, the other great example of a market failure in the energy field.	7	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	a3695da3ef04efe3155759a7d961d6b5	The most appropriate agency would probably be the IMF, which already undertakes public financial management performance reports. However, currently these do not include an overall assessment as to whether a system is fit for budget support. Were the IMF to certify systems as fit for budget support it would enormously strengthen the case for donors to provide it.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4b376f88-en	a36b021087947317fe3f460cd1994d7b	The monitoring system covers 99 national groundwater deposits, reservoirs and tail systems, 1,671 w'ells and 43 springs and includes 1,074 observation stations with automatic devices. Also, groundwater extraction is monitored for 7,000 major water users for different purposes (drinking water, industry and irrigation), with the supply network comprising 45,000 wells, 28,800 of which are functioning and pumping 17.7 million m3/ year. Since 2001, the investments in groundw'ater monitoring and exploration have increased by 15-20 per cent per year, all covered by a long-term programme folly funded by the State (chapter 3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	a36dc5884eaffa5f5b3e68fa392eead7	Special efforts should be made in countries where social norms are most conducive to occupational segregation; and gender gaps should be tackled early in students’ lives, when returns to education are highest and before gender-biased social norms may be absorbed. Work-based learning (WBL) and apprenticeship schemes can facilitate the transition from school to work and encourage labour market participation among young women at high risk of becoming inactive. Moreover, apprenticeships can be an effective measure to encourage women who have completed their science, technology and mathematics studies to work in scientific fields (OECD, 2012). Evidence from OECD countries shows that even when women pursue STEM studies, they are less likely than men to subsequently work in physics, mathematics and engineering.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a75977db-en	a36ee65a3ddb84d24dc4b8527983361f	Those who used to say there was no discrimination in their organizations were now keen to change the value system, re-evaluate jobs and work to create more mixed groups in the workplace. The chosen symbol shows a compass, a stamp, a runic representation and the smiling faces of two different individuals. The law therefore reflects compromises, such as the considerable flexibility allowed for the design of job classifications and other requirements among companies, although the standard must apply equally to all within the same company.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	a3746b8b80332b61f0d79097d94a928c	Developing and emerging countries with a low labour force participation rate of females can benefit from this. The process of structural transformation can be intensified through the process of diversification, massification and decreasing prices. Better pay jobs provided by the industrial sector increase workers' disposable income, modifying common demand patterns. Higher aggregated consumption leads to an increase in the economy's income.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	a3761ca30cb3fc6ab902a6cb4654005e	Despite the shift in the economic structure, agriculture remains a major source of economic growth for the country, the principal source of income for the rural majority, and critical for food security for all Ethiopians. If poverty is to be reduced, and wealth created in ways in which the majority of the population can participate, then agriculture clearly has to be at the heart of any inclusive and green development strategy. More than 70% of crop land is devoted to cereal production, that area having expanded by 27% from 7.0 million hectares in 2003/04 to 9.6 million in 2011/12. More than 11 million smallholders engage in cereal production, with cereal production totalling 18 million tonnes in 2011/12.	13	9	0	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	a376e214d64e05d814e84f8c0651005f	Of the seven countries for which child poverty can be estimated, the World Bank classes Guyana as lower-middle income, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Suriname as upper-middle income, and Antigua and Barbuda and Trinidad and Tobago as high income. However, neither national income nor monetary poverty fully explains the variability in child poverty levels. For example, although Trinidad and Tobago has the highest per capita gross domestic product in the Caribbean, it does not have the lowest level of child poverty.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264085398-en	a3781050c83209832c81f9f5b7c83324	This time trend is not as apparent among secondary and higher educated workers, though among these workers in all years the share of paid employment falls considerably with increasing experience. Figure 4.4 seems to suggest that many, particularly tertiary educated, workers do not stay in paid employment until retirement, and paid employment is not the same as a stable job. Figure 4.5 shows monthly income (in real 2005 ZAR) of South African-bom workers by levels of education and experience for each of the two census waves.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	a378d46116a9a5d4e2af7ad6141fc16e	This co-ordination ensures that economic growth is promoted through the region’s municipal development agendas and with respect to environmental preservation and social cohesion across the territory. This requires that certain federal criteria be met, which do not often coincide with local government criteria. Moreover, federal government support is conditioned on the availability of public resources.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	a37b19f7daba36d5f86dcbc9436aa464	"The capacity of a society to develop young peoples' literacy skills and well-being depends on its ability to provide the right kinds of human and material resources to support healthy development from conception to childhood and beyond. Educational Prosperity refers to the success of the education system in developing children's cognitive skills and their social, emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. The term ""prosperity"" simply refers to the condition of experiencing success or thriving (Willms, 2015)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	a37ed046d86b2cbf79e696f95a440aba	"See, e.g., art. Such preferential treatment is not considered to be discriminatory when it has as its purpose to diminish or eliminate conditions that cause or help to perpetuate discrimination.55Thus.any law, programme or practice that seeks the amelioration of disadvantaged conditions of individuals or groups cannot be considered discriminatory. International human rights instruments prohibit discrimination as to ""race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (see, e.g., art."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c634ac5a-en	a37fa3322397f91671bad89261c30358	Science 313,58-61 Cagua, E.F., Cochran, J.E.M., Rohner, C.A., Prebble, C.E.M., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H., Pierce, S.J., and Beru-men, M.L. (2015). Acoustic telemetry reveals cryptic residency of whale sharks. Sustaining life on Earth How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/208cb99e-en	a37fc6ec9cea8601e9a66a8b4c1fe8db	Robustness tests should be reported, to see whether policy relevant comparisons are robust to a range of plausible weights. Other inputs into the final weighting structure include national policies - often as presented in development plans - as well as participatory exercises with poor communities. The issue of weighting is no more challenging for the MPI than for other poverty indicators, such as imputing prices for non-market goods or adjusting rural and urban poverty lines for monetary poverty measures.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	a3812cb8f791a38ea5c0a0fa0735d951	Strengthening public primary and community care would also result in fewer self-referrals to hospital emergency departments for minor ailments and conditions where treatment costs are much higher. Finally, managing chronic conditions better within primary care settings would contribute towards preventing deterioration and the need for hospital care. For example, GPs and private family doctors linked in to the myHealth system are now able to make referrals for services that could previously only be requested by hospital specialists. Additionally, the range of services provided in primary care has been expanded to include, for example, chronic disease management clinics and healthy lifestyle clinics.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	a38194dfcfe85e6f8015281febd22fd7	By 2014, gender parity in access to primary, lower secondary and upper-secondary school had been achieved, on average, across the globe (UNESCO, 2016). In North Africa, for example, just 95 girls are enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys and, in sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio is 93/100. As for secondary schools, gender disparities are more widespread.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a382aa29aba8188d55ee37081216d1c2	Hence, total system costs are higher and alternative arrangements induced by public intervention - which may just be confined to discontinuing subsidy payments - would increase total welfare. In several European OECD countries, but particularly in Germany, the advent of large amounts of intermittent electricity generated by solar power and wind power has been leading to large technical externalities with network operators and other producers, including nuclear energy, being forced to accommodate large swings in the production of renewable energy. It has also lead to important financial externalities with average prices tending to be lower and price volatility higher than they would have been otherwise.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	a382f23c15829420b2f56dca6931a5d8	Typically, teacher assessment is presented in the literature as having higher validity than external assessment. Test items and grading standards may vary widely between teachers and schools, so that the results of internal assessments will lack external confidence and cannot be compared across schools. There might also be a high risk of bias, i.e. the assessment is unfair to particular groups of students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	a3837cd2edfc4ddb848ec5e38bc8df25	One of the reasons for the programme's success might be due to the value of the grant. Two-thirds of the income to the bottom quintile was provided via social assistance grants, with most of this income coming from child grants (the Child Support Grant, the Foster Care Grant and the Care Dependency Grant combined). The Namibian system of social CTs, which has its roots in South Africa, has evolved quite differently given the different economic and social circumstances in these two countries resulting in a mix of eligibility criteria being applied.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	a38644a710607be021d8c1af461f7660	It may be worth considering the creation of larger management units that could use economies of scale to put more rigorous quality assurance procedures in place. An assessment of whether economies of scale could be achieved if municipal water systems were grouped together might be made a condition for subsidies, as is the case in Austria. For example, while Dublin reduced the level of unaccounted-for water from 42.5% in 2003, it was still 37% in 2008.22 However, unaccounted-for water outside the Greater Dublin Area remains high, with levels in some localities exceeding 50% in 2008.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-2-en	a386b8115b25bf505ca7b8ab93acad9c	There is also an effort to shift from charging for irrigation water hased on the area covered to the volume of water used in many countries, especially where water stress is a serious issue. Policies regarding on-farm water resources, mainly groundwater, usually involve licenses and other regulatory instruments, but because of high transaction costs to enforce compliance, the degradation and illegal pumping of groundwater remains a challenge. To achieve sustainable groundwater use more effort will be required to enforce regulatory measures and develop mechanisms for volumetric management and charging, which is also essential for the management of surface water, especially where water stress is a serious issue. But achieving marginal cost recovery for groundwater supplies is complex, as is the development of groundwater markets.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	a3896cc5103012ddaa708b460a3eef8c	Countries trade with a world market, so the model does not consider differentiated bilateral trade (i.e. maize from Mexico is the same as maize from South Africa). The combined group of OECD countries is also projected to have a larger population compared to 2010, except in a few EU countries, as well as in Japan and Korea, where populations are forecast to fall. Overall, GDP in OECD countries is expected to almost double, and global GDP is expected to increase two-and-a-half times between 2010 and 2050. There is some progress towards achieving development goals, reducing resource and energy intensity, and decreasing fossil fuel dependency.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	a3898b2dba701191bb935ba6c2002b71	"For example, the 1993-94 survey for Cambodia had a detailed consumption recall list of some 450 items (Gibson 2005, 137). Therefore, it should not be assumed that a non-monetary approach is more data-demanding"". And while monetary poverty and employment questions are time consuming to collect, other indicators may be significantly faster. A second legitimate query is whether the MPI takes longer to compute."	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	a38c90660671b57d33f533fa72d94476	The indicators for the type of water supply, the fuel used for cooking and the material used to build house walls are exceptions in that the most common profiles for these indicators are two-dimensional profiles that are combined with the “sewerage system” indicator. The results that do not display a level of frequency in absolute terms (i.e., indicators that are more likely to appear in combination with others than alone) are shown in table 6. For example, although the number of households that lack running water is not numerically significant, the two-dimensional “sewerage system-running water” indicator is significant.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	a38cb9e18ecf4ac2e9927452177952ab	Moreover, some analysts have stressed that informal firms generate efficiency losses because, by avoiding taxes, they rob more productive formal competitors of market shares (Farrell, 2004). Data on micro-firms in Mexico from 1992 to 2008 show that the percentage of female owners increased more in the informal sector than in the formal one (Figure 29.2). Source: OECD Secretariat estimates based on six waves of INEGI Encuesta Nacional de Micronegodos (ENAMIN). The data are representative of Mexican urban areas.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	a390c7584730dd7a23f3fc6c0a789e5e	This leaves Indonesian policy-makers and consumers uneasy about the countiy’s vulnerability to international markets for these commodities and also uneasy about unforeseen events that may impact negatively on the countiy’s domestic food production capability. Transitory food insecurity is a concern for Indonesia not just because it is a net food importer, but also because possible international fuel price increases, macroeconomic shocks, plant and animal disease outbreaks and natural disasters all threaten the reliability of its food supplies. Over the three-year period 1990-1992, the average prevalence of undernourishment in Indonesia was 22.2% of the population, but by the 2011-13 period this measure had declined to 9.1% (FAO, 2013).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	a391096b9897d743e7036f4e660354cb	Figure 2 shows the trends in health care expenditure growth during three different recessionary phases. In each of the phases, the health expenditure was set equal to one at the point in time just prior to the start of the recession (peak year). Expenditure growth during the recession of mid-70s showed little sign of abating after the start of the recession.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176713-en	a391475d8aae0060fc3211f9be3022e2	In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches. Nevertheless, a clear dichotomy between the “academic” and “comprehensive” approaches is not necessarily warranted. For “Ever been expelled from High School”, this is the percentage of sample group members that had been expelled from High School.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a39253e0f03acb5780beb3aec62de841	Specialisation ranking among US metro-regions: the numerator is the ratio of jobs in the segment and metro-region in 2010 to total metro-region employment in 2010. Total does not include public transit or waste management. There were roughly 45 000 clean economy jobs in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region in 2010 (excluding public transit and waste management jobs, which would add roughly 34 000 jobs) (Table 1.6).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a14da8ec-en	a393d5c7a80b36504ef698bf89a044f1	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Authorship is usually collective, but principal author(s) are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	a39455d1880d08fe5519166309ba172b	Several activities aimed at sustainable fisheries management are being conducted within the project The Caspian Sea: Restoring Depleted Fisheries and Consolidation of a Permanent Regional Environmental Governance Framework, under CEP, with mixed success thus far. Sustainable fisheries management is particularly dependent on international cooperation. National Red Lists and biodiversity monitoring systems are particularly important information tools.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7db07bca-en	a39500c16729fee7cd4863b9109b654d	Taken together with the increase in farm and non-farm production activities, social protection strengthens livelihoods rather than fostering dependency. Public works programmes can provide important infrastructure and community assets and, when designed and implemented properly, contribute directly to the local economy. Cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor, who demand goods and services largely produced in the local economy.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7921771c-en	a395eed5b840a1dbc6978252623d2f81	To improve the health situation of indigenous peoples, there must thus be a fundamental shift in the concept of health so that it incorporates the cultures and world views of indigenous peoples as central to the design and management of state health systems. It is shaped by indigenous peoples' historical experiences and worldviews, and is expressed in the rules and norms that are applied in the community and practised by its members. To promote health and prevent illness, an indigenous community seeks to recuperate and maintain its interior and exterior equilibrium, including the harmony between community members who are sick and the world around them.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-4-en	a39726c2cc91e41be67966403fe8d410	Improving policy coherence in managing fisheries can improve efficiency without compromising other objectives for the sector. Waste is both a national and global issue. Information on this subject is scarce, but what evidence there is suggests that the amount of waste, its value and environmental impact are significant.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	a397c35544d5b3513b547f2fe5544bdf	"Making health systems more equitable"", Lancet, vol. Accordingly, efforts by official donors and global health partnerships to transfer resources to improve health in developing countries would be more efficient and better attuned to the spirit of the Millennium Declaration if programmes and projects explicitly incorporated into their objectives the reduction of inequalities in health and other pertinent areas. Social advantages are often the result of socio-economic development, and are related to cultural, political and historical factors, natural and “built-in” environments as well as public policies."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	a3982f6792cab2c41b6045a639249ac7	However, the extent to which this broadband expansion will include the provision of computers and new digital technology as complementary tools for teaching and translate into digital skills training in the classroom - rather than merely serving for administrative purposes - is unclear. The pilot Project in Favour of School Well-being (Proyecto a Favor de la Convivencia Escolar) intends to train 381 school directors in the use of material for teachers and students. This effort involves the delivery of 12 230 materials by the state government across the 381 schools. Likewise, the Safe School Programme (Programci Escuela Segura) grants funding support to 155 schools to improve the school environment and foster better learning. It also provides technical support to 634 schools by means of three books delivered to the schools’ library (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a3999035000bf857f58a94116e9f58e5	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Over the 1998-2008 period GDP grew, on average, by almost 4%, compared with the OECD average of 3%. At the same time, GDP per capita growth has been below the OECD average due to rapid population growth. Population has been shaped by Jewish immigration, most notably by the influx of highly skilled people from the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Population growth rate is significantly above the OECD average due to a high fertility rate: 2.9 children, compared with the OECD average of 1.6 in 2007. The 1.54 million Arab population represents 20.4% of the total population.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	a39d76d0c43ab1d6db7c30919e2e8747	The INDCs of several countries indicate that they are in the process of developing a NAP, and imply that this may take several years (e.g. Uruguay and South Africa’s INDC indicate that the NAP will be developed by 2020). There can also be a significant delay between developing an overarching adaptation strategy, and a plan to implement that strategy. For example, France established a National Adaptation Strategy in 2006, and it took until 2011 for a National Adaptation Plan to be developed (Climate-ADAPT, 2015).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	a39f220e8458c807ac2e0aa4204baa36	However, further progress is needed to improve the comparability of gender-disaggregated data across countries. However, credit providers might also discriminate against women entrepreneurs. The banks and public support policies should ensure tight supervision to prevent any discrimination. In this regard, the Consumer Financial Protection Agency (CFPA) in the United States collects data on small business credit availability by gender, race, and ethnicity and enforces lending laws to ensure that loans are granted fairly to small business owners.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	a3a5c2aaa164b9286d4a2204fb48b4a4	According to this definition, the proportion of rural-urban inequality is slightly lower than the case in the first grouping and explains 13.3% of overall inequality. China has made great progress in poverty reduction during the reform period. But the poverty reduction strategy has been implemented in rural and urban areas separately. Prior to the 1990s, when rural-urban segmentation was substantial, most poverty was concentrated in rural China, because urban residents were well protected by the welfare system.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	a3a5dae05968771dd02f8dc3c3713459	Spatial segregation in cities is sometimes stronger among the poorest households, as in Denmark and the Netherlands, other times among the richest, as in Canada, France and the United States (Chapter 4). Both configurations can undermine people’s chances to move up the income ladder. At the same time, cities also offer their residents the potential to break their path dependency towards their parents’ income.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	a3a6e761af83aadfb44553aed4db1def	Strategies are in place to improve water supply conditions for the overall population. The complicated complex of governmental authorities includes a number of ministries and institutions which are responsible for the implementation of governmental water programmes. These programmes are mainly funded by the Government. There are two line ministries, MoWE and MoNP, responsible for water resource management and water protection.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	a3a9e1c1cf883a25adf6a4b4c4ea091e	In Germany, the tariffs and the degression rates are usually revised every four years but some additional adjustments are possible and have been recently used for photovoltaics. In response to the increasingly rapid deployment of solar power, the government introduced a volume responsive degression system in 2009 for photovoltaics.8 The system was revised in 2010 and in 2011 as solar generation capacities continue to expand at a high pace. These adjustments have been insufficient to control the development of photovoltaics and the government is revising again the support measures. Feed-in tariffs should be cut further and the degression system could be made more efficient by basing it on an analysis of price elasticities.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	a3b2ecc434452e38ff5c247aee3b7ed5	However, in most cases, the actual application of the norms depends on the attitudes of decision-makers and thus might be applied differently. Moreover, discretionary and incremental funding models tend to be associated with low levels of budget transparency. Indeed, inadequate formulas or wrongly assessed coefficients may exacerbate inefficiencies (for example, by helping to preserve small-class schools which may be consolidated), as well as inequities (for example, by providing more funds to schools or regions which historically had higher allocations).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	a3b333c15b24c96514d76843842489db	"Total funds are released according to the timeline presented in Table 3. These so-called ""social tariffs"" are not linked to LpT, but available also to urban consumers. Those who use up to 30 kWh per month pay only 35% of the regular residential tariff, while those consuming between 31 kWh and 80 kWh per month pay the reduced tariff of 60% of the regular residential tariff."	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	a3b5a2ab5a366dfe5daa5c4e14a39a16	In common with the way clinical audits have traditionally developed in many countries, quality registers in Sweden focus predominantly on hospital and specialist care. Eight of the 73 quality registers also cover services provided in primary care: dementia, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), palliative care, slow-healing wounds, asthma and Senior Alert (for reducing falls, malnutrition, pressure ulcers). However, in general, coverage of providers and data completeness in quality registers is considerably poorer in primary care than for the hospital sector. In part this is reportedly because staff find the add-on task of data collection and reporting for several quality registers burdensome, resulting in weak engagement by GPs.	3	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	a3b6a1d26e0fd21cb76685562d63824b	This is often done by simply counting heads and names and by actively planning who to interview in each situation. Web tools such as Genews (2016) and Prognosis (2016) can be helpful for newsrooms to create the statistics. Genews (Swedish data) and Prognosis (Swedish, Danish, Finnish and Norwegian data available) analyse news articles automatically and look for names and words that refer to women or men. Prognosis also analyses whether names sound local or international.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/508a648f-en	a3b6b9e0506ff9f2e1b38436b47fd407	It is estimated that this reform helped to reduce the Gini coefficient, and thus inequality in personal income distribution, by 2 percentage points, without having any discernible disincentive effect (Martorano, 2012). A progressive tax system affects all income groups and their relative incomes, including the income gap between the middle-class and top income earners. On the expenditure side, social transfers and the free or subsidized provision of public services are often directed at specific groups, such as the poorest, families with many children, the elderly and the unemployed. From this perspective, social expenditure is better suited to preventing or reducing poverty and to protecting social groups that are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable. However, to what extent public expenditure aimed at reducing inequality should be targeted to specific social groups, and how, has been subject to debate (UN/DESA, 2008). It has also been argued that targeting requires administrative capacities and involves transaction costs, and that the selection of the groups to be targeted may often be influenced by political interests (Mkandawire, 2007).	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	a3b748738dcb5753859a4dcc4817b12b	For the purpose of this paper, SA programmes are broadly defined as public cash or in-kind transfers that aim at preventing extreme hardship and employ a low-income criterion as the central entitlement condition. Benefits of last resort therefore include broad minimum-income benefits (‘non-categorical’ SA), as well as other means-tested assistance payments that are typically received by families with no other income sources (although, as discussed below, the same benefits can to some extent also top up the incomes of low-paid workers and other low-income groups). Examples are means-tested lone-parent benefits, as well as unemployment assistance benefits that are not conditional on work or contribution histories (as in Australia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Malta, New Zealand, UK).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	a3baa8ddb3129172320eab9b89d276c4	In turn, adaptation policies to climate change affect the choice of power generation technologies. The geographical scope is in general limited to certain countries as local circumstances matter (power generation mix, demand and hydrology). The only contributions with a global scope stem from Davies et al. (	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	a3bad0541f3f7ecfc6f26442cc7455ba	In addition, both male and female victims often do not want to relive the traumatic experience and/or feel fear, shame, embarrassment and an unwillingness to become involved in the police and judicial systems. These stations/units are staffed primarily by female officers in order to provide an environment where women may feel more comfortable in reporting crimes. They often combine a number of specialised police officers with health and social workers, along with legal specialists, to form a team that can comprehensively respond to cases of gender-based violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	a3bb5d739c7705476bb290bf6f4553be	In short, it is an adaptive management cycle with planning, implementation, evaluation and adjusting activities. Within this general framework which is inherently sequential and not simultaneous it is relatively straightforward to calculate changes in landings, revenues, and costs. This information could be useful to commercial sector stakeholders and managers but does little to capture the role of economic information in affecting catch and processing strategies. Then the fishery is monitored to obtain estimates of the management control variables and stock indicators that can be used to refine the biological model and or to solicit stakeholder input that is used to re-estimate the assessment models, to determine new estimates of stock status, and then new management plans if necessary.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	a3bd19eae29cb541a5a97b6f0c5ccd3e	Refugees can constitute a sizable proportion of a country’s population - in the 1990s, refugees made up 10 per cent of the national population of Malawi - and a persistent one -refugees have comprised around half of the population of some northern provinces of Pakistan for over 20 years (Marfleet, 2006). Of course, refugees do not migrate only to neighbouring countries, but may seek sanctuary in any country. However, most refugee flow is from countries in the South to countries in the South, with developing countries hosting four-fifths of the world’s refugees - arguably those with the least capacity, financially and institutionally, to manage such flows - and most refugees do move to their neighbouring country (UNHCR, 2011a).	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0e7e4f09-en	a3bef40faa38a41ba3b6a6b8d2257e7c	Accordingly, the creation of the GFCM Forum on Fisheries Science, the conducting of regional surveys-at-sea and the compilation of catalogues of fishing activities aim at enhancing the quantity and quality of data used for advice. The revision of existing management plans or the development of new ones is also considered necessary for main commercial fisheries as well as the fisheries that rely on or show a strong interaction with resources in need of urgent action. It also recognizes that collecting socio-economic data that are as complete, timely and accurate as possible helps develop coherent policies to ensure resource and market access for small-scale fishers.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	a3c29985fccdc701de3acc3073d3fafa	With per-person GDP of only $380‘, the proportion of the population below the poverty line in 2010/11 was 30.4% in rural areas and 25.7% in urban areas. Poverty has declined substantially according to the national Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey. Between 2004/05 and 2010/11, income inequality measured by Gini Coefficient was changed little - from 0.3 in 2004/05 to 0.298 in 2010/11.2 While urban inequality declined from 0.44 to 0.37, rural inequality increased from 0.26 to 0.27 (MoFED, 2012a).	13	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	a3c956d1e7f2bc183174c26fadf10053	The availability of extracurricular activities and services is seen as a strength of school education in the Slovak Republic as this sector plays an important role in the production of social capital. It also allows increasing the role of local revenues and parental contributions, especially when public support to this sector is targeted to the most disadvantaged student population. In turn, investments to support school education through the Integrated Regional Operational Programme, which are funded by the European Regional Development Fund, are aimed at the improvement of school infrastructure; the provision of material and technical equipment in classrooms, laboratories, and resources for language teaching; and the creation of centres for dual vocational education and training. There is a special emphasis on the infrastructure needed to expand pre-primary education provision, especially in those municipalities with marginalised Roma communities (Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic, 2014).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	a3ca538a4952fada4c195ce3ee8f8d07	The effect of education on participation is negative except at the graduate level, and slightly stronger on lower education levels. Having a graduate degree raises the probability of being in the labour force in urban regions. The absolute value of the effect moves around 16pp, but remains negative up to the secondary level.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283268-en	a3cc50c00c798e892d2d9ca050a9a596	Social insurance funds collectively negotiate with regional Medical Chambers and other health professions regarding health care provision in the areas of ambulatory (or outpatient) and rehabilitative care and pharmaceuticals. Efforts were made over a number of years to achieve more joint planning, governance and financing by bringing together the federal and regional levels and coordinating these with social insurance funds. The 2013 health reform was an important step in this direction, introducing a federal and nine regional commissions on health system governance involving all relevant actors (see Section S.3).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	a3cdab540cbe43a90be48ebde7302b90	The ten selected projects will benefit from streamlined issuing of permits and the possibility of regulatory incentives, cross-border cost allocation, and funding under the European Union’s (EU) Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance and the Neighbourhood Investment Facility. In addition, two electricity and eight gas projects have been approved as Projects of Mutual Interest with the EU. It will require sustained political and institutional will if the economies are to achieve both national and regionally shared objectives by implementing the adopted legislative and regulatory' frameworks. At present compliance with the EU Third Energy Package is patchy at best, but is an essential prerequisite for the interoperability of the SEE and EU energy systems, as well as for improving the productivity and competitiveness of the sector at regional and national levels.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	a3ce718ab1e3681089fbca58120a1554	Instead, the cost of gasoline subsidies was transferred to PT Pertamina, which had to account for $1 billion in costs in 2015 alone to cover the difference between market prices and subsidized prices. This financial burden threatened the liquidity of the state-owned company. To counteract this, an Energy Security Fund was set up in 2016 to stabilise fuel prices, subsidising them when global fuel prices are higher than domestic prices and using additional revenue to fill the fund while global prices are low.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	a3cf081e7964abfc8826d208019e4bb9	All tobacco products must cam' health warnings and messages covering at least 50 per cent of the packaging. Smoking in public places and public transport facilities, including outdoor areas, parks and playgrounds, is forbidden. According to the Law, the instruments or equipment used for diagnosis or radiotherapy shall be calibrated and under regular quality control and quality assurance.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	a3cf39deb8b3e8e6c28fa44dd07a3d79	They peaked in 2009, when almost exactly one in two migrants was a woman, but then steadily declined to stand at 46% in 2015 (Figure 21.1; estimates based on provisional and partial data). Women are part of all of these migration categories, but are more likely to be overrepresented in family migration. Women’s migration to the OECD consequently reached its highest point in 2009, when the employment inflow was relatively low.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264230750-6-en	a3d2a52c28e80d074f562c00faecafb7	This more integrated approach is being developed and promoted but is still quite limited in scope and reach. It established a multiagency task force to facilitate co-ordination in implementing HI-ECD. At the national level, the Task Force is chaired by the Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare (Kemenkokesra) and jointly co-chaired by the National Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and the Ministry of Home Affairs.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/785f021c-en	a3d2aefe9574bc4724fab418acf878b7	The key elements are economic stability and growth, supportive trade regulations and a sufficient domestic capacity of the manufacturing sector. Restricted access to global markets through trade barriers limits the opportunity for productivity increases and expansion of the manufacturing sector. While limited access to global markets prevents the implementation of new technologies due to lack of access to innovations, trade barriers hamper the creation of demand for new products.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	a3d5bb518e4f070194f15acfa8cc6e06	Such increased spending has led to more HIV/AIDS patients having access to antiretroviral treatments (ARTs), and declining HIV incidence and AIDS deaths over time. The GFATM move away from round-based funding has improved predictability of external funding from one of the main sources of external funds. Further, in the Western Cape province, GFATM support has been integrated into the provincial budgeting system, making it easier for government officials to plan. However, other international donors have different financial schemes, transferring resources directly to government departments and NGOs or their facilities.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	a3d9237761983df4cdc285a28ff2b669	State subsidies for education could be utilised to reduce the gap between private and social returns, internalising some of the externalities. The first one is a macro approach, drawing on the empirical growth literature. The role of human capital accumulation in explaining income differences across countries and over time is explored extensively (Mankiw etal.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264111356-11-en	a3dae0f4a08526e917e9e5794847199c	Some countries have reached the economic limit in terms of sewerage connection and must find other ways of serving small, isolated settlements. In the BRIICS countries significant improvements have been made over the past two decades with an average of 89% of the population of the BRIICS having access improved drinking water sources.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9d0e6611-en	a3dbac0ebfdd353c8ccc4f76ed817abf	The report gives a broad definition of IDRIS, listing requirements for qualification as IDRIS and possible additional features. Different organisational forms exist with or without legal identity, but a key point is that IDRIS should have clear added value. The OECD reports provide relevant information for IDRIS, summarising issues on road mapping and single-sited large international research infrastructures that may also be applicable to IDRIS. Often, only parts of these entities (as opposed to entire entities) collectively constitute the infrastructure. The agreement need not necessarily define a new legal entity, or be legally binding.	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	a3de637a81d50bea1b3cad95d86d6b01	This model can help guide pedagogical and assessment design, feedback and evaluation of MLMS learning for scalable technology-enhanced innovative pedagogies (TEPI) and serve as a framework to guide policy-makers, practitioners and researchers towards implementing TEPIs at scale. The rationale is often based on the expectation that learning through ICT will transform the learning process (Pelgrum and Law, 2003) to achieve 21st century outcomes such as collaboration, communication, creativity and critical thinking (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009). However, principals indicating that ICT is very important for achieving pedagogical goals remain few in number, particularly so in economically developed countries with high computer/student ratios and levels of Internet access. E-Learning needs to be an integral part of a deep pedagogical transformation in order to bring about the 21st century outcomes often mentioned in policy documents (Law, 2008a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	a3dfa41cfba729d3c4aeb55c09de1c1f	The adoption of monitoring, measurement and evaluation procedures of procurement activities remains underdeveloped. New public procurement legislation was adopted in 2016 to better consider innovation and environment aspects in public procurement agendas. This revision is based on the EU Public Procurement Directives. The government also initiated national training for innovative public procurement for the 15 largest cities in 2015 and all 20 health districts in 2016.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/723063ad-en	a3dffd1df688cf9776a1e14e49cfb4c4	It involves learning and various types of training, but also continuous efforts to develop institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems and the wider enabling environment. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	a3e09dff8ec14e66edee98985ead5d50	Foreign citizens account for only 0.4% of the population. In an effort to fight child labour, Kazakhstan enabled children of migrant workers, including seasonal migrants, to attend educational institutions with the same rights as Kazakh children in 2012 (Antonowicz, 2013). Rapid growth in the early 2000s drastically slowed down with the global financial crisis of 2008, but rebounded by the end of 2009.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	a3e5beb7578ed1364d4910051a03c80d	The Institute for Apprenticeships w'ill also be responsible for working with employers to articulate a common set of transferable workplace skills to be required by each technical pathway. The government also proposes to create colleges for high-level technical skills training (mostly Levels 4 and 5), called National Colleges, for the development of skills known to be in high-demand, including high-speed rail, digital skills, nuclear, onshore oil and gas, and the creative and cultural industries. Furthermore, to meet recognised demand for higher-level STEM skills, Institutes of Technology will be introduced to co-ordinate technical education in STEM subjects at higher levels (Levels 3, 4 and 5) across higher education, further education and private providers and industry. Students studying in National Colleges and Institutes of Technology at Levels 4 to 6 will be eligible for income-contingent Advanced Learning Loans, similar to those offered to university students. But in addition to more skills, investing in the right skills is equally important. Targeted financial incentives can promote access to higher education for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, or encourage the development of specific high-demand skills.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	a3e6d38e616b0f44c374b28d5ca95165	Even among the higher income economies of this group, where female wages are no longer so central to export competitiveness, the combined threat of import leakages and capital outflows when wages rise is conducive to a profit-led growth regime. In smaller SIEO economies, these effects are more dominant. However, the extensive investments in education and health, both public and private, that are associated with developmental welfare states and the East Asian model weight these economies towards a more wage-led, altruistic growth regime in their emphasis on long-term investments in human capacities. We can see this result reflected in Figure 2-1C, where the extent of investments in human capacities put the Republic of Korea and Singapore in the strong caring spirits category.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	a3e86fa2f3ed12e4e624798c7677c054	If they decide to cash out their social package entitlement (which covers health services and transportation to the place of medical treatment), then they receive an additional RUB 450 (USD 40). Payment rates vary per beneficiary category (see below): disabled WWII veterans can receive up to RUB 2 000 per month (USD 80) if they cashed out their social package, while survivors of disabled WWII veterans would get far less (Table 3.4). In nominal terms, payments more than doubled, and together with the substantial increase in pension payments (Chapter 4), this contributed to the eradication of poverty among pensioners, at least when the latter is measured in absolute terms against the prevailing minimum subsistence level.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	a3e959429b5943e52c6cd0988dcb975a	Non-linearities in the nature of water problems themselves (e.g. the risk of irreversibility), as well as uncertainty about the linkages between water risks and the economic values placed by producers and consumers on potential changes in water security, will make very complex any systematic effort to compare the costs and benefits of proposed targets. The economic value of water security improvement (or impairment) can be difficult to capture, especially when that value cannot be derived from direct use of water resources. Likewise, the costs of policy inaction should also regularly be assessed.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	a3ebb77b435fa9671e910585352a4980	The estimated health impact of air pollution in Kazakhstan is sizeable: premature mortality attributed to air pollution was estimated at 16 117 deaths for the 2008-2010 period, with the highest mortality estimate due to air pollution in Almaty City (Kenessariyev et al., This last study also concludes that the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in Kazakhstan is notably higher than in Russia and Ukraine. However, environmental monitoring systems are not sufficiently funded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment (World Bank, 2016a).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	a3ecf28dfe870a692da7d5f413e37225	In 2006, for example, a severe dust storm deposited 30 kg of sand per person in the Beijing area. The long-term decline in the number of dust storms appears to have been caused by the rise in temperatures in China’s desert areas. While this could be caused in part by global warming, it appears to be linked to more local factors.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	a3ed05e9618e04c656cc4d37acd89eb4	There is a training centre for PES staff at the Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training; employees will be asked to attend a certain number of training sessions during their career. Although many job vacancies are accessible on the PES website (www.hellowork.go.jp), jobseekers are still often advised to visit Hello Work offices in person (this is discussed further in Chapter 3). Compared with the current 550 principal and branch offices, the PES had about 700 thirty years ago, since many offices in remote areas have been closed since.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	a3eda02ec26a4d6306b1bb147cede4d5	While it is the case that the legal rights and responsibilities of these parent-figures vary across the region,1, our review concentrates on everyday care practices, or de facto parenting, rather than distinguishing those with legal responsibilities from those without. We begin with the understanding that relatives orfictive kin (not based on blood or marriage) are potential alternative sources of parent-like care. Drawing on the available literature we comment on the extent to which parent-figures can substitute for biological parents, or mothers for fathers, in the eyes of adolescents (see Chapter 1). In southern and east Africa the likelihood of sole or large household responsibilities increases with age, particularly for adolescent girls (Dannerbeck & Muriuki, 2007).	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/355832ee-en	a3f01b0928aab25f26e30eb8b3e94a57	It covers 27 EU member states as well as Norway and Iceland. Most of the 14 child-specific items available in the EU-SILC 2009 refer to children5 aged 1-15, apart from the two items related to school education that apply to school-age children only. The EU-SILC 2009 methodology specifies that if one child in the relevant age category lacks an item, all children in the household are flagged as lacking this item.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	a3f8d0645d95e663b8c261fafa2b346d	In the broader public sector (including civil servants and employees in utilities) they have been smaller, reflecting the high job protection that civil servants enjoy, even several years into the crisis. The losses have also fallen disproportionately on the less educated and immigrants, as they tend to be employed in the hard hit cyclical industries, such as services and construction (NBG, 2012) (Figure 2.14). The self-employed have also been affected as many of their businesses have closed. Household real disposable income fell by around 30% between 2009 and 2012. Earnings from self-employment have also declined, given extensive business closures, but reliable data are more difficult to find (Matsaganis, 2012). Apart from the recession and fiscal consolidation (affecting mainly public sector employees), the decline in earnings among salaried workers has been influenced by the fast rise in individual wage contracts.	10	2	6	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	a3fb70c1089bafa755cb7a8a323d710c	All students can benefit because they learn to respect and to value each other’s abilities and experiences, as well as patience, tolerance and understanding. Adopting inclusive education means to manage differences among students by recognising their strengths and weaknesses, planning lessons effectively, using teaching strategies and adapting the curriculum to fit each student’s ability and background. It also means knowing how to mobilise other teachers, parents, community members and other professionals to provide a good quality education to all students.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	a3fbf4ddf366eb2bdc27893e55b57a59	While not taking into consideration the newly arrived students from 2015 onwards, PISA findings further indicate that, similar to most OECD countries, first-generation immigrant students in Sweden were the most academically disadvantaged among students with an immigrant background. Second-generation immigrant students are students who were bom in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have two foreign-born parents. Returning foreign-born students are students who were not born in the country in which they sat the PISA test but who have at least one parent who was bom in such country.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	a404c87cee74c862e89c20c1f81f6e5d	Similarly, the jobseekers who were interviewed by brokers also suggested that they had not considered retraining or up-skilling to work in this sector and that existing IAG available in London often lacked any detail on green job opportunities, something that a targeted programme was able to provide. This resulted in many of the forecast job opportunities that this programme was developed to fill being postponed. To overcome this, REAP brokers sought job opportunities in retrofitting businesses outside of these Mayoral projects.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	a4064497c091022e8bc29f2742ea25d0	The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	a4066baebac5ccff569cd49d56ca0a2d	"These approaches have been fully assumed by ECLAC, which has declared that ""living in poverty does not involve just not having the income necessary to cover basic needs; being poor also means suffering social exclusion"", which prevents one from participating fully in society. "" Ultimately, poverty is not being entitled to rights, the negation of citizenship."" ( Barcena (2010, p.2)."	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-10-en	a406fd57a683b9244f92ce6791a6f1bc	The remaining urban growth will play out almost entirely in developing countries. In 100 years, it is likely to be three times larger. Moreover, as Angel (2012) shows, the historical pattern of urban growth suggests that over this time horizon, urban population density in developing cities could easily fall by half. One is to have a threefold increase in the average population of its existing cities and a sixfold increase in their average built area.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4384e397-en	a409336ae83b5f8d87cd7e49b223505f	The difficulty of corrupting information in the block chain strengthens the traceability of fish products along the value chain, which will enable more fisheries, aquaculture farms and fish processing facilities to meet import requirements such as the country of origin and phytosanitary standards of many countries. Improved traceability will also make it possible to fulfil growing buyer demand for legally and responsibly sourced fish. In some fisheries and aquaculture farms, it will assist in meeting certification requirements.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	a40a104449a729bd4a63830df46780bf	Families can enable women and girls to flourish and realize their potential, as well as being the building blocks for thriving communities, societies and economies. But families can have a darker side: they can be places of violence and discrimination, spaces where women and girls are often denied the resources they need, where they sometimes eat least and last and where their voices are stifled and their autonomy is denied. As such, the recognition of families as an ambivalent space for women and girls has been at the heart of this Report.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	a40b1ff71849d0899d3206a5c6b6e91a	Training in water use management can be invaluable for water demand management. Green economy implementation provides an opportunity to refocus development priorities on water. During the interview process, a water expert remarked, ‘in future we cannot live without the green economy, hence we must think green in everything we do -starting from water management’. It is recognised that the national water infrastructure is archaic and needs upgrading. The infusion of appropriate technologies including information and communications technologies into the water sector is highly recommended.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283428-en	a40e6238cd543c99feea7bf608134193	Public hospital-based physicians are salaried employees. Despite the commitment to the Health System being legally enforced, policy concerns have been raised over regional differences in population health status, and access and quality of health services (OASI, 2016). This calls for an effective performance management of hospitals, clinics and professionals at regional level (OECD 2014).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	a410e1cbc78e4bfffd6b7684a8b2ca8d	Of significant concern, these had worsened substantially between 2013 and 2014: 74% received thrombolysis within 30 minutes in 2014, compared to 85% the year before. This figure was 30% at the secondary level. The same study found that 42% of providers could cite less than five of the recommended ten steps in taking blood pressure measurements, and that this share was higher at the primary care level.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264267787-en	a413a1fe4f6119292b543c6e0f02f4f7	The former captures more precise information about particular conditions, while the latter enables patients' outcomes to be compared across a range of conditions. Patients complete surveys before and 3-6 months after a surgical procedure to assess whether the intervention improved their health. Hospital-level data are publicly reported, with applied case-mix adjustment to ensure meaningful comparisons can be made between hospitals. Among the clinical areas using PROMs are cardiac, breast cancer and rheumatism care, as well as care for hip fracture and spinal surgery. The purpose is to assess whether patients need check-ups, tests and other treatment to promote high-value care.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	a415662e0b96d7d3e05e03debb2e6542	Policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography. Good urban-rural linkages, in the form of infrastructure and institutional support, can therefore help input-intensive sectors to flourish. Consequently, providing serviced and viable secondary-city alternatives may give mature firms better locational options.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	a419690ac306cda9fb8e17aa68f2fae8	Since 2007, several ministerial departments have created their own programmes to incorporate gender into budgeting at the local level. As a result, GRB now functions as a permanent fixture in the performance-based budgeting process, budgets benefiting women are now available in four line ministries (Agriculture and Rural Development, Education, Health and Finance), and the budget line allocated towards targeted livelihood activities for women has increased from 5 million dirhams in 2002 to 6.3 million dirhams in 2006. Yet, these stakeholders are very important in ensuring good quality data to support the approval and implementation of gender-responsive budgeting. In addition, it is important to ensure that line ministries take an active part in the gender budgeting process so as to increase their ownership and buy-in. Egypt, Jordan and Morocco use ad hoc pilot projects, and Jordan, Morocco and the Palestinian Authority use government-wide requirements with assessment by relevant line ministries.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	a41c28c28b3e408fd322b345a5c724c0	At the time, the World Health Report 2002 estimated that achieving the millennium goal of “halving by the year 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water” would yield a gain of approximately 30 million DALYs worldwide. Achieving universal access (evaluated at 98% coverage) of improved water supply and basic sanitation plus disinfection at point of use would result in an additional 553 million DALYs. A catastrophic drought in 1834 meant that water availability dropped from 75 litres per capita per day to 1 litre per capita per day and triggered a cholera epidemic. This in turn led to the construction of a canal to bring water, which allowed augmenting water supply to 370 litres a day after its completion in 1848.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a41c5511205aa6919bd9e6c0135c0e19	Deliveries to millers increased from 1.8 million tonnes in the 2000/01 marketing year to 4.1 million tonnes in 2010/11. Due to the relative simplicity of milling and the scalability of investments, it became an attractive activity for local entrepreneurs. Mills actively procure wheat either directly from farmers or through local traders. Almost half of Kazakhstan’s flour is produced by mills in the northern grain region.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/08e82310-en	a41cb4e8ad9c7d1e54cae51e46d8c211	Some 64% is cropland, 15% forest, 14% grassland and ~5% urban/industrial area. Nevertheless, as reported, this range of measures needs to be improved and other measures also need to be introduced. In Hungary, groundwater abstraction regulation is used and effective; water use efficiency measures, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and wastewater treatment and data exchange need to be improved; and vulnerability mapping, regional flow modeling, good agricultural practices, integration with river basin management, and arsenic treatment or import of arsenic free water are needed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	a41eccb8ff5e62b3e6638203a4b7cd05	"Chapter 10 on Sustainable Public Procurement provides examples of reductions in C02 emissions in Europe and Asia and shows how a planned programme of increasing sustainability in public buying can lead to job creation, innovation and improved efficiency. “ Poverty Alleviation Through Sustainable Tourism Development"", a UNESCAP Publication (2003) lays out how sustainable practices in the tourism sector can and do lead to a reduction in poverty. Virtually every sector, in every country will have success stories to tell of how SCP has helped in reducing poverty."	12	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	a41ed7d854c59baeb2bba8c7afcd9151	Hydrologists have derived stream response functions for use in a variety of different hydrologic settings. For this case, assume that Ctj = fly(S,r) where S is the aquifer storage coefficient and r is the aquifer transmissivity (units are square feet per year). This equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	a420e049df7925100c58a854833a8c38	Such protection is for the benefit of both the man and the woman. Reforms have also been conducted regarding the age of marriage. For instance in Djibouti, Egypt and Morocco, the age of marriage for both men and women is now 18. Polygamy is still allowed but is more restricted than before and is put under judicial review.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	a421844633d99415fd75c5a27a0429b1	Biotechnology and synthetic biology have enormous potential for addressing the environment, climate crisis and loss of biodiversity through more advanced biofuels and “cleaner” agriculture—that is, agricultural processes with less input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and/or a reduction of carbon dioxide through artificial leaf technology. Nuclear and isotopic techniques to track and quantify carbon, water and nutrient movement and dynamics are also used to increase agricultural productivity, resilience, and the sectors greenhouse gas emissions. In Sudan, the application of climate-smart agriculture has allowed hundreds of women, many of whom are refugees or internally displaced persons, to start small-scale farms and home gardens in extremely arid areas. In some areas, such as digital technologies, which are characterized by very low marginal costs and wide distribution through platforms and networks, performance, cost and applicability across sectors is improving at exponential rates.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283527-en	a422f9da75825728b50599ffddf79288	There has also been a growing number of people dying from diabetes, linked to the growing prevalence of Type II diabetes, with mortality being one of the highest in the EU. The number of people dying from Alzheimer's and other dementias has more than tripled since 2000, also reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis and lack of effective treatments, as well as more precise coding. These are leading health problems that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60375438-en	a4236453adfbebd5c2df1a0d8731a4f7	There is a need to go much further to eliminate indirect forms of discrimination and the structural barriers that have the effect, if not always the intention, of producing unequal outcomes. It is also a development imperative: the growing inequalities between social groups, and between rich and poor women, undermine development by wasting human capabilities and talents, hindering economic dynamism and threatening social cohesion. The Open Working Group of the General Assembly (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has articulated a vision of a world that is 'just, equitable and inclusive',’ making clear that gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment are central to this urgent endeavour.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300255-en	a4243b7dfc74662fb99b37410431d409	Countries who are most successful in activating their skills potential share a number of features. They provide high-quality lifelong learning opportunities, both in and outside school and die workplace. They develop education and training programmes that are relevant to students and flexible, both in content and in how they are delivered.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	a4276f25b1884492a06dde6e5178cadf	In many, if not in most cases, cogeneration may compete favourably with conventional power plants partly because it tends to be located close to the consumers. As a result of a fruitful collaboration between INEE and the Government, the text included the first explicit legal reference to cogeneration and district cooling/heating associated with cogeneration. This law and its ensuing decrees allow distribution utilities to buy up to 10 per cent of their energy needs directly from cogenerators and other DG sources, instead of by means of public auction.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	a427ddb52f66f5a9cd2e1befc7eec3fa	This section, however, focuses on those supports that provide new and existing enterprises with access to knowledge, capital, market development, and support for producer or sectoral groups to make the most of joint efforts. There are many government initiatives that could be said to provide such support - some of which are territorially specific (e.g. those included in the Operational Programme for Eastern Poland) and others that are targeted at economic sectors which are showing strong potential, such as the food-processing industry. In other cases, national or regional policies are adapted to reflect the needs of rural enterprises.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	a428441dd965b3a99a4bda2c1fe88f20	More than 60% of the total surface area of the country' is covered by agricultural land, most of which is managed intensively and intersected by a dense netw ork of ditches (around 300 000 kilometres), streams and lakes (Oenemaetal., Recent figures from Statistics Netherlands (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, CBS) indicate that the Netherlands is the world’s second largest exporter of agricultural products, following the United States. In 2012, the total value of Dutch agricultural exports was EUR 75.4 billion. The Dutch agri-food industry contributes EUR 52.5 billion of added value to Dutch GDP, accounting for some 20% of the country’s total export value (CBS et al.,	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264292932-4-en	a4289023c7c3d3a7c778e12baf52f164	What is the picture in key emerging economies? Has the growth of income inequality been mirrored by rising inequalities of wealth, well-being and opportunity? This chapter charts the drastic rise of income inequality in OECD countries since the 1980s, examining the key drivers over the short and longer term with a focus on the role of technological change, reforms to labour market institutions and the advance of globalisation.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-3-en	a42b93de4c1f810f4b2d086e50ccd147	Such a vision should be constructed with the knowledge that considerable work remains to be done to attain excellence and equity throughout Chile’s education system. The Chilean government should continue to challenge outdated practices and structures that circumscribe the potential of its people, and should continue its endeavour to foster life-changing learning opportunities for all.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	a42f2f7f4f5c85a4e2fbbc036be944cb	This evolution is marked by an increase in the population living in urban areas: 1.215 million (52.7 per cent) at the end of 1997 and 2.131 million (68.3 per cent) at the end of 2016. In 2016,67 percent of the urban population live in Ulaanbaatar. Conversely, the population living in rural areas has decreased; it was fewer than 1 million (993,862) in 2004 and remained under 1 million (988,112) at the end of 2016.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	a4330b1e16a463ed0173b199026325a7	By contrast, especially in high-income countries, boys are more likely to drop out of secondary education than girls. Young Portuguese women enjoy the largest comparative advantage. In Western Africa, however, the primary enrolment rate is barely 70% and in Southern, Eastern, and Middle Africa it is only slightly above 80%.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	a433ce3fd067c17c883a4a4a8c983909	"In most OECD countries, hospital performance is measured either as absolute targets or observed changes overtime. Estonia and the Netherlands also use P4P in primary care but did not provide additional information. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom also use P4P for outpatient specialist cate but did not provide additional information. The categoiy ""other"" refers to hospital management in Luxembourg and the efficient use of medication in France."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	a43669138521d9d3527b9aa1020f338b	In some OECD countries, transfers are subject to broadly the same tax treatment as wage income (e.g. Nordic countries) while in others (e.g. Japan) they are largely untaxed. Adema and Ladaique (2009) provide estimates for net public social expenditure, i.e. adjusting for the impact of the taxation of social benefits and tax breaks with a social purpose as well as for indirect taxes. This leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expenditure-to-GDP ratios across countries.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	a43684e85c736dd96e57367fc925da09	Consider, for example, maternity, paternity and parental leave policies. These policies may encourage equal enjoyment of rights by partners by enabling both parents (often mothers and fathers, but also same-sex parents) to take paid or unpaid time off to care for a newborn/adopted child. When this happens, they foster a more equitable division of childrearing responsibilities in the family and give women (or the primary caregiver in a same-sex family) greater opportunities for career advancement.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	a437228a110a49a0402d758e0b499385	The incidence of NSW is 40% among younger workers (versus 30% for prime-age), and it is over 50% in Australia, the Netherlands, southern Europe and Poland. This mostly involves younger workers on temporary contracts. On average in the OECD, 43% of temporary workers are aged 15 to 29, and this share is over 60% in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, suggesting that these jobs are often entry ports for young workers (figures not shown). The incidence of non-standard employment is highest among workers with a lower level of education (around 44%) and lowest among the higher educated (Figure 4.4).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	a43a39c5ab6035edba091ba0cc4d3e52	India also had double digit food price inflation in 2009. An equally remarkable slowing of food price increases was experienced by China, where they rose by less than 1% compared to 14.4% in 2008 and 12% in 2007. A number of countries, such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Russian Federation as well as a Rwanda and Ghana, however did continue to experience double digit increases. Other countries such as Sri Lanka, Guatemala and China had relatively small price increases, that is less than 3%, while countries such as Senegal and Estonia, experienced net declines after increases of 9% and 14% respectively in 2008. See Figures 1.15 and 1.16 for changes in food price indices for the years 2006-09 in selected non-OECD and African countries, respectively. In high income countries, the share of food in the CPI ranges from less than 10-20% but in the middle and low income countries it is substantially higher, generally in the 30-60% range.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	a43ac1c1e949793ac11cd289efa1b89e	Utilities are obliged to purchase renewable energy electricity from different sources according to pre-defined ratios in order to foster more cost-efficient renewable energy technologies. Experience in Poland and Sweden shows that the legislator needs to set a sufficiently high penalty payment to enforce compliance with the quota obligation. The penalty should exceed the marginal generation costs for renewable electricity. Quota-based mechanisms sometimes operate without certificate trading and can also be combined with tender mechanisms or feed-in tariffs (FiT).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1e13e538-en	a43bd68d6c5cafe6d33a8d879a7533e9	The experts were also involved in a peer review of data sets and. Where relevant, they contributed references and technical information.4 Modified information packages were then compiled and used in the consultation with countries (Box 2). Any relevant information subsequently received from the countries was incorporated into the chapter drafts.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	a43bde45ee950e74946d1dcf13dead60	Put more simply, this implies that the largest city is twice as large as the second-largest city, three times as large as the third and so on along the uiban hierarchy. While the relationship tends to break down at small scales, it holds remarkably well for many countries across a very wide range of city sizes (Gabaix and Ioannides, 2004). There is also the question of whether Zipfs Law implies some constraints in the pattern of uiban growth, i.e. that the growth trajectories of individual cities could not change the overall city-size distribution (Duranton, 2007).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2013-5-en	a43d226947a5eff3fa24a76bb5d9fa4c	Sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive groivth. Improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills. Ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge, which involves strengthening the adult learning system.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	a43e48b9884987fe02f9853f0db7bc5e	While there are several exceptions, in many countries the poverty rate tends to be inversely proportionate to the age of the person. Thus, in most countries, poverty among the 55 and over age group tends to be lower than the average (see figure 1.8). I 8 5 - list' ! Paraguay (2011) and Plurinational Stale of Bolivia (2011).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/dcr-2012-14-en	a43f3d6800aab45c1cb992edf3503a17	The answer to that question is “no”. The definition of “access to improved water” is quite minimalist - i.e. water that is not shared with animals! A more stringent definition reveals that 2 billion human beings continue to have access only to unhealthy water, and between 3 and 4 billion - roughly half the human race - continue to drink water of dubious quality. In addition, as urban environments expand, the supply of water and sanitation infrastructure will not be able to keep up with population growth.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	a43fa9e9da7cbeb995a1074696b43cfb	The DNI combines vacant lots acquired via eminent domain with city-owned parcels and leases these to private and non-profit developers for the purpose of building affordable housing consistent with the community’s master plan. According to the initiative’s 2014-15 annual report, the group had an annual budget of around USD 3.7 million, which was allocated to programme costs, administrative costs, community capacity building and special events. It has historically relied on loans from organisations, including a USD 2 million loan from the Ford Foundation and USD 1.4 million from the Riley Foundation to acquire vacant lots and reconvert them.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	a43faae0a60b58b57eab6b838186f5ca	For example, supporting parents in reconciling work and family life obviously requires promoting the labour force participation of parents, and especially mothers, who are less well represented in the labour force than fathers and women without children. Policies to help balance work and family life also make it easier for parents to choose to have children despite work commitments. Increasing the number of working parents can help boost economic growth, increase tax revenue to sustain social protection systems (Krebs and Scheffel, 2016), and cushion the impact of demographic change and declining working-age populations (Chapter 6).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/52043f6e-en	a44676ba58fef081b8c7399c1e90a105	There have been many and varied efforts to train public officials, and/or to include capacity-building on violence against women in the official curricula for these professions. Such trainings and capacity-building efforts have been found to be most effective, and implemented rigorously, when they are mandated in law and developed in close collaboration with non-governmental organizations. Under article 7 of the Albanian Law on Measures against Violence in Family Relations (2006) the Ministry of the Interior is charged with training police to handle domestic violence cases, and the Ministry of Justice is responsible for training medico-legal experts on domestic violence and child abuse and training bailiffs on service of protection orders. Draft legislation on protection orders in the Netherlands, if passed, will mandate a training programme for police. The quality of police and prosecutor work is crucial in determining whether court proceedings are instituted or a person is convicted.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d85bcb9c-en	a44708b8d72805fe534a56aabdfd9384	Section 4.3 briefly surveys the factors that i nfluence risk management in public administration. It provides a quick overview of paradigm changes in risk management in public administration overtime. Recenttrends in the institutionalization of risk management at the level of governments across the world are presented, as well as country examples of how risks are managed in public administration. The section then reviews the connections between risk management and the institutional principles of SDG 16 examined in this report Finally, the section underlines challenges to risk management in public administration highlighted by experts who contributed to the chapter.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-can-2012-5-en	a448ef0025d7020e15b80b3c75264306	In publicly funded colleges, government involvement can extend to admissions policies, programme approval, curricula, institutional planning and working conditions. Vocational education straddles both secondary and tertiary sectors; training may be offered during the last two years of secondary school or in separate specialised schools, or in public and private colleges. Admission requirements for universities and colleges are based largely on secondary school academic performance.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	a4491f98e10a93b5e290aec209f84dd4	In Nepal, over the last decade, the share of women migrant workers has significantly increased. The National Population Census 2011 shows that about 13 per cent ofthe absentee population is composed of women. Due to prevailing patriarchal norms and values and skewed policy, female labour migration is traditionally stigmatized and associated with sex work or equated to trafficking.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	a44afcfc11b45accbd9c34c5d1eddcc1	It must be coordinated with the other policy areas highlighted in this Report, in particular employment, social protection and social services. It must support, rather than undermine, efforts to redress women's socio-economic disadvantage through employment policies, social protections and social services. This involves considering a broader set of goals and indicators—for example, considering potential trade-offs between maintaining very low rates of inflation and employment outcomes. It also requires ensuring that sufficient resources are available to support the realization of human rights.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	a44cc342a57bb98607583dd019a8bc9e	Such cognitive engagement by students depends on the quality of interactions between teachers and students around meaningful content and the quality of teacher explanations (e.g. Clarke, Resnick and Rose, 2015; Patrick, Mantzicopoulos and Sears, 2012). However, guided discovery’ learning, in which teachers provide feedback, assist learners and elicit explanations, is effective for larger numbers of students (Alfieri et al., Therefore, teachers always need to guide students, even throughout instructional phases when students have more freedom and responsibility for their own learning activities. Unfortunately, there is even less empirical evidence about the relationship between adaptive and equality of opportunity than on the effectiveness of adaptive teaching. They have showrn that high quality instruction can reduce inequalities (Borman et al.,	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	a4511d7962a6d0585a1f0daaf24c02e2	Caution must be exercised in assessing the public heath burden due to exposure to radiation since some health problems, such as cancer, may also be caused by other factors. This topic includes statistics about morbidity (incidence and prevalence) due to toxic substance-related or radiation-related diseases and conditions, as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and on the economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with toxic substances and radiation is to be included in this topic. These statistics are also relevant in Topic 4.2.2: Impact of technological disasters. The main provider of epidemiological data is usually a country’s sanitation or health authority.	6	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	a452f211e4a0da3958db9f8cbe72170e	Moreover, public opposition and environmental concerns about shale oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and some projects like the Red-Dead conveyance project must be taken seriously to ensure the sustainability of these government initiatives. There is a lot of room for improvement in Jordan’s green growth agenda. Having taken some concrete steps already, there is reason to believe that Jordan has a good foundation on which to build.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	a454624c6924a4e65cc9c728c264fc9a	Spending on Active Labour Market Programmes (ALMPs) cannot be disaggregated in financial transfers and services; they are, however, included in the total public spending (shown in brackets); 2005 data for Australia, Mexico, Turkey and the United States. Data do not include public spending on housing and utility services, except for income-tested housing cash payments as included in the totals in Table 3.3. Spending on income support to the working-age population concerns non-pension related income support payments, see Table 3.3.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1916aa05-en	a458bc4424af83aab851858d98341b8c	Without it, individuals, families, societies and economies would not be able to survive and thrive. Yet everywhere, caregiving is devalued. As girls and women are the default providers of care,' this means they are less able to access income-generating work, escape poverty, be financially independent and accumulate savings, assets or retirement income for their later years.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265493-11-en	a459efc63ee3ac6e40923cd668dcde3b	Mexico has made headway in developing an institutional framework for achieving gender equality. It consists of a national system for equality between men and women, a national policy and oversight mechanisms to hold government accountable for achieving results. Yet, Mexico's growing efforts to achieve gender equality still deliver only limited results.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	a45a4bcadd4c5f68d8f0d0b6d574ea5d	Today women are a central force in this movement. Women's participation and representation has increased, they have taken up positions of leadership and significant strides have been made to achieve parity in women's representation in decision-making bodies. In its Latin American section, for example, parity was established in 1997. Women's specific concerns have also gained greater visibility on the movement's agenda. When Via Campesina developed its political position on food sovereignty in the late 1990s, for example, women argued that because women are primarily responsible for the well-being of their families, food sovereignty must include a drastic reduction in the use of health-endangering agrochemicals.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	a45dd5539fe563f604935ba4d94f1eb8	In this case, the combustion emissions of biojet are assumed to be negated by the uptake of CO2 during cultivation of the biomass, as opposed to a well-to-wake basis where the combustion emissions are included. The functional unit reported in the table is the commonly adopted g CO2 equivalent over a 100 year period per MJ of fuel. To compare the CO2 emissions from the alternative pathways, similar estimates for conventional fossil jet A-l are also listed.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	a4665a3811880115c7bf753d42805f64	In addition, it is regulated that the umbrella organisations provide support to schools via their PBDs. Furthermore, networks and umbrella organisations are key players in the VLOR. This position makes the umbrella organisations indispensable in the development and implementation of attainment targets.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174269-5-en	a467c7bf3db8dd9a3f396759fd441245	The Belgian Public Waste Authority Transition Network is a partnership that has developed a long-term vision to innovate on a system level (not incrementally) and to create a “transition path” to more sustainable material practices. The Network’s focus areas include closing material cycles, designing safe materials to circulate in closed cycles, increasing services (shifting from selling products to offering services) and creating more sustainable plastics. Weaving these diverse policy mechanisms into combinations which would reinforce each other can help to generate more effective, efficient and lasting outcomes.	12	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	a4681c92c22d8d23c85278182cc2eca3	Despite this objective, however, no information directly linked with the field of ICT in initial teacher education was found. This is the case for the Czech Republic and Greece. To date, 92 000 teachers (76% in total) have been already familiarised with basic computer applications, while the rest of the teachers are currently attending such courses.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	a4688801798b24e59c0b88bb4158931e	While male jobs grew by 25% between 2000 and 2012, female jobs barely increased (Table 1). The labour market and higher school attendance “absorbed” fully the estimated net increase in male working age population over the past decade. At the same time, about 70 million women dropped out of the labour force as available jobs were scarce (net of the rise in school attendance).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	a46b88a84c6b418030874e9d0b86ad43	Also of concern is the reported suspension of opioid substitution treatment in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol43 since March 2014, which reportedly has had serious consequences on the patients who were receiving such treatment. Worldwide, the highest prevalence rates of persons who inject drugs continue to be found in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Approximately 40 per cent of the estimated global number of persons who abuse drugs by injection and are living with HIV reside in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine reported a prevalence rate of HIV infection of 6.7 per cent among injecting drug users.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	a46c0ea5ee7fc4df6559c470b853d046	In 19 education systems, teachers in private schools collaborate more frequently by exchanging ideas or material than teachers in public schools do, while only in the Netherlands do public school teachers collaborate more than private school teachers. When school principals reported that teachers co-operate by exchanging ideas or material, the average 15-year-old student in OECD countries scores 9 points higher in science; in Slovenia, the average student scores 36 points higher. According to the report, Supporting Teacher Professionalism (OECD 2016c), a collaborative culture also shows one of the strongest associations with teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	a46ccb3363221a7b804328bb07e69428	Table 4 summarises the causes of road crashes in Riga between 2014 and 2017. According to estimates, the most severe crashes in Riga involve the most vulnerable of road users - pedestrians. This reduction is due to implementation of a variety of measures, such as use of speed cameras, systematic auditing of road infrastructure, road safety campaigns and development of cycling infrastructure. Nevertheless, since 2011 road mortality rates have stagnated.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/74f4872a-en	a46d117d29bb614499d8f1344d361849	This makes their provision a matter of policy choice and contestation, In addition, technological changes have an impact on the provision of such infrastructure, including through a shift to less capital-intensive techniques and increased competition (Markard, 2011; Torrisi, 2009; Kasper, 2015). Electricity generation has historically relied on conventional fossil fuels and involved large centralized power stations. Transmission and distribution are responsible for moving electricity from power stations to users.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e3495d86-en	a473bb4a3109188bdb25e49d7c9e3bb9	As a result, upper-middle income working class rather than the top income class shouldered the burden. This, coupled with corruption, led to much higher administrative costs and compliance costs of a progressive PIT in developing countries than in developed countries, and left many loopholes that the rich, who are more resourceful and connected, could exploit. Reforms towards comprehensive PIT can include a progressive element as incomes from investment/capital gains, when taxed separately, are normally taxed at a flat rather than progressive rate.	10	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	a474257c13aef2376ce053639db6a1d5	Close interaction with female role models whose own position may be seen as attainable can be particularly important in engaging female participants in sport and in building their own leadership skills. When specifically designed, sport-based programmes can provide a safe environment in which young women, in particular, can develop a range of skills and experiences through involvement in coaching, officiating and a range of other roles (Murray 2016). Such programmes can also be a particularly effective context in which girls and women can build strong and mutually supportive relationships (Kay 2009; Sarnie et al.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	a478a4f214b9355d9298ed878f665be1	"The total budget required for the plan’s implementation amounts to 4.115 million somoni. The state budget has to provide 33 per cent of this amount, while the remaining 67 per cent (2.761 million somoni) is supposed to come from donors. Trophy hunting (which is always a controversial issue if carried out in protected areas of high legal protective status) is planned not exclusively in the ""limited commercial use"" zone, or in the Muzkul nature preserve managed by forestry authorities."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	a47a5af1087e2c68193c81e1def3c5fe	The development of a policy on recertification (which would include The safety and appropriate use of pharmaceuticals in Portugal is ensured by INFARMED, the national authority for medicines and health products. Sweden does not have an accreditation system for health care organisations. For some professions the diploma has to be supplemented with a certificate of completion of a specific internship/practice experience. There are no formal, national systems of CME and CPD or for recertification.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	a47a6391c0d5026d74753ea7ea1d6dca	This implies a decrease in catch from the 2012-level of 60 000 tonnes, and a decrease in value of NOK 1.7 billion. The first-hand value of these farmed species amounted to NOK 29.6 billion in 2012 and NOK 39.8 billion in 2013. Fanning of other marine species is modest. Of this, exports of capture fish accounted for NOK 18.8 billion whereas farmed fish accounted for NOK 42.2 billion.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	a47cb17ddad51401e06d722288c16831	Child benefits are not taken into account for assessing eligibility in the guaranteed minimum income scheme RSI. Education benefits contribute to the living expenses and tuition costs of tertiary students, and are also subject to means-testing. While tertiary education benefits support those who should expect above-average incomes in the future, on top of the subsidies financing tertiary education, almost 80% of the benefits go to the lowest two income quintiles (IMF, 2013). Such measures can be a powerful tool to enhance intergenerational mobility and improve the equality of opportunities.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	a47cbcfbdd83af8344f995d23e93a704	The most widely used global population projection of the UN is the “medium” variant. But in fact, the UN develops several different scenarios which point to the possibility of very different population outcomes over the period under consideration here. For example, under the “low” variant of the UN’s 2010 projections, the global population would, in fact, peak just before 2030 and start declining thereafter. The “high” variant, on the other hand, would see a very considerable increase in the global population over the coming decades (Figure 2.1).	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	a47cbeab4fef232ca067112a520a01d0	Quality jobs can help the tourism sector to attract and retain the best people and in turn deliver quality tourism services to sophisticated travel consumers in a competitive global market place. Up-skilling people to become more proficient in their jobs, valuing and rewarding professional competence and supporting career development can improve the image of employment in the sector and create a more positive recruitment and retention cycle. It in turn promotes enteiprise and destination competitiveness and leads to better outcomes for workers. In a highly fragmented sector, human resource development issues are a common concern for all businesses in the tourism value chain, large and small.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	a47e13c10573280d812a2378bc60b142	The favela (shanty town) of Vale Encantado in Rio de Janeiro, for example, has started to promote nature trails and local cuisine to attract ecotourism. In many cases, adverse social impacts and popular opposition to green economy initiatives were linked to issues of land ownership and titles, as shown above in India. These often resulted from national policies and initiatives that were implemented in communities without adequate participation and representation of the affected population. More successful examples demonstrate the importance of local ownership and participation that enabled transformative change, for example, through the empowerment of rural women.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	a47e8b4286d01957d7f4756bd130817b	Another priority for the use of additional public resources in education is increasing the salaries of teachers and school leaders. Finally, increasing public investment in education needs to go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use, as suggested above. In Uruguay, there is a need to strengthen the links between the five-year budgeting process to strategic documents and medium-term expenditure frameworks that connect spending decisions to education priorities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	a4848252fe4b071ae6cde1f019457c35	The oblast-level governments, on the other hand, generate their revenue from stable taxes connected directly to their territory (taxes on real estate, transport taxes, property taxes, personal income tax and so on). Almaty City has a budget of KZT 361.9 billion for 2016 (just over USD 900 million) of which almost KZT 239 billion comes from the city’s own revenues (taxes, individual revenues, social tax and the sale of land assets). Table 3.5 also shows that cities have different levels of dependence on central government transfers. For 2016, 66% of Almaty City’s income comes from taxes, and 30% from transfers.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	a484944735026cf2627e11cbb55497e9	What is missing is a system-wide long term public-private partnership to improve access and success in education. The University of the Free State is a broad-based university which recently under the leadership of Vice Chancellor Jonathan Jansen has embarked on a road of institutional transformation “to become a world-class, engaged university of excellence and innovation”, and “an equitable, diverse, non-racial, nonsexist, multicultural, multilingual university where everyone will experience a sense of belonging and achievement”. The Central University of Technology has under the leadership of Thandwa Mthembu undergone a thorough institutional transformation which has involved extending its career-focused education and training mandate into applied R&D. It aims to become an “engaged university that focuses on producing quality social and technological innovations in socio-economic developments, primarily in the Central region of South Africa” (see Box 2.1.).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/dc1abf7b-en	a485329abd21680784f90fd28f07d58c	Section C considers the link between economics and gender equality and the contributions of feminist thought in that connection. Section D reflects on the heterodox perspective and its challenges to economics and the role of the State. The different expressions of feminism all retain certain fundamental ideas at their core, based on the concept of the sex/gender system as an analytical framework.2 Feminism has redefined the concepts of sexuality and its links with politics and legislation, pushing the frontiers of analysis of democracy and the role of the State towards the private sphere.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1ea53441-en	a485410686b18f4f865ab55158abda33	In order to embed low-carbon orientations institutionally, and to raise the means for funding the investments in innovation and structural transition, internationally agreed carbon pricing—if flanked with measures correcting serious social side effects, and if shaped in contextually sensitive ways—seems to have more promise than the alternatives. Comparisons of needs in developing countries with available means and with fundraising in the international climate negotiations indicated a gap of hundreds of billions of United States dollars per year. Thus, the levels of finance for addressing CC need to be raised.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	a4883171ef63434294d9f763209959cf	As a consequence SNPs are of great value to biomedical research and in developing pharmacy products. This being said, the decision whether a disclosed use shows a satisfactory degree of substantial and specific utility remains a delicate one. The application of these criteria to new uses of known products may follow a literal interpretation of the patent eligibility requirements, along the lines of United States patent law in this context,215 and without resorting to complex legal fictions as the EPC does.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	a4884422cda5901128ff6fe7d7efb8f4	The main species harvested in 2013 were herring (506 230 tonnes), cod (469 932 tonnes) and mackerel (164 608 tonnes) (Panel A). The most important export market for Norway was the European Union, taking 59% of all seafood exports from Noiway. Approximately 95% of the Noiwegian production of seafood is exported and Norway is the second largest seafood exporter globally (Panel B).	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	a48989d3b2d0c9d8b11140389364125e	The first approach involves determining how much of the change in the poverty rate is due to income variation and how much to changes in income distribution. The second approach weighs the different sources of household income, focusing on labour market factors that affect labour income changes. This breakdown reveals whether the change in income that pushed the poverty rate in a given direction is part of a general trend for all income groups or had a more specific effect on the poor. The results of this analysis, based on data from household surveys, are presented in such a way that the effect of both components entirely explains the poverty rate variation in a given period (see box 1.2).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a48a87b772c8cfcd999e9a286e783960	As a second advantage of this system the decentralised and independent control of the grid can be mentioned. These multiple units act as a single entity in order to gain sufficient critical mass to participate as a larger player on the electricity market. It may also enable the group to provide a more balanced generation portfolio.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/21b890d9-en	a49189431bbf6fc58667941dbb3d48eb	The next part of the chapter provides an approximation of care needs, focusing in particular on families with children and on care of older persons. It shows how families with different configurations and in diverse settings seek to respond to these needs (or fall short of doing so) through intra-family and inter-generational transfers of care. The largest CDRs for older persons are observed in Europe and Northern America (7.8 per cent) followed by Australia and New Zealand (5.3 per cent) and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (4.0 percent), which have high long-term care burdens (see Figure 5.7).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	a4972b9cb7e2ea6ad54fcf757d280b9d	There is a need for policies that focus on structural inequalities around health, in addition to Denmark’s historical focus on health risk behaviour. Denmark’s municipalities could also include policies to address inequity as part of their responsibility for prevention and health promotion. Strongly related to the challenge of ensuring equitable access to services, Section 6 addresses the possible financial barriers that exist in the Danish health care system.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	a49828f1a1449afce70ee4e770f6c460	Moreover, 40 per cent of indigenous suicides occur within this age group. Suicide figures vary by community however, suicide rates have consistently been higher among Alaska Natives than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States. Suicide ranked fourth among the leading causes of death among Alaska Natives in 2008. Alaska has the highest rate of suicide per capita in the country.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	a4986368635154932c0723b824c814f7	This result should be interpreted with care. Mexico’s relatively low gender pay gap also likely reflects selection effects around the relatively small share of women whose expected payoff incentivises participation in the labour market. A recent decomposition of the gender wage gap in Mexico attributes about half of the gap to differences in women’s and men’s endowments (including human capital) and employee characteristics; the other half remains unexplained (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	a498855be64e0fe81f04689005257dd4	The facilitated participation, which represented a broad range of views, provided a solid basis for improving resource management and policy, as well as for mobilizing funding. The complexity involved in carrying out interdisciplinary work at multiple levels with diverse stakeholders requires a significant investment of time and learning. As the assessments are carried out under the Water Convention, water is the element that connects the countries, and it is at the basin level where nexus impacts are studied.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	a499a27407e4e204dd496c12bb3a8422	This then raises the second issue: the treatment of children. It would be inappropriate to apply a full life cycle annuity calculation to the children in a household as well as the adults, since they are expected to leave the household and set up on their own. It is therefore assumed that children share in the household’s wealth until they reach majority (which is taken for the moment to be 18 years of age).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	a49b9f501a07dbe6357c8172673756fb	The EU funds played an increasingly important role in funding of water and wastewater infrastructure, with their share in annual expenditure increasing from around 20% in 2006 to 38% in 2008. About EUR 900 million was allocated from EU funds for the second planning period (2007-13) for water supply and sanitation (MoE, 2007). The total spent by water utilities increased significantly, from EUR 70 million in 2004 to EUR 312 million in 2009 (MoE, 2010c).	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264204638-3-en	a49bb6502632d064c29850ecec497718	The adoption of international standards can also improve OCyT’s ability to serve national policy evidence interests, e.g. for the development of policies on services innovation. Similar qualities at departmental and municipal levels in some areas. Increasing reliance on mineral commodities and slow diversification into new economic activities.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	a49bf1aebc1af5683f1cbf9f125f09ef	Restricting investments in generating capacity to sources that offer the best financial return at a given moment has long-term implications for the country’s energy security and for the value chain of technologies that are momentarily ignored. For this reason, the governments of Brazil and Uruguay, for example, are considering specific measures to support biomass, which is in danger of extinction owing to the recent success of wind power. Apart from policies that promote efficient electricity use, the most important measures in this regard will seek to replace the most polluting generating sources by cleaner alternatives and, where possible, by renewable energies.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	a49d3375d6097399ff4e52c4644bf2e2	For example, some of the common challenges identified by an evaluation of SIDA's Climate Change Initiative (Cesar et al., In particular, monitoring relevant data or developing data of sufficient quality, such as long and continuous time series at an appropriate level of disaggregation, remains a challenge for many countries. For instance, when conducting an audit of the Brazilian government’s response to adaptation in 2010, auditors found that climate risks in the agricultural sector, coastal zones and relating to water security could not be properly assessed and managed.	13	0	8	1.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	a49f7594ef53ba41be9092e043ffe3b6	To reduce the impact of year-to-year sampling variability, country-level estimates are presented as three-year averages. In: FAO [online]. Methods for estimating comparable rates of food insecurity experienced by adults throughout the world. Low height/length-for-age is an indicator that reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition and infections since and even before birth.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a4a2c2e8ff89328118a09fddfc266448	Les programmes de developpement de l’agriculture doivent prendre en consideration l’impact environnemental des objectifs de croissance et des mesures de soutien sous-jacentes car certaines ont un effet non negligeable sur l’environnement (i.e. les subventions actuelles au titre des pesticides et des engrais, les subventions par tonne au titre du betail ou de la volatile ; les projets d’investissement pour la construction de pares d’engraissement et de complexes pour la production laitiere ; les subventions a l’irrigation). Ils sont soumis aussi a des prix eleves et a des risques financiers qui, ces demieres annees, sont aggraves par l’instabilite des marches mondiaux des capitaux et des produits. Les risques ont une incidence sur la capacite du secteur a generer des revenus, et a attirer le credit et l’investissement.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a4a37f3fb5b454d7001fd703ce6b397e	The range of qualifications across public universities is quite remarkable where more established universities may have 40 to 55% of academic staff with doctorates while newer universities have less than 10% staff with doctoral degrees. Universiti Sains Malaysia reports 53.6% staff with doctoral degrees and University of Malaya 40.5% while Universiti Malaya Pahang reports 11% and the National Defence University only 0.7%. Training schemes to upgrade staff qualifications have started but will take considerable time to change the situation. However salary packages offered by universities, which operate within a civil service framework, are unable to be internationally competitive.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	a4a6a30d8e19e78a68294b9748392c8f	More specific measures include: an increase in taxes on alcohol consumption combined with price minima;12 limitations on the hours during which alcohol can be bought and on types of shops allowed to sell alcohol products; the elimination of illegal production; a complete ban on advertising; and the development of prevention programmes. According to the Action plan of the Government Commission on alcohol market regulation of July 2010, regional programmes are being developed and implemented in the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol addiction. These programmes take into account regional patterns of alcohol consumption (i.e. the share of rural population) and need to be co-ordinated with regional educational and health care programmes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	a4a86774e5f3fb7678323f6ff6c57613	The chapter first introduces the issues and sets out the main findings, before examining policies in OECD countries that foster equal partnership in families and discussing how those policies differ in their approach and tools. Section 3 looks at how financial incentive structures embodied in tax/benefit systems may encourage both parents to work. Parental leave is a critical component of policies to reconcile work and family life and the main subject of the next section, which considers how reform in Germany has changed father’s and mother’s leave taking behaviour. Section 5 analyses the implications of a potential family working-time model. Such a scheme could foster gender equality, involve fathers more in child care and housework, and enable mothers to work full-time or longer part-time hours. The next section discusses the provision of early childhood education and care services and out-of-school-hours care.	5	1	7	0.75
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	a4a9d3f4f47d331941a3c813fdf9660b	In other words, although characterized by sufficient consumption prospects for the future, risk-induced vulnerable households face the threat of poverty because of risk exposure. The VEP method does not model risk explicitly, but assumes that the observed inter-household distribution of consumption at a point in time represents the future distribution of consumption across states of nature for each household.13 It also overlooks the key role of the behavioral response to risk. To avoid these shortcomings, in section 4 we provided additional insights into the risk-induced sub-component of the VEP to infer the relative importance of the various components of vulnerability (non-stochastic, risk induced and shocks).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b8259a41-en	a4aac026534709c1eaebe43628d97894	Table 2 shows a decline in the proportion of currently married women aged less than 25 years between 1997 and 2002. As a result, age-specific fertility might have declined significantly in these first two reproductive-age groups (15-19 and 20-24 years). A cursory look reveals a significant reduction in the marital fertility rate across all the age groups, with the age group 20-24 years contributing the largest decline.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	a4ada2506d1cdab41ab427dbe11e0125	The final standard is expected to be approved in June 2011. The NPOA-Seabirds sets out a strategic framework to reduce seabird bycatch to sustainable levels. However, the NPOA-Seabirds is currently under review to ensure integration with the environmental standards framework (which includes a seabird standard) currently being developed by the Ministry of Fisheries. A number of regulatory and non-regulatory best practice mitigation measures currently apply in New Zealand trawl, pelagic longline and demersal longline fisheries.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	a4adb7b0cf481301baed232a6f7a8b2a	The WECs were launched in 1994 to encourage the establishment and growth of women-owned businesses, encourage self-employment, and promote economic equality between men and women. This mandate is supported through measures to promote the concept of entrepreneurship to women; increase their access to capital; and provide services to help them develop experience, expertise, assets and credit histories. The WECs, as one-stop shops for potential and existing women entrepreneurs, are considered by the Canadian government as key to increase the take-up of government support services among women and ensure that they have better access to support services.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	a4afc85f0104978d9d61fb6146cd97e3	Six countries in the region reuse over 10 m3/c/yr of wastewater, namely: Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, which reuse over 50 m3/c/yr; and Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Syrian Arab Republic, which reuse 20-40 m3/c/yr of wastewater.3 The treatment of wastewater for reuse has therefore become a mainstay of national water resource management plans in most countries in the ESCWA region. The runoff is reused by diluting it in large surface water bodies in order to provide more water to downstream cropping systems and users. With the exception of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic, agricultural runoff is not used significantly by countries in the region. In Egypt, almost 100 m3/c/yr of agricultural runoff is mixed with water from the Nile and reused.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	a4b1f99f7d4c3f52b07889230b13e780	The model then estimates the overall prevalence of diabetes, disability-adjusted life years, and total direct health expenditure enabling estimates of cost effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit. This choice is a function of predicted health status, objective measures of health, and individual characteristics. Predicted health status is a linear combination of past health status and individual characteristics estimated via an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. This enables examination of both the short term impact of the intervention on health care expenditures and taxes as well as a longer-term view of the impact on health, health expenditure, employment and GDP.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	a4b20b6b18dc40824315e541c84e2f42	In Korea, the Centre for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (WISET) provides grants to support engineering research projects led by female graduate students, in order to support their research and leadership capabilities. An example is the Programme to Support Research Activities of Female Researchers in Japan. The programme's goals are to increase the number of women in research, improve their research skills, and support their appointment to leading positions. Plans designed by research institutions may include measures such as providing researchers (regardless of gender) with assistants during specific “life events” (e.g. childbirth, childcare, care of elderly relatives) so that they can balance research with personal responsibilities; establishing flexible employment arrangements, including flexitime, job sharing and part-time work; providing childcare services; and encouraging female students to pursue an academic career. These include skills in the fields of finance, marketing and human resources management, as well as capacities to identify new opportunities.	9	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a4b63e691b3ed318bc6868ddd7b84bf2	Moreover, improvements to the public transportation system will be necessary to secure the region’s long-term attractiveness. Despite the City of Chicago’s ranking among the top five of 26 world cities for transportation infrastructure (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011), the metro-region is at risk of squandering this competitive advantage without sufficient investment for system expansion and upgrades. Progress has been made on energy-efficiency retrofits, green building design, and the metro-region’s ability to attract wind energy headquarter functions.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	a4b641cc4d05d00dea420017722fb637	After 10 years of successful work, BEERECL concluded its operations at the end of February 2014. While at first the credit line had served the renewables market almost exclusively, increased marketing efforts later enabled significant expansion of the energy efficiency lending portfolio. By the conclusion of BEERECL in 2014, almost 300 projects had been signed with a total investment value of €230 million. These received more than €150 million in financing through the facility. Of financed projects, 195 focused on energy efficiency and a further 98 on renewable generation. Energy efficiency loans ranged from €11,000 to €2.5 million, with an average sub-loan of €310,000.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	a4b6d222cd39c615e5dc74d21752d910	These are new structures and it will be essential to ensure that effective dialogue between central and provincial public health agencies, hospitals and hospital unions occurs, to ensure that local health needs are met. However, there is at present no systematic adverse event reporting in place, which could be an area for future consideration. The focus so far has been on structural and organisational components of hospitals; broadening the programme towards clinical outcomes of health-care services seems advisable to make the model more useful for formative functions such as quality improvement initiatives within hospitals. Development of a reporting and learning system should be led by the Department of Health Care Quality and Accreditation and the Public Hospital Institute. Strengthening the involvement of all stakeholders in the standard setting process and increased transparency on the process of evaluation and scoring would also help to further increase the acceptability and impact of the programme. It is troubling that at present strong disagreements exist between the profession (Turkish Medical Association, Nurses Association, Midwives Association), and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	a4b9083631d29c993d2fafc6b8e5268e	Several types of solutions exist, from reducing the class size for groups of highly disadvantaged students, to developing special curricula, or adding additional services to existing curricula. Some students were assigned to small classes (15 students on average) in pre-school and elementary school, while others were assigned to larger classes (22 students on average). The experiment was implemented across 79 schools in Tennessee from 1985-89. An evaluation of the programme showed that assignment to a small class was associated with positive changes in personality as well as later-life earnings (Dee and West, 2008, Chetty et al. They use exogenous differences in class sizes due to rules regarding the maximum number of students in a class to identify the impact of class size. They find that one fewer child in elementary school (aged 7-8 years) increases math test score by 0.3 to 0.4 points (2.5-3% of standard deviation) and even by 0.7 points for socially disadvantaged children.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22758cf4-en	a4b94f5499c9235f9548c81ed553a69a	The two countries should cooperate for the delineation of transboundary qroundwaters, and in the field of monitorinq. Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved. The Upper Neretva River flows through a mountainous landscape; for the last 30 km, From Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to its mouth, the river spreads into an alluvial delta covering 200 km2.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	a4bca8b5d5d47c0ad09e220841cdb960	Violence against women is an obstacle to the achievement of the objectives of equality, development and peace (United Nations, 1996). Statistics on the prevalence of various types of violence, causes and consequences of violence and access by victims of violence to formal and informal support for can lead to better focused and more efficient preventive and intervention efforts. Gender statistics may be considered a field of statistics (see, for example, UNECE and World Bank Institute, 2010); however, the production of gender statistics should not be misunderstood as being limited to the compilation of sex-disaggregated statistics from various statistical fields and their dissemination in gender-focused publications, reports or databases.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	a4bed68d677e19a3dc88b764fcb9e2c4	Gyllensten et al (2014) estimated the direct financial impact of ADEs in Sweden. Assuming that at least half of these ADEs originate in primary and ambulatory care, this corresponded to USD10.5 million per 100 000 population in 2008, which equates to approximately 2.5% of Swedish health expenditure in 2008. Hospitalisation accounted for 54% of the direct cost of ADEs.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	a4c500c64e3df251e9d97492e7e56f19	The regression results are summarised in Figures 8 and 9, and Table 3. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. For the most part, the BMA technique used here confirms the conclusions drawn in OECD (2011a).	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1412c90c-en	a4c6a290c604e5a56ea41390bd67bdf8	Income Inequality has declined in many of the countries that experienced sustained economic growth, while increasing in countries with negative growth. In most countries whose per capita income/consumption grew during this period, growth was faster for the bottom 40 per cent of the population. Others have a more :omplex decision-making mechanism in place.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	a4c8f7868504b64a94e537712bac3433	Each type of innovative financing instrument is examined in turn, starting with a short description of the instrument, an evaluation of its current use in the water and sanitation sector and an evaluation of the role that ODA can play in developing the use of such instruments. The list that appears in this table is clearly not exhaustive, as there is almost unlimited potential for innovation in this area. Besides, such innovations are often combined as financial structures need to be tailored so as to adapt to the critical mismatches that materialise in each case. Table 3.3 at the end of the section evaluates the applicability of these financial mechanisms to different sets of circumstances. The main purpose of blending is to use grants so as to allow attracting repayable financing that would not have been provided otherwise, whilst ensuring that the resulting project is not so expensive that the poor are excluded from the service. For example, ODA grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies (Section 3.2), seed financing for revolving funds (Sections 3.2 and 3.5), contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities (Section 3.9), etc.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	a4cbf13c367963f5c7825075d245fbc0	The latest year for Chile was 2009; for Denmark, Hungary, and Turkey it was 2007; and for Japan 2006. Changes exclude the years 2000 to 2004 for Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Portugal and Spain for which surveys were not comparable. Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	a4cf071f603439a8a5d42d93548d7a4c	This investment has been framed within specific state programmes. It has provided the basis for other local initiatives aiming to improve the cleanliness of residential and public territories and restore the natural environment. Rural settlements form groups interlinked with each other and with urban settlements - centres of administrative rayons - through administrative, economic and sociocultural ties and transport networks.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	a4d026f01313b837d3453e6249e4d4d5	A public awareness campaign provided information on the risks of living in areas deemed dangerous, and a scheme was put in place for those willing to relocate. In addition, women in the community received training, involving the participation of local institutions including the municipal government, academic institutions, technical specialists and nongovernmental organizations, on how to stabilize slopes in their respective locations. Further, a local committee representing all actors was called upon to review the new plans for urban relocation (Arup, 2014).	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fb79328d-en	a4d02dd72fee8b84369727d17e033777	With the rising role of science and technology in actual production processes, the importance of education and skills is likely only to increase. Education also enhances a persons capability to pursue ent repreneu rsh ip. Unlike physical capital, human capital cannot be redistributed by taking from one and giving to another. The only way to ensure the attainment of an equitable distribution of human capital is to allow more people to attain that capital through education and training.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/e4231bb8-en	a4d682005d79b48f6bcd7c61f1de1da6	To do so, it will identify the most salient gender issues in Malta, as well as shed light on the vulnerabilities generated by the complex interactions of gender with age, disability and migration status. In addition, it will stress the importance of including women and women’s rights activists in DRR initiatives and decision-making, identifying gaps and opportunities within existing political and social structures and presenting suggestions for gender mainstreaming in DRR in Malta. This analysis hopes to inspire DRR research and prevention work that is attuned to gender issues and at the same time, embraces an intersectional perspective, acknowledging that there cannot be resilience without gender equality.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	a4d6c7c8a011d8a389e7b3a79736628f	Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. Org/p/ got/iaidps/102.html, accessed January 2014. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century, Volume I: The Story, Cambridge University Press. The History of the Family, Vol. World Bank, http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20%20documents/Technical%20Reports/Gender%20Research/TEGEN5%20Measuring%20 Women’s%20Empowerment%20ICRW%202002.pdf.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	a4d88a1d526b037e4a0a65a6b4f45f2c	"Costa Rica and Paraguay, ""other income"" accounted for a large part of the rise in poor households' income, mainly through imputed rent. In the case of Ecuador, income from pensions and transfers kept poverty from rising between 2015 and 2017 (see figure II.7). Income from transfers in poor households rose in almost all the countries."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	a4dad28919e2ee9274b150b423908e92	Since then, fare and ticketing has been generating sufficient revenue to fund the system back and revenues in excess are given back to public shareholders. According to the National Planning Department, under an agreement made in 2000,66% of the infrastructure costs are covered by national government public funds and 34% are provided by Bogota City Hall. The projected cost of the buses and fare collection equipment is financed by private investment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	a4dd7f0cf24cf50543eca901b6c9dce7	In effect, the minimum age of marriage is 21 years. Furthermore, any person who plays a role in early or forced marriage of a minor is liable to a term of imprisonment of six months, according to Article 195 of the Organic Law instituting the Penal Code. The 1988 Civil Code contains provisions related to marriage. Where the challenge is based on the fact that either or both spouses were not of age at the time of the marriage, such a challenge can be brought by the spouses, by any interested party, or by the Ministere Public.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	a4de5704f456472fac258f66f50215c2	In Cyprus, the preparation of ESD school plans have been officially incorporated in primary education and are currently being piloted in pre-primary education. At a later stage, they will be introduced in secondary education (Cyprus, 2014 informal report). The Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture, through the Cyprus Pedagogical Institute, has written the Guide for implementing EE/ESD in school to support the design and implementation of school plans and to support teachers as they use include the EE/ESD curriculum in the framework of the school plan. In 2013, Finland suggested that approximately 40 per cent of schools have an SD plan in place, with another 11 per cent planning to do so.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	a4dfbd0ea728d34f6cab86ea5556f687	In this scenario there is long-term structural unemployment, while employment rates among women have fallen back from their 2010 peak. Out-of-work poverty, however, is of the most concern to policy makers, with long-term unemployment particularly worrying. Most of the poor are in chronic poverty and find it hard to escape their situation. Unemployment leads to deep and long-lasting poverty, which produces long-term scarring effects.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	a4e0d1038aba51ad3451a5c6e486919a	"Prepared jointly by the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European InvestmFfentBank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank Group - April 18, 2015 Development Committee meeting. Climate finance: is it making a difference? A review of the effectiveness of Multilateral Climate Funds"". Making Partnerships Effective Coalitions for Action""."	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	a4e1af9e0597c98856ee445dbb2adfa1	I believe that ICTs, just like many other technologies and tools, are neither 'good' nor 'bad' - their outcome and impact depend on the purpose for which they are used. During the economic slowdown of 2007-2008, many Governments turned to tech-enabled start-ups and ICT-enabled media companies as a growing, but strategically important economic sector. The report estimates that almost half the activities people are paid almost USD 16 trillion in wages to do in the global economy have the potential to be automated.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	a4e2fd665ed276025ffe2d7ef45cc72c	One is Norway, which has issued guidelines to ministries for gender-sensitive analyses of their budgets. About half of them “always” require GRB at all levels of government. Others do so in some cases - 47% at central government level (e.g. Belgium, Finland, France, Israel, Korea, Mexico, Norway and Spain), 42% at regional level (e.g. France. Germany, Korea, Mexico, Spain and Switzerland), and 52% at local levels (e.g. the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Israel, Mexico, Korea, Spain and Switzerland, see OECD, 201 lb).	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	a4e2fe3d54aaf8d6ca09ddb54e129712	Aquaculture production is projected to reach about 92 Mt in 2023, an increase of 38% over next decade. This amounts to an annual growth rate of 2.5%, which is significantly lower than the growth rate of 5.6% p.a. This slowdown in expansion will mainly be due to restrictions caused by environmental impacts of production and competition from other users of water and coastal spaces.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-16-en	a4e37ddd94c4824ad89b69ea30cd45f8	The economic performance for active vessels peak fishing concessions (TFC) has had important positive effects on hundred and twenty-five people are directly employed in Danish a production in Denmark is mainly focused on rainbow trout. Key fisheries indicat Panel A. Key landings in value, 2013 Million U ^ 4 500 xT^\ 3500 2500 “I A h \z y 1 ooo 500 Panel C. Evolution of government financial transfers for marine capture fisheries fisheries mackerel and species for reduction to fish meal and oil), hrimps, herring, flatfish, fishmeal and oil. Other EU countries purchase 72% of Danish exports central and Eastern Europe and China, are increasing.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/808599e4-en	a4e5c209163a996526cc135a12117989	However, youth need to recognize that part-time work in their field or entry-level jobs for which they may feel overqualified can be important steps on the pathway towards long-term career development and, as such, can arguably be considered decent work. Internships and apprenticeships, in particular, may only offer low-wage or part-time employment but can provide youth with valuable job experience as new entrants, as well as on-the-job training and skills development that will serve them well as they build their skill sets and careers. Young people who are not financially secure are pushed into temporary, seasonal and part-time work to meet their basic needs (ILO, 2016).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/8c26fee5-en	a4eee5258f4e0e19ab129190384dcbe3	The paper argues that in order to fulfil the growing expectations teachers face, they need to be equipped with relevant knowledge, capabilities, dispositions, values and skills, such as knowledge and understanding of diversity issues, reflectivity about identities, perspectives and practices, teacher agency and autonomy, empathy, and pedagogical judgement and tact. The paper suggests that responsive teacher education should integrate diversity into the curriculum, approach diversity as an asset, link theory and practice, create spaces for action, reflection, study and anticipation in handling diversity, and incorporate relevant technologies for innovative teaching. Ce document, qui porte sur les enseignants, etudie les roles de ces derniers, leurs fonctions et leurs difficultes en classe face a des eleves d’origines diverses.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	a4f00ad5dee0d48df3ba31e2a52f9773	One is a lack of pre-disaster baseline information. Another is that the economic estimates cover only loss of stocks not flows. That is, they assess the destruction of assets but not the cost of flow disruptions such as the interruption of business and the shortages of labour, and other direct costs (Figure IV-8).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	a4f328cf160bc4e96ed8bf048deeaf2f	On the other hand, many countries have run into difficulties over sub-national government debt, arousing justified concern that cities and other subordinate governments may operate under soft budget constraints if they are perceived to enjoy implicit or explicit sovereign guarantees. The main challenge, therefore, is to create mechanisms that ensure economic stability and sound fiscal management. Meanwhile, the lower levels of government must be granted sufficient flexibility to cope with unforeseen events, as well as sufficient financial capacity to deliver public services and finance essential investment (Vammalle and Hulbert, 2013).	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	a4f90087904f642e38b9b502919a7ec6	This problem is particularly acute in urban areas as the share of city dwellers without access to treated water actually increased between 1990 and 2008. The share of people without access to treated water is also expected to increase in sub-Saharan Africa, where the Millennium Development Goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met (Figure 2.6). Worse still, nearly 1.4 billion people are expected to have no access to basic sanitation services in 2050 (Figure 2.7) (OECD, 2012a).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	a4fa7d0929ec19580bfb1d858157b6b4	The sole reliance on personnel appraisal risks to focus on the performance of individuals only and to lose sight of the ways in which individuals can contribute to the improvement of the whole school. This requires a reflection of how school evaluation will be aligned with teacher appraisal and, in particular, school leader appraisal to create synergies and to avoid duplication and misconceptions. School evaluation will need to contribute towards school improvement and not simply be an exercise in compliancy.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cac71849-en	a4fbac81a3d3193553404634a5e109ea	Transportation of agricultural products has also promoted the cross-border spread of pests and diseases (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 2009). In addition, desertification-induced dust storms can cause respiratory disorders, including bronchitis (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Land fragmentation and limited farm size contribute to inappropriate livestock management, resulting in land degradation.	2	4	4	0.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	a4fcce506f7e421ada707788d774cf00	Countries that spend the most on cash transfers tend to concentrate more on redistribution across the life-cycle (in particular through old-age pensions). In contrast, those countries that focus more on redistribution between the rich and the poor, through extensive use of targeting, spend less. They reduced income inequality, as measured by the fall in concentration of market income before and after transfers, by about 19% in the late 2000s. Those countries that spend the most are not always those where the redistributive impact is strongest.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	a4fce120f45f2a54db29da1d8c432231	The Department sets the policy direction for Commonw'ealth fisheries management, legislative reform/review' and negotiates jurisdictional boundaries and resource sharing arrangements and is the lead agency for Australia’s negotiations in international fisheries forums. The Australia Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) provides scientific/economic research and advice to support the Department's fisheries policy development and engagement in international and domestic issues. The Department of Agriculture also works with the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	a4ff68ce5df3c0116e897c9649b3191c	Finally, attaching greater social value to helping those who are worse off in society, for example in terms of education or health, could justify the use of conditions by directly addressing their low level of human or physical capital. It reflects an expectation that programme exit is associated with participants exiting poverty sustainably. The sufficiency view would justify support up to a certain basic welfare level, beyond which society's responsibility is lifted.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	a4ff7bed93514ec2198433ee760cf6f7	To assist in this process, specific goals and targets for SME and entrepreneurship policies will also be needed, an area which appears to be underdeveloped at the current time. This framework should take into account the new Small Business Act for Europe and the EU SME policy framework. This could take the form of a national-regional working group on SMEs and entrepreneurship, led by the Ministry of the Economy, that holds at least semi-annual meetings dedicated to discussing policy issues and challenges.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	a4fff2d10dad3b3643282f3959bc4ae6	Responsibilities are still not clear between state, municipalities, headmasters and teachers, and resources and responsibilities are often poorly aligned. While the starting salary for a Swedish teacher is around the OECD average, the wage progression, and thus the possibility to make an attractive career out of teaching, is very limited. The highest teacher wages are only 33% higher than starting wages, compared to the OECD average of 58% (OECD, 2014d). More flexibility on working hours outside the classroom, increasing autonomy on ways to reach learning targets, enhancing coaching and feedback and increasing influence on issues concerning pupils and workplace are all factors which have the potential to raise teacher satisfaction and the attractiveness of the profession.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	a50149ee2f8c1df9d9973f2a8c1cd168	Taking this decision, the Committee seems to have relied on a literal interpretation of art. See the Case of Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom,Application No. Nihal 2002, p. 164. For example, the ways in which international human rights courts and United Nations treaty bodies have interpreted the right to privacy, encompassing the protection of women's reproductive freedoms, the protection against marital rape40 as well as an adult's decision whetherto engage in sexual conduct with a same-sex partner,4’ undoubtedly influence the interpretation of provisions related to the family. An assessment of when a law, policy or practice has a discriminatory impact depends not only on the circumstances of the case but also on the point in time when the assessment is made.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	a50199e9d1481614a8ec3f1a6cc6e024	For the projection period, biofuel markets are projected to be highly influenced by mandates and other incentives in countries all over the world, with the US, Brazil and the EU playing major roles, respectively, on ethanol and biodiesel markets. Based on sustained political support for biofuels, the Outlook projects increasing world biofuel prices and these will also be underpinned by rising crude oil and energy prices. The world ethanol price2 should follow an increasing trend to reach USD 54.4 per hi in 2019 supported by demand conditions in the US market where the Conventional Renewable Fuels mandate is assumed to be binding over the entire projection period. These quantities are far above the average 2007-09 base levels.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	a503eb76f90ec3a3e6243fc2281ff60f	In 1997-1998, the scheme was extended to all the blocks of the country. In 2007, it was modified to cover classes VI to VIII in 3,479 educationally backward blocks and its name was changed to mid-day meal (MDM) in schools. The scheme is aimed at giving a boost to universalization of primary education by mitigating classroom hunger and improving the nutritional status of primary school children.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a50c7b533001c1d319d23bdd75e97f4c	However, at second sight, land-use change and the use of natural resources during electricity provision are one of the most elusive aspects of full cost accounting. Second, studying the impacts on land-use change poses a fundamental methodological challenge for full cost accounting: much land is, in fact, privately traded and public land falls under strict regulations in OECD countries. Many land-use changes are thus already effectively internalised through changing property values in real estate markets or through existing land-use regulations. However, land has a social as well as a private value.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	a50dfb4a5440ef37b637c8d032843f47	Furthermore, in many Asian countries there is a strong sense of family commitment which often involves the provision of (care) support for elderly relatives (in-law), although this may have diminished over the years in more affluent countries such as Japan. Other contingencies, such as unemployment benefits, labour market programmes, family allowances, maternity supports, social assistance benefits are much less widespread in Asia than in OECD countries. The third section discusses issues around the extension the coverage of social protection benefits among elderly citizens considering pensions, non-contributory benefits as well as the Singaporean provident fund.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/49f729e3-en	a511901f7331705b92ff44eeb6724ac1	Regarding effectiveness, the bulk of the survey respondents indicated that the Global Gender Team was very effective/effective in carrying out its functions.72 Nevertheless, given the increase in duties and reduction of posts, it is unclear whether the team has the capacity to fully carry out its functions. Evidence suggests that the majority of country offices have received support from gender practice leaders and that this guidance was valued. For2012-2014, this aspect was rated as “approaches requirements”.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fb332d66-en	a5131aee0f8995438aa7af5eb038fde3	Moreover, the sewage system is being rehabilitated in different cities and towns of Absheron peninsula. The problem of rainwater collectors in Baku City that used to mix some faecal waters and drain into Baku Bay has been addressed, and sewage mixing w as discontinued w ith a consequent decrease in contamination loads at the bay. As a result of all the above measures, the bathing w'ater quality of the Caspian Sea is improving, but much work remains to be done both in Baku City (4 other WWTP) and on the Absheron peninsula.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/985d3253-en	a5164e2626e2815a130032774dbbd3cf	In addition, Hyantar distributed, free of charge, 68,000 stacked cubic metres of deadwood. However, these do not include illegally felled material, which is very hard to estimate, which is almost all for energy use. Strong demand is driven by the high price of alternative fuels, notably gas, in rural areas, leaving poor rural families with no alternative to unrecorded/illegal fuelwood removal. It is estimated that total removals in Armenia are around 535 thousand m3.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283343-en	a51720843a240ec5f02485fcd402643a	In general, primary care and other non-acute care services in Denmark appear to be performing efficiently under growing demands. The proportion of patients who visited an emeigency department due to the unavailability of primary care was the lowest among EU countries in 2011-13 (Figure 14). Potentially avoidable hospital admission rates for heart failure are low. For example, standardised admission rates for diabetes vary 1.5-fold between regions and avoidable admissions of people over 65 vary two-fold across Danish municipalities (from less than 40 to over 90 per 1000 population). Delays in discharges from hospital also vary widely (OECD. This suggests some unwarranted variation in access to, and quality of, primary care services and post-acute care, as well as the need for greater coordination across all levels of care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	a519ae8122ed45391dfb7758820ff745	United Nations and bilateral development agencies) and local software firms. Coded in Country identifies and establishes relationships with local firms, then helps them to develop corporate profiles and case studies to highlight their skills. Profiles are published on the Coded in Country website (codedincountry.org) and communicated through the initiative’s network of international development partners and professionals. These same channels are used to notify local partners of upcoming business opportunities.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a51a10c611528467045ae5f5430d9fac	However, because of their large output, the additional costs per MWh remain limited. This is why the topic of system effects has attracted much interest since VRE technologies have reached significant penetration levels in many OECD countries. These characteristics, which are intrinsically linked to their nature, affect the VRE contribution to the power system and are a key element to explain and understand the associated system costs.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	a51b5f85fa037554ad739a7a843c3f12	Second, using biofuels would in the European Commission's view decrease the risk of carbon leakage. However, the price of biofuels is affected by C02 prices, since biofuels and fossil fuels are substitutes in many purposes (for instance power generation). Therefore, the price of biofuels will be affected if prices of fossil fuels increase.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a51b8de3640889858eed051e63c9fa05	This could, at least partly, be because in rural zones, the male partner often migrates or works away from home for lengthy periods (e.g., seasonal agricultural work). Seven countries have achieved a faster reduction in incidence among male headed households, specifically Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama Paraguay. In these countries, the gap between the two groups of households ranges from 10 percentage points in Mexico to 50 in Argentina and also in Paraguay, a country where female headed households have recorded the only increase in extreme poverty in the region. In contrast, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay display progress among female-headed households ranging between 11 and 47 percentage points higher than those headed by men.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	a51da8c3c1916853fd80a397140201d1	Source: Case study prepared by the Directorate for Education in Norway and edited by the OECD Secretariat. Aspects of service quality monitored through inspections (cont.) Data in this table therefore refer to the most common aspects monitored through inspections, although differences in focus of inspections can occur between regions or municipalities. The data in this table are not representative of the whole country.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	a51f085bc0671a09bdc5509128d9018e	Proponents of the idea of generic skills, such as problem solving, regard them as being ‘context/domain independent’. On the contrary, it has been argued that “the ability to solve any given problem, above and beyond the most simple, relies on expertise and specialist bodies of knowledge” (Keep and Payne, 2004: 58). Finally, the widespread adoption in policy circles and by industry of the concept of generic skills may have the unintended adverse consequence of undermining workforce innovation capacity.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/06ed025a-en	a51f6e15c6ce5fdb3557114cab94753c	These challenges have been further elaborated in the context of disadvantaged groups in urban and rural settings (Chapters 6-7), for refugees and forcibly displaced populations (Chapter 8), and across different regions (Chapter 9). The first relates to water supply, which corresponds to the volumes of water that can be withdrawn sustainably from surface and sub-surface sources, as well as from unconventional sources. This includes desalination of sea water, water reuse and recycling, and rainwater and fog harvesting.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/18a859bf-en	a51faf670852a16528139533605adb42	The analysis reveals that while gender is well integrated into climate- related activities such as agriculture and water it is poorly addressed in economic infrastructure sectors like energy and transport. This highlights the need to increase attention to gender equality in low carbon development to ensure that women’s opportunities to participate in the green economy are fully captured. It is also in keeping with the emphasis placed in the Paris Agreement on protecting and respecting the human rights of vulnerable segments of the population when taking climate action (see preamble to the Paris Agreement).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a52385a214efc7b88c33bc65598e0d4c	"Cascading failures led to the blackout in 11 different western states of the United States, on 10 August 1996, and to the largest blackout in the United States’ history on 14 August 2003 (Crucitti et al., Again, the wider distribution and multiple grid connections of SMRs offer certain advantages here. This makes SMRs a “modular"" investment, characterised by the option of small power increments through the deployment of successive units. Each generating portfolio is characterised by its expected return, expressed by the internal rate of return (IRR) and its standard deviation (Markowitz, 1952)."	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	a527107dc1b331894445c6b28d3fbaf4	Women’s involvement in leadership roles within the legislature is also uneven, especially when it comes to chairing committees. It is worth evaluating how present norms and procedures of representative bodies -both at the national and sub-national level- could be improved so as to foster a gender-sensitive work environment conducive to the needs of both men and women. Women fill only two of the 18 ministerial positions in the Presidential Cabinet.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	a5276c659f3c85cb03dc0d5fa1bfcfbf	The 2000s saw continued strong production growth in South America and Southeast Asia, continuing trends from the 1990s. Similarly, other regions in Asia (excluding Western Asia) also experienced strong growth. In per capita terms, both South America and Southeast Asia also saw an acceleration in agricultural production volumes in the 2000s compared with past decadal growth rates. For Africa, while overall production growth was strong, in per capita terms growth was significantly lower than in other developing regions due to higher population growth rates than those seen in other regions.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	a529d4ed9f47798f562e2600709f2e06	For example, productive forests often serve as wildlife corridors. However, there has been little progress in setting conservation objectives in the Natura 2000 network. By the end of September 2014, management plans had been approved for only 15% of the network area. Poland has started preparing management plans for a further 30% of the Natura 2000 area.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	a52a72d35a316971ec7325687f8fa59f	The second approach is to try to encourage diversification to create multiple sources of income and employment, largely through small-scale enterprises. A third approach is to concentrate efforts in urban areas and rely on spread effects to pull rural areas along, using spatially blind policies. None of these approaches looks explicitly at the problems and opportunities for specific rural regions, and none has a focus on connecting various policy initiatives into a package that provides a co-ordinated and coherent approach. The remainder of this chapter seeks to outline competing themes in rural development in the form of policies centred on the promotion of single sectors (usually agriculture or primary commodities) and others on diversification (OECD, 2006).	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	a52aa10a93c52ecaf6586d709967d344	Though it has a smaller GDP per capita and a much lower GHG metric tonnes per capita emission level (0.8 compared with 3.4 for Thailand), the Philippines too recognises the importance of green policies. It has set up institutions and taken initiatives to address environmental issues. As in Thailand, policies on sustainable development are made by many different agencies and there is no clear, co-ordinated strategy for integrating green targets into development plans.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a532598d357ba4c8757bebb17cff4d6a	In 2009 and 2011, when grain crops were abundant, the FCC withdrew from the market around one-quarter of the harvest, with FCC’s purchases considerably exceeding its sales. In the 2010 drought year, the operations were reversed: the FCC released additional volumes of grain onto the market that equalled nearly 40% of that year’s crop. In addition to domestic operations, the FCC is involved in international grain trading. As an operator of state grain resources and commercial trader, the company uses its own funds to purchase grain for exports. Export sales are closely linked with its domestic operations and more likely represent an activity to balance the company’s grain stocks than a regular trading business. Thus, FCC exports have been extremely variable, ranging in 2001-11 from 1 000 tonnes (2005) to 835 000 tonnes (in 2003), as was their importance relative to FCC’s domestic sales and Kazakhstan’s total grain exports (Figure 2.5).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	a5338c19ec40ee03b0a8fac53b9f583d	An increase in labour demand due to industrialisation and the shift from informal or low productivity jobs in the agricultural sector towards better pay jobs in the manufacturing sector offer new opportunities particularly for women. Overall, the income inequality between men and women is expected to decrease through industrialisation. The following section takes a closer look at the employment generation opportunities initiated by the process of structural transformation.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	a534c4b1ff72fa120e9a3473169afab1	Because they are at the forefront of climate risk, SIDS may be in a special position to ensure that trade law does not present an undue barrier to robust climate policy, and that likewise climate policy does not exacerbate the SIDS trade vulnerabilities. B. (February 25.2016). V. (February 26.2016). No other dimensions of India's policy targets, polution regulations or other policy approaches were at issue, and one might argue that sourcing requirements have relatively little to do with the scale of India's mitigation targets.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	a53b4565b738e501c9ecbd990e87b59e	They can help raise public awareness of energy consumption and the benefits of energy efficiency (both environmental and financial) and how to implement these measures. These campaigns could help citizens by informing them of the possible energy-saving actions and their benefits. In urban areas with a higher level of awareness of such issues, citizens may need more assistance to help choose technical solutions, find companies to do the work, and determine what financial options they have.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	a53cbb059ae5855c922f8e7299d3cc1b	On the other hand, Dominica's pre-existing conditions limited its options and fell far short of meeting the total costs of Hurricane Erika, even though those costs have probably been underestimated. This is despite both countries being eligible for overseas development assistance (ODA).16 as well as having similar eligibility criteria for grants from IFIs (see Table 5). From a bilateral perspective, one of the reasons could be that Vanuatu has a much closer political relationship with its major bilateral donor, Australia, than the relationship between Dominica and Japan, its major bilateral donor.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/sti/outlook-2010-6-en	a53f852924c594673a0b84e126a9e92f	The requirement that building/structure be used wholly and exclusively for R&D has been removed. Credit is now due if at least 35% of all activities carried on in the initial four-year period are R&D activities. Companies may claim cash payments over three years in the event of insufficient or no corporation tax.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	a5403cfe49a0b81e1c6c7dd998f84bb4	This study also revealed that the majority of respondents did not think that immigrant workers in a regular or documented situation and national workers should be treated equally. Undocumented immigrants may also face high wage penalties; one study found that undocumented immigrant workers from CLM were paid at least 50% less than the minimum wage (Paitoonpong et al., Such perceptions are more prevalent in urban areas, despite the fact that immigrants are more likely to be employed in 3D jobs which are shunned by most Thais (Sunpuwan and Niyomsilpa, 2012).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	a542003bce45965df3b31b7d47e55b5d	Although primary care sector is well developed (see above in Section 1), most EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, closing at around 3pm. Patients reportedly get up very early to start queueing for an appointment. Such difficulties make many patients go directly to hospital emergency departments for primary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	a542c2172e7deda77833582d68ce8f0f	Total LGU spending increased from an average of 1.6% of GDP during 1985-91 to about 3% in the late 2000s, against 16.6% of GDP in the OECD area in 2015 (OECD, 2015b). While the central governments still undertake major “hard” public infrastructure investment (e.g. major roads, ports, airports), LGUs nonetheless have substantial expenditure responsibilities, for instance in the environment sector (e.g. solid waste disposal, water supply systems, seawalls and dikes, drainage and sewerage, flood control) (Department of Finance, 2015). However, LGUs have very limited ambitions for funding infrastructure development (OECD, 2015). In Metro Cebu, total expenditures reached around PHP 8.7 billion in 2014 (83.7% of total revenues); most of expenditures went for general public services (54% of total expenditures), follow'ed by social services (22.7%) and economic services (16.7%).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	a545840c02ddf99a13b69d36fa1be765	In addition, when analysing hypothetical accidents, countermeasures effectively taken to mitigate radiation exposure have a strong impact on the total dose received by the population and therefore add further uncertainty on the a priori estimates (for example, effective evacuation minimised the collective dose after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in comparison with the Chernobyl event). While radiological effects are generally characterised as cancers and leukaemia, recent focus has been on the psychological effects caused directly or indirectly by the accident and by radiological protection choices. Dealing with these effects has a strong subjective component, including the establishment of scope and boundaries for the analysis.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d35e799b-en	a549e4bc758f2aa674b6a19b05e19b22	The projections for the most recent period mark a new phase of slower progress. Obstacles have included volatile commodity prices, higher food and energy prices, rising unemployment and economic recessions in the late 1990s and in 2008/2009. Frequent extreme weather events and natural disasters have also taken a considerable toll on lives and livelihoods, and eventually on progress towards global food security. In a growing number of countries, political instability and civil strife have aggravated the effects of natural disasters, resulting in numerous and significant humanitarian crises.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	a54c06d0c2d76e2a66b4603e96f30cd3	Evidence gathered during the study visit shows the critical role that is being played by ‘green skills champions’ among the managers and staff of the four metropolitan TAFE Institutes, driving forward developments in learning for sustainability. As well as these public institutions, private registered training organisations have emerged to offer generic and tailored courses in skills for sustainability. It means the city has sufficient critical mass that could be leveraged to create a national and international profile for its expertise in this form of training.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	a54d07a9fa1890b645c932d5e9952b25	Kosovo scores the lowest, 2.5, mainly because it currently has no functioning central employment agency. While the agency should start functioning soon, its role is currently carried out by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and local employment offices, which operate within their own legally defined mandates. Although PESs drive activation policies in all the economies, for those policies to succeed it is crucial that other actors are also involved.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	a54fae9b85c2958631106a81669ea00c	"Indigenous peoples are at an increased risk of suffering from tuberculosis. Whilst programmes have been designed to combat tuberculosis, they often do not reach indigenous peoples because of issues related to poverty, poor housing, a lack of access to medical care and drugs, cultural barriers, language differences and geographic remoteness. These instruments include provisions for the right to life and for the ""right of everyone to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"",12 with some specifically recognising the rights of individuals from marginalized populations, including indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	a550a7e67eb987eb177600ca3cd59fa7	Moreover, every year wildlife trade generates an estimated USD 15 billion worldwide, excluding large-scale commercial trade in fish and timber (OECD, 2008). While it is difficult to estimate both the financing needs for optimal biodiversity and ecosystem service provision, and the existing financing flows, it is clear that the financing gap is large. Annual financial flows for biodiversity have been estimated at USD 36-38 billion per year, about half of which is delivered domestically in the European Union, the United States, and China (Parker and Cranford, 2010).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	a55111a7bf5b32195ed5653cd7042dec	La mobilite est entravee par le sous-developpement du marche du logement locatif et il serait possible d’ameliorer l’efficacite des transports publics pour davantage encourager les deplacements domicile-travail. Broadly speaking, mismatches can be defined as imbalances between labour supply and demand across geographic regions, sectors, occupations and skills. In Hungary, the main mismatch is a large structural excess of low-skilled labour supply, resulting in a very low' employment rate among this group (Figure 2, Panel A; Fazekas and Scharle, 2012). In contrast, high-skilled labour is in somewhat tight supply in certain fields, such as medical professions, and more companies report skill shortages than the European Union (EU) average (European Commission, 2013a).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	a5518b8f102ddcfb4b9c3942442e3fc2	For example, in Azerbaijan, where GDP growth has been spectacular (16.4% annual average growth between 2000 and 2008), the service has not significantly improved over the decade. In Georgia, despite an important average annual GDP growth (6.9%), continuity of service dramatically decreased (from 18 hours/day in average in 2000 to 11 hours/day in 2008). In Ukraine, which had similar GDP growth to Georgia over the decade, the share of the urban population with access to piped water decreased from 94% in 2004 to 80% in 2007.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	a553ea43841bcf590e1abf4129a7a464	The largest proportion of children experiencing only one deprivation is in the child protection dimension (4% are deprived in child protection only with 51% deprived in child protection in total) (see Figure 5.4). Less than 1% of children are deprived in water alone and this indicator is the most associated with other deprivations. The distribution in Figure 5.5 shows that about 44% of children experience three or four deprivations.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/85946e24-en	a55831872510988e41852a5d3ab7d55c	The world as a whole gained 23.7 years of life expectancy since the early 1950s (table 1), reaching a level of 70.5 years in the years from 2010 to 2015. During this same period, the less developed regions gained 27.2 years of life expectancy, double the gain in the more developed regions, due in substantial part to large reductions in child mortality, which in the developed regions had already occurred by 1950. Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest level of life expectancy among large developing regions throughout this period, rising from 51.2 years in 1950-1955 to 74.5 years in 2010-2015 (table 1).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	a55f184ec88a6504a7d5af6c1fc4cc0b	The unemployment rate fell from 12.8% in 2000 to 5.3% in 2012 (IAC, 2014). In 2011, most of the employed labour force worked in services (55%), about one fifth in the industrial sector, and 27% in agriculture, although the latter only accounts for 5% of GDP (World Bank, 2012). The informal economy was estimated to account for 38% of GDP in 2007 (Schneider et al.,	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a55f3af83a092128bb4e5be4633ff4ff	Oil is the most important fuel, accounting for 40% of primary energy in OECD countries, followed by gas (22%), coal (20%), nuclear energy (11%), and renewable sources including hydropower, biomass and waste (7 %) (2005 figures from RISO, 2008). Unlike most new renewable sources, in developed countries wind turbines are increasingly competitive with conventional power production. Analysis from the Danish Energy Association, for instance, estimates that offshore wind turbines will be competitive with other energy technologies in 2015 (RISO, 2008).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	a5635ae67ca9002cdfe67cb118c69793	Who would manage it is uncertain. Recipient countries have no interest in putting in place compensatory mechanisms to countries supplying skilled labour, arguing that markets operate in this way (and migrants gain from it) and there is no means of knowing how long migrants will stay, despite strong ethical arguments in favour of restitution. Previous considerations of this, more than a quarter of a century ago, were rejected as too idealistic and impractical.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	a563cdfc7ee2f211d1a118badf6dc53c	The structural quota system (SQS), which was endorsed by Parliament in 2007, continues with small adjustments. This law replaces the Raw Fish Act from 1951. Norway has prioritised efforts on issues related to discards and by-catch of marine recourses and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	a567bf376157fe99939b822304a1a8f6	However, the overall economic consequences of mandatory quotas have yet to become clear. In the meantime, a range of tools can be used to work towards the goal of gender balance - target setting, compliance with corporate governance codes and, in all cases, the monitoring and publication of progress. Families with young children need affordable childcare if parents are to work.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	a56ba2696b2858e14c618babcc767234	Water quality (resources and drinking water) is an ongoing challenge, particularly in the Lagoon and in the southern part of the region. Although the region has relatively abundant water, degradation in water quality in some parts of the city-region, notably the south-west, is a problem, and has resulted in water stress in some areas; and high demand in some spots has negative ecological consequences, particularly on smaller rivers and streams. Of particular concern are climate-change-related increases in mean sea level, and increased frequency of extreme storm surges in the Adriatic, which are associated with the highest water levels in Venice.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	a56d08477075d244fb9c0dd7779a7fb2	In practice, the Ecological ICMS has been used to compensate municipalities for the opportunity cost of maintaining part of their territory under nature protection. While the revenue is not necessarily used to finance expenditure in protected areas, the mechanism has helped increase the number and size of protected areas in Brazil. The impact on biodiversity conservation is not clear, however (May et al.,	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/547ad041-en	a56e906b4d3f77032572e9ef1df99f92	In this perspective, destinations are defined as open and flexible systems, characterized by a high degree of interaction between its constituent elements, such as firms providing tourist services, residents of destinations, local authorities, and tourists. A destination can thus be conceptualized as a network comprised of a diversity of interconnected public and private stakeholders, including those who are not directly involved in managing visitation or hosting tourists (Baggio and Sainaghi, 2011). This inherently complex, inter-related nature of destinations implies that destinations should be understood as composite entities, as systems made up of various components that may work with and/or against one another.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9edc576b-en	a5711b1f910d1e2b3f5c598b8111d107	Cooperation with the local authorities is weak and monitoring data are not used by local authorities to develop mitigation measures. Private and public enterprises are obliged by law to self-monitor and report on emissions and discharges, but rarely so do. No environmental electronic database or statistic exists.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-est-2015-6-en	a5720ec320b2736c6e7ea9da0f9cea55	Shortages of skilled workers have been one of the drivers of rising unit labour costs in 2013 (Eesti Pank, 2014b). The number of vacant jobs for highly skilled workers and for skilled non-manual workers has risen well above pre-crisis levels whereas it has fallen for unskilled and manual jobs (Figure 2.1). The number of vacancies is relatively large in the ICT industry, a sector in which Estonia has developed a strong comparative advantage. Nonetheless, in international comparison, unskilled workers have relatively low unemployment rates (Table 2.2).	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	a578c4903d7b3f71292513725d30783c	The precise distribution of tasks and responsibilities between school providers and schools, and therefore the degree of school autonomy for the use and management of resources, will always depend on individual school providers and their schools (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016; Santiago et al., According to this survey, 13% of decisions in public lower secondary education are taken at the central level (OECD average: 24%), while local authorities and schools take 41% and 46% of key decisions respectively (OECD average: 17% and 41% respectively) (see Figure 4.1). The data thus demonstrate the important role of school providers in education governance in Chile.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	a578eaea4cf8b0ef32b38bee31b137b2	These reforms are a “step in the right direction” towards simplifying the millefeuille territorial (OECD, 2015b). Both Fiance, the United Kingdom and Germany have such competency clauses, which are related to the idea of subsidiarity (that decision making authority should be ascribed to those at the lowest level of government in order to be closer to communities and residents). There are a number of caveats to the clause. For example, in France, subnational governments can take on tasks that are not formally ascribed to them if these tasks are not part of the obligatory responsibilities of another level of government.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	a578ecdfa1ae0d66a175d531ea20821b	The survey involved 16,616 households and was administered by the National Bureau of Statistics in 10 provinces: Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. All household members between 15 and 74 years old completed a 24-hour time diary for both a weekday and a weekend day in ten-minute intervals beginning at 4 a.m. Each individual also completed a personal questionnaire, which provides information including age, educational attainment, income level and occupation/employment status. The information on education, monthly individual income and the distance from home to office are expressed in categorical variables.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	a5799867ab85a3e6668d1672a374fe26	In other countries, the range of services actually covered by secondary coverage depends both on the scope of the basic benefit package, on effective access to covered care, and on government regulations on possible roles for private health insurance. In several countries for instance, PHI is not allowed to cover cost-sharing left by the public system (see Table 19). This is the case in Australia, Canada, and Switzerland. Such coverage is allowed in Finland, but only for health care services dispensed by providers that are not eligible for funding by public health coverage.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	a579b0a19a20b156532ba8e9973969e4	Programme feasibility reports and costings of 162 new projects with an aggregate capacity of 48 GW were prepared under the 50 GW Initiative in May 2003. Of these, 77 schemes with an indicative tariff below INR 2.5/kWh (USD 0.05/kWh), amounting to 33.9 GW, were selected for detailed project reports and subsequent implementation. In 2009, NTPC announced that they would provide assurance cover for the affected village against any mishap from one of their hydropower projects in Uttarakhand state (Electrical Monitor, 2009).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	a57e6cc4011013d01bec54af7dbe7a3a	Similarly, to calculate the coping capacity, the following five indicators were used: (a) external public debt stocks, (b) total reserves in months of imports and gross savings, all to GDP ratio, (c) government effectiveness, (d) world governance indicators, and (e) human development index. The exposure index (El) and capacity index (Cl) were the weighted average of the selected indicators. The vulnerability index was discovered by calculating the differences between the exposure index and coping capacity index.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	a5858259ffa92b49fd2dd8e13827fbfe	Also the majority of German primary schools are half-day only. The study is based on the assumption that universal full-time childcare for lone parents with children up to 13 years is being created (one-off costs, e.g. for building facilities, are ignored), with lone parents incurring around 11% of the gross operating costs for pre-primary' care. Schools offering after-school services are assumed to be free for lone parents, although some public schools charge for these services.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	a586c3bb0a28415c513ba1188807e568	Bosnia and Herzegovina, for example, lacks adequate communication between the entities’ inspectorates - their databases do not allow them to share data and information. This creates an opportunity for non-compliant employers to reproduce bad practices in different areas of the economy (ILO, 2013b). Specifically, in view of the low employment rates for women, the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (OECD, 2016a) recommends that all economies should adopt a dual approach to gender equality: 1) make gender a mainstream part of the design, development, implementation and evaluation of all public policies and budget; and 2) level the playing field between men and women through actions that target specific forms of gender discrimination. Moreover, co-ordinating implementation better with other areas affecting employment would be welcome (e.g. tax policy, education policy and social policy).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	a58962d301159b8bd1d21fef0f9c0241	Of the five models compared, the one with the most detailed representation of end-use technologies found “energy efficiency and end-use technologies constitute first rank options to cope with severe climate constraints” (Kitous et al., This includes rapid penetration by mid-century of electric vehicles and low-energy buildings, with the diffusion dynamics of both end-use technologies modeled endogenously. The policy-induced technological change in climate change mitigation scenarios is a major point of departure from historical energy transitions.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	a58a5fd11c06c5afd8cd1c24fe635623	The approach, however, is based on the recovery of incurred costs (all or part of them), and does not focus of w'ater charges as a method to raise revenue, The implementation of water charges would help to tackle future water challenges such as an economic crisis or fiscal consolidation efforts that generate severe restrictions on public expenditure, and climate change related impacts, i.e. maintain water infrastructure efficiency and adapt water supply system to potentially decreasing bulk water resources. In other words, it is desirable to move towards a pricing scheme that is able to consider medium- and long-term objectives for enhancing water security and resilience, placing emphasis on long-term sustainable water availability levels, rather than on consumption levels. This framework law was complemented and detailed by the Decree-Law No. The Polluter-Pays principle and the Beneficiary-Pays principle were established for the first time in the 1987 Framework Law for the Environment, but remained merely “ink in the paper”. Six years later, in 1993, an attempt to approve the necessary regulations and implementation procedures failed to a large extent because of the resistance of the agriculture sector.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	a58f1530be4838059a82808f201a4751	Ground the selection of PPPs in value for money. This means carefully investigating which investment method is likely to yield the most value for money. It may mean developing a relative VfM test (public sector comparator) that measures the cost efficiency of using a PPP versus using traditional capital procurement. A public sector comparator compares the net present cost of bids for the PPP project against the most efficient form of delivery according to a traditionally procured public-sector reference project. The comparator takes into account both the risks that are transferable to a probable private party and those risks that will be retained by government.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/c105422d-en	a58f5c9c69e91e266acaaf413c8d7041	This suggests that high-skilled individuals’ skills decline more slowly with age than do those of low-skilled individuals, though it is not possible to know this with certainty without longitudinal data. Additionally, two studies using these data have demonstrated a large causal impact of schooling on skills. Additionally, both studies provide some evidence of differential impact of schooling reforms, hi a correlational analysis, Green and Riddell (2013) observe that schooling is more strongly associated with skills at the tenth skills percentile in Canada, Norway and the US. In his Instrumental Variables (IV) analysis, Din9er (2016) shows that the causal effect of additional schooling is greater at the lower end of the skills distribution. Both results imply that educational expansion promotes equity.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	a58fff1fbb82ffa3b5aca0f4262921a8	"The NUP articulates clearly the means to harness the economic opportunities of urbanisation, describing it in its vision as ""an engine of economic development and sustainable human settlements"". To achieve this, the strategy is founded on four pillars: coordination, the increased institutional governance for multi-level governance; densification, promoting compact and integrated urban forms for economies of agglomeration; conviviality, meeting social needs for quality of life and equity; and productivity, ensuring urban environments enabling businesses. However, given the importance placed on urban economies and the territorial balance of economic development, successful implementation of the national urban policy will rely heavily on local governments and their institutional and technical capacity. This challenge is acknowledged in the National Urbanisation Policy and will require increased local ability to raise fiscal revenues, better access to urban planning data and analytical tools, sharing of management practices, and citizen participation in policy making."	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	a598a364ec096da8f6bc14c1b75fc339	For each Principle of the Recommendation, suggestions of pitfalls to avoid and potential solutions are also provided. For each component of the Recommendation, the checklist suggests key self-assessment questions for countries to evaluate their own state-of-play and areas for improvement in order to prioritise their implementation efforts. The methodology for key performance indicators is currently under revision in line with the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Public Procurement (2015). They cover in detail three principles on stakeholder engagement, regulatory impact assessment and ex post evaluation, and provide a baseline measurement to track countries' progress over time and identify areas for reform. The indicators are expected to be updated every three to four years.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/719fe1d7-en	a59e03b403a45e49349c2999bb81a86b	According to the Regional Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission, 2017a), Stockholm is the most innovative region in the EU, followed by the capital region of Denmark - Hovedstaden. With the relatively early adoption of the green growth agenda, the Nordic countries have become frontrunners in green economy transformation, having obtained a significant competitive advantage in green solutions. Regions are classified into four main innovation performance groups (i.e. leader, strong, moderate and modest performers) with three subgroups within each performance group (i.e. a top third (+, most innovative): a middle third, and a bottom third (-, least innovative)) to allow for more diversity at the regional level.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	a59e7c8923a8ab9601dc4e7fc6bd8392	In Brazil, public participation is institutionalised in such arenas as the Conference of Cities at the federal level, and in city councils at the municipal level. Low engagement by civil society groups in NUP development is observed, partly due to a lack of participation mechanisms. However, Morocco's inclusive NUP process stands out as a potential model for the Arab States region (Box 5.4).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	a5a2a2a359544991e698d36e3987f1b0	The model then takes inputs for zone-to-zone travel times from any number of major travel demand models. The model can then be run iteratively to compare a range of combined transport and land-use consequences from various transport policy and investment scenarios. It is an integrated transport land-use model that has been applied in a number of regions to test alternative land development scenarios and transport policies.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-8-en	a5a482b1e7fbbc304b48b7d7c9fb46dd	The framework defines an overall picture of cross-curricular priorities across all levels of education, whereas the curriculum specifies detailed content of instruction for each grade. Table 5.2 provides an overview of these frameworks available in each country, covering primary and lower secondary education (Annex 5A for more details).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a692184d-en	a5a60ffc1c1052946430386c9eae1849	Pupils are also introduced to the concept of sustainable development. The topics include, among others, the anthropogenic impact on the environment in Belarus: contamination with radionuclides due to the Chernobyl NPP accident, and local problems of air and soil pollution and surface and groundwater contamination as a result of economic activities. In grade XI, pupils are given a scientific understanding of the environment within the context of development. Topics include heat savings in residential houses, the use of alternative sources of energy (wind and hydro), and environmental problems caused by production, transmission and use of electricity.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	a5a989b131bff899ba39ae39c0cf92ac	In this respect, some LDCs will be able to take advantage of the window of opportunity opened by China’s likely delocalization of the lower end of its manufacturing industry, through a combination of integrating domestic firms into manufacturing GVCs and attracting FDI. Domestically, this strategy should be complemented by policies on clustering, export promotion and labour costs. Policymakers need to expand the financing made available to these firms through national development banks or commercial banks.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	a5aa222ba4dc542ea153000815c4ab5d	The Plan began to be rolled out in State secondary schools in 2011. As can be seen in the chart below, a large majority of people in the lower-income quintiles (and not only those of school age) potentially have access to a computer at home thanks to this programme. This outcome has led to international recognition for the CEIBAL Plan, which received the ICTs in Sustainable Development Award from the InternationalTelecommunication Union in 2015.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	a5acb05ac4ec4f47a26ab49f983a0857	"In terms of socio-cultural factors, in patriarchal contexts women’s empowerment is more likely to lead to increased conflict and IPV at least in the short term. Hence, the relative status of women and men in terms of decision-making and how their power and resources compare to each other is an important contributing factor for increased IPV (Hughes et al 2015). This seems especially common in situations where a man is unable to fulfil his gender-ascribed role as ""bread-w inner” and a w'oman is beginning to contribute relatively more to family maintenance, or where a woman takes a job that defies prevailing social convention (Hughes et al.,"	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5e354935-en	a5ad6b235653dd043e6baa57c424e2e3	Under the Paris Agreement, reporting arrangements for finance refer to three new categories of countries: “developed”, “developing”, and “other countries” that provide and mobilise resources. In the absence of a definition of which category countries belong to, there is more flexibility for countries to interpret these terms and decide which reporting provisions best apply to them. The provisions for flexibility are more nuanced in the Paris Agreement, with the term applying more specifically to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities (Art.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	a5ae8214adbbcb49b5e2faaee0d2fb52	Also at the same meeting, statements were made by Wu Zhimin (China) and Peter Besseau (Canada) on the country-led initiative hosted by China; and Christian Ktichli (Switzerland) and Anna Sternberg (Switzerland) on the country-led initiative hosted by Switzerland. At its 10th meeting, on 15 May, the Forum considered agenda item 6 jointly with items 3, 4, 5, 7 (Multi-stakeholder dialogue) and 9. For its consideration of the item, the Forum had before it the report of the Secretary-General on enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination and regional and subregional inputs (E/CN.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	a5b0ca83cd533760bbba9ae24640cc91	London’s low carbon workforce skills profile is characterised by high skills, with more than 1 in 2 employees having a degree or above. However, almost a third of all jobs are at Level 2 (basic high school diploma) or below suggesting that they are accessible to low skilled workers in the labour market. The sectors with the lowest skilled vacancies are recovery & recycling, waste management and building technology.	7	5	3	0.25
10.18356/c5c7eaec-en	a5b0f691bf38ae1ba9b11ce474551016	Delivering on SDG 14 requires teamwork and a spirit of partnership among diverse stakeholders from many nations and sectors. The oceans cover almost three quarters of the Earth’s surface, storing one third of all the carbon emissions stemming from human activity. They are part of the solution, and we must make them a key focus of our efforts to cope with and mitigate climate change.	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	a5b174c758686af649b1cd325edace14	According to the WEF, on the 2016 trends, it could be closed within 82 years. In effect, although women remain under-represented in political decision-making, the statistics generally point to incremental progress and opportunity to build on gains achieved. It provides key facts - where women are (or are missing) in parliament, local government, cabinet and the top leadership of their countries.	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	a5b35bc7544a9200b6057db1693a5ea5	The most important and climate active naturally occurring GHGs are: Water vapour (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), nitrous oxide (N20), methane (CH4), and ozone (03). There are also manmade GHGs that also contribute to global warming.38 The most important contributor to global warming through the greenhouse effect is made by C02 followed in descending order by methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone and nitrous oxide.39 With time, and especially over the past 50 years or so, rising concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have increased the level of absorption of the outgoing radiation. This has led to more heat being trapped in the atmosphere and consequently, in an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a5b3c1614bb66d7f48329da98986f970	The Tri-State metro-region benefits from over 200 post-secondary education and training institutions, both publicly and privately funded, that enrol over 660 000 students each year and graduate 140 000 annually. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s workforce is, on average, well trained (Figure 4). Educational attainment is above the national average; indeed, of the 20 most populous metro-regions in the United States, the Tri-State region ranks fourth in educational attainment ,with only Boston (37%), New York (30%) and Atlanta (31%) boasting higher percentages (US Census Bureau, 2009a).	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	a5b6c91a4e7011f1b46e20d3d34c8a1f	This new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption. The methodology is described in Annex 3. The initial distribution of self-reported alcohol consumption is shifted to the right after correction, reflecting the fact that people consume more than they declare.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	a5b6de6d764ce0617321acc56aa1d4e5	Low' tariffs for water and district heating services do not fully cover operations and maintenance costs, reducing funds for renewing obsolete infrastructure. Modernisation of public utility systems must be made a part of strategic urban policy packages. The growing uiban population means that investment in its maintenance and expansion is urgently needed.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	a5c00407c92133dfef3597f420a73200	To be able to make broad statements about the effectiveness of biodiversity mainstreaming, ideally one would need to start with a set of core indicators which are fairly easy and inexpensive to collect, and which are comparable across countries. A few other indicators may also merit further consideration. Selecting a core set of indicators (Step 6) is an important element of this, and aims should be made for these to be as consistent as possible across countries, so as to enable aggregation of data at regional and global levels.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	a5c0d2636ab8c9ec61114808f6fb1c16	For admission to higher education, the successful completion of upper secondary education is a minimum requirement in most OECD countries. In most systems, the actual grades obtained only have an importance for the selection into specific programmes. The level of standards determines the passing threshold which decides on students’ progression to higher education. Higher standards in assessment for qualification and certification can form an obstacle for low-performing students and can contribute to reducing overall higher education admission rates.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	a5c0fc08b7eb3563c221b96485f0a04a	It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	a5c19681ebb07ae9341468a13396d831	In 2012,63% of trips during morning and evening peak times were on public transport, compared to 59% in 2008. To increase this number even further, the LTA aims to make the transport system even more accessible and competitive. By 2030, 80% of households should be within a 10-minute walk of a train station, 85% of public transport journeys (less than 20km) will be completed within 60 minutes and 75% of all journeys in peak hours will be via public transport.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/985d3253-en	a5c67b3b600c4b084a87387b7bd99b7c	On 3 April 2018, FSC approved Controlled Wood Risk Assessments for Georgia that identified risk assessment indicators for specified risks. The study concluded that if companies are intending to source controlled wood from Georgia, they should implement control measures to mitigate all identified isks. These criteria and indicators will be considered in an adjustment of the subsidiary legal framework as soon as the new forest code is approved by the parliament, which is planned for 2019.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	a5c7d4b5197146a5ecfa50389e796a79	Promoting measures to boost competition and coverage, such as number portability and domestic roaming, will be important for continued growth. This will ensure that the capacity will be available to competitive service providers on a non-discriminatory basis at transparent and cost-based tariffs. Community (CEMAC), with ITU, CEMAC, World _r , , , , . Bank etc • Strengthen the capacity of the justice sector to address ICT issues.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	a5c8717fb3e00a7f8ad0f89269e7eb47	Whole communities risk being left behind unless unbalanced service distribution is rectified. Extreme vulnerabilities to climate change place additional stress on economic activity, particularly in tourism, fisheries and agriculture. The economic vulnerabilities translate into limited choices and opportunities among citizens.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-4-en	a5cb048b46217d0626a323b994e0a7aa	Infrastructure and uiban form need to be redesigned to increase the attractiveness of and well-being in cities. New innovation and technologies will be fostered to retain the autonomy of older people. Development of new business models and investment strategies will be explored to bring innovative technologies to the market. The need for remodeling the existing housing stock will stimulate the housing market.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	a5cbfbd1804efcd431d3cb097a197dc1	Distributional effects may also occur between countries associated with changes in patterns of trade in fossil fuel. Brazil has introduced programmes to expand the supply of safe and reliable energy to the poorest segments of society, including those living in remote rural areas. Pereira, Vasconcelos Freitas and da Silva (2011) show that rural electrification in Brazil leads to a significant reduction of the energy poverty level and a consequent improvement in energy equity. Similar conclusions have been reached for Bangladesh, (Barnes, Khandker and Samad, 2011) where 58% of rural households are energy poor, versus 45% that are income poor.	7	0	4	1.0
10.14217/50cb9877-en	a5cc32f9574f6483522a314f3a3aefcb	The relationshipis not simply a one-way relationship, with climate change impacting on different sexes in different ways or, more specifically, having a greater negative impact on women and girls than men and boys. The association between gender and climate change also encompasses the impact that women have had to date in shaping climate change policies at the subnational, national and international levels. In addition to high fatalities, loss of homes and livelihoods, women and girls also experience secondary impacts, including sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and trauma, loss or reduction of economic opportunities, and increased workloads.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	a5cd358e30a4d94c7a40f15c76745e6f	Specific deterrence is the actual experience of being sanctioned for the speeding behaviour. This may be an immediate sanction in the form of being stopped by a police officer and issued an infringement notice, or receiving an infringement later if detected by a speed camera. Research suggests that complex behaviours are not deterred by highly visible enforcement, but through the actual experience of detection. Other complex behaviours include unsafe overtaking or lane changes, which are driver behaviours that are momentary and involve complicated thought processes and may be performed during a journey.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	a5cf5f921b8cc9d0362931cc070409d0	Other reviews of the literature may not have covered the same studies or in the same ways, but nevertheless reached similar general conclusions—for instance, Evenson (2002), and Fuglie and Heisey (2007). For all characteristics, the sample excludes two extreme outliers and includes returns to research only and combines research and extension so that the maximum sample size is 1 772. For the research gestation lag, the sample includes only observations with an explicit lag shape, resulting in a sample size of 790 observations.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	a5d2ec63feaae88724679435eaa9a530	Small, fragmented farms limit productivity by hindering economies of scale and do not optimise natural resource use. While land transfer regulations in general do not pose a barrier, some economies need to make significant efforts to reform cadastres and clarity' property rights. Increase investment in research and development, both public and private. Enhance the resources and human capacities of extension services and encourage private consultants to supply them.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	a5d3f18d6f7d959f142d6e1429fa41cb	In general, the literature suggests that a significant reduction in poverty rates is a consequence of economic growth combined with policies to reduce income inequality. The joint result of these two effects is that poverty reduction feeds through directly into improvements in the average income of the poorest. According to this author, the reduction that occurred in the early years of the decade was a consequence of several factors that had differing regional impacts, including distributive changes in labour yield and the expansion of welfare benefits. The proportion of poor people (P0) fell from 38.70% in 1995 to 23.50% in 2009, a figure that, while still high, represents a reduction of 15.20 percentage points.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	a5d416799d15e982d3dbfb6974492ceb	International cooperation does not have to be strictly developed-developing country interactions. R&D cooperation in clean and energy-efficient technologies is emerging between developing countries too. Brazil, India and South Africa signed a scientific cooperation agreement in 2010 for commercial use of solar energy (Xinhua News Agency 2010).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a5d4b2c129ddcf27717ae63b97bc8413	As discussed elsewhere in this paper, these demands for fuel wood and charcoal often lead to widespread deforestation and severe degradation of the natural resource base. These problems require a strategic, sustained, and well supported response involving such measures as ongoing tree planting and reforestation, improved charcoal production practices, and introduction of affordable alternative energy sources (particularly in urban areas). Participatory development of a national strategy provides a mechanism to identify options, set priorities, and begin to address this complex and extremely important issue.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d0196687-en	a5d51f6c646b4006ffbbec175a7605a8	These barriers include transmission congestions and the lack of long distance transmission lines, resulting in severe curtailments in some regions. In 2016, China accounted for 30 per cent of the $277 billion in global spending on power grids and storage, while India and South-East Asia accounted for 13 per cent (IEA, 2017a). These forms of investments will need to continue and expand across Asia-Pacific countries.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/9781848590618-5-en	a5d9de8b030a08c0a26baf3ad60cd973	2200A (XXI), UN General Assembly Official Records (GAOR), 21st Sess., A/6316 (1966), 999 UN Treaty Series (UNTS) 171, 173 (entered into force Mar. 23, 1976); International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, art. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3, 5 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	a5da76956c3a7a716d9c17c0877d86c6	There is a need for solutions that would eliminate the risks associated with costly upfront capital investments and the lack of technical expertise in the maintenance of assets (Cullinen, 2015). In comparison to a traditional PPA, where the off-taker is a utility, under corporate PPAs, the power generated is purchased, directly from a renewable energy producer, by corporate actors such as mining companies. Under this model, the mine as a corporate customer strikes a PPA with an IPP.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	a5dded2cd75b8e2dd16d97007e3d4e0e	Non-governmental organizations such as BRAC in Bangladesh provide basic education in rural areas using innovative methods. These are all potentially positive developments for poverty reduction efforts. The potential for increased productivity will remain mostly unrealized in the absence of demand-side factors.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	a5dfa6c702fb68a87197ce2ca0bc29e4	Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. Competition for Water Resources: Experiences and Management Approaches in the U.S. and Europe, Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam. Agriculture and Groundwater: Feeding Billions from the Ground Up”, Presentation at the Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA), Berlin, January 20,2017.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	a5e0c72424a0bc6079bf7d741acba9d1	Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, can provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Parliaments and parliamentary committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	a5e1d96b6c7aee44f5414691c546cca6	In addition, students in small-class schools tend to suffer from poorer learning environments. Regarding the teaching workforce, current student-teacher ratios indicate that there might be some oversupply of teachers in the system. The conception of teacher employment, whereby basic compensation is associated purely to the teacher’s teaching load (stavka system), is a source of concern as it does not appropriately recognise the many tasks a teacher accomplishes beyond teaching and reduces his or her engagement in school activities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	a5e45b9ed01c1d6e35de7999da0451a5	The opposition was particularly significant because crop cultivations of this area were not profitable enough to meet new water costs. In the end, approval of the dam construction led farmers to shift their production to high-value agriculture, like fruit trees, or to sell their land to other fanners. This programme allows mainly small and mediumsized owners to complement their investments in irrigation and drainage projects for community works (outside the land ownership) and in individual works (inside the land ownership).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	a5e5f2c048635fdae0e30b8beed3da58	This profile is found in Australia, Canada, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. In some of these countries, e.g., the Netherlands, the pre-primary teacher is trained both for the preschool and primary sectors. In federal countries, variation exists across different states or provinces, but the predominant type of training is in primary school-oriented pedagogy (readiness-for-school is a primary aim of early education).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	a5e7a53a1917901b4c5887446b916fe1	Some of the inconsistencies between findings may be explained by the wide variety of definitions of drinking used (e.g. weekly or monthly frequency of heavy drinking) and by the variety of definitions of socioeconomic background used (e.g. income, occupation, employment status). In a number of countries (Switzerland, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic and Hungary) both men and women with higher incomes were found to be more likely to consume alcohol (Kuntsche et al., Similar findings were reported based on data from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (Me Kee et al.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/budget-16-5jfq80dq1zbn	a5e8a9962863b140123522c2e73b3689	Useful areas for further study and policy action include: the routine availability of gender-disaggregated data; embedding of gender-specific approaches within the normal annual routines of budgeting; and complementing executive-led approaches with external quality assurance. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Today many disparities and inequalities between the sexes appear to have become embedded, to a greater or lesser extent, in the baseline of public policies and the allocation of public resources.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	a5e9c884dcbf11ab09d83d06f28cfc13	Strong links with surface water. The basis of the cooperation is the 1992 Agreement between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan on the joint use and protection of transboundary waters. Issues of transboundary significance are discussed in the Kazakh-Russian joint commission, and monitoring data is shared in the intergovernmental working group on allocation of flow of the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen and Malyi Uzen/Saryozen. The land area requiring irrigation largely depends on the actual availability of river water (depending on the hydro-meteorological conditions), and ranges from some 1,960 ha in wet years to 45,980 ha in dry years. The transboundary Pre-Caspian aquifer (No. Three reservoirs in Kazakhstan are the Sarshyganak (46.85 x 106 m3), the Ajdarchansk (52.3 x 106 m3) and the Rybnyj Sakryl (97 x 106 m3) reservoirs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	a5e9e16b93c1c470e3375e04975de4d6	As you are planning any lesson for pupils ask yourself: What are the essential knowledge, skills or understanding I want all students to get from the lesson? Ask yourself - how do my pupils learn best? Take account of learning styles. Most pupils can learn in visual, auditory or kinaesthetic ways, though most have a preference and it is good to know these.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	a5ebaeab45a6bef9b4babdade68df3e1	In the absence of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and carbon pricing, Chile’s GHG emissions are likely to grow. While the country has abundant water resources overall, the mismatch in the locations of available water resources and economic activities means that several regions face severe scarcity. Water pollution is also an important challenge, mainly due to untreated urban and industrial sewage discharges, farming in rural areas and, in the North of the country, mining activities.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086234-en	a5ec875c973e6ca2cef04c2d92cd15ef	The government wants the programme eventually to be mandatory. However, the implementation of the new programme has been delayed because the decision by the NAE to commission training from certain universities and university colleges has been appealed and will be decided in court. There are new syllabi for SFI in place since 1 January 2009.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235335-4-en	a5ed888060bd12f2750fc847f16b6c9b	The model has received considerable international attention over the past decades, delivering good labour market outcomes in tenns of both dynamism and inclusiveness. The 2007 financial crisis is seen for many experts as a stress test for the flexicurity model. In particular, some disadvantaged older workers are at risk of a chaotic transition from work to retirement when they lose their job.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	a5eef420ac6ed058ed80c577a6b853c5	The difference between the production costs for ethanol and the gasoline prices are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU. The production costs of biodiesel are almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries. The simulated biofuel mandates are quantitative measures, but correspond to an equivalent subsidy to biofuel use that allows filling the mandate. A 1% reduction in this subsidy equivalent was also simulated.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	a5f2de13fa6045d1ad0b8a466030d725	Interestingly, this was reported to still be the case in instances where national climate change policy papers exist i.e. NAMAs or NAPAs6, suggesting that centralised consideration of climate change priorities are more important than standalone climate change plans, although the latter can be a first step in formulating national priorities. Some countries, such as Kenya and Indonesia, have already stalled to integrate strategic priorities on climate change into their medium-term national development plans. It was further explained that taking a bottom-up approach towards the formulation of national climate change strategies allows for sector specific planning and financing needs to be taken into account. There is a range of examples on how this is being done on a country-by-country basis. The experience of respondents from recipient countries’ reflected that the national context in which climate change priorities are considered can vary greatly across countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	a5f3916d183c793b8fbd1dba12be04d5	This implies that about 5.6 billion people in the world are vulnerable to various degrees. Despite working, they cannot earn enough to get out of poverty. In many developing countries, most poor adults have to work, if only to survive, especially in the absence of adequate social protection. Of the world’s poor, 75 per cent live in rural areas where agricultural wage workers suffer the highest incidence of poverty, largely because of seasonal unemployment and the low wages paid by small farms (World Bank, 2009b).	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	a5f58ce94375662e825dc7982c429eb5	While childrearing in marriage is the predominant norm, and fathers help financially support the family,Taiwanese men contribute very little time to domestic labour (Yu 2009: 19). And while Taiwan and its East Asian neighbours are known as having strong developmental welfare states that have successfully built up the human capital of their labour forces in service to the needs of economic growth, there is very little public provision of care outside of investments in education and health (Kwon 2005; Pierson 2004; UNRISD 2010). A legacy of income equality and limits on immigration have meant that working women cannot rely on a supply of lower-income rural or migrant women for help with care. The care sector is small, market-based and largely unregulated; most parents depend on older kin for help when they need it (Budig and Misra 2010; Yu 2009).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	a5f9a747482e74d643c9417fc92c426c	In any event, stark inequity continues to coexist with high levels of absolute poverty. As also indicated above, the current crisis can be expected to lead to a slight increase in poverty and inequality. Such a crisis requires that members of society perceive the asymmetries as critical and that the foundations of social integration and consensus have weakened (Habermas, 1989). Regarding subjective opinions, data indicate that perceptions of distributive justice are generally in line with “objective” data, given that in 1997, 2002 and 2007 by far most of the population of Latin America considered income distribution to be unfair or very unfair (80%, 87% and 78%, respectively).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ac75aa0b-en	a5f9d2c26b4e1e0cb52074383d63130a	The initiatives of ESCAP for the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway networks can be traced back to the late 1950s and early 1960s. With regard to the Asian Highway, to date, only 32.8 per cent of the network, which spans 142,781 km of roads passing through 32 member States, reaches the two highest categories of road class. A total of 9,176 km, or 7.3 per cent, still needs to be upgraded to meet minimum standards, and the poor quality of several segments is affecting usability.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	a5ff11438f7d8640e9c83bb8af1f3cbd	This concerns primarily the lack of a coherent affordability analysis regarding the fiscal commitments stemming from PPPs. It is important to ensure the integration of the PPP deal flow into the ordinary budget process. There does not appear to be a coherent way that the long-term commitments that PPPs represent are integrated into the budget process.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	a601e112cc30c0586a55317137fd6bd5	Capital costs are reduced by increasing economies of scale of the connections. Grid extension projects are often leveraged by rapid expansion of generation plants burning fossil fuels (as in China) and the opportunity to tap into significant hydropower potential (especially in Africa as a renewable energy source with low generation cost). But this is not the only concern.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	a6041fddeecb1ac6b95f2a27c2d3ef81	Initial engagement started with the two largest US buyers in the textile and apparel industry. The 10 leading Asian manufacturers were then approached, with the intent of building a vertically integrated value chain, including production of high-quality cotton (ginning, spinning and weaving), establishment of fabric mills and output of garments. The country also aims to attract a network of support industries and accessory manufacturers. Construction of this specialized industrial park—Hawassa Eco-lndustrial Park—was started in mid-2015 to host the leading firms, to be completed in nine months.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	a607edcdc50089ffce4406fdc0a0acaf	Much of that trade is internal to a few multinationals. Developed countries dominate the high-technology end of exports (although China is rapidly moving into the high-tech segment, as can be seen from the commentary of Dong Wu in this Review). On the low-tech side and in biofuels, developing countries are significant exporters, but only as a group (UNCTAD, 2005a).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264267787-en	a6097b57d6663e5ee3c1c640d7d917f2	There is an online register of practising and cancelled health practitioners. Employers and consumers can use it to check a health professional's registration status. Health professionals must renew their registration annually through participation in a prescribed amount of annual CPD. The ARTG is maintained by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which is responsible for safeguarding and enhancing the health of the community through the effective and timely administration of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	a60dbd054b6c2edd9fce76538c6033ef	This involves strengthening relationships within government, and between government and other partners, in an on-going process of policy co-ordination that embeds social protection within broader social and economic policy planning. Figure 6.2, adapted from Uganda’s successful approach to integrating social protection within its development planning process, illustrates the process. For example, the shaded box depicts a potential area for intra-sectoral linkages.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	a60ddb4ff41ee91a1de58d5c5a3dec82	Comment des principes cruciaux relatifs aux droits de I’hommetelsque I’egalite et la non-discrimination, les meilleurs interets de I’enfant et le droit a une vie exem pte de violences faconnent-ils la comprehension de la famille ? Comment ces obligations liees aux droits de I’homme doivent-ils guider I’adoption de politiques publiques qui ont un impact sur la famille ? Comment peuvent-elles etre adaptees a la diversite des families dans un pays?	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	a60e0f00a7ad2ac01a7850ef343bdf1b	Forest law did not allow concessions on forests and forestland. Currently, users of forests (public forest management enterprises) pay a fee for use, in accordance with the provisions of the legal regulations at the cantonal level. Private forest owners face numerous problems in managing their forests.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	a6164a4b7c34e7fbf87dd9256c264fb5	An NDC may be adjusted at any time, so long as the adjustment enhances its level of ambition. The INDCs that have already been submitted by Parties will become NDCs once the Parties concerned join the Paris Agreement. By 2020, Parties with INDCs for 2025 are to communicate new NDCs, and Parties with INDCs for 2030 are to communicate or update their contributions. Common timeframes for NDCs are to be considered at the first session of the CMA 1.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	a616a6a5151d29b6c71718e684cc6f1f	Modernisation of district heating is thus imperative if Kazakhstan is to reach its greenhouse gas reduction objectives (a reduction of 15% in 2020 compared to the 1990 level, and of 25% by 2050). According to data from the Committee of Statistics, water losses accounted for about one-fifth of total water output in 2014, and more than half of water output in Almaty City. A large industrial city like Karaganda does not provide hot water to residents in the summer.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	a618bb639585a9fc4a586d3de16ea552	Co-ordinated negotiation and planning process should be led by the Victorian Government within each of the five nonmetropolitan administrative regions. They should create systematic mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their activities in this area, to share good practice with the institutions and benchmark this experience with other institutions and localities. In addition they should invest in developing the skills of facilitators, i.e. those with boundary spanning roles who help create links between the tertiary education institution and other stakeholders.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	a61c0313ba6036543a552ed128b4a177	Seasonal tariffs can be very effective in providing higher incentives for saving water in periods with high scarcity. Increasing-block tariffs, on the other hand, which foresee elevated charges above a certain level can be an effective way of reducing consumption from users with very high demand (WATECO, 2003). In any case, price structures need to be volumetric, with low fixed charges, in order to provide incentives for reducing water consumption. Water metering is usually a precondition for effective pricing systems (Roth, 2001; Lallana et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	a61d92b8c26547c9ba2c0b9a020361cf	The factors presented include strengthening country ownership, greater mainstreaming of environment and climate change in development co-operation, less fragmentation of climate funds and improved access to finance for LDCs and SIDS. The need to define climate finance, enhance transparency and increase the amount and predictability of resources are also considered. The OECD, working alongside other key research and policy partners, can play a role by contributing to work under the UNFCCC to develop a transparency framework for climate finance.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	a61fde557d771a98e22c0a7b5db95950	The module is well developed to distinguish work for family and external employers and agricultural work from other household activities using a set of screening questions. The “vulnerable employment” category (self-employed5, contributing family workers, part-time and underemployed) is therefore used to approximate informal employment.5 Although the relationship is not perfect, the principle underlying both concepts is similar: workers in unprotected forms of employment, with low productivity and high risk of poverty. In poorer countries most young people work, in better-off countries more are out of work than in work. Only about one third of youth in LICs are fulltime students.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	a6204af369e59d554c4fd05dede5102a	The main aim has been to continue to keep hospital inpatient numbers to a minimum and to maximise the health system’s ability to care for adult mental illness within the community. Secondary treatments that would have traditionally been delivered in a hospital or similar inpatient setting are therefore delivered in an outpatient setting. The team provides a range of different treatment approaches but there is an emphasis on work in community settings, including visiting patients’ homes.	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	a621b3daa74b0c73ea21cd0a2e41f5d9	It can also reduce member countries’ dependence on traditional trading partners, increase their global competitiveness and raise their resilience against external shocks. For these reasons, LDCs participate in a number of regional integration initiatives (see Annex 7.3). Multiple membership raises various technical issues, but LDCs do not seem to be bothered about these as they are focused on maximising gains from regional trade and co-operation. For this reason, Asian regional groupings, with their overt emphasis on market access, have proved more effective than their African counterparts, where the focus has historically been on regional co-operation rather than trade. Intra-Africa trade has remained below 10 per cent (compared with about 48 per cent in developing Asia) primarily because of a lack of trade complementarity, compounded by an array of structural constraints. Political rhetoric has typically fallen short of commitment to implement tariff liberalisation schedules and to tackle non-tariff barriers.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	a622a681e605ae95dda932031371c9a9	First, rising concerns that some developing countries, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which possessed some industrial production capacity relatively early may also have been adversely affected by imports of manufactured goods, including from low-wage economies (as shown in chart 4.4). An additional change in the nature of the trade-inequality relationship relates to the greater tendency to complement trade with financial integration. Financial integration may have a substantial effect on the exchange rate, which in turn can have an impact on a country’s trade performance.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	a62302218c5764b82def6d8de35516a9	The QICH programme has learned from and built on international example, including quality measurement initiatives such as the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set(HEDIS) of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) in the United States (some QICH indicators are based on HEDIS definitions). As the programme is not mandated, its success is attributable to the voluntary involvement of the health funds in the conception and design of the project from the start, their active participation in the indicator development process, and the consensus developed around a scientifically robust quality measurement programme. The QICH project is an exemplar of the practical implementation of a systematised, ongoing scheme for monitoring and improving the quality of primary care, based on scientific research and guidelines.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	a6298abb709a407817346350b6bbb17a	It seeks to profile key quality of care policies and benchmark the extent to which policies to monitor and improve quality in the Turkish health system are being employed. In describing the quality governance structure and the role of the Ministry of Health and affiliated organisations, the chapter highlights how Turkey needs to continue steps towards more devolved governance, and work to align public hospital and public health system governance. Addressing the quality of inputs into the health system, the chapter recommends that Turkey continue the impressive work begun on quality standards and accreditation while working to build good patient safety and quality assurance systems. The chapter concludes with a recommendation that Turkey develop a coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	a62a34443e6516671219d6acd4e81293	Reforms can occur in political, economic, social and administrative domains and contain ideas about problems and solutions and are typically understood as initiatives driven from the top of a system or organisation. This defines innovation as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations” (see Box 1.2). In this definition, implementation refers to the introduction of a product to the market, or the actual use of processes, marketing methods and organisational methods.	4	7	1	0.75
10.18356/97ed059a-en	a62aeaec857f6aae35cd482f65472f90	However, the stimulus that these policies provide are very small at the macroeconomic level, and are far from fully counteracting the crisis’ negative effects on real GDP growth (figure 13). The policy of cash transfers appears to be the least effective in this sense, although its results are not enormously different from those produced by the VAT reduction policy or elimination of customs tariffs on food products. These results are consistent with expectations at the macroeconomic level; indeed, if the simulated policies can provide a rapid response to the socioeconomic harm of the crisis, their effects are only transitory and, as a consequence, are not sustained enough to address alone concerns about economic recovery. To effectively boost growth, specific policies would have to be implemented to encourage accumulation and efficient use of production factors, along with improved productivity. However, measures which flow from such policies are not generally applied immediately and cannot be seen as rapid responses in cases of exogenous shocks.	1	6	4	0.2
10.1787/9789264283343-en	a6347dd257c3b5589545b4f294014617	As a result, Denmark has the highest penetration among EU countries of ICT in health care (see Section S.3). Since diagnostic assessment within 30 days of referral is guaranteed by law, private practitioners may also receive patients referred from public sector providers and paid for by specific agreements with the regions (see Section 5.2). Group 2 classificaton enables tiee (Twice of GP and Gee access 10 specialists without referral but requires a co-payment The region subsidises expenses for Group 2 patients up to the cost of the corresponding treatment for a patient in Group 1.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	a635496a4ddc3cbf8d507af4b29c5136	Governments also confirmed their resolve to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to promote sustainable development (General Assembly resolution 55/2). The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, at its eighteenth session, in 2012, adopted a decision to promote the goal of gender balance in the bodies of and delegations to the sessions of the Conference of the Parties and to include gender and climate change as a standing item on the agenda of the Conference (See FCCC/CP/2012/8/ADD.3, decision 23/CP.18). The resolution also called upon governments to support women smallholder farmers by facilitating their access to extension and financial services, agricultural inputs and land, water sanitation and irrigation, markets and innovative technologies. In resolution 68/227 on women in development, adopted at the same session, the Assembly encouraged governments to take measures to ensure equal access to full and productive employment and decent work. At its fifty-eighth session, the Commission urged governments to promote the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development (see E/2014/27).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/372e5e3a-en	a6356e0b396035eab921bd697149298d	The proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector has increased from 35 per cent in 1990 to 41 per cent in 2015. Over the period 1991-2015, the proportion of women in vulnerable employment (being a contributing family worker or an own-account worker) as a share of total female employment has declined 13 percentage points, from 59 per cent to 46 per cent. In contrast, vulnerable employment among men has fallen by 9 percentage points, from 53 per cent to 44 per cent.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2017-12-en	a6373571c20f6d081e552fb748def5ec	After falling in 2015-16 world trade of fish for human consumption will once again increase, at a rate of 1.5% p.a. Being the major producers, Asian countries are expected to continue to be the main exporters of fish for human consumption, with their share in world exports to increase from 50% in 2014-16 to 53% in 2026. During the same period, developed countries will reduce their share in world imports from 53% to 52%.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/acf57efb-en	a63743b2fe0c2a69eab530c57a54b6d2	More specifically, it shows that they are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby initial socioeconomic inequalities determine the disproportionate adverse effects arising from climate hazards, which in turn results in greater inequality. This discussion is followed by a thorough review of the evidence demonstrating that the multiple dimensions of inequality (as they relate, inter alia, to income, assets, political power, gender, age, race and ethnicity) underlie a situation where disadvantaged groups are more exposed and susceptible to climate hazards and possess less capacity to cope and recover when those hazards have materialized. Further, it is shown that as a result, inequality is exacerbated.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	a6399abce8a4be8a60a692f46952b99f	The under-representation of women in positions of high responsibility may be linked to the significant female drop-out rates from the labour force at a young age, as many such positions become accessible only with considerable work experience. The difficulty of attaining senior positions could be an additional factor dissuading women from entering or staying in the job market. In 2014, unemployment rates for young females ranged from 19.1% in Morocco to 69.2% in Libya, considerably high compared to an average of 16.2% in OECD countries (Figure 1.6).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	a63bf54bd7d1a6c1deaf9e872f8bdfca	This activity will be the responsibility of the managers, who will work in conjunction with staff responsible for the use and management of the industrial machinery in question. This planning system would also afford access to the after-sales services offered by prestigious suppliers, involving the provision of specialist technical assistance on the use of their inputs. Such certifications would be added to those already granted by the Forest Stewardship Council.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a29f7945-en	a63d8a9a443af464d3d97e9485a86e87	Moreover, the damaging consequences for sustainable development and food security have become apparent, with renewed attention after food prices rose sharply from late 2007, before declining after early 2008. However, many food importing African countries may be worse off without subsidized food imports while only a few African economies are in a position to significantly increase their output and exports in the short term. African agricultural production and export capacities have already been undermined by the last three decades of low investment and neglect.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm56w6f918n-en	a63ee534ea8c2afd579c67b6750948dc	Current reporting obligations insufficient to identify progress, important for countries whose contributions comprise a set of mitigation actions. Timeliness of information currently lacking for several developing countries. Regular, biennial reporting should allow for tracking progress with implementation.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5d345c92-en	a63f9dee3ee38a1f9b034f8a8f604684	Using the social media, Facebook and Twitter, the service provided followers who had access to the Internet and smart phones with real-time, centrally-coordinated and authoritative information. In particular, they need accurate information on the situation of the poor and most vulnerable. The starting point should be a full vulnerability assessment.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	a6413a0198bc111b73beae389d524223	Regular, planned and small fare adjustments are preferable. Introducing this practice will be easier if fare adjustments are linked to clearly identifiable quality improvements. Shifting towards higher fares, reflected in higher quality, will be more effective in attracting users than low fares and poor services.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0cf73767-en	a6424b4cbf353fa8e8067cd70b4b9209	This report identifies the following forms of linkages to be of importance to policy. The first is the research-intensive public science, organized largely around those creating new knowledge through intensive R&D activities and creative design that initiate entire processes of innovation. Although it is difficult to draw the lines conclusively, basic research (and some applied) tends to be the domain of universities and highly advanced public laboratories while firms tend to focus more on applied and developmental research. This was largely led by the public sector organisations even in the industrial countries, up until recent times, because private firms tend to have little incentive to engage in socially relevant basic research.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	a643bf786d84cb81e2cdbd5589d7b456	The reports were sometimes incomplete, or had not been sent to the Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA), which was at that time responsible for the data entry, coding and analysis of crash reports. Injuries were often inaccurately recorded, if at all. Crash locations were often imprecise and Blood/Breath Alcohol levels, and pre-crash speeds, were not recorded in all cases. This combination of under-reporting of casualties and missing data resulted in important crash data not being captured, understating both the actual levels of road trauma and crash contributing factors.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	a644e33f7024532c64ee7028b56846b5	"In that case, the waiting time might be an equilibrating mechanism making the demand for public treatment equal the supply. Moreover, it introduces a System of Medical Information covering individual treatment, providers, medical employees and prices of services provided by public sources. Second, ""e-health” aims at integrating working databases, creating both a centralised source of information regarding the history of patients’ treatment and a medical Internet portal available to all interested parties."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	a6488a96df6dbefa77e7f0b1f5b76147	The implementation and enforcement of the new Forest Code will contribute to achieving these targets by expanding the areas under protection within private lands (Section 4). Only 1.5% of coastal and marine areas are under environmental protection; the government is scaling up efforts to bring this share to 5% by 2020, still far from the Aichi target of 10%, however. Executing agencies at each level of government are responsible for implementation.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	a648b3f98daa24b55d99e1a2c536b345	Indeed, measuring and monitoring some of the key determinants of health outcomes (e.g. risky behaviours) is fundamental to implementing the right policies. In particular, it is important to understand why some population groups have poorer health than others, and to develop and evaluate policies and interventions to prevent disease and promote health for these groups. An ideal set of indicators would provide information about the most important diseases and conditions causing poor health, disability or death as well as the various risk factors that lead to poor health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	a64fe52697cc4cc053805c9bb540506a	As a result, interest rates in sustainable microfinance institutions (MFIs) are substantially higher than the rates charged on normal bank loans. They argue that this policy will best insure the permanence and expansion of the services they provide. Sustainable (i.e., profitable) microfinance providers can continue to serve their clients without needing ongoing infusions of subsidies, and can fund exponential growth of services for new clients by tapping commercial sources such as deposits from the public.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/becaa395-en	a652e66d3a40f2d88dadd8f9de1e5886	Consumption declines slightly, with a mean decline of 3 percent. The direction of responses is common to all models, but the magnitude of responses varies significantly across models, crops and regions. Although the average consumption decline is relatively small, the price increases caused by the inelastic nature of global demand are likely to increase food costs significantly for the poor.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	a6532eb5fc7108060669d672ee0a0f33	The European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production Round Table, which has gathered European food chain partners, policymakers and civil society to collaborate on environmental sustainability for the first time, is mainly oriented to the promotion of infonnation and communication to enable informed consumer choice (FoodDrinkEurope, 2012). Sustainability criteria and targets could be introduced to existing reformulation platforms. This includes clear and enforced “rules for the game” in relation to the legal and regulatory environment governing green innovation for the protection of ownership rights. Many agro-food firms share process innovations through joint ventures or licensing agreements in order to grow their business and this propensity can be encouraged if the barriers to inter-firm co-operation in the development and use of new technologies are low.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/208cb99e-en	a654b5cb8ccdd36544fcdd50b27770bf	This chapter introduces MPIs and shows how they add value to a monetary poverty measure or a dashboard. Differently from the index of material deprivation discussed before, MPIs reflect a view of poverty that remains multidimensional, being grounded in Sen's capability approach. In contrast, measures of material deprivation focus on a single underlying phenomenon, material deprivation, and seek to describe it using various indicators.	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	a65550c4354fb837b83e7b7efff5f998	The overwhelming perception is not that the employment subsidy component of the learnerships is necessarily ineffective, but rather that the administrative requirements around the learning component of the programme are excessive. Many firms indicate a willingness to expand enrolment of learners and/or trainees if the administrative burden were reduced. An expanded wage subsidy could in fact build on the leamerships, with simplified administration. Another way of addressing the substitution problem would be to apply the wage subsidy to net rather than gross hires (perhaps limited to workers below an age ceiling), although this would require a monitoring mechanism, which would add complexity.	8	4	8	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	a6576598f633b2eea405ddd1d0a28f85	Estimated tax payments are then divided by net income {i.e. gross earnings minus personal income tax and employees’ social security contributions plus family benefits). For instance, food, water supply, medical care and public transport are often granted reduced rates or exemptions.31 This approach typically implies a considerable dead-weight loss and people at higher income levels often benefit more in absolute terms since they consume more. In the case of Mexico, the total implicit subsidy due to the zero-rating of food was estimated at some 1.8% of GDP in the mid-1990s (Dalsgaard, 2000).	10	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/8039e1bc-0afb15d3-en	a6585b4b413bd1bf4cac33393e57dc4a	European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association (ETNO). Priority activities of the Division include promoting cybersecurity, .^strategies, ICT applications, Internet and IP.netwprks.deyelppment, multilingualjzatip.n, and community telecentres. This Resolution instructs ITU-D to undertake studies on ICT applications.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	a658dfa1b487099052438d10fc948a90	This aspect is very important, because policies tend to be more effective when targeting the causes of gender inequality and the structures and practices that perpetuate inequalities, not merely the outcome of gender inequality in an unjust and unsustainable development process (United Nations, 2002). Gender statistics have a crucial role in gender mainstreaming in development and poverty reduction policies. Policies and measures tend to perpetuate and exacerbate inequalities when not adequately tailored to existing gender differentials (Hedman, Perucci and Sund-strom, 1996).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	a65a2e3114f3b44c5ddfd4f2ae7923e6	The Act does not apply to any environmental damage that occurred before the date the Act entered into force. It stipulates that from 1 July 2012, every operator must prove financial coverage of liability for environmental damage, including expected costs of remedying environmental damage, not later than 100 days after approval of relevant business activity. To date the regulations on liability have not been applied.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	a65bf2298bda6d116cebff9f14ce6353	Through this programme, all the staff (including grounds, janitorial, housekeeping, culinary etc.) Furthermore, the STEEP-developed course on Environment and Sustainability has become a feature of the BEd programme in eight teachers’ colleges. This course, along with three other relevant courses - citizenship; personal development (life skills); and health and family life education - have been made compulsory for all pre-service teachers in the programme, regardless of specialisation (early childhood, primary, or secondary). As such, while government policy may not require new teachers to have training on ESD, these teachers’ colleges are nonetheless helping to ensure that they do. These individuals have succeeded in attracting important resources to advance teacher ESD in the region, in particular through the UNESCO Chair of Teacher Education and Culture and the ACCU-UNESCO Centre of Excellence project.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599598-12-en	a65d11803f5f576bf792ac0a5c106e14	Concerns have also been raised about the relative distribution of economic benefits, both geographically within countries and across sections of the population (Cornelissen 2009). However, there has been growing interest in hosting the increasing range of smaller, so-called non-mega sport events. Hosting such events may be more feasible in many contexts, as they may not involve the construction or renovation of facilities, and other related infrastructure requirements are less onerous (Agha and Taks 2015). Reduced infrastructure costs may make non-mega sport events a better policy approach for achieving optimal economic impact (Taks 2016; Gibson et al.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	a65e59f18cca9a85d848475fbbc2961f	This problem is somehow circumvented, since most existing water-supply systems have difficulties in meeting these standards, and the new ongoing constructions mentioned in previous sections are in line with currently less stringent international accepted standards (e.g. WHO or EU). It also identifies a list of 341 chemical substances for which sanitary maximum allowable concentrations are established, including ammonia, fluorine, sulphates, (heavy) metals and organic micropollutants. In accordance with the 2000 Law on Water Supply and Wastewater, drinking water sources should be protected through pollution prevention measures in order to meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental legislation.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	a65e780431b723ace52f76dcb4b76bc0	Yeah, so he got the money from them [Centre Link]. I didn't get paid when I was in there [in Ethiopia].” But she recalls that it has been very difficult, particularly when her second son was born,as she was at University taking a degree in film-making and had to balance childcare with study. Her mother was back in Ethiopia and both her sisters were also studying, so she needed to send the children to childcare five days a week.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	a66143df9696f26ce182a6c716297c1d	In addition, countries may consider making the operations of the legislatures more gender sensitive to support women’s access to public office (Box 3.7). Supporting the establishment of women’s caucuses and networks could also provide a support net to women seeking legislative mandates (OECD, 2014). Its mandate is to support equality and gender mainstreaming.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3afdf450-en	a6685f58291c44446a4d5015a028b4c7	Data for public spending come from OECD Family Database and they refer to 2007. Public spending data include only public support that is exclusively for families (e.g. child payments and allowances, parental leave benefits and childcare support). Spending in other social policy areas such as health and housing also assists families, but not exclusively, and is therefore not included here. Trend line is obtained by Unear regression.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	a66fbb62cd6f6340fb925389caa39bb1	Research can help to address fundamental scientific challenges and foster technologies that are considered too risky, uncertain or long-gestating for the private sector. The IEA tracks government research, development and demonstration (RD&D) expenditure in member countries for energy efficiency and energy sources and compares those levels with total RD&D spending (See Figure 2.4). As well, public spending on low-carbon energy RD&D for about nine technologies, energy efficiency in industry and buildings, carbon capture and storage, and smart grids are available through IEA statistics and could be useful in the development of green growth indicators for the energy sector. Information on the financing of clean energy technologies involving risk or equity capital can help to assess innovation that is moving closer to commercial application in the marketplace.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264193833-9-en	a670306992bac973c97537870fff1829	Examples of biodiversity-related climate funding initiatives are highlighted in Table 7.1. Most notable examples are the multilateral and bilateral initiatives to support REDD+ such as the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), UN-REDD Programme, Forest Investment Program (FIP), Amazon Fund, BioCarbon Fund, International Climate Initiative (ICI), International Climate and Forest Initiative (ICFI), and Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) (see Annex B for a short description of these). A total of USD 446 million has been approved and USD 252 million has been disbursed for REDD+ finance between 2008 and 2011, representing 13% of total climate finance (Heinrich Boll Stiftung and ODI, 2011). Buyers of verified emission reductions have demonstrated considerable interest in the co-benefits of carbon projects and in some cases are willing to pay a premium for them (Ecosecurities, 2009; Karousakis, 2009; Peters-Stanley et al.,	15	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	a672b4fe42af48f0a703345db8d04626	The Darkosh records show a minimal, though statistically significant, negative trend (Figure 6). From Darkosh onwards, if not before, the Orontes can be considered a regulated river. Despite data gaps, the latter shows a quite regular variability,'8with drier and wetter periods compared to the mean, and no extreme drought or flood periods (Figure 6). Generally, the downstream station Jisr al Shughur (15,130 km2) exhibits a high-flow season from December to May and a low-flow season from June to November.	6	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	a672fefb931464833e0f0c296b44efc5	In these cases, private investments may be activated only indirectly through, for example, the provision of finance via (green) bonds. In other cases, the private sector is more likely to be directly involved, for example through targeted investments into the transfer and development of locally adapted, climate resilient technology on the ground. The ability to attract private sector engagement is strongly influenced by the specific market conditions in each country and sector context. These can be improved through a variety of interventions including finance instruments (e.g. de-risking), policy and regulatory reforms and capacity building.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	a67545e992eb44170d9141c270a5b0c9	For the purpose of this figure, government members are defined as ministers, deputy ministers and State secretaries. First, there is little evidence so far of a correlation between the increasing number of female ministers and parliamentarians, and the adoption of more gender-sensitive laws and policies in the Arab region. Some female members of parliament have indeed become prominent advocates for legislative reforms in favour of women’s rights, but these individuals rarely form a homogenous group, and female legislators certainly do not share the same political views simply by virtue of their sex.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	a675ee016d6219ab507ea099521bdee8	They are more likely to make sense where they help address other issues, including risk sharing, technical expertise, and project design and management. A recent OECD survey found that the lack of adequate capacity for sub-national governments to manage PPPs was seen as a significant challenge by 16 of 19 responding OECD country governments (OECD, 2013c). Governments wishing to expand the role of private finance in urban public investment may therefore need to address these capacity issues before proceeding very far - for example, by establishing dedicated PPP units that can work with local authorities (OECD, 2010d).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	a679cfa78bde25ea95ee706b06e4078a	Finally, it recommends further steps to improve the high fragmentation and low co-ordination within the sector. The objective is to provide the Government with an indication of the areas in which possible reform endeavour may be launched. The chapter also contributes to building comparative evidence and analysis by the OECD of international experiences and good practices among OECD countries in designing and implementing equivalent reforms. It firmly draws from the 2012 OECD Recommendations on Regulatory Policy and Governance presented in Box 2.1 (OECD, 2012a) and, in particular, Principle 10 which stresses the imperative for policy co-ordination and regulatory coherence.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	a679fc2c42b8cf687f94670d49ed63ad	Since the interpretation of results often depends crucially on the data, it is incumbent on the data user to invest at least as far as knowing how the data were made, but there is no mechanism for enforcing this investment and it does not appear to have been a focus of effort. Analysis has revealed some areas where findings are sensitive to modelling choices, including the representation of technological change in the model, the treatment of spillovers, and the R&D lag distribution. These are essentially empirical questions that are often difficult to resolve with the available data but must be settled, and can have substantial impacts on the findings. The issue of how to go about specifying the research-induced technical change in models is largely unresolved. Better progress has been made with lags and spillovers. The trend has been to find larger spillover impacts and longer research lags in studies that test for these aspects.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168688-en	a68017b98828899d06277f56232c354c	Policy tools to increase employer engagement in VET are discussed in section 2.2. In Mexico some elements are already in place or are being developed. For example, five levels of competences already exist under the Council for Standardization and Certification of Labour Competences (CONOCER) and a competence-based approach has already been applied in upper secondary VET, although difficulties have occurred with the updating of these competences.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a680bb5d13fd0cfc984ba97eb7f3f0fb	She has management experience from both the university and polytechnic sector and has worked in university internationalisation, PR & communication and stakeholder management. In addition, she has experience in the corporate sector in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2004-2007 he represented GOV in the OECD project on supporting the Contribution of Higher Education Institutions to Regional Development and coordinated the review of the Mid-Norwegian region. Patrick Dubarle is a graduate from the French Ecole des Mines, and holds a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Paris Sorbonne.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	a68165faa4e8400148b5b3d20b325d82	They also raise the question of whether access is commensurate with need. Data on discharge diagnoses (based on ICD-10 codes) as well as surgical diagnoses (based on ICD-9 codes) suggest that most hospitals remain focused on delivering core services of limited complexity, a significant proportion of which would be more likely be provided in lower level facilities in OECD countries. Obstetric services also largely dominate the picture of hospital activity in Kazakhstan. Most of these services should indeed be hospital based, but their prominence suggests that the activity in Kazakh hospitals is neither very complex nor very diverse.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	a68228278da0af67a2bf80a734d73a1f	Singapore can share its expertise and experience with other ASEAN nations. As a financial hub with project-financing expertise, Singapore is also in a position to help fund green projects in the region, especially if these projects can be included as part of the CDM in the Kyoto Protocol. The issues represent the core policy directions that form Korea's low carbon green growth strategy (LCGG).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/daadf51f-en	a6832527acbdcf1351b2ac51650e5f2e	Internal migration mainly affects many rapidly urbanizing middle income countries, such as China, where more than one in three rural children are left behind by migrating parents. International migration mainly affects high income countries, where immigrants make up at least 15% of the student population in half of schools. It also affects sending countries; More than one in four witness at least one-fifth of their skilled nationals emigrating. Displacement mainly affects low income countries, which host 10% of the global population but 20% of the global refugee population, often in their most educationally deprived areas.	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	a6836146eeb0d0fdef3734735f3ea70e	This statement created an important foundation for embedding gender considerations in national laws, policies and services. Partner governments endorsed the gender mainstreaming strategy for policy design and public service delivery contained in the Platform for Action, which emphasises the responsibility of all government agencies in addressing issues of gender inequality. The gender mainstreaming approach responds to evidence that policies and programmes generally will have a different impact on women and men because men and women tend to have different responsibilities, needs and resources.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	a684d58a792f0d12e0c446d5f01aabb9	Consequently, a combination of macro- and micro- analyses is needed to fully capture the effects of the global financial and economic crisis on developing countries and to help formulating policies to mitigate their effects on households and children. Given the magnitude of the shocks engendered by the crisis, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework is required to incorporate the structural aspects of the economy and capture the many and varied direct and indirect interactions between factor markets, good markets, households, government, private firms and the foreign partners. However, CGEs generally cannot distinguish the impacts on individual households and their members, as required to evaluate the poverty, nutritional, educational and health impacts on children. The effects of the global economic crisis on households and individuals can be felt in terms of changes in employment opportunities and earnings, commodity prices, private and public income transfers, and the provision of public services.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	a685fba1ca7cbd5c0bff2617a4d2d925	As a result, the contribution of out-of-pocket funding in Latvia is substantially higher than in most OECD health systems, at 38.5% of total national expenditure on health in 2013. The high co-payment for services is acknowledged by the Ministry of Health as stopping some 12-20% of Latvians from accessing health services. A recent survey found that 23.5% Latvians who forewent health care cited cost as the reason (Eurostat, 2015).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	a6865666b147bb0146805fbbe0f72c0a	In 2000, countries located in Europe and Central Asia were the dominant partners taking more than 53% of Brazil’s agricultural exports. East Asia and the Pacific was a distant second destination, accounting for about 15% of Brazil’s agricultural exports. By 2013, countries in East Asia and Pacific bought almost 40% of Brazil’s agricultural goods, while countries in Europe and Central Asia took 27% (Figure 2.5).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	a68b6b3d45cab18a6cb9848563465bce	The model works well at the school level (for small schools) or with grade level or subject area groupings (in larger schools), and has demonstrated effectiveness in improving teacher pedagogy as well as learning outcomes in contexts where resource constraints make it difficult to implement more conventional (training-oriented) teacher professional development models. The PLC model would be appropriate for the sharing of ideas and practices around introducing ESD in the classroom, as well as the implementation of coherent school-wide approaches. As PLCs can be implemented at the school level, the model is potentially viable in the context of isolated island communities. However, with this culture of regular meetings in place already, a shift towards a more pedagogically-oriented PLC meeting could be introduced effectively. Similarly, in contexts where professional development is already being offered using a cluster approach, PLCs could be implemented using existing cluster structures. With support from central or district level offices, in terms of resource materials on ESD, this could be an effective means of proliferating ESD principles throughout the system.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	a68de3e9b8f276f47a9dd4ff5c9e3d14	Researchers working on microdata from sample-based surveys should also take into account variations in the sampling design. The issue is that the original sampling design variables are often anonymised in the social survey micro-data files, and supporting documentation is not detailed enough for the purposes of variance estimation. This annex provides some advice for improving the quality of information on sampling design.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	a69023c95e93c4d0445a643943cbe00d	First, some government planning, yes; but State socialism, no. Second, even when it comes to planning, it has to be based on a vision that all shall eventually receive an equal chance of good education, which would appear to be both far better ethically grounded and far less ambitious than the vision (if there was one) that guided past central planning under State socialism (where people were supposed to live the lives that were planned for them). Market fundamentalists may view all this as gibberish.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3f38d339-en	a690fe43e67d543ad640bbaef145ff6c	As a coping mechanism, thousands of check dams2 are built on streams to reduce the streamflow of the water and to increase groundwater recharge (Dashora et al., The MARVI (Managing Aquifer Recharge and Groundwater Use through Village-Level Intervention) project (Maheshwari et al., It also trained them to monitor check dam water levels to determine their effectiveness and the need for silt-scraping in the dry season to maintain recharge rates. Four monitored check dams near Dharta are responsible for on average 200,000 m3/year each, securing approximately 16% of dry-season crops in adjacent villages (Dashora et al.,	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a2206e44-en	a6916449dcea09a6118e9798710db47d	Ethanol (2207.10) and methanol (2905.11) fail the single use test as these are common chemicals in many synthetic hydrocarbon reactions, in addition to being “green fuels”. Biodiesel is exclusively used for transportation or energy production but is an ex-out 3®(3824.90 ex) as it is categorized under the large subheading of “products, preparations and residual products of the chemical or allied industries”. Solar cells also form part of a large subheading (8541.40), which includes semiconductor devices and light-emitting diodes.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	a692ec3cc3f9771b8d6f7e0b1dd9679a	Besides, the urban poor are not covered by this programme. These schemes have significantly contributed to reduce poverty in addition to improving education and health (Leibbrandt et al., These have been effective in reducing poverty, especially during crisis periods (OECD, 2010a). The impact of such projects on the local economy, poverty and inequality has been below expectations (Herd, 2010). Gao and Riskin (2009) have estimated that if Dibao were extended to such workers, the number of beneficiaries in urban areas would increase by around 65%.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	a6933b7ed231dbfac906a41a8335456a	Most of the Aydar Arnasay Lakes System is planned to be integrated into the Nuraiau-Kyzylkum biosphere reserve (project UNDP/GEF/Govcrnmcni of the Republic of Uzbekistan). An Action Plan for maintaining the stability of ecological conditions and the effective use of the Aydar Ama-say lakes System for Uzbekistan in 2008-2015 was developed and approved by the Government of Uzbekistan. An Information Centre was created within the framework of the UNDP/ GEF/Govcrnmcnt of Uzbekistan project “Creation of Nuratau Kyzykkum Biosphere reserve as a model of preservation of biodiversity of Uzbekistan”. With the commissioning of the Kambara-ta dam and reservoir for hydropower generation,27 setting one up upstream becomes necessary. The catchment area of the Kara Darya is 30,100 km2.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	a694ebdc84e35fdd3b1c92b5ac4dbfd5	It can also lead to greater vulnerability to human rights violations and abuses. A girl who finds herself in a school that discriminates against her or harasses her because of her sex, and to which she cannot safely travel, may end up not enrolling or withdrawing (Mensch et al., While many economies are growing, the growth is often erratic, especially in the poorest countries, and based on a narrow range of commodities or industries. It foils to generate sufficient and sufficiently productive and remunerative job opportunities. Many young people lack entrepreneurial skills and capacity, access to financial services, and access to business advisory services, and have greater difficulty getting appropriate credit to start a business (African Union, 2014).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	a697423f5c161153da7a99d5958a0b6d	These investments, and its plans to enter the gas pipeline market, make ISA a specialist provider of linear infrastructures, which, despite a presence in different sectors, operate under a similar business model, involving major initial investments, expropriation of many land plots and regulated income that is constant in the long-term. They have grown rapidly, often taking advantage of the departure of European or United States firms that abandoned their assets in the region. While ISA has focused its expansion in the transmission segment and other linear infrastructures, EPM has targeted the more open markets of Central America, where it has consolidated a robust position in the distribution segment.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	a6984aa4833ea07cf889b8b13eb988d0	In France, for example, the Welcome City Lab established by the city of Paris offers support, access to finance and work space for innovative tourism business start-ups. In Israel, government supported regional tourism business incubators provide mentoring and access to expert advice to more than 600 rural tourism projects annually, along with professional training and financial support. In Slovenia, meanwhile, the agency for the Promotion of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Development, Investment and Tourism (SPIRIT) provides locally available support to promote entrepreneurship.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	a69eaf6c51b145ba970118b91ed090df	The lack of transparency in the management of oil reserves and revenue, the issuance of government contracts and the enforcement of often ambivalent regulations has provided the government with many opportunities for rent-seeking and corruptive practices, with no accountability mechanisms. Libya scores 16 out of 100 on the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 and ranks 161 out of 168 countries (Transparency International, 2016) (Table 3.9). On the other hand, the National Audit Bureau, established to support financial transparency and limit corruption, has been continuously monitoring the work of government institutions; After the revolution, it was supported by civil society organisations (CSOs) serving as corruption watchdogs (Mzioudet, 2014).	8	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	a69f65aa98e7c0afb1f7f5cde63957b7	This information has been used to identify households to receive benefits of the conditional cash transfer programme, PATH. It is noted above that already in 2001 there were proposals for environmental management systems that sought to utilise fully market incentives, especially because of the process of rapid liberalisation of the Jamaican economy that began in the 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s. Essentially these are price signals that favour allocation of investments in green technologies (e.g. solar water heating, windpower), and discourage petroleum-intensive consumption (e.g. ‘gas-guzzling’ vehicles).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a6a109a87a1de9ccd2fae6facec68e0d	First, the term externality is very much associated with environmental externalities. This holds in particular for the power generation sector, which in the 1990s was the subject of three influential and since updated studies on environmental externalities.6 The environmental impacts of electricity generation, in particular in the area of climate change, remain of course an important issue. The NEA discussed this in a publication on Carbon Pricing, Power Markets and the Competitiveness of Nuclear Power (NEA, 2011).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	a6a12f3acaf25234993830bc708e9601	This represents a 10.6 percentage point reduction in export growth rates relative to the 4.1 per cent increase posted in 2008. We assume that this hypothesis is applicable to Burkina Faso, where exports were also growing at around 4 per cent in 2008. In contrast, the main export commodities in Ghana, i.e. gold and cocoa, have been less affected by the crisis so far.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	a6a2b36395affc1ae47335bc6fff0084	Second, demand elasticities are relatively small with respect to price and supply elasticities are also low, at least in the short run. In order to get supply and demand back into balance after a supply shock, prices therefore have to vary rather strongly, especially if stocks are low. Third, because production takes considerable time in agriculture, supply cannot respond much to price changes in the short term, though it can do so much more once the production cycle is completed. The resulting lagged supply response to price changes can cause cyclical adjustments that add an extra degree of variability to the markets concerned.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	a6a645fb7c30cd4f67c6c46b04def6fa	Shifting the tax mix towards less-distorting taxes - in particular, from labour to consumption - would improve incentives to work and save, promoting growth. Such reform, however, could raise inequality as consumption taxes tend to be regressive in the short run (given that lower income households bear most of the burden), and are at best neutral in a lifetime perspective. Targeted transfers to low-income households can reduce this likely trade-off (OECD, 2012).	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ac21c613-en	a6a7e13abed794b03ac486234981d8a0	The very high consumption norm can possibly be explained by the high technical distribution losses in the water system. The establishment of the Water Supply Regional Development Agency and the joining of the local water authorities to the two big companies have been very good first steps towards the improvement of the water supply and sanitation situation of the country. However, critical challenges remain.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	a6a91cbb18f0240d84f7f7103f4c8285	It can also import the generic version of the drug (patent-expired or voluntarily licensed). It may not, however, import from a manufacturer that was issued a compulsory licence by its government. In the latter case, production shall be predominantly for the supply of the domestic market and thus there is a de facto restriction on exports.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	a6aa4dff2d378cb8c47bdad3739a5527	These regions tend to be divided into those that are highly dependent on farming as a source of livelihood and those where farming is a minor activity. The farming-dependent regions show a further dichotomy between poorly integrated regions where farming remains either a subsistence or semi-subsistence activity and regions where farming is highly specialised in the production of a major export crop that has little or no food potential, such as cotton, or is limited in its food value, such as coffee. Those that produce non-agricultural products rely on imported food, and access to food can be limited by transport restrictions, weak connectivity to external markets or by a decline in incomes if the resource price falls.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3136863b-en	a6aaf8b1bd19e25db7f24b83ad474469	This makes it much harder for governments and other key institutions to adequately prepare and invest in their future, including providing them with adequate education, freedom from violence, meaningful employment, access to health care and equal opportunity in life. Inequitable gender norms hurt both boys and girls, but the burden is particularly high for girls, effectively limiting the ability of half of the population to fully realize their potential. More than half of 10-year-old girls today live in countries that can be considered to be very unequal in terms of gender.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289328913-3-en	a6ac96e276943482b95c8abcf7ec04f2	We discuss related issues, including the increased use of the Ecosystem Services framework to assess environmental change, and indicators relating to other sectors including health and wellbeing and tourism. The FOREST EUROPE process has the commitment of 45 states in the European region and neighbouring countries. Their full definitions and issues relating to how they are reported are given below.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1edabeca-en	a6af5da744029ee6554af065e84cfaea	Note: For the definition of the EDI, see footnote 5. The consequences are that the energy intensity of economies rises in tandem with the process of structural transformation, which can also be observed on a sectoral basis. The energy intensity in the three major economic sectors is systematically higher in ODCs than in LDCs and higher in developed countries than in ODCs (figure 2.10).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a6afb6b63160c49c73fea2c81641f9d2	Classifying the other countries by their inequality levels is somewhat more arbitrary, because the rankings vary widely according to the indicator used. Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras can also be identified as countries in which the distribution tended to deteriorate in the period under study (see figure 1.28). Although the region remains exceedingly unequal, these figures set a significant precedent regarding the feasibility of improving the distribution of resources in Latin America. Around 1990, the simple average of Gini indices in the region’s countries amounted to 0.532, whereas the average of around 2007, calculated on a comparable basis in terms of countries and geographic areas analysed, was 0.515.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	a6b001d75d971e6d129c29e8daf298ad	Donors should also relax conditionalities that bar a country from implementing its own macroeconomic policies. Countries that act as tax havens, maintaining low tax rates, facilitate tax avoidance and evasion. Since the mid-1990s, over 200 regional trade agreements (RTAs) have been signed, with provisions covering trade in services and foreign investment that typically set limits on regulatory actions by governments and create barriers to the expansion of public services.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	a6b076666c46b949aa6caf8e11a150a9	The chosen solutions receive a non-repayable grant covering up to 80% of the project development (up to approximately USD 60 000), while applicants are responsible for the remaining percentage. Funding is provided in two phases: the first one covers proof of concept and is limited to CLP 4 million (approximately USD 6 000), while the second supports the development of a prototype of the social innovation, including testing with the recipient community as well as a sustainable business model and a plan for scaling up. Both programmes involve the active participation of local communities in identifying local challenges as well as in implementing the selected solutions.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	a6b82586d126f905abf769ea9269aac5	Respondents also occasionally listed commercial interests among the drivers of stratified medicine. Only in Finland and Israel did this appear to be a prominent concern, however; while one Chinese respondent anticipated rather different benefits in the form of a move towards introducing elements of a market economy into healthcare. Thus, while respondents were able to cite occasional examples of successful stratification of medical interventions - haematological cancers in Finland and lung cancer in Luxembourg, for instance - these were predominantly local examples, both geographically and in terms of being confined to a few, quite specific conditions; while the general view among respondents was that it was still too early to look for significant improvements in healthcare attributable to stratified medicine.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	a6b8dc3c6dfcd71c44875a080ffe3e54	In Lake Issyk-Kul, declines have also been linked to the introduction of perch-pike. Overcollection of wildflowers and medicinal plants close to towns and villages has led to substantial declines in these species. In many areas, tulip species (including Greig’s tulip), early crocuses and other plants have recently disappeared.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	a6ba173d899d40c75a30805e27ed3d58	Students in rural schools perform 56 score points lower than students in Australian cities or large city schools. The Indigenous population, which represents up to 2.5% of the population, has a strong start in education: 95% of 4-14 year-olds participate in education, although they face low attainment rates, with 20% of Indigenous people 15 and over completing Year 12 or equivalent. Raising their performance and attainment can contribute to raising overall equity and quality of education. This programme will distribute about AUD 1.5 billion to over 1 700 schools in socio-economicaliy disadvantaged communities, with additional funding provided by the states and territories.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	a6baa886cfec7d3e41fec44ba94587e1	In 2013, studies by the PEI Department of Environment, Labour and Justice showed that the annual recharge rate for groundwater amounted to 2 km3 per year and that only 0.14 km3 (7% of recharge) were abstracted. This was accompanied by a change in the calculation of impact on water resource, from a ratio relative to recharge, to a maximum rate of 35% of baseflow (minimum stream coming out of aquifers). The Potato Board was supported by the PEI Federation of Agriculture under the objective that it would be needed to ensure that the potato processing industry remain “economically viable” in the future.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-12-en	a6bb9876380e5a31fcbb49eeb026c42d	At the same time, the geopolitical challenges to ocean governance are growing, not least the increasing multipolarity and fragmentation of power structures and the emergence of new state and non-state players. The signs are that ocean governance is expected to continue to evolve along mainly sectoral lines rather than through comprehensive approaches. Yet, there is a clear need for more integrated ocean management to address the interconnected nature of ecosystems, growing economic activity, mounting pressures on ocean resources and increasingly crowded ocean space. Innovation in governance, greater use of economic tools and a stronger scientific knowledge base are among key strategies to be pursued. The trends identified in Chapter 2, including, for example, the growing importance of emerging and developing countries, and shifts in the centre of economic gravity, suggest that humankind is progressing ever further towards a distinctly multipolar world.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/efc21c19-en	a6bd43f90a5114a9bb918151fb2416e7	Ultimately, under a positive cycle of strengthened gender equality in basic service delivery and empowerment of women as users of these services, the true potential of e-Government lies in changing the paradigm of participation and representation of women in society. In this sense, mainstreaming gender equality in e-Government proposes an entry point of discussion as to how to include the empowerment of women in the post-2015 development agenda. ( Moreover, there is an increasing concern of women's exclusion from such online public services, due largely to the existing socioeconomic inequalities women face in the society such as education and income gaps, as well as under-representation in political and economic decision-making process. In addition to such an inadequate level of support environment at the national level, international policy support in the e-Government arena exhibits a disparity between the perception and the practice in promoting e-Government that embraces gender equality as an important goal. In sum, the potential of gender equality in online service to transform the offline reality has not bloomed yet.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/281344f5-en	a6c034375f59f2ede3e7d8bc4939e40f	Gender discrimination impedes girls and young women, especially in today’s youdi-dominated populations. Girls and young women face the largest gaps between their enrolment in secondary school—a critical gateway to participation in society and the economy. Similarly, they face overall discrimination that further inhibits their engagement and contributions to their families, communities and the larger society, as illustrated by comparing percentages of young people in country populations and those countries’ rankings on a United Nations Development Programme index of gender discrimination. This is especially harmful because good health paves the way to economic opportunity, long life, and overall well-being. In most countries, their numbers compound challenges in escaping violence, in finding dignified work, or in gaining access to decent schooling and youth-friendly health services, including reproductive health and family planning services. Among the most promising strategies for spurring national development and improving the prospects of young people are energetic and well-timed investments in education, health—including sexual and reproductive health—and women’s status.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	a6c544c427f989fe9f9c59f3b2949134	"Low-intensity counselling interventions may have no impact on movements into employment, as evidence from the Netherlands suggests (Van den Berg and Van der Klaauw, 2006). By contrast, in an experiment in Denmark, early and frequent meetings with unemployed workers increased employment over the next two years by up to five weeks (Pedersen et al., Positive impacts on exits to employment have also been found for France, suggesting in particular that intensive counselling can improve the quality of job matches, thereby reducing unemployment recurrence (Crepon et al., A recent trial from Nevada in the United States shows that already a first meeting of jobseekers with counsellors expedited reemployment and helped participants to get relatively higher paying jobs: although some of the impact occurred prior to the first meeting and is described as a ""threat” effect, the greater part of impact arose subsequent to the meeting and is described as a “reemployment services effect”."	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	a6c79934fad42ee30447e54d01a5e719	The promotion of Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) as a means to address driver compliance with speed limits could help to deliver a quick and substantial improvement. This could take the form of adoption of an injury reduction target. A set of safety performance indicators should be developed, including on speed compliance and drink-driving and a programme of monitoring and reporting on these indicators should be established.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	a6c90486af4e3bc4fdbf2dda266f3319	This is reflected in the simple mean of the sample, which is of the order of 13, 7 and 22 in the 2010 round for the lower, medium and high education groups, respectively. These values are interpreted as the percentage of each group's population that would have to be redistributed geographically to achieve zero segregation, which would be when the territorial distribution of the two groups being compared is identical. These figures confirm the exclusive location pattern of the best-off groups in the region's cities, tending as they do to live in areas that are fairly well connected to the commercial and financial centres of their cities, are fairly self-sufficient in services, and have high land and housing prices, which have the effect of expelling poor households or impeding the entry of poor individuals or households. The extent to which these well-to-do groups are sealed off has serious implications for their connections with the rest of society, and it is also a powerful mechanism for reproducing wealth and concentrating economic power. The text presents the results for the more aggregate scale, the messages being in agreement in both cases.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	a6ceb789bc4c8371173ce14f35a98e50	Moreover, as in the case of other environmental resources, such as greenhouse gas emission permits, auctions generate revenues without recourse to distortive taxation. For example, such revenues could be used to fund the purchases of water rights for environmental objectives which are currently paid for from tax revenues. Auctions could also be applied to non-consumptive uses, such as electricity generation. Hydroelectric generation benefits from rents from the free utilisation of water which could be appropriated by government.26 Moreover, in periods of drought, local governments have purchased water rights from power generators using tax revenue. A number of water concessions for electricity generation are falling due in the near future.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	a6cec96a596a94e1f2ad5596fa0757b1	The city government is also planning on enhancing road safety infrastructure equipment, particularly in the areas with the highest frequency of traffic accidents and protected areas. Planned measures include increasing the use of light-reflecting traffic signs for better visibility at night, increasing the size of road traffic signs, demolishing pedestrian overpasses (currently there are 14 remaining in the city), removing road side trees or installations at the comer of crossroads that hamper the vision of drivers and pedestrians, etc. The city government has announced the creation of a task force in collaboration with road safety experts, the police, the KoTSA, citizen associations, etc. The Master Plan is currently running in its seventh edition (2012-16) and is put into operation as an Action Plan every year.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	a6d40fb5d75e8ecf9f28e63a017d2f0f	The latest round of interventions focuses on mitigating climate change. The objective is to manage forests in order to protect and enhance carbon stocks as a means of offsetting emissions produced in industrialized settings. The many schemes that have emerged, associated variously with the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD process), the Clean Development Mechanism, the Verified Carbon Standard or unaccredited private deals, all re-value forests as a source of a carbon commodity to be exchanged in emerging markets.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f4049108-en	a6d5a54157b209d19249c3e0c4ae9f72	The collection of MSW is provided in most cities and towns, but significant part of rural areas do not have an official collection system in place. For a number of years, official data collection was carried out by the then Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure w ith the collaboration of INSTAT through annual surveys on urban waste. Municipalities reported to the Ministry on MSW and on construction and demolition waste. Considering that the overwhelming majority' of municipalities do not have access to sanitary landfills with an entry gate suitable for weighing trucks bringing waste, data are based on the number of truckloads that are dumped on the dumpsite or landfill. Thus, the amount of generated waste is only estimated, sometimes even in the case of modem sanitary' landfills.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	a6d855e507298c4a2bf1d6dea93b5994	A more detailed evaluation will be presented in the next section, “Other impacts of recent public stockholding policies”. Before describing in detail recent country experiences with these types of stocks, it is useful to first address these general obstacles. Some of these factors relate to public stocks in general, while others are specific to buffer stock schemes and social safety net stocks.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	a6da75c3b8b93a0147c1c08cb04a25d0	Rather, what is needed is a set of marketing policies and institutions that connect farmers to markets by reducing their marketing costs and risks (IFPRI, 2007). Similarly, this analysis strongly confirms the importance of better market integration and investment in rural infrastructure to help reduce transport and energy costs thereby better transmitting the opportunities created by market opening to those regions. Today, food and other agricultural products are sourced globally as much as manufactured products and the expanding markets for agro-food products are opening up new opportunities for developing countries (see Box 4). Participation in regional or global agro-food value chains allows developing country producers to overcome the limits imposed by their small domestic markets. It provides them access to more vibrant markets, allowing them to upgrade their production processes and improve the quality and value-added of their products. Although the strong growth performance of recent years has been mainly attributed to Zambia’s booming mining sector (copper is the country’s single largest foreign exchange earner), agriculture is the most dynamic component of Zambia’s export economy and is the main driver of export diversification.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df7d93a1-en	a6db3f090516a9c7541ff0b3921996dd	She is a lovely young girl, 15 years old and as any other young teenager, with her whole life in front of her. Kiswendsida is one of the young mothers we meet in this book. Against all odds - and thankfully due to the support from her grandmother - she managed to stay in school during her pregnancy and returned to school already a week after giving birth.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	a6dbb3a959435d25697cdd6098a7c850	Political scientists point to the role of equality in the preservation of democracy (Packer, 2011). They argue that inequalities erode social cohesion and empathy among citizens - both of which are preconditions for meaningful political participation - while inequality of income specifically correlates with a lack of trust (Jordahl, 2007). In contrast, opponents argue that equality of outcomes might lower human motivation, creativity and invention, and can encourage dependence on the state.	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	a6dbe2a8431f039b5ce7205244f11fe5	Pigs, buffaloes and cattle were the most common farm animals in agricultural households. Cattle were raised by 46 per cent of female-headed and 52 per cent of male-headed households, and pigs were raised by 57 per cent of female-headed and 62 per cent of male-headed households; but female-headed households kept a greater proportion of buffaloes and goats. As in the case of Cambodia, the average prices of livestock and poultry sold were higher for households headed by men than for those headed by women (47 per cent higher for turkeys and 20 per cent for ducks), as a result of differences in the types of markets and/or buyers to which female- and male-headed households have access (FAO/SIDA, 2010b).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a6dc0f01809337144f9e705848ce0f9a	This is particularly clear in Chile, where 70% of inter-group inequality comes from households in the highest education level. Moreover, this pattern is not present in countries where the average education level is relatively low by regional standards. In El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras for example, the largest contribution to intragroup inequality stems from low-education households.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	a6dcbcd68920add9cda0fa74f588e2b1	Standard errors are in parentheses. In particular, while discriminatory family code confirms our previous results on the negative relationship between gender inequality and female migration in the selection equation, restricted civil liberties exhibit a positive effect. This may be explained by lower access to the public sphere encouraging women to escape elsewhere to enjoy more civil liberties.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	a6df50ea2428fb73adb74b753b3b6ce9	We believe that this will lead to alternative ideas of what it means to be a man in Norrbotten (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2005: 72, own translation). Fishing used to be a very large industry with many workplaces and has remained the largest industry; however, the tourism and travel industries now comprise a new sector. Whereas the fishing industry is centred on the exploitation of natural resources, this new sector provides services; however, Paulgaard points to one similarity between the two sectors - both rely on large national as well as international networks.	5	7	1	0.75
10.18356/73d010ed-en	a6e0b92a7811aae70e6b0bd337b0b19b	On the one hand, these trends are reflected in the potential demand that labour force participation can channel into economic growth. On the other, the conditions under which women enter and remain in the labour market will determine their supply-side (i.e. cost-based) contribution to growth. Labour supply functions are calculated using the supply in terms of hours, feminization rates and estimated wages in dynamic economic growth functions. The results indicate that the feminization of the labour force bears a positive relationship with growth but that increases in the labour supply (as measured in hours) does not.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	a6e20b3b7f1e1ba10a67443a4a27d917	A wide range of private stakeholders could find commercial interest in the provision of such capital, assuming a conducive political and economic enabling environment, such as energy distribution companies, energy service companies (ESCOs) suppliers of energy efficient materials, and commercial lending services. However, models that mobilize private sector finance for building retrofit have proved difficult to implement in countries worldwide, with the situation in Georgia particularly challenging, due largely to several existing private investment barriers. Key among these is the lack of an adequate legal framework for energy efficiency investments and implementation. In addition, high interest rates and limited delivery of low-cost credit lines from public and private banks have posed challenges.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	a6e53567824aa91476b93f2d877b81ce	The mergers led to a significant reduction of the number of VET schools. By 2008 13 vocational schools operating as regional centres had been granted self-governing status with increased budgetary autonomy. This allowed them to attract “a variety of stakeholders in the management (enterprises, regional and municipal government representatives, etc.)”	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	a6e56b1e9eb1cc9c9b9f4d418191672c	For reporting to UNFCCC, majority of DAC members report 100% of finance marked “principal”, while only accounting for a certain share of finance marked as “significant”. These shares may range across members (from 0-100%) as there is no common reporting standard (see Annex B). Other differences in reporting to UNFCCC may also arise, for example, in the use of disbursement versus commitment data or differences in geographical scope (see Annex B for more differences in reporting).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	a6e6db26ca063cdc365e887df0882ea6	This makes monotowns economically vulnerable in times of crisis and economic decline, and increases social vulnerability. Monotowns were particularly widespread in the Soviet Union, a reflection of the size, low' population density, and significant deposits of natural resources located in remote, inhospitable regions. In Kazakhstan, monotowns are defined as cities where at least 20% of industrial output and the employed population is concentrated in one or a few' core enterprises of the same industry.41 Monotowns (usually focused on mining or sometimes fishing activities) have also been common in OECD countries such as Canada, Australia and the United States. The specificity of Soviet and post-Soviet monotowns is that i) they are the result of long-term central planning; ii) they were based on supply chains based on substantial transport and energy subsidies, and iii) the main enterprise or group of enterprises (hereafter, core company or companies) acted as the supplier of municipal utilities (w'ater, sew'age and sometimes district heating when it existed) and housing for its employees (BISAM Central Asia, 2012).	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	a6e72662dd50b2a1ccff3c8d6aeb3fec	From an equity perspective, the concern is that disparities in science performance related to students' socio-economic and demographic backgrounds might extend to students' attitudes towards science, including their expectations - or lack thereof - of a career in science or their appreciation of scientific approaches to enquiry. Students' attitudes towards science and their self-beliefs about learning science are discussed in greater detail in Chapters 2 and 3. In PISA, a student's socioeconomic background is estimated by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS), which is based on information about the students' home and background (Box 1.6.1).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	a6ee6d981ef9168012da19f9975c181f	Measures have been adopted to ensure that all pupils leave lower secondary school with adequate basic skills, provide inclusive and meaningful education for all and encourage local governments and schools to set their own targets consistent with the national targets. Within this framework, the Norwegian Ministry of Education is looking for more targeted approaches to strengthen the quality of lower secondary education. These focus on the need to adapt teaching and learning to student motivation in specific adolescent ages, of ensuring suitable school environments that cater to their needs, and of supporting effective transitions from one level to the next.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	a6ee8dcedbd9214035d6fb524ad6d697	Nevertheless, one can draw from 2003 and 2006 samples to find good matches and construct reference groups for students tested in 2000. We match using propensity' score P2000 = P(T=200Q\X), reflecting the propensity to be in the PISA 2000 sample. Two propensity scores must be estimated: one measuring a propensity of being in a vocational school in 2000 for students tested in 2003 or 2006, and a second for being in a general (or mixed vocational-general) school in 2000 for students tested in 2003 or 2006.	4	1	3	0.5
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	a6ef383c12cffa67e1dfb0032b365e09	But as Tim Harford, Financial Times Columnist, suggests (see his opinion piece on page 29), neither is necessarily true. First, plenty of other things need to change if innovations are to become truly transformative. Second, not everything that glitters is gold. Without the aid of massive computing power to process and analyse data, the interconnectedness that the internet creates, and the bandwidth that makes the instantaneous and bulk transfer of information feasible, these innovations might not have arisen and certainly would not have the same potential that they do now.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	a6ef481997200a4c0b585791626b48ef	The studies indicate that complementary investments are needed to promote farmer-to-farmer diffusion, innovation and networking in order to promote LEISA among small and marginal farmers (Tripp, 2006). Farmer Field School, Participatory Technology Development, Participatory Plant Breeding and others are such initiatives acknowledging and integrating traditional knowledge. In order to promote the LEISA practices, networking has been done through the Centre for Information on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, which promotes documentation and exchange of information for small-scale farmers in the south. Eco-agricultural concepts aim to interlink enhancing production, improving biodiversity and promoting viable local livelihoods as key themes.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	a6f04b3d0abd6e7c4f7586a769ce0c3c	Loans are granted in exchange for a mortgage collateral or security. Its loans are mostly granted for projects in agriculture, domestic services and artisanal activities. It provides microloans of up to EUR 20 000 for investment or working capital. It relies on partner banks, such as the Lebanese Bank of Commerce, Societe Generate de Banque au Liban, Credit Libanais, as well as the European Investment Bank (EIB). Some programmes specifically grant loans to women: for example, the Palestinian Business Women’s Association22 (100% of its borrowers are women), FATEN23 (99% women) and Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees-PARC24 (100% women). It gives its loans without requiring collateral or personal guarantees at an annual interest rate of 5%, which is the lowest in the market.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	a6f5095901fb1bae9705ce3cc3c37ff6	In line with the Archimedes' principle, this ice displaces a volume of sea water whose weight is the same as its own. Were it to melt, the water thus produced would constitute exactly the same volume of sea water as the volume previously occupied by the ice, without any consequent change in sea level. The melting of sea ice in and of itself does not play any part, therefore, in rising sea levels. Antarctica contains 30 million km3 of ice, which represents 2 percent of the world's water, but 75 per cent of fresh water and 90 per cent of ice.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	a6f7a21633d26e1ad4c846b0f9cd3343	As to private hospitals, they only receive a flat fee from the Social Security Institution for every patient they see and are free to charge patients additional costs, up to a ceiling fixed at 90% more than the public hospital price. This is dampened, however, by the fact that providers have little incentive to offer the full range of secondary care, particularly complex packages of care for patients with the greatest need, since the current set of reimbursement codes do not reflect case severity. Furthermore, there is little incentive for public hospitals to contain costs, since overspends due to unbudgeted activity may, in some cases, be compensated with funds from other public hospitals in surplus. Prices paid by the Social Security Institution, however, are well controlled and show no evidence of inflation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	a6f81163929bb52b7d85129f5cbb7d83	The digital divide in Latin America is, in part, rooted in unequal access stemming from enormous differences in the availability of equipment. But it also has to do with how pupils use and can benefit from such equipment. At this other level, inequality is evidenced in different levels of ability to use ICT productively and take advantage of their potential for developing the competencies and skills that are increasingly necessary for integration in the globalized world (Sunkel and Trucco, 2010).	4	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	a6f871bdfbfc38dbe71c559972d88d21	All of these sources of water pollution make treatment costs higher and have implications for public health and natural ecosystems. According Alkins-Koo et al. ( Only 23 per cent of the population is served by a central sewage treatment system and these are located in the main urban centres of Port-of-Spain, San Fernando and Arima (EMA, 2004).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226319-6-en	a6fa14213bbf805c1161aed65c15895a	Teacher collaboration is widespread among primary teachers in the six countries. Two-thirds or more of teachers report engaging in joint teaching and collaborative learning, and almost all teachers across the six countries report exchanging teaching materials with colleagues and attending team conferences. This chapter builds on that foundation by further analysing specific teacher- and teaching-related topics. The first part discusses the appraisal and feedback that primary teachers receive and the induction activities, mentoring and professional development in which they participate.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k9gsh772h9q-en	a6fbbe6774294e7279e0d5daec8e2520	Insufficient supply of high-quality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth. Stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation. The government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance. Further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers’ costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector. The Implications of School Funding”, CfBT Education Trust Research Paper. Measuring the variation in teacher effectiveness in England”, Centre for Market and Public Organisation Working Paper 09/212, University of Bristol.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	a6fd84149df591138a1af6a5431cce74	Old-age pensions and unemployment benefits account for a larger share in total transfers while family benefits are less important. The redistributive impact of household transfers is small, because of the low progressivity of the two main transfer components -old-age pensions and unemployment - reflecting their largely insurance-based nature. Estonia has not been included in the cluster analysis because most tax data were missing.	10	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km6c61fv40w-en	a6fe2fc9c18e85ad80bbb3437131eef3	The large increase in maize imports in Vietnam can be attributed to demand from the expanding livestock sector. Maize imports into Russia and Indonesia fell. Higher prices led to production growth in both countries, and a search for cheaper, alternative sources of animal feed, such as meat and bone meal by Indonesia.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	a6fe35e033cb5d4ae0f306c6c73bc214	This suggests that not all teachers in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers report having mentors. In some countries, however, there is a large difference between the proportion of teachers who work in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers and the proportion of teachers who report having a mentor. School leaders need to highlight the benefits of such programmes for teachers and remove any barriers to access to ensure that teachers can participate in these activities and reap the benefits that ensue.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	a6feb5de00c89bbaf4e0621d14f2842d	Various school leaders had decided on a topic for their school-wide professional learning (e.g. “visible learning” based on the work of John Hattie [2012, 2009]) and schools were planning workshops that all teachers were to participate in. Challenges with this type of professional learning include a lack of differentiation based on teacher need, a lack of teacher ownership over their learning and often a lack of connection to the learning needs of students. More generally, as interviews during this and a previous OECD study as well as international data suggest, professional development is not always planned systematically at the school level, is not based on sound teacher evaluations and knowledge about teacher’s development needs to better meet the needs of their students (more on this below), and lacks strong links with wider school development planning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289338912-8-en	a6ff4a360d32558c2fda6c10b039c92c	The recycling volume of each household was monitored over a six-month period as a function of recycling convenience factors. A random sample of 20% of the households was drawn for a survey on further information about individual households such as household size, age, education level, and home ownership. The results indicated that convenience factors such as higher frequency of collection, lower sorting requirements (commingling in a single bin rather than several bins), and more convenient (closer) collection location contribute to recycling.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	a6ff7b30fd1d97959af0673eced63d92	For example, the technical aim of the Puno-Cusco Corredorproject was to strengthen rural entrepreneurship through public competitions. Institutional innovations allowed poor indigenous women and men to sit alongside government officials to manage the competition process, thus changing the quality of the relationship and giving people an opportunity to develop their leadership skills.10 Enhancing the possibility of such multiplier effects needs understanding and optimising the relations between different kinds of empowerment, as in the case of a cash transfer programme in Malawi that required women to get identity cards, leading them to gain a new sense of identity and the belief that their government could no longer ignore them (Good Practice Note 2. Women’s economic empowerment).	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	a701fb6ce522fbc869341d1765138875	Nowadays the process of collecting and exchanging the information and data is moving very fast, in particular due to the fact that for each subject area related to biodiversity a database has been established. Several respondents to the UNEP Survey 2014 reported that their country had a general Convention Committee as a coordination mechanism for NFPs. One respondent highlighted that all NFPs related to biodiversity are members of the national advisory bodies of the other conventions (National Ramsar Convention Committee, National Biodiversity Committee, National Biosafety Committee, and the National Committee on Plant Genetic Resources etc).	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	a70aa69a52fc1f41dff9d20c18726866	Many developing countries lack domestic certification bodies recognized in export markets. In such instances, SMEs must use foreign certification bodies, which can be quite costly. When this happens, it is likely that only the larger firms have the financial resources to reach the final stage of certification. The private sector is leading the creation of standards on digital goods and services.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	a70b83480310f24bf4abf3e809bfbd06	At the same time, the percentage of workers aged over 45 years employed in the care sector shot up by more than 50%, compared with a mere 15% increase in the rest of the w orking population (see figure III. In others, such as Uruguay, it was barely noticeable (see table III.3). This seems to have resulted in a conveigence of the age profile of these two subgroups between 2000 and 2010 (see figure III. In most countries, health woikers are, on average, older than those who work in education (see table A-3 in the statistical annex).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en	a71bdf57b86961465e22adaa5f958c00	While large-scale projects can attract FDI, blended finance can also mobilize private domestic financing (for example, from pension funds and commercial banks), particularly for local development projects.4 It also has the potential to leverage diaspora direct investment in projects with transformational impact (UNCTAD, 2012b). It is also important that the share and terms of the concessional element appropriately reflect the level of development and vulnerability of the recipient country. The use of blended finance should therefore be restricted to projects that would not be undertaken in the absence of such financing, and should prioritize projects with clear benefits for economic and social development (UNCTAD, 2015d: chap. Blended finance projects may also contribute to institutional development, through technical assistance to local banks, pension funds, and national and local authorities for project financing, impact assessment and risk mitigation techniques, for example (UNDP and UNCDF, 2016).	10	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	a71c89893fe3f5187c2bb001b2cc3a44	Figure 4 shows the number of subscribers globally, by generation of mobile technology. In Singapore, the operators Singtel and StarHub have boosted mobile services to lGbps, following successful trials in 2017. Ooredoo Oman had covered 90% of the population with LTE network by mid-201817. Several MENA operators have commenced trials of 5G and are beginning to map out spectrum strategies in conjunction with national regulatory authorities-for example, Zain and Etisalat have conducted 5G trials in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and UAE.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	a71dcc759114fbfc9cce508f35409846	Agencies and institutions work closely to develop and implement national strategies in many different areas or issues. On sustainable issues, the commitment to integrated action at the national level is shown in the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development (IMCSD) in January 2008. There is usually a lead agency or ministry that oversees and implements policies in a particular area.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	a72174f35a3fe476639194ece4eab1a7	Usage rates for 65-74 year-olds with tertiary education are generally in line with those of the overall population, and in some countries approach the usage rates among 16-24 year-olds. The difference in usage between 65-74 year-olds with high and low educational attainment are particularly large in Hungary, Poland and Spain (OECD, 2014). While users with tertiary education perform on average 7.3 different activities, those with lower secondary education and below perform only 4.6 activities.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	a72642382d74b090b2b182b4877fe1ac	The intensity of deprivation is measured as the ratio of number of deprivations of multi-dimensionally deprived persons to the total number of possible deprivations. The product of the multi-dimensional headcount ratio and the intensity of deprivation is the Alkire and Foster multi-dimensional deprivation index. The ratio of the deprivation index of women to that of men indicates the overall gender bias in employment.	5	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	a726657eb27aad0c8d1e37e62873fb51	Women’s political engagement can help to create conditions that encourage greater attention to their rights and roles once conflict has ended, and women can build on this momentum to encourage governments to adopt NAPS. One thing the three post-conflict countries with NAPs have in common is political structures that are supportive, at least in theory, of women’s rights; it appears then that both activism and supportive political structures are necessary to facilitate the adoption of NAPs. This calls for a committed government - one that recognises and appreciates women’s efforts, believes that these efforts have been crucial for building peace and is willing to grant greater political representation to women through institutional mechanisms such as quotas to ensure that these efforts are successful.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	a72771b17892c8cb59aaa903a6132dda	Such an increase would exceed the current market price of aluminium, potentially placing European aluminium producers at a competitive disadvantage. We assume an electricity intensity of 15 MWh pertonne of aluminium, source CEPS (2013), and a marginal C02 content in electricity of 700 g/kWh. The market deficit (consumption minus production) in Europe is currently almost 3 million tonnes, meaning that consumption exceeds production by 3 million tonnes (see Figure 13).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	a7282cb3923c5e509a71f26f45707302	Wealth is especially concentrated in the northern states bordering the United States, especially in the eastern part bordering Texas, and in the south part of Gulf of Mexico (Campeche and Tabasco). States in the south Pacific coast (e.g. Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Guerrero) are the most stricken by poverty. Of the seven fastest growing states over the same time period, two are found in the bottom quartile (Nayarit and Zacatecas), three in the second-lowest quartile (Hidalgo, Veracruz and San Luis Potosi), and only two in the top quartile (Campeche and Tabasco) of GDP per capita.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	a72c9ae0ec03818e958f9d089e4c68cf	Fulfilling this ambition will require collaboration among the 40 countries located along the silk routes, both the overland routes from China to Europe and the sea routes. The project requires significant funding—an estimated USD 8 trillion between 2010 and 2020 alone. The Chinese government has announced several commitments, including a USD 40 billion Silk Road Fund for projects in the Central Asia region (Lehmacher and Padilla, 2015).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	a72d3698a900f54a12b5d44180135834	The Paris Agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what an “adaptation communication” could include, along with the channels through which an adaptation communication could be submitted, while leaving the form of an adaptation communication open. Thus, this section summarises: what types of adaptation-related information are already reported to the UNFCCC; how reporting on these different topics can help countries improve their adaptive capacity and increase resilience; how an adaptation communication could be structured to maximise its utility while minimising the extra work needed to develop it. The Paris Agreement strengthens several provisions relating to information provision on adaptation (Table 5 below), and is applicable to all countries. Indeed, the LEG (2015) indicates that “undertaking comprehensive climate risk and vulnerability assessments is necessary to be able to design adaptation plans for the medium and long term.”	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	a72e4ea285b3626a36766f2423ca74ed	Consideration of the tariff equilibrium fund should help address cost-recovery problems, e.g. with regard to higher service costs in areas with low population density. Any action in this field cannot be separated from the development and application of efficient territorial planning instruments, so as to prevent current expansion of residential and industrial areas in a scattered and disorderly way that would make water and wastewater infrastructure planning difficult and costly. Preliminary goals were established, together with timetables for their achievement and implementation mechanisms.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/dd581311-en	a730612d371876c0eeead7c5a90339c7	This implies that the number of poor persons fell by approximately 6 million in 2012, while the number of indigents remained practically constant. Extreme poverty also fell appreciably (by 8.0 percentage points) since 2002, although in this case, the rate of reduction has slowed in recent years, owing mainly to a steeper rise in food costs than in headline inflation. The second subperiod, which started in 2007, shows a slowdown in the rate of reduction of the number of income-poor persons, which fell to 2.5% per year in the case of poverty and to 0.9% per year in the case of indigence.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	a7307a6c1d9250b1b9169f8f962737b2	D.S.49 also gives greater importance to social services provided to households to help them become familiar with the tasks and responsibilities related to owning a house. These entities were first introduced with the shift to demand-side support around the year 2002; the EGIS prepared the construction projects, found the land, organized eligible families and submitted the funding application to the ministry. Over time, they acquired considerable market power; there were also reports of families not being attended, incomplete projects and misappropriation of the equity contribution of the eligible families. The 2011 reforms changed radically the application process to address some of these issues, basically splitting the households’ application from the application of development projects and allowing household to apply without a project.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	a7318fbfb66d6cf8979991cab589c74b	Applications to remove native vegetation are classified as low, medium or high risk. Where applications to clear native vegetation fall into the low risk category, the equivalence rules that apply are less specific than in the case for applications in the medium and high risk categories and consequently the costs of compliance are lower for low-risk projects. The regulatory requirements for applications proposing higher severity biodiversity loss increase in proportion to the proposed impacts where environmental impact assessments may be required. Evaluating the ecological equivalence between biodiversity loss and offset sites is a two-stage process. Biodiversity is measured at the biodiversity loss site and an offset requirement is then calculated to meet the objectives of the scheme, based on the measured loss.	15	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/8039e1bc-0afb15d3-en	a7339650b9e450e0500e087f4890b41f	The Toolkit can, therefore, be used to benchmark progress. The results of this assessment will also help communicate the advantages of ICTs for abating environmental change, including climate change. At the same time, the Toolkit aims to help countries design appropriate tools and approaches to leverage the benefits of ICTs for sustainable development, that is, for e-sustainability. The concept is based on the work undertaken by Pamlin and others on using ICTs for sustainable development.	13	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289339766-6-en	a73439eb6e24634174b80c2dd3201b0b	The parameters that are described in the inventories, can however probably be used to identify degradation/restoration needs at least roughly. For semi-natural grasslands, a national inventory was carried out in 2004-2005 (angs- och betesmarksin-venteringen).10 It describes the status of the studied grasslands, including overgrowth, nitrification or negative disturbance, and has a special category for grasslands that need restoration. For wetlands, the national wetland inventory (vatmarksinventeringen)11 covers some parameters that can be related to restoration needs, such as the presence of drainage and overgrowth.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	a737b68af0caa9b4289f15b38655dcbb	This has been formalised most recently in Decree No. The role of various agencies in rice export management is divided as follows: MARD is responsible for forecasting the quantity of rice available for commercial export based on domestic production and consumption estimates and reserve volumes; MOIT for seeking markets and negotiating government-to-government (G2G) food exporting agreements; and the Viet Nam Food Association (VFA) is in charge of operating contract registration of rice exporting enterprises and allocating G2G contracts among exporters (Box 2.3). It is organised and operates under a charter ratified by the Minister of the Interior and under state management of MARD. Members of VFA work together to co-ordinate food trading activities for the protection of legitimate interests of its members; to contribute to food security; to import, export food in the international market in compliance with the state policies. It receives no government funding to carry out these activities.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	a73ae693ad40ae58820602f7c18f5da7	In New Zealand and the United States, the number of lone-parent benefits payments has at times appeared to exceed the number of single mothers in the country as reported in surveys (OECD, 2003, Chapter 4). Tokoro (2003) added: “It is very important to note that this benefit is only available to lone mothers, not lone fathers”. Under a revision of the Act on Child Rearing Allowances which came into effect from 1 August 2010, this benefit is now also provided to single fathers: but the research literature cited in this chapter refers to single mothers. Although this allowance is called the Child Rearing Allowance in official statistical publications and by some experts, it is called “child-care allowances” in Nitta et al. (	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	a73f1133f6d9c2af2060d8ef8454d0cc	It also will require international cooperation to ensure investment in infrastructure and technologyto improve agricultural productivity. However, an estimated 11.9 per cent of the population are still undernourished; Sustainable Development Goal 2 on eradicating hunger by 2030 therefore poses particular challenges in Asia and the Pacific, the most populous region of the world. The estimated proportion of the global population undernourished has fallen to less than 11 per cent of the global total in the period 2014-2016; despite a population increase of nearly 2 billion people globally over the last 25 years, 218 million fewer people now suffer from undernourishment than was the casein 1990.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264115668-6-en	a73f4aae695c91c896c9efe9bfa5b911	This identifies four key areas of intervention: 1) competence development; 2) regulatory reform; 3) public sector operating model; and 4) developing incentives for grass roots initiatives. As regards innovative procurement, each government department is expected to produce an Innovation Procurement Plan aligned with its commercial strategy, setting out how it will drive innovation through procurement. Secondment of experts from the private sector to the public sector is also being stressed for the purpose of mentoring on pro-innovation procurement.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	a7411b2158d851066b2546c2a6ae1574	"The document recognizes children's right to freely express their views in all matters affecting them and insists that these views be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the children voicing them (Article 12). It further proclaims children's right to freedom of all forms of expression (Article 13). Children are entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 14), to privacy and protection from unlawful attack or interference (Article 16) and to freedom of association and peaceful assembly (Article 15). The responsibility to secure these conditions lies mainly with parents and guardians, but States parties are obliged to assist and ""in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing."""	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	a741d40f7e6a463f48e95aee05610384	Such tools can help to set common standards and make accessibility considerations a central criterion for decisions by multiple stakeholders. Deficits in the quality of access to opportunities that different groups experience should also be identified. This requires developing methodologies for collecting qualitative information regarding satisfaction with available services, for instance, based on surveys. Such studies should aim to identify where different groups of citizens (e.g. of a certain age, occupation or gender) lack appropriate access through available transport modes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	a742adf2fe5110ac5d06b4eff1cb2203	"For ""Total number of classes failed"", this is the number of classes failed by per member of sample group (asked at age 23). Results are from a study of different curriculum models impact on disadvantaged children in New Jersey. The sample groups are randomly selected and have comparable socio-economic backgrounds and other background characteristics. “ Child Centred (constructivist)"" is a High/Scope curriculum model, ""Child Centred (social)"" is a Nursery School programme with a focus on social skills."	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	a742fa21ba0fbd5f3fc1e225e51f4cc4	If 2002 information is used as a reference, the most recent figures show that in eight countries the poorest quintile saw its share of total income increase by at least one percentage point. Meanwhile in nine countries, the relative share of the richest quintile declined by 5 or more percentage points. This group's share continues to be more than 50% in five countries, compared with 2002, when this applied to 10 countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	a743347059b4bf16f973fdd2e9144201	The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe has also provided support to such initiatives, in particular the Sava River cooperation. The ENVSEC Initiative, a joint effort of UNDP, UNEP, OSCE, UNECE and the Regional Environmental Center for CEE (with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation as an associate member) develops and implements transboundary water cooperation projects. Cooperation on transboundary waters in Africa is supported through the Africa Action Plan, agreed by G8 leaders in 2002. In many subregions, including EECCA, the establishment of joint bodies and strengthening transboundary water cooperation are considered to be among the important tasks of the EU Water Initiative, a partnership initiated by the EU at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	a744832b76e597f4b8d4dce9a5cf5de4	Countries that highly urbanized, such as Gabon (88.1 per cent urban), Libya (79.3 per cent urban). Equatorial Guinea (70.6 per cent urban), Botswana (67.2 per cent urban), South Africa (64.8 per cent urban) and Seychelles (55.4 per cent urban), have high GDP per capita. African countries are beginning to promote cities and urbanization for socio-economic development by prioritizing urban planning and development. This is expected to enhance economic diversification at the local levels, leading to employment and wealth creation, increased opportunities for knowledge and skills transfer and innovation.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e237bee-en	a749e03538999b87c0ec93888822bf8f	Basin construction is also practised by farmers to direct flood water and to enhance good drainage on inland valley and flood plain fields. Stones and fertilizer bags filled with sands are often used as bunds by farmers, to reduce soil erosion due to run-off, and this practice often enhances silt deposition (Omotayo and Musa, 1999). These include the assurance of complementary interaction between crops and livestock, such that slack resources from crops could be used as feed for livestock, while livestock would provide draft power and manure to replenish the soil. Farmers use Ciicata/Jijjiirra, an indigenous method of soil conservation, in Ethiopia to maintain soil fertility through the process of kraaling cattle at night, and rotating the position of the barn regularly in order to uniformly distribute manure to crop fields.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	a74de7f84dd15a226c7f76dc417ab3da	For instance, the Australian case confirms that irrigators are ready to pay a price to secure their water entitlements, in particular when there is high uncertainty about future water availability. Other countries have recycled parts of the revenues from water levies to support investment in water-efficient farming practices for a transition period. However, users’ contribution to total water sector expenditures remains low (about 45%).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	a7506f61398daf49bd1adb0fbe3cefc9	In 2009, the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men enacted a gender analysis of the budgets of all the Federal Public Services and prepared draft gender notes for each budget. Following this analytical exercise, the institute helped budget officials apply GRB by supporting them in drafting gender notes for the 2010 annual budget. The institute plans to publish a gender budgeting manual to explain the gender budgeting procedure in detail and provide concrete examples that support budget officers in fulfilling their tasks.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	a7510e2bab48c699c2e90f6c3e7d1a43	The mere sum of individual municipal decisions in transport and spatial planning rarely shapes up into a coherent metropolitan development plan. Co-ordination efforts by a metropolitan governance body sometimes boil dowm to stitching together individual plans on an ex post basis. Furthermore, municipalities sometimes do not find out about the plans of neighbouring municipalities until it has become complex and politically costly to negotiate adjustments.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	a7526fbc0f5d6acc3919fd00edcd176f	Thus, a land value tax provides strong incentives to develop uiban brownfield sites. In contrast, under a general property tax that considers the value of the building and the land together, the owner of the brownfield site would have to pay much lower taxes than the owner of the plot with the skyscraper and consequently, would have less incentives to develop the land. They create a mechanism through which land owners compensate the public for the costs that they impose on the public by developing land in particular ways.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	a752c4f2d5da869f09a767e905b5fc02	The water sector has certain intrinsic characteristics: natural monopolies, inelasticity of customer water demand, economies of scale, large sunk investments in networks and infrastructure, local scale of service delivery, externalities on health and environment, etc. These imply a low degree of competition, few international players and therefore high risks of abuse of dominant positions, hence the need for a strong regulator to balance the interests of all parties and prevent opportunistic behaviour. That means protecting consumers from private sector abuses, protecting the private sector from politically-driven decisions, enabling the public sector to carry out longterm policy objectives, seeking outcomes consistent with those from competitive markets and guaranteeing sufficient flexibility in contracts, regulations and standards to adapt the form of service delivery.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	a754613509142dad81e6a2e3f225c514	Low taxing power of local governments leads to a high dependence on transfers from central government. Lower accountability of sub-national government potentially jeopardises the sustainability of education expenditure in Korea. Moreover, regional disparities weaken the sub-national tax base and lead to increase in transfers for lagging regions.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	a7549e131bd5081e362e78367ab2e8c4	This generates trade-offs between the security of right holders and the flexibility of water allocation. This can generate opposition from right holders and rent seekers. Appropriate processes and compensation measures need to be considered. Firstly, fast-growing economies that need to secure food supplies are increasingly making land-lease deals with poorer nations that have fertile land with water availability (WEF, 2011); unbundling water rights from land ownership in these countries would ensure that water benefits domestic needs, but this may generate tensions with the new owners of the land.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	a754f1ca79355a775cc0d27d9de7c8b4	One readily available product is the RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software developed by the Government of Canada. This decision support tool, available free-of-charge, can be used worldwide to evaluate energy production and savings, costs, emission reductions, financial viability and risk for various types of renewable-energy and energy-efficient technologies. A CPR is a detailed regional or national end use study that estimates the potential contribution of conservation to meeting future energy requirements (energy and capacity).	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	a7570ab6943d939aa049169d8905253e	Conversely, Germany has witnessed slow household income growth and an increase in income inequality, which jointly explain a significantly lower improvement in living standards during 1995-07. Sweden and the United States have performed fairly well on employment reduction and income growth, which have compensated for relatively small improvements in longevity and the rise in inequality observed in those two countries. Moreover, four countries have failed to make progress in reducing employment (Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Portugal), while only four countries have managed to reduce inequality (Belgium, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	a75de3e31e78865a7aced437e50c07bb	Shortly after its independence in 1948, the country invested in water infrastructure development, mainly to support irrigated agriculture due to the new necessity for domestic food self-sufficiency (Becker, 2013[so]). The agricultural sector was a priority water recipient; it avoided implementing demand management and its water allocation quotas could not be allocated to the industrial or urban sectors. Until 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture managed the water sector and relied on natural water resources to meet all demands, with agriculture as the primary user. The Ministry kept the political objective of maintaining low water prices for farmers (World Bank, 2017(53]). In the 1970s and 1980s, freshwater sources were fully employed and by the 1990s, a period of severe drought, focus shifted to establish new water supply in replacement of freshwater use (Katz, 2013[S2j).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	a75fc6d19bb68a416fb4db213298c848	The number of second-tier governments has risen sharply, from a little over 250 during most of the Suharto era, to approximately 500: 399 districts and 98 municipalities. The range of services under the second-tier local governments’ responsibilities expanded from a limited set of construction projects, maintenance of local infrastructure and regulation of firms to 11 key functions including agriculture.4 Decentralisation was motivated by a fear of territorial disintegration, due to widespread inter-communal and ethnic violence. It was also pushed as an antidote to widely acknowledged corruption at the central government level (Barichello and Patunru, 2009). Before decentralisation, the agricultural development planning function was characterised by central command and control.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	a76331204a8ac8334d90cc898ca64ac0	As such, the NLP algorithms rely on the source of information rather than the most appropriate terms and concepts. While several manual checks were performed to examine the activities identified by the keywords, the algorithms used in this paper could be improved by examining official STI documents, identifying core keywords distinctively from the CRS. Methods to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, by type of STI. Financing R&D and the application of new technologies in society or for enhanced production is often beyond the role of most development agencies.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	a764dcd4d6b9eb1190352cd0efcf7991	School principals were also given a 30-minute questionnaire that covered the school system and the learning environment. In some countries and economies, optional questionnaires were distributed to parents, who were asked to provide information on their perceptions of and involvement in their child's school, their support for learning in the home, and their child's career expectations, particularly in mathematics. Countries could choose two other optional questionnaires for students: one asked students about their familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies, and the second sought information about their education to date, including any interruptions in their schooling and whether and how they are preparing for a future career.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01a171e9-en	a765078843ca41140c052e937ea2bdf5	Other skills that are gaining increasing importance are those that are most inherently human in nature, and thus difficult for robots and machines to emulate - variously termed soft skills, transversal or transferable skills, and behavioural, interpersonal and socio-emotional skills. So, too, are competencies and attitudes such as creativity, intuition, imagination, curiosity, risk-taking, open-mindedness, logical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, the ability to engage in contact and interact with others (empathy and emotional intelligence), communication, persuasbn and negotiation skills, networking and teamwork, and the capacity to adapt and learn new abilities. Education and training policies at all levels should aim to strengthen such abilities, skills and attitudes among current and future workers.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	a765929f7c89e63ca909237154ff74c0	Women also suffer discrimination in relation to productive assets, such as the right to land and property. Women are barred from owning land because of customary laws and social norms and practices. Girls in South Asia learn domestic skills in the household and begin to take on domestic duties and child care. There are strong beliefs in rural areas that sons should be educated because they will remain in the family and support ageing parents, while daughters are likely to serve other families after marriage.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	a7687875ac607372a0c780f1f19dcf60	Nevertheless, authorities cite some evidence which could indicate that recent enforcement efforts have been effective. For instance, social insurance revenues have increased more strongly than employment since the start of the recovery, although the extent to which this is driven by enforcement efforts is difficult to disentangle from the effects of other policy changes, such as increasing minimum wages. Public opinion may largely see informal employment as an involuntary outcome for employees, and workers’ weak bargaining position suggests that informal work is indeed often not a choice of workers, notably during periods of slack labour markets. Imposing fines on workers indiscriminately is therefore not only politically difficult, but probably counter-productive as it can discourage employees from reporting employers’ infringements of applicable labour and tax laws.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	a76be35e2166a9da3a6ef622a1a99ac6	The government promotes mitigation banking32 for new developments that are in protected areas or affect these areas. It consists of delineating a Forest Intervention Area (ZIF) and grouping forest owners in the ZIF through a shared forest management plan. The Directorate-General of Forest Resources (DGRF) provides support for the establishment of ZIFs, which must be on a large scale (more than 1000 ha).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	a76c9fe958a0c775d0ae1c43b6b2aeb8	In all, developing countries have 70 per cent of the reductions opportunities, while developed countries have 30 per cent. Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tC02e if each lever was to be pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	a76f9e5def2c2d40db3b8ff08eeb968c	Policy makers need to be mindful of the complexities, unintended side effects and long-term impacts. Evaluation is now taking place in a more complex environment and new demands are being placed on evaluation exercises. Ensuring that these can take account of the overlapping roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, multidisciplinarity, globalisation and more complex funding arrangements will be essential if evaluation is to remain a useful tool for policy makers. In addition, administering assessments can entail considerable costs.	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6af97a78-en	a776325f48b2373e10dca5626d5af3b3	Of all the mechanisms included in water governance, this is the most prevalent and also remains among the most difficult to carry out. Others, however, are political and often appear when the government of one country, usually an upstream country, embarks on river-related projects that are likely to have significant downstream impacts in other countries. Water diversion, dam construction and waste disposal in water are examples of types of activities that are in need of assessment but, when cross-border relations are involved, are not shared, either by lack of concern about cross-border impacts or unwillingness to be open to potentially critical assessments from outside the country. Similarly, information is not only about projects and their impacts, but also about decision-making, especially with regard to behind-closed-doors agreements that can entail corruption.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	a7765bee20e4e40c49fae3f1e800239d	However, recognizing the great importance of remittances in national development, the LDCs should design appropriate measures to counteract negative impacts on migrant workers. These countries can adopt aggressive labour export strategies to identify areas with a high demand for labour, and negotiate bilateral labour migration agreements with those countries. Governments can also create expatriate livelihood support funds to help returning migrants find new jobs.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	a776a88892d8dc1dd009b6fa5e15d603	For some dimensions, countries could agree to transparency requirements if it is not possible to agree bounded flexibility. Some of this information depends on the commitment type, e.g. carbon neutrality commitments should be accompanied by a definition of carbon neutrality. However, much of the information would be needed regardless of commitment types, e.g. time frame, coverage of gases and sectors, GWP values or other GHG-equivalence metrics, treatment of LULUCF, estimated emissions reductions, any conditions attached, and any use of units from market mechanisms.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	a77973166e35e126dd39d57376cf5c5e	Public administration, health and education have seen the largest increases in employment over the past four years, but this trend is already being altered by cuts in public jobs, that are expected to continue going forward. This is likely to affect more women than men given the high female employment rates in these sectors. High uncertainty about the strength of the recovery is also likely to hold back employment growth.	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fb79328d-en	a77a97e43b3f70170c270919bea9e239	Social policy alone cannot change the economic environment or the underlying elements in the structure of the economy that are contributing to poverty and volatile employment and income conditions for vast numbers of households. In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental States capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental States today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a Government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that States played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	a77aadee19c36921ecb12980b5f798da	Early tracking occurs at age 11 (compared to the OECD average of 14), and differentiation of educational pathways has increased. Research shows a strong relation between tracks chosen and socio-economic background. At age 11, 13% of the student cohort, mostly from high socio-economic backgrounds, enters gymnasia. The Czech School Inspectorate and research on Roma find that Roma children participate less although they are ensured access by law, and that Czech students from disadvantaged backgrounds (low socio-economic levels and Roma students) are more likely to drop out. Eight working groups have been set up to implement various tasks. In the context of the economic crisis (2008-11), the proportion of 15-29 years-olds not in education and not employed increased to 12.7% but remained below the OECD average of 15.8% (see Figure 4).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	a77b7fc0f92b8ef961be7f6c99a431dc	The New Zealand Invalid's Benefit and the Australian Disability Support Pension are examples of means-tested first-tier incapacity-related benefits. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg0nvfvwjd0-en	a77bf9a50204ed64380feb0f32302783	Some good practices were identified, but there is not enough critical mass to transform the economy in a homogeneous way. There is therefore a need to provide entrepreneurs and small business owners with tools and support schemes tailored to the green economy. Access to finance is also an important aspect. Private capital, but also public funds (for instance through R&D lines or ESF), should be made available more easily to businesses. Subsidies and giants should also be considered. Targeting key sectors (such as those identified in this report) and their supply chains could prove effective in expanding businesses in the green economy, and thus, in creating jobs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	a77e8c295cf5a1b3271bc5421040b1d6	Chile also has high repetition rates in international comparison even if they have decreased in recent years. In addition, student achievement in international assessments, while at the top within Latin America, remains below the OECD average. However, trend analyses of PISA results have shown some statistical significant improvement in reading literacy while performance in mathematics and science has remained fairly stable.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	a77fbb3240a3820abaf03408bccc0dd7	It highlights and explores hierarchical and unequal relations and roles between and among males and females, the unequal value given to women's work, and women's unequal access to power and decision-making as well as property and resources. Gender mainstreaming or integration helps assess the impact of different laws, policies and programmes on groups of men and women, as explained in the box below. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve equality between men and women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	a77fbed91ace38c6ab3a6bb43f5884b5	But people who see themselves as candidates for the professions, and are attracted to the working conditions enjoyed by professionals, might not find what they're looking for in schools that use bureaucratic management to direct teachers' work. Media campaigns to enhance the image of the profession by highlighting its importance for the nation, its sophistication and complexity, and the intellectual excitement it can generate, can also help. Countries that wish to broaden the range of teachers' backgrounds and experiences could concentrate on promoting the benefits of a teaching career to groups who are under-represented in the teaching force, such as men and people from minority backgrounds. This is intended to ensure that all schools have access to effective teachers and a balance of experienced and beginning teachers. The allocation of teachers to schools is decided by the local education authority, and the exact rules followed may differ.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	a781eed451bf05726d7f2f2a76bd2ffc	At the moment, the damage it causes to the environment is not really reflected in the price paid for water. The government supports the use of charges levied on abstractors to address unsustainable abstraction,10 and the Agency is piloting reverse auctions as a mechanism to claw back abstraction rights. It is also removing real and perceived barriers to trading, and will identify catchments with potential for increased trading to test a reformed abstraction regime.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	a78667d394f2cdd043b4171d5076d348	First, never underestimate the “wisdom” of crowds even in matters as complex as energy supply security. Second, while simple indicators have the welcome properties of simplicity and transparency, they are inevitably prone to disregard important parameters of the issue. The 2007 survey underlines that the most important energy-related issue to respondents is energy prices.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fa683360-en	a7872829b625b84f443df20f4a40b326	Research on attrition rates can be hard to find. Attrition refers to when, how and why cases arc dropped from or otherwise lost to the criminal justice process. Many countries do not provide basic data on the numbers of reports, prosecutions and convictions which are needed in order to accurately analyse attrition rates. However from what information is currently available, a paradox emerges.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	a78849a0f95969af61cec5d455b27144	After preceding discussion it is obvious that this can again be only a partial input to the ongoing discussion about what energy supply security means for different countries and different stakeholders. This index is normalised to range from 0 (extremely low security) to 100 (extremely high security). It covers final energy demand, energy conversion and transport and primary energy supply and, hence, in principle the entire energy system.1 The S/D Index is also at the basis of the SSDI employed in Chapter 3 of this publication to track the evolution of the energy supply situation in selected OECD countries over the past 40 years in a systematic manner. The difference in the SSDI and the S/D Index is essentially that the SSDI was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past 40 years, i.e. the IEA Energy Statistics.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a789af732c191be37b6f3475d49c399b	The Chicago Tri-State metro-region is among the top five metro-regions in the US for specialisations in professional energy services, and the metro-region also exhibits specialisations in Air and Water Purification Technologies, Lighting, and Green Architecture and Construction Services. In the Chicago-area 21-county region, the Milwaukee metro-region has the strongest specialisation in the US in water efficient technologies. The growth of the green sector in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region has brought with it a significant number of green-sector jobs; the sector has grown by 20% since 2003. The metro-region could build on these strengths to improve economic and environmental outcomes in the long run. Energy efficiency retrofitting and green building design could be considered top priorities for job growth and distinguishing the metro-region’s green architectural expertise, but financing mechanisms for lowering the barriers to energy efficiency investments would need to be improved. Wind energy holds the promise of developing a sector that is beginning to call the Chicago Tri-State metro-region home, but needs clearer pricing signals and technical assistance to become more price-competitive.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	a78ab29d2aa50a8ac5d70603ceeed608	Besides, the co-ordination Committee on Integrated Water Policy (CIW) is the competent authority for the WFD and the co-ordination of integrated water policy in Flanders. It is composed of the leading officials of all administrative entities involved in water management and of the representatives of the authorities of the water management at the local level. It has a threefold mission: i) to prepare, plan and follow up the integrated water policy; ii) to guarantee a uniform approach of integrated water policy in the subbasins; and iii) to implement the decisions of Flemish government related to integrated water policy. As part of the implementation of the WFD, the committee prepares the river basin management plans for the two river basin management districts in Flanders, the Scheldt and the Meuse.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/10ef1979-en	a78ac5558eb01da96b4579c90836c048	Between 1980 and 2008, precipitation of more than 77 mm was observed at least once per year during 50 per cent of the period. To date, any impact that climate change may have had generally on rainfall in Albania cannot be distinguished from natural variations. The number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of 15 m/s showed no discernible trend in the period 1971-1990, the latest period analysed in the 2016 Third National Communication on Climate Change.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	a78c174b62a2b46bd3bf5bb47654d02f	Social Science & Medicine, 68(8), 1396-1406. Worrying about the stock market: Evidence from hospital admissions. The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. Cuts drive health system reforms in Spain.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	a78cdcef66225e30730a626f4b4ca2ad	An inclusive PIT reform would make significant changes in the PIT rate schedule, especially by lowering the bands at which the higher income rates are levied. In 2014, single taxpayers had to start paying PIT on gross earnings equivalent to 118% of the average wage. In contrast, taxpayers in the OECD on average had to start paying PIT on gross earnings equivalent to 29% of the average wage.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	a78e46637f600f8562e43044ff50272a	Turkey and the Russian Federation display high shares of employees in strained jobs. While not presented here, the decomposition of job demands suggests that strong time pressure is an important work stressor. Hence, using very long hours as a proxy is a reasonable option for measuring the quality of working environment in emerging economies, where information on working conditions is often scarce and limited in scope41. Turkey, Colombia, Indonesia and India perform rather poorly when the quality of working environment is proxied by the incidence of working more than 60 hours a week (Figure 7, Panel B).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	a78ec47b4f89f7373427bc9f9de2ca11	In the latter case of instream habitat, regulations are intended to maintain minimum streamflow requirements throughout the year. In the model presented here, we will consider the design of policies to address cumulative stream depletion problems in some detail (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013). Extension of the model to allow maintenance of specific streamflow constraints continuously throughout the year requires an intra-seasonal crop water production function, which leads to much more complex analyses and is generally not analytically tractable (e.g. Han, 2011). Thus, the impact of ongoing pumping on streamflow needs to consider the pumping history rather than just pumping in the current period.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	a7922f458d923c16320a4a2e7b57d1aa	Traditionally, the care needs of infants and children have predominated, and economic, public, social and cultural institutions have evolved to meet them. While institutional arrangements change—for example, through the provision of parental leave or changes in what is expected of men and women—the broad contours of the kind of care services needed, how they will be provided, and money and time commitments are well understood. As fertility rates fall in most of the world, the number of children needing care is likely to decrease, although how the effort is distributed across the various actors will change and—hopefully—move to a more equitable distribution between men and women. The economic provisioning for this at the aggregate level is captured to some extent by the economic dependency ratio—the ratio of those ages 65 and older (not in the labour force) to those ages 15-64 (in the labour force).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	a796ab1908826498e1f977cc5ba05f1c	A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Belgium, http://cc.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docld=4376&langld=en. Lessons from High-Income Countries, International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies. Presented at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, San Francisco.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	a7973f103f5e55df08ca9d56de159b40	Eviction can take place only under certain very exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria imposed by international law. States have to take certain measures to comply with international standards, such as adopt and implement special measures to protect women from evictions, for instance by conferring titles to land and housing to women. States have to assess the differentiated impact of evictions on women so that the specific impact on them is addressed appropriately.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	a7973fd6b249b013e57e7765f5541460	The seasonal rainfall pattern has changed, with gradually increasing winter precipitation but decreasing summer rain. In summer, the frequency of gentle and continuous rainfall covering large areas has decreased, and heavy and pouring rainfall covering small areas often occurs. Dryness has increased by 3-10 per cent in the deserts and by 10-15 per cent in the forest steppe and high mountain zones, due to a sharp increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall during the warm season.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	a79dae1e4f48b67b2f6a7691ed574b58	Total cost recovery level is also 64% for all uses. With a couple of notable exceptions, water companies do not cover their costs. Furthermore, not even financial costs are covered with the collected revenues. Average water tariffs have been calculated by dividing the total amount of revenues paid by farmers and the amount of water used in each water region.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	a79dc01cd6bd98edc2c443b6e3cd6ab9	Thus, it is not surprising that the bulk of income inequality is due to earnings. Some 76% of inequality as measured by the Gini index derives from this source (see table 1.4). The contribution of this source to total inequality is 12% across the region as a simple average, but also differs appreciably between countries.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	a7a3bd41c488902254225a9278c4a94e	In Jamaica and Guyana, emphasis has been on curriculum linkages and locally relevant content, and evidence suggests also that both resource materials and training are strengthened when they are paired with one another. In both the School Environment Programme (SEP) (Jamaica) and the Mangrove Management Programme (Guyana), teacher training was provided with resource materials in order to ensure that teachers were comfortable with using the resources in their classrooms. Where MoEs have been involved, the work has tended to be on an ad hoc basis, or through broader training programmes with only tangential relevance to ESD.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	a7a57ead9e61b3466241a4996aabbdf7	The unequal sharing of family and household responsibilities means that when public services such as health, childcare, water and sanitation are cut back or become less affordable, it is usually women and girls who fill the ensuing gap, spending more time on unpaid care and domestic work (see Chapter 6). Finally, because women are more likely to be employed in the public sector, they are particularly affected by staff and wage cuts in this sector. In the United Kingdom, the Women's Budget Group has repeatedly denounced the regressive nature of fiscal consolidation, which is based on spending cuts rather than tax increases, and quantified the toll that budget cuts take on the most disadvantaged women and girls in the country.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a7a893b8bca7b0557b99c26f42da8632	Five of these are offered at regional colleges under the Council for Higher Education: Ort Braude, Tel Hai, Sakhnin, Western Galilee and Sefad Colleges. Socio-economic gaps between the population groups and the disparities between the Galilee and the centre of Israel remain. Israel needs a continuous and concerted policy strategy”. Policy should ensure that educational infrastructure on offer to all Arab and Jewish children including issues such as class sizes, educational facilities at all levels, basic standards in English, mathematics and sciences is of a similar standard.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3615596e-en	a7aa184d41a8d2d01e96fc7639289f19	In 1994, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean approved the Regional Programme of Action for the Women of Latin America and the Caribbean (1995-2001), whose guidelines remain in force thanks to a decision approved at the eighth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Lima, 2000) and the ninth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City, 2004) (ECLAC, 2004). The region’s commitment to the goals laid down for equitable participation by women in economic activities has been consolidated in the light of these programmes and platforms for action. Thus, each country has amended its legal framework and created institutions oriented towards the development and promotion of gender equity.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	a7ac4f3b040625293b060bed6673008e	The first is to enable individuals to live in dignity by ensuring that their basic needs (in terms of food, health, housing and income) are met. The second objective is to foster an inclusive society by helping Canadians join the middle class through measures to promote the development of the skills of vulnerable populations (such as young people or indigenous populations), access to quality employment and the development of early childcare services. The third objective is to support the middle class by protecting Canadians from falling into poverty and by supporting income security and resilience.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	a7aca938a3e00b13a210f8e3b3d02639	The Strategy goes beyond safety and quality to more broadly encompass effectiveness of care, and variations in medical practice. It strives to achieve three main quality ambitions. It sets out a Quality Measurement Framework, which provides the basis for the use of indicators at three national levels. The second level relates to the performance management of NHS Boards, with agreed Local Delivery Plan (LDP) Standards (discussed in Section 2.7).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	a7acbe64d3c1f0aac84598ec361d2744	Green MSP is now the region’s accepted private-public voice for green manufacturing. Green are aimed at driving the growth of local green manufacturers through government purchasing; implementing building standards and incentives; aligning industrial zones with green assets; providing finance to start-up companies; and a recognition programme for green manufacturers. The model is a strong example of one region’s efforts to expand its green manufacturing base. It is a good model for local coalitions developing recommendations to create their own green economies, but may be more relevant for larger cities with more developed sustainability efforts in place, such as Sydney.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	a7ade9557f8fd303a6ffd06f6ead5500	For the selected countries and commodities displayed below, domestic price volatility is generally lower than for international markets. Important exceptions include some developing countries such as maize in Uganda, or wheat in Sudan, for which prices have been more volatile. For markets more open to trade, volatility in prices converges to values close to those in international markets.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	a7b1494331ae033e6c5fb40d2fa0a38a	In smaller communities and rural areas no waste collection service is provided and individuals are responsible for removal and disposal of their own waste. This often results in the indiscriminate dumping of waste at roadsides or burning of waste in the open. Urban waste is mostly disposed of at nominated landfill sites, but significant quantities are also dumped at unauthorised locations at the edges of settlements and along roads.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	a7b18b722df4022976792296f6c28353	"According to Fischer and Newell, ""if learning is more firm-specific and less likely to spill over, policies subsidising renewables are less appropriate to compensate for knowledge externalities. In contrast, if learning is more difficult to patent to appropriate rents, then renewable subsidies may be relatively more justified"" than R&D support. A more modern - and possibly more realistic - perspective instead sees technical change as a cyclical process, based on two-way feedbacks between market experiences and technical developments."	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/01a171e9-en	a7b5e68188176b0a95c12b40f53693ab	Trends in frontier technologies, which are fundamentally enabled by the Internet and ICTs, are superimposed on a world with existing technological divides both between and within nations. This is vital to understanding who is lagging how far behind and to identifying measures to mitigate such divisions. Responding adequately to such challenges will require capabilities. Increasing R&D intensity remains a long-term objective worldwide. In the European Union, for example, the Europe 2020 target for R&D is 3 per cent of GDP.3' In 2014, only four European Union member countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria) met this target (Eurostat, 2016). While it has increased significantly in some regions, R&D intensity in most developing countries is much lower than either the world average or that of developed countries in Europe and North America, which exceeds 2 per cent.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-7-en	a7b6226a3806a147a08a601712fdde3c	Based on the review, this chapter outlines key questions for EECCA countries to assess their readiness and to identify priority areas for improvement. In addition, while this report does not solely focus on access to the GCF funding, Box 3.1 outlines key institutions and capacities needed to access its resources as one example. Such institutions include the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and other bilateral agencies and multilateral institutions such as Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), the KfW Development Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Resources Institute (WRI).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-6-en	a7bc203cb03473b55ed5d4106ab98eee	Offshore demersal finfish fishery: Exploratory fishing ceased on 31 December 2003. Australia has input controls (limited entry, and compliance requirements). Individual transferable quota came into effect from 1 May 2012. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	a7bcd81a65259205fe40097c4b79b98d	As evidence, computer users witnessed an average income increase of US$ 38.36, which equates to a total 8.00% increase, or 3.92% per year. Finally, the largest impact occurred among the Internet users, who benefited from increased speed and, in the case of those users who previously used dial-up Internet, elimination of the incremental cost of usage. Users who could access the service directly in their homes as a result of network deployment also benefited. For this group, the increase in the income level was substantially greater than in the previous cases: Their income increased by US$ 51.86, a 10.27% rise relative to their initial income, or a 5.01% increase per year.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a7bd78b6ddf1e4dbc42529b6840bdd36	Due to their stationary nature and limited exposure to international competition, electricity sectors are frequently called upon to generate a major share of these emissions reductions. Beyond reductions in absolute consumption, this means substituting fossil-fuel based power generation with low-carbon technologies such as renewables or nuclear power. For instance, the Energy Roadmap of the European Commission (EC) envisions greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 to be at least 80% lower than in 1990, while the electricity sector is supposed to be carbon-neutral by that date (EC, 2011a).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267701-8-en	a7c04af1f9c0131700057cfc7c6a3bc5	It then examines vocational education and training in Sweden, with a focus on workplace based training programmes, and career guidance at school. Finally, it gives an overview of social services offered in school, and the co-ordination of these services. Up until the age of 16, all students learn together in one comprehensive school without tracking or grade repetition.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	a7c131d5122c62bddaae06a32d88d36d	As a result, 14,030 women were elected to the Union Parishads in the 1997 elections. This number is much higher than the 1977 election, when only 863 women were elected (Begum 2012). However, the constitutional clause did not assign specific roles, power or responsibilities to the women, giving room for ambiguity. Each Union Parishad has 13 members: one chair, nine elected members from the general seats (mostly men) and three women members from reserved seats (The Local Government/Union Parishads Act, 2009, s. 10).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/81d39474-en	a7c157db5431b5a6bf73689e6f3b7b0f	Parents who abuse drugs are more likely to live in homes in which relatives, friends, and strangers also use drugs, exposing children to possible emotional and physical harm. Additionally, children that have to be removed from such environments are more likely to engage in crime, drug use and delinquency. Drug abuse is of particular concern among street children throughout the world.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	a7c27734e4d5de46c46d6a167f1575cf	Evidence from the Brazilian SIMPLES Program”, Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, Vol. Evidence from Mexican Microenterprises”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries”, Development Centre Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/97892640S9245-en.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	a7c377b96ee95d29f9d91dc492d88e31	Labour force participation is included as an additional measure in the composite index to capture the socio-economic dimension of women’s position. We believe labour force participation is an important aspect of gender equality, as it reflects what one can actually do with better education, etc. The example of the Middle East and North Africa is a case in point.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	a7c3ee7de4571070751b03e661403dbc	Special thanks go to Thomas Chalaux and Clara Garcia for statistical support and Nadine Dufour and Mercedes Burgos for editorial assistance. The scale of the ongoing transition is highlighted by government plans to grant urban residential status to 100 million rural migrants by 2020. This structural adjustment process can deliver substantial opportunities for the rural economy and China as a whole, but entails major challenges calling for continued reform efforts.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	a7c8238a6fca6f5a449fc04ae020b00b	Some tariff packages may be offered only to particular groups, such as those in receipt of social security benefits (OECD, 1999). In Australia, for example, Sydney Water provides a range of residential safety nets. In the United States, there are examples of low-income and disabled households receiving rebates based on income, percentage discounts on water bills, waivers of fixed charges and fixed allowances (credits) on bills (OECD, 1999).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	a7cc6b6959d62542dfbf6b39472b7e0c	The practice of blending agriculture runoff with freshwater resources is degrading water quality to varying degrees with such contaminants as toxic trace metals, micro-organics, pathogens, pesticides, trace nutrients and biodegradable organic loads. In addition to adversely affecting downstream ecosystems, this practice increases heavy metal concentrations in downstream fisheries and agricultural produce. Without desalination, many of these regions would be uninhabitable.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	a7cc8d19345beafc00c48ba01a225c55	These tests showed that the Rmi t and Gi t variables did not have to be treated as endogenous variables and that the use of the second lags of the variables and the additional instruments required by the system GMM are valid. The results of these tests are shown in tables 2,3 and 4. None of the estimates rejects the null hypothesis, so the residuals exhibit a first-order correlation. In order to prevent the estimates from being biased, it is necessary to mitigate their presence.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	a7ce023e9c9c166ca012ef9943af5cac	In 2001, following a severe drought, the quota was reduced by 23% (to 563 million m3) compared with the 2000 level. The quota has changed little since then, but it is expected to decrease to 487 and 350 million m3 by 2015 and 2050, respectively (from the current 500 million m3). Quota reductions since 1999 have been compensated by income support payments. During the last decade, water use declined from 7 megalitres (ML)17 per hectare per year to about 5 ML/ha/year.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	a7d3d11afc9f3ee9470531cf6e33408a	Moreover, these transfers have beneficial, although small, effects on children’s school and labour participation rates. Furthermore, beside the cash transfer policy, the subsidy for school canteens has a relatively low cost but carries fairly considerable benefits in response to the crisis, especially in alleviating caloric poverty; while the other two policies are quite ineffective, regardless of which dimension of poverty is considered. English translation by Nathan Weatherdon.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	a7d5561d5b13ee4058fa5aee07d4c6dd	Different seasons and rainfall patterns and variability in production, which will increase as climate change continues, imply variable market conditions across countries. Where production variability is not highly correlated among most countries in the region, integration through regional trade offers the prospect of cancelling the effects of small country size on production volatility (Koester 1986). Studies have calculated the amount of stocks needed for each country within a defined region so as to stabilise cereal consumption in times of fluctuations in cereal production and import prices (Dorosh et al., These studies have compared those stock levels to the levels required by the same countries when co-operating regionally.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	a7d5fc919d6d5f30482013cf4e0d8403	There are also significant variations among types of users within the same city. In most cities, industrial and commercial users pay significantly more for water services than domestic users - in Mexicali, an extreme case, almost six times as much. In many cities, tariffs are increasing above inflation rates. In 2006-2007, in a sample of 32 cities, water tariffs increased above inflation (3.8%) in 22 cities - in 4 cities the increase was below inflation, in 5 cities there was no increase and in 1 city there was a decrease (CONAGUA, 2008).	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	a7d7473a60f91f883592acc5e658c7c6	The programme provides loans to establish micro-businesses and promotes saving by the poor (FCOSS, 2010: 1). Another NGO in Fiji, the Foundation for Rural Integrated Enterprises N Development (FRIEND), works towards poverty alleviation through its social and economic empowerment programme. Microcredit systems exist informally in other PICs. The wantok system plays a vital role in entrepreneurial development, especially in PNG (Mannan, 1978).	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	a7dce8de349b4b1b40c0500d0226fdbc	The EU15 comprised the following 15 countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Source: OECD Health Data 2010 and Rosstat. Taken individually, different categories of NCDs and injuries make up the ten leading causes of death in the Russian Federation and account for 90% of deaths in the Russian population as a whole (Rosstat, 2008). Standardised mortality rates (SMR) for cerebrovascular diseases and ischaemic heart diseases are twice as large as the OECD average and are ten times larger than the best performing OECD countries (Figure 3.3).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	a7dddf1c3155745144c2f2977e1fbfd3	For instance, low rates and lax enforcement (e.g. illegal abstractions, underreporting of consumption) prevent abstraction charges from being effective instruments for water policies, while low pollution charges do not significantly change the behaviour of polluters. Water markets are a step in the right direction, but they tend to be poorly designed and can lead to over-abstraction. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes are in place and the Pact recently adopted by the new Mexican administration explicitly requests that they be strengthened (commitment 66).	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	a7de7b293b09ade8646faeaadf5112c6	Training is being provided and public awareness and education programs have been implemented. Reviews recommend that a new agency (Center for Crisis Management) be established to manage emergency situations. State Statistical Office, 2009. State Statistical Office, 2009. Total carbon in above-ground biomass is 47.9 million tons, which is about the same as in 1990. All State-owned forests are guided by 10-year management plans.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	a7df1e37ba0cb0a0638515a58c9e20c5	On the South-Western side (Turkish territory), there are some springs. Therefore the quantity and quality of the lake water is preserved as in natural conditions. Only three villages arc located near the lake in Turkish territory (population some 700). In the Georgian part, the population is some 5,900 within a radius of 7 km from the lake.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a7e3376e1c75f4f7d5d66afd1af4b70c	The Report on the New Economic Model (NEAC, 2010) points out that despite the rapid expansion in higher education, 80% of the work force are secondary school leavers. The current figure has exceeded the target and stands at 80 750. The initiative is particularly targeted to increasing post-graduate enrolment as a way to augment the number of researchers on Malaysian campuses. The long-term impact of decreasing numbers of local undergraduates has not been assessed.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	a7e3bad00e58d1e9a50c57a72947063b	We note this point, while taking account of data limitations, in the empirical analysis. Section three describes the data and the econometric model, followed by the interpretation of the results. Summary remarks and policy implications conclude the paper. This was promulgated in the first National Programme for Women's Development in China (1995-2000) and in several laws including the 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, and the 2008 China Employment Promotion Law.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	a7eb4ccd480bb487fac0b2493e7545df	They can provide systemic coherence and consolidate the vision of w hat the country considers to be a good teacher. Professional standards describe a common set of competencies that good teachers are expected to have or develop throughout their careers. They are an opportunity for members of the profession to link research and practice further, building a collegial understanding of long-term goals, means and accountability based in practice. Furthermore, this shared understanding of what constitutes a good teacher can help to better align classrooms, schools and system-level organisations, w'hile providing the necessary resources to teachers to better support student learning (OECD, 2010; Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007; Toledo Figueroa, Revai and Guerriero, 2017).	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/547ad041-en	a7eed87b4c5d46174b9b8a07e3dfcf62	Factors such as climate change, accelerating changes caused by globalization and technologies, demographic changes, shifting political regimes and government policies will all have an impact on future tourism demand, which makes it hard to predict to what extent measures taken today will represent sustainable solutions in the relatively near future. Some types of economic instruments, such as taxation, are implemented for compensating for expenses caused by the negative effects of visitation. While revenue management (revenues from e.g. entrance fees, sales of optional services and souvenirs) in many instances is instrumental in securing the financial capacity of site or destination management, it may also be used for capacity allocation by, e.g., reducing prices in shoulder seasons to reduce crowding in the peak seasons (Leask, 2016).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599642-7-en	a7f01460c650020a653f462d57eb0381	Generally, the period from 2000 to 2007 was a time of economic growth and macroeconomic stability, which allowed governments the fiscal and policy space to enable progress. It was even posited as the era that ended ‘boom and bust’, referred to as the ‘Great Moderation. Most commentators were therefore caught severely off guard after 2007.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	a7f51450b49bb34ee9e4d989dbc41720	For instance, Armenia now has only five water companies (Yerevan djur, Armvodkanal, Nor Akunk, Lori-vodkanal and Shirak-vodkanal) covering the whole population (see Box 3.2 below on Armenia). This would help achieve economies of scale and remove some resource limitations (including shortage of staff). At the beginning of 2009, almost 60 municipal water supply and sanitation utilities were integrated, and two legal entities were created: Agmosavletis Tskali Ltd (Eastern Water) and Dasavletis Tskali Ltd (Western Water). This integration aimed to improve the technical and financial conditions of utilities and pave the way for future privatisation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	a7f6cac41e93172bc0a98696a8a26b63	"The patenting regime is currently experiencing a significant amount of upheaval, particularly in China and the United States. This makes it harder to predict the prospects of a successful grant. Furthermore, prior to publication, the existence of patent applications is not verifiable using statutory databases, meaning there is always a potentially substantial backlog of competitor activity that is not visible; also, since companies do not always keep these systems fully up-to-date in terms of legal ownership, the information that is visible is not always entirely accurate. Even when granted, in addition to the ‘""normal” uncertainties present in IP rights (summarised in Part 3), the monopolistic rights associated with patents make them particularly susceptible to legal challenge, and defence can be costly."	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	a7f89363075f37dc009468576f20940a	Furthermore the Ontario Government is considering other potential changes to primary care reform including payment reform but the GPs are resisting further changes. It remains to be seen whether further reform will be implemented (Marchildon and Hutchison, 2016). The traditional working style in primary' care is of GPs operating relatively independently, even when GPs are co-located in a single physical site (the traditional Primary Health Care Centres).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/469d7fec-en	a7f9f980b901e21aabaa86365914a702	Some funds may be directed to the national Treasury and allocated through the national budget, while others might be directed to other actors. For example, in 2011, a third of international climate finance flows to Indonesia were disbursed by the national government, another third by state-owned enterprises, and the final third via private, non-governmental, sub-national governments or other actors (CPI and Ministry of Finance, 2014). Financial flows received outside the national government, for example to NGOs, are often not systematically tracked.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	a7fcc20943eae762c7ee56105b6052c3	At different periods each processor may find h in both roles. On the other hand, there have also been instances during droughts where processors faced with massive deliveries of animals for slaughter have broken contracts. As a result, when supply is low and/or there is over capacity in processing there are procurement battles that destabilise the industry; similarly when supply is high and processing is tight, mutuality is compromised.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	a7fccaa02b5e91979e2e7cff10bc90a5	A person suffering from burnout no longer manages to overcome everyday stressful events and experiences “emotional fatigue”. It is however difficult to estimate the prevalence of burnout in the population, as, for instance, it can be hard to distinguish it from depression. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, on the other hand, occurs among 3% to 6% of children of school age, and boys suffer from this state 2 to 3 times more often than girls.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	a7fd84e22d33b062832c1ea052612508	The whole structure needs to be supported by high-quality career guidance and information. This section argues that this structure needs support and in many countries active development. Effective entry routes to professional programmes are also needed for graduates of general upper secondary education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089464-en	a7fe404264f05128072553f96fbc94ec	Connections have been notably established with the University of Bergamo’s centre of management of innovation and technology transfer (GllT ). The size of the two parks is relatively modest, even if 500 engineers are employed at Kilometro Rosso. Science and Technology Parks traditionally play an important role in supporting biotech companies in Italy and they account for 30% of the company locations. In Lombardy, the San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park is one of the largest Biomedical and Biotechnology parks in Europe.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4a27e063-en	a805e780b2bd491e97986f11797cbbbb	The ITQ model was later expanded to the coastal shrimp fishery in 1997. The ITQ system has facilitated a concentration of the shrimp fisheries on fewer operators and improved the profitability in accordance with the political objectives. The maximum ownership limit on shrimp in offshore fisheries is 33.33% and two companies are close to the limit, while in coastal shrimp fisheries the limit is 15%.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	a8076b3ad1cd732015b8d0643c5e1af6	The new legal framework adopted by the Federal District (and which is in the process of being developed by the State of Mexico) sets an important foundation for this by enlarging the scope of mobility policy and the responsibilities of mobility authorities. Success, however, will depend on strengthening the planning, regulatory and financial capacity of the authorities in charge of mobility policy. A crucial part of this process involves clarifying responsibilities where the outcomes depend on multisectoral strategies.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	a808e7c0459d24fde36aa1d608352b2d	What were retained were specific goals, for example, achieving universal primary education by year X or eradicating a certain illness by year Y. This approach has been generalized by the United Nations in the Millennium Development Goals. The Goals are, of course, important but without a quantified macro- and sector framework, this approach has little to do with the meeting of basic needs as originally conceived. The presentation was more sophisticated than that of the basic needs strategy of the 1970s but, alas, the concept once again lacked a quantified macro- and sector framework. Nevertheless, this represented progress compared with the situation in the 1980s.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-35-en	a80a93075b4e5f61f86377b7dfccd6d1	Under this standard, NMFS is defining fishing communities and profiling these communities to enable improved social impact analyses for all federally managed fisheries. The IFA provides that the Department of Commerce can provide disaster assistance to states determined by the Secretary of Commerce to have been affected by a commercial fishery failure or serious disruption affecting future production due to a fishery resource disaster (e.g. from either natural or undetermined causes). Funds as appropriated may be used for any purpose the Secretary determines appropriate to restore an affected fishery or to prevent future failures.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	a80c44ec972374d8805022e8c2be737a	Besides, many conduct monitoring service quality practices with the aim of informing the public about the level of quality provided (19), which provides more transparency to the users of ECEC. In addition, it is common to monitor service quality to enhance children’s development (16) and to improve staff performance (16). Source: Table 3.1, OECD Network on ECEC, “Online Survey on Monitoring Quality in Early Learning and Development”, November 2013.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	a80dd6d97dd45eb728af65cd71b273f7	While it is an important concept, it has not been used widely by the treaty bodies. For example, although as we have seen much emphasis is placed on the importance of equal pay for work of equal value for women and men, it is rarely made explicit that women’s pay should be increased to that of men. In recent decades, there has been strong opposition to such restrictions on the grounds that they breach the equality principle. However, this has led to two quite contradictory responses. The CEDAW Committee has encouraged Austria to ensure ‘levelling up' measures are included in its anti-discrimination legislation; CEDAW Committee, Austria, op.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	a80eafe3ce05193f34e0052e6d69eece	The certification scheme Energy Smart is used to rate and certify the energy performance of commercial buildings. It was originally developed by the Energy Sustainability Unit (ESU) at the National University of Singapore and the National Environment Agency of Singapore to target offices, hotels and shopping malls. The scheme is voluntary and most commercial enterprises participate because it can be used as part of their branding strategies. The European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy has established that it is advice on energy efficiency improvements, rather than solely ratings and certifications, that primarily mobilize markets to achieve energy savings measures.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	a80f5963a847e15fbd0f9ad899b90a2b	This is the case not only because of the importance of these indicators for identifying the poor, but also because they are the most readily available indicators in surveys conducted in the region. Admittedly, a more comprehensive multidimensional poverty measurement requires data on other aspects, such as nutritional status, state of health and employment status of persons (for a proposal on the aspects of well-being that should be captured in a multidimensional poverty measurement, see Santos, 2013), but this information is not available for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This means, on the one hand, that the dwelling does not provide protection against various environmental factors (for example, rain, humidity, etc.) Thus, a dwelling is observed to be deficient when it does not guarantee sufficient insulation against natural and social elements.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264107243-en	a81b2617290f45e9e63bc0af517bf9d5	As already mentioned, however, the increase in performance for Mexico is statistically significant for the period between 2003 and 2009. The percentiles for Mexico's trends in reading are presented in Figure 1.2. The comparatively weak link between performance and social background, however, should be interpreted in light of the fact that a third of 15-year-olds still need to be included into schools. Countries are sorted by the magnitude of change in reading performance from PISA 2000 to PISA 2009 (second column).	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	a81b4431d27c3fe00f298a617a558452	This new support system for school improvement seeks to build the capacity of schools and school providers for self-improvement and to make better use of PEI and PME. To this end, it also seeks to establish PME as a tool that is more independent of the SEP and related accountability requirements. Another positive development is that thanks to targeted funding programmes in the form of the SEP and the programme of school integration (PIE), schools have additional resources to hire learning support staff that support teachers in their work and provide support for students within schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	a81cd7da4134d159c42c27c4b08cf32b	Political processes are frequently delayed when the attention of governments shifts towards a more pressing topic or if a government changes. That is, relying on fossil fuel capacity can be extremely profitable under one framework or they can be financially disastrous in another. Thinking in terms of real options, investors would wait until the policy framework is clarified, before committing to a make a final investment decision. But indefinitely delaying decisions carries the risk of tightening supply conditions and deterioration of security of supply.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	a81dcd0c86df0e6128f8818158131434	Some in the planning field have perceived this environmental focus as a threat, drawing attention away from gender issues. However, sustainability as defined in the 1992 Rio Declaration includes economic viability and social equity, two components which could be used to draw attention to gender issues. In Scandinavian countries, gender considerations have been integrated into strategic level planning and sustainability programmes, which illustrates how gender issues can be an integrated part of sustainability (Greed, 2005; Folkesdotter, 1997; Horelli, 2000).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	a81f93626b5f62462f4c173d7aa31971	Over-age attendance as a result of grade repetition and/or late entry risks reducing participation in education (UNESCO, 2016(7]). For all other countries with available data, this share ranges between 0% and 5% (Figure Bl.a). In the last grade of lower secondary education, this share increases for most countries and doubles on average across the OECD (from 2% to 4%). The share of over-age students increases most from the last grade of primary education to the last grade of lower secondary education for Argentina (by 10 percentage points), Costa Rica (by 14 percentage points), Luxembourg (by 12 percentage points) and Spain (by 8 percentage points), while it decreases substantially for Hungary (by 7 percentage points), highlighting a high rate of dropout and a drop in enrolment rates for 15-19 year-olds.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	a82072faaba34fd7a9ffec12f864253b	Given that Canada used to impose a standard royalty of 4 per cent of the net selling price of the drug in final dosage form on a licensee of right to use patented pharmaceuticals until 1992,639 and given that most data originators will recoup the bulk of their R&D expenses in developed countries anyway, a royalty comprising the generic producer’s own marginal costs of production plus 1-3 per cent of these costs, depending upon GDP per capita ability to pay, would seem more than sufficient. While such an approach would give only an approximation of the real costs of the originator’s R&D, it would avoid the transaction costs and possibly endless litigation that more complicated models might induce. Finally, it would also be limited in time, for instance to five years, during which the data originator would be entitled to claim compensation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	a8246ec4b1483b2266b7620f62028d35	At national level, the government spent roughly USD 1.7 million per year over 2000-04 for improving irrigation and collector-drainage systems. During the same time periods, USD 28.6 per ha of irrigated land was charged as water supply fee, out of which farmers paid 60%. The total cost of modernisation will be USD 169 million.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	a826cf0636ecaec58b85b19567121d33	"Absolute"" sodal mobility refers to the total amount of movement of people (e.g. an increase/decrease in household income irrespective of a change in the distribution of income), while ""relative"" sodal mobility refers to the upward or downward movement of a member of one sodal class compared with a member of another dass. The section begins with an analysis of income mobility in Viet Nam from 2002 to 2008. The concept of income mobility is significant for countries such as Viet Nam that have experienced stable, persistent economic growth and profound structural transformations."	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	a8275d57f59fdc758324e3d8381961d2	Negotiations between MMA and IPEA seek to broaden the scope of the analysis to include specifically the biodiversity theme, both at state and federal levels. In the future, IPEA intends to transform this study into a permanent research line, yearly updating the data on environmental expenditures. To this end, the classification of environmental expenditures under IPEA’s methodology will be applied, which will involve the analysis of items directly and indirectly related to biodiversity.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	a8276a3a1c2b6fcae54c1ffc15830df1	Evidence also suggests that institutions such as public interest litigations (PIL), formed to improve access to justice through recourse mechanisms, are useful in protecting the rights of historically disadvantaged minorities. Low levels of legal literacy and poor understanding of the legal process may prevent women from seeking protection of their rights or reporting abusive behaviour. In order to effectively exercise their rights and responsibilities, individuals must first understand them.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	a827f5d804035e8a7ce4588f183907c1	Next, a country synthesis is proposed in order to highlight the coherence of the national policy in the field. Such coherence is built on the strength of the associations that exist between Levels 2, 3 and 4. The following table summarises the content of the recommendations and specifies whether a diploma related to the field of ICT uses in education exists. The case of each country is specifically described in the following paragraphs.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-9-en	a82a28226b4a752979d8839622f61d96	While OECD countries are making progress on “knowing” the risk, much more could be done to build on current efforts to “target” and to “manage” water risks. The majority of efforts to date in OECD countries have focussed on building the scientific evidence base and disseminating information. Given the significant investments being made to improve the scientific evidence base, there is an urgent need to ensure that this evidence is used to best effect and meets the needs of users making practical, on-site adaptation decisions.	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bf400991-en	a82ad1fc666495f12932bd7f8e9c7c7f	Sustainable transport decisions must be scaled up and expanded so that cities do not get locked into infrastructure that pollutes, generates economic loss, limits opportunities and endangers lives. Recognizing how unsustainable transport affects urbanization, some cities are now investing heavily in mass transit and acting to limit car sales and usage. These meeting have brought together various stakeholders including national statistical offices, national and local governments, transport authorities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a82bf624e95a3068e29c840740638ac7	New initiatives are required at state and national level to strengthen the Regional Innovation System. First, policy measures should be taken to improve HEI services to firms and to develop communication policies about research results. Second, an incentive system should be established to favour the development of contract research.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	a82c6f0bf90007453f3d2fede2cf4de1	It cannot simply be assumed that, when environment is better treated by policy, then people will automatically enjoy the income, health, safeguard and livelihood benefits, or that the poor will benefit proportionately more because they are correspondingly more dependent upon the environment. The ability to predict these should be an important component of any strategy that attempts to shift policy and investment towards environmental options. This meant fast-tracking the work.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	a82fa1b3c416c2ad9cb1cb9d3b143781	Based on analyses of data from the database, the board of INCOPESCA (Costa Rica's national fisheries authority) recognized the need to permanently remove shrimp boats from the coastal zone as requested by fishers. The negotiations leading up to this action took several years, but in 2011 INCOPESCA temporarily banned shrimp boats from the Tarcoles MARF, with only hook-and-line fishing being allowed. The study of the effects of the ban showed recovery in the two most exploited species (snapper and shrimp).	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	a832d57406dad726778403ae1c2af2a6	In addition, some 33 countries currently are experimenting with innovative pilot initiatives, 22 of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, while developing country farmers may have greater difficulty managing price risk than their counterparts in developed countries, new approaches to risk management are offering alternatives to trade protection. Tools to enable developing country governments and farmers to better manage agricultural risks are also being developed, including through the Platform on Agricultural Risk Management (PARM). A country’s ability to move towards more effective long-term policies could also be compromised.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/daadf51f-en	a8332880655621be48b61ba570982f20	In the United States, anti-immigration raids led to surges in dropout among children of undocumented immigrants wary of deportation, whereas an earlier policy providing deportation protection had increased secondary school completion. Yet their attainment and achievement often lagged behind those of host country peers. In the European Union, twice as many foreign-born youth as natives left school early in 2017.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	a83a641b4040d2d7b7a0c01da9311898	So teachers know that the easiest approach for them may be simply to wait out attempts at reform. Most significantly, there is a substantial gap between the time at which the initial cost of reform is incurred, and the time when it is evident whether the benefits of reform will actually materialise. While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags often involve many years. It is a long way to successful reform implementation; failure is often just one small step away. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits of reform are realised.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	a83a998896917b63681c29bbfa9a3a1a	"Consent for this purpose must be consent given voluntarily, as a result of the victim's free will, assessed in the context of the surrounding circumstances. The mens rea is the intention to effect this sexual penetration, and the knowledge that it occurs without the consent of the victim"" (para. See Viseur Sellers, ""The prosecution of sexual violence in conflict"", for further analysis. The resolution recognizes the devastating impact of conflict on women and girls, and reaffirms the need to implement fully existing international humanitarian and human rights law obligations protecting the rights of women and girls during conflict."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	a83cd0448332c49f18c46b460ef459dc	Respondents are asked to explain how each of their final responses was chosen. Respondents can provide the rationale behind their selections either in real time, as they complete the survey, or retrospectively in a debriefing session. These exercises help to identify potential sources of error resulting from misunderstandings, unclear questioning or word choice and problems with the sequence or flow of questions or with skip or filter questions (Statistics Canada, 2003).	5	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	a83dac13653a097ae43bc1da808e0377	Second, approaches and structures to identify and diagnose special needs need to be developed. This is not an easy task and requires the contribution of a range of specialists (e.g. teachers, doctors, psychologists) and good communication with parents. Third, there needs to be a reflection about the roles of special schools and the extent to which mainstream schools can contribute to the education of special needs students.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	a84278305091267cc1da79b62d244204	Over the last two decades, changes in consumption patterns combined with rapid development of modern retailing stimulated transformation of the downstream sector. Such transformation requires changes in marketing channels for agricultural commodities and creates both opportunities and challenges for the dominant small-holding farming sector. Further efforts to develop and maintain transportation systems, including local roads, and to improve access to electricity and information and communication technologies, are needed to link farmers with markets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-4-en	a847994b52500b4cf4ef7d4092effd1b	For example, many countries have introduced or reinforced anti-harassment laws. Others are conducting awareness-raising campaigns about definitions of sexual harassment, ways to prevent sexual harassment and legal rights (for victims) and obligations (for employers) when harassment occurs. To ensure that women are represented in decision making, many OECD and developing countries have initiated some form of affirmative action to increase female representation in politics (Chapter 14).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	a8480cc929f82a1ef6ad78faf9d1743d	Private finance estimates are from OECD DAC Survey on mobilisation. Data recorded in DAC statistics is not equivalent to that reported as climate finance towards the USD lOObn goal, and is not comparable to the recent estimates in the OECD study Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 billion goal in collaboration with CPI (see http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-cpi-climate-finance-reporthtm). This section outlines some of the underling factors that will determine the level of coherence between development finance and climate finance.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259119-5-en	a84a4667c11ae9f170e561b003974479	This chapter outlines its demographics, economy, government and particularly its education system, including recent reform efforts and challenges. It has been free of charge since 2009 and participation rates are now high, with almost universal pre-primary and primary education. Reform efforts to decentralise administration, and increase the quality of its education to meet broader development goals have had less impact, with challenges of effectiveness, efficiency and equity remaining to be met.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	a850492ad9f01ff973ce92f8c56edd99	No country of the region has identified women entrepreneurs as a specific target group. An explanatory factor may be that SME policies focused initially on industrial sectors, where women are largely absent. In the latter part of the decade, SME policies have been more generally applied to all sectors of economic activity.	5	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	a8539ded8842d9731bef009adb89bbc3	We will identify and briefly assess key policy choices affecting ICTs and how best to ensure that government policy optimizes the role of ICTs in sustainable development. Government influence also extends to co-regulation, social marketing/advertising, and collective action for non-market production by private individuals. It will show how all of these goals are related.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	a8569130b24f42ead5d348a832d1fda8	Furthermore, gender units can play an important role in gender sensitization training as well as in training on how to avoid gender bias in data collection. Through their contacts with national machineries for women and non-governmental organizations, gender units and gender focal points can facilitate communication between the producers and some of the end users of gender statistics (United Nations, 2006). These units can provide information to users and help them to understand the uses of existing statistics. The development of methodological materials on gender statistics has a rather short history.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	a85726e7fb42cf7d038258fe360384e1	Nonetheless, not all countries had enough room in their budgets to do so. Thus, the increase of public expenditure provoked large fiscal deficits which in turn led to large increases in public debt. As a result, the crisis soon evolved from a Financial to a Sovereign Debt Crisis in a number of countries.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599598-10-en	a85848a20c29a12a0303982f274c7d80	The scope of this holistic vision builds on the advances made across the period of the MDGs, during which net enrolment rates in primary education increased from 83 to 91 per cent in developing regions of the world (United Nations 2015). As reinforced by the Incheon Declaration of the 2015 World Education Forum (World Education Forum 2015), education and lifelong learning are recognised through SDG 4 as being fundamental human rights and as vital in realising the broader aspirations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Finally, many sport-based initiatives have also been oriented towards the holistic development and empowerment of young people and the dissemination of educational messages, and so are relevant to SDG targets 4.4 and 4.7.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	a85d0ea832276345963a39a178789732	Lower plants (including fungi) and invertebrates have also been studied intensively. A number of species are found only in Kyrgyzstan. These endemic species and subspecies include over 200 plant species, around 3,240 invertebrate species, including 2,760 endemic insects and 17 vertebrate species, as well as a further 47 subendemic vertebrates.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	a86104f43603e17a3fb9e899dcc3af70	Legally binding treaties and optional protocols33 further delineate specific human rights protections, creating a comprehensive normative human rights legal framework. This came to the fore during the first World Conference on Women (1975, Mexico City), the United Nations Decade on Women (1976-1985) and debates on international norms, such as CEDAW.35 The 1979 adoption of CEDAW established a critical reference point underscoring the importance of gender equality36 in development with an explicit focus on reducing discrimination against women. Gender, on the other hand, focuses on socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men or women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	a8630c280dfddaa6c7db16248546b881	Poverty data are presented disaggregated as far as possible by sex, by sex of the head of household and by household type. ' The review shows that simple disaggregation of poverty by sex results in small gender gaps; however, the gender gap may be underestimated by not taking into account intrahouschold inequality. Furthermore, when female- and male-headed households are examined, consistent gender differences appear only when these are further disaggregated - for example, female or male one-person households and households of female or male lone parents with children. The second part of the chapter looks at statistics at individual level.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	a86527be0ea9016e02f459e14e73e269	Moreover, in contrast with the Global Study, MODA includes child protection (protection from violence) as an additional dimension of deprivation poverty (UNICEF, 2007a; Gordon et al., Overlap analyses demonstrate that deprivations are not often experienced in isolation and that in order to free a child from deprivations multiple (sectoral) issues should be addressed (Ferreira and Lugo, 2012). The second examines the overlap (and non-overlap) for particular combinations of (selected) dimensions.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	a866af30f21cb715cf8875329d9be755	The results of the household survey analysis used for the simulations in Section 4 show that this weak role of transfers in reducing poverty is also due to the fact that the rate of non-take-up of family or housing benefits is often high among poor families. A more effective targeting of benefits then can contribute reducing child poverty if and only if it involves a better coverage of poor children and an increased amount paid to the poorest families. As suggested in the section 4, substantial progress in reducing child poverty may be achievable at constant expenditure levels and through better benefit coverage of poor children.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	a86b08744f939a40dcf15f1b6f3da4e1	The Venn diagram in Figure 1 illustrates the union approach and the concurrent ‘poverty groups’. The second column in Table 4 presents the proportions of the child population that are union poor and belong to either groups A, B or AB. Depending on the country and the domain under consideration, this percentage varies between 27 per cent and 49 per cent.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	a870417a436661009fcd88d874d790ca	Patent documents are categorized using the international patent classification (IPC) and some national and regional classification systems, including the European classification scheme (ECLA). In addition to the basic bibliometric and legal data, the database also includes patent descriptions (abstracts) and citation data. The relevant inventions have been identified using specially developed tagging codes for climate change mitigation technologies (see Table 4.1). This tagging scheme (Y02) has been developed by a team of patent examiners at the European Patent Office, with inputs from collaborating researchers (including the authors) and has now been implemented into the ECLA system.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/152d606d-en	a8713074521b5c120c626abef6a8e87a	In 2012 more than 200 million adults worldwide were unemployed. Vulnerable employment accounts for more than half of total employment and is particularly high in South-East Asia (61 percent), South Asia (77 percent) and Sub-Saharan Africa (77 percent).67 Even those employed may be earning very Iitde. In 2011,397 million people ages 15 and older were estimated to be employed but living in households with less than $1.25 per person a day. Employment, especially decent employment, is associated with dignity and status—and with stable and cohesive communities and societies.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	a8713ec882a997c6715a5720da10a6f8	In all these cases, private foresight is not sufficient to internalise the impacts of a supply interruption and public action is warranted. One can attribute this need for public intervention to the existence of informational asymmetries or transaction costs. One aspect of this is that, in technical terms, energy supply risks do not follow a well-defined probability distribution function that would let private insurance markets take care of the issue. Another aspect of the issue is that the action of one actor in an energy system impacts the well-being or profitability of another, without taking this impact into account. Frequently, this is unavoidable for technical reasons. Gas and electricity are grid-bound and even oil and coal use common infrastructures such as dedicated ports, shipping lanes etc.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	a8727b0539ddd5c8a36da24a859e0fbc	This constraint has negative effects on fathers, who lose valuable time with their families, and negative effects on mothers, who are more likely to leave the labour market to care for children. In these households, working mothers face double duty: long hours of paid work followed by intensive hours of unpaid work. ( In many higher-income households, however, domestic workers help reduce the unpaid work burden.)	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/efc21c19-en	a873f04b5c8a3a94121d31ff0452766b	Accordingly, the four pillars of gender equality in e-Government emerged from the research, which include: women’s access to ICT, capacity development for women, online public service outreach for women, and women’s participation in online public process. It should be the specific situation of a country’s advancement and capacity in those four pillars that jointly influence the scope and priority of objectives for gender equality in e-Government. It should be noted that the two concepts, gender equality and empowerment of women, are different in their meanings - gender equality emphasizes remedying the existing inequality between men and women which reproduces further inequalities with negative consequences for women’s well-being; while empowerment of women does not have a connotation of gender disparities and focuses on the changes needed for women to realize her full human rights (UNFPA, 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a87442e60f8b3d1e8cb3469ec266f7a7	Also, the data for onshore and offshore wind technologies are not available for Finland and the Republic of Korea; values for wind onshore were replaced by the OECD median case and values for the wind offshore by those of Germany. For coherence with the analysis presented in Section 4.3, the load factors of wind onshore power plants in France have been obtained from the most recent data published by the French grid operator (RTE, 2011). For dispatchable power plants, data in Parsons (2011) have thus been used, taking an n* of the kind plant and median case assumptions.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-12-en	a875cf5ee8477dc551034cd89797e8d1	Overall, pricing policies in France seem to be driven primarily by the objective to ensure cost recovery and agency’s budget balance, although this is achieved by a great variety of pricing mechanisms (Rieu, 2005). Dono and Severini (2001) add further evidence from southern Italy to the inelasticity hypothesis, and suggest that water demand turns increasingly inelastic as water charges increase, as the crops that may be able to pay higher prices are mainly high-value vegetables and fruits, which can support high water price increases. He claims that the effects on water demand are due to the fact that if water prices are below the exit threshold, they result in demand reductions caused by marginal adaptation of irrigation demand to price variations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	a876532ca543126ed7904a1f2dd7c19b	The task of managing the infrastructure is particularly hard as the capacity of the school board as w'ell as the ability to fundraise from the local community is often lower in rural areas, while many school buildings are in very poor condition as most of them were built between the 1950s and 1970s. The hundred primary schools with the lowest performance in the country, as measured by grade repetition and dropout levels, have less than 50 students and are mostly located in rural areas outside of the capital area (PEN, 2013). There are also indications that students from small primary schools are less likely to make the transition to secondary school.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	a878f398e9568acb26eb9ea02cc90cd6	The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Using a unique dataset of 249 Large Urban Zones (LUZ) across Europe, a Bayesian Model Averaging selection method is employed to empirically identify the determinants of within-LUZ concentration of three air pollutants: NCL, PMi0 and SO2 for the year 2006. Several indices of land use are considered among possible determinants.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	a879d06bc1ef72770162a468b2266ca9	The harvesting and extraction of some of these resources, such as timber, are known to potentially have significant adverse impacts on biodiversity. So, to the extent that information on the impacts on biodiversity associated with these different resources exists, indirect links with resource use and biodiversity loss can be established and trends in the use of these resources monitored. The SEEA also allows linking the flow of resources to specific sectors of the economy.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	a87a397259e74ec4c862796ce5af3c4d	Negative effects in mountain ecosystems are caused by uncontrolled collection of plant species and illegal hunting of large carnivores and the Balkan chamois. Threats are also induced by overuse of biological resources, mostly for commercial purposes. Thus, a high number of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants, 67 species of mushrooms, more than 110 species of diatom algae, 12 species of lichens, 12 species of ferns, and 20 species of mosses are all at risk. At the national level, the most threatened groups of higher plants are the angiosperms (flowering plants) (with approximately 280-300 species). Aquatic and wetland plants are especially endangered.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	a87b0a8e031ebeb8ab22c52770499282	It uses a value of 0 to represent a society where everyone has the same income and which, therefore, has no inequality; at the other end of the scale, it uses 1 to represent a society where only one person has all the income and which, thus, has maximum inequality. To make them easier to understand, Gini values can also be represented as Gini points. This is done simply by multiplying each value by 100, so a Gini coefficient of 0.28 becomes 28 Gini points.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	a87b829e826c9f419d3140cf44762b37	Secondly, teaching to the test emphasises rote memorisation and a more passive approach to learning as teachers spend more time developing test-taking strategies rather than cultivating students’ problem-solving skills (Kellaghan etal., By involving teachers in standardised test development and implementation and training teachers on how to effectively use and analyse test results, there can be less risk of teaching to the test. However, incentives attached to test results must be carefully constructed to avoid motivating strategic behaviour such as teaching to the test; the research is mixed as to how to effectively promote positive behaviours as a result of incentives while reducing negative behaviours.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	a87b8fa051308551c3cef32612c28962	Caceres and Caceres (2017a) found that the main determinants of self-employment in a sample of six Latin American countries were the economic growth rate and the level of remittances as a percentage of GDP. These two variables will be considered here —along with the change in the manufacturing sector’s share of GDP (D (Manu)) and a qualitative variable (Qualil) representing the drop in GDP in 2009—to be the determinants of self-employment in El Salvador. The results are shown in table 2.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	a87c04d52a9fc316b828c328fdf1767f	In line with G20 commitments, Germany should eliminate the support measures to fossil fuels and if needed replace them by environment-neutral measures. Within the fuel consumption tax stmcture, tax rates vary according to fuels, users and purposes, suggesting taxation is not systematically related to the level of negative externalities. For instance, tax rates are reduced for heating fuels and are quasi null for coal.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	a87e2a006345b130ca1f0e1e8e692a67	By contrast, women in the informal sector experience a statistically significant motherhood wage penalty in all of the specifications. We find that the wage penalty is not the same for all mothers, as having more children increases the estimated penalty (7.8% for one child, 15.5% for two children and 26.3% for three or more children). The coefficient estimates for the motherhood wage penalty, as reported in table 3, appear to be relatively stable over time, showing a higher penalty in the period before the shock (10.1% versus 5.7% for one child, 16.4%versus 13.1%fortwo children and 27.3% versus 26.0% for three or more children). The estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are non-significant across all the formal-sector regressions. As in the ols results, formal-sector women workers do not experience statistically significant motherhood wage penalties. Across the full time period of the data, two different specifications of motherhood (one by the number of children and one by their age) show no significant wage penalties for mothers working in the formal sector.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	a87e559d7453e07e375d46e3b8d8bd40	Non-cognitive ability, test scores, and teacher quality: Evidence from 9th Grade teachers in North Carolina”, NBER Working Paper No. Evidence from an admission reform”, IFAU Working Paper Series 2014:15, Institutet for Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvdrdering, IFAU (Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy), Uppsala, http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifau.se%2FUpload%2Fpdf %2Fse%2F2014%2Fwp2014-15-Do-changes-in-student-quality-ajfect-teacher-mobility.pd/;h=repec:hhs: ifauwp:2014_015. Municipal Payroll Data, Kommunernes og regionernes Londatakontor (Pay Data Department of the Municipalities and Regions], www.krl.dk (accessed 24 February 2016).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/973d5b65-en	a87fe8cbd6a42a9ec415dba0212b9ea1	The project promotes healthy lifestyles with educational initiatives such as a community garden club, exercise and nutrition lessons, and environment and recycling education. The development complex strengthens community engagement with social activities and an on-site food cooperative. Without planning and specification of land use for public amenities such as schools and health centres, the development cost for land acquisition and construction is high and coverage tends to be unequal.	11	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	a881bb38585fb01dee7972a1548384e7	The server sends regular messages to designated recipients regarding current temperatures, and also warnings when the temperature exceeds critical thresholds. For example, in India, monthly cellular connectivity for connected temperature monitor devices are in the range of around a dollar a month or less per fridge. The most expensive component is often the cell radio, while conversely, the temperature sensors are relatively cheap. In some cases, advantageous mobile cellular terms can be negotiated, resulting in reduced operating costs.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	a8826fac62865bcc64ec88245d7e1fbc	Women account for less than 20% of entrants into tertiary-level computer science programmes in OECD countries and only around 18% of engineering entrants. And while less than 0.5% of girls wish to be ICT professionals, almost 5% of boys do. Since the OECD Council adopted the OECD Gender Recommendation, many countries have taken new measures or reinforced existing ones to increase the participation of under-represented groups - who include women and girls - in STEM studies and occupations.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	a882aab74d429904a00f994747aa6e58	When this procedure is replicated for H (the gross headcount ratio), Kendall's Tau can be seen to vary between 0.723 and 0.982, while Spearman's Rho ranges between 0.849 and 0.997. The Alkire-Foster approach proposes: (i) an identification method pk, which links and extends traditional intersection and union approaches, and (ii) a class of poverty measures Ma. This method of identification and aggregation, and the basic measures that result from both steps (the headcount ratio, intensity and the adjusted headcount ratio), are highly suited to ordinal data.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	a8838e90425b003505aea6a932eeecc4	This effect is not seen in any of the other regions or countries included in this analysis. Also to be borne in mind is how well-being can be negatively impacted by the need to take on the role of provider and caregiver at a very early age without adequate support for shouldering these responsibilities. This is seen in the low levels of life satisfaction among 17-to-29-year-olds in Latin America with children and without a partner.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264188617-en	a885c0916812c440b3b3b3de50a5d8d2	Those constraints set a limit on fuel enrichment, average and maximal burn-up, power peaking factor and boron concentration during operation. Safety concerns require negative fuel and coolant coefficients and a minimal anti-reactivity margin throughout reactor operation. For example, in a 3-batch strategy only 1/3 of the assemblies are replaced at each refuelling; thus each fuel assembly stays in the core for 3 cycles. On the other hand, a higher enrichment results in a burden on the fuel fabrication plant, higher fabrication cost and additional technical-economic constraints for fuel transport and storage.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-4-en	a88be2af2b5557304889b7a8706b7e06	Outside Asia, the Middle East experiences the fastest rate of increase, at over 2% per year. Primary energy demand in OECD countries grows by around 8% from 2009 to 2035. While the United States remains the second-largest energy consumer in the world in 2035, its total energy demand is only slightly higher than in 2009. From consuming less than half as much energy as the United States in 2000, it now consumes slightly more and, in the WEO-2011 New Policies Scenario, it is projected to consume nearly 70% more than the United States in 2035. Despite this, China’s per-capita energy consumption is still at less than half the level of the United States in 2035. Consequently, the global energy projections in the World Energy Outlook remain highly sensitive to the underlying assumptions for the key variables that drive energy demand in China, including prospects for economic growth, changes in economic structure, developments in energy and environmental policies, and the rate of urbanisation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	a89090c6ffa854273fe398d80f921472	For example, Penang is an important destination of medical tourism because of its well-endowed medical research and growing health care infrastructure. Furthermore, the UNESCO World Heritage Site status has opened up a broad range of opportunities for new businesses in cultural and culinary tourism. With more than 50 higher education institutions, including universities, polytechnics and community colleges, Penang is well-placed to promote graduate entrepreneurship. ( See also Chapter 5 for health and tourism.)	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	a890a1055e37005fb5f89968d6236e83	The advent of international value chains as the predominant form of production is pushing TPOs to focus increasingly on internationalization, rather than export promotion.104 This trend, alongside the complementarity and overlap mentioned earlier, has encouraged trade and investment promotion agencies to merge, particularly in high income countries. While it is above 60% in high income countries, it is below 30% in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Asia-Pacific developing countries. Therefore, whether government agencies provide this information does not (at least directly) influence how much firms export, but it does affect whether firms start or continue exporting.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	a8945fa456012d78976963c80192eb1d	As regards the age ofthe children, 28% of women in the formal sector and 32% in the informal sector have children aged under 5, and 21% of formal and 29% of informal women have children aged between 6 and 14. This is evidence for a key factor driving labour market segmentation, which is explored in Casal (2011). When the husband’s education is taken, it transpires that significantly more informal-sector women than formal-sector women married husbands with a low level of education, with significantly more formal-sector women marrying highly educated men.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	a8961b48731b1046d19f2b374f117e4b	The Priority Action Framework (PAF) for Natura 2000, published in 2013, sets priorities for action to develop the Natura 2000 network and estimates the financing required. It calculates that around EUR 1.6 billion is required to manage the Natura 2000 network over 2014-20 - a significant increase (12 times) from the EUR 134 million budget allocated by the EAFRD for the purpose over 2007-13. The PAF provides support to ensure that nature protection is well covered in the forest management plans of forest districts.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264212664-en	a899241ebaf268bfa47ffc7d19fd3909	In addition to being reluctant to lend to an emerging sector such as clean energy, commercial banks can also face limits on how much they can lend to the power sector. In India for example, most banks can lend a maximum of 15% of their loan portfolio to the power sector (Pearson, 2012). In such circumstances, special provisions need to be introduced into banking regulation to promote clean energy projects, for instance, by differentiating the cap.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	a89ab8c898072260c5fdd1efa7577001	The overall benefits, in the words of the United Nations Commission on Population and Development (2014), are “wealthier economies, fairer societies, and stronger democracies.” For young people, access to decent work and improved living conditions is a gateway towards empowerment, and a protective factor. What the International Labour Organization (2013) terms a “global youth employment crisis” is worsening.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	a8a119e6cd59aa22ed940f9f1bbaa71e	In other words, the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in family income due to changes in the characteristics of the child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the income level. The decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers (they correspond to labour income in their vast majority, capital income being generally low for poor households), and for disposable income after social transfers. By comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers, one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	a8a35a02cae46d706ee10072df27b612	In a survey taken in 2007, across all European countries - when asked to rate whether they allocated too much, too little, or the right amount of time on paid work, contact with family, other social contact, and personal hobbies, women reported lower satisfaction with their allocation of time than men. These differences in perceptions of imbalance and stress can be due to the fact that women maintain general responsibilities for the household’s operation. Data refer to 2009 for Mexico; to 2005 for Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom; to 2003 for Spain and the United States; to 2002 for Italy; to 2001 for Denmark and Germany; to 2000 for Norway, Slovenia and South Africa; to 1998 for France; to 1992 for Austria; and to 1991 for Israel. In general, women have larger and more multifaceted networks than men, report having more friends and provide and receive more support from members of their network than men do.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	a8a4a9f7e412d3c487bd7daa664bfd85	They are subordinate to the PRI in the case of municipalities that comprise a wider urban unit. These plans incorporate different documents and studies, including a review of the socio-economic situation and potential for (industrial) development, as well as feasibility studies for physical expansion, particularly with respect to service delivery. They also articulate the municipality’s urban centres in terms of population and growth potential; roadway hierarchies, including access and service roads; parking requirements; zoning plans; principal urban activities; assess the infrastructure capacity of roads, large structures and areas designated as at high risk for natural hazards or requiring protection; identify buildings classified as national monuments and traditional zones (zoms tipicas); identify historical buildings or zones.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	a8a6e10486d3a380a4de70577c63b8f3	This project aims to protect vulnerable and important ecosystems and species living in the areas beyond national jurisdiction including the high seas and areas of the seabed beyond the continental shelf of coastal states. The area accounts for 40% of surface of planet, and 64% of the surface of the oceans, and nearly 95% of oceans’ volume. There are four sub-projects namely: (1) Sustainable Management of Tuna Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation in ABNJ; (2) Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation of Deep-sea Living Resources and Ecosystems in ABNJ; (3) Ocean Partnerships for Sustainable Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation-Models for Innovation and Reform; and (4) Strengthening Global Capacity to Effectively Manage ABNJ.	14	0	9	1.0
10.6027/95b9bcd0-en	a8a7363eca9731d30dcc52a9028294fa	"Towards sustainable fisheries of the Oresund Cod (Gadus morhua) through sub-stock specific assessment and management recommendations. Historia degentibus septentrionalibus (""Description of the Northern Peoples""). Aftale om Danmark i bedre balance-Bedre rammerfor kommuner, borgere og virksomhederihele landet."	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	a8a77d366a465b038fca0d3df5176dce	On technical grounds indices can be divided between those which combine results of various datasets at the macro-level, and those which use only one (micro)-data source. The distinction is important mainly to understand the technical particularities and the ability of the index to serve as a basis for further analysis. One of the most widely known examples of a 'macro' development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) as used in UNDP's annual Human Development Reports (e.g. 2010; 2013).	1	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	a8a8949c115098739ba60f63d0d5fc6e	Despite several attempts since the 1970s, Libya has seen little economic diversification away from hydrocarbons, only partly achieved in a few sub-sectors in the petrochemical industry. Since hydrocarbons are finite resources, Libyan policy makers should anticipate their depletion by developing a more sustainable and inclusive economic model. The diversification imperative is even more obvious in the current conflict-affected situation as resource dependency fuels social and political risks.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	a8ac633f90f746d33828c05aa6169174	Each GMA must define its “desired future conditions by 2060” based on actual withdrawal data and projections of groundwater availability. A groundwater management plan must be set accordingly. Water has a higher economic (extractive) value in Region H (Houston area), where water mostly serves municipal and industrial water needs, than in the farming Regions O and A. As a result, the economic cost of unmet water needs (groundwater as well as surface water) is much higher in Region H (Figure C.19).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	a8ae6d8dc322cd228e977119c6f30dcc	Not accounting for these costs may also give a false sense of efficiency gains: the ‘savings’ made from the retrenchment of public services may be considered an improvement when the cost of shifting the burden and thus adding to unpaid household work remains hidden and invisible. Most public and private spending on children, for example, is classified as consumption expenditure. However, a strong case can be made that these expenditures represent an investment in future human capacities and should be accounted for separately from consumption expenditure.6 Unpaid childcare activities represent a similar investment but are not counted at all in macroeconomic statistics.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	a8b037131084140585cc2b5384829c64	Corrective measures are then required before the DoE releases more funds. In order to accelerate implementation and quality delivery, the DoE has established guidelines for all the stages of the electrification programme and occasionally provides one-off capacity building support to weaker municipalities. In the case of non-grid electrification, non-acceptance of renewable energy systems as a solution for the provision of electricity is slowing down the electrification process.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	a8b144dbef24bb0a3e0edaf875975e13	Its responsibilities include the economic regulation of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, as well as national regulation of drinking water. In Chile, the powerful regulatory agency Superintendencia de Seruicios Sanitarios,5 is in charge of setting water tariffs and sanitation services, granting concessions, monitoring quality of service delivery including sewage treatment, as well as establishing norms and standards. Economic regulation is carried out through several complementary tools and actors.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	a8b1b617971ac4d5ba7036c0b1dae803	Gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers, adjusted for differences in household size, 2009 for Japan. Carlos Farinha Rodrigues is Professor of Economics at the Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon. This paper was originally published as part of the 2014 Economic Survey of Portugal under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d349bcd-en	a8b1d83cebd49fd0c8e06d293b4f4093	Accordingly, countries have been grouped as high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income (table E). To maintain compatibility with similar classifications used elsewhere, the threshold levels of GNI per capita are those established by the World Bank. Countries with less than $995 GNI per capita are classified as low-income countries, those with between $996 and $3,895 as lower-middle-income countries, those with between $3,896 and $12,055 as upper-middle-income countries, and those with incomes of more than $12,056 as high-in-come countries. The basic criteria for inclusion require that certain thresholds be met with regard to per capita GNI, a human assets index and an economic vulnerability index.3 As of March 2018, there were 47 LDCs (table F). Unless otherwise indicated, multi-year averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual percentage rates of change. The convention followed is to omit the base year in a multi-year growth rate.	9	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289331142-4-en	a8b3865e70ba329891a7f9dd76dad51a	In Russia technological improvements play substantial role in promoting low carbon development and reduction of energy consumption, primarily via substitution of outdated Soviet technologies for new more efficient ones. As a result, different sectors had different emissions dynamics in 1990 than the present, as shown in Table 1.1. The main development has been the decline of the share of the agricultural sector, while the importance of industrial processes as an emissions source has increased slightly.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	a8b386f2bff4af468664a6d0c9db89cb	Figure 5.6 illustrates how the six above-mentioned scenarios fall along a spectrum, ranging from positive to negative growth outcomes. The (dark blue) colour indicates the desirable scenarios, the (light blue) may be considered second best options, and (white) indicates the non-desirable scenarios. Although it is important to understand the extent to which growth occurs in sectors specifically aimed at promoting environmental protection or resource-conservation services or technology, these sectors generally represent a relatively small subset of the larger service and manufacturing economy in a region.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330633-11-en	a8b4eebfa7f3dc65278fce9683bcabfe	In this framework, the determinants are divided into upstream (macro-level) factors, midstream (mid-level) factors and downstream (micro-level) factors. However, mortality is the result of past experiences of risk factors while morbidity is the result of on-going influences. As important as mortality and morbidity are for all those affected, to restrict actions to down-stream factors does not address the socio-economically driven determinants of health that are found more up-stream. Here governmental policy plays a key role, and is in turn influenced by still more up-stream determinants of global forces.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	a8b5ff7314066a922cc11072a0f4bbea	Residual household waste decreased by 22% from 2000/01 to 2006/07. However, in 2005, the United Kingdom still had the second highest proportion of landfill, and second lowest proportion of waste recovered, among the EU15 (DEFRA, 2007a), so it is clear that while the instruments of policy reform may now be in place, their work is still far from completed. The tax is now nearly six times its original rate. A small number of pilot schemes have been permitted to explore how such charging might work, but no LA has yet established such a pilot because of extensive negative press coverage of the idea. This was triggered by the installation by some LAs of microchip technologies for weighing waste in LA-required waste bins, before plans for variable charging had been discussed in the communities concerned.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	a8b762bc4cab95b83672982ca368c506	The second, and less acknowledged, reality is that food insecurity can be much higher in rural areas because of a far greater reliance on a narrow range of locally produced foodstuffs whose yields are unstable. Limited access to national and global food markets, and high levels of poverty can price rural people out of food markets. In the last decade, greater focus has been placed on integrating rural regions into the national and global economies, broadening the economic base of rural regions and improving agricultural productivity. In many respects, the pursuit of competitiveness, productivity and income generation (regional development) are necessary to sustain progress in the effort to reduce hunger, malnutrition and poverty. However, they are far from sufficient on their own.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	a8bc7e3b1ea67eaf5dded443ec2b8829	There are more than 370 million self-identified indigenous peoples in some 70 countries. They may not have the legal or financial resources to access health care in their host countries and may therefore develop physical or mental problems that are aggravated by poor transit and living conditions. When they are able to access health care, they may not find health practitioners experienced in treating diseases that are uncommon in the host country, such as tropical diseases in northern latitudes or the psychological trauma associated with migration.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	a8bc989fb5583e23a59903370b2fe1a4	The sample is small at around 4 000 households or about 10 000 persons, and it is biased toward the low-income populations (the sample does not cover those who change residential area and new buildings which are often occupied by richer households). The RLMS does not seem to be representative at regional level, not least because of the low response rate and high attrition in major cities. Then again, the questionnaire is quite comprehensive on the income side in terms of wage and non-wage incomes of adults and on expenditure patterns including detailed questions on food consumption in the last seven days and non-food consumption over the last three months (OECD, 2011). The wide divergence in estimates may reflect insufficient screening of high-risk sub-populations. Some of the international variations may result from differences across countries in the practice of registering premature babies.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0905f827-en	a8bd4ddc234dc387f1fb25852a86de33	This means that, despite encompassing less than 20% of the total population, the rural sector accounts for a third of the region's poor and almost half of its extremely poor. Disparities between urban and rural areas also manifest themselves in other dimensions of well-being, such as health, education and social protection (ECLAC/FAO/IICA, 2015). In view of this, financial inclusion is a tool with the potential to contribute to the inclusive transformation of the rural environment (IFC, 2011 and 2012; IFAD, 2009,2016a, 2016b and 2016c; Kloeppinger-Todd and Sharma, 2010; Timmer, 2009; Vargas Hill and Torero, 2009).	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	a8c3f8145275ecf403c8a84039b7c62b	This model allows least-cost and locally-suited solutions to be used to achieve given performance levels, fosters innovation, and creates real incentives for action. As this modality is already dominant in some environmental markets, its use also helps to build local capacity and readiness for such markets, and for negotiating deals that work well for Ethiopia. Within a few recent months, missions from Mali, Nigeria, Tanzania - and now the OECD - have visited Ethiopia to learn about its emerging approaches to green growth. This interest is likely to grow. A short case study like the present one offers a means for Ethiopia to share a snapshot of lessons and ideas to date.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	a8c70fbcb2a357246bc25dfeff57062e	Some countries have adapted these questions to their local context by including different circumstances, such as if she spends too much money, if she disobeys, if she is unfaithful, if she insults him, if she neglects household chores, if she shows disrespect for her in-laws and if she speaks about the need to protect herself against HIV/AIDS. The WHO Multi-country Survey on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence measured women’s attitudes towards domestic violence by asking them about the situations in which they believe that a man has a good reason to beat his wife, including situations in which she does not complete the housework, disobeys her husband or refuses to have sex with him. A second set of questions addressed the situations in which women believe that a woman has the right to refuse to have sex with her husband, including situations in which she does not want to, he is drunk, she is sick or he is mistreating her (Garcia-Moreno and others, 2005).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	a8c7286fcbbac11a730889fb542a796e	The quality of the output of entrepreneurship education initiatives have a direct bearing on the future level and quality of entrepreneurial activity, which implies there should be strong ties between the economic ministries and the Ministry of National Education. Opportunities to support students involved in entrepreneurship courses in gaining venturing experiences and building bridges to the world of work should be further explored. One of the keys for the future will be investing in the entrepreneurial development of the young to prepare an incoming generation of more informed and competent entrepreneurs, such as the instruction and training of non-business students in entrepreneurial skills and mindsets, supported by practical support programmes to engage students and graduates in entrepreneurial activity.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/355832ee-en	a8cba201780b089f73379b5ecd5928df	The second source includes children whose households were erroneously identified as having no children in the relevant age category, which appears to be most likely to affect children under three with no older siblings in the household. Guio et al (2012, p.17) dropped children aged one or two erroneously labelled as 'non-applicable' from their calculations. It is crucial that in the next round of collection of child-specific indicators, the prevalence of either type of error is minimised.	1	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	a8cf84961b414ccf45b4e89de58498ac	The constant demand for places in the ballot indicates that migration is as much sought after now as it has ever been; as one Samoan teacher said, ‘every village each year has two or three lucky ones who win the ballot’ (personal communication, italics added). Tonga has not published data on arrivals and departures since 2003 (although the Statistics Department indicated in 2011 that it was intending to resolve this problem before long). Samoa publishes summary data that were complete up to the end of2008. That shows that in every year of the present century there was a net loss to Samoa, ranging from 324 in 2006 to 10,879 in 2008, the last year on record.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	a8d1bb039c52eb15a39afcaaf6b3dd7b	The plan is then detailed in two parts; Section 4.4 outlines policy options to mitigate agriculture production risks at the hotspot location, and Section 4.5 describes measures to reduce broader sector risks, and to limit chain reaction that would affect non-hotspot countries. Section 4.6 closes the chapter with a discussion of implications for three pre-identified hotspot regions. This section analyses the incentives for reaction and possible responses of farmers and agro-purchasing food companies in hotspot regions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	a8d62a221b53df3b5024159bda79d9a7	This report is an initial insight into the skills challenges ahead for Asian economies but also of the originality of the approaches and the pathways they are choosing. The report was edited and prepared by Dr. Cristina Martinez-Fernandez and Dr. Kyungsoo Choi of the OECD LEED Programme. Dr. Sylvain Giguere, Head of the LEED Division, provided valuable guidance and comments.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	a8d63736b62381474bf9ec771af945e0	A specific regulatory structure and proactive policies succeeded in attracting FDI in the manufacturing sector, which added to existing productive capacity, increased productivity and supported the technological upgrading of local productive capacities, even though the country’s exports continued to have a relatively high import content, particularly of technology-intensive parts and components (TDR 2006: 186-189). This is why the growth of manufactured exports that has accompanied their participation in these networks has not always been matched by comparable increases in value added and employment. Note: FDI data refer to outflows for developed countries and to inflows for developing countries and countries in Eastern Europe. Data for China refer to 2000-2010. Several reasons can explain this diversity.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	a8d77580d2bf4a2f1680c3649ea15252	At the same time, procedure for recertification of foreign doctors does not exist yet in Israel. At present, accreditation is mandatory for hospitals to be eligible for funding from the SSN, but a number of accreditation models have been developed across regions with varying levels of sophistication. Since 2010, there is a national attempt towards standardisation of the accreditation process (Technical Group for Accreditation, TRAC).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	a8d9a0309fb833a0b18cc3249c106398	Food support programmes are highly visible, politically popular, but can be difficult to remove. If the goal is income support, cash transfers are the preferred option. If the goal is increased food consumption, food stamps or food subsidies may be more effective. However, the costs are higher compared to cash transfers, and removing the measure, especially food subsidies, may prove to be extremely difficult.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	a8db59d57a2008bba8da65220d6a7195	Indeed, there is no guarantee that results on the capacity of a social programme to reduce poverty by a given amount will translate to another country if the poverty line is set in a different way. We propose that this line be set at a multiple of median income, which makes the poverty line sensitive to the distribution of welfare in the country, rather than being solely determined by the mean of the welfare metric used. This relative poverty line can fruitfully be used alongside an absolute poverty line, which we set at the level of the international dollar-a-day poverty line. Considering that the international 1.25 dollar-a-day poverty line sets a minimum income for fulfilling survival needs, the 1.25 dollar-a-day line may appear more relevant when the relative poverty line falls below this level.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	a8dcf1a93984b5debac26cf5441a2229	This was much higher than in developing countries, where that share was, on average, only 28.2 per cent in Africa, 20.7 per cent in East, South and South-East Asia, 27.3 per cent in Latin America, 34.2 per cent in the transition economies, and 35.8 per cent in West Asia (table 5.2). As a result, developing countries, on average, have had less scope to influence income distribution through fiscal measures. Several studies have found that many low-income and least developed countries experienced a decline in their public revenue in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as result of falling income and trade taxes (Heady, 2001; Khattry and Mohan Rao, 2002; Gemmell and Morrissey, 2003). In the 1980s the fiscal-revenue-to-GDP ratio declined in 7 out of 14 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Sainz and Calcagno, 1992).	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	a8dda237a5e8a62f9ffd9c989d46d881	In the majority of countries, monetary policies are focused almost exclusively on meeting very low inflation targets, attained by raising interest rates to keep prices from increasing more rapidly.40 High interest rates slow economic activity by making credit more expensive and less accessible, thus reducing consumer purchases and raising the cost of financing productive investments. All of these factors lower demand for labour. Recent research has shown that women's employment has declined faster than men's in a range of developing countries—including Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Philippines and the Republic of Korea—that are experiencing reductions in inflation associated with restrictive monetary policy.41 In countries that maintain a less restrictive monetary environment, such gender inequalities are less evident.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	a8de02c7537be20dc554ec6ce945b768	Appraisal constitutes one opportunity for giving feedback on school leader’s efforts to assume wider leadership tasks and responsibilities and can be used to point school leaders towards opportunities to engage in activities that may help improve the wider system. Research has increasingly stressed the benefits of using multiple tools to form a fair, valid and reliable picture of a school leader’s performance from a comprehensive perspective. However, school leaders and evaluators need to have the necessary capacity and competence to choose suitable instruments and understand fairness, reliability and validity concerns.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	a8de23fba6c2e30e5e5d0d4fef8eb969	These include specialised programmes in preparation for tertiary education and programmes that can result, or lead towards the award of a VET qualification. Access to university in Australia is via exam and the provision of a ranked entrance score, or via a comparative entry qualification. Australian Year 12 subjects have significant breadth and depth in their coverage, and vary across states and territories.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	a8df052799a63ef6c9ccb068d1083950	The EPA seeks to shape a shared cultural space by utilising Cultural Routes to foster awareness-raising about heritage, education, networking, quality and sustainable cross-border tourism and other related activities. The agreement strengthens the democratic dimension of cultural exchange and tourism through the involvement of grassroots networks and associations, local and regional authorities, universities and professional organisations. It contributes to the preservation of a diverse heritage through theme-based and alternative tourist itineraries and cultural projects.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	a8e5097cb0ada6abfd859fc31f805179	The number of young people in the Arab population is high: 49% are under the age of 19, compared with 33% in the non-Arab population. At the same time, however, the attitudes regarding employment and education of Arab women are changing. This change is reflected in the reduction of fertility rates among Arab Muslims from 5.5 children per woman in 1980 to 3.9 in 2007. Jewish and Arab workers each account for just over one-third of the workforce in the construction sector, with cross-border workers and foreign workers together making up the other third.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	a8e7516e2f5a825a4b5a7d6e9eefc207	For example, individuals should not be deprived of essential food, basic shelter or education. This is also an immediate obligation. Macroeconomic policy choices should guard against eroding those rights overtime (i.e., against retrogression). Governments have an obligation to take steps, to the maximum of their available resources, to realize economic and social rights overtime.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	a8e75561878c961edd0b02cb8e9a8c81	Nevertheless, some of the indicators used to measure the deprivations differ from the first age group. The nutrition dimension consists of only three anthropometric indicators, omitting the indicators on exclusive breastfeeding and feeding practices due to unavailable data. In the health dimension, two different indicators are used, namely the availability of a health card, and the receipt of DPT3. While the first indicator serves as a proxy for incidental access to health care services, the second indicator captures the child's ability to receive a full set of DPT vaccinations, and comprises therefore his or her repetitive access to the health care service. With regards to the dimension on child protection, the indicator on negligence is replaced with an indicator identifying a child as deprived when he or she is left alone for more than one hour. The lower rates can be (partly) explained by the absence of the infant and young child feeding and skilled birth attendant indicators.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	a8efb258104e343dd9ab8b2372b88919	Common implementation issues are also discussed. Section 3.7 presents a first attempt at assessing the housing policy mix in OECD countries, highlighting that more work is needed to validate the comparability of data. However it is important to determine to which extent these objectives are in fact shared by housing policies, given the fact that countries intervene in housing market also for reasons not linked to social policy (see Section 1).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204256-8-en	a8f042ad42e28f9a9c7b72f800241851	Qualifications and skills in excess of those required at work are still valued in the labour market. On average, a tertiary graduate who holds a job requiring only an upper secondary qualification will earn less than if he or she were in a job requiring a tertiary qualification, but more than an upper secondary graduate in a job requiring upper secondary qualifications. Based on this information, the survey measures the use of a wide range of skills, including both information-processing skills, which are also measured in the direct assessment, and generic skills, for which only self-reported use at work is available.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	a8f1386d951cdbfdbc5872157b534d69	"Living in multiple places produces functional spaces that often do not correspond to administrative boundaries (Cortes and Fayet, 2009; Ma Mung, 1999). This mobility gradually results in a rural economy that is more diversified and often related to some form of urban economy (Haggblade, Hazell and Reardon, 2007). About 40% of African urban dwellers are “engaged in some sort of agricultural activity"" (FAO, 2012)."	11	1	4	0.6
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	a8f347f2ab37ee5fdb28a664ae880a7d	These provide not only some principled stance around which efforts will coalesce, but also represent a measure against which individual and collective pledges can and will be evaluated. With respect to mitigation, the Paris Agreement states two long-term temperature goals underpinned by two emissions-related goals. It also has an adaptation goal. The 1.5°C target was a critical negotiating issue for the SIDS, as many of the climate impacts anticipated even at a 2°C global mean temperature rise are very likely to result in catastrophic damage to these states.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	a8f67715a6f5a3275619571f7aa41902	This would emphasise the need to value benefits or disbenefits at all steps of the value chain and to evaluate whether current levels of investment for each of these steps is adequate. Based on the study findings, it appears that conducting a global study of the benefits of investing in WSS, such as the Stern Review for climate change or the Millennium Impact Assessment for ecosystem services, would both be extremely challenging and of comparatively more limited use. From a practical point of view, the present report has repeatedly highlighted the variability in benefits from WSS depending on local factors, such as the prevalence of diarrheal diseases, the quality of receiving waters, etc.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	a8f8345aafdc5d405d18d05d0986a828	Bl assumes a “convergent world with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, reductions in material intensity, and introduction of clean technologies. The emphasis is on global solutions to economic, social, and environmental sustainability, including improving equity, but without additional climate change policies”. A2 and B2 have a stronger focus on self-reliance and local solutions, with slower economic growth and technological change.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	a8f8c3e176a5e805f822e2bc84cb138d	The number of IWBs requested by schools in each application round has always exceeded the available funding; apart from certain technical requirements (e.g. access to broadband), the order of priority is determined by the objective of equalising existing differences across schools and regions (Schietroma, 2011). The biggest market share (39% in 2010) accrued to SmartBoard, followed by Interwrite (17%). The average price paid for a desktop PC was EUR 368 in 2010; and for a notebook PC EUR 400.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	a901a48f6933865e0a8e6feb02a1d2f8	A case study approach was adopted, with the aim of capturing the different ways in which genomic science and technology are being pursued for public health purposes in each of the different national settings. Rather than attempt to impose, a priori, a strictly comparative approach on this small and potentially unrepresentative sample, transnational patterns were identified inductively from the case studies in the course of data analysis. By contrast the development of stratified medicine tends to be seen as primarily a national issue, with international initiatives in this area directed towards fostering an appropriate regulatory and economic environment supportive of national innovation.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/894b85fa-en	a904e0ede7c8d2718f6e036cd496dc0a	In developing regions, a significant proportion of women who are in the labour force have no income of their own because they are contributing family workers, on family farms and enterprises. Being married and having young children in the household dampen women's labour force participation rates, while they have the opposite effect on men's. Discrimination in labour markets and women's disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work pose a particular problem for lone mothers who cannot rely on income-pooling with a partner.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	a906a002124f79beb8a29dbc57ced385	For measures where a smaller value is better (e.g. ‘adolescents reporting low life satisfaction’), ‘high performer' means a value less than the OECD mean by more than half an s.d., In both cases 'moderate performer' means a value within half an s.d. There was a difference of 10 score points between non-immigrant and immigrant children in Canada in the PISA mathematics test (Figure 5).	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	a907b77bac790881511d5dec77e3c9ae	Therefore, risk should be seen as a normal and inseparable part of economic activities and development, as something built into particular development pathways and practices, constructed through day-to-day decisions by those who have a stake in particular patterns of development. It needs to ensure that development is risk informed to improve the safety of people and critical facilities, to protect the natural and built environment, and to build resilient livelihoods and economic activity. Prospective measures to prevent or reduce risk creation can be combined with corrective DRM efforts that reduce the level of existing risk (e.g. through retrofitting of critical infrastructure such as schools or hospitals). Compensatory risk management activities also have a role in strengthening the social and economic resilience of individuals and societies in the face of residual risk (the remaining risk that cannot be effectively eliminated), for example through preparedness, response and recovery activities, contingent credit, insurance and safety net programmes that are designed to help affected populations mitigate disasters or recover from their impacts.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	a90a3469fb398fe51494c1fc752f5dd7	Analysis, including that undertaken in this Outlook, contends that most biofuel production is driven by policies aimed at energy security, rural development and climate change. Given the prospects of higher oil prices, the value of feedstock crops in the energy market may exceed their value in the food, feed or fibre markets, putting increased pressure on commodity prices as well as increasing the link with energy markets. Should recent volatility in world oil prices continue, this will contribute to further increases in food price volatility, especially if prices rise to levels where biofuel production becomes profitable without subsidies and more prevalent around the globe.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-4-en	a90aa5af8a46163ea5accbba839363a3	Between 2003 and 2009, the government spent over GBP 900 million to reduce the risk of flooding for over 250 000 households. Most of the available funding was spent on improving existing flood defences or keeping them in good working order. But out of 29 million homes and other properties in England, 5.2 million remain at risk of flooding, with 490 000 properties at a significant risk of flooding from rivers or the sea. Infrastructure at risk includes critical national infrastructure assets, including 55% of pumping stations and treatment works, 28% of gas infrastructure, 20% of railways, 14% of electricity infrastructure and 10% of major roads. The ratio would be reduced only to 7:1 if expenditures were to increase at an annual average of GBP 20 million and would remain robust, at 4:1, even if expenditures were to increase at GBP 50 million per year. These benefit-cost ratios are considerably higher than those for other major (priority) public expenditures, especially for infrastructure investments such as transport and energy.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	a90b3c5200af760447bd41115d2a8dd0	The eldest woman (older than 18 years) in every eligible household will receive the ration cards for the household. In addition, reforms will be undertaken to make the public distribution system effective and transparent. These measures include the application of modem information and communication technologies and the use of biometric information for eligible households.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/02e538fc-en	a90d5d390714ad8bf8f1da20501653fc	This is reflected in the division of domestic tasks: women remain responsible for the vast majority of household and care tasks, including 85% of cooking, 92% of collecting water and 78% of childcare (see Box 8). As a result, social stigma toward men involved in unpaid care and domestic activities is high, as well as for women who pursue paid work rather than care and reproductive roles. This is reflected across the world: Figure 6 shows that higher levels of gender-based discrimination in social norms, as measured by the SIGI (see Box 2), higher gender time use gaps.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	a90d601ce4f06b0fbb3ab2594ad02fbe	The issue of expanding access to unemployment and health protection mechanisms should also be given urgent consideration, as social protection analysis has focused little on it to date. The reforms are designed to improve the efficiency and coverage of unemployment insurance and boost affiliates' access to a set of active labour market policies (including training and labour intermediation). Apart from unemployment insurance, a number of associated instruments are important in protecting workers in the event of redundancy, including severance pay (which operates as a disincentive to dismissal), individual savings accounts (allowing workers to accumulate cash resources while they are employed), notice of termination (prior notification of dismissal in order to prevent sharp falls in income) and early retirement benefits (Bertranou and Paz, 2007; Velasquez, 2010).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	a910c4cb4bcd5d5544076f88467db91a	The other national markets are too small to develop a national rating scale. The credibility of rating agencies has been negatively affected by the financial crisis, however, as many criticised those agencies for not having adequately appraised the risks of sophisticated securities, such as mortgage-backed securities, and thereby contributing to the financial bubble. The most credit-worthy providers would tap into loans from government (Municipal Development Fund Office or the Development Bank of the Philippines) and private financial institutions with their resources derived from cost-recovering tariffs. The less credit-worthy providers would rely on concessional debt and grants from the government and financing from NGOs. In some countries, the report noted that “these ratings compare favourably to the ratings accorded by GCR to various large entities operating across other key sectors (within the same countries as those of the participating water utilities)”. However, the assessment noted that these ratings were lower than what would be expected given their quasi-monopoly situation.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	a913345608c3462a72743a7bdb14745c	Eastern Europe and Central Asia (23 countries). The largest programmes are India's school-feeding programme and the Programa Nacional de AHmentaqao Escolar in Brazil, which cover 105 and 47 million children, respectively. For example, following the 2008 global financial crisis, the Government of Brazil was able to react quickly at low cost by scaling up programmes. This had a significant impact, reaching over 1.6 million of the most vulnerable people and, in turn, contributed to domestic demand growth: despite a decrease in GDP in 2009 of 0.6 percent, private consumption remained stable and resumed growing in the second half of 2009 (Berg and Tobin, 2011). The programme resulted in a 13 percentage point reduction in poverty levels (living on less than $1 a day) in beneficiary households between 2007 and 2009 (Ward eta/., 2010). It entails a cash transfer to the primary caregiver of a child who is under the age of 18 and living in a household earning below a defined income threshold.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	a914882a91c66c262296d160a96b33ab	To ensure that increased resources are not wasted but translate into better health outcomes, greater health system efficiency must be prioritised at the same time. Without removing this cap, or undertaking a health sector spending and efficiency review, it will be difficult to increase health system resources substantially over a short period of time. Many other OECD countries, such as France or the United Kingdom, engage in regular spending reviews that allow a more responsive approach to public service development, whilst controlling over spending.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	a9170cf631deec241212edfe356c4524	Linked to this is the question of governance and how policy-makers and managers deal with competing interest groups and effect policy change in the face of varying positions. While it was recognized that many fisheries management tools that incorporate uncertainty exists, they may not be effectively applied due to implementation challenges associated with political, social, economic and financial factors. For example, there have been major changes in composition of the New Zealand charter fleet in recent times and major decreases in mid-water landings of a number of species. As fish stocks move and distribution and abundance change, there will be significant issues with respect to access and allocation between affected States and their commercial stakeholders, possibly resulting in situations where national and local community interests may clash.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	a917b05f7f6bca1c5bcbc19a1adfac83	A more systematic use of wastewater treatment, public transport and water supply tariffs and charges could help to raise more revenue while increasing the sustainability of green utility systems. Parking taxes and charges offer one such instance. The City of Bandung is considering increasing parking fees to discourage car use. This could be combined with West Java Province’s current policy of reserving some parking slots for energy-efficient cars identified with a blue sticker.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	a91a252fa99ab725c30282048c6e12b3	While the national government is responsible for structural energy policies to transform the energy mix by creating a market environment in favour of cleaner energy sources, large cities like Hai Phong can contribute to national goals by piloting renewable energy options, promoting greener products and energy efficient buildings, in addition to improving energy efficiency in industry. Many local energy policies can create co-benefits, such as reduced air pollution and improved traffic congestion, which correlate effectively with local actions. To increase the proportion of its energy sourced from sustainable sources, use of biomass electricity is expected to rise from 0.6% in 2020 to 1.1% in 2030 (City of Hai Phong, 2015).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	a91d5815e8f80015c81d95cda70846a8	If public transportation were included in this count, at nearly 20 700 jobs in 2010, it would represent the largest share of green jobs in the metro-region (Brookings Institution, 2011c). Because other local green economy studies in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region employ broader definitions of energy and waste-related jobs, this report presents an alternative categorisation method. Under this more expansive category definition of energy jobs, for example, job growth occurred more slowly in building-related activities than in activities related to energy or water and air.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	a91de1fb6ff45cb6b02ded2964385458	The environmental impacts of pipelines are mainly related to the risk of an oil or gas leak or spillage, and are location specific. There are no data available to enable a conclusion to be drawn on whether or not Tajikistan follows international guidelines and best practice on the management of risk of spills from existing pipelines. While hydropower is a renewable resource, the impacts of the hydropower sector include habitat loss and displacement of local communities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	a921c2fa9815855d0d3f852256c68f42	This is partly driven by global economic growth and increasing demand. In the shipping sector, for example, container traffic looks set to continue to grow very fast, w'ith volumes likely to triple by 2035 (OECD, 2015). Fisheries production worldwide is expected to expand by around a fifth over the next ten years, although the main driver of overall production will be aquaculture (OECD and FAO, 2015).	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	a921e26c03376b1dd898ed34927cba76	At the same time, Table 1.1 also shows that agriculture accounts for a very large share of total withdrawals, amounting to an estimated 70% in 2010. This aggregate estimate, however, combines very different rates across countries and equally variable rates at subnational levels (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). As shown in Figure 1.1, agriculture use represents a significant portion of groundwater use (more than 45%) in at least nine OECD countries: Israel, Chile, Korea, Turkey, Australia, the United Sates, Spain, Mexico and Portugal.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	a922c95f1bad10480606f511e0d43141	Experts suggest creating a buffer or service area around the designated stop of the public transport within a 500-metre walking distance. Countries with more advanced systems of data collection may wish to conduct an entire network analysis within the same buffer, but paying attention to the street network, as part of a physical accessibility component.7 They can also adapt to the transit system separating non-rapid transit (the conventional bus) from rapid transit (the metro light rail. Bus Rapid Transit -BRTj etc) at a 1.000-metre walking distance.8 Experts also proposed to consider including formal and informal transport systems; yet, in many countries, there is no clear way of defining stops for informal transport.9 It is also suggested to disaggregate information to the greatest extent possible when reporting,10 although this requires major efforts (mainly surveys) which are still lacking in most cities. The share of population with access to public transport depends on several factors.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	a925494da8f725e9a456319136a414d5	Citizens and businesses may avoid taking risks, delaying decisions regarding investment, innovation and labour mobility that are essential to jump-start growth and social progress. Education will be key to reconciling the needs and interests of individuals, communities and nations within an equitable framework based on open borders and a sustainable future. This is a moral and social obligation; it is also a huge opportunity.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	a92577d59904de30713d46151a138482	The General Ordinance develops the different regulations regarding administrative procedures, planning processes and relevant technical design standards for urbanisation and building. Technical norms define the technical characteristics related to projects and urbanisation, and construction materials and systems, in order to comply with the standards required by the Ordenanza General. The Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (Mimsterio de Viuienda y Urbanismo/MINVU), through its SEREMI (regional level offices) plays a supervisory role, ensuring that the regulations and norms of the General Law and the Ordinance are met.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	a926de59a00765f56bc7106e0c7f869f	The large number of teachers and school leaders is driven by the significant proportion of small-class schools in the country and strict staffing norms. The large number of staff squeezes school budgets, creates rigidities and crowds out investments in other areas. About 93% of school expenditure in rural schools is devoted to staff compensation. This means that budgets are very tight and that principals have very limited room for manoeuvre to manage resources in a more efficient way or invest in school development activities. In particular, the large number of staff discourages improvements in their compensation which is considered low in Kazakhstan, although the complexity of the teacher salary structure hinders its analysis. The definition of class sizes is a recurrent trade-off that has a great impact on expenditure due to the labour-intensive nature of education: small class sizes require a large number of teachers whilst greater class sizes can free up resources to improve teaching quality.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	a92852c7473526aae3e2c48051de58a4	By way of example, the Association of British Insurers (ABI 2011), representing the third largest insurance industry in the world (after the USA and Japan) notes that of the GBP 1.6 trillion in assets under management held by its members from their long-term savings products (i.e. pensions, annuities and life-insurance) most is invested in domestic and overseas equity and bonds. Other investment and cash accounts for 7% or around GBP 100 billion. Industry estimates are that up to around GBP 20 billion of this is invested in infrastructure, and it could be estimated that maybe 10%, or around GBP 2 billion is in ‘green’ projects (mostly renewable energy such as wind farms and solar).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	a9286aa8d2310b135db1c80b93364311	Despite some shortcomings, this achievement is impressive, both because of its scope and because Chinese electricity consumers pay their bills, unlike consumers in many other developing countries (IEA, 2002: 374). Another good example is Morocco, which has reached 97 per cent coverage over a comparable time span. Access to modern energy strongly influences and determines living standards (e.g. availability of lighting), access to water and sanitation, agricultural productivity (i.e. through irrigation), health (refrigeration for medicines and vaccines, and power for equipment), gender and education. Its centrality in promoting higher living standards and enhancing productive opportunities means that none of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be met without major improvements in the quality and quantity of energy services in developing countries.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	a928cdc8a4318ca9fc153e9cce4e1cd5	Every third German father wishes to have more time for his children (Destatis, 2015a) and most fathers would prefer shorter paid work hours (BMFSFJ, 2015b). In couple families with a female partner aged 25 to 45 years old and at least one child, mothers are in paid work for an average of 17 hours, and in Austria, Italy and Switzerland this is also less than 20 hours per week on average. By contrast, the figure among partnered mothers aged 25 to 45 years old in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is 30 hours per week or more (Chapter 4).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	a9293153e892fea240ae6dc0b14d3f6c	"Like PISA, the PISA-D teacher questionnaire asks about school leadership at the school where they work and job satisfaction. The system-level questionnaire used in PISA was adapted for use by PISA-D countries, and both versions capture data on the structure of national programmes, national assessments and examinations, instructional time, teacher training and salaries, educational finance (including enrolment), national accounts and population data (UIS, 2016). Some background variables are also collected about the person who answers the ""person most knowledgeable about the youth"" questionnaire. While PISA offers an optional parent questionnaire, it is distributed to the parents of students sitting the PISA test in school and focuses on the parents' perceptions of and involvement in their child's school, their support for learning at home and school choice; and it acquires information on basic characteristics of the early childhood education and care arrangements of PISA participants, and reasons for attending or not attending early childhood education and care. The Foundations for Success include four family factors: nutrition, no exposure to toxins, the mother's physical health and the mother's emotional health."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	a92ab5cec1a661494ce3fb36541d6d45	They also implement financial leasing of equipment. In the early transition period, new taxes were introduced, while the taxes existing under the planned economy system were eliminated or modified. To date, the 2002 Tax Code remains the principal framework of the national tax system, including in the agricultural sector. The land tax applies to privately-owned land and is paid by the actual user of that land (an owner or a lessee).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	a932a9738a7b3b0790d2d0944d4fa91d	David Ricardo considered that the “natural price” of labour was given by the value of the subsistence goods consumed by workers, without which they could not participate in production processes and thus create wealth. Its level was based on the historical costs of reproduction for workers and their families, which set a minimum threshold below which wages could not fall without inducing a drop in birth rates. In developing this argument, David Ricardo ignored the contribution of domestic work to workers’ and their families’ reproduction process, concentrating instead on the potential conflict between the rate of return and the cost of reproduction of the workforce, as determined by the value of wage goods. He considered that society needed a sphere of social relations that was guided by moral criteria and not by criteria of efficiency.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	a93356465064c66fb69ce98f95b57398	Rubka has been in Lebanon for eight years, having first come on a contract when she was 22. Her status became irregular because the old man she was caring for died after 3.5 years, and his children did not want to continue her contract. She then worked in two other homes before comingto her current employer’s house, which was where I interviewed her.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	a9349a99d26dd6f45a46e0051586b951	Indonesia may be able to unlock sources of its “dead capital” while providing participants in the informal economy greater security and the chance to move up the value chain. With parts of the informal sector better integrated into the legal regime, its participants would benefit from the protection of Indonesian laws and standards. Indonesia’s formal economy also would be seen to be stronger were more of its commercial activity calculated and included in its national accounts.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	a934a0a3608431bd44d22d08ddc8fc35	An exhaustive list of issues to be managed by local self-governments in rural communities, municipal and urban territories is given in the Federal Law “On the general principles of local self-management in the Russian Federation”. At the federal level, the main directions for regional policy are given by the President. Sector-specific regional programmes and policies are developed and financed by sectoral ministries, and the annual budget for regional policy measures is approved by the Federal Assembly. Until September 2014, the Ministry of Regional Development was responsible for the implementation of policy measures, monitoring the effective use of budgetary funds, and inter-regional co-operation.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	a93e3098e3f7fc370260fc5427a59459	Using token- or cryptocurrency-based models and gamification approaches, efficient markets for carbon offsetting activities can be built and scaled. This approach requires customer-centric market models and applications, which are easy to understand and use. Education and providing access to blockchain-based applications will be key for successful implementation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	a93e7e8cc8663689009f5ef576953d70	In 2014, 54% of countries globally had not achieved gender parity in lower-secondary education, while in upper-secondary school the figure was 77% (UNESCO, 2016). They include childcare programmes for siblings and flexible school times in the harvesting season. Tackling discriminatory norms, attitudes and practices through the media, religious institutions and community leaders can also help to dismantle some of the barriers to girls’ education (Box 6.1).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	a93fe2d0d3ace151821b5dd4e57b1b3b	However, the larger lesson is that successful agricultural development may require linking primary production to local processing in order to make the primary production a viable economic activity. These farms account for a large share of the rural population and their low income is a major factor in the large gap between urban and rural income in the state. The creation of a dual system of farmland ownership set in place the foundation for a dual structure of agriculture by removing the possibility of using land as collateral for loans for farmers on ejidos.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	a94138c715bc09ec0d4af19253b830f1	As Figure 3.1 shows, the number of central government actors involved in water policy making ranges from two in the case of the Netherlands to 15 for Chile. Source: OECD Water Governance Survey (2010). Beyond the determination of who does what, the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	a941f19e7545ea877b4b9510f0be6a63	In 2014, the System was extended to include a dedicated web portal. This cadastre provides public access to the processes of issuing and reissuing of licences, licence revocation, transfer, pledge and surrender for the entire or a part of the licensed area, as well as to maintaining a register of licences. One of the main objectives of this tool is to prevent licences from overlapping other licences or protected areas.	12	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	a946759a9cee2d1b34b4918705d931a7	Three stratification criteria are applied in order to construct the sample of the start-up panel: year when the firm was formed, its sector of business, and whether or not it has been promoted by KfW Bankengruppe. Each year, a random sample of the firms created in the three years prior to the year of the survey is drawn. The estimates in Chapter 28 are based on data from the public use file from the first year of the survey in 2008.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	a9484fd03c231db2b0f1256678171231	Weekly Hours of Work, and Time for Child Rearing: The US experience in a cross-national context', Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper 489 (revised version), Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg. Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States', Luxembourg income Study, Working Paper 523, Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg. J., E. Hurst and M. Schettini Kearney (2008), 'Parental Education and Parental Time with Children’.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	a94881c7ea681922d6779f687a241552	According to French policy (www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/L-eau-paie-l-eau.html), water-pays-for-water means that water users (“consumers” and “polluters”) must pay for the infrastructure construction and operation necessary for the production and distribution of drinking water and the provision of sanitation services; at the same time, the water-related expenses of the authorities in charge must be balanced with the revenues received from the water users. This principle highlights that no public subsidy (explicit or hidden) should be provided to the water sector, while allowing for cross-subsidisation between categories of water users as well as between individual water users. Another consequence of this principle is that revenues from water charges or taxes are earmarked for water-related services. These issues will be explored further in this chapter.	6	1	3	0.5
10.6027/95b9bcd0-en	a94c3062b32ee6467036b2c9af1a263d	"Already at that time the area was an emerging metropole and centre of trade and politics (the name Copenhagen refers to ""Harbour of trade""), which it continues to be to this day. The high density potentially results in corresponding pressures on the environment, such as through sewage discharge. Recently (2000), Denmark and Sweden constructed a bridge and a tunnel across the Sound, which has also involved construction of the fourth artificial island (Peberholm) inthe Sound."	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	a94e2dfb304503570413e64f24150b84	Narrowing the labour force participation gap between men and women by 50% has been estimated to raise annual growth in GDP per capita by 0.3 percentage points on average (Thevenon et al., Second, Evidence from OECD countries shows that having more women in paid (full-time) work results in lower household income inequality (Harkness, 2010; OECD, 2015). Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. Despite the fact that Chile has made remarkable progress increasing women participation in politics, the share of parliamentary seats occupied by women is the lowest in the OECD.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	a94e37f1a3a5cb4a41bae5e7b3a2a2ff	Thus nature protection in LP forests will increasingly have to rely on funding other than profit on timber sales. The Forest Act allows central budget funding of nature protection in LP forests. This included funding not only of nature protection but also of many other tasks (e.g. drawing up afforestation plans on private land, inventorying forest condition).	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-6-en	a94fcf0d59200bd4fcaa1316d7b59c45	Water supply and sanitation in the five other LGUs of the metropolitan areas is either undertaken by LGUs or by private suppliers. The existence of water districts originated in the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, which created the Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA) - Water District concept, encouraging LGUs to transfer their water supply systems to water districts, on a similar model as MCWD (ADB, 2013a). The data presented below will often reflect the fragmentation of water suppliers and the lack of harmonised and available information across all areas of Metro Cebu (see section 4 for a discussion on data in the w'ater sector).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	a9510c42254b2fe6cf6e80e653d64247	At the same time, the potential for duplication and the need for co-ordination are likely to result in inefficiencies in management. The double dominion creates the risk of issues “falling between the cracks” or for agencies to deny responsibility for addressing more challenging problems. This is consistent with the Constitution and with the 9433 Water Law (Article 14, 1st paragraph) and there has been a precedent: the ANA has signed an agreement on the management of federal rivers with the Federal District, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo and Ceara; these precedents confirm that devolution works well and is in line with the decentralised approach to water management in Brazil. Devolution will be contingent on sufficient capacity at the local level, which appears to be an issue in many states and can also be subject to “tenders”: such an “a la carte” decentralisation process ensures consistency with the Constitution, gives the ANA the opportunity to warrant that federal waters will be allocated in ways that are consistent with policy objectives, and provides an incentive for states to strengthen their capacity.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	a95281aae563fdc29d01cfc094a862d1	In the 1960s, both countries had similar income levels and similar rates of growth. South Korea’s larger middle class enabled it to shift away from export-driven growth towards domestic consumption, a transition that did not occur in Brazil. They do not constitute a developmental “middle class” and their employment, education and consumption behaviours do not coincide with perceptions of a middle class that drives domestic consumption and growth.8 In Latin America, for example, the middle sectors are still economically vulnerable: average schooling is only 8.3 years and few of its members have university degrees.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	a9534bb4d3951bf111efbd069fecd02b	This includes direct costs of services, lost productivity at work and reduced quality of life. The cost of poor mental health to business is just over GBP 1,000 per employee per year, or almost GBP 26 billion across the UK economy (Centre for Mental Health, 2010). For periods preceding 2011, commissioning authorities should be taken to mean Primary Care Trusts, under the authority of Strategic Health Authorities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204638-3-en	a9580e16e7db9d856d6f49e3f0706fce	However, the Colombian innovation system is still small, overly centred on state actors and performs well below the level required for its sustained development. The share of GDP due to non-manufacturing industry (mining, including petroleum; construction; utilities) increased rapidly, from less than a tenth to over a fifth of output, w'hile the manufacturing sector either stagnated or contracted, falling from just over a fifth to about a sixth of output. This may reflect a significant long-term trend of relative “de-manufacturisation”, which mirrors to some degree the experience of other Latin American countries, as the scale and scope of manufacturing exports, especially from Asia, has increased.	9	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	a95ddd077130bff503148278ea6ec849	The few with low active SIMs/100 and high CAGRs are those that have allowed market entry recently, with the exception of Ethiopia. When the competition reaches a high level of intensity, operators are compelled to move from the comfort zone of the conventional business model to BTNM. In the cases that have been analysed, this has occurred around the time the fourth operator gains significant market share and/or a significant change in ownership/culture occurs in one of the operators.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	a95f4903f74a2dfc88497f472fc20cce	In the US, law requires fishery managers to rebuild depleted fish stocks within ten years if possible. These legislative mandates may constrain the rebuilding strategies available to fishery managers and stakeholders, but there still may be substantial gains from careful design of rebuilding plans that better meet stakeholder objectives and reduce the costs of rebuilding a depleted fishery. More gradual rebuilding strategies are likely to generate greater economic benefits if demand is inelastic and marginal costs increase with the level of fishing activity. In many cases it will be desirable to rebuild fish stocks to well above B^y, but this will not always be the case and again depends on a combination of biological and technical-economic factors that will vary from fishery to fishery.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7b961df5-en	a961470ffa2c958406a2ce8dc0c922ad	"Indicators within Dimensions 2 and 3 should be examined together. There is also a strong relationship to indicator lcl (""Pay gap between groups""). However, it is important to document the statistical concepts and methodologies that are behind the wage data, in order to clearly identify the degree of comparability that is possible."	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	a9650ca0b4f8d26f3a5e8b7fcf211324	Criteria to prioritise investment projects include economic profitability, reduction of extreme poverty, regional development and concurrence with other investment programmes and projects (CONAGUA, 2008). However, the existing systems seem to support the selection of projects mostly within programmes and within sub-sectors and it is unclear to other stakeholders how the allocation across sub-sectors works. There are several examples of actions taken to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of public spending that could be replicated - such as taking advantage of economies of scale in the provision of water supply and sanitation services (see the benefits from the creation of a inter-municipal companies in Colima) or adopting appropriate technologies (e.g. rainwater harvesting in Oaxaca).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	a9650e55bcfa470da28a30c894a72342	As a result, Asia has been changing from the traditional carbohydrates and vegetables dominated diet to one richer in fat and proteins — a process that has been called the “westernization” of the Asian diet. In South Asia, for example, the area devoted to millet and sorghum fell, while more land was planted with fruits and vegetables. In South East Asia, the pattern was similar, with a fall in the area of land devoted to “other cereals.”	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	a9654bf92114787be6a5d603878ff9d2	Responses to the open questions also indicated that research capacity was a crucial limiting factor. As with stratified medicine, most respondents did not distinguish between basic research and translational or implementation work, though two did comment on the need for more translation of research findings into practice. More pressing, it seems, was a sense that developments in genomic science and practice remain concentrated in major urban centres, with two respondents commenting on the difficulties of extending the scientific capacity for infectious disease control from key centres to the rest of the country.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/eb40a355-en	a9669c5de53e0b6d2254106ccae6f139	In this light, the scientific bodies under the Convention could focus also on the city scale and assess the contribution of long range transport to air pollution in cities. The scientific community can generate knowledge and methodologies to be used by local authorities, but also regional and national authorities to support their cities. Linkages between both scales should be considered in the tools developed and promoted by the scientific community.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	a9677416fc48215d17f88c7a585f8575	Furthermore, the capital grants for wind power plants provided under the latter act of 2005 can explain partly the permanent growth in w'ind electricity capacity since then. The PTC was created along with ITC and provides an inflation-adjusted tax credit of USD 15 /MWh (inflation-adjusted) for electricity genherated from qualifying renewable energy projects, in particular, wind. Indeed, the most rapid growth did not happen until after 1999. While the PTC could have played a key role in the business case for new renewable power plants, there were intermittent interruptions of the PTC - which occurred when Congress delayed in reauthorising the Act.	7	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	a967ec5c81ff853385bb9b877f484f96	Further studies to the work presented in this paper will aim to optimize energy' consumption of the CRN with respect to the primary network’s characteristics (such as bandwidth, sensing time and received SNR), required QoS of cognitive radio network, network size and power consumption constraint. Also the power consumption optimization in different states may be considered in architecture of CRN designing. Total energy consumption (at collision and idle states) versus secondary network size.	7	3	2	0.2
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	a969721540f0cf952f7902df29a58f4c	A working group of experts and practitioners is tied to each of the four funds. In the case of the structural fisheries fund (ESSF), this group consists of professional fishers, representatives from the County Administrative Board and a project leader. The funding 2014-2020 from the ESSF is MSEK 8.2 (approximately EUR 820,000). This provides good possibilities and incentives for sustainable development.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	a96a7ff719bd3cc76ba2296ec52e7e76	The rise of online platforms has enabled customers to become more engaged with sellers and to leave feedback and reviews, which can be valuable information. This allows firms to understand buyer expectations better and react to them more quickly and effectively. Such feedback can aid research and development (R&D), design, production and marketing processes, creating additional benefits by better matching consumer tastes.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	a96dad6b474a1bdc7bf8c405eebdcd6b	The exclusion of small-class schools from the application of the formula, at least at the beginning of the pilot process, seems reasonable as funding small rural schools through a unique national allocation formula is not an easy task. A per student funding scheme implies that resources are calculated for every student and that a specific formula is drawn, often in the form of a mathematical equation. A well designed funding formula can, under certain conditions, be the most efficient, equitable, stable and transparent method of funding schools (LevaCid, 2008).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	a96db46a942c1a051b4db977654124fd	On the other hand, consistent with the research at the ICT level, broadband economic impact could be mediated by a lag effect, indicating that adoption does not automatically translate into growth but that it would require the accumulation of intangible capital, defined as the changes in business processes and firm culture that lead to assimilation of improved business processes. While the deployment programmes are, as expected concentrated in the construction and telecommunications sectors, the impact of externalities are greater in sectors with high transaction costs (financial services, education, and health care). These include efficient access to information, savings in transportation and benefits in health and entertainment, and can be measured in terms of the difference between consumers' willingness to pay for the broadband service and actual prices.	9	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	a96fd50f206e6c2685ae4adc62a2c808	Fpdevare-Banken has received some basic funding from Ministry of Social Affairs, and both the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and Ministry of Health were actively involved in the planning of Matsentralen in Oslo. However, there seems to be quite a low engagement from most authorities in development of food redistribution both on the national and the local arena. One should eventually have expected a stronger involvement and commitment from the Social Security authorities, as the food banks certainly are and will be very important for the charity organisations operating food serving for low income people.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	a97793b78d0584eaaac72943dc4a7fd0	It reverberates in most war-affected societies. About a year ago, when I had the opportunity to travel to three provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I saw that the story of women mobilizing for peace was the same. I met the same category of women that were part of the Liberian peace movement—the context is different, but the characters are the same: the virtues, qualities and principles they bring to their work are the same.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264283428-en	a977d437598dac0a2e06a1c7d6609560	Overall alcohol consumption (measured by sales) is also low, with Italy having the third lowest consumption per capita (after Greece and Sweden). Alcohol consumption among adolescents is also stable and relatively low: 14% of 15-year-old girls and 19% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk more than once in their life, a lower proportion than in most other EU countries. Though obesity has increased, it has done so more slowly than in other EU countries.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289330732-5-en	a97837e2f034beabc64afa5831bca40f	As HIV infected they are more likely to be infected with other STI's, specifically syphilis and hepatitis B (Silverman et al. The debt bondage the women end up in makes them take risks such as serving more clients and having longer working days in order to repay their debt faster. During this stage the women in the study had extremely limited access to health care information, services and medical care.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b8259a41-en	a97bb0a2a7913a9ef52b6b5077aff04d	This pattern is common and plausible for populations experiencing a fertility decline. It occurs during the fertility transition when older women, who are more likely to have reached their desired family size make a greater effort to limit their births than do younger women, who are have not yet achieved their desired family size. Age-specific fertility rates remained lower in urban areas than in rural areas, particularly for almost all the age groups in VNDHS 1997.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	a97c1c44f10be2ee5db9090d6692427c	Cash transfers can have a substantial impact in not only reducing the monetary poverty of children, though this depends to a great extent on both the size of the transfer and the mechanisms of intrahousehold distribution (Barrientos and DeJong, 2006), but also in compensating for the foregone income from child labour. Pure monetary transfers, which are often spent on food, health and education, also have a proven impact on child well-being in these specific dimensions. Besides complementing the household income through a monetary transfer, CCTs produce a stronger impact on children's human capital by means of the conditionalities, which are specifically established to improve access to education and health services.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	a97c6164aa9fae81f0c8680f4a9682ad	Many project managers have been burnt more than once investing huge amounts of time and money trying to align projects - only to be rejected. The rejection rate of these projects is over 86%. Independent consultants in India have pointed out the inappropriateness of using CDM for projects which make economic sense - and for which intervention should be targeted upfront, not at the end of the project. Having been disappointed at least once by the length and the uncertainties of the process, these stakeholders tend to shy away from the entire process. The analysis shows that Annex I countries wish to tap EE improvement potentials in emerging economies - as IEA and IPCC analysis underline they should.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	a983e648796057f81f6185b8e43331c3	However, the larger agenda of recognition of the care needs of migrants and valuation of social reproduction as a central axis of the analysis of migration would require the tough political challenge of transformative, universalized access to childcare services in both Australia and Lebanon that is delinked from parents'income levels,from productivist assumptions (as in Australia) and from parents’ migrant status (as in Lebanon). Power,production and social reproduction: Human in/security in the global political economy. In Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care: Understanding Mobility and Absence in Family Life, edited by Loretta Baldassar and Laura Merla.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	a985658aa76eaf2c21255da428f304ed	"A citizen of Kyrgyzstan as a State-member of the Eurasian Economic Union is supposed to undergo registration within 30 days whereas this deadline is 15 days for a citizen of Tajikistan. Special conditions can be applied due to events in the Russian Federation: for example, during the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup all foreigners are supposed to undergo such registration on the first day of their entrance into the Russian Federation. Such rules are established only for participants in programmes for highly skilled professionals, usually ""expats"" who are generally citizens of non-CIS countries."	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349734-8-en	a987f7e456986e098228fbadf98e829d	"The studies also show that many newsrooms have gender equality policies regarding parental leave and prevention of sexual harassment. At Yle specific newsroom teams also have team goals that are set annually, and many of these include gender balance. When meeting their goals the team gets a monetary reward. Some journalists at Yle also do self-reflections on their news work from a gender perspective. Von Weissenberg says Yle could still do more to train staff in gender awareness: ""Some journalists are very gender aware and think a lot about diversity, but this is a field where we could definitely do more."""	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	a98b4fee62d0407481f9c42a427336d2	The economy went into a deep recession in 2009 and 2010, with negative annual growth rates of 5.6 per cent and 2.0 per cent respectively. The economy achieved a modestly positive growth rate of 1.4 per cent in 2011; 0.7 per cent in 2012; and for 2013 a 3 per cent growth rate was projected (MOF 2011 and MOF 2013). The national responses proposed to address these issues were to engage in activities to maintain fiscal discipline and macroeconomic stability, as well as to promote growth and to strengthen the national implementation capacity (MOF 2012).	6	3	1	0.5
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	a98ce3b6b73ca80bfe82ac760c19d87a	"The technological developments described in Section B.1 have improved the quality, speed, carriage capacity and affordability of networks - including, for example, fixed and mobile broadband services - making it easier to supply products digitally and to connect producers, sellers and consumers across borders. Cross-border data flows, boosted by basic and value-added telecommunication services, such as data processing and storage via high capacity (i.e. “cloud"" storage), allow companies not only to sell their goods and services, but also to coordinate their logistics and the activities of their subsidiaries and partner offices across the globe (Tuthill, 2016). Nowadays, broadband access to the internet and other data networks offers the higher speeds that are required to exploit technologies such as cloud computing that allow a more widespread use or offering of services that require the transfer of large quantities of data (WTO, 2016c)."	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	a98efe0e6b790b8a1c5a61e728e962d4	"Others are diagnosed too late to prevent the dramatic impact of the disease on the eyes, kidneys, nerves and circulation. In Tonga, for example, traditional low-fat sources of protein, such as fish, cost between 15 per cent and 50 per cent more than either lamb flaps or imported chicken parts. The local taro plant costs more than imported starches such as bread and rice. Thus, ""not only are the health consequences of these imported foods detrimental, but the availability of these cheap imports is also constraining the development of domestic markets"". In the Pacific, diabetes is present in 44 per cent of the Torres Strait Islanders of Australia, 28 per cent of the residents of the Kingdom of Tonga and 22 per cent of the residents of Nauru."	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	a991e3235aef2c3cc73588c967a6501f	The plan ought to be consistent with overall fiscal projections and be communicated in a clear and transparent way to ensure that all stakeholders in the education system are fully aware of the implications of those decisions. For that purpose, an explicit presentation of a benefit-incidence analysis would be extremely useful. Moreover, the choice between different components of the reform to be prioritised should be based on their expected cost-effectiveness which, once more, ought to be an explicit component of all budgetary decisions giving citizens the opportunity to understand how trade-offs in the allocation of scarce resources are being addressed. Reports by the Education Superintendence find that 17% of schools misreport school attendance. The Chilean Association of Municipalities estimates the accumulated debt as of 2014 was CLP 250 000 million or close to USD 450 million (see newspaper La Tercera, 2 November 2015, p. 16).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/584f8730-en	a99243bd4bd3a9dc9bc3de098522d8e7	Public investment showed signs of improvement, growing by an estimated 22% in 2015 after having contracted in the previous two years. Exports remained weak as shipments of agricultural commodities, electronics and petrochemicals were disappointing. Trade in services was a bright spot, however, with tourism revenues reaching nearly a tenth of GDP, despite the bombing incident that occurred in Bangkok in August 2015. Consumer spending is expected to recover further, benefiting from relatively mild inflation, low interest rates and stimulus measures introduced in late 2015, although high household debt and weak rural incomes will continue to act as a drag on spending on durable goods.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	a99314e0633c26302bb25cd56d818ea5	Lechner and Wunsch (2013), using an unusually rich data set, find that a wide range of control variables, which are not often available for this type of study, affect impact estimates. She also warns that estimated positive impacts for short-term training within firms may partly reflect the selection of participants by firms. The Turning category in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database can include longer-term job-search training, work experience with some training elements, classroom training, training within firms, and pre-apprenticeship programmes and special support for young apprentices.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	a996b723a69e484e04ae716c76fb3a99	What is more, out-of-pocket payments represent 3.8% of final household consumption, compared to the EU average of 2.3%, the seventh highest among Member States. Out-of-pocket payments include co-payments for a wide range of NHS services,including primary care visits. In Portugal, 5.4% of people from low-income households reported going without a medical examination when needed for financial reasons in 2015 (above the EU average of 4.1%) (Figure 13) and significantly higher than the rate for the highest income group (0.4%), although WHO estimates show modest levels of catastrophic expenditures from private spending on health in Portugal (Barros & Borges, 2017, forthcoming).	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	a996ed66eb1afe79a5476c5aa3038403	The 2030 Water Agenda is a new element in Mexico’s national water planning system. It sits between the water policy (established in the National Water Law) and the water programmes (approved by every new presidential administration every six years) (CONAGUA, 2011b). The 2030 Water Agenda includes several features of a strategic financial planning exercise. First, as indicated above, it provides estimates of the financial cost of achieving its four strategic goals.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	a997c63beeddcc950d45a5f93f30bb16	Here again, the debate is open. Mention may be made here of at least three implications. From the earliest proposal to institute a family wage to the extreme of calling for the implementation of a “housewife’s wage”, the debate is wide-ranging, controversial and ongoing. Recently, as a consequence of the momentum the subject has been building up in the public policy debate, some countries have incorporated components into social security reforms that seek, not necessarily to remunerate unpaid care work, but to compensate women for the income they forfeit over the life cycle by taking on these responsibilities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	a997f2d6a9b52448a5f9e5067ae444d3	The coverage of Seguro Popular, which provides basic medical health and preventive services and protection to people without health coverage (see chapter on addressing the health challenges), has also widened to provide universal coverage in 2012. These programmes have led to a reduction of extreme poverty, while at the same time supporting access of the poor to education and health services. Moreover, they have contributed to a reduction of longstanding wide regional disparities in access to basic services. Estimates from the Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Polftica de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) indicate that in 2010,51.3% of the total population (equivalent to 57.7 million individuals) were in patrimony poverty conditions, i.e. they did not have sufficient income to satisfy their food, health, education, housing, clothing and public transportation needs (Figure 2.1).1 That count reached its highest point in 1996 after the 1994-95 tequila crisis, when 69% of the population was classified as poor.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	a9982200c5d5ec14ed690cdde9c2239d	The case of Singapore, which is at the forefront in building technology-driven traffic management mechanisms in ASEAN, provides some noteworthy examples. Based on most recent information, the expressway and tunnel networks that form part of the ITS stretches about 164 km with a total lane length of 1107 km (LTA, 2018). It is equivalent to about 12% of the total length of road lanes in the country, incorporating arterial, collector and local roads. Notable thoroughfares included are the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, Marina Coastal Expressway, Central Expressway, Fort Canning Tunnel and Woodsville Tunnel.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	a99828398915475368e1f7469fbab69a	"Some of these policies are paternalistic or integrationist and are based on policies of assimilation or integration that seek to ""resolve"" the problem of indigenous peoples.78 In integrationist models, the concept of health is defined from the top down, privileging a biomedical paradigm over indigenous health models, and indigenous cultures are treated as interesting folkloric elements without true value for health promotion. Similarly, culturalistic approaches recognize cultural pluralism as intrinsically valuable but prioritize the didactic, linguistic or folkloric aspects without delving into questions of participation or power. In this approach, there are minimal consultations conducted with indigenous peoples, and projects, programmes and policies are designed by actors external to indigenous communities who treat indigenous peoples as a ""target population"". There may be translation of educational materials into several languages, for example, but without a critical examination of the pedagogical or cultural implications."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	a99be94bb4825a920f42bc086998a5ba	This is refected in the education system, which is characterised by an extensive system of planning and norms. Kazakhstan uses national strategic planning to broadly set out a vision for the country, but also to regulate every aspect of the education system at the central level. A number of strategies and planning documents, notably the State Program for Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-20 (SPED), ensure consistency and guide policymaking.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	a99d8c64f26ae6fe404c928d4e1696ba	The uninsured, by contrast, have access only to a minimum benefits package, including emergency care, treatment of communicable diseases and care during pregnancy. In 2015,9.4% of Romanians reported unmet medical care needs because of cost geographical barriers or waiting lists, compared to an average of 3.2% in the EU. This figure is slightly lower than in 2007, when 12.3% of respondents reported having unmet needs for one of these reasons (Figure 11).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	a99f527978e3e5f5ba200375b6bc299e	In the Netherlands and Luxembourg, by contrast, median spell durations tend to be very long (9 and 15 months, respectively) but benefit leavers are unlikely to return to benefits. In Norway and Sweden, a very small minority (2% and 4%) of recipients stay on benefits for extended periods of time of more than 24 months. In Luxembourg, the majority of spells also last shorter than 2 years, but longer spell durations beyond 2 years are much more common here (38%).	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	a9a5330973f82a8b2aa26ae5e18f4a60	All tax rates are the same in the country. Oblast budgets are to finance expenditures including general public service, defense, public order and security, education, health care, social welfare, housing and utilities, culture, sports, tourism, agriculture, water resources, forestry and environmental protection, architecture and construction, transport and communication and regulation of economic activity. Table 3.9 shows that education, health care and housing are the main spending items in Almaty City.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179820-8-en	a9a5b7c01d8963c87a1327b5f6dab6a1	The Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART) uses a price determination framework to set maximum charges for bulk water services and resource management activities by NSW Office of Water. The charges include a fixed component (determined by entitlement volume) and a variable component (usage charge), and they vary by types of systems, valleys and the reliability class of the entitlement. In 2006, IPART projected total water planning and management costs for 2006/7 to be AUD 46.9 million, with AUD 30.5 million allocated to users. They include a license fee of AUD 58.75/ML and a water harvesting charge of AUD 3.52/ML. The total amount collected is AUD 2.4 million per year, which represents less than 5% of water planning and management costs.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	a9a6190fbadb1e3ab23f257562c0a9e4	These career and learning routes help to professionalise the initial occupation by establishing a career structure and routes of progression. They therefore play a vital role in supporting the apprenticeship system, both by providing an upward career path for apprentice graduates, and by providing professional training for in-company trainers of apprentices. Box 1.3 in Chapter 1 describes the options available in Germany. In some countries, including Germany, Korea and the Netherlands, one-third or more of students in professional training come from upper secondary vocational tracks (see Figure 5.1).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3f10390a-en	a9a8592d38922da0723face0da66e6d0	The indigence rate in Panama increased by 1.5 percentage points, while the other countries with information available (the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Paraguay) did not register significant changes in their poverty and indigence rates (see figure 1.3). Panama is an exception, as despite the absence of significant changes in the poverty rate it registers an appreciable rise in the poverty gap squared index, revealing a worsening of the situation among the poorest. The poverty gap squared index also rose by slightly more than the poverty' rate in Mexico.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113718-en	a9aa526dce865bb1f933e6ef27b76002	Soft skills, such as teamwork and communication are more easily learned in an authentic work environment, while simulating these in workshops is more difficult (Aarkrog, 2005). Students can learn on up-to-date equipment, available in companies, from trainers who are familiar with the most recent technologies. Box 2.2 summarises the benefits of workplace training to students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	a9ab3728c33f313dcccdb2984e074317	New Zealand has reported that although it still sees a large amount of pseudoephedrine, it appears that ephedrine is now the precursor preferred by traffickers. Ephedrine continues to be the main precursor seized at the border. Seizures of those substances were on the decline for a couple of years, but the amounts seized in 2013 were significantly higher, attributable to interceptions of ContacNT and ephedrine by the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand and customs officers during Operation Ghost in 2013.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	a9b15b097c95051d4e26605dce997709	In contrast, less than 5% of the subsidised credit potentially available through KUPS was borrowed. A major reason for this low uptake is that eligible borrowers do not have the collateral to meet the banks commercial lending requirements. The participating banks bear the full extent of the credit risk and the selection of farmers for participation is at the sole discretion of the executing banks. This was replaced in 2008 by the People’s Business Credit (Kredit Usaha Rafeyat, KUR), which integrated SP3 with several other guaranteed credit programmes conducted by other government ministries.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/797ccf27-en	a9b3ee3a4ef62a6edb4f1071a5ceaaad	Moreover, a lack of income to satisfy basic needs is largely correlated with educational achievement. The incidence of poverty is greater among individuals whose head of household and partner have not completed primary school education than among individuals living in families with a higher education level. There are also life-cycle differences in poverty rates, with the highest levels being reported among children, and also differences according to activity status (employed, unemployed, or not economically active) (see figure 1.5).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	a9b4212437376a2ef84b708ccc5bb8de	Gender equality marker data reveal that, in 2009-10, the education sector received one of the highest shares of gender equality focused aid -20%, or approximately USD 5.3 billion (Figure 5.1). This was equal to the government and civil society sector’s allocation and just ahead of the health sector (19%). Next came the health sector with 51%, which reflects donor efforts to meet MDG5 (improve maternal health).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2017cac5-en	a9b428d14c544d03e05cfa03de0ba67c	In addition to providing national estimates, MODA focuses on the characteristics of households with children to identify both the profile and composition of the most vulnerable children. In doing so it motivates further analyses and policy interventions. The paper demonstrates the application of the MODA methodology to three diverse EU countries: Finland, Romania and the United Kingdom.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	a9b57f5dbb3a4908bfef390c37edd686	For example, in Poland, more than 60% of middle managers are women (women’s share in top management positions in the public service exceeds 47%7). In Canada, the representation of women at the middle management levels (EX minus 1 and EX minus 28) is gradually increasing, with women constituting 38.2% at the EX minus 1 and 47.2% at the EX minus 2 levels in 2011 (Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, 2011). In Australia, where seven out of ten federal and state parliamentarians are men (and this has not changed in the last ten years), the situation in the public service is improving: the proportion of women in senior- and middle-manager roles has grown from 35% in 2002 to 46% in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, January 2013).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	a9b8f0bad8727b1d001b888f53fdcdcc	While some will blame excessive deregulation of the financial sector, lack of diligence by the financial regulators or sheer greed, this crisis cannot be explained away so superficially. It represents, instead, the final failure of the economic paradigm that has dominated the world for over two decades. Since it was introduced by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, the Washington Consensus gained near-religious status among its supporters. It was the economic policy for “The End of History”, the policy which, when adopted by all countries, would allow the world to emerge onto a sunny plateau of peace, prosperity and opportunity. And yet, in many ways, the economic paradigm failed because it ignored realities that could be shoved aside momentarily, blocked out knowingly, but that nevertheless stubbornly refused to go away.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	a9b9cf43acc3fc19beff8066a42b876d	Employers are required to protect the health of their workers. Employers are responsible for workplace safety and hygiene and hazard prevention, pursuant to the laws, their regulations and applicable Mexican official norms. Establishes that severance pay must paid upon termination of employment relationship. The worker will receive compensation in the event of suffering a disability due to workplace hazard or disease. Causes of individual suspension include pre-natal and post-natal rest of the pregnant worker. Violations of the labour rights of adolescents will be sanctioned with progressive fines.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/fcde737e-en	a9baaed38cf84a93828a85a939ec5b5e	The aim is to familiarise readers with the aims and context of the project. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty’.2 As such it is a type, cause and consequence of discrimination. Five categories are usually distinguished within a definition of VAWG, although these are not exclusive: sexual violence; physical violence; emotional and psychological violence; harmful traditional practices; and socio-economic violence.3 VAWG occurs in the home, in state institutions and in the community.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	a9bab30ee965d7dc179392c4fbf839e2	Interviews suggest that the problematic feature of the methodology is the coefficient used to determine the amount of money withdrawn from “donors” to the national budget. Moreover, OECD (2017, forthcoming) has noted that this mechanism does not take into account a region’s actions or particularities, and acts as a disincentive for using resources efficiently. In addition, the lack of clarity may leave room for mismanagement.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	a9bb1030c57e97fb8140b55ffce74270	The multi-gear and seasonal nature of SSF also contributes to a complex data collection scenario. A future challenge is the paucity of data on gleaning and post-harvest activities, which are not currently requested by the GFCM but which constitute an important share of SSF activity, as well as a principal contribution by women. Within the context of Target 2 of the mid-term strategy, work is underway to assist CPCs in further improving available data on SSF. All monetary values have been adjusted for inflation and are listed as constant 2016 US dollars (USD).	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	a9bbb796fb9f8d4a23c80dcd109d6d21	They acknowledge that their study does not take into account any land management and w ater use impacts of designation. Looking at all protected area types and the federal PES programme, they find all policies generated avoided deforestation from a mix of low and high cost land. They also found that there is no clear policy winner with respect to cost-effectiveness.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	a9c17245a23a32e0927c1b17bc10c9c5	Spill over effects have also been seen across sectors outside the current government or private sector board focus. For example, MWA assisted the New Zealand Defence Force to evaluate its pipeline of women in military service, and New Zealand Customs to establish a diversity council and career pipeline for women working in customs. One of the main goals of MWA’s programmes has been to change organisational cultures in order to foster environments that encourage women’s leadership roles.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	a9c36e810eb0ed14ea179129ca128351	The percentage of women-owned MSMEs is around 13%. Women in India have, over time, secured greater recognition of their capacities as entrepreneurs, but social conditioning still weighs heavily on their initiative and self-confidence. Lack of time and capital limit their potential for starting risky ventures. In Indonesia, labour force surveys show that the share of women whose status in employment is “business owner with paid workers” (employer) increased substantially between 1990 and 2011 (moving up to 1.7%).	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	a9c3dd9319ee7e2c6331f0627b7aa114	This result is expected, as grains and oil crops account for the largest portion of international trade, and most of the traded grains and oil crops are produced in rainfed regions of the major trading countries (Schultz et al., Some of the authors have suggested also that “trading green virtual water” is more sensible than “trading blue virtual water” because the opportunity cost of green water is less than that of blue water (Yang et al., In addition, some authors have suggested that “trading green water for blue water” can generate meaningful water savings from a global perspective. The blue-green metaphor provides helpful, descriptive terminology, but there is no inherent, underlying principle that can be called upon to suggest optimal production or trading strategies.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/469d7fec-en	a9c52282ef5c6a2a1513940c6122df15	Clarifying whether and how the Paris Agreement’s transparency framework covers financial support mobilised would be helpful when preparing modalities, procedures and guidelines. Nevertheless, both developed and developing countries face significant challenges in resolving the remaining gaps, particularly to be able to report in a consistent and transparent way on climate finance mobilised, climate finance received, and indicative future levels of climate finance. These challenges can be political and economic (e.g. if moving from single-year to multi-year budgets), and can also have significant resource and institutional implications (e.g. to expand the scope or frequency of data collection).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	a9c622c0d26d981f78fa5a9d8a22871f	Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Policy Research Working Paper Series 1862, The World Bank. Economic Inquiry 44/2), 296(310. Cross-national picture of European poverty measured by regional, national and European standards”.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	a9c63c5eab22fcf30e5b110bf63482d7	Also in the IACHR, for example, in Inter-American Court Advisory Opinion OC-4/84, 'Proposed amendments to the naturalization provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica' paras. In such a Convention, the contracting States do not have any interests of their own; they merely have,one and all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the raison d'etre of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties.” Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951 (ICJ Report 1951, p. 23).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	a9c840694e8af850210cda78c5cef840	The situation of children in single parent families differs strongly from those of children in two-parent families; they experienced a substantial loss of market income that is particularly sharp (-19%) for families with the lowest incomes (Figure 3, Panel B). This decline is primarily due to the reduced employment participation among single parents: 24% of children in a single-parent family had a parent working full time in 2014, compared with almost 40% in 2007. This increases opportunities for single parents to look for work and thus has a positive effect on market gains.	1	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	a9c97f4426b53e1b0d68cfaa0cba7577	To establish the biggest problems we analyse existing databases with crash data and establish which problems occur most frequently. For example, it could be the many casualties among car occupants or among pedestrians in case of truck collisions. However, we might decide not to consider absolute casualty numbers but to compare the number of casualties to the distance travelled by specific groups, to establish the traffic risk. Then it may turn out, for instance, that young and novice drivers run a relatively high risk. We might also decide not to analyse a specific period but to consider trends over time. The risks for motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians in the UK are much higher than in both other countries.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/043d4757-en	a9cea10b65cde342fe6a136ef8a1967c	The goal for Amazonia is to reduce them by 80 per cent in 2020, compared to the average between 1996 and 2005: for the Cerrado, the reduction is set at 40 per cent compared to the average emissions from 1999 to 2008. This implies that the annual rate of deforestation in Amazonia should be less than 400,000 hectares by 2020. More recently, Brazil has provided a vision of the importance of continuing to tackle deforestation by including a specific goal of achieving zero deforestation by 2030 in its Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement. In 2004, gross deforestation in Legal Amazonia was 2,777,500 hectares, the second highest since 1995, when it reached 2,905,900 hectares. Fortunately, Brazil has an advanced forest monitoring system that has enabled it to have consistent and verifiable deforestation estimates for the entire Legal Amazonia since 1988.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	a9d0c1019dc52b57bd26034dd21f86ee	See also Amarante and Jimenez (2015), World Bank (2014), Piketty (2007), Atkinson, Piketty and Saez (2011), Bollinger and others (2015), Burdfn, Esponda and Vigorito (2015) and Campos, Chavez and Esquivel (2014). The way in which extreme values are processed may also have an effect: sometimes, these figures are removed or top-coded. The share of high incomes also grew significantly in English-speaking countries, owing in part to the growth in pay among the top groups.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	a9d1151d165a919dab609bf75a887f84	This includes agreements between individual countries and regional fishery agreements that cover the high seas also known as regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs). In the Antarctic, the fisheries sector is managed under a single international system. The key issues here concern the implementation of the ecosystem approach, the management of IUU fisheries, and the intensification of industrial fishing for krill, a small but protein-rich shrimp that lies at the centre of the Southern Ocean food web.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	a9dad36c5b2df4a41a5af679062ee627	Under the influence of climate change, rainfall is predicted to decrease by 3-4% and run-off to decrease by 5-10%. Groundwater levels arc expected to decrease, with minor changes in groundwater quality. The 64-km river has its source in Turkey from springs on Goze Mountain (Goze Dagi), and discharges into the Kura River. In the part of the basin that is Georgia’s territory, the surface water resources are estimated, based on observations from 1936 to 1990, to be approximately 0.672 km3/year, about 14,400 m3/year/capita. In Georgia’s part of the basin, water withdrawal is 9.156 x 106 m3/year, with 78% withdrawn for energy, 13% for agricultural purposes, 4% for domestic uses and 5% for industry. Animal husbandry and agriculture are the main sources of income, and are increasing in the Turkish territory in the Kura basin (see assessment of the Kura).	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	a9db75ded51e0ad144223627522a4475	The working-age population is defined as the number of individuals aged 15 - 64 years. Data are for income replacement benefits and are based on administrative sources. Means-tested supplements such as housing benefits, family benefits or in-work benefits are not included. Data for the following countries are not available or not comparable: Austria, Canada, Estonia, Finland, Korea, Latvia, Norway, Slovak Republic, Switzerland (national sources report total number of benefit spells of any duration during a given year): Korea and Slovak Republic (national sources do not report numbers of recipient households, but the number of people living in them): Spain (nationally consolidated data on non-categorical SA not available). However, typically, a household cannot receive the different benefits at the same time (i.e., families receive either lone parent or non-categorical SA).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	a9dbaa184d837ed56e3417053247751e	Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) should be seen as key partners in this, as they can complement local government action to support sustainable consumption objectives. The educational campaign through innovative yet impactful messages should aim to target each demographic group and ensure effective household waste practices. Furthermore, residents can be encouraged through information outreaches to reconsider lifestyles and consumption patterns by buying eco-products or reusable items such as shopping bags.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	a9dcb700f0becac3dba8b23b9ca53218	Measures to enhance energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the TPES would thus be important steps to mitigate climate change risks in Emerging Asia, in addition to yielding benefits such as improved air quality and enhanced energy security through reduced fossil fuel dependence. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-laedcgh22c£.Zf4.hc.ecd^8g. In Emerging Asia there has been a widespread adoption of targets for renewable energy, with particularly ambitious targets in China and India, in terms of absolute scale. The Indian government has announced a target of increasing the solar capacity from 3 GW to 100 GW by 2022, while increasing the overall capacity of renewable energy to 175 GW (Goswami, 2016).	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	a9df8ee05a7735a15d2d2febfbded5ef	It expects to provide investors with an initial dividend yield of 6% on investment, which is evidently a sufficient incentive to attract institutional public investors. The fund closed its first acquisitions alongside the IPO, purchasing stakes in four wind farms from SSE in a deal worth about GBP 140 million. The UK GIB matched Greencoat’s investment in the Rhys Flats wind farm, buying a 24.95% stake in the project for GBP 57.5 million in the first time it has contributed direct equity to an offshore wind farm. The statement was co-ordinated by the four investor groups on climate change - Ceres’ Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR) in the U.S., the European Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC), the Investors Group on Climate Change (IGCC) in Australia and New Zealand, and the Asia Investor Group on Climate (AIGCC) along with the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) and Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	a9e35dd75806874c7fad5ea73e45ac89	Consideration must be given to whether separate implementation strategies are necessary for the policy to be effective for each relevant group. Although employed to various degrees in a majority of OECD countries (including Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, New Zealand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Korea), GIAs have yet to become routine steps in public policy making. Examples of cases with highest proven record of GIA implementation include Catalonia, where GIA is fully legislated (203 GIAs performed in 2012) and Sweden, where GIAs have not been regulated and are being carried out with different methodologies and at all levels (Boman, 2013), Ongoing challenges related to methodological concerns, lack of expertise to conduct such assessments, and the absence of precise guidelines remain (Ibid). Within the private sector, however, comparable gender analyses have a long history of providing information to corporations related to purchasing practices and service preferences of men and women consumers.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/21f323da-en	a9e3cbefb1f5347713b3f8e161073d1e	Women, meanwhile, are overburdened with work and demands as they continue to perform their traditional role as caregivers —a role regarded as natural— while simultaneously taking on new responsibilities in public life and in the labour market. The worsening care crisis calls for a reform of social protection systems and labour practices, as well as a transformation of cultural norms that sanction an unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. These divergent trends are affecting the continuity and balance of traditional care arrangements in the region’s societies. They are limiting women’s ability to enter the labour market unimpeded by traditional barriers and thus their ability to achieve greater economic autonomy and well-being. In other words, there is a situation of rising demand (as a result of demographic transition) and falling supply (as a result of the entry of women into the labour force). The tension between these two phenomena acts as a brake on women’s ability to increase their labour market participation and calls for a review of the design and application of related public policies.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	a9e77dd1ad505a83afbef2eee5bb09f1	This proposal has been subject to ex-ante financial, political and technical evaluation. The implementation plan also involves a process of dialogue and advocacy led by Coralina with relevant stakeholders, including those in the tourism sector. A demonstration ecosystem services project is also being developed in which tourism facilities in an MPA can voluntarily participate and contribute funds to support the management of the MPA.	15	3	5	0.25
11.1002/pub/80c7357c-c6a49830-en	a9e9e2d0a51bb782636f18787a01b8a3	As the price of mobile phone ownership continues to fall, many more people, including in extremely impoverished areas, are likely to own and use a mobile device. A growing number of projects have shown that mobile technologies provide an excellent medium for extending educational opportunities to learners who may not have access to high-quality schooling. This technology helps ensure that students are not held back or left behind by larger groups.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/43ad018a-en	a9eb5837704fffee6fe57b0f15496726	And as soon as she goes through puberty, she may be expected to begin bearing children. Her genitals may be forcibly mutilated as a rite of passage. Without an education or autonomy, she may spend the rest of her life in poverty. Laws and social norms seek to control her budding sexuality and prevent her from learning about her body and her rights.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	a9ecb2cf06ed70772aa71ccf3720c515	Greater investment is needed to ensure adequate materials, safe and well-maintained school environments, quality of teachers, along with better renumerations and incentives. Specific efforts must be made to stem the drop-out rates in schools by emphasizing the importance of education, improving its relevance and quality, and mitigating the associated costs. This hampers a government’s ability to devise informed policies.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302037-en	a9ee620bacdc42f0f2ab3782bbebe2e0	It is believed that some of the ethnic groups that make up Ghana today immigrated to Ghana from these earlier empires, and the ethnic and linguistic connections to the countries of the Sahel/Sahara belt remain very strong. Many ethnic groups such as Hausa, Fulani and Arabs were active as pastoralists or traders and established themselves in Northern Ghana and the Ashanti Region (Peil, 1974). Gold, ivory, and slaves were the first items traded with the rest of the world through the initial European contacts.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	a9ef3f3860fcd73e19291f0755961070	However, no such effect was found for the Nordic countries, as these countries had high and relatively stable female employment rates throughout the sample period. In countries that initially showed a marked increase in female employment, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, these increases were typically followed by a period in which these trends levelled off. These findings suggest that there is a limit to the poverty reducing effect that female employment can generate. The share of jobless households appears to have no influence on child relative poverty rate ceteris paribus (Column 1).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	a9efe1414ce424a92f340eaa48c7d7f2	In contrast, in an NIS or systems approach, the role of government is to correct systemic failures, which might include market failures, but can also include weak relationships between agents or institutions which are difficult to capture in traditional economic models. A systemic analysis also focuses on how changing incentives in one area negatively affect incentives in others. Knowledge in its pure form is a public good, insofar as it is available to everyone and its use by one person does not limit its use by others.	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	a9f0d2f072de7111adc94a3008bf0108	Organisations are asked to register and provide information on who they are and what they represent before submitting a contribution. Responses are submitted electronically via the website and subsequently uploaded to the consultation webpage. This method allows significant numbers of responses to be submitted and managed.	13	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	a9f449ff158ee605c03645d91d75ffd1	A Central Committee on Land Use Management chaired by the Vice-President was also formed on 16 September 2013 to help ensure that land expropriation is conducted in a just and fair manner (DICA, 2013a). At central level, the Minister of the MOAI is the Chairperson, the Deputy Minister of the MOAI the Deputy Chairperson and the Director General of the SLRD the Secretary (President Office’s Notification No. This structure is replicated at the state/region, district and township levels. As per the Farmland Law, FABs are responsible for: approving farmland use rights registration and transactions and submitting those to the SLRD for registration; revoking farmland use rights if conditions are not fulfilled; resolving disputes over the allocation and use of farmland; valuing farmland for tax, acquisition and compensation purposes and ensuring fair compensation for those expropriated; and approving farmland transfers for other purposes.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	a9f570e2f7bc25edfad7505ce43110ec	They found that, given the difficulties encountered to finance the sector compared to opportunities in other sectors, a dedicated financing vehicle (a “PIDG Water Window”) should be set up in order to blend grant financing with the financial instruments provided by PIDG facilities and therefore reduce the cost of finance. This vehicle is still at the feasibility stage at present. At the time, municipal governments had no experience with borrowing from banks. Commercial lenders had only short-term deposits and no experience with lending to municipal governments.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/67cf23d2-en	a9f691a552cc370360e1953b178464c9	For example, in Lahore, Pakistan, wheat prices rose by 24 per cent in the year prior to February 2010 while the maize price in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, went up by 36 per cent between October 2009 and February 2010. The spike was even worse in Burundi; in Bujumbura, the price of beans went up by 58 per cent during the same period (see table IV. The food crisis has not abated as most food prices are rising again and have exceeded the peaks recorded in 2008.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	a9fd52da383bd49b2e536021d9eb0f2d	This gender division of labour increases women’s economic dependency on men. When men with higher earnings or a pension are not around any more because of divorce, migration or death, women as lone mothers and older women living alone have a higher risk of poverty. The proportion of women who were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months is particularly low in some Asian countries, in both the Southern and Western sub-regions, and the gender differences are very high. For example, only 27 per cent of married women aged 15—49 in India were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months, compared to 90 per cent of married men of the same age.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	aa006e95dc96d34eabc9a37c50c5f0ef	They might improve transparency, for example, if they lead to better monitoring of the outcomes and impacts of support provided, which the transparency framework is also meant to address (paragraph 94d). There is, however, no specific mandate for work on how best to monitor and report on non-financial support provided and received (e.g. technology development, capacity building). For example, in the 2014 Global Landscape of Climate Finance (Buchner et al.,	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	aa01319f4f6506fccb9d3d71e9bc922b	Existing management plans are often based on sound scientific information and analysis, yet tend to lack management tools and practical applicability, resulting in a generally low level of implementation. In 2012, half the management plans of Amazonian federal and state protected areas were being applied very little, if at all, according to the TCU (2013). Other studies pointed to even lower levels of implementation (Semeia, 2012b).	15	3	2	0.2
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	aa044b752b7735760218cf3251b9e1f1	In making this observation, I certainly do not imply that all migrant women inevitably become single mothers; rather, I suggest there is a discernible pattern noticeable in both countries, but with distinctly different causes. There is therefore a greater likelihood of Ethiopian women forming relationships and having children. The Lebanese Government’s restrictions on MDWs’ rights to legally marry and have children has the unintended counter-effect of propelling these women and their children into irregular status and precarious single motherhood.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.30875/423532ad-en	aa06af789b31eec5608939cb26a215a9	Classical examples of such country characteristics are differences in relative productivity or in factor endowments, such as capital, natural resources or labour. Countries abundant in capital tend, for instance, to specialize in the production and export of goods that are capital-intensive, while labour-abundant countries export labour-intensive goods. For instance, Nunn (2007) finds that countries with strong legal institutions have a comparative advantage in products that are contract-intensive.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	aa077705f94508fb4cf21631654102bd	The enactment of the Electricity Act 2003 in India eased the regulations for industrial concerns building power plants and allowed industry-owned plants to feed electricity into the public grid (Gol, 2003). As a consequence, captive power capacity grew by 57% between 2002 and 2009, compared to a growth of 41% in public capacity (Figure 1.6). Most of the coal capacity has been added over the last three decades (Figure 1.7).	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	aa0b193ca5b9ba8f0baf4b398a1b2c6a	Business-as-usual could also be financially challenging, with a significant share of GDP being spent on fuel imports, putting pressure on foreign currency reserves and facing high opportunity costs of financing other development priorities, such as education and providing health services. It could also result in unsustainable use of natural resources, such as fuel wood, in being locked into outdated technologies, and in losing an increasing share of GDP to fuel imports because of future projected economic growth. Clearly, a new way needs to be found if the needed growth is not to be accompanied by - and ultimately undermined by - resource scarcity, high costs of environmental damage and accompanying costs in human health and erosion of development progress.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	aa0c2832831b55e171ae4ad009801788	Proximity to markets - determined in part by road and rail investments -enhances both the profitability of self-employment and opportunities for non-agricultural wage labour. One problem in assessing the correlation of access to infrastructure with household activities and income is that there are varying definitions of “access” related to differences in measuring “infrastructure,” such as roads, travel time, electricity, piped water, and so on. Some general advice has been that countries should use social policies to protect incomes in the short term and provide support for farmers who are unable to adjust, while correcting market failures and investing in public goods in order to strengthen agricultural incomes (OECD, 2012a).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	aa0dc650e7c5068309ff6a5986495d56	"The second half of the chapter summarises key governance issues and “gaps"" in the Venice city-region; e.g., “gaps” pertaining to information, co-ordination, funding, capacity, administration and policy. It briefly discusses the consequences of these governance gaps, focusing on Lagoon flood protection and water quality management. The final section explores strategies for improving water governance and concludes with a set of suggested recommendations for urban water governance in the Venice city-region. These include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal co-ordination (multi-level and integrated governance), long-term planning, and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance."	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	aa0e2f7b967660b129525b3ac6b292ed	As this report has shown, once children have navigated their way successfully through infancy and childhood, a new set of challenges awaits. Global challenges, including climate change, economic uncertainty, globalization, demographic shifts and humanitarian crises, present an uncertain backdrop for adolescents during the pivotal decade of their lives. A good start in life is necessary but not sufficient to break the bonds of poverty and inequity: To make a lasting difference, for both individuals and societies, support in early and middle childhood must be complemented by investment in adolescent education, health care, protection and participation - particularly for the poorest and most marginalized. Families, communities, national governments, donors, development agencies and all other stakeholders must join together with young people as they prepare for their future.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/8b39690f-en	aa0e57a487e6c6c3e249aadd0048fcd5	The construction of electric vehicles charging infrastructure in Bulgaria is in its initial phase. Individual projects for building recharging stations are implemented mainly by private investors at the municipality level. The same commitment also arises from the Climate Change Mitigation Act. The Ministry of Environment and Water initiated a process towards developing a national adaptation strategy, which should comprise the period up to 2030.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	aa0ee12ffb0bec6336d757fcb0c422f3	Oracles Oracles can be used to provide external information to the smart contracts and therefore to the applications based on the platform. The framework offers standardised methods to include oracles, so using them is a base-function and therefore simple. This way, it is easily possible to include any kind of external information that is necessary to execute the application, enabling multiple efficiency use-cases. It is important to decentralise the oracles as well so that there is no central external database that can manipulate the whole network.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/9f796186-en	aa0f7b5804a43deb5ac2ca1dcab1bfcf	Research in OECD countries would suggest that, without additional taxes, a budget-neutral UBI would be lower than the poverty line of a single individual, that is, not sufficient to eradicate poverty (OECD, 2017c). A simple back-of-the-envelope calculation would suggest that the fiscal cost of UBI (targeted at providing $1.90 per day for the working-age population) in the Asia-Pacific region could be about 14 per cent of GDP on average. In most developing economies, especially countries with special needs, the current public expenditure on social protection is not sufficient to cover such a provision of UBI (see figure below).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-21-en	aa0fab8904f15d48e9d6705bf44026cb	A number of amendments were made to the European Commission’s proposal in response to the positions of various Member States regarding certain cross-cutting and substantive issues, such as managing stocks for maximum sustainable yields, a ban on discards, and transferable fishery concessions. In terms of the geographical distribution of companies, the North and Centre regions are still predominant with regard to corporate headquarters and job concentration. In 2010, preserved fish, accounted for the total production of 42 000 tonnes (turnover of EUR 177 million), while production of dried and salted products (cod) totalled 60 000 tonnes (EUR 241.6 million in sales value).	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	aa1227e705546f91ab281648f97840e0	Water savings have ranged between 25 and 50 per cent; input cost savings per hectare are estimated to be 23 per cent, due mainly to the use of fewer agrochemicals; and farmers' incomes have increased substantially. However, the involvement of formal research institutions has been more marginal, with some positive experiences in China and Indonesia. The Governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam have endorsed these innovations and included them as part of their national strategies for food security (Africare, Oxfam America and WWF-ICRISAT Project, 2010, p. 3).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	aa13d6ef5695ec9b960f7dc41edaac01	Work with government, industry and unions to establish sustainable industry networks in metropolitan Sydney amongst small and medium-sized enterprises in selective industries in building and construction, manufacturing and business services with the aim of providing opportunities for project identification, technological and product innovation and effective and low cost skills upgrading. Implement community based initiatives aimed at increasing sustainability literacy in schools, community networks and households through the extension of accredited and non-accredited short courses, and strengthening articulation and pathways through secondary, vocational and higher education. Develop new initiatives, in partnership with local government and employment service organisations such as Job Services Australia, to support disadvantaged people to gain access to learning and job opportunities in sustainability tasks and occupations and, in particular, improve opportunities for entry level jobs. Design and implement, in partnership with government and industry, a communications strategy to promote an identity of Sydney as a sustainable city, along with the values, attitudes and skills associated with a low carbon economy and the employment opportunities associated with the transition.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/80c371eb-en	aa151b3c7feabc777e7134ebcff2d27a	It establishes management measures and harvest control rules for fisheries targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the northern Adriatic Sea (GSA 17), and transitional conservation measures for small pelagic fisheries in the southern Adriatic Sea (GSA 18); further precautionary and emergency measures were established for 20152 and 20163. Since then, additional recommendations have been adopted establishing supplementary precautionary and emergency measures for this fishery in both GSAs 17 and 18 for 2017-20184 and for 2019-2021.5 The general objective is to ensure that the exploitation levels of small pelagics in the Adriatic Sea are at MSY by 2020. It started from a qualitative appraisal of alternative management measures that was later developed into a full quantitative framework.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	aa17d02713b86abf1fe86f9259e0e3ad	Because the cheapest opportunities are likely to be exploited first (absent other barriers), abatement costs are minimised by the pricing of emissions. This is all the more important at the international level, where there are large differences in marginal abatement costs across countries. The power of pricing to minimise abatement costs has been amply demonstrated in the United States through experience with the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce sulphur dioxide (S02) emissions in the electric-power sector (and hence acid rain) introduced in 1995. It has resulted in almost a halving of these emissions and compliance costs are estimated to have been 30-40% lower than would have been incurred had the command and control regulatory approaches considered by Congress instead been adopted (Stavins, 2005 and 1998; Carlson et al.,	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	aa1abf0fca40d7f1a15d8453d5c980b9	The efficiency encompasses for example the charging efficiency and the self-discharge rate, durability includes cycle-life, shelf-life, and robustness against misuse. Among them, battery storage systems are popular and are found with a wide range of chemistries. Due to these different chemistries, the efficiency, durability, bulkiness and cost of batteries vary a lot. Batteries can be further categorised in normal (atmospheric temperature) batteries, e.g. lead-acid (Pb-acid), lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel metal hydride (NiMH); high temperature batteries, e.g. Na-NiCl2 or NaS; and flow batteries, e.g. polysulfurs sodium bromide (PSB), vanadium redox battery (VRB), or zinc-brome (ZnBr).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	aa1c4ead9574fccd2a0b273fc82e9f81	Unpublished paper presented at Higher Education and Dynamic Asia Workshop, Asian Development Bank, Manila, June 2010. In 1997, NHEFC approved 12 000 applications and 2008 approvals increased to 97 000. The availability of study loans has increased enrolment in the private higher education sector (which charges higher fees), now at 50% of the total student enrolment in the country.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	aa203e018fa9cb153ad7f1c8e436a36c	The unadjusted gaps are estimated only for students with non-missing information on whether they speak the language of assessment at home and a nonmissing score on the PISA ESCS index. Countries and economies with a non-adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk before the country/economy name. Countries and economies with an adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk after the country/economy name.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	aa2088f0c1b4c804b5b73dabaa2cc0a2	It presents key definitions and concepts and displays some of the main STI trends, in particular relating to research and (experimental) development (R&D) spending and ICT development. It highlights efforts made to increase access to STI in developing countries and explains the transformational effect of ICTs on the economy. It also highlights common barriers faced by many developing counties in fully utilising new technologies. The third section presents the approach to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, and discusses opportunities and limitations with the data. The fourth section of this paper presents the main trends in ODF in support of STI for the SDGs, including by development providers, financial instruments, key sectors and receiving countries and regions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	aa2116744d4f8b94958fc2ac387ae4a2	These were strengthened as part of the reforms of 2007 through the creation of centrally standardised agreements covering care coordination, prevention and rehabilitation. These agreements are managed continuously by regional consultative committees comprising representation from the regions and municipalities as well as private health care practitioners, and are ratified by the National Health Board. These standards comprise three categories: organisational (quality, risk management, hygiene and human capital); care coordination (patient involvement, referrals and medication safety); and disease-specific standards (guidelines and protocols).	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	aa23274e1bda65cdd6698ca8a7c7393f	These two countries have excelled in mainstreaming women in local governance structures. Following constitutional amendments to reserve one-third of all local government seats for women in India after the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution in 1992, more than one million women were elected to local government positions. Similarly, institutional reforms to reserve seats for women's active participation in local governance in Bangladesh in 1997 resulted in many women councillors being elected.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	aa2585fbe8a9ced95fb40c63c3e60212	Between 2001 and 2011, GDP per capita increased by 29% and the poorest 20% of people saw their income grow seven times as fast as the top 20%. Brazil also reduced by half the number of people living in poverty - in half the time expected. In this chapter, the man at the helm of this remarkable transformation - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva - explains how this was enabled by a democratic decision to put social policy at the heart of the country’s development strategy. The flagship Bolsa Familia (Family Stipend) programme transferred cash to low-income households in exchange for enrolling children in school and ensuring regular medical check-ups and vaccinations (conditional cash transfers). The programme has benefitted an entire generation by helping to break the vicious circle of poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	aa282979d5b9392538c06b13194c8f3c	As the appropriate tools are in the process of development, territorial planning will remain on the front line of the policy agenda in coming years. Initiative 9 of the 2030 Water Agenda foresees co-ordination agreements between CONAGUA and CONAFOR for intensive reforestation programmes associated with soil conservation in priority catchment. The agenda also suggests the creation of a National Observatory of Territorial Development (Initiative 16).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	aa287ac60aa07986bf8ffda3caad43ff	"As established in the System of National Accounts 2008: ""When a number of countries develop similar satellites, exchanging experience can lead to beneficial refinements and the establishment of international guidelines in a particular topic and ultimately the possibility of changes in the central system itself"" (United Nations, 2009). The information gleaned from this type of account supports the design of policies that favour more equitable distribution of work between men and women, fair access to income and other social protection benefits for women, and the allocation of resources and establishment of public policy priorities. In order to achieve equality, the matrix of social and economic policies must include development policies with transformative objectives relating to women's economic autonomy and that offer quality services, in the framework of the design of policies for the care of dependent persons. As shown in this chapter, there are inequalities in time use and the contribution of unpaid work to families’ well-being and sustainability in the context of a broad and unorthodox economy (ECLAC, 2016a).The failure to recognize this contribution widens gaps and reproduces inequalities."	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	aa28e30d4d45372f2b7bc5f6fa2d133b	Moreover, Queretaro lacks an integrated electronic system where different government authorities can access information about SMEs without asking business owners each time. This is opposite to Morelos, where administrative information about a firm can be sourced online by public authorities at any time. In other “doing-business” indicators such as the presence of a one-stop shop, business registration’s cost and number of procedures, and time to obtain licenses and permits, the two states performs more homogenously and fairly well. There are, for example, one-stop shops for business start-ups in both states, the time to obtain permits and licenses equally ranges between two weeks and two months in Morelos and Queretaro, and the business registration process is quite streamlined on account of an average of only two visits at the one-stop shop to become an operative firm. They both have a clear strategy, informed by local stakeholders, with the corresponding state economic development secretaries (SEDECO in Morelos and SEDESU in Queretaro) that lead the strategy-making process. There is not, however, an agency devoted to SME policy implementation in either state, which is the result of policy being delivered by a network of private intermediary organisations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f5330a47-en	aa2adfe9074fa3446561751b07bbe1fd	A number of other Decisions encourage Parties to report on support efforts, including in the context of the framework for capacity building in developing countries (e.g. Decision 2/CP. Table 1 provides an overview of reporting requirements on technology and capacity-building support provided to non-Annex I countries. See also Box 1, which addresses the use of the terms technology transfer and capacity building in the UNFCCC context (see Section 1), and Annex 1, which provides an overview of Annex II country reporting in these areas to date.	13	6	4	0.2
11.1002/pub/8114a552-588649a5-en	aa2cb7463bc50240dac5cfe75edee6b6	It can be expected therefore that developing countries, and especially LDCs, will slowly catch up with the rest of the world. Fixed-broadband subscriptions are continuously increasing, without a slowdown in growth rates. Furthermore, almost all fixed-broadband subscriptions had download speeds of at least 2 Mbit/s, with a very substantial part having advertised speeds of more than 10 Mbit/s. In LDCs, there is still a significant pocket of subscriptions for the lowest speed tier (>256 kbit/s to <2 Mbit/s), although that proportion is decreasing rapidly.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	aa2cddbae8836ef884ec0c05f01d95c9	"The report of the Fourth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, stated that ""Indigenous peoples have the right to benefit from the Millennium Development Goals and from other goals and aspirations contained in the Millennium Declaration to the same extent as all others""."" However, by failing to ground the goals in an approach that upholds indigenous peoples' individual and collective rights, the MDGs fall short in addressing the health disparities that persist between indigenous peoples and other poor, marginalized groups. By advancing the dominant paradigms of health and development rather than an approach based on individual and collective human rights, the MDGs also promote projects that are potentially detrimental to indigenous peoples by violating their rights to their collective lands, territories and natural resources."	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5e7c1b09-en	aa2db3929de67b8b4d129ed19eb38f09	This situation explains also the increasing role of the informal sector as one of the major job providers in the region. Nasser (2011) estimates that informal employment reached 10.8 million in Egypt in 2008, representing 48.1 per cent of total employment. Between 1999 and 2004, the rate of growth of this index in the region was of 0.42 per cent per year, which represents a level comparable to that of Europe and Central Asia. Undeclared high levels of production increased the issues of revenue collection for non-oil countries and enhanced fiscal resource losses.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	aa2e650903052a45c6c1b6828135bfac	This is the case in Azerbaijan (90%), the Kyrgyz Republic (87%), Armenia (83%), New Zealand (82%), Myanmar (81%), Korea (76%) and Australia (72%). As in most OECD countries, health and the humanities are the other most popular degrees women obtain in the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.3). Women, on the other hand, are underrepresented among students and graduates of degrees in the so-called STEM fields of study - science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Innovation can benefit from a concentration of individuals with STEM skills.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	aa2ed24adab9df07225424910458234d	To date, MWA has commissioned three major research reports: Realizing the Opportunity: Addressing New Zealand’s Leadership Pipeline (2013); Transforming Cultures to Grow Women Leaders (2012); and Women on Boards: Why Women on Company Boards are Good for Business (2009). These publications have allowed MWA to base its strategies on a strong foundation of evidence-based research and advocacy. For example, in partnership with MWA, NZX has introduced the NZX Diversity Listing Rule, which requires listed companies to report on the gender composition of their board of directors and senior managers. The ministry has also worked with a group of private sector champions called the 25 Percent Group.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	aa329df5309131e29b7096c8157529cf	However, this practice is very recent (in effect since 2011), and has so far been mainly focussed on fruit and vegetable products. Other per hectare subsidies are set for groups of commodities, such as grains, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries, and feed crops, and therefore are not included in the SCTs. These developments were linked to the difficulties of ginneries to attract credit for forward-contracting cotton growers. This was due to the 2007 local banking crisis, and also to the regulations introduced that limited the ways ginneries could attract finance.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	aa3387b2ef7f8af04ae6c1ed5a1e1c23	Food crops include rice, maize, soybeans, peanuts, cassava and sweet potatoes. Estate crops include both food crops - sugar cane, palm oil, coconut, cocoa, coffee, tea, pepper, cashew nut - and non-food crops - rubber, cotton, tobacco, clove, jathropa, patchouli and kemiri sunan. Horticultural crops include chillies, shallots, potatoes, mango, banana, durian and mangosteen and root and ornamental plants.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	aa33ded62c847cef313979911763fc39	Relative child poverty rates in France and Spain, for example, begin at very similar levels (19.4% and 18.8%, respectively) but in France the rate is more than halved by government intervention whereas in Spain very little difference is made (see Figure 8a). Similarly, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Italy all begin with relative child poverty rates of 16% to 18%; but after taxes and benefits the relative child poverty rate is brought down by half or more in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany whereas in Italy there is almost no reduction at all. Its premise is that, in a society committed to providing special protection for children, the child poverty rate would be lower than the overall poverty rate.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	aa342305d94d8e31e06af7f42dfcdcb3	Source: City of Louisville (2004). Reliability of supply may vary on a daily or weekly basis, as well as on a seasonal basis. Increased reliability avoids first of all the need for households to store water for shortage situations and induces therewith cost savings, as space and material is economized. Furthermore, people might benefit from a feeling of confidence in water supply and from increased comfort.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	aa37d9eb7eee77657e8bcefb63fde2fc	The gains are realised when the owner sells the asset and cashes in the gains. Smeeding and Moon (1980) have compared alternative methods for the evaluation of a set of services, finding negligible differences between the cost of production and more subjective metrics such as the utility value. See OECD website, “Going social: the great tax-benefit balancing act” on wages and benefits indicators, wwuj.oecd.org/els/bene/itsandujagesoecdmdicators.htm.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	aa3afe17ae31f7d5e3345171cd295012	The bias toward home ownership is hardly unique to Kazakhstan, and in OECD countries as diverse as Mexico and the United States, most of the housing assistance supports home ownership (OECD, 2015b). Despite the shortage of housing in the country, the real estate market is full of housing for sale and rent that remain vacant. Interviews conducted for this review suggest that the population is generally unwilling to rent housing because of the unregulated market, high price of rentals, lack of legal certainty and for cultural reasons.	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289348911-4-en	aa3bee19ed3b9069378d4b26e03f8fd3	In the next chapter, we test and illustrate this approach on three in-depth case studies, and a number of other case studies from the Nordic countries. The Convention's article 5, emphasises an obligation to ensure the participation of the public in the definition and implementation of landscape policies, and requires the parties to the Convention to establish necessary procedures to achieve this. Hence, people's preferences for landscape experiences need to count (more) in policy processes with significant landscape impacts. Landscapes exist not only as physical entities that are the source of direct sensory experience, but also as cultural constructs with symbolic meanings for certain people.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	aa3f5d836dcb122727fb2518a5df6afc	"Implementing the ideas of the ""New School"", creating digital classes, focusing on authentic learning, creating a digital platform for teachers to co-operate are all at the heart of the programme. Other changes related to the role of teachers and school directors are also being addressed. Based on the analysis in Figure 1.3 comparing annual workloads in Greece with OECD and EU19 averages, Greece would need to increase weekly teaching obligations approximately by four to five hours per week to reach the OECD average."	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	aa40dd0fd9fe9417ead2f286eab90c85	All along, LDCs and development partners should continue to scrutinise NTMs to make sure that they serve legitimate public policy interests rather than specific lobby interests. These opportunities include developments such as emerging economies, which are altering the dynamics of LDC trade; and the rise of value chains, which has - arguably - made it easier for LDCs to integrate global markets. There are also two other existing, and perhaps less obvious, ‘opportunities’ that could be further exploited.	10	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	aa43343f249af0742575072e0545cdef	Total final energy consumption increased by 29 per cent, with the fastest growth in transport, followed by household/services and industry. This was the combined result of structural changes, higher energy prices, EE policies and other factors. A decline in energy services relative to GDP accounted for one fifth of the reduction in energy use per unit of GDP with the rest resulting from declining end-use energy intensities (used as a proxy for EE improvements). The IEA projects that, under current circumstances, global final energy intensity will continue to fall at a rate similar to that of the last 30 years (1.6 per cent per year).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	aa43cf9e40bee42e76a271c990e7e9eb	The framework seeks to integrate farmers with researchers, scientists, cooperatives and extension services in order to generate the kinds of knowledge that was crucial for their improved performance. This framework, promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, is based on the recognition that knowledge of relevance to agricultural development has several sources and linkages. These factors have changed the face of agricultural development and rendered it intricately linked to global economic trade and knowledge capabilities of countries, but also focused the associated emphasis on the inability of economic growth to address the food security needs of the poor clearer than ever before.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	aa44bebe4ffac2bf0c41951777082d7a	During the triennium 2016-18, the two working groups contributed to the implementation strategy of the OECD Principles on Water Governance, focusing respectively on developing indicators and collecting and reviewing water governance stories. Effectiveness of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to defining clear sustainable water policy goals and targets at different levels of government, to implement those policy goals, and to meet expected objectives or targets. Efficiency of water governance relates to the contribution of governance to maximising the benefits of sustainable water management and welfare at the least cost to society.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	aa46e1d6541c9c5d65156ded304fb53e	Further, bilateral donors and multilateral financial institutions committed to support more than 660 projects in these countries in those two years. Although the Paris Agreement has stressed the importance of balancing financial resources between adaptation and mitigation (UNFCCC, 2015), the imbalance is a tendency observed globally. However, the imbalance is more pronounced in the EECCA countries where mitigation accounts for 81% of funds, adaptation for 11% and both together for 8%; the global average is 63% for mitigation, 25% for adaptation and 12% for both.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188617-en	aa47809f55fef3710ab68f66d312fd20	Available at: www.birmingham.ac.uk/ Documents/college-social-sciences/business/economics/2010-papers/economics-papers-2011/ economics-papers-2011/ll-09.pdf. Available on http://gabe.web.psi.ch/ research/ra/index.html#pub. Final Report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase one 2006-2008, VTT, Finland, Publication available at www.ieawind.org/ AnnexXXV/Task25_Publications.html. System Capacity Value, Presentation at the Intersolar 2012 Conference, 9-12 July 2012, San Francisco United States.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	aa49afe2b5554f12308ba69893299038	Such tools often cover, for instance, language and literacy, socio-emotional skills, and motor and numeracy skills. Direct assessments tend to cover a narrower set of domains than observations and narrative assessments in many jurisdictions. More than half of the surveyed jurisdictions apply these, often with a focus on skills such as language and literacy, health development, socio-emotional and motor skills.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/19c562f5-en	aa4b94cfde44becb2d7c31ec5d495fc0	The national event, “A drop of water is a grain of gold”, is widely celebrated every year at the beginning of April. There is widespread public understanding that water should be managed economically in a sound way. It became clear during the past decade that there would be a water shortage if the volume of water in the Amu Darya River were to decrease owing to the traditional method of water use.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-10-en	aa4cc4ff5420ceb19344266ce8267f99	While developing young people's skills and activating them are clear public policy objectives, there is less assessment of whether skills are used effectively at work, and less consensus on the role of policy in addressing the issue. The Internet now plays a central role as social media such as Linkedln, Facebook, and Google, and new tools such as applicant tracking systems, mobile recruiting, jobs boards and career pages are increasingly used by employers and job seekers. These new channels for recruitment have opened up opportunities for companies lo inform a much wider pool of potential candidates about job opportunities and careers and for employees to make more informed decisions on finding or changing jobs.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8e9aaf0a-en	aa4d8853e8b1568b50314a6da3909429	Central and Southern Asia (197 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (189 million). Data from 214 cities or municipalities in 103 countries show that about three quarters of municipal solid waste generated is collected. In sub-Saharan Africa, less than half of all municipal solid waste generated is collected, with adverse effects on the health of residents.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	aa4e01456429186331f90e00e1886341	There has been wide spread recognition of the need to address illegal fishing practices, however more needs to be done to support countries’ capacity to address unregulated and unreported fishing; including through capacity-building. For example, the same RoO given under Free Trade Agreements could be extended to Least Developed Countries, included as part of the agreement reached under the LDC package. Monitoring progress on the implementation of SDG 14 should be a priority. Embedding a review process and mechanism within the WTO’s existing trade policy review procedure could be one solution.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	aa4fe48d920454af1aee893cb81e152f	Between 1997 and 2004, the percentage of younger smokers was fairly stable, but then started to decline among males and, more recently, among females as well. The gender gap in smoking varies enormously between countries. In 2010, smoking rates were, on average, over 90% higher among males than females. In the United Kingdom, though, the gap between males and females was only 5%.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	aa533556fc83ef78598493566829bb74	The physicians selected as the “medecin traitant” receives an additional annual payment for patients diagnosed with an ALD. This payment covers the care co-ordination required to implement specific care protocols. The care protocol of a patient lists all medical and paramedical services required for a comprehensive treatment, and automatically identifies the services for which patients are exempt from co-payment. In nearly all cases, this coordinating role is fulfilled by GPs.	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	aa53406955fd1631a77269f8dd1668e9	While part of this process can be led by teacher training institutes, it is important also that guiding policies which govern teacher certification, hiring and promotion paths complement such course requirements. The STEEP project was notable for the fact that it went well beyond curriculum development to look at how environmental principles were upheld at the institutes themselves. More commonly, ESD is present only in optional components focused on environmental education or related issues. This relies on interested students to capitalise on the available ESD entry points, which is unlikely to result in a broad reorientation of teacher education unless policies are changed to incentivise or require ESD coursework. For its part, UNESCO (2007) has published a compendium of good practices in ESD from teacher education institutions, in addition to supporting the international network mentioned above. However, Jamaica is the only one of the focus countries whose primary teacher education institute is a member of this network.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	aa535e92b710f735712047a5eac23579	In addition to family structure, maternal education and employment as well as household socioeconomic status are robust predictors of early learning outcomes. It is very difficult to determine the unique impact of any of these specific features of the economic and social environment on children’s outcomes (Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2017[X57]); however a large body of non-experimental research suggests each of these factors is important. Maternal education is a powerful predictor of early learning outcomes. On average, more highly-educated mothers spend more time working than mothers with less education, they also, on average, spend more time with their children (Cameiro, Meghir and Parey, 2013|issi; Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2015[i59|).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	aa559895501b05d3afeed8de9a6e6b4c	If any safety concern is identified, the risk associated with it should be characterized to determine its relevance to human health. This begins with the description of the host and donor organisms and the characterization of the genetic modification. The subsequent safety assessment should consider factors such as toxicity, tendencies to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity), effects of changed composition of key nutrients (antinutrients) and metabolites, the stability of the inserted gene and nutritional modification associated with genetic modification. If the entire assessment of these factors concludes that the GM food in question is as safe as its conventional counterpart, the food is then considered safe to eat.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	aa5bfcabd40298dc5ec1de94f37505b6	There is no one-size-fits-all solution, and which structure is most relevant will depend on the specifics of the country. It is also important to ensure the connection between the coordinating body and the highest political authorities, since without a strong visible political commitment, short-term urgent priorities in other areas can displace attention and resources. In theory, the government would finance public goods, such as infrastructure and possibly education, and leave the rest to the private sector.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	aa5d0453664be22ecc4d04e77ca91bb5	Income inequality increases, and children from low income families participate less in formal child care. Gleichbehandlungsbericht des Bundes 2014”, Vienna. Arbeitsmarktlage und Lebenssituation von Frauen und Mannern auf regionaler Ebene in Osterreich”, Study commissioned by Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/4a4c5913-en	aa5e3e0c539e679ef3df1a446930d139	The reduction through income taxes is even greater than means-tested transfers. The redistributive impacts of fiscal policy were reduced when the benefits drastically declined and when taxes became less progressive. As a result, the percentage change in market Gini offset by taxes fell from 16.9 per cent during 1985-1995 to 10.9 per cent during 1985-2005, while those of transfers also declined from 46.7 per cent to 34.4 per cent during the same period.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	aa5ee0c0bf35c2455212d3af1ce7bebb	Finally, it can intervene to preserve and stimulate (local, regional, cultural) identities as well as the heritage. The relationships between national and regional or even local policy and regulatory frameworks are evolving. The national level often no longer suffices to determine successful business activities.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	aa5f1e184456347c28f4d8e0d8a709fa	As mentioned above, the lack of reliable data on drug abuse in the region may be the reason why the reported prevalence is so low. The abuse of “yaba” (methamphetamine) and codeine-based preparations continues to be widespread in Bangladesh, and is still increasing. Among street children, the abuse of glue and solvents by sniffing is common.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/36457e13-en	aa611f833e8f6819de490f60e407ad71	A project to provide a rapid effectiveness assessment was conducted by WWF in cooperation with the FBiH Ministry of Environment and Tourism in 2009 using international rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management (RAPPAM) methodology. There is, however, room for consideration and development of additional regulations on economic instruments for protected areas in both entities. As a result of the existing level of decentralization, the entire system of information and reporting on protected areas in the country, including reporting on international obligations, is generally failing. Obligations for protected areas are dispersed throughout a number of agencies, according to the governance system in each entity.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	aa61e05639a797c3478df7bf7f8dc014	The second water introduces social technologies to capture and store of rainwater for agriculture, especially for vegetable gardens and small livestock. Frequently geographical targeting is used to select an area for intervention, and is then often combined with other criteria such as poverty, risk of drought, vulnerability to climate change, cultivation of certain crops, steepness of land, or degree of urbanization. In agricultural interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty, geographical targeting often follows the same logic as in social protection programmes and intervention areas selected by poverty incidence criteria. Unlike in social protection, geographical targeting is based not only on poverty maps or poverty-related criteria, but also on the type of agricultural intervention, such as irrigation, rural development, natural resource management or land reform.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264309470-en	aa675ec5e5d7dc683880802293ea0afd	Austria's main areas of specialisation are in traditional sectors. More technologically and research-intensive sectors such as information and communication technology (ICT) and pharmaceuticals are less represented. There is concern that current specialisation patterns could limit growth opportunities.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	aa6d91d14f8b2268fb33e7d76ad61dab	But the structural transition of their economies from low-productivity to high-productivity activities has also led to rising income gaps and spatial inequalities. It is likely that these countries can maintain high average incomes while gradually closing their income gaps over time through the fuller absorption into high-productivity activities of the w orkers who now remain employed in disadvantaged areas and activities. A less benign distributional outcome will probably result if a shift from export-oriented production, emphasizing manufacturing, to production oriented more towards domestic markets leads increasingly to employment and wage opportunities in service activities, which tend to be less well remunerated than jobs in manufacturing.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	aa6dc6d1322f23739f27f52b356096d3	The sewage treatment fee is relatively low (only 15% of the clean water price) (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Waste collection service covers all urban districts and approximately 90% of rural districts in the city. The Department of Construction (DOC) is in charge of domestic waste in urban areas, and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is in charge of domestic waste in rural areas. The volume of urban waste per person per day generated in Hai Phong has increased from 0.7 kg in early 2000’s to 1.3 kg in 2015.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	aa7116d9552cf02c0f6bfde88c8cae80	It provides R&D funds to Brazilian companies to develop and strengthen input supply chains, machinery and equipment for agriculture and the development of food products and processes. Inova-Agro has become the main channel for BNDES to deliver R&D funds in the sector, and accounted for over 80% of a total of about USD 27 million). Over 80% of Inova-Agro funding is targeted to livestock, fisheries and aquaculture. Only coffee research is currently supported by tax deductions and Embrapa is managing a national consortium to use the coffee fund (FUNCAFE).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	aa712c87cfed466876ea01025e1e2d0b	Main beneficiaries are the owners, users and managers of public buildings, service providers (consultants, engineering companies), financial institutions, architects and constructors. It aims to increase energy efficiency, boost renewable energy, diversify import sources and transport routes as well as protect critical infrastructure. Furthermore, the Energy Strategy underlines Romania’s ambitions to become a major electricity exporter by 2020. The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency sets forth the objectives concerning energy efficiency for the period up to the year 2015. The main purpose of the strategy is to identify possibilities and means to increase energy efficiency at all levels of the energy chain, by implementing specific programmes in order to reach its ultimate goal: the increase of primary energy efficiency by 40 per cent by the year 2015.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	aa7505b80cb7acd081e2ca903d6c1a43	Procedures for recruitment, obtaining consent and assent, and protecting child privacy would need to be developed, vetted, and established. Depending on the laws in each country, a procedure would be needed to establish responsibility for reporting and disclosure of child maltreatment, how to respond, and who should respond. Other research in countries should be done to determine any differences by gender, what is the appropriate recall period, how do children understand time in relation to events, and what prompts can help children situate experiences accurately within time. Another issue is what gradations in frequency will children report most accurately (e.g., never, once or twice, many vs. never, sometimes, often) and how to grade severity of experiences, if warranted.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	aa77126a649a6d7613e71ce4dd4f5aad	For all exports destined to China, these costs are estimated to be USD 30.4 per tonne, or triple those for other destinations as China applies phytosanitary barriers on Kazakh grain transported through its territory and which affects the competitiveness of Kazakh exports on Asian markets, such as Japan and Korea, as well as China itself. In addition to official costs, exporters also incur informal charges; for example, to receive railway cars. See Table 3.4 for details.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	aa775c362377ef868372d5dad9d71379	This brings down the average performance of the country (see Figure 3.3). Moreover, the very small proportion of students (0.9%) who achieve the highest levels in science, mathematics, or reading (levels 5 or 6), which is far below the average across OECD countries (15%), means that there is a very small pool of young school-leavers who are well prepared to pursue higher level technical and scientific education, a major challenge for a country seeking to develop its knowledge-based industries. Nearly one third (31%) of 15-year-olds have repeated a year in Costa Rica, above all OECD countries except Mexico (see Figure 3.4). However, grade repetition rates in primary school almost halved between 2005 and 2014, from 7.5% to 4.3%, as a result of new rules restricting its usage (see Chapter 4).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	aa77ad06fd820a57443f1b12dcef0043	The Agency’s formative approach to school evaluation has made it an explicit goal to foster school’s capacity for self-evaluation and the Agency should further pursue this direction. To begin with, it is an opportunity to raise quality expectations in initial teacher education. Accreditation processes will need to send clear signals about the quality standards initial teacher education programmes need to reach.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	aa7a5e8c823038818005a25ad1e8602f	It provides information on children’s home and family environment, their health and safety1, their education and school life, their activities and their life satisfaction, and also links to information on public policies for children. Information covers children from 0 to 17 years of age, although some information is available only for specific ages. Where possible, information is provided for different age groups, from early childhood to adolescence.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3afdf450-en	aa7d164ae49d5859984786e7a26c1a45	Household income information is for the year 2008. The round analysed is that of 2007, with income data referring to the year 2006. On an annual basis it collects timely and comparable multidimensional micro-data on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. Every year, both cross-sectional data and longitudinal data are collected.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	aa7d81c32686c1ec468246b84b39a55d	The literature identifies two trajectories for fostering and supporting innovation: the “orchestrated trajectory” induced by policy and the “opportunity trajectory” triggered by market signals. Brooks and Loevinsohn (2011) extends this framework by adding an “endogenous” trajectory which emerges in local contexts. Policies should aim to strengthen interactions among the various processes so as to ensure that innovation contributes simultaneously to poverty reduction, food security and environmental sustainability. Those objectives are not served if innovation is driven merely by profit motives, as is the case for most agricultural activities.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80c293d4-d194980d-en	aa7fd54a1605f14d3701376670c7d27c	The work of the Partnership is described at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ Statistics/Pages/intlcoop/partnership/members.aspx. Indeed, these price reductions reflect the particular situation in several developing countries, in which fixed broadband used to be a premium service (with prices corresponding to more than 100 per cent of GNI p.c.) The effect of these new offers was to drive prices down drastically in the year in which they became available. The ECOSOC resolutions can be found at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/CSTD/WSIS-Resolutions.aspx.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264249400-7-en	aa843643f366dabdc0f5e808460a2ccf	A substantial share of w'ater consumers experience difficulties paying for water supply services and sewage disposal. Moreover, 60% of the water pipes and half of the sewage collectors are in a dilapidated state; water quality indicators often do not meet human health and safety standards, and large quantities of water are lost to leakage in the networks (around 40% of total supply). In Tbilisi and Rustavi, the WSS systems have been privatised and are now privately owned by the Georgian Water & Power company.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	aa8b28768d998519bbd9221c08d4c9a4	The inconvenience and economic damage of such emergency measures in absence of adequate power capacity are self-evident. It also happens to be the area where nuclear energy can contribute most directly to the security of energy supply. The costs of an interruption of power supplies due to insufficient capacities on the economies of OECD countries far outweigh any real or imagined interruptions of physical supplies due to geopolitical reasons.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/02e538fc-en	aa8c8cc2b83df7b93a103423347ccfca	Overall, women spend over an hour longer on unpaid and paid work combined than men - the “double burden” - leaving them with less time for personal care (including sleeping) and leisure. Similar to OECD countries, women have around 40 to 50 minutes less leisure time than men do in all countries, with the exception of Bangladesh. As GDP increases, the time women and men spend on unpaid care work decreases.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	aa8cd85991b4e0590c5c71961dad09b9	Girls from poorer families are much less likely to be enrolled in school at all levels of education. For instance, among Indian children in the bottom fifth of the distribution, an education gap of almost five years persists between boys and girls aged 15-19. Change in these norms is, however, slow and uneven across countries.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	aa8cdb0d3967c958612dea3ca9939674	However, differences in definitions, sources and methods could blur international comparisons. In addition, data for many of these indicators are still lacking for a third or more OECD countries. As an illustration, data on survival rates for selected cancers are available for the same year for, at best, 11 countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	aa8d171e3d45ee6b02676356d861bbbe	As a whole, it receives an annual allocation from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of EUR 375 000, which allows it to maintain its offices, assemble delegates 4 to 5 times per year, and hold work group meetings 8 to 10 times annually. These work group committees meet to discuss the advancement of NSPH goals within the Swedish health care community and society. In 2013, NSPH received financial support from the Swedish government to, among other things, formulate strategies aimed at strenghening and enhancing the influence of user organisations on national, regional and local levels, as well as for the individual when meeting with health care providers.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	aa8fc6ec84b6f3787282d0ed745979c1	These programmes also include co-ordination activities that in particular focus on linking institutions and facilitating dialogues between different actors. Finally, there are several examples of projects that include climate research, such as the development of climate change scenarios, impacts and vulnerability assessments. It should be emphasised that the distribution of project and programme activities does not necessarily respond to the general approach of the six agencies, but merely reflects what was observed in the sample.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	aa9222fdae9e0c07302b85e68a082fc2	As districts of higher standards have signalling power below their actual level of performance, they are likely to adjust standards to the lower. For employers and higher education institutions, these effects reduce trust into certification and make a comparison of certificates between regions unreliable. It raises standards in low-achieving districts but lowers standards in high-achieving districts.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	aa984e42e2849955b70da5b3eb405685	The information supply sub-system gives the motorists information on congestion, travel times, traffic regulations, and parking space. Finally, the operation management subsystem operates traffic control system within a prefecture, provides supervisors at the traffic control centre with the information on the traffic situation and on the condition of other subsystems, and exchanges information with the information collecting subsystems in other prefectures. Within its ITS policy, other initiatives were developed in line with the UTMS to promote further use of technology and aggregate services for motorists that they can access from a single on-board unit (OBU).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	aa9a464081db8480d045f5c83542ce59	"United Nations entities (such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the World Bank) adopted the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment with the intention of providing some form of protection to rural dwellers. Globally agreed safeguards to protect the rights of traditional communities, often lacking legal recognition of their rights to land, water and forests, are particularly relevant for countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America where, according to the World Bank, most of the 450 million hectares of ""available land""b are located. Global water withdrawals have tripled over the last 50 years and water withdrawals for irrigation are expected to increase by almost 11 per cent by 2050 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009d)."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	aa9a88294a0b210892978b0ac1e78565	The French “therapeutic, educational and pedagogical institutions” (ITEPs) are designed for children with serious behavioural problems, those who have difficulty in school and socialising, but who do not present an intellectual disability or psychosis. The student guidance units (CLBs) offer both universal surveillance and individualised support for students with greater complex needs. A similar structure is also in place in the French community, where a number of actors are involved in providing support for students with special needs. The psycho-medical social (PMS) centres have a similar role to the CLB centres, working in a multidisciplinary team. Regular medical check-ups, on the other hand, are carried out by the “school-based health promotion services” (PSE) while school dropout prevention is primarily handled by “school dropout intermediation services” (PMS) and mobile teams (ibid.). A national mental health screening was introduced in 2012 and covers all high school students.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	aa9e59b2858e363805d8fd93d4cc141f	United Nations Development Programme (PNUD)/Municipality of Montevideo/Territorial policies division of the Office of Planning and the Budget, noviembre. Siete estudios realizados a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo, Colombia, 2012-2013, National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). Cuenta satelite del trabajo no remunerado de los hogares de Mexico 2013.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	aa9f29608c847ca707e05f3459b8a447	Municipalities are also responsible for fulfilling the right to a place in Kindergarten for all children from 1 year of age. Tertiary institutions are mostly autonomous in their decisions, including those on how they allocate resources. Norway has generous funding at all levels of the education system: public and private educational institutions at all levels get most of their funding from public sources, and public education is free, except at preprimary level where parents must pay some fees.	4	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	aaaa101c8032d695f3c8ee556a2a50a1	With 90 per cent of energy supplies based on petroleum, and all of it imported, the diversification of energy sources with an emphasis on renewables is imperative but difficult. The government is expected to decide on switching to a mix of alternative sources that include LNG, coal and renewables. The rich are potentially powerful enough to resist changes to their energy-intensive consumption patterns, though as green’ becomes more fashionable this potential is less likely to be actualised. The poor, on the other hand, are so preoccupied with survival issues that long-term considerations for the environment are difficult for them to address.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	aaab2956d2afb0dd3d15815103956b63	In addition, the government applied a policy to cushion the transmission of high world prices for food security reasons. For example, in 2008 it released dry milk from state reserves to restrain increases in prices of dairy foods. Since mid-2010, the simplification of trade within the Customs Union facilitated cheaper imports of dry milk from Belarus, which has likely put a significant competitive pressure on domestic milk prices.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	aaad3b91f4d7f14448c905e27a84fa42	Such incentives are currently granted on a case-by-case basis. Investors should be aware of which incentives they would be granted prior to investing which requires clarifying the current design and implementation of such incentives. Facilitating access to credit by producers requires the development of a much stronger and more competitive financial market, for instance by supporting the development of Co-operative Banks. Efforts to establish credit reporting systems, credit and assets registry systems (both for movable and fixed assets) and to develop financial services such as equipment leasing and warehouse receipts, should be sustained, while public subsidies should be reduced.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	aaad5326b8d9cfea517434c410014e5b	Information on regulation for collective dismissals is not available in this period. This section draws heavily from Venn (2009), although underlying data have been revised and updated. While this chapter focuses mainly on the costs of procedures of dispute resolution, corruption and evasion mean that laws are not always adequately enforced, regardless of the cost.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	aaae00b911ffbf0833551c24642baf55	The repetition rates of students at the undergraduate level are very high, though declining slowly (IMAD, 2009b). This rate is the highest for the first year, reaching 13% in the 2009-10 academic year, but it drops to 9.4% and 4.3% in the second and third years, before going up to 6.3% in the fourth year. The average duration in Scotland is 4.4 years.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	aaaf663414c5c3990496362c845483e8	This chapter has been produced with the financial and substantive assistance of the European Union, as part of the OECD project “Defining, Measuring and Assessing Job quality and its Links to Labour Market Performance and Well Being” [VS/2013/0108 (S12.666737)]. The contents of this chapter are the sole responsibility of the OECD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This project is a joint undertaking between the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Statistics Directorate, and it runs until September 2015. The project also encompasses Chapter 3 of the 2014 Employment Outlook and Chapter 4 of this publication.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	aaafc60d2dfeece59d0e69d8dd37123e	Preparatory education lasts between 6 and 12 months. Immigrants are also provided information and guidance on different occupations and vocational studies. When immigrants later apply for an upper secondary vocational programme through the joint application system, they can receive extra points for completed preparatory education. Information on job training and education opportunities, and practical tips on getting a job or changing career, can be very helpful for young adults and unemployed adults, as well as those who have been inactive in the labour market for a while.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	aab106eb010ba057a18720a8e0480455	The results also show the same trends for other commodities, with a strong pass-through from Chinese imports to Brazilian exports in the cases of sugar and poultry, but much weaker transmission for vegetable oil and cotton. Coarse grain demand is dominated by feed use. Feed use is expected to increase following a small decline in 2016, growing at 1.5% per year during the projection period to about 49.9 Mt by 2024, 23% above base period volume, more than keeping pace with the assumed increase in the production of non-ruminant meat (Figure 2.12).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	aab3f8617f907f8d45ab3c0e5fda9a7b	The process of developing this vision should engage a broad range of stakeholders from national and subnational levels in setting objectives and developing innovative solutions. However, the measures implemented have further complicated the water governance system. Proposals were made in 2006 to replace river basin authorities with eight river basin districts to implement some of the main provisions of the WFD.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	aab598215c45fe6cd5a94b09f6c1f44b	Germany based its tariffs upon a fraction of the retail rate (that is to say, the price at which electricity was sold to consumers), not the wholesale rate (that is to say, the cost at which utilities purchased electricity from other generators). In Germany, consumption taxes constitute a large fraction of the ultimate retail price of electricity. Wind energy and solar energy were paid 90 per cent of the retail rate and hydroelectric plants were paid 80 per cent of the retail rate. This was corrected in Germany in 2000 by the stipulation that renewable sources of electricity would have priority access to the grid for a host of environmental, social and economic reasons.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	aab95bea96c67feb5f439f06f0cf7441	For rice, wheat, maize and soybeans, trade actions by countries related to export restrictions, buying to increase stockholdings, and removal of import restrictions or import subsidies all contributed to the price spikes. The exaggerated price movements created by the application of insulation policies in other countries created worse outcomes than would have otherwise occurred. From a global perspective, the various individual country interventions targeted at improving food security lessened it.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	aaba9eea239144d4b90f239132956fcd	The process has been difficult at times considering that it requires a common language to eliminate institutional mistrust, strengthen the capacity of the institutions involved and enable both to take ownership of the process and the results that will be disseminated and used. The economic value of unpaid domestic work in Mexico in 2014 stood at 24.2% of GDR which was higher than the individual contribution of any other economic activity in the country. El Salvador is now creating a satellite account for unpaid household work, while Costa Rica and Uruguay have made significant progress in studying methodologies and exercises for the valuation of unpaid work using the data collected from their respective time-use surveys.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/97ed059a-en	aabbbe85a4aa5cc224ea444fe9aad48e	However, this does not necessarily indicate simply an insufficient demand for education in these areas, but also an insufficient supply of education. Labour among children in Cameroon is largely a rural phenomenon. In the 6 to 10 years old category, 41% of children living in rural areas participate in labour, as opposed to 10% in urban areas.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fd217899-en	aabebaca9933610bbb93b1066cc1655d	Box 3 discusses REDD further. Markets for emission reduction credits from Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) are anticipated to generate a US$30 billion annual revenue stream for developing nations, stimulating an exponential increase in demand for carbon sequestration services from South-East Asian forests in particular. In addition to helping to build capacity for REDD in developing countries, the FCPF also supports the implementation of small-scale REDD pilot projects. Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam are among 37 which have partnered with the FCPF in the development of national REDD Readiness Plans. Numerous studies warn that once REDD is implemented, the sheer volume of available forest supply could send the market price for tradable carbon tumbling, possibly as much as 75 per cent. Investments in REDD projects could also be subject by the same risky investment patterns and flows that launched the 2008 financial crisis.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	aabeda7341754782497556d9be1e7871	Similarly, women made up 31 per cent of labour migrants from Kyrgyzstan in 2015,13.4 per cent from Uzbekistan and 9.6 per cent from Tajikistan, with the average for the CIS States being 15.7 per cent.10 Kyrgyzstan also has the highest share of women among holders of temporary and permanent residence permits in comparison with all other countries: in 2015, die share was 58 per cent while the average was 49 per cent. Among migrants from Uzbekistan widi this type of document, 45 per cent were females; for Tajikistan, the figure was 34 per cent (OECD, 2016, p. 45). For details, see OECD (2016, p. 56).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	aac1fcf9f512175a38877217343cb576	Indeed, in reviewing the literature on water demand, the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking, including in the electric power sector, the production of industrial steam, residential consumption, and irrigated agriculture. In our opinion, the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation. In many uses around the world, water remains virtually free.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	aac47f8c27b04296846a5d21aac3706c	For example, the state government offers to pay the minimum wage for workers in training for up to eight weeks; additionally, local tertiary education institutions have implemented training programmes to accommodate the needs of a particular company. Furthermore, the state economic development agency assists with custom-designed labour force assistance including: i) analysis of the labour market with respect to the enterprise needs; ii) financial and management assistance in job training and iii) assistance in the search for and vetting of potential employees. This would involve development of skills that a worker can carry from one plant to another or move up in the hierarchy of employment responsibility and compensation.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	aac4a8d748972f21450b486011d3d149	For example, one assumes that predicted traffic growth (particularly car travel) must be provided for (by adding road capacity). This approach has inevitably resulted in more travel, exacerbated car dependency1 and has encouraged dispersed patterns of development. The increased congestion comes at significant costs to the economy, the environment and the overall well-being of the population.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	aaca383009238e981454e448bf3c32e9	In Australia and India, both biofuels are subject to the same import tariff rates. It focuses on two key elements. The first section discusses the economic model used for the analysis, highlighting in particular the elements of the model most relevant for modelling the analysed stages in the supply chain, i.e. the markets for fertilisers, agricultural products and biofuels, as well as the representation of fertiliser and biofuel supply policies. The second section outlines the reference and various counterfactual scenarios calculated, presents some of the key assumptions and discusses the way the implications of fertiliser and biofuel policies for markets and agricultural incomes are assessed.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-3-en	aacad5651b523907d872e550d71c3aea	Women represent 1.1 billion of Commonwealth peoples, and form the highest number of voters in any election, yet they are the least represented in governance and political processes. Moreover, these political legacies have vested a culture of clinging to power without opportunities for grooming new leaders. Nepotism is rife and transfer of power has seen the devolution to family relatives, a form of 'political monarchy'. As a result, many women remain challenged by these limiting factors, which persistently hinder their participation. In addition, some Commonwealth countries have mainstreamed women into decision-making by recognising their overwhelming contribution in liberation struggles, civil wars and/or protest politics - in Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and South Africa - thereby sidelining academic excellence as a criteria or guarantee to participate in governance.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	aacb21db843b664ba12a7edcffab4d64	The list of environmentally sensitive projects is published at the agency’s website. A transaction involving delivery of blast furnace equipment in Korea was accepted in 2008. A project to expand a steel mill in India is now under examination. Consistent with European legislation,2 it enforces the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste (to which it has been a party since 1994) and its 1995 amendment, as well as OECD Council Decision [C(2001) 107/Final] concerning control of transboundary movements of waste destined for recovery operations.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	aacde219779cb6a7fc4d8e5af9a77efe	It is true that the scope of use of each of these methods is different, meaning that the data in figure IV.8 can only show frequency of use for each type of method. But recent experimental and quasi-experimental studies in the United States turned up similar findings (Abma, Martinez and Copen, 2010; Raine and others, 2011). This refers both to legislation decriminalizing abortion and to decriminalizing and guaranteeing access to emergency contraception.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	aace1f923c32c2e8222ea61208876113	Government and international actors should also be more proactive in providing policy and support signals to the private sector, to create the enabling conditions for them to play a more significant role. This could be done through: easing access to loans or tax concessions when green business proposals can bring about positive economic and environmental outcomes; and making training and capacity development opportunities available so the near-term green skills gaps can be more effectively bridged. For example, Ethiopia’s railway sector has already explored potentials for more inclusive approaches to transport, and is showing how environmental issues can be handled constructively, throughout the construction cycle and the railway’s value chain. Agriculture also offers opportunities to bring together inclusive, profitable models that realise value from natural assets and also build climate resilience.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	aacfbb9ae2b37db568d49e9b144f21d9	Estimates of forest biomass and soil carbon sequestration in Finland and Norway during the past two decades are 8 and 5.6 Tg C yr1, respectively, or 39 and 46 g C nr2 yr1 (Liski et al. For Sweden, forest carbon accumulation between 1920 and 2000 was estimated to be 7.1 Tg C yr1, or 31 g C m-2 yr1 (Agren et al. The soil carbon sink was about 19% to 28% of the total carbon sink, estimated using models.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	aad00ba4f67788df86637cedd7db3ec8	This was consolidated into 350 options that were then prioritised. Does the option pass an initial assessment of relevance and feasibility to be implemented in the local context? Does the option make a positive contribution to reaching the targets of the Growth and Transformation Plan (Ethiopia’s national development plan)?	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	aad02c1723e49b101b3dea3da0f174a3	There is an upper-limit for the expenditures: TRY 100 000 (USD 37 000) for individuals and TRY 200 000 (USD 74 000) for legal entities. The types of investments considered are, among others, installation of on-farm drip, sprinkler or micro-sprinkler irrigation, and of irrigation schemes based on solar power (Official Gazette of the Turkish Government, 2015). By 2012, these aids subsidised 6 196 projects, with 61 000 fanners benefitting, for a total amount of TRY 165 million (USD 61 million) (MOD, 2014). Starting in 1993, the operation and maintenance of irrigation systems have been progressively transferred from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) to water users, including local authorities.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	aad24239b161c3c58e7994ca3bcafad4	The hierarchy of value placed on the lives of men over women and masculine over feminine characteristics creates the context where a society can accept, or at least not actively oppose, massive violence against women. This section describes a variety of analytical frameworks for examining different forms of violence against women. Frequently, scholars and activists such as the authors of DEVAW refer to public and private violence, as detailed in Figure 2.3. Direct violence inflicts direct, physical harm.	5	0	10	1.0
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	aad2c881ead992b79f6e42d24bb03fce	But we were always aware of how many other people were suffering, so that meant not just that I have enough to feed myself, but that I can live a life of purpose.” The culture has changed,” she says. “ Women can work and take care of themselves and don’t need to rely on their husbands.” Contraception is available in practically every corner shop. “	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	aad382687ac0f0b1ceeab8b6a59b6abe	Of the 16 emerging countries analysed in this chapter, only Argentina, Chile, Peru, the Russian Federation and South Africa have such a provision. Such legislation should be gender-neutral and should avoid imposing excessive costs on employers, which would have detrimental effects on the employment prospects of protected workers. Documenting the full spectrum is beyond the scope of this chapter, but investment in infrastructure, such as water, electricity and roads, provides an example of such a policy. These types of investments may facilitate access to the labour market for women by increasing the efficiency of housework and facilitating their commute to work.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7e830810-en	aad4d8e6f9aa64a2c70b407bc6b78698	Costa Rica, Honduras, South Africa and Thailand focus on local communities and youth, while Egypt uses non-governmental organizations and targeted media campaigns. India’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency concentrates on small and medium-size enterprises and clusters because of their more limited access to information and technology. The programmes are fairly standard.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	aad671d9f35034dff75dbb1f36e45c11	The first research programme (2000-2003) cost approximately EUR 10.8 million, of which nearly 60% was funded by the Special Law via the Ministry for Research. Co-financing was provided by other administrations as well as by the research departments and other partners. The second research programme (2004-2007) received just under EUR 6 million from the Special Law, plus co-financing. Observation of sea level and meteorological parameters is carried out through a monitoring network (11 stations), which gives a real-time view of marine and weather conditions in the Venice Lagoon and along the Adriatic coast. All stations measure sea level, and some also collect meteorological parameters: air pressure, humidity, wind velocity and direction, waves and air temperature. It is composed of dozens of separate institutes, each with a particular specialisation, which have been merged and consolidated lately as part of a cost-cutting, rationalisation strategy.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	aad6cdea73546c1cdfadcde429f4b8f5	But they should gradually benefit local businesses by reducing transportation costs, improving energy supplies and decreasing transaction costs — particularly if they are accompanied by better ICT infrastructure. It should also help local competitors to expand within domestic markets through better infrastructure. So businesses that do not attract foreign investment or establish necessary partnerships will struggle to compete domestically.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	aad7546fd1849d0827cdd5ed49efe2e7	The APA is requested to identify sources of input for the global stocktake. Examples include information on the state of adaptation efforts, support, experiences and priorities from submitted adaptation communications; the mobilisation and provision of support; the latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; and relevant reports of the subsidiary bodies (paragraph 99, Decision 1/CP.21). Specific work items include: exploring ways to monitor and evaluate support provided and received for adaptation (in 2017); convening a meeting to exchange views on national adaptation goals and indicators; and the possible relation of such indicators with those for sustainable development and for disaster risk reduction in the context of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (AC, 2016b).	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264175655-en	aadb85496e8ac4e53b086396b6ac17d1	The training and education of ECEC staff affects the quality of services and outcomes primarily through the knowledge, skills and competencies that are transmitted and encouraged by practitioners. It is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results (Fives, 2003). Qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	aadfc8bc0db44806b2cf07e10dc75aee	Other benefits, such as unemployment benefit, sick pay and child allowances, all of which are much better targeted than pensions, have remained underfunded. Progress in the field of social assistance was less marked than in Latin America, as social protection had an entirely different meaning and modus operandi under central planning. As a result, these countries initially lacked the administrative infrastructure to manage social assistance programmes prevalent in market economies. For instance, in the early years of transition, many EEFSU countries introduced universal child allowances, but later on transformed them into means-tested programmes.	10	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	aae03ead065ddd57124f111b7095aa43	Malaysia has 32 special schools and 1,282 integration units which have separate classes for visually and hearing impaired students and students with learning difficulties. Most of these offer boarding facilities and 29,169 pupils attended them in autumn 2008. Physically disabled pupils are integrated into mainstream education if they can manage the system as it is: otherwise they stay at home.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	aaea325f540d0cc4e2374c013ae47b5b	Even more concerning, levels of socio-economic inequity have not changed since 2006 in the majority of countries. Figure 3 shows that in a few countries, such as Australia, Finland and Korea, the discrepancy between students in the top and bottom quartiles of PISA’s socio-economic ESCS index grew even larger between 2006 and 2015. However, PISA results show that inequality of opportunity is not set in stone, and that selected school systems succeeded in becoming more equitable over a relatively short period (OECD, 2017(8]).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	aaea497ed104debf4fc2b83c819f7a7a	Stable employment brings benefits for society—enabling the workforce to retain experience, knowledge and productivity, thus enhancing economic performance.69 Full employment also contributes to social cohesion, particularly by improving the well-being of girls. Increased employment of women helps change perceptions of the ‘value’ of girls and encourages investment in their education and health. It also helps reduce poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	aaec9fe3f171d86a697d2ab6f84ef86a	Instead, this chapter focuses on whether the key elements are likely to be in place for strategy implementation to be effective. It also examines Austria’s record of natural hazard management policies and makes some comparison with other OECD countries in discussing Austria’s process for developing adaptation policy. The west and the south have an alpine climate, while the lowlands in the east and north have a temperate climate. This varied terrain leads to marked differences in climate variables within a comparatively small area.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	aaed2eaa3b8e8e584600aef01b9eba16	Chapter 3 notes that management is needed to tackle externalities and points out that multiple policy options can help address these issues, acknowledging that specific responses will need to be tailored to hydrogeological and environmental conditions. Chapter 4 provides an overview of management approaches in OECD countries that vary widely, with weak evidence of a constraint-response correspondence. Only four of the 20 responding OECD countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia and the Netherlands - national and regional) and five of the 20 regions (the Jeju volcanic island region in Korea and the four Spanish regions) report conducting regular evaluations of groundwater management. As part of the EU Water Framework Directive, EU member countries are required to provide reports on the state of implementation and the qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater management bodies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	aaedf4c1aad977fd9031c3d761381614	The uncertainty in world market prices is transmitted from domestic markets via trade flows, and is determined by shocks to demand and supply, especially in important trading countries, and changing relative prices between domestic and world markets. Macroeconomic uncertainty has a greater effect on world market prices than yield uncertainty. Uncertainty in oilseeds yield has a direct effect on the quantities available for crushing, while macroeconomic uncertainty affects both demand and supply. Vegetable oil demand is closely linked to biodiesel production, which is less strongly affected by macroeconomic uncertainty since consumption is often dictated by mandates.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	aaf037b7b71370267c7aa8c32244a843	The data are collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) annually and show solid and linear growth over the period 2003-2013. The growth of the number of connected institutions has grown an impressive 600 per cent from an original baseline in 2003 of 792 connected institutions to 5 584 at the end of 2013. The monitoring of the adoption of eHealth strategies is proposed as another data source. An eHealth strategy can be a good indication of a government's view of the importance of eHealth and the role it will play in strengthening the health sector, including the building of connectivity. The WHO Global Observatory for eHealth reports that the number of countries with eHealth strategies is showing a steady rise. In 2009, 55 countries indicated that they had eHealth strategies and in 2013 this number had grown to 85.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	aaf132f9107e21c1f424b71a5e4d956e	Even though there were a substantial number of international articles and books on assessment, and they had attended the DET programme, they were not able to access this international literature on their own. There was little work in the Higher Education sector in Norway in this area, and so very few Norwegian research articles had been published. Teachers believed the situation had much improved at the time when AfL was initiated, with more support available from Norwegian research.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	aaf3c073c1d99f3dc0c72adc480be049	They also make it clear that disadvantaged schools need more support so they can start regarding ethnic differences as a resource for learning, rather than an obstacle to learning (OECD, 2015b). Identifying the relationship between pre-primary education and later performance in school is challenging, because attendance at pre-school is often correlated with socio-economic advantage. When disadvantaged children enter pre-school, they already lag behind advantaged children because they are likely to have had fewer play opportunities at home to explore patterns, shapes and spatial relations; compare magnitudes; and count objects.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	aaf5c258e325f55a4eadfb4703a16734	The census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the National Public Education Administration (ANEP) only. Hence, data for early childhood and pre-primary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and by the Child and Adolescent Institute of Uruguay (INAU). Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). In public primary education, the average size of classes has decreased over the last decade to 24 students in 2012.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348911-4-en	aaf66910507b691d97e83198544f3f44	Collectively, these benefits are known as ES. This classification still stands, though the European Commission and others have refined the classification in various directions (not important for ourdiscussion here). This includes activities such as reflecting or meditating on the cultural heritage embedded in a certain landscape or the uniqueness of a certain landscape. Although we through this simplification have strived to avoid overlap between the four categories, we cannot exclude the possibility that there could be cases of such overlap.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	aafab39ba2dcb23ac5606cea9c54c67b	The mechanism used is the structure of feed-in tariffs specified in the German Renewable Energy Law: when hydropower facilities comply with certain criteria (such as ensuring biological continuity of the river, or being built in a location where there are barrages or weirs), they are paid a higher-feed in tariff from electricity distributors, which is reflected in the energy bill paid by the end users. The additional remuneration is paid to hydropower producers for 20 years and varies according to facility size and output -smaller plants are paid higher remunerations per kWh than bigger plants to ensure their profitability; plants producing more than 5 MW are only paid for the increased part of production after modernisation. These are illustrated by voluntary agreements between water supply utilities and farmers to reduce pollution and water treatment costs (see OECD, 2012b). In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	aafbc3ed42985d7b7467412dda8d352c	Section 4 concerns itself with gender differences in unpaid household work and finds that German women still do more than men. Section 5 examines changes in attitudes to work-life balance and the roles of parents. Finally, Section 6 considers how the gendered distribution of paid work may affect growth in coming years. Overall, Germany has made great strides in improving the gendered distribution of paid and unpaid labour. There is still plenty of room for further progress, however. However, as cohabitation becomes more common, more and more children are growing up in households with two cohabiting parents.	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	aafce78918432f49ffc372e0fd4706a8	This has emerged from ENERGISE across both the survey and the application cases analyses. The joint expert meeting by ITU and ENERGISE identified examples for areas where more clarity and integration of regulation is needed. For instance, in Romania there is no technical standard allowing the coexistence of power grid lines and fibres for broadband provision in the same duct.	7	0	6	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-8-en	aafdecd6efa70c005fa8351ae7633d38	Do ret ware to wort with toonogars . The response themes are ordered according to frequency. On the positive side, these included: love of the profession and to work with small children; the nature of women to like and care for the young ones and fitness of job for women; the ability to work while they also look after families; easy and more open access to the job; greater job security, lack of stress, as well as other opportunities such as studying part-time. Negative reasons for joining the profession included: a feeling of academic marginalisation by circumstances, indicated that they could only be accepted into diploma programmes or that there was no other alternative employment; low self esteem (which by implication suggests that they did not have the self esteem to apply for other, more coveted roles).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	aaff77d8712441b9bdf74dd71ca8f708	As stated in OECD (2009a), “goals that are set politically and are not matched by real revenue streams result in major financing gaps and unexecuted plans, with the consequence that the poor suffer most through absent or deficient services”. For example, Ethiopia has adopted a Universal Access Programme, which foresees improving access to improved drinking water sources from 22% in 2006 to 98% in 2012, but it is unclear how this policy would be financed. In some cases, donors share responsibility for lack of realism, for instance when they require the use of best available wastewater treatment technologies that may not be affordable if scaled up beyond the project level.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	aafff594d3c5cbf1426dd218f33c1407	Comparatively, much less FDI was directed to unskilled-labour-intensive manufacturing such as textile, shoes, apparel, food processing, furniture, toys, beverages, simple assembly operations, motor vehicle construction, and services such as trade, restaurants, hotels and so on (see table 3). Thus, (unskilled) labour-abundant countries witnessing an FDI shift towards resource-, capital-, and skilled labour-intensive sectors experienced, ceteris paribus, an increase in income inequality both through labour market effects and, where democratic institutions are weak, via political economy mechanisms. M&A entail an improvement in foreign exchange availability but not in the stock of capital, employment and consumer welfare. Most often, the effect of M&A is negative, as foreign firms generally impose cuts in employment, increases in tariffs, and consolidations among firms leading to, ceteris paribus, adverse distributive effects (Baldwin, 1995).	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	ab01eebceff21e194aeaf8c7b9fc4c19	Therefore, assuming that the level of gender-based discrimination that prevails in a given society does not reflect actual preferences for gender equality, gender discrimination in social institutions may well decrease the life satisfaction of both men and women. Men and women who may be affected directly by discrimination against women may display lower levels of satisfaction due to their more limited capacity to live the life they want (Williams et al., One theoretical example for this is derived from the optimal allocation of leisure and work.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/eb366761-en	ab04da0ccc619eead52326a46fc26a23	They should be located close to housing and create interconnected green corridors, following modern trends in the most advanced cities. Planning more compact streets and concentrating green areas, while maintaining their share of the total land area, strikes a reasonable compromise between compactness and green landscapes. Putting these into operation will complete the transport infrastructure, raising the efficiency of connection hubs. Current legislation provides private property rights to land only in a limited range of cases.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	ab0571ea8cbd312dcbcb22b39e0e61a3	The study also found that women experiencing violence earned 35 per cent less than those not abused, and the overall lost productivity was estimated at 1.8 per cent of GDP in 2010. Men's Atrittules and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence against Women in Bangladesh: Preliminary Findings (icddr.b, 2011), pp.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	ab0619ebf3afc8ef53a4da6ca961cc4a	It was created upon the initiative of the MMA and GEF to complement direct government efforts, the rationale being that a private institution would be less vulnerable to changes in government and able to attract more private finance. Funbio’s main activity is the support of Brazilian protected areas. The volume and scope of support expanded massively in 2003 with the launch of the ARPA programme.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	ab073aa0e3477344e9e40ae8e03b6abd	For example, around 200 supermarkets and 10 hypermarkets sell the equivalent of 90,000 small shops and account for up to 30 per cent of Kenya’s food retail market (UNDP, 2012). Knowledge sharing between lead firms and suppliers will be important for upgrading Africa’s food production and its ability to compete in global markets (UNECA, 2013). Contract farming is becoming more common, but in many places small farmers face barriers to entry.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	ab087eb5f5ab1d596b19ac7e52257faa	In 2009, more than 33 000 NGOs were registered, providing services in several areas, with many focusing on environmental issues (USAID, 2010). Environmental NGOs cany out awareness-raising, training and educational activities but also organise public campaigns and represent individuals and citizen groups in disputes over public or private decisions that affect public health or environment. The NGOs have joint communication and co-operation platforms, with Ekoforum being one of the most active.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	ab0a7d93f5c6b17966a649fc96545336	For the complete list of mandatory procedural requirements, see Article 31, TRIPS Agreement. For instance, patents may only be granted to inventions that are “new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application” (Article 27.1, TRIPS Agreement). In implementing this provision, every member will have to reflect these minimum requirements in its domestic law and practice. However, the TRIPS Agreement does not contain any definition of novelty, inventive step or industrial applicability.60 Members are free to define in their domestic laws when and how an invention meets these criteria.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	ab0c611255cc870c9787526e4a574c5e	When societies become more equitable in ways that lead to greater opportunities for all, the poor stand to benefit from a “double dividend.” Empirical studies suggest that the impact of growth on poverty reduction is greater when initial income inequality is lower. Improved sanitary facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. The indicator monitors progress in the accessibility of the population to sanitation facilities, a basic and essential social service.	15	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ab0d7b24ce308c77827e9f4384fa3436	According to UNODC, cannabis abuse in the United States is on the increase, including among high school students, for which annual prevalence rates rose from 24.7 per cent in 2012 to 25.8 per cent in 2013. The number of overdose deaths related to cocaine in 2013 saw a 12 per cent increase over 2012. The biggest increase in the number of overdose deaths identified was related to heroin.	3	1	3	0.5
10.6027/eb40a355-en	ab1118833a41aee17a8707cec0cb850c	In order to be successful, it is crucial that there is public awareness about the need to take measures as well as acceptance of the measures by society. Assessment of actual health effects also requires consideration of actual exposure, using exposure indicators next to assessment of air quality limit values. It is then up to the authorities to assess the actual situation to choose forthe measures that fits best to the local situation.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	ab12e78d1ff64a835ee570683bdf985d	It emphasises the centrality of knowledge and learning and aims to promote inclusion, coherence and flexibility in educational practice. It also stresses the importance of adaptability, audacity and raising awareness of environmental sustainability issues as critical to a 21st century' educational approach. This includes the expectation that the citizen develop critical thinking, self-awareness, autonomy and responsibility. Individuals should be able to cope with uncertainty' in a fast-changing world, to use the skills they have developed, to continue lifelong learning, and should respect the fundamental principles of democratic society and the rights, guarantees and freedoms on which it is based. These include: responsibility and integrity, excellence and high standards, curiosity, reflection and innovation, citizenship and participation, and freedom. These include: the use of languages and texts, information and communication, reasoning and problem solving, critical and creative thinking, interpersonal relations, autonomy and personal development, well-being, health and environment, aesthetic and artistic sensitivity/awareness, scientific, technical and technological knowledge, and body awareness and mastery.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	ab161844e0fcf9394d89942121e1ec1e	Despite children being identified at an early stage, there may often be long delays in treatment (Patana, 2014). Further complicating matters, schools and the Educational and Psychological Counselling Services (PPS) are not required to co-operate with centrally managed services taigeting students’ mental well-being, leading to a lack of collaboration within services managed at different levels of governance (OECD, 2013a). Schools have reported uncertainties regarding their roles in supporting the students with mental health concerns in the Flemish community. While the CLB centres in the Flemish community are designated to take a leading role in providing mental health support, these roles are not clearly defined in the French community.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	ab1668391893d73906d9d0d04e4edb51	This decline is even more dramatic when compared to a reduction of more than 4 percentage points simulated in the absence of the crisis, such that the total effect is an increase of more than 10 percentage points by 2011 relative to the no-crisis scenario. Impacts in Burkina Faso and Cameroon are more modest at roughly and 4 and 2 percentage points, respectively. In contrast, child welfare in Burkina Faso is mainly affected by the fall in incomes in the agriculture sector while, in Cameroon, the impacts are more diffuse.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264300279-en	ab18b18f70561e2e3a9ac9d12e32e4f5	Across OECD countries, a more socio-economically advantaged student scores 39 points higher in mathematics — the equivalent of nearly one year of schooling - than a Iess-advantagpd student. In Portugal, the performance difference in mathematics is is 35 score-points. Together with Chile, Hungary, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic, the relationship in Portugal between performance and socioeconomic status is significantly above the OECD average (OECD, 2014a). Portugal’s position contrasts to that of Italy, which, for example, showed a similar performance level and improvement in PISA results, as with Portugal between 2003 and 2012 (see Figure 9).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	ab19395d9ad7b4a17b479727da63f948	Development policies can build on this principle to promote the dissemination of good practices within professional networks of women farmers and traders in the region. By modifying the architecture of social relations, their goal is to increase the social capital of individuals resulting from the combination of internal links to a community and external links with other social groups that are more diverse from a geographic, ethnic, religious or identity point of view (Walther, 2015). The addition of actors seems particularly suited to the case of agricultural sectors, such as rice, in which women are under-represented.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	ab19fc739a65ed834b6aa38310dbedf5	The Observatory is informed of all major deliberations on water management, on which it issues an opinion prior to their presentation at the City Council. These deliberations concern, for instance, the price and quality of public drinking water and sanitation services as well as the annual activity report of Eau de Paris (service provider). The Observatory is composed of four boards representing: i) elected officials at municipal level; ii) consumers; iii) local institutions from the health, urban planning, land use and housing sectors; and iv) academia. Beyond institutional and professional actors, any individuals or associations can join.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	ab1b7603be694c54fe3ca925bab81d01	Such movements can generate deep and lasting transformations. For example, women's specific concerns have come to the fore within Via Campesina, a transnational agrarian movement that campaigns for rural people's access to land, territory, food, water and seeds within a human rights framework (see Box 1.6). After the conference, Via Campesina women started to meet in autonomous spaces to define a common agenda. In the words of one observer: ‘as women spoke from their own experiences of working within peasant and farm organizations, a real sense of camaraderie, sharing of insights, and respect for one another permeated the discussion of potential models and plans for work within Via Campesina'.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e8d67045-en	ab1cbe8671bf3dbff9f16360b49310ec	If governments prioritized the prohibition of harmful fisheries subsidies, could the US$18 billion freed up annually be dedicated to finance a Blue Fund destined to implement other SDG 14 targets? In other words, could Target 14,6 become a means to implement the Ocean SDG? Taking advantage of resources that would be freed up through the elimination of harmful subsidies, the Blue Fund could help rescue our ocean at no cost to taxpayers, transforming subsidies that are harmful into socially and environmentally beneficial ones.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	ab1cd49ed1063e5cb87e9eed0599b6ba	They receive compensation under the same policies as other teachers in the education system. Teachers in Lithuania can be considered a highly qualified workforce compared to that of many OECD countries, an asset that can be further developed to continue strengthening the ECEC system. Moreover, Lithuania views professional development for teachers as a required part of their ongoing service, on par with other European Union countries that invest in professional development (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice/Eurostat, 2014). Invest more time in training teachers in classroom settings as part of initial teacher training, with emphasis on training teachers in interacting with young children and using the curricula and methodological guidelines available. Partner with teacher training institutions to develop coaching and mentoring models for teachers already in classrooms.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ab1efc29ebb99811d1bfd788aa236bda	Another NCER programme targets secondary school students by introducing vocational courses within study programmes. Students will be able to opt for basic subjects, such language tuition and mathematics, and devote the rest of their study time to learning vocational skills destined to help the development of the rural economy. The NCER works in conjunction with the Ministry of Education and is in the process of developing an appropriate curriculum for these study programmes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	ab205eab935330ab0765d3488f4401f5	El Salvador, Paraguay and Uruguay, several of which showed the largest gains in this source, reported increases both in average income per recipient and in coverage. In the other countries, the outcome resulted from a rise in one factor combined with a fall in the other (see figure 11.8). Within this framework, it is possible to analyse different combinations of inequality reduction and average income growth that could produce a particular poverty rate, and then assess whether those conditions are in line with the trends observed in recent years. Goal 1 is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere and sets targets for achieving that. Target 1.1 is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by 2030.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	ab244e07c32496b42f013554d37d869a	The report also proposed more flexibility in the requirements for becoming a mother tongue teacher. Trained subject teachers with another mother tongue than Swedish should be offered a complementary course in language didactics with focus on mother tongue education (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education), 2018[i9ij). At the university level in the United States, the School of Education at Indiana University has several cultural immersion programmes for preservice teachers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	ab249bed89a883af52edcf923efc9de5	Sea-ice shrinkage has a positive retroaction on global warming, meaning that it amplifies it. By 2100, IPCC, on the basis of a very specific scenario, foresees global warming of 2.8°C, but of 7°Cin the Arctic. According to the model used, the summertime arctic sea ice could disappear altogether sometime between 2040 and 2060.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	ab27be0f8f13080e509717433b4bb517	Furthermore, with the economic recovery and in the absence of additional policy actions, emissions have increased. According to current estimates, while remaining below their 2008 level, C02 emissions in Germany rose in 2010. In addition, the package of measures defined in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme and in the Energy Concept may not be sufficient to reach the targets.3 Finally, the recent decision of an accelerated phase-out of nuclear pow'er will add in a constraint on GHG abatement.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	ab28daee4788e3f795c81ac0994d26fa	The correlation between inequality and redistributive efforts is stronger especially for advanced countries, but holds in developing countries, too. Again, this paper supports the tenet that one of the most efficient and fundamental redistribution tools is the expansion of education investment. Students from low-income families often start school already behind their peers from more affluent families.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	ab2957d1b47cce2910f931964a52885d	One step in the right direction would be to set up a single body responsible for co-ordinating the promotion of women’s enterprise development - similar, for example, to the Office of Women’s Business Ownership in the United States or the German National Agency for Women Start-up Activities and Services (OECD, 2012c) - as well as to develop a comprehensive policy to tackle the core barriers to developing female entrepreneurship. Depending on the exact barriers identified, interventions could include: raising awareness of successful female entrepreneurs and women role models; training programmes to build women’s financial literacy and their ability to develop sound business plans and pitch them to potential lenders; promoting businesswomen’s associations and including more women on the boards of chambers of commerce and industry to get the voice of women entrepreneurs heard in policy circles; and improving women’s access to finance. In this respect, practices in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey could be useful models for Tunisia to explore (OECD, 2012c) - although many MENA countries have also introduced measures recently (see Box 3.10).	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289347945-5-en	ab2b384771ba5fe74a44e3ea088b0c8c	The problem with a high workload seems to be more extensive among first-line managers and academics belonging to support functions. This is also a problem that the companies' occupational health services have identified. The companies highlight the importance of a change in corporate norms and values and their attempts to raise awareness about the importance of balance. Management training is in progress. Other companies still refer to the area in terms of health-related activities organised by corporate committees. This is also a prioritised subject in the Finnish TSM standard.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	ab2c7068988202411d5b93c93571c595	Accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries. These challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects, as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk. Ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments, in particular, to combine a short-term strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longer-term approach.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	ab2dead5837c6607858abe3954320fd7	In parallel to the increasing trend in self-employment among immigrants and women, the increasing ownership of businesses by migrant women or women of ethnic origins has emerged as a new phenomenon. One question is whether the new niche of migrant women entrepreneurship opens new perspectives for socio-economic cohesion or integration. The present chapter investigates migrant women entrepreneurship from the perspective of motivation, driving forces and gender-based differences.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	ab2f7eb3206abf5348499359c458bc08	Moreover, the gains in productivity obtained in agriculture from groundwater use are particularly large, greatly outweighing extraction costs (Custodio et al., These incentives to overexploit resources will rise further if prices for surface water supplies are raised and the supply of water is expanded to costlier sources such as recycled or desalinated water. An appropriate governance structure for groundwater management is therefore crucial.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	ab308def29947c1eb0dcd4d676221358	The Ministry of Environment is also involved, being responsible for climate policy and relevant physical planning issues at the national level. The ministries of local government, regional development, and agriculture have a limited role, except through Innovation Norway (described below), which is a regional development instrument. The liberalisation of the energy market started in 1991 and has had a profound impact on national energy policy, including RE.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/14fbf2b0-en	ab30eb49b62eda018e7f8bd8b01b7e8b	The Commission pushed forward the language on HIV and AIDS, recognizing the epidemic as a global health emergency, and calling on Governments to provide universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, free of discrimination and with a gender perspective, to meet the goal of halting and reversing the spread of HIV and AIDS by 2015. Resolutions also recommended that policy and programme linkages and coordination between HIV and AIDS and sexual and reproductive health should be strengthened and included in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. All countries should strive to make accessible through the primary health-care system, reproductive health to all individuals of appropriate ages as soon as possible and no later than the year 2015.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	ab35ed163da7a83bb72e5ba56e02739c	All providers including GPs, hospitals and pharmacies and patients will participate in e-health in which they can share data on patients including their diagnoses, health care services received such as diagnosis and treatment and medication prescribed and purchased. It is anticipated that patients will use a card containing their unique patient ID to pay for all health services and medications, allowing their health care utilisation data to be collected. Providers will need to provide information about patients including their diagnoses, treatment provided and medication prescribed in order to get reimbursed by NHS and this will be linked with the utilisation data in the e-health system. The system should allow' access to health information via the internet, allowing patients to engage more in taking control of their own health conditions.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/62212c37-en	ab37169f0e49219483cd55b947ad79db	The goals of the intervention were often new to teachers, as well as rubrics as a pedagogical tool and some of the related practices. Usually, teams that implemented a unique session on creativity and critical thinking were implementing a signature pedagogy for which teachers would be accompanied (see Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of signature pedagogies). However, training was most valuable when it consisted of several sessions held at regular intervals and continued to include a focus on the creativity, critical thinking and the project materials.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	ab3966f51ca466e47e28370c49c0aa4e	Furthermore, parents are generally unaware of the extent of knowledge imparted to adolescents, and given no culturally sanctioned opportunity to fill in the gaps. Research in the Nyanza province of western Kenya, where adolescent reproductive health indicators are very poor, found increased sexual activity amongst adolescents who sleep in a different home to the household head. Shona adults in Zimbabwe reportedly believe that children are sexually inactive, disinterested and therefore ignorant about sexual issues, and that talking about sex will encourage experimentation - two lines of thinking that reinforce the taboo on talking about sex (Francis-Chizororo, 2010). The grandmothers and elderly women who guide girls through menarche and initiation in Malawi tend to use euphemisms rather than explicit language, resulting in girls being partially informed of dangers associated with sex but uncertain howto negotiate safe sex (Munthali, 2007). Similarly, boys are taught little about sexuality during initiation. Researchers suggest that the enduring popularity of these rituals presents opportunities to promote abstinence and condom use (ibid.),	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9a3c39a-en	ab39b43fe36c569e8505767896538ef4	It introduced a value-focused training course, which included a 40-hour programme, based on case studies, to further increase resistance to corruption (Pyman et al., In 2016, Bulgaria began training officers in multi-ethnic communities or neighbourhoods on working with vulnerable groups. Recruiting and training officers to engage respectfully with migrants and refugees have taken on more urgency with the recent influx, spurring new initiatives. The Helsinki Police Department launched a campaign in 2016 to recruit young migrants to the force, which slightly boosted their number (EUFRA, 2017).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	ab3c26a36fa747b6fc4899fb49a3dab5	Some energy efficient devices (e.g. variable speed drives) may be more susceptible to voltage or frequency fluctuations on the grid. Energy efficient devices moreover often involve new technology with low operating experience. The highly technical realities underlying such investments result in investors demanding an implicitly higher rate of return to offset the perceived higher risk of energy efficiency projects. Finally, a perception of high transaction costs can emerge because of the small size of EE projects relative to other projects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	ab3d4b741c4bfa3ffe8191f4ece88217	There are considerable synergies between climate action and measures to reach other goals such as health (goal 3), clean energy (goal 7), sustainable cities and communities (goal 11), responsible consumption and production (goal 12) and oceans (goal 14) (IPCC 2018). For example, fulfilling goals on sustainable consumption and production will also work to help address climate change. Initially it was set up to discuss international financial issues, but its agenda has expanded to also include, for instance, climate change and energy policies.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	ab42c2db3398b5c427b9253f8f684df1	The objective of patent law is the promotion of technical and practical solutions, rather than the monopolization of theoretical knowledge, and therefore an invention has to be capable of industrial application. Again, the TRIPS Agreement provides no definition of this term. According to the traditional concept used in European countries, an invention is capable of industrial application if it may be manufactured or used in any commercial activity, including agriculture.206 In other words, developments not leading to an industrial product or lacking technical effect cannot be patented.	3	9	0	1.0
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	ab4546431c44752e021260140c1807f6	Deaths involving cocaine, amphetamine (including “ecstasy”) and NPS (most commonly mephedrone) also reached an all-time high. Similarly, 706 deaths related to drug misuse were registered in Scotland in 2015, which was 15 per cent higher than in 2014 and the largest number recorded since comparable records began, in 19967° Opioids (including heroin/morphine and methadone) were implicated in, or potentially contributed to, 606 of those deaths (86 per cent). Clinical Journal of Pain, vol.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	ab4625bd047324dbf88c36a53f22cb2c	The movement of workers between foreign and domestic firms could help counteract this tendency somewhat, at least over a longer time-horizon. In China, clusterings of innovative foreign firms were more likely to lead to knowledge spillovers (Chen, Li and Shapiro, 2009), which is a further argument for the establishment of science parks or lower-cost alternatives. However, it is not clear how effective this mechanism is insofar as importing machinery does not necessarily mean that countries have mastered how the machinery is designed.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ab4669f514b64336a27fafbdf7fa5d18	"The study looks in particular at innovation support in “clean"" versus “dirty” technologies for electricity production (renewables versus fossil fuels) and transportation sectors. The first one is directly of interest for us, even if the second also has a direct implication on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHGs). Looking at the number of citations received for “clean” patented inventions in the electricity sector, compared to “dirty” ones, the study finds a gap of nearly 50%, and this gap has been increasing constantly during the past 50 years, as it can be seen in Figure 10.5."	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	ab46fa345f98b9e63cbdf8ee5651df6a	A multi-sided platform, allowing access to investors, infrastructure project sponsors, insurances, contractors, and additional relevant stakeholders, would help to coordinate interactions among actors. It could be established by public institutions and governing bodies as well as private institutions, who by taking the responsibility of development and provisioning, have the authority to register project initiators and check published projects for validity and regulatory aspects. After registration and successful checks, infrastructure project initiators could use this platform in order to publish information on planned projects, including detailed project plans and pricing information.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/124f66e3-en	ab47f581620e9fcbc3a543ec9b612132	Through impact analysis of data on those households within the project area, FARM-Africa demonstrated a considerable improvement in the nutritional status and family welfare of project participants (Ayele and Peacock, 2003). One exception is the Homestead Food Production (HFP) project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago. This project initially focused on reducing vitamin A deficiency by promoting home gardens, but its scope has been widened to address iron and zinc deficiencies also by incorporating small-animal husbandry and nutrition education (lannotti, Cunningham and Ruel, 2009).	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	ab4a440606a51474e2106ded7c53ea2a	In Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2016: Report of the Reflection Group on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Barbara Adams and others, eds. Teacher training and entrepreneurship education: evidence from a curriculum reform in Rwanda. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Available from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/ teacher-training-and-entrepreneurship-education-evidence-curriculum-reform-rwanda.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	ab4ade7c4ed03dbc4063cc003481f698	For comparison, the land requirements of today’s global fossil fuel infrastructure are less than 30,000 km2, which is about the size of Belgium (Smil, 2010b). Solar power reaches spatial power densities that are two orders of magnitude higher than for wind and three orders of magnitude higher than for photosynthesis. Solar power can in principle reach power densities commensurate with demand densities in houses and some smaller cities. However, industry, high-rise buildings and megacities (in which the majority of the worlds population will live) require even higher power densities than solar could offer.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	ab4c4944450c77e1bfdd4bcf5b51cb5e	There are various ways in which this could be achieved, e.g. the commitments could be included in the core agreement, in an annex to the agreement, in separate INF documents, or in a separate COP decision. Listing the commitments in an annex to the 2015 agreement or a set of COP decisions, rather than as part of the core agreement itself, could make them easier to subsequently modify. The commitments included in the 2015 agreement could only be the first round of a longer-term process of setting mitigation commitments, with a view to achieving the long-term 2 °C global goal.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	ab4ccf699ff62c0007c8462bea1aedf0	Second, international examples of policies and practices to tackle key challenges are described, including examples of financing mechanisms to steer provision towards improving access and quality and to stimulate private investment in adult learning. The third part outlines the chapter’s recommendations for improving the financing of adult learning in Portugal. Several stakeholders emphasised the overly centralised nature of decision making on the funding of adult-leaming programmes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	ab4ddb922da6db2009df922793debf50	Potential projects are evaluated in this regard through a thorough screening procedure and, if necessary, must provide a positive environmental impact assessment. The CFP aims to ensure a sustainable exploitation offish resources. This means reducing the number of fishing vessels and the duration of the fishing period, the establishment of open and closed fishing seasons and areas.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ab4decad28c62273ef9a9629522ca187	Some of these are outlined in the Paris Agreement, including disseminating knowledge and lessons learned, and improving the effectiveness and durability of adaptation actions. Information on progress towards national and international adaptation goals will also inform enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time. Moreover, national monitoring exercises to generate relevant information for adaptation communications under the Paris Agreement could help to inform reporting for other development agendas such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	ab4fc642bf96e550d79050935e125dcd	However, assuming that a pay gap exists whereby women earn lower wages, a second hypothesis is that the entry of women into the workforce lowers average wages and, hence, production costs. This implies that feminization contributes to growth but that this positive effect may be heightened by the existence of gender inequalities that may then remain in place because of the savings that they afford. The above result could be a combination of the effects of these two factors, but the findings discussed above indicate that, during the period under study, the former effect outweighed the latter except in the case of Brazil. The negative selection effects in the labour supply generated by the exclusion of some people from the labour market who could be participating in it but are not doing so (in this case, women) remained virtually unchanged during this period and, in fact, tended to increase.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	ab512575d2c88b1ee23645d65db4a967	Cities are major recipients of intra-regional and interregional migrations, and internal migration is a driving force in Kazakhstan’s gradual urbanisation. However, its importance should not be overestimated: in most large cities, natural population growth is higher than net inward migration (see Chapter 1). Distance plays an important role in determining internal movements in the country, but migration across cities or regions can also be explained by economic incentives, since migrants are attracted by higher wages or incomes.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b9699195-en	ab515c974b61cdceb9a39ca2c44e14fe	"These changes in purchasing and consumption patterns are occurring in smaller cities and towns as well as the largest cities. Through their research and marketing efforts, food companies, of course, are shaping as well as responding to these demands. This transition corresponds closely to rises in income and the structural transformation of the food system, as seen primarily in industrialized and middle-income countries. Popkin, Adair and Ng (2012, p. 3) describe this phenomenon as ""the primary mismatch between human biology and modern society"". Awareness of these characteristics and the key actors who shape food systems will help identify where to intervene and what to do to create systems that help achieve good nutrition. Figure 1 provides a schematic overview of the elements of food systems and the broader economic, social, cultural and physical environment within which they operate."	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	ab534a2dd9c4a4a1b2c6592263d62cf3	Sectors in the second panel are: Energy, Resid: Residential; Comm: Commercial/Institutional; Manuf: Manufacturing/Construction; Ind: Industrial Processes: Transp-rd: Road Transportation; Transp-oth: Other transports; Waste: Waste; Agric: Agriculture. Despite a relatively high share of energy-intensive industries (Figure 2.3, upper panel), energy intensity is not particularly high in Germany by international comparison (Table 1). However, GHG emissions per unit of energy consumption stand slightly above the EU27 average (Table 1).	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	ab537a7cc3e813ccf0b61f224ab55919	It explained that the greening of government projects essentially sought to enhance the government’s environmental stewardship, and to incorporate environmental considerations in public policy-making and strategic planning in the private sector (ENACT 2001a). One of the products of this project was the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) that was prepared for the cabinet to guide the ‘integration of environmental issues into the formulation of policies, plans and programmes’ (ENACT and Cabinet Office 2001,6). It highlighted the importance of energy and water conservation and waste management, all of which later became points of emphasis for the green economy (Commonwealth Secretariat 2005).	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	ab53fea29fc934b33e088208eb0436e2	The new approach was initiated in two lower-income districts, Bronowice and Kosminek. In 1994, the Local Initiatives Programme was scaled up, to guarantee its continuity as a key environmental improvement strategy. The programme ensures that public and private stakeholders engage in cost-sharing partnerships to develop infrastructure and finance environmental improvements. Lublin has created an enabling environment for private investment in housing and microenterprises.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	ab59d33d55a8b2b324cd66d8fc04bc7f	This compares to the situation in the previous survey where 16 OECD countries had mentioned this in their NCs. The scale of activity in this area becomes even more apparent when additional sources of information are considered. According to this analysis, of the 16 countries which have not yet published an adaptation strategy 8 are currently developing strategies (including 3 who did not identify any adaptation policies in their NCs).	13	3	5	0.25
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ab5f15e2310c595c4fc1aa6642d84918	However, the extent of communication and co-operation between the school and community is often dependent on the motivation of principals or the community itself. At the central and district levels, consideration should be given to how ESD may be fostered through working with school management committees, boards of trustees, or other joint planning groups. Children and young adults in many SIDS have excellent opportunities for such experiences, ranging from informal to very well-structured.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/02e538fc-en	ab5ff5f0bfbedadfb32e71e07e5b1a52	In Ethiopia, Peru, and South Africa, rural women spend more time on routine housework than women in urban areas do (39, 42 and 24 minutes respectively). Research by the OECD Development Centre in Burkina Faso (2018) found that rural women spend around seven hours per week on average collecting water and firewood, more than twice the amount of time urban women spend. This gap is mainly explained by the distance to basic services: on average urban households in Burkina Faso are within 20 minutes of a fuel source compared to 60 minutes in rural areas.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	ab620f843a27c589f1c827210740acb6	For example, in Kenya, the paper manufacturer Chandaria Industries experienced savings of 40 per cent in energy, 48 percent in materials and 181 percent in water through involvement in the programme. Primary education is critical for developing a semi-skilled labour force. In low-income countries with large rural sectors, it can be vital for equipping farmers with the basic skills necessary to their being informed on and implementing sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. However, while the significance of achieving universal primary education is highlighted by its inclusion as a Millennium Development Goal, secondary, vocational and tertiary education are just as important in the field of green technology. Secondary education can provide core skills and knowledge needed for countries’ economic growth. Vocational schooling can be particularly useful in building technological competencies; successful vocational education also provides important links between education and industry.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	ab65abb6ed96d44e58448e03948637c2	There is an emphasis on freshwater waterways, exotic forest species, and exotic marine species in estuaries and coastal waters. With regard to water management, the national programme of dams expected to provide hydroelectricity (2007) foresees construction of ten new dams on Portuguese rivers (subject to environmental impact assessments). A national water plan was due in 2010, pursuant to the EU Water Framework Directive. In the area of sea management, there is a national strategy of the sea (2006).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	ab66eeec7baee054686843a46f29a71e	But there are many others. For example in 2014, Park Geun-Hye is the current and first female President of South Korea while Sheikh Hasina is the current prime minister of Bangladesh and she and Ms Khaleda Zia have alternated as prime minister since 1996. Chandrika Kumaranatunga was President of Sri Lanka (1994-2005) and Jenny Shipley (1997-99) and Helen Clark (1999-2008) both served as prime minister of New Zealand. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was President of the Philippines from 2001-10 and Pratibha Patil was the first female President of India (2007-12).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	ab6b31d9141a57d617515298a79cb5ff	This can affect the composition of the income components’ deciles, and thus, the produced results. The conclusions derived by the figure, however, appear to be in line with the results of micro-analysis (OECD, 2011), in which individuals can be ranked by market income. The reference year differs across countries.	10	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	ab6bae83182481b9167907a7ba0268eb	A total of 20 out of 80 seats were set aside for women, and there are posts throughout various levels of government charged with addressing women’s concerns as well as providing training in gender awareness (Mzvondiwa 2007). Some of the reasons for emphasising women’s inclusion in post-war governance structures stem from the same essentialist arguments outlined above, namely that women are more naturally oriented toward forgiveness and reconciliation, as well as the argument that since they were most affected by the violence, they would be most likely to want to work to overcome it (Powley 2003). Thus, Rwanda shows that essentialist-based arguments can nevertheless result in increased inclusion of women in political participation.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	ab6c2abde6b80f35d253f65d1b0f5e03	Mexico’s water scarcity problem is partly due to illegal abstraction - whether abstraction without license or abstraction above licensed levels. But even if only the legally licensed volumes were abstracted, there would still be a problem because over the years, the Mexican governments have licensed abstraction rights for significantly higher volumes than available in the river basins and aquifers. In order to address this issue, CONAGUA has put in place a specific programme {Programa de Adecuacion de Derechos de Agua), the implementation guidelines of which were issued in August 2011. The programme is designed to buy water rights from farmers in those irrigation districts where the licensed water rights exceed 20% of water availability.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	ab6e67e0037ae2953bb0f1c4efdeff1e	There is overlapping of responsibilities/competences concerning the use of wild species and issuance of permits and fees collection between different institutions, while some key roles are lacking in the institutional framework (i.e. a nature protection agency in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). This results in poor coordination among sectoral strategies, the overlapping of existing relevant legislation (nature, spatial planning, forestry), and imprecise and overlapping legislation regulating the use of space and natural resources at the different levels of governance in the country (state, entity, cantonal, municipal). Most of the planned secondary legislation for the area of biological diversity exists, but most of the actions these acts provide for have not been implemented.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	ab6f71dfc87aef10ab51bc6ac520b074	This is particularly important in countries that cannot employ monetary policy for that purpose. Unemployment benefit replacement rates and duration, as u/ell as social assistance benefits, should be set at levels that do not excessively discourage job search and, especially where they are relatively generous, be made conditional on strictly enforced work-availability criteria as part of well-designed “activation” policies; moderate benefit sanctions should be part of an activation strategy. Employment services should offer unemployed workers in-depth interviews and, job-search assistance, and participation in active labour market programmes should be compulsory after a certain length of joblessness. Per/ormance of employment services should be rewarded on the basis of job placement rates and stability in jobs of re-employed workers; active labour market programmes should be regularly assessed to ensure that inefficient programmes are terminated, and that the mix of programmes is adjusted to suit the needs of jobseekers and the labour market.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	ab7049d58c2e4cc1461c7be7151ac62a	If the migrants return home, they are considered return migrants; if they migrate to another place again, they are considered stepwise migrants. It is measured by comparing the place of residence at the moment of measurement with the place of residence up to five years earlier. It is measured by comparing the place of residence at the moment of measurement with the place of residence at birth.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	ab72e1d7dc146b62a945e5136e9bd279	This chapter aims to highlight the unique role schools and educators can play in promoting students’ academic and sotio-emotional resilience, and how education policy can ensure that students with an immigrant background attend schools that meet their needs. The quality of the school experience is the product of several factors, including the composition of the student body, how many and which resources are available for students, and the polities and practices that teachers, school principals and education systems as a whole put in place. This chapter examines the association between what happens in school and the likelihood that students with an immigrant background are academically, socially and emotionally resilient, and how education policies can promote a school environment that enables immigrant students to thrive. The regressions used to obtain estimates for the right panel also accounted for the school's socio-economic profile.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	ab76d3b9b8dd80d43b9ed9161d352f27	The NDOH has recently started this with the implementation of the health patient registration system. At the same time, national and provincial departments of health set and monitor targets related to health outputs and health system performance. Recent efforts at the district level (District Health Expenditure Reviews, District Health Barometers) linking health spending with non-financial health indicators provide a good example. Such monitoring efforts provide useful information on inter-district and inter-province variations that allow assessing whether the allocated resources are used effectively and efficiently.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	ab7b3ad0519703156cdcb37016017737	For example, rising unemployment may coincide with a reduction in pollution which, in turn, may have a positive health care effect. The two types of studies can be reconciled if, firstly, those who are directly affected by economic downturns (e.g. through unemployment) suffer direct negative health consequences, but that those who are not directly affected (e.g. the young and the old) benefit indirectly from recessions. Secondly, the gains among those who benefit must be greater than the losses among those who are adversely affected by the economic downturn.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	ab7d4f753012482af9064c5509952e85	Finally, a local counterpart made of a neighbourhood development council manages the programme. The phases vary in length according to the complexity and needs of the neighbourhoods. During Phase One, trust is established between the neighbours and the team in charge of the project, and their collaborative work begins. The first activity is a technical study with a diagnosis of the urban and social environment and the safety conditions in the neighbourhood. The study identifies the most important shortages and the key actors, and proposes an integrated plan of action. Simultaneously, the team helps the community diagnose its problems, promoting the involvement of all the social groups living in the neighbourhood and soliciting their demands and expectations.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	ab7daaeeaa1f9bc326227336939fc517	Structural reforms in Sweden over the past decade have seen a shift of care from the acute hospital sector towards primary and community care, which has helped to further improve quality and contain health care costs. The growing demands on health and social care services, a tight fiscal environment, and rising public expectations, means this process needs to go further. Moreover, the growing complexity of health care needs and technologies, rising prevalence of multi-morbidities, and the increasing duration for which most people need health and care services, has made care co-ordination and integration of paramount importance. They offer considerable potential for further improvements in the quality of care, through both primary and secondary prevention, and a stronger role for primary care in co-ordinating care across different settings.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	ab825c7f4003a95dc9dcacf54a56eab3	Approximately 5 700 persons were registered as directly employed in the aquaculture sector in 2013. In addition the Ministry is responsible for seafood safety and fish health, trade policy and market access. The Fish Sales Organisations Act was adopted 21 June 2013 and regulates the firsts hand sales of fish.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	ab82d5a89180b72f38cedf8d6a9875da	The International Violence against Women Survey (Johnson, Ollus and Nevala, 2008) included a set of questions aimed at assessing the extent to which victims of violence report incidents to the police or other judicial authorities or seek help from health or social services or informal sources of support. As acknowledged in the International Violence against Women Surveys, questions designed to assess the extent to which women seek help from health or social services will need to be modified according to the national context, as the availability of such services varies greatly from country to country. The International Violence against Women Survey included a question on this (Johnson, Ollus and Navala, 2008). It may need to be modified to suit national circumstances.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	ab84a59dafbb64521a479cd191907baa	As he UN-OHRLLS points out, all major players in the African telecommunication sector are from other developing countries.11 Box 3.1 below introduces the case of the telecommunication industry in the three LDCs of the Arab region, examining the role of FDI in this development, among other factors. Sudan is the most populated country among the three, with a population of 40.6 million, followed by Yemen and Mauritania at 22.8 million and 3.3 million, respectively. Their economies are mostly based on the agriculture, fishery, livestock and the service sectors, although Sudan has a rapidly developing oil industry as well.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/150942f1-en	ab88066d43cc8b700c20ed20d6e2f52a	Then, international remittances stagnate in 2009-10 and rebound in 2010-11 following the pre-crisis trend (around 6 per cent). Crisis scenario in Cameroon: forecast of the Ministry of Economy and Planning (MINEPAT/DGEPIP/DAPE 2009). Cadrage macroeconomique dynamique du Compte d’operations financieres ».	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	ab8831becd5b647a73689778d92be4c7	In India improving infrastructure has many win-win benefits not just for female labour force participation but for removing overall growth bottlenecks. Regressions were also run on availability of tap water and electricity within a district. In the OLS estimation both variables are significant and positive. The magnitude of the effect is relatively small for availability of water as the increase of 1 pp in households having access to tap water increases participation by less than 0.1 pp, while the same increase in access to electricity pushes participation up by 0.3 pp. This is also the case for rural households, for which the results are in general more difficult to understand and there are fewer similarities within each of the pairs of regions.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	ab89219fb408440a8cd60a64a6c7fdaf	However, in Kazakhstan, it is closely associated with poverty and lower income levels (World Bank, 2016b). While unemployment rates are relatively low and do not vary much across Kazakhstan’s monotowns, self-employment may be a more appropriate indicator for identifying monotowns with a depressed labour market.43 A high level of self-employment is highly correlated with lower average wages across Kazakhstan’s monotowns44 and urban areas as a whole. The 27 monotowns accounted for 14% of Kazakhstan’s urban population at the beginning of 2016, but almost 19% of the urban population in 1999.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	ab8ca94834f5cbc8095686dd09d8e28d	"First, accounting for environmental externalities (“air pollution”, mainly of S02, NOx and PM2.5, “climate externalities"" in the form of GHG emissions and “other costs”, including radioactivity) significantly alters the cost comparison across different technologies, especially for coal-based generation. Second, solar- and wind-based generation (and to a lesser extent nuclear) are characterized by relatively high capital expenditure, with negligible marginal operating costs. Third, unlike fully controllable technologies, variable renewable technologies have positive system costs, reflecting the need to balance their variable temporal profile and enhance grid flexibility. These costs increase with the unpredictability of the energy source, so are higher for wind than for solar."	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	ab92157ce18dc5bf47277ca42e701e81	These gender differences can be explained partly by the greater prevalence of risk factors and disease incidence among men in Latvia. For example, cancer incidence is about 60% higher for men than women in Latvia while the gender gap is much lower at less than 10% in the United Kingdom, Denmark and Iceland (OECD, 2015a). The mortality rate from ischemic heart disease and stroke is three times higher than the OECD average (357 per 100 000 population compared with 117, and 200 per 100 000 population compared with 66, respectively in 2013).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	ab9277da870c9ce390f818f10d1342a0	Instead, renewable plants could participate in the market by providing a dollar per MWh bid below which they are no longer willing to generate. These bids should reflect the marginal cost of production of the plants (which is close to zero). To that end, a locational marginal pricing framework would be helpful to attain the least cost dispatch and curtailment decisions should reflect the impact of different renewable generators on losses and congestions on the network. Active power control algorithms can limit wind plant output during curtailment events.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	ab933647faf016ca44fbd4b9b5213a7c	This is a critical point in the Czech Republic. Control of the planning system from the supra-local levels is weak in the Czech Republic. In this, the Czech Republic is similar to such countries as Hungary, Romania and the Slovak Republic (Piorr, Ravetz and Tosics, 2015: 82). They establish a common strategy that is binding on local land-use plans. Identifying the appropriate geography in which to establish a rural-urban partnership is crucial.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	ab93fc4fff65d68a58ccfd970bc0f8c2	Povcal's data on these large emerging giants is divided between urban and rural samples. Deriving the headcount absolute dollar-a-day poverty figures is easily populated with the rural/urban population data drawn from the World Development Indicators. Headcount relative poverty is a bit trickier since it requires finding the median from an aggregated combination of the two distributions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	ab944677496411075e972d6480d59771	For instance, PRICE (Nordhaus and Popp, 1997), ENTICE (Popp, 2004) and ENTICE-BR (Popp, 2006) are not included because they apply the original DICE damage function, but AD-DICE is included. The model must be described in the peer-reviewed literature. If an earlier model version is described in a peer-reviewed article, presentation of the most recent version in a working paper or conference proceeding is considered sufficient.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8f3d4aea-en	ab9452092dea0e4abe1bddff6fb29a3e	It is influenced by environmental issues and by socioeconomic factors, such as living conditions. Good health is also necessary for a person to be productive and have the resources to contribute to life. A healthy population also ensures added value for the economy and society. It is influenced by environmental issues and by socioeconomic factors.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	ab9471bfdbbdabac6590648b72e11075	These differences are is closely, but not exclusively, related to differences in countries’ share of smaller firms. Wireless broadband subscriptions in the OECD area increased over twofold in just four years: by June 2014, more than three out of four individuals in the OECD area had a mobile wireless broadband subscription. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, subscriptions grew from 14 million in 2010 to 117 million in 2013.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a29f7945-en	ab94f789c4a4d5703b30f361f4ac1e18	Also, the developmental implications of diversifying primary commodity export markets and import sources, with greater trade through neighbouring transit economies, should not be exaggerated. Reliance of SSA countries on exports of primary commodities, especially minerals, has actually grown. Table 13 shows the share of primary commodity exports in total world exports and for selected African country groups.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	ab951e56b33a608e769bc5b5f0572768	The New York City Green Infrastructure Plan requires USD 2.4 billion of investment from the public and private sectors, in swales, green roofs and other source controls to manage runoff. This will have further benefits, including cooler temperatures, improved air quality, more green space, lower energy bills and higher property values. New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan will change the city form and reduce combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by 12 billion gallons per year, 2 billion gallons more than the existing grey strategy, at a savings of more than USD 2 billion over the 20-year implementation period.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ab973438d8d88aa4f14f4896c4c63b7b	As noted by the Board in its report for 2014,25 by 1 November 2014, the Governments of only a few African countries had invoked article 12, paragraph 10 (a), of the 1988 Convention, requiring them to be informed of shipments of substances in Table I of the Convention prior to their departure from the exporting country. Effective May 2015, the Government of the Sudan requires pre-export notification for imports of all substances in Tables I and II. In May 2015, Nigerian authorities dismantled at least three clandestine laboratories in south-east Nigeria, where toluene, a substance in Table II of the 1988 Convention that is commonly used as a solvent, had been found.	3	3	2	0.2
10.18356/e617261d-en	ab9849e872f8ece4e1ca673a9e362f88	Not all these women are, however, divorced or actually abandoned by their husbands - but they are certainly those who face troubles in their life. Approaching State bodies for assistance is precluded by the women's unwillingness to reveal diat their husbands have abandoned them as this might lead to the loss of their status in the community. This is also a result of their inability to provide the authorities with official papers owing to the fact diat religious marriages account for a high share of the total number of marriages (IOM, 2009).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	ab9967185fd33292e2f8de8a5ae1426b	University faculty numbers grew from 20 500 in 2000 to 21 800 in 2003, an increase of 6%, compared with an increase of 22% (18% in full-time equivalents) in the size of the student body. The proportion of African students in South African universities increased from 49% in 1995 to 63% in 2007 and is presently about two-thirds of the total number of university students. African students have a higher likelihood of dropping out: while 63% of all enrolled students are African in public universities, they make up only 57% of the graduates.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	ab9a3f1bb94defe995fa80b330401427	Underthe programme labelling is mandatory for incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulb and various household appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioning units. This United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - DoE programme is formally used in the EU, Canada, Australia, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and Taiwan. It has broader global impact as ENERGY STAR products are freely traded to many other countries.	7	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	ab9a801ae2d604594de64af4bac3b635	The indicator which has been selected for the second part of the target, concerned with enhancing the use of enabling technology, in particular ICT, is the proportion of individuals using the Internet. The Internet provides extensive and growing access to information, services and applications which add value to people's lives, enhance their productivity and enable them to access new opportunities. Lack of Internet access and use can exacerbate existing disadvantage. The Tier I indicator for this target is one of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development's Core List of Indicators, is based on an internationally-agreed methodology, and is included in the IDI, the latest results for which are discussed in Chapters 1 and 2.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	aba1dc1464e8ea4420fc324b42d5d661	It reflects on green growth policy in Ethiopia - notably the processes culminating in the Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy. It explores green growth already in action - a range of on-the-ground activities which point to scale-up options for the future. And it begins to assess the country’s enabling framework - those policies, instruments and mechanisms that regulate or incentivise further green growth activity compatible with Ethiopia’s overall development priorities - offering preliminary recommendations on how to strengthen them. One key area of compatibility explored is inclusion - the extent that the majority of the population can participate and benefit from green growth.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	aba753b6ba0f7243627567483b05c2a0	In the 2000s in Malawi, the responsibility for social protection moved between a non-line ministry and a line ministry in an attempt to find an appropriate home for social protection. In Ethiopia, the PSNP is located in the Ministry of Agriculture (under the Food Security Directorate), but with links to other parts of the Ministry of Agriculture and other ministries and departments. In Bangladesh, recent recognition that there are a number of programmes run by government departments, NGOs and donors has led to the establishment of a new cross-sectoral working group.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	aba7d278621056c59c12ae7562954003	It also relates to whether benefits are flat rate, earnings-related or actuarial, or a combination of those models. Third, the link between benefits, contributions and earnings is also associated with whether benefits keep track with earnings/prices in the retirement period (i.e., the rules for indexation) and whether life expectancies are taken into consideration for the calculation of benefits. All of these features define the distribution of benefits among individuals based on their individual lifecourses (including labour market participation, earnings and life expectancy).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	aba8aab1cd6cd34900c2baf7dd453a9c	They should also reflect the elements of civil and political rights that are an important part of democratic governance. This includes democracy and specific attention to respecting the rights of minorities and migrants, as well as the elimination of discrimination against women. This extends beyond aid to trade and investment to encompass assistance to poverty eradication initiatives as well as cooperation in setting up an enabling economic environment for development worldwide. In order to achieve inclusive global development, fundamental changes in the global partnership are called for to address current and emerging challenges in such areas as food security, low-carbon development, energy, migration, employment, gender empowerment and climate change adaption.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	ababcac41647d5fe14e2f0775745ce39	Source: OECD Fisheries Database. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	abaece03ad4ff6cb3df7abe3d1d66cce	The result is a slowdown in growth. I return to a more detailed discussion of monetary policy in a later section. These examples are not new; the key point is that government spending has distributional implications and requires associated policies to ensure equitable outcomes. Low-income agricultural economies, for example, could target public investments that enhance farmers’ access to inputs and other resources, thereby raising agricultural productivity.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	abb1d4275ef2b1387d0066a4351447de	The mandatory “Core Entrepreneurship” course includes a basic introduction to entrepreneurship and small business management as well as a student-run on-campus business activity. The entrepreneurship course at the school of management is compulsory for bachelor of management students. The teaching method is largely interactive and combines lectures with case study work and tutorials.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	abb45fb8d769fd4ae364e016c6369744	It is also proposed to extend the wastew'ater network, so that 50% more people can join the wastew'ater network. For this purpose it is needed to build a 2.3 km long new wastewater netw'ork (including 300 m collectors), which w'ill cost EUR 200 000. Thus, for rehabilitation and expansion of Vardenik’s w'astewater system around EUR 240 000 will be required. For this purpose it is necessary to build a wastewater network of 3.5 km length (of which 1.5 km collector to the w'astew'ater treatment plant).	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	abb5015528dad3716614d9b3283334ac	This situation is highly disempowering and only a fraction of women come forward to report sexual abuse and domestic violence, especially if it happens within the family. The framework identifies the most critical entry points for eliminating gender-based discrimination at various stages of life, provides instruments for policy-makers to address the underlying structural inequities and helps identify laws that need to be enacted or strengthened. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, two incidents in 2013 - in May the collapse of a factory building and a fire in another one month later, which left more than 1,100 people dead and over 2,500 injured - showed that the right to decent working conditions is violated with impunity. Protection of the right to health (including sexual and reproductive health care) is almost non-existent.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	abb583137b1c976a75c791846356aa57	Supported by a strong demand for vegetable oils and protein meals, oilseeds consumption will increase by 26% through the ten-year period, more than any other commodity. Both are important components in human diets and especially in many developing economies constitute a crucial source of energy. The annual per capita food consumption of vegetable oils in developing economies is expected to grow by 1.3% p.a.	2	0	4	1.0
10.6027/547ad041-en	abbb643d5a2e26711bfae3f043ccf58c	Since it is difficult to establish an arrangement that would exempt residents from paying tourism taxes, external cost efficiency and equity considerations make the discriminatory treatment of tourists a controversial issue. According to Leask et al. ( In some cases, economic instruments, such as various types of taxations or concessions, are restricted to the so-called flagship attractions of a destination. These kinds of attractions are often used to promote a destination and generate income to support the management of less popular attractions and the infrastructure of a destination (see e.g. Martin-Lopez, Montes, and Benayas, 2007). Revenue management can also entail the use of market segmentation for flexible and dynamic pricing, promotions and capacity allocation (Leask et al.,	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	abbbe01664fda08aee62c4e4f5c018a1	This is not an efficient mechanism for allocating congestion costs, since it does not provide the correct signals to those plants which cause the congestion. High LMP indicates geographical locations where additional generation would lessen congestion and improve the overall efficiency of the system. High differences in LMP in close nodes might indeed indicate geographical locations with congested transmission lines.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	abbbfc1ff5720d5de0132836cb52f5e5	The bulk of financing for public higher education institutions comes from Federal funds channelled through the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). Only one university - Universiti Kuala Lumpur - is financed by a state government, the state of Selangor. A few older universities, such as the University of Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan and Universiti Putra Malaysia, have a proportion of self-generated income with some revenue generated by tuition fees, training fees, commercialisation of products, research grants from international or national bodies, and consultancies.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	abbe03c502c9b2a2f3bb7cd40ebbd5e1	However, these outlays can become progressive if noncontributory benefits are provided to informal sector workers and families. The new approach aimed at stabilizing macroeconomic imbalances and reducing inflation by means of the monetary approach to the balance of payments. Public policies following from this approach focused on liberalization of domestic markets for goods, labour and finance, privatization of state companies and an overall reduction of the role of the state in the economy. These policies paved the way towards the liberalization of foreign trade, opening up to FDI, liberalization of portfolio flows, adoption of a standardized patent regime (embodied in the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)) regarding intellectual property, and the simplification of all forms of international exchange, except for the free mobility of labour.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	abc183802702ea18f45c75ab5843bcea	"From polls and elections to people in the streets and increasingly vocal social movements a clear message to governmental and business leaders is coming through: ""Your policies are not working for a great majority of us."" It builds on the existing consensus of the largest meeting of Heads of State and Government in the history of the United Nations. In their 2005 Summit they stated that ""We strongly support fair globalization and resolve to make the goals of full and productive employment and decent work for all, including for women and young people, a central objective of our relevant national and international policies as well as our national development strategies."	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	abc51d422ca1d9cb5253318d68c69fe0	Parties established a mechanism to allow for the market-based international transfer of emissions credits, with the rules, modalities and procedures to be worked out by the first session of the Conference of the Parties. The process will help to inform future iterations of the Parties’ NDCs. Rather, it commits them to deriving their own individual nationally appropriate plans for achieving the overall objective of the Agreement and the UNFCCC. One such set of implications is to be found in the nature of the transition that will be brought about by the successful implementation of the various NDCs: opportunities for new or expanded trade flows to fuel a global green economy.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/8c26fee5-en	abc55d6e3833ab8824cb456d9005e3a4	Comment on the series is welcome, and should be sent to edu.contact@oecd.org. This paper focuses on teachers, and explores their roles, functions and challenges in classrooms with diverse student populations. It examines initial and in-service teacher education and professional development programmes and approaches that can foster the teacher competencies called for in school settings characterised by migration-induced diversity, and offers policy pointers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264207899-5-en	abc668c0ff9435c30e365a1e58ed2aea	While the global financial crisis placed significant pressure on the Australian economy, it has remained resilient due to a sound macroeconomic framework and continued robust demand for commodities. Employment policies are managed at the national level by the Department of Employment and delivered through an outsourced network of service providers (Job Services Australia). In response to the crisis, Australia implemented a series of measures aimed at stimulating employment in areas most vulnerable to future downturns.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	abc74627fdd980ed4f4f861788400501	Between 2016 and 2025, Latin America is projected to be the world region with the largest increase in agro-export cultivation area (24%) —driven by soybean cropping (29% of the total), mainly in Brazil and Argentina (OECD/FAO, 2016). Corporate Database for Substantive Statistical Data (FA0SFATI (online) http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/*home. The desertification of agricultural land erodes the foundations of the economy, representing a loss of resources that undermines production and generates poverty.	7	7	0	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	abd072aa7374fdf8cfa14ab7976b12b5	She returned to Kenya to process her husband's papers under the family reunification visa category, and he joined her in Australia in 2008.They had three more children - the oldest son is now 10 years old, while the youngest is 9 months. She described her life as a cycle of ‘Study and stop, give birth, study and stop’. At the time of the interview, she was in study mode, taking a course that would qualify her to work in childcare while her older children were in school and theyoungest in family day care.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47e32247-en	abd11ed1f6ad3d83660abb2df4028044	Because these are winter rain zones, the land is fallow from spring to autumn. Water retention work is done during the fallow period, and, counting on subterranean water that has been held in this way, winter crops (mainly wheat) are sown in October and, after germination, depend on winter rainfall for growth. Land is divided into fallow land and winter cropland, which are alternated every year, an agricultural method that is called the two-field system.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	abd18296ad5a62cba750dfbedc411a1a	The university’s broad portfolio of activities are connected under the healthy campus programme. The mobile unit of the Centre for Education, Training and Research on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CETREE) has introduced the issues of renewable energy and energy efficiency to 25 million school children in Malaysia and has carried out programmes to 150 000 members of public via community centres. Small scale recycling projects have brought tangible improvements in village communities. The current programmes are often small in scale and fragmented among higher education institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cef10c20-en	abd1b5321bb01b07fca838b63499ebbd	The same characteristics that make cities socially and economically progressive spaces also generate complex environmental and social challenges that can only be met by active public interventions at multiple scales, at the household (e.g. housing subsidies), city (e.g. planning) and national levels (e.g. trade and employment policies). If these challenges arc not dealt with effectively, the welfare of individuals, communities and entire nations can suffer. These are no inevitable consequences of rapid urban population growth; rather, they are a consequence of political and institutional failure that inhibits effective urban planning, policymaking, investment and regulation.	11	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	abd393d638cd469c896ea71c899ecefe	However when they are able to do this, the results from energy efficiency actions reduce unprofitable energy sales and improve demand management pay back investments for both consumers and the utilities. A detailed appraisal of the range of multiple benefits from utility efficiency programmes is included in Chapter 6 of IEA2014a Energy delivery impacts of energy efficiency29. Governments can decide to reallocate subsidies to targeted social measures. Domestic hard coal producer support of EUR 5 billion was 0.3% of GDP in 1999.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-3-en	abd4bfccb19aa19d0568b6d0cead764c	Despite progress on many fronts, including on reaching the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation, in 2008 an estimated 141 million city dwellers and 743 million rural dwellers remained without access to an improved water source, and an estimated 2.6 billion people without access to sanitation. Governments must put in place the conditions to ensure that the actions of all stakeholders - different categories of users, multiple responsible authorities, financiers, and various service providers - contribute to the longterm objectives of environmental sustainability and enhancing social welfare. It also often means generating sufficient information and support for policy change by making the case for reform — answering the question of “what is in it for society and individuals?”	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	abd4caec744c31ab1e4380973cc6d44d	A recent disclosure of massive money laundering in the Estonian branch of the largest Danish bank (Danske Bank) provides a spotlight on the issue of systemically important financial institutions and the need for enhanced vigilance, especially across borders. The disclosed activities took place during 2007-2015. At that time, anti-money laundering regulation and supervision in Denmark was insufficient and had substantial shortcomings as pointed out in evaluations by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF, 2017[i4j).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	abd59e128c7fcfe0cca3001a4db58f85	As a result, networks services are provided commercially by single parties and the revenues from these services must be regulated, to ensure the provider does not abuse their monopoly position. This means that the retail price and end customer pays for electricity does not increase when the wholesale price for electricity is highest, even though the cost of that electricity may change substantially. The differences in the cost of supply are generally averaged and spread across all users, so price signals do not communicate information about the scarcity of electricity at particular times. As a result, customers are unable to ration supply in response to the value they place on it and will continue to demand electricity even when its underlying cost is at peak levels.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	abd5d4fba35cfd906ce89f46862a8c45	As immigrants integrate more fully into the labour market, their potential impacts may well diminish. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes of native-born workers using this approach has been assessed by examining several labour market outcomes of Thai-bom workers in relation to the proportion of economically active immigrants with comparable levels of skill. In line with findings of previous research (see Bryant and Rukumnuaykit, 2007; Kulkolkam and Potipiti, 2007; Lathapipat, 2010), foreign-bom workers do not displace Thai-bom workers on the labour market at the national level.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	abd7ed1551af47cd17d8dfee814d1b7d	In India, weak corporate and bank balance sheets also contributed to a sharp slowdown in investment; thus, simply lowering policy interest rates was not enough to revive investment in that country. Over the past year, there has been a welcome recovery in investment. In line with firmer global demand and stronger trade, investment in export-oriented manufacturing sectors picked up. Increased public infrastructure outlays have also supported strong investment in such countries as Indonesia and Pakistan.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	abd9e86a835673aaaa7e281868caff45	The UVF had wide-reaching competencies in policy planning and implementation for many specific-purpose functions at the local level. Membership of the 43 municipalities with about 1.6 million inhabitants was compulsory by law. The assembly (Veibandskammer) of the UVF consisted of non-elected delegates from member governments. In 1990, the UVF proposed a new expanded transport association that incorporated several smaller transport associations and municipalities that did not belong to any transport associations.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	abda32fa0e7d007a8ad7a4c3485a3649	In 19 out of 30 countries and economies, more men than women were able to correctly answer at least five questions (as indicated by the blue bars). Gender differences in financial knowledge recorded in the 2011 survey (as indicated by the grey diamonds) were generally also in favour of men. Among the ten countries for which comparable data over time is available, Albania and Poland reported a statistically significant reduction in gender differences in financial knowledge, while in the other countries gender differences have not changed significantly (Table 10.A1.1 in Online Annex 10.A1). When asked how they would rate their own knowledge about financial matters compared to other adults in their country, men are more likely than women to report above average knowledge in 13 countries/economies out of 30, even after comparing men and women with similar levels of (test-based) financial knowledge.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	abdaca190c93843e40f66b235d95c89c	"Legal Assistance Centre, Marital Property in Civil and Customary Marriages: Proposals for Law Reform (Windhoek. International Centre for Research on Women, ""Connecting rights to reality: a progressive framework of core legal protections for women's property rights”, 2007, p. 6. Respecting and promoting the realization of women's marital property rights in Malawi"", Briefing Paper, 2011."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	abdb9aa68bc80eed0040d063ccbeffca	At the same time, the creation of local hospital clusters encourages co-ordination among hospitals, with a view to limiting geographical disparities in access to innovative services (Drees, 2016d). Local hospital clusters (GHT) should allow the creation of joint medical services, notably for public procurement, and some efficiency gains. The maximum top-up is worth 0.6% of their activities (capped at 500 000 euros a year).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bb63671b-en	abdcc8c83ebe87dac0e4abebe20dcce9	Some models make explicit the processes of negotiation within the household. Blundell, Browning and others (1994) for example, demonstrate that women's earnings can modify the outcome of household decisions. These household bargaining models allow for different preferences within tlie household widi the potential for disagreement, but they are based on die assumptions of exogenous preference, self-interested motives and individuals having die ability to make choices. A large body of literature on households in developing countries demonstrates diat the household is not only die locus of unpaid work activities but also a site of gender inequalities in workload and resource allocation.	5	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	abdef9b2251fa5f2e0e0852b0d27c604	This work stands out because of its emphasis on literature, culture and citizenship, as opposed to the more directly environmental approach to ESD common in much of the Caribbean. Also notable in this regard is an undergraduate course in teaching Caribbean poetry, which was designed in collaboration with Cambridge University, and integrates a sustainability focus through a strand on literature and the environment. In addition to these courses, the university is also exploring ESD possibilities campus-wide.	13	6	4	0.2
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	abdf40c9542203089a0a7307ae89ea96	"The appropriate departments and offices within the Ministry of Emergency Situations will determine each alert's level. However, radio and TV stations in regions that the emergency has not affected will continue normal broadcasting. The system should be ready for full-scale testing by the end of 2016. By the same token, communication operators are required to provide the ""112"" traffic control service at no cost to assist in caller location and short text message circulation during any state-of-emergency declaration that is of a social, natural and/or technological nature."	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	abe0d254655761ab0b03379f90de142c	Si les mutations technologiques et la mondialisation contribuent, a tout le moins, a la formation des inegalites, les politiques publiques, en particulier F education et les politiques du marche du travail, peuvent aussi avoir une influence importante. A partir de 1’analyse empirique des liens entre politiques publiques et repartition des revenus du travail, ce document examine les eventuels arbitrages et complementarites entre les deux objectifs que sont la reduction des inegalites de revenu d'unc part et le relevement de la croissance economique d'autre part. Cela vaut en particulier pour les politiques favorisant Faccumulation de capital humain, rendant le potentiel d’education moins tributaire de la situation personnelle et sociale, reduisant le dualisme du marche du travail et promouvant l’integration des immigrants et des femmes sur le marche du travail.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	abe3135c9696a4c136150d41901eb90a	Appropriate climate adaptation responses may therefore also vary within an individual country. Non-Party stakeholders such as sub-national governments will often have the mandate to develop and implement actions (such as flood protection measures) which can enhance an area’s climate resilience. Indeed, some non-Party stakeholders have developed good practice guidance for adaptation in certain types of cities, e.g. C40 has highlighted a 9-step approach to adaptation in delta cities (C40, 2015). This has been started in some countries, e.g. Nepal, which has established “Local Adaptation Plans of Action” in order to help vulnerable communities decide on their priority adaptation actions (IDS n.d.). States and municipalities in Mexico have also developed adaptation plans (GoM, 2015).	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	abe9813471095abf627335183dc9658e	By the end of 2010, 194 GW of wind power capacity had been installed worldwide (figure II.6), of which 84 GW were in EU, 40 GW in the United States, 42 GW in China and 13 GW in India. In 2010, 35.7 GW of new capacity were installed, which was 6 per cent less capacity than in 2009. More than half of this new capacity was installed in China (16.5 GW) and India (2.1 GW), compared with 9.8 GW in EU and 5.1 GW in the United States (Eurobserver, 2011). For several decades, through its R&D, and its “Sunshine Programme” from 1994 to 2004, Japan refined the technology and successfully reduced the costs of a 3kW roof system from 6 million to 2 million yen.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	abeb5bfd31cef8697fe632020d496752	Luxembourg depends on imports for more than half of its electricity supply. Electricity-linked emissions are imputed to the producing country, and consequently production in the country replaces power imports that did not affect domestic emission levels. Its target is a 21% reduction in GHG emissions in the EU’s energy and industrial sectors by 2020, compared to 2005.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	abed5762bec13ee93812eabfce0c126e	As evidenced by the oversubscription of the Trapezia funds in the United Kingdom, there is a business opportunity and scope for equity funders to meet the needs of women entrepreneurs (see case study VIII). They are also likely to have less time to spend on financial transacting due to the time demands of family and carer responsibilities. Institutions such as DFCU Group in Uganda have recognised this access challenge and have positioned ‘women-friendly’ branches in locations close to where there are clusters of women entrepreneurs and aligned branch operating times to correspond with the requirements of this group of customers. Significant numbers of women are using internet banking: 41 per cent in the UK and 29 per cent in Malta, for example (Eurostat 2010).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d4119b74-en	abee5de54b9cf418c5c61c029588a48f	Since the onset of the conflict in 2011, the protracted crisis in Syria has resulted in grave consequences for the education system, for both human resources and infrastructure. By May 2018, more than 2 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 were out of school, while more than 180,000 education personnel, including teachers, have abandoned school sites and classrooms.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	abef895fcc910698dc1c2d86b33d226b	The CLUP and its implementation instrument, the zoning ordinance, are intended to regulate land use as part of a set of plans that span all levels of government. Yet despite the legislative requirement and the guidelines created by Region VII to assist LGUs in developing CLUPs, there is not one completed, updated CLUP. Some LGUs have however stated that the guidelines are overly technical for local government application.	11	2	6	0.5
10.18356/6af97a78-en	abf0f8c2d1bc888efb279a264cdb795c	As a result, even where power price reforms have occurred, they are insufficient to create major incentives for efficiency or reductions in demand. Communication and transport systems expand access to information, goods, finances and people to better enable access to water in more efficient ways to meet the needs to sustain local livelihoods. As Biswas (2008) points out, such calls for comprehensive planning have a long history. A unique feature here is that whereas in the past such strategies as “integrated rural development” (IRD) were wholly national or sub-national attempts, now the proposition is to include cross-border collaboration in multisector planning covering entire river basins.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/09b7b73e-en	abf112ef2b285a4634319fbe99f47a21	Also addressed in this report are the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions ((l)NDCs) by UNECE member States to address climate change mitigation challenges (case study 20), as well as case studies from Poland and the Ukraine on the recovery of coal seam methane (case study 21). There is evidence in the UNECE region of challenges in heating service affordability, reliability of aging systems and future resilience needs. Truly transforming the energy system will require a creative shift in policy and regulation to unleash innovation, investment, and improved energy productivity.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	abf5e3d6ea8171e772718d85764b89df	All six SEE economies have tripartite councils in place to engage in dialogue with social partners. While social dialogue does take place in all the economies, more effort is needed to build social partners’ capacity, in particular among worker organisations. Moreover, the impact of tripartism and social dialogue is not regularly evaluated by independent evaluators.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	abfd79022835eacd799792f013f6e714	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-5-en	abffb258d5470a75681b31b53981e248	National policy documents (such as national curriculum guidelines for both ECEC and primary school) or the monitoring of transitions as part of inspections, can support the quality of transition practices and ensure quality is more even across different settings or schools. Parental surveys are the most common tool, followed by child monitoring methods (e.g. portfolios, child development reports or development assessments).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	ac015eb36f0e541b63d74d26ea3f9acc	Patients publicly insured with a restricted access to public provides have a maximum co-insurance of 20% while patients publicly insured with free choice of provider and privately insured have a maximum co-insurance of 50%. If one visit to the hospital contains, for example, both a specialist's visit and diagnostic imaging, only one co-payment is charged from the patient. The annual municipal cap applies for co-payments in diagnostic imaging. Co-insurance of 12% for the services of a physician. Potential co-payments for tests that are not listed. Occasional user charges; GPs may charge for X-rays, for example.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	ac035e120205472fa2fd27bb488d37ca	The following measures can be particularly beneficial for women. To counter this problem, countries like Mexico provide low-wage earners with tax credits to incentivise formal employment (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 1). This is particularly important for women as their earnings are often cumulated with the earnings of a working husband when calculating tax liabilities (and hence attract higher marginal rates).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	ac03db254a840ebde5fed7e810b3d311	Over longer periods and based on earlier stage lessons, considerable structural and operational responses may be required, as outlined in Table 1.17. Genetic knowledge and management is likely to be more critical, including genetic improvement for more efficient feeding and diet specificity, and improved species resistance to wider temperature ranges, salinity changes, lower oxygen and to a wider range of pathogens. New aquatic pathogen risks may require biosecurity and prevention measures to be more closely applied (Gatesoupe, 2009).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	ac0a3c4b5a717b9f343aa94b9ce84bbf	"In addition, the ""Because the Ocean"" declaration launched at COP 21 has been signed by an increasing number of countries. The Sustainable Ocean Initiative, for example, aims to ensure the convergence of actions by regional seas organizations and RFMOs by facilitating partnerships to link various initiatives (CBD, 2018). Since 2013, CITES has listed 20 commercially exploited fish species, while the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) has listed 28."	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	ac10c974aa48633bc805d08003ca2c59	In primaiy care, these focus mainly on the physical fabric of the building and availability of clinical equipment and emergency drugs, and there is a limited number of activity-related standards. Turkey has embarked on an ambitious programme to translate an extensive set of clinical guidelines written by the Finnish Medical Society. There are however difficulties of embedding a large number of guidelines at once, and in particular of changing practice through guidelines with little sense of local ownership or participation during development.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	ac11179b218a7353ae8f727e68fc4dd6	For both boys and girls, there have been longer-term increases in a sense of distrust. About one in six students felt that most people in their neighbourhood would try to take advantage of them if they had the chance, and the percentage of students who felt distrust towards others increased between 2002 and 2014. Regardless of grade, boys consistently reported lower levels of friend support than girls and lower levels of involvement in community activities and groups, and they were less likely to say they were involved in volunteer work or arts groups.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/18a859bf-en	ac137ec1b5ddaf4d2a22d4fe69b2b6c6	These four agreements recognise the need to move towards greater coherence at the international policy level, as they all orient towards sustainable development and recognise the respective roles the other processes play in delivering this vision. The next challenge is to reflect this improved coherence at the national level through plans that integrate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning at sectoral and sub-national level. Analysis of the four outcome documents reveals common themes (Table 1) and a move away from the siloed approaches and sector goals that characterised the MDGs (Weitz, et.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	ac17f50abd97e1a49ad7bcca11b25b39	Moreover, households with voluntary PHI are typically from the upper-middle or high-income strata. This reflects that premiums are based on ability-to-pay. Further, premiums have been steadily increasing over time and at a more rapid pace than inflation. Today, the average premium paid per insured is much higher than government health spending per capita and per non-insured.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	ac1a5642387cc118fa6d155b65474527	This paper identifies at least nine types of NDC related to mitigation and lays out the information requirements for each one. For some NDC types, such as absolute emission reduction tar gets, there is considerable existing experience with accounting and reporting progress in implementation under the Kyoto Protocol and the Cancun Agreements. For other NDC types, such as goals to peak emissions by a given date, there is less existing experience.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/22289f78-en	ac1deac9de2df1b87d259ade851bcadf	The Song’acha River is the only outflow river from the lake, and is subsequently connected with the Ussuri/Wusuli River and the Amur/Hcilong River system. Furthermore, it plays an important role as a source of drinking water, and irrigation for 20,000 ha of rice paddies in China. Both sides of the lake are important for fisheries, in particular for the white fish (2,000 tons annually).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	ac1e646f7df6b31618089e54aa2c88c5	And when teacher quality is low, governments lend to tell their teachers exactly what to do and exactly how they want it done, using an industrial organisation of work to get the results they want. Today, the challenge is to turn teaching into a profession of advanced-knowledge workers, and to do so across the board rather than in pockets of excellence. To attract the people they need, modern school systems need to transform the organisation of work in their schools to foster professional norms of control and benchmarks, in lieu of bureaucratic and administrative oversight. The past was about received wisdom; the future is about user-generated wisdom.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	ac23efc81bf84958e1dd993d2499268b	The presented economic solutions provide a good basis on which to gauge the advantage and drawbacks of policy instruments, which will be the object of the following two sections (demand-side and supply-side approaches). Moreover, even in one location, the choice of instrument will also depend on the desired level of reduction in water use: policy rankings are not necessarily invariant to changes in total water use or desired hydrologic conditions (Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014). While presented individually for clarity purposes, it should be noted that several of these are applied in combination. One core approach is to allocate allowable groundwater pumping to each well.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	ac245175ad6a459fb4d878cc0d95a830	For instance, in 2015, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills in the United Kingdom launched a new apprenticeship for entrepreneurs initiative that includes a specific pathway for social entrepreneurs. Through this initiative, apprentices can learn from employers while developing a social venture. By delivering programmes aimed at developing practical skills and competencies linked to the workplace, employers can help refugees with prior qualifications adapt to a new working culture and make the transition to sustainable employment.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	ac24aced86c77c6e817f4ac688b4a35d	"It should be noted that available statistics do not in practice rigorously follow consistent water use class definition criteria. Rather, they follow the main targets of the groundwater withdrawal provisions, which means that rural drinking water supplied by irrigation wells may be included in ""irrigation use"" statistics, whereas water from public water supplies but used for small-scale irrigation or for small business or industrial uses may be included under ""domestic use"". Data on the break-down of groundwater abstraction with respect to water use sectors are much scarcer than data on total abstraction, and time series are virtually non-existent. In view of this, as a first approximation, it is assumed that the breakdown over the water use sectors does not vary much in time, hence even data of ten years earlier could still be representative for 2010."	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7ff65165-en	ac273d8b0b212b5d5a45e31715f6072b	The 2006 edition of the Programme for International Student Assessment (pisa) (oecd, 2006a) points to three key aspects of the institutions that regulate secondary education that play a part in reproducing inequalities of origin, hindering the equalizing role that guides the education system. First, the teacher assignment mechanism has the dual effect of sending a revolving door of young and inexperienced teachers to schools in unfavourable sociocultural contexts as well as concentrating teachers with more experience in schools in favourable contexts. Second, the geography-based system for assigning students to schools reproduces the residential segregation process.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	ac27f72dd82d5ce20f9ce06f6ec245fb	The recent Ebola crisis in West Africa only underlines the imperative to collectively address the problems not only of access but also of innovation (see box 1). Indeed, for such reasons, Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 8 included a focus on improving access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries. The World Bank, for example, estimated a loss of about 12 per cent of gross domestic product for these three worst-affected countries in 2015.bThe Ebola crisis has thus underlined the urgent need for intensified international and national action to improve access to health care and medicines.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	ac30a93d1b88ab66a108c491b1791f08	Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement. Robust data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on how to best sustain irrigation infrastructure (Ward, 2010).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	ac30d60a46a8743e9783a03d592c4c47	The other prime considerations in communications in support of reform are transparency (the messages and measures must be clearly related to the purpose of the reform) and consistency (the messages and measures must be seen to be complementary and mutually supportive). During the implementation phase, adequate ex post analysis will only be possible if the criteria and indicators against which the reform will be evaluated have been defined ex ante. This requires foresight and budgets projected into the future at the time of the reform, which are often not forthcoming.	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	ac30fec41d8ef35d4b3b16e03559030f	Cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms at national and subnational levels for food security and nutrition and rural development need to engage relevant actors in the agricultural and social protection domains in joint programming. Single registries can also play a key role in coordinating interventions across different sectors and in providing households with the complementary support needed to gradually move themselves out of poverty and hunger.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	ac36d40deb40c7b169c48c75f648f41c	At the present time, the reinsurance company MiCRO is in the process of extending its operations to Nicaragua and Guatemala. Given that situation, governments and the international community have developed a variety of systems to increase the resilience of the most exposed zones, together with social protection programmes that have components to support households (particularly the most vulnerable ones) whose means of subsistence have been impaired. To better illustrate a number of practical experiences in other developing regions, three cases have been selected, which the literature has spotlighted for their successes, errors, and implementation difficulties.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	ac3c1bd9535cf01488a05eff912ab4be	With the growth of the urban middle class and the working class, the State came under pressure to change its approach to social issues, and an industrialization model based on import substitution was adopted. This involved the State managing and ensuring both economic development and the provision of well-being, which was to be achieved by protecting wage-earners as key actors and constructing a segmented protection system. From the debt crisis onwards, economic stabilization and structural adjustment programmes were promoted in the region, marking the arrival of the free-market model. Social policy in the employment field was characterized by measures to deregulate contractual arrangements and improve flexibility in order to lower wage costs. Against a backdrop of high unemployment, job security worsened, and own-account work and informal employment increased.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/150942f1-en	ac3f678fd0a5bebe6afb52c3f8e8cf90	However, the Cameroon economy benefits less from the positive trade effect because of the greater fall in the prices of energy products. If Ghana's favourable terms of trade developments, associated with continuing strong export prices for its two main exports (gold and cocoa) and greater exposure to external trade, has contributed to substantially improve its trade deficit, the importance of foreign investment in the country renders it particularly vulnerable to its reduction during the crisis. Table 6 shows a relative increase in the average real price of imports and a relative fall in the average real price of exports. However, the decline in export volumes is less than that of import volumes for the same period. The nature of the products exported by these two groups of countries is the main cause of this difference. Developing countries, including those covered by our analysis, mainly export agricultural and mining goods to industrialized and emerging countries whereas they mainly import from these countries manufactured goods and services.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3136863b-en	ac40c4e03469ada13918e7dbef4a50be	For example, less than half of boys of primary school age in South Sudan were attending school in 2015; only about one third of girls were in school. Similarly low levels of primary school enrolment are seen in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. The Gini Coefficient is a measure of income distribution in a country and is the most commonly used measure of income inequality. The graph suggests that countries with young age structures are generally more unequal in terms of income.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	ac46c07bfea1873694224ecfd4ca833c	"For developing countries, it is based on the evolution of absolute poverty (i.e. the proportion of population living on less than $1 a day). For developed countries, poverty is measured as relative income poverty (i.e. with the threshold set as a percentage of the median income in each countty in each of the years considered). Only a few OECD countries have “official” measures of poverty that rely on “absolute"" standards, typically in the form of the cost of a basket of goods and services required to assure minimum living conditions and indexed for price changes over time."	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ac48b759439eb08233e8634da6223b76	The previous law had a number of shortcomings, including inadequate regulatory and procedural requirements for the control and management of controlled drugs and substances (the description and categorization of drug-related offences were not clearly outlined); the absence of penal provisions for drug-related offences; the lack of a basis for determining the magnitude of such offences; and the absence of provisions on the need for and validity of drug test requirements. The new and comprehensive law restored the balance between demand reduction and supply reduction and addresses shortcomings of the Act of 2005. To improve port security and prevent the illegal use of sea containers in transnational organized criminal activities including drug and precursor trafficking, Bangladesh and Nepal joined the Container Control Programme of UNODC and WCO in 2014.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	ac49dcc95a823629161f33fdd40f5486	In Germany and the United States they were about five percentage points more likely to report so. By contrast, in the Netherlands and Canada, they were equally likely to report so. Research shows that receiving frequent feedback from the science teacher was associated with emotional resilience among immigrant students (OECD, 2018[9j). On average across OECD countries, immigrant students were six percentage points more likely than native students to report being frequently treated unfairly by their teachers.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	ac4b9632200dc43f82d9c289c8f9a6dd	First it reviews the major reported impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective and introduces the IFRAME model as a tool for assessing and forecasting risks to fisheries and ecosystems. It then identifies management objectives and attributes for an EAF and discusses the development of indicators, reference points and risk indices for assessing those fisheries affected by climate changes. Finally, it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses the implications for management under changing climate conditions.	14	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	ac4c66bb7a4ac5354c4539c0bcd81cba	A textbook regulatory environment also costs money and is typically funded by operators through various taxes, contributions and fees who then pass this on to consumers. The case of Mozambique offers insights into A4AI's policy considerations (Box 4-7). However, this has not translated into low prices. In 2016, a monthly price for a 500 MB mobile broadband bundle was two times higher than the ITU Broadband Commission target of 5% of per capita Gross National Income (GNI).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	ac4e1ada247f7945914f9fcd8105ab88	The digital revolution is intensifying interactions among businesses, consumers and governments. It is also cutting transaction costs, which are among the most binding constraints for firms in developing economies. The digital era, therefore, offers developing country firms an opportunity to expand their access to international markets. Infrastructure development is critical for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	ac52180c288e25a21d2a1a5454706540	The point of making the discussion about an acceptable level of water risks explicit is to ensure that these decisions are informed by both a robust evidence base as well as an informed public debate in order to ensure that policy responses are proportional to the risks faced. However, given that only 63% of the flood defences currently meet those standards, the actual level of protection is lower. Safety' standards for regional flood defences ultimately remain an administrative decision by the provinces.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	ac539738135b356c50f2792b6cbfec11	Proponents of the disenchantment-over-employment theory argue that women are unhappy because their career advancement is blocked. Blocked mobility theorists illustrated this with the “glass ceiling” (Still, 1997; Wirth, 2001), “glass doors” and “sticky floor” (Still, 1997) factors. Researchers in ethnic entrepreneurship added the “accent ceiling” (Collins et al., While “glass ceiling” refers to the barriers to career advancement of women, “sticky floor” refers to the absence of career movement beyond the initial entry job, while “accent ceiling” refers to racial discrimination that blocks immigrant women in the labour market. Second, entrepreneurial life attracts more and more young single women.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	ac545208852d04f3f6044597cf374457	In addition, as stated in different sections, w'astewater treatment plants on the Absheron peninsula and in coastal towns have been equipped with biological treatment facilities. Azerbaijan needs to promote wastewater treatment on its territory as much as possible to help clean the river. However, further investments are necessary for cleaning flows entering Azerbaijan (the Kura and Araz Rivers), a problem which requires international joint action with neighbouring countries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ac56a89d654588f03ac2ded1a22affcc	Source: IPCC, 2007b. Following the Pigouvian paradigm presented in Chapter 1, such a carbon price would be most straightforwardly administered in the form of a carbon tax imposed on the emitting producers. The carbon tax would then render carbon-intensive technology more expensive, would lead to a reduction of fossil fuel-based electricity in the power mix and, ultimately, to a reduction of carbon emissions themselves. In all fairness, it must be added that the costs for gas-fired power generation are hugely dependent on the location and that its LCOE can fall as low as USD 60 per MWh in the United States.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	ac5ac2bf4becf1e010a09f566b09c873	This may differ from national definitions which use different hours thresholds. Part-time work is also further disaggregated into part-time temporary and part-time permanent jobs when the data is available. Permanent full-time employment remains nonetheless the norm in a majority of OECD countries, although there is substantial diversity across countries.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	ac5c6a7d1f6861a41cfbf411bb6cef6d	Hence, we propose introducing the energy-proportional concept—the idea that the power consumption of a system should be proportional to its workload—to the server cluster by matching the number of active servers to the load. We also present the design and implementation of a prototype of the server cluster and evaluate it by examining power usage and response times to some kinds of traffic patterns. As a result, our scheme reduces power consumption effectively under low load, succeeding in saving over 50% energy compared to the conventional management policy where all servers are kept in service whatever the workload, without affecting the response time.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	ac5cbf3a64693130c8985cf122e1eac1	Benin has been the region's largest producer by volume per capita since the 1980s. Production per capita has risen fastest over the last 15 years in Gambia (8.2%), Guinea (7.8%), Mali (7.2%) and Burkina Faso (6.4%). Nigeria is by far the largest producer overall, producing 7.4 million tonnes in 2008-10, representing 49% of the regional total.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	ac5ecd135ee3a1a029d993014da0a74a	Outdated assessments of properties reduce tax revenues significantly; it is estimated that updating generated an additional tax revenue of USD 123 million in 2010. Colombia has recently made efforts to update the cadastre. A 2011 Law requires each municipality to update the cadastre every five years.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	ac6347b0281a99dbde53301c1aa1562c	By law, every ten villages (called a cell) have a mediation committee made up of ten members, at least 30 per cent of whom are women. They tend to be respected members ofthe community, so their decisions have weight. The abunzi are therefore much more accessible to the community than a traditional court (see also case study 6 on Rwanda).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	ac6a8f4807e21d722929d64901218e6b	This highlights the importance of investing in training workers in labour-intensive industries to boost manufacturing labour productivity. Parents are still keen to send their offspring abroad to gain foreign experience and get exposed to different education environments. The number of Chinese students in higher education institutions the United States soared over the past ten years, to around 270 000 by 2013-14, making up half of the total number of China’s overseas students, according to Project Atlas estimates.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	ac6ae7fb123d474cbee0672e016cc95c	The System of National Accounts (SNA) recommends using GVA at basic prices for this purpose. The difference between total industry GVA and total GDP is taxes less subsidies on products, which varies across countries. This adjustment is made at the aggregate (total economy) level because, while time series of taxes less subsidies on products may be available by product, they are not generally available by industry. Furthermore, it should be noted that this study took the year 2010 and Revision 3 of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) as baselines in order to maximise the completeness, consistency and comparability of available data. The other industries accounted for shares of 5% or less (Figure 1.2). While the share of industrial capture fisheries is small (1%), it should be noted that inclusion of estimates of the value added generated by artisanal capture fisheries (mainly in Africa and Asia) would add further tens of billions of USD to the capture fisheries total (see Chapter 6 for detailed estimates).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fb79328d-en	ac6b3e9cd0b80d4fd4f5e70916408b9e	This was not conducive to significant poverty reduction, involving instead the shifting of part of the poverty problem from rural to urban areas. Dynamic structural change thus involves strengthening economic linkages within the economy and ensuring productivity improvements in all major sectors. It may be evident from the previous discussion that whether growth is pro-poor or not depends to a significant extent on the pattern of growth in terms of sectoral composition and technological characteristics.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	ac6cf7976b7dba06f45bc58f019507c4	It shows that under certain conditions, feedback loops and distinct effects on income and demand aspects may interact in different stages ofthe circle, setting it in motion. Through the industrialisation process and its positive effects on employment, discretionary income (the share of a household's income that can be allocated to goods other than necessities) rises. This is primarily the outcome of better pay and more productive jobs in the manufacturing sector.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	ac6dcf00a409b579bf04f5eafbd82075	Together they mean that the risk-retum profile of low-carbon investments is often less attractive than their fossil fuel-based equivalents. Scaling-up financing to a low-carbon economy will not happen spontaneously. It requires strong policy and price signals to ensure that low-carbon and energy efficiency investments offer a sufficiently attractive risk-adjusted return compared to available alternatives (IEA, 2014). These are presented in the shaded part of Table 2.1 and are briefly discussed in the following section; they are the subject of other chapters in this report.	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	ac6e457304986b8387fec347cdb846d9	Only Samoa has included reference to the likelihood of continued growing electricity demand. However, measures to improve this area are lagging behind developments in renewable energy and are not featured as prominently in sectoral policy targets. These issues increase the risks, and therefore also the costs, of providing goods, services and infrastructure.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b8ba274d-en	ac6ea3cca7a0c0c22810c13d95d07f78	Governments, however, cannot do this alone. Other stakeholders and duty-bearers, such as teachers, parents, and community leaders, also play an important role. These actions can also build human capital, impart information or skills to empower girls to make decisions in life and uphold or protect girls’ basic human rights. Only by working in partnership, across sectors, and in collaboration with adolescents themselves, can constraints on their progress be removed. It also requires deliberate efforts to recognize the diverse circumstances of adolescents and identify girls at greatest risk of adolescent pregnancy and poor reproductive health outcomes.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	ac6ffbfdd26858c04315881060b8175c	The level of charges is designed to fund the water resource management activities in that region, and so are a proxy for water scarcity (less water implies more work to manage it) (see Chapter 3). Pollution charges are set nationally for England, and for an individual permit holder they reflect the conditions in the permit which are tailored to Environmental Quality' Standards in each river basin. Discharge charges cover the costs of regulation, modelling and compliance monitoring. It has only done this once in the past 30 years, when it reported that the EA provided a ‘professional and well-managed service’.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ac7513bcce2f87ac3d77d3221588407d	The latter are free to set their own criteria, although there is, of course, an ongoing dialogue on these issues between industry and regulators. In each country operating nuclear power plants, a regulatory authority defines the responsibility of the plant operator and the safety and operational limits that have to be fulfilled in all operating conditions. During the licensing process, the mode of NPPs’ operation is defined, and all types of authorised transients are analysed.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	ac7aec6aab10ce214367222c32654111	The PISA student population is defined using stringent criteria to ensure a high level of coverage and full comparability of the assessment across countries (OECD, 2009b). The quality of the indicator is thus high. Despite the fact that reading literacy measures a relatively narrow set of competencies, there is strong evidence that reading literacy is strongly correlated with other cognitive and non-cognitive measures tested by PISA (e.g. mathematics, sciences, IT skills, etc. - Finally, while this indicator covers only youth, cognitive skills at age 15 are strongly correlated with later educational outcomes and labour market performance (Juhn et a!.,	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/94aaad7d-en	ac7b3532c55459e8a1c47a4e31402eb9	It concerns both live and dead specimens or even products made from wildlife or plants. The specimens and products are used for pharmaceutical, ornamental or traditional medicinal purposes. Illegal harvest and trade includes a range of species from iconic ones like gorillas, orangutans, elephants, tigers, rhinos, Tibetan antelopes and pangolins to corals, birds, reptiles and sturgeon for caviar.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	ac7fb9ef246f6292fae75852aa455705	Consequently, disbursements in one year cannot be directly compared to commitments in the same year, as disbursements relate to commitments originally recorded in different years. This is why Rio markers are applied to commitments. Rio marker data on a disbursement basis are also available, but it is important to note that this does not mean the policy objectives of projects under implementation would have been re-assessed.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	ac80eb6affdc35a23ee877c0db1e2be9	Living standards are estimated with the help of copula functions that simulate the joint distribution of income and age at death in a Monte-carlo framework. In a first step, only the income dimension is considered (upper curve); in a second scenario, individuals differ in their income but have a similar life expectancy, which is nonetheless lower than the reference life expectancy in Japan (middle curve); finally, individuals have different income and ages at death, and the latter two variables are considered as positively correlated in order to match the difference in life expectancy between the bottom and top quartiles of the income distribution, using van Raalte et al. ( Eventually, the latter correlation may evolve over the long term due to changes in policy settings (e.g. health or fiscal systems reforms) or to trends in adverse selection patterns (e.g. as chronic morbidity tends more often to yield, rather than derivate from, lower-income status). For a representative household earning the median income (i.e. with the parameter of aversion to inequality close to 1.5), income inequality involves a loss of 19% of income, versus 23% for inequality in ages at death.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	ac85d5ad6b71502b4fd353fe65b50db8	Furthermore, the reported information should be used strategically for policy making. The code applies to new constructions and/or alterations with a specified minimum total gross floor area and it also adopts six performance standards (Table 2.7). The performance standards refer to areas where efficient practices are to be adopted.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	ac860fad2dcc3ab9dadb71a5218335d7	Ill: Periods of hypoxia, dominated by small worms and RPD layter close to the sediment/water interface. Certain groups of species, primarily mollusks and plants, can reduce organic and nutrient loading to the water column (Table 14.3). But physical drivers play a large role in determining the degree of impact to the water column. Suspension-feeders serve to couple pelagic and benthic processes because they filter suspended particles from the water column and the undigested remains, ejected as mucus-bound feces and pseudofeces, sink to the sediment surface.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	ac86bee54acaf5e22e9706f54cc23569	With the reform, the bus network has been fully reorganised into a trunk-feeder system, and buses are now classified into five types, which are serial-numbered and colour-coded to make it easier for users to recognise them. Traffic accidents have been halved during the last decade and citizens’ satisfaction has improved by 32% since the city government introduced an evaluation and incentive scheme (Seoul, 2016d). First, the city seeks to improve citizens’ accessibility to public transport. The Seoul Urban Railway Comprehensive Enhancement Strategy proposes to build two additional subway lines to connect the districts that are currently outside the catchment area.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	ac86e414aec735a9c0ca92f30b7053c1	For example, in the United States, a federal brownfield tax incentive was introduced in 1997 which entailed fully tax deductible environmental clean-up costs, including petroleum cleanup. This programme was sunsetted in 2011. Meanwhile, examples from cities abound - for instance, New Yoik City offers grants to property owners and developers to clean up and redevelop brownfields.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	ac87e8290686372f8b34b51db9ff7727	"One consequence is that social monitoring and documentation are not (politically) regarded necessary. It is a sort of Catch-22 logic: A possible ""need"" for documentation of social conditions [because of ""negative development tendencies for the recreational interests?)"" But such documentation is at present not regarded necessary, so social monitoring has not been implemented, therefore the knowledge base for assessing the documentation need is not present."	15	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ac8a10c5797b1a2c7408662d24f498a5	Explorative attempts at quantification are frequently the first step in generating the societal discussion processes that lead with time to more widely accepted systems for cost accounting (one need but think of accounting for C02 emissions) and subsequently to better forms of internalisation. A good conceptual understanding is the essential condition for any attempt at quantification. This is why the following discussion of the different items of the system cost matrix distinguishes clearly between “grid-level system costs”, which are the subset of system costs which can be usefully quantified in the context of this study, and “total system costs” which include external effects, where quantification and monetisation in the present context would not add any value.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	ac8a69b4ed1374ab065390a6e2c34d83	It is one of the reasons why some developing countries queried the findings of the OECD - CPI study ‘Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 Billion Goal’ (OECD, 2015c). In addition, there are several inconsistencies and gaps in the current UNFCCC reporting framework for climate finance (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance has been mandated to work on rules and procedures for tracking climate finance (UNFCCC, 2006) and this work will be intensified and carried forward post Paris.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/293081df-en	ac8b04fc8c70547b8293fd0c06f01eb4	Capacity-building programmes for LPAs should be established. These could be in the form of training programmes and exchange of experiences with other countries. For a property to function, it sometimes requires access to facilities outside its own boundaries, e.g., roads, garages, playgrounds and water and wastewater facilities. It is not unusual for several properties in the same village or neighborhood to have similar needs. However, homeowners are reluctant to spend on repairs and maintenance because of the nonfunctioning housing management system resulting from gaps or unclear procedures in laws relevant to housing. Further, this Law does not have a provision covering ownership of common properties for buildings without a homeowners’ association.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	ac8dbfb3b3bff5e5074196b5dba7456e	Instead it aims to capture the different types of reforms as well as identify some common approaches that have been implemented in many countries. Cutting the prices paid for publicly financed health care (e.g. cuts to the price of medical goods and salaries). Nevertheless, a number of countries have introduced new financing arrangements to broaden revenue bases, create greater flexibility and equity in financing health care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	ac8deda983320095a0c6b23e509bec83	In 2014, the daily volume of electricity production throughout the country was around 49.8 million kWh, including more than 8.6 million kWh of exports to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Afghanistan receives more than 6.9 million kWh of electricity daily, and Kyrgyzstan around 1.7 million kWh. Tajikistan reportedly supplies electricity to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan only during the spring-summer period (table 11.4).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	ac9688aa52dbb25642dab839b23c0833	Similarly, tailored accreditation standards for specific sectors (such as elderly care and palliative care facilities) previously existed, but have fallen into disuse. Until 2008, the Ministry of Health ran a programme with the CCSS to evaluate primary care services, including patient satisfaction, with results made public at facility level. This too, was abandoned, although the primary care performance framework described earlier has rectified this.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	ac9719a072edf402a7434a67915c1e11	What the stylized model to be developed below does is to focus on the cmcial role which human capital accumulation plays in the process.9 Needless to say, financial capital is important, and some models in the endogenous inequality literature have indeed focused on that, where imperfect capital markets result in some (the rich) being able to borrow funds to invest in worthwhile projects and receive handsome returns on them, and others (the poor) not (Matsuyama, 2000). The distribution of financial assets is, of course, an important consideration that could have serious implications for the course and character of development. At the level of an individual, human capital accumulation (principally education, but also health) raises his or her productivity and, hence, income.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	ac9997628400326c7783f1514d156585	Further advances include a stronger focus on probabilistic analysis and attempts at considering large-scale climate instabilities. Adaptation has received only limited attention in global IAMs so far, mostly due to the mismatch in spatial scales at which mitigation and adaptation decisions are generally made. Some recent IAMs attempt to identify optimal levels of adaptation in climate-sensitive sectors or do include adaptation to climate change explicitly as a decision variable.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	ac9d106551fe6a892e1bc45a59808065	National data on water consumption in irrigation are available from a Survey conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. These are methodologically not comparable with the data on water abstractions reproduced in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. However, in flood irrigation use of land-levelling techniques are increasingly being used. They therefore conducted a survey of water experts to generate a consensus view. Their survey includes information on the evolution of water reserves and water demand in recent years, as well as projections of water supply and demand. The results indicated that the river basins subject to most stress are Cuencas del Sur, Segura, Baleares, followed by Ebro, Jucar, Cataluna, Guadalquivir and Tajo.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	ac9d73e3e8b01cbbcddf22a34d190f38	Eventually, however, the reduction in costs and market penetration of renewables leads to a sharp decline in fossil fuel prices. There is a high degree of international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals. The signs of global warming continue unabated and climate concerns rise to the top of the international agenda.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/02c1a26c-en	ac9ee4490ace47430d59b26dcccf872c	The findings show that health expenditure has a positive effect on reducing child mortality only for upper-middle-income and high-income countries, whereas for low-income and lower-middle-income countries, health spending does not have a significant impact on child health status. It is also found that at lower development levels, public health spending has a greater effect on mortality rates than private expenditure, while at high development levels private health expenditure has a positive impact on child mortality. Today, combating this scourge is considered a key policy objective and strategy.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	ac9efb099cb8afa3e1b14f2a3de45ca6	Patients who subscribed to the ffee-choice-of-provider option typically pay 50% of costs of tests and imaging services. Privately insured patients (Isapres) have an average co-payment rate of 34%. In a few countries, patients do not pay for laboratory tests but have to contribute to the costs of imaging.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	ac9f36ac99943223d195f3a89970c2d6	The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, Diffusion and Productivity”, AEA Annual Meeting Paper. Panel Data Evidence for OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Ruiz-Valenzuela (2014), “Gross Eamings Inequalities in OECD Countries and Major Non-member Economies: Determinants and Future Scenarios”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Evidence from OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Handbook of International Trade, Malden, Blackwell, MA, pp.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	aca5312630ec374a509236f333d9ecdb	Some infrastructure projects are underway with the objective to process 69% of the total wastewater collected by 2014. Notably, it would involve a recruitment process based on competences and terms of appointment that do not coincide with political cycles. In the absence of a merit-based civil service, virtually all water managers and other municipal officials are politically appointed and likely to leave at the end of the mayor’s three-year term.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	aca5769c8791f5dc1f4fec27a6c72fe0	It has to do with finding a good balance between what would ideally be required and practical limitations. The Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) developed in the United States the European Union’s Common Accident Data Set (CaDaS) may serve as guidelines for other countries such as Korea. More information can be found on the websites of the United States (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) and the European Commission. International databases, such as those of IRTAD, show many empty cells in this area. Given the fact that methods of data collection seem to differ in those countries that do provide exposure data, the data may not be comparable internationally. Many countries provide useful examples.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e632a806-en	aca88afa757a6ad95850ba0bc767e4a7	Survey on Access and Usage of Information and Communication Technology by Households and Individuals in Zambia. Similarly in Malawi, use of the Internet rises sharply in line with educational attainment (Figure 5.2, right). Significantly, the national average for Internet use in both countries is only exceeded once users have at least an upper secondary education.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	acaa38695c7514dc7759c3fe24264ec6	Guided by the state committees, these offices ensure the organisation’s on-the-ground presence in New Jersey, Connecticut and on Long Island, and play a critical role in the research, planning and advocacy for projects in their respective areas. The majority of the association’s income (81%) comes from its endowment, which is regularly increased by donations from members (individual and corporate). The rest is provided by grants from corporations and philanthropic entities (6%), paid events like seminars and congresses (2%) and funding campaigns (1%). This funding scheme allows the association a high degree of independence in the advice it provides to decision makers. The management of the association consumes 10% of the budget, public affairs 6% and fundraising 4%.	11	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289329309-4-en	acaa9699c2c44d388ba02f4e3833fadc	"The upshot is that the energy security perspective should probably be downplayed and the climate part takes a more prominent place as upward pressure on the prices of fossil fuels will be reduced as more supply surfaces in coming decades. Reducing energy related C02 emissions requires low carbon solutions to energy production in the form of energy savings, deployment of (close to) zero carbon technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), atomic power and renewable energy such as wind power, biomass etc. From a broader perspective, it requires a more general shift towards the use of primary energy sources, produced ""at home"", or at the very least, in stable and friendly regions. When energy technologies are ranked in this way, most renewable energy technologies come out top while coal is better than gas and gas is better than oil. The relation between objectives, implications, and technologies is illustrated in Figure 6."	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	acacc6b3db035275a9f7fcb330c9c695	Fuel quality standards, which are in use across the region, may raise fuel prices in addition to the typical goal of reducing pollution. By region, average household expenditure on transportation varied between 9.3% and 15.9% of non-food expenditure, with between 45.3% and 57.8% of this is spent on fuel, among households owning cars (Figure 2.10). As a share of nonfood expenditure, average household transport expenditure was the highest in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Cordillera Administrative Region and Northern Mindanao.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-4-en	acad345ec66135b02ba02a27572180c0	It also provides an overview of key recent policy developments. Many member and non-member economies are undertaking important structural and policy reform in their fisheries sector, and new governance structures and management instruments are being put in place. Finally, this general survey offers an overview of the activities of the OECD Committee for Fisheries (COFI) and the OECD Fisheries Secretariat.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	acad54e02a3d75bceb588a11295e1c46	Reduced pesticide use suggests that Bt crops would be generally beneficial to in-crop biodiversity in comparison with conventional crops that receive regular, broad-spectrum pesticide applications, although these benefits would be reduced if supplemental insecticide applications were required (GM Science Review Panel). At present, the production of transgenic and cloned animals is extremely inefficient, with high mortality during early embryonic development and success rates of only 1-3 percent. Of the transgenic animals born, the inserted genes may not function as expected, often resulting in anatomical, physiological and behavioural abnormalities (NRC, 2002).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	acad8cff8bc28bf36460f97678d62b5c	Universal basic income could be considered as well. Governments should strengthen social protection as a strategic way of enhancing economic resilience and economic dynamism, not least in view of demographic transitions (risk of skills shortage among youth on one hand, and risk of old-age poverty on the other) and labour market disruptions associated with reforms and technological innovations. Carbon tax and emission trading systems could play a critical role in transitioning to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	acaffcedeeaec0f77381f3094d34328c	Increasing access to long-acting reversible methods of contraception can help prevent unintended second pregnancies. Today, an estimated 67 million girls globally were married before their 18th birthday (UNFPA, 2013e). The overwhelming majority of adolescent pregnancies in developing countries occur within marriage.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	acb277be5657466518c153cd96d58bae	The first two ways will require international co-operation, the third will focus on national policies. Supporting risk reduction in the hotspot country and its market partners; 2. Mitigating impact diffusion; 3: increasing the resilience of 2nd tier countries. They can participate in regional or international efforts by sharing information, expertise, co-operating on research and development, technology and services trade, or even contribute to the actual management of risks.	6	6	0	1.0
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	acb360f94b36afcfa19faca0f2a44938	"As argued in previous chapters, the growth of inequality has dampened demand, circumscribing the expansion of high-quality jobs relative to labour supply. This has intensified competition for “good"" jobs consistent with decent work. Section B provides an overview of the gender equality and growth literature."	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6546680a-en	acb6b8035a65890c901ae1372819aa74	Countries with small populations can also develop production for niche markets like organic food, flowers, horticulture and the like. For smaller countries, exporting agricultural surpluses and developing production for international niche markets are viable options. The first priority is to upgrade to more value added activities in areas where some industrial capabilities already exist. If an economy depends almost entirely on external markets for growth, its scope for employment creation is limited by the ability to benefit from demand expansion in other countries or by the ability to increase market shares.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	acb7f7fb5bbde9a2d33273c85427edec	According to the total water demands by user, currently the major water consumer is the irrigation sector with 44 per cent, followed by nature with 31 per cent, then industry with 14 per cent, and drinking water supply by population and tourists with 11 per cent (Figure 7.1). Total annual water abstraction in the country has been decreasing in recent years, especially from surface water (Figure 7.2). It might be related to the breakdown in industry at the moment even if industry is still a big user of groundwater.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	acba28da3c2d0c352cc9f2122296ab20	An annual payment of AUS 250 is made for each registered usual patient 15 years and over who has a chronic disease and has been offered or has had a health check. Practices can also receive “outcome” payments of up to AUS 250 per patient per year, where a target level of care and/or majority of care have been provided. However, it can be difficult to draw direct comparisons on health status and outcomes between people living in very remote areas and those living in major cities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	acbacf78f1b127a17060d8aa710c1918	Shedding light on some of the details of that picture can help the design and targeting of policies to tackle the harms associated with alcohol consumption. The results of analyses of alcohol consumption in 20 OECD countries were presented in the previous sections of this paper. Analyses were conducted on the basis of individual-level alcohol consumption data from multiple waves of national health and lifestyle surveys, and included the identification of trends over time in overall drinking and in measures of hazardous and heavy episodic alcohol drinking, as well as regression-based analyses of social disparities in drinking patterns and the calculation of concentration indexes for individual countries.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-16-en	acbbd2e8936096471478232010ae768a	Moreover, the evaluation and assessment framework is well conceived and can help generate improvements in the classroom with clearer information for schools on areas to improve. The education system is steered nationally through agreements with states and territories, focused on education priorities and funding. Schools and states share most decision-making in lower secondary education, with schools making most decisions regarding the organisation of instruction.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8259a41-en	acbca6521302b74f6ccb10715faeb04e	However, specifically in urban areas, the predominant factors that contributed to the fertility decline that occurred between 1997 and 2002 were, in order of magnitude, an increase in induced abortion, duration of postpartum infecundability and postponement of marriages. During the same period, the leading factors responsible for the fertility decline in rural areas, in order of magnitude, were postponement of marriages, increase in induced abortion and contraceptive use. Among women living in rural areas, the declining role of post-partum infecundability is of concern if it is not compensated by increased use of effective family planning methods.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	acbca96d2fd6c1f6bcf1883e78a7d6b1	There has been some limited experience of collective reporting of mobilised climate finance (e.g. OECD, 2015a, which also addressed attribution of mobilised climate finance to different actors; MDBs, 2016). Further work would be needed if collective reporting of climate finance is to be taken forward in the UNFCCC context, as it could entail significant changes in the transparency framework, such as the reporting of information from non-Parties. There is some precedent of communicating climate finance information to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) by non-Parties who are operating entities of the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism. The COP could provide relevant guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, for example on quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, which could increase the utility of such reports.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	acbd7149ea3e61079d026c9a79590fca	Although UNODC shows a general decline in victimization related crimes (rape, robbery and burglary) across the world between 1995-2009, respondents in African countries experienced higher victimization rates than respondents in a sample of developed countries. A 2014 survey conducted by European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (AFR, 2014) suggested that more than half of women in the EU have experienced sexual harassment in their lifetime and every fifth woman has been sexually harassed in the preceding 12 months. More than half of women in EU have experienced sexual harassment in their lifetime. In Africa, burglary is the most prevalent form of crime followed by assault.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	acbf300f29cbfa753aa82eb94df7bc95	Women continue to assume the bulk of domestic chores, which can be an impediment to their engaging in a full-time work over a long period. Such notions dictate the home as the proper sphere for women’s participation. “ Even when a woman, driven by economic necessity, succeeds in obtaining a wage-paying job, she, in many cases, receives no real, substantial assistance from the man with housework.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	acc29a7f371936863c4933584f9a14f2	Gray (2000) raised these problems, although he placed more emphasis on universal harassment by the police and other officials. Since the beginning of the 2000s, such highway harassment appears to have declined, exposing the poor quality of unpaved and poorly maintained rural toads as the longer-term problem. A combination of inadequate capacity and preferential access for favoured users means that independent farmers and grain-traders spend too much time searching for space in elevators and on railway wagons, and incur additional costs.	2	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	acc8a2c89c37ca0d4f39ed344da8a8b0	Indeed, it might even give the US Congress the evidence it claims is lacking to justify American provision of budget support. Evidently, not all LDCs are currently at a level of government capacity at which certification would be assured. Hence, it would be important to combine a certification process with transitional arrangements, including support for capacity building followed by re-assessment for those countries currently below the standard necessary for certification. While from the perspective of government this may be inferior to budget support, it is evidently better than the government not receiving the aid at all.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d72eb315-en	acca5fc131cea1b0a8f8d7934a6a43ef	Existing technologies can manage and analyse huge amounts of data collected through a diversity of methods and sensors including satellite imagery, VMS and other transmission systems, smartphones and videos. Such data infrastructures also offer great potential to operationalize information standards and achieve synergies among platforms at all scales. Accordingly, FAO is calling for a global partnership/alliance to forge a global data framework for blue growth.	14	7	0	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	accb3604a7998e6370d5c3b748a50d06	Completion rates are usually lower for students with a disadvantaged background (e.g. lower educational status of parents, first-generation immigrants) (OECD, 2017(h) (OECD, 2016(6]). In most countries, repeaters tend to be concentrated in the last two years before graduation, while in some others the distribution over different grades is more even. In a smaller number of countries, repeating grades is restricted by law and school regulations, and the concept of repeating does not even exist, especially at lower educational levels.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	acd289bb255a2122c47a55f1fad3f310	"Of course, subjective risk perception may not correspond to actual risk. For instance, a devastating, highly evocative singularity like an earthquake and a more diffuse and constantly present phenomenon such as air pollution, may have the same mortality rates, but people would not necessarily accept the same marginal increase in income for the mortality risk in being exposed to each. Cameron (2010) thus rightly remarks: “‘The VSL’ is not some true-but-unknown fundamental constant of nature that we merely need to measure more accurately. Instead, ‘the VSL’ is the result of attempts to find a convenient one-size-fits-all measure of demand for risk reductions - a number that may or may not be appropriate across all different types of risks or all different affected populations."""	7	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	acd3440bb25b5efefdd0e1126359718a	In addition, many ministries have specific urban policy functions. The average OECD member country government had 6.7 ministries or national-level departments or agencies with explicit urban policy functions in mid-2013, and many had 8 or more. While 18 OECD countries still had no overall framework in place in mid-2013, a number were under preparation and in a number of other countries, urban policy was rolled into broader regional or spatial development strategies.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	acd3cb90f99bfc365d55ea77dacef14b	The results show that the mean scores for all groups of risks, with the exception of market risks, increased. Market risks continued to exhibit the highest mean score (3.8 points) compared to other types of risks, and decreased only marginally over the period under study. The scores also indicate that the risks with most important rises in the level of significance were human risks, financial and regulatory risks.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	acd57af117d46bcce13d9bb65887aca9	Given the natural limits to capture fisheries production, it is clear that aquaculture will have to meet most of the future increase in demand for fish (Bostock et al., In 2021, world fisheries and aquaculture production is projected to be about 172 million tonnes, which is a 15% increase from the average level for 2009-11. The OECD-FAO Agriculture Outlook projects that by 2023 (compared to a baseline of 2013) aquaculture will grow by 38% compared to 2% growth of capture fisheries (OECD/FAO, 2014). In many places, this is for good reason. Current evidence indicates that more than a quarter of fish stocks are overfished, with the rest increasingly being fished at their maximum capacity (Figure 1.1). This indicates that the pressure placed on fish stocks is significant, and sometimes excessive.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21334b08-en	acd6167217154a3894f10aa4e0f27e90	Importantly, bike sharing allows the BRT to attract passengers from a wider radius, making affordable mobility available to more residents. With bike docks at every station, the system also allows passengers who would ordinarily only travel one or two stops on the BRT to instead take a bike, saving the user money and alleviating BRT crowding. Reflecting the lack of alternative transport options, vehicles registered in Lahore increased sharply from 95 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2001 to 238 vehicles in 2008, resulting in an estimated 8 million motorized trips on a usual weekday.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	acd7af0ecc985e8e30d53923777b7fca	The experience of OECD countries shows that a special development agency could effectively address these complex issues. In the United Kingdom, Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) have been used as a mechanism to regenerate urban areas in need of revitalisation where there was a need for a new body that could take a focused, single-minded approach. While most UDCs have been created by central government, Mayoral Development Corporations (MDCs) and other forms of development corporations are recently used as delivery vehicles by local authorities (Box 2.21).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	acd7f14a270e13be6c757fb90afe6fe8	A long-term perspective is essential to understanding gender inequality within and between countries. In addition to allowing us to understand where and how gender inequalities emerge and persist, a long-term perspective should also allow better exploration of the relationship between gender inequality and economic development (Lagerlof, 2003). This chapter therefore seeks to address three interrelated questions.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	acd983bc3b06033516e7d9d1f6825e97	At the same time, gender relations in the localities of origin regulate whether females will respond to these demands. Overall, perceptions of women's mobility among Kyrgyz people are more conducive to female migration than among Tajiks and Uzbeks. Among die important differences observed between females and males are marital status and migration regime. Among those who have children, women more often take the children with them to the Russian Federation.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	acda45a80861f1d54ab332f5085d57f2	The school-based vocational pathway offered in secondary education is not well regarded in Lithuania, and is taken up by fewer students than in many other countries. Efforts to raise esteem and participation are underway, but have not yet shown results. Between 2010 and 2014 the number of students enrolled in upper secondary education fell by over one quarter, from 108 000 to 79 000.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	acdd84b75dbb0758f46b99129f183125	Figure 6 uses a graphical format to summarise changes in net transfers between 2002 and 2007, and between 2007 and 2010. For each period, changes are shown as a percentage of household net (or disposable) income, and at six different earnings levels. At the bottom of the earnings distribution, and subject to relevant income limits, families are assumed to be receiving means-tested assistance benefits (i.e., unlike in the earlier replacement-rate results, the calculations now relate to families who do not, or no longer, receive any unemployment benefits that depend on a previous employment history). The income values shown at zero earnings are therefore mostly driven by the value of GMI benefit, as well as by other transfers (for children or housing) that may be available.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	acdfee514dd43c0de7dd32588e99f4f2	Many CARs had a very low score in this regard: four were rated as having made zero progress, and 24 were given progress scores lower than 50%. Progress on other dimensions, especially access to information, was judged satisfactory. Law 99 of 1993 established specific procedures and mechanisms for public participation in environmental decision making.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264100817-4-en	ace0424e1802f4a60cc17a890a55169d	Protecting water resources directly at the source by limiting pollution from catchments also generates indirect benefits, such as avoided (investment and treatment) costs and can be overall more cost-effective. Increasingly, countries are recognising the benefits of managing water resources using a whole of basin or river basin approach, given that reducing pollution at the source tends to be a cheaper option than treating water before supplying it to consumers. The degree of certainty with which water is supplied is an important factor in determining the benefit that water users derive from the service and strongly influences their willingness-to-pay. Increased reliability of water supplies avoids the need for households to store water for shortage situations and therefore induces cost savings. Water reliability is also an important parameter for economic activities (industries, but also agriculture and services) which use water in their processes or as a non-substitutable input. Benefits from WSS investments are not equally shared amongst users, whereas benefits from water services are usually experienced at household level, benefits from sewerage services are shared by a community as a whole.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	ace2f71d17d6b1c123b91e9856d17558	Moreover the marginal nature of most land makes extensive grazing of cattle the most common farm enterprise. Typically a large share of eth grazing land is communally held with ejido members having general access to this common property resource. Each farmer has a clear incentive to increase the number of cattle in his herd, because this is the only way to build income and wealth.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	ace33cc64ee65b4f036a950ca72a3fb8	Comprehensive efforts are underway to increase VET attractiveness, including changes to governance of VET schools that will strengthen community engagement and business collaboration; improvements to the vocational training workforce through continued professional education; large-scale investments in a national network of sectoral practical training centres that provide state-of-the-art facilities for vocational training; improved information about labour market outcomes through a new human resources information system; and efforts to clarify the legal basis of apprenticeships and provide employer subsidies, so employers might create more numerous apprenticeship opportunities. Early evidence suggests little headway in increasing the attractiveness of VET to students or employers. Implement the newly authorised human resources monitoring system, and use it to provide evidence of VET benefits to prospective students. Raise school capacity and incentives for apprenticeship training, and clarify the scope of employer incentives for the creation of apprenticeship contracts.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	ace4e5961df4198325dced6653e1682e	In Sierra Leone, for example, projects started with an assessment of attitudes related to gender stereotypes around sanitation. Based on the information gathered, awareness-raising sessions were organized to tackle attitudes concerning the work considered to be that of women and girls, such as cleaning latrines, washing clothes and dishes, sweeping, fetching water and cleaning and dressing children. Provision of adequate and affordable social services—in particular health, water and sanitation and care—is essential to reduce the demands on women of unpaid caregiving and domestic work and thus increase their likelihood of gaining access to an education or an income of their own. The growth and institutionalization of large-scale cash transfer programmes and of non-contributory pensions, especially in some middle-income countries, are an encouraging development for women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	ace6ecfdf89c468127d40388a1f970a1	Mexico, as the country with the second-largest female-male gap in NEET rates, has also one of the highest rates of single parenthood among NEETs (unfortunately, no data on family status are available for Turkey). However, a comparable relation cannot be drawn for Chile, where the gender gap in NEET rates is high even though rates of single parenthood among NEETs are relatively low. Similarly, Iceland, as the country with one of the highest share of single parents among NEETs, even displays slightly lower NEET rates for women than for men.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097650-5-en	acee1a4c4400c6083c636b96074b54f5	They have facilitated their access to secondary education and their success at school by mobilising the financial, technical and human resources needed to meet their particular educational needs and by developing educational systems that seek to ensure the success of every student regardless of his or her particularities. However, access to tertiary education for young adults with disabilities is not as smooth as it is for other young adults, particularly for those with psychological or behavioural problems. These difficulties are attributable in particular to a lack of synergies between the actors involved in the process of transition to tertiary education, the lack of training of these actors, and the inadequacies of the tools and statistical data required for the development of integrated systems of transition.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	acf02eb3879cbed6bab3aabc60e39d89	There is now widespread evidence that there is limited overlap, and thus considerable mismatch, between different measures of poverty (Bradshaw and Finch, 2003; Perry, 2002; Wagle, 2009). This notion does not merely have implications for the academic debate, but also for the use of poverty approaches in the policy sphere and the formulation of policy responses (Roelen, Gassmann and Neubourg de, 2009b; Ruggeri Laderchi, Saith and Stewart, 2003). Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	acf145c354c72c5824a91939d102b91c	Gender transformative programming” involving males and females has promoted change by challenging harmful gender norms to address the adverse distribution of power, roles, responsibilities and resources between men and women in countries such as Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, India and Peru. The core of Soul City's strategy is harnessing popular culture and communication to bring about social change. Using South Africa's public broadcasting infrastructure, the programmes communicate key public health messages and stimulate dialogue and debate.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	acf2069740a79e68953b7fa96ed857c2	Addressing them thus requires an understanding of the specific features of the rural domain. Although significant gaps persist, rural women have been able to achieve higher education levels and engage more actively in production processes, including through the ownership or use of land. Rural youth is also better educated and has new expectations and aspirations; but young people often cannot find opportunities and life projects to match their new conditions and circumstances.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	acf302221ae34a8187cfa319383639ab	Based on the 1% Population Sampling Survey, the average monthly earnings for people working in agriculture in rural areas are only CNY 271, and the local off-farm workers can make CNY 739 monthly (the medians being CNY 227 and CNY 636, respectively). Hence, the income difference between farm work and off-farm work accounted for most of the inequality within rural areas. Table 3.2 also presents the inequality indices in rural areas based on various definitions of the rural population (columns 1 and 4). In fact, the earnings difference among rural residents is quite substantial, and is mostly contributed by the difference between farm work and off-farm work.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	acf5c66d587601ff5e80c8c37fa92a95	As OECD experience shows, strengthening the capacities of these institutions to monitor gender equality programmes and gender mainstreaming to enable effective results-based accountability and promote the development of gender-disaggregated data and the use of gender analysis is critical to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability over time. In addition, mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than do mandates originating from a governmental decree. Ensuring sufficient human and financial resources tends to be a challenge for most types of institutions, particularly those outside of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)1 region.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	acf6e795181fe7e9bbeb5932d548606f	This premise is tentatively supported by the quantile regressions of Fournier and Koske (2012) that reveal differences between the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. Low-income workers on temporary contracts indeed earn less than those on permanent ones, and this effect fades for workers that are better paid (Figure 7). Moreover, the cross-country panel analysis tentatively indicates that a larger gap between EPL on regular and temporary contracts is associated with more dispersed earnings (Table 1).	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	acf703cefd55aea1e10de4ad24c40aad	However, in spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries. In international comparison, public expenditure appears to be particularly low in public general upper secondary programmes. This relatively low level of spending translates into inadequate spending on teacher and school leader salaries and on learning materials, and challenges to meet the demand for pre-primary education places. While there have been considerable efforts to increase the salaries of public teachers in recent years, the relative salaries of public teachers remain low.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	acf92dfbbac7ab53d6366ea3782c82d3	That means that governments cannot trust linear forms of participation (representation) and communication alone (Hooge, Burns and Wilkoszweski, 2012). They would have to engage with a broader range of stakeholders than just representative organisations (see Box 4.1). In education, governments must seek ways to communicate continuously with school leaders and teachers in order to promote ownership.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	acfb0f916e430deb9203152fbd46bbed	Data for Australia, Canada and Korea are for 2001 rather than 2000. Data for France and the United Kingdom are for 2012 rather than 2013. Data for Italy are for 2014 rather than 2013. On average in Korea, adults consume 8.7 litres of alcohol per year in 2013, a level that is comparable to the G7 (8.9 litres) and OECD average (8.8 litres).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	acfc4ffa4e83191061efabee6d8b4565	In a similar vein, BDS organisations emphasise the need to make better use of social media to promote and support BDS. Several recommended the development and use of tailored training plans to groups of women with specific training needs, modularised training so that it can be delivered to women entrepreneurs in shorter durations and at a lower cost, and integration of gender sensitivity into training materials. Apart from entrepreneurship training, BDS must focus on capacity building to improve women’s business management and know-how in mnning a business, developing their products and services, and integrating technology into their business operations (e.g. e-business).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	acfd2e9d1cd307d245b04d9bda610a6d	The disparity —already evident after the age of 40— is glaring from the age of 60 onwards. Figure 25 shows how the disability gap between income quintiles widens as the population ages, suggesting that the impact of contextual factors increases over the life cycle, and that economic and social resources are instrumental in the degree of autonomy people may expect to have in old age. This makes is all the more important to craft policies to counter these income-driven differences in life trajectories. Both the difficulties inherent to a particular impairment —be it sensory, mental or physical— and the different types of response from the environment in terms of capacity for self-care, adaptation of the physical context, participation in society, range of education and employment opportunities and respect for the right to self-determination.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	acfdf8ad1fbfe2428394e554ba7d9c3d	In these areas, adequate access to the health service rose from 64% in 1995 to 79% in 2000. Today, more than 1 000 EBAIS are present in every territory of the country and constitute the basis of the national health care system. On a more negative note, EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, which limits access to primary care. Most doctors working in EBAIS do not have specialist post-graduate training in primary care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	acfe56c93de426130601035626e2ca26	In LDCs that are heavily dependent on oil imports for generation, an additional factor has been pressure to diversify energy sources as a result of high and volatile oil prices, particularly in 2010-2014. In particular, it highlights the need for a pragmatic approach based on local realities rather than a particular school of economic thought, and the fundamental need for realism in terms of the complexity of reforms, countries’ capacities for implementation and the time frame for delivery of their objectives. This is seen as a relatively quick and straightforward way to introduce competition without extensive restructuring, while protecting social equity (Sen et al.,	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	ad0208057fe20518e62ed2339d88b37c	The 2008 strategy is judged to have failed mainly due to problems with its design, and for providing insufficient evidence for the benefits that the significant institutional changes in water management could bring (OECD, 2011b). Other OECD countries have successfully established river basin organisations and pursued watershed management, while recognising the challenge of managing the multiple actors and interests involved in such co-ordination efforts (see Box 2.18). Examples of river basin organisations can be found in Australia (Murray-Darling Basin Authority), France (6 Agences de l’Eau), Mexico (25 organismos de cuenca), Portugal (5 Administragoes de Regiao Hidrogra/ica), the Netherlands (Water Boards) and Spain (9 confederadones hidrograficas).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/723063ad-en	ad0238c98fb3b8cd511caf44a80454e2	For a full overview, please consult the respective references. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2014). Capacity may include infrastructure, institutions, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management (UNISDR, 2017).	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5ff49553-en	ad058d6899114899fe37b192edb0ed25	In Central America and Mexico, the terms of trade deteriorated and competition stiffened from Chinese manufactures (in labour-intensive sectors) in the United States market. These difficulties were partially offset by higher oil prices (in the case of Mexico) and larger remittance flows from migrant workers, the importance of which points up the inability of these countries to create jobs, skilled or unskilled. In the resource-rich countries of South America, rising terms of trade (particularly for mineral exporters) and robust exports produced a positive shock.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ad0797f04768dc289f66aa773a7b50a5	In contrast, lessons from the development community indicate that general budget support is a more effective modality for delivering aid. However, as general budget support is not earmarked, the proportion of it spent on climate activities is not always counted as “climate finance”17 and incentives are not in place. Projects with high leverage rates could indicate effectiveness. Alternatively, they could point to financially attractive projects that may have been implemented without inputs of international public finance.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298781-en	ad0a617588d3f74f91ee7789d522797a	A Steering Group of senior officials was responsible for setting the strategic direction for the project and included: Eivind Heder (Director General, Ministry of Education and Research), Ola Ribe (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Labour), Carl Gjersem (Specialist Director, Ministry of Trade and Industry), Bjorn Kristen Barvik (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation) and Morten Johansen (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Finance). Their insights and discussions during the workshops have both driven the process and shaped this diagnostic report. We would also like to thank the many people who, during our visits and meetings, gave generously of their time to answer our many questions regarding Norway’s skills system. Louise Binns (Directorate for Education and Skills) provided support for project management and the layout of this report.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	ad0bbfdf4aab832c6402ea91b706b511	In Malta, patients need to pay for medicines not in the government formulary (i.e. many innovative drugs). Financial access to care for cancer patients across countries (cont.) Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	ad0c01f640c636f98ad52f74ac99f361	Other feedstocks include coal, naphtha and petroleum fuel. Over the next decade, virtually all new ammonia projects will be based on natural gas. Feedstock supply for the manufacture of fertilisers has become a decisive factor in the competitiveness of large producing and exporting countries, in terms of relative costs and security of supply.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	ad0e6ab2e365d51813e92c55fbd25367	Manage cultivation techniques, quality and utilisation of fertilisers. Steer the cultivation and production plans Set up the strategies, schemes, plans, procedures, norms, techniques and technologies for species of plants and fertilisers. Manage the attestation, corroboration of quality, field-testing, recognition and trademark protection of new species of plants and new fertilisers.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/137d57b2-en	ad1100d61f6953ef589591c93e824db5	In some parts of Africa, however, there has been only a modest drop in total fertility, which today remains at more than 5 children per woman. Considerable population growth continues today because of the high numbers of births in the 1950s and 1960s, which have resulted in larger base populations with millions of young people reaching their reproductive years over succeeding generations. With only a small variation in fertility, particularly in the more populous countries, the total could be higher: 10.6 billion people could be living on Earth by 2050 and more than 15 billion in 2100, the Population Division estimates. “ Much of this increase is expected to come from the high-fertility countries, which comprise 39 in Africa, nine in Asia, sue in Oceania and four in Latin America,” the United Nations reports. The reason for demographers’ increasing focus on the region is clear, he said: “The escape from poverty and hunger is made more difficult by rapid population growth.” Africa's population has been growing 2.3 per cent per year, a rate more than double that of Asia's population (1 per cent per year).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	ad11406544560d274e70bc29613cecef	Smoking will still be allowed in bars and restaurants but in specially equipped rooms with an implementation lag of two years to allow installation. There are few restrictions on where cigarettes can be purchased. Shops will now need to obtain a license to sell tobacco products which can be withdrawn if tobacco is sold to minors.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	ad118c6a0b50d2e634ded9b2873ade8a	It benchmarks key indicators on quality, access and financing of health care, pinpointing where serious gaps or performance issues prevail. Alongside bilateral meetings between NDOH and specific provincial health departments, a forum of the 9 provincial health chief financial officers (CFOs) meets with the NDOH CFO to discuss these results and specific budgetary challenges. Participation in such forums is voluntary and designed to find policy consensus, with any agreed decisions on a non-enforced basis.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	ad1297cff0cfff1d200d621fe8172d88	Lower grades (1 to 6) typically have fewer than 300 pupils and often operate separately from upper grades (7 to 9), although the unified peruskoulu is gradually closing the gap between these two. Compulsory education lasts until completion of nine years of basic school or until a young person turns 16, whichever comes first. Grade repetition is rare and over 99% of young Finns successfully complete nine years of basic school.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	ad129c3eada104fa7d1d216192f0b82f	"The government is therefore in the process of identifying mechanisms and institutions, preferably at provincial level, to ensure that potential candidates benefit from a standardised training in operation and maintenance tasks. Moreover, with the rapid implementation of the programme, insufficient consideration was given to user training, and only a minimum budget allocation for training purposes was earmarked in the original budget. The most common perception in the past was that ""electricity is a hands-on business"" where no special qualification was required."	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	ad146ec3f1c2dce884ff09f153b2bd89	When controlling for incidence levels by means of the odds ratio, findings show that children that are financially strained are considerably more ‘susceptible’ to facing housing problems with odds ratios ranging between 3.06 and 4.53 for respectively the Netherlands and France. A significant association can also be observed between financial strain and neighbourhood problems as well as difficulties of access to basic services. Although odds ratios are lower, they do point towards the general ‘contagiousness’ of financial strain with an increased chance of being deprived in any other domain when financially strained. Deprivation with respect to housing can also be considered ‘contagious’, especially vis-a-vis neighbourhood problems.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	ad1514763e18b98f3f9e4e1955917e5b	By 2030-2035, according to projections, only 14 countries will have total fertility of four or more children per woman. On the opposite end, the number of countries with total fertility below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, increased from 55 countries in 1990-1995 to 86 countries in 2010-2015, and is expected to rise to 119 countries by 2030-2035. The lowest fertility rates among major geographic areas are in Europe, where the total fertility rate was 1.6 children per woman 2010-2015.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	ad18332e8d2c0a4d360799e1329e0f30	Road improvement may continue to have its place in locations where it can be demonstrated to be socially and environmentally justifiable - and where proper maintenance can be provided - but only in a broader context of other measures. For these reasons, policy recommendations must embrace broader solutions to problems that are long-term by their nature while also attempting to offer short and medium term measures that can assist with increasing the quality of life in Vietnamese cities by making efforts to make transportation safer and greener. First, with road accidents being the second highest cause of death in Viet Nam (Chapter 1), urban road safety is a pressing issue that must be urgently addressed.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	ad1a399da1f79c96759998b55356f511	Many countries also import at least 10% of their total imports from China. Infrastructure investment in many of these economies has been bolstered by funding from the Government of China. Trade and investment linkages between Pacific island developing economies and Asia are likely to continue to expand due to low transportation costs.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	ad1a43a19afaf5f538cc3840efd5f0b9	Investment expenditure should be accounted in the year when it occurs. These are included in the GSSE only in cases when agriculture is the main beneficiary. In general the share of the primary agriculture should be above 50% of economic activity or regional employment or similar indicator. The choice of the indicator should be related to the nature of the policy and data available and should be clearly explained in the documentation.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	ad1c4543a1f5497dffae295c7a9c4908	The findings emerging from this work also assess the various conditioning factors in price transmission, in particular the fact that non-tariff trade barriers, domestic policy and lack of domestic infrastructure can significantly obstruct the transmission of international price fluctuations. One often cited example is that of maize in Egypt, a country that underwent significant agricultural liberalisation measures in the late 1980s.15 There, the transmission of world to domestic prices went from being non-existent to near 100% in years following structural adjustment reforms (Baffes and Gardner). But such clear cut examples are the exception.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	ad2084eccb0813552e983ffa71233b49	Even though multiple simultaneous barriers are common in Estonia, they are less so than in other countries covered by this project. Table Al and A2 in Annex 1 report employment barriers and a range of demographic and socio-economic characteristics (such as gender, age, poverty risks, etc.) This information helps to attach indicative labels or “faces” to the members of the nine groups. The sizes of these groups, along with suggested labels are reported in Table 3.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/dcr-2011-11-en	ad24eb3cbf2d8c963ef0d97106c2a36f	And in these success stories, effective partnership between the United Nations (UN) system and OECD members has been instrumental. And what is equally important, by underpinning technical and policy assistance, ODA strengthens the capacities of national governments and civil society to put in place systems that enable them to plan, budget, implement and monitor progress towards development results. These efforts are based on the principles outlined in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which were given added impetus at the Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra, Ghana (2008), through the Accra Agenda for Action.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	ad258e508d055e01e21699c9ea0a6279	For example, the importance of biodiversity or ecosystems is recognised in several of the NDPs reviewed, though in some cases this is restricted to general strategic directions. A fewer number of NDPs incorporate specific biodiversity-relevant targets with associated indicators to monitor progress. Examples of biodiversity-relevant targets and indicators that are incorporated in NDPs include rates of deforestation, land use and degradation (Colombia); increase in forest cover (Nepal, Uganda); species in danger of extinction; and the number and size of protected areas.	15	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	ad25e9940ffb0774c40a3346e8771af8	Still, the provision for reservations opened up a considerable political space for women as candidates, party workers, supporters and voters (Ibid.) Women are affected by problems related to water, sanitation and environmental pollution. Women councillors try to solve those problems and they are generally sympathetic to women's difficulties.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	ad26b9c8a15da33e96dde8a85a72f723	This may not be the case in developing countries. However, the cost of inaction could be as high as a 14% permanent loss of global GDP (Stern, 2007). Institutional pension funds have liabilities that stretch will into the second half of this century, so it has been argued that they have a direct interest in ensuring that investment in a low-carbon infrastructure takes place.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-can-2012-5-en	ad29290616c2dfc5a121253c072fe3e2	The federal government also has responsibility for the education of Canada’s First Nations population living on reserves. The education policies and the delivery of educational services vary across provinces and territories according to the particular needs and priorities of their respective jurisdiction. Provincial and territorial ministers of education regularly meet and coordinate on initiatives of mutual interest through the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/028f7d06-en	ad2a367bae2a977cf57725c777845e4a	On the other hand, most studies in Europe show a positive but weak relationship between income and satisfaction (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Shields and Price (2005) observed that 1% of the variance in subjective wellbeing was explained by income. Notable among these are employment status, education and physical health, as well as factors showing the subjects’ position in the life cycle. Among these are age, civil status and responsibilities in caring for other household members (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). Concerning age, studies in developed countries have found a U curve where the highest levels of subjective well-being are among the youngest and oldest age groups and the lowest levels are in the intermediate age groups (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008; Shields and Price, 2005). As for civil status, being married is associated with the highest level of subjective well-being and being separated with the lowest level (Helliwell, 2003; Shields and Price, 2005).	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	ad2fb951f526e579bb9330081b55ca58	The median (which is much less affected by these outliers) per capita household agriculture (among those who received agricultural income) in 1993 was measured at around R14 compared to 2008 at about R2 (both in 2008 Rands). Figure 2.1 below shows the differences in distribution between the two datasets. Including agricultural income in the 2008 data has almost no impact on poverty counts at all.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	ad3163eca24e22792bc540ed32bdb942	As a result, individual projects were screened out in order to identify direct support to the private sector according to the definition adopted in this paper. The project level information gathered was used to identify which activities within the OECD DAC database on climate-related development finance could be counted as direct donor support to the private sector. As the definition of the private sector varies by agency, projects were further screened to align with the definition of the private sector adopted in this paper. For example, projects that supported state owned companies directly were not counted under direct support, but were considered as part of the next section i.e. donor support to governments and CSOs that is ‘likely to engage’ the private sector.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	ad32a366752309bb201bc8120090ce4f	The major development banks are all involved in significant programmes for promoting clean energy investment. ( For example, for a review of development banks’ activities in the area of energy efficiency financing, see UNEP-FI (2009), “Energy Efficiency and the Finance Sector”.) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has argued during international climate negotiations that a global energy transition would lead to lower incomes because, all else equal, the total volume of oil consumption would be lower in a carbon constrained world.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	ad3449f1217ad59601137f43609f46e4	The majority of countries do not have explicit rules regarding contactability or time to respond to communications from the PES, but a number of countries state that requirements may be individually agreed between PES counsellors and jobseekers and are included in individual action plans. Quantitative Indicators for OECD and EU Countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. A majority of OECD countries state that both occur simultaneously or are part of the same procedure.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	ad35a5eca6b054dd6546654d105b8f0c	Measurement errors are assumed low with the large sample and potential omitted variables are assumed to be covered by proxies - e.g. human capital can be taken into account with educational variables. Positive (need of money) or negative (domestic tasks) family constraints are considered via household variables: income per capita, share of unemployed men, number of children of each age class. Also the study covers married women only.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/22289f78-en	ad3aaa39c55ef863f8da42b16715d7f8	The remaining wetlands are threatened by fitst development, particularly the restoration of ricc-paddics on the Russian side (supported by Chinese capital and workforce), which had mostly been abandoned 20 years ago. Fluman-caused fires lead to the degradation of ecosystems and further deforestation of the area, especially in the Russian Federation. The over-harvesting of fish leads to the disappearance of valuable species, and cross-border poaching is a major concern for border guards. There has been local extinction of at least one species of bird (Asian Crested Ibis).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	ad3c4570dc8a1187ec72636e55f547af	Therefore, a question arises concerning the extent to which generic producers and/or researchers are authorized to use patented substances for the development of new products. For instance, the German Patents Act broadly provides that the scope of the patent shall not extend to acts relating to the protected subject matter done for experimental purposes. The exception obviously does not authorize the mere reproduction of the original product as covered by the original patent claims.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	ad3fcf12c0db3101c99e552bfcab56cd	This has often left them dependent on male provision to meet some or all of the needs of their households. Locating these policies within a framework of rights ensures that women’s access to and control over resources is part of their entitlements as citizens, rather than left to the discretion of male providers, the largesse of the State or the vagaries of the market. The range of livelihood strategies of low-income households does not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets. The pace of change has been slow and uneven.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	ad4350f6085c750a99545ac4e932e751	In compliance with the new EU Air Quality Directive, which entered into force in 2008, Portugal requested additional time to meet the PM^ standard. The Commission has decided to send a final written warning to three Member States that have not met the PMjq standard, including Portugal. The IQAr, calculated for specified zones/agglomerations, is determined by the worst pollutant concentration measured at one or more monitoring stations. Pollutants considered in the calculation include N02, 03 and PMi0.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237087-4-en	ad45287929b2df0a0e27442ca4736bb0	It includes an assessment of: I) demographic changes over time; 2) economic performance and diversity; and 3) long-term growth challenges. It analyses the environmental performance of the city and indicates where opportunities for green growth lie. It includes an assessment of: 1) transport and land-use trends; 2) energy performance; 3) the risk of floods; and 4) water supply and wastewater treatment and solid waste management systems. It includes an assessment of: I) the influence of the national government on local affairs; and 2) the need for horizontal co-operation between all local jurisdictions in the BMR.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	ad477ce801133fa33b9907f0009ee9a4	This is due to the inelasticity of demand for electricity, itself due to the inability to store electricity and its character of an essential commodity. Even slight overcapacity will thus lead to very low prices, whereas under-capacity can lead to very high prices limited only by what is called the value-of-lost-load (VOLL), the cost of a shortfall of electricity to consumers, measured in the 1 000s of dollars. These asymmetric incentives create a tendency for private investors to under-provide capacity. The future might may hold even greater challenges for power sector investment at least in Europe (UCTE, 2005, p. 7). However, in recent years they were further increased by the following two factors: market liberalisation and unstable regulatory framework conditions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/995c7ef3-en	ad487d26dac350480c153a372837f412	Since 1970,85 per cent of disasters in the region have been minor but recurrent. They have cumulatively affected 2.24 billion people and caused more than $400 billion of damage by triggering ongoing erosionof development assets, such as local infrastructure, dwellings, schools, health facilities and roads. While hazards and exposure dominate the risk equation for intensive risk, extensive risk is more closely associated with such factors as inequality and poverty. As indicated by figure II, the range of major floods, droughts, cyclones and typhoons in the region since 2009 have had the worst sectoral impact on the housing and agriculture sectors, resulting in 23 and 21 per cent of the total loss in these cases respectively. Comparatively, over the same period, major disasters in the Asia-Pacific region have resulted in losses of 14 per cent in the transport sector and 7 per cent in the tourism sector.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	ad495b5fd18d58a860ef71e59198a229	Only two LDCs excel in all three categories: Bhutan and Sao Tome and Principe (Table 6.1). Thirty two LDCs were included in the analysis where R!=0.62. In addition, Bhutan, unlike many other LDCs, electricity is not a problem since hydropower is abundant and electricity is relatively affordable. Though factors such as land and population size and density may provide an advantage or disadvantage, the strategies these countries adopted to achieve their status are relevant for other LDCs.	9	3	3	0.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	ad49d3e7efdc222c4fe93b271c26b0c8	"Transport policies that aim to affect behaviour, e.g. by altering travel routes, distance, modes, frequency, or schedules, can accomplish this through either ""push"" or ""pull"" measures. Although they do not have to be monetary in nature, most often these measures come in the form of pricing measures, involving either costs for non-compliance (push) or monetary rewards for compliance (pull). The potential for such measures to have unintended behavioural effects (e.g. rebound effects), however, should also be recognised and addressed."	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	ad4a17b68333798ee73ee0e6b0b7825a	In absolute terms, the highest increase -adding around 110 Mt CC>2e in GHG emissions - will come from agriculture, followed by industry at 65 Mt and forestry at 35 Mt. However, in relative terms, growing industrialization will manifest itself in the highest annual emission increase of more than 15% from the industrial sector and around 11% from transport. Industry emissions under BAU assumptions are therefore projected to increase more than 12-fold, while transport emissions are projected to increase 7-fold. It identifies domestic potential for abating 250 Mt C02e in 2030 by implementing the selected GHG abatement options instead of conventional development practices, which is a 64% decrease in GHG emissions compared to BAU.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	ad4c8ecf4e52db34e4cc238d7112fc11	The desire of ethnic groups to retain exclusive rights of exploitation over specific territories within a state also constitutes one of the most potent and divisive drivers of conflict at a national level. Conflict in the extractive industries can also be caused when the boundary of a license or concession overlaps with another approved land use, a designated area such as a park, or communal lands. This is often done without having first established an adequate regulatory framework with appropriate environmental and social safeguards.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-8-en	ad5229ea92b526c8abfea7e4d5aa2fe4	The Action Plan identifies seven priority areas: i) food security, ii) water sufficiency, iii) ecological and environmental stability, iv) human security, v) climate-smart industries and services, vi) sustainable energy, and vii) knowledge and capacity development. For each priority area, a results chain has been developed that outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators. Although the Action Plan includes long-term objectives, it is specified these are not fixed and can be adjusted if the circumstances change.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	ad594f47c4a4865d9ea7976374c38f06	Teachers are to be rated in four possible categories with quotas for the top categories at the municipal level (e.g. the top category cannot concentrate more than 20% of the teachers in the municipality). The results of the teacher performance evaluation will determine access to the teaching performance allowance (only teachers rated in any of the two top categories will receive the allowance). They may also lead to sanctions for underperforming teachers, including dismissal.	4	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848599451-4-en	ad5a9fd3508583d2de98f3d024fbf639	Further, imposing quotas on directly elected candidates is known to be more effective. Covering the 12 Critical Areas of Concern identified in the Beijing Platform for Action, it was finalised after a long consultative process involving government and outside experts. The Pakistan NPA has an additional chapter on women and girls with disabilities.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	ad5ef806e95e205e728f031134052ae7	In the Pacific bluefin fishery, the fishing area has tended to shift northward year by year. They concluded that water temperature in recent years seemed to be higher than normal, but that these changes were not necessarily related to global warming because other fluctuations over periods lasting from ten years to several decades were dominating (Yamada et al., More recently, Seo (2010) reported that the fast growth of Hokkaido chum salmon at the age of one year, which was related to global warming, would positively affect the survival rate and in turn would affect the population density-dependent growth and maturing at age two to four due to the limited carrying capacity of the Bering Sea. These are statistical downscaling, dynamic downscaling on regional scales, and dynamic global models.	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	ad5fae12ad8a8940d8592b03c4758d25	How does the Paris outcome relate to trade? What are the policy implications for Commonwealth countries? The resulting accord, known as the Paris Agreement (hereinafter the Agreement), charts a course for both mitigation of emissions and adaptation to the impacts of climate change after the end of the Kyoto Protocol’s second commitment period in 2020.1 The decision to adopt the Agreement also contains elements of a work plan to be implemented in the 2016-2020 period.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	ad602045087e96642cc09858a21bbb2b	This document was based on discussions with the OECD ECEC Network, which brings together international policy makers and researchers, as well as international organisations such as UNESCO and the European Commission, and the Extended ECEC Network, a sub-group of countries initially interested and eventually participating in the TALIS Starting Strong Survey, as well as consultations with external experts. For instance, what are ECEC staff pedagogical practices? How do they support children’s development?	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0488519d-en	ad6038e87e06fbe309629118f5444c7b	For example, first responders may be provided with subscriptions to terrestrial trunked radio networks, which are not connected with public networks and can accommodate sudden high-volume use. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance,2013. In a simpler form, understanding what is going on around you, how this can change and what factors may influence that change (Endsley, 1995).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	ad61d6ba3fb137a8662a5d0f973c3825	International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (draft version), available from https://unstats.un.org /unsd/energy/ires/IRES_edited2 .pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Total production Energy unit, ma: ss, volume gas, coal, nuclear fuels, non-sustainable firewood. The two primary aspects are land cover (see also Topic 1.2.1: Land cover) and land use.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	ad6b5ee8eeba0c1fd96c39ba329cb114	Numerous studies show that it is difficult to determine how individual schools are funded. This lack of transparency prompts concerns about efficiency and equity in education, particularly given the prevalence of private schools compared with other OECD countries. Evidence, including a study commissioned by the government (see Spotlight 4), indicates that government schools, most affected by inequitable funding, become less attractive to students from upper socio-economic status who move to private schools.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	ad71c188a5ac16697347e2a9e8ea8d37	Freshwater, peatland and grassland habitats require better protection, as do mammals, amphibians, fish and non-vascular plants. The Operational Programme for the management of Natura 2000 sites has supported the integration of biodiversity into policies in sectors such as tourism, agriculture and forestry. These efforts should be strengthened. Opportunities to extend private sector participation in biodiversity conservation should be explored.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	ad761bc68732f69e2299f3fc298b2751	The number of categories chosen can range from 6, as in the case of the United States, to 33 in the case of Japan. Some industries may be excluded from the ocean economy in one country but not in another. Moreover, there are significant differences among countries in the delineation of the classifications and categories used.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	ad76349e5d9e3896b809ca3d9dc2ee50	"The concentration of population growth in the poorest countries will make it harder for their governments to eradicate poverty and inequality; combat hunger and malnutrition; expand education enrolment and health systems; improve the provision of basic services; and implement other elements of a sustainable development agenda to ensure that no one is left behind (UN/DESA, Population Division, 2015). It showed that while African farm-level costs were comparable to those in Brazil and Thailand, this ""competitiveness” was based on: (1) soil mining (the depletion of soil nutrient reserves, leading to soil degradation); and (2) extremely low returns to labour, reflecting few alternative employment opportunities for workers — hardly a model for poverty reduction (World Bank, 2009). Increasing the percentage of irrigated land in sub-Saharan Africa to the Indian levels of 1960 would cost approximately $114 billion."	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	ad7c6533a79973dbbccb9beaca496bc0	The positive impact of fertility decline is not limited to reducing household size; more important, it completely transforms the age structure of the population and provides countries, for a considerable period of time, with a large and growing potentially productive population combined with a shrinking economically dependent population. These advantages make households less vulnerable and provide women with more autonomy in reproductive decision-making, creating a virtuous circle linking demographic trends with socioeconomic progress. The situation is particularly worrying in the case of adolescent girls in Latin America.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	ad7f1feb5ce155c1473ce355464ab713	Western Australia has removed compulsory testing but retains referral by doctors, as well as referral by family or friends, to the licencing authority to withdraw licences on the basis of evidence, including eyesight checks. In Korea, car drivers from 70 years onwards are subject to a driving ability test every five years. Currently, no regulation is in place for commercial car drivers in Korea; however mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed. In Korea many professional drivers are self-employed and as such are not subject to corporate legislation.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	ad7f22645e72b61156fc819b35721422	They determine the share of resources in the school budget that should be used on teacher salaries and recruit teachers accordingly. Before announcing a vacant position, school principals are responsible for determining the kinds of competencies that are required. The teacher recruitment situation varies across schools and municipalities.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	ad87d9ad60cbf3521debded20a932c07	It is now also involved in restoration projects within the catchment area, in order to preserve biodiversity. The water, collected from the Mont Blanc Massif, is channelled into the reservoir, located at an altitude of 1,930 m a.s.l. The water comes from the high valleys of the river Arve and Eau Noire (France), and from the Ferret andTrient valleys (Switzerland). Through collectors located on the French side, the water is routed to the reservoir by gravity.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	ad8987a22c5f716ae14d9e673654ace3	An individual automobile emits 2.5 times more CO2 per passenger than an equivalent trip by bus and five times more than by metro (ECLAC. Roughly 94% of transport uses oil derivatives as an energy source (Enerdata, 2015), which slows the decarbonization of the energy mix. Table V.1 shows that individual transport is the leading cause of pollutant emissions, with the exception of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Urban transport as a whole is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the region, since it generates 38% of the C02 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, compared to 21 % from electricity generation and 17% from industry (UN-Habitat, 2012).	7	2	6	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	ad8c99b80454af9a67586147e39e5a7d	In reply, the Attorney General vehemently denied the fact that there was any infringement on the children’s rights. Judge Munisi decided in favour of the Petitioner and declared the said provisions null and void as prayed by the Petitioner and declared that the minimum age of marriage in Tanzania is 18 years for children of both sexes. The particulars were that the appellant on diverse dates between 2nd December 2011 and 3rd January 2012 intentionally and unlawfully defiled E N a girl aged 13 years.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	ad8cecb4f232278862fc172ffd37c91b	In particular, inequality and poverty decline when such rents are added to the standard notion of (equivalised) disposable monetary income (Koutsambelas and Tsakolglou, 2008). This reflects the fact that imputed rents tend to be more equally distributed than disposable income, especially among some low-income groups, such as the elderly, households headed by pensioners, and the poorly educated. For a description of the measures see Box 2.1. Data refer to total population.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	ad8cf461acd846da54c98e73763194d1	Large farms ranging from 100 or more to 1 000 hectares represent 2% of all units and make up 26% of all farm land. The largest class of farms comprises a mere one-tenth of 1% of production units but holds 10% of land. That is, less than 2.2% of farm units, over 100 hectares, are producing on more than one-third of all agricultural land.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	ad8d0e9cc1e8d3d6a5d101dff4e7cfe4	Given the current level of price premium for denitrification, it is unclear whether all coal-fired units will install a denitrification facility. Compliance assessments of plant operations by the Government revealed improper operations of FDG facilities in some power plants. As a consequence, plant owners not only had to return the premium paid, but were also charged high penalties, up to five times of the amount received (Zhang, 2014).	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/78349259-en	ad9015ef29bb0ec3e428708ee3bf55d2	Even this information, however, showed that 16 per cent of the region’s total population, or some 542 million people, were consuming less than the dietary minimum (FAO 2008). The picture for underweight children is even more troubling. The problem was that although food was plentiful and available, millions of people, particularly agricultural labourers who had lost wages because of severe flooding, could not afford to buy it and suddenly faced starvation (Sen 1999). It undermines the health of adults and reduces their capacity to live and work to their full potential.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	ad968fdeb0fe6b2a00bbc10630e59880	While rural-urban disparities are still significant, there are signs that Ghana’s cities are facing considerable challenges with land use, infrastructure and services provision (particularly with regard to housing, sanitation and transportation), and the absence of gainful and productive employment opportunities, especially for the youth. The critical policy challenge has been to ensure orderly and sustainable spatial development, co-ordination and planning, and measures to enable metropolitan and municipal authorities to secure adequate financing for infrastructure and services. The culprit was the Ebola epidemic that struck the sub-region, especially Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, between December 2013 and December 2015. Other contributing factors included a wait-and-see approach to governance in the run-up to the 11 October 2015 presidential election, and the adverse international economic outlook, which hurt the prices of export goods.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	ad97193664b96c673abeed13d9d132a1	"Persons with disabilities account for some 12% of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean (see chapter V). For example, the ""care crisis” comes at a point in history when paid wage work and unpaid domestic work are being rearranged while the rigid gender distribution of household work and gender segmentation of the labour market remain unchanged. The resulting asynchronies show that the traditional balance of care no longer works. It also brings up the need to challenge the activity-passivity dichotomy in the relationship between provider and subject."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	ad979fde66d6fe6a027a485e59b9d71b	The management premium is set at 12 EUR/MWh for 2012 and steps down gradually to 7 EUR/MWh in 2015, where it was scheduled to will remain. However, a reform of the premium is ongoing, as some stakeholders perceive it as being too high. One the one hand, exposing wind energy sellers to a balancing mechanism would reflect the costs and value associated with wind volatility and unpredictability.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	ad9b79da589f11439dc8c6a4774c208c	Krentzler (2009) examined the impact of the geographical location of institutions of higher education on the residential patterns of the college-educated population in Israel and concluded that the newly-founded colleges generate migration from the country’s centre to the periphery, including to the Northern District. Change Versus Stability for Yong Palestinian Women in Israel”, Journal of Israeli History, Vol.21, No. The Book of Arab Society in Israel, Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, HaKibbutz HaMeuchad Publishing, Jerusalem, pp. Development Towns, Yad Ben Zvi, Jerusalem.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	ad9c7588a6e1f67b1e8503f01dc67d6e	Section 4 examines the role of innovative eco-social policies in promoting transformative change and climate change resilience. In conclusion, section 5 identifies the kinds of eco-social policies that can support the transformation to sustainability. The interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and human well-being has been increasingly recognized since the term sustainable development was popularly defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report7 and taken up at the 1992 Earth Summit.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	ad9daa60d1fa4984440d0e8f7aefd2de	Yet, with fewer than one in six persons with drug use disorders provided with treatment each year, the availability of and access to science-based services for the treatment of drug use disorders and related conditions remain limited. A significant proportion of the large number of premature deaths among people who use drugs is attributable to opioids. In addition, opioid use disorders account for the heaviest burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders: in 2015, almost 12 million DALYs, or 70 per cent of the global burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders, were attributable to opioids.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	ad9ed17a58ac2d6a4d13b3bafcca8177	As a result of the Busan Declaration, the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPDEC) was created in 2012. Several initiatives exist in the framework of the GPDEC that are committed to advance specific commitments for effective development co-operation, including the Partnership on Climate Finance and Development. This voluntary initiative fosters country-level actions by promoting good practice and knowledge sharing on mainstreaming climate finance into development planning and more effective ways to use climate finance.	13	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	ad9f53453edde69d2877877241307fa1	One of the purposes of the Commonwealth Research Symposium on Teacher Mobility, Recruitment and Migration in 2011 was to leam from the experience of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol (CTRP). Although Ethiopia is not a member of the Commonwealth, this paper intends to present Ethiopia’s experience related to the themes of the symposium. The paper analyses the issues related to the CTRP to help design a new protocol for future teacher management in relation to international recruitment.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c45e5372-en	ada04fd638d485ff2adeaaef18e0dbae	It raisied the minimum marriage age for women, removing the husband’s ability to deny a wife permission to work outside the home, and required both spouses' consent to administer marital property. The Ethiopian case shows how reforms giving women more rights have a measurable impact on employment. Their participation in occupations that require work outside the home, full-time hours, and higher skills rose more where the reform had been enacted.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	ada0cc38ebc2a977d8830e8e2bba6507	Because of the lack of political will as well as multi-institutional involvement and inadequate financial resources for the establishment of basic transmission and distribution infrastructure in rural areas, resources were too scarce to allow for the complete implementation of the RGGVY scheme during the 10th Plan. Some state governments have been slow in awarding contracts owing to their lack of preparedness for implementing projects on a turnkey basis; others have been slow in acquiring land for the 33/11 kV sub-stations, others in providing authenticated lists of BPL households (in some states the number of BPL households turned out to be greater than foreseen), and still others in providing necessary forestry clearance. Sometimes, there was no monitoring because state-level committee meetings had not been convened.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	ada5c1e8d024cb177d2eae7c07d40eaa	Rising temperatures are melting polar ice and together with thermal expansion of water are contributing to sea level rise, changing precipitation patterns, more frequent intense weather events, storm surges and flooding, coastal erosion, increased sedimentation of coastal waters, and pollution from flooded or destroyed infrastructure and storm runoff (IPCC 2007a, 2007b; USD, n.d.; The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change States that with “high confidence” changes will occur in marine biological systems due to rising water temperatures affecting shifts in pelagic algae and other plankton, and fish abundance in high latitudes (IPCC, 2007a). Migratory patterns of stocks are expected to alter due to modified seasonality of marine and freshwater systems.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	ada5d3362c92e7f247ff3631b51e96d2	Over longer periods this share increases with estimates suggesting that over a lifetime half of Americans will experience poverty (McKeman et al., Other, less important explanations are the increasing international integration of labour markets through trade and, more recently, off-shoring, and also the declining penetration of labour unions and the falling real value of the federal minimum wage. The reshaping of the income distribution in LIS countries”, a paper prepared for presentation at the conference on “Inequality and the Status of the Middle Class: lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study”, Luxembourg, 28-30 July.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	adaa8ce25b49f3c54eabade98b8cc29e	Funding support needs to be created in order to encourage such activities. There are examples around the world where universities are provided with such funds that give them enough freedom to co-operate with each other and undertake joint activities to promote regional and community development. Similarly, recruitment, hiring and reward systems should reflect a commitment to regional engagement, which in turn needs to be recognised as a scholarly practice.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en	adaac2a74e8418e600e7319b7cf09317	In particular sport programmes, and sporting role models, can reinforce health education and messaging to reduce risk factors for NCDs. Sport programmes for female empowerment can include sessions where health information is discussed and participants are educated on sexual and reproductive health, HIV and AIDS, and nutrition and hygiene (Kay 2009). • Research has shown this can be more effective than conventional approaches in improving knowledge and attitudes amongst young people through the use of alternative communication and peer leader support (Delvaa et al. It is also a major focus within the SDP sector, especially in the area of HIV and AIDS.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	adade20e79e000745b7ceab72ba01b00	This suggests a need for questions concerning gender equality and for representation of women's interests to be included by institutions from the local to the global level. Action and pressure from social movements are central in challenging and reworking the discriminatory cultures, practices, biases and stereotypes that are often evident in policy institutions and organizations. In many countries and regions, informal economy workers, producers and consumers are organizing collectively, both to contest dominant development models and to advocate for and indeed, demonstrate, alternatives. They include La Via Campesina, which since the 1990s has grown into a globally-networked movement to defend the rights of smallholder farmers in the face of pressures from large-scale corporate agriculture.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	adafb8c0c060c1d848ad0b53fede0342	It closes with a series of targeted recommendations. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The make-up of public sector decision-making bodies should be representative of society at large if public needs are to be legitimately articulated and addressed.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	adafed88a3cf96579cac613ec4c845b6	It is designed to target those living in extreme poverty or just above this threshold. The programme conditions recipiency on actions from beneficiaries in terms of investment in education and medical check-ups for children and pregnant women. It was launched in 1997 with coverage limited to rural areas before extending to urban areas since 2001.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-3-en	adb15e56129a50cbf7525d4d933b5e3d	"In addition, the rate of automation of jobs is steadily increasing in both high and low-wage countries. The aim is no longer only to provide a basic education for all, but to provide an education that will make it possible for everyone to become ""knowledge workers"". Such education will need to build the very high-level of skills required to solve complex problems never seen before, to be creative, to synthesise material from a wide variety of sources, to see patterns in the information that computers cannot see, to work with others in productive ways, and to be able to both lead and to be a good team member when necessary. This is what is required in today's ""flat"" world - where all work that cannot be digitised, automated and outsourced can be done by the most effective and competitive individuals, enterprises or countries, regardless of their location."	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	adb1f0ca80aa9a375be7e0bb079287e6	With increased public and private investment in ICT skills, young people can help their communities and countries leapfrog into higher value-added industries. To generate inclusive growth and achieve SDG 1, initiatives that work in practice need to be scaled up. The iHub in Nairobi, Kenya, for example, employs young entrepreneurs to invent ICT solutions to local problems, such as to expand access to health care and education, and better link marginalized groups to these critical services.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	adb35fd181300ca68791c47a35cc5502	Through this investment the production capacity of the industry will increase from 8 million tonnes to 10.4 million tonnes of Urea and from 1.37 million tonnes to 3 million tonnes of NPK. Organic standards were introduced in 2003. The goal for 2010 is the development of the framework for organic certification and accreditation.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	adb4df3b201490f65aeb45aafbdc8ca7	The Socio-Cultural Blueprint builds on the idea of multistakeholder and multi-sectoral engagement and calls for promotion and integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production Strategy and best practices into national and regional policies or as part of CSR activities (ASEAN, 2016b). The Political-Security7 Blueprint calls for strengthening collaboration with the private sector and other relevant stakeholders to instil CSR (ASEAN, 2016c). Notably, at the 24* ASEAN Labour Ministerial Meeting on 15 May 2016 in Vientiane, ASEAN labour ministers adopted the Guidelines for Corporate Social Responsibility on Labour to provide broad guidance to governments, enterprises, employers’ and workers’ organisations on raising awareness, proactively encouraging engagement, and promoting social dialogue and compliance with core labour standards (ASEAN, 2016d).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-31-en	adb5a81cadc13d1c16f295b3a18d6fe8	The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	adb66b7ba351a0378eb919317ac84f15	The State, through the education process, will create conditions and opportunities and will stimulate the technical, scientific, technological and humanistic training of workers in order to ensure their incorporation into the social process of work in decent, safe and secure productive jobs that guarantee the employee’s welfare. In the event of termination of the employment relationship for reasons beyond the control of the worker, or in cases of dismissal without just cause when the employee expresses a wish not to request re-instatement, the employer must pay compensation equivalent to the amount corresponding to social benefits. The chief motivation of governments was to maintain social peace and avoid major social conflicts. Institutions were created gradually, from the first labour inspectorates and employment offices to labour ministries.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	adbf0ba67ec19e5771baae9f22373c15	In 2013, the programme also provided digital teaching material and technological infrastructure such as Internet connection to several rural schools (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). In 2014, a complementary programme Integrating Rurality (Integrando la Ruralidad) that offered offline digital resources was implemented in 2 043 schools that had limited Internet access. Students are either enrolled in special education schools (escuelas especiales) or integrated in mainstream schools. In 2015, there were 782 special education schools offering basic education (Years 1 through 8) and no special schools were available for Years 9 or above. Most special basic education schools (91%) were located in urban areas.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	adbfa4c52f6a65e34620a95d95c1de67	A clear and understandable institutional framework, including the roles and mandates of the different agencies involved (e.g. PPP units, supreme audit institution, sector regulators) should also be established. A clear and reliable legal framework for PPPs - together with transparent disclosure of bid assessment methods, such as computation of the PSC -provides an important policy signal to the private sector. Considering the technical complexities associated with clean energy technologies, it will also be important that the PPP unit possess the necessary technical and human resources capacity to accurately evaluate the risks, benefits and costs associated with PPPs in clean energy infrastructure.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	adbfc63e7cebab65ba77386a00c00b73	It contributes to the study of educational inequality by evaluating how the way in which educational inequality is both conceptualized and measured influences country rankings. Such choices, in turn, have implications for the policy conclusions that are drawn from international comparisons. These values have increasingly been incorporated into a global consensus, now that they form an explicit Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations, 2014), a World Bank (2015) goal and part of the most recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) narrative (IMF, 2017; Clements et al., The same values have also been central to the aims of recent protest movements such as Occupy Wall Street and Los Indignados.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264213562-16-en	adbfd09d16721b7769901687ab999008	It is not clear in what time frame these obstacles will be overcome. It takes advantage of the fact that like the majority of higher organisms, including mammals and humans, the mosquito carries a significant microbiome (symbiotic bacteria) in its gut (Pumpuni et al., The idea is then to engineer these symbiotic bacteria to produce interfering products (effector molecules) that arrest parasite development.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	adc59f773334371cda1a73261eccc0ce	They are designed to In Scotland, national quality registers and clinical audits have emerged as bottom-up, clinical-led processes in Scotland, often led by pioneering clinicians. In addition, Scotland participates in the UK-wide programme of national clinical audits run by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Programme (HQIP). Scotland Performs measures and reports on progress in achieving the outcomes in the National Performance Framework.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	adc6b4d07c4608d26d66a26a07606765	The class A units are modern slaughterhouses supplying high quality carcasses to processors and factories producing packed fresh meat and sausages for retailers. A range of small- and medium-sized market-oriented enterprises provide slaughter facilities and supply bazaars and shops with fresh meat or provide sausage and other meat products. These enterprises have problems meeting international veterinary and hygiene standards, and most sausages have a shelf life of less than a week (FAO, 2010b). High-income urban consumers are more often concerned that the beef has passed through Class A slaughterhouses and factories with strict sanitary controls.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	adc77c00188bb41894a802884feaa710	Korea’s position in Figure 3.8 indicates that it is at the high end of the distribution of potential years of life lost though not significantly above the average overall. The trend data for admissions for COPD, hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes and longterm diabetic complications indicate an increase in the volume of admissions over the past five years. Among OECD countries, Korea has almost the longest average length of stay for all the chronic conditions mentioned in this report and worryingly the trend in length of stay has risen sharply in recent years. In terms of potential years of life lost for chronic conditions amenable to preventive action, Korea is not significantly above the average for OECD countries. However it is at the high end of the distribution and given that the full effects of epidemiological transition from ageing and rising chronic diseases are yet to be felt, and will be compounded by an under developed primary care system, it is most likely a matter of time before the number of premature years of life lost for chronic conditions reach the outlier level. Community health care infrastructure is skewed towards institutions that are defined by - and often seeking to add - beds, and provide outpatient primary care services.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	adceb422983120bb19cbe9424da10597	However, the paper does not consider the effect of other major mechanisms on education performance. Above all, student education performance is affected by parents’ income levels and the degree of care. Since income inequality is a very important variable in explaining education performance, the empirical analysis needs to include such related variables.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	adcf93ad2cb38beeb2d092f17faa506d	"These mandates take the form of intergovernmental regulations, grant conditions, prohibition of actions contrary to national policy (so-called ""pre-emptions"") and, in some cases, significant under-estimates of the true costs of (in principle) funded mandates. Reforms to curb or eliminate unfunded mandates are often limited in scope and may erode over time as new cost-shifting mechanisms are employed (OECD, 2010c). While mandates are often legitimate tools of policy and may help curtail harmful forms of inter-jurisdictional competition, address spillovers that go beyond the jurisdiction (externalities) or ensure conformity with national priorities, they can also distort local government spending priorities and put local budgets (and thus service provision and investment) under strain. Closely linked to this is the question of the degree of control that local governments have over their own spending: in many countries, the share of “mandatory spending” based on national legislation is rather high."	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	add2d69bf424330dda2f1f362e514c0d	Further, some within the private sector have adopted certain principles or environmental and social safeguards (e.g. IIGCC statement and Equator Principles) that are relevant to climate finance. However, the key requirement of the private sector for effective investment generally involves maximising risk-adjusted financial returns. In addition, the aims of different sources of climate finance interventions are also affected by the channels through which they flow.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	add301f157cfc4e2519d69cf625dfab4	Over the past decade, the Sistema Nacional de lndicadores de Calidad en Salud (INDICAS) has published a range of indicators covering primary, secondary and emergency care (including patient satisfaction rates) across SP and SS services. In addition, a number of other initiatives are underway in the separate sub-systems. This data collection has the potential to be a rich source of valuable information to drive change and improvement.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	add5ec89284b5daabbde199110fab227	Interestingly, at the bottom of the distribution, New Zealand and Saudi Arabia appear to have laxer regulations than the United States, even though the relative ranking of these three countries is heavily dependent on the relative weight given to EPC with respect to EPR in the aggregation.33 Canada, the United Kingdom and Brazil also have relatively light regulations for individual and collective dismissals of regular workers. In 2011, 12% of OECD employees were on fixed-term contracts, but in certain countries their share was as large as 27% (in Poland). These figures are much higher among youth.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	adda05a03a382770d143e4f30c2035c2	In Morelos IMOFI delivers the “business credit programme”, which has features akin to those of the federal SMEPP and helps SMEs obtain medium-sized credit that would be hard to receive by commercial banks. In Queretaro SOFEQ runs Credito Pyme, which disburses credit on the average of MXN 700 000 for firms engaged in the strong manufacturing base of this state (e.g. automotive and aerospace industries). Rather than scattering resources in too many streams, they focus on those industries where the state has a comparative advantage and which can accordingly impact the most on local development.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	adda9d7411850d54a59256e890fac398	The development of cultural competent standards of care for health providers is a necessary pre-condition to achieve this goal. Traditional healing is a part of traditional knowledge among indigenous peoples. Knowledge traditions and world views constitute the context for the health care system of a society.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	addde444d1ed600ffd2adbe9ece38a8f	These trends suggest that family composition may play an increasingly important role in influencing the risk of living in low-income families in the future. However, evidence suggests that in some countries the risks associated with being in poverty as a result of living in vulnerable families are much lower than in other countries and an important question for policy makers is why this might be the case. How, for example, do some countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden avoid high rates of poverty among lone-parent families?	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2070b8a-en	addf00500354d6aa11ba4c05943e4975	The weak positioning of women in economic, legal, political and socio-cultural spheres also renders them more vulnerable and less resilient to shocks. The experience of past crises has revealed several significant channels of gender impact. First, cuts in social spending led to significant increases in the burden of unpaid work borne by women which compensates for the loss of public provisioning.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	addf85be85d2be63d2f634ed97045f42	"This suggests that relative child poverty is lower when social spending per head is higher and also that, at given expenditure levels, child poverty is lower when the poorest fraction of the population receives a higher proportion of social spending. Table C 2 provides detailed results of regressions applied to anchored child poverty rates. The proportion of jobless families appears to be one of the main determinants of the evolution of ""absolute"" poverty, measured by reference to its level in 2005. Increased per capita social spending also appears to play a particularly important role in reducing the level of ""absolute"" child poverty."	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	ade0aa8e4a7581557f6d7779f5510569	In response to this and in order to move closer to ratification of the Convention, the Government of Namibia set up a Wages Commission in 2012 to recommend a new minimum wage for domestic workers and investigate other conditions of work (Hammerton, 2013). Both exist primarily outside of the traditional market sphere, but they are increasingly commodified and their market valuation is far from an accurate reflection of their social value. In a related sense, they are public goods with positive externalities that make the market mechanism an economically inefficient arbiter of their use.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	ade15aef988bc6b0745ce6e02151d372	The trickle-down paradigm which prevailed in the 1980s was seriously challenged when new research and country experiences demonstrated that economic growth did not necessarily translate into human development. This understanding led to a major revision of development policies aimed at improving the consistency between economic growth and human development objectives. Developing countries made major efforts to increase investments in education, health, water and sanitation.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	ade36cf91ca4575273995afbe5c55fec	The benefit function also incorporates parameters that affect all users, such as input and output prices and weather.7 For example, in a dry year, it is expected that the benefit from applying any amount of water to a crop will be larger than in a wet year. First-best optimisation would require explicit valuation of all possible environmental services associated with the groundwater resource, both now and in the future. Instead, society decides on the level of hydrologic services that is desirable and the economic problem is to achieve that level using a solution that maximises benefits to water users.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	ade39c09d57f22fdc1ce1bf73c0e8beb	As part of an effort to achieve self-sufficiency in sugar production, announced toward the end of the 1970s, BULOG’s role was extended in 1981 by giving it the monopoly on sugar imports and all purchases of domestic production. In effect, BULOG was given complete control over the supply of sugar on the domestic market. The distribution chain and most prices were also regulated.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/3726edff-en	ade696203cd487d0fe1ae52d32844be7	Overall, connecting people and devices through ICT technologies can have widespread benefits throughout society and on the economy. The future possibilities of IoT and Al bring yet another dimension to how the use of ICTs can contribute to lowering transaction costs, improving system efficiency and transform production and delivery chains. However, while developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog the digital development by directly deploying more advanced technologies, the digital transformation of society requires investments across many sectors.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	ade80b0686a12d2b4bbcfc3a6b98c75c	The overriding objective should be to reduce risk, stimulate deployment and bring down costs. Evidence suggests that a large proportion of breakthrough innovations tend to come from new firms that challenge existing business models. Many countries have opted to provide tax- and other financial incentives to directly lower capital costs of low-carbon investment options.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	ade9d9f9eb5f5358e5be2f83030945c6	Around 85% of them are below 2 hectares and almost 95% are below 5 hectares. But these small and medium-sized farms only account for a small share of the world’s land. The reasons include an absence of information at all for a number of countries, a current farm count based on old census in low- and middle-income likely to have seen an increase in farm population. This pattern is largely due to the dominance of larger farms in high-income countries and upper middle-income countries, in particular in Latin America.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	adea6c99247e46db6cb26698bbf039cb	The proposed agreement has the potential to reduce trade barriers between the two trading blocs. A key output of the Plan is the creation of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. As of May 2014, VPAs had been signed with six countries - Cameroon, the Central African Republ ic, the Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia. It is estimated that about 30% of total global roundwood production originates from certified forest areas.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264114029-en	aded969a6f9e82ff6d5b7123e354e0ac	Best Practice Summaries offer detailed information, such as training needs, cost components, literature base, lessons learned and contact information. As of 2009/10, newly added best practices are assigned to one of four BPC evidence types, describing the strength of evidence and the generalisability of results. A number of initiatives aim to articulate high school and postsecondary CTE, helping students in making a smooth transition from one level of education to another without delays or duplication in learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	adeefe12fbb9a625fe0f5ae54b70f564	If 24 Mtoe had been converted into electric power with 30 per cent efficiency, 8 Mtoe could have been exported to the grid which sold 34 Mtoe to end users. This is of particular significance, considering that sugar cane production has grown at a much faster pace then overall energy demand. Brazilian ethanol production soared to 12.3 billion litres in 1985-1986 from just 600 million litres in 1975-1976, and about 10 million vehicles were manufactured or adapted for ethanol use.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	adf24d721c76dcef5fca661d6838c84f	These are crucial if countries are to meet the central goal of the Paris Agreement to keep the rise in the earth’s temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by the year 2100, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1,5°C above pre-industrial levels. In these countries, economic cycles are synchronized with commodity price cycles, implying that their economies grow faster during commodity price booms but slow down during commodity price slumps. As episodes of commodity price slumps are generally longer than boom periods, CDDCs experience, on average, slower growth than other countries. Commodity dependence affects economic performance through several channels.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	adf5bb991c2215af1af934dd9dc77631	Note by the UNCTAD secretariat for the multi-year Expert Meeting on Commodities and Development, Geneva, 6-7 April; available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/cimem2d2_en.pdf. The global economic crisis: Systemic failures and multilateral remedies (UNCTAD/GDS/2009/1). Report by the UNCTAD secretariat Task Force on Systemic Issues and Economic Cooperation.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264262959-en	adf6e6c24910fbd0459d30e6bbac6faa	Women in leadership positions not only bring gender perspectives to the job, but serve as role models and project a level of ambition that positively impacts girls, especially in regions where widespread gender stereotyping and discrimination persists. In 2015, the Americas had the highest share of female members of parliament in the world (25.2%), the liighest share of women ministers (22.9%) and a relatively high niunber of female executives in government, with women in leadership roles in Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Inter-Parliamentary Union and U.N. Women, 2015). Between 1997 and 2014, the share of parliamentary seats held by women more than doubled in Mexico (from 14% to 37%), Chile (from 8% to 16%) and Peru (from 11% to 22%). During the same period, this share also increased from 12% to 20% in Colombia.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	adfa12a12e0e0def0c0eb0071ca22461	In June 2016, the Korean government decided to unify the operations and management of hydropower dams. As a consequence, hydropower dams and multipurpose dams are managed conjunctively (see Box 4.2). Multipurpose dams are owned by the government (MoLIT) and operated by K-water; they discharge water year round to serve several purposes, such as flood prevention, water supply and power generation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	adff159e61ccbb21b525c6044b3b4789	In Brazil, the federal government sets the general standards for schools but does not have direct responsibilities, with a few exceptions, on primary and secondary schools, which are mainly local (municipalities) and regional (states). Both levels have a large degree of autonomy in determining their curriculum. The group also aimed at providing the technical advice needed to shape the programme in accordance with educational official methodology, as well as to facilitate the inclusion of financial concepts into the normal curriculum of primary and secondary schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	adffe3e75d4d0383c575c6db31b6e9d5	Although in 2012, youth represented 24.4% of the working-age population in Brazil, 46.3% of the unemployed in the same year were young. That unemployment is an issue of serious concern to youth emerged clearly from a survey of youth carried out in 2008: 61% of youth cited a lack of work opportunities as the most important challenge facing their age group, and 44% believed that youth employment programmes should be the government’s number one priority (Abramo et al., This is no different in Brazil (see Chapter 3 for further details).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/663aa107-en	ae0015a3acd726f54d7a4dec833ba521	The river then flows through semi-arid to arid areas for over 1,500 km, with high evaporation rates and no further dilution. It has also led to the salinization of the Shatt al Arab River (see Chap. The spatial variations in salinity levels generally indicate an increasing trend of dissolved solids downstream.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	ae0127b863a6f73bea89e607ef148a73	Over the past 20 years, the CWSRFs have lent USD 63 billion for 20 711 projects in communities of all sizes (of which 96% went to wastewater treatment projects). They have lent USD 2.31 for every dollar the federal government had initially allocated. The DWSRFs have lent USD12.6 billion to 5 555 projects over 10 years. However, this might end up causing excessive leverage.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	ae07586e3d45de47381a83fe373d7044	The coffee is sold to Alter Trade Timor, a marketing social enterprise chat aims to ensure that the producers obtain a fair price for their coffee, as well as investing in training to help co-operative members improve yields, raise quality and consistency and develop more sustainable incomes. Alter Trade Timor sells the coffee onward to Tradewinds, a not-for-profit fair-trade organization that aims to export high-quality products to consumers in Australia “who in good conscience know that the coffee they drink has benefited the producers. For example, ILO initiatives have revolved around identifying and supporting the establishment of social businesses that could help reduce poverty in rural areas.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	ae0bad37fd9af633bcd8ab37892a63ca	Although South Africa is classified as semi-arid, there is considerable variation in climate as well as topography. The climatic zones vary, from the extreme desert in the farthest north-west to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the Mozambique border and the Indian Ocean. The terrain consists of a vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plains. South Africa has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	ae0f722ac7d512cc04654467abe55e2a	After ten years in operation, the PAA had purchased more than 3 million tonnes of food from over 200 000 family farms. Nevertheless, it constitutes only 0.0004 percent of Brazil's GDP (IPC-IG and WFP, 2013). Through the DAP, farmers are classified by poverty and vulnerability, to determine the poorest and most vulnerable. It is established by law that they are to receive preference as potential participants in the PAA.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	ae0f918b02f3e53440066f6a26978c1e	Secondly, cash for production programmes were implemented, mainly involving the removal of rubble and six road rehabilitation projects in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The workers received a payment based on the volume of rubble removed per day, measured in cubic metres (Lamaute-Brisson, 2013). The beneficiaries are expected to use the resources to finance productive investments (Bene and others, 2014).	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	ae11836a4a265f0427b41826034471f6	This is characterised by early adopters, majority early adopters, majority late adopters and laggards or late adopters. On the supply side, the diffusion of the public service innovation under service integration in the CSCs implies that government agencies and departments receive communication or some form of signalling from the centre’ so as to adopt the option of providing their services within one-stop shops. The resulting distribution is thus expected to be a right-skewed distribution curve, with more public agencies and departments bringing their services in the early adoption phase. The last few laggard supply-side adopters would therefore represent those departments and agencies offering complex services, whose integration requires more time, technological adjustments and significant capital outlay.	9	0	3	1.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	ae1343824f017b65d6fa296ebf87b12a	These include feasibility and viability after the project funding period. Based on the grading, the LAG will prioritise, select and provide partial funding for projects. The reasons, it was assumed, included lack of time and organization among fishers. In order to overcome these barriers, the LAG representative responsible for the ESSF together with the County Administrative Board made a comprehensive SWOT analysis to map potentials and constraints for the development of coastal fisheries in Oresund.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ae15ca4fff400e1ad7450932ccef65d2	Successive governments have pursued active policies to enhance Luxembourg’s attractiveness as a site for financial and industrial activity. The dematerialisation of domestic production is having a favourable impact on the environment, but services also generate movements and energy consumption for heating and cooling buildings. Consumption is exerting heavy pressure on the environment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	ae1996b7368f15600af1bd1c111a2ad1	The Upstream Thinking initiative now operates on ten catchments in target areas, working with over a thousand farmers. Following extensive discussion in 2007-09, guidance leading to the PR09 review included catchment solutions as an option companies could use to address water quality challenges (Ofwat, 2009(87]). In the run-up to PR14, Ofwat supported the development of catchment solutions. With further experience, the regulatory agencies recommended that the approach be used more broadly by water companies in PR 14.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ae218e30535d97bcdcd5b3d3f2e91844	In particular, the Fund is to “operate in a transparent and accountable manner guided by efficiency and effectiveness” (UNFCCC, 2011). Further, monitoring and evaluation under the GCF will include “a results measurement framework with guidelines and appropriate performance indicators” (GCF, 2011). The benefits and challenges of developing results frameworks to assess the effectiveness of climate finance interventions are outlined in Box 1.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264193833-4-en	ae21c8c0700dcc3d0a41962b45c5b2de	A major wilderness area is identified as biodiverse if it has 75% of the original vegetation remaining in pristine condition and a low human population density (< 5 people/km2). Wilderness areas are based largely on the world’s terrestrial ecoregions (see Olson et al., It includes life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	ae235085db041205006dec202eef4545	In fast-changing markets, some of today's successful gazelles may no longer be around tomorrow. It is in the interest of education and training institutions to involve the most dynamic players in relevant markets in training activities. Industry associations may also need to be proactive and reach out to institutions to establish forward-looking collaboration.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/caeceb38-en	ae2398336d7a2799c9811b8b2d06ab8f	"In rural South Africa, mothers are ""often demonised as deviant and negligent"" through adolescents' accounts of how they became infected with HIV which they trace back to a mother's unplanned, unprotected sex and early pregnancy (Vale &Thabeng, 2016). In South Africa younger mothers were found to participate most and fathers least (Mmotlane, Winnaar & Kivilu, 2009). Gender also influences who adolescents live with: boys are more likely than girls to live with their grandparents, whereas girls tend to live with their siblings, aunts, uncles or other relatives, and in households headed by their husbands (Zimmer & Dayton, 2005)."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ae18b798-en	ae23a309d7cc27c3333f596fd4282078	The improvements in income levels mid income distribution were greater than expected, however, spuning a decline in the regional indigence rate. Of the 12 countries for which information is available for 2011,7 recorded declines: Paraguay (-5.2 points), Ecuador (-3.7 points), Peru (-3.5 points), Colombia (-3.1 points), Argentina (-2.9 points) and Brazil (-2.0 points each year between 2009 and 2011) and Uruguay (-1.9 points). Indigence rates were also down fairly sharply in these countries (see figure 1.2).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	ae24c7d589c7e4f7f58094d5a79d6f87	Moreover, 'States should adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the equal enjoyment by women of all economic, social and cultural rights' to address this situation’ (ibid.). She adds that 'considering that gender inequality is a cause of and a factor that perpetuates poverty, effective recovery policies must take into account State obligations regarding gender equality and the protection of women's full range of rights' (ibid., 23).The ILO recently passed the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, which links the right to social security to the promotion of‘equal opportunity and gender and racial equality’(ILO 2012). Redistributive measures are not in themselves sufficient to address gendered disadvantage.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	ae24f521ab002ee9e15f150b4bdc24db	For example, the European Union Water Framework Directive21 imposes legally binding requirements with respect to adaptation-relevant investments on private sector actors engaged in water-related development efforts. As noted above, the Paris Agreement promises an enhanced role for utilization of market mechanisms for payment of environmental services; and the next generation of market tools for sustainable development could make adaptation deliverables a focus (Persson, 2011). For example, investments in infrastructure and early warning systems must precede the delivery of some adaptation measures such as improved crop distribution, enhanced delivery of medical services during a heat wave and rapid response to extreme weather events.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c271815-en	ae25a80eb7e775eaf883b305d42f466d	Among other things, these technologies can serve to increase access to employment, improve educational processes, expand the scope of health services, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of State provision, provide the voiceless with greater options for the exercise of citizenship and improve human security in socially disadvantaged environments. Brazil <2008 and 2013). Chile (2009 and 2013).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/864d004f-en	ae2688cd3554582c1c52888cde7d37fc	In fact, Morocco is among the world’s largest producers and the leading exporter of crude phosphates. The extraction of phosphates is controlled by OCP. A phosphate extraction tax was introduced in 1992, amounting to 34 dirhams (US$4.20) per ton of crude or processed phosphate that was exported. However, the tax was abolished in 2008.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	ae283cef66eabe7666ab2c5903f55227	However, they should not be viewed as a panacea for reducing youth unemployment. Apprenticeships can contribute to reducing potential skills shortages, when designed in partnership with employers and when delivered within a quality framework. Both youth and employers can benefit from quality apprenticeship programmes.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	ae2cf74e6bed8bd17db11ce16c2c178f	This could include a revision of the regulations of the responsibilities of principals and deputy principals and the development of a related set of professional school leadership standards. Such standards would provide a clear and concise statement of the core elements of successful leadership by mapping out what school leaders are expected to know, be able to do, and how. Furthermore, Uruguay needs to re-evaluate the current levels of remuneration of principals and deputy principals to ensure that school leadership is sustainable in the future and that qualified and interested teachers who would like to take on more responsibilities are not deterred from making this step.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264257344-en	ae2e15a7e5014d1ba844da70f6419e3f	A sector-specific example of a pro-innovation initiative comes from Canada: the Canada Mining Innovation Council launched a zero waste initiative which prioritises innovation that is expected to lead to significant reductions in mining waste. These approaches can be up-scaled and broadened if improving resource efficiency is integrated into national innovation policies, research partnerships are promoted and barriers to the entry of new firms and to the development of new business models are removed. The global economy requires around USD 90 trillion of investment in infrastructure between 2015 and 2030.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	ae31503bf0a93fa570357f0879bea4f6	In 2010, 44% of all public consultations were held in emergency services (43.5% in hospitals and 56.5% in health areas), out of which 60% turned out not to be actual emergencies. As a comparison, non-urgent visits to an emergency department (ED) accounted for nearly 12% of all ED visits in the United States, 20% in Italy, 25% in Canada, 31% in Portugal, 32% in Australia and 56% in Belgium. The CCSS introduced a national initiative to tackle lengthy waiting lists in April 2014.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	ae31a8b01151b3753d97ce595f1b3a44	Thailand is a representative case in Asia. More than 100,000 indigenous peoples in Thailand officially referred to as hill tribes had no access to the public health system. The National Commission on Human Rights of Thailand noted that for the hill tribes who have not yet received legal status, the public health service is elusive.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/859159ab-en	ae3443f14845002f264f1713b83fd0ec	Falling yields (except at the very short end) and a flattening yield curve can be observed in the euro area as well. However, while the euro has been generally stable against the currencies of major trading partners, the US dollar has strengthened. Meanwhile, the equity market volatility index, which has ebbed since the start of 2019, is picking up again somewhat following the new tariff measures introduced by the United States and China in May 2019. Capital markets in Emerging Asia - Stable but headwinds persist10 (cont.)	11	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	ae352954751a4e365d79289ee5e603d9	A value of zero indicates that there is no difference between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools in how concerned principals are about the educational staff at school, and positive values (higher equity) indicate that principals' in socio-economically advantaged schools are more concerned than principals in disadvantaged schools. For example, schools with large special education programmes and more teaching assistants tend to have more teachers, but the schools' high student-teacher ratio has no impact on the size of regular classes. In addition, the amount of preparation time per day allotted to teachers may vary across schools and across school systems.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	ae35a81b022908579f1018ffe0e3452d	Similarly the establishment of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy at the end of 2008 may have led to greater mobility within the Caribbean region, and more migration of nurses from poorer to richer states, for example from Guyana, St Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada to Barbados and The Bahamas. Though arguments have been made that this will be beneficial for the region as a whole, those states that are presently poorly served, notably Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana, may be disadvantaged further, while ‘the danger is that each country competes with the other with the risk of selling what they have at bargain basement prices’ (Caribbean Commission on Health and Development 2006:77). The wider benefits are not evident.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	ae3893f9f14bb20fdd356435c6156415	While practitioners have a right to conscientious objection, the protection of that right must not infringe on women's right to accurate and objective information on contraception. The European Court of Human Rights, for instance, has held that pharmacists may not refuse to sell contraceptives based on their personal religious beliefs.32 The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. Guaranteeing the availability, accessibility, quality and acceptability of these services and medicines is central to ensuring women's sexual and reproductive health rights.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	ae3d08f5b0c314c3beed74907f85e63c	The expansion and strengthening of a multi-generational network and pool of women leaders across the Continent would multiply achievements in engendering democracy. Occupying a seat in parliament is an important achievement, but gender dynamics pervading the political sphere impose additional obstacles. Elected women are still subject to existing structures and manipulations that constantly subvert commitments to gender equality and complicate the pursuit of gender-balanced policies. Although there has been increasing representation of women in parliaments and cabinets, all national reviews on the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action indicate that there is still a low representation of women in decision-making processes.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	ae3d99dad941bde5e3b0473fe5645ee0	Studies have been carried out in the region that show deficiencies in pension and retirement benefit coverage that have a larger impact on women, who receive roughly 20% less than men, on average (Marco, 2016; CEPAL, 2016a). In recent years, time has become the subject of study as a measure of well-being: the problem of poverty has been analysed from various unconventional perspectives and a vicious circle involving poverty and time spent on unpaid work has been revealed (Vaca-Trigo, 2015; CEPAL, 2016a). Hence, in order to achieve sustainable development, it is important to consider this dimension when designing public policies. As shown in figure IV.11, poor women receiving transfers in both countries spend more hours per week on unpaid domestic and care work.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	ae40b5a54f1ec3344fd2030e087c7b22	Many of these programmes require school leaders to focus their schools on specific targets or problems and provide specific resources in return. Accounting for the correct use of these resources, however, means that the programmes carry a heavy administrative burden. Some witnesses have expressed to the Steering Croup their doubts about the usefulness of the courses, and described the courses in the Escalafdn and Carrera Magisterial as a way to get points but with little relevance to practice. In addition, most of the courses focus on teaching and pedagogy; until recently few have focused on school leadership and management.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/edf15661-en	ae4520c53ccb971d8d2c029e623ce873	"The women, peace and security agenda should also be given some teeth through the establishment of a mechanism whereby member states can be held accountable if they fail to implement resolution 1325 and related resolutions. Some forms—such as ""honour killings"" and female genital mutilation (FGM)—affect young women particularly. The so-called honour killings or femicide affect young women at higher rates than older women."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	ae4879833ddd0cd735db507c5e7443b8	This challenge was highlighted during the roll-out of the stimulus package during the global downturn in 2008 when normal procedures for assessing environmental aspects of new development proposals were bypassed to expedite spending (Liu and Raven, 2010). Strong central government oversight has been essential for progress, notably reductions in S02 emissions, and a continued effort is needed going forward. A further weakness in the environmental enforcement framework has been the very low fines for polluting which in the past has led some firms to choose to pay a fine rather than undertake costly mitigation. In response, the government has taken steps to strengthen penalties by raising fines and targeting individuals responsible in order to improve accountability.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3db72b4e-en	ae4d2e300664c18f0cd12c7a18b7cd46	In addition, prior consultation with a wide range of stakeholders will build support for implementation and operation of PPP projects. Sustainable use of energy and energy access. The emphasis is going to be on sustainability while developing regional energy connectivity so power generation is going to be biased towards the use of renewable resources that have low emissions — namely hydropower, solar and wind.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	ae4e7e84264178ce1bafd3c139047f4f	For the multiple deprivation analysis, the numerator is the cumulative number of deprivations among children deprived in the selected number of dimensions (out of a total of five dimensions). Although a good indication of deprivation incidence, the headcount ratio (H) is not sensitive to the breadth of multidimensional poverty, as it remains unchanged regardless of whether children who are identified as multidimensionally poor suffer from two to three or four to five deprivations simultaneously. For this reason, two additional ratios are used in the analysis, applying the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology. The average deprivation intensity among the deprived (A) measures the breadth of multidimensional deprivation.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	ae4ef3c68bbbbbd79977380659a08e1f	Some LDCs that have been able to attract strong operators have often witnessed stronger growth (Box 2-1). Further, the idea that market size limits the potential for competition has not been the case in LDCs with smaller populations (Box 2-2). Given that mobile penetration can be misleading due to a single person having multiple SIM cards or lapsed accounts, it is also useful to look at demand side statistics such as the proportion of households with a mobile phone. Here too Mali is a leader, as one of only six LDCs where at least nine out of 10 households have a mobile phone.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	ae4fd17b6755c720ea8962ef505269f9	They are then dispersed around the country and, as they are undocumented, their vulnerability increases. This phenomenon has two main consequences: ‘First, scarce skills remain untapped, curtailing a positive impact of the flow. Second, exploitative employment practices thrive, creating a negative effect of migration on jobseekers in the host country’ (Kiwanuka and Monson, 2009: 51).	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/09e92b30-en	ae53cd11c15fd4c431338ea459326840	For example, the ARS could set funding of medico-social services through bundles of goods and services for a network of providers and develop payments for joint structures to encourage co-operation. The implementation of a paper-free health system and shared electronic health records has progressed slowly. Hospitals are developing their IT systems (DGOS, 2016), and electronic pharmaceutical records (DP) are widespread in pharmacies, but the implementation of shared DMP designed to promote prevention, quality, continuity and coordinated patient care due to take place in 2014 has been delayed, with only 600 000 records by end-2015.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	ae558628a2d7b6de671d8dd2b6a8b412	The most common output control is total allowable catch (TAC), which often is measured on the basis of landings. A TAC sets a maximum on the catch allowed for specific species, areas and time periods. It is among the most common management instruments used and is also used in combination with most other fisheries management schemes.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	ae5669c93f1cdce592bac348aa3fbd31	The C-shares provide public ‘first loss’ capital which serves as a catalytic risk buffer to encourage private investment in more senior share classes. To-date, there has been no issuance of D-shares, since AATIF has yet to have made equity investments. Furthermore, loans were extended to a diverse set of entities (e.g. sovereign and supranational entities with differing credit ratings).	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	ae5b96a0d5a745e3f23ecc1618236893	If available in the future CCS may, however, play an important role in reaching deep C02 reductions in power generation, not only in OECD countries, but especially in developing regions as China and India that rely strongly on coal for power generation. The total storage potential in this category is estimated to be 65 Gt. These potentials are regionally concentrated, so Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad can store significant amounts of C02 while other areas such as Delhi and Calcutta cannot.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	ae5d5cca987497f58f2ad803b15db99b	The importance of teachers’ mental health literacy has also been incorporated in the British good care guidelines, which state that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems” (NICE, 2008). The onset of mental health programmes across children in primary school (5-11 year-olds) decreased. For children in secondary school or experiencing mental health concerns prior to the establishment of the initiative, however, the evaluation showed little or no impact (UK Department for Education, 2011).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	ae5d9ab82bcc3e5a32e90d60c6824796	Such statistics, produced on a regular and coordinated basis, are essential for monitoring populations at risk and informing integrated climate impact assessments. In the case of weather events, for example, linkage is difficult to establish but there is currently considerable progress being made in attribution research (Cornwall, 2016; Solow, 2015). The international definition of disaster for statistical purposes has been established by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in cooperation with the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) based in Louvain, Belgium.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	ae604d183ca542684d6433086864cc80	It has adopted many innovations in station design and construction to ensure environmental and social sustainability. In 2011, its operation created a reduction of 630,000 metric tons of GHG of C02 equivalent and kept 390,000 vehicles off the urban streets of Delhi. In addition, jabodetabek Airport (JA Connexion) provides bus services from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to several hotels and malls in Jakarta.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2015-23-en	ae62578543c4f33b66dbee07ad948ab5	About 80% of this support was to take the form of payments for verified emissions reductions. Another revolutionary shift was the constitutional ruling in 2013 which - for the first time -recognised indigenous people's right to forest land. According to a recent independent evaluation, this effort has “contributed substantially to a distinct, positive shift in the discourse on indigenous peoples’ rights in Indonesia” (Norad, 2014). In addition, the national REDD+ programme has made headway in establishing the institutional structures necessary for its implementation: a financial fund that will manage future REDD+ payments, as well as a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions that meets international standards.	15	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	ae63c3b90a8a5a830a61b28e6a334e87	Both countries have witnessed declines in domestic production of fish and agricultural goods and both have abandoned extensively subsidised national airline operations. At the same time both migration and remittances have remained as significant as they have ever been. Both countries are exceptionally dependent on remittances, mainly from New Zealand and the United States, and both have been conceptualised as migration, remittances, aid and bureaucracy (MIRAB) countries (see section 6.3).	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	ae64d238ebc2c337f9c8a2e17324df2c	It is imperative that providers are held accountable for providing quality services. Ensuring multi-disciplinary teams are available and equipped to deliver PHC packages is valuable, but ultimately the quality of the care they deliver is paramount. Ensuring quality improves at facility level is a hands-on process requiring continuous attention and significant investment.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ae6563a9a88fd8afbcbe00365bcd3d03	The south and south-east of the country is dominated by small-scale farming with mixed agriculture. This is where most of the country’s horticultural production is concentrated, and all of the country’s cultivation of cotton and rice. The long-term trend in employment is less clear due to a change in the definition of employment which has substantially increased the number of employed in agriculture since the 2000s.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	ae6576a92142a113b784dbbf30c9863e	The focus is then more on initial skills provision rather than on up-skilling. One particular issue with the involvement of firms in VET is the fear that trained people leave the firm or the area after completing training. There could be more information to employers on the benefits of skills development for service quality and competitiveness.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	ae67a3f255374df0487c6bdbaf171e62	Further, more than half of men and nearly two-thirds of women among such self-employed workers reported monthly remuneration that is very low, indeed below the official minimum wages in most states. This, in turn, requires a significant rethinking of the way analysts and policy makers deal with the notion of “workers”. Several new policy problems emerge: the difficulty of ensuring decent conditions of work when the absence of a direct employer means that self-exploitation by workers in a competitive market is the greater danger; the difficulty of assessing and then ensuring “living wages” when wages are not received by such workers, who instead depend on uncertain returns from various activities that are typically petty in nature; the need to develop new forms of policy intervention to improve work conditions and strategies of worker mobilisation in this context.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	ae6e6c480cdb87feb13e149bbb58e48d	The drop in remittances was offset by an improvement in the trade balance, mostly due to lower energy (gas import) prices (IMF, 2016). European integration policy anchors the government’s reform agenda, but political tensions and weak governance have put these reforms at risk. In 2014, its energy imports were about USD 1.3 bln, equivalent to 18.1% of GDP, or 23.9% of total imports.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	ae6f7e672e1d1f5a85f6b340efea54ae	An activity is classified as related to climate change adaptation if it intends to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the current and expected impacts of climate change by maintaining or increasing resilience; by increasing ability to adapt to, or absorb, climate change stresses, shocks and variability; and/or by helping reduce exposure to them (OECD, 2016a). The DAC CRS also tracks flows from some South-South co-operation sources. This database does not include financial flows at the activity-level from some non-DAC member donors such as the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) or private sector sources, which are presumably prov iding a significant amount of finance to the EECCA region.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	ae71bc556ca74378916e117f5c9bad92	Regions with moderate groundwater stress present the highest rates of fulfilment on most of the proposed elements and instruments for agriculture groundwater management. At least some of the five most stressed groundwater regions checked the main conditions. In contrast, a number of the least stressed agricultural groundwater regions did not comply with the list of conditions, with the exception of conjunctive management and the use of direct instruments.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	ae7338c5b1e410f75514cf4602938c8d	Such services and related physical infrastructure occur at multiple scales and serve urban, industrial, agricultural and rural users, as well as involving ecological considerations (Global Water Partnership, 2009). They include dams and hydropower; water supply; wastewater, sanitation and water quality; storm water systems; irrigation and drainage; river and coastal works; pipelines and canals; and natural water infrastructure (Grigg, 2017). The particular nature of water as a basic human need, in combination with its amenability to being controlled and monopolized in different circumstances, makes public involvement in its provision both necessary and fraught.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	ae742076ea387bc24b1b5b2aad589347	The report is also a timely addition to the calls made by the Commission on Global Poverty, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and others for incorporating quality of life dimensions into the way we understand and determine human deprivation. But all the best data in the world won't do us much good if they sit on a shelf collecting dust. They must be used to influence decisionmaking and accountability, and ultimately to transform the lives of the world's most vulnerable people. The last 15 years have shown us that progress on poverty is possible. But we also know that it is not inevitable— nor has it been universal. My hope is that this report will catalyse the global community to ensure that, this time, no one is left behind.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	ae7f958227ef49cdbaa128cc8da94893	Overall, New Zealand producers operate in a market environment guided by world market signals. This policy choice follows from the broad economic strategy which sets limits on government interventions in the agricultural system. Farmers are eligible for various types of assistance, ranging from initial emergency response and psychological help to more general types of aid as provided by the New Zealand welfare system (Table 11).	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	ae8080f57c1721f46414f45c1f9c5f67	It is important to emphasise that eliminating zoning will not address the problems of social segregation and segregated land use if conditional urban developments are not grounded in a city-wide vision for urban spatial development. The German zoning system provides a useful example of an approach that relies on zoning, and also allows for flexibility and a mix of uses throughout most of an urban area. As in single-use zoning, land-use zones are separated into categories, such as residential, commercial, industrial and mixed use. However, in each zone, other uses are also allowed either automatically or based on conditions (see Table 2.4).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	ae80853da4913ad4ef1673ebdc010eb8	The net annual profit from the ground lease is remitted to the central municipal budget (approximately 50%) and the reminder contributes to the balancing fund and social housing fund. There is a municipal policy that the ground lease is set at a lower value for social housing developments. As of 2015, there were 255 000 ground leases issued in the city.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3665dc3f-en	ae886937cd881b16400a610c5799b836	The quality of employment for a person with more than one job ideally takes important characteristics of the secondary job(s) into account. Quality of employment is a multidimensional concept. Employment is characterised by many different facets, or dimensions, which relate to human needs in various ways.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209527-6-en	ae927da0ed78c06fa1cd6bb4ede2e6cc	It then focuses on the impact and the role of regions in the newly created Top-Sector Policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The strength of the Dutch economy comes from the combined contribution of a variety of Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and regions. Therefore maximising growth in all regions is critical for overall performance. The effects of the recent global financial crisis revealed a differentiated impact among Dutch regions, with some displaying more vulnerability than others.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264271654-4-en	ae93f708e2c0029a202b5611456383fb	It identifies strengths and weaknesses and key issues for innovation policy, and develops specific policy recommendations for improving Costa Rica's performance in science, technology and innovation. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has steadily increased at rates higher than in most Latin American countries as the economy has evolved along its development path from a rural and agriculture-based economy to a more diversified one integrated into global value chains. The process of opening up to international trade and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) that started in the early 1980s has contributed largely to this evolution, boosting exports, employment and output while increasing the well-being of people.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	ae94e242ff1615723a7bb6c83339e0d3	It is noteworthy that the most successful examples seem to be based on the type of community engagement that adheres to the principles of social and solidarity economy, but political leadership and supportive public policies are also key (chapters 4 and 7). International networks and initiatives such as ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability or the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities foster learning and exchange between municipalities at very different stages of development to promote resilience to a variety of environmental, social and economic challenges (chapter 7). They recognize the importance of communities and make use of shared learning to promote local resilience strategies and innovative approaches for sustainability. A multifaceted approach is often key.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	ae95528c583c9b2f1e774d2033708de0	Transforming high-carbon, resource-wasteful societies and econom ies requires such measures. At the centre of these measures is the adoption of national GHG reduction targets and the preparation of an emissions trading system to take effect in 2015, as well as consideration of a carbon tax. The OECD/ European Environment Agency database on environmental instruments lists more than 1 500 exemptions to environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and about 200 tax refund mechanisms.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	ae9660ff503c90f6b304770e9cda35a3	"Interviews showed that this factor should be a higher priority for public policy. They are] just scraping by and it never ends somehow"" (Interview 4, 2018). Assistance towards women in business is largely restricted to micro-finance"" stated a gender co-ordi-nator of a West African ministry (Interview 33, 2018)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	ae97c3cdea19b50aa794da8c4d7f51d5	The top twenty-two MFIs in Bangladesh have been examined for the purposes of this analysis. After the four main microfmance institutions, known as the “big four”, other microcredit programs are rather small. In fact they have approximately between 543,000 borrowers with TMSS to as little as 25,000 borrowers with VERC Foundation, one of the smallest in the country.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	ae990f651551e22660fa946a26feb4d1	Comparisons are made between PISA 2012 and PISA 2003, the last time mathematics was assessed in depth. To account for the extent to which the observed relationships are influenced by the level of economic development of countries and economies, the comparison of school systems discussed in this chapter also considers national income per capita (per capita GDP). Among all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2012, 23% of the performance variation among students is observed at the system level, 31 % is observed at the school level, and 46% is observed at the student level. The cross-national analyses provide an overview of how system-level attributes and major organisational arrangements relate to student performance and equity in school systems.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ae9ba72bca20b5cbf0230d56fd1a5fa1	Non-mandatory reporting provisions introduced in the Paris Agreement (in addition to the mandatory reporting requirements mentioned above) include reporting of climate finance provided by countries “other” than developed countries, and reporting of indicative climate finance to be provided and mobilised by developed countries. This means that different national reports of climate finance in the context of the USD 100 billion goal are not always comparable, complete or consistent. This in turn hinders the ability to produce a meaningful aggregate, e.g. in the context of the global stocktake.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	ae9bb1c779ab3628b220027c7525d860	Pollutant emissions per unit of energy consumed must be reduced, as must energy consumption per unit of per capita income. Figure V.30, which displays energy consumed per unit of income, shows insufficient progress in this area. Current levels of emissions and energy efficiency are both stagnating far short not only of desirable levels for sustainable development, but also of those attained in other parts of the world.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	aea1ca9db48210eaaac7f4766abc83ea	Section 5 concludes discussing the statistical agenda to extend this work. The indicators rely on the most suitable data source available in each country, with the selection of sources generally decided in consultation with national authorities. Data and indicators are collected through a network of national consultants who provide standard tabulations based on comparable definitions and methodological approaches.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	aea41a804884c28cef7f13370c4e90c0	The fixed part of the tariff should not exceed 30% of the total. Different tariffs apply to different water quality grades (raw water, settled water, purified w'ater). Revenues that correspond to abstraction are transferred to the relevant authority (provinces and metropolitan cities in the case of river water use; or K-water in the case of dam water). Revenues generated in addition to w'ater abstraction costs are earmarked for the operation of multi-regional water supply systems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	aea52b165e24c163bdb8251b677c8457	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This includes the distribution of resources between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and local), across resource types (e.g. human resources, physical resources) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae and special targeted programmes). In addition, it also discusses the distribution of school facilities (e.g. organisation of the school network), the organisation of teacher resources (e.g. number of teachers; teacher preparation), the organisation of school leadership resources (e.g. number and profile of school leaders) and resources targeted at specific student groups (e.g. special needs; programmes for disadvantaged students). In 2011, Kazakhstan’s capital expenditure, which refers to the spending on assets that last longer than one year (e.g. construction, renovation or major repair of buildings and new or replacement equipment), represented 2.5% of its primary and 3.6% of its secondary education expenditure, compared to 7.7% and 7.1%, respectively, across OECD countries (see Figure 3.1) (OECD, 2014a).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	aea585451f48e4e62acd0afb3fe7774f	At the international level, sustainable development represents a challenge, as effective multilevel governance would require the renegotiation of priorities between different agreements and the revision of an international architecture in which sustainable practices can, for example, be challenged by trade agreements (chapter 7). This chapter has argued that a turn to eco-social policies can support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Despite the progress that has been made in the promotion of resilience and sustainability, particularly at the local level, mainstream debates too often neglect questions of power and the social structures and institutions that reproduce unsustainable outcomes.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	aea6df3ac9fcbdba5e65c0245acf62ce	That role includes funding for research and development, but it also includes the design of a balanced system of intellectual property rights. This report shows that across all countries covered in this report expenditures on research and development represent a relatively small share in the transfers to the agricultural sector. Increased public and private investment in research and development, including extension and advisory services, could be targeted to increase productivity growth and address challenges associated with climate change and improved management of soil and water resources.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	aea84242ea873060048cf3e2fb7e070c	We must obtain real-time data that can be easily analyzed across sectors and address the policy questions that need answering. Getting the right information to the right people at the right time saves lives and reduces losses, while also strengthening people's resilience to disasters. Some Asia-Pacific countries now have state-of-the-art disaster information management systems, but others have major gaps in data and analysis.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/6fbd7caa-en	aea904b095645dca9e837824ec4557b6	This is perhaps surprising as many immigrants originate from countries with significantly lower life expectancy than our Nordic countries. This is largely due to increased rates of heart disease, alcohol-related diseases and cancer (Socialstyrelsen, 2009). In Finland, mortality rates of those born in North Africa and Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia is 30-50 percent lower than among native Finns.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	aeac731b41fd4a68d57dc391c05f0192	Like pupils in secondary school and students in higher vocational education, students in adult education receive school guidance. Komvux has no programmes, as course provision is individually adapted. In 2012, 116 000 persons participated in Komvux education (65% women). Courses should be available at the latest three months after the person registered their move to Sweden.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	aeb156d3c3c49ad0d4bd38b777c938bb	And they need to clearly distinguish among policies to prevent impoverishment, help people escape poverty and address the root causes of poverty. Establishing a target for each of these trajectories would help to improve the quality of policies. What would such targets look like? Whether the new framework helps to make that noble objective possible will depend on how many “distractions” it contains and how the poverty eradication goal is framed. Who are the chronically poor?	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	aeb1986d7c4270cb5265fe49bfa524ba	By enabling local financial institutions to provide financing to stakeholders in partner countries, DBs and DFIs have been able to reach out to a wider group of beneficiaries. Credit lines have been used extensively to address financing needs of disaggregated groups of stakeholders, such as SMEs and smallholder farmers. ' Green' credit lines distinguish themselves from regular credit lines by requiring the financing to support projects that address environmental and climate issues.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/968bac18-en	aeb273636a08f1839c33e227097718ed	Although this was a major step forward, other measures, such as the establishment of the Nigerian Extractive Industry and Transparency Initiative, were not sufficient for addressing the fundamental sources of missing oil revenues in the country. Furthermore, at the international level, ongoing legal proceedings involving former ministers of petroleum resources and the Governor of the Delta State during the 2010-2015 period, as well as court investigations of cases of bribery by multinational companies, provide further evidence of insufficient regulations at natbnal and international levels for preventing oil-related corruption and embezzlement. However, its trickle-down effect in terms of socioeconomic development was limited and uneven. As such, it failed to be the right catalyst for fostering intersectoral linkages for sustainable economic diversification and industrialization.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	aeb32c5bc2ea237a2e9761e9fbe4df56	This is important but Metro Cebu needs to adopt a flexible approach to its implementation, ensuring equal distribution of spatial opportunities. As such it is important to align fiscal policies such as taxes with desired spatial development objectives (OECD, 2017). For example, the land use/zoning categorisation of Cebu City does not indicate any mixed land use. Arguably, it can be stated that some properties are not developed in their designated zones.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/2d08a027-en	aeb42aa56d217c7d1d9b5b9b3df7eb45	It is necessary to identify cost-effective means of tracking and keeping the advocacy publicly alive and enduring. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a consistent basis. Part of the civic mobilisation around this should be to empower young women aspirants.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	aeb6af4c5e0df4b98c56f42433dc8b7e	Additional information on specific country data and on the methodology used for calculations is reported in Appendix 4.A. Table 4.6 provides the final results on a country-by-country basis. The values used in our model lie in that range, with the exception of those for the United Kingdom, above USD 7/MWh at 10% penetration level and double at 30% penetration (Redpoint, 2008). This probably reflects the challenge of balancing wind in small isolated electricity market. No studies have reported balancing costs for solar technology: thus, this study works with balancing costs that are similar to those calculated for wind power. This is not unreasonable: ramping rates tend to be smoother with solar energy, while forecast accuracy is lower (Barth, 2011).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-14-en	aeb89faf50afe24b697667c05ef4de02	This restructuring would take into account the availability of resources and market developments, and be based on a “sectoral approach” with special measures for each fisheries sector. Pelagics, in particular Baltic herring and sprat, account for the largest share of landings. The Estonian government contributes an additional EUR 28.1 million.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264238121-5-en	aebb6ad7719bf32051303b3cad060ad2	There is also a risk of competition among users in the semi-arid regions for the water stored in reservoirs. This is an important concern as water has featured prominently in Brazil’s programmes to fight poverty. Who gets the water in cases of scarcity? How are water-related risks allocated across water users?	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	aebeacb60a8a659bc756f53c9b99befc	An analysis from 1915 to 1939”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. The Compelling Effects of Compulsory Schooling: Evidence from Canada”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'economique, Vol. The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project: Final Report, Department for Education and Skills, Nottingham, http://webarchive.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	aebeb8ff59842b3e252c0a01e1fa88e1	Differences in the dynamics of women's and men's employment also appear to be less pronounced when exchange rates are kept at a competitive level. When demand for labour grows slowly relative to supply, levels of open unemployment increase, informal employment expands and other atypical and non-standard forms of work—such as part-time work, short-term hires and day labour markets— proliferate. At the same time, bargaining power shifts in favour of employers and the owners of firms. A reduced share of public sector jobs in overall employment reinforces this trend.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en	aec38cebfdce1199b723626ba8ef3cc4	A mismatch between the two has potentially significant economic implications. At the individual level, it affects job satisfaction and w'ages. Evidence on the link between mismatch and productivity' is mixed. Because of the difficulty of measuring the relationship directly, studies infer the consequences of mismatch on productivity either by relying on human capital theory, equating wages to productivity, or by studying the effect of mismatch on job satisfaction. Using these approaches, most studies conclude that mismatch has a negative impact on productivity.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	aec59c5623e06c6c1911921a3c7dc03a	New interventions for mild-to-moderate disorders can represent good value for money. Stepped care for mild-to-moderate mental illness has been supported as a cost-effective approach with good outcomes by a wide range of clinical guidelines, and low-intensity interventions such as bibliographic and guided self-help, peer support groups, and a range of new internet-based interventions can be effectively implemented with low costs, especially when backed with support from primary carers. For cases which need higher intensity interventions, an expanded and more diverse workforce is needed, along with a wider range of available treatments. Specialist vertical programmes targeted at significantly expanding available treatment for mild-to-moderate disorders have been put in place in a small number of cases with considerable success.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	aec5b396af3a8c6731e3860696983200	In order to keep the focus on meeting genuine market opportunities, it can be beneficial if a network is industry-led rather than led by a training provider. The creation of the Green Skills Hub at the Nirimba campus of the Western Sydney Institute, for example, involved a close partnership with Schneider Electric that continues with the facility being made available to Schneider Electric for the training and education of customers, business partners and staff in the use of its EcoStruxure solution. The Northern Sydney Institute has formed partnerships with Local Councils - Rockdale, Fairfield, Lane Cove, Hunters Hill - based on the initial programme customised for 1 000 Warringah Council staff in the National Unit of Competence.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	aec67ca0da6ba836c593bd696fa6e7f2	As the new career structure is implemented, it will be crucial for the established certification process to send clear signals of rigour in identifying both good performance at the different stages of the career and underperformance as a teacher. An important issue will be to resolve the current duplication between the certification process associated with the career structure and the teacher performance evaluation system. To take advantage of the continuous character of the teacher performance evaluation system and to address the need for teachers to continuously show they are fit for the profession at the different levels of the career structure, it could be considered introducing the requirement for re-certification at a given career stage.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	aec7475d86cf27d0f1b3993a013b3faa	"The difference is attributable to whether income variability is accounted for or not.5 Moreover some of the variation in income is predictable over the life cycle and in the short run - for example in agricultural production - so that current consumer expenditure is a better indicator of current welfare than current income and is also a better indication of long-term welfare because the smoothed level of consumption reveals information about past and future incomes (Lipton and Ravallion, 1995). Another rationale for using income measures in many countries stems from the fact that policies aimed at reducing poverty often provide some type of income support. As the report of the Canberra Group, an international expert working group which provided recommendations and proposals to the international community for improving the quality and comparability of welfare data, observed: ""Policies to address problems of living standards usually focus on income in some form or other. In other words, income is normally the most objective proxy for economic well-being for policy purposes."" ("	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	aed0fa21e7463e1330e47346827b5e1c	All levels of government administration, all types of civil society, religious organizations and local communities across the country are invited to participate - to ensure an equitable and balanced response to climate change for social justice, as well as assist in mobilising appropriate knowledge, skills and actions. Based on the EPACC, a first phase towards formulating the Climate Resilience Strategy consolidation was carried out by UNDP in 2011. It consolidated the existing adaptation work in Ethiopia by taking stock of ongoing programmes and comparing them against the risks, vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges identified by sectors and regions. This identified existing gaps between the two.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c634ac5a-en	aed169a96f554ca1380e16f675f14beb	Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S.396 Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B. G., Czembor, C.A. and Foster, S.J. (eds.) ( Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia West, L. (2011).	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264079915-7-en	aed23cfe9f3838f3e086843b46525f95	These have received little attention in the debate about fisheries, mainly because the sector is not very important in most countries, and effects tend to be regional. These principles were later adopted under the European Fisheries Fund, which became effective in 2007. They are used to provide research, management and enforcement services that may not be supplied if left to market forces.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	aed378045fadb996fd25652986cb9c24	However, not all constructions (e.g. individual housing units) have projects and EIA to be submitted for state examination. Criteria for obtaining financial support by private contractors need to include an assessment of the location of new development and its environmental impact. Attracting investment for urban development is difficult if the city cannot supply a reliable transport system.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	aed3ce86b71a3cac3a572df213d26394	More importantly, even the industrial placements that do occur appear to be peripheral to the students’ core academic programme and academic staffs responsibilities. The School of Computer Sciences visited by the OECD team is a major exception to this observation. Some universities, such as the University of Aalborg in Denmark, have also taken steps to embed employability and transferable skills in their core curriculum through problem-based learning in multidisciplinary teams (see Box 2.1.) Co-op education in Canadian universities helps students of all disciplines to complete work terms in industry as part of their curriculum (see Box 2.2.	4	1	3	0.5
10.14217/5d228f60-en	aed4145ce81ff5d5efe505906f98bd39	The issues considered in the papers may be evolving in nature, leading to further work and refinement at a later stage. The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat. The sector, one in which most small states, and several Least Developed Countries (LDCs), can benefit from a comparative advantage in trade, is seen as rapidly pushing growth frontiers in these countries. The synergy and interplay between the services sector and technology have enhanced the efficiency of, and possibilities for the sector, and has enabled it to be better connected to global value and supply chains.	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	aed5e36cea60ca6b21560af3c3bb0952	However, considering the uncertainty surrounding climate change projections and applying the precautionary principle, setting the target at 3 tCO, per capita by 2050 would ensure a sufficiently high probability that the stabilization target could be achieved (Jonas and others, 2010). Only the United Kingdom has useful numbers of greenhouse gas emissions based on consumption. Even in advanced countries, the practice of picking winning technology is perceived to be unavoidable. The important questions would be who should do the picking—and how. In general, policymakers should focus, preferably, on setting broad political goals, rather than on detailed technology-specific issues. Strategic long-term planning is essential in order to coordinate actions by many different actors in different parts of the complex, interdependent energy system.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	aed777ef67d708a20ec3978baae6f2fb	In Portugal, for instance, P4P was introduced to newly created primary care models. P4P was not introduced as an additional component to an existing payment model, but rather was part of a broader organisational change to primary care, and a shift from facility-level payment based on salaries to mixed payment including salary, capitation and P4P. This holds also true for Ontario, Canada where the P4P schemes introduced for primary care physicians were been tied closely to organisational changes, notably requirements that physicians work in group models, and that after-hours care be provided. In Norway there was broad involvement of key stakeholders, while in Portugal the initiative started as a pilot in 2005 where the Family Medicine Association and Medical Trade Unions were involved from the beginning as part of a broader primary' care reform and improvement efforts before being scaled up.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	aedc14661bc432169b07c8f93ecd7e49	Well spacing requirements that limit well density are also a type of zoning regulation. Zoning is commonly decided by hydrologists, geologists, or environmental engineers working for a government regulatory agency, and is thus often sensitive to local hydrologic conditions. For example, well spacing restrictions are often set explicitly on the basis of local hydrologic properties to avoid significant well interference. Thus, above aquifers with higher transmissivities and lower storativities, there are correspondingly larger well-spacing requirements (e.g. see Brozovic et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	aedd8f359499baac97d2d2cd3bbe5d81	Whilst the overall share of people reporting poor health is smaller than in other Nordic countries, the gradient by educational level is no less pronounced (see Figure 4.5). Women also report poorer health across all levels of education. Furthermore, people with lower levels of education (no training or short training) are more likely to have a long-term illness (46.9% of respondents with no training, compared to 25.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) or be very bothered by pain or discomfort (48% with no education and 37% with short training, compared with 24.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) that people with 12 or more years of education.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	aedff3e2cf2c0c92922cdf8fe9967633	Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, with some improvement in recent years. While the share of undernourished is lower in Western Asia than in most other regions, it is nevertheless the only region that has registered an increase since 1990-92. The most significant reduction in prevalence of undernourishment has occurred in Southeastern Asia, with a decline from 31 to 10 percent.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	aee0ec0180294c471918b6a194bf9087	This section examines price and yield risk as recorded in micro data from the individual farms and uses coefficients of variation and correlations as statistical indicators of this risk or variability.2 Which is more relevant for farmers: the price risk from markets or the yield risk due to weather? The data show that the observed average wheat yield variability is higher at the farm level than at the aggregate level for all countries. Since the yield risk tends to be location specific, a favourable yield in one location is offset by an unfavourable yield in another location within the aggregated level, leading to the difference of average yield variability between the farm and aggregated levels.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	aee1c602cc08507d26299128f7ae7f4a	Flood protection is financed by taxes paid by water users to the regional water authorities, along with general taxation (this also contributes to the relatively low willingness to pay for flood insurance documented in several studies). Currently, the government is moving tow'ards a new system of improvement of security standards for dykes, referred to as the multiple layer safety approach (Box 5.3). However, under the current arrangements, the amount and coverage of such compensation is left to political discretion and not determined in advance.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	aee55ed34c5252587a36e82fa4e3f683	There is potential for programmes that provide access to complementary services such as health services and awareness- raising and knowledge on nutrition, health and sanitation to contribute significantly to better nutritional status; however, there is weak evidence on the role that the different social programme components play. The range of interventions that beneficiaries receive is important in terms of providing short-term income and consumption smoothing, grain reserves and longer-term investments to diversify income sources. Some are very closely and directly tied to food security objectives, whilst others focus on other development objectives and make less direct and less tangible links to food security. Annex 1 provides examples of how a range of DAC partners and other international agencies delivering social protection have articulated linkages between social protection and food security and how these are reflected in their programming.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245129-4-en	aee57915222edf8edcb5fed0554c6c9f	In addition to GIBs, other institutional options are available to governments seeking to catalyse green investment, such as mainstreaming green investment in existing national development banks. Nevertheless, GIBs are making a case that centralising expertise in a new independent institution dedicated to mobilising green private investment can be an effective approach to unlocking larger flows of private capital.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/062acf72-en	aee7944e117d150ceccc6136e5a02e49	The unclear status of these areas resulted in growing pressures (e.g. for grazing areas) which, in some cases, led to their deterioration. Finally, in late 2015, the legal protective status of 12 nature preserves has been extended, for the next 10 years (until 2025). Therefore, the legal status alone of 13 nature preserves cannot currently be perceived as an effective solution to ensuring their protection, due to the uncertainty of their continued existence in the future. This is attributable in large part to the fact that all state nature reserves are legal entities with a stable and clear legal mandate, have valid land use certificates, are managed solely for nature conservation purposes, and receive more attention and support from the Government, foreign donors, international organizations and conservation NGOs.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	aeee9dfc1250f1cc58a02d8bb8cf7b24	Better coordinate supporting policies, such as those related to human resource development, infrastructure and land. Since 2013, Cambodia has been rolling out Phase III of the Rectangular Strategy, which sets out the government's development policy agenda for 2013-18. A new Rectangular Strategy is expected to be announced soon.	8	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289349581-8-en	aef374ade8764e292b5a54c3f2751476	"""This again places mitigation and adaptation side by side, though many technology choices could have both mitigation and adaptation benefits, including infrastructure, irrigation systems, and energy technology. It reads: ""in the implementation ofthe Agreement, financial resources provided to developing country Parties should enhance the implementation of their policies, strategies, regulations and action plans and their climate change actions with respect to both mitigation and adaptation to contribute to the achievement ofthe purpose ofthe Agreement as defined in its Article 2."" This suggests that mutual consideration of both M and A is envisaged. While this does not necessarily mean integration of the two, it does indicate that the adaptation and mitigation should be considered at the same time in the policy and financing planning process. As such, under finance and technology transfer, the Paris Agreement seems to suggest exploration of M&A synergies (i.e. ADM, as actions in other sectors can deliver adaptation and/or mitigation benefits). ""This synergistic approach, where sustainable development, environmental integrity and M&A goes hand in hand to ensure that 2+2 equals 5."	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	aef3bef76ef5bb974d802c56116c30b4	They enjoy a greater range and higher quality of shops, leisure facilities, schools, hospitals, and other services. But it has also created greater demand for the services that energy provides, e.g. heating and cooling, lighting, transportation. Increased service demand need not have led to a rise in actual energy use, provided that, among other factors, improvements in energy efficiency kept pace. However, this was not the case. In fact, since 1990 the rate of improvement in energy efficiency has been about half of what it was in the two previous decades (IEA, 2009a). Improved energy efficiency is often the most economic and readily available means to do that.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	aef8e8c1f24ad628461bf4528c002f55	In EU member countries, MEPS programmes have so far been less ambitious than those of some other developed countries in terms of the number of standards set and performance levels demanded. However, the EuP Directive represents a new approach by setting eco-design requirements for a larger range of EuPs. In December 2008, the EU member States approved a regulation (formally adopted by the European Commission (EC) in March 2009) for the progressive phasing out of incandescent bulbs by 2012.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	aefbbbd5625bb86d76076ab2cf28cf7f	They hesitate to perform public duties late at night when an emergency arises, or when violent situations like mob fighting or communal violence erupt in their ward. When there is no domestic or party support to assist them, most of them find it difficult to attend to such emergencies. As a result, they are keen to protect their class interests rather than gender interests (Ibid.).	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	af000be593760edb6870c0aa73308648	There are also significant opportunities for disaster risk reduction, response and reconstruction in cities including through land use planning, building codes and regulations, risk assessments, monitoring and early warning, and building-back-better response and reconstruction approaches. The response of cities to the challenges of climate change has been fragmented, and significant gaps exist between the rhetoric of addressing climate change and the realities of action on the ground. The critical factor shaping urban responses to climate change is government capacity, which is hindered by factors that are institutional, technical, economic, or political in character. In developing countries, where resources are particularly limited, municipal authorities might be hesitant to invest in climate change adaptation given the many competing issues on their urban agendas.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	af0368b57b14ca17f190c07ed1456810	Further access to information needs to be complemented with support to parents on how to interpret the information and how to select the most appropriate school for their children. Information could be made available in selected foreign languages and be accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2010(ii4]). This involves the ability to make an informed choice about what an individual does not want as well as about what one likes and needs. The value of choice is highly connected with certain groups in society, such as middle-class parents (Allen, 2007(32]; Reay and Allen, 1997(33]). There is a need to manage student intake according to socio-economic status and nonselective intake criteria (OECD, 2015(22]). This requires ensuring that equity criteria are adopted for schools to prioritise disadvantaged students or that funding arrangements make disadvantaged students more attractive to high-performing schools (OECD, 2015(22]).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	af03a3b01d83b9c25dca2d36cc7aa067	Equally, if prices suddenly fall (as does happen, see Figure 5.1 below), then the private operator may (temporarily or permanently) withdraw, leaving the public authority to ‘pick up the pieces'. The different drivers for the different activities often create tension between public service providers and businesses that may compete for the same waste stream. If ownership rights over materials and responsibilities for cleanliness and service provision are not clearly defined and delineated the tension may lead to vulnerable or underperforming systems.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/150942f1-en	af03a3c5581dff3c19694da7bd1ccb8d	Changes in child monetary poverty under the different scenarios simulated in this analysis are captured through a Cobb-Douglas approach, using household specific preferences but with fixed budget shares. A more sophisticated approach allowing for substitution effects, such as an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), was not possible with the available micro data.7 Aggregate household consumption, deflated by a per adult equivalent scale based on minimum caloric needs and by relevant spatial and temporal deflators, is the variable used to assess changes in monetary poverty, according to country specific absolute poverty lines. Changes in real expenditure are affected by two main channels: income and consumer prices.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	af058e52828a30de03c3ce7770d27efe	The French word ami is a term that can refer to both a platonic friendship and an intimate relationship and in the translation from English to French this word was used to refer to both boyfriends and friends. None of the women identified rape perpetrators to be boyfriends, which was interpreted by the survey analysts as an indication of a lack of clarity that resulted from the translation (Jaquier, Fisher and Killias, 2006). Additional detail about the purpose of each question and instructions about coding should be included in the interviewers manual. (	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	af0610edfcec95ba43cd250b9b0d2e83	The high concentration of self-employment income or capital income drives inequality in household market income up close to the OECD average, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia being exceptions in this regard. However, the large tax and cash transfer systems succeed in reducing the dispersion in household disposable income to, or below, the OECD average. The underlying causes vary, however.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	af06477b3b93ae573aa6b4629b047d93	National specific applications (N-MODA) and other further applications can use other decisions regarding the cut-off choice, without endangering the basic consistency of the methodology. The first approach accounts for the severity of deprivation by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The second approach uses scalar indices to combine the multiple aspects of deprivation into one single figure. The last approach builds mainly on the counting approaches towards multidimensional poverty, but expands the analysis by measuring the overlap between deprivations, or between poverty and deprivation. The next two sections elaborate the MODA practice for handling multidimensional poverty/deprivation analyses based on counting, distribution, overlap, and multidimensional indices. Counting measures are individual (or householdj-centred approaches, because the method concentrates foremost on the number of deprivations that are experienced by each individual.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	af0b3ecf180ea82d24d733b0dd1246dd	"The 19th-century French scientist, Claude Bernard, famously wrote that science is a ""superb and dazzling hall, but one which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen"".2 Osborne, Simon, and Collins (2003), writing more than a century later, comment that ""The essential irony of a discipline that offers intellectual liberation from the shackles of received wisdom is that the education it offers is authoritarian, dogmatic and non-reflexive."" ( Cross-country differences in science teaching, and their association with students' performance and interest in a science-related career are presented in Chapter 2 ofVolume II.) In a majority of countries and economies, students from advantaged backgrounds are more likely to expect a career in science - even among students who perform similarly in science and who reported similar enjoyment of learning science. Several actions have been suggested to close this gender gap and, more generally, to encourage more young people, especially those from groups that are now under-represented in science-related fields, to participate in further science-related study and work."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7fd14686-en	af0b3fc8eeaeb78fd14a48d983a84a6a	Although estimates on the extent of forest loss and change vary among studies, the overall picture for the GMS is one of rapid forest decline, mainly due to forest loss in Cambodia and Myanmar; but at the same time Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam have experienced forest gain primarily due to the increase in area of other naturally regenerated forests or secondary forests and in the case of Lao PDR there has been a reclassification of forest area (Figure 3). Forest cover is still declining in Cambodia but the decline is less severe than before; forest area in Lao PDR has shown some increase. In the last FRA report, Lao PDR had reclassified forest area, which may explain this change. Whether actual forest cover has increased is debatable. Myanmar was the only country where the decline became severe during 2010 to 2015.	15	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	af0e0b8da27971c3be01bde874fba426	This network comprises 116 cities with a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of development plans, and cooperating actively at the international level. Citizens have been empowered to engage with local government and exercise their rights and responsibilities by developing MIL skills through a range of adult literacy programmes, in particular considering the needs of vulnerable groups. A number of public Internet access points have been established. The Beijing Declaration on Building Learning Cities defines a learning city as one which: promotes inclusive learning from basic to higher education; revitalises learning in families and communities; facilitates learning for and in the workplace; extends the use of modern learning technologies; enhances quality and excellence in learning; and nurtures a culture of learning.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	af0f050aad9693b93c4c92b11a3761c0	The National Energy Research Council (NERC) analysed the potential savings for ten Jordanian enterprises (hotels, banks, and a health centre) were they to adopt energy efficiency measures. The government currently allocates less than 0.5% of its budget to the environment (UNEP, 2011). The establishment of national green growth policies or economic development plans which integrate environmental concerns and opportunities, and the allocation of adequate public funds and other resources show government’s determination to achieve green growth objectives and can help raise investors’ confidence. Jordan is also signatory to a number of environmental conventions: the Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea (1982), also known as the Jeddah Convention; the Convention of Biological Diversity (1993); the Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994), the Convention on Combating Desertification (1996), the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2002), and the Convention on Nuclear Safety (2009).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	af0f0ef708617e1db73884e81847cd3a	They are safe spaces for discussion of highly personal forms of violence and the unique perspectives of women that are often not discussed in mixed-sex forums (Chapter 2). Because of alarming trends in gender inequalities in education and training, which affect girls and women in a post-conflict society, the problem of unequal access to education needs to be urgently addressed (Chapters 3 and 5).	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	af1178dd2e3990e35b0beac772e9809e	These weaknesses can depress the growth performance of the farmed fish (Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 2009). Even legal or administrative limits have been set for main nutrient contents of the feeds. Organic fecal wastes from plant-based feeds are a concern as well. Expanding use of recirculation systems in aquaculture set new qualifications for feeds.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	af11caeb0a99bfc5a9adfbc74ad4832c	The most effective schools improve teaching practices by encouraging their teachers to discuss their professional learning plans with each other so that they can support each other’s growth (Cole, 2012). Professional learning is most effective at sustaining improvement to teachers’ competence w'hen it is collaborative and embedded in their work, including activities such as classroom observations, group discussions, and collective preparation of instructional material, coaching and mentoring (Schleicher, 2011). However, it was reported to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the pedagogical circles tend to be formal and are mainly used to transmit information.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a692184d-en	af16d5fed0161cec912cdc75e8c2c506	For instance, to enter the profession of floor layer, students learn ecologically sound technologies and materials, energy efficient equipment and non-waste technologies in construction. Similar development is observed in the profession of hunting specialist, which is prepared by the Polotsk State Forestry College. Future hunting specialists learn sustainable hunting practices.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	af17cd5a3fa807b44cc5625fb0324169	"It takes two years to reskill and newly-skill Lemdesigners in mindfulness of learning, difference and diversity, competence orientation, ""backwards design” curriculum development, differentiated instruction, and assessment. The recognition and expertise that comes with such deep learning has strengthened the reform effort throughout. This programme started in 2009 and aims at training, mentoring and changing teachers’ practice in order to improve learning outcomes in the targeted areas."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	af18fae9e304341da1ae79e1df795759	We need to go beyond designated processes (e.g. training activities and educational programmes) and places (classroom and out of class areas where learning explicitly takes place) and develop and test new actions for reducing social, environmental and economic vulnerability. Ultimately, it demonstrates that the challenge of learning goes beyond the domain of formal educational systems and programmes, touching all aspects of life, all sectors and every region. A number of policy documents and reports dealing with the issue at the national and international levels have emphasised the importance of education for de-coupling material consumption and growth, generating livelihood opportunities and encouraging more sustainable lifestyles.	12	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7ba4f48c-en	af1ae87b7c9754fddb70a7de802f7b95	Delaying the age of first childbirth can increase the chances of young women staying in education and securing decent work. Sexual and reproductive health education can also provide information on how to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, leading to better outcomes for youth. Reducing harmful substance use (target 3.5) increases the likelihood that youth will stay in education and secure and retain decent work. Achieving gender equality is a prerequisite for realizing all the Goals, including positive educational and employment outcomes.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	af1c1e00f94855f24d463e9ccf15e892	The Scottish Government, ISD Scotland, and Health Boards also put in place processes to produce additional information about the management of waiting lists, for example identifying when patients are recorded as unavailable for patient choice reasons, which has helped add transparency to the process. In addition to this programme, a series of primary care indicators have been developed to identify issues around avoidable variation and health system waste. These indicators include referrals, hospital admissions, prescribing and patient experience.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	af1d1fb392674f5afec52584bfab58b9	It can be a driver of change if it provokes successful interventions to mediate solutions. The Australian Mekong Resource Centre (AMRC 2005) identifies three principal means of transforming conflict into collaboration: technical, legal and political. “ Technical” covers modelling of water flows and quality, information processing, and access to data and information. “ Legal” involves formalizing rights of use, laws and regulations that shift conflicts to courts or other mediating institutions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5eb49706-en	af1d4c85ceef5cfae6ef6e7523929c58	The worst-affected species appeal' to be those which are already known to have a very poor conservation status. Of 32 species listed as being Critically Endangered (CR), 63 per cent are considered to have a decreasing population (table 9.1). The corresponding proportion of Endangered species (EN) is 56 per cent (31 of 55 species), that of Vulnerable species (VU) 64 per cent (54 of 84 species) and that of Near Threatened species (NT) 56 per cent (59 of 105 species). Amongst species with a decreasing population trend are a number of charismatic mammal species often associated with the country, such as the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), and the Barbary leopard (Panthera pardus panther).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08756197-en	af1f73b68e5dd9434854885f7a0ac0c4	The highest case fatality rate in this age group concerns hospitalization for diseases of the circulatory system, with 10 hospital deaths for 137 hospital discharges (7 per cent of case fatalities). Diseases of the circulatory system constitute 16 per cent of all registered cases of diseases and 8 per cent of new cases. Hypertensive diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases represent, respectively, 58.8 per cent, 24.6 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the circulatory system diseases. The incidence rate is much higher in children (35,000 per 100,000 children in 2012) compared with the general population (12,000 per 100,000 population in 2012).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-31-en	af1f8f671eba105e43d76eca65f74afa	Although public funding has seen some reductions due to the economic crisis, expenditure per student continues to be above the OECD average. High dropout and youth unemployment rates require efforts to consolidate basic skills and better match labour market needs, focusing on quality of education and provision of vocational education and training. At the same time, quality of teachers and school leadership can be improved through more targeted initial and continuing training.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	af2155bc2b270c3133f4cb57419e971e	The relationship between ethnic status and alcohol drinking was analysed all other things being equal in England, New Zealand, and the US. Results show that minority groups generally drink less alcohol than the white population, except in the US where Mexican American men have a higher prevalence of any alcohol drinking than non-Hispanic white men. Concerning harmful forms of drinking, results show that in England, white men and women are more likely to engage in hazardous drinking and HED (Figure 16), while findings in other countries are seldom statistically significant.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	af21d1429936ece1fd3bdf35c347f9df	Where mral populations live close to urban territories (and hence services) and have lower levels of social and economic marginalisation, broader mral policies may be more appropriate. However, these are complemented with broader policies such as the national and regional development strategies and in operational programmes, such as the programme targeting Poland’s eastern regions which have lower economic growth, dispersed settlement patters and higher rates of poverty. It is important to recognise that there are also a host of policies that are often sectoral in nature that impact rural areas and that are not targeted to place, but that can have territorial consequences nonetheless.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	af2366805b3dcdd487b0e2d11575f372	That said nuclear plants just as coal-fired power plants require water cooling. They are therefore best built close to large rivers or to the sea which may pose siting issues of its own. In an electricity grid, supply and demand need to be balanced continuously. Intermittent sources thus need to be complemented by costly back-up technologies.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	af30a0c88f08c314d43eb11b4cd83d11	These publications contain data from different statistical fields and from different sources, cover multiple policy areas and gender issues and are addressed to a large audience, including persons with limited or no experience in statistics. They are an important tool for non-statisticians, gender specialists, gender advocates and policymakers. Instead of presenting data and letting the reader analyse them and draw their own conclusions, these publications are focused on presenting the main results of data analysis and their interpretation, including implications for policymaking. They are usually designed to be user friendly and written in easily comprehended language, with simple tables and charts and an attractive presentation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	af37628d05ab76641c872d65b29aca76	Low-income elderly people are more likely to own property in neighbourhoods and on land of lower value with less chance of appreciation over time. They consequently have dimmer prospects of selling their homes or releasing housing equity. In this regard, the 2012 report of the European Mortgage Federation (EMF) suggests that the year-on-year price-increase registered in France in the first quarter of 2012 was related to the rise in housing prices in Ile-de-France, the Greater Paris area, while in the rest of the country they decreased (see EMF, 2012). Large regional variations in house prices ranging from 4% rises to 8% drops in property prices were also observed in Poland and the United Kingdom.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	af3c085c49de552a769733f8df448c91	Economic training, support and sometimes incentives that address families’ economic justifications for marrying their daughters early provide alternatives to marriage and increase the value of girls to their families of origin. One example is Berhane-Hewan in Ethiopia, which provided families with a goat as long as their daughters remained in the programme and remained unmarried until age 18 (Karei and Erulkar, 2010). Another example is the Zomba cash transfer programme in Malawi, which found that unconditional cash transfers were more effective in delaying marriage than conditional transfers (Baird et al., By educating and mobilizing parents and communities—those who decide when and whom girls will marry—to change social norms relating to expectations of girls and their marriage prospects, these programmes aim to delay marriage.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	af425b5ac0bed78a0f5b3f2dd852bcf7	This is the relationship between the SCoT and the PLU/ PLUI (intercommunal and communal), and between the previous SDRIF/SAR/PADDUC/SRADDET and the SCoT (regional and intercommunal). Further, the SCoT must be compatible with landscape protection and improvement directives set out in the national Mountain and Coastal laws. Compatibility requirements are less demanding than are conformity requirements in the sense that conforming requires complete consistency, while compatibility allows significant differences, as long as the general intent of the superior plan is preserved.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	af437feb170bb05f852c4ce1a384ca5d	The experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases. This highlights the necessity to clearly separate the different concepts of poverty and to study their overlap. The paper also makes a distinction between household poverty and child poverty, recognising that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that people's needs differ depending on their age.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c78b2675-en	af44d37a726b5cc6e559e880a160c10e	It is currently managing four funds investing in renewable energy projects. Its latest fund, EREF, (€75mln raised to date) will invest primarily in businesses that own renewable energy generation assets in order to aggregate between 500MW and 700MW of electrical generation capacity. It is expected that €30mln of the fund will be reserved to secure and finance a pipeline of projects still in their development phase in order to boost the fund’s returns.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	af44d63cb76dfc1cd88c2eb841a6bd03	We develop training for this on a local level, but trainings are not sufficient if you do not have a mechanism that ensures that the commitment of the policy makers is respected. So quotas for youth and women need to be constitutionally present in the parliament. One needs to make sure that young girls are living in good and safe areas if they are employed or going to school. There are only two MENA countries that systematically publish draft laws online (Jordan and Morocco).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36b318e6-en	af47798d962c3cf79a41a1d04a978e78	Break in time series for Austria and the UK (2012); Cyprus and France (2008) and Croatia (2010). As already highlighted, this is the case of Slovakia where anchored poverty decreased but relative poverty increased and the UK where relative poverty improved but anchored poverty got worse. The most commonly used inequality indicator is the Gini coefficient which ranges from 0 to 1; the higher the indicator the higher the levels of inequality within the country.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	af48a9a44883a5a7dcb5d0b51793f378	Training and support for paralegals can be a very effective way of reaching more vulnerable men and women, especially in rural areas. Other measures could include support for travelling courts, the provision of legal aid, and support for CSOs that provide legal aid and guidance. Policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are appropriate and non-discriminatory, especially in the areas of pre-trial detention, sentencing and noncustodial sanctions. For instance, family responsibilities need to be taken into account for both women and men. Policies need to be supported which reduce inappropriate levels of security for women - who are often held according to stricter security classifications than necessary due to the small number of prisons for women.	5	0	6	1.0
10.6027/e2e1c8ab-en	af497df6f0daca4dc57ebb602bebaf74	The Anglo-Saxon countries achieve relatively high employment rates, but combined with relatively high income inequality. Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland come closer to the Nordics, even though they still display significantly higher inequality. Mediterranean countries tend to combine low employment rates and high inequality, while Eastern European countries tend to display both low employment and low inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264215696-3-en	af4afd3794273e83202e1b808d4725e2	The main substantive findings of the book are summarised below. The book illustrates two basic but very different methods of measuring innovation in education, along with their advantages and disadvantages. It identifies the breadth of relevant data that can be incorporated within such measures, and makes visible the type of information that new data collections based on the two broad measurement approaches would yield.	4	2	6	0.5
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	af4bdd7c762ed66eabf24f82546ea258	At the same time, 36 per cent of children are deprived, but do not live in poor households. These children need direct intervention to tackle deprivation, and are at risk of being missed by policies that only address monetary poverty. About one third of children age 0-5 are deprived in nutrition, and 23 per cent of children age 3-5 are deprived in early childhood education.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ba4f48c-en	af4d4bd21e013d96acaf826f3cef6220	Improving labour market prospects and outcomes for women is an essential aspect of moving towards gender equality, providing the basis for increasing women's full and effective participation in economic life as well as in decision-making in domestic, political and public life. While improvements in labour force outcomes and the protections afforded to women therein will support the overall objectives of Goal 5, it is important to highlight the benefits to working women from concurrent gains in specific targets for Goal 5. Here, the adoption of stronger safeguards against exploitation will better protect young women and encourage increased labour market participation.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	af4d63a3d4c01bb1511e73d808931cad	Also, a special regulation forbids new commercial salmonid aquaculture sites within designated national salmon fjords. The aim is to stimulate the municipal authorities to draft and update local development plans. In addition, municipal authorities were given powers to levy a property tax on farming facilities in seawater from 2009.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	af4ec10284a1d183bb960f7094e9f28a	Additionally, the aggregate effect of pursuing secondary' policy objectives on the public procurement system should be periodically assessed to address potential objective overload. The following examples do not provide an exhaustive list of measures employed by the countries. One approach is tasking suppliers to demonstrate their compliance with gender equality-related laws or requirements.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9206b37d-en	af4f4fa9b3bc584a3d7efa2ab4b40ff9	These estimates translate into roughly 605 million, 260 million and 688 million children under age 15, respectively. The relationship between food insecurity and poverty, and well-being varies by region, demonstrating that definitions of food insecurity depend on regional context, and encompass more than monetary poverty alone. Finally, correlations of food insecurity and income per capita between 2006 and 2015, show that some regions were harder hit by the shocks in food prices and the Great Recession than others. In addition, further research on how food insecurity differs between children and adults will be important for future efforts to address and reduce child hunger.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	af504903672c299d83c5478ed0254871	The database is available at http://ieep.unido.org. A list of policies is in Annex 14. The World Energy Council (WEC 2010) reports that as of2009,70 countries (or two-thirds of surveyed countries) had adopted national energy programmes with national and sectoral quantitative targets for energy-efficiency improvements, twice as many as in 2006.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	af50a5c35c4d3f1a161b9d46c2f97211	The report focuses on both challenges and opportunities for the industry, and outlines relevant measures and future policy. In recent years, focus has been on environmental interactions, reduction of fish diseases and development of new species for farming. Marketing research on aquaculture species and food quality control will be important in the years ahead. Farming of marine species is developing, though a great effort still has to be put in to scientific and developing activities to establish a commercial industry.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	af544c46e74fca4de7d3b52cd5446a75	"Few indigenous peoples are employed in the formal sector, which means that few have access to the potential health benefits that work in the formal sector provides. However, there is a marked gap in income levels between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. "" All the surveyed indigenous peoples lived below the officially established monthly subsistence wage for this region"". Low income forces indigenous peoples to turn to a subsistence economy, which has a negative effect on nutrition and health.598 Additionally, low income may lead to decreased health care access in situations where out-of-pocket payments are required, for example, if they travel to larger residential areas."	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	af560218b0bdef6c51fad31f53725f4e	But societies also pay a heavy price — in lower returns on educational investments, in reduced skills and productivity, in the increased likelihood of unemployment and welfare dependence, in the higher costs of social protection and judicial systems, and in the loss of social cohesion. In the medium term, these costs must be met in the hard currency of the billions of extra dollars spent in attempting to cope with the wide range of problems associated with high levels of child poverty. The economic argument, in anything but the shortest term, is therefore heavily on the side of preventing children from falling into poverty in the first place.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329422-8-en	af5a7fc1b8204da0904dcc3d5f5bd3d5	It focuses mainly on the distribution of food and the food waste generated in all those intermediate steps of the production chain before reaching the final consumer. The methodology is quite transparent and can be confidently used by relevant stakeholders, provided the data exist and they are credible. Data on the number of enterprises in relevant economic sectors (NACE Rev.2) are widely available. If data quality improves, robustness of this indicator will also improve. Furthermore the scope is quite limited only to the distribution on food.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5d345c92-en	af5c25a369ee47ff13c0f7115e3c40da	This seeks to integrate community-based disaster risk management projects into good city governance. It has helped city officials re-engage with urban communities and provided training on disaster risk management — bridging the gap between high-level officials and local communities. An Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation workshop on PPPs and disaster resilience in 2010 pointed out that the private sector has much to offer in terms of resources and expertise and essential services. Community members contributed money and labour as well as their knowledge and expertise on which projects would be most effective.51 The exercise resulted in the construction of emergency evacuation routes, elevated roads and more bridges. A local NGO Yayasan Pikul in 2005 started working with rural farmers on a community-based disaster risk management initiative in Sikka district.	1	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	af5de9abed7ec0305bcbd197d1c30029	I show that female educational attainment has surpassed, or is about to surpass, male educational attainment in most industrialized countries. These gaps reflect male overrepresentation among secondary school drop-outs and female overrepresentation among tertiary education students and graduates. Existing evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of a combination of increasing returns to education and lower female effort costs of education. A widening gender gap in education combined with recent wage and employment polarization will likely lead to widening inequalities and is linked to declining male labor force participation.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/74479ade-en	af5e30354e6da98e4f534d30301354dd	All efforts should be made to include key gender issues in the report itself, as well as in its summary. Moreover, considering that the report is likely to serve as the basis for follow-up actions, this gender-specific analysis is instrumental in supporting efforts and tailored initiatives aimed at promoting victims' access to justice and effective remedies. This would include the establishment of special protection units and gender desks in police stations, etc.; See Guidance Noleof ttaSecTeiaryGeneral' Reparations (or Conflict-related Sexual Violence, June 2014.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	af5e4fca886130b0f5c214e65cf7d005	Although most of Brazil’s soybean production is for export markets, domestic demand for crush is expected to continue increasing. Demand for crush is expected to grow by around 2.3% per annum during the period so that by the end of the projection period, demand for crush is expected to reach almost 47.1 Mt, some 27% above the base period (Figure 2.9). Higher crush results in higher protein meal production which grows to 39 Mt in 2024. Most of the additional production stays at home to feed the pork and poultry sectors with feed use increasing by 4.9% per annum to more than 27 Mt, some 66% higher than the base.	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	af662be219e66d6c3a358ea497e3096c	In Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, the increase in forest cover also has contributed to the increase in forest biomass stock. In Finland, even though forest cover decreased slightly between 1990 and 2010, annual increment in growing stock was far greater than annual harvest and thus the net annual increment was positive and overweighed the biomass removal due to decrease in forest cover. It is projected that in all Nordic countries and thus in the whole Nordic region, the forest biomass will continue to increase steadily until 2050.23 This corresponds to the fact that the net annual increment in forest growing stock will be positive in the Nordic countries in coming decades. Finland and Norway forest growing stock data are available already from mid 1920ies corresponding to the beginning of forest inventory in these countries.	15	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	af6746784de3cb0d67749a3a144e7ec1	In Jamaica, with a very active environmental advocacy community, a great number of community-based groups are raising awareness and mobilising communities in conservation activities. Universities are also involved in outreach work and quasi-formal continuing education work. In the Pacific, intergovernmental and civil society organisations similarly tend to be very involved.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8039e1bc-0afb15d3-en	af67b5ecf706abac2f141ab48c9c2db6	It also takes into consideration the role of ICTs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this document, e-sustainability refers to the broader issues of using ICTs for sustainable development, but recognizes the urgent priority of dealing with climate change in order to achieve sustainable development. An outline for a sustainable e-strategy - Sweden and a central issue forthe future. Saving the climate @ the speed of light.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-20-en	af68081e7c5784633fb5289539759ffd	In 2015, the degree of self-sufficiency increased to 24% and then decreased to 22% in 2016. Import prices for fish and fisheries products further increased in comparison with previous years whilst export prices slightly decreased. The dominance of import trade in supplying the market with fisheries products is reflected in a negative trade balance (EUR -2.4 million) which grew 4% between 2015 and 2016.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	af6c5114c555dc598e9c707886466a12	This helps avoid reaching the final stages of a project that citizens do not support or recognise as their own. Akims and senior public managers should express at the outset commitment to the process and the principles of the purpose and scope of the exercise. One way to start would be by understanding what people value about the city and engaging on these terms. It is recommended that akims and senior officials from different levels of government engage in regular discussions about the process.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	af6fb4518703ee9c0b8cbd66e3140937	In comparison, revenues per inhabitant in Davao City, Quezon City and Makati City were of USD 210, USD 318 and USD 1 229, respectively (Department of Finance website). Revenues in Metro Cebu are also low relatively to standards of other major Southeast Asian cities: in terms of purchasing-power-parities, the City of Bangkok for instance benefitted in 2012 from revenues estimated at around USD 1 075 per inhabitant; the City of Bandung from revenues at around USD 653 in 2016 and the City of Hai Phong from revenues at around USD 3 340 in 2014 (OECD, 2015, 2016a, 2016b). From 2009 to 2014, in Region VII, provinces’ revenues have increased from PHP 4.4 billion to PHP 6 billion, cities’ revenues have increased from PHP 9.1 billion to PHP 14 billion, and municipalities’ revenues have increased from PHP 7.3 billion to PHP 9.7 billion. In Metro Cebu, total revenues have increased from PHP 8.3 billion in 2012 to PHP 10.4 billion in 2014.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	af75615f3a3b7d29220aea1ce72c316f	As a result, while Korea had one of the widest proboy gender gaps in 2012, girls outperformed boys in 2015, although the difference was not statistically significant. Colombia had the widest pro-boy mathematics gender gap of all PISA-participating countries/economies in 2012, but was able to close it significantly -even among the country’s highest-achieving students. While boys’ performance remained stable between 2012 and 2015, girls did 20 points better on average, with the highest-achieving improving by 28 points.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	af797cc9a7a555e3d64c6f5b3ba750e3	The Sustainable Development Goal 3 is also aimed at strengthening the capacity of all countries, particularly developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction, and management of national and global health risks (target 3.d). However, in the efforts to achieve this Goal and its related targets, there are a number of challenges associated with the means of implementations, as the existing institutional arrangements may be inadequate in providing an enabling environment for diverse organizations to cooperate each other. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the Asia-Pacific region where the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in 2009-2010, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2015 were health security threats.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	af7a32a87427bb56559017a9759c2313	The table below illustrates how different established pedagogies tend to lead to different kinds of learning experiences. Combining pedagogies which share common practices can help reduce the trade-offs of using too many pedagogies. For example, in a school where students are practiced in inquiry-based learning, teachers might feel more confident in combining his approach with challenges or complex projects, knowing that students are competent at managing their own learning. Studying common combinations of pedagogies can help to identity those practices which are common to several pedagogies, such as presentations of learning, or student self-assessment.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	af7adb4eb84b8d01c21139aed74c13ff	They did not call it adaptive teaching but in both teachers “skilfully ‘assess and instruct’ moment by moment” (McGhee Hassrick et al., In a similar vein, Yeh (2017) also suggested that achievement gaps can be closed through what he calls “rapid performance feedback”: an individualised and structured model of instruction, in which each student is presented with tasks that are challenging but not too difficult, so that they have a high likelihood of receiving positive performance feedback on a daily basis. Interestingly, there are schools around the world that already teach micro-adaptively (e.g. OECD, 2013).	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/7707d4f1-en	af7afdc21b9f230775d387298d6af0ce	There has not been any revision since 2008, but MoEF aims to strike a balance between the mitigation and adaptation components in the next climate change strategy. It ensures the integration of GHG emissions reduction policies into other sectoral policies. In addition, it coordinates both the national inventory system for estimating GHG emissions and removals and the implementation of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. It further participates in the approval processes of JI projects and emissions trading activities.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	af7d001619d89ce45b691b1d05f3567a	The number of graduates nearly quadrupled, with the strongest increases occurring in the 2000s. General crop and livestock production disciplines concentrated the largest proportion of courses and students, followed by veterinary. The forest engineering and fishing disciplines are gaining in importance. For example, the State of Sao Paulo hosts four prominent universities in Agricultural Sciences: Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) and Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	af7dd579c2e8f77133f6f11ae9040842	The Government of Argentina regards the software sector as a value added service export as well as of strategic importance to the country.lt is working on promoting the industry in close partnership with the private sector to provide a more enabling environment. After a significant devaluation of the peso in 2002, exports surged from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of total software sales, with exports valued at $775 million in 2011. During the same period, the number of people working in the sector rose from 20,000 to 56,000 people.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	af7e7271758192252d2993a3b2d1f037	Following these steps, in 2003 the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) was established as a mutual certification system. Currently, the FSC and the PEFC are the two most common global forest certification systems. In 2003, Japan initiated its own Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC); the SEGC Forest Certification System was set up along with the FSC as well-established forest certification systems in Japan. Under the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 (United Nations, 1998), it was acknowledged that the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by carbon sinks was limited, but it was included in the calculation of reduction targets.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174337-6-en	af7f93f7e8de5e3f4756442a509951aa	The first aspect has to do with the variety of private sector participation modes and their conditions for success. The second relates to the financial viability and fiscal sustainability of private sector participation in the water sector. The third concerns ways of improving the mechanisms for transparency and stakeholders' engagement.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/855edf42-en	af845b2722512ab336069ad3a9581db6	When a girl is married, she is less likely to go to, or complete, school or travel freely outside of her home alone; more likely to be subjected to gender-based violence; and less likely to know about her body and rights. Her limited mobility, schooling and knowledge in turn reinforce and perpetuate gender inequality. This trend towards fewer children has had a number of benefits for women in particular, including better health for both themselves and their children, greater educational attainment, increased participation in paid employment, and improvements in how women and girls themselves are viewed and valued by society and within their households (Stoebenau and others, 2013). In many settings, this has formed part of a virtuous circle of empowerment, where greater access to reliable ways of controlling fertility has enabled an expansion of rights in other areas, which in turn has further contributed to their ability to fully exercise their reproductive rights. Such gender norms shape and reinforce social, legal and economic systems. These gender-unequal norms and attitudes are often used to rationalize control over womens sexuality and reproduction.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	af84da22f5a4ede1799510c4efa31029	Even if financing is available, the transaction costs per megaw att are much higher for smaller projects because many of the same financing and development steps must be followed regardless of facility size. Furthermore, as the IPCC (2011) discusses, this smaller project scale may lead to disproportionately higher transaction costs and lower gross returns (although the rates of returns may still be well w'ithin attractive market standards). Beside the small size of many companies entering the renew'ables market, banks and investors are reluctant to support projects also because of the lack of institutional track record.8 Therefore, big incumbent companies with proven track record (RWE or E.ON, for instance) will have a clear advantage over new small firms and households entering the market.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	af8e916583978f7b8af09c42353d7b00	Data about back-up storage facilities is probably plant or company-specific and thus difficult to obtain at the national level. Indicators to measure the availability of pipeline capacity can be related to import, peak gas demand, etc. Pipeline capacity and utilisation provides important information about restrictions that pipeline capacity may pose to import of gas or oil, and therefore to system resilience.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	af91274cd99239a4af5942d3f0b4583d	Similarly, the Green Climate Fund has developed an initial results management framework (2014). Although these fund level frameworks may not be directly applicable to national approaches to monitor and evaluate adaptation, they can inform partner countries’ domestic frameworks. For example, in Mozambique, the results framework for the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), under the Climate Investment Funds, has been used as a basis for developing the national monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation (IIED, 2013b).	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	af917aa848ac2efdd7c34f58507e0ff9	Both the NBSAP itself and the NBSAP Panel help to foster coordination between the various government and Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) actors working on biodiversity issues. A key challenge is that these are often made up of the same members as the SD Council and/or the NBSAP Panel, which can lead to ‘steering committee fatigue'. Similarly, staff members and actors who have multiple responsibilities and roles can struggle with scheduling conflicts and finding time for each committee.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	af93acea38c13e655bcecc285a83c64e	It offered awards for outstanding achievements under this theme, at the same time as it was already working with training providers to increase their capabilities under the TAFE NSW Education for Sustainability Action Plan 2007-2010. State Training Services (part of the NSW Department of Education and Training) now provide funding for: energy efficiency and other green skills courses; professional development for trainers and assessors, and registered training organisations; and in some cases, the development of training resources or training support activities. The project is intended to identify and define growth opportunities across eight industry areas: grid solutions, green buildings, waste conversion, low emissions vehicles, solar, wind, geothermal energy and business services.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/729bf864-en	af93d410c93131f18b043ec3bac7b0d6	Such work may provide evidence-based inputs into lender views of w'hat constitutes a “good” asset. This work would be of particular relevance for SMEs which are less likely to use formal intellectual property rights than large companies. Many of these assets are rendered in software, which enjoys automatic copyright protection, but may not be patentable. A difficulty w ith the use of copyright-protected assets is that they do not require registration, and only a few countries (such as the United States) offer an “official” voluntary service to record them. Providing effective ways to confirm the existence and ownership of these assets could be a significant finance enabler, especially for SMEs which face more challenges in managing their intangible assets and are more reliant on these assets to secure external financing at the same time.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	af9417178eaf1d29a8713d143c41fe92	In particular, it w'as argued that they have not been very demanding, and that negotiating and monitoring the Agreements was also a resource-intensive process. In contrast, empirical studies also showed that the full Levy, but not the Agreement, w'as successful in promoting energy efficiency and innovation, suggesting that there is a case for the abolition of the latter. Below, three programmes are discussed: The Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), EQIP and the Water and Waste Disposal Program. In addition, REAP can no longer provide funding for feasibility study grants, nor for blender pumps due to the exclusion of retail energy-delivery mechanisms in the modified definition of “renewable energy system”. Councils (i.e. non-profit entities or affiliates) are now eligible to apply for energy audit and renewable energy development assistance grants. Although the programme’s funding is reduced to USD 50 million in mandatory funding and USD 20 million in discretionary funding per fiscal year from 2014 through 2018, the programme continues to provide assistance to agricultural producers and small businesses in rural areas for adopting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	af94d003c351da6a7ccad59e682bc087	This is especially important for management of the environment, for transportation issues, and for labour market developments that affect commuting patterns. Competition among areas for economic development opportunities is also an emerging challenge. Stronger relations are considered necessary with the nearby territories of the South Loire, like Cap Atlantique, Pont-Chateau, and other EPCI surrounding the Nantes Metropole, in order to better manage relationships among territories.	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	af96c756d3dd3c6cf2f318bb87601e1d	A number of programmes were implemented under the AgriRecovery framework to assist producers in dealing with the impacts of flooding, drought and disease that had hit producers in parts of Canada. The new rules for PROCAMPO were published in April 2009 with three main changes. First the rate of payments was made more progressive from 2009, providing higher payment rates for smaller farmers.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	af970f27151921477282ddff91149723	This implies that achieving these aims of the global stocktake may require further information than that needed purely for ensuring national benefits from identifying and collating adaptation-related information. If this extra information needs to be reported by Parties, it could considerably increase the level of time and resources needed for adaptation reporting, which may not be consistent with the concept of avoiding additional burden for developing country Parties. Table 15 summarises those four aims of the global stocktake, the ease of achieving each aim, and identifies possible options to conduct the global stocktake.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	af9a54141193403c3539268cad1dffe8	This is evident from the growing number of women who are assuming leadership roles in public offices: more women's voices are heard against the violations against them and their children thanks to new platforms made possible through technology. While recognition is important, I believe engaging women's expertise is also crucial to finding solutions to global conflicts. If we must reverse the tidal waves of conflict and insecurity globally, I believe d all hands on deck to accomplish the task.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264271654-4-en	afa0e545c421186538c805e244db8f16	The global trend of reshoring by multinational enterprises (MNEs) -which may also affect Costa Rica - might impact on growth prospects through FDI. After the failure of the import-substitution model in fostering domestic industrial development and the global crisis of the 1980s, the country adopted a new' economic paradigm based on global economic integration. By the early 1990s, Costa Rica had started to see the benefits of this new outw'ard-oriented model of development, and became one of the leaders in the region in terms of market openness and liberalisation.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	afa352b2552d5313a68d525305952062	Educational or learning accounts can be a means to help achieve this objective (OECD, 2005), but tax incentives need to be designed in such a way that they do not disproportionally benefit higher-wage earners in high marginal tax rates. Globalisation and technological changes offer opportunities but also raise challenges that can be tackled with effective and well-targeted policies. Regulatory reforms can be designed in such a way that they make markets more efficient and encourage employment while reducing inequalities at the same time. Labour market and social policies also need to be adapted to changing household structures.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	afa5e9a7557f4c3bd4c90f977b7df6e8	The Prosperity Outcomes include measures of academic performance, educational attainment, attitudes towards school and learning, and health and well-being. Foundations for Success, cumulative development and institutional selection. The Foundations for Success are described below, while a description of the other processes and the effects associated with each of the processes along the Educational Prosperity pathway are available in Annex 5.A1. For example, from age 2 to age 5, children's development is affected by parents' engagement with the child and intra-family relations, as well as by the quality of care at home and in early childhood centres.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	afa8c648517871592a53fc68907ed952	Of course, the electricity sector is supposed to carry an important share of the effort to reach the objective of limiting the rise in temperatures to 2°C. According the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, the electricity sector would contribute 71% of the global effort to bring the energy sector in line with the 2DS and 55% at the level of OECD countries. The figures cited by Kuik et al. (	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	afa9f2fd6d8d0bb30ddb980ce014f5d3	To test this hypothesis, the influence of the average age of mothers at birth of children was also tested in another version of the models, without conclusive results. For this reason, only results including adolescent birth frequency are present here. These two variables are expected to reduce child poverty.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	afab04277487bf0d789963d0e2e35f17	Worse, they often violate the rights of more disadvantaged social groups. The process of translation—of rights into policies and of policies into real changes in women's lives—has been extremely uneven around the world.76 How can human rights be used to create the kind of States that respect, protect and fulfil human rights, and women's rights in particular? This creates the possibility for advocates to campaign for measures to support the realization of women's rights even in non-democratic or weakly democratic political systems. In the process by which States compile their national reports for the CEDAW Committee, for example, women's rights advocates have the opportunity to prepare their own shadow reports, to comment on the official government report and to campaign for greater policy attention.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0d19e2fd-en	afac03633fdd6ed8372df7b27e8a7e4d	However, both the quantity and the quality of such services for children from the age of 3 vary substantially across countries. At the heart of this ambition is the message that access to ECEC alone is insufficient to achieve positive child outcomes, and that ECEC must also be of high quality. As a result, meeting Target 4.2 means developing methods to accurately measure and monitor quality standards in ECEC.' This means that a 'one-size-fits-all’ solution to measuring quality and monitoring standards is unlikely to be found.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/32ea1505-en	afadd8397e2754ba0e553d93d2aee8e6	In particular, women in unregistered customary law unions, including polygamous unions, often have no legal entitlements, as do those cohabiting without formal or customary marriage. This translates into substantial competitive disadvantages for female-headed households, for example, in accessing and using market information and extension services; applying for credit; and complying with importing countries’ product standards, particularly in relation to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures (UNCTAD 2011; UNCTAD 2014). Malawi exemplifies both the resilience and the complexity of such practices. Formally, when a husband dies, the property is inherited by his wife and children. Actual practices, however, are varied and more complex. In some districts, besides the surviving wife, property can be inherited only by male children, based on an assumption that any land held by girls would be lost to outsiders after their marriage.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	afaf78a316ba862cb6c6c26613ac58cd	"This could be promoted, for instance, through in-kind microgrants of electrical equipment for use in economic activities for which there is local demand (UNCTAD, 2015a). Proactive support of rural firms and cooperatives embarking on the processing of agricultural crops could, for example, enhance local value addition, while simultaneously creating that ""anchor load” which generates substantial electricity demand, increasing the viability of mini-grids. While electricity is the most versatile form of energy, most of the energy services it provides can also be furnished — albeit in some cases imperfectly — by alternative energy sources: mechanical power by wind or flowing water, lighting by kerosene, product and space heating by biomass, and even product cooling by evaporation fridges."	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	afb0537701a6b309bb1a2a96926bb428	These experiences also give some indication of the main characteristics of successful social interventions as well as the limitations. During the last two decades, social policy in the context of development has been relegated to a residual safety-net approach. The focus of international development and aid, supported in part by the MDGs, has been on meeting the basic needs of the poorest of the poor, assuming that poverty elimination could be achieved without addressing issues of equity, social inclusion or development strategies that benefit all social groups.34 Social policy in the post-2105 development framework should be an enabling element for transformative change.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	afb2f20182972c1ba7041c3f86b05e84	It is an average of the squares of its five sub-indices (equation 10). It ranges from 0, indicating very low levels of discrimination, to 1, indicating very high levels of discrimination. Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	afb378a9e108ddf2a042daa781ca779e	Such specifications almost certainly lead to underestimation of the welfare gains that would accrue from trade reform though. In particular, without dynamics the models will not generate a growth dividend from freeing up markets or from eventual productivity/efficiency gains from trade. That dividend could be very substantial (Winters, 2007).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	afb4017a8d43fc369cbc80b9c4ea4aa5	Emissions abatement falls first on those polluters that handle it in the most cost-efficient manner, which provides incentives to reduce pollution and emissions and to invest in environmentally friendly technologies. Market instruments are less information-intense in that they require only regulators to set the price (in the case of a tax) or the quantity (in the case of an ETS) of the relevant instrument, but this also gives them less control over the actual environmental outcome. Energy subsidies - especially on petroleum products and electricity - are prevalent in Asia, which accounted for about one third of global energy subsidies in 2013.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	afb991b948bfe9f5cf49c3b48247521a	Women are less likely than men to form families with a less educated spouse (Therbom, 2004(8]) and poorly educated men are more likely than any other group to remain single (De Hauw, Grow' and Van Bavel, 2017(9|). This could be due to gender imbalances in access to education in the past, but may also reflect broader differences in spousal preferences. There is also some evidence that unions characterised by a more educated female spouse tend to be at a higher risk of dissolution. While it remains unknown how changes in broad patterns of relative educational opportunities may shape relationships, the brief evidence presented suggest that there may be important risks associated with males' disadvantage in educational attainment just as there were disadvantages associated with females’ lower participation in the past.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	afbbc847b340ea24904299af52e9549a	These reforms aimed at improving compliance among employees and businesses. Enforcement has been promoted through stronger tax audit systems, a more efficient court system to punish tax evaders and measures to prevent and control contraband. In addition, the federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has provided ethics training to tax officials.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ae18b798-en	afbcd2018f01aee2aa32d92b1f54acf6	So absolute poverty lines calculated in this way already encompass part of relative needs. The extent to which the results differ will depend on how, and how often, the thresholds are updated. Poverty is deprivation in dimensions that are indispensable for meeting basic needs and for enabling people to function.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	afbfcf9c421d0391d3e126e1926a4299	A similar approach is used to compare overall emissions along different paths representative of different technologies. For instance, ethanol production in Brazil currently uses one unit of fossil energy to produce nine units of renewable energy. Ethanol therefore currently has a 10 per cent fossil fuel energy “content”, most of which corresponds to the diesel used to transport the sugar cane from the fields to the mill. If ethanol was used as a transportation fuel, that fossil content would be virtually eliminated.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	afc16725cf7a06fa9a8b372bb21ba61f	A main objective of legislation is thus to achieve a good water status for all areas by 2015. The policy will be finalised in early 2011. Although there is no specific climate change adaptation plan for the tourism sector, most of the sectors that are key to tourism growth and development have in place, or at the development stage, strategies and action plans relevant to climate change adaptation.	13	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	afc88c9918d7650135e0d39aecbcb6f0	At the core of these efforts is the proactive provision of information to citizens through the Internet. In 2010, an assessment of progress in various dimensions of e-government was made, concerning information, interaction, transactions, e-services and participation. The participation dimension was considered weakest.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	afcb08f2d0d6ed58cc20dd91d7f5f6c8	Most SWFs have a mandate to preserve and transfer wealth to future generations. Therefore, green investments make sense to them from an asset-liability perspective, since the risks associated with climate change can be seen as a potential liability to nation States (Bolton, Guesnerie and Samama, 2010). These include traditional forms of risk-sharing, such as public-private partnerships, as well as more innovative mechanisms, such as equity-linked financing, rural funds and national green long-horizon funds.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	afcba8666bc7d94a19d28c8de64119dd	It makes a series of recommendations for policymakers in terms of both strategic considerations and policy design. Whether for business or poor households, the authors look at how compensation can deliver win-win outcomes and protect those affected while fostering a transition towards a greener, more energy efficient economy while ensuring that compensation is time-limited and subject to regular review. Given that environmental taxation is a cross-cutting issue, this chapter recommends the involvement of key government ministries and agencies in the policy process to facilitate interministerial consensus and the involvement of industry stakeholders to highlight potential benefits for business and garner industry support during the policy process. Implementing tax escalators or linking tax rates to inflation or gross domestic product (GDP) growth can help maintain the incentive effects of environmental taxes over time, while implementing such taxes over a long time horizon signals to investors that a policy is stable and predictable, and may thus encourage investment in low-carbon, energy-efficient and pollution-reducing technologies.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	afce95f704c1d95f47e4b6cf1701f805	Regardless of the chosen business model, the tasks of PES staff dealing with employers include vacancy intake and registration, informing employers about available ALMPs (e.g. pre-employment training, wage subsidies, additional support to integrate disabled jobseekers), pre-selecting jobseekers for interviews with employers, offering legal advice (e.g. advice on contracts) and organising information sessions or job fairs where jobseekers and employers can meet. Reverse marketing refers to a situation where an individual jobseeker is actively marketed to a targeted employer who has not created a formal vacancy, but may be willing to hire under the right conditions. In Australia, contracted employment service providers use this technique for hard-to-place jobseekers who are job ready or close to job readiness.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/968bac18-en	afcf46760a3a440b0c771ca4e25cdecf	A broad policy package, which included fiscal incentives and a greater degree of economic openness, encouraged agricultural producers to diversify the commodity sector beyond coffee and bananas towards higher value-added agricultural produce for export. It also promoted the diversification of the economy towards high-tech industrial activities. This case study presents interesting lessons on how diversification can be facilitated, but also on the difficulties in achieving inclusive growth.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	afcf791a623756a0c59fb9fadb0791f6	Other factors associated with in-work poverty include being young (aged 16-25), living in a single-earner household, low levels of education and having children (Brady et al., They also find the working poor to be disproportionately female, less educated and with children. In the United Kingdom and United States, welfare reform has been associated with increased employment, particularly among lone parents.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/afa296fe-en	afd07452f7efc729e680c551b91cb055	"Towards a Rights-Based Poverty Line (April 2008), available from www.neweconomics.org. The World Bank currently defines ""extreme poverty"" as average daily consumption of S1.25 or less. New theories have emerged regarding the phenomenon of poverty as multidimensional, involving unsustainable livelihoods, lack of access to basic services, discrimination, social exclusion and restrictions on freedom to participate in the community and to explore one's capabilities."	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	afd1a87cde609a33bdc09774c9422467	The cluster is a platform that brings together representatives of various sectors (government, research and academia, NGOs, private sector, service providers, donors, etc.) At present, only the United Arab Emirates has pursued clean technology at a significant scale, through projects such as Masdar City, so Jordan would join a sparse field were it to develop this niche sector aggressively. The study estimates that such investment could result in a minimum of 50 000 jobs and over JD 1.3 billion in revenues over 10 years (UNEP, 2011).	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	afd3bdeeaa57ef0f0bf57f4356bce1ee	However, incomes of the richest decile contracted before the crisis and during its earlier phase but then grew between 2010 and 2013.This illustrates the differential impact of the recent economic crisis along the income distribution: while the lowest incomes were protected, the middle lost a lot of ground and the top did better at the end of the crisis than before the crisis. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions into and out of poverty.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	afd3ffc6bfd44cba611751c357670026	Export bans, unnecessary permits and licenses, costly document requirements, and conflicting standards raise transaction costs, add to uncertainty and often lead to the exit of private sector traders from participation in regional trade. The share of duty free tariff lines in South-South agreements is expected to increase from 28% to approximately 92% when fully implemented, while North-South agreements increase their share of duty free lines from over 68% to only 87% (Fulponi et al., For example, cereal markets across South Asia (especially Bangladesh-lndia rice and Pakistan-Afghanistan wheat) are increasingly connected.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	afd4615c4b41e9fd7532302f7b264d50	In particular, new targets to enhance nature protection in forests should be set as part of the overriding objective of establishing and maintaining the Natura 2000 network. This includes nature protection on Natura 2000 sites of public and private forests, as well as in forests that are outside the network but contribute to its effective functioning (e.g. ecological corridors, edge habitats). More needs to be done to align legislation, particularly through major revision of the Spatial Planning Act and updating of the Nature Conservation and Forest acts. Amendment of the Spatial Planning Act should aim to correct the land use imbalance between forestry, nature and agriculture by making local land use plans binding and including Natura 2000 provisions in them. Co-ordination is overseen by the undersecretary of state/chief nature conservator and the Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation. The MoE also supervises the LP and national parks, which have their own administrations.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264246010-5-en	afd555f037389099ea91bf79aac3b307	Ultimately, capital is owned by somebody somewhere - it might be an individual, a family or, more usually these days, shareholders. Yes, it might rise or fall a little but, over time, it looked to be stable. Indeed, so fixed was this idea that it formed one of six “stylised facts” - or generalisations that are basically true - of long-term economic growth set down by the economist Nicholas Kaldor in the 1950s. There is increasing evidence that the share of national income going to capital is rising and that the share going to labour is falling, and that this is now a global phenomenon.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	afd6b0a64e5ec13869ecd775eeb055ea	The result has been a pronounced postponement of first births and a higher rise in childlessness than in most European countries (Burh and Huinink, 2015). However, patterns differ between the eastern and western German Lander. In the east, the increase in women’s education did not considerably affect completed fertility which remained stable across generations up to those bom in the 1960s, while in the western Lander, the lack of support for the work-family balance contributed to falling birth rates across all generations. In particular, women who engage in a full-time career in Germany are much more likely to remain childless than in France, while mothers are much more likely to work part-time and for particularly short hours (20 or less per week).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	afd6f0bef4364f9e0183ad9b5ee6a893	By 1989,55% of immigrant students in Hauptschulen were in such classes, which were formally abolished in 1995 (Glenn and de Jong, 1996). An analysis of 108 primary school catchment areas in four districts showed that one out of five schools enrolled twice as many students with immigrant backgrounds than lived in the area. This is a consequence of parents circumventing official primary school assignment and schools offering ways, such as separate classes based on parent choice of religious or foreign language instruction, to attract native students and better teachers (Fincke and Lange, 2012; Open Society Justice Initiative, 2013). It maintained the Gymnasien, which selected 60% of their students, with an extra 10% reserved for siblings, leaving 30% selected by lottery (Basteck et al, 2015).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	afd720ef7eb6ea2358ca6ea04fed829b	A value under 1 indicates greater educational attainment by men. Among the economically active population, the average number of years' education was higher among women of all ages and income quintiles. However, when the population aged 15 and over is considered, men's educational attainment was higher for all income quintiles in both 1997 and 2005, but in 2013 the gender parity index stood at 1 or above for four of the five quintiles.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/65b26710-en	afd8a2bfbd9a7812ef1a51d1bace9fb8	Inclusion and gender equality are keys to sustainable peace. As a HeForShe Champion, Finland is a global leader on this issue and we are committed to the full implementation of the WPS agenda. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into foreign and security policy, including development policy, is a demanding task but we are convinced it will improve the respect for human rights and operational effectiveness.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9efca30c-en	afe05f530670e9c3580f3c08b5f20373	Ultimately, it is hoped that this initiative will help increase the number of Arab countries adopting and integrating protocols for the prevention of and protection from all discriminatory or harmful practices, including those manifested in child marriage, into their respective policies and programs, in line with the requirements of international instruments. Desk research consisted of a thorough examination of available literature (both analytical and programmatic reports) on relevant issues, especially those related to child, early, and forced marriage; refugees and humanitarian assistance; girls’ rights; and conflict across the Arab region. Research also included a review of related national laws relevant to marriage and pertaining to refugees in both sending and receiving countries, and corresponding international conventions and agreements on child marriage and the rights of female refugees and IDPs. Human Rights Watch, Save the Children, UNFPA, and UNHCR.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	afe42416a6676a7038d016df4939e3b8	The more successful countries, however, have not been those that followed strategies focusing on overcoming a single major constraint, but rather the ones able to effectively find a degree of coherence among different levels of development policy effective enough to usher in the conditions necessary for poverty reduction. The main determinants in the more successful cases are discussed below. While they do not necessarily constitute a blueprint for guaranteed success in other contexts, they do provide lessons on how to tailor development strategies to national requirements. In their in-depth study of several developing economies, Besley and Cord, eds. ( However, initial equality may be more important for if growth proceeds from an initial egalitarian distribution, then it has a greater poverty reduction effect. This has been borne out by countries that have proved successful in reducing poverty despite rising income inequality during periods of growth acceleration, with China being the most prominent example, along with Viet Nam.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3adc8369-en	afe570e642861db0db06e541f2e512af	Taking these factors into account is going to be critical in devising strategies to progress on these targets and on SDG 14 more generally. The conference is mandated to involve all relevant stakeholders to assess challenges and opportunities relating to, as well as actions taken towards, the implementation of Goal 14. See United Nations General Assembly resolution A/70/L.64. This is done using a large number of UN reports and scientific publications. We synthesize the results of this research in tables showing interrelationships of each of the ten SDG 14 targets with other SDGs. We think that the value added of the tables resides in their representation of ocean-related issues in relation to other SDG areas, which provides a bridge for communities working on various sustainable development fields to engage.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264204256-10-en	afe5894912ac06584355a43db5d6b122	They may have done so because of insufficient familiarity with ICTs, but there is no way to verify this. Thus, this group is classified separately in Figure 6.1. First, it is important to keep in mind that while some unemployed individuals may have scores in literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments that are similar to those of employed individuals, they may lack other key skills needed to get a job, for example, job-specific skills or generic skills frequently required at work, such as self-organising skills. Mismatches between people's skills and the skill requirements of jobs, in addition to various institutional constraints, are likely to be preventing skilled people from engaging in employment or looking for work. Among the most proficient individuals, who score at Level 4 or 5, 79% are employed, about 4% are unemployed, and 17% are inactive.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	afe83c30f65066c93b6a7e96e4abf108	In particular, the creation of the “MP2013” label (Marseille Provence 2013) through the creation of an association at the metropolitan scale was a key building block and helped develop collaborative projects that reached beyond initial cultural objectives to such areas as uiban transport, environment and economic development. The results of the European Capital of Culture 2013 largely exceeded initial expectations, with more than 10 million visitors and around EUR 600 million estimated economic spillover effects. In December 2006, an association “Marseille Provence 2013” was set up and the project w’as selected by a European juty in September 2008. The association MP2013 covers 97 municipalities, mainly from the 6 inter-municipal authorities (etablissements publics de cooperation intercommunale).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	afe95a38e169feab7941dcb56588cb23	The EPPE study concluded that what parents do is much more important for children’s development than who they are, in terms of socio-economic status, education levels, and racial and linguistic backgrounds. When children’s early development has not progressed well in the initial years, ECEC can be effective in helping children to get back on track in their development, especially in key areas such as language. In addition, ECEC can assist children to develop other key skills such as self-regulation, empathy, trust in others, prosocial skills, gross and fine motor skills and early numeracy (OECD, forthcoming).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	afea1d79ce65b2ba24d639311a5da3e6	In the emerging economies covered in this report, this type of policies already assumes a relatively important part in their expenditures on agriculture. On-going discussions in the G20 are also favouring a comprehensive set of actions to improve the global food and agriculture system in both the short and long term. Building on the success of past policy reforms that have restructured and improved the way support is delivered to the agricultural sector, designing these new frameworks provides a unique opportunity to further improve efficiency and equity of support and to invest in a strong and competitive agricultural sector.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	afec69d3e50a2309a25c4a24e5f397ee	Source: ESCAP/ADB/UNDP 2010. Thus, the data do not take into account the impact of the crisis. Indeed, the LDCs have felt the adverse impact of the economic, food, and fuel crises beginning from 2007 through lower economic growth, lower government revenues, higher debt burdens, decline in investments, increases in inflation and cost of living, job losses, and reduced remittances (see ESCAP 2010b, 2010c).	1	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	afef84e0a4d94423a0f6464f500696a0	The role of central government is somewhat “minor” in federal countries that transferred most water competences to sub-national governments such as the United States (Box 5.1) or Belgium, where water responsibilities are so scattered across states or regions that it is almost impossible to capture a “national institutional mapping”. This indicator helps “measure” the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the assumption that the more actors there are, the more “complex” the situation is. But it has to be analysed in light of the governance tools adopted to overcome such complexity.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	aff016dca7afb162698e1a9b13988321	Though far from the only lever, funding flows have a significant influence on the shape of health systems and services, and could be exploited more in Wales. Some targeted funding has been put in place for 2015-16: GBP 30 million of hypothecated funding to develop primary care services across Wales, and GBP 20 million to take forward projects funded by the Intennediate Care Fund this year that have proven to be effective across community and acute environments, linking out-of-hospital care and social care to strengthen the resilience of the unscheduled care system. Pushing beyond this, Wales could consider commitments or concrete ambitions such as setting an expectation that a certain percentage of Health Board spending be shifted out of hospitals and secondary care and towards primary care in the next 5-10 years, or pushing for minimum investment levels from Health Board financial planning in primary and community care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	aff01e71ef8d06437b52a372b28ebdb8	Starting from 2005, the focus shifted from a price-band policy to setting a floor or procurement price while selling subsidised rice to the poor via the Raskin programme. Evaluating the performance of buffer stocks on price stabilisation in Indonesia in the past decade is complicated by Indonesia's trade policy. Until the early 2000s, Indonesia was one of the world’s largest rice importers. To boost domestic production, it implemented an import ban in 2004, which resulted in a surge of domestic prices.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	aff6b1bd7659691f48b34242a483acf2	Some countries are currently undergoing this process and are developing tools and approaches to put this into practice. Box 2.5 provides an overview of the prioritisation process used by Ethiopia in the development of its plan (and see Chapter 5). Vulnerability to climate change can be different according to age, gender and ethnicity, and these perspectives need to be brought into the decision-making process.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	aff8c6cd469c47bb3f635bef401724db	Households not taking part in the Green Deal will face higher energy bills, as the cost of subsidies and administration are expected to be passed through to customers by energy suppliers. To ensure that fuel-poor households are not left behind as overall energy efficiency improves, it is essential to ensure that enough ECO subsidies go to Affordable Warmth. Providing quality information to households will also be essential to encourage take-up (Bowen and Rydge, 2011). Many consumers have complained about poor quality, failure to provide the most suitable form of insulation, mis-selling and difficulty to get redress.	10	3	3	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	aff9eadc577f7259c03528d2e733d4a7	On a positive note, at least some of the schemes have the potential to operate on a sufficiently large scale to overcome many of the problems that have plagued earlier ETS experiments in China. In particular the scheme in Guangdong, which has a population exceeding 100 million and an economy similar in size to Hirkey’s, could create a trading market comparable in size to some national schemes. An institutional framework that is credible and provides firms with sufficient certainty is needed at the outset and several lessons can be learnt from domestic and international experience in this area. The difficulties faced by pollution trading schemes and levies within China underscore the importance of a clear and effective nationwide legal framework. The difficulty of providing clear and stable signals to firms and investors in a trading scheme is illustrated by carbon price volatility in the EU ETS. Determining an appropriate cap and avoiding an excess supply of permits is critical and hinges on an accurate assessment of current emissions.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	affc7d2eb1cb4104a1f1d8e6a22f1e57	It is estimated that between 11 and 26 million tonnes of fish are caught by IUU fishing annually, representing 18% of global catches across all fisheries (Agnew et al., This represents a substantial pressure on fish stocks, above what would be considered as desirable. However, it is claimed that the number of economically overfished stocks is even higher than the number that is biologically overfished (e.g. Pauly and Zeller, 2016). In New Zealand, the percentage of fish stocks above the overfishing threshold declined 7 percentage points from 25% in 2009 to 18% in 2013.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	affff784ae662ff8ee971cd85becd8fd	It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, how they have changed over recent decades and the factors that have driven these changes. It then looks at the influence that policy has had on low-income families and at variations across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children. It then looks at three specific issues for poor families: the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	b0008351bea190d6821209f422ff37b3	The rebound in growth is expected to be more rapid in the developing countries and initially tepid and fragile in the OECD area and involving a longer transition period. Once the transition to sustainable gains is reached, the EU and US economies are expected to grow by 2% and 2.5% per annum, respectively to 2019; and with faster growth in some other OECD countries such as Korea, Turkey and Australia. Among the developing countries, the leading Asian economies have fared better than most and lead the world economic recovery.	2	8	2	0.6
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	b00585e4c9fd06c473a0cb03ea94b588	For example, students scored much higher in the collaborative problem-solving assessment when they reported that they had talked to their parents outside of school on the day prior to the PISA test, and also when their parents agreed that they are interested in their child's school activities or encourage them to be confident. As I discussed in Chapter 1, these skills are related to the character qualities of perseverance, empathy, resilience, mindfulness, courage and leadership. But Tricia Wang,23 Global Technology Ethnographer and Co-Founder of Constellate Data, defined that line as the ability to take another person's perspective.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	b00933d710980b95e56c179ce1a40b7c	On average, a 1% drop in GDP corresponded with a 1.38% drop in health expenditure (Figure 1). However, health care expenditure fell by more than that in countries such as Greece and Ireland and less in countries such as Iceland, Slovenia and Hungary. A further predictor of cuts was the rate of health care expenditure growth prior to the crisis. Countries with higher rates of growth before the crisis tended to have bigger falls in health spending after the crisis.	3	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d1ac90-585ea8d4-en	b00eddb4d9b12548f03f1cd03eaffa9d	"Researchers are testing a ""bionic pancreas"" pump that is inserted under the patient's skin. When paired with an app and a small chip, this device is capable of tracking blood sugar levels and adjusting the amount of insulin and glucagon (another hormone that controls blood sugar) on its own. A key study is slated for 2016 and the researchers, who are based at Boston University and Massachusetts General Hospital, plan to submit the device for US FDA approval in 2017.'"	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	b0156dc87d3974929a8336a8706ac743	Countries where a higher share of the population report positive evaluations of their health status also feature a lower prevalence of self-reported limitations in daily activities but also a higher prevalence of obesity. Overall, these patterns suggest that these indicators capture distinct elements of overall morbidity. The dispersion of country outcomes between these two measures remains high, however, suggesting that these indicators capture separate dimensions of health status that do not necessarily move in tandem. Source: OECD’s calculations. Data for countries marked with a “1” are based on health examination rather than health interview surveys.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	b01ce15efb7ce86a02ffac007ea8130b	Attendance improved and negative behaviour decreased from one year to the next. In addition, teachers felt that all students were more engaged when assistive technology was used for whole class instruction.2'18 This approach can be used in small groups, pairs or individually with a touch screen laptop. However, it was felt that the 'challenges' lie with the educators - to design pedagogical practice, classrooms and school communities that reach and teach all students.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	b01f99c2e21170ba9d88ea6563ef2a47	The chapter goes on to examine inequalities in access to good education and explores how to make the education system more inclusive to provide opportunities at all stages to all, and flexible enough to adapt in the face of ongoing structural change. Workplace-based vocational training and lifelong learning will be key to that end. Innovation can become an engine of growth provided more weight is attached to quality and application in university research evaluation and world-class researchers are attracted and retained by greater research autonomy, merit-based promotion and stronger protection of intellectual property rights. Spending on education, in particular at the lower levels, where the social returns are higher, needs to increase alongside vocational education.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c674ef60-en	b0226caa775ec035bcbd0a02e1fd5157	Among those who set the course of public policies, there would be a sound understanding that investment in equitable, inclusive development is about the best and certainly the fairest and most humane investment that can be made. Far-reaching benefits include reducing die risks and impacts of crisis. Risks first need to be comprehensively understood; only then can effective investments be made in measures to reduce them.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	b02323386e684a8c6152fcecf0e6b3e0	This continuity between the school and the surrounding community helps to create a consistency of experience that reinforces messages about sustainability, resource use, consumption and other related concerns. A number of organisations involved with ESD activities are implementing packages of complementary activities, which are creating synergy between experiences in and out of school. Working across several sectors and levels in this way contributes to a coherent picture of what sustainability might mean in the lives of growing school children. Another programme, of broader geographical scope but narrower technical focus, is Sand watch, one of the flagship projects of UNESCO’s global Associated Schools Project Network (ASPnet). While some of the Sandwatch activities are school-based, the emphasis of the programme is on student and teacher involvement in the monitoring and preservation of coastal areas. As with the work of LLEE, the connection between what gets perceived as important at school, and what gets perceived as important outside of school, contributes to the success of the Sandwatch programme.	13	6	2	0.5
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	b023ab316e25acbcc6368c7deccea5cb	The key challenges are the high upfront cost, particularly in the case of thermal storage systems and dry clean technology; the lack of national expertise (know-how is limited to a certain number of companies in Europe and the United States); the need to develop Solar Atlas; and a monopoly in manufacturing some ofthe main components of the solar field. Given these challenges, photovoltaic technology could be an attractive option to CSP technologies. The mean annual global solar radiation for Al Khor was 1,858 KWh/m2yr in 1987. Because of possible fluctuations in solar irradiance, a backup solution exists for electric generation, using molten salt storage units to store heat for later use.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	b023edc05e565932e5bafff9ffeff460	The wages of health care professionals are low by international comparison. In 2009, as multiples of the average wage, the wages of GPs (1.4), specialists (1.6) and hospital nurses (0.8) were among the lowest in the OECD. The share of physicians aged over 55 was around 40% in 2009, well above the OECD average of around 30% (Figure 4.8). The OECD aggregate is an unweighted average of data for 27 OECD countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	b024bf109f16eec6507c5173e6ab2541	Large circles represent assessment sites in open basins and small circles represent coastal assessment sites. Additionally, HELCOM (HELCOM 2017), proposed a set of biodiversity indicators to asses the biodiversity status in the sub-basins of the Baltic Sea, (see Fig. Copepods are food for organisms at higher trophic levels, such as fish, auks and Greenland whales, while copepods' faeces are food for benthic animals. Especially three species of copepods, Caianus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, and C.finmarchicus, create the basis forthe high marine biodiversity in Disko Bay (Boertmann, Mosbech, Schiedek, & Dunweber, 2013; Garde, 2014).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-13-en	b0255dbdc4a5136af0ed577f050d71fe	Shaded bars and markers represent gender differences that are statistically significant at the 5% level. White bars and markers represented gender differences that are not statistically significant at the 5% level. The OECD/INFE survey of financial literacy and financial inclusion collects data on the financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among adults aged 18-79 in Albania; Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Canada; Croatia; the Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Hong Kong, China; Hungary; Latvia; Lithuania; Malaysia; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Russian Federation; South Africa; Thailand; Turkey and the United Kingdom.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	b0276642f798ed39b120fe929b1065f9	As a result, the definitions and standards used and the granularity of tracking of financial resources are not consistent between the two policy communities.1 It will be important that the STI and development communities deepen their collaboration and reach consensus on tracking STI-related development finance and develop together new policy recommendations and best practices on international co-operation for STI development. A key conclusion of the paper is the need for better alignment of definitions across communities so each can satisfy its need for data-driven policy analysis without creating potential conflicts of interpretation. The majority of these resources, USD 10 billion, are provided as concessional finance from DAC members and multilateral agencies. The largest share of concessional finance supports research activities relating to challenges of developing countries.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/73320136-en	b02a827c4603731ac22cbf85a5317a84	Epidemics such as measles and poliomyelitis and the limited response by the health care system are worsening the situation. Health indicators even improved during the 1980s; the infant mortality declined from 80 per 1,000 live births in 1979 to 40 in 1989, and the under-5 mortality rate fell from 120 to 60 per 1,000 live births.21 International sanctions imposed during the 1980s and the consequent economic development rollback, however, took a toll on the health system and health outcomes. Life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy did not improve among young people between 1990 and 2010.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	b02cb92b2859fb80185c55eda6a1a4d5	Employment rates for Norway supplied by Statistics Norway. On average, German mothers would rather their partners worked approximately five hours less per week, w'hile fathers w'ould like to see their partners work three hours fewer per week (Chapter 4 offers a more detailed discussion of German fathers’ relatively long - and German mothers’ relatively short - working hours). These different gender preferences hold true for all countries but are more pronounced in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom than, for instance, in Denmark, France or Sweden, where support systems facilitate fathers and mothers to realise w'orking hours in a less constrained manner. Promoting a better reconciliation of work and family life can deliver a double dividend to the German labour market: it will help the German labour market both in the short term - as more mothers work and/or work longer paid hours - and potentially limit the decline of the overall population, by promoting higher birth rates.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	b02d725fc727c976cce7fb6fca021515	If policy instruments or technical assessment lag behind the increasing pressure on the resource, then benefits will be reduced as a result of high uncertainty over the resource, concerns of security of access to water, or economic inefficiency. Thus the challenge is not to implement the most sophisticated and complete set of risk management measures everywhere but to match the level of risk management (in terms of sophistication) to the level of water risks and circumstances of each country. As economic growth proceeds and incomes rise, households and governments increasingly have access to the financial resources needed to reduce losses from water risks.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	b02f53a21616cd9e1146a5f4f7239005	This suggests that additional measures are needed to achieve a lasting increase in lone parent labour market participation. For Australia, there are useful insights to gain both from countries with a similar stance and those w'ith a markedly different approach. Australia, together with Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, had lone mother employment rates of below 50% in the early 2000s (see Figure 1.9).	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	b0317f06837a277dd7c06f03a3bd9380	At the same time, agricultural productivity growth must be supported by agricultural research and extension that is relevant and accessible also for small-scale farmers. Social protection programmes can play a key role in helping farmers and rural residents to cope with shocks and invest in productive activities and human resources. Finally, implementing policies aimed at promoting youth employment in rural areas as well as employability of youth through education and training is particularly important from a migration perspective. Strengthening the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system is essential to increasing agricultural productivity and creating broader market integration opportunities for smallholder farmers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	b035117fa8babab2d58d76047df8ac66	The overall contraceptive use has stood at around 50 per cent since the last decade. The policy on paper appears to be ideal, however, it has faced major setbacks during various stages of being implemented. Women completely rely on publicly supported services, but in the absence of adequate and quality family planning services, they forgo the use of contraceptives. As a result, more than half of the women receive services from private providers, which are not cost effective, and thus cost has become one of the major barriers in use of family planning methods.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	b03655dc6e0ea88927b506e14566f4b2	This information is best presented in map form. The main sources are hydrographical and hydrological monitoring and information systems that are usually managed by national geographical, hydrological institutions and water authorities. The data are usually produced for individual river basins or catchments, for use at national and subnational levels.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	b0367c68c1bea0c41189105c2e2593eb	Decentralized sustainable energy projects based on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind-electric or micro-hydroelectric simple technologies are sufficient to provide lighting and electricity for basic appliances, and power for small-scale productive activities such as electric fencing, water pumping, irrigation and ice-making (see section D and table 2 below). This means that decentralized renewable energy units can provide a cost-effective solution to quickly improve social and employment opportunities in isolated poor rural areas (World Bank, 2008b). Since the units are not connected to the main national grid, there is no new demand on what is typically an already stretched national installed supply capacity. This can significantly shorten the time frame for implementation of rural electrification projects.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	b037fea98dc3dc0a8cf22f892cfe2dbe	Results show the % change in agricultural incomes induced by each policy measure equivalent to 1 %, as explained in the text. With multipliers at around 1.0, marginal changes in biofuel policies seem to be greater impacts on global farm incomes than fertiliser policies. This is consistent with the earlier finding that biofuel support tends to increase crop prices - and hence farm incomes - in all countries, whereas income benefits in countries providing fertiliser subsidies are partly offset by losses in other countries. Multipliers for individual countries can be significantly higher than 1 (such as in the cases of Brazil or China for biofuel budgetary support), reflecting significant trans-border impacts of these policies: such high multiplier values do not indicate net gains, but reflect impacts on national farm incomes from policies in other countries.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	b03a9c14c17b2e56e9aa75a579222048	Monitoring and oversight mechanisms are not systematic and can be strengthened. Gender equality related reforms and good governance collectively reinforce each other. Planning and implementation of gender equality' reforms will only succeed if there are sound planning, monitoring and implementation processes for the public sector at large.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	b03b71a6c9f6e24b38de61f5cd6b2725	"The most important ways Greenlandic women contribute to their household. A somewhat larger part of women in the age group 25-64 see ""keeping the household going"" as their most important contribution. Thus, like the men in this age group, seeing themselves as providers seems more important than to the older groups - except when it comes to ""keeping the household going""."	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	b03b87658d121f427ffe30740657a73b	We also estimate an ordered logistic regression model on the same explanatory variables using the cumulative number of deprivations as a dependent variable. Children are the unit of analysis and the models are estimated for each country separately. Included as household characteristics are household size (and squared size), household demographic composition, tenure status of dwelling (owned or rented), work intensity status of the household and the household’s income poverty status (for indicators of multidimensional poverty only).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	b03f2759adfcde7c86f45a299da3c601	Introduces requirement for water prices to reflect costs. Requires riparian states to co-operate in the management of transboundary river basins.______________________ Sets criteria to assess groundwater chemical status and to identify pollution trends. Commission comprised of: (a) Conference of Heads of State and Government (b) Council of Ministers; (c) Technical Advisory Committee; (d) Sectoral Advisory Committees; (e) Secretariat. Establishes the Indus Basin Development Fund Establishes supplemental contributions to the Fund. International Water Law Project (http://intemationalwaterlaw.org/documentsL Lake Chad Basic Commission Perspectives (www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/cblt.htm~): Mekong River Commission (www.mrcmekong.org~): Nile Basin Initiative (www.nilebasin.org/newsite): Organization for the Development of Senegal River (www.omvs.org/fr/omvs/Dresentation.php): Office International De L’eau (www.oieau.fr/spip.php7articlel 181): Institute For Water And Watersheds -Oregon State University (www.transboundarvwaters.orst.edu/database/interfreshtreatdata.html): International Joint Commission Canada-US (www.iic.org/en/background/iic cmi nature.htm) and Pakistan.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b03f61f7e6b6f474e9901ce5b49dad40	A police officer typically requires that a suspected drunk driver undergo a field sobriety test to confirm impairment before a breath test can be administered. The permissible drink drive limit across the United States is high - 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood - and well above the 50 milligram limit prescribed in most countries. The legal constraints applicable in the United States do not allow best practice enforcement to be carried out, and high rates of alcohol related road trauma continue.	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	b03fc45133b0500b19e81acb2b16490a	Kazakhstan needs to promote economic diversification in order to reduce the country’s reliance on the natural resource sectors (OECD, 2016). The Kazakh economy is projected to start expanding again in 2017 with GDP growth expected to reach 2.5% (IMF, 2017b). However, poverty rates remain much higher in rural than in urban areas; in 2015 the rural poverty headcount ratio, at 4.9%, was almost four times higher than the urban figure of 1.3% (Figure 1.1, right panel). Real wages have increased by 280% over the last decade, compared with an OECD average of 17%‘. The World Bank estimates that in Kazakhstan the Gini index - a coefficient that measures the income inequality in a society and ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximal inequality) - stood at 0.263 in 2013 (the most recent available data) down from 0.347 in 1996. This is considerably lower than the average Gini coefficient across OECD countries, which has shown an upward trend and reached 0.32 in 2013.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284456-7-en	b0411bff8e7b1af03951d46d4fb71708	The in 2014 established REC, which brings together different stakeholders, could be strengthened further to take up this role of platform for information sharing and co-operation. The REC could be further developed to take on this role. While educational attainment has been on the rise in France, a significant share of students still leave education without upper secondary degree. While the share of early leavers from education and training in France declined from 12.7% in 2010 to 8.9% in 2016, it remains high compared to many other European countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273153-6-en	b0413d3602bde0a7ff9f84a550342903	The substantial gap in living conditions prevailing in the world could thus, in part, be attributed to differences in resource endowments and wealth creation capabilities. Climatic conditions, access to social services, hunger and malnutrition are all factors that tangibly demonstrate the geographic dimensions of development. The wealth produced must be distributed equitably as remuneration of labour used in the production process.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	b0427cdaea27aa28b5b75e4e0db9889f	The chain of inequality is thus reproduced through the education system itself. In addition, this level of education is still not compulsory in many countries of the region, so States cannot force young people to stay in school. The regional average barely exceeds 50% (see figure II.4). The difference in attainment between males and females begins to widen in the intermediate socio-economic levels (see figure II.5).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	b046b743cd664e59c69e53ced9956a79	With commitments of USD 19.6 billion, the lower middle income countries were the largest aid-for-trade recipients in 2015, whereas the upper middle income countries saw their commitments drop by USD 600 million, to USD 8.6 billion. At USD 51.6 billion or 85% of total commitments, this group received an increase of USD 5.3 billion from their 2014 levels. To a lesser extent the low-income group also increased by USD 0.6 billion to USD 5.7 billion, with the lion's share being attributed to the least developed countries.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	b0495d2df2a702b16367a5afb43d0996	Persons with between seven and nine years of schooling have a poverty rate similar to the average. Predictably, the percentage of poor persons is higher among the unemployed than among the employed and the economically inactive. Moreover, among the employed, the poverty rate is lower for wage earners than for own-account workers, who in several countries have a similar poverty rate to that of the economically inactive population. This raises the question of whether the public policies for poverty alleviation are placing sufficient emphasis on the achievement of minimum standards. A broader look at poverty, including deficiencies in spheres such as social protection and income, explores the relationship between different dimensions of deprivation. In particular, it explores conceptually and empirically different dimensions, thresholds and ways of adding dimensions in order to advance towards the construction of a relevant multidimensional poverty index that can be applied throughout the region.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	b04c58f35f827dc966002a994d50239a	For health, the NDOH submits its business plans (including new bids) to the National Treasury, with the nine provincial health departments submitting business plans to their corresponding provincial treasuries. Initial negotiations then take place. For health, bilateral meetings between National Treasury and senior health officials are held, with equivalent meetings held between provincial treasury and provincial health departments, to discuss whether programmes are adequately funded.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	b04cb0e8f4f02830c50fab11e44cc887	The challenges are due at least in part to the centralised administrative and financial system in Chile. Local governments in Chile depend largely on central government transfers and have limited sources of own-revenue, leaving few resources available for additional investment measures. Only the wealthier localities can afford to use their own-source revenue to invest in local economic development initiatives (OECD, 2009).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	b04d62e9959c75fe017c14818d8580ae	The private sector generally supports service delivery and fundraising. In some countries, the private sector is at the early stages of development, while it has expanded considerably elsewhere (Cercone, 2005). Reversing this trend and implementing the mechanisms needed to contain the growing system costs are the main challenges facing Caribbean countries in terms of equity and access to health services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	b04dba690429ffed2b1fdd26a17b2271	At the same time, the less dispersed wages among union members indicate that such extensions may be associated with lower earnings inequality. While empirical evidence also suggests that centralised as opposed to intermediate wage bargaining might be beneficial for both employment and income equality, the level of bargaining is not under the immediate influence of policy makers. These labour market effects have implications for income inequality: the lower employment rate is likely to be associated with higher income inequality, whereas the more compressed wage distribution - to the extent that unemployment benefits are progressive or lower-income workers are more likely to receive them - has the opposite effect.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	b0518f42a31c98d984dd684845554bf7	Source: OECD Development Centre using data from Fusion Media Ltd., www.investing.com. They partly recovered towards the end of 2018, but the depreciation pressures appear to persist. The Thai baht has outperformed the region’s other currencies during this period, while the Indian rupee and Myanmar kyat have weakened the most.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	b052ecb1269858d01f7e326691f3b7c1	The region's countries are the centres of origin and diversity of many plant and animal species. Many of them, such as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, are megadiverse because of their great wealth of species; especially birds, butterflies, reptiles and flowering plants. This is in addition to the biological and ecological assets of the region's rural areas, which contain four of the eight centres of origin of cultivated plants, according to Vavilov.6 Possession of a diversity of genetic resources is vital for adapting to the new conditions generated by climate change, such as drought stress, temperature change and extreme variation, diseases and pests and increased salinity.	7	7	0	1.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	b0545c324fbc412b6a1a90713471fbcc	This article reflects on the capacity of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade policy to manage sustainable fisheries effectively. Upon reflection what becomes apparent is the requirement for better synergies and coherence amongst these levels of trade policy making in order to promote global sustainable fisheries management more effectively. Many other countries within the membership have large maritime zones.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b055742884c282bd731e3c3fd6fd002c	The programme dates back to the 1990s and is one of the few types of direct support that has been in place since the early period of independence. The programme covers a wide range of crops, including cereals and pulses, soybeans, sunflower, other oilseeds, potatoes, perennial grasses, annual grasses, sugar beet, cotton, fruits and grapes. Costs of producing or purchasing seeds 40% of costs are compensated per tonne of seeds, provided based on the rates set per tonne.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	b0567fc27b283a4261a0701b1a505393	When fisheries managers are unable to set or enforce restrictions on fishing that would ensure sustainable exploitation of the resource, the problem lies in the ability of institutions to take all forms of information into account in decision making, the influence of pressure groups and election cycles and a lack of useful feedback when bad outcomes occur. When scientific information is uncertain or not trusted, it can be replaced by negotiation. Some governance structures are more adapted than others to take the long-term view' that is essential for sustainable exploitation of the resource.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	b0571cb309ed709eafc549daaed872fd	The education system has a number of features that promote equity, including a high proportion of students enrolled in early childhood education, low grade repetition and comprehensive schooling until age 16. Upper secondary graduation rates are high, as are enrolment rates for vocational education and training (VET), but dropout from VET is also high. Tertiary education is accessible to all, through policies such as a publicly funded grant and loan scheme. In the OECD Survey of Adult Skills, adults in Denmark demonstrate below-average literacy skills and above-average numeracy skills compared to the average across participating countries, with younger adults scoring around the average.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	b05cee53d299d6505d1b5c083b280be3	This provision has been severely criticised by social housing advocates for allowing well-off areas to escape their obligations, and many prosperous municipalities (such as Neuilly-sur-Seine) have taken advantage of it so far to resist the government’s efforts to make them increase their stock of social housing (Scanlon and Whitehead, 2011). In practice, social rental housing often concentrates low-income households in deprived urban neighbourhoods that offer low-quality public services and little access to job opportunities, which exacerbates urban social exclusion. In Chile, for example, areas identified for social housing construction were not always equipped with proper urban infrastructure, facilities or services and connectivity between social housing and job centres is often deficient (OECD, 2013e).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	b05db3b6a71402c13af6452364b84266	This can be achieved through specific industrial technologies or environmentally friendly technology transfers, which affects the entire production structure and the individual production processes (Cantore and Padilla, 2010). The recycling of waste and materials, for example, is part of such a green technological process. By transferring the relevant technological innovations and the required knowledge to implement such processes, high-income countries can play a vital role in greening developing countries' industrialisation process (UNIDO, 2015). An additional advantage of such a strategy is the cost factor of input materials. This may serve as another driving force to switch towards more environment friendly technologies. Using input materials more efficiently while simultaneously reducing emissions benefits both the environment and the manufacturing firm in terms of costs (UNIDO, 2017a).	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	b05de42117ecc5487fb632340885afa8	If it is high, then public policies designed to combat poverty based on economic growth will be more effective since, in this type of situation, boosting income will have a proportionally greater effect in terms of poverty reduction. On the other hand, if the coefficient of elasticity is low, the most appropriate poverty reduction strategies will be those that combine economic growth with some type of income redistribution (Marinho and Araujo, 2010). Their results indicate that, if the income level were to rise by 1 % in countries with low levels of inequality, the poverty rate would fall by 4.3%, whereas, in countries with high levels of inequality, the same increase in mean income would lead to a 0.6% drop in the poverty rate. They thus conclude that, in this latter case, growth has no more than a weak impact on poverty levels.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b05ee4732d8502fd068f1785389bd32a	However, Penang’s stress-free lifestyle, low cost of living (but increasing prices of housing), parks, sports facilities, excellent range of local and international cuisine, lively social networks, and attitudes open to change and innovation serve as invaluable counterpoints and sources of attraction. Rich cultural traditions, ample recreational and entertainment facilities, and a more sophisticated lifestyle overall, provide enhanced pull factors. For the diaspora, family and cultural ties with strong community roots intensify re-location possibilities. The state’s contribution to the Malaysian tourist industry was the third highest in the country with nearly six million tourist arrivals 2009.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	b06285cddb2283c54f51284f9508506c	However, Belgium is an exception because short-time work was already being used quite extensively prior to the start of the crisis. This means that the jobs impact of crisis-related short-time work in Belgium may be overestimated substantially. Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to correct for this as this would require detailed data on take-up during the pre-crisis period which are not available for most countries.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	b066acd2570b4c32da64e7d66cc683eb	Specifically, Goal 11 recognizes the role cities play in climate change through several targets including Targets 11.2,11.5,11.b, 11.C. Latest data indicates that cities are major contributors to climate change as they account for between 60 and 80% of energy consumption and generate more than 70% of all greenhouse gases emissions, waste and air pollution but they are also highly vulnerable to natural disasters. The NDCs place an emphasis on climate actions that are mainly connected to urban planning, transportation and early-warning systems. In general, urbanization features in about 70% of the submitted NDCs (113 out of 164), demonstrating the linkages between urbanization and climate change actions.”' The strong connection between NDCs and SDG 11 is crucial for achieving the 2030 Agenda and the success of the Paris agreement, making the two initiatives inter-dependent.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	b066cdd24e7d1376b8f5b13a74450d0a	This is not to disregard the fact that various disabilities introduce a degree of dependence in people’s lives. The idea is to seek, within that reality, a care relationship in which persons with disabilities have the greatest possible capacity to make decisions on matters that affect them, plan and lead their lives with as much freedom and dignity as possible, and be seen and heard as they are and in their demands for proper treatment. These changes are also making it increasingly unreasonable and highly questionable that the unpaid work performed by women in the household continues to form the backbone of care provision. The roles of the State, the market and the family and community in care provision urgently need to be rebalanced.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	b0670d6779bb94aac4381c8900260458	One approach is to draw on self-selection. An example for this method is the Projet d'irrigation et de gestion de I'eau a petite echelle (PIGEPE) project in Burkina Faso, which provides micro-irrigation kits only attractive to farmers with small landholdings. Only farmers who are part of the target group will acquire these kits. For example, participation in the programmes of the Chilean public Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (INDAP) is open only to small family farmers who fulfil the following economic criteria: their agricultural assets may not exceed a value of approximately US$140 000, the area under their cultivation must be below a location-specific limit, and agriculture must be the households' main source of income.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	b06782f938c352a7e7a66c27317959a5	In economies dominated by the informal sector such as Indonesia, the Philippines and Mexico, many older persons own farms and other forms of property and they often continue to work until very old ages and this enables them to make transfers to younger family members. Also, as noted in chapter 3, many older persons continue to be the head of households in extended living arrangements and thus, remittances received by them are redistributed to other younger family members (Lee and Others, 2011). In Latin American countries with generous public transfers favouring older persons such as Brazil and Uruguay, older people are relatively well off and tend to make substantial transfers to younger family members. A Brazilian aged 65 or over, on average, receives public transfers covering 90 per cent of their consumption and makes net private transfers as large as one third of their consumption to their family (Turra, Queiroz and Neto, 2011).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	b067cc4a1695ff86b77bc4b81ab7259d	This influence is very large in South European countries and in Luxembourg (Causa and Johansson, 2010). More generally, the correlation between parents’ earnings and children’s earnings attributable to educational attainment is very high in Italy, the United States and the United Kingdom and quite low in Nordic countries (D’Addio, 2007). In Turkey, Chile and Estonia, by contrast, the skills of students are relatively homogenous. Skills inequalities can be decomposed into within-schools and between-schools differences.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230750-11-en	b0688f0cd5c844f5dae357e111d30d76	They have both a mainstream formal economy and an unofficial economy within which economic transactions occur outside traditional channels and deliver economic and social benefits (Losby et al., Importantly, the two economies are not separate but overlapping. These can be grouped into four main categories; the illegal sector, the underground sector, the household sector and the informal sector (Bernabe, 2002).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/127a6106-en	b068d42a22f7782f541ca8e751f5854f	Increasing the production of staple crops is not enough to accelerate reductions in malnutrition due to the insufficient supply of nutrient-rich foods. Conventional staple foods do not supply all the nutrients needed for a balanced diet. Tackling the health problems caused by malnutrition requires a transformation of current agriculture and food systems towards more diversity at all levels.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-4-en	b06b47b2c3f71a3100807959c9ff5d28	It also looks at factors that parents regard as obstacles hindering their participation in their child's school activities. The data are based on the PISA 2015 assessment, and the figures and tables cited refer to PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students' Well-Being (OECD, 2017a). This positive relationship holds in various disciplines, across ethnic groups and gender and over time.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	b06f04f91816c525adcc20747a5dee7b	"Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean: Annual Report 2012-A Look at Grants, Support and Burden for Women. Santiago, Chile: ECLAC. Accessed 14 September 2017, https://www.cepa!. The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs on the Time Allocation of Beneficiaries: The Case of’Oportunidades’ Program in Mexico."""	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	b072c649e8e283102fccdfde40473193	Forest research stations have been attached to them. Public expenditure on forest education has been increasing in recent years and reached PLN 25 million in 2012. This is done through forest district programmes for nature protection, which produce a companion report to the forest management plan that is unique in Europe (and probably in the world). Data provided by the forest district programmes are regularly used to update the inventory.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169142-en	b07476addc2ab167adc614b772e36c08	This work supports the OECD Innovation Strategy, Skills Strategy and Green Growth Strategy. The OECD would like to thank in particular the leadership of the University of the Free State, the Central University of Technology and the Free State Education and Training Trust, who participated in the review process and opened the doors of their institutions for the OECD review team; the regional co-ordinator Lochner Marais and his University of the Free State task team as well as other active counterparts for this review in the national ministries and agencies, provincial and local governments, business and the third sector. The OECD is grateful for the generous support from the Free State Education and Training Trust and the University of the Free State for the funding of the self-evaluation process as well as the Flanders government who made this review possible by funding the OECD-led peer review. Finally, the OECD would like to thank Lumina Foundation for its support in the review team.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/70095f8a-en	b075c8dca60a5a5a9ad4d3d1a68a1bde	Africa has witnessed many successful pilot projects regarding maternal health at the government, private sector and development partner levels. These innovative projects were allowed to wither away without an appropriate framework for scale-up. While scale is very difficult to reach and could take a very long time to materialize, government and other stakeholders should not shy away from this vital responsibility. The strategy is to operate within local organizations to improve the health system and empower populations. Sen/ice providers work on a competitive basis, with better performance rewarded. The system also encourages transparency and accountability of health care centres.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	b07665605f35bb5db3feee5a80170925	Unpaid household service work consists of two elements - own-use production work of services and volunteer work. Own-use production work of sendees is activity to provide services for own final use, whereas volunteer work is non-compulsory activity to provide services for others. As iterated earlier, this guidance is focusing on own-use production work of services. The Guide recommends that the measurement and valuation of volunteer services be considered as an area for future research work.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	b076a30e153d80572c241fc14f65ef56	These interviews also revealed other on-farm risk management practices that were not mentioned in the studies. For example, dairy farmers had developed emergency plans to deal with major disasters, including back-up power generating capacities to ensure that milking could continue and product spoilage minimised. To address risks of labour availability, farmers indicated they were increasing the degree of mechanisation in their operations and developing contingency strategies for unexpected interruptions in the availability of labour, including changes in the on-farm enterprise mix. Thus, irrigation and spraying against pests were identified as standard output risk strategies, and storage as a typical marketing strategy.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	b07772b78400bf92638ee39ec29581fd	Comparisons are made across a range of OECD and non-OECD countries and between regions (municipalities) within the Russian Federation.24 The results in both dimensions suggest that there is substantial room for improving public expenditure efficiency. Comparisons with other countries suggest that the Russian Federation’s health outcomes are similar to those achieved by some countries which spend 30 to 40% less. The results on the basis of comparisons across regions/municipalities suggest that current health outcomes could also be produced with about two thirds of the present inputs if the less efficient regions were able to emulate the most efficient ones. Some regions have been more successful than others in achieving results even though the resources at their disposal have sometimes been more modest.25 Indeed, two World Bank demonstration regions (Voronezh and Chuvash Republic) appear to have had considerable success in improving health care supply and health outcomes demonstrating that there is considerable potential for higher performance (Box 3.1).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	b078093061fa2e2e1a36a454a219028d	The global temperature difference between the ocean’s surface and a depth of 200 m increased on average by 0.25°C from 1971 to 2010 (Levitus et al., Observations since 1971 indicate that thermal expansion and glacier melt (excluding Antarctic glaciers peripheral to the ice sheet) explain 75% of the observed rise. The contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has increased since the early 1990s, partly from increased outflow induced by warming of the immediately adjacent ocean (Church et al., Ocean physics and chemistry would be quite different in these two emissions scenarios, with the differences becoming ever more pronounced as we move through the 21st century.	14	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	b082d79b2f7f7600d1958ef5f19adb1f	At the same time, well-off parents are often ready to pay more for child care (Camehl et al., In Germany (Hamburg), tire gross full-time child care fee charged to such a family is equal to 21.5% of the national average wage (blue bars). They are entitled to child care benefits/rebates (including fee reductions) equal to 7.2% of the national average wage (light grey bars), and a tax reduction equal to 3.2% of the national average wage (light blue bars).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	b08578991b7f9709b965efbbd190aeb8	There is also no evidence that the programmes have discouraged labour-market participation or encouraged households to move elsewhere (Gilligan, Hoddinott and Taffesse, 2008). As the country's economy and democratic system are both weak, it relies heavily on international aid to generate, institutionalize, and implement a disaster risk management system (Koivisto, 2014). The preparation of disaster prevention, mitigation and recovery policies thus forms part of the country's development. For that reason, Mozambique has an institutional framework represented in the National Disaster Management Institute, which has national, regional and local offices (Macaringue, 2010).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	b0859c30b881fae7453c107512a5345a	Section C analyses the electricity market in the region’s countries and the influence that the sector reforms implemented in the 1990s have had on its current configuration. The following section provides an overview of the transnational enterprises in the sector, their investment strategies in the region and the effect of the European and global situations. Section E analyses electric power generation from renewable sources, and particularly the exponential growth of wind power in Brazil, Mexico and other countries of the region. The final section sets forth a number of conclusions and analyses the policies implemented by the countries of the region to develop the sector in accordance with the multiple objectives mentioned above.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	b08f60f7d733c42eb89e8e560c45b264	Private health insurance companies covered 17% of the population. The National Health Care Fund offers a universal health plan. This dual system has been criticized because it leaves low-income and high-risk populations to be treated mainly in the public system, which is poorly resourced and thus tends to provide lower quality service. Providing universal health care and at least nine years of compulsory education requires strong state commitment, involvement and consistency over time.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	b093e54705c0dd66ed715ad189e37a7f	This is particularly the case for industries in which embedded software plays a prominent role such as automotive, robotics, mobile phone, household appliances, etc., Consumers can have a vision of overall supply and demand and of their electricity consumption in real time and thus adjust their consumption based on price signals. For the electricity provider, the smart grid allows operators to stabilise demand by monitoring and influencing consumption in real time either through technical intervention or variable demand-based pricing.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	b09a5f74943ea36273379121d4516b4c	This leaves Denmark among the OECD countries with the most favourable tax treatment of interest expenses (OECD, 2018(27)), higher than in both Norway and Sweden. Denmark is among only three OECD countries (Australia and Estonia in addition) with a pure land tax, considered one of the most efficient taxes. In addition, the recent property tax reform will ensure valuations are updated every second year and maintains an element of progressive taxation.	8	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	b09d0c183bd02c06df9755f8a811dda9	The Declaration outlines the following five fundamental principles for making aid more effective. During the Busan 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011) climate finance in the context of development co-operation was outlined as a priority for effective international development. In particular, to “Continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries’ overall national development plans, and ensure that -where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries’ systems in a transparent manner”18.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	b09e84e2b12b585c4fdceaabf2dea3d9	This requires health providers to critically reflect on whether policies and practices promote or compromise indigenous health and well-being. Indigenous peoples should not be a passive consumer of health care, but rather an active partner in the development of high quality of care, that ensure good health outcomes for indigenous peoples in the circumpolar areas. State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Pepole 2013.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	b09e9450717df0b4aaf1059f114d59b5	It is therefore crucial to the reduction of poverty and inequality, the strengthening of human capabilities and the realization of human rights, the enjoyment of which has long been enshrined in international human rights treaties (see Box 3.1). For example, realizing the right to health requires not only accessible and affordable health services but also the availability of food, water and sanitation, clothing and housing; access to quality education; and protection from risk and contingencies such as maternity, illness or work-related accidents through adequate social security. The CESCR has also clarified that the realization of these rights depends on the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and quality of related social services as well as on the adequacy of transfer payments such as pensions, family allowances or unemployment benefits.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	b0a450a3cfe738078b53c77dd4e905a8	Many developing countries seem to be taking a similar approach, outlining the overarching objectives (e.g. Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal) or sectoral action plans (e.g. the Philippines, see Chapter 5). Without clear and actionable targets, it can be difficult to track progress and to evaluate the attribution of a national approach to adaptation. A review of monitoring and evaluation approaches of poverty reduction strategies found that “specifying clear targets, for which data are available, and identifying intermediate indicators remains particularly challenging” (IMF and World Bank, 2005).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	b0a8790babca226686b378c3c1309026	Per capita C02 emissions almost doubled from 5.6 tonnes in 1990 to 10.7 tonnes in 2007. Carbon intensity, defined as C02 over energy, decreased at an average annual rate of 1.0% over the same period. On 17 November 2009, the government formally adopted the voluntary mid-term GHG reduction goal which means a 30% emissions reduction from the BAU level by 2020.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/223b7be0-en	b0a99259eb9937198b1125e2834e672b	Women tend to marry into the husband’s family, leaving behind their own family to live with the in-laws. After the death of the husband, they also, in a sense, become internally displaced persons. Unofficial polygamy in such post-conflict societies is spreading more rapidly as widows have to become second wives to survive and protect themselves and their children.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	b0ab495d34ea8ad9e1eebd06f4297bc5	"The World Bank and UN-Habitat have defined a cut-off point at which owner-occupied or rental housing is deemed unaffordable, which has been used for tracking housing affordability over time as part of the agency’s Urban Indicators Programme. Housing is generally deemed affordable when a household spends less than 30 pet cent of their income on housing-related expenses, such as mortgage repayments (owners), rent payments(renters), and direct operational expenses such as taxes, insurance and service payments. Except for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), all subregions with significant slum prevalence recorded higher slum growth than the global urban population change average, with the highest rates recorded in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at 3.9 per cent and South-East Asia at 3.0 per cent.""'"	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231726-en	b0b09d97b7a08070b9eb01bd0f3c9cb5	Governments and the pharmaceutical industry are implementing risk-reduction techniques, permitting stakeholders to remain successfully in drug development. Performance-based risk-sharing arrangements (risk-sharing schemes) involve a plan by which the performance of the medicine is tracked in a defined patient population over a specified period of time and the amount or level of reimbursement is based on the health and cost outcome achieved. However, long dmg development timelines can diminish the potential retum-on-investment after entering a market, as a firm may have only a limited number of years remaining on a patent when the dmg is approved.	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	b0b104da2aa520f7b7eb41a835435069	In estimation (I) in table 4, we include those variables with only a complete set of observations in order to maximize the sample size and hence the robustness of our results. This estimation captures the relation between infant mortality and its determinants for children born between January 1971 and September 2007. In estimation (II) in table 4, we use the same set of variables, but include only the children that were born during the 10-year period prior to the survey, thereby reducing the sample size by about one half (from 41,153 to 19,146).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b0b31bf9bbdb1234b0386d4ff9d06a4e	When they exist, digital maps with municipal-level administrative boundaries are considered a state secretl and not available to foreign researchers and international organisations. Gridded population data from the Landscan project at a fine level of spatial disaggregation - 1 km2 - is used to identify city cores. The identification of core municipalities was made possible thanks to the derivation of municipal boundaries of the 26 FUA cores (i.e. the largest cities in Kazakhstan) from open cartographic resources, such as Open Street Map.	11	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	b0b354bfc93f6c483a125e0d1cf9110e	Even though per capita waste generation declined from 12.9 lbs/day in 2006, so has the share of recycled waste, from 41% in 2006 to 36% in 2009 (CMAP, 2008b; IEPA, 2011). Moreover, waste collection costs remain much higher than average. The presence of IRS also induces other firms to locate there, as people come in search of higher wages, job opportunities and cultural values. This self-reinforcing process contributes to, inter alia, the formation of deeper, more efficient factor markets and more active generation and dissemination of knowledge.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	b0b40e2c951710f8c3e57fb6bfd212ae	Candidates worked in a firm four days a week and attended school to take general subjects one day a week. After obtaining a certificate of practice, these candidates could apply for an apprenticeship or a job. An evaluation of the project showed positive results in completion and transitions to further study or employment, with the most important success factor being the 80% of practical work in an enterprise for a two-year period, which boosted applicants’ self-esteem. In spring 2013, it was decided to incorporate the Certificate of Practice Scheme into the regular structure of secondary VET.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	b0b4f9427011f3ac244c163d47908d59	In June 2016, the landfill received an average of 456 tonnes of gaibage daily but by August the same year, this amount had increased to 600 tonnes. Health concerns are abound: the site has ceased operations as a sanitary landfill a long time ago and lias since become a dumpsite, and complaints from nearby residents of the stench are commonplace. The landfill lias also experienced several fires, most notably in April 2009 when the Cebu City Council declared a state of calamity in order to allocate funds to those affected by the smoke. In 2016, the Department of Environment and Natural resources (DENR) cited issued notice of violation stating Cebu City had violated 36 conditions of DENRs Environmental Compliance Certificate.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	b0be63acd5ee9c89718fe73798014a9d	As JET is involved in many aspects of ESD, as well as research and advocacy on sustainability issues, the organisation is well-positioned to help connect these children with additional learning opportunities as they grow. In addition to hosting world-class research scientists and international student groups, the centre runs a broad range of outreach and educational programmes for the youth of the local indigenous communities. Among other community-oriented programmes, IIC runs wildlife and conservation clubs, providing for many local youth a first opportunity for systematic and scientifically-inclined learning about their natural environment. Unlike the urban youth mentioned above, these local youth come with vast knowledge and experiences developed through their lifelong immersion in the local area and their enculturation within the indigenous knowledge system.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	b0be690a0fd1f18c646133a6031c1268	Vanuatu also had a better pre-disaster position than Dominica, as it had significantly lower debt levels and had a wider range of disaster-financing instruments at its disposal. On the other hand, Dominica's pre-existing conditions limited its options and fell far short of meeting the total costs of Hurricane Erika, even though those costs have probably been underestimated. Moreover, to Vanuatu's advantage, bilateral and multilateral donors were more responsive to relief and reconstruction efforts than for Dominica, where the government found it more difficult to secure donor grant funding.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	b0bf74654ff5beda250ad6483f68f994	The scale of the market is increasing, and it is expected to be 400 million tonnes of C02 worldwide in 2010 (Takeda, 2009). Furthermore, in March 2008, the Commission for Certification Criteria for VER Using Carbon Offsetting was established. This body considered system design issues of VER and third-party verification, and in November 2008 released the “Implementation Rules for Offsetting and Carbon Credit (J-VER)”.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	b0bfaed7de26a68b0d2eee9e4efc82f2	Export restrictions by many or all countries concurrently would directly exacerbate the world market price spike and its negative consequences for the poor (FAO et al., The most severe recession in recent years was the one that accompanied the 1997-99 Asian financial crisis. In this case real, GDP per person declined by 11% (Pardede, 1999), and real consumption and investment were similarly affected (Figure 3.12). However, recessions within Indonesia are not necessarily caused by international crises. Examples are the recessions of 1981-82 and 1985, which occurred for domestic reasons. This scenario looks at a broadly based macroeconomic slowdown caused by an economy-wide collapse in production.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	b0c03e180c782eb360e921ff4fc60180	This represents a high degree of self-sufficiency compared to other world regions or countries, such as OECD Europe (55%) or the United States (70%). The contribution of imports needed to cover India's energy needs is, however, increasing: from a net import share of 10% in 1990 to 23% in 2007. This trend is driven by increased oil imports for the transport and industry sector. Also coal imports have been rising over recent years despite indigenous reserves, since domestic coal suffers from a high ash content and its low quality reduces power generation efficiency.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	b0c8bcb0c5d6ce52401f9cdaaefb0708	"Town living is sometimes fleeting and seasonal. Cyclical migration is developing between the bush and the town, either at the regional level (Faya, Agadez, Kidal, Atar, Ouarzazate, Tamanghasset, Sebha, etc.) The economic diversification of nomadism is therefore ushering in small-scale urban trades, such as retail commerce, animal guarding, and to a lesser degree, tourism"" and crafts."	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7bcd69fe-en	b0c9ca88cb0540bd2cbe3e44044757fe	When young people start maturing, they need those around them with power and influence to treat them appropriately. Age of consent laws bar adolescents under 18 from getting access to needed reproductive health services and information (Coram, 20l4d). Furthermore, young people themselves do not always take advantage of the opportunities for civic participation afforded to them by societies.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/27e660be-en	b0cf6beda6a82dfd2952c111982f4f29	This includes setting up of legal aid centres that assist in fighting workplace sexual harassment, the publication and distribution of newspapers, and the establishment of a women’s centre that provides legal education, medical assistance, small credit and skills training. This challenges the traditional definitions of labour issues or workplace politics (Baskin, 1991). When achieving leadership positions, women’s participation in trade unions tends to be limited to ‘women’s issues’ and women are excluded from participating in ‘hard core issues’ that require collective bargaining agreements with employers and governments.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	b0cf6e320528f8f98135f10affd3b9fb	At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted. The policy gap therefore refers to a lack of policy coherence at central government level, which is a condition for better cross-sector co-ordination at the sub-national level. A primary concern is the lack of information to guide decision makers in the water sector.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	b0d0b1213534500d89344c87b25f548b	Among the countries that practice grade repetition and that have relevant data available, in Estonia, Iceland, Ireland and Israel, the direct and opportunity costs of using grade repetition for one age group can be as low as 0.5% or less of the annual national expenditure on primary- and secondary-school education - or between USD 9 300 and USD 35 100 per repeater (Figure 4.2 and OECD, 2013a, Table IV.1.6). In Belgium and the Netherlands, the cost is equivalent to 10% or more of the annual national expenditure on primary and secondary education - or as high as USD 48 900 or more per repeater. These estimates are based on the assumption that students who repeat grades attain lower secondary education, at most. As individual schools receive their funding in relation to the number of students enrolled, they do not have to absorb those increased costs or bear the opportunity costs of lost output (Field, Kuczera and Pont, 2007). By contrast, practices that can reduce the use of grade repetition, such as personalised and intensive intervention, very often have direct costs for schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	b0d1f5d58534558c401a91fafce96532	In the complainants’ view, the drugs prices were excessive because even when taking account of the need to recoup R&D costs and make profits, as well as the obligation to pay certain licensing fees, the prices remained unjustifiably elevated. Before the Tribunal could adjudicate on the issue, however, the affected companies agreed to license the right to use the patented substances to a number of local manufacturers. Such agreements had existed before, but under terms and conditions that proved impracticable for the local producers (e.g. sales only allowed to the public sector, at a 30 per cent royalty rate). The TRIPS Agreement (Article 31) leaves members free to determine excessive prices as a substantive ground for compulsory licensing (see above, the section on compulsory licenses).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	b0d30f6139468b74afe46e56a54bee40	Modem medicine has also been called mainstream medicine (MM), allopathic medicine, conventional medicine, modern medicine, orthodox medicine, traditional medicine. Western medicine or clinical medicine. It involves the approach to health care practiced in developed nations, based on scientific data for diagnosing and treating disease; MM assumes that all physiologic and pathological phenomena can be explained in concrete terms; MM tools include non-human model systems, blind studies and statistical analysis to ensure reproducible results.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	b0d9e883c91f6fab6864ee2b95d5853d	Pone de manifesto que, conforme a esas reglas, el concepto de familia deberia definirse teniendo en cuenta las condiciones actuales, de tal forma que proporcione protection eficaz a todos sus miembros y en cumpli-miento de otros principios fundamentales de derechos humanos. Tambien expone como han aplicado los organos encargados de vigilar el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos estas reglas de interpretacion con respecto a los problemas relacionados con las familias. A continuation, presenta una critica de dos politicas para la reduction de la pobreza orientadas a las familias que han recibido una gran atencion en los ODS: los programas detransferencias deefectivoy las politicas relativas a los cuidados no remunerados.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	b0da37102ff6aed6a761d91dbe6d73d6	National goals for hydroelectricity are set according to water policies and targets, although this still has to be implemented at the basin level. The Environment Agency is now working with the Energy Saving Trust to develop policy in this area to target hot water use as a way of mitigating climate change. Plans for renewable energy take into account the increasing needs generated by desalination plants, irrigation modernisation, water reuse, aquifer management in periods of droughts, etc.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/859159ab-en	b0dbbb396e992f56f78486dbfd47521c	In Myanmar, however, the persistent weakness of the kyat has fuelled a rise in domestic prices, and in China, supply-side pressures have pushed food prices upwards. Thailand raised interest rates as a precautionary measure against risks in the real estate market, while China, India, Malaysia and the Philippines have eased monetary controls to a certain degree. Nevertheless, the overall balance-of-payments positions have remained in good stead.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	b0dd6852758a955bed9dcbfe8f6cb069	This is the case for large groups in Denmark (Figure 21) (Danish Ministry' of Finance, 2017(20); 2018(21)). In many countries, pension contributions are deductible and tax-exempted on pay out, resulting in negative marginal effective tax rates. See source for details on the methodology and assumptions applied.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	b0e0fba3740eb40f42beecb56e2b3bed	See also General Comments adopted by the UN Human Rights Committee,such as No.28 (2000) and No. Moreover, this principle has been further expanded by the work of the supervisory bodies dealing with the two Conventions specifically aiming at the prohibition of discrimination: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Thus, to assess whether or not there has been discrimination in the enjoyment of rights related to the family, it is necessary to understand the scope of the principle and the way in which it has evolved over the years.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	b0e56edb6615f0537784bd7c59d7aaa1	Coastal regions, particularly Rakhine State and Ayeyarwady Delta Region, are at high risk for cyclones, storm surges and tsunamis. Much of the country, especially in the Central Dry Zone, is exposed to flooding and landslides during the rainy season, in addition to drought and fire during the dry season. The challenges call for more comprehensive approaches based on an integrated analysis of hazards, risks linked with land use, livelihoods planning and natural resource management. As such, new ways of working were seen as critical to building community resilience and reducing risk and vulnerability related to natural hazards and climate change.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/508a648f-en	b0e68fc2ed5f0fb2365701e21cccb25e	Conditional cash transfer schemes for alleviating human poverty: Relevance for India. Malaysia’s new economic model: An assessment of its strategies for inclusive growth. Paper presented at the Asian regional workshop on Social Inclusiveness in Asia’s Emerging Middle Income Countries, in Jakarta, organized by the Asian Development Bank, the International Labour Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, and the International Poverty Reduction Center in China, 13 September.	10	3	3	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	b0e9f8893ea1d321a8826eefc49859f7	In the United States, the high supply of cannabis is due to extensive illegal production within the country, large-scale smuggling from Mexico and large-scale production and diversion from states within the United States that allow cannabis production for nonmedical purposes and for medical cannabis programmes. Authorities of some states have complained of a spillover effect created in their territory by the diversion for trafficking purposes of cannabis from neighbouring states that have legalized the drug for non-medical purposes. United States authorities have also reported a 62 per cent increase in the number of cannabis-related emergency department visits between 2004 and 2011.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	b0eb346aaa3bbb9f7d1d84f7fd0e9569	To stem speculative attacks, the central bank responded by intervening in the foreign exchange market and tightening controls on currency trade. A new 20% reserve requirement was imposed on all currency forward positions. These projections are still largely in line with a minimum target for an economic growth rate of 6.5% during the country’s 13th five-year plan (2016-2020). The plan places emphasis on the quality of growth.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-4-en	b0f19a6564eaf2e621f141e98aa2873a	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Yves Leterme, Deputy Secretary-General of OECD, and the Korean Maritime Institute (KM I) signed a statement of intent on co-operation on the ocean economy. It furthermore calls for co-operation between nations to halt illegal practices at sea.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	b0f2250a50170ee0cb8e412db8852649	Countries have also developed specialised training and certification systems to seek efficiency gains through specialised cancer care delivery. In countries such as Sweden, cancer patients are treated at specialised institutions with both inpatient and outpatient facilities, often called comprehensive cancer centres, in which radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery are provided. These centres often facilitate the delivery of integrated care provided by diverse specialists to cancer patients and engage in extended research activities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	b0f2c97d288d779e828c2e62ff2ee13a	Aside from country-specific factors, such as good harvests and stable food prices, there are a few global reasons for this situation related to the energy sector, currencies, capacity utilization and technology. First, despite the OPEC-plus agreement to cut oil production, oil prices are unlikely to rise significantly higher given the reduced cost of extracting shale oil in the United States where oil output exceeded 10 million barrels per day, the highest level since 1970 (United States Energy Information Agency, 2018) as well as the dramatic decline in renewable energy prices such that the average cost of electricity from certain renewables now falls within the range of that produced with fossil fuels. The update better reflects the current structure of economies. Largely reflecting the increase in China's weight, the shift in the base year resulted in increased aggregate growth by approximately 0.2 percentage points compared with the previous base year.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	b0f2f44f159949cb919f5a0c5896aca1	The Pole Metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire also has its own budget which consists of contributions from intercommunalites which is calculated by taking into account the weight of population in the cluster and its tax wealth. However, its situation is not due to exceptional circumstances. What separates the metropole from similar areas is its level of development, and not the particular character of the local mi leu.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	b0f67ad60cb7d37f9b8ff6bbc0a51dd9	Specialised services often involve a breakdown of these fields, such as neurosurgery (surgery), allergology (internal medicine), paediatric allergology (paediatrics) or reproductive medicine or genetics (gynaecology and obstetrics), etc. Admissions focus on routine treatment, such as maternity cases without complications, appendicitis, hernias, diarrhoea and dehydration in children, non-complicated diabetes and so on. It includes the whole range of services usually performed in an outpatient setting, such as tooth extraction, the fitting of dental prostheses, and dental implants and orthodontics.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	b0f832262fd3638201956a5e96de9e06	Speech at the launching event of the EC and the All Party Parliamentary Group on Climate Change Co-operation, London, 11 January; available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECFI/07/ 8&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Clean energy investment in developing countries: Wind power in Egypt. Winnipeg: USD; available at: www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/bali_2_copenhagen_egypt_wind.pdf.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	b0f835174550940ae3349f49c051b212	The state government manages the resources for the construction of those eco-tourism centres and provides technical advice as necessary. Agro-tourism and eco-tourism, for example, attract tourists who want to learn more about local culture and economic activities, thus providing a stimulus for farming and forestry and other environmentally-friendly activities. The experience of the Weissensee region in Austria is a good illustration of this compatibility. Likewise, a recent OECD review of Costa Rica highlighted the country’s development of a strong eco-tourism industry with wise management of natural resources and high positive impact on the incomes of local communities in rural areas. Weissensee is one of Austria’s most tourist-oriented communities in which agriculture is closely connected to the tourist industry. The agricultural landscape represents an important input factor for the production of tourist services.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	b0f9f261624184aea9b805e73d94abb1	"In addition, the state budget for 2015 allocated EUR 14.5 million to pre-primary education capital works and to assist the municipalities with the highest pre-primary education needs (see Chapter 2). Such projects need to be expanded until the demand for places can be satisfied. Since pre-primary education is so important in preparing a child for basic education it should be changed from an “original” to a ""transferred” responsibility and become fully funded by the Ministry of Education through appropriate normatives (see also Chapter 2). Such a move would also contribute to a better monitoring of the sufficiency of places offered in relation to demand for them."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	b0fbebe19ba555e7afe00e51536391d4	Shipbuilding and fishing augmented this water-based economy and the two cities were once major players in European ship construction. Today the largest ship yard in Europe is in Saint-Nazaire—the Chantiers navals de Saint-Nazaire, or the Chantiers de I 'Atlantique (the name of the local society in charge of the management and the organisation of shipyards until 2008). It is now owned by the Korean firm STX and employs around 2 000 workers.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4a27e063-en	b0fcdec57f7c1cabc267ac3fec8f731c	Though not illegal in any way, these arrangements have contributed to a negative image of the ITQ system in the public. The Icelandic experience cover a period where urbanisation has increased and where a larger proportion of the population are settled in cities and particularly in Reykjavik. Thus, concentration is linked to other economic processes, but are nonetheless identified with trade of quota and the ITQ system. While there is evidence of some regional concentration, concentration is mostly felt on a local level (Chambers & Kokorsch, 2017; Runolfsson, 2016).	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	b101da2268fcd9e2fb634b6c99aa29f8	Politicians started to think that the agglomerations of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire should have a common vision for local planning and that they are stronger together. In 2001, a communaute de communes was organised around the city of Nantes and a political campaign was launched by the president of the Nantes metropole to promote the idea of joint governance for a larger area that would involve all the communes around the boundaries of the Nantes metropole. Eventually this culture of working together led to the decision to develop the first SCoT (Schema de Coherence Territoriale) as a mechanism to allow more co-ordinated spatial development planning and plan implementation. Satisfaction with the outcomes of this very intense period of collaboration and joint reflection led to the next decision to increase the degree of integration by creating the Nantes Saint-Nazaire metropole, which was launched in 2012.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	b102f8ebb2a3fe0bd1b2cbbcaeb2f874	Complying wdth its strict implementation rules (including financial management, monitoring, evaluation and reporting) requires significant ongoing political and institutional efforts. It is also a challenge for SEE producers to fill out application forms and comply w'ith environmental requirements. The Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia has implemented the IPARD I Programme (2007-13) and used IPARD I funds through to the end of 2017, while Albania and Montenegro have implemented IPARD-like schemes. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has been granted entrustment of IPARD II implementation. However, preparations in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are not as advanced.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	b10557a9074f95d7e9366e781178ad8f	These two forms can be channelled through a variety of financing tools. In such transactions, the lender earns money through the amount of interest associated with the loan. The interest rate is in direct proportion to the risk associated with the project, i.e. the higher the risk, the higher the interest rate.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b1068bd3accbf0bcbea8456cd2ae33df	To tackle endogeneity issues, the paper follows McKenzie and Rapoport (2011) by instrumenting the migrant share in 2010 with historical migration flows (specifically, migrant share in 2000).14 While previous migration flows could affect current ones through network effects or persistence of incentives to migrate, it has no effect on the level of current discriminatory norms, except through the current migration share or the previous levels of discrimination in the SIGI. The instrumental strategy assumes that the instrument is valid (i.e. Cov(Mu-1, juf) = 0) and relevant (i.e. Cov(Mu-j, Mu) * 0). This instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable, as indicated by the first step of the IV estimations and F-statistics are higher than 0.10 (Tables (6) and (8)). The exogeneity is rejected for all dependent variables at 5%.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	b10bea56526ea902147beb0a9444c276	Renewable energy systems are increasingly being deployed to spread access to water in remote communities and simultaneously increase water availability for irrigation, with certain impacts on food security. In the same manner, renewable energy in urban settings enhances the resilience of urban water systems. Tapping into locally available energy resources is a remarkable way of reducing the costs of utilities and improving the reliability of water supply.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-5-en	b10c3bf3cfb4fd12b5ac2715b4197d4a	Adding to the complexity is national inconsistencies in policy and performance measurement, although efforts are being made to improve harmonisation. Clearer government accountability and more explicitly defined roles between central and local authorities will help Australia overcome some of these impediments. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	b10db0536c4cd6a2b2dace04804f6025	The differences are larger and more widespread for self-employed workers. The most common differences include the exclusion of self-employed workers from unemployment benefits, and no or non-compulsory eligibility for work injury benefits as well as differences in the rules on sickness and maternity benefits. With the exception of a handful of countries (Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), the effective differences in the content and extent of taxes and benefits for part-time workers are related more to their particular circumstances (e.g. lower earnings due to fewer hours of work) than to structural differences in policy rules.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	b10fbe7c776bdfd06e86ec110cad621c	Engagement in education is a necessary precondition for student learning so that students can develop their skills and enjoy education. Better understanding how to improve student engagement can help support students to remain in education and do well at it. This chapter investigates the role of student engagement in education and the indicators that reflect it.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	b1102f7e91cc73421e9853016b209e9f	The work intensity status of a household summarises the work status over the past year for all work age household members (aged 18 to 64). It is obtained by computing the ratio of worked months over workable months, averaged over all work age household members and subsequently divided into four categories (WI=0, 0<WI<0.5, 0.5<WI<1, WI=1). Characteristics of the child’s parents or carers refer to unemployment spells during the survey reference period, their country of birth and level of educational attainment.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264075429-11-en	b110d623db20afb2b6a13517cff6b8ae	The FFRMC and LFRMC and the SC annually review and evaluate the progress of the ecosystem based FSRP and recommend any revisions or supplementary items for individual policy. First, while the conventional fisheries management policy does not have a clear goal of stock rebuilding, ecosystem based FSRP specifies the target fish stock recovery in policy. However, the new ecosystem based FSRP premises the voluntary participation of fishermen, allowing fishermen to voluntarily participate in setting up and executing the plan as well as making them responsible for the outcome. But ecosystem based FSRP requires an analysis on a management measures by species of fish, type of fisheries, and sea area before and after an operation so that fisheries management measures can be utilized more effectively. Accordingly, resource management also enforced measures for fishing effort for each fishery and technique restrictions instead of managing individual species separately.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	b113e628571b328a8cfdecfed3868f5a	The reporting flexibility allowed for in individual Parties’ adaptation communications is likely to lead to differences in what is reported to the UNFCCC by Parties, and when. This might also make it difficult to use such information to track the progress towards the three individual aspects of the global adaptation goal agreed on in the Paris Agreement (i.e. enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability). The typical characteristics of adaptation, which is context-specific, long-term and changing over time, can also impede such assessments - which may explain why assessments of the same issue done by different organisations in different ways can lead to such wide variations in results.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b116b7a0bee17fd4f3c96ce4b7bb2ce0	Are the supportive policies adjusted in view of progress? This is all the more important given that renewable technologies have shown a high learning rate. During 2011, prices of PV modules dropped by another 45%, reaching USD 0.90/W installed at the start of 2012 (BNEF, 2012).20 Overall, this amounts to a 75% drop in prices since 2008 (UNEP FI, 2012). On the one hand, lower cost of production for clean technologies is an opportunity to increase the ambition of the overall long-term clean energy objectives.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	b11a4e08100b517df65c838e82b30665	The focus is not about results or outcomes per se, but about the overall objectives and preconditions to effective climate finance that can be considered at different stages from the design to delivery of finance, at the international and national levels, as well as for programme and project-level activities. Through the use of semi-structured interview techniques across a sampling of diverse stakeholders in the climate finance arena, the authors consider perceptions about the relative importance and relevance of different principles and pre-conditions for success, to understand what supports effective climate finance outcomes. To date, there is not a commonly agreed definition of what constitutes “effective” climate finance.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	b11ac049b53c4f6f0302901b6da36a88	They focus on three objectives: i) to establish a clear, predictable and legitimate framework supported by competent and well-resourced authorities; ii) to ground the selection of PPPs in value for money; and iii) to use the budgetary process transparently to minimise fiscal risks and ensure the integrity of the procurement process. However, the lack of adequate planning for migration results in squatter settlements, slum areas, traffic congestion, urban poor and urban sprawl. Kazakhstan’s national and subnational authorities show little evidence that they have taken the necessary' steps to absorb newcomers into cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	b11b7c673fbaedb68ceb3d62db9ab7dd	Consequently, the oceans and resources therein are fundamental to the well-being of the Commonwealth. This is particularly so for the SIDS which may possibly not have other significant natural resources. Approximately 350 million jobs globally are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism and research activities. Conversely, experts have issued a stark warning; if we continue on the current trajectory, only one third of the amount of fish available from capture fisheries in 1970 will still be available by 2050.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b11c2f322a60ce65bd01df2ed457ecfc	The Arab population is characterised by diversity consisting of Muslims (majority), Bedouins, Druze and Christians. Most of the population in the Galilee lives in rural settlements. In 2005, the percentage of the population participating in the civilian labour force in the Northern District was 59.7%, compared with the national average of 67.1% (Paltiel, 2007).	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	b11dc0c8fedb3ab52f3343c1b572eeab	Three specifications have been used to provide three estimates of the reduction in well-being associated with gender-based discriminatory social institutions (see Table 4 columns 7,8 and 9). In equation 4, oc2 can be interpreted as the marginal effect, which corresponds to the country’s average level of subjective well-being changes when the SIGI changes from 0 to 1, holding all other variables in the equation constant (i.e. partial derivative). Given our linear approach, the higher the SIGI, the higher the decline in absolute life satisfaction7, with the highest reduction found in the Middle East and North African, sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	b11f2b92b9ed0631c807b43e117001a7	It has been estimated that 15% of the cost of treatment of diabetes in the United States is on nursing care due to kidney, retina and macula, neurologic and other complications (ujujurujorIddiabetesday.org; www.idf.org). In 2010, it was estimated that approximately 35 million people die every year from chronic life-limiting illnesses, of which less than 8% have access to LTC (Connor, 2010). Long-term care needs increase significantly with age, with typically around 50% of the population aged over 65 requiring some form of long-term care (Bulletin Luxembourgeois des Questions Sociales, 2005).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-4-en	b12074034a1d42f632d2da018f0abe11	In the 2011 round of assessments in mathematics and science, Danish students scored above the TIMMS scale centrepoint, but below the TIMMS Advanced and High International Benchmarks. In the reading assessment, Danish students reached excellent results above the PIRLS scale centrepoint and the PIRLS High International Benchmark. This result places Denmark among the top eleven high-achieving countries. Over time, Denmark has increased its performance in mathematics and science (between 2007 and 2011) as well as in reading (between 2006 and 2011).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	b122246f039be68f167b27fd10388195	Data refer to 2006 and 2011 for Chile. Recent years saw a rise in the fraction of workers who earned the minimum wage, from 6% in 2007 to 11.3% in 2011. This suggests that the minimum wage has become increasingly binding, and further increases of the minimum wage risk reducing employment among current minimum wage earners.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/401c524c-en	b1259b6943f77b87218b8d22f6d2a9c3	For example, in Nepal UNDP supported a cross-party women’s caucus that successfully built power and a common agenda around women’s rights in the Constituent Assembly from 2008 to 2013.118 However, its success was not long lasting, and the second Constituent Assembly, elected in 2013, abolished the caucus. In the eyes of the women involved in the caucus, this was because they had built up a solid power base, solidarity and a strong voice across party lines that threatened the leadership and status quo. Under the Soviet Union, women’s participation in labour markets and politics was equal to men’s participation.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	b12702339f959b9b7167d3f81c6adab3	For one of these respondents, the issue was primarily one of uneven economic development across urban and rural centres. But it is worth noting that Chinese respondents also saw the benefits of collaboration around infectious disease control as flowing in both directions - not just into China, but outwards to the rest of the world. Thus two respondents pointed out that infectious disease control is not merely a national concern but has international and global implications, and that consequently, as one respondent put it, “an integrated global approach is necessary to understand transmission and evolution of infectious disease agents”. International co-operation and exchange would thus benefit not just China, but would contribute to the work of infectious disease control in an international context. In the case of South Africa, this pattern was reversed. South African responses to the sections of the questionnaire that asked about stratified medicine were very brief compared to those relating to control of infectious diseases.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	b1275d29f83b79b15e5523e3a4494078	To show the latter result, consider two wells j and I with dj < dt. Then it must be that =i<f)(dj,T — s,fly) > £|=i0(dj,7’ — s,fl() for all / and T > i (e.g. consider the Glover-Balmer equation). However, the gains from optimal regulation relative to other, simpler kinds of regulation may not be quantitatively important and depend both on the heterogeneity of producers and their production functions, and on the spatial complexity of the hydrologic system. For any given application, it is important to understand whether the gains from the introduction of a complex regulatory or incentive-based system for groundwater management are worthwhile, in comparison to alternate regulations with lower informational requirements and higher stakeholder acceptability.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	b12988c8f74bc6debe17b0cad676ec78	As a result, relative poverty, measured as household incomes below 60% of median income, has been contained. Between 1996-97 and 2009-10, the proportion of individuals with household incomes below 60% of median income fell from 19.4% to 17.7% before housing costs and from 25.3% to 22.2% after housing costs. Relative child poverty fell from 26.7% to 19.7% before such costs, a reduction of over a quarter, but short of the previous government objective of halving relative child poverty by 2010 (Jin et al., The housing cost overburden rate - the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of disposable income (EU housing statistics) - is one of highest in the European Union (EU), reaching nearly 41% in 2009 for tenants in the private sector, compared to an EU27 average of 25%. Recent cuts to housing benefits and the removal of indexation on actual market rents from April 2013 will increase the burden further for low-income tenants in private rental.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599598-12-en	b12a55fd325e2ea4f89e28f4e0d1034a	This work is contributing to SDG target 16.1, aimed at significantly reducing all forms ofviolence. Citizens are encouraged to keep active and healthy through the Play for Life programme, which also aims to help keep some of Sierra Leone's traditional sports alive and pass them on to future generations.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	b12d2fad4758d122d480242a8643f6ee	Entitlements reinstated under Bill C-31 do not necessarily translate into Band membership. This can be problematic for women and their families who have had their Status reinstated through Bill C-31. Thus, families at lower incomes are subject to the stress of food insecurity from a compromised diet that results when food is no longer available.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/02e538fc-en	b12e917bfc4f6bd3a958a958eec35d81	Yet, globally, time use data remains limited, in particular for developing countries, due to the significant costs and capacities needed to undertake a time use survey. Reporting on SDG Target 5.4 requires regularly collected time-use data disaggregated by sex, age group and location. However, to date, only 83 countries have ever conducted time-use surveys, and only 24% of those were conducted after 2010 (UN Women, 2018). Of the 47 least developed countries, only 8 have collected time-use data.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4384e397-en	b12eefc087761169965ceace1df6537d	"Cloud-based services are required to cope with much larger data storage needs at the point of creation. The prime examples of such ""big data"" are the huge datasets from satellites that monitor the environment, but video and data from mobile phones also require a software solution that can easily be adapted to an increasing volume of data or users. The big-data approach will change the understanding of natural and human processes, such as the growth and distribution of species or the spatial planning of fisheries and aquaculture."	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	b1335651677378eea95cc3fc11001964	But such a detailed bottom-up analysis is necessarily partial in scope. Therefore, specific insights can be drawn from a more top-down analysis of key interlinkages between land, water and energy in the global biophysical and economic systems. The current report hence does not aim to provide an exhaustive answer on the costs of inaction in all regions in the world. Rather, it limits itself to a top-down approach, by using large-scale global systems models to explore how major resource bottlenecks can affect the land use systems and economies of the major regions in the world. Rather, insights are provided by investigating a carefully selected set of scenarios that are designed to illustrate the key bottlenecks: one scenario for each resource bottleneck, plus two scenarios that combine all bottlenecks, with and without an overlay of climate change.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/66641c52-en	b1356f6bc676221a8773dd32f20d9e91	Such studies highlight the potential of'smart card' data analysis in providing operators with maximum value for their infrastructure investments. It appears that the growing mobility needs of the elderly and people with disabilities, combined with diminishing public finances requires investment prioritisation in areas that could provide the greatest benefits to users. The factors, and their interactions, affecting transport accessibility for individuals, as well potential policy/activity outcomes (abandon, reschedule, relocate and replace) are summarised in Figure 3.10. Participation in global supply chains is essential for attracting foreign investment and enterprises as well as human capital.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	b137a4e5155043ce0f5da536fc9fa9d4	Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Hence, there is much need for improvement in the physical efficiency of water use in agriculture in all irrigated regions of the world, to help toward meeting the projected global increase in agricultural commodity production, and also to release water for other uses. Some of this improvement is included in the Environment Outlook baseline scenario projections.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	b137b1834f1ce8a32e6415243fe14e1c	The city penalises traffic law offences through cameras installed in areas with frequent parking violations and cameras mounted on buses monitor parked cars. If a car remains in a “no parking” zone for longer than five minutes, a parking ticket is automatically issued and sent to the car’s owner (about 3 million tickets are issued every year). Front-facing cameras on buses ensure that private cars that use the dedicated “median” bus lanes are also fined. The revenue from parking tickets is then reinvested in improvements of public parking facilities. The city government does not make any direct economic profit out of the export, since private companies are in charge of developing the hardware and software required for implementing TOPIS elsewhere. The financial burden is particularly salient in Korea where local governments have a relatively low fiscal autonomy to start with.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	b137db5ee9e32703dbbac11c1f9d2e87	More commonly, teacher professional development on ESD has been undertaken by CSOs (such as the Jamaica Environmental Trust (JET)’s School Environment Programme in Jamaica) or multilateral organisations (such as UNESCO). There is a missed opportunity for better co-operation in this area, since in many cases CSOs are providing ESD training to public sector teachers - which should arguably be the responsibility of MoEs - but without full MoE support or formal endorsement of the work. For example, while many countries have a credentialing system that requires teacher professional development, there is no evidence of CSO-delivered training on ESD being credited in any of these systems, even when the CSOs have sought this out.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	b139ebb314a43583e5b9dd06315722a5	For a discussion of policy design and reform, see OECD (2002), Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda and OECD (2008a), Agricultural Policy Design: A Synthesis. Various proposals have been made in the context of current WTO negotiations to correct the current imbalance of import and export rules to imports, including the binding and elimination of export taxes, and prohibition of export restrictions. The purpose of the ASEAN Food Security Reserve, as stated in the original agreement, is to provide for a supply of rice in emergency situations when a member country, having suffered a natural or man-induced calamity, is unable to cope with such state or condition through either its national reserve stocks or normal international trade.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	b13de989e6b6725db713aad08eb5c61c	This higher poverty risk, however, is not necessarily matched with comparatively higher odds ratios than in other countries. Hence, a child that is monetary poor in the UK does not necessarily have a higher chance of being deprived in other domains than a child living in Germany, France or the Netherlands. An overlaps analysis of monetary poverty and neighbourhood problems, for example, points towards high union poverty at 49 per cent (i.e. almost half of all children in the UK are either monetary poor, experience neighbourhood problems or both) but does not provide any evidence of increased odds for experiencing neighbourhood problems when monetary poor.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	b13f6f54a0bc999c54f1312e0832305d	Current membership includes seven LDCs.2 The GSTP recognizes the special needs of the participating LDCs, including, among other things, the need to extend concrete preferential treatment measures and concessions. In the past, only a limited number of offers of nonreciprocal trade concessions were extended to LDCs under the GSTP.3 In 2004, at the eleventh session of UNCTAD (UNCTAD XI) held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, GSTP participants agreed to convene a third round of negotiations to improve preferential tariffs and expand trade ties among signatory developing countries. In addition to the seven LDCs that participate in the GSTP (identified in italics), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Haiti, Madagascar, Mauritania, Rwanda and Uganda have applied for accession to the GSTP.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	b14013d68949bbc41aa77f3d514e0fa7	Interest rates are set on a commercial basis for local currency loans (where possible) with maturities between 10 and 18 years. For example, between 2005 and 2006, the EBRD made 28 loans to sub-sovereign entities without such a guarantee for a total volume of more than EUR 350 million. The EBRD also provides direct financing to municipally-owned or partially municipally-owned companies without a municipal guarantee. The Bank has been able to support this kind of risk thanks to a very deliberate approach to risk mitigation. They carefully select partner cities with an initial focus on revenue generating projects. They combine financial assistance (through loans priced at a commercial rate but sized conservatively) with technical assistance to support the reform process.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329422-8-en	b1408a7f6a7c69bd948a33e89c1468f4	It should be noted, however, that output-based indicators on food waste are perhaps less susceptible to macro-economic trends than output based indicators on other waste streams. Historical data on household expenditure on food shows that this has remained relatively stable over the past two decades of economic growth, while expenditure on other consumption areas has increased significantly. Such indicators can be more representative of real waste prevention according to the definition.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	b14170c6f4d67b6354c294714ea618ac	About 22% of rivers in the South (8% in the North) are classified as poor or bad quality (Figure 4.3). Groundwater quality shows significant regional differences. For example, in the regions/provinces of Trento, Bolzano, Liguria, Lazio and Marche, between 75% and 93% are classes 1 to 3; in Abruzzo and Umbria, 43% and 32% respectively are class 4 (poor).	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	b1418e6db8e1221b2a45e050b71d3dbd	As for Sweden, Norway and Denmark, they boast the narrowest gaps in working hours within couples (below ten hours per week). Eastern European countries also tend to have below average within-couple gaps. Nor do mothers necessarily step up their paid work to offset reductions in their partners’ hours: if the father does not work, the mother still works only some 19 hours per week on average - which may, in part, be related to assortative mating that brings together partners with the same socioeconomic background (as in university and college students). Data refer to total hours worked in all jobs, except for Chile where only hours worked in the main job are considered.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	b142b11b4f6254527fe5cc97be40194d	They can also be afflicted by humanitarian crises due to conflicts or extreme natural events. Farm households and agricultural producers can experience production shortfalls due to bad weather conditions such as insufficient rain or too much rain in the wrong season; extreme temperatures; or animal or plant diseases. They can also suffer from sudden reductions agricultural prices if they are net sellers of food staples, or sudden increases if they are net buyers.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	b145dadee702ee5cebd54f1d03f1c8fd	Practitioner buy-in - through programmes that are user friendly, time flexible, interactive, and respond to practitioner needs - will maximise the impact of CPD programmes. In a number of OECD countries, incentives for CPD are in place. In Austria, core mental health training for primary care practitioners is quite limited, but some primary care physicians have undertaken additional psychotherapeutic medicine training at different intensities. Training results in the accreditation of psy-1, psy-2 and psy-3 diplomas which also allow primary care physicians to deliver certain treatments (in total, some 5 000 general practitioners in Austria hold one of these diplomas).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dc0c31b7-en	b147ecc8e8dad1a88919b15d41e40ef7	Since 2007, more than half of the world’s population has been living in urban areas and the figure is estimated to exceed 70 per cent by 2050. This is a hallmark of the transformation of humans’ economic base and social structure, inasmuch as, previously, populations lived and worked primarily in rural areas. By concentrating people, investment and resources (a process known as agglomeration), cities heighten the possibilities for economic development, innovation and social interaction. More specifically, cities also make it possible to lower unit costs so as to provide public services such as water and sanitation, health care, education, electricity, emergency services and public recreational areas (Polese, 2009; Satterthwaite, 2010). Along these lines, cities also face challenges that threaten their efforts to achieve sustainability, for example, through improvement of access to, and efficiency in the use of, public services, as well as reduction of their ecological footprint and financial fragility, and the building of resilience against the adverse impact of natural hazards.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	b1504101f5bdc8ccc034a9b9b42d7aba	Micro-data, on the other hand, tend to indicate that owning a home makes people more likely to be employed than when renting, thereby pointing at a positive effect at the individual level. Recent research highlights the role of negative externalities in explaining these contradicting findings (Isebaert et al., Given the severe contraction in the housing market, the potential magnitude of this problem is significant.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/709f1e18-en	b150b68cb13e42f62229c3190dc51b03	The first international symposium was held in Tokyo in 1996. Food pollution and industrial wastes were the topics of the main agenda in its discussion session. In the second year, the project’s scope expanded to water contamination; samples of tap water (and a few seawater samples) were collected across East Asia to evaluate water quality levels in the region.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	b156a5f1116cf3844309f406d5b147a2	According to the IUCN, invasive alien species constitute the second most severe threat to freshwater fish species (William et al., Changes in the natural morphology of water bodies (e.g. channelized rivers, dams, canals) can also affect the ability of ecosystems to process and retain pollutants (Wagenschein and Rode, 2008). High nitrate levels in drinking water can lead to infant methaemoglobinaemia (blue-baby syndrome), gastric cancer goiter, metabolic disorder, birth malformations, hypertension and livestock poisoning (Khandare, 2013).	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	b15af30fd13eefbee12c4f8fa1bf1dc9	Data from the ITU ICT Regulatory Tracker show that, in 2008, only 27 per cent of countries had an open telecommunication sector enabling investment, innovation and access, compared with 62 per cent of countries having progressed to such an enabling regulatory environment in 2017 (Chart 4.4). This testifies to the improvement in the regulatory and policy context of many ICT markets worldwide. The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	b15bbc940e01cddecf0a2b89747d3526	The major pressure factor is the disruption of the natural flow regime, mainly due to the construction of Kapchagai Reservoir in 1969, together with the continuous increase of water demand and the accompanying diversion of water in Kazakhstan and China (resulting in a decrease of flow). Climate change may also further contribute to a changing hydrology. Hydrophilic species are being replaced by species characteristic for arid zones.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	b15c00e049bd16efb50fe1b31e023219	Self-interest should be a powerful driver for companies to manage their exposure to risks and exploit opportunities. Economic theory suggests that this will lead them to adopt cost-effective adaptation strategies. However, there is only scattered evidence so far that companies are taking action on adaptation.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	b15cec257a0be4300fb0b7224d3315d8	A small number of NCls and NC2s from Annex I Parties were submitted in hard copy only and the submission dates of these reports are not available on the UNFCCC website. As of May 2016, one non-Annex I Party (Mexico) had submitted its fourth and fifth national communications. Over the past decades, Parties have gained experience that may be useful in designing the future transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. The quality and breadth of emissions inventories has generally been improving over time, including improvements in the quality of underlying data and emissions factors.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	b15f7a6e976c47b1aeb8bc5aac86ea8d	Ethiopia’s late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi initiated and publicly championed the country’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, forthcoming). In Bangladesh, climate resilience is reflected in the ruling party’s election manifesto, which has driven the mainstreaming of climate resilience into national development plans. High-level political leadership was also found to be vital in Cambodia, Kenya, The Gambia and Rwanda (Pervin etal.,	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	b15fea97c760760833e04e95ad800216	The research suggested ‘bundling’ HIV interventions with those issues of great importance to communities. It targets poverty, malnutrition and school enrolment. Here, the District Assembly manages a community-based system to identify the poorest households, in a complex logistical and technical environment, requiring payments to thousands of households scattered over hundreds of miles, without sophisticated information technology back-up.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	b16808259333f4c114801e625c890391	Les taux d'activite des femmes sont non seulement inferieurs a ceux des hommes (moinsde la moitie), mais ils ont egalement diminue en 2011-2012. Age, marital status, presence of children, socio-religious status, area of residence, level of education and relative affluence of households are some of the determinants of labour force participation of women and men in India. There has never been a steady state for women's employment; peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short-lived.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7f020cf3-en	b1682826b8a6c9249c6a9293b596cc1d	They are highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where 88 per cent of children (202 million) of primary and lower secondary school age were not proficient in reading, and 84 per cent (193 million) were not proficient in mathematics in 2015. Central and Southern Asia was not faring significantly better. There, 81 per cent of children (241 million) were not proficient in reading, and 76 per cent (228 million) lacked basic mathematical skills. The next decade provides an important window of opportunity for policymakers to ensure that all children are proficient in basic literacy and numeracy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b169b980433737286b2fd65ad4c86dcd	Investments in this activity should be privately driven. Apart from inspection on public health grounds, appropriate public policy is similar to that for all private activities: facilitating entry and exit, minimising administrative costs, and setting clear rules for doing business. The priority for public investment is to improve rural roads. Private investment is not trivial: a modern long-distance meat truck with 20-22-tonne capacity costs EUR 160 000 and poor quality rural roads increase running costs.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	b16a788b6377d9ab4d5dc0e45ee56e72	Finally, a third list of goods and services subject to price registration was established. Producers and traders of goods and services on this list were required to register their prices with the relevant state management agencies. Agricultural-related products on the price registration list were very similar to those subject to price stabilisation.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	b16b0744e66fb90c6043043cf3d5f3e7	In the rural context, there is a broader range of options and, in order of increasing consumers connected, the following options are available: stand-alone installations, micro-grids and grid extensions. Benefits might, however, trickle down to the general population by making a grid connection possible, leveraging the infrastructure installed for the industrial purposes to enable wider electrification initiatives. It should be noted that electrification is not enough though to increase access to electricity as the connection cost can be a barrier for low-income families.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272392-5-en	b16bcdd08065b4f1af52610f823121a5	Unfortunately, three ASEAN countries - Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar- are not explicitly modelled, but are nevertheless included in a regional aggregate with other countries which precludes calculations of caloric statistics for each of these but allow an estimation of the PoU, number of undernourished and the depth of undernourishment by applying the regional result to the countries. The evolution of the PoU is then projected to 2024 using results from the OECD-FAO AGLINK-COSIMO model (see Tallard, Liapis and Pilgrim, 2016, Annex 2.A1). For the region in total, the number of undernourished individuals is projected to fall by almost 13 million relative to 2015.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	b16c1c07290d5a9486ff3f5d90fd4851	Such problems occur more frequently among children and adolescents from households experiencing monetary poverty. For instance, a time-use survey in Japan identified a number of specific problems among children and their families, revealing that many families no longer eat lunch or dinner together, and that some children go to school without having eaten breakfast. Extremely low levels of participation in physical activities were also observed, as most Japanese people use free time to watch television.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	b16c3d21f0b357cf2772fec9b2bd946d	Central Asian and South Asian countries could also benefit from the geographical proximity, regional connectivity and climate synergy of trading their energy resources with Asia and the Pacific, especially if they were to get preferential market access to the Participating States of APTA. Central Asian countries also face unique geopolitical circumstances, particularly the landlocked countries located between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the two dominant energy players. The coastal States have strong interests in ensuring their continued energy dominance and that exports from Central Asia do not bypass them.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d63f72c7-en	b173a4adfb78277ac1ff9aa8ac06b3bf	This is especially important in Asia, where rice, a water-dependent crop, often dominates cropproduction. The past reliance on a few staple crops has to give way to agricultural diversification with sustainable intensification. Among FSF, pulses are an excellent example of crops that exhibit the above four criteria. The United Nations declared 2016 as the 'International Year of Pulses' under the banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b1744985a7e3eee633895450d1d71e79	On the other hand, Bangladesh continued tightening its monetary policy from 2011, and the policy rate was raised by 100 basis points in fiscal year 2012 to restrain inflationary pressures. Consumer credit was tightened through administrative measures. Similarly, policy rates were raised in Sri Lanka in February and April 2012 to curtail trade-related credit to reduce trade and current account deficits as well as to contain inflationary pressures. However, the policy rate was lowered by 25 basis points in December 2012 as GDP growth was decelerating sharply.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	b174dbb3846768fe66faa1520a0c9312	"These boundaries, together, serve to keep the planet within a so-called ""safe operating space"" for humanity. Influential scientific analyses suggest that the world has entered the Anthropocene, a new epoch in which human activities have become the dominant driver of many earth system processes including the climate, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and biodiversity. Potentially catastrophic thresholds are in prospect, it is argued, providing a new urgency and authority to arguments that growth and development pathways must reconnect with the biosphere's capacity to sustain them (Folke and others, 2011). But the concept is also critiqued, with some actors interpreting it as anti-growth and development, while others suggest that ""planetary boundaries' thinking privileges universal global environmental concerns over diverse local ones, justifying top-down interventions that protect the environment at the expense of people and their livelihoods."	5	4	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	b174ed43120ff1b216c349c5cae97c7b	Arguably this also goes beyond their purpose. However, (l)NDCs do provide an important indication of the long term strategic focus and priorities that the countries have. To understand actual investment needs and priorities, however, it is also vital to look beyond (l)NDCs and at specific sector plans and other activities taking place at the national or sectoral level, as well as business driven investments, which are taking place in parallel both locally and cross-border.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264298576-13-en	b175857ab813de0768c50144f1560f56	Tax policy has an influence on the level of employment in an economy, as w'ell as on other choices made by participants in the labour market. For example, labour taxation determines the difference between the total labour costs faced by employers and the real consumption wages received by employees, thus affecting labour demand and labour supply decisions. This may contribute to a reduction of the labour force by diminishing incentives to either work, or to w'ork in the formal sector. Furthermore, tax policy can affect retirement decisions, the number of hours worked, decisions relating to employee training and career choice (including whether to be an employee or self-employed) (OECD, 2011).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18df5196-en	b1785544a64beaf2f34174e8d3427491	However, the progress achieved has been uneven and many people are still being left behind. Prom the Millennium Development Goals, which established a target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water2 to the General Assembly’s recognition of water and sanitation as a human right, the United Nations has laid the foundations. This goal, as well as other related goals and targets, aims to address all issues related to the water cycle, including access to adequate water and sanitation, improving quality and efficiency of water delivery, sustainable water management as well as strengthening international cooperation. At the upcoming high-level political forum on sustainable development, we will learn of progress being made on SDG 6, including at the national level.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	b179b64d094752d55f69f6a585a65b25	Indeed in the United States there is now a significant amount of research that suggests that it is poverty and inequality that causes low rates of marriage, with the incentives of young single women to commit to marriage declining alongside the labour market prospects of men. Future marriage rates therefore appear likely to continue to decline further while becoming increasingly divergent by socio-economic status. Studies across countries and over time find, without exception, large income losses the year after a marital split (Jenkins, 2009).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	b17a1354c9d9e01f0256f6c8d329c78a	The strength of the New Zealand dollar is driven by domestic interest rates which are high compared to other developed countries. This means that it is unlikely there will be large fluctuations in the exchange rate and the return to fishers should be stable. As fish sold in the New Zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises, most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the Animal Products Act. However, exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the Food Act 1981, by either complying with the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974 or implementing a registered Food Safety Program (FSP). Secondary fish processors are not required to operate under a Risk Management Program. Other secondary processors are covered by the Food Act provisions.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	b17b241dbf0807b870eb5c2b669b0e1e	That being said there is no internationally established or consistently applied definition of P4P to date. In most definitions of P4P, performance and/or quality improvement are common themes (see Table 2.1). Unlike ex-ante add-on payments, which are applied prior to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes (i.e. providers understand that certain listed services will receive additional payment), add-on payments for quality are focussed on the degree of achievement of certain defined objectives by providers or practitioners, hence the “performance” dimension.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	b17deaecbc184b866201ca43dee208a9	"In Canada, the Federal Employment Insurance Programme provides 35 weeks of paid parental leave, while unpaid leave periods can be longer. For example, the province of Quebec provides up to 52 weeks of unpaid leave, during which period eligible clients can claim benefits under the Quebec Parental Insurance Plan. In the Czech Republic, parental benefit can be received until a child is 48 months old, while the job-protected period of leave stops at month 36. In Germany, there is a family leave entitlement of up to three years, but the paid-leave period is limited - an income-related parental allowance (“Eltemgeld"") is paid for a period of 12 months, plus a two-month bonus if the father takes at least two months leave."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k43bvtkmb8v-en	b1807430eb036a7e8a074638e95739be	Better data and more analysis are an essential precondition for a more effective implementation of these policies. Les hommes sont trois fois plus susceptibles que les femmes de posseder une entreprise avec des employes. Les femmes possedent rarement de grandes entreprises et leurs gains moyens en tant que travailleurs independants sont jusqu'a 60% inferieurs a ceux des hommes.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	b180d88eeafef7651853913f49e00931	Specifically, the cost for a benefit of $2.50 a day for all older people aged 60 years or over ranges between 0.5 per cent and 2.7 per cent of GDP, the cost being higher for poorer countries, where $2.50 represents a larger proportion of average income. The risk of poverty among older persons has fallen, while poverty rates among young adults and families with children have risen. However, because the initial old-age poverty rates were very high, persons aged 75 years or over remain the group most likely to be poor. People aged 66 to 75 years in contrast, are now no more likely to be poor than the population as a whole.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	b181b40ab8fb904bc1e22b0be27bc4a2	It should also invest in professional development for educators and digital learning resources, addressed later in this chapter. In order to reach all regions of the country, Thailand should continue to use television as a medium for providing educational content. Nevertheless, they are necessary to support any initial investment in hardware.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	b18259483b89876cce5f7871410246f8	The OECD area unemployment rate reached a post-war high of 8.7% in March 2010 and is probably near its peak, but is projected to decline only slowly. Total labour market slack exceeds conventional unemployment and a broader measure encompassing inactive persons who wish to work and involuntary part-time workers is more than twice as large. The extent to which falling output translated into higher unemployment has differed dramatically across the OECD depending on whether employers emphasised labour shedding or work sharing.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	b182cb41431ee6bc0c3db7410462928b	Teachers may learn about ESD and related topics, and may be highly motivated during training activities, but upon returning to their classrooms they struggle to find the time or means to effectively implement what was learned. This is disheartening and inefficient. As attractive as training activities may be to donors as a means of targeting large numbers, and as a means of disseminating ESD knowledge and skills, the surrounding context of such training and the anticipated classroom implementation need to be given serious consideration. In the SEP approach, training is not conceived of as a one-off event expected to change teaching practices on its own, but rather as a component of a broader system of supports and incentives which exerts a positive force on teaching practices over time.	13	8	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-4-en	b18418bb3855715a632b1a520c4970fd	The collapse of many shark populations in the North Atlantic due to overfishing has led to increase in the number of some skates and rays, species that were typical prey of sharks such as the great white or the hammerhead; this has had significant consequences on fishing communities, as the increased number of skates and rays have affected commercial fisheries for bay scallops and other shellfish (Myers, 2007). At an international level, the World Bank/FAO Rent Drain study estimates that approximately USD 50 billion is lost annually in global resource rent from fisheries as a result of poor governance (World Bank/FAO, 2008). Of course, the figures should also be weighed against the costs of undertaking rebuilding programs and subsequent management of the stocks. Even if a stock is rebuilt, fishing may not yield the same level of pre-collapse revenues, as there may be a lag (especially for a smaller fishery) to re-establish itself and therefore regain access to markets.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	b18503bd48e0d5b7cb0dc1b0a4397e67	There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the major clean-tech strengths of the Negev lie only in a subset of clean-tech activities: water efficiency, including wastewater treatment, desalination and drip irrigation, and renewable energies technologies, including solar, biofuel and geothermal energy production. Secondly, within this subset of activities, the Negev contains only a subset of the actors normally found in fully-fledged clean-tech clusters. Whilst it possesses research organisations, some lead customers, and innovative start-ups, there are gaps in the region’s business development services and growth finance, high-skilled labour and supplier base.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264079915-9-en	b1855618d712a578ed0101f0cd4d1c54	In England, the “Enclosures” deprived many poor peasants of access to land their families had used for centuries. The conflicts and misery generated were even worse than those that will inevitably accompany any solution for fisheries. For example, in one incident in 1607, known as the Newton Rebellion, a battle between the gentry and peasantry left around 50 people dead, and the peasant ringleaders were hanged and quartered. Access to some resources is controlled, notably in EEZ, and there are attempts to extend control to the whole “territory”.	14	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	b188711ecbd3b7503f4216d612b3045d	Since the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations has prioritized full and productive employment and decent work for all in its deliberations. In general, the generation of decent jobs should not be treated as an addendum to macroeconomic stabilization programmes or microeconomic liberalization reforms. Employment policies should be central to a broad, coherent and consistently countercyclical macroeconomic strategy for sustainable development, including a universal approach to social protection.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264239814-9-en	b1889338ec3252720c70103351a4e1b4	As a result, innovation policy is becoming an integral part of economic policy in a wider range of countries, both advanced and emerging, resulting in some convergence in the policy agenda for innovation across countries. To be effective, innovation policy and the related governance system need to be adapted to the specific challenges.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	b188b775375bc985662c22952f3f7bca	The MoES is responsible for the development of education policies and strategic plans approved by the government and also co-ordinates municipal education departments in the implementation of the state education policy. It co-ordinates the distribution of school funding from the state budget and the allocation of the EU structural funds. The Ministry is also responsible for quality assurance, the accreditation of the general education curriculum, and school-leaving examinations. Outside of the Ministry a key role is played by the National Audit Office of Lithuania, which regularly conducts financial audits of budget institutions in the field of education, and reviews MoES activities through planned performance audits.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	b18c67d00a401212707aa72286887d45	Local farmers certainly know other trees, such as the baobab (Adansonia digitata) and acacia (Acacia), that perform well under different ecological conditions, especially during the hot and dry parts of the year. Previous studies show that mixed cropping is practised to reduce pest infestation, and serve as insurance against crop failure and improvement of soil fertility. The determination of different mixtures used on different soil types is based on indigenous knowledge.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	b18ccefe77fa59e71db30e1767134931	When the ethanol programme started in the late 1970s, the mills used low pressure boilers (mostly 22 bar) to supply their steam and power needs. These mills could not obtain a long-term price for the surplus power generated and therefore had no incentive to invest in more energy-efficient systems. At the same time, due to investment subsidies and high oil prices that pushed up the price of ethanol, the new ethanol industry did not need the revenue that the surplus electricity would have generated. Furthermore, selling power surpluses would have meant entering a whole new business in a very regulated and, at that time, mostly Government-controlled environment.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277335-5-en	b18f08ec409586a3281a0d55cd5b2e6f	It has been crucial in building one of the most stable democracies, most skills-based labour markets, and establishing the highest levels of well-being in Latin America. Education outcomes have stagnated in the last decade, and together with widening inequality and slow growth, this risks stalling the country’s future inclusive growth. This chapter provides an overview of how the education system in Costa Rica is organised and analyses the major trends in access, quality and equity. The final section examines the current governance and financing arrangements, and how they can be harnessed to steer the system to higher levels of performance.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b1945daedb88830fc0e58ef9b2bd0c4b	It is strongly recommended to make it mandatory to wear rear seatbelts on the whole road network. This measure should be accompanied by strong communication and enforcement activities. Although there is no literature to scientifically link the deterrence effect with the exact amount of the fine, it was felt that the levels of fines in Korea could be too low. As an example, the current penalty in Korea for very excessive speeding (i.e., for driving 60 km/h above the limit) is a fine of KRW 130 000 (around EUR 100).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	b196675a172222056bf5a32c6f7a3ecd	Statement by Franz Horl, Chairman of the Association of Austrian Cableways, http://portal.u;feo.at/ wk/dok_detail_file.u)k?angid=l&docid=198502l&conid=667225 (April 2013). For instance, under category A, “Importance”, the user is asked to select the number of sectors affected by the measure (Indicator 1), estimate the monetary value of economic damage the measure could prevent (Indicator 2) and assess whether there is a potential for averting damage that is irreversible or cannot be quantified (Indicator 3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed 40 scenarios based on four broad storylines (Al, A2, Bl, B2) to model possible developments in the 21st century. Al assumes “very rapid economic growth, global population that peaks mid-century and declines thereafter, and rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Major underlying themes are economic and cultural convergence and capacity-building, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income”. A1B further assumes that technological change in the energy system will be balanced across all sources.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	b1a15e8f519558564c1b81bea53d177e	Her educational attainment would be under 3 years compared to her husband’s average educational attainment of just under 4. As the benchmark for functional literacy is set in a range between 3 to 5 years of education (UNESCO has adopted the 5-year benchmark in its surveys on this issue), this means the average woman at this time would have limited literacy (Gray, 1969). Fifty years later the equivalent woman would have more than double the educational attainment of her 1950s sister, having spent on average almost 6.5 years in school.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b1a2a1173d931690aaa099dff3f272f2	Indeed, other governmental institutions in Kazakhstan have similar, if not overlapping, functions as Kaznex Invest. They include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a special Government Council charged with the co-ordination of major investment projects, which appears to have a large network abroad. While the co-ordinating role of the MID on investment promotion is progressing, the Investment Policy Review' also highlights the need for increased co-operation between various institutions to increase the impact of investment promotion and reduce costs. A recent review of Kaznex Invest operations conducted by the Eurasia Competitiveness Programme (hereafter, OECD, 2015d) found that the agency’s performance was relatively poor compared to selected benchmarks (investment promotion agencies from Turkey, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong and Nicaragua that performed well).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73b30008-en	b1a32919303670fabc3f1b8364ae214a	If poverty is defined in relation to income or material deprivation, social exclusion is defined in relation to such social rights as the right to work, the right to housing, the right to health services, or the right to education (Lister, 2004). For Sen (2000), social exclusion means denial of freedoms. People may be unable to take advantage of an opportunity because of deliberate policies or social practices (active exclusion), or as a result of complex webs of social processes without intentions from anyone (passive exclusion). Social exclusion assigns a central role to social relational and unequal power relationships (Stewart et al.,	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en	b1a6fe42c6390edd20634238d9358b00	These included a study to measure the effects of the phaseout, as well a study “identifying the country's most polluting vehicles.” In 1999, the US-Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP) “jointly sponsored a workshop in Hanoi with the Ministry of Transport and the World Bank to discuss phasing out leaded fuel and learn from the experiences of other East Asian countries that had already phased out leaded gasoline.” The workshop helped to resolve concerns about leaded gasoline, and led to the creation of a new partnership of government, industry, and academic experts. The transition was accomplished in July 2001.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	b1a875f19b0c30c7bd225b430ec72bd0	The nature reserve category means a strictly protected natural area, serving the effective protection of ecosystems and natural processes, where all economic activities are prohibited and access is restricted solely to scientists and rangers (depending on the country - in some cases, low-impact tourist visitation may be allowed). The protective status of nature reserve is legally granted with no time limitation, and its withdraw'al, theoretically possible, is usually subject to complicated procedures, in the event that the natural values have seriously deteriorated or vanished. Thus, nature reserves have much higher legal protective status.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/584f8730-en	b1adc2e81315503f0f0fa5578c615ea0	The upside is that in most economies in the subregion there is adequate room for fiscal and monetary policy support. This transition is indeed positive as long as progress that has been made on social development is not reversed. A more challenging situation could arise in such neighbouring countries as Mongolia, which has relied on China’s demand for minerals to fuel its economic expansion in past years.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	b1aee1f06c52310dce7eb45a6d53c9d7	For Sweden, the lower age cut-off is 25 instead of 15. In particular, looking at inequality before and after accounting for taxes and benefits does not allow separating the effects of policy initiatives on the one hand, and changes in market-income inequality {e.g., because of changing employment patterns) on the other. This section attempts to shed more light on the role of specific policy changes. Out-of-work benefits provide support to people who may otherwise have very low incomes or no income at all. Unemployment benefits, but also other out-of-work programmes (notably disability benefits which now account for a larger share of social spending, but are less important for younger and prime-age workers).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	b1aef678cf85839e2f62d238101436a4	The analysis also look at the relationship between unemployment and quality of care, including case-fatality rates after heart attack and stroke and patient safety events in hospital. In addition, a variety of health care utilisation indicators including hospital admissions and procedures, doctor consultations, and pharmaceutical consumption are examined. All health indicators have been taken from OECD Health Statistics and have been transformed into their natural logs.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b1b175dc2c9a3301c8f591c3804f78f3	Research reports on these four components have been published on the EEL website (see below); final integrating reports are scheduled to be released in September 2012. These abilities are discovered and disciplined through education, so it is important that education systems help young people prepare themselves for new opportunities being created in the green economy. The report has quoted international studies, for example, that emphasise the value of core capabilities in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). In Sydney, the NSW Department of Education & Training recognises the significance of sustainability education. It manages a government-funded support programme to help schools integrate environmental learning and awareness into all aspects of their activities (Sustainable Schools NSW; see www.sustainableschools.nsw.edu.au). The Department declared 2010 as a ‘Year of Learning for Sustainability’.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	b1b1afb71885cac4e2c61a749a56f875	These policy pointers could help improve the recruitment and retention of teachers especially in disadvantaged schools, although the financial costs could be considerable. One of the challenges for immigrant students in teacher education programmes (such as bridging programmes for people with foreign degrees in teaching - sometimes referred to as ULV in Swedish) is that it is difficult to complete the course while holding a job. Offering sufficient financial support for student teachers could reduce the significant financial burdens that many student-teachers bear (Turley and Nakai, 2000[i9ij).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b39690f-en	b1b394ef6ec8006fa6a071b5338c1db4	Nonruminant livestock (e.g. horses, mules, asses) and monogastric livestock (swine) produce lower methane emissions. During the structural reforms, rice crop areas decreased from 14,100 ha in 1988 to 1,417 ha in 1999. There has been a restoration of rice crop areas since 1999, reaching 10,214 ha in 2013. In Bulgaria, rice is produced under the continuously flooded water regime with a season length of 103 days and one harvest per year.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	b1b4663cd7afcf8389fc3f325972102b	Although NRPs may lack enforcement power, defining such goals and tools should certainly bring in more coherence and help NRPs achieve their complex goals. A wide stream of this literature emphasises the key role of institutions in the efficiency of collective action. Ostrom (2005) underlines that the effects of the size of the protected area and the heterogeneity of appropriators on the outcomes of the protected area are unclear. There is a need to evaluate NRPs on these important elements to know how they could be improved. Natural Regional Parks and environmental zoning (cont.) The stated goals of a natural park may be conflictual to specific stakeholders’ interests, but they may also be contradictory or at least mitigated by other policies such as local uiban planning instruments or other environmental measures.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	b1b54d2c0cd7dae66aa11d4bbed3d164	In particular, each education entry has been assigned a degree type using a keyword search on the degree information reported by individuals, and a subject field following ISCED fields’ classification using a supervised machine learning technique that can be used for natural language processing. Past professional experiences have also been grouped into meaningful categories using keyword search on job titles (Annex A shows summary statistics of these variables). Instead, the dataset contains a large set of start-ups trying to raise capital - some of which succeeded and some of which failed (so far).	5	7	1	0.75
10.14217/2d08a027-en	b1b6995b10ce561b7bfc2333f49aa089	We protested against political parties requesting huge sums of money as part of the party nomination process.' In 2016, the organisation signed an agreement with the Cameroon government to empower hundreds of youth and women in elections participation. This process involved building capacity to reinforce leadership and civic education.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	b1b855addf911ee8ed64cdcc1bed6a9b	Viet Nam diversified its economy away from agriculture towards services and industries. Steady rates of economic growth were associated with an increase in wage-employment and a decline in self-employment, however self-employment remains the dominant form of employment across all groups. Increase in wage-employment was especially pronounced among young people, rural residents and households located below the median income. Contrary to traditional development models, rapid economic growth in Viet Nam has not diminished informal employment.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	b1b8dc600772faf408baa1e3ac159504	This territorial and administrative mismatch of responsibilities has a direct negative impact on road safety matters, which often are not co-ordinated between the municipalities. The city administration has over 8 000 employees spread across 15 municipal directorates and 46 departments. It is also responsible for all matters related to traffic management and safety on this network, except for river bridges and the urban highway system. Boroughs are the lowest tier of local government in Portugal.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/520b80a5-en	b1baacb73ff44029a7f7d0b1e6a24f0e	This has constrained their ability to spend on basic social services, including social protection. Progressive taxation and social protection measures not only reduce inequality, but also lessen vulnerability by acting as automatic stabilizers. Therefore, reform of the tax structure, including raising efficiency in tax administration and widening of the tax base are of utmost urgency for most Asia-Pacific countries, especially when they have to find domestic drivers of growth in the face of diminished prospects for exports.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	b1bcd70ac6060e9a3fa657c802c1536d	By 2014, family migrants were better educated than labour migrants or refugees, in the sense that family migrants exhibited a greater share with a high education level and a smaller share with a low education level. Figure 21.3 shows that the decrease in the share with a low education level was stronger for female family migrants than for male family migrants, and likewise for the increase in the share with a high education level. To some extent, this could mirror a similar trend among the native-born: those family migrants who arrived as children might exhibit trends in their educational attainment in parallel to the native-born.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	b1be4ca42e8f969df718300253cace86	Girls were more likely to be out of school than boys at both the primary and the secondary educational levels. Income and wealth also have a direct impact on educational outcomes, particularly in countries where education is not provided free of charge. They also affect education indirectly, as malnutrition, disease and lack of stimulation are heightened by household deprivation. All of these are factors that undermine the linguistic, cognitive and social skills that children develop even before entering school, and which form the foundations for lifelong learning and for economic as well as other opportunities.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	b1beed865e6b6725e867076109a168bc	The culture of energy monitoring and submetering in energy-intensive firms also lessened the incidence of split incentives. With energy consumption closely monitored, associated costs can be more easily assigned to the appropriate departments. The Swedish pulp and paper industry found lack of accountability for energy costs to be the least important barrier to energy efficiency, largely because of technically competent staff and the use of sub-metering to allocate energy costs to departments (Thollander and Ottosson 2008). Like pulp and paper, the foundry industry in Sweden is energy-intensive. It is also more electricity-intensive than other European foundries because of tight environmental controls that motivated a switch to electric furnaces — enabled by the low electricity prices before the market was liberalized.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b1bf2910d42451f41d70b0e1f1805099	When looking at non-OECD countries, researchers from PSI underline that the fatality rate in China is one order of magnitude higher than in the other non-OECD countries and therefore should be analysed and reported separately. The comparison between data for 1994-1999 and these from 2000-2008 shows that the fatality rate is steadily declining, indicating that safety levels in the Chinese coal industry are improving and approaching that of other non-OECD countries. Instead, the number of fatalities appears to have increased in non-OECD countries other than China.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	b1bff957bd11aa61c411be0837bf2dc8	A study in Tigray Regional State (from Kolia Tembien and Abergele districts) of community needs showed the emphasis given to conserving and developing the productivity of the land, water and plant resources by the people living in a watershed. A strategic integration of three dimensions of food security was taken into account: availability, access and utilization. This is mainly done by using Food for Work and community labour mobilization.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-25-en	b1c2fe669cb06dbfafb686ac01dd7fee	Seaweeds such as laver, sea mustard, and kelp, account for around 70% of total aquaculture production (Panel A). Major export destinations were Japan, People's Republic of China (hereafter “China”), Thailand, and the United States. Traditional markets such as Japan and China weakened, but this was more than compensated by increases to newer maikets such as the United States, and the European Union. Government Financial Transfers to general services dropped by 42% (Panel C).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	b1c4537d239783685a8f3fa140580b8c	Data will be collected in 2014 and the results will be released in 2016. Getting the best returns on investment in skills requires good information about the skills that are needed and available in the labour market. It also requires policies that ensure that skills are used effectively to generate better jobs that lead to better lives.	4	2	2	0.0
10.6027/f76e337c-en	b1c71e5a3040143ee023cd52b6587ee5	The dispersal inertia may blur the response mechanisms and indeed the understanding of causality. An awareness of such reservations is beneficial for further work on biodiversity indicators. Ranging from single species indicators to complex and intricate indices for habitats, ecosystem or even nations and regions, indicators and indices have been defined and established in order to fulfil a huge range of tasks within environmental planning and management.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	b1c72bcd15448c9d3287da8711ac794b	This approach allows the Ministry to function primarily as a policy agency rather than engaging in service delivery or advocacy. Belgium’s federal Inter-Departmental Coordination Group supports a whole-of-government approach by bringing together representatives from across ministries who also serve as gender focal points in their respective entities. A whole-of-government approach is also in place in Australia. Yet, while this type of approach can certainly yield significant gains, the potential for a diminished role for the central gender institution exists.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	b1c7ee02912320223731d065b7713cef	The latter are falling further behind their urban counterparts (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2008b). To illustrate this point in detail, the present section will highlight the importance of regional variations by contrasting two countries, China and India, both large countries in terms of both geographical and population size and both regarded as quite successful in having reduced poverty at the aggregate level. As a result, however, of divergent regional patterns of economic growth and social provisions, one finds sharp differences in levels of living standards across provinces or states, as well as between rural and urban areas (Ravallion and Jalan, 1999). This gap is related to structural changes in output and employment: the coastal regions have provided more opportunities for non-agricultural employment and income.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	b1c7efb2f4d46d9491869d0a8629447d	Several 5-year plans, including the 2015 Transport Master Plan, directly refer to economic instruments and environmental taxation. Over the past 30 years, Thailand has implemented several environmental fiscal reform measures. Changing tax regimes for vehicles - cars and motorcycles - as well as a carbon tax on transport fuels drawn up by the Fiscal Policy Office -have all tended to restructure existing tax systems without significantly increasing prices.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	b1c94dd0f01f9b402109824c535bc1d7	This data shows that nearly all of the world's large urban areas have extensive suburbs of much lower density outside the central cores that are characterized by higher densities, in most cases. Some post-automobile urban areas have virtually no urban cores at all.xxiThese findings are backed by a joint study by UN-Habitat, New York University and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy on a representative sample of 200 cities across the globe, which established that the average rate of the physical expansion of cities is about one-and-a-half times that of their population growth. By measuring the rate at which cities consume land compared to their rate of population growth, city authorities and decision makers can project demand for public goods and services, identify new areas of growth, and proactively influence sustainable urban development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	b1ca4788ae93c542f56aaccf941d6130	This is particularly the case for ICT enterprises, where the need for technicians could be filled through these schools. Linking to government objectives and recognizing the role of technical and vocational education training (TVET) institutions in developing skills, ITC and the Gambia's National Accreditation and Quality Assurance Authority launched in February 2017 the Skills for Youth Employment (SKYE) Fund with two goals. The second is to provide entrepreneurship support for those that pursue self-employment opportunities.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/808599e4-en	b1cace1d4649f9c040f8a694b1064316	"Long periods of unemployment may also be seen in a negative light by prospective employers. Moreover, studies have shown that youth with long periods of initial unemployment continue to experience ""wage scarring"" throughout their careers, as they are never able to catch up to their peers in terms of expected salaries for their skills and experience (Nelson and Reiso, 2011; Gregg and Tominey, 2004). In most developing economies opportunities for youth are concentrated in the informal sector, where poor job security, low wages, and limited chances for on-the-job learning restrict the ability of young people to leverage such jobs to secure better, more formal work."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	b1cb468ac071cae36cbb3fa0f8b7ab94	Health Canada has expertise in developing the guidelines for Canadian drinking-water quality, and Guidelines for recreational and reclaimed water quality, in partnership with the provinces and territories. It also has a shared responsibility (with Band Councils and Indian and Northern Affairs) for providing water and wastewater services to First Nations. Infrastructure Canada has the overall responsibility for delivering funds to support infrastructure initiatives, including, but not limited, to drinking water and wastewater projects.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	b1d22b4214820cd4365ba42d3a3e070c	Furthermore, the turnover rate in both hotels is lower than the industry average. The employee, meanwhile, gains higher levels of skills and develops pride in their work. These examples show how training can play a significant role in generating value for the guest in an industry where a relatively low-skill, low-wage workforce is employed. Globally, around 80% of the tourism workforce is located in SMEs (ILO, 2010c). Almost half of people employed in hotels and restaurants (47.5%) in OECD countries for which data is available work in enterprises employing fewer than 10 people (compared with 31.2% in the economy as a whole), with almost three quarters (72.6%) working in enterprises employing fewer than 50 people (compared with 50.9% in the overall economy).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	b1d3f02e9c3587c97abf06f41f9afd7e	This has been borne out by countries that have proved successful in reducing poverty despite rising income inequality during periods of growth acceleration, with China being the most prominent example, along with Viet Nam. Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. Of course, the poverty reduction effect of rapid growth is greatest when both initial and current inequalities are relatively low, as was the case, during their early development stages, of other East Asian countries and areas such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China. Their experience also shows that it may not be necessary for inequality to first rise with development before falling, thereby contradicting the Kuznets hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between income level and degree of inequality.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	b1d5d5703e0e3a6c9da2383664ba8397	Girls perform somewhat less well in mathematics than boys, yet the gap between female and male school performance is smaller in mathematics than in reading. Findings from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in relation to science have shown little or no difference in average science performance between girls and boys, with girls outperforming boys in 12 countries and boys scoring marginally higher than girls in 8 countries (OECD, 2009). Data on healthy life years refer to 2010 for Ireland and Norway.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/caeceb38-en	b1d7960fdb14770e3e3e0d32d62bc58f	Most of the research focuses on disruption to educational achievement. Obedience and respect are important. Women in South Africa describe the grief and mourning (Henderson, 2013), noting its impact on their mental health (Bray, 2012) which undermines their ability to parent young children to the standards to which they aspire (Bray & Brandt, 2007). The impact of multiple family bereavements on mothers' abilities to parent adolescents is not well-researched, and even less is known about the effects of multiple bereavements on men and fathering.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9f796186-en	b1d862b475db446a1d702b647af7698e	Mongolia’s economy rebounded despite budget cuts, benefiting from non-mining construction, the price hike for coal and stronger external demand for this commodity (partly due to reductions in China’s coal production). While the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea does not release official economic statistics, international sanctions are likely to be having a significantly negative impact on its economy. Notably, growth in China is expected to ease steadily as financial stability gains higher policy priority.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	b1d9486cc49234e41a230d82d851d87c	I of the Report on the World Social Situation 2016 (United Nations, forthcoming) for an extensive discussion on the concept of social inclusion/exclusion. If effective actions for climate resilience are not put in place, climate hazards are likely to exacerbate inequalities, leading to increasing poverty, marginalization and social exclusion. Addressing the root causes of vulnerability requires a continuum of policy interventions leading to the structural transformations that strengthen people’s opportunities and agency. Disaster risk reduction and disaster management are obviously playing an important role in strengthening the preparedness and early warning capacities needed to confront climate hazards.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	b1da9b1b89bf1f51475e5b18e012a6b2	It is indeed the case in Germany, where there are much higher chances of low-income women becoming mothers than those in the middle or at the top of the earnings distribution. In France, by contrast, individual female earnings have a limited impact on fertility behaviour though high earners are slightly more likely to have children than low earners. Differences in earnings between partners do not affect the probability of having a child in France, all else being equal.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/c10e763b-en	b1e5db786cb9c1d1231a8aa0f8c973a9	The process design must include the dissemination of material to relevant policy and decision-makers. In order to address a wide range of audiences, there is a diverse range of publications for each assessment: publication types include policy briefs, larger policy documents, summaries of assessment reports, and full technical reports. The promotion of findings is carried out on a regular basis to ensure that the messages reach the concerned authorities, inform regional water management and development agendas, and are taken up in salient intergovernmental processes.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-4-en	b1e6421732c0d28d572824839cbe5d53	Solving these structural issues is the role of leaders and policy makers. Providing accommodating legal environments, such as Wales' provisions for the exchange of child records, and allowing staff sufficient time to co-operate, can be important steps forward. Where possible, integrating centres and schools on the same campus can be very helpful (e.g. Wales (United Kingdom), Austria and many northern European countries).	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591288-5-en	b1ed5eab98cb0f3a0ad47ab6b997bab6	This exclusion can have adverse implications for the protection of women in these societies as well as impede long-term resolution of the conflicts. During the 1990s at least 10 Commonwealth countries were engaged in full-scale conflict - including Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Uganda - with peace agreements reached in most by the early years of the twenty-first century. Women played instrumental roles in many of the efforts to bring these conflicts to an end. Yet, in a large number of countries women’s substantial efforts were not recognised in formal negotiations and their perspectives and insights were not included in the final peace agreements or in post-conflict reconciliation efforts.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	b1ee1441015e7f2cb8e5ed878c96174f	There is some economic logic to this, since industry creates greater economic value per litre of water. Agriculture must take its share of the blame. This has weakened price signals, tempting farmers to withdraw too much water from rivers, over-pump groundwater, and generally use freshwater resources.5 Moreover, farmers usually lack the financial resources and information to invest in more expensive water-saving technologies.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-24-en	b1efb6b75230f7e4ace252f1badfbd87	In 2012, direct payment decreased by 61%, and cost-reducing transfers increased by 209% compared with average from 2005 to 2010, while total GFT decreased 8.4%. The vast majority of support is for general services (Panel C). In 2012, it was reported that the number of fishermen decreased by 21% from the base period (2005-10).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	b1f0946e12204b09efbaefdef8cfb4d0	In the end, teachers, like other professionals, have a genuine interest in safeguarding the standards and reputation of their profession. Even the most urgent efforts to translate a government-established curriculum into classroom practice typically drag out over a decade, because it takes so much time to communicate the goals and methods through the different layers of the system, and to build them into teacher-education programmes. When what and how students learn changes so rapidly, this slow implementation process leads to a widening gap between what students need to learn, and what and how teachers teach. Subject-matter content will be less and less the core and more and more the context of good teaching.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	b1f32d5782163ace4e01cda6761cba44	The recycled uranium can be used in the LWRs, while the produced plutonium can be used in the Indian-design FBRs. The target is to increase nuclear power capacity to 63 GW in 2030. Most of these reactors will be located along the coast, because of cooling water requirements (Kanwarpal, 2009). Based on these plans the IEA projects a potential capacity of up to 120 GW in 2050 in the BLUE Map Scenario. India has an ongoing programme of building 220 MW PHWRs, a reactor system that is competitive in terms of capital costs, safety performance and unit energy cost.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	b1f410ef48a469e9bee10a7ad18e358e	Tajikistan joined the agreement on 17 June 1998. In 2015, Kyrgyzstan utility Electric Power Plants (EPP) considered bids to replace electrical components, auxiliaries and instrumentation as part of refurbishing the 1 200 MW Toktogul hydroelectric project on Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan (HydroWorld, 2016). It has four turbines each generating 7 MW.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	b1f68d77fff1cee572b7b61146124c89	Big data modellers must therefore be especially careful when building links between the variables for their models, understanding the importance of interpretation and taking responsibility for outcomes. As the data scientist and mathematician Cathy O'Neil writes, ‘Big Data processes codify the past. They do not invent the future.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	b1f7f9945947bfcab63c5761d48542c4	In turn, both fertiliser and grain prices are found to be Granger-caused by energy prices. The abolition of fertiliser and biofuel policies has, as expected, a negative impact on income from primary agriculture. At the world level, the impact is equal to about 1.2%. This is predominantly driven by the abolition of all biofuel mandates.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cc778895-en	b1fb9526fd313e745b1c0ea8ff7d2cc2	These results indicate that, while poverty has not trended steeply upward in the various states that make up Brazil, it has been persistent. These coefficients were -0.7813 for P0 and 0.8607 for Pexl. This means that a 10% rise in mean per capita household income in Brazil will translate into a 7.81% reduction in the poverty headcount index and an 8.61 % drop in the extreme poverty headcount index. While for Kakwani and Pernia (2000), this does not constitute pro-poor growth, it does qualify as propoor growth when using the definitions advocated by Ravallion and Chen (2003), since growth has lowered poverty levels.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-9-en	b1fd28d093bd2d2a67e0cf82b8d2ce34	They need to continuously evaluate students’ performance using diverse assessment techniques, and provide remedial support to struggling learners (OBEC, 2013a). They must be knowledgeable about and use information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance learning, and be inclusive of students with special needs and from different backgrounds. They are expected to prepare students for active participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) community and the competitive global marketplace, while also promoting Thai values and culture. Teachers and school leaders are instrumental to achieving these overarching goals, and they will have a good chance of success if Thailand makes efforts to strengthen teacher preparation, support continuing teacher development, enable teachers to focus on the classroom, enhance school leadership and more efficiently manage its school workforce.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	b1fd52ce90bfe626f71b2de931997ace	Before marriage, a woman remains in the family book of her father or another male relative where guardianship is recorded: after marriage she is transferred to the family book of her husband. In the event of divorce, children remain in the family book of their father. A widow’s children are placed in the family book of their male guardian, normally a male relative of the deceased husband.	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	b1fede311a289c04541c5cb404000171	In the Environmental Offsets scheme in Australia, the significance of a proposed impact on biodiversity depends upon the “sensitivity, value, and quality of the environment which is impacted, and upon the intensity, duration, magnitude and geographic extent of the impacts.” Qualitative definitions of significance mean that jurisdictions’ guidelines play a central role in determining actual project coverage - mechanisms to promote regulatory consistency, proportionality and transparency are therefore important. The EU guidelines for environmental assessment of projects affecting Natura 2000 sites, for example, use significance indicators, including the percentage of loss of habitat area, the relative change in key indicative chemical for water quality and the timescale for restoration of population densities, to assist in decision making (European Commission, 2001). These regulations include three schedules of listed activities for which either a basic assessment or a scoping and full environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be prepared.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	b200d81a9b35341804f20c2b7dc9d333	The evidence that is gathered tells schools how they can change their pedagogy if they want to make more of a difference for their Maori students”. Note that this tool is optional, which means that no information is collected nationally, and the number of schools using it is unknown. They are also now embedded within the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers, w'hich specify what teachers should know' and can do in order to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, history and culture to all Australian students.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	b203bc9c6af23000087e21d1492d3b86	The town market also overflows its official boundaries into neighbouring streets. On Friday and Saturday nights its surroundings are busy with intense economic activity. Carts and trucks convey the products purchased by Nigerien wholesalers to the Malanville market and the cargo is then shipped to destinations in the interior of Nigeria.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	b2053248cae8713dbd3eb61bdeed5309	In addition, personal car ownership is expected to increase rapidly in many countries in the coming decades. As ownership rates in emerging economies and developing countries start to approach levels in OECD countries, a business-as-usual scenario would see them encounter significant increases in import fuel costs and environmental impacts. Key solutions include public transit (such as light rail and bus rapid transit) and non-motorised transport (especially in regions that are unlikely to experience high car ownership levels), improved vehicle fuel economy, adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PFIEVs), and wider use of biofuels.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	b2054b05284a1edb88e018a7a889e940	As described in section 4.1, basic education courses, formal vocational education and vocational training courses are available to all adults, and these do not require referral from the PES. Countries with fewer than 100 observations not included. Only those who report main activity as looking after family or home.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	b2080b90fa44131e0d8b2c17a0522d35	However, there can be wide variations in the results of different third-party assessment/analyses. Thus, given that the outcome of the global stocktake is to inform Parties in updating their nationally determined contributions, identifying which third-party sources of information can be used as input to the global stocktake may not be straightforward to agree upon. However, information contained in these adaptation components of INDCs varies greatly in terms of: timescale; focus areas/sectors; overarching objectives; qualitative or qualitative indicators about adaptation actions; financial needs; references to other documents (e.g. National Adaptation Plans); and monitoring and evaluation provisions. For example, some adaptation components include detailed information on projects or programmes to be implemented; their timeframes; and the general aims and goals of adaptation. On the other hand, others are unclear about whether actions mentioned are new and/or implemented, what the aims of these individual actions are, and how progress towards them can be identified. A few countries include adaptation undertakings in an annex or an “other information” section, rather than a dedicated section on adaptation contributions.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	b2095136f1cf2a2ac5b8f30f3badafc5	At the same time, the Ministry has contracted an evaluation of the program, but this will be very challenging given the range of schools, the variety of initiatives undertaken and the lack of documentation. With plans afoot to initiate a second round of the program, the question is how to use the experiences and results of this first round to improve the effectiveness and accountability of the next round. Consequently, it is often problematic to obtain the representative samples of schools and students that are essential to high quality research.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fd217899-en	b209a49eb0ddce91b9aaa29f64d028d2	As the coordinating agency, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) contracts local people and pays them for their labor as well as outcomes in terms of the number of nests protected. Starting with four villages in 2002, six years later this project had expanded to 21 villages and protected more than 1,500 nests. The area receives especial attention from bird-watchers but hunting and degrading forests are threats to rare bird species. Under this community-based eco-tourism project, villages sign contracts under which hunting would be banned and land use planning with the NGO and government supported.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b209d47593fef1f667f31b89cb84a3e8	Both of these aspects have important beneficial consequences for the whole electrical system. By lowering this maximal imbalance, one reduces the additional residual capacity needed in the system to balance demand. In France, seasonal fleet management reduces the maximal residual demand by 6.4 GW, from 17.6 to 11.2 GW. Based on EURELECTRIC/VGB data (IEA/NEA, 2010), in France the overnight investment cost of an additional capacity of 6 GW can be estimated at USD 11.7 billion if coal plants are built coal, and at USD 7.2 billion for gas-fuelled units.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	b20a49d7986db1cf29148efeb200cef1	Following Sen’s proposal, Anthony Shorrocks modified the index, adjusting the normalization condition in order to satisfy the transfer axiom and to provide continuity (Shorrocks, 1995). These authors proposed an additively decomposable index based on Sen’s index, but in the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (fgt) indices poverty is aggregated using household shortfalls as weights (relative deprivation) instead of a rank order (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke, 1984). However, it is important to note that the most common poverty index (the poverty headcount index) fails to satisfy the monotonicity and transfer axioms, while the poverty gap index does not satisfy the transfer axiom (Sen, 1976).3 These axioms are important because poverty is a matter of degree or intensity and not a simplified poor/non-poor dichotomy, meaning that a true measure of poverty must take account of distribution among the poor or the severity of poverty. The crisis of 1999 has been extensively analysed for its effects on poverty and inequality (Larrea, 2004; World Bank, 2005).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	b20badf7608dee1fae22d4707d42e800	To reduce P, the point sources must buy P credits from nonpoint sources of pollution. Since P is contributed throughout the watershed, and P concentrations exceed provincial standards throughout the watershed, MOE allows the TPM programme to remove P anywhere in the watershed. Therefore, a treatment plant discharging P in the lower reaches of the watershed can pay for reduced P in the upper reaches of the watershed.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b20c6540443b438dc059c2edc74e02b2	Up to several hours are achievable. However, electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store and currently still suffers from very high costs. Nevertheless, a number of different technologies are available to provide storage in the grid. Electrical energy can be directly stored without conversion to another carrier in electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	b20d39076fa886ca67d92de9be17256e	This complexity and ambiguity leads to delays in project development, as actors cannot decide which one takes precedence, or how to harmonise both classifications (Wilson, 2016). It also creates serious administrative burden for cities’ officials who operationalise land use changes, BOLUCs and LURCs. Following the formal procedures, development projects have to wait for and comply with a series of land use plans at different scales and from different institutions (see Box 2.16).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b210f56551d4cf902ee22175212361c8	For that aim, analysis of future system operation is performed by system operators. Since system operation is stochastic in nature, the assessment of power systems should be based on models and techniques that respond to this behaviour, i.e. probabilistic models and techniques (Billinton and Allan, 1996). Probabilistic assessments attempt to quantify the likelihood, frequency, duration and severity of system inadequacy or security breaches (Billinton and Li, 1994).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b376f88-en	b212121a543facaad81e85aaa5d688a7	As in the other regions, the depletion of underground reserves and degradation of their quality due to anthropogenic impact are typical. In order to better protect current and potential sources of drinking water in the country, the status of “area of national environmental importance” has been given to eleven zones of fresh groundwater formation. As a result of anthropogenic factors, the groundwater quality continues to deteriorate in some regions of the country, such as the Republic of Karakalpakstan.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	b215045a2f1948996a5212626664d4dd	Of course, the impact on water and trade depends on whether future demand is met by domestic production or imports. However, recent increases in meat and milk imports suggest trade may be at least part of the solution. If agriculture productivity' growth in the Northeast declines due to water scarcity, China may become less self-sufficient and increase imports.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	b217a94a3d90fd61eeae2aba35946f7b	In Poland, the base period of paid leave is 24 months, but it can be extended to 36 months when there is more than one child. ( Parental leave is unpaid in Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. In all other countries it is paid - at least for part of the leave period - although payment rates vary widely.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	b217c22f482d8d7e0660e715e9398134	In other schools teachers set educational objectives for their students and evaluate their performance largely by themselves. In the SIP network partner organisations provide for professional development as well as remedial classes and psycho-social support for children. The Sociedad de Instruction Primaria (cont.) Teaching is structured by the objectives formulated by the pedagogical department and financial incentives for teachers are sometimes tied to their achievement.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	b2193eb4115857a27d3f4ea5a1405eb8	Nevertheless, even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of becoming equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family or ensure their human rights. The EU defines GIA as “a process to compare and assess, according to gender-relevant criteria, the current situation and trend with the expected development resulting from the introduction of the proposed policy” (European Commission, n.d.).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	b21a944c2839f3976f761e98f5fa21e2	The role of transfers in inclusive growth strategies (cont.) A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality. Redistribution is measured by the difference between the Gini coefficient before personal income taxes and transfers (market incomes) and the Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers (disposable incomes) in per cent of the Gini coefficient before taxes and transfers.	8	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	b21b5e4576a61a229820388bac26332e	Active civil servants were not included in GERF and their expenses were directly financed from the state budget. In 1992, the government introduced the Green Card or Yesilkart, with the objective of providing health benefits to the poor and vulnerable who were incapable of paying for health services. Applications for the Green Card w'ere evaluated and authorised by provinces, who assessed eligibility based on income. Estimates of population coverage under the combination of these programmes ranged from 67% to 85% of the population, with the variation a result of many people being registered with more than one fund, many who were registered but not contributing, and uncertain estimates of numbers of dependents.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	b21df825e104d2639b6437da47144485	The fact that there are almost no health facilities in close proximity to most indigenous peoples living in North-Eastern Kenya and remote parts of the Coast province and Rift Valley means that they have to walk long distances even during an emergency, which results in poor health outcomes. Minority Rights International, p. 68. It has been reported that most deliveries are conducted at home because of these challenges/ This report included only marginalized peoples and omitted other groups like the Maasai of southern Kenya.	3	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264094437-6-en	b222c2d7f8582d50944d1ff9314731bb	In terms of planned objectives involving cognitive processing categories, remembering and understanding were most common. The results indicated that the potential of ICT to facilitate higher order thinking skills was not being fully utilised by these teachers. Those tasks are presented in an interactive computer package that incorporates probes to monitor interest and emotions as they progress through the task and relate those to measures of learning at the conclusion of the task.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	b2235328116b6953ae9b8e56baf5644f	To avoid an increase in inequality, efficiency gains should be exploited in implementing fiscal consolidation. If this is not the case, new ways to improve performance should be investigated, including better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages. Effects of Unemployment Experiences on Wages”, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Discussion Paper, No.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	b2238ba70216baf24098a1f6c3f8a40c	By requiring evidence of a commitment to equality and diversity, competition for these funds is also intended to support more women taking science and engineering at degree level. While these new apprenticeships can be in any sector, a large share will be in STEM fields. A total of GBP 2.7 million was awarded to 66 universities and colleges.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	b225462c071cfe7f4ae2bbbba65d72db	It was not concluded a bilateral agreement between Norway and the Faeroe Islands for 2012 and 2013. The overall Norwegian fish quotas are allocated to different vessel groups, and the quotas are then distributed between the vessels holding the necessary licences (offshore fleet) or annual permits (coastal fleet) to participate in the groups. Each vessel is regulated with Individual Vessel Quotas (lVQs) set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota, or at a level which implies moderate competition betw een vessels in the group.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cac71849-en	b225aa585092e8209c91a58825209e46	Prices for corn, wheat and rice more than doubled between 2006 and 2008. While prices declined in late 2008, food prices have since rebounded, attaining new record highs in February 2011 (figure III.3). Despite conflicting evidence, it would appear that recent price rises have also been accompanied by higher volatility, which increases uncertainty, thereby hindering investment in human and physical capital, technology and innovation (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009a) (figure III.4).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	b2278b2532babe30cae3cdd8f9c447fa	Autres facteurs determinants ont trait a l'infrastructure, l'acces au financement, la legislation du travail et des programmes d'emploi rural. At the same time, greater labour force participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth, and wellbeing. Assessing determinants of the labour force participation of women in India can offer important policy insights for raising growth and wellbeing. The paper first describes key employment trends in India by gender. Then the potential determinants of female labour force participation are identified based on literature, basic statistics and econometric techniques. Social and cultural factors are important in keeping women outside the labour force.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	b22852ca705952d584baf7e1129e3a33	Centralisation may thus imply negative reputational and motivational effects for some provinces. Betts (1995) therefore recommends the setting of minimum centralised standards combined with the option for provinces to set further higher standards. This way a race to the bottom is prohibited by a predetermined threshold while incentives to enhance standards are still given.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	b2289b3f93c6df9c3dec855d258133b9	The table has, in contrast to this real country-specific heterogeneity, mainly a didactic value. The private mental health care sector (psychologists or psychiatrists in private practice, depending on the country) is also open to individuals with milder disorders and sub-threshold conditions. However, the majority of mentally-ill patients in need, having at least a mild mental disorder and often being partially isolated from social and working life, do not find adequate help. The primary care practice is the location where most people with mental health conditions turn up, particularly for the first time.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b22959dcce14e0ffa9a8e5e7800b3d40	As a result, initiatives remain on periphery of higher education institutions, e.g. developing student hostels. In the past, the state of Penang has benefited from forward thinking civic and private sector leaders, including representatives of multinational corporations. However, currently Penang as an “opposition” state has limited authority to implement initiatives to address human resource needs through higher education institutions. Furthermore, the Government of Malaysia is shifting federal funding from Penang to the Northern Corridor Economic Region and other federally-controlled entities.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	b22d94f5fdcf155c7bab51758bf5a9a7	Bigger and more modem and efficient fishing vessels are faced with shrinking and highly variable fish stocks. In the future, combining enhanced productivity with the sustainability of the fishing will be a cmcial issue. It will require combining the resources and approaches of the different territories and reaching agreements regarding the management of marine resources.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-3-en	b2316f3907f2369f1a0756537d5923bb	However, there is increasing recognition that many important features of the development, functioning and impact of education systems can only be assessed through an understanding of learning outcomes and their relationships to inputs and processes at the level of individuals and institutions. These can be either children or young adults undergoing initial schooling and training or adults pursuing lifelong learning programmes. Outcome indicators examine the direct effect of the output of education systems, such as the employment and earning benefits of pursuing higher education. Impact indicators analyse the long-term indirect effect of the outcomes, such as knowledge and skills acquired, contributions to economic growth and societal well-being, and social cohesion and equity. Such policy levers relate to the resources invested in education, including financial, human (such as teachers and other school staff), or physical resources (such as buildings and infrastructure).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	b235119772bcb8515a6f91b6922b90bd	It corresponds to the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Children and Equality, and comprises 13 members. During its proceedings, the committee can convene hearings to obtain information from ministry representatives, organisations or individuals. Reciprocally, organisations and individuals can request to appear before the committee to present their insights. The committee submits recommendations and proposed decisions on relevant affairs to the parliament, which is responsible for taking final decisions, but usually follows the recommendations of the committee. While supervision of issues related to women’s rights falls within the mandate of the Supreme Council for Women, the accountability for these issues in within the mandate of the Parliamentary Committee.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	b238b326b819c0f7e83914db00bff517	The variety of delivery options and potential increase in the number of sector participants implied by distributed systems reinforces the need for enhanced regulatory oversight. For instance, it is essential that the quality and reliability of electricity installations is safeguarded not only for the benefit of electricity users, but also for the reliability of the grid. In this regard, the sector regulator will need to put in place the necessary rules to govern product, safety, and system interoperability.	7	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	b23afc5b92f8fe442f78274bc6f5b6f1	Growth patterns since the previous survey in 2009/2010 are not possible to determine as the sample size from that survey is too small. Compared with hospital connectivity, there is a lower proportion of countries with all health centres connected. Additionally, in countries without universal coverage, the proportions tend to be lower than for hospitals.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	b23b05fd575346dabb2693dcb572eafb	These day junior secondary schools are run by community groups and churches and assisted by government grants (WB, 2006c: 3). Almost 99 per cent of primary schools and 90 per cent of secondary and technical vocational schools in the country are in the NGO sector. Nearly 70 per cent of the schools in Fiji are committee-run.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	b23d30122bd07071faf7ff0c4d03f6e1	However, the introduction of 3G networks increased speeds nearly ten times from earlier technologies, allowing much faster to the internet and made video streaming possible. Only eight years later, in December 2009, the first LTE network (commonly referred to as 4G) was launched in Sweden and Oslo, with a ten-fold increase in speeds over 3G networks. By 2016, both 3G and LTE networks had been deployed in most countries, and more than 80% of the world's population had access to 3G networks and two-thirds had access to LTE networks. ( Mobile (left) and fixed (right) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhab.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	b24017523af3c763abe76f1e1199b426	The main Hello Work offices have established - as of 2008 — 12 banks of human resources to introduce qualified personnel to medium- and small-sized enterprises and to promote the employment of the elderly; 66 part-time job banks in convenient places such as train stations in major cities, to offer comprehensive placement services to people seeking part-time employment; and 60 Hello Work information plazas which give direct access to job-search engines and enable jobseekers to search through a wide range of information (JILPT, 2009b). Okutsu (2009) reports that women in Japan find their first job after a period of child-rearing most often through job advertisements (30.4%), closely followed by contact with Hello Work (27.7%). These centres, salons and corners are targeted at mothers who are bringing up children and seeking employment or who wish to change jobs.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	b241863c27cc09b30f2a0563438a74e7	If we close the gaps, we fulfil a moral obligation to uphold human rights, and we will all reap the benefits of a more equal world. It will be more just, stable, prosperous and sustainable—one that we will want to leave to future generations. Among these are measures to realize reproductive rights and gender equality, with a particular and urgent emphasis on reaching people ranked among the poorest 40 per cent—the furthest behind. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development offers a foundation to guide progress, as do other core international commitments, such as the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, which guides the work of UNFPA.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	b24221b27b8a43f651f203801015b290	Key assumptions of the model include identical production technologies in trading countries and limited mobility of selected inputs. By imposing identical technologies, the Heckscher-Ohlin model invokes the notion of absolute advantages, rather than comparative advantages, as opportunity costs are the same in trading countries. Despite this less rigorous formulation, which is somewhat consistent with the virtual water perspective, the empirical model performed poorly in predicting trade patterns among the 63 countries in the author’s analysis. They, too, find that observed trading patterns are independent of water resource endowments.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/797ccf27-en	b242d14c567b8ed1fc151511cb479c7a	More specifically, membership of ethnic minorities that are discriminated against, lower educational achievement, lack of skills to participate in information- and knowledge-based societies, lack of integration in conventional institutions and social isolation are all correlated with higher levels of perceived exclusion. Thus, the challenge for social policies is to reduce poverty, while stressing social inclusion and belonging. As noted by Mdrquez (2003), while traditional policies aimed overcome given income threshold, they have neglected the links that allow people to achieve stronger citizenship and a greater sense of belonging.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	b2452be7387ba2f5763190898056514a	A major challenge ahead both for UNIDO and the Montreal Protocol is the implementation of national or sectoral Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plans (HPMPs), which approach the development of elimination plans holistically. So firm goals and legally binding targets might more appropriately fall to national energy programmes. But a wide variety of international actors can encourage those at the national level to set and meet such targets.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	b2487f55a53cf802b4c33e1ed8e81a34	The Bank also admits that most poor countries have failed to match their growth performance in the pre-reform period. Finally, these reports acknowledge that rapid growth in China and India has been responsible for most poverty reduction in the world during the last generation and note, in passing, that these countries did not follow conventional policies. While Economic Growth in the 1990s avoids tackling this issue head-on, the CGD has invited representatives from both countries to contribute to its report. Second, the reports recognize that the mainstream has tended to exaggerate the advantages of small Governments (CGD, 2008, p. 5).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	b24ab5ddfb98b2dde296fcccc0355c4a	Improved opportunities in the rural sector thus contributed to ease the pressure to migrate to urban areas. Most of the employment was seasonal, mainly to confront the vagaries of the monsoon as an ovenvhelming share of the cropped areas is rain-fed, and the actual number of days of employment remained at 45 days in 2008-09. On a different ground, some 69 million new bank and post office accounts were opened to make payments to NREGA workers -an unprecedented move towards greater financial inclusion for the large numbers of marginalised workers. In remote areas, NREGA is also supporting the use of smart cards and biometric signatures for wage payments.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	b24c6369672a551a4fb72f3b81c318f0	Training programmes seem to have little short-term impact, but yield better medium-term results. They are more effective when unemployment is high, perhaps because of the participation of people with higher qualifications. Training programmes targeted at young people seem less effective than programmes opened to wider groups, presumably because they include more people with labour market disadvantage.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	b24f2cdfd544f1ed26af645dc4056c9d	The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) was introduced in 2004 to address these problems (Cashin et al., In 2011/12 there were a maximum of 1 000 points available to practices for meeting set targets, their attribution weighted for different indicators, with practices paid an average of GBP 130.51 per point. Although uptake of the QOF contracts is voluntary for general practices, virtually all practices in England are represented by QOF contracts.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	b25103199f679d506a9e3a7e523d83e8	Consumer education with respect to sustainability issues and the content of different certification schemes is key to supporting price premia. The public sector can play a role by providing public information on stock status and other sustainability issues in fisheries and aquaculture. Certification should help consumers to make informed choices and producers to respond to consumer demands.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/caeceb38-en	b25292e06460665188385ba4703226f8	For example, they find their ability to protect and provide for their families is frustrated by lack of income. Parents recognise that disciplining their children is particularly difficult when mobility in either generation means that they spend little time together (Ramphele, 2002). Moreover, cultural norms emphasise material care over other forms of care such as social and emotional support (Khunou, 2006), meaning that the contributions fathers make in these spheres are overlooked or diminished in public discourse. ( Bray & Brandt, 2007). Additionally, cultural notions of propriety may restrict paternal communication. Formative research towards an adult-child communication intervention in Botswana, Malawi, and Mozambique found that adolescent girls rarely have close relationships with their fathers (Schwandt & Underwood, 2013).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	b25a5341ffd114e70d4fcd682c6ffb2d	Clear roles and expectations must be defined to optimise teamwork in ECEC settings. Low wages are, as mentioned above, related to high staff turnover rates (Moon and Burbank, 2004), which influence children’s language and socio-emotional development as well as the relationships they form with practitioners (Whitebook 2002; Torquati 2007). Low wages are also correlated with the perception that working in the ECEC sector is not a high-status profession (Ackerman, 2006).	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	b25c8e7103a1e7bc388df84b24e6dc3a	The remaining aid flows which were not screened against the marker were mainly attributable to the United States’ reporting. The other 23 DAC members combined a total of 92% of their aid. Canada stands out as the exception in this regard, with 42.4% of its aid targeting gender equality as a principal objective.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b25d90c0998fe3bc16d2a2a3ac0f0dcf	Undergraduates and graduates are a primary source of innovation in the organisations they join (e.g. Martin and Trudeau, 1998). It is therefore crucial to consider the significance of labour market processes for the technological and organisational dynamism of the Galilee sub-regions and in the northern districts as a whole. Innovation generation also depends on local R&D investment and the capabilities to valorise it, to enhance new enterprise formation and job creation.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	b261ffb1d6395def8a638248ec302f1e	Their report on a road map to improve the quality and availability of crime statistics at the national and international levels (E/CN.3/2013/11) was welcomed by the Statistical Commission, and the activities presented in the road map were supported. This may in part be due to the substantial investment of resources required to keep a person in prison and to maintain an effective criminal justice system. Those incarcerated in overcrowded prisons are at far greater risk of violence and communicating or catching diseases, which can, in turn, be passed back into the wider community. Furthermore, the individuals held and not yet proven to be guilty may lose their jobs, their homes and their ability to provide for their families. In Asia and the Pacific, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines are particularly affected, with occupancy rates ranging from around 125 per cent of capacity to 300 per cent of capacity, and pretrial detention rates above 60 per cent of all prisoners. It is often more expensive for the State to keep someone in prison than for a parent to send a child to an elite private school, and pressure for scarce government resources combined with voter apathy towards prisoners may partly explain the lack of investment in adequate facilities.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/eb2b4dc8-en	b2657ada4c416fb462e6fb803f65d280	Typical indicators for this sample biodiversity levels, population levels, habitat extent etc. Indicators presented in this table appear very broad with very few or even no clear links to the state of biodiversity. While the indicators may be useful for sampling policies and streams of funds, they appear rather unsuitable for sampling the actual effects of these policies and funds. Hence, the effects on biodiversity may never or only in a long-term perspective be traced, and links between specific impacts - positive or negative - on biodiversity appear problematic to establish.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	b26988347008937ab6efd41dca8d6a6d	For which there are many good answers. To register as a legal entity, CFUGs have to formulate a constitution and operational plan that specifies how the community will protect their forests, utilise and sell its products, and punish violators. Once approved by the District Forest Office (DFO), CFUGs have full sovereignty — short of land ownership — over the forests handed over to them. But the government continues to impose explicit and implicit restrictions to the commercial sale of timber from community forests, recently even venturing to reclaim their relinquished rights. The volume of timber that a user group is allowed to harvest every year — known as the annual allowable cut — is determined by forest growth estimates, which are already conservatively defined. The DFO then sets how much of that annual production can be cut — sometimes 75 per cent of healthy stands, and less for frailer forests.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	b26b1d1b51ff7276ed8de5bb61e197cb	Water management is one of the few areas in which a large part of projects have a practical component. Most of these projects are no-regrets options as well, since the cost of floods has been increasing because of the accumulation of assets in high-risk areas. In addition, a study commissioned by the BMFLUW and the entities responsible for water management in the Lander (BMLFUW, 2010) has shown that for the period up to 2050 there is no need for immediate practical measures for climate change adaptation. For example, floods were projected to vary between -4% and 10% relative to scenarios with no climate change.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	b26b7786176d74434af2efbda9231a3e	The job of inspecting PWE risks has been facilitated through method descriptions and instructions, by templates on how to prepare improvement notices (in case improvements are needed), and through the sharing of best-practice examples. A full impact assessment of the WEA strategy and the guidance tools has not yet been carried out. However, preliminary results from focus group interviews with inspectors suggest that the guidance tools are used widely before, during, and after inspections and that employ ers consider them veiy useful.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	b26c1b312ba649fde71289ac6e06aaae	The leopard (Panthera pardus) used to be widespread until the 1950s but is now restricted in distribution and less numerous, with only 30-40 individuals reported in 1994. The Turkmen population of the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) was estimated at 6,000 in 1996 but at little more than 600 in 2001. Other important ungulate populations have reportedly also declined over the last 20 years, such as those of the urial (Ovis urial spp.),	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264087040-3-en	b26d1ae650d42f95c94a2f2cdd371ba8	The OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy combines international education policy expertise with Mexican policy and implementation knowledge. With the analytical and organisational support of the OECD Secretariat staff, the Steering Group provides advice and support on ways to adapt lessons from international experience to the Mexican context and in the design and successful implementation of related policies. Its main tasks are to provide analysis, advice, support and liaison with relevant stakeholders in their areas of expertise.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	b2740ccec3e917796d6612fef52e5194	Cognitive deficits, more generally, are a negative, predictive factor in vocational rehabilitation, especially deficits in the working memory, but also in general intelligence and social cognition abilities. However, this is probably a result of the schizophrenia bias in rehabilitation research. Very few studies have looked at predictive factors for different diagnostic groups. Where this has been done, results show that these factors vary according to the diagnosis (Baer, 2002).	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	b275cc1d145605689bcaef8350874b4e	However, even after projects are prepared and approved, disbursing funds and bringing projects to fruition can also be a challenge. Readiness funds and programmes may help strengthen the capacity of national and regional entities to receive and manage climate financing. This also applies to policies and programmes dedicated to the prevention and management of specific climate risks and vulnerabilities, such as increased rainfall variability, extreme weather events and upsurges in plant pests and animal diseases.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	b27b5c2a10ca38bafeda19be739acf74	There is a risk that two-way trafficking for the manufacture and consumption of heroin may grow as drug trafficking syndicates exploit the easier movement of people and capital resulting from initiatives enhancing regional integration within the ASEAN community. In the light of such challenges, INCB encourages close cooperation and collaboration among the ASEAN member States for the timely exchange of intelligence. The total amount of heroin seized in Cambodia and Thailand dropped significantly in 2014 (1.8 kg and 371 kg, respectively), back to its longer-term average level.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	b27b682f873f07fc40d1d2776cc4aa20	Balmford, Rodrigues et al. ( This makes it a challenge to classify such studies with the ES framework, which we try to do for Nordic studies below. The most recent and comprehensive compilation of wetland valuation studies, we are aware of, is contained in Kumar (2010], a central TEEB publication (see Table 3 above].	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/97ed059a-en	b27cbc3cab57c1509e9e70b2e83ad82f	The study does not include factor endowment effects due to its short time horizon. These elements are determined by simulations using the CGE model and are then used as inputs for the micro module. The 2008-2011 sub-period includes the years where the effects of the crisis are actually simulated. The year 2010 is presented as the year of gradual recovery. We include 2011 in the analysis to foresee the extent to which this recovery will be reinforced.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	b27d0664af37db01b754a84e4695ac3a	Former rites of passage and collective ceremonies brought young people into collective celebrations and problem-solving in ways that are now becoming scarce (Bray, 2012; Juma et al., Adolescent girls point out that even when they reach the age of being 'women', they do not participate in decision-making or any form of leadership at community level because women are confined to affairs of the home (Thorpe, 2005). One consequence is that adolescents are denied legitimate routes to community identities and to a sense of belonging.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b27f2b859f1acf1a975066454739124e	Vanuatu’s economy is projected to grow further by 3.2% in 2013 driven largely by construction and infrastructure development and the tourism sector. As the United States economy gradually recovers and unemployment falls, remittances to Tonga are expected to improve. This combined with construction and infrastructure projects along with the tourism sector could help Tonga’s economy to grow by 0.5% in 2013. Diversification of these economies will always remain a challenge.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b27f7b8eb5351d798f02a681fa3b2296	A regional strategy platform should be developed in the Galilee. The joint resources of the higher education institutions should be mobilised for the preparation and implementation of regional strategies. The capacity for regional engagement should be improved in the region among key agencies and higher education institutions through fora for communication where good practices can be fostered through targeted training programmes which focus on practical problem solving.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	b2843173243ac947ee383d71af82fcfe	The report demonstrates the business case for using LNG as a fuel in maritime transport, for both LNG tankers and - increasingly since 2000-other ships. Currently, there are over 300 ships powered by LNG. This is a positive development in view of the significant environmental benefits of LNG compared to heavy fuel oil and diesel both of which dominate today's market for international shipping bunkers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	b284b5b4fabdac5de8343201935e5493	Thus while the primacy of Lagos grew in relation to the secondary city, it did not rise as much as in Togo with respect to the domestic urban network. Instead, there was a discernible increase in the population within existing urban centres. Nigeria is more illustrative of a multipolar situation. These examples shed light on the different stages of urbanisation in the region. The growth rate peaked in 1981 (2%) before starting to decline. There was a short acceleration in growth at the beginning of the 2000s (the annual average growth rates for the 1990s and 2000s are similar).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	b2882dc9fdd4cf9124f02ed6b9957cd0	As a result, health outcomes remain inferior to those of the OECD and inequalities are significant. By and large, the reforms have been going in the right direction. The reasons for the limited progress thus run deep and are difficult to capture, especially in an environment where information systems are not geared toward that objective. In part, slow progress may be attributable to the magnitude of the task at hand. In fact, insufficient attention is being paid to measuring actual progress towards effective implementation.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	b28a918b087d1f0f9d9cda5c4be55873	In China, input subsidies are direcdy linked to the land use itself. Abolishing these subsidies therefore leads to slightly reduced land use for agriculture. In India there is hardly any effect on agricultural land use despite the magnitude of its fertiliser support, as in India all agricultural land is in use.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	b28b887039bf0a7567056079f49c3439	The main objectives of the Energy Law are, inter alia, provision of a safe, quality and reliable supply of energy and energy sources, stimulation of market competition, provision of conditions for promoting energy efficiency in carrying out energy activities and energy consumption, as well as stimulating the use of renewable energy sources and combined heat and power generation. The Programme identifies barriers to increasing efficiency in energy consumption and to widely using renewable energy, recommending regulatory, policy, institutional, organizational and technical measures to overcome these barriers. It foresees the development of national regulations to establish favourable conditions for ESCOs’ operation and introduction of an energy passport system in buildings.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	b28f7d0631aa3934394c5bf726c2a772	Lessons from a large set of relocations in Scotland point to the need for careful consideration of the choice of location and implementation of such reforms to result in gains for regional economic development (Audit Scotland, 2006|3S|). Against this background, the Government should ensure that the new' setup allows the Secretariat to deliver high-quality analysis and advice. The institution was established in 1962, making it one of the oldest of its kind (von Trapp and Nicol, 2016|36|). The Chairmanship is assigned four distinct tasks and is supported by a relatively small secretariat (Figure 17).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	b29722ad5185458ecabdc0b129a961ca	"Intangible capital is the difference between the total wealth and natural + produced capital. Thus “natural"" changes - for instance those brought about by climate change due to man-made activities - are likely to hit the poor much harder than the rich, although ultimately they will affect all. Table 2:1 illustrates the link between poverty alleviation and wise management of natural resources and ecosystem services."	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b8259a41-en	b29b31e5b31bd847d794bfe2fa0bf0a0	They suggest that socioeconomic development has a decisive effect in lowering fertility in the long rim, but in the short run, and for specific households, the effect is not conclusive. The study concludes that education, especially of women, reduces fertility, though its effect may take years to appear. Improved health and lower mortality also contribute to lower fertility through both biological and behavioral channels. The effect of female employment, in contrast, is uncertain and undependable.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb3a7bc3-en	b29dc1c014aef2f9368e119a0509a969	The country has also made significant progress in expanding the coverage of its rural population with drinking water supply from improved sources. As of 1 January 2015, 80.7 per cent of its rural population 1) had access to centralized and local water supply systems. In rural areasl), 37.9 per cent of the population had access to centralized and local sewerage systems as of 1 January 2015.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-9-en	b29de3c2eaef0ede9cd741f11a30ebca	Further, ways to address the identified barriers and challenges are proposed. This will help in the development of recommendations to policy makers, researchers, international organizations, and other stakeholders. The analysis in the following is based on the SWOT-assessment above, needs expressed in (l)NDCs, and an identification of the most common opportunities and barriers for implementation of best practices expressed by the regional experts in the four developing regions assessed in this report (SSA, SA, SEA, and LA).	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	b29df9f5ad2911c7fa93930ae3584c41	The reasons for this increase in the number of labourers have not been thoroughly studied. Fluctuations in catches and catch composition can play a role in explaining this increase. There has been a slight increase in the number of part-time workers in Iceland since 2008, but data on how much of that increase is in the fishing industry are not readily available. The government has introduced various measures to work against the migration from the countryside to the capital area. The fisheries management system has partly been used to that effect.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	b29e9aeb80206830c4c5eef91f923591	Despite the increased outreach and low administrative costs, locally hired managers tend to limit their work to more standardized functions, and are noted not to contribute to the strategic side of CORFO operations. Moreover, there does not appeal- to be consistency in the service intermediation model, and clients have complained that agents offer what they know rather than what local business requires to become more efficient, competitive or profitable. Using a variety of econometric methods to address selectivity bias in program participation— including before-and-after comparisons, difference-in-difference (DID) techniques and DID with common support (propensity score matching)—they found significant net improvements in total factor productivity growth (TFP) ranging from 11.7 to 22.9 percent. Qualitative analysis of the survey of PROFO beneficiaries attributed many of these gains to reorganization of the production process, implementation of joint marketing strategies, introduction of quality control techniques, and managerial training.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	b29f5957ecaafda935936c317ad30c6e	Operating under Law 16/1992 concerning animal, fish and plant quarantine, and subsequent Government Regulations 82/2000 concerning animal quarantine and 14/2002 concerning plant quarantine. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 37/2006. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 89/2012. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 64/2006.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	b2a00c5ae3a76a7bd5d8eacf84142613	Yet for other developing countries in the region, expanding the manufacturing base, including to relatively labour-intensive sectors, will be important for broad-based productivity gains. India is planning to increase the share of the manufacturing sector in GDP to 25 per cent by 2020 through the creation of national manufacturing investment zones and measures to increase the ease of doing business. Similarly, Indonesia and the Philippines are seeking to diversify and upgrade their economies through infrastructure programmes and FDI liberalization measures.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	b2a0311235a1546f0b58ca5a86cab3a1	This Act established the National Assembly for Wales as a corporate body with an executive government and a legislating body, and passed the governance of the NHS in Wales from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Government and the Welsh Minister for Health and Social Services. A subsequent Government of Wales Act 2006 provided the Welsh National Assembly with primary legislative powers in a number of areas including health. The UK Government retains responsibility for UK-wide areas such as tax, defence, foreign policy, social security and welfare benefits.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	b2a0890b9182f71a9f53a31211140a9a	However, major differences are observed from one country to another. The multiple facets of poverty among children and adolescents (deprivation in the areas of nutrition, housing, access to drinking water and sanitation, education, information and household income) cause permanent adverse effects that mark them throughout the rest of their lives. To a large extent, these effects also lead to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and, in some cases, serve to deepen inequality.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	b2a1c8467c4f526dc35ad2ef9b47fc40	Academic tutoring: tutoring sessions focus on homework and study assignments, as well as prepared exercises and other learning activities to help students develop as competent learners. Tutoring in core subjects is provided by volunteers four nights a week in a safe, social learning environment. Tutoring volunteers are supervised by Pathways staff and come from a range of professional, educational and ethnic backgrounds, although most are university students.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	b2a22e17f9016b559f0291060d4e1107	This offers a partial explanation for the modest development of childcare policies in Germany. About 30% of low-income families using centre-based care, and 16% using an in-home care centre for a child under age six, receive subsidies. The percentage of middle-income families receiving subsidies is negligible - about 3% for an in-home care centre. There are federal tax policies, however, that tend to benefit middle-income and professional-managerial families.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	b2a426a469439b3723c717a2d19ce8e3	The use of European Union Structural Funds in Slovenia, for example, illustrates how too much local control can lead to a focus on local amenities and needs, to the neglect of wider regional growth objectives (OECD, 2011c). This can make it difficult for cities to budget and plan effectively, to ensure public service delivery and maintenance, and to invest in more strategic long-term priorities. In Antofagasta (Chile), for example, local projects are often designed with little certainty as to whether or not funding will be available, making it difficult to manage funding flows, and ultimately, discouraging potential investors (OECD, 2013g).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	b2a5e5e875aac568cb0879117cce7b56	Nevertheless, based on “blame the victim” attitudes where considerable focus and attention was given to improving the behaviour of the human being, road safety policies lacked the holistic approach needed to achieve further significant injury reduction. A Safe System does not view road deaths and injuries as the inevitable price to pay for a highly-motorised society. By seeing any road death as an unacceptable system failure, it counters the risk that transport planners may adopt measures of transport efficiency that tolerate fatalities that are affordably preventable.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b9bb2c1-en	b2a61467fa243fe1c8972e6047bebbd3	While technological progress has eliminated many problems, it has also added new and often unexpected ones (Griibler, 1998; Diamond, 2005). Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels are the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. All energy technologies, whether they are fossil-based or not, consume resources, use land, and pollute air, water, and the atmosphere. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	b2a866ec6979c7f43d1358112de5204c	If established as a right with no waiting lists and easy application procedures these types of schemes can also limit discretion in benefit allocation and clientelistic use. In one way or another, they all address the protection of women in old age while considering their role in the family. However, the basis for the entitlement and the family model they assume and promote differ among them. Most contributory social insurance systems offer survivor pensions, but there is substantial cross-country variation in the types and amounts of benefits they provide.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	b2aa9003fe6e9630adb998d5af772aac	As we have seen in chapter 3, the extensive human influence of the Nordic forests, especially over the last century with most forests strongly shaped by industrial forestry, has had profound effects on ecological properties of primary importance to biodiversity. This particularly pertains to properties shaped by natural forest dynamics and typical of old-growth forests, such as a rich and varied supply of dead wood and old and large trees, as well as forests with longterm intact canopy cover and hydrological regime. As we have seen in chapter 3, natural forest dynamics provide an important paradigm or framework for the conservation of biodiversity, as native species and ecosystems have evolved under such dynamics over millions of years.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	b2aeae3f44b839ae348a5564194afe20	This package, while covering a much smaller range of issues than the original Doha agenda, has given renewed impetus to negotiations on the remaining Doha issues, among them Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA), agriculture and services. In addition, Ministers have instructed the TVade Negotiations Committee “to prepare within the next 12 months, a clearly defined work programme on the remaining Doha Agenda issues.” Other decisions, notably on trade facilitation could impact significantly on trade in food and agricultural products. This decision, part of the original proposal put forward by the G33 group of countries, attracted wide support from developed and developing countries. Outcome of the Bali WTO ministerial (cont.) This issue proved to be one of the most intractable with countries across the full spectrum of development struggling to define modalities which would allow the policy space sought by some countries while ensuring that the pre-existing provisions of Annex 2 of the URAA would not be diluted in a way that would render them totally ineffective, or otherwise distort trade or impinge negatively on the food security of other countries.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	b2aed317fda6c378716cd9c0f75c718d	The renewable energy industry is no different. In some respects, it may be more critical in the short term because renewable energy is competing essentially against a commodity - electricity. However, when renewable energy competes against the price of established electricity generation (coal-fired and gas, for example), even with the premium offered by renewable energy obligation and feed-in tariffs, return on investment can be uncompetitive in the early stages of deployment.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-8-en	b2afb23d4bec94d21ccfcd94410ea02b	Curricular standards and guidelines offer direct means for governments to promote social and emotional skills systematically and coherently. This section reviews countries’ approaches to raising social and emotional skills, focusing on practices observed in national and subnational curricula in primary and lower secondary schools. Such a framework is typically linked to the national objectives of education, and includes more detailed descriptions of skills to be targeted.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264271654-8-en	b2b39aea6ca37cc4a98b23723c2ce98d	The system lacked the public technological institutes (except in the area of agriculture) which, as providers of public goods, can play a fundamental role in the dissemination of knowledge, provision of technical services, and technology transfer to enterprises, and more specifically to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Steering and co-ordination capacities of the centre of government or ministries in charge policy design and implementation involving autonomous agencies are limited. Autonomous agencies’ appropriations do not have to be approved by the Legislative Assembly but by the Comptroller General, and approval is from a legal rather than a policy standpoint. In addition, there is no effective mechanism to ensure that these agencies' objectives are aligned with those of the central government.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	b2b4d7e05367a3c183bf48053bf4d6b7	The BWO coordinates the withdrawals from the canals, as these need to be synchronized with water releases from the Nurck Reservoir on the Vakhsh tributary. Vegetation that is resistant to water-logging is used by the population. The agricultural wihcrawd: figures tor Taykistan. However, the consequences of the decreased water flow in the lower Ainu Darya arc to be assessed.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	b2b5ce0551ac1148894bf1d6cc50989b	Bed density is also markedly low, with 1.6 beds per 1 000 population in 2013, compared to 4.8 beds per 1 000 OECD-wide: again, the lowest amongst OECD countries. Although per capita total spending is now broadly similar for individuals with and without social security (at MXN 3 429 per capita for those without social security in 2013, compared to 3 505 for IMSS and 3 945 for ISSSTE affiliates), differences in entitlement persist, involving some common and devastating illnesses. Heart attacks in those aged over 60, strokes, dialysis after renal failure, multiple sclerosis and lung cancer are not, for example, covered by SP. Some differences in access are also apparent.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	b2bab13e47ef17afce4b9264bafd2aab	Inventions claimed by the original applicant in subsequent patent applications within that period would preserve their novelty and could potentially block generic production in that territory. See WHO, “Workbook and Diagnostic Tool on Trade and Health: Medicines, Diagnostics and Devices, Vaccines and Intellectual Property Rights” (Section 3m of the Workbook), by F. Abbott, in Building a National Strategy on Trade and Health: A Diagnostic Tool for Policy Makers, forthcoming, 2011. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 359. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 359.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b505e041-en	b2baf1005d383040dc37fbadc8026ac6	These norms translate into 49.09 Indian rupees (Rs) (US$0.77, based on the exchange rate of US$1 = INR63.85, as per the Reserve Bank of India’s website (www.rbi.org.in/ on 19 June 2015) for rural areas and Rs56.64 per capita per month (US$0.89) for urban areas (all in 1973/74 prices). This converts to Rs351.86 per month for rural areas (US$5.5) and Rs547.42 per month for urban areas (US$8.6) as of 2004/05. Can a value be placed on their service support to the urban middle and upper classes, which enables that group to engage in economic activities that increase the wealth of the city they live in? Are the urban poor primarily entrepreneurial (self-employed) or employed by others.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b2bb27ad30ea2808bb69576dd6d3e1f9	Internal administrative barriers and a lack of incentives may impede students, researchers, professors and administrators to think and act entrepreneurially. Efforts to develop entrepreneurship skills support may not be fully effective because of a missing interface with the local economy’s wider entrepreneurship support system. There is, therefore, a need for the university leadership to create synergies between education, research and entrepreneurship and to establish an incentive and rewards system that targets professors and researchers, administrative personnel or universities as well as students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-4-en	b2bd4632f4fd61e6831f6a128abc7235	For each field visit, the OECD research team visited schools and met with Indigenous students and their parents, Indigenous teachers and support workers, Elders, school leaders and teachers, and other education stakeholders. Through the discussions, iterations and protocols, we w'ere able to develop confidence in the data sets. Finally, by incorporating experience from two additional systems as well as more general literature and OECD analysis, the study is informed by international experience and perspectives. A literature review, data questionnaires, field visits, interviews, group discussions and dialogues among representatives from all stakeholders have all been drawn on for data collection and analysis.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	b2bde5c04a9df1416daebba475e35774	First, the PEIB constitutes an important first step, but it does not sufficiently address the special needs or traditions of Indigenous communities. For example, pedagogical methodologies do not adequately reflect Indigenous cultures or traditions. Moreover, pedagogical tools such as teacher guides and textbooks are designed for the general population and do not necessarily take into account the context or learning needs of Indigenous students.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/97ed059a-en	b2c4cfd9b97832dff9987e0fadb69696	In Cameroon, the universal transfer policy in these conditions amounts to distributing about 29300 CFA francs (in 2007 terms) per year to each child aged 0 to 5, with a total budget equivalent to 1% of before-crisis GDP. As for the targeted transfer programme, it is also assumed that the transfer is given to the household head, who ensures an equitable distribution among household members. The poverty rates are only slightly higher in the universal transfer scenario if we consider children aged 0 to 14 (a difference of 0.2 to 0.5 percentage points); but is slightly lower in that scenario within the 0 to 5 year age group (a difference of 0.4 to 0.5 percentage points).	1	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-2-en	b2c8b603f44aa310a1f8808087549a06	Humans have used forests for a wide range of resources up through the ages, influencing forest structure and ecosystem functions. The human transformation of Nordic forests has been particularly strong in the lowlands as populations increased during the last 300 years, and in the interior and the north as modern industrial forestry developed from the end of the 1800s. Since the 1950s, management of whole forest stands, with clear-cutting, planting, and intensive silviculture, has been extensively applied and has been very successful in producing large amounts of harvestable timber while also increasing the growing stock substantially.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	b2c990c242af041100c101345c0cc59c	The first national Rural Development Strategy for 2007-13 was adopted in 2006 as the basis of the EU Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development (IPARD-I) and Turkey launched its first Rural Development Plan (OECD, 2011a). The priorities formulated in the current (second) Rural Development Strategy for the period of 2014-20, along with investments in productive activities and infrastructure, also view environmental sustainability, rural diversification, as well as social advancement of rural areas in critical dimensions, such as education, health, fight against poverty, and local institutional capacities (Annex 5.A2). The principal activities of the current programmes related to rural development are presented below'.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	b2caea230a9eda78f112a363c68b7062	In the Flemish Community, there are indications that there is some inequitable distribution of teachers across schools, with the most experienced teachers typically employed in the least challenging schools. According to TALIS 2013 data, while 16% of lower secondary teachers worked in schools with more than 30% of students coming from disadvantaged home backgrounds, this was the case for 26.6% of beginning teachers (i.e. teachers with 5 years teaching experience or less). In countries and economies found at the top of this Figure (with positive differences), experienced teachers are more likely to be working in schools with high proportions of students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Figure 4.6 shows that for a majority of countries, however, the opposite is true.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	b2cd278e18c6bc7d090474a7ea1a2df2	This results in high levels of entrepreneurship in LDCs according to the former, but low levels according to the latter. However, since own-account workers and family workers comprise 97 per cent of self-employment, only a small fraction of the self-employed can be considered truly entrepreneurial. The prevalence of informal enterprises is difficult to measure; the scale of the shadow economy, at around 35 per cent of gross domestic product, provides a conservative indicator.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	b2d08a7e1dc919cb21f91723b8aac7b5	Over 55% of those receiving entrepreneurship training have been women; over one-third of those receive other training and technical assistance, market access and BDS, and over one-quarter of those have been assisted in accessing financing. One of the biggest challenges faced by El Mobadara in providing BDS services to women is their low level of education and the effort required to upgrade their enterprises so that they are able to function in supply chains, particularly in the food-processing sector. They see great opportunities for supporting women entrepreneurs through supply chain integration, but more skills are needed in conducting gender-sensitive value chain analysis. Gender-sensitivity training may be an important factor in improving the response of BDS organisations to the needs of women entrepreneurs.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	b2d214b9bee646eda8ae087d14df217b	It was as high as 26% in Spain and 28% in Greece. Unemployment rates increased in 2013, as well in some other member countries of the European Union: Belgium, Finland France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands all saw the portion of unemployed amongst the active labour force rising. While the unemployment rate in the United States has fallen to around 6%, it is still high by historical standards. Long-term unemployment remains very high and the young are the most severely hit by subdued economic growth in many parts of the world.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b2d35cb5a20ccdc40f6c16b69e109824	The consortium should work closely with start-up firms and established businesses in the targeted clusters to identify training, infrastructure and investment needs to support expansion. The consortium can be the focal point for advocacy at the local, metropolitan, state and federal level that drives for more consistent, coherent and aligned policies in support of innovation and green growth. A procurement policy is the set of rules and regulations an organisation sets in place to govern the process of acquiring goods and services.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	b2d79ea34c216d20fad28492338bb5d4	The main irrigated crops include maize, cotton, cereals, fodder crops and sugar beet. Irrigation continues to be developed and is considered by the government as a key element for productivity growth and competitiveness in agriculture. The government’s objective is to expand the irrigated area to 8.5 million ha. This objective is integrated in the regional development projects, the biggest being the South Eastern Anatolia project.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2f3f72fd-en	b2db0b23e592fbd4151b271cc93f079b	An assessment is in preparation for the Second National Communication. Agriculture, energy, water management and air traffic are the most vulnerable to natural disaster and extreme weather conditions. According to the World Bank, in 2005 the sectors dependent on weather conditions accounted for 47 per cent of GDP. Economic impacts from extreme weather events are immense: in 2005, the World Bank estimated that Serbia’s annual average economic loss from natural disasters varies between 16 and 49 billion dinars, and its data show that economic losses by fires in public forests in the period 2000-2009 exceeded 36 billion dinars.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fc4c77aa-en	b2dbdcd2473b596b00f2db1865df682e	Based on research carried out in the surroundings of the Yanacocha gold mine in Cajamarca (Peru), Sosa and Zwarteveen (2016, p. 34) show that “although legal and technical conflict resolution strategies are effective in temporarily diffusing tensions, they do not address the underlying political causes of conflicts. Contemporary applications of IWRM support the equitable, efficient and sustainable use of water, and are vital to balancing the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The IWRM approach calls for coordination among all involved sectors of management, development, regulation and decisionmaking processes related to water, land and related resources (GWP, 2000).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9ed3c0a9-en	b2e1a147a08b87be8184bb77d0556857	Electricity provided via the public grid covers almost all the population. Meanwhile, public sewerage and public rubbish disposal services covered 56.5% and 74.6%, respectively, of the population in 2010. Renting a home affects disposable income, so that the ability to do so depends on a household's financial situation. Rural areas have a larger deprivation gap in housing.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	b2e375c78a8c887727450d8372986ba6	Whilst women live longer than men, they are also ill more often. Girls are now doing better than boys in school, but still remain under-represented in the key fields of education that provide greater job opportunities. Similarly, although women are increasingly present in the labour market, they still earn less than men, spend more hours in unpaid work and find it harder to reach the top of the career ladder or start their own business. Men are more often the uictims of homicide and assault, but women are the primary target of intimate partner violence.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	b2e4f9e14c6e78ac9e0c3d8105d0ec14	Teachers began to classify pupils into three groups - safe cases, suitable for treatment, and hopeless cases - and subsequently focused primarily on the middle group, seeing that this group had the most potential for improvement. In this same case, it was found that weaker pupils received less attention. Status and growth models refer to how outcomes are measured and they each create different objectives and incentives for schools. Status models measure the percent of students who achieve certain levels of proficiency and require schools to raise performance to meet the proficient level (Krieg, 2008; Neal and Schanzenbach, 2010 cited in Figlio and Loeb, 2011).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrjn7xsnmq-en	b2e53a9fe3f5309743c36941771cc8e1	The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	b2e842fe3ec48fd80b8af19a8488026b	"The chapter is finalized by a short discussion and conclusion of the main results. The aim of the EU ecolabelling scheme is to ""encourage sustainable production and consumption of products by setting benchmarks for the good environmental performance of products and services based on the top performers on the market""228 The EU ecolabelled products should be among the 10-20% best performing products on the market, and the environmental performance should be seen in a life cycle perspective.229 The EU Ecolabel is to be consistent all over the EU and EEA countries, and the target is that national schemes should be harmonized with the EU Ecolabel. The EU Ecolabel has been approved by all Member Countries and is a result of a common policy."	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b2e9ee28b9b44566a3971dcea110983f	The same argument goes for issues related to regulation of network pricing (see Table 3.1). Both connection costs and network pricing may pose higher barriers for clean energy than for conventional energy technologies, as most renewable resources may not necessarily be located close to the grid network. Usage-based” can favour fossil fuel generation as these can be located closer to the grid.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	b2ebbe9ec442dfb4de3a4eadf11ba27f	In some cases, they need to be updated by the time they are approved. National and local examining authorities assess the general plan only in terms of its compliance with the technical norms, rather than with local needs. Once the urban design project is approved, it can be used to supervise urban development.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	b2edb23a9c590d51219fb8822b1089d0	Second, technological progress shifted production technologies in both industries and services in favour of skilled labour. In that time, trade integration - the sum of imports and exports as a share of GDP - doubled in many OECD countries. But globalisation is not only about trade in goods and services.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	b2ee31db2bf81c3edb8c112b87c9ae79	Groundwater levels have dropped (from the 1960s until 2000) -5-10 m regionally, >15 m locally. Severe reduction m ^^tural'background'grcHjneKvater quality ^/an'issue; ^1998 u°nt!l itWfthe'ie^d^f'dat^avaHabfot-^idSpread but moderate N and pathogens pollution due to Abstraction of groundwater exerts pressure; local and moderate increased pumping lifts, reduced borehole yields and baseflow, as well as degradation of ecosystems. Widespread and severe naturally occurring As at 10-200 pg/l, widespread but moderate N0S at up to 200 mg/l and pesticides at up to 0.1 pg/l. Some87% of the aquifer area is cropland, -5% urban/industrial area. Population -189100 (density 47 inhabitants/km').	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	b2ee9cf5eb8e0980f8b55067c0bbf402	This activity has created 65 jobs. With its ownership of the resource and its 15% shareholding interest in the enterprise, the commune earns an annual income from the operation. A regional-scale shopping centre has sprung up next to the Belgian border. The municipality derives some revenues from petrol sales and other commercial taxes.	6	9	0	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	b2efe81281915818507ba05e279bc4fe	Due to the intergovernmental nature of the nexus assessments under the Water Convention, official data originating from national authorities are used as much as possible. Countries tend to trust their official data and nexus assessments are reviewed by the Governments, hence transparency about the sources used is necessary. Using databases with an official source (e.g. FAO, OECD, World Bank, ECE) can save time, turning the request for data into a request for validation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	b2f05a62e0c24a21e0fd268abd4ccca9	The focus lies on diversity in the past and in the present and allows teachers to reflect and critically examine different fields of tension in the intercultural dimension of the teaching profession. There is a strong emphasis on democracy, values and norm creation, and how these topics could be taught in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms (Sodertorn University,(n.d.)[issi; 2018(186]). Research has found that multilingualism in teacher education is lacking (Carlson, 2009' (1991) despite the fact that many national reports have pointed to the importance of teachers’ language knowledge as an integral part of core content teaching (Skolinspektionen, 2010(2ooi; Skolverket, 2012[2oi])- In Swedish teacher education, student teachers study subject content and corresponding theory (Amnes- och amnesdidaktiska studier) in addition to educational core requirements.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	b2f093ce2c3a08393918ea4256dfc524	Persons aged 16 years or over who participate in the projects to cope with the effects of an emergency or low demand for labour, obtain temporary income sources and succeed in improving family and community living standards. While not the programme’s main objective, one of the reasons why families seek help from that type of programme is that they have suffered damage as a consequence of a disaster. The programme’s impact was a wage that was 24% higher (in the urban version), which represented a 6.9% addition to the family budget (Chacaltana, 2003).	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	b2f0f4508c6771822a0127cea05e7f77	The main policies for developing the LDCs’ private sectors are industrial policy, enterprise policy, rural development policies, and education and training policies. Industrial policy is designed to steer the economy towards structural transformation, by moving to higher-productivity activities both among and within sectors. There are two types of strategies that LDCs can pursue to bolster the employment intensity of growth.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	b2f1839c16f513c78a58d2bab269f425	Formative assessment is deep learning and needs to be constantly revisited as we learn how to develop efficacy around this very multifaceted set of strategies. Changing teachers' language from praise to affirmation and feedback is an ongoing goal for many. Students in our system need support as their mind-set changes from performance evaluation to assessment for and as learning. ”	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	b2f23f7f2a27bfefa89f4dee9a9e72ef	The 2030 Agenda also sets aims for the contribution and conduct of fisheries and aquaculture towards food security and nutrition, and the sector's use of natural resources, in a way that ensures sustainable development in economic, social and environmental terms, within the context of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). A major challenge to implementation of the 2030 Agenda is the sustainability divide between developed and developing countries which has partially resulted from increased economic interdependencies, coupled with limited management and governance capacity in developing countries. To eliminate this disparity while making progress towards the target for restoration of overfished stocks set by the 2030 Agenda, the global community needs to support developing nations to achieve their full fisheries and aquaculture potential. The total first sale value of fisheries and aquaculture production in 2016 was estimated at USD 362 billion, of which USD 232 billion was from aquaculture production. In per capita terms, food fish consumption grew from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. Preliminary estimates for 2016 and 2017 point to further growth to about 20.3 and 20.5 kg, respectively.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	b2f2cce97fdedc6e6a495a4caec4e00e	The series explores the nature, dynamics and characteristics of African social, economic and political transformations from a regional and multidisciplinary perspective. It seeks to stimulate discussion and gather information to better anticipate the changes that will shape future policies. Papers are available in English and/or French, and summaries are available in both languages.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	b2f3e90e6c29034b998d1162ce77c0c9	"The mobile habitat is no longer a marker of nomad identity. On the other hand, a fixed dwelling made of durable materials (e.g., ""banco"" or adobe homes of unfired bricks made from a mixture of sand and straw) is not necessarily synonymous with sedentarism. It combines several types of dwellings used alternatively over the year."	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	b301c6a8ae46d36c6fd88d913576964d	Better codification and/or simplification of administrative requirements could also facilitate compliance. In 2007, the government adopted a Unified Methodology for Legislative Impact Assessments, which describes the process and methodology for assessing the impact of new legislation in five areas, including environment. Impact assessment procedures were further strengthened by an update of the methodology in 2010.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	b303aada574317d3a509b5e79373fc94	People could also borrow from relatives and friends to purchase food and basic products on credit, while assistance was given to the poorest from local temples. However, these only reached civil servants and formal-sector workers, while around two-thirds of the workforce is in the informal sector. Members of the national network of low-income community organizations each agreed to contribute THB 30 ($1) to assist those who had been affected. These funds and others were to be managed by community networks working on flood relief activities.65 Committees of community leaders, many involving women in leadership roles, mobilized resources and drew up daily plans to cook and to feed households.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b30b82a0fd4502f78611a7b485bcd939	Enforcement and advertising when combined are significantly more effective than increasing enforcement alone. Driving should be facilitated for citizens as long as possible subject to their physical ability to drive safely. In the absence of specific impairment licensing should not be limited by age.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	b30db08db89666b78decb4c58564966e	As with sequential policies, these measures often revolve around mothers and female workers but—as detailed below—have increasingly begun to make men and fathers eligible as well in Latin America (ilo/undp, 2009). These are “regulatory policies on home-based care services”. The one-to-one hiring of mostly female personnel for work in familial settings is an alternative to provision in institutional settings, and has different implications for the State’s role in measures that defamilialize or commercialize care, since paid domestic work is not usually included in policies for reconciling paid work and family responsibilities. Paternity leaves came later and were created to encourage men to use parental leave.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	b30df9b74a61b875f66dccd60b4f9104	This helped reduce water consumption, water leaks, production costs, and increase collection rate. In Yerevan, Armenia, a metering programme reached more than 80% of connections. This has significantly driven down consumption, which is now in line with Western Europe averages. Yet the problem of how to accurately meter water use in multifamily houses/ apartment blocks persists.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b311ed48325992f7ab5e7a2681d1e1b2	It is a mechanism, for example, to keep trainers up to speed with the skill demands of employers in their locality. To take full advantage of such successes, there need to be mechanisms for scaling them up to the state level. At a minimum, this includes a carefully designed communications strategy for identifying successes and bringing them to the attention of influential stakeholders.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	b312c98ecf05f9cfb3df6c199e682094	This sector-led approach to school improvement was of benefit not only to the recipient schools but also to home schools since the partnership relationships created an enhanced environment for reflection on school effectiveness. However, as Baars et al. ( In particular, local and national leaders of education as consultant leaders needed very careful selection, training and quality assurance, as there is no guarantee that a good principal will make for a good consultant leader.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	b3135d258be89328dd4119fad3e2698b	Using a log-linear Taylor expansion of the multilateral resistance expression defined by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003), Baier and Bergstrand (2009) express the multilateral resistance by using the GDP-share-weighted average trade costs faced by the two hading partners relative to the GDP-share-weighted average of those trade costs between all the other countries. The MR term is thus a linear approximation of the MR between countries that allows capturing bilateral trade costs, such as distance or border, between countries relative to those of the rest of the world. This allows us, without introducing fixed effects, to identify the impact of each country-specific constraint on trade.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	b31709df1c04513a38eca65adb172c3d	Also, the vast majority of programmes target women in male-headed households as direct beneficiaries.14 As a result, it is often claimed that such programmes have an empowering effect on women based on the assumption that, as the main recipients of the transfers, women gain greater control over financial resources. Nevertheless, available evidence on empowerment outcomes is far from conclusive (de la O Campos, 2015). This is, in part, because outcomes are shaped not only by women's roles within the household and society, but also by existing gender inequalities in knowledge, skills, influence and ownership and control of resources. Similar results were seen in Ethiopia, where female- and male-headed households who were beneficiaries of the PSNP had markedly different spending patterns following the transfers.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	b319acd7d185fbd44e3794f92bd50355	The expansion in consumption has been driven not only by increased production, but also by other factors, including reduced wastage. In 2015, fish accounted for about 17 percent of animal protein consumed by the global population. Moreover, fish provided about 3.2 billion people with almost 20 percent of their average per capita intake of animal protein.	14	1	7	0.75
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	b31c3f024cd31bf1cee88f1f6ed58a0e	Therefore, multiple indicators besides money-metric income and expenditure measures are needed to capture the scale and dimensions of poverty. While monetary poverty might affect just a minority, only a few might escape poverty in any form. Shifting the line up or down could make a dramatic difference with respect to the estimated incidence of monetary poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	b31e46484996437771ed66f8aef69217	An association of wheat growers, the United Wheat Growers, collects a compulsory levy on all wheat sold by producers. This levy is determined annually and is used exclusively for disaster relief insurance and the administrative costs of this insurance. The contract is standard for all wheat producers and covers multiple natural disasters (in this specific scheme it includes flooding), certain mechanical accidents, and physical loss of grain in silos or transit.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	b322225322a3ce56997ca0113ec9165b	The country's capacity to collect taxes also needs to be improved in view of persistent revenue shortfalls in recent years. For the purpose of development, what matters is where and how the deficit is being spent. Is it, for instance, being spent for enhancing human, physical or social capital that would improve productivity and hence economic growth? If that is the case, then public debt, even though it rises in the short term, would be sustainable.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	b32291134cd927e94c5647a79643a4e2	Numerous proposals have been made including more research produced in the classroom or starting from practice (e.g. action research, design-based research), as well as making research on education more relevant and accessible for practice and so on (Cordingley, 2008(55]; Hiebert, Gallimore and Stigler, 2002[igj; OECD, 2007(56]). The discussion also extends to how to make educational evidence cumulative (Goldacre, 2013(2oj; Hargreaves, 1996[i7]). Systems/schools required to use the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers in identifying highly skilled teachers to supervise professional experience, and work with higher education providers to ensure rigorous, iterative and agreed assessment of preservice teachers.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	b3249b86e4cd1881968109d28ab49ecf	To assess the safety of a wider range of sources, a growing number of household surveys are beginning to integrate direct testing of drinking water quality.98 It is important that these surveys go beyond water quality assessments and include questions to assess the collection burden for households without water on premises. Yet, 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity and more than 3 billion rely on combustible fuels such as coal, kerosene and biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung) as their primary source for cooking, lighting and other household energy needs. They risk being subject to violence on the way and face long-term health problems related to the impact of indoor air pollution and the heavy load on their bodies. Households in Northern Africa and Western Asia generally show the lowest reliance on solid fuels, at 12.4 per cent.	5	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-5-en	b32608c3e10a49e4aef35e2df892cc07	Since the 1980s, the Nordic countries have implemented a variety of different types of measures aimed at improving the gender balance in academia. Gender equality measures have been implemented within the education and research sectors, in national research councils, and at universities, university colleges and independent research institutes. These measures have focused on improving the gender balance in specific subject areas, position categories and institutions or in academia and the research sector in general. First, statistics on education and research in the Nordic region have been broken down by gender since the 1980s - and even earlier in some countries - which has been crucial for developing adequate data on the gender equality measures in academia.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	b326ca51ff6149cbfedc8937f2a14a21	The relatively weak productivity growth in much of the developing world outside of Asia is one key factor explaining the persistence of working poverty.” Agriculture is still a significant part of the economy but services dominate greatly over industry, which is the least intense sector. Five of the countries have large agriculture sectors, accounting for over 50% of employment: Cambodia (72.2% in 2008), India (51.1% in 2010), Myanmar (62.7% in 1998), Nepal (76.1% in 2001) and Viet Nam (51.7% in 2006). Large declines in agricultural employment were experienced in Viet Nam (-13.6% from 2000-2006), China (-10.4% from 2000-2008) and Mongolia (-8.6% from 2000-2009).	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264276116-3-en	b328a7fd06f9d7df7d9d6729fc0552e5	"However, to ensure that children can access ECEC services is not enough; positive results for children can only be achieved if the level of quality of these services is high. Otherwise, children may even be harmed by low quality care and education. For instance, when world leaders in 2015 defined the global ambitions for the next 15 years by adopting 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the United Nations Summit in New York, they first considered ""Education"" as a cornerstone of the sustainable development agenda."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	b32928682fd6b15f835fe0204f64378f	The principal step consists of preparatory reading and Swedish classes (26 weeks) as well as interning at a school. Students either participate in SFI or “Yrkessvenska”, which is a course in vocational Swedish (Arbetsfdrmedlingen,(n.d.)[i52i). A customised pathway to certification is also offered based on the opinion of the Swedish Council for Higher Education ([Universitets- och hogskoleradet) and the National Agency for Education {Skolverket).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	b32ab15c4f5f55a37d59bde2140587c9	It also recognizes the land rights of children and youth {see also case study 2 on Namibia). To a lesser extent, women may also gain access through government or other social programmes (for example, via land reform), or through access to markets. This means that many types of laws will be relevant to the protection of women's land rights, including marriage and family law (which addresses issues of marital property, inheritance and divorce) as well as land law (which may address issues of land reform),and personal status lawand property law.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/11e28764-en	b3370a3949df04566d6111b11ddb08a3	For example, in Uganda female farm owners reported higher manure use than males while the reverse was true in Nigeria and Ethiopia (Peterman et al. There are numerous examples of farmers having converted from chemical-intensive farming to agroecology, with resulting improvement in food security and sovereignty for both genders (FAO and PAN 2015, Watts and Williamson 2015, De Schutter 2014). This could partly result from increased household income, but more importantly it derives from increased crop diversity, which provides a wider range of food over a longer part of the year.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	b337e29bad8109683164c5a89a84ec88	Hence, perceptions of distributive inequality correlate to a lack of confidence in political institutions. Nonetheless, and even if this correlation points to a situation that might become complex in times of economic crisis, such as the outbreak of social unrest in Argentina during the 2001 and 2002 collapses (see box 1.7), this analysis does not provide direct proof of the relationship between perceptions of injustice in income distribution and opinions that institutions are run so as to benefit only the few (in this case, members of the elites). The percentage of respondents who believe that their country is governed by a few powerful individuals for their own benefit is higher among those who also believe that income distribution in their country is unfair or very unfair.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	b337f99b5c860e809e37844dafcca76a	As we wrote (Stiglitz and Charlton 2006), Aid forTrade had the potential to complement trade liberalisation and increase the ability of developing countries to take advantage of market access opportunities delivered through multilateral trade negotiations. After all, the concept of aid programmes focused on trade was not new. The International Trade Information Centre was established in 1964 under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to provide trade-related assistance.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	b33866960922dc0de7bdeb3a763c4c31	Similarly, Adelaide’s demand has diminished following the construction of a desalination plant with the capacity to supply 100 GL per annum. In total about 2% of consumptive water in the MDB would meet current urban demand. The volume of water required to meet domestic demand is very small and has not resulted in major trade-offs between cities and agriculture.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	b33a4b23e4371f9c035eb1c34309862c	In this case, the differences in funding between male and female-founded companies may simply reflect the gender gap in characteristics positively associated with start-up success - such as STEM education. Thus, the gender gap in the financing stage may actually arise from the education system, the labour market or some deeper social institutions - also called in the literature statistical discrimination - rather than investor taste-based discrimination. The objective is to identify if, where and how policy action to “level the playing field” may be desirable and effective.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	b33aa325b3755550f2406297184b8c9f	Using surface water for drinking water supply requires long and expensive means of transmission to reach communities located in the centre of the country. Therefore, aquifers with good quality and quantity are already heavily exploited. Eight per cent of total water abstracted was lost during transportation.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-28-en	b33baf59903f54758c592b297c9e2f51	The government sets annual objectives in a Statement of Intent for its central education agencies, and the Ministry of Education develops a national policy framework. Funding aims to support free schooling, and, while tertiary study involves cost to the student, significant financial support is available. Moreover, Maori and Pasifika students represent more than one-third of the student population, and diversity of the student population is increasing, while they face lower outcomes and may be less likely to complete their secondary education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	b33c0adc2d6b51e7e9fb3c49812ec13a	According to Noronha (2005), the literature does not reflect any consensus as to the best approach to use in order to classify self-evaluations of health status. The indicator of deaths of live-born children is an indirect measurement of premature death and general health standards. In addition to being important in and of itself, education is a vehicle for training as defined in the capability approach in that it facilitates the exercise of agency in a series of functionings, such as being in good health, having a decent job, exercising citizenship, appreciating works of art and cultural events, etc.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	b33d10391f5c2da500dd73db094b5de7	These external effects can in turn become limiting factors to the further development of the groundwater resource (Alley, 2007). Energy subsidies to agriculture have significantly lowered the costs of extracting groundwater in a number of OECD countries and India. The stress from droughts and floods threatens their security even further. Flood, storm and drought disasters have implications for health, the environment and economic development.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	b33ffc4677f88f9d40515ccc8d92c729	Furthermore, consideration should be given to how a country or region is connected to global value chains. Given the cross-border nature of trade policy and regulations, regional solutions are often essential. Increasingly, these evaluations are part of broader growth and poverty alleviation programmes.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	b341afcb1232149937da499b83fe3fa5	Finally, in 2006, Bechtel settled for a token amount in the wake of an international campaign against the company. The ICESCR recognizes that a country has obligations with regard to the realization of economic and social rights beyond its borders.137 However, it does not define how this obligation is to be interpreted or applied and, as a result, 'international assistance' is often interpreted narrowly as the obligation of high-income countries to provide ODA to poor countries. However, whether ODA contributes to the realization of rights varies depending on how it is used.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264259089-8-en	b34301095f0bf9b89e159b6acfa47b15	The underlying rationale for the strategies during this period was to achieve cohesion with Europe. The strategies took account of the national context, and recognised critical weaknesses of the innovation system. However, the institutional capacity to build up the evidence base for strategy development was weak at the time. Policies were developed top-down, involving little stakeholder consultation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	b346295c299ff901f66eb42b46e603fb	Another bill, Proyecto de ley sobre partidos politicos, introduces quotas for women. It provides that for internal party elections candidates must respect gender balance where no sex should be represented in more than 60%. It also proposes mandatory participation of women in party relevant directives in order to achieve gender parity.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ae3ea1a6-en	b349ce02128583f027720f615dcbff3e	While domestic wheat consumption in the Mashreq countries is slightly lower, it is still relatively high, hovering around 120-150 kg/person/year. On the other hand, low-income Arab countries, including Somalia and Sudan, have lower consumption levels, similar to those of other developing countries, owing largely to supply constraints (production and import) and to a culture that is not as entrenched towards wheat-based food products. However, during these four decades, two distinct time periods can be observed.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	b34ae44b09cde9b7e52cf0941ed49e74	In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, for example, employment in the care sector accounts for more than 8% of total employment (9.2%, 8.5% and 8.3%, respectively in 2010). At the other extreme, in 6 of the 14 countries analysed (Honduras, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, El Salvador and Nicaragua) the sector represents less than 5% of total employment (see figure III. On average, 5% of all care workers are domestic workers; 1.7% work in other care-related occupations, [no queda claro por que no suma 100%] This breakdown is a major factor in defining this group of workers.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e569c117-en	b34c068813785e873d0bd88fc8ff9013	In 2009 the monthly grant amounts to R240, equivalent to approximately US$21. This contrasts with the figure of 1.9 million children who were de facto in receipt of the grant in 2003. Assuming that all those who are eligible (under the age of 7) register for the child grant, household poverty would fall to 28.9 per cent. Even more strikingly, poverty among children (under 7) falls from 42.7 per cent to 34.3 per cent and ultra-poverty from 13.1 per cent to 4.2 per cent.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/b7b9f17d-en	b34e390af1b6c8177ea80f7bc99b2108	The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. This paper aims to inspire and guide RFMO secretariats and member countries in how to focus their effort and investment to step up the contribution of RFMOs to the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	b34e6064bec3a3a7154c208c82950ddd	The fiscal stance remains viable, with a manageable overall balance deficit equal to 2.9% of GDP (3.7% in 2014). By the end of 2015, official foreign-exchange reserves had remained comfortable at an estimated US dollar (USD) 809 million, or 6.8% of non-extractive imports (5.5 months of imports), against USD 639.1 million in 2014, or 4.7 months of imports. The tertiary sector’s share of GDP continued growing to reach 44.8%, its highest ever.	11	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	b353d05b9b787fd9d007521220be706b	It has two tariff-rate quotas (TRQ) commitments: a rice TRQ of 70 000 tonnes at an inquota tariff rate of 90%; and a milk and cream TRQ of 414 700 tonnes at an in-quota tariff rate of 40%. In practice these TRQs have not been implemented because the MFN applied tariff rates for these products have been lower than the bound in-quota rates. Similarly, while Indonesia’s schedule allows the government to dispose of surplus rice stocks using export subsidies - bound at ceiling amounts of USD 28.3 million and 299 750 tonnes in 1995, declining to USD 21.5 million and 257 785 tonnes by 2004 - it has not subsidised exports of rice since the implementation of the URAA. In terms of domestic support, Indonesia did not take an aggregate measure of support to agriculture (AMS) commitment.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264169142-en	b355c4ecb61dc6986027159d04f188b6	In addition, Akilagpa Sawyerr (former Secretary-General of the Association of African Universities) participated in the review visit. Further details about the review team can be found in Annex 1 of this report.). Although dependent on natural resources, it has one of the most diversified economies in Africa.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	b355e78b12add1847a125d44272c9702	Further analysis of similar initiatives might help governments learn from the experience of other countries. The private rental market also plays an increasingly important role in the provision of affordable housing; this is likely to continue as housing support shifts from social rental housing to housing allowances. Policies to support housing affordability through the private rental market are therefore becoming more prominent.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	b355f25b764970e81a651e4f5173b81b	Only very few countries, however, link appraisal results to financial rewards and/or sanctions. In various states and territories in Australia and France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3) school principals and deputy principals may receive a permanent salary increment as a reward for outstanding performance. In France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3), the exceptional performance of school principals and deputy school principals may also be rewarded with a one-off financial bonus. In Chile (Performance Appraisal), outstanding school leaders may receive a salary increment for a fixed period of time.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	b359c1dfba173eee58c61ddc9fba7480	Industrial processes will continue to produce waste heat and cold, as will infrastructure. Much of it could be reused in buildings nearby according to the strategy. The package includes goals and proposed measures for increasing renewable energy in heating and cooling sectors as well as proposals for improving energy efficiency in the heating and cooling.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	b35b5c6de14633c1248fd854829b914c	Although it is difficult to measure, the difference in the health care system between rural and urban areas accounted for much of rural-urban disparities. Under the auspices of the New Co-operative Medical System (NCMS), the government instituted a new system of risk-pooling for China’s vast rural population. The NCMS includes three features that distinguish it from the Rural Co-operative Medical System: joint responsibility for financing; local responsibility for many aspects of programme design, implementation, and management; and voluntary participation.	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	b35f9fdd8f1c6eb119f7f63f15218888	In this context, there are at least two channels through which the contribution of the extractive industries to the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs could be strengthened. First is the reduction of emission intensity in mining operations by increasing their use of renewable energy and improving their energy efficiency. Second is strengthening the contribution of the mining industry to sustainable development. Energy typically represents 30 to 35 per cent of total mining operational costs (Zharan and Bongaerts, 2018).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	b3649c4da6ebd658ed0fa6ccf498a97a	"While schools should always give priority to individuals with “required” or ""acceptable"" qualifications, they may exceptionally (e.g. in a situation of teacher shortage) appoint an individual with “other” qualifications (Eurydice, 2015). While teachers are employed by the school boards, they are paid by the Flemish Government and their employment conditions, including pensions, are defined within the public service framework (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training, 2015). There are three stages in the contractual status of teachers: i) temporary appointment of definite duration, ii) temporary appointment of continuous duration (i.e. automatically renewed if the respective school is funded the associated teaching hours), and iii) permanent employment."	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	b3649d738dfc80f86449be9c44ea37a2	As the OECD project on school leadership suggested, career development prospects as well as salary scales for school leaders that are separate from teachers’ salary scales and that reflect leadership structures and school-level factors may help attract high performing leaders to all schools (Pont et al., Using appraisal results to inform career advancement may help make appraisal for accountability more effective and meaningful. It is, however, important to bear in mind that research on the effects of such systems that tie appraisal to career advancement is scarce. This requires reliable indicators and clear appraisal aspects and criteria, training for evaluators and due consideration for the context in which a school leader works. Depending on the country context, this refers to concepts such as the school principal in Australia, Canada and the United States or the headteacher in the United Kingdom and Ireland.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	b3655ccfed137ff438a490969a4a14ff	The 2007 Water Services Act consolidated earlier legislation and updated standards of public health and environmental protection in the area of water services provision. Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), which Ireland transposed in 2003, has enhanced co-operation among local authorities within specified river basin district regarding preparation of river basin plans. Adoption of the Water Services Act, which deals comprehensively with the needs of the industry, is a major step in the right direction. However, much of Ireland’s water-related legislation is in the form of regulations under a variety of laws, including the European Communities Act, the Local Government (Water Pollution) Act, the Environmental Protection Agency Act and the Waste Management Act.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	b36566d9ff1459ccce8ea7a6db67ed88	At the same time, structural transformation is critical to economically sustainable growth and rising incomes. Together, structural transformation and rising incomes provide the means of overcoming one of the key constraints to development of the electricity sector — the inadequacy of demand. Rising household incomes increase domestic demand; and structural transformation leads to expanding demand for productive uses.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	b365681171aa98a0f6edef167bf3275e	The findings show that students in Albania, Algeria, Canada, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Georgia, Indonesia, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Mexico, Moldova, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”), Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States experience EBST more frequently. All of these countries have an average on the index which is more than 0.25 of a standard deviation higher than the OECD average. In contrast, Austria, Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China) (hereafter “B-S-J-G [China]”), Finland, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain and Chinese Taipei are among the countries with limited reliance on EBST. In fact, in 27 countries EBST is more frequently experienced by students in disadvantaged schools (i.e. schools in the bottom 25% of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status [ESCS]) compared with students in the top quarter of ESCS.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	b365965b1e383c871407cd60dfe479f8	To date, none has accomplished its goal in a sustainable manner. The large disparity among Arab countries in terms of GDP has led to different measures taken to achieve food security, with high-income economies such as the GCC countries relying on their oil remittance to import food, while poor countries such as LDCs partially depending on foreign investments and food aid programmes. Realizing the importance of regional cooperation to improve the agricultural sector, and thus livelihood of the Arab population, LAS has taken many initiatives during the past five decades aimed at achieving that goal. Footnote (12 September 2013), available from http://footnoteLcom/did-drouaht-trieser-the-crisis-in-svria/ (accessed 30 March 2015).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	b367abb0e3bc5b5e078ec20ba63f0a52	These goals, established for the next 15 years, are rightly ambitious with full support of the Commonwealth. However, this should not obscure the scale of the challenges ahead. Urgent actions are required to advance this development agenda. Sustainable Development Goal 14 urges the international community to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources”. This points to a pressing need for the international community to address the issue of the conservation and the rebuilding of global fish stocks that have been so quickly depleted as a result of the industrialisation of the fisheries sector to date.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	b368ef7b3e5b35258db7abaf2c18d1c6	It operates 16 regional branches, which have some autonomy, as, for example, in the tendering process for health-care services. Since 2008, the list has been broadened to include highly specialised procedures, which were previously financed directly from the general government budget. Most primary care, independent of ownership status, is still covered by public health insurance.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264085398-en	b369961ae9233d7ad9d07c174f6ff12b	Although the polarised education pattern of foreign-bom employment remained, a vast improvement in educational levels can be observed in 2011 particularly among young South African-bom workers. The share of tertiary educated youth almost tripled to 5.7%, while those with a primary education or less halved to 9.6%. While black foreign-born workers are still overrepresented among lower education groups compared to all other foreign-born workers, the share of these workers with a secondary or higher level of education has grown much more than for all other foreign-bom workers. The same trend is visible among the South African-bom population, suggesting that education levels among the entire black labour force rose substantially between 2001 and 2011, compared to the rest of the labour force.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b36b47e305f10a473a8316e7f9da68ee	Issues of market organisation are thus important in determining the relative competitiveness of different fuels. They can also drive a wedge between the private and the social benefits and costs of different fuels. Abstracting for the moment from small amounts of emission during construction, nuclear-based electricity production is carbon-free during operations.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	b36c5a690586d2cc993ace1a24d426df	While the federal government began to incorporate housing quality and liveability concerns in its policies and programmes prior to 2013 - notably in terms of improved construction materials, the elaboration of a Certified Development initiative (Desarrollos Certificados; formerly Desarrolios Urbanos Integrates Sustentables [DUIS]), and incentives for green building - housing policy objectives meanwhile remained quantitative and focused on furnishing individual houses with basic equipment (e.g. piped water, drainage). As will be seen, programmes like DUIS (and now Desarrollos Certificados) in many cases paid insufficient attention to housing location and access to urban services and infrastructure (see Box 2.6). In a review of housing policies in Latin America focusing on the experiences of Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, Rojas (2014) finds that housing policies throughout the region have lacked a place-based approach and have been poorly co-ordinated with other policy domains affecting urban development (e.g. economic development, transport, etc.).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	b36c5aef6fa1c8298cbf43d8d60ba0c4	Constraints may be imposed by institutions in the public domain as a result of active discrimination, unconscious bias or lack of knowledge. Institutions are bearers of gender-specific constraints when their principal actors reflect and reinforce, consciously or unconsciously, discriminatory norms and values which impose restrictions on womens choices. There are many examples of institutionally imposed gender constraints.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	b36f1ed507530342760a58bf54cda9eb	It represents a safety cushion for the company’s creditors, as w'ell as a skilled resource for the company itself. Each new' partner can add key strategic contributions. Its profits increase its equity whereas its losses decrease it. If losses become too large, the equity of the enterprise can turn negative. Such a situation is dangerous for the business because its stable jobs are no longer backed by stable resources. Selling the assets at their balance sheet value will not be enough to repay the debt.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	b36f7ceedd282c29d92a464a0b0c9c82	These figures are elevated because in high technology sectors, it is often the presence of scalable IP and related intangible assets that prompts the acquisition activity. In addition, such purchases are sometimes motivated by a perceived need to ensure that control over the technology does not pass to a competitor. If direct costs are incurred when providing a product or service (as is usually the case), and if there is a delay between producing and supplying goods and receiving payment for them, additional working capital may be need to be obtained from external sources.	8	3	1	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	b370f5860c3dfd56bbd54e47d97d54ab	Rapidly growing Asian economies are expected to account for the greatest share of additional consumption, while saturated levels of per capita food consumption and declining population growth rates result in much slower consumption growth from regions like North America and Europe. Substantial population growth in Africa will drive significant increases in total consumption, however per capita consumption growth in the region remains marginal. Consumption trends also tend toward processed and prepared foods, widening the spread between farm gate and retail prices of food items. Expansion of the livestock sector alters the demand for crops, resulting in a declining share of pure food crops, in favour of crops like coarse grains and oilseeds which are also used to feed livestock.	2	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	b372c0dcf313d6822c17ae0977768879	To this end, all national universities and other associated research institutions (including those focusing on electronic engineering, industrial engineering, IT, medicine, law and economics) with an interest in the work of ITU were invited to participate. More specifically, ENACOM is involved in SDGs 1,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,13,16 and 17 as it promotes and seeks to ensure healthy, sustainable and secure lifestyles in all social domains, including learning, business, science, environment, agriculture, government, etc., Among other benefits, it enables the government to grant nanocredits and focus subsidies. The E-money system, managed by the Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), is a payment method that allows citizens to make secure and reliable online transactions, using cellphones, without the need for Internet access or a bank account.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	b3742e100b3e29953fdd8b2d51715241	While the HS can capture most renewables, the ubiquitous nature of some goods and their component parts means that the dual use problem will remain over and above what could be sorted out by introducing greater specificity in the HS tariff codes. As for GHG-efficient goods or goods produced in a GHG-efficient way, there are simply no HS codes to match. Moreover, climate or energy efficiency include fast evolving technologies, hence the identification of such goods in a closed list is a moving target. The inclusion of goods derived from GHG-efficient process and production methods (PPMs) is especially problematic as it may dramatically increase the scope for protectionist measures.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	b378f428732a600ccf2852fb3c933ea4	It will be negative if the change in the effect of households characteristics is such that for children with same characteristics and same position in the income distribution, their income decreased. Regression coefficients then reflect the effect of characteristics on the conditional quantile but cannot be read as the unconditional effects, in which case the interpretation is limited (unless one estimates quantiles regressions for all quantiles). It turns then that one needs to know the entire conditional distribution of the outcome Y in each group g given X to compute the group-specific quantiles.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	b37a72e51f2bc01aabfe3afdff0f394f	The existing potential of low-cost demand response for large users running capital intensive factories or industrial facilities must be assessed and the pace of development of smart grids remains uncertain. Large balancing areas and geographic diversity of wind resources can help to optimise the balancing costs. Improving the design of electricity markets is another important lever to control these costs. In several US markets and in Australia, sub-hourly energy markets are integrated and co-optimised with ancillary services markets.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	b37ad0842c0106e9eb7dafef55e28021	Yet remaining in school is often challenging for excluded children, especially poor rural girls. Poorer families may choose to pay school fees only for boys, or marry girls off at a young age so that they become someone else’s responsibility. Many girls still leave school to perform household labour.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	b37ebea1de15041252064b8018110288	At sea, most oil is used by the fishing fleet, while on land oil is used to produce electricity and heat, and for transport. According to the National Statistical Authority of the Faroe Islands the major part of the oil is related to fisheries as the fishing fleet consumes 44.4% of the oil while other vessels consume another 3.5% while 10.6% is related to other types of transport. Households, public institutions, retail and service businesses and industry together consume 28.4%.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b37f9c3f48ed791c7d145a68d5cd3221	For example, in the case of MAGNET, academy partners are granted 66%, 80% or 90% according to the chosen route (there are four routes: Consortium, Association, MAGNETON, NOFAR) with the balance born by industrial companies. Nonetheless, the Technion, the Proteomics centre, the Israeli Institute for R&D in food technology and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute have received substantial support from MOITAL. The Ministry of Science and Technology has also initiated the establishment of new knowledge centres, some of in the Galilee for example the MIGAL Galilee Technology Centre.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	b381ad5b96d2a8d65ce41c7155f8ac68	On the side of Lake Saimaa, there is a moderate impact due to diluted wastewaters from pulp and paper industry, which pass through the locks to the canal. A salt storage (NaCI) is situated on the shore of the canal causing, adding to the salt water load. Thanks to water protection acts that relate to pulp and paper industry, the quality of the water has been improving since the mid-1990s.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b381f316f7411232f638c14591cc8f41	Whilst there is an expectation that new green jobs will be created as “brown” jobs go, this is often overstated. It is more likely that existing jobs evolve into “greener jobs” and existing skills sets become greener. In certain circumstances occupations may require more specific “green” skills sets but these are likely to be either top-up skills that enhance existing competencies but applied to new green technologies or ways of working, or more specific skills linked to emerging sub-sectors or fields.57 Table 7 provides an example of categorisation of green occupations in a selection of countries.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b3823dbcfcfd01ee3279b01bdef1af2d	The decline of traditional utilities based on dispatchable generation assets can thus degrade the security of electricity supply. Of course, countervailing measures such as capacity mechanisms or long-term support for dispatchable assets, in particular if they are low-carbon such as hydro or nuclear, can internalise any newly arising external effects. This holds, in particular, for baseload producers such as nuclear which rely on high load factors and predictable prices in order to recoup their high fixed costs.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	b383a9976f7643e96b05ff7f207c1ff0	From 1990 to 2015, more than 1 billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty. Achieving SDG 1, however, will nonetheless not be easy. Over 700 million people continue to battle extreme poverty, living on less than $1.90 per day. The world population continues to grow. Poverty eradication efforts will demand we reach communities alienated within current development pathways because they lack productive capacities, live in remote areas without access to services or face discrimination. Many people who escape income poverty may remain relatively poor in their local context or face deprivations in health, education and shelter.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b383d4ef3505558e771ba79114213574	As for other catastrophic risks, insurers must charge a premium that may be several times higher than the annual expected losses in order to meet their solvency constraints. In addition, some of the potential losses are not insurable or difficult to be covered by insurance (to date). Insurers are reluctant in particular to provide coverage for loss of life or personal injury occurring between ten and thirty years after the nuclear accident occurred, while only some would refuse full coverage for costs of measures of reinstatement for impaired environment or for cost of preventive measures. Beyond a certain level, the state is the sole entity able to bear the accident risk, and socialisation of such residual risk is the most efficient economic solution. As seen in this chapter, any estimate of the expected frequency and costs from a severe nuclear accident is extremely challenging and highly controversial. The major difficulty would therefore be to provide a valid estimate of the risk from a nuclear accident and of the residual risk that is borne by the state.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	b383f7aee1c1a4a235e22161757f0b82	They do not add up to recipes of success but highlight some of the promising strategies and initiatives being tried in different countries. On this basis, the following two chapters analyse more closely the nature of innovation, implementation and change in 21st century learning systems, first (Chapter 4) at the meso level and then (Chapter 5) at the wider meta level. Whereas the “innovative cases” ILE strand had looked at particular learning environments, in this final strand, the horizon was broadened from individual examples towards change strategies that necessarily involve several, even many, different sites.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b3842efbaccb05bc09fd7c1fc1f70dc6	Local communities need to be involved, not just nationally organised groups; crashes occur on local roads and local discussion will help establish the most effective response. In the end, based on public feedback, the less stringent approach was adopted on the grounds that maintaining community support for effective implementation was vital. A focus on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current will determine the next steps along the safe system path.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	b38836a4d1f2d055e2bdff2c8be1ccbd	Though at the start of the programme net enrolment rates were already high (around 90 per cent), there was great variation within the country and the high rates of enrolment lead to a loss in efficiency. This figure dropped to an average of 400 thousand during the last 5 years due to financial constraints and the consequence of the food crisis. Targeting has changed over time, from national coverage to a selection of the most vulnerable areas of the country, coinciding with a WFP refocus of school feeding towards districts with lower levels of access to education, rather than to the most food insecure areas.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	b3889faddff2660a23eaf22ce23cc32b	Schools are also expected to promote good mental health for students, and remain alert to mental health concerns; NICE Public Health recommendation 12 (NICE, 2008), for example, offers guidelines on social and emotional well-being in primary education, stating that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems. They should be able to discuss the problems with parents and carers and develop a plan to deal with them, involving specialists where needed”. The Targeted Mental Health in Schools (TaMHS) initiative, which ran between 2008 and 2011, was backed with GBP 60 million of funding from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. The programme aimed to tackle emotional and mental health support delivery in schools for children aged 5 to 13, and was found to have had mixed results at the end of the three-year programme.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	b388e0ef5543cd7a41d0980fc5f72f54	April and May 2014 saw record rain (over 420 mm) in the northern part of the country, which caused disastrous floods in the catchment area of the Vrbas and Bosna Rivers, as well as in the area of Semberija. These extreme climate and weather episodes have caused substantial material and financial deficits, as well as casualties. In the same time series, trends in annual temperatures on all analysed stations are statistically significant, while the changes are more pronounced in the continental part of the country. However, increases in air temperature over the last 14 years are even more pronounced. The increase in temperature, in addition to increases in GHG emissions, is caused by a more pronounced effect of the urban heat island. Differences between the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 1981-2010 range from 1.9°C in Sarajevo to 0.8°C in Tuzla.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	b38b29faf010689923f17ebeadc1707a	Consider on the other hand the undesirability of decisions made through late night negotiations or behind-the-scene lobbying of special interests. This has ex ante and ex post elements. At a time a decision is made, it must be justified, so that the responsibilities in decision-making are clearly identified.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	b38d8206be893bfafb3448c31c954541	It is collected by water agencies within each hydrographic basin. The charge builds on a characterisation of water resources as regards availability: Category 1 and Category 2 resources are those situated respectively inside and outside Water Apportionment Areas (ZREs in French, for Zones de Repartition des Eaux), which are zones characterised by a chronic w'ater deficit. The spatial distinction between Category 1 and Category 2 resources reflects the higher opportunity cost in ZREs where there is a serious imbalance between water demand and water availability.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	b38e26088555423fa106112acaf06265	More importantly, when feedback is given through the details of the correct answer, students learn more than when they are just told whether their answer is correct or not (effect size: 0.58). Fuchs and Fuchs (1986) conducted a meta-analysis of 21 different reports on the use of the feedback to and by teachers, with frequencies of between 2 and 5 times per week. The mean effect size on achievement between experimental and control groups was 0.70 standard deviations.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	b38e4a176e9364e76b54a1103c9a1797	The corporate tax rate is a graduated system from 18% to 30% and books are required. This particular provision is criticised for two reasons: i) it creates a system where micro- and small enterprises accept the practice of not keeping books; and ii) the progressively higher taxation rate for corporate enterprises is a disincentive for natural person enterprises to become incorporated. The unintended effect of these rules may be to actually discourage the growth of micro- and small enterprises by providing incentives for them to remain small, as mentioned in Chapter 2.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	b38e678ad4ec4fcdfe9c3559c670485f	For this reason there are several documents that combine and constitute the national strategies, and the most important elements are the white paper on forest policy (LMD 1999), the Forestry Act (LMD 2005), Regulation on sustainable forestry (LMD 2006) the annual national budget, the forest policy instruments and the Living Forests (now PEFC Norway) processes. However, implementation using these elements and strategies in a formal way have probably discriminated social values connected to recreation and tourism. However, these statistics are about the general situation and development in Norway, and not specific for forest areas. Statistics Norway collects data concerning several governmental indicators within the field of recreation and tourism.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	b390b552afc50fee61fef3a40fa41ec9	This also entails giving difficult cases sufficient resources and conserving resources in cases where their use would be sub-optimal. Furthermore, changes in payment systems could have long-term consequences for technology use, medical practices and costs over time (McClellan, 2011). They have, however, not been effective in avoiding unnecessary referrals and offering definitive care. Between 1990 and 2008, the number of non-diagnostic referrals to outpatient specialist care increased by more than four times, while the number of patients referred to inpatient care per physician increased by almost 80% (Gaal et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	b395f90148ebf24b4fbaaf0a8188e2ef	The lowest tax rate for hydrous ethanol (12%) is charged in Sao Paulo State, the largest producer and consumer state, whereas the average country tax rate is 16%. For gasoline, the average country tax rate is about 25%. However, the scope of these measures remains relatively limited, providing relief only for the most efficient and least indebted groups in this sector.	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	b396a3e5b923eec1d0d8240cff116da1	Conversely, coal has played a relatively limited role in LDCs’ electricity generation mix, although its weight may expand somewhat as recently planned investments in new coal-based plants come online. As discussed in the next subsection, however, there is evidence of an acceleration of non-hydro renewable energy deployment in LDCs since 2014, and utility-scale plants currently under construction will increase their weight in the near future. At the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (COP22), the Climate Vulnerable Forum (including 24 LDCs5) pledged to achieve 100 per cent renewable energy by 2050. Thus, half of the 47 LDCs — including island LDCs dependent on fossil-fuel generation as well as others with a larger share of renewable energy — consider a transition to a low-carbon power sector a strategic long-term objective. Other LDCs, such as Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mozambique and Uganda, are also experimenting with the deployment of various renewable-based generation technologies.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	b396cbce3a7e9fdec43671a0fa69f1ff	The authors multiply estimates of crop water requirements by the amounts of crop and livestock products traded internationally to obtain estimates of “virtual water flows” between countries. The results largely reflect the underlying trade statistics. Major food exporting countries such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, and the United States are considered to be large exporters of virtual water, while major food importing countries such as China, Egypt, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom are considered to be large importers of virtual water. There is nothing inherently good or bad about importing or exporting virtual water.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a98da25-en	b397983172f5d111fe0ac20877e820f4	There are likely to be additional linkages and policies that will support sustainable macroeconomic development and growth while also promoting gender equality. First, employment (livelihood) improvement should be our central macroeconomic indicator (Nayyar 2012). Second, financing for gender equality in em ployment and other domains can be self-sustaining because of the feedback effects from gender equality to economy-wide well-being.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d100c303-en	b397a494639d9ac04c959a621389035b	Having fewer opportunities to be educated, healthy or nourished compared to their peers puts children at a disadvantage and limits their life chances. Data were not available for the Middle East and North Africa at the time of calculation. All estimates are based on purchasing power parity figures (current international $) extrapolated from the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) benchmark estimates.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/20a23d10-en	b397add0f235f5b3149bd9f506970232	Various kinds of ICTs help firms in all sectors to manage their resources more efficiently, access the information needed for better business decision-making, reduce the costs of business transactions and enhance their ability to bring their products and services to customers. Consequently, it is useful to consider ways to enhance business use of ICTs in the context of private sector development. To promote ICTs within firms, governments need to provide an enabling environment that is conducive to business use of ICTs.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	b39b5c4a1eff52c0012bb7fd93cb02a1	In this same year, more than half (57%) of special basic education schools were private-subsidised while 43% were public schools. There were only three private non-subsidised schools offering this modality of education (Ministry of Education, 2016). Close to two-thirds (65.8%) of students in special education basic schools attend private-subsidised schools, 34% attend municipal schools, and only 0.1% attend private non-subsidised schools (Ministry of Education, 2016). As shown in Figure 3.4, enrolment in special basic education increased significantly during the last decade, particularly in the private-subsidised sector, where it went from 15 790 students in 2004 to 26 249 students in 2015, a 66% increase (compared to a 11% increase in public schools) (Ministry of Education, 2016). Only 2.2% correspond to students with visual or hearing impairments. The proportion of students with autism is twice as large in private-subsidised schools (5.0%) as in municipal schools (2.6%).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	b39efdd6e6bb1f9b3fa281e4598c5003	Provide a legal and tax framework that helps universities to attract foreign researchers. Ensure there is a clear legal basis for universities to establish non-profit foundations that can recruit, compensate, and support researchers. Use tax policy or other incentives to encourage business-university collaboration that supports the recruitment of international researchers, and work carried out to international standards, on the model of the Centre for Excellence in Finance and Research. However, it has not done so equitably.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/6e237bee-en	b3a0003919f6ad904d8b66acc0a73466	But changes in the ecological and institutional landscapes in Rajasthan marginalized the availability of grazing land, which largely affected their pastoral lifestyle and forced them to sell animals and take up low-paid labour in towns. Hence their knowledge is irrelevant and thus the changes in their livelihood led to the disappearance of valuable breeds and associated knowledge (Practical Action, 2009). For example, farmers in semi-arid parts of south Tamil Nadu use ploughs made of neem tree timber (Azadracta indica) as one of the integrated methods to control Cyperus, a notorious weed in cropped fields. Currently, ploughing is carried out using tractors and thus the traditional knowledge of using neem ploughs has become obsolete and its relevance is limited under the changing production practices. The cultural value placed on crop diversity and local selection techniques is also declining in many areas and the skills that contributed to evolution of landraces are slowly disappearing, as in the case of specific culture in the Philippines mentioned earlier. Changing socio-cultural practices make the knowledge irrelevant and reduce sharing and communication at the community level and into the next generation.	2	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	b3a2a073803809440cfacde49e389799	As a consequence, governments have made servicing the debt and combatting poverty and related deprivations higher priorities than protecting the environment. Indeed, the description of the economy above sought to highlight the endemic pattern of unfriendliness to the environment and the persistence of poverty. The challenge is to identify and tap ‘the opportunities for investment, growth and jobs’ (ibid, 16).	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	b3a48f6e896ccc2007bf432af05fb88c	The trend toward stricter entitlement requirements has, however, mostly stopped in the 2000s. Instead, reforms have tended to make it somewhat easier for people with shorter employment records to qualify for UI (Finland, France, United Kingdom). In the United State, entitlement conditions have remained unchanged.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	b3a55bf2e6e222172387f6033e665791	Negative effects on economic efficiency are mitigated by almost half when a governance body at the metropolitan level exists. In Mexico and in Morelos, funding for metropolitan areas is channelled from the federal government through this fund and is part of the national budget devoted to subsidising state and municipal action on urban development. The operational rules for the Metropolitan Fund require the creation of a Metropolitan Development Council (Cornejo para el Desarrollo Metropolitano, CDM) in order to receive funds (OECD, 2015b).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	b3a815fa9c95fccfd22b80692b60978c	While the guarantee of the loan was helpful in getting the private sector's initial involvement, the indirect training and capacity building rendered the initiative sustainable. The eagerness of non-participating local banks to participate in the next round of investments stands as a testimony that once trained and reassured about the expected energy savings of energy efficiency measures, private financiers are keen to partake in energy efficiency investments. Government buy-in was another key element in the success of the mechanism.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	b3aa9b06846727d011e9b7a3376ec4ee	Administrative consultation takes place on policies related to the physical environment within the framework of the Multi-annual Programme for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Transport (Meeijarenprogramma Infrastructuur, Ruimte en Transport, MIRT). There are also sub-councils of the cabinet (e.g. the Council for Economic Affairs, Infrastructure and Environment [De Raad voor Economische Zaken, Infrastructuur en Milieu]) that address innovation, scientific and research policy and are composed of representatives from higher and academic education institutions and the ministers most closely involved with these areas. By virtue of parliamentary procedure, the minister-president chairs these councils, w'hose members are ministers and state secretaries involved specifically in the policy areas of the councils.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264085398-en	b3ac3e914120f368ec747c0f76120430	It therefore addressed not only stakeholders in the ten partner countries, but equally policy makers and other interested parties in other low- and middle-income countries with mid-sized to large immigrant populations. What is the added value of the project? ( Leading migration researchers provided their perspectives on suitable methodologies at an international expert meeting that took place at the OECD in Paris on 23-24 February 2015.b Data constraints sometimes made it impossible to analyse all aspects in every partner country.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	b3aef86c7e78911c72fa79cb018724e8	Some aspects of this system were inherited from the pre-democratic era; however, the post-Apartheid state has been very active in reforming and adding to this system. There has been a rapid expansion in spending on social assistance over the last between 2000/01 and 2006/07. While spending on most budget items (e.g. education and health) have remained fairly constant in real terms, consolidated expenditure on welfare and social assistance has increased from R30.1 billion (3.2 per cent of GDP) in 2000/01 to R101.4 billion (4.4 per cent of GDP) in 2008/09 (National Treasury, 1998 and 2009).14 This is show'n in Figure 3.3 below'.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	b3b184f0974cfde7bbccabd67dfdefb5	Nevertheless, the potential gains from increased remote sharing of information could be significant. Nevertheless, there are now several publications highlighting lessons learnt in how to enhance adaptation actions, policies or implementation (e.g. Adaptation Committee, 2014b; LEG 2012b). Further, there is a wide and growing literature highlighting experience with vulnerability assessments, adaptation planning and implementation (e.g. UNFCCC, 2014c; USAID, 2014).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	b3b250936ec6156ecd4d168dca7df27c	If an offset fails, then the insurance pay-out may be used to improve biodiversity at the same or another site in order to meet the original biodiversity objectives (DEFRA, 2012). In Canada’s “Fisheries Productivity Investment Policy: A proponents guide to offsetting”, letters of credit are required on a case-by-case basis to ensure the completion of offset measures and offset site monitoring over time. Based on a developer’s estimated offset costs, the regulator may request financial surety to cover the direct costs of environmental restitution and any additional expenses that the regulator incurs in the event that the financial security is drawn upon.	15	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	b3b6733aab0736588c8e821419a6689c	Towards a Framework for Examining the Interrelationship Between Health and the Economy. Thesis, Department of Economics, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain, Trinidad. Available at: http://www.finance.gov.tt/documents/publications/pub2.pdf UNAIDS (2004a). A Study of the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP): Common Goals, Shared Responses, UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, December 2004.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0899dee9-en	b3b77ea1b841aea13dc10f8cc11d407a	The insufficient number of centres and trained teachers, poor remuneration and weak enforcement of standards are among the challenges acknowledged by education authorities.15 Alternatively, some countries arrange for family-based day-care facilities, as occurs in the Colombian Community Mothers programme. Latin America and the Caribbean will experience an increase of more than 70 percent, and Africa and Asia over 60 percent, in the number of older persons by 2030. An already older population puts this figure at 23 percent in Europe.24 In contrast, the demographic transition is at an early stage in most sul>Saharan African countries, so the share of the population over 60 years of age is still, and will continue to be, small. They also include basic income security throughout the lifecycle, including for persons with disabilities.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	b3b7f44b491f26da49c68990293951dd	In spite of the very low entry rate, the absolute number of entries is thus nearly 50% higher than the number of benefit leavers, which explains the steady rise in the rate of SA receipt in Luxembourg observed in Figure 5. As summarized in Table 8, the shares of individuals who enter benefits from one year to the next is generally low varying from 0.6% on average in Luxembourg to 2.7% in Germany. This compares to very high persistence rates: Even for Latvia, where individuals leave benefit receipt the quickest, an exit rate of 42.7% implies that over 57% of recipients remain in benefits from one year to the next.	1	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	b3b8e9753d59e1678a980ca656b7502c	The policy relevance of the virtual water metaphor will be greater where scarcity values (opportunity costs) are substantial. Using the virtual water metaphor in this context has enhanced the discussion of the relationship between water resources and food security. However, the policy relevance of virtual water is limited in some situations, and the policy recommendations that arise in discussions of virtual water often are not consistent with maximizing the value of limited resources.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	b3b9c243edaea7eb6ec8f3cc16256d0d	Programmes also contribute to improving household livelihoods and food availability by, for example, allowing investments in new productive assets, improving agricultural assets such as land and enhancing access to inputs or markets or credit. Programmes also contribute to improving human capital by enhancing health and education outcomes, and nutrition outcomes have been improved by social protection programmes in many countries, the most notable impacts being large reductions in stunting and wasting, and significant increases in height-for-age expected at adulthood. There are a number of reasons for this.	2	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289330244-7-en	b3ba71d7c55e04fac7acb28c1974aca9	The students scored around the OECD average in reading and science and above the OECD average in mathematics. The student plans are meant to strengthen the foundation of the educational planning and organization, support the current evaluation of the individual students and strengthen collaboration between home and school. Furthermore, linguistic screening of children in kindergarten class is compulsory. Especially the goals for reading, mathematics, natural science and English were strengthened. The goals were no longer recommendations, but binding goals for the schools to follow.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	b3bc82ad9c53f816d7879d50ac0389f2	All regression models include education, experience, period fixed effects and a full set of two-way interactions. It takes into account the educational attainment of foreign-bom and native-born workers, the sectors in which they work and their wages. The last part of the chapter discusses some of the issues involved in assessing the economic contribution of immigrant labour based on a computable general equilibrium econometric model.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	b3bfef515bc7f04743b75627dd056426	In addition, no incentives or specific rules exist to encourage companies responsible for pumping, purifying and transporting water to consumers, to produce relevant data on the quantity and quality of the transported water and the remaining water reserves. At present, such companies sometimes do not supply data when requested, in order to avoid the subsequent additional restrictions that would occur on the basis of the information in the data (vested interests). The idea was mooted of setting up a separate independent monitoring team to collect such data, but with insufficient funding, it seems unlikely that independent monitoring programmes can be set up.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	b3c11792cf2db0a5e5132ac982086177	The Parties did not agree in Paris to forswear the use of some policy tools that are controversial among trading partners. Three types of tools in particular will be discussed here: border carbon adjustment, subsidies as green industrial policy, and carbon standards and labelling. Applied to imports, it results in a charge on imported goods commensurate with the charge that the producer would have had to bear had the product been produced under domestic climate regulations — whether a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase offsets. Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	b3c4dce55330b84c76189c00d18ce077	School autonomy in content, hiring and salaries is also associated with higher student learning outcomes on average (Hanushek et al., The decomposition results show that 11% of the explained part of the achievement gap is driven by differences in the responsibility for curriculum and resources. The first term on the right hand-side corresponds to the part of the differential in educational performance attributable to observed individual, school and teacher characteristics, that is, how much students in the bottom quartile would score differently if they had the same individual and school characteristics as students in the top quartile ESCS. The second term, the return effect, shows how much low ESCS students would hypothetically be better if they experience the same production process of schooling given their own characteristics. For instance, the provision of extra-curricular activities in schools is also a driver of socio-economic gaps in achievement. Having creative extra-curricular activities in school appeals to be an important factor in Switzerland, Turkey and the United States, for instance.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098473-10-en	b3c5e663c990c6831fb0f26f5b92c2f2	Substantial progress has been made, promoted by increased spending on biodiversity, with the new Nature Diversity Act, the Biodiversity Information Centre and the sea management plans resulting in better protection of certain land and sea habitats and threatened species. However, targets and actions should be further developed for forest protection, plus coastal and river zones which are still under threat by human activity. This chapter focuses on the priorities for Norway in ensuring sustainable management of biodiversity and nature conservation, as well as the impact of climate change on these areas.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/66641c52-en	b3c62372488be869ff5c38bf8091bf35	In several UNESCWA countries, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan and United Arab Emirates total foreign trade is larger than GDP, indicating their dependence on engaging in international trade patterns. Inland freight transport tends to involve higher volumes in developed and/or large countries, where the dependence on international trade (which is mostly facilitated by maritime and/or air transport) is lower than that of the smaller and/or land and sea-locked countries. In terms of value (imports and exports), maritime transport has been by far the most important transport mode. In September 2010, freight with a worth of €128 billion was transported by sea, €57 billion by air and €43 billion by road.	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/f7cce716-en	b3c8363c053550e71a1ce55c73052786	The integrated nature of the public policies is based (among other factors) on a correct definition of the beneficiaries in socioeconomic and territorial terms, which depends on the quality of disaggregated data available at the household and territorial levels, to be able to distinguish zones or settlements. The institutional framework needs the capacity to identify households and localities that are highly exposed and vulnerable to disasters, in an efficient and planned way, so that they can be included among the priority objectives of public policies aimed at increasing resilience to such phenomena among people and communities. Development Policy Review, vol.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	b3c8b13b1825ca4eff6e5c3187ce09bd	It appears that there is a high correlation between the share of small farms in a region of Chihuahua and the quality of the land. In particular ejidos seem to be located on more marginal land, in part because land management over time has led to land quality deterioration. On marginal land, it is particularly important to improve management and reduce overuse if the land is to achieve its full potential.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	b3ce4ea739975f4c550abda1da296d9f	The day ends with a reception and an awards ceremony. The event gives students an opportunity to compete for awards exceeding USD 55 000 for their business ideas (cash plus in-kind services). A series of workshops help students prepare for the day of the event. Venture capital firms, angel investment groups, law firms, consulting firms, and industrial groups.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/797ccf27-en	b3cedd2c9c4af72e1eca95c7339e8407	In contrast, several of the countries that have made most progress in reducing extreme poverty nationwide are also those that have made this a priority in rural areas. For example, Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica, which have already met the first MDG target or are very close to doing so, display progress rates in rural areas that are a similar or superior to those in urban zones. This result suggests that prioritizing progress among the country’s most backward groups can be a viable strategy when combined with pursuit of a general improvement in living standards (see figure 1.13).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	b3d04ca593e77cbd5388b1e855841a00	Central government law stipulates that the term of the transfer contract for operating rights must not exceed the term of the contract rights. Given that the tenure for contract rights is just 30 years, a farmer renting in land will only be able to guarantee they will be cultivating the area for a limited period of time. This may lower the incentive to undertake farming practices that ensure the long-term fertility of the plot.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	b3d0e5da8cc109d4e1076ab4194499eb	This effort was grounded in the idea that a local supplier base could be established in this area to supply both the Nissan plant in CIV AC and those of VW and Audi in Puebla. It has the road and rail infrastructure needed to distribute the company’s products to other regional markets in the United States. In addition, it is relatively close to the assembly plants of other companies that, altogether, form a strong supplier base in the west and north central regions of Mexico.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	b3d147ed157eec30b4056c42470be5f4	A future HSR corridor was considered an effective way to relieve the pressure on fast-growing Oslo and to make it possible to commute between Oslo and Gothenburg. Modem rail was also expected to help significantly reduce emissions, compared to air, road and tmck transport. The project generated unprecedented momentum and enthusiasm. It had a significant impact on the HSR debate, especially in Norway.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-4-en	b3d163b837abaf879d42a86e3abaa05e	Such progress has allowed Colombia to become a regional leader in key activities. Its health technology assessment agency, lnstituto de Evaluacion Tecnologica en Salud, is one of the most advanced in Latin America, for example. The conflict has led to displacement and forced possession of land, forced recruitment and kidnapping, homicides, injuries and sexual violence. In total, 7.1 million are estimated to have been victims of the armed conflict between 1985 and 2015 - mostly rural, impoverished Colombians.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	b3d2faedf37db1262182784cb2c9e032	Public concessionaires with softer budget constraints are usually allowed to show losses, thus reducing the need to cross-subsidise (Zerriffi, 2007). However, as the current rural electrification strategy could well lead to rapidly rising electricity tariffs, the tariff impact of LpT was limited to 8%, which in turn strongly affected the concessionaires’ ability to proceed with rural electrification. In fact, since 2005 there have been twelve cases of concessionaires that had to interrupt their rural electrification programmes before reaching universal access because of this restriction (Instituto Acende Brasil, 2007a).	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	b3da7f2126ab3176dc92cc6797df1779	Reading and science scores are also significantly above OECD average and have increased since PISA results in both 2000 and 2003. The impact of socio-economic status on mathematics scores has decreased compared to 2000, but is still slightly above the OECD average (Figure 1). Germany is one of only three OECD countries where both mathematics scores and equity indicators have improved since 2003. An above-average proportion of 25-64 year-olds completed vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level education (55.8% compared to the OECD average of 33.5%). Germany was an above-average performer in all areas examined in PISA 2012, including problem solving, and the share of low achievers in mathematics has decreased significantly (from 21.6% in 2003 to 17.7% in 2012, below the OECD average of 23%) (Figure 3).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	b3daf2f9f3b0a86b30354336a9b64eeb	Most secondary' students receive only 4 hours of instruction a day, while the average in OECD countries is 7 hours (World Bank, 2012). In addition, teachers in Brazil spend less time on actual teaching and learning activities than in other countries (OECD, 2013d, p. 33). International evidence suggests that increasing instruction time has a positive performance effect, provided that the curriculum remains focused on core subjects (Glewwe et al., Additional investment in appropriate education infrastructure, including class rooms, libraries, science labs and computer facilities should therefore be undertaken.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-10-en	b3db4cec0ed99c9fac5f2e2f3276615b	They reduce global and national economic output, strain national governments and health systems, burden vulnerable households, put human rights at risk and seriously undermine development progress (UNDP 2013b; World Bank 2014). Lost productivity due to illness, disability or death from NCDs can impede macroeconomic growth and shift public budgets from other important health and development objectives (WHO 2010; Bloom et al. In contrast, deaths from communicable diseases during the same period fell by 27 per cent from around 16.1 million people in 1990 to 11.8 million in 2013, while deaths from various forms of injuries rose by 10 per cent from around 4.3 million people in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013 (GBD 2013).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	b3dcd26fc3e951ce3bd3e7c30c69c6d0	The new action plan for Africa also includes the digitalisation of media and communications and the promotion of e-commerce (IDS, 2016). The private sector is also engaged in this area. For instance, ZTE and Huawei provide equipment and technical assistance to enhance e-governance programmes in Rwanda. ( India's total concessional development finance is estimated by the OECD to have reached USD 1.4 billion in 2014, compared to USD 1.2 billion in 2013.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	b3ddd0c69bb754507a087aaff8447e97	The Doi Moi aimed to transition from a centrally-planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy, encouraging private sector development and foreign investments. The extent to which recent successes have been translated into improved well-being is questioned as well as the ways in which this rapid growth has affected social cohesion. A cohesive society can be described as a society that strives for social integration and builds up the necessary social capital to create a common sense of belonging, and one where prospects exist for upward social mobility. Persistent and deepening inequalities among certain groups of the population (e.g. 60% of ethnic minorities are poor, accounting for nearly half of the total poor) raise concerns on the prospects of achieving sustained and inclusive growth. The coverage gaps in social protection (e.g. 67% of people in the middle class do not have social insurance) and the weak redistributive effect of the current fiscal policies may expose many middle-class households to the risk of falling back into poverty. Last but not least, innovation and technological progress are generating new skills needs which place education and training policies under tremendous pressure.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	b3ded248fa10448d88dc0138f5b3094e	Moreover, on the west coast indigenous coal is more expensive than imported coal due to the cost of rail transport from the coal mines in the east. It also has a vast under-utilised solar potential. Other renewable potentials, such as biomass, wind and geothermal energy, are rather restricted. Only 1% of the global uranium resources are found in India.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	b3df0c7c02512c36c4e2b074e41b32c0	If elasticity is high, public anti-poverty policies based on economic growth are more efficient. If elasticity is low, however, poverty reduction strategies should include a combination of economic growth and some type of income redistribution. Ravallion and Chen (1997) estimated income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities for 45 countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b3dfdb36a06d3c8cb2e695e74f6776db	This would facilitate training for local government and provide an opportunity to embark on consultancy services and to provide the skill basis for more proactive local government with strong commitment to sustainability. Basic foundations for stronger university involvement are already in place: the Universiti Sains Malaysia has issued a blueprint on housing and environment, while the Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute (SERI) is a useful think tank. Scale up their efforts to provide learning and further education programmes for “green” jobs and to act as a source of expertise through research, consultancy and demonstration. Provide analysis of the benefits and costs of controlling emissions from the wide variety of emissions sources, for example multinational corporations.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	b3e14d8ab742aeff136793956a820c3e	Respondents in a nationwide opinion survey in Chile were asked what was most important to them in order to have a happy life. The answers of respondents in the highest and lowest income quintiles varied substantially. Respondents in the highest income quintilc most often cited the achievement of life goals and targets, whereas respondents in the lowest income quintile cited a peaceful life without much disruption (figure 2.11).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	b3e65df05fd8c3b594006f13a105eec7	The Food Law’s purpose is to promote food safety, animal health and animal welfare. Aquaculture is also governed by a number of regulations which set out rules regarding amongst others licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare, and technological standards for fish farms. Licences for of cod and halibut rearing, mussel farming are free and can be applied for at all times while salmon and trout licences are issued in limited numbers against payment. The licences are only issued when the Government decides to do so.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	b3e6833a216823b8a53226285d9b9025	For example, in Japan, the self-employed are covered by the national health insurance scheme, the employed are covered by corporate-based insurance schemes and those aged 75 or older are covered by a specific scheme for elderly, but all groups have the same health coverage. In France, three separate health insurance funds exist for salaried workers, agricultural workers, and the self-employed and a number of smaller health insurance funds cover specific professions, such as people employed in the military forces, or people employed by some state-owned companies, such as the National Society of French Railways (SNCF). These schemes automatically cover family members. In another group of countries with mandatory health insurance, people can choose their insurer (Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic and Switzerland).	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2640b601-en	b3e6a8627c20a481df3871ff8ce8f310	Here, fossil fuel resource constraints may work alongside externality pricing to make renewables more cost-competitive, yet resource availability (competing land uses) may also act as constraints for the deployment of renewables at scale. The magnitude of decarbonization required in the future affords no such gradualism. Moreover, a transition away from the energy infrastructures and institutions that have coevolved with fossil fuels over the last century carries its own costs and inertias (Unruh, 2000).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	b3ecffb93530f245d1ae6f87eacc53b5	However, and despite the existence of a legal framework to promote gender equality and the higher average educational level of females, gender gaps in labour market outcomes are sizeable. In particular, female participation and employment rates are lower than for males. They suffer more from unemployment and those employed receive lower wages (Figure 1.16). The working age population is defined as those aged above 12 in urban areas and above 10 in rural areas and is expressed as a share of total population. The participation rate is defined as the share of the labour force to the working age population.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	b3ee6d2bd6af2519aa0a981a8cf21542	"It is relevant for measuring the average longevity of the population as a whole and is collected using well-established standards. Life expectancy can be measured at birth and at various ages. All life expectancies measure how long on average people could expect to live based on the age-specific death rates currently prevailing. Life expectancy at birth is, however, only an estimate of the expected life span of a given cohort, as the actual age-specific death rates of any particular birth cohort cannot be known in advance. Measures of life expectancy at birth refer to people born today and are computed by the OECD as the unweighted average of life expectancy for men and women. Life expectancy indicators meet a number of criteria characterising “ideal"" indicators (Table 5.1), with the exception of the availability of disaggregated information across various population groups."	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	b3f1bdbfec9e063aa0d6781704876341	"This was timely, as the ""Western Balkans regional hydro-power master plan""was prepared in parallel. The bilateral agreement on waters shared by these two countries in the Kura River Basin, currently under negotiation, would also provide a framework for some intersectoral action. One of these projects wasthe Drina GEF project devotes significant attention."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	b3f3b0a07c6a4d34d9b29529e7090a8c	On the one hand, some federal countries (Belgium, Canada, the United States) have almost entirely devoted water responsibilities to lower levels of government while in other federal states (Australia, Mexico), the central government still plays a strong role (strategic planning, regulation, etc.) On the other hand, though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level with highly centralised water policy making (Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea), most OECD unitary countries (France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand) have de facto devoted responsibilities to lower levels of government. In all cases, the institutional mapping of water policy also relies on environmental, territorial and hydrological considerations. The plurality of mutually dependent actors across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government, and at sub-national level raises significant multi-level governance challenges, hence the need for “diagnosing” capacity and co-ordination challenges likely to hinder integrated water policy.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	b3f42e4e7141d5fae4e629cc555feefb	"In the Dendi, the ""market days"" are Tuesday in Gaya, from Friday to Sunday in Malanville and Sunday in Kamba. The cycle of these markets, product of negotiations between traditional and administrative authorities, supports the interaction between producers, intermediaries and consumers. The market rotation, however, requires infrastructure that can accommodate large crowds over short periods of time."	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	b3f4ddc10bfac2b37c5bd1d4bee6c1c7	National financial restrictions have reduced allocations for non-teaching staff by 9.5%, particularly staff in early childhood education and care (ECEC). School management, especially in small schools, has faced financial difficulties as salaries of pedagogical staff have increased while those of non-pedagogical staff have been reduced. Financial support for nursery schools has also been proposed to remove obstacles to their establishment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-11-en	b3fb11e1dda69b5cab09bb61f0df5ea0	The Brazilian Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada (Institute of Applied Economic Research, IPEA) has noted that every Real (BRL) invested in the programme increases GDP by BRL 1.44. The 16 million children and adolescents whose school attendance is monitored by the programme show lower rates of truancy and are performing at a level equal to the average student in the public school system, despite their impoverished economic condition. This will lead to a future for these children far different from the situation of exclusion suffered by their parents and grandparents.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	b3fc87c7c30a12b565f42b6dd0117d52	See above, box 1. Finding a new, more efficient or less invasive way of administering a known drug is also a case of new use. It is important to emphasize that a new use by definition results from the same chemical entity, i.e., a known pre-existing substance. The new drug prescribed for the new use thus makes no change to the chemical structure of the existing product (as would be the case of derivatives, which are discussed later in this Guide). This is particularly true in countries where knowledge of traditional medicines exists, and new indications might be found through targeted research.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	b3fe003734a9c35d876247c4ac20f563	For example, price risk may or may not be (partially) compensated by output variations: hence, focusing on prices alone is not effective. What counts is the eventual impact of risk on farm income, and hence all factors affecting farm income should be taken into account when dealing with risk management. Limited fluctuations of output or prices are normal business risks that can be managed privately by farmers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	b40543dbc2989fffe75ac4ee9b63b5b3	Further EPEAT criteria are only developed for a limited number of product categories and only electronic product, which has also affected the choice of product groups. The criteria in the four instruments for the four products have been reviewed and categorized according to the resource efficiency parameters developed by JRC, but additional categories have also been added as the four voluntary instruments cover resource efficiency parameters adding to the JRC categories. Following this, the voluntary resource efficiency criteria of the four product groups are reviewed and analysed.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	b4073285a4f523c3ff63192c9782cb23	"Provision of health care services is managed by the Seguro de Enfermedad y Maternidad (SEM), a distribution fund into which all contributions are placed and which covers the expenses of all health services. Indeed, in 2002, when the effects of the economic, institutional and political crisis were being felt with a vengeance (recall the “corralitd’, and the subsequent social crisis that led to President de la Riia’s resignation in December 2001), the percentage of the population that felt that income distribution was very unfair rose to 64%, the highest level for the three years analysed (1997, 2002 and 2007) as well as for the 18 countries in question. The sharp drop to 31% in this indicator in 2007 does not mean that there was a change or reversal of perceptions, but rather that opinions became less polarized. In other words, the opinion of those who felt that income distribution was “very unfair” did not change to “very fair” or to “fair”, but rather to merely “unfair""."	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/2481bd92-en	b40a7efcf3991a2c02e75525948375fe	They demonstrated the potential of some value chains to double yields and farmers' incomes without expanding the farmed area or increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Green growth agroparks, such as Suiker Unie in the Netherlands, have a strong focus on the environment and on value-added food products. The scope of these agro-parks is to optimize the use of natural resources - especially through more efficient and sustainable water use - in food production, processing and distribution.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	b40bf66e5291ce84d5f8946aa6151f03	"As such, this is an area that warrants further attention to attain Target E of the Sendai Framework. In many respects, the DRR community is leading the way, as illustrated by the initiation of GRAF, for example. This will require adopting ""good practice principles in risk-informed development"" such as inclusive and transparent, phased and iterative, flexible and adaptive, continuous learning and reflection approaches.470 Making development choices that support development trajectories that harness benefits for reduced complex risk, avoid risk creation and better manage residual risk, must be the way forward. Regional platforms for DRR and other innovative regional multi-stakeholder partnerships play an important role in DRR awareness and cooperation."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	b40cdacadc907fb77bb53d39d1442b6d	The chapter outlines experience to date in implementing these building blocks. But without the institutional arrangements to translate vision into reality and to maintain it over time, vision alone will not be enough. If a different arrangement is adopted, direct linkages are essential between planning and co-ordinating institutions. But these efforts must be aligned w'ith country priorities and implemented so as to build country ownership.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	b413e031cd11039749cec6ed0d31026a	One example of this is the energy transition project in the Netherlands, which is an explicit attempt to complement existing policies with a strategic long-term transition approach aimed at structural change, part of which involves using taxes and charges to level the playing field and then to foster diversity through creating space for niches but refrains from “picking winners”. Such government initiatives can achieve a significant impetus for change, although they are not without risk of capture by the incumbent energy regime which may limit options for radical change of the energy system (Kern and Smith, 2008). This adaptive capacity depends on the availability of resources such as alternative technologies, knowledge and capabilities, and governments can help to cushion the economic impacts of transition by investing in this capacity.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b4147e257e0f339495d4313a4a552f4d	While ‘driving’ time is self-explanatory, ‘on duty’ time is all time from when a driver begins work or is required to be in readiness for work until a driver is relived from all responsibilities for performing work. As examples, it includes time such as loading and unloading, completing paperwork, picking up and dropping off or attending to needs of passengers etc. Regulation typically requires commercial drivers to maintain log books that record their driving and on-duty time with strict penalties for failure to accurately complete these requirements.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	b41993950e8ada940f2ce81ffe3a2781	This result is significant, and it is quite high compared to other factors. The marginal effect is less important than having technical or vocational education, but NREG is particularly well fitted for rural female work. It gives a local (computed on the household who did enter the programme) evaluation of the effect, which is more accurate. The average treatment effect on the treated (part of the programme) is 0.095.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	b41e08cf61a7a058a5adc0047d132e54	Kakwani and Subbarao (2005) examined household survey data from 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa against the respective national poverty lines.29 The study confirmed that poverty rates are high in sub-Saharan Africa for the whole population in general and for the older population in particular. National poverty rates varied from 36.7 per cent to 68.9 per cent in the general population and between 43.7 per cent and 79.4 per cent among older persons (table 5.1). In 11 of the 15 countries studied, the incidence of poverty was higher for the older population than for the population as a whole. The exceptions were Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique and Nigeria.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	b41e34cf67b354f07f06e2b8fca39a8d	In 2006, women accounted for 29% of MSME owners in manufacturing. As in India, traditions and customs weigh on Indonesian female entrepreneurs, particularly in rural areas and among some ethnic groups. The situation of women entrepreneurs seem to have progressed at a faster pace in China, where female entrepreneurship boomed after the establishment of the new economic model in 1995.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	b4207660cc716ce9a2d69e31882365b5	Whatever is more strategic but also coherent in the long run. For example, a recent report from the Dutch Financial Relations Council (2016) notes that many tasks have been devolved to municipalities in the Netherlands while their fiscal framework has remained unchanged. Thus, there is an appetite to consider how this framework could potentially be better aligned with present needs. The potential of fiscal instruments to support spatial development objectives should be a part of this discussion.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	b423838e8aac76f776cb74295049023a	Here the tool can be used to assess and compare multiple alternative options and it may in particular help identify potential high provision areas. It can also account for variability in social preferences. Thus, the flexibility of the tool means that it may incorporate a whole range of locally generated data and is adapted to each country's administrative boundaries. The approach's empirical roots are variable depending on the ecosystem service - in the area of water a lot is derived from quiet broad surveys of academic literature, in other areas this is less true.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	b42637ea80026e0a9f38db048e833494	Is this an experience of child food insecurity even if the child does not understand it as such? Or, is the worry or hunger in that instance a consequence of household food insecurity? In addition, some child experiences that reflect food insecurity at some stages of childhood may reflect developmental^ appropriate responsibilities at other stages.	2	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	b42b6e025b5cc9db99626b1cabbf811a	The current demographic decline makes these inherited inefficiencies even more visible. The number of births dropped from 80 000 in 1990 to 55 000 in 2012 and this has led to a continuous decline of the school-age population (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). The number of students decreased by 21% between 2005 and 2012, with the largest decrease in the secondary vocational sector (27%) but substantial decrease also occurred at the level of basic schools and general secondary schools (nearly 20%).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	b42cf9d42893f815781b1841c23f9442	We did a simple simulation to estimate how many children were eligible to receive the Child Support Grant (CSG) based on the means test and the age eligibility criteria. Table 3.8 below compares our estimates of CSG-eligibility with the number of respondents reporting receipt of any form of child grant. The simulation suggests that a surprisingly small number of children who are not eligible are receiving the grant.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	b42e5fab4ac7a91a6273bf1ab0937b8f	But the crucial work of implementing ESD across everyday education practice is still ahead. School plans are seen to be the instruments for implementing the “whole-institution approach” in school operations, particularly in pre-primary, primary and secondary levels of education. As defined by the ECE ESD working group on school plans, “ESD school planning is a means to move beyond sustainability awareness-raising and to actively engage in a continuous cycle of planning, implementing and reviewing approaches to sustainability as part of every school’s operations” (UNECE, 2014ft). The working group identified a number of core dimensions for such plans, including school governance arrangements, curriculum, teaching and learning, facilities and operations, partnerships and cooperation—particularly with the surrounding community—and self-assessment.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	b42eafd1ac311cf959caf74c3ca98170	Fisheries inspectors, receive up-to-date information on PC and smartphones and target the control based on the resulting risk assessment. Denmark has also conducted trials for catch quota registration using CCTV cameras to deter misreporting. Growth and development of the sector had been primarily limited by restrictions on nitrogen discharge levels.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	b42f2f2a1f7d5a246d7727f5775165b5	"Dimensions and indicators for this study were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by UNICEF-Armenia. See Annex A for the full list of dimensions and indicators. The sustainable development goals set by the post-2015 Development Agenda make a clear statement in Goal 1.2: ""By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."""	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b432dd1e7431fcadea119501ee511d80	The migration literature has typically overlooked gender dynamics, assuming that most women migrate only for family reunification reasons as wives, mothers or daughters of male migrants (Zlotnik, 2003). However, the increasing magnitude of international migration in the recent decades led to a growing focus on women as independent migrants (Grieco and Boyd, 1998; Cerrutti and Massey, 2001; Erulkar et al., Looking at the non-economic determinants of female migration, previous studies differentiate three broad categories of factors: individual factors including age, marital status, role and position in the family, educational status and employment experience; family factors including size, structure, status; and societal factors including the community norms and cultural values that determine whether a woman can migrate or not and if she can, how and with whom she can do it (Grieco and Boyd, 1998). Few exceptions have looked at gender inequality as a driver of female migration, with a particular focus on discrimination in the workplace.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	b43465feaee052bb248fb99315894250	Sustainable development implies a radical reconfiguration of patterns of production and consumption, and changes in the relationship between societies and the natural environment. It therefore requires the structural transformation of economies, especially in LDCs, which need to transition to high-productivity economic activities and sectors in order to tackle the traditional challenges of economic and social development in a new way that mainstreams environmental considerations. The concept of sustainable development links three dimensions of sustainability — economic, social and environmental — and the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the unity of, and mutual support between, these dimensions.	4	7	0	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	b43471ee2fb743b32dafc803c40b3819	Migrants build social networks, which help to strengthen social capital and the informal social protection system. Migrants use informal social protection mechanisms, especially the family and community networks, to manage risks during the transit. Migration is also seen as one of the major factors in breaking traditional community ties, thereby weakening the traditional and informal social protection system in PICs.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	b4380d51a1ff0524db81496254912a27	The main pressures from human activities include agriculture expansion, transport infrastructure development, unsustainable forestry, air pollution and intentional burning of forests. Many forest resources are threatened by degradation, fragmentation and conversion to other types of land uses. This includes avoiding overexploitation and degradation, so as to maintain adequate supply of wood for production activities, and to ensure the provision of essential environmental services, including biodiversity and carbon sinks. A new UNFCCC mechanism, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in developing countries, will help mobilise finance to mitigate deforestation and thus GHG emissions.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/488a38e7-en	b43cc931d455a19a3abcfeb0e9cd8920	Notes: Poverty rates are based on country-specific poverty lines and therefore not comparable from one country toanother. Poverty rates for France and the Republic of Moldova are calculated as percentage of population living in lone-parent households that are below the poverty line, while for the other countries the poverty rates are calculated as percentage of lone-parent households that are belowthe poverty line. Poverty rates for Canada are based on income after taxes. Lone mothers with children are more likely to be poor in other parts of the world as well (table 8.2).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d530d27-en	b43f8f2d056f19efbbd92a68ecd624bb	Includes estimates based on partial dal “Preliminary figures. Figure VI .3 shows the average percentage changes in the urban participation and employment rates in the first three quarters of the year compared to the same period of 2017. Higher growth in the employment than in the participation rate (points above the diagonal line) implies a drop in the unemployment rate, while a larger increase in the participation rate (below the diagonal) implies the opposite.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	b43fcc4cb983af93a49aa8a4a5131c23	Thus, poverty measurement is fundamental for monitoring public policies and, since these initiatives do not just provide monetary transfers but also educational, health, labour and social protection services, the monetary indicators provide insufficient information for capturing the impact of policies. For example, it has been pointed out that procedures for adding information may result in information losses and that the choice of an aggregation mechanism for handling information in a system of indicators may be arbitrary (Maurizio, 2010). However, a system of indicators does not solve the problem of identification, that is, of selecting those that may be classified as poor and those that may not. Moreover, a synthetic index facilitates the joint analysis of shortcomings, allowing for a comprehensive system (Santos, 2013), fosters communication by summing up a high number of dimensions and, consequently, facilitates decision-making (Maurizio, 2010; Santos, 2013).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/3726edff-en	b440c1a71664d0623870edabce717d17	There are currently 355 entities on the list. It includes NGOs, PPPs and networks, multilateral organisations, universities, college or other teaching institution, research institute or other think-thanks. The entities are either conducting research, supporting access and use of ICTs, or financing projects relating to technology transfer, e.g. projects supporting renewable energy.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	b440cfdede44d8d3c4d373307b79a5cb	Teaching and research ideas are improved through real-world experience with participating business partners. Associates spend two years on the project, working for a postgraduate qualification (Masters or PhD) while working in the company. It provides training for the KTP associates in the university and the company, providing significant career benefits. For example, many become senior managers in industry, for example as IT managers.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	b440ef98ac7695685e529fc463ad81d3	In response, the Australian Government established the Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group (TEMAG) in 2014 to make recommendations on how ITP in Australia could be improved to better prepare new teachers and provide the practical skills needed in the classroom. In 2015, Action Now: Classroom Ready Teachers, TEMAG's report to the Minister for Education and Training, included 38 recommendations to improve ITP in Australia. Starting in 2013, the Bachelor of Education programme was guided by competency objectives for each teaching practice, teacher education was constructed around modules, and the University Colleges (Professionshojskoler) were granted more autonomy in setting programme structures and determining the content of modules for development of different teacher profiles.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	b4492d8e186a0a0b56c9f1585439138a	This series of activities - short term employment, training, and successful exit strategies leading to more permanent employment - is designed to achieve the alleviation of poverty. In June 2008, Cabinet gave approval for proceeding with the development of a second phase of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which began in early 2009. Extension of the programme aims to increase the number of full-year equivalent job opportunities to over 400 000 over the next five years.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	b44b42e301ae61d063e7cb81d787bd5b	Nevertheless, the age-standardised death rate in Costa Rica decreased from 556 per 100 000 inhabitants in 1990 to 462 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2010. Important for this development was an improved access to primary health care services during the 1980s and 1990s, allowing for quicker detection of diseases. Ischemic heart disease ranked highest with 10.2% of all YLL in 2010, which corresponds to a 40% increase from the levels in 1990 (Table 1.1) (IHME, 2011). However, the second and third causes of YLL due to premature mortality in 2010 were road injury and interpersonal violence, with 7.3% and 4.5% of all YLL respectively (59% and 142% higher than levels in 1990 respectively), pointing out an urgent need in the prevention of injuries and violence in the country . As measured by disability adjusted life years (DALY),3 it was estimated that the leading cause of burden of disease in Costa Rica in 2010 was ischemic heart disease, followed by major depressive disorder, lower back pain, road injury and asthma. These risk factors in combination with increasing life expectancy have driven up the prevalence and mortality of NCDs.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	b44c2274cd79631c17e57d15eba9947d	Some areas might even become cooler. This is also likely to be the case in the world’s oceans; climate change will manifest itself in changing ocean currents, and some areas might even get colder because of diversion or changing intensity of currents. In fact, the climate has always varied on long and short time scales and will undoubtedly continue to do so whether or not man-made global warming is occurring.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	b44ed0fcc2a7cfe44588516e6cca562b	Nevertheless, some important associations emerge. For example, child poverty rates are higher when both the average household size and the adolescent fertility rate are higher, while the share of the population living in rural areas is negatively associated with relative child poverty. Having said that, only changes in the adolescent fertility rate share a negative association with within country trends in child poverty rates, which suggests that the decline in teenage pregnancies observed across the OECD in recent decades has contributed to reducing child poverty.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	b4502421d244baefab588de1409024a5	Only through the identification by cluster actors themselves and associated studies can more clear recommendations be addressed by the cluster members themselves or through public policy efforts. At the same time the 0resund Medicon Valley Academy (MVA) was created to coordinate, network and promote local research and business in the human life sciences in the region in order to improve knowledge exchange and innovation between the private and public sector and to make the region attractive to foreign stakeholders. In recent years the MVA has shifted its focus from academia towards business and today Medicon Valley is recognised as one of the most attractive bioregions in the world.	7	7	1	0.75
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	b452afa934e12d73f625c77911269f97	Early career advice and support during medical school and after graduation was found to encourage young doctors to take up shortage specialties in the United Kingdom (Mahoney et al, 2004). According to a review of practices in OECD countries, giving students experience of primary care practice and appointing primary-care role models to academic positions influence students’ choices towards a career in primary care (Simoens and Hurst, 2006). In 2007, there was a twelve-fold difference in the per capita utilisation of day care, and three-fold difference in acute inpatient care across micro-regions. Sizable gaps remain even after controlling for differences in health care needs (HealthMonitor, 2010). Informal payments are a legacy issue that is deeply rooted in the Hungarian health care system.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264176690-en	b455e162816f18be432d63bec9b2ce20	Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, having positive effects on early child development and learning. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the national co-ordinators, Richard Walley, Julie Keenan, Ann Armstrong and David Scott, for their work in providing information. We would also like to thank all those who gave their time to respond to our many questions, provide comments on preliminary drafts and validate the information for accuracy. We would also like to thank consultants Janice Heejin Kim and Matias Egeland who worked on sections of the preliminary drafts as part of the OECD team on Early Childhood Education and Care. The online toolbox has additional information, such as a country materials page where actual documents from OECD countries are presented, including curricula, regulatory frameworks and data systems information.	4	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	b4567b9a5b7330fb9b2f60323c881bb5	A recent reform has further enabled parents of children bom after June 2016 to make even more flexible use of the job protection provision: With the employer’s consent, they can use 12 months of the 36 month employment-protection period any time between the child’s third and eighth birthday. But, beyond the provisions of parental leave (Elternzeit) and family care leave (Pflegezeit and Familienpflegezeit), employees in Germany are not legally entitled to resume full-time work once their reduced working hours have been approved by their employer (see Chapter 3 for an international comparison of legal provisions). On average, full-time working mothers in Germany put in nearly 42 hours per week, outstripped only by Swiss and Austrian mothers with about 44 hours per week (Figure 4.6).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b45752b333c81e14660fd6fdcbbed874	The government has used energy revenues to save for the future, invest in human capital, and diversify the structure of production. Living standards followed the macroeconomic pattern - after a significant decline in the first decade of independence, incomes improved and the share of those living below the subsistence income level fell considerably. The agricultural sector went into profound debt crisis in the second half of the 1990s and considerable resources were withdrawn from production.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	b45d908d6a5309b373a74ed66895e20d	This will not only be important for agriculture but also for the overall sustainable development for African countries. In other words, we need to address urgently the challenges of institutions, infrastructure and human resources that lead to exclusion and deprivation and secondly to break the cycle of lack of access to credit in poor African countries.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	b4601d0bfe260ad09f1d6091df72ab94	Switzerland and the United States - are included in the league table of relative child poverty (Figure 1 b) but could not be included in the league table of child deprivation (Figure 1a) because relevant data are not available. Child deprivation data are drawn from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and are therefore only available for the 27 EU countries plus Iceland and Norway. What these different pictures mean - the relationship between them and the controversies surrounding them - is the subject of this Report Card.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	b4652e151060b560a749ac4c6cfc0b91	The price of allowances has also been highly volatile (in particular during the economic crisis when prices fell by 70% between July 2008 and February 2009). In the third phase of the EU ETS (2013-20), the scheme should become more efficient as the cap for emissions will be defined at the EU level and progressively reduced. In addition, an increasing share of allowances will be auctioned.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	b46a0894c4f5899359b3af9b537b39fe	See Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) and also Koske et al. ( See OECD (2011b) and Koske et al. ( Fournier and Koske (2012) focus on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by means of quantile regressions based on wages. Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) also focuses on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by looking at various earnings deciles ratios (d9/dl, d5/dl and d9/d5).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	b46f54b78d0c60c06ea6c36756b24228	By granting a payment extension to a client, the entrepreneur, in effect, finances the latter’s cash needs. The situation is reversed in the case of a delay granted by a supplier, w'hich finances the entrepreneur’s cash needs. It can therefore limit, at times dramatically, the funding level later requested from the banker. At the same time, asking one’s suppliers for a extension is not easy either.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b4704a6df061890aa81580b6715560d8	Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on general competencies that will allow people to adjust to rapid changes in the labour market and have the capacity for lifelong learning. Due to rapidly changing skill requirements in working life, lifelong learning, skills upgrading and reskilling are becoming increasingly important. For non-traditional learners, who combine work and study and/or family obligations, flexible ways of provision need to be in place through work-based, e-leaming and distance education. In addition, attendance on the basis of non-formal and informal learning should be allowed.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	b471a85a920cb328a63c848d114fd1c7	Through such mobilization, organizations with little experience or prior knowledge could take a great leap forward into the world of formal inter-gov-ernmental negotiations, with considerable success.14 Feminists learned formal negotiation methods and language and became creative in mixing effective advocacy with technical sophistication, using insider-outsider methods and strategic and tactical lessons that they learned on the job. Equally, it could creatively address new issues and learn from its own diversity despite an increasingly difficult policy environment. In feet, the need to challenge those policies provided grist to the mill of women’s organizations during this period. The ability to do so effectively was enabled by the welcoming environment that the UN provided to civil society at a time when its own role was under attack.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b4788057ddc37b443defa389bfbac4c8	Drivers involved in crashes may fail to recognise or acknowledge the effects of fatigue and the symptoms of fatigue may not be evident to police or witnesses at a crash scene. Additionally, crash investigators often do not have a sufficient understanding of fatigue and do not collect the information needed to investigate its possible role. These regulations specify maximum driving hours, work hours, minimum rest periods within a working shift, minimum rest breaks between shifts and maximum hours of work over a week.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	b47ee755d0f58de8159802822e9a2a2e	This often involves working “shifts” with partners, and grandparents, who are increasingly likely to be working, looking after children in the evenings. Single parents often pay for informal care, which is unregulated and often of poor quality, staffed by low-educated workers and with high child/adult ratios. This limits the choice of work available to them and they often work in very low-paid jobs. For those who can afford it, formal childcare is more widely available and has become increasingly professionalised.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	b47f2cb5f79310261286cba7d868cceb	While in the long run the new process is probably better, there are clear short term costs that are largely bom at the local level. France is still a centralised State, and while it has greatly reduced the direct role of the national government in land use plans it remains very engaged relative to many other OECD countries. Because France has a unitary government all devolved powers can be altered, and the frequent changes in the last few decades suggest the possibility of further change in the future. Second, while France has largely strengthened local government, the direct role of the State in day-to-day administration through the prefet and the responsibility of mayors to the nation State remains.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	b47fb765b36be2e735d482bb81a0d21c	Indeed, relative price changes currently favour green sources of energy. Physical stranding might also occur where events such as a drought or a flood make exploitation of a natural resource impossible or too costly. Should stranding affect CDDCs development prospects, Article 2 of the Paris Agreement allows those countries to be considered differently, in line with the principles of equity and countries’ common but differentiated responsibilities.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/988f5bbf-en	b483c9e4e1cefcdab686bc3f04f9b11d	This reflects the particular complexity and problems of the SCP and sustainability domain, as well as the standard insight of traditional public policy, that policy making is an iterative process. Table 6:1 gives an overview of monitoring implications for two important SCP domains, housing and mobility.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a7a21a31-en	b485b88a2502ba834f8f5437ef555b82	At the same time, there is a need to exercise caution in exchanging of personal health data with other sectors, as it poses ethical problems in relation to, for example, employment screening, genetic therapy, and potential discrimination in some areas.168 To safeguard the exchange of health data, there is a need for legal and regulatory frameworks, for example regarding the provision of appropriate firewalls between different sectors for safeguarding individual privacy and rights. To support integrated approaches in health, it is also necessary to integrate health data and analysis across sectors, including through clustering of health, socioeconomic, and environmental indicators across sectors to produce a composite profile of progress towards health and well-being. The motivation and capacity within government to process and apply policy advice developed by regional or national health policy analysis institutes, such as the European Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health (for example, in Finland, Peru, Republic of Korea, United States), Canadian Institutes of Health Research,198 were found to contribute to success of intersectoral policies in health.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	b486f13d69e99c9597715a29276c87a0	The Inter-agency and Expert Group will continue its technical work on reviewing and refining the indicators, as needed, and on further developing the methodologies for estimation, also as needed. See also the report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev. Implementation of the Millennium Development Goals agenda brought international attention and resources to bear on improving the methodologies and information systems that supported Millennium Development Goal monitoring and policy implementation. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, while confirming that there have been significant improvements in country coverage of core human development indicators, also recognizes that large gaps remain in respect of ensuring the quality and timely availability of data, including data disaggregated by geographical region, ethnicity, disability and other socioeconomic attributes, which are critical to the understanding of inequalities and vulnerability.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	b48826d5771bfc4312b5e3ebba6cbf8d	It illustrates how the submission dates of national communications have become more harmonised over time as countries have gained experience with reporting, particularly developed countries. It also highlights the limited experience with regular reporting in many developing countries, the majority of which have yet to submit their first biennial update report or third national communication. Over a decade elapsed between the first and second national communications in many developing countries. The transition to a biennial reporting cycle therefore represents a substantial step-up for such countries and significant capacity building efforts will be needed before and after 2020.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	b48a1ffc82c832403aa05fd0b01bbfc8	The governing body of these groundwater councils is comprised of 12 representatives, 3 from each sector (agriculture, domestic, industrial and tourism). It is supported by a technical taskforce and a consultative taskforce for the design of plans and projects. The structure of the groundwater councils in Guanajuato includes civil society, users from each of the main sectoral activities, technical experts and the financial, technical, legal and political support from the government.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	b48ca8efff599d5154c18382d19a391a	"Donatella Gnisci holds a BA in International Relations from ""La Sapienza"" University, Rome, Italy and postgraduate degrees from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and King's College London (University of London, UK). The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognises the interdependency between the building blocks of the better world in which humans aspire to live: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships. Women's political representation and inclusion in decision making are also priorities. In West Africa, emphasis is placed on economic empowerment and women’s insertion in the formal economy, particularly vis-a-vis the rise of food value chains and structural transformation in rural and urban areas."	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	b48e295649f03647569da3b2549b6618	Single-year and multi-year goals may require different accounting guidance and different information to track progress under the Paris Agreement (Prag, Hood and Barata, 2013). The use of single-year goals increases the uncertainty associated with estimates of national and global cumulative emissions. To date, most Parties have expressed their INDCs as single-year goals.	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	b48e59c156f18e59d3d4aa5df7749b5e	Equally, the Nile River headwaters originate outside the ESCWA region and serves as the primary source of freshwater for Egypt and the Sudan, the latter of which under-consumes its water allocation, thereby allowing additional supplies to flow to Egypt. While Lebanon shares several river basins with its neighbours, relatively high precipitation rates, short river courses and snowmelt generally provide the country with sufficient water supplies. Climate change is expected to have adverse impacts on these shared water resources. These include wastewater treatment and reuse, agricultural runoff reuse and desalination.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	b48e977f7cce47aa9325a2465a887b12	Due to the data sensitivity and increased risk of attacks, cloud and third party hosting are not advised. A hash could be created of an existing emissions certificate, which could then be documented on a data-based blockchain. Certificates could also be tokenised so that fractions of emissions certificates could be traded on a coin-based blockchain.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0q1n38lvc-en	b48eb81fd79a46ad5f60c184df5a86a8	Figure 1 graphically illustrates such trends for a number of selected countries. Taking the Seattle Longitudinal Study as a reference point, Desjardins and Warnke (2012) conclude that cross-sectional age-skill profiles for fluid intelligence measures tend to start from a higher level and decline more steeply than in longitudinal profiles for the same measure. Longitudinal studies are intuitively attractive, because they allow controlling for unobserved within-person characteristics that are time-invariant.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	b48fff4b2a213b584789f5dc1e9873d1	In the long term, private sector should have the primary role in the nexus. Ten years later (2009-2011), it reached on average 8.8 per cent of GDP. The World Bank data show that public gross fixed capital formation (public investment) for the group of 38 LDCs6 on average stood at 7.2 per cent of GDP over the period 1999-2001.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	b490a5720543cd96abb8316cc4027d79	This is particularly the case for smaller rural and regional health services. The Agreement stipulates that funding be provided on the basis of activity “wherever practicable”. The states provide advice to the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA) on how their hospital services and functions meet the block funding criteria on an annual basis. For small rural and regional hospitals, this advice can be provided once every six years, or more frequently at the states’ discretion.	3	0	8	1.0
10.6027/eb40a355-en	b4924e69659ea45a953bad1d4dbed92d	Guidelines to develop and evaluate such models are discussed in the FAIRMODE initiative (http://fairmode.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) led by the JRC to support use of modelling in the implementation of the EU directives. What can be done in a city depends as said on the sources, but also resources of the city. Possibilities also depend on whether there is willingness at the political level to not only reduce emission via technological improvements but also by decreasing activity rates or implementing structural and societal changes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	b4954bce648257e41056319ecf2cb001	This is because the issues addressed are simply so important for nations and cities that the solutions cannot be left for international organizations to identify. Adoption and implementation is, above all, a local political process requiring local political agreement and engagement. This is not an exercise in scientific discovery of a new disease or a new remedy.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	b4960e9060d26468076afb25ab2fc66c	Even though water use and nutrient pollution are increasing at much faster pace outside the OECD area, particularly in the BRIICS, diffuse sources of pollution, seasonal or local water shortage and floods remain an issue in most OECD countries, as is financing to replace ageing infrastructure and meet increasingly stringent environmental and health standards. The problem will be greatest in non-OECD countries that, as a group, are expected to have much larger rates of population growth. This is particularly so in large developing countries, such as India, where the rate of increase in incomes is also expected to exceed the OECD average.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	b49666164e9dc836a7323e79df8e10c4	The results make it possible to infer that the values of X are greater for women than for men (1.5 to 1, on average, for Argentina, 4 to 1 for Ecuador and Uruguay, and 2.5 to 1 for Peru). These ratios are constant throughout the period under study for Argentina, decline in the cases of Ecuador and Peru, and climb in the cases of Brazil and Uruguay, with an increase in the coefficient for women between 2007 and 2010 —a period during which unemployment was also on the rise (see figure 2). This means that, while the female labour supply is large in proportion to the size of the working-age population, a substantial part of the nonparticipation rate is accounted for by selection factors, indicating that there is a larger potential labour supply than in other countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	b49856919c1de6ae89e6ddab0e409c86	The second aspect is the countervailing trends in precipitation. The global circulation models used to generate climate projections are not well suited to produce results for mountainous countries such as Austria because their coarse resolution means they cannot capture the influence of geographic features on local climates. Significant investment in the development of more detailed regional models to help fill this gap led to the reclip:century project in 2011.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	b498ddc66772deeea1b7e951ce730fac	In other large cities some informal separation and collection of materials for recycling occurs. Other informal recycling occurs at disposal sites where unauthorised groups scavenge for metals, plastic, paper and wood. About 60 private companies are dealing with recycling of a broad range of waste fractions, but predominantly of scrap metal. Not all of them have an environmental permit from MoEFWA. It is estimated that about 65 large uncontrolled sites and numerous small sites are currently in operation in Albania.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264215696-3-en	b499c3e92a8c0f1e8907e9938c0a8f70	Innovation can breathe new life into slowing stagnant markets, and act as a mechanism to enhance any organisation’s ability to adapt to changing environments (Damanpour and Gopalakrishnan, 1998; Hargadon and Sutton, 2000). Both innovation policies and theory have mainly focused on the business sector (Lekhi, 2007). Businesses need to innovate in order to keep up with competition by introducing new products or services, improving the efficiency of their production processes and organisational arrangements, or enhancing the marketing of their activities in order to guarantee their survival.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ff1be167-en	b49dc0c6f5efe280656d166429cb3ca7	The three key dimensions are still access to sanitation, quality housing and drinking water, which even retained the same order of importance between 2000 and 2011. However, as extreme poverty has declined, these three dimensions have become even more prominent, suggesting that greater strides have been made in education, information and nutrition than in sanitation, housing and drinking water. These three dimensions contribute heavily to total child poverty, too, and their significance has increased as total poverty among children has decreased —from 73% in 2000 to 82% in 2011.13 Unlike in the case of extreme poverty, education has increased in importance as a contributing factor to total poverty, suggesting that little progress has actually been made in reducing education deprivation. The fact that its relative contribution to extreme poverty has diminished indicates that more than proportional progress had been made in reducing the percentage of children with no access to schooling. The fact that the same did not happen with total poverty means that progress in reducing the school dropout rate had been less significant than achievements in other areas. Its contribution to extreme poverty also increased in 10 countries in the region.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	b49eb38b06567911825b2ba7e247e91b	These programmes now cover some 3 100 ha, a figure well below the established target. The PNPN calls for a gradual increase in lands under biodiversity contract to 5 000 ha by 2011. The communes were inspired by a variety of motives: protecting their countryside, supporting efforts at the national and European levels to protect species and natural habitats, and contributing to the sustainable development of Luxembourg. Each commune has a voting representative on the inter-communal management committee.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	b4a07040d3c43e607a584334e31bd060	From the information provided by the respondents on their principal activity in each month of the 48-month observation period, four mutually-exclusive activity states are defined using: in work, in education, in unemployment (‘NEET unemployed’), and inactive out of education (‘NEET inactive’). Young people who combine education and work are treated as ‘in education’; vocational training can unfortunately not be identified as separate from education. An individual’s chain of 48 monthly activity states from the age of 16 to 20 is interpreted as her school-to-work trajectory. The three panels are merged for the OECD countries to give the sample used for analysis.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	b4a2b7c3fe123dadf33406e9feaccbc7	The specialisation plan should address the concern amongst surgeons and policy makers in Denmark that there were certain specialist services being delivered in potentially unsafe circumstances. While it is too early to systematically evaluate the impact of these reforms, it will be important for policy makers to use changes in the supply of hospital services to drive improvements in quality of care. To help evaluate the success of the plan and monitor quality on an ongoing basis, the DHMA should seek that hospitals internally monitor data on the performance of individual clinicians, alongside system-wide efforts already being undertaken to evaluate the performance of specialist hospitals.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b376f88-en	b4a3b5719e06c82fdebebbb17be38ed6	They are mainly small water bodies with an area of less than 1 km2. Only 32 lakes have a surface exceeding 10 km2. Winter discharges of water from the Toktogul Reservoir resulted in increasing the area of the Aydar Arnasay Lakes System, which is now the largest in Uzbekistan. With its area of 3,600 km2 and its storage capacity of 42 km3, this lake exceeds the water reserves of all other reservoirs. In 2008, it was added to the list of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	b4a8d842630d459a52c390b899babd34	The local agencies of the CNAMTS provide reimbursements to patients for medical services, audit patient claims and perform other administrative tasks. However, they are sometimes in charge of very large populations and territories and have mixed results (Auvigne etal., Beyond the convergence of the different administrative structures to best practices, lowering the number of special regimes would reduce complexity, thereby improving efficiency and co-ordination, notably in revenue collection (Cour des comptes, 2015).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	b4a8f2325f8245b802b544e6f8a8512d	In Section 4, the modelling scenarios used to assess the potential impacts of current policy measures, and possible gains from further agricultural liberalisation are set out. The results from these on the global economy, particular countries and for agricultural markets and prices are explored in Sections 5,6 and 7. Policy implications are then discussed in Section 8.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b4aa2b335b199fee2c535c93e9b69c1f	Of these, 50 have found jobs with contractors delivering retrofitting projects in London and, as demand increases amongst the newly appointed RE:NEW and RE: FIT contractors, job outcomes are forecast to increase. To date, 50% of starters on the programme are from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups (generally these groups are more disadvantaged in London) with 60% being unemployed for six months or more (over a quarter of total starters had previously been out of work for a year or more). The programme has demonstrated that with short-top up courses and intensive employability support unemployed people can benefit from jobs in the emerging green economy.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/85b52daf-en	b4aa815e6844b59dea9abda4bcbea310	While concessional financing and grants are needed to pilot and demonstrate the business case for green growth, as well as replicate these business models to lower transaction costs, these will only lead to scale up of approaches if they are defined with clear and time-bound exit strategies. Development finance institutions - specialised agencies set up to engage with the private sector for development - have the skills and knowhow to effectively engage the private sector, however, in order for them to play a major role in climate action, their efforts need to move beyond renewable energy to energy efficiency, adaptation, sustainable forestry and agriculture etc. While these organisations and programmes are subject to strong environment and social safeguards systems it is important that private sector engagement goes beyond ‘do no harm’ to ‘do more good’.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	b4ab64a1765c74cc9d9d9bff5cd8f1dd	"As a result, we initially observe increasing returns on growth (see Roeller and Waverman, 2001; Shiu and Lam, 2008). While Roeller and Waverman (2001) associate ""critical mass"" with near universal voice telephony penetration, we are starting to identify this phenomenon for broadband as well. Research points to the fact that in order to achieve an important level of economic impact, broadband needs to reach high levels of penetration. For example, Koutroumpis (2009) found that for OECD countries the contribution of broadband to OECD economic growth increased with penetration (see Figure 3)."	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	b4ad7238590ceb9cb3cfc40b4dbbff1d	The Tonga Development Bank has expressed regular concern over the lack of investment in agriculture. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. As in Samoa, construction and infrastructure projects funded by donor grants and soft loans, and by remittances, are sources of economic growth.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	b4adddb711dd507bb36bc716abb9c06e	Data on a variety of topics that are often associated with womens interests are becoming available, such as statistics on time use, violence against women and family-work balance. Many gender statistics programmes also aim to make relevant gender-sensitive statistical information accessible to a wide range of audiences. This is related to the presentation of data as well as to the availability of information on data quality and appropriate metadata.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	b4b0a3bd7ceac529e5f30b6d8a7601c9	In South Africa, the government of Gauteng province opened a centre for the treatment of substance abuse in Soweto in May 2015. The centre offers free assistance to alcohol- and drug-dependent persons. The region of Central America and the Caribbean continues to be used as a major trans-shipment area for consignments of drugs originating in South America and destined for North America and Europe.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	b4b21af3ced7736daaa20016b0766f0b	In addition, their participation in schools is often interrupted as they tend to drop out and leave school early more frequently than their native peers. And as the PISA studies have consistently shown, there are also significant performance gaps between native and migrant students in most OECD countries, with first-generation migrants lagging on average about 1.5 school years behind their native counterparts (OECD, 2007). But the PISA studies also show that this situation is not inevitable. For example, in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, there are virtually no performance differences between migrant students and their native peers.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f47faf05-en	b4b246e120c8ed7ae816f8b4bd3d3d4f	Clearing land for pasture and feed crops has led to widespread deforestation and biodiversity loss and overgrazing leads to erosion and compaction. Furthermore, livestock production accounts for large amounts of water use and constitutes a source of water pollution from hormone use and other chemicals, as well as from the inadequate handling of manure. A limited number of genetically modified animals, animal substances, tissues and micro-organisms have been introduced in the production of livestock and fish to date.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	b4b3860288529a0158a501352773ff03	The second section then offers six operating guidelines or benchmarks for developing an agenda for action at the individual country level and for measuring the pace of change and eventual success. Four broad strategic pathways are highlighted in figure 8.1 and briefly summarized below. Women’s and girls’ lives are improved when countries formulate and then fully implement a combination of laws and regulations, policies and programmes that provide equal opportunities for all, regardless of sex, and promote gender - going beyond legal equality to substantive gender equality. There is a clear need for African governments to move beyond small-scale initiatives and silo approaches to gender equality, and invest considerably in building national and local capacities to ensure that women's empowerment is addressed in a much more systematic manner.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	b4b4cfe174e0e5ac7ebccf61c534f557	These could include keeping the price of retail energy at lower levels that do not reflect cost (for example, through cross subsidies), maintaining employment, or preferring a certain generating fuel. A single integrated utility does not require complex systems to dispatch multiple providers at the wholesale level, or retail market platforms that allow for switching of customers between different retail providers, or an elaborate access regime to ensure multiple parties can access monopoly network infrastructure on equal terms. Where fresh investment is required to meet demand, a government can direct a utility to invest at a given time and this ensures that capacity will be adequate to meet reliability standards.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	b4b85decabf7c989befd4831111d090a	Despite the number of payments to consider, it is not clear whether, or how, the government can afford to meet its financial obligations. The government - through the Ministry of Finance - guarantees the WAJ’s and MWI’s loans and is obliged to fund their deficits. The government records these amounts as debt in the general budget. The Ministry of Finance has also provided sovereign guarantees for some projects with the private sector.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	b4b970b3d6857e1f77e9c2590c5581b6	In the case of Oportunidades, the Mexican government took important initiatives to increase the supply of schools in specific areas of the country by rehabilitating old rural schools and constructing new secondary schools (Levy and Rodriguez, 2004). Further progress towards ensuring an appropriate supply of services could require strengthening collaborations with non-govemmental organisations and community groups (see also Chapters 6 and 7 on education and health challenges, respectively). One particular source of concern in this complex environment is that many public assistance programmes overlap in terms of objectives, benefits accrued and beneficiaries.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	b4bac7129fa8b58143a7f05ea6d3c492	Teachers may choose to align their teaching to the knowledge and skills assessed in the standardised test, thus neglecting other curriculum areas that are not going to be assessed. The problems with teaching to the test are two-fold. First, by emphasising test-taking skills and concentrating on tested content, scores will become inflated without reflecting an increase in student understanding of concepts (Hamilton and Stecher, 2002; Hout and Elliott, 2011).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b4bada69a3c33582a68680b37eab27a4	With regard to the crop sector, growing concerns on the sustainable use of arable land led the government to set goals for the diversification of crop production and to increase the use of water and moisture saving technologies. The main incentive instrument was a per hectare subsidy differentiated by crop and the cultivation technology applied. The 2010-14 programme also prioritised the development of the grain export infrastructure and supported investment in large-scale grain storage and milling facilities.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	b4bb1873fd5ede9f4149f0f8e5db6c1b	Finally, it concludes with proposals to cultivate dialogue with citizens and make them active contributors to the urban planning process. Its major cities are also modernising, as their institutions make the transition from a young post-Soviet country to an established independent nation. If urbanisation is to be effective, it should ensure prosperity, social cohesion and environmental protection, but how to guarantee those benefits presents a major challenge. Existing institutions, state budgets, and administrative and cultural practices are not fully ready to transform urbanisation into one of Kazakhstan’s major assets. Given the traditional concentration of skills and resources in Kazakhstan’s central government, the resources, responsibilities and capacities available to local governments are limited. The underlying issue is not whether Kazakhstan has the right local government structure, but rather how well-co-ordinated the different levels of governments are, and the equity and efficiency in the distribution of responsibilities, decision-making powers and resources for urban development that each level of government is granted.	11	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289333764-11-en	b4bc57c6a5ff046fa291b676fdaa45a1	In addition, the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) supports research on safer alternatives to toxic chemicals in a range of industries, and on human health impacts of toxic chemical exposures. The focus of this program is to support the implementation of the Stockholm, Rotterdam, and Basel Conventions, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), and the Global Mercury Programme. At the global level, Sida and Kemi will support implementation efforts by the United Nations Environment Programme.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/48927deb-en	b4bd08107d6ebb4c46bfe28d9db8b7ab	For the Prut, a unified monitoring programme and GIS is also called for. At the same time, there arc also positive examples: Lithuania has been monitoring transboundary aquifers with Poland for more than 15 years, and in 2010 groundwater monitoring was initiated based on bilateral agreement between the Lithuanian Geological Survey and the Kaliningrad Agency of Mineral Resources. Discharges of non-treated or insufficiently treated wastewater, municipal and industrial, still remains a major widespread pressure factor. This is particularly critical for industrial wastewaters with hazardous substances that arc not treated before being discharged into surface waters or are not prc-ircatcd before being discharged into the sewer systems.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	b4bfc8b68025e52faf188caceefd9d73	After providing a summary of the key messages (5.1), this chapter seeks to understand the costs and benefits, including the difficulty of quantifying the costs of inaction (5.2) and the less tangible benefits to society of good waste and resource management. Finally, a discussion on how to decide on the appropriate financing model in a particular situation provides a ‘toolkit’ to serve as a basis for action (5.9). Sustainable waste management solutions need a reliable economic evidence base, and much more work needs to be done, both globally and in particular in developing countries. So action on waste management is an urgent political priority - waiting for better evidence is no excuse.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	b4c49bab7a6c7d0e84eb76ca135705c5	That is, FCI did not release stocks when prices w'ere high; instead, it kept accumulating stock and its releases did not keep up with accumulation (Gouel, 2013). Saini and Kozicka (2014) show that between 2000 and 2012, production of wheat and rice rose by 29%. However, net availability of food grains over that same period decreased by almost 1%. Indeed, during the years in which India imposed its export bans, this gap even increased by 64%. The level of stocks more than tripled between July 2006 and July 2014 (Figure 3.2). In July 2014, the level of public stocks was 65.3 million tonnes, which was more than double the norm established by the government.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	b4c64a53764d1c442c21fe4f63baea86	As will be explained in the following chapters, these changes entail major implications in terms of the care economy, female labour-force participation and family dependency ratios. According to projections made using data from the National Transfer Accounts project, Cuba has already been an aged economy for several years (see table II.3 and box H.3). Within 15 years after that, another seven countries are expected to pass this threshold, and within one generation aged economies will be the dominant economic form in Latin America, as well as in most of the world.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	b4c6962afd16a77c9916d27fdeb60357	One author who demonstrates this is Katherine Lynch (2011). She concludes that the fact that Western Europe has not seen noticeable levels of “missing women” since the 16th century can be ascribed to family structures, opportunities for paid labour and elements of Christianity that had long been present. This stands in sharp contrast to both the historical and the present-day experience of countries such as India and China. Another example is that of the Western European marriage pattern, which emerged in the late Middle Ages, and was characterised by a shift from parental to individual consent to marriage decisions.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/01772a94-en	b4c9a703e54b9bf45b60a19d9a24bd8c	Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU 2020 Poverty Target. Amsterdam, AIAS, GINI Discussion Paper 19. The State of the Poor: Where Are The Poor, Where Is Extreme Poverty Harder to End, and What Is the Current Profile of the World's Poor? The World Bank, Economic Premise, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, Oct 2013, No. Child Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Analysis in Madagascar', Working Paper 2014-X, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	b4ca62906a1c2d182b68149d0b89d328	Creative work can build bridges of social welfare and cohesion. And this welfare can also extend across international borders, linked by creativity in cultural tourism, for example. Recognizing that agency is a key factor in worker engagement and creativity, some companies have set aside time for workers to be creative.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b4ca8f6f09979ce6df3b24a799bb75c8	It is a forward-looking study, based on the expected cost of commissioning these plants in 2020. ( For example, despite significant declines in solar PV module costs in recent years, prices for entire PV installations vary significantly among countries for similar system types. Though not a cost study per se, the MTRMR tries to identify the most dynamic markets for solar PV deployment over the medium term and focuses cost evaluation efforts on these areas (IEA, 2014).	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	b4cd0042e6b999565314970670ebde96	Seizing this momentum to lock in development spirals based on sustainable sources of energy necessitates local, national and global mobilization. Action is needed in particular to multiply projects, make finance available and remove barriers which hinder such investments. This highlights the prominent role that must be played by actors that are able to promote knowledge-sharing and serve as clearing houses to link investors with investment opportunities.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	b4d259032f918b592463707442055c8b	Many if not most of these small scale entrepreneurs are poor with few options and likely no access to alternative livelihoods. They are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies, nor the means to adopt these technologies. The suppliers that do exist may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise, and may lack access to business capital. Often the policy drivers required to create demand for their products and services are not in place, and high levels of poverty and low levels of economic activity severely restrict the potential market demand. Barriers often exist to the adoption of innovative financing mechanisms such as the Energy Service Company (ESCO) model. In many of the countries where notable improvements in public sector capacity have been attained, private sector demand for competent public services and better governance has been a major stimulus to change.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	b4d2aedd1657003daf7daf5aa723dd18	One possible explanation for this is that as nations become richer, people place higher value on health and want to spend a larger share of their income on improving their health (Fogel 2008). The “income elasticity” varies a lot in empirical results and whether health care is a luxury' good or a necessity is still an unsettled issue. Results for the US and Canadian provinces, as well as national-level data for 16 OECD countries, confirm that estimates of the size of the income elasticity vary by level of analysis, with international income elasticity generally larger than elasticities estimated in national or regional studies (Di Matteo, 2003).	3	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	b4d3b7e30f8ce9360ae93488d4eaf671	There is a need for other types of rationing in addition to the limited rationing by means of the price mechanism. Waiting times, implicit prioritizing by service providers and governments’ explicit prioritizing are used as rationing mechanisms in the Nordic countries. Luigi Siciliani elaborates on the optimal balance between these instruments for rationing health care in his article.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	b4d84bd25c0b63852fc89ff33a393c5f	The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries. It is obtained from regressions of log wage on age, gender, highest level of education, years of experience in the firm and their square, employees in the firm, geographical location of the firm, type of financial control, level of wage bargaining, type of employment contract, number of overtime hours paid and occupation. See the text for the technical details.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	b4dbf2da679529deecc69c4481bf37bf	In the last several years, Ethiopia has recorded double-digit economic growth. To achieve middle-income status before 2025 - and move from GDP of just $380 per person to over $1,250 - annual growth rate must be sustained at over 10 per cent. The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) identified priorities for reaching the MIC goal: boosting agricultural productivity - since agriculture is the main occupation of over 80 per cent of Ethiopians, strengthening the industrial base - particularly where this can be built on Ethiopia’s huge hydroelectric power (HEP) potential, and fostering export growth - which includes export of HEP. Under a business-as-usual scenario, GHG emissions would grow more than double from 150 Mt CO^ today to 400 Mt C02e in 2030. On a per capita basis, emissions would increase by more than 50% to 3.0 t C02e, exceeding a global guideline of 1 t and 2 t per capita to limit the negative effects of climate change.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5be883c5-en	b4dc27e0f5c945b82f9370630e5d6c6d	"Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in EastAsia. Transition to Below Replacement Fertility and Policy Response in Taiwan. The Japanese Journal of Population, t, no. 2012.""The Impact of Daycare Programmes on Child Health, Nutrition and Development in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review."""	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	b4dc69857d5587b8fed55c0ee8bfe53a	In 2007, parental leave transfers were changed from a flat-rate, means-tested child-raising allowance to an eamings-related parental leave benefit w'ith floors and ceilings. As parents (mostly women) return quicker and in greater numbers to the labour market, much of any additional cost of the scheme is likely to be offset by increases in tax receipts and decreases in other public expenditures associated w'ith inactivity: Estimates by the research institute RWI suggest that even in its first few years as much as 25% of the additional cost was cancelled out by increases in government revenues and decreases in other expenditure (Bechara et al., Following the German reform, the share of fathers claiming the parental leave allowance doubled to one-third over the 2009-13 period (Destatis, 2015b).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/31959a6d-en	b4dc91215ce3d00911ad59e6a3a1c129	On the other hand, pension reforms are often not easy to make. Even reforms extending rights, which are in principle politically rewarding, may generate resistance when they touch the benefits received by others, impose costsforfinancing, reassign resources or alter previously established social norms. Policy makers need to be innovative and seize the right moment to put relevant issues in the agenda. One key constraint in most reforms involving an expansion of coverage and benefits is financing, which may restrict the options available or generate resistance when resources are redirected from other ends (as in the case of Renta Dignidad in Plurinational State of Bolivia, see Muller 2009). To compensate for gender gaps, many gender-equitable policies require state subsidies, which are likely to face greater restrictions in austerity contexts. Some reforms also require administrative capacity-for instance, to administer contribution records or means tests -that is not always present in lower-income countries.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	b4de11c87c79d0d6b801f8943519b32d	Valued at the average exchange rate for 2008, RUB 280 000 was USD 11 265 and RUB 600 000 was USD 24 139. Contributions to the pension fund should be at least RUB 150 per month. Furthermore, for different rates different allocation keys applied: for example, from the 10% of contributions paid by the self-employed: 7.3 percentage points was transferred to the pension fund, etc. Overall, the scheme was unnecessarily complicated involving a large number of different rates across different sectors.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	b4e3f90de2c3c8276286915e8bdce014	The Nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work, including childcare provision, enabling female employment (Gomick and Jantti, 2010). They report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems (usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting). Meanwhile, those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	b4e5cb0f2583270f54a7f665319b4cf2	The main participating companies were a coal-fired power plant (Asntesvajrket), a refinery (Statoil), a pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme plant (Novo Nordisk and Novozymes), a plasterboard factory (Gyproc), a soil remediation company (AS Bioteknisk Jordrens), and the municipality of Kalundborg through the town’s heating facility. This also enabled Statoil to stop flaring this gas. For instance, surplus heat from the power plant is used to heat about 4 500 private homes and water for fish fanning, and fly ash is supplied for cement production. Process sludge from fish fanning is supplied to nearby fanns as fertiliser.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/8178962c-en	b4ed6f1d14f6e01bcd2ad1581fb5bf30	Aucune intervention isolee ne sera a meme de garantir que les patients se font delivrer les medicaments presents et qu’ils les prennent correctement. Les mesures mises en lumiere doivent etre appliquees ensemble. Les mesures regulieres et les indicateurs de qualite et de performance sont en ce domaine a encourager pour des systemes de sante plus efficaces et plus efficients.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-9-en	b4efe6012ea8afbdbb739637c1515bb7	Given the importance of water as an essential resource as well as a potential threat, climate change impacts on freshwater will affect not only water and flood management per se, but also a number of key policy domains (e.g. energy, agriculture, infrastructure, biodiversity, and health). Despite the ever-expanding scientific basis, reliable information about the nature, magnitude and timing of impacts at the scale needed for practical, site-specific adaptation is generally lacking. Adaptation decisions need to accommodate significant uncertainty.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	b4f02c330a2051608a3f52f876eb265b	Local communities sometimes also co-finance non-formal programmes. Targeted subsidies should be put in place to reduce or eliminate the cost of adult education paid by individuals with low educational attainment levels. While vocational and technical education systems equip individuals with skills that give them direct access to the labour market, those skills can quickly become obsolete.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	b4f46c69ccaf5fd149416f9a6cefe1c8	While cost structures for an IPO and ICO may not be directly comparable due to differences in regulation, real savings can be realised in the post-IPO/ICO stage. Thinking of tasks such as dividend payments or shareholder voting requiring many intermediaries such as accountants, lawyers, and bankers, switching from paper-based to digital ownership with the issuance of equity tokens permits full code-driven automation without intermediaries and at reduced cost of governance. The investor therefore either receives return on investment as consequence of the value gain of equity or through dividends, or receives future services that are offered by the investment project (renewable power, access to shared bikes, etc.). This core concept is described in greater detail in section 3.1.1.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b4f52bf213c85ec22122d93fd8ff3e61	On the other hand, if support mechanisms are not readjusted in light of drops in production costs, the system can experience a sudden surge in investment, leading to increased costs to public budgets. In 2011 PV cost reductions thus generated overdeployment in countries which subsequently readjusted or cut their tariffs (e.g. United Kingdom, Spain, Germany), leading to increased uncertainty for investors. Frequent and prior consultations with the private sector as well as transparent decision-making and intelligent, adaptive FiT degression rates, are therefore crucial both to minimizing the costs of incentives on public budgets and to reducing policy uncertainty.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	b4f7b0e1cc054a0e7a0b4677d3d22bf7	This situation exposes 10 500 people to acute intestinal infectious diseases. The Water User Association (WUA) often closes the outlet of the wastewater collector, resulting in wastewater discharge into the village areas. Conflicts arise not only between neighbouring villages, but also between the village administration and the WUA.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	b4fa482d330554668cdb56ae13a398ad	In addition to problems related to employment and certification, teachers with migrant backgrounds have difficulties adapting to new teaching philosophies as well as professionally integrating into the school culture and teacher network (Niyubahwe, Mukamurera and Jutras, 2013[i76j). There are different sets of vulnerabilities that accompany direct and indirect displacement, which might affect students’ sense of self. Social workers and psychologists, who also have experience working with immigrant students, can provide extra support to teachers who teach in diverse classrooms. However, there is no longer a requixement of having to paxticipate in an induction programme with a personal mentor in order to obtain a teacher certification. Therefore, there are fewer mentorship courses offered for experienced teachers (Gerrevall, 2014(2ooi).	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	b4fbb171c14268638b0a1ddab722bbec	Although the Caribbean does not seem to have progressed in reducing inequality as Latin America has, nor have inequality levels increased there, despite the greater impact of the financial crisis. By way of example, per capita consumption in Jamaica fell by 9% between 2007 and 2009, but the decline was similar across all income strata, so inequality did not change. This can be measured for the earnings of wage workers, as that information is included in System of National Accounts (SNA) data.1 This analysis shows that, taking the latest year with information available (around 2009), the total wage share ranges from 24% in Peru to 56.7% in Costa Rica (see table 11.1).2 The evolution of this share up to 2009 indicates a decline in most of the countries, the exceptions being the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica and Paraguay. Costa Rica is a case apart, as it is the one country evidencing a steady upward trend in the wage share.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	b4fbb6192518314dadaf5c3c804daad1	Property tax is concentrated in the largest cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and Astana, and, as typical in emerging economies, property tax is more important in metropolitan areas than in secondary cities. Kazakhstan may also adopt a system where akimats in urban areas can charge a land tax - where land has a higher market value - and rural akimats a property tax. Alternatively, like Brazil and South Africa, Kazakhstan could explore moving to a capital value system where tax is levied on both land and improvements and away from rental systems and site-value systems (McCluskey and Franzsen, 2013).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	b4fbf1d844da140f92989c159c7d0e62	However, the Cox model is restrictive in its assumption of proportional hazard functions, meaning that for each covariate, the ratio of hazards must remain the same for any two observations (individuals) over time. If this is not the case for any given covariate, that covariate can only be included in a stratified Cox model, where it is used as a stratification variable and not as a determinant, and no coefficient can be computed for this variable. This is an acceptable way of solving the problem as long as the variable concerned is not of primary interest for the analysis. As discussed above, owing to biological factors, infant boys are prone to a higher mortality risk than infant girls, particularly so during the first few months of life.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	b4ff5d93a99f6112f717a546f404b3c4	In 2009, wind energy accounted for 56%of global clean energy investment. Investment in solar energy follows wind’s leading position and is poised to expand as a result of declining solar energy prices and the potential of new, thin-film technologies as noted by Pew (2010). New investment in biomass, geothermal and small hydro seems to play a marginal role in the total market (see Figure 7). Financial sector new investment (incl.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	b500a2ae5cdcc0bacf72694b802ebff0	"They are also obliged to ""adopt laws relating to the making of wills that provide equal rights to women and men as testators, heirs and beneficiaries."" Regarding intestate succession, the Committee also called on States parties to adopt laws that ensure, inter alia, the prohibition of disinheritance of the surviving spouse and the criminalization of property dispossession/grabbing. The Committee recommended, inter alia, that Canada: compensate the victim and provide her with adequate housing; and recruit and train more aboriginal women to provide legal aid to women from their communities, including on domestic violence and property rights."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/51c574fd-en	b50117834b515cbdb9bb9b66502a313e	Often, adoption is hampered by policies, such as input subsidies, that perpetuate unsustainable production practices rather than those that promote resource-use efficiency, soil conservation and the reduction in the intensity of agriculture's own greenhouse gas emissions. Women, who make up around 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries, are especially disadvantaged, with fewer endowments and entitlements than men, even more limited access to information and services, gender-determined household responsibilities, and increasingly heavy agricultural workloads owing to male out-migration. What is needed is a reorientation of agricultural and rural development policies that resets incentives and lowers the barriers to the transformation of food and agricultural systems.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	b5031e53be4d5997576c11ca86133ec5	Second-chance schools should contact school drop-outs as early as possible and encourage them to enrol. These schools cater for students who have become disaffected with mainstream education by providing essential basic skills through interdisciplinary and more practical learning methods, but enrolments need to be encouraged and early action is key. One way to do so would be to offer youth without qualifications who have been NEET for some time a small allowance in exchange for the commitment to attend education, training or some form of work-based learning. A scheme along these lines - the Activity Agreement - is currently being piloted in the United Kingdom and this could serve as a model for Greece.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	b505b3906bfa76aeb0f5bd3a248dd4c6	These resources provide food security, medicines, materials for shelter, a place for settlement, goods for building economic wealth and collateral (ESCAP 2012). Goods from the land and animals are also used as currency instead of money in parts of the Pacific. Access to land is the key for social protection.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	b506ebe09f8a3e9082fde80f77e2dffe	This study is the contribution of the UNECE Committee on Forests and the Forest Industry (COFFI) and the FAO European Forestry Commission (EFC) to the eleventh session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), which will assess progress towards the global objectives as a part of the process of revieving the International Arrangement on Forests. It has been prepared by the secretariat, using the best available international data. Countries have been consulted as regards the data; the study itself was discussed in draft form at a workshop organized by the joint UNECE/FAO Team of Specialists on Monitoring Sustainable Forest Management (21-22 October 2014 in Geneva, Switzerland) and at the 72nd session of the UNECE Committee on Forests and the Forest Industry (COFFI) held in Kazan, Russian Federation (18-21 November 2014). The final draft was circulated to countries for comment in December 2014 and those comments have been taken into account when preparing the final version.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	b5075a98c9ea4ab7d734b0f1375b84d3	The GORE Planning Divisions might play a key role to this effect and could be supported by their investment units, established to evaluate if projects support the realisation of ERD initiatives. There are indications that regional portfolios increasingly integrate projects that involve two or more municipalities in the region.14 However, as long as municipalities have insufficient resources to finance the execution of their main devolved competences, a need to use regional development resources for financing basic local investment and maintenance requirements can persist, making it more difficult to finance the overall development priorities defined in the regional strategies. The plan includes a diagnostic stage of the cities’ main challenges, and a subsequent proposal for a portfolio of projects to be implemented with a long-term perspective. This tool was created after the 2010 earthquake to improve the co-ordination and effectiveness of urban reconstruction efforts.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	b508f129e1c3f20b68ff6f10d91b4700	Policies that support farm income alone, such as market price support, act as a disincentive for income diversification outside agriculture, and create an obstacle to one of the key “adjustment pathways”. The key policies required to help households diversify their income sources are again those that improve human capital. Regional development policies, including the development of rural infrastructure, may also have an important role.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	b50bf898e823d0ae33087d940d520bed	Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, V. R. Barros and others (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Project Documents (LC/W.641), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ German Agency for International Cooperation (ECLAC/GIZ).	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-37-en	b50cbb217b6d7e1a099d20dede4b1141	On 5 March 2008, two environmental organisations submitted a petition for rulemaking to ban swordfish imports using the MMPA authority. These regulations would establish conditions for evaluating a harvesting nation’s regulatory program to reduce marine mammal incidental mortality and serious injury' in the harvesting nation’s fisheries that export fish and fish products to the United States. Under this proposed rule, in order to export fish to the United States, harvesting nations must apply for and receive a comparability finding for each export fishery identified by the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries. To receive a comparability finding, the harvesting nation must provide reasonable proof that it has adopted and is implementing a regulatory program governing the incidental mortality and serious injury of marine mammals in the export fishery that is comparable in effectiveness to the US regulatory program.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	b50d201bad1e27fa59d598b695a74b94	Of course schooling is a long term investment; nevertheless these results highlight the long run importance of female education for reducing child deprivation in Mali. Once again, consumption is much more important in rural areas for reducing the likelihood of being multidimensionally deprived (having three or more deprivations), with an additional $1 per day reducing the likelihood by 23 percentage points in rural areas compared to 13 points in urban areas. Household consumption is particularly important for reducing education deprivation in rural areas, an additional $1 per day reducing the likelihood by 11 percentage points compared to only 6 percentage points in urban areas.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	b50e86611efe76472862897fe2a460bc	If the operator did not comply, the IGAOT was authorised to take the necessary enforcement actions. A varying percentage of the fines goes to the Environmental Intervention Fund, to be spent in cases where site remediation is necessary after a facility has closed and no other financial or legal alternative exists. The law also harmonises Portuguese legislation with the EU Directive on public access to environmental information (2003/4/EC). For example, high precipitation levels and increased hydroelectric power production contributed to a subsequent reduction in SOx emissions from thermal plants in 2003. Hydroelectric power production fell in 2004 and 2005, leading to increased fossil fuel consumption and, consequently, higher SOx emissions. Daily limit values were not exceeded more than three times in a calendar year.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	b5100a99b7dc32ba677bdb8b6d115470	First, it outlines with what might be expected, drawing on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), and past experience. Secondly, the chapter considers implications of changes in fish stock productivity and, finally, considers the consequences of changed stock migration or habitat location and what this means for stocks shared between two or more countries and those partly or wholly found on the high seas. However, global warming will add two complications.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264269064-6-en	b5101b3044162b7cc7d9570ce7b67e2b	Special consideration of the cross-sectoral nature and potential trade-offs between climate policies and water quality will need to be managed as climate mitigation and adaptation policies are developed (e.g. bioenergy crops can increase water demand and decrease water quality and food security; afforestation of water catchments reduces soil erosion and local flood risk, and improves water quality).	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	b515d085bbfdc460c0adebb3de64a271	These standards are now widely used not only in South Africa but also throughout the Southern African region. The INEP provides incentives for a range of new technologies, including planning tools, to meet a variety of site-specific conditions during the rollout of the programme. If solar water heating had been used by the richer households and in the cities, then the technology could have been extended to the poorer communities.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	b51b650c0a36626e3f14af7b168262f1	This means, among other things, driving less, driving slower, carpooling more often, trading in gas-guzzling vehicles for fuel-efficient cars, expanding public transportation, and improving the energy efficiency of homes, businesses and electrical appliances of all types. Creative financial inducements for the development and utilization of energy alternatives, including, inter alia, green bonds and a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. Modern energy services are characterized by inequitability of access, notably between the poor and the affluent, as well as between rural and urban areas.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	b51ce21806912e68323711a016af0eea	An alternative scenario held public expenditures to match the expected increase in GDP, plus additional costs associated with population aging. Any increase above that level would then be financed by co-payments. Under this scenario, the share of health care funded by copayment would increase from 5% in 2010 to 30% in 2015 and public health expenditure would rise a bit more slowly, to exceed 9.5% of GDP in 2015 (Besseling et al.,	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	b51d16e917b0cf19c8181c84162c4f3e	Historically, such huge challenges were addressed consecutively rather than concurrently. Figure II.1 illustrates the associated global flows of “exergy”, that is, the energy available to be used, at the most aggregate level, from extraction at the primary level through the secondary, final and useful energy levels. It illustrates the dominance of fossil fuels and the low overall efficiency of the global system.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/baf425ad-en	b520af5b02b1a110f1e39f8483fe1b46	Respondents suggested that the occurrence of harm ranges from 2-35% of patients, 0.1-10% of patient encounters, and 1-20% of the general population over time in developed countries. In LMICs the occurrence was assessed to be equally varied but higher, approaching 25% of the population and 40% of patients. Some studies suggest that the occurrence of harm - especially from diagnostic errors may be vastly underestimated.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	b5250aa6e1537d13d53a5554e4103ae2	The increases over time across groups reflect improvements in the programme’s design and implementation as time goes on. The Role of‘Graduation’ in Social Protection Programs”, Research Report commissioned by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), AusAid, Canberra. The Ford Foundation and Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) are working on ten pilots in Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Pakistan, Peru and Yemen to do just this.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	b528893a6fbc0b5242d7f0a7f0cac399	Social security expenditures grew but by less than 1% of GDP in nine countries and were essentially unchanged in Hungary. Reduced over-time, debiting of individual working-time accounts and other employer-initiated reductions in working-time accounted for the rest of the fall in working time. Double-counting may be a particular concern in Austria, Finland and Germany.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	b52a3e38c29624c7207e5d1b726303f7	It was indicated to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the majority of teachers in Romania receive high marks on their appraisals. To be most effective, appraisals should be conducted internally by school staff on a regular basis and focus on providing teachers with constructive feedback about their strengths and weaknesses, and identifying professional development opportunities that will support their continuous improvement (OECD, 2013b). The lack of classroom observations and professional dialogue in the appraisal process means that appraisals are not grounded in evidence of teachers’ interactions with students and nor do they involve discussions to promote improvements to teaching practice.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	b52a78b67da522cf9e6f34df00034a9c	The aim of the introduction of the DMPs was to improve the care process and the quality of medical care for people with chronic conditions. Currently, DMPs exist for six conditions including diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2, breast cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and coronary heart disease. The type 2 diabetes DMP is by far the biggest DMP with 1717 accredited programmes/contracts and nearly four million enrolled diabetic patients (BVA, 2015).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	b52c28089acf65651d7d1d1cf7611fa4	This document mentions R&D, innovations, productivity improvement, strengthening the food safety infrastructure, and the sustainable use of resources in agriculture, in particular the more efficient use of w'ater (MOD, 2014). Another key agricultural policy document, the 2013-17 Strategic Plan of the Ministry' of Food, Agriculture and Livestock sets five strategic objectives: i) agricultural production and supply security; ii) food safety; iii) phytosanitary and animal health and welfare; iv) agricultural infrastructure and rural development; and v) institutional capacity building. For each of these areas, several strategic objectives are formulated, together with performance indicators and financing targets (MOFAL, 2015b). The priorities are strongly shifted towards stimulating agricultural production through subsidies, as evidenced by the dominance of the “agricultural production and supply security” component which includes price, input, and credit subsidies.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	b52c808faec879ed49fd5c0b09323cd5	See Annex II for a list of reporting member States.) This suggests that at the end of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, which was the UNECE Strategy’s original implementation period, a total of 51 countries (91 per cent of ECE member States) have engaged wholly or in part to advance ESD. Since the Strategy was adopted, only five countries have never reported to either ECE or UNESCO on their progress—representing just 9 per cent of ECE member States.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264280359-5-en	b533f8445fdad627abed3ff965a1aab8	Kazakhstan also enacted a national gender equality strategy (2006-16) followed by specific action plans for implementation. Most recently, at the UN Global Leaders’ Meeting on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Kazakhstan made a pledge to uphold and implement fully the Beijing Platform of Action with an accelerated and deeper commitment than heretofore. In view of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (more specifically Goal 5 on gender equality), Kazakhstan committed to adequately finance gender equality initiatives, establish strong transparent and open accountability of governmental mechanisms and utilise high-level comparable gender data in all aspects of gender equality (UN Women, 2015).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226319-7-en	b5355b4d106758242be35396f38b49b8	But teachers who work in schools with higher proportions of students from socio-economically disadvantaged homes or who work in rural areas are even more likely to have principals who report a number of shortages or inadequacies in human or material resources in the school. Upper secondary principals are 52 years old on average. Principals report spending nearly half of their time on administrative tasks (44% on average), and one-fifth (20%) of their time on curriculum and teaching-related activities.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	b53574790eba07e2feb47a0fcbf4460f	Under apartheid entrepreneurship in the African population was deliberately suppressed, and it will need fostering for some time to come. Some platforms like the UYF already exist to provide credit and services to young entrepreneurs. Together with rigorous evaluation of these activities, the resources allocated to such programmes might be increased.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	b53a921cccdfadedbdf53a974ac266ff	If it is calculated for the exact age of 20 years, it indicates the probability of becoming a modter during adolescence. When censuses are used as a source, die numerator is mothers aged 15 tol9 who report diat they have had one or more live birdis. When specialized surveys are used (Demographic and Health Surveys or Intemarional Reproductive Health Surveys), die numerator normally corresponds to women aged 15 to 19 who report diat diey have had one or mote live births and women who are pregnant for the first time. In both cases, die denominator is all women aged 15 tol9.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5be883c5-en	b53bfbdb2107995c9fbc2e2ee66a788f	But the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility can also be taken as a symptom of the structure of relations on the supply side. But there is more diversity on the supply side, as evidenced by different public commitments to care and the relationship between female labourforce participation and fertility (see Box 3-1). In other words, the persistence of women’s traditional responsibilities for care in the family, combined with few alternatives to providing such care, means that the promise of less gender inequality in the labour market is limited by trade-offs with social reproduction. France’s high fertility rates are a testament to family policies that draw the provision of care out of the family and into the public sphere, making for a high road supply side (Salles et al. Both have less supportive family policies than Germany but higher fertility and comparable work participation among women. At issue here is whether and how social reproduction moves out of the family (Balbo et al.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b53cf61370ad0504b6f92bb53f22ac9e	The interactions between the grid and nuclear power plants will be discussed in greater detail in the following section. Because of their large turbo generators, with substantial inertia, nuclear power plants increase significantly the overall inertia of the electrical system thus providing some insurance against sudden disturbances.16 An electrical system with higher inertia will experience a slower change in frequency for a given mismatch in the demand and supply of electricity. With their high inertia, large reactive power and dynamic stability, nuclear power plants contribute significantly to grid stability for frequency, voltage and angle.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	b5401aae49c3ef948ca083fc05b6fe22	Estimates indicate that it could be a significant source of growth for the country (1% to 7% of GDP). However, various forms of protection of national businesses (e.g. local content requirements and high import duties) limit competition, raise technology costs and discourage innovation and diffusion of more efficient, cleaner technology, goods and services. Brazil’s leading companies invest only 1% of turnover in sustainable technology, and small and medium-sized enterprises are likely to invest even less (AHK, 2009).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	b5412f45ddefbbd333c68c0af570c0a3	They shift the responsibility for sustainable development away from states toward the private sector without significant regulatory intervention. Economic incentives, on the other hand, can be used to promote and reward environmental stewardship and behaviour that support the fulfilment of environmental regulation. This is often linked with injustice as it can shift resource use rights or ownership from poor people to the more powerful.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32ea1505-en	b543ea0cea2c54404f4f83e1fd619f27	Women are generally as active as men in cash crop production, often providing the bulk of labour on contracted farms. There are, however, important gender differences in control over the commercial proceeds (men are contracted, while women supply unpaid family labour) and in the scale of operations (due to the constraints women face on increasing sales of their produce). Global Employment Trends 2014: supporting data sets: Employment by status and sex (http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/geiy2014/GET_sector_share.xlsx) (accessed July 2015). Note: Data for the following countries are unavailable: Djibouti, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Sudan (Former), Timor-Leste, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Evidence from a number of studies points to similar dynamics in both traditional export sectors (e.g. cocoa, coffee and tea) and non-traditional exports (e.g. fruit, horticulture and flowers).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	b543f7dd9a31a2c715b358fe55d31b56	It also offers vocational training for women in the handicrafts sector, and provides technical skills upgrading to female workers in some sectors. Of these trainees, it is expected that 10% to 15% will start their own business. It is also developing training modules for women in Gharbia, based on the ILO’s Know About Business (KAB) course.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	b5449ec8d7b5a719158c5d9d101b58c1	Regulators should be encouraged to see themselves as part of an integrated system of regulation and to work together and learn from each other. According to the OECD Best Practice Principles for the Governance of Regulators (OECD, forthcoming), the effectiveness and efficiency of a regulatory system depends, in part, on the extent to which potential duplication and gaps between regulators are anticipated and avoided. A systematic mapping of the lines of accountability and the shared responsibilities deriving from the new PMU functions would help clarify the potential reform needs in the mandate and functions of other authorities and the need for co-ordination mechanisms.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	b545cfe8a9e3b568943af2b86610cce4	Only in 2015, the Government of Thailand approved measures that allow for the registration of Vietnamese workers at the OSSCs,9 while a Memorandum of Understanding between Thailand and Viet Nam was signed in the same year (IOM, 2016). The contribution of highly skilled immigrants in Thailand should be seen in the context of the investment that is made by companies. For example, much immigration from Japan is linked to this country’s foreign direct investment (FDI), which accounts for around a third of all FDI in Thailand.10 FDI adds to national investment, creates employment for both foreign-born and native-born workers and contributes to the stock of knowledge and competitiveness of Thailand.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	b547b66d5d8f82de582904ff7204d47d	In the Alternative SSP scenario, maize is used less for animal feed and more for direct human consumption. However, owing to a less pronounced transition towards high-protein food in developing countries, the demand for land to grow “staple” foods such as rice, millet, sorghum and cassava increases. Recent food price spikes have shown, however, that food security remains a serious concern around the world. Especially sensitive to food price volatility are countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the MENA region, where a substantial share of the population does not have secure access to food.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	b5492e57eb06f31a853d38940d728249	It is notable that 69% of development finance for the energy sector is climate-related, and particularly that finance for mitigation is higher than the global average (60%). There seems to be room for projects that aim to increase the resilience of the energy sector to climate impacts through adaptation, particularly for those especially vulnerable to climate change such as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. A larger share of climate-related development finance in agriculture was committed to adaptation, but the total of 26% (including both mitigation and adaptation) is much lower than the global average (40% for climate-related development finance). For the water sector, the share of climate-related finance in the total development finance in the EECCA countries is the same as the global average (i.e. 37%). However, the level of committed finance to mitigation in the sector is much higher (i.e. 21% in EECCA vs. 3% in the world), reflecting the need to rehabilitate old, inefficient infrastructure in this sector.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/78349259-en	b54a72cfd3ad33324a4b79c9ffcc7d0c	But this food, along with food purchased locally or internationally, can also be distributed to those in need. In some cases, this food may be given unconditionally, as has happened in cases of Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. For these programmes, one of the most important considerations is targeting, since distributing food to large numbers of people can be prohibitively expensive. This is commonly done through food-for-work programmes, such as building roads, on the assumption that only the poorest would be prepared to do this work for the type of food on offer.	2	0	8	1.0
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	b54ad3f573b0333fa997dfb95e5f721f	Healthy ecosystems also produce multiple benefits for communities that rely on them. Goal 15 focuses on preserving and sustainably using the Earth's terrestrial species and ecosystems. The proportion of land area covered by forest decreased from 31.6 per cent in 1990 to 30.8 per cent in 2010 and 30.6 per cent in 2015. Corals, amphibians and cycads are in serious decline due to distinct and worsening threats.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-7-en	b54bcea596af2131b7fe806f46706687	The section also explores how responsibilities for assessment are distributed in different countries and how different levels of governance interact to form a coherent assessment system. This includes the scope of assessment, i.e. the areas of learning that are covered by the assessment as well as the key procedural features of student assessment across countries, i.e. the mix of instruments used in specific student assessment systems; the format of assessments; and the use of ICT in assessment. It also reviews ways in which the design of assessments can enhance or threaten fairness and equity in education. It includes issues such as: the capacities students need to engage in and leam from their assessment; the assessment competencies that teachers acquire in initial teacher education, professional development and moderation arrangements; and the expertise of the agencies involved in student assessment. It describes standards of quality and reporting formats used in different contexts, reviews the legal frameworks in place to regulate reporting of results and discusses the ways in which assessment results are used in different contexts to record information, provide feedback to students and make decisions about their further educational trajectory.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	b54cbf68d7bd4ca037e23778338e6963	Such multi-dimensional approaches to effectiveness involve a combination of objectives, such as mobilising resources, maximising broader development benefits, achieving climate-related objectives, and/or building capacity. For example, a monoculture plantation might be an effective intervention that focuses solely on maximising mitigation potential. However, interventions balancing multiple objectives (e.g. mitigation, biodiversity, development) may favour mixed plantation or agroforestry activities that provide greater biodiversity and other benefits (food, medicinal plants, etc.).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	b54edfbfbe89e7be52cab9216405d1e4	Other new business models, such as VERITAS (Box 3.3), are also signs of innovative thinking in the water sector. But, as outlined in the previous section, weak governance hinders effective articulation of these new bodies, particularly with respect to management at the watershed scale. Diffuse governance arguably creates barriers to participation by ordinary citizens within regional processes.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	b54fdb37d9980c699c2c9034a4a4ad9d	Innovation procurement means higher risk (financial, technological, political and societal) and there is currently a lack of skills and tools to manage that risk (OECD, 2017). Finland is currently working on these areas. Improving skills for procurement at public agencies, risk-sharing tools and practical support to public contracting authorities are provided through a number of initiatives, including the Tekes Smart Procurement services for strategic areas and cities, the Forerunner Cities programme and the government central purchasing body.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	b550b41ad74c483dc8c24a624a918426	These factors prevent many women from achieving economic autonomy and contributing income to the household. Employment remains highly segmented, with low social security coverage and deep gender- and ethnicity-based inequities (see chapter 111). Men and women still have very different total workloads, with women working a double shift: in addition to their growing responsibilities in paid employment, they perform the bulk of caregiving and household work.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	b551262f5d21218840f011d472b94ebe	Trade rules would be crafted with these objectives: to provide policy space for Governments and other local agents to be the drivers of development; to cater to diversity of circumstances; and to allow for developmental learning. One way to approach this issue is to revisit the regime of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) as established by the WTO agreements and their counterparts in North-South FTAs. But political will and a truly development-friendly orientation are needed among negotiating parties. However, this remains one of the most difficult issues addressed by the Round and negotiations have not made much progress.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/56317379-en	b5549d4eb866198023950cd51815aa65	The success of crop establishment can be achieved by rapid germination, which relies on soil water content and seed-soil contact. Growing crops with drought and heat tolerance is one method for adapting to the vagaries of climate. The strategy would be to develop a sustainable farmers' participatory seed production system for FSF, and promote improved agronomic management practices, such as seed priming, soil-test-based balanced fertilizer that includes micro-and secondary nutrients, biofertilizer, and integrated crop management for better crop establishment in paddy fallow. Experimental research and farmers'participatory demonstrations made in the northern states of India (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa) by ICRISAT have shown that short-duration pulses, such as chickpea and blackgram, are suitable for cultivation in paddy fallow and can achieve average yields from 700-850 kg per hectare, provided that suitable varieties and technologies including mechanization for crop establishment are made available.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b656887e-en	b5567fbad4a6f17e40fc9c2222d47f28	However, different absolute poverty lines are used in many countries. For example, the United States Census Bureau uses an absolute poverty threshold, which stood at $12,071 a year in 2014 for a single adult household. By contrast, relative measures utilise poverty lines that are set in relation to the average situation within a society.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	b5569f79985bd7678cefba9b7e61d218	Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater. International pooling of production risks could similarly smooth national supplies of wheat and maize. He notes that, currently, global cereal trade achieves only a fraction of these potential pooling benefits.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	b5589a8c8f8b756ba0def2fae7d268aa	Women are slightly more likely to be food insecure than men in every region of the world (Figure 22) (FAO/IFAD/UNICEF/WFP/ WHO, 2017). At the same time, obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (older than 18 years) were overweight and more than one-third of these (over 650 million) were obese (WHO, 2018).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	b5591155854d75dc564575f388eacfe7	The Agreement lists possible vehicles through which an adaptation communication could be submitted (Article 7.11), while leaving the form and timing of an adaptation communication open. The Paris Agreement also stresses that adaptation reporting should avoid creating any additional burden for developing country Parties. At a national level, identifying and collating information could help a country communicate its priority needs and actions, identify progress towards national goals, highlight the need for international support, and better co-ordinate and communicate actions and funding within the country.	13	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	b559a8fefb1b21cd9da0761783c0fda6	Concessional loans are available from Ziraat Bank and agricultural credit cooperatives. Ziraat Bank, for example, disburses investment loans to individual producers and producer groups for organic agriculture, application of Good Agricultural Practices, cattle farming, aquaculture, irrigation, and mechanisation. Investment loans are also offered for acquisition of a broad range of existing agricultural businesses. “	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d1d16df5-en	b55c40103803b15479d01183010bc2e0	Based on I RENA’s estimate, the life-cycle cost over a 12-year cooking period would be $124, $225, $303 and $129 for ICS, LPG stoves, electric stoves and biogas digesters, respectively. From the socio-environmental perspective, IRENA ranks biogas digesters highest, followed by LPG stoves, electric stoves and ICS. Figure 23 presents a matrix of socio-economic and environmental benefits from promoting different clean cooking fuel technologies.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/091e4d11-en	b55ca2cc7fd2521fd3270834bbac89a6	Data on food insecurity is derived for the Gallup World Poll, in which individuals aged over 15 report on their household experiences. This means the child-centeredness of the indicators from this survey can only be partial, as they are interpreted as proportions of children living with individuals in households reporting specific conditions/experiences, rather than household experiences. Health data, as with previous studies (OECD, 2009, UNICEF, 2007 and others) are most prevalent, and the availability of surveys and series that included different estimates (for example, infant mortality estimates (before age 1 for instance, or age 5 even), or a range of health behaviours (drug use, sexual debut, and smoking)) forced a selection of indicators that 'best fit' the selection criteria outlined above (in consultation with the Report Card Advisory Board members).	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	b55de06fe15570a0a31b8cd63ff76da3	All these job types are associated with increased risks of poverty, both because they are insecure and/or low paid. Poverty will therefore become an increasingly common transitory experience as income fluctuates more widely. In these countries part-time work does not act as a stepping stone to full-time employment and better jobs. Rather, women move in and out of low-paid jobs and inactivity.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	b56011af4fcac6cc804651503ef397cd	The waste from fish-farms consists of uneaten feed, faeces and respiratory products. Most marine and freshwater culture of fish takes place in net cages suspended in open waters, with no or limited technological possibilities to take care of particulate or dissolved nutrients like carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen. Within the aquatic environment, these nutrients may cause eutrophication problems if released in too high concentrations into recipients with limited capacity.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	b560815c6a34a1097e5bcf9d06470372	As the surge in immigrants is not unique to Sweden, other countries offer examples on building teaching capacity, particularly Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. In 2016, the total staffing needs amounted to 249 000 full time-positions, with 182 000 teachers and 67 000 educational staff; by 2031, the National Agency for Education forecasts 44 000 additional staff will be needed to accommodate Swedish pre-, primary and secondary school students as well as students in municipal adult education. Markedly, the number of applicants to teacher training programmes across Sweden has increased more than 70% since 2011 (Lofven and Knutsson, 2018[io7])- Retention can be a challenge, especially in the first two years in the profession (Statistics Sweden, 2016[i(»]). However, a new study shows that there has not been an increase over time in leaving the profession.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/935513ee-en	b563d330439d6fe33d42ef2beff79710	United Nations Environment Programme: Geneva. In the absence of such a framework, the lack of coordination can be wasteful, inefficient, damaging to the environment, and harmful to state relations. A unitization agreement consolidates competing claims to an oil or gas field into a single production plan that takes into account the field's natural geology, and establishes the best conditions for extraction regardless of national boundaries.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/e617261d-en	b563dba928a2c7ca334234ca3d188ac3	The fear of the husband having a second family in the Russian Federation may lead women to have more children in order to guarantee a tighter family connection (Olimova and Bosk, 2003) or to facilitate coming along with her husband. Even when both spouses migrate to die Russian Federation, this does not ensure diat die marriage will last; facing the challenge of a lack of intimacy due to crowded accommodations, some spouses get divorced (Kalandarov, 2012). First, divorce can transpire without the existence of a second family, following long-lasting separation and/or a lack of tight connections between the spouses.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	b5675fc0bca9aa44d1da8f967637a604	This may be linked to a general lack of awareness amongst employers about the value of apprenticeship training and the public support available for those enterprises that do participate. In smaller communities, there may not be enough job opportunities available to incentivise employer participation in apprenticeship programmes, or there may be challenges related to economies of scale in delivering apprenticeship programmes. The design and eligibility criteria of apprenticeship programmes can also act as a barrier to engagement from employers.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	b5683b78d8996dcb3550b3c74ce82369	2010).Secondly, it is difficult to draw broad conclusions about what companies ought to do be doing, because the appropriate risk management strategy will depend upon their particular circumstance. Lastly, some adaptation responses are open to different interpretations. This can be seen from the classification of generic adaptation responses.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	b56da53460cbc601ce7aa8d83c46c1eb	"For example, over the years, both the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing have specifically addressed women’s experiences of violence within the context of forced eviction. This generic framework is equally applicable to women. The Committee specifically notes that national strategies to implement the right to food ""should give particular attention to the need to prevent discrimination in access to food or resources for food. States parties must therefore immediately adopt the necessary measures to prevent, diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	b56e57501cd56ce5d7ebf243cc31fd86	Strong real economy investments, large and small, with their important job-creating capacity must displace financial operations from the driver's seat of the global economy. The expansion of short-term profits in financial markets, with little employment to show for it, has channelled away resources from the longer term horizon of sustainable real economy enterprises. The world is awash in liquidity that needs to become productive investments through a regulatory framework ensuring that financial institutions fulfil their original role of channelling savings into the real economy. Also, expanding wage participation in GDP within reasonable inflation rates will increase real demand and serve as a source of sustainable development growth.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	b56f01b340813fb5afa4cc0507582f45	Increasing mutual accountability this way could help to make progress towards reaching a political consensus on developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion commitment. In these countries, the Ministry of Finance tracks climate related expenditures across the budget, and occasionally through dedicated climate funds (e.g. Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience [PPCR]). The country is working on enhancing its monitoring system in order to include information from the recipient institutions, and on climate finance flows other than those reported as ODA.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/604a5a2e-en	b56f249c1b96d92f0a9f93a0b5f0ebde	This requires the involvement of actors across the humanitarian and development continuum, but the process must be owned by the community (Twigg, 2009). Resilience can mitigate those effects. Investments in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, and reproductive rights will protect those most affected by disasters. For example, building health systems’ resilience in countries can help expand access to quality sexual and reproductive health services for those excluded from them before the onset of a disaster.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	b5724385e2c0f12633f051d84daf0366	These also contain the means by which Parties seek to achieve the targets presented in the NDCs, including relevant policies, frameworks, initiatives, and other political levers applied to achieve the goals within the stated timeframe. Any action taken that would lead to reduced emissions (e.g. reducing fertilizer use) or increased carbon reservoirs (e.g. planting of trees), would have to be identified and incorporated in the system for transparency of action, i.e. the reporting and accounting setup defined in the PA (cf. In that sense, the PA facilitates transparency on mitigation ambitions of domestic agricultural initiatives. In all these mechanisms, the basic concept is two or more parties cooperating on transfer of mitigation outcomes, finance or technology.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	b577e47bddb664c04785087f7a984fd1	Subsidies - in the form of grants of land or cash, low-interest loans, tax preferences, price floors or premiums, mandatory purchase regimes or other support - may be used to address market failures that prevent the growth of infant industries in the new markets discussed above. They may also be used, as they are in the case of renewable energy technologies, to level the playing field vis-S-vis competing conventional goods, which are not taxed for their full environmental damage, and which on the contrary are often subsidised. As noted above, they may help firms in a new and dynamic sector overcome significant market failures and reach a point of global competitiveness.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	b57ac3f8777ea79ba87e30f54207084f	"Furthermore, there may be rural development funds that, strictly speaking, would not fall under climate financing but are ""climate-relevant"" in the sense that, through the pursuit of other policy objectives, they may influence climate change outcomes in areas such as resilience or levels of GHG emissions. In this respect, agricultural support policies need to be considered in the broader context of climate policy. For example, input subsidies may induce the inefficient use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase the emission intensity of production. The effective use of funds channelled this way requires adequate coordination with national policies and improved implementation capacities at the local level."	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	b57b2efb2e835464e403faa997b161ee	Contracting for population-based activities also lays the foundations for primary care specialists to take on a leadership role in local and national health systems. They would be ideally suited for this through having a clear idea of local health needs, as well as weaknesses in local service delivery (particularly concerning issues at the interface between primary and secondary care). Japan should take the establishment of a primary care speciality in 2017 as opportunity to develop a new cadre of health service leaders. In 2012, Japan had the highest number of hospital beds among OECD countries with 13.4 beds per 1 000 population compared to 5 per 1 000 population across OECD countries.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	b57b4d09ddda1b6d49842deb349137a0	Access to water is thus an initial condition for economic and social development for individuals and households, as well as the places where these groups live and develop. This progress is due to the implementation of policy frameworks, guidelines and programmes to promote provision of water and sanitation services. The region is doing well on this front compared to other regions, and if the prevailing trends continue, the continent will reach its target on sanitation by 2015.	6	2	8	0.6
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	b57b93052207b1ea5230790392471d13	Mukdahan has experienced a lesser spatial reorganisation in comparison to its partner, Savannakhet. Third, smart trade would benefit from further administrative collaboration, especially given the cultural connections across the border. The two cities are close to each other along the Mekong river and the Thai-Lao border with an increasingly consistent infrastructure network and new urban facilities. Smart trade can facilitate cross-border transportation between border cities (cont.)	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	b57d5523dcd7db078863c4dc1b532b11	They were also assigned very significant functions in school management, including participation in the design of schools’ development strategies, appointment of key personnel, and oversight of financial performance of schools. However, only in rare cases the Boards ofTrustees are involved in these important duties, and typically their current activities consist only in providing assistance in the organisation of social and cultural events, similarly to Parents’ Committees. Moreover, until now they have been established in less than a half of all schools.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/18db943d-en	b584ab51f29232f84ce7e145c4f1b719	Indeed overall there is a general trend towards strengthened regional and South-South cooperation as well as building international frameworks. Indeed the more countries that use the same system the better, because this will make it more valuable and sustainable for all members. On their own most countries would be unable to afford a comprehensive tsunami early warning system, for example, but they can achieve more if they share the costs with other countries and relevant regional and international organizations.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	b584e7aeb26462dcadd57f7a595a7938	Despite these gains, Mexico's female labour force participation rate remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in workforce participation is high, and Mexican women generally have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit women particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. Public opinion polls reveal that society's expectations and attitudes towards women are changing, as younger Mexicans take a more egalitarian view towards women's roles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b585063c6eb4499f4e600baba7fb4b0f	In addition, according to the new proposal by the Ministry, SBCs may become part of a new mechanism for credit guarantees. They are represented in Figure 2.3, which does not pretend to be all-inclusive but is intended to illustrate the complexity of the financial arrangements in support of the agro-food sector in Kazakhstan. The dimmed parts of the figure do not concern actual monetary transfers to the policy beneficiaries, but correspond to financial flows that support the provision of general services, such as research, education, information, land and water management, and SPS services. The highlighted parts of the figure indicate the actual monetary flows directed to the beneficiaries of agricultural policy, and are discussed below. The republican budget also includes annual “guaranteed” and ad hoc (targeted) transfers from the National Fund.3The purpose of targeted transfers is determined by the President based on the government’s proposals; the targeted use of these funds is strictly controlled. Local administrations and KazAgro agencies are the main channels through which actual money transfers reach agricultural producers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	b586cd8ad39846ddf412004cac826cea	The average specific heat consumption of residential buildings in Uzbekistan is about 290 kWh/m2. With new distributed energy efficiency and renewable options available, a substantial rethink of heat and power supply systems is possible. Upgrading or replacing infrastructure to improve service quality across the eastern sub-regions of the region is a much larger task than provision of access to the remaining areas with poor access. Ensuring affordability and access to quality of service merit further exploration.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	b587b4a77672db4f88e676f078613774	These efforts usually take place through women’s affairs ministries which have limited connections with economic ministries, although evidence is emerging that economic ministries are acknowledging that the needs of women entrepreneurs require special consideration. In addition, there is no evidence of any policies to support women in growth-oriented enterprises. Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs certainly exist in the region, but they are few in number and largely invisible.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	b587cbaec811d37655501e0fea2398a7	If this is not provided, the state is supposed to pay an unemployment allowance (of half the wage rate) to the beneficiary. At least a third of the beneficiaries of the scheme must be women. In practice, women have accounted for around half of total beneficiaries. Facilities - such as creches for children, drinking water and shade for rest - are supposed to be provided. The cost of projects, excluding wages for beneficiaries, cannot be more than 40 percent of total costs. Contractors and use of labour-displacing machinery are prohibited.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	b5892269e04517b060f2182e1f06a677	Unlike trade in fossil fuel resources, the same few countries are both exporting and importing most of the low-carbon goods and technologies in the region. This only requires good connectivity at the national and subregional levels, for which investments in cross-border infrastructure will be required. At the same time, in order to achieve predictability and sustainability, legally binding commitments and cooperation by all parties in energy trade will be required. Most of these agreements are bilateral in nature.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b58bcc4b6028b6dbddb02739837e09de	Political or regulatory authorities thus need to put in place complementary incentives to strive for overall welfare maximisation. This is why these economy-wide external effects are part of the full costs of electricity provision. In other words, even the most comprehensive category of external or social costs will be bounded.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	b58e793ba4b86a5449d809e2656a8fd0	Boarding schools did not take into consideration indigenous cultures, indigenous physiology or psychology. Education in Russian and extended stays far away from family resulted in the gradual replacement of the mother tongue with Russian, created a generation gap, had a negative effect on family cohesion and led to psychological deprivation. Withdrawal from family and social networks and the disruption of cultural transmission mechanisms resulted in the loss of the mother tongue, traditional skills and indigenous healing practices.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	b5934d1bf182a4928cc7ac52d1061653	Pressure on aquifers will increase as farms try to offset missing precipitation with increased pumping, and aquifer recharge rates will decrease. There will be major consequences for the livestock sector if forages are depleted and cattle herds have to be reduced. Competition for scarce irrigation water for crops will require new water allocation schemes if the water supply is not to be exhausted. In addition, increased variability in rainfall will lead to increased variability in incomes, which will make access to credit and insurance even more important if farms are to be viable over a longer time period.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	b5950f3fdb1aa16f9a10472eaa4ee289	Prices of beef and sheep meat, which are produced more on pasture and are hence less feed grain dependent, increase from 2014 throughout the projection period, ending above current levels. Beef prices follow a customary cycle that reflects herd management in important producer countries. By contrast, pork and poultry prices reflect the decline in feed prices in the near term.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	b596aa69bbebbbcdeb64074dd779ae73	The Spatial Planning Directorate is responsible for spatial management at the national and municipal levels, as well as construction, housing and real estate transactions. The Public Services and Investment Directorate is responsible for the preparation and management of environmental investments for which public funding is provided, co-ordination of the Ministry’s relations with public environmental protection services, and management of public procurement procedures. It issues environmental permits, monitors environmental pollution, and ensures the quality of public environmental data. The ARSO has approximately 400 staff at its headquarters and in 27 local offices.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2015-74-en	b596c00996d2b614985c62d41f711575	Annual expenditure per student is lower than OECD averages at all education levels, particularly the tertiary level where Poland spends USD 9 7991 per student against the OECD average of USD 15 028. However, expenditure per student at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels has been growing fast, increasing by more than 50% between 2005 and 2012 compared with an OECD average increase of 21%. This change was boosted by an overall fall in the number of students.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190320-16-en	b596f374ae0ba7c6cacb3edb080d6c0b	But some groups are still underrepresented, such as small farmers and indigenous communities. There is also scope to increase the participation of irrigation districts and units; doing so would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. However, incentives to attend their meetings are weak since these are mainly consultative bodies whose decisions are not binding.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	b598788ad2ef9716188a911c56aa9870	The incidence of child labour has also declined and became negligible. Despite these positive changes, however, significant gender differences still exist in several spheres of human activity, including employment status. In all threesurveyyears,nearly 80 percent of men were employed while the share of employed women was less than half that.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	b598ab6e8b5f423e1cbc64438821d5e4	As one female respondent said, “We can do things ourselves; we are not dependent on men. In the past, saying the names of our husband and mother-in-law was social taboo, but such restriction does not exist anymore.” However, programmes in Nepal by Helvetas and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed how infrastructure programmes can reduce women’s unpaid care work and challenge existing discriminatory gender norms. This was done through women’s representation (considered a fourth “R” in the 3Rs framework by the ILO [2018]) in the programme design phase and/or decision-making processes (see Box 5).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	b5990d00737da469b28751169d72b6f0	Air, water or soil pollution due to activities in human settlements causes continuous environmental change that can have damaging effects on agriculture, water resources, the energy sector and human health. The capacity or the resilience of the environment to cope with the environmental impacts caused by human habitation can influence both the health of the human settlements and the natural environment with which it is associated. The well-being and health risks associated with the environment (and those posed by extreme events and disasters) can be mitigated substantially by the prevailing conditions and characteristics of human settlements.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b5991ae693d0e5e3167156de5e9ac501	However, it is the long-term effects that are the most interesting. The authors argue that the dynamic innovation effect is likely to generate the largest job expansions, as firms invest in research to exploit new low carbon opportunities that generate further investment and job growth that potentially could trigger a fundamental overhaul of the economic system.60 Whilst this latter point is perhaps optimistic and relies heavily on economies adapting and equipping their future workforce with the skills and capacity to achieve this, it does offer some credibility to the view that a “green utopia” is within long-term reach of developed economies. Many of these findings suggest strong growth prospects, often above forecast trend growth rates, which support much of the consensus on the scale of the opportunity.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	b59a18d0d64b186b299694a7c14b87f0	It is difficult to identify and describe all the mechanisms for transferring research results to society. Studies have identified transfer mechanisms between businesses or between universities and businesses. The models are mainly empirical and often do not reveal the fiill impact on society. Given the lack of the needed categories of beneficiaries, transfer mechanisms and end users, it is difficult to define appropriate impact indicators for measuring specific research outputs.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	b59bdaec80528f7627ddabe04ce23c66	Hydropower production is common in the upper part of the basin, and cascades of dams form big reservoirs.87 Many small dams arc used for irrigation purposes and fish-breeding. In Turkey, seven dams and one regulator are under operation on the Ergenc River and its tributaries, serving irrigation, flood control and some drinking water supply purposes (15% of drinking water of Edime and Kirldareli cities is supplied from two reservoirs, Suloglu and Armagan). There arc also 53 small dams located on several tributaries used for irrigation.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	b59c04d295a34b3a6fa81771fc71f668	The International Labour Organization and the OECD have undertaken major efforts to collect and standardise global wages data. However, in many countries collecting data by means of surveys is difficult, and administrative records cover only parts of the labour force. In addition, further efforts are needed to fully harmonise concepts such as paid and unpaid overtime, benefits and non-financial rewards.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b59edf3569ee47eff446b27e3e0e170e	They are the focus of increasing attention by road authorities because of their potential to improve management of the roads and improve safety. In the United States, NHTSA is considering a requirement for new vehicles to be equipped with V2V capability. In Europe, the transport directorate of the European Commission has established the C-ITS Platform of experts to advise on deployment of Cooperative ITS.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	b5a018daec838c0f1a0a585a9feccdff	However, as already pointed out by Depasquale and Stange (2016), such cross-sectional analyses face constraints in that licensure practices may correlate to other state-level characteristics that influence migration. This in turn would produce biased results. Nevertheless, such studies have provided the foundation, paving the w'ay towards further exploration of the impact licensing can have on labour mobility. This is consistent with the works of Pashigian (1979) and Kleiner et al. (	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	b5a367a844879c9b0fa53aa7002ba1e4	At average wage levels, labour taxes seem to be shared between higher labour costs and lower take-home pay, although the relative magnitude of these effects varies significantly across countries (OECD, 2007). Hence, compared with most OECD countries, the overall effect of social contributions/the tax wedge on the labour market is likely to be much more important for the composition of employment rather than for the overall employment level - other things being equal, the higher the tax wedge, the higher the share of informal employment. Figure 2.15 shows an augmented tax wedge which, in addition to the taxes and social contributions, also includes those compulsory payments made to private programmes (such as pension funds in Chile and Mexico, unemployment accounts in Chile and housing fund in Mexico).	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	b5a389cc7f6cd8dfa14512e225ae73cd	Teachers, administrators and students might report that there is no gender disparity at their school or university, but this is because we rarely question these norms in our daily lives. And it is only by seeing and acknowledging these norms that change can be brought about. It is therefore useful to consider social differentiation in any planning model, rather than focusing solely on gender differences (Becker, 2009). Although Turkey mandates 8 years of compulsory education, this policy has not increased female participation in this region.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	b5a888e49168975f7ece038e3159168f	Without better co-ordination, it will be impossible to achieve a more coherent structure. In a study of metropolitan governance of Sydney, Australia that focuses on conflicts over land-use planning, Kubler explores the concepts of joint decision systems and negotiated agreements (Kubler, 2007: 637-639). These ideas are appropriate when actors engaged in a policy problem are unable to independently achieve their objectives and either unanimity or near unanimity is required for a successful solution. He discusses four ways to get to such a solution.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264098732-6-en	b5aee39925da2d121b232902df0f9b06	Results summarised in the table suggest that the extension of paid leave entitlements -irrespective of payment rates - has had rather a negative effect - if any - on the employment rate of women aged from 25 to 54 years, as well as on the female-to-male employment ratio.9 The results offer no support for earlier findings that suggested a positive effect of birth leave durations on female employment rates. The increase in female labour force participation since the 1960s (Chapter 1) went hand-in-hand with the development of work/family life balance policies of which access to affordable childcare of good quality11 is an important element. Countries differ in the emphasis they put on underlying objectives on gender equity, having children (Chapter 3) and promoting child well-being and child development (Chapter 5). But concerns on labour supply often play an important role when policy measures are taken, as for example, recently in Mexico (Box 4.3).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	b5af658a5bb1b2d5e097d7c5ca3cf262	Women generally have complex trip-making patterns that extend beyond the pendular commute trip. Public transport, especially in low-density urban and suburban areas, may not provide as convenient a service as cars in those instances. Many low-income workers are employed in the service sector, manufacturing jobs or in part-time employment.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ff65165-en	b5b130e9021cc114c168707455c41b18	Uruguay has the lowest level of inequality in the region. For a full classification of global inequality levels, see World Bank, 2014. With respect to discrepancies in quality, there are three main causes: the stability of teachers in schools; the type of relationship between teaching staff and central administration; and the mechanism used to assign students to schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	b5b28c553bc0f47c0818d626d6d856a4	Fourth, in most countries, men have more influence in political decision-making processes because they are overrepresented in public office. This is therefore an arena where there is much to be gained in terms of gender equality. This is so as to evaluate the gender differences independent of a country’s level of development.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/36b318e6-en	b5b55a79a97bd82834f2de4e9de808e4	It could however be expected that such a trend might worsen further as fiscal consolidation measures start to show their impact. The trend lines also highlight that changes in income inequality seem to be less directly related to the severity of the economic downturn. Break in time series: 2012 Austria and United Kingdom; 2008 France and Cyprus, Bulgaria 2006; Romania 2007. Indeed, Iceland is the best performing country although one of the most affected and the one where anchored child poverty increased the most.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/74f4872a-en	b5b6337abd67de927740eef84a291b96	Logistics Performance Index surveys, conducted by the World Bank in partnership with public and private institutions engaged in international logistics. Clearly, massive investments will be required in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia to approach anything like the coverage already achieved in advanced economies; and the challenge is made even greater by the large absolute populations in both regions. However, figure 4.7 indicates that, despite the significant recent expansion in such connections, there are still gaps in most developing regions.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36457e13-en	b5b6eb1cb52583e103d8a7fd99061a4f	By IUCN category, these include IUCN lb (1), IUCN II (1), IUCN IV (10), and IUCN V (1), plus 21 sites where the IUCN category is not known. The only nationwide analysis of protected areas is presented in the draft fourth national report to the CBD. However even this rather comprehensive and full report provides controversial information on the number, area and status of protected areas. Based on the new laws on nature protection, each protected area needs to be designated by an individual law, which provides details of boundaries, conservation and use regime, functions, management, control and liability (for example the Law on the Una National Park, September 2009).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	b5b72070f1cbeeb693eddd6cfab9280f	In 2003, the city completed a local-currency bond transaction that was the first in the Mexico water sector that did not use federal transfers as collateral and instead relied mostly on fees to cover the financing costs. Thanks to this bond funding, the city funded a new water treatment plant and related water leakage reduction investments. The independent trust, which issued the bonds, is supported mostly by tariff revenue, with a municipal guarantee and private-sector guarantees provided by the International Finance Corporation and Dexia.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	b5baa7d6c08ea1a4ae04cc61e58b44ab	In fact electricity provision led to a significant improvement in total study time for children in rural households coupled with an increase in the number of completed school years. These encouraging results are real incentives to target household electrification as a means of attaining social equity which in the long run will lead to economic growth. Indeed, considering only the productive end-uses of electricity as useful for development is obscuring the actual proven development capacity of health services and education (Cabraal et al.,	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	b5bc399a2e5fa3a5d3c2865a2efb162a	The work itself is often physically laborious (i.e. clearing top soil and grading for road construction). They are essentially jobs of last resort. They provide temporary income relief for unemployed workers without an alternative livelihood and for the vulnerable in deep poverty. As a result, labour intensive jobs are self-targeting and workers opt out of labour intensive work when opportunities in the private sector arise. An appropriate legal framework must exist and be effectively monitored to if employment guarantee schemes are being considered and designed. Local governments’ attitudes on their acceptance of the approach vary, especially if local funds need to be utilised.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	b5bcea684b1c2dbfee0395b9f7f7c625	The preamble admits the existence of prior art, on which the actual invention in the claims body is based in the form of an improvement of the prior art. For patent examiners this represents an easy way of identifying those elements of the claim that are new and inventive. Box 1, and case T128/82, OJ EPO 1984, p. 164, as cited by South Centre Guide, p. 140; see also R. J. Young, “The construction of product-by-process claims”, in The construction of product-by-process claims, 11th European Patent Judges’ Symposium, Copenhagen, Official Journal of the EPO 2003, Special Edition, No.	3	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	b5bd1dc8b0564d8f49965174af53744e	Thus the generalizability of these studies may be limited. The empirical analysis in this report has no way of directly examining this although hospital admissions for infectious diseases does rise when unemployment goes up (though not significantly). Nevertheless, alongside evidence of rising HIV in Greece, the importance of the public health agencies’ role in minimising the risk of harm from infectious diseases should be highlighted.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	b5bdbc9d06ada2f1ca8376eea18dd42c	In a number of developing countries, the gap is narrowed by an array of microcredit and other financing arrangements targeted specifically at women and often administered by international agencies or NGOs. They are not, however, substitutes for the equitable treatment of loan requests from male and female entrepreneurs by the regular financial institutions and banks. Hence the need to collect more gender-specific data in this area.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	b5c1e68ecde4e4b86e65b09c42dd5e34	In 2015, the dam generated 3.6 TWh (Wikipedia, 2016y). The top of the dam forms the bridge to cross the Colorado River. There are two lanes (on Route 93) for automobile traffic across the top of the dam. In 1922, the Reclamation Service presented a report for construction of a dam on the Colorado River to control floods and generate electricity.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	b5c47b6dd5f1edb04ea56e8a0241531f	The most recent ones were conducted in 2012, 2010 and 2008. Outdoor recreation possibilities in nature offered by hiking and study trails are still popular. More than half of the respondents (61%) have visited different nature trails in the last 12 months. Forests should offer economic benefits (timber, mushrooms, berries and other forest products) and also socio-cultural benefits like recreation, hiking possibilities and cultural-historical sites.	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	b5c69a040cf336d0049027522cb39e01	The article shows that the agreement in many ways represents a significant shift in global climate politics. By making domestically driven climate policy central to the treaty, the Paris Agreement avoids some of the reasons for multilateral gridlock that permeated global climate policy for decades. The biggest challenge for state and non-state actors is to increase ambition in climate commitments. The article concludes with recommendations on how to accelerate climate action.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264283404-en	b5c95cdd679f666fa7b443181fa4da5c	There have been across-the-board rationalisations of expenditure in all sectors of the health system and permanent cuts to public sector workers salaries, including those of health professionals, since 2010, in efforts to reduce costs. These pressures, combined with the fact that private spending is already high (Figure 12) and unlikely to be able to stretch further, create tangible concerns over the adequacy of health system funding, especially in the longer term. In response, the sector has seen a number of evidence-based measures aimed at securing savings and enhancing efficiency (Box 4), However, despite the huge reductions, current spending on prescribed and over-the-counter medicines makes up over a quarter (26%) of all health expenditure, and is among the highest in the EU. Before the crisis, high private capacity combined with weak sickness fund bargaining power, poor payment procedures, the lack of clinical protocols/guidelines and a failure to monitor doctors’ use of diagnostic tests created an incentive structure conducive to overconsumption and waste.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	b5ca7d4578ecb663665d6c67b954ed69	For example, in her analysis of the SDGs, Esquivel argues that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development does not have enough teeth to seize the transformative potential of the empowerment and equality issues it raises, because it does not fundamentally challenge the nature of the prevailing economic system and development model. Others stress that empowerment is potentially divisive in society because it defies existing power structures and forces the evolution of dominant social relations (Leach, 2015; Sen, 1995,2001; Tacoli et al. Redressing socio-economic disadvantage in the world of work, well-being and access to resources appears to be the first priority (Leach ed.,	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/748e616d-en	b5cc210331f48827daabfaf4b117567b	There have been major improvements in conceptualizing, collecting and analyzing time-use information. Many countries are now collecting time-use data, but many more improvements are needed to address the practical difficulties that face developing countries in implementing data collection instruments. But by capturing both market and non-market economic activities, the time burden of women and children in household production and care activities, and not only that of men, is more accurately measured. For example, the level of response to an employment stimulus or workforce training programme for women is likely to be constrained by lack of affordable quality care services for young children or older persons.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	b5cd934ed9a59fc255f1c885763dc393	In addition, there is a need to strengthen the capacity of Intendentes to prioritise and co-ordinate SEREMI activity and initiatives. It is entirely appropriate for line ministries to elaborate sectoral strategies and objectives, and for these to be regionally implemented by competent bodies. However, the current dual-reporting system for SEREMI - to ministries and Intendentes - may be generating inefficiencies and reducing programme effectiveness across the territory.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b5cfb8fe9323ace864d0c32398ff2f92	In the context of this NEA project on the The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution to Nuclear Energy, a simplified version of the S/D Index as presented in Chapter 3 was considered the most meaningful representation of the security of energy supply situation in OECD member countries in order to identify the contribution that nuclear energy can make. Energy Politics, Spring, Issue 4, pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. Plenum Press, New York, United States.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	b5d3e1b799a97bc41270eb3351c2bd0d	If unable to satisfy their basic needs or to enjoy the freedom to function, people will not be in a position to demand their rights, and this will deepen and reproduce poverty. The available information on the surveys of households make reference mainly to lack of resources or deprivation, many of which may be interpreted simultaneously as proxies for infringements of rights, constraints on meeting needs or obstacles to the achievement of functionings. A direct measurement of these concepts would require information which often cannot be adequately obtained through surveys or which, when they can be, are generally not available (for example, the nutritional status of the population or actual food consumption) (Santos and others, 2010). This subset of indicators can be used to explore other deprivations that can help to identify the poor, such as those relating to insufficient monetary resources and those that point to deficiencies in social participation or in linkages with institutions.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	b5d478d66ff04a283887962fd9e94093	Such broad-ranging systems continue to exist in China, India, and Indonesia, although they have lost much of their rigidity. As part of general market reforms, Brazil, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine have eliminated previous state regulation. However, these countries continue to support fertiliser use through direct subsidies to producers or through preferential lending.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	b5d60911698970d6d918aa0c55c79c6b	Since countries collect data on ethnicity in different ways and for different purposes and since the ethnocultural composition of a country could vary widely from country to country, no internationally relevant criteria or classification can be recommended. Religion can be defined as either religious or spiritual belief of preference, regardless of whether or not this belief is represented by membership of or affiliation with an organized group having specific religious or spiritual tenets. For the purposes of international comparisons, each sect should be shown as a subcategory of the religion to which it belongs.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	b5d6973787088437cafcd7dfc117a9f6	Using both methods has helped to triangulate the obtained estimates. In this case, quantification will rely on a number of methods mostly derived from the Producer Support Estimate and Consumer Support Estimate (PSE-CSE) framework that OECD initially developed for the agricultural sector. In each case, guidance can be taken from the manuals and publications dedicated to this work (OECD, 2010b, OECD 2013a; Jones and Steenblik, 2010).	7	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	b5d71070b3e81246117110e936e59cab	The Russian Federation, for example, partially decriminalised domestic abuse in 2017, even though the country’s record on violence against women has been extensively criticised by civil society groups and intergovernmental organisations (Amnesty International, 2017; UN OCHCR, 2013). Government actors must build specialised human resources capacity and co-ordinate effectively to prevent VAW. When violence happens, governments must also successfully protect victims, support victims’ empowerment and reintegration in society, and hold perpetrators accountable. According to data from a survey conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA, 2014a), only 14% of women EU-wide who report having been the victim of at least one serious incident of violence by a partner since the age of 15 say that they contacted the police about the most serious such incident (FRA, 2014a). Indeed, fear of reprisal accounts for 13% of women not reporting violence, on average, in the European Union (FRA, 2014a). Partners include persons with whom the respondents were, or had been, married, living together without being married, or involved in a relationship without living together.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	b5d76b4dc23845728c0b5543233a3b63	A study issued by the US Census Bureau shows that since 1960, there has been a steady increase in the population living in coastal areas of the United States and concludes that the trend, driven by social, economic and environmental factors, can be expected to continue (Wilson and Fischetti, 2010). The same study predicts that in 2030, 767 million people (about 11 per cent of the population of developing regions) will be living in a low-elevation coastal zone and 224 million in a 100-year floodplain. These estimates suggest greater exposure to climate hazards and thus larger climate-related human costs in the future for particular population groups if effective climate adaptation and mitigation policies are not in place. However, socioeconomic factors play a role as well: in the absence of more diversified economies that provide job opportunities in less-exposed areas, people are settling in low-lying coastal areas in search of a livelihood. However, exploitation and climate change are threatening the collapse of livelihoods derived from fishing (Jackson and others, 2001). This situation is problematic because the fishing industry has historically played a major role in providing food security and income and more recently, aquaculture has played a rapidly growing role.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ac21c613-en	b5ddc55e33538dfdf8ef9de8126fa635	It is up to the investor to take the suggested comments on board; in case of negotiation, he must reply to the authors in written form. The Service of Licenses and Permits Department within MEPNR receives the application and all required documents describing activities (review of documentation, preparation of written statements by the experts, establishment of an expert commission, and preparation of conclusions). An Ecological Expertise (EE) is then performed in not less than 10 and not more than 15 days.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	b5e39b1034c9a37564125035839607d8	Schools are characterised by process-oriented pedagogy with active participation by the students e.g. in the form of theme and project work in small groups. Folk high schools are financed through funding grants from the state, county councils and municipalities. Anyone overage 18 can join and those under 18 may be admitted as long as their municipality funds their tuition.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	b5e4a44fcddbc67e5e0120ce9d8d42d0	France: School principals in schools at ISCED level 1 are also often appraised as teachers. School principals in private schools are appraised by their employers. In addition, local inspection bodies (Irspecteur de Veducation nationale [IEN]) assess the compliance of school principals in private schools with national education goals and programmes.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	b5e6a35a90d02d625e3246ea6a9191ea	Charity organisations should follow the structural and operational requirements of Regulation (EC) No. They should also follow the national food act 23/2006 and decree of hygiene requirements in food premises 1367/2011. If personnel in charity organisations handles unpacked perishable foodstuffs, they should pass hygiene proficiency test.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	b5e762513a7c8f142bd64d9e18a67792	Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables. The quintile regressions estimated the SIGI coefficient for the median, the top and bottom quartiles. For the sake of brevity, only the variables of interest are presented.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b5e8663fb6540b26c0555415b5eea32b	Additional control variables are included: GDP (log), religious, CEDAW date of ratification, religious, female average education, civil liberties and regional dummies. ***, **, Standard errors are in parentheses. Table 8 considers the simultaneous estimation of equations (1) and (2).20 Controlling for potential simultaneities confirms the previous results: the differential in discriminatory social institutions between the sending and the receiving countries is an additional determinant of migration, while migration is an agent of change regarding gender inequality in opportunities.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	b5e88b406d89cf4820d6c1bbbe422560	Currently, over 4 000 enterprises around the world are using these guidelines. These guidelines can be separated into three major parts: i) guiding principles for defining report content, divided into content, boundary and quality principles; ii) the guidelines on actual report content, divided into strategic, governance, managerial and operational (i.e. indicators) disclosures; and iii) the protocols to guide users through important parts of the reporting process, like the indicator disclosures and the materiality analysis. Economic topics covered include for example economic performance, market presence, indirect economic impacts in the value chain, anti-corruption. Environmental topics include materials, energy, water, biodiversity, emissions, effluents, waste, transport, products and services. Social topics include for example employee related benefits, diversity, health and safety, training and development, human rights and product responsibility and society.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	b5e97672c166d0be30612379b80db101	One strategy India can continue to pursue is to exploit its vast thorium resources, along with developing the required fast breeder and heavy water reactor technologies. This would facilitate self-sufficiency over the entire nuclear chain. Relying on imported uranium to fuel light water reactors (LWR) can be an alternative strategy for India's nuclear future, which does not require the development of the more complex nuclear technology chain as needed for thorium. The use of uranium would initially require imported reactors, later to be replaced by Indian designed reactors. Given the size of the Indian market, it is worthwhile to develop an Indian equipment industry for solar-PV and CSP, and for T&D equipment.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	b5eb2635812dc6580083f1bb4a621b6f	Latency in Nepal, for example, is significantly higher than in Singapore (Table IV-3). Countries that are not increasing their network capacities accordingly risk having them falter during disaster events. It may also be possible to use untapped fibre capacity in existing SCADA systems.39 Such co-location also makes it simpler to repair damaged infrastructure.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	b5ed2ec5fec8f974253b89628ed57447	A joint report of the WHO and World Organization of Family Doctors (WHO and Wonca, 2008) stresses the importance of pre-service and/or in-service training of primary care workers on mental health as an essential prerequisite for mental health integration, and reducing the treatment gap for mental health. The inclusion of mental health training for such primary care level practitioners is common in many OECD countries (OECD, 2014a), and with the development of this new specialty Japan has the valuable opportunity to effectively integrate mental health training for Generalists from the beginning. Specifically, provision for mild-to-moderate disorders at the primary care level can be strengthened, appropriate primary care-specific prescribing and treatment guidelines and appropriate specialist referral options have been shown to be effective treatment approaches for mild-to-moderate disorders.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	b5eebabfb6de4d65f56d02dd389c70c5	The assessment could also support the implementation of national legislation at national and subnational levels. Outcomes of the Nordic Assessment should be presented as outlined in a communication strategy with detailed information including easy-to-understand infographics, maps and geographical information systems' outcomes. Examples of available information are listed in Annex 2.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	b5f0566a0facb5f6c0918eade3a0f591	Insights into the impact of new technologies on production processes within a given industry as well as into the trends of structural transformation across different stages of development are necessary to assess employment opportunities in general. In his view, automation may actually complement labour inputs and create new opportunities for employment, thereby affecting income generation in various ways. However, automation has a limited cost-reducing effect, as certain tasks can simply not be fully automated yet.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	b5f07e1d759ba7482f771f87d53b4aee	It is not the qualification per se that has an impact on child outcomes but the ability of better qualified staff members to create a high-quality pedagogic environment. Key elements of high staff quality are the ways in which staff involve children, stimulate interaction with and between children, and use diverse scaffolding strategies. This will influence staff behaviour, encouraging more stable, sensitive and stimulating interactions with children, and thus, lead to better child development.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	b5f26ef8c4acc2bef8adaa713bb834f1	The success of the reform will depend on the way it is implemented. Initial results suggest there is a chance that the reform may achieve at least some of its aims: it has more than halved the number of new disability benefit claims. Most of those people no longer entitled to disability benefit are engaged in the new resource process. However, until today only a small minority of those people have found a job and of those who did, most are in subsidised employment. It is too early to tell whether a sufficiently large number of people will eventually be reintegrated into the labour market in a sustainable manner. Evaluation der Fruherfassung und der Integrationsmassnalunen in der Invalidenversicherung” [Rehabilitation Before Pension.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	b5f3673b353d6c228285bd571830510e	In Belarus, Orsha, Mogilev, Rechytsa, love, Borisov, Minsk (especially Svisloch area), Gomel and Bobruisk are among the main sources of industrial wastewaters. Nutrients are the most important pollutants. Belarus assesses the impact of municipal wastewaters as widespread but moderate. The Dnieper is among the biggest recipients of pollutants in Ukraine, where until at least until recently (2004) metallurgy was the biggest wastewater producer, followed by the coal industry and the chemical and petrochemical industries.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	b5f39caeebdbc739b9e7d24e06a06c49	The simulations change the loading factor of insurance for all the available crops at the same rate in each country. However, the transaction costs associated with contracting and enforcement may lower the net forward price to be lower than the contracted price for farmers. This transaction cost is expressed as the percentage of expected price. The simulation changed the transaction cost of forward contract for all crops at the same rate.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	b5f446860b63cd97798968b25b0c7fa3	According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. And it is very hard to bring down.' Drone transport may allow for last mile transport without the need for expensive investments in roads or rails. Balloons and satellites may facilitate internet connections in areas not served by fibre optic cables.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	b5f59cb267e888ca6f900ba65b1eed82	Nonetheless, already limited budgets are strained by other demands and therefore do not extend to provide for this allocation or the meeting of these targets. The role which the private sector should play in such commercial development is not well defined, either. This can be partially explained by the household registration system (Ho Khau) which was put in place in 1964 (Work Bank and Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 2016) (Box 2.12). A technical problem is that migrants who are registered as short-term (seasonal or temporary) or returning migrants in the system are left out of urban statistics.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	b5f636c9ae3920f1ae7672a0560e09c7	The Ministry of Education has responsibility for all educational institutions in The Bahamas. These levels are fairly distinct in Department of Education schools in New Providence, with slight variations in Family Island schools, where some all-age schools remain’ (The Bahamas Ministry of Education, 2012). The pupil-teacher ratio for primary is 15:1 and for secondary 13:1 (2008).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	b5f64f641808a4458eb6417604e8ca22	Average growth in real taxable income in Australia, Canada and the United States, 1982-201015 Figure 4. Such comparisons have been used to argue that countries with higher levels of inequality of income are less healthy, less democratic and less happy and have more crime, more conflict and less intergenerational social mobility and equality of economic opportunity. However, these comparisons are primarily useful if we can depend on inequality' remaining stable and if we are interested in answering a question like: “what type of society would one like to live in?” Since this is an important question, and since there have been important periods in which levels of income inequality did not change much, most of the literature on income inequality has emphasized comparisons of the level of inequality.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b5f6b4384e8f64c199b9d769752f51b5	Also, nuclear power plants are likely to be the largest generating units in the electrical system, and thus increase the amount of spinning reserves needed to ensure grid stability. Their high load may also require upgrading the grid connection to at least 300 kV, and up to 400 kV for a new European pressurised reactor (EPR). Finally, the necessity of locating nuclear plants close to water sources for cooling purposes may require additional investments in the extension of the existing grid.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b5fd758c9ad5de9364fe7df13e0e8285	The second-largest city is half Almaty’s size, the third-largest city a third of Almaty’s size, and so on down the city ranks. The 2009 curve is the real city size distribution of FUAs, while the 1999 curve reflects the deviation of 1999 city size distribution from Zipfs Law in 1999. Almaty City is given its 2009 size in the 1999 curve.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	b5fdc51af03856168f0dd458f1c47547	The proportion of the region's population living in slums fell from 34% in 1990 to 21% in 2014 (see figure V.19). In terms of absolute numbers however, although 2 million people left the slums, over 100 million still live in such settlements. This is exemplified by the negotiation of the New Urban Agenda, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), held in 2016.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	b6010f622e4a7d8d0cf38ff5fc8dd1eb	In many OECD and non-OECD countries, local governments can also play an important role in this regard. In decentralised governance systems, local authorities may be authorised to raise taxes and/or incur debt, usually within prescribed limits (OECD, 2009b). Mature capital and financial markets may provide creditworthy municipalities with capital for investment in water and sanitation infrastructure. Fiscal transfers from central budgets are also a source of investment capital in some countries.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174825-4-en	b6023967c1479c7208035ee005d371e5	The Framework now sets out an agreed national approach to the integration of financial education in the compulsory years of schooling from Foundation to Year 10 and provides guidance on how the subject may be structured to support progressions of learning. The ability to influence public policy and see linkages across government and education has been essential. In developing the original Framework in 2005, consultation was key to inform the national approach. The MCEETYA Working Party who developed the Framework included a highly specialised team of educational experts from all jurisdictions and education sectors who knew the national and jurisdictional educational landscape well, had excellent stakeholder networks and formed productive and respectflil relationships.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b60314949719c8320375431a0c880f33	Nevertheless, the %PSE remained positive over most of this period, indicating that producers generally received moderate support. Policies in the crop sector are dominated by the measures directed to the wheat sector, which since the mid-1990s have been alternating between restraining and supporting producer prices. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	b6057a6b318a7c7d159062e1ecc7c4eb	Accordingly, Silveira and Fernandes (2007) find that the number of indigent people Page | 20 decreased from 12.4% in 2001 to about 7.6% in 2005, and the number of poor people from 28.7% to 20.8%.10 Brazil has thus already met the Millennium Development Goal of reducing substantially the number of people living in poverty (World Bank, 2009a). Though poverty has been alleviated in the past few years, extreme poverty still affects a large population, particularly in the country's rural parts of the north-east (Presidency of the Republic, 2007; Silveira et al., Average rural per-capita income is substantially lower than in urban areas: BRL 312 (USD 171) against BRL 689 (USD 377.5) (IBGE, 2007b).	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-17-en	b6067998caf407d00c4834e3c13a34da	A recent Review of Higher Education Access (2012) highlights the need for co-operation between different stakeholders and outlines a roadmap to help increase the access of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students to university education. As in other OECD countries, the expansion of tertiary education implies providing a sufficiently wide offer of studies to address the skills needs of the labour market as well as the interests of the student population. It clarifies actors' responsibilities to achieve targets and provides funding to programmes related to student engagement, attainment and transition. The National Partnership Agreement on Skills Reform (2008, renewed in 2012) details national reforms, including a new entitlement to a subsidised training place for up to the first Certificate III qualification and income-contingent loans for Diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	b6079351ca97df12b07ee691f75d0a2d	A series of surveys in coastal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea estimates that a minimum of 5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing over 260 000 tons are afloat at sea in the world’s oceans (Eriksen et al., In the Mediterranean Sea, plastic debris has been found in the stomachs of 18% of swordfish, bluefin tuna and albacore (Romeo et al., Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of organisms (Wright et al.,	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	b609b8dbf5f43c983ed345a4cc30d91c	Continuity of the drinking water supply is an issue: the country average for water continuity is about 12 hours. Currently, only two of the water utilities in Albania (Kor$e and Librazhd) can provide a 24-hour water supply service across their entire systems throughout the year. The high compliance rate refers to big water supply systems, whereas the small water supply systems and those in rural areas are not subject to monitoring and control.	3	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	b609d4cd72ee11891c0198f321b0065d	But droughts also affected 13 million people. Beyond the fatalities, many more people have been affected; since 1970 a person living in the Asia-Pacific region has been five times more likely to be affected by natural disasters than a person living outside the region. Between 1970 and 2016, Asia and the Pacific lost $1.3 trillion in assets.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	b609e7766502eb9216026bf124d50425	Relative effects on morbidity, longevity, lifetime social costs and inter-generational aspects need to be fully examined. The risk for these non-communicable diseases increases with increases in BMI. The Global Action Plan aims to contribute to progress on nine global NCD targets to be attained by 2025, including a 25-percent relative reduction in premature mortality from NCDs and a halt in the rise of global obesity, to match the rates of 2010. The implementation plan to guide countries in taking action to implement the recommendations of the Commission was welcomed by the World Health Assembly in 2017.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/8e319423-en	b60f0f938beca5520f33f097dc0a1a56	Figure 18 represents only a particular example of energy costs. This amount is larger than the amount calculated using reported costs of desalination discussed above. Consequently, a range of $1.15/m3 to $1.50/m3 needs to be considered owing to limited available information with regard to real production costs.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	b616d171387e1622ebbe05d84ea9307b	One way of preserving this integrity would be to require abstractors/polluters who use this “safety valve” to make the necessary abstraction/emission reductions in later years. This reassessment can be very important when “qualitatively new” instruments are added to the existing mix, such as when a quantity based instrument (e.g. a quota-based trading system) is combined with price-based instruments (e.g. taxes and subsidies). It is also important to regularly review the effectiveness and efficiency of the instrument mix that is in place - to ensure that the programme performance anticipated ex ante has indeed been realised.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	b61b4359e1a3af54d1b8212fb775d0c8	A high level of general and scientific education facilitates acceptance of innovations by society at large. Effective innovation systems require well-educated researchers, teachers, extension officers and business, and producers with a good general, technical and business education would generally be more willing and better skilled at adopting innovations. Between 2000 and 2011, the increase in public expenditures on education outpaced those in almost all OECD countries. Per student spending in primary and secondary education was more than doubled over this period, and was also increased for tertiary education but only slightly as expenditures were allocated across a nearly doubling of student numbers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/becaa395-en	b61f5b15d1e689c783a3452c48113cf4	Research in India found that a combination of climate-related stresses on sheep - for example, excessive heat and lower nutritional intake - had severe impacts on the animals' biological coping mechanisms (Sejian et al., However, projected drier conditions in the extensive rangelands of southern Africa would increase water scarcity; in Botswana, the costs of pumping water from boreholes increases 23 percent by 2050. In the Near East, declining forage quality, soil erosion and water scarcity will most likely be exacerbated in the semi-arid rangelands (Turral, Burke and Faures, 2011). In Europe, global warming is likely to increase sheep tick activity, and the risk of tick-borne diseases, in the autumn and winter months (Gray et al.,	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	b62026ff1cbaacdeeb4a434680e70f97	As a result, habitat loss due to hypoxia is far greater than would be estimated by calculations based on species recruitment or survival tolerances. Because species vary in their oxygen requirements, sensitive predators can lose access to prey. Crowding in more highly oxygenated refuges can result in density-dependent growth reductions (Eby and Crowder, 2002) or increased cannibalism (Aumann et al.,	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	b6261efef34b5d7320010f9eab291b05	It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services. Health care systems are a central component of modem welfare states and greatly contribute to social welfare and personal well-being. It is widely recognised that health care systems will continue to face adverse secular trends in the coming years due to aging, price and technology developments, which in the long run may undermine their capacity to deliver the services the population expects.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/937bb150-en	b6265cc40e3adbf7a2e5d09f1ae058ff	That any child should face diminished prospects of survival or decent health because of the circumstances of his or her birth is grossly unfair and a violation of that child's rights. It is also costly in human, economic, social and political terms. Sustainable progress for today's children and future generations requires a focus on equity - giving every child a fair chance.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	b626cf38b2f5d8316543991227621c5a	People will no longer support open trade and free markets if they feel that they are losing out while a small group of winners is getting richer and richer. Large and persistent losses in low-income groups following recessions underline the importance of well-targeted income-support policies. Government transfers - both in cash and in-kind - have an important role to play in guaranteeing that low-income households do not fall further back in the income distribution. It may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b628a30e40379ffab98dc96504a1446c	In Malaysia, the bulk of foreign direct investment has in essence been more of the passive type and with little effect on the regional innovation potential of the economy. Higher education sector is a crucial area, not only because higher education institutions can increase the supply of skilled people, but also because they can drive national and regional growth. The corporatisation of public universities has been a first step to engage universities on the regional development path, but more is needed to ensure that the current focus on the world class status will not undermine regional and local engagement of universities.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	b62b1d0da7de7c40fc66b485b76b0a1c	In all OECD countries, the performance of 15-year-olds in mathematics is strongly associated with the location of their school (in rural or urban areas) and with their socio-economic background. These levels of socio-economic inequity have remained the same for the last decade in the majority of countries. The ESCS parity index refers to the ratio of the value for the bottom quartile over the value for the top quartile of the ESCS index. Location parity is measured using the PISA definition of rural and urban areas (see the Definitions section at the end of this chapter).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	b62bc897d209f4e4d9e75a93f59d57c3	There are options for exchange of species, between fishing years or the acquisition of quota from other quota holders. Every operator can also land up to 5% in excess of their annual catch quota (0.5% for pelagic species). This excess catch must be registered and weighed separately and sold at an auction market. The proceedings are then divided such that 20% go to the operator but 80% go to a special research-and-development fund governed by the Minister.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	b62d79db2fdbc17187010cc9482c77fb	The adjoining areas and buildings could include commercial facilities for shopping areas, hotels, office complexes, recreational facilities and restaurants. Interchange stations in Hong Kong, China as well as Tokyo and Seoul provide thriving examples of commercial and economic activities at such intermodal transfer terminals developed through value-capture. Greater Jakarta has developed a transport master plan based on this concept.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	b62db7015ebfa2e6757191d0c290f423	Most of Step 4 is conducted through participatory exercises within the workshops (see section 3.6). The governance analysts then seek to provide explanations of how specific rivalries and conflicts have emerged, while subsequent discussion aims to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of institutional frameworks in this regard. This process is often accompanied by a case study in which the analytical variables (extent, coherence, robustness and flexibility) are examined. A joint drafting plan for the report is prepared, and then a draft report with technical and governance components is sketched out and circulated as preparation for the second workshop.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	b63298f33d1cf2692bc9874e15657b75	A simple example captures this divergence. In many rich European economies, the poverty threshold is defined as 50 per cent of average per capita income. In India in 1973-1974, the base year for current poverty-line estimations, the rural poverty threshold was 54 per cent of average per capita income for that year, a figure similar to that for the European economies.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	b63450fab2e8c3398288ac55dcd031a1	With the recognition ofthe importance of disaster risk reduction, the initial framework evolved into the Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management National Action Plan 2006-2016 and with further recognition ofthe importance of an integrated policy response to climate change and disasters, Vanuatu's latest policy guideline is framed in its Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030, which was endorsed in 2015. This plan was initiated following the lessons learnt from Cyclone Pam. In addition, a Provincial Disaster and Climate Response Plan 2016 is in place to guide provincial councils to enhance coordination between the national, provincial, area council and community levels in terms of prevention of.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	b634ceb602ed4e0e0d1c67e58bbff15c	Published projections of the potential impact of the PPACA were for the year 2016 (Ebiner, C. et al., It does not inform about how quickly the new equilibrium would be reached, although some researchers have made a deduction about the dynamics. The model is not intended to generate long-term projections of health expenditures and therefore is not comprehensive of the set of drivers of public health spending growth. The model also does not include the impact of broader macroeconomic effects such as firm births and deaths, changes in firm size, and changes in worker’s employment statuses, either due to business cycles effects or to policy reforms.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	b6357fccebdeeb78d5c2f92c54bc5554	"The experiences of Nanhai district set a good example for how local government can play a key role in effectively supervising and rectifying village rules that infringe women's land-related rights and interests. For those very few villages that refused to change their rules to grant ""married-out"" women equal land rights, judicial procedures were applied to enforce compliance. The combination of administrative and judicial means proved to be very effective."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	b639eb1c6074b0590f8fb3893b6da14a	For example through the adoption of the ACT model for outreach and outpatient care, and through assisted living facilities. Furthermore, Norway has establishment some “user controlled” inpatient beds, whereby the user can informally admit themselves for a period in a time of crisis until they become stabilised, a move that is seen as a significant step towards user empowerment and reduction in unnecessary inpatient stays. However, more children and young people were receiving care in 2008 than in 1998, with a 4.8% increase in children and young people receiving care, which can be very positively set against the 2% to 5% expected by the Escalation Plan (Pedersen, 2009). Although in recent years Norway has seen an increase in alcohol consumption (OECD, 2013b), Norwegian alcohol consumption remains low compared to most other OECD countries.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k3tsjqtp90v-en	b63b867b0acbe433e258464dac501e3d	The following section reviews how the different education systems selected have approached these challenges. These evaluations may or may not have consequences for teachers and institutions, may or may not be undertaken by the same institutions responsible for developing the standards and may use different assessment tools (peer assessment, standardised tests, classroom observation, portfolios, etc.). So too, assessments to certify a specific level in the teaching cycle are common, while programme accreditation or improving teaching quality are less frequent.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	b63d30104abda499e61c6b22dc265fc1	Combined with the crisis in liquidity and confidence in financial markets, bank loans could undergo unprecedented declines. The World Bank (2008) review on past financial crises indicates that the 1995 peso crisis in Mexico was marked by a reallocation of banks’ financial portfolios to the detriment of loans. The enormous fall in the volume of credit offered by banks especially affected the supply of commercial credit.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	b63ddccdcc3205d711920943652772d9	As Chapter 9 points out, however, this does not mean that other CoSOs should be excluded. The European Union needs to engage with as many organizations as possible to maximize its understanding of the conflict: its context, actors, timing and CoSO actions that can impact on the conflict. In terms of gender this means paying attention to all gender actors and issues, including LGBT and masculinity issues, as well as women’s rights.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5950d914-en	b6415a528064b85fdde4b4c61239ed3a	Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP stood at 10.5 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) and 11.3 per cent in North Africa in 2015. By comparison, the figure was 14.0 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12.6 per cent for all the least developed countries, 23 per cent for Asia and the Pacific and 16 per cent globally. Neither North Africa nor the rest of Africa made significant progress during the first half of the current decade. Manufacturing value added as a percentage of GDP increased only slightly, from 10.3 to 10.5 per cent during the period 2010-2015 for Africa (excluding North Africa) and from 11.2 to 11.5 per cent for North Africa.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	b643e4dd44416e5032a1cdb37d708a89	The movement along any one of the red arrows, representing design, action, impact and understanding, further away from the origin signifies some type of qualitative or quantitative increase in one of the four dimensions of the process. The SWITCH project built on the lessons derived from previous efforts to reuse treated wastewater for urban agriculture and city greening. One major barrier to the reuse of treated water, however, is the lack of a proper institutional setting and relevant legislation.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	b6445b692d6de7d9131594df5f19ad1c	To what degree were changes in labour and product market policies and regulations responsible? Do changes in household structure matter? Finally, what can governments do to address rising inequality? These and other questions are addressed in detail in the present report which identifies key drivers and possible policy measures for tackling inequality trends among the working-age population. From a political point of view, protectionist sentiments have been fuelled by the observation that the benefits of productivity gains in the past two decades accrued mainly - in some cases, exclusively - to highly skilled, highly educated workers in OECD countries, leaving people with lower skills straggling.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	b645986c78b76b7c9fa9199944be479b	These monitoring stations, operated by the relevant national or local environmental authority, typically produce data that require further processing to be converted into statistics on noise levels attributed to various causes and of specific origin. The resulting statistics, e.g., on noise levels and intensity, are produced for and are relevant to the specific local areas where the most problematic noise pollution conditions exist. They are not representative of the national territory. Statistics on noise levels in urban settlements are also relevant to Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	b64af93d3d40d00a5e1fe9c8376f09b4	What does not work is the pilot-programme approach being tried with donor funding in so many of their partner countries. At best, such projects and programmes can only prepare the ground. Systems, on the other hand, provide vulnerable people with the knowledge that there will be a social floor this year, next year and in the future.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202054-4-en	b64bb44c33e2a4dd251e27c08a3e85f6	Family physicians, for example, have no budgetary oversight over the nurses working under their supervision. Whilst strongly divergent views between government and professional groups are not unique to Turkey, consensus has had a notably minor role in steering refonn in Turkey. The Turkish Medical Association remains opposed to the HTP, especially as payment arrangements place considerable pressure on doctors to deliver higher volumes of services. Although some elementary self-regulation of the medical profession is in place, strong disagreements exist between the profession (as represented by the Turkish Medical Association, Turkish Nurses’ Association and Turkish Midwives’ Association) and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities. While the Ministry of Health is taking some such steps to devolve responsibility, for example by devolving the responsibility for delivering hospital services, progress on shifting focus to its regulatory, oversight, and quality governance functions, has been rather slow.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	b64bd47aa889727faa42be603359aac8	It would also be necessary to create a pattern of growth that may lead to the relaxation of structural constraints emerging from the availability of a limited basket of endowments for the poorest. Depending on country specific characteristics, such policies may encompass changing the sectoral pattern of growth, balancing its geographical distribution, making use of appropriate technologies and undertaking similar measures. These policies would be designed to change the nature and distribution of opportunities created by growth in a manner that die poorest would be able to take advantage of an increasingly larger share of opportunities.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	b64c9c56bc6b8ec642b7a9048563fe6f	Other shortcomings identified were weak legal security, and insufficient staff and financial resources. The white-tailed eagle, the corncrake and the endemic marble trout have benefited from targeted measures. Of the large carnivores, a brown bear protection plan helps to safeguard this species’ favourable conservation status. Slovenia, jointly with Croatia, has initiated a plan for the wolf, while efforts to protect the lynx are still at the discussion stage. Many other species are in need of targeted measures in addition to habitat protection. The cormorant is being managed because its abundance is causing a depletion of fish stocks.	6	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-5-en	b64d44ebbf3f4b46bbdc626c321e5af3	Today, three sets of challenges - water-related risks, ageing infrastructures and trends in institutional reforms - are calling this model into question. The chapter review's these challenges sequentially and outlines a framework for organising policy responses. It proposes criteria cities can use to compare their water management policies and practices w'ith those of other cities. Similarly, the OECD (2013b) defines water security as the management of four water risks: scarcity, floods, pollution and freshwater ecosystem resilience.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	b64de2b5ec8a366608b62d4740e66baa	Since the early 2000s, the Netherlands has gradually shifted its approach to environmental policy formulation. Moving from “command-and-control” style planning, the government is now playing a more hands-off role using incentives and innovation to change business and consumer behaviour. Further, it recognises that the transition towards a circular economy is complicated and novel, requiring a certain amount of trial and error to reach a robust policy. Moreover, the identification of realistic objectives, development of indicators and measurement of progress for resource efficiency is complex. The choice of indicators to measure progress is still the subject of debate. While policy makers generally agree on the need to reuse resources and produce more with less, agreement on the extent of the desired change is more elusive.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	b64ed0b2601fd5ee53a4bc4838408502	Rather, they consider only the amounts of water used in production and consumption activities. Hence, water footprints do not contain sufficient information to evaluate the net benefits generated through the use of water resources. Water footprints enable one to compare estimated water use, per person or in aggregate across countries, but they are inadequate for evaluating the incremental costs, benefits, or environmental impacts of water use.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	b6555c6e6e97cc4172d3ce16fd153cf5	In this case not only manure, but also urine, which has a high nitrogen content, is distributed. In this region cattle spend the nights in the barn and they drop their manure with their urine in the barn, which rotates to new plots after three to seven days depending on the season, crops to be planted and density of the herd. Longer kraaling is exercised and required during the dry seasons and for heavy feeder crops such as maize, sorghum and potato. Shorter kraaling is often exercised during the rainy season for other small cereals (Erkossa and Gezahegn, 2003).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	b656ab80a4faef89d22908afa0cdf824	The full specification of scenarios is described in Annex 3.A1.2 and a background on extreme events used to design the scenario SD is provided in Annex 3.A 1.3. Results are presented below as relative differences in production, international trade and prices between the different simulations and the baseline with no shock. First, the selected hotspot regions are defined based on selected river basins, so they may not be exactly fit the previously defined hotspots. Second, the shocks are proxy water stresses rather than realistic water shocks, as per IMPACT 3.1 version, which does not include a full integration of hydrogeological systems with agriculture (see Annex 3.A1.2).11 Third, each of the exogenous shock parameter was set up to stress the system in, but it may not reflect actual shocks. Fourth, because hydro climatic shocks are generally not independent, the scenario proposed do not account for water-related events that could happen in other regions of the world. Fifth, the two climate scenarios present two possible projections among other possible.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	b65ef1ed584684844a8ddbc19b8e9ae5	Responses revealed that these definitions do exist in most countries and that common threads could be found, particularly regarding vessel length and gear types; however, these definitions were not universal across all CPCs. For example, two thirds of the definitions provided specified SSF as vessels less than 12m LOA and using passive or not towed gear. Additional characteristics, such as ownership or gross tonnage are also used in certain cases.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b65f27b671b1da4293b97616dcfa0429	It appeared that an informal grouping on sustainability was beginning to take place and this could be the first step to a more strategic group as appetite for a more senior group develops. In order to do this the LDA worked alongside Innovas and DTZ to define and develop a working definition of the low carbon economy and the number, type and skills levels of low carbon jobs in the London labour market. This Innovas study draws from over 720 sources. It includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain, from R&D, through manufacturing into distribution, retail, installation and maintenance services.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	b663da57972f3227c52dac1a75ef3b6a	Reducing the regulatory burden and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures can be a relatively inexpensive way to promote the development of brownfield areas. City governments, with the support of oblast and central governments, can promote the redevelopment of brow nfields in a number of ways, beginning with a “fast-track” type of streamlined and simplified permitting system for projects on brownfield land, as a minimal intervention approach. However, it is necessary to manage the redevelopment of former industrial zones, because concerns over environmental conditions may emerge. An expedited and simplified review was implemented in Germany due to concerns over urban sprawl in the 1990s. A number of initiatives were instituted to promote a higher intensity of land use, including a simplified set of planning rules for infill development as part of the Research for the Reduction of Land Consumption and for Sustainable Land Management (REFINA) initiative, which began in the mid-2000s.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	b6683ae5bb26cad2788c5695f4003074	The CRGE was far-sighted in addressing the core problems that could destabilise the relationship between human wellbeing and the environment - notably the temperature and water scarcity problems associated with climate change, associated natural resource degradation, and the lack of capability to adapt - which will eventually cause many people to lose their livelihoods. Other environmental problems, such as soil erosion or the collapse of ecosystem services like crop pollination, could also lead to social dislocation and conflict and drive demand for green responses. Both these people-centred problems and the climate change drivers could reach tipping points - where increasing incidents of disaster or extreme events necessitate a system-wide response.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	b668c5d0cb6f38234174caacf5beab03	Most of these policies establish blending targets of renewable fuels in total transport fuels and changes in these target levels will impact the use of biofuels in the next decade. Global meat consumption is projected to increase by 1.6% p.a. In Canada for example, per capita meat consumption will stagnate through the next decade. Growth in global meat consumption will be led by poultry, which remains the cheapest and most accessible source of meat for lower income consumers, while its low share of saturated fats results in it being viewed as the healthiest meat choice. In addition, poultry faces few cultural barriers related to its consumption, resulting in robust consumption growth across geographical areas. This combination of factors results in poultry accounting for half of the additional meat consumed by 2023.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	b66997aadf517aa073fa8b6ba6e9e2df	In many OECD countries, reimbursement policies, especially for drugs, are based on HTA. For instance, in Iceland and Ireland, HTA is solely used to help determine pharmaceutical coverage. The main lesson from the experiences of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom is that HTA has provided useful evidence to inform reimbursement policies as well as improved patients’ access to cost-effective treatments (Lopert and Elshaug, 2013; Clement et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	b66bc16271958d60add2f053efc029e8	This means the partnerships have some semblance of recognition, such that they have been entmsted with the responsibility to act. This provides clues to the level or recognition (by other levels of government), its ability to realise objectives (implementation tools) and financial acumen. On the topic of spatial planning, the case of Rennes, France offers a unique approach—it is an inter-municipal structure called the Rennes Metropole with a dedicated revenue source that elaborates a common spatial plan for the territoiy that’s is then binding for local land use plans.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	b66d221f878758eae53f5baa1b717924	In parallel, engaging the private sector and enhancing public-private partnerships can create an enabling environment for private sector investment. However, some respondents reported challenges due to a lack of experience in co-ordinating with subnational governments and the private sector. Supporters are engaging with a wide range of stakeholders, and this can foster knowledge exchange and learning on climate compatible development practices. For example, some are pursuing engagement through the networks of regional NGOs in Asia, Africa and Latin-America, conducting country case studies on climate finance through national research centres, and working with local governments on capacity building and tracking.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	b67c322ac8e59317f3612d97dccedf01	Specifically, women founders tend to be less well equipped in terms of education and professional background, once controlling for the sector of start-up activity. In that sense, part of the gender gap can hence be attributed to a gender gap in education and fields of interest and careers (e.g. STEM). Policy to close the funding gender gap would need to address upstream factors related to education and training.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	b67d43a5539f2ffb41d341a3913b9bc7	Since almost all Korean households bear a heavy private education burden and the new administration sees income-driven growth as one of the national growth strategies, education policy makers are making a variety of efforts to reduce the private education burden. They are trying to protect a certain level of disposable income by reducing the private education expenditures of households from 2017. Unlike other OECD countries, in Korea, the central government - the Ministry of Education - is responsible for financing education. Education experts and associated institutions are firmly against a shift from the current centralisation to the decentralisation of education financing. In order to set up a stable funding plan, fiscal decentralisation on education financing should be redesigned, as in other OECD countries.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	b67d4551cf4d1460fe59752cf65db5a9	In more developed regions, 98 per cent of Governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence, compared to 71 per cent with legal measures, 87 per cent with policies and 65 per cent with both among Governments in less developed regions. This proportion was also relatively low in Africa (68 per cent) and Asia (69 per cent). Four Governments in Africa and five Governments in Asia did not have any legal provisions or policies to prevent domestic violence (table III.6).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	b67dd360416a70749fc1235ecbc9a66b	The cow herd is expected to increase slowly and milk production is expected to continue trending with domestic demand increasing slowly and keeping pace with population and income growth. Milk yields are also expected to increase slowly during the projection period and remain at low levels reflecting the pasture-based production system. Production will basically track demand minimising the role of international markets for this sector.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/caeceb38-en	b67e91120307fbb0a3ade63e653badb3	Each item was assessed for its reliability and the presence or absence of peer review, robustness of sampling strategy and methodology recorded on an excel spreadsheet. The grey literature search yielded approximately 30 further reports and working papers. Approximately one third of the total sources consulted are cited in this review given their direct relevance to the topics covered.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b67ee8bfdb324a2efb93b1bfdb826ab3	Examples of risks faced by investments in clean energy infrastructure (cont.) While PPPs can be an interesting option for implementing clean energy projects (see Box 6.1 on Cape Verde’s Cabeolica wind project), their fiscal consequences must be carefully verified ex-ante. An affordability test, which assesses the impact of a PPP project on public budgets, can be computed by adjusting the PSC for risks and cost of capital.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	b6815ede125319fd875e32ada98c50f8	Equally, the appropriate portfolio of energy technologies depends on each country’s own initial conditions, including the technical and economic potential for electricity generation and its location relative to consumers, as well as the existing distribution system. However, transmission and distribution (T&D) has often been neglected both in the policy discourse and financially (Hogarth and Granoff, 2015). Despite recent progress, the density of transmission lines remains extremely low by international standards, and local grids remain poorly interconnected internationally (and sometimes even nationally).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	b6881cdb18d64ec4f1fc15d2ec63436a	Efforts to change the school leadership profession should follow the Good School Leadership Framework in tandem with the new System of Teacher Education and Professional Development. The provision of training also needs to be more systematic, and needs to depend less on the individual capacity of school leaders to access training opportunities. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	b6894f9d7eadb87ed99096b63b5e16ee	Work to promote social cohesion must therefore address inequality. Rising inequality in some key large economies has excluded disadvantaged populations from the benefits of the growth process and increased top earners’ share of incomes. Both poor and middle-class populations are increasingly alienated from the richest in many societies.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	b68a2fce4bfd9b495034a52fd07f5cff	Because of environmental concerns and area restrictions the growth rates are projected below recent trends, especially in Indonesia. The share of vegetable oil consumption used for biodiesel production is estimated to increase from 9% during the base to 15% in 2019, driven by binding mandates in many countries. During the Outlook period, annual growth in protein meal consumption is projected at 1% in OECD economies, compared with 3.1% in non-OECD economies.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	b68d6fe6780c316248a30056e8e69116	Those who would like to increase their future retirement income can either leave the funds in their accounts with INFONAVIT or obtain better returns elsewhere. Each of these functions would be carried out by a separate corporate entity, although there would be some linkages between the two. As a provider of housing finance, the two most promising ways in which INFONAVIT can remain active as a supplier of low-income housing finance in the face of reduced access to low-cost funds would be to focus on lowering targets for prudential ratios and to increase the use of alternative finance techniques (e.g. through the capital and private markets, etc.). As an asset management institution, the changes in the law that are now under consideration would oblige INFONAVIT to reconsider its role in the entire Mexican social safety net and the financial system.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	b68f75c99c5e3aecfbcca844d26d8571	In 2007, the Mozambican cashew industry had grown to become a USD 20 million industry and the fourth largest cashew producer in the world. In 2008, TechnoServe ceased direct support in the country, considering that the aim of reviving the domestic processing industry has been achieved100. The processing industry counted already 16 processing plants, employing over 4 700 people and paying USD 1.6 million in wages, an average of USD 343 per annum (up from only 407 workers in 2002/03 with an annual average pay check of USD 213, although still considerably less than the 10 000 workers of the 1970s). In the vicinity of the processing plants the entrepreneurs provided funding for schools and healthcare for the workers and their families. While in the period 2001-04, the average fanner's share relative to the international FOB raw' cashew price w'as 32%, it rose to 42% in 2005-08, due to increased demand stimulated by domestic cashew processing. For 2007 and 2008 it was estimated that the price increases attributable to the domestic processing industry generated just under USD 2.5 million of additional income for farmers.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/b505e041-en	b68f771dd368aeecc86846b0de3d4bb6	The ratio of the gross district domestic product (GDDP) of Chennai in current prices to the GDDP in constant 1999/2000 prices, both for 2005 and 2006 was used. This provided the price index over 1999/2000 to 2005/06. This ratio was applied to GDDP of Chennai for 2005/06 (in current prices) to arrive at the GDDP of Chennai for 2011/12 in current prices (as the contribution estimates are in current prices for 2011/12).	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/0ec26947-en	b6918c62b1bb08f47cf0431118763b77	In order to accurately assign all emissions that are caused globally by a single company, the carbon content of products and services needs to be identified and tracked across the value chain (lifecycle approach). The carbon content of products, unprocessed products or intermediate inputs can be registered on a blockchain-based system to track the virtual content of imported or exported products, allowing regulators to comprehensively enforce action against climate change. For instance, emissions caused by the generation of power used by electric vehicles can be uniquely identified and allocated to each charging process.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	b6927ced2143efadb9b66f41c3c528d7	It follows that the financial sustainability of water services in the region remains very weak and that no or very little resources is and will be available for maintenance and capital investment. Chapter 4 provides additional information on the reforms associated with tariff policies (for instance as regards tariff setting procedures, tariff structures and affordability issues). This clearly is not sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs of water and sanitation services. Tariffs should be a key element of the financial sustainability of the water and sanitation sector, as they provide stable and reliable revenues to the service provider (as exposed to subsidies or even transfers from official development assistance).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	b692b3dbb89f63ea817ec0e559542ce6	The FAO census data are for 114 countries, representing 83% of the world’s population and 64% of the world’s surface area. Lowder, Skoet and Singh (2014) report data on 167 countries, representing 97% of the total farm population and 90% of agricultural land worldwide. From the wider coverage, there are at least 570 million farms globally,2 500 million of these are family farms.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80fdfdfb-a715a89d-en	b6934cfd6254907d3ff2a7edf0d21a73	The Agricultural Market Informabon System (AMIS)2 is an inter-agency platform designed to enhance food market transparency and policy response for food security. By enhancing transparency and policy coordinabon, AMIS helps prevent unexpected price hikes and strengthen global food security. Farmers make up almost 80% of the workforce in Myanmar and Site Pyo helps to improve producbvity and increase earnings, given the country's high smartphone penetrabon rate.	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	b694ba572334b5177558a38244131b19	It describes the progress made in the region in two key areas: (i) food insecurity and hunger, based on the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) indicator and level of severe food insecurity shown by the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES); and (ii) malnutrition, based on SDG Indicator 2.2.1 on stunting and SDG Indicator 2.2.2 on wasting and overweight among children younger than five. It also considers the state of micronutrient deficiency, including anaemia and deficiencies in vitamin A, zinc and iodine, as well as possible undernutrition outcomes such as low birth weight. All countries in the region have made considerable progress in reducing the incidence of food insecurity.	2	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	b6960e10edf4ee6bd4ce49adafff57d3	The Agency for Standardization and Metrology accredits organizations that can issue ISO certificates, with two ISO 14001 certification bodies having been accredited. The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry reported that three companies had been certified MNS ISO 14001 so far, including a distillery and a food company. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism suggested about 10 certificates had been issued in total.	12	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	b696218b04f6a5513e654b4e6f5ba236	In a recent research report presented to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the authors examine the interaction between immigrants’ social relationships in their community (their social capital), and the development of a stable and integrated society (social cohesion) at the local level. From this perspective we suggest that the concept of social capital, premised on a notion of social cohesion and consensualism, is at best only partially relevant to the more contested political landscape and host community responses at the present time. Because this literature shares the concept of social cohesion with the other two literatures described in Sections 1.1 and 1.2, there is a certain amount of overlap.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	b69b4865c455d504e9f28321ecfa210b	These differences can also be extended to the degree to which international prices will be passed through to the local market; in urban zones that are more integrated into the international economy, pass-through is more likely, and they will have a larger proportion of net food-consuming households. If food prices rise by more than other prices, then expenditure by the poorest population groups will be subject to greater relative inflation. In fact, data show that the rise in food prices seriously erodes the purchasing power of the poorest households: for example, in rural areas of El Salvador, households in 2008 were buying 58% of what they bought 18 months earlier for the same money.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	b69c77dd3d72f040b08c81ac2cefbbaf	Collected information is rarely reported back to providers and practitioners. Comparability across sub-systems is another problem; with the exception of seldom national indicators that are reported for the National Development Plan and the Sectorial Health Plan, each institution (State Health Services, ISSSTE, IMSS) has its own set of indicators. This lack of comparability adds to the fragmentation that runs across the Mexican health system more encouragingly, work is underway to design and implement a national dashboard of quality and efficiency metrics, consistent across all insurers/providers.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	b69d3dabd6188f80663fdd91637ddfde	In EU-SILC, countries are instructed to include a tenant's payment to a landlord (as well as any housing benefits paid directly to the owner or through the household). Note that housing allowances are included both in the numerator (rental costs) and in the denominator (income) in EU-SILC. When reporting rent, households report the total amount that is being paid to the landlord, including the transfer of a housing allowance.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/529e7192-en	b69d67dca5c8fbaeaac06f33ccb03856	In 2017, more than 1,000 companies were registered as subject to the packaging rales and over 350 companies were registered as subject to the WEEE rales. The fulfilment of obligations is controlled by the Administration for Inspection Affairs of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; if an inspection reveals that a company has not reported (properly) on its obligations, the levy has to be paid to the Fund. There is no possibility of retroactively signing a contract with operators to fulfil the unfulfilled obligations. There are separate coordinating bodies to supervise the operation of both rales, comprising representatives of the Environmental Protection Fund, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Administration for Inspection Affairs and operators.	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	b6a3f0b38384dff99a19752cd4d2c82d	Fairness in resource allocation is not only important for equity in education, it is also related to the performance of the education system as a whole. In these systems, there are smaller differences between higher-performing and lower-performing schools in principals' reports on teacher shortage, the adequacy of educational resources and physical infrastructure, and smaller differences in average mathematics learning time between schools with more advantaged and those with more disadvantaged students. In these countries, principals in disadvantaged schools tended to report that their schools had adequate educational resources as much as, if not more than, principals in advantaged schools reported. Scarce resources tend to be more concentrated in advantaged schools, and disadvantaged schools tend to suffer from inadequacy or shortage of resources.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	b6a42506e5a609b9e2e6dc8387d4f293	Ensuring scope to adjust appraisal criteria to a school leader’s experience in general as well as the length of time a leader has spent in a particular school may improve the appraisal process by paying due attention to the impact that can be expected of a particular school leader (Goldring et al., As Goldring et al. ( Box 7.8 provides two examples for the process of developing professional standards in the federal systems of Australia and the United States.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	b6a4d30969de50a4cc870279ef4432ab	There are also different funds available for the secondary level which take into consideration postal code areas and neighbourhoods with low income households, social welfare and non-western backgrounds. As some schools discriminate against disadvantaged students because they feel that they are a financial burden (Gauri and Vawda, 2004[65]), this funding eliminates the motivation for such inequitable practices. Through this policy, disadvantaged students have become more attractive to schools (OECD, 2017[66]) - Research shows that schools with a high proportion of weighted students have had an increase in resources such as the number of teachers per student, assistant teachers, and administrators (Ladd and Fiske, 2011(67]).	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	b6a545c32104bbec5b4f807081452e2d	Consideration of water quality in RBMPs is therefore one cycle ahead of flooding. Clearly it would be more effective if both were considered together, and, in future, so as to promote integrated water management, the Floods Directive foresees close coordination with the WFD, even, where possible, developing combined management plans. As well as status, water quality is highly dependent on Row regime, and the potential changes to water quality resulting from hydromorphological alterations are not always well understood.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b6a5deb39005fe0fcb8739de51ae2306	Also, for all technologies, the level of risk (and hence the discount rate that should be used to discount cash flows) depends on the stage of the project and thus varies with time. Instead, the LCOE methodology uses a constant discount rate over the lifetime of the project. On the other hand, member country experts provide technology-specific operation and maintenance (O&M) costs.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/outlook-v2015-2-3-en	b6ab2fda466624bd05af2c3a5263251c	This has helped to decouple emissions from GDP growth in many countries and led to growing investment in low-carbon technologies. A strong response with decisive and coordinated policies could strengthen the recovery, with a more predictable policy environment boosting investment and research. Both will be needed to meet the challenge of climate change. Worries about the effect on the poor can be dealt with within such reforms.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	b6acb3f455a2a2d9f17117fdfadc5b25	Thus, administrative effort is minimized and the Ministry of Finance has stated that the cess is not associated with any additional costs above business as usual. Particularly in developing countries with large and complex informal economies, targeting households and small businesses implies a significantly higher administrative effort for tax collection and monitoring alongside low revenue potential. It may be advisable, certainly in the early stages of implementation, to focus on a large, easy-to-target tax base and to revisit exemptions later.	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/059ce467-en	b6ad66fe4d26de96b7e95a174ea7a8fe	Difficulty in combining studies with work is self-reported to be a main reason behind this. The general requirement for admission to the ULV programme is a passing grade in Swedish as a Second Language level 3. From 2019, the University of Gothenburg will introduce a compulsory language placement test in order to better evaluate the students’ Swedish language skills.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264128392-3-en	b6af9b78f2ac3440744b7d5eed907b22	A lack of policy co-ordination and institutional inertia can hinder the translation of policy orientations into a policy mix that responds adequately to new challenges and the evolving needs of the actors of the innovation system and their interplay. The distinction between policy formulation and policy implementation functions should be clear. They require different types of competencies and are subject to different accountability requirements. Confusion of functions can generate conflicts of interest.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	b6b30dd75f508d723d496d93040902f4	The savings were only statistically significant for patients in the improved group whose baseline HbAlc level was 10 percent or above. Measuring HbAlc is a way of measuring blood glucose levels -an important indicator for diabetics. For non-diabetics, a usual reading would be in the range 4.0-5.9 percent, for people with diabetes an HbAlc level of 6.5 percent is considered to be good control. However, this study did not take into account the cost of the intervention and, therefore, the overall cost-effectiveness could not be assessed. In a similar vein, Testa et al. ( Mun-roe et al. (	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	b6b7a7d3471fbd319a79b2ab523d3f77	This does not mean that Kazakhstan should move to a position-based system, since both systems have strengths and weaknesses, but authorities must be aw'are that the challenge is to establish a civil service responsive to the needs and specialised skill demands of contemporary Kazakhstan (and the skills required for urban development). The new law attempts to minimise the transfer of officials when new political appointments occur; these transfers will only be permitted within the same government body, and transfers between government bodies will be conducted on a competitive basis only. The Civil Service Law guarantees the continuation of employment of administrative civil servants if a government body is reorganised or liquidated and protects them from unjustified dismissal resulting from a change in government.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b6b8b24a81fb57386fac6cd5641bc84f	Such costs arise from risks related to information deficiencies, loss of time in marketing operations, e.g. due to shortages of elevator and transport capacities, or impeded access to port facilities, etc. Table 3.6 identifies some of these costs and attempts to quantify them. These estimates highlight that deficiencies in physical infrastructure involve additional implicit costs that diminish incentives of grain producers and traders.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	b6b9968c09292b2acbcd239a4423da3d	A recent review of the data available on women's empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa found that the demographic and health surveys used in most countries lack questions on adolescent girls. Further gaps pertaining to the civic and economic participation amongst all adolescents were economic empowerment, knowledge of legal rights and recourse, participation in decision-making, and attitudes and social norms (Heckert and Fabic, 2013). Those that exert the greatest impact on their well-being, at least as understood in the worlds of science and policy, are set out inTable 3 (page 16).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	b6bb1c6dc2ab647be6b4a7c78239dec9	Policy reforms are another possible driver of these trends, notably stricter eligibility requirements and a greater focus on the activation of employable benefit recipients. Cappellari and Jenkins (2014) relate part of the decline in receipt rates in the United Kingdom to the introduction of the Jobseeker’s Allowance in 1996 and the Working-Families Tax Credit in 1999. They however suggest also that a 1996 reform to the financing of social assistance expenditures may have played a role that resulted in reduced transfers from the federal government to the provinces and stronger incentives for the provinces to move recipients from benefits into work.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	b6bbd3cee1486f753ca621d841dbfe77	Other than rape and sexual abuse, it has also been found that women representatives who are efficient often attract slanderous allegations of sexual liaisons. In many states there have even been attempts to intimidate women into withdrawing from the election by insinuations of affairs with men. Violence against women representatives is, of course, generally worse when they also happen to be members of the scheduled castes or tribes. Gundiyabai Ahirwar, the dalit Sarpanch of Pipra village in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, was prevented from performing a ceremonial duty - hoisting the national flag in her village on Independence Day - because the Yadav (a backward caste) majority in the village thought that a dalit would pollute the national flag by touching it.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	b6bc76521f627aeeca4105695b9df22f	These well-known challenges relating to refugees' and migrants' access to basic services must be considered in the design of social protection in urban areas. Options range from universal programmes to geographic, categorical or community-based targeting, self-targeting, means testing and proxy means testing. This might make them more accessible to urban residents, who are physically closer to government offices and more used to dealing with government services and officials.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/973d5b65-en	b6c381aef0ad538297ae6ec00d08acb1	A child's degree of independence will depend on his or her age, cognitive capacity and education, and may still require guidance from parents, caretakers or peers. A well-connected street network has many short links, numerous intersections and minimal dead ends. Children depend on street connectivity as it's also a proxy for walkability. The city's success is based on an inclusive approach to urban development that targetted social issues such as urban violence and poverty with public space programmes and infrastructure investments.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	b6c6494b24a6a769e414d7d630c201a8	Overrepresentation of non-natives among benefit recipients is a standard finding in the literature on SA benefit receipt dynamics and has motivated a series of studies examining the reasons of this so-called ‘immigrant-native gap’ in benefit receipt. Evidence from Sweden suggests that differences in observable characteristics only account for a small part of the differences in the frequency of benefit receipt between migrants and natives, but that state dependence in benefit receipt, i.e. a possible ‘scarring effect’ of past benefit receipt, may be higher for migrants (Hansen & Lofstrom, 2003, 2008; see discussion in Section 4). By contrast, Riphahn & Wunder (2012) find that for Germany the gap disappears once socioeconomic characteristics are accounted for. Differences in findings across countries are however to be expected given large heterogeneity in the immigrant populations and cross-country differences in the extent to which different migrant groups have access to standard social safety nets.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	b6c67b93006e52d5514a7e9377266321	National announcements to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, for instance, are included (IEA, 2010a). Many regions have losses that are higher than the global average of 9%. Losses in India are reported at 23%, although anecdotal evidence has indicated that it is much higher in many regions, and power theft is estimated to be the main reason for this large number. Technical losses must be addressed in both the urban and rural settings.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	b6c8e339c29fd267b2314f08924c0f06	Between 2000 and 2013 the %TSE in Viet Nam fluctuated considerably due to large variations in MPS (Figure 2.16). However, since peaking in 2009 at VND 95 trillion (USD 5.3 billion), equivalent to 5% of GDP, the TSE has steadily declined to reach 1.36% in 2013. The fall in MPS, along with budgetary reductions for irrigation, are the main contributors to this decrease.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/39291afb-en	b6cbae498f8de0e147c7a9a091caeef1	"The extreme poverty threshold for the target, measured as income per person below the international poverty line, is too low for the countries of the region, so it is considered more appropriate to use the extreme poverty line based on the cost of a basic food basket.7Target 1.2 is to reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions by 2030. Although this target includes a multidimensional definition of poverty, which goes beyond shortfalls in income, it clearly defines a quantitative outcome and a time horizon that can be used to assess the prospects for reducing total monetary poverty (and not just extreme poverty). Since the target does not specify from which point poverty should be halved, the analysis takes 2015 as its base year, which is when the Goals were adopted worldwide. For reference purposes, of the 15 countries analysed in this section, the incidence of extreme poverty was below 3% in 8 of them in 2016 (according to figures from the World Bank, see ""Poverty"" lonlinel https://data.worldbank.org/topic/povertyl."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	b6cc7736e3dc0e4685134635d2852aa2	In the post-conflict period, there may also be pressure to return to traditional gender roles. Gender-based violence, including sexual violence, is often used as a war strategy and remains a key security threat in the post-conflict context. Responding to these past violations of human rights, SSR processes should support positive changes that might be occurring, while seeking to address high levels of post-conflict gender-based violence (Valasek 2008).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	b6cf28013c7b9b9939a97e3db5e0ab33	It was acknowledged, too, that in order to remain coherent and not distort findings through the research process, an authentic research framework would be necessary. Building on the work of other scholars in the region, the team approached their work using the Kakala Research Framework. In this approach, the kakala, a traditional garland, is used as a metaphor for the inquiry process, with different elements of the garland providing rich local meaning to guide different aspects of the research methodology. In addition, the team incorporated Tongan ethical principles into the research design, and detailed culturally-relevant data collection techniques such as talanoa and nofo - local approaches to oral and narrative inquiry.	13	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264311626-6-en	b6d0c7f3f874e88fbd37406a9eaeb120	These companies employed just under 100 000 workers, representing around 13% of total employment. The number of foreign-owned businesses has grown by 33% between 2008 and 2015, with associated employment increasing by 41% over the same period. In particular there is a higher share of firms operating in the primary sector and utilities (14.6% vs. 5.9%), in the wholesale and retail sector (21.3% vs. 19.9%) and in the education sector (5.6% vs. 3.1%).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	b6d33641a606763003fe47ad798421c2	According to data from Destatis (2015a), the share of children (0-to-l 7 year-olds) living in two parent families declined by almost 6 percentage points between 1996 and 2014. This is entirely on account of a drop in the number of children in families with two married parents, which fell by more than 10 percentage points between 1996 and 2014. Over the same period, the share of children living in families with two cohabiting parents more than doubled from 4% to the 9% - mirroring an increase in cohabitation in the adult population (see Box 2.1).	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/58d686e0-en	b6d48130f91057cfd4c644930f804459	"The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires State parties to take ""all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations"" (art. This includes ensuring the same right to enter into marriage with free and full consent and to freely choose a spouse, the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and its dissolution and with respect to their children, and the same personal rights as husband and wife, such as the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation. Rights related to access to property and sexual and reproductive health, which will be examined separately in this chapter, are also covered by this provision."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	b6d60f2b198587122f094a0b7626e3f9	In addition, it is highly likely that such production, most of which was moved to emerging economies, is carried out with lower energy efficiency and higher emission intensities. Thus, the net result of the commendable United Kingdom climate policy was quite possibly an overall increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide—the opposite of the objective intended. This example highlights the importance of global coordination and the need for reality checks of measures from a systems and global perspective. One phenomenon to consider in this regard is the “rebound effect” (the Jevons paradox), that is, the increased energy use resulting from increased energy efficiency.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	b6d69474f1dc81517e8677bb919f0fd8	Pesticides not only include the crop protection products but also biocides, including products for disinfestation (such as cooling water and flush water for drilling), wood preservation and antifouling (to protect ships). Accordingly, the Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides takes decisions based on the policy of four ministries: the Ministry of Economic Affairs; the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports; and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Within the authorisation procedure, among other things, attention is paid to the possible adverse effect on freshwater organisms.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	b6d7af7077705c527ab9e61c30c48fd0	The strategy could incorporate important elements of legal, regulatory and institutional reforms in a comprehensive and coherent manner in order to ensure that obstacles to equitable, sustainable development are removed. This strategy also may incorporate the participation of women in strategic areas and positions of power as well as facilitate support for gender impact analysis and the collection of gender-disaggregated data. Together with concerned ministries, women’s associations and organisations from across Spain participated in the preparation of the strategic plan in order to incorporate their views in a collaborative policy making process.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	b6d8eaf017678114e910db3d45f7cca9	Following examples in Austria, language camps could be offered to children aged 6 and above. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be helpful. Making summer camps in all municipalities accessible to all students is important, irrespective of their financial situation. As the children of immigrant and refugee parents would benefit considerably from leisure centres, access to all parents would be beneficial irrespective of the family’s situation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	b6dbea55ce18767d39b53e75b8c61c87	Imports of vegetable oils are much less concentrated, with the European Union, China and India leading the charts. Brazil will remain the largest exporter, supported by a falling currency, with Thailand in second place. Australia is projected to become a growing sugar exporting country, contingent on the projected investments in its sugarcane area.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b6dd4b8c0768063d3f9dff4a336821cd	Finally the economical benefit of seasonal load following for the operator is estimated. The demand curve (in red on the figure) is the weekly average demand in France from Monday to Friday between 8:00 and 20:00. The corresponding residual demand is plotted in pink, while the planned outages of nuclear plants and residual nuclear capacity are plotted in blue, as dotted and solid lines (respectively). This “real” data take into account the seasonal load following of the nuclear fleet. The volatility of residual demand, as well as the maximal power imbalances (both negative and positive) seen by the electrical grid, has been significantly reduced.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ca9f4916-en	b6dee1e7c9523d4f0a3984cad1d2bbc7	The sheer volume of women adding their voices to the conversation, saying “I hear you, I understand you, I believe you”, has enabled them to find courage. Providing women with a chance to unburden painful experiences, and ultimately find relief, serves as collective therapy that is free and open to all. Women everywhere can say “me too” to someone else, whether that means “it happened to me” or simply “I believe you.”	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	b6df86803641a252ccb4083d81cfa7e2	While countries with fewer resources also have institutions with fewer resources, well-invested resources can have a big impact on local business and economic growth. Low income countries score the worst in understanding customer needs, and the dispersion is small, indicating that most countries in this group have problems in this area. Middle income countries also score fairly low in understanding their client needs, but the dispersion in scores is bigger, showing differences across countries.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	b6e02e3ab2aed38291aedf59a476d78e	Such locally elected bodies have been formed, but they have been kept non-functional as controversy has arisen over the Government’s decision to retain central control over local affairs by granting power to the members of the parliament to interfere in local level development activities, which the elected local leaders are not ready to accept. To empower the lawmakers to intervene in the functioning of the newly elected upazila parishads (councils), the parliament also recently passed the Upazila Parishad Act of 2009. Thus, visionary local leadership is still far from a reality in Bangladesh.	3	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	b6e355c9e933409ee00a0d103078221c	Economic benefits can accrue from driving businesses to be greener, increasing firms’ competitiveness by increasing their rate of innovation and overall productivity (Porter and von der Linde, 1995). This can reduce the marginal additional cost of abatement compared to companies in countries with less stringent environmental standards (Greaker, 2006). Lack of energy supplies in these countries can be a significant constraint on economic growth potential.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	b6e7b63ae0c08139969107a938cdaea0	Good/strong; 5. In order of importance from the assessment, these were: policy coherence (Principle 3); financing (Principle 6); managing trade-offs across users, rural and urban areas, and generations (Principle 11); and integrity and transparency (Principle 9). To strengthen a comprehensive approach to water management, some Principles can be considered simultaneously (e.g. Principles 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11) in order to develop a clearer and broader understanding of the problems and the solutions. The paper concludes that the Principles are a good example of how the complexity of w'ater problems demands holistic approaches and actions, including considerations of territorial, temporal and intergenerational continuity.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	b6e890aec7e22e42e0e61b2a6bae5aeb	The government is also creating an attractive environment for the active participation of local and foreign private investors. However, these efforts are being severely curtailed by unresolved border issues, the government’s relatively substantial spending on security, the UN sanctions and macroeconomic instability. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is projected to slow from 1.7% in 2014 to 0.3% in 2015 because of slower economic activity and increasing challenges in the global market.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/797ccf27-en	b6ea53ea7cc174c1c795294ec92282a7	There are some exceptions, however, such as the highest quintile in Colombia and Guatemala, where the increase in transfers and other incomes easily outpaced labour-income growth, or the widespread fall in income in Uruguay, in which all sources participated to the same extent. For that reason, it is best to use them in a complementary way (see box 1.8). This chapter uses four of the best-known, which are described in detail below. It corresponds to the area between the Lorenz curve and the equi-distribution line.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b6ebba4dfccb2ab02b31993e340262c9	The university’s expertise and facilities are in high demand among the local industries and agencies. The university’s commercial arm of the university, USAINS Holding Sdn. The environmental testing and analytical services use the equipment and facilities of various schools and centres such as the Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, School of Chemical Sciences, School of Physics and various schools and centres of the Engineering campus in Nibong Tebal, Penang. The university staff conducts environmental impact studies for various activities such as construction of dams and waste water treatment plans and flood mitigation designs.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	b6edc05bc58a7dd88263aec6433dc74d	It is only useful to talk about ‘discipline-centric’ and ‘student-centric’ pedagogies for the purpose of clarity about intentions. Teaching is therefore all about combinations. How teachers organise their own time and that of their students has implications for the range of opportunities students have to develop competences, and the depth and breadth of knowledge they acquire.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	b6ee1ee725c745c7013fc1d8885de1fd	"A new set of indicators is currently under development See: http://sd.defra.gov.uk/progress/national/annual-review/. The report includes a suite of 68 National Indicators, although none of them report specifically on the social aspects of forests. Progress is tracked by 7 Purpose Targets and supported by 16 National Outcomes, and 45 National Indicators. The indicator of most relevance to recreation and tourism is 6.10: Accessibility for recreation and intensity of use (Area of forest and other wooded land where public has a right of access for recreational purposes and indication of intensity of use). The 40 indicators cover a wide range of aspects of sustainable forestry in the UK, and are grouped under six themes, including ""People and Forests:"" http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/ahen-5hzd3r."	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	b6f1bb8f31579b91b8f143abe430ab21	"Teachers with multidisciplinary backgrounds are meant to “immerse [students] in a system of innovative thinking, with specific goals for solving practical problems”. The courses may build on input from any part of Stanford University, including themes such as “fostering democracy; aiding individuals with threatening medical profiles; or paving the way for the next great start-ups"". Instead of only trying to solve ready-defined problems, students are meant to creatively identity “what needs fixing and how to go about it"" with the help of direct observation and interviews. After identifying a problem worth of working on, students imagine possibilities through “ideation"" and then select a solution for prototyping and testing."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/540c5775-en	b6f4958a46630ace84419333a01034d3	A deep economic recession, fluctuating national currency, sanctions, soaring food and fuel prices and disrupted markets have contributed to Syrian's extreme vulnerability. Access to basic services such as water and electricity is sporadic at best and exploited by the parties to the conflict. The unpredictability and danger of daily life spreads terror, and the situation is ripe GBV.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-6-en	b6f73818e4d74175e524f5cbfaa2239f	"Socio-economic background is more strongly related to performance than gender. In all countries with available data, adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent have higher numeracy skills than those whose parents have not attained this level of education (Table 2). Related to SDG Target 4.4 on Skills for Work, Global Indicator 4.4.1 measures the ""Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill.” This indicator has been developed according to the definition of the International Telecommunication Union in the framework of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development (ITU, 2014(9])."	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwm62b3bvh-en	b6f799496868450db74b0e55e16ea1c9	In line with the learning organisation emphasis on feedback loops, ensuring the impact of professional development of leaders is also highlighted (Huber, 2011). Leadership is, and should be a continuous process of learning (MacBeath and Dempster, 2008). The school leader as “lead learner” (Barth, 2001) engages seriously in their own learning - alone and with colleagues (Robertson, 2016, in press), is exposed to the best theories and practices on school leadership for learning and teaching to thrive (Hamzah et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en	b6f8e22831c0f3ea7371a13896838bbf	The goal is to encourage the uptake of energy-efficient technologies in buildings and increase the numbers and scope of refurbishment that would otherwise not take place. Therefore it is important that tax relief be targeted at new and innovative technologies with little market access and high upfront costs (Geller 2006, pp. Surveys of free-riders for various former US tax incentive programmes in the buildings sector have indicated possible rates between 53% and 94%. The number of free riders clearly depends on the design of each programme and in order to address the issue, the US federal government is now targeting incentives at only the most efficient measures and appliances with a market share below 5% (Neuhoff et a!.,	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	b6fc2e01b1701a07eecb32fc2950c3d2	Section 4.3 analyses the extent to which employment growth stems from non-standard work and how NSW contributes to job polarisation. Section 4.4 looks at the question of whether nonstandard jobs pay less and whether such jobs improve employment prospects. It also discusses the implications for the distribution of earnings.	1	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264167865-9-en	b6fce6b012ec21405df252f6947b2bbb	Historically, the states have delegated much authority in these matters to cities and counties. State guidance is implemented by cities and counties through their comprehensive plans and zoning regulations, and, together with a plethora of special service districts, they provide municipal services to the region. Oregon provides firmer substantive and procedural direction than Washington, as reflected in the respective state planning laws.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	b6fd038a4050c16e0234cfd3d6d10245	This translates into a situation whereby the more accountability-oriented elements of the framework are receiving greater attention than processes for improvement, which leads to more limited local engagement in self-assessment activities, incipient practices of evidence-informed inquiry, and assessment and evaluation results not used to their potential. While there have been considerable national efforts to stimulate an evaluation culture by strengthening assessment and evaluation activities, as well as providing competency-building learning opportunities in some cases, the Review Team assesses that there are still limited evaluation and assessment competencies throughout the education system. There is great variation in the capacity for municipalities to develop and effectively use quality assurance systems. There is little information nationally regarding the qualifications of municipal education staff, but it seems a clear challenge for smaller municipalities to recruit staff with specific expertise in education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b6fddcf14bcf2ac0e8107096efa44e57	"Female migration is a crucial serious sociocultural loss, depriving individual families, and Georgian society as a whole, of women's natural contributions"". For example, in the 19th Century in the Dominican Republic, due to social stigma attached to women working outside of the household, the husband preferred and encouraged women to seek employment in the US, where it was deemed acceptable, even in the Dominican diaspora (Grassmuck and Pessar, 1991). In addition to preferences for gender equality, this attraction of lower discriminatory social institutions in the destination country may also be explained by lower discrimination in its labour market reflected in greater working opportunities for women (Martin, 2004)."	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/18db943d-en	b6ff332fb8f8c8f1c7028fa5938d2382	Exercise Report, IOWave 14. Most of the gaps here - such as improving communication among key actors, participation of local communities and performance assessments - relate to good governance. Gender issues as well as the special needs of other vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and older persons also need to be taken into account. International standards proving common alert levels and colour codes in a multi-hazard approach could help facilitate this. But it is important also to build the political will and institutional commitment to ensure the necessary resources and coordination. Integrate the concept of ‘early warning as a public good’ into national planning, policy and decision-making.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	b701d469bb5bbbf2938e83bb1574e2a9	Les negotiations se poursuivent en vue d’obtenir de tous les pays des engagements contraignants de reduction de leurs emissions. Compte tenu de lamplcur des reductions necessaires, il est vital que les Etats-Unis adoptent une politique globale de lutte contre le changement climatique qui soit efficace par rapport a son cout. Le gouvemement en place s’efforce d’agcncer ce dispositif, dont les principaux elements sont la tarification generate des emissions de GES et le renforcement du soutien apporte au developpement et au deploiement des technologies qui font diminuer ces demieres. There are other co-benefits of GHG mitigation policy, such as for ecosystems and biodiversity, but they are not examined here.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	b707595efb629361457a88323fd4bdc3	Results are available in Annex 4. Regarding any alcohol drinking, results show increasing rates of alcohol drinkers among the younger (both genders) in Germany, and in the elderly in England and the US (men) and in New Zealand (both genders). Regarding hazardous drinking, results show increasing rates of hazardous drinkers among young adults in England (both genders) and in Switzerland and the US (men).	3	2	3	0.2
10.18356/7bd174d7-en	b709f783a1ea36afb93ff2b4fbf50918	Still, globally in 2012, 6.6 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday. Out of all child deaths worldwide, 50 per cent occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and an additional 32 per cent occurred in South Asia. Most of these child deaths were caused by preventable diseases, such as acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, measles and malaria (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2013).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	b7109b37ef957e0a7f939e70db9ebbdb	Direct subsidies for important projects such as building BRT systems can also help. It can voluntarily improve its vehicle fleet fuel economy, more aggressively market its more efficient vehicles and provide better information to consumers. Renault, for example, has lobbied for a harmonisation in European vehicle C02 tax policies, which currently vary considerably among the 27 EU countries. Ultimately though, voluntary fuel economy improvement programmes have been found to be inadequate; national standards and tax policies appear necessary to successfully lower the fuel intensity of passenger cars.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	b710ed5d49cbb9007994a5688247a201	The frameworks differ in their geographic focus, the intervention level, and the policy or programmatic orientation (Bours, McGinn and Pringle, 2013). To various degrees, the frameworks embody a theory of what successful adaptation entails and steps that can inform an assessment of whether agreed objectives have been achieved. Dedicated green and climate funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund [2011], the Global Environmental Facility [2012], and the Climate Investment Funds [2012]) have also formulated monitoring and evaluation frameworks to assess the impact of their portfolio of activities.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b711195bc1442792806c65439cc66f27	Finally, an interest rate of 7.5% is used in the calculations. All scenarios consider the possibility to use batteries of electric vehicles as storages for the electricity system according to the vehicle-to-grid concept (V2G). It is assumed for the future that available electric vehicles provide a total storage capacity of 48 GWh and a total loading/ unloading power of 48 GW to the electricity system.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b711ed54e2047e86df4d6a7f1f357ca0	It is only due to the weakened demand for electricity in the current low-growth environment of OECD economies and the considerable excess capacity constructed during more favourable periods in the past that more serious stresses have so far been avoided. Already today, the technical and pecuniary system effects of variable renewables are putting considerable stress on the long-term adequacy of the electricity systems of OECD countries. The increasing variability of the demand for dispatchable production, the difference between variable renewable production and total demand, increases risk and makes the financing of dispatchable capacity even more challenging (see Chapter 7 and the study by IER Stuttgart).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	b7141e62f73af1d6768dc479a5fd17c9	Glaciers play also a major role in several parts of the world to smooth water flows in rivers across time, for which irrigation is in some cases strongly dependent on (FAO, 2011). Climate change could also have implications in terms of the interactions betw een ground and surface water compartments, as water stress on the latter could be transmitted to the former in the dry season. One can also expect an indirect effect of climate change through an increasing demand for groundwater as surface water becomes scarce and droughts more frequent and severe. Groundw ater depletion may occur in some places and be aggravated in places where depletion already exists. Agricultural w ater withdrawal, including irrigation, already represents a substantial amount of groundwater withdrawals in some countries (Figure 1.5), and a trend towards more frequent droughts may be an incentive to close the crop w'ater requirement gap with groundwater resources. Data for Greece refer to year 2004.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	b71c1978f64d688a488bab445d90c982	These include the Sydney Green Skills Alliance at the Sydney Institute, the partnership between the Western Sydney Institute and Schneider Electric, and the partnership described in Box 6 between Bunnings Warehouse and the Northern Sydney Institute. Examples such as these illustrate the way in which a high-skills ecosystem can coordinate technological investment by enterprises with training investment by workers to enhance a regional or a sector’s economic development. The United Kingdom government is setting up local enterprise partnerships in England with mandates, among other things, to engage directly with networks of colleges and training organisations in order to advance local strategic priorities. This is a very recent policy announcement, so details are still emerging as this report is being written (see further details in the learning model presented in the Annex).	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	b71c2535f9dd4aaaf9fb663184b36f0b	Although it is difficult to make cross-country comparisons, this is far below those of many of China’s East Asian neighbours in 2010, such as Japan ($32), the Republic of Korea ($16.6) and Taiwan Province of China ($8.36). For qualitatively similar estimates, see Ceglowski and Golub, 2011. The reason is that these exports contain little of the exporting country'’s own technology and production factors, apart from low-skilled labour.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jm0v3s71fs5-en	b71d0ff8bb4dae8da9e68394f50f5494	In 2013, the EU developed statebuilding contracts, a new, relatively flexible, financing modality to provide tailored budget support to fragile and conflict-affected states. Budget support is complemented by a package of technical assistance, and includes a combination of regular and performance-related payments. In Mali, the statebuilding contract played a key role in maintaining fiscal stability during a period of democratic transition following the 2013 political crisis, a crisis that had led to the suspension of a large proportion of other bilateral donor financing.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	b71d1f9061e316cf703392c2abe605ff	Altogether, the proposed irrigation schemes comprise a new irrigated area of 6,800 ha in the Hermel and Al Qaa area of the basin.” In terms of water use. Average annual use for the period from 1992 to 2009 was around 2,582 MCM.3’ Agriculture is the largest water user, consuming about 1,977 MCM annually (77% of total water use], followed by domestic water use at 9% and industry at 8% (Figure 7).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	b71e0db62c6af289d3a25c2cfedaa35f	In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, poverty levels have remained very high. In developed countries, income inequality has increased, and the phenomenon of the working poor has become more pronounced. However, the recent escalation in prices of food, fuel and industrial commodities till mid-2008 largely wiped out those gains. Two prominent examples are many excessively sophisticated and expensive products in the automobile and household-appliances industries worldwide, which have experienced a massive oversupply in recent years.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	b71fec95affbfd3686b4ba3c4abc5267	The share of the latter in total agricultural land utilised increased from 0.6% in 1990-92 on average to 52% in 2009-11. The most drastic shift in the factors concerned livestock inventories, which fell to marginal levels in the agricultural enterprises during the 1990s, leaving rural households the principal agricultural units that kept livestock. If in 1990-92 households kept slightly less than one-third of the total livestock inventory, this share rose to 80% in 2007-09.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	b723467ea0497536fcd19197a756ec76	When investments required are substantial, access to external investment can be critical. Investors, however, may not have confidence in the project’s potential, may not be able to assess the entrepreneurs’ ability to manage the project and its risks, or simply may not be aware of the existence of the project. Skilled individuals can help generate new knowledge and innovations; are more able to recognise the value of knowledge created elsewhere, absorb it and apply it to new commercial ends (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990); and can support firms in identifying business opportunities and help them adapt to changing environments.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	b7272dd45346b0f40ec1e91288282b94	With the exception of surveys conducted after specific water contamination incidents (mostly in the US) and a number of studies measuring households’ perception of water quality in Canada, there is a scarcity of studies on households’ valuation of improved tap water quality in OECD countries. Households can invest in purification systems. Households can also consume bottled water for their drinking needs. Since these are private substitutes for public investments, assessing the factors that encourage the adoption of such private strategies is important for policy design.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	b72772e6a5023b9d4ebba443021f11c0	The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of Dimension 2 (Income and benefits from employment). Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). The number of jobs a person holds can best be captured through an LFS.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	b72970d0f5facfb808f833e44ccfc2e1	However, because of their geographical location, reliance on climate-sensitive natural resources and development gaps in general, developing countries, and low-income countries in particular, are at the greatest risk of climate hazards. Left unattended, climate hazards are likely to increase poverty, worsen inequalities, exacerbate food insecurity and cause health problems, among other hardships, which may reverse years of development progress in some countries. These impacts are largely determined by deep-rooted socioeconomic inequalities. As a result, they tend to be particularly detrimental to the most disadvantaged groups of society, which are hence disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	b72b8261686e911a567fba0b7f11f3be	In addition, the report explores the literature on direct teaching behaviours that may help foster student learning in more traditional teaching settings. Despite the promising evidence linking problem-based learning and effective teaching in higher education to certain aspects ofskills for innovation, more work is needed in this area. There is strong potential for further research to provide additional important insights into the development of skills for innovation. It forms part of the CERI Innovation Strategy for Education and Skills.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	b72e53100e78d99fc8d1873005a1f349	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	b72f794694c4e280654dd933fb5a6557	The Agreement explicitly indicates that it applies to transboundary waters of the Narva River Basin, including Pskovsko-Chudskoye/Peipsi Lake. Over time, the competence of joint bodies has expanded to include fishing and fisheries, water allocation, irrigation, power generation, construction of water facilities and bridges, and the protection against floods. For example, in the agreements concluded between or with participation of EECCA States from the early 1990s, groundwaters are included in the competence of some joint commissions (agreements 2, 8, 20 in table 1) and plenipotentiaries (agreements 1, 4, 9, 18 in table 1).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	b72ff05aa93756d337b0b3eed9c1ec74	Incentives were also provided in the past by the Greek government to promote the renewal of the fleet of public transport buses, aiming at the replacement and modernization of old vehicles. The Special Land Planning Framework for Tourism (Government Gazette 1138/B/2009), currently in force, provides for restrictions concerning the protection of the environment. For instance, article 6 paragraph E1, referring to tourist sports and especially to golf, imposes various measures regarding the protection of the environment and particularly water resources from the danger of overuse and pollution. Ski tourism too raises the need for measures to protect the environment, particularly on issues concerning improving accessibility and limiting the repercussions on the special characteristics of the areas concerned. A new Special Land Planning Framework expected at the end of 2010 will include more restrictions. According to its recently published guidelines, tourism enterprises can make applications under this programme if they want to install eco-friendly equipment, use alternative sources of energy for their everyday operations, or pursue other environmental protection goals.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6af97a78-en	b733f457a77c99ec4512408586f60d41	Recalling that IRD was abandoned after a few years due to severe problems in coordinating government planning bureaus and of ultimately fixating on discrete projects without much integration, calling for cross-border integration of planning faces great challenges. This is especially so if it is seen as usurping sovereign power and vested interests of national governments (Varis, Rahaman and Stucki 2008). The potential contribution of such frameworks is to promote the reality that water issues need broad, cross-cutting policies with integrating visions to assemble policies at the water and development interface.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	b735dfd6b784d06096d20d2605b1a1ef	As Chart 6 indicates, the period of rapid GDP growth has not been accompanied by significantly higher rates of net employment generation, with the employment growth in the most recent period still slower than the rates of expansion achieved in the period 1987-88 to 1993-94. Further, more detailed data reveal that the quality of employment has deteriorated significantly, with less days worked per year and more reliance on precarious Iow-remuneration self employment. There has been a significant decline in the proportion of all forms of wage employment. But the latest survey round suggests that even casual employment has fallen in proportion to total employment.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	b735fe23764b6945ec0884cbc7e28c19	It also discusses the use of other staff to support student learning as well as the use of data, evaluation and assessment in schools to support improvements in student performance and attainment levels. It highlights the positive changes Denmark has implemented to strengthen initial teacher education and the availability of central funding for the competency development of in-service teachers. It identifies a desire for and instances of collaborative work at all levels of the system as well as a growing focus on pedagogy and goal-oriented teaching.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	b73784f58560f08b84036bcbcc001977	For instance, the gender gap in employment captures the status of women’s labour force participation relative to that of men’s, indicating the extent of gender equitable access to employment. As a proportion of male employment, female employment in the Asian and Pacific region has hovered at about 62 to 65 per cent since the early 1990s, which mirrors the global average. Notable variations between subregions exist, with North and Central Asia having just above 90 females employed for every 100 males, and South and South-West Asia counting just above 36 females employed for every 100 males.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	b7379319ad1116e614b44e39f2cb4c0e	These programmes have also broken ground in terms of programme administration and female empowerment by developing innovative distribution channels, such as ATM cards for low-income mothers without bank accounts. The result has been substantial declines in poverty and extreme poverty and reduced inequality.106 Chile. In response to findings that state subsidies were not reaching the extreme poor, Chile Solidario was launched in 2002 to reach the extreme poor with a combination of aid and skill development.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	b73909084d282aa4bf39de306a32fb76	On the other hand, self-employment either declined or was stable in most countries. The tasks-based approach, for instance, shows that the employment shares of routine-task jobs, traditionally composed of middle-skill workers, have declined from 53% to 41% between 1995 and 2010. At the same time, there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract (from 28% to 38%), and to a lesser extent, non-routine manual jobs (from 18% to 21%). Similarly, the jobs-based approach, which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry, finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a U-shaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	b73a0f8a1804d2010291b26b72a784ff	The IV procedure allows purification of the health variable from its correlation with the error term e_it, that is, from its sources of endogeneity. However, finding a strong and valid instrument is often difficult, at best. For instance, looking at the relationship between obesity and wages, Cawley (2004) used sibling’s weight as an instrument for individual weight.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	b7440c5be9d5b84b5cb7d29a35817810	The first method sees the advantage as a rent, which does not have to be paid. The second method, considers the advantage as a return on investment made in real-estate rather than investing in the financial market. The third method is based on personal estimates of the rent people would have to pay for their home. It may be necessary to approximate the market rent by an estimate which should cover items such as operating, maintenance and repair outlays, water charges, insurance service charges, taxes, depreciation and mortgage interest in addition to interest on owner’s investment in the dwelling and other elements of net return.” As such, imputed rent is a component of the unearned income of private households and is classified in the same category as income from interest, dividends, and letting or leasing property (United Nations, 1977).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	b7450b9207d43e8b9a17a52fb17dd162	Instead, an oversight CRGE Inter-Ministerial Committee was created by the Prime Minister’s Office to give high-level policy direction, with ministerial and high-level official representation from each of the ministries contributing to the CRGE. Under this is a Technical Committee comprising mid-level managers of the sectors, and Sub-technical Committees covering operational issues of the CRGE. This institutional set-up is both new and active: the Inter-Ministerial Committee meets on a bi-monthly basis to assess the outputs of the Technical Committee; the latter meets every 15 days; while the sub-technical committee members convene twice every week.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264282261-10-en	b74799e7b2f6d5fda86048faf592ffc5	Moreover, from March 2017 onwards, the minimum conservation reference size for sole increased by Ministerial Decree from 24 to 25 cm (Article 1 of the Flemish Ministerial Decree of 3 March 2017). In addition, measures related to the protection and restoration of marine biodiversity will receive key support. In Wallonia, the focus is on continuing to develop small-scale artisanal aquaculture production.	14	0	8	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	b7479aab6f2b878217f2cfbe3668c090	This is especially the case if travel to destinations includes transfers and significant waiting times. Public transport also provides basic mobility to those who may not have access to cars and whose travel requirements are not suited to walking or cycling. High-frequency, rapid and good quality public transport supply may compete with cars in terms of convenience, cost and overall user experience. It does so while decreasing per-passenger land-take, energy use and environmental impacts due to efficiencies derived from scale and electrification in the case of many rail, trolley and electric-powered bus systems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	b747e94809d7765dc9efd4da8620c1cb	A common version of these indicators (the simplest contour-based indicators) also makes use of thresholds (e.g. number of services reachable in 30 minutes), with all activities within and beyond the threshold treated as equally important. These indices include an impedance function or sensitivity cost in the equation, which decreases the desirability of routes according to given characteristics - distance or road quality, for example. Simply put, destinations that are closer to the origin, or served by better roads, are given a larger weight than those that are farther or have poorer roads.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	b74a710840bb42584675ced69fae82c1	However, some functions related to water management are devolved to various other national and local authorities, and public and private organisations. It is also responsible for implementing the policies, assuring compliance with environmental legislation, issuing licences for groundwater abstraction, monitoring of surface and groundwater quantity and quality, collecting statistical information on water uses and wastewater discharges, etc. The ministry undertakes these tasks through the subdivisions described below.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	b74d5e0a72df2cdd65a61deef6916413	Unlike in the other European Union Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, most government support in Moldova in the energy sector is the result of reduced taxes and tax exemptions. In 2015 only, mostly due to reduced taxation, the state budget failed to collect an estimated USD 48.2 mln, or 0.7% of GDP. In addition to tax exemptions and tax rate reductions, the Moldovan government supports consumers by making direct transfers to disadvantaged people and by keeping energy utility prices below cost-recovery levels. The government assumes the risk of covering losses of indebted energy companies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	b7505ea2f733973c428e6439f63096d8	As a result, schools are not provided with clear information on the bases to distribute the resources between them. The lack of transparency might be partly explained by the absence of a rationale for the algorithms used by each of the education councils (and their likely historical basis) as well as the possible lack of articulation between the algorithms independently developed by each education council. In addition, the extra staff allocated to individual schools depends on the subjective advice of inspectors and discretion on whether or not one specific school is eligible for a given educational programme (e.g. Community Teachers Programme).	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-25-en	b750d4c71d294d7f72dc9e1dd69dd628	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biannual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries.	4	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	b75365697b9ae4f83c561d0a86dd798c	Other benefits from Internet access would include communication by health professionals via e-mail as well as the possibility of using electronic health records (EHR) if available. Once connected to the Internet, hospitals could consider offering Telehealth services to isolated patients. Some countries show more growth than others, with particularly strong growth in Kenya, Nepal and Viet Nam.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	b756a46fb878823f288d53ad5ff4158e	To set up the PLU and the carte communale, municipalities must go through a public hearing and cooperative procedure with the central government. When development does not conform to the plan, it can legally be refused connection to infrastructure such as electricity and water grids. Comprehensive land-use planning in France and the Netherlands (cont.)	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	b75c033de6a80b17d323440dd09d4625	Section 5-1-2 presents the recent literature on impacts and adaptation in IAMs and provides an overview of all recent IAMs. Based on this overview, Section 5-1-3 reviews the development and state of the art of climate impact modelling in IAMs, and Section 5-1-4 reviews the development and state of the art of adaptation modelling. Section 5-1-5 discusses possible ways forward for climate impact and adaptation modelling in IAMs. Section 5-1-6 concludes. General reviews were conducted by Hope (2005) and Fiissel and Mastrandrea (2010).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	b760a5d3093a96e803088f87e39d36e2	Today, the annual abstracted quantity of surface w'ater is 8 km3, so there is still a great potential for increased use of water even if dry seasons and water shortages in some regions create certain limitations. The same scenarios show an effect on precipitation ranging from an increase of 10 per cent to 40 per cent (see box 4.5 in chapter 4). In the short term, it is expected that the annual w'ater flows will continue to increase due to increased melting of permanent snowfields and glaciers.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	b761c13c8e61e42822eb840ac5d85949	The potential benefits of competence-based approaches are not always fully realised. Chapter 2 looks at the identity of professional education and training and proposes new terminology for the sector; it also argues for better data and a clear institutional base for provision. Chapter 3 examines the quality of programmes, and argues that measures in three areas - work-based learning, teacher preparation and career development, and attention to basic skills - would sustain and enhance quality. Chapter 4 looks at qualifications, and makes recommendations designed to make qualifications stronger, to make full use of competence-based approaches, and to strengthen assessment systems.	4	1	11	0.8333333333333334
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	b764c0b82998128491c4695a4fa0353c	In particular, it may be relevant to explore more in depth the nature of the products in the machinery sector to better understand the scope of their potential role in the Libyan economic structure. If there is macroeconomic instability and uncertainty, private investment is significantly and negatively influenced because unpredictability hampers resource allocation decisions, investment and grow th. During periods of macroeconomic instability, entrepreneurs will operate on short-term investment horizons, choosing activities with quick returns rather than projects with longer-term investment returns, such as in manufacturing. From 2003-10, GDP grew at an annual average rate of 6.1%, even with the slowdown in growth during the global downturn in 2008 and 2009. The oil sector - favoured by a hike in global oil prices - contributed significantly to this economic expansion, fuelling revenues and growth.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267886-en	b766656bb982d95cca49bd5ef40c4932	Another factor is school reform in the 1990s, which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes, as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of 15-year-old students in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledge-intensive, higher value-added activities. Currently, Poland lags well behind many other OECD countries on the technology content of its exports (Figure 1.3), and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top OECD economies (Figure 1.4).	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	b76b1926df006200ba7134f6b6f92216	These innovations serve new demands in cities for enhanced services and improved interaction, making it possible to increase real-time insights on traffic and transportation for public authorities. The harmonization of data, which can be supported by UN/CEFACTs work on standardization of information exchanges and data flows, interacting together with blockchain smart contracts to initiate action, could serve for example. Most of the funds go towards supporting several activities linked to reducing air pollution including agriculture, oil, waste, diesel, transport, household energy and local planning.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	b76b9a20eea7ecfe398b700c7c9cfea5	They might also be linked to the greater societal tolerance accorded to men, rather than to women, to participate in illicit activities. These dynamics can be exacerbated by outside agencies, be it national or international security' actors, if and when they aggressively target men and boys of particular ethnic, religious or social profiles as suspected trouble-makers. Thereby, they often foreclose other possibilities for them not to join gangs, political pressure groups or movements seen as extremist.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b76c64b6342b08287cdbf1c31a4e493c	Remittances are important means for funding domestic consumption and accounted for about 8% of GDP. Increased government spending on infrastructure and public consumption contributed to GDP growth. The poor performance of the hydrocarbon and mining sectors weighed on growth. In addition, agricultural output suffered a sharp contraction due to severe drought conditions in the latter part of the year.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	b76e27d87fd6d6a4b4450bb11db3ff46	Some sectors do not have any incentives in reducing emissions, despite a large abatement potential (e.g. some export-oriented sectors in agriculture and manufacturing) (OECD, 201 la). Germany should consider further simplifying its climate change policy by first listing instruments used, identifying the externalities they are targeting, assessing whether they are cost-effective in addressing those externalities and identifying potential overlaps and loopholes. When designing the policy, the cost and benefits of the measures envisaged against the objectives they are supposed to serve should be carefully assessed. Particular attention should be given to the interaction with the EU ETS to limit overlaps. For example, the criteria used to select the abatement measures could be made clearer, as evaluations show that options which are cheaper than those considered in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme exist (such as the replacement of three to four low efficiency lignite fired-power plants) (BMU, 2008b).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/44e08493-en	b77031da6016787796fc9dab6d25ebdf	For most analyses in this report, this sorting is done separately for urban and rural households and compares the bottom quintile (the poorest) with the top quintile (the richest). This report mostly uses the former. Relative inequality is given as the ratio of the indicator value for the two groups. But in both cases, the same amount of investment or effort may be needed to increase the service coverage by 5 percentage points.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	b771147c7c367068408bf520c3d91edd	Technical assistance to farmers in meeting with quality standards would help to expand their opportunities for participation in larger markets. Most of the recent stories of innovation characterized by pro-poor and positive environmental impacts have also entailed the active participation of international and national civil society organizations, which, among others, can serve as intermediaries between research and agricultural practices; facilitate collective action and creation of farmers’ organizations for the purchase of inputs and marketing of food; and strengthen the capacity of women to participate in marketing production and innovation. While any government’s policy will have to respond to the specific context of its own country, building stronger partnerships within an SAIS will require the participants to collaborate in developing a clear-cut strategy directed toward achieving the objectives of agricultural reform and ensuring that there are resources adequate for expanding rural infrastructure and supporting provision of services to small-scale farmers.	2	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289348911-4-en	b7722dbdf3c5491c61a6ab28c74e861e	This method can be applied to assess welfare changes when visual appreciation is affected. These include damage costs avoided, substitute costs methods and replacement cost methods, and are based on estimating the values of ecosystem services using either the costs of avoiding damage due to a reduction in e.g. landscape amenity, the cost of replacing environmental assets (e.g. enhancing landscape qualities elsewhere), orthe cost of providing substitute services (e.g. another recreation site). These methods, of which only avoidance cost is listed in Table 7 are applicable for valuing the changes in welfare when recreational services and aesthetics are affected.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	b773a5f35c44b1f42a389000ce1369ec	The occupations that they gave in their answers were later classified in the 2008 International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08). These coded answers were used to create an indicator of science-related career expectations, defined as those whose realisation requires the study of science beyond compulsory education, typically in formal tertiary education. Within this large group of science-related occupations, the following major groups were distinguished: science and engineering professionals; health professionals; science technicians and associate professionals; and information and communication technology (ICT) professionals.	5	3	1	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	b7777c18fff818d75d20ff0aa6f60028	On forest cover, Fiji and Samoa have actively conserved forest area but threats to forest resources remain (PIFS, 2015a). On the other hand, forest cover is generally declining in PNG and Solomon Islands, linked to their extractive industries (mining, logging), which exact a heavy toll on forests. In Nauru, mined-out phosphate lands cover almost 90 per cent of the island with most of the island uninhabitable and barren (PIFS, 2015a).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	b7779ef025ee2233b76cb500cfc114ef	One is that strict “jointness” between agricultural commodity output and NCOs is rare. For example, environmental benefits may accord with agricultural production at low levels of intensity , but typically have an inverse relationship at higher levels of intensity. Furthermore, practical experience during World War II and after showed that there is little jointness between public support to agriculture in normal times and food security in times of crisis.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	b777dd5b9f168bd1587952ac994f1dab	Comment les migrations modifient-elles en profondeur la signification du mot« famille » ? Et comment reproduisent-elles les rapports de genre ? En concreto, se basara en investigaciones empiricas disponibles sobre las experiencias de las trabajadoras de hogar migrantes etiopes con hijas/os mientras seencuentran en el Libano,y de las refugiadas etiopes con hijas/os que se han reasentado en Australia.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/13c3d6e4-en	b778296bf7f3e526cd0331d86d9dfba1	Around 315 are state-owned and managed and the rest of them are jointly managed by the State and county authorities. The State grants concessions or leases of its hunting grounds to legal and natural persons (hunting associations). At county level, hunting grounds (also known as common hunting grounds) can only be leased.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264128392-3-en	b77860df6651fe1d9fca35e635c3bb4c	They have allowed Peru to exploit its comparative advantages in natural resource-based sectors and traditional industries and reap the benefits of increased demand from both developed and emerging economies. They have also begun to have positive, albeit moderate, effects on living standards and poverty reduction. Its economy remains relatively undiversified. Income disparities are high and informal jobs still account for a large share of total employment. Although labour productivity has increased since 2003, it still lags behind other Latin American middle-income countries. Growth in total factor productivity (TFP), which reflects more efficient use of factor inputs, including through innovation, has played only a marginal role.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848590908-en	b77c7351789f7d89db9e9c7d62726542	As he put it, this is a question that seems to be forgotten in the quest to compare and measure, and to justify what educators do. He added, “Where we can expect to lose the plot is when we move away from an understanding of those core values and what they are supposed to achieve in education and training to a process that bureaucratises indebtedness”. Looking across its 23 universities and more than 20,000 schools, South Africa has become very good at giving the impression of achieving particular outcomes while having not achieved them at all.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	b77d27a94b485bc19a1cecb7869e2218	Further efforts to move away from using the price of rice as the mechanism to achieve both goals are needed. Expenditure on some general services such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion receive relatively limited support. Decision 10-2007-QD-TTg dated 23 January 2007 on the system of economic branches in Viet Nam.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	b783435a0669fce5797310da7a36808b	It does not capture malnutrition due to low intake of micronutrients, such as minerals and vitamins. The largest percentage increases were in the middle-income countries where the value of agricultural production more than doubled for both lower middle-income countries, from $227.2 billion to $485.9 billion, and upper middle-income countries, from $293.3 billion to $722.7 billion. However, this decline has been reversed since 2000, and the value reached $91.4 billion in 2013. For the Central Asian area, excluding the Russian Federation, agricultural production grew at an annual rate of 3.9 per cent during 2000-2013, which was faster than the regional average of 3.1 per cent and the fastest in the region as a whole. For example, the average cereal yield in the world was 1,421 kg per hectare in 1961 and reached 3,861 kg in 2013, which was 2.7 times greater than previously.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/934a58a1-en	b78acd87e174aa747275bb8ece170d92	Stressing the important role of forests and wood in tackling climate change. He mentioned the European Forest Week 2008 as an example and stepping stone in this respect. The upcoming International Year of Biodiversity 2010 and the International Year of Forests 2011 provide communication opportunities to capitalize on.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b78b02621ad22913692ef2f344ade977	Hence, although the broader structural causes of emigration appear to be gender-neutral, the role of gender inequality in social institutions is not. In addition to standard determinants, discriminatory social institutions influence female migration patterns. This is critical in order to understand the role of social institutions in female decision-making.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	b7929de1ff5e422250bce7c9560f3932	To report on NETs, ERO gathers evaluative findings as part of individual school reviews. National Evaluation Topics provide lenses through which ERO investigates key aspects of individual school performance, while also gathering information that is synthesised into a National Education Evaluation Report. The collection of evidence for NETS usually takes place over one or two school terms. Typically these reports use a case study approach to identify, in more detail, the nature of effective practice in schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b792b18139903dd8b3ebad40c4f5cafa	It is built on the S/D Index presented in Section 2.5. The different indicators for this chapter have been developed by the NEA on the basis of the most recent data available from a selection of International Energy Agency (IEA) publications (see references for details). The most relevant approach should include all major technical, economic and political aspects.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	b79617a5ee1bce8a4131a319aa1f3383	These actions can be considered to be transformative, as they bring about gender change by renegotiating spaces in the unstable political context. Focusing on political non-conflict-related issues is also a strategic choice for these organizations to break down ethnic identity barriers and promote bi-communal reconciliation initiatives. Their human rights articulations are strongly inclusive. These CoSOs generally have either a non-securitizing/ holding impact or a desecuritizing/peacebuilding impact.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	b796b1a9bf7e321165320db1f7019343	Teachers play an important role in the lives of young people around the globe. Teachers are vital to student skills development, student preparation for future employment and active participation in the community. The government must make stronger efforts to support and develop the profession of teaching, as well as to promote teaching as an attractive career path.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	b79974d59a98fd752a055798d0b39a49	Since the most recent data (from 2011 or 2012) are based on the new definition of disposable income (wave 7), an adjustment is necessary to add them to the previous data wave 6 based on another definition of disposable income. To this aim, data from wave 7 were adjusted by adding to the new estimate the difference or the average of differences between the two waves when both data were available for different years, given that such differences were not large. For Canada, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the average over the various years is taken while for the other countries, the data is proportionately adjusted by the gap in the previous years.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	b79a7d635f291a512fbf83802013528e	There are considerable variations across provinces and municipalities with respect to the efficiency of upstream R&D and downstream commercialisation (Guan and Chen, 2010). In a number of places, research needs to become more market-oriented. In many cases, information exchange platforms could facilitate the diffusion of patents and stimulate demand for innovation. A functioning venture capital system would help too.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac71849-en	b79b68de22cda6ef2ef7e77241e15b26	For instance, at the G8 Summit in Hokkaido Toyako in 2008, donors pledged to provide $10 billion in ODA to fight hunger (Group of 8, 2008); and, at the G8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy, in 2009, $20 billion over three years to address food insecurity in a sustainable manner (Group of 8, 2009). A study evaluating such responses in 10 emerging economies revealed the importance of providing targeted safety nets for the poor as emergency responses to food shortfalls. While trade protection and building food inventories may enhance national food availability in the short run, such measures may at the same time prove to be costly in terms of expenditure and contribute to keeping food prices high by restricting food supply in international markets (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).	2	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	b79e5b74560266462c25bd165609bf9d	A dozen LDCs exceed the world average152 for population coverage of 3G mobile broadband networks. Twenty-six LDCs have commercially launched 4G/LTE networks and two exceed the world average for mobile LTE population coverage (Lesotho and Rwanda). A growing number of LDCs have flexible mobile Internet plans catering to hourly, daily, weekend and weekly use, enhancing affordability for those who do not use the Internet each day.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	b79e940e0dd7981bbefb92204a602183	The proportion of renewable energy in Jordan is consistent with the Middle Eastern average of less than 5% (USAID, 2011). However, some analysts project that by 2050, about 50% of the region’s electricity will be generated from renewable sources (Menon, 2010) and were Jordan to fully exploit its solar resources now, it could become a global leader and exporter of renewable energy in the future. Currently, renewable energy is estimated to contribute 2.5% to 4% growth to Jordan’s GDP and to create at least 3 000 new jobs (USAID, 2011). Because renewable energy projects are more labour intense than conventional energy sources, there are reasons to expect a net increase in employment from renewable energy, which could be significant at a time when jobs in the hydrocarbons sector are minimal (OECD, 2012 forthcoming b).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	b79fe009b8cadd2c08a04673cb76ce1c	However, LDCs have relatively weak local innovation systems, reflecting their structural vulnerabilities (UNCTAD, 2014b). Despite overall improvements in secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios, skilled workers with science, technology, engineering and mathematics backgrounds remain scarce, women being particularly underrepresented (UNCTAD, 2011b). Relative to 2014, LDCs’ combined electricity generation needs to be scaled up by a factor of between 3.4 and 6.8 to be adequate for productive use, and by a factor of 13.5 to meet modern energy needs.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	b7a8e4f9a150b6f819e383493efa5b1d	Conversely, a lack of enforcement will typically see poor wearing rates. Also included in the intermediate outcome measures are independently conducted public surveys that will test the perceived likelihood of being caught speeding, belief that an individual can predict where a compulsory breath testing checkpoint will be and admissions of drink-driving. These survey measures also provide valuable feedback to police on how effective their operations are in changing public attitudes and behaviours that cause or worsen road trauma. It is important to compare offence detection rates with known offending rates.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73b30008-en	b7aa3dffbcc2997f3b859a7436534fe6	"Therefore, not all absolute poverty lines necessarily refer to ""extreme"" poverty. In practice, many countries use multiple absolute poverty lines, to identify the poor and the poorest (extreme poverty line). Globalisation is connecting peoples and making them more aware of differences in standards of living, while inequalities within and between countries are growing. There are, therefore, major objections to merely updating any historical benchmark of poverty on the basis, for example, of the price index."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	b7acbfac765762f79481c7554a24d427	In addition, a number of initiatives such as the Teacher Vocation Scholarship are likely to stimulate the decision to engage in initial teacher preparation. However, initial teacher education raises some concerns. First, there is evidence indicating that initial teacher education is not attracting the best candidates from school education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	b7ad044ed11a11ce5c227b02e9cd2b09	The successful experience with capital account management in a number of countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Malaysia, Republic of Korea and Thailand, to name a few) shows that developing countries can and should shield themselves from these external shocks. Where inflows are concerned, instruments can include minimum stay requirements, unremunerated reserve requirements, differential tax rates on returns to portfolio capital and taxes on new debt inflows. For dealing with capital outflows, instruments can include taxes on capital outflows and regulating the amounts of non-profit capital which foreigners can send abroad.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b7ad661fa4c156cf86c048281282f316	Furthermore, many Arab municipalities lack tools to manage and create a conducive environment for business development (see also Chapter 2). There is evidence of students’ interest in staying in the region and self employment opportunities. Entrepreneurship courses were however perceived either to be too demanding or non-existent.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	b7af8c33980ee580514c36fd610aa9ce	"As stated in the Policy Unit 3 Policy Paper, ""an ineffective NUP has a weak connection between economic development policies and other urban policies, resulting in a silo approach to governance"" (United Nations, 2016a). Countries can work to make direct and indirect linkages between NUPs and broader economic development policies and national development plans. It is not surprising that many NUPs address this theme, because it is widely recognised that cities are engines of national economic growth, and because maximising the potential economic benefits of urbanisation is, indeed, the main argument and the first incentive for countries to proactively manage urbanisation through national policies."	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b7b1e8f42931b633d70c6786850702c1	The deterioration in the budget outcome reflects lower revenue collection as a result of declining commodity prices, particularly for gold and copper, combined with overspending, mainly related to national elections. It is planned that the 2013 budget will be increased by 23% in nominal expenditure, which will raise the size of the expected budget deficit to 7.2% of GDP. This significant economic stimulus is well timed to counter falling domestic demand as construction of the LNG project begins to wind down.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	b7b2208d507b7d256c07e2e124835966	Human Resources for Health Series, No. Avances y omisiones”, paper presented at the expert meeting “Family-oriented policies, social protection and inclusion”, Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 28-29 June. South Korean political and social economy of care in a context of institutional rigidities”.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	b7b5b84422f652ed549d48fdc355b50a	This illustrates very clearly that the rebalancing between sectors may be very much more significant than the total aggregate employment effect. These shifts in response to energy taxes could be used as a guide to the employment response to an equivalent increase in energy prices as a result of a move towards more sustainable energy technologies. Reprinted with permission from International Association for Energy Economics, Publishers of the Energy Journal.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	b7bb022b0d5f95ccf3dde166a72c3693	By comparison, the average OECD country reduced the participation gap by only 0.3 percentage points over the same period.3 On the other hand, the participation gap remained very high in the Middle East and North Africa, India and Indonesia. In all those countries except Indonesia, women’s labour market participation is about 50 percentage points lower than male participation. Some minor improvement was recorded in Turkey. The gap remained stable, but low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	b7c30a8af0c6479d0c8ce4859f63337b	In any case, continued targeting of mental health care and outreach to this group will be necessary in order to minimise longer-term health problems. The national strategy for developed parental support is a positive initiative that aims to provide families with the support necessary to nurture mental health in children from a young age. Swedish minorities are also in need of additional attention in order to ensure that their mental health needs are met.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	b7c4b9d798d292d9c6f07aff715bbacd	The rice export quota is calculated by the Ministry of Commerce based on monthly market surveys conducted by the latter and production data from the MOA1, in collaboration with a price stabilisation committee. These principles include: common purpose of farmers and buyers, adherence to a legal framework, clear documentation, readability of contracts, due attention and review, disclosure, transparency in price determination, transparency and fairness in clauses relating to quality, input supply and use, fairness in risk sharing, prevention of unfair practices in buyer-farmer relations, honouring contractual terms, open dialogue and clear mechanisms to settle disputes. Export controls were introduced for many commodities and only state enterprises were generally authorised to export.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	b7c5b3ebb7aa07b0738ca5c198c71c76	For example, reinforcing an existing (or building a new) interconnection capacity between two regions may be motivated by the integration of new VRE capacity and thus serves primarily this objective. However, this provides other benefits for the whole system, such as for example reducing network congestion or reducing overall balancing requirements. The exact attribution of costs and benefits among different components of the system is virtually impossible in most practical cases.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	b7c6f57eafa0673a93d5be73eb26268a	Romania uses a combination of appraisal types but their developmental function is limited, reducing support for teacher growth. Developing professional teacher standards would help to ensure that all teachers are appraised according to common criteria for effective teaching. Teachers ’ development would be better supported if their regular appraisals carried reduced stakes for their career and pay, and included more formative practices such as open discussion and feedback. To ensure that only motivated candidates with the right attributes enter the teaching profession, the appraisals to complete probation should enforce a minimum threshold for entry, while providing new teachers with the support they need to grow professionally. Finally, reviewing the system of linking appraisals to salary bonuses and creating differentiated career paths for teachers which fairly reward those taking on new roles and responsibilities will help to encourage teachers to develop their skills throughout their career. Teacher appraisal refers to how teachers are assessed and given feedback on their performance and competencies (OECD, 2013c).	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b7ca09aca5c19b6ae32fecf1d8d724ef	Chapter 1, ‘The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy - Concepts and Issues”, was written by Dr. Jan Horst Keppler integrating material provided by the Expert Group and, in particular, by Professor William D’haeseleer. Chapter 2, “Indicators and Models for Measuring Security of Energy Supply Risks”, was written by external contributors, Mr. Jaap Jansen and Mr. Adriaan van der Welle of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), integrating material provided by the Expert Group and, in particular, by Dr. Henk Weis and Dr. Koji Nagano. Chapter 3, “Evolution of the Security of Energy Supply in OECD Countries”, was written by Dr. Alexey Lokhov. Chapter 4, “Public Attitudes towards Nuclear Energy and Security of Energy Supply” was written by Ms. Lucie Liversain, based on material provided by the Expert Group and a group of students from the Institut d’etudes politiques (IEP), Paris, co-ordinated by Ms. Alena Pukhova.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	b7cde952d40c9296e5fa74772f6a206b	The number of deaths from HIV-related diseases and the infant mortality rate dropped by 53% over 2001-11 and by 23% over 2001-10, respectively (City of New York, 2012). Improving the population’s health has trickle-down effects from the individual to the community in terms of public health, but also economic productivity, general well-being and broader access to opportunity. Overall, living in areas which are associated with poor health outcomes “can create structural impediments for growth” (CEC, 2006). Several initiatives to make access to healthcare services more equitable have been implemented in OECD cities.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	b7cdec4191173b8bd52cea868dd7710f	The obligations undertaken by the developing countries as part of the Uruguay Round significantly reduced the policy space for developing countries. It made, for instance, the imposition of infant industry/economy protection more difficult, even though many developed countries had used such instruments in earlier stages of their own development, and even though advances in economic theory had shown the desirability of such policies, e.g. in the context of ‘learning by doing’ (see, for instance, Greenwald and Stiglitz 2006 and Stiglitz forthcoming). Development, it was increasingly recognised, required a transformation of the economy (see, e.g. Stiglitz 1998), a structural transformation that market forces were unlikely to accomplish on their own, and which could be facilitated by well-designed trade interventions.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	b7cfe9762cf6ee60b7137effbbf8fd28	The figures are expressed in dollars at constant 2010 prices (IEA, 201 la). Nonetheless, unlike what is happening in telecommunications infrastructure, these transnationals do not completely dominate the industry, but coexist with a number of large public-sector enterprises. In view of this, and the strict regulatory control exerted by governments on the electricity sector, the investment decisions that will need to be taken to ensure systemic expansion need to be the responsibility of both sectors.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	b7d2f897dd642bf5057006d5287ded06	Similarly, enhancing national and sub-national institutions and enabling environments can help improve the ability of countries and organisations to allocate and absorb climate finance in an effective manner. Further, designing interventions and assessing results during the monitoring and evaluating (M&E) stage can help improve the effectiveness with which climate finance is allocated. Some organisations focus on institutional and process-oriented issues such as delivery (e.g. Bird et al.,	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233515-7-en	b7d3e9ac0a2552b1f5943206b638b744	Effective monitoring of staff is central to the continuous improvement of ECEC services, which indicates the importance of linking staff monitoring to professional development. Together with service quality, it is the area most frequently monitored, both to enhance the level of service quality and to inform policy making. In addition, staff performance is monitored to identify whether it needs any improvement. Parental surveys, peer reviews and staff testing are less popular.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	b7d65fa0776026535fbebafc5454b7d7	In one case, it would be unreasonable for any poverty line, however defined to go below such a floor. In the other, the point is moot, as such an absolute need cannot be measured independently of the distribution of welfare. Whether one takes the first or the second view has implications for how relative poverty lines are set in countries where standard relative poverty lines (such as 50% of the median) equate with a standard of living below cost-of-basic-needs defined by absolute poverty lines. This is consistent with recent advances in poverty measurement (see Ravallion and Chen, 2009).	1	1	7	0.75
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	b7d7ff7407552c63519ed2abec8dd720	This association illustrates the fact that households with lower incomes tend to rent their dwellings rather than buy them, the drop in income leading to an increase in the proportion of renters. In addition, Figure B.l. Therefore, it appears that rising house prices are pushing more and more poor families (and among them the poorest) to rent their homes and that the propensity to buy one’s home becomes more and more dependent on the level of household income. The income gap (before housing costs) between poor families who own and those who do not then becomes larger. In addition, 53% of poor children have a father employed full time full year in 2014, compared to 66% in 2007.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	b7d893621bfbb17b59d0a1952f3806e2	Renewable energy sources averaged about 21% of primary energy supply and 38% of electricity generation in 2009 (Figure 5.1), far above the OECD Europe average (10.5% and 23%, respectively). Hydropower has long been the major domestic source of electricity. However, hydropower generation is subject to large annual variations linked to rainfall levels, which have caused major fluctuations in overall energy supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.	7	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	b7da16da7c29f33f10e1938d32ceb20f	This assistance is designed to help people cope with their trauma, provide strategies for protecting themselves and their families, and make the necessary plans to achieve safety and stability. The minister emphasised the need for collaboration and co-operation at the national, community and individual levels in order to reduce and abate GBV, calling for a holistic approach that went beyond the government to include churches, NGOs, trade unions, the healthcare sector and others. These include (but are not limited to): lack of special DVUs or mechanisms; inadequate psychological support services for abusers; lack of legal aid services and victim support programmes; insufficient shelter, psychological and legal counselling and education support services; lack of sufficient preparation by healthcare providers to collect and present medical/legal evidence; lack of sufficient co-ordination between the medical, law enforcement, social services and justice sectors; and prevalence of stigma, discrimination, victim blaming and gender inequality.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/797ccf27-en	b7db14eb602a7caf656c2c40dfa978d0	Other relevant dimensions include the sex of the head of household, ethnic origin (poverty affects indigenous and Afro-descendent people more) and disability status (which is also highly correlated with poverty), among others. Several of these factors are reviewed in greater detail in section C of this chapter, which analyses progress made towards meeting the first target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). X * * ; iff!	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-36-en	b7ddcc86dd709461d2ee9c2330c19120	Its Exclusive Economic Zone covers 2 981 211 km2 and inland waters cover 5 400 km2. Production is comprised of 5 061 680 tonnes of marine capture fisheries (41%), 347 420 tonnes of inland capture fisheries (3%), 2 671 723 tonnes of cultured finfish and other aquatic animals (22%), and 4 305 027 tonnes of cultured seaweed and algae (34%). The total gate value of fisheries products amounted to USD 14.1 billion (data from 2010, USD 1 = IDR 9 090). Indonesia also has the world's second highest number of fishers (2 730 510) and aquaculture farmers (3 351 448, data of 2010), as well as the world's second highest number of powered (394 630) and non-powered (162 510) fishing vessels.	14	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	b7de6d9096cb2f95cbbdf0d7e147414c	This is a conservative yardstick as average incomes have grown more quickly than prices over the period. The direct policy effects of reform would therefore show up as more disequalising if they had been measured against an earnings or income-adjusted counterfactual. Incomes are equivalised using the square-root scale.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/73d010ed-en	b7e38ae08f05db76d86b468c44b618a6	This has been the methodological approach used in this study. Better and more complete indicators of development (in addition to growth) and new measurements of gender inequality need to be included in the macro analysis of these phenomena, however. An exploration of other theoretical models that are better matches for the concept of an integrated economy is also called for. El caso de Argentina”, Cuestionando un mito: costos laborales de hombres y mujeres en America Latina, L. Abramo and R. Todaro (eds.),	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	b7e95416606f470f260421264b03ee7f	As a historically disadvantaged group in New Zealand (Marie, Fergusson and Boden, 2008,177]), these special guidelines help new teachers in supporting Maori students. Importantly, the programme is built into the schedule of all new teachers. The teams offer support to teachers and administration who work with migrant children. In addition, there is often a psychologist qualified to help children who have experienced trauma or difficulty in their lives (Scholten et al., This support varies and can include advice for teachers, individual case work with immigrant students, and workshops to improve class climate. Importantly, the MITs interact with parents of immigrant students to integrate them into the school community (Felder-Puig, Maier and Teutsch, 2016,183,) and often serve as a language bridge between students, parents, and the school (teachers, administrators, etc.) (	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	b7e9e489c965898c8cd1d0803b9b91ba	"Completion and Results Report"", the project partially achieved its objectives: revision and implementation of general and vocational curricula, public availability of student achievement results, distribution of materials for teachers, improvement of vocational teachers' skills, introduction of an online Career Information System, training of school management teams on school development plans, and grant distribution to schools in low enrolment areas. Under the Basic Law of National Education of 1973, the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) is responsible for the education system, and general directorates and their units are responsible for different aspects of education and policy compliance, such as basic education, secondary education, vocational education, special education and guidance and counseling. Provincial and District National Education Directorates across 81 Turkish provinces support the implementation of education policy. The Directorate for Guidance and Inspection serves as the inspection unit."	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	b7f25f2d6fcebb115924168e183971f6	Indeed, it is estimated that, on average, only just over half of the population in the world above the retirement age effectively receives a pension. Only in Western Europe, North America and Central and Eastern Europe do we find close to complete coverage in old age (above 90 per cent in all cases). The latter approach is used in coverage rates presented in Table 2-3 and the former for data presented in Figure2-2.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	b7f36a3d3c6b75db1836c242a3479369	The taskforce was in charge of revitalising the city through thinking of the city in new ways. Reporting directly to the Brisbane City Council’s City Planning Committee and Lord Mayor Graham Quirk, URB has achieved great success in breathing new life into the city of Brisbane. The 2006 City Centre Master Plan met with tremendous success, leading to an improved 2014 City Centre Master Plan that lias been designed as a co-ordinated strategy to guide the future of Brisbane's development, transport and public space investment over the following 20 years.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b7f486e1b09dac4bb814646c0c5c0395	Both geographical (i.e. contiguity) and cultural (i.e. common language) proximity have the expected positive sign, since migrants tend to move in countries that are closer to their homes and where they can easily communicate. Women's years of education has a significant effect confirming that being educated increases the probability to migrate.15 Unemployment rates in origin and destination countries are statistically significant suggesting that differentials in job opportunities matters.16 It is worthy to note the significance of the exclusion variable in the Heckman procedure, namely diplomatic exchange. The positive sign indicates that the presence of a diplomatic representation in a foreign country is often seen as prerequisite for engaging in legal cross-border migration: the probability of having female migrants increases by 26% in presence of diplomatic exchange. Male migration flows in 2010 are positively correlated with female flows.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	b7f4de22eddc12dbc21f3c93efcd9a8a	This would involve recognizing the value of care work in development plans and social policies and promoting research that examines the effect of policies and programmes on unpaid work. Men may become more willing to contribute to household and care work if it is more valued by society. The state can also provide incentives such as paid parental leave and family-friendly labour policies that encourage men to take on household work and spend time caring for their children and parents.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	b7f56e3d7bcd6f79725204597db7d0af	Today, NGOs cover most facets of social development: reducing poverty and exclusion; improving access to basic services; preventing conflicts; fostering democracy; and influencing public policies (Fowler, 2000). Besides migration itself, remittance and the informal economic sector also play significant roles in social security and protection. However, the social protection system of traditional and informal sector is breaking away.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	b7f7048fc50507d3c11d6c36143dd680	Based on existing studies of the responsiveness of job search to benefit duration, these authors concluded that the extension of the maximum UI entitlement period accounts for 10-15% of the total increase in average unemployment duration since July 2008 which translates into a 0.7 percentage point rise in unemployment (as compared with an overall increase of 5.5 percentage points). Fujita (2010) obtains a significantly larger estimated effect (1.7 percentage points), but Kroft and Notowidigdo (2011) and Schmieder et al. ( While there is great uncertainty concerning the size of the impact of the UI benefit extensions, these studies suggest that it has played a role in lengthening unemployment spells, but is not the whole story.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	b7f7b996da99cb118083b0f583652631	Preparing young people to meet new contemporary challenges means to review and update the pedagogies teachers use. However, despite the increased reporting of teachers and schools that are innovating, schools remain largely seen as very resistant places for innovation. To address the importance and challenges of implementing new pedagogies, this paper brings together leading experts to reflect on key areas of pedagogy. In particular, each chapter addresses a pedagogical dimension that together offers a conceptual framework for action.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	b7f8520f2c76a254b991918bbd6bfd18	Chapter 2 describes the methodology used for the quantitative analysis, with a brief description of the modelling tools, and a brief explanation of the modelling scenarios. Chapter 3 introduces the baseline projection of economic activity and environmental pressure, while Chapter 4 presents the main results from the modelling analysis. These risks could affect agriculture production, markets, trade and food security.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b7f8577578093212f4bcb19d8dce5c25	Gas booster and flare equipment must have been in use for at least 12 months in 2 different commercial landfill gas projects and have been shown to comply with the South African requirements for safety and environmental performance. Alongside opening the clean energy infrastructure market so as to increase competition, governments often want to develop the SOE’s ability to compete in that market. Resolving this challenge often involves a mix of partially opening the market and keeping a share of it for the SOE.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	b7f8e8c83d8c9f4d09501745049d68e0	Women who lose their jobs lose less household income than men (Figure 13.3). Lower earnings might explain this result, as well as the buffer role played by their partner’s income: as men tend to earn higher wages, on average, than women, job loss by the male partner implies on average a greater income loss for the household budget. For instance, in the Netherlands, where 75% of women with dependent children work part-time, only around 15% of partnered women who lose their job also experience a significant loss of income (of 20% or more).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	b7fddda2fa04bea361bde97bf433253e	However, the purpose of the analysis was not to emphasise the choice of particular indicators, but rather to demonstrate the feasibility of the Alkire-Foster method to study changes in multidimensional poverty over time using data from the EU-SILC. Unlike Whelan et al (2012) who used the household as the unit of analysis, Alkire et al (2012) used individuals aged 16 and over. Using data for children aged under five from the Bangladesh Demographic Household Survey 1997-2007, Roche (2013) showed the increased relevance to policy making and child poverty monitoring of analysing deprivations experienced simultaneously by children rather than focusing on each dimension in isolation.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	b80071b9d6a01ec0a8697df9886b20ae	The acceptable levels of water risks are set based on environmental quality objectives (e.g. water quality standards, maximum and minimum river flow). By explicitly considering the risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems, a risk-based approach aims to develop water management practices that enhance such resilience. Market-based instruments can play an important role in this policy mix as they can fundamentally alter the incentives facing water users, provide explicit signals about the likelihood and potential cost of water risks, and provide mechanisms for offsetting risks. This can be considered in the context of water supply, demand, quantity and quality.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/315584de-en	b8015d1fc144e2331e802a0a477ae403	While the thematic indicators are optional, countries need to provide reasons for opting out of reporting on them. Disparity indices for target 4.S depend on the quality of the underlying indicators, resulting in a multi-tier classification, a status shared by 4.1.1 (Table 7.1). Subcomponents b) and c) of indicator 4.1.1 have been raised to tier II.	4	7	1	0.75
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	b8017302fef760d33905e28d468f41e4	By contrast, the inequality is expected to rise in capital-rich countries, as the demand for and remuneration of capital (which is unequally distributed) will increase, while the demand for and remuneration of labour will fall. As predicted by HO-SS, the trade liberalization of the 19,h century raised domestic inequality in the rich New World and reduced it in the poor Old World. Likewise, Bourguignon and Morisson (1989) found that in 35 small developing countries trade liberalization reduced the income of the richest 20 per cent of the population and raised that of the bottom 60 per cent. Similar conclusions are arrived at by Wood (1984) in the case of the East Asian exporters of labour-intensive manufactured goods during the 1960s and the 1970s.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	b80656b6ad80c49096cd1f35966dffa8	In Morocco in 2013, the unemployment rate for women with a niveau superieur (high level of education) was above 25%, whereas that for a niveau moyen (middle level) was 20%. Women without a diploma saw an unemployment rate of less than 5% (Haut Commissariat au Plan, Enquete nationale sur I’emploi). In Morocco, the TEA rate is 6.1% for men and 2.9% for women.	5	0	6	1.0
10.18356/d35e799b-en	b806f818088d2ea54992460f4a733c7e	In part this is because measures of poverty rely on income or consumption data collected at the household level, rather than at the individual level. This makes it difficult to differentiate poverty rates within households, and hence to understand gender differences in the incidence, severity and impact of poverty. Using this measure, the study found that women are more likely to live in poverty in 41 out of 75 countries with data.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	b8091fae8db995180c409a47e302c5f8	The few rivers discharging into the Caspian Sea from Turkmenistan are not major sturgeon spawning areas, but the Turkmen coast between Esenguly and Ogurchinsky Island is a key wintering area for them and other fish, as well as a regular habitat of the Caspian seal. Annual sturgeon catches throughout the Caspian declined from > 25,000 t in the 1970s to 470 t in 2000. Sturgeon fishing in the Caspian Sea is now forbidden and there are no significant sturgeon spawning rivers in Turkmenistan, so there is no official sturgeon fishery there. Turkmenistan has had zero CITES export quotas for sturgeon products since 2007.	15	3	2	0.2
10.18356/441bff2d-en	b80aa832db54070e9f8a343ff6b25117	Thus we consider the impact of the programme on household decisions concerning human capital investments for the year 2006 only. Regarding children specifically, those of pre-school age have to attend an institute, and all family members under 15 years old should attend school. Taking into account the number of children within each household, table 4 reports consistent increases in school enrolment for children aged 6-14.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	b80b8625e68860ae51b300b21c8a8175	A LEDS can provide value-added to the myriad of existing climate change and development related strategies and reports that already exist by providing integrated economic development and climate change planning. The paper outlines gaps that LEDS could fill, the elements it could contain, and how LEDS can be prepared to ensure that they are effective and efficient in delivering their intended goals. To derive early lessons and insights on experiences, challenges, and approaches adopted in the preparation of national climate change strategies and LEDS, this paper examines seven countries in detail: Guyana, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand and the UK.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	b80fa7cebaf7e28c2406b13dc99f6a81	"Women's labour market participation is high and, despite a highly gender segregated labour market, women have broken down many walls within ""male"" jobs, though men have not to a similar extent sought employment in ""female"" jobs. Instead, these plans include specific initiatives towards the exact opposite: increasing the recruitment of women to ""male jobs"" (such as jobs within the police force). The proportion of male students on the nursing education is between 0% and 2% for each year group (Gislason 2011: 240-241)."	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	b80fedd4a501629d55f315c9f5d37492	However, the proportion is much higher in the highest income quintile (82%) than in the lowest (56%). This gap is greater than in Sweden, Denmark and the EU as a whole (Figure 4). Regular smoking among 15-year-old adolescents decreased even more rapidly (from 30% in 2001-02 to 13% in 2013-14), but remains higher than in several EU countries/1 This reflects the positive results of a fairly comprehensive tobacco control policy (see Section 5.1).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	b81053e48d847a0d506d9cbe6eecf202	This definition excludes actors with a non-profit focus, such as private foundations. Includes activities to create an adequate enabling environment for private sector growth, such as promoting a conducive policy environment, addressing market imperfections (e.g. through value chain development) as well as direct firm-level interventions (e.g. capacity building, access to finance and markets). Such partnerships could involve companies from the partner country, donor country or elsewhere. This term refers to private sector collaboration and partnerships, as well as private sector development activities in partner countries where the private sector is actively involved in the project.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	b811ab3ca692e3d68c0d315e91391083	Furthermore, female founders may be more likely to have a desire to keep control of the company and continue to grow their business independently. This argument seems plausible given that in general female and male entrepreneurs declare having different motivations than men to start a business (Figure 2). The validation or rejection of this hypothesis bears important policy implications.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	b8122e62e887d0879188f49f9a224fc4	In a similar vein, policymakers need to target interventions beyond the (arbitrary) borders of administrative jurisdictions and seek to formulate and implement regional development policies over more meaningful functional economic areas. Food that is produced tends to be of high value and often perishable, such as dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables, and other specialty crops. Basic commodities, including most meat, grains, and fruits and vegetables produced for processing, are imported.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	b817b680fbb5946bfced4422b7b09f22	For Type III cities (young cities, ageing slowly), where the demographic change will have an impact further in the future, indicators will be narrower in scope and their implementation may increase as demographic change progresses. The WHO (2009) defines an age-friendly city as “an inclusive and accessible community environment that optimises opportunities for health, participation and security, to ensure quality of life and dignity as people age”. To understand how age-friendly a city is and to compare it internationally, indicators can help explore the effect of the relevant policies after they are implemented.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	b81a1e402b74f6206c1eea4b70eec065	Basic skills provide the base for fruitful learning as well as being directly applicable in the labour market. Such problems (often unrecognised) may increase the risk of drop-out, and reduce the prospect of further career development and lifelong learning. Vocational programmes need to give sufficient weight to these skills, and students may often need to be assessed at the point of entry to vocational programmes so as to ensure a basic minimum of skills and identify those in need of targeted support. This is a challenge that Egypt shares with many other countries and international experience might help, for example, when trying to prevent people leaving education before completing compulsory education (Box 5.1).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	b81b76f5363e62d3446541f27d6595eb	However, the extent to which the results have been used to minimise the cost of climate change mitigation is unclear. For example, the very generous support for renewable energy is not necessarily cheaper than energy efficiency policies. The cost-effectiveness of transport sector policies has not been evaluated, although reductions in this sector are expected to produce almost half the total required.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	b81b9bed5ff73fcc6f1035155b422bb1	In the event that the sector definitions used for the NDC are different to those used in the GHG inventory, an explanation of any such discrepancies could be provided in the NDC submission to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. To facilitate the global stocktake, it would be helpful for such countries to report their expected peaking emissions level in addition to the date. More generally, it would also be useful for all major emitters, where feasible, to estimate the rate at which emissions are expected to decline once their emissions have peaked. This is because global average temperature rise depends on cumulative GHG emissions, rather than the emissions level in any given year.	13	1	7	0.75
10.1787/itf/highlights-2011-en	b8209f94da79f3ee279331c1b8bed863	Integrating pedestrian and cyclist needs is therefore a key part of providing equitable and sustainable transport. The specific requirements of women - who often need to juggle a (non-paid) job at home and a (paid) job outside - are also not fully understood by planners. To drive change, the voice of those left behind has to be made heard; here, non-governmental organisations have an important role.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	b82533e6cedde00963fe9f42cac633e1	This is partly explained by their lower average GDP. Infrastructure and coastal zones will account for the bulk of global adaptation costs, especially in East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Ethiopia for instance might experience losses in the magnitude of 2-10% of GDP by 2040 due to climate change, primarily through extreme weather events that will damage the country’s agricultural sector and infrastructure.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	b825ee143f86cc526b84f987d086834f	Targeting is generally carried out through, first, selection of location (rural versus urban, poorest regions versus less poor ones) and subsequently, recourse to a means test in order to identify the neediest individuals and households. Usually, means tests are performed once to determine eligibility and are only repeated in rare cases. In most programmes, proxy means tests are used; these are based on a formula to estimate household income that considers a number of household characteristics and composition. Currently, CT programmes deliver cash benefits through electronic transfers to bank accounts. This has led to an increase in such accounts, especially among women.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	b828924af832ed8a6a223ba521f77336	To the extent that tracking UI recipients may be infeasible in emerging economies with substantial informal sectors, UI may be considered a form of severance pay with periodic payments (Parsons, 2010). The emphasis is on the effects of unemployment compensation systems on individual labour outcomes in partial equilibrium, in line with much of the evaluation literature. However, general-equilibrium effects can be very important. To a limited extent, these are discussed in Section 4.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	b8289786159d37c327511ffc10fdc229	As for other EU member states, the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) defines the overall framework for the management of fish resources for these countries. One of the main elements of the CFP is that TACs allocated to member states for specific species and areas are based on the principle of relative stability. This means that fishing opportunities are allocated among the Member States in such a way as to ensure the relative stability of the fishing activities of each Member State for each stock concerned.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	b82962a3cda3726af720701e15210df4	The packages include recommendations concerning the underlying determinants and risk factors - for example tobacco, inappropriate use of alcohol, physical inactivity and mental health- that focus inter alia on inequity in health. The recommendations in these packages is only consultative, but the packages have been well received by the municipalities and the government has funded a new health prevention center, which will provide the municipalities with advice and guidance on implementing the prevention packages. Municipalities and regions have established ad hoc projects to address risk factors in low socioeconomic groups. The focus of the majority programmes on prevention is to some extent appropriate given the disease categories that contribute to inequity in mortality (see above), and given that smoking and obesity show socioeconomic gradients similar to those in mortality and morbidity (Mackenbach, 2006; Diderichsen et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	b82992ade2f2d7f109d4ceee353fe043	To date, user orientation of statistics is not sufficient. The accuracy of data on volumes produced and consumed of agricultural commodities, the value of production by commodity, farm structures in terms of ownership and use, the level and structure of rural household incomes (both from agricultural and non-agricultural sources), and on agricultural land is far from adequate. Data collection could be less expensive if combined with a revitalisation of extension and research services.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	b82aad2c0f691e9868b7f930030b483f	Flexitime arrangements are also good for greater female labour force participation, as they make it possible to parent well while engaging in paid work. Firms w'ith family-friendly practices have been found to have better overall management practices (ibid.) Large organisations are more likely to offer FWTAs than small or medium-sized organisations, as it can be costlier for smaller business to rearrange tasks among workers.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	b82e84f9e867d4dc26883ecad436b67f	Furthermore, while structural change is not an end in itself, it has been shown to be a key driver of productivity growth. Finally, an improved measurement of sustainable productivity growth needs to account for the use of natural resources, including common pool resources such as fresh water and the emission of GHGs and other pollutants. The development of related indicators, including in the context of the OECD work on Green Growth, such as the Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity, is of key importance for this.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	b832d665bbd5ddc884d5410e9d2263f8	Berkeley Reuieu; of Latin American Studies, pp. The Third Dimension of Labor Markets: Demand, Supply and Institutions in Brazil, Nova Science, New York, pp. Evidence from Household Responses to Anticipated Cash Transfers in South Africa”, NBER Working Paper, No. The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers Programs on Household Working Decision in Brazil”, available at www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2007/ ferro_a3468.pdf.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	b8341fbd4ea13bde52f489831f57929d	This may be the result of different risk-preferences (Croson and Gneezy, 2009) or lower expectations of success. Evidence from the United States shows that fear of rejection is more likely to discourage women than men from applying for a loan, even though women are no more likely to be rejected when they do apply (Cole and Mehran, 2009). Despite the lack of direct evidence, it is reasonable to expect that similar mechanisms might be at play in emerging economies and they may be exacerbated by stronger anti-egalitarian social norms (Box 4.1) and by the lack of effective social safety nets.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	b83470be0c835eaef1b6ce05dfd175ae	There is strong pressure to make better use of investments and more efficiently deliver services in rural areas. Integrated investments have the potential to reap the benefits of complementarities when they are adapted to the needs of different types of rural areas. Different sectoral policies should be co-ordinated and mutually reinforcing, and the mix between them should be rebalanced to meet differing local needs.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	b8357f6ee38b2aeb4afafdbbacf83e96	National regulators perform important duties in this long and sometimes politically sensitive process. A comprehensive policy framework, supported by strong primary and secondary legislation and accountable independent institutions, provides the economies with goals against which they can measure progress, and sends strong signals to investors about stability of returns which cover both the general energy policy framework and the regulatory environment. Overall the SEE economies score an average of 2.2 out of 5 for the governance and regulation sub-dimension.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	b83a6069f52c7e0428a28b6a255c8461	While Finland has been able to contain spending on health care better than many other OECD countries, increasing cost of medical technology, rising patients’ expectations and a rapidly ageing population will strain resources. This may require raising taxes or restricting the supply of public health services significantly, unless productivity gains take place. Higher taxes may lower the growth potential of the economy by discouraging activity and shifting some production abroad.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283411-en	b83f1b5294119c0cf7435f5152bca107	This growing education and training effort should contribute to fill the replacement needs if these new graduates choose to practice and pursue their careers in Hungary. In addition, incentives targeting primary care providers to improve accessibility to services, for example by strengthening the provision of out-of-hours care, have also been put in place. The overall objective of this health system performance assessment is to enable Hungarian authorities to identify key priority areas for which improvement is needed in tenns of access, responsiveness and quality of care for the population’s care needs. In addition to giving a snapshot of the performance of the health system today, it can be used as a valuable source of information for identifying key challenges in the future.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/18db943d-en	b8405ab09fc820ede630b0925b83d7d7	Going forward, linking the early warning system to the needs of end users in various economic sectors can thus help make the case for sustainable funding for early warning. For generation, the priority should be to improve data gathering on hazards, exposure and vulnerability, and to develop hazard and risk maps at smaller scales that can guide local efforts at risk reduction and preparedness. There is also a lack of regional-level multi-hazard risk maps including for transboundary hazards. The production of such maps should not however be seen as one-off efforts but rather as continual processes to understand the dynamic nature of hazards and vulnerabilities. For this purpose and to ensure local ownership it is vital to involve local communities in gathering data. It is thus essential to bridge the gaps between scientists and disaster managers.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b840f08cfa606dc2c28458b4eed030b7	The liquidity position of the country’s banks improved but credit growth remained weak and had a dampening impact on inflation. Because of slower growth of GDP in 2012 and the winding down of tsunami-related construction, inflationary pressures are expected to subside in 2013. In Tonga, inflation decelerated from 6.2% in 2011 to 1.2% in 2012.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/17c99677-en	b842878c88ba894bc0d87da899d69bb3	The interlinked and interdependent nature of human rights and the call to ‘leave no one behind’ require more holistic, integrated and people-centred approaches to water resource management and environmental policy-making, a challenge addressed through the concept of‘integrated water resources management’ (IWRM). When people are able to learn about and exercise their rights, and are empowered to participate in the decisions that affect them, they can help to ensure that those decisions respect their need for water security and a sustainable environment. It can also help identify legal obligations and standards to guide potential actions and responses to ensure that the human rights to water and sanitation are fulfilled.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b846d4be9eb5caddf686fb966f527cac	These discussions have been going on for years between the two parties (World Bank JERP, 2015). Core companies are not necessarily the best managers of these municipal utility networks and may not invest adequately in repair and maintenance, given low' utility rates and the anticipated asset transfer to local administrations. The central government could consider designing a specific framework to speed up such asset transfers in monotowns where core companies still own municipal utility networks. The central government could co-finance municipal network repair along with the core company, on condition that municipal utility networks are transferred to the local administration. It w-as ranked among the top 10 economies, of 190 economies surveyed, that showed the most improvement in the 2017 Doing Business report (World Bank, 2016).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	b8477863af2619e461def55968ce4070	It describes the principles and practices underlying software process maturity and is intended to support software organizations in improving their software processes. A characteristic of this model is the five maturity levels for process areas ranging from level one (initial) to level five (optimizing). The scheme is most commonly used among companies that service the North American market.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	b847a521b8811cc58361a5cf6310d543	The survey then asked respondents to choose between various policy options that had different environmental impacts and different costs. Specifically, total willingness to pay (in present value terms) to increase the frequency of waterbird breeding from every 10 years to 4 years, to increase native fish populations from 30% to 50% of original levels, to increase the area of healthy native vegetation from 50 to 70%, and to improve wateibird breeding habitat quality in the Coorong was AUD 13 billion (USD 14 billion). The authors stress that, due to the uniqueness of the Coorong, this value cannot be used to estimate the value of other watercourses in Australia, and further surveys are required.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	b84d08223323e7afafc5f48d8e17ac0b	The most advanced of these is the US Small Business Administration (SBA) in co-operation with the SBA Office of Advocacy (which actually sets legal quotas for the proportion of federal government contracts to be awarded to small businesses). Good practice measures also exist in Canada, Denmark, Korea, the United Kingdom, Romania and others. A number of European good practices are noted in the “SMEs’ access to public procurement” section of the European Commission 2009 document, “European Charter for Small Enterprises: 2009 Good Practice Selection” (European Commission, 2009).	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/62212c37-en	b84e772a373762d38dc1732aec7a911d	Most teams develop training programmes that were closely connected to teachers' professional reality and useful to enhance their ability to foster creativity and critical thinking in the classroom. However, training programmes implemented by teams differed with regard to their format, their intensity and frequency, their approach to teachers' learning and their activities. However, the format of training programmes differed greatly between teams.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	b84fe3edda51e7e6ae14f7922891a826	A first dialogue event took place early January 2010 and brought together different ministries and public agencies with representatives of the private sector to discuss a first draft assessment based on the checklist and to identify possible ways forward. More experience and institution-strengthening measures are needed to expand PPP capacity so that it can make a real contribution to meeting the region’s growing urban water service needs. This is in light of its semi-arid geography and socioeconomic characteristics, including low income, heavy reliance on agriculture, and dispersed population in the rural areas. In contrast to the generally high level of centralisation of other administrative functions, water management is relatively decentralised and key functions are allocated to specialised organisations.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279643-6-en	b851a231c9bc9fe88518874aac47b182	As shown in Figure 3.2, Kazakhstan’s GDP per capita experienced dramatic reversals in the past decade, based on the economic recovery in early 2000s and a slowdown caused primarily by the global economic and financial crisis. Currently, the main short-term economic policy challenge is to adjust to the new reality of slower growth (as compared to the beginning of the previous decade) and possibly to lower income in the near fixture. In 2015, Kazakhstan ranked fifteenth in the world in crude oil production, at 1.65 mln barrels per day, and is one of the largest exporters of crude oil (ninth in 2013), at 1.47 mln barrels per day. The country’s proven oil reserves, at 30 bln barrels, rank the 12th highest in the w'orld. Its proven gas reserves (2.41 tin m3) are the 15th highest in the world. Hydrocarbon output was the equivalent of nearly 18% of GDP and about 60% of exports in 2015.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	b851bc43b748df6427a815ea815bcdaa	Men and boys often feel emotionally distant from others, and the emotions ‘allowed’ for men to show publicly often have negative connotations, for example anger. Engaging w ith men in transformative ways also has indirect benefits in terms of women’s empowerment and participation, because it is often men who oppose these changes. One of the challenges in this respect is to shift discourses away from ‘zero-sum game’ understandings of increased gender equality towards highlighting the benefits this has for all persons. However, these are not the only areas of life where masculinities play a key role.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	b853578c19f368fe52292021665ea78e	Table C 1 also suggests that GDP per capita shares a positive and significant association with the relative child poverty rate, implying that child poverty is higher when GDP per capita is higher (Table C 1 columns 5 to 8). However, this association only appears once measures of social spending and the share of social spending targeted at the 10% poorest households are included in the model specification, with GDP per capita sharing no clear association with the child poverty rate if these measures are omitted. This suggests that the association between GDP per capita and child poverty depends on the level of social expenditure per capita and the level of targeting present in social protection systems. Both the level of social expenditure per capita and the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households share negative associations with the relative child poverty rate (Table C 1, columns 5 to 8).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5be883c5-en	b8539443a2cb186c6d4b494281642d20	The stronger the profit-led nature of the economy-for instance, the more open to the global economy or the more neoliberal its macro policy-the more pronounced these contradictions. The result is that policies promoting gender equality may be anathema to growth or make it unstable. Somewhat counter-intuitively, if the promotion of gender equality via higher female labour participation actually lowers female wages because of higher labour supply, growth and human capacities production may increase. In this scenario, higher wages for women lower growth because they cut into profits and capitalist investment by more than they raise human capacities investment.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	b8544bd4d45a76e71f3c9e43175063c2	The International Energy Agency, for instance, has compiled a number of “golden rules” for exploiting natural gas in a sustainable way, such as treating water responsibly and surveying the geology of the drilling area (IEA, 2012). Figure 5.2 illustrates the breakdown of the investment needs. For instance, the USD 1.4 billion needed for renewable energy is a fraction of the USD 14 to 18 billion needed for the energy sector overall during the same period. Also, while energy efficiency requires up to USD 150 million in investments, it could lead to important financial savings as well.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	b85c45049120316eb6a5f1c4ceaabae5	It focuses on data collection, reporting and review, and how the transparency of information on climate finance provided, mobilised and received could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement. This leads to significant data, institutional and resource challenges in tracking inflows and outflows accurately and comprehensively. It is therefore challenging to ensure that all climate finance is counted, while double counting is avoided. Multiple systems exist at the country and organisational level to collect information on climate finance, including in the UNFCCC context.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	b85cfb09d9af4010d0015ae311a9360a	This development may indicate that the quota system helped to increase the share of people with disabilities employed in private companies, although there has not been any clear impact related to the increase in the legal employment quota from 1.6% to 1.8% in 1998. For larger companies, it has increased steadily since the beginning of the 1980s, whereas among medium-sized companies (59 to 299 employees) it declined between 1995 and 2005, although it has risen again since then. The decline motivated the introduction of specific policy measures to promote the employment of people with disabilities in SMEs. In addition to variations by firm size, there are large differences by sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	b85f2b2b7fa3844dce72a7d6ef64c523	This might be due to the fact that families moving to neighbourhoods that are drastically different than their original location have a lower probability of integrating successfully and remaining in that new location. Direct support generally consists of transfers from the central government to municipalities, who own the social rental housing stock.5 City governments therefore have a central role to play in realising the potential benefits of social rental housing for improving the well-being and opportunities of all residents. National legal frameworks sometimes impose a minimum target of social housing on local authorities. However, the law also allows municipalities to pay a fine rather than comply with this rule; revenues collected from these fines are redistributed to municipalities that have high proportions of social housing.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	b864900de6bfb07a0e500c5b92f53e2c	There is currently more experience in devising and implementing adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the project and programme level than at the national level. However, national-level monitoring and evaluation enables the assessment of unique aspects of adaptation, such as the mainstreaming and integration of adaptation in various national policy areas. Many Parties’ NDCs have expressed their interest in developing a national monitoring and evaluation system at the national level in their NDCs.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	b8668701f3e85e70c74ef759fe6a6ddf	Energy prices are an important cost factor in agricultural production, with two key elements being fertiliser and transportation costs. If oil prices had not increased so substantially in the period before 2008, it is likely that the prices of agricultural products would not have risen so significantly. The impact of potentially higher oil prices on selected commodity prices is discussed in the risks section of the Overview chapter. Agriculture is becoming increasingly industrialised in many parts of the world, relying more heavily on petroleum-based products for fuels and fertilisers.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	b866e02d19003f4b602c5a7f081452be	Girls’ faith in their science abilities also seems to vary with the type of task they are asked to perform. Chapter 7 in this report discusses evidence on women’s under-representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects and careers, and emphasises the importance of programmes aimed at challenging gender-stereotypical attitudes and expectations and at building girl’s self-confidence in STEM fields. Governments must also tackle discriminatory norms, attitudes and practices through, for example, gender-awareness training, media programmes, and the endorsement of girls’ education by community leaders.	5	0	10	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-8-en	b8690a59e878de811ffd11100f3a1034	Results are still under revision. The focus is on proposing a methodology that allows a follow up of promotion policies currently under design or development. In this context, there is information available from 2010 and 2011. The National Survey on Food Quality (ENCA), conducted by the Ministry of Public Health, showed that seafood consumption is low (compared to other meats, e.g. red and white meat, pork). The consumption of seafood is around 4 kg per capita in 50% of the people surveyed. People with the highest income record a higher consumption of seafood.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	b86abe1e6209d58eb4ddd775d40d2f32	Reforms introducing such “quotas” have proved to be efficient in encouraging fathers to take some period of leave. Nordic countries (with the exception of Denmark) and Slovenia grant the longest father-specific leave, with Iceland and Slovenia allotting up to 13 weeks to each parent and replacing 80% of earnings -100% in Slovenia below a certain threshold (Figure 4). However, the leave taken by fathers is less than the maximum authorised by legislation: despite the various schemes designed to encourage fathers to claim their father-specific rights, their overall take-up falls between 20% and 30% short of their entitlements (Moss, 2010).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	b86ac223a38806c32ff8dab6da225a7f	However, educational attainment levels and professional capacities in public service remain low. Despite the recent increase in the number of students in Brazil, very few people between the ages of 25 and 64 have completed higher education. In 2008, only 11% of people in this age group had received tertiaiy education, as compared with 24% in Chile and the OECD average of 28%. The quality of public secondary schools tends to be lower than that of private schools, resulting in easier access to high-quality public tertiary education for graduates from private secondary schools.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	b86c7821bb860032484fc7afde85cb54	For instance, in New Zealand’s Waikato region, measures are in place to phase out the exceedance of allocable flows by ceasing new allocations, encouraging voluntary reduction, and promoting augmentation of water supplies. In Australia, a range of programmes have been initiated to recover water entitlements in regions where water abstractions are in excess of the sustainable diversion limit. Responses are summarised in Figure 3.7.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	b86c7972016ec75afe8fab2efcd5e42c	To achieve this, tax incentives and other assistance such as dereliction aid and gap funding schemes are provided to eliminate barriers for brownfield development. In the US, the Brownfield Act of 2002 sets out the arrangement for providing economic incentives and liability exemptions to developers in Brownfield sites. Prior to the enactment of the Brownfield Act, the federal government, through the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), mobilised tax revenues from chemical and petroleum industries, which went to a trust fund (commonly known as Superfund) for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	b86de8a55012a2ebb5fb9202ed4a9a2d	In particular, climate change risk and vulnerability assessments are widely used to monitor if the identified risks change over time (e.g. Kenya, Morocco, Germany and the UK). Kenya’s climate change action plan outlines a comprehensive list of potential and priority mitigation and adaptation needs (Republic of Kenya, 2012b). The complementary National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework (NPBMF), referred to as the MRV+ system, tracks both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	b86eca306327cfd14eb33b3c52417909	Several countries, including Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, also need to address problems in the banking sector. Strengthening the subregion’s financial sector will be important for supporting entrepreneurship, economic diversification and infrastructure development. For example, in Thailand the Fiscal Policy Office upgraded its economic growth forecast for 2018 to 4.2 per cent, from 3.8 per cent (Chaitrong, 2018).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	b871687215da19b70e74cc635b519b99	They also show causality in both directions (the feedback hypothesis) for the two electricity variables (TES and PES). This indicates a stronger role for modern energy in LDCs in two respects. Not only does electricity supply allow economic growth, but at the same time economic growth also creates demand, which stimulates electricity supply. Second, this latter relationship is found in LDCs, but not in ODCs (table 2.2).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	b87756a366b03fd7f90781522d50b639	Because an agreed composite indicator of access to affordable good-quality housing is not available, the section looks at access, affordability and quality separately. Section 2.1 looks at access discussing the financial and legal arrangements under which households occupy their home - known as housing tenure - and how they relate to the socio-economic characteristics of the occupants; this section also discusses homelessness, i.e. lack of regular access to housing. Section 2.2 measures housing affordability and section 2.3 housing quality, relating them to housing tenure and other socio-economic characteristics of the occupants.	11	0	4	1.0
10.6027/547ad041-en	b877f11b0df84d337b544b552a684afd	In their comprehensive analysis of revenue management of Scottish tourism attractions, Leask et al. ( Including stakeholders is therefore often perceived from governmental perspectives as an obstacle to efficient planning. Conflict resolution, meditation and the building of a consensus about shared platforms should nevertheless be seen an integral component of sustainable tourism development and planning (Hall, 2008; McCool, 2009). In other words, tourism should be considered in the context of other systems that interact with tourism (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003).	12	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	b8782fd586d57ec72512bbd230e4a322	In Brazil, all trade-related measures were lifted in 2008 while cash transfers to the poor population and concessional credits for agricultural producers gained importance in 2009. Analysis is underway at both the OECD and FAO into the efficiency and effectiveness of these policy responses. Many OECD countries maintain policies to protect farmers from low prices: the marketing loan assistance and countercyclical programmes in the United States, the intervention price mechanisms in the European Union, the rice diversion programme in Japan and the supply management and agri-stability programmes in Canada. Those are also part of the policy response to price fluctuations and of the price transmission between global and domestic markets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264237087-4-en	b87d13177854cae54c7cd2d9874c94cf	Renewable energy sources are developing quickly in the country', and the BMR has considerable potential in the solar and waste-to-energy sectors. The metropolis is highly exposed to floods given its topography, location and sprawling urban development. At the same time, it is highly vulnerable to future flooding or other threats.	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	b88046875510c7e54d61562a9727d7bf	Furthermore its labour market experience is different, as its traditionally high female employment has fallen in recent years. Nevertheless, in all three countries increasing female labour force participation is key to greater gender equality in the labour force as well as sustaining labour supply and economic growth (see projections in Chapter 5). Demographic change in China, Japan and Korea (cont.)	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/78349259-en	b882e4ae4b23ef2f6442b3624a69a1b2	School feeding programmes are critical to providing basic nutrition to children while encouraging school attendance. The effective functioning of these schemes, however, requires attention to stopping leakages and the more effective targeting of vulnerable groups. These include landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, people who have been internally displaced, women in female-headed households, and people with disabilities.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	b8839bb9f0d822df245dc225c51113a1	In most of the emerging world, however, severe gender gaps persist and improving women’s educational attainments should remain a primary concern for policy makers. Moreover, a vicious cycle of low productivity and limited access to capital may become self-reinforcing and foster poverty traps. This can happen if the general credit constraints faced by female entrepreneurs stifle investment in their businesses, causing productivity to remain low and further reducing their credit-worthiness.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	b88456f10009f62c5bc2bf8189084c14	However, no data are published about such industrial water uses. About 450 million m3/y is directly abstracted from rivers and streams (i.e. not via reservoirs). Use of underground waters for irrigation is limited (about 3 per cent of the total). These figures are not, however, based on actual monitoring of volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. Due to erosion and alluvium, their real water retention capacity' has been reduced to approximately 290 million m3.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	b8869a3a1a7e13102b0d11f0d61ffe90	The proposal is similar to a system that is in place in Estonia, with minimum social contributions calculated in relation to the full-time minimum wage, regardless of actual hours worked. While this approach would close off one channel of underreporting, it would also make genuine part-time work much more expensive. The share of part-time workers in Latvia is already low in international comparison and this new tax would risk pricing certain labour force groups out of employment, including low-productivity workers, and those with a strong preference for part-time work.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	b88e32eaa2fd6cbc7be348093e0b328f	As emphasised in the Folkeskole Act, Danish students are to acquire not only subject-specific knowledge but also cross-curricular learning goals such as imagination, confidence, collaboration and citizenship skills. The Common Objectives provide a fairly broad curricular frame and the 2014 Folkeskole reform again emphasises the importance of cross-curricular learning and the acquisition of competencies relying on a complex integration of knowledge, skills, attitudes and action. According to Houlberg et al. ( Although Danish teachers use a wide range of student assessment methods in the classroom (Shewbridge et al.,	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264085398-en	b891a504421aa53f5f0faa8d9bec1b27	While conclusive data is not available on whether these deportations amount to “revolving door” movements (i.e. the same person being deported several times in a year) there are strong indications that this is the case. ( This Green Paper is the result of a long consultation process, first announced in 2008, and involving a broad spectrum of South African, regional and international stakeholders starting in 2013. The process culminated in December 2015 with a colloquium called for by the minister in order to compile all contributions into a final document which was subsequently turned into the Green Paper submitted to public comments between June and September 2016. This is a particularly innovative process for the DHA since 1996 (the previous consultation for the 1997 Green Paper) as most channels of communication between the DHA, other spheres of government, and South African social partners and civil society have been intermittent.	8	4	0	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	b898c4646bfc65a46e4032f91ac32a69	This problem is also complemented by the overpriced and inefficient private parking spaces that exist. There are also 15,000 temporary parking places that can accommodate 191,500 cars. For example, Polotsk city’s mobility plan, currently under development, envisages the integrated development of different urban mobility modes and the optimization of transport routes (box 13.5).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	b89b020b4405bd0b6f05d23ca5d4f728	Yet, as international experience shows, the adoption of new' and radically new technologies (which may be developed by third parties, e.g. PRIs or new technology-based firms) can revolutionise existing industries and enable them move to new industrial applications and higher value-added products. Certainly, general purpose technologies such as biotechnology and clean technologies are of high relevance to Finnish traditional industries. As individual product cycles mature, there is an increasing need for firms to break out into successor cycles.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	b89e5ddc3655a4415cf3e0ac7cdd1a68	Also, the baseline study for the NBSAP was conducted by a consultant in whose terms of reference the consultation of documents relevant to other conventions was required. A group was to be set up, including all NFPs for the relevant conventions, who would validate all terms of reference and draft reports. In addition, the process was to be enhanced through the formal establishment of a consultation mechanism.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	b8a3091cf44f341d2071235f64b53fd5	Quality and performance targets are defined in the hospital contract. Nearly 5% of the total hospital budget is allocated to hospital according to their performance levels. These indicators relate to access, clinical performance and economic performance. Patient Safety is one of the seven strategic priorities of the National Strategy for Quality in Health in Portugal, which defines the development of following specific actions: elaboration of guidelines in the field of patient safety, namely in surgical and medication safety; the creation of the national system of notification of incidents and adverse events and the co-ordination of the prevention and control of health care associated infections.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	b8a4ea16fac6c3188d7373ac17c92499	Moreover, neither is large enough to provide significant help for most families (Williams and Boushey, 2010). Subsidies are available only for low-income families and are scarce and sporadic even for them” (Williams and Boushey, 2010). The reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the island.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	b8a6863b88293b055e273def4e28d4a9	Women also face higher labour market insecurity, as captured by the risk of extreme low pay, but their risk of unemployment is similar to that experienced by men. However, women are less exposed than men to very long working hours. Most importantly, it is crucial to observe that between-group disparities tend to decrease with the aggregate level of job quality.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	b8add87b1629bd628e2406bd2d076373	The exchange serves as an intermediary between buyers and sellers of recyclable waste and reusable products. It is co-ordinated with other exchanges in the “Grande Region” and beyond,10 and is open to private participants. Most of the major industrial firms have their own networks and are fully familiar with the markets for primary and secondary raw materials.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-9-en	b8ae2beef78c1aa12c271c1897d57098	However, ecological accounting to value the ocean’s ecosystem services and natural assets at global level still requires much further research. This chapter therefore restricts itself to estimating the value of the world’s ocean-based industries, until the opportunity arises to perform further work on valuing ocean ecosystems. It begins with observations on current measurement issues before describing the OECD Ocean Economy Database, its sectoral composition, and the sources and data used.	14	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	b8ae47146ef0787a194743631f1c68e1	A total of 28 SSA countries mention the need of specific technology transfer in order to enhance and ensure mitigation and adaptation actions (IGES, 2017). This is done forthree reasons: i) The most recent Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC was held in an African country; ii) agriculture, particularly as concerns the relation between developing and developed countries, was front and centre at the COP; and iii) SSA is expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change, and faces tremendous challenges of poverty, food insecurity and political instability. As such, this region is especially in need of initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	b8afcbad06dbd2398a0108d18836650b	This should encompass affording respect to patients, involving them in prioritising and planning for health care systems and promoting their voice and choice through greater health literacy. Collecting patient experience measures is pivotal to delivering health services that are truly responsive to patients’ needs. In a complementary manner, health professionals’ role must be modernised to deliver greater patient-centred care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	b8b01c6ca97d796c1351798c130ccb98	Thus, targeted contracts ensure security of supply without jeopardizing the objective to achieve the economic benefits of well-functioning energy only markets in the longer run. The advantages of such targeted contracts are their rapidity and simplicity, and that they can be transitory. In markets without locational signals but facing recurrent congestion or a voltage stability problem, system operators usually force the operation of plants, even when their cost is higher. In general, such actions are necessary with older plants that are less efficient.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	b8b173df3cef878866b78a3780cd481d	However, the project was never commissioned, which led the Government of Sudan to set 2009 as a deadline to start implementing the agreed investment plans or risk losing the rights to the designated land. Several references reported differently on this issue, but almost all agree that the delay was the result of a lack of interest from the private sector in Jordan. However, a closer look revealed that although two companies, namely, Barakat and Hijazi and the Ghoshe Group, were seriously interested in the project, financing was the main obstacle facing implementation. The proposed setup was a public-private partnership modality and despite the economic feasibility of the project, weak commitment by the Jordanian Government led to the withdrawal of the private sector from the project.62 However, in August 2014, Jordan announced plans to invest in developing 16,800 ha of agricultural land allocated by the Sudanese Government for Jordan.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-7-en	b8b35b0f79e731b7fa3587a9382b51f8	Based on this set of indicators, 28 county level, outcome-based indicators were identified. Through stakeholder consultation, this number was subsequently reduced to 10. The objective of these indicators is to measure the effectiveness of national initiatives to build institutional adaptive capacity at the county level. Although most of the actions in the NCCAP will take place at the national level, it is desirable to measure institutional adaptive capacity at the county level since that is where adaptive capacity translates into practical benefits for the people of Kenya.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	b8b4877aec3f6ab0e270795f986a7372	Mechanisms to support public-private partnerships (PPPs) and access to banking for local communities therefore need to be promoted. However, the country’s pace of economic activity moderated in 2014, reflecting modest growth in mining and persistent electricity and water supply problems. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is estimated to have weakened further in 2015 mainly due to subdued demand for mineral exports on account of the gloomy global economy.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b8b4a53d52667339bb168246b66a84f9	Carbon taxes that constitute de facto a tax on fossil fuels are, of course, of particular relevance in this context. The long term requires the creation of the physical infrastructures and long-term trading relations that define the structure of a country’s energy system. A key point here is the technological and geographical diversification of energy imports in order to hedge against supply risks. This includes the development of domestic energy resources such as renewables and nuclear energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	b8b50aeee18c9e910ba2727b1aa51e81	By comparison, in most Nordic countries fathers have relatively short weekly w'orking hours. In these countries many mothers appear to reduce working hours once the household can afford it. Compared to w'omen elsewhere in the OECD, German women have made considerable progress in entering the labour market over the past decade and Germany now has the highest female employment rate in the OECD after the Nordics and Switzerland (Chapter 2).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	b8b5d6199c4118f6084bd0407e70f681	Increasing food production to satisfy food requirements is likely to exacerbate pressure on natural resources, such as land and water, and will require sustainable productivity gains. Measured in terms of constant prices (average 2004-2006 United States dollars), the food produced in the region increased in value from $736 billion in 1990 to $1,351 billion in 2013, an 84 per cent increase. The undernourishment indicator measures only food deprivation in terms of calories ingested.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	b8b68332f5182bd2aba49206ed089004	All these benefits can in turn contribute to enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time. Increased availability of information on adaptation can also be beneficial to the global community by helping to identify and disseminate lessons learned in planning, implementing and funding adaptation. The contents of these INDCs vary greatly in terms of their scope, aims, content, clarity, timeline, link with existing policies (including mitigation actions), and “measurability”.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf400991-en	b8b73bb0bbc4b0454b1f365f0a2f8ca9	Therefore, the relative use of local building materials and resources in the construction industry has a substantial effect in the way in which the construction industry can be harnessed to enable growth in the local economies of LDCs. The development of local sustainable building materials and technologies may also boost the associated retail and consulting industries. Data on shares of ODA that goes into the construction industry is one of those areas that need setting up of new systems to support data collection and requires establishing new partnerships at the national levels and local authorities' levels.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en	b8b78aaec4de10637324473316c8c472	Governments from OECD member and 11011-member economies look to LEED and work through it to generate innovative guidance on policies to support employment creation and economic development through locally based initiatives. Future living conditions will be determined by the course set now. We have to decide today how we want to live tomorrow, not only in economic terms, but also with regard to environmental stewardship.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz158z60dzn-en	b8b7c35380add2d047ea1e48658a6d44	Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Weergave van de markt 2008 - 2012, [Market scan and policy letter.	3	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	b8b9d2575651f9b34a3090c1bcfd9b58	In Alaska about half of the SLiCA respondents found it very easy or fairly easy, and the other half found it difficult (SLiCA, 2007). The tertiary sector accounts for between one-half and three-quarters of the total economic production in the Arctic, and dominating this sector is public administration (AHDR, 2004). In the case of Greenland and Nunavut, for example, annual block grant payments from Denmark and Canada make up a major share of revenue and help finance a large public sector with a significant public administration.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	b8bd9f68430480999e7895d48af1dc9e	There is a range of options that could be considered to ensure more effective use of existing information by key actors in the education system. Simple options include ensuring that data is used effectively for transition management between schools and analysing data at the level of the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Education. Such improvements in reporting have the potential to improve the interconnections among schools and between schools and regional and national jurisdictions in education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	b8bdadd980ca92e96caab065d2cc8a42	The Ministry of Finance carried out a budget analysis for each of these subsectors and supported the relevant line ministries in incorporating gender in budgetary planning, review and execution processes. In order to clearly identify the share of women, children and men in budget allocations, the Ministry of Finance developed gender indicators and collected sex-disaggregated data on the beneficiaries of public sendees within five govemorates. An expert group comprising representatives of the Ministry of Finance, Ministiy of Economic Development, the National Council for Women, the Institute of National Planning and UNIFEM developed a training manual on GRB in 2007 that was translated into a training curriculum. Morocco first implemented a decentralised, results-based and performance-oriented budget approach in 2002: this structural budget reform presented an opportunity and strategic point of entiy for GRB.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	b8be54e5cafbbd18107f9f27ef330f6a	Some countries released public stocks, while others stockpiled grain. In a separate study, Demeke et al. ( Only Chile and South Africa did not. In some cases, policy responses may have been an ad hoc response to higher prices, but in others they reflect longstanding efforts to counter price domestic instability.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ae0cc9f4-en	b8c1e6ab81b91a3aa08f4c89da64770a	However, it is not yet entirely clear how economically viable these technologies are, and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need to be resolved. The use of new technologies in transport systems can provide secure and timely delivery of tangible assets to and from remote areas. The average diesel truck costs an estimated 30 times more than a drone, per mile.223 The e-commerce company Amazon is leasing 20 aircraft to handle its own deliveries and is offering 30-minute delivery through drones under its Prime Air project.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	b8c58880582a5e064fd185714667b79a	Data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather than 2013. For both diagnostic categories, data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather titan 2013 and for the United States 2010 rather than 2013. For both diagnostic categories, data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather than 2013 and for the United States 2010 rather than 2013.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	b8c8ce3630b25f016b7bf5f98844cf3a	Another goal is to put in place cost-recovery tariffs to reflect the real value of water and discourage waste. To complement this goal, the Strategy highlights the need for demand-side management, including raising consumer awareness about the value of water. The programme involved residential communities and private companies on a voluntary basis.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	b8c8e08097c704e0f3f0d7480dce3cbb	The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition tells us that unobserved components are important but do not account for the bulk of wage differences. Nevertheless, the decomposition does not reveal whether what is at issue is classic discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity associated with the performance of mothers. First, we select one mother from the sample without replacement. Second, we select all non-mothers who share the same characteristics as the mother selected in the first step.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	b8ccaeefe035e5996e7e3f475f31230c	Second, the very high returns of higher education for government suggest that a large amount of the returns to higher education may be taxed away in Portugal (OECD, 2017|2]). Third, stakeholders cited economic reasons that have dampened interest in pursuing higher education, both during the crisis, due to the costs of participation, but also in the recovery period. Other countries have tuition for adult education programmes, even for basic training, which are waived for people demonstrating financial need, typically those who are eligible for social benefits. Examples of these two approaches are included below.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c73325d9-en	b8cf43b5b70726f339d723256624e10b	For instance, sanitation services are already inadequate (Figure 14). In Bali, average daily water consumption per person is 60 litres in rural areas and 120 litres in cities, but tourists consume up to 200 litres, and capacity is already insufficient (Bali, 2015). Meeting the target for visitor numbers could degrade the natural environment, reducing future benefits from tourism.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	b8cfb07df2daad7690026bccf627ee92	A buffer strip of at least three metres must be established for agricultural activities along watercourses. In addition, the creation and maintenance of permanent grassland and pastureland permanently vegetated is encouraged to minimise the use of pesticides and fertilisers. Luxembourg has six stations - three rural and three urban - for permanent measurement and recording of ground-level ozone concentrations. Replaced by the Directive 2008/50/EC. This holds for washed vegetables for human consumption (threshold of 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry matter) and for unwashed vegetables for use as animal feed (threshold of 0.85 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry matter), 1 pg = 10“12 gram, World Health Organisation-Toxic Equivalent Quantity (WHO-TEQ).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73d010ed-en	b8cfe1182a474dc7eb8d9fc94f50a7cd	"It is therefore necessary to devise policies that will bring about changes in the production structure and its orientation so that demand-led factors may open the way for a type of growth that is more solidly based on equity, with equity being a policy goal in its own right, rather than being seen as an “add-on"". This will require breaking down major labour-market entry barriers so that social protection can be combined with labour and economic policies that will provide reliable, ongoing funding for integrated service systems. Labour policy should focus on ensuring that the employment regime incorporates the needs associated with the family life cycle and that employment regulations designed to afford social protection are applied equally to men and women so that women will not be seen as “expensive” workers by potential employers and so that the hours that women work in the labour market are matched by a positive impact on aggregate demand, productivity and growth."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	b8d862add4371476eef0be917cab0956	Purchases for some commodities, such as grains, are a product of the minimum price policies of the government (discussed further below). For other commodities, reserves are accumulated on an ad hoc basis, usually during times of falling prices. While data on the size of government reserves are not publicly available, they are estimated to be significant for some commodities (Zhou, 2010).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	b8d8dbde34d40222377808f937736fca	"Scientists agree that there is only a very low risk of domesticated crops becoming weeds themselves because the traits that make them desirable as crops often make them less fit to survive and reproduce in the wild (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel). Weeds that hybridize with herbicide-resistant crops have the potential to acquire the herbicide-tolerant trait, although this would only provide an advantage in the presence of the herbicide (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel). According to the GM Science Review Panel, ""Detailed field experiments on several GM crops in a range of environments have demonstrated that the transgenic traits investigated - herbicide tolerance and insect resistance - do not significantly increase the fitness of the plants in semi-natural habitats"" (GM Science Review Panel, 2003:19). More evidence is required regarding the effect of fitness-enhancing traits on invasiveness (GM Science Review Panel)."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	b8da8bd4459461c0a228056b2730f2f5	The relevant advisory bodies are the Council for Nature Conservation and, to a lesser extent, the Hunting Council and Fishing Council. Some communes also have environmental advisory committees. A natural environment observatory was created in 2007. A register of biotopes is now being compiled (Box 4.1).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	b8dc73b0a585752b1bb1de22ff48eb4a	Cost pressure can also affect the health technology industry, pushing innovation to favour new less-expensive therapies. Forecasts of health expenditure growth as a share of GDP range widely under different assumptions about how sensitive consumers may be to rising medical care prices. Nonetheless, forecasts from this model point to a slowdown in expenditure growth in the future. This model can be further extended to directly study the impact of health expenditure growth on economic growth (Borger et al.,	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	b8dedad676fb4ab4ce5f076716a242aa	Women in elite economic and social groups often discriminate against and oppress other women whom they consider to be placed lower than themselves in the social hierarchy. Within a patriarchal framework, women’s capacities for peacebuilding differ from men’s in at least four ways: how women are socialized; which concerns and issues they bring to peacebuilding; which social networks they are part of; and how their gender identities allow them to do some peacebuilding activities that are denied to men. Women are not, by nature, more advantaged or disadvantaged at building peace than men.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	b8dfe2d71a5dbbc708e3f739388d0442	The Commission also evaluates the energy efficiency progress towards the 2030 target and propose additional measures if the Union is noton track to reach the 2030 target. This policy measure is estimated to achieve half of the energy savings required under the whole Directive. Member States can achieve the required energy savings through an energy efficiency obligation scheme, alternative measures, or a combination of both approaches.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	b8e0e06270e38884926978c4977d81b3	However, Ethiopia faces numerous challenges in delivering education services to its population, one of which is ensuring an adequate size of its qualified teaching force. The high rate of population growth in the country, together with the high proportion of youth, creates immense pressure on the education system. The population of Ethiopia almost quadrupled in the past 50 years, and is expected to grow to 92 million by 2015.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	b8e6092318fa7d6fe9d440132e37f537	African LDCs such as Burkina Faso, Mauritania and United Republic of Tanzania recorded volatility coefficients as high as 0.40, compared with a modest 0.11 in the economies of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Beintema et al., Several of the latter have to some extent benefited from the Asian green revolution, which relied heavily on productivity improvements in the cultivation of a few staples: rice, wheat and maize. Sub-Saharan Africa, by contrast, has very diversified farming systems, of which FAO has identified 14 major varieties, ranging from near-desert to forest-based systems, with significant diversity within each major category (AfDB et al.,	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	b8e94a7d480d7d48db9e242950e31e1b	Mothers of mistimed births are less likely to commence prenatal care early compared with those who had intended births. The same pattern is apparent for unwanted births but the association is not significant. Older women (between the ages of 20 and 24) are 1.45 times more likely to comply with the recommended timing of the first prenatal care visit.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	b8eb492c0faa0223fb559bda75473304	Requests for information are regulated by the 2011 Law on Information Transparency and Right to Information. The petitions and complaints are handled in accordance with the 2015 Law on General Administrative Procedures. In accordance to the Law', public (citizens and legal entities) requests for information should be answered within seven working days, w'hich may be extended by another seven days if producing the requested information requires more time.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	b8ecc4c9a367d4b5302c28586c718698	This could make the impact of common labour demand shocks on labour supply and participation vary across states. They however differ substantially on other features such as share of the population with felony conviction, housing conditions (measured by the share of crowded houses) or the relative costs of child care. On the other hand, high participation states (North Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota and DC) present very diverse positions on most indicators, but tend to have strong health outcomes and reported health indicators.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	b8ef6263157db88fb23c52f54a1b40f7	In the first case, movements are analysed by taking two points in an individual's life, while in the second movements between generations are examined (parents and children). The sociological tradition has stressed mobility in terms of social classes or occupational groups, whereas economists usually analyse mobility in terms of income (or education). To analyse mobility both between generations and over the life cycle of individuals, it would be desirable to have longitudinal information. Few panel data are available in the region, and they are usually from rotating panels of household surveys that are observed for a small number of rounds or collected unsystematically.40 Examples of this type of information are the rotating panel surveys of Argentina, Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru (Amarante, 2013).	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	b8f1d246ea9f33146539e63c2ff8dac1	Some steps have been made to this direction. For example the Best to Industries Programme at the Computer Sciences Department of the Tel Hai Academic College provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local high-tech industry that improves students’ learning outcomes, strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high-tech industry to the northern-most part of the country. This type of initiatives should be expanded to other higher education institutions and disciplines.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	b8f341c33072e98c4bad09c025eec449	The applicability of the scoring rules (see below) has also been simplified and adapted from the European Union and Norway to the whole of the OECD. The more or less objective inputs concern the shares of different supply and demand categories (i.e. for supply: oil, gas, coal, nuclear, RES and other; for demand: industrial use, residential use, tertiary use and transport use) and the values characterising efficiency, adequacy, and reliability in conversion and transport based on the secondary energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat, and transport fuels). Figure 2.12 displays the conceptual framework of, and the elements considered in, the overall S/D Index model.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	b8f761158ba905151ebe2a1134088641	Mines deciding to build a renewable energy plant, usually seek debt-financing to fund this infrastructure investment. The terms of the financing would depend on the mining company’s creditworthiness. Therefore, in order to obtain advantageous terms and bring down the interest rates, mines may choose to rely on their parent company’s assets.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	b8fb3866c1b03f83d2c86d0dcc03d788	Considering the urgency of implementing EE technologies, as well as the projected weight of energy efficiency for a sustainable energy future, the next case study questions whether any of these findings are applied in current international mechanisms. The study focuses on the only UNFCCC recognised linked between the private sector and clean technology in emerging economies: the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The Kyoto Protocol in 1998 confirmed the financial obligations of developed countries in that regard.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	b8fbe293517a2ade77c2358ddcbc1096	On the other hand, the current priority of achieving a high level of material recovery from waste is resulting in the need to collect data on waste in tons. The practice shows that information on MSW in tons allows better evaluation of the impact of current policies. Therefore, the published information on MSW in m3 is based on estimation and information in tons is a combination of direct weighing of MSW and recalculation of m to tons using a factor of 0.2 t/m .	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b8fc4a455e5223651684f4cc0e2f6675	Fourth, trade-related investment measures (TRIMS) such as local-content requirements are now being challenged under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and can be subjected to substantial anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties (Bahar et al., These risks send negative long-term signals which discourage investment. Finally, differentiated treatment limits the possibilities for regional co-operation in the development of renewable energy infrastructure (see section on other policies and cross-cutting issues).	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264207899-5-en	b9000d347bda400ccec0b7b57074fce8	This increase contributed to the continued rise in national income and improved the current account balance. In 2011, GDP increased by 1.8% in the face of continued uncertain global conditions. During 2012, conditions improved again and GDP growth is expected to return to its long-term trend of about 3% during 2013 and beyond (ABS, 2012a). Employment growth was strongest in the early stages of the recovery.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	b900ee21407c7c14c87c15204c2922d5	The first measure is based on the effective number of affiliated households in a given state over the total number of households. The advantage of this strategy is twofold. First, the independence of the ex ante negotiations between the federal and state governments over the number of affiliations that a state would pursue in a specific quarter from ex post health-demand shocks rules out the possibility of self-selection. Second, the fact that political and logistical constraints in addition to economic conditions weighted heavily in the determination of the targets allows one to overcome the problem of non-random placement.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	b9022a8da8dbce5ccc3f9dd9bc8fc019	In Italy, the creation in 2004 of the National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System (INVALSI) led to the development of national student assessments since 2008. Similarly, in Ontario (Canada), the creation of the Education Quality and Accountability Office in 1996 was associated with the development of standardised student assessment to provide accountability and a gauge of quality in Ontario’s publicly funded education system. Functions of evaluation and assessment agencies may include technical leadership (e.g. in developing evaluation instruments, guidelines, education indicators), implementation of evaluation and assessment procedures (e.g. national student assessments), the monitoring of the education system, the introduction of innovations on the basis of research results, the development of capacity for evaluation and assessment across the system, knowledge management (of results produced by evaluation and assessment activities) and the promotion of an evaluation culture. Although educational evaluation within school systems is not a recent concern, it has traditionally focussed mostly on the assessment of students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	b902bf37c08789e5c96d26cbc37543d1	In some cases, downstream beneficiaries pay to regulate or preserve or restore upstream environments (e.g. flood management), as they benefit from activities made by others to reduce water consumption or pollution. Upstream land and water users/polluters receive compensation to provide environmental services and avoid damaging practices. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In the case of domestic water uses, Olmstead and Stavins (2007) note that the “gains from using prices as an incentive for conservation come from allowing households to respond to increased water prices in the manner of their choice, rather than by installing a particular technology or reducing particular uses, as prescribed by non-price approaches”.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4m2t59cmr-en	b904e2778c0d6dd0bebcc29658b23c9b	They set up an intervention model in three stages. Primary intervention involves district and school wide reforms aimed at providing high quality instruction in a school climate that encourages regular attendance and other positive behaviour. This they suggest can be done through equipping teachers to provide high quality instruction and ensuring a relevant curriculum that keeps students engaged. They also suggest a culture of personalized and orderly learning environment and a strong connection with the family. This corresponds to several of the preventive and pre-emptive measures we have seen targeting pre-primary and primary school level.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	b9111c0bfbd719b54389bde1d8fad6b1	Consistently, the payment the worker receives from these funds upon separation is not taken into account in the OECD indicators. In other countries (notably Italy, Korea, Indonesia and, to a limited extent, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia), there is a tenure-dependent separation indemnity, which is paid by the employer upon separation whatever the reason. Again, these provisions are not included in OECD indicators insofar as they correspond more clearly to a deferred wage which will be paid with certainty at the end of the employment relationship. In expected terms, therefore, these provisions have the same impact on employers’ hiring decisions as higher social security contributions. Moreover, to the extent that future payments are not set aside every month in a separate fund but remain on the balance sheet of employers, these amounts represent a forced loan from workers to their employer, often at advantageous conditions for the latter.	10	3	3	0.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	b9122e77361553c0c88a29513af5d433	Over the period analysed, the poverty gap diminished at high annual rates, and faster than the poverty rate, in eight countries: Uruguay (-15.9%), Peru (-12.3%), Chile (-10.5%) and Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Colombia and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (declines of between about 8% and 10%). At the same time, poverty severity diminished in these same countries at an annual equivalent rate of between 9% and 14%. This was also the case in the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, although all three indicators fell by less than in the aforementioned countries.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	b91574678c000b114d026774dab5c840	Cappellari & Jenkins (2008a, p. 14) however report that the large majority of recipients were paid income-based JSA. The analysis below focuses on the programmes listed under ‘principal social assistance variable’ for able-bodied, working-age individuals. In Germany and the United Kingdom, this includes programmes that are formally labelled as unemployment benefits but, following the typology in Section 1, share key characteristics of SA programmes. For Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom, results are also provided for HB.	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	b91759e150860b0804ac313c6c4f8e58	Overall, the OECD average water application rate per irrigated hectare decreased by 7% between the periods 1990-92 and 2002-04, while in most cases the volume of agricultural production increased (OECD, 2010b). This may induce water stress. Some states in the United States, such as California, as well as many Mediterranean countries, already battle with increasing water stress (OECD, 2010b). Figure B.2 provides more detail about the level of water stress in a selection of OECD countries. Although water stress by itself may have negative consequences for productivity, combined with a supporting set of policies it may stimulate more efficient water allocation and the adoption of sustainable water management techniques. However, OECD research (2010) shows that in many countries, farmers are only charged for the operation and maintenance portions of their water supply costs, with little recovery of the capital costs of water supply infrastructure.	2	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	b919dbf3a3d818017c898fcf23088b42	In the Arctic, key issues include the improved coordination of fisheries under national and international jurisdiction, the response of the fisheries sector to ecosystems shifts, and improving precautionary and ecosystem approaches. However, what we will explore is the development of the regime in the Antarctic and the somewhat unique policy instruments it has produced to deal with ecosystem and precautionary approaches. This paper asks the question: despite the different ecological and political differences, can some of the innovative approaches in the Antarctic be used in reforming Arctic management?	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	b91a67796a8fe61e7964975ae515e610	If the evolution of the economy continued according to the reference scenario, without any crisis, this rate would have been expected to ring in at 35.9% in 2008, 35.7% in 2009 and 2010, and 35.3% in 2011. This is the result of regions where the caloric poverty rate is above the national average but the monetary poverty rate is under the national average, as is the case in the Adamaoua, East and North West regions. This last region has a relatively low rate of caloric poverty (11.54%) even though it is among the five hardest hit regions in terms of monetary poverty among children (with a monetary poverty rate of 64.5%). Conversely, the South region has a caloric poverty rate above the national average, as opposed to the case for monetary poverty in that region.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea3022e2-en	b91a78b7e0431c1dea223464d23c7962	On that basis, the negative relationship between the number of firms and the size of the shadow economy is traced in quadrant 5, where it can be seen that a reduction in the tariff from TO to T1 causes the shadow economy to grow from SO to S1. Quadrant 6 shows the 45° line used to construct the positive relationship between MANU and the tariff shown in quadrant 7; this is where higher tariffs correspond to higher shares of value added by the manufacturing sector in GDP. Quadrant 9 traces the 45° line used to show the shadow economy on the x axis in quadrant 10, where they axis represents the murder rate.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	b91b7d17bd9976493de31b8e6282796a	As care is not normally to be given without the individual’s consent, compulsory treatment may only be ordered for patients who object to care, but are suffering from a serious psychiatric disturbance (excluding developmental disability). This care is only to be provided in instances where “due to their psychiatric condition or personal circumstances”, an individual needs psychiatric treatment that will only be effective if the patient is admitted to an inpatient psychiatric care facility (Bolling et al, 2009). Involuntary outpatient treatment, under special conditions, may only begin after a period of involuntary inpatient treatment.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	b91b9cb6a22cb22eb7cdead9bf005db6	Annual data therefore tend to give overestimates of the degree of persistence in benefit receipt, and this effect is sizable when benefit spells are short and repeat benefit receipt is common. Month-to-month entry rates into benefit of around 0.4% to 0.6% in Norway and Sweden are substantially higher than those for Latvia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, which fluctuate around or below 0.1 % (top-left panel of Figure 8). This is in contrast to results in Figure 7, which showed that annual transition rates did not vary much across countries towards the end of the observation period.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	b91ff29bf9d09fd26d5d7848be67f6b9	In terms of the hungriest, 16.1 per cent are found to be ultra hungry in Bangladesh, with 15.9 per cent in rural areas and 17.1 per cent in urban areas. In Lao PDR, the share is 16.1 per cent, with 10.7 per cent in rural areas and 31.4 per cent in urban areas. In Timor-Leste, the figure is 25.0 per cent, with 25.0 per cent in rural areas and 25.2 per cent in urban areas.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	b920932807c55f3a317eeb29ba26e9f7	The process was launched in 2011 and will be phased in over 14 years. It will involve significant changes to existing administrative and management systems. Various aspects of the NHI are being tested in ten districts. To attain a high degree of risk pooling and equity the plan envisages the creation of a single NHI fund (in 2014/2015) with contributions being based on ability to pay (with no opt-out) and health benefits determined by medical needs.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	b9261eb5891fbb3c0f11bbfdab828f85	The cost of electricity can also be a major factor in many countries as high costs to power networks are transmitted to consumers, raising the price they have to pay for Internet access. ( A national backbone network provide powerful links to connect different areas of the country. The number of submarine cables have increased in recent years, allowing faster and cheaper connectivity, thus incentivising greater Internet use. Still, there are many countries and areas with low connectivity, especially landlocked countries, which are dependent on their neighbours for international connectivity.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-8-en	b9273039e5b70ca6b65a1d660cb7a3a0	Young people are particularly affected by over-skilling, as the incidence of over-skilling generally diminishes with age. In addition, over-skilling has a relatively small negative effect on wages. This suggests either that most employers succeed in identifying their employees' real skills, irrespective of their formal qualifications, and adapt job content accordingly or that wages are negotiated based on skills other than literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments and how those skills are used at work.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/da48ce17-en	b92b59d0b6da0edfc25f1f3499c48f61	First, losses are a factor of the severity and frequency of hazards, as well as a factor of the reduction in vulnerability- some indicators could show a decrease in losses because an extreme weather event (e.g. storm) has not hit a country that particular year, for instance. A reduction in losses could also be due to the implementation of disaster risk reduction or adaptation policies, or of a ‘near-miss’, namely an extreme weather event narrowly missing a country’s vulnerability hotspots. Furthermore, as the definition given in the Sendai Framework of disasters20 encompasses both man-made and natural events, the first set of indicators relating to the outcomes of disaster risk reduction could only relate to climate change adaptation provided they are disaggregated by disaster type to focus on climate-related natural disasters21 (Table 4). A second set of indicators relating to the enabling environment for and the implementation of disaster risk reduction policies broadly support climate adaption objectives, although they relate to more specifically to current vulnerability (Table 5).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/985d3253-en	b92bdb0d9c7689a3703e11541c183bdc	Likewise, an estimate of a reasonable sustainable harvest level, taking account of unrecorded removals, would be necessary to monitor the sustainability of forest management in Armenia. Further information on social aspects of sustainable forest management, notably livelihoods of forest dependent people, are necessary for reporting commitments under the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. As a result, it is not possible to assess recent trends concerning the quantitative and qualitative status of Georgia's forests.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	b92e8f9c3029c682aafba2105d2a30cc	In 2014, almost 95% of enterprises in the OECD area had a broadband connection and 76% had a website or home page and 21% sold their products electronically. Over 80% of enterprises used e-government services. However, only 21% conducted sales on line and only 22% used cloud computing services. Overall, there are still large differences across countries in the use of ICT tools and activities within enterprises, suggesting there is much scope for further uptake and use of ICT.	4	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0a98da25-en	b934da5e086a8380796857991efed9d6	Past approaches to gender equality have focused on the micro-level—education, health care access, support for ch i Idea re, a nd a ccess to prod ucti ve resou rces. While those initiatives are important, they are not sufficient. For example, policies to increase women’s education and labour force participation will only yield their full benefits with sufficient aggregate demand to generate employment demand.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	b93792a22229288e77161b757828f3f5	It concludes by analysing performance indicators, which measure the degree of protection that exists against the risks described. These are the attributes on which the ILO bases its definition of decent work; and they serve as a reference for establishing international standards in this area. Unpaid work —in other words, the production of goods and services by household members, for which there is no market valuation but which contributes to family and social welfare— is excluded from the analysis.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	b939650120d8ed0c348fb721d0af0922	Foreign students, largely from Indonesia, China and Thailand, and others from India, Korea, Mongolia, Nigeria, Taiwan, Japan and the Middles East, numbered 452 and 650 in 2007 and 2008 respectively. It was conceived as a strong contribution to the growth of the Penang and northern Peninsular Malaysia region. The university currently offers a wide range of programmes at undergraduate and graduate levels, which include certificate, diploma and degree programmes, non-graduating and off-campus study programmes. The last, started in 1971, was the first distance learning tertiary-level programme in the country, providing adult learners second chance opportunities for higher education.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	b93a5ec8373845f5c7f5727654cc22ea	Currently, funding for the development of women-focused BDS services is either provided by the government (generally through its own government agencies) or donors. The JNFW in Jordan suggested that the government could adopt a national policy to ensure the sustainability of BDS services. The Egyptian members of the WBF Task Force suggested that a MENA “Women Entrepreneurs' Fund” could be established.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	b93c9f38d549ff3532b0b105bce1554a	The Nordic countries Denmark, Finland and Sweden have, as well as the other EU countries, submitted the NREAPs. In the Renewable Energy Directive, Denmark has committed to a target of 30% corresponding about 16,000 ktoe of renewable energy by 2020. Wood energy is planned to constitute about 1,200 ktoe of the total amount, equaling 8% of the total target.	7	0	9	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	b93e6bf648ff953378374d6f1d02c1c7	The picture highlights a higher average of the ex-ante stochastic component in the case of the trading sectors compared with non-traded ones, especially in the most recent rounds, net of the usual jump between VLSS and VHLSS. Again, if we are willing to assume it is the upper bound of a proper measure of the trade-induced risk component, the plain conclusion is that, not only is risk increasing over time in Viet Nam under Doi Moi, but that its relevance (in terms of net contribution to the variance of household consumption) is proportionally higher the higher the trade exposure of the sector the household is involved in. If that were the case, it would be a very relevant issue for policymaking anyway since it would also imply a revision of the assumed trade benefits for the welfare of Vietnamese households working in the most exposed trading sectors.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/0ec26947-en	b93f00f11ffd30907d769e705a7e06dd	Collaboration between the UNFCCC, participating governments, renewable energy developers and buyers, and other private and public institutions could lead to an accelerated deployment. By implementing, monitoring, and reporting services based on data stored on the blockchain, real-time emissions reports would not need to be quasi-manually validated by independent third parties. In long-running infrastructure construction projects, legal uncertainties arise regarding the validity of contracts or the status of negotiations.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5830c400-en	b93f8e6827a1053dcd8e25108578b68f	Obtaining a formal qualification can lead to higher w'ages, especially when the person develops new' skills on the way (e.g. filling skill gaps). Some of the benefits may be non-monetary benefits, like higher self-esteem. Workers who qualify through skill recognition can fill vacancies - particularly valuable in regulated occupations. When employers support an employee through a skill recognition process, employees may show' increased loyalty.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	b94132f84b1faf0679a4a5da68e771ec	1999|H5|; Ares Abalde, 2014[ij). The small number of students and teachers in these schools shapes the ways in which schools can use the time of teachers and students, and how these are grouped by grades and abilities (Mulcahy, 2009[ii6i). Parents may be concerned about their children learning together with children of different ages in the same classroom (Cornish, 2006[ii7j), but research suggests that multigrade teaching is not necessarily less effective than in age-specific classes.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	b94166a3cadbab4a5d3ef225e8849460	It is at this point that we need to discuss the whole question of slums or informal settlements, particularly in the developing world. Images of slums were ubiquitous, as the favelas of Brazil and the huge, unserviced settlements of Nairobi caught the world’s imagination. But as an issue, and a challenge to urban managers, the problem was not by any means new, so we can consider it a persistent issue in the classification of this chapter.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	b94270d0cccefbb0d4dacc27ad10a459	Given the already indicated technological limits to fast-tracking the sustainable energy transformation, per capita caps on energy use and emissions may be needed to ease the challenge. This limit would be similar to the figure for the present per capita primary energy use in China and that for the world average (figure II.8). It should be noted, however, that the suggestion is for a limit on primary energy (not final energy), which is most relevant for the environmental impact.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	b9443d3c8786b9476a14198ad33671e5	Table 5.1 provides an overview of the objectives and activities allowed for each category. About two-thirds of the area under protection lies within sustainable use categories (Figure 5.1). This results from several factors, including the higher political and social acceptability of sustainable use areas, as they impose fewer restrictions on land and resource use; respect of traditional communities’ rights and civil society movements in defence of these rights; and the government objective of stimulating sustainable timber logging in national forests (Verissimo et al., The Brazilian example of extractive reserves has contributed to shaping the international classification of protected areas (Table 5.1). Between 2003 and 2008, it accounted for more than 70% of the world’s new terrestrial area placed under protection (Jenkins and Joppa, 2009).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	b9444ad7737b7622d6c248eff6b124ee	Building an attractive rurality for young people is a major public policy challenge. Restoring the attractiveness of rural areas and achieving a new inclusive and equitable rurality is fundamental for rural territories to benefit from having more and better educated young people with a greater capacity for innovation. Thus, the rural agenda increasingly overlaps with the indigenous agenda, which includes an integral vision of that world, as territory and habitat, and not only as a space and production resource. Nonetheless, public must also be formulated for rural Afrodescendent populations, which are significant in various countries and constitute one of the least visible social groups.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	b9458317a2fe7db4c808cee9460c4cf2	The financial return on water is often higher than on many crops. The tourism industry is estimated to contribute 11% to Spanish GDP. It is geographically highly concentrated and has become a fundamental economic activity in some regions along the Mediterranean. Although its water demand is non-consumptive, it may compete with other uses of water, such as agricultural use, which is often supplied by dam reservoirs.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	b9466c6bfc53641d2e77acc8b01122f8	To bolster their contribution, aligning negotiation strategies, with a view to promoting much needed global policy coherence should enable the achievement of the oceans and marine specific Agenda 2030 objectives. The international community has been urged to take actions to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development,” and we shall respond. However, the continuation of benefits from fisheries depends on their sustainability, which is being challenged by factors such as overfishing, IUU fishing, destructive fishing practices and ecosystem degradation.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	b9469a26ca1ea6f95fa6b1f984cf9708	A medical waste legislative and strategic framew'ork has been defined and several private ambulances now incinerate their waste, but the public health sector has yet to introduce proper management of medical waste. Steps taken have significantly reduced environmental pollution from waste. Most development occurs in the area of Greater Baku and on the Absheron peninsula, where some 40 per cent of the country’s population live, but the application of MSW management to other regions is only envisaged in future projects.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	b94bf4870addd016e1177d720cde0835	Concrete initiatives have included dedicated lanes for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and improvements in public transport accessibility for handicapped people. Since 2010, “people first” aspires to integrate pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles on Seoul’s roads. The policy concept evolved to include a wider range of modes of transport with the aim to create more attractive alternatives to car use.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmbphh7s47h-en	b94c5c7d4a574bd505345720332beaac	A group of teachers are assigned either to a control group (no particular training) or to a two-week workshop of subject-matter pedagogy (phonology, phonological awareness, etc). She then analyzes the performances of the students. She put into evidence significant differences in their performances between both groups: students taught by the teachers that had follow the workshop performed significantly better than the others. (	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d85bcb9c-en	b9525ec2b7e75daae22d4676f6a26d19	It investigates the extent to which the incorporation of a risk perspective in public administration has changed over time, and how this has affected strategies and plans, policies and institutional arrangements in different areas. It illustrates mechanisms and tools that exist today in public administration at different levels to identify and manage risk in different SDG areas, how countries are using them, and challenges they face in this regard. Lastly, it presents some of the recent trends in terms of institutionalization of risk management in government, including institutional setups that countries have put in place to identify, assess and manage risk in a more holistic way.	13	3	3	0.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	b956fe1de7ba0d8f9f918759fbb1bb0f	This chapter thus explores the progress and status of women in politics and other ways in which women in leadership positions are helping to shape the national dialogue. It reviews women in politics, government, trade unions and the private sector. The chapter concludes by focusing on the role of women in peacebuilding, a critical role in light of the devastating civil wars and conflicts that have long plagued the continent.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/748e616d-en	b957b75116de7087a366aed7f0000123	Men and women incur the time cost also of accessing water and fuel supply or medical services, of working or looking for work, and so on, as they perform their multiple roles. Balancing the burdens of work and household responsibilities can leave many, especially women, stressed, overworked and disenfranchised. Analysis of TUD can help support the attainment of many of the SDGs and enable governments to address them strategically and systematically.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	b957e40641c516561f63d5978195d507	It was formed as a result of an emergency measure of flood control to prevent the breaking of Chardara irrigation dam, and in order to prevent damage downstream of the Syr Darya in the territory of Kazakhstan in 1969 (21.0 km’). The System includes three brackish water lakes (Aydar-Kul, Arnasay and Tuzkan). It is one of the latgcst reservoirs in Uzbekistan, covering about 3,500 km2, with an average depth of 8-10 meters.	6	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	b960308533f268152ecc24ba82c9eccd	The indicator system is described in the Ministry of the Environments report Welfare for the future, Iceland's national strategy for sustainable development, Statistical Indicators 2006. The indicators are statistical by nature. The indicators are planned to be further updated in view of the Icelandic government's policy on sustainable development. The goal is to enable the monitoring of progress being made in achieving the set objectives on a regular basis.	15	1	7	0.75
10.18356/152d606d-en	b962fba406a44996e868ce6420e8ee03	Rwanda now has some of the most progressive laws in Africa to empower women and protect them from violence. Laws and policies alone are insufficient to eradicate discrimination, but they can be important first steps. They often lack easy access to public transportation, government offices and other public spaces such as hospitals, making it more difficult to participate in economic, social and political life—or to seek assistance when faced with threats to their physical well-being. Particularly vulnerable among people with disabilities are those in poverty.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	b964b342a5710680697042e0c8675725	This so-called “+23” regime requires that a 5% minimum of total vacancies in universities and polytechnics be earmarked for students over the age of 23. This percentage can be increased to 20%, or even more if there are unoccupied vacancies in the general regime of access. Conversely, if the 5% places are not taken by students of over 23, they can be occupied by younger students.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	b9686502a862839fbb1a38e378f63a4c	"In addition, machine learning can support R&D cost reductions of between 10 and 15 per cent and time-to-market improvements of up to 10 per cent, while automation rates of 30 per cent are possible across functions (McKinsey, 2017a). Data are often referred to as ""the new oil"", presenting substantial revenue opportunities for businesses within and beyond the ICT sector. Most industries are investing in turning the massive amount of data flowing from loT sensors, industrial meters, connected devices, smartphones, wearables, and any kind of web-based services, into actionable insights."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	b968f812bc3e0d18dbf40516c4c534d9	Teachers’ classroom practice upheld village traditions against modem values as planned in the curriculum, for example, through a change in the content of a school play (discussed in Cuban, 1992). Local competition for students and recourses between “innovative” and “traditional” schools may end up benefiting the latter (Fink, 2000; see also McCulloch, 1998). For example, research on quasi-market forces in education suggests that many empowered consumers reveal preferences that are not necessarily supportive to innovation in terms of curricular and pedagogical approaches.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/63d08c20-en	b96aaea22b599fa5f0c35ba1ea23cedc	It called upon countries to ‘develop inclusive, responsive and resilient education systems' to meet their needs (UNESCO, 2015). But the position of refugees who rely on host countries to extend international rights to education is not identical to those of people displaced within their home countries and whose governments bear specific responsibilities to fulfil their citizens’ rights. These arrangements are being piloted among the 15 countries where the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) is being rolled out. Selected additional important issues related to refugee education are addressed in the monitoring part of the report, including early childhood care and education (Policy focus 9.1), tertiary education (Policy focus 10.1), displaced people with disabilities (Policy focus 12.1), the role of technology (Policy focus 15.1) and the effectiveness of humanitarian aid (Policy focus 19.3).	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	b96c4d8959cb5ac68adcf8f6fe09496c	Solomon Islands people perceived retired or aged people, the unemployed, young married couples, the disabled and school leavers as the most vulnerable groups. Some said traditional family and community safety nets were beginning to fail and there was growing resistance and loss of capacity to support those who cannot support themselves. But although it is an important foundation for learning and socialisation, there is little knowledge of the status of this across the region.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	b96e0c3a0fa9d9a6d93db80f25d9f936	Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs in the Lander set out appraisal guidelines for assessing teachers. Teacher appraisals must cite the assessment criteria and use of assessment. Data collection focuses on input, processes - including pedagogical practices - and results. At the post-primary level, inspections focus on whole school evaluations.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	b9726967e35892ba3d49befe0b922feb	As in the water supply sector, there are acute organizational problems in sewerage systems in rural areas, which make for a coverage rate of only 0.2 per cent. Of the 62 cities and district centres, only 29 have sewerage systems, and in villages there are virtually no sewerage systems. There are issues with the huge amount of surface water entering the sewerage system. However, the necessary financial resources for rehabilitation, expansion and construction of new systems in order to achieve the water and sanitation objectives and goals provided in the sectoral programmes are estimated to increase to more than US$2 billion.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	b973348ac7ee1d30850e30cbecf0fdfe	The explicit inclusion of climate action as one of the SDGs (Goal 13) is likely to promote this alignment. International financial flows will need to be complementary to domestic climate finance, which remains the most important source of funds. Development co-operation providers can assist this process by supporting partner countries to improve revenue capture and by strengthening accountability and transparency in their own systems to avoid any risk of double counting and to increase confidence in climate finance reporting.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	b975be96e8e980f150cdd7d073dfcc3c	Returns to international research investment ranged from 68 to 108 per cent (Evenson and McKinsey Jr., 1991).10 While the returns to R&D are high, several factors prevent them from having the kind of impact on LDC agricultural productivity that would bring them even remotely close to their potential. The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators compiled by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) show that the sector’s agricultural research spending relative to its gross domestic product (GDP) — the research intensity ratio — is substantially lower than in advanced economies. In 2008, low-income countries spent only $0.44 (at 2005 purchasing-power parity (PPP)) on public agricultural R&D for every $100 of agricultural GDP. The corresponding figure for high-income countries was more than $3 (chart 2.10). The average intensity ratio for low-income countries has declined marginally over the past 35 years, meaning that growth in R&D spending has lagged behind the expansion of agricultural GDP. In high-income countries, by contrast, public agricultural R&D spending for every $100 of agricultural GDP (2005 PPP) has risen steadily since the early 1980s, reaching $2.63 in 2000 and $3.07 in 2008.	2	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	b97732b76e817c88628af3bcdf293c71	The centre routinely tracks HIV/AIDS numbers and prevalence rates in the region. As part of the planning process most countries in the region have also established a separate body with responsibility for the co-ordination of multisectoral activities and the various micro-level responses on a national level. This body is usually established under the Ministry of Health, as in the case of Jamaica, but is sometimes established as part of the Prime Minister's office, as in The Bahamas, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. We will deal with this later.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	b978761bc1eaa4a037431ed4b9a6d705	Illiteracy was far lower in the better-off states, though, at less than 3% in Baja California, Nuevo Leon and Distrito Federal. In Distrito Federal only 8.7% of 15-year-olds had not finished primary education. Figure 1.2 below (which shows the variability of educational attainment across regions) shows a clear north-south gradient.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	b9792a37185515e3dd54fc5479251ed7	Figure B.4 shows the growth in average international internet bandwidth from 2000 to 2015 for a sample of 131 countries. In 2000, the average international bandwidth was a little less than 3,700 Mbits/sec. By 2015, this had increased to a little less than 1.2 million Mbits/sec, a more than 330-fold increase. Today nearly half of the world's population can access the internet, and it is far faster and more pervasive than the dial-up internet of the 1990s.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b97a3228b9a54c6ffcb82786206d4fda	However, since 2009, the population of most monotowns has risen (if usually at a slower pace than in urban Kazakhstan as a whole), as opposed to the steep demographic decline in the previous decade. Population declined in only 8 of the 27 monotowns in the 2009-2016 period, most dramatically in Serebryansk (which has experienced rapid out-migration) and Zyrianovsk. In the same period, around half of monotowns experienced negative net migrations (i.e. net migration outflows, see Figure 1.31).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	b97bf45017d706280214f3d03bce40b4	The sub-dimension includes information regarding the share of employed persons working in the evening, at night or on the weekend. Many studies indicate that there is a (negative) relationship between working outside usual working hours (in particular at night, but also during the weekend or in the evening) and well-being. The sub-dimension furthermore covers the use of a flexible work schedule.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	b97cd2b46739f1775256b7adbd8f5422	In three (Chile, Peru and Uruguay), the effect of this factor was boosted by an improvement in distribution —at least in the distribution area near the poverty line. On the other hand, the downward trend in poverty in Argentina and the Dominican Republic was, in part, slowed —not helped— by changes in distribution. In another group of five countries the distribution effect was the main determinant of falling poverty rates.	1	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	b9807a68343a1b0ea742596867e4f135	Thanks to ICTs, online public services can become more convenient, personalized, faster and less expensive. For example, smart cities may offer citizens the possibility to use the Internet to file complaints and claims, request certificates and reports, make payments and debits and participate in various activities. Governments may also employ digital technologies, such as video surveillance, to enhance the safety and security of their citizens and to reduce crime.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	b981da32183e0d9d8f126411040610a1	To complement Zhumasultanov’s estimates for the recent period, Table 1.4 provides a corrected urbanisation rate that neutralises the effect of Shymkent and Almaty City’s territorial expansions in 2013 and 2014. The main conclusion is that without this large reclassification of rural inhabitants to urban status, the urbanisation rate w'ould have grown at a much slower pace, reaching an estimated 55.6% at the beginning of 2016 (w'hile the official urbanisation rate was 57%). In 2015 and 2016, the new urban residents in Shymkent and Almaty City were subtracted from urban population.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/85946e24-en	b985440978d0265efa790d8a8eede656	Net differentials are based on adjusted estimates of the under-five mortality rate, where the adjustment consists of applying statistical controls for other factors potentially contributing to the gross differentials separately from household wealth. In addition to household wealth, variables such as age of mother at the birth of the child, length of the mother’s previous birth interval, birth order and sex of the child were used as statistical controls. The results suggest that household wealth may have substantial effects on child survival at the global level. In general, the probability of child survival tends to be higher at higher levels of household wealth.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	b986ace8023002613b650dd2b46ffb3f	This was not intended to be representative of society in general, but that portion of society that might be considered as being more connected to the issue of marine litter and microplastics. With a sample of just under 4,000 respondents from over 16 mostly European countries, the MARLISCO survey found that the majority of respondents were concerned about marine litter and perceived the marine environment as being highly valuable to society. There was a belief that the situation regarding marine litter was worsening, and that most marine litter was derived from the sea (B. Hartley unpublished data).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283343-en	b987148fe047156993ea16f7b0a2a7a9	This equates to 10.3% of GDP - up from 9.1% in 2005 and above the EU average of 9.9%. Public financing made up 84% of the expenditure, the second highest proportion in the EU, with the remainder mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments concentrated heavily on prescription drugs and dental care. This suggests that the health care system is effective in treating life-threatening conditions.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	b98c89a911eb37840318caaee2759324	The role of peers is important since men and women from the same country of origin tend to migrate to the same destination country. This makes migration easier, as word-of-mouth communication helps to spread information about countries of destination: the bigger the diaspora, the smaller the psychological and integration cost of migration (Munshi, 2003). Various measures of networks are used: the stock of female (male) and total migrant in 2000.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264089464-en	b98cf543d7f2de4b0c10a69b412f0c62	The parks bring together companies, venture capitalists, universities, laboratories and research centres, with the aim of fostering the culture of innovation, increasing the competitiveness of private companies and creating a fertile and collaborative working environment. In the 1990s, a national programme extended the creation of technology parks to the whole nation, favouring the less developed areas. According to RIDITT, 44 science and technology parks are currently in operation in Italy, 6 of them are located in Lombardy (see Table 3.5).	4	2	3	0.2
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	b98f059adb472f96955113f29b0e17d7	Vocational college graduates rank programming first, but the following skills in the ranking are similar to those of university graduates: speaking, negotiation, persuasion and judgement and decision making. This suggests that there is wide variation in the quality of research. Furthermore, as regards patent citations, China has a gap to fill with countries at the technology frontier (Kwon et al., Producing more patents can boost productivity only if they are used or effectively commercialised.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264282735-7-en	b992c2100d1c092a6048a7b56e6ea9fb	Hence, recommendations for improving the sustainability and efficiency of SIS are considered together in Section 3.3. If these are indicators are arranged in a scatter plot, for all countries in LAC and the OECD, Peru lies above the regression line in both 1995 and 2013. This suggests that Peru is relatively efficient at converting health expenditure into longer life expectancy.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	b99578730639c01f3fd0190fe6cca360	This system employs the United Tariff Rate to pay employees allowing little flexibility in salaries across staff or across institutions. In 2008, the government introduced a reform of wages and salaries setting in the public sector. The new approach allows greater flexibility to hospital managers, who will be able to decide on the number of employees and their remuneration level under a pre-determined budget envelope. Although the Russian Federation has had a long tradition in this area, inadequate attention has been given to chronic diseases, which now makes up the bulk of morbidity both in the Russian Federation and elsewhere.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
11.1002/pub/8114a552-e2853b97-en	b9983f27f4e7468fb1973288702ca7d3	This impact is grounded in industry players' investments in technological improvements which enable innovative products and services. In stark contrast with the promises of the fourth industrial revolution (WEF, 2016), a review of the recent financial performance of the telecommunication sector shows that industry players operate in an increasingly mature and challenging environment characterized by stalling revenue growth and difficulties in balancing investments and profitability. Estimates have been made for countries that do not report revenue or capital expenditure information, in order to complete regional aggregations. Mobile technology has been the engine fuelling access to Internet services, notably in developing economies, where mobile tends to be the primary means for accessing the Internet.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	b99b9c35666c01ebb31b2ab8dddf3bc8	Circassian walnut (Juglans regia), occupies a mere 100 ha in hilly forests mainly in western Kopetdag and in the valleys of the Sumbar and Arvaz Rivers. They preserve an important stock of nutrition supply and represent high potential reserves for livestock breeding. The general area of saxaul stands is 688,100 ha, which includes 15,000 ha of young growths, 284,100 ha of middle-aged stands, 320,700 ha of maturing stands and 67,900 ha of mature and over-mature stands. The wood volume of growing stock reaches 2 million m3, 1,720,000 m3 of which are of middle age or mature.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/29045c1f-en	b99bad42c0e4740200fbcc8079cad643	"The life cycles of deep-sea animals often involve shifts in vertical distribution as they mature. Even more spectacular are the daily vertical migrations of many mesopelagic species, in order to feed in shallower waters at night. This vertical migration may increase physical mixing of the ocean water, and contributes to a ""biological pump"" that drives the movement of carbon compounds and nutrients from the surface waters into the deep sea."	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	b99bf838dbbeb1a0409c2473d120de75	Different pedagogies are based on different theories of learning and what is regarded as most important; the full power of a pedagogy - and of pedagogical innovation - can only be evaluated in taking into account all the things the pedagogies are trying to achieve. The way that people are taught affects how and what students leam. Particular pedagogical approaches have been developed and refined to promote a variety of different kinds of learning: for example, learning of explicit content, learning of particular ways of doing things, or the learning of values and habits.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	b99ca22b79e860cf6fb036a77c109a56	By and large, these countries are rebounding strongly from recession and with population growth rates that remain more than double those of the OECD area, will represent the major growth markets that will drive world agriculture forward over the next and coming decades. A return to higher global economic growth over the projection period together with continuing population gains, are expected to increase demand and trade and underpin prices for all agricultural products over the medium term Growth and activity remains particularly dynamic in much of Asia and Latin America, with domestic demand, production and trade expansion in China, India and Brazil driving growth in their regions not only in the near term, but throughout the period covered by this Outlook. However, considerable uncertainties remain in the short term concerning the strength and pace of recovery in returning to a period of sustainable growth. The key macroeconomic and other assumptions underlying the Agricultural Outlook are summarised in Box 1.1.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	b99edbdb027e7a01cd2f8f39a37dd640	This can be challenging given the current pace of technological transformation, especially for institutions in developing countries. Certification helps to raise efficiency levels of firms and cut foreign market entry costs by reducing uncertainty in transactions. Hence, when support institutions offer services on how to get quality certificates, they are likely to help them obtain such certificates but also encourage firms to export.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	b99fc5b76fcf1a0b17f332fc55e69c7c	In China, where parents from rural areas work in urban areas as migrant workers, grandparents provide care to 19 million children whose parents are both away.54 Worldwide, as of 2013, approximately 18 million children under age 18 had lost one or both parents due to AIDS-related causes. However, such a pressing imperative can also result in limiting the choices of those who are expected to provide it. As the need for care evolves and alternatives such as state-provided services do not keep up, these expectations and traditional roles can further circumscribe options, unless structural shifts take place towards a more equitable sharing of such work.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	b9aa83d4363914f8c8821600a23f568c	Often inheritance rights for widows do not reflect the principles of equal ownership of property acquired during marriage. Such provisions contravene the Convention and should be abolished (para. This limits woman's ability to control disposition ofthe property and the incomederived from it” (see also chap. It has urged governments to abolish the concept of head of household in administrative practices and recognize joint or co-ownership of land, as well as to amend national legislation to ensure joint or co-ownership24 (see also chap.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	b9aa99532b4291670be2f63401a5c6de	The three case studies presented in Sections V to VII below seek to highlight these considerations. This potential has not been fully exploited as regards fisheries and processed agro-food products, mainly due to the difficulty of Indonesian exporters to conform to public and private standards applied in foreign markets, in particular EU markets. The study reviews actions undertaken by the government in order to overcome those supply-side constraints and discusses the responses brought by several Aid for Trade programmes in support of these actions.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46cvrgnms6-en	b9aae14f111b755326b59e3552dcdcb7	Les interactions et complementarites potentielles entre les mesures politiques sont aussi testees, tout comme les possibles variations de 1’influence des politiques entre les differents Etats-Providence. Les resultats montrent, en premier lieu, comment l’elevation des niveaux d’education feminins, l’expansion de l’emploi dans les services et le developpement du temps partiel ont favorise la participation des femmes au marche du travail. En revanche, le developpement de l’emploi des femmes n’est pas aussi clairement lie a la croissance de l’emploi dans le secteur public.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	b9ab3284a686becba762b5ef5c916b66	Men also contribute to social security longer than women in Mexico. Among all self-employed workers (over age 15) who are women, 77.5% have never paid social security contributions, compared to 65.1% of own-account workers who are men (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014). Coverage is even worse for marginalised groups like domestic workers, who are overwhelmingly female.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	b9afc6dfb3636ea3d91925337abdd5ad	Moreover, considering the importance of the public transport system for the low-income segment in Chile, price comparisons should consider that minimum salaries are considerably higher in France and in Spain than in Chile. Prices do not include the use of the metro in suburbs or outside the main city areas of Madrid or Paris. Developing and enforcing a comprehensive urban planning system that promotes policy coherence and synergies between transport and related development policies is essential.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	b9b04f3806a7a5651200a5bef4d48f88	Public higher education institutions receive funding directly from the national government in the form of a subsidy for education and research. The Czech School Inspectorate indicates that the proportion of publicly funded schools has decreased recently, while privately funded schools and gymnasia have increased. Church schools are fully supported from national funds. There is little private funding for vocational education and training programmes.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/663aa107-en	b9b8e3489116dd8ddac7806a1a350006	The currently still in its first phase, in which 1 million ha of ii nd is to be created. To date, 27% of the project's first phe ten made operational I270.000 ha], 10% (100.000 ha] is u instruction and 63% 1630.000 ha) is in planning.” Projects and programmes implemented as part of GAP have ncreased salinity of irrigated soils and changes to the ecosy and river flow regimes. The current construction of the llisu I and Hydraulic Power Plant on Ihe Tigris River has elicited sti worldwide condemnation Isee Chap.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	b9ba012c5e15cf8874a1a41c1fe2fe72	They could also provide some technical advice on specific information-management issues. School advisors should become part of a support network, which could also incorporate education science or pedagogic university departments. School leaders could seek assistance in solving problems from such a network. This network could also be involved in developing school plans for teacher training. School advisors should be recruited on the basis of their competence for handling this job and not on other criteria, however objective and relevant for developing a teaching career they may be. Avoid one-size-fits-all applications, but implement changes in the context of other reforms.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264212664-en	b9bbb4615e5a9e50d008ceaa8c614f0a	If they have liberalised their electricity markets, these countries will most often be at the stage of the “single buyer model”. Because this model mostly relies on power purchasing agreements, supply and demand cannot be adjusted in real time. A small market size makes it also difficult to spread the costs of maintenance across consumers, potentially resulting in weaker infrastructure and higher losses in transmission. By contrast a regional approach, if supported by well-maintained infrastructure, can help achieve the scale necessary to develop a wholesale market which could reduce cost of generation and allow greater cost recovery (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faf8a648-en	b9bc2d183a2b823f3971fdbf565e3827	"Forestry is important in greening the global economy, largely because it is a major carbon sink, and deforestation is a big contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions. Certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) provides access to the higher margin niche markets in those economies; it requires systemic greening and a ""chain of custody"" to verify greening throughout the chain (box 6.1). Although consumers and governments in high-income economies are increasingly sensitive to social and environmental concerns, the same is not always so in low- and middie-income markets."	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	b9bc664938160ac36399bf817ca41f7f	The total population of the EaP countries was around 75 mln people in 2015. It should also be pointed out that exchange rates of the national currencies in the six countries have been volatile over the period 1991-2017. In particular, because national currencies of most countries in the region depreciated against the USD in 2015, their GDP shrank in dollar terms even when the economy grew in real terms.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/27e660be-en	b9c26a15876132f8d5b192c2e029d3b2	Since then, she has focused on creating African firms that support the growth of the continent, which she sees as the 'next economic frontier'. She has used her knowledge of global market trends, sen/ices and products to bring innovation to the Kenyan market and create companies that later transfer to new managers that can boost the growth and bring firms to the next level. Rionge is another exceptional woman making a difference in a male-dominated sector and proving the long-term, positive transformation that women in business can foster based on their individual talent and courage.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/eacb575b-en	b9c29279fffc8a42658c7323bdacd482	In the present report, these types hove been aggregated into the three piliors of sustainable development: social, economic ond environmental (see clso UNECE, 2012). Transport systems should be also affordable for societies; therefore, public expenditure in a sustainable form as well as alternative funding options should be also evaluated. In order to evaluate transport safety, particularly in the road sector, the current situation, trends and controlling factors (e.g. speeding and drink-driving) of traffic accidents should be assessed. Finally, transportation negatively affects the environment through the consumption of non-renewable fuels, local and GHG emissions, noise and ecosystem degradation.	11	2	3	0.2
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-8db1e6ae-en	b9c82dd4bb04b60bd8d9aed17e0cab6a	The project directly meets several sustainable development goals (SDGs), namely SDGs 1,3,4,5,8,9,10,16 and 17, by promob'ng inclusive and sustainable ICT growth, peaceful and inclusive sociebes and lifelong learning opportunibes for all African countries, ensuring healthy lives and equitable quality educabon, building resilient infrastructure and fostering innovabon. The goal of the programme is to inform, train and educate Africans on issues related to Internet governance and WSIS acbon lines, as part of a unique platform for Africa and the African Diaspora. The platform will also be progressively establishing an observatory on ICTs and the ICT profile of each African country.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	b9c990f61d22965205b32efd8fce08d4	Water scarcity can be a significant limitation to economic development. Water use and its regulation are therefore important targets for biodiversity mainstreaming. Sectors that are experiencing either environmental regulatory issues or real environmental limits are likely to be more open to the potential outcomes of biodiversity mainstreaming. Biodiversity mainstreaming into the National Water Resource Strategy version 2 (NWRS2) (DWA, 2014) proved to be a long and convoluted process.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	b9cb898e69412d3dbdeea2da11ede80d	Less advantaged municipalities in terms of private income and municipalities with a challenging socioeconomic composition of the population get higher grants from the central government. There is an implicit tax sharing system as municipalities with rich inhabitants and consequently a high tax base receive small to no grants from the central government. In addition, this grant system takes detailed socio-economic measures into account.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	b9cbbc9ceeca5ffcbeb3ad56cbca3bbe	"However, the stimulus was smaller in size, had a shorter timespan, put less emphasis on credit and relied less on local government funding than that of 2009. As was the case with the post-Lehman Brothers stimulus package, the Chinese package relied heavily on infrastructure spending. A difference this time around was the greater focus of the new package on energy-saving and innovation. In addition to expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, the approach has also entailed forms of regulatory forbearance to encourage bank lending, although the new schedule is still fully consistent with the implementation of the capital adequacy reforms of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. In July 2012, the Government released the draft of its “Comprehensive Strategy for the Rebirth of Japan"", a medium- to long-term growth strategy that would be in effect through fiscal year 2020."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	b9d210900e066802cfeab19caa3c3fef	Without this approval the Ministry does not include the school in the network. A basic school with Years 1-4 can be established if the expected number of students is at least 30, and a basic school with Years 1-9 if the number of students is not lower than 150. In special cases (for example, if the closest basic school is difficult to reach) a lower number of children can be accepted. When the Ministry evaluates the applications it takes into account local and regional needs, the language of instruction, the number of students and the financial and technical conditions of schools. The Ministry can also take the decision to close schools through a similar process but a proposal to close a school can also be made by regional state authorities and the Inspectorate. There are a number of inherited inefficiencies which have been reinforced by the public administration and public funding reforms, creating too many and too small founder units and leading to a fragmentation of the system.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283268-en	b9d54bb42f03077459c902fc967ae38f	Contributions for health are generally fixed at 7.65% of gross income (shared between employees and employers). There is no competition between funds. Patients can also see non-contracted physicians but are reimbursed only for 80% of what insurance would usually pay for contracted care. Payments for non-contracted care account for a large share of out-of-pocket spending.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	b9d9240bdaacaae320d1d7d42e650752	Korea is a particularly interesting example where three different appraisal processes have been established with clearly distinct functions: (i) appraisal for professional development; (ii) appraisal for performance management, which feeds into decisions about promotions; and (Hi) a performance-based incentive system which is connected to special rewards for teachers taking on specific roles and responsibilities (Kim et al., Across the countries participating in the OECD Review, most teacher appraisal approaches aim to use results for both formative and summative purposes. Combining both the developmental and accountability functions into a single teacher appraisal process raises a range of challenges. When the appraisal is oriented towards the improvement of practice within schools, teachers are typically open to reveal their weaknesses, in the expectation that conveying that information will lead to more effective decisions on developmental needs and training. However, when teachers are confronted with high-stakes consequences of appraisal on their career and salary, the inclination to reveal weak aspects of performance is reduced, i.e. the developmental function may be jeopardised (Santiago and Benavides, 2009).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	b9da9a3252963ed3ca9a8d949e5b2465	For large nuclear units, a line of generally 400 kV connects the step-up transformers to the first power substation. The second connection provides a supply to the NPP via the station transformer if the main connection is not available. The voltage of the second line varies between 110 kV to 400 kV, depending on the short circuit power required when switching from normal to auxiliary.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	b9db3df4e4cb458d6582ebcb9b6bd285	The “last-in, first-out” rule applies more systematically in some OECD countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, where workers with less seniority are the first to be made redundant. However, in Sweden, it is possible to conclude collective labour agreements with a different order of termination. Indeed, during the trial period, severance pay regulations do not apply.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	b9dc5e018b588799c6c4fe0164c73c7a	Substantial irrigation requirements may be expected in some countries where irrigation hardly exists at present (e.g. Ireland, Holden et al., When considering only the joint effect of temperature and precipitation changes and assuming constant land use type, the irrigation requirements and w'ater deficits on rainfed areas may decrease by the end of this century, although the magnitudes are subject to high uncertainty (Zhang and Cai, 2013). Quiggin and Horowitz (2003) found that temperate agriculture in Australia might gradually move southwards where the climate would become more suitable for agriculture.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	b9dc7e72121745ad30e2ba34c3833e70	That said, they are a highly diverse group. In responding to the opportunities and concerns presented by the Paris outcomes, each country will need to assess for itself what makes sense, given its unique priorities and capacities. No one-size-fits-all recommendations are possible or appropriate. A number of Commonwealth countries are already manoeuvring to take advantage of the opportunities.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	b9e105a1d110db81774e896138a9cc0c	These regressive outcomes, and the proliferation of right-wing dictatorships across the so-called “Third World”, were in sharp contrast with the achievements of the rich countries under the post-war Keynesian-social democratic consensus, and the economic successes of the countries following the Soviet and Chinese models. This study expressed a growing scepticism with the Bank’s earlier strategy of supporting “big push” growth projects, while expecting market processes to reduce poverty and inequality spontaneously (see McKinley, 2009, pp. Redistribution with Growth triggered a review of the World Bank’s emphasis on capital-intensive development and maximization of the investible surplus, as these seem to lead to income and wealth concentration and unable to generate sufficient employment. It was thought that the Bank’s new priorities should be towards promotion of labour-intensive industries and provision of education and infrastructure for the poor, especially in small-scale agriculture (now deemed to be at least as productive as large-scale production), and through transfer of land and other assets to the poor.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	b9e5c7a126275c29f305b05952f861f2	"Energy Policy 74 (2014) 465-474. Energy Policy 78 (2015) 273-280 Elsevier. The Better Business for Clean Energy"" project, started in 2011 with the UNDP-European Union partnership, had an initial priority to demonstrate the potential of biomass. Over two years, the project helped to install modern biomass heating systems in 130 schools, health facilities and community centres in rural areas, and let over 37,000 people benefit directly from the improved heating in the buildings."	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	b9e985a2dff73c12748652847f67faf0	Changes in the incentive structure of public officials to use the findings from monitoring and evaluation can help overcome this challenge. It is beneficial if such a coordination mechanism has the mandate and capacity to gather information across sectors and levels of decision-making (local, regional and national). When data gaps exist, development co-operation providers can support initiatives that will contribute to enhanced capacity of the partner country’s statistical system rather than focus on the collection of data for discrete projects and programmes. Most countries have in place a diverse set of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms within which a framework for adaptation can be situated.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/128123a5-en	b9ec6480da6f940f634b6d20df746d00	This data will help in tracking progress and highlighting areas for action and innovation. The UN’s guide on gender-inclusive elections identifies the key role EMBs can play in this issue in terms of collecting and managing data on aspects such as voter registration, candidate registration, voter turnout and staffing (UNDP and UN Women 2015). Disaggregating such data will help improve the responsiveness of the EMBs by identifying key areas of entry. In particular, concrete strategies should be devised to address (prevent) electoral violence and monetisation of elections.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	b9ecc03aad13c523a54f2c3176fe76c4	Vulnerable or informal employment is particularly high among women, resulting in poor earnings and low-quality jobs. In entrepreneurship, the gender gap in the Middle East-North Africa region is the greatest in the world, with around 12% of adult women and 31% of adult men working as entrepreneurs (GEM, MENA Regional Report, 2012). Women’s economic participation provides them with resources that allow them to realise their personal aspirations, and to support their families, leading to increased well-being among women, men and children.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	b9ed1ee2c6b7616d7a91601c2d88f7b6	"The “Bolsa familia” programme in Brazil and the ‘""Oportunitades” programme in Mexico have been running for years, have reached almost full national coverage, and have made a significant and tested dent on poverty in both countries, filling wide gaps in national social policies. International organisations such as the World Bank have helped disseminate and replicate the approach as one of the principal tools to attain the MDGs (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Pakistan and Indonesia have in place large unconditional cash transfers schemes, which in the latter country has been recently transformed into a conditional programme."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-7-en	b9f19bee524dc7025b38dff06a2f9650	Social and emotional skills play a particularly important role in skills formation since they not only drive future development of social and emotional skills but also cognitive skills. Parental engagement and attachment have considerable impact on children’s early social and emotional skill development. School-based programmes can also play a role by promoting intensive interactions between teachers and children through mentoring.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	b9f26c5cd4d44a403f6943baa614a2e2	The system also can be accessed through a television using a remote control instead of the mobile phone so older persons can easily use the service. A strong foundation of ICT use. The ICT infrastructure was already developed in these countries. The telemedicine and the telemonitoring care services did not require new ICT infrastructure and thus did not represent additional costs.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	b9f3f0f33d09f937c731d8628ef98116	It has been decreasing almost continuously since the transition, except for a slight rebound in 2009-2010. To some extent, this is linked to the association of some of the trade union leaders with the former Soviet period. Trade unionists are often perceived as people with obsolete approaches and trade unions generally lack legitimacy in the country, although the trust in trade unions amongst the Lithuanian population appears to have increased since 2000 according to Eurobarometer (OECD, 2017[i9]).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/40cb34ce-en	b9f6c37c76673417f5e6e64bad73fe7f	The responsibility for opinions expressed in studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNECE or FAO of the opinions expressed. Reference to names of fi ms and commercial products and processes, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply their endorsement by UNECE or FAO, and any failure to mention a particular fi m, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. For the preparation of this study, the ECE/FAO Forestry and Timber Section relied on a wide range of experts in the Caucasus and Central Asia and would like to thank them for their valuable contributions. The study was undertaken to support the preparation of restoration pledges in the eight countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia in the run up to the Ministerial Roundtable on Forest Landscape Restoration and the Bonn Challenge in the Caucasus and Central Asia that took place in June 2018 in Astana, Kazakhstan.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6856f240-en	b9f9e3e517c45c290691b7ff189de6e3	The decrease of run-off is predicted for two major rivers of eastern Georgia, the Iori/Gabirri and Ala-zani/Ganyh, with potential impact on irrigated agriculture and drinking water supply. Groundwater recharge is also influenced by reduced surface water flow. The influence of reduced run-off, as well as decreased quality of both surface water and groundwater in the Kura basin, is assessed as very negative. In the western part of the country, the impact of reduced groundwater recharge is predicted to be very negative.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2300e21f-en	b9face9744b51362d94ac8c6cdac3fb6	A strong push is needed to ensure that this number increases by another 1 billion people by 2015 to meet the MDG sanitation target. In 1990, just under half (49 per cent) of the global population had improved sanitation. Coverage must extend to 75 per cent to meet the target, up from the current level of 64 per cent.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	b9fd5d11dfb3dd1aa7b0f2a1e6e8161d	In particular, government spending in the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) system has increased tenfold (OECD, 2017c and e). This investment is key to combatting child poverty, as it promoted parental employment, especially for single parent families. This includes conducting surveys and compiling other available data sources that illustrate the employment status of both parents in relation to household composition and the number of children, and providing information on participation in childcare services by socioeconomic groups.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	b9fff90da87ad4870b53cae61ff8213c	An educated mother’s greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and are likely to be more aware of returns to schooling. Pre-school participation yields benefits in academic achievement, behaviour and education progression and attainment.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	ba002e9a34ea1be79aa4fe57593b7ff4	For many decades the Moselle and Saar have been developed as major shipping routes, and the 28 locks on the Moselle and 6 on the Saar present barriers to fish migration. Inland waterway transport plays an important role in the movement of goods in Europe, with more than 4,000 km of navigable waterways. Thus, these major and long-established civil engineering works, in existence for many decades, mean that the original, natural state of the rivers probably cannot be known.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	ba00802a6b033796fcac6cf0de78d9da	Data from the China Association of Women Entrepreneurs show that women entrepreneurs account for around 25% of all entrepreneurs, are more educated than men, optimistic about their future, and increasingly likely to seek business information from the internet and reach international markets. A particular focus has been put on programmes to improve the financial inclusion of women entrepreneurs. They include preferential interest rates and credit guarantee schemes.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	ba02b9eef5e6eb3b7926f34f6723983b	Labour income is the compensation obtained for work as a wage-earning or independent worker. Transfers may come from the State, from civil society organizations or from other households. The total income from each source may rise or fall depending on the number of recipients of income from that source in each household and on the average amount they each receive.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	ba040988f3d53f036a993b5fa99f784d	In 2009 and 2010, in a sample of 31 cities, water tariffs increased above inflation (4%) in 21 cities. In two cities the increase was below inflation and in eight cities there was no increase (CONAGUA, 2011c). Water providers are increasingly including sewerage and wastewater treatment services in the tariffs - ranging from 3% to 40% of the drinking water tariff.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	ba0602038a726a411f71c5a7b112da17	Gender equality in parliament also seems to be positively related to GDP per capita, but only after the 1970s. An explanation for this might be sought in the fact that the parliamentary activity of women remains limited everywhere. Looking at the relation between our overall composite index and GDP, again the relation between the two seems to get stronger after 1970, which is likely to be partly driven by the improvements in gender equality in terms of education and parliamentary activity.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	ba0ae551b4c9d2ad804c472565a9f551	However, in order to definitively assess multi-level co-ordination for smart city implementation, further follow-up is required. It requires each city to develop its own locally-tailored vision. The national government has set aside USD 7.5 billion for the Smart Cities Mission, which comes under the purview of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. While many instances of national government support to smart city development involves prescribing areas where money should be allocated, India’s Smart Cities Mission required every city that took part in the challenge to develop a vision, thereby allowing cities to play to their strengths.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	ba0b47e69221eb2f34cbe80257d4d636	"In Latin America there is strong evidence of the conditions in which young people enter the labour market. Youth unemployment has traditionally been higher than in other age groups, and it is usually the first to rise in times of economic crisis and the last to fall in booms (Tokman, 1997; ECLAC, 2010). In other words, ""the young are among those who bear the brunt of the recessionary and regressive effects of crises"" (ECLAC, 2012a, p. 89). As a result, adolescents and youths are still overrepresented among the unemployed."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/dcd2f275-en	ba0c106e12ab35f2c58e7772b73f8b2a	It is imperative that discussions concerning universal, affordable access to the Internet and to connecting devices remain front and centre, even as attention is focused on new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things, robotics and blockchain. Spaces to foster and ideate innovations need to be matched with equal policy vigour, particularly in enforcement.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/85b52daf-en	ba11d99963a7eb6792fc55439e839a19	The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policyrelevant research. Substantive contributions were made by Till Bajohr on the analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement. The research was conducted under the auspices of the DAC Network on Environment and Development (ENVIRONET).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	ba12de1cb92673ebf3ca619cb4789420	Human Rights Officers conducting interviews should be aware of this and must ensure that follow-up questions focus on the women's experience. Gender Advisers can play an essential role in preparing victims and witnesses to speak in public hearings and in sensitizing Commissioners, Experts and Human Rights Officers on how best to ask questions on gender issues. Consideration should be given to whether public hearings could expose victims to further stigmatization or violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	ba143c9d331396a55b48ff20fb427418	Data refer to average length of stay for curative (acute) care (resulting in an underestimation). Source: OECD Health Statistics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en. Compared to the hospital sector, a significant deficit of information exists on the patterns of care and outcomes in primary care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	ba15fedd6b8a95a5e83dab083b9e10ed	Other traders prefer to deliver their grains from the Gaya market by canoe to Malanville, a particularly economical mode of delivery. In this case, the fluvial shippers deal with both transportation and customs negotiations (Walther, 2008). The market shifted further west and was rehabilitated by the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation (SDC, 2017) (Figure 6.2).	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ba19a1246ddde5aa39e7447d194a9c0d	In contrast, import measures play only a minor role in relative terms. Support to biofuel use, mainly in the form of tax rebates or exemptions, are most widely spread across the countries covered by the database, but 23 of the 34 countries also apply biofuel mandates, requiring a minimum quantity or share of biofuels to be used in the transport fuel mix. Other forms of support, such as output-based payments or subsidies for the handling and storage of biofuels, play a comparatively smaller role across countries.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	ba19f640090408aa495a193ddfbecb7f	The Education Reform Programme meets the same objectives and purpose as the preceding programme, but benefits from an investment increase amounting to MEX 30 189 607 million, which also results in a wider reach as the programme is active in a total of 66 schools in 2015-16 (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Student books, cafeteria equipment as well as administrative and classroom furniture were some of the additional investments made towards improving school materials and infrastructure (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Through the Mexico Connected project that aims to expand Internet connection in the state of Morelos, broadband access between 2 and 50MB (megabites) will be installed in educational institutions in two phases. The first phase is planned to cover 1 331 places and the second should cover 430 places (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	ba1c941794751d549ac70afe0fa8f482	It is expected that if energy prices rise further, the link with food prices will be stronger. In terms of policy, according to Chavas and Kim (2006) the removal of stabilisation policies and the reduced public stocks of food grains have created conditions favorable to greater price volatility. This last point is particularly important with respect to China, which has greatly reduced its stocks over the last 10 years.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ba1ff743a2e41f2b1e4a13f0282241be	It covers final energy demand, energy conversion and transport, and primary energy supply (hence, in principle the entire energy system). The difference in the SSDI and the S/D index is that the SSDI was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past 40 years, i.e. the IEA Energy Statistics. The applicability of the scoring rules (see below) has also been simplified and adapted from the European Union and Norway to the whole of the OECD.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	ba211296e9847bcd9d410cbdd4005bce	The early stage of start-up creation, when entrepreneurial ventures match with investors, is particularly crucial (Kaplan and Stromberg, 2003(7]; Song et al., However, the founder-investor relationship is marked by risk and asymmetry of information. In this respect, what matters most for investors are the fundamentals of the entrepreneur’s business proposition and the previous experience of the founders (Amit, Muller and Cockburn, 1995(9]; Fried and Hisrich, 2018[ioi)- Still, if high-potential start-ups fail to succeed because of market failures limiting access to financing, the consequences will be lower growth and innovative potential of the economy.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	ba2233736251da7e715cb9d4fc6b426f	As a result sardine move southward. However, anchovies are more constrained and become more accessible to fisheries as they aggregate in dense coastal pockets of colder water. During the 1972 El Nino, anchovies were so highly concentrated on the coast that 170 000 tonnes were caught on one day (Lehodey et al.,	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ba255626d19aeb401f5d4c8ccdc7cbd3	Furthermore, as ESD is introduced in curricula, there continues to be a need for corresponding changes in other aspects of the system such as exam systems and teacher training to create an enabling environment for implementation. Nonetheless, such an approach is what appears to be needed if concerted ESD implementation is going to proliferate at the school level. If decision-makers take sustainability as a core value, the potential for reorienting policy to support it is almost limitless.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	ba25dc8cdc4c45f6cbdea3b4ae500fb1	Water for “essential uses” (e.g. drinking water, water for national security purposes) usually figures among the highest priority uses, as would be expected. Water for the environment is rarely among the highest priorities in times of scarcity and often figures among the lowest. There is clearly scope to broaden the application of abstraction charges.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	ba266c5a4913a10f75422830c37b4617	It prohibits minors from working under conditions harmful to their lives, health, ethics, safety and development, and working with certain materials, such as hazardous substances. Horse racing and training between 1 November and 1 May is prohibited for children. However, during summer, children as young as 7 years old are still able to participate in horse racing. It requires that information about research and surveys conducted is made publicly available through the Internet. The Resolution represents a step forward for strengthening surveillance and prevention but lacks detail on the exact environmental health indicators and frequency of submission of information.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	ba26bbe09604c16515d3d34f7175f1fa	It does not consider the use of appraisal results for contract renewal or rewards purposes. Countries where the design of appraisal procedures is at the discretion of local education authorities, school boards or school organising bodies are not included. Countries with various requirements for the appraisal of school principals and countries with multiple jurisdictions have been included in all respective cells to reflect differences across sub-national jurisdictions.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	ba28a4dfe32028ac57491f5fb10f0c3f	There may also be amounts incorporated as part of outpatient care from prescribing physicians (part of HC.1.3). This would imply that the consumption of pharmaceuticals involves not only the cost of the products (directly) purchased but also the cost of the complementary distribution services. Some other partial classes, such as pharmaceuticals under procurement, generics and ATC classes, may also be of interest for national purposes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	ba28bb7b14becc3fcf85ec1d41fd3ba7	Workers’ associations and trade unions can be significant elements of civil society, holding the state accountable for the rights and interests of people in poverty. The example of the Self-employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in India2 shows how the specific employment conditions of women piece-working in the formal and informal sector can be improved and their interests reflected through collective action and negotiation. If marginalised, however, they may engage in political or violent activities that threaten these goals (Good Practice Note 4, Empowerment in fragile states and situations of fragility). Child labour, both in household production and in the paid labour market, is a frequent livelihood strategy for poor families, particularly when coping with natural or economic shocks.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	ba31caa721965abeec38d08d61b5f15a	In addition, a quick literature review on water governance in the LAC region further reveals why most LAC countries lag behind in sustainable water management: lack of political leadership, inadequate legal frameworks, poor utilities management structures, insufficient stakeholder involvement, shortage of financial resources to meet responsibilities; and inadequate provision for resolving conflicts between water supply and sanitation needs and interests. Lack of social cohesion is also a challenge, and action is necessary to overcome social inequalities. Water is both a local and global issue, both a human right and an economic good. It both affects and is affected by property rights. Water requires large sunk investment costs to build, operate and maintain infrastructure; is a key driver of sustainable development; and generates multiple externalities in other policy areas (agriculture, health, education, economy and finance, gender, poverty alleviation, etc.).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	ba33f23ea0aca844d96e1e9c98f7f16c	Tamiz Shahar JSC started its activities with public campaigns and an inventory of dumps currently located in the Baku area as well as an upgrade of the Balakhani disposal site, which was selected as the central and sole place for the disposal of MSW generated in Baku and in the future for the entire Absheron peninsula. The new containers are clearly labelled and waste is regularly collected by specialized vehicles. However, in cases when all waste is collected in a single vehicle, this discourages people to separate waste properly.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	ba36472fca8e716c165b3fe6329ddbf3	In rivers with sewage treatment, the opposite occurs -low ammonium and higher concentrations of nitrate (<= 5mg/l). A general trend towards an increase in nutrient concentrations was observed after larger settlements. Measured phosphate concentrations up to 2 mg/1 in rivers are beyond good and evil and are once more a sign of lacking wastewater treatment.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	ba42b977b63c22c743a46e0c0dddd30f	The Medicare Local served some very remote communities in Western Australia. More than 50 health professionals from surrounding areas attended, and enjoyed the opportunity to meet each other - sometimes for the first time - having only ever talked to their colleagues on the phone (Kimberley-Pilbara Medicare Local, 2013a). More sessions like these - bringing CPD into remote areas - should be considered to help doctors feel more supported.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/859159ab-en	ba4759ef8ce65a25704c0877dcfaea16	Nevertheless, the Brexit situation is a reminder of the risks associated with large trade exposure to a single country. In future, it might be beneficial for Cambodia to diversify its export destinations. Merchandise exports expanded at a more modest rate than the previous year, muting production in the agriculture and industry sectors.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/584f8730-en	ba49273224ab778cc5e670334d96b11c	The projection also assumes that robust growth of 6-8% will be sustained in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines and Viet Nam where domestic demand is generally buoyant on the back of rapid real income and credit growth and foreign investment. Downside risks include negative trade and financial spillover effects from China, slow progress on economic stimulus and reform measures and adverse weather conditions. However, this trajectory is subject to various factors, such as global oil prices, fuel subsidy reforms, tax reforms and currency movements.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	ba4a89b4db63964d8937cf5dd7c78715	Finally, the ongoing challenges of a lack of human and financial resources, as well as a lack of adequate data and research methodologies, limit the capacity of governments to design policies that could serve to build an intercultural health system. Efforts that codify, protect and advance the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, particularly indigenous women, will therefore also have positive health impacts. Furthermore, there must be ongoing integration of the perspectives and needs of indigenous peoples into global health programmes, plans, projects and policies, including initiatives to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In order to design more effective health policies, there must also be concerted efforts to create improved systems of data collection and research methodology, including research into traditional medicine that incorporate the participation of indigenous communities and reflect cultural and social considerations relating to the health of those communities.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	ba4e90f980b8711e418a9c523759bf57	Specific measures included gender audits of line ministries, gender assessments, awareness-raising and the establishment of a Gender Responsive Budget Committee. The Ministry of Finance developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid. As a result of these changes, gender-responsive budget allocations in Nepal increased steadily from 11 per cent in 2007 to almost 22 per cent in 2014.	5	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848590885-9-en	ba4f0f6801c17b63859c97e8b637a02d	This was stated in the 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights (Article 26) and repeated in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 28). The report of the Commonwealth Commission on Respect and Understanding, chaired by Amartya Sen, has drawn further attention to this matter (Sen, 2007). Basic education is also widely accepted in the international literature and policy discourse as essential for development and poverty reduction (see e.g. Lee, 2004; Cohen et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	ba50cefae96296e7d466ffbabe478431	The first is probabilistic risk modelling to estimate average annual loss and the second is based on potential climate scenarios. The estimate is a weighted average of the expected loss from every disaster event, given its probability of occurrence - the average annual loss (AAL). An AAL calculation involves three components: hazard modelling; exposure and vulnerabilities; and risk estimations. It uses both historical experiences and modelled predictions to give a comprehensive picture of what can be expected. Policymakers can use this for DRR financing budgets, designing risk reduction schemes and carrying out cost-benefit analysis for specific intervention proposals. Government of Nepal/Ministry of Home Affairs (accessed 21 May 2015).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	ba5110491496e704b7aadf7a9def3bb3	Experience from other OECD countries has shown that when primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care (for example a psychologist, or specialist community mental health service or centre). Competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for Japan's primary care speciality from the start. It is recommended that Japan considers the expansion of evidence-based treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders, in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ba525d286a0e4fa54f7916d4a94db33a	It is vital that governments resuscitate the important debate and large-scale work on external effects in the energy sectors of the 1980s and 1990s. Measured against the scale of the externalities discussed, the required funds for research are negligible. At the same time, such work needs to be managed tightly and focus on key issues with a view to contributing to better policy making in the context of the energy transitions under way. Disseminating and synthesising knowledge on some of the most salient features of the full costs of electricity provision is key to arriving, through the progressive internalisation of social costs, at better policies and more sustainable electricity mixes.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/76afd318-en	ba5698143cc3b9ea1fef4d396dd654e6	In all regions, women spend at least twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work. In the less developed regions, many young girls aged 5-14 take on a large amount of household chores, including care-giving, cooking and cleaning, and older girls do so to an even greater extent. While boys also do household chores, their participation rate is not as high as that of girls. Moreover, girls generally work longer hours than boys, whether they are engaged in housework only, employment only or both. Long hours of work affect children’s ability to participate fully in education.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	ba598660fbbb952acc4a8d54c1940d08	There is a strong emphasis on experiential and blended forms of learning. The setting for the face-to-face parts of the programme is purposefully in non-traditional learning environments. Getting the right degree of challenge without overload is especially important for graduate students who are fully engaged with their work responsibilities and active family lives in addition to their formal studies. The inclusion of community leaders from outside education as well as the expectation that participants connect across their settings helps to develop horizontal connectedness.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	ba5aaadec5820110b736bb047e6f15a9	Simple models of health system delivery' could help improve maternal health outcomes in Africa. Several countries have shown that this is achievable. A health system that leverages local knowledge (as is the case in Eritrea and Malawi regarding the complementarity of TBAs), networks and people is more likely to reach a very large segment of the poor in terms of maternal and neonatal services in Africa.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	ba5bd2f2bba9df9c7e2f3d61c2e6aab8	In order to avoid such unintended consequences and to increase the potential of energy efficiency for reducing pressure on the environment, large scale energy efficiency measures should be implemented together with other policies that can more generally internalise environmental externalities of economic activities, such as removing or reducing fossil fuel subsidies, introducing an effective price on carbon, carbon trading scheme, and the like. On their own, then, energy efficiency measures must therefore be seen as - at best - a very imperfect substitute for demand reduction. Nevertheless, they are an indispensable element of any serious green growth strategy, since they can play a critical role in softening the impact of higher fuel prices (resulting from a carbon tax or some other price-based mechanism) on production and consumption. Moreover, programmes to help low-income households improve energy efficiency can also help mitigate the distributional consequences of many demand-reduction policies, as these can sometimes hit the poorest hardest.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	ba5e67d993fe43f62d6e3eb026371603	A final section is dedicated to the newly-created Council for Human Capital, a regional governance body aiming to address the interconnectedness of such policy challenges and promote an integrated vision of regional development. A skilled human capital is at the essence of regional development and competitiveness. A region that benefits from a high-skilled workforce able to learn, create knowledge and rapidly adapt to changing labour demands and technologies will be able to use those skills to drive innovation and achieve a sustainable form of economic growth.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	ba66efd7d557e16c146072f326a98504	The programme allows implementation to be conducted by state agencies that meet standards established by the EPA, which most states do. Additionally, there are also clear federal laws that deal with other environmental aspects of water management, such as the preservation of biodiversity, wetlands, rivers, etc. This is an interesting indicator for measuring the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the natural assumption that the more actors there are, the more complex the situation is.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	ba67c5b408dd0356e8bdf11ed0adaeae	However, the decline in inequality has been much more modest. Eduardo Olaberria is senior economist and Latin America Coordinator in the Country Studies Branch in the Economics Department of the OECD. This paper was originally prepared for the OECD Economic Survey of Chile published in November 2015 under the authority of the Economic and Development Review Committee.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264212664-en	ba6be57f834db5398b0aefd47ced3f14	In South Africa for example, only 50% of the planned new generation capacity was covered by outside tendering, and the remaining 50% was reserved to Eskom. As much as possible however, the SOE should compete with private investors on the same grounds and criteria of evaluation. Moreover if preferential treatment is given to the SOE or to a particular class of actors during tendering, it should be justified as clearly in the public interest rigorously defined and clearly explained to the bidders.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	ba6e9c67f5c80c19f067dd7913277135	Grant financing from developed countries, whose historical emissions give rise to the need to reduce emissions in the future, provides a means of internalizing these externalities in accordance with the “polluter pays” principle (Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development) and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities establ ished in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).2 The cost structure of renewable generation also lends itself particularly well to grant financing, as the recurrent costs are limited to equipment operation and maintenance. This can provide an important means of reconciling the tension between affordability and financial sustainability. As discussed in chapter 5, this would provide an additional $34-$54 billion of ODA per year. Substantial further resources could be generated if developed countries honoured their commitments with respect to climate finance. If donors provided 0.7 per cent of their GNI in total and allocated 0.15-0.20 per cent of this to LDCs, given their relative populations, per-capita ODA to LDCs would be 1.8-2.6 times that allocated to ODCs. This falls far short of reflecting the major differences in their development needs and domestic capacity to meet those needs.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/150942f1-en	ba6ef51a4a946a66a03a1c7a5e630953	The rapid recovery of world prices compared to other linking variables exacerbates the fall in factor prices and revenues and delays economic recovery in economies presenting high external trade deficit. In contrast, economies that have recorded a trade surplus in recent years benefit from the increasing world prices through faster recovery. The magnitude of the fall in real production prices depends not only on the fall in export prices, but also on initial export intensities. Ghana experiences the largest decline in producer prices because of these reasons.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d787867d-en	ba70cca463bd1d68971e54b7233fae0e	One probability is slightly higher in the latter group: older men are more likely to report good health than women of the same age. Many explanations have been put forward for these differences (Spizzichino and Egidi, 2007). First, non-fatal chronic diseases are more common among women (Molarius and Janson, 2002; Hoeymans and others.,	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	ba71a65c66db2c31f270be460a41b088	The care burden of those living in households with more than one additional adult (in addition to the interviewee) did not differ from that of those in households with only one adult. Lastly, the presence of children (those aged under 12) tended to significantly increase the time devoted to domestic tasks as well as to the direct care of others. Workers in the following occupations in the fields of health, education and personal and household services fall under this categoiy: teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool level; and, especially, nannies, nurses and nursing assistants, other care and personal service workers, companions and domestic woikers. It has led to increasing recognition of unpaid work in the economy and the reconciliation of productive and reproductive work.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/49f729e3-en	ba723874bfc6c3b4ce3bb9549b300ee6	It has an internal corporate responsibility to provide policy advice and an external representational function in the UN system. It also serves as secretariat of the Gender Strategy Implementation Committee, set up after the launch of the GES, which was chaired in the early years by the Administrator and later by the Associate Administrator. Another 39% indicated it was “somewhat helpful” and 10% indicated it was “very helpful”. Only 5% of respondents indicated the GES was “not helpful at all”. In addition, 46% of respondents indicated that their office created its own gender equality strategy and action plan to guide its work.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	ba72e8c03c97c1c5fdce803e13735c18	County councils shall provide good quality health and medical care, according to the needs of their residents, and promote good health in the area in general. The Health and Medical Services Act also contains the general provisions on the content and execution of mental health services. Psychiatric care shall be provided to patients in need of psychiatric and/or medical treatment.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	ba75b4cb48d3923d0329b996cc7aafea	Employment opportunities for women have increased in non-traditional agriculture (e.g. cut flower production) and in clothing and textile industries, as well as in electronics-oriented Export Processing Zones and services sectors. Many of these jobs are concentrated in export-oriented industries where electronic components are assembled, textiles processed, or garments and shoes produced (Nair et al., Paid employment can increase women’s autonomy and their economic and social status.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	ba7b7ffc47ae51436bf327dd414395e1	In spite of significant progress in recent years in a number of countries, including through extending provision of basic health-care access and income support to poor workers and households, Asia-Pacific countries still exhibit significant shortcomings in their social protection regimes. Public social security expenditure remains low at less than 2% of GDP in one-half of the countries where data are available (see figure 1.24). In addition, only 30% of persons above the retirement age in Asia and the Pacific receive a pension on average, while only 10% of the unemployed receive any benefits (ILO, 2010c) and (Bonnet, Saget and Weber, 2012).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	ba7baea607fb9a2c3116ce612ae3b229	Nevertheless, both countries' economies have since rebounded from the impact of the disasters, albeit only to face another spate of disasters in the form of Hurricane Maria, which devastated Dominica, and a volcanic eruption on Vanuatu's Ambae Island in 2017. The main lessons from this comparative analysis reinforces the importance of (i) strong macroeconomic foundations, (ii) mainstreaming and implementation of disaster risk reduction and management strategies and (iii) having in place ex-ante financing arrangements. Category 5 Cyclone Pam devastated the Pacific island country of Vanuatu, causing widespread damage and loss of life.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ff49553-en	ba7cc2264c7b58ee4cb3ab3698c84aa7	The surges in consumption in recent years, as examined in chapter IV, could easily be erased by a reversal of the business cycle, threatening access to basic consumer staples for this broad swathe of the population. The most evident of these features is that the poverty rate for children is considerably higher than for the rest of the population. Poverty rates among children aged 15 and under are between 1.1 and 2.0 times greater than for the general population, with the largest discrepancies seen in countries with lowest overall poverty rates. With a number of exceptions, in many countries poverty and age tend to be inversely correlated.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	ba7d33eeaecc57835730461a32e3d8ff	To comply with the requirements of the CEDAW and contribute to combating gender-based violence, a more systematic approach to data collection needs to be developed. The collection of reliable data w'ould strengthen the knowledge base on the incidence and prevalence of different forms of violence against women, which is a condition for fulfilling this obligation through informed policy and strategy development. If collected regularly and over time, reliable data w'ould allow for better monitoring of progress towards meeting international standards and obligations in regard to violence against women. In view of the sensitivity of the topic, the World Health Organisation has developed ethical and safety guidelines to protect the interests and rights of interviewees and interviewers who participate in population-based surveys on violence against women (World Health Organisation, 2005).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	ba7e4c3e51d0e84622c7227c587933e5	With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy programmes. Given the current low interest rate environment and weak economic growth prospects in many OECD countries, institutional investors are increasingly looking for ‘real’ asset classes which can deliver steady, preferably inflation adjusted, income streams with low correlations to the returns of other investments. Clean energy projects can provide institutional investors with investments which potentially combine these sought-after characteristics.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	ba8134cc9c7d5551f87bbbe50e7f30ce	The other refuted the idea of a subsidy, instead treating domestic work as essential to the reproduction of the labour force in societies of this type. Empirically, this means, for example, that if young men and women start by being equally productive in both spheres of production, gender discrimination in the labour market (which reduces women’s wages below their market productivity) will mean that women take on a larger share of domestic work and men a larger share of remunerated work in the market (Gardiner, 1997). Thus, surplus value is appropriated by the capitalists, who pay male workers a wage that is less than the value of their labour. The mechanism for this is the retention within the home of those aspects of reproduction and maintenance of the labour force that are not profitable either for capitalist production or for the State, in the event that the latter were to take on responsibilities in this area.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/c491a19d-en	ba85ba443af64489cb2d0c09a032c0d9	It systematically counts the number of valuation studies for each relevant ecosystem service and concludes that the number of studies is limited in all the Nordic countries. In their case study encompassing valuation of the effects of pesticide-free buffer zones along field margins, the authors found that respondents were willing to accept an increase in the price of bread of DKK 0,57 (4 per cent) if the survival of partridge chickens increased by 10 percent points. Based on their findings, the authors of the report conclude that economic valuation studies of the effects of pesticide use can be performed based on current knowledge and existing methods. The beneficiaries of the restoration measures were the residents of Helsinki, with foreseen benefits including both use and non-use values.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	ba8804773ca0450c5c5e4251d65d15de	The creation of co-operatives and producers’ organisations should rely on a bottom-up approach and be actively supported by extension workers through appropriate trainings. These groups can play a major role in linking farmers to markets, providing them with necessary inputs and increasing their bargaining power. Greater public funding needs to be provided to R&D. The intensity of research in Myanmar is low compared to other neighbouring countries. Partnerships and consortia between national and international research, extension and farmers would enhance access to best practices and the utilisation of mature technologies and increase uptake by farmers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	ba8b5f7c6f351192349c963feb94bbcb	At the same meeting, statements were made by the representatives of the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan and FAO. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum continued its high-level general debate and heard statements by the representatives of Ecuador (on behalf of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States), Cote d’Ivoire and Brazil. At its 8th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum held the high-level round table co-chaired by the Chair of the Forum, Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon), and the Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture of Germany, Christian Schmidt.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ab84dde6-en	ba8fc56015d7c8962e28db7aded05853	On average, around 185 million m3 per year are used by households, while economic activities use around 100 million m3 per year. There has been a visible increase in the business sector since 2007, while domestic consumption remains stable. There are significant differences in the level of coverage between regions but there has been visible improvement since 1997 (when the connection ratio was 63 per cent).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	ba91900b20c9dd15af846105e1e026ab	Even if sufficient oil, gas, coal or uranium is available, it still requires important levels of technological competence and equipment to extract the primary energy and to make it available to the market. Timely investment in production capacity in producer countries to match demand is thus important. Typical examples concern oil production in the Middle East, gas extraction on the Jamal peninsula in Russia, investment in liquefaction facilities for LNG in Qatar and elsewhere, and for exploiting uranium mines in many different areas.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	ba92761742753332366b0e278851e681	Nochebus routes cover 330.8 kilometres and are available in 14 of the 16 delegaciones of Mexico City. The ORT is a new regulators' body that has been introduced by the New Mobility Law for the Federal District, but lias not yet been set up. The latest survey for users (2014) showed that 14% of users are residents of the State of Mexico.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	ba9337a25f0c1b4875ad28e9bd78b7f5	In the watershed, there were many farms at that time that were causing serious water quality issues. The farm organisations did not want to see the names of farmers appearing in media or government reports as examples of poor agricultural practices. There is no appetite for what some see as secret payments, and in 2009 all landowners receiving a grant were asked to check off a box allowing their names and projects to be used in public.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-15-en	ba93daafba270e6336c0ead7ac91663d	The phenomenon of “regime shift” and “global synchrony” in fish society were found in major small pelagic fish stocks over the world (Kawasaki, 1989; IGBP, 2003). The two major factors combined, i.e. fishing and climatic impact, determine the trend of fish stock fluctuations. In most cases it is difficult to separate out the impact of human activities from that of the climate.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a0e5fdd9-en	ba93dcd2aaadf7e8db9688a77a6e36c1	Traditional nomadic lifestyle in open plains in fact follow's the zero-waste approach. Data for the period 2002-2004 are not available. Data from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism were reviewed, revised (replacing outliers by estimates) and reorganized to comply with international standards (table 10.1). These data are available since 2005, but only data from 2012 show' a certain stability and may reflect the real situation in waste management in Mongolia.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	ba94479a622fc7665644fd7a1269f3c4	From an economic perspective, knowledge- and employmentintensive manufacturing, such as in the automobile sector, has traditionally been a target for heavy government support in pursuit of the significant spin-off benefits to the economy as a whole. Furthermore, while growth in the renewable energy markets has been significant, the global market for automobiles is an order of magnitude larger. Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon emitted across some specified portion of the life cycle of a product - typically from production to disposal, or from production to the point of final sale.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289346597-10-en	ba966843e379995bc0db1e011c706878	The difference is, however, judged to be without importance in the overall picture. For climate change, reuse leads to saved emissions (negative contribution) rather than an unwanted contribution from the incineration process, and for other impact categories the benefits are 20-100 times higher. With this assumption, the benefits from Nordic recycling are a few percent higher than for ROW.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	ba966960cc240b12b092cf7151f4757f	A review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and the existence of widely varying approaches for deciding what paid jobs should be included in the care sector. This study on Latin America is based on the approach that defines paid care w ork as the provision of a service for dependent persons (children, the sick, older persons, persons with disabilities). By applying these criteria to household surveys in Latin America, care w orkers were identified as those in the health, education, social services and household services sectors in the following occupations: teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool education level; special education teachers; child carers; professional and registered nurses and nurses’ aides (both home- and institution-based); other care and personal service workers; companions; and domestic w’orkers. But this average masks some differences. In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, paid care work accounts for more than 8% of all employment (9.2%, 8.5%and8.3%, respectively, in 2010). A large share of paid care work is domestic work.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	ba98c9ee905d34e8699b28982ef1f7a1	For example, the ‘mummy track’ gender stereotype around women as primary caretakers persists with women often having to take extended career breaks to respond to family duties. Additionally, qualities associated with being a ‘good leader’ are often correlated to traits thought to be inherent to men - self-confidence, individualism or control - which leads to the phenomenon of ‘think leader, think male’. Such social beliefs impact the ability of women to progress in their careers as they face widespread stereotypes, influencing wider societal viewpoints on womens capabilities and position in the labour force.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/08756197-en	ba9994c5d03cb16bb33f5b9e9bf2c4d8	After the Fukushima nuclear accident no impact was noticed on the measured values. The NFA registers pesticides and agrochemicals, and veterinary medicines. The NFA has been responsible for controlling all types of food/feed-producing establishments since 2011, according to the Law on Food Safety and Quality.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	ba9c81f163890636484590ce81dc2855	The largest differences in the composition of fuels are seen in the Paper, pulp and print and the Non-ferrous metals (mostly aluminium in the Nordic region) industries. In the former, 59% of the energy is from biofuels in the Nordic countries compared to only 38% in the EU. In the latter, almost all of the energy use is from electricity in the Nordic countries, whereas industries in the EU also use a significant share of fossil fuels. As mentioned in Chapter 1, a higher carbon price will increase the opportunity cost of using biofuels, which will increase the price of biofuels all else equal.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	baa4912750aa280b8d272007d43282ae	Kick-starting collaborative initiatives around tangible projects on key public services can help rally forces at the initial stage and progressively lead to setting a “bigger picture”, as success breeds further success and trust (OECD, 2015a). Flagship projects or events can also serve as catalysts for social change and stakeholder engagement. For example, the Capital of Culture experience in Marseille brought the society together in an unprecedented way. In a context of extremely high institutional fragmentation, this project laid a major foundation for the construction of the new metropolitan authority, which became operational on 1 January' 2016 (Box 5.16).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	baa72052b8e67d55326959e0c557f150	This is partly because public funding is low in Latvia, accounting for 3.2% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of 6.5% in 2013. Among OECD countries, only Mexico spends as little as Latvia, and Chile, Turkey and Korea spend less than 4% of GDP on health through public financing. Real GDP growth in Latvia averaged about 9% in 2002-07, then contracted sharply by 3.6%, 14.3% and 3.6% between 2008 and 2010, finally picking up again at around 3% annual growth until the recent slowdown. Prior to the global financial crisis, between 2005 and 2009, health spending in Latvia increased by 3% per year, slower than the OECD average of 3.4% annual growth.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	baab157c31bc0ef4eb2c2c30d1eb489d	The burden of unpaid work which is culturally assigned to women hinders their access to the labour market and generation of their own income, and is worse in households with children under the age of five. The households in the lowest-income deciles have the highest number of dependents, who require a greater amount of time for care, and have the greatest need of income (ECLAC, 2016a). Moreover, women in poor households are unable to acquire goods and services on the market that could save them time on domestic and care work.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6e237bee-en	baab1760e0e2bcc8a53e01f935fb96c8	Organic farming pursues a way to encourage the powers of self-regulation and resistance, which plants and animals possess naturally (Lindenthal et al., Organic agriculture promotes the use of local resources, thus scope and opportunity is gaining momentum on traditional knowledge since it is holistic, contextual and adaptive (Blaikie et al., Recent studies substantiate the view that indigenous/traditional knowledge and experiences of farmers were the base for sustainable and organic agriculture (Vogl et al., Currently, millions of small farmers across the globe practise organic farming without this being certified as traditional farming or agro-ecological movements (Altieri, 2000), and 31 million ha were under certified organic farming during 2008.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/f7cce716-en	baaea4e9c36c33ec8beea5fc9f2b50a4	Section A presents the analytical concepts that frame the connections that exist between social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies; the differences between disasters and hazards are established to frame the debate; and policy recommendations are put forward, based on a scheme that is being used in the international literature. Section B then describes the situation of social protection in relation to disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the main social protection tools associated with the public response to such situations. Section C then describes three interesting cases in developing countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Mozambique) which are highly and increasingly disaster-prone. Although these countries have per capita gross domestic products (GDP) that are considerably lower than most of the region's countries, they have been able to set up disaster-related social protection systems, with a mix of successes and errors.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	baafe2acfaf71e0e35b3e72741a10025	"On the one hand, the diversity across and within Emerging Asian countries can pose challenges for national governments to implement smart city initiatives. On the other hand, such diversity is an opportunity for the development of innovative ideas, precisely because cities at an earlier stage of development can learn from best practices and “leapfrog"" the most difficult stages, thereby avoiding the pitfalls and challenges that peer cities have already faced. The sharing of best practices on smart city initiatives is especially valuable in light of the global megatrends of globalisation, urbanisation, ageing population, climate change and digitalisation. Despite the fact that these megatrends impact Emerging Asian countries in different ways and that each country is at a different starting point in tackling their associated challenges, they pose risks to all cities. A range of subnational indicators are required in order to monitor how smart city initiatives impact the lives of citizens and to provide a benchmark for governments to develop even smarter cities. Top-down approaches that disregard or do not involve the subnational level run the risk of being exclusive and failing to meet the varied needs of all citizens."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	bab137082d872d2bcd5981369c0e992e	In many cases, the financial consequences of the dissolution of marriage weaken women’s economic and social status. Also, even if the mother has custody of the children, the father maintains authority as guardian over the most important decisions. Also, the financial consequences of a divorce are often detrimental to women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	bab4c7aace442e42da5bf7fe6230c1cc	"Private foundations can act as ""source or resources"". For example, the Haus der kleinen Forscher (Little Scientist’s House) association promotes nationwide early childhood education in the natural sciences and technology. Its goal is to promote interest in natural phenomena among 3-6 year-olds. The foundation develops workshops and teaching materials for educators, hosts annual promotion days and provides comprehensive background information and experiments on the Internet."	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	bab74bd6aacd6aaf08ed2218945d99f6	Oil and gas production fell by 10%, compared to 2014, to around 165 000 barrels a day in 2015. The non-oil economy, although in relative growth with respect to the rest of the economy, is nonetheless in decline. The recession, corresponding to a drop of 10.2% of GDP in 2015, is likely to continue until 2020 because of unfavourable forecasts for crude oil prices.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	bab78afdc677c3d51097ee5452402fcc	Le faible nombre d’inscrits dans les filieres courtes de l’enseignement professionnel et dans certaines branches de l’enseignement superieur comme les sciences et les etudes d’ingenieur se traduit par un deficit de competences dans certains metiers, d’ou la necessite de rendre ces formations plus attrayantes. Dans l’enseignement superieur, les taux de reussite et les depenses par etudiant sont faibles par rapport aux moyennes internationales et les etudes durent trop longtemps. De plus, la modicite des droits de scolarite et l’acces a des aides financieres genereuses, conjugues au traitement preferentiel dont b^neficiait jusqu’H une date r6cente le travail des Etudiants, ont pour effet de creer des « faux etudiants », tout en incitant ceux qui font vraiment des etudes a rester trop longtemps dans l’enseignement superieur.	4	0	4	1.0
10.6027/7d17bba9-en	bab819851aaeb009f3428b1a59d6576a	This is at least partly due to difficulty ensuing that the collected material is of sufficiently high quality and does not contain hazardous substances. In addition, a significant quantity of the plastic separately collected is not actually recycled: Almost half of the plastic waste collected in the EU is exported, mainly to China, and the end treatment for this plastic waste is largely unknown (Velis, C.A., 2014). A comprehensive and detailed analysis of these, let alone the analysis of the impacts of policy on these is beyond the scope of this project. However, much of this plastic, being largely homogenous and clean, is already widely utilised, either directly by industry or by the existing plastics recycling market.	12	0	4	1.0
10.14217/f81b7706-en	bab8733db8da6297a88d43fd9c2ef5ac	The categorisation of these stages in the recruitment process provides a clear framework for identification of concrete actions at each stage of the election cycle. The rules and practices must ensure that women and men have equitable opportunity and support in the entire electoral process, that is, during the pre-election, election and postelection periods. Table 1.4 summarises key state responsibilities in relation to elections, and the gender dimensions of each.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	bab99eab0fa9aa39e277a97d7a23b5c5	This would represent a water use saving of about 5.2% in total household indoor water consumption. For instance, in Atlanta, messages such as “We need to start looking at the glass as half empty,” and “Don’t wait until the tap runs dry” are spread in a video public service announcement. Beside rebates for two types of water-efficient purchases, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California also proposes a webpage (www.bewaterwise.com) with water saving tips, information on public education program designed to educate Californians on the state’s water challenges or technical information (with visual support) on the water reserve levels. These impacts differ depending on the water source (groundwater or surface water). However, if managed in a sustainable way, groundwater extraction can continue to aid regional economic development, in particular in many arid or semi-arid parts of the world. In Italy, for example, the latter has taken place due to excessive abstraction (Massarutto, 1999).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-34-en	babd0b24f064a888683d76f205424284	Cod has traditionally been the most valuable catch but, has recently been replaced by European flounder due to poor cod stock status. Pelagic species, herring and sprat constituted the most valuable fisheries in 2016. Poland aims to become a European Union leader in intensive aquaculture production. Hazardous substance pollution is decreasing, but eutrophication remains a key concern.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	babf29f7221bf59e8429513a5b4b0808	As a result, in the decade 1997-2007 the use of freshwater in agriculture dropped by 37%, and the use of marginal water grew by 50%. Total water consumption was reduced by 10%, whereas the general efficiency of the agricultural sector with regard to water use increased by 62% (Knesset Research and Information Center, 2008). The administrative structure of the water sector has changed, with powers concentrated in the hands of the Water Authority, led by the Water Authority Council. The tariff system for all consumer types has improved, since the economic considerations (such as covering the cost for providers) have been given greater importance and the tariff system is simpler and more equal and transparent than it used to be.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a22d206d-en	bac4d027d69ee273f1b37692cec08ddf	To build on that, in 2010, the company developed their 5by20 initiative to highlight both the challenges faced by women, and their economic potential. Through 5by20, the company addresses the most common barriers women face when trying to succeed in the marketplace. This initiative offers women access to business skills training courses, financial services and connections with peers or mentors—along with the confidence that comes with building a successful business.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	bac5baa439f33e1149a5ae79b26d5605	Probabilities depend on the individual’s age, sex, and the presence of risk factors and w'ere determined from the published literature. Disease pathways (recovery, continuance, death) were developed to match survival and case fatality statistics via a randomized or Monte Carlo process. The Monte Carlo process involves the generation of a random number that influences the occurrence of events and allows outcomes to vary from one individual to another. Survival probabilities are determined by the survival experience of individuals with a given disease, moderated by age and sex, and were obtained from the published literature. Forecasts future public costs (NHS costs) in constant dollars attributed to increasing obesity rates. The time horizon of the projection is over forty years, with recent published projections from 2008 to 2050.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	bac64e39261bbe9cbbb8b48326937709	The manual may also be useful for data users who wish to be able to interpret statistics correcdy and to understand the problems involved in the production of gender statistics and therefore have a more efficient dialogue with data producers. In A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, vol.l, Core Techniques and Cross-cutting Issues, Jeni Kingman, ed. Guide to Gender-sensitive Indicators. Quebec: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60243856-en	bac673d1f39eb6e512f1a12079e01ecf	"For many of the countries which did have such data, the data became available only from 2007 onwards. The ""superhighway"" is a continent-wide meshed network of terrestrial optical fibre which is aimed at increasing the availability and affordability of broadband Internet across Asia and the Pacific. Only the Pacific subregion was missing data for most countries and territories; in most of those economies, while flights operate internationally and domestically, they do not have their own airlines to report such information."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	bac6f1a25516522579d1d70c09659692	In a number of countries, however, there are no criminal penalties for sexual harassment (see World Bank, 2015 for further details). Moreover, while legislation on sexual harassment in employment is fairly common, the majority of countries analysed do not have specific legislation on sexual harassment in education and should introduce it. The main conclusion is that women continue to hold fewer and worse jobs than men, despite significant improvements in labour force participation and educational attainment in recent decades.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	bac772f5026b23283453b72a2a08ba67	The EU-SILC is the main source of information on living standards in the EU, collecting nationally representative and cross-country comparable statistics on income and social inclusion.6 Since income poverty and material deprivation estimates produced by Eurostat are derived from the EU-SILC, this paper uses published indicators for descriptive statistics wherever possible, while all multivariate analyses rely on the micro-data from the user database.7 The 2008 wave is used as the pre-crisis baseline in this study because the EU economy only slipped into recession in 2009. However, the income reference year in the EU-SILC is the calendar year before the interview (for all EU-SILC countries except the UK and Ireland). Thus, child poverty rates estimated using the 2008 wave of the survey refer to 2007 incomes, while the material deprivation indicator refers to 2008. Therefore, when it comes to the last year for which the survey data are available, i.e. 2012, the material deprivation indicator is more up to date.	1	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599178-8-en	bacad9e56a1541593d253953c05bbb38	The growing general scientific consensus on the effects of heavy industrialisation and economic growth on global warming, in particular, is reinforcing the notion that ‘business as usual’ is no longer sustainable. Climate models predict changes in sea levels and severity of storms, and the patterns of rainfall, among others. Such changes will have greater impact on developing countries, and more particularly on small island developing states (SIDS), because of their inherent vulnerability. There is also the realisation that sustainable development is not just an environmental issue: the dire economic, developmental and societal consequences of issues like climate change and environmental degradation puts the economic planners and financial managers at the centre of the debate.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	bacaff8cdaf90edcb7fe560f97aaf90e	Most countries will require new institutional and governance arrangements to help align economic and environmental policies, and overcome institutional inertia in policy making. The aim is to integrate green growth into core policy processes. Information sharing and use of indicators are also important.	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	bacb5c91888a820154ba0dd2ccf97c75	The risk-credit guarantee programmes have enabled a sustainable market transformation. While the first transactions in China were all accompanied by the IFC, the second set were conducted more independently by the local banks, both in terms of human resources and in the level of risk guarantee provided by the IFC. The second transaction only saw IFC guarantee 60% of the transaction instead of 75%. As pointed out by a Hong Kong investor, it is usually very difficult for foreign investors to get significant stakes in Chinese companies.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	bacbe523ab73012def7820e6f364b258	Some evaluations are already providing useful feedback. The evaluation of the ProAire programme suggests that air-quality standards could be more stringent, to reap additional health benefits, and notes the need to strengthen compliance with particular standards. Some municipalities do not even have the technical capacity to follow up and assess results, given the lack of skilled staff and financial means.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	bacd3cd116d8ffdaeec90f2df14e2b38	Those who speak a European language have higher literacy scores than the average immigrant, while Arabic and Asian language speakers have lower scores. Similar results obtain when controlling for region of origin, with Europeans scoring higher than the others. Improvement in the literacy scores of migrants who have stayed over five years is higher than on average in countries participating in PIAAC.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264094437-6-en	bacde4a1a8f8cec525aa11add1e83b6b	Computers in Australian secondary schools are less often located in classrooms (and more often in computer laboratories) than in countries such as Canada, Finland, Hong Kong and Norway. Australia is also a moderately high user of other ICT resources such as smart boards but is relatively low in terms of providing email facilities for students and data logging technologies for use in science classes. Despite their confidence in being able to use ICT, fewer Australian science and mathematics teachers than their peers in countries such as Chinese Taipei, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong, and Israel participate in ICT-related professional development.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264212664-en	bacf159087213d232abc9aab05552c4e	That is to say, they are more costly than they need to be to achieve the stated objectives of policy. Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies worldwide amounted to USD 548 billion in 2013 (IEA, 2014). In OECD countries, budgetary support and tax expenditures benefitting the production or consumption of fossil fuels amounted to an estimated USD 55-90 billion per annum in recent years, according to a recent inventory by the OECD (OECD, 2013b).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	bad16fb09553d501e5bccac1e96e0779	If we wholeheartedly invest in girls, we will see stronger communities and families, sustainable economies, lower rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, lower rates of HIV and AIDS, less poverty, more innovation, reduced rates of joblessness and more equitable prosperity. With support from the UN Foundation, the Task Force aims to strengthen interagency collaboration at both the global and country levels; facilitate the development of effective programmes to address the rights and needs of adolescent girls; support the drive to achieve the MDGs; and eliminate all forms of violence and discrimination against girls and young women. The agencies committed to increasing support to governments and civil societies over the next five years to advance policies and programmes to empower the hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. United Nations CbiWren's Fund.	5	0	3	1.0
10.30875/c7f78275-en	bad39e7b4511a104b28eff35f058f5d2	If this catching up occurs, developing and least-developed economies’ share in global trade is predicted to grow to 57 per cent by 2030, from 46 per cent in 2015, whereas if catching up does not occur, this share is predicted to rise only to 51 per cent. The organization of global production is projected to change through a rising share of imported intermediate services in manufacturing. These changes offer new opportunities and trade gains, and governments may have a role to play in ensuring that firms can seize these opportunities. They may also need to take measures to allow digital technologies to lower trade costs, for instance by enabling faster and more reliable management of data across borders or by facilitating trade operations and customs cooperation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-5-en	bad53cf2a93a4c159d96dd3b916f4cea	All of this needs to be linked to a more open and consultative approach to the development of policy, and to public services and their delivery (OECD, 2015a, 2016a). Rising education investment is vital to meet the needs of a fast-modernising economy, but, as described in the earlier part of this chapter, despite large spending increases, Costa Rica has not seen significant improvements in school completion and student learning. Other indicators where one might expect to see the benefits of education investment are not encouraging: productivity has barely increased, the labour market is fragmented by duality and a large informal subsector, skills shortages are apparent and inequality is grow'ing (OECD, 2016a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	bad6189a76468543526efd5087e1c56b	The situation is similar in many developing countries. Worldwide, more than 46 percent of people ages 60 and older live with a disability,101 and whether living with a disability or not, 15-30 percent of older people live alone or with no adult of working age.102 Abuse of older people is quite extensive. Particularly in countries with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, grandparents are usually the ones caring for AIDS orphans.104 The situation is similar for migrants. Some 69 percent of Bolivian migrants who moved to Spain left their children at home, usually with grandparents. Structural vulnerabilities are often manifested through deep inequalities and widespread poverty, which are associated with horizontal or group inequalities based on socially recognized and constructed group membership.106 Structural vulnerabilities are perpetuated by exclusion, low human development and people’s position in society, reducing their ability to cope with downside risks and shocks. And even if laws do not explicidy discriminate, the absence of effective policies can leave people excluded and vulnerable.	1	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	badb9901dd40f4a1691958d9cc7465ef	The reason why collaboration was difficult between those departments within WHO needs to be further explored, however, it is conceivable that the heads of the respective departments did not communicate well, or that there were delays in issuing decisions and instructions by supervisors in both departments. However, because intervention was called for after the situation had acutely worsened, and because the humanitarian community was not familiar with the Ebola virus, it was determined that a response would be difficult using the cluster approach with OCHA at the core. In addition, rapid access to a large amount of funding was imperative at that time, but that would have been difficult using the usual funding process of OCHA, the Humanitarian Programme Cycle consisting of five elements (needs assessment and analysis, strategic response planning, resource mobilization, implementation and monitoring, and operational review and evaluation). It was assumed that more time would be required to reach a consensus on using the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) for the Ebola virus disease response, which is different than what is used for ordinary natural disasters and armed conflicts.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d004d8b3-en	badcb9ca3ca13905d2eb3500ddaeb364	While the project of the Global Reporting Initiative and the consultative group on devebping Sustainable Development Goal indicators aims to facilitate companies’ reporting on their contribution to the achievement of the Goals in relevant aspects of their performance, UNCTAD work focuses on selecting a limited number of core quantitative indicators that would be universal and comparable. These core indicators form the baseline metrics for reporting, drawing on existing guidelines to foster the enhanced comparability of sustainability reporting across enterprises, industries and geographies. The objective of the guidance is to provide Member States of the United Natbns with a methodology for measuring the number of companies that publish sustainability reports, a requirement of the Goals monitoring framework. The guidance provides a new context for the selection of core indicators, as they can play an important role in assisting key stakeholders in building a consensus on the minimum requirements that should be met by a reporting entity to qualify the data provided as sustainability reporting.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/08e82310-en	badcbcaa4469c693406bf9f0b24b6cce	According to the Romanian monitoring results in 2009, the Prut River is of class I (high) on 12% of its length (115 km between Stanca —Costcsti Reservoir and confluence with Bascu tributary), and class II (good) on 88%. Among the provisions is a regulation on the maintenance and operation of the Hydrotechnical Knot Stanca-Costesti on the Prut River. A Joint Subcommission for Operation of the Hy-drotcchnic Knot “Stanca-Costesti” currently acts on the basis of the Regulation from 1985,151 and the 2010 bilateral agreement on transboundary watcis.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	badde0cc9327c01a636a48114a615111	The above discussion of risk assessment policy guidelines at Codex has contributed to a more transparent process of risk assessment and a clearer definition of the roles of both risk assessors and managers, which were hitherto ambiguous. In addition, in response to Codex’s demand for clarification, the FAO and WHO initiated a workshop on a consultative process for scientific advice. In 2007, they produced the FAO/WHO Framework for the Provision of Scientific Advice on Food Safety and Nutrition (to Codex and Member Countries) (FAO/WHO, 2007).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	badf5ecb8ec1487ab845a7dad4e3663c	All Korean rural regions fall in the category predominantly rural close to a city (i.e., there are no rural remote regions in Korea). Korea has 22 functional urban areas covering 26% of the national territory. Out of the 22 FUAs, five are classified as large metropolitan areas (with a population of 1 500 000 or more); and six as metropolitan areas (with a population of 500 000 to 1 500 000); eight as medium-sized urban areas (population between 250 000 to 500 000 people) and three as small urban areas (population between 50 000 and 200 000 people). This definition overcomes previous limitations for international comparability linked to administrative boundaries. This methodology is a clear example of how geographic/morphological information from geographic sources and census data can be used together to get a better understanding of how urbanisation develops. These clusters are made of contiguous 1 km2 grid cells with a population density of at least 1 500 inhabitants per km2 and a total population of at least 50 000 people.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db521e55-en	bae0bc7798b61cf2f3978794bfb3ed95	While other factors were also key to the successful adoption of the Paris Agreement, without the Secretary-General's long-term strategy of raising climate change to the leader level, broadening participation to include space at the table for the private sector, finance community and civil society, and raising public awareness on the issue of climate change, an agreement would not have been possible. Ban Ki-moon and his team had been planning to cement the legacy of the Paris outcome long before COP 21 was held. As the celebrations drew to a close, they began to leverage the Secretary-General's personal relationships with world leaders to build a movement towards early entry into force of the Agreement.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	bae25750e707bce4fbf95ff7366dfcf1	Diabetes is a disease that responds well to preventive programmes and that, if not treated in time, has serious implications for physical autonomy in old age. Deaths from this type of cause are typical in low- and middle-income countries, and an increase in the incidence of such diseases is associated with gaps in access to timely health care, among other factors (PAHO, 2002). In the countries studied, the incidence of this type of illness is fairly constant over the different periods.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	bae32908a9c0aa058ce418172c35aad6	The network construction mode and experience can be easily replicated to large-scale network construction. The project paved the way for the large-scale construction of the FTTx network in India and provided great experiences for other countries to replicate. The project will achieve an installed capacity of 14 000 cabinets, which can support the global net-work topology, improve service capability, enhance core competitiveness and satisfy significant business development needs.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	bae32e0c52d21bb0ee13437db8cbe4b5	They are reported at the school level, benchmarked against national and municipal averages, and adjusted for student characteristics, for school management and improvement. There is wide scope for improvement in the use of Lithuania’s well-developed assessment resources, including expanded use by school leaders and teachers for the purpose of improving school management and instructional practices, and by authorities outside of schools who are responsible for external quality assurance. Lithuania has established effective universal participation in a criterion-referenced national assessment in grades 4, 6, and 8. It should now conclude its use of the National Survey of Student Achievement, incorporating into its assessment sy stem those components of the National Survey, such as teacher and student questionnaires, that provide information judged to be valuable by teachers, school heads, and other stakeholders.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	bae4fbd6593eba5e291837bfef48838e	This is the most common co-ordination mechanism used in the MENA region. Thus, most MENA countries report the establishment of a co-ordination unit in the central gender institution (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and Yemen). In the MENA region, Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and the Palestinian Authority report establishing such units at the CoG to promote a whole-of-govemment approach to gender equality.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	bae56833a9627276c8682029dc08c719	For example, in Sudan the ICT sector contributed positively to the agriculture industry. As a result of opening up their telecom markets, all three countries have telecom operators that were acquired by major foreign investors such as: Zain Group, MTN Group, Batelco Group, Maroc Telecom Group and Etisalat Group. Among the 49 LDCs are 16 landlocked and 12 small-island states.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	bae646deb78539be5065c73045c4fb60	The study was endorsed for publication by the OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Committee (NDC). Philippe Lebreton (France) provided significant input to Chapter 2 “The Effects of Nuclear Power at the Level of the Electricity System”. The section on the load following capabilities of nuclear plants “The Flexibility Potential of Nuclear Power Plants in the Short Run” is based on earlier work by Dr. Alexey Lokhov (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division). For Chapter 5 on “Regulatory Frameworks for the Internalisation of System Effects and the Adequate Remuneration of Flexibility Services” a first draft was prepared by Eduard Blanquet i Arago (OECD/NEA Nuclear Development Division).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	bae67a6ddd0928b0370f3b23a156191c	This section discusses potential technical issues related to information on financial resources that shall or should be reported under the Paris Agreement, based on existing experience and practice. Data on public provision of climate finance is therefore generally quite complete for these Parties (OECD, 2015). Annex II Parties currently report this information in their national communications and biennial reports (see Section 3), particularly on financial resources provided to developing countries (i.e. bilateral finance). Some countries not listed in Annex II (including Annex I Parties such as Poland and non-Annex I Parties such as Korea) also currently report this information in their BRs and BURs, as well as information on their official development assistance for climate purposes to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	bae67c4585753b6c1f86a039b7e29e5a	These are all steps in the right direction. After decades in which PHC was largely neglected, cultural shifts in the medical as well as the political mind-sets will take time. Long-term efforts are still required to move from a hospital and disease-based approaches to health care toward person-based and community-based approaches (OECD, 2012b).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	bae6847a7e81d593b6679fcd88eed150	One critical issue is whether certain land-use (e.g. infrastructure) projects require provincial approval (in addition to, or instead of, municipal approval), and if so, which procedure should be followed. Traditional authorities actively oppose the bill because provincial and local development plans often pay no attention to the interests of traditional rural communities. They do not involve local tribal leaders in development projects, economic activities and even environmental conservation efforts in their area.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	bae779f01b0c754fe1a66b89b6ffcf44	Social policies should therefore reduce poverty and at the same time promote social inclusion and strengthen the sense of belonging. These trends have also contributed to higher levels of vulnerability and exclusion among broad swathes of the Latin American population, including newly impoverished sectors of former middle classes that are living just above the threshold for satisfying their basic needs. There are also extremely deprived groups that are not covered by social support networks, whether family, community or institutional based.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	baea33d85b3bdaed5b9875b64596d257	According to the monotow'n programme, salaries account for around 50%-60% of overall household income in monotowns. In 2009, a few' had a substantially lower share of tertiary-educated residents than the average for urban areas (20%) and the median percentage for Kazakhstan’s 87 towns (see Figure 1.29 above). A low share of tertiary educated residents is common for mining or factory town populations. Self-employment offers an alternative source of income for households after the downsizing or closure of core industries in a town.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	baea8364e36224b7deed9206f916de26	Payment systems are tied to activities, inputs or last year’s outlays, and do not reward quality or outcomes. The negative effects that one would expect from traditional payment systems are manifest - increasing spend, with no improvement in productivity or outcomes. The rate of hospital discharges per bed has risen from 45 discharges per bed in 1990 to 62 in 2015, as shown in Figure 3.15.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	baebc2406cec83bb365787cbd8c18104	This option could lead to achieving the goal of a 40% reduction in energy intensity by 2030. The largest impact in energy intensity reduction will stem from efficiency improvements in the industrial and residential sectors. These products must be rapidly distributed on a large scale to achieve energy savings and reduce worldwide emissions.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	baec67aaf6c4ae092fee4eeb61dd5e1a	Introducing multi-annual planning and objective setting to monitor the development and impact of environmental improvement over the longer term would enable more effective comparisons and facilitate assessment of environmental outcomes that are difficult to analyse over a single year. Finally, adoption of an explicit environmental enforcement policy by the inspectorate and its units could help establish clear priorities, inform the regulated community about enforcement objectives and provide the basis for longer-term planning and performance assessment. Intent or negligence in cases of endangerment or damage does not need to be proven.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	baef0476232dec55f8baf8fdd5826d3f	A longstanding tradition of car-oriented planning, inherited from decades of Soviet urban planning, contributed to this trend. The tradition remained even after Latvia gained its independence in 1991. As a consequence, the city has experienced a rapid increase in the level of motorisation, which has been accelerating in recent years.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	baef18ae42e4d8b90299aa967dcde801	Forty-three percent of 25-34 year-olds have attained secondary education (compared to the OECD average of 82%) and 19% have attained tertiary education (compared to the OECD average of 39%). Turkey has made significant improvement in PISA assessments in mathematics (from 2003-09) and science (from 2006-09), but remains one of the lowest performers among OECD countries in reading, mathematics and science; and the proportion of 15-year-olds who underperformed on the PISA 2009 reading assessment is above the OECD average (Figure 3). The impact of students' socio-economic status on performance and the difference in academic performance between boys and girls are both higher than the OECD average (see Annex B). About 12% of 3-4 year-olds and 67% of 5-year-olds (the typical starting age) are enrolled in pre-primary education. In Turkey, the majority of women with at least one child between 3 and 5 years old do not participate in the labour market (21.4% are employed compared to the OECD average of 64.3%, 2009). To ensure higher upper secondary completion rates, Turkey has increased compulsory schooling from 8 to 12 years, with a starting age of 5.5 years.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-5-en	baf04d00699639e713240ba3d54cf47c	Policy predictability is important to enable investors to evaluate the risk of policy changes on potential investments. A National Agency of Energy Efficiency was established in May 2010. They also included energy requirements for new buildings (50 kWh/m2/year) and energy efficiency assessment and renovation of state-owned buildings.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	baf1a7b1844d459b2c7a2df7728e7699	These circumstances push women to abandon employment after they marry and have children. One survey carried out in three capital cities (Amman, Cairo and Sana’a) estimated that married women in these urban areas were 13 to 24 per cent less likely to participate in the labour market than single women. Furthermore, marriage was found to be a more decisive criterion for women’s lack of participation in the labour force than was having children. The same study also interviewed men to ascertain their perspectives on female participation in the workforce, and found that over one third of the male respondents expressed their explicit objections to women seeking formal work.193 It should be noted, though, that such findings vary greatly depending on the country and the methodology used.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/dec4eb09-en	baf3b490b729ec53313a36daa16c8777	From the environmental protection point of view, it is necessary' to include data on waste generated by foreign investors, to have complete and internationally comparable waste statistics. Furthermore, an improved picture of the obsolete pesticides would help the authorities cam' out further actions. This could be done following international guidelines, such as those provided under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Ministry of Health should prepare for the change in its waste management practice once the incinerator goes into operation in 2012.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	baf8625efd3f882bb560f5289c3967cc	From an economic viewpoint, SMRs have higher specific investment costs and, consequently, higher LCOE than larger nuclear units (Boarin, 2012). However, SMRs have the advantages of shorter construction times, much smaller upfront capital investments and greater financing flexibility. Thus, the utilities have the opportunity to increase progressively the nuclear capacity and to postpone or suspend investments in response to changing market conditions. Together, those characteristics results in smaller financial risk, making such reactors potentially attractive to private investors and to countries initiating a nuclear programme.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/b8ba274d-en	bafbeb387b0fa62eb155c5b1a099e494	This new paradigm must taiget the circumstances, conditions, norms, values and structural forces that perpetuate adolescent pregnancies on the one hand and that isolate and marginalize pregnant girls on the other. Girls need both access to sexual and reproductive health services and information and to be unburdened from the economic and social pressures that too often translate into a pregnancy and the poverty, poor health and unrealized human potential that come with it. Also builds skills, raises girls' status.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	bafcf5016ca28638e8b4850f8adf5bab	There is a huge amount of mobility around poverty lines: statements such as “31% of people are extremely poor” can be due to many different combinations of chronic poverty, escaping poverty and impoverishment. Although it is now possible to measure this mobility in a few countries, better policy making requires that governments and other stakeholders have much better information about - and causal analysis of - these poverty dynamics. Box 4.2 provides an idea of what the new poverty dynamics goal and targets could look like.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-8-en	bafe2b80038dbdeca9cabed0b1bc7ac9	But to understand the steps towards water governance reform concerning the iwi it is necessary to briefly recount the historical background. This breached the Treaty of Waitangi10 and denied Waikato-Tainui and other iwi and hapuu decision-making rights and interests and mana whakahaere (authority, exercise of rights and responsibilities) in the Waikato River and its resources. This led to a historical claim under the Treaty of Waitangi in the 1960s, which was settled in December 2009 when the Crown and Waikato-Tainui signed the “Waikato-Tainui River Deed of Settlement”.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	baff3fcb4840b7d427126e3329fec728	If the percentage is greater than 100%, it means that the country is investing more in input subsidies for smallholders than in GSSE for the sector as a whole. Chile and South Africa are the only countries where this percentage is less than 100%, with 52% and 31% respectively. Moreover, to compare only the levels of budgetary support, the MPS was deducted from the TSE.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	bb006c5adcb8a6b4e8d7e3d56067e8f4	These measures are meant to correct some of the obstacles, especially institutional and systemic barriers, that still prevent women's equal access to politics. Moreover, they require adaptation to the local context. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has explained that the Convention's article 7 extends to all areas of public and political life and is thus not limited to those specified in the article itself. According to the Committee, the political and public life of a country is a broad concept, and can refer to the exercise of political power, in particular legislative, judicial, executive and administrative powers, all aspects of public administration and the formulation and implementation of policy at the international, national, regional and local levels.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/288df776-en	bb0490b0825009f7f0164aa3796c8b7b	In particular, post-Soviet transition countries have limited knowledge of informal settlements, because housing in the Soviet era was considered as a universal right, with the State providing housing and basic infrastructure free-of-charge and centrally. With the commodification of access to housing and facilities in these countries, residents have been experiencing degraded standards of living, which also now represent a great challenge for policymakers. This is why it is important to raise awareness and to develop a broad understanding of the phenomenon as well as to suggest possible solutions.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e29aba4-en	bb049bd4479a67ce5744a6fe776addd3	The second are women who are out of the purview of the definition of workers but are engaged in domestic work, some of which provides economic gains to households. Attention to increased labour force participation captures only part of the changes in the two women's work roles outline above. The dual role of women as a paid worker outside the family and an unpaid worker in the household contributes significantly, in real terms, to the productivity of a country.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-6-en	bb057dcc23fd8054efa377071966e8c0	They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. Almost one in five 15-year-old students across OECD countries does not reach a minimum level of skills to function in today’s society, and there are large performance differences between students of different socio-economic backgrounds. Countries have adopted different policy options to respond to their equity challenges.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	bb06c6414c9da2e7bc624c17f3031c18	Observations of increases in global average temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and a rising global average sea level indicate that the climate is already warming (IPCC, 2007a). If greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to grow, this could result in a wide range of adverse impacts and potentially trigger large-scale, irreversible and catastrophic changes (IPCC, 2007b) that will exceed the adaptive capacity of natural and social systems. The environmental, social and economic costs of inaction are likely to be significant.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e7e4f09-en	bb0b2e6d9677a63d6141bd02911c5d6e	The rationale leading to the development of the mid-term strategy as well as its targets and objectives are presented, together with the progress achieved and the challenges and opportunities faced during the first phase of implementation. In particular, the role of the GFCM has been crucial in promoting common rules and strengthening regional cooperation in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. However, fisheries in the region still face serious challenges: around 80 percent of scientifically assessed stocks in the region are considered to be fished outside safe biological limits (see Chapter 4).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	bb0cc908ae88a97d7afeb9eaa86130f6	For example, there has been a trend of increasing sea surface temperatures in Korean waters, which has accelerated in the last decades. This recent warming trend is associated with a decline in cold-water species (e.g. walleye pollock) and an increase in warm-water species (e.g. common squid and bluefin tuna). It is also associated with changes in the distribution offish stocks such as chub mackerel in Korean waters. It discusses how an EAF can contribute to understanding the impact of climate changes on fisheries and the development of adaptation strategies. It reviews the reported major impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective; introduces the integrated fisheries risk analysis method for ecosystems (IFRAME) model as an EAF assessment approach; and identifies the management objectives and attributes of an EAF.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	bb0e3025bf3a9c7b063d9dbed00fa350	The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) is responsible for the supervision of the entire education system and plays a role in all components of the evaluation and assessment framework, including developing binding student learning objectives (Framework Education Programmes, FEPs), determining the career structure for teachers and monitoring the performance of schools and the education system. The MEYS also designs, implements and monitors education policies, including the establishment of Long-term policy objectives of education and development of the education system. Some of its agencies have key functions in the framework. Prominent among these is the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI) which takes responsibility for the external evaluation of schools and contributes to system evaluation.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	bb12d04f13d785425001369eda652835	This may create the conditions for the onset of violent forms of conflict. The people most affected by disasters and conflicts are those who are more vulnerable in general, living in the least developed parts of the world and in poverty. Changes to the environment as a result of climate change are likely to result in unique risks for women and girls in other ways as well.	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	bb168d9f8ff9585323260354faacbc4e	Disentangling these different factors is impossible, in practice. A Deloitte report15 found that policy uncertainty was detrimental to investment in baseload electricity, including combined cycle gas turbines, and as a result, OCGT was considered the lowest risk investment as it has lower capital costs. Deloitte calculated the cost of policy uncertainty, in terms of sub-optimality in investment, characterised by a preference for OCGT rather than OCGT.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	bb16eff925cdffb98b88b9381bb7cee1	For instance, if ambitious social and infrastructure spending results in large positive spillovers into the economy, the debt to GDP ratio could eventually fall below the baseline case (ESCAP, 2013). The crowding out effect refers to a situation when higher public expenditures, caused by increasing interest rates, lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase in total investment spending. Another consideration is the pace of investment (front-loading or gradual), with some empirical studies supporting the latter based on the assumption that this would allow time for improving efficiency (Ghazanchyan and others, 2017).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	bb188323e5b1fd56bd0667d631a47f5a	The first section reviews the main trends regarding child income poverty, and it also it reports on changes in the standard of living of children from low-income families from the pre-crisis period in 2007 to 2014 (section 2). The third section describes the material deprivations of the families where children live, whether or not they are income poor. Several groups of children are identified according to whether or not they are deprived in one or several dimensions. The analysis of material deprivation profiles of children enables identifying what policies are needed to complement financial assistance, such as improving access to basic resources for nutrition, clothing, education, housing and promoting access to leisure activities for all children. The fourth section examines the situation in Canada relative to other OECD countries with respect to indicators reflecting different dimensions of child well-being. Finally, the last section describes the context of family support and suggests policy directions that can contribute to a national strategy to combat child poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	bb191e2fa711be0720f244f57c2f8fe5	Indeed, the earlier Figures 11 and 12 showed marked differences in the relative priority given to health by provincial governments. The relevant province is indicated in parentheses: EC = Eastern Cape; FS = Free State; GP = Gauteng; KZN = KwaZulu-Natal; LP = Limpopo; MP = Mpumalanga; NC = Northern Cape; NW = North West; WC = Western Cape. Despite these health spending disparities, the distribution of public sector resources has become much more equitable since the end of apartheid (see McIntyre, 2012 for a historical analysis).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	bb1a4dbb222912855d2813f31af5b75b	The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) proposes a fee schedule, which is subsequently negotiated by the Central Social Insurance Medical Council, comprising providers, insurers, patient representatives and other stakeholders. Formal revision of the fee schedule happens every other year, applies to all providers, and determines the revenue of over 95% of clinics and hospitals. This latter fact means that the fee schedule also serves as a major policy lever to steer the whole system towards desired goals.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	bb1e3b1631089a4f57c2208729e29579	The very large income gains in the two main cities, Almaty and Astana, and in the oil cities of Atyrau and Aktau, led to significant rural-urban migration, especially from the northern and eastern regions.5 Out-migration from the relatively densely populated southern oblasts was more limited - indeed they received substantial temporary immigration from Uzbekistan, especially during the cotton-harvesting season - and living standards remained lower in the south. In the most comprehensive review of the data on inequality and poverty in eighteen economies in transition, Kazakhstan stands out for its increase in poverty. Rapid growth in output resulted in increased average incomes and reduced poverty.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	bb2275daa9f82eb92cc8928628b2a823	Indeed, the choice of pursuing graduate studies can be linked to the willingness to work for many women. There is also a huge gap between the East and the North regarding graduates: women with a graduate degree are 37pp more likely to work in the East than in the North. Thus education matters in mitigating socio economic attitudes.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	bb2392b732b243e1edf1b1b1fafd3b33	Regulations permit fishing for anadromous salmonids in rivers and lakes with rod and handline during fishing seasons decided by the county governor. There are different fishing seasons for different areas and rivers. The policy is to fulfil this obligation within the existing fisheries management system.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	bb23ad0ec303daa6862468ee7149ac0e	These countries generally use energy less efficiently than developed countries. China’s energy conversion and utilization efficiency, for instance, is around 25 % lower than developed countries. More broadly, rapidly-developing countries like China and India are important in shaping world trends in energy development.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	bb23c15fb99b0a71864a0d24f143b795	Families with a woman head of household working outside the home are termed single-person households of economically active adults (Arriagada, 2007). Even though several countries in the region have progressed with social protection policies designed to meet this demand, the future scenario is complicated by the higher cost of providing older adults with social protection for an ever greater number of years as life expectancy increases and by greater diversity, particularly in the areas of health, care and recreation. It is therefore vital to take advantage of this window of opportunity opened by the demographic dividend to establish adequate protection provision in the coming decades (see box IV.4).	1	3	3	0.0
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	bb24d285d50498d1b439765d06a5e63e	"Often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as ""vulnerable groups"" or ""the poor"", obscuring the particularities of their situation. Furthermore, this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise self-determination, which in the case of health, corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state. Political will, since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient if they are not successfully implemented."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	bb256f459f02e51cd0e92c74c03b4274	During and following the revolution, the management of the central company registry was disrupted, and the regional one-stop shops were forced to suspend their registry operations. As there is no national electronic company registry, all companies need to register in Tripoli, requiring notaries from other cities to travel to finalise the process. This creates additional business registration complexities and costs for entrepreneurs and investors living outside of Tripoli. It requires the approval of a commission represented by multiple agencies, including the Social Security Administration, the Labour Administration, the Tax Administration, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Economy.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	bb268140ecb4395d1241a5508d3c8ece	"There she learnt about her rights as a migrant worker and found solace in the company of other women of different nationalities who had faced similar fate. She realized that she suffered mainly on account of being a female migrant worker. Ms. Eni says, ""I have learnt that discrimination is not only in the form of employment or physical abuse but also in the form of structural abuse."	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	bb286247b5aad1e1ed012195ba63ba7d	The finance arrangements of ministries may hinder the adoption of more coherent policies. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff (at central and sub-central levels) as well as obsolete infrastructure. In addition, the new technologies and innovative water processes introduced in response to cost-effectiveness objectives, water scarcity and climate change (desalination, nanotechnologies, spatial technologies, recycling of water use, etc.)	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	bb2c561c912a87d951e9ae5c3e327715	Figure 6.4 shows that Korea’s ratio of public education expenditure to GDP is higher than the OECD average of about 5% of GDP. Historically, education expenditures have been very stable, at around 16-20% of total government expenditure, with limited variation due to strong government support for national growth. This stability indicates Korea’s strong commitment to education. Most of the remaining government functions show a different trend, which is inconsistent and volatile due to the change of social needs and of policy priorities, along with economic and social development.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	bb2cb613abdcffd531659bba17c1b1ad	Greater macro-economic, political and social instability is therefore a key implication of more inequality over time. Section 5 concludes that if markets do not spontaneously auto-equilibrate, the political economy of increasing inequality- will be crucial - but the outcomes of those processes are very unclear. Data refer to the income share of the top 1% of people. Income data are based on tax records, and refer to the concept of taxable income.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	bb2d649bdc190fabb535ca84313a9344	Income Dislribul/on and Poverty in OECD Countries, Paris, 2008. In particular, the Theil index can be broken down into the sum of two factors: intra-group inequality, or the extent of dispersion of incomes within each group; and inter-group inequality which is the dispersion of average income between groups. Intra-group inequality also corresponds to the sum of the Theil indices for each group weighted by their share in the total income of that group.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	bb2dcd3b8014168b1391c36d2cb6bef4	It runs a shelter in Kathmandu where women migrants can receive psychological, medical and legal counselling, as well as support on how to reintegrate in their society and communities. Pourakhi also runs a migration information booth at the Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu and, over the years, has developed an extensive network including the Embassies of Nepal and Nepali associations/ groups (both formal and informal) in major destination countries. These networks are another source of information about the shelter home in Kathmandu for women migrants returnees that need a safe place of transit before going back to their homes or finding a suitable alternative. Fewer data are generally available on how the migratory experience is leveraged in order to escape and eventually alter the geographies of power that were experienced as unbearable back home.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b505e041-en	bb324c834b6e53694a6e9304b741e45d	However, the number of poor people living in Chennai compared with Bengaluru is greater; they constitute 18.53 per cent of the city economy, as compared with 15 per cent in Bengaluru. The smaller number in Chennai could be the result of underreporting, a variable over which the researcher has no direct control. Based on discussions with the Tamil Nadu Directorate of Economics and Statistics a possible explanation for this is that in Chennai, most of the manufacturing that contributes to the city’s GDP is beyond the city corporation boundaries, while in Bengaluru, the high contributors to the city’s GDP, the IT industries, are located very within the city boundaries. This could be partly due to the fact that the government of Tamil Nadu is quite generous as far as worker salaries are concerned.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	bb3696afa1669e8f33966a8d094beeb5	Maintaining a contingent financing facility is administratively costly even if the facility never disburses. In the longer term, the need for increased certainty through financial instruments could be replaced by the establishment of an international M&V protocol which would create firm expectations for end-use energy efficient technologies. Provided such a framework is backed up by relevant stakeholders, it would allow the safe translation of uncertain technological potentials into certain investment streams of benefits.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	bb373a7e624ee5c07625076bcc01bc27	But for countries which use price stabilising policies extensively, such as India, China and Japan, price volatility is substantially less than international markets. It should be noted, however, that comparison across countries is complicated by many factors, including product quality or attribute differences which may affect the diversity of movement in market prices. Figure 2.3 plots the nominal annualised historic volatility for the same three crops over 1957-2009. While one can distinguish spikes in the volatility due to the 1971-73 and the 2007/08 price hikes, there is no apparent trend in the series, suggesting that volatility of observed prices may increase for certain periods, but then return to normal levels.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	bb38f2acc79e6aa827499c466f9479e2	The pursuit of efforts to achieve this shift offers new opportunities to address previously entrenched socioeconomic inequalities while building more sustainable economies. Prior to negotiations held at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, 160 States submitted intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) which laid out plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Ecofys, Climate Analytics, New Climate Institute and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2014). The next largest sector, agriculture, forestry and land use, received just $3 billion (figure V.3).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	bb3a0864c1287e261185a4f7f83ef2a9	The fact that the required degree for primary-school teaching can be obtained at the secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level and that there is an oversupply of initial teacher education programmes raise concerns about its quality. There are also indications of an oversupply of graduates, which in 2013 corresponded to 11.4% of the entire teaching workforce. Other concerns relate to the high level of specialisation of degrees which limits the flexibility of the teacher labour market, the lack of specific assessments to identify teaching potential and assess motivation for the profession as the basis for entry, and the limited autonomy of institutions of teacher education in designing their teacher education programmes as these are regulated at the central level (e.g. specialisations, curriculum, structure of programmes). The frequency of professional development is questionable, as teachers are only eligible for external-to-the-school professional development activities once every five years.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	bb3a328d593e82144caad8d61dd437ab	A Guide for Catchment Management has also been developed as a “how to” handbook to translate lessons learnt from the pilot phase into useful guidance and reference materials. Stakeholder engagement at the watershed level (cont.) Between January and March 2010, the Catchment Management Agency engaged in extensive stakeholder participation (including business, farmers, mining companies, municipalities, civil society, etc.),	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	bb3debbb05fac439b5b9d5c75f5de19a	Higher participation in such programmes can help mitigate the adverse impacts of the crisis by increasing the employability, particularly of low-skilled workers who are relatively weakly attached to the labour market. Moreover, skill shortages may arise during the transformation of transition economies into more advanced economies (Rutkowski, 2007). In such economies, adult education programmes can be heavily employed to upgrade the skills of adults who have limited possibilities to access formal education institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	bb3f8acbda68d682ac64d77bf8ad2cff	This chapter begins with an overview of Thailand’s reforms relating to the use of ICT in education, and then provides an analysis of the policy issues surrounding this area, presenting recommendations for improvements to support ICT use to enhance the quality and equity of the education system as a whole. The goal of these strategies has been to use ICT to create a “Smart Thailand”: a society that is “smart and information literate,” where knowledge benefits citizens and “society as a whole” (Ministry of ICT, 2009a). Education has been a key pillar in these efforts.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	bb45173e437f09c1c102a4289662c93e	The European Commission publishes this annual benchmarking reports including information about the mandate of regulators in Europe. In some other world regions such information might be at hand less readily. The indicator may to some extent denote a safeguard for guaranteeing the availability of sufficient network investments. Indirectly, this may favourably affect the investment climate for nuclear.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264115118-5-en	bb458c144882cd82f2960e6b68aeb470	This will include integration of clear environmental goals into investment policies through a mix of policies and instruments ranging from carbon pricing, research and development (R&D), financial, and regulatory policies to “soft” measures such as education and information (OECD 2012b, forthcoming). Another priority use may be transitional support for immature technologies that is performance based and time-bound (i.e. with sunset clauses) (Kalamova, Kaminker and Johnstone, 2011). Enabling actions to foster wider industry and public support for low-carbon energy systems include: fostering industry leadership; developing a skilled low-carbon energy workforce; deepening public engagement and strengthening international collaboration. The transition offers significant new opportunities for business, as a large range of green technologies will need to be developed and deployed widely over the next few decades.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	bb46a4af03d7cc1d179a747e5902f125	Aid interventions aiming at upgrading skills could contribute to agricultural modernisation and improve the market participation of smallholders. Agricultural exports of these countries could more than double if political stability or the quality of infrastructure were brought to the level observed in the richest developing countries. This is because poor countries lag far behind better off developing countries in this respect.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	bb46f44632a5c2aa466f1b6c525f44d0	The improved messaging has already shown better acceptance amongst target audiences, gaining political and policy traction quickly, deepening engagements with production sectors and improving visibility in the mainstream media (Maze et al., Thus, building robust networks of partners is fundamental to effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Establishing trust takes time and a consistent approach, but is worth the investment.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	bb4876caf4c6ca5933b2852c18beb33f	The suppliers of biomass fuels, and specifically the small producers and vendors in the informal sector, will generally have extremely low environmental management capacity. They are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies, nor the means to adopt these technologies. Suppliers of renewable energy equipment and energy efficiency services are typically under-represented in developing countries, and may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise, and to business capital.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	bb491d59fbb47b32762cd0f6dad3232d	As a result, Korea now has the second highest number of hospital beds per population after Japan (OECD, 2015a). This huge expansion in hospital capacity has been accompanied by a strong rise in hospital admissions as well as in the average length of stay in hospital. This contrasts with the experience in other countries like Italy and France where the number of hospital beds and hospitalisation rates have been reduced significantly. Even though progress has been achieved in recent years in reducing these potentially avoidable admissions, further efforts are needed to fill the gaps in the management of these conditions outside hospital to avoid unnecessary and costly hospital use.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	bb4d5d81fa6f2ce0ad41696e764aa217	According to the latest household surveys available in Chile, El Salvador and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 7 out of 100 older persons with health problems have not visited a health service due to access problems. The proportion of the older population who did not seek treatment for financial reasons ranges from 11% in Chile and 17% in El Salvador, to 48% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, which has a clear effect on morbidity and disability profiles during old age. Similar results were obtained in the INTRA III study in Peru.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	bb4fa42cf53826ab1a723b1a4eaee437	Given the extent of gender segregation in labour markets generally, and within industry in particular, where women constitute only 30 per cent of the global workforce, there is a risk that efforts to green industry will not only bypass women, but actually marginalize them. Sectors targeted for green employment expansion, such as energy, construction and basic industry, are very male-dominated and recent trends indicate that sectoral segregation is increasing rather than decreasing.21 Among green jobs that already exist, women tend to have low representation and/or occupy the lower value-added rungs. In developing economies, women are highly concentrated on the low value-added end of extant green jobs, for instance as informal workers in waste collection and recycling (Strietska-llina and others, 2011).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	bb536c003ea1efe1b9fa8d8eaace6ddd	At a minimum, this could be through demanding the collection of better measures. This could be financed through further slowing or redirecting funds paid through fees. The creation of a performance framework in which GPs report on a broader range of indicators would also provide a mechanism for GPs to be benchmarked against their peers.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	bb541c160d1a9a142c3f73fc216ffa8b	The same holds for the Universities of Maribor and Primorska. Overall, around 65% of students come from the same region as their higher education institutions. In the absence of differential tuition fees, the driving factor behind the low inter-regional student mobility is the economic conditions of students and their parents. The share of foreign students in Slovenia (0.9% of total enrolment) and the proportion of Slovenian students studying abroad (2.1% of total enrolment) in 2007 were among the lowest in both the OECD and EU (IMAD, 2010).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	bb5608126ecd2dcc84ccc0249f07c9e8	During this period of the career, the teacher goes through a probationary period, may be appointed for short periods of time, can be replaced by teachers with a permanent appointment, may need to move from one school to another, and can be dismissed in a relatively straightforward manner. Once permanent status is acquired, the picture changes markedly, and the teacher acquires a significant level of job security together with virtually automatic salary rises over time (McKenzie et al., However, the introduction of the “temporary appointment of continuous duration” has brought some improvement to the employment conditions of beginning teachers.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5950d914-en	bb56cd838a530417724128d876307816	Achieving the Goal will have positive multiplier effects for all other Goals. Priority area 2 of goal 4, namely, science, technology and innovation-driven manufacturing, industrialization and value addition, covers issues of industrialization and innovation, and priority area of goal 10 is focused exclusively on infrastructure. Target 9.1, which focuses on infrastructure-related indicators, has data on airtransport and railway infrastructures only.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283428-en	bb5846c520989d8da5873735d8a3a155	New national performance measurements are being implemented to increase accountability and improve quality of care. Life expectancy at birth increased by 2.8 years between 2000 and 2015. As in other EU countries, a substantial gender gap remains, with life expectancy for women about five years higher than for men.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	bb5851c0ed9144d73c94b5e7b7ce642d	Larger public investment in infrastructure will provide greater incentives to increase private investment within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management. Carefully crafted strategies for achieving food security will require national consensus and the political will to prioritize investments, as well as greater government capacities to stimulate large productivity gains through sustainable finance. Development cooperation would have an important role in at least two areas: (a) support for development of capacity, especially within least developed countries, to conduct policy assessments, and (b) provision of additional resources for infrastructure development.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	bb58ec8ec6a170c8eafbdd14e0d62538	Given the cross regional diversity in financing and health care provision, information on regional health system performance is highly desirable and can permit benchmarking of performance across regions. The decision of the federal authorities to identify and collect a set of 300 commonly defined indicators (72 relate to heath) is a welcome development. It can only be stressed that these data would be even more useful if they were defined and collected in line with international standards, which would permit international as well as inter-regional benchmarking.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	bb5b864dcde19e1998e19f292cd99883	Obesily ond the food system Ironsformolion in Lolin Americo. Climate change and food security: risks and responses. World Economic and Social Survey 2016 -Climate Change Resilience: An Opportunity for Reducing Inequalities. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	bb5d2dd7df0f20a968fc37657df9550f	Previous experience of refuge crisis shows that migrants can, eventually become valuable contributors to the economic and social development of countries. Other German cities like Munich, Diisseldorf, Stuttgart and Freiburg have established ‘welcome departments' within their city halls to prepare for the arrival of refugees. Over the past two decades, urban population growth and the effects of globalization have enhanced the complexities and manifestation of crime and violence in cities. One study showed that 60 to 70 per cent of urban residents have been victims of crime in those developing or transitional countries where rapid urban population growth is at its highest.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c607b535-en	bb5e401b3e6acdd2123d4420c566ea83	To reduce the margin of error, estimates ore presented os three-year averages. To reduce the impact of year-to-year sampling variability, estimates are presented as three-year averages. Country-level results are presented only for stimates are based on official notional data (Ecuador, Ghana, Malawi, Republic of Korea, Saint Lucia, Seychelles and the United States of America) or as provisional estimates, based on FAO Voices of the Hungry data collected through the Gallup hose national statistical authorities (NSAs) provided permission to publish them.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	bb6015ff483376754b95287ab598ba45	This type of issue was overcome in Ceara because all water charges were formulated as “tariffs” paid to a public company (Company for Water Resources Management of Ceara, COGERH) that operates all water resources systems (Box 2.7). This approach can inspire other solutions nationwide, without requiring legal reforms. However, revenues are shared among several organisations, including federal entities, state governments and municipalities affected by reservoirs, and those funds are generally not earmarked for the water sector.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	bb673f185f2fba76aa0255be462cc58c	The system of evaluation should provide links between evaluation for improvement and evaluation for career progression. Furthermore, evaluation is the only consistent way of distinguishing among teachers. In a fiscal situation that leaves little room for rewards, it is very important to make sure that the most diligent and effective teachers are compensated fairly.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/864d004f-en	bb69b038cd77acbc70bc950bbc9450ab	The tax has since remained unchanged. Given that the associated expenditures can be substantial, the Government offers payment facilities, which enable farmers to spread their contribution over a period of 17 years, with a grace period of four years, at a given interest rate. Cost recovery is also to be ensured by billing a minimum water consumption of 3,000 litres, even if the actual consumption is lower.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	bb6a154b5347e02ce9a39bb3b9ca5f97	However, at the micro level, there has been considerable variation in the roll-out and in the persistence of the older health insurance scheme, which allows to draw some conclusions. Participation in insurance schemes does appear to improve self-reported health status according to one study (Gao and Meng, 2009), but other studies do not present such clear-cut results. Reimbursement rates for catastrophic illness are low.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	bb6b0821d8c82c9bc687034450d07442	In this context, the review's recommendations regarding additional funding should mainly be seen as recommending a shift towards more effective, impact-oriented funding and should not necessarily be interpreted as a call for a general funding increase. However, this does not preclude increases in certain areas nor increases in spending for R&D and innovation over time, in line with the Austrian federal government’s R&D intensity target (currently 3.76% over the long term) if considered beneficial. Opportunities also exist to develop a number of virtuous circles in the system. For example, improving universities’ production of excellent research, and their commercialisation capacities, could help to grow the currently weak venture capital sector (because venture capital activity typically follows growth in investable projects), and also help attract and retain human capital. The potential and excellence of Austria’s research community has been impeded - among other factors - by a lack of competitive funding of basic research relative to many leading innovators (e.g. the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland).	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	bb6d757df5522be457acb46cf1800822	Furthermore, a portion of environmental tax revenues can be used to cover monitoring, collection and enforcement costs, and another portion used to drive green transition (GTZ, 2008). Welfare systems are poorly developed and are often implemented through wide-ranging energy or food subsidies, rather than targeted measures. This means that energy price increases due to subsidy reform can have a very significant negative social impact, and that such price increases may hit the poorest hard. Thus, great care must be taken to protect vulnerable people and ensure that environmental taxes complement social development and reduced poverty rates.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2956c59a-en	bb71f9267b2d467b1b5a6b80867c0ee8	Failure to address these challenges will mean key areas of the SDGs will not be monitored from a gender equality perspective. Gender statistics include data collected, analysed and presented by sex and other characteristics as well as data that are not disaggregated by sex but reflect the specific needs, opportunities and contributions made by women and girls in society. Data on violence against women or on assistance of skilled birth attendant at delivery are examples of the latter.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	bb74d16af5810f72a78e09ed76b003a7	Consumer price inflation rose to 10% for the first 10 months of fiscal year 2012 as compared with 8.4% in fiscal year 2011. Food inflation has been higher than overall consumer price inflation. Food inflation was driven by higher cereal prices, unlike in the previous year when the pressure came from higher protein food prices.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	bb78fa821bde812f57826784523794a7	For example, a country with an abundant supply of renewable energy for power should choose to focus on energy efficiency measures in the sectors or at the times where fossil fuel is most needed. In many countries this will mean targeting road transport. The decrease in power generation needed to achieve this target varied by country according to fuel mix; France, for example, relies predominantly on nuclear energy for power generation, and would therefore need to decrease total power generation 22%, compared with 12% in the Netherlands. These policies tend to target unemployment and other impacts of recession. Recessionary responses are best applied within particular sectors and are most usefully targeted when addressing specific surplus capacity.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	bb7a68ca82159a06814952cce76bbec7	Age could also be a contributing factor, as mental illness among Swedish youth has been seen to be on the increase. Younger people tend to be more likely to require psychiatric care (see section 2) and Stockholm has a relatively young population. This age element, however, is not necessarily applicable. Uppsala, for example, also has a young population, but reports psychiatric care costs that are nonetheless in line with the national average (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	bb7ac962af7ffa5c84ffcb0b6d726694	In Hungary, the 2011 Public Education Act expressly legislates the whole-school approach, tasking the ministers responsible for education and environment to develop the Green Kindergarten and the Eco-School programmes across the country. Based on this promotion, it would appear that the number of Green kindergartens has increased to 633 (17.6 per cent of all kindergartens); and approximately 700 schools are now part of the Eco-Schools programme (14.6 per cent of all schools) (Hungary, 2014 informal report). Finland has included ESD plans in its overall ESD strategies and provides schools with models, examples and practical support in drawing up SD plans. Its findings are consistent with comments provided by the member States through their NIRs and informal national reports.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-4-en	bb7b262173d5306fbd7cf1c3db02da77	Value is 3 881% for Ghana, 2 016% for Honduras, 2 624% for South Africa. When I gave the Ramadan Majlis Lecture in Abu Dhabi in August 2015, the crown prince and his cabinet expressed a deep commitment to improve the education system rapidly and profoundly. The country is now on its way to raising the status of education.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264246010-5-en	bb7c3e039b9ebf51feb973ef6c46c92f	It wasn’t unusual for a single national airline to have a monopoly on certain routes. In the decades since, most OECD countries have reformed the rules covering products, services and employment, with the aim of making their economies more dynamic. In the past, wage rises were sometimes negotiated at a national level and there was relatively tighter regulation of how and when companies could let workers go. Today, market forces are generally allowed freer rein.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	bb7dbcf4eaa0ef898579bbbdae7d1f86	Low commodity prices also helped reduce energy import bills and the current account deficit. Meanwhile, the fiscal deficit was estimated at 1.2% of GDP in 2015. Exports should increase amid a gradual economic recovery in Europe. Consumer spending is likely to benefit from a 30% rise in the minimum wage level.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	bb7dcefda7072f5c59eede7f98818edc	Big gender differences persist in mathematics and science. Women are less likely than men to be in managerial positions, but the picture is diverse: the female share of managers in Latin America is higher than the OECD average, while the opposite generally holds for other emerging economies. They are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Mexico, Peru, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Tunisia and Turkey (OECD, 2016a).	5	2	8	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	bb82f25200eafe97d47b24adb398eb22	Depending on the penetration level and the scenario considered, wind and solar technologies allows for a 30-60% reduction of C02 emissions in the short term. This reduction on carbon emissions, however, is not always confirmed in the long term. Introducing renewables into an electricity system whose baseload technology emits C02, such as coal, will definitively reduce the C02 emissions from the electricity sector in both the short and the long term. However, this will not hold when the baseload technology displaced by renewables does not emit C02, as is the case for nuclear energy. In this case instead, the electricity produced by fossil-fuelled technologies tends to increase, and C02 emissions will be generally higher than in the reference scenario without renewables. In other words, nuclear energy is more efficient than variable renewable energy in limiting C02 emissions as it will not induce a shift towards carbon-intensive peak-load technologies.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	bb84c4dda8c5ce65c2709f33d23f4bca	Some provide data annually over a number of years (e.g. Brazil), some overall flows for a period (e.g. Colombia) or multiple periods covering several years (e.g. Indonesia). The transition from monitoring project-level funds to overall finance flows can be challenging. However, this may not be easy in the short term given the varying timeframe of different projects. Parties would need to avoid overlap in the finance reported from one year to the next (to prevent reporting the same amount twice).	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	bb850c2b95dbb78a4eeb37cdef553c3a	Coordination of bioenergy-related R&D activities across federal agencies is achieved through Biomass Research and Development Board (BRDB), rather than the NSTC. The BRDB was mandated by Congress in the Biomass Research and Development Act of 2000 and subsequent legislation. Board members include representatives from the USDA, DOE, Department of Transportation, the OSTP, and other federal agencies.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/0492621a-en	bb8516c0b36f721da125934cf09b14ba	Table 2 summarises the main ongoing projects involving the development of transport corridors in Central Asia. In 2017 the initiative was officially launched at the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing and was incorporated into the Chinese constitution, codifying its position as a primary foreign policy goal of the president. The stated aim of the project is the creation of new infrastructure and the revitalisation and expansion of trade and economic growth across Asia and beyond.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/18a859bf-en	bb86dfc639c9fb03e7e30f6f7fdc42dc	Whether these resources originate and ‘flow’ along the same or parallel channels to development assistance, their ultimate destination will be to support climate action in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication at the country level13. To maximise effectiveness, climate and development action will need to be planned and implemented together, resourced by a mix of climate and sustainable development finance, to deliver benefits for both the planet and people. Financing for sustainable development will play a key role in helping developing countries transition to the low carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable pathways needed to achieve the SDGs.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/98e6a94a-en	bb871f849954a399853666e84dee963a	The Human Capital Index (HCI) is the highest contributing sub-index in all regions while the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (Til) is the lowest. This implies that the major impediments to the further growth of e-government development worldwide are still the lack of infrastructure and the digital divide. Africa has the lowest HCI and Online Service Index (OSI), but its OSI at 0.3630 is relatively close to Oceania's OSI, at 0.3930. While Asia's OSI at 0.6220 is better than the Americas' at 0.6100, it still ranks behind the Americas in terms of EGDI due to Asia's lower HCI and Til rating. According to a recent report by the Economic Commission for Africa, while there is an impressive growth in mobile broadband access across much of the continent, there remains very limited access to fixed broadband.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	bb879ab0d5720cffb4435e94c8625c78	Hence, at least initially, they need technologies that are appropriate to their conditions. In other words, a substantial number of LDC firms and farms can learn and acquire technologies (such as capital equipment, organizational know-how and types of inputs used) from other developing countries, rather than from advanced economies, or can develop and use home-grown technologies. They are generally more labour-intensive, as they are developed in countries that also have surplus labour. They are also more geared towards meeting the basic needs of the large swathes of the population who cannot afford luxury goods and services.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	bb885cc8742a6dd32dfa1788de2d05ea	People could also be exposed to it when their family members are occupationally exposed and carry asbestos fibres home on their clothes. Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and OCP) in air and soil from Ulaanbaatar and the Lake Hovsgol region, Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Chemistry, 12-38-2011 69-77.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	bb88c34460dd071cbc23da685812ebbd	For other commodities, SCTs are below 15% of commodity receipts (and in some cases far below those levels). For milk and sugar, which in the past strongly depended on commodity specific support, SCTs decreased to around 10% of commodity receipts, compared to 40-45% in the mid-1990s, and 50-60% in the late 1980s. As emphasised throughout this report, the period since the late 2000s has been marked by historically high agricultural prices. The declining level of support, in particular market price support, as a result is not only the consequence of changes in the policy settings, but also of rising world prices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	bb8bd7eee5f9de29dd73acbc5b22aefe	Close co-operation among energy producers and the TSO is key to minimise variable renewable integration costs. Power generators and TSOs submit flexible detailed bids (ramp rates, load constraints, start up costs, regulatory preferences, etc.) These advanced markets can also integrate international interconnections and demand-side resources to increase overall efficiency.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/35cfe616-en	bb8e7ac8dad28d4bc06716dadac66f17	This effect has been observed in the past, not only for renewable electricity technologies such as wind and solar PV, but also in other fields such as information technologies.8 Thus, we would expect cost projections for the various renewable technologies to have the usual hyperbolic shape, with unit costs decreasing at a declining rate over time. Technical potential is defined as the total amount of energy (final or primary) that can be produced taking into account the primary resources, the socio-geographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process. Technical potential is defined by natural and climatic factors, land use and land cover limitations, as well as technical limitations. Economic potential and limitations, which are also considered in the study, are not used here. Many recent studies on these issues exist, but no two studies seem to be strictly comparable, due to differences in the scope of renewable technologies considered, the choice of the base year, the factors incorporated in the calculation of costs and the related assumptions concerning interest rates and other economic factors influencing those costs, the number of years for which projected data are available, etc.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	bb8f10332c022dab0cc603117baa08a1	This reflects the importance of “split incentives”, i.e. owner-occupiers are more likely to make such investments than tenants. This is in line with theory and previous research results, as well as the results obtained with respect to energy appliances. However, it is interesting that the effect is present even for relatively small investments related to water efficiency - i.e. water restrictor taps.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	bb9016285a617febe5daab8c814b9134	The programme requires large companies to repay the grants offered if commercial revenues are generated as a direct result of the R&D project supported, at a rate of 3% of the grant value per year on successful projects (smaller firms at a rate of 1.5% a year). Relevant instruments to address these barriers include the following. The European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme implemented in Lithuania, for example, provided micro-loans to women entrepreneurs with favourable conditions for credit provision and repayment. Credit was provided within 1-2 business days for companies with less than 10 employees; no fees were applied on the provision of loans; and clients were able to defer the beginning of credit repayment up to 12 months. One-year tenor loans had to be repaid weekly with an annual interest rate of 15%. The government, generally through a state-owned enterprise or a government agency, acts as an equity investor, taking shares in the targeted business that provides it with some form of ownership.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	bb9299b649b4ac69059809708f1be69c	While total current water use in Myanmar accounts for less than 10% of total water resource availability (ARDC, 2011), irrigated agriculture was the single most important water user in 2003, accounting for over 89% of total water withdrawals, with annual water withdrawals of 28 km3. This supported a sharp increase in the the cropping intensity from 140% in 1995 to 170% in 2008 (UNDP, 2004). More than 75% of the total irrigated area is sown to rice, but vegetables, pulses and sesame are also grown under irrigation (UNDP, 2004).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	bb93a6fb9564e1e373919cef6936ef0d	Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. Section 2 provides an overview of microfinance and its key elements. Next, Sections 3 and 4 examine the specific experiences to date with microfinance in Bangladesh and Nepal and the relationship between these activities and adaptation to climate change. These case studies provide the basis for a more nuanced and concrete discussion of the full range of linkages between microfmance and adaptation in Section 5.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/208cb99e-en	bb95a4ef4a4eda2e7b7e07ae720da564	Percentage contribution of each indicator was also computed. The map below shows the variation in the headcount ratio of those who are multidimensionally poor across the various districts. This shows that while the headline figure is important and informative, sub-group decomposition allows policy to be targeted towards poor regions directly. This shows where poor people are.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	bb96940767cc350271a38c51950f80fd	Issues with eligibility often concerned the identified dwelling, which did not satisfy all the required standards. The total supply of good-quality rental dwellings within the permitted rent brackets might be a constrained. Further support to promote the supply of affordable rental dwellings could be considered.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	bb9a9e08066eee8734c8fa420f38a8d2	Emerging ocean-based industries and activities are characterised by the key role played by cutting-edge science and technology in their operations. They include: offshore w'ind, tidal and wave energy; offshore extraction of oil and gas in deep-sea and other extreme locations; seabed mining for metals and minerals; marine aquaculture; marine biotechnology; ocean monitoring, control and surveillance. Looking further to the future, there are fledgling or, as yet, “unborn” industries which could potentially join this category. Examples are carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the management of ocean scale protected areas.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	bb9ab22843c8323e482da374cb1d5a1c	By investing more in the new technology, very significant water savings can be achieved. However, these large gains are only economical if they are designed in when the plant is built. The remaining uses for water include: ash-handling (25%) and service and potable water (5%), together with a few residual uses. Focusing on water for cooling, turn to Figure 10, taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), which outlines the cooling technologies available to those investing in electric power generation capacity in India today.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	bba276807b0019556c389f038ffc8ddf	Common Objectives specify the knowledge and skills of students that teaching should lead to. However, while the Common Objectives provide descriptions of how objectives can be reached, and while schools have to include learning and achievements targets in their curricula, there is no tight curriculum at the national level. This is intended to help school principals, teachers, parents, students and school boards to better understand the objectives so they can be an active partner in the learning process, and to assist schools and teachers to move towards a more goal-oriented approach to teaching and learning (Houlberg et al.,	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264215696-21-en	bba40f5e904c34003ce765db7e57ab66	The correlations between innovation and equity of learning opportunities are weak (Figure 18.17). In particular, across the whole distribution of innovation scores there are many education systems with poor equity in terms of learning opportunities. This is in noticeable contrast to the reading performance equality measure described above. However, the three most equitable education systems in this regard, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore, are also above average in terms of overall innovation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	bba6fc63959af2742de2bd18ac59513f	When fully implemented, the CNUC could be an important source of information for evaluating effectiveness of protected areas (Prates and Sousa, 2014). Most protected areas, however, do not systematically conduct such monitoring. More than half the managers of Amazonian extractive reserves and sustainable development reserves have reported that they lack the tools to monitor the results of social and environmental development activities. It has monitored coral reefs in marine protected areas since 2002.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	bba7dc5b3d504796f5f5e3bcd3f3f532	The share of climate-related ODA has grown from 4% of total bilateral ODA in 2005 to 19% in 2014 (OECD, 2016b). Research carried out for this report drawing on data for bilateral ODA commitments, finds that it is very difficult to prove or disprove that the increasing volume of climate-related aid is reducing the volumes of aid available for other activities (see Figure 7). Figure 7 also includes ODA for general environmental protection and energy in order to allow for a comparison with sectors that are generally linked with higher shares of climate ODA.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	bbad762c89448dc0d9199679abb12b9b	The question on economic activity status of intimate partners should be consistent with the question on economic activity status developed for respondents (see paras. Measuring substance abuse is a complex undertaking which, for diagnostic and screening purposes, can involve several lengthy test items. For a survey on violence against women, where the purpose is to identify frequency of intoxication, one or two questions that can be easily understood by respondents and for which they have accurate knowledge are sufficient.	5	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	bbae2a4b69f76f38ff7f5668b95ed44e	Prices that are too low or too volatile discourage investment. Volatile prices also discourage consumers, particularly if their demand elasticity is low. It is a challenge to reach optimal investments levels. Liquid markets on the one side and long-term contracts on the other are important factors in providing investors in producer countries with the necessary visibility for investing in adequate capacity for production, storage and transport.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	bbb072c47e541512b157c32aa3238f07	Performance categories should be redefined to provide a more detailed picture of student performance at the lower proficiency levels. To track equity, sample-based assessments should be large enough to monitor outcomes across different population groups and regions. Costa Rica should consider applying the assessment to the school census so that individual schools can benchmark their performance against national standards and similar schools, and the MEP has better data to inform school policies and resource allocation. These changes should be reflected in a framework or policy document that details the puipose. The MEP would benefit from stronger research, analytical and statistical capacity to support strategic planning.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	bbb3d9cb1e91d8f8a00215f21d748f3f	Additionally the cost of evaluating these risks is too onerous for most financial asset buyers. Consequently there is a very small pool of private capital available to invest in this form of energy infrastructure asset. Such projects must generally be financed entirely with equity which is a challenge since the current venture capital and private equity markets are unsuited for high-capital project investing (Firelake Capital, 2012). This is defined as the risk that the system being installed does not work as specified. For existing electric utilities, this risk is mitigated by a hundred years of experience building power plants, and by performance guarantees issued by engineering and construction firms.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	bbb3e5e828b0a61ec07ecbefc0dea26c	For example, the estimated total investment costs necessary to achieve the transport masterplan targets (including road and public transport targets) by 2020 for Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City are about USD 12.7 billion and USD 21 billion respectively (ADB, 2010). Viet Nam is not alone in facing a funding gap when it comes to infrastructure development: according to the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the infrastructure funding gap in developing countries can be estimated to between USD 1 and 1.5 trillion (United Nations, 2015). However, considering the clear resource gap, Viet Nam urgently needs to devise complementary funding strategies. One of these mechanisms, as highlighted above, could be to price against negative externalities of car usage, through congestion and parking charges, and redirect this revenue into public transport infrastructure development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	bbb608c7be0975651a9ae16169a198ff	Reducing non-renewable energy and resource use, reducing waste and pollutants, and reversing land degradation and biodiversity losses would then seem key to greening the economy. Technologies will need to undergo drastic changes so as to become more efficient in the use of energy and other resources and minimize the generation of harmful pollutants. Available from http:// sites.goog le.com/site/ econgeodata/maddison-data-on-population-gdp. According to the more cautious scenario, for CO, equivalent concentrations to be stabilized at 450 parts per million (consistent with the target of stabilizing global warming at a 2° C temperature increase from pre-industrial levels), the use of fossil fuels would need to drop by 80 per cent by mid-century.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	bbbaaaf94c005608d68f67b841942233	"Analisis sectorial enfocado en oportunidades [online] http://www.mejoremosguate.org/cms/content/files/biblioteca/Estrategia_ Forestal_y_muebles.pdf. Analisis de contexto, Jakarta. Propuesta"", Guatemala City. Inversiones y Desarrollo de Centroamerica (1999), ""Diagnostico del cluster forestal"", Guatemala City."	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	bbbcb80a8af9fabe2cec8deb78d703e6	Hence, a single inequality statistic may end up capturing a relatively unimportant average effect of inequality on growth and more complex indicators of the profile of income inequality should be used (for example, ratios of income percentiles on either side of the median, or decile share ratios). See also Deininger and Squire (1998). Cross country correlations are clearly only suggestive of the possible link between inequality and mobility, however, due to the likely biases induced by observed and unobserved country-level confounding factors.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	bbbeb83a6491171bdba3b7133bf62e02	Comprehensive care is provided, including medical treatment, psychiatric evaluation, psychological and social assistance. In Western and Central Europe, cannabis is the most commonly seized drug, accounting for about 80 per cent of all seizures. Cocaine ranks second overall, accounting for more than double the number of reported seizures of amphetamines or heroin.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9efca30c-en	bbc441072178da855a69a9d75f40e2d5	As a start, there is a need to reconcile national laws and make them more regulatory, clear, and implementable, so that possibilities for ad hoc decisions related to child marriage are limited. As one example, unifying the minimum legal age of marriage to correspond with the age at which citizens can vote or obtain a driver’s license would provide a clear standard. There is also a need for strict disciplinary mechanisms to hold perpetrators, including judges and family members, accountable for facilitating child marriages.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	bbc6dd3b18cd8afc6b7a04d7fe42124b	Other providers include universities, w'hich provide courses to teachers seeking career advancement, central government bodies like the Institute of Educational Sciences (IES), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It is also key to further professionalising the teaching role and boosting the prestige and attractiveness of the profession. Only 35% of teachers in Romania reported feeling that their profession is valued by society in the TALIS 2013 survey (OECD, 2014c).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	bbc7bdc941dc41868ed8995fc152d7f4	Stakeholders from all six neighbouring economies have joined the initiative, focusing on market coupling and cross-border balancing at the regional level. Cross-border electricity markets based on the regional co-operation of system operators in terms of capacity calculation and making capacity available to markets will increase efficiency and benefit all consumers. However managing congestion over the interconnectors w hile ensuring the reliability of transmission networks poses considerable challenges.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	bbcb271db4cdc84fe845de6584248e49	The Mobility Project (Initial Vocational Training) has elements that encourage projects to prepare beneficiaries to start their own business. In the past, however, SMEs have not been the direct recipients of much Leonardo da Vinci support. Transfer of Innovation projects granted in the 2007 selection round are aimed at enhancing the lifelong learning process in SMEs and in manufacturing sectors. They are addressed to highly qualified people on the labour market who need to improve their knowledge and skills.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	bbcb2bf26b044975417a64461447802b	Mangos, avocados and papaya are the most important in volume terms. These fruit varieties are mainly absorbed by the domestic market, and they contribute significantly to nutritional needs of rural and urban populations. Production of these fruits appears to have remained fairly stable over the past decade. Little change is expected in avocado production in the period to 2023/24, while papaya and mango will keep their upward trend in the next decade reaching respectively 1.8 Mt and 1.4 Mt. About 10% of mango production is exported, while only very small amounts of the other fruits find their way to foreign markets. It is estimated that about 4 million people10 are directly or indirectly involved in this sector.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	bbcb31c4197faa556ecc10cead09cebe	In the 29 cities included in the Observatory. Vasconcellos and Mendonga (2016) note that 49% of the spaces assigned to collective transport are used by buses, 7.5% by meters and 4.6% by urban trains. Thus, with 12.1 % of the space, clean transport (metro and train) carries 16% of the public system's passengers.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	bbcc7380ccd8ba0c34737e978c929581	Electric rickshaws are also gaining popularity for paratransit in Nepal (figure 4.10). Hanoi has a fleet of electric vehicles available for hire to tour core city area in Hanoi (figure 4.11). Therefore, it is necessary for Governments to simultaneously encourage adoption and boost infrastructure while providing incentives that support, embrace and encourage private investors.	11	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264204256-8-en	bbccf40fded2deabb4813c4413f9bd6e	"This chapter presents an analysis of how both information-processing and generic skills are used in the workplace. In fact, the distributions of skills use for workers at different levels of proficiency overlap substantially. As a result, it is not uncommon that more proficient workers use their skills at work less intensively than less proficient workers do. Over-skilled workers - those with higher skills than required by their jobs - tend to under-use their skills, resulting in a ""waste"" of human capital, while under-skilled workers - those with lower skills than required by their jobs - have to work harder to accomplish their tasks, which could lead to stress and lower job satisfaction, with negative consequences for productivity."	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	bbce431de1459877ff8207192aa0d237	All countries should design and implement special programmes to address the nutritional needs of women of child-bearing age, especially those who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and should give particular attention to the prevention and management of nutritional anaemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Priority should be accorded to improving the nutritional and health status of young women through education and training as part of maternal health and safe motherhood programmes. Adolescent females and males should be provided with information, education and counselling to help them delay early family formation, premature sexual activity and first pregnancy.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	bbce9a3aa6a27ae894dadf24ed9f3b73	In the past, oversized infrastructure generated financial and operational difficulties (see Figure 2.13 below). In certain cases, it would make more economic sense to build a smaller plant than to rehabilitate the existing one. Final Report, OECD, Paris. Operational costs remain high, in part due to inadequacy of oversized infrastructures with declining demand. Tariffs have increased, but remain low in most countries.	6	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	bbd30cf3e889fa0d684b51ef6b617bd3	A few PES schemes have been implemented (e.g. in Rupa Lake) for compensation upstream. Additional sources of sustainable income are being assessed, from protected areas and promoting the culture of corporate environmental responsibility. Ecotourism, PES and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) are listed as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP, in addition to donor support and funds allocated from government. In response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation, the mainstreaming of biodiversity into national economic development plans (Box 23, pg.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	bbd3a8827508557a703c97e3402a5377	As shown by various studies, the greater use of more efficient appliances did not result in a price increase for consumers, as producers were able to adapt and benefit from increased sales (“learning effect”). Programmes oriented toward motor energy efficiency appear to have produced significant and cost-effective results when of sufficient size and having enough resources to attract participation (IEA, 2006). However, none of the programmes introduced were able to reverse or stop the increase in electricity consumption in the domestic appliance sector.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f35d28d-en	bbd3c9a89a2c002a251de1762377f550	Sustainable production techniques can achieve this while maintaining or enhancing the overall profitability of the sector. For capacity building and implementation of best management practices in developing countries, there is a role for funding from the GEF, the World Bank and other funding and development agencies, given the benefits for rural livelihoods. Pollution control Reductions in environmentally harmful subsidies will reduce pollution and yield cost savings, helping to offset the costs of environmental investments. Environmental taxes and charges, tradable permit systems, deposit-refund systems, non-compliance fees and liability payments also offer potential funding sources.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	bbd53e727fed3d6fea5c5d810da7c5cc	"These papers expounded on some underlying research themes which were paramount to create the project conceptual framework, named the “C’s"" framework. An abridged version of these chapters is included in the publication Teachers as Designers of Learning Environments: The Importance of Innovative Pedagogies. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s)."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	bbd55df039bd53b3add62fe4e17551cc	Consumer confidence has remained upbeat, and this is mirrored by the robust retail sales growth. The stabilisation of the rupiah in recent months and the tapering of interest rates in the secondary debt market since September-October 2018 augur well for business operations and for public and private capital spending. Tax cuts for exporters who keep their earnings in the domestic banking system should strengthen external buffers, while the adjustment of the negative list and new rules on tax holidays look positive for investment.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	bbdcbeb9f05d6ad76c50d999002719e7	"The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, recognizes the immense potential of ICTs to ""accelerate human progress"" and specifically refers to the need to ""significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet."" ( United Nations, 2015a). This chapter presents the latest ICT price data collected by ITU and analyses the price and affordability of three key ICT services (mobile-cellular, fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband), benchmarking countries and regions, and highlighting key trends over time. Fixed-broadband services recorded the largest price drop of all ICT services analysed in this chapter from 2008 to 2017, while fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants doubled worldwide (Chart 4.1)."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	bbdd5ca7fbd04b28a6c1a3c96aefe2cf	In the United States, the New Markets Tax Credit is “a non-refundable tax credit intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible, impoverished, low-income communities” (Marples, 2012). Invitations for public participation in policymaking seem to be more widespread than ever, particularly in cities - with traditional town hall meetings but also city' governments’ increasing use of social media and crowdsourcing opportunities, on topics ranging from climate change to urban planning. Such tools for bottom-up engagement may contribute to the emergence of a new participation economy in cities, especially to remedy some sort of democratic deficit in large cities where the distance between policy makers and citizens may erode trust in institutions.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	bbe17621d57634b8265f28d6ac6eeb2a	The 2005 Act Governing the Partnership between the Municipal Syndicates and the Government and Restructuring the Scientific Approach to the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources associates the municipal syndicates with implementing the 2004 Act and creates the Natural Environment Observatory. It defines the conditions for obtaining greenhouse gas emissions permit as well as the emissions surveillance measures to be observed by the establishments concerned. It also creates the fund for financing the Kyoto Mechanisms which, following adoption of the 2006 Act Promoting the Maintenance of Employment and Defining Special Social Security and Environmental Policy Measures is also fed by a portion of the road vehicle tax and an excise surcharge on fuels.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	bbe637362ee4bd5701110676ff8fac9f	"Out of the identified 150 NUPs, 43 (29 per cent) are in Asia and the Pacific region, followed by 38 (26 per cent) in Africa, 32 (21 per cent) in Europe and North America, 19 (13 per cent) in Latin America and the Caribbean and 17 (11 per cent) in the Arab States region (Figure 2.1). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the ""Cyprus issue""."	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264195363-9-en	bbe671fca0c5269ed9ac216475366028	There is a specific need for investment in agriculture’s enabling environment, with investments in roads, ports, power, storage and irrigation systems, as well as in non-agricultural areas such as education (particularly of women), sanitation and clean water supply, and health care. Public and private investments in scientific research and development, technology transfer, and in education, training and advisory services are needed to ensure that successful practices are scaled up. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) can be an effective vehicle for increasing foreign direct investment (FDI).	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	bbe94a2c291b2ef171e4c2ef898523b8	This may explain the apparent high correlation between the share of food expenditure and the proportion of the undernourished population in the region. Furthermore, most efforts to effectively address the underlying causes of vulnerability that regularly threaten the lives of millions in crisis situations have not been successful. Indeed, recurring crises in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel and parts of Asia over the last few decades have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of large-scale emergency interventions to improve regional or local resilience to withstand future shocks and stresses. Panel-type data represent the ideal source (for example, data provided through the living standards measurement study) where they are available.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	bbe97827fb5a13d77206bb0baaf2ba10	An additional ground was that S. 13(2) of the Marriage Act, which requires leave of Court for marriage of one who is aged 14 years, can be too vague and is wanton to arbitrary interpretation. As such, this might result in denial of children of their right to education, which is the cornerstone of the freedom of expression as stipulated in the Constitution. The girls’ Advocate, Mr. Jebra Kambole, citing the Zimbabwean case of Loveness Mudzuru and Another, argued his case ably.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a11581d8-en	bbea19fbcccdfa53e8f710b642cf1c53	New data sources, most notably remote-sensing satellite imagery, are offering exciting opportunities to understand the urban footprint and how it is changing over time. Moreover, “big data” sources, such as cell phone signals, can shed light on people’s mobility in and around cities, which could provide useful information for city planners. Governments need to develop policies and guidelines for the accessibility and use of such new data sources, including safeguards for privacy and confidentiality. Traditional data collection systems on migration, including censuses, surveys and administrative records, should be strengthened.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	bbecf4ba5d419c3d26b59bdcb805db3d	Conversely, when a built environment is dysfunctional for children, it affects everyone's quality of life. Looking at specific needs of children and their caretakers for every age helps to determine both generic and specific solutions for babies, toddlers, young children, adolescents and youth. The scales reflect the social ecological model that children's development specialists use to build strategies to ensure children's rights. The access to appropriate urban services needs to be adjusted accordingly to a childs age, needs and the daily patterns of its caretaker.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	bbf5694e8ff4385c858b81148a1987cf	They can also be used to communicate - both domestically and internationally - national priorities and needs for finance and action. If this is the case, it would be useful to explore which elements of the INDCs (or NDCs) of the EECCA countries could be further improved and how. Landscape of climate-related development finance at the regional level in 2013 and 2014; this chapter analyses the current state of play of climate-related development finance that was committed to the EECCA countries in 2013 and 2014 by bilateral and multilateral sources.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7e830810-en	bbf735fba52ccfe06041c2078d2eed6e	Any costs for policy capacity-building in benchmarking and developing indicators to measure the effects of energy-efficiency policies, such as industrial plant energy auditing and monitoring, reporting, verification and evaluation, also need to be factored in. The UNIDO (2011) industrial energy-efficiency policy database developed for this report documents 21 industrial energy-efficiency policy mechanisms in 37 developing economies (see Annex 14). The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Energy-efficiency Database details some 170 policies and measures introduced locally, regionally and nationally in 32 countries and the European Union (IEA 2008c).	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	bbf80598e7226f5c468182239853a9bb	It should be gathered from the published literature, including grey literature according to IPBES guidelines. The amount of primary research that should be analysed has to be judged case by case, and depends on available resources, and the hierarchy of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, traditional literature reviews, and primary publications. Whether the source is trustworthy regarding reviews and synthesis, or if there is a need to compile the information from primary publications should also be determined.	15	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	bc019e33ce88693897166522410a0758	Recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Porter et al., This will have great consequences on the national and local economy, especially in SSA, South Asia (SA), and Southeast Asia (SEA), where agriculture constitute the backbone of the economy, thus not only affecting the livelihoods and food security level of millions of people, but also economic security and development. These challenges necessitate urgent adaptation actions in the agricultural sector to meet future demand and changed conditions. Meanwhile, agriculture is not only impacted by climate change, but is also an important driver of climate change.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ea26e442-en	bc028535112c3488cac67fecc0be62b4	They provide help through medical examinations and counselling, emergency treatment in case of acute illness, referral to specialized physicians if necessary, care during pregnancy and delivery, and referral to services for social and legal counselling. Anonymity is assured to all beneficiaries, who often fear to seek help from an ordinary doctor's practice or hospital. Both health professionals and administrative staff work voluntarily, without any remuneration.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/059ce467-en	bc0390829e66912e313b12b35108262f	Due to this variation in past teaching experience, some participants can have their home country certifications validated through the fast track programme while others will have to enrol in a bridging programme (ULV - see below for more details) (Hajer and Economou, 2017(152]). As classroom routines and traditions, including individual versus group work and teacher-student interactions, can differ between countries, it is important to educate future Swedish teachers about student-centred learning (Hajer and Economou, 2017(135]). Between February 2016 and 2018, 1 304 people (62% female, 38% male) have participated or are participating in the programme. Promoted as a supplementary education for people with teaching certifications outside of Sweden, the aim is to retain as many migrant teachers in the teaching profession and allow them to start teaching as soon as possible.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	bc07afc8c67c8b2a13a9212b4374f6f0	This suggests that there is scope to raise more tax revenues to meet growing public spending needs in education and health. To change this, the government has introduced a tax reform aimed at increasing general government revenues by 3 percentage points of GDP over the period 2015-2018 (Box 2). The tax reform will reduce inequality as more than 75 % of revenue increase will come from higher taxes on the top 1% (World Bank, 2015), eliminating tax expenditures and fighting tax evasion and avoidance. In practice, evasion and avoidance by the top income earners is a significant contributor to the low impact of income taxes (Fairfield and Jorrat, 2014).	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	bc0a5d29240fbbc07992f92393d1e0ca	In fact, a well-run system requires adequate primary, secondary and tertiary reserves (the different reserve levels refer to the different time frames at which operators need to inject or withdraw load into or from the system in order to balance electricity demand at all times). In addition, good control strategies are required. For electricity this means constant frequency and voltage controls and for natural gas constant pressure and flow-rate control. While not very glamorous, equally vital are well designed maintenance strategies, encompassing preventive, predictive and corrective interventions, including the scheduling and coordination of planned outages. While indeed the adequacy and competent management of power transport systems are essential for ensuring the security of power supplies, they should, in principle, not be an issue for policy making. Remaining interruptions would then be due to bad luck, incompetence or extreme weather events, none of which is very responsive to policy changes.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	bc0c129def90a6d294e820bd07a2d47c	Better scientific information will also strengthen the basis for assessing the economic value of ecosystem services. Information about the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services, nationally and globally, should be better researched and communicated so as to strengthen political and public support for biodiversity and development policies. The integration of biodiversity into the 2010-14 PND and the adoption of a National Policy for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in 2012 are important steps in establishing a more effective framework. The public budget for biodiversity has also been significantly increased in recent years.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	bc0cc7539e5eaac4e29248461509bd1a	Synthesis of the content of the national policies proposing national accreditation standards for the programmes and compulsory training cont'd. This is carried out, on the one hand, in the form of education by traditional software programmes and, on the other hand, by the use of digital learning environments (eLearning platforms) and Web 2.0 software. The project “New Secondaiy Schools” promotes pedagogical concepts of self-directed learning.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	bc0f7edb1b75afe5da148b8b3220314f	"Thus, Gaini states that young Faroese adults, especially young adults from small villages, often make a rational economic decision when choosing to work within the fishing industry; whether in the form of a spare time job or a holiday job. Young adults traditionally take a job after school; this may be a regular employment or they might just help out in the family business (Gaini 2005: 18). Gaini emphasises that the concept of ""youth” is fairly new in the Faroe Islands: previously, young boys in particular would start working with their father's and/or uncles as early as from the age of 12-13, thus, they would go straight from childhood to adulthood (Gaini 2006: 46)."	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	bc111077debeb960bd0f35a402a342ab	Out of 223 river water bodies on the Tisza River and its tributaries, 75 were designated as heavily modified (75 with final status, 4 with provisional status and 2 have unknown status) representing 34% of the total river water bodies. In the Ukrainian part, a large part of the landfills for solid municipal waste have exceeded their design capacity. Flood events, including the floods in August 2002, highlighted the problem of inundation of landfills, dump sites and storage facilities where harmful substances are deposited.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	bc1749ddca3ba068a067b50503471bac	First, while the case is strong for supporting gender parity in outcomes, other interventions that directly tackle gender discrimination in social institutions are critical for economic development. While discussing specific policy options goes beyond the scope of this paper, the SIGI 2014 report (OECD, 2014b) provides examples of how social institutions can be transformed through gender-responsive and gender-transformative policies and interventions. Second, as discriminatory social institutions seem to represent an additional growth bottleneck for low-income countries, unlocking this growth potential could be particularly beneficial for the world's least developed countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3f10390a-en	bc1b9b30c220200a1b42123803ad6b42	It should be pointed out that this is not the only way of exploring this relationship, but it was selected as being the only question available in the Latinobarometro investigation that allows this association to be approached directly.17 It should also be considered that, in intrinsic terms.18 subjects’ assessment of their own satisfaction with their work is necessarily a measure of how far they perceive it to be falling short of some threshold of comparison (which may be absolute or relative). One of the risks to the reliability of measures of this kind is that expectations may adapt (declining intensity of response to a reiterated stimulus or “treatment”). If this risk materializes, subjects with veiy different jobs will present similar levels of satisfaction with their work. Thus, satisfaction with work is greatest among professionals and mid- and high-ranking executives and lowest among farmers and fishermen.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	bc1cbad4041d4cd1fac09c6d75c003a3	However, not all forms of renewable policy create the same system effects and economic distortions. This section takes a look at the different existing regulatory frameworks for promoting renewable energies and their impact on the working and outcome of electricity markets. Despite the benefits of a more unified European support scheme that would mitigate market distortions in and across countries currently a host of national regulatory frameworks prevail (see Table 5.1 and IEA, 2008). As certain technologies such as wind achieve higher levels of maturity, certain support schemes such as feed-in tariffs become less suitable. There is also a link between overall market design and renewable support schemes.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	bc1d360427b37dc0015a8778e8ae6054	These ministries and the activities they undertake need to be co-ordinated at the national level to minimise duplication and ensure co-ordinated action in reducing fossil fuel dependency, increasing access to energy, increasing clean energy and reducing GHG emissions. While the revised IPESP and FAESP recognise the need to strengthen co-ordination in the energy sector, progress has been slow. There is a need to raise the awareness of all stakeholders on the benefits of moving to a clean energy supply system based on energy conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	bc1fcbb1ff0c51ae4b727047f50da150	Self-appraisal may take the form of a self-reflection journal or the compilation of a longer-term leadership portfolio. When compiling a portfolio, school leaders typically collect evidence to demonstrate progress towards pre-defined objectives. Evidence may include, among others, parent newsletters, staff meeting notes, photographs of classroom activities and records of dropout rates (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008).	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/6856f240-en	bc201d7578815d6182060e8ad676f0cb	An important driver is the EU Neighbourhood Policy, under which Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia signed agreements committing themselves to bring new environmental laws closer to EU legislation and to cooperate with neighbouring countries regarding transboundary water management. It refers to, among others, development of water basin management plans, introduced since 2005, and to an intersectoral advisory body. In Georgia, water resources are managed according to principles of territorial administration (regional units) and river basin-based management is not applied. A new water law — as a basis for reforming the 1997 water resources management system — is being drafted and will include principles of basin management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	bc2349ba87818c05634356e7d8e1f57a	Toutefois, les prix du ble ayant beneficie ces demieres annees d’un soutien qui les hisse au-dessus des cours mondiaux, les eleveurs sont confrontes a des couts d’alimentation animale superieurs a ce qu’ils devraient etre. Dans les economies emergentes comme le Kazakhstan, les ecarts entre prix interieurs et prix internationaux resultent, non seulement de facteurs lies a la politique agricole, mais aussi de lacunes dans les infrastructures materielles, de deficits d’information et d’une faiblesse des institutions de marche. Ce constat vaut particulierement pour les marches des productions vegetales ou les deficits ou les excedents temporaires lies a des conditions meteorologiques defavorables provoquent des reactions tres marquees des prix interieurs, auxquelles il n’est remedie qu’avec retard. De plus, certains produits sont peu integres aux marches car leurs principaux producteurs sont des menages ruraux (pour ce qui est du lait et de la viande, par exemple).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	bc238585f5f5601cbbe3818994671818	The average withdrawal from FGTS is about three to four times as high as one monthly payment of SD. The total value of income support available under SD, e.g. five monthly payments, is about 1.7 times as large as that of the average FGTS withdrawal (see Hijzen, 2011, for further details). It can have adverse consequences for the level of unemployment and employment, the perceived level of worker security and labour market segmentation. Indeed, most previous cross-country studies for developed countries find no significant impact of employment protection on the level on employment or unemployment (Boeri and Van Ours, 2008, for an overview), while its impact on employment in developing countries tends to be negative (Botero et al.,	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	bc254550e3c2f9dec71d83a4b3d008be	"In MFA, the term ""materials"" is often used in a broad sense, so as to encompass all material-related flows arising at all stages of the material cycle. It refers to both materials and products derived from natural resources that are used as inputs into human activities, as well as residuals (such as waste or pollutant emissions) arising from their extraction and use, and ecosystem inputs (such as nutrients, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) required for their extraction and use. Here the focus is on “material resources” that designate the usable materials or substances (raw materials, energy) produced from natural resources."	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	bc25e5564ba7e571bcd8b219c6de4600	Jamaican law permits only manual eradication. Eradication of cannabis increased in 2014, with the destruction of 588 ha, compared with 247 ha in 2013. In the Dominican Republic, the cannabis cultivated is mainly for local consumption, and seizures are concentrated in the northwestern and south-western provinces that border Haiti.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	bc263e1bb105f7fb125752063b78b1f4	For partnered men, this figure is roughly twice as high. Countries where women’s participation in the labour market is high - or where the gender pay gap is limited - tend to have more equal results. Shorter working careers and constrained career and earnings profiles, relative to men, help explain why on average women’s pensions are of smaller value than men’s. Figure 13.4 shows that among pension recipients in 2013/14 the gender pension gap was less than 10% only in Estonia, Denmark and the Slovak Republic.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	bc26e4ffa6111450e17edfaed2211af7	Furthermore, the negative impacts of climate change make it imperative for CDDCs to adopt adaptation measures in both commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, many CDDCs lack the technical and financial capacities to design and implement such measures. Although the Paris Agreement does not make an explicit reference to CDDCs as a group, it alludes to their special circumstance in Article 4.15, where it requires Parties to “take into consideration in the implementation of this Agreement the concerns of Parties with economies most affected by the impacts of response measures, particularly developing country Parties.”	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	bc291e70e1f4d574bf99fccbf9edc789	Structured interviews were conducted in which the risk management tool was basically applied as a questionnaire; moving through it point by point with the interviewee. Each distribution company was represented by a representative of the senior management with responsibility for making decisions for new investments and operation and maintenance strategies. In addition to the two distribution companies, the Danish Energy Association, the umbrella organisation for Danish grid companies, was consulted for input on the risk assessment framework and climate risks facing the grid companies (James-Smith, 2010). These were supplied to the distribution companies during the interviews as distribution companies do not generally develop climate scenarios of their own.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	bc30908c522845cd4b161357a925deef	Maintaining the current high share of coal-fired power generation also in the future would cause drastic increases in India's C02 emissions. The Indian projections of the GDP level in 2050 are more than twice as high as the IEA projections. For the 2030-50 period, the difference in projected growth rates increases to 2.5 percentage points (5.8% for CEA and about 3.3% for IEA).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	bc31187aa909d0558fe21dcc235f7110	They can help students live and work in a world in which most people need to appreciate a range of ideas, perspectives and values and to collaborate with people of different cultural origins, a world in which people need to decide how to trust and collaborate across such differences, often bridging space and time through technology, and a world in which their lives will be affected by issues that transcend national boundaries. Effective communication and appropriate behaviour within diverse teams are also keys to success in many jobs and will remain so as technology continues to make it easier for people to connect across the globe. Employers increasingly seek to attract learners who adapt easily and are able to apply and transfer their skills and knowledge to new contexts. Work readiness in an interconnected world requires young people to understand the complex dynamics of globalisation and be open to people from different cultural backgrounds.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	bc312b01a742a2733848bac9e3ec4691	Unfortunately, the results of this survey were not available in time for the publication of this report. Individuals working for their own consumption were not included (IPEA, 2012). When only out-of-school youth are considered, the informality rates of youth and adults in Brazil are very similar (Quintini and Martin, 2013).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	bc3199457cc274513b06607bcc3b6ca2	Other vessel classes may receive capacity-enhancing subsidies if targeted stocks are not overfished and are well managed by international standards and if a management plan for the subsidised fleet is presented to the WTO Secretariat demonstrating that subsidies will not contribute to overfishing. Finally, the EU wants all WTO members to notify the WTO on any subsidies directly or indirectly supporting marine fishing activity. Like the EU, the ACP group calls for prohibition of subsidies to IUU fishing and fishing vessels/activities affecting overfished stocks.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	bc39ac29e27262bc640d855c7162f63d	This decentralisation hindered patient mobility between regions because of complicated bureaucratic procedures and resulted in many cases of abuse and corruption due to an underdeveloped system of control (European Commission, 2010). The National Health Fund (NFZ) was created in 2003 through the merger of the Sickness Funds. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom tend to share similar characteristics (OECD, 2010a).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5eb49706-en	bc3a0f3cd6ebb11448d375915f171350	Tourism pressures must also be factored in, particularly as this is a priority sector for investment in the country. Morocco’s Tourism Strategy has set a target of 20 million visitors per year, with a projected corresponding increase in tourism infrastructure, to upgrade capacity by 200,000 new beds. For the 87 species identified as meeting these criteria, key threats (as listed and described on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) are indicated in table 9.5. For example, in the case of Moroccan amphibians, the most pervasive threats have been found to be habitat loss (related mainly to changing agricultural practices and groundwater extraction) and degradation, affecting 100 per cent of threatened species and 69 per cent of all species.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	bc3a1a5677673b6a757c319cc61f417f	In addition, USAID and UNFPA provide pills and injectables and GFATM condoms for social marketing efforts (UNFPA, 2007; 2007a). There are concerns that the purchase of Western-manufactured brands, such as those procured with KfW funding, is unsustainable because, as is shown in table 5, the gap in resources will increase once donors gradually phase out, and it is suggested that donor agencies rather procure cheaper reliable generic contraceptives (Hall and Chhuong, 2006:4; UNFPA, 2007). More sustainable strategies are also needed for Lao People's Democratic Republic and Timor-Leste, where contraceptive services are fully dependent on international aid.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	bc3dd93d389185dccbef3a9f27d5f049	A critical scrutiny of the suitability, effectiveness and efficiency of the resourcing model depends on the availability of systematic knowledge of how well Danish schools work and for whom. The basic question addressed in this chapter is whether there is enough knowledge available to guide policy at a school, local and system level regarding the use of resources and the outcomes for different schools and student groups. The chapterfirst describes how educational goals are set and how goal achievement is being measured and reported. It then analyses how the use of resources in the pursuit of these educational goals is being governed, managed and evaluated.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/d6a81156-en	bc434c6a5f16cb7ca2db8a161f13a7c2	To promote teaching as a career, in particular for top-performing students, job quality matters at least as much as pay. Transforming the work organisation of schools, involving teachers in school decision making, enhancing their leadership responsibilities and promoting teaching as a demanding, but fulfilling, profession are promising policy levers.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	bc4419c531675589b904391ad891f357	Identifying if adaptation is “adequate” would therefore conflate climate and non-climate factors. For example, if a country’s INDC is to develop a strategy that integrates adaptation into broader sectoral plans, a measure of effectiveness could be whether an integrated plan is established (however, adaptive capacity and resilience will only be affected if the plan is implemented). Further, adaptation actions are often integrated into broader plans, and it is difficult to assess the “effectiveness” of a multi-pronged action. Moreover, many countries have yet to develop an M&E system for adaptation.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	bc44ee40d4fcfbfffbba3f36acac8932	"Section C discusses why gender equality in employment is an essential aspect and measure of inclusive growth. It then goes on to discuss analytical frameworks for evaluating gender in labour markets, combining perspectives on the dynamics of gender stratification and intcrgroup inequality with analyses of how labour markets are structurally segmented into so-called ""good” jobs and ""bad” jobs.1 It highlights that in the context of the growing scarcity’ of high-quality’ work, gender is one of the ways in which economic opportunity and security are rationed. Section D presents an empirical analysis, focusing on the period since the early 1990s when systematic, gender-disaggregated data on employment by sector became available for developing countries. It aigues that women's access to industrial sector jobs relative to that of men can proxy for their relative access to ""good” jobs."	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	bc46531a42952d19c5d9f52943b496f4	In some cases, this reduction even leads shared taxis to be cheaper than current public transport. Finally, the work tests the impact of a change in the market structure regarding the dispatcher of shared mobility systems. Specifically, having three centralised dispatchers and no interaction between shared taxis and taxi-buses causes a 15% drop in the performance of shared mobility services.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/3726edff-en	bc4684b9a7d165f4dc630818e93552e1	Considering that non-concessional finance mainly consists of development loans that do not qualify as ODA, the recipients of non-concessional finance are mainly countries with acceptable credit rating and borrowing capacity. Most non-concessional finance to STI are allocated to upper-middle income countries in the Americas and in Asia, in particular Argentina. Brazil, People’s Republic of China, India, and Mexico. The largest providers of non-concessional finance to STI are the Asian Development Bank, EU institutions (incl.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264248908-5-en	bc46863ce74343aba20bf172fb225b8c	Maternal mortality rates remain unacceptably high, however, at 71.2 for each 100 000 live births - ten times higher than OECD average of around seven deaths per 100 000 live births. Both maternal and infant mortality rates are higher in rural areas and in minority ethnic groups - but they are nevertheless decreasing, largely due to improvements in sanitation. At the same time, fertility rates have been falling.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	bc474e1a3c3a059bfd411687ae36bd9b	Thus, in the high road supply regime, higher output and female labour force participation are associated with a higher profit share. But both women and men contribute time and money to social reproduction, either directly or indirectly through taxes and charitable contributions. How they split these responsibilities is correlated with whether the high or low road regime prevails.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	bc475b4ea96ca6a4e3a0abd8a2831cdf	The “Ecotechnologies” Action Plan of January 2009 has both economic and environmental objectives, and is intended to encourage new activities and the use of green technologies in industry (Box 5.2). The government has adopted two sets of support measures (in December 2008 and March 2009) amounting to 3.4% of GDP. The special parliamentary committee on the economic and financial crisis has recommended that the government promote qualitative, balanced and sustainable growth based at once on economic progress and on respect for ecological constraints and social aspirations.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	bc4770e4e0b0959c737907e46088fbcb	Furthermore, until recently women’s pensionable age was lower than that of men in many pension systems across the OECD. Pension reform means that pensionable ages in future are projected to be the same for men and women in all OECD countries, except for Chile, Poland, Israel and Switzerland (OECD, 2015). Pensions” include public pensions, private pensions, survivor’s benefits and disability benefits. The gender gap in pensions is calculated for people aged 65 and older only.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	bc48933dbaa07eda9ed125ef1dc14860	As such, efforts to improve information on financial flows for climate change generally take place within broader efforts to improve domestic budget and expenditure processes, and are connected to overarching development and other strategic priorities. A reporting framework under the UNFCCC that is disconnected from national efforts to improve this information for national purposes may be counterproductive. Once in place, international reporting of this information will need to account for the varying approaches to classifying climate-relevant activities that are used in different countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	bc4968b5e3ae6477460efbd7137d7985	Cooperation was originally mostly focused on hydrological data exchange. The recent signature in 2011 of an agreement on the protection of the water quality of transboundary rivers marks a positive development and the expansion of the cooperation. During the hydrological observation history, natural fluctuation has also resulted in water scarce periods (e.g. the 1990s).42 Nevertheless, the withdrawals importantly affect the level of Lake Balkhash.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	bc4b6b7eaf6d86d8963389459366fb52	Used well, aid can generate large payoffs in terms of reducing poverty, meeting basic needs, and helping nations build human and institutional capacity. While aid has eradicated diseases, prevented famines, and done many other good things, its effects on growth are often difficult to establish given the limited data that is available. Arndt et al (2010) found that it was reasonable to assume that aid equivalent to 1% of a country's gross domestic product raised that country's economic growth by an average of 0.1% per year during the period 1970-2000.	9	6	1	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	bc4c1d45cf7bd97e65620d7ef118026a	This has been accompanied by a rise in mobile broadband coverage from less than ten per cent of the population in 2010 to over half in 2016 (Figure 2.4, right). The rollout of 3G services by the national operator, Econet Telecom Lesotho (ETL) and South African based Vodacom has also provided impetus for nationwide signal coverage which boosted usage. Mobile broadband penetration stood at 37% in 201624. Vodacom was the first operator to introduce mobile broadband services in the country, based on HSPA technology.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	bc4c34c6a1787397819640a12ad81835	The third component presents the steps for the implementation of the strategy. These include 1) adopting national and regional policies to allow for a larger contribution of renewable sources in electricity generation; 2) exchanging expertise and good practices in the region; 3) strengthening international and regional co-operation through forums such as the Electricity Regulators Forum and; 4) involving the domestic private sector in the development of renewable energy technologies. The process is monitored by an Experts Committee for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, which operates under the umbrella of the Arab Ministerial Council for Electricity.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	bc4cde110e8ef1cae3d509f008dd1a6d	The Law relates mainly to the protection and use of surface inland waters, rather than the regulation of groundwater and coastal waters.2 Most of the provisions of the Water Law have a questionable legal validity, and subsequent legislation has not been fully consistent with it (UNECE, 2016). According to the Tax Code, charges for environmental pollution, including water pollution charges (introduced in 1993), were abolished. The Law on Licences and Permits radically reduced the number of activities that w'ere classified as environmentally sensitive and in need of special environmental permit to be issued by the environmental authorities.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	bc4f4d38d1ebd37ebd1d1e74eb13c31a	However, there is only intermediate success in addressing air pollution or improving energy access for the poor, along with other factors that reduce vulnerability to climate and other global changes (Edenhofer et al., For illustrative purposes, an Alternative SSP scenario that uses different assumptions about population and GDP growth - the standardised scenario SSP3 - is also analysed in this report. This scenario is characterised by slow growth in the rich countries, little convergence in incomes across countries and rapid population growth.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	bc523db71383cb8b078a6b69c51567bb	Table 3 illustrates the size of the underreporting bias, by displaying the rates of hazardous drinkers before and after correction in 10 OECD countries. These estimates corroborate Canadian findings showing that the proportion of adults drinking above 40 grams of pure alcohol daily increases from 5% to 20% after correction in men and from 1% to 6% in women (Shield and Rehm, 2012). This permits to limit smearing data with other sources of bias.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	bc52be8cb47b8372359868395e91a945	A key breakthrough was the production of selective coatings which would absorb more sunlight. Driven by United States Federal and State subsidies and expectations of high future energy prices, the solar water heater industry boomed from the late 1970s and a $1 billion industry was created. In the 1980s, there was rampant abuse of generous subsidies (subsidy harvesting) which resulted in poorly installed systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	bc57c29e672f6e676186326b37c1a4bd	These challenges vary widely, and depend largely on the size of the company as well as the context within which it operates. The scale and extent of private sector involvement in and support for the Paris Agreement is a recent illustration of this. The Global Commission on Business and Sustainable Development, headed by Unilever, highlights why companies need to engage in delivering the SDGs: economic benefits from new markets and innovation, risks to business performance and stability, and the necessity to work closer with the government and other stakeholders in the future (Business and Sustainable Development Commission, n.d.). In a well-publicised speech before COP 21, the Governor of the Bank of England identified three categories of risks to financial stability from climate change: physical risks, liability risks and transitions risks. Physical risks are risks to companies and insurance providers from damages to property (e.g. companies in vulnerable areas) and disruption to trade (e.g. non-resilient value chains).	13	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	bc5a37a016a498dcd58e1fcef280f70f	Similarly, in Clermont-Ferrand the main objective for the different levels of spatial planning is to form a stronger agglomeration that can restart economic growth in the face of a slowdown in key industries and the potential negative effects of losing the status of being an independent region. However, in a market economy, it is more difficult to ensure that land uses specified in the spatial plan actually occur. For example, while spatial plans may seek to keep specific parcels of land in farming, if returns from farming are too low, the land will simply be abandoned. This asymmetry points to a crucial challenge for spatial planning: blocking specific undesirable land uses is far easier than achieving desired land uses.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	bc61db1799f892d1f6ccc69f9ce3dde4	Many other examples are emerging around alternative and solidarity economies, food and land, water and energy. Networking and alliance-building provides routes through which the everyday actions and knowledge of women and men around work, industry, land, food, water, energy and climate in diverse places can begin to scale up with appropriate state support. As a core criterion, policies, programmes and investments in the name of sustainable development should be assessed against compliance with human rights standards and their ability to enhance the capabilities of women and girls.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	bc67a70b3ea082989ef9e8a561c34647	Young people moreover typically lack the financial cushion in the form of savings or benefit entitlements to cope with temporary spells of low income or unemployment. Periods out of employment or education can moreover have negative long-term consequences by giving rise to potentially ‘scarring’ effects, i.e. by permanently reducing a young person’s future employment and earnings potential. Since the beginning of the crisis, the share of highly-educated youth among NEETs has, however, risen in nearly all countries, sometimes substantially: over +7 percentage points in Greece, Mexico and the Slovak Republic, +6 percentage points in the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bc6869cbbf3ce9c1e5488db7a804a231	Three quarters of patents invented in Penang are owned by foreign organisations. This is in fact an understatement of the extent of foreign ownership of Penang’s patents, since some MNCs extend ownership of patents to the local subsidiary where the technology was invented rather than to the corporation’s headquarters. Thus almost half of Penang-invented locally assigned patents are actually owned by German company Osram Opto Semiconductors and the Japanese Nikko Group. The proportion of locally invented patents that are owned by domestic entities is low compared to Singapore, where half of Singapore-invented patents are owned by Singaporean organisations.	4	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	bc6882983a7a6c32537d22b585262ca6	Its role will be even more important in the coming decades when flood events could be more frequent and severe. The relative role of agricultural land in flood mitigation and fioodplains varies a great deal across the five countries. In all, however, agricultural land areas are to varying degrees already included in the framework of general risk prevention policies against floods, with the underlying philosophy of an integrated flood risk management approach at the relevant scale, i.e. the water basin.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	bc695e42f8f13d587c365172fe083978	"Strategic timing of preventive interventions, including the provision of age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education and steps to enable girls to attend and remain in school, allows for positive outcomes before the circumstances of young adolescents’ lives are set. At school they do not accept girls wh0 become pregnant."" Researchers and policymakers should join forces to fill this data void to ensure very young adolescents are not overlooked by or excluded from services and to ensure their rights are protected."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5830c400-en	bc6a51043430927367bff65105f5d789	An international workshop was held in Bern (Switzerland) on 28 April 2016. During the w'orkshop a discussion paper presented the initial analytical work, representatives from various OECD countries shared their policy experience in the area and participants observed a mock examination in the field of property management, as an illustration of how assessment methods are used in practice. The OECD team conducted study visits to Germany and Switzerland to conduct further interviews with stakeholders involved in the skill recognition processes.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	bc6b6a7b98c6e813dcf9264b6aded7b1	The land-use governance agenda is therefore an important area for further work in light of the OECD’s Green Growth Strategy. Worldwide investment in renewables increased more than tenfold between 2002 and 2010, reaching USD 240 billion (Ernst and Young, 2011). This surge in global investment is strongly supported by public policies aimed at stimulating the development of renewable energy sources.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	bc6ca15649420d868afcb88bfc232f4c	The committee will also support accommodation in places and facilities which are certified to that effect. The same year, in order to implement tire agreements and protocols, tire Lebanese Ministry of Justice launched a project including various procedures to prevent human trafficking in Lebanon and to fight this phenomenon, with technical support provided by the United Nations Office on Drags and Crime (UNODP). The project mainly aims to develop mechanisms to support the penal code in the area of human trafficking.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	bc6f9d6cefaa1cafeb633b43a03059db	They have to continue to perform tasks such as cooking, washing clothes and caring for children as well as spending more hours on farm work or other jobs. In Bosnia, Cambodia and Guatemala the workload of women drastically increased in the aftermath of mass crimes. Many children lose their parents during mass crimes; others are separated from their families during conflict and forced migration.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	bc71f47ea12ea4fb53cb55c8beaa75a1	Poverty and living standards of children since the early 1970s. The use of common baseline for countries makes it possible to consider convergence or divergence of living standards between countries. The selection of the reference poverty baseline is necessarily arbitrary, but following (Scruggs and Allan, 2006[i6]), the poverty line prevailing in the United States in 1974 (adjusted for price inflation) was taken as a pre-oil shock benchmark to measure absolute progress in the living standards of low-income families.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	bc72b59cd900ce89b65c44d72dbbdb5a	Some models have been developed to address uncertainties from the outset, whereas others are modified later to allow for probabilistic analysis. Finally, adaptive analyses (also known as sequential decision-making under uncertainty) denote probabilistic applications of optimizing models that allow for future learning about key scientific or policy uncertainties. Note that the term “adaptive” in this context is not related to “adaptation to climate change”.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	bc72e2462032fa8ad0624884ca0e395a	The documents were often prepared quickly, without a thorough and robust analysis by all relevant government officials, experts and other stakeholders within the country. This rushed process often undermines the translation of objectives into specific and time-bound targets; the creation of realistic financing and implementation strategies for their achievement; and the ability to design and implement investment projects that can bring actual results on the ground. Good capacity building requires the continuous involvement of government officials in the process of developing climate-related national and financing strategies and related regulations.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264169425-6-en	bc73dcc254d97fbb1ff485ad97c86509	If low-skilled employees are not exposed to the same range of skill development methods to which high-skilled employees have access, this can affect labour mobility through skill occupations. More detailed analysis of the TSME survey is provided in the associated document OECD (2010). For example the Cedefop survey that was the subject of the previous chapter does not include microfirms within their survey sample.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	bc78e684406b36584d8b8b5cfdb81488	The frequency and intensity of school-based professional development opportunities in Kazakhstan seems to be significant. School-based teacher professional development enables the improvement of teaching practices in view of meeting the school’s needs. Teachers are aware of the learning goals pursued by their colleagues and potential areas for collaboration (through joint work in methodological associations), and such joint efforts can contribute to establishing professional learning communities in schools. Teachers must develop competencies to work as a group, adding to the social asset of schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	bc7bf555480efbfbfba082795467870f	"The strengths of this model are that 1) it is based on utility maximisation, 2) it gives a first-order approximation to any demand system, and 3) by means of restrictions on parameters, it embodies and can test ideal properties of demand such as homogeneity of degree zero in prices and symmetry of reactions to price changes across commodities. The parameters a*, Yij> and Pi are, respectively, the share-specific constant, price effect and expenditure (or income)"" effect. The more familiar properties of demand functions (price and income elasticities) are functions of these share parameters and other data."	2	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	bc7f25b3da32e7662753881fa508729e	The progress achieved in these areas, though modest in certain countries in the region, would certainly contribute to achieving the dual aim of a ‘flexicurity’ strategy. As understood by the Council of Europe, social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of all its members, minimising disparities and avoiding polarisation. A cohesive society is a mutually supportive community of free individuals pursuing these common goals by democratic means. All societies have to live with the strains and stresses caused by divisions and potential divisions.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	bc7ff215aa53c5af93022f09c8fe8b3b	It signals an important change in emphasis: from extensive development based on quantity to one focused on quality and efficiency improvement. It also identifies a changing role for the government: from service provider to facilitator. Based on the perspective that sector restructuring should be in line with the overall national process of adopting the market mechanism and guaranteeing fundamental benefits for farmers and consumers, the state will play a supportive role in order to enable a favourable environment for the activities of social and economic sectors from central to local levels, promote public-private partnerships (PPP) and co-management mechanisms, and enhance the role of community organisations (FAO, 2013).	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	bc82e2f6dbc266e41ecbecb5880ed3a4	In South-East Asia, the ASEAN Power Grid project as well as the ADB-backed interconnection projects under the Greater Mekong Subregion programme promotes electricity trade and is complementary to the Asian Energy Highway. The programme notably connects China to South-East Asia. In addition, ASEAN initiated the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline to enhance natural gas trade. Inter-subregional cooperation also exists, particularly between South Asia and Central Asia.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	bc848ee4835185b4f49a77fbcc1e0edc	In July 2008, the Swedish government also instructed the Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research at the University of Gothenburg to further develop and disseminate methods and information on gender mainstreaming, and develop a forum to exchange experiences. It published reports such as the Gender Mainstreaming Manual and the Gender Equality in Public Services Report - A Book of Ideas for Managers and Strategists, and trained central government administrators on the implementation of gender mainstreaming. The committee also elaborated a working model outlining steps to be followed for an effective gender mainstreaming process. The national gender equality strategy identified five focus areas to be addressed during the government’s term of office: i) Representation - equal access to positions of power and influence; ii) Equal pay for equal work and work of equal value; iii) Violence committed by men against women, prostitution and trafficking of women for purposes of sexual exploitation; tv) Men and gender equality; and v) Sexualisation of the public sphere.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	bc862baf579d07533b5937cf766454bd	Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement. Research conducted for this report found almost no data on who owns what part of irrigation infrastructure in any of the OECD countries. Good data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on why, when, and how to develop and sustain irrigation and its infrastructure.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	bc86e96e50972cab4118b79e3a278c58	"Female students are especially attracted to bachelor's level education in ""Social work"", ""Journalism"", ""Teacher training” and ""Nursing"" as well as ""Language, Literature and Media"" (Poppel, M. and Chemnitz Kleist 2009:346). Women's representation increased sharply in the 2002 Parliamentary election: from 19% to 36% (12 out of 31 members). At this election ""Arnat partiiat""143 (the Women's party) for the first - and until now only - time participated. No candidates from the Women's party were elected but the party succeeded in calling attention to different aspects of gender inequalities and not least to the lack of female candidates in the different parties (Poppel, M. 2009)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	bc8836d7b773b649ec4a2014e41411dc	Beyond funding, there have been improvements in doctoral education through initiatives providing incentives for universities to implement structured PhD programmes that are seen to play an important role in raising the quality of research as well as attractiveness for domestic talent and talent from abroad. While progress has been made towards higher quality and excellence in Austrian science, expectations have not been met across the board. Considering the experience had in a number of countries, both the RFTE and the Austrian Science Board have recently published recommendations in support of an Austrian excellence initiative.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	bc8bee6482844662f3d6112490752e96	Fifty years of development co-operation practice have yielded lessons on effective aid4, summarised in the principles of ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability, which are supported and referred to as best practice across the development co-operation community. In the Busan Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011), climate finance was formally recognised as a core development finance issue, with the common goal to “support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries overall national development plans, and ensure that - where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries' systems in a transparent manner” . There are cobenefits and trade-offs in financing sustainable development and climate change goals simultaneously.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	bc8c8ca6b8286283719c301b523b9d2a	The CFU data focus on dedicated multilateral climate funds, which have been expressly set up to address climate change. For climate finance directed towards the agricultural sector, the CRS include many, but not all, of the dedicated climate funds considered by the CFU. The CRS data also include the climate-related portion of general development funds from multilateral institutions, whereas the CFU data do not include any finance from general development funds (see Table).	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	bc8d16ea0580df5db3891f00c3e2d95f	There has also been considerable progress in providing access to pre-primary education. The net attendance rate for children aged 5 reached 98% in 2012 while it stood at 89% for children aged 4. However, enrolment in early childhood education (age 3 and below) is low and associated with ability to pay.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	bc8dca7e124948af0e02dd448bcec3be	Several states have established groundwater management districts and limit the development of new wells, in an effort to slow the rate of depletion in a largely agricultural region that depends on irrigation. Some states also require farmers to measure and report the volume of water they withdraw from the aquifer each year, thus generating helpful data for state agencies, while also increasing farm-level awareness of the rate of aquifer depletion in the region. Several states and the federal government have embraced the concept of water marketing, and public agencies have implemented services to facilitate water sales and leases in recent years. In theory the market price of water reflects current supply and demand conditions, thus motivating farmers and other water users to consider the opportunity cost of water when choosing how much to purchase and apply.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591271-7-en	bc8e2775519679f4c4ad9b9a2bda606f	Systems for monitoring the progress of disabled children are in place in schools where teachers were trained. There are individual plans for each child and greater emphasis on showing their achievements. The children's individual work plans are incorporated into the annual kindergarten and primary development plan. Recently, with funding from the FTI, over 100 mobile schools in tents have been established. Sixty-two per cent of new recruits to primary education are girls and from 2004-2009 girls' completion rates doubled.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264300279-en	bc974c7bfb8d3f3dc399d76eb0186aee	In Portugal, almost one in four students (24.9%) were below proficiency Level 2 in mathematics in PISA 2012, and the proportion of top performers (Level 5 or above) remains below average (OECD, 2013a). They have remained stable in mathematics since 2003 and have slightly decreased in science since 2006. However, a substantial widening of the gender gap has been witnessed in students’ mean reading performance: a 25 score point difference between boys and girls in 2000 grew to 39 score points in 2012, as girls pulled even further ahead of boys (OECD, 2013a).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	bc99335de9e5cad1ff9d1b9604fbf9bd	As outlined in Chapter 1, the aim is to highlight systemic challenges and recognise that all elements in an energy system are connected, similar to the interdependencies of the SDGs: human needs drive demand for services, which in turn drives demand for energy technology, and in turn drives supply investments and resource demand. The following sub-chapters look at the issues, potentials and prospects for each element of the energy system. Despite the high levels of access reported by the GTF indicators, for many consumers connection to a utility network bears little relation to the services actually received through the connection. Discrete pockets of remote settlements with limited access to grid power remain. The capacity, consistency and quality/ reliability of supply can vary considerably in established networks even with 100% connections for households and businesses. Typically, less well-off households and businesses make trade-offs, compromising quality and quantity of food,clothing or health care to maximize utility from a limited service capability while maintaining basic levels of comfort for health.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	bc9aab09e2a52711ed55a7d118b31f25	Whether this involves climate change and GHG emission levels or the governance of the high seas and area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), the protection of marine biodiversity or international conventions on maritime safety, the path to international agreement appears increasingly complex and painstaking. This appears to be all the more so since, as the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) recently concluded, ocean governance is plagued by a patchwork of sectorally focused agencies and institutions hampered by weak compliance and lack of enforcement. Moreover, as Chapter 9 highlights, the situation is exacerbated by a lack of legal clarity about economic activities in the oceans beyond national jurisdiction as well as the potential of increased competition between states for access to resources in the seas. These include, for example: mention of the ocean in the Paris COP21 agreement, the establishment of ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals (in particular SDG 14), and agreement of member states at the United Nations to develop a legally-binding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond their national borders.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	bca16a581f7476b577dc1cf34fe0c2c8	Several obstacles, resulting from market and government failures - including fossil-fuel subsidies, the lack of supportive policies as well as outstanding barriers to international trade and investment - still hamper investment in renewable energy. A key challenge for governments to catalyse investment flows in clean energy is to design and implement clear and predictable domestic policy frameworks. Investment policy • Non-discrimination of foreign versus domestic investors • Intellectual property rights • Contract enforcement The quality of investment policies directly influences the decisions of all investors, be they small or large, domestic or foreign. Transparency, property protection and non-discrimination are investment policy principles that underpin efforts to create a sound investment environment for all.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	bca1f7b21627bb3dd156e03c91aac825	Third, because the power supplied is likely to be utilized for agricultural production, access to renewable energy can, if coupled with capacity-building and training, trigger the progressive greening of agriculture and agro-processing, thereby creating new development and trade opportunities. Many such projects and programmes are being implemented in a good number of countries, generally in collaboration with international development partners. However, the number and scope of such programmes will have to increase if the number of rural poor is to be significantly reduced to levels that allow the attainment of the MDGs by 2015. In this regard, major development partners6 have recommended that energy services be explicitly addressed in planning for poverty reduction (Modi et al., Half of the people who currently rely primarily on traditional biomass for cooking should switch to alternative fuels, such as LPG or electricity.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/be112931-en	bca7ddf76eda9e94ec980e44d6f10ef0	It lies at the centre of the Central Asian biodiversity hot spot, with a high density of endemic species representing Himalayan flora and fauna biotypes. Despite the country’s small size (0.13% of the world’s landmass), it has a good representation of all terrestrial taxonomic groups, hosting nearly 1 per cent of all known species on Earth (table 8.1). This indicator is higher than expected for a country' of this size in this subregion, with above-average species richness for Central Asia. Species richness of higher vascular plants and vertebrates is better known.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	bcac3324f12eef00260dd8fe64c4b564	Israel constitutes a case in point: the so-called “start-up nation” has a relatively small yet highly dynamic high-tech sector, which is the major driver of growth in the country, while the rest of the economy consists of traditional industries and service sectors characterised by low productivity and low wages. This dual economic structure has increased the levels of inequality and social unrest in the country (Lemarchand, Leek and Tash, 2016). High-skilled workers in more productive firms progressively gain higher wages and benefit from regular on-the-job training and from constant interaction with other highly skilled individuals, ultimately increasing their innovation capacities. In turn, those working in less productive firms, even with similar capacities, see their wages stagnate or decline over time, have fewer training opportunities, and progressively have more difficulties move to highly productive jobs.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264097551-en	bcad46f426079ae5b4e3a9f386fed15c	The other sector of tertiary education is called higher education and comprises ISCED level 5A - first stage of tertiary education (theoretical) and level 6 - second stage of tertiary education (Table 4.1.). Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes are public providers of vocational education that are managed and mostly financed by the six states and two territories. The scope of privately funded vocational education is uncertain, because Australia has limited robust data on it.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7e830810-en	bcadc7b041d5a631a0cb4b51835eecd0	Firms evaluate programmes periodically to investigate how a programme is progressing and why - and at its end, to determine if it has met its goals. Evaluation guidelines need to be set early. There are three types of evaluations: impact, which determines how well a programme did over a set time or at the end of the programme; process, which assesses how efficiently a programme was implemented compared with its stated objectives; and market effect, which estimates how a programme will affect the market in the future. Standards and product labelling are used widely in developing countries - 21 of 37 reviewed countries have them. Mandatory audits are used less frequently; only 13 countries have introduced them (UNIDO 2011).	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	bcaf87c53bcb90fe22ae6f4184816b58	It is essential that implementation takes place before disasters strike, since prevention is the key to success. In terms of hard infrastructure, targeted investment in the drainage system should be considered in flood-prone neighbourhoods. The city’s drainage capacity (culverts, canals and conditioning lakes) is insufficient and unlikely to withstand disasters involving more than 100 millimetres of rainwater (City of Hai Phong, 2015).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	bcb120d357371ddb853b14539aa830e3	Hence, deflating by a food and clothing price index rather than the aggregate CPI provides a better indication of the welfare change for those workers. That is, inequality between unskilled wage-earners and the much wealthier owners of capital (human or physical) within developing countries would decrease with full trade reform. Anderson, Valenzuela and van der Mensbrugghe (2010) go a step further by explicitly assessing reform impacts on poverty even though the Linkage model has only one single representative household per country. They do so using the elasticities approach, which involves taking the estimated impact on real household income and applying an estimated income to poverty elasticity to estimate the impacts on the poverty headcount index for each country.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	bcb1b1d62907024be3840e035411e0c9	Jobs created as a result of trade expansion are at first concentrated in the export sector, but in some cases (particularly with respect to certain extractive sectors) the export sector is only weakly linked to the rest of the mostly informal economy, hampering any significant spillover effect. Changes in wages and employment are one key mechanism by which external trade translates into poverty reduction impacts. Changes in consumption prices often affect different groups of the poor differently.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	bcb59d0e6605f6e37646d82ff2267c5c	"My objective is to try and understand everybody's perspective and offer solutions that are least conflicting or confrontational. My father-in-law has come to respect this, and now consults me not only on family feuds but also on community issues. This is the biggest learning from my migration experience."""	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	bcb5bf73b7a50c4607516286181efbfb	This was reaffirmed at the WSSD (Johannesburg, 2002). Relating resource abstraction to the renewal of stocks is a central question concerning sustainable water resource management. If a significant share of a country’s water comes from transboundary rivers, tensions between countries can arise, especially if water availability in the upstream country is less than in the downstream one.	15	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bcbb6ec3d797dd690d40ff78ff7abefd	Corporate Strategies for South East Asia After the Crisis: A Comparison of Multinational Firms from Japan and Europe, Macmillan Press, Houndmills Basingstoke, Hampshire. The actual transfer work is conducted by nearly 700 Steinbeis Transfer Centres which are independent, flexible, decentralised and close to their customers. The centres work annually on more than 21 000 commissions, providing solutions to problems not only in various technology sectors, but also in all fields of the economy and the design world.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	bcbc0b7d8ed4683f8fc4fead226d7d8c	Unconfined aquifers generally occur at shallower depths and often feature a more direct hydraulic connection to surface water bodies but also often of smaller areal extent than confined aquifer systems that is more prone to contamination from land use activities. Deeper, confined aquifers may be more expensive to exploit. Two properties are common to all aquifers. First, just like in the case of surface water, gravity is the main force moving groundwater from continents to water courses and oceans.	6	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	bcc02570cafa29d4187485ca1008cc25	As in most developmental endeavours, this strategy is being implemented in partnership with international institutions. An example is the goal of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) initiatives to bridge the educational gap in collaboration with UNESCO and other international donors. Other priorities of AU/NEPAD's Programme of Action include reversing the brain drain and up-scaling Africa's use of science and technology to promote development by expanding education in those fields.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	bcc03e04fa0ffc516190512611981502	It averaged 3% over the five-year period in 1990-94, fluctuating within a range of -5% to 9% between 1990 and 1997 (Figure 2.13 and Tables 2.12 and 2.13). The low and sometimes negative level of support to producers during the 1990s reflects the priority given to ensuring stable and affordable domestic prices for consumers. Factors associated with the Asian financial crisis caused a sharp one-off drop in support in 1998.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/27e660be-en	bcc0f5757e2f0529577940e95cee4995	To the extent that more women are involved in politics, women’s rights, priorities, needs and interests are less likely to be ignored or silenced. Historically, women’s involvement has been minimized even though they account for at least half of the populations in most countries. For this very reason, their level of involvement and engagement in public and political life is key. More women's organizations sprung up in response to the greater participation of women in public life, and despite the political polarization that emerged, these groups managed to stay united to press for the preservation and advancement of women's rights.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bcc1fcca509a0faded204ef8ca6c5946	In fact, the designation of the university as an APEX university is likely to draw the institution even further away from regional engagement. They provide access for large numbers of the region’s students and graduate students many of whom remain within the region for employment. Through student engagement in the region through internships, volunteer activities, and other ways, the institutions have an impact on the region. Except for basic information on numbers of admissions, enrolment and graduates, no substantive information was available on the branch of UiTM in Penang, the two polytechnics, the four community colleges, and private institutions in Penang and on higher education institutions in the three other states (Perlis, Kedah and Perak) in the larger Northern Corridor Economic Region. The findings and observations are therefore based on a limited perspective on higher education institution in the region.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	bcc3ba01fc151e9d48288f07ba542ffb	Family allowances will be augmented by 1.9% in 2016 and again by 1.9% in 2018. Families are further entitled to a non-wastable tax credit of EUR 58.40 per month and child. This tax credit is paid out independently from the income tax regime and meets the condition of a cash benefit. The only means-tested cash benefit is a “multiple child” supplement of EUR 20 per month, granted for the 3rd and any additional child provided that the family’s taxable income does not exceed EUR 55 000.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	bcc5ce3c2d9e186bce7218c99b11edb8	These measures are believed to have helped reduce threats to the conservation of vaquitas and to have begun decreasing the total level of fishing in the area, with conservation benefits for other marine species.16 Table 5.3 gives a breakdown of the subsidies in the PACE for the vaquita. Green certification has been established for products including coffee; 10% of all coffee producers in Mexico are in the certified coffee market, a higher percentage than in other countries. Taxes on timber and other natural resource extraction, for example, can help provide correct price signals, induce more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and mobilise revenue. The initiative planned to target 17 natural reserves in six regions, including the northern deserts, tropical Caribbean beaches and eastern jungles.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	bcc81eaee146e14cc288ca586d964b0b	Furthermore, if adaptation actions provide a competitive advantage, there is a disincentive for companies to share that knowledge more widely. These factors suggest that the degree of visible or publicised action may be a poor indicator of the extent of actual action. The effects of climate change are long-term, uncertain and context-specific. Frameworks for decisionmaking under uncertainty have suggested that it can be rational to delay significant and irreversible investments (Ranger et al.,	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	bcc84ffc4a63fed115153d1a694ca1ed	To identify multidimensionally deprived children, a cut-off must be selected. A child is multidimensionally deprived if the number of his/her deprivations is greater or equal to the cut-off. Comparing the results using different cut-offs can give valuable insights into the breadth of child deprivation, but this paper focuses on deprivation in one or more dimensions. All dimensions are given an equal implicit weight because the international children's rights framework does not prioritise particular child rights over and above the others.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111728e-bf10a624-en	bcc9fd3168086ebbac76d343ca2831fb	The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD) is a multilateral body that partners with developing countries to support them in establishing the technical capacities needed to implement REDD+. It was established in 2008 and is based on the convening power and technical expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally-led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful participation of all stakeholders - including indigenous peoples and other forest-dependent communities - in the national and international implementation of REDD+.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	bccaefe2658260a2afe3cfc24d54c03c	Westhead and Storey (1994) have conducted a series of studies of matched samples and have found little difference in performance, and survival rate between science park and non-science park firms. Westhead (1997) also looked at R&D inputs and outputs and whilst science park firms tended to be a little more R&D intensive than nonscience park firms, again the differences were not significant. Link and Scott (2003).	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	bccb2d7e45b02fe0ac3040c6e1c73e34	However, as benefits could not be estimated and monetised for all categories, the numbers provided were expressed as underestimates of the real benefits. The analysis showed that the estimated benefits are significantly less than the estimated costs, and that costs increase more than the benefits (van der Veeren, 2010). Source: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, 2007, cited in van der Veeren, 2010). It also raised ethical and general liability considerations (in particular with regards to the responsibility of today’s citizens to keep an adequate state of the aquatic ecosystem for future generations) that justified the need for action even if costs were higher than (measured) benefits.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	bccb6d007b25e86d328a685447dab52f	Turkey,'23 the European Court recognized that the right to respect for family life and the prohibition of arbitrary interferences with families have limits. In this case, the applicant, Mrs. Nahide Opuz, and her mother had been threatened and assaulted on several occasions by H.O., her then husband. The Court found that the authorities failed to take protective measures against domestic violence provided for under the Family Protection Act and did not issue an injunction to prevent H.O from being in contact with the applicant and her mother.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	bccc1ad1dbac84306b0839c00ec2902a	Over the past three decades, income disparities have risen to unprecedented levels, with the richest 10% in the OECD area earning almost ten times more than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2015a). People who are economically disadvantaged often also fall behind in other non-income dimensions of well-being, including in terms of educational attainment and health status. Such inequalities not only significantly affect the well-being of the most vulnerable segments of the population, but also undermine countries’ economic performance, as disadvantaged groups have fewer resources to invest in skills and education and therefore contribute less to than possible. Other policy areas such as education, social and labour market policies, competition and tax policies have traditionally played a stronger role in fostering more inclusive societies.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	bccd27843ce34364429c7833f371424a	Trade flows can partially offset local climate change productivity effects, allowing regions of the world with positive (or less negative) effects to supply those with more negative effects. This stabilising role is illustrated by a simulation of an extended drought in South Asia, which begins in 2030 with a return to normal precipitation in 2040 (Nelson et al., The analysis shows how substantial increases in trade flows could soften the blow to Indian consumers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309470-en	bccd62fc4b8e7f0b603abb57ddcc06e1	The initiative outlined in the government programme emphasises a strengthening of competitive funding for basic research, and increased funding for excellent junior scientists, but also an overall expansion of competitive instruments to stimulate research excellence in universities and PRIs. This initiative could substantially reinforce and complement measures Austria has recently taken to promote research excellence, in particular with regard to strengthening competitive funding of basic research, increasing international visibility and sharpening the profile of Austrian science at the international level. An Austrian excellence initiative should addresses this issue.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlphd2twps1-en	bccf7306033bb897e8c2755044c6b279	Thus, we do not examine these countries. Thus, 26-35 year-olds surveyed in 1994, 35-44 year-olds surveyed in 2003 and 44-53 year-olds surveyed in 2012 are all representative samples of the 1959-68 birth cohort. Our analysis focuses on literacy, which is measured in a comparable way in the three surveys.4 For the countries that participated in IALS, ALL and PIAAC we study birth cohorts that appeared in each of the three surveys. This investigation yields several noteworthy results.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-7b2c7042-en	bcd0463051b5901faddd6f970d741ca6	Guatemala, for example, has used mobile phones to train more than 300 aspiring nurses via distance education, helping to reduce a critical lack of skills. Telemedicine is increasingly making medical advice and treatment options available to people irrespective of their geographical location. Health platforms powered by mobile phones, for example, are used by frontline health workers to diagnose and treat pneumonia and preeclampsia, with the latter being the second-leading cause of maternal deaths. For example, Nigeria's SMDG Information System, launched in 2015, uses geo-referenced data from mobile phones to provide location-specific information about government services, environmental challenges, water access points etc.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264289062-6-en	bcd235c8c614f7d5efba37a004d5a9fd	Primary care includes a large range of curative as well as preventive and health promotion activities. The distinction between PHC and other outpatient services (e.g. consultative and diagnostic) is not clear-cut. This results in various terms being used for the same service (Oxford Policy Management, 2014).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	bcd58fc47fa1d0bef192ada50c841bac	The OECD-IDRC study New Entrepreneurs and High-Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (2013) concludes that, in addition to the general unfavourable business climate, both women's economic participation and entrepreneurs’ access to finance are amongst the most important factors affecting entrepreneurship negatively in the region. This is all the more important as the creation, survival and growth of SMEs have been negatively affected by socio-political changes that have taken place in a number of MENA economies since 2011, coupled with the global financial crisis. While banks in the MENA region are generally considered to be more averse to risk and more conservative than in other parts of the world, they tend to be both financially stable and modernising, and could certainly play a greater role in lending to SMEs. Indeed, bank financing is the main source of external financing for SMEs.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	bcd77129efbb236a6e4f35554e64e8c5	At times, it does seem as though we are living in the first age in which technology destroys jobs faster than it creates them. When I was in high school, I had to write an essay about The Weavers, a play written in 1892 by the German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann. The play portrays a group of Silesian weavers who staged an uprising during the 1840s against the Industrial Revolution.	4	3	1	0.5
10.30875/c7f78275-en	bcdd7b63c0ed8223bc8e75fa3c7ca99d	We predict the share of services trade to grow from 21 per cent to 25 per cent by 2030. The trend is likely to continue with the advent of 3D printing technology. Our estimations foresee that, in such case, developing countries' share in global trade could grow from 46 per cent in 2015 to 57 per cent by 2030. The most common provisions refer to e-government, cooperation and the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	bcde8a8f810f6c9e89451961c6b9ba7a	The government now wants to exploit domestic sources of natural gas, most of which are located in the eastern part of the country at the Risha gas field. The government launched a competitive bidding process in 2010 for the concession to develop the Risha field. In addition, the government plans to promote fuel switching to natural gas as a means of greenhouse gas mitigation (MoE, 2009). According to the Energy Master Strategy, USD 2.46 billion is needed between 2007 and 2020 to develop the natural gas sector. The private sector is expected to provide the capital and development expertise for these projects. Licences have already been issued to private companies to develop the relevant networks and supply commercial and residential customers with electricity (MoE, 2009).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	bcdee7b16872593f2182e7a1ccef7490	The first round of RBMP preparation, in particular, was carried out without any additional resources from the Italian central government. Its main river channel is Italy’s longest (650 km) and its level of pollution discharge is the highest. The river basin district includes seven regions and one autonomous province (Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardia, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Toscana and Trento), with a total population of about 17 million.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	bce3be728bdea2f45fd4adcfd61ef3a0	Coal combustion leads to the formation of extremely hazardous POPs (dioxins and furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) and has veiy strong carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans. The environmental impacts of TPPs’ hazardous air emissions include acidification of the environment, bioaccumulation of toxic metals, contamination of rivers and lakes and degradation of buildings and culturally important monuments. Due to the fact that more coal-fired TPPs are currently in the pipeline in Tajikistan, an increase in effects upon the environment might be expected to take place in the future. The facility requires more than 22,000 tons of coal per month.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599642-10-en	bce40ffe5e16d7fa6f5f8778333f8e8c	Furthermore, very few countries, especially developing countries, maintain data on e-commerce. According to UNCTAD (2015: 39), ‘[tjhere are few benchmarks of country e-commerce performance; those that exist suffer from a lack of public availability, scope or consistent methodology, as well as limited geographical coverage.’ However, few studies actually pertain to the measurement of e-commerce—that is, the actual trade taking place between parties through electronic means and that was hitherto conducted through traditional means such as through border and customs post, or captured by local presence in the case of services.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	bce6cb43c6b26526d953287363ff834a	The main reason for the consideration of adaptation in global welfare-maximizing IAMs is to assess the sensitivity of mitigation targets to different assumptions about the magnitude and effectiveness of adaptation. Because IAMs have generally been designed to be applied in one of these decision-analytical frameworks, it is common to speak of policy optimization models, policy evaluation models and policy guidance models, respectively. There is, however, some overlap between these categories, as witnessed by the application of some policy evaluation models (e.g. PAGE) and policy guidance models (e.g. ICLIPS) in policy optimization mode.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/194768b3-en	bce92336c2e0e12bd0098e1f1ad4a979	It should be subject to random external checks and be systematically assessed by internal audit exercises. The new guidance should be monitored and assessed on an annual basis to make the marker a reliable instrument for measuring progress in UNDP programming. Furthermore, if the gender marker is not suited for tracking expenditures with a credible level of specificity at the project and outcome levels, it is recommended that consideration be given to developing a new tracking and benchmark system.	5	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	bce99efe46175d9da6052bc7e3d48958	The city is also implementing pilot projects using solar batteries for public lighting and traffic lights (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Based on assessments of the pilot projects, these initiatives could be scaled up. Given that Hai Phong sends most domestic solid waste to landfill, modem incinerators with emissions control technology could significantly reduce emissions (Pyper, 2011). However, the development of a mechanism of waste separation would be a prerequisite for effective operation.	11	0	9	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	bcec944f26b2168db061b846f7b523ae	Harmonized efforts also lessen the possibility that different groups inadvertently duplicate efforts or fall short of meeting even immediate life-sustaining needs. Complexity demands that all actors must act together as partners on the front-line systemic risk reduction. In Afghanistan, the National Afghanistan Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction calls for DRR to be mainstreamed into development planning, sectoral plans, capacity-building, CCA, livelihood security, gender mainstreaming, community empowerment, and response and recovery management. It aims to improve coherence and integration in efforts to reduce the risks posed by disasters, climate change, conflict and fragility, with other development imperatives, and places this at the centre of the pursuit of the achievement of the outcome and goals of the post-2015 international agreements and frameworks, including the SDGs.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	bcec99fe08336becbbb8c93b317cc55f	Indicators of income poverty, material deprivation, or energy-related deprivation should ideally be included in such analyses. This is referred to as the efficiency-equity trade-off. Revenue-recycling should be designed so that benefits for consumers and producers are as large as possible while negative regressive effects for poorer households are avoided. An Empirical simulation found that a carbon tax in China could have progressive impacts if revenues are recycled in a lump-sum fashion (i.e., a one-time payment). One important reason for this is the difference in energy use in rural vs. urban areas. Poor rural areas would be over-compensated by a lump-sum revenue recycling scheme.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	bcee84e364c9f6790ba7bf235ec64880	It is true that digitalisation has contributed to the rise in populism and the establishment of a post-factual world that can work against rational policy making. But the very same forces, whether in the form of more and better data or new statistical and analytical tools, have also massively expanded the scope and power of social research to create a more evidence-based environment for the development of effective policies. The first PISA assessment in 2000 was able to explain about a third of the performance variation among schools across the participating countries, but in 2015 that figure had risen to 85%. That means that most of the performance differences among schools can now be statistically associated and explained, with data from students, parents, teachers and school principals, even if the causal nature of many of those relationships remains still insufficiently understood. One reason for the difficulty in reforming education is simply the scale and reach of the sector. Schools are among the biggest areas of public spending.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	bcef43f1759ee80b32790a73738693fd	Capital invested into a number of other sugar processing companies. Reformed into a joint-stock company under Decision No. There were almost 62 500 such groups in 2013, up from about 50 OOO in 1996. In comparison to formal co-operatives, many of these are located in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) region (29%).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	bcef8bcc9520a91edf1f79d3598cb0a5	How can they ensure that every student thrives, regardless of his or her socio-economic background? The following sections review the challenges and propose policy recommendations for disadvantaged schools and their students’ success. These programmes need to ensure that school leaders are prepared to focus on issues that are more characteristic of disadvantaged schools such as: student behaviour, motivation and engagement; teaching and learning for disadvantaged and/or low performing students; improvement of the physical environment of the school; and cultures of care and achievement (Day et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	bcf0b3598d9afa53a17cad95faaba8f5	In countries with strong familial kinship structures, it is possible that the presence of women is as a proxy for their husbands or male relatives. If this is the case, an increase in representation would not contribute to the transformative or redistributive dimensions of substantive equality. There is also a risk, particularly in relation to greater representation, that women might be essen-tialized and assumed to be in a position to speak for or represent all women.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	bcf12151a314fe8ad58b3044a24eeb37	From Evidence to Action: The story of cash transfers and impact evaluation in Sub Saharan Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Child Poverty and Deprivation in Mali:The first national estimates, Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-20, UNICEF Office of Research. Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-19, UNICEF Office of Research.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92zp1cshvb-en	bcf432b0326840cf4430a674d577977c	Summative assessment measures learning that has taken place with the purpose of presenting a summary of students’ achievements over a defined period, in this case upper secondary education. Hence, summative assessment reports on students’ learning achievements for judgement at a specific point in time. It is often described as “assessment of learning” and contrasted with “assessment for learning”. For a comprehensive literature review on summative assessment, see Nusche (forthcoming).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	bcf496f12f8f0adf299e17a7d5bd62c1	Natural background concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements are elevated, but the influence is assessed by the Russian Federation as local. In three areas in the Russian part of the basin, groundwater pollution has been identified. Groundwater monitoring is carried out at nine points of observation in the Russian part of the basin three times per month. In the alluvial aquifer groundwater Row is from Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation to the Samur River. In the lower aquifer the flow direction is from Azerbaijan to the Russian Federation. Both aquifers have strong links with surface water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	bcf4ecc087795eca8ab790a4b2034641	Time poverty should therefore be understood as a lack of discretionary time once needs have been met (or the time potentially available for people to do what they want), and standards should be defined as the amount of time strictly necessary for people to perform the unavoidable activities of daily life (paid and unpaid work, personal care and others). Vickery (1977) argues that thresholds should be built taking into account household composition and habits of eating, household management and purchase of goods. Given the lack of established standards, Burchardt (2008) used an operating definition based on the behaviour of a reference group, taking minimum time spent on domestic work to be the average time spent on those tasks by households around the poverty line which do not receive state assistance and do not pay for domestic services on the market.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	bcf54fd332bee0c92ebb7ecb849676e7	On average, adolescent participation in schooling is increasing in terms of numbers and duration (seeTable 3), a trend that at one level reflects the aspirations of adolescents and parents for greater educational opportunity. The associations between sustained secondary school attendance and lower HIV risk have prompted research to investigate the potential for cash grants and/or social support (including feeding schemes, covering costs of uniform and school-based helpers) to support retention and reduce vulnerability to HIV. Girls in rural Kenya are subject to sexual harassment by both teachers and students (Mensch & Lloyd, 1998).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191761-en	bcf5e9ba4003bc3ea68a919b1b7b283a	Des credits budgetaires ont ete alloues et des progres ont ete realises, par exemple, par le biais d’investissements dans la construction et l’equipement de laboratoires veterinaires, ou d’aides a l’introductdon de systemes modernes de controle qualite dans le secteur de la transformation. Toutefois, il reste necessaire de veritablement mettre en place des systemes modernes de surveillance veterinaire et phytosanitaire, ainsi que de securite des aliments. Des investissements accrus dans ces secteurs sont indispensables pour soutenir les filieres agroalimentaires efficaces et reduire les risques des producteurs et des consommateurs et assurer que le Kazakhstan puisse devenir un important exportateur agricole.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	bcf6e2f582e2547040ff2ecbbd59975f	Purely theoretical or conceptual models, e.g. ISIS (Grossmann, Magaard and von Storch, 2003), NeDym (Hallegatte, Hourcade and Dumas, 2007) and the unnamed partial equilibrium model presented in Lecocq and Shalizi (2007a), are not included. The model must have been in active development since the review by Tol and Fankhauser (1998). Inactive models (e.g. CONNECTICUT, SLICE, CETA, CSERGE, MARIA, PEF, PGCAM, DIAM, AS/ExM, FARM, TARGETS, HCRA, PGCAM) are not included to avoid duplication with Tol and Fankhauser (ibid.). In addition, variants of existing models are only included if the representation of impacts and/or adaptation differs from the earlier model.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	bcf900832aea992490fa286b54beb0ba	The survey, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), focuses on skills - literacy, numeracy and problem solving - similar to those assessed in PISA; but the two studies use different assessment tasks, reflecting the different contexts in which 15-year-old students and older adults live. Respondents are also asked whether their skills and qualifications match their work requirements and whether they have autonomy over key aspects of their work. In Canada, data collection took place from November 2011 to June 2012; and France collected data from September to November 2012. The achieved samples ranged from a minimum of approximately 4 500 to a maximum of nearly 27 300.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/2933d7d2-en	bcfa35eaa39dbd686561c0e95e436252	The number of visitors to protected areas has seen an average annual growth of 17%, more than doubling between 2009 and 2015 (MINAM, 2016c). Currently, projects to conserve more than 2 million ha of primary forest are undertaken in four protected areas - Cordillera Azul National Park, Bahuaja Sonene National Park, Tambopata National Reserve and Alto Mayo Protection Forest. By 2015, Verified Emission Reductions amounted to 10.9 million tC02, preventing a deforestation of 30 000 ha (MINAM, 2016c).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	bcfa6b24d7d25df72b86b5c5cd93b1e3	Policies should address the rebound effect by targeting consumer behaviour, by educating energy-users about the benefits of reduced energy consumption and ensuring that sufficient information and options are available for consumers to reduce their energy consumption. These can be supported by policies that create disincentives to increase use of the more efficient product, such as setting carbon and energy prices (Maxwell et al., The choice as to which policy mix is needed will depend on other policy goals on the national agenda. Similarly, governments need to consider how best to design energy efficiency policies that maximise the full range of multiple benefits, while keeping energy savings as the primary goal. As benefits resulting from government policies, it is important to be able to evaluate them and include their value in policy impact assessments and benefit-cost analyses.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	bcfec9d75fdfb750d86f2f48f0eb46d0	Strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the Labour Inspectorate continues to be crucial for the functioning of Latvia’s labour market. One key challenge is enforcement of applicable labour regulations in small firms, where very low levels of trade union activity mean that many workers may not benefit from any legal protection other than that provided by the inspectorate. Other reporting requirements were tightened as well and several recent initiatives aimed at addressing what is often described as the “cultural problem” of tax evasion.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	bcff3a374d34e5c3341d168e6398eeb8	The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) focus on adaptation, but in principle they support both adaptation and mitigation projects, as does the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF). The GCF became operational in 2015 and has since become the largest fund for climate finance. Figure 4.3 shows amounts pledged to the various climate funds since their establishment.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	bd01494d614424a9ea3e42a05aae2d59	Instead, there should be a greater focus on energy efficiency, so as to reduce total energy consumption, the cost of the fuel import bill, and the capacity and cost of the additional investment in renewable energy required to displace the remaining fossil fuel consumption. Lower-risk commercially viable and proven technologies and measures, such as replacing refrigeration and cooling with newer and more efficient equipment and maximising solar PV, should be preferred. In addition, governments should incorporate the SDGs and NDCs into planning and budget processes, undertake green procurement and energy efficiency retrofits, and install solar PV on government buildings using the private sector.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	bd032d60a89708fe2c5ffa1501352db7	About 3,000 to 4,000 users per day visit the Ministry’s website, with the section on licences and permits being the most visited. The website has been operational for the past 10 years; its interface is updated every three to five years. As no historical statistical records are available regarding the website content and maintenance, it is not possible to measure progress in its development.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/22758cf4-en	bd037976dd6c438813c3006d33b04870	Fish hatcheries have been set up by both countries. Albania has also taken some measures to limit illegal fishing. The alteration of the reed zones has caused deterioration of habitats, also threatening the spawning and wintering grounds of fish species. Three hydrological stations exist in the territory of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian, while the Hy-drobiological Institute monitors the lake’s system for biological and chemical quality.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	bd04b1e73dce56ebcac026638c82ceb7	Communications between the administrations of existing State reserves and municipalities take place in an ad hoc manner, without formal arrangements. According to this assessment, priority areas for improvement of capacity are management, monitoring and information systems, international cooperation, coordination between State agencies, scientific and technical capacity, and staff training. Capacity development needs at the subnational (provincial) level were particularly emphasized. It was noted that the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna has very few staff.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264283428-en	bd087c157688f0c56ed76b5dd2a0b05c	But a particular concern is that the proportion of adolescents who are overweight or obese has gone up quite rapidly and now equals the EU average (18%). The proportion of 15-year-old boys in Italy who are overweight or obese is particularly high (26%). This high and rising overweight and obesity rate among adolescents in Italy is linked, at least partly, to low levels of physical activity (Figure 5). At the national level, the government exercises a stewardship role, controls and distributes the tax-financed health budget, and defines the national benefits package (known as the 'Essential Levels of Care') that must be guaranteed to all citizens and foreign residents Regions are responsible for the organisation, planning and delivery of health services through local health authorities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	bd09244febe14ac0c9123bc481a447c5	All countries report using several institutions in the decision-making and collection process for gender-disaggregated statistics. About half of the countries surveyed set up co-ordination mechanisms to improve capacity to gather gender-disaggregated data (Bahrain, Kuwait, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority' and Tunisia) and also tend to have well-developed co-ordination mechanisms for most gender initiatives. Nevertheless, it is important to ensure that the vision and strategy of the central gender institution is aligned with the gender equality and mainstreaming strategy.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174238-4-en	bd0a6f03eaf5cb12e98dc54860944ad2	These include the loss of income and employment in related industries and activities. For example, in the fishing sector, this would include the manufacture and sale of fishing gear and boats, and fish processing and packaging. Similarly, illegal exports of raw timber result in foregone profits from the processing and marketing of finished products. Any associated reduction in incomes by those engaged in these industries will also have impacts on the demand for goods more generally (MRAG, 2005b).	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/729bf864-en	bd0b3adc096a4dd477ef849e7e178161	The expected outcome is that certain, selected intangibles will prove to provide a suitable form of security, in which case government support can be progressively withdrawn. If, on the other hand, recoveries prove too problematic even after the market has had an opportunity to develop solutions, governments should withdraw support as well. It also appears likely, given their lack of historical experience, that lenders acting entirely independently would take a considerable period of time to amass a sufficient volume of evidence on opportunity and risk, in part because intangibles-backed lending will need to be selective. While few, if any, SMEs will ultimately prove to own no intangible assets at all, some assets are peripheral to their business model and do not contribute meaningfully to value generation; and some will never create assets that have identifiable or realisable value upon liquidation.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	bd0b9c8cea4c852b22c82263b08b3e28	Invest in the redesign of credit instruments, capacity building, financial and advisory services, legal and financial literacy training and other forms of support, especially to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged populations. Without new and innovative solutions and tools that are able to respond to different users' needs, long-standing, all-round capacity gaps and deficits will not go away. Capacity gaps and deficits hinder women from thriving in the regional food economy and beyond. Regional development actors and partners have the technical knowledge to develop suitable instruments and to create more opportunities for women's economic empowerment, however suitable funding and political momentum are key to bring about long-term and large-scale change and to obtain sizeable results.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	bd0c1487746c0543920763f7db9f0083	Benefit size has been shown to be the main driver of the redistributive effect of transfers and the tax-benefit system as a whole. Table 7 shows average benefit payments received by households headed by younger and prime-age individuals (15-54) as a percentage of the payments received by all “working-age households” (15-64). Benefit rates for the 15-54 year-olds are lower than for the 54-64 year-olds in all countries.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/899c7c48-en	bd0e8c578ba145aa824e70096a68e1b4	In most countries children remained more likely to be poor than the overall population. Only in Denmark, Finland and Estonia were child poverty rates appreciably lower than the total poverty rates (by around 2ppt). Meanwhile, in Hungary, Luxembourg, Romania and Spain, child poverty rates were at least 8ppt higher than for the population as a whole. Child poverty also tends to exceed pensioner poverty: in seven countries child poverty rates were at least lOppt higher, while in only three were they at least lOppt lower than poverty rates for those aged 65 and over.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	bd1521dbde4514d4bf35d9e87caa8149	Hence there is a need to develop indicators of population mental health that also reflect mild-to-moderate mental illness. A number of factors are responsible for this lag including the complex nature of mental health problems, high rates of co-morbidity and lack of agreement on suitable measures. Stakeholder - in particular clinicians, patients and families - involvement and the integration of quality and outcome measurement into key processes of care are integral to ensuring mental health is at the forefront of high-quality services that are efficient and deliver value for money. To understand mental health system performance at an international level, better measures of the quality and outcomes of mental health care are needed.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/803655cd-e60ab719-en	bd1559227d1af942e5384b3be0874e84	"This is directly related to the establishment of community access points, which is part of the target. The action line further calls for strengthening national broadband network infrastructure, which is critical for rolling out high-speed Internet access to rural areas. It also advocates national e-strategies to cater for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, who are often found in rural areas, and refers to unused wireless capacity, including satellite, for providing access in remote areas. The availability of relevant applications and content is addressed in Action Lines C7 (ICT applications) and C8 (Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content), as well as C9 (Media), which makes reference to the need to reduce regional imbalances in infrastructure and to use ""traditional media to bridge the knowledge divide and to facilitate the flow of cultural content, particularly in rural areas."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	bd15fa155d8349c7752bd1c6a983253d	Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. The livestock and fish sectors provide only 9% of calories and 20% of protein intake. Cereals provide more than 50% of both calorie and protein intake in both rural and urban India, although survey data point to a declining contribution from cereals (NSSO, 2012). Those foods contributing to increased intake of calories are vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables. Sugars appear to represent a proportionately large component of calorie intake. Pulses are an increasing source of proteins, now accounting for almost 13% of protein intake.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	bd164d5079b95ae2f4d28629197141be	It has focused its efforts on the effective implementation of the EITI, but also works on legislative processes around the natural resources framework and with communities at the subnational level. The coalition has led campaigns to ensure transparency at all stages of mining production and increase public engagement and debate on natural resources issues. The coalition's membership includes 29 organizations. The Movement is engaged in, inter alia, demanding the Government cancel licences enabling mineral exploration alongside the Tuul River, as the river has reportedly been severely affected due to explorations that are not in line with the 2009 Law on Prohibition of Mineral Exploration and Exploitation in Run-off Source Areas, Protection Zones of Water Bodies and Forested Areas. One example is the arrest in 2013 and subsequent terrorism sentence for an environmental activist who campaigned to protect water sources from mining pollution.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	bd1a3e64f1af264819903492b38834e8	This review formed the basis for a six year quantitative and qualitative research study by Louis et al. ( This amounted to survey data from a total of 8 391 teachers and 471 school administrators; interview data from 581 teachers and administrators, 304 district level informants, and 124 state personnel; and observational data from 312 classrooms. It included surveys completed by headteachers and a range of other stakeholders, 20 case studies of primary and secondary schools and a literature review. The self-evaluation process aimed to increase student learning through the use of student assessment and clear learning goals and relied on the same tool in both schools.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	bd1e46b8190595f9acda4436e31f0cb0	This programme represents an interesting example of a policy that is both ex ante (because the set of potential assistance measures is pre-determined) and ex post (because the choice of a concrete set is determined following the event and based on the assessment of particular conditions). This decision-making process allows interaction amongst stakeholders (of the National Adverse Events Committee) and it is therefore well-informed, and may take into account the various positions of the stakeholders. For example, it clearly mentions the primary responsibility of the individual to be prepared for an adverse event and any recovery actions that necessarily follow.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	bd22631f31beec13a59e2d862f3f2b84	When coordination and informal mechanisms to enforce contracts are unaffordable by the companies providing such credit, high rates of loan non-repayment have been witnessed as farmers engage in side-selling of the concerned commodities to other high-bidding buyers at harvest, instead of the company that has pre-financed the agricultural inputs (Delpeuch and Vandeplas, 2012). As a result the sustainability of the contacts is reduced, related risk premiums rise and contract farming loses ground. Reliable warehouse receipts are important trading instruments allowing the transfer of ownership without physical delivery; encouraging the use of warehouses for storage thus reducing postharvest losses which can be quite high at the smallholder level due to theft and spoilage; and providing a means for promoting quality control and assuring grain quality.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264280489-7-en	bd2330cc682fb069b1c366246b6e7970	With assistance from teachers who are provided with JA learning materials, students learn to raise and manage finances, carry out market research, create a business plan, promote their product or services and take part in trade fairs. They compete with other schools in “company of the year” competitions which are judged by members of the business community. Business volunteers are also invited into the classroom to share their experience and to mentor.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	bd23cea99c55792b8d661f3383dbbc82	However, given the myriad of support programmes, it may be difficult for SMEs and entrepreneurs to access integrated solutions to the challenges facing their enterprises (i.e. they have to apply to a number of different programmes to integrate all of the services/assistance they need to implement a project activity that might require employee training, R&D support, and investment, for example). The business ownership rate is below the EU average and the SME landscape is overly dominated by micro-enterprises with weak skills and capacity. Net annual growth in the stock of SMEs is slow, early-stage survival rates of new enterprises are very low relative to international standards, and the value-added, innovation and investment contributions of SMEs are below the EU average, as is their use of modern technologies. There are also significant regional disparities in the density and performance of SMEs and levels of entrepreneurial activity.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	bd2648fde7be845d4674d237c77399a3	Composite indicators may synthesise the rather disjoint, fragmented and non-transparent overflow of information on simple indicators into some key numbers, the broad meaning of which is readily understood by external stakeholders. An enumeration of the main advantages and drawbacks of using composite indicators in general is shown in Box 2.1 below. Recently approaches have been proposed which explicitly account for vulnerability enhancing or mitigating factors on the demand side (for instance, Scheepers, et al., As for supply-side vulnerabilities, notably when it regards imported energy carriers, they broadly relate to geopolitical security of supply risk, i.e. the external dimension of energy supply security identified in the previous chapter.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	bd29e80730c599bacfad2ab9b11796ed	Although this separate benefit schedule was abolished in 2001, in payroll systems employees are still classified as either regularly insured or short-time insured (Peoplesoft, 2009). The Employment Insurance Law of 1974 (Art. Employers and workers have had an incentive to make contributions on employment relationships likely to generate a benefit claim after only six months, since the ratio of benefit received to contributions paid is particularly high in this case.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	bd2d7a543c22a13fbbfa4476852d0a48	"The authors estimate the value of the induced transfer to renewable energy producers, based on the weighted average “green"" tariff for production of electricity from renewable energy sources (biogas, solar, wind energy), using data provided in the ANRE Annual Reports. According to ANRE, tariff methodologies specify the formula and all components included in the formula (including the sources where all the components can be found) and it is clear to all regulated utilities what level of rate of return they can expect during the regulatory period. In other words, electricity reference prices were set to account for the cost of production, transmission and distribution, but no other costs, such as allowances for building new capacity. They were determined using reference prices for fossil fuels and annual average fuel efficiencies for power generation."	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	bd309b4c486c9c49cf72c9426c7875ba	Overdraft is especially severe in the southern parts of the Central Valley, where groundwater levels have reached more than 33 meters below previous historic lows (CDWR, 2014). Overdraft has resulted in saltwater intrusion and other water quality impacts, significant land subsidence, lost water storage, and increased energy costs, among other adverse impacts. In response to worsening groundwater conditions, the state recently passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 (SGMA). The act provides a framework for local authorities to manage groundwater supplies but allows for state intervention if necessary to protect groundwater resources.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	bd30e0e3b95de45a2d59a366c803c980	Mobile phone use in Tonga had certainly reached about half of all households by 2009 and had been growing at a rate of 35 per cent between 2003 and 2008. In Samoa, 82 per cent of all households used mobile phones as their most important means of communicating with people overseas; remarkably, the reliance on mobile phones was greatest in Savai’i and least in Apia (Gibson and McKenzie 2011), where land lines are more common. In Tonga, some 77 per cent of households with members temporarily working in New Zealand had a mobile phone (Gibson et al. Although the costs of mobile phone ownership may be high, mobile phones have become as crucial an accessory as anywhere else in the world.	10	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	bd31d33ecb905efbafc671b4e9860b22	Following the 2014 Folkeskole reform and the introduction of a new arrangement for the utilisation of teachers’ working time, teachers are expected to teach more hours. As a result, teachers experience less time for preparation and other tasks. Resources have overall been reprioritised from preparation and other tasks to teaching. This requires an adjustment from teachers to prepare for their lessons and work in another way (e.g. to a higher degree sharing teaching materials) to fulfil other tasks required of them by their school leadership. According to the Folkeskole Act, the school principal is responsible for the school’s quality of teaching as well as the overall administrative and pedagogical management of the school. As a result, the main responsibility for designing, introducing and organising teacher appraisal procedures within the school lies with the school principal.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	bd347c332024a13a6de6b789746a8932	This disruption is suffered by all populations, but the poor and particularly women, are most vulnerable to their negative effects. The marginal lands they tend to cultivate are likely to be worse hit by desertification and soil erosion. Collecting water and wood takes more time and requires walking longer distances, often in adverse or unsafe conditions.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	bd352d46691ed8356c9d71dce5ba852e	They also free up time that female entrepreneurs can devote to making their businesses more profitable. More analysis is needed to better understand why women are less inclined to use external finance and whether they are discouraged by discriminatory treatment in the capital markets. It is often argued that women have more trouble accessing credit than men. Indeed, the evidence shows that relatively more male than female entrepreneurs make use of bank loans, with or without collateral, to start their enterprises (Figure 26.1), although there are important differences in the demand for loans across countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	bd37b6047d3549783304a98692f74fa6	While there are potential negative environmental impacts of the railway, many mitigation measures have also been recommended, e.g . It has been recommended to include clauses that require contractors to give priority for local workers, both skilled and unskilled. The presence of these workforces will increase indirect opportunities, notably for women, e.g. to supply food and other consumables at worksites.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	bd3bc0aa2e7f39b4f13b1008fbc13d1b	The physical, psychological and social impact on adolescents and young people can persist into adulthood and last a lifetime. A review of research by Barker et al. ( One such initiative, Brazil’s Programme H, resulted in positive changes in attitudes, measured through a Gender-Equitable Men scale, about topics such as prevention of HIV infection, partner violence, and sexual relationships (Pulerwitz et ah, 2006).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	bd413ace90e790e701a9cc3acd3419a1	The so-called segment A consists of hospital services for which regulated prices are derived from a global hospital budget. The segment B consists of hospital services where prices are freely negotiated with health insurers, and typically comprise less complex services (e.g. knee and hip replacements). The share of segment B has increased from less than 10% in 2005 to more than 30% in 2011 and 70% following the 2012 reform (described below). At the same time, real prices in the segment B have declined, reflecting the increased bargaining power of health insurers (Table 7).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	bd4636bb5dc8d49917a63ed71c1db5a7	The present political context, however, could call into question much of what has been achieved. The prolonged absence of support from technical and financial partners has negative consequences for the country and risks endangering the progress that has been made, particularly in social dimensions. Renewed engagement by these participants is largely dependent on a political solution to political tensions, which would make it possible to avoid an even more serious deterioration in the socio-economic situation. The whole international community is worried by the persistent tensions in the country, which also carry risks for the entire sub-region.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	bd4691be51e5c5085d39b1390fbdcc3c	These economic responses to climate change could lead to indirect consequences in changing pollutant runoff and leaching rates as well as soil erosion rates, which may increase or diminish pollution from agriculture assuming no economic or policy response. Also various strategies for mitigating greenhouse gases in agriculture would for the most part be beneficial for water systems, such as through afforestation and other increases in green cover providing a buffer for soil sediment and contaminant flows across agricultural land (Wilcock et al., But the expectations are that whatever the impacts on water quality, the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	bd46a2a2fd7ce1bd935d813c1a6acf75	It is therefore unclear at this point which option would result in greater overall mitigation ambition. Understanding of the relationship between long-term economic cycles and emissions trajectories also remains an area where further research is needed. For example, while some governments might submit draft ranges with different conditions attached to the lower and upper ends of the range, others might submit single numbers without disclosing their real range of possibilities.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/60243856-en	bd47e6e7f65801fd296e328132cd48d8	Finally, progress made in areas of communications will be examined, including trends in access to mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions. Asia and the Pacific has continued to see improvements in transport infrastructure and services against a backdrop of substantial growth in output, trade and investment experienced by many countries in the region. On the other hand, the improvements have been quite uneven both across and within countries.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	bd4a3b411bad21ec982e0c3718ebbe5e	The reader is referred to Table 1.9 of Revenue Statistics, 1965-2015 (OECD, 2017). All governments raise revenue from a mix of taxes, fees and a variety of non-tax sources of income. The OECD identities six categories of taxation: i) Taxes on personal income; ii) Social security contributions; iii) Corporate income taxes; iv) Consumption taxes; v) Property taxes; and vi) other taxes.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bd4a77031ea1aa98b49d1def47a04ddb	The university leadership is currently undertaking a review of its constitution with the objective of amending it, subject to a Parliamentary review. Of the revenue for operating activities, 90.9% (MYR 55.7 million) was from government grants, 6.6% (MYR 38.6 million) from student fees and 2.5% (MYR 15.0 million) from other sources. Allocations usually reflect the previous year’s allocation plus a small increase based on the availability of public resources.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/7ef450ae-en	bd4ab6d049ad1e7fe7d033545bfe3cc4	Then, on the small island of Puerto Rico and in neighbouring sites on the storm path, there was wide-scale destruction of homes and business premises; extensive flooding from heavy rain and sea surges up to three metres above ground; mudslides; severe damage to roads and fallen trees inhibiting transport; severe damage to harbours and marinas; and crops destroyed. Around 80 per cent of poles carrying utility services were blown down, with power and communications blackout fatally affecting people dependent on medical care and other vital services for survival; water supplies were cut for long periods in many places. The subsequent slow re-establishment of basic services still left thousands of homes and businesses without power, affecting 3.4 million people nine months after the initial impact.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	bd4af05dddd25bebade1bbc4f001d378	To save on initial construction costs, developers build new housing where land is cheaper (often the periphery of cities), rather than where there is demand. There are no special requirements in terms of location directly impacting the costs and comfort of living. The owners of social housing continue to bear considerable costs related to the poor quality of construction and unsafe and inadequate location.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	bd4bb65cdde16df470b6aca8370bc076	The Biodiversity Conservation Index indicates that biodiversity in the North region is generally better preserved, owing to the larger native vegetation cover and extension of protected areas and indigenous lands, while many states in the South-east and South display lower index values (MMA, 2015). The index, however, does not consider the actual status of ecosystems within protected areas (Chapter 5). Its immense forest resources extend almost 5 million km2 and almost two-thirds of its territory is covered with forest or other wooded land. Nearly all of Brazil’s forests (98.5%) are natural, non-planted forests. While the rate of deforestation has significantly declined, Brazil is the country with the highest average annual reduction in total forest cover (Figure 4.2).	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	bd4d959093ea4eec8e5c1f227f62cacb	These segments have not been a prime public policy target, at least in the past few decades. Thus, analyses of the at-risk population are of interest not only because they provide a framework for comparing features of the poor population with the population at large, but also because these groups should be targeted by more proactive government policies. This section will present a discussion of some of the main features of the poor and non-poor populations.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	bd526ee3244530447ccdb760f399a34e	The company sees the potential of qualified asylum seekers as a mechanism to boost the available supply of skills. It is also a corporate social responsibility initiative, which strengthens the image of the company. Four special classes for asylum seekers were established in 2015 at the company’s offices in Berlin, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krefeld-Diisseldorf and Karlsruhe.	4	3	2	0.2
10.6027/9789289347204-8-en	bd5342fd08b5f150b267dab942307531	The rate of afforestation decreased considerably after the 2008 financial crisis, but was still significantly higher than before the 1990s. Most reforestation has taken place through state support for afforestation on farms and other privately owned land (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2014). Current Icelandic regulations aim for afforestation on at least 5% of land below 400 metres above sea level in various regional projects (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2016). The Soil Conservation Service of Iceland was founded for this purpose, and a land restoration training programme under the auspices of the United Nations University was launched in 2007.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	bd548ec2836ed7b0ac9c533eed1bfa42	Indeed, research suggests that civil society groups and citizens are more satisfied with policy outcomes, and can more easily legitimate policies when they feel greater ownership of the policy process (Traber, 2013; Esaiasson et al., Civil society, including women’s organisations, also has the potential to enable a more inclusive provision of public goods and improved public service delivery. Effective citizen engagement can increase the quality of inputs for evidence-based decisionmaking, improve policy responsiveness and reinforce the visibility of the national gender institutions themselves.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	bd5804c12cbfbcb65e4c91385fdd8e4b	Their struggles underline how persistent and pervasive discriminatory social norms, stereotypes, stigma and violence remain, holding back women and girls everywhere from realizing their full potential. Militarism and violent conflicts, the global financial and economic crises, volatile food and energy prices, food insecurity and climate change have intensified inequalities and vulnerability, with specific impacts on women and girls. Dominant patterns of development have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods. The richest 1 per cent of the population now owns about 40 per cent of the available assets while the bottom half owns 1 per cent or less.3 These inequalities—among the triggers of the 2008 economic crisis—have been further reinforced by the subsequent recession and austerity measures.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	bd585e63913a3edb8727fd110ee848f0	It is assumed that land use will be allocated to maximise profit. In the Alternative SSP scenario, lower average incomes and higher population growth rates are assumed. Compared with the Reference scenario, prices of agricultural commodities in the Alternative SSP scenario are lower, albeit with some exceptions (Figure 3). Prices of staple commodities, especially those that have relatively high market shares in Africa and Southeast Asia, where the highest population growth is assumed to occur, are higher under the Alternative SSP scenario.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	bd5b2deb2c6873eadf89341bb76ea199	In this case, the gender institution’s leadership, along with a sector-specific approach to gender mainstreaming, improved its capacity to influence inter-sectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination, including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees (OECD, 2014). The Beijing Platform of Action of 1995 indicates that responsibility for the advancement of women should be vested in the highest possible level of government, if possible at the level of a Cabinet minister, so as to ensure sufficient authority to advance a government-wide approach to gender equality. If gender considerations are not integrated into the activities of all gender institutions, gender equality efforts risk being marginalised.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	bd6261eb38eb2aa37f285d9056dd0f3f	Credit insurance also offers delinquency monitoring, management and recovery services. Credit insurance can also include a guarantee up to 100% of the invoice amount in case of default. Companies are looking for guidance and advice to help them comply with the formal requirements of writing letters of credit, as well as to help them decide which International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) to use.	5	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	bd62d0bbc80a1b4cae072dfa24c0e1a4	Some cities offer final, certified exams for MOOCs which can be taken at universities in person, helping retain and motivate students throughout the learning process. Broadband and ICTs can also promote cultural diversity and enhance the creativity of urban inhabitants, which may help create a more pluralistic, tolerant and respectful environment to live in. Such a benevolent environment is key in order to nurture citizens' creativity and can catalyze innovation within the urban space7.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	bd656fdd95754b1afd08c2ebc1623e9c	Most school issue progress reports three times a year. Schools choose whether they will give marks or indicate student achievement in another way (e.g. descriptive). Many schools have adopted monitoring systems to record individual student progress in a systematic way, and to better identity individual student needs and adapt teaching.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3383d551-en	bd676bc879b80c1c35633d84ef2cb0cf	The involvement of women's organizations in the process can facilitate the achievement of gender equity targets. Furthermore, gender targets for access and tenure security should be monitored and officials held accountable for meeting them. This has helped raise awareness and acceptance among men and women of women's land rights, although several rounds of training were necessary.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	bd6a17e4c2dcbf2a53fa0669b3c05f7d	In addition, w'omen’s economic independence increases their autonomy and ability to make decisions over critical areas of their lives, and enhances their economic and social status. The data also suggest, however, that these advances have not yet translated into closing the gender gap in employment or entrepreneurship. A lack of gender-disaggregated data makes it difficult to provide a precise picture of women’s and men’s economic contributions.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	bd6ac12342d9eebb1b2fe8aa3dadb3eb	Now, most cities’ sew'age systems lack the capacity to cope with the growing amount of wastewater. The new mix of programmes, lacking internal coherence, w'as rolled out in a very brief period. In general, each deputy akimat is in charge of its own departments, and reaching consensus on cross-cutting issues that require the intervention of several departments and budget lines is highly complex.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	bd6ce201074f32b41a924843ed77764b	As described in the country reports for japan and Shanghai-China, the teacher uses these differences in strategy to develop a class discussion that focuses on the underlying concepts involved in problem-solving, and thereby promotes a deep understanding of the topic under discussion among both the quickest and the slowest students in the class. Nothing could so vividly demonstrate the point that instructional practice matters. Students are not whiling away their time when the teacher is dealing with a small group in the classroom.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/22758cf4-en	bd6d9dcf62539c5f3354fcdd9740eb83	The agreement provides for exchange of information and data between parties for preventing floods, as well as an exchange of information concerning the installations subject to the agreement. Bulgaria reports that the agreement is not active for the time being, and that discussions regarding its renewal and possible updating arc ongoing. Finally, an Agreement was signed between the Ministry of Environment and Water of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works of the Hellenic Republic in 2002 on Cooperation in the field of Environmental Protection. As a result, a joint Bulgarian-Greek Working Group on cooperation on water protection was established in May 2011.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	bd6d9f3f646aafd8451ed48fe749fc6d	Do projects take into account productive linkages and externalities, going beyond traditional cost-benefit analysis? While these cannot provide evidence on implementation within countries, they nevertheless provide an indication of how extensive such national plans are, in terms of their levels of coverage and depth. Overall, plans score well in terms of vision, alignment with the broader country’s strategy and links with policy goals such as industrialization or productive diversification.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	bd6e12ea3225074149888022df2358da	Similarly to OECD countries where transitions from school to work can take time and include spells of unemployment and short-term contracts (OECD, 2015a), Latin America also has many young people who struggle to integrate into the labour market. Over the past 25 years, average educational attainment in Latin America has increased (see Chapter 4). The fact that youth are older when leaving school should have improved the transition to work and led to greater success once employed.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	bd769280c426644fc1abfec883a2f2c9	Analysing such effects related to fertiliser support policies is, however, beyond the scope of the present study. Import tariffs for biofuels: only removing import tariffs for biofuels. In India and in Indonesia, the fertiliser industry receives a subsidy offsetting its high energy prices while in China and the Russian Federation farmers receive support to lower the burden related to high fertiliser prices (and, in China, those of other inputs).	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	bd773c79ce50b8900a6ba79fbcf39990	Green streets have also enhanced pedestrian safety by shortening crossing distances, and are sometimes considered to slow traffic. Neighbours consider them a real asset to the neighbourhood because they provide water quality and habitat benefits and increase property values. As of 1 July 2010, Portland had a total of 250 projects for over 12 acres. Since 2008, nearly 100 incentive projects have been accepted for an additional 5.6 acres, despite the recession and economic downturn.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	bd778d80a259136724afead5ca698089	The primary tool has been the use of snow machines to provide adequate cover: according to figures from the Austrian cableways association, investments in these totalled EUR 800 million in the five years following 2008.2 As a result, snow is guaranteed on 70% of the slopes in Austria. However, as temperatures (or humidity, or both) increase, so do the volumes of water and energy required, and the costs. As described in OECD (2007), there is also a technical limit because the machines generally require a temperature below -2 °C to be effective.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	bd7968210db17f0537cb1befd84ea5a1	Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The paper benefited from direct funding for the work of the CCXG programme in 2013, including from Australia, the EC, Germany, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and in-kind support from the OECD and the IEA. The authors also gratefully acknowledge information provided by Inka Gnittke, Eric Haxthausen, Anton Ililber, Dima Reda, Marianne Tegman, as well as presenters and delegates at the September 2013 CCXG Global Forum.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	bd7ad0e1e9f1775f817a478b2a4e0b80	However, the breakdown is heterogeneous across the different countries in the region (Map 3.7). In 2010, the NAP/AP was above 1 in 10 countries, including all countries of the Gulf of Guinea: Benin, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. This relationship implies that the probability of belonging to the agricultural sector declines with the size of the city. The parameter p is the elasticity of the NAP/AP ratio of an urban centre of size V compared to the variable U/R. This formula expresses the second assumption of the model: the more developed an economy, the more urbanisation, represented by the U/R ratio, is advanced, and the more the agricultural fraction of the population of a town of a given population is low.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	bd7b12dc325da3fed44ec2c391087c46	This action plan aims to green urban areas, green industry, green the environment and transform Hai Phong into a “green port city”, by taking advantage of the historical port city and setting up a modem, competitive and eco-friendly green port system. In 2015, the city also produced the Green Growth Promotion Plan to identify tangible projects to implement the Action Plan. It is also indispensable for Hai Phong to formulate a mobility master plan to supplement the city master plan and guide the city to transit-oriented development.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	bd7b475f578a2b9a6ba153c239abb402	In addition, the distribution network is not maintained. About 27.1 per cent of water supply infrastructure is not working and requires complete reconstruction. More than 60 per cent of water supply infrastructure is in need of maintenance, due to its continuous operation for more than 20-30 years, yet it is not subject to maintenance because of the excessive costs implied.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	bd7d3664041928b95b83a37577e100a5	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Vol. Ecological Management and Restoration, Vol. Climate and Conservation: Landscape and Seascape Science, Planning and Action, Island Press, pp. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources”, International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC, www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/b ff0a28049a790d6b835faa8c6a8312a/PS6 English 2Q12.pdf?MOD=AJP ERES. A framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat”, Restoration Ecology, Vol. Sustainable Development Research Advances, Nova Publishers, New York, pp.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	bd7d38b815faf740b353a2c0448963db	The government’s role is to ensure that the relevant information and necessary risk management tools are available to them (OECD, 2011c). This implies broadening the scope of information services beyond the basic price and market information currently provided and the development of systems that allow easy on-farm access to this information. In addition, general tax and social security provisions could be developed to support the management of normal risks by producers; for example, tax incentives to save in good years and spend in bad years.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	bd7ea536b10538104b1f120ec71500da	This is supplemented by a longstanding tradition of GPs, who act as gate-keepers to secondary care and play a strong role in maintaining population health. In 2007, major administrative reforms merged 13 counties (and three municipalities with country functions) into five regions whose main responsibility was to deliver hospital care and contract with physicians. These reforms also rationalised the number of municipalities from 275 to 98. Following these reforms, municipalities have a financial stake in the funding of hospital services and are directly responsible for providing long-term elderly care, rehabilitation, supported or institutional housing for older people, public health, school health services, child dental treatment and some aspects of prevention. Central government authorities provided guidance on the planning and location of certain hospital medical specialties and there have been efforts at both levels of government to rationalise the number of small hospitals.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	bd7f69ffdc044d0cc39e5578398630c2	Given current trends it is likely that they will remain at considerably greater risk than other households in 2030. Young people have fared particularly poorly in recent decades with their entry into the labour market being increasingly delayed, their relative earnings falling and their access to alternative incomes, and in particular benefits, being eroded. By 2030 it is highly likely that in many countries access to benefits for young people will have disappeared and they will be increasingly dependent on their families, loans contingent on education and employment for their income. As education expands, those who fail to keep up are increasingly likely to find themselves marginalised. Similarly, those whose families are unwilling or unable to support them will find it considerably harder to make ends meet.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	bd81854c75dc5574105985ae2f11aa66	The total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population were estimated to NOK 10.9 billion, while the total operating expenses were estimated to NOK 9.6 billion. Compared to the total catch value of NOK 12.2 billion, this indicates that the population of the yearly profitability survey catches nearly 90% of the total catch value with a total operating profit of NOK 1.4 billion in 2008. At the same time, the fuel and lubrication oil costs have decreased compared to 2008.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d100c303-en	bd854d9e1075a3e27814b19ae4471446	According to these measures, a person is considered poor if he or she lives in a household with a consumption or income level below a nationally established threshold. National poverty lines are estimated in local currencies and reflect national standards. These thresholds still allow for participation in the normal consumption and living standards of the country but measure poverty in relation to the national average income levels. (	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	bd85b4d9accfe3afd5a4b4c53316fd92	Central Asia and Russia], Ye. Tyuryukanova and R. Abazov, eds. Labour Migration, Remittances, and Human Development in Central Asia. Central Asia Human Development Series. Available from www.eurasia.undp.org/content/ dam / rbec/ docs / CAM&RHDpaperFIN AL.pdf? Gender v vosprijatii obshhestva (rezul'taty nacional'nogo obsledovanija) [Gender as perceived in society (results of national survey].	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	bd86f081db54a3f8ac58b7b93fa81d8f	One solution can consist in creating networks to explore opportunities to enhance uptake of localised solutions through customisation. In India, the Honey Bee Network helped license the Groundnut Digger - a groundnut-sorting machine developed by a farmer - to an entrepreneur for the purpose of cleaning beaches. Such networks are particularly relevant to the discussion of policy options supporting inclusive innovation (Chapter 3), as national-level support for small-scale projects is difficult to obtain, while policy support for reaching scale can be substantial.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	bd87df1a155fd520218a14c6609f5fb6	Knowing that their wages will be imposed on non-members through statutory extension, unions are less likely to moderate their claims and employers are more likely to agree to them. The experience with the Jobs Strategy shed relatively little light on the effect of changing such arrangements, since in most countries such institutional arrangements change little over time. The labour market outcomes of countries that had already weakened or abandoned such procedures before the Jobs Strategy, such as New Zealand and Australia, were positive, however, and the concern with legal extensions was retained in the revised Jobs Strategy. Some though not all empirical studies have found that high labour taxes are associated with higher unemployment rates (Belot and Van Ours, 2004; Nickell, 1997), and Elmeskov et al. (	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	bd8ba6be26dd6cbaba81e7cb25ab6290	While many of the recommendations may not be new, they highlight the need for renewed and continued efforts to ensure that the appropriate policy responses result in scaled up action and improved implementation and outcomes. Ensure that the energy sector genuinely engages women and youth, and effectively supports other sectors of the economy, such as energy for education, health or water. Devise a way of ensuring that the PRDR is sustainable.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k92pghq4247-en	bd90bf06e81b391f33b8cf3d727eebf4	Further, reduce barriers for risk- and debt-averse students by providing relevant and reliable information to support their learning and career choices. Consider using fee differentiation by programme or allowing tuition levels to evolve in step with increases in household income or an appropriate education cost index. Undertake efforts to develop a better set of indicators upon which to base performance funding to institutions.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	bd934538e20aea90eaf001ffcb8a2dd9	Data from Table 3.14 show that 39% of all poor households receive the assistance of the Dibao programme as do 4% of non-poor households. After adding Dibao to household income, poverty rates do not decrease very much. On the other hand, the targeting efficiency of the Dibao programme is very low, which points to the conclusion that the effect of the Dibao programme on reducing inequality has been limited.	10	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	bd9403922ba07b38d665d73cd5ae4776	Inactivity is somew'hat less widespread among women aged 40 and over in the second group’s Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia) than in the Southern European ones (Portugal, Spain and Greece). Unemployment is nevertheless high in those countries and seems frequently to result in early retirement. Figure 4.2 shows high rates of inactivity only among younger w'omen, while most of those aged 40 and over work full-time. As a consequence, the gender gap in w'orking hours is narrow in all age brackets in the active population (Figure 4.3, left-hand panel). As for the population of working age, the gender gap in working hours is significantly narrower among older age groups, as many women have swdtched from inactivity to full-time work (Figure 4.3, right-hand panel).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	bd97623979226aafbc06fe72f22eb99a	China has taken world leadership in the development of renewable energy and India has significantly increased its installed capacity of renewable energy sources, while ASEAN possesses a largely untapped potential. According to the IEA (2015c), the unexploited potential for hydropower in Southeast Asia is particularly substantial. For instance, Lao PDR alone has an estimated hydropower potential of 23 GW, while the current installed capacity stood at a mere 3.2 GW in 2012.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	bd98ebbad781581d959e77540ca51c9b	The paper concludes by discussing the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and a possible way forward in balancing multiple views and priorities. Par consequent, les avis divergent sur ce que signifie un financement climatique « efficace », ainsi que sur la fa§on dont cette efficacite peut etre evaluee. Ce rapport etudie comment differents milieux ou communautes considerent l’efficacite du financement climatique, ainsi que les politiques ou les prealables institutionnels qui la favorisent et les methodes actuellement utilisees pour assurer le suivi et revaluation de cette efficacite.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	bd9cb03947f6c011bc5f532fcfd3914b	The principal driver of this “regressive” effect was a lack of regular GMI adjustments. The same is true in the United States: the beneficial effect of some of the “Bush-era” tax cuts on higher-income earners was mainly felt at incomes above the range shown in the graph. The main message from the graph is one of highly progressive redistribution changes in the United States, and flat or regressive changes in most European countries. The only exception is France, where low-earning families with children (but, unlike in the United States, not those with zero earnings) benefited substantially from an “employment-friendly” reform of the GMI benefit, which, among other things, incentivised low-income families to combine work with benefit receipt by reducing benefit withdrawal rates.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	bd9d0098bed6f683b9728fd237bafb4f	Given these figures, it could be argued that Latvia has had more fiscal space to devote to health system investment than other OECD economies. The proportion of GDP to the public sector in Latvia is 36.5%, much lower than the average of all European OECD countries (excluding Turkey) at 45.6% in 2012 (OECD, 2015d) and Latvia spends 9% of public expenditure in health, a smaller share than any OECD countries (Figure 1.13). At the other end of the spectrum, the share is over 20% in New Zealand, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United States.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	bd9d482176aa08460e1a3179a8027fff	Stakeholder engagement through inclusive water governance is increasingly recognised as critical to secure support for reforms, raise awareness about water risks and costs, increase users' willingness to pay, and to handle conflicts. Striving for consensus through collaborative governance can pave the way for action provided safeguards to enable participation and equal representation of all stakeholders are provided for. Policy instruments to address point source and diffuse source pollution are different due to their different characteristics’.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	bda0575463ca678037d44dc2b2ab1656	More than 280,000 disabled South Africans aged between 5 and 18 are still not in school or receiving training. This analysis and other similar literature reviews and policy papers highlight a range of key factors that governments need to address if they are to implement Article 24 and build inclusive education systems in their countries. It is interesting that despite his having adopted a critical stance to the efficacy of inclusive education, Mitchell's findings are largely supportive and his recommendations are of general use. From the international literature surveyed, mainly drawn from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and USA, the conclusions outlined in Box 4.3 emerged. The education of disabled students is a complex process with many interrelated elements, most of which apply to education in general and some of which are specific to disabled students. Inclusive education goes far beyond the physical placement of disabled students in general classrooms; it requires nothing less than the transformation of regular education by promoting positive school/ classroom cultures and structures, together with evidence-based practices.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	bda0abf4babbbf899f2f639c5eb4588b	When teachers work together regularly, collaboration becomes a tool for recording, learning and sharing good practice. This is in line with the development of professional learning communities for teachers, which collaboratively analyse pedagogy and lesson content in order to continually refine practice. Much of the professional learning is embedded in daily activities, such as team teaching, curriculum building (multidisciplinary teams of teachers working collaboratively to design an integrated, multidisciplinary programme of study), collaborative lesson planning and team meetings.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086234-en	bda2bb8d1c0987ea2f4528f6413e1e2f	The schools now also have to provide written information about the pupil’s results in relation to the national goals to make the pupils results clearer for the parents. The focus is further development in subjects and, included, didactic perspectives and skills. Teachers can keep 80% of their salary, while furthering their education in a subject that they teach.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	bda64537b3bf3377dda78b404a9a7207	Revising and implementing Renewable Energy Law. Moving towards more dynamic electricity pricing (DSM Measures) and preferential dispatching. The central government's tight grip on pricing is a key challenge that could undermine its own efforts to enlarge the country's transmission and flexible generation capacity. Measures undertaken are usually heavily administrative: change is driven by target-setting rather than market forces.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	bda693cc0e524dc603854deb27bc9883	At the same time land-use and planning have important implications for housing policy. On the one hand they have direct effects on spatial segregation; on the other, they can limit the responsiveness of housing supply to other housing programmes by increasing the amount of time and the number of bureaucratic steps needed to obtain building permits (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, when land-use and planning restrictions limit housing supply, land and housing prices will capture the value of housing subsidies, with perverse effects on wealth distribution. Moreover, multiple levels of government are responsible for executing, regulating and sometimes delivering these policies. This high degree of complexity might lead to contrasting objectives and goals, with loss of efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy. This paper identifies the main challenges faced by households in accessing good-quality affordable housing and analyses the housing policies put in place by OECD countries to understand the degree to which they share social policy objectives and pursue them through the implemented policy mix.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	bda7b279ce04256cf4d350d4e9863495	Regardless of what the committees and the councils decide, states have formal, factual and legitimate powers that cannot be ignored or superseded. In fact, it is not possible to devise a system that ignores or goes against those powers. The empowerment of river basin councils and agencies is certainly useful to better water management, but it is very questionable that the ultimate source of those powers are not elected bodies, both at the state level and at the federal level.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	bda8d1b7bdb22e26c4f4b0043a5f19be	Previous estimates by the Chicago Department of Water Management suggest that the installation of new metres and replacement of aging water mains and pumping stations could result in up to 2 000 construction jobs (Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). To support this work, there would be demand for civil engineers, although whether this would result in sectoral growth or simply represent new project opportunities for existing firms is unclear. Reducing the share of solid waste that goes to landfill by increasing the recycling of municipal waste, constiuction and demolition (C&D) materials and composting could help reduce GHG emissions generated by waste.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	bdaad6964f8fa3c4dc4bd5a0f52ccbde	It will take sound policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment from all development actors to achieve women’s economic empowerment. It will never be a “quick fix”. Good practice in pro-poor growth is about addressing these goals as mutually supportive rather than as mutually exclusive. For example, women’s economic rights can be strengthened by improving national administrative and legal frameworks relating to land, inheritance and property rights.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	bdad01964ff0a567d02643695d0ff04d	The primary policy instrument of the Polish government to address the lack of access SMEs have to traditional bank financing is government-backed guarantees. These guarantees are provided to banks to act as collateral security for loans and as an incentive to banks to lend to SMEs by reducing the risks in SME lending. The National Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF), managed by the BGK, and about 50 local and regional guarantee funds are active in this market.	8	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289344678-7-en	bdad972cad7a39c060f17cbc6294a83c	The Nordic countries differ in their economic structure but they all have developed electricity and heat systems that have relatively little fossil fuel input Whereas, the extractive industries in the Nordic countries make the material flows from the region unusually high as compared to the mean of the EU countries. Per cent See Figure 14 below. For instance, the GDP growth rate focuses on the overall economic activity, but tells nothing about the structural development of the economy and the development in income or wealth distribution, etc.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	bdaf73839b3344cf4b8d2b3bbabab25a	In particular, they need to give priority to those teachers who have a permanent nomination and take into account their seniority. Teachers apply directly to schools and/or school boards and the hiring procedure typically involves interviews by the school board (Flemish Ministry of Education and TVaining, 2015). This can occur with “acceptable” qualifications, if the individual has a teaching degree for the relevant level of education but in a different field of study, or with “other” qualifications, when the individual has a degree other than a teaching degree and/or some relevant professional experience.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f61073ef-en	bdb23a07f60eef510311760322022d4e	However, some countries that did not enjoy significant economic growth were also successful in reducing poverty. This shows that economic growth by itself cannot explain poverty changes and that income inequality is of paramount importance as a poverty reduction factor. After decomposing the poverty changes caused by economic growth and by shifts in inequality, they concluded that it was the rich who profited most from economic growth, as the average income of the wealthiest 20% increased by more than the average income overall.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	bdb51c1141e67cc3be6496d52062d958	However, although prior to the 1980s, when neoliberal thinking began to dominate the policy landscape, macroeconomic strategies in many parts ofthe world tried to address a lack of employment opportunities, they currently often limit both the quantity and quality of the employment opportunities available. Macroeconomic policies can be particularly important in influencing the overall demand for labour in the economy. It is common to assume that employment creation is an automatic by-product of economic growth. In reality, growth does not automatically translate into new and better jobs.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	bdb57b349a3186b17b6a65461e8cc391	"Public concessional funds flowing from developed to developing countries to address climate change are estimated to be USD 9-12 billion per year in 2008.14 Of this, funding for adaptation is estimated to be only a small fraction; annual financial flows for adaptation are estimated to be on the order of USD 100 to USD 200 million per year (OECD, 201 la; Corfee-Morlot et al., Each Member Country had its own interpretation of this concept and would not likely agree on a common baseline against which to establish additionality. The DAC has an active role to play in helping to clarify key concepts and relevant terminology, to facilitate a dialogue on this issue."" ( See for example Enting and Ilarmeling 2011 and further discussion in Section 3.2."	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	bdb9e20511c4bfb900571f196155bc8d	Patients can choose any GP but as there is no gatekeeping system they can also choose to visit any medical specialist directly. There are low outpatient contacts per person (58 in 2015) and weak primary care governance (e.g lack of state inspection, supportive primary care policies). There is also relative underdevelopment of the primary care workforce with low income levels relative to specialists. More positively, the primary care system has been judged to be relatively effective and efficient in regard to coordination and comprehensiveness of care (Ktingos et aL, 2015; Kringosetal,2013).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/96bb964c-en	bdba8175869322205a3c394774f4e011	This lack of access to the digital world puts young people at a grave disadvantage. I have been in numerous situations where the lack of internet access was a serious problem.” Unless these gaps in access and skills are identified and closed, rather than being an equalizer of opportunity, connectivity may deepen inequity, reinforcing intergenerational cycles of deprivation.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	bdbd755774b73fa64a84d9f58f6e96b8	The last model, which is the framework for an analysis of differences in indicators over time, yielded statistically significant negative coefficients for deprivation as measured by at least one indicator; the results in all other cases were not statistically significant. Even though the results suggest that female-headed households are worse off in respect of this indicator, in this case a slight trend towards the levelling of non-monetary deprivation is observed. The social policies recently implemented in Brazil (e.g., policies that have increased six-year-olds’ access to schooling), which have been particularly effective for these types of households, may have exerted a positive effect in this respect. The lower the level of schooling, the higher the percentage of households experiencing deprivation.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	bdbdb93bad6107e968ecbaa8bc3ccc7d	These plants are operated in a frequency sensitive mode, which will result in active power output changes, in response to a change in system frequency, to recover the target frequency. Reserves, regulated by balancing markets, play their role as part of the “solidarity principle” within the whole interconnected area (with many control areas combined)7 and participate in the primary adjustment, regardless of the area where the fault originated. The Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) recommends a primary control reserve margin of about 2.5% of the total installed capacity in an electricity generation system and that primary reserves are distributed homogeneously over the synchronous area.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	bdc51a5af542282c68a617bd88facd08	"Marshall defined social citizenship as ""including social rights, these being the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security and right to live the life of a civilized being (quoted in Jenson, 2006:6)"" (Poppel, M. 2014: 127). You can be provided for by your family, by charity organizations or by friends. Fulfilling the norms of a given community gives access to its resources."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bc3560a4-en	bdc5201239fc3e3eb118cb105b6abf67	After excluding countries that had already achieved a low level of malnutrition, the 20th percentile among all the rates of improvement was selected as an ambitious rate of improvement, but also one that has proven to be feasible in a large number of countries. This 20th percentile of the annual rate of improvement was then applied to the baseline prevalence globally to calculate a new 2030 target. For two of the indicators (low birthweight and anaemia in women of reproductive age), the past rate of improvement has been too slow to achieve the WHA target, even by 2030. Thus, for these indicators, the revised 2030 target is the same as the 2025 target, since the level of ambition for 2030 should not be less than that agreed upon for 2025.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096356-en	bdc62a095b008c7e1e6b4d52e4459d33	That said, different indicators can, of course, be helpful to formulate and communicate government policy. To be precise, one would need to speak in the terminology introduced by Frank Knight (1922) about uncertainty rather than about risk. The important point is that the expected utility hypothesis breaks down in the case of uncertainty when probability functions are unknown.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	bdc78d39f2cf4d6289788be2ab195aec	See UN Human Rights Committee 1988. There are situations when public authorities can interfere with these rights, such the expulsion of a person from a country in which his/her close relatives live or a decision awarding custody of children (which by definition implies an interference with the family life of one or both parents). Yet, in all such circumstances, the authorities must comply with the specific requirements set down in the limitation clauses.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	bdc89f1c666f96f2662fdebeeb0effd0	This analysis should be regularly updated to identify emerging opportunities for and challenges to processes of empowerment for pro-poor growth. Where capacity is weak, it is important not to overload state institutions, so this analysis should help donors to focus interventions where they are most likely to achieve results. It helps donors to identify which actors to work with and develop strategies to shift unequal power dynamics and foster inclusion.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dcr-2014-22-en	bdc8f23e46f496e7826d22f94d7c2f30	"This chapter outlines this complex financial landscape and the potential for countries to take action to tap the potential synergies among growing new sources of environment finance and traditional sources of development finance. Transitioning to loiv-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development pathways requires a holistic approach to finance and investment, shifting public and private finance from “brown"" to ""green” investments, scaling-up ""green” finance, and integrating environmental considerations into all relevant investments and government activities. The impact of these changes may fall indiscriminately across countries, population groups and generations, affecting in particular the poorest, the most vulnerable and those who have limited control over, and responsibility for, possible solutions."	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	bdc9b566946439916b0d59340be4f484	On the other hand, the incubators operated by AFEM, the EBWA and the JFBPW are incubating as many women’s enterprises as 12 of the 18 mainstream business incubators combined. This suggests that when women’s enterprises are specifically targeted for incubation and the entrepreneurs are provided with preincubation preparation, women’s business incubators can be instrumental in producing a pipeline of viable, job-creating enterprises with potential for growth. Donors and international organisations have been vital in promoting the provision of BDS and incubation services to women entrepreneurs in the developing MENA economies. Donor-supported MSME projects often set targets for the inclusion of women among beneficiaries, such as the CIDA-funded EEDP project through El Mobadara. In addition, special BDS projects targeting women are largely donor-funded, such as the Business Development Center in the BWF-Palestine (Cherie Blair Foundation for Women), and the EntreElles in Regions Project in Morocco (GIZ).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	bdcddf835965b6c746d4d5e13a0da717	Although several studies analyse child poverty dynamics in single countries (e.g. Ashworth et al. Yet a cross-national perspective provides reference points for national results. It also helps explore the effects of varied policy environments or, at the very least, formulate relevant questions about policy effects (see Valletta 2006). The study analyses the extent of mobility along deciles of the income distribution, investigates if income growth among children has been pro-poor and if income mobility may have offset income inequality among children.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	bdce5086473dea97cdb8cfc6e6f34850	Meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of well-integrated policy measures. This can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels (international, national, regional, municipal, basin, etc.). Greater policy coherence is called for, both horizontally and vertically, among different institutions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	bdd267da45487ad31584d8236f833125	Create opportunities for rural livelihoods that are as attractive and sustainable as possible (ideally in places of origin of potential migrants) and remedy infrastructural, institutional and policy failures in rural areas (and related secondary cities and rural towns) to reduce the push factors driving rural migration. Develop human capital in rural areas through education and training opportunities, and remove gender-related constraints so that rural residents, regardless of their gender, can take advantage of opportunities available through migration. Manage the effects of climate change on agriculture and rural areas by developing risk-management strategies for agriculture and related sectors, including investments to prevent, mitigate and cope with the negative impacts of extreme weather events.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/797ccf27-en	bdd4a251e689e4a399a7299ff3da05b6	The greater the income concentration, the larger will this area be, which increases the value of the indicator. This makes it advisable to complement the analysis with other indicators that do satisfy this property, such as the Theil, Atkinson and logarithmic variance indicators. The greater the value used, the higher the weighting given to observations in the lower part of the distribution, most frequently between 0.5 and 2.0.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264267886-en	bdd5175a10fdfd506b553f0b2a41c984	The country did not only manage to significantly reduce the GDP per capita gap with other OECD countries, but it also caught up with respect to several other dimensions of well-being. To ensure further widespread improvements in living standards, Poland needs to continue to move towards higher-technology production, boosting productivity and improving access to high-quality jobs and good pay. This report reviews recently implemented and planned reforms that aim to achieve these goals and proposes further policy measures to help Poland make the shift towards a more knowledge-based economy.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264301085-4-en	bdd8219ba84e34a1de55f830dde238c8	In the United Kingdom, Denmark and Japan, there is larger mobility at the bottom, but there is some sticky ceiling at the top. In the remaining countries (except Chile), the situation stands at the average of the cardinal points mentioned above. Chile and Israel stand out with a very specific pattern of high mobility at the top and at the bottom. This is partly to be related to the income distribution in these countries, with incomes highly concentrated at the very top.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	bdd9ae3e53efaa20f005aaa5ea034159	While underreporting and misclassification may bias both the absolute level and the distribution of benefit recipiency, the impact on the distribution of benefits is likely to be smaller. This is akin to calculating the likelihood of benefit receipt for sub-groups of unemployed persons with particular demographic and labour market characteristics relative to the average. For the purposes of this section, the distribution of benefit recipiency is shown according to gender, age and migrant status, as well as according to the work experience and work status before becoming unemployed, and the length of time unemployed.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-8-en	bddc966995809b70dc642971fadfb736	Among other things, it considers how responsibilities for school organisation and operation are distributed; how school quality assurance and development are structured (e.g. school self-evaluation, externality in quality assurance); how school leadership is organised, distributed and prepared; how resources in schools are organised to create environments conducive to effective teaching and learning (e.g. organisation of learning, outreach to parents and communities); and how school facilities and materials are used to support such environments (e.g. use of school facilities outside instruction hours). In Uruguay, 41.4% of 15-year-olds sitting the PISA 2012 assessment were enrolled in lower secondary education, and 58.6% in upper secondary education. Almost all students who sat the PISA assessment followed a general programme (97.3%) (OECD, 2013a, Tables IV.2.4 and IV.2.6).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	bde41b13ce36daff848ede2fa4d77791	The findings are presented in the tables below, occasionally supplemented by additional untabulated (UT) items reported in prose form. Of the remaining 377, 38% were male and 62% female; 49% were from the United Kingdom and 51% from Germany, so the sample was well balanced between the two countries. The higher female response may indicate that the issues were of more interest to women than to men.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	bde4e273dc3c2e33c83d27e47bfb12a3	If urgent measures are not taken, this will be a recurrent event for years to come. Green tides are not the cause, but the unintentional consequence of coastal eutrophication. With the presence of sufficient nutrients and solar energy, these opportunistic species, with a well-adapted anatomy, morphology and physiology, will proliferate. Obviously, it would be beneficial to reduce nutrient loading at the source; but this may not be possible in the present context of economic development along the coastal zone of China.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aefb0a67-en	bde59c039ee2d0f88aeb95cbf84745c5	In reality, the proponents of these views have not only sought to undermine women's rights, but have simultaneously adopted policies that erode the conditions that enable families and their members to thrive. It is through families that people share resources such as housing and income, look after those who are sick and frail, and reproduce, nurture and care for the next generation. Families can be places of love and affection, and pivotal for each member's sense of identity and belonging. Over their lifetimes, around one in three women can expect to experience physical or sexual abuse at the hands of an intimate partner.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	bdef2f8f4d294232282ee269f293bcd6	Family members delay visiting a doctor or do not seek help at all mainly for financial reasons. Forty-five per cent of the poorest quintile found it difficult or even impossible to pay for health care (World Bank 2009a). In Kazakhstan, the loss of purchasing power was already visible in slightly lower consumption in the first half of 2009 (real consumption decreased by 2.2 per cent compared to same period in 2008).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	bdf2449504c3d498b4ddf2826e3b9a34	Theory and experience shows that individual quotas often lead to resource conservation as they eliminate the race to fish, improve safety, reduce gear conflicts and loss, lead to greater economic stability, and improve the quality of the fish landed. Having the quotas transferable further lowers operating costs, improves resources rents and the investment climate, reduces fleet capacity, and increases profitability. But there might be social objectives that call for limitation on the transferability of quotas.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	bdf25238aec418eed128ffec64733857	At a time when bank customers, including SMEs, are starting to look beyond banks to alternative sources of finance (Ernst and Young, 2013), women-led businesses are one of the potential future markets for banks’ lending development. In their responses to the survey, all banks stated that they have previously financed or are currently financing businesses owned by women. For example, at the time, Khaleeji Commercial Bank of Bahrain reported investment in 11 projects involving women-led businesses, and considers these interests as part of its broader strategy to penetrate new market segments and expand its presence in the region. The bank sees many opportunities for growing its business, not only in its domestic market, but also in the wider MENA region (Khaleeji, 2011).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264079915-9-en	bdf30e19de8f4c21e9529af9bd6aa151	The UN Law of the Sea governs some aspects such as the 200-mile zones around coasts and the right to exploit the continental shelf, but in theory, anyone can travel the rest of the world’s seas and exploit their resources relatively unhindered. Governing a shared, global resource like fish poses special problems. Conservation efforts by one group can be worthless if the only result is to allow another a bigger share of the catch.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	bdf6d3488207f777eaede1161ec9a731	Yet in all three regions, continued groundwater depletion also shows that endogenous water risks have not been satisfactorily addressed by farmers or companies. In the above section, the behaviour of companies and farmers was analysed separately to understand the type of incentives they may respond to facing a possible but generally known risk. However, the risk is not only uncertain but it may also be perceived differently by different fanners and companies depending on their level of infonnation and degree of risk aversion. For instance, fanners may believe that water risks are higher than companies do.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	bdf76a129233c6512e17b5def6e21d16	Technical standards are not harmonised, industry associations advocating clean energy are weak and there is consumer scepticism about the benefits of clean energy technologies. There is also little information on the effectiveness of various incentives and tax mechanisms. Access to funding from multilateral banks or financial institutions is weak. Project sponsors lack experience in preparing loan and funding requests.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	bdf813608a9dec880b38381797b2aa6a	Again, programmes emphasizing one-to-one and group education are likely to be most beneficial, and might initially be based on geographically identified areas of high need. Simple, low-cost interventions reorganising the way screening services are offered in primary care clinics have been shown to be effective in increasing uptake rates amongst disadvantaged localities, at least in the short term (Roetzbeim et al., The Czech Republic needs to look for quality improvements across the whole pathway of care for patients with cancer.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	bdfa9d086ac35ceffb59d03541c9b2f1	Both analytical and numerically-derived methods are currently in use in implemented regulations to determine stream response to groundwater pumping. Where detailed numerical groundwater models are available, these have been used to determine the impact of pumping on stream depletion. Elsewhere, analytical and graphical methods based on solutions of the groundwater flow problem applied to the case of surface water-groundwater interaction are applied (as shown in Box 3.2).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-36-en	bdff0a60ee7e71ad4202c509af1bcb0d	The goal is to ease access to the sector and encourage new entrants. At the same time, funds from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund support a move towards sustainable production which takes into account environmental, social and economic aspects. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	bdff6bf6142bf685416e99c9c9271293	This puts them at a disadvantage when they start school; it also prevents their mothers from working and helping their families out of poverty. The most effective measure that Costa Rica can take to halt rising inequality and give every child a fair chance to succeed in learning and life is to prioritise the expansion of quality ECEC, focusing on the most disadvantaged populations. In 2014, the government established the National Network for Childcare and Development {Red Nacional de Cuido y Desarrollo Infantil, REDCUDI) to improve co-ordination between different public and private providers. The new policy framework to guide the development of services for children aged 0 to 8 represents the first attempt to provide a truly comprehensive, rights-based approach to ECEC in Costa Rica.	4	101	810	0.7782656421514819
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	be0603c1b3ddeb5c511b5f9bbb7ecc8c	If energy prices fall, then the return on the investment falls as well. A number of studies report strong linkages between the prices of energy and non-energy commodities, using a variety of methodologies (Baffes et al., This could lead to investments in energy-efficient storage systems, machinery or management of land.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	be065b1281ae5e2261d7d3ccf95ee34c	Fertiliser registration includes an application to register and lab sample analysis, and excludes field testing due to limited additional benefits. There are also good quality control measures in place: fertiliser bags must comply with comprehensive labelling requirements in at least one of the country’s official languages, and mislabeled and open bags are prohibited and subject to penalties, encouraging further fertiliser quality control. Most of these good practices are applied in Serbia too.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08756197-en	be06ad85bf33c0553145cdb985b13a56	There are several sites dedicated to construction waste in Tbilisi; however, there are no specific data on asbestos storage. Exposure of the population to radon is a cause of lung cancer and there is an enhanced effect with tobacco smoke. Actions to reduce radon risks, such as ventilation, are not developed and construction rules do not take into account the presence of radon.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/be112931-en	be086579180b0f7a85a2c96d78c7d623	High-voltage power lines are a major source of mortality among birds (particularly predatory birds), killing more vultures than hunting or trapping activities. Night lighting has been shown to have significant impacts on populations of night-flying insects. Furthermore, roads are a major source of mortality for various species, including hedgehogs, snakes and birds, particularly during migration seasons. In 2008, the preparation of national forest inventory was launched; no inventory of other plants has ever been prepared in Kyrgyzstan.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	be088efe24c9bee737d0a8f77335eaf5	Finally, given the problems people with criminal records face in finding employment, the authorities should consider removing barriers to expunging criminal records of those who have undergone treatment successfully. Tax Policy in the Age of Automation”, Harvard Law & Policy Review, Vol. Evidence on the Role of Urban Governance from Five OECD Countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	be092f2eb9ca9226ce9432b5026bc76d	See IEA (2008b) and IEA (2011a) for a discussion. As a result, the ambitious targets by 2050 for low-carbon energy in general, and renewable energy on a large scale, have considerable implications for competitive energy markets. The optimal mix of conventional generation to support increased variable renewable generation and ensure security of electricity supply will be different from the most economic mix prior to the introduction of large amounts of variable energy resources.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	be0956772162db3040f21eb6419b3ba5	Pathways also provides a financial incentive to participating students in the form of a CAD 1 000 bursary for each year during high school to a maximum of CAD 4 000 for post-secondary education or training. Roughly two-thirds of Pathways volunteers are university students, while the others are professionals and community residents. Local school boards also help facilitate monitoring results over time.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	be0a54118d47bc88b41f7be589bee0c7	This period coincides with the first implementation stages of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in Amazonia Legal, or PPCDAm (Chapter 4), and of the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme (Box 5.1). Excluding natural monuments, wildlife refuge areas, areas of relevant ecological interest, fauna reserves and private natural heritage reserves, which together accounts for 0.7% of total officially protected area. Cadastro Nacional de Unidades de Conservagao.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7fd14686-en	be0b8b6e86005679f6c02ecbe65e29bf	Again, it is important to note how Thailand and Myanmar define their primary forests as explained above. Myanmar has the greatest total remaining forest area but has also seen the greatest forest loss among the Mekong countries. Most of the decrease has been in the other naturally regenerated forests, with a much smaller portion of deforestation being reported in the remaining primary forests. The total population in 2015 was 15.6 million - it increased by approximately 73 percent during 1990 to 2015, with a 62 percent increase in rural population and a 130 percent increase in urban population.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	be0cc2e30c22f4e0ef99048600d0d269	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights!®oecd.org. The paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development co-operation providers in the post-2015 context The paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in 2015. An earlier version of the paper was drafted to foster the discussion on the role of development co-operation providers in relation to climate and sustainable development finance during the annual meeting of the ENVIRONET on 1-2 March, 2016.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591646-8-en	be10b27411e6fb5759b905869cc3d7a8	There is also an increased focus by some (especially European) donors on pooling AfT funds through trust funds or multilateral agencies. Donor commitments to multilaterals have increased rapidly. Multilateral flows have increased by almost US$6 billion to almost US$17 billion and now represent 42 per cent of AfT flows, up from 28 per cent in 2008 (OECD/WTO 2011).	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fbc5a6db-en	be15ba5bd668235f301b517cc4d8b12e	In the intervening years, first with a serious economic contraction in the 1990s and then with lack of investment funds, these countries have not invested very much in building new capacity. As a result their power plant is both old and obsolete technologically. By contrast, China has been building new capacity rapaciously in the past 20 years and even accelerated its capacity building -using very high technologies—in the 2000s.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	be17ba51fff81725f1c5458086dbbfca	Both Nepal and Yemen exhibit a sharp downward trend in export concentration even though the movement on the export diversification index is milder. It will be important to see whether these encouraging trends are maintained into the future, and to understand the dynamics of export diversification in these countries through more focused case studies. The current economic crisis has highlighted the importance of entertaining a broad range of export partners.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	be19f2c0457f2ce35db5a95eff8d7d30	If the woman converts to Islam, her non-Muslim husband is not allowed to continue living with her, unless he also converts to Islam. There is no mention of apostasy. Tunisia does not address this issue. However, the law states that “both future spouses cannot be in one of the impediment cases foreseen by the law”.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	be1bf90c01f7cfaf1b085ff13a106bac	We are very thankful to the interpreters, Silvia Martuscelli, Ennia Cucchiarelli (Rome) and Maria Fitzgibbon (Florence), who contributed to the quality of the exchanges with stakeholders. Jessica Lagana, Stefano Catani and Carla Di Paola, at the permanent delegation of Italy to the OECD, Andrea Maccarini, member of the CERI Governing Board, and Francesca Brotto, at the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research, are gratefully acknowledged for their support at various stages of the review. The review team wishes to record its grateful appreciation to the many people who gave time from their busy schedules to inform the review team of their views, experiences and knowledge. The total number of IWBs in Italy is about 70k in 2012.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	be22935f90a9e29448364deead543c95	On the back of this initial success and demonstrated demand, Stargate is seeking investors fora new fund, Trapezia EIS II, with a target of £10 million. Yet less than 2.5 per cent out of a total of €3.5 billion of venture capital funding in the UK and Europe is going to companies with a female chief executive.’ Recognising an incredible market opportunity in the underserved segment of women entrepreneurs, Gita Patel, a dynamic and experienced finance executive, created the Trapezia EIS fund.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-10-en	be23802df4953591ac1177a036e505df	Participation in education is one of the most effective means of overcoming socio-economic barriers. However, access to education may be limited by a number of factors - poverty, rural settings and a lack of flexible delivery options. Freeing instruction from the constraints of time, place and pace has the potential to provide new learning opportunities for many. Breaking down barriers to accessing education must be thought of as a process of widening participation in education rather than simply widening the audience.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	be256cfb723128f0334d67175b2bbe8e	Studies on benefit take-up regularly find non-take-up rates in the order of 40% or more, indicating a significant combined deterrent effect of the various barriers. ( Since SA benefits are meant to alleviate poverty but are often not taken up, it is useful to take a closer look at the fraction of poor people that these benefits reach. To illustrate orders of magnitude, Figure 2 combines administrative data on benefit recipients with survey-based totals of the number of income-poor households. The resulting proportions are ‘pseudo coverage rates’, in the sense that they express the relative sizes of two groups that overlap only partially (some non-poor households may receive SA benefits).	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	be262b2b74539920fc1347008c9693ec	The programmes include: purchasing entitlements from willing sellers at market prices and implementing infrastructure works (both on farm and in irrigation delivery systems) to reduce losses and improve water efficiency. State governments also undertake similar efforts. It should be noted that some responses provided information with a different metric, depending on the information available.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	be2a499102bd16d33680d1237c1da491	One possibility is that women are more willing to report more extreme responses than men, which would be consistent with both higher average scores on life satisfaction and a lower affect balance (Boarini et al., The Cantril Ladder is measured on a scale from 0 to 10, where 10 stands for the highest satisfaction. Data refer to 2011 for Brazil and Chile; and to 2009 for Switzerland.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	be2e36eea32e45c7097f99e475499327	However, exports in 2008 were significantly less because of the extraordinarily cold winter, with a record-high production of electricity that almost depleted the water reserves in the reservoir at the Toktogul hydropower station, the largest in the country. The project started in 1986 in Soviet times in a completely different context, and was designed to meet the demand in electricity and irrigation water for the whole region. With the emergence of new independent smaller republics in 1991, the plant capacity appeared oversized for single Kyrgyzstan and construction has slowed due to financial problems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	be33212ebc6a8b0afa0587139afc2ea8	The pattern is similar for native-born and foreign-bom workers, although the latter appear to benefit from considerably higher returns to tertiary education. Greater Accra, the region of the capital, had an average monthly wage in the medium range, while having the highest levels of education both for Ghanaian- and foreign-bom individuals (7.2 and 9.9 years respectively). Northern, Brong Ahafo and Eastern regions demonstrate the highest rates of poverty (Cooke et al., Overall, the pattern suggests that average educational attainment is positively linked with average real wages for foreign-born workers, while the opposite is true for native-born workers. Source: Authors’ own work based on Ghana Statistical Service (2016). Mincer-type regressions are undertaken to analyse what characteristics cause the discrepancies in real monthly wages between the foreign- and native-born workers (see Table 4.3).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en	be372bc2355cfe452da4c32a69c11945	All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.______ The assessment focusses on the impact of trade facilitation measures in three areas: on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in final domestic demand; on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in the gross exports of a reference country; and on the amount of domestic value-added embodied in foreign final demand for agriculture and primary products, low tech industries, medium-low tech industries, and high and medium-high tech industries. A small increase of 0.1 in TFIs performance could potentially generate increases in a country’s value-added “imports” in a range of between 1.5 and 3.5%, while in the case of “exports” these increases could range between 1 and 3%.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	be3ed937eeb6d8c1b72dd08d95447488	Fourth, resourcing strategies need to be developed with the adequate assessment of the extra resources needed to educate a student with special needs. One priority is the establishment of special schools at the secondary education level. There is no reason to assume that students with special needs cannot aspire to reach secondary education. This requires early intervention and co-ordinated strategies for equity. To compress socio-cultural differences in achievement requires structured programmes in early childhood care and education, extending upwards into primary school. Ensuring that schools provide their students with adequate and timely support is essential to enable struggling students not only to stay at school but to get the most of their schooling years.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1edabeca-en	be3f8899372a0b294018f874d7870eda	Structural transformation requires an increase in both the quantity and the quality of energy supply, in line with producers’ demand and needs, to avoid it acting as a constraint on the development of new and existing productive activities. The enabling role of energy in structural transformation requires a continuous and reliable supply of energy for productive uses. This means, in particular, high-quality and well-maintained infrastructure for electricity generation, transmission and distribution.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	be40c85cb6883287e475830d073cb7be	Part of the reason for this is that we have not yet figured out reliable methods of accreditation, so that it is difficult for learners to convert their MOOC experience into qualifications that are relevant in the labour market. Holm Keller, former vice president of Leuphana University in Germany, developed an interesting collaborative variant of a MOOC for PISA, called PISA4U.20 He asked potential learners, most of them professional educators, to subscribe to a course and then grouped them based on an algorithm so that members of the group shared common aspirations about their education goals, but were as diverse as possible in virtually every other way. Those diverse groups then identified and worked on problems collaboratively, with each individual supported by an online mentor, and each group supported by an experienced tutor.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	be40d6231b32f5da0473eb0cf28db2a2	This chapter aims to provide guidance on the critical steps needed to ensure the inclusiveness of stakeholder engagement processes, taking into account recent trends (newcomers) and the long-standing need to better engage “unheard voices”. Knowing who is responsible for w'hat and at which level is a first step towards understanding the stakeholder “landscape” and identifying redundancies and gaps in the institutional framework that impact policy coherence and sector performance. A stakeholder mapping can be used to identify the core functions of stakeholders involved in the sector and to assess how' effective they are in carrying them out.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	be41e4de704d2b03e4e0395dc35da44d	For the Madaba service contract, the PMU was explicitly responsible for monitoring the terms of the contract, with a particular focus on the revenue collection performance of the private contractor (Rothenberger, 2009). For the Disi project, the MWI/WAJ is the responsible authority. A consolidated monitoring report is prepared every year including the baseline data for projects, water supply and consumption data and other data related to basins, flora and fauna affected by the project (European Investment Bank, 2009). As regulator, the PMU has a de facto role in following the implementation of the contract when it comes to the three corporatised water utilities, especially on issues that could bear on the performance of the utilities overall.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3afdf450-en	be42925421aa212d72e8705b2eb7cb71	Countries are ordered by increasing poverty among children living in households with low work intensity (0<=WI<=0.2). The categories of children at risk highlighted here are those of children living in single parent families, children living in large families, children in households with low education and children in households with low work intensity. The colour codes group the countries according to their ranking for each single measure.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	be4379859525c5a92e3d2e8920243858	Validity of this variable for SILC, then, depends on how accurately people report their separate principal and interest payments.) In Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States, respondents are asked for their current or usual mortgage payment. These payments can be - but are not necessarily - inclusive of principal and interest.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	be45b04510f73a1ec73290470ca0e4b0	The first set considered the level of education of the woman entrepreneur, the number of years of experience she had before starting the business, and the extent to which this previous experience was in a field related to the business. The second set concerned the business itself: the number of permanent employees, the type of business premises, the amount of capital invested, the sector of activity, the age of the business and its potential. Consultants carried out an initial diagnostic of each woman’s business to identify its strengths and weaknesses and any difficulties, as well as areas where coaching would be beneficial.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264237087-7-en	be46d4321ed02f0ff6a8667345b7ddd7	The Thai government and international partners have provided assistance to train and share knowledge with local governments, but their capacity could be further developed, including results-based monitoring and evaluation systems. The BMA has developed key performance indicators (KPIs), but no such mechanism exists at the level of the BMR. Similarly, data is not consistently produced at the scale of the BMR.	11	3	0	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	be47037622733912b19132f4e2779c8b	Sustainable management of water and sanitation underpins wider efforts to end poverty, advance sustainable development and sustain peace and stability. The world is not on track to achieve the global SDG 6 targets by 2030 at the current rate of progress. National governments must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into national planning processes, policies and strategies, and set their own targets, taking into account local circumstances. Data underpin good water governance.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	be4d4ba7980fc2223e6662b4240ee086	In the Netherlands, charges apply to industrial and municipal discharges to state waters; they are linked with pollution loads which are computed based on coefficients and converted into population equivalent (p.e.), These systems were initially set up to recover the administrative costs of licensing, monitoring and enforcement, but in recent years, incentives for license holders to continuously reduce their discharges to water have become prominent. In New South Wales, a load-based licensing (LBL) scheme was introduced in 1999 to link license fees to pollutant emissions and to provide incentives to drive down pollution.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283572-en	be4eaccca49e7277d2e3bb57b4d5e6d5	In addition, the free choice reform with a free establishment right for providers has tended to concentrate physicians in urban areas. The number of patients in Sweden reporting they have had to seek hospital emergency care because a primary care physician was not available is considerably higher than in most other EU countries (van den Berg et aL, 2016). Also, after-hour accessibility to primary care is often limited and unnecessary hospital emergency department visits for minor problems is a common complaint among both patients and health care professionals (Commonwealth Fund, 2016). However, the number of specialist nurses and other advance practice nurses remains low, and the number of new nurses graduating with specialty training and an advanced degree has fallen since 2005.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	be52f41c6d6227081452ee47d90222d5	The Strategy for micro regions, introduced in 2001, has improved ministerial co-ordination efforts to assist a selected number of rural regions characterised by high levels of marginalisation. The strategy involves a mix of measures that combine social emergency relief; improvement of the infrastructure of public and basic services such as health, education, electricity and water; housing improvements; and support to the competitiveness of local activities. Particular emphasis has been placed on the 125 poorest municipalities of the country, many of which have a high share of the indigenous population. The Programme for the Development of Priority Zones (Programa para el Desarrollo de Zonas Prioritarias) has been the main initiative of the micro region strategy.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283336-en	be586aba5fc77b5cb59e5f37c0b53341	The loss of revenue from employee contributions was such that the government issued loans to the health insurance funds (including an extra loan to the largest fund. Crucially, the state-insured covered directly by these state contributions make up nearly two thirds of the total population covered by SHI. However, the state contributions on their behalf make up only about 20-25% of total SHI revenues.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	be5c4f19b46f3540fe12bc693597868c	Diane Elson’s (1998) compelling conceptual framework captured the multiple dimensions of social reproduction, examining the flows of resources (goods, services, labour and money) between the domestic (household), private (commercial) and public (state) sectors. These resource flows are mediated by gendered norms and values that regulate the sectors’ functions and their interrelationships with other sectors. Resource outflows could include unpaid domestic, subsistence, caring and voluntary community labour, while replenishing resource inflows could include health care, childcare, welfare provisioning and family and community support networks. A negative balance between outflow and inflow is damaging for the health and well-being of individuals, households and communities (at varied rates and levels in different contexts). My approach in this paper is to use the concepts of‘care diamonds’and‘depletion’to analyse the reconfigurations of care relationships post-migration in the experiences of Ethiopian MDWs in Lebanon and Ethiopian refugees in Australia. Designed as a multi-sited ethnographic (Marcus 1995) study in Australia, Lebanon and Ethiopia, the field research was completed in 2016-2017.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	be5ececa7647ca81b13568b47f756692	The government of India has made sure that productive processes are efficient or less energy-intensive than standard ones. This applies particularly to the agricultural sector, which has been encouraged to use economically viable irrigation pump sets and other energy-efficient farming equipment. According to the Integrated Energy Policy (IEP), correct implementation of demand-side management policies could save up to an estimated 15% of electricity consumption. The legal framework for this IEP was provided by the Indian Energy Conservation Act 2001 the aim of which was to accelerate energy efficiency in India.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	be6061b171c60a8607f8b9d9a1cb755c	The unemployment rate has shown a declining trend in recent years, again especially in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate declined from 26.1% in 2003 to 11.7% in 2011, owing to a boom in construction. The service sector has been a major driver of tremendous economic growth: the country’s GDP growth rate was over 10% between 2001 and 2010, with the service sector contributed to half of the total growth (Figure 2). Urban areas, contributed 62% of the GDP growth, with the service and industry sectors together now forming the major part of Ethiopia’s GDP with about 55% over the same period.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	be63499fc573a6ce7297b3192d1c06a6	A cohort study in the United Kingdom provides evidence for a causal link showing that a third of people who showed symptoms of arthritis had left work due to ill health (Oxford Economics, 2010). Workers who report arthritis or back pain have mean lost productive times of 5.2 hours per week in the United States (Stewart el al., Another US study showed arthritis to be associated with a 0.9 hour work loss per day (Goetzel et al.,	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	be647f487b7526763ab9844f74453426	Although homicide is a rare crime, especially when compared to other crimes against the person and property, research has shown that homicide is typically associated with many other milder types of crimes (UNODC, 2011). In most OECD countries, homicides are low (below 2.5 homicides per 100 000 population).22 They are, however, more than twice as high in the United States, Estonia and Chile, and even higher in Mexico and Brazil. Men make up the majority of all victims of intentional homicides (except in Korea and Slovenia, where homicide rates are slightly higher for women than for men). Against this overall pattern, there are significant differences in the sex distribution of homicide victims.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	be68692e3a8f11814431f50c723dabd0	An equity financing gap, which hinders the capacity of women to fund innovative ventures. A networking gap, generated by the low numbers of women entrepreneurs in innovationintensive industries and by the low visibility of successful innovative women. Several countries are taking concrete steps to promote women innovators and high-growth entrepreneurs (European Commission, 2008), recognising that economic growth relies on the continuous marketing and application of new ideas - many of which women generate.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	be69a8bb51976c13140d80f79948cb8b	Forest fire detection systems cover the entire country. This initiative could help fill Brazil’s gap in economic valuation of biodiversity and build consensus on the benefits of maintaining functioning ecosystems. This, in turn, would contribute to raising the political and social support that is needed to mainstream biodiversity effectively in the development agenda. There has been a gradual shift from a strict fence-and-protect and enforcement approach to a sustainable development approach that identifies biodiversity priority regions and recognises the role of rural, traditional and indigenous communities in maintaining the provision of ecosystem services.	15	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289339766-6-en	be721470d82d9354ad81c2c6a23228f8	On the other hand, the abandonment of traditional mowing and grazing practices in the other Nordic countries during the last century has resulted in severe losses of semi-natural grasslands and their associated species. Today, agriculture, forestry, infrastructure development, invasive species, overgrazing, tourism and urbanization put pressure on all habitat types in the Nordic countries (Hagen et al. A changing climate with increasing risks for natural hazards like flooding and landslides may increase the extent of degraded land (Schiermeier 2011).	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264089457-en	be753953d68ade947852de2b0b4932b1	The full-cost fees charged by private higher education institutions for similar programmes would range from USD 9 434.0 to USD 26 415.1, depending on their international-local components. Higher education analysts have voiced concern regarding the amount of government subsidy and the extent to which it is sustainable, given that higher education costs will continue to rise universally. R.M. (2010), Access and Equity in Higher Education, Malaysia.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	be762e946e39855c8d29fe0f9fda808d	It begins with an exploration of the origins of cities providing an understanding of the main focus of urban policies. This is followed by an examination of urban planning challenges and possible ways to improve urban planning practice in the country. The largest section of this chapter focuses on possible responses to urban development challenges.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	be778f4f4814f75629d6e74aeb13eeef	The demand for these goods and services can therefore be rather elastic or even shift, and accordingly the demand curve for skilled labour may also shift. Moreover, the presence of a strong workforce of skilled workers may also attract international demand for reasons of reputation, industrial clustering and agglomeration effects, the ripples of which may spread across the globe. In short, increased supplies of skilled workers, thanks to education, may actually create their own demands for these workers.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	be7d9fb488513dd33bc64a48db563aff	Although NGO facilities provide free services, the slum dwellers did not prefer them for minor illnesses, as the service hours (most often from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.) conflicted with their working hours and, more importantly, waiting times were too long. The study found a good number of women (55.17 per cent) having antenatal visits (1-3) during pregnancy, while the number of them opting for post-natal care was negligible (13.79 per cent). Of these sources, the utilization of city corporation services was the least common (10 per cent), while NGOs were the most popular source (24 per cent) and chemist shops were the second most popular. If they are not cured from these sources, then they are taken to hospitals or clinics.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338912-5-en	be7e5fa105eece25dd90d01324c59330	The Directive further requires that Member States adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programmes. The issue of plastic waste is spread over the legislation, for instance the separate plastic waste collection target 2015 in the Waste Framework Directive and the 50% household waste collection target by 2020. When it comes to packaging, which includes the largest plastic waste stream, the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62) was the first directive that put forward quantified targets for certain substances in packaging, as well as prescribing by what means packaging waste should be recycled or recovered. The directive also includes qualitative objectives for the prevention of packaging waste and promoting of reuse. This is also put forward in article 15, and furthermore by allowing for the introduction of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) on packaging in article 4 and article 6 of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (EC 94/62).	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	be81448b274365a708e37f4db0539e5c	Only about 100 000 ha of the planned 375 000 ha has been irrigated so far. Approximately 2 000 ha is added each year. The basin is governed by two major agreements, both signed in Nouakchott, Mauritania on 11 March 1972: the Convention Concerning the Status of the Senegal River (Convention Relative au Statut du Fleuve Senegal) (“Senegal River Convention”), and the Convention Establishing the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River (Convention Portant Creation de I 'Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal) (“OMVS Convention”).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	be8433097402c2b8be90f9e1f11d21d1	Differences can partly be explained with differences in income, residential location, etc., Ethnicity should be integrated in national travel surveys in order to gain more knowledge in this regard. More in-depth research on cultural effects on mobility behaviour is needed to explain possible differences. However, older people’s leisure activities or general mobility increase with decreasing household size when age is controlled for, i.e. the consequences are more negative for older people.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	be84491bc0b41f45e21e1e95675630e3	Despite significant income convergence that has taken place since the 1990s, convergence has been arguably slower in education, health and other measures of human development. Figure A shows that the literacy rate is significantly lower in Cambodia and the Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic, at less than 75%. Public spending on education is lower in CLMV, particularly in Myanmar where it accounts for less than 1% of GDP. There is significant variation, however; Viet Nam spends more than 5%, the highest share only next to Malaysia.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/50e33932-en	be878bc2b39ba9270420e7eb97dda42f	The Inner Areas National Strategy was launched in 2014 to cope with service delivery and development issues in such areas. The whole process for the local development projects is a bottom up approach that relies heavily on the active participation of local actors, while combining a top-down approach in for example the selection of areas and offering guidance. After a long process of analysis, negotiation and debate among local and national stakeholders, the Programme Framework Agreement (Accordo di Programma Quadro) is materialised as a contract among the municipal association, regional and central governments.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	be8821ed5c6a40511cd547f60533bce2	Unless stated otherwise, the analysis considers respondents who described themselves as working part-time, regardless of the number of hours they reported working. While the volume of hours associated with “part-time” varies greatly across countries and sectors within countries, the self-declared part-time status is taken to mean working fewer hours than the “typical” worker with a standard contract. In Mexico, Canada, Ireland and Germany they work the least hours at less than 20 per week. In Switzerland and Austria, too, the working week is short (less than 23 hours).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	be8894927e7db1d88be094c26deb4f47	Another measure of programme success is the extent to which voucher recipients have further contracted public research organisations for follow-up assignments paid through other means (Box 4). Around 22% of the Scottish partners are already working on a new project, while 33% are discussing future project opportunities (BIGGAR Economics, 2010). Nearly 50% of the Austrian partners have already embarked on a continuation of the collaboration started in the framework of the IS and ISplus programmes, and a further 17% plan to do so (KMU Forschung, 2015). Finally, almost 60% of the German participants indicated their willingness to have a follow-up project (BMWi, 2015).	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264247543-8-en	be8ca4e26b102cb707f1905a9bb5eeba	"Various initiatives for curating and guiding quality in producing OER and for assigning use-related meta-tags exist, including an initiative in the United States to ensure alignment to the standards of the common core curriculum. As stated by Wiley, it is not necessarily the open licence that guarantees the resource will be fit for purpose, but how the original resources can further be adapted with the aim of improving learning (Wiley, 2013). The dynamic characteristics of OER lead to questions regarding how the process can be made transparent and how quality can be maintained over time. Therefore, openness should lead to continual improvement. As OER are continuously being improved, remixed, repurposed and eventually republished, there is no point in time when they reach their ""peak of maturity” (Richter and Veith, 2014:206)."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	be8cb6125eab686c743ab213da9b26a4	The point of departure is based on what is considered to be of most importance in a Nordic context, such as aspects related to common natural resources, common resource use, common cultural and behaviour aspects and common governance aspects. Examples discussed have been tourism and recreation; forestry, including industrial to mountain forests (fjallnara skog); various agricultural activities; reindeer husbandry; aquaculture; fishery; marine areas and coastal zones; urban areas and urban sprawl. Also, marshlands (fens) and natural pastures of the fennoscandic type might be among those most important because they depend on the development trend in forestry and agriculture towards larger units and more intensive production. And common natural resource use, such as marine areas, and land use activities that also affect cross-border habitats of species, and ultimately ecosystem services. ( Effects of energy production and infrastructure, and invasive alien species might be aspects to include here. (	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	be8d5ff3916463331846d712b5e479f7	Some of these efforts were undertaken through the National Water Commission (CONAGUA)’s Technical Council. The council is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT; SEDESOL; Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA.]; Treasury; Energy; CONAFOR; and IMTA).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	be8dc14f61cdb4cd3b1fd43c1416a1f6	The creation of Boards of Trustees opens up avenues for improved transparency and reporting procedures at the school level, but their roles are still unclear. Additional funds need to be spent wisely and go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use. Investments should be prioritised to the early educational years as well as to equity- and quality-enhancing aspects. Another priority should be the strengthening of the performance monitoring and accountability mechanisms in the education system. Also, the budget envelope should be increased only slowly, in parallel with the increase of the capacity of the system to absorb new programmes and new approaches.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	be8e3624062cf8d9de91e3103faa3310	At the local level, the reform integrated racially-distinct municipal administrations and created entirely new municipalities in the former homeland areas. There are currently 8 metropolitan (Category A) municipalities,2 44 district (Category C) municipalities and 226 rural (Category B) municipalities. Metropolitan municipalities are responsible for all local government functions within their jurisdiction. Each district municipality includes several local municipalities, and the powers and functions assigned to local government in that area are shared between Category B and C municipalities (based on a decision by the provincial minister for local government).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	be91f409d22b9e6ccce6ecac370b4752	Developed countries are likely to, at least for the time being, put emphasis on respective bilateral initiatives. Aid for Trade (AfT) support, envisaged under the ambit of the World Trade Organization (WTO), needs to be geared towards supporting the IPoA targets in the coming years. However, progress in the GATS negotiations has been rather slow.	10	2	3	0.2
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	be932c255b1dc7d76fa0eac8e9ded53e	Growth in agriculture and services is strongly associated with poverty reduction; however, growth in industry does not have a significant effect on lowering poverty. A1 percent increase in GDP per capita led by agricultural growth lowers poverty by 0.67 percent. An analogous increase in services reduces poverty by 0.96 percent.30 This contrasts to impacts across other developing countries where the impact of agriculture is not significant while industry and services growth has strong poverty-reducing impacts. Hence, as will be discussed further below, agricultural trade policies, in both developed and developing countries, remain a key element conditioning the impact of globalization on the poor in Africa and elsewhere.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/66896486-en	be9835e013094a7b6906db06ae69a334	They are also responsible for supervising the water boards, and have a broader task in spatial planning. The 25 water boards, which arc the oldest democratic institutions in the Netherlands, have as their core task the operational management of the water system. The 418 municipalities arc responsible for operational water management. Drinking water management is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. The most relevant ministries and agencies cooperate in guiding regional authorities in their work under the EU WFD. Eleven county municipalities are appointed as regional competent authorities under the Directive.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/ff1be167-en	be9b3a9e2e45c1017cc3ceb9882b6288	Accordingly, the standard threshold was set in accordance with the traditional metrics of deprivation in rural areas, while taking care to avoid distorting the degree of rights enforceability (overly strict). This means that each depriv; as an indicator of poverty because it violates or infringes at least one right. By ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States undertake to devote the maximum available resources to comply with all child rights —which includes defraying health-care and other costs that households find difficult to pay— and to ensure that no discrimination exists.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	be9c033ebb156ee81a4d26869680ec93	A study of the city of Toronto and its metropolitan area conducted in 2005 gives an idea of the costs that congestion can produce (OECD, 2010b). The average commuting time in Toronto was one of the highest among metropolitan regions in the OECD, with congestion imposing costs estimated at CAD 2.7 billion per year. In particular, it focuses on the development of efficient public transportation systems, implementing pricing and other mechanisms for affecting vehicle ownership and use, incorporating new technologies in managing transportation challenges, adopting new modes of work, and reforming land use and urban planning. The development of bus and rail networks can therefore play an important role in reducing traffic congestion.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	be9cb61d3d8f89ee5bda2ece2bd52e38	Neudeli is a one-stop-shop that offers the following types of assistance: Raising public awareness (entrepreneurship education, idea scouting, consulting service, organisation of competitions and events etc.), The annual budget of approx. Main partners include the Friedrich-Schiller-University in Jena, the Microsoft Deutschland GmbH, the Hochschule fiir Film und Fernsehen Konrad Wolf Pots-dam/Babelsberg, the City of Weimar, and several regional companies.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	be9e113fbba96dfe51040a210ee5f879	By this definition, approximately 40 million of the EU's 250 million people are currently living in jobless households. But in 2008, a start was made towards monitoring child poverty. After consultations, a set of indicators specific to the lives of children was included as a special module in the 2009 round of the European Union Statistics on income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9efca30c-en	bea36ce3501b95ce6993ac1113aeb19d	As such, there is a need for a thorough qualitative, comprehensive, informant-based analysis with long-term policy implications that covers the Arab countries from a regional perspective. This study attempts to fill this gap, both by shedding light on the structural and contextual conditions that allow for the occurrence of child marriage in the region in times of ‘peace’ as well as in the context of humanitarian crises, and by exploring the consequences of child marriage for girls in both conflict and post-conflict settings. The study attempts to distinguish between, on the one hand, structural determinants of child marriage that have long been present in many Arab countries, such as embedded gender imbalances and institutionalized inequalities, and, on the other hand, contextual determinants of child marriage that result from situations of displacement, conflict, and instability compounded by extreme poverty. The overall aim is to strengthen the capacities of Arab policymakers and advocacy groups to prevent, protect from, and respond to child marriage as a form of Gender Based Violence (GBV)19 and as a human rights violation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	bea3b6b8dae14c747e4ad17e82a408b2	This near universal access means that televised educational content has the greatest chance of reaching the most students in disadvantaged and rural areas. As of December 2014, Thailand had 97.7 million mobile subscribers (Leesanguansuk, 2015). It currently has the third highest mobile broadband penetration rate among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, around 50 million users, and will become the second largest mobile broadband subscriber in Southeast Asia after Singapore once the rollout of the high-speed, fourth generation (4G) network is complete. Thailand should continue its digital investments in both, making sure it balances spending between expenditure on devices and Internet access, and expenditure on technical maintenance costs for schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	bea71d8d79ebafccd4be5e66b8eb2ac0	For example, cost sharing for soil moisture-sensing technology or for irrigation technology updates are examples of subsidies. In such cases, targeting the right users and objectives can be critical, even challenging, in situations of information asymmetries. Even if well targeted, subsidy programs can be effective but they are also costly to the regulator. Moreover, if fine-scale spatial targeting is needed to achieve desired environmental goals, subsidies may be difficult to implement as they typically involve a voluntary signup to the incentive.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	bea9d38fab549a1a532983f90d824289	This requires government involvement in creating standards. On the one hand, they can ensure that the process of how personal consumer information is shared among companies is transparent.190 On the other hand, public bodies are well placed to ensure the delicate balance between security and the necessary openness of cyberspace.191 Cybersecurity is increasingly viewed as a public good that can only be generated through binding regulation. While SMEs that can meet standards will benefit, creating an additional requirement for participating in trade means firms that cannot comply will be left further behind. Microsoft developed and shared good practices in the secure development lifecycle.193 The Open Web Application Security Project, a non-profit organization, develops voluntary security standards that are open and free to use.194 In Switzerland, the Reporting and Analysis Centre for Information Assurance MELANI, a government agency, provides support for the security of computer systems, the internet, and protection of critical national infrastructures.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	bea9e2a8ded5e43a27b41c99afec4ddf	The degree to which the questions of the survey were answered by the authorities differs and hence it was not possible to analyze every element selected for review for the group of 32 or even 36 capital cities. United Nations Statistical Division database. Yet some data, like e.g. such necessary to examine the demand for motorized and non-motorized transport were estimated based on modal spilt information available for many of the cities of the European Union region32.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	beaae3c355bf82583100d885aa7df34e	For this purpose, the stated capacity increase of wind and PV power plants is divided by the increase of the stated grid reinforcement costs or the difference of the stated grid costs. No additional costs for information and communication technologies which are required for the implementation of smart grids are explicitly considered. A striking feature is that the traditional daily, weekly and seasonal patterns of the demand load are no longer reflected in the residual load, which is dominated by the variability of renewable generation.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/dc0c31b7-en	beac51321da3851fb89bc724cc9dcf20	In general, countries' urban populations are defined as the residents whose main source of income is not from agriculture or forestry (Satterthwaite, 2010). Urban population projections often do not include high- and low-variant estimations, which are typical of world population projections published by the United Nations (Satterthwaite, 2007; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012). Moreover, the traditional urban/rural dichotomy has become increasingly inadequate for distinguishing between urban and rural settlements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	beace997c384132a66544994716163a4	As sectors adapt, industries that were negatively affected initially may become winners as time progresses. Policymakers should thus give industry time to adjust and offer businesses a transition pathway to make such changes. Because the impacts of environmental taxes change over time, all measures to mitigate competitiveness impacts must be targeted, time-limited, and subject to regular review. This will prevent wasted expenditure once companies have adapted to the new conditions.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	beacedd89e3046dc9766ff72c336bd27	An agency was also established to implement functions formerly carried out by the ministry. Although the programme’s name made no reference to “technology” or “innovation”, it w'as used by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) to implement two framew'ork programmes that shaped the future of the innovation system (Svarc, 2006, p. 153). The first dealt with the establishment of a national network of institutions for the development, transfer, implementation and financing of new technologies.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	beae6cffd07da7accab72d4ea073e794	Categorical grants are very' diverse and are aimed at helping local governments to provide services that are otherwise too costly, finance delegated tasks and policy projects, provide financial assistance and compensation, etc. Other revenues include user charges and fees (8% of revenue) and revenue from property (sales of assets, leasing, dividends, etc.). The Act on the Management of Grants states the matching ratios only for 114 projects, compared with a total of 881 projects that were subsidised in 2014.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/92a064e5-en	beb2d37ec17c80fa88cc0a604d51f800	Unfortunately, the current use of linear regression to derive estimates does not allow rapid changes in coverage to be captured. The increased availability of comparable data now allows for the exploration of more sophisticated modeling in preparation for a new, post-2015 drinking water target.” It seems likely that JMP may envisage the adoption of more reliable data estimation methods for calculating water and sanitation targets and indicators, as developed in a post-2015 development agenda.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	beb3f0c32bccfc01225fb2e17fac51f6	None of this is possible without good teachers. In order to achieve these goals, teaching needs to be seen as a prestigious and selective profession. Prospective teachers need only demonstrate a secondaiy school diploma and a certain grade point average. On average, teacher training candidates obtain low scores on the PSU university selection test (Santiago et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	bebc48b1ec713f77dedcdef47d2707be	By motivating and supporting their students to learn and adapting their teaching methods to particular needs of immigrant and refugee students, they can help improve academic and well-being outcomes of their students. They need tools and guidance to help them adapt their teaching strategies to the needs of immigrant and refugee students. In Sweden, schools have considerable decision-making autonomy, in particular in pedagogy and curriculum implementation and resource management. They are thus key actors in reducing the gap between immigrant and native students.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	bebecec7f732de7d8e9414a0f2966d90	Moreover, most laboratories, especially those located in remote provinces, were unable to comply with EU requirements when performing testing for health certificates, because they lack competent personnel, especially with regard to the analytical measurement of heavy metals, histamine and antibiotics, or, in the case of processors laboratories, sufficient expertise with quality assurance applications. Finally, the equipment in many laboratories is not calibrated and, where calibration is conducted as required, inexperienced technical staff is often unable to interpret the calibration certificate. Information on foreign standards is difficult to access because the distribution channels are opaque: small producers do not have direct access to information on EU regulations and the information channels from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) to the companies are quite slow, in particular among producers and processors based in remote areas. Even in cases where the information is adequately communicated, the information content is complex and highly technical, making it unintelligible to enterprises having limited training and understanding in order to digest it.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264077287-en	bec3739d13eb39a527858a0b8be1b3d4	A system of public co-financing for some environmental NGOs activities was established in 2000. A recent poll found that only 19% of the population was aware of the public consultation process on management plans under the Water Framework Directive. Half of the people interviewed expressed an intention to participate (European Commission, 2009). It would be useful to examine ways of developing a volunteer culture in Luxembourg.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	bec4130d7933f5085c8601fcaf6dec1e	The Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) sets out 7 global targets and 4 priorities for action to reduce disaster related risk, including improving resilience and protecting the environment (UNISDR, 2015). Finally the Paris Agreement on climate change (UNFCCC, 2015) set a new course on international co-operation to address climate change. The implications of these agreements go beyond development co-operation to shape policy making in all countries, developed and developing, sending signals to investors, business, local authorities and communities that a new, environmentally sustainable way of doing business is emerging. When implemented, the 2015 international agreements will shape a new era of development cooperation, building on the experience of the past decades and reorienting development to address the drivers of poverty from inequality and climate change to resource degradation, conflict and overconsumption.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	bec43797a73265f97eeeae5cb69bc5df	Figure 1 illustrates different patterns of urban areas. The ongoing debate on the environmental benefits of compact urban areas partly originates from the fact that the notion of compactness covers various dimensions. Findings and conclusions may well vary with the studied urban structure indicator, air pollutant, and measure of pollution (i.e. concentration or emission levels). In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce benefits such as energy savings, lower costs of maintenance for energy and transport systems, improvement of quality of life through local services and jobs, and more efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012a). In this respect, a compact urban area, given its proximate development, is expected to produce lower emissions of transport-related pollutants compared to a fragmented urban area (e.g. Urban area 2 and Urban area 4).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	becad535f9b9490d113da168348a3713	Depicting a new foundational infrastructure layer for the currently implemented carbon certificate systems (e.g. EU ETS), a far more flexible and deeply entrenched certification and trading service can be established across all markets. Quota rules and certificate circulation can be controlled by the rules defined in smart contracts, which enforce certificate-related transactions in an automated fashion. On the other hand, climate-mitigating investments (e.g. forests and wetlands) could be sources of carbon credits, which could be monetised by creating, tracking and trading newly generated credits using blockchain technology.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848590724-3-en	becbdd6ae6ec1cee470d766ce6355453	By the early 1990s, however, concerns arose about stability and the limits of structural adjustment, both in the OECD countries and elsewhere. Social cohesion became a key word in policy discussion and warnings appeared of the need to balance attention to economic restructuring with caution about societal cohesion in order to sustain that restructuring. In 1996, the OECD high-level conference, Beyond 2000: The New Social Policy Agenda, concluded with a call to its members for a ‘social investment approach for a future welfare state’ and new social expenditures focused on areas where returns are maximised in the form of social cohesion and active participation in society and the labour market (OECD, 1997). Social cohesion in this context was not defined and one had to decrypt from its usage that essentially it meant social stability.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264230750-12-en	becce77560c8bb61b3313b3093d104dc	The government is taking this challenge seriously and has introduced a number of key policies to raise the status and quality of teachers. The most significant of these policies is the Law on Teachers and Lecturers (Law No. The Law on Teachers and Lecturers requires all teachers to hold an academic bachelor’s degree and to successfully achieve certification.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	becf2d0ea45e2d1230dac219dd3a36eb	Se ha dedicado una section especifica a las pensiones no contributivas, su evolution en todo el mundoy su potencial para solucionar las deficiencias existentes en el acceso a la proteccion de las personas de edad avanzada de los diferentes grupos de ingresos y genero. Por ultimo, se analizan algunos de los com-ponentes mas relevantes incorporados a los sistemas de pensiones contributivas a fin de protegera las mujeres en el seno de la familia, incluido el derecho de lasmujeresviudasydivorciadasa recibiruna pension y los creditos de cotizacion para las y los cuidadores. Dado que las mujeres cuentan con historiales contributivos mas limitados y que su esperanza de vida supera a la de los hombres, las politicas que refuerzan los requisitos contributivos o hacen hincapie en el ahorro individual pueden dificultar la obtencion de prestaciones adecuadas por parte de las mujeres.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	bed243d17d5771d969dbd93e177e92b4	One-size-fits-all” often proved to be a straitjacket. Development and poverty reduction are path-dependent processes, and the effectiveness of certain policies or market-induced changes depends on previous events. The optimal sequence has to be country-specific, and in an uncertain world, a good deal of experimentation will be inevitable.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	bed348e19a0db971193d7e1b1fdd64e3	Kazakhstan reacted quickly and introduced a public works programme, together with retraining and internship activities (see section 4 above). They protect the incomes of the poor and at the same invest in infrastructure building or social service provision. They are especially appropriate in a situation of high unemployment.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	bed39069a2b46b2e0149e6f50f391894	If negative, the CSE measures the burden (implicit tax) on consumers through market price support (higher prices), that more than offsets consumer subsidies that lower prices to consumers. The GSSE includes policies where primary agriculture is the main beneficiary, but does not include any payments to individual producers. This indicator is also calculated by commodity. The Producer NPC is also available by commodity. The %CSE measures the implicit tax (or subsidy, if CSE is positive) placed on consumers by agricultural price policies. The Consumer NPC is also available by commodity.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	bed3bb4b7b906df170efbad622ab560f	Established in 2004-2005, these courses used to be offered by various institutions, including schools, training centres and polytechnics and enlisted more than 12 000 participants in 2014-2015. As of 2015-2016, polytechnics are no longer authorised to offer these courses. Student numbers declined that year to 6 300.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bed745fdd9f4f786482c2f9cb28fdfff	Most were established in the 1980s and 1990s and have small enrolments and modest physical facilities, 60% of whom own their premises. Students’ ethnic pattern reflects the national private sector picture with majority (60%) being Chinese, followed by Malays, Indians and others. The majority of students are from Penang followed by other northern states of Kedah, Perlis and Perak.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c607b535-en	bed7c35bdf2ac75f4fabf94014b7d3f0	This combined atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon, usually occurring around every two to seven years, is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many weather and climate extremes are the result of natural climate variability (including phenomena such as ENSO), and natural decadal or multi-decadal variations in the climate provide the backdrop for anthropogenic climate changes. Even if there were no anthropogenic changes in climate, a wide variety of natural weather and climate extremes would still occur.	2	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	bed923e55f58af60a8a0eb09136f0a21	The Agenda establishes modalities for preferential treatment to LDC members, giving these countries greater flexibility in undertaking commitments during their negotiations on trade in services and on trade facilitation. As a result, under the Doha negotiations, LDCs are able to undertake only those commitments that are in accordance to their administrative and institutional capabilities and that respond to their development, financial, and trade needs. Under TRIPS, for example, LDCs were granted an 11-year transition period to meet their obligations regarding copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	beda378b0893d33d1a5dc9a77f967c02	Part-time employment is frequently associated with low quality and precarious jobs, and elevated poverty risks. This is often related to women being the main caregiver in families, and reduced working hours helps parents reconcile work and family commitments. Across the Asia/Pacific region, there are more women than men in part-time employment, and at 22% of female workers, the proportion of part-time employment is just below the OECD average (Figure 2.6). The proportion of part-time employment is particularly high among higher income countries, including Australia, Japan and New Zealand. These countries also have large gender gaps in part-time employment, with up to a 25 percentage point difference. Women’s participation increase in agriculture is related to an “outmigration” of men from low-paying agricultural work to industry (Vepa, 2005).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bedd348aed29757d1d9e8cd3394a3c1a	Furthermore, Universiti Sains Malaysia’s School of Distance Learning was the first distance learning programme at the tertiary level in Malaysia. There is a lack of a region-wide co-ordinating structures and mechanisms to articulate a long-term vision and implement an integrated development strategy for all educational institutions. As a consequence, federal policy is vertically linked with each higher education institution with limited attention to horizontal relationships among institutions within a region.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	bee737ff3e86de2cf968af7217fca949	A plan to introduce a levy on sugar has also now been cancelled. This publication suggests that tax increases tend to be controversial, and whilst cost-effective and effective in reducing consumption of targeted goods, risk having a regressive effect, weighing most heavily on the less well off (OECD, 2010). However, the health benefits of such “sin taxes” were also found to benefit people in low socioeconomic groups more, especially if coupled with targeted subsidies on healthy food such as fruit and vegetables, as this OECD report recommends.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	bee9454ac21c927c9bfdfa583d980b35	In Finland, the average skills level for adults (16-64 year-olds) is one of the highest of all countries participating in PIAAC, and young adults (16-24 year-olds) have higher skills proficiency levels than the average for adults in Finland and young people in other participant countries. Overall, an above-average proportion of workers is well matched to their skills level (one of the lowest skills mismatches across PIAAC countries). In Finland, unemployment rates across all educational levels were slightly below the OECD average in 2011, although unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds increased in the context of the economic crisis (2008-11).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	beeeabf3a9ba522713fca37ccb60ddf2	The headcount was then converted (by gender and five-year age group) into the full-time equivalent using the assumed values for average usual weekly working hours. “ Full-time” in this instance refers to usual weekly working hours equal to 40 hours per week, so the FTE labour force was calculated as the headcount labour force multiplied by the usual weekly working hours of the relevant group, divided by 40. Figure 3.A2.1 shows the resulting estimates for the projected size of the German full-time equivalent labour force (15-74 year-olds).	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	befab7050c7db25fe7172ef5080ec1d6	Further evidence on spell durations is provided in Table 9. This share is more than five times the average monthly rate of benefit receipt of 1.9% among the same individuals. In the Netherlands, the average monthly receipt rate among individuals observed for the same eight years is 3.9%, but 9.8% of individuals receive benefits at some point during the period. In both countries, the number of individuals who draw on SA at some point is much higher than the low monthly rate of benefit receipt may suggest.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	befbd745b63269f8a0b16d5a07645925	In order to ensure that the institutional activity reflects not only national but also the state and regional needs and priorities, to reduce duplication of efforts and to improve better planning and reporting, direct state involvement in compact discussions would be desirable. The Victorian Government will need to carefully balance the provision of regional education with the projected demand - growth or reduction - in order to focus tertiary education provision on local needs rather than maintaining existing university campuses or opening additional campuses. As an intermediate step support should be provided for tertiary education learning and extension centres that draw on a range of providers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	befce88062851bea0bbf330b58ef4c16	Chapter 4 provides an overview of the most relevant frameworks to support business in providing accountability to their stakeholders. The Corporate Register9 database collects the environmental, sustainability and integrated reports most of the worlds’ largest organizations. It has collected almost 6 000 reports, the majority of which (almost 3.000 reports) come from Europe. Figure 1 shows how the content of these reports has moved gradually from an almost exclusive focus on environmental issues towards a more holistic approach, involving the reporting of social and economic issues as well.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	befda1e1adab504935f37245e49c5a27	However the full legislation required to implement the Act has not been completed. Universities are publicly funded adhering closely to government direction, unable to take full advantage of a more agile corporate approach. Government-linked universities such as Multimedia University, however, and private universities such as Limkokwing University are able to function as corporate entities. The last made way for the Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act 2007 which develops the Malaysian Qualifications Framework to unify and harmonize all Malaysian tertiary qualifications.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	befe4881fb22b50fa52b03931c663b17	In 1992, it issued general Recommendation No. The committee offered a series of comments concerning gender-based violence, and suggested that states parties take these into account in reviewing their laws and policies, and reporting under the convention. It affirms that violence against women violates, impairs or nullifies women’s human rights and their exercise of fundamental freedoms.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8a28e4b3-en	bf04088a79080f9ae878826a8a5035a8	The present analysis takes the same approach from the perspective of care redistribution, examining the potential offered by social welfare policies for a shift towards a concept of care as a universal right, and thus as a State duty and a responsibility shared not only between women and men, but between the different institutions in society as well. The role inevitably played by care in social protection creates an opportunity to mainstream this foundational aspect of gender relations in social policy and use its potential to take further steps towards equality. This potential does not loom large, however, for most analysts and policymakers. The care economy and unpaid care services do not usually feature as something to be acknowledged, regulated or safeguarded in social protection systems.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	bf0498f3450eebf175ea84c5b3105665	In post-conflict and fragile countries, physical infrastructure is often damaged, destroyed or inexistent, restricting the capacity for economic recovery. Rehabilitating local infrastructure and improving transport links enables conflict-affected communities to re-engage in economic activities and creates employment opportunities -including for ex-combatants and displaced people. Yet, in Iraq, foreign contractors used capital-intensive methods and labour from South Asia, despite local unemployment rates being 50% (UNDP, 2008).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	bf059db4c541f7f1cb230f20a4f369f8	Table C 1 shows the results of the OLS estimation obtained with the pooled cross-section data series for 29 OECD countries (with an average of 10 observations per country over the 25 years period). Demographic variables are included sequentially and the results from the different steps are reported in the different columns to best identify how the different explanatory factors are linked to each other. The proportion of jobless families and maternal the employment rates are two highly correlated variables, and for this reason they were introduced simultaneously in the model specifications (except in column 8 for a final robustness check).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d72eb315-en	bf05dcf5a9b1b58eb7defd7b63b529ec	Building on progress being made through technical advances, fisheries management and the EAF, the hope is to address the long-standing issue of food loss and undue damage to the ecosystems caused by bycatch and discards. Success will depend on combined efforts by governments, civil society, the private sector, fishers and consumers in applying context-specific solutions. These policies aim to restore badly overfished and damaged marine and coastal resources in the respective countries. A crucial element in this development has been capacity building of key stakeholders through the processes of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF).	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	bf0a2fd9c30889ecb91814fc294cd77d	In the absence of the above, some of the data can also be obtained from the administrative data on child care. The existence of national legislation that supports external child care or even gives the right for child care to parents should be documented. Breakdowns of the indicator by component groups such as sex, industries, occupational group, and status in employment should be added.	8	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	bf0ca60914bb3dd4b50164eae624563f	Negotiations for each corridor have been conducted on a case-by-case basis. This has resulted in a lack of certainty for all parties and has continued to be extremely time and resource consuming for mobility authorities. Moreover, without a competition process, it is difficult for authorities to guarantee that the operations carried out by the concessionaires offer the highest value for money.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	bf0d7ff4c2703edd7939254ba380333e	Altogether, 7,000 participants from 473 partners have undertaken a course run by the Academy. Formal education courses on offer to tourism are now more relevant than was the case in 2010. Close continuous contact with the national tourism organisations and industry organisations have proved decisive in creating relevance, ownership and popularity. There has been a change of attitude towards greater recognition that continuing education is an investment that pays dividends in terms of both job satisfaction and the bottom line for the business.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	bf0ddcb01c66afa7e579c8af41bbe71c	Aware of these challenges, the government of Jordan has formulated a Water Strategy covering the period 2008 to 2022. The Strategy aims to reduce the country’s reliance on groundwater abstraction and diversify its water resources through wastewater treatment and alternative technologies such as desalination and the use of brackish water and rainwater harvesting. It defines a target of decreasing groundwater sources from 32% of the water supply in 2008 to 13% by 2022.	7	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	bf0e3bb8d8ff9fd6265c55a661cd3e4a	Several developing countries have iterated their concern regarding availability of climate finance to achieve the more ambitious goal. This presents a significant challenges for both domestic as well as international investments and finance. One approach to ensuring that investments are compatible with the goal of well below 20 C is to develop and apply criteria for individual projects.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	bf0f9136a65077edd38b0fb4bc3c2e0a	Organisational cultures that remain “male-biased” - where individualism and the separation of work and family are central aspects of an institutional culture - can be problematic in pursuing gender equality goals (Moser, 2005, p. 584). Resistance to gender mainstreaming efforts may arise if gender mainstreaming policies pose a challenge to existing structures and procedures. Similarly, 43% of countries cited a lack of awareness of gender mainstreaming in the public sector among the top barriers.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	bf132a5ca9c9f81eb5ea941b6d6d4ce8	"This ensures that comparisons between groups can be made, which helps to reveal the different perceptions of the sectors and countries. It may be the case that participants from the water sector will describe water as ""scarce"", while those from the energy sector will share a different view. The overall purpose of this exercise is to reveal the extent to which the groups agree or disagree, and to show how each country and sector views a particular issue or issues. The sectoral and national presentations in particular are not given by external experts, but by the respective authorities or national representatives."	6	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	bf1405d860fc6da9ffbde74995c6b42b	However, as the penetration of variable renewables in the system grows, they will need to become normal actors in the overall energy markets. It opened the opportunity for renewable energy generators under the FIT scheme to opt for selling electricity directly into the market. This has been applied in particular for wind farms. Under the market premium model, a wind farm sells its produced output to a third party at the market price rather than selling it to the grid operator at the regulated feed-in-tariff.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	bf15beeaaed798efeb414fb99409166a	Overall, costs of air pollution from carbon-based sources are orders of magnitude higher than those from non-carbon-based ones, and the air pollution costs of coal-based electricity are much higher than those from other carbon-based fuels (see Table 5.1 below). From 2005 until 2014, S02 emissions from electricity generators under the US Environmental Protection Agency’s trading programmes have thus fallen by 69% from approximately 10 million tonnes to 3 Mt and NOx emissions by 55% from approximately 3.6 Mt to 1.6 Mt in the same time frame. In comparison, road transport accounts for 53 000 deaths per year. The electricity sector also accounts for 38% of NH3 (ammonia) emissions and 70% of S02 (sulphur dioxide) emissions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	bf16df29d34a41c34b7e958a71573643	Their average size is relatively small (Panel D), and the number of small hospitals is high, despite their relatively lower efficiency and fewer innovative practices (Gobillon and Milcent, 2013 and 2016). According to OECD evidence, the average costs of some surgical acts are 23% higher than in other European countries (Koechlin et al., As in many other OECD countries (OECD, 2016c) and in line with OECD recommendations (OECD, 2000), a diagnosis-related group (DRG) payment scheme was phased in during 2004-08, replacing the previous system of global grants and daily allowances. It is complemented by volume-based payments, such as fees for emergency services or the use of innovative treatments, and add-on payments, such as investments for teaching, research and innovation, the maintenance of emergency units, prevention and treating risky and low-income patients.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	bf1ba1ff903c6f4b867960654d0ac2d3	Car dominance is higher than in Seoul (Figure 3.10). Currently, the bus accounts for around 30% of total commutes, compared with only 3% for the subway. However, as the Suwon city government forecasts, continued investments in railways (mainly the metropolitan subway in the capital area) will contribute to reshaping the traffic landscape of the city, giving a strong impulse to the city’s modal shift towards public transport (Suwon, 2016).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/51c574fd-en	bf1ba93496183d676fb8bde6979b8ee2	This action must begin now - with the increasing intensity of climate change impacts, building resilience will become ever more difficult. Delaying the transformation of the agricultural sectors will force poorer countries to fight poverty, hunger and climate change at the same time. Wide adoption of practices such as the use of nitrogen-efficient and heat-tolerant crop varieties, zero-tillage and integrated soil fertility management would boost productivity and farmers' incomes, and help lower food prices. By one estimate, the number of people at risk of undernourishment in developing countries in 2050 could be reduced by more than 120 million through widespread use of nitrogen-efficient crop varieties alone.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	bf1c33a151bb7b111ac614b02e593b17	The benefits are significant for disadvantaged pupils (e.g. Blau and Currie, 2006). According to PISA, native-born children of immigrants who attended pre-primary school are a full year ahead of their peers who stayed at home, in terms of reading skills. Recognising this, the provision of cost-effective and quality childhood education and care has been on the government's agenda in many OECD countries (Box 3.2). These efforts can be continued. Only a few OECD countries, notably New Zealand, Norway and Sweden have established such an integrated ECEC system under one lead ministry which provides continuous development for pre-school children. The integration of care and education under the Ministry of Education influenced the style of curriculum that was developed.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	bf1c6371ef9c10b4f5ef727780bb02be	Hence, any preferences given to pre-existing abstraction/pollution sources should usually be time-limited. Explicit consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that the regulatory approach could be partially replaced by market-based instruments (taxes or trading systems). These taxes provide incentives for polluters and resource users to change their behaviour today. They also provide long-term incentives to innovate for a more water secure future tomorrow. Although water taxes are not strongly supported by the public in all contexts, there are various ways in which this support can be increased over time (e.g. through measures to limit negative impacts on the competitiveness of certain sectors and/or on income distribution).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-5-en	bf1df857d04c8483bbf53710a5c337ea	According to the evidence presented in Chapter 1, in the state of Morelos, the schools located in the smaller cities that are at the periphery of metropolitan areas seem to concentrate poorer student performances and may require greater attention. Increasing the quality of the teaching and learning that children benefit from in basic education directly affects the rest of their scholastic journey. Despite the existence of scholarship programmes intended to incentivise attendance, improving the transition from basic education to upper secondary education in the state of Morelos is an uphill battle. The relationship between schools’ educational resources and mathematics scores in PISA is significant. Evidence also shows that, on average across OECD countries, higher-performing students generally attend schools with better educational resources (OECD, 2012a; OECD, 2013a). Educational resources tend to refer to science laboratory equipment, instructional materials/computers and/or qualified teachers in key areas, whereas physical infrastructure tends to refer to school buildings, heating and cooling systems, and instructional space.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	bf240a3803235dd9889c85b3db40ce8c	Blockchain-based solutions modernise the technology tools available for renewable energy tracking, trading, and reporting systems while also disintermediating the process and reducing transaction and administrative costs in certificate of origin markets. Agricultural and natural land screening - By combining remote sensing, image processing and blockchain technology, a verifiable screening of forests and agricultural land can be established. The natural carbon sinks can be accounted for in near real-time and payments related to their growth, or shrinking can be settled automatically and securely on a blockchain-based platform. For example, the platform can allow screening for the achievement of company or country level mitigation commitments (CLI, 2018b). Yet, a crowd-sourced data platform, connected to suitable (nano) satellites may provide the data for a fraction of today’s prices and maintain data integrity. Initiatives have already started to explore options of using remote sensing to provide earth observation data at low cost and high security (Stocker, 2017).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	bf241434c86747e9a04be7368c84b005	"In some cases, entire watersheds are given a designation of connectivity, but in others, a combined spatial and temporal definition is used. For example, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has implemented the “10/50 rule"" (Nebraska DNR, 2007) which defines separate zones, and therefore potential regulations, for wells based on whether or not groundwater pumping over a 50-year period will include at least a 10% contribution from an adjacent stream. In some cases, Nebraska has also applied a 28/40 rule."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	bf25f2e6df3fa07ea4967229ddc09bb7	In the absence of additional sources of revenue such as capacity payments, dispatchable technologies may leave the market, reducing the security of supply in the process. Strictly speaking, the latter correspond to marginal social costs, in which case total social costs would refer to the sum of private, market-based costs and external costs. Total social costs are identical with full costs.	7	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	bf267c182a98df7fe09504184177b1ab	Differing from other attempts to assess vulnerability to climate change, our assessment only considers the expected impact of climate change on physical variables.2 These variables are of course likely to have socio-economic consequences, but they are not socio-economic variables. The rationale behind such an index is two-fold. Second, this physical index does not involve an assessment of the expected impact of climate change on variables such as health and agriculture, which unavoidably is highly uncertain and debatable. The physical index can simply be seen as an intermediary step to assess the link between climate change and these economic variables.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	bf26b26dc107af93a7212c37ef7ad0bc	Genuine change based on critical self-reflection will be required. That means changes in how we behave, not just superficial adjustments to existing processes, systems and formats (2009). Accordingly, the South African intergovernmental system is being reconfigured to foster alignment with the new national performance management system that is at the heart of the new government’s focus on improving service delivery that includes 12 outcome indicators (Box 3.2). This builds upon a series of legislative measures to stimulate intergovernmental co-operation.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	bf26c8801b0d6dad423332234827d1eb	Thus, clear and transparent competition-based decisions in the area of merger between health insurers should be secured by being based on published merger assessment methodology. The enhanced competition among health insurers has constrained prices of hospital services and outpatient prescription drugs. Moreover, competition among hospitals has increased due to the entry of a substantial number of freestanding clinics (ZBCs). Nevertheless, health care spending has increased because of a sharp rise in the volume of care, including in mental health care (Box 1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	bf2990883d86acc0c6261c73de180680	With the number of vessels and employment continuously falling during the last few years, the structural adjustment process is considered to be ongoing. The most difficult situation occurs in the cod fishery, especially in the Western part of the Baltic Sea. Although according to the latest stock assessments (2016) most of the stocks vital to the Danish fishing industry' show improvement, the Western Baltic cod stock is still in poor condition.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	bf2b13edd30827fe627392fd10f58c28	A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075788-6-en	bf2d4f59e877657254bd596157b7432d	The target group had always been students from disadvantaged background. In August 2006, extra weight was given to immigrant students as follows: 0.25 for native students whose parents have a low level of education; 0.9 for ethnic minority students whose parents have a low level of education. This meant that, primary schools received more money for immigrant students with poorly educated parents than for their native counterparts.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	bf2e558d1294ea36ff4b3ae927501fcc	It w'as found that the rural and mountainous areas faced constraints in various forms of capital—financial, human social and institutional—that both limited the inclusion of their interests in the elaboration of the SCoT and its eventual implementation (Bertrand, 2015). Thus, there is a significant capacity-building issue required in order to ensure that all local authorities have the ability, resources and buy-in to realise the planning objectives through the tools at hand. This raises the question of finances. As the role of intercommunalites grows in importance, their fiscal resources will need to keep pace with these functions. This in turn increases the importance of transparent and accountable political authority at this scale.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	bf2ef36bf52c7115a54aba6d4a72fde3	However, responsibilities are often not well defined and incomplete, therefore limiting local actions. Taking down a tree requires the approval of the national government, for instance. As a result of the lack of a clear national policy framew'ork and w'ell-defmed responsibilities, LGUs have taken some critical responsibilities in the management of urban utilities, such as water supply, without efficient legislative framework.	11	0	6	1.0
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	bf33b89aac6d844d41efc0175954ecde	The Nordic Ecolabelling is organized in cooperation between the five Nordic countries, i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. All five countries have a national ecolabelling secretariat responsible of each their area of products and services. Hence, a considerable overlap with the GPP criteria and the ecolabelling criteria might be expected.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264089457-en	bf341292d3de048272748872507d32ac	The state will be relying on higher education institutions (HEIs) to realise these objectives and will be seeking their increasing engagement both in relation to research and accelerated skills development within the region. Migration has been both internal and international. Internal migration from the country’s other less developed regions has possibly been higher than that from other countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	bf351020a0bb34dc38b3a0a3b602ff4f	In the case of Dublin, the recently developed portions of the bus network perform better than shared mobility, while the older, non-urban portions of the network do not perform as well as shared mobility. In Helsinki, replacing current bus feeder services with heavy public transport and replacing low frequency services with shared mobility both improve outcomes. All scenarios modelled reduce costs and increase connectivity and access.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	bf355d75c7dddaa00a3fc8ef38d12c47	For some of the larger ASEAN members (Indonesia and Thailand), the rate of undernourishment is projected to drop below the 5% threshold that the FAO uses to delineate food-insecure countries. Fisheries sector production, capture fisheries and aquaculture included, will play a particularly important role in food security in the ASEAN region over the medium term. Fish products already form an important part of the regional diet and represent an important source of income for many.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	bf356fe1d235667ac6efc6c942705992	These reforms are likely to require longer lead-in times before they have the desired effect but can have important implications on the long-term efficiency and productivity of the health care system. While it is too early to assess the impact of this measure, 85% of hospitals can now report complete DRG reimbuxsement data (Polyzos et al., It has also effectively merged all existing individual health insurance schemes into the central EOPYY (the National Organisation for the Provision of Health Services), with the intention to merge inherited assets into EOPYY as well as streamline administrative and medical staff (EC, 2013).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	bf3968d64f6a25d2fac9ef4c85bf9c67	Therefore, they affect larger shares of population (for instance in Switzerland and the Netherlands). In countries where health coverage is mainly linked to occupation, policies ensuring universal access to health coverage are all the more important in times of crisis. Countries have to make sure that people who lose their job do not lose health coverage at the same time.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	bf3a04a04e6f2ffca4e6801fe147310f	A few countries have sought to control pharmaceutical use and to raise revenues by introducing a copayment for cancer drugs. This may appear small, but given that cancer care costs are about 3-7% of total expenditure on health as described in Chapter 1, these costs actually comprise a significant part of spending in cancer care systems. Among the countries in which data were collected through the OECD questionnaire, Latvia and Spain spent less than 0.6% of total health expenditure on cancer drugs. Considering the limited number of countries for which data are available, the proportion of pharmaceutical spending is highest in Hungary, at 41.4% of total cancer care (not total health expenditure) in 2006.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276208-8-en	bf3bcc5b03c2c71e28646185b94e7223	This chapter highlights the need for effective policy mixes to address the multiple and sometimes cumulative pressures on marine biodiversity. It provides a framework for designing and evaluating policy mixes. The role of marine spatial planning, and other instruments, such as fish catch regulations and water pollution control measures, are discussed. As highlighted in Chapter 1, the pressures on marine biodiversity are multiple, and stem from different actors (public and private), sectors, and occur at different geographical scales (Table 5.1).	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	bf3df8566c4ecb799844c514e2ebe2ac	The foundations of this success are setting Total Allowable Catches (TACs) based on scientific recommendations of what is biologically sustainable and the Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system, which gives each holder the right to catch a certain of the TAC in various species. The efficiency of this system could be under threat from potential policy responses to the perceived unfairness of quotas having initially been given away and by Iceland’s possible accession to the EU. However, there is nothing the government can do now to do undo the unfairness of the initial allocation.	14	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	bf3e7075f13ddcb152fdff134d98c251	The most important justification for liberalizing trade in EGs is the improvement in developing- country environmental performance. For three categories of EGs, the correlation between the relevant environmental performance index (EPI) and trade is significant, at the 1 per cent level. These products, which are included in the categories of clean-up or remediation of soil and water, renewable energy, and heat and energy management, account for about 40 tariff lines. This high correlation could therefore be interpreted to imply that goods in these categories probably are being put to some environmental end use. As FDI increases, so too does trade in goods related to air pollution control, management of solid and hazardous waste and recycling systems, clean-up or remediation, renewable energy, natural risk management, and noise and vibration abatement equipment covered by the WTO list. This high correlation can be explained by the fact that most of these products have dual uses.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262959-en	bf3f28d04127fe7efe7166fad16b188e	It represents money saved over what a household would have to pay for the same service in the private market. Unpaid work at home increases the overall consumption of goods and services, represents implicit income and is crucial for enabling the labour force participation of beneficiary household members (Becker, 1965). In rural communities, agricultural production carried out within the household for family consumption has important value (Stiglitz et al.,	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	bf3f95007a46219eaa77465a4c1875ce	The network has organised several conferences, seminars and meetings with key stakeholders. The largest event is the Skane Flousing Forum (Skanskt bostadsforum), which takes place in late autumn every' year since 2014. It brings together about 150 partners of the housing sector, experts and politicians for a discussion of key issues about the housing market.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	bf4463139953a37ba0bf9b8c88fb61b9	The level of energy subsidy for any economy is clearly inversely related to the consumption of coal (and lignite) used in electricity production. Given the potential welfare gains and improvement to competitiveness, as well as the reduced strain on public finances that could be derived from removing these subsidies, subsidy reform is a strong motivation for diversifying energy sources, specifically towards renewables. However it is undeniably a difficult policy choice which requires strong political support and the willingness to take a long-term view.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	bf44a15e01a7d42a7c21fa5fb0bcd0d1	Their contents are largely complementary. While the primary legal and policy framework for water resources management is in place, secondary legislation still needs to be developed for many aspects, and practical implementation lags behind, requiring stronger institutional cooperation, as well as investments. Nevertheless, setting ambitious national targets would be an important measure to drive progress in this area.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/fa3883b2-en	bf467bca0bd6c1209a2230309dbfc9bf	Plastics are by far the most prevalent debris item recorded, contributing an estimated 60 to 80 per cent of all marine debris. Some pieces are large—they can be measured in metres and can cause problems such as entanglement. However, plastic microparticles (up to 5 millimetres in size) and even smaller nanoparticles (up to one millionth of a millimetre) are of increasing concern.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	bf475716b8a0ce3718a9b02e7742b865	This infrastructure has also been used to move food to needy communities during emergencies (HLPE, 2012). In Ethiopia, households with access to both the PSNP as well as complementary packages of agricultural support were found more likely to be food-secure, to borrow for productive purposes, to use improved agricultural technologies, to operate their own non-farm business activities, to achieve higher grain production and to make greater use of fertiliser (IFAD et al., However, one evaluation in Niger recorded lower body mass index (BMI) scores for public works participants than for non-participating adults in the same household (Webb, 1995, cited in HLPE, 2012). The wage levels set are vitally important for public works, as the energy expended performing manual labour reduces the net nutritional impact of the food or cash wages.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	bf48bdb7e3f4837b76cefaa649c69029	The first was that too few vehicles were deployed and the second was that the trial area was too large. Together, this meant that wait times were unacceptably long and the service never gained commercial traction (HSL, 2016). The dispatching algorithm and the app itself were seen as innovative and valuable and the IT-company behind both is still involved in other ride-service initiatives.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	bf4ac8bed9cd55856c3567e05825edaa	The estimates came with two caveats: a) the figures given were preliminary partial estimates of mobilised private climate finance, drawing on private co-financing data associated with public finance interventions as best-available evidence at the time of the analysis and b) direct co-financing does not necessarily equate to mobilisation and does not capture the indirect mobilisation effect of capacity building, budgetary support and domestic policies. In the lead up to this, an OECD DAC survey in 2015 collected data on the amounts mobilised from the private sector through three development finance instruments: guarantees, syndicated loans, and shares in common investment vehicles (Benn et al., The survey focused on development finance generally rather than on climate finance in isolation, but it found that over the course of three years (2012 to 2014), 18% of the finance mobilised through use of these instruments from the private sector was climate related i.e. around USD 2.2 billion.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	bf51d76f1c39516128eaf62f51980eda	The relevant targets for the Commonwealth Pacific small states are Target 2.1 and 2.2, with respective Tier 1 indicators related to undernourishment and stunting. However, data for both these indicators were only available for Fiji, PNG and Vanuatu. Kiribati, Samoa and Solomon Islands had data on undernourishment but insufficient data on stunting. There were no reported data for Nauru, Tonga and Tuvalu. Although Fiji is expected to maintain a very low prevalence of undernourishment (Table 2.2) and low levels of stunting in 2050, the prevalence of stunting is on an increasing trend (Figure 2.4).	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	bf5420e45b5212f1652751d198150f19	In order to raise the value attributed to the profession and counter gender stereotypes, it is suggested that the “professional identity” of the ECEC workforce must change (OECD, 2006). High staff turnover is pronounced across studies of child care in various countries, somewhere between 30% and 50% annually (Huntsman, 2008; Moon and Burbank, 2004). Centres with low staff turnover rates have staff that engage in more appropriate and attentive interactions with children.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	bf5427818bb259bd4e1fff19dde6014d	International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Strategic grain reserves - Guidelines for their establishment, management and operation”, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Org/docrep/w4979e/w4979e00.htm#Contents. Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Market: Policy Responses”, Background Policy Report for the G20 Summit in Paris in November 2011, Rome.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	bf543a72db15029b2c276ef08271a1fb	For this reason, a range of indicators are selected that capture gender inequality at different stages of the life cycle. Lastly, the chapter focuses on the indicators that have been shown to matter for the overall development of the societies (e.g. World Bank, 2011). For this reason, not all key issues that affect women’s well-being and are included in contemporary gender inequality indices could be covered. It was not possible, for instance, to include measures such as income or access to high-paying jobs, which are crucial factors for the economic standing of women (Kabeer, 1999).6 What is lost in comparability with present-day indices, however, is made up for in the long-term perspective.7 Despite constraints in data availability, there are theoretical and methodological criteria behind the choice of the gender equality variables employed.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	bf555e97fac679c5f782974ce8633f2f	It revealed that Ofsted has little direct control over this aim, except regarding statutory provisions for identifying and monitoring schools and regulatory control of childcare. Findings indicate that well-managed providers and those that cause concern are the most likely to benefit from inspections. This study provides a more detailed look at the quality of early years settings in England (United Kingdom).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	bf558ab764bf03aac99d2b7ae61d7a34	This section looks at why there are fewer women entrepreneurs than men, the different reasons they have for starting a business, and the different skills they bring to the job. It also looks at the reasons why women-owned businesses have lower profits, and why self-employed women work less, and earn less, than self-employed men. It asks whether women find it harder to finance their business than men and haue less innovative enterprises. Finally, it examines policies that support female entrepreneurs in micro- and small businesses - particularly in developing countries - by encouraging entrepreneurs to exit informality and by addressing their specific needs.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	bf5ac9fc362056117cb3738cbde4bc1e	While most countries have no limits for mortality registration, some countries impose a lower limit on gestational age and/or weight threshold for a death to be counted as a “death after live birth”. This limit is higher for the Russian Federation (28 weeks) than for other countries (see OECD, 2009). Results appear to be in the form of confidence intervals. Lower death rates reached the more problematic groups (25- to 39-year-olds) last.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	bf5e7870053b764d24e96c5ac6a32401	It is important therefore that countries and specialized regional agencies put efforts to standardize data processes so as to align with internationally accepted norms and standards. Water availability is usually measured as the level of renewable water resources per capita, which is the standard indicator used to express the level of water scarcity (see chapter III). For contrasting figures, see FAOSTAT database, available from http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E (accessed 30 March 2015).	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	bf622da02a8878cc99626fa7e915cd38	Education is mostly delivered by publicly funded institutions maintained by the jurisdictions while the federal government provides some funding towards post-secondary education and provides programmes that support skills development. Education on First Nations reserves is delivered by First Nations themselves, with funding assistance from the federal government. Investment in educational institutions is slightly above the OECD average.	4	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	bf64ec3e9bfdc06939412f4ce48718c6	Taken together, these developments would lead to the emergence of more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and thus could provide opportunities for developed and developing countries to achieve economic growth and sustainable development in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Increasing automation of production processes, made possible by ICTs, may cause the displacement of workers by machines and is likely to eliminate routine types of jobs and increase inequality. A global net decrease in jobs could be especially challenging for developing countries where, unlike developed economies, millions of young people are entering the job market every year. However, developing countries are still lagging behind in terms of ICT penetration, buying them time to figure out how job loss may be compensated or combatted.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	bf654a2a08ecc51507311a1977c11b9e	The importance of the analysis of different poverty approaches and their degree of overlap or mismatch in terms of outcomes has been acknowledged and emphasized by many scholars (see e.g. Klasen, 2000; Laderchi, 1997; Neubourg de, Roelen and Gassmann, 2009; Sahn and Stifel, 2003). Within the wider EU context, a number of studies have been undertaken to assess the degree of overlap or mismatch (e.g. Bradshaw and Finch, 2003; Coromaldi and Zoli, 2007; Dekkers, 2003; Richardson et al., No such studies, however, have been undertaken with a special focus on child poverty. Some financial poverty analyses might focus only on the overlap between the income poverty and financial strain domain labelling individuals with 'overlapping deprivations' as 'consistent-poor' (Forster, 2005; Nolan and Whelan, 2009), possibly serving as a proxy for chronic poverty patterns in the absence of panel data (Clark and Hulme, 2005; Hulme and McKay, 2008). Mismatch patterns could help to provide insight into the size of specific measurement errors or to gauge the differences between objective and subjective indicators of deprivation.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	bf66adb756d77a2784c7e1235af82fa4	Distributed energy production should also promote improvements to the grid, increasing the interconnections with adjacent regions in the north (including neighbouring regions in Sweden and Finland), opening up new business opportunities in those areas affected by slow but constant depopulation and ageing (Box 13.2). Home to approximately 1 800 people, this seems to be the most proactive municipality in the region when it comes to using RE to generate local employment. Taking advantage of new powers granted to local levels by central government for promoting RE deployment (see below), the Storfjord municipality has already developed a local plan for small-scale hydro-electric development, steering projects into suitable sites which do not conflict with tourism or the environment. They are also thinking about exporting energy to Sweden, and building a power transmission Une and a railway to transport processed minerals from Sweden in winter (when the North Baltic is frozen).	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	bf67e6c88c8e5fa64deb1bac887d754c	Where value for money cannot be demonstrated, consideration should be given to dropping programmes such as general health checks and redirecting this investment to other health care activities. At the same time, the low rates of uptake of interventions proven to reduce mortality - such as cancer screening - point to the need to widen access to professionals and the public and incentivise both to engage in preventive health care more actively. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Some elements of the preventive health care put in place for these conditions is excellent, notably the quality control surrounding breast screening, the early introduction of screening for colorectal cancer relative to other OECD countries and the surveillance carried out by the Czech Republic’s long-standing cancer registry.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	bf6b9c87d4bd11e7ee87f230b27ec1b0	In line with the standard discourse, employment in industry increased slightly for Thai-bom workers and considerably for foreign-bom workers, suggesting increasing industrialisation in Thailand’s economy and an important role for immigrant labour in this process. Due to the increased employment opportunities in manufacturing and in other sectors, there has been increased female immigration from abroad as well as heightened rural-urban immigration by foreign-born women rather than foreign-bom men. In general, foreign-bom workers (male and female) tend to be present more in the urban areas of Thailand with the magnitude increasing over time.	8	0	9	1.0
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	bf6d45e50c77f204b268521c75d7ee03	The European Journal of Development Research 18(4): 593-621. Communication TN/RL/ GEN/184 (2016). The ITP approach is to scan the trade and development landscape for areas where orthodox approaches are ineffective or where there are public policy failures or gaps, and to seek heterodox approaches to address those.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	bf6f38f02516e53c95c840843153a262	This may have unintended effects due to important correlations between different sources of risk, policy instruments and risk management strategies. Countercyclical payments may discourage farmers from taking advantage of natural hedging due to negative production/price correlations; make market instruments less attractive; and contribute to the incompleteness of markets. Insurance subsidies may discourage farmers’ diversification strategies.	2	4	4	0.0
10.18356/08756197-en	bf71a92deff83450b6f01b06c042dc3f	However, 22 cases of malaria, with three cases of death, were reported in 2014; 14 cases were reported during the last five years (2009-2013). After a peak reached in 2007, leishmaniasis incidence decreased. Air monitoring is carried out near major transport and industrial hotspots (chapters 3 and 8). Transport accounts for 87 per cent of CO, 70 per cent of NOx, 50 per cent of SO2 and 40 per cent of VOCs in urban areas.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	bf72f450f8160e41fd8ad8cfbb16151f	This shift coincided with a rising conflict between the “agro-economic coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Agriculture which wished to maintain the subsidised water prices for the agricultural sector, and the “economists coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Finance which advocated for an economic-based scale of tariffs as well as a mechanism to regulate the demand and increase the sector’s efficiency (Menachem and Gilad, 2013). This dispute caused years of stalemate between these power centers, which left the pricing system for agricultural uses as low and subsidised as possible. The main agreed principle was to relate the sector’s freshwater price to the average production and supply costs (including desalination), throughout Israel (Feinerman et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/286de074-en	bf749fc9863a657c9eec4fc223d93f31	The effects are particularly salient for girls. By their 19th birthday, 11 per cent of girls around the world are already mothers (WHO, 2016), while 27 per cent are married by age 18 (UNICEF, 2014). Adolescent girls and young women are one of the groups most severely affected by HIV (UNAIDS, 2014) and although gender gaps in access to primary education are closing, girls continue to be disadvantaged (UNESCO, 2015).These outcomes call for a strong focus on adolescent well-being in policies and programmes and are supported by a growing body of literature that recognizes adolescence as a critical phase for achieving human potential (Patton et al.,	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5950d914-en	bf7763beb5ad7a16764d1b7fa87ab018	Indicators for targets 9.b and 9.c have data available. Globally, energy efficiency and the use of cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent between 2000 and 2013. Although expenditure on research and development continues to grow globally, the poorest countries, especially those in Africa, spend a very small proportion of their GDP on such expenditure. In 2013, global investment in research and development stood at $1.7 trillion (purchasing power parity), up from $732 billion in 2000.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	bf786c83fe5a933860434786b246a8d6	Furthermore, public opinion is overwhelmingly in favour of investments to improve the public transportation system (95% of those surveyed), representing a larger share than those in favour of investing in new roads (75%) (CMAP, 2010a). The fiscally constrained scenarios prioritise bringing the existing system to a state of good repair. New projects are limited to extension of the CTA Red Line and creation of the West Loop Transit Center to improve system-wide transit connections. The Plan also recommends that expressway extensions and/or lane additions should be planned to integrate additional transit facilities where appropriate (CMAP, 2010a).	7	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289329163-4-en	bf78742722dc90d6926f52108b7bc40d	Therefore, research and development in the bioeconomy should be strengthened, and public policies related to forestry and economic development should be more focused on the bioeconomy in the Nordic countries. Nevertheless, the possibility of combining policies and integrating approaches at the Nordic level should be investigated as this could further enhance the wood energy use. A common Nordic fund could be established for providing financial support to the development and pilot projects of new and innovative wood energy systems. Co-operation in this regard should be done with The Working Group for Renewable Energy as well as with Nordic Energy Research, both under the Nordic Council of Ministers.	15	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-9-en	bf7e6202dc5ca382dec5d793cc92a487	This required an intensive process of validating the registration, which is still ongoing. In addition, the failure to put in a requirement that the DWA was informed of any transfer of irrigated land-ownership meant that the registration records were out of date where land had been sold. Since Compulsory Licencing was predicated on having a fairly accurate record of existing water use, this delayed the process.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	bf7f6aca0709e7b462eaab877d12e1ac	This downward trend is very similar to that followed by industrial tariffs, and reflects the unilateral undertakings by Indonesia described above. The high tariff rates applied to alcoholic beverages and spirits contribute significantly to the overall agricultural average. Excluding alcoholic beverages and spirits results in an average MFN agricultural tariff of 5.3% in 2010, below the average MFN tariff for industrial products.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	bf7f95192cba809a65f889ed1dc1891f	However, this work on asbestos stopped and the objectives dealing with development of standards and regulations, a control system and disease registration were not implemented. The asbestos testing laboratory was established at the National Centre for Public Health but is not functional today. No monitoring of the presence of asbestos fibre is carried out in public buildings such as schools or medical centres. Due to the use of asbestos, additional cases of asbestos-related diseases could be identified in the future.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	bf822b21b3f459fbb364d4a2a2c68448	For the purposes of the SHI scheme, “formal sector” refers to enterprises that employ more than ten individuals, a definition which excludes a large proportion of the population. Total expenditure increased steadily from ETB 0.1 million in 2012/13 to ETB 47.9 million in 2015/16. Management and administration initially accounted for the majority of expenditure but the system development’s share of spending increased after 2014/15 and accounted for over 57% of total SHI expenditure in 2015/16.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	bf82320384735032cbce761344476cce	They exclude international students, trainees, persons on exchange programmes, seasonal or contract workers, service providers, installers and artists or sportsmen entering the country for particular events. The application of such a concept considerably improves the international comparability of national statistics, since coverage can otherwise vary by a factor of one to three. For Japan, data refer to categories of entry that have a relatively long estimated duration of stay.	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	bf843f5d6c6a8dc89ed9e4360d92fe23	Several recommendations of the NBSAP have already been implemented, including the adoption of the Law on Biodiversity Protection in 2006, amendments to the Law on Protected Areas in 2008, and the significant extension of the national environmental network of Albania by the designation of new protected areas. However, the successful implementation of these action plans for conservation would also to a large extent depend on the availability of external funding support. The DB comprises two thematic sectors, the Sector of Flora, Fauna and Soil, and the Sector for Protected Areas and National Parks. The total number of staff of the DB is seven, comprising the Director and three specialists in each sector.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	bf8482b7a0cdb611a351547eb4c40774	In 2011, a federal programme PRONATEC was launched and now covers 8 million students. Since 2013, it includes a component targeted to rural youngsters: PRONATEC Countryside. For example, in university education, the number of agricultural courses for bachelor degrees reached 830 in 2011, a six-fold increase over 1991, which covers only full-time studies, and does not include distance courses or MBAs (Table 5.1).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	bf8ae0d3f7ced18bb6ad929bb638ba11	Main stakeholders (institutions, agencies, organizations and persons affected by the park presence or who are developing activities within and nearby the park border) are represented on the Consultative Council, which holds biannual meetings. Optionally, forest owners could also contract forest management from NFA Romsilva. It operates under the authority of MoEF and carries out forestry-specific public and commercial services, implementing the National Forest Strategy in the field.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	bf8b3ac61a8d74eb1de8bcfd2386a695	Differences in fertility rates can be wide, however, including between rural and urban areas, and between wealthier and poorer people. Latin America, which has a number of these countries, feces high rates of pregnancy among adolescents. Although most of these countries are not under particular pressure from population trends at the moment, they are ageing rapidly, feeing a future where fewer people are in the workforce, and costs related to pensions and health care may be high.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	bf8e86dd05a0d64b4e56e5f1ec14f504	The urban population constituted 77.3 per cent. Over the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014, the urban population had increased by 4.4 per cent (from 6,965,365 to 7,274,775). The greatest population increase was in the capital city, Minsk, with 177,209 people, or 10 per cent, having been added in the last decade.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	bf8eca4d6cd033e27d0a262b53b8b1dd	Further efforts to strengthen policies targeting efficiency in lighting should therefore be pursued, particularly for non-residential buildings. Energy intensity, adjusted for PPP, has improved by 2.7% per year from 1990 to 2009, mainly owing to structural changes in industry and the overall economy. Industry's share was 24% and the residential, services and primary sectors accounted for 20% of the total.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	bf945e7cf812cd2b6b2d989968dd6414	At the same time, Ethiopia’s debt levels are rising significantly. However, fiscal space, as measured by the capacity to sustainably increase spending as a proportion of GDP, is constrained. With social protection spending (both including and excluding humanitarian relief) currently reliant on donor support, spending in this area is particularly vulnerable to a decline in grants.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/e9a3c39a-en	bf966f0b8fabdd51f3f13a5a6032eb08	In 2013, Nigeria had 69 professional judges or magistrates fora population of over 170 million, or 0.04 per 100,000 people, compared with 1.2 in Kenya and 4.3 in South Africa (UNODC Statistics, 2017). The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has developed a resource guide on strengthening judicial integrity and capacity, It recommends a focus on practical training in legal education, including social skills, and developing accessible continued professional training forjudges. Legal training typically lasts three to five years, but becoming a judge does not always require a law degree, even in high income countries.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	bf993b524bd953391111052f8b134863	Governments have agreed to meet every five years to take collective stock of the implementation of their strategies and to set more ambitious goals. The first formal global stocktaking dialogue will take place in 2023. Reduced tariff levels occurred in line with country commitments under the agreement, and have also continued since.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	bf9c5ba3cddbe3a7fa0bb3d2a609de48	These 14 ministers normally meet at least once a year to discuss national environmental priorities and determine work to be carried out under the auspices of CCME. The council seeks to achieve positive environmental results, focusing on issues that are national in scope and that require collective attention by a number of governments. Through collaborative efforts, CCME working groups develop recommendations for ministers’ consideration. Once approved, these products are available for use by CCME’s member governments in their environmental management role. Around the world, many communities (following models developed through international processes such as Agenda 21) have developed a “sustainable community vision”, which in turn provides guidance to communities on policy making, including preferred water management goals and strategies.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	bf9c78a5e66e6e75d88fa36457b759ed	The urban population has increased rapidly since 1950, metropolitan areas and large cities have grown in size, and urban challenges have risen in number and complexity. These changes demand adaptable planning instruments. However, the complex administrative procedures for approving or amending Regulating Plans, and the number of documents required when submitting them, result in lengthy and intricate administrative and political processes, and raise several challenges. In the case of the PRC, the documents to be presented and the number of steps for approval are the same regardless of whether the proposal is a new plan or an amendment to an existing plan. Approximately two-thirds of Chile’s municipalities are either developing or amending their plans (see Table 2.1).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	bfa701510ca789230d35280bcde31772	Looking at the dimensions separately, the good news is that gender equality has been achieved - and for some countries surpassed - in terms of life expectancy and that some progress has been made in closing the gender gap in marriage ages, although structural differences remain between different regions. In many developed countries, parity has also been achieved in educational attainment. However, there is still much scope for progress in all the other dimensions.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	bfabf2bd7d34891f0efb2a5f8d84a59e	In the urban core and surrounding districts, a balance must be stmck between efficient land use through mixed-use development of housing, public and commercial facilities, and compact development that respects factors such as building winds, a right to sunlight and residents’ health. In peripheral areas, better access to urban cores and low-density development can be achieved through public-transit system and pedestrian-friendly urban design (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2007). Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	bfacb7df330930235ceeeb5e66845a53	Tables 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate an alternative that would establish a target of reaching the OECD and EU averages. In Greece, the evidence suggests that all too often the teacher-selection process follows rules about qualifications and seniority that bear little relationship to the qualities needed to be an effective teacher. Broader selection processes, typically including interviews, preparation of lesson plans, and demonstration of teaching skills, would give greater weight to those characteristics that are more directly related to the quality of teaching and learning than the traditional emphases on qualifications and years of experience. The accuracy of these recommendations has recently been improved though a new electronic data system.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	bfafda65afc8a25719262536acc30b0a	Contamination of water resources poses a problem in many parts of the country and stocks of some fish species show signs of overexploitation. While agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries and hunting have contributed only around 3.6% of Mexico’s GDP over the last few years (Chapter 1), these sectors remain very important for employment and livelihoods. Although ownership falls on rural communities, lack of technical and organisational capacity has hampered their sustainable management of forests.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f14dbdbb-en	bfb1e37950206a659491389ebbdf2e90	There is also excessive reliance on standardized tests within the system to make decisions that affect people’s lives. Formal education is compulsory for the first nine years of the education system, while non-formal education is purely voluntary, and informal learning is influenced by parents and culture. However, they may also work together in a powerful way. University preparatory programmes are also needed, for example, among students whose high schools did not adequately support them as independent learners.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	bfb1f23d915acb479b89fdda1a26b0dd	Female parliamentarians, like their male counterparts, often stem from political families. As such, their election to assemblies or their appointments to assimilated councils with limited legislative powers is not necessarily a sign of empowerment or increased attention to women’s issues. It may just as often be a manifestation of their husband’s or clan’s sphere of influence.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	bfb47b714772bd3e05373f22bb525c0d	These need to be examined further for their potential; however, it is already clear that conditions are not always conducive for realising that potential at scale. There are many constraints that block the implementation of both the CRGE and the scaling up of existing green growth solutions. These will need real attention if green growth is to be enabled in practice. With ministries frequently changing their mandate, and government officers moving post, there is little continuity for driving long-term agendas such as green growth.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a68df323-en	bfb8272c62d41de7b0106589df3f06c3	The two Commissions grant each other observer status.__________________________________ The concept of twinning suggested by the Netherlands at the Second World Water Forum in 2000 in The Hague implies that river basin organizations located in different regions of the world have valuable experience to share, and that the exchange of such experience could contribute to their institutional strengthening, improvement of activities and increased efficiency. Ultimately, such exchange is an instrument contributing to the implementation of IWRM.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/63fef40d-en	bfb914773ee90775e617b92de71fd600	For comparison purposes, the global warming potential of 1 million tonnes of N20 is equivalent to 265 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.) Reduction strategies could potentially hold emissions at 4.1 million tonnes in 2030 and cut them to 3.3 million tonnes by 2050. However, offsetting the projected increases in emissions under the business-as-usual scenario for the year 2030 would require the adoption of all five of the emission reduction strategies presented in Table 11, including behavioural changes such as reducing animal protein in diets, making the reduction estimates uncertain.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	bfba42edf81a3175f95778bb309b2425	Due to this project, however, the medical services now respond when symptoms occur, medical accessibility has improved and treatment is prescribed to patients when there are changes in their condition, thereby contributing to their overall health improvement (see figure 8). Based on the end of project survey, 87.9 per cent of the participants were satisfied with the service overall. And 90.0 per cent said the service helped improve their health. Quality care was provided and emergency response was possible, with the part-time doctors responding from afar through the telemedicine devices and the monitoring of their patients. The pilot project was expanded nationwide in late 2016 to nursing homes with more than 70 beds (Hyun and Yang, 2004). The project investigated the effects of health-promoting lifestyles of older persons on their health condition, feelings of depression and quality of life.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0d2045c7-en	bfbc87a39336e29f03e5511f9ca132f0	The indicators used for each of the five dimensions are listed in table 6. In order to account for the production potential and trade security of the countries, a sequential method was used to generate a profile on food security for each country. Countries were first divided according to the level of their reliance on imports, with those whose food import account for less than 10 per cent of total export categorized as “trade secure”, while those above 10 per cent identified as “trade insecure”. The second screening step divided the countries according to their annual food production, per-capita level, with countries having higher levels than the mean value of the 175 sample countries classified as “high food production countries”, while the remaining countries were classified as “low food producing countries”.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/31959a6d-en	bfbe088bfed5b9791f286a8f434b1f68	In a number of Latin American countries with defined contribution pensions, joint annuities are required. For an equal fund value, married men who buy a joint annuity get a lower individual benefit than single men because the right to additional benefit (the widow’s pension) is contracted with the same fund (James 2012: 27). In contrast, NDC systems do not currently permit joint annuities. The transition from a male breadwinner model to de-familiarized pension systems raises complex policy dilemmas from a gender equality perspective.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599147-13-en	bfc000d9c1753be033816424e544c31e	The development of supply chains in the region will have to overcome the extra-regional trade biases that these figures suggest. As Table A 11.1 indicates, the importance of manufacturing (in total output) and of high technology exports (as a proportion of total exports) vary much more widely across East Asian nations than across South Asian nations. In fact, even relatively industrialised India exports a lower proportion of high-technology goods than unindustrialized Mongolia. However, this may be balanced by the fact that the export of manufactured goods is already dominant for all but two of the South Asian countries.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264077287-en	bfc3e903dc040cb2fd95a7b8eceb93c9	Little progress has been made in this area despite a legal obligation that dates back more than 15 years.18 The measures needed relate essentially to agricultural pollutants. The AGE has a key role to play in delineating (and overseeing) the abstraction zones. In March 2009, the AGE published guidelines on this subject.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	bfc4ea3ac99900729bd12065d77614e8	For instance, the African Agricultural Technology Foundation established a partnership with CIMMYT (the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, BASF and NGOs to provide herbicide technology to Kenyan farmers. Because climate is a critical factor in applying agricultural technology in the field, NARS play a very important role in this process. The mechanism for distributing scientific knowledge and technology from the CGIAR system and Centers to farmers through NARS has been successful.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	bfc96d6952819ed7ee1c98ddb5862cd2	Based on a national methodology, oblast akimats classified monotow'ns into high, medium and low categories based on their economic potential (Box 1.10). Each monotown also prepared a “Comprehensive Development Plan” (hereafter, CDP, or Compleksnie programmi razvitia, in Russian) that details capital investments required to upgrade urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks and housing) and investment projects that could contribute to diversifying the town’s economic structure. Most CDPs have the same target indicators: unemployment rate, number of SMEs with a real business activity, investments in fixed assets by companies, rate of degraded municipal utility (water, sewage, district heating) and electricity distribution networks. Sometimes industrial output (in volume) or population numbers are also target indicators. However, of 27 monotowns, only two (Janatass and Arkalik) are classified as having low' economic potential. Other monotowns have high or medium economic potential.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	bfcb9244d003bed1f5bf210bfe54406a	Similar policies can be devised for such other primary activities as mining, as was done for diamond processing in Botswana. Such efforts are likely to be more successful if they are combined with the development of local production clusters based on natural resources and the development of engineering capabilities for domestic production (Ramos, 1998). The garment industry, for example, is typically labour-intensive, whereas the industry that produces textiles, yarns and accessories is increasingly capital-intensive, with large economies of scale and scope. This makes the development of backward linkages in textiles for the garments sector much more difficult in most LDCs (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2007).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	bfcf2a2401230728cbe491d2ccd779c2	The procurement requirements of an individual company can consist of in-house developed product or process requirements or build on existing certification schemes -or a combination of both. They often belong to a broader set of corporate social sustainability commitments, which are displayed to the public in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports. In addition, one way for retailers to minimise their exposure to risks is through demanding certification from their suppliers.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	bfd1673625efb5d01c875de2d6a82310	In reality, they argue, people’s income can be unpredictable and sporadic -farmers, for instance, may earn all their money just once or twice a year after harvest time. Also, the idea of a subsistence income risks painting an overly simplistic portrait of poor people’s lives. As the work of economists Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo has shown, the poor - just like the wealthy - take active decisions on how to spend their incomes, sometimes sacrificing nutrition in order to save for celebrations, for example.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e92917e3-en	bfd3ee81fd7bb55b4043d502df673137	However, reviewing each in isolation hides the proportion of households lacking access to both improved sanitation and clean fuel, as well as obscures the number of households that are deprived in additional areas. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, for example, 16 per cent of all households lack access to two opportunities, almost half lack access to three or four opportunities, while one quarter are deprived in five or six. Overall, in half of the countries, at least five per cent of households are severely deprived, lacking access to five or six opportunities. Levels of multiple deprivation are lower among households in North and Central Asian countries.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/c891abbf-en	bfd5233e531d59e374e74019731e05ef	Finally, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to the participants of the learning seminar who shared their experiences and insights with great openness and sensitivity to the Flemish context. The paper shows that accountability mechanisms are not highly developed, specifically to the Flemish government and to the public. As a result, it proved hard to examine if resources were used effectively and efficiently. The paper argues that a long-term perspective and step-by-step approach is needed to create a culture of evaluation and accountability. It is emphasised that a long-term strategy should start with building horizontal and more specifically professional accountability mechanisms, based on a clear picture of how accountability relates to the overall aims and vision of education.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a75977db-en	bfd94afa9b6bfdc68ce3569f1781f2bd	Our reward practices recognize compensating our employees fairly and equitably for the skill set they possess and value contribution as a business imperative. In addition, sponsorship of Country Presidents and HR has been crucial in raising awareness and for each country to take action regarding investment required to address gaps. A key indicator of this sponsorship was the inclusion of our pay equity vision in Schneider Electric’s 2015-2017 Planet and Society barometer, clearly laying out our initial three-year ambition.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	bfdce1b183ba7758ced08c3918c12b0d	When the demand for a programme exceeds the supply, a lottery can be used to select the treatment group within the eligible population. Gertler states: When a programme is phased in, randomisation of the order in which participants receive the programme gives each eligible unit the same chance of receiving treatment in the first phase or in a later phase of the programme. As long as the last group has not yet been phased into the programme, it serves as a valid comparison group from which the counterfactual for the groups that have already been phased in can be estimated.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	bfdd36b1c6448c79da6d4aea4dbf6e2f	Government can do much to encourage the required investment by working for macroeconomic stability, availability of financing, an enabling infrastructure and an innovative industrial base. Policy makers should also implement consistent and transparent regulation. For example, a policy framework that properly rewards T&D investments is needed.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	bfdd97101db440190e2d5f5062f31c3e	Ideally, ESD-related professional development would be undertaken alongside complementary initiatives including those mentioned above, as well as curricular and examination reforms, linking training on ESD with re-certification or promotional pathways, school improvement programmes, ESD training for principals and so on. Additionally, such professional development could come with a requirement that participating teachers pass on their training in their home schools to help expand the reach of ESD training when resources are limited. The structure is flexible and can be formalised to include scheduled topics, chairpersons and presentations.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	bfddc56b262efa0df6b8420d07da0eb8	The energy target for the period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017 is set at 700 TWh (lifetime cumulative savings). Since the start of the scheme, 907.4 TWh of energy certificates have been issued, with agriculture accounting for only 5% of the energy certificates issued. The scheme integrates three programmes: the energy performance plan, the modernisation plan for livestock buildings and the plant plan for the environment.	7	0	8	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	bfdf47d983ab827c6747908631f58a0b	Other initiatives for capacity-building and awareness development could include unit or country office training plans with focused gender sessions that encourage lively and open discussions and debates. Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. These plans should also help to identify areas where UNDP can draw on expertise and leverage the existing capacities of other United Nations agencies active on gender issues at the country level. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	bfe15056318915e723c89c42c7c0c614	However, because these are demographic variables that hardly vary over the short term, their disaggregate analysis is omitted. The survey year used differs from country to country. The period 1990 refers to the survey nearest to that year; the period 2002, to the survey available nearest to 2000 and 2002; and the period 2008, to surveys available between 2004 and 2008. In the countries that saw the greatest poverty reduction, the workforce grew in tandem with higher labour income per employed person, while in the other countries that was not the case. A simple way to illustrate these differences is to compare the poverty rate of a group of persons with a given trait with others who do not share that trait.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	bfe66b24b2398978ac17a18ba5832a5c	The poorest creditable person of either sex would be ashamed to appear in public without them. Book 5, Chapter 2, 1776. Household income is taken to mean 'disposable household income', i.e. after taxes and public transfers. This is then 'equivalized’ to take into account the economies of scale available to different sizes of households (using the square root of household size).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	bfe809c2c86b1c5ec6c0c3bacd653e5d	For governments, these include integrating mitigation and adaptation policies in tourism planning, considering tourism in national climate vulnerability assessments, promoting collaboration between national and local governments and the private sector to communicate the benefits of adapting to a low-carbon economy, considering poverty reduction as a tourism development goal, and combining REDD actions with small-scale, high-value nature-based tourism in forest communities to provide alternative sources of income. The OECD works closely with governments to help them to identify and implement least-cost policies to reduce GHG emissions in order to limit climate change, as well as to integrate adaptation to climate change into all relevant sectors and policy areas (OECD, 2007). As OECD countries are the major international donors, OECD has a critical role in tracking climate finance, and in examining how public finance can be scaled-up and best targeted to help leverage private financial flows.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591264-9-en	bfe877c62fb7a50f0ec57fb1100acce8	The situation is very different between urban and rural areas of Rajasthan. Urban areas have much higher proportions of female teachers, although gender roles for women are very strongly defined here too. In rural areas, it is much more difficult to recruit female teachers, with only small proportions of women with the requisite schooling able to go in for higher education and subsequent employment in schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	bfea6e8a550c527c16e93a93a535d88e	The authors refer to “complex reproduction systems”, characteristic of societies in which immigration is no longer a driver of population growth but a structural, endogenous factor in demographic change. The authors note the significant proportion of immigrant women employed in domestic and care woik, as well as in the service industiy, in those countries. Segregation is even more marked among women because they are concentrated in two types of jobs: elementary occupations, which are by far the most common among female migrants in these countries, and jobs in services, commerce and sales.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fb79328d-en	bfec49b85b92f3c5089e655e722aae8b	Against this backdrop, can the broadly agreed lessons discussed above provide the ingredients for a consensus regarding the features that are desirable in country-specific national development and poverty reduction strategies? Before considering this question, however, it is necessary to examine the new challenges that have emerged in the interim. Among these are population ageing, migration and climate change which will compound the poverty challenge, while also providing new opportunities. It is the result of progress in human development, which has meant a lowering of child mortality and improvements in health conditions, resulting in a rise in life expectancy.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/08e82310-en	bfef2394458306d14b90bfbe1305c961	The river has its source in the Fischbacher Alps in Austria, and discharges into the Moson-Danubc at GyOr. The basin has a typical mountain and hilly character, with a few lowland parts. The average altitude is around 210 m a.s.l. Lafnitz 1,990 km'; Pinto 742 km2; Sum 478 km2;6uns260 km2; others SI km-. At the Neumarkt gauging station in Austria, surface water resources generated in Austria arc estimated to be 0.21 km3/year (average for 1976-2008®).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	bff0bd7ceb8ffa0aabd2eb8c0dc95cef	Thus, lower property taxes need to be paid on them, which encourages low density development and horizontal expansion of cities (Brueckner and Kim, 2003). At the same time, property taxes make housing floor space more expensive, which makes households use less housing. If the ratio of land relative to dwelling size remains constant, this reduces land consumption and contributes to more compact patterns of development (Song and Zenou, 2006).	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	bff4df3455c7fcc3590c1781bd140483	While some energy intensive firms are exempted from the EEG surcharge, it also raises the production costs of non energy intensive firms and may deteriorate their price competitiveness. Most studies assume the cost of RES support will decrease significantly, due to increasing productivity and technological learning effects in the RES sector. By contrast, Frondel et al. (	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	bff786711ebbbab413171b85a9b2152b	In households with two parents, mothers spend about twice as much time caring for children as fathers, whether they work for pay or not (Parker and Wang 2013). Though most children live with both parents, an increasing proportion live with lone mothers. In 2012,24.4 per cent of children younger than 18 lived in lone mother households, up from 11 per cent in 1970.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	bfff9a5ea8c4982c4128ca3556ab7b2f	Respondents were asked about the most suitable ways to systematically measure the incidence, nature and impact of patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. Responses for developed countries are presented in (Figure 2.1). Measurement as a foundation of improving safety is discussed further in Chapter 4. Please choose three from the options provided. (	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	c000f94d28c2c81b51a1150a67b0ef19	In the Wallonia region, the Environment administration (ex-DGRNE) and the Agriculture administration (ex-DGA) were merged into a single directorate (DG03). This necessarily implies more synergies between environment and agricultural policies. An equivalent step was taken in Spain, when in 2008 the ex-Ministry of Environment (which had authority over water policy) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, merged to form the current Ministry of Environment, Rural and Maritime Affairs. Rural development plans integrate policies related to this field, including water, agriculture and other areas.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	c003e2ad2b550e87804756f1e10fbdd6	Often the impact is even larger compared to traditional indicators of quality of employment.51 Employment-related relationships and work motivation are important for several reasons. From the point of view of the individual worker, they not only directly affect health and well-being, but are also key factors for achieving high levels of sustainability of work. Workers who have sufficient job autonomy can influence organizational decisions and are not subject to excessive work intensity will show higher levels of motivation and engagement and be less likely to leave the labour market prematurely. The social support from co-workers and superiors also has a huge impact on the well-being of workers and is at the same time an important factor to cope with difficult work situations.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	c0047678802279dd2e80e14827743f62	Looking ahead, the Healthcare Authority (NZa) expects shortages to develop as a result of demographic trends and an increasing share of part-time GPs (NZa, 2009). In this context, the government rightly aims at expanding the capacity of medical schools and the number of hospital training positions, as both are identified causes of supply restriction (Capaciteitsorgaan, 2011). Foreign doctors represent another potential source of doctors. In this domain, European candidates (from the European Economic Area) enjoy relatively easy access as their diplomas are recognised, while non-European candidates are subject to a governmental standardised assessment of medical skills and a language test. To facilitate entry for the latter group, it could be considered to exempt holders of diplomas from top universities from the medical-skills components of the assessment. However, restricting the number of specialists is no longer a solution in a more market-oriented system, as it would reinforce their bargaining position and hence their ability to influence prices upwards.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-12-en	c00876fcf5103780f42a639eb9dfbd5b	It is therefore necessary to understand why regional water authorities may seem at odds with the democratic set up and related rules in contemporary EU water governance. This is not necessarily the case of drinking water companies, whose tasks inhabitants tend to better identify as they are solely focused on the supply of drinking water. Most Dutch citizens think that their own and direct interests are being well taken into consideration and competently dealt with.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	c00dc36a75daa0a29fb17aa395b0501d	It could be erroneously concluded that the farmer is more exposed to price risk than to yield risk. However, once the spatial aggregation bias is taken into account, yield risk is higher and the variability of price and yield are of similar magnitude and the yield risk is sometimes higher. The aggregation bias may mislead a policy maker to underestimate the yield variability when observing the aggregated level. This bias has to be properly taken into consideration in order to assess the producer’s exposure to risk.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	c00e22f85e7e7ab78245ccf9201e13f0	Primary care is largely delivered through a network of some 100 000 community clinics which include those with beds. Rather than having a dedicated workforce with specialist training in the functions described above, however, primary care in Japan is typically delivered by a cadre of semi-generalist/semi-specialists - that is, physicians who leave hospital practice after an unspecified amount of time to set up as generalists (with no compulsory further training) in the community. Likewise, rather than having a distinct primary care estate, primary care may be delivered in a department in a hospital and patients who come to clinics with beds or hospitals with primary care department can stay for inpatient care if needed.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	c00eca44469df9e7aeec44892743005c	At the Round Table there was a suggestion that the parent body of the international retail consortium - CIES - responsible for the GFSI benchmarking of private food safety management schemes, might take on such a task. A participant with direct links to CIES considered that while CIES would probably be interested in being involved in such an exercise it was unlikely to want to lead it. It was also noted that many retailers do not have specific expertise in the fisheries area.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	c011d760bd3e079369b88c7679bedd39	As part of the 2014 Folkeskole reform there has been a new approach to the central supervision of municipalities, with a clear ambition to reduce bureaucracy and paperwork: municipal quality reports are now only required on a biannual basis and they should rely primarily on data that are available in the data warehouse. Based on these data, the central level monitors progress towards the reform goals and follows up in cases of underperformance. Central follow-up focuses more on support than on pressure.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	c01230b887f69edee9fb9aed1b0802ee	However, this has not been accompanied by an economic valuation of environmental services (e.g. carbon sequestration, air and water purification, biodiversity) and social benefits (e.g. employment, recreational opportunities, cultural values) associated with the protective functions. Doing so would allow the gearing of forest policies towards maximising the social, economic and environmental services provided by forests. Including forestry, manufacturing of wood, paper products and furniture. Threatened species are endangered, critically endangered and vulnerable species.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	c0137e43b8be38ec6c4a5ab269201551	That is, in any global carbon market it will be essential to verify that emissions are not newly created in order to profit by reducing them. Unfortunately, the temptation to seek bogus allowances is a natural consequence of a global carbon price in a low-cost local economy. In the simplest terms, the fixed price of saving a ton of carbon in those countries is “worth” more hours of labour at a lower wage rate. Thus there will be a category of carbon-saving investments and technologies that are profitable only in developing countries, where the trade-off between carbon and other inputs is more favourable to emissions reductions. The potential for leapfrogging beyond the current technology frontier has been much discussed, but is difficult to achieve.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	c015eaafac2c31886769dcccf93ed840	Often these concern social assistance type payments that are phased out or withdrawn against other sources of income (e.g. earnings or pension payments) but not with basic pensions in China and the Philippines (OECD, 2013). In eight of the 19 Asian countries with a non-contributory' pension (for which data are available), beneficiaries receive less than USD PPP 1.25 (purchasing power parity) a day, and in 11 out of 19 countries, this is less than USD PPP 2 a day (ILO, 2015a). Nevertheless, these programmes can play a role in poverty' reduction. For example, in Thailand, the old-age allowance (Bia Yung Cheep) contributed to a decline in the poverty rate of elderly singleperson households (from 5.8% to 2.5%) and a fall in the poverty rate of all households from 9.6%tto 8.3% (ILO, 2015a).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	c017d8fff595a88d6af06a884d023ab6	Recent policy initiatives continue to emphasise the prime role of schools in their ow'n evaluation and improvement processes. The Schools have the Initiative (School aan Zet) programme further emphasises the schools’ lead role in determining improvement strategies. As some of the stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team said, the idea is that there is always a “Plan B” in case a school’s owm quality assurance mechanisms do not work in a satisfying way.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	c018716c0c33a3356dc88f07ccc12bca	For example, for a consultation on reducing CO2 from road vehicles held in 2011, a total of 3 233 contributions were received via the online questionnaire (EC, 2011). The consultation was conducted in English, French and German. If international consultations under the UNFCCC were conducted using a similar online platform, care would need to be taken to ensure that documents are provided in the appropriate languages. The scope of biennial update reports and ICA for developing countries includes the GHG inventory, mitigation actions and support needed/received.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ee1d4926-en	c019e81ad6a0b812dd806cc93f49aa8a	Since then, the population growth and agriculture demands are increasing the pressures on water resources and nontreated wastewater discharges, threatening many aquatic ecosystems. The population of Morocco is estimated to grow by more than 10 million by 2050 and the demand for food and water will increase accordingly. This increasing exposure and sensitivity to water issues and limited adaptive capacity will worsen Morocco’s vulnerability regarding water. A reinforced multilevel governance approach in terms of legislation, institutions and community empowerment would ensure that sustainable planning and management of water resources and water services will be reached.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	c01bc1799deaf5bdde2eb351deed735c	In this process they receive support from special needs schools. At the end of primary education, children who have obtained all goals from the curriculum take a certificate of primary education. Also in special needs education children may in certain cases obtain a certificate which has the same value as the one from mainstream education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	c01e32537a6634df8087677448f0b44a	The case-vehicles selected in this study were vehicles involved in crashes where at least one person was transported to hospital by ambulance, i.e. accidents involving a serious injury. The resulting prediction of risk by travelling speed is shown in Figure 6.3. Because of the variety of mean speeds observed in the traffic, it was decide to calculate relative risk for the crash-involved vehicles as compared to mean traffic speed.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	c01ea0e56da44ea19987a773f479e671	Three inlets (Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia), 10 to 15 metres deep and 450 to 900 metres wide, connect the Lagoon and the northern Adriatic Sea. Average tidal excursion is between 80 centimetres and 30 centimetres (including spring and neap tide conditions) and water exchanges through the inlets demarcate three large-scale circulation patterns (north, central and southern Lagoon). Open waters and shallows, including the natural creeks and dug channels.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	c0247a04f9b74e454e5942e19e8550a3	If well conducted, such a process could in fact be healing and empowering. At a minimum, information on violations (e.g. extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, deprivation of liberty, GBV, etc.) This is key to determining the gender specificities of human rights violations as well as to giving an accurate account of the particular experience of women, girls, men and boys and to identifying potentially discriminatory practices or targeting (e.g. based on ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, sexual orientation, disability, etc.).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	c026174a3a16cd790ed2bb86ff90480c	For example, apprenticeships can act as a means to improve the integration of refugees and other disadvantaged groups into local labour markets. They involve a mix of theoretical classroom-based learning and on-the job training, typically leading to a formal certification, which provides the individual with “journeyperson” status. However, apprenticeship systems and their governance frameworks are embedded in the specific national and regional education, labour market, and industrial relations systems of each OECD country.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	c026b32c8eee9398ee8c1e00717419ad	In 2011, the worst drought in 60 years resulted in 260,000 deaths and affected 13 million people in the Horn of Africa. The drought combined with the political situation resulted in large-scale famine, and led to large-scale displacement, disruption of basic services and impoverishment. In early 2017, conditions in Somalia manifested as a major drought with high famine risk; half the population was made acutely food insecure.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	c0272ef9009565b3a802d2a7c088b1df	The image is of a large vessel operated by a hired skipper and crew, processing its catch on board and supplying the domestic and international markets according to a profit maximising objective. Under conventional policies, the harvest is valued more than the stock of resources. Industry representatives are much more likely to find it legitimate to combine other trades with that of ship owners, such as wholesaler or processor.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279322-3-en	c02900c8f9c40ae2e0b50a527bdddc67	Full consideration must be given to women’s right to inclusive access to the economy as well as agency in their personal lives when translating relevant constitutional articles into legal code. Similarly, with regard to entrepreneurship, there have not been any major reforms to the legal elements affecting the establishment, management or development of businesses; however, these laws are generally considered gender neutral. Some provisions aimed at protecting women impose restrictions or additional costs on private employers.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ee1a3170-en	c02df91bb234ddf0221d5e63518ddff9	By downscaling the model proposed by the province of Potenza, and with its support, these municipalities are locally implementing a multi-stakeholder approach. This is based on the active involvement of local institutions, organizations and associations representing different professional and social categories, to give them the opportunity to become driving forces reducing disaster risk. These municipalities are engaged in clustering processes with key community actors across all sectors. They are also looking at working with the concept of social categories, experimenting with the use of concrete plans/actions to transform different social groups into forces for developing and implementing safe and sustainable urban policies.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	c033c3b418d5613388614da82843e1d0	This would be consistent with the prescribed recommendations of OECD countries in the “OECD Tokyo Statement on Strengthening the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains” (OECD, 2007d). Not only do SMEs find bidding for public sector contracts an expensive and complex process, but government procurement practices often do not create a level playing field for the competitive participation of smaller enterprises. The potential to use procurement to develop the SME sector by expanding the scale-of-market opportunities available to them and encouraging innovation is immense. Basically, SMEs need to be better informed about awarding processes, enabled to participate in awarding procedures, and able to participate in these procedures at a low cost (both in terms of complexity and financial burden).	8	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	c0382d9749ec51f971e42e0f345e2acb	Subsistence data may have to be developed through surveys, although the SLiCA survey does provide some data on indigenous households for the regions of Canada, Chukotka, Alaska, and Greenland. These data are available for the survey year only. Across the Arctic nations, the North is primarily a sending region; that is, more people leave northern regions than move there. Migration affects the number of people living in a region. It also influences the demographic structure of a place, since the propensity to migrate differs across demographic groups (Hamilton and Seyfrit, 1994). Sometimes a move is for a short period of time to secure training or education; this human capital investment allows the migrant to return home to improved job prospects.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	c0382ff4ae06791fddf22b1b10306a25	They have received increased political interest at EU level, with the development of transnational programmes in macro-regions as well as macro-regional strategies, thus far for two areas that share a common water basin.15'16 Two cross-border initiatives in the United States (with Canada and Mexico) resemble macro-regions given their scale. Many such networks, with various degrees of depth and stability, exist. First, such configurations are more likely to focus on innovation-driven economic development opportunities than broader geostrategic or infrastructure considerations. Second, with geographic proximity, the economic exchanges and flows of people, capital and knowledge may be more intense within such cross-border regions than in the other types.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	c04077b5449cbca84c7fa42c49379988	White farmers dominate the latter category. In 1994 the distribution of land in South Africa was estimated to be 87% owned by whites and 13% by blacks. Over nearly two decades, about 7.5% of land or slightly under 8 million hectares had been transferred from white to black ownership under a willing buyer, willing seller scheme applied in the post-apartheid land reforms (Walker and Dubb, 2013).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	c049fad3205a720469cb10b9e4f29cb9	Official population data for large cities are unreliable and underestimate the real number of the urban population in large cities, because many internal and external migrants live in big cities without being officially registered (Box 1.3). This discrepancy between official demographic statistics, on the one hand, and social and demographic trends on the other, could present issues for the effective provision of public services. Since budget transfers are based on official population numbers, some large cities whose population has been underestimated may not receive enough funding for public services and to cope with the growing burden on urban infrastructure. According to the Law “On Migration”, internal migrants must register al their new place of residence.	11	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	c04a989e306e6f9f30e9f7a41c371ea7	The central government took over the financing of schools, which no longer have independent budgets, as well as certain responsibilities that were traditionally devoted to school directors, such as hiring and firing teachers. To manage these new responsibilities, a new administrative layer, the Klebelsberg Institute, was created, with a network of around 200 local branches. Further increases of about 10% per year are envisaged for the three coming years. In exchange, teachers' low working time is to be increased.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	c04e55bb280194b9e564202c1dfd1d31	The Carbon Tax on Businesses document (Failte Ireland, 2010) gives information about expected cost increases because of taxes on carbon emissions. The carbon tax at EUR 15 per tonne came into effect on 10 December 2009 in respect of petrol and auto diesel, and from 1 May 2010 has also been applied to kerosene, marked gas oil {i.e. 'green diesel' or 'agricultural diesel’), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), fuel oil and natural gas. The application of the tax to coal and commercial peat is subject to a Commencement Order.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	c04f6460f8258165166867ec05d1c0f1	According to a study from Goldemberg (2004), renewable energies can create up to 116 229 jobs per TWh (terawatt hour) produced as compared with 1 145 for conventional energies (oil, coal and natural gas) (OECD, 2008, Chapter 12). China installed 18.2 GW of large hydro in 2009, and now has more installed capacity than any other country. Micro-hydro is also a developed technology, with total installed capacity worldwide at 61 GW, more than half of this in China. India and the United States have agreed to co-operate in increasing India’s nuclear power generation capacity as a key method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008).	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	c0545c74591e34f16c0c91dae1a88d50	It includes cost of public stockholding related to market interventions (intervention storage) and storage of strategic reserves (stockholding for food security purposes, state reserves). This category does not include public expenditure related to export subsidies or buying into intervention stocks. In such cases all efforts should be made to get more information concerning the implementation of the policy which will allow classifying in the categories mentioned above. Changes between the 2013 and 2014 editions reflect two factors: a) changes in the methodology; and b) data improvements facilitated by the clarification of definitions. In addition, the estimates in the 2014 report contain updated information across all agriculture support categories, in particular for recent years.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	c055bf20e7a6cb9b340e13ebffd7811e	This arises from the nature of dairy operations themselves, which deal with a perishable product, supplied day and year-round and with significant seasonal variation, and whose production is costly to adjust. Risk management is essential for Fonterra also because of the enormous global outreach and variability of its products in terms of value-added and differentiation. The co-operative sells over 600 dairy commodity and speciality ingredients products to 140 countries.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	c05853dc90851915f014bd153a841a43	Beneficiaries received monthly unconditional cash transfers and livelihood support (skills training and business grants). Geographic targeting was considered politically unacceptable, so eligibility criteria included low income, food insecurity, taking care of orphans, and being a female (or child-headed) household. Because the income data was unreliable, this was replaced by a poverty scorecard using 18 indicators.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	c05a3f5e09378ffbba4ec9eb9a839e97	The 2030 Water Agenda endeavours to put more attention on demand management and on exploiting potential efficiency gains. For example, to achieve the goal of balanced basins, the 2030 Water Agenda projects that 82% of the “water gap” will be closed by reductions in water demand and 18% by supply increase. The role of economic instruments on achieving demand reductions is unclear; however, as the reductions in water demand are expected to be achieved through investments in infrastructure (in particular on water-efficient irrigation systems) supported by subsidies and is linked neither to water pricing reforms nor to more efficient allocation of water resources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	c05b3bbdf5dfcd2fec03c9ddcde15773	As concluded by Hovgaard (2015), the public sector of the Faroe Islands is important to the gender balance and to the career opportunities of Faroese women. According to Hovgaard, when Faroese men working as Long Distance Workers in the maritime sector choose to have their permanent address on the Faroe Islands, this is often motivated by providing the opportunity for their wives to find local employment. Hovgaard states that long distance work, as a profession and method of working, is in rapid growth in the Faroe Islands; and this method of working may potentially contribute to the future desire for maintaining a well-functioning local community on the Faroe Islands.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	c05cca8a2b6ee4883d343bac15d99842	Examples of contextual factors include political leadership and stability, and macroeconomic and fiscal policies (Thomas, 2014). For more information see: http://indicators.biodiversityireland.ie/index.php?qt=fa&id=5. Reaching Results, Harvard Family Research Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	c05cf2a02aeb5152116239c87c518a85	Overall increases in the return to human capital assets like education and experience have increased inequality in the last 20-30 years in a number of developing countries in East Asia and Latin America.11 In some cases, expansions in education can actually lead to increases in inequality in the context of increasing returns to schooling. The increase in returns to education is more important than many other factors in accounting for the rise in inequality in a number of countries over the 1980s and 1990s (Bourguignon, Ferreira and Lustig, 2005). Conversely, a fall in the returns to tertiary education may also help explain falling inequality. Figure 4.10 Panel A shows how between 2001 and 2006 in Brazil, wages did not rise as much for the more educated as they would have done if returns to education had not fallen.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	c05dc24f51c81f53e84bd9ccc4930c9d	Group discussions further allow for elaboration and understanding as students explain their ideas to others and negotiate the meaning of those ideas. After presenting the central characteristics of PBL, the focus is put on examining the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of PBL in developing skills for innovation. Finally, some challenges for PBL research will be discussed.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	c05dc52442ef0a122a4080f519765255	Moreover, if and where additional land for biofuel production goes at the expense of naturally vegetated land, this will affect the hydrological cycle. Additional water stress can result on irrigated land, and this competition over water between food and fuel crops can affect agricultural production in drought-prone regions and potentially lead to yield reductions. Currently around 33% of the earth’s surface (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is used for crops and livestock farming (PBL, RIO+20). Projections indicate that agricultural land use is likely to increase even further in coming decades due to population and welfare growth.	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	c05f9a81858c4225e37485ec384ea5f5	Low wholesale costs translate into low retail prices and the country has the lowest relative mobile Internet prices among the LDCs at less than one percent of GNI. Affordability is further enhanced through free Internet access at some 200 community centers spread across the country. All but two higher secondary schools have Internet access and gender parity has been eliminated with more females than males enrolled in secondary school154.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	c060bd430ff84cbdf963bdecbc7b6464	"During this time, highly skilled workers have reaped disproportionately higher benefits from shifts in labour demand due to both greater financial and trade integration and technological progress. Top incomes have responded to the “more global market for talent and a growing use of performance-related pay benefitting top executives and finance professionals in particular."" ( Policy changes that reduced marginal tax rates in many OECD countries in the 1980s, for example, directly increased inequality by increasing the amount of disposable income available to the upper percentiles of the distribution. At the same time, reductions in marginal tax rates may also have indirectly encouraged behavioural increases in labour supply, further increasing the earnings of high-income individuals (OECD, forthcoming)."	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	c061f36829ec22152f16a9fce9a80962	This is supported by the evidence that the incidence of poverty is, in general, less severe in off-farm or multi-activity households than in families dependent on agriculture. Many of the world’s food insecure people are low-income, small-scale farmers who are not integrated into larger productive networks and are exposed to food price shocks, natural catastrophes and climate change. Cross-sectoral and place-based policies aiming at integrating the agricultural sector with upstream and downstream markets, as well as w'ith non-farm activities, may be potentially more effective for improving rural livelihoods and FSN. Evidence obtained from a series of OECD policy reviews, as w'ell as research conducted by both the FAO and the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), suggests that there is need for a shift towards a broader and more holistic approach to FSN and rural development.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/469d7fec-en	c06441e414c0053d15771b0a7ad88b5c	Encouraging systematic reporting on climate finance at a disaggregated level (such as activity-level information) could also help improve transparency, as well as accessibility of information. Reporting in the form of a standardised database with common variables and classifications (such as exchange rates) would also help to improve consistency. In this context, the UNFCCC could usefully draw on the experience from existing statistical systems on international flows, such as the OECD DAC.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	c0688f37418980750457d4cf25c483c6	At the end of primary education, schools are required to report on the extent to which their students have reached expected core learning objectives. While schools are free to use different instruments for this purpose, 85% of schools use Cito’s end-of-primary test, which provides information on the school type most suitable for each student in the next phase of education. New laws that will be implemented from the 2014/15 school year make it mandatory for primary schools to administrate regular student monitoring systems as well as a final test at the end of Year 8.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-4-en	c06ce763579fb4e10d22b4238f2a3547	The irrigated farming in the Murray Darling Basin in Australia, for example, accounts for around 40% Australia's total value of agricultural production, and two-thirds of Australia's total irrigated land and over 50% of national water withdrawals (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Globally average rainfall increased by about 2% over the period 1900 to 1998 (Huntington, 2006). But regional variations in rainfall are highly significant rising over this period, by 7-12% between 30°N-85°N, compared with a 2% increase for 0°S-55°S, but with substantial reductions in some regions.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-2-en	c06e77ebd340a39084baf7dc80005ff8	Water use efficiency in agriculture is also being improved through replacing earthen irrigation channels with concrete linings to reduce losses and upgrading flood irrigation systems (e.g. levelling of fields, neutron probes for soil moisture measurement, and scheduling of irrigation to plant needs). Groundwater use for irrigation above recharge rates in some regions is also undermining the economic viability of farming in affected areas. However, information on the trends in pollution from irrigated land is patchy. This has been associated with both human alterations of the hydrological characteristics of watersheds and land-use policies that have encouraged urbanisation in areas at risk to flooding events, and also increasingly the trend toward greater climatic variability leading to higher financial costs both through loss of production and damage to farm infrastructure, and also costs for the wider economy in terms of damage to property and in some cases loss of life.	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a020cea6-en	c0707094532ca36bcdf8cbbc0c987121	The enabling law for this in Algeria is the 2004 Law on Prevention of Major Risks and Disaster Management. In Uruguay, a special decree, the National Response to Climate Change and Variability, was passed in 2009. Implemented by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, its purpose is to coordinate actions among all institutions relevant to achieving risk prevention in the whole territory.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	c072d0383c29b622920f5fffcdf23d71	Mitigation in agriculture: Main findings of IPCC Assessment Report 4, vol. Presentation at the AWG-LCA In-session Workshop on Opportunities and Challenges for Mitigation in the Agricultural Sector, Bonn, 4 April 2009; available at: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_ working_groups/lca/application/pdf/2_ipcc_new.pdf. Energy: A key to competitive advantage - New sources of growth and productivity, McKinsey & Company, Managing Partner Germany, Frankfurt, April; available at: www.mckinsey.com/ clientservice/ccsi/pdf/Ener gy_competitive_advantage_in_Germany.pdf.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	c0748311e349574f6484cd9f79e539b8	The source of information is a questionnaire filled out by the school in the context of the SNED. Sources of information include regular education statistics at the school level and a SNED questionnaire. The main source of information is a SNED questionnaire. For example, in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, for a total of 11 groups, the distribution was as follows: 3 groups for urban primary schools; 3 groups for rural primary schools; 3 groups for urban secondary schools, 1 group for rural secondary schools, and 1 group for special education.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	c074cf6101eee645121664cbca095c21	This can result from the physical impossibility to divide the available water resources or because the water temperature (for cooling water) or salinity (for agriculture) is too high. Category 1 takes precedence over all others. It includes freshwater use for safety and the prevention of irreversible damage (e.g. ensuring the stability of flood defence structures, settling and subsidence of peat bogs and moorland, nature dependent on soil conditions). Category 2 includes drinking water supply and power supply. Category 3 includes small-scale, high-quality uses, such as temporary spraying of capital-intensive crops and process water.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	c075ce19351a611ed1085ef0dbda1978	Since pre-historic times Arctic residents have developed skills and knowledge that enable them to survive and thrive in harsh conditions. It has been observed that northerners have a good grasp of matters important for their livelihoods and possess unique and diversified knowledge on how to ensure their well-being (Megatrends, 2011). At the same time, the ability of Arctic societies to benefit from standardized codified knowledge and formal education has been rather limited.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	c07cab9824f494b9fb51cf95f1b8ba41	Tourism generates 12% of GDP, and has recently grown at a rate of 3% a year-. A major challenge is to diversify the rural economy to replace the income and jobs in agriculture as the sector continues to decline and to make the most of the inherent comparative advantages linked to a large extent to the natural environment that attracts tourism. While it is hard to adequately measure the ‘process’ elements of an innovation system, we can go some way to gauge its effectiveness by examining indicators of scientific and technological output and resources. Table 4.2 presents data on select aspects of Mexican science and technology infrastructure and compares them with Brazil, Chile and Argentina, as well as China and South Korea.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-8-en	c07de04d8d0f83efd131cd09b0462581	The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges. These policies all aim to improve the quality of schools and instruction and have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. A majority of 15-year-olds across OECD countries find that their classrooms are conducive to learning, but there are challenges across schools in some countries, including lack of student motivation, lack of relevant curriculum, difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified staff, lack of teacher collaboration and lack of professionalisation of school leadership.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	c07ea6266be67cb08af00ab6455d634e	This means that policy needs to address the adequacy of benefit supports to supplement earnings from work (Whiteford and Adema, 2007). Until 1999, child benefits were universal and financed from the federal budget; since then benefits are income-tested with eligibility depending on per capita household income being less than the regional subsistence level. Public spending on child benefits has declined between 2000 and 2006 (Table 3.3), and the share of households with children receiving child benefits decreased from 88% in 1999 to 66% in 2004 because of a decline in poverty among households with children during that period. Spending on child and parental benefits doubled from 2006 to 2008, with the introduction of “family capital payments” (see below) further underlining the increased importance of families on the Russian policy agenda.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	c07fadcad496a62cb7f24d34e1307478	Tax relief for access to homeownership also accounted of a significant share of homeownership support in a number of countries, especially where it was designed as non-means-tested mortgage tax relief - a regressive and distorting measure. This measure alone costed 0.36% of GDP on average in OECD countries, 0.5% of GDP in the United States and a staggering 2.3% of GDP in the Netherlands - well above the amount spent by the country on targeted housing allowances and social housing put together. As a consequence, the reported numbers are a lower-bound estimate and errors are likely to be larger in countries who do not report spending on tax relief for mortgages (see note to Figure 9). In 2009, the government estimated about 400 000 dwellings were sub-standard either because of poor construction material, lack of basic facilities or high overcrowding (OECD, 2012).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	c0819c76267e4fab079ed21986e4bd3e	The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 4). At the same time, the low budget impact of the reform suggests that the trade-off between fiscal savings and inequality was probably not very favourable in this case. A person moving from RSI benefits to a minimum wage would increase monthly income by over 150%.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb47180e-en	c08321bdefa6dc1843274ff52d3a59e0	This section addresses the challenges and needs of persons with disabilities by providing the international normative frameworks pertaining to inclusive cities and human settlements and examines available national policies and best practices. The experience of persons with disabilities in urban and rural settings is also analysed in order to identify targeted actions to achieve Goal 11 in both settings. The resilience aspect is discussed in the section on hazards, shocks and disasters (targets 1.5 and 11.5 and Goal 13).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	c085da06c3436e0fe005881b6bcee1ff	Expenditure by CETP at the tertiary level is included under “secondary education” (this expenditure is a minor part of the total expenditure by CETP). The lowest level of public expenditure per student (relative to GDP per capita) is that for general programmes in upper secondary education. As a proportion of GDP per capita, public expenditure per student has grown between 2004 and 2013, even if so at a higher rate between 2004 and 2009.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b276eed7-en	c0862576e7c7df126ef698840291c3fe	Even though the National Socio-economic Survey (CASEN) indicated that poverty had declined by nearly 10 percentage points between 1996 and 2006, in actual fact a total of 3 out of 10 people entered transient poverty at some time during that period, pointing to high vulnerability among the population. Another qualitative finding was that most of those who were poor during all three panel waves (chronic poverty) were women and children under the age of 15 in 1996. Despite these findings, the panel has been implemented in only four regions of Chile so far.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	c0871e58e99fd2cf0466aa9c1136d2ca	Salmon remains the second largest import category, valued at USD 1.6 billion in 2007. The major fresh and frozen commodities were salmon (327.4 million pounds valued at USD 467.1 million), surimi (310.6 million pounds valued at USD 289.9 million), and lobsters (60.7 million pounds valued at USD 390.9 million). The United States recognizes that, without sustainable fisheries, there can be no long-term, commercially viable trade in seafood. Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	c08aec8e6ad57ae1ac1a41e4d9b841b1	The papers included in the series cover a broad range of issues, of both a technical and policy-analytical nature, in the areas of work of the DSTI. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named.	4	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264113848-en	c08b9f59541204d8778d326914101b6f	During the visit the OECD team was told that literacy and numeracy problems were common among those undertaking VET courses. This means that some people may start their training despite literacy and numeracy problems, and as they are not identified for targeted support, they may not be able to complete their course. Some employers reported to the review team that certain apprentices are unable to complete the final (more sophisticated and academic) phases of their training because of their weak literacy or numeracy skills, and it is very difficult to help apprentices at such a late stage.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e8c85dfe-en	c08df375596cdc5daf451534e984a0e2	Such services are regulating (purifying air and water or mitigating floods); provisioning (including supplying food, water, or medicines) and cultural (covering aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, and intellectual benefits). Indeed it is more accurate to affirm that cities are ecosystems than that cities have ecosystems. It is a key tool for promoting a city’s biodiversity objectives, relying on urban green areas as entry ways for flora and fauna from beyond the city system. Each can be divided further into specific biotopes - living spaces that provide suitable conditions for the development of certain living organisms - or localized elements, such as trees (in the green system), sidewalks (grey) and ponds (blue). All three are of equal importance.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	c091d2f8c3ad744751acf1a7161b34bb	They can be complemented by some relevant sub-sector and disease level performance information (OECD, 2010b). This section puts Finnish health outcomes into international perspective before relating them to inputs, such as health care spending or the number of health practitioners, to derive efficiency indicators. The difference in life expectancy between genders is one of the highest in the EU15 and within the OECD it is higher only in eastern European countries. While life expectancy for women is among the top 10 in the OECD, it is below the EU15 average and all other Nordic countries for men.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	c091e1142225e2422c41180a975cc9c7	Moving forward, policy directions are expected to diverge. Most of the ASEAN-5 economies are gearing for fiscal consolidation, while the other Emerging Asian countries are looking to take an expansionary path. Weakening sentiment in the first quarter of 2019 is underpinned by trade tensions and the slowdown in China’s growth. Nonetheless, private consumption is holding up well. Overall, growth rates in 2019 and 2020 are expected to remain high, at 6.2% in Emerging Asia and 4.9% and 5.0%, respectively, in ASEAN.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d1d16df5-en	c091f672244f32d60a8075217b27638d	Communities with a high density of households would be ideal candidates for mini-grids, while for places that have sparsely settled households standalone systems, such as solar home systems, would be appropriate. Figure 22 presents a decision-making process for the selection of technology for access to electricity. A biogas digester offers a range of benefits, such as creating a better local environment with improved manure management, as free bio-slurry would replace the need for chemical fertilizers.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	c09438dcdd28edf2ed545e6a8f81b1c2	The pitfall of this approach is that it often does not tackle head-on the need for transforming power relations and structural aspects associated, for example, with ownership and consumption patterns. Nevertheless, re-embedding markets into regulatory institutions can strengthen the pursuit of social and environmental goals. These focus not only on relative decoupling (of emissions from growth) but also on absolute decoupling; not only social protection, but also reducing inequalities and the emancipation and empowerment of disadvantaged groups.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	c098b22113ee813554132f7c587c9a3d	The lack of adequate infrastructure, such as modal interchange platforms and integrated metropolitan mobility systems, limits possibilities for substantial modal shifts. Restructuring vehicle taxation on the basis of C02 emissions, and a ten-year vehicle scrapping programme, have created strong incentives to use more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, measures such as vehicle scrapping are expensive for the government and can encourage greater vehicle use, potentially offsetting gains in technical efficiency. Overall, rather limited efforts have been made on the demand side.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	c09b9994c95105840533f7ad02780a97	The city determines a ground lease for 75 years (as it was in the 19th century), or 50 years (the system as it is now) or eternally (as of 2016). Upon land (re)development, the city sets an annual ground lease (set for given timeframe), or determines a lump-sum payment-at-once (as is the discounted sum of annual ground lease over the given timeframe, with a possible discount). After those 75 or 50 years, the city sets a new ground lease according to the then-applicable ground lease system rules. In doing so, it is able to capture the increase in land value and use it to further public investments that benefit residents.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	c09cb3e9a87b830193621858a14b060a	Both on-site and off-site offsets may be secured in this way, and the regulator again requires a funding endowment to accompany the conservation servitude to guarantee the availability of funds for the management, monitoring and auditing of the site in perpetuity. Purchasing or attaining rights to land that contains in-kind habitat: The proponent may demonstrate security of tenure by either purchasing land for conversion to an offset site or by securing certain land-use rights from a third-party offset provider. Where an offset is secured from a third-party provider, the developer must demonstrate with a legally enforceable commitment that the site will become subject to a conservation servitude in the future.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	c0a14c4561b4db6f88496b688c0d0acb	One example is the recent pilot project “Payment for Ecosystem Sendees (PES) on Flood Regulation” in Hull, whose objectives were to characterise the current state of ecosystem services delivered to uiban areas; identify potential improvements of ecosystem service delivery; and design potential payments for ecosystem services. The pilot project led to two proposed PES schemes, including a country park-scale PES that would allow mitigating flood risk in north western Hull by developing “swales, bunds, ponds, replacement of permeable road and car park surfaces and conversion of amenity grassland to semi-natural grasslands and more varied woodlands”. Another example is the Beckingham Marshes Washland Creation, which aims to create 94 hectares of floodplain grasslands in order to improve flood risk mitigation for the towns of Gainsborough and Beckingham on the River Trent.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251724-8-en	c0a28839158cea086cd49e77ab392098	As Cullinane and Bergqvist (2014) suggest: “The future imposition of more stringent limits on both SOx and NOx emissions, together with greater geographical applicability, will put energy use and other efficiency measures high on the agenda for shipping companies. This may result in the wider use of measures such as speed differentiation that, in turn, may enable shipping companies to better absorb the price changes arising from the EC A regulations. The large socio-economic benefits of the EC A regulations, combined with the global challenges related to pollution in densely populated areas such as the Mediterranean and Asia, emphasize the importance of designating more regions as ECAs.”	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	c0a32a517228beceb05ea2944a72c681	It reduces the poverty rate by approximately one-quarter in Thailand and Viet Nam, for example. The unweighted average poverty headcount reduction for the three regions shown in annex table 6 are remarkably similar to the population-weighted averages from the Linkage model reported in annex table 5 with a similar tax-replacement assumption: the latter’s 17 per cent for Asia excluding China and India and 6.4 per cent for Latin America are just slightly above the GTAP model’s 14 per cent and 5.7 per cent, respectively. Like the global models, the case studies focused on price-distorting policies as of 2004, even though the database for their CGE models and their household survey data typically date back a little earlier in the decade.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	c0a3cf2128e7a0b621613d3b322a6e37	It can also interfere with education, forcing children to combine school with excessively long and heavy work or to leave school early or even to not attend. In its most pernicious forms children are enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses or left to fend for themselves on the streets oflarge cities, often at a very early age. Around half are engaged in hazardous work.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283367-en	c0a7415eef37eb9d60ed090f7b9ff163	It introduced a nationwide harmonised electronic patient record, the national Patient Data Repository (referred to as KANTA). It also includes mandatory electronic prescription and a health portal allowing citizens to review their own information. These electronic patient records cover all the population since September 2016.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	c0a9b4d199614ba51f2faa3ee7d8111d	Oromia accounted for the largest share of spending on HIV/AIDS activities (average annual spending of ETB 189 million) followed by Amhara (average annual spending of ETB 4.5 million). Oromia allocates 2%2 of operating expenditure for HIV/AIDS-related prevention, awareness creation and support to poor living households containing sufferers. Humanitarian relief accounted for the majority of spending on Focus Area 1 over this period and its share increased significantly, from 60.2% in 2012/13 to 79.2% in 2015/16.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	c0acf1011d8123513dab70f95fdefa26	Census data for 18 countries of the region show that vision and mobility impairments were the most common in Latin America and the Caribbean overall. These were followed by hearing and speech disabilities in Latin America and by mental or intellectual impairments and reduced manual dexterity in the Caribbean. Vision and motor disabilities have the least impact on access to education and employment; persons with cognitive and mental disabilities and those with limited capacity for self-care face the greatest difficulties in terms of integration into economic and social activity. For example, school attendance data on persons with disabilities aged between 13 and 18 years in 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries shows huge disparities in access to schooling by type of disability. The percentage attending school range from a low of 17% for persons with mental disabilities in El Salvador to 100% for persons with auditoiy disabilities in Bermuda and those with speech impairments in the Cayman Islands.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae6ced23-en	c0b2d212b1f6f43bb50b99020fac2b6c	Accordingly, the development of a statistics and records system on femicide in Mexico is being advocated. It has also been suggested that the administrative format of records should be improved and that a gender perspective should be applied in the conceptualization of the crime of homicide. The situation of gangs (known as pandillas in most Latin American countries, but called maras in Central America and quadrilhas in Brazil), the increase in crime in the Southern Cone countries and in violence in the Andean countries are clear indicators of the need for targeted interventions aimed at specific groups of young people.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-4-en	c0b303dc543184c6d948421aadb8c9d9	Involvement of more stakeholders only works when there is a strategic vision and a set of processes to harness their ideas and input. The key is knowing what to use, when, why and how. The degree of decentralisation in decision-making across systems and the greater complexity in the policy-making process have become key issues.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	c0b3e1b93b6679224c52b4256c8c5c61	A larger share of part-timers among women may mean that female eamings are distributed more unequally than men’s. At the same time, there is little empirical evidence on changes in female earnings inequality over time. Since changes in annual eamings depend on both eamings and hours worked, this section discusses differences and similarities in trends for both of these factors for men and women. On average, the Gini coefficient (where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality) was two percentage points higher among women in the late 2000s. Germany showed the largest gender difference, with women’s Gini being almost 8 points higher than men’s, followed by Mexico and Spain. On the other hand, in Belgium, the Czech Republic and the United States there was no sizeable difference in eamings inequality between men and women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	c0b521b563822f7709330b065f992549	Such transparency in the role of municipal- and state-level agencies, and good co-ordination between them, is particularly important in the State of Mexico and Hidalgo, where municipal governments usually receive the documents from the public but pass them on for evaluation by state-level agencies. Table 3.6 summarises the main studies required from developers included in the UK framew'ork and notes the need for strong analytical capacity in authorities evaluating this instrument. In the United Kingdom, transport statements are required for developments considered to have relatively small implications, but transport assessments are obligatory for developments likely to have more impact.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/edf15661-en	c0b524276ab295578e5cd618dbf2903e	To pursue their studies, many educated young women are choosing to delay marriage until after graduation. Even in the oil-rich countries known for their conservative gender norms, the rise in the share of young, unmarried women is apparent; the average age of women’s marriage in Qatar and United Arab Emirates is 25, but 20 in Saudi Arabia (annex 2 table A.10). The general trend towards delayed marriage is also closely related to the economic crisis and the high levels of unemployment, particularly unemployment among young men because men tend to bear the financial burden of marriage.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/762858eb-en	c0b63b577ba33357d1b4f0dd683f6a51	The 2030 Agenda lists rising inequalities, natural resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change as some of the world's greatest challenges. It recognizes that social development and economic prosperity depend on the sustainable management of freshwater resources and ecosystems and highlights the integrated nature of SDGs. The goal on partnerships (SDG 17) is reviewed annually at each HLPF.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-2-en	c0b6de41c1ddd32e0970e5c6b530d85f	There is also a need for farm practices that can reduce economic losses and lead to better management of water flows and stocks on farmland, taking into account the impact on any water entitlements that are established. Policies that are able to combine flood risk management with other objectives, such as for nature conservation, the protection of natural resources and agricultural production, are likely to offer the best long term solutions. Even without the changes associated with climate change, the frequency of flood events has increased along with the damages.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	c0b7723d479259afb1b78b656f59c7a8	However, in some cases a monetary evaluation of the values related to natural and cultural heritage may be beneficial and provide information that could stimulate balanced discussions about the options at hand, for instance regarding future land use and allocation of both public and private funding. The concept of ecosystem services is only emerging but has proved to be useful in this regard, in parallel to valuation methods focusing especially on cultural heritage.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	c0b787fe9a9efecd7148125580785fba	Value capture taxes have been used to finance transport infrastructure in cities as different as Hong Kong, Miami, Milan and Bogota. Manhattan is also considering a similar tax, on new construction, only to fund the Subway line 7 extension. A value capture tax can only be applied when the property value increase can be unambiguously attributed to infrastructure investment. Value capture taxes are less useful when property taxes are assessed on a yearly or regular basis, since the annual assessment captures any increases in the property value that might result from public infrastructure investment; this does however not take place in most OECD countries (Hammer, S., et al.,	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c0b843f13113de8960eccf253268d956	In general, there are few attractive projects to fund. Examples include the SME association (SAMENTA), SMI Development Corp. (SMIDEC), Small and Medium Industries Association of Penang that represents the interest of SMEs and disseminate information and provide training. The latter have some collaboration with the Universiti Sains Malaysia (SME award and training) but co-operation in R&D remains limited. These types of mechanisms do not seem to exist in Malaysia.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	c0b9888b59ff9474bc6c7f2bcb8e5a35	Those data and approach could not be used in the present analysis, however, due to the lack of yearly data on inequality for a large enough number of OECD economies. Figure 4 displays a simple cross-country correlation between the share of population enrolled in upper secondary (left panel) and tertiary education (right panel) and the Gini coefficients of disposable income inequality. The ratio of Upper secondary enrolled is computed relative to the population aged 15-19 (20-24 for the ratio of tertiary enrolled).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c0b9cbeb06027a375966ad98974d264f	The ultimate goal is to “support the drive to improve the well-being of humanity, the bottom billion, in particular (USM, 2010). From 2005 to 2008, bachelor’s degrees granted decreased from 18 541 to 15 088, master’s degrees increased from 5 142 to 5 245 and PhDs increased from 1 379 to 2 213 (USM, 2008). Developing the pool of highly qualified researchers and engineers is critical to the capacity of the region to compete on the basis of design and development and innovation in electrical and electronics (E&E) and other industries. A tracer study of students graduating from the Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2007 and 2008 shows a similar pattern.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	c0bb5fa79d9f2dde468488b04b36792f	A mixture of legal and illegal housing appeared on these new city territories within a few years (1998-2005). In 2012, the city limits were expanded even further. The total area of new municipal territories was equal to 11.900 hectares. In 2014, the city limits were again expanded by 23 200 hectares, which included 27 settlements and a population of more than 92 000 people (President of Kazakhstan, 2014). These include such goals as to improve urban and industrial infrastructure, expand entry routes to the city', and develop mountain recreation and sport facilities for the Asian Olympic Games in the National Ile-Alatau Natural Park. The local environmental NGOs raised awareness about the construction of the new sport complex in the territory of the national park (NGO Green Salvation, 2014).	11	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	c0bc8c1a511f56ac1baf142713e1de53	This also contributes to urban sprawl. Presently, the property tax on developed land generates the largest share of revenue followed by the residence tax, the value-added tax on business income, the tax on business premises and finally, the tax on underdeveloped land. There are many other fiscal instruments that could be drawn on in order to complement spatial development objectives (Table 1.2).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591318-12-en	c0c2da88dbd8a730e4e6369f2d27a3d3	The following section analyses current practices, and examines the extent to which Ethiopia’s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol (CTRP). Fair and ethical treatment in the international recruitment of teachers is an important cornerstone of the CTRP. The African Union (2006) also acknowledges the usefulness of the protocol as part of its Plan of Action for the Second Decade of Education, encouraging a similar arrangement to be made in the continent. This case study examines important issues in the process of international recruitment of teachers in Ethiopia, which can become a useful input for planning future management of teachers nationally, regionally and globally.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99aadf34-en	c0c43a33876be3e3eca9b3e926b83fec	Indeed, average wages tend to be higher (lower) in sectors with higher (lower) productivity. Second concerns the variation of employment shares across sectors. The implication is that differential growth performance of sectors should have implications for the extent of new employment opportunities generated, earnings, inequality and thus poverty.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/62212c37-en	c0c5385993dc702d3b9b3b30ff4bc3a1	A full educational infrastructure or ecosystem must be available to support the improvement of teaching practices. Teachers need resources (rubrics, lesson plans, examples), new knowledge, colleagues to talk to, experts giving them feedback, space for reflection, support from their hierarchy, opportunities to try these new teaching approaches with their students, etc. Those professional development plans took many forms, depending on the teaching standards, beliefs of the teachers, and support of school and systems leaders, but most included three key elements: training sessions, individual follow-up with teachers and opportunities for peer learning (see Chapter 5).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	c0c595d53007bd0fd1bcb80f04acd2ce	In 2009 the warehouse storage capacity was only 1.5 million tonnes compared with annual paddy production of over 20 million tonnes. Of this capacity, less than one-third was regularly used because it was often decrepit and inconveniently located (BMI, 2011). To enhance the warehouse system, the government set a target of building a four million tonne storage system in the MRD by the end of 2011: upgrading the existing 1.5 million tonne storage system and building new warehouses with capacity for 2.5 million tonnes.56 The objective of these improvements was to increase the returns from rice exports by giving enterprises more flexibility as to the timing of shipment and lifting the quality of stored rice.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	c0c688549b7b0432513e45a2ffe01762	The rising trade tensions may affect Emerging Asia through various channels, including global value chains, foreign investment, trade diversion and exchange-rate reaction, among other channels. In the near term, the speed at which exports adjust to the price shock caused by new tariffs will partly determine the impact of trade tensions on sectors and the economy as a whole. On the upside, the ongoing shifts in import sourcing present an opportunity for Emerging Asian countries to adjust their investment and export strategies. It is crucial for Emerging Asian countries to persevere in efforts to improve the investment climate in order to make the most out of these changing patterns.	11	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	c0caffc29401c169037ba1ee803fa3f6	First of all, this means, of course, paying attention to the external as well as internal dimension of energy supply security. In the external dimension, ensuring transparent global markets that enable a mutually beneficial division of labour and the realisation of the comparative advantage of each trading partner is of particular importance. In the internal dimension, the focus must be on creating appropriate market conditions and incentive systems that enable all technologies to deliver their potential contribution to the security of supply, in particular high fixed cost, low-carbon technologies.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	c0cbe11eebedda13d46883ea056d0ea2	Therein, a succinct summary of the relevance to sustainable infrastructure development and the underlying key challenges and benefits are introduced. Secondly, the case studies contain descriptions of possible adoption scenarios and a viable way of implementing and using the technology. Each case study concludes with a proposition for a potential high-level roadmap illustrating the initiation, provisioning and operation of the described application.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	c0cc605c703ef80127306195244be771	They learn how to debate, how to express their opinions, and how to respect and value one another’s contribution. Each group has its own “circle ”, a moment to listen to each other and to make collective reflections and decisions. This provides a sense of community, in helping each other to improve their relationships and attitudes towards the others. ” Circles are safe places, where students and educators are equitable listeners and have equal responsibilities and rights.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c0cdb199e87062d0e94df457fe181b1b	A total of KZT 11.8 billion (USD 80 million) was spent on export transportation subsidies between end-2009 and 2010, applying to 2.3 million tonnes of exported wheat. The subsidy rate was set at KZT 6 000 (USD 40 per tonne) and covered 2.5 million tonnes of wheat exports. The subsidy was available for wheat transported after 1 September 2011 to China or which transited through Chinese or Russian territory. As in 2009-10, the CTS remained the single operator of subsidised exports.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c0d5fb677145c49ae1e0c1196bb8dac7	To be approved by MoT as an IP-Sugar, a company must obtain a recommendation from the Ministry of Industry, and provide details of the type and volume of sugar to be imported. To secure approval as an IT-Sugar, a company must procure at least 75% of their sugar requirement from domestic sugar cane farmers - in effect giving the ability to import final consumer product to sugar millers. Once appointed, an IT-Sugar is required to ensure that the farm gate price of sugar does not fall below a government-determined price that is set annually. Imports will only be allowed if domestic supply is considered insufficient to meet demand.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	c0d7188ce8447042703644f89a21646e	"China is moving aggressively on advanced manufacturing and the digital economy, with the support of government initiatives, such as ""Made in China 2025"" and ""Internet Plus"". The country is also pursuing supply-side reforms to enhance the efficiency of resource allocation, including tax reforms and interest rate liberalization. Under this ""innovative growth” scenario, total factor productivity would overtake capital formation to become the major driver of economic growth, and the service sector would account for 70 per cent of GDP by 2030, close to current levels in developed economies."	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	c0da3ac79defd4fe65f2c3f53683760e	Chapter 4 analyses the impact of Australia’s dual sector universities on transition from vocational to higher education. Chapter 5 highlights the college-university links in Scotland and their impact on participation in higher education, focusing on short cycle higher education. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the emerging “non-university higher education” system in Italy which is closely aligned with regional development goals.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c0db299e5bdb248378eb565433944388	Travellers from mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau together contributed about 6.5%. Other major disembarkation countries for Penang arrivals were Japan (5.2%), Taiwan (4.7%), Thailand (4.1) and the UK (3.8) (Ong Wooi Leng, 2010). According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States these benefits include: creating jobs and businesses, increasing tax revenues, diversifying the local economy, creating opportunities for partnerships, attracting visitors interested in history and preservation, increasing historic attraction revenues, preserving local traditions and culture, generating local investment in historic resources, building community pride in heritage and increasing awareness of the site or area's significance.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	c0dc7932b644e3906bbcfcd7fac7a759	Above all, there is a need to change the mindset of men and also of women, encouraging them to demand equal rights. For example, children with disabilities are discriminated against when they seek admission to schools (Thongkuay, 2009). Workers with disabilities, despite being qualified, face difficulties in getting jobs. The stigma attached to persons with disabilities and the risk of being ridiculed discourages them from participating in normal activities.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	c0ddef715a34da2352db5b8bb0905b42	Students and teachers do not learn and teach in a vacuum - they learn and teach something! There is no trade-off to be made between learning knowledge and applying processes of learning, metacognition and the like because both are fundamental. However, particular pedagogies may be more appropriate than others for particular types of knowledge and competence areas. Hence, the report also explores questions about pedagogies for particular subjects or competence sets. Questions about what is worth learning and how best to teach it often lies at the heart of approaches termed “innovative”. Innovative approaches are inherently nested to content and may even be based on new content such as robotics, dance, design, or computation.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	c0def49542bdf2108204a7d635529254	But in Botswana and Zimbabwe traditional practices discriminating against women are not prohibited; customary law is exempted from anti-discrimination legal provisions. Douglas Webb has reported that in 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of orphans from all causes was over 50 million with one fifth of those orphaned by HIV (Handa, Devereux and Webb 2011). The major issue of orphans has led to a number of well-intentioned schemes that target HIV orphans.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264214682-2-en	c0e52e23bab2ab29d59f56ed89b9416c	But outside these two institutions there exists a less well understood world of colleges, diplomas, certificates and professional examinations - the world of post-secondary vocational education and training. Many professional and technical jobs require no more than one or two years of career preparation beyond upper secondary level, and in some countries as much as one-quarter of the adult workforce have this type of qualification (see Figure 1). Nearly two-thirds of overall employment growth in the European Union (EU25) is forecast to be in the “technicians and associate professionals” category - the category most closely linked to this sector (CEDEFOP, 2012).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c0e623b99899a1d8f19efca591f9846a	The Paris Agreement continues this bifurcation in some respects by not making reporting on financial, technology transfer and capacity-building support received mandatory (Article 13.10 indicates that developing countries “should” provide this information). However, the Paris Agreement does indicate that developed countries “shall” biennially communicate indicative quantitative and qualitative information on climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building provided to developing country parties, as well as on climate finance mobilised, and that other countries “are encouraged to do so”. This information on support needs is included in various documents that have been prepared inside the UNFCCC framework (e.g. BURs, NCs, NAPAs, TNAs and INDCs) as well as outside (e.g. Strategic Program for Climate Resilience - SPCR, national climate funds).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	c0e654086dc60b54b324c336f151caa5	In addition, when public resources are not allocated on the basis of evidence pointing to the greatest need, education systems can entrench inequities rather than dismantle them. To overcome these challenges, countries will be best served if they offer comprehensive early childhood care and learning opportunities, and if they focus on making the fastest progress for the children left furthest behind. This approach has the potential to narrow the gaps in educational outcomes between the richest and poorest children by 2030.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	c0e7c83e40e4af9b5771dc9d9a766b92	The ZMVM has no body like the MPO, but a comparable taskforce could be set up. Given the emphasis on regional sustainable mobility, the restored COMETRAVI or the CAMe could provide one framework for this. While no formal public consultation process has been established, a Citizen Observatory has been created by three non-govemmental organisations.72 The initiative has synthesised public concerns about the project and generated a forum for discussions between experts in relevant domains (including mobility) and other members of civil society7. Formal mechanisms for including this and other input from stakeholders and the general population in the transport plan are essential.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	c0ea9e26c58f13de744677159ca38ca0	Over time, happiness appears to be relatively unrelated to income, and Layard (2005) argues that relative income — income relative to other inhabitants of a region or community - is more important in explaining wellbeing than absolute wealth because as individuals and societies grow wealthier, they adapt to new and higher living standards and adjust expectations upward. This point was also brought forward in the AHDR (2004), although that publication did not attempt to construct an HDI for the Arctic. It is widely accepted that analyses of economic development or progress that only take income into account neglect other important determinants of well-being.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	c0eac5be960c361c2a1c6448bf193035	More than a fourth of households in Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca do not have access to piped water (against a national average of 8.6%), and between 15% and 19% of households do not have proper flooring (against a national average of 6.6%) for example. As emphasised below, the lower level of infrastructure in southern states translates into lower health standards for many indicators. Nearly 82% of Mexicans reported to have more positive experiences and feelings such as enjoyment, feeling well-rested or pride in accomplishment than negative ones such as pain, worry, sadness, boredom.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	c0ec787382a41097960e98334098c76e	First, the section provides an overview of context-specific priorities and challenges in terms of institutional arrangement at the regional scale. Then it discusses the need for a balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches in the NUP processes, by reviewing some country-specific examples. In some instances, responsibility is being delegated increasingly to subnational authorities, such as metropolitan governments.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	c0ecf3628e294797c58d7682b7563d61	While initial funding came from the federal government, the Land Grant Colleges are governed and supported by the states. However, the need for a concerted, coordinated national approach was seen. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided federal funding to establish a State Agricultural Experiment Station (SAES) in each state, for the purpose of agricultural research, including problems of regional importance.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	c0ed4b58c6a154cd54a46883261bcce4	Of adults with a psychotic disorder, for example, two-thirds (67%) had spoken with their GP about a mental or emotional problem in the year preceding the most recent APMS (2007). Emergency departments are also used in the case of mental health emergencies, for example people who have harmed themselves and need urgent physical healthcare, and others who have immediate mental health needs. People who have barriers to other healthcare, such as homeless people and vulnerable migrants, are more likely to go to A&E departments.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c0edbaab71736ab38cd515314a1d02d9	The duration of the fund’s stake in a company is five to seven years. It also provides them with advice and technical assistance, and develops studies to serve as the basis for equity investments. This type of financial stake is open to any unlisted company in the start-up or growth stage, with high growth potential, excluding those involved in real estate and trading activities.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/152d606d-en	c0f0ce3e25a721fd0ff27b1cb24b538a	This has implications for subsequent trajectories of human development.12 Both the architecture of skills (coping abilities and cognitive and noncognitive competences) and the process of skill formation are strongly influenced by neural circuits that develop as a result of dynamic interactions between genes and early-life environments and experiences. This Report offers guidelines on how this knowledge should guide policy. Policymakers need to move beyond a one dimensional focus of measuring human development by scores on achievement tests, like the Programme for International Student Assessment, and consider a much broader array of essential life skills.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	c0f105a8e71e58bbf99a5d6737e61700	The TPCM applies to projects that are: implemented by central or local governments (or private actors relying on public funding), have a construction period of two years or longer, and incur costs of at least KRW 50 billion (about USD 47.5 million) in the case of civil engineering projects or at least KRW 20 billion (about USD 19 million) in the case of architectural projects. Under the TPCM, the project is not allowed to increase construction size through design modification (unless it is inevitable), construction costs are not interchangeable between project phases or between construction units, and any project adjustment deemed inevitable must be subject to consultation between the ministry in charge of the project and the MOSF. The MOSF is responsible for conducting the PFS and it is evaluated by the PIMAC within the KDI (Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Management Center within the Korea Development Institute), an independent evaluation authority established in 2005.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264249424-en	c0fbd1873d27a1ca0f7b097d1ca25e3a	Part 111 describes the methodologies employed in producing these estimates and explores methodological progress in tracking climate finance, providing greater clarity on reporting approaches. Part IV concludes and reflects on open issues that may be helpful in informing efforts to further improve the transparency and comprehensiveness of climate finance measurement and reporting.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	c0ffa2fb3cf20c746d8278eace66e57a	Due to a need for the authorities to safeguard the needs of the society, i.e. rural area development, environmental integrity and market access issues, a licence is required for the establishment and operation of each aquaculture site. Prior approval of the site environmental and area management issues are therefore of paramount importance. From 1 January 2010, the responsibility for coordinating the review process for such applications was transferred from the Directorate of Fisheries to the County Council authorities. Several other sector authorities are involved in reviewing applications for compliance with the various guidelines and regulations such as pollution, animal health and welfare, harbour and fairways, biodiversity and spatial planning.	14	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-23bc8deb-en	c10671469ff4742bec70ddd0adf312e3	By incorporating ICTs into the goals and targets of the MDGs, the UN captured the attention of both the public and private sectors, which were encouraged to find new ways to work together. The Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI)22 began by making the equivalent of a major medical school library, in electronic form, available for free or nearly free to health researchers and workers in 113 low- and low-middle income countries. Today, the partnership, now known as Research4Life23, includes UN agencies, academia and 185 publishing partners contributing essential knowledge resources on health, agriculture, environment, science and technology. In 2005, WHO's governing body, the World Health Assembly, recognized that eHealth was transforming health services and systems around the world and urged Member States to plan for appropriate eHealth services in their countries24.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-10-en	c1098f54bff5f4b425f829baa3ed18ba	Also needed are productivity improvements along the commodity value chains in the agricultural sector, which will eventually result in a reduction of food and income poverty in these countries. Second, there is still room to improve donors’ support approach through some stand-alone projects. With the increasing efforts that are made by the donors, having a unified approach towards development support amongst these partners would enhance progress in agricultural and rural development in the LDCs. This would also help to reduce duplication of projects, wasteful spending and, in some cases, outright conflicts among donors, and also between recipients at community levels.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/799337c2-en	c109d05883040f9006ac295c37373c52	An online data monitor enabled national centres to monitor questionnaire return status at any time, as well as the level of questionnaire completion. A final layout verification step was applied to the paper instruments to ensure high questionnaire quality and comparability with the questionnaires delivered on line. The International Research Consortium took care to provide national project managers (NPMs) and their staff with the training they needed to enable them to fulfil all required tasks and activities to the highest possible quality. The TALIS International Research Consortium provided training for national data managers, as well as software that allowed managers to list, select, and administer TALIS instruments in a standardised and controlled way.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k424rdzj3bx-en	c109d170a90a8649db1e0bfbcaf08923	Of these factors, responses to the more open-ended questions suggested that, despite the rapid advances of recent years, lack of research capacity was foremost in the minds of our Chinese respondents. Six called for more concerted programmes of research into genomics and health in China, including measures to improve professional and academic development in this field. One respondent also emphasised the need to extend research initiatives from existing centres of excellence to include other parts of the country, with training and mentoring networks and measures to promote the kinds of “standard design, technical methods, work protocols for research” that would facilitate co-ordination and data-sharing between different centres.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	c109ea2ee9a95ce83d60ce1e6133fa76	The 2015 budget, like those of 2013 and 2014, was developed and implemented under the programme-budgeting method. Monetary policy was aimed at stabilising prices and the real effective exchange rate by preventing public expenditure from crowding out private investment. Inflation increased in 2015 by 0.8 of a percentage point to 2.7% because of the rising price of fuel at the pump, itself due to a 40% cut in subsidies to oil products in July 2014, but remained under the 3% CEMAC convergence criterion. The worsening security environment held back growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) to an estimated 4.1% in 2015, compared with an initial target of 5.5%.	11	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/859159ab-en	c10afb1dd07c16d60c6a8fc3dfefb924	Given its tourism-oriented economy, the city has also set up a mobile app, which informs both tourists and locals of what to do in Phuket. To illustrate this trend, outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter (PMJS), which is hazardous to health, is commonly used as a proxy measure of pollution. Practically all urban residents in the region are exposed to ambient air pollution exceeding the WHO guidelines on the concentration of fine particulate ambient air pollution (i.e., 10 PM2.5 pg/m3). Only 0.2% of urban residents in Emerging Asia live in areas with pollution concentrations at or below this level (Figure 2).	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	c10e65cbe88b4dfcdf568b70486fb295	These vehicles allow for spontaneous travel and are being used for journeys of up to about 4 km which are made under favourable weather conditions (OECD, 2001). The question is, however, whether given infrastructure is suitable for the safe use of such modes of transport, how given infrastructure should be used by these vehicles and how it should, or could, be adapted. A family of services which enables travellers to select the one that best suits their requirements for a particular journey is needed.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	c111b96e28b9d1557f21ef1f0a990232	The following three sections discuss governmental authorities, institutional arrangements and stakeholder engagement, respectively. Finally, Section 5.5 interprets the results and provides conclusions. Nonetheless, in some instances, stakeholders were highly involved in NUP development, including in some systematic and highly participatory ways. These tended to be found in the North America and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean regions.	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	c11320e10502608205c840e2d2fcb222	In such cases, representatives of line ministries in regions are the only actors in charge of implementation at sub-national level, whether these are central services or co-ordinated bodies of central services. However, central services and bodies representing line ministries in regions also play an important role - with other sub-national actors - in countries that have somewhat decentralised their water policy making, whether these are federal states, such as Belgium, or unitary, such as New Zealand. In addition, Mexico has Water Commissions in each autonomous community, while in France the STR is in charge of co-ordinating the actions of the central government, regions and departements for a homogeneous implementation of water policies at basin level, co-ordinating central services of line ministries in regions and monitoring the enforcement of water regulations and compliance with them.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	c116e546d692745033c6155767fa9d42	Figure 1.12 provides more detail on the dynamics of C02 emissions per capita in the region, focusing on emissions from fuel combustion only and using IEA data (IEA Energy Balances Statistics, n.d.). These data demonstrate that C02 emissions in the energy sector of the EaP countries remained stable over the period 2004-14. However, without a further transformational change, improving living standards in the region may result in an increase in energy consumption and emissions.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	c11874c8f0278f7297b15c4310b109fd	The programme introduced measures to select candidates with the highest chances of succeeding in their entrepreneurial venture. Applicants had to submit a written application, undergo an interview, and make a short oral presentation about their business ideas and motivations. Selected applicants were provided with 150 hours of training during which they developed their business plans.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	c11876c91dc8c1bec45c4e606b6e2131	Mozambique, for example, has included nine climate change questions in its household survey. The questions examine if households have suffered food, asset or income losses due to climate change, what their sources of information are on disaster and weather risks, approaches households have taken to minimise the impact from such shocks, and sources of support when they have suffered from climate change. Mozambique started data collection in 2014 and the initial results are expected to be available in December 2015 (INE, n.a.). In such cases, existing mechanisms may be used to ensure that the data are grounded in national development objectives and contribute to the overall statistical plan, rather than respond to specific adaptation initiatives. Discrete project-level monitoring and evaluation can result in a concentration of domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity within non-state institutions (e.g. bilateral development agencies or other providers of support) that make up the majority of climate change actors in many developing countries (Bird, 2011; IIED, 2013a).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-6-en	c118998e6ce94b5ed7a8d4706e79f80d	The private sector, including financiers, property developers and small entrepreneurs, is gaining experience in financing discrete facilities (desalination or wastewater treatment plants, distributed infrastructures) at different scales. Public utilities, for their part, recycle some of the capital tied up in water infrastructures to generate cash for use in new projects. National and local governments need to explore innovative ways to jumpstart and leverage private investment where required. The three subsequent chapters address some of these barriers. It first documents trends in traditional sources of finance for urban water services, including tariffs, taxes and transfers (the 3Ts) and repayable finance. It then explores the strategies cities in OECD countries can use to cover their financing needs; these combine options to minimise costs (e.g. through targeted maintenance or amalgamated services), innovative tariff structures and additional financing sources (e.g. innovative business models for water utilities and taxes that harness beneficiaries of enhanced w'ater security).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1387fd80-en	c11e36315c42cf59409ca6ad8fa08ac7	They cover more than two thirds of the Earth’s surface and contain 97 per cent of the planet’s water. Oceans contribute to poverty eradication by providing opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and decent work. Over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal resources as a means of support. In addition, oceans play a crucial role in the achievement of global food security, as well as human health and well-being.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	c11e6f63596a3927eb35753f4491aa29	Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions would suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socio-economic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	c11fec191b396b330be310ef5d590274	Therefore, it is advisable to view them as complementary to each other (see box 1.3). Two countries, El Salvador and Honduras, diverged from the rest, with only some indicators showing improved distribution. In Guatemala and Paraguay (urban data), the indicators showed virtually no change. Only three countries showed signs of having experienced setbacks in distribution: Argentina (urban area), Costa Rica and Ecuador (urban area).	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	c123026f1f16963c1a52d9e054a58cb5	Unhealthy lifestyles also remain an important driver of cross-country variation in CVD and diabetes outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains considerable variation in smoking patterns across OECD countries, and the potential is there to make even further gains in some countries. More comprehensive policies and stricter enforcement can deliver better outcomes. The percentage of people who are either overweight or obese has continued to climb over the last ten years.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	c12335577f4fa55df89e25473298f827	Box 22 presents the European Smart Specialisation (S3) model, an integrated approach to fostering competitiveness based on the notions of ecosystems and global value chains, and its application to the promotion of Sustainable Arctic Tourism in Finland. Innovation requiring cross-sector policy support is more likely to be secured over the long-term under these circumstances. It examines the changing global trends and inter-linked policy challenges driving the need to revisit the policy framework supporting tourism growth; analyses a selection of specific issues likely to represent challenges for tourism in the medium- to long-term; and explores ways for closer policy integration between tourism and related policy areas. In addition, the report builds on the outcomes of a Workshop on Effective Policies for Tourism Growth held in Bern on 3 July 2014, and co-organised with the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), Switzerland.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264173668-en	c126b8298154dfba629bd60b65aa4e87	In 2009, about 45% of Danish people aged 25-34 years had attained tertiary education while the OECD average was about 22%. For those aged 55-64 years, 26% had tertiary education (OECD average 22%, Figure 1.2). This is a particular challenge when full-time teachers and trainers have experience in industry dating from some years ago.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	c126d2c1916e4a14968c895a7c32a143	It provides a blueprint for land-use management and decision-making that addresses Alberta’s growth pressures. Indeed, what uses are permitted on land - or more precisely, how they are done - clearly impact adjacent watersheds. Implementation of the Land-use Framework is a key vehicle for implementing Alberta’s “cumulative effects” management system at the regional scale.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	c12919d0eab1dc77ed71cdc6a4941f18	Certainly the volume of applications and the request for funding suggests that there is unmet demand from the private sector. Three different S&T programs were created in 2009, replacing a tax credit system that previously supported technology projects in primarily larger multinational firms (OECD, 2009c): INNOVAPyME, INNOVATEC AND PROINNOVA. The program also supports the creation and strengthening of links with educational institutions and research centers.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	c129cc97f02463974c06fae5c0093bde	In some it is about building capacity, in others it is about establishing the platforms for a range of stakeholders to build their own capacity and share practice and knowledge. Some are based on digital technology while others address particular groups of learners or have a specific content focus such as well-being or futures competence. Some only cover a relatively small network of schools while others have gone or will go system-wide, with many between the extremes.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	c12e8b0feeeed2db3ff447cc6fb35e2d	Evidence from countries such as France and Canada suggests that the share of female doctors tends to be greater in general medicine than in higher paying specialisations like surgery. For 2015, data for the Czech Republic refer to 2013, and for Denmark, Japan, Sweden and the United States to 2014. In such countries, women aged over 50 in 2013 were 23% more likely to provide daily informal care than their male peers, while in those countries with little social protection - which spent less than 1% of their GDP on public LTC - women were 41% more likely to be daily carers. While cultural factors play an important role in determining gender roles, strengthening LTC provisions would help redress the gender imbalance in informal care in many countries.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	c1300ad0f222821f9f421446f83e0061	School directors participate in the individual evaluation of teachers at schools as part of the programme of Carrera Magisterial. However, because those who participate in this process (as well as in the Escalafdn evaluation) belong to the union, the process is not necessarily very objective. The Schools of Quality Programme (Programa Escuelas de Calidad, PEC), introduced in 2001, is one of the initiatives that has most emphasised the development of school-centred leadership in Mexico (see Box 2.2 in Chapter 2).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/f5330a47-en	c1330e9762be3c98e6c0052ae9beee1f	A need for methodological improvements to help measure specific information, improved data collection and increased monitoring and evaluation capacity at the national level can all influence countries’ ability to report. “ Nearly half’ of Annex II Parties raised issues arising from reporting on technology transfer support in the context of second BRs, including absence of relevant “statistical markers” (UNFCCC, 2016(9]). In addition, there are relatively few metrics to monitor technology development and diffusion, while metrics to assess capacity development are numerous and highly context specific (Ellis et al.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	c1382d1b098934372eab579cdee5b1e5	In both cases, fertility' is expected to drop to 1.6 births in Brazil and 1.9 births in Colombia over the next 20 years. But the main conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the findings support the prediction that low fertility levels will increasingly shape the demographic and economic future of the region. At present, fertility levels are below the replacement level in five countries in Latin America: Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba and Uruguay.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	c138525d8043ce466c4ae5fde55ede73	The sessions of the General Meeting can be ordinary (held once a year) and extraordinary (held when the circumstances make this advisable, in the president’s opinion, when the Board of Directors agrees to this or when proposed in writing by one-tenth of the members). A vice-president and a treasurer are designated. All the posts forming the Board of Directors are unremunerated.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	c1388b71d14811685eceb3fb894bf7b5	Most of the poor are working adults and children. Household incomes are threatened by worsening labour markets with declining employment opportunities and decreasing real wages, especially for workers in low-wage sectors. Many of those currently employed have just escaped poverty and are therefore highly susceptible to modest falls in income and economic activity, pushing them back into poverty (World Bank, 2010b). Women are especially threatened: in most countries, labour market participation of women is lower and unemployment rates are higher.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	c13b88eec357735040f911e0c69aadf2	However, water utilities are largely dissatisfied with the prices set as they do not cover full service costs, but rather a fraction of operating and maintenance costs. Prices are far from being economically viable and are indeed one of the main reasons for the poor state of the water supply infrastructure and especially that of wastewater management. There is no area-w'ide hydrological monitoring network and flood protection installations are not reliable and often not functional, due to poor maintenance and war damage.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	c13c039eef0e3c702ab29fc41bf54dec	The average age of teachers is 48.1 years in primary education and 48.9 in secondary' education. Some 41% of primary teachers and 44% of lower secondary teachers were 50 years old or older in 2014, which are significantly higher than the OECD averages (30% and 34%, respectively). The cognitive skills of the teaching workforce are a significant determinant of international differences in student performance (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016).	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	c143c038ae310e7c5d15d9f7d7cfbce1	If the capacity of national data centers is limited, storage and cloud computing applications will be located abroad, adding to the need and subsequent costs of international bandwidth as well as increasing dependency on external networks over which there is no control. See: Alaerds et al. This section reviews domain name developments among LDCs. It explores the important benefit that can accrue for LDCs by bundling domain names with local web hosting to build up the national Internet ecosystem, develop skills and generate employment.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	c146947d35c64ad91ea368d0852a3fd4	The combination of consistent policy and adequate financing can stimulate private-sector engagement. Additionally, within each energy subsystem, there are a number of focus areas that need to be addressed in order to provide sustainable energy for all. Deployment of cookstoves can be done with significantly less capacity building and long-term engagement of the private sector from a technological point of view, but market strategies to create more sustainable markets are a key role in the area of philanthropy for the private sector, in partnership with governments and NGOs.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	c14bf5d006fa38bd12ce12f91263050e	Only one centralized heating system remains in Dushanbe. The old Dushanbe CHP plant and the eastern and western boiler facilities, with total capacity of 190 MW, can cover only 60 per cent of the overall need for heating in the city. Because of the lack of gas and furnace fuel, the Dushanbe CHP plant runs on only 20-25 per cent of its designed capacity and its equipment is obsolete and outmoded.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	c14c16cbc7887650b7dcf4459909870f	Most developing countries rely at least partly on international development finance to fund climate-resilience investments (Pervin et al., In Bangladesh, 23% of climate-relevant expenditure w'as financed by external grants or loans in 2010/11. The Adaptation Fund provides finance for the implementation of priority adaptation projects and funds, using resources from a levy on Clean Development Mechanism projects, supplemented with other funding sources.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	c14c897d34b395f5117bdc277e9d710d	This recent trend coincided with the onset of the new millennium and commitments made by the donor community, in particular to Africa. In addition, in 2007-2008, the total annual average aid commitments to agriculture amounted to US$ 7.2 billion (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2010), which represented a positive step towards increasing financing for agriculture in developing countries. Still, in 2008, the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis urged donor countries to double ODA for food assistance, other types of nutritional support and safety net programmes, and to increase the proportion of ODA to be invested in food security and agricultural development from the current 3 to 10 per cent within five years (and beyond if needed) so as to reverse the historic underinvestment in agriculture (United Nations, 2008).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	c14d5886feb120e37c6adc273739b2c7	Rising oil prices in recent years meant that ethanol production costs became cheaper than world oil prices after 2004. Flexible fuel engines have been highly successful, reaching 81 per cent of the light-vehicle registrations by 2008 (Brazil, Associagao Nacional dos Fabricantes de Vefculos Automotores, 2008). In this context, it should be noted that, in January 2009, gasoline prices were again lower than ethanol production costs owing to the global recession, but this had again been reversed by January 2011. In 2007, the United States Congress passed a bill that mandated the production of 140 billion litres of corn ethanol by 2022, which would be equal to about 13 per cent of United States gasoline demand.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	c14e7241c094f5c9a2c28e8d19e2d4e6	For those aged between 3 and 5 years old, services have historically been (and continue to be) dominated by the comprehensive ecole maternelle (preschool) system - public, centre-based services that, like the Swedish preschools, are considered a core part of the national educational system. Even as early as 1960-61 the ecole maternelle system catered to around 63.3% of children aged between 3 and 5, although considerable expansion during the 1960s and 1970s saw coverage widen to roughly 97% by 1980-81 (Bouysse etal., Since 1989, all 3-to-5 year-olds have been entitled to a place in the local ecole maternelle, with participation steady at (or effectively at) 100% ever since (ibid.).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-5-en	c14ee2d240632fe6241147ba9a93b21d	Poor learning environments can also result in negative early childhood outcomes (see Box 3.1). In addition, an unfavourable start can have a lasting impact later in life. Children who do not receive adequate educational attention and care early on have a higher risk of grade repetition, incompletion of a school degree, unemployment and earning low wages (Barnett, 1995; Heckman, 1999; Leseman, 2002).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	c14efefc53076068de3f7e2f6bc0aba9	Donors’ encouragement of collective action without considering the capacity of the state to respond can result in policy failure (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements; Unsworth and Moore, 2010). Their actions create new centres of power and challenge previously closed spaces of decision making.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	c14fc14211b5f0d1e55da40572f3cd09	Access to safe public spaces greatly informs the perceived and real sentiment of urban safety, which is itself a key prerequisite for protection against physical and sexual harassment. These safety measures in return determine the level of accessibility and inclusivity in use of public spaces, particularly for the vulnerable urban populations (including women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities). Indicator 11.7.2 aims to measure the proportion of persons who have experienced physical or sexual harassment with various forms of disaggregation.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	c1510c0a70e69fb157330502b704e0ff	The Committee notes with concern that some States Parties, the constitutions of which guarantee equal rights, permit polygamous marriage in accordance with personal or customary law. This violates the constitutional rights of women, and breaches the provisions of article 5 (a) of the Convention.” Husbands who wish to marry another wife need to prove that their financial means are sufficient to maintain several marital homes at once.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	c15128a9cc8fd4923713649b80f086f2	"This figure was set to target the fund at medium-sized EE projects, such as replacement of air conditioning chillers in a commercial facility or the installation of EE equipment at an industrial site. The government overcame the first obstacle by organising a series of seminars to familiarise and train bankers on EE projects as well as renewables. However in the words of a former minister in Thailand: ""It is not about the training of the banks.-ifs just about whether you are able to find a champion"" (Personal conversations with the author, March 2010). The total project costs for that period were close to USD 180.5 million, with only USD 94.7 million coming from the fund loans, which were all paid back and contributed to the next phases of the project."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	c152c1dce9c6262b1a1d3d1a076a279f	Specific FEPs are being developed for all general, vocational and technical fields in over 250 fields of education. Articulation of equity among the national goals for education is narrow. The 2005 Education Act states that equal access to education is a principle of the education system but does not specify equity or inclusiveness among the stated education goals (see earlier for a list of educational goals). Similarly, none of the 4-year Long-Term policy objectives is directly associated with equity and inclusion as areas for further policy attention (even if some basic references are made to equity within each of the objectives).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	c1532ed24ffa5cfe6862ca18caf32c01	General observation of these studies show that though unadjusted data show inequality was reduced between rounds 50 and 55, if one uses (comparable) adjusted data, rural inequality in fact went up in India between 1993-94 (50th Round) and 1999-2000 (55th Round). Striking evidence about increased inequality in India in the post-reform period comes from Sen and Himanshu (2005). Based on indices of real mean per capita expenditure (MPCE) on a uniform reference period (URP) basis by fractile groups, whereas the consumption level of the upper tail of the population, including the top 20 per cent of the rural population, has gone up remarkably during the 1990s, the bottom 80 per cent of the rural population has suffered during this period.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	c158048647c1e541263415564d78257d	However, where this is not already in place, environmental taxes and their revenues can contribute to processes to improve fiscal governance (GTZ, 2008). If administrative capacity is lacking, enforcement of even relatively simple environmental taxes may be lax or indeed non-existent (Speck and Datta, 2007). Policymakers should thus choose a path where administrative capacity to enforce environmental taxes exists, or can be put in place relatively easily.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/746e43b7-en	c1594e802ec57b7e70ef334c3f192551	"The landmark Paris Agreement, signed in April 2016 by 175 Member States, attempts to mitigate climate change and accelerate and intensify actions and investments needed for a sustainable, low-carbon future. Central to the agreement is the need to strengthen the global response to keep global temperatures from rising no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue further efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement requires parties to identify their ""intended nationally determined contributions"" (INDCs)."	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	c15f556648ceaaf2b8a612f06d16eeca	Recent OECD research, however, points to a number of key principles for enhancing the efficiency, sustainability and inclusiveness of urban transport financing in general, w'hich could perhaps help inform the current policy reflection in Korea (Table 1.6). Experience in OECD countries suggests that strengthening economic appraisal procedures and eligibility criteria for subsidies could improve the cost-efficiency of transport projects. Social inclusion can also be reinforced through land-value capture mechanisms, targeted subsidies for the neediest users and reasonable fare levels.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	c160bc328768995f7d2c56dc04d459a0	Also, a quarter of Brazilians live in dwellings with no access to a sewage network or septic tank, w'hile 7 % of dwellings have no access to piped water or wells. The perceived quality of public services, in particular in light of Brazil’s high tax burden (see Chapter 1), was one of the issues that prompted many Brazilians to take to the streets in June 2013, which highlights the importance of improvements in this area. Beyond that, for municipal services, the size of a municipality may not necessarily coincide with the most efficient scale at which to provide a given service, in which case there is scope to improve service efficiency by having several municipalities join hands for the delivery of services, but this involves significant coordination challenges.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	c166bef9b897e30672e1d3dd869aa2f0	Rapists are also motivated by character traits common to many criminals. One study on women raped or sexually assaulted during 2002 found that 67 per cent of the women identified the perpetrator as a non-stranger.25 Another study found that 8 out of 10 victims know the people who raped them.26 Most victims do not incur physical injuries from sexual assaults. Many of the unwanted and forced acts that take place during a sexual assault do not result in visible nongenital injuries. When humans are threatened, they respond, initially at least, instinctively and rcflexively.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	c169cdac250ae4bf9c58d519e145c56a	Elle montre que 26 pays de l’OCDE ont elabore ou sont en train d’elaborer des cadres strategiques nationaux pour l’adaptation, et que 17 d’entre eux ont egalement produit des plans d’adaptation nationaux detailles ou y travaillent. Les pays ont beaucoup investi pour constituer un socle de connaissances de plus en plus perfectionne, afin d’etayer leurs mesures d’adaptation et de renforcer leurs capacites en la matiere. Les gouvemements nationaux ont generalement adopte des mesures visant a assurer une prise en compte systematique de l’adaptation dans leurs activites et dans les dispositifs reglementaires, et mis en place des mecanismes de coordination pour que des dispositions soient prises dans l’ensemble de l’administration.	13	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	c16b75fc08b2c56376a3831886b258b2	According to the Land Act of 1902, property could be transferred only to Norwegian citizens (i.e., persons able to speak, read and write Norwegian), and proficiency in the Norwegian language continued to be a criterion for buying or leasing state land until the 1940s. For almost a century, the Sami language was prohibited in Norwegian schools, from 1860 to 1959. It takes time to fundamentally change general frameworks in politics, legislation and ordinances, as well as myths and attitudes, to appropriately redress and reclaim Sami culture, language, traditions and social needs; including equitable access to health care, education and employment and other determinants of health. Many people remain influenced by past assimilation policies despite the official legislation and policies having been reversed.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	c16e84e762d7a874a3807043928d247e	In addition to the changes in France, Portugal and Ireland discussed above, measures to reduce employer social contributions for all new hires were introduced or extended focusing on groups such as mid- to longer-term unemployed (Hungary, Hirkey) and peripheral regions (Finland). In the United States, firms making new hires from February to December 2010 of people who have been unemployed for at least two months will be exempted from payroll taxes. Public finance issues have forced the Czech Republic to terminate temporary reductions in non-wage labour costs targeted at low-wage workers. Take-up has been highest in Belgium, Turkey, Italy, Germany and Luxembourg, accounting for over 3 to almost 6% of all employees. With the exception of Belgium, few employees were participating in short-time work schemes prior to the onset of the crisis. Participating in training is compulsory for workers on short-time work in the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands and Portugal.42 While training is not compulsory, it is publicly-subsidised for short-time workers in Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Poland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway and Switzerland.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c173d6bc28b8407da61e7e5759b30d25	These are: recognising the adaptation efforts of developing country Parties; enhancing the implementation of “adaptation action” taking into account adaptation communications; review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support; review the overall progress in achieving the global adaptation goal. This section explores how the global stocktake could fulfil these aims. It could therefore be done without creating any additional reporting burden for developing countries.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	c1759b40103e99c9fdd4216e0d3e2ee7	For this indicator, it is recommended to use a measure based on the perception of the respondent. Nevertheless, it might be useful to complement this approach by using disaggregations by the highest level of education (ISCED) and occupation (ISCO). Participation in formal education might also be useful context information, depending on the specificities of the national education system. Dutch: Working more is learning more.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-8-en	c17a4909331bf906b677765034932a2f	This can also improve opportunities for women within firms (such as more equal wages and greater women in management) and help the recruitment of a diverse workforce. This is especially important for low-income workers, who often struggle to find consistent and reliable childcare w'hen their shifts change erratically. Field research in Mexico confirms that employees are reluctant to leave the workplace while their manager is still on-site.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	c17e992632bab3839a2a27a12645f702	The program makes it possible for students in the Faroe Islands and Greenland to stay at home part of the time while studying law at Aalborg University (inter alia through transmission of lectures). The goal has so far been to establish the first semester of the Bachelor of Law degree in Greenland and the Faroe Islands in the autumn of 2014. While the program ensures that young people stay in their local area during substantial parts of their education, the education also focuses on offering electives related to the judicial systems in the North Atlantic, especially Faroese law and Greenlandic law. Graduate students have the opportunity to write their thesis focusing on legal principles from the two areas.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	c17f4aa9d6c4f450fe52d9e19d44bd0d	However, for it to work efficiently and in a financially sustainable manner, there needs to be a better flow of information amongst public agencies. For example, without transparency on budget rules and awards of federal funds, regional governments will be hesitant to carry out social reform, as they fear federal funding may dry up leaving them with unfunded mandates. With more information, citizens will have a better view of the benefits to which they are entitled, while both regional and federal governments need to have better information on the income actually earned by individuals and households.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	c18c65394ad94a6b016f16992c2b7229	In a context where poverty levels are known to be significant, and where governments are generally under severe fiscal constraints, the care of patients from the lower income brackets has become an important social concern. If the savings capacity and the human capital of the economy are compromised by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the ability of the economy to regenerate itself at a higher level will also be compromised. This is an important concern for the Caribbean given recent theoretical work coming out of the University of West Indies (UWI) which suggests that, in its interdependence with the economic system, the health system has the potential for converting a downturn into downward spiral (Thomas, 2000).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209626-2-en	c18f30631ed4be9cd33f894ab462783b	The Egyptian local team provided a background report (SPU-MoHE, 2012) following which an OECD team made a visit to Egypt, where the team discussed issues arising with a range of policy makers, stakeholders and staff and students in training institutions. Robust domestic demand, not least fast-rising investment, accounted for a part of the increase in GDP growth (OECD, 2010a:36). Although investment demand fell sharply in 2008-09, private consumption remained buoyant, especially in comparison with most OECD member countries. Regionally, Egypt also outperformed most of its peers, continuing to attract foreign investment and avoiding a steep slowdown (OECD, 2010a:36).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	c18f958a8c21d02ee016db1e76561d6f	These centres constitute an extended network for the primary care system, offering maternity services, intermediate care beds (to avoid hospital admission or expedite early discharge), ambulatory surgery, rehabilitation, speciality clinics (such as pain management), and diagnostics such as x-rays. The CAIS also hold workshops in order to support typical local EBAIS by comparing and discuss their performance indicators, offering telemedicine and home-visits, and by keeping a focus on preventive care. In 2015 one of the CAIS established a local commission on domestic violence and most of its 15 000 home visits were for health promotion and preventive care.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	c1911d9341a7597cbe6f8bd583b8c5e4	Crooks (1988) reviewed over two hundred studies of the impact of classroom evaluation practices on students and concluded that the power of assessments to guide learning was not being realised because the summative function of assessment - providing grades and other measures of how much had been learned - is dominant. The results of many studies are given in terms of a “standardised effect size” [“effect size” for short: this following Cohen (1988) is the difference in performance between two groups (e.g. those given and those not given feedback) divided by a measure of the spread of scores in the population (the standard deviation)]. While the standardised effect size has undoubted advantages over reporting the level of statistical significance attained in experimental comparisons (Harlow, Mulaik and Steiger, 1997), it nevertheless suffers from limitations as a metric with which to compare findings from different experimental studies.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	c19169e9972435c69c38affccea2ab97	This must be balanced with its own objectives of protecting the interests of its customers, which implies keeping bills for consumers as low as possible, monitoring and comparing the services the companies provide, scrutinising the companies’ costs and investment and encouraging competition where this benefits consumers. Necessary actions, including legal steps such as enforcement actions and fines, can be taken in case of non-compliance. The direct regulation of water companies in England and Wales is complemented by two other regulators, one responsible for environmental affairs and the other for drinking water quality, to protect public health.4 Another example is Portugal’s national water and waste services regulation agency, ERSAR, created in 1997.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	c1956466217bedf70eb2e4ef704a11a9	The various institutions of the criminal justice system need to work together in a coordinated manner to respond to violence against women. The criminal justice sector should also promote the involvement of all relevant government sectors, as well as relevant sectors of civil society to ensure a comprehensive response to victims of violence. For instance, support agencies could work with police and prosecutors to ensure support to victims during statement taking and providing information on the progress of the case. Specialized approaches to violence against women may include establishing special police and prosecutorial units and special courts or dedicated justice system personnel and dedicated court time, and adequately funding specialized training, as well as multidisciplinary approaches such as one-shop centres (which provide multisectoral case management for victims such as health, welfare, counselling and legal services in one location).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	c1967ed30b228ed6380925adf37684d6	Data of India relate fiscal years. Investments in quality transport infrastructure result in benefits to the communities directly affected. They can directly generate employment opportunities related to construction, operations and maintenance; indirectly improve opportunities for individuals and firms; improve the efficiency of existing forms of economic activity; and generate various social and environmental benefits. Affected communities also benefit from spillovers such as lower input costs, increased choice in input supplies, expanded local trade and access to new markets for output (White and Raitzer, 2017).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c197c5bb65cf9586a6045bdcadb08cc5	Studies on external costs focus instead on the potential ecological and noise effects of wind power. Mining and transportation result in emissions similar to those that have been described for coal and uranium mining, most notably PM. Steel production as such emits some PM such as black carbon over and above the emissions resulting from electricity generation. Further hydropower capacity in OECD countries however is limited, with the best resources already tapped and the emergence of significant environmental concerns. Like wind or nuclear, electricity generation from hydropower does not involve any direct atmospheric emissions.	7	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	c19a216d5cc63b1dbe1ef2a51dde3b4b	Teachers need support to actively participate in this transformation and demand high standards from all students, while taking into account the increasing diversity in their classrooms. In most countries, teachers undergo pre-service training, followed by a selection process, with subsequent in-service training provided mostly through courses and workshops. New evidence shows that the proportion of certified teachers and most forms of professional development have a weak impact on student performance. Thus, many reforms aim to improve the quality of teacher training, make selection procedures more demanding, develop new forms of professional development and raise curricular standards.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	c19ad314e1d73d355dbcc8d24662ee36	Thus, the strategic combination of fossil fuels and clean/renewable energies can forge a clear path for sustainable energy transition for the Participating States of APTA as well as Central Asian and South Asian countries without sacrificing growth. As APTA is open-ended, it is easy for any ESCAP member to seek accession, which would also facilitate the free flow of goods and technological know-how for creating energy efficiency. Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific. Available at www.adb.org/sites/ defa u I t/fi les/pu b/2013/e nerg y-o u tlook.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-8-en	c19f66e775b286fbb89e71ce992e37af	The first is related to the political economy of mitigation actions under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries were initially opposed to committing mandatory emission targets, because it was the developed countries that were responsible - at least until quite recently - for most of the emissions already accumulated in the atmosphere. They are still responsible for most emissions when measured on the per capita basis. For example, the level of per capita emission for Developing Asia is estimated at 2.7 tonnes of C02 in 2008 (Table 4.2).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/208cb99e-en	c19fe9fec740a4d89bb86cd654d106fc	These indicators can be tailored to suit the specific requirements of each country and reflect the priorities of policymakers. The MPI can be used for a multitude of policy purposes including: targeting of social and economic policies, monitoring their impact and implementation, coordination among different decision makers, assessment of sub-national differences in development, graduation of social protection schemes, and informing socially responsible investments. The MPI can be a particularly useful tool to assess how countries meet the SDGs.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	c1a2f2209d74349eb74005d17159ff33	Therefore, the ten most important cities of the region, which concentrate 82% of the total population, mainly rely on the 14 (overexploited) aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters. On average 90% of total water consumption (and more than 96% of groundwater) is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agri-food industry. Water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between Mexico and the United States; the State of Chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing 431 million m to the US, without benefitting from the 1 800 million m3 given by the US to other Mexican states.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	c1a3263e097a27bf42e38d524763e07d	According to recipients, intra-govemmental co-ordination and agreement on roles and responsibilities is key to the effective allocation of domestic and external resources. According to supporters, clearly allocated roles among ministries enhance communication and transparency, enabling donors to identify domestic priorities and to align financing behind these. The results of the interviews revealed that national climate change strategies can provide an effective framework for the inter-ministerial allocation of roles.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	c1a3ab40b1fa53f3e298682c26d9d741	Improved forecasting tools can help to improve forecasted unit commitment plans of variable renewable power plants by reducing uncertainty. Gate closure is usually situated between 36 hours and 1 hour ahead of real-time operation. The prediction accuracy is improved by a factor of two when moving from a gate closure time of 36 hours ahead to 3 hours ahead (Luickx, Delarue and D’haeseleer, 2008). With the introduction of large amounts or variable renewable energies in power systems and improved forecasting tools available system operators and regulators should reconsider gate closure rules.	7	0	8	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	c1a85ffc9b6e590a328d80767d290ca2	The formal economy is characterized by the dominance of the primary sector in the industrial economy, with significant large-scale natural resource exploitation activities. In some cases the transfer sector is sizeable; some northern local governments are highly dependent on the annual transfers from central governments. Most northern residents also rely on the traditional or subsistence-based sector to provide for some of their material well-being. The exclusion of the informal economy is a major weakness considering the importance of informal activities in many parts of the Arctic.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	c1a90f9d57970acc26102f1f3bcd8030	But it is not the only determinant. And for this reason it is not axiomatic that falling household income must always mean rising levels of child deprivation. The governments that are most successful in protecting children from poverty are likely to be those that strive to reduce the number of low-income households and help to provide essential goods, services and opportunities for children growing up in such households.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	c1afcbec1f45e43fe537b6167cb6e00b	Despite the success of China, it still had more than 100 million people living on less than US$ 1 per day in 2005, 90 per cent of whom were rural. In India, the number of extreme poor remains stubbornly close to 300 million, with 74 per cent of that number rural inhabitants, even with large subsidies to their farmers. In the past it was just inequality at the local level that affected individuals’ utility, but the information and communications technology revolution has increased awareness of income differences not only within local regions but also nationally and internationally. At the national level, there are concerns about rural-urban inequality as well as inequality within each of those broad geographic zones.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	c1b31d3459edb4cbf62762e0f6752241	The age structure of the population is gradually shifting towards older age groups. For the region as a whole, the changes since 1970, together with forecasts up to 2050, in the relative proportions of the three major age groups — children (0-14 years); working-ages (15-64 years); and older persons (65 years and older)4 — are shown in the figure below. See United Nations (2002).	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	c1b4b4b4443be6d1576863cf0c998050	The Norw egian input control system relates to vessels which are allowed to join the various commercial fisheries and to persons w'ho are allowed to own fishing vessels. In addition to the input and output control system, a series of technical regulations are established. The structural quota system is a market-based instrument build around the idea of voluntary measures.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	c1b681c074cc0f81233d1f6e7caec7d0	Sharma (2005) also found many cases where an import surge occurred even while domestic prices continued to rise, leading him to conclude that imports have been ‘pulled in’ through prior shortfalls in domestic production rather than higher imports causing domestic production to fall. Thus, the consequences of increased imports for food security need to be carefully evaluated before deciding on the appropriate response. During this period, many countries pursued trade and domestic policy responses intended to stabilise domestic markets and protect urban consumers (Abbott, 2009; Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	c1b772dc9318f75508212c1f51f74f24	This type of metric allows for overall progress in decarbonising the energy sector to be tracked over time. However, the larger the scale of assessment (and the longer the time horizon for assessment), the more difficult and uncertain it becomes to attribute an outcome or impact to a specific intervention. When coupled with ex-post evaluation and later compared to the intended objectives of a project, such information can form a useful evidence base for evaluating effectiveness. Unlike mitigation, the ultimate impacts of specific interventions (e.g. increased adaptive capacity and resilience) are difficult to model ex-ante or measure directly.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	c1b9f976ba19ba411c06a1fb0d34d331	A more detailed view of their objectives, use and references in the different countries is available in the country profiles in Chapter 5. Co-ordinating water policies at horizontal and vertical levels (cont.) Co-ordination instruments across ministries, between levels of government and across local actors are more or less binding, more or less formal and more or less flexible. Most of them aim to create a framework for combining tools, funds and organisations or establishing a multi-stakeholder platform for dialogue for integrated water policy at all levels.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	c1bc8cadcaeb2956520f2a562e74e5ec	Immigrant women are more likely to go into occupations where other immigrant women work, regardless of their nationality, than into jobs beside co-ethnic men (Wright and Ellis, 2000). This gender-based convergence is also strongly related to value systems, as ethnic female entrepreneurs perceive and approach business ownership differently than ethnic male entrepreneurs (Baycan-Levent et al., For example, the study of Baycan-Levent et al. (	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	c1bcb2a185f660c17827bb09178a18d5	For example, the ratio of defence and economic affairs to total government expenditure has been decreasing, while the share of health has been increasing rapidly (Figure 6.5). As Figure 6.6 shows, the central government controls only 40% of the overall budget. The remaining 60% of the total budget is controlled by local governments and the education authority. This is in contrast to the situation in other OECD countries, implying that Korea is one of the most decentralised OECD countries.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	c1bdeed8368e36e36c9bb12f43436c48	All those attempts often faced opposition from cruise operators (Chin, 2008). For instance, in 1999 Carnival Cruise Lines boycotted Grenada after they introduced a USD 1.50 per passenger tax to fund a World Bank constructed sanitary landfill for the island (Klein, 2002). This is important, for example, for coastal areas close to the busy cruise destinations, such as Miami and Alaska (US), Nassau (Bahamas), Cozumel (Mexico) and several SIDS, that are also likely to experience high concentrations of marine litter associated with discharges of litter from the cruise sector (Brida & Zapata 2010). Using port reception facilities to dispose of waste generally includes a fee for the service; the price is often determined by several variables such as the size of the ship, the volume of waste, and the type of waste.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	c1c00bf080530cbe79ed6b2af571e7e5	Asociacion Mexicana de Distribuidores de Automotores, Mexico, D.F., www .amda.mx/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=598:como-quedaron-las-tenencias-en-2015&catid=73&Itemid=485 (accessed 11 August 2015). Airport Group of Mexico City, w w w .acropuerto.gob.mx (accessed 25 June 2015). Actualization 2012: Sintesis ejecutiva”, Government of Mexico City, Mexico, D.F., available at: httpsVAvorkshopcdmx.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/8 -programa-de-ordenamiento zmvmpdf.pdf.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	c1c1c9031a477d1e2b3f192368eb16b0	As most individuals do not live alone, their incomes are pooled wholly or in part to satisfy a household’s needs. Household rather than individual income is, therefore, a natural starting point to analyse adequacy. However, even though poor living standards rarely affect some members of a household and not others, it can be useful to home in from the household to the individual level (Atkinson et al.,	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/8178962c-en	c1c4a4bb0d0ec3f1a9a6fee7f18d9822	In order to mobilise them, medication adherence needs to be placed on the national policy agenda, starting with adherence being routinely observed and continuing towards the development of adherence quality and performance indicators. Such indicators could help in improving health system efficiency through establishing and influencing the relationship between the spending on pharmaceuticals and the gains in health outcomes. Improving how patients take their medicines requires that health professionals are equipped with skills specific to delivering care in a person-centred instead of the disease-centred model, i.e. that the providers should seek and gain understating of patients’ individual needs, perspectives, and values, convey to patients the information they need to participate in their care, and build trust and understanding. Avoidable costs in U.S. healthcare: The $200 billion opportunity from using medicines more responsibly.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	c1c60f81c268a9278038a6d1e9cd02f8	Yet coverage and quality of infrastructure need to be expanded and improved, particularly for wastewater treatment, sanitary landfills and recycling (Section 1). Inadequate pricing is among the impediments to extending water and waste infrastructure and services. Most municipalities do not charge for waste collection or do so through property taxes, which do not provide any incentive to reduce waste generation or sort for recycling.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	c1c624bc56bbacc42848afd5ce6dbfe1	When assessing policy options, policymakers may benefit from the interactions of members of academia and experts in the area of quantitative modelling, as well as from local knowledge and experiences (see chap. When implementing policies, there is a need to mobilize the resources that will impact outcomes. When policy outcomes are being monitored, participation of multiple stakeholders will improve transparency and accountability.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	c1c6efe037401569551934f0d491cd73	Responsibility for the secondary distribution systems and drainage canals has, however, shifted to the village authorities after the Soviet times. This shift has resulted in poorly maintained in-farm distribution systems, which have made irrigation highly ineffective. These water users’ associations consist of farmers at the village level cooperating to maintain and operate irrigation networks. The associations have a legal status that makes them independent of the Government and enables them to collect taxes from their members and to raise loans to finance the costs of maintaining and operating the irrigation networks. Since the adoption of the Law on Associations of Water Users in 2001, about 450 water users’ associations have been established, with an expected need of 500-550. The total hydropower potential is estimated at 142 billion kWh/year, but to date only 10 per cent of this potential is utilized.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	c1cb1a6d287845e59269447af2b086d3	All grain prices decline in real terms, and they will fall below current levels at the end of the projection period (Figure 1.15). Because of the significant fall in coarse grain prices described above, a shift in land to oilseeds is anticipated in 2014/15 which should contribute to further declines in the prices of oilseeds. In the oil sector, a strong demand for food and fuel will push the price to increase as of 2015/16.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	c1cc9469f577c387d567f5177e8031f2	These required attributes are also on occasion expanded to include leadership, motivation, discipline, self-confidence, self awareness, networking, entrepreneurship and capacity to embrace change. These skills are regarded as generic or transferable since they are “seen as having a broad application across a wide range of employment contexts and as transcending individual subjects” and are argued to be the basis for a “flexible” and “multiskilled” workforce (Keep and Payne, 2004: 57). Using average years of schooling as an education measure implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system. For example, a year of schooling in Papua New Guinea is assumed to create the same increase in productive human capital as a year of schooling in Japan.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	c1cf3e533ca0e8cca9cc5e8190ea467d	The plan will be adjusted based on careful monitoring of the drivers of risk to obviate the need for emergency measures (Wong and others, 2014, box 5-1). It may be noted that the newly revised estimates of the speed of melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet highlighted above has implications for the options under the plan. This stems from the fact that incremental policies designed to address immediate needs must be consistent with longer-term investments and initiatives aimed at facilitating the more substantial transformative changes required to address the underlying determinants of poverty, marginalization and vulnerability to climate hazards.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	c1d1bc7629e416bc6c58e3fca93f4119	The payments can be made ex post or ex ante and are directed towards activities expected to improve co-ordination, notably establishment of a care plan, collaborative care meetings or improvements in the management of a health care structure. These types of payment can also be made to meet other health policy objectives. Additional payments for extended consultation hours to improve access to health care, for example, exist in a number of countries, but are not discussed here further.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	c1d2d30d2500106fa6eb1fa883a572f0	Another example is energy or water efficiency measures that provide short-term financial benefits for firms and households but also build systemic resilience to energy shortages (e.g. in the event of a disaster and ensuing power outages) (Pasquier, 2011; OECD et al., Additionally, inclusive economic growth itself will help to make countries more resilient, as increasing wealth and household income should improve people’s ability to cope with climate change impacts. Green growth policies need to take the reality of climate change into account in order to decrease the vulnerability of the economy, design growth policies that are sustainable in the long term, and offer alternative options to those who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. As climate change makes it harder to achieve the economic, social and environmental benefits of green growth, adaptation to climate change and policies to manage the risks from natural disasters and extreme weather have a key role to play in safeguarding economic growth and development, and in achieving the economic, environmental and social benefits of green growth.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	c1d30493e693e091e15f26b9561ef1e0	Existing remote sensing and biodiversity databases should be used to derive harmonised biodiversity variables of all the countries, when possible. The use of modern monitoring techniques for enhancing implementation of the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) concept in ecosystem assessments (e.g. for CBD and IPBES) has been recently suggested (Skidmore etal, 2015; Vihervaara etal, 2015). During the Nordic introductory and scoping study, a simple Excel metadatabase with information on the main literature and sources identified for the Nordic Assessment forming annexes to this project plan has been constructed, see Annex 2.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	c1d3f2d3172da7131f6123091dbb7fc4	Since the 1980s, a narrow range of fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policy tools, and a limited role for the state were the essential components of the tool kit. Macroeconomic objectives were narrower than in previous eras and typical goals included fiscal discipline, inflation targeting, and market liberalization. The lessons ofthe last three decades have taught us, however, that the state has a key role to play in facilitating a development strategy that promotes greater equality with attention to sustainability goals.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	c1d41b0285d24e239ecee0347c4f2ccb	Given that the Ministry of Education sets in law learning objectives and competencies to be attained by students and that this is externally assessed, there is no need also to regulate the input of textbooks in the learning process. This should go alongside procedures for the Ministry to accredit textbooks as valid options for schools to choose from. Where the market in the Slovak Republic for a potential textbook is too small to be financially viable, teachers and students could be provided with downloadable on-line materials. Teachers should be encouraged to share self-created teaching materials, especially if there are insufficient funds for the Ministry of Education to commission such materials from experts.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	c1d571b88a4651e4dc16b367f1efb268	"Decentralisation policies have ""normalised"" nomadic areas by ending a situation that had persisted since the colonial era, a type of administrative exception. Indirect military governance became established in nomadic areas through tribal leaders, without territorialised administration. The colonial management model was based on a surveillance system known as the ""law and order"" approach (Gagnol, 2009), differentiating between the administration of nomadic zones and ""useful"" sedentary zones (Marty, 1999)."	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	c1d98ececc9f11e751a368481e013ff5	Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific: Turning Resource Constraints and the Climate Crisis into Economic Growth Opportunities. Available from www.unescap.org/esd/publications/ environment/lcgg-roadmap/Roadmap_FINAL_l 5_6_12.pdf. Available from www.un.org/millennium goals/reports.shtml.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	c1dba49ceca5f21df7233c82a808e20b	This includes direct and indirect transfer of funds and liabilities, tax breaks, price and market support measures, as w'ell as other regulations giving an advantage to fossil fuels. Using the price-gap approach, the IEA provides a global estimate of subsidies to fossil fuels at USD 325 bln in 2015, a figure that is limited only to consumer subsidies, and only to developing countries (IEA, 2016b, p. 97). The IEA also estimates worldwide subsidies for renewables at USD 150 bln in the same year (IEA, 2016b, p. 97).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	c1dd4ed4c48d416f41147fb7eee1ac18	Primary care nurses performed better diagnostic and prescribing functions with quick access to tools and health information resources to the point of care. This innovative strategy is likely to be more successful in countries where the medical infrastructure is not well developed. Countries with comparatively well-developed medical infrastructure usually face more challenges and resistance to implementing and enforcing innovative policies due to different positions among special-interest groups.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2012-47-en	c1df11001f77ad12d8524f055d075192	In around 2008, the income of the 90th (i.e. richest) centile of households was three times higher than the income of the 10th (i.e. poorest) centile of households in several Eastern European and Nordic countries (Figure 5.4). But this ratio stood above 6 for Chile, Israel,6 Mexico and Hirkey. Also, cross-country differences in the share of top income earners (99th centile) in total income are very wide, ranging from 4.5% for Sweden to 18.1% for the United States (Box 5.1).	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	c1df66f19cbe35369f8a361e3db14311	The latter sector is essential to many households' livelihoods and acts as a safety net for the poorest rural dwellers. The dynamic rural economy is composed of specialist firms run by entrepreneurs with relatively high skill levels. These businesses tend to be small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are larger in scope and scale than traditional household or microenterprises (World Bank, 2007).	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	c1e125b77c96e49e766e64510e276d95	Researchers in Norway disagree with some of the interpretations made by the DET on the AfL programme and some researchers also disagree about the implementation strategy used by the DET. These mixed signals are challenging for schools. The programme initiated by the Directorate for Education and Training has, to some extent, succeeded in setting up an infrastructure for knowledge development in the teaching profession. School leaders and teachers who have been involved in the project know some of the theoretical literature and research on assessment, and are able to find new literature and build on theories that can give new insights in their daily work with students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	c1e2447dee9015393ca310ee3cccbc98	In relative terms, DDC represented around 1% of total French bilateral ODA (OECD, 2017). Decentralised Development Co-operation targeting water and sanitation sectors reached a total of USD 12.25 million in 2015. This represented 1.5% of French ODA targeting the water sector, and 21% of total DDC reported by France in 2015 (Figure 5.2). As reported by the Treasury of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Creditor Reporting System only tracks aid extended by LRGs, and does not include financial flows by French basin agencies. It is worth noting that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses the same figures as PS-Eau when reporting water DDC flows. Over the period 2006-16, PS-Eau reported that LRGs of all sizes and basin agencies in France spent close to EUR 250 million on drinking water supply and sanitation services in developing countries, of which 80% (EUR 200 million) were mobilised thanks to the Oudin-Santini Law.	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	c1e299566f5203a0111c53c727055d92	Nonetheless, it the most isolated people and those belonging to most wealthy socioeconomic group also have a disproportionately high perceptions of exclusion. Thus, objective situations of social isolation that have been mentioned in the literature as factors that diminish capacities to deal with the crisis among the poorest population groups and influence the reproduction of poverty, would strengthen the effect of relative deprivation. This is expressed in psychologically negative sentiments, but.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	c1e45de77f73831f305546ad93c23a7b	We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF's Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of International Transport Forum member countries.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	c1e4d14c850168184b1316c692550a98	These values are increased by an additional TND 9.375, TND 18.750 and TND 23.475 per quarter for the first, second and third child, respectively, in the case of single earner families (or approximately EUR 4.34, EUR 8.67 and EUR 10.85 respectively). Finally, some specific help with childcare costs (TND 15, or EUR 6.94 a month for up to 11 months for each eligible child) is available for employees earning less than two times the minimum wage (SMIG) and whose children are aged between two and 36 months. In comparison to an estimated cost of nursery care of TND 70-80 (EUR 32-37) per month and per child (excluding canteen costs),41 these payments are relatively small and young parents (aged under 28) are not eligible for any of these benefits anyway.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0905f827-en	c1ec4dced5a7ccd7d1bb7971568680e2	It then analyses the potential of financial inclusion as a development tool, along with the mechanisms through which the capacities of small-scale rural producers can be enhanced to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and an analysis of the best practices identified from them. The remaining chapters summarize the key findings of case studies on the institutional architecture available to foster financial inclusion in Costa Rica (Vasquez Rivera and others, 2017), El Salvador (Argumedo, 2017), Honduras (Valenzuela and Cruz, 2017), the Dominican Republic (Reyes Luna, 2017) and Mexico (Campos, 2017). This is why the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015) stresses the urgent need to provide small-scale rural producers with the means to overcome the barriers that restrict their access to productive resources, specialized inputs, knowledge, financing and markets (IFAD, 2016a).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	c1ed93ae6f8ce760f30002c5d81c4177	A study in rural Malawi found that parents have many concerns regarding a daughter's schooling even before puberty (Grant, 2012). Lack of safety in schools, the negative influence of classmates, perceptions of sexual activity and loss of parental control shape parental predictions about how long daughters would remain in school, and weakened parental motivation to encourage them to do so. For example, in South Africa, a survey of parent engagement in their children's schooling found that the parents' gender, age, living standard and marital status all had an influence, with younger mothers participating most and fathers least (Mmotlane, Winnaar, & Kivilu, 2009). Ethnographic research in South Africa suggests other factors underlying parental detachment from educational institutions include low literacy levels, teachers' high status in the community and assumptions around the inherent quality of education.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	c1ee388930bb0d5350567d2ec43048ca	However, this standard was not always applied in the previous updates. Correcting this lack of harmonisation has led to several revisions of scores in many countries. Third, whenever employers can avoid enforcement of reinstatement orders by simply paying compensation or can choose between compensation and reinstatement, a score equal to 0 is normally attributed to the indicator measuring the extent of reinstatement. Specific methodological features of the 2013 update round and the revision of published indicators (cont.) Published” refers to scores as published in Venn (2009). The summary indicator is obtained as a weighted average of EPRC and EPT, with weights 7/12 and 5/12.The data refer to 2009 in the case of France and Portugal.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	c1ef56afb173075f4b5d18512e5051f7	For example, they might benefit singlemother families, families of unmarried couples and families composed of children and their grandmothers. Yet, depending on the formal requirements for registering, they might in practice exclude families of same-sex partners. There are very few programmes, such as the Tarjeta Uruguay Social (TUS), that recognize the vulnerability of trans people, giving them access to the cash transfer programme even when there are no children in the family.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	c1f3f31bf99ad0438d1f7f6e31cbfbd5	This may require a component of community education, as some MoEs have indicated that there is often parental pressure for schools to maintain a strong focus on preparing students for exams. However, the success of a number of initiatives focused on introducing sustainable livelihoods in the curriculum, as well as attitudinal surveys, such as one which UNESCO has carried out on HIV/AIDS education, suggest that a focus on life skills may be a good entry point for bridging school-based and community-based ESD. Under this programme, the Education Development Centre (EDC) has assigned interested CSOs to particular schools to work with students on a selected ESD-related project.	13	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	c1f42359f481f847d37696f173b9d487	Leadership: there needs to be both formal and informal political leadership from within government and/or from other stakeholders to ensure the legitimacy of the NUP process and effectiveness of implementation. Inclusive and equitable: NUPs need to be inclusive and enable stakeholders to effectively engage in the process, making sure all voices are heard. Priority issues: a NUP should be people-centred; it needs to complement and not replicate strong sectorial strategies in areas such as infrastructure, water, energy, health, education, housing or social and economic inclusion policies.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	c1f60496c5d6f31039556264b8b64357	This practice was seen as requiring knowledge integration, decision-making, working together with others, and communicating with patients (Barrows, 1983; Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). Yet, medical students lacked clinical reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. There was concern that medical schools put a too heavy emphasis on memorisation of -potentially irrelevant or soon-to-be-outdated - facts instead of skills necessary to practice medicine (Barrows, 1983; Savery, 2006).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-26-en	c1f71483dc2def10d9ecdd4df9aa70d6	However, the development of price at first sale, the level of the fuel costs, and the evolution of interest rates are likely to continue to be other important factors for profitability. The new agency will have a broad mandate to work with issues linked to the management of the waters, fisheries, environmental issues and marine spatial planning. Landings abroad, mainly in Denmark, were dominant, representing 60% of total landings in volume.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	c1f7f23a0231151496077ab777eb6aba	In order to address this question, it is helpful to look more closely at the mechanics of the sectoral transformation, in particular the structural changes within agriculture that accompany the intersectoral shifts described previously. At the outset of the development process, productivity growth in agriculture leads to the generation of surpluses that induce a demand for other goods and services. Longer term changes on the supply side are less clear.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088726-24-en	c1fa22ec67abf6e3155e6c14325f4783	Thirdly, high aquaculture production volumes contribute to the policy objective ‘food security'. There is however an ongoing discussion about the ‘fishmeal trap’, which questions the ethical acceptability of using fish from capture fisheries for the production of high-value fish. Finally, aquaculture product safety and hygiene is important to ensure consumer protection.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3f38d339-en	c1fcf31d40575f4ae76198ec43d4c7f0	The advantage is that transporting water is less strenuous for the elderly and children and allows transportation of a larger quantity of water, thereby reducing the number of trips needed. These innovations have somewhat assisted those with basic drinking water needs, but the lack of access to safely managed drinking water is still a persisting problem.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	c2009065bca859d8b4308070d6379180	This has both increased the cost-competitiveness of off-grid technologies and broadened the range of technologies available to satisfy different energy needs (table 3.1). Increasingly, larger SHSs are also being used by community facilities, such as schools and rural health centres in unelectrified rural areas (Bhatia and Angelou, 2015). However, policies have also played a critical role, particularly through awareness-raising, quality-assurance programmes, grants and soft loans, and tariffs and tax reductions (Scott and Miller, 2016; Africa Progress Panel, 2017).15 While by no means transformational, household ownership of basic energy systems can provide meaningful savings and welfare improvements.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	c2017fa69855b6a46b886f10d2b31a8d	In the professional realm, fields of study that are more likely to be chosen by young women, such as humanities and social sciences, may not be as appealing to employers as the male-dominated technical and scientific disciplines. Thus, their skills are seldom the primary barrier to their participation in the economy. At the same time that the youth population has expanded and become more educated, domestic and foreign companies have expressed an increasing unwillingness to invest in the region.209 The overall scarcity of jobs can exacerbate traditional barriers faced by women in the workplace.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/16f915a4-en	c2065013325b8021880de93284029029	To maintain the long-term resilience and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem, the ecological benefits of forests are not adequately balanced against commercial and recreation interests to achieve conservation goals, especially those related to clear-cutting patterns and the age limit of harvested species. Still, the formulation of these key documents for the forestry sector mainly involved institutional actors, and professional forestry and academic communities, and lacked active participation of the private sector, local communities and civil society organizations. Also, the consideration of cross-sectoral aspects such as biodiversity conservation and climate change was insufficient and a monitoring system for the Forestry Development Strategic Plan’s implementation is not yet defined. The status of the forestry industry has been at the centre of political debate in recent years, as it is considered rather underdeveloped given the vastness of the resources.	15	0	4	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	c2086554b1e9b56f3d14a0708c398bca	It seeks to examine how they have performed in the global economic conditions of 2014-15 and to identify trends in their performance. The chapter is split into two parts: the first is thematic and focuses on areas ranging from economic growth to the environment; the second examines these themes in their regional contexts and discusses small states in each of the Commonwealth regions - namely, Africa, Europe, the Caribbean and Americas, the Pacific and Asia. In 2014, the global growth rate was 2.6 per cent, while 2015 saw the growth rate decline to 2.5 per cent (World Bank 2016a). Central to the global economy’s weak performance has been China’s sharper-than-expected slowdown, the largely unforeseen and unprecedented oil price decline, tightening global financial conditions and rising geopolitical tensions.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	c20cd09569628bb452da6c800da34c15	The programme’s design emphasises interaction among various sectors and has helped build social capital and social networks that can be used to move other projects forward at the public sector and community levels. Yet, crosssector/inter-institutional interaction has been scarce. Clear and complementary roles for other sector institutions like the MTT, the MOP, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Development and the Regional Governments should be established.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	c20f7c0c24236939365577ac22e27425	These grants finance quality certification processes, product and process development and pre-competitive R&D. The grants have a maximum amount of $150,000 and should not exceed 50 per cent of the total value of the project. The remaining share must be invested by the beneficiary. More than 540 projects have received funding, at a total of $12 million, through this programme.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	c21105b072ea58ca6e1d2f96509c9355	However, seizing these low-hanging fruit opportunities has exacerbated the urban-rural divide with respect to access to electricity. In all developing regions, electrification rates are significantly lower in rural areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, while 58.3 per cent of people living in cities have access to electricity, only 8 per cent of those living in rural areas have similar access (table 1). One of the most commonly cited successful electrification programmes is that of China, which has reached a rate of more than 98 per cent in less than two decades (1985-2000).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	c214486413d1d57766f06a1a9c8d4b9f	"Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 53. See also ""Beijing and its follow-up"", available from www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/ (accessed 8 November 2013), and Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence, Translating International Law into Local Justice (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 21. In the earlier global 1975 and 1980 world conferences on women, gender violence was not treated as a major issue. Country visits by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women have shown that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata (A/66/215)."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	c218dd8009e22684e71ec1660c26329a	Prices reflect changes in demand and supply of water entitlements and contracts are exchanged between buyer and seller. Trades of entitlements (and lease or transfers) are subject to approval by licensing authorities (both the buyers and sellers, as these may be different). Thus, a change of owners implies the transfer of the permit, but the competent authority has to be notified.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	c21b867c8670035baa762494d91894fc	The larger geographic scale at which metropolitan planning is conducted offers a useful lens for a comprehensive vision of the diverse policy streams at play in the functional territory. Throughout the OECD, the focus of spatial planning is increasingly shifting from imposing restrictions towards promoting development - at least in the official rhetoric. In practice, when metropolitan spatial plans do exist, they may still be narrowly framed around physical infrastructure and remain disconnected from regional development plans and/or economic development plans, which sometimes command larger funding (e.g. in the case of EU countries that receive Structural Funds).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	c220beceff9bca5dfa440eb2842a49f4	However, a cash-for-care payment may be made to parents taking care of a child until he/she reaches his or her third birthday. In Sweden, a municipal child-raising allowance (“vardnadsbidrag”) was reinstituted since 2008 on top of the statutory period of leave. Since 2009, the country’s municipalities have been able to choose whether or not to allocate benefit to parents with a child of between one and three years old who do not use publicly funded childcare services and who have already used 250 days of parental leave to care for the child.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	c22479dc92cfc81916a42b34b13634ef	In addition, regional networks such as the planned Pacific Network of Island Universities Higher Education for Sustainable Development Framework or informal networks such as the one established through the Mainstreaming Environmental Sustainability in Caribbean Universities (MESCA) audit discussed below, provide opportunities for the continued sharing of experiences between institutions for the strengthening of ESD-oriented programmes. This process has already begun, evidenced by the Network of Island Universities (NIU) EDULINK project, which brings together USP along with the National University of Samoa and the University of Papua New Guinea, resulting in new course offerings focused on thematic areas related to sustainability. As a regional centre of expertise on ESD under the UNESCO model, USP has made important contributions to advancing ESD in the region. Currently, both the Caribbean and AIMS regions lack such a centre, and one source in the Caribbean has suggested that this is something that should be explored further.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/dcd2f275-en	c2255dd24f98be4d2d32ae6cf7fd0e84	Again, women have borne the heaviest brunt of these risks. The digital divide is a manifestation of deeply unequal societies and of policy failure. Globally, action on developing and effecting requisite policies to address the aforementioned challenges is stalling. If half of the world’s population has yet to gain access to what can be dubbed “enabling technologies”, as discussed above, how, then, will new technologies benefit them?	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	c22764d1fa8ae4c364844440a39f4ea9	Premierement, elle soutient que le Chili a besoin d'augmenter la redistribution des revenus par le biais de son systeme fiscal et de transferts vers des niveaux qui prevalent dans d'autres augmentations de 1'OCDE. Bien que les transferts sociaux existants soient efficaces dans la lutte contre la pauvrete, leur taille reste faible et de nombreux menages au bas de l'echelle ne sont pas atteints par eux. Deuxiemement, le chapitre fait valoir que les revenus du travail devraient etre moins disparate, car ils expliquent environ 70% de l'inegalite des revenus. Cela devrait etre fait en mettant a jour la legislation du travail, mais aussi en donnant aux travailleurs peu qualifies et en leur permettant d'accroitre leur productivity, grace a l'acquisition de competences adequates.	5	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	c228077a8902ac3daef4ecdd2be81c52	According to our estimates, if broadband penetration were to grow by 20 per cent, the impact on the rate of change of unemployment would be a further 0.138. Thus we would expect such a deployment of broadband to result in a reduction of unemployment from the original 3.89 per cent to 4.03 per cent. This data base was constructed by compiling data for each of Chile's regions (except for the metropolitan areas due to the lack of quarterly data) from 2001 until the fourth quarter of 2009. In addition, an alternative model was proposed aimed to study possible effects of human capital and specialization on the level of employment.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-27-en	c22855f883b8fe6a0f149d1c46fbc2fd	This could be achieved through natural resource sustainability, updating the regulatory framework to protect the sector's interests abroad, the integration of productive chains, the continued support for innovative projects throughout the country, and encouraging regional development by promoting small-scale projects within the rural sector. National production in recent years has remained constant with a slight upward trend mainly because of growth in aquaculture production. Major species include shrimp, clams, crab and tuna. ( The main destinations of Mexican fish products exports included the United States, Hong Kong and Spain. Exports included species such as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardine. (	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c22abe38a607dcaa4799a2445f85bc5b	As a follow-up action to the 2009 High Level Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen, the government has given a commitment to reducing GHG emissions from peat, energy, waste, forestry, industry and agriculture by 26% in 2020. As a step to achieve this, MoA has been entrusted with the task of reducing GHG emissions by 29.3 million tonnes of CO2 from agriculture and 55.6 million tonnes of CO2 from peat during 2010-14 (MoA, 2010). The potential impacts of climate change on agriculture are a major concern to the government.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	c22bd9e4803d323dfdd649a8b0e8dee4	In some instances, Viet Nam has implemented tariff reductions ahead of the committed timetable. Tariff cuts may also have been employed on occasion to reduce inflationary pressures in the domestic economy or to mitigate fluctuations in domestic energy prices. However, a number of tariff rate increases since 2008 seem primarily motivated by a willingness to afford higher protection to certain domestic sectors, e.g. meat producers.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	c22c308ac61c3a74274637e22ab40ce0	Yet, the job characteristics valued by women and men have repeatedly been shown to differ.12 In particular, higher levels of job satisfaction expressed by women may reflect job characteristics that are normally unmeasured by standard employment and earnings statistics. On the other hand, women are more likely than men to identify the flexibility of work schedule, social relations at work and the significance of the task as the most important aspects of a job (Bender et al., These differences in job preferences may result from womens’ desire to integrate work and family life (Garey, 1999).	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	c22cb61b59ec4d2ce627e0b2c758b198	Collaboration is the watchwordfor developmental continuity, and is explored here for a range of actors involved in child development, including children themselves, their parents, ECEC and primary school staff, and community services. The chapter draivs on a survey of OECD countries and partner countries to outline key trends across jurisdictions, as well as similarities and differences. It describes five main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are hindering developmental continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5e354935-en	c22d4ea358d7614f0910a95e4a261747	Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Jane Ellis, Simon Buckle, Christina Hood, Raphael Jachnik, Lauren McNicoll, Mariana Mirabile, Andrew Prag, Guillaume Simon and Manasvini Vaidyula. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the September 2017 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change for their comments on earlier versions of this paper, in particular delegates and experts from the following countries and organisations: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Moldova, Mexico, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, CITEPA, ICAT, ODI, UNDP and UNFCCC Secretariat.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	c22daf7757acf2fc41434adc31325cd1	Despite the importance of human capital in delivering quality, competitive tourism services, less attention has been paid to identifying new ways of organising and managing human resources within the sector to support innovation, boost productivity and enhance competitiveness. The hospitality sector - accommodation and food service activities - is used as a proxy for tourism, in the absence of more detailed and comparable information on tourism related employment. Tourism is composed of many branches and also includes the activities of travel agencies and tour operators, passenger transportation and cultural, sport and recreational services.	8	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	c230ac3b68f65a9eaaf450f36db66b21	The broader entitlements approach proposed by Dreze and Sen does not specify a particular cause of famine, just a framework that identifies it as a w idespread failure of entitlements for a substantial part of the population. The causes are diverse, including droughts, floods, general inflationary pressure, sharp recessionary loss of employment, war, and can occur even without a decline in food output or availability per head. Food production is not only a source of food supply, but for large sections of the population it is also the main source of livelihood.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	c231ac8c60464cddf6d52e4cde2be973	Finally, New Zealand witnessed rising MPS, but from a very low level and almost entirely due to falling poultry world prices in combination with an appreciation of the currency relative to the US dollar. Per cent changes of nominal values expressed in national currency. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9f796186-en	c233fa024786d37a5cb78a6c7f6649e0	The largest recipient by ESCAP subregion was South-East Asia, followed by South and South-West Asia. By sector, the top five were energy, transport, real estate, logistics and metals, in that order. The emphasis seems to have shifted in recent years from securing raw materials towards broader productivity cooperation and infrastructure development.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	c238ab75ebb8825edf3be47306d11a82	The Fund has programmed around 33 percent of its approved finance for agriculture, food security and sustainable land management outcomes. The main international multilateral forestry funds include the Forest Investment Program, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Global Environment Facility and the UN-REDD Programme. The UN-REDD Programme approved an average of US$ 15.6 million per year and the FCPF's Readiness Fund an average of US$26 million per year between 2010 and 2014.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283343-en	c23b24972088ddb88dffb3d3aed56ae2	This proportion is much lower among 15-year-old girls (7%) than boys (16%). However, physical activity among adults in Denmark is higher than in most other EU countries, with nearly 80% of adults reporting doing at least moderate physical activity each week. The exception is regular heavy drinking among adults, which appears to be equally prevalent across different socioeconomic groups. Smoking rates among those with the lowest level of education are more than double the rates among the most educated.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	c23bbd68718aa686e32f9afa1b532ce7	The impacts of such assessments on students vary. In cases where students are provided with effective support for their learning, the results can be positive. However, if having a learning difficulty means students are withdrawn from regular classroom instruction and face lower expectations, a less demanding curriculum and lower-quality teachers, this can have a very negative impact on them. This is particularly the case when linguistic differences or the effects of trauma, such as witnessing violence, are interpreted as lack of ability.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	c23bf4cbd43d85c1cdb0d4c4190e3f27	It recommends a distinct set of actions on the basis of four types of settlements: agglomerations, cities of secondaiy importance (centres of oblasts), small towns and monotow ns. Most of the proposed actions were intended to revise legislation and create better conditions for uiban development. However, they were not fully realised. The RDP w;as extended by including sectorial programs, and the main implementation focus was switched to construction of infrastructure rather than development of institutional conditions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276208-3-en	c242c3a471e4e67466ab980e77841d39	The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high and pressures from human activities are projected to grow. Though no single definition exists, MPAs are generally described as any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means so that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. In addition to protecting habitats, and buffering against storms and erosion, MPAs can help ensure the provision of multiple other ecosystem services that are fundamental for human well-being, including for fisheries, tourism, recreation and carbon storage.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	c2450897bf5f1e830e2da1f3efb62f58	See J.H. Reichman, “The International Legal Status of Undisclosed Clinical Trial Data: From Private to Public Good?” [ However, in order for a competitor to be able to market a generic copy of the drug, the local DRA must still make a judgment about the efficacy and safety of the generic product, and this decision may require the authority to rely on the regulatory decisions made by a DRA in a country where the originator has actually been granted regulatory approval. Again, the originator company may argue that the generic producer free rides on the originator’s efforts, even though the domestic DRA in these cases makes no direct use of the test data in question (rather, it uses the foreign decision that is based on such test data).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	c247de975ac0cf2bab46508d12c760d6	However, a recent study in South Africa shows that many young fathers want to be active parents and have a strong sense of responsibility towards their children but they are unable to provide financially. Moreover they are frequently rejected by the mothers' families if unable to contribute financially (Swartz et al., Many comprise three generations or multiple adults in addition to or in place of an adolescent's parent.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	c2496756f164e0d33695546cffb3c996	Further progress could be achieved in mapping and aligning incentives for citizens, providers, municipalities, cantons and insurers. In particular, financial and organisational incentives for prevention and ambulatory care could be revised, e.g. through joint responsibilisation at the local level. As advocated in the new European Health Policy of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health 2020), platforms will be needed to improve policy development and practices across cantons and municipalities.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-6-en	c24a7d4220900c729a12992d37253315	This can be accomplished through the development of a more regular and systematic approach to monitoring process dimensions of quality; additional attention to the continuing development needs of its teaching workforce; by strengthening connections between ECEC and the health care system, and by strengthening the diagnosis and support of children with special needs. The infant mortality rate, which provides an overall indication of child health, is relatively low in Lithuania, at 3.3 deaths per 1 000 births in 2015 as compared to 9.8 on average in Europe, and has declined dramatically over the last twenty years, from 12.4 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1995 (WHO, 2016). Child poverty among young children has been declining in Lithuania. While 28% of children under age 6 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2010 (i.e. at risk of deprivation, including low levels of stimulation in-home environments, poor nutrition and health care, and exposure to economic stress), the share had decreased to 19% by 2014, below' the EU-28 average of 26% (Eurostat, 2016a).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	c24ee9ce4155201ca3c327f738f4ff01	Tasks are divided in some instances, but are unclear overall. For example, river management requires the consideration of sufficient water quantity, flood control and the environmental functions of rivers. However, this is difficult to achieve in ecological restoration of rivers, especially when no national committee or policy organisation structure exists to bring the different actors together and create room for regular dialogue to prevent and manage possible overlaps.	6	3	3	0.0
10.18356/19c562f5-en	c24f21e3fc86ee29e67c25c9e61ca166	Water resources are very limited owing to the country's geographical conditions and climate. The climate of Turkmenistan is continental and extremely dry. This is due to the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation, the intracontinental location of the country, the nature of the underlying surface, and the presence of mountain ranges in the south-east and south.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	c25132320d0fc2df79287eb5418b4aeb	Pensions may be unavailable to women who have performed unpaid care work for much of their lives or who have worked in the informal sector. Older men are more likely to have pensions as a benefit of their paid formal work. This can be a source of fulfilment but also takes a physical toll and may come with little recognition.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	c254bca658add7db64ca11b53886773a	Communities set the tariffs, determine the budget, and introduce changes in the water supply systems (extension, household connections). In the short term, it is expected that the government will further decentralise the rural water supply and sanitation sector. There are already examples of water supply systems which, a year after they have been rehabilitated, are in very poor operating condition with standpipes broken, well doors missing, pumps out of order, etc. Furthermore, the remnants of welfare mentality and the desire to receive services for free are still strong. National regulators can remove regulatory constraints by setting clear rules for water operators, irrespective of ownership.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264190658-9-en	c254cb39d24124bb57ff5df4b717bb41	In most jurisdictions, teachers reach the first level of accreditation from the relevant authority upon graduation from an approved initial teacher education programme. Currently, each teacher registration authority has its own distinct set of standards for registration/accreditation, however, from 2013 jurisdictions will be progressively introducing the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers2 (the Standards) which will provide a national measure for teachers’ professional practice and knowledge. Advancement to frill registration (or professional competence) is achieved after a period of employed teaching practice and, from 2013, an appraisal against the Standards at Proficient level. In all states and territories, after teachers have initially become registered within their jurisdiction, they must renew their registration.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	c25739887e52386d25f66bed1a3a0f6f	While the NHS Wales Planning Framework seems a useful step towards clarifying planning expectations, there still seems to be scope for the government to be more prescriptive about exactly what is expected -in terms of financing and budget allocation, performance and efficiency, and quality achievement and improvement - from Health Boards and the providers they oversee. The Welsh Government is already beginning to explore some of these issues for the health system as a whole, and for Health Boards, in the consultation document (Green Paper) “Our Health, Our Health Service” (Welsh Government, 2015 a), and with the Integrated Medium Term Plans. More also needs to be done to support Health Boards as they try to deliver meaningful, and more significant, system change, with a focus on good collaboration between the Welsh Government and the Health Boards, building technical, managerial and leadership capacity in Health Boards, and sharing of experiences and expertise across Health Boards and system-wide. Other OECD countries also struggle with the balance between national standards (and control), and local freedom and innovation, and some offer lessons that Wales could learn from (Box 3.1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	c25797e0f260a449629fb879f78f32b3	Estas preguntas se situan en el contexto de la literatura sobre el sesgo de genero en la migracion y la reproduccion social (Kofman y Raghuram, 2015) y la proteccion social de las personas migrantes (Sabates-Wheeler y Feldman, 2011), y se apoyan de un modo especial en el concepto de agotamiento de la reproduccion social (Rai et al., Refugees from Ethiopia usually travel first to a neighbouring country such as Egypt, Kenya, Sudan or Yemen, where some may register with the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), while others attempt to make lives for themselves in the country or to move on to other destinations such as South Africa or Europe. Since 1991, Ethiopians have also been free to legally emigrate abroad in search of work, and a large migration corridor opened up as young Ethiopian women began working on contracts as migrant domestic workers (MDWs) in the Middle East. Dubai, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the primary destinations, though women also find employment in other countries of the Middle East.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/60a8d482-en	c2586a01850b82ff7fb68a71d5863659	In practice, however, credits accrue to women to a much greater extent than men, given that women take on the larger share of caring work. Social pensions are particularly significant in countries where the coverage of contributory social insurance schemes is limited and the majority of the labour force is in informal employment. Because individuals with limited contributory records tend to be concentrated among low-income groups, non-contributory social pensions are essential for old-age poverty prevention. Older women have been at the forefront of these mobilizations.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c25cc1512dcb43478a25a9dfb3f85a6c	Total assets of KazAgro equalled USD 2.5 billion at the beginning of 2011, of which around 90% were concentrated in only three companies, FCC, KAF and ACC (Figure 2.2). Thus, of total wheat purchases carried out by the FCC between 1998 and 2011, three-quarters represented commercial purchases. Similarly, in addition to preferential lending, KAF and ACC run credit schemes based on commercial terms. These three companies are themselves large borrowers of commercial credit. Agro-Technical University had been in the past subordinated to Ministry of Agriculture, but is now subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science. Most of these agencies represent diversified territorial networks.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/524212d8-en	c25df2dd7ad6c68c928fde4c510f12e1	Universally, tourism has both a direct and indirect impact on employment and the beneficiaries are both international and local labour. There is considerable evidence to suggest that a rise in tourist arrivals leads to a rise in employment in the host destination and vice versa. Tourism can also be highly capital intensive and can lead to a significant inflow of Foreign Direct Investment. The combination makes tourism a highly desired industry by most governments.	12	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	c25fe9ad3f3a8360312f68914646177d	Access to land and assets on death or divorce are significantly gendered social protection issues and the likely outcome determines behaviour well before the event. Women who perceived that their husbands would get all the assets in a divorce also felt they had less control over their lives. Girls, in households where the women perceive the custody of an asset (land, livestock, or the house) would be given to the husband on a divorce, were more likely to fall behind their cohort in terms of the highest grades obtained (Kumar and Quisumbing 2012). The process requires that the land be registered in the names of both spouses.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	c25ff6331c68f16ce6d5fd446fb1d646	An Israeli study found that the health care costs for diabetes patients on dialysis were almost six times greater than diabetic patients not on dialysis (Chodick et al., As dialysis and kidney transplant are highly substitutable treatments for many ESRF patients, a number of studies have looked at their cost-effectiveness. Many studies found that kidney transplant is more cost-effective than dialysis across countries including Australia (Howard et al., According to a cross-national review (Winkelmayer et al., It should be noted that these treatment options are not alternatives for all patients but depend on medical and other eligibility criteria.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/85159453-en	c25ffae719e2ee0f46370440686cc90d	Mongolian forests harbour 140 species of trees and shrubs; the main forest-forming species are larch (Larix sibirica) - the dominant tree species in Mongolia , pine (Pinus silvestris), cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, poplar, elm and willow. Mongolian fauna consists of 138 mammal species, 75 fish species, 21 reptile species, 6 amphibian species, over 500 bird species, over 13,000 insect species and about 30 species of molluscs. As for Mongolian fauna, as many as 41 animal species (11 mammal, 25 bird, 2 fish and 3 invertebrate) are considered globally threatened: 4 species are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 12 species as Endangered (EN) and 25 species as Vulnerable (VU). A further 28 fauna species are categorized as NT, 8 as DD and 509 as LC.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	c26407478533d8a4d5a010901a8fdef8	Section 3.5 in Chapter 3 also discussed information systems in more detail. The country has in recent years put in motion a renovation of their information systems in order to consolidate them and thus improve quality and transparency of public infonnation. A digital platform has been developed by the Costa Rican Government to increase the use of electronic technologies, electronic registers and communications.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	c26a7874db26ff9eb01966d83666cbfd	The problem is rather the existence of a large number of people in emerging countries that depend on farming for a living but whose farms do not generate enough income to attain a minimally acceptable level of income. This paper aims to identify the main obstacles that constrain smallholders in emerging countries from accessing commercial structures and, ultimately, improving their standard of living. The study begins with contextual information about dualism, and then goes on to focus more specifically on the challenges and constraints facing smallholders, including through five country case studies.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	c26c8f60f0658a8f48f9594d27dff4f6	In the poorest group, the differences between aspirations of expectations claimed by individuals with different levels of perceived exclusion are small. An alternative explanation is that the gap between aspirations of expectations could be revealed by using a circumstantial indicator, which is consistent with the distinction proposed earlier between the normative and cognitive components of expectations. Thus, given suitable opportunities, the most underprivileged should change their expectations and act accordingly. These figures are not comparable with those of previous years because of a change sd in the household survey. Similarly, figures for 2001 refer to the fourth quarter, whereas those the 2005 to 2007 relate to the entire year.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	c26e8d14cf86f071ffaaa0295e629561	One example of such an initiative was the development grants awarded by the Teacher Development Agency in the United Kingdom, which provided funding to trainers for development in the area of ICT without specifying the exact content. This had a positive impact on the development of new tools and resources for use in teaching and teacher education as it encouraged staff, such as teacher trainers, to become more active in researching the field. At the policy level, it is important that teachers and trainers are provided with incentives for development that are flexible and not too prescriptive. The existence of strong ICT national policies and strategies has been an important driver in some cases, particularly when developed bottom-up.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/08756197-en	c271788e3a83fad8941d30942a950e63	In 2012, 48.4 per cent of deaths were of females and 51.6 per cent of males. About 52.3 per cent of deaths occurred in urban populations while 47.7 per cent were in rural populations. Around one third of deaths (33.8 per cent) are related to symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings that are not classified by specific origin.	3	0	10	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	c272a2afe4b68bbf3255db191dbb3fcd	Typically, some farmers adopt it quickly, while others wait for extension or the results of their neighbours to convince them to do so. They are crucial to facilitating the dissemination of new technologies and their learning and adoption by farmers. They provide a link between the generation of innovations by national and international research institutions and their mastery and adoption by producers at the farm level. They have been introduced on less than one third of the area planted with cereal grains in the developing world (Zepeda, 2001).	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	c274447146aae3c106c75ad3b81809bb	Descriptions or mechanisms that relied on the interpretation and opinion of the authors were treated as theoretical insights (hypotheses), rather than evidence. We employed snowball sampling to identify additional studies for further explanation building, such as tracking references in footnotes, endnotes, and references of potentially relevant articles. The protocol was registered in the Prospero database (CRD42015024511). For the quantitative evidence, we report impacts for all qualifying IPV indicators analyzed as part of the study; however we do not present results for each sub-sample or heterogeneity analysis. In addition, the choice of which subsample analysis is explored is left to authors, thus we may not capture an unbiased picture of potential heterogeneous effects when comparing results side by side. Finally, the methodology utilized to analyze subsamples varies by study.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264283411-en	c274d553e6b7b88ebabc7d9ccb7a49a7	However, barriers to accessing care mainly affect the lowest income group: 6.8% of people with low income reported unmet needs for medical care, compared with only 0.8% among the highest income group (Figure 9), with financial barriers being the most important reason for such unmet medical care needs. However, there are large geographical differences in waiting times for these procedures, with over a three-fold difference between regions with the longest and shortest waiting times. Out-of-pocket payments, which include direct payments, cost-sharing for services outside the benefit package, as well as informal payments, account for 29% of all health spending in Hungary, nearly twice as high as the EU average at 15% (Figure 10).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	c2773d3d651c2e25e1617caa1e58fd45	Some municipalities have also introduced postcode area policies and “central application” for registering students to a certain school on the basis of school needs and characteristics rather than giving full school choice to families (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wctcnschap, 2008(9oi). In two other Dutch cities, Nijmegen and Deventer, the local government enforced integration as a criterion in the school choice process, with the aim of having 70% native students along with 30% immigrant students (Ladd, Fiske and Ruijs, 2009[7oj). More specifically, all primary schools in Nijmegen have agreed on a central subscription system based on the distribution of students in different categories in order to reach a share of 30% of disadvantaged students in each school.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	c27b9f0b7d1c9b7bd610cbf6f23c3132	It is also recommended for MPI to establish a knowledge sharing platform where provinces can share their PPGAP experience (e.g., methodology, development processes) with other provinces, so that they can efficiently develop their PGGAPs with less external resources. A central support team could be organised with the involvement of relevant ministries (for example, the Ministry of Construction for urban green growth) which provides training as well as some hands-on support to develop PGGAPs. The central support team, together with the knowledge sharing platform, can ensure effective knowledge exchange and capacity building at the provincial level.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	c27e655b1f8635f242774aaeb91a5b07	"A matching funds approach may also be considered, which provides an incentive for domestic revenue rising in order to obtain additional ODA. As proposed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, it is also worth working towards international consensus on non-traditional forms of development finance, such as a currency transaction tax; regular allocations of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs); and the use of “idle"" SDRs (UN/DESA, 2012). Another non-traditional source of development finance is the channelling of a fraction of the resources of Sovereign Wealth Funds to LDCs, either directly or through regional development banks, as proposed by UNCTAD. A simple calculation estimated that through the latter alternative, if 1 per cent of the assets from those funds were directed to the capital base of regional development banks, this could mobilize an additional $84 billion in their annual lending capacity (UNCTAD, 2011: 109-123)."	8	1	4	0.6
10.18356/77cccad1-en	c27ebf3f867d5757b347f63541b32568	By 2014, 17 automated mini-CHP stations utilizing domestic fuels had been built. A number of incentives have been used to promote these initiatives. These include “green tariffs”, also known as feed-in tariffs (a multiplier of 1.3 to the tariff for green electricity production for a 10 year period (chapter 3)) and tax concessions for investors.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	c282cd47588bd7ba867fa3af51448e56	These countries need to are faced with skills development demands for upskilling. Since the implementation of the “open-door” policy 20 years ago, the economy of Viet Nam has grown by approximately 7.5% per year. Starting from a poor country with persistent food shortages, Viet Nam has become one of the world’s leading rice exporters.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	c284dc9079e07dfc34abfa1c71d7d6bc	The analyses based on the other countries’ cases attempt to examine whether local governments tend to pay little attention to education expenditure and education performance or not. The average government size of the other countries is approximately 46% of GDP (Figure 6.3). But Korean education expenditure is relatively high compared with other welfare-related expenditure and has been the most rapidly expanding spending item. The average ratio of public education expenditure to GDP in OECD member countries and partner economies ranges between 3-7% of GDP.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	c2863275077abbf0337da3c97be32b75	Municipal water providers spend resources on water supply projects that rely upon the same water or build parallel pipelines. All water supply projects must go through lengthy, adversarial processes to receive permits. In most drainages and even some basins, municipal, industrial, environmental and agricultural needs are met depending on which user has pre-existing rights or has the most financial and political resources. One less than optimal result is that in a drought, for example, one town may have a full water supply and a neighbouring community little or nothing.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	c289af5154c758978893fe1ca19b23e9	Policy responses to reported abuses should focus on implementing existing laws and if necessary strengthening penalties for legal breaches by employers rather than restricting the market for temporary labour. This is unobjectionable as an aspiration, but is less clear as a policy, as the term “decent work” can conceal difficult tradeoffs. The goal of decent work should not be allowed to perpetuate or strengthen the current pattern of a core of well-paid labour market insiders existing alongside a similar number of excluded and impoverished outsiders, either jobless or pushed into the informal sector.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	c28a9e18281addc84a067f0c7e997e95	Many young men and girls start experimenting with sex at a very early age, due in part to poor living conditions, absence of parents, lack of guidance, and high rates of unemployment. Many young people engage in sex while high on alcohol and drugs, thus use of condoms is limited. At any given time, about 50 per cent of 16-25 year-old girls are pregnant.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	c28c2152b413eac374a8ccab08c32ea4	Today the company’s production facilities are dispersed but its research and development facilities remain concentrated in Clermont-Ferrand. This shift took place over a number of years, thus lessening the blow of employment loss and aiding in the transition to new industries. The region as a whole lost 20 000 industrial jobs over the duration of the past ten years; a trend that was mimicked across France, with similar overall declines in industrial employment (Wazsak, n.d.). The Auvergne region accounted for 2.5% out of all French industrial employment and ranked 8th among all metropolitan industrial areas in France in 2010 (Wazsak, n.d.). Today Clermont-Ferrand employs the majority of the industrial workforce in the region (around 35%), most notably in the rubber industries, food processing and metallurgy. The main industrial areas are located in the north of the city and include a number of brownfield sites.	11	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	c28c988c16b772415abbb85379acefe7	Confronted with the continued and rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances, countries in the region have placed additional substances under temporary listing and/or extended the scope of drug control to defined groups of substances. For instance, the Republic of Korea announced the temporary control of 10 new psychoactive substances (6 synthetic cannabinoids, 2 phen-ethylamines and 2 other miscellaneous substances) for three years in December 2014, which brought the number of new psychoactive substances currently under temporary control to 86. Under that country’s Act on the Control of Narcotics, the possession, management, trade, assistance in the trade, or the giving or receiving of materials that contain a temporary scheduled substance are prohibited.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	c28ef14154df0e2771dc2738d5fb309a	Key areas of ecosystem monitoring include mangroves and cloud forests. There is also an early warning fire detection system. The main objective is to provide information of national interest, through co-ordination and widespread adoption of national and international standards, in compliance with the SNIEG Law.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c28ef4c5937650cd6716e4f4bfa7c3c5	This would result in a more diverse, nutritious, well-balanced and safe food consumption pattern, reflected through an increase in the Desirable Dietary Plan (PPH) score from 86.4 in 2010 to 93.3 in 2014. A National Workshop on Food and Nutrition, conducted in 2004, recommended that no more than half the required carbohydrate intake should come from rice with the remaining taken from tuber. Statistics show that the people of Indonesia consume more rice than the required carbohydrate intake, reaching 62.2% in 2007 (MoA, 2010). This has become an increasingly important priority with the gradual opening up of the domestic market to agricultural imports and the need to increase quality standards to compete in the global market. The objective requires an efficient production system, processing and quality control.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	c292cbd679e10b65738d352b8668ccdf	In other (Ljubljana with one option and Riga with four options), the capital city with more options achieves higher public transport demand. Therefore, for a city where bus service is the only available option and the policy goal would be to increase the demand for public transport, the introduction of a second mode may be worth a relevant consideration, especially if peer cities offering more options do reach higher demand for public transport. For the length, it is interesting to note that the capitals with the density between 900 to 1,600 inhabitants per square kilometer reach similar results for both measurements (figure 2.17.).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	c2960a2966661cc6168ace0e738ff27a	If the industrial zone is within the city, DOC and PPC are involved as well. The overlapping of mandates, coupled with the lack of co-ordination has crippled effective implementation. The Decision has assigned each ministry to be responsible for the air quality resulting from the economic activities that they manage, and all ministries to be equally responsible for the implementation of this decision. However, no co-ordination mechanism across ministries such as an appointed focal point has been proposed, which tends to make the implementation more difficult.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d902f55-en	c296646f7f811135d5ba185b5c92d951	Accordingly, education, awareness and training offer a long-term solution for the sustainable development of a coastal and ocean economy. The first part of the chapter will examine the past, current and future coastal and marine research priorities at various scales and how research has been or is conducted in the region. The second part of the chapter will explore the development of regional capacity for coastal and marine research and how' existing research has been supported in the past.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	c29995dc7386496c7997637799494b37	More ambitious and radical approaches are needed to further reduce demand and mitigate competition across water users. Allocation of water across users (including for ecosystems) will be an important challenge. The Nutrient Recycling and Reduction scenario assesses the impact of measures to reuse nutrients in agriculture and reduce both domestic and agricultural discharges of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	c299e0653a2349e72347c3cd20d3dde1	Credible analysis of climate change issues can influence budget priorities if designed to feed into national policy planning documents (Drakenberg et al., From an aid donors perspective, financing for climate change programmes that also contributes to poverty reduction and development objectives can help avoid fragmenting funding sources (OECD, 2009). Preparing LEDS could also be a first step towards indicating a sufficient level of capacity to effectively absorb and manage the financing, through an understanding of institutional responsibilities. Table 1 outlines the range of possible functions that a LEDS could fulfil for different stakeholders, both domestic and international.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	c29ad19a43c0d7e34ac93ed33e03c415	These results are suggestive of the distribution of activities among sectors. Projects can vary dramatically in scale and ambition. There may also be variations in the extent to which different types of organisations are likely to report their activities. In particular, parts of the private sector may view adaptation as a source of competitive advantage, which discourages them from publicising their activities.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	c29d180c988a951b56e689020c52cd4d	In other words, the less experienced teacheis assume more of the teaching load. Thus, the value of more experienced teachers is lost. Between 1996 and 2009, net contact time in hours per year decreased more sharply in Greece al all levels than any OECD country and significantly more than in the EU and in OECD countries on average.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/0ec26947-en	c2a0153340d7e08c21e7b2f2f4b8e23f	Given the accelerated adoption of electric mobility and an increased demand of consumers for a seamless journey among transportation elements, the interoperability of infrastructure systems must be increased. Blockchains denote protocols that govern distributed ledgers; therefore, the term is commonly used interchangeably. The transformative potential of blockchain technology lies in its built-in and decentralised trust. A new Game Changer for the Media Industry?” Traditionally, in order to process transactions between two unknown parties, a central authority would be entrusted with the process and would oversee the correct enforcement of transactions (e.g. banks in payment clearing and settlement systems).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c2a1e0a21cfef4fe6abbe1a5a4ba8bbf	In addition, central gender institutions may play a stronger role in working with ministries to define and co-ordinate their needs for gender-disaggregated data. Even when such data exist, some governments still need encouragement to employ gender statistics in their planning and budgetary processes. Consequently, national gender institutions must often engage in developing guidelines, manuals and training materials to promote the development and collection of gender-disaggregated statistics, as well as designing methodologies to encourage their application. Gender-sensitive indicators provide a useful tool to communicate goals and objectives within an overall vision and strategy for gender equality. They are used to assess progress in achieving gender equality by measuring changes in the status of women and men, and may be used to measure a particular intervention towards achieving greater gender equality.14 Focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	c2a279a06995834b28bd2e895e76a365	However, a culture of conservation is deeply rooted in Palau’s society, and the efficient use of the resources available is therefore of high importance. One of the actions taken to enhance the efficient use of resources was to increase collaboration between different projects through the opportunities provided by the creation of an informal partnership, Palau's Conservation Consortium, as detailed in (Case study 3, pg. Resource sharing (both human and financial) can facilitate reduction of project implementation costs while information sharing among members reduces duplication of work and ensures similar projects can be implemented coherently.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	c2a2c20c8bca6844151f123cb0f0d611	Indeed, the World Economic Forum recently argued that some more advanced developing countries could leapfrog into Industry 4.0, and that its impact could be far-reaching for possibly attaining - within a generation - inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Once again, this clearly underscores the role of international organizations, including UNIDO. To address these challenges, UNIDO is closely partnering with other development organizations, including many of the lOs represented in this report. Partnerships are a fruitful way forward to make the best and most productive use of ICTs for ISID, and to ensure that everyone benefits equally from the opportunities brought about by ever-sophisticated advances in ICTs and their application in modern manufacturing.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	c2a5ca57d61ff9f93eb5c4769b0ae775	Within this process, agricultural extension and industiy expansion need to play a larger role in supporting modernisation and product development Harnessing new opportunities for creating non-farm employment will require improvements in the overall conditions for investment. A combination of institutional reform and investment in connective infrastructure are needed to create a business-friendly environment to foster rural entrepreneurship, and to attract foreign firms relocating from China. Furthermore, the government needs to continue its commitments to health, education and skills to ensure a healthy and capable rural woikfoice.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	c2a7c8f173aa4c65278611f32ec0c508	For some years, most houses have had metering systems and water use has evidently decreased. In total there are about 2,460 registered water supply systems in the country. Fifty per cent of these are considered to be in a satisfactory state, 44 per cent need complete rehabilitation and 1 per cent needs to be abandoned; no data are available for 5 per cent. About 977 rural localities (66 per cent of all rural localities) have some level of centralized water supply system.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	c2a9deca93f63c0d13f2948e273e86c8	The total is almost entirely financed from regional levies and consumer payments (EUR 4 197 million, or about 94% of the total). These flood risk management costs include investments in, and maintenance of, (mostly primary) flood protection infrastructure. The larger part of these costs was incurred by the central government, financed via national tax revenues (EUR 650 million, about 69% of the total expenditure for flood risk management).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	c2aa1f492f98c94d9c25eed0d110232d	Diarrhoeal diseases, largely the consequence of faecal contamination of drinking-water supplies, are the major cause for morbidity and mortality in many developing countries, especially among children. Frequent diarrhoeal episodes, even without fatal consequences, disrupt childrens development and education, which, in the longer term, can have serious consequences for sustainable development. It is also one of a group of indicators of ecosystem health.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2ae853dc-en	c2ab2fb08868363919e0a34bfe4d32d0	Not only have water reservoirs, pumps, treatment facilities and distribution networks been affected by military conflicts and occupation by foreign forces, but also have wastewater treatment facilities and irrigation networks been destroyed during military incursions. Operation and maintenance of water facilities is also limited during periods of insecurity and occupation, which have affected the availability of fuel for pumping water (e.g. in Yemen), the import of replacement parts (e.g. in Palestine), or access of employees to operate water facilities (e.g. in Iraq). In preparation, some officials have already considered relocating the capital to the coast.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	c2ad07159d206da424624d791ca97742	The ICPDR coordinated the development of recommendations on the best available techniques in the food industry (2000), the chemical industry (2000), the chemical pulping industry (2000), the paper making industry (2000), and at agro-industrial units (2004). In 2008, this Commission opened a Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Centre in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The Center gathers information from water monitoring systems all over the Mekong Basin. It also provides training and technology transfer to technicians of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	c2ad88cc5a749224577e21127416cdea	However, funding from international co-operation is likely to gradually decline in the years to come. The MMA and ICMBio envisage the shift of the ARPA programme from donation based to government financed over 25 years and has set up a transition fund for the purpose. Brazil would benefit from developing a comprehensive financial strategy for the SNUC and for biodiversity policy more generally.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21334b08-en	c2addd2b99229fee85cc67db4bd9e524	On a scale of 0 (no enforcement) to 10 (total enforcement), only 20 countries39 in the ESCAP region score greater than 5. The other three key risk factors include drink-driving, insufficient use of seatbelts and insufficient use of child restraints. Addressing each of these risk factors is considered an essential component of comprehensive national legislation on road safety. Furthermore, in many countries these laws are not comprehensive enough to cover all aspects of the risk factors.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	c2aee561df6e3e2578cb3b3c8f0b2a65	More importantly, the challenge lies in building synergies across other sectoral strategies: political dialogue and negotiation are indispensable in cases where conflicting objectives are identified. In their review of the European experience, Nordbeck and Steurer found that “better policies usually emerge from conflicts between specialists advocating competing solutions, not from a vague consensus” (p. 14). Nonetheless, the coordinating agency has an important role to play in ensuring that all relevant actors are integrated in the policy process and in fostering synergies with their own sectoral needs.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	c2b08b555aa92f17a4b95ba1af318ca1	Hulme and McKay, 2008). Secondly, contrary to the assumptions implicitly underlying monetary poverty counts, children are not sovereign consumers who can decide to spend their resources to cover their needs at subsistence level; consumption decisions are (most commonly) not made by children (White et al, 2003). This implies that even in households (just) above the poverty line children may actually be poor because the consumption decisions are not reflecting their specific needs (see also Gordon et al 2003; Minujin et al 2006; Minuji'n and Nandy 2012; White et al 2003; Waddington 2004, for similar arguments concerning children and monetary poverty).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	c2b1fe2e887a730b242caa913d93833e	First, SNGs must have a strong base of own-source financing. Treating these regions and cities under a different transfer regime and granting them more power to set and collect taxes and fees would be essential. If local agencies have instruments for managing local budget revenues, local borrowing for capital investment would be expedient (Makhmutova, 2006). If infrastructure is to be maintained and debt obligations are to be met, regional and city governments need to be able to control their level of budgetary resources.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	c2b484fb0c2449d930e0b804321a6b66	The 2007/08 food price crisis initiated a number of changes to governments’ agricultural trade policy stances. National governments of some developing countries pursued a number of policies to stabilise domestic markets and to isolate their consumers from events in world markets (OECD, 2009; Abbot, 2010; OECD, 2010). In the short term, a number of governments imposed export restrictions and varied import duties in an attempt to insulate domestic consumers from rapidly rising international prices (Table 2.4).	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	c2b9dc8573f2c3f52f83f865fbdbf806	Even in big schools, they are assisted by a deputy to deal with administrative matters but cannot assign them instructional leadership roles. Principals can pay surcharges to some teachers to take on different tasks (e.g. reviewing teaching plans, participating in a monthly committee) but none of these entail real responsibility and authority for instructional leadership in the eyes of other teachers. In practice, teachers receive little feedback and support to improve their practice either from school leaders or other peers. An increasing number of OECD countries have created such leadership positions to strengthen teacher professional development at the school level, building on research that shows teacher-to-teacher feedback and support to be one of the most effective means of improving teaching standards (See Box 3.3).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	c2bbe5402d57b2bc5f133bca39543f5d	Along with the challenges of access to health technologies to address the burden of communicable disease, low- and middle-income countries are also increasingly grappling with the rising burdens of non-communicable diseases. Yet newer, patented treatments often carry price tags that are not affordable for the vast majority of patients in low- and middle-income countries. Taking a closer look at the growing interest in niche markets and personalized medicine”, World Medical and Health Policy, vol.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	c2bc2ce3a848ecb57c014b05992d2884	The political economy literature is replete with the theory underlying these factors (see Rodrik 1996 for a survey). There is also a well-developed body of empirical analysis focusing on economy-wide structural reform, agricultural reform, trade liberalisation, airline deregulation, tax reform, to name but a few. In contrast, relatively little work has been done in relation to the fisheries sector.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	c2c1c2808661cee7688fb5019db069e4	"Source: Authors' calculations based on PovcalNet database. Haughton and Khandker (2010) go as far as stating that ""legitimate comparisons of poverty rates between one country and another can only be made if the same absolute poverty line is used in both countries"". The statement that the same line should be used depends crucially on the validity and legitimacy of that poverty line in both countries, which is likely to hold when both are low-income countries -because below a certain level of income, poverty lines are quite close to the dollar-a-day line—but not among two middle-income countries."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	c2c324cbc46a78d509c0310f964505ff	Marriage in most OECD member countries has been in decline since at least the 1970s, although there are large variations across countries with marriage rates being highest in the United States and lowest in Nordic countries. Cohabitation remains relatively rare in the United States and southern European countries while the “Nordic family model”, of low marriage and high cohabitation rates, together with high non-marital fertility is becoming increasingly common in Canada, France and the United Kingdom. In southern Europe and Japan, both fertility and marriage rates are very low, as is non-marital fertility and cohabitation (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). While single people are more likely to be poor than those in couples (as a result of economies of scale in consumption among couples) cohabitation too has been linked to higher rates of poverty than those among married couples.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	c2c32ab49a04e7c6153892a8beac44b3	While the causes of this growth are hard to pinpoint, long waiting times are reportedly an important issue, as noted earlier. Growing demand of medical tourism services may also explain part of the increase. This way, the CCSS offers health services either within its own premises or through the private sector where public-private partnerships (PPP) have been negotiated.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/51c9d18d-en	c2c4ead77be4faf53fdf79168baeb27e	There are new education and training options - some of them vocational - which may not be well understood by students, teachers and parents. With young people staying in education in many countries longer than ever before, they need access to better information about the consequences of their decisions from an early age and to build effective decision-making skills for their work choices. Research has shown how easy it is for young people, especially from more disadvantaged backgrounds, to get caught out as they seek to move into work after education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	c2c51b3dc7ca14ae274bef9ea322b043	In principle, municipal water utilities are treated like any other user. In practice, however, it is difficult to enforce compliance with the requirements of their licence conditions: utilities often lack both capacity and resources to carry out necessary compliance, and the co-operative governance approach prevents one state body from taking coercive action against another. Source: Quibell et al. (	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	c2c7a6ac1195fb3bb45add373750c864	While for example political change and taxation are unmanageable (exogenous) risks for the private party, they are endogenous to government. The Global Infrastructure Hub's PPP Risk Allocation Matrix (Box 2.8) can help to identify risk allocations. Excluded are risks such as government procurement risk, private sector financial and performance risk, third party intervention or delay and specific risks arising in unsolicited projects.	9	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	c2c9840715ce0c7edc85d73d40baba52	Policy Brief 3, Task Force on Public Financial Management, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/48780926.pdf. Climate Change”, http://www.deza.admin.cli/en/Home/Themes/Climate_change. Efficiency of the CDM and the GEF in Leveraging Funds and Reducing CO2, Climate Strategies, London, http://www.climatestrategies.org/research/our-reports/category/71/324.html. Presentation at CCXG Global Forum.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	c2c9e250e9ca5015daec8493187c4cad	Taking food availability as an example, risk comes from a shortfall in food supply due, for instance, to a significant crop failure. Government policies need to be able to manage, in a coordinated way, food supplies coming from production, imports and stocks so that the whole set of trade and agricultural policies play a role in responding to availability risks. As for access, it is the role of the government to enhance households’ access to efficient risk management strategies, whether through economic diversification or the use of community or market insurance or, in the most extreme cases, public safety nets that can be scaled up in the case of a crisis. Finally, as for utilisation, direct nutritional intervention may be needed.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	c2ca4af144aa0cacc649cfaf9cd3eb97	The ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEQ 2010-2015 served to advance cooperation towards energy security. The subregion has made good progress on several of its goals; six of the 16 planned interconnections under die ASEAN Power Grid and 12 bilateral gas pipeline interconnections have been commissioned. This work will continue under the APAEC 2016-2025 presented in October 2015; under the dieme of “Enhancing Energy Connectivity and Market Integration in ASEAN to Achieve Energy Security, Accessibility, Affordability and Sustainability for All”, diis plan provides enhanced goals and targets for the subregion.	7	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	c2cafae2320ea07728f3f930ff15e96c	In 1998, she became the founding chairperson of the Commission on Gender Equality, moving from there to Deputy Secretary-General of the ANC, the sixth most powerful post in the party, before taking up posts as Ambassador to Cuba and then Italy. According to the Minister of Women, Children and People with Disability, Lulu Xingwana, 'When women came into politics in 1994, we decided we had to make a difference. We organised ourselves into a woman's caucus, and infiltrated every committee.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	c2cfa0f7eaabb54b2ef4d9009f8007cb	However, a given level of inequality can only remain constant if income growth is balanced (i.e. equal rates of income growth at all percentiles of the income distribution).1 When income growth is unbalanced, the level of inequality changes over time. It is one thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it was in 1980”, and quite another thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it w'as in 1980 and Australians can expect it to get ever more unequal each year into the indefinite future.” This paper therefore asks what the implications of ever increasing inequality might be and whether this can possibly be a steady state.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	c2d3b99c1943c4b6e4a1a3cb6dfb6340	The importance of the fisheries sector and its links with agriculture® (cont.) Livestock and agriculture by-products, used traditionally to feed terrestrial animals, are now increasingly employed by the aquaculture sector, especially for the farming of non-camivorous aquatic species. Continued growth in demand for livestock and fish products, as well as for biofuels obtained from agriculture by-products, has raised concerns over the competition for feed supplies, in particular for the finite fishmeal and fish oil resources, and the impacts of such growth on the environment and on the aquaculture and livestock developments. When involving aquaculture, it is the concurrent or sequential linkage between two or more activities, of which at least one is aquaculture.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	c2da6b23bcd7265aa989b28c95425608	However, the area is sparsely populated, and the impact from tourism is low. Saami people dominated the area prior to the settlement by Norwegians. As the valley of the Pasvik River is located at the border of the Russian Federation, Finland and Norway, its historical background is influenced by different cultures. Furthermore, the farm of famous Norwegian naturalist Hans Tho.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-15-en	c2dee7baa8b108a1ee3360760378535d	The global rate of decline in MTL in the three oceans is about 0.1 trophic level per decade. Climate change may affect the seasonality of biological processes and alter marine food webs with unpredictable consequences for fish production. For small pelagic fish stocks, such as anchovy, sardine, pilchard and squid, the effect of climate variability is decisive over that of fishing mortality.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	c2e1682b61948165680ec23dae700550	The poverty reduction among elderly people is a remarkable achievement. However, given the strong and rising incidence of poverty among younger individuals, in particular among families with children, there may now be a case for focusing social expenditures more on these groups than in the past. Working age is defined as 18-65 years old.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	c2e27bfaaec51d377360b4298da7cce1	To be effective, institutions should be able to incorporate information from different sources, evaluate the relative quality of that information, set goals that are based on evidence, and be adaptable when facts change. There is a difficult trade-off between strictly detailed procedures which are easy to communicate and control but introduce a lot of rigidities that may significantly increase costs (including long delays, interminable negotiations, repeated votes) and flexible rules that facilitate adaptation but could allow the decision process to become arbitrary. Public access to procedures, including for parties not directly involved, is one way to reduce the shaipness of this trade-off by making rigid systems run more smoothly and flexible ones less arbitrary.	14	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	c2e49ee609479e29aa8e404bda052b21	Here, the scenarios in which employer contributions fall either on the employer or the employee are assessed. Generally, self-employed contributions are larger than employee contributions but smaller than the sum of employee and employer contributions. Conversely, self-employed workers tend to do better than employees if the actual incidence of employer contributions falls on employees. However, there are some significant exceptions.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264088986-en	c2e7ccdd56db8d13ad6795506d9585a4	Grants are up to 85% of the approved budgets. There are 24 Technological Incubators in Israel, 15 of them in peripheral areas, with approximately 200 R&D projects being carried out at any given moment. The R&D grant provides 85% of the approved R&D expenditures, with the remainder to be invested by the incubator itself.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	c2eb7a0ad778d69f015287a125e0372e	This could be because an increasing share of value added is being generated by economic activities that are not material intensive, such as the services sector, while materialintensive manufacturing is being outsourced to non-OECD countries. The share of value added from the services sector in OECD countries increased from around 50% in 1970 to 66% in the eraly 1990s and to over 70% today (OECD, 2014). The decoupling is absolute when population is decreasing faster than material extraction per capita.	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	c2ebe59a39cf1634ea680ed25dafedff	However, an inevitable consequence of agricultural modernisation is that greater productivity substitutes capital investment for labour and involves larger farms. The supply of food may increase and food prices may decline, but additional efforts will have to be made to introduce new employment opportunities for households leaving agriculture, or food insecurity problems w'ill increase. This reduces the risks inherent in overt specialisation in rural regions, and helps develop an economic base for future growth.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	c2ec22078ba6bfe60845255b619ebbd5	Many of WBC’s observations and methods can be tailored and applied to different national contexts. For example, facilitating discussions among business leaders and governments, sharing best practice, monitoring implementation and gender diversity are all activities that can be utilised across many different regions and countries in the Commonwealth. In its ‘One Year On’ report, WBC identified several of these challenges. For example, 74 per cent of women believe that sexism is present in the workplace (WBC 2015).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	c2ec2d22e1b2a86faaaaf94e1b64ac04	Food security is mentioned only once, although protecting people in the rural sector is acknowledged (for example the need to protect households against crop failure) but these connections (in formal documentation at least) are implicit rather than explicit. The focus is on social transfers, community-based insurance and school feeding programmes. Some operations do make transfers to food insecure people, though the links to food security are not made explicitly in programming operations are at a different level, for example tl improve the fiscal, legal and institutional frameworks and coherent design of comprehensive social protection programmes.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	c2ec58b4acce86aa8d513d1a9a62fed3	Men benefit because they have lost the negative attitude that they once had and can form more equitable relationship with women, their willingness to do more housework and help raise the children is one form of progress. I am a doctor and we have improved a lot in maternal health in our country. It was also thought that we need to improve reproductive rights and so we made progress by broadening birth control regulations and legalizing emergency contraception, commonly known as the morning-after pill. And today, Chilean women have more control over their own bodies, which is tremendously important.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/85b52daf-en	c2ed912a8869e55a29f256e5958e2694	In addition, development co-operation providers’ efforts to improve the environmental performance of businesses increasingly involve working through intermediaries such banks, business and professional associations, and companies with extensive supply chains. While this approach may be a necessary and effective way of reaching out to companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, it leads to significant difficulties in monitoring and verifying environmental impacts and outcomes. The lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis. Efforts to mobilise private investment and work through the private sector should be aligned with local contexts and priorities e.g. through NDCs and national adaptation plans (NAPs).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	c2ede33723fa2ad7b10d880d31c0a22d	But while recent decades have seen greater inequality among younger cohorts, older cohorts have tended to have a more equal distribution of income (Bell et al., Inequalities in many cases are reinforced by welfare regimes, which tend to favour older generations (Chauvel, 2008). This trend is likely to be exacerbated as globalisation continues to expand, putting greater downward pressure on wages for those at the bottom of the income-distribution ladder, while wages for those at the top would appear likely to continue to rise.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	c2ee25bdddc46d6101961ddacce0f0d2	All these elements have caused chronic shortages of land, especially for the urban poor57 reducing the efficiency of the city. Several countries and cities are adopting and adapting this technique in order to accommodate a variety of legal frameworks and public-private relationships.63 Many others are improving the legal tools to assist with this process. In many cities, even long-established public spaces such as parks and open areas are under threat from development. The most common public space, street surface areas are being reduced in newly urbanized areas of both developed and developing countries.68 It is not only that the share of the public space is cut down, but also the very notion of the public realm.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	c2eea39040a29b07ecfda316c2f3bf75	Carework for the community enhances community well-being and improves social cohesion. A recent study based on a sample of50,000 adults in 25 countries concluded that daughters of working mothers who completed more years of schooling were more likely to be employed, especially in a supervisory role, and to earn a higher income. In the United States, where daughters of working mothers earned 23 percent more than daughters of stay-at-home mothers, some of these effects were stronger. What would be needed to translate such choices into an equitable balance between men and women in roles, responsibilities and outcomes for both paid and unpaid work?	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	c2f03b37784a99dc11d3be1fa77af0a3	Other factors important for inclusion may be teaching in local languages, or ensuring that schools are safe and have separate sanitary facilities for girls. Incentives to sustain girls’ education include conditional and unconditional cash transfers to poor families and school feeding programmes. In Bangladesh, for example, some evidence indicates that the growth of the garment industry is keeping significantly higher numbers of girls in school, given employers’ requirements for basic literacy and numeracy.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/973d5b65-en	c2f083be06a0ad34b3311ac4c69a160a	It implies the need for land use zoning that regulates the types of activities that can be accommodated on a given piece of land, as well as the amount of space and building surface devoted to these activities. Land use planning is essentially a responsibility of public authorities. To be effective, land-use planning relies on settlement land information systems that register varied and overlapping tenure rights.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7977af-en	c2f085125e1581edbed2296f5f0cd38c	But between 2007 and 2012, these rates slowed to 2.5% per year for poverty, and 0.9% per year for indigence. In Ecuador, poverty was down by 3.1 percentage points (from 35.3% to 32.2%) and indigence by 0.9 percentage points (from 13.8% to 12.9%). In Brazil, poverty fell by 2.3 points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), and extreme poverty by 0.7 points (from 6.1% to 5.4%).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	c2f085d16f06653f510c52c678c42d10	Indeed, innovation, adaptation and diffusion are dependent on such interactions. Coordination between researchers and firms is critical, as are interactions between firms and networks and clusters. Further, interactions between domestic and international firms facilitate the ability of domestic firms to tap into global knowledge and build domestic capacities. Interactions among government agencies, firms, research institutes, universities and civil society can help inform policymaking.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	c2f0f9644e573c4d3543d6f18aaafc25	For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age. The pattern is observed in all the countries analysed and is much wider in emerging economies than in the average OECD country. The gap is narrowest among the youngest NEETs (15 to 19 years old) and widens with age - a reflection of the fact that while the gender gap in school enrolment has disappeared in most countries, gender differences in labour force participation persist.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	c2f36524041488a6b6e7522f44a5c089	In Lithuania, while grade repetition is higher than average among disadvantaged students (4.1% for disadvantaged students as compared to the average rate of 2.5%), it is well below the OECD average (18.7% as compared to 12% respectively) (OECD, 2016c). Upon completion of basic education, the vast majority of Lithuanian students - more than nine in ten - continue into non-compulsory upper secondary education (see Chapter 4). Important differences in their sampling design, in item formats, and their assessment framework and content provide Lithuanian policy makers with very different types of information about schooling. Taken together they highlight important achievements and limitations in Lithuanian basic education.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590854-10-en	c2f4320ebfc7a98e97162886129820b2	As an industry, it often competes for prime real estate and juxtaposes visitors with different cultural practices and values to host communities, with consequent negative influences. Their economies and progress in development have been the subject of intense scrutiny, as a result of limitations in topographic character; vulnerability to natural disasters, climate changes and related impacts; threats to biological diversity, especially in coastal and marine areas; consumption of scarce natural resources; declining traditional productive sectors; poverty; and their reliance on the travel and tourism industry for economic performance. Large island nations comprising Papua New Guinea, Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Guinea Bissau and those located in Central/South America (Suriname, Guyana, Belize) make up the SIDS grouping with geographic areas in excess of 25,000 km2. There is significant variability in GDP per capita, as indicated in figure 8.3, with many of the more developed tourist economies such as Aruba, Singapore, US Virgin Islands (USVI) and the Bahamas, showing higher levels of prosperity.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	c2f518377d8ed64efefc1c1907a3c107	There is little empirical evidence on these factors upon which models may be developed. To influence policy decisions, forecasting models must be credible. The assumptions underlying different models often have a strong influence on results. Transparency of methods and assumptions is a prerequisite for model quality, as is a strategy to validate results.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	c2f69404fa52ec7bbacb0a86f38a0369	The typical approach has been to add new regulations to fix issues resulting from other regulations. Uncertainty over the future pace of these policies and continuous regulatory changes can push the attractiveness of the industry down. It must be easy to understand, as far as possible use existing procedures and IT tools; and should aim to replace old policies rather than adding a new layer of regulation.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	c2f6b212c0810d15c99dd585dff31438	This appears to have generated positive economic responses in the form of increased ‘value per drop’ through more efficient technologies and a shift to higher value crops (Bjomlund and McKay 2002). The first thing to note is the predominance of agricultural conservation measures at the lower end of this cost curve. Indeed, one-third of the projected deficit in 2030 comprises ‘no regrets’ policies - changes in behaviour which will actually save money!	6	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	c2f7ecc17a9b0c348fa3ac1062e80d50	It illustrates that the number of health facilities is greatest at the local level, decreasing at the intermediate level and further at the national level. Technology, by its nature is in a state of constant evolution, therefore the measurement of one kind of ICT used for a specific function in one year may not be relevant in another year. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposes a practical way of dealing with this through its model survey approach.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	c2f84208b7da8c816fc3d8a752dfd753	Establish a national long-term strategic vision that addresses infrastmcture service needs. Manage the integrity and cormption threats at all stages of the process, from project conception to delivery. Establish clear criteria to guide the choice of delivery mode (public-private partnerships vs. direct public provision, etc.).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a3c1ce6c-en	c2fa0955eb4dac105e86ec414131c238	These results suggest that, for some of these emerging pollutants, N BS work better than grey solutions and in certain cases may be the only solution. However, industrial applications of NBS, particularly constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment, are growing. A review of 138 applications in 33 countries made clear that constructed wetlands have been used for many types of industrial effluents (Vymazal, 2014).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	c2fa0fd1bb8e13323b5c6419939fea0f	Health disparities are directly and indirectly associated with or related to social, economic, cultural and political inequities; the end result of which is a disproportionate burden of ill health and social suffering. There are major differences in the socioeconomic circumstances and lived world experiences of First Nations, Inuit, and Metis peoples, between status and non-status, on-reserve and off-reserve, as well as urban and rural indigenous peoples. At the same time, census data and other research show a persistent gap in socioeconomic status and well-being between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Canada. ’ For example, indigenous Canadians are overrepresented in HIV infection rates.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9206b37d-en	c2fb5c052bed91afd5927ac67361eaf5	More specifically, definitions and measures of food insecurity are beginning to move away from focusing on siloes of access, availability and utilization, and consider factors such as food sufficiency, nutrient adequacy, cultural acceptability, safety, and certainty and stability of foods (Coates, 2013). Accordingly, using indices or scales has become a more common approach to capturing these different dimensions; leading to a more comprehensive understanding of food insecurity. In the global SDG indicators framework, it has been agreed to use the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity.	2	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	c2fcf3fd9db82397e361a93b52a2d74f	This masks huge differences between the LDCs but reflects that some of them will have largely achieved the universality and affordability criteria by 2020. However, the prospects for widespread use of the Internet by 2020 are poor. At current growth, less than a quarter of the LDC's population will be online (Figure 6.1, bottom right). A key reason is that growth in the ability to use the Internet will not match that of coverage and affordability.	9	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	c3002991b1f73e595e934209cc94a87f	The study argues, 'Capacity building programmes for women are good, but it is also important that men get education about the importance of women in politics. Excluding men from these education programmes will never lead to complete change, as male attitudes contribute to the problem' (Giving Voice to the Voiceless). Moreover, their husbands work on their behalf (Vissandjee et al.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-4-en	c30081f901860b417d2fdae587843f9a	Indeed, existing gaps in labour market outcomes of prime age and older workers continue to be influenced by education and career decisions that they made 20 to 40 years ago, when societal norms and career expectations were different. Further policy action is needed - immediately - to ensure that girls’ and young women’s gains translate into gender equality throughout the life cycle. Gender gaps often emerge around the time of parenthood, when more traditional gender norms around work and life take hold in families. Even if socioeconomic outcomes have changed slowly on the ground, countries have made good progress in some policy areas in the past half-decade, particularly in paternity and parental leave, reducing the gender wage gap, addressing violence against women and promoting women in leadership. Over half of OECD countries now offer paid paternity leave for at least a few days around childbirth, and more and more are reserving a parental leave period that only fathers can use (Chapter 16).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	c3024b63bd5b0e0e1c32b05435751328	This is why the first of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to eradicate extremes of both poverty and hunger. The World Bank (2004) emphasises that poverty is a root cause of hunger. These three factors are interlinked in such a way that each contributes to the presence and permanence of the others.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	c30789238a2623c7a0df13de14d4ac9c	The European Youth Guarantee Framework also goes in this direction (see Chapter 5). A number of factors contribute to the efficiency of second-chance schemes which help youth return to education and potentially integrate into the mainstream education system (European Commission, 2013). Programmes using flexible structures that are not schools and appealing activities such as music or sports, applying innovative curricula and pedagogic approaches, and providing specialised support (e.g. psychological and financial support), counselling and career guidance have been most effective in this respect. Some countries (e.g. European countries) have introduced second-chance schemes (Chapter S), but the impact of many of these programmes on youth skills and transitions into the labour market still need to be carefully evaluated.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	c308e877605ac5abbce7d3bff8cbaa4e	Given the scale of resources and the number of projects involved, BICRO has so far nurtured a small sector, essentially hedging its bets on a few contenders, each of which has an uncertain probability of successful employment creation and long-term sustainability. This approach can be useful for capturing serendipitous and radical ideas and has a non-negligible probability of a reasonably strong economic impact if pursued vigorously over a sufficiently long period. However it cannot be the main basis of support for business-sector innovation as a whole.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	c308e9f0d44c84c04ba4118824950ee9	This may be exacerbated by the smaller project scale of renewables which lead to disproportionately higher transaction costs and lower gross returns (although the rates of returns may still be well within attractive market standards). This is a complex area for investment and credit committees of banks to assess given that countries have differing support regimes, varying processes and legal standing for other issues such as aw arding grid connections, generation licenses and securing off-take arrangements. Financiers may impose additional costs on generally under-capitalized project developers with limited track records, and have differing risk/return expectations across the stages of the investment continuum (from R&D through to mergers and acquisitions) which may make the various stages more or less attractive commercially.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	c309f58b1287290d38880bfc2546411f	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It considers the balancing role of international and regional trade, the benefits and costs associated with open markets, as well as the ways in which governments can manage shocks emanating from both domestic and international markets. This section considers the role of trade in ensuring stable food availability.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/8178962c-en	c30c96e1f03ed2bd382e5558d9038337	Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/imshealth/Global/Content/Corporate/IMS Institute/RUOM-2013/IHII_Responsible_Use_Medicines_2013.pdf Ascertaining Barriers for Compliance : policies for safe , effective and cost-effective use of medicines in Europe Final Report of the ABC Project. ( Pharmaceutical Expenditure And Policies: Past Trends And Future Challenges. In OECD Health Working Papers (Vol. Medication Adherence: WHO Cares? Mayo Clin Proc, 86(4).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	c30cb1c62ed170172765e27fb8431efa	Institutional barriers to trade are regionally based on intersectoral concerns due to certain actors opposing trades. Environmental barriers may be set up by agencies in charge of ecosystems and water quality (Garrido et al., In the context of groundwater-fed irrigation, the intensive margin decision refers to the per-area irrigation intensity chosen during the irrigation season.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	c30e0991a2144b3685efcfe68ea68029	Concerning HED, results were more mixed. Education was negatively correlated with HED for men. Similarly, higher education leads to lower HED among women in higher income countries, whereas the opposite is true in lower income countries, possibly due to the diffusion of innovative patterns of HED among women (Grittner et al.,	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2015-6-en	c30febad775b10482d7652e80aeee055	This requires actions along three pillars: developing, activating and using skills effectively. In terms of developing skills, Chile still has a lot to do to catch up with OECD standards (Brandt, 2010). The performance gap with respect to the OECD average is the equivalent of 1.7 years of secondary schooling, with large differences based on gender and socio-economic status.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	c3107a4d61f451bd287a47fafd481738	Portfolio website, www.gcpf.lu/portfolio.html (accessed 24 October 2016). Project Portfolio website, www.gcpf.lu/portfolio.html (accessed 24 October 2016). Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP)”, webpage, www.ifad.org/en/topic/asap/tags/climate change/2782790 (accessed 24 October 2016).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	c3121a430886e890994fa837698d48a3	In addition, students are more dependent upon their parents and their parents' resources when they are younger. In systems that track students early, parents who are more socio-economically advantaged may be in a better position to promote their child's abilities than disadvantaged parents. In systems where these decisions are taken at a later age, students play a larger role in deciding their own education pathways, and teachers and parents have enough information to make more objective decisions. While the median age of first formal selection is 15 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2010a), in Finland and Spain, students are not separated into different tracks until the end of lower secondary education. However, in a few countries, such as Austria and Germany, selection takes place very early, when students are just 10 years old. Among the various academic selection systems, tracking is the most rigid because students are taught substantially different curricula.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	c315e45c3f2381e637157177ab1e6236	In meetings with the review' team, students emphasised its importance - suggesting that the role of upper secondary “is to prepare for matura.” Students allocate their time and attention to the subjects in which they will take matura examination. Families frequently invest in private tutoring to prepare students for matura examinations.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	c31668bd52096e9ef1626b402b20b4df	It can also promote synergies and knowledge sharing between teams working on different accounts. Chapter 8 concludes the Guide by reporting areas of existing and ideas for future research regarding the measurement of unpaid household service work. Simultaneous activities take place in parallel with each other, such as looking after children while cooking a meal. There are numerous solutions to recording the time spent in simultaneous activities.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	c3178c98ced4b46451ebbd6f17b28732	Several OECD countries have systems in place which contact individuals directly to invite them to screening tests, maintaining contact if further tests are due or if the individual fails to attend. The recent initiative in the Czech Republic to use insurers’ databases as source of demographic information to establish a similar call-recall system is a welcome move and should be closely monitored in terms of its impact. In particular, recent systematic reviews of effective interventions to promote uptake of screening have underlined the strong evidence underpinning one-to-one education (Sabatino et al.,	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	c3194934c90a6bb386537a24c682b193	Many of these changes have been linked to higher incidences of poverty. Smaller households, households headed by women and older people, and immigrant families all face higher risks of poverty. As family structures continue to change so too will the nature of poverty: as families become more fluid, individuals may face greater risks of falling into poverty at some point over the course of their lives.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264223202-7-en	c31d6d6edf653cd06479226d8df7a145	While there is no disagreement on this general notion, a look at the productivity literature and its various applications reveals there is no single purpose or indicator to measure productivity. The focus is on maximising the output with a given set of inputs and a given technology or on minimising the inputs for a given output. The focus is on minimising resource input costs.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	c31e5722616a937fee703ad0a8c1b164	In the Werribee Plains 8.5 billion litres of Class A recycled water per year will be used, and almost 60% of water used by Eynesbury households is Class A water delivered via purple pipes. Together the current projects will provide over 40 000 people with Class A water (DSE, 2011b; Savewater, 2009). Five additional purple pipes projects are envisioned in the state of Victoria, as well as several more in three other Australian states, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland.	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	c32283b9862fecfd457061e08a355a24	It could be argued, therefore, that the QOF indicators as they stand present GPs with a perverse incentive to not increase screening or depression diagnoses, as this would increase the follow-up and the severity assessments and screening required to meet the QOF targets. In 2013/2014, there are two indicators for depression - the percentage of adult patients with a new diagnosis of depression that have had a biopsychosocial assessment by the point of diagnosis (DEP001) and the percentage of patients with depression reviewed patients between 10-35 days after initial diagnosis (DEP002). For a list of the 2013/2014 indicators, see (BMA, 2014). Payment by Results (PbR) has been used since 2004 as a key provider payment mechanism in secondary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	c325ade4d18b76f0549dd7aba0a6fc98	National funds are allocated to the regions on a per capita funding basis for schools' costs such as salaries and learning materials. Regions and municipalities allocate these funds to schools, and school leaders are responsible for their financial management. Schools can receive extra national funding for students with special needs on a per-student basis, and they can apply for grants for socioeconomically disadvantaged students or additional funding for extra materials or personnel.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	c32671a1c4c255fd57bb5224d44b3fc0	Female entrepreneurs rely substantially less than men on external loans, but it is not clear if this is because women are less inclined to use external finance or because women experience discriminatory treatment in capital markets (or both). Female-owned firms also differ from male-owned firms in terms of innovation outcomes but the lower levels of product and process innovation in enterprises founded by women can be explained by the sector, investment levels and sizes of their firms, as well as by their founders’ entrepreneurial experience prior to starting up. Analysis of “gendered innovation” shows that removing gender biases can improve research and innovation and open up new market opportunities (European Commission, 2013). In basic research, failing to use appropriate samples of male and female cells, tissues, and animals yields faulty results.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	c32787bf997facb96d28ed1ab6268302	This chapter examines the targeting and coverage of these benefits and their incentive effects and role in the labour market. The chapter first considers the Employment Insurance (El) system, focusing mainly on the cash benefits provided.69 A distinctive characteristic is that contributions to the regular El system are not payable on earnings from some types of non-regular work, in particular until 2009 any work expected to last for less than a year. Japan provides the clearest OECD-country example of an unemployment insurance (UI) system that allows for the continuing existence of an uncovered sector, and its detailed provisions merit careful study by any other country that is considering the introduction of a UI system that may at first cover only workers in relatively stable and long-term employment -although Japan’s recent reforms aim to extend coverage to short-term employment. The chapter then examines the management of Public Assistance, with a focus on the entitlement features and management practices that keep the benefit caseload particularly low.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	c328b7deaeb14475e026a5adc364c931	This pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural gender-based norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities. It is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market, which confines women largely to relatively low-income activities, and by intra-household decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities. Such biases are especially evident in gender-disaggregated household-level data based on “male-headed” and “female-headed” households.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ad16036-en	c3307486dbe557e9c831fc95ee1ad3a3	In general, in 2011, countries in the Asian and Pacific region had a DPT3 coverage of 80 per cent or above, with the exception of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (78 per cent), Timor-Leste (67 per cent) and Papua New Guinea (61 per cent). In some countries, DPT3 coverage was lower in 2011 than it was in 1990; examples include India (100 per cent to 85 per cent), Indonesia (88 per cent to 83 per cent) and the Philippines (88 per cent to 80 per cent). Immunization for this disease is also used as a proxy indicator of a fully immunized child because it is usually given at the age of 9 months, by which time all other antigens have been provided.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/a84cce24-en	c33175346cc048ff8ab22ef1cc73d90a	Yet, the policies, rules and institutions established to govern these processes are mostly national, while global mechanisms are strongly compartmentalized. Without reform, tensions will grow between decision-making processes at the national level and those at the global level. The question is how to reform the institutions responsible for global governance so as to make them better equipped to address these challenges coherently while allowing nations and their people to have the necessary space to determine their own destinies.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	c335a0996312df672fd36a2663fb4cf8	Pensions at a Glance, however, shows pension benefits as a share of individual lifetime average earnings (revalued in line with economy-wide earnings growth). In the standard assumption of the OECD pension models, a person’s income grows in line with economy-wide average earnings, which means that using the last or average lifetime income will yield the same result. A simple starting point is to say that standards of living in retirement should be the same as those enjoyed during working life.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	c33a9de8e7bf3227f1b05ef2d9b7e53e	Southern Med Review, 4(2), 69. Time series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality: a survey of econometric critiques and replications of Brenner’s studies. Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Reichman, N. E. (2013). Business cycles, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: Evidence from the Icelandic economic collapse.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c33c9e658120a9dded1fb5452afbe9ff	Moreover, some studies (Khera and Nayak 2009) have shown that this programme brought significant benefits for women, including improvement of their food security and ability to avoid hazardous work. The sample covers married women aged between 25 and 54 years, who live in rural areas, and whose household participated in NREGA programme. In 2009, 12 701 women of the sample live in households that participated in the programme and 56 333 did not.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/96e69229-en	c341505dea381200f644434abda289e7	Their results suggest that OLS estimates of skills premia in terms of both wages and employment outcomes may well provide a lower-bound estimate of the true returns to skills. But they report radically different pictures as regards the relative importance of the returns to problem-solving in technology-rich environments which 1 will refer to in shorthand as “ICT-literacy skills”. Lane and Conlon (2016), on the other hand, estimate larger returns to ICT-literacy skills and the impact of schooling on these skills is less marked than it is for literacy and numeracy1 .	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	c341c343273771ef52df00600dcf3c03	In rural communities, therefore, the capacity to provide or pay for quality services - compensating for the lack of a critical mass - is often constrained. Rural students are also more likely to work for pay than urban students in a number of countries (Figure 5), presumably reducing the time they can spend learning. Rural areas are believed to be mostly peaceful and friendly environments where local residents form close, stable and largely ethnically homogeneous relationships (Bauch, 2001(30]; Lewicka, 2005pij; Little, Panelli and Kraack, 2005(32]; Onyx and Bullen, 2000(33])- Several studies have identified the residential stability of rural areas, rather than their “rurality” or their ethnic homogeneity as the main factor behind the strong community attachment and overlapping networks of friendships in local communities (Gans, 1962(34j; Kasarda and Janowitz, 1974(35]).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	c34252e92a2e256807e8f2e26d97112a	Yemen is experiencing a politically and economically tumultuous period, with both the public and private sectors having failed to address food, water and energy insecurities facing the country. The goal of this case study is to understand the processes that have led to water scarcity inYemen and, specifically, in its capital, Sana'a. Population vulnerability to water scarcity is being examined and identified, and particular focus is placed on the urban poor and those living in informal settlements within the city's peripheries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	c34334dec0ef35ab04aa65b90b1a493e	Because of poor maintenance of drainage infrastructure, waterlogging of agricultural land is a concern. In the Ukrainian section of the Prut in 2008-2009, BOD, nitrite, and suspended solids were the most common defects. Compared to 2005, there was a slight improvement of the water quality of the Prut River in the Republic of Moldova. In 2005, four monitoring stations of the seven fell in class III and three stations in class II. In 2008, all seven stations fell in class II. In Romanian territory, on the Prut River, there are 11 monitoring stations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	c3441a8a8c3bf74d277602b1cf2e32c3	Even in the absence of such an adverse shock, however, the Lindoe example represents an invitation to stakeholders in Sydney to investigate whether it has any similar opportunity based on the presence in Sydney of large technology-based enterprises, internationally renowned universities, a highly developed TAFE system of skills training and strongly supportive policies by state-level and local governments. It has begun a work programme, including a project to design and build what will be the world’s largest and smartest nacelle test bench for wind turbines up to 10MW. It has established the Lindoe Welding Centre, which aims to develop welding techniques that will reduce the cost of manufacturing the foundations and basic structures of wind turbines.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	c344e1fbe7f02354bccaf53ce595b00a	Employers who hire as regular workers new school graduates who are unable to find a job despite active job-search can be paid a gi ant of JPY 1 million per worker (or half of this sum for large companies) (MHLW, 2009a). The Japanese Dual System had about 28 000 participants and a budget of JPY 8.7 billion in FY 2006 (OECD, 2009a; see also Annex 5A). This is now one of the main forms of “commissioned-type training” accessed through the Job Card system (see Box 5.1).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	c3462cc54a8973eb1efb7ee2d0164608	It looks at early school leaving, policies aimed at identifying at-risk youth and combating school drop-out, and strategies to adapt services for students who are not successful in the mainstream school system. It then examines vocational education and apprenticeship in Australia, with a focus on completion rates and career guidance. Finally, it gives an overview of social services offered to school-age youth, and the co-ordination of these services with schools.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	c349c4f266dcc667298ecc7e41acb11f	It is crucial to report the reference period together with the figures, as well as the international and national criteria for forced labour. The data collected should be comprehensive and their compilation sufficiently detailed, to facilitate international comparability based on the concepts and definitions provided in the ILO methodology concerning statistics of forced labour. Utilisation of the ILO methodology should help to facilitate the international comparability of forced labour statistics by minimizing differences across countries.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	c34acba1b87e38dc6946332ecb42a9a6	These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/288df776-en	c34e7d5590e75013f0b8bc4b55e3e179	In Kyrgyzstan, 150,000 to 200,000 people have migrated to Bishkek from the provinces in the past five years. Osh, the country’s second largest city, has seen a similar influx, resulting in informal substandard housing on the outskirts. The housing units often lack basic necessities such as sanitation and running water (IFC 2006).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	c34f595ea57d3fe3497a0cbf5ed1adac	I feel optimistic that they will have better chances in life.” Before that, they kept to themselves, deep in the rainforest. Her father wore no clothes as a young man and spoke no Portuguese. When he became Brazil’s first indigenous member of Congress, he took Tsitsina, his youngest child, to live with him in Brasilia, the capital. She is careful to say that she does not speak for all indigenous people, only herself.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	c3507c7277bb116fc1ac67013719223e	Both career-based and position-based public employment traditions are found among high-performing systems. Furthermore, this relationship is stronger across systems in which school-level achievement data are used for accountability practices - e.g. are posted publicly or are tracked over time by an administrative authority. This might suggest that when greater responsibility for teacher selection is devolved to schools, systems are better able to adapt to new circumstances and to growing expectations, and teachers are more committed to students' learning - provided that schools have the right incentives and are held accountable for their outcomes. However, the relationship could also reflect countries' decision to reduce school autonomy if student performance is in decline, or to grant greater autonomy to schools if performance is improving.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	c35131b76312220e215b226ca6162e0b	The stigma attached to transgender people, men who have sex with men, and sex workers has resulted in their social exclusion (Winter, 2012). In South and South-West Asia, transgender people in particular lack recognition. Being held in low esteem, they find it difficult to pursue education, enter a profession or set up a business.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	c35d04badf645d045a828862c04bd6b7	Second, certain segments of the population may not be, for various reasons, in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income. Third, even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low, which creates the problem of the “working poor”. While most of these programmes were originally launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns, in more recent years, they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity. Such programmes would offer jobs to displaced workers, though at wages below the market average (typically about half of the mean wage rates).	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/e8f21017-en	c35d17d61a39e71bc27007ed2f9e2658	With differences among regions and countries, these transformations include: the stabilization of total capture fisheries production at 90-95 million tonnes since mid-1990s; the rapid increase in global aquaculture production, reaching about 74 million tonnes in 2014 and outpacing all other food-producing systems; the globalization of the industry, with substantial growth in world trade in fish and fisheries products, particularly in value terms; and the rising demand for fish and fishery products. However, many factors might affect the prospects for this sector. These include: land and water and associated conflicts; feed, seed14 supply and genetic resources; environmental integrity and disease problems; development and adoption of new and improved farming technologies; market, trade and food safety; climate change; investment capital impediments; and problems that can originate from unguided and unmonitored aquaculture practices.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c35fe9f9098c91b25cdcaa3662d52280	It is the financial institution that takes on the task of collection. For this to happen, it will be necessary to provide the following information for each client company: contact information, national ID number and the total amount of the outstanding bills to be transferred to the factor. After signing the factoring agreement, the entrepreneur shall deliver to the factor a copy of the invoice, stating the schedule of payments granted to the client. He is responsible for getting paid directly by the client at maturity and takes care of any arrears.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/9206b37d-en	c36028d6479575b74a3d195824c62807	Telephone surveys are conducted in countries where telephone coverage exceeds 80% of the population. For further details on methodology and questionnaire design, see: www.aalluD.com). Table 1 details the eight dichotomous questions relating to food insecurity experiences in the preceding 12 months, used in the FIES.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	c360c34110e7d38d780e188397396399	Alternative ways to ensure appropriate supply of services include collaborations with NGOs and community groups. But implementation difficulties have been experienced in some cases. There is no strategy fitting all cases and the decision depends on the types of vulnerable groups, their presence among the poor, the family and household structure in the country and very importantly the political economy of potential reforms in the country. Overall, it is reasonable to believe that integrated programmes can effectively cover all the needy individuals while keeping administrative costs down.	10	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	c3610c206a9c9df5182ea22f277a455a	The general skills (functional literacy) level is typically achieved at the primary education level. Specific skills are acquired during secondary education and advanced scientific and technical knowledge obtained through higher education. However, formal education is not a sole source of human capital. In fact, recent studies suggest that in the Arctic human capital is less related to formal levels of schooling than it is in the south (Petrov, 2008; Petrov and Cavin, 2013).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	c3612bd5a7f24918c893ec8619a16e73	Industry and waste are also of concern: cases of maximum concentration values for NH,, organic substances and Pb exceeding threshold values for drinking water have been recorded in certain wells in the area. All are, however, of low importance. Nutrient pollution has been observed in some vulnerable zones.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	c363ec76c88bcb6c0df1b25ccf734f71	A rule curve committee was appointed in 1988 to lower the water level of the reservoir during the monsoon period as near to the dead storage level as possible for flood control. The project has fallen far behind schedule during construction. This has resulted in more capital costs, interest charges and delayed returns. Industry and the agricultural community are in conflict about water allocation strategies. Mean monthly storages are likely to decrease in future scenarios.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	c365dbaea64a613889c64168e8c53ad5	In the harsh conditions of the mountains, natural ecosystems play an important role in ensuring an environment that can support life. While biological communities do not vary greatly in the Kyrgyz lowlands, the mountains support deserts, steppes, coniferous and deciduous forests, and alpine meadows, which can all be found within a few kilometres of each other. It is only such high levels of diversity that allow an environmental balance to be maintained effectively under the extreme mountain conditions.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-7-en	c3695a311770b2ba14a4b9b28c2e564f	These are mostly full-time students, for example in Austrian vocational colleges, or in Korean junior colleges. In other countries, students are more often in their late 20s or early 30s. In the United States, community college provision is dominated by part-time adult students (Kuczera and Field, 2013). In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, professional examinations led by industry serve adults with some years of relevant work experience (Musset et al.,	4	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	c3699e7fce6d614e2382f5ac76f65b28	In fact, as ITU has long been highlighting, this can only be the case where an enabling environment with flexible and adaptive ICT regulatory frameworks are in place, to capitalize on the benefits of the digital revolution. Indeed, ITU organizes the annual Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR) to debate new and emerging ICT regulatory issues in ICT. Real-world drivers and constraints cannot be neglected at the expense of the virtual world - we need concerted efforts to harness the power of ICTs and the online world to enrich people's lives.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	c36fe6c1b453d3c7259f6668300005fa	It delivers business counselling, training and micro-finance to these women in order to help them start and manage micro and small enterprises, as well as providing opportunities for them to participation in local and regional trade fairs. Its goal is to strengthen the role of businesswomen as leaders in the Palestinian economy through advocacy, networking, and the provision of business services. It serves its members and offers programmes and services to aspiring women entrepreneurs seeking to establish or grow their businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	c3700d9468de2779b0dab5a2feacd39b	Their work consists in maintaining laboratories, preparing experiments, and assisting teachers in conducting laboratory classes. A total of 13 other professional categories are stipulated to support the day-to-day operation of schools (e.g. accountant, psychologist, nurse, librarian, clerk, secretary, repair man, guard, doorman) (See Annex 4.A1). The number of positions per category depends on the type, level of education and number of consolidated classes of the school. Norms for teachers, student-teacher ratios and “sanitary” conditions of schools mean that, within schools, most students are supposed to encounter comparable conditions.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	c370af9d0c1c8bfca8d12474dd1db55e	Some are environmental conditions that affect the availability and quality of agricultural land; inadequate land tenure systems; limited economic opportunities for growing populations; disparities linked to the remoteness of rural communities; poor policy making and the presence of institutions that exacerbate issues of crime, corruption, clientelism and conflict. A critical question is how to connect efforts to improve agricultural productivity while also promoting new employment opportunities that can provide alternative sources of income and improve the access dimension of FSN. The first is a single-sector approach, typically agriculturally oriented, that focuses on using a leading sector to pull development forward.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/a2e9d414-en	c3787079cfe8dcefbd42eb5c007e3c8e	Tourism business owners have indicated that the burden of staff training and development is currently too great (Khowala, 2015). The World Travel and Tourism Council (2015) also maintains that tourism firms globally and across Africa should invest significantly in employee training to address skills shortages in the tourism sector. For instance, only about 3 per cent of African students are enrolled in technical vocational education and training courses, compared with 18 per cent of Chinese students (UNCTAD, 2014d). This could contribute to young talent being available to both large- and small-scale tourism enterprises and promote greater youth entrepreneurship in tourism. The section also discusses differential impacts of tourism on women and men to better understand the gender dimension of the sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	c378f7c23b7a2e0ee10d6789b889eb31	There are some adaptation measures—the introduction and dissemination, for example, of adaptation technologies such as those involving drought-resistant seeds and solar-powered cooling systems for the home that expand access to electricity by reducing dependency on electrical grids while also reducing emissions—that align themselves well with business interests. However, in practice, kick-starting such adaptation measures requires a boost from the public sector. This being the case, the focus of the first policy scenario for increasing adaptation financing should simply be: more resources from the public sector.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/d8388e1a-en	c37ac8c6ce6025409a1297a25897b9e9	Then it moves on to provide a rationale for strengthening the participation of women within security and justice institutions and information on how to overcome common challenges to the increased participation of women, including cultural norms and stereotypes, lack of education, discrimination, sexual harassment and sexual violence. The chapter concludes with practical recommendations for how to increase women’s recruitment, retention and advancement in post-conflict security sector institutions. In this context, the transformation of security sector institutions is one of the key activities necessary in order to provide justice and security and prevent the resurgence of conflict.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	c37d02c83ce0f764f615367128454693	Le present document est consacre a ces questions. D en ressort qu’il serait possible de prendre acte plus clairement de certains antagonismes potentiels entre objectifs de developpement durable, et que la Norvege peut et devrait poursuivre plus resolument dans la voie des incitations economiques, qu’elle a contribue a ouvrir, de maniere a favoriser la realisation des objectifs de durabilite. Norwegian Coastal Cod (20 000 metric tons in 2004 and 21 000 metric tons in 2005) included.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	c37e4dc2a5b162f4369364a212fa9098	Two-thirds (66%) of all coal was transported by rail in 2005/06 (Raghuram and Gangwar, 2008). About 88% of all coal transported by rail originated in mines; the remaining 12% from harbours (total 370 Mt in 2008/09). Only 20% of all steam coal that arrives by ship is subsequently transported by rail. The mine-mouth cost of coal is in the range USD 15/t to USD 20/t.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	c37e77f0618984c4892b6d81e6bac467	Prior to this change, healthcare in some secure accommodation was commissioned by other government bodies: NOMS for some contracted prisons; the UK Borders Agency for Immigration Removal Centres; the Youth Justice Board for Secure Children’s Homes and Secure Training Centres and Police Authorities for Police Custody Suites and Sexual Assault Referral Centres). All prison and secure estate healthcare is now NHS England-commissioned, although the transfer of healthcare commissioning in police custody and in Secure Children’s Homes with Welfare-Only Beds to NHS England is still in progress. As of 5 September 2014, there were 85,385 prisoners in England and Wales (male and female, all ages including young offenders aged 15-17 held in Young Offender Institutions). The Department of Health has not surveyed the incidence of prisoner mental health but considers the Office of National Statistics (ONS) 1998 survey Psychiatric Morbidity among Prisoners in England and Wales to be the most reliable data currently available.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	c38a93ab76c819e508318a3ce1eec96a	However, this system of tax exempt interest is uncommon in other countries. In particular, USAID has promoted the creation of bond banks to act as a financial intermediary that accesses the private capital market, sells its own securities and on-lends the proceeds to participating local governments. The Federal Government capitalizes these state-owned funds and the state government must match the contribution.	6	3	1	0.5
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	c392d9308d8363e0323309959839e9d0	First, the apparent stalemate in earlier, more ambitious, negotiations has meant proposals for text require a lowest common denominator approach to achieve consensus. Second, in the broader context of a largely stalled Doha Round, fisheries subsidies were always contingent on a measure of horse-trading among dominant members over other agreements. Third, the rest of the world has not remained still: disciplines have and are being developed in other fora, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).	14	4	1	0.6
10.18356/b55e471b-en	c3949a75ccf1a0f1db222e3b36f1856f	In 2008, for example, 20 million people were displaced as a result of sudden-onset climate-related weather events, compared to 4.6 million internally displaced by conflict and violence.126 There is, however, no global database on migratory movements related to natural disasters. At best, there are estimates that can be derived from displacement data relating to particular crises. Although the number of disasters has increased significantly over the last two decades (see map 8 showing the change in the number of natural disasters between 1990 and 2009), there has not been a major impact on international migratory flows, as much displacement is short-lived and temporary, and those who are displaced do not have the resources or networks to migrate abroad.127 This is why it is often asserted that environmental change is likely to contribute to more internal rather than international migration. For example, environmental degradation may be the result of changes in average annual temperatures or rainfall levels, but it may equally be the result of deforestation or poor land management - or a combination of these factors.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	c3964f4cd12ae5d9a133db0c36f1796a	"The mutual support networks of Fureai Kippu (""ticket for a caring relationship"") emerged in urban grassroots mutual-help groups such as the Help of Daily Living Association in Tokyo and the Kobe Life Care Association. They can save these Fureai Kippu for their own use in the future or transfer them to someone of their choice, typically a parent or family member. In some cases they can convert Fureai Kippu into a cash equivalent."	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264113718-en	c3966335179b7e910eb7386deb4ffbbf	Quality standards should set out the expected outcomes of workplace training in terms of competences. A study of the quality of internships (stages) in Flanders found that the content of internships was key to their success (Ruelens et al., In line with studies from other countries (Gruber, Mandl and Oberholzner, 2008; Robertson et al.,	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	c398846077f2c0da2ee0b0fc263e2f42	As these models are based on projected unit cost per cost category, their respective projected cost risk and pair-wise projected covariances of cost categories among generating technologies these models can only be used for short- to medium-term, forward-looking analysis. Given their probabilistic nature, they can be used for short-term or (at most) medium-term, forward-looking analysis only. They use historical information in a semi-heuristic way to generate probabilities and tolerance margins of power systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	c399491ae495b940c5631fb85b5993df	The vector, c, is the food calorific coefficient vector, and eb and ef are the produced biomass energy and consumed fossil energy coefficients, respectively. The remaining vectors are shown in Table 4.2.1 (see also Sato et al., Forests are not considered in this mathematical analysis because, although forests provide biomass energy, the forest industry in Furano is stagnant.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cc778895-en	c39a4662e05e4e8fb56bfa02628ff1ea	According to this thesis, development policy could focus entirely on promoting economic growth, since such growth would ultimately lead to a decrease in inequality. In a comparative study of 98 countries, Barro (2000) shows that the Kuznets curve exhibits a certain degree of empirical regularity over time, but that it does relatively little to explain the variation in inequality across countries. As summarized by Castelar (2007), empirical studies, especially those conducted since 1996, show that high initial levels of inequality curb subsequent economic growth. Most of the literature on the subject indicates that a one standard deviation decrease in inequality boosts the annual per capita GDP growth rate by between 0.5 and 0.8 percentage points. However, when using panel data, the relationship between income inequality and economic growth appears to be weaker, which suggests that the empirical regularity seen in the Kuznets curve is robust for cross-sectional data but disappears when fixed country effects are introduced. Examples of these studies include those of Fields and Jakubson (1994), Fishlow (1972), Deineger and Squire (1998) and Barreto, Melo Neto and Tebaldi (2001).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	c39ae8c69efcaa79b4c6d0930c34098d	The impact analysis found that members of the health insurance system were more likely to seek treatment in health facilities rather than to self-treat (Jowett, 2001). And the Early Intervention Programme of Belarus is one of the best practices for children with special needs in the CEE/CIS region. Due to this programme, access for children with special needs to quality early intervention health services has increased. Between 2003 and 2008 the programme produced a 20 per cent increase in the number of children under 8 years benefiting from appropriate care and feeding practices for their survival, growth and development, including early identification of children with special needs (UNICEF, 2011b).	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	c39b1489210223889f782377b5f5a8e2	Such limitations are more common among women than men: 36% of 50-to-64 year-old women in European countries - versus 31% of men - report that health problems restrict their daily activities (Figure 22.2). As for functional mobility limitations in the same age group, women are 50% more likely than men to report being affected. Elderly people of low socioeconomic status, whether male or female, ar e more widely affected by all types of limitation. People with chronic diseases are less likely to be in work and have lower earnings.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	c39b9fb89d84a548ca317cb583abf50a	Moving towards better targeted aid through in-kind benefits, cash transfers and vouchers appears thus as a more effective redistribution tool (EC, 2007; Van den Noord and Heady, 2001). In practice, taxes and transfers affect incentives to work and save. The assumption of “no behavioural response” is likely to overstate the amount of redistribution achieved by cash transfers as these also typically weaken the work incentives of recipients (Moffit, 2011). Reduced VAT rates and exemptions are taken into account in the OECD estimates of the consumption tax rate at different income levels.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3f10390a-en	c39c1b75338416690883da3fad9d6a44	The source of subjective information is the 1996-2009 Latinobarometro survey, which was not designed to measure perceptions of how labour markets work. The discontinuity of some important questions (which means that series are incomplete or, in the case of some variables, that information is only available for one year), alterations to the wording of some relevant questions (making comparisons difficult) and constraints on sample sizes (making disaggregation by groups within each country unadvisable) are some of the limitations on the information available. Thus, we have preferred to work with analyses aggregated at the regional level (which raises the difficulty that certain conclusions might not be valid for some countries) and with indicators that have the longest time coverage possible. Within the first phase, growth slowed in 1998, and this was followed by stagnation in 1999 and recovery in 2000.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	c3a13d9d5882a2c14b41fd12c254a72c	Responses to such requests and complaints must be provided within 30 and 14 days, respectively. For instance, in 2016, a number of suggestions were received from the public on how to improve environmental protection from mining and exploration activities and from illegal logging. There is an annual review assessing how' the petitions are handled. The Law also provides for discounts and waivers that shall be approved by the Government.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c3a2136d3a306aa92d6becaa686305b2	This is typically a semi-formal value chain because prices are more attractive with a shorter value chain than those offered by processors. The animals may be slaughtered by the farmer himself and sold to a meat trader who will then sell it to a grocer or a restaurant. Cattle traders also buy live animals and organise slaughter. Individual farms sell cattle to feedlots and meat processing plants, and, like household producers, sell meat on the domestic market directly or through intermediaries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	c3a2d95b1add9717ab663650abd713d6	Reasons for sustained, high levels of spending out-of-pocket are unclear. Part of the reason may be dissatisfaction with the quality or accessibility of services provided by institutions to which individuals are affiliated, leading them to seek care from private health providers. Nearly three in ten Mexicans die within a month of a heart-attack (and this rate is worsening), compared to less than one in ten across the OECD on average (where survival rates are generally improving).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	c3b0a7e96cab9173ad978017f910ae12	Second, increases in the minimum wage often result in the compression of wage differentials rather than all wages growing by the same rate. This is particularly relevant for specialised low-skilled workers with earnings close to the minimum wage. An obvious consequence of wage compression is to greatly diminish incentives to specialise through formal schooling or other means to develop new skills. In this regard, the minimum wage hikes might hurt enrolment in short vocational and technical programmes that help low-skilled individuals specialise in certain occupations.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	c3b427eb3129c3f1d0f5c920d4db9134	First is the increased linkage between energy and commodity markets. As agricultural production increasingly relies on energy inputs on the supply side, and is increasingly used as feedstock for energy production, commodity prices will tend to be increasingly linked with oil prices and the volatility of energy prices will be transmitted to them. Uncertain energy futures in the context of a recovering and expanding global economy, and apparently fixed supplies of conventional fuel sources, raises fears of “food versus fuel” in times of shortages.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	c3b4bdc5a9a87190809e0bdfeec645fd	Combined with NBSAP costing, this work has enabled an assessment of the funding gap, which is around 10 billion Philippine pisos (PHP) a year. The recently established Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting, led by the OECD in collaboration with France and Mexico, is a further step in this regard. These sectors supply essential commodities such as food, fibre, fuel and fodder which constitute basic needs of society as well as inputs for other economic sectors. The agriculture sector alone employs one in three people in the world’s active labour force (FAO, 2012).	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	c3b74e124f582545b5f570dfa9cb08e1	This could be because certain care job characteristics, in particular the w orking hours, allow workers to strike a balance between paid work and meeting the care needs of their families. This percentage is somewhat higher (71.3%) for domestic woikers —especially female domestic workers— and low'er (61.8%) for other care workers (see figure III. Furthermore, although the proportion of woikers living in households with children has declined across the board owing to changing fertility rates and population ageing throughout the region, the decreases have been more marked in the rest of the employed population than among care workers and less substantial among female domestic w orkers than among other w oikers in the care sector.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c3b89d884d49024cf4f74f32acb8db07	R&D expenditure as a share of total agriculture output. Since 2005, the MoPW has given a recognition award to the best performing WUA and WUAF. This has not only created an incentive for farmers groups to do a better job in their O&M of the tertiary systems, but it has shown that there are certain characteristics that inherently make some associations more successful than others (World Bank, 2012). The other four social protection programmes are jamfeesmas social health insurance, BKM/BSM poor student scholarship, BOS school operational support fund and PKH conditional cash transfer for households. The term “tariff surcharge” is a misnomer in the sense that the base to which the rates of the tariff surcharge applied was not the tariff, but the border value of the imports subject to the tariff surcharge; for example, in the case of live animals (other than pure bred) in 1985, the tariff was 30% and the tariff surcharge was 15%, giving a total rate of import duty of 45% of the border value.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	c3bb9b0555d965c83cdc98e294c1edc9	Groundwater accounts for 60% of supplies, desalination (reverse osmosis) for 30-35% and surface water via cisterns, 5-10%. A report on measures required was presented to the Minister in 2008 and in 2009 consultation process was undertaken resulting in a national smart utility metering plan, to be rolled-out between 2010 and 2013. The project will cost an estimated EUR 40 million or EUR 163 per electricity and water meter.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpq7tm05r6-en	c3bcbf9eab4c2920d9da323e365cc658	Moreover, regional transfer systems can come with negative side effects if they are poorly designed. For example, transfer systems aimed at equalising revenues across regions can cause moral hazard, leading to a distortion of sub-central tax structures and less efforts for increasing tax bases and enforcing tax collection (OECD, 2013). If incentives for tax revenue generation decrease, less redistribution takes place, which directly affects income inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-4-en	c3bff8c044ec55f905841f75094a4275	Likewise, young people without a strong skills foundation are more likely to drop out of school and face difficulties finding jobs while those who drop out and are jobless can hardly maintain and enhance their skills. Policies can influence the dynamics between skills, education and employment, and ensure that a larger share of youth follow the virtuous circle of skills which leads to graduation and employment and henceforth to better skills. The OECD Employment Outlook 2014 shows that educational attainment and skills affect the probability of finding a job and its level of pay (OECD, 2014b).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	c3c1003357c8aa88ca7693f061f7d921	A study commissioned by the Board estimated that the potato industry accounted for CAD 1 billion of economic activities, representing 9% of the island's gross domestic product. Opponents argued it would result in groundwater depletion, as well as deter groundwater dependent springs, rivers, and ecosystems. They also worried about increased pesticide run-off, resulting in annual fish kills, and groundwater nitrate contamination and erosion.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/65d65044-en	c3c46b33be350b3048d52ad87b40cbb6	Women farmers are central in producing food for their families and in sustaining the ecologies that enable this, but must often do so under increasingly constrained conditions. These perspectives distract attention from and thus support the continuation of unsustainable consumption and production patterns and inequities that are actually far more significant in producing environmental problems than are sheer numbers of people. They are underpinned by alternative visions and values that emphasize not just profit and growth, but the importance of sustainability, gender equality, inclusivity and social justice. Typically, they involve different combinations of public, private and civil society institutions and require strong state action.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	c3c593e94ebae157023b974e60a4406b	They rarely enforce their posturing on women’s inclusion when it comes to negotiations in reality. For instance, in her discussion of the Taef Agreement (1989) in Lebanon, Kari Karame (Chapter 12) notes that even though the negotiation of the agreement was supported by the United Nations and the United States, only men were invited to the negotiation table. As Vanessa Farr shows in Chapter 11, more than 20 years later, “Contrary to the clear directives given in SCR 1325 to include women in all aspects of decision-making in a conflict zone, Palestinian women are routinely excluded from all high-level negotiations on the Israel-Palestine question - by Palestinian males, the state of Israel and the international community.”	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	c3c6d0559b6f32a55d8947346dc5b895	Honduras also saw a significant decrease in moderate or severe housing deprivation. A point of note is that the housing deprivation level at the start of the new millennium was 30% or more in all these countries, and in most, it exceeded 50% (see table II.6). They are followed by the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru (with 51% and 53%, respectively). The largest decreases were recorded in El Salvador and Nicaragua (more than 13 percentage points), followed by Mexico (more than 11 percentage points). Moderate deprivation in this area consists of access to a latrine or cesspit unconnected to the sewer system.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	c3c97a4ab5a0fbd0e004f946601b6fdb	Regional differences in income inequalities are high in all large OECD countries and in some small countries with a dominant urban centre (e.g. Belgium). The regional dispersion in the Gini index of disposable household income is highest in the United States, while the largest levels of the Gini are observed in Mexican and Chilean regions. Conversely, the two regions of New Zealand have an almost identical Gini index,and low differences in the Gini are observed across regions of the Slovak Republic and Finland.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	c3cab7900b9dfa2b6a4bef2b4777d62e	On balance, they suggest that trade is likely to become increasingly important as a supplement to domestic production in ensuring adequate food availability (and as a source of export earnings and income as will be seen in the following section). The Global Harvest Initiative’s 2012 GAP report compares the growth in projected demand in each region with the growth in projected supply based on a continuation of current growth rates in agricultural total factor productivity. It concludes that, on this business-as-usual scenario, 74% of the growth in total demand can be met by maintaining the current TFP growth rate, leaving a significant gap to be met by imports. In South and South-east Asia, the proportion is 82% and in the Middle East and North Africa it is 83%.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	c3ccbfda64465f49e1700dbde39214e5	The budget for evaluation activities also increased and was secured by law. In real terms, INEP’s annual budget more than quadrupled in a decade - growing from USD 104 million in 2000 to USD 460 million in 2011. Further pursuing these reforms is essential to ensure that all students acquire basic skills and effectively move on to upper secondary education. The greatest challenge ahead is to improve teaching practices, which is also the most promising lever of student learning. Developing a common understanding of good teaching should be the first step to formulate an ambitious policy for their professionalisation, and address concerns over their poor preparation, recruitment and support.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	c3cee2da74a0e80b1aacb0d54c7571b1	Consequently, more efforts are still required to ensure that a critical mass of women are elected into positions of authority and at all levels of decision-making. In order to have effective and competent women holding positions of leadership, the political space has to be opened up for more women to participate in politics. Hence it is crucial to deal with the systematic and endemic barriers that hinder the effective participation of women in politics.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1f11729d-en	c3cee81bfdab9919dce3f1c9e433d6eb	It is anticipated that children in the lowest decile of the income distribution will have higher rates of deprivation than other children and that they live in the types of households that had already been more vulnerable before the crisis, and have been hit hardest by the economic downturn. These will include family structure (single parent), family (household) size, migration status or parents' employment (low work intensity) and education.2 Further, the paper will assess the relative importance of these characteristics in determining relative disadvantage, and consider whether these features are common across European countries. Additionally, it compares the rates of child material deprivation for the most disadvantaged with that of the total child population. It will also look at child-specific items in Europe over four years to analyse the changes during the Great Recession specific to different dimensions of child material deprivation (based on EU-SILC 2009 and EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module).3This will illustrate how deprivation translates into childhood experience.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	c3cf58516f393343d002b942494599ef	It is provided mainly in institutional settings with little emphasis on community or home care. There is no properly integrated longterm care system coordinating between providers and this is reflected in fragmented service provision and disjointed governance (Normand, 2017). The current work on a Long-Term Care Act aims to address these challenges (see Box 1).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	c3d1ca89ed9eebb163e7ac7e6f07abd1	Governments play an important role in ensuring that the transition to low-carbon economies is equitable, sustainable and legitimate. The persistence of neoliberal thinking and policies, for example, tends to constrain important aspects of public spending and market regulation. These types of policy approaches are not conducive to bringing about a qualitative or transformative change toward more inclusive processes and equitable outcomes.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	c3d421de5ef3d1d3f0e67264e704af9d	Time series data are also available for each of these. While the FD accounted for two-thirds of MOECAF spending (MMK 13.62 billion or USD 13.29 million), the share of FD funding going to NWCD was relatively low' at 8.5% (MMK 1.15 billion or USD 1.12 million). Overall, the MOECAF budget (MMK 21.46 billion or USD 20.93 million) accounted for just 0.18% of total union expenditures on line ministries and departments (MMK 12.13 billion or USD 11.8 billion).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	c3d4a08638cf488348b9a5ba83b7fc97	They w'ere developed according to EU standards, and are therefore mostly consistent with them. The most important water-related outcomes of the Midterm Development Strategy were the transformation of the water management institutions from public companies at the municipal level to water management agencies, including local offices at the entity level; implementation of the new water laws including sublaws; and harmonization of guidance, rulebooks and standards. Given that the previous strategy expired in 2007 and although preparation of a follow-up strategy is in progress, there is a policy discontinuity in this important area.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	c3d7487155d7da527762e68b8886e047	First, we include all reasons why children lack access to goods and activities in our item-specific measures of poverty, rather than non-affordability only, because we think that they all reflect a violation of a child's right, even if this is by (children's/parents') choice. Moreover, for dimensions more related to local infrastructure, such as leisure, information and housing, there may be 'supply-side' restrictions8 that are separate from the 'demand-side' issues of affordability or preferences. Although Guio et al. ( Although the seven dimensions load on one latent factor both in the combined sample and in each country separately in the 2014 sample, suggesting that they do measure one underlying construct, we are interested in dimensional deprivation prevalence, relationships between individual dimensions and the degree to which some of them may drive the overall multidimensional poverty rate.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	c3d8dd1c680f076adef678b578a1234b	It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. The views expressed are those of the authors. Many urban programmes are extensions or duplicates of rural programmes, but urban-sensitive social protection needs to reflect the distinct vulnerabilities of the urban poor.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/0ec26947-en	c3da8abfaf782efed3d15536025cb98d	One of these token-based marketplaces, known as an “asset generation event”, provides direct access for registering and trading ownership of power plants. The project’s aim is to facilitate fractional ownership of solar farms and community battery systems. Power Ledger is rolling out its first asset, rooftop solar based in Australia, in the next few months. It should be noted that many blockchain businesses are risky ventures, often employing new ideas in untested markets, or using untested approaches where demand and adoption may be difficult to forecast, similar to venture capital investing.	9	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-0fe9c6d1-en	c3e214e6a285153764e5eea79e063253	Productive land, clean and abundant fresh water, healthy oceans and a stable climate are arguably the foundation of all the other socio-economic goals. The rationale is simple: we are not going to build a just and prosperous future for all of us, on a degraded planet with an impoverished nature. The most common threat to declining populations is loss and/or degradation of natural habitat, but unsustainable exploitation, invasive species and pollution are also major threats.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	c3e335af8e90a7369b3833b4f7d9de9f	Second, GTEs generally do not follow' established intervention rules for purchasing and releasing stocks and rarely commit to floor and ceiling prices (Poulton et al., This lack of transparency and predictability’ is detrimental to the well-functioning of the scheme as it diminishes the confidence of consumers and private traders in buffer stocks (Jayne, 2012). In addition, they also hold stock for food security and famine relief.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	c3e3cb2760c13e9c30ecf7ff372de627	From a public health perspective, it seems more appropriate to have a government agency issue the compulsory licenses, as this will save time and resources and involve experts who are familiar with public health issues (such as, for instance, a body in the Ministry of Health, or the competition authority in cases of anticompetitive behaviour). For example, a member could not just impose a compulsory license on essential medicines as such, but would have to justify each license in the set. For instance, a member may provide in its legislation that the lack of affordable medicines on the domestic market justifies the grant of a compulsory license.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/127a6106-en	c3e3e615000771d857847e16dd4f7d34	In this regard, the study focus will be on crops within the abundance of Neglected neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS), based on available plant genetic resources at the national level, excluding mainstream cash and staple crops such as rice, maize, and wheat. Crop-related NUS have multiple benefits and offer potential to diversify both agricultural production and dietary consumption, as well as strengthen natural environments. In the future, NUS will play a pivotal role in addressing malnutrition.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	c3e707d65b75dd8ca0e7dc9c92fe561d	Nine education systems refer specifically to working time, teaching time and time available at school, while the remainder cite them in different combinations. Among those countries that regulate both total working time and obligatory availability at school, the gap between the two (in hours) varies greatly. Teachers are, thus, on average expected to spend a higher proportion of their total working time teaching in the classroom and to be present for a greater amount of time at school.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	c3e87a4c7f17c3e7b109547a519fe6df	The EC has questioned Portugal on several occasions concerning its alleged failure to use appropriate procedures for energy, transport and tourism related projects. To avoid discrepancies between the conditions set out in an EIA and project implementation, a requirement for a further assessment of projects after their implementation was recently introduced. Emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) decreased substantially, by 64% between 2000 and 2008, well above the average reduction in the OECD as a whole (-28.1%) (Table 1.1). Reductions in the energy sector and in combustion in manufacturing industry (-74% and -58%, respectively) were especially significant, as they account for a large share of total SOx emissions (Table 3.1).15 The decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOj was smaller (-13%), but an increasing trend observed in the 1990s was reversed.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	c3ee522b66be69c8fc48bb2522d13a96	Finally, conditional cash transfers are responsible for 13% of the declining inequality, although Brazil spends less than 1% of GDP on these. This is a first indication of how effective conditional cash transfers are in the quest for more income equality, an observation on which there seems to be broad consensus in the literature (e.g. Barros et al., Source: IPEA (2012). Household data for 2009 suggest that almost half of the differences in labour incomes can be explained by education as measured by years of schooling, even after controlling for other differences (Ferreira de Souza, 2012). Indeed, youth are staying in school longer than in the past, and the starkest changes have occurred among people from the lower income strata (Figure 11, Panel A). Among the two lowest income quintiles, enrolment rates of 15-17 year olds have more than doubled to 42%, while for ages 6-14, more than 98% of children are in school (PNAD, 2011), Higher school attendance has also translated into higher educational attainments.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97ed059a-en	c3efd4dbcd30f498f6d763c26faeea39	In addition to this remark, it should also be pointed out that the amount of the transfer in relation to the average consumption of poor households is higher in rural areas than in urban areas, regardless of whether or not the cost of living is taken into account. The policy is therefore more effective at lowering the number of children living in monetary poverty in rural areas. This finding suggests that instead of distributing the same nominal amount of transfer to every recipient, it is important to find an optimal allocation of the national transfer budget. Indeed, the disparity in the effects of the crisis and policy responses is also seen at the regional level (figures 17 and 18; tables a7 and a8). In the other three regions, the transfer is not enough to completely counteract the effects of the crisis on monetary poverty.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	c3f458c53efa910731ccf46e23f9c89c	Covers the prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases in Europe. Requires member states to establish national/local targets for drinking water quality, discharge quality, water supply performance and wastewater treatment to reduce water-related disease outbreaks. Provided the basis for bilateral and multilateral conventions e.g. 1994 Convention on the Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	c3f56e78a8c35ffa8a12a446e3a9081c	To monitor the progress, the MOLIT will provide quarterly reviews on the performance indicators set by each regions, and then the results will be reflected in the next year’s implementation plan. For example, the concept of Happy Living Zones has been derived from the need for regional perspectives to support self-sustaining development of rural areas. Although Korea’s public finances are fiscally sound, it is a priority to pursue fiscal efficiency to prepare projected long-term fiscal challenges (OECD, 2018[i2j).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	c3f9ad136f209304820c3131b7495ca3	"This criticism seems appropriate again today, given the number of “new city” projects which in many regions seem to emulate the modernist designs of Le Corbusier, i.e. “vertical"" cities of skyscrapers and urban highways. Rather, lessons from several decades of policy practice and programme assistance should be reflected in the design of urban extensions and infill projects in existing cities and towns. In this respect, public authorities can learn from the experience of international development assistance and, more positively, carefully selected best practice."	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c3fa09700f4bf8e6b91e91c4a3c69952	An effective caucus relies on strong links with national women’s groups, CSOs and research institutes and universities. The Council continues the work of the post-Beijing Interagency Council and the White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Outreach. It aims to provide “a co-ordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls” and to ensure “that all Cabinet and Cabinet-level agencies consider how their policies and programs respond to women and girls’ needs and impact them.”	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	c3fa49364fc8f46afe4003090a04f0b9	If the policy is well implemented, this can pay economic, social and environmental dividends in the long run. If it is not, then it actually represents a setback from the perspective of both trade and the environment; more is spent to get a lesser environmental result. It is important, then, to use trade-distorting tools of green industrial policy judiciously, and as part of a suite of other less distorting tools aimed at achieving the same effect.17 Trade-distorting tools include local-content requirements, tariff protection and export-linked subsidies.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	c3fb37b1de8f093502bfbdc495795537	For instance, the growth rate was 62%, in Saudi Arabia 73% in Egypt and 96% in Iran (GE, 2010). This trend is projected to continue, ostensibly presenting a challenge but in reality also offering an opportunity for Jordan and its neighbours. According to the Electricity Regulatory Commission, renewable energy amounts to 108 MW of installed electricity capacity, which is equivalent to 3.5% of the total electricity generated in Jordan (ERC, 2010).	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	c3fb534864e30699fa411b39d3f61c9c	Many SCP problems are of a global nature due to the increasingly global nature of production and consumption and product life cycles, however the main institutions are generally set up for dealing with national or sub-national issues. The experience in cross-agency collaboration, especially horizontal collaboration, is often quite limited. In the case of incomplete scientific knowledge they have to rely on precaution to avoid undesired consequences, which is not always easy to argue due to a lack of tradition in precautionary policy approaches. The program is a regulatory approach administered by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and does not provide any economic incentives.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	c3fdec07db51aad1f8f27045db315160	Participative defence review processes that ensure the full participation of men and women from different segments of society have a more accurate understanding of the security situation and build national ownership and civilian trust. These projects have been implemented by the national armed forces of countries such as Benin, Ecuador, Madagascar, Mongolia, Paraguay and the Ukraine. The projects contain strong components of training and awareness-raising on a variety of issues, such as HIV/AIDS prevention and maternal health. This focus on reproductive health has been an entry point to address gender-based violence and gender equality issues.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	c3ffe6914928b03b79ab7ab45161cff9	For example, in Poland the mean family transfer is $799 and the proportion who receives it is 39%. A targeting of this transfer to poor children would greatly increase the take-up rate among poor children as well as the amount per poor child to $2969.9, helping to raise these children out of poverty while having a minimal adverse impact on children above the poverty line, as the proportion receiving the benefit was already low, as was the amount. Similarly, the proportion receiving family benefits is comparatively low in Canada (48%), Czech Republic (47%), Greece (48.8%), Lithuania (45%), and especially Mexico (6.2%).	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	c4044cbe1f383d43a48c86d7192985e5	Compliance with international regulations (cont.) It has also signed the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Beijing Declaration and the Convention on Equal Pay for Male and Female Workers. Lebanon ratified the UN Convention on Women’s Political Rights in 1955 and in 1964 the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education. The CEDAW was ratified in 1997.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264208469-5-en	c405d5eecb9a2f120eb381c93fcd4874	The implementation of incentive structures through quality contracting and targeted reimbursement would further enhance performance. In Norway, the health care system is semi-decentralised, with municipalities responsible for the primary health care sector and the central government responsible for the specialised health care sector. Nevertheless, there are areas that can be strengthened given its recent health reforms.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c41020a36bf3c2b020e221899e7a796c	Overcoming these obstacles could help to boost new investments moving into the NCER. The role of the northern region as a hub for Malaysia’s electrical and electronics sector is expected to get stronger with the establishment of a micro-electronics centre of excellence. To raise the capability of local E&E producers, the NCER initiative will support more advanced activities such as silicon, automation and materials design.	4	7	0	1.0
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	c41286120aefa905b3291e35c5a37b64	The CBD national report could also complement, contribute to or facilitate preparation of the CITES biennial report on measures taken to enforce the provisions of the Convention. Establish contact and collaboration with the national CBD and the other Biodiversity-related Conventions NFPs. Become familiar with CBD decisions, work programmes, targets etc.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/808599e4-en	c4129e4393331ba9e500749220462f69	Targets 8.3 and 8.10 highlight the need to promote entrepreneurship and the improvement and formalization of SMEs and to bolster access to finance for this core engine of job creation. Other targets address the unique role that sustainable trade (8.a) and tourism (8.9) play in fostering job-oriented growth in developing countries. These are echoed in calls for greater industrialization (target 9.2) and the promotion of SMEs in industry to support job creation. Sustainable tion (4.3) and possess job-relevant skills (4.4). Target 8.S calls for full and productive employment and wage equality.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	c4143768ea919a3a53374396eaac5149	In 2011, a team at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reported the creation of a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants, including oil, much more quickly and cheaply than current technologies (Spier et al., If deployed near oil facilities, such sensors could provide early warning of spills and leaks and track dispersal patterns in real time. These tools have a range of applications; they enable the detection of genetically modified organisms and aquaculture escapees, validate the identity of species, and alert environmentalists to the presence of invasive species.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c10e763b-en	c417482ad587e4fa2ba1f33119d69528	"Depending on the target audience, a tailored communication of messages is necessary where assessment results are concerned. Participants in the Drina assessment, for instance, identified ""national governments"" as the stakeholder that most needed to be convinced of the benefits of co-managing Drina resources. Other stakeholders that have been identified as needing to be targeted include; finance ministries, relevant ministerial representatives, mayors, local populations and project financiers."	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	c418748c4fad4353156708e365567e0f	It is also possible for a master's degree holder to take one year of pedagogical studies in the faculty of educatioi gain a formal teacher qualification. Teacher candidates are not only expected to become experts in pedagogical content knowledge, but they required to write a research-based dissertation as the final requirement for the master's degree. Upper-grade teachers major in an academic subject area of their choice; primary-grade teachers major in educational sciences.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	c4189dd84b1ebddcd7bfb37d28a51641	The good news is that these countries do not face serious security of supply issues before at least the end of the decade. As a result, most governments and policy makers are not very concerned with electricity security of supply, except in a few countries. They have time in front of them to prepare well in advance possible evolutions of market arrangements, if and where needed.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	c418abb0629a11732f8fbcf90b74e6e3	In addition, declining PISA scores and a rising share of low achievers are raising concerns about the quality of the future labour force. These factors play a role in the stalled income convergence process. Indeed, practices such as early tracking, streaming and low transferability between academic tracks hamper employability, human capital accumulation and social mobility.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	c41b1ee085f7415f510c77fef5c9c58a	Moreover, children from poorer households are less likely to go to school. There are also considerable variations in net enrolment rates across these countries for children from poor households. Although education for girls has high economic and social benefits for both households and society, poor girls’ enrolment rates are lower than for boys in almost all countries with the exception of Bangladesh. In general, larger sized households tend to be poorer than smaller ones, and the poorest households have higher dependency ratios. These ratios refer to nonworking age members, such as children aged 0-14 years and the elderly aged over 60 years, who need to be supported by a household’s working members. Of course, these intra household associations are governed by many other dynamic and complex links.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	c41fb9e5a1f222a98c5884cf12ea8d51	In Canada, they were four percentage points more likely to report such levels; however, this hides important differences by region. In Sweden, differences between students of mixed heritage and native students were not significant, but returning foreign-bom students were 10 percentage points more likely to report high levels of schoolwork-related anxiety than native students. However, this figure should be inteipreted with caution since the sample of returning foreign-born students is quite small, leading to uncertainty in estimates. The gap between native and first-generation students in reporting poor achievement motivation was 16 percentage points in Sweden, which is lower than in Austria (22 percentage points) and the Netherlands (36 percentage points).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	c420aef4e7b3c3aa6eee369064b599c9	The energy intensity of water supplies depends on the structure of the water resource, the water demand as well as the need to rebalance regional demand and supply by transporting water over long distances (KAPSARC, 2015). Surface water typically requires little energy to be extracted. Also groundwater generally needs barely any intensive treatment before making it usable In contrast; extraction can be very energy intensive when deeper aquifers are used.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	c426dd44f7871658f7aa00643b7d4ae5	Of those who entered the district, 71.3% were Jews. Therefore in order to have an impact on improving the quality of human resources in the region, the higher education institutions must reach the large and growing Arab population that remains in the region while continuing to play a role in attracting and retaining the predominantly Jewish population from the centre. Today higher education continues to be seen as means to attract young people from the centre to the periphery in the hope that they will settle and remain in the area following graduation. However in reality educated young people, who are unable to find jobs in the region, are migrating to the centre (Goren, 2009).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	c42714486465be4439caf9ee2bbbe3bb	It should also provide incentives for fathers to take leave. Specific legislation prohibiting discrimination in hiring and pay on the basis of gender should be introduced when absent. Discrimination against pregnant women must also be addressed. Access to the legal system should be made as simple as possible, and the costs of legal action kept low to allow poorer workers to file complaints against abuses. When discrimination is the result of persistent stereotypes and misperceptions, affirmative action can play an important role by helping women to seize good job opportunities and prove their worth. Careful behavioural design can help overcome deep-seated gender biases in hiring and management practices.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c428881206a705a088beee9853e6d67f	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Economics Department, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	c42952573a7cfdc3665c5d1aeb57d42c	In 2005, the overall efficiency of global energy conversion (from primary energy to services) was about 11 per cent (Cullen and Allwood, 2010a). In other words, global primary energy demand could be reduced to only one ninth, while the same energy services were provided, if all energy conversion devices were operated at their theoretical maximum efficiency. In more practical terms, but still assuming an almost perfect world, global primary energy demand could be reduced by 73 per cent (or to less than one fourth), while the current level of energy services were provided, mainly through a shift to passive systems (Cullen, Allwood and Borgstein, 2011). This is in line with the popularized overall “factor 4” and “factor 5” improvements (von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins, 1998).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	c42b229b9b47228fe237f8e4e4751ab7	Since then, the Convention has broadened its scope to cover all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use. Many of the listed Ramsar Sites concern wetland ecosystems that are shared between two or three countries. Thirteen of them have been formally designated as Transboundary Ramsar Sites, nearly all of them in Europe.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	c42d5c871ac8047591f5db4233cdedc5	"Article 24.1 of the UNDRIP is illustrative of such an autonomy. It states, ""Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals"". The process has displaced them from their lands and alienated them from their natural resources."	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	c42f1e00ffcaf10ef7b21a92176f0de8	The Government appoints a five-member Management Board and a Director of the Public Institution for each national park. All Protected Areas are to be protected by a ranger service, with responsibilities that include visitor education and monitoring. Management and protection of the designated multipurpose area are to be carried out by a Public Enterprise.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	c430902dea01b00d39c05f9e33ef3f5f	This requires creating safe spaces and trust, as well as long-term, contextualised, tailored approaches that take intersectional concerns into account, rather than relying solely on easily replicable and transferable quick fixes. This requires more long-term engagement and funding, the latter in particular for staff salary' costs. While these are often not very high, they can be very challenging to fundraise for, given the preference of many donors for flinding activities rather than salaries and reluctance to allow overhead costs to be included. It aimed at changing harmful gendered dynamics in the justice sector (including harassment and inappropriate behaviour in the courtroom, including against women judges), reducing gender bias across the sector and improving the responses to domestic violence. Much of these intrinsically required changing notions around what is and what is not considered acceptable male behaviour, and a key component of the training programme with judges, clerics and prosecutors was shifting gender norms and attitudes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5eb5ad13-en	c432e71da4815846af2173224b31f497	Governments in developed regions were more likely to have adopted such measures than those in developing regions. In developed regions, 98 per cent of Governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence, compared to 65 per cent among Governments in developing regions. Report of the Secretary-General on intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	c4351c1bfbff1395e99d80bea0797708	These incentives include smaller class size, shorter class teaching time, a stipend in addition to the salary, an opportunity to choose the next school of assignment and advantages for the promotion to administrative positions preferred as the final stage of the teaching career (Kang and Hong, 2008). However, at the same time, it can have unintended consequences widening the gap between students from different socio-economic backgrounds. Particularly, disadvantaged students may not have parental guidance and support to do homework, a quiet place to study at home and time allocated to after-school learning due to family and other responsibilities (OECD, 2014a, 2016a). Schools can therefore work with parents to encourage their involvement with children at home and help parents to better support their children with school work.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	c435ccfc85a480bfc9534aea595d188b	As people grow older, they face shifting pressures to fulfil community and familial expectations related to sex, marriage, and childbearing. As their roles evolve, their need for family planning often recedes from the view of policymakers and programme designers. The younger a girl is at the time of marriage, the greater the challenges she feces in controlling her own fertility, and the more subject she is to closely spaced and repeated pregnancies (Rutstein 2008). Often overlooked in the design of family planning policies and programmes are men over the age of 49 whose fertility declines only gradually as they age.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	c436485b251e44e037677df17c2ddb4b	This performance is projected to continue in 2016 (at 8.6%) and 2017 (at 8.3%). The government intends to continue its efforts, after the success of the 2012-15 national development plan (PND), to make Cote d’Ivoire an emerging country by 2020 and see that growth is more inclusive. The primary account was nearly balanced in 2014 and 2015, while the overall deficit was around 3% of gross domestic product (GDP).	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7977af-en	c439b6bc61783287262d8443719675f4	All forms of work carried out in the home —chiefly by women— such as cooking, cleaning and caring for others are performed without pay and with no contract to govern aspects such as wages, responsibilities and the benefits derived from the work. Women's increasing incorporation into the labour force has not been offset by greater participation by men in household work. Thus, in Latin America the sexual division of labour has remained partial and uneven.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	c43a57fe0871c759edaf509cb6a4f226	Those who have difficulties in adjusting, or where the costs of making adjustments are high, will have to pay more. A uniform regulation, requiring the same performance level of all companies in an industry, could entail higher overall compliance costs and would cause stronger resistance. Involving the groups targeted by a proposed policy (such as companies, consumer groups, or farmers) in the drafting process can help build awareness, understanding and support. Consultation processes can also inform the policy design process on the circumstances of targeted groups and on obstacles to compliance.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	c43bdaa280cabf369bd97044841917bb	Satellite data, including that generated by the US NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), have been able to provide overall monthly and yearly changes in groundwater stock in multiple regions. It demonstrated, for example, the diminution of resources in California over time (e.g. Famiglietti et al., Smaller countries, for which groundwater is a major source of freshwater and which have more homogeneous geological profiles of agricultural land, and where data is collected and shared, are able to properly track groundwater resources over time. An example is Denmark's National Groundwater Mapping and Management program, financed by private and public water consumers, which uses new tools to track groundwater (DWF, 2012).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	c43c810dd2c259aba79f4a5216de71e1	In its simplest sense, effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an intervention achieves its stated aim(s). Thus, according to their varying aims or objectives, each community may emphasise different aspects when assessing the effectiveness of their intervention. A key pillar to this is the development community’s Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	c43d377348500d5d8a7e70eddf1e9d6a	Moreover, several empirical studies have found that economic instruments such as water pricing or tradable water rights offer a more cost-effective water management strategy than command-and-control policies, thanks to the heterogeneous nature of users’ marginal benefits from water consumption (Olmstead and Stavins, 2009). The overall equity implications of economic instruments depend on their precise design: whether the water-pricing scheme is linear or block-rate (see Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion of equity in water tariffs); how water rights are initially allocated; whether water trading may refrain low-income farmers from receiving enough water to sustain their livelihoods in water-stressed regions, etc. They should therefore be considered when determining how to promote the acceptability and long-term stability of the reforms.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	c43fc26655398e17c9f382e20def6a89	While they have been criticized from a human rights perspective,'58 this section deals only with the extent to which they comply with the rights and obligations related to the family included in human rights treaties. Even though many CCTs aim at enhancing the economic inclusion of women, when it comes to gender equality these programmes have been strongly criticized on several grounds. For an analysis of the tensions between CCTs and gender equality, see UN Women 2015a, pp.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/5jxx20dk8jf5-en	c4461964c58ccf65709acb68254862e1	Further, the Abu Dhabi Declaration1 adopted by the High Level Event on the Blue Economy in January 2014 stressed the contribution that an oceans economy can make towards the alleviation of hunger, poverty eradication, creation of sustainable livelihoods, and mitigation of climate change. Oceans and marine ecosystems have also been discussed in the Open Working Group set up by the UN General Assembly to prepare the sustainable development goals. Oceans matter for the environment. They also matter for the economy and for humans.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	c4477ea67256b8d0833a7b81a7ec239f	Through interviews, views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries, as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions. Identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups. This offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	c44bd07433e01ed877b62c428db534ba	The analysis is by no means an attempt to provide a full picture of adaptation costs for the agricultural sector; instead, it aims to provide an estimate of the orders of magnitude of the potential expenditures that would be needed to support some adaptation measures. The purpose is also to complement the cost estimates provided by the World Bank in its 2009 Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study, where the costs of adaptation in agriculture were calculated for developing countries (Nelson et al., Based on the same methodology, this report presents the projected adaptation costs in agriculture for OECD countries.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/64d6e2ff-en	c44ced7cffb102f6a6eada8f86603a5f	Some progress has been made on the Addis Agenda commitment to consider setting up innovation funds where appropriate. More efforts in this area are encouraged at the subnational, national, regional and global levels. Official development assistance (ODA) for research and development to African countries, least developed countries (LDCs) and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) has increased modestly since the financial crisis.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	c44ee6e0f4132d867c1d379ad51761ea	First, not all the inward FDI is in fixed capital formation that expands productive capacity and employment, and neither does all of it go to the manufacturing sector. Second, the size of the manufacturing sector in the host country in relation to the existing stock of FDI plays a role: if that stock is small and the industrial sector is large, even a high growth rate of FDI may have little impact on employment. Finally, many factors unrelated to FDI may explain job creation in manufacturing.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	c44fd11737bd3ab6198a2c9bbb784a54	Many LDCs have weaker enabling environments and governance structures, and limited formal banking functions or other capital markets, and as a result, it is more challenging to attract private climate investment in such environments. The figures here exclude unallocated amounts i.e. where the recipient income group could not be specified (e.g. bilateral finance provided to a regional fund). Source: OECD DAC statistical system, estimates are based on USD commitments for 2013 (see Annex 1). Work conducted to date under the OECD-led Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance highlights that measuring private climate finance mobilisation is challenging due to the lack of comprehensive data on private finance, methods to estimate the mobilisation impact and the range of actors and complexity of interactions associated with mobilising private climate finance (Jachnik, Caruso and Srivastava, 2015). The study estimated private climate finance mobilised by multilateral and bilateral finance to be USD 12.7 in 2013 and USD 16.7 billion in 2014. Mobilised private financing was estimated and attributed on the basis of private co-financing directly associated with public climate finance instruments at the project, activity or fund level.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	c4506c2c248798dd37974d29bc66644c	For example, if they directly reward evidence-based preventative medicine and other actions designed to reduce future demands for health services, they may serve to promote the cost-effectiveness of the health system. If, on the other hand, they offer no reward for timely intervention and mitigation of future ill-health, the financial incentives may be dysfunctional and serve to exacerbate cost pressures, for example by encouraging referral for unnecessary specialist diagnostic tests, or indeed by discouraging necessary' referrals and thereby increasing future healthcare costs. In the same vein, non-financial instruments, most notably performance reporting requirements, might reinforce or work against cost containment objectives, depending upon their design. The next section examines three fundamental functions of primary care that may contribute to this objective: reducing or delaying the onset of disease; reducing the use of specialist care once a clinical condition has been identified; and reducing the intensity of use of specialist care once a need for such care has arisen.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	c454e657ebad600d93748198f49b5b63	Furthermore, it was conceived to allow for an examination of the “tools” in the fisheries manager’s “toolbox” in terms of their suitability in the face of climate change, as well as to develop an understanding of the economic, social and environmental information that can underpin decisions on climate change adaptation. The Workshop findings included in the Chair’s summary are intended to inform governance considerations that are important to national and international efforts to manage and conserve aquatic resources while adapting to the effects of climate change, as well as other pressures that influence fisheries resources, whether they be natural or man-made. Specifically, the OECD's role and expertise regarding economic and policy analysis, coupled with the COFI’s analytical work regarding to fisheries economics, management, policy development and governance will assist in shedding light on the economic and institutional aspects of climate change.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	c45503d30f6709a9ab59c2103eb40877	The city government organises workshops and training sessions in each district to empower civil society engagement in public administration. Every year, the city government publishes the list of projects that have been designed based on the recommendations of the citizen budget committee. In the budget year 2016, 809 projects were conceived with the ideas of the committee. Although consensus-building through public discussions may often be time-consuming, the city government is strongly committed to the idea that participatory governance unlocks opportunities for open discussions on potentially conflicting ideas and can help improve service delivery, social equity and mutual trust in society (SRI, 2016).	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	c455f00e4e53406c831d52a180a1e10d	In the United States a recent crisis in Flint, the fourth-largest city in the state of Michigan, revealed the dimensions of this problem. Flint is an industrial city with an official poverty rate of over 40%, a majority African-American population and a femaleheaded household rate of almost 30% (US Census 2015, State of Michigan 2015). Residents (especially mothers) complained about poor water quality almost immediately following the switchover, but the authorities repeatedly dismissed their concerns and issued strong denials that there was a problem.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	c45c91cc00f42b3fe55e0c93b1224aa1	Schools developed a small resident training structure with focal teachers, who were the first to be trained and became responsible for replicating and disseminating the training in the school. Still, education colleges and university departments kept a role in monitoring and supervising the way the programme was carried out. Its focus on the school and classroom are most likely the key to its success.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bd01abcb-en	c45e6613e94a9af1c8d7296f064bcfd3	"2012.""Institutional and Demographic Explanations of Women's Employment in 18 OECD Countries, 1975-1999.”Journal of Marriage and the Family 74, no. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. Women's Earnings and Household Inequality in OECD Countries, 1973-2013.”Acta Sociologica 60, no. 2016.“Has the Potential for Compensating Poverty by Women's Employment Growth Been Depleted?”"	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c45f81575b19764e77afcdcef0e79acd	The growing agricultural debt led the government to adopt a USD 2 billion financial relief package in 2013. At the same time, protectionist tendencies in trade policies strengthened. The recent period is also marked by the Eurasian integration, with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia coming into effect in 2010 and Common Economic Space in 2012.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	c46015480a2404275e20fa559e662d8f	Figure 1 below summarises the combined effect of these trends using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). For most years, gross income data for a number of countries are not available in LIS as most market incomes are recorded net of taxes or social contributions. The countries concerned are Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, as well as Russia.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	c4605b42e3cdb40a32787c6e0bc8daf8	This classification (which, for European Union countries, is largely consistent with the Eurostat NUTS classification) facilitates comparability of regions at the same territorial level. E, Health, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men was 69.1 years in 2010-12, about 10.6 years lower than for non-indigenous men.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	c4674e4c9375eea74086afa48a46c17e	The empirical approach can easily be repeated with data for later periods. However, while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed, the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place. Results point to ten clusters of individuals with low or weak labour market attachment, and distinct combinations of employment barriers.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264249400-7-en	c4690667c8aefdfc24e208710de8ad8a	Recently, with assistance from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the government of Tajikistan has been implementing a nationwide programme for rehabilitating WSS infrastructure. At the same time, it is studying whether regionalisation of water utilities could improve operational efficiency. As a consequence of poor management in the 20 years following the country’s independence, the quality of WSS services has drastically deteriorated. Providing sufficient volume of quality water to individual consumers is still a challenge. The participation of private entities in the WSS sector in Turkmenistan is marginal.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	c4697d7e85a007794b08cabcf5feb4e9	While this is not a comprehensive list (see Bours, McGinn and Pringle, 2014), and none of the challenges are unique to climate change adaptation, their combined scope and scale are. Each challenge is briefly explored below. This is particularly the case when countries take an integrated approach to adaptation. This means that adaptation considerations are integrated into all national planning and budgeting processes.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	c46b6344832025bd55ff227fa40b1ddc	This was an attempt to provide a dual response to the emergency: while rubble was removed or precarious urban spaces were brought back into use, steps were taken to improve the satisfaction of basic needs by distributing new incomes (Lamaute-Brisson, 2013, p. 47). Firstly, “cash for work” programmes were implemented, consisting of a daily payment of the minimum wage to workers employed on highly labour-intensive projects to remove rubble and restore roads, footpaths and irrigation and community infrastructure systems. The “16/6” project (which aims to relocate people from six camps in their neighbourhoods of origin) had community participation in defining the works, which resulted in lighting for various public spaces to safeguard the integrity of women and children.	13	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	c46dc83e8c7ffb1956cbf57e84c74000	It describes major policy instruments based on an OECD country survey and case studies, and draws upon the recent literature. This chapter suggests six main policy strategies: 1) developing a long-term vision; 2) developing indicators to measure how effectively policies are working; 3) promoting health for all ages; 4) increasing older people’s engagement in the labour market and in social activities; 5) providing affordable housing in accessible environments; 6) redesigning urban areas to increase attractiveness and well-being. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	c46e7153ac776cfd76e41d9ae7971dda	Finally, promoting the positive impacts of integrating resilience into programming, both locally and internationally, will help reinforce progress made. Based on the findings of this study, integrating resilience into donor organisations will involve an internal review on risk and resilience, gaining an appropriate political mandate, and then creating a platform of policy, guidelines, research and experts to enable the progressive integration of resilience throughout the organisation - in capitals and in the field. Guidance should include how to engage all stakeholders in the integration process, how to perform a comprehensive risk analysis, how to adjust current programming and thus integrate resilience into donor country and national government strategies, and, importantly, how to evaluate the impact of resilience-building. Lessons from OECD countries, in business continuity planning, supply chain management, public-private partnership, and risk financing and transfer mechanisms, could form a useful part of this guidance.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c46fb0dfadd537c5f3e4b7e26796b2c1	This type of financing is commonly used by large businesses, w hich can issue bonds on marketplaces in order to raise large sums of money. Eligible for this funding are start-ups with an innovative project in the fields of engineering sciences, life sciences and new ICTs. The fund can invest between 10% and 35% of the company’s equity, up to a maximum of MAD 4 million, by buying a stake in the equity and quasi-equity of the company.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	c470e793ca3b2fae8ffe56d03ddc2db1	Similarly, India has a National Database for Emergency Management which is a GIS-based repository of data at varying scales which uses core data, hazard-specific data, and dynamic data in spatial as well as temporal form. This is based on an inventory of hazards and vulnerabilities, taking into account the frequency and intensity of hazards, including floods, landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis. Vulnerability is quantified using socio-cultural, economic, physical, and environmental parameters. It also takes into account the regulatory and institutional capacities of local governments, as well as the effectiveness of early warning systems, vocational education system, and mitigation and preparedness systems. The IRBI, which is updated every two years, categorizes 497 districts as being at high, medium or low risk (see map below). These data can then be used to derive a risk index at the provincial level.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	c473488cf23bc52b3de3e95676967f56	Real power is the net transfer of power to the consumer, whereas reactive power is stored in the system and returned to the source. In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. Thus, higher currents increase the energy lost in the system.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/c45e5372-en	c473b7ed39ed4d90b5981bbc42a786bf	The initiative calls on national, regional and local government agencies to increase procurement trom women vendors. The ITC guide was developed after a series ot wide consultations, and lays out a detailed framework to help policymakers design inclusive public procurement policies and create a more business-friendly environment for women-owned businesses (Box 10). A procurement map was released to showcase examples of how various governments are addressing the issue.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	c476be782daa33188f21dffe417c503a	Not all development processes may, however, be full. Some may become stuck along the way, with persistently high levels of inequality. It is not clear whether these economies are merely going through a difficult phase and will soon see the light at the end of the tunnel, or whether they may indeed be stuck indefinitely.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	c47b198e3e580c4333a6628024e67e68	India granted patents only to processes, not to products, which encouraged firms to reverse engineer and become world leaders in generic drugs.24 Similar tales of capacity building can be told for India’s automobile, chemical and service industries, now vigorously tapping into world markets. For long stretches, Brazil also experimented with inward-oriented economic strategies. But when they did so, they were able to rely on capacities built up over decades.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	c47b8103d580f49f5d6bae0f229f15df	The problem is worse among indigenous and Afro-descendent children: just 80% complete this cycle (ECLAC, 2008a). This is because when access to primary education is widespread, the investment needed to promote enrolment among disadvantaged groups (the extremely poor, inhabitants of rural areas, indigenous and Afro-descendent groups) is substantial and should focus not only on increasing the supply of education but also on ensuring the conditions for effective access to these services. This often involves action in multiple sectors.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c47bb1088becd6713a399acd8b7ac195	Independently of social preferences for one technology over another, the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in OECD countries. Currently, dispatchable producers that are exposed to lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of VRE are expected to provide the backup for variable renewables to cover demand when the latter are unavailable. This service is costly but currently not remunerated.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	c47cfef47b4880a113c7ffdd962b8a6f	More detailed information on the policy context and trends children’s living standards is provided in Annexes A and B of this document. Measuring and comparing child poverty (or any other population group) requires arbitrarily defining an income threshold below which all members of a household will be considered poor. This level of income is meant to synthesize differences in purchasing power and standard of living between households and for this reason is used as a proxy to categorize household members as poor or not.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-5-en	c480193f2ec755673172c56a6dbfa2b3	It can provide a better understanding of the biological and economic risks associated with variations in stock productivity and distribution. It can analyse the economic and ecological linkages within fisheries that affect the degree of impacts and adaptation (FAO, 2006). It can also result in improved information systems to integrate knowledge from different coastal sector and plan for strategic response (Daw et al.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	c482fa6e842852847ffa3d35e3849b13	Specially, younger people living in urban areas create larger discrepancy in age at marriage by postponing marriage towards higher ages. Getting married as an early age often results in childbearing at an early age and high fertility as women who marry early will have, on average, longer exposure to the possibility of becoming pregnant. Very few children are born outside marriage in Viet Nam.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	c4834176a163101bb1c5438faacf0308	These statistics should also be interpreted with caution, as expenditure is also influenced by the extent to which these indicators cover private settings and private expenditure, by the decision of some countries to consider some ECEC programmes outside the scope of the ISCED 2011 classification, or by the impossibility of providing reliable statistics to international organisations. For example, the absence of data on private expenditure and private institutions in Brazil and Switzerland is likely to understate the true level of expenditure and enrolment in early childhood education programmes (ISCED 0), and may affect the comparability of the data with other countries. Inferences on access to and quality of ECEC should therefore be made with caution. Consequently, early childhood educational development programmes (ISCED 01) are not reported in some OECD countries, namely Belgium (French Community), the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, and Switzerland; or data are missing in some countries, such as the Flemish community of Belgium and the United States.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	c48566b1d3e9dab7105cc93195ef4330	While the term is mostly interchangeable with “green transport” or “sustainable transport”, the former tends to draw more attention to types of transport modes, and the latter to the comprehensive impact of transport across environment, economy and society. An additional message that “eco-mobility” conveys is the cultural aspect of transport. It interprets roads not as an exclusive property of cars, but as a recreational space.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	c487d90c6a19f14445773a10b9466e7f	Prevailing gender roles within households mean that women undertake the bulk of unpaid care work in the household, such as minding and educating children, looking after older family members, caring for the sick, cooking and collecting water and fuel. As a consequence women have less time available for engaging in productive activities, that could provide income opportunities, or in paid employment (Dejardin, 2008). The invisible and undervalued nature of care work has an impact on women’s wages in jobs such as nursing and care of children and the elderly. Donor interventions can support empowerment in these areas.	1	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	c4881f832646908adaacefa01f5277d3	The Convention has not yet been ratified by the required 36 countries to come into force, although negotiations are on-going.6 It does not completely overlap with the Helsinki Convention, in particular there is no mention of the precautionary principle, polluter-pays principle or the inter-generational principle. It is also wider in scope, in that it focuses not only on pollution but also on the protection and preserve ecosystems in general, including the prevention of the introduction of alien or new species which could have a significantly harmful effect on the ecosystem. However, it contains a similar set of obligations on co-operation and on the day to day management of transboundary watercourses, including information exchange, notification of planned activities and crisis management.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c488ded7c662f342c24320155fbc63e3	Recent experience in the electricity markets has shown that the introduction of VRE, even at modest penetration levels, has had large impacts on the level and volatility of electricity prices and has jeopardised the economics of existing generators and incumbent utilities. More specifically, it is urgent that all technologies be exposed to the market price and bear the hill cost of connecting the plant to the T&D infrastructure. If policies are sought to promote the development of low-carbon technologies, they should primarily focus on the establishment of an adequate and credible carbon price, and could be possibly combined with other forms of technologically neutral incentives to low-carbon technologies. However, such incentives must leave each generator exposed to the market price and thus link the remuneration with the value of the electricity provided to the system.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264090415-6-en	c497ab7dc41b0bb1360dd47ba58b8d6f	The NEMURO model (Kishi et al., Other input parameters, such as biomass, catch, production/biomass ratio (P/B), consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B), and diet compositions, are also used for the Ecopath run. Finally, the outputs of the Ecopath run, together with results from ecological process studies and fishery socio-economic analyses, are used for the IFRAME risk assessment. First, scenarios on management options and/or climate changes are selected.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	c49982c842acfe2fb0f0b2ed758a308b	Given that an improved MRV system for finance could be used for different purposes, a disaggregation of the information on finance is helpful. How are these flows assembled by source of finance and country of finance? How are they transferred and disbursed? Climate-specific vehicles or general bilateral flows?	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/871f6812-en	c49a587df96f91dc5494c7ffc94b9cea	Namely, EVs are designed to sit parked (and therefore charge over long periods), rather than drive, for the great majority of their time, which makes them less suited for high utilisation. The available charging infrastructure, moreover, was not originally designed for shared use. Given their long charging times, their locations outside of city centres, inside garages and lacking access or amenities, it is clear that EV charging infrastructure was designed for customers and commuters rather than for shared use purposes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0392d441-en	c49c46cc00f0fd5e70e6d84dfacfbd4e	The present paper explores early marriage as a risk factor explaining early childbearing and mistimed pregnancies. Data collected from an adolescent survey of 11,609 girls between the ages 12-19 years are analysed in conjunction with in-depth interviews (n-12) with adolescents living in three districts in South-Western Bangladesh. Life histories of girls who experienced an early pregnancy were explored to elucidate how high modern contraceptive use and replacement level fertility in the region coincided with high levels of unintended pregnancy.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	c49eb774b27fc4cd44e5c72e612a75d5	Materials are often washed or blown away into the environment, contaminating adjacent land and watercourses. There are no licensed waste incineration facilities for the treatment of MSW. It is common to burn household and other waste in the open. Some wastes, including used tyres and wood waste, are burnt in lime kilns. At Sharra, which is the main disposal site in Tirana, the old disposal area has been recultivated. Sharra Phase I is developed as lined landfill and partially filled; Sharra Phase II, which is financed by the Italian Government, is lined and will soon be ready for operation.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	c4a0ca28660b3783480210857c4d2f87	Even in well gauged rivers there are significant uncertainties over water. These might include the sources and fates of pollutants in the basin; the effect of land use changes on flood magnitudes and propagation downstream, or the water requirements and tolerances to pollution of ecosystems. Here also, the level of risk characterisation and evaluation should match the level of water risk.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/c69de229-en	c4a2762294b41518616adc572c8e85a5	It uses measures of social cash transfer payment rates, covering social assistance, child supplements, and housing benefits, all measured as the average payment rate as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pretransfer family poverty rate to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of family poverty. Overall, there are relatively strong associations between changes in social cash transfer payment rates and the post-transfer family poverty rate.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	c4a4a98d9d74ab0062b48951acca73a7	An instrument such as the Pact could be used to accompany such a gradual devolution of responsibility. There are basins where charges have been applied at federal level, but not yet at all state levels, as in the case of the Sao Francisco, Doce and Paranaiba River basins.5 This may also create limitations in terms of the financial autonomy of the water agencies, given the fewer resources available (ANA, 2016). Some delegated water agencies have to deal with both federal and state authorities and face difficulties in applying different set of rules, inspections and more or less stringent regulation.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	c4a6bcfd0b6b22bcce7cb554814d136d	The term “climate finance” is distinct from the term “climate-relevant finance” outlined below. However, key outcomes and objectives can also include greenhouse mitigation and climate adaptation, and capital flows to activities with such outcomes should also be counted as climate finance. This includes, on the mitigation side, investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable forestry or agriculture.	13	1	7	0.75
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	c4a812879e77761a71fd3ab9ec082252	A National Assembly report in September noted that up to 300 trillion dong ($1 = 20,855 dong in September) would have to be injected into the struggling financial sector. In a government directive approved in February 2013 said that bad debt should be cut to below 3% of loans by 2015. In Cambodia, the monetary authority raised the reserve requirement for banks and made a commitment to safeguarding the health of the banking system by strengthening supervisory capacity and strictly enforcing prudential regulations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231122-10-en	c4ae0ec755dee7c55ca58a7fa9496f56	Evaluation has generally remained on an ad hoc basis potentially because stakeholder engagement has often been carried out as an “add-on” to conventional processes or has often consisted of a “tick-the-box” approach to comply with existing legislation and rules. First, it can provide insight on how an engagement process has, is or will function. It can take place at various stages: during the early stages of design and preparation (ex ante evaluation), during the engagement process itself or after (expost evaluation). Process evaluations relate to how engagement has taken place, the quality of the process and the activities either throughout the engagement initiative or during a specific phase (i.e. design, implementation).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	c4af76f25c1eea4b71400999d0d18184	La inversion en infraestructura fisica, como, por ejemplo, el gasto en agua potable, saneamiento y centros de salud, puede reducir la carga de trabajo asistencial no remunerado de las mujeres. Estas dos formas de inversion tienen caracter de bienes de interes publico porque generan efectos secundarios positivos en la productividad economica. La financiacion de la igualdad de genera en estos ambitos se considera mas bien una inversion que produce unflujode ingre-sos en el futuro debido a los efectos beneficiosos para el crecimiento y el desarrollo.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	c4af9216dd59af33f9dd00ff2f4cc410	In Mozambique, for example, the national approach to adaptation is situated within the National Development Strategy to ensure a climate resilient future. As part of the Development Strategy, each sector is responsible for identifying individual indicators and targets on adaptation (IIED, 2013b). In order for a co-ordinating unit to be in a position to draw on this information it would ideally be connected to the national planning process from the outset and collaborate closely with key stakeholders. To illustrate, Mozambique initiated work on its monitoring and evaluation framework in 2012 when the National Strategy for Climate Change was introduced. The framework will be developed on an incremental basis, building on lessons learned.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-31-en	c4b03469f27c9bec73c62a4a4401621c	Part of the broader initiative is to reduce the impact of fisheries on the natural environment while not compromising the profitability and competitiveness of the sector. On-board innovations such as sustainable fishing gear and facilities to aid processing and survival of bycatch are financed. Strong emphasis on technological solutions and knowledge transfer is seen as a solution to reviving the industry. The initiatives include, for example, investments in research on fuel saving demersal gear and testing its environmental effects. The objectives within this priority are laid down in the National Strategic Plan. Part of the remaining budget is intended to fill the knowledge gap related to marine litter and underwater noise, an important issues pertaining to the marine environment.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	c4b072d9e5daa3b473ea7995afee58ef	Milk production increased over six times, from 20.8 million tonnes in 1970, to 133 million tonnes in 2012. Production of beef from the buffalo herd has recently been undertaken for export shipments, putting India into the top three bovine meat exporters in the world (Box 7.2 in Chapter 7). As the second largest producer of fish in the world, India’s production has grown almost four times since 1980, including a 12-fold increase in aquaculture production during this period. Both events are described below. To ensure market support, the Food Corporation of India and the mechanism of market support prices were established in the mid-1960s.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	c4b3cc0709183b006d0f64e698dc4089	Classically, polychaete worms predominate in the macrobenthos, followed by crustaceans, molluscs and echi-noderms (Gray and Elliott 2009). The benthic infauna, be they deposit-feeders from sediments or suspension-feed-ers from the water column, or those which are capable of both, provide an important link to higher trophic levels like the demersal ichthyofauna. However, studies of benthic macro-infauna of tropical marine sediments are far fewer than their temperate counterparts (Alongi 1990) and, as with the paucity of information on sediment characteristics of the region, there are very few infaunal studies on shelf sediment habitats in the WIO. Consequently, literature on these fauna from the region are limited (Mackie and others, 2005).	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-18-en	c4b59ab315d073a70c4656149b858bf0	Despite evidence of under-reporting, there were 1,630 reported cases of sexual offence between 2000 and 2010 according to the Royal Grenada Police Force (Ministry of Social Development 2012). In 2011 alone, 388 females reported cases of domestic violence (Government of Grenada 2013a). Sylvester Quarless, former Minister of Social Development, acknowledged in 2009 that GBV was the foremost cause of female death in Grenada (Spice Grenada Newspaper 2009 cited in Kimalee 2011).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283299-en	c4b5d26ed43d52890df2720b651d591e	These improvements reflect a number of changes, including better access to high-quality acute care for AMI and stroke, more rapid transportation of patients to the hospital, and the development of specialised units to treat these serious conditions (OECD, 2015). This signals some shortcomings in the effectiveness of primary care. New care pathways for people with diabetes and end-stage renal disease are being developed, involving GPs.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264086234-en	c4ba26f5b7bfbcb372be187107c165db	The change took place during the 1990s. In 1991, the responsibility for compulsory and upper secondary school provision was transferred to the municipalities along with a less centralized system of targeted grants to schooling. In 1993, a major grant reform transformed the system of targeted grants into a general grant system. The latter reform implied a fundamental change of the organization of school funding. In 1996, teacher wages, which until then had been set through central negotiations implemented nationwide, started to be set at the local level (Ahlin and Mork, 2007).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	c4be2805e5973283cea06f5364dbaece	The legal basis for transboundary cooperation is also examined: bilateral and river basin agreements on transboundary waters, as well as relevant multilateral environmental agreements entered into by UNECE countries and their neighbours, are inventoried (annexes II and III). Therefore, specific attention is devoted to ecological issues, notably through the assessment of selected Ramsar Sites1 and other wetlands of transboundary importance. They also show the linkages between transboundary wetland management and management of transboundary waters.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	c4bea24b43cae37b4ff70cdf6004ecb9	Where the opportunity cost of water is high for environmental or urban uses that compete with agriculture, those net national benefits will be higher than where opportunity costs are low. For example, consider the case when a reduced cost of investments in drip irrigation technology occurs. That cost savings will raise the net national benefits from the farmer’s saved water by a greater amount when that water has a value in urban or environmental uses than when there are few competing demands for the saved water.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	c4bebf719253517bd565e39ed94f8e0f	Since 1970, the tax base is common to property tax on developed land, property tax on undeveloped land and the residence tax (cadastral income). During the past twenty past years, the economic contribution has been reformed to encourage investment. It also creates an incentive to attract new residents and businesses in order to expand the tax base.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c4c39b51615b3e2a63f4e63b44fcc5a3	Rural areas continued to suffer demographic, economic and social decline. This marked the turn to an active policy to promote agricultural growth. Incentives were provided through a substantial expansion of preferential credit, machinery leasing, fertiliser and fuel subsidies, and considerable tax concessions. Rural development and social issues have become more prominent on the policy agenda. In the late 2000s, instability of global economy increased government’s concerns about the resilience of the agro-food sector and the ability of private business to respond to the stated agricultural development goals. State-supported large-scale investment projects were initiated and support was re-focussed from the crop to the livestock sector.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	c4c3c88886138589023f6c486c6d1b40	It seems moreover that labour force participation tends to be lower where the skill level of the population is the lowest, a larger of share of the population potentially suffers from opioid addiction, is in bad health or receiving disability benefits, where licensing requirements are the most important especially regarding low income occupations and where child care is less available (especially for women participation). This could make the impact of common labour demand shocks on labour supply and participation vary across states. They however differ substantially on other features such as share of the population with felony conviction, housing conditions (measured by the share of crow'ded houses) or the relative costs of child care. On the other hand, high participation states (North Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota and DC) present very diverse positions on most indicators, but tend to have strong health outcomes and reported health indicators.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/73c3a080-en	c4c4d768a60e03c7e6000c58142a922d	Central concerns for electricity security are fuel security and adequacy and security of energy systems (IEA, 2016e). However, its interpretation is heavily influenced by national contexts, for example in terms of energy access, the energy mix and dependence on energy imports. For energy-importing countries (developed as well as developing), particular concerns are the resilience of energy systems to external supply shocks, the balance-of-payments effects of changes in international energy prices and diversification of energy suppliers (Yergin, 2006).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	c4c7dfacae68e27cef3b31eefcaaca66	Created by the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) in 2003, the WLSG is not a formal decision-making forum, but a platform aiming at sharing information, fostering a common vision, influencing policy and building consensus. Members include high-level representatives from relevant government departments such as Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Environmental Affairs, Agriculture, Energy, Human Setdements, Mineral Resources, Trade and Industry as well as the Planning Commission, the Presidency and National Treasury. Other members include water institutions such as catchment management agencies, water boards and water users’ associations.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	c4caaf9f608d58b80f99a658de4dbfaa	Due to their proximity or historical ties, such areas may show similarities in economic development and culture, or perhaps share the need to overcome peripherality with respect to economic and political centres in their respective countries. Transnational approaches for such macro-regions have been the subject of trade arrangements around the world. They have also been considered in Asian co-operation approaches.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	c4cb88ab87251c73efe0ee24626f4bc2	The intersection approach is at the opposite side of spectrum, identifying people as deprived only if they are deprived in all specified dimensions or indicators. The intermediate method, as the name suggests, is a middle way, classifying one as deprived if the number of deprivations a person experiences is equal or above a pre-determined cut-off point. They use the union approach since they selected the variables as to measure any circumstance that is ‘highly likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, wellbeing and development of children'. They identify children as living in absolute poverty if they suffer from two or more severe deprivations of basic human need (Gordon et al.,	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	c4cd363d3160764eb6bc419e308e8c4a	They are a collection of services provided by state and non-state actors including communities to individuals for overcoming poverty and vulnerability and includes transfers in cash or kind, subsidies, and welfare (ILO, 2006a: 7), and aim to prevent poor and other vulnerable groups from falling into poverty, or being caught in a poverty trap when affected by temporary shocks, such as natural disasters or economic downturn. Social “safety nets” can take several forms: targeted or untargeted, conditional or unconditional cash or in-kind allowances such as conditional cash transfers, child allowances, food stamps, food rations or school feeding programmes (ADB, 2010b: 1). Generally speaking, the higher the social development, the greater is social security and in turn, the greater the social protection. Similarly, stronger social security measures foster stronger social protection which, in turn, raises the level of social development and vice versa.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599451-4-en	c4d02fc3624200cb693ffb19842269f1	In 2008, the number of women contesting elections and running for office further increased. Dr Fehmida Mirza became the first female Speaker of the National Assembly in Pakistan’s democratic history, and initiated the network to harness their collective ability and start a dialogue on women’s rights and empowerment.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	c4d67f484c46ecb01bbd5bb1208cbbff	Those who report having had at least one other intimate partner in the past can be filtered into the module of questions concerning psychological, economic, physical and sexual violence by previous partners. Some respondents will therefore be asked the same modules of questions twice: once concerning current or most recent partner and a second time concerning previous partners. It should be remembered that questions concerning psychological and economic violence should always be positioned before those concerning physical and sexual violence so that respondents are eased into the more sensitive questions gradually.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	c4d6a6e4a6fcc268eadc37f3fb1fda5d	Several regulatory measures have been introduced to reduce and prevent water pollution by nitrates. They have focused on: periods in which land application of nitrogen is prohibited; rules for fertiliser application on steeply sloping ground and on water-saturated, flooded, frozen or snow-covered ground; and rules for fertiliser application in the vicinity of watercourses. However, implementation of the requirements is still inadequate and further efforts are needed, especially to better manage the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers and reduce uncontrolled applications of livestock manure on soil.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	c4d841a719697c842c800858181b6d43	To avoid non-compliance procedures by the EU, the deadline was extended and Italy introduced specific procedures, with strict timetables, which allowed the competent authorities (national river basin authorities and regions) to develop the RBMPs. The MATTM provided specific guidelines for plan finalisation and approval. All eight RBMPs were approved in 2010.13 Some RBMPs presented a detailed analysis of the state of surface and groundwater bodies and a summary of significant pressures and impacts of human activities on the status of water bodies (Box 4.3).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	c4dc1ad6cc61bdbed3f6ff896374cc0a	Since August 2013, children aged 1 year or older have been legally entitled to an ECEC place. The number of guaranteed preschool ECEC hours varies widely across the Lander (regional governments) w ith, for example, four hours per day in Berlin and ten hours per day in Saxony-Anhalt (BertelsmannStiftung, 2015a). Federal, regional and local governments (Kommunen) project a further expansion of ECEC, aiming to provide 810 000 ECEC places for the under-3s by 2018, compared to 662 701 in 2014 and 286 905 in 2006 (Destatis, 2015a).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	c4dd7a31716a9007295635538738b62f	Des travaux supplementaires sont necessaires pour comprendre comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent accroitre de maniere efficace Foffre de logements locatifs abordables par le secteur prive. Les donnees de l’OCDE disponibles ne sont pas assez robustes pour pouvoir proceder a une comparaison internationale exhaustive, et une analyse plus poussee est necessaire pour elargir la couverture des donnees et valider leur qualite. Toutefois, les donnees existantes laissent penser que les logements occupes par leurs proprietaires beneficient d’un soutien considerable par rapport a d’autres modes d’occupation ; cette situation n’est pas compatible - dans les rares pays ou des informations sont disponibles - avec la neutrality it l’egard des modes d’occupation des objectifs affiches de la politique du logement, ni avec le principe d’aider les menages qui en ont le plus besoin, qui sont generalement sous-representes parmi les proprietaires-occupants.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	c4e05ca6f122705a913b2d9f8a0449ee	In July 2013, the coverage of acute care and maternal services was extended to irregular immigrants, who are believed to grow in numbers (Migrationsverket, 2017). In this group, many people are former asylum seekers who often avoid formal care for fear of being reported. Voluntary health care providers organised by NGOs meet some of their primary care needs.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	c4e4df6e713ecacc210eea35f447c170	"The OECD would like to thank the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and especially Kristin Valasek for her commitment to supporting the development and finalisation of this chapter. It gratefully builds on DCAF's Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit (""Security Sector Reform and Gender"", eds. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR, 2008). The OECD would also like to express its particular appreciation to the experts who provided substantive input throughout the drafting process."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5ff49553-en	c4e93cf7aad3a01830e952cff886d8e4	This constitutes another warning sign, because it has a negative impact on the development of capacities among new generations, which is not promising considering the greater productivity demands and the demographic shift towards societies with higher dependency rates due population ageing. Generally speaking, investment, innovation and technological development have been geared towards this traditional structure, and the bias has been supported by relative prices, spending structures, subsidies, fiscal provision of infrastructure and access to financing, among other elements. This pattern has driven the expansion of the agricultural frontier, escalated the extraction of mineral, forest and fishery resources, and heightened pollutant emissions, with negative environmental externalities.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	c4e9e01502db0f94f3474e64962fadaa	Changes in consumer prices and the reduction in income from self-employment in the non-agriculture sector are the major contributors in the increase of child poverty. As for the “consumer prices” component, non-food items (not shown) are the main channel through which children are affected by the crisis. The fall in wages affect child poverty relatively more in Cameroon, representing roughly a sixth of total child monetary poverty increase. It is noteworthy that changes in the informal wage sector affected children relatively more than the formal sector, with the exception of Cameroon for 2011.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47f7e4f3-en	c4eb562d36d46097dc98f851e5047ab6	For example, according to NDHS, in 2006 the infant mortality average in Nepal for indigenous peoples was 55 deaths per 1,000 live births while the national average was 59.8 Viet Nam appears to be doing better in terms of reducing the infant mortality rate, but it has not been successful in reducing the disparity between its vulnerable ethnic minorities and the majority population. Given the highly variable information availability we have information on the indicators for only few countries. In South Asia, for example, Nepal provides a glimpse of the situation in all three aspects of child mortality based on the further analysis of the national data. For India, Mohindra and Labonte (2010) have analysed the time trend information from the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-1), 1992-1993; NFHS-2, 1998-1999; NFHS-3, 2005-2006. Bennett and Dahal (2008) did same for Nepal using the data set generated from National Demographic and Health Survey 2006.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	c4edc6c512c47ffbe7b04a900960c8d9	Some of the specific issues and particular groups of women noted above (namely indigenous women, women affected by HIV and displaced women) are also addressed in more detail in section H below. Many women are almost completely dependent on their relationship with a man (be it a father, husband, uncle or son) to access land, making it difficult if not impossible for them to access, use and control land in their own right. It is especially important that laws, policies and programmes related to land and other productive resources should be sensitive to these issues, and ensure that women are able to access these resources regardless of their personal or marital status.	5	1	11	0.8333333333333334
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	c4ee34726c3309040f3a1d8450fffdda	In addition, society’s views on minimum levels typically rise as living standards increase, and updating needs to take account of this too. Revising the universal health-care basket clearly involves trade-offs. Conversely, keeping the basket very close to the technological frontier may imply prohibitively high costs.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/baf425ad-en	c4ef4dbfbfc4dc21b59480ce405efb7e	In Mexico, reporting practices are moving towards including primary' care in their National Registry', while Slovenia is working closely with Danish experts to modernise and adapt their reporting system. Sweden is currently implementing medical record review in home care settings in combination with a global trigger tool following similar guidelines as to what has already been put in place for adverse event reporting in hospital settings and psychiatric care. In other words, where are the value and the ’best buys' where the benefits outweigh the costs of implementation, the costs of harm, and the opportunity' costs of other priorities?	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	c4f03f366f02230581ab1fd66e3dcc80	Although the plan does mention the importance of energy savings and energy management programmes, most of its financing programmes target the renewable sector. It remains to be seen whether these are indeed implemented. They are only meant to stand as an intermediary vehicle until agreement is reached on the nature of the financial architecture. The EE investment gap is still tremendous.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8eb4eb9e-en	c4f0426dfa14f4fe7a1eae958711e575	For better results of an assessment process, scenarios should explore different ramifications and extensions of critical uncertainties and interaction of factors within specific themes. In this regard, scenario analysis can be effective in supporting strategies for resource-use management and conservation. Scenario analysis goes beyond simple contingency planning, sensitivity analysis and computer simulations by presenting comprehensive exploration of alternative futures. One benefit of scenario planning is that by expanding the range of future outcomes considered in strategic decision-making, managers avoid the risk of “putting all their eggs in one basket’’.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f043edc5-en	c4f11f34ee281bd8f1694d34327ea11e	Using the two together can help planners see how individual water or energy management choices ripple through both water and energy systems and understand trade-offs that might not be apparent when looking at either system in isolation. Planners can then evaluate outcomes against their policy goals and priorities; for example, to supply enough water for all, or reduce GHG emissions. If one approach leads to unacceptable results, they can explore alternative policies and measures.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c4f235cae05e33403300f0f62902b172	In this endeavour, it has also worked towards building healthy families and improving women’s health care. The Council is responsible for providing recommendations to the President on the effects of pending legislation and executive branch policy proposals; for suggesting changes to federal programs or policies to address issues of special importance to women and girls; for reviewing and recommending changes to policies that have a distinct impact on women in the federal workforce; and for assisting in the development of legislative and policy proposals of special importance to women and girls. The functions of the Council are advisory only.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-15-en	c4f32ec3c3fa652179e1dc1f8864dbba	Gender pay gaps are especially large among high earners. Occupation and industry segregation also play an important role. Education, by contrast, has played a positive role in closing the gender gap. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	c4f3d37601751037dde2a7128ea966ea	In addition to adjusting the targets for public transport, Vietnamese policy makers have two key considerations: how to design effective public transport systems and what options they have available to pay for them. However, there are significant obstacles to urban transport system integration in any comprehensive form. They range from rushed implementation that has produced conflict and confusion, to inadequate technology for secure collection of fares and recognition of tickets, to disparities in equipment and infrastructure maintenance between municipalities (Hidalgo and Carrigan, 2010).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c4f70652490bc50963c076d1786715c5	However, these are economic costs, for which provisions exist to be internalised through the funds that are constituted by electricity producers and that are passed on in customer prices and tariffs. The problem for policy making is, of course, that such accidents receive an extraordinary amount of attention from the media and the general public. The greatest number of fatalities is recorded in coal mining and hydroelectricity, two technologies which do not generate widespread public concerns.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	c4f7dbcfdf865416efafbf89c8a16428	Food insecurity and malnutrition within a country tends to occur in geographical clusters, and the forces that lead to food insecurity can vary by type of geography. Consequently, a place-based or territorial approach to food insecurity can potentially improve current food security and nutrition (FSN) policies in all types of countries. This reflects two important realities. The first is that it is in rural areas where food is mainly produced, and to the extent that shortages in supply contribute to food insecurity, they must be addressed through improvements in agricultural productivity.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	c4f80c28cf7b12e2639f93ca932f33e7	Of these, two stand out. The first is Law N° 20.625 (adopted in 2012), regarding discards, which formalised a research programme to identify and characterise discards and also institutes a discard reduction plan. In the field of fisheries, they will make decisions on the availability of resources, BRP’s and annual catch quotas.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4413a3e2-en	c4fe0aaf2aaca9e31e0fefafa012a2c5	This is not intended to shift responsibility from the entity causing an adverse impact to the enterprise with which it has a business relationship. B. Enterprises are encouraged to: 1. In consultation with the OECD member countries, and on the basis of the human rights issues revealed in the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, he provided recommendations on the main human rights elements the update should include in order to meet its goal of ensuring “the continued role of the Guidelines as a leading international instrument for the promotion of responsible business conduct.”	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	c501f2656a9bb03c54d099f4187e3481	Around 80% of JSC participants find a solution (either employment or retraining) within a period of seven months, and this high number was sustained even during the crisis of 2008-10. Counselling services are provided during the notice period, preparing workers for their displacement. When the planned dismissals are of particular importance to the local community, additional funds are available.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	c502d9e5484a80f22b0ca6c2de2ae0ac	Succession planning for an ageing workforce presents another challenge for policy makers. Compounding the issue is the fact that social disadvantage is typically higher in regional and remote areas, where workforce shortages are more acute. It is not infeasible, for example, that a rural patient in Western Australia faces the prospect of travelling 3 000 kilometres to attend an appointment with a specialist in the state’s capital of Perth.	3	3	7	0.4
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	c50587f3ebc7d0b7940fe2847f7d4b1c	The prospects for aggregate ODA are not encouraging: unprecedented fiscal pressures in OECD countries are reducing aid budgets. There is a need both to sharpen the focus of ODA onto LDCs, and to look to alternatives. While the ostensible rationale for aid is to address poverty, most aid goes to countries that are not LDCs.	9	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	c50a3203dd238bcddc79da03d0a77ed4	Other thematic programmes of relevance to societal challenges are funded through the BMVIT w'hich supports R&D e .g. At the European level the strength of Austrian research on societal challenges can be seen in a sound performance in the participation in Horizon 2020. This is mirrored by a rather small share of allocations directed towards specific socio-economic objectives (which include defence, health, etc.). Total GBARD per capita in Austria is considerably above the EU average.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	c50cb860f2369abf9dc303cea03c1101	It will stress in particular the role the Negev can play in the research, demonstration and testing of clean-tech innovations in renewable energies and water and its high-skilled and entrepreneurial labour force. Therefore the development of clean-tech in the Negev will draw on a range of national programmes. The benefit of a cluster framework will be to coordinate these programmes and ensure that they are applied in a strategic way to the economic development challenge.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	c50e03900caa9cf204ab639c87c4f419	Regional governments' housing subsidies accounted for the major share of spending on access to basic services. The projections of social protection spending in Chapter 3 of this study include scenarios whereby humanitarian relief is included in total social protection spending as well as a scenario where it is excluded. Spending by the federal government increased at the fastest rate among these four sources between 2012/13 and 2015/16, growing by 24% per year on average.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	c51165848ef2be8e0ac1f6ad5ceb186f	Under Article 40 of the TRIPS Agreement, members may only control IP abuses that have anti-competitive effects and thereby a negative impact on trade and technology transfer. This is so because Article 40.1 covers the licensing of any IPR, such as trademarks, which is not necessarily related to technology transfer. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 557.	3	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c5122503461f803baf163aebeb997ef9	The Adaptation Committee, together with the LDC Expert Group, will also help to develop modalities and methodologies for two out of the four objectives of the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake (AC, 2016a). Jordan’s INDC, for instance, states that their mitigation and adaptation measures should be linked and also aligned with specific Sustainable Development Goals. In terms of communication on adaptation-related information, it may be useful to explore whether monitoring and reporting exercises under the Paris Agreement could help to inform the work being done under separate but mutually-supportive development agendas (and vice versa).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	c513ea00353e7fc6cea29029e5b2b07d	The costs and benefits of the stakeholder groups with respect to certification are outlined as this will influence the incentives, or disincentives, to use certification. Another key issue addressed is the role of public authorities in the market for certification. However, these have remained limited in terms of application (Franz, 2005). At the global level, two major certification efforts predominate: the Best Aquaculture Practices of the Global Aquaculture Alliance and the WWF Aquaculture Dialogues. In addition, inspired by the model of the Marine Stewardship Council for capture fisheries, the Aquaculture Stewardship Council will be operative in 2011 and manage a range of standards (based on species) developed through the Aquaculture Dialogues.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66641c52-en	c51a5812f9b6b0b78a4ce751b7f0269e	"Access to international markets also means that the international carriage of goods proceeds in safe, secure and pollution preventive conditions that are acceptable to all signatory countries; this is the main objective of certain multilateral agreements such as the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (see also section 5.4), the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage (see box ""Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs"" below). In addition, these Agreements contain harmonized requirements accepted by all Contracting Parties and provisions for mutual recognition of certificates, which contribute extensively, to the facilitation of the international transport of such sensitive goods. The Centre is developing a set of e-Business standards including UN/CEFACT XML Message specifications56 and the UN/CEFACT Core Component Library57 which contains information on data and structures used in e.g. the Data Model of the World Customs Organization (UNECE, 2012)."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	c51a683428e4d1c785384c238dd5ced6	However, for this to be done effectively, changes will also be needed in global governance in order to provide sufficient space for national self-determination, while preserving coherence with shared global development objectives. Rooted in modern growth theory which dominated early development theory, development policies of the 1950s and 1960s focused on promoting modern industrial development to accelerate overall economic growth. Industrial growth was supported through trade protection, cheap credits and subsidies and large-scale public investments in infrastructure. Output growth was expected to “trickle down” to the entire population and reduce poverty through rising wages and employment generation, even if initially poverty reduction might not be commensurate with the rate of output growth, as rising income inequality was expected to be an inevitable, although temporary side effect of industrialization.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	c51cdc31bdee4adac839f8d2bf58da06	They may also impose requirements on the executive institutions. Courts may take enforcement action, enforce administrative orders, and play a significant role in assessing sanctions (OECD, 2009). Some of the functions are specific to environmental management; others are applicable to any sector but still relevant to environmental goals.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	c51f571a72d03be1c4e7f582e51c91be	The sub-basin has a pronounced mountain territory character with an average elevation of about 1,770 m a.s.l. There is one reservoir on the Dzoraget tributary in the Armenian part of the catchment area of the Debed/Debeda River-Metsavan, with a volume of 5.40 x 106 m5. This facility for energy generation impacts moderately on natural flow. In Armenia, the intensity of the before-mentioned factors is observed to be reduced already at the border between Armenia and Georgia.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	c5205eb24e7abf77ccd71fa2e0e6dc52	Air emissions generated by tourists may also be estimated to measure the environmental impacts of tourism. Reported statistics worldwide have shown this protocol to be very effective in phasing out the use of these substances. Examples of ODSs include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methyl bromide.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c524421f9f2b00f23b8afb4df1f155dd	With just under 10% of its 270 total staff under permanent contracts and a lack of specialised personnel, its organisational capacity was constrained. The World Bank reports that reorganisation initiatives further debilitated the institution, leading to the discontinuation of some of its most important functions.6 This example confirms that high-level leadership committed to gender equality goals with access to potential political allies can be crucial to the mechanism’s effectiveness and long-term viability. These areas, however, have been identified among the top barriers for promoting gender equality by OECD countries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	c5248317714e5b8a253ad9ac642ac9e1	The measure of duration is the At in years derived from logistic functions fitted to the data. Core” regions are typically within the OECD; “rim” regions are typically Asian countries; “periphery” regions are typically Africa or LatinAmerican countries. See Wilson (2012) and Bento (2013) for details and data.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	c5298d7fe7d74726f5ddc385363ec63a	This is of particular concern in private groundwater wells located in agricultural regions with overlying permeable soils. The US Environmental Protection Agency requires that public water systems not exceed a nitrate concentration of 10 mg/L, because nitrate above this level, causes infant methaemoglobinaemia. Transformation products and metabolites of man-made chemicals that are produced from biological, chemical and physical breakdown reactions. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c52a5ae338fb864102bf3403fe6d6571	This is largely due to the relatively long timeframe (e.g. 2030 and 2050) of adaptation planning and implementation, and deep uncertainties faced by decision making on adaptation-related measures (OECD, 2015c). Some adaptation components of INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions. For instance, Zambia will use the existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, since the INDC is a part of the national development and planning process for climate change issues, which has already been put in place in the country.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	c52c3d3a47f7e282f6454161be3f8e81	Reforms that increase the autonomy of the universities have been introduced or planned in all of the Nordic countries. Among other things, it is important that gender equality is integrated into the agreements entered into between the ministries and the institutions. Before introducing reforms or new research policy strategies or measures, an analysis should be conducted of the ramifications of these for gender equality.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	c52e8616575c24e246955b2edcce52e0	The specific target was to increase their market size by 70 trillion yen (14% of GDP) by 2015, based on a detailed action plan, entitled “Toward Innovation and Productivity Improvement in Service Industries”. Many OECD countries have increased spending on ECEC in recent years. First, governments have started to consider public spending on ECEC not as “consumption” but as an “investment” to improve the development of children.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	c5311cd54742f3a0fb254a9f915bb825	The two following practices are good illustrations of this process. In the city of Gothenburg (Sweden) a detailed working plan was finalised in 2010 and adopted as the regular system, with the goal to encourage more use of public transport and so-called flex-lines and bicycles, and to decrease the use of the expensive -municipality-paid - Special Transport Services (STS)6 and taxis. The project succeeded in that many STS passengers switched to using buses and trams (again). From 2008 to 2009, the number of STS trips decreased by 32 000 (5%) while the journeys with flex-lines increased from 132 000 to 137 000.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	c539f7eff66d09bb4b45f7f6b841d00f	They progressively account for less of the population as they move closer to cities, comprising 7% of the population in outer regional areas, 4% in inner regional areas and 1.5% in major cities (ABS, 2013c). For the most remote communities, services are limited. People may live hundreds of kilometres from their nearest major centre, with limited transport.	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/469d7fec-en	c53a853c1f711c34b7c31b574c9880d0	This would allow for information to be aggregated in order to provide an overview of aggregate financial support. However, as noted in Table 3, there are currently significant (and sometimes strongly-held) differences between countries on some of these issues, rendering the possibility of agreement unlikely. A second way of improving transparency and consistency of information submitted to UNFCCC on support provided and mobilised would be if countries reported highly disaggregated data (e.g. by recipient country, type of flow). This would allow for users to identify specific areas of interest (e.g. climate finance for Least Developed Countries) and aggregate the raw data.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	c54164b03010841c32fe47b65a115b3a	The main question is whether trade rules and non-trade rules should be combined in the WTO in a different way than they are at present. The search for an answer would benefit tremendously from an analysis of the horizontal relationship among existing WTO agreements from the trade and environment perspective. The latter link involves competition and investment issues, and the WTO rules are still in the making in these areas.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ec24896a-en	c546e7bb4bb0757ca173a4df37ffb893	Even in this seemingly simple case, the distinction may not be clear. If fertilizer use helps maintain and build soil fertility in the long run, it may also be considered an investment. Similarly, in public expenditures, a distinction is generally made between investment and current expenditures, but again this is not always clear-cut, not least because current expenditures are required to maintain the value of capital assets such as roads and other physical infrastructure. From a farmer's point of view, the purchase of land may represent an important investment in his or her productive capacity; from the perspective of society it simply involves a change in ownership of an asset rather than a net increase in capital stock, as occurs for instance when land improvements are undertaken.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	c5499de250d86b03f82734d063fb4a4b	No deadline was set for assuring adequate wastewater treatment in urban areas smaller than 2 000 people (it was 2005 for earlier EU members). As with wastewater connection rates, drinking water supply coverage shows regional differences: the Bratislavsky and Tmavsky regions in the west have the highest connection rates (99% and 97%, respectively) while in the TrenJiansky and the Presovsky regions 73% of the population is connected. Faecal contamination, nitrates and iron are the most frequent parameters exceeding the limits.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	c54de35c05ae75361571447123ef9c10	To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	c54f2950823db141f5fe579f54393ccf	Renewable energy development creates jobs primarily in sales, finance, operations and engineering, the latter being also critical for design and implementation. Medium and lower skilled workers are needed for the installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. The training of engineers is most effective if administered in connection with actors operating in the renewable energy sector, such as at the Energy Resources Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago (Schrock, 2009). In regards to wind turbine manufacturing, the existing efforts to inform and retool local manufacturers should also include skill upgrades of the manufacturing workforce as necessary for working for original equipment manufacturers of wind turbines. To this effect, the work done by the Chicago Manufacturing Center, Jane Addams Resource Corporation and the Chicago Manufacturing Renaissance Council is leading the way, but could improve if complemented with a stronger workforce training component (Schrock, 2009). At the development level, projects can involve those trained in electrical and mechanical engineering and computer science.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	c554205c31d434713dc55f643b189d8e	The situation of these countries varies greatly in terms of their degree of progress, availability of resources, political priority assigned and the coordinating entity responsible. Most of the items reported do not cover care services only. For example, comprehensive care programmes for children include nutrition and health components, as well as care per se.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/6d6a82b2-en	c555bd2001cc6ce660d8d355b8b14a2b	Data from European Union household and time-use surveys, for instance, have been used to estimate that the market value of women's unpaid work could range from one quarter to one third of a country's gross domestic product.* In developing countries, women spend on average th ree hours more per day than men on un paid work, and i n developed countries, two hours more. See abstract and section 4.3 of the publication, available from httpY/ftp.iza.org/dp5046.pdf. Available from hupY/unstats.un.org/unsd'gendet/docs/WW2015%20at%20a%20Glance.pdf.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	c5591a1c34492d57e6d1e6398d2ba6c2	This total change is then decomposed in different components showing how variations in family and work characteristics have influenced the evolution of income percentiles. Household income is equivalised using the square root scale. The term ‘standard of living’ refers to the equivalised disposable income. A positive (negative) sign shows a gain (a loss) in income associated with the characteristic between 2007 and 2014.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281776-7-en	c55b7206c4b5a43482caca0e52957367	It may be significant that in the UK, which has a cooler summer than Georgia and therefore less evapotranspiration, the Abstraction Charge for certain types of agriculture (spray and trickle irrigation, and water for horticulture) incurs a higher charge than that for any other purposes, due to its high “loss factor” (Winpenny, 1998). The rates should bear some relation to typical consumptive losses, and should be at a level high enough to register with abstractors when they consider how much water to withdraw. This conclusion is timely given the active consideration being given to the development of a series of hydropower projects in Georgia.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/73c3a080-en	c55c254b3be59ae0bc6475a68f866621	It also confers on Governments the primary responsibility for mapping out the roles of different actors; establishing rules of engagement and ensuring their enforcement; setting technical and safety standards; and planning for human development. Consumer protection, and protections against the abuse of market power, may also be a consideration where micro- or mini-grid owners attain effective monopoly status locally. A transition to more environmentally sustainable systems can lead to shortages of generation capacity — as has been the case even in some European countries (Deloitte, 2015). Most regional generation projects are started by electricity utilities, although there are exceptions, such as the Manantali dam completed in 1987, a joint initiative of Mali, Senegal and Mauritania to develop the agricultural and hydropower potential of the Bating River, which was initiated by their joint water organization (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Senegal).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	c55d5a212d9d36e9e3c0823ad4e16ffc	The IEA (2008) prefers the terms “firm” and “variable”. Sinden (2007) uses the terms “dispatchable” and “non-dispatchable”. The key factors are: what is the source of generating capacity; whether there is significant variation in the potential output of the source; and whether this variation is a consequence of exogenous factors beyond direct control (i.e. ecological conditions).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/936b4e2a-en	c55e942f9d202a9bd416eb9fe44a9177	The built environment also reveals itself as a threat when children and their caretakers cannot evaluate risks, be prepared or be safe. Given the global trend in urbanization, there is significant potential to engage with children in the decisions that affect their physical urban environment, their interaction with urban resource systems and shape their behaviour. The recognition of childhood as a crucial time for children to gain access to the urban setting and enjoy its advantages, is key to define spatial solutions for all ages. Child-responsive urban settings resonate qualities that many scholars have described as conceptual standards for sustainable neighbourhoods and cities: urban scales, proximity, walkability, mixed use, public space, independent mobility and connectivity. Planning urban space at various scales. Area-based urban programmes enable better service delivery for children, as well as a clean and safe built environment.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	c562b6ff15bfe7376eddab7817e59055	Second National Review of the Application of Environmental Indicators. Enforcement of game management plans is the responsibility of the MoAFWE Forest Police Department (see Section 9.5 below). Since then, 82 more areas have been added to the system, expanding it to a current total of222,204 ha (8.6 per cent of the territory). Since the first EPR in 2002, the system has grown by 40,731 ha (1.5 per cent of the territory) through addition of new areas and expansion of existing areas.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	c565644bfd01f4c90318c554cabf58b8	Renewable technology deployment offers many benefits beyond its contribution to climate change mitigation, which need to be assessed and valued. However, the benefits may fall short in justifying the extra cost. Indeed, as will be shown, the energy options displaced by RE technologies would have also provided, at least in part, similar benefits.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	c5662d9ca923321fe326ccea9ad8f33f	Accordingly, an overdraft facility represents the most usual means of accommodating such a requirement, and this typically requires the use of personal guarantees rather than other forms of security that would take longer to verify and value. It is unusual to seek equity funding for working capital, except in the start-up funding context discussed above. First, there appears to be a market failure to value intangibles properly, especially in debt markets.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	c5669f22a962d51cb844961e283b17af	Broadly, the income share of the four poorest deciles averages less than 15% of total income. Average income received by the wealthiest 20% of the population is 19.3 times more than for the poorest quintile (see figure 1.6). In the countries with less inequality (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay), the four poorest deciles receive some 20% of total income. The wealthiest decile receives approximately 25%; average income for the wealthiest quintile does not exceed 10 times that for the poorest quintile.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	c56742453beb5db0bb7240d75f4505e2	The city-to-city DDC is particularly prominent in the field of water in France. The approach includes both ODA and non-ODA support and is based on a peer-to-peer partnership between municipalities or basin agencies in promoter country and their peers in the partner country. The case of France highlights the importance of an enabling regulatory framework and incentives and how a dedicated DDC funding mechanism - allowing mobilising 1% of LRGs revenues for water-related activities - can act as a leverage and multiplier effect to mobilise other sources of funding and support in partner countries.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	c56e2d8fdfb439844fef9d64da02db5a	"A three-year band is used in the Survey of Adult Skills to increase size and reliability of estimates, i.e. the group ""adults 24” consists of the age groups from 23 to 25. The mix of countries contributing to the average in PISA and the Survey of Adult Skills differs, which may contribute to differences in countries’ average scores relative to the overall averages in either study. The learning environment is also closely related to teacher quality, as reported by principals (SNAE, 2013a)."	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	c56ecb6a5d7e5cb8202ec127d011df1b	There has been a steady decline in unionization, from 64.4% of employees in 1993 to 30% in 1999 and then to 17.3% in 2009 (Myant, 2010; Visser, 2013). However, the percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining is higher, estimated to be at least 30% but possibly as much as 41% (Myant, 2013; Visser, 2013). Nominal wage increases achieved through collective bargaining agreements have broadly mirrored aggregate wage growth in the business sector since 2010 (Table 2.4).	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	c570e0d961439ff14cbe2a99f85080b4	The second constraint implies that the coefficients for each independent variable across the three equations must sum to zero. Additionally, the equations must be slightly different, so instead of using identical independent variables, we include an extended market work model that includes labour market access as proxied by distance from home to office. We also assume that the error terms are independent and identically distributed (iid) across the activities with a mean of zero and homoscedastic variance £ = E (uj u'j |X).	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	c5712176b09f68e9a1d6ab2859277813	Such initiatives serve multiple goals. First, employers determine to a large extent the learning contents of the course with respect to their immediate and future skills requirements and train future workers to use and engage in problem-solving with new technologies. Second, by making the course available to students worldwide, employers enlarge their pool of potential recruits.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	c5727d00e1e0508a221bf00fb7215e00	The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/529e7192-en	c57517407765721c827150d333c3ba9a	Such data for Brcko District are not available. This is why it might be relevant to take into account the amount of collected packaging waste in addition to separately collected (non-packaging) waste. It might better reflect the rate and trend in separate waste collection. The first Rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was issued in 2011 and became effective from 2012.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	c57603535c17d48431ac58ec0ba9de01	The incumbent telecom operator, SOTELMA was privatized in 2009, when a 51% stake was sold to Maroc Telecom. Orange Mali is 70% owned by Orange France managed through its subsidiary Sonatel, an operator in neighboring Senegal. Orange has been aggressive in terms of expanding the network, partly because it has direct access to submarine cable via Senegal. Despite a duopoly and Orange's high market share, the mobile market has grown tremendously with ongoing promotions and steadily falling prices.	9	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	c5775e9988ef6e41f4f2335978c33d4f	Whether an individual receives SA is the result of an administrative decision about eligibility where, by definition, eligibility depends on the income of the claimant’s family or household. Low income arises from low pay or especially unemployment. Also, SA benefit levels in most countries would give SA recipients an income lower than or similar to the official poverty line, so most SA recipients are also poor (see Section 1). Furthermore, eligibility for SA also depends on household size and composition, so there may also be a role played by demographic changes.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	c57aecd0d858a6a45328471d27064aae	Likewise, bicycle use has been growing and many schemes for public bicycle sharing are emerging. China, Japan, India, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand are in various stages of rolling out or encouraging bicycle sharing. These systems, enabled by mobile phone technology, RFID cards or other payment systems, allow transit users to reduce the time of last-mile trips from the public transport station.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	c57b1f7ab19b3efe77fda07630b25572	At the same time, generous tax exemptions have supported firm-level collective contracts that offer, on average, more extensive coverage with reimbursements recently capped at a high level (Bruant-Bisson and Daude, 2016). In addition, collective employer-sponsored plans became mandatory for private-sector employees in 2016, enabling care coverage to be extended. The separation of individual from collective contracts, however, limits risk pooling between employees and riskier households. Indeed, the generalisation of collective plans for employees concentrates individual contracts on higher-risk households.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-27-en	c57db8ea1eb4644b014278cab9ee5384	Each vessel is regulated with Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs) set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota, or at a level which implies moderate competition between vessels. Guaranteed IVQs mainly regulate vessels holding a licence or an annual permit while quotas that involve competition mainly regulate smaller coastal vessels. Tables in the Annex provide additional details.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	c58197a89a4860841f16cc274516f4fd	In 2010, the National Institute of Statistics replaced the National Employment Survey (ENE) with the New National Employment Survey (NENE) to align Chile with OECD best practices in the measurement of employment, unemployment and inactivity. This change may have unintentionally upward biased employment figures. The old survey recorded as employed only those people who spent most of the week working, whereas the new survey does it for everybody earning a salary for at least one hour per week.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	c58592bc648cae2adeafa58d8e17424c	Although well recognised and widely disseminated, there are no requirements or incentives for clinicians or patients to follow them in practice, as discussed in Chapter 1. Nor are there any monitoring mechanisms in place to indicate the extent to clinicians routinely measure and treat blood pressure levels, blood sugar and cholesterol levels or other clinical parameters in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, rates of cardiovascular mortality and rates of admission to hospital for diabetes remain some of the highest in the OECD.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	c585e00f26fd48c43d67335eec9b1a83	Latin America recorded the most significant improvements, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the participation gap has been narrowing by 1 percentage point per year since the mid-1990s. Large gender gaps in labour force participation persist in the Middle East and North Africa (Chapter 20), India and Indonesia. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, Turkey, Indonesia and India.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	c58699b01b46e6caf9b4e61d74edf625	International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights”, Treaty Series, vol. Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability in a globalizing world”, (E/CN.5/2001), accessed from http://www.icsw.org/un-news/pdfs/csdsocprotect.PDF on 5 October 2010. Human Development Report, 2010 (New York, Oxford).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	c58770d018271efe84bf67b739943652	Table 3.4 shows that almost 40% of SNGs’ total revenue is self-generated - mainly tax-sharing arrangements - while almost 60% is transfers.9 Across OECD countries, the average is 44% and 38% respectively; in OECD unitary countries, such as Iceland, Sweden and New Zealand, tax revenue as a percentage of local revenue ranges from more than 50% to less than 15% in Estonia, the Netherlands, Turkey and the United Kingdom, (OECD, 2016c). In 2012, on average, 49% of the transfers granted to SNGs were non-targeted (non-earmarked), 47% were targeted (earmarked) and 4% were loans from upper level governments. However, targeted transfers vary from year to year and from region to region.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	c58b769ff76ac1b3a1542efc5d687112	Some European countries have schemes allowing naloxone to be taken home by the drug user (EMCDDA, 2017(48)). A few countries have drug consumption rooms, where death from overdose is much less likely. Almost all countries have needle and syringe programmes, which can prevent the spread of infectious diseases, which can be very expensive to treat (such as hepatitis C).	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264239616-4-en	c59001345cd0a9d3d8508195b2be9c00	Substantial progress has already been made to curb GHG emissions from fossil-fuel combustion in a number of countries, including large emitters like the People’s Republic of China,1 the European Union or the United States. Current efforts are, however, unlikely to be enough to avoid average temperatures increasing by 4°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. The IPCC’s latest assessment finds, for example, that scenarios in which the average temperature increases by less than 2°C over the 21st century involve global GHG emission reductions between 40% and 70% by 2050 compared with 2010 levels (IPCC, 2014).	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264208704-5-en	c5975b6c8a57d243387916f9aa12e9fa	National responses to this shortage, to entice students into science and technology studies after compulsory education, will have particular benefits for climate change policies. Lifelong learning can also play an important role in providing older workers with the key foundation skills they may lack and contributing to improve environmental awareness, and thereby the resource efficiency and consumer habits, of the wider population. Apprenticeship training and other types of hands-on experience are seen as particularly valuable in increasing workers’ adaptability in changing labour markets, with countries operating dual systems of vocational education and training, such as Austria and Germany, particularly well-positioned.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	c597ea7854dc430ff5f812740f58fa4c	On the other hand, there is a tendency to attempt to deal with climate change as a stand-alone issue in both developed and developing countries. This could potentially limit cross-sectoral capacity development and co-ordination opportunities between environment, energy, agriculture and finance sectors/ministries of a country. This offers opportunities for Ministries of Environment to work more closely with central agencies like Finance and Planning (or a Prime Minister’s office, for example).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c598fb1db7017ebc2998159a276173d4	Nevertheless, small businesses account for less than 2% of banks’ lending portfolios, compared to an average of 12% to 15% in some more developed countries. Government, women's business organisations and banks are working together to create an environment that will nurture the development of women-led businesses. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi plays a leading role in this effort.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	c59943f1e1717b28da994f8a93e9d385	Individual transferable quota came into effect from 1 May 2012. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. For example, Northern Prawn Fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	c59a515017c9062b80b302eeba05c6ee	These employer partnerships will then become central to the mission of training providers, while employers will see that, unless they are willing to offer work placements, the programme from which they draw their recruits may close or contract, and government funding shift to another sector or region. Many currently reluctant employers will choose to offer work placements under these conditions, assuming that they value the training programmes. Potentially it also means that some programmes which are of little interest to employers may need to consider reducing training places, or even close.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	c59c6a8fb9b36fd307d01c87032f09ba	The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of Subdimension 3c: Balancing work and non-working life. Work in the evening may be in relation with the employment rate of the country. Work in the evening is more frequent, e.g., in hotels and restaurants, transportation and storage, and health and social work.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	c5a22c53899d819fbbb938289e6f3cdf	Similar to the biodiversity tagging workshop, target agencies for this activity include: the Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, the Department of Science and Technology', the Commission on Higher Education and the Department of Education, the Department of Tourism, the National Research Council of the Philippines, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the Department of the Interior and Local Government, and leagues. The bulk of this amount is expected to come from the private sector - including businesses, financial institutions, venture capital, foundations, philanthropies, privately run academic institutions, and for-profit and not-for-profit organisations. Thus, one of the core functions of the PBSAP secretariat will be to monitor financial flows related to PBSAP implementation.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6f91a3b0-en	c5a3a5a1c30347b421bae3b2a6a6017c	As a non-Annex I country, Montenegro has only general obligations such as reporting to UNFCCC. However, those general obligations should be fulfilled if the country is to be eligible for technical and economic assistance. The Second National Communication (SNC) has been adopted by the Government in March 2015.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	c5a426e279aaf032fe3e38283c6cad37	All of the ASEAN-5 countries are currently operating FIT systems with fixed tariffs. Although Thailand first introduced a feed-in premium through the Adder programme in 2007, the country replaced it with a new feed-in tariff scheme in 2015 (Watson Farley & Williams, 2015). As Thailand differentiates electricity prices between off-peak and peak hours, the fixed FIT will reduce the price risk and potentially increase revenues for renewable energy (RE) power plants that generate during off-peak hours.	7	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	c5a4eebf79ddba7c462a8ece1339cd57	This includes, among others, the expansion of pre-primary education so that by 2020 all children from disadvantaged communities have access to high quality pre-primary education, preferably from the age of three, and the expansion of full day’s schooling especially for children from these communities. In those municipalities where the school population is expected to decrease the EU funds can be used, for example, to create appropriate conditions for school transportation. The OECD review team also recommends the use of EU funds to support networks of municipalities and self-governing regions to design and to implement education development plans that improve the efficiency of resource utilisation, including moves towards a more rational design of provision. The OECD review team recommends the creation of a specific action line in the 2014-20 programming period of the European Social Fund that would support the creation of a school network planning platform in one or two regions, including a careful monitoring of the process.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	c5a5096d5e96ce02cf922c502769314b	With the existing regulatory framework, power plant developers do not have incentives to consider electricity transmission costs in their investment decision and hence locate generators close to primary energy sources. In this context, plant location incentives would improve system planning and allow for a total-cost optimal site selection. This could be obtained with geographical differentiated tariffs or competitive tenders for targeted geographical locations.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-2-en	c5a7e8fe3a9b142703dfa88c1594449f	Women are more likely than men to work part-time or have temporary contracts, which is largely explained by their family care responsibilities. While such work arrangements can help balance work and family life in the short and medium-terms, part-time or temporary workers may have fewer career development opportunities, face lower pay rates and higher rates of old-age poverty. These work arrangements are also viewed as less compatible with executive leadership and management positions: less than 1% of women employed part-time are in top management jobs.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c5a826c20b377bf1adb012a8fb56b9de	Regions and municipalities are also responsible for the implementation of much of Finland’s National Adaptation Strategy, and approximately a third of regions/municipalities had an adaptation strategy by 2012 (Luhtala, 2012). Some climate funds have specific “windows” for funding local adaptation actions. For example, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) includes a USD 10.4 million window for a “Community Climate Change Fund” which is to provide grants for community-based projects (BCCRF, 2012).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	c5a958ddfd8430df94a60f0cad8fd065	Moving forward, it is therefore essential that these non-economic barriers are overcome for ASEAN to meet its target on renewable energy development. In contrast, the Indian government permitted renewable energy projects to receive up to 100% funding from foreign investment as part of the 12th five-year plan (2012-17), in order to accommodate private sector investment in renewable energy (The Climate Group, 2015b). This issue could be dealt with by creating an independent body that is provided with the mandate to decide various aspects related to the FIT system including tariff levels, contract formulations and permit process (Yuliani, 2016). In Viet Nam, for instance, Article 23.5 of the Electricity Law (No.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	c5a971276763fad65fb6950592e08e87	The highest intensities were observed in Nicaragua, Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the lowest in Chile, Brazil and Costa Rica. With respect to M0, the countries with the highest and lowest values are the same as for the poverty incidence. However, there are exceptions: for example, the Plurinational State of Bolivia has a much lower headcount ratio (H) than Honduras (48.1% versus 63.4%), but the two countries have a very similar reading of intensity of poverty (46.7% and 46.4%, respectively). Meanwhile, Paraguay has a much higher headcount index (46.6%) than Colombia (23.9%), but in terms of the intensity of poverty, these two countries are very similar.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	c5ac9ea32873d0eb121dca088e799a40	"Indeed, the results from TALIS 2013 show that teachers' perceptions about how much society values their profession vary significantly across countries and economies. A key step is to move teachers' career pathways from what can be described as a ""semi-profession"" to a true profession (Table 1.1). Qualifications frameworks: Qualifications frameworks can help clarify the specific formal qualifications that a teacher (or another occupation or profession) can receive within a specific education system in relation to other professions."	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225442-5-en	c5acb3da9ad7b0143a90cad5bfa5832b	Part III presents education policy country snapshots for the 34 OECD member countries. In addition, education contributes to social cohesion, better health and enhanced participation in civic and democratic aspects of society. Ensuring that education and training are of high quality and that education systems are equitable can contribute to growth and progress (OECD, 2012a). Governments need to make sustained efforts to adapt and improve their education systems.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	c5ae2f9725a003b618875f66fa3f74d5	Factors associated with this include: the initial “grandfathering” of fishing rights, which began in 1984 under the current quota system; how resource rents are distributed between industry and the general public (the actual owner of the resource); and the effects of quota consolidation on small communities. The tax is comprised of two parts, a fee and a resource-rent tax, and identifying an approach that ensures the resource rent tax fisheries pay reflects the real economic rents accrued by the industry is an ongoing current policy objective. Since 2015 the fishing fee has again been calculated and levied as a single fee. This form of support has gradually been reduced over time, falling to zero for the first time in 2015 when a special tax concession for fishermen ended.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	c5ae848b9dbc2e3828ca982bfa79d23b	It provides centralized management of units and functions at all levels, national, regional and the WHO headquarters. Discussions have been held about the necessity for having this programme cite PHEIC cases and IHR contact points (WHO Advisory Group, 2015, para. As a result, the mechanism necessarily differs depending on the type of the situation.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-27-en	c5aeca682ae7db6c763f4df7591a54dd	The plan supports the sustainability of fisheries, food safety and fishing communities. The new integrated plan aims to increase policy effectiveness, by harmonising previously fragmented plans. Support policies for the sector continue to provide low interest loans to small fishers to secure their businesses, and vessel decommissioning to maintain fleet size at sustainable levels.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	c5af624ee739c6d5ab3e1fc105ddb1a4	This is important as close to half of rural schools have three teachers or less, meaning that there are few opportunities to do collaborative work and engage in peer learning. These resources and initiatives are important steps for providing the conditions for reducing educational inequality between rural and urban areas as they encourage school enrolment and attendance, minimise the deterrent effect of distance as a barrier for school attendance and attempt to improve learning conditions by compensating for the difficulty of recruiting high-quality teachers and facilitating teacher learning and collaboration. There is no national strategy or clear vision on rural education.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088757-11-en	c5b0f4c4cfd40d213f07c9de244b68a7	Thus, a fourth of admissions in 2006 were adults. Within this group, the larger part were staff of enterprises and individuals paying for their training (48%), the unemployed represented approximately a third of the group, and 20% were learners in the penal establishments of Ministry of Justice. The central budget grew by 75% in this period, and its share of total public financing rose to 92% in 2009, against 88% in 2007.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8e319423-en	c5b1d13c5fa39b97ef5e471eee8a1059	However, this is the final product for thermal energy. No conversion to electricity is needed given that a thermal desalination plant, such as MSF or MED plants, uses thermal energy directly. See also chapter V for a discussion on alternative thermal sources. Determining the energy used in stand-alone plants is easier than in cogeneration plants, given the dual use of fuel for electricity generation and steam.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	c5b22dfd4bb74dc443711f1ce904fc6d	For this purpose, OECD countries are increasingly using such tools as gender impact analysis and gender-responsive budgeting to implement gender mainstreaming and to evaluate the different effects of any policy, legislation or practice on gender equality. In fact, while several countries employ some form of gender analysis, the Palestinian Authority is the only country in the region that has established mechanisms for regular assessment of impacts of all draft laws and policies. Sufficient good quality data provide the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities. Nevertheless, the general practice of citizen engagement and public consultation remains limited and sporadic, and often involves only certain stakeholders within or outside the government (see OECD, 2013).	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	c5b27b978834fb5a3237c47130211d9e	This new methodology offers an up-to-date and more precise measure that allows for better comparability with the measures of other Latin American countries. Its advantages include updating continually consumption habits and using a better measure of income. Extreme poverty also decreased, dropping from 18% to 11% over the same period.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	c5b301d4e9ff737d47399efaf4523679	And when people do not have as many children as they wish, individual and family well-being both suffer. Accordingly, policy strives to help adults have as many children as they would like at the time of their choosing (OECD, 2011). Yet the role and effectiveness of policy in increasing fertility is under debate (Thevenon and Gauthier, 2011; Thevenon, 2015). Might it be that such reform, which seeks to develop a package of policies that help reconcile work and family life, also exerts a positive influence on fertility outcomes and intentions? To what extent does the evidence from the experience of OECD countries support that conjecture?	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	c5b6ce0d61c9749fc47303650d42ec98	Key factors contributing to the perception that EE investments are riskier than other investments include (i) the intangible nature of energy efficiency, as its 'output' cannot be directly measured; (ii) the added complexity that energy efficiency sometimes brings to operations in buildings or factories; and (iii) costs associated with additional details of preparation and implementation, plus the scale of EE projects relative to other investments. Contrary to other investments, energy efficiency cannot be directly measured in terms of incremental physical production. Rather, it is measured as a savings or decrement against a baseline of consumption or expense.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d990dbd9-en	c5b80c0e0664d63907e640cc312a7e44	For certain substances or in certain contexts it can assume a pathological pattern that needs to be addressed. Throughout the history of human civilization, societies have displayed varying levels of tolerance and permissiveness towards, and control over, the use of psychoactive substances. Some of those substances, such as tobacco and alcohol, have been regulated more or less strictly in most societies.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	c5baf72ac06890b98d1d5b57a983cb8b	This is particularly relevant for young people who do not finish school or do not go on to third-level education, as a post-secondary education is not always a requirement for employment in the sector. Attention also needs to be paid to those working in the sector. These efforts can be supported by actions to streamline training opportunities and put in place structures and systems outlined previously. Proposed actions include the creation of a dedicated careers portal and a promotional campaign for the sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	c5bd6e49e01e2a7fd79b6bdd39f2f13a	The imperative to reduce poverty and achieve the MDGs certainly provides a compelling enough policy argument in favour of energy investments. However, the political attractiveness and full development potential of these investments require the utilization of energy for income-generating activities. This requires identifying and building upon “pockets of opportunity”.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283299-en	c5bdc3afcd2799870bb8820b0a2d3bcd	The agreement provides a framework that combines cost containment with measures to support innovation (European Commission, 2016). It is participating in the new BeNeLuxA (with the Netherlands. Luxembourg and Austria) collaboration on joint HTA, horizon scanning, information exchange and pricing/reimbursement negotiation for new medicines.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264200449-9-en	c5bf479afe855765061e8420a2b18592	Delaying or neglecting to systematically integrate climate change into water management policies, planning and practice can threaten water security and make its achievement more costly over time. To address this gap, the OECD Secretariat undertook a survey of policies for water and climate change adaptation across all 34 member countries and the European Commission. The results provide an overview of general trends and lessons learned, sketching a broad picture adaptation in practice.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	c5bf9752ce6aee301c0ee3d142696c02	While not specific to agriculture, firms responding to the OECD Business Survey on Stale Influence on Competition in International Markets suggest that some state trading enterprises have been able to exploit a number of advantages of state ownership, influencing market outcomes (predominately through limiting sales). The countries with more state trading enterprises were China (25), India (14), and Colombia (14). In a recent survey of members on export competition, the WTO only had 36 responses to questions on export credits (including the European Union counted as one) (WTO, 2016a).	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	c5c1b3880f299f4aba3078e58c23fc86	Target E, to be met by 2020, is a small indication of what is required to accomplish the goal and outcome of the Sendai Framework. It is a stepping stone towards achieving this by 2030. Again, there are good examples of countries implementing this at national level, but so far, there has been insufficient time and information to determine whether these measures are affecting the outcomes of development planning, in particular to prevent the creation of new risk. The evidence gained from country practices is that it has not been undertaken by many countries so far (Chapter 13).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	c5c75db415c90707cea69118591452b1	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Document only available in pdf format. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-39-en	c5c7efb11e0936a4fdc7e913b46a52e0	More flexibility in the system aims at better utilisation of national quotas. The changes in the sector are demand driven, following a growing interest in sustainable production techniques. The effort aligns with the goal of Good Environmental Status by 2020, following the definition from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	c5c8a29f4cae8fe630214fd52aaaa83e	The main recommendations likely to either weaken or strengthen the current account are reported in Table 2.6. Virtually all OECD countries provide fairly extended social insurance against these risks, albeit to varying degrees of coverage and generosity. Another key motive for saving is to maintain consumption after working life. Reforms aimed at raising labour force participation of women, notably through reform of tax and benefit systems and improved access to affordable childcare Postponing retirement age to raise labour participation of older workers Contributes by reducing households' saving for precautionary motives.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	c5c9c6ef6a3e0bc779641b0f5de57791	The potential transborder nature of the issue may also require co-operation at the regional level, as is being done in Emerging Asia (Box 3.2). This frequently happens with emissions from energy production and heavy industry or from the burning of forests for agriculture. Regional solutions are therefore required.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	c5cc0882f299736516cf31d72e56c8d4	External monitoring practices include inspections, which are used by all jurisdictions, and parental surveys, which are used by half of all jurisdictions. Self-evaluations are implemented by three-quarters of the jurisdictions. The instruments and focus of monitoring service quality differ by practice, although observations and surveys are often used.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	c5ccf88a969c61cf7ca5d1abf7b83b61	Racial inequalities are reflected also in health outcomes (lower life expectancy) and crime (victims of homicide) - Paixao et al. ( In this section, some measures of youth’s transition process from education into work are considered. It is found that Brazilian youth leave education much earlier than their counterparts in OECD countries, while the length of the transition from school to work is about average. The median age of leaving education - i.e. the age at which 50% of youth have left the education system -was 18 in Brazil.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301603-4-en	c5d0c249b585ce3531c57f2ad4a2d0cd	Teachers typically enjoy helping children develop and making a contribution to society, and have no reason to shy away from the challenges of teaching disadvantaged students. But teachers are also more likely to want to work in disadvantaged schools if they feel they have support from principals, can collaborate with colleagues, and are provided with adequate resources to deal with the problems they face. School leaders who support and empower teachers can not only attract more and better-qualified teachers to work in disadvantaged schools, they also have a positive impact on the school climate more generally.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	c5d16c0a256833347b8947a79037bdd0	This was more evident for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Italy, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Portugal. In these countries, the greatest increase in the capacity of decision making of local governance was about 30% (Czech Republic and Korea). From 2003 to 2007 decision making in the same areas continued to become more decentralised or remained highly decentralised in almost all countries with data available, except for Germany, Luxembourg and Mexico. In Belgium (FI.),	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	c5d1e229a27396963eba5bffd55fec3b	Data gathered from drone mission outputs such as high-resolution maps of flood affected areas (Orthophotographs, Digital Terrain Models and Digital Surface Models) helped FAO and government experts strengthen beneficiary identification/selection approaches and effective disaster impact assessment in flood-affected areas and further support the multihazard risks analysis. Flood-affected areas are better understood and validation of affected areas can be carried out together with the community. Agriculture lands are also validated soon after the hazard occurrence to identify whether or not the land is already planted. Identification of beneficiaries is more reliable and effective and the highly reliable nature of the drone-derived data also helps address beneficiary prioritization issues at the field level.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	c5d321c3895ac1442785ffb87788ff60	However, a closer look at the association between the proportion of employed persons in the care sector and female labour participation reveals an even weaker link than in the previous case (see figure III.4), which is also confirmed when considering domestic workers and other care workers separately (see table A-2 in the statistical annex). In this case the correlation is stronger: the countries that are further along in population ageing are those with a greater proportion of the working population employed as care workers (see figure III.5 and table A-2 in the statistical annex). Nevertheless, this relationship may be indirectly influenced by other variables.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	c5d7a86b9b2b3fcbbbad0716ba0f8f9a	Certain structural measures to address water shortage may be cost effective in the short run, but they may, in fact, increase vulnerability to shortage over the long term. In the case of the renegotiation of international agreements, this would likely be politically difficult to achieve and have a marginal impact on augmenting freshwater supply. One of its merits is the relatively low cost of implementation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	c5d901326feefdb41e74e3557b364ca2	Evidence from the ground suggests that emerging partners have also provided significant amounts of AfT, although this goes largely unrecorded. In the future, there might therefore be a greater need to monitor more effectively Southern partners’ AfT activities in LDCs to capture more fully their impact on host economies. China launched a dutyfree scheme for LDCs’ exports in 2010. While it is too early to meaningfully assess the impact of the scheme, available evidence seems to suggest that it has not stimulated non-oil exports from LDCs.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	c5d9f2b4a387ffbd13c72951d7bf00f5	Indeed, a 2001 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report (Worrell et al., The benefits can be reaped by industries on a global level, through enhanced competitiveness, and can extend to individual workers' everyday working conditions, safety and job satisfaction. An integrated, multi-disciplinary approach is therefore necessary in order to develop accurate models to assess the extent of industrial energy efficiency improvement projects.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	c5dddbc80a7f41d777abc064ce998e85	Much of the discussion in this section relies on Chapter 2.1 of the 2006 edition of the Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators report prepared by USDA (2006), authored by Noel Gollehon and William Quinby. The cost per hectare for groundwater varies also with the volume of groundwater used during the season. These variables give rise to substantial variation in both the cost per m3 and the cost per hectare in different regions of the United States. As noted by Gollehon and Quinby (2006), nearly half of the farms in the country, representing more than 13 million hectares, use some groundwater.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	c5dde8ab78be16171874c0e6a86a0055	These can be linked during this stage and CITES objectives and indicators can be mainstreamed into the priorities and targets set by the country. Annex V on assessing policy options may provide useful guidance in this step. The CITES Management Authority could implement the activity stream related to CITES (noting that this activity stream could also be an existing CITES action plan that is already being implemented) within the framework of a wider and more mainstreamed biodiversity action plan.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	c5e509470cbde4ff7d858f0fa7c1ce06	This chapter discusses the potential bias of existing estimates of income inequality in China and considers how inequality would be affected by the recent changes in labour market and social policies. Taking advantage of national data, the authors calculate biased and unbiased inequality indices respectively and find that ignoring the data on migrant workers would lead to overestimating inequality. In addition, poverty trends and China’s social assistance system are also discussed. In addition to describing institutional changes in the Chinese labour market, the chapter also tests the impact of these changes on inequality, and concludes that recent labour market changes are promoting income equality.	10	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	c5e5daf4bfdbc42db590c433fbd3760b	Also, the merit-based Zois scholarship amounts are determined based on, among other factors, the distance between the city of studies and permanent residence. The adjustment, however, is somewhat minor. Defined on the basis of students’ country of residence or the country where students received their prior education depending on data availability. Based on data from Eurostat covering the European Union, the European Economic Area and EU candidate countries.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	c5e8a2ed7d87e441936856df38e4cd19	All of these factors play an ever increasing role in commodity price formation suggesting a continuation of volatile and uncertain agricultural commodity markets. The most recent years have been characterised by significant price volatility and a sharp rise in the numbers of malnourished people. Coming years will also be characterised by continuing economic, demographic, market and environmental pressures that will bring both opportunities and challenges to farmers, food businesses, consumers and governments. Although the world now produces enough to feed its population, the number of undernourished has increased since the mid 1990s, reaching more than one billion persons in 2009, in part as a result of recent price spikes and the global economic recession.	2	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	c5ed244a1f391e921fa24da36537360b	In southern Norway, seagrass beds are being restored by planting juvenile plants in custom made physical constructions. At the Helgeland coast (a protected UNESCO World Heritage site in mid Norway) a restoration project is currently ongoing to reestablish kelp forests in areas where pronounced grazing pressure from sea urchins and eutrophication have expelled these key ecosystems (http://www.merces-project.eu/). Another parallel methodology is community based monitoring (CBM), which places emphasis on the needs of local communities (Conrad & Hilchey, 2011; Tunon, Kvamstrom, & Maimer, 2015).	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7b53d77f-en	c5ed4cddc8362af19958687217d8e609	Debt service ratio is for the non-finandal private sector. Banking supervision has been strengthened in China and India, including through more rigorous assessment of bank asset quality. Countries are also addressing non-performing loans and other distressed assets, including through increased provisioning.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	c5ee3acf285b05a1389bbc84fa483ea9	Those responsible for specific social or demographic categories (e.g. UNICEF) start with supporting specific beneficiary groups as their primary aim, rather than food security as a leading objective. That is certainly not to say that food security is ignored by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), rather that food security is generally seen as a means to an end (improving the well-being of specific vulnerable groups), rather than as an end in itself. Similarly, the mandate of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on social protection is aligned with ILO’s Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. Bilateral agencies simultaneously addressed a broader range of objectives, and often have a multiplicity of different approaches, programmes and policies.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	c5eed79c22562016863c7761a8acfdd8	Following passage of the Energy Act of 2003, in India some state governments decided to facilitate permitting for decentralised energy production under 1MW. Is procurement for new clean electricity generation part of a long-term grid infrastructure development strategy? Are the long-term clean energy objectives backed with capacity building strategies?	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	c5ef4c9682718796e35ce89f35168ca3	This section outlines recommendation for concrete joint Nordic action and suggests a number of key stakeholders for leading and/or having a major role in taking the immediate next steps in 2017-2018. This will help ensure that e.g. any instruments and approaches for de-risking and improving the bankability of climate investments will truly mobilize private sector finance and expertise. It will also help ensure that e.g. any (l)NDC support effectively contributes to enabling environment improvements and the financing of priority climate compatible action in emerging and developing countries, without duplicating efforts by other international actors. This entails continued Nordic support for fossil-fuel subsidy reform and carbon pricing.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	c5f0fa1ac5907dd8708d4b1687e68613	The PNE portal allows sophisticated comparisons of quality of care indicators and is highly customizable, making the selection of specific parameters possible for benchmarking. The system is, however, only accessible to registered users through reserved credentials. The results of the PNE have been variously reported by the media, in terms of comparison of hospital performance within and between the regions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	c5f1381898039670568a1c2d8b5465ee	They may however also represent a driver to change, as evident in the greater emphasis which is being placed by increasing segments of -mainly industrialised countries' - populations on the quality and sustainable production process of the food that they consume. Actions aimed at accelerating this shift to more sustainable lifestyles should involve all stakeholders, and should be tailored to national and regional lifestyles and mindsets. International research efforts not only need to focus on sustainable productivity growth, but also on improving our understanding of key linkages between physical (e.g. atmospheric GHG concentrations and climate change), biological (e.g. crop and livestock productivity in different agro-climatic conditions) and behavioural variables (e.g. consumers' long-term response to large changes in income).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	c5f6fd4c23c89be825b3100d6df0acdf	Crustaceans continue to be the most important species landed in 2012 in terms of value, followed by shellfish and molluscs and tuna. ( The number of people employed in the fisheries sector decreased 19% between 2011-12 and 2012-13. ( The Offshore Constitutional Settlement 1983 (OCS) is the jurisdictional arrangement between the Commonwealth and states/Northem Territory that sets out responsibilities for offshore activities, such as fisheries, mining, shipping, navigation and crimes at sea. However, Commonwealth and the states/Northem Territory' fisheries legislation allow alternative arrangements to be made for a fishery that override the existing jurisdictional lines set out by the OCS.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	c5f74b3c462e457801de75c7ac712e81	The draft PPP Law proposes the creation of a PPP Unit within the Ministry of Finance and a Partnership Council whose secretariat would be the PPP Unit. A small PPP Unit currently exists in the Ministry of Finance, but it is still not fully operational nor does it have a strong legal mandate. Under the draft PPP Law, a Partnership Council chaired by the Prime Minister and comprised of several ministers (Finance, Industry and Trade, Planning and International Co-operation), the Governor of the Central Bank of Jordan and the Director of the PPP Unit will be created. This council will approve or reject viability reports for PPP projects, approve or refuse the commencement of the tender process, and approve winning bidders and the final PPP contract. These functions are similar to those executed by the Economic Development Committee, a high-level, inter-ministerial body that reviews and approves mega projects. These overlaps could generate confusion for decision making on PPPs.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	c5f889ab976202e60a94f95ac736e8da	We would thus expect that the way they analyse the role played by nuclear energy in improving the security of electricity generation is directly or indirectly based on simple, but also perhaps incomplete or biased, indicators that need to be elucidated in order to understand the public attitude towards nuclear energy in ensuring security of supply. They also seem to be fairly knowledgeable of the energy dependence rate of their country. The 2007 Eurobarometer highlights the fact that there are some false beliefs concerning the energy dependency of the European Union. The import ratio for the countries of the OECD Pacific and Europe remains higher than the other regions in terms of import dependency (around 50% by 2007).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c5fadccc9a5f416303c77940a5c8b416	In contrast to other livestock products, the producer SCT has most significantly decreased for milk reflecting the removal of the import restrictions associated with the mixing ratio. A negative CSE indicates an implicit tax on consumers, i.e. they are paying more than they need to in comparison with border prices; when it is positive, consumers are in effect being supported, i.e. able to purchase product cheaper on the domestic market. In the OECD methodology, the consumer is understood as the first buyer of these products.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289335355-11-en	c60288f289d668025baaa4228fd99313	Before the committee deals with the nominations, specialist non-government organisations (NGOs) assess them thoroughly to ensure that the convention’s requirements to quality, boundaries and administration are met. It means that the relevant country must commit itself to conserving the resources over a long term. The areas are monitored every sixth year to see whether the resources have deteriorated and whether changes are required in their management. Additional tourists can mean increased revenues, but at the same time the tourists can have a negative impact on the resources - for example through wear and tear.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c603474be775fffa5534c01863e17a52	If property rights are clearly delineated, then the owner of the wheat field will consider the change in the land’s value in the real estate market when determining whether to grow wheat, construct apartment buildings or sell the land to the mining company. In practice, of course, it is more accurate to say that the owner will internalise only some of the costs. For instance, the land owner will not consider the costs of a road that will be built to the plant that will subsequently destroy a breeding ground for an endangered forest bird.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	c60506f11d6b8811e432115a01a693c6	But they cannot provide ex post facto justification of payments that were introduced for a different reason and whose level has nothing to do with the cost of the environmental action required. Well-targeted measures are those that address the operational policy objectives as directly as possible, and the measures are well tailored if the rate and duration of support are commensurate with the cost of providing the expected outcomes (OECD, 2007b and 2008a). Again, this is not abstract theory or wishful thinking, but very practical policy advice, illustrated by the OECD with several examples of best practice in the form of concrete policies pursued in individual OECD countries.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	c60bd9ac6805bf1d9c459a9ed84588d5	They tended to ask men questions about the potential for gains and women about the potential for losses. Such types of experiments can be helpful to understand the origins of the gender gap and whether it is linked to conscious or unconscious discrimination. On the other hand, if the number, qualifications or ideas of female founders are weaker than those of male founders - giving grounds for investors’ preference in choosing against them - the policy interventions may be more effective upstream, in the education system or labour market. For example, women and men may, on average, demonstrate business objectives or personal traits which are valued differently by investors.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	c60cc82146a99095d72468721bd89137	Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264097759-8-en. Monitoring and Improving Quality in Long-term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194564-en. The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	c61142644750ffa694542e85c3dbc9d3	This is because of the need to address leakages and losses from water delivery systems on and off-farm, and also that in most cases no contingency has been made for capital investment for system renewal given that typically publicly owned irrigation systems have only charged farmers for O&M costs and not capital renewal costs. In addition, there are the financial costs for controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, and flood control costs, such as on-farm drainage. The transfer of financial control and investment management requires water user groups to seek private-public partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure.	6	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264200524-4-en	c612d3cdd38d40c7feab3e95d7244674	Under the NBI initiative, a Co-operative Framework Agreement (CFA) was prepared, based on the 1997 UN Convention, and opened for signature in 2010. This would create the Nile Basin Commission. Seven states have ratified, so the agreement has come into operation, but Egypt, the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo are still opposed. In particular, they vary as to the parties (whether they are bi-lateral or multilateral, and include all riparian states or only some); as to subject matter (ranging from data collection to allocation, planning, construction, ecological management); territorial extent (whether they cover the whole basin on only part of it) and intensity of co-operation (from duties to inform to development and implementation of joint programmes) (Kliot et al.,	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	c61871af56ccd8225a6a304eecdb8d84	At each step, a specific part of the RG methodology is applied alongside its technical component. For a description of the steps to be carried out by the technical analysts, please refer to the publications ECE (2015) and de Strasser and others (2016). While the technical experts analyse the natural resources, the governance assessment defines the institutional framework. This is done by mapping the key actors at different scales, their relations with one another, and any existing conflicts between sectoral policy objectives.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	c61c9cdb4458e044297007486e4158de	Equity can be used as collateral to leverage other forms of private finance, rather than as a way to finance long-term capital investments directly. When equity investors are private, however, that would usually be reflected in a higher cost of equity versus the cost of debt finance. Shares are either listed on a stock exchange (which can be referred to as the “listed equity model”) or held privately, by the founders and managers of the company or institutional investors.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264186217-10-en	c61f2ad9212c801348575576770c5b12	Methods of collecting and calculating the data vary across and within countries and are also subject to errors of measurement. Sources of data for irrigation freshwater withdrawals include sample surveys of irrigators, and are sometimes estimated using information on irrigated crop acreages along with specific crop water-consumption coefficients or irrigation-system application rates. In other cases irrigation water withdrawal data may reflect water allocations, which may differ substantially from actual withdrawals depending on annual climatic conditions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	c62239c2c9769d92e6430e724faa989a	At the end of the year, the activity indicators of China were generally stronger than expected, providing further evidence of an economic rebound in the last quarter. On the demand side, growth was supported by domestic consumption and capital formation, partly reflecting the positive effects of policy easing (cuts in interest rate and reserve requirements) that had been put into place early in the year. Investment in real estate development grew in 2012 but at a rate lower than in the previous year.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	c62484a9a3d7fc1a37c6877582d778fb	The average net efficiency of gas-fired power generation was 41.9%. A major part of the capacity (16 GW) has been added over the last two decades, closely linked to the development of gas production and infrastructure (Platts, 2010). Gas plants are located close to the gas production areas on the east coast, in Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat and Maharashtra on the west coast, where the LNG import terminals are located, as well as in Assam in the northeast. Almost one third of the Indian gas-fired capacity is located in Gujarat. Early development of the gas infrastructure in this state favoured the uptake gas use in power generation, especially for captive plants in industry.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	c6256e06271cec36d902a311f8bea1d0	In addition, the cap on the number of students that any university may enrol will be lifted. Victoria and its tertiary education sector have also made considerable strides in widening access to education, strengthening university-industry collaboration and improving the overall relevance of educational provision. At the same time, however, the current extent of locally or regionally relevant activities by Victorian tertiary education institutions are in many cases not fully reflected in tertiary education policy or institutional set-up. There are gaps in important areas such as lifelong learning, entrepreneurship education and support for small and medium-sized-enterprises.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	c6281c9eddcf0553bc7b67b909ffc402	And it focuses on priorities for tackling Ethiopia’s linked economic and climate-related problems, offering some compelling evidence that improves confidence to invest in greener growth paths. A ‘totally comprehensive’ approach has tended not to work, from the experience of most countries’ earlier national sustainable development strategies, since they were ‘all things to all people’ and hence owned by few (Dalal-Clayton and Bass, 2010). The CRGE’s Green Economy Strategy has a clear focus on GHG emissions reduction, mirroring global attention on the world’s biggest environmental problem - climate change mitigation.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	c6294cbbadcb1049d8c509ce4a5f2b9f	In the same vein, Article 3 of the Paris Agreement implies that developing countries, particularly CDDCs that are forced to strand their natural resources, will need assistance in implementing the mitigation and adaptation measures required to address climate change. However, given that many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submit information on their commitments through nationally determined contribution (NDC) documents by sector, it is possible to identify the key commodity sectors of CDDCs that will be impacted by climate change and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By 23 June 2019, 81 of the 88 CDDCs had communicated their first NDCs to the UNFCCC secretariat.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	c62ae87f23b6431ceb2e2f801cff89fd	First, annual aggregate data usually do not allow determining for how long individual recipients remain on benefits. Second, aggregate transition rates into and out of benefits say little about whether benefit leavers are likely to return to claim benefits again later on (and if so, how quickly). Section 3 therefore focuses on five countries for which high-quality longitudinal data were made available, allowing individuals to be tracked month by month over a longer period of time: Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	c62b6b3b2896fb859c2933ef1a8cae31	Local Governance in Developing Countries, The World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, pp. Financing Metropolitan Governments in Developing Countries, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Massachusetts, pp. Initial Assessment, OECD Development Pathways, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264246768-cn. Measuring Regional and Local Well-beingfor Policy Malang, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264217416-en.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	c62d668f6b4b1ad2e205bd9d1f9eb1a3	This composition can provide dividends in the form of a more entrepreneurial business culture and by empowering young women. As fertility rates decrease women can break away from their traditionally ascribed roles and join the labour force. Such an increase in female labour participation would also play itself out in terms of human development and enhanced domestic demand.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	c62f339b3e7a048bc5d54f59895077c8	This is in addition to the monthly instalment of TND 200 paid for a period of one year. Initially, the decree specified that the individual needed to have been registered with ANETI for a period of at least three months, but this requirement was later removed. Tunisia also has a number of non-contributory safety nets in place for disadvantaged individuals, including: the Programme National d’Aide aux Families Necessiteuses (PNAFN) [National Support Programme for Disadvantaged Families] and free (carte de soins gratuits - AMG1) or subsidised (carte de soins a tarifs reduits - AMG2) health care provided in public hospitals.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	c631488bc9c3c90e66c70026679fb0c4	Efforts to boost electricity generation in LDCs thus need to be complemented with upgrading of the T&D network. Moreover, the importance of the latter will be further amplified by progress towards universal access and structural transformation, and as increasing penetration of variable renewables increases the need for system balancing and flexibility of the supporting transmission infrastructure. This gives rise to a risk that the poor quality of existing grids might constrain the viability of some technologies, interfering with the choice of the most appropriate power generation mix. As discussed in chapter 1, 82 per cent of people without access to electricity in LDCs live in rural areas, where electrification rates are particularly low; and this rural predominance is likely to persist (figure 3.9).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	c63291c9a0affe96231fb000f7434ef2	In that case the outcome is similar to capacity markets discussed later. In any case, such option products require well-functioning energy markets, in particular, that electricity prices can be high enough during scarcity conditions. This may be the case for products to solve network congestion (counter trading), products to ramp-up or ramp-down capacity to follow demand and renewable output variations, or products for voltage control during certain hours. Some countries such as Spain are considering the creation of new short-term, flexible products markets, using existing electronic market platforms as the tertiary reserves market.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	c633a8598a8a847f3925d25f43e5e7a6	These include assumptions about population and GDP growth by country to the year 2100 (HASA/OECD, 2013). In this report, the Reference scenario uses the assumptions that follow “business-as-usual” economic and population trends based on the standardised scenario SSP2 (van Vuuren et al., In this Reference scenario, global population reaches just above 9 billion people by 2050.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-22-en	c634027df3a27a87dc68b3d90e49445a	This means sustainable utilisation, conservation and management of the resource based on scientific information and applied expertise guided by respect for the marine ecosystem as a whole. Iceland’s National Strategy for Sustainable Development contains objectives specific to living marine resources and state that management should both aim to minimise any negative ecosystem impacts associated with fishing and use the best scientific information available to ensure fish stocks remain at sustainable levels. The management system has proven successful at achieving most of this, securing an economically sustainable fishing industry while also contributing to biological sustainability'. The Icelandic fleet has been reducing in size and becoming more profitable, the carbon footprint of the industry is reducing, fishing pressure has been declining and safety at sea has radically improved recent decades.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264249424-en	c638681a60588fe609a82d3db0aab216	The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) provided in its 2014 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance (UNFCCC SCF, 2014) an estimate of alLclimate-related financial flows from developed countries to developing countries, concluding that on average between 2010-12, these ranged between USD 40 to USD 175 billion per year, including USD 35-50 billion through public institutions and between USD 5-1255 billion of private finance. It is therefore unclear to what extent these estimates of broader climate finance flows can tell us about progress towards the USD 100 billion goal. Separately the Biennial Assessment presented aggregates of (predominately) climate-specific public finance and core multilateral support (including non-climate finance) to developing countries provided and reported to the UNFCCC by Annex II countries.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	c6387c5b3315adf0d8703c12114cd9b9	This accounts for little more than one in three of the young migrants between the ages of 5 and 19 that arrived in Finland over the course of 2014/2015. The large degree of school autonomy alongside the lack of data linking participation in preparatory classes with educational pathways, render the drivers of poor outcomes among young migrants hard to evaluate. Further efforts should be made to monitor the integration support tools employed, and the outcomes these achieve.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	c63976fce5b98c16d8f39d832417e5a7	The total gross annual research benefits (GARB) depend primarily on the size of the (time varying) research-induced supply shift (expressed as a vertical shift by an amount equal to a proportion, of the initial price) and the scale of the industry to which it applies.1 Indeed, a common approximation introduced by Griliches (1958) is GARB = kPQ, where P is the commodity price and Q is the annual quantity to which the supply shift applies. This aspect is often governed by the general nature of the analysis (e.g. evaluation of the benefits from the development of a particular varietal improvement compared with evaluation of a national agricultural research system, whether conducted ex ante or ex post) as well as the availability of data and other information. The nature of the research-induced supply shift has been controversial because it matters, especially for findings concerning the distribution of benefits, and is not easy to observe.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c63b1ade007787cd8e30feacb3a31f18	It provides the financing and capital necessary for their development; it supports the entrepreneur when strategic decisions have to be made; and it facilitates the improvement of the company’s potential for generating value for its customers, shareholders and all officers and employees. The objective of this stage, which is financially very risky, is to finalise the development of a technological prototype that makes it possible to meet the technological challenge, and begin to assess the existence of a potential market. The signing of a first client constitutes the transition to the venture capital stage. The few successful projects should more than offset the capital losses of those who fail.	5	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	c63bea7ad8a86483564dc19126e1fb0d	We provide examples of studies and give references to those. Complete lists of references of valuation studies is not compiled for this chapter, but more extensive reference lists can be found in many of the studies we refer to. The majority has been carried out in southeastern Norway where eutrophication is one of the largest environmental pressures related to water [Magnussen 1992, Magnussen et al.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	c63f163b321b8781aa1a35a854ee6b4d	Como resultado, tanto el gasto en infraestructura fisica como social tienen la capacidad de generar margen fiscal. Ademas, se examinan fuentes adicionales de financiacion de la igualdad de genera, como la tributacion del sector financiero. Existe una varie-dad mucho mas amplia de herramientas de politica disponibles para los bancos centrales de la que se esta utilizando actualmente. Asimismo, la revision de las herramientas de politica monetaria que se describe en el presente documento sugiere que el enfasis que se pone en la baja inflacion debido al tipo de interes es problematico desde dos puntos de vista.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c642c3cb12d7159d92de1754ce3c2a71	Thus, this component of the global stocktake is more likely to be qualitative rather than quantitative. This can take less time and fewer resources than preparing detailed adaptation-related information such as National Communications. Using a scorecard to assess progress towards a global goal may therefore lead to greater participation and more timely results, and therefore to an approximate assessment of trends.	13	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264200197-7-en	c644f1ee0e256d6c344fd18935fb9751	There is an overprovision of initial teacher training which has an uneven quality and professional development opportunities lack both structure and a school-based focus. Similarly, school leaders and other education leaders are not well-prepared, supported or recognised, and their role lacks a focus on educational improvement. They have undertaken an approved programme of teacher preparation or its equivalent elsewhere.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kghx3kbl734-en	c645577374a3b783e362d988d1471ae7	Additional methods such as self- and peer-assessment and assessment by students and parents are also being encouraged. However, most schools have quality systems, which include annual development discussion and appraisals. The inspector gives every teacher a mark, based on educational and administrative criteria.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	c6464dc9c9e8406fd9e6cab1cc118189	Tax policy is also typically set nationally - including in the European Union, where each country sets its own policy. Both elements of policy can help to require manufacturers and encourage consumers to move towards more efficient vehicles. These policies are among the most important for countries to cut oil demand, lower oil dependence and C02 emissions, and move towards more sustainable page | 50 transport systems.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	c648424ba823efcafb9d79d59fcb7c80	Once in employment, training and continued professional development should provide youth with a means to forge a career in the sector, rather than simply working in it by accident or because of a lack of other opportunities. The initiative also recognises that success depends on the sector’s ability to empower and develop the skills and talents of young people (Box 6). The paper identifies three barriers which prevent young people from entering or staying in the hospitality sector: i) lack information about the nature and extent of meaningful careers in the hospitality industry; ii) skills mismatch, many youth are not suitably qualified for entry-level or advanced opportunities; and iii) high turnover, many talented young people do not pursue long-term careers in the industry.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	c6491e5074bdb6ae83301b61668fc342	The increase in the proportion of single parent families thus seems to be an important determinant of the growth in the proportion of children living in a household whose standard of living is below the mid-2000s poverty line but who are not counted as poor on the basis of a floating poverty line due to the drop in median income that followed the great recession in a large number of countries. This effect is stronger when considering the poverty rate with an anchored poverty line in 2005 and holds also when focusing on within country trends (column 4), which suggests that in many countries the relative stability or even the increase in mothers’ employment despite the great recession has been an important safeguard against the increase in child poverty8, while it has increased significantly in countries where maternal employment has declined (e. g. Spain, Estonia, Greece, Ireland or the Slovak Republic). Note that the effect is also robust no matter the chosen model specification (see Annex C Table C 1 and Table C 2).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	c64be5a2a95029945d84c0b3c7f7a2ee	Severance pay creates its own moral hazard problem, by encouraging workers to quit their jobs to some extent, although it does not reduce job search efforts. This could lead to an increase in investments in the workers by that employer; but it also reduces worker mobility, which affects allocative efficiency in the labour market. Second, the same increase in firing costs represents a considerable complication for SMEs when they have to pay multiple severances at the same time, because it could generate liquidity and solvency risks. Lastly, in several cases workers do not receive their severance pay owing to the difficulties mentioned above, and because firms do not comply with the laws owing to the weakness of legal frameworks and inadequate law enforcement. As in the case of unemployment insurance, most of the benefits defined depend on the design of the mechanism.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	c64bf65c99d8a5ad028c84a3dff2f03c	The sharp reduction in multidimensional poverty seen in the majority of the states during the period under study is nonetheless remarkable. Note: the numbers shown in brackets indicate the number of states exhibiting a given poverty rate. Note: the numbers shown in brackets indicate the number of states exhibiting a given poverty rate.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	c64da37d3c533edbe4be304449e1a165	All inhabitants of the 19 districts of Dakar are eligible (under certain administrative conditions). Loans extend from CFA 200 000 to CFA 2.5 million for individual entrepreneurs and from CFA 200 000 to CFA 5 million for economic interest groups. Loans range from 6 to 24 months with a 6% annual interest rate (i.e. 0.5% per month).	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264240094-11-en	c64df87a623aae26db5b5a7a595ae4fb	It has suffered high deforestation rates due to timber extraction, overgrazing and conversion to pasture, as well as soya and sugar cane production. Irrigation for fruit production has contributed to desertification affecting 15% of this biome. It is made up of tropical, subtropical and dry or moist broadleaf forests, savannahs, scrublands and mangroves and is home to a large number of species, many endemic.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330954-4-en	c64e771d8e95cab34c759e7a16176d0e	Strong emphasis is also put on the development of renewable energy sources with focus on biomass for electricity generation, wind energy and use of waste for fuel production. Hydropower, geothermal energy and solar energy options are also being investigated. The 2020 target is that renewables should deliver 23% of the primary energy supply. In addition, the construction of a 440 km long submarine power link to Sweden, with a capacity of 700 MW, will be completed in 2015, thus opening up a connection between the Baltic and Nordic power systems (Lithuanian Energy Ministry, 2010).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	c64f0b992faa661565b0f71301603ebe	Because hypoxia can make deeper, cooler waters unavailable in the summer, or overlaps with nursery habitat, the combined effects of temperature and oxygen can result in habitat compression or squeeze that affects both pelagic and demersal species (Coutant 1985; Niklitschek and Secor 2005; Pearce and Balcom, 2005). The location and seasonal persistence of hypoxia appears to be particularly damaging to anadromous and catadromous species that require use of, and transit through, both saline and freshwater portions of systems to complete life cycles (Breitburg etal., Large stretches of river estuaries such as the Mersey, Thames, Elbe, and Delaware have been described as devoid of fish prior to implementation of primary sewage treatment (Thiel etal.,	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	c64f1e474bb2aa50a24cb70755f731f8	The public sector offers better benefits (leave, pension and childcare services), higher job security, as well as shorter and more flexible working hours than the private sector. Most public sector jobs in the region now offer a secure and socially acceptable work environment that allows for better reconciliation of professional and personal life than in the private sector, which is an important determining factor for women in choosing a job. Wages and benefits in the public sector are also often more competitive and attractive than in the private sector.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	c65144ef477b347b1228a5bd5620ff07	Another indication of the path of income inequality in South Africa between 1993 and 2008 is given by the generalised entropy measures of inequality (see Annex III, Table A.3.9). The GE(0) and GE(1) measures across the country as a whole increased monotonically from 1993 to 2000 to 2008 and the same trend as with the Gini coefficient is displayed when disaggregating by racial group. There have been significant changes in the composition of racial inequality in that income inequality within racial groups has become increasingly more significant than inequality between racial groups.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/29045c1f-en	c651ecb6771778b39fc8367002f1520d	Their and other species' biomass (abundance) is unknown. Studies of microbes and their roles in the deep pelagic ecosystems are only just beginning to reveal the great diversity of such organisms. The nekton (the organisms that swim independently through the ocean), include many species offish, crustaceans (such as krill) and cephalopods (such as squids).	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	c652796f473dd411a23185acf19bc170	To develop marketable skills an employee needs to invest in education and training in a way that matches his or her personal abilities and employment opportunities. It recognises that it is the employer’s profits that give rise to employment opportunities and that it is the employee’s skills that define productive workers. Thus profits and skills reinforce each other at the core of Figure 13.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	c652852de8c55db7f181f456d541d50a	Also, from an equity perspective, while the Israeli Nil contributions do have a progressive element (Table 2.4), it is not as strong as that of personal-tax rates. As is typical in many areas of Israel policy, there are special dispensations for recent immigrants. In this instance the exemption is sensibly limited to those on low incomes.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	c6535a5c0509a71578cb49cd6d95fd7a	The Green Growth Working Group of the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) has brought together lessons learned in Green Growth and Private Sector Development: Stocktaking of DCED Experiences (DCED, 2014). For example, small businesses that engaged in an Asia-wide program on sustainable production and consumption did so to improve their competitiveness and reduce costs (EU Switch Asia Network Facility, 2013). Investors face several barriers when investing in green growth, particularly in the context of infrastructure projects, including the real and perceived risks of investing in developing countries, lack of medium-term to long-term finance, and a lack of bankable projects.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	c655c35e7a94e273ca9a0fb0db85f8c3	Product safety and efficacy are a concern as fake and outdated smuggled products commonly circulate to fill the void. As a result, contraceptive services are not only limited, but also of poor quality, with method failure a common problem. In Cambodia, the public sector is the main provider of female sterilization and injectables, while the commercial private sector is the lead provider of IUDs and social marketing accounts for a majority of condoms and pills (UNFPA, 2007; 2007a).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/ea1ec35f-en	c65bea2c63665f9018c6a7339968c4d0	Women still earn substantially less than men and over the last 10 years the gender based wage-gap has only marginally decreased. The wages of women who did not complete upper secondary education amounted to only 66% of men’s wages in 2011, compared to 62% in 2000 (OECD, 2013). Hence, even though it is important to acknowledge the progress that has been made in the past decades, substantial inequalities remain.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	c65c3a7388b706d37ef7fca3ef0c881a	The vulnerability of glaciers and other climate change impacts on water resources are show'n at map 6.1. It is expected that die peak discharge in non-regulated rivers will shift to earlier months of the year, affecting economic sectors dependent on w'ater supply. It is expected that, by 2050, river discharge will possibly be reduced in summer and in early autumn, the period during w'hich demand for w'ater from agriculture is highest. In the longer term, this would have detrimental effects on the water reserves. According to experts, the speed of siltation has turned out to be higher than forecast.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213159-8-en	c65dc546ae880d8b1ba7a7aecf721bf3	It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in the Netherlands. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements, with particular reference to the top sectors approach. The chapter then reviews current policies under the light of the observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	c664b9a62748ba59754594c57b019aa3	Where the %TSE has experienced a decline this is partly due to high GDP growth rates, and where it has risen in spite of high GDP growth this reflects a stronger intervention. Moreover a low average level of overall support can hide an extremely uneven distribution of support across commodities. This can lead to severe misallocation of resources. These two dimensions of support can be illustrated using the PSE indicators, where the support level is shown by the %PSE and the support composition is characterised by the share of the most production and trade distorting forms in the total PSE. The latter is represented by the sum of PSE transfers based on output (market price support and payments based on output) and payments based on variable input use with no constraints attached.2 Figure 2.13 juxtaposes these two dimensions of the PSE and shows for OECD countries the evolution over time, highlighting two periods, from 1986-88 to 1997-99, and then to the most recent years 2008-10. The %PSE fell in roughly equal steps in both periods: from 37% to 30% in the first period and down to 20% in the second.	2	5	3	0.25
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	c66652580415fefbeb21d7506eda2db7	Table 8 lists the number of vessels with annual permits and the type of permits they hold (referred to as the coastal fleet). As indicated in the tables, a particular vessel may hold several different types of licences or annual permits. Regarding licences, a vessel may or may not, in the course of one or two years, participate in all fisheries for which it is licenced.	14	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	c666f564b824157bd460c6ddb755255f	Within the Rijkswaterstaat, the Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA) played a significant role in the national supervision of industrial pollution, conducting research and providing advice on water-pollution control. The PSWA was the country’s first law on water-pollution control. It defined institutional responsibilities for water-quality management and introduced two pollution-control instruments -discharge permits and wastewater-discharge levies.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	c668a492db5a964d3b747b541f4eaa0e	Again, the private sector would provide the bulk of credit, but it would be characterized by low interest rates leveraged with government loan guarantees. The real targeting approach might also be complemented by other policies, such as capital management techniques to deal with possible capital flight (discussed in more detail below). These loan guarantees substitute for collateral, leveraging access to credit and potentially bringing informal sector businesses into the formal sector.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264173668-en	c66a384e6530eb99303dc597d3f04899	The training period also allowed teachers and workers to discuss issues related to workplace training for students and improve training plans and assessment methods. Participants improved their skills and self esteem, and disseminated knowledge to other colleagues. This exercise was evaluated by the Economic Information Office in Finland as one of the best ways of developing teachers’ professionalism.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	c66a41c8b619e3d8817db90d2cb01fd7	When transferring responsibilities to local governments, Kazakhstan may wish to ensure that the functions are relevant to the communities. Action by city governments is particularly valuable where policies need to be tailored to local circumstances and responsive to local constituencies. Central and oblast levels of government are best positioned to act where economies of scale are possible, where cross-jurisdictional co-ordination is necessary, and where standardised approaches are needed to avoid free-riding.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/20f4eda5-en	c66d57d33f94064f7d2500147e6021c3	"Poor management or even loss of forest ecosystems can have different impacts on women than on men (Djoudi et al. Trading them can provide a ""safety net"" to help respond to environmental and economic shocks (Wunder et al. Both women and men generally collect NTFPs for both household consumption and commercial value; however, as shown in Figure 5 the pattern of their roles is not globally consistent. Where there are lower collection rates for women than for men, the reasons can include limited forest access, market information and transport (Azzez ef al."	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599451-13-en	c66d68d1089e0208021a0c263f75fdf7	Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in the Kenyan economy. It is estimated that the sector employs about 7.5 million Kenyans or 80 per cent of the country’s total employees outside of agriculture and is also a key engine for job creation (Wanjohi 2014). Women-owned businesses account for nearly half (48 per cent) of all MSMEs, and contribute around 20 per cent to Kenya’s gross domestic product (IFC 2007).	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	c66e41ea6a4c40a263c1da0b6acb822b	It also includes synthetic information on the existence of caps, reductions and exemption for user charges. Coverage for pharmaceutical spending is typically lower, due to often-higher cost-sharing and the possibility of self-consumption. Basic health coverage schemes cover about half of spending in dental care in a handful of countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) and three-quarter in Japan.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e6bb7e7c-en	c66ebffe580664bc49c66c4a7ffbd895	For example, in the Mediterranean, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is promoting the concept of allocated zones for aquaculture (AZAs) (Sanchez-Jerez et al., Some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning processes integrate the spatial concerns of fisheries and aquaculture with those of other users of the marine space (Meaden et al., In addition, a sound legal and regulatory planning and development framework should be in place.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	c6719db1a5a6169fee9d04a90839d4da	However, approximately 95% of current paddy land meets the wet-paddy land definition. Using an average agricultural household income of VND 1.458 million (USD 70) per month and assuming the household farms 2 ha of wet-paddy land, the payment represents almost 6% of annual income. A further objective of the programme was to create employment for 2 million people and increase incomes of people in forest areas as a contribution to poverty alleviation, hunger eradication and the development of rural mountainous areas. A number of policy measures were implemented under this programme including loans to large SOEs involved in forestry and direct support to households to establish forest plantations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	c67209e36af166d5e603afcf71ca7672	Fertility matters for societies because it can impede or accelerate progress towards greater prosperity, equitable and sustainable development, and well-being for all. In European countries in the late nineteenth century and in English-speaking countries on other continents, changing economies presented new professional and job possibilities, motivating couples to have fewer children so that they could seize these opportunities. As more girls enrolled in school, literacy increased.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	c6729190e34008cb34610e00b22f54ab	User fees accounted for 91.4 per cent of total revenues of the National Motorway Company in 2010. Along with the strong growth in the number of vehicles, there has been strong growth in the consumption of motor fuels. In 2008, nearly three-quarters of vehicles had an age of more than 10 years, and only 8 per cent were less than five years old.	6	9	0	1.0
10.1787/trends/edu-2019-7-en	c67311d4b507f261820078de6fa32cd3	These developments invite reflection about the role of education, so often seen as primarily for the young. The chapter ends with a look at how using different versions of the future can help us better prepare for the unknown. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of tire Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	c678a70bde0d65e661663355fdacce56	Other renewable resources have yet to hold measurable shares in the subregion although some countries are already implementing projects to develop wind, solar, modern biomass and geothermal energy. Georgia similarly stands out because of its high level of hydro use, which contributed to the country’s 31.9 per cent share in total final energy consumption, of which 19.1 per cent was modern renewables. The share of renewable energy in Armenia was 6 per cent, with hydro being the main source of renewable energy.	7	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289330954-4-en	c6793431876e912bbd89b5145772f86f	See: http://www.energy.eu/http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org Orkustofnun (2010). Energy Statistics in Iceland 2009. Primary energy refers to energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process, e.g. coal, lignite, mineral oil, natural gas, uranium (nuclear energy), water (hydropower), solar radiation, wind. Final energy is a form of energy available to the user following the conversion from primary energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	c67ca29276be8c6d2869272b3d66b0f6	It distinguishes between basic functions, i.e. frequent low complexity treatments, which do not require centralisation, and special functions, which are to be provided by a limited number of hospitals, depending on their complexity. This is in line with international evidence showing that efficiency thresholds tend to increase with the complexity of the treatment. For emergency wards, a population base of 200 000 to 400 000 is recommended, implying a reduction from about 40 currently to 20-25 (Andersen and Jensen, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	c67ff381e7b89b196ea941251fb5e607	However, the burden of mental ill-health is challenging to measure, especially across countries, and efforts to measure the prevalence of mental disorders, and the burden of mental disorders, vary across OECD countries. Countries have not been successful at addressing unmet need partly because it is so difficult to identify and quantify. A starting point to identifying unmet need is household surveys that use a variety of screening instruments to identify individuals at risk of or suffering from mental health problems. These instruments are not standardised, however, and estimates of the prevalence of mental health problems can vary widely within the same population. Such surveys suggest that around 5% of the working-age population have a severe mental disorder and a further 15% have a common mental disorder (OECD, 2012). Some, but not all, OECD countries report having a national survey to measure the prevalence of mental disorders (Table 4.1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	c6809792b4f21b08d918099b8bc2801e	As the end of a highly favourable cycle for the region draws near, there are a few warning signs on the horizon: although employment and productivity have grown, profound changes in the production structure have failed to materialize. Female workforce participation remains highly stratified (see figure 1.16): women from low-income sectors show much lower participation and employment rales then women from upper-middle- and high-income sectors, with the gap being wider than for men (especially in the case of the participation rate). The high degree of differentiation in female workforce participation by income quintile is associated with the gendered pattern of division of labour, limited capacity to pay for care and household services, and maternity at early ages.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	c680cac0ab0a2f36340ef136091a88b8	Further statistics may include forest biomass and its carbon storage, and a characterization of forest ecosystems that exist in the country, including types, location, area and main species of flora and fauna living in the forest. Statistics on the forest area affected by fire may also be included. ( See also Topic 1.2.2: Ecosystems and biodiversity.)	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283336-en	c6824e4df7b4658f2e09a4c9e9d379eb	As in other EU countries, there are large disparities in self-rated health by socioeconomic status: 80% of people in the highest income quintile population report being in good health compared with 48% of the population in the lowest income quintile (Figure 4). These include the living and working conditions of people, the physical environment in which people live, and a range of behavioural risk factors. In fact, more than 35% of the overall burden of disease in the Czech Republic in 2015 (measured in terms of OALYs) could be attributed to behavioural risk factors, including dietary risks (contributing 18%), smoking (13%), alcohol use (4%) and physical inactivity (3%) (IHME, 2016).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	c683752a5a21ab958c6f6db0ffb17b32	It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, drawing on learning from the Social Institutions and Gender Index and in-country research by the OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Specifically, the recommendations focus on how to recognise unpaid care work by measuring and valuing it, reduce time spent on drudgery by the provision of quality infrastructure and redistribute unpaid care tasks more equally between men and women by transforming gender stereotypes. The paper presents new analysis of time use data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa as well as comparisons with OECD countries. It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of SDG 5.4 based on the “3Rs” framework - recognise, reduce and redistribute - to address unpaid care.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c684dbb9dd304c8073e0fb2c9cfa246a	Although the proportion of extreme values is quite high - 8% in rural areas and 10% in urban areas - they don’t influence the model too much as the coefficients don’t vary much and the proportion of accurate predictions remains quite the same: respectively 85% and 83% with and without extreme values in urban areas, 75% and 73% in rural areas. The predictions are also run with the Probit models. This shows 85% and 75% of accurate predictions in urban and rural areas respectively, which matches the previous results.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	c687df60b148e75d753de82270fa0759	The use of economic instruments (notably schemes for tradable fishing permits) has not been pursued but deserves further consideration. There is significant potential to utilise Israel’s natural resources for ecotourism, both as a source of growth and a means of sustainably managing ecosystems. The main destinations for developing this niche tourism market are nature reserves and other protected areas.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	c68b7e132657f1bada3e0e9558070d90	In addition, the directive obliges member countries to prepare action programmes for the designated nitrate vulnerable zones so that the objective of the directive can be realised, as well as to conduct suitable monitoring programmes to determine the extent of nitrate pollution in waters from agricultural sources and to assess the effectiveness of the action programmes. Instead, in conformity with the Nitrates Directive, it informed the European Commission in 1994 that it would prepare an action programme for its entire territory . Accordingly, in the Netherlands, the Nitrates Directive action programme is applied throughout the country. Even so, legislation distinguishes between soil fertility and types (in the Netherlands, the most important main soil-type regions are sandy, loess, clay and peat).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	c68e3fe3ebaebbb0db5abee5dfcd402f	In countries with a poor fisheries management record or capacity to implement sustainable and responsible fisheries, globalisation may lead to increased fishing pressure, thus endangering the resource. Managing sustainably and responsibly can, in principle, be done through biological management approaches including ecosystem-based approaches to management that cap the total harvest. Concurrently, however, increased competition from external sources (alternative wild fish or aquaculture) may put price pressure on the harvesting element of the value chain. Depending on how access to the fishing sector is managed, fishers’ income may subsequently come under pressure.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	c6953dcad779f1c53eddcd78016aad44	In response, the city embarked on a resilience-building project which integrates climate vulnerability assessments and micro planning and implementation. It was designed, implemented and monitored using a community-led bottom-up approach which began with the identification of climate vulnerabilities. Some key lessons have been derived from that experience.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	c697fc1459af120c8edad1c71f7053b8	These yield shocks are then passed to the IMPACT model, affecting year-to-year crop yields (Robinson et al., A subsequent section then review's the evidence of impact and occurrence of extreme precipitation patterns in the three regions. The Huang He, also know'n as the Yellow River watershed, contains the country’s second largest river.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ff1be167-en	c6988e471147991cd3df7f48e996ad63	For this reason and in order to incorporate income measures at the same time, the current study was based on household surveys, which are available for all countries in the region and include satisfactory data for implementing both methodologies. To make these estimates, the indicators were adapted to the data available in household surveys. Not only did this meet the data availability criterion, it also recognized the necessary sociocultural relevance of the exercise of rights, especially to determine the thresholds for identifying when a child or adolescent was experiencing extreme child poverty or total child poverty.2 The deprivation thresholds established in the 2003 global measurement based on the Bristol indicators had been confined to the severest situations of child deprivation. For Latin America, it was decided to follow the above criterion but to also define thresholds to identify situations of moderate deprivation, as they too reflect needs that, when unmet, affect children's well-being and development.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	c699380d8d098fa5d02c280bb982de38	Today's students will only be able to cope with the ongoing technological and digital revolution if education systems improve their quality, leading to better student performance, equitable outcomes and the acquisition of new skill sets and greater knowledge. What matters most is what and how they teach and for how long, how they motivate students and how they demand high standards from all students, while taking their differences into account. This requires continuously updating the knowledge that is being generated, integrating digital technologies, incorporating horizontal and socio-emotional skills, and promoting team work, critical thinking and complex problem-solving.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/eb40a355-en	c69cfe13af46a79a8bda23f9b6d9bc5c	To support the development of effective and state of the art policies on air quality, a quick update of the WHO air quality guidelines is necessary. The current version stems from 2005 and there is sufficient evidence that a tightening of the values would be justified. It would be recommendableto invest in a thorough study of the actual effects of green in cities and how it can be used in the most efficient way. A first step would be to inform, regional and national authorities, asthere appears to be a big difference in actual knowledge from the government side. It is important to find communication strategies that will reach as many stakeholders as possible. In order to guarantee reliable and harmonized information, there is an important role for international organisations such as the EU, UNECE, WHO and UNEP.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	c69e0d92fd0ce9d1eb6a89ddbae9f69a	It may refer to an absolute or to a relative standard. An absolute poverty line usually reflects a minimum cost necessary to cover basic caloric and non-caloric needs, without reference to social context or norms. A relative poverty line is defined relative to the average or median income or consumption in a particular society.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	c6a47a041f36fa27279f05a464dcbf7c	However, expanding economic activity, population growth and rising living standards are increasing the need for energy, food, minerals and other resources, amplifying environmental pressures in both rural and urban areas. Based on indicators from national and international sources, the chapter reviews progress against national policy goals as well as international commitments and targets, focusing on the period since 2000. To the extent possible, it compares the state of the environment and key environmental trends with those of OECD member countries and the other emerging economies in the BRIICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa).	15	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9f5dd7d0-en	c6aa54f0b9420d52b0d7e5d811ade466	Strengthened regional cooperation dealing with behind-the-border measures (e.g. technical regulations), ensuring improved connectivity (e.g. transport infrastructure) and triggering structural transformation (e.g. regional value chains) should be given the highest consideration. These range from sectoral agreements aimed at improving cooperation and connectivity, such as the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal Motor Vehicles Agreement14 and the one-stop border posts between some SSA countries, to free trade agreements (FTAs) that liberalise goods, services and investment. The scope and coverage of the latter agreements differ widely, as reflected in recent landmark trade agreements involving Commonwealth countries: North-North trade deals (e.g. EU-Canada CETA), North-South trade arrangements (e.g. SADC-EU EPA, EU-Singapore FTA, PACER-Plus) and South-South integration schemes (e.g. CSME, PICTA, Tripartite FTA in Eastern and Southern Africa).	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/50674358-en	c6ab0713b78335006ec8da834d5b2e98	Recent hydrogeological studies suggest that the Dan may have a much larger actual subsurface recharge basin area of more than 1,320 km2 (compared to an estimated 520 km2 for the Banias) as the Dan Springs emerge from a deep and productive Jurassic limestone aquifer with outcrops in Lebanon and Syria.'* This transboundary aquifer is recharged by rain and snow-melt, especially along the slopes of Mount Hermon. A combination of the surface water catchments of the Hasbani and Dan or even of all three headwaters results in more realistic estimates with a required effective rainfall of 489 or 512 mm/yr over the respective catchments. Israel (Figure 5) flows into Lake Tiberias.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	c6ad857bdcafb17f16400d831e914093	Lenders normally charge a pre-determined rate of interest that is set by adding an interest margin to the bank's standard inter-bank lending rate, which represents its income. Gearing (the ratio of debt to equity) is much higher in project finance than in 'on-balance-sheet' financing. A division of 70% to 30% debt-to-equity ratio is common in project finance.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/76afd318-en	c6aed575566dee990973592d311fc94d	Analysis shows that school attendance declines as the number of hours spent on household chores increases — and declines more steeply for girls than for boys. Women continue to be underrepresented in national parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are occupied by women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per cent. The highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected Heads of State in the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of Government.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	c6bac97188d5bacfb02e880415ad6d50	Of the 134 countries for which data were available for 1990-2008, 98 are reducing energy intensity below those rates or are even increasing energy intensity. Indeed, in 35 countries energy intensity grew at an average cumulative rate of 3.1 percent over the period. There is considerable scope for raising industrial energy efficiency in these countries, which stand to benefit from such efforts.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	c6bb71344b6dbc083468978b804fb148	This is inter alia so because when known reserves start to be depleted, greater effort typically is dedicated to identifying new reserves as a replacement. Furthermore, the quality of statistics on proven reserves as published e.g. by British Petroleum is substantially affected by the mismatch between private information and public information, as private information held by companies and government officials involved in exploration is only partially divulged for strategic economic and political reasons. Statistical information on extraction (production) and use (consumption) of primary fuels and products is much more reliable.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	c6bc5343729aa03d70f147bb207d52e6	It has been criticized for becoming the third leg of the global neoliberal framework (along with the IMF and the World Bank), for being less than transparent and for serving the North's interests. The 1990s conferences catalysed the ability of women’s organizations to provide critiques of paradigms and policies and to propose alternatives, e.g., for the recognition of women's rights as human rights and violence against women as a violation of those human rights in Vienna; against population control and in support of SRHR in Cairo; and against structural adjustment policies and the neoliberal agenda in Copenhagen and Beijing. At the global level, the UN is the only plausible quasi-state body, essential to the setting of global norms and standards for, inter alia, gender equality, ensuring accountability for human rights and moving the development agenda towards achieving them.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	c6bddfac033eb8ce0344c8bdb906e7bd	For example, in Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, civil society partners are consulted on legislation and regulations in sectors identified as key priority areas by the country’s main gender institution. In Jordan, a “list of requests” is made on behalf of the country’s gender institution, and civil society organisations are consulted accordingly. Similarly in the Palestinian Authority, the cross-sectoral strategy identifies the specific sectors relevant to the promotion of gender equality for inclusion in the public consultation process with civil society partners and parties affected by the legislation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	c6bfd6f2887296ee46673f5850288c79	For example, while SEP has served as a mechanism to provide disadvantaged students with additional school resources and services, there is heterogeneity in the quality of these services. There is no clear policy to guide schools and school providers on effective ways to improve learning of the most vulnerable students or to meet the needs that are most prevalent among this population. And, in fact, schools receiving the SEP are not required to necessarily invest the extra funds in programmes or initiatives that target directly the learning needs of vulnerable children.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/95417570-en	c6c0c3f173e584185fcd6269ca3ff227	However, in the earlier stages, RD&D accounts for a larger share of performance improvements and cost reductions. While the depression is very disruptive and particularly destructive for the poor, it does at least potentially sow the seeds of renewal, provided that the world is prepared to make the necessary institutional and financial investments. This needs to occur without risking irreversible changes in ecological, biophysical and biochemical systems.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	c6c35a504ec2e8c2ce84a9c238d83635	Data not available in OECD QuASH 2014 for Chile, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain, Switzerland. Both owning and renting a home have strengths and weaknesses. Homeownership can promote wealth accumulation: a home can serve as an asset, and repayment of mortgage debt can incentivize better household spending behaviour.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	c6c687a905e8f3f33ec28268247227e4	Trading surged despite a cut in supply; primary EUAs were priced at €5.55 ($7.56) per tonne of CO; (tCOj). Demand for voluntary offsets dropped in 2013, along with average prices (to $4.90/tCO; marketwide).This can be partly explained by the introduction of California state's cap-and-trade regulation, which requires all covered entities to register through the Air Resources Board, which is a compliance-based market (thus moving a large volume of trade from voluntary to compliance markets). Continued efforts to assert the credentials of wood as an environmentally preferable material are essential, as are research and other efforts to address potential policy shortcomings.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c6c82e1259757d0ceb7c8b2819ab6d81	Median estimates of total system costs show a range of costs of USD 15 per MWh for onshore wind, USD 20 per MWh for solar PV and about USD 25 per MWh for offshore wind at a penetration level of 10%. At 30% penetration level, system costs increase significantly, reaching about USD 25 per MWh for onshore wind and about USD 40 per MWh for solar PV and offshore wind. In comparison, system costs of dispatchable technologies, such as coal, gas, nuclear or hydro, are at least one order of magnitude lower.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283299-en	c6ca572b58a7c833da689e050d501289	This proportion is now lower than in most other EU countries and the EU average (25%). A large difference exists between girls and boys, with only 9% of 15-year-old girls reporting doing physical activity each day, compared to 17% of 15-year-old boys. Based on self-reported data (which underestimate the true prevalence of obesity), one in seven adults (14%) were obese in 2013, up from one in eight (12%) in 2001.6 This rate nonetheless remains lower than in most other EU countries (the EU average was 16% in 2014). Also based on self-reported data, one in six (16%) 15-year-olds were overweight or obese in 2013-14, up from one in nine (11%) in 2001-02.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	c6cc43cca84508f76c24dedff1bc19a1	It would be timely for governments to review the existing institutional structures in place and what they are intended to achieve, and consider updating these to reflect evolving policy needs and priorities. Moreover, once challenges or issues arise, these need to be addressed. It is also important to note, however, that these inter-ministerial committees do not need to be biodiversity-specific.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bd21ed60-en	c6cd4d31ff7147fe30fc5dfba13370a0	These rates are typically lower than the comparable mortality rates in low and lower-middle income economies; they range from 435.4 deaths per 100,000 people in Viet Nam to 847.5 in Armenia. In 2013, malaria affected almost 2.3 million people, or 59 of every 100,000 people living in Asia and the Paciic.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	c6ce1d630e780c5277525ad1dac3b222	Nonetheless, the planning of a city or region needs to engage with organisations above neighbourhood level. For instance, collection and disposal of solid waste and sewage in Almaty, Astana and Shymkent can lead to large-scale environmental and social problems that require civil participation as well as state action. Special strategies for targeting groups that are hard to reach (the disabled, youth and the elderly) would be implemented to ensure their participation in public events and forums.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-7-en	c6ce94de8d12418aded95a6fa657a2d9	For instance, in 2007, the General Directorate for Water (Direccion General de Aguas, DGA) and the Regional Environmental Commission (Comision Regional del Medio Ambiente, COREMA), rejected an environmental impact assessment of a plan by one mining company to extract additional groundwater from aquifers in the Pampa Colorada area in San Pedro de Atacama. The plan had generated considerable protests from indigenous communities over the potential impact on local wetlands (Larrain and Schaeffer, 2010). With copper prices at a historic high, it is reasonable to assume that mining activities in Antofagasta will continue to expand in the near future (Trading Economics, 2013).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	c6cfcfcc0e4a674ed2601d81ad44cc6c	Its use in agriculture in Australia is estimated to contribute AUD 11 billion annually to the economy (Deloitte Access Economics, 2013). Second, it flows at a much slower pace than surface water (OECD, 2013e). Third, its quality is generally superior to that of surface water, in particular with regards to bacterial contamination (hence its importance for drinking water).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	c6d2376e4c4ba0de81854624865a6be8	"For example, if everyone's income falls by the same amount, no one will appear to have become any poorer in relative terms. It is adjusted for price inflation but not for changes in median incomes, so that ""individuals may compare their material circumstances not only with those of the average person in the society in which they live, but also with their own in a previous period"" (Matsaganis 2013, p. 10). Moreover, during economic crises, the anchored poverty rate is more sensitive to the deteriorating living conditions of the poor (Social Protection Committee 2013)."	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c96bb166-en	c6d35fcd6375befc90306c745b58d9ae	Domestic resources ought to be made available for these things. Donors can supplement them but they should not be the major source. I think we at UNFPA have the responsibility to speak to Member States and the donors who support them and say, ‘You have to put this on your agenda.’” Donors and developing countries alike boosted the share of their resources towards HIV testing and treatment while funding for sexual and reproductive health stagnated. Providers of family planning got jobs as counsellors for HIV testing.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264267886-en	c6d37833ebdcbad36975625f6a8ca8d0	In particular, more staff familiar with modern risk analysis techniques are needed, along with a specialised audit unit focusing exclusively on large taxpayers, who typically account for 50%-70% of tax revenues (Toro et al., As a welcome complement to efforts to improve tax administration, the former government prepared a law that enhances taxpayers' rights and promotes a conciliatory approach to settling disputes (OECD, 2016b). However, bottlenecks still weigh on productivity growth and environmental and health outcomes.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	c6d6ee6601dff38ebdea941cdd25d7d0	It begins by reviewing the constellation of urban planning and management documents at the municipal and regional levels and their impact on coherent urban development. This is followed by an analysis of four policy areas with significant implications for national urban programming: land use, housing, transport and the environment. The General Law contains the principles, attributes, responsibilities, rights, sanctions and other statutes governing the institutions, individuals or professionals involved in urban planning, urbanisation and construction.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259119-7-en	c6d6fe13f9f97718acecbd94d2369532	In addition, a student competency - itself a result of a combination of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that are adapted, combined and applied in a specific context - must also be perceived as an outcome. Traditionally, a standards-based curriculum is directed toward mastery of predetermined standards, which generally include content standards and performance standards (UNESCO-IBE, 2013). Performance standards specify what levels of learning are expected and assess the degree to which content standards have been met.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	c6d7054e4fb452f30003dfb2cf029cf5	Many (possibly most) informal firms are fundamentally different from formal ones and they would be unable to compete in the formal economy, even if the costs of formalisation were low. This is why forcing these firms to enter the formal economy may simply drive them out of business. Ultimately, the best way to reduce informality is to encourage economic growth, since the general process of development tends to reduce the size of the informal sector (La Porta and Shleifer, 2014). It will also be important to foster skill accumulation, especially entrepreneurial skills, which are a fundamental driver of development. Using the extended framework, the chapter provides the first comprehensive analysis of job quality in twelve emerging economies for which the required data are available. Most notably, the labour market security dimension of job quality is extended to cover the risk of extreme low pay while employed, which is significant in most emerging economies.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	c6d7f1afc0ea4f6713169f9a382eab5b	In parallel, consecutive dry days (CDD) are projected to increase by between 15-21 days, exacerbating the hydrological stress.21 Coupled with a projected increase in cooling demand and associated electricity demand (as a result of reduced precipitation), a potential reduction in hydroelectric power plants is envisaged. The shortening of the winter season is expected to reduce hydro potential even further. Despite the potential of hydroelectricity to alleviate energy security in the country, there are unintended ecological and agricultural consequences of utilizing these resources. Additionally, there are 30.8 MW of installed capacity, with the potential to double this figure to reach 60.3 MW, including river and non-river sources.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	c6d822d370c74e808e739df152cf6e65	At national levels, greater commitment is required to provide timely data on food production, consumption and stocks, as well as capacity to assess current situations and outlook, and its implications for food security. Where national capacity to provide information does not exist, it should be created through support by international assistance. This information needs to be widely and readily accessible to all market actors. Such systems would help temper uncertainty in organised markets that play a fundamental role in global price discovery while providing much earlier notice of potential market shocks.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	c6da13d38b11f6333a5c026ec0676a4b	Many countries have adopted national plans of action to combat child trafficking, but the lack of reliable statistical information remains a significant obstacle - most data focus only on the cross-border trafficking of girls and women for sexual exploitation. She has been working in the city's mass transit system selling hairpins and other products since she was 3 years old. Many of those engaged in child labour experience its worst forms - including forced and bonded work, illicit activities, armed combat and domestic labour.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	c6db518428f1015bf0457ddb48b4022f	Students' socio-economic status explains 6.7% of the variation in familiarity with mathematics within the country. Around 70% of the students who have at least one tertiary educated parent reported that they know well or have often heard of the concept of linear equation, on average across OECD countries; only 52% of students whose parents have only primary education as their highest level of attainment so reported. Similarly, around 55% of students with highly educated parents and only 35% of students with low-educated parents reported that they know well or have frequently been exposed to the geometric concept of cosine.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	c6ddee6bc1e61755c59c9a2d906c279e	Departements implemented national policy at the regional level. The system was hierarchal and top-down. It was a policy that emphasised territorial equality in terms of centralised access to State administration and that led to a high level of control over the territories. Many actions by departements and communes required authorisation by the Minister or even statutory approval by the national legislature.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	c6df3d83b412a475d6ec107a5ac935c6	The contribution of the distribution effect is rarely as great. Even when it is the predominant factor, its contribution to the decline in poverty is usually under 60%. It did exceed 100% in El Salvador and Mexico, but both are countries where the total change in the poverty rate was veiy small (see table 1.2).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	c6e5e90f153484bb507de68831ff8d25	Agricultural producers in ASEAN are expected to be able to rise to these challenges over the medium term, with regional production growth rates projected to exceed world averages for many products, including animal-derived products (OECD-FAO, 2015). This will also increase the importance of ASEAN for world supplies of agro-food commodities. Across individual countries, however, changes in the production of key commodities are more mixed. This will require a continuation of past trends in total factor productivity growth - trends underpinned by continued efforts at policy reform and additional investments by governments and producers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	c6e75ee1b27ac522b2d320e2d95d4fa1	Reductions in government spending discussed above have led to the downsizing of public sectors and the privatization of public services and enterprises. This has reduced the relative contribution of government institutions and agencies to formal employment: during the 1990s, government employment either declined faster or grew more slowly than private employment in most countries.39 The reduction in the share of public sector employment has been particularly noticeable in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. As Chapter 2 has shown, public employment is an important source of good quality jobs for women and this downsizing is likely to disproportionately impact on women's employment outcomes.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	c6e9a06ae386d51b0672bf3f111d6aa5	Figure 5.6 shows the reduction in the forecast error for a German 100 MW wind farm as the forecast horizon decreases. Geographical spread will depend on the distance between windmills and the size of the observed area. Comparing Germany and Ireland, for instance, Ireland will have higher variations of wind output than Germany as the Irish land surface is smaller than Germany’s (Bach, 2010). Thus, geographical spread is less important in Ireland, which implies a greater variability of wind output.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7707d4f1-en	c6ebc093781e41a2d8f84adbcb54ca12	The NAPCC establishes how implementation progress is reported, provides deadlines for measures to be implemented, and identifies potential funding sources for specific actions. Although the originally intended applicable timeframe has passed, the NSCC is still used as a guiding strategy document and the NAPCC as an action plan. A new strategy was under preparation at the end of 2011, whereas the new NAPCC is expected to be finalized within a year after the adoption of the strategy. It is also important to note that Romania has experienced discontinuity in its strategies and actions on climate change and that neither the NSCC nor the NAPCC incorporates adaptation components.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c6ec3b1e8623cfb3fd71b40d43097134	Having their own bank account increases the autonomy of women within a household. Making access to finance easier may also facilitate start-ups or self-employment among women. Infrastructure is another significant positive determinant of female labour force participation, while labour market regulations lower female participation.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2640b601-en	c6eda681e7627ebe352e8782b8cbacab	As a result, near-term technology and policy decisions are critically important for leveraging long-term change. But the temporal dimensions of this technological differentiation in energy systems are extremely long. In the medium-term (2030), only modest, niche-market inroads of solar PV into the global energy system are expected. Only by 2100 have scenarios clustered either around relatively small solar PV markets (0-80 EJ), assuming no or low C02 emission constraints and high investment costs, or around relatively large solar PV markets (100-180 EJ), under stringent C02 emission constraints and low investment costs.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	c6edcb40ae4d058fac2f0075c2d7317f	Under the direction of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economy, the AIFA co-ordinates all activities related to pharmaceuticals and it operates autonomously and transparently. Pharmaceutical policies are set by the agency and are supposed to be applied uniformly across the country. Through negotiation with phannaceutical companies, it determines the price of medicines reimbursed by the NHS. The value and cost of medicine are also managed by the agency in order to ensure rapid access of innovative and efficient drugs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	c6efc3e66c2611a2f2535c65eb9f46c0	Self-reported subjective wellbeing can be further divided into life satisfaction surveys (ranks of 0 to 10 of a person’s satisfaction with life) and emotional wellbeing indicators (a person’s emotional feelings at a point in time) (Kahneman and Deaton, 2010; Di Telia etal, 2001). Studies based on self-reported life satisfaction avoid these problems, but are subject to challenging data interpretation issues. These studies, which are getting increasing attention in the literature (Helliwell et al, 2008 and 2009), tend to show that self-reported subjective wellbeing has a strong correlation with income, but also that other factors, such as health, unemployment and divorce, or quality of life indicators based on objective outcomes, are important.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	c6f3c6615ca9ba322556d862124ca768	More than 60 per cent of Ulaanbaatar’s population lives in periurban informal settlements, known as ger districts, which lack access to modem infrastructure such as piped water, sanitation, paved roads and public transportation. Unplanned expansion of the capital city and rapid migration from rural areas have brought many challenges, including unemployment, traffic congestion, air pollution, soil pollution and the extension of the ger districts. Agricultural land area dropped dramatically by 14.590 million ha from 2002 to 2003, as many areas were transformed into special protected areas. Note: Total area: 156.41 million ha. Whereas the term more commonly used in Mongolia is pastureland, this land should more accurately be described as rangeland because it grows primarily native vegetation and serves as a habitat for wildlife, including many grazers, predators and critically endangered birds, in addition to being used for nomadic livestock herding and haymaking.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	c6f71fab4923cd75dce5014fd5bcb047	It guides the reader through what makes water governance improve in practice and how to foster peer-to-peer dialogue and bench learning across cities, basins and countries facing similar types of water governance challenges. The chapter provides lessons learnt at various levels (local, basin, national) as well as for policy frameworks, institutions and policy instruments, and could help with fiiture implementation of the OECD Principles. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.”	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c341a207-en	c6f7ebba046ffcc0f29d063aece846df	While cities did not form a major monitoring element during the period of the MDGs, their monitoring has taken a central place in post-2015 development agendas, particularly the SDGs and the NUA. Most of these indicators are being monitored globally for the first time, except for indicator 11.1.1, which was partly monitored under the MDGs (MDG 7 target 7D or the slum target). Many indicators require developing and defining new concepts; piloting and refinement of their measurement methods; establishment of the appropriate monitoring systems within countries; and building new partnerships and capacities, including providing technical advisory services to State Members of the United Nations.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e3495d86-en	c6f80e2cce9b0dfafe1e010056edb19b	There is extensive literature on this topic, and discussions are found in Fields (1995), Li et al. ( Most recently, Piketty (2014) shows that inequality in both the United States and in Europe may have actually followed a U-shaped curve in the twentieth century - contrary to what the Kuznets curve would suggest. Some of the progressive measures introduced in the post-war period were rolled back in the 1970s and 1980s (Piketty 2015).	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/ee1d4926-en	c6fb80370ebaec6f51a6133f9250b841	Consequently, the pattern of water availability and intrinsic characteristics in each water basin is heterogeneous and very relevant to all water supply-side decisions. For instance, the Sebou water basin holds 30 per cent of surface water resources and groundwater and, although it represents only 6 per cent of the total area of Morocco, 18 per cent of the country’s population lives within it. The northern (Loukkos, Tangier and Mediterranean Coastal) and Sebou basins cover nearly 7 per cent of the area of the country and more than half of the surface water resources. Conversely, the Tensift, Bouregreg and other southern water basins exhibit water security insufficiencies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	c6fde3fa5e2254d61168fd1b58c69886	They listed care-giving and family responsibilities among the top three reasons for not participating in the workplace. These did not feature high on the list of reasons for not working cited by men. Furthermore, young people born outside their country of residence are 1.5 times more likely to be NEET than those without immigrant backgrounds.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264285637-6-en	c6fe287fbe01b963852f4370c78e74a7	Altogether, this resulted in a major expansion in the resources available to the education sector. In spite of this, Chile remains among the OECD countries with the lowest expenditure per student (see Table 2.1): 12th lowest in pre-primary education, 3rd lowest in primary education, 4th lowest in lower secondary education and 3rd lowest in upper secondary education (OECD, 2016a). Its levels of expenditure per student are, however, higher than those of other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (see Table 2.1). Data for Brazil include public institutions only.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/150942f1-en	c700c619154f7dd1a0452928a1d521d6	These are the “Enquete sur les conditions de vie des menages” (ECVM) carried out in 2003 in Burkina Faso, the “Troisieme Enquete Cameroonaise aupres des Menages” in 2007 (ECAM III) and the “Ghana Living Standard Survey” done in 2005/06 for Ghana. The “base-year” of our analyses is thus represented by the year in which the national surveys were carried out: 2003 for Burkina Faso, 2005/06 for Ghana and 2007 for Cameroon, and we made the hypothesis - strong but necessary in the absence of reliable data - that both the distribution and the level of consumption and revenues did not change between the year of the survey and the base year of our analysis. Their recent trends are highlighted and hypotheses are developed concerning the impacts of the economic crisis on those channels over the 2008-2011 period studied. Government expenditures are assumed to remain constant and the increase in government deficit, induced by the fall in domestic tax revenue and foreign aid inflows, is assumed to be compensated through increased domestic borrowing.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	c70c534ad400ec01f8b55afbbb16ced3	Awareness-raising and education regarding human rights with security and justice personnel - as well as the general public - is also important. Harassment based on gender, sex, race, sexual orientation, age, disability or other 'difference' is unacceptable. Gender training should occur on multiple levels, and should be mandatory for female and male security personnel of all levels/ranks.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	c70d7f2cc0a65679f1b772716d3c1c35	The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey has found that the share of residents who are satisfied with the public transport provision in their cities is 14 percentage points higher if a transport authority exists (Figure 2.2). It appears likely that this is at least partly due to the better integration of public transport in these cities. For example, a metropolitan transport authority could be autonomous exclusively in charge of transport issue, or part of a metropolitan authority in charge of w ider policy issues at the metropolitan level.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	c70ed26e1849ca3242bee32cdb790bfa	Data are presented for both “claimed priorities” (CP) (i.e. inventions for which protection is sought in at least two countries) and “singulars” (i.e. inventions protected only in one country). This distinction is useful because it indicates different market value of the inventions patented (see OECD, 2011). With respect to energy storage, there was significant “take-off” around 1990, with a six-fold increase in singulars since that point. Claimed priorities have tripled in the same period.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	c70f50bed1c0e824a41b45009b0109b9	Not only the resource as such which embeds the carbon component is of relevance; in fact this risk is exacerbated by changes in global climate policies in the negotiations of which many individual countries may have a very limited role. If ceteris paribus the issue of climate change is to be embraced and to be transformed into stringent carbon reduction policy in the economically leading countries and regions across the world, this would be expected to boost the role of nuclear in securing power supply. This is particularly relevant for fair comparisons involving coal- and gas-based technology with application of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Numerous publications of CCS promoters and official statistics providers present estimates (or rather projections assuming deployment of cutting-edge technology and contestably high learning rates), comprising GHG emissions at the generating plant only.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/550b76bf-en	c70f6aec16c07415c4f397b7f13c97fd	Accordingly, these precipitations generate average runoff modules varying between 5 and 15 1/s/km2. In the highest parts of the Kotel Balkan, rainfall reaches more than 750-800 mm and the runoff module up to 10 1/s/km . In the low'er parts of the Kamchia valley precipitation falls to 550 mm per year, and the runoff module drops to 2 1/s/km2 on the Kamchia River and to 1-2 1/s/km2 on the Great Kamchia River.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	c71743fffc441a08ac144540fd1e21b5	The Ministry of Social Security is responsible for social policy and oversees public institutions funding health care, sickness leave and long-term care. Since 2012, which saw a significant increase, per capita spending has consistently been the highest in the EU and was 82% higher than the EU average in 201S (see Figure 6). Financing of health care insurance is based on a system of shared charges with 40% of contributions paid by the state and the rest being shared between the insured population and employers. As nearly half of Luxembourg's workforce are cross-border employees, one third of those insured with the CNS actually live outside the country (Box 1; ADEM, 2017; IGSS, 2016).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	c71b74d86da25550bac076b75f55abf3	The average expected years of schooling is now the same for men and women, and since 2009 more women than men have been enrolling in tertiary general education. This progress has led to a more symmetric distribution of educational levels across the resident population, although the past still plays a role. For instance, proportionally more women than men have received no more than secondary education in the 25-64 age bracket: 71% versus 59% (Figure 2.1).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7e830810-en	c71f1a61be886683f9a4c3133198ab9a	Some measures are more suitable for emerging market economies, which have the potential to develop an indigenous technology base, and other measures are more suitable for countries relying primarily on technology transfer. It probably does not make economic sense for smaller, less advanced economies to develop their own technology supply chain. ( See Table 6.2 and Annex 14 for some of the main technology and innovation policy measures used by developing countries.)	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	c7245482d9f2f79fcd98ae14450dc950	Tirpak et al (2010) recommend that, given the contextual nature of adaptation, adaptation financing should only be counted for projects that are directly linked to or emerge from climate vulnerability or impact assessments, a recipient country adaptation planning document, a climate risk screening or another study on climate risk. This is significant given budget support may become a more prominent funding approach to deliver climate-related ODA as support continues to move towards programmatic forms. One way to track any climate-specific elements of general budget support would be to request recipient governments to report their GBS spending ex-post, and classify how the funds were used according to specific sectors and themes. If such data could be provided, GBS could be incorporated into any ex-post analysis on climate finance flows to recipient countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	c724a472b9f9b8e009aec47469709bb8	La reproduction sociale est integree a ce modele en considerant le travail comme un moyen de production produit. Ce sont principalement les femmes (mais aussi les hommes) qui executent ce processus de reproduction en effectuant des soins remuneres et non remuneres. Un objectif essentiel est de faire la difference entre les societes se soucient le plus de leurs citoyens et celles qui s’en soucient le moins.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	c727e6476572f7fb28ecc950cc17e6f7	In fact, the cognitive dissonance experienced by anomic individuals stems from participation in different social groups that impose different normative requirements (e.g., adolescents that have to respond simultaneously to the demands of their parents and those of their peer group) and, for that reason, they try to balance their networks and reduce dissonance, casting off old relations and creating new ones. This is different from egotistical suicide, which involves a simultaneous lack of regulation and networks (Bearman, 1991; Girola, 2005). For example, Merton (1987) considers the characteristics of relative deprivation that cause anomie, particularly the disjunction between the opportunities structure and cultural goals.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	c72a92f53d16ae25473b901b31e36107	Source: OECD (2014), Mental Health and Work: Netherlands, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264223 301-en. Potentially this is a gap which should be filled to ensure a smooth transition from lower to upper-secondary education or to give youth who are already NEET a second chance in the education system. For example in Denmark, municipal youth guidance centres provide both counselling for young people up to the age of 25 in their critical transition from lower to upper-secondary' education, and follow-up up on those who drop out of upper-secondary education (Box 3.12).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	c72c2a22ea86c96e4bc726efd493c83f	Essentially, this share of the population can be thought of as not enjoying the benefits of the post-war economic growth boom, which over the period 1947-65 saw average real GDP growth exceed 4% on an annualised basis, according to statistics available from the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. The same data also shows that personal consumption expenditure over this period increased roughly 3.7% annually and durable goods consumption increased 5.2% annually over the period, so clearly some part of the population enjoyed benefits of the post-war economic expansion. It is clear from the stability of relative poverty figures over this period however that this expansion did nothing to bring the poorest fifth of the population closer to the living standard enjoyed by the middle of the income distribution.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	c72efa872af2978282a3c1c3b4bf3800	Exclusion and relative poverty are also challenges for advanced economies, and obstacles to growth opportunities for all economies (OECD, 2015a). Many innovations remain small in scale and scope. Scaling up innovation requires initiatives that are built around: 1) financially sustainable business models; and/or 2) participation by lower-income and excluded groups, thereby supporting their integration in the formal economy. Meeting this objective, however, is challenging.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	c7314cac70cf80f058b6405622c8f3c4	West Bengal - not a traditional wheat-growing area - is an outlier that has exceeded its expected performance. World Bank, Washington, DC. West Bengal and Punjab are also close to their potential for paddy, but most other states have significant potential yield advances to exploit (Gautam and Aggarwal, 2013).	2	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599390-5-en	c73227563d992086b4b739f39ef7dbc9	Women are underrepresented in forums that typically help shape and define the global trade regime. However, their inputs have the potential to fundamentally transform the way communities experience globalisation and, in so doing, better balance the distributional impact of international trade and improve inclusive access to resources. In addition, as at March 2015.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/71e3a80f-en	c7340bd4d4d0490b71bed115e9ed2d65	In comparison, mortality rates are higher in the North and highest in the South region. Interestingly, the data show slightly lower mortality rates for the Badia region. While mortality rates are highest for the lower two quintiles, they are lowest for the middle quintile, and substantively higher for the upper two quintiles. It is worth noting that the lower quintiles are overrepresented in our sample as poorer households tend to have more children than richer households.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	c73431602b7ebc84928de6ea027ab8c6	Benefit levels were also temporarily increased, as was the COBRA subsidy for health insurance premiums available to some groups of job losers, although most of these measures have already expired. ( Section 2 discusses these policy changes in greater detail.) Since the number of unemployed requiring assistance has expanded much more sharply in some countries than in others, it is interesting to consider how well prepared the hardest-hit countries were on the cusp of the downturn.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d72eb315-en	c7343a216237b8ea0ba2d1545393331e	The first study (1994) provided a yearly mean global estimate of 27 million tonnes of discards.1 A decade later, an update estimated global average yearly discards at 7.3 million tonnes.2 These two assessments, while not directly comparable owing to their different methodologies, suggest a significant decline in global discards in the ten years between the studies. This probably reflects changes in fisheries management in terms of the implementation of more selective fishing technologies, requirements of ecolabelling standards, and growing markets for previously discarded fish. In particular, it is important to have current information on how the world is performing in reducing discards and seafood wastage, and how this is enhancing global food security.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d8517580-en	c73eb0e243433a97fc59ebf59265eaf2	Wheat was mostly replaced by forage crops during the 1990s, and abstraction rose again (Figure 4) as fodder, unlike wheat, is harvested up to three times a year. Cumulative abstraction for the period 1975-2004 was 29 BCM or 29 times what was predicted in 1984 [1,000 MCM).5' The drop in abstraction in the early 1990s is most likely due to a decrease in global wheat prices, which was also reflected in other basins. Currently, wheat is the main winter crop and, together with fruit and vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes and watermelon), constitutes about 35% of the total annual crops.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	c73f03cc3847ad70d7dcd60749fcfdb3	However a judiciously prepared business plan requires expert tools and professional advice which may be inaccessible to many women entrepreneurs. This is especially relevant as previous studies show that women entrepreneurs have a strong preference for banks as “partners” rather than dealing with them in a merely transactional relationship (Vital Voices, 2012). They tend to have more rigorous due diligence requirements for SMEs than banks in other regions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	c73f1a314788a56cdd6dd01b0d1323e2	As the tax rate is no higher for higher incomes, it does not affect the family’s disposable income whether one partner earns all income alone or whether both partners do. In joint tax systems like Germany’s, or family-based regimes, such as France’s quotient familial, partners’ eamings are pooled and assessed at the same marginal rate. As the tax rate is based on partners’ joint income, it is irrelevant how much each partner contributes.	5	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289349581-8-en	c7432f6d9c621c03ddc5812169b3fa18	As such, this paragraphs recognise the M&A synergy potential, but it should be noted that the article is no obligation for either action, reporting, or policies. This is a very clear example of integration ofthe synergy thinking into the agreement, and indicates more work could and should be done on this matter. The wording is found in the context of an encouragement to take action and sector-wise limited to sinks, in this case forests. The JMA is listed next to REDD, which includes both mitigation and adaptation benefits in the land use sector, which is the most clear support in the Paris Agreement is found for M&A synergies.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	c7458a6613244bb88258ad61e6417a1b	Measures to reduce fatalities and serious injuries among the elderly should also focus on creating conditions for safe walking, cycling and using public transport. Korea should adopt a strategic approach to speed management, including a comprehensive review of road functions and speed limits. Current urban speed limits in Korea, typically 60 km/h, are too high and compliance is poor. This is to the detriment of safety, particularly of vulnerable road users including elderly pedestrians.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/11618be9-en	c747649b816d8146d17d19a1d7cbba2b	Security threats to relief workers increase the challenges. Affected people in insecure places of refuge remain vulnerable to new outbreaks of violence and displacement, and each round makes them less resilient (IDMC, 2018). Since 2008, new weather-related displacements worldwide have averaged around 25 million per year; typhoons and hurricanes are a leading cause (Figure 6.2).	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	c748fccb9388c60794afb6bfa8e5a1f7	Close to 80% of unused extraction is related to fossil energy carriers (70% of which is from coal extraction in Australia and the United States) followed by metals, which account for 15%. Relatively small volumes of unused extraction are associated with biomass and construction and industrial minerals. While it might be expected that unused extraction in OECD countries would decrease over time with improvements in extraction and processing technologies, a number of factors influence the generation of unused materials.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329651-6-en	c7495f7f138c37e29404c6cec68b41b0	In any case, old trees are generally more valuable for biodiversity than young trees (cf above), although for ground-dwelling fungi age may be less important than continuous presence of the associated tree species. Such information, as well as data on stand age or development class, will often be available from forest inventories, thereby allowing a linkage to data on tree biomass and carbon stocks. Annex I lists 81 different forest types of European conservation interest, of which 19 are represented in the EU members of the Nordic countries and seven of these are listed as priority habitat types (Table 4.2).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	c749ccd39a2c23487b0b0a7ebdc23f9a	The number of children (age 0-14) killed in traffic was reduced from 1 148 in 1993 to 99 in 2013, representing a 91% improvement, compared to the overall improvement of 57% (ITF Road Safety Annual Report 2015, chapter on Korea, 2015 - data provided by KoROAD). This success followed a decision by the government to designate the improvement of children safety in traffic as one of the nation’s top priorities. This decision was supported by a range of effective safety measures.	11	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	c749fd2e4986ed182f30ab033da4d66b	The role of digital platforms in lowering trade costs, for instance, can only go so far in markets where uncompetitive transport services result in exorbitant transport costs. Efficient services markets, therefore, are a necessary pre-condition to reaping the benefits of digital technologies. This may overburden customs and lead to delays at the border (see Box C.4).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	c74a83fcd231b0db539cfc8333babd97	The support worker’s goal is to facilitate healthy relationships, which research shows helps youth to develop the social capital they need to succeed, while connecting them in a positive way to the larger community. Financial support: bus tickets were provided to participating students for transport to and from school and vouchers were provided as needed for school lunches. Students who fail to attend classes lose their eligibility for bus tickets and lunch vouchers.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	c74c9aa56238564351b26abd7fe61fe5	To arrive at detailed insights about cooperation decisions an in-depth analysis of the application cases was conducted12; by doing so the crucial decision criteria were investigated and highlighted. The relative importance of decision criteria varies with the field of cooperation that is evaluated, for example, for smart metering, different factors appear to be of importance, whereas for network operation other factors come into play. In addition, stakeholders have their own focus regarding the importance of specific criteria (e.g. for DSOs exerting control on an ICT network that is used for grid operation is of great importance13).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	c74d1d08d04a7223f6d3b632f198739a	Their combined trend trajectory (Figure 4) is highly influenced by catches in area 87, the Southeast Pacific, where El Nino oceanographic conditions strongly influence the abundance of anchoveta. The overall trends in the two areas are opposite: In area 34 catches have grown to a peak of 4.8 million tonnes, and in area 47 they have progressively decreased from the overall maximum reached in 1978, although they have been recovering in the past three years. In contrast, total catch in area 87, even if analysed excluding anchoveta, has been decreasing dramatically since its peak in 1991.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	c74e2fd5c4db3b47e9503d526677cc50	The benefit of Povcal is that given the mean welfare measure and several points on the Lorenz curve for any dataset, Povcal will estimate the parameters of the entire Lorenz curve, which in turn permits poverty simulations based on any poverty line the analyst chooses (expressed as monthly per capita figures in international PPP dollars.) Povcal is most widely known for allowing national poverty and distributional data to be made comparable at the international level through the use of international absolute poverty lines, such as the dollar-a-day (USD 1.25, PPP) and two-dollar-a-day international standards. However, nothing prevents Povcal from being used to evaluate and simulate poverty at other poverty lines, including relative ones.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	c7519bbc0a94a97114c20549a43f93e7	The burden of proof was thus shifted to employers, who are required to prove that the differential treatment was disconnected from any discriminatory intention or practice (for a full discussion, see OECD, 2008, Chapter 3). This is a desirable change in the institutional framework, since employers are typically better positioned and resourced to provide courts with the evidence that is necessary to judge the intent underlying differential treatment. However, such a measure should be coupled with reinforced assistance for workers, as even providing the necessary prima facie evidence to courts may be challenging. National equality bodies may play a crucial role in this respect.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	c751dafae73232657efed1ac301543ba	The longer version may be downloaded at www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00006E9E/$FILE/JT03274406.PDF. Policy reform (as opposed to incremental change) in the environmental arena almost always requires the use of economic instruments, albeit often in conjunction with other instruments. This may be due to the central place in environmental economics of the concept of the “externality”, with the advice that this should be “internalised” into the price, and the most obvious and often the most efficient way to this is through an economic instrument.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	c7536b9097afc4241ed973402873a3c2	Evidence from a previous PISA report suggests that low-performing students appear to benefit the most when more resources are allocated to disadvantaged schools than advantaged schools, but not at the expense of the highest-performing students in the education system (OECD, 2016a). It is therefore hardly surprising that governments have invested substantial resources on computers, Internet connections, software, and information and communications technology (ICT) more generally. But this investment has not always produced obvious gains in student learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	c753ada22ad6c970634650e893ed5d04	"For each of these seven dimensions, they identified the thresholds of severe deprivation, i.e. ""those circumstances that are likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, well-being and development of children"" (Gordon et al, 2003: 31). Absolute child poverty was then measured as the condition of children suffering from two or more different types of severe deprivations. They found that over a third (37%) of children in the developing world lived in absolute poverty and over half (56%) suffered from at least one form of severe deprivation, using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Their work became part of the UNICEF Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities. Using internationally recognized children's rights to inform the construction of child deprivation dimensions and counting the number of children suffering from several deprivations to produce the deprivation headcount rate became known as the Bristol method."	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	c754c43818bac85574cef0d2d86a439c	Labour market conditions improved in the 2000s until the onset of the global economic crisis in 2008, which led to the most severe recession in Japan’s post-war history. Employment, but especially working hours and wages fell in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 5.6% before falling back to around 5% in 2010. Unemployment is projected to further decline slowly, although it seems unlikely that the government could soon achieve its target of pushing it back to the 3% level.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab343038-en	c755455d2cd4b62176e629e1e30353e8	Paragraph 16 of the preamble to the Nagoya Protocol contains the only explicit reference in this document to pathogens, and stipulates that the Protocol is being adopted bearing in mind “the International Health Regulations (2005) of the WHO and the importance of ensuring access to human pathogens for public health preparedness and response purposes” (emphasis added). Further, Article 8(b) of the Protocol obligates each Party to the CBD, when formulating their access and benefit-sharing legislation and regulations, to “[p]ay due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health, as determined nationally or internationally.” This clause goes on that state that Parties may “take into consideration the need for expeditious access to genetic resources and expeditious fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such genetic resources, including access to affordable treatments by those in need, especially in developing countries.”	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	c7567af7509d7bd09071352fc64f3dfd	For instance, in 1999-2000, 71 per cent of children in age group 15-19 had not completed a secondary education; and 4 out of 5 households did not have access to public-health facilities. Household consumption data for India reveal that 62 per cent of the population do not have an intake of 2100 calories per day! Using the international poverty lines employed by the Asian Development Bank in the recent revised estimates of poverty based on PPPs for 2005, headcount poverty is estimated to be in the range of 54.8-65.3 per cent using a $1.35 poverty line; and at 60 per cent using a $1.25 line without a distinction between rural and urban (Himanshu, 2008, p. 42).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c1rq2bqvk-en	c75781ce04c09eae8379d8668cd9e2a4	It includes policy reports, which are officially declassified by an OECD committee, and occasionally working papers, which are meant to share early knowledge and elicit feedback. This document is a working paper. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	9	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	c7578f9a0bbbfd9477717b7a2e0dfc8f	The empirical model tests the hypotheses and the model is mainly derived by Fredriksen (2013), where a particular type of spending is expressed as a function of a matrix of control variables and institutional variables. Following are the hypotheses to be tested. Pooled OLS estimation is used as the main statistical analysis tool.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264249424-en	c7597d5ed57cac9fcf5019354732727b	Nevertheless, these estimates provide an up-to-date aggregate picture of climate finance in relation to the UNFCCC goal based on a transparent accounting framework. We hope that this new information about the volume of mobilised climate finance will be helpful in the context of the international climate negotiations leading up to COP21 in Paris at the end of 2015. Part I outlines the accounting framework for measuring and aggregating climate finance estimates. Part II describes progress towards the USD 100 billion a year by 2020 goal, looking both at estimates of public and private climate finance mobilised.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	c75b2b40dee98f645d97b813ee4586b7	There exist several solutions for this problem. Some residential projects, such as solar water heaters or improved cookstoves, can be implemented in a repeated way in both rural and urban communities. Another market strategy is to use the more accessible urban market as an investment springboard to then reach rural areas.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264235199-15-en	c75b4975233a98bed0e9c6324b4e8bf1	It is influenced by demand from industry, transport and households, by national energy policies and by national and international energy prices. The main renewable forms are hydro, geothermal, wind, biomass, waste and solar energy. In some countries the decrease was due to the transfer of energy-intensive industries to other countries. Such outsourcing may increase pressures on the global environment if less energy efficient techniques are involved.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	c75d3b86d3814f62a49522ccd8de634f	The Government Debt-GDP ratio declined in Egypt and Lebanon (see table 26), and public sector employment also declined, especially in Egypt. While it is difficult to offer reliable statistics, widely accepted estimates put the overall ESCWA unemployment rate in 2008 at 13 per cent, while youth unemployment stands at between 25 and 30 per cent. These figures are approximately twice as high as the international average. In conflict areas such as Iraq and Palestine, unemployment rates in 2004 were 27 and 29 per cent respectively.34 Worse still, in 2005 youth unemployment rates in Jordan and Egypt were 3.6 and 5.9 times higher than adult unemployment rates, respectively.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	c75e6e22f4516ee345796d0b688aab87	Particular attention is given to the consideration of measures to mitigate any adverse impact and to policies that might better achieve the promotion of equal opportunities. The consideration of mitigation and alternatives is identified as a crucial element of the process: authorities must develop options that reflect the different ways of delivering a policy outcome. Mitigation can take the form of lessening the severity of an impact. Consideration must be given to whether separate implementation strategies are necessary for the policy to be effective for each relevant group.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	c760895444f3bd5acbbc552ee7277f81	Scandinavian countries as well as Austria and the UK tend to have lower rates of persistent poverty and higher exit rates, while Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg and Spain tend to have higher rates of persistent poverty and lower exit rates. Children living in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least 5 per cent are significantly more likely to enter poverty in all countries except Bulgaria and France, where the effects are not significant. In contrast, there are no significant effects of relative increases in employee income anywhere but in Spain, where, predictably, they reduce the probability of moving into poverty.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	c7664731f4af5817ee7abb11eac45566	In addition, in Kuwait and Yemen, gender committees are active in supervising compliance with relevant national and international standards and disseminating relevant information. Additionally in Bahrain and Kuw'ait, gender committees also examine individual complaints. In Bahrain, the committee supports the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	c76835d09d367ed189acf90437d48db0	Two thirds of health spending is publicly funded, but the share of out-of-pocket spending has increased. However, a range of co-payment exemptions ensures financial protection and the affordability of services for vulnerable groups. Portugal has among the lowest avoidable hospital admissions rates in the EU.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	c76bdde56d6020aff1a777dcb6a3d6f2	Furthermore, nearly half of all secondary school students are in Dili, the capital, while most of the rest of the secondary schools are located in larger towns. This results in many rural children leaving home to attend post-primary education, staying with extended family members or other families or even living independently (Wigglesworth 2016). Young people studying away from home may have a high degree of independence, especially boys, who face less control of their movements by their families.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	c76c0f2e26a684fae05e83401ad771aa	The same experiences are seen in Copenhagen with f0devareBanken. As it mostly are food producers in the neighbourhood to the food banks that donate food, it is quite clear that there are big amounts of food that is not covered by the food banks today, and that either is collected by the charity organisations themselves or is a potential for increased amount of food being donated. Both f0devareBanken in Copenhagen and Matsentralen in Oslo have been able to establish a large network of local charity organisations, not only in Copenhagen and Oslo, but over larger geographical areas.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	c76fd4a3bcdd2c2cea37480186b3eaa1	This paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and severe material deprivation across the enlarged EU,31 Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Evidence from previous recessions in industrialized countries suggests that children tend to suffer disproportionately. However, given the two- to three-year lag with which household income data become available, it is only recently that statistics on the circumstances of children have started to emerge.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	c770b829f3d76c4fd67d2c383589e063	In the last decade, many of the peace processes on the African Continent between 1991 and 2012 had no women as lead mediators. Maximizing the benefits of women's engagement in conflict prevention and peacebuilding calls for moving from inclusion to partnership for social change. Women’s absence from peace processes cannot be explained by their alleged lack of experience in conflict resolution or negotiations.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	c77248d0dfd4509ad0150700b9edf033	The Government believes the sector has huge potential to help address major national problems, including unemployment and underemployment among youth (MED 2016). However, the investment in agriculture was less than 2 percent of the state budget in 2016. From 2010 to 2013, the size of the labour force rose from 150,900 to 213,200, but the number of subsistence foodstuff producers fell from 206,300 to 178,900 (SEPFOPE and ILO 2016). A characteristic of subsistence farming is low productivity and risk adverse decision-making that is based on household needs more than maximizing output.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	c775922385c921cf3576fa42cc9df438	In general, the level of benefits provided to singles also remained steady between 2007 and 2009, increasing slightly in Ireland, Korea, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic. This section attempts to provide a preliminary examination of this response. First, it examines trends in aggregate social spending compared with historical trends.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	c77b3beffd9c95c9a7b18fb1eb945e38	However, this investment in empowering the grid will probably increase future electricity prices in Norway. For example, government and industry together established the non-profit organisation INTPOW in 2009. Ministries of local government and regional development and agriculture contribute to the national RE policy through Innovation Norway (IN), the government’s most important agency for innovation and the development of enterprise and industry. It provides advice, financing, promotional, competence building, and networking services.5 One area where IN is active is in promoting bioenergy for heating.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	c77b83b2c16ed271c97757be6747081b	The Paris Agreement and associated decision (1/CP.21) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognise this, and reinforce the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a global goal of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability. The Paris Agreement also states that Parties shall as appropriate engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of adaptation actions. Decision 1/CP.21 (paragraph 90) stipulates that provision of information shall be done “no less frequently than on a biennial basis”, although least developed countries (LDCs) as well as small island developing states (SIDS) may submit this information at their discretion.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5db444d4-en	c77c231312c32e166a1de46b5ea8730a	In Canada, Public Services and Procurement, the central point for oversight of public procurement in the government of Canada, included gender-based analysis plus in its 2018-2019 Departmental Plan,5 with an aim to increase its gender analysis capacity in the area of procurement. This includes all Australian government agencies that are approaching the market (above a threshold), suppliers and their subcontractors. Overseas-based suppliers are not required to comply.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/18a859bf-en	c77d12f7d19862fbcb4a341bdec35740	This paper examines the implications of this new international policy landscape for development co-operation providers and their partners and proposes factors to strengthen coherence between climate and development finance. It builds on the reality that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015a) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. Moreover, “enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development” is one of the SDG targets (17.14) and a key means of implementation for the SDGs.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	c77d687d90dc7f63d6bf3dbd45ae2013	As noted in the Committee’s earlier work on IUU fishing,9 IUU fishing is generally an economic activity that will continue as long as it is profitable for fishing vessels to be engaged in such activities. The information available on IUU fishing on the high seas suggests that it targets fish stocks of predominantly high commercial value with easy marketability. As a result, IUU fishing has received increasing attention from policy makers due to its negative economic, social and environmental impact, both directly on the resources and indirectly on the domestic fisheries economy. It is therefore important that domestic fisheries policies ensure that fishing overcapacity is dealt with in an appropriate way through scrapping and through legislation that does not allow for fishing capacity to be exported and re-flagged to countries that do not co-operate.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	c77dcae15670774b746d670038e29774	This is consistent with data on the identity of lute la litigants, which shows that people from higher socio-economic status tend to be make more frequent use of the litigation mechanism in health care (Bernal et al., Continuous improvement in the timeliness with which people obtain access to care and in the general quality of care provided would serve as a force to push the litigation trend down. Rural departments such as Guainia, Vichada, Choco, Amazonas and San Andres had for example infant mortality rates above 20 per 1 000 live bom in 2010.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264200449-6-en	c77f62f5daff971f5debc6466b3ebf63	Water management is an inherently risky business, where although it is in the interest of most stakeholders to minimise the water risks, it is not the responsibility of most stakeholders. The framework is comprised of four main components, described in the following section. Risks arise not only from physical phenomena but also from the social context. Societies vary in the ways in which they select which problems are identified as risks, and which risks require attention and response.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	c783ae4a9e2dca4c4c9e49f33297c115	The major food crops are teff, followed by maize, sorghum, wheat, and barley, along with several oilseed crops. The national average yield of teff, the cereal most favoured by consumers, is only 1.3 metric tons per hectare (mt/ha) in 2011/12, the lowest level of yield among all major cereal crops. Low agricultural productivity can be attributed to smallholder farmers having only limited access to agricultural inputs, financial services, improved production technologies, irrigation and agricultural markets; and, more importantly, to poor land management practices that have often led to severe land degradation.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5be1e55c-en	c78489cea85a6f4bd88c6c267646ea93	Case studies are based on the group work during the Regional Seminar on Integrated Approaches for SDG Planning: The Case of SDG 6 on Water and Sanitation, (28-29 November 2016) and follow-up research work of the ESCAP team. There is a need to develop the scientific, technological and social innovations necessary to build this new resilient city and to manage our transition to a more liveable and sustainable future. Only recently, however, has research begun to develop an integrated analysis of urban services at the system level to increase the efficiency of the resource streams and improve the resiliency of the overall urban system .	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	c7862d6897a4db9361a343a576dc0cf1	Furthermore, the relationship is consistent across a number of major causes of mortality including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and, most strongly, for motor vehicle traffic accidents. The notable exception is suicide mortality which is shown to rise when unemployment goes up (Ruhm, 2000). The studies consistently show that economic downturns are associated with a fall in mortality but the strength of the relationship differs between countries and over time.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	c787a0b049acad48a1ff6de5bd50e286	For web-based radio/television, data refer to 2012. For job search and software download categories, data refer to 2013. For online purchases and e-govemment categories, the recall period is 12 months instead of three months and data relate to individuals who used the Internet in the last 12 months instead of three months.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	c788101bea0a342e38296d37b662b2ec	Examples abound in the agriculture and energy sectors: typically farmers in several OECD and non member countries do not pay the full price of electricity used to pump groundwater. Reforming those harmful subsidies should also be part of the water financing agenda: for instance, it could free public financial resources (which could then be used for water policies), generate more revenues to invest in water-related services and infrastructures, make water pollution more costly and create markets for water-efficient technologies and practices. A set of principles can usefully guide policy decisions. For example, the Polluter Pays principle (PPP) is a basic element of all European environmental policies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	c7897a4a0c860b3369e970109f2d639b	The first step for the city is to improve pollution monitoring systems by allocating the necessary resources. In addition, financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve the emission treatment system should be considered urgently. Continuous investment to improve productivity and energy efficiency in the production system will create opportunities to make industiy more competitive and at the same time more environmentally friendly.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	c789f4051f2c0f98a00d136d640cd616	However, growth strengthened in the tertiary (services) sector, at 6.9% (up from 3.6% in 2014). The current account deficit (including grants) improved to 3.6% of GDP (from 5.7% in 2014) due to lower oil prices and more volume exports of gold, improving the terms of trade to 15.2% (from 5.3% in 2014). The current account deficit is expected to be entirely funded by foreign direct investment (FDI) in gold and telecommunications and by foreign loans. But the current account (including grants) deficit is expected to widen to 4.1% of GDP in 2016 and 5.2% in 2017 due to lower gold production and poorer terms of trade.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d256607a-en	c78a0ca3743403befb3047a45a52df09	Whereas many secondary cities were able to economically specialize in certain products and develop a comparative advantage at the national level over time, they proved to be overly dependent on vertical specialization which characterized their economic organization. Economies of scale worked within a framework of vertical specialization, but when these industries were challenged by lower labor costs in Latin America and later in Asia, they were unable to compete. De-industrialization first hit North America and Europe and later Latin America as jobs moved to China and other African and Asian countries.	11	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	c7923abb32b18545b85ee11f2eeb4533	A huge challenge will be seeing these contributions financed and implemented, considering that energy aid to the Pacific between 1970 and 2010 is estimated to have amounted to only US$1.4 billion (Niles 2013). Significantly more financing, therefore, will be needed to achieve SDG 7. At the project level, while there may be financing available, due to high transaction costs it is often only for larger projects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	c79294d01c285ea9f78207de505a1353	Three quarters of care workers are household-based domestic workers, while the remaining quarter works in other sectors such as education and health. The first concerns the proportion of all employed persons who work in the care sector. The study carried out for this edition of Social Panorama indicates that employment in the care sector currently accounts for 6.7% of total employment. However, this average masks a somewhat heterogeneous reality.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/469d7fec-en	c7942e4cde62d75dd28ab34b1f6b02b5	This is because MDB information also includes climate finance provided and mobilised to some Annex I countries (e.g. “EU11”,8 Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Turkey). In addition, MDB information focuses on the climate component of a larger project (which means that the total costs of mitigation projects are often counted, whereas only incremental costs are counted for adaptation projects). Further, the MDB data do not quantify how much of the mobilised climate finance should be attributed to developed countries.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/faf8a648-en	c794ae152e04f3498dfcba8c5e40d754	International agencies and external support—regional and global—are important components of this greening programme. Covering the equivalent of 35 football grounds and generating 160 MW in phase 1, it works by concentrating heat from the sun using parabolic mirrors to generate heat in turbines, from which electricity can then be generated. In 2009 the country imported 97 per cent of its energy needs, at a cost to the state of Dh62 billion ($6.2 billion) a year. With rapid growth in energy demand, Morocco needed to take a decisive step in a new direction (Financial Times, 23 November 2015).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c795849d7ff5748098bc5399cbe0f9fd	This relationship should be developed and formalised in order to make it more effective and proactive. At present, there are limited mechanisms with which the state government can express its expectations in relation to higher education institutions. The same is true of the local government in relation to higher education institutions.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/35f875c3-en	c79df3d67d89f55dd92a1348b1a23184	"The terms ""sex"" and ""gender"" became interchangeable. Even now, gender is often used to mean women. The Conference highlighted the fact that women were disproportionately impacted by poverty: ""Women's poverty is directly related to the absence of economic opportunities, autonomy, lack of access to economic resources, including credit, land ownership and inheritance, lack of access to education and support services and their minimal participation in the decision-making process. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	c7a2fd7221bfa07d4cff355da52a1493	Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre franqais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	c7a672a7c449ef65a28d5fb5d1f70702	The latter development is evidenced by the fact that East African countries and certain European countries have reported annual growth in seizures of heroin of African origin. This may be a reason for the increased abuse of heroin in East Africa. Traffickers in search of new illicit markets for cocaine and heroin have targeted the nascent middle class in certain African countries, such as Benin, which has been used as a transit country for many decades, and Namibia, a transit country that is becoming a consumer country.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	c7ae6460f6b2821bae5f9831fa6fef35	According to 2013 data, less than a third of poor Nigerian children between 15 and 17 years of age had entered primary school at the correct time, though nearly all of the children from richer households had (see Figure 2.5). The gap continues to widen at the start of each level of education, as greater proportions of poor children drop out. By the start of upper secondary education, only 7 per cent of poor children enter school, compared to 80 per cent of wealthier children.	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	c7b2b1699c8bd4114529f57af8445b92	This is forward-looking in that it does not hinder the future use, or development, of technologies. The OECD approach was adopted by the European Commission in 2013 to benchmark deployment of eHealth among general practitioners in the European Union (EU) and more recently by Brazil.8 The Working Group on ICT measurement of the Statistical Conference of the Americas, coordinated by the National Statistics Office of the Dominican Republic and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean is adapting the OECD model survey for use in Latin America. What is clear from the table is that the nature and scope of data collected by these organizations is a distinct reflection of their mandates.	3	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	c7b60abf31675eea31e87fa9362abd63	If an initiative aims at equal participation of men and women in a project, both should be able to express their information needs. If ICTs are used to share information that farmers do not really need, there will be little motivation to make use of the ICTs put at their disposal, or learn how to use them. Information needs may be different for women and men.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	c7b6417e09ad0eaa9d56f92d0d9e9916	Meat tariffs are 31%, while those for dairy products are 36%. Applied tariffs on a number of commodities were lowered during the prices spikes after 2008. The impacts of these bans are evident in the charts of Box 2.2. They indicate a calibrated trade policy designed to stabilise prices in domestic Indian markets. In addition to these, some nontariff barriers also exist, such as sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures which may affect India’s trade.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	c7ba6af26e65ad767c0f1fc269fe9039	"In the United Kingdom, for example. The Economist magazine notes that ""A decade ago, the prospect of the Conservatives accepting the idea of relative poverty - rather than an absolute measure of want, such as a basket of goods that every household should be able to afford - would have been fanciful. Nowadays, it is a reality."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	c7c1c3d3b4b8e0665bfb59731f24384d	A lack of general skills, in particular literacy and numeracy, can be an issue for employability in the longer term as it makes it more difficult to retrain to adapt to changing labour market needs. Delaying the tracking of students would contribute to tackle this lack of general skills. Tracking into general, vocational secondary and vocational training schools (the latter giving the most emphasis to practical skills and regrouping a quarter of students, Figure 12) currently takes place at age 14, as against 15-16 in most OECD countries.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	c7c200085710a30c8ea3a440c144b424	However, reaching these groups has proven difficult, including due to the cost of the training. The low-skilled, in particular, are often not well prepared for further learning (OECD, 2016(45)). Efforts are needed to ensure quality and qualification recognition to become an effective complement to other educational approaches.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	c7c2d2cdccef2135cf7cbd24426dacb1	In Canada and the Netherlands, the shares of non-native speakers among first-generation immigrant students were significantly lower (60% and 65% respectively), whereas the respective shares in Austria and the Netherlands were 76%, and in the United States, 81%. By contrast, in the European peer-learner countries, language was a greater barrier for the academic resilience of immigrant students. In the Netherlands, native-speaking immigrant students were eight percentage points more likely than their non-native-speaking immigrant peers to attain baseline academic proficiency, while in Austria and Germany, they were 14 percentage points more likely.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km4kntgq7xx-en	c7c362bda339299e8ac445f9d0116f1f	This approach could be adopted at low cost by using existing datasets to reveal new or confirm existing insights. Build on relational mapping of poverty, environment and agriculture in the collaborative management of landscapes and territories. Capacity development is considered to be a continuous cycle that includes accepting the need for change, diagnosing capacity needs, setting targets, designing and implementing capacity development strategies, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes to adjust the strategy (OECD, 2009). This cycle requires the fostering of collaboration, teamwork, and consensus among stakeholders, and ongoing assessments to glean learning from experiences to more rapidly achieve learning outcomes.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	c7c44d380f874c320cfa8bf52b6bed3d	Free lunch programmes or free textbooks for disadvantaged families are examples of these policies. A mix of policies targeting low performance and socio-economic disadvantage can be most effective in these cases, since universal policies may be less effective in improving both equity and performance simultaneously. As noted above, PISA consistently finds that high performance and greater fairness in education opportunities and outcomes are not mutually exclusive.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	c7c625ccee9aad9f6280db1dc259f24c	The North Island is hotter while the South Island is colder. The east coast of both islands is dryer and prone to droughts with the west coast having more abundant rainfall and a higher occurrence of floods. Compared to neighbouring Australia, where climatic risks are dominated by droughts that affect large territories, New Zealand is exposed to more diverse and localised climatic risks that are less systemic.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086197-en	c7c9b907ee76dce547a29fd5dde48abd	Those students who do not receive parental support are likely to fall further behind their peers. Research from other countries shows that many immigrant parents are likely to encounter difficulties of a linguistic or cultural nature, (Eurydice, 2009) or because of resource constraints, lower levels of education or lack of knowledge of the school system (Field et al., 2007).They may also feel alienated and unwelcome in a foreign school environment (Desforges and Abouchaar, 2003).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	c7caddd8fbb5ed3d10fe79abf423cb80	Currently 35% of the unemployed have been unemployed for more than a year, 10 percentage points more than the pre-crisis level, inducing subsequent losses in well-being. Finally, rises in the unemployment rate do also affect the employed, primarily because of the increasing risk of becoming themselves unemployed (Clark, 2003). Well-being deteriorates when the number of hours worked is below the level wished for.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	c7cdb22ab0ec563c4e369a7009ffb4bb	Moreover, female migrant entrepreneurs can act as role models and potential employer for other migrant women. Indeed, family migrants, who, due to immigration rules, usually do not depend on benefits, are often neglected by integration policies - such as active labour market policy measures — which are designed for and sometimes even restricted to benefit claimants. Underlying the neglect is the assumption that female family migrants are cared for by their sponsor, who can provide them with all necessary support, and that the women therefore have less or no need for professional counselling on integration services. Some countries even explicitly target less educated women with regional programmes to help them develop new skills and increase their participation in the labour market.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f90f95e-en	c7cdf82cae255eadaeed03fd0ebed8bc	For the purpose of this analysis, we collapsed these categories into two groups: professionals and non-professionals. So, in this part of the analysis, we include only the 15 countries with sufficiently high parental survey response rates (at least 85 per cent). Within this group of countries, the percentage of children with at least one parent with a professional occupation ranged from 32 per cent in Austria to 70 per cent in Norway.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	c7d7632b94343d560da5e89e8272241c	Minimum standards of teacher education are ensured by the accreditation and approval of all teacher education programmes by the NZTC. All teacher education providers with programmes approved by the NZTC must demonstrate how they enable students to reach the Graduating Teacher Standards. Providers guarantee that students have met these standards and are “fit to be a teacher” when they graduate from the programme.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	c7d81a93dd2997193b93f55b65866f7f	This has two levels: the first identifies the necessary adaptive capacities; the second identifies the required mechanisms or strategies. However, her dreams were shattered when her family lost their small business in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. The family then became trapped in debt, unable to make a living. Torn between her dreams, and the responsibility to support her family, Ms. Eni decided to leave Indonesia to become a domestic migrant worker abroad.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	c7da651fadf739d1760d781ed487b5fd	What role, if any, should RFMOs and/or fisheries management systems have in fisheries subsidies issues? How to define subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishing and what subsidies disciplines should apply to these sectors? How could an agreement on fisheries subsidies address the future development needs of developing and LDC members without undermining sustainability?	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/d4cf57fb-en	c7dc7067720ebda94525c67d0595fb0e	Countries with existing FSC standards are expected to transition to the new system (i.e. complete the FSC Transfer Process) by Decern ber 2015 (FSC, 2014b). In 2014, the Danzer Group reassociated with the FSC. The decision to dissociate had affected FSC certificates held in China, the Republic of the Congo, Switzerland, the US and the United Kingdom (FSC, 2014c).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	c7e1f2d99a8a8ac1d83144fd41e52c7c	Information comes in various forms: oral testimony, documents, video material, photographs, personal observations and satellite images.33 In particular. Human Rights Officers should map out the most relevant sources of information that would contribute to a gender analysis. Besides giving their own account of the events under investigation, these actors might be willing to assist the investigation by providing relevant documentation, reports and information gathered on the ground and serve as intermediaries to contact other victims, witnesses or sources. While many of these documents may have been gathered in the preparation phase, additional documentation may surface or become known through interaction with different actors at the local level when gender-sensitive questions are asked. At the same time, it is important not to make assumptions about a victim's needs or condition based on stereotypical views. For example, it should not be assumed that all victims of sexual violence would find the process of recounting their experience traumatizing.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	c7e2216b8aafecdc904419da9ed5d043	Following the upward trend in domestic oil consumption, the country’s import dependence on oil deliveries mostly from Russia and Kazakhstan has increased. Oil and gas exploration and production are dominated by the state-owned Naftogaz. Prospective fields situated in the Carpathian basin and offshore in the Black Sea-Azov Sea will be more difficult to explore than the existing sites (e.g. in Dnipro-Donetsk) and will require deploying more advanced technologies.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	c7e6adb675ab7ffb98345346ba3f923a	A forthcoming review of the capitation formula ought to consider the utility of introducing new variables that reflect determinants of health care need, such as morbidity, mortality and socio-economic differences across the country. The government can also extend efforts to steer where resources are directed. In this manner, future capital planning ought to be skewed towards locating services closer to those who need them most.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	c7ebe81c3213a6721594ec4194435190	Where school authorities have failed to acknowledge its existence, it has often flourished and become institutionalised. Efforts are needed to empower girls and women and to sensitise men to the needs and rights of girls and women (UNESCO, 2003). When schools are located far away from home, students cannot attend because of safety issues and economic reasons.	5	0	10	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	c7ee2d3dc2514564d40f8800bd4b69ef	A utility token can be issued with immediate rights to services or as a loan type, whereby the service can be accessed upon completion of the infrastructure project. During the investment phase of a project, funds are held in a smart contract and reimbursed automatically to investors in the case of insufficient fund collection and resulting inability to start the project or otherwise inflicted failure of the project. Additional features like loans with automated interest payments or insurance contracts can be added over time, enabling the platform to grow in features and adapt to new requirements.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	c7eec7a05ef7a946baf730d99893dea0	Energy and water input to the agriculture sector is often measured by MONRE and MOIT, and forests being converted to agriculture activities are measured by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). However, having these data measured outside GSO using different methodologies creates a fragmented picture of green growth, making it difficult for the national and local governments to set reliable green growth targets and to monitor the progress. More generally, this is a governance challenge due to lack of capacities in national and local administrations to collect and produce the data. The lack of acknowledgement of the importance of green growth also creates difficulties in unlocking resources to produce such statistics.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	c7ef3dc95331032fcd0ac55fa351cb0d	This concept is the most comprehensive as it also takes into account in-kind transfers, such as education and health care spending. Data issues are discussed in Box 1 and different income inequality measures are discussed in Annex 1. Among the OECD countries, earnings inequality for full-time employees is highest in Chile, the United States and Portugal, while Switzerland, Belgium and Denmark are the most equal countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591264-5-en	c7f45ce7931d6dc960781c9e54fb5223	According to the Lesotho Overview of Economy (2010,) the economy greatly depends on subsistence agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and remittances from migrant labour in South Africa. Formal colonial education can be traced back to the arrival of the missionaries in the 1830s (Butterfield, 1977). The first missionaries came to Lesotho in 1833. The first formal school was started by a missionary of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society during the 1830s.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	c7f45ff3e36bdb429fb6ca4cf5282a4a	Where applicable, this information should be presented in relation to policy and legislation applicable to persons without disabilities. In all cases, it should indicate data sources. The report should provide detailed information on substantive measures taken and progress achieved and an article by article analysis of the UNCRPD in accordance with the reporting guidelines. In October 2009, the CRPD Committee adopted treaty-specific guidelines for reporting.97 DPOs must be consulted on the report, but should not write it.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	c7f4912c5a6d4225ff037e2c021d1b39	Washington, D.C., Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 2006; G. Standing, “Conditional cash transfers: why targeting and conditionalities could fail”, One Pager, No. Bertranou, 2008; ECLAC, 2006, 2008a; Filgueira, 2007; Ribe, Robalino and Walker, 2010; Sojo, 2009, 2003). Social pensions are transfers (defined benefits) for old age or disability, which the State provides to those who have not worked in the formal labour market or who have paid no contributions during their working lives.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/edf15661-en	c7f62a12923c1d2c2650e30902dfd15e	In Arab countries, the high rates of gender inequality coincide with a lack of economic opportunities among women (figure 4.2). The failure to protect them exposes an entire generation to damage, thwarting their dreams and pushing them to rethink their future. Fleeing conflict does not mean young women are safe; displacement still leaves them at great risk of gender-based violence, including rape and forced marriage.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	c7f982471207ca6fba1c538dfb21ee86	An increase in the participation of women in the labour market: Change or reproduction of inequality?], World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, No. Experimental evidence from India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 127/2, pp. Jobs for Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264096127-en.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3136863b-en	c7fbc994ad253368ff18c8e394ff9d65	Levels of child labour, which can include domestic work or paid work, are highest in the countries where there are more 10-year-olds relative to adults. Where child labour is common, vulnerabilities to exploitation and school dropout are greater. Most live in less developed areas of the world, where health systems are less extensive.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	c800b2c5534e8648f18a56db1d9c9b95	An additional USD 6.5 million is dedicated to increasing public access to information, through a broad-based marketing campaign, a web-based information system and on-line building energy tools to help consumers understand their home or building’s greatest energy savings potential. Finally, USD 200 000 of grant funds is committed to development of a workforce intermediary, which looks to align the workforce with the jobs created through EI2 and other energy efficiency programs in the region. This is especially true since the ARRA funds for Energy Impact Illinois will end in 2013, leaving the programme without a reliable source of funding.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	c802631f9f829f9c7dece0031cfd924a	Lower market rents and increased competition led to a greater demand for skilled labour and a more dispersed wage structure. Lower tax wedges also contributed to increased wage dispersion. Dwindling benefit replacement rates for low-wage workers (but not for workers on the average wage) also drove up wage dispersion - lower replacement rates mean lower reservation wages. Furthermore, less strict EPL is associated with greater wage dispersion, driven entirely by reforms to EPL for temporary workers. However, the combined influence of these factors on overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is less straightforward. Promoting employment opportunities for under-represented groups could increase market income for certain households and increase the overall resources available for redistribution.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	c8049ff2ffc4ee17425e8d018496605a	All types of office are connected electronically, so the principal office can keep track of individual clients. Normally, over 50% of office expenditure consists of personnel costs (not counting pensions), and the rest goes into equipment, maintenance and business expenses. Some employment offices are organised differently; for example in 2008 the Shibuya office had only two large divisions outside of General Affairs (placement and counselling; and employer relations).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	c80624cf7a50e7cc7c8fc8d933af040a	In 2011 it acquired the distributors DELSUR in El Salvador and ENSA in Panama from AEI of the United States, making it the second-largest distributor in both countries. These subsidiaries increased EPM’s customer base by 1.6 million, and produced USS 1,597 million in revenue in 2011. At the present time, in addition to dominating the transmission markets in Colombia (81 %) and Peru (82%), it has a large stake in Plurinational State of Bolivia (34%) and in Brazil (16%).	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264222519-10-en	c8079fae2a3a5df0a9faad186e17330b	This, in turn, depends on whether there have been sufficient applications by owners of degraded forested land to the call for projects in each of the federal states where land-use change takes place. Given the voluntary nature of the call for projects, the participation in each state in turn depends on local awareness of the programme, technical capacities available for applying to the programme and on the opportunity costs of carrying out restoration activities through the CUSTF versus other programmes or activities available to landowners (Garcia, 2014). Prior to 2005, the number of hectares of land compensated were, on average, lower than the area being authorised for land-use change (SEMARNAT, 2006).	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	c80894c156cc3a2a3b8c82961c16aeed	First, GVC participation helps explain only a small part of the variation in wage inequality across the sample, implying that there are other more important determinants of wage inequality. Second, the employment reallocation effects arising from enhanced participation in GVCs are not directly captured (since the dependent variable is wage inequality).7 Nevertheless, the results hold when using the more holistic OECD inequality measures which do account for incomes of the unemployed. For example, somewhat different evolutions can be perceived depending on whether the analysis uses measures of inequality derived from; WIOD; the University of Texas Inequality Project; the World Development Indicators; or the OECD inequality indicators. They suggest that offshoring can give rise to a positive productivity shock which ultimately benefits the type of workers whose tasks have been offshored. The intuition is that offshoring is tantamount to “labour-augmenting technological change” or in other words it acts like technical progress which increases the productivity of the labour whose task has been offshored.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	c80b8fbd3c49b845736dcb596df7adec	The data set contains yearly observations dating from 1999 to 2007 depending on the country. For some countries the data are completed by Population Census Data. Altogether, data on gender segregation by working status and on employment by status as share of total employment is available for 36 countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	c80e44aeceb162c3f6efdee34ad23c65	Although the population in Arab countries is mostly made up of Muslims, they are also composed of Christians, Jews and other small religious communities. Most of these countries have no unified family law. However, some of them have established a unified legislative and judicial framework for all their citizens.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	c80fe65d72932a69f2acf6846e3a3bc5	High rates of economic growth and increasing incomes during the first decade of the 2000s help to explain the reduction in labour force participation of the population aged 65 and above (see also Chapter 2). The same is suggested by the pattern of unemployment across age groups. The ratio of the youth unemployment rate to the adult unemployment rate was close to two for both foreign-bom and Ghanaian-born workers in 2000, but had become far less favourable in 2010 for young Ghanaian-bom workers than for foreign-bom workers (3.0 and 2.0, respectively; Table 3.1).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	c811783365340ffbd12874c136f2ed9e	Inequality by rural/urban (“geotype”) on the other hand is changing. While rural poverty rates remain substantially higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates are rising and rural rates seem to be falling. Finally, access to services is shown to have improved, deeming service delivery together with asset growth as being pro-poor. Chapter 2 provides new empirical analyses of poverty and inequality from three comparable national household survey data sets from 1993, 2000 and 2008.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	c8184ed186d934f58b59a089be09462f	In addition to the high levels of misuse of prescription opioids reported by many countries in Asia and Africa,112 there is growing evidence of the non-medical use of tramadol in some countries in Africa and the Near and Middle East. These have been corroborated in recent years by seizures of considerable amounts of tramadol in North, West and Central Africa and in the Near and Middle East.118 Between 2012 and 2014, the Islamic Republic of Iran, countries in the Near and Middle East and many countries in Africa reported to UNODC that seizures had been made of large amounts of tramadol that was being trafficked into those countries. Countries in the Middle East reported seizures of 310 kg in 2012; a quantity that increased to over 22 tons in 2014.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	c8185c3d67a7853d6814bfbf345bf596	When the government does intervene in the agricultural sector, care should be taken to ensure that policy support is designed in a way that it can be removed in the future without causing significant disruption. Policies that encourage the modernisation of agricultural production at the same time as supporting rural incomes include the machinery-purchase subsidy and the improved seed variety subsidy. Focusing on the first of these, purchasers receive a 30% discount on a list of approved equipment, with the purchase price of a single item not allowed to exceed 50 000 RMB (Ni, 2013). The list is updated every three years and has 185 eligible equipment types.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/13616d1f-en	c819523b863109b1ef1d8f925eba046b	"Waters that flow across national borders are often the connecting resource for food and energy, while international food trade and regional markets for electricity and energy carriers traverse state borders. In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg implicitly recognized the nexus by listing water and sanitation, agricultural productivity and energy among its priority areas. Shortly afterwards, the concept of ""virtual water"" and the assertion that increasing scarcity of water, food and energy would result in ""the perfect storm"" by 2030 catalysed further thought and discussion on the nexus. The 2008 launch of the World Economic Forum's report ""Water Security: The Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus"" and Hoff's background document for the Bonn Nexus Conference marked the emergence of the nexus as we know it today."	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	c81be059d78201df57a418cff7ed84f9	Excessive wage bills pose a threat to the wider social fabric. The Survey also noted that “rising public sector salaries made the largest contribution to inequality between 2010 and 2014, particularly salaries of qualified workers in public agencies outside central government” - such as the CCSS (OECD, 2016a). As noted in Section 1, for example, obesity rates are higher in Costa Rica than most OECD countries. In most OECD health systems, the central budgetary authority (e.g. the Ministry of Finance) sets expenditure ceilings for the health sector, annually or over multi-year cycles.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	c81e4cde50c79fab84cd4ec65fe95a03	The Finns are not Ihe least bit apologetic about their focus on preparing people for an economy in which creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship will continue to be drivers of progress. Reforms like these take the basic features of the system as given. The Finnish reforms, by contrast, especially Ihe creation of the comprehensive school, created a sector that functioned in a radically different way.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	c82090d11150ede77de749981b7bf015	In the case of mini-grid and off-grid generation, more than 90% is provided by renewables. According to the WEO-2011, more than 60% of the additional investment required to provide universal access to electricity by 2030 is in sub-Saharan Africa. There is greater dependency here on mini-grid and isolated off-grid solutions, particularly in countries such as Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania, where a relatively higher proportion of those lacking electricity are in rural areas. A recent review of the economics of renewables in SSA shows that when considering sparsely populated rural areas, the economics of localised renewables can be favourable compared to grid expansion, leading to the conclusion that decentralised wind power could already be cost-competitive in large regions in countries such as Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya (Deichmann et al.,	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	c821d6c03ac01ffbf8d5def2ad09586e	This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks; and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.7. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. At 6.6 million people, it covers the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), a large number of medium-sized cities, as well as small towns and villages.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202054-5-en	c8238a88894d5273f0f9d4d7c3d1a3f3	They have a mixed trade-union, professional rules of conduct and scientific development role. There are also 70 specialty/sub-specialty boards. The Association has cited concerns that recent reform efforts to achieve greater standardisation of health-care practice may limit professional autonomy. Recently the Ministry of Health has established a Professions Council that has been given the authority to deal with curriculum and complaints/malpractice issues.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	c824f0b64e0569978e6b42e6e02e4149	The authors specifically stressed the importance of focusing more upon learning, and less upon testing, and claimed that the new assessment programme could be seen as a way of doing this, giving Norway a new start after the introduction of the national tests, which they believed was part of an old-fashioned system. In one article in Fredrikstad Blad (24 August 2012), the journalists described two schools sending their teachers to Dublin as part of the AfL programme in order to study how Irish students work with AfL. In an article in Bedre Skole three schools working on the Better Assessment project were presented and teachers, students and school leaders were interviewed about their experiences. The message was positive overall. A 14-year-old student was quoted as saying: “It is much easier to study for tests when we know what will be on the test and also know the criteria for each grade” (Ruud, 2009, p. 15).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47e32247-en	c8328f44f2fc1914d470fc994cdeefd6	Northern Europe and Southeast and East Asia are regions with a summer aridity index of 5 or more, but the summer aridity index has a distribution of 5 to 11 in Northern Europe and of 9 to 108 in Southeast and East Asia. The ways that weeds flourish vary. In Southeast and East Asia, in contrast, weeding must be done frequently every year. Moreover, on the continent of Europe, glaciers have reduced the topography, creating flat landforms, destroying fertile ground and lowering its crop productivity.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	c8329dff810fb4add9f3990be5d091e7	Nowadays, any activity that may change the conditions in the cave requires official permission. They form part of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve and the Ag-gtclek (Hungary) and Slovensky kras (Slovakia) National Parks. Both are included in the World Heritage List, and are part of the Natura 2000 network. There is good cooperation in terms of cultural programmes, tourism and sport, public events and publications. An Agreement on cooperation between the State Nature Conservancy of Slovakia and the Ag-gtelck National Park Directorate in Hungary (2001) is followed up through annual implementation protocols.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	c8333e2840f7bf6e297dae6346ede0e7	A considerable potential for increasing the nutritional status of people and the efficiency of the whole food chain lies in encouraging changes in diet and consumption patterns, as well as designing pro-nutrition policies in other sectors, such as health and education. In addition, reducing food losses is a cost-effective means of increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food for all. Preventing food wastage would also reduce the challenge of how to increase production in a world with limited natural resources. In particular, the livestock sector, which has grown rapidly to meet the increasing demand for meat, is a prime contribution to water scarcity, pollution, land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c833b5741de6ef9118d72a8221ef3cae	To be comprehensive, gender-disaggregated data should be collected about many dimensions of inequality beyond gender, including ethnicity, caste, location, age, poverty, employment status and ability. Such collection requires diverse methods, including censuses, surveys, interviews, community-based monitoring systems, time-use surveys and measures of unpaid work. The regular collection of the gender-disaggregated data necessitates reliable data systems; creating and maintaining effective data collection and management systems, however, remains a challenge for many governments, w'hich still need to improve and expand their data systems.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	c83adb1f8a57acc122a4a4944466a3d1	Indeed, promotion activities are performed by a mix of agencies, including the Foreign Investment Agency in the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Viet-TVade in the Ministry of TVade and Industry, the International Co-operation Department in MARD, and the promotion departments of provinces. Several constraints undermine private investment in the sector (Box 2). Such regulations intend to guarantee equal access to land among the rural population, but they limit land consolidation and hinder long-term investment.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	c83bcc7b2753de5481793bb6bffeffe0	Regulatory agencies are also required, and they must be credible, legitimate and efficient. This must not be underestimated when it comes to contemplating private sector participation since it raises the issue of how such entities are going to be financed to avoid the economic and financial “capture” of the regulator by the granting authority or the operator. They often lack the competence and information to monitor contractual arrangements, investment plans, etc. The issue of accountability to and independence from the political power is also important to prevent decisions based on vested interests. Some MENA countries lack basic water institutions - others display fragmented institutional structures or overlapping decisionmaking structures, which often exclude users’ demands and civil society. Moreover, water is a matter of regional co-operation with many MENA countries facing similar challenges, and many sharing basins and rivers.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	c83d10823af86f2e0b12205422ede16b	Most of them live in developing countries, and slightly more than half are girls. Two approaches with potential for reaching large numbers of out-of-school adolescents—although not necessarily as stand-alone programmes for preventing pregnancy—involve the use of the mass media and interactive radio instruction. Some reduced the number of partners for women, decreased their frequency of casual sex or sex with “sugar daddies” and increased abstinence. An evaluation found that, compared with those who did not view the programming, viewers were 87 per cent more likely to use condoms, and 67 per cent more likely to have used a condom the last time they had sex.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0899dee9-en	c83d497eac6364e8ca786a815be8952b	These policy instruments need to be designed and implemented in ways that complement one another to realize their transformative potential. A “high road” to care provision caters for care workers, including domestic workers and migrant care workers, who are usually women. They involve actors with various agendas and interests that may be in tension.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c83e011c2e39804aef81e1f12711f593	Thus improving overall job creation is likely to reduce marginal employment among poor women. It is consistently negative across education levels in rural regions, but only begins to gain importance from primary education onwards in urban regions. However, the magnitude is higher with each additional educational level for urban regions. While in rural areas, the household head with a university degree decreases the probability of women’s participation by 5pp compared to the illiterate household head, the same factor decreases the probability by almost 13pp in urban areas.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	c83f1273d332ee163861624af1516ae2	The buyback programme aims to reduce water abstractions by around 25% to achieve sustainable diversion targets set by the basin water resources plan. The ANA implements the national water resources management system and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086234-en	c8436bc543c2c578e5e03624fd3e7fe0	First-generation immigrant students: Students who were born outside the country of assessment and whose parents were also born in a different country. Second-generation immigrant students: Students who themselves were born in the country of review but whose parents were born in a different country, i.e. students who are following/have followed all their pre-school/schooling in the review country. Around one third live in the three major cities of Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo; the majority live in municipalities ranging in size from a few thousand people to well over 100 000 people. Sweden is among the top OECD countries with regard to wealth, development and education.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	c843c30038ca91d9dc07ae7b4f0b01f2	Irrigation often is needed for 100% of crop water requirements in these arid, southwestern states. Assuming an average irrigation delivery of 10,000 m3 of water per hectare, these costs would be equivalent to USD 19 per 1,000 m3 in California and USD23 per 1,000 m3 in Arizona. The national average cost of pumping groundwater, as reported in the 2003 FRIS, was almost USD100 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	c84458cecd66bde9b6e637a3b077f24e	As many as 12 of the 18 countries in the region posted growth rates at least as high as in 2006 (see table LI). In addition to the expansion of the world economy and abundant liquidity on international markets, the rapid industrialization process unfolding in several Asian developing countries, particularly China and India, generated greater demand which boosted the region’s export volumes and improved its terms of trade (ECLAC, 2008b). The rise in international food and energy prices that gathered pace in that year fuelled inflationary forces and, although the process weakened as from the second half of 2008, it was partly counteracted by the devaluation of a number of local currencies.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	c8472357766e961f149abbd26ef38d14	Loans are either non- or limited recourse to the parent company and therefore either have negligible or no impact on the company’s balance sheet or creditworthiness. As a result, small- and medium-sized developers are free to pursue several projects simultaneously without large negative company-wide impacts. Project finance structures involve thus simple debt and equity and have been most popular in Europe, where government fiscal incentives have often reduced the associated risk.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/11e28764-en	c84bff2c42827bc723a67782e039c19c	"For example, in the United States in 2011 systematic discriminatory behaviour by extension workers resulted in a class action suit being settled in favour of female farmers (Croppenstedt 2013). "" Non-traditional"" farming households (e.g. youth-headed households, same-sex households, or alternative communes and collective living arrangements) are often not recognized by authorities or agencies and thus cannot access the usual types of assistance. In many countries LGBT relationships are illegal and same-sex households face considerable social hostility. In a few places, traditional attitudes have begun to change: for example, the Department of Agriculture in the United States has introduced an LGBT liaison office (USDA 2015)."	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	c84e0c660607f51ec5f951d87144816e	Some intermediaries have had to use bridging funding to enable projects to progress because of the delays in receiving the programme funding. Others, such as state governments and municipalities, have preferred not becoming intermediaries in some cases because of the delays involved, and have sought to find other ways to provide direct support to companies, albeit with less resources. State governments, for example, have in some cases sought to be agile enough to try and work at the same speed as industry, but feel the support of the national federal programme - while potentially enlarging the pool of funds - slows down their ability to respond to local business need.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	c84e297eba60088550abf98b36f3c4df	Median income is expressed in 2007 prices, national currency. Notes: No data for Cyprus, Croatia, Slovak Republic and Turkey. In 2012, in Greece, the median income for households with children was one third lower than it was in 2008; the decrease was also severe in Iceland and Latvia where in 2012 the median income was almost a fourth lower than in 2008. Decreases in the -12.8/-15.9 % range were also recorded in Luxembourg, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	c852545fd0963c9614ebedbf07fcf5a5	If increased CAPEX leads to reduce fuel costs and maybe other OPEX, an agreement between the owner and charterer needs to be found. For example, production ranging from a few tonnes a day to millions of tonnes a year; storage in atmospheric tanks or in pressurized tanks; storage of less than 30 m3 up to storage of several hundreds of thousands of m3; and transport by sea, rail or road. Figure 12 provides an overview of the complexity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	c853eb9570e8358837c3f1399eb1920a	Distributional considerations should only come into play to avoid extreme income inequality, which should be reduced mainly through expenditures (e.g. Engel, Galetovic and Raddatz, 1999). Although it was clear that the reduction of progressive taxation would increase inequality, there was little popular opposition to it in the developed countries, because the tax reforms, similar to labour market reforms, were widely believed to be the only way to restore growth and keep companies from relocating production abroad. Similarly, in developing countries, policies that provided extensive tax privileges to owners of capital, in particular to TNCs, were considered “socially acceptable” or “desirable” because they promoted foreign capital inflows. Note: Data refer to the five-year average of the mean observation of general government revenue, a Includes capital revenues.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	c8560dcbd92922cf001a994d8f049e48	The relative importance of intangibles in the investment strategies of the business sector has therefore increased. Investment in intangibles leads to creating and applying knowledge, and it is here that firms in OECD countries find their greatest comparative advantage. They do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/774c08c9-en	c85aae9c1a4de6e45dc05fdd003fe1ee	Against this backdrop, this Report addresses an old question: whether rising (or high) income inequality is an inevitable outcome - or a necessary factor - of economic development; or whether it is possible, and even desirable, to reduce income inequality, in order to achieve more inclusive growth as well as to overcome the present economic challenges and create the conditions necessary for a more sustainable and rapid development process in the long run. In contemporary debates, a distinction is often made betw'een equality before the law (or formal equality), and equality in terms of income and wealth. The latter form of equality is affected by ownership structures as well as by market processes, social stratification and political systems which may deny tme equality of opportunities to a large segment of a society.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	c85d4301e97ebdbda4b06727b70f4c0a	Such investment trends are especially important in considering opportunities for strategic regional energy development and connectivity initiatives. The power sector is, therefore, expected to become a key focus for new infrastructure in the coming years and opportunities for maximizing long-term efficiencies in development and cooperation are more likely to be in this sector. Trade is always beneficial when countries are diverse.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	c85d449c23b05e593ba99212dd123804	The balance of change seemed to be positive in terms of decreasing inequality over time. Still, the story is an open-ended one, not least because “inequality is multidimensional and cannot be viewed solely through the prism of income. Besides, how communities organize and how their communities are planned and located may overcome basic disabilities caused by income scarcity.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	c85fdfa1e5f5c23cdf4e9bbeefb0df8b	This analysis only includes national-level documents that target the main climate change impacts (the composition of sectors will depend on specific country contexts). Some countries have published sub-national adaptation strategies or plans concerning specific sectors or geographic regions, which can contribute to preparations for climate change but have not been included in this analysis. In addition to this, it shows there is widespread discussion of adaptation options and of policies synergistic with adaptation - 31 countries cover adaptation options in their NCs.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmfp51f5f9t-en	c867eead6de24d28c425cea1da5bfd01	Similarly, Korea, Mexico, Portugal and the United States underperform in the treatment of infectious diseases. In practice, however, except for the preliminary data on amenable mortality recently developed at the OECD, comparable cross-country data on outcomes by disease are seldom available.12 Measuring inputs and costs per disease also faces obstacles (Heijink and Renaud, 2009) as the lack of information on ambulatory care practices and pharmaceutical consumption makes it difficult to fully document a care episode. Deriving cross-country efficiency estimates at the disease level, except for a few specific illnesses, is thus currently not possible.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	c86ac41f959b348f4fdeb1eeb665959a	Specifically, we define a child as suffering of hunger when her/his daily calorie intake is below 2450 kcal (or 2283 kcal for Burkina Faso). As for hunger rates in the child population, nutritional tables specific to each country are used to derive the caloric contribution of the principal food items and, based on the estimated individual food consumptions (household food consumption per adult equivalent), to calculate individual calorie intake for the base year and under the different scenarios simulated in our analysis. As for the monetary poverty analysis, a unitary model assigning part of the household consumption to each individual proportional to their respective equivalence scales (based on age and sex) is used. Calorie intakes are affected across the different scenarios by changes in household income (which are obtained as described before) and by changes in food prices, as they modify the quantities of food consumed in the Cobb-Douglas formulation.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	c86b232bcc6d9826b75fff222de54ba5	Real prices for most other agricultural commodities are also projected to attain levels significantly higher than in the past. Average prices for the ten-year period 2014-24 are projected to be higher than those in the 1992-2006 period by 15% to 35% in real terms for cereals, oilseeds and sugar, by 40% to 60% for poultry meat and dairy products, and by 25% for beef/veal (Figure 2.2). Only pigmeat prices are projected to remain slightly below their 1992-2006 average. Relative to the base period 2000-06, which does not include the above-trend prices of the mid-1990s, the projected increase of real prices in the coming ten-year period is even larger, for some products reaching as much as 80% (Figure 2.2).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	c86f97bc9115e2d4e9c91c455e0fe972	Two plants producing biodiesel by using tilapia waste were opened in Jaguaribara and Morada Nova in March 2013. The National Department of Works Against Drought (DNOCS) announced this new facilities will produce around 8 000 litres of biodiesel per day. These plants are expected to provide added value and sustainability to the tilapia fisheries producers.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/14bb75d6-en	c8726f667c2f2613de9d628f99705874	They should collectively engage in setting sector-specific policy priorities. This should be a participatory and bottom-up process, involving consultation with local communities. The SSF Guidelines themselves do not offer this definition, but leave it to individual countries to do so according to their local contexts.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	c8734e8ab5d719216f36f181c74f2409	In particular, the authors conducted an analysis of six cases concerning national water policies from Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and South Africa, the European Union’s Water Framework Directive and the Lisbon Charter on Water and Sanitation3 (IWA, 2015). The paper did not compare the existing policy frameworks with each other, but rather their “performance” against the 12 OECD Principles. The analysis of what influences the implementation of the OECD Principles provided a basis for further recommendations, in relation to both water resources and water services.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	c8747d8d78545e335ff53735b2221d14	"Traditional analysis of poverty focuses on monetary well-being and utilizes income or expenditure measures to assess the poverty status of the household that individuals live in. However, children generally do not participate in household spending and consumption decisions and their needs can differ from those of adult household members (see de Neubourg et al. Goal 1.2 states: ""By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."""	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	c874cab1be5c80efc5260434aa4744bb	Thanks to tube well irrigation, crops in Northwest India are less vulnerable to drought than other regions, ensuring them the lowest inter-annual production variability (Kawashima, 2012). However, the actual pace of groundwater depletion threatens the sustainability of this system. If Punjab had no access to irrigation, the maximum attainable yield for wheat w'ould fall by half compared to the current local yield, and by more than two thirds for rice (Bruinsma, 2003). A collapse of the groundwater irrigation system would be all the more dramatic in Northwest India since rainfed crops are particularly exposed to climate change in this region.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	c8772b0d66ab1665146d818b66389972	This knowledge should guide policies and regulations relating to employment in domestic services, one of the main sectors providing paid employment to women in the region, and to employment in public and private service sectors that currently address only a small percentage of the total demand for care in the society. With a view to overcoming inequalities and ensuring decent, protected and inclusive work, there is a need for comprehensive and coordinated policies on shared responsibility and employment (ILO/UNDP 2009; Cecchini and Rico, 2015). Moreover, the overburden of unpaid work on women affects their economic autonomy by limiting their participation in the labour market. This reduces their ability to generate their own income and restricts their access to social security, which is strongly linked to formal employment in the region.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1edabeca-en	c8778cadab96ffff860ae9a85a210a66	Unlike crude oil and petroleum products, gas is produced and exported mainly by LDCs in Asia, accounting for between one quarter and one half of the exports of Myanmar, Timor-Leste and Yemen. Their exports are mainly absorbed by East Asian markets. They generate more than 10 per cent of the merchandise exports of a group of African LDCs that are not producers of crude oil, namely, Benin, Djibouti, Niger, Rwanda and Senegal. One half of these exports are absorbed by other countries in their respective subregions, and the other half goes outside the continent. As new mines came into operation, the country’s exports leapt fivefold in 2012 with respect to the previous year and rose further thereafter.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	c87b04da21fd2e5911c46816c0fa7b52	"While international human rights treaties refer to ""equality"", in other sectors the term ""equity"" is often used. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has emphasized in its general recommendations and concluding observations on different countries, e.g., in its general recommendation No. The word ""equity"" has sometimes been understood as more accessible to a broader public and suggests a need for redistribution."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	c87d6a87b6f166172e98ac3c47222d5a	Second, many studies have shown that the exit rate from unemployment exhibits a spike around the time benefits expire. The spike at benefit exhaustion, in principle, suggests that recipients tend to wait until their benefits run out before returning to work. However, there are a number of reasons to suggest that the evidence on the labour-supply disincentives of UI needs to be qualified, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Based on a survey of the literature and new estimates for Austria, they conclude that the vast majority of job seekers does not wait until their UI benefits are exhausted to return to work. Moreover, moral-hazard effects due to UI receipt are likely to take a somewhat different form in emerging economies, since UI not only increases the value of not working but also that of working in the informal sector. In the context of widespread labour informality and weak enforcement capacity, it is difficult to ensure that individuals do not take up a job in the informal sector whilst receiving UBs.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-4-en	c87e2dd901541e5315a4c845700ee5ac	In the first instance, the conclusions should be awaited of an EU project currently examining this issue. The initiative for scoping and implementing PES can be left to local communities acting with other key local stakeholders, w ith potential support from international networks and NGOs. Pollution of rivers and lakes in Eastern parts of Georgia is of concern both to Georgia and to the dowmstream parts of Western Azerbaijan.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/09073bb8-en	c87f04bbdbdd51c0f778044222e429d3	Municipalities in this region had to develop specific collection schemes for historical towns, which are practically inaccessible for standard collection vehicles. For example, Kotor is using small trailers pulled by street-sweeping vehicles. Furthermore, to ensure reliable collection in the tourism season, collection companies are increasing staff numbers and the frequency of collection in summer.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5565b46a-en	c883645ae6aef7f673d22c017cc7bdf9	Mean annual precipitation is very significant, around 1,250 1/m2. Total resources are estimated at 38 billion m3, of which 36 billion m3 are internal and only 2 billion m3 are external (excluding upstream Sava River). Total renewable freshwater is considered to be 9,781 m3/year per capita (FAO Aquastat, 2015).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	c883a06b94240918c0b6090192d0b6eb	As they work in Luxembourg they are automatically insured with the CNS but, understandably, they seek care mostly in their country of residence. This group represents the largest share of cross-border patients. The second and much smaller group comprises Luxembourg residents who seek specialised health services that are unavailable in Luxembourg (e.g. paediatric cancer care, organ transplant).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	c887b39de26041645a326b315e4ccd2d	As a result it is not possible to investigate the issue of gender gap in VC financing using these databases. Finally, these datasets mainly focus on the US market, and cross-country evidence on the importance of the phenomenon cannot be assessed. Crunchbase, a popular online platform, connects venture capitalists with seed stage start-ups.	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	c887d05f3e58e5a994f5454bc977b6da	By the end of 2016,32 LDCs had commercially deployed 4G/LTE networks. Though coverage is mainly limited to urban areas in most LDCs, it is growing rapidly. Some such as Rwanda and Senegal have established targets, with Rwanda aiming for 95% coverage by 2018 and Senegal looking to have 90% of the population covered by 2025. A number of LDCs including Bhutan, Cambodia, Comoros, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Vanuatu have allocated the band for LTE. The model allows for fast deployment of broadband network and helps LDCs leverage the national backbone for extending access to the Internet to underserved areas.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	c888d052c50898f599dc61cc8ca67387	Other possibilities include remediation of damage (if feasible) and immediate suspension of the licence or permit (where human health is at risk). If the violator does not acknowledge the violation, the matter is transferred to the prosecutor’s office, with GASI continuing to provide evidence. The 2015 Criminal Code foresees fines, suspended sentences (probation) and imprisonment, with the most serious crime being forest arson.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7c1b09-en	c88956545b59eb07492a3e50e51507e6	Tunisia and Morocco could register GDP gains of 1.4 and 2.5 per cent, respectively (figure 3.24). Equally, oil-producing countries could benefit from the regional integration process as they would make profits from improved market access and from migrants that have a larger propensity to consume in hosting countries. The impact is most significant in the non-oil producing countries that could experience a reduction in the unemployment rates of both unskilled and skilled labour by around 5 basis points.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	c8903b4c2b441ac06ff8027dcda0d22f	Retrieved July 02, 2009, from SouthAfrica.info: http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm State Electricity Regulatory Commission (2009). Survey on basic status of no power villages and families in the whole country. Credit Suisse/Power Economic Research Institute, Jiang Liping, September 18, 2009, Beijing Clean Energy Conference.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	c897217d0c34ed3644548cccc22fda3e	Following Amin, Kuntchev and Schmidt (2015), this paper assumes that the strength of the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the level of economic development. This paper presumes that in low-income countries, gender-based discrimination in social institutions represents an additional growth bottleneck. Such discrimination reinforces other growth bottlenecks, such as poor infrastructure, education and other characteristics.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	c897287b62efd5851aca1aac2ccbe6c8	A third of them are open to general start-ups, irrespective of sector. The number of spaces available for start-up enterprises/teams in each incubator ranges from 10 to 48. The throughput of enterprises through the incubators on an annual basis depends on the number of incubating spaces and the policy on tenure of incubator tenants. For example, the SFD incubators in Egypt and the Dubai SME incubators allow the start-ups to remain in the incubator for up to 36 months, whereas, the IN5 Incubator in Dubai seeks to spin out 15 new enterprises per quarter (from entrepreneurial teams of three members); this would produce 45 new start-ups per year.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	c89916f7952410b64c2c49c6c1b74cb7	The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The agreement is to be adopted by 2015 and come into effect from 2020. An effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing long-term transformations to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies. The aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the 2015 agreement might look like, what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed, and which “rules of the game” would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post-2020 period are put forward.	13	0	6	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	c899211f7226c9850792efbda8e6bf79	Matematega o Kaumana is a traditional knowledge of reading clouds to locate school of fishes in the oceans and predict approaching disasters (strong wind, drought, waves etc.). Dept of Environment, 2007, and a presentation from Poni Faavae [2004],T\ivalu NAPA project, Ministry of Environment. Major investments are now planned in REDD schemes, carbon sequestration and other payments for environmental services; these have potential to make valuable contributions to local livelihoods or to place people in even greater difficulty. A major determinant of whether these investments produce outcomes that are favorable to local people or harmful to them will be the extent to which these programmes fully integrate traditional knowledge alongside modern scientific knowledge in their design. The challenge today is not to document and archive traditional knowledge but to build upon it and to use it as a basis for further development of modern knowledge and information systems.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	c89ae54e9f490a1659506a66d6534f95	The assumption that general inflation is a proxy for health price inflation ignores empirical evidence of health prices rising faster than overall inflation. Alternatives include using a health price index or adjusting a general price index for excess health-price inflation as reported in the literature. Advances in computing and in detailed health data are opening up new possibilities for the generation of helpful decision-support tools.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	c8a081870a401bde96287c4f2fc3bd7e	However, many older persons in developing countries have little choice but to continue to work into old age to finance at least part of their consumption, in the absence of comprehensive social security programmes, for example, in Indonesia, the Philippines and Nigeria. In sharp contrast, Brazil has generous public transfers directed to older persons, which creates incentives for individuals to withdraw early from the labour market, starting from as early as age 50 years (Turra, Queiroz and Neto, 2011). This is reflected in a labour income contribution of only half of the consumption of people aged 55 to 64 in Brazil, as compared to the median of 85 per cent in developing countries. This decline is steeper in the more developed regions than in developing countries and thus a distinct gap is observed between these groups.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/712425ac-en	c8a12d6be70204490a446e48f435876b	Where informal settlements were established on vacant land, people were able to build their own homes. Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions facilitate the transmission of disease - including pneumonia and diarrhoea, the two leading killers of children younger than 5 worldwide. Outbreaks of measles, tuberculosis and other vaccine-preventable diseases are also more frequent in these areas, where population density is high and immunization levels are low.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	c8a56c27b6369164ead68b75049fa380	The most potent fact about children who fall significandy behind their peers is that, by and large, they are the children of families at the bottom end of the socio-economic scale. Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post 2010. The European Union, for example, draws the poverty line at 60% of the median. Poverty, it is argued, should be measured by absolute rather than relative standards.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	c8a6587c42ef00434dc9b2b6379849db	Using life expectancy a proxy, health outcomes are much lower than expected in Latvia Given the level of GDP per capita (Figure 1.12). Chile, Poland and Hungary have higher life expectancies for a similar per capita GDP - and all these countries spend a larger share of GDP on health. This suggests that increasing spending on health should be an option that Latvia considers. Improving health system efficiency will also be critical. The number of hospital beds has fallen from 8.8 per 1 000 population to 5.8, approaching to the OECD average of 4.8 (Figure 1.14). The length of hospital stay is 7.6 days on average for all causes, shorter than the OECD average of 8.1 (OECD, 2015e).	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-ad6b8f4b-en	c8a9628b9b517bfe218b0cb8f2929f31	The contentious question is whether such win-lose policies should be allowed in the absence of actual inter-temporal compensation or compensatory action. Where there is a risk of catastrophic consequences in the future/present that can’t be mitigated or compensated for adequately, it makes sense to adopt a more precautionary approach. Ecosystem services can be defined as “the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems”. All three provide ecosystem services.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	c8aac1290116a7b2cfcd1162ebc63a99	In addition to having a detrimental impact on job creation in the formal sector, their usefulness, effectiveness and redistributive impact are questionable. The largest parafiscal is a 4% contribution, which is collected and managed by several private entities, the Cajas de Compensation Familiar (CCF). Since informal workers and the unemployed are not entitled to receive their services, they benefit the well-off most: the richest quintile receives 32% of the total, while the poorest receives only 2% (Moller, 2012).	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	c8ab05b773c9c887c6921fda94d694c5	In Australia, the department responsible for regional development policy takes part in the Water Co-ordination Group, the central government primary co-ordination vehicle on water issues. Italy has set up a national strategic framework (NSF) within which the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea has identified quality standards for water services. In Mexico, CONAGUA and other federal institutions provide strong support for the Desarrollos Urbanos Integrates Sustentables (DUIS) for the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life. In Korea, the government is building new cities with waterfronts and is restoring riversides by rehabilitating urban rivers into eco-friendly ones.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	c8ab379f7229bd0e8175aa3a8a5ef8a5	Time-use data should be taken into account to incorporate the gender perspective when designing poverty-eradication programmes, or when evaluating the benefits of such conditions, and to promote shared responsibility between men and women and between the State, the market and families (ECLAC, 2016a), and when coordinating these programmes with others and strengthening health and education policies so that they reach the poorest sectors and are not supported by conditional transfer programmes and the unpaid work of women. The reasons vary, and include the cost and organization of health services, which complicate access to medical care, especially for people in the lowest-income households (Ferran, 2008). In order to produce estimates of the activities that directly affect the health of household members, time-use surveys must distinguish between care activities relating specifically to health care and other activities. If this heavy burden is maintained over time, it can influence the physical and mental health of the caregiver, who will then also need care.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	c8ae9791a7a61dc0cc7b44ece0d9bad7	It identifies ten levels of learning achievement, and includes three sub-frameworks covering: i) General and Further Education and Training Qualifications; ii) Higher Education Qualifications; and iii) Trades and Occupations Qualifications. It is expected that these reforms should help to improve articulation, and to support more effective career guidance and recognition of prior learning, while also improving co-ordination across the different institutions and shareholders involved in the educational system. However, this approach has become a source of concerns for many countries, which increasingly question its rigidity. Increasingly, therefore, countries are implementing smoother learning recognition approaches, which enable job seekers to put a stronger emphasise on the actual work experience and training of job candidates, rather than the formal learning routes followed and outcomes, In this light, Box 4.6 presents the two interesting experiences being pursued by the United Sates and Iceland.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	c8b463ee59286a0544c032f327591bf0	These indicators can, for instance, be used to monitor trends in climate exposure and vulnerability, realised impacts of climate events, and/or assess either adaptation processes or outcomes. This in turn allows a country to improve on planning or implementing adaptation policies. A country’s learning priorities may depend on progress made in national adaptation planning.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/469d7fec-en	c8b69501d9fade655d988d3bbf7cbe54	If each donor individually reported all the private finance mobilised for a given project, then significant double counting could result. Firstly, clarity is needed regarding the coverage of collective versus individual reporting. Secondly, communication to the UNFCCC of collective reports would need some changes regarding who would be authorised to submit any collective reports, and how these reports would be represented alongside individual country reports in order to provide a complete picture of information reported.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	c8b98238b705064d2c94851c9f86f8cd	This creates serious environmental and health risks given the inadequate wastewater and solid waste management system. Inadequate maintenance, and the possibility of accidental releases of unmonitored toxic chemicals and waste from industrial and port areas, require upgrading of the city’s storm drainage systems. Other “hard” infrastructure elements include eco-based adaptation measures such as retention ponds, creation of public open spaces or zoning restrictions in flood-prone corridors, early warning systems for floods, business continuity plans (BCPs), and disaster insurance and funds. Green infrastructure in particular includes adaptive solutions that allow “making space for water”, a concept now widely adopted in flood-prone countries like the Netherlands.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f00277f1-en	c8b9bc0fc61eaaf48fad89951f153d04	This stabilization has in part been attributed to increased penetration of renewable energy and to improvements in energy efficiency, both of which have experienced dramatic acceleration in recent years. Global demand for renewables has steadily increased, as has energy consumption, particularly in developing countries. Global installed capacity and production from all renewable energy technologies have likewise increased, as most have seen significant cost reductions worldwide and have reached parity in some markets. Global energy intensity has consequently decreased at a compounded annual rate averaging about 1.25 per cent between 1990 and 2013, and most world regions achieved improvements in aggregated energy intensity during this period.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c8bb7f602e0b911c62095ce76c91b2b1	In other words, expected average O&M costs fell by 50% from 2010 to 2015, and again by 20% from 2015 to 2020. Finally, looking at the LCOE at a 10% discount rate, the LCOE for large solar PV decreased from USD 1031 per MWh to USD 667 per MWh and then to USD 175 per MWh, i.e. it decreased by one-third from 2010 to 2015, then by three-quarters to 2020. Therefore, the anticipated costs of large solar PV have “plunged” by more than 80% from 2005 (see NEA/IEA, 2005) to 2015 (see NEA/IEA, 2015).	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	c8bd0533e30e2374f70ae324a6e74b6b	In addition, poor workers need to have the health, education, skills, and resources to gain access to such expanded employment opportunities. Further, macroeconomic, structural, and equity focused policies need to be well integrated to create a rapid expansion of poverty reducing employment. Since informal employment is the main source of poor workers’ employment in the LDCs, an integrated policy response is needed. Such a response should take into account die diversity and heterogeneity of the informal economy.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	c8be7aa7bce6151ee01e3dab4e4c8eb3	The second phase of EEC (2005-2008) raised the total savings required to 130TWh. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme closed in 2006 and was replaced by the EU’s that aims at ensuring compliance with the Kyoto obligations. Under the EU system, member states proposed National Allocation Plans (NAPs) to the European Commission, allocating a set proportion of a country’s total 2008-2012 emission budget to sectors covered by the scheme; tradable quotas were then divided among firms (www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/questions-and-answers-on-key). From 2008 all new homes must be rated against the Code and government-funded social housing (from 2010) must comply with its Level 3, which requires a 25% improvement in energy efficiency compared with 2006 regulations.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/08e82310-en	c8beb3d781ab8c68014ccadef917354b	Not all emissions of untreated wastewater from agglomerations with >10,000 p.e. The results of the scenarios prepared for the Danube River Basin Management Plan by an ICPDR expert group (see below for details) indicate that a reduction of emissions linked to organic pollution will be achieved by implementing the Baseline Scenario-UWWT 2015, but will not ensure the achievement of the WFD environmental objectives on the basin-wide scale for organic pollution by 2015. The magnitude of reduction depends on political decisions and the economic support for investments in wastewater treatment. Since Romania is a EU member State, the environmental objectives of the WFD arc also to be applied to transitional and coastal waters in the Black Sea.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	c8bed0c427314544e97cbf7ff4dd8302	Because of the Bay Management Area Plan, put in place to create a fallowing period and contain diseases, only 2/3 of the sites (i.e. 64 sites) are active in any given year. If each site was designed to have eight seaweed rafts (38 ropes of kelps, 35 m long and supporting a biomass of 15 kg/m), there would be 512 rafts producing 10 214.40 tonnes fresh weight (FW) of seaweeds. With an average of 0.35% nitrogen content in FW kelp tissues, the harvesting of kelps would equate to the removal of 35.75 tonnes of nitrogen from the ecosystem per year.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xnk52kc-en	c8bf579603840ba31e4003ccffa9623c	The concessionaire can now issue bonds backed by toll revenues (or infrastructure charges in the case of rail), as this “securitisation” can spread the risks that can now be much better assessed as the infrastructure is in operation, and all the preconstruction and construction risks have been accounted for. Pension funds and insurance funds can be used to purchase these long terms bonds, and the securitisation widens the access of PPPs to capital markets. Despite the theoretical ideal match between a large source of capital and an asset class in need of investment, the uptake of institutional investors has been slow.	9	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	c8c364743e08530825e7a29b4c9e8f88	Estimates of the size of the benefits of marine ecosystem services suggest that these are considerable (for a review of a selection of such studies see Annex 1 .A2), but much work remains to be done. Hence, as noted above, while many aspects of ecosystem services are taken into account here, the quantitative focus of this report is on ocean-based industries. To compare an industry’s contribution to the economy across countries, the share of total GVA is preferred to the share of GDP.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	c8c379ea8a072164c799111575577a8b	One key law we passed during my term was one that established salary equality between men and women performing the exact same function. Today, women from the three lowest-income quintiles of the population, 60 per cent are working women will be guaranteed with a pension starting when they turn 65 whether they have worked outside of home or not and regardless of the type ofjobs they held. Clearly, we have seen that the work we have done for women has benefitted society, in general.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	c8c37e5ce22978760913485364eb61ab	Limited female participation in structures of governance where key policy decisions are made and resource allocations decided often has a negative impact on women’s political, economic and social opportunities. At the time the Beijing Platform for Action was adopted in 1995, women accounted for on average 10 per cent of members of the lower or single houses of national parliaments. This figure had increased to 17 per cent by April 2009 (table 5.1). In all sub-regions of Africa and in 4 out of 5 sub-regions in Asia, the average proportion of women in the lower or single houses of parliament doubled or more than doubled.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	c8c877df08b2b9b118ed83a86c280aca	As a result, average price of electricity sold covers only a portion of the average production costs. The total under-recovery of costs, which was estimated to be INR 431 billion (USD 10 billion) in 2008 (MoF, 2008b), discourages private investment in the Indian power sector (Mathy and Guivarch, 2009). Since August 2006, four of the regional grids have been integrated: the Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids (the NEWNE grid). Only the southern grid still operates independently, covering the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262782-5-en	c8ca28072799460153141715718f6358	The Pharmacist’s Society of Latvia is the largest health professional association and more than one-third of pharmacists are its members. The Latvian Medical Association (LMA) is an umbrella organisation for 109 associations representing different medical specialties. The Latvian Nurses Association (LNA) has about half of professional nurses as its members.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	c8cae5d2b4a2760139664f0df012a4db	More open trade contributes to mitigating the key drivers of volatility by increasing the size and scope of markets and diluting the magnitude of shocks, effectively by facilitating wider supply and demand response. Yet, international trade has also been seen as a threat, both to the well-being of individuals suffering from the pressure of international competition and to price stability on domestic markets. Markets have long been highly distorted not only by trade policies but importantly by production-linked domestic support regimes which have encouraged excess supplies in international markets. A well functioning trading system, with transparent rules and disciplines is essential if all countries are to discover the benefits of trade, and if its potential benefits in reducing price volatility, both on domestic and international markets are to be realised.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	c8cb91133a135516b76270236ca35601	The new fit2worfc service, fully implemented in 2013, seeks to avert job losses and long-term unemployment. Health insurance contacts sick-listed employees after around 40 days of absence, offering general information (on possible treatment, for example), counselling and retum-to-work support by a network of counselling firms. Waiting times for health services (e.g. psychotherapy) can also be reduced.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	c8d2339c6cf0ab504bb13d03a39fb90d	This change created greater synergy and interaction between training for ECEC professionals and training for primary school teachers to better support children’s development and learning and foster co-operation between teachers during children’s transition from kindergarten to primary school. Teachers can study for a fifth year if they wish to obtain certification for both levels. Articulation pathways have been created between the Vocation and Education Training sector and the Higher Education sector to support students through new training opportunities. They are also considering whether other qualifications can be taken into account for the job of pre-primary teacher. This is still in a preparatory phase.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	c8d540d90b17547cc0d8e99c842a58ac	While the Farmland Law states that the central FAB has the duty to provide guidance on shifting cultivation, its rules discourage such cultivation and promote terrace farming to replace it. However, shifting cultivation can have positive agronomic and environmental impacts in a context where demographic pressure is relatively low. While the VFV Land Law does include provisions recognising and respecting the existing land use of farmers, even if it has not previously been formally recognised, these provisions remain relatively vague and do not mention customary rights.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c8dea6fe4320227bccaeededa32f1aa2	Tariffs on products on the Sensitive list will first reduced to 20% by 2012 followed by subsequent reductions to the 0-5% tariff band by 2018. For Highly Sensitive products, tariffs have to be reduced to no more than 50% by 2015. The Indonesian government has included 400 products on its sensitive and highly sensitive lists. The “highly sensitive list” includes rice, sugar, soybeans and maize, along with motor vehicles, motorcycles, ethyl alcohol and ceramics.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	c8dee90413f883f26393b7222fabf55d	Legally, wastewater dischargers must not discharge any increased loading of phosphorus (P) into receiving waters. New wastewater systems are now choosing trading instead of traditional P removal technology, whereby point source dischargers buy P credits from rural landowners, primarily farmers. These credits are generated by constructing nonpoint source pollution control measures, and science-based formulae are used to calculate the credits of P removed by each measure.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	c8dff304751604015258f3de3ff26524	It is difficult to behold, especially when it afflicts children. However, even the apparently well fed - those who receive sufficient calories to fuel their daily activities - can suffer the ‘hidden hunger’ of micronutrient malnutrition: deficiencies of such essentials as vitamin A, iron or zinc from fruits, vegetables, fish or meat. It has many short- and long-term consequences, including delayed mental development, heightened risk of infectious diseases and susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life.20 In low-income countries, child undernutrition is likely to be a consequence of poverty, characterized as it is by low family status and income, poor environment and housing, and inadequate access to food, safe water, guidance and health care. At least a quarter of urban children under 5 were stunted, indicating that they had been undernourished for some time. Income was a significant factor.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	c8e0af60ec05486642890912fabe196a	Complaints filed with the National Human Rights Commission are reviewed under the 2000 Law on the National Human Rights Commission. Complaints filed with the court are review'ed under the Law on General Administrative Procedures and Law' on Civil Procedures. An extension of another 30 days can be granted for complaints for which more time is required to collect the required information. To facilitate the submission of petitions, complaints and requests from the public, the Ministry' has placed a special box in a room located at the entrance of the Ministry, before the security checkpoint. Petitions and complaints that require urgent attention are handled by a dedicated official, while requests for environmental information undergo a common process of registration and dispatch to the relevant departments, depending on the content and nature of the request.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264097629-4-en	c8e1c3183ffbefa98f8422aca40caea2	For example, between 1998 and 2008, net international migration in Greenland almost completely offset the high natural increase in population; total population was almost constant. This outflow has two consequences. First, an offsetting influx of people would be required to prevent population decline, and second, there are potential longer-term implications for future birth rates if, as is currently the case in the NORA region, the outflow includes a disproportionately large number of young women and the inflow a smaller proportion of females.1 International immigration is largely driven by current employment opportunities. When the NORA region has better employment opportunities than immigrants’ home countries, flows are higher.	14	4	0	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	c8e208c1060e551d3541142ccd641931	How do we tap local agro-biodiversity potential to meet nutritional requirements? They include wild or semi-domesticated varieties and non-timber forest species that are not typically traded as commodities (Padulosi etal, 2013). Among NUS, those that are nutrition dense, climate resilient, economically viable, and locally available or adaptable offer the potential to address hunger and malnutrition. From a food system perspective, dietary and production diversity need to improve to address malnutrition.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8f4c5230-en	c8e2b4f88735f8baa453d02cddce4036	Due to the relentless efforts of women's rights advocates from across the globe, the 2030 Agenda's commitment to gender equality is prominent, comprehensive and cross-cutting, building on the commitments and norms contained in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The 2030 Agenda makes clear that development will only be sustainable if its benefits accrue equally to both women and men; and women's rights will only become a reality if they are part of broader efforts to protect the planet and ensure that all people can live with respect and dignity. What is needed to bridge the gaps between rhetoric and reality?	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	c8e32046c77b520db93b26effb82332b	Funding for US Agency for International Development (USAID) climate programmes increases by 70%, with significant new investments in mitigation and adaptation strategies that will build on USAID experience in this area. Developed countries also committed to a goal of mobilising USD 100 billion globally from public- and private-sector sources by 2020 for climate assistance, subject to meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation in recipient (developing) countries. Private production and consumption decisions are made without taking into account the full costs of GHG emissions.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264290747-en	c8e3d7ec406bc23690882d3426387f35	Do national government transfers for social programmes take into account the share and diversity of an urban area's immigrant population? How strong is the urban dimension of policies aimed at addressing population ageing (e.g. attention to infrastructure needs and access to healthcare services for an ageing population)? Given that urban policies affect multiple sectors and multiple levels of government, both horizontal and vertical co-ordination is needed.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	c8e752dac1e55d8b8cd43baff8d6b2d6	Thus, she establishes that commodity production incorporates not only paid production work, but also unpaid reproduction work (which is incorporated into the remunerated labour force). It might be said that part of the product ends up in the hands of those carrying out the care work because of a rule of distribution of W within households, but this is indeterminate (and would exceed the specific component of the family wage). In fact, the relationship between domestic labour and the other variables (Lw, P, W, R) would need to be specified.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-6-en	c8ea9dbf8d6e95514db7352458ed124f	No doubt much work is needed to strengthen legislation to promote gender equality. Therefore, it is clear that Commonwealth Pacific small states will need to overcome significant challenges to achieve Goal 5. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 11 indicators to monitor this goal, of which four were Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1).	15	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	c8ebef957a2c46c806e334b19ffbdcc1	Not surprisingly, Indigenous people are significantly poorer than non-Indigenous people: Indigenous people are twice as likely to live in extreme poverty than non-Indigenous people (8.2% vs. 4.1%), and 1.7 times more likely to be poor (23.4% vs. 13.5%) (Ministry of Social Development, 2015). According to data from the national socio-economic characterisation survey carried out in 2013 (Encuesta de Caracterizacion Socioeconomica Nacional, CASEN), among children aged 6 to 13 years, 92.8% of non-Indigenous children and 92.4% of Indigenous children were enrolled in basic school (educacion basica), and among 14-17 year-olds, 73.6% of non-Indigenous and 70.8% of Indigenous youth were enrolled in upper secondary school (educacion media) (differences are not statistically significant). However, Indigenous youth aged 18 to 24 years are less likely to be enrolled in tertiary education (29.3%) than their non-Indigenous peers (37.4%) (Ministry of Social Development, 2015). In terms of learning outcomes, students from Indigenous communities have significantly lower test scores than non-Indigenous students.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	c8ede366597a8430736f808a8d5db046	It is also important to note that because ride-sourcing companies are currently more flexibly regulated than public transport and taxis in many markets, they are able to trial new services and business models — including some that have become quite popular, like commercial ridesharing. One reason for this is that ride service operators understandably want to preserve commercially sensitive and privacy-eroding data - especially in light of the obligations that some public authorities have to make public data they hold. Ride service companies have faced calls for detailed data release that they have sometimes accepted. At least one company, Uber, has created an on-line tool, Movement, allowing registered users to access some of the data Uber collects. One exception to the general rule of limited data sharing by ride services is New York City, where the city's Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) compels ride services to provide detailed data analogous to the data that taxis and other traditional ride services must provide.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	c8f3c6940b75440a439358342bb535e5	The low female participation in the North seems to reflect strong cultural and religious factors and less the socioeconomic status concerns which are stronger in the more developed and educated South and West. The main data sources are ILO (relatively aggregate data), a household survey by IHDS (latest data is 2005 with about 40 000 observations), and the NSSO household survey (every five years, latest 2012 with about 150 000 observations each year). The NSSO sample covers both informal and formal work.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d63f72c7-en	c8f9a77e34bdcb3cf1d94393e3e4a6ba	Food and nutrition security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, WFP and IFAD, 2012). The challenge of achieving Zero Hunger becomes more profound if contextualized at a global scale, especially when considering climate change. During previous decades, crop production has focused on the cultivation of several starchy crops.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	c8fac570e25b1e3857d68f58a7aafc11	Recent debates on changes in Dutch land-use policy have led some academics to conclude that active land policy has reached its limits (Boelens, 2010; Buitelaar, 2010; Munoz-Gielen, 2010; van der Krabben, 2011). One reason is financial: it requires long-term, front-end investment by government bodies (mainly municipalities) on the expectation that they will be able to recoup the costs by selling building plots. But the downturn of the property market since 2008 has resulted in building plots being sold much more slowly and for less than forecast. In some cases, this has resulted in municipalities suffering huge losses that will never be recovered.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289330190-8-en	c8faed192c4e4258767c67648c994c90	For the CV, the TEV for the short improvement to obtain good quality, is estimated to be between 138-150 million DKK per year (18-20 million EURO). For the large improvement the TEV is estimated to be between 200-223 million DKK per year (27-30 million EURO). For the CE, the TEV is more than 3 times as large as for the CV to obtain a good quality, 489 million DKK per year (66 million EURO). To obtain a very good quality (using CE) the TEV is 664 million DKK per year (89 million EURO). We do not go into details about the methodological challenges in the methods in general or the studies in particular here(see appendix 1 for some further discussion).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	c8fc943979e7e072551ae1fad600354c	In addition to the fulfilment of fundamental rights for women and girls, gender equality has recently been hailed as a 'breakthrough' strategy for promoting inclusive development and reducing poverty. Understanding the nature and extent of the obstacles to gender equality is therefore critical to designing effective policies to promote equality between men and women, and consequently, to improving development outcomes. Higher levels of discriminatory institutions in origin countries hinder the likelihood of female migration, reducing the migrant share in origin populations, which consequently is too low to positively shift discriminatory norms towards greater gender equality.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	c8fe9d3ffdefc417061fcf3c17678e40	Furthermore, farmers and the agri-business sector are rarely involved in consultation processes for designing and implementing the agricultural education system. Consequently, the current agricultural education systems are not well adapted to labour market needs and are not responsive to the private sector’s need for a well-educated and skilled labour force. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia data are for 2014.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c8fea16bed3015911450cf8d27409a06	In the last three years, only 16% of firms surveyed in the state have partnered with a university when upgrading or acquiring a new technology, a figure that is actually lower in Penang than the national average. The establishment of a commercial arm, Sanggar SAINS Sdn Bhd, with a commercialisation and enterprise development programme, and the creation of an on-campus innovations complex have produced some promising results: 26 projects have passed the proof of concept phase and 11 projects/products have been introduced to potential commercialisation partners. Long-term success will depend on the ability to attract high calibre organisations such as federal research laboratories that are able to generate new intellectual properties as well as investors (domestic and foreign) to support and grow start-up companies commercialising USM’s R&D and innovation outcomes.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	c9025a625dc79a9b67d8e0f2f6087a76	As of 2014, at least 78 countries around the world had laws in place regulating workplace sexual harassment, including most OECD countries (World Bank, 2014). In 2017, Japan plans to expand guidelines on measures that management should take to curb sexual harassment in the workplace. Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Israel, Korea, Lithuania, Portugal and the Netherlands have all conducted, or are in the process of conducting, some form of awareness-raising or have distributed guidelines to workplaces.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	c90c38f60919f83f95a5c8b269746df3	For that reason, alternative cases of the Baseline and the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 for India (IEA, 2010a) have been developed for this paper. Assuming an average economic growth of 8% per year between 2010 and 2030 and of 5.8% thereafter up to 2050, India's electricity generation would be expected to reach 6 600 TWh in 2050 compared to 4 069 TWh in the standard Baseline Scenario. This construction rate assumption follows the one for India used in a global high nuclear variant of the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 (IEA, 2010a).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	c90f0b35cbeb66c774abf50b72097327	Such information is critical for knowing whether the school system is delivering good performance and for providing feedback for improvement. A comprehensive system of evaluation is a requirement not only for the development of improvement strategies al all levels (teacher, school, administration) but also for measuring the success in achieving the goals of reform and for establishing a regime of accountability. Evaluations and assessments are requirements for an equitable regime of accountability, efficient management, effective decentralisation, and for devolution of autonomy to individual schools (OECD, 2011 a). Without such information, it is difficult to monitor the performance of schools and students and measure the achievement of learning objectives.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	c910e060f55afa8bf9b15df401e74f27	Expected average wage increase for 2017 taken into account by the Tripartite Council was around 8%, so that the minimum wage to average w'age ratio would slightly decrease. Wages have proved highly flexible during the crisis. To preserve employment, public wages were significantly cut (Chapter 1), including by decreasing or suspending payments agreed in collective agreements21.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	c912c493d7f321a3cbc4ba1e71159958	The Constitutional Court plays a key role in monitoring the constitutionality of laws and international treaties. However, infrastructure development and housing issues dominated the agenda of the new ministry. This had the effect of stifling environmental action at central level, decreasing the sector’s political profile and lowering the ministry’s credibility with other stakeholder groups as the leading actor of SINA (ODI, 2010). It is primarily responsible for environmental policy making in a wide range of areas (Figure 2.2).	6	4	0	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	c9141c1765bedf587d59e6529597edd5	Comparing child well-being in OECD countries: concepts and methods, Innocenti Working paper 2006-03, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence. An index of child well-being in the European Union', Social Indicators Research, vol. Child Well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Springer Science. Subjective well-being in rich countries, Innocenti Working Paper, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	c91498e8e1a7502223e8916f8a92d4e1	Hence, with the declining costs of renewables over the past few years, their use as an alternative energy source offers significant cost-reduction potential, as well as an opportunity to mitigate GHG emissions. In this context, some emission mitigation measures, in particular those that improve energy efficiency, have been shown to lower costs or even result in cost savings. In South Africa, for example, 66 per cent of the GHG mitigation potential in the mining sector could be realized at negative marginal abatement costs, so that these emission reductions would pay for themselves (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2014).	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	c91960e077ad23fd9155506039380366	On the other hand, knowledge about assessment (e.g. diagnosis principles, evaluation forms and procedures) is mentioned in only one area, and knowledge of instructional processes is also mostly limited to teaching strategies for diverse classrooms. While there is no reference to any particular scientific discipline, meeting the standards would require knowledge of certain areas of psychology (e.g. child development), educational sociology (e.g. the impact of culture, cultural identity and linguistic background on education) and perhaps more broadly learning sciences (e.g. research into how students learn). Descriptions in this area use active verbs such as plan, set, identify, describe, include, referring to teacher’ actions rather than their knowledge.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	c91b72c2e5dbe5f385982f7f3bcc3d1f	It is found that these responses have strong implications, including on the ability of different policy instmments to reduce farming risk and increase farmers’ wellbeing. If there are risks that are somehow covered by government programs, the incentives to use other strategies (e.g. insurance or diversification) are then reduced. A good understanding of the net impact of government policies related to risk management in agriculture necessarily includes the analysis of interactions between different sources of risk, and different farmer strategies and government programs.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	c91b9d24c4b4a7c6cc70c2933b427261	Part-time work is less common in the health subsector and very prevalent among education and, especially, domestic woikers. In these two groups there are marked differences between men and women in terms of number of hours w'orked. In all cases, men (especially male domestic workers) tend to woik less on a part-time basis (see figure 111.25).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d100c303-en	c91c588e24ec907fbf2d7b89e0487145	Millions of children live with a disability that makes them more likely to be marginalized or miss out on education. In crisis-affected areas, slavery is much more rampant, as children are given guns instead of toys and girls are sometimes sold for less than a pack of cigarettes. Unfortunately, 37 million children living in crisis-affected countries are out of primary or lower-secondary school.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	c91e3bbcf5340c470bacfdb4309a946f	By 2014, these eight countries accounted for over 51% of the total. Within some emerging countries, notably Indonesia and China, the growth in PSE has been driven by a growth in the use of policies that are most distortionary in terms of their impact on trade - including market price support, output based payments and input subsidies. Other emerging economies, such as Brazil, show both a falling PSE and a shift tow'ards decoupled payments.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	c9206be073d8d2724584d3d1786ebec3	By 2020, Indonesia expects to cut GHG emissions by 26% (ForestForClimate.org, 2010). In May 2010, Norway pledged USD 1 billion to support GHG reduction programmes in Indonesia. The plan acknowledges that technological innovations are vital for I ndonesia to succeed in creating a new economy. To this end, the government will strengthen local research and development institutions and their links with foreign partners.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	c92178347558ba4fe220f75ea30bee8e	It is estimated that just under 1 billion people live in extreme poverty worldwide (i.e. on less than USD 1.25 per day - at PPP-adjusted, 2005 prices). Three-quarters of them live in rural areas (UNDP, 2015), and two-thirds earn their living from agriculture (Olinto et al., These estimates of the rural-urban disparity may be somewhat low. Indicators of multidimensional poverty - a measure that utilises more inclusive dimensions of acute poverty in health, education and living standards - put the rural-urban poverty divide as high as 85% (Alkire et al.,	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/24485d89-en	c9257972dd24a123e3d1e16794b00718	Aggregate calculations: Millennium Development Goal aggregation and imputation methods; weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight (percentage of population); total population for each regional and subregional grouping (millions). Therefore, the figures are not comparable across countries and may not be comparable over time within a country. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. Aggregate calculations: Millennium Development Goal aggregation and imputation methods; weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight (percentage of population); the total population for each regional and subregional grouping (millions).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	c926b6275921d1212c065ca8cff7f072	As stated by Achim Steiner, Executive Director of UNEP, at the close of the Rio+20 Summit: ‘Green economy offers a key pathway towards a sustainable twenty-first century’. The aim of the dialogue was to facilitate the emergence of the Caribbean’s unique development pathway, and to inform international understanding and action on the green economy. The panel seeks to promote dialogue and collaboration between the state and non-state actors on matters of national development.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/d35e799b-en	c92991f35a47a7890e7a463182448ce7	Few are covered by social protection systems, and they face the constant risk of slipping back into poverty. Much work needs to be done to raise productivity, promote sustainable structural transformation and expand social protection systems for the poorest and most vulnerable workers and their families. The most significant progress has been made in Eastern Asia, where the proportion of people in vulnerable employment has dropped from 71.2 per cent in 1991 to 39.6 per cent in 2015.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	c92b13f58750e6c56e47b5655c547560	Chungcheongnam-do and Jeju-do have benefitted from overall population growth. In the 15 years between 2000 and 2015, metropolitan areas, defined as functional urban areas with 500 000 - 1.5 million residents, experienced the fastest population growth with an approximately 18% increase, on average, over the period. Large metropolitan and medium-sized urban areas grew by 9% and 7%.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	c92d4b0a215859b9236e56ac5ecfa86a	The Bank-IMF divergence of the 1970s became history, with the Bank beginning now to take the lead public position in promoting a neoliberal agenda as the only way forward for development policy. ‘ There is no alternative' (TINA) became the watchword of neoliberalism. It would probably be fair to say that Nairobi was the space where the critique of neoliberal approaches to development as such became a central focus of feminist mobilizing.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264303119-en	c92d52ce134c254de63c4af395ce0302	However, given the large uncertainties, these results are intended simply as a complement of the data provided in Figure 6.3 and should be simply considered as order-of-magnitude indications of the different weight of cost across technologies. Data for wind onshore was available only for Germany. Broader data sets were available for all other technologies. Whenever they were undertaken, they were of a very narrow scope in terms of the technology considered.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	c932aa2c73ae4e553dfe54b8c83348df	The most remarkable growth was in wind power, solar photovoltaic power (although from a small base) and biodiesel transport fuels, which only appeared in the mix in 2006. In compliance with the EU Renewable Electricity Directive (2001/77/EC), it established a target of 39% of gross electricity consumption to be met by renewable energy, including large hydropower, by 2010. This target translated into source-specific targets for installed capacity, which, however, can diminish investor flexibility and raise overall costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	c93375b2b5dcfd73309cde4c5c0f33b3	"Concluding Observations Jamaica Sixth and Seventh Combined Periodic Report. Asshe points out: 'Owing to gender stereotypes related to family and work, such as ""male breadwinners"", ""women as carers/nurturers”, this generally means that women assume the bulk of the work, to the detriment of their human rights enjoyment’(UN General Assembly 2013, para. Indeed, she argues The unequal distribution of unpaid care work is highly reflective and determinative of power relations between women and men."	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a44197da-en	c934b96b0d8d4b95bb19b41a007a8720	Much can be done in terms of integrating gender into the design and implementation of programmes that promote income security across the life cycle, including cash transfers, public works programmes and pensions. To provide long-term solutions, however, these efforts must be part of a broader package, including policies that enable women to access decent work—which remains the main source of income for most working-age adults and their families. International Labour Organization (ILO) Recommendation No. They participate less in the labour market, earn lower wages and enjoy less access to credit and other assets than men.	3	3	3	0.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	c93505b982d43bbbaa134a880500c9df	The overlap between capacity-building and technology transfer is particularly strong in the case of least developed countries and less developed countries, where technology development and transfer is best achieved through tackling broader issues related to absorptive capacity that are not necessarily climate focused (Dechezlepretre, Glachant and Meni&re, 2013[i6]). From an institutional perspective, the UNFCCC system vacillates between treating finance, technology and capacity-building aspects of support in a distinct or integrated manner (Ellis et al., In their second BRs, most Parties pointed to the important role of capacity-building in official development assistance (ODA).	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/b9699195-en	c9375ab1c494d40065b79de7c18a39cb	The latter figure translates into a global cost of US$1.4-2.1 trillion. A recent study estimates a cumulative output loss due to non-communicable diseases, for which overweight and obesity are key risk factors, of US$47 trillion over the next two decades; on an annual basis and assuming a 5 percent rate of inflation, this is equivalent to about US$1.4 trillion in 2010 (Bloom etal., The partial estimates reported above can be summed to provide a rough estimate of global costs. Deficiencies in micronutrients can slow intellectual and physical growth among children, reduce adult labour productivity and lead to disease, premature death and increased maternal mortality (UNICEF and The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004; Micronutrient Initiative, 2009).	2	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	c937e7b70af467b3e57a8b9f34090504	In-depth understanding of the technical and economic dimensions of the new technological options needs to become entrenched, through imitation, network effects and/or conscious policy measures, before industry-level economies of scale can be harnessed to create a critical mass that spurs energy transition further (Grubler, 2012; UNCTAD, 2014b). However, as discussed later in the chapter, challenges and tradeoffs remain, technically, economically, socially and environmentally. The ability of LDCs to reap the benefits of technological progress depends critically on the grid’s quality in terms of voltage levels and reliability as well as its extension.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264190658-12-en	c938783e01644d231634c84bd4062c2e	This may include the setting of specific targets and the development of different surveys to collect evidence on key features of the system and its performance. It includes issues such as: the choice of the evaluation agencies and the development of the skills to perform the evaluation of the education system; the preparation by education systems to be the subject of an evaluation; the development of competencies to effectively use the results of an evaluation for the improvement of education policies; and the design of agencies to review system evaluation results with a view to inform policy development. The objectives of system evaluation typically consist of feedback for improvement of policies, accountability of policy makers and information about the performance of the education system and the impact of policies.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	c93901db3843bbf0adeb419f1c3c9463	They pointed to crop and variety diversification, as well as geographic dispersion, but noted there were limits to geographic dispersion as most production is concentrated in one region (Box 7). For example, a typical dairy farm receives 93% of its agricultural gross revenue from milk. A typical sheep and beef farm receives 86% of gross revenue from sheep and beef returns (of which 59% comes from sheep meat and 41% from beef).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a75977db-en	c93c87fdd69dfd511766714c34fa5d4b	We decided to finally enforce this with the 2018 law on Equal Pay Certification, which requires organizations employing 25 or more people to obtain annual certification of their equal pay system and its implementation. A key aspect of our approach was to transfer responsibility for equal pay from employees to the employer and to establish a supportive institutional mechanism for gender pay equity at the organizational level. As a HeforShe Champion, I am proud to support the movement of new equal pay policies worldwide.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	c93e62b368710f7d0aa1a5e5df2ef0a1	The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. The “Scandinavian 8 Million City project garnered unprecedented local political momentum for a cross-border megaregion connected by high-speed rail, before running out of steam after failing to secure national buy-in. It was initiated as an Interreg A project with a focus on establishing a new fixed link between Denmark and Germany.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	c9401075db1b69a1398755b212031d59	And there is a growing recognition that the provider payment mechanism is a crucial area for future experimentation. Where to focus additional resources remains au area with a dearth of evidence at the macro level in many countries. There is little persuasive evidence on the macro benefits of primary care spending, and - with a few exceptions - the micro evidence is small scale and inconclusive, although there are indications of promising policy options for future experimentation.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	c94a27233e74cd8ff70c801c03039c93	This also contributes to self-selection of female workers in the low-paid public sector rather than the better paid part of the informal sector (Chapter 1). Federal Law stipulates that parents should not pay more than 20% of the cost of childcare (this is 10% for parents with at least three children, and care is free for handicapped children), and sets rules on compensation towards parental fees (20% for the first child, 50% for the second and 70% for the third). Many regions aim to provide free childcare to low-income families. However, the system is under some pressure as regions which are responsible for its financing are struggling to meet the cost, including for parental fee support.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/de83ab61-en	c94a5c1e95216c5e9c4720ad7c1dba3b	The global dimension is most obvious in the case of climate change, but problems of food insecurity and deforestation have significant cross-border effects as well, stemming, for example, from food price instability and greenhouse gas emissions. Through international trade and investment, incomes and consumption in one country are linked to the ecological footprints left in the country of production. Multilateral environmental agreements, trade and investment rules, financing facilities and intellectual property rights regimes would all need to be aligned so as to facilitate the green technological transformation.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	c94b02b1b221534bfa6407ed045875ac	Reduction of livestock numbers (especially cattle and pigs) has cut the use of manure in fertilisation. However, in some regions, agriculture run-off pollution is a concern, especially in western Slovakia, as there has been a rise in surpluses of nitrogen (but not phosphorus) as a result of a growing use of nitrogenous fertiliser since 1999 (OECD, 2008). The increase, which accelerated in 2008, will translate into increased pollution of surface water and groundwater in some intensively farmed areas.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js0cqvnzx9v-en	c94da090c146d346e28d7652693b3508	Holding at most lower secondary education implies 51% lower odds of being employed compared to individuals holding an upper secondary qualification. The migrant population is set to increase in the coming years, with a substantial share of immigrants being asylum seekers and refugees who are harder to integrate than work migrants. Foreign-born and foreign-speaker adults have lower literacy proficiency compared to native-born and native-speaker adults.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	c94e2c8ed340c39d2817738d87a471cb	These disasters may arise as a result of human intent, negligence or error, or faulty or failed technological applications. This subcomponent groups information on the occurrence and impact of such disasters on human lives, habitats, the environment, and on disaster preparedness for such types of disasters. Policymakers, analysts and civil society require statistics on technological disasters to understand who is ultimately responsible and what the immediate and potential impact may be, and to assess and mitigate future risks.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/85946e24-en	c950af4e1ac90e542cff5c4dc5e39b75	Those factors include mother’s age, urban/rural residence and key characteristics of the child, such as sex, birth order, length of previous birth interval. Therefore, health policies that focus on reducing inequalities, as proposed by the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), seem more likely to yield large returns on the investments being made by countries, averting more child and maternal deaths than policies focused on improving overall levels of health and mortality without attention to the role of inequalities. While it is important to invest globally in maternal, adolescent and child health (Every Woman Every Child, 2015), it is critical that these efforts target the most economically vulnerable children and their families.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	c953988a1aa6b734895a6b645f6c37aa	In 2014, Indian law enforcement agencies seized 32 kg of ketamine, a significant decrease from the 1,353 kg seized in 2013. Seizures indicate that ketamine trafficking may now be declining as a result of the authorities’ stringency that followed the recent amendments to the Act. Most countries in South Asia do not regularly carry out national drug surveys; information on abuse and prevalence therefore needs to come from other sources. Cannabis is the most common drug of abuse in the region.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	c959fc1548538708369afb7cd0e7c2da	They remark that the main impact of using the different samples is on the estimated impact of factors that vary with calendar time. Estimates are more imprecise with the smaller-sized samples. However, they are rarely applied by researchers fitting DREP models to SA histories. The only existing applications are Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu, and Zhang (2014) and Konigs (2013a), likely because most commonly-available software for fitting DREP models does not allow weights.	1	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	c95b698eab59fdb2c51823dbd0977ae0	The definition of the time period is discussed further in Annex 4.B.) In sum, the nature of the data available prevents more detailed examination of which type(s) of state dependence are the most important in the context of SA receipt dynamics. Bhuller, Brinch and Kdnigs find however that estimates of the level of state dependence can vary significantly with the level of time aggregation. Some researchers fitting DREP models to annual unemployment histories have taken a practical approach to try and identify Markovian state dependence separately from duration dependence.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/be112931-en	c962926aaebbe0c0b86ddd6ec4817e6f	As a result, a new legal framework and regulations for the management of protected areas could be developed. But there are several problems associated with the Red List and the Red Book. The de-listing and down-listing criteria and procedures are not defined, and there is no stated objective to de-list or down-list the species after inclusion in the Red List. No time frame is provided after which the list must be revised and updated.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	c962a4e74466dd97fef808c05a4039af	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. The author is grateful to Harry de Boer, Elise Miller and Akiyoshi Yonezawa for country case studies that helped to inform this work. Collaborations, alliances and mergers among higher education institutions may seek to enhance academic performance, to achieve economic efficiencies, or to better align the network and performance of institutions to public needs. Institutional collaboration occurs less frequently and successfully in the design and delivery of instruction than in other domains, owing largely to the traditionally autonomous and solitary role of faculty in this area.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	c964fad98a0fa50e3dbc20d8d5beb943	Although a definite correlation between relative decoupling and MVA or GDP could not be found for those African countries with the relevant data, the ranking of countries in Table 4.2 suggests that relatively strong economies in terms of GDP and MVA achieved the greatest decoupling between 1990 and 2013. The aggregate nature of the data, however, prevents one from concluding whether the figures reflect a deterioration in energy efficiency or a shift into more energy-intensive sectors. Those shares are only approximate, however, because water withdrawal by small and medium-sized industry often is conflated with domestic consumption (UNESCO, 2012, p. 59). This breakdown is consistent with the economic structure of the continent, given that much of the population still works in agriculture.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9e86470d-en	c96533bdfff4f41292932da3bd42fb65	In the case of infrastructure it requires coordinated, long-term planning that stretches across geographic, political and cultural boundaries. We know, however, that a hospital cannot function without a solid waste system, and a waste system, in turn, cannot function without the acquired and applied knowledge, institutions and underlying resources necessary to manage it. Yet when we talk about infrastructure, this understanding beyond the immediate is still too often overlooked.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	c96717493a7187cc076d404fa42013c0	Similarly, it is reasonable to expect that in some cases, even where a NUP is given a high level of priority in national policy development, resources are still lagging or uncoordinated. This includes national-level investment in linkages between major urban settlements. In the region, waste management has been a particular priority as has been the development of durable and affordable housing. Similarly, land management has been a target of resourcing. In some cases, national-level resourcing of urban infrastructure has been used as a wider economic stimulus. This is in addition to considerable levels of urban housing, infrastructure and transport development by sub-national governments, though not necessarily under the rubric of a NUP.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	c9695d7ba033c37c0ef1b1e6c99cdd54	Given that policy suggestions in the domain of taxation are made to be initially revenue-neutral, the recommendations listed in Table 2.5 are those affecting public outlays. That said, while being neutral in the short term, the most common recommendation in the area of taxation - shifting the composition away from direct (labour and capital) and towards indirect (consumption, property and environment) sources - may improve budget positions in the long run insofar as it raises both overall efficiency and employment. In contrast, recommendations to encourage labour force participation and improve job-search incentives and effectiveness may have significant implications, and these are covered in Table 2.5.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	c96a315a6d73a187e5be9317fe9ed0ef	To launch the programme in Egypt, the AUC created the Women’s Entrepreneurship and Leadership Programme, which serves as a regional hub for teaching and research regarding women’s leadership in the Arab region. Since 2008, AUC has graduated 235 women entrepreneurs from the Goldman Sachs programme. The underlying premise of the Initiative is that expanding the entrepreneurial talent and managerial pool in developing and emerging economies, especially among women, can reduce inequality and ensure inclusive economic growth.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	c96bc91e838d811bcf0874a8fc808476	This also covers 20 per cent of the global EEZs and 25 per cent of the world’s coral reefs (Burke et al. These figures contrast markedly with the small combined land mass of only half a million square kilometres. The nine Commonwealth Pacific small states (Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu)4 have the lion’s share of land resources (95%), coastline (72%), area accessible to inshore fisheries (70%) and coral reefs (60%) but only 40 per cent of the region’s EEZ.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	c96d2da3e26f0321f551b3f8b6d84e08	Compared to the Nordic countries, the Baltic countries show higher electricity prices in the long term. The main explanation for this is a lower penetration of renewable energy and the strong connection to Continental Europe (through the reinforced LitPol interconnector), which exhibit higher electricity prices. Renewable energy resources, especially wind power, and balancing options are better in the Nordic countries compared to the Baltic countries and Continental Europa. Therefore, options for electricity import from the Nordic countries to the Baltic countries appear favourable in comparison to imports from Continental Europe.	7	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	c96d36a4ba4223f8a703744954af0a00	Tonga and Tongans requested migration opportunities in New Caledonia, and elsewhere, in huge numbers (Connell 1983a: 39), while Samoans travelled more or less discretely, but illegally, to work as short-term guest workers in New Zealand (Macpherson 1981), with outcomes very similar to present-day schemes, for which they may have been something of a model. Either requests for international employment were denied or they lasted only a short term, but the demand in both Samoa and Tonga was indicative of both national and household support for migration. This would allow Pacific islanders to work temporarily overseas and return home after a period of less than a year. See section 4.5 in Chapter 4 for a full description of the New Zealand RSE scheme.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	c96fb1a37e1cb77269bb69364f697665	Finally, the chapter considers how stakeholders can (and have) come together to offer flexible working-time arrangements that help balance paid work with family commitments. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank tmder the terms of international law. There are many' underlying, often interrelated, reasons for doing so. They include fighting child poverty, supporting family well-being, encouraging self-sufficiency, promoting parental labour force participation, and generally promoting gender equality and inclusive growth. However, the focus on the underlying motivations varies by country and over time, which contributes to differences in support systems across the OECD. This chapter assesses recent developments in family policies in Germany, and estimates how they might affect gender equality and economic growth in Germany in the future.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229631-5-en	c970255d0a9430feab7967703da1f88b	It examines how competition for water resources is growing due to shifting demand, climate change, and changing societal preferences. The chapter also discusses how these pressures increase the value of well-designed allocation regimes that perform well across a range of conditions (averages as well as extremes) and can adapt to changing conditions at least cost. They trace their roots to previous decades or even centuries and have usually evolved in a piecemeal fashion.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	c9708376b78f0cf88395f99c6ecf5f1c	Every employer is required to apply the measures needed to effectively protect the life, safety and health of its workers, for which it must provide suitable premises, provide work equipment and adopt methods aimed at reducing and eliminating occupational hazards in the workplace. Specifies the just causes that allow the worker to terminate the employment relationship, with entitlement to compensation for unfair dismissal. The wage is unattachable up to the amount of the legal minimum wage. Also unattachable, among other things, is the full amount of the sums received by the worker in respect of retirement and pensions.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	c97231e301dd3273cdeb265fc7cba9e7	Thus, even though gender equity may have positive supply-side effects on the quality of the labour force over the long run, in the short run gender equity may generate shocks that could push economies off their long-run growth paths. Further analysis of the duration of these departures from the long-term trend is called for (Berik, Rodgers and Seguino, 2009). As this trend unfolds, feminization stimulates investment (since wages are low and these workers have limited bargaining power —a situation that generates pay gaps). As investment strengthens, it drives up the initially low equilibrium point.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	c973e399053985d41a522e66f8b945de	For further details, see box 1.1. Compared to 2006, poverty declined by 2.2 percentage points, while extreme poverty decreased by 0.7 points. These variations, following those achieved in earlier years, place the poverty and extreme poverty rates 9.9 and 6.8 percentage points below the 2002 figures, which is significant progress.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	c976294d27622ff747fe36b28fb95cb9	The main addition to the UNICEF approach is active labour market interventions, such as skills-building and job matching. However, ILO considers both social protection and social security as largely interchangeable concepts (ILO 2017:194-5). Social security is a human right and it aims to reduce and prevent poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion throughout the life cycle. Social protection floors constitute the most innovative contribution of the ILO approach. They are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees - in terms of both essential health care and basic income security for children, adults and older persons - that ensure, as a minimum, that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level (ILO 2012). The framework also outlines urban-specific vulnerabilities to be considered and identifies some key issues in urban areas such as targeting and transfer size.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	c976c5c15e49a167b01b143318d5034e	State policies can be discriminatory as well—such as denying citizenship or the right to vote or run for political office. National borders thus become legal instruments that can reinforce inequalities between the citizens of different countries. With in-country inequalities are wide, but the laws and practices in countries of birth can also determine life chances and opportunities.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en	c9770abe74451d1f4200a9feeb4c6ca2	Lex Borghans (Department of Economics and ROA, Maastricht University, Email: lex.borghans@maastrichtuniversity.nl). We thank Linor Kiknadze and Edward Sung for valuable research assistance. We received helpful comments from Richard Boyle, Zidi Chen, Maryclare Griffin, Robert Lerman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Dan Moran, Maria Rosales, and Indra Wechsberg. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	c978ee14c43636a7695b8f7a732a59a9	They can also potentially reflect individual characteristics if the data used are differentiated accordingly (e.g. by number of jobs available to people in a certain age range or income group). For instance, while transport planners tend to focus on the transport component of accessibility, urban planning practice has often placed more emphasis on metrics reflecting land use factors. Practice has shown that breaking this silo-type of thinking promotes a more holistic approach and could be achieved by using a combination of indicators and conducting coordinated analysis by relevant authorities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c97994bdfd18179716834f9e94abb84d	Under TRI, selected farmers were required by the regional government head to grow sugar for its 2-3 year rotation, and these “required duties” were rotated within the village. This policy of forced sugar plantings was controversial because on irrigated land it was normally (not always) the case that rice was more profitable (Barichello, 2010). There was a re-regulation of imports in late 1999, with import licenses given to the Java-based sugar millers. However, these were removed at the start of 2000 and replaced by tariffs of 20-25%.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	c979efb0de2ef9563681a17250d6b655	Strict building codes ensured that tall buildings withstood the earthquake, while forested green belts and concrete barriers provided some protection against the tsunami. Japan's longstanding investments in technology and public awareness were essential to averting an even bigger disaster. Early warning systems, evacuation routes, strict building codes and engagement with local communities all need to stem from institutional, legal and governance systems that prioritize disaster risk reduction and recovery. The conference will allow member states to review the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action and adopt a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	c97b9b3d8cf57d69f8207966838a8aa0	Although they are prescribed in legal instruments which stipulate penalties for non-compliance, in practice enforcement has been weak, with firms at times bargaining with local officials over their liabilities. A further problem has been that the levies have been too low to provide an incentive for firms to invest in mitigation efforts. During the 2000s, for example, only after a third increase did the SO2 levy exceed the average cost of pollution mitigation (Schreifels et al, 2012).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	c97be8ccf02005747f0873201deabad5	In the G20 Labor and Employment Ministers’ Meeting, recommendations to the G20 Leaders noted that measures needed to ensure that employment recovers quickly. Employment and poverty alleviation must be prioritised as they lay the foundation for strong, sustained and balanced growth that is beneficial to all. Early results have been very encouraging, and lessons have been learned that can improve future programme design to maximise the development gains and cost efficiency of these efforts and lead to sustainable long-term growth.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	c97c61b6bb6b9f2c222283ec76e56f98	For example, the United States nuclear regulatory authority permits load changes only under direct control of the staff. Automatic load following or frequency regulation in response to a control signal from the grid operator is therefore not possible in American nuclear power plants. In addition, for economical considerations, many utilities prefer to use nuclear power plants as pure baseload technologies, leaving load following, frequency control and other ancillary services to generating plants with higher marginal costs of operation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	c97f999a1d77e3a17d991aeb2abdcf49	At the same time, beginning teachers should be given every opportunity to work in a stable and well-supported school environment, and the probation decision should be taken by a panel which is well trained and resourced for assessing new teachers. First, initial teacher education can be made more selective as no teacher shortage exists. Potentially useful initiatives include: providing more information and counselling to prospective student teachers so that better informed enrolment decisions are made; procedures that try to assess whether the individuals wanting to become teachers have the necessary motivation, skills, knowledge and personal qualities; incentive schemes to recruit candidates with high-level competencies; and flexible programme structures that provide students with school experience early in the course, and opportunities to move into other courses if their motivation towards teaching changes.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	c981b1ebd7f446d14794f1f39c05c3c4	This would enable each city to plan and invest in its urban environment based on its long-term vision, and allow localities to have more control over private developers to ensure that projects contribute to a high-quality urban environment. There must be an explicit recognition of the importance of preservation on existing cultural heritage in Viet Nam. When streets become recognised as public spaces in cities, they can be both planned and designed in a way that increases the quality of life of urban residents and supports more environmentally sustainable and productive cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/857c81f8-en	c981f18686b7109ed0a58f32e4cc2d19	The introduction of market based economic instruments therefore represents a paradigmatic change of the social and productive base. In practice, the intention to include social sustainability in policy reforms is often sacrificed on the expense of economic and ecological objectives. This might partly be caused by a limited understanding of the social complexity in the Nordic fisheries sectors, or because the fundamental relation between the social organisation and the property system have been disregarded inthe policy reforms, subjected to the overarching economic imperative that has aggregate growth and efficiency as its aim. We find that alternatives to large-scale fisheries are still attractive to youngsters if the right policy design allow for the different business models to co-exists. Further, the large-scale fisheries that are promoted by deregulated quota markets risk promoting a form of wage-work that are only temporary attractive (for youngsters or migrant laborers).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	c982e38d86de3ef7302d9f0a50c7099c	In September 2000, the export tax rate was set at 5% in view of Malaysia’s decision to eliminate its CPO duty, and India’s decision, the major importer, to raise taxes on edible oil imports. It was further cut to 3% in March 2001 and to 1.5% in October 2005 as the international price of palm oil gradually decreased. As international palm oil prices began rising in 2007, producers were motivated to export more rather than to supply the domestic market causing the price of cooking oil on the domestic market to rise. Concerned with this, the government increased the export tax to 6.5% in July 2007.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	c9832331fc1005b2a514755a05870b0f	United States - Peru FTA and the implementing legislation in Peru (Decreto Legislativo 1072, Article 5). ( Full text available at: http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements.) For more details, see P. Roffe and D. Vivas-Eugui, “A Shift in Intellectual Property Policy in United States FTAs?”, Bridges Monthly Series, Vol. Article 15.10.1(b) of the FTA United States - DR/CAFTA. Article 15.10(1) and (2) of the United States - Morocco FTA.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	c983f473e9ee37d8d38693f0244d99ee	Gender gaps in the labour market are small and continue to narrow (Figure 32). Illustrative calculations show that increases in female employment account for 15% of total GDP per capita growth over the past 40-50 years (OECD, 2018(76]). The full-time work gap is defined as the difference between men and women in the shares working fiill-time (at least 30 hours per week).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	c98807811b82ec2d0997f9fd80fef6c7	Adaptation plans refer to more substantive planning documents which establish specific policies and measures to be taken. This division is reflected in the summary table below, which groups countries into four subcategories - those which have not published an adaptation strategy, those which have not published a strategy but have taken significant national action, those which have published a strategy but not a full adaptation plan, and those which have published both a strategy and a plan. The distinction between strategies and plans is somewhat subjective - countries’ adaptation planning documents vary widely in their coverage and concreteness.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en	c98adffffc1d953ff6e975d0b9493dae	European countries achieve an average of 4 percentage points of inequality reduction through direct taxes (Atta-Darkua and Barnard, 2010). Taken together, transfers and direct taxes reduce inequality by around 10%, which compares well by Latin American standards, but European countries manage to achieve a reduction of around one third through these instruments (Higgins and Pereira, 2013). Given that Brazil’s level of taxes is not far away from European levels, this comparison suggests that more could be done to raise the distributional effect of direct taxes in Brazil.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	c98d813703fb2b2491db6bb6a7593454	The twin concerns for inclusion and for a wider range of environmental issues might best be encompassed by agreeing on a set of principles and criteria. In a country where government still tends to lead in setting the overall development direction, the next national development plan, i.e. the successor to the GTP, should be treated as the principal vehicle for policy coherence and mainstreaming inclusive green growth. Hence CRGE aspirations and implications need to be taken up early in post-GTP planning. Furthermore, some policy constraints that block all of these will also need resolution: firstly, reforming land use planning policy so that spatial and sustainability matters can be considered together; and secondly, strengthening rights regimes for natural assets and carbon so they are equitable and support sustainable practice.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	c98e10fb39bb3089db1e84b32816b0a4	They are often focused on the adoption of a comprehensive, whole-of-government approach. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas. The initial phase included collection, analysis and dissemination of knowledge of, and experience with, gender mainstreaming. Training models for key groups within the government offices were developed and tested in 2008, and were intended to be incorporated into regular training courses given by the central government administration.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	c98fe8ab59ade9c2d34251557e74918a	Countries that could collectively benefit from high-cost capital-intensive energy projects could also pool their financial resources to spread their risks. While these areas have been highlighted in the revised IPESP and FAESP, there has been little apparent progress in implementation. Individually, a larger country like Fiji may be able to maintain a strong bargaining position, but smaller countries need the support of others.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	c9931354c4c66d56388bc1ca602f472e	Biotechnology in Viet Nam fcont.) As part of the process MARD has established a Feed and Food Safety Committee, consisting of 11 experts and scientists representing different Ministries including MONRE, MARD, MOH, MOIT, the Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, VASS, and Ho Chi Minh City’s Biotechnology Centre, to review and evaluate applications. On 11 August 2014 the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development signed the first four Certificates for Food and Feed Safety for four genetically modified maize traits; one of which is glyphosate tolerant and the remaining three are insect resistant.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	c994a13c1a0033c9166f474c87009139	The overwhelming emphasis of research is on employment gains, profit and learning opportunities for individual firms, as well as the benefits from foreign exchange earnings. Few conclusions can therefore be drawn about the potential benefits from GVCs for entrepreneurship, the sustainable expansion of industrial bases in LDCs or sustainable development, without considering the ownership of GVC beneficiary firms. The initial stages of upgrading, namely process and product upgrading, are typically the initial steps of structural transformation.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	c9971c53477186eaa61c3e19e93e9843	Figure 3.1 below show's federal, state and municipal natural protected areas. Its vision for development emphasises relatively affordable land, low labour costs and proximity to other central regions in Mexico. The state's precarious rural economy has also contributed to this vision - it has motivated a great number of farmers, mainly from the ejidos, to sell their agricultural land to real estate developers.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283299-en	c99736a5c9e58883a9401d078275ff52	Although Belgium performs relatively well in terms of level of resistance for most bacteria under surveillance by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC, 2017), the incidence rate of hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus infections is relatively high (Vrijens et al., Amenable mortality rates in Belgium are among the lowest in EU countries, owing in part to low and decreasing mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Relatively high and increasing survival rates for people admitted to hospital for a heart attack or stroke and for people diagnosed with different types of cancer indicate that the health care system is effective in treating people with life-threatening conditions.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	c99bf16056aee74313ba466a3497b165	Furthermore, national GHG emission projections show total emissions increasing by 4 to 8% by 2020 (excluding LULUCF) due to increased emissions from energy production, industrial activities and transport (APA, 2010). Energy transformation and transport were the major sources of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, followed by the industrial sector (Figure 5.2). Energy industries were also responsible for about half the emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) and 18% of those of nitrogen oxides (NCy on average during the same period. Transport remains the major source of NOx emissions (Table 3.1).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	c99d0c2f66733b243a924d6d818c7ad3	Government revenues in the United States and in the English-speaking EU have recovered only slowly, however, and remain far below pre-GR levels. This is in contrast to most Continental and Eastern EU countries, where 2011 revenue-to-GDP ratios were already higher than before the recession and, hence, helped to finance higher benefit expenditures. In the Southern EU, where GDP growth was very low or negative, government revenues recovered only very little. These patterns have implications for both redistribution policy and for fiscal consolidation strategies.	10	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	c99d52cf2e10e010f5795012ebdb1d35	This is a positive move to get away from the previous single stage career structure with no promotion opportunities within teaching. The new competency-based career structure presents a range of advantages. First, it accomplishes the important function of recognising experience and advanced teaching skills with a formal position and additional compensation.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2014-52-en	c99f7471a25141e2c60b935e95526292	However, the differential narrows if the analysis looks only at secondary school teachers. These data therefore do not include bonuses or other allowances to which not all teachers are entitled. Lastly, salaries are converted into US dollars (USD) on the basis of purchasing power parties (PPPs) which equalise the purchasing power of each country's currency.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	c9a284c92374794755e51a4c64bdd522	New water reservoirs are not developed, so it is even more important to protect the existing reservoirs from pollution. Thirty per cent of the population is supplied from surface water sources. Among these, the most important is the Dniester River, which supplies about 83 per cent of the total amount of water abstracted. The volume of water abstracted from surface water sources was about 721 million m3 in 2011. The Dniester and Prut Rivers mark the borders of the country with Ukraine and Romania. Surface water has to be transported to the centre of the country.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	c9a35a8212d8ff048c9db37c49975b1c	It is expected to fulfil the manpower demands of the economy, provide equality of educational opportunity for all and promote national unity in the plural society of Malaysia. Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries: the Ministry of Education for matters up to the secondary level, and the Ministry of Higher Education for tertiary education. The main legislation governing education is the Education Act of 1996.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283404-en	c9a478f01da03fe11c06b83d758a6d81	However, it is still higher than some EU countries and there is a striking disparity in the rate for men and women (Figure 9). In this respect, it is noteworthy that there are no population-based or systematic cancer screening programmes in Greece, so preventive screening uptake is low, making timely treatment problematic. In addition, the current primary care system is not geared towards health promoting or prevention activities, with great variations in doctors' training and awareness of early detection methods. On the positive side, a new set of diagnostic tests, many used for screening, have recently been added to the list of reimbursable examinations.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	c9a49a165e9901116c0fcd6d03fde956	More “acceptable” shifts might also be achieved by making smaller, more regular transfers (conducive to small household purchases managed by women), rather than larger or lump sum transfers (Wasilkowska 2011). It should be noted, however, that the Kenya GiveDirectly study tested lump sum versus periodic transfers and found that the difference did not significantly affect the magnitude or impacts on IPV (Haushofer & Shapiro 2016). Understanding the importance of transfer size and other design features on intra-household dynamics is important, as economic security and poverty impacts are likely to be larger with increasing size of the transfer relative to pre-program household consumption, thus suggesting a potential program design trade-off. While empirical evidence is scarce and mixed in terms of the impact of recipient sex on economic and human capital outcomes of transfers, there is even less evidence for how different targeting schemes affect IPV outcomes (Yoong et al 2012).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	c9a6a2fd5bb691a1f4324d3e38bd2987	Wind resources have potential, although not on a large scale, with biogas and biofuel also having limited capability. However, there is potential for tidal resource although cyclones pose a serious problem. In 2015, renewable energy accounted for approximately 9 per cent of total electricity generation, and this is expected to increase to 13 per cent in 2016 on the completion of already confirmed and funded investments.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	c9a8e2814b3bc3bd717da8858ff7b495	This rise in educational attainment has contributed to the large increase (11 percentage points) over the past 15 years in the female employment rate to 70% in Germany: the highest proportion of women in the paid workforce outside of the Nordic countries and other OECD countries where women are frequently in part-time employment such as the Netherlands. This increase in labour force participation was associated with a decline in time spent on unpaid home and care work, but in Germany as elsewhere in the OECD, women still bear the brunt of unpaid work and fathers spend a lot less time with children than mothers. German parents are more likely than their fellow Europeans to report work/life conflict and, despite recent increases, the total fertility rate (TFR) in 2014 was 1.47, below the 2013 OECD average of 1.67 (Chapter 2). However, since the mid-2000s social policy reform has increased opportunities for parents to find a better work/family balance.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	c9aba446f8c6d64d3f13a34f1a8aad77	Furthermore, the new World Bank line is not based on the United States rate of inflation; had it been taken into account, the original $1.08 would have become $1.45 for 2005, with obvious implications for the corresponding estimates of numbers of persons in poverty, and hence for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals poverty target by 2015. In addition, the new round follows an inconsistent procedure with regard to correcting for rural/urban price differences, applying it only to the cases of India and China and there, too, essentially using urban prices, thereby introducing what Himanshu calls an urban bias. In either case, the present world poverty estimates are flawed and an odd aspect of this is that the selective urban-rural adjustment now made reduces measured world poverty, whereas in an earlier paper Chen and Ravallion (2007) had reported that world poverty at 1993 PPP $1.08 increases by about 2 percentage points when such a rural-urban distinction is made. In 1997, UNDP topped this absurdity by suggesting that the US criterion of $14.4 per day might be applied to the OECD countries.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	c9ac7ce6bf281d7680d86e08c981fc88	The same trend was reported in Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, Korea and New Zealand for the same period, but 20 other OECD countries achieved a reduction in air pollution-related deaths (OECD, 2014). Information provided by the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District (SEDEMA). It included restricting the circulation of private cars on certain days, depending on registration plate.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	c9af9e674056237883cbae59b94d5acf	Credit could also be directed to large-scale businesses that can demonstrate their ability to promote significant increases in employment relative totheirtotal spending. At a time when economists were seeking to explain the rapid growth of East Asian economies, Amsden (2001) identified the importance of central bank mechanisms that promote medium- and long-term investment in late industrializing countries, supported by central bank policy tools to achieve this goal. Credit allocation policies were extensively adopted, and included selective credit targeted to strategic sectors and support for specialized credit institutions to meet diverse credit needs.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	c9b5722decbe70157c8a115d92015224	While some regions may receive more surface water flow, future problems are likely to include water scarcity, increased demand for water, and water quality deterioration. Climate change may also alter the magnitude, timing, and distribution of storms that produce flood events. Arid and semi-arid regions, which cover nearly half of South Africa, are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation, and desertification, which is already a problem in South Africa, could intensify.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289329408-6-en	c9b5cf4cecc6e278b0657f8449ce4fa7	The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities thus seems to be gradually releasing its grip in the climate regime. Most scientific evaluations state that if we intend to keep the temperature rise below two degrees above pre-industrial levels, global emissions should be at their highest in 2015 decreasing steadily thereafter with the legal treaty entering into force as late as 2020. In the most recent 2007 Inter-Governmental Panel assessment on Climate Change, both Polar Regions were deemed to be experiencing the ongoing impacts of climate change (as they were in the 2001 IPPC Assessment). The impacts on the Arctic are, however, much more pronounced.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	c9b8f3d70c9ad2142305deec7e9f063e	The lighter-coloured bars show where the results were not statistically significant. The wage penalty for care woikers in developed countries can also be seen in certain countries in the region for workers in a range of different circumstances. Education workers also suffer a monthly wage penalty that tends to disappear for hourly wages. By contrast, health sector woikers have a wage premium or advantage in most countries.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	c9b91fba8f678f7f6b64085fe41245bc	It should also be determined whether progress made would have been made without the negotiated target and, hence, whether public money could have been spent on more effective and ambitious programmes. The cost-effectiveness of such voluntary agreements needs to be thoroughly assessed and compared with other possible policy instruments to make sure that the instruments used are those that allow to achieve environmental objectives (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets) at the lowest cost. All governmental institutions are required by law to develop green procurement policies, define annual targets for the purchase of selected eco-products, and annually report to MOE.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	c9ba891fc2360ed296043c2ccee4bf09	"Moreover, there is a poor record of civil society participation and partnership in the implementation of plans and strategies that exist to support cultural and heritage preservation. For cities, culture appears as an economic asset, a social good and a productive and dynamic process that undergoes continuous change.*"" Many cities around the world contain a historical core with various forms of cultural and natural heritage that have resisted forces of urbanization and modernization."	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	c9bb434c858ee1b70831d62c64911407	Donor support through increased official development assistance (ODA) is just one option to support a longer-term and more systematic approach to financing social protection and food security. Other options include considering reallocation, improving efficiency, and potential engagement with non-state actors (Hagen-Zanker & McCord, 2010). The most compelling evidence regards the role that social protection plays in supporting people’s access to food, in particular resulting in the consumption of more and/or higher-quality food.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	c9bc2b18be9ee55ebf313088f5e712eb	Although cultivable land is only 18% of total land area, against 34% for Viet Nam or 37% for Thailand, given the low population density, the size of arable land in per capita terms is large and comparable to that of Thailand and Lao PDR (Figure 9.7). From 1995-96 to 2011-12, the net sown area increased from 8.9 to 11.9 million ha (net of double cropping), owing partly to land reclamation by the government in Ayeyarwady and Tanintharyi regions and to the allocation of fallow land to private investors for commercial farming. Consequently, cultivable waste land, including wetlands, coastal land, and dry land, decreased to 5.3 million ha (Figure 9.8), which allows for further agricultural land expansion.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	c9bc7f04421b9f19e0901d3ce28de5df	Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - a state-governed organization in charge of most of the protected areas in Finland - has demonstrated how the economic impact of protected areas and cultural sites can be calculated. The methodology has been incorporated into the visitor monitoring system of Metsahallitus (Box5). Assessing and monitoring the management effectiveness from a nature conservation point of view is an integrated part pf the organisations's management system. However, various stakeholders including the government, but especially local and regional decision-makers frequently ask for arguments that would justify nature protection and investments from an economic and regional development perspective.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	c9bdf14b33da6d453df92b658a9c6b4d	The OECD (2008) reports that changes in household structure and the age distribution of the population have tended to increase income inequality in most countries but by a small amount: only in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom did demographic change contribute to over 20% of the change in inequality. Data refer to all households, irrespectively of the age of the household head. Poverty thresholds are set at 50% of the median income of the entire population.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264259119-10-en	c9bf26a4eb8d75891e75c56ef6c518ae	Because the teachers produced this material on behalf of their employers and used their schools’ own resources, all intellectual property rights to the material belonged to the regional educational authority. The material they produced was combined with content purchased from publishers and media companies. All materials were scrutinised by university experts before publication and then issued in digital format using Creative Commons licenses. This project is still ongoing.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	c9c0e72e52da3a984017d3ad826eb7e2	For example, caps on sales established on the basis of past consumption could be reviewed, the participation of dealers could be allowed and regulated third-party access to private infrastructure introduced. The requirement not to sell water to users considered to be of lower priority in the law could be reconsidered. On the other hand, owing to the environmental effects that trades may have on parties that are external to the trading partners, trades will need to remain subject to control by the RBAs.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264209503-4-en	c9c126fafa809c5a61c292816c449b3e	However, it can also inadvertently increase vulnerability, for example by concentrating assets in high-risk areas. Integrating climate into these choices can enhance resilience, thereby supporting development in a changing climate. As well as climate-proofing existing development objectives, this may require changes in the objectives themselves. Climate-resilient development thus implies a continuous and integrated process of addressing risks from current climate and preparing for future changes (Sperling et al., Thus, adaptation is understood as a process, while climate resilience describes the outcome of adaptation and other, often unrelated, socio-economic trends and policy choices.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	c9c3242328b0b6f6e7943cb659d2908a	Developing countries argue that developed countries have fallen short of their promises on providing climate finance and want assurances of predicable financial flows from developed countries (ENB 2018). Thus the Paris Agreement has not overcome the general lack of trust between developed and developing countries that has marked the climate negotiations since the start. It is perhaps here that the US decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement has its biggest effects, since the dwindling climate finance contributions of the US will be difficult to compensate for by other countries. In Katowice, countries such as Germany and Norway announced increases in climate finance, and it was decided that discussions on a long-term finance goal would be discussed at the climate change conference in 2020.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	c9c4c26aa497e17979b07c577c9b3600	There are means of rapidly increasing vocational skills to meet specific shortages using short-term programmes of two to four years in length. But it takes many years to strengthen institutional capacity with a cadre of experienced and effective professionals and technicians that can plan and enable progress towards SDG 6. The answer lies in long-term commitment and support for knowledge and capacity development. They enable progress to be monitored and service providers, governments and development partners to be held accountable.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	c9c5d58dcba79eb93459fdac2b82284c	As a result, such contributions affect household wealth but not household income. Private pension schemes and voluntary contributions to occupational pension schemes are usually more concentrated among higher income households, not least reflecting fiscal optimisation practices. Including such contributions among current transfers paid by households tends thus to reduce measured inequality. The reduction in the Gini coefficient has been estimated of around 1 percentage point for Denmark (Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, 2015a).11 The implication is that the Danish definition reduces measured disposable income inequality compared to the OECD definition.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	c9c70b8618ae164159bd5ca84fc9fc56	The breakdown for OECD and non-OECD countries is shown in Table 10. The cost curve does however include a measure for replacing coal by biomass in several processes in the chemical industry, which is likely to capture much of what is needed for the current solution. The cost may in fact be a good deal less since more of the biomass used in the pulp and paper industry will be waste, but we use the McKinsey cost here as a conservative estimate. This includes a blend of new build and retrofit costs.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	c9c950cb49a4e72d4c7c079bad24d1ce	A meaningful interpretation of the relationship of EP to economic DF will require additional information. Also, the relationship between economic DF and EP, more often than not, is complex. Most DF have multiple environmental effects, and most EP are generated by multiple DF, which, in turn, are affected by societal responses. Changes in decoupling may thus be decomposed in a number of intermediate steps.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	c9cbb4f4ed7300c1b729f5516da04617	Thereafter, we briefly discuss some of the possibilities and limits of international human rights in achieving concrete changes to women’s lives and look at some of the strategic considerations that inform a politics around women’s rights. Thus, equality in marriage is referred to specifically in the ICCPR (article 23) and CEDAW (article 16). Women’s representation in political structures is also a regular concern of the HRC and the CEDAW Committee. There is overlap between the CESCR and the CEDAW Committee on some of the major social and economic rights,such as health and education.120 Women's rights in relation to housing, social security, food and water are also increasingly gaining the attention of the committees and special mandate holders.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	c9d2fa99c67ba6d3a1b1bb20bb1982b8	According to the Plan, all public programmes for Information Society development include the effective consideration of the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in their design and implementation. The Government promotes the full incorporation of women in the Information Society through the development of specific programmes, especially in terms of access and training, taking into account initiatives from groups w ith a high risk of exclusion and from rural areas. Promoting knowledge about gender equality in the Information Society. The Programme for Gender Equality in the Information Society is a Plan Avanza initiative which provides NGOs with funding to carry out projects aimed at teaching women ICT skills and increasing their employment opportunities. The assessment interviews revealed that, among those four targeted areas, closing the gender divide has been the least successful, although more that 60% of the interviewees consider that Plan Avanza had positive impact on the gender divide (among them, nearly 16% define the impact as considerable and nearly 47% as limited).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	c9d62b5b003ffcd872d3f912329f9336	Salaries influence decisions to enrol in teacher education, become a teacher after graduation (as graduates’ career choices are associated with relative earnings in teaching and non-teaching occupations and their likely growth over time), return to the teaching workforce after a career interruption, and/or remain a teacher (in general, the higher the salaries, the fewer people choose to leave the profession). Other benefits, such as regional allowances for teaching in remote areas, family allow'ances, reduced rates on public transport, and tax allowances on the purchase of instructional materials, may also form part of teachers’ total remuneration. There are large differences in taxation and social benefit systems in OECD countries, which should be borne in mind w hen comparing statutory salaries across countries.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	c9d638bde691103b7d638437a27a5d3e	Participatory methods can be quick and efficient, producing data in a timely fashion for evidence-based analysis and action in ways that support empowerment. For local people, participating in monitoring and evaluation (Box 1.9) can itself be empowering when providing space for them to establish their own analytical framework, determine what changes are valued and be in a position to challenge “development from above”. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods facilitated local analysis of changes in power relations, generating more than 8 000 key statements from groups within the movement.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/9f24d500-en	c9d92236519c6c33897c059865f6594b	Where questions diverge considerably from the definition, countries should be encouraged to align questionnaires. Cost sharing between governments and households can be efficient and equitable if there are no credit constraints. But even if returns on a university degree make private expenditure worthwhile, poorer students must still be able to afford it.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	c9d9b7a9a08b2d5e9af2bc536e859154	The area enclosure aims at stabilizing the soil, natural regeneration of the vegetation and reducing erosion which damages the farmland at the bottom of the hill. It also has economic benefit by serving as a source of livestock feed through “cut and carry” systems and honey production. The hillsides closure is providing business opportunities for the landless youth through tree and honey production. The weather lore section on wikipedia catalogues numerous other examples and provides references to scientific studies that have, in general, demonstrated that long-term weather patterns are consistent with the guidance provided by this traditional knowledge.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	c9d9dc0dc12eca5722875b7704431ca9	The EDF measures what the service frequency would be if the service were available without having to walk. This allows a comparison of routes according to service frequency: routes with the highest service frequency score are assigned a weight of 1, while all others have a weight of 0.5 (TfL, 2015). A separate accessibility indicator (Al) is initially calculated using this methodology for various modes, including bus, rail, underground and tram.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	c9ddda620c5b2876ec9bdf047bab8745	Well-targeted programmes should be protected and expanded, either in coverage or by increasing transfers (Mitra et al. Measures so far taken in Central Asia have focused on topping-up existing benefits (pensions, cash transfers) and public work programmes. However, cuts in public expenditures and reduction of donor support threaten social protection spending especially in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264275898-8-en	c9e37f759f393447b8044d579e32183e	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As labour market participation rates are generally high already, and unemployment is low (see Chapter 1), policies will have to focus on further building up the skills of the labour force. To ensure that future generations of workers are equipped with the knowledge and skills they require to succeed, all young people - including those from less privileged backgrounds - must receive the support they need to complete a quality education. In the 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Japanese 15-year-olds outperformed their peers in all other OECD countries in mathematics and science and were sixth-placed in reading (Figure 4.1).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/84fc8700-en	c9e4e19c21363212784347714a9c80ec	Planning a family contributes to planning many other aspects of one’s life: schooling, work, family formation, and other aspects. By reducing maternal mortality and increasing life expectancy, such programmes raise the return to schooling and thus increase the returns to investment in education, particularly for girls. Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labour force participation and political participation.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	c9e4fbd152da88e9b0fde60e5a0471e2	By contrast, the territories with the best results are usually the national capitals or largest metropolitan areas. Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. For a description of the methodology, see ECLAC (2017b| annex 1. The population in the high-development bracket amounts to 158 million, representing 32% of the total population of the eight countries and generating 47% of their GDRThe differences between the strata are also very marked in terms of the social indicators of life expectancy, infant mortality, illiteracy and access to drinking water (see figure V.2).	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	c9e7dd962f587bbc87d484819de86c6c	Those price changes exceeded by an order of magnitude the price changes that models such as Aglink suggested would flow from OECD country reforms. There was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers, the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative. Distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects (OECD, 2001; OECD, 2003), and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way-even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	c9e8f9e51b6c72161b9027911a59ba1e	Between 2010 and 2015 there was no variation in the share of women employees in central government in OECD countries, which xemained stable at about 52-53% (OECD, 2011; OECD 2017a). The share of women in professional positions in the civil service of 26 countries grew a little to 54.7% in 2015 from the 2010 level of 54.1% in 19 countries (OECD, 2011; OECD 2017a). However, women remain under-represented in the middle and senior tiers of management.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/899c7c48-en	c9e94a8f8353458bb98080db9be3af51	Measuring Material Deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the whole population and child-specific indicators, Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Social Policies for a Recovery, IZA Policy Paper, 32. The Recession's Ongoing Impact on Children, 2012. Indicators of children's economic well-being, Washington, DC, The Urban Institute.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d2bfc1d-en	c9e9b8f2160a12e98dea132a5cba31a3	This figure accounts for 22 per cent of inbound mobile students worldwide. The inbound mobility rates8 were 1.6,1.3 and 0.1 percent in the UNESCO subregions of Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and South and West Asia respectively in 2013. Some countries have a relatively large share of graduates at ISCED level 5, such as China (48 per cent), the Lao People's Democratic Republic (55 per cent) and Viet Nam (48 per cent). In other economies, students are more likely to attain a tertiary degree at ISCED levels 6 and 7, such as Macao, China (91 percent), Mongolia (97 percent) and the Philippines (87 per cent). Less than 2 per cent in the region are graduates at ISCED level 8.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591172-3-en	c9ecfae8c6a99ccd8ceaafc456abb4d5	Development requires an institutional architecture for integrated development planning that allows SIDS to manage their respective economic, infrastructural and environmental assets and spaces within a culture of co-operation, collaboration and partnership at local, national, regional and international levels. The chapter is set out in four sections. After the introduction the second section briefly explores the roots and branches of the partnership concept.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	c9f0008f9d4cb42d075715a8f6a62f1e	Some researchers have incorrectly described virtual water as analogous to, or consistent with the economic theory of comparative advantage. The virtual water concept is applied most often when discussing or comparing water-short and water-abundant countries. By focusing on the water resource endowment alone, virtual water represents an application of absolute advantage, rather than comparative advantage. For this reason, policy prescriptions that arise from virtual water discussions will not maximise the net benefits of engaging in international trade.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	c9f1ca78666dbf8016310b500b5fcd33	More broadly, Vienna consistently ranks among the top three cities in the world on quality-of-life indices. And Austria possesses globally recognised cultural attractions and esteemed educational institutions in music and the arts. Government funding of business R&D in Austria is significantly above the OECD average, as a share of GDP, and is notably higher than in almost all comparator countries.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55e1e2ba-en	c9f29ac31c0bf4ca06807dfd79ba5af2	Gender Equity Research Grants of up to $10,000 support research investigating or addressing gender equity, with preference given to projects that advance Waterloo’s IMPACT 10x10x10 commitments or projects of demonstrated relevance to the University of Waterloo. Our focus on outreach to local communities and within our campus community is engaging key stakeholders of all genders in being equity champions. We are creating opportunities for education, advocacy and activism for all on our campus while moving the needle on gender equity.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	c9f335828eee56697e9a8dd546faf5aa	Even where national laws have been harmonised with international and regional standards, implementation and enforcement remain critical challenges. It is also important to work with traditional/customary justice mechanisms to ensure that they uphold women's rights. Procedural barriers can include fees required to lodge complaints, practice of discriminatory customary laws, and physical inaccessibility.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	c9f53827bb32b94e7a746d22f52c9f3f	Several DAC members are scaling up its support towards research and innovation. However, while part of these funding are aimed to strengthen the research capacity of developing countries, a large share is directed towards research projects at universities and research institutions in donor countries. In the United Kingdom, several universities have developed manuals for researchers of how they can apply for ODA-eligible funding.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	c9fb20911e4ee2128a271e65bc725f88	The results in Figure 1.10 are restricted to countries having replied to both the 2010 and 2011 OECD questionnaires. This qualitative evidence, together with that reported in the 2009 and 2010 editions of the Employment Outlook, does suggest a break with the historical pattern in which spending on active measures was essentially acyclic (OECD, 2009a). Other components of the social safety-net can also provide income support for certain groups of the unemployed during an economic downturn.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	c9fc53587b1407423a7e3e0e4640d93c	The seven crops represent 65% of the value of total crop production, and the six livestock products 90% of total livestock production. The corresponding data on domestic, external reference prices, and transportation, processing and handling margins have been collected and price gaps calculated for all 13 products. For the purpose of calculating the price gaps, five products - wheat, rice, maize, barley, and cotton - are treated as exportable products over the whole period. Five commodities - sunflower, potatoes, milk, poultry meat and eggs - are considered as the importable ones.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	ca03af70fcc7f27ae2f1b50886730c0e	Tracking Low Incomes Using General Means”, International Economic Review, Vol. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Distribution of Labour Income”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	ca0d403a24145c1dfa99973742162396	A comprehensive IWRM plan for the Araks/Aras Basin is under preparation, according to the Islamic Republic of Iran. A wastewater treatment plant is required from new industrial facilities, and the existing small-medium industrial facilities are required to complete their wastewater treatment plants. Any direct discharges into groundwater bodies are not allowed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	ca0d6827e514c36150127f985137e036	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@occd.org.___________________________ The focus is on enquiry-based science teaching, teacher-directed instruction, adaptive teaching and teacher feedback. The outcomes of interest include students’ science performance, and students’ dispositions and attitudes towards science. This approach could help close the gender gap between girls and boys when it comes to attitudes towards science and to the decision to pursue a career in STEM-related fields. The results also show that teacher-directed instruction is a reliable strategy that is positively associated with students’ science outcomes regardless of school climate and resources. Adaptive teaching is positively correlated with science performance in the majority of countries, particularly in countries known for the use of personalised learning approaches, while teacher feedback is weakly but positively associated with science performance once students’ achievement in mathematics and reading is accounted for.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	ca14b1a9a954ffbb4da681993d2fbe8f	Possible to conduct robust decompositions by income sources. Can be turned into a normative measure by imposing a coefficient to weigh individuals in different part of the distribution differently. Allows the analysis of inequality among population subgroups. Replication invariance (or population principle): a replication of the population (i.e. adding to the population under consideration n times the same individuals) does not change the inequality index.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	ca15a2702559bb64163f1ba8caa25652	This may imply that widespread engagement with science does not come from high academic proficiency alone; nor can positive attitudes compensate for low proficiency. If educators focus on one to the exclusion of the other, then the influence of each is, most likely, undermined. Rather, these results indicate that positive attitudes and strong knowledge and competence reinforce each other in sustaining lifelong engagement with science. All citizens, not just future scientists and engineers, need to be willing and able to confront science-related dilemmas.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	ca1913decac6fd468281b7ac60283976	Finally, this paper stresses the importance of these findings for the economy at large, and supports the use of carefully designed chronic disease prevention strategies targeting people at higher risk of adverse labour market outcomes, which may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more productive workforce. An assessment of the labour market outcomes of chronic diseases should rely primarily on analyses of longitudinal datasets based on statistical approaches that permit to gauge the causal impact of chronic diseases and their risk factors. The findings presented in this paper also support the claim that policies for the prevention of chronic diseases and their risk factors have important social outcomes, in addition to health benefits, which should be accounted for in evaluations of the impacts of such policies.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	ca197bd488efa1ab826ef7770729d3b8	The needs of those with more severe mental health problems are monitored through a national register of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Specialised care for people misusing alcohol and substances is available through the national Institute for Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. There is also a national mental health committee, with representation from citizens and service-users, to monitor the accessibility and quality of mental health care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	ca1a20be857c92ee46716b192458f46b	Similarly, OECD (2010) shows that the wage premium to voluntary job changes is smaller where dismissal legislation is more stringent. Postel-Vinay and Saint-Martin (2005) and Clark and Postel-Vinay (2009), using cross-country microdata from the European Community Household Panel and the International Social Survey Programme, find that employed workers are less satisfied with their job security in countries with stricter EPL. By contrast Caroli and Godard (2013), using individual data from 22 countries drawn from the European Working Conditions Survey, estimate that in countries with more constraining dismissal rules workers perceive they have a smaller probability of being displaced, particularly in industries with greater layoff propensity.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	ca1eab3877c10ab48455b4a3918f61a6	A second tracking stage occurs at age 13/14 (6-year gymnasium). Around 13% of students in the relevant age group are enrolled in these tracks (Strakova et al., Students are selected into the different pathways by admission examinations and aptitude tests, and those with the strongest academic performance usually opt for general tracks such as gymnasium and lyceum.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	ca2066e741e520c4ea04fbc471bea66c	Reduced tax rates for electricity and heat produced from RES, support to biofuels (tax exemptions and quotas), and financial incentives for heating installations and renovation of buildings have also contributed to RES development. In 2009, the Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector increases the compulsory share of RES in final energy consumption for heating and air conditioning in new buildings (from 6% in 2009 to 14% by 2020). Finally, to limit competition coming from nuclear power and to internalize decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants, a nuclear fuel tax was introduced in 2010.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	ca29b9e2daedb37714a05e728c7456ca	Soil erosion releases fine particles of soil and nutrients into rivers and lakes after precipitation and floods. The accumulation of soil in rivers and lakes reduces the capacity of water basins to store water. In the Khomyn Tal area in the western part of the Mongolian sands, a large sandy desert land with brown soils was brought into cultivation, though it is not suitable for cropping.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	ca2be916a81a085ecd0df7a62de7a916	The plan includes Marine Mammal Sanctuaries in which rules regulating non-fishing activities (tourism and mining) apply. The Ministry of Fisheries monitors the effectiveness of these measures through data collection and will review the Threat Management Plan in 2013 if necessary. Fishers are, like all other members of society, entitled to standard social security provisions. All fish exports (about 90% of New Zealand’s commercial catch) are regulated by the Animal Products Act. Moreover, because fish sold in the New Zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises, most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the Animal Products Act. However, exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the Food Act 1981, by either complying with the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974 or implementing a registered Food Safety Programme (FSP).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ca2da5d4f84a8ac273b63773528c818c	Help identify areas of research for regional development. Create mechanisms to systematically monitor and evaluate the activities in this area, to share good practice within their institution and benchmark this experience with other organisations and localities. Known popularly also as “Pearl of the Orient”, Penang is an international tourist destination famous for its many historic and scenic attractions and its diverse cultures. Growth and development based on foreign direct investments and E&E manufacturing has made Penang one of Malaysia’s most successful states.	4	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	ca35901ac3ed9c5bd6900b0a6d5ebe44	In a society where forests will also be harvested for various human needs, the challenge is how protected areas and the various forest management measures shall be allocated in space and time to achieve an optimal balance between the policy goals of biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, and economically and socially viable forestry. Table 6.1 illustrates how various forest management measures may affect biodiversity conservation as well as maintenance of forest carbon stocks. From a global perspective, Huston & Marland [2003] argue that forest harvesting [for fossil fuel substitution and other purposes] should be allocated to the most productive forest areas, whereas more marginal forest areas should be conserved for maintaining carbon stocks as well as biodiversity.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	ca39888a9418f0775449c1b0d6b98b46	A Decree of 27 January 2012 sets out the procedure for obtaining the ecolabel. In particular, it provides for the creation of a stakeholders’ committee, composed of professionals representing the entire fishing sector (upstream to downstream) as well as representatives of government, civil society (including NGOs), consumers and independent experts, notably scientists. The Decree also establishes the framework for inspection by accredited certification bodies.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	ca3e97008b3fc617e009277b1840475e	Both the government and opposition are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 2000 levels by 2020, and, in the case of the government, by up to 15-20% if there is a global agreement. The Australian Government has established a target of an 80% reduction by 2050. To date, the Australian economy has escaped the worst impacts of the Global Financial Crisis and the Great Recession, but uncertainties remain. Key trade exposed sectors such as manufacturing, tertiary education, and tourism have been negatively impacted by strong terms of trade associated with a resources boom that is predominantly benefiting the resource rich northern and western states and territories.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7d902f55-en	ca3ea1264000a4f304fc78c27208451b	Secondly, they suggest that developing countries depend on international scientific assistance, which has its own frequently changing investment agenda. There are also large disparities in key socio-economic indicators that can influence R&D potential such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which varies from US$ 592 000 million for South Africa to less than US$ 1 000 million for Comoros. According to the World Bank (The World Bank, undated) R&D expenditure (per cent of GDP) is defined as the current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.	14	9	0	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	ca3eab6c23840ed02aa1a9785b0fe225	"The Agency has five local divisions (for Sughd Oblast, Kliatlon Oblast, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Dushanbe zone and Hisor zone) and 53 district offices (rayvodkhozy). The agreements established between local divisions and district offices of the Agency and local users (farmers, WUAs, etc.) Since the end of 2014, die Agency has been a specialized state body for regulation of and state support to WUAs. In 2012, the State Institution ""Tajikobdehot"", responsible for rural water supply and sewerage, was transferred from the then Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources to KMK."	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/893fb414-en	ca3eb732690b037a94edb6758d8fb991	Meeting that commitment will require rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean power. Energy consumption is currently highest in developed countries, but the biggest consumers include large emerging economies, prominently China and India. Rapid increases in energy use are projected in other developing countries if poverty reduction strategies are successful; many of these countries are pursuing more sustainable energy supplies and end-uses (Leach 2015, Pearl-Martinez 2014, OECD 2007).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	ca3efaa482715db19c3d0e6ded1d8386	First, the time pedestrians are given to cross the street has been calculated not with their real needs in mind (especially for the elderly) but considering the needs of moving cars. Second, at many intersections, turning on red has been allowed (i.e. cars can turn into an intersecting street and go over a crosswalk when it is green for pedestrians). Both decisions can make crosswalks more dangerous for pedestrians, especially those who walk more slowly or have vision problems. Green time for pedestrians remained the same, but it was enough for the smaller distance.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-6-en	ca3f0541e74582b0322691ccc6a61bf9	The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the Slovak Republic such as the re-structuring of the school network in light of demographic developments, better integrating students with special needs, improving the educational opportunities of the Roma community and expanding the provision of pre-primary education. It also reviews capacity and co-operation at the local level for education provision, synergies across education subsystems, co-ordination for educational regional planning, and the use of EU structural funds in education. The chapter further highlights the importance of implementation aspects of education policy and the need to assess the impact of policy interventions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	ca3f9f64b4dd953ae204ce97e8141c8e	This may be related to low payment rates and/ or the Zakat system covering only a part of the poor population. In Azerbaijan, targeted social assistance was introduced in 2006 which the number of families receiving assistance tripling over the 2007-14 period to almost 145 000, but with the slump in oil prices and oil revenue the number of families receiving support fell to just below 100 000. In China, the number of social assistance recipients in 2015 amount to about 67 million (18 million in urban areas and 49 million in rural areas), and payment schedules seem to affect financial incentives to work for recipients, as in so many OECD countries (OECD, 2017, forthcoming).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	ca3ff18468109188b1c3737625289fe1	Given seasonal and inter-annual variability of demand and supply, and the wish to maintain an environmental flow level, high ratios imply a high risk that water supply will be inadequate. Agriculture was the largest user of water, accounting for about 70% of total global freshwater demand (OECD, 2008c). The largest global water demand after irrigated agriculture in 2000 was for electricity generation, primarily for cooling of thermal (steam cycle-based) power generation. This is despite increases in abstractions for public water supply and, to a lesser extent, irrigation.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	ca41a9ae11905966b4297ca5f86541c3	The premise of the campaign is to pull evidence-based medicine out of scientific journals and into the public domain. The overarching objective is to reduce unnecessary care and harm, while at the same time reducing costs to the health care system. Encouraging continuous medical education (CME) and continuous professional development (CPD) and changing scope of practice (for nurses, for example) are two ways to maximise the contribution of health professionals in delivering high-quality care.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	ca425ee98f0bd228fe41bce2b6f7f0c9	In a context where smart applications are plentiful and originate in a variety of sectors (energy, water, transport, health and safety, media, etc.), This creates business opportunities for telecommunication operators, IT companies, or metering companies: in developing cloud services for smart metering, they all are potential competitors in this market. Alternatively, smart systems can come with their own management interface, which may be controlled by a different company. There is ample evidence of energy and telecommunication companies moving up the value chain, not just delivering connectivity and energy, but also actively managing devices in the home or in businesses.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ca426f8df5ca2d5cfe53dec2cc5f9f9e	These include the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and disaster risk reduction, notably the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. A number of other goals also relate to climate change adaptation to various degrees, including, but not limited to, Goals 2 (food security), 3 (health), 6 (water and sanitation), 7 (energy), 9 (infrastructure), 11 (cities), 14 (oceans), 15 (biodiversity, forests and desertification). Global monitoring is a vital complement to ensure global co-ordination and support strategies to manage global public goods.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	ca468c37e6f3f0a4e0e598a19e8b399f	Understanding and addressing the potential distributional impacts of biodiversity policies and reforms are important to ensure their political acceptability and success (OECD, 2008). A study of Eastern Cape in South Africa, for example, showed that a change from livestock forming to eco-tourism resulted in the doubling of the number of jobs per hectare and a fourfold increase in income per hectare (OECD, 2013c). Finally, information on existing biodiversity finance, including needs and gaps, is also required to help plan and implement effective mainstreaming policies (discussed in Section 2.6). While a number of these have been undertaken, they vary greatly in terms of their objectives, scope and type.28 An example of a high-quality National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) is that of South Africa (DEA and SANBI, 2011) which is at the forefront of international practice in terms of methodology, quality of data and level of analysis (OECD, 2013c). It presents the state of biodiversity across terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine environments.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	ca4919dd7db352a9c1f4bce8b05a6165	However, this offer is very uneven depending on the environment in which children live. Responsibilities in this area are shared between the federal and provincial governments, with other players also involved in the field. For instance, recreation and social services are in the jurisdiction of provinces, but the federal government provides guidelines, recommendations, funding allocations, and programs that relate to leisure. The federal government also establishes formal mechanisms for cooperation between the federal and provincial jurisdiction in matters relating to sport, fitness, and recreation.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	ca4bdfd976b99a24b155471befc072e8	Through increasing market size, suitable infrastructure may also promote competition and the adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies. Given such positive externalities, there is often an argument for government provision. Nevertheless, it is also important that framework conditions are designed in a way that encourages private sector infrastructure investment. Without a sufficient network of roads and ports, improvements in farm productivity could result in lower local prices for a commodity at the same time as there is inadequate supply in other provinces.	2	3	7	0.4
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	ca4c0e58c6193b83adc5d1e6ba71e7dc	Ex post evaluation of the competitiveness impacts of environmental measures is one tool to assess potential detrimental effects of carbon pricing on firm output or employment, but it is currently underutilised (Arlinghaus, 2015). Pricing instruments in the combined water, waste and transport areas feature in 45 reviews, making them the second most common focus area for green growth (Figure 2.1). Ensuring the environmental sustainability of water ecosystems, reducing flood and drought impacts, and maximising access to water supply and sanitation requires sustainable financing.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	ca4c128b33077e4d5f47f66395ef3170	Alternatively, broadcast content may be simulcast in both a DTTB and an IP network (such as LTE) to allow reception in areas where either the broadcast or IP signal cannot be received adequately. To date, however, such concepts are still under development. Such packets should be ignored by existing TV receivers.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ca4c20e470df1a38c60ae596ff1e35ae	The issues of assessing and reporting on needs, as well as of reporting on technology and capacity building support received, are complex topics requiring separate discussions. For lack of space, this paper limits itself to discussion of financial resources received. A certain degree of co-ordination is therefore needed between different institutions in order to monitor financial inflows from different sources that are directed to or via different end-users.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d902f55-en	ca4cf6aec958fe6115fd13f2cd868072	"They need their governments to demonstrate more ambition on their behalf. African governments must now scale up the appropriate infrastructure and ensure that financial systems are accessible for all"" (APP 2014). This State of the Coast Report has argued throughout that access to, and the use of defensible scientific data, information and knowledge is integral to management options, decisions, and policies, that the region requires to attain sustainability, as defined in the Scenario chapter (no. Research funding in the region is scarce and should be optimised to achieve the most effective and longest-term outcomes possible."	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272392-6-en	ca4f6473be8d32cd55be01058af723c8	It first presents the policy landscape, describing the range of interventions related to self-sufficiency targets, trade policies, public stockholding programmes and various interventions in domestic markets. Second, it provides a review of findings from existing research on the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies. Third and finally, a brief review of regional interventions for food security is presented.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	ca515140aa1caabd508d50acb097d79c	For this they will need economic resources, decent employment and access to social services, including health and education. And over their lifetime they need economic security. Most of this they should be able to provide themselves directly, but they should also be able to take advantage of more formal systems of social protection. This can take the form of old age and disability pensions, unemployment pay, maternity and child benefits, and universal access to essential health care.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/441bff2d-en	ca530dedc802d3b4c7b67a15d234f8b3	The number of individuals included in the survey was 18,857 in 2001 and 14,568 in 2006. The questionnaire consists of six modules providing information on demography, employment, income, education, health and housing. The multi-year dimension of the dataset enables production of a panel analysis evaluating the evolution of the main socio-economic conditions of beneficiary households compared to non-participants. Beneficiary households have a lower income per capita and are more likely to come from rural areas, where poverty is widespread.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	ca5354239685a06ecd25c783fac3ae38	One reason why researchers have not fitted higher-order Markov models more frequently may be that researchers may not be aware that it is possible to fit such models using readily-available software. Second, higher-order models require long runs of panel data and these data may not always be available. One might argue that first-order DREP models are sufficient to capture the key distinction between heterogeneity and state dependence as determinants of SA receipt histories - note e.g. the relative unimportance of second- and third-order lags cited earlier - but the veracity of this case has not been rigorously scrutinised. An additional complication arises from the fact that approaches for dealing with the initial conditions problem need to be adjusted when higher-order lags are added to the DREP model.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	ca5382a6c5de09e933de4debd36afb78	The internal water footprint of a nation is the volume of water used from domestic water resources to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The external water footprint of a country is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country.” The sum of the internal and external water footprints is the country’s water footprint.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	ca53de2cc277cd6656e7314da3c1c37b	The surface pedestrian crossing model includes requirements and standards in terms of visibility, drainage, lighting, pavement, road signs, traffic timing and other factors. For instance, for traffic crossings, there is a requirement that the green crossing signal be open for sufficient time to allow the whole track to be crossed at a speed of 0.4 m/s. To facilitate the crossing of the visually impaired, the model requires traffic lights to be equipped with mechanisms that emit sounds and vibrate.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-6-en	ca54cfc19da6c2a57118fb7bd83fd54c	Whilst the speciality of general practice or family medicine has yet to take root in Japan, efforts are underway to establish a more holistic and co-ordinated system of community-based health care. Out-patient care is provided by both hospitals and community clinics. With regard to the latter, there are just under 100 000 community clinics in Japan.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	ca640bc05fd3922e25ff48d605304c01	In the future it might become possible to make such an analysis by using data to be made available through the History of Labour Relations project at the International Institute for Social History. In the case of the Scandinavian countries we complemented the Murdock data with information on the year in which legislation was enacted to mandate equal inheritance. The exception is Namibia, where universal male suffrage was granted in 1926, while it was extended to women only in 1989, following independence. Exploring the Gender Pay Gap Across the Wage Distribution”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. Mother’s Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	ca66a5b200b41fc4bb43bcea3c84ef61	The loans covered approximately 65% of the average costs of a septic tank and enabled the household to spread these costs over two years. The loans acted as a catalyst for household investment although households needed to find other sources of finance to cover total investment costs, such as borrowing from friends and family. The SRF was managed by the Women’s Union, a countrywide organisation representing the rights and interests of women that has a long experience with running micro-finance schemes.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-5-en	ca66bb7f3194d40cb82e53064ae3372d	Finding more efficient ways to do business and to derive value from fish resources is an on-going exercise. Sound internal feedback mechanisms and sharing of experiences and best practices between countries is a good way to find pathways to improvement. Developing countries in particular can benefit from international cooperation. Called the Government Financial Transfers (GFT) database, this information serves the core mission of the OECD to provide intemationally-comparable data to support evidence-based policy analysis.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	ca66e0e5250a9cec2e1817e887c42a96	These include Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM), a national energy research centre established in 1998 as a not-for-profit company under the Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia (MECM). In 2002, the government created the Energy Commission (EC) to replace the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply as the primary regulator of electricity and gas supply. Besides its enforcement activities, the commission is responsible also for other aspects of the energy sector including heat, renewable energy and energy efficiency.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	ca67b3e366e876ade8a96decdc205480	This allows Georgia to export an additional 700 MW of electricity to Turkey. The backbone of the transmission network is a 500 kV line connecting Georgia to the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, and running through Tbilisi and northwest Georgia where the largest power plants (Enguri and Vardnili HPPs) are located. Its share in total energy consumption is about 20 per cent. Firewood is mainly consumed in rural areas for cooking and heating purposes. For these purposes, the average rural household consumes 5-15 m3 of firewood annually.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	ca680b46b8ee03ff5c119d9b0ea01e77	This new contract is applied only to new employment contracts, grandfathering existing rights. The temporary contracts will be transformed into open-ended ones by 2016, unless collective agreements set flexibility criteria for the use of temporary contracts. In this arrangement, unfairly dismissed workers will receive monetary compensation which is increasing with the tenure.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	ca68d5a5d59934a9b06e6d5279d3db06	But such a policy may not be sufficient to contain rare but severe international shocks. The worst case scenario is one where domestic and international shocks reinforce each other, for example when the domestic harvest fails and the government needs to purchase large amounts of imports, and there is a price spike on the world market. The priority under these circumstances is to ensure that poor countries are provided with the instruments to address this rare but potentially disastrous scenario.	2	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	ca6a54fb0899d8e6384dfba65b9e55c3	Gender-sensitive indicators can enhance accountability and aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. Finally, they can enable better planning and actions by providing information for adjusting programmes and activities to increase their impact and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations. Women’s empowerment, therefore, cannot be measured by a single indicator and requires both quantitative and qualitative indicators (see Box 4.14) that can draw data from censuses, labour-force surveys, etc.,	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	ca6c6a1f9c4d14d8d8d1a98df822a64a	The extent to which different classification systems such as ISIC and ISCO are used across countries to define the hazardous industry and occupation groups will also affect international comparability. The SNA boundary scope of the numerator will be very important for international comparisons. Differences between countries regarding the measurement of employment and regarding working time concepts used and their definitions may affect comparability.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	ca6e79e796231e3a96fe4ce52aed45c3	First, an indirect effect going through the transmission of education across generations. Second, a residual or direct effect linked to everything else not related to education like the transmission of genetics, social norms, contacts and so forth. However, there are considerable regional differences (Figure 3, Panel B). While the correlation with the direct effect is poor, the indirect effect due to transmission of education across generations is highly correlated with inequality (74%).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	ca6ed770e68bec640cd6d9427ce0d8c9	For instance, in the late 2000s it launched a new national insurance system providing free health coverage to households below' the poverty line, up to an annual limit. The scheme is still being phased in and expanded to those above the poverty line. States have also started various programmes the aim at extending health care coverage.	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	ca6f888d4739b4fee24a5dfae1cc27c5	In December 2005, the Ministry of Fisheries launched a website containing information on the status of New Zealand’s fish stocks (www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/SOF/default.htm). The Ministry is working with tangata whenua and stakeholders to develop 26 management plans covering all of New Zealand’s 618 different fisheries management units or “fish stocks”. Fisheries plans will describe how to get the best value from fisheries within environmental limits, or standards, set by the government. So far the Minister has approved the Deemed Value and QMS introduction standards.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	ca7349c36b4bfc694a0c6df72006a3d6	They are therefore difficult to deal with in any one way. Strengthening of developing country institutions related to fisheries management institutions is critical to taking up those options effectively. If resources are in excess of domestic needs, foreign fishing companies can be brought in through licensing, FDI or as harvesting services.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ca7428c2582a7754449aa5dd312630f3	At a project level, prevailing wind speed/insolation will determine how much wind/solar electricity is produced by a specific renewable energy system; composition of household waste will influence the maximum levels of landfill gas production, which will affect how much can be captured/flared. Performance between interventions could differ due to existing policy frameworks and enabling environments or national circumstances such as geographic remoteness and limited intervention sizes (e.g. in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)) that can inhibit achieving economies of scale. For instance, certain interventions intended to prove the viability of specific technologies in given circumstances or penetrate new markets might lead to lower short-term climate benefits for the same financial input directed towards established technologies, but could still be effective over longer time horizons beyond the lifetime of the project itself.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239814-9-en	ca75b96533fabca8011f25dcac3c3c0b	For example, the emergence of new players in global R&D affects countries with a strong R&D base in a different manner than it affects countries with more limited R&D capabilities. This section explores some of the key issues in setting a national agenda for innovation and how initial conditions - in terms of economic performance and structural features - affect this agenda. Innovation is considered important for growth and competitiveness, but also in helping address social and global challenges.	9	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	ca7602f723a6a8c1973c9a59d813d8c4	Energy efficiency resulting in reduced energy demand can assist with all of these. In the 2011 IEA publication Saving Electricity in a Hurry the benefits of emergency energy efficiency measures to energy security are measured by the absolute electricity demand reduction. That study indicated energy savings ranging from 0.5% (France) to 40% (Juneau, Alaska). These savings helped countries avoid blackouts and other costly results of power shortfalls.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	ca764ea8a23a6b2ea51bdbd8254d1053	Strategic suggestions were made by leading experts, the details of which are presented in Chapter 14 Conclusion: Way Forward. A detailed analysis of each country's results is illustrated in Part II. They have an important role to play in sustainable agriculture due to their agility and adaptability to low-input systems, climate resilience and high nutritional values. Several of these FSF are fruits, cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, and vegetables.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	ca77927eb9974ede7b85901f4305299f	The OECD average of combined outright and mortgaged owner-occupants is 65% of households. Chile, Mexico and Eastern European OECD countries have the highest rates of homeownership. In most countries, homeowners are disproportionately middle- and high-income households, whereas renters tend to have lower incomes. Middle class households are not immune to high housing costs. Indeed, nearly nine percent of mortgaged middle-class homeowners are overburdened by housing costs, on average, across the OECD. Overcrowding rates are generally higher among poor households and renters.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8f4c5230-en	ca79b71d1e0f3c9fe8b8747017d9dd0a	Spaces for public debate and democratic decision-making must be created to define national priorities, identify what is working well and where the gaps are, agree on pathways for transformative change and determine the roles and responsibilities of different actors. Women's rights organizations were extremely effective in building coalitions and alliances across different interest groups to put gender equality at the centre ofthe new agenda.9 Such participatory processes and strategic alliances are also needed to ensure effective and gender-responsive implementation, follow-up and review. Both chapters provide powerful evidence for the interlinkages between these gender equality targets and other parts of the 2030 Agenda, underlining the need to break down policy silos and move towards integrated strategies for implementation.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	ca7b1a6eebcaa243fa05dcf2364f2ce3	Often, as in the Top Runner Programme, these performance targets are accompanied by a “name-and-shame” mechanism: the names of under-performing companies are disclosed to the public. This mechanism puts the brand image of companies at risk, representing an incentive for eco-innovation in Japan that is probably more effective than the stringency of environmental regulations. According to an OECD survey conducted in 2003, fewer than 5% of facilities in Japan felt that environmental policies were very stringent, and more than 65%t found them to be not particularly stringent (Johnstone et.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279322-5-en	ca7cd49c4cdbde83dcdc8da35fde24fb	At the same time, the percentage of women-owned and managed enterprises also increased (OECD, 2014a: 60). In Tunisia, the share of men and women driven by necessity increased from roughly 22% in 2009 to 35% in 2012 (GEM country' report 2012). They are more likely than men to cite work/life balance as their motivation for becoming an entrepreneur rather than growth or profits.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	ca7fc791a1acc54974a9cc917cc21790	For example, freshwater lakes have been predicted to increase in productivity across trophic levels as a consequence of the effect of warming on metabolism and production (Regier and Meisner, 1990). However, the warming effect is often associated with other physical changes which can have countervailing effects, such as thermal stratification resulting from lighter winds. These may result in anoxic conditions or less intense upwelling and/or seasonal mixing, which may cause fish mortality or reduced primary productivity.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	ca8123443fd3ccffc82ada88cb550236	This effort will entail addressing both short- and medium-term challenges in the economy to boost productivity growth and continuously developing long-term strategies and mechanisms to build new competitive advantages at global scale. Both are fundamental for maintaining the high level of well-being and living standards of the Finnish population in the future which are threatened by persistent economic weaknesses. This will involve w'ide societal consultation and the development of new forms of governance to tackle major transitions through which societies w'ill have to go in the coming years. It has enjoyed strong economic progress over the past decades, w'hich is reflected in high living standards and well-being.	9	2	2	0.0
10.18356/599a2d0d-en	ca83510d5e9dec632f0dad0d8d3df8de	Health interventions are unlikely to succeed if they are not embedded in broader efforts to respect the rights of their citizens and serve their basic needs. In the case of access to a skilled professional at birth, for example, reaching the projected value for MDG 5 has been estimated at $8 billion for the region, though if the off-track countries are to close their gaps they would need a further $13 billion. Similarly, closing the gap for safe water supplies would cost an additional $2 billion and for safe sanitation an additional $8 billion.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	ca84e6a192678310220821358fd38d38	If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water in regions where water is abundant (i.e. the opportunity cost will be low), the investment is likely to materialise and could be located anywhere, including in water scarce regions, generating a cost that is not covered by the charge. If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water-scarce regions, water availability will be protected but water abundant regions will lose the opportunity of a new activity. This measure would be an incentive for local authorities to disclose information on water use and water expenditures. It would also be an incentive to revise water entitlements so that over time they reflect actual use, thereby generating more flexibility to reallocate available water, possibly to new comers, in basins where water was over-allocated but not over-used.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	ca8515e40afb8c27f2c946c98b5ad5b4	These agencies handle only the landing, inspection and sorting of fish which are then sold on to wholesalers or processors. The records of these agencies are used for matching vessels’ cumulative catches against their quotas. A significant number of landings are also inspected by the ministry. The agencies are present in all Norwegian ports and some in other countries as well.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/95417570-en	ca89203bd5cb9562d5cddedd225fbb65	In other words, early upfront investments would have to be made to enable potential buy-downs along the learning curves. This means that large upfront investments would have to be made in currently developing countries. Indeed, again assuming that they will have the lowest costs and highest mitigation potentials, and largest opportunities for new markets, investments in the energy sector in developing countries should dominate in the coming decades.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	ca8b280199e082038d09986937b3ab76	There is a need to place more focus on discrimination, health and well-being of Sami children and adolescents, to understand how colonization and Sami identity interact to influence health care access and utilization by Sami peoples. Considering the history of assimilation, stigmatization, and discrimination, it seems reasonable to assume that a Sami heritage contested throughout a lifespan might have a significance impact on health and well-being in old age.1 Postcolonial theory provides a framework for understanding how indigenous peoples' health is closely related to historical, social, political, and economic factors and forces. There seems to be a wide consensus regarding the significance of cultural competence in interactions between health care providers and indigenous patients.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	ca8b8f0867e56c1359fa4634d062abbd	This reduces the likelihood of taking advantage of these services due to higher costs and longer travel times. Difficult terrains, distance from export markets and growth centres, and other geographical and socio-political reasons may underlie a particular region’s remote location. The disruption of roads, markets, food crops, and other institutions resulting from conflicts can have an immediate and long-term impact on poverty and hunger. Thus, peace, economic growth, and the creation of an equitable society are important cornerstones of an effective poverty and hunger reduction strategy. In most countries, the location of a household is important in determining its likelihood of experiencing poverty and hunger.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	ca8d5634808e5b5bd2b8437e8211307c	In other words, even if the coverage of benefits is good - as it appears to be the case for instance for single parents (see Figure 18) - this leaves the question about their adequacy unanswered. For the measured income of a young person, her living arrangements are moreover arguably as important as the labour market situation. For young people, labour market entry is often associated with the move out of the parents’ home, financial independence from the parents and possibly with family formation. This is especially true in times of meagre entry-level wages and a high incidence of part-time work among the young employed. Finally, intra-family transfers from parents or close relatives may be an important source of revenue especially for youth in education and for NEETs.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	ca90bee4916955fbdd6e6a85c9a08c8a	"It therefore promotes dialogue with the goal of reaching a harmonious coexistence. However, if this approach is taken without the full participation of indigenous peoples, there is a risk of merely advancing integration without more equitable decision-making or clearer power relations. Harmonious living approaches, for example, may encourage ethnographic studies that are conducted only with the objective of learning about other cultures so that the dominant group can feel that those who are different are indeed ""normal"" and, based on this, can create health programmes for them. First, states continue to assert monoculturalism as a way of promoting national unity. Second, health care sector reform is leading to increased privatization, making it more difficult to hold health providers accountable even to international human rights standards, much less to any of the collective rights of indigenous peoples. In addition, as traditional medicine is explored by non-indigenous actors, there is an increased risk of piracy of the intellectual property of indigenous peoples, as well as a risk that indigenous practices will be popularized and performed in ways that do not adhere to the histories, values and visions of indigenous peoples."	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283527-en	ca916cd0679ea9a08cd3aeb26c472aa0	This represents a very large improvement for boys, 26% of whom had reported repeated drunkenness in 2001-02. Based on 2014 self-reported data (which tend to underestimate the true prevalence of obesity), about one in six (16.1%) adults in Portugal is now obese, which is nearly one percentage point above the EU average. Consistent with the pattern in other EU countries, the obesity level among those with the lowest level of education is more than twice as high as the level among the highest educated. Rates of physical inactivity for both adults and 15-year-olds are among the highest in EU countries.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	ca9b15752b0bb381d94310b64bb06b4b	With China's rapid economic development, the income of Chinese residents has risen steadily. In 2008, the gross national income per capita per atlas method amounted to USD 2 770 (global country ranking 130 out of 210 countries) and accordingly purchasing power parity amounted to USD 6 020 (global country ranking 122 out of 210 countries) (World Bank, 2009d). A total of 40.07 million people in rural areas lived below the poverty level,23 defined as CNY1 19624 (approximately USD 75) per capita per annum (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2009).	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	ca9f6d2369992a74d82496626336f2e9	The targeting process considered two different steps: first geographical targeting according to the incidence of child labour; second household targeting via a proxy means test. Thanks to this detailed methodology, the programme achieved a good targeting performance, given that approximately 66 per cent of benefits reached households in the poorest quintile (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). The amount of the monthly cash transferred was different according to the recipients' area of origin, ranging from R$25 in rural areas to R$40 in urban areas for each child registered.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	caa23762c9e27bde2e38251b9e68d812	Moving forward, policy directions are expected to diverge. Most of the ASEAN-5 economies are gearing for fiscal consolidation, while the other Emerging Asian countries are looking to take an expansionary path. Trade tensions underpin the weakening economic performance. However, domestic private consumption is holding up well.	11	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	caa28aa9da5d7f9560faef7aa67f9abc	So while this study does provide an overview of how gender inequality has changed since the early 20th century, it does have limitations (Table 12.2). The geographic coverage is also a challenge, since historical data on gender equality is scarce for countries outside of Western Europe and a handful of other large countries. Furthermore, only an overview can be given for institutions related to gender equality in terms of inheritance and voting rights. It is, therefore, not possible to capture many other aspects that matter for gender equality, such as violence against women or freedom of movement, as the OECD (Branisa et al.,	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1d5eda46-en	caa29c6a4a81f45ceba3030fe8a14265	The IPCC AR5 (Smith et at., Forests hold large carbon stores within their living biomass (above and below ground), in dead organic matter (litter/dead wood) and in soil. Enhanced mitigation action could involve enhancing carbon stocks in new or existing forests, changes to forest management, and increased reforestation and afforestation. This is followed by a review of the range of available forest-related mitigation options.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	caa44e92110e395863352c6e68e8aa87	Depending on the results of this risk assessment process, they may decide that it is necessary to implement explicit risk management strategies. Each successive level builds on the results of the preceding one. The key question for them is what their risks are now and how these will evolve over time.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	caa4bfe15d6623a46dde834346f3ee50	But when sociologist Donald Flemandez applied a '50% of median income’ poverty line to contemporary census data he found that the percentage of the population living below this level was 32%.' Again, the idea that poverty should be defined in relative terms was not intended, and Orshansky drew the line at a fixed number of dollars. But Census Bureau data for 1963 show that the ’Orshansky line’ of $3000 for a family or $1500 for an individual corresponded to approximately 50% of median US income at the time.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	caa5c53e2469405aaa10371a4e235aa7	In addition, the CBJ granted 25 loans, each averaging approximately JOD 60 000 (EUR 62 000) to co-owned (man/woman) businesses. In Tunisia, the BTS has provided, since its creation, 43 070 small loans of about EUR 3 500 each. In Bahrain, Khaleeji Commercial Bank granted loans valued around BHD 800 000 (EUR 1.5 million) to 11 SME projects.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264113800-en	caa6c4d0841b70e6e176f60ca384a11a	A recent EU Lifelong Learning Survey, which was carried out as an ad hoc module to the EU Labour Force Survey, places German workers in the lower middle range of EU countries in participation in formal and informal continuing learning activities. As in most countries, it is the more qualified workers who are the most active participants, raising a concern about depreciation of skills in a rapidly changing labour market. Also, those who do know that they have basic skill problems may be reluctant to admit it (Basic Skills Agency, 1997).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	caa9bfc95f12b60bd294003d7bb9f95b	The Government of Bangladesh is aware that maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative for Bangladesh to achieve its Education for All (EFA) goals and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). When implemented, the central government will be responsible for policies, financing, quality standards, and monitoring and evaluation, while administering schools and related services will be the responsibility of sub-national organisations. It was established in 1991 with 15 members, and by 2011 it comprised more than 400 organisations (Campaign for Public Education, 2012). The system caters to approximately 60,000 students annually - 28,000 at the primary level, 22,000 at the secondary level and more than 11,000 at the tertiary level. There are 23 government secondary schools in Barbados, most of which are co-educational.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/46a5795c-en	caad5e2346491661b4855252d4ec04cf	Only a combination of both types of indicators will provide a comprehensive picture regarding employment security. Since the respondent's own perception should be captured, establishment surveys or administrative data are not suitable to collect the information required for the indicator. In Europe, the European Working Conditions Survey 2010 (EWCS) provides data on self-perceived job security. The EWCS provides harmonised data for 34 European Countries.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	caaea4d0314b7d171860c451dd1aed28	Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 5% level. Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 10% level. The causes of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are best investigated through the use of longitudinal studies of victims. These studies track people over time to document their experiences of such violence and how these experiences relate to other factors at various stages of their life. Unfortunately, few such studies exist, as the measurement of social and cultural conditions that could be thought of as risk factors (i.e. the status of women, gender norms) pose serious challenges, especially across countries and different cultures. Poverty and the associated stress are key contributors to intimate partner violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9fd0fg78bs-en	caaefc75943913a19d5b6484a388e41e	First, approaches and tools will have to evolve. The revision of the draft SDRIF, now underway, could offer an opportunity to move in this direction, taking as its example the strategic document for Greater London, a much more concise regional planning document based on economic, ecological and social objectives that the various local authorities must respect and achieve. Next comes the question of the proper scale of governance.	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	cab5dc12f51c7ce0455846635f109731	Collaboration on innovation, with any type of partner, is important in manufacturing as well as in services, notwithstanding some differences among countries. Industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals and information and communication technology (ICT) typically have higher levels of cooperation. In all countries except the United Kingdom, manufacturing firms co-operate more on innovation than service firms (OECD, 2009a, p. 57). In the majority of countries, collaboration with foreign partners is at least as important as domestic co-operation (Figure 2.8).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	cab77f55df7912ab46830fd54c5b8b36	Given the size, complexity and diversity of Sydney, one way to proceed would be to delineate sub-regions within Sydney where local governments, business and communities could work to address problems. Given the importance of skills, an alternative is to consider the catchment areas of the metropolitan institutes. Figure 8 shows the geographic spread of the four metropolitan TAFE institutes. The Sydney Institute is at the core of what has been termed global Sydney.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264115668-6-en	cab7c1cd669de95085ae20e38506ad20	Innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-related regulations and standards are principle instruments. Tax policies aimed at raising investment demand are also relevant. With the exception of experiences in the United Kingdom, Finland and the European Union, demand-side innovation policies typically target specific sectors.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	cabdd091577cba8bac1df7d1134d15b4	"They have made the goal of developing social and emotional skills explicit by including it in their curricula and by introducing concrete actions to achieve it. Skills for Social Progress, describes some of these actions (OECD, 2015a). To address this issue, the curriculum was revised in 2009 to include direct and indirect methods for developing creativity and innovation and the academic content of the curriculum was reduced by 20%. The curriculum now includes ""creative experiential learning activities"" - essentially, extracurricular activities that allow for the learning of the core subjects."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	cabf451fafd913d85fdbb9087757019a	For example, the TEMAS (technical management measures) software simulates the short- and long-run dynamic effects of fleet behaviour within the MSE framework to operationalise multi-species and multi-fleet bioeconomic modelling (Ulrich et al. A comprehensive example of how the approach can be applied empirically is that by Dichmont et al. ( The addition of a bioeconomic model is beneficial to this process since MSE is often used as a tool to assess the consequences of alternative management choices and or fishery objectives, which is precisely the strength of bioeconomic modelling when used as a simulation tool. While bioeconomic models include an objective function, they do not have to be optimized and used as a prescriptive tool.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	cac1c426e9531a43d164dd5aff3b7082	The change for vocational school students minus the change for general, or mixed vocational-general, school students could be attributed mainly to the introduction of lower secondary schools. The point is: without the reform, 15-year-old students in vocational schools would not have had the opportunity to study in general programmes; however, students in other tracks had this opportunity despite the reform. Students from general tracks can serve as a control group, and the difference in a simulated score change for them and for the former vocational school students could be attributed to postponing vocational education by one year. This method compares outcome change in the group of interest (treatment group) with similar change in the control group.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	cac2101210ca55574010fbe8a79c1c43	The Global Energy Assessment (forthcoming) has estimated that the required share of zero carbon energy in 2030 would need to be about 22 per cent, in order for the target of staying below a 2° C increase from pre-industrial levels to be achieved with a probability of at least 50 per cent. Only the most ambitious technology-optimistic scenarios achieve such a high share, as illustrated by a literature review of renewable energy scenarios (Hamrin, Hummel and Canapa, 2007). The most technology-optimistic of the IEA scenarios (IEA ETP tech plus) barely reaches this level; the others include the EU World Energy Technology Outlook-2050 (WETO-H2) scenario with C02 constraint, and the Greenpeace “revolution” scenario. Assumptions in these scenarios are heroic indeed, requiring unprecedented technological progress, international cooperation and transfers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	cac31c6e9b35662b57687a9cccbabf2b	A national rural development programme that, among other areas, supported the development of local rural infrastructure expired in 2010 and was modest in scale. Local infrastructure issues are now included in the framework of territorial development programmes. It is important to ensure that the new territorial policy maintains concerted action on rural areas and the momentum created by the previous rural development programme is not lost. To allow for improvements in these areas, the regulations have been modified to comply with international standards.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	cac428ec0810bdf92cddafd51d248630	These rewards also benefitted 28 455 education assistants with an average annual extra amount of USD 267. Of the total schools rewarded in 2010-11, 52.7% are within the municipal sector, 46.0% in the private-subsidised sector, and 1.3 are schools with delegated administration. Also, of all the schools evaluated in the 2010-11 SNED, 57% had been rewarded at least once in the eight applications of the SNED since 1996-97. In the municipality of Concepcion, for example, there is a technical team at the municipality level that maintains contact with teachers and visits schools to observe classrooms. The municipality also conducts trial SIMCE tests to obtain information about learning outcomes across schools and classrooms.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	cac5d1f76fe3862f1833ff3b69c291c7	Of those countries, all report some requirements for gender budgeting at the central level of government (Figure 4.12). Several countries report establishing these requirements in regions (Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority); Egypt and the Palestinian Authority also report to have done so on a more local level. In the Palestinian Authority, these requirements are implemented at different levels and are expanding slowly to all sectors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	cac6120570d27c4dd40242eb136ea572	For example, child or in-work benefits59 are provided outside the confines of social assistance and thereby generally not subject to assets-testing in a number of countries. Similarly, as seen previously in this chapter, some countries have specific, often temporary, programmes delivered outside social assistance for those unemployed who are not eligible for unemployment benefits (i.e. unemployment assistance). Typically, these unemployment assistance programmes are subject to less stringent means-testing than social assistance benefits and can be complemented by more stringent SA-type programmes, depending on the specific needs of the individual or family. For instance, in 2009, Japan introduced a new scheme to provide assistance to unemployed workers who are enrolled in training programmes, but do not receive unemployment benefits. Means-testing also can be relaxed for existing programmes with a view to broaden eligibility. That said, one of the policy lessons from the past decade is that responsiveness should not be seen as a “one-way road” into benefit recipiency during an economic downturn.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	cac8740ae3396772f273f1bcae0b1e64	Cohort effects indicate a decline in alcohol volume from the 1940s to the 1970s birth cohort groups and a steep increase in younger cohorts. Moreover, cohorts born after 1980 were found to drink more often to intoxication than older cohorts. Likewise, age-period-cohort effects were studied on US and Finnish data. There is, here as well, some evidence for a positive cohort effect in the younger cohorts.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/surveys-svk-2012-5-en	cac9c821e78e330817f029730e267d06	While reforms are under way in both areas, further efforts are needed to support the domestic drivers of growth. At a time of fiscal consolidation, these two policy areas should at the least be protected from budgetary cuts while every opportunity for efficiency gains should be seized. Not least because of the high level of long-term unemployment, more emphasis should be placed on activation policies, particularly on placement services, which are currently underfinanced but also insufficiently evaluated. Educational achievements and thus future labour market outcomes could be improved by re-allocating resources to teaching activities, in particular for disadvantaged pupils.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	cacaee9660ae7449de8a2efb1f5bc563	Up to 60-100% of the vegetation has been lost over the last century in some areas, e.g. along the northern part of the Swedish west coast (Baden, Gullstrom, Lunden, Pihl, & Rosenberg, 2003; Waycott et al., The biodiversity of seagrass communities are essential for ensuring high levels of ecosystem function (Duffy, Moksnes, & Hughes, 2013). Declines in seagrass abundance and distribution have negative effects on the biomass of fish and the sequestration of nutrients.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	cacc64ea7bbe5ff8284225f25f983402	Similarly, in Lebanon, the subsidized childcare services provided by some NGOs replenished the resources of at least the few migrant families who were able to access them. This involves,first, the restructuring of gender relations so that both men and women are more equally involved in social reproduction, and second, the recognition and valuation of social reproduction (Rai et al. While refugee resettlement in Australia has produced some positive shifts in Ethiopian gender relations, with evidence of men taking on greater responsibility for childcare and domestic work, these changes are as yet unstable and liable to be withdrawn in the event of marital breakdown.	5	2	6	0.5
10.18356/208cb99e-en	cacf60c4ab21beeb9f073b15d54dd705	For example, whereas precarious employment and underemployment rise throughout the decade, unemployment and material deprivation both peak around 2007. While unemployment later falls even below its initial level, material deprivation remains high. Applying a multidimensional poverty cut-off of k=33 and an income poverty cut-off of 60% of the median net household equivalent income implies poverty rates of 11-13%.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0488519d-en	cad230cc38dc3eac9e5418553391b865	Figure IV-11 provides estimates for AAL for selected countries, by type of disaster and sector. This indicates that in large continental States including Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan, the main drivers of AAL are floods. It also shows that China, Nepal and Pakistan are at greater risk of losses from earthquakes, while Bangladesh is more exposed to cyclonic winds.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	cad4d7502a816490730cf14329b963ae	The implementation of the different water projects is not necessarily co-ordinated across administrative bodies (according to water availability in the river basins for example) but rather work on a case-by-case basis. Projects are improvised, approved and financed without any water resource management strategy. A significant obstacle to effective co-ordination in Guatemala is the disconnection between top-down designed policies and their implementation. The Water Specific Cabinet (GEA) is the line authority, but many operational technical levels are neither managed nor assessed and therefore do not follow national policies, but rather sub-level engineers’/technical recommendations.	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	cad543811ae28a19e8b9b44cfcc60c8b	Iraq and Turkey set up a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) for Regional Waters to determine how they would allocate a reasonable amount of water to each country and exchange data.” In 1983, Syria joined JTC, creating a trilateral forum. After 16 meetings, JTC came to a deadlock in 1992 over the question of whether the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers constitute a single system or not (Box 3).	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	cad5c420f16c6ab780313ac23fad9421	However, this approach requires further testing and refinement before global standards can be established. These services also include climate change mitigation, such as carbon recycling by algae, and carbon sequestration by mangroves or coral reefs. Regarding climate change, work13 is in progress to transpose to aquatic resources the general methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints in the agriculture and forestry sectors.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	cad6dc6969579a1819b60825f23f60b2	Research outputs have various impacts, and it may be difficult to identify them all in order to evaluate the contribution of a specific output, 1 et alone that of the research investment. In many cases, it is difficult to give a monetary value to impacts in order to make them comparable. Even if non-economic impacts can be identified, they may be difficult to value.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b620ec70-en	cad9a2790a4565b651a6b2609f020d51	A key part of this is the establishment of quality childcare centres and preschool services (Sojo, 2011). Another consideration must be the different degrees of dependence caused by fortuitous events that cause disability (which may be genetic or the result of an accident or act of violence, among others) or by the ageing process. Degrees of dependence are also affected by unequal socioeconomic conditions, since deficits in nutrition, health and many other areas throughout life translate sooner or later into heavier dependency.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	cae6742dd1b62dbf8672458333e929f0	At the same time, reductions in household energy consumption would be expected at around 1 013 kWh per year, equivalent to a reduction in the electricity bill of EUR 70 per year. Also, reductions in water supply uncertainty might provide opportunities for setting up industries and economic activities supporting rural and urban development. Demand reduction may also allow either the deferral and/or downsizing ofplanned facilities or network expansion to meet unmet demand (see Box 4.8).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	cae6a1b4f3c107681c333bf075f0c09f	The OECD guidelines for good practice set forth a number of options that could be considered to support efforts to move toward the sustainable management of water quality in agriculture. The greater use of economic instruments (e.g. water quality trading, pollution taxes) to address non-point source pollution can improve the cost effectiveness10 of measures. While water quality trading has the potential to lower the cost of achieving improved water quality, in practice, experience w ith such programmes remains fairly limited to date.11 Design features (e.g. scale, compliance requirements, transaction costs) have an important bearing on their overall performance in reaching environmental and efficiency objectives. Current efforts to advance sustainable agricultural practices (including, for example, “precision agriculture”) could be considerably scaled-up and provide opportunities for green growth.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	cae7db9269d4577f4e197caef105195e	It has been found that DNA is not fragmented to any great extent in raw plant material and silage, but remains partially or fully intact. This means that, if GM crops are fed to animals, animals would be likely to be eating modified DNA. It describes the recommended approach for making a safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plants where a conventional counterpart exists.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	cae8adc8e673a847a5814cb39d52d898	Most of the country’s agricultural policies in the next decade will be focusing on food security and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities. Production increases were particularly pronounced for cereals, especially for wheat and maize which rose sharply to record levels due to good growing conditions in the main producing countries. Driven by soybeans, global oilseed production is setting a new record in 2013/14.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	caed3117738aa955f7b57504726f06f2	This progress occurred despite the addition of some 94 million people to India’s population during that time frame, indicating more rapid progress in reducing food insecurity. However, with about one-quarter of the world’s food insecure people within India, improving its nutritional status remains a significant challenge. Undernourishment has a significant impact on child development, which in turn influences adult productivity and economic growth.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	caed7804cb8e653c54f566e1cab61130	Since it is relatively easy to quantify, this report does not discuss in details how to set full supply cost. Rather, the focus is on two other types of costs that are more difficult to estimate, and may be less obvious to both the general public and the users of the water resource. Figure 3.3 describes a situation where fees and tariffs do not cover the full supply cost of dam or multi-regional water. For example, too much groundwater abstraction can cause saline intrusion in coastal aquifers while the ecosystem of rivers and other surface waters may be degraded when river flows become too low.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2d7f6a2a-en	caed8a86f4f3ba1d6520c788e173736a	Consequently, it is necessary to increase companies' capacity to integrate SRB in corporate strategy and core functions, to develop SRB initiatives, and to spread innovations for how to address SDGs. Second, the lack of government support greatly hinders the adaptation of SRB. As such, there is also a strong need to enhance governments' capacity so that state agencies can formulate appropriate and effective policies and guide companies to comply with national and international SRB principles.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	caed8efc9a8a8e215a01d17c20836958	Such dominant policies have focused on cutting back deficit financing of public expenditure and minimizing the tax burden on private enterprises. The emphasis on privatization undermines government action. It is argued that government spending is not only inflationary, but also tends to crowd out private investment.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	caeed6a57448cf959a9a498a0214c682	However, these market failures imply that competition alone is not sufficient to guarantee cost control and that measures are also needed to improve the functioning of the market both on the supply and on the demand side. This replaced a dual system where public insurance was mandatory for about two-thirds of the population while the other third relied on voluntary private insurance. In the new system, all citizens have to pay a flat rate premium (freely set by the insurer) to their chosen health insurer and an income-related contribution to a risk-equalisation fund, which covers 50% of total health expenditure.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	caf17e02df43b093039fc43f839aa172	This has translated into a narrowing of the divide between countries with different levels of structural heterogeneity as regards the fear of unemployment. To this end, a regression covering the whole Latinobarometro sample from 1996 to 2006 was carried out. The analysis made it possible to establish that people with less education.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	caf6c2b25d09cee00d83f6a80f0f5d3a	Any poverty line intended to represent a minimum acceptable standard of living in the industrialized world today implies higher standards of food, clothing, housing, water supply, sanitation, health care, education, transport and entertainment than were available to even the wealthiest households of previous eras. Unless we wish to argue that the threshold should be set at the minimum income necessary for sheer physical survival then there can in fact be no such thing as an absolute poverty line. If the decision is taken, for example, to draw an ‘absolute’ poverty line at some fixed point and to update it only for inflation, then this means that a relative poverty line is being anchored to an arbitrary point in time.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	caf9e639ecc1dfdbd4c9333ae66d4939	The outpatient model, where specialists see a selection of cases preselected by the primary care physician, is quite widely used in OECD countries. In such instances mental health specialists visit primary health clinics to review, with primary health clinic staff, a small selection of cases, sometimes including a clinical meeting with the patient. The whole mental health network would usually meet together on a regular basis for co-ordination, training or other purposes. Are primary care physicians required or incentivised to comply with treatment guidelines or practice protocols established?	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	cafb39b96ab28e0d0bc3da18fd22ddfa	Greater pressures will bring greater tensions between those services. Many of the services are part of the production of essentials of life - food, drinking water, flood management, biodiversity, renewable energy and stored biomass in the shape of forestry and carbon-rich soils. The next section describes one response to the potential of green growth rurally - harnessing renewable energy potential, which is of increasing importance given climate change.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2017-12-en	cafdc14fb67165f3c531c28fd7718af2	For production this includes: environmental degradation and habitat destruction, overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), climate change, transboundary issues with respect to natural resource utilisation, poor governance, invasion of non-native species, diseases and escapes, accessibility and availability of sites and water resources, as well as to technology and finance. From the perspective of market access, issues include those related to food safety and traceability, the need to demonstrate that products are not derived from illegal and proscribed fishing operations, and uncertainties around the international trade environment in the short to medium term.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	cafe6a792d8b0e52609c8c985d3f6297	Consequently, it considers cohabiting couples as distinct units of analysis and does not pool their resources. In addition, recent estimates show that food expenditure accounts for around one-sixth of family income, not one-third as assumed in the metric, which suggests that the multiplier should also be adjusted regularly to account for changing consumption patterns. Finally, the Orshansky indicator does not include some components that matter for determining disposable income, such as the value of some in-kind benefits and some expenses regarded as crucial by most families.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	cb00bec28958f0e9b9affee7d3636fa2	In this context, low-wage public servants earn a higher wage “premium” (i.e. ceteris paribus are better paid) relative to their skills compared to higher-wage counterparts (Giordano et al., Papapetrou (2006) concludes that earnings differentials in the low quintiles cannot be attributed to individual characteristics, whereas at the highest quintiles, pay differentials reflect differences in the employee’s skills. Fournier and Koske (2012) conclude, in particular, that a (marginal) rise in public employment would tend to raise earnings at the lower end of the distribution, while leaving those at the top broadly unchanged, thereby helping to reduce overall inequality (Figure 2.9). It should be noted that these are partial equilibrium effects, ignoring possible changes in the relative earnings of the public and private sector that would result from such shift.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	cb021ea83ae6939f77eb987f56fa61b8	Reporting countries spend between 0.6 and 1.8% of GDP on housing allowances. Almost all of the reporting OECD countries use this policy instrument; in half of them, allowances are reserved for tenants - and are usually available for private and social tenants - but in the other half of the countries allowances are also granted to households who own their home. Housing allowances are usually means-tested, but eligibility conditions and the payment rate vary considerably across countries.	11	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	cb03b52a1316903a696a8c609ee5f0df	As in western states, most agricultural withdrawals are used for irrigation, although 19% of withdrawals are use for livestock and aquaculture in the North Central and East. Groundwater is the source for almost two-thirds of agricultural withdrawals in these regions. Nationwide, surface water was the source for 59% of agricultural withdrawals in 2000, while groundwater was the source for 41% of withdrawals.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0899dee9-en	cb07bedfc499ab23fe58eef65fdea364	How Social Protection Can Tackle Child Malnutrition and Promote Economic Opportunities. London: Save the Children. New York: United Nations. Integrated Child Development Services: Identifying Critical Gender Concerns. New York: UN Women, http:// www2.unwomen.org/~/media/field%20office%20esea-sia/docs/publications/southasia/reportstudies/04_na-tional%20planning9620budgetinf^icds%20pdf.ashx?v“l&-d=20141202T120133.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fe9e0125-en	cb08a3f6082d90b6936882b1bfe13fd2	Most basins have been subject to discussion and negotiations between riparian states, and some, most notably the Jordan River Basin, have been overshadowed by sustained political conflict. A wealth of literature exists on these disputed basins, although not necessarily on all relevant aspects. For example, the literature on the Jordan River Basin and, to a lesser extent, on the Euphrates and Tigris River Basins, is dominated by a focus on political relations, occupation and power asymmetry.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	cb092111b9266bdb3ad51fa1f5c24f4c	For example, the high prevalence of early marriage is partly due to the slow progress made in taking action (through national legislation, among other means) to end the practice. The minimum legal age of marriage is set at the state level, and ranges from 14 to 18. Even where laws exist, unregistered unions may be seen as a solution to get around the legal age of marriage (OECD, 2017b).	5	1	7	0.75
10.18356/64d31d53-en	cb0a01ee9c8e1fded85d5788d5e5334d	There is a need to give space to women, their knowledge and capacities as well as their priorities in this sector, especially in sustainable water resource management, water-related disaster management and the design of sanitation policies. Huge data gaps remain in Asia and the Pacific for measuring the status quo as well as progress in improving access to drinking water and sanitation, thereby seriously impeding evidence-based policymaking. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 84 per cent of people working in fisheries and aquaculture and 94 per cent of people engaged in fish farming. Of them, 66 per cent of the workers in large-scale marine fisheries and 54 per cent in small-scale inland fisheries are women.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264179073-6-en	cb0d7e25e11ba45ec124c3d523d969ac	The Algerian government has had a Ministry for SMEs and Handicrafts since 1992 and the Tunisian government created a special agency to help small and medium-sized industries (in the manufacturing sector) improve their competitiveness in 1998. Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates have passed SME laws (Morocco in 2000, Algeria in 2001, Egypt in 2004, and the United Arab Emirates in 2011). Most MENA governments have some sort of SME policy or strategy (for example, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen) or have recently begun developing and/or formalising one (for example, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Authority and Syria). However, there is no formal national SME policy in Djibouti, Iraq, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Oman or Saudi Arabia.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	cb10c6bf2292ef8408389ecbebb3ab3e	International academics have variously extolled the country as having “one of the world’s most successful systems” (Alterman, 1997), as being a “world-wide lead” in the co-ordination of spatial and transportation systems (Hall, 2007), as “the most planned country among the European nations” (Dutt and Costa, 1985) and as no less than a “planners paradise” (Burke, 1966). Fainstein has dubbed Amsterdam a “grounded utopian actual city that, w hile not, of course, really utopia, offers a picture of possibility, at least in relation to the Anglo-American city” (2005: 127). In sum, there is strong consensus among many experts that there is much to leam from the Netherlands’ oft-studied spatial planning system. What some view as success - such as “the containment of open space in the Green Heart and buffer zones between agglomerations” - others view as problematic (Roodbol-Mekkes, van der Valk and Altes, 2012: 378).	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	cb12e55917a687f256103d51ce883146	Given that married girls have a very high unmet need for contraception compared to other age groups, targeting them within existing family planning and contraceptive efforts would go a long way in terms of realizing their rights, achieving equity and better health outcomes, and efficiency within systems. This includes supporting advocacy efforts to lift legal and policy barriers impeding access to health services; partnering with governments, civil society and young people to develop and strengthen national programmes delivering quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and strengthening young people’s leadership and voice in the process. Service providers should therefore increase the numbers and reach of skilled health workers to provide antenatal, delivery, and post-partum care to adolescent girls. Access to emergency obstetric care is especially important since it would help prevent maternal death and morbidity, including obstetric fistulae.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	cb135ab0600040bff8805fd372644c97	In contrast, the population has increased by more than 20% in the regions of Mangystau, South Kazakhstan and the cities of Astana and Almaty during this period. In 2013, more than half of the population (9.4 million) lived in urban areas and an increasing trend towards urbanisation was observed (IAC, 2014). The most urbanised regions were Karaganda (79% of urban population), Pavlodar (70%), Aktobe (62%) and East Kazakhstan (59%).	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/1608bb4d-en	cb147cb3f84d3f931bbaa0070cc28406	Therefore, obtaining accurate demographic data is difficult. Among the Maasai community obtaining accurate data on maternal and infant deaths is a challenge, as they may never be reported. Further, among the Maasai it is difficult to know which woman has never had a child because the practice is for every married woman to be called the mother of a child. Therefore, in cases where a woman has no child, she is given one by a family member to raise as her own.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	cb14d624c199c05d1a5eec39ed6b0a38	This is not supported by empirical evidence (De Janvry et al., In MAGNET factor markets are divided into agricultural and non-agricultural labour and capital. By doing so MAGNET accounts for differences in wages and returns to assets between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sector taking into account that these are larger in the short term than in the long term.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/fb332d66-en	cb16c92b10b7bde578b56642fcdaf6e9	One of the root problems is infrastructure, already mentioned above, but there are other causes that need to be addressed as well. Water tariffs are still highly subsidized, hindering efficient water use; water reuse is not promoted; and the installation of water meters is proceeding at a very slow pace. Water user associations require further capacity, and in some cases more responsibilities and joint work with the public sector.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	cb170de811f907b0d279d9594b8c6f87	The Foreign Ministry sets the overall strategic direction, while implementation is the responsibility of the Austrian Development Agency (Chapter 3). Funding is provided by federal ministries, the Lander and municipalities. Austria provided USD 1.11 million (0.28% of gross national income) in total ODA in 2012, slightly below the average for members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). According to DAC figures, only USD 6.2 million of Austrian bilateral ODA in 2011 (USD 2.3 million in 2010) was identified as having climate change adaptation as a principal objective, with a further USD 8.9 million of projects having adaptation as a significant objective (USD 3.3 million in 2010).	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	cb1787705f6961bc9e255b4bdb2f3f91	Of the 20 LMICs with the highest levels of regional disparities, only 5 have levels of GDP per capita in excess of USD 10 000 (Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama). Those middle- and high-income countries with high levels of regional disparities tend to be located in Central and Eastern Europe -including Croatia, Latvia, the Russian Federation and the Slovak Republic - all having undergone post-socialist transitions. Others include Chile and the United Arab Emirates, both natural resource-dependent countries, but with economic activity highly concentrated in metropolitan regions - Santiago, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, respectively.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	cb1d72740e7748d2821f69efa7048eac	Although Article (58) of Family Law (Part 1), requires women to stay in the accommodation provided by their husbands, women have the right to apply this article if it is so stipulated in the marriage contract or if a substantial hindrance is proven before the judiciary. This text is intended to address the husband’s responsibility of providing accommodation rather than to hinder the wife’s mobility (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Two types of custody exist in Bahrain: i) custody that gives preference to the father, related to financial issues and marriage, stated in the law of custody on financial issues; ii) custody that gives preference to the mother, w'hich is related to maternal custody and breast-feeding, stated in the Family Law Article (132) (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Physical abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching, choking, pushing, burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	cb1fa13ba67c2815a11e4e7801361887	The combination of clear and straightforward international provisions, together with longterm domestic legal frameworks that provide confidence that climate policies will be enforced, would also enhance the strength of the signal sent to the private sector and other investors that governments remain fully committed to achieving long-term transitions to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies.	13	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	cb2216def19226bcb5236df552c41dc1	Experience from committees set up to monitor other human rights treaties shows that it is far more effective to have one joint report from all parts of civil society. Articles 4 and 32 make it clear this process should be led by DPOs. A comprehensive parallel report should cover all the articles of the CRPD, identify gaps, highlight key areas of concern and make concrete recommendations for change. A brief explanation of each article of the CRPD is provided below with a non-exhaustive list of issues that may assist DPOs in identifying gaps in the implementation of the CRPD at national level. Concrete suggestions to ensure the effectiveness of parallel reports are also provided. Other reports submitted to date are from Argentina, Austria, Hungary, Paraguay, Australia, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Sweden, Azerbaijan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany and the UK.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233447-8-en	cb229665986260a40ccd691e79268614	It assesses the current innovation strategy, including priorities and budget, and it reviews the existing policy mix for innovation, comparing it with those of peer countries, including the Dominican Republic and Uruguay. The chapter concludes by identifying some areas of improvement as an introduction to Chapter 3 which focuses on the evaluation of the implementation of innovation policy in Panama.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	cb233c6e0b07653b733769eb2ee49a8d	It begins by outlining the complex structures of current national urban policy frameworks. A distinctive element of Viet Nam's approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification, and this too will be considered. The chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas: urban transport, housing, land management and the quality of the urban environment. As highlighted in Chapter 1, Viet Nam has made impressive economic and social achievements and powerful imperative towards immediate economic development carries obvious weight as a public policy goal.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264264113-5-en	cb23ffa5616b45f8e8e985f0799b7f3a	The rapid urban expansion has increased the city’s exposure to flooding, as people are settling and building in flood-prone areas (Tarigan et al., The northern half of Bandung, encompassing territory in four of the BMA's five local government units (LGUs), has been the focus of intense and uncoordinated development pressure (ibid). The impact of these new population centres in undesirable geographical locations in the north may increase the risk of flooding in southern parts of the city.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	cb289e234ab6c09c7aab00376c6249ca	However, the increase in foreign exchange reserves witnessed in a number of countries, such as Bangladesh, is a more positive development as such economies are not as exposed to global financial flows, but instead have to maintain sufficient reserves to contend with real external sector shocks. The reserves of Bangladesh and Nepal increased to record levels recently, with those of Bangladesh climbing to more than $13 billion by early 2013 while those of Nepal crossed $5 billion in late 2012, largely on the back of remittance inflows. As was seen during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, asset market prices could fall drastically and exchange rates could depreciate substantially, leading to the risk of a banking sector crisis as well as drastic loss of wealth of domestic citizens who invested in such assets.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	cb2af21c2aded1e055790488e27c85a7	This will increase accessibility, usability and comfort in the public space and prolong general mobility. Older car drivers especially need support, in view of their abilities and deficiencies in certain situations, as well as information on how to compensate for cognitive and sensory limitations. In Korea, the prevailing view was that lowering speed limits is an inconvenience to drivers, and that reductions without a clear reason would be seen as unfair and lead to increased social costs.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	cb2b7b8e2713929cb1c5849ddb61d9ef	In case the originator of the data has already been granted marketing approval abroad, a country may decide to base domestic marketing approval on the recognition of the foreign approval. Alternatively, a country may also decide to require the data originator to carry out additional clinical trials, in case it considers the trials undertaken for the foreign approval as insufficient. Instead, it will at least require the generic producer to submit evidence of bioequivalence between the generic drug and the originator’s product, i.e. to show that the copied product performs in the same manner as the originator’s product (the safety and efficacy of which has already been proven).551 By doing so, the generic producer does not make use of the originator’s data, which remains undisclosed and unknown to him, in line with the TRIPS Agreement (see below for details).	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/66896486-en	cb2d7ac318cf9d9fc3dea07670ecb616	The Ministry coordinates policy, management and regulatory tasks in these fields, including meteorology. The Ministry’s responsibilities include international cooperation at both bilateral and multilateral levels. The Deputy State Secretary for Water Affairs coordinates water-related tasks. Responsibilities include river basin management, water resources management, protection of surface and groundwater, flood defence and monitoring tasks.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	cb336ae272224b682c589d5d14a6c07c	"Arrows for Change, vol. Revitalization of family planning in Indonesia. The ""Flight from Marriage"" in South-East and East Asia. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. The family planning program in peninsular Malaysia. In The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs, W. C. Robinson and J. A. Ross, eds."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264095830-12-en	cb374e579c0bb52d38bf1a0caa58111e	Most small business entrepreneurs are men, but there is an increasing share of women among new entrepreneurs. In Sweden, as in many other countries, mostly highly educated women from both the public and private sectors have left their jobs to start micro firms in recent years (Abbasian and Bildt, 2009). According to the report of the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillvaxtverket, 2009), in 2008, around 25% of the entrepreneurs in Sweden were women and 32% of the new businesses were started by women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/124f66e3-en	cb38c226212df16bef2e71250c097c15	Their impacts on nutrition may also vary according to the economic and nutritional context of the country. Agricultural policies that provide appropriate incentives and clear market signals that promote the sustainable intensification and diversification of production will improve nutrition more effectively. On the other hand, the Common Agricultural Policy in European countries actually raises consumer prices of sugar and dairy products relative to prices of fruits and vegetables and thus may have a small positive impact on the overall healthiness of European diets (Capacci eta/., 2012).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3e0be7f8-en	cb3a204ccf4966a35a7bde900d0825f0	The costs of not taking the opportunity will undoubtedly be even higher. Children need to be supported and protected from avoidable ‘falling behind’ at all stages of their development, but the point of greatest leverage is the point at which the process begins. In this sense the metric used -the degree of bottom-end inequality in child well-being — is a measure of the progress being made towards a fairer society.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	cb3b93d8b66f8f44ff5a44f3718c1bc5	They not only create the overall policy framework, they also set specific targets for production, consumption, employment, etc.; While the overall direction of policy is set out in five-year strategic plans, adjustments are made in response to significant crisis events: the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis and the sharp rise in food and oil prices a decade later being obvious examples. Co-ordinating policy development, implementation and monitoring among a large number of central government agencies, regional and local governments, business/private sector, farmers, community and other related parties, is a significant challenge for officials. There is a strong inter-relationship between these objectives.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	cb3ec51b1b258af0af36afd07ec4ca84	People with access to savings accounts or simple informal savings technologies are more likely to increase consumption, productivity and income, and investment in preventive health, and to have reduced vulnerability to illness and other unexpected events (Dupas and Robinson, 2013; Ashraf et al, 2010). Increasing women’s control of resources, even small and temporary increases, in turn can increase bargaining pow'er in households (Duflo, 2012). Access to financial services through bank accounts (OECD 2012, World Bank, 2012) also helps protect assets. There is also a strong link between women’s financial inclusion and their performance as entrepreneurs in developing countries (OECD, 2012). Only about 25% of females above the age of 15 have an account in a formal financial institution compared to 42% of Indian men and 60% in the BRIICs on average (World Bank, 2013, Demirguc-Kunt etal.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	cb3fb378f33da60a5910b4b7abc83330	They are, in general, provided to projects that are commercially marginal, and they do not need to be repaid under the condition that the stated purpose of the grant funding is achieved. However, in some cases grants may be convertible to loans or equity if the project achieves commercial success. Shareholders have only a residual claim to the assets of the project company. This type of finance represents the highest level of risk, and the expected returns for equity holders are accordingly higher than for lenders.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	cb414be012cd0a9296ac9c7c287d0a6f	This is because enforcement of EPL is mainly dependent on individuals who consider themselves as victims and lodge a complaint. The figure presents the contribution of different subcomponents to the indicator of regulation for standard fixed-term contracts (EPFTC). A standard fixed-term contract is defined here as a generic employment contract with a precisely specified end date (in the form of day, month and year at which the employment relationship is set to end, if the contract is not renewed). The height of the bar represents the value of the EPFTC indicator.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	cb416f5d11deb4cb08450a5c19575981	This would imply making the most of the decentralisation of responsibilities and allowing river basin councils to use their decision-making powers on important issues. It would help co-ordinate and articulate river basin plans with national and state priorities and programmes to foster more coherent and effective decision making and information sharing. Although there are some optimistic signs at the sub-basin level with several COTAS, clean beach committees and river basin commissions attracting financial resources from governmental institutions to address local problems, the lack of binding basin plans and financial autonomy remain serious constraints to the relevance and efficiency of river basin authorities.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	cb422093198aba2b1b0a584a2da8aceb	Thus, it is timely to explore possible elements of an adaptation communication that is conducive to enhancing the national and global benefits while maximising synergies with existing reporting practices (e.g. National Communications). The table illustrates that there is a good match between the information that countries need to meet national aims on adaptation, information that countries are asked or encouraged to report in their National Communications, and information that the Paris Agreement indicates may be included in adaptation communications. This structure could thus alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s National Communication to minimise reporting channels. This information also coincides with information identified by the Least Developed Country Expert Group as useful for countries in establishing a National Adaptation Plan.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-9-en	cb431213dec2ec79570d45d68496c8af	"The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Andrade and O.F.A. Bueno (2008), ""Contribution of Education, Occupation and Cognitively Stimulating Activities to the Formation of Cognitive Reserve"", Dementia and Neuropsychologia,Vo\. 2, No. Working Paper ROA-RM-2010/1, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA), Maastricht."	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	cb4530fbaa75a6bc1c3b0b34f11979eb	However, the gap between women and men in economic participation and political empowerment remains wide: only 60% of the economic outcomes gap1 and only 21% of the political outcomes gap have been closed (World Economic Forum, 2013). Disparities remain in access to education, employment and entrepreneurship, as well as access to social and political opportunities. This gap is also present in the public sector. Women are still underrepresented among public sector decision-makers in the legislature, the political executive, the courts and senior levels of administration.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	cb46b10fda368d87864985abd4b9e91d	Conditioning can also work to overcome information asymmetries. For instance, Governments may need to better understand the benefits of immunization, and a conditional cash transfer programme that conditions immunization can overcome this information asymmetry. Besides enhancing the public interest, conditionalities may also strengthen the bargaining position of women, whose preferences may be better aligned with the Government’s, but who may lack bargaining power within the household. Conditions also help make the transfers more acceptable to the average taxpayer (de Brauw and Hoddinott, 2008).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264280359-5-en	cb477fc48468e2b32b658753bb58f51c	In light of this, the application of a “gender lens” approach to public policy and decision making has grown as a practice across the OECD membership, which provides a growing body of good practices that Kazakhstan may draw upon. Over the past decade, Kazakhstan has made important progress in promoting women’s empowerment in public life. In 2009, with the strong leadership of many members of the parliament pushing for the promotion of gender equality in Kazakhstan, the parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (hereinafter the 2009 Law on Equal Rights and Opportunities) and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	cb49afd187338c89cd44ba1da9661293	This makes it possible to avail oneself of all services with the utmost convenience without the need to move from one point to another. By placing many interconnected services under one roof, the Huduma Kenya programme has succeeded in improving overall compliance. As a result, citizens often lose faith in the governments ability to provide services of acceptable standards.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	cb4a4e91dba373e81932b6a9ebfeb9b7	This implies analysing enforcement, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms in place in the water sector and their effectiveness (accountability gap). Hence, there cannot be a one-size-fits-all response and assessment across Brazilian states. Taking a problemshed approach in practice requires, on the contrary, place-based responses to territorial challenges.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	cb4aa2ac858068991438bc6dd26b39de	The Netherlands report compulsory cost-sharing in health care insurance and in Exceptional Medical Expenses Act under social security rather than under private out-of-pocket, resulting in an underestimation of the out-of-pocket share. Data refer to total health expenditure (= current health expenditure plus capital formation). The CCSS is financed through wage taxes and general taxation, as well as specific taxes such as taxes on alcohol, perfumes, luxury goods and products produced abroad, while the private sector is financed mainly through out-of-pocket payments but also through private insurance schemes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	cb4b2ff91efae1169089276678ca0999	However, only 1.3 per cent of children under five were threatened by acute malnutrition (WFP Food Security Update 2010, cited in World Bank, forthcoming). Fourteen per cent of children are stunted indicating chronic malnutrition (UNICEF and ISAE 2009). Table 4 summarizes health and nutrition indicators for the five Central Asian countries.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264250505-7-en	cb4e350cf92ffa89b3b5d83f02adc876	By the end of the pilot, programme participants had a significantly higher likelihood to be employed than non-participants. Unfortunately, participants were not assigned randomly, however, and it is therefore difficult to judge whether this positive result was driven by the programme or by the characteristics of programme participants. First, ALMPs remain heavily focussed on the most employable workers (e.g. the most motivated, better skilled ones).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	cb4f197705ce6404a1ec4127168dd90d	This is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies, such as skills in languages, problem-solving and coding. The returns on education - greater productivity for firms, and/or higher wages for workers - materialize only after investments are made. Reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power (known as adverse selection), the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes (moral hazard), and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower’s ability to reimburse dues.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	cb5000b2ab64fd4445753f0acd121491	The elasticity formula takes into consideration the current size of the sectors as captured by their incomes. As it is based on forestry output accounting, this may not give the full picture, in view of the size of other sectors such as agriculture. It is nonetheless a useful tool and it addresses an interesting question.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	cb504e8d2cde7f52eaa8bf8b1cd9c466	In both the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the local content of value added is generally very small, being limited to land leases and wages, for example. By contrast, farmers and local co-operatives in Denmark have long had the opportunity to invest in wind farms and increase the local value added from the industry. These efforts eased the path for renewable energy development and make investment more politically secure (Midttun and Koefoed, 2003; Biyden, 2010). In a global context of fiscal consolidation, social, technological and environmental transformation, “adaptive” water policies in response to climate change, demographic and urbanisation pressures rely more and more on cities and regions.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264174269-6-en	cb5144591d958da39e537b79e91f21f4	One step in this direction has been the Hitachi Metal Recycling Complex, which will apply leading technology to the recovery of various metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, zinc, bismuth, nickel and indium. Further, they have provided input and collaborated with other industry players in the value chain (like those in the IT industry) to address the above challenges.4 Through these activities and public reporting of their progress by way of annual sustainability reports, they are making inroads towards addressing their key material issues. To get a better understanding of the impacts related to the industry, Domtar conducted a life cycle assessment on fibre management.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	cb524289b751a4012e2bdcac66bf8638	It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food products, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. An important objective is to keep domestic retail prices of essential, strategic commodities relatively stable in order to alleviate poverty and avoid antagonising the urban population. For import-competing products, such as rice and soybeans, this objective is usually sought through a combination of policy measures, in particular low tariffs and quantitative restrictions on imports.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	cb53b41786f142323863008e58735b71	The centres co-operate closely with the educational institutions and the municipal job centre, for which young people are also a target group. The guidance centres have access to a database with a full overview of the education and training of each person under age 25 within the municipality who has not finished upper secondary education. This enables a quicker identification of vulnerable youth. Planning involves meeting pupils and parents and building on pupils’ school records, which provide information on their achievements, interests, expectations for the future, and how they wish to develop.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/1826beee-en	cb55cc1727c67fa7308fde4affe3695b	Policy solutions have been identified, but not always applied where needed nor implemented effectively. This report analyses eight past water and agriculture policy changes in OECD countries with the aim to identify steps towards adopting and implementing such solutions effectively. Selected reforms are assessed systematically via an institutional change analysis and a cross-cutting comparison of political economy factors. A characterisation of reforms is proposed according to the scope of the reform process, the scope of the reform’s action, and the involvement of governments in the design of reforms and their implementation.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	cb563d9ac8f9c1cb3eaf263c7555e931	Every year about a third of the net electricity produced in India goes unaccounted. A large fraction of that is theft, along with poor technical management of the power supply system. Although India has initiated programmes to improve the electricity situation, the progress has been slow and limited to very few areas. For example, in Delhi, the use of advanced technology in power delivery and metering, as well as commercial incentives to power distributors has brought down the losses in the low-voltage electricity distribution from nearly 50% to 20% of the net supply in just five years (Central Electricity Authority).	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	cb5e455276305647da733c7f988f8358	Among the four products, Brazilian’s appear to prefer cheese consuming 4 kg/p, a moderate increase during the projection period (Figure 2.20). But, demand for whole milk powder expands faster during the projection period, with per capita consumption rising to 3.7 kg/p. Per capita consumption of butter and skim milk powder is expected to remain relatively flat at 0.4 kg per person and 0.6 kg/p respectively.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	cb5eb7c048d6cc6b6dda47d506e0e7d4	This period was a critical one for global organizing as women learned to reach across the continents even though it was still the pre-Internet communications era, and to understand their diversity as a source of both strength and creativity. However, continuing crises shaped policies even as feminists began making links and connections among issues such as macroeconomics, ecology and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as a substitute for traditional population control policies. The ability of the developmental state to respond to feminist demands at the national level was eroding, as its institutions fragmented under the neoliberal onslaught.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/ae96c002-en	cb5f581f05fe54721360732c72346bb8	Withdrawal and covert forms of resistance may have been natural responses to lessons that they could not follow and in which they had no control. But even these behaviours put students at risk of failing examinations, and consequently dropping out or being lastingly labelled as failures. Students from poor households had few support mechanisms if they were doing badly, and unlike middle class students, could not take it for granted that they would pass their SSCs one way or another.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	cb61f8dccbc9bf9d2ff99f6c56ba2826	However, NGOs have cited cases where they had to turn to the administrative tribunal to obtain certain information (e.g. the list of “Seveso” installations, quantities and origin of electricity imports for the steel mills). One report was published in 1993 and there were two publications containing environmental indicators in 1998 and 2003 (with an update planned for 2009). The 2004 Act concerning co-ordination of the national policy for sustainable development calls for a biennial evaluation containing social, economic and ecological indicators.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	cb63cbd7622d9660d3908f875aae2eb5	In particular, if there are factors affecting selection into different curricula that we cannot control for with the data at hand, our estimates may still be affected by selection bias, which could amplify the estimate gap in labour market outcomes associated to alternative curricula. Overall, at the ISCED 3 and 4 level, we find that VET performs about as well as academic education as far as earnings are concerned and a bit better in terms of employment outcomes. Finally, our findings support the view that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264240407-8-en	cb652e1592f732db38b7facc719e681c	Extracurricular activities, which are a tradition and strength of the educational system, should be maintained and further encouraged. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Laws on Education, General Education, Vocational Education and Institutions of Tertiary Education were passed in 1991 and have been amended numerous times since.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264107243-en	cb680c57bb82ff57923f86dc06638274	Mexico has virtually no students that can be considered highest-performing readers (OECD countries average 0.8%, G20 countries average 0.8%, countries with similar GDP per capita average 0.2%). By contrast, the corresponding figures for Australia, Canada, Finland, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore or Shanghai-China range from 1.6% to 2.9%. ( See Table 1.2.1 in PISA 2009 Results). They can Find information in such texts, demonstrate detailed understanding and infer which information is relevant to the task.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	cb6880e196d93fab2d4ee8e2de13e43f	It aims to: i) to create awareness of HIV/AIDS, ii) provide educational training in psychosocial aspects of HIV/AIDS related issues, iii) co-operate with all parties in reducing HIV/AIDS infections in Malaysia, iv) fight the stigma and discrimination associated to HIV/AIDS, and to v) to conduct research on issues related to HIV/AIDS. To achieve these objectives AARG works with all agencies, NGOs, ministry of health, health department, hospitals, police. Activities and services include: i) educational, training and counselling programmes on prevention, management and conflict resolution related to HIV/AIDS, ii) seminars and educational campaigns, iii) hotline telephone counselling, iv) community action programmes, v) facilitation of public debate and exchange of knowledge and experience, vi) research on knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and policies related to HIV/AIDS education, prevention and treatment in Malaysia including the social and psychological impact of HIV/AIDS.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e92917e3-en	cb68e5b331358229d2dc076f5da11bde	It also enables individuals to engage in home-based, income-generating activities and use modern technology. Subsequently, poor families with limited access to clean energy are more likely to remain poor. Universal access to clean energy therefore increases productivity, reduces health disparities, and bolsters gender equality and the inclusion of marginalized people. In low- and middle-income countries, for example, household air pollution is responsible for almost 10 per cent of total mortality, compared to only 0.2 per cent of all deaths in high-income countries.33 Indoor air pollution severely affects young children the most.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264221826-en	cb690ff844776455064e60501085faab	The content and method of examinations regulated by the chamber are defined by local chambers following the national legal framework and broad guidelines of the national chamber association (Fazekas and Field, 2013). A chamber-regulated examination can receive federal recognition if it exists in a few different states (Lander), has been in place for at least five years, and attracted at least 500 candidates over a specific period of time (Hippach-Schneider et al, 2012). The federal administration approves examination rules submitted by professional organisations and provides support in organising examinations. It provides detailed guidance on how the exam should be conducted (e.g. main parts of the exam, their relative weight in the final score, types of assessment); who the examiners should be (e.g. experts coming from outside the professional association), and what level of competency the examinees should demonstrate.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/215a990d-en	cb69d874e1192c8c33996c8a8cfea282	According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. It is not yet entirely clear, how economically viable these technologies are, and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need solutions. The last mile is usually a speed bottleneck because the final link between the major hubs and end users such as SMEs is disproportionately expensive and technologically complex to solve, and yet the most valuable. For SMEs in remote areas, the last mile problem can equally be a ‘first mile’ issue when they function as suppliers to the hubs.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	cb6a978eb3fd08bbdb32b0b5958687b9	In many cases they are linked to, or subordinate to, conditional transfer programmes and they create connections between poor sectors of the population and the State, the resources available on the market, and the communities themselves. The health-care reform in Uruguay, the universal access and specific health guarantee plan (AUGE) in Chile, the pioneering Single Health System (SUS) of Brazil, the targeted welfare health scheme (seguro popular) in Mexico and the health-care reform in Colombia all come close to the model of social risk management or to a solidarity- and citizenship-based emphasis in the area of health care. Examples in the area of pensions and retirement benefits include the pension-system reform and solidarity-based pensions in Chile, universal non-contributory pensions in Mexico City and their extension, with certain variations, to a number of States elsewhere in Mexico, the reform of the retirement benefits system in Argentina, the “continuing benefit” provision in Brazil and other innovations which are being discussed or implemented in the region.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	cb6b593ab6a50f522e09e3c174ae851c	This is extremely significant as suicide rates have been found to be negatively associated with integration of traditional culture in several Native American peoples and degree of self-government among Native Canadians.60 Similarly, although a study of suicide risk among indigenous Sami in Arctic Norway found an increased risk of suicide for the Sami in comparison with the rural population of Arctic Norway as a whole, it found no increased risk of suicide among reindeer herding Sami males. This finding may be due to the significance of reindeer herding as a traditional, culturally significant occupation among the Sami in Norway. Today, Sami in Norway who are involved in reindeer herding occupy a unique cultural position and have a strong ethnic identity and high status within the Sami culture.61 In this regard, improvements in the enjoyment of human rights by indigenous peoples, including the rights to self-governance, culture and land rights, and improved access to resources and reduction in poverty may be expected to decrease the disproportionately high youth suicide rates faced by some indigenous tribes or communities.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	cb71c2134fba2a3310b29118a29edc21	This is a somewhat logical finding, as active practices could be thought of as more risky than direct-teaching methods. It can be challenging to use ICT in your teaching or have students work in groups if you are not confident that you have the skills needed in pedagogy, content or classroom management. The data indicate that when teachers direct student learning, students are slightly more likely to be successful in solving the easiest mathematics problems in PISA.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	cb7408b2b805a8fa52ab4377dbea3c99	Governments need to devise institutional designs that ensure a science-based reality check of energy technology policies. A wide range of policy instruments are available, including economic instruments, regulatory measures and cooperation (table II.5). In-depth analysis needs to be included in the process of designing policy packages, while simplified prescriptions can be counter-productive. However, insights from past experience suggest broad guiding principles and performance targets which should guide the analysis (Griibler and others, forthcoming; Wilson and Griibler, 2010).	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	cb7679b1bb1a49467ed2155821ed99bd	The OECD (2004) has therefore assessed water resources to be under moderate stress. Estimates of long-term annual averages of renewable freshwater resources which aggregate the quantity of water received from precipitation (net of evapotranspiration) and from inflowing rivers from neighbouring countries. However, in recent decades the weight of agriculture has much diminished, with the share in economic activity dropping to 2*6 per cent, a share similar to that observed in other high-income countries. The value added of related manufacturing amounts to an additional 2% of GDP.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/edf15661-en	cb776c86325119254e2ccf746ea3323c	In a context where much of the population is sensitive to or supportive of Islamist-oriented political projects, Islamic feminist movements have emerged. Groups taking this approach concentrate on the radical transformation of Islamic jurisprudence or otherwise use Islamic arguments to challenge gender inequality (box 4.3). Examples include movements that focus on challenging male guardianship laws or that use religious texts to challenge domestic violence.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0f6ff1b0-en	cb7825ed09ebd351b5193f39e284c05d	The challenge that will arise from this distinction is the need to develop an appropriate and inexpensive indicator to measure water potability. A distinct proposed target by UNSAGAB is “increasing wastewater management and pollution prevention”. While no indicators have been proposed, they may probably reflect wastewater collection, treatment and reuse.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-10-en	cb7af974ad2ea823987ffdc46a83bb0a	At the other extreme, minimum wages in Nepal appear high relative to both GDP per capita and the poverty line. Indeed, average wages are estimated to be around 110% of the nominal minimum wage (ILO, 2010c). In a number of countries, in Latin America,12 but also in Indonesia (Harrison and Scorse, 2003) and elsewhere, the wage distribution has a spike at the minimum wage: a sizeable share of the workforce earns exactly the minimum wage.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	cb7bc8e45845a3c9f2ff7666fe2eaddd	While it is correct that, aside from hydro (the potential of which is low but of high quality) and wind (which provides low-quality power), modern renewables continue to be significantly more expensive, economic limits are ultimately a lesser constraint, as they can be overcome with political will and special efForts. In fact, most energy technology debates completely disregard associated socio-political limits. In pluralistic democracies, the “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) attitude is a powerful factor.	7	0	8	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	cb7e5669eb8986c744a830d1140938db	The UWI HARP is also responsible for continuous updating of the university's HIV/AIDS policy and for facilitating research on the impact and control of the epidemic in the region. Haiti is low income, for example, and Guyana is lower-middle income. Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are all defined as upper-middle income and yet vary greatly in their ability to invest national resources in public health. Table 4.5 shows the public health expenditure as a percentage of GDP for selected Caribbean countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	cb7e709ce157f0410bb5cd3309ff5cc7	In 2002, the Supreme Court established that drinking water services are not “products” that can be charged by the utilities, but “rights” against service provision by government institutions, and therefore utilities are not entitled to approve tariffs, only state congresses can. There is some flexibility, though, as the state of Jalisco reported that the capacity to set tariffs had been taken away from Congress and given to citizen boards. Overall, there is not a single model on how tariffs are set, but a heterogeneous situation across the territory.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	cb7e98360148664b3f7ad9f422f8e3da	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan successfully tested the use of this coal with an ash content of less than 0.2% in gas turbines (SKM, 2009). This impurity level should not cause major problems in the gas turbine. Initial estimates suggest that the fuel cost in Australia would be rather high, ASD 0.05 to ASD 0.08 per kWh, compared to ASD 0.02 per kWh for regular hard coal. Cost may come down as the technology develops.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	cb816cd3133bd697dac514f21beb6a84	The main institutional partners include the environmental authority and the NSO, along with other institutions that may conduct surveys of environmental perceptions (e.g., local governments or polling firms). These statistics are produced through surveys designed for data collection on this topic. Statistics that fall under this topic are primarily qualitative and are compiled at both the subnational and national levels. Environmental engagement involves the transformation of perceptions and attitudes into concrete, pro-environmental actions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	cb823ed31259888478865956145f3afc	Pre-grant flexibilities constitute a pro-active tool for a government to design generally applicable IP laws, whereas post-grant flexibilities are usually limited to particular cases where the government considers an existing monopoly right to be too broad. Governments interested in limiting exclusive rights on medical substances are advised to pay particular attention to the pre-grant flexibilities, as these may reduce the need to utilize post-grant tools. This is particularly important in light of the possible tensions surrounding post-grant tools such as compulsory licenses and parallel imports. Overall, national policy makers should be aware of and may wish to take full advantage of both pre- and post-grant flexibilities.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246010-3-en	cb872e7e825fb233e83ef5d19e4208b2	Get the answers with the OECD's Compare Your Income tool: http://www.oecd.org/statistics/compare-your-income.htm. But wealth has both a positive and a negative aspect. As well as assets, like our savings, we may also have liabilities, such as loans and mortgages. Combine these assets and liabilities and we come up with a picture of people’s net wealth.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	cb8a29efbdc4ffbab44bc50a2ebf41ad	These results may reflect prospective teachers' exposure to teaching as part of pre-service education and/or different levels of support provided to new teachers as part of in-service training. But the data reflect only teachers' feelings of preparedness. It is much harder to find systematic evidence on the actual prevalence of pedagogies in classrooms. The teacher has planned the lesson, knows the content he or she needs to cover and delivers it to the students, who are expected to master that content and apply it to their homework or a test. This kind of teacher-directed instruction might also include things like lectures, lesson summaries or question-and-answer periods that are driven by the teacher. Thus student-oriented teaching strategies are increasingly finding their way into classrooms of all subjects.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	cb8c7fd54c6a57bbd2ac84e737bf2b86	This study therefore investigates whether children's material circumstances deteriorated during the Great Recession to a greater extent compared with the population as a whole. It is expected that children suffered more in the countries that were hit by the crisis more severely. However, research on previous downturns in industrialized countries suggests that economic crises tend to affect children excessively.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-27-en	cb8dd0d16c0e84998402e01418e9be39	At the community level, fisheries activities provide essential income for certain parts of the population and are a driving force for regional economic development. It also has a privileged location with the influence of important marine currents that provide a large biodiversity in marine, brackish and fresh waters. There is a particular focus on improving the competitiveness of the fisheries sector.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	cb8fb7afc2f72f42ecbeeae181bed355	Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. By virtue of being connected to the same physical grid and delivering into the same market, they exert impacts on each other as well as on the total load available to satisfy demand at any given time. The interdependencies are heightened by the fact that only small amounts of cost-efficient electricity storage are available.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	cb92324a330e1758c3234eabf1186dd2	Given that the health needs of populations are becoming more complex, the occurrence and the consequences of harm can be expected to increase unless concrete action is taken. Available evidence estimates the direct costs of harm - the additional tests, treatments and health care - in the primary and ambulatory' setting to be around 2.5% of total health expenditure - although this likely underestimates the true extent. Harm in primary and ambulatory care often results in hospitalisations.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/896ea4e7-en	cb9540e44e5e9cc24c44b863a9fc9cca	These trust funds are independent entities financed by a range of international and national sources. As of April 2015, total commitments to endow Mauritania’s trust fund (BACoMaB) had reached EUR 22.3 million, with funds sourced from the Mauritanian Government via the EU FPA as well as from a range of international donors. Guinea-Bissau’s more recent BioGuinea Foundation, established in 2011, has received commitments of EUR 5 million, including EUR 1 million from the Guinea-Bissau government. Building a shared understanding of the economic benefits that marine conservation can bring to the fisheries sector was vital. This required lobbying, consensus building and co-ordination by non-government organisations (NGOs) acting as brokers. Both cases also highlight the importance of a secure legal and institutional basis for MPA management and financing to prevent wavering political support and changing priorities threatening the long-term stability of conservation financing.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en	cb95e32cc53bd5a77dac4c06f44628a5	The HEAT target “Deliver faster access to mental health services by delivering 18 weeks referral to treatment for psychological therapies from December 2014” was approved by the Scottish Government in November 2010 and is currently being implemented in Health Boards. The objective is to deliver on-time8 evidence-based psychological therapies to efficiently and effectively treat mental disorders. For instance, the Psychological Therapies “Matrix” has been developed as a guide to help Health Boards to deliver efficient and effective psychological therapies. In order to achieve this objective, the Matrix summarises the most up-to-date advice on evidence-based interventions, provides the necessary training for delivering safe and effective therapies, and identifies the key gaps in mental health services. The Driver Diagram has been developed to support the implementation of the target across the Health Board activities. It is a method conceived to identify the parts of the mental health delivery system that need to be improved, and then to make recommendations for specific changes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	cb96414de9681fd161b31c5b002c8c79	In 2007-2008 at least 27 cities in the region —including 10 capitals— exceeded the particulate matter (PM10) limits recommended by WHO. At least 100 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean are said to be exposed to air pollution at levels that exceed WHO-recommended limits (Cifuentes and others, 2005). The groups most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution are children, the elderly, people with certain pre-existing health conditions and those in poverty. In a period of around four years from 2004 to 2008, less than a third of the countries (seven of 24) were able to reduce the number of deaths from causes related to air pollution.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	cb966f4e8a37eb575ce83969b0d6d176	For instance, in pre-primary and primary education, inspections provide input into the central decisions about the distribution of staff positions in schools, and decide about the distribution of targeted programmes to individual schools. Also, concerns about infrastructure needs can be passed on from schools through the inspection to the central level. In addition, inspections play an important role for the implementation of the decisions about the organisation and operation of schools taken at the central level.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	cb9812a90053c35dd7d138810d2695d7	Funding “followed the student”, providing a significant incentive for school systems to expand enrolment. Similarly, states were required to share resources across municipalities so that all state and municipal schools could reach the per student spending threshold. As a result of this investment, Brazil’s math scores on the Programme for International Student Assessment rose 52 points between 2000 and 2009, the third-largest leap on record. Previous Human Development Reports have shown that human poverty is multidimensional.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en	cb98772f36bd3eb89cac51f581391142	The dump ‘serves' one of the biggest informal sector communities with more than 5,000 members and affects the life and health of an additional 5 millbn people living within 10 km of the site.3 Among the most impactful e-waste dumpsites is the Agbogbbshie dump in Accra, Ghana which receives around 192,000 tonnes of e-waste annually and pollutes soil, air and water and causes serious health impairments in the 10,000 scavengers gaining their livelihood from sorting and recycling. This indicates that bigger dumpsites can, in general, be associated with greater numbers of people living around them. Waste Allas: The WDM's 50 Biggesl Dumpsites, 2014 Report.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a25027f3-en	cb98d95d24f79b68a7b2d42bd4efe785	In general, the most successful PWPs have been implemented under favourable macroeconomic conditions. Their impact and cost-effectiveness depends not only on the way they have been designed, but also on the overall macroeconomic framework in which they are implemented. Training programmes for young workers generally have little positive impact on their employment prospects or post-training earnings.	8	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264176713-en	cb9a9e8c5ea2fd0fea525f620d06e418	Implementing such activities in small groups can encourage greater autonomy (Eurydice, 2009; Laevers, 2011) and provides more space for spontaneous or emergent learning (NIEER, 2007). Children’s agency and participation is not only important in order to facilitate effective learning of different curriculum elements but is also important in its own right (UN Convention of the Rights of the Child) and to foster democratic values. When placing value on children’s agency, it is considered important that children are allowed freedom of expression and that their modes of communication are recognised in everyday interactions (Bae, 2009). Evidence suggests that consultation with children can increase their self-esteem and foster social competence (Clark et al.,	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	cb9cc4786a1f5802f2f431a4dda6a08d	Mass development of algae can occur in hot summer periods, which causes elevated oxygen demand and affects water quality, especially in reservoirs. Due to erosion during flood periods, the level of turbidity of rivers becomes too high. There is no public information available on water quality for human consumption and there has not been positive evolution regarding the monitoring of water for human consumption, such as expansion to uncovered areas, an increase in the number of measured parameters and increased frequency of measurement.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	cb9df484cb26fa7374e6937d11fb4cae	His conclusions seem to indicate a success-story. The author reports that the FCI has been successful at providing remunerative prices for wheat and rice and that the FCI reduced price volatility of wheat and rice during the period 2006-12. The author also show's that consumer prices were more stable with than without the FCI reserve policy. First, the study ignores the impact of trade policies on prices.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-7-en	cb9f2ffc9b36b18e43d181f58d53c709	Overall, the relative impact of land-use change and management on MSA loss is projected to decrease. While expansion of food crop production and live-stock farming is projected to cause about half of the further MSA loss in the RoW between 2010 and 2030, it is not projected to be a major driver of further loss in the OECD countries or the BRIICS. Instead of agricultural land expansion, land abandonment is projected to occur in several regions, allowing considerable area for ecosystem recovery and regeneration to take place. These areas will however bear the effects of “former land use” for several decades after land abandonment. Together these are referred to as forestry (but not deforestation, as that is included under land-use change).	14	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	cba3a50b7b2301f78d278a6dcc742e89	Cotton is the only crop for which the %SCT was at a relatively high level in 2009-11 (13%). This reflects the significant rise in domestic prices during this period which resulted from a considerable fall in local supply. Cotton production fell every year in 2008-10, and in 2010 was almost at half the 2007 level; although in 2011 production picked up.21 The domestic market deficit was exacerbated by the hike of cotton prices on external markets in 2010-11. In 2009-11, the SCTs varied across the livestock group from 29% for eggs, to 0.1% for sheep meat.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	cba4295340584cd8d7d47088b29f4ac8	The results are therefore based on the simplifying assumption that these ceilings are the same proportion of standard housing benefits in 2005 and in 1995. New Inequalities: The Changing Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	cba46722da1a0cb87c920d237163c5d1	An optimal mix is probably an unreachable grail, but a proper balance of environment protection, economics and reliability of energy supply, would help make sustainable choices. These impacts are not limited to headline figures of GDP, but include long-ranging effects and consequences on public budgets, the labour market, wider social indicators, health, environment and the competitiveness of the private sector. Models are needed to integrate all these effects, as a way to internalise them and to provide an insight into trade-offs and complementarities that exist between policy objectives in different domains.	7	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	cba4d6aa8b04013036160c521c49882a	What is lacking however, is support (both political and financial) from the Government as well as donors for such locally grounded initiatives as well as inclusion in broader peacemaking activities. Although Uganda released the ‘Uganda Action Plan on UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 and the Goma Declaration’ in December 2008, such support is not yet apparent. Even before releasing the NAP, Uganda also had a quota system in place to ensure women’s political participation through the reservation of a seat in every district (30) for women candidates. As of July 2011, women constitute 34.9 per cent of the legislature (IPU 2011).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	cba88d5dc23444239c581a1c75a2ee53	The “team leadership'’ and the relationship between the school leader and teachers can therefore be seen both as a strength and challenge for the implementation of programmes such as AfL. When teachers agree on new initiatives, their teams and networks can be an efficient structure for implementation. If teachers resist the programme, the same spirit can be a major challenge for the school leader. One school leader explained how the local municipality level had cut back on central positions, and stakeholders with knowledge in the field had taken up new positions. There w'ere also reports of several job changes among central leaders during the implementation phase, which was not easy for the participants interviewed. One school leader reported that it was hard to know which person to call if problems occurred, and as a result, he felt that no one w'as available to help him.	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	cba8b0df40b3e015e846bdd83ec8be7b	Huber’s (2010) research on school leadership development indicated a number of characteristics evident in CIEL. This is a key expectation for CIEL participants and is central to their individual inquiry initiatives. Second, is the intense exploration of case studies from the OECD/ILE “Inventory” of innovative learning environments (see OECD, 2013, Annex A) as a way to prompt new thinking and action based on experiences in other parts of the world.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81d39474-en	cba97a140779970bd4c85539d8b8202c	Studies indicate that street children who use drugs were more likely to have been abused by their parents, have a history of arrests and engage in sex work, exposing them to sexually transmitted diseases. Drug abuse also affects children in conflict areas. In some regions, drugs are used as an instrument to engage and retain children and young people as child soldiers in civil wars, armed conflicts and regional conflicts and in terrorist activities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	cba9f50ea1ad8f23da0b5f3820ff64fa	Mozambique has for instance included nine climate change questions in its household survey in 2014, on topics including perceived climate impacts, information sources on disaster and weather risks, and approaches taken to adaptation and sources of support (INE, n.a. Countries also may separate the upfront resource implications of building the monitoring and evaluation system and agreeing on what to measure, with the ongoing resource implications of routinely running the monitoring and evaluation processes. Bilateral development co-operation providers have supported several countries on building monitoring and evaluation systems by piloting local or national approaches.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	cbac4da247dbe9b4cf423b7d3b64dce8	These issues are being addressed by the Government, which is improving access to financial services for smaller enterprises and rural households and strengthening social safety nets, but it will take time for the reforms to have an impact on household and corporate behaviour. In Japan, productivity gains are difficult to achieve due to ageing and declining population size. In the Republic of Korea, relatively low productivity in non-manufacturing sectors is a result of the favourable treatment given to the export-oriented manufacturing sector, and this situation has yet to be adequately resolved.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	cbb003ca85db4d4339b82ffa4ed05ccf	The CCFs also finance culture, tourism and commercial activities and own supermarkets, theatres, hotels and other facilities. Yet there is little evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the services the CCFs provide (Aim and Lopez-Castano, 2005). A 2% contribution finances traineeship programmes, in particular for young workers and displaced persons, through the Semcio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). The SENA also finances assistance to firms for technological development and information systems.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	cbb1919bbe29ae6731068dbe71db4d38	However, we believe attention must now shift to the implementation agenda and to policy sequencing. This includes translating the goals into practical action by the WTO members within the existing framework of multilaterally agreed trade rules. In this regard, the outcomes from the 10,h WTO Ministerial Conference (MC10) reflected in the “Nairobi package” were sub-optimal.	14	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	cbb2ed688f3f4d0e9fedefccf2bd29d5	Some of these perspectives may be mutually compatible (e.g. where adaptation and climate resilient benefits are closely aligned with national development and poverty reduction goals). However, in other instances there may be trade-offs; for example, between maximising global public benefits (e.g. GHG emission reductions) versus interventions with both global and local public benefits. The different perspectives and common ground shared by these communities are highlighted in Figure 2 below.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f76cbb14-en	cbb7365ca2dc595265bce038d2acd67f	While there are an increasing number of recycling projects, few countries have adopted system-based approaches or invested in the promotion of the circular economy (waste reduction, reuse and recycling). Further, the methodology (this is a Tier III indicator) and data are issues. Although Target 12.6 focuses on sustainability reporting, its methodology is still work in progress, with a Tier III indicator whose methodology is yet to be agreed upon.	12	0	8	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	cbbf086c9d1113eb2cdee43ee06ac3a7	It took negotiators three more years to agree on the so-called Paris Rulebook at the 24th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP24) in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018.47 The Rulebook contains guidelines that define how climate action is implemented, including the need for transparency and reporting on progress on the implementation of the NDCs. The Rulebook also includes provisions for developed countries to report on the climate finance they provide. Countries are required to submit their first reports and national emission inventories by 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	cbbff4c94fdf78792e0c8a6419413622	For example, the AA Utility bond rate, used by the EIA as a proxy for utility-sector borrowing costs, increases significantly through 2015. A similar pattern arises in the metals producer price index, which is used by EIA as a proxy for the underlying cost of construction commodities. Those two factors level off in later years but they clearly drive the trends in projected costs for the initial years.	7	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	cbc0974e71bd91d339715e803bc03006	These policy measures are currently filed in the House of Representatives for the 17th Congress and are essential for biodiversity financing. The councils are the highest planning and policy-making body that serves as the counterpart of the NEDA board at the subnational level. They play a vital role in co-ordinating and setting direction of local initiatives that could accelerate socioeconomic development in the region. The amount is significant, and these agencies can also carry out activities that are beyond the mandate of DENR.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0f6ff1b0-en	cbc63ae0a0b4b4a7a769c831806085af	It should be noted that the vast experience of JMP has played a role in the development process of the new targets and indicators, taking into consideration the shortcomings and criticisms of the current target and indicator system. In order to effectively reduce or eliminate inequalities it has been proposed to disaggregate the data by four population groups (rich and poor, urban and rural, informal and formal urban settlements, disadvantaged groups and the general population). The ongoing consultation is also raising important and valid questions related to, for example, data sources, reliability, national capacities and associated cost to monitor.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085398-en	cbc788c78b9886366b0521094a2edf33	However, women in skill cells with a higher share of foreign-bom women do appear to earn higher incomes at the national level. This could be due to the increased participation of native-born women in the labour market due to immigrant women taking over childcare and household services (Furtado, 2015; Peri, 2014, see also Chapters 3 and 5). Furthermore, a significant and positive regional effect is observed when considering the impact on real wages of South African-bom workers - a one percentage point increase in the share of immigrants is associated with an almost 1% increase in the real wages of the native-born workers (Table 4.A2.1). By 2011, foreign-bom employment in agriculture and even more so in industry (including mining) decreased, and more foreign-bom workers became employed in the growing service sectors of the economy.	8	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	cbc98d8ae58f7f45e2c26efc4edf476a	Consideration of such possibilities provides a sense of how whole school systems might be reoriented to push forward the agenda of sustainability conceitedly. This emphasis on teaching content continues to characterise the practice of ESD. However, in most of the focus countries there also exist good examples of educators going beyond teaching ‘about’ sustainability and the environment to create a more active engagement of students with sustainability issues, which will result in more authentic or transformative learning. The broad range of extra- and co-curricular approaches includes clubs, field trips, special events, research activities, project-based rich tasks and whole school approaches. A small sampling of these initiatives will be illustrative of their diversity. In Guyana, the state Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been increasingly active in the school system, and establishes and registers school environment clubs, providing a number of supports and resources for club supervisors.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	cbc9b7589a5db5b2ca73372d0d52b9a0	Bordered by Croatia and Montenegro at the coast, its coastal area is 24 km long, with a jagged coastline at Neum Bay and Klek Peninsula. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a population of about 3.5 million people, of which about 500,000 live in the Adriatic Sea discharge basin. The coastal region belongs to the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, encompassing an area of 3,318 km2 and nine municipalities.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	cbcd88251cb2b1c9194a25de7691f732	All these factors contribute to a relatively wide gender gap in working hours and eamings among German couples with children. There need to be institutional changes in the provision of care for young and school-aged children, cultural changes and changes in the labour market, if German women are to have the opportunity to increase their working hours and/or participate in fulltime work. It finds that German women are more likely to work part-time than women in most other OECD countries, and that Germany has large within-couple gaps in working hours and eamings.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	cbcf7f0bf6893461e8dc6b145f3d55d4	The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement established stronger and more universal standards of intellectual property protection; but many developing countries lack the ability to make effective use of intellectual property rules as a tool of development, or to mitigate its disadvantages. Space should be given for developing countries to adopt the system of intellectual property protection that best suits their development needs. A major challenge for developing countries, especially the smaller and poorer ones, is the diversity and complexity of the international intellectual property right (IPR) architecture and the multiplicity of negotiating forums.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	cbd07ad73b0736d3f6d4d3f29b3411d8	This model does not simulate benefits and the study is therefore limited to the tax side only. The figure below shows that pre-tax inequality (which includes benefits) has risen substantially. The rise was particularly notable between 1978 and 1992. The Gini coefficient has increased by some 8 points (or 24%) over the period as a whole.	10	0	5	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	cbd648df0a503cee7c2fc2d845298358	Finally, after 3.5 months and having miscarried, she had the surgery but she is currently paralysed from the neck down, having regained only partial movement in the hands. The Committee found a violation of her right to health, since the decision on the abortion had not taken sufficiently into account the damage of the decision on her mental and physical health. Her health would have required access to both the surgery and the therapeutic abortion, especially given the circumstances (her age, the suicide attempt and sexual abuse).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/f9b2e53f-en	cbd94de3d67701cabf9eaef4fd84f9aa	Part-time work and maternal employment after the first year of life more consistently have neutral or positive associations with children’s outcomes (Baum, 2003(1681; Berger, Hill and Waldfogel, 2005|i69j; Brooks-Gunn, Han and Waldfogel, 2002(170]; Ruhm, 2004[ni]). Yet, the economic advantages of mothers entering the workforce for children’s outcomes may be isolated to early childhood: When mothers of older children and adolescents return to work, there do not appear to be benefits for children’s outcomes (Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2017(157]). These patterns of findings suggest two things.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	cbda679f581f83ddbeb970af9011cfde	The governing board (Mega Cebu Development Board, not to be confounded with MCDCB) will also be composed, among others, of the Mayors of the 13 LGUs of Metro Cebu and Directors of Region VII National Government Agencies in relevant sectors mentioned above (Republic of the Philippines, 2015). A similar approach was undertaken in British Columbia, where the legislation guiding the role and authority of regional districts around regional planning clearly speaks to a collaborative relationship, but authority over land use planning at the local level. The ‘soft’ relationship is both successful in terms of partnership and collaboration and shared vision, but challenged by an inability to require the vision to be implemented.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	cbdd99df4169f77eef39ed36838348d2	Train the investigators in the data collection tasks. Perform the statistical analyses of the data collected. Provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decisionmaking processes about mental health care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	cbdf67274cc36de976ea20742750cbe4	About 375 practices participated in 2013-14, receiving average payments of AUS 23 900. The rural loading is paid in recognition of the difficulties of providing care, often with little professional support, in rural and remote areas. Approximately 1 700 practices received an average rural loading payment of AUS 12 300 in 2013-14.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	cbe1a97993e14a9b55f1e46e256a67d4	She comes from a long line of strong, well educated women, who have always played a prominent role in making decisions on the family farm. So when she decided to investigate using ICTs to streamline the management of her own organic farm, she had no hesitation in taking a step that might be viewed with misgivings by some of her neighbours. Gender and ICT: a good mix. Officials at the company that sold her the farm management software programme were themselves surprised to be approached by a woman, especially one so adamant about the kind of ICTs she wanted to use, and the benefits she expected to see.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	cbe461f283afa9baf85f45b1fe4b77fe	International experience has shown the importance of primary care, with a focus on prevention, to enhance health outcomes a while containing costs. The government plans to expand primary care in rural areas by establishing county level hospitals and local health care facilities (Eggleston, 2012). In China, as in other the BRIICS and developing countries, social-insurance health care systems face the challenge of collecting social security contributions because of large labour market informality and other issues, such as lack of information sharing among funds and scarce use of ITC. The government has launched different initiatives to tackle these problems including the integrated collection of contributions for five social insurance programmes and more advanced use of ITC (ISSA, 2013).	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	cbe4f1cab1cf899d5bb7ff91d7e81c36	The study did not, however, look at system cost and the authors do not speculate on whether they believe that the interventions saved money overall. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was GDP 64 097 between domiciliary care and stroke unit care, leading the authors to conclude that cost perspectives are important when stroke services are evaluated and that the improved health outcomes in the stroke unit come at a higher cost (currently in excess of the usual threshold for accepting new technologies in England). This outcome is particularly likely to arise in systems where hospital and social care are delivered by separate agencies. In England and Wales, the health services have the power to fine local governments a daily tariff for delays in discharge caused by local social care failures. An alternative model was that local hospital and social care services were encouraged to work collaboratively by applying for special grants to improve community services.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	cbe934101130e163847d993b9931db8f	Data collection and analysis should not be considered an after-thought, but rather, a core function of governmental services. The data gaps were found in both the formal and informal sectors. Problems of limited data are not unique to gender issues, but represent a pervasive problem affecting all kinds of economic and social statistics. Many governments are now assessing their capabilities for monitoring the new Sustainable Development Goals, together with traditional economic and social statistics.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	cbea6b0f30751a334f095eba5e1bb544	The more links a node has, the more connected it is, and the more likely it is to function as a hub (Lohmann, Albers, Koch, & Pavlovich, 2009). Tourism destinations that adopt a position as an aviation hub or gateway, and that are well serviced by air connections and accessible to a wide range of markets, can play an important role in stimulating the development of local and regional economies (Box 14). International cruise ships can cany thousands of passengers from port to port.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	cbeb8cdbe11b48456d4c0421307c6ec5	In the later stages of development, human capital became the prime engine of economic growth and large inequalities, by aggravating the negative impact of credit constraints on human capital accumulation, become detrimental to growth. Rajan (2010), for instance, argues that rising income inequality in the United States led to a boom in lending to the poor to buttress their consumption. On the other hand, preliminary work by Atkinson and Morelli (2011) using a large country sample over a long time span does not find a consistent cross-country pattern of high or rising inequality prior to banking crises.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	cbf1bae63498e2ed159f391d7a402340	Instead of choosing among many specifications, BMA estimates are obtained as a weighted average of the estimates from each of the possible models in the model space with weights proportional to the marginal likelihood of the dependent variable in each model. The resulting average model has better predictive accuracy than single models (Hoeting et al., Once the explanatory variables are identified via BMA, an ordinary least squares estimation7 with robust standard errors is used. The next section presents the data used to implement the estimation strategy.	11	4	4	0.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e632a806-en	cbf69cef5c2182a432f0ec969a77c349	See Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the First Quarter 2017. Bangladesh has deployed the Union Information Service Centers (UISC) in all 4,498 its Unions, the country's lowest administrative division. Inaugurated in November 2010 and operated by a team of two entrepreneurs including at least one woman, the UISC offers Internet access, training and other services such as mobile recharges.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-9-en	cbf6dd9243335180401242595f27d5ba	As a mechanism to pool resources and capacity across municipalities within the metropolitan area, metropolitan governance can help handle interdependencies across authorities and reduce fragmentation to manage water resources and water services more efficiently. In a context rife with financial constraints, this form of governance arrangement gains traction. Central governments have a role to play in incentivising cities to explore it more systematically among the range of options for co-ordinating cross-scale water management. Where established, they are seen as an institutional arrangement that can address several of the governance gaps identified above, promoting transparency; policy coherence and co-ordination; continuity, predictability and credibility of decision-making; and accountability to users.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	cbf8971bbb828384c9fa5e33f836490b	The lack of evidence on the costs and benefits of adaptation actions in Austria makes it generally difficult to justify additional spending in this area, relative to other budget priorities. In an effort to address this issue, Austria plans to conduct an economic assessment of the cost of inaction and arrive at an estimate of adaptation costs by mid-2015. Austria has already made good use of collaboration though EU and Alpine initiatives to leverage additional funding.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	cbfab8f4c019411997adfbedcfaceb75	Regarding labour-related information, the survey covers the following topics: Employment status, Main reason for early retirement, Reason stop working, and Whether received public benefits. The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey is a yearly household-based panel study which began in 2001. The survey is designed and managed by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (University of Melbourne). Unfortunately, no relevant information in this wave was found for our study; wave 3 was not used.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	cbfe23170d4aa40ca6e99985df7e27e9	The targets range from indicative targets of increasing the large-scale hydropower capacity, in the case of Myanmar and Lao PDR, to targets specifically aimed at boosting technologies that are only commercially viable with additional support. While Cambodia has no specific renewable energy target, the country aims to supply 2 241 MW of hydropower by 2020 under the Power Development Plan (ASEAN Centre for Energy, 2016). In 2010, the Malaysian Cabinet approved the target of increasing the installed capacity of biogas, biomass, small-scale hydropower and solar PV to 4 000 MW in total by 2030. While the 2011 Renewable Energy Act established that this target were to be achieved through the feed-in tariff system, Malaysia also expects the installed capacity of large-scale hydropower to increase further, which is not reflected in Figure 3.5.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	cc022d69a830295a8199abf51542891b	Some rural regions in Poland have seen a doubling of their productivity, massive investment in infrastructure and improvement in socio-economic outcomes in a relatively short amount of time. And yet, collectively, rural regions have not been catching up over the past years in terms of average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (see Chapter 1). There remain considerable disparities between urban and rural areas and between rural areas within different parts of the country in terms of employment, economic growth and access to services (see Chapter 1).	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	cc048c90e39472bc649e7380e7922f8e	Ombuds offices do exist inside national mechanisms (Egypt), but not in the national Ombuds offices (Jad, 2010). In other settings, accountability mechanisms can prove quite effective. One notable example of an enforcement mechanism is Puerto Rico’s national gender institution, which enjoys quasi-judicial powers to fine public officials and private institutions that foil to comply with national gender equality policies (Johan, 2010). Gender mainstreaming involves the following activities: obtaining gender-disaggregated data and qualitative information on the situation of men and women; conducting a gender analysis which highlights the differences between and among women, men, girls and boys in terms of their relative distribution of resources, opportunities, constraints and power in a given context; and instituting gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, including the establishment of indicators to gauge the extent to which gender equality objectives are met and changes in gender relations are achieved.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	cc07e9255545ced760ce39ee27a9d79b	Some of the MDBs and climate funds (e.g. the International Development Association of the World Bank Group and the Global Environment Facility) also provide grants and concessional finance to the EECCA region. For instance, technical assistance contributes to filling knowledge gaps and raising countries’ awareness of climate risks and the importance of addressing them. This leads to increasing the capacity of stakeholders to design and implement policies to tackle climate risks.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	cc0bfbf28ef261d5cd000dd354b59d1c	The existing climate funds have been criticised by some developing countries for their complex and differing procedures which make access to funds difficult, in particular for countries with capacity constraints (ODI, 2014). The Paris Agreement instructs the financial mechanism of the Convention to simplify approval processes and enhance readiness support to improve access for developing countries in particular LDCs and SIDS (Article 9.9). Progress on reducing fragmentation of climate funds over time could also help to reduce the complexity of the climate finance landscape, recognising however that dedicated climate funds only account for a small component of the overall climate finance flows. In the short term, while the GCF gets to scale, continued support to the Least Developed Countries Fund, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Adaptation Fund is one way of ensuring there is no gap between current provisions and a future streamlined financing landscape (OECD, 2015g).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	cc0ceb7dfdfc8b30b9c97084255d604b	This already poses a challenge for those public health centres that wish to use their resources to get full-time physicians on-site or deliver community services on their behalf. Consequently, public health centres are usually only staffed by part-time physicians, younger nurses and social workers which are a poor model for chronic diseases. Since there is widespread variation across municipalities in funding levels for public health centres, this means that relying on them would lead to wide variations in the quality of care.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	cc14269b353790dc1ba63537afd33eb0	"This is the first of seven planned 10 GW mega wind farms in China. The Chinese government is pursuing wind energy development with the same vigour they showed for hydro. Their approach is increasingly known as 'Three Gorges on the Land"" with reference to a massive scale of development comparable to that of the Three Gorges Dam."	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	cc1441cc3d4f3156fd56110697ae76c2	This is because such indicators usually form a core part of purchasing and provider payment systems so in cases where collection is not mandated, implicit incentives encourage data reporting. Clinicians and patients play a crucial role in the development and uptake of measures and this should be reflected in clinician training and payment systems. The quality and outcomes of mental health care will continue to lag behind other disease areas until adequate information systems are put in place to track pertinent indicators and purchasers and providers are given appropriate incentives to improve performance in this area.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/641d54a4-en	cc166f5167ddb6e41d8dff0e45ea11bf	This section briefly summarises the three international outlook studies recently carried out by ECE and FAO, which contain valuable indications, based on objective and transparent analysis of trends to the middle of the twenty-first century in the three main parts of the ECE Region. Given their broad international background, their objective methods and the transparency of their processes, they may be taken as a background or reference for the outlook of the sector as a whole in the ECE Region. All three studies have a reference scenario, and alternative, or policy, scenarios, which describe how the outlook would change in differing circumstances.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	cc1a730001c47188e57f9dddf0c54056	It is argued that this has not been the only cause, however, as inequality has also been falling in countries that are semi-industrialized or heavily dependent on remittances. They suggest that a situation could be occurring in which sectoral composition, heavily influenced as it is by natural-resource-centred economies, is generating greater relative demand for low-skilled workers, thereby narrowing the gap in returns on education. Rather than a sign of development being reconciled with equality, this would be a warning that the combination of stagnating productivity and the region's specialization pattern are sending out signals that discourage educational progression and capability development. While this evidence is not yet conclusive and the debate is still open, it is necessary to consider this possible scenario and assess the potential implications of this interpretation of the region's recent decline in inequality.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	cc1b55d49d3728958f721c5386972b5c	"This approach represents the product of collaborative work of many national and international experts working in different fields (transport, ecology, engineering, energy efficiency, spatial planning, etc.). It combines new and old Soviet-era ""micro-rayon’’ solutions, including territory of a smaller size (15-20 ha vs 50 ha), housing with a reduced number of storeys (S 5), more compact development, underground parking to provide more space for common areas, job opportunities within walking distance in ecologically friendly industries, energy efficient buildings, and a choice of centralized or decentralized utility systems. Emphasis is given to the development of intimate spaces with good quality infrastructure and amenities."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f39af5f-en	cc1b7fe84afc8a47db39bdb6db940be9	"Past resettlement projects often turned out to be ineffective: the resettled households were not satisfied with their living conditions in the new location (due to insufficient financial support for construction of houses there, inappropriate quality of soil in the allocated land for agriculture, lack of employment opportunities, etc.) At the same time, there remains the problem of previous spontaneous individual housing. The Master Plan of Dushanbe (approved in 1983 and adjusted in 2010) provides for demolition of tire ""kibit"" buildings made of traditional cob material in the central part of the city, which have total floor space estimated at about 750,000 nr, with an eye to using tire land for construction of multi-storey residential buildings."	6	9	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	cc1ecf6475542490332ac35fec259344	The law on Veterinary Services, Phytosanitary, Food and Feed was enacted in 2010 to attain EU compliance of related Turkish legislation. Improved border inspection, animal identification and preparedness to respond to human- and animal-disease pandemics are amongst the recent actions taken. Completion of this process is envisaged for 2012, and until that time national systems remain valid.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	cc22217823956d589073f1e7c423bbfa	In Southeast Asia, moreover, prices of staple crops of rice, maize and cassava are projected to rise by more than average world prices, due to the influence of maintaining current agricultural domestic support and restrictive trade policies - particularly those related to rice - which compound some of the price effects of climate change. In addition, as a consequence of these production and price effects, if current policy settings are not reformed, agricultural trade between ASEAN and the rest of the world is also projected to be lower compared with a situation of no climate change. Finally, these price effects, and falls in trade volumes, can have implications for the ability of individual countries to respond to shocks that can disrupt production, and thus negatively influence food security.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	cc273573bd8a51933e68218cc83233e4	In some joint commissions, donor support is considered an additional source of funding for specific projects and makes up the special funds which are different from the commission’s budget (e.g. in ICPDR). In other joint commissions, donor funds form the main part of the budget. In 2008, the main donors of the Mekong River Commission included Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the European Commission and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which contributed in total 16 million US$ to the Commission’s budget.	6	3	2	0.2
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	cc2cadbfedf92b985082461bb6b67999	Revisiting the dynamics of growth, inequality and poverty reduction. Centre for Development Policy and Research, SOAS, Discussion Paper No. True world income distribution, 1988 and 1993: first calculation based on household surveys alone. The two faces of globalization: against globalization as we know it.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/293adac7-en	cc2e4291069d0e6ad4ae3a12d31a6650	Often the bunkers need to be emptied with shovels (hand labour) and are not emptied for quite a long time, generating a number of hygiene and health-related problems (for example, presence of rodents). Recycling facilities are very limited, and composting is only done by some farmers for their own use.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	cc2eff603c1375773fa4a470607032de	Information on maximal potential consequences of an accident is important as society and individuals are reluctant to accept options bearing potentially large negative outcomes or large uncertainties. Simply multiplying probability by potential outcomes does not address this issue. Some authors and studies have thus applied a risk-aversion factor (larger than one) to low-probability/high-consequence events, but the choice of the coefficient is subjective and controversial. The valuation of this subjective aspect can be appropriately assessed in a multi-criteria analysis: the SECURE project identifies three separate risk indicators to characterise the risk of severe accidents and to be used in a multi-criteria decision analysis framework (Eckle et al.,	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	cc3172aed63847a271b8f4d147fc2736	Least developed countries, however, often do not have the resources or critical mass needed to build such networks. These countries should therefore form regional R&D networks and engage in South-South collaboration to leverage the resources of all members. For example, several Central African nations recently formed a university network of researchers engaged in work in the medical field (Cannady, 2009).4 Regional networks could also offer valuable opportunities to leverage resources of wealthier countries.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	cc3a59c2e256ebf498b7c55be917039d	Social cohesion involves the inclusion of citizens and groups across the entire distribution of living standards - all need to share understanding of, responsibility towards, and a sense of belonging to their society. What, then, are the different social cohesion challenges facing each part of the income distribution? First, it considers disadvantaged groups in a different light: in countries where growth has lifted large numbers of people out of extreme poverty as defined by common international standards, many still remain disadvantaged by socially relevant standards, such as relative poverty lines.	10	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	cc3cf199542f118b13f880f34e0fe622	Preliminary assessments for Denmark also indicate an increase in forest carbon stocks during the last decades. Hence, forests in Fennoscandia contribute to approximately 1% of the global forest carbon sink. There are insufficient data to assess the contribution of old forests to the total carbon sink in Fennoscandia.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	cc3e3b0598eba21973908b54e6a5c8c1	Given the projected population growth, emissions on a per capita basis would decrease from 1.8 to 1.1 tC02e, i.e. by 35% -even though GDP per capita would rise considerably from USD 380 to more than USD 1,800. However, this is accompanied by major assumptions about willingness and ability to make big changes within the seven main sectors - and is reliant on securing the finance. It will be tough to attract the investment. Much investment will be required in green infrastructure (10% growth rates will require 14% annual additions in hydroelectric power), but infrastructure tends to have high up-front costs and long pay-back periods and delays.	13	3	7	0.4
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	cc41b86c165b02abfdb6c0cd469fba78	However, the Annual Health report 2012 indicates that since 1990, suicides have decreased in every age group except among 15-24 year-olds, where it has become somewhat more common, reflecting the overall trend of increasing mental ill health amongst youth in Sweden. On the other hand, suicide rates have declined the most among senior citizens, especially among men, and differences between the age groups have decreased. Differences between levels of education are more significant among men: the number of men holding a lower secondary level degree is twice as high as those with a post-secondary education.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8108e11f-64f326b3-en	cc491899f4263ccbdfd691a4ad8b7b05	Telecommunication networks are interconnected on a national, regional, and global basis, and the quality of telecommunication services applied in one network or one country influences the end-to-end quality of that service, so the quality cannot be considered only at national or regional level, but also needs to be considered globally. A harmonized and common approach to regulating QoS would enable greater quality prospects irrespective of the locations of the consumer and service provider. It is intended to be used as a guiding tool for telecommunication national regulatory agencies (NRAs) or government ministries in charge of QoS and QoE (quality of experience) parameters and measurements as defined by ITU-T, as well as enforcement mechanisms.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	cc49d7b9b850d159610bd9a3ee4b5d78	Current status of corporate reporting legislation internationally (cont.) Under this scheme, all UK quoted companies must report on their GHG emissions as part of their annual directors’ reports. The requirement affects all UK incorporated companies listed on the main London Stock Exchange, another European market or whose shares are dealing on the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9f796186-en	cc4bfb095b5289d61d7bc567b3b4d560	"In response, China announced a proposed list of 128 products imported from the United States, valued at about $3 billion as the target for the ""tit for tat"" tariffs, followed by a further list of 106 products with an import value of $50 billion which would face a 25 per cent tariff in retaliation for the second wave of tariffs. However, there are several points worth noting, including how current accounts are measured and what factors really drive current account deficits. Second, the current account deficit may not indicate competitiveness levels but rather a low level of national savings relative to investment."	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	cc4c83c096fd95e91e041565098bc701	But public work programmes need to be supplemented with targeted support to those that cannot work for various reasons, because they are physically incapacitated, including those with poor nutritional status, or because they are occupied with other valuable activities, such as attending school (Ravallion 2009). Finally, in order to stimulate female participation in the labour market, programmes need to be supplemented with affordable child care, kindergarten and pre-school services. However, the new evidence presented in these papers and reports is minimal. This can be explained by the lag with which new micro-data becomes available. Regular household budget surveys may not be sufficient to capture the impact of a crisis at household level and could be complemented with quick assessment surveys covering a smaller sample and qualitative survey instruments to capture the experience of households and individuals. There is clearly a need for timely and systematic data collection and more systematic assessments of poverty and vulnerabilities.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	cc4ee2e9dafc1e762d2a53266178d99c	"For example, in Malawian society, a child has more than two parents: 'The siblings of the biological parents are classified as ""senior"" and ""junior"" parents according to their order of birth. The ""senior"" and ""junior"" fathers are the elder and younger brothers of the father, respectively. The ""senior"" and ""junior"" mothers are the elder and younger sisters of the mother.' ( Individuals are connected to all these relatives through a broad network of blood relations."	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	cc4f31f23a122590358615400cfbc34f	The “Environment Prize” awarded by FEDIL recognises the most innovative initiatives. As the principle tool for territorial planning at the national level, this programme provides guidance for initiatives and decisions of the central government and local authorities with respect to sustainable development of their territory. It makes provision for sectoral master plans, land-use plans, and greater inter-ministerial co-ordination through the Integrated Transport and Territorial Development Concept.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/042f5056-en	cc4f71b03c6a74afd86661f736850ee8	To limit global warming to 1.5°C means that emissions will need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions. Global carbon emissions need to fall by a staggering 45 per cent by 2030 from 2010 levels and continue at a steep decline to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Parties to the agreement are expected to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs (including targets, policies and actions planned in response to climate change). As of that same date, 183 Parties (182 countries plus the European Union) had communicated their first NDCs to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and one Party had communicated its second NDC.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	cc4f9d63f277926b95defe57aba142c4	It was generally agreed, however, that the reforms in greening the energy sector were principal for determining Grenada’s low-carbon development pathway. The energy sector was seen as the fulcrum for green economy implementation. Green economy policies in tourism are therefore seen as necessary to balance the seemingly competing objectives. The tourism sector is recognised as the single largest source of foreign exchange earnings, income and employment generation, and an important contributor to general economic activity and social development.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	cc5142e5d6333049e9903db9751bf83e	Article 23 of the Code of Personal Status, according to which “a wife shall respect the prerogatives of her husband and shall owe him obedience” has been replaced by a provision which obliges each spouse to treat the other w ith consideration and co-operate in managing the family’s affairs. In fact, spouses must treat each other with kindness, live together and avoid causing harm to one another, perform his/her part of the marital duties according to what is accustomed, co-operate in the process of family household issues and in the children’s education including their schooling, travel and financial matters. The husband, as the head of the family, is responsible for the financial support of his wife and children, w ithin his financial means; the w'ife also has to financially contribute to the family life if she has the financial means (Article 23).18 Such an obligation constitutes recognition of the economic role of women and brings a new' order to her status w ithin the family.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	cc5404fc90bda88eace10bbb357d69a1	Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from their OECD/IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Juan Casado Asensio, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Takayoshi Kato, Nicolina Lamhauge, Sara Moarif, Michael Mullan, Lola Vallejo as well as Jake Werksman (EC). The authors would like to thank the participants in the adaptation session of the March 2015 CCXG Global Forum for their insightful comments, specifically Emma Balman, Marianne Karlsen, Xolisa Ngwadla, Emily Park, Dawn Pierre-Nathaniel, Linda Siegele, Dina Spoerri and Marianne Tegman.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	cc54ca28739281a3ee9dd6ca38742cb5	At the national level, the central government has standards, targets and a programme (Master Plan 7) to increase energy efficiency in manufacturing. At the city level, the Hai Phong Green Growth Strategy for Industry in 2020 (with the target for 2030) formulates a vision for modernising industry and encourages energy-effective production. Based on this plan, the city will help the 120 casting companies that use coal to transform their manufacturing process. The city is already supporting firms in energy auditing and has provided consulting solutions to save energy.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	cc57f377559bdf0ac5df7959eb40e0bf	Linear trends are assumed to forecast the costs of programmes for which future data is unavailable.3 Under the costed scenario, real expenditure on social protection programmes is projected to increase from ETB 25.5 billion in 2016/17 to ETB 44.7 billion in 2025/26. As Chapter 1 demonstrates, social protection spending between 2012/13 and 2015/16 was stable at around 1.4% of GDP once emergency assistance was excluded. As a result, the fifth scenario projects the cost of maintaining social protection spending at 1.4% of GDP and assumes that humanitarian relief will be considered a distinct area of spending. The costed scenario is not affected by GDP growth but nonetheless increases in real terms over this period. As a result, they can be netted out from total social protection expenditure when calculating the level of tax and non-tax revenues and external assistance needed to finance future social protection spending. Social protection spending that is financed solely through general revenues is hereafter termed “net social protection spending”.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	cc5be40832bb68528d8fc88f584d5696	See, e.g., Detrick 1999, pp. However, such separation and cutting of the linkages between the child and his/her parents is legitimate when necessary for the best interests of the child (e.g., in the case of abuse or neglect of the child by parents determined by a competent authority). See also In the Marriage of C. and J.A. Doyle (1992) 15 Fam L.R. 274 (Australia); and Joycelyn Pablo-Gualberto v. Crisanto Rafaelito Gualberto, G.R. No.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	cc61292ca6f6b1b17f3e2b2cbaa3e1c8	The study found a correlation between the two forms of vulnerability, but further work would be required to determine whether the results apply more widely. In addition to this mapping, the NAS identifies a number of key research questions on social vulnerability that remain to be answered. This requires a long-term, planned approach. In fulfilling this objective, the NAS applies the typology of sustainable development, noting the importance of making Austria’s society, economy and ecosystems more resilient to the effects of climate change.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	cc622af11ee3150c0733ec092fb5183e	Finally, the Republic of Korea undertook extensive pension reforms, extended mandatory severance-pay plans to firms with five or fewer workers, increased childcare benefits and a lump-sum grant on birth and set up an electronic information system for collecting social security contributions. They experienced growing intergenerational tensions as the pay-as-you-go schemes relied on current pensions being supported by current workers who would then receive a lower pension due to the shortfall in contributions when they reached retirement age. This experience suggests that it is critical to start early to implement and sustain reforms in order to avoid abrupt adjustments and massive build-ups of debt.	8	1	4	0.6
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	cc642018f26eac2bd59f05eb7cc4a584	The Vanuatu Government also suspended value-added tax (VAT) and import duties on construction materials for two months after the cyclone, deferred payments of vehicle registration fees and VAT to the next quarter, and provided subsidies for agricultural seedlings to affected households (IMF 2016b). The Vanuatu National Provident Fund also allowed its 40,000 active members to withdraw up to 20 per cent of their retirement savings to cover expenses related to Cyclone Pam (IMF 2016b). Common to both were the significant logistics and transportation challenges due to the isolation of numerous communities and challenging geographical terrain (SPC 2016: IFRC 2017). There were also coordination challenges, particularly data flow and information management coordination from the national disaster offices/coordinating bodies (SPC 2016: IFRC 2017).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	cc6506ae74b4c95029b1290c5481cb6e	Work thus includes activities that may result in broader human well-being, both for the present and for the future. Work has both monetary and nonmonetary returns, tangible and intangible, with expressed and unintended consequences. If cooking for himself, the cost as a producer is the opportunity cost of his time, which could have been spent doing something else; the return to him as a consumer is the nutrition from the meal.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	cc65e65fcd6d3f1690323c6781224380	From Child Welfare to Child Wellbeing: An International Perspective on Knowledge in the Service of Making Policy”, Springer Publishing Company, New York, NY. New Inequalities: The Changing Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press. Demography, 45(1): 173-191, February.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	cc67029e8037b79d5e134d77f5895c82	Short-term consequences in terms of learning disability, as well as long-term economic consequences, can be expected, since lower education levels lead to lower income opportunities. In developing countries, 163 million children were estimated to be vitamin A-deficient, with a prevalence of more than 30 per cent in 2007, down from approximately 36 per cent in 1990 (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2010). Women who suffer from undernourishment are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, whose development will then be affected throughout their life.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	cc6958af3dcebac8a7123c8cc7829103	Share of population with access to electricity. Each indicator was normalized to the 0-1 range using the min-max method. To net out the effect of non-energy commodities, mining-related data have been weighted by a coefficient reflecting the overall weight of energy-related commodities in total minerals exports.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	cc69b7f0a84ab38e1672dd192350defd	Les analyses suggerent qu’il est difficile d’obtenir un alignement, au sens de correspondance explicite, directe et coherente, notamment en raison de conceptualisations differentes du savoir professionnel. Neanmoins, ce papier soutient que le potentiel des normes en tant qu'outils politiques reside dans leur capacite a creer un dialogue entre differents artefacts (les exigences formulees pm- les normes, le curriculum, les descriptions des cours de formation, les normes d'accreditation, etc.), La renegociation reguliere des normes a la suite de ce dialogue et de ces reflexions devrait etre un element crucial du processus politique.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	cc6a2e012e656123dcce7494e88aa5ad	This would appear to be a weakness in the standards as currently agreed, and Scotland should consider whether patient-reported measures (including patient satisfaction and experience) should be included. Several OECD health systems (in the Nordic countries and in Canada, for example) are increasingly using patient-reported measures in accountability and contracting frameworks (OECD, 2015) in an effort to make services more responsive to patient needs and preferences. The inclusion of this target helps underline the need to see a whole-system approach to targets and system performance relative to targets, considering the inputs and drivers behind successfully, or unsuccessfully, met targets.	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	cc6b7f9a1063ca77db192dc7e7795d27	As part of the women in leadership programme, MWA champions evidence and research to demonstrate the downsides of these norms. As stated by MWA, unconscious bias in the way that we see and evaluate women creates invisible barriers to women’s leadership (MWA 2013). Related to the social norms described previously, unconscious bias often manifests in the behaviour of senior leaders and decision-makers, whose negative attitudes may hinder the progression of women into senior roles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	cc6c3edc1bce1ded0a8561a1fd44e44e	In other contexts, school principals carry responsibility for appraising their deputy school leaders (e.g. various states and territories in Australia, including Victoria, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], and Israel [ISCED level 1 and partially ISCED level 2]). On the one hand, evaluators from local education authorities often bring in-depth knowledge of the particular circumstances of a certain school and a school leader’s work, something particularly important considering the role of context for successful school leadership. Thanks to evaluators’ insights into local contexts, scope for the local implementation of appraisal also constitutes an opportunity to create trust, commitment and ownership. As the professional organisation for school principals in New Zealand pointed out the quality of school leader appraisal in New Zealand differs greatly depending on the capacity of the responsible school board of trustees.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/baf425ad-en	cc6c7bd8bb32e792c4a9d0ae44f3d5e9	Details regarding the survey method, questions and respondents are provided in Annex A. As safe primary and ambulatory care is critically important in all countries strengthened through policies -striving for - universal access to health care, this report considers where possible low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and upper-middle and high-income countries (henceforth ‘developed countries’ or simply HICs).4 In a sense, less developed nations have the advantage of building the necessary structures and institutions into their health systems as these are built and established. Developed nations, on the other hand, have the difficult task of retrofitting safety into fully formed systems (WHO et al 2018). While the findings and recommendations will be of interest to healthcare providers and organisations, the principal audience of this report are policy makers looking to improve patient safety in primary/ambulatory care in a context of constrained resources. They are similar to the terminology in the previous report but are modified to the characteristics, priorities and specific risks of the primary and ambulatoiy setting.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	cc78ea2890cf7fd741ac0eb6c333deec	A fundamental thesis is that while there are some instruments that can be beneficial irrespective of the time horizon, there are nevertheless difficult trade-offs between short and long-term priorities, and a strategic framework needs to acknowledge those trade-offs. Smallholders may be efficient in the technical or allocative sense, but they often struggle to be competitive, either because of their lack of endowments, or because they confront missing or under-developed markets. Insufficient farm size may also be an issue, although other assets, such as farm management skills may also be lacking.2 The competitiveness of smallholders may also be undermined by external factors, such as subsidised exports arriving on internal markets.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	cc7968817694c2f422e0a2a9dee72191	The aggregate rate hides large differences by gender: while the male employment rate is among the highest in the OECD, the female rate is only around average. Another factor increasing total employment is the high share of men who work after the age of 64 (see below). Nevertheless, at 5.1% in 2009 and with an annual low of 3.9% and high of 5.4% over the past decade,9 the LFS unemployment rate in Japan is still within the lowest third of rates in a ranking of OECD countries and has remained, with few exceptions, below the rate for die United States. In the mid-2000s, the average number of unemployment benefit recipients (600 to 700 thousand people) was slightly less than a quarter of LFS unemployment, but in 2009 it rose rapidly to around 1 million, and by end-2009 remained significantly above its 2008 level. In 2008, almost half of those currently unemployed had been out of work for over six months, and one-third for over a year. The share of part-time employment in total employment, 20.3% in 2009, is high by OECD standards, with one in three women and one in ten men usually working less than 30 hours per week in their main job.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	cc79c3b2c8ec7defdb8dd0838b57069b	In the past, labour market institutions, public policies, and social norms reinforced traditional gender roles, especially in West Germany, but social policy reforms over the last decade have increased opportunities for parents. The new German family policy approach aims to provide parents and children with more time together by fostering a more equal partnership in the sharing of work and family life responsibilities (“Partne rschaftl ichke it'). In line with international best practice, the 2007 reform also led to an increase in the number of fathers taking leave.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264311626-4-en	cc7bc90129d18997476608718a7d7b49	Employee resource groups are networks of employees that aim to foster diversity and inclusion in the workplace while also providing valuable advice to companies on issues related to human resources and organisational management. In the United States, many private sector companies have created such groups to foster great employer-employee dialogue w'hile providing workers more opportunities to problem solve, thinking innovatively, and develop leadership skills. This strategy also identifies a number of critical sectors for growth including digital and creative technologies, life and health sciences, financial and professional services, as well as advanced manufacturing and engineering.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2013-10-en	cc7bd1565e76d73f9cc5fd219b231b7e	The first section explains why investing in skills matters not only in stimulating economic growth, but also in helping developing countries enter higher segments of the value chain. The second focuses on the phenomenon of skills mismatches and analyses the different reasons why they occur in developing countries. It shows how both skills shortages and surpluses have a negative impact on the economies of developing countries. The third section highlights how co-ordination failures affect the skills market and provides a series of policy recommendations to help developing countries address the skills challenge.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	cc7c085187737c09ceb43444c3f3201f	There is thus a clear gradation in labourforce participation of women among different socio-religious groups. While the LFPRs of rural women varied between 35.6 and 49.6 per cent in rural areas, the variation was between 20.5 and 24.4 per cent in urban areas {Figure 6-4). The reduction in the labour force participation of women is thus largely in rural areas and is consistent with the reduction of employment opportunities in agriculture.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	cc7c8ddf589e45f25107964d4abcd68d	Excessive use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) contaminates waterways. Energy production and climate change are also main causes of water scarcity. For instance, use of traditional sources for energy production results in increased greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events such as flood and droughts, sea-level rise, and the loss of glacial and polar sea ice, all of which contribute to water scarcity.	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	cc7cdc63a7edbe7a7e51d9af910fb676	This trend is also seen, although not as clearly, in the next-richest group, whereas, in the poorest group of countries, the unemployment rales for the poor and the non-poor are quite similar. The percentage of people without proper access to drinking water is below 2% in the low-poverty countries, hovers around 12% in the countries with somewhat high and somewhat low poverty rates, and stands at 24% in those that have high poverty rates. These differences are not necessarily as stark, however, when the comparison is limited to low-income households.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	cc7ff9087fabcdc500e8966e260520e3	They reported that cash transfers had the greatest impact on marriage-related indicators, noting that the transfers worked as an incentive to stay in school and increase financial independence, both of which could have reduced adolescent marriage. Enrolment rates were higher for children participating in the programme, and there was a slight increase in the number of years of schooling they received. The mixed results suggest that the design of transfer programmes may be important for achieving outcomes. Cash payments made directly to girls rather than their parents had the greatest impact on reducing adolescent pregnancy and HIV in Malawi’s Zomba programme (Baird et al.,	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	cc80517f5a89907e1a3849c2226d1449	A step-change in the pace of emission reductions is required to put the UK on the path towards its ambitious 2050 target. Given the central role of the EU emissions trading scheme, a key element of the UK strategy should be to seek tighter quotas within the EU scheme. Preparations to adapt to climate impacts also need to be stepped up, focusing on the provision of more information, better risk-assessment frameworks and more advanced metrics for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation planning.	13	2	6	0.5
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	cc871dd48a747e1d910d2843f34090c9	Rates of deaths involving opioids, specifically heroin and synthetic opioids, the latter probably driven primarily by illicit fentanyl, have increased considerably across the United States. Available at Available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_ policy/mortality.htm. While heroin use has remained high among men, the rate of increase of heroin use among women has been higher than among men: between 2002 and 2004, the average rate of past-year heroin use was 2.4 per 1,000 men and 0.8 per 1,000 women, whereas between 2013 and 2015, the rate of past-year heroin use increased to 4.3 per 1,000 men and 2.0 per 1,000 women. As the progression to addiction to opioids may be accelerated among women, the development of addiction among women following treatment with opioids for a legitimate medical condition (iatrogenic addiction) may explain the comparable levels of misuse of prescription opioids among the sexes.3 In 2015,4 per cent of women, compared with 5.3 per cent of men, had misused prescription opioids in the previous year.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264091344-14-en	cc87409efc14bac0764abfdc259155b8	The federal government is leading the policy changes and states are responding in different ways. Neither has Santa Catarina taken an active role in the MEC’s distance learning programme (E-Tec) for EPTNM. Significant differences in student participation in different types of courses are also observable between the practice in Brazil as a whole and Santa Catarina, reflecting the strong industrial-agricultural basis of the state and the take up on production-related profiles.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	cc8c8e7d91bb84f29c3f67e3c409d24d	However, it would be less transparent/more difficult to verify. For example, the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report included detailed region-specific discussions on vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity (see IPCC 2014, although significant uncertainties remain for some regions). Such information could be used to feed into a global stocktake at relatively low resource requirements. Expanding analysis to look at more national and region-specific information would increase the resource implications (and may reduce the political acceptability of results).	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	cc8cb99d01eb9e44d90fc4db2418cc00	Given that they have not been addressed properly, most problems remain (Poppe, 2009). Such flexibility allows for relatively uniform tariffs throughout the country, so that customers in remote places do not have to pay disproportionately high bills because they are difficult to reach by the concessionaires or other service providers. These discounted tariffs make cost recovery extremely difficult even with LpT subsidies, particularly for utilities that in addition have low rates of rural electricity access (ESMAP, 2005). In these cases, privately owned concessionaires often charge their wealthier, urban consumers higher tariffs in order to cross-subsidise rural consumers.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e617261d-en	cc8d535548159cd4714f88d17ee24512	"Although there is evidence that remittances provide better access to education and health care, limited contact with parents might have negative impacts on die development of children (FIDH, 2016, p. 58; Ablezova and others, 2008, pp. Studies in Kyrgyzstan have also shown diat caring is still assigned primarily to mothers, and that this role does not change much with migration (Thieme, 2008). The Russian Federation is seen as a space of freedom (Brednikova, 2017) where husbands can learn expectations about the role of a wife which contradict die role model of a wife in Central Asia; thus, women feel that they are in competition with ""Russian wives"" (Cleuziou, n.d.; Reeves, 2011; 2013). Having a ""second family"" in the Russian Federation is seen as normal - for a man - by a quarter of respondents in Kyrgyzstan (22 per cent of females and 26 per cent of males) (UNFPA, 2016)."	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	cc98052ffa84cf9886aa8467c686ae51	In the Republic of Korea, for example, since 2000, the government has significantly expanded social care provision in the form of universal long-term insurance schemes for the elderly and publicly subsidized childcare. Though most contemporary growth models incorporate some measure of human as well as physical capital, human capital is rarely treated as a component of investment.27 And while growth prescriptions almost always call for investment in skills, such calls are limited to increasing formal education. This approach to growth and development ignores the significant amount of unpaid and paid care work that goes into sustaining people from day to day and from one generation to the next. The service sector is the largest employer of both women and men in high-income countries, and an increasingly important contributor to productivity growth in developing economies.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	cc98d894ab9d307cedcbe952664ef4a2	Corporate disclosure practices are increasingly supported (or required) by legislation or stock exchange regulations that make ESG disclosure mandatory. Experience shows that for companies above a certain size and complexity, ESG disclosure can be an important tool for identifying business risks and opportunities (Baron, 2014). Indices such as the Low Carbon 100 Europe or the FTSE4 Good Index Series permit dedicated tracker funds to offer investment opportunities for investors interested in financial products with an emissions metric. The majority of G20 countries now have some kind of corporate reporting scheme in place that requires disclosure of climate change-related information (Box 2.3).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	cc9ad20d90fcdbe74ff438c0e9a956fd	Korea - another East Asian high performer in PISA - relies on the teacher candidate-selection process, pre-service teacher training and national evaluation process - all of which serve to ensure that only the best and the brightest join the ranks of teachers (OECD, 2014a). Similarly, Webb et al. ( Even when teacher quality is similar, the available evidence suggests that autonomy has a positive impact when it is given in return for accountability.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d35e799b-en	cc9f76dd623b12baefac515312dff0c2	Projections indicate that the Caucasus and Central Asia, Northern Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Western Asia likely have met the target too. While Southern Asia has the highest underweight prevalence, with approximately one in three children still affected in 2015, the region has experienced the largest absolute decrease since 1990, a 22 percentage-point drop. In sub-Saharan Africa the underweight rate has fallen by only one third since 1990. However, due to the region's growing population, the number of underweight children has actually risen.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	ccaa35159a84f3e2e6d875a94fafcbcf	While some of the water used by irrigated agriculture is reused by other downstream users or diverted to meet environmental needs, a large share is consumed in evapotranspiration (the share being close to the total with modern irrigation techniques). Losses also result in groundwater sources which are no longer economic to pump (OECD, 2010a). For the country as a whole, irrigation accounts for 58% of total water abstractions and for about 72% of water abstractions for consumptive water use in 2005 and 2006 (non-consumptive use includes water use for electricity generation or for cooling purposes) according to the most recent published data (see Figure 4.2). This is a bigger share than in most OECD countries behind only Greece, Turkey and Australia.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	ccac0fe774749029876f5167c4671261	Future PFBRs are estimated to cost nearly INR70 000/kW or around USD 1250/kW (Kakodkar, 2008). Based on experience with the imported LWR types under construction or planned, India may also decide to develop its own LWR type, with the longer-term opportunity to export this technology to other countries. Indeed, for the Russian LWRs currently under construction, most of the work has been undertaken by Indian staff. Government incentives on a central and state level - largely through capital subsidies, tax incentives, feed-in tariffs and RPOs - has been pushing the deployment of renewable technologies in recent years.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	ccac11b6c4ac734b4725d9290f043215	Together with the 2010 Public Health Regulations (Effluent Quality Standards), the goal is to achieve considerable environmental improvement of rivers within five to ten years. Drinking water is routinely checked for chemical (including heavy metals), physical and radiological quality. Pollution is not high with respect to international guidelines9 except in Haifa Bay and at some other locations.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22758cf4-en	ccaec86afc68d2b3aad56410f76b2a82	The water level has dropped 1.5 m below its permitted hydro-biological minimum. The river has its source in western Bulgaria (Vitosha Mountain, south of Sofia) and ends in the Aegean Sea (Strymonikos Gulf — Greece). Major transboundary tributaries include the following rivers: Butkovas, Exavis, Krousovitis, Xiropota-mos, and Aggitis, shared by Bulgaria and Greece; Dragovishtitsa, shared by Serbia and Bulgaria; Lebnitsa, and Strumica/Strumesh-nitsa shared by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. The Kcrkini Reservoir in Greece was created with the construction of a levee in 1933 for regulating the river discharges, for irrigation purposes, and flood protection (a new levee was constructed in 1982). The Kerkini Reservoir was finally developed into an important wetland, protected under the Ramsar Convention. In Greece, irrigation dams also exist at Lefkogeia and Katafyio.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	ccafe2a0505dfd1d9932003746ef28d8	Moreover, access to water is often intermittent and vulnerable to interruptions caused by droughts or other factors. State of) (2015) Venezuela (Bol. This hinders online access to health, education and government services, and impairs e-commerce among Latin American countries, which could become a tool for regional integration, particularly in the area of digital goods and services.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591400-6-en	ccb07f666b49b83596737f3549f65cc0	It contains a range of contextual, capacity and student outcome information, including data such as student numbers, attendance rates, teaching and non-teaching staff numbers, average school performance in national assessments and school financial information. It contains a set of quality data that teachers, schools, parents and the wider community can use, along with other information, to help ensure that every child in every classroom receives a high-quality education. This is the first time that the broader Australian community has had access to this data.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	ccb2996517ab82a698bbc061d0d9a554	In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), following pension reform in 2010, mothers can also benefit from a contributory credit equivalent to one year of contributions per child, up to a maximum of three years. Women can use this credit either to get better benefits from the solidarity pillar or to anticipate retirement (ibid.). Some countries that do not have contribution credits can achieve similar results with other gender equality-enhancing elements in pension design, such as short vesting periods and progressive benefit formulas.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	ccb42aac1212ec9849f6436573bcb08a	These markets shield products from full commercial competition in the initial stages of product development, based on the expectation that some end-users would be willing to pay a higher price for high-quality technologies, and that as a result these technologies will not need to be subsidized. However, as there are few niches today in which cost-insensitive end-users are willing to pay for environmental public goods, this strategy is less appropriate for green technologies. As discussed below, policies aimed at market formation include environmental regulations, minimum production quotas, public procurement policies, subsidies and feed-in tariffs, as well as risk-sharing policies designed to encourage greater private sector investment.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	ccb4b909506ac95218602f22f5d12798	In fact, open-ended contracts between the agency and the worker are the dominant contractual form of TWA employment in at least eight European countries (Table 2.1). For all these reasons, TWA employment is often very valuable to workers in terms of the opportunities offered to them and the possibility to gain experience, thereby representing a stepping stone into stable, regular employment (Jahn and Rosholm, 2012; Von Simson, 2012). As shown in Figure 2.8, except in English-speaking common-law countries as well as Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Switzerland and, among non-OECD economies, Latvia and the Russian Federation, all countries put some limitations to the use of TWA employment.39 Two clear patterns emerge from the comparison of Figures 2.7 and 2.8.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	ccb53e21953ffc3a1a817f17c54214cc	In Ethiopia's PSNP, Kenya’s CT-OVC and Malawi's SCT, 73, 65 and 83 percent of recipients were femaleheaded households. Information based on PtoP data (see also Tirivayi, Knowles and Davis (2013). Men tend to have more access to productive assets than women, which probably explains why they invest more in them. Where women have limited legal rights to land and other assets, prioritizing consumption over investment may be the best option open to them (Holmes etal.,	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	ccb5478735edf9334f3403ea9bfed0e1	In the case of international research, it is essential that data are comparable or are made comparable. This leads to the conclusion that it is advisable to pursue harmonization of road safety data. This starts with definitions to be used (e.g. the 30-day definition of a road death) and also involves the harmonisation of methodologies for data collection (e.g. when collecting data about Safety Performance Indicators). In every case of international comparisons, comparability of data has to be ascertained.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	ccb74d65c6b55192ca518f06decdac9e	Brazil still imports considerable amounts of coal and, to a lesser degree, electricity, the latter being obtained in particular from Argentina (EPE, 2008; Costa et al., This makes Brazil the largest electricity market in South America (IEA, 2009c). Large hydroelectricity supplies 72.6% of all electricity, followed by thermoelectricity generation (14.7%) (EPE, 2008).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	ccb7acfb678bab56e5bab2813953f470	Finally, reducing informality is a key challenge to increase revenues, with significant implications for tax policy. The level of informality - as measured by the share of people not contributing to social security - in Chile, although low for Latin American standards, is high compared to other OECD countries. There are many reasons why broadening the tax net to informal operators should be a priority: it would not only raise additional revenues, it would also restore equity between formal taxpayers and informal operators, raise social welfare as workers employed in the informal sector have limited access to social protection, and ultimately boost economic growth as productivity in the informal sector tends to be lower than in the formal sector.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b656887e-en	ccb7f606692c1805a7af0732a1282b48	This part of the population can be considered as potentially poor. In other words, despite receiving transfers to avoid poverty, they are still considered at risk. One explanation may be that, although those people are considered at-risk-of-poverty with regard to their current income, they do not fulfil the conditions to receive social assistance (for example because of their level of wealth or the low housing costs/rent).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	ccb91f4f82e89ab507565381d68f7c71	There was a reduction of 75 full-time fishers and 62 part-time fishers. In 2000, the number of registered vessels was 13 017. Removal of inactive fishing vessels from the Register of Norwegian Fishing Vessels and the introduction of an annual registration fee are the main reasons for the strong reduction in the number of smaller coastal vessels in this register. The structural quota system is assumed to be the main explanation for the reduction in the number of larger coastal vessels and ocean-going vessels.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ccbd0e8d18d22f2a291cb0cfa78ef7ba	In 2013-14, adaptation-focused ODA accounted for 25% of total climate-related ODA, and a further 12% of climate-related ODA targeted joint mitigation and adaptation actions (OECD, 2015b). Nevertheless, recent estimates of international adaptation finance indicate that this represented only 16% of total mobilised (i.e. public and private) climate finance in the context of the USD lOObn goal - with a further 7% addressing both adaptation and mitigation goals (OECD, 2015d). As highlighted in Section 3.1, this overlaps to some extent with other information requests relating to adaptation under the UNFCCC. In addition, as highlighted in Section 2.1, there is an extremely large diversity in countries’ adaptation responses as outlined in their NC, INDC or other reports. This includes variation in the scope, timeline(s),8 content, clarity and specificity of adaptation plans and actions. Some INDCs provide specific, quantified adaptation-related goals or targets (with a few INDCs indicating how progress towards these goals will be evaluated) and specified timeframes.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7b961df5-en	ccbd14b261d86680951d47d6360e6472	Income distribution will deviate from the distribution of earnings, as there may be social programs or support initiatives for those who receive low pay. For example, there may be supplementary welfare payments or reduced taxation for low-paid workers. Furthermore, for an analysis of the income distribution, also the household composition and the income of other household members have to be considered.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b64c6036-en	ccbdca0b238ec4bab1968434f993581f	In general, monitoring of groundwaters is less advanced in terms of quantity, and especially in terms of quality. For many countries (particularly for non-EU countries), either quality or quantity monitoring has to be improved or still needs to be established. Some countries have jointly carried out a groundwater body characterization according to the requirements of the WFD, e.g., Austria and Slovenia characterized the Karstwasser-Vorkommen Karawanken/Karavanke aquifer.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	ccc45da942ebb38b71751e033c1d58dd	It is therefore important that countries' INDCs are supported by comprehensive and robust national investment plans. The four selected cases present a diverse spectrum of country profiles and challenges to advance climate action both in the field of mitigation and adaptation. Whilst within sectors and for either mitigation or adaptation it is likely that similar opportunities and barriers can be observed across different countries, the nature and degree of importance of each barrier depends on country-specific factors such as existing institutional frameworks, market maturity and general technical capacity.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ccc4a699bb3569d7a711423ae5ef45c9	For example, collective work between Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute for Accounts, and the Malaysian Accountancy Research and Education Foundation provides detailed reports on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which can be a reliable basis for designing and offering training programmes. Collaboration with Universiti Sumatara Utara and Prince Songkla University, Thailand, facilitates the exchange of expertise in regional development in the context of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), which aids the exchange of ideas, experience and skills transfer. There are also examples of collaboration in relation to training programmes.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191136-8-en	ccc677e9c4ef8dc285e0aa16f795e94c	It would be desirable to ensure both that groups such as the elderly have good access to GP services, but also that they have equally good quality of care in primary care, including diagnosis and referral. Current and future efforts to strengthen the quality of primary care in Denmark (see Chapter 2) should include considerations of possible impact on equity. Data showing a pro-poor inequities in GP utilisation suggest that the lack of financial barriers have a positive effect on equity in health utilisation, and the high level of public financing of health care in Denmark generally has the desired effect in promoting equitable access to health care for all.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	ccc75c81fa27bb7f1b3e268a617a89a8	The analysis summarises and extends recent country studies on the dynamics of SA receipt for Norway (Bhuller & Konigs, 2011; Bhuller, Brinch & Konigs, 2014), Luxembourg (Konigs, 2012), and the Netherlands (Konigs, 2013). In addition, it presents previously unpublished results for Sweden. The results for Latvia are taken from findings of a World Bank study (World Bank, 2013) in which two of the authors were involved.	1	8	2	0.6
10.18356/5be883c5-en	ccc9025e98dad9af4551d32e94245305	Inputs into the social reproduction function are of three types: time, commodities and infrastructure.” They are combined to produce human capacities, which in the short term refer to the daily maintenance of the labourforce and in the longer term to investments in both quality and quantity. Even where the household receives in-kind services that it does not directly pay for, these services are paid for by others (e.g., governments or non-governmental organizations) and hence are treated as commodities in the model.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	ccc9cb06d500efa30bfeb3cfc7e20879	Gender identity is the internal sense of being a woman or man, or some other category (transgender). Gender equality is not a women’s issue but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable people-centred development.” Key phases of this process are summarized below.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	ccca4bf8ddc07fa4f58c1509417ad713	Additional EU funds have more than replaced this subsidy in 2012-13, although they may also involve more administrative costs. Reinstating a subsidy for training costs could be considered, in which case it should preferably be kept partial to reduce deadweight costs and potential misuse. The significant size of the informal economy may also hamper lifelong learning, as informal employers have less incentive to train workers.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289328753-8-en	ccca75ab98abc2026b230c3d34bbe753	The purpose of the study is to identify and explore existing resource efficiency parameters in the instruments and how these can be further unfolded. Further the purpose is to investigate if experiences from the ecolabels can be used when incorporating resource efficiency requirements into the Ecodesign Directive. The environmentally best performing products can be awarded with ecolabels. It is the intention that the ecolabels should represent the uppermost part (10-20%) of the products on the market in terms of environmental performance223 and stimulate the design, marketing and diffusion of products with superior environmental performance.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	cccd5a3493b6ffc209aad596ebc90860	Commit to research, development and innovation for longer-term energy balance and transitions. The mix of baseload and flexible peak-load capacity is a classic example to deal with variable load. Fuel switching, storage (see below), physical exchange with other regions through cross-border interconnectors, liquid energy markets, parallel supply paths and sufficient redundancy through standby components are all part of this effort.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d45e831b-en	ccce089995e9227a607921ab21612be8	Intimate partner violence affects women of all ages and ethnicities, regardless of their socioeconomic status and educational level, in all countries. According to the latest available data from 106 countries, 18 per cent of ever-partnered women and girls 15 to 49 years old experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey. On average, the prevalence of FGM has declined by one quarter since around 2000.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	cccf93530749f6cce023b6f3ff7f508a	Progress in this area is complex and takes longer to achieve since it requires redistribution of power to shift unequal norms, relations and structures of discrimination and inequality. The issue of sustainability of results thus comes to the forefront in addressing gender equality results. Gender analysis and monitoring the evolution of gender results (including pushbacks and steps forward) within a context is crucial to learning and refining programming for greater effectiveness.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	ccd1a9a22a38c6a092c994ef303d5fa4	The report matches patents granted between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the US Census Bureau, using inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. Patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms, but most US patenting firms are nevertheless small, and patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Patenting firms are more likely to create jobs in their first five to 15 years after grant, and less likely to destroy jobs longer term, than those without.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186217-10-en	ccd40392ff008374ad5e5d13447d7c50	This is of particular concern where groundwater provides a major share of drinking water supplies for both human and the farming sector (Chapter 9 and OECD, 2010a). Water stress is based on the ratio of total water withdrawals (across all uses in the economy, including agriculture) to total annual renewable freshwater availability. For most OECD countries this ratio is low and below 10%, but some countries are experiencing medium water stress above 20%, where water supply and demand needs to be managed to resolve conflicts between competing uses (OECD, 2010a).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	ccd4a29a635b6057717b29a1326ebeb7	In Ghana and Burkina Faso, the cash transfer roughly entirely offsets the effects of the crisis on school participation and child labour, while Cameroon has negligible effects as crisis impacts there were already negligible in this dimension. As we put no limits on the number of beneficiary children living in the same (poor) household, it follows that a cash transfer targeted to children is a progressive policy response, as households with more children, which are usually poorer, benefit proportionately more. Only Ghana may be in a position to rapidly implement a cash transfer programme to respond to the crisis, as it may expand the existing Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	ccd5919e89d00f8824c6e4cc93d22a0e	"This is of concern to developers, as the process is increasingly considered as tedious and highly uncertain. As such, the process discourages project developers from applying for such investments. Furthermore, EE projects that end up generating CERs are mostly from the large industrial sector, not in end-use energy efficiency, a sector that remains largely untapped. Kyoto Protocol Article 12 paragraph 5.c. For more information on this issue please refer to Buchner, B. and P. de T'Serdaes, ""How to trigger energy efficiency: The case for carbon finance?"" ( The complexities of the CDM approval process only increases the complexity and uncertainty of EE financing and result in higher transaction costs for project developers."	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	ccd69da729b11a94a3538493078b2d74	These indicators include, for example, the ability to register people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses and a range of screenings (BMI, alcohol consumption, blood glucose) for patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses. There is also a QOF indicator for “The percentage of patients on the register who have a comprehensive care plan documented in the records agreed between individuals, their family and/or carers as appropriate” (BMA (2014). For a full list of QoF indicators 2013/14 see BMA, 2014).	3	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	ccd6ba334f79733905911c458807dc4e	The second is related to the quality of urban development. It is observed that some reclamation project sites are yet to be fully integrated into existing urban systems. While strategic location of reclaimed land demonstrates potential, isolated reclaimed areas with monotonous land use and poor public transport accessibility may significantly lose the attractiveness of the areas for investors.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ccd6cfbe8738402065b39bcc3646bf22	Upstream and downstream industries have strong links to the primary agricultural sector, and understanding the implications of policies for farmers’ decisions and incomes requires broadening the view beyond policy transfers directly to the agricultural sector. Fertilisers represent a key input into crop production. Increasingly, high energy prices and limits to mining resources have resulted in increased fertiliser costs for farmers, and several emerging economies have identified fertilisers as an important angle to improve agricultural production and incomes.	2	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	ccd861a62730583cb724bd188fae5fa3	It takes a bottom-up approach that relies on the actions of individual countries to rein in their respective emissions and climate risks, while also acknowledging the different circumstances and needs of developing countries. Even so, it does leave open the possibility that international trade in GHG emissions allowances will play a material role in the future. While most of these potential conflicts are surmountable with a sophisticated understanding of environmental law and policy, the trade community has a contentious record on this historically. States with both an interest in seeing robust climate action and a deep involvement in trade negotiations are in an important position to ensure harmony between these two regimes.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	ccda43f789c0d8389b6a8f5af351fcd4	It serves as an overarching framew'ork for further, more issue-specific guidance in various areas and contains a number of important provisions related to women’s participation in public life and the necessary institutional tools and preconditions. While MENA countries have not yet adopted this recommendation, its provisions may serve as useful guidance for focused action to close the remaining gaps in the region (Box 2.2). Ensuring that boys and girls have equal access to good-quality education, equal rights and opportunities to successfully complete schooling and in making educational choices.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	ccda66b6ce92634dec27d5983301f81c	The Women's Budget Group in the United Kingdom has generated research and analysis tracking inequalities between women and men in the implementation of the United Kingdom's austerity programme following the 2008 global economic crisis. The broad aim of the Initiative is to make decision-making processes on policies, budgets, taxes and debts more democratic, participatory and responsive to the needs and demands of marginalized women and their communities. Budget planners in priority sectors, as well as members of Parliament, are sensitized regarding the importance of gender-responsive resource allocation. In addition, TGSP Mtandao organizes local and regional courses on gender budgeting and macroeconomic policy for policy makers, practitioners and civil society activists.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	ccdf78ebf9b0e4352bb24f87349aa436	The French Ministry of Education has set national targets that hold schools accountable for holding high numbers of students back and has implemented a reform that ensures individualised support two hours per week to those students who need it. This has also created various opportunities for students who have been lagging behind their classmates to catch up in the last two years of primary school. In 2014, an amendment to France’s school reform law declared that grade repetition should only be considered for exceptional cases (OECD, 2015a).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	cce3904a86b08a74d4329285c0b622a1	Some missing values for the expenditures were estimated using the latest available data and the historical growth rate of investment in a particular country or, where only one estimate was provided, the growth rates for the OECD. Additionally, where no information was provided for private sector R&D expenditures, the R&D expenditure ratio of private to public expenditures between 2001 and 2010 (0.554) was used. Note that this dataset includes R&D expenditure by government and higher education, which would seem to be suitable data to use as public R&D expenditure.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	cce3b164be89b7dba8a4d217fa5095fa	Section 3 (“Climate Change: The state of policy today”) describes how a prudent response to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: ambitious mitigation policies2 to reduce further climate change, as well as timely adaptation3 policies to limit damage by climate change impacts that are inevitable. Mitigation and adaptation policies are essential, and they are complementary. Most countries have begun to respond through actions at the international, national and local levels, drawing on a mix of policy instruments that include carbon pricing, other energy-efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	cce504364bf22c65950da9f86ff085ef	The College's Centre for Community Responsibility encourages and strengthens these connections, providing resources to support this work. Furthermore the college has developed innovative programme Best to the Industry in collaboration with industry to provide work-based learning opportunities for ICT students, one example is the programme on viticulture which supports the local wine industry. The Tel Hai Academic College stands out among the HEIs in Galilee for its deliberate efforts to integrate regional engagement with its core mission. The programme combines both academic and practical field experience to increase the opportunities for employment. In response to needs of regional employers, the college has proposed to develop a new school of management with departments of management and economics. With support of the Cherie Blair Foundation for Women, the college is sponsoring, beginning in the 2009-10 academic year, 20 Jewish and Arab women from the Western Galilee region to study for an interdisciplinary bachelor's degree in economics and business administration.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	cce59bcb9fabad687dab22a6b2c62fd0	Details on the dataset are provided in the Annex. However, such cross-country time-series regressions are typically less robust to variations in, for example, samples, econometric methods or the set of variables included in the regression than analysis based on micro data. In order to deal with the model uncertainty problem, the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) technique proposed by Sala-i-Martin etal. (	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	cce695f3a74c50edb70babcbc3217931	However, the focus on research in oncology and women’s health may reduce engagement with the community as only referred patients will be treated. There is a need to implement the plans to establish partnerships between AMDI’s specialist researchers and local communities in identifying health problems and providing solutions for healthy lifestyle. The institute has also commendable plans to build its collaboration with schools to develop health care education. There is considerable urban-rural divide in Penang and particularly in the Northern Corridor Economic Region: rural areas have reduced access to public services and due to ageing population are in need of paramedical care and nutritional awareness.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290747-en	cce80f44ca6babae3f97eed9e0d2b6ea	Explicit NUPs show a higher extensive thematic attention to all the selected themes than partial NUPs, with economic development, spatial structure and human development equally drawing the extensive attention of half of explicit NUPs. Explicit NUPs pay less extensive attention to environmental sustainability and climate resilience, which is consistent with Figure 4.1, but to a much lesser extent than with partial NUPs. This thematic picture of NUP attention only considers the 108 NUPs that are in the formulation stage or beyond, out of 150 NUPs, and therefore does not reflect the emerging dynamics of 42 NUPs in elaboration.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	cce9b27fa00c3b6f1b3a37fb7a0ef5b5	A new tax regime applied to the LP will further constrain the limited opportunities from this source. Private foresters have opportunities to access financing for afforestation within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy. An assessment should be prepared of measures applied in agriculture, forestry and other sectors that may adversely affect biodiversity, with a view to reforming them.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	ccea4bf1ae0e41df57a8b04502a26464	It is hoped that the large scale of the pilot project, the partnerships developed and the high level of support received thus far will help to embed the principles of ecological infrastructure within those institutions responsible for water security. This will provide evidence for the approach, which if successful, could then be expanded to other catchments within South Africa, and could influence broader policies related to water management, water pricing, land use management and regulation. Due to aridity, only approximately 12% of the country’s land area is suitable for planted crops, which include primarily maize, wheat, sugar cane and sunflowers (GCIS, 2014). However, much of the remaining land area is used as glazing land for cattle and sheep.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fa683360-en	cceaac425b65ad77fb3c4fc8ff57d2ed	Aware of the myths themselves, many victims adjust their initial account in order to appear believable. If this is understood through the lens of myths, then the prosecutor will see the inconsistency as making a false complaint or as creating evidentiary problems. The trauma might affect the victim’s ability to coherently or fully recount her experience. Being supported at the initial interview enables the victim to be more relaxed and develop trust for full disclosure of the incident. Victims often need to feel safe and supported before reporting. They often only report after they have arrived at a safe location or after they have talked to family, friends or support persons.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264262782-7-en	ccf1ce819dfacd8afa757c6f906052ca	Primary and secondary prevention are far from adequate, and Latvian GPs will need to deliver considerably improved care in these areas. Once the quality-monitoring framework for GPs is better established, it should focus on clinical outcomes rather than activities to support them to deliver better care. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	ccf35699275559efce6a76861a3828a5	Irregularities in the administration of such government help can deter many investors. More generally, known irregularities in the price governance of electricity, or energy can discourage capital providers from investing in energy efficiency projects. A sudden change in the price of electricity while the project is being implemented would affect its expected return on investments. The financial risk is also characterised by a risk of default in the counterparty. The price volatility of energy (e.g. oil or electricity) could be addressed through insurance mechanisms. Technical failures could be addressed through adequate contract exclusion.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	ccf631859ae3aee6de045c19a5ac4da2	Estimates for 2009 suggest that poverty and indigence rates might increase by 1.1 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively. This would raise the number of poor persons in the region by almost nine million, over half of which would be indigent. During the 1995 Mexican crisis, per capita GDP dropped by 1.2% at the regional level and by at least 2% in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2cv4t4gzs-en	ccfb6b71d03ddcddc06b5166d602cf1b	We would also like to thank in particular Ms Gara Rojas Gonz&lez for the significant, speedy and professional assistance provided throughout the analytical stage of the project when the analysis was undertaken on the non-public version of the PIAAC data. As always, responsibility for the contents of this report remains with London Economics. In the case of literacy and numeracy proficiencies, improved literacy and numeracy skills narrow the labour market outcomes gap between individuals with different levels of formally recognised education, but do not close it completely.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	ccfd1f1fec829bddbe45971a834e44af	Fiscal transfers are relatively low compared to the support provided through maintaining market prices above world levels, which are ultimately paid for by consumers. But some emerging economies are making increasing use of fiscal support measures. In South Africa support to land reforms, especially to new settlements and smallholders, is an important part of the policy package.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	cd034af3caf94a69b58565c6a854348d	The question remains whether these savings are sufficient and could have been achieved at a lesser cost through a combination of policy instruments, including economic ones. The development of the Smart Water Management in Korea (see Chapter 4) confirms that Korean authorities are looking for alternative options to address water scarcity and flood risks and make the best use of available w'ater and assets, while minimising or postponing investment in additional infrastructure to augment supply. Economic instruments can play an important role and complement the technical fixes used so far in Korean water management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179806-en	cd054a1ace127d0c5497529e8d32db46	In addition to general programmes, junior colleges also offer several types of special programmes (e.g. advanced specialist or customised programmes) but these represent less than 10% of junior college enrolment. But following a previous period of expansion, the number of junior college students has been falling over the past ten years, in particular in the fields of science and engineering (Kim, Woo, Ryu, Oh, 2011). The number of junior colleges has also fallen from 158 in 2005 to 145 in 2010 (MEST, 2010). Almost 95% of junior colleges are private (136 out of 145) and enrol about 97% of over 767 000 junior college students.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	cd06cdc14b995ea319082f25ae6ee76d	In the literature, targeting and beneficiary selection are often collapsed into the former, but the distinction is crucial to understand anti-poverty programmes (Barrientos, 2013). Ethical perspectives have a stronger bearing on the issue of targeting, while beneficiary selection rules are shaped by perceptions of their relative effectiveness. Alternatively, one could consider a threshold, such as a national poverty line, which households need to meet in order to live with dignity.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	cd070c467a9d6da75e2d14500fc6624e	Table 4 presents the distance of the toilets from the households. The closest distance ranges from 1 to 50 feet, while the greatest distance ranges from 251 to 300 feet. The encouraging finding is that the majority of people (73 per cent) had access to toilets within the lowest range (1-50 feet). Table 5 shows the latrine-sharing pattern in the selected slums, where a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 66 households shared one latrine. The table shows that less than half of the households (48 per cent) fell in the lowest range (1-15), while the larger portion of the households (52 per cent altogether) shared latrines with 16-75 households.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	cd078eb2547e794575803217db756bef	For general track students, the curriculum did not change in a fundamental way, while other changes affected them as much as they did other students. Propensity scores were estimated using logit regressions. Two kinds of propensity score matching were then employed: 1 -to-1 nearest neighbour matching and kernel matching.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	cd07cdff0149c91c05ebf97757c9b90a	"The researchers in question have developed an analytic approach called ""adaptive social protection"", which aims to combine the agendas of social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (both from the conceptual standpoint and in practical terms). Based on the combination of those three elements, interventions would become more efficient thanks to an improvement in the living conditions of the poor; the underlying causes of vulnerability would be counteracted; and, lastly, the capacity of individuals to adapt to the consequences of climate change would be enhanced (Bene and others, 2014). Siddiqi proposes a social protection intervention based on means of subsistence for climate change adaptation, in other words reducing vulnerability by constructing assets that are resilient to climate-based disasters. It is therefore proposed to adapt instruments that have been used in policies to diversify means of subsistence, construction and resilience of assets, and promote labour mobility in zones that are economically depressed as a result of disasters."	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	cd08edfe94618726270a2dbca471d631	Government spending on social protection accounted for just 12% of GDP, less than half the EU average of 25%. And expenditures on social assistance for the poor accounted for only 0.5% of GDP, prompting criticism that Turkey's social support systems were both fragmented and insufficient. Key policy changes include systematic strengthening of social assistance programmes, conditional cash transfers, social security reforms and an ambitious transformation of the national public health system.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	cd0924aaea86e112f115ee697e35181d	At its 5th meeting, on 7 May, the Forum had before it a draft ministerial declaration on the future international arrangement on forests we want (E/CN.18/2015/L.1), submitted by the Chair (Gabon) on the basis of the informal consultations held by Working Group 1. At the same meeting, following the statement by the Chair, statements were made by the representatives of Peru and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also at the same meeting, statements were made by the Secretary of the Forum and a representative of the Forum secretariat. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum had before it a revised draft ministerial declaration on the international arrangement on “The forests we want: beyond 2015” (E/CN.	15	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	cd0bdb0d8ca065d331bc08d158c1b006	The fact that the bulk of productivity enhancements achieved in LDCs have come from increased yields (rather than from labour productivity) points to the importance of technology embodied in higher-yielding varieties or in superior species of cattle, which can improve the well-being of farmers. Technology directly influences not only variety yields, but also the adaptation of plant and animal varieties to local agroecological conditions, the quality of inputs (seeds, fertilizers, machinery), the choice of cultivation and rearing techniques, etc. Producers' capacity to learn and adapt to new technologies and circumstances is partly determined by the quality of their human capital. The importance of agricultural R&D is highlighted by the fact that the modest recovery in productivity gains in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s has been attributed to increased spending on agricultural R&D and extension services, as well as improved price incentives (Fuglie and Rada, 2013; Block, 1995).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	cd0c4c4e61bcd097abf82316c74ee076	This section has analysed land-use and transport policy. A key lesson-learned indicates it is unlikely that m2aking more land available to accommodate the increasing population and the increasing traffic will solve the transport and spatial challenges. Sustainable solutions will require diversified policy instruments, particularly addressing land-use efficiency.	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	cd0f8fd6208213ad5bd7b75a67a14cf4	For coal with CCS, it is important to investigate the suitability of different methods of capture (oxy-fuelling, pre-combustion and post-combustion C02 capture) for Indian coal, which suffers from high ash content. Therefore, pre-combustion capture would require the adaptation of IGCC technology to Indian coal quality or instead the use of imported coal, but would offer additional benefits such as higher efficiency. However, its use is starting from a very low level of installed capacity and a much more ambitious approach is needed for both PV and CSP.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	cd13ef9bf8f2a9d40c63f71458322802	But a closer look reveals that some countries are in fact achieving much more — and some much less - than their income levels would predict. Estonia, Hungary and Poland, for example, have roughly equivalent per capita incomes but widely varying rates of child deprivation (see Figure 2a). Portugal and the Czech Republic both have per capita incomes of about PPP $25,000, but Portugal’s child deprivation level is three times higher (see Figure 2b).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	cd18c691a93a89e958cdc98a8e12f7b6	Fisheries is a competitive sector in Libya, but it may not represent a strategic sector in the longer run as resources may be limited and the capacity to offer jobs in line with the qualifications and expectations of Libyan nationals may be relatively weak. Potential in animal products factories, salt lakes, precious stones and minerals. The sector needs to be privatised to be more competitive. Cement refineries have promising potential, and cement factories are privatised by up to 70%. The steel industry has some potential to develop and gain in competitiveness.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289349734-5-en	cd194d9e599d74fd6e07729ee1e1fdab	This result is close to the global average of 24% female news subjects. In terms of web news alone, the share of female news subjects was even lower with only 22%. Five years before, the share of female news subjects in print, radio, and television news was at 30% (31% if web news sites were included), which is close to the Swedish results and thus higher than in the rest of the Nordic countries.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	cd1954d696be5e4fd6b764a8de688fd4	This suggests that economic disadvantage frequently intersects with certain social identity dimensions (such as gender, age, ethnic origin, place of residence or disability status) in ways that perpetuate inequality and social exclusion (World Bank, 2013a). As more disadvantaged segments of society have fewer resources to invest in skills and education, they have fewer opportunities to access more productive and rewarding jobs. Consequently, human resources in the economy are not used to the full potential, which negatively affects productivity growth in the long run. According to estimates for 19 OECD countries, the rise of income inequality between 1985 and 2005 would have knocked 4.7 percentage points off cumulative growth between 1990 and 2010 (OECD, 2015b). In addition, widening income gaps have a negative impact on social cohesion and diminish trust in institutions, which can contribute to social and political instability (Alesina and Perotti, 1996; Keefer and Knack, 2000).	9	4	4	0.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	cd19c0b8dbc8c48c27196dbfed0fc535	The school stresses both theory and practice, and places a strong emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills, group-work skills, and self-directed learning skills. Also in the Dutch Radboud University Nijmegen, teaching is increasingly delivered in project-based and contextual manner to enhance skills such as communication and cooperation (OECD, 2008). In France, the students of the MSc in Management programme in EM Lyon Business School are required to create a virtual business project as part of their studies.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	cd1d2664e2c3a0b7040b74f1b15bf329	Resilience means that the risks have been considered and managed to achieve an acceptable level of performance given the available information, and that capacities to withstand and recover from shocks are in place (OECD, 2014a). In the case of protective infrastructure (such as flood defences) this will be the assets protected by the defences. For other infrastructure, it will be the costs resulting from damage or disruption to the asset (e.g. business interruption from loss of electricity supply). Considering climate impacts for individual assets, such as a bridge or a railway line, is necessary but not sufficient to ensure that the system functions reliably despite a changing climate.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	cd1dbc5d62e6aa83681701fe12643b55	Public transport-oriented mobility education for children and youth will be introduced into the school curriculum. The general purpose is to raise children’s awareness on the history' of how automobiles have become a dominant mode of urban transport, its negative impact, as well as general road safety instructions. Suwon is also developing a set of eco-mobility evaluation indicators in reference to the national and international examples such as KOTI’s Green Growth Evaluation Indicator and the OECD Green Growth Indicators.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-5-en	cd1fedbd67dc02eded17023d72afd5cd	In addition, technological advances have permitted student assessment to become more sophisticated, as is the case with computer-based adaptive assessment (see below). This is reflected in the growing importance of student outcomes for system evaluation (increasingly relying on results of standardised student assessment and the international assessment of students), school evaluation (with school accountability increasingly tied to student outcomes) and teacher appraisal (with the exploration of direct links to student progress); the requirements for reporting publicly on student results; and the establishment of education national targets for student achievement including for particular groups of students. Performance in schools is increasingly judged on the basis of effective student learning outcomes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	cd2114dbe85753992ae11a35cf2b5c3e	This has notably been the case since the mid-90s. In six of the eight countries where unemployment benefits appear to have tightened, at least one element of unemployment benefits became more generous. Similarly, reductions in the value of benefit ceilings (column 8) occurred in the two countries (Italy and the United States) where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/02e538fc-en	cd220ab936a7bfd3fd3a11f7d30d9893	While some surveys allow respondents to report both primary and secondary activities, secondary activities are not consistently reported or analysed. This is especially important when measuring women’s time use as their time spent on paid and unpaid tasks often overlap. Research conducted by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in India, Nepal, Rwanda and Tanzania found that women multi-task over 11 hours on average throughout the day combining child care with different household tasks such as cleaning and cooking and paid work (Chopra and Zambelli, 2017).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	cd232fc831fa33717f2b5831f823cc3e	Patent buyouts, prizes and proportional prizes may be other means of doing so (Elliot, 2010; Bhagwati, 2005). See http://www.gavialliance.org/media_ centre/press_releases/2010_03_23_amc_commitment.php (accessed 6 February 2011). In the current context, a larger number of actors (civil society organizations, the private sector, farmers and multilateral organizations) contribute towards this end.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/c69de229-en	cd29fb4a437160803d10974e531e9bb4	Ces enfants sont souvent confrontes a de multiples aspects de la privation materielle (y compris de mauvaises conditions de logement et un manque de possibilites d'education), ce qui appelle une strategic globale de lutte contre la pauvrete dans toutes ses dimensions. Changes in living standard of children in two-parent very low income families, 2007-2014.58 Figure 21. For instance, the child poverty rate is lowest in Denmark at around 4%, but almost 25% in Israel and Turkey.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/84974ecb-en	cd2d19eb047924ecd4befcf6aeef5c3b	"These three world conferences witnessed extraordinary activism on the part of women from around the world and laid the groundwork for the world conferences in the 1990s to address women's rights, including the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 (see below). It sought to review the status of the human rights machinery in place at the time. Women's rights activists mobilized to ensure that women's human rights were fully on the agenda of the international community under the rallying cry ""Women's Rights are Human Rights."""	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bf400991-en	cd2d3c355637ec12265100f28177d39d	The NUA stresses the need to reduce urban-rural disparities, to foster equitable development across urban-rural areas, to encourage urban-rural interactions and connectivity. This can be done by strengthening transport, technology and communication networks and infrastructure, underpinned by planning instruments based on a territorial approach to maximize the potential of these sectors for enhanced productivity, social, economic, and territorial cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Collectively, the SDGs and NUA recognize the importance of rural and urban development in the planning process, the role of different actors in enhancing service delivery, and collective development in which no place and no one is left behind. Such policy guidance is attainable through national and regional development planning interventions that tend to reduce disparities and ensure a more harmonious development.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/caeceb38-en	cd2d52b5ca72994b21759eee010e96e9	I Are there factors beyond their control (such as accusations of witchcraft) that undermine these efforts, and what forms of provision and protection can be sustained in such situations? Are parents able to conduct or facilitate rites of passage and other rituals at appropriate times in an adolescent's life? Explaining the High Incidence of Child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	cd2f947b3d854fb5cdab1e5847d69c98	The targeted learners are young apprentices and students in the Swiss vocational sector in schools mainly in the industrial and commercial fields. It is supporting the spread of innovative practice and change across a self-elected, bottom-up community of practice of schools. It has lead Partner Schools, Pathfinder Schools and then a larger group of less active Network Schools across the country (mainly England), all supporting and learning from each other. Several are directly led and organised by the national ministry of education but in others the ministry has more of a support role or else the initiative is not happening at the national level or it is being led from elsewhere altogether, such as by foundations.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	cd2ff5d2e2a2618b908702b49af5a8a6	Women human rights defenders are subject to the same types of risks as other human rights defenders, but as women they are also targeted for or exposed to gender-specific threats and gender-specific violence.31 The reasons for this are multifaceted and complex, and depend on the specific context in which the individual woman is working. Often, the work of women human rights defenders is seen as challenging traditional notions of family and gender roles in society, which can lead to hostility by the general population and the authorities. They are therefore stigmatized and ostracized by community leaders, faith-based groups, families and communities that consider them to be threatening religion, honour or culture through their work.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	cd300870b278edf237711872e1d2ccc6	As the OECD Competition Committee highlights, this intermittent generation therefore raises the challenge of how to maintain the balance of supply and demand when renewable supply varies (OECD Competition Committee, 2010). A more flexible allocation of power production can enhance the ability of the electric system to accommodate high shares of renewable energy. This is an advantage of wholesale markets over power purchasing agreements, which -despite their convenience - reduce the flexibility of the power park to adjust rapidly to sudden increases in renewable energy production. Many factors enter in the choice of which technology will be used to match supply with demand (e.g. cost of production, ability to ramp up or down the power supply, etc.).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	cd30946ec342b06d1c342aeaa43913cc	The implementation of the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive will provide an opportunity for regioas to become involved in a national RE strategy. It will be important to address both the social concerns around wind, bioenergy plants and transmission lines by engaging fully with local and regional actors. It lies between 68 and 70° north, approximately 350km above the Arctic Circle.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	cd383d2080590e506bbf6d1da195b64f	For example, the French Community of Belgium monitors for accountability purposes (with sanctions or rewards), to inform policy making and to improve the level of quality provided by ECEC provisions. There are no rewards possible in the Flemish Community of Belgium based on monitoring results. Sanctions are possible in the case that the recommendations are not implemented.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	cd39a832a230705ef131f4d8b858f65f	Once among the least developed Western economies, with high levels of emigration, since 2003 Ireland has enjoyed the third highest per capita GDP in OECD Europe (Figure 6.1).1 The growing economy attracted an inflow of foreign workers; the unemployment rate was 4.7% in 2007, below the OECD average. In the first half of the 2000s, large public sector deficits were transformed into substantial surpluses and the ratio of national debt to GNP was greatly reduced, while the tax-to-GDP ratio remained low (31.9% of GDP in 2006, compared with an OECD Europe average of 38%). The combination of a low corporate tax (12.5%), state grants and access to the European single market boosted foreign direct investment.	12	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	cd39bdefc895c672647663cb55335679	Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. American journal of preventive medicine, 40(2), 128-138. Violencia intrafamiliar y transferencias monetarias condicionades. Transfers, behavior change communication, and intimate partner violence: Post-program evidence from rural Bangladesh.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	cd3b7ebcccae3559f4f92100cef7110f	The key objectives are to increase aquaculture output by 25%, increase ecological production to a minimum of 10% of the total production, increase export of aquaculture products by 25% and increase export of aquaculture technology and fish feed by 200%. The “National Strategic Plan for Development of Sustainable Aquaculture 2014-2020” develops these goals as part of an EU-wide initiative to promote aquaculture (see EU chapter). In 2017, Denmark will conduct a review of support to fisheries and aquaculture activities for the remainder of the 2014-2020 period and implement changes in the areas identified as needing adjustments.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-5-en	cd3c43d9750af5454722992838024d8e	Offset programmes most commonly seek to deliver a neutral outcome on biodiversity from development projects, or no net loss of biodiversity, though some have adopted a more ambitious goal of delivering a positive outcome, or net gain, for biodiversity. Biodiversity offsets are typically only used to deliver compensation for the residual impacts on biodiversity after measures have first been taken to avoid, minimise and then restore adverse impacts on biodiversity at the development site (i.e. the mitigation hierarchy). Biodiversity offsets may be implemented using one-off offsets, biobanks or payments in-lieu.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	cd3dc13484ee47363c8b9b4d8d6fa5c5	At either poverty line the African share of poverty is over 95 percent in both years. The coloured poverty share accounts for nearly all of the remaining poverty with 1 percent of poverty or less being attributed to the other two groups. In both periods, rural poverty rates are substantially higher than urban poverty rates (regardless of the poverty line chosen).	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-10-en	cd3f0b68a82af78f59e5402ee2a0f228	There can also be important economic externalities, which result in use costs (e.g. subsidence and salination), as well as damages to non-use values, such as the life-support function of water (Figure C.l). In Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, the estimated economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion is in the range of 1 to 2% of GDP (see below). Between 1980 and 2009, global economic losses were estimated at USD 15-30 billion per year for floods and USD 10-15 billion per year for droughts (OECD, 2012). Damage from floods in the United States is now estimated to be USD 5.2 billion each year (Brody et al.,	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3d019803-en	cd40ac18a6dde78123fef0c82a6b1de3	Increasing public spending on health to encourage participation of informal workers and their dependents will expand the coverage of health insurance as well as help relieve financial constrains in the longer term. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we will provide an overview on the development of the Vietnamese health-care system, with a discussion on its current state and the challenges in financing and the delivery of services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	cd4415eee1551afce3cf2645b0732ce0	There is much room for interpretation here. For example, as ForestAction’s Khatri explains to me, Sal trees can grow at “about 5 to 10 per cent a year, but the government estimates 1 to 3 (per cent growth). And from that increment, they say you can only harvest 50 per cent — that too the DFO reduces considerably.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	cd47b410b1783a21f814e815c3baf584	However, many agricultural co-operatives are still passive in reforming and adapting to the market economy and economic integration (Tran, 2014b). Many farmers are reluctant to participate in co-operatives because of their past experience when co-operatives were forced on them, preferring autonomy over dependence on others. Consequently, many rural households do not act collaboratively in terms of commercial matters, e.g. negotiate contracts, lodge complaints or settle disputes, despite potentially being better off by doing so. However it is very weak at the grassroots level, and only operates in an administrative manner at the central level. Its main roles are to dissemination and explain new policies and mobilise the farmers in general. According to a survey conducted in 2005, the impact of the VFU on rural life ranks third out of four, which clearly shows that it has not really become an organisation supported by farmers, effectively acting in their interest.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	cd4880fda756f7a8ec1e0a2d3c290c0c	Nevertheless, without an emphasis on policy coherence across government, especially in gender equality policies that affect all sectors of society, the implementation and “whole-of-government” approach remains hampered. In fact, OECD countries emphasise establishing “whole-of-government” frameworks to deal with gender equality issues, such as the Family Violence Initiative in Canada (Box 3.9). In addition, all OECD countries with sub-national governments employ vertical co-ordination methods, such as co-ordinating bodies or committees (e.g. Australia, Austria, Mexico, Switzerland, etc.),	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	cd49b590f0e3aec2558763c41758242d	One study surveyed 16 global voluntary sustainability standards across 10 major commodities and estimated a global traded value of US$31.6 billion in 2012.5 To be clear, these labels deal with more than just climate change issues, but carbon-based criteria are central to many of the schemes including, for example, Rainforest Alliance and UTZ. The State of Sustainability Initiatives Review 2014: Standards and Che Green Economy. First, the various methodologies for calculating embodied carbon are arguably not reliable enough to use as a basis for labels that will have signifcant trade and market impacts.6 There is no single agreed method for calculating a product's embedded carbon, and the differing assumptions used in terms of scope and boundary of the life-cycle assessment will yield dramatically different results for the same goods. As well, data availability, reliability and compatibility are critical problems; data at the producer level for agricultural products is particularly difficult.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/becaa395-en	cd4c946a53f18cd892fbdf04711efafa	At each stage of the transmission chain, the severity of impact will be determined by both the shock itself and by the vulnerability of the system or population group under stress (FAO, 2016a). The widespread melting of glaciers and snow cover in major mountain ranges, particularly in Asia, will affect the volume and timing of wafer flows, ultimately reducing the availability of irrigation water downstream. Increasing temperatures lead to changes in the location and incidence of pest and disease outbreaks.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	cd4cf59d14ff550cb14049aa17a24561	Microfinance institutions are valuable channels in this respect for small enterprises to access formal credit lines. Indeed, in many LDCs, and Bangladesh in particular, such institutions have served as effective instruments for including a large group of poor people in formal financial channels. Despite their benefits, however, these channels cannot be relied on as sources of credit mobilization for productive asset creation and the development of a dynamic enterprise sector.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	cd4eb33ce137e781fc0d67bde242f5f9	However, we will first introduce our products to domestic and regional markets before going global. We aim to be among the SMEs that help foster intra-Africa trade and contribute to ending waste of cashew nuts in the Gambia in the near future. For Africa's agricultural production to increase, governments need to invest heavily in infrastructure, with access to local markets and seaports given priority. As a result, we spend high amounts on transport and on costs related to strict border measures. Inadequate infrastructure also causes delays in our shipments, with the quality of products deteriorating.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	cd4f29bbecdd5932722288c8d9f8965b	Figure 1 shows historic and expected prices through time. For the years 2023-2025, we extrapolate the trends of period 2017-2022. This is embedded in the reference scenario but not specifically looked at in the policy shocks. This has been reinforced by the exploitation of shale gas notably in North America.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	cd5178255931434089ae603cec424e08	Some Member States have already created platforms to share best practices and information between all LNG stakeholders. It is found that harmonization of the latter is difficult to achieve due to the fact that each Member State has transposed their own interpretation and implementation of the directive in their legislation. For non-Seveso LNG establishments and activities, EU-wide harmonization of the risk assessment approach seems feasible.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	cd54eea86097fd50356a7f26f2e09e09	Rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of “institutional failures” (including coordination failures, land insecurity, gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations), which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems. To a large extent, low income and food insecurity among small-scale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land. Traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and, most importantly, in the marketing of food crops.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	cd55433ab7306d5e9760f0c5211435ac	Childcare costs are not taken into account in either of these analyses. Unless the disincentive of high childcare costs is reduced, the positive effect on labour supply is likely to be lower. The increased simplicity for users will also increase the flexibility of the labour force, since the uncertainty of having to re-apply for benefits after a period of work represents an additional cost of entering work in the current system.	10	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	cd572acb649a5c9463a99be0f1f5e0ed	Bringing the two together requires the availability and filtering of information from different channels. For policy makers, the relative uncertainties of scientific results, such as those from quantitative modelling, often make the use of these results quite difficult. It needs to provide bold advice, such as on innovation policies. There is also an increasing need to bridge existing gaps between short-term and long-term policy advice, as well as between general policy advice and its practical implementation.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	cd592e6d6bd6f69b31d915ee6ba1d72e	This strategy has allowed even newcomers to leapfrog years of wind technology development, produce relatively advanced, high-capacity machines, and thus compete with the established and more experienced domestic enterprises such as Goldwind and Sinovel (Liu, 2006). Six years later, Goldwind entered the 1 MW market by purchasing a licence from Vensys Energiesysteme, a relatively small company based in Saarbrucken, for its 1.2 MW turbine. As a result, Goldwind has gone from “licensee to market leader” (Jensen, 2008). Other leading turbine makers, such as Sinovel and Dongfang, followed Goldwind’s lead, acquiring licences from Fuhrlander and Repower respectively.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	cd5cd09f00b52e339ddbdaf759643d41	In Denmark, for example, clinical guidelines describe not only “what should be done”, but they tend to describe “who should do what, when and where”. At present, there are very few established standards for health care provision, and those that exist are mostly minimum-standard process checks, for example staffing numbers and facility checks. Latvia is struggling to find a robust framew'ork for quality that could be used to apply minimum standards to all providers, regardless of their size and nature.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	cd5e67b4bd74d804c7b9a11f37c26fe5	However, while numerical results can differ, the main trends and effects observed are common to all system and penetration levels. In the short term, the electricity system is locked in with the existing generation mix and infrastructure and cannot adapt quickly to the introduction of the new technology. On the contrary, in the long term, both the infrastructure and generation capacity can evolve and adapt to the new market conditions resulting from the introduction of the new generation capacity. Thus, system costs are different if assessed in a short-term perspective with numerous dynamic processes or in a long-term equilibrium perspective.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6a39744b-en	cd5e7e8f5b3329bc5397e87214ff2c1c	Key to this was a substantial budget allocation to settlement and job creation in farming areas -thereby reducing dependence on forests - as well as policies supporting broader economic growth and urbanization. Nevertheless, there were some challenges in the early years, such as the wishes of private forest owners being ignored at times and low initial survival rates of seedlings. Forests are now valued largely for their contribution to local and global public goods: a systematic assessment estimated their public good value in 2015 at USD 126 billion. By contrast, the direct economic benefits from forest products (including timber, nuts, fruits and wild vegetables) are USD 8.3 billion per year.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	cd5fff96ba32ac5651e79f823e36cf6a	The stewardship domain could not be assessed because of a lack of data for the selected indicators, signalling where infonnation systems capabilities need to be improved to support monitoring and evaluation efforts. This first HSPA now serves as a baseline to gauge any improvements in domains of evaluation over time. In particular, obesity prevalence is the highest in the EU and represents a major public health challenge.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	cd623ebcb3ca96fa53180e7cc1af8593	Countries use different data and methods to calculate imputed rent, as discussed in detail below in the section on “Homeownership in retirement incomes: The concept of imputed rent”. Housing wealth is also less liquid than other assets because owners who wish to liquidate their homes may face transactions costs, frequent problems of indivisibility, and mortgage prepayment penalties. Altogether, housing is more difficult to measure than other types of investments when it comes to turning it into a stream of income. Many studies use actual cost of production to proxy public services’ (monetary) value, as it is relatively easy to determine the cost of the inputs.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/6d6a82b2-en	cd67ae0fda3ce5b2a07018be05356518	Large variations exist within middle-income countries, ranging from 20.3 employed females per 100 males in the Islamic Republic of Iran to 95.7 in Kazakhstan and even 100.5 in the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2013. Smaller proportions of the female populations are employed compared with the male populations in each subregion. The difference is widest in South and South-West Asia, where in 2013 approximately 3 of every 10 females were employed compared with more than 7 of every 10 males.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	cd67fca226da2fe0f5f190e7d92b0f15	Owners need to spend money on the upkeep of their homes, costs that should be factored into their incomes. Second, housing values change over time and place, while population ageing is poised to set in motion strong social and economic shifts that will introduce considerable uncertainty into retirement planning. Third, housing owned by lower-income groups is likely to be of considerably lower value than the properties of the richest retirees.	1	3	3	0.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	cd70cbcf0dbe147e68032c0254111b62	The push factors that determine the patterns of rural to urban migration include unemployment, poor social and economic conditions, boredom and low quality of life, overcrowding due to scarcity of housing, health facilities and educational opportunities. Many indigenous cultures have traditionally understood sexuality as part of creation, connected to ancestry and cultural traditions and the cycle of life. In some indigenous cultures, sexual diversity was accepted and celebrated.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	cd7161595793d04ea03459e8e385555f	Lastly, the main empirical findings obtained by applying the index are presented and discussed. These include: (i) the spread and prevalence of new conceptual frameworks for development and well-being, as well as the rights- and capabilities-based approaches, in which income shortfall is only an incomplete proxy for standard of living, and (ii) the availability of new methodologies that have overcome some of the obstacles to the inclusion of various dimensions of poverty in an index (Alkire and Foster, 2007, 2011). This index comprises non-monetary and monetary dimensions, including indicators of deprivations in respect of employment, social protection and schooling gap, and proposes new thresholds for the dimensions traditionally considered in measurements of poverty.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	cd72509ad29da402ba8b5208e3a89e3b	Elements of the day-to-day management may be allocated to private contractors. This approach involves community-driven investment, and it is described in more detail in Section 1.5, where alternative investment approaches are discussed. The government's experience in funding, owning and running broadband networks is also an important consideration when deciding which investment approach should be taken. The key advantages and disadvantages of the investment approaches are summarized in Table 1.2.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	cd7275c37d3d6366ea6c178eabe03b86	The implementation assessment focused on good practice and data on women’s participation in training, ranging from start-up training to training for enterprise growth. Finally, the monitoring and evaluation indicator focused on the impact of training and policy evaluation. To compare performance over time, the reader should focus on the qualitative/narrative parts of report. Good efforts are also being made to address entrepreneurship as a key competence. However, entrepreneurship promotion in higher education remains piecemeal everywhere.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/31959a6d-en	cd72d62a04a099e41e842e0b919c1b82	"Next Generation of Individual Account Pension Reforms in Latin America."" Social Security Bulletin, 71, no. Gender, Ageing and the ‘New Social Settlement’: The Importance of Developing a Holistic Approach to Care Policies."" Current Sociology, 55, no. Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond. Stanford: Stanford University Press."	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	cd7aef7ce9a1cd8b4a2a8e94808be211	A statement was also made by Joseph Cobbinah on behalf of the major groups. Comments were made and questions were posed by the representatives of Malaysia and Fiji. Statements were also made by the representatives of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Montreal Process.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	cd7e3fb4509cf5f22513d907febb1ebd	There needs to be greater gender equality in both paid and unpaid work participation, while workplace practices will have to become more efficient to meet the demand for formal and informal labour. A no-change scenario: the gap between male and female labour force participation rate remains at the levels observed in 2010. Gender gaps reduced by 50%: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level and the gap between male and female labour force participation rates is halved by 2030. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the gender gap in labour force participation levels disappears by 2030.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	cd7f88fe4bd3b80b678893294773cf4e	This report also underlines the difficulties to get accurate data (on water use and non-water costs) at the river basin level to conduct such an assessment. In this framework, the environmental costs are approximated by looking at the costs of measures w’hose primary aim is to protect the water environment (cost-based approach). Examples of ex ante assessment of economic costs associated with water use (cont.)	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	cd80fae09070defb9d8bb1dc35027fe3	In the post-disaster phase, they can also use field-based methods to estimate damage and losses. Pre-disaster risk assessment, or to be more precise, the use of information in ‘normal’ times, is thus needed to generate risk awareness for development planning purposes. This assessment can guide DRR policies, strategies and investment programmes. The qualitative approach is useful as an initial screening process.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	cd858fae767a8047c3c5344a393dbc92	Mitigation measures are needed to reduce costs and set the right incentives while managing the dual short-term/long-term temporality. There is no water governance without governance at large. Similarly, there can be no effective stakeholder engagement without proper incentives for bottom-up and inclusive policy making. A clear set of rules, platforms and vehicles for doing so is critical to move from reactive to proactive and systematic stakeholder engagement in the water sector.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	cd8f6c5199cbbfc6d1701f717e5a6902	Industry associations are beginning to emerge, such as BREA, which provides a much-needed industry voice to the many development issues of the energy sector and, along with the local UWI campus, helps to raise awareness among different government institutions, industrial bodies and the general public. This challenge stems from the general low level of energy awareness among Caribbean populations. Many companies and institutions are under informed as to the potential for energy reduction and potential cost savings from first pursuing energy management and energy efficiency options, and of the impact that distributed renewable energy can ultimately have on their lives. The transition towards a clean, sustainable energy sector offers a chance for nations to reclaim their energy systems through citizen/co-operative ownership of large-scale renewable energy plants. This model has been shown to create a more harmonious relationship between renewable energy operators and their surrounding neighbours.	7	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	cd8ff0bba9ae42f76502c7decf2f71a2	"This flow of e-waste further complicates problems associated with waste management.61 It is difficult to estimate the quantum of trans-border e-waste streams, as this trade in e-waste is camouflaged and conducted under the pretext of obtaining 'reusable' equipment or 'donations' from developed nations. Some exporters may deliberately leave difficult-to-spot obsolete or non-working equipment mixed in loads of working equipment through ignorance or to avoid more costly treatment processes. Consequently, this e-waste, which is hazardous, is being discarded and routinely burned in what environmentalists call ""a cyber-age nightmare now landing on the shores of developing countries. It is one of Ghana's largest e-waste dumps, with mountains of abandoned motherboards, computer monitors, and hard drives littering the landscape."	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246010-5-en	cd917a9e69d393624607d42a7871b30f	Other OECD countries also saw big rises, including the United Kingdom and Australia. As well as looking at the top 1% of earners, they argue, we should also look at an even smaller segment - the top 0.1% of earners (1 in 1,000), and even the top 0.01% of earners (1 in 10,000). As the Nobel laureate Paul Krugman has noted, data from the U.S. Congressional Budget Office shows that between 1979 and 2005, the after-tax income of Americans in the middle of the income distribution rose by 21%; among the 0.1% it was up 400%.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	cd91cf0cb702e8e899a1c12bc85d145e	The chapter suggests a number of policy recommendations to improve the governance of school resource use. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The central level governs at a distance and sets central conditions and guidelines within which municipalities and schools exercise their autonomy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	cd9234ee43f816ee11269dea4b62fcd0	Mongolia’s steppe and desert steppe zones, especially the steppes of Domod and areas of Zamyn Uud and Sainshand, belong to lands w'ith a moderate degree of w'ind erosion. Soils of the mountain regions are not affected by wind erosion. Soil erosion due to w'ind has decreased on the west side of the Great Lakes Depression, along the Khar Us Lake and in the Buyant River basin.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/c105422d-en	cd9c0affa644da61ce3105399cde3e00	Both in the longitudinal French sample (Glymour, Tzourio and Dufouil 2012) and in cross-sectional PIAAC data (Paccagnella 2016a), more educated individuals experienced slightly faster skills decline. In contrast, a study using longitudinal Dutch data on individuals between ages 24 and 81 found that more educated adults experienced slow'er skills decline (De Grip et al. In terms of the skills distribution more generally, Paccagnella (2016a) observes that the dispersion of scores tends to increase with age in most countries in cross-sectional PIAAC data.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	cd9e8e1d9c19a59018314118dffe2005	According to the UNECE’s Third Environmental Performance Review' no conflicts between different water users in Georgia are reported. The MENRP is not required to be informed about conflicts between water users and is not involved in negotiation meetings (UNECE, 2016), However, this does not apply to some transboundary' rivers and groundwater aquifers. Currently, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) support Georgia in facilitating co-operation with Azerbaijan over protection and sustainable use of the water resources of the Kura River basin. The agreement seeks to resolve inter alia the issue of shared water from the Kura River for agricultural use. Since 2010, a number of bilateral consultations between Georgia and Azerbaijan took place with the objective of developing a text for the future bilateral agreement on the shared water resources (UNECE, 2016). The conflicts between the use of water for hydropower, the development of irrigation in the Alazani-Iori Basin and the preservation of water flow for aquatic ecosystems are a source of increasing concern.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	cda553d4ac87d7ffe131b90db62295e7	In Brazil, the upward trend in feminization was similar to the trend in Uruguay, but was even sharper and was in step with GDP growth up to 2008. A closer scrutiny of these two variables reveals opposite trends, however, especially in the closing years of the period under consideration. This may point to the presence of a countercyclical trend, which would have to be verified on the basis of a longer period of observation. The average estimated working day for women corresponds to part-time work, which fits in with the high rate of underemployment recorded for the female population.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bd29807d-en	cda6076c58001a9d1da4ffe62e050e7b	In its general recommendation No. The Committee against Torture, which monitors the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, also regularly addresses issues of violence against women and girls. These include the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	cda7849ad4dc15ee6abde2f266d08fd1	They will wobble over boulders, past buses on the opposite side surrendering to the rough track and unloading their passengers, who will make steadier steps uphill. The 18 kilometres down to the nearest town of Dolalghat takes two hours to reach, the same amount of time as the 65-kilometre journey from there to Kathmandu. There is no electricity here. That is what Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary would have seen in the early 1950s on their ascent past Chaubas to the peak of Mount Everest, Netra tells me over a plate of kheer, sweet rice pudding seasoned with pepper. Netra is known here as ‘thulo bhai,’ or ‘big younger brother.’ A few years later, the transition to community forestry began as the plantations were later handed over to local community forest user groups (CFUGs) to nurture and use.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	cda785142bb65de2846a728c87e18d80	Moreover, the rents needed to fund technical change can equally come from the effective protection of intellectual property rights. A recent OECD publication, “Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2007” (OECD, 2007e), finds that stronger competition has particularly powerful effects on productivity in countries far away from the technological frontier, reflecting stronger incentives to adopt new technologies. Finally, Bigsten et al. ( Particularly where trade is accompanied by foreign direct investment, it is likely to promote the transfer of skills and of innovation. Beyond this direct transfer of technology embodied in trade, or as spillovers from trade (Nordas et al., As the experiences of newly industrialised economies in Asia has demonstrated from the 1960s through to the 1990s, latecomers can - with the right preconditions and determinants - take advantage of the newest technological development and simply buy technology for their own industrial development at a relatively lower cost and less risk4 (Lin, 2007; UNIDO, 2007).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	cda83884e701fc51e295c3d8a11f2fe6	Beyond school, better work-life balances would allow more women to enrol in on-the-job training and professional courses. Women could better pursue their individual and professional aspirations. Improved job satisfaction exerts a protective role on physical health and shields against mental disorder (Barnay, 2014).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	cdac878a98bc7aa0b84c40f6b3a6ed9c	Climate sensitivity values above 5 °C, such as 8 °C or more, cannot be ruled out, which would shift the estimated temperature increases for existing emission levels even higher (Meinshausen et al. The concentration of C02 alone is projected to be around 530 ppm in 2050 and 780 ppm in 2100 (Figure 3.9). The Outlook Baseline scenario suggests that these GHG-concentration levels would lead to an increase in global mean temperature at the middle of the century of 2.0 °C-2.8 °C, and 3.7 °C-5.6 °C at the end of the century (compared to pre-industrial times).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	cdacbd9dadd3b0d12799b1ac2cbd9aab	Consequently, actual land use plans will be more constrained by regional, metropolitan and common issues and be less about very local issues of any given commune that retains the ultimate responsibility for generating a plan that will become the actual law establishing allowable land uses. With these current legislative changes the government is establishing a system that privileges regional and inter-municipal levels of governance (over individual communes) and prioritises the planning tools at those levels. It is at this level that the private interests of the land owner are confronted with the public interest embodied in zoning restrictions and specific development ordinances.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2dbc1481-en	cdad00d1e6b2420a19c2039d905ee3c1	Arable agricultural area in the country accounts for approximately 667,000 ha (26 per cent of country). If fully constructed, irrigation schemes could irrigate around 400,000 ha, or 60 per cent of total arable land. This would proportionally increase greatly the percentage of water use for in igation among all types of water consumption.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	cdb27847ebc93ee05180d6bc8304d70e	Agriculture plays a less sizeable role within the regional food economy than in the past; 40% of the value added in the agro-food sector is no longer dependant on agriculture. Increasing urbanisation and human mobility are influencing the evolution of food diets, social habits and the profile of agricultural labour, including in rural areas; and the post-harvest segments of the food value chains are expanding in line with socioeconomic change (Allen and Heinrigs, 2016). An analysis of how men's roles are evolving would be an equally critical and timely effort and would paint a comprehensive picture of how resilience and food and nutrition security can best be achieved.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	cdc0179bc33005823ce0aa8368b47984	This has led some authorities to seek detailed data from companies that may or may not be requested from other mobility service providers - or car drivers - on the same markets. Recent investigation of this data for New York City, for example, shows mixed results as far as the impact of ride services at an early stage of their deployment in that city (see Box 2). For this reason, some authorities are actively trialling partnerships with ride-sourcing companies in order to both lower the cost of public transport provision and to improve mobility outcomes for those who cannot, or choose not to, drive cars.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/93b802f6-en	cdc37d6c58f1f8695b0f01472c24047a	Very few studies examine why fewer women trade across borders. This chapter argues that even though women and men face common barriers, the barriers to trade are greater for women due to cultural and legal constraints. Cultural barriers and women's role in their families make it more difficult to bring their companies to the productivity levels and sizes that would enable them to compete successfully in global markets.	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	cdc53346ab43c01b78fa1588188c53aa	In the BLUE Map Scenario, these investment needs increase to USD 4.0 trillion. The addition of almost 50% in the BLUE Map Scenario may initially appear huge. Comparing the investment needs for the power sector, however, with India's cumulative gross domestic product (PPP based in 2008 prices) of USD 855 trillion between 2010 and 2050, the total investment needs related to power generation in the Baseline and BLUE Map scenario represent only a range of 0.3 to 0.5% of total cumulative GDP.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	cdca18fbf33388927043d9a180c90db2	Such tracking of inflows could also be used to report information to the UNFCCC. Given the variety of national systems and circumstances, it will be difficult to report in a standardised manner, but guidance could help countries determine what information is useful for other Parties and stakeholders. In the past, nonmandatory reporting requirements have been vague and therefore less helpful to reporting Parties (Ellis and Moarif, 2015).	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	cdca4eacde8b9fbb5050d1a9447ed265	All regressions include country and period dummies and a control for beginning of period GDP per capita. M1 and M2 are the p-values of the tests for first-order and second order serial correlation in the differenced error terms; Hansen denotes the p-value on the Hansen test of over identifying restrictions. **, * The negative effect of bottom income inequality on growth proves robust.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	cdcb988c4abba38e69ed5c9f222ce6da	To build capacity and implement AfL in large scale, it would probably be wise to use the capacity these researchers represent and strengthen the dialogue between Norwegian researchers in the field of assessment and the DET. It is evident that there are challenges in how to transform the complex knowledge researchers possess into knowledge that teachers can use in developing their assessment literacy. Searches for articles were also conducted on the websites of Norwegian think tanks18 and publications specifically targeted at teachers and school leaders. In general, AfL was positively described in the majority of the articles.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-3-en	cdcd502179642738cb06127ce6e02591	This category also includes carbon sequestration-related afforestation projects in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Recreational services not exchanged via market transactions are not reported (but are covered, to some extent, by Indicator 6.10). A number of countries reported difficulties in identifying and quantifying marketed services value (most services are non-market services).	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	cdcf48a62ea115bb5da74541d2f30a56	Definiciones Instrumentos de Planificacion Territorial IPT” (Definitions of Territorial Planning Instruments TPI), MINVU, Santiago, Chile, uiwui.minvu.cl/ opensite_20070427120550.aspx, accessed 13 September 2012. Jr/Ies-plans-de-prevention-des-risques-naturels-ppr, accessed 23 September 2012. World Cities and Urban Form: Fragmented, Polycentric, Sustainable?, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	cdd16a9985767f35ef6048fd422fb071	In other countries, subnational governments are in charge of paying the salaries of administrative and technical staff and teachers. Health-related responsibilities fall most often under the responsibility of central government or social security bodies and subnational governments have no role, or a limited one. At the same time, there is considerable variety across OECD countries (e.g. the subnational government share exceeds 60% in Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the Nordic countries).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	cdd1e2b7465f5c465f84410e1e5790fd	Older working-age single women are increasingly left behind with women who had children in the 2000s, when they were likely to give up work, still suffering earnings penalties and lower employment rates than women who had children later but managed to maintain their careers. Young people who found it difficult to find work after leaving education at the time of the “Great Recession” in the 2010s are now in work, but in their forties and still find their work prospects affected by the unemployment they suffered early in their careers. Those from wealthier families or who have previously held professional jobs usually have good insurance policies in place to protect against loss of income.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	cdd54b110afbc28d497abf9555d2f46a	Obviously, in such a world the number of undernourished people may remain high. The results present possible futures but need to be interpreted carefully. This is mainly driven by increased demand as the global population increases by 2 billion within the next half century. An evident price increase is observable for high-protein commodities such as beef and poultry: by 2050, prices increase by 23% and 18%, respectively. These results are driven mainly by an increase in the global middle class and the corresponding demand for more meat and higher-quality food.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	cdd7c62951832d50757ef75b54bb087a	A number of examples have suggested that new treatment modalities are cost-effective. These disorders usually have less severe and debilitating symptoms than other (for example, psychotic) mental disorders, and this chapter deliberately excludes more severe cases of mental disorders, including the more severe cases of common disorders such as depression and anxiety. Severity of the disorder is determined by the number of and severity of symptoms, the degree of functional impairment, and the duration of symptoms. Mild-to-moderate disorders impede the health, daily functioning, and quality of life of affected individuals, and require appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	cdd7cdcc834c54d601352163ae1d0941	Two concluding sections then analyse the implications for the reconfiguration of care relationships within families and the reconfiguration of‘care diamonds’and social reproduction. These three dimensions are not mutually exclusive; indeed, their overlap is what makes care a complex phenomenon. The complexity deepens when we consider that care work may be paid or unpaid, be performed by women or men, and can take place within the household or in institutions such as hospitals, residential care homes, nurseries, day-care centres, social and community work settings, schools, offices and hotels. Care has become a central concern of social policy because of its crucial relationship to production, welfare regimes and social reproduction, as well as its implications for gender equality (Razavi and Hassim 2006).	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	cdd9b879ec344d33e6edc6542f639d66	Furthermore, we can configure the LVS by using Keeplived and ipvsadm commands. Keepalived informs the LVS about the server states periodically for automatic load distribution configuration. For example, if Keepalived detects the accidental failure of servers, the LVS changes the weight of the load distribution to the servers to 0. Moreover, it also senses the participation of new servers, which is useful for energy-proportional control because the number of active servers varies frequently.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	cddb29ae62cf93ac5b09cf4ba22c13a6	Each Parly shall participate in a facilitativc. For example, the decision text explicitly requests the APA to draw on experiences from, and take into account, other on-going relevant processes under the Convention (paragraph 93). The transparency framework is to build on the current measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system, and will eventually supersede the MRV system established by COP 16 in Cancun and COP 17 in Durban (paragraph 99).10 A possible timeline for a smooth transition from the existing transparency system to the future transparency framework under the Paris Agreement is presented in Figure 1.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	cddb60bbbd528d8a5a8b5c0c7243c7d5	In the case of adaptation, the Plan calls for achievement of nine specific goals, ranging from management of heat and improvement of cooling capacities to monitoring of air quality with the engagement of multiple stakeholders. In this regard, the Plan also calls for the introduction of new ideas and anticipates that new knowledge derived from research on how to eliminate urban heat islands will lead to new initiatives. The city uses satellite imagery to identify hotspots and targets for policy interventions and has also identified the link connecting heat, respiratory illnesses and smog. With regard to smog, the Climate Action Plan calls for lower emissions from power plants and the modes of transportation that cause it. Progress is continuously monitored against goals and the results of such monitoring will inform the possible changes to be made to goals, targets and indicators.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	cddc4aa77dd02dae1487df742f933f77	The teaching workforce of Lithuania, although trained to a bachelor degree level, displays numeracy skills lower than those of other tertiary graduates, and lower than the average level of teachers in OECD member countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (Figure 3.5). Competitive scores used in higher education admissions, which are based upon matura examination scores, show that the minimum score required for entry teacher education programmes is consistently much lower than that required for the most popular and selective field, medicine (Table 3.6). The principal provider of teacher training programmes, the nation’s pedagogical university, has received a limited institutional approval from the nation’s higher education quality assurance body, and debates are underway about the way in which programmes and institutions can best perform initial teacher education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d902f55-en	cddd9bf7b7504fa391529ab5e30d5582	Writing workshops have become a common feature of most of the MASMA-funded projects. They have provided opportunities to brainstorm on key research results, as well as for capacity building amongst emerging scientists in terms of approaches to data analysis, information synthesis and access, and the best methods for the dissemination of information and results. These include broad-based training on marine protected area or natural resource management and ICZM that combine learning in a workshop setting with field visits and opportunities for the exchange of experience.	14	3	2	0.2
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	cdddcc8823b5116544a8f315a22a81c0	It is all about the fact that the conceptions and the expectations of the two genders vary because of the interplay between gender and class. According to Svensson, the often very traditional gender contracts (the social ground rules) in the peripheral areas do not cause problems for the young men. For them, there is no ambivalence. Most of them believe that, without a doubt, there is no future for them in Soderhamn within any foreseeable time frame (Svensson 2006:145, own translation).	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/budget-16-5jfq80dq1zbn	cddddc41517fedbed35cc97626f94328	An established definition of gender budgeting refers to “a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality” (Council of Europe, 2009). The nature and quality of these approaches appear quite variable, ranging from a pro forma statement of impacts on gender equality attached to all new policies coming before government, to more structured and systematic “gender impact assessments”. A few countries reported that gender equality is “mainstreamed” in the sense that the responsibility rests with line ministries to advance this agenda within their respective policy domains, and consequently no particular role for the budget process is envisaged as necessary.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/76c9b151-en	cdded3c68306a25aaf322bdebf5162ac	The chapter closes with a review of the impact of industrial-nation imports for developing countries using the Poverty Intensity of Imports indicator. The Implications for policy section looks at national and international measures to improve the situation for the poorest people in poor countries. Some believe that greater integration in world trade has been detrimental to the poor in developing countries, while others contend that considerable reductions in global poverty have been made possible by greater participation by developing countries in world markets.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	cde343bdc3e842fab741495dbfe752e2	Labour productivity remains low, amounting to 23.3% of Malaysia’s and 37% of Thailand’s in 2010. Extension services face several challenges, including limited human resources, the dominance of a top-down approach, a lack of services tailored to different types of farms, a weak participation of the private sector, and poor monitoring system. Most agricultural research is carried out by state research agencies with limited funding and not able to meet the practical requirements of farmers and private enterprises.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	cde6c37609cef35f81604356dfca6034	To this end, section II provides an overview of the way economics deals with the issue of care. They identified the importance of workforce reproduction, but concentrated on the matter of the “wage goods” consumed by households, without exploring the role of domestic work in this process. This was because their interest centred on the relationship between the value of labour (its natural price) and the price of labour (wages) as set in the market.	5	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/a2eaa89c-en	cde6cf2cb24f2f115272c2a1a09fd597	As noted earlier, households may be classified as not experiencing deprivation of any sort or as exhibiting deprivation in terms of at least one of 13 different indicators. This translates into a reduction, in relative terms, from 68.9% to 62.1% of the urban population. This means that, in the space of just five years, the percentage of the population that is not living in poverty jumped from 31.8% to 37.9%, thanks to the country’s recent progress in socioeconomic terms. The percentage of households experiencing deprivation as measured by six or more indicators was so small as to be statistically insignificant, and the results for deprivation as measured by 10 or more indicators were nil.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	cde9c1f2b609e5444cf89435c1ede9cb	"The inflow of migrants from Russia's central regions to the ""regions of new development"" quickly turned indigenous peoples into minorities in their homelands. Between 1926 and 1935, under a decade, the share of indigenous peoples in the districts with indigenous populations in the northern parts of Russia fell from 56 per cent to 35 per cent. It further decreased to 15 per cent in 1970 and 4.4 per cent in 1989. They practised reindeer herding, fishing and hunting in taiga and tundra."	3	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	cdea746e6bf796781138b2d335948999	Counsellors prepare an education plan jointly with the pupils and their parents to ensure a smooth transition into upper secondary education and employment. Those aged 15-17 are a special target group. In case of school non-attendance, counsellors have to get in touch with the youth’s parents within five days after being notified by the school, and youth must be able to begin an activity within 30 days.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/acf57efb-en	cded22bb4c93a12b5fd708a49297bef6	Even so, the interlinkages between climate change (and hazards) and multidimensional inequalities have yet to be fully explored. The role of the underlying structural causes of inequalities is also poorly understood. The objective of the present chapter is therefore to bridge these gaps, which will in turn provide the foundation for a discussion centred on the policy challenges related to building resilience to climate hazards.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/42b33a50-en	cdee2ad78de37074e034772ad96f43b1	It introduced the Ordinance 22/2008 on energy end-use efficiency and promotion of renewable energy source utilization by the end-consumers based on EU Directive 2006/32/EC on the energy end-use efficiency and energy services, envisaging the establishment of a legal framework for the development and application of the national energy efficiency policy. In its present form the law translates the provisions of the Directive 2009/28/EC into internal legislation. It ensures co-financing of the projects whose direct beneficiaries are the local public administration authorities relating to the following types of investment objectives: rehabilitation and modernization of the district heating systems, thermal rehabilitation of certain public buildings and modernization of interior and exterior public lighting.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	cdeec25e03c3bd71fc8c78456ed74f3f	The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. This background paper was produced forthe expert group meeting by Stephanie Seguino, Professor of Economics at the University of Vermont and Professorial Research Associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	cdeee2cb8b6cb3afb4c38f7353dc228f	There may be a difficult trade-off between ensuring that the costs to firms investing in apprenticeships are not too high and ensuring suitable working conditions and quality of training for apprentices. In many emerging economies, specific work schemes and training programmes exist that can complement apprenticeship programmes. They include on the job training programmes in Hirkey, the BECATE programme in Mexico and the Joven programmes in Chile, Argentina and Colombia, which combine education, job training and internships.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	cdf104129b1471153897ebed791d53c7	Some 81% of respondents mention oil as one of the most-used energy sources, 77% gas and 36% nuclear energy, followed by coal at 35%. Their high degree of awareness of the energy mix can thus explain why respondents are focused on fuel price volatility: in the case of oil for example, which is the most-used energy source for a majority of Europeans, the signal transmitted by the price of the barrel can be considered as an indicator of consumers’ confidence in the security of energy supply of its country. To explore the possibility of correlation between the security of energy supply concerns and public attitudes towards nuclear energy that have been developed in the first part of this chapter, it is not sufficient to provide a snapshot into the state of public opinion on these issues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bd01abcb-en	cdf288b29bc5c448bdc58d020886f74f	Therefore, the analyses reported in section 3 is based on a restricted definition of disposable individual income, i.e., the sum of labour income plus wage-replacement benefits (sickness and work injury pay, maternity/ parental pay, unemployment benefits) and all pensions (private and public).This definition is both more meaningful at the individual level and also more comparable across countries in terms of data availability at the individual level. It should be noted that incomes are reported gross of income taxes and social contributions in all countries except Colombia, Egypt, France, Georgia, Hungary, India, Italy, Mexico, Paraguay, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovenia and Uruguay, where they are reported net of taxes and contributions or partly gross and partly net.84 Given that the results are all expressed in terms of income ratios though, the bias is likely low. For the latter, state old-age/disability/ survivors’ pensions, unemployment benefits, shortterm sickness, injury and maternity/parental benefits are added to individual market income. Market income is used only for one specific indicator, while disposable income is used to estimate all the indicators in the first part of the analysis.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	cdf3b9907046f19da97cfeb19f8db692	According to the currently available epidemiological analysis, the most affected age groups are people aged 18-30 and young infants before they are eligible to receive the first dose of measles vaccine at nine months of age. This finding suggests that there is an immunity gap against measles among people who were bom between 1986 and 1998 (currently 18-30 years of age) and newborn infants who are too young to receive the first dose of measles vaccine and are not protected by the immunity of the mother. The only way to close the immunity gap for both groups was to conduct a vaccination campaign with measles-containing vaccine.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	cdf4b2e4d9ba614937d02016cdfa08ba	Dobbie and Fryer (2009) show that after 3 years in these schools, students have nearly closed the achievement gap in maths with average white students in other New York City schools, and the size of the gains is strikingly similar to those found for the KIPP Lynn school. They also improve results in English, but much less than in maths. However, Dobbie and Fryer find no correlation between participation in social programmes outside schools and academic achievement, which suggests that proximity to the social programmes cannot alone fill the educational achievement gap.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/39bb252d-en	cdfb0aac872137f00a4e25db35f199e1	Resolution 1888 (2009) focuses on strengthening leadership, expertise and other institutional capacities within the United Nations and in Member States to help put an end to conflict-related sexual violence. In response to resolution 1888 (2009), the Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict. Resolution i960 (2010) also calls for the establishment of monitoring, analysis and reporting arrangements specific to conflict-related sexual violence. Resolution 2106 (2013) calls on all Member States and United Nations entities to do more to implement previous mandates, and affirms the centrality of gender equality and women's political, social and economic empowerment to prevent sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	cdfb478f79f23481d40f0f6e0cbbd7cb	In 1998, 17 States specified a waiver for a prescribed period of time (http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/isp/diverzn/chpttwo.htm). Following a series of sessions between representatives of national and local authorities, apart from the child benefits part, the reduction was roughly retracted.” ( Central governments may finance none of the benefit costs at the margin yet largely cover the average costs in other ways {e.g. through formula grants or payments for specific services).	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/059ce467-en	cdfdaffb5554aa0f434b579e27f82925	In the 2017/18 school year, 10% of all schools in Sweden (485 school units) catered to 42% of all newly arrived students and students with an unknown background. While background information is not known for each of the 485 school units, the available registries show that on average 47% of students (or both of the student’s parents) are bom outside of Sweden. In other words, the threshold or tipping point of 40% ‘ethnic density’ is already surpassed for up to 10% of compulsory schools in Sweden (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2018(i2i; Education), 2017(88]). According to the study by Branden et al.,	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	cdfdf3af3fe622920eb5496ccf4f5004	The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMC Climate) manages co-ordination between federal ministries. It is chaired by the BMLFUW and includes working-level representatives from various ministries. Representatives of the main interest groups and the Lander are invited to its meetings on an ad-hoc basis.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	cdffa6562bffd5b42bdc7277e11fada4	In addition, maximum wind speeds from tropical cyclones are likely to increase, though not in every watershed. All in all, the increase in exposure to these events will result in greater direct economic losses (IPCC, 2013). Extreme waves are becoming more common and will shape the design of maritime infrastructure works in the region, since failing to consider long-term change factors would reduce the viability of such works to about 60% of their current level by 2070. The impacts and adaptation processes will undoubtedly be of significant magnitude, and will increase over the course of the century across many areas of economic activity such as the agriculture sector, the water sector, land use changes, biodiversity, tourism, infrastructure and the health of the population.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	ce02f1aad092667be336e9d6ec8ea823	Taken together, these new resources networked through the IOTWS represent a major improvement in regional preparedness (Figure III-3). Established in 1968, this system has remained a “gold standard” in early warning, and today can issue tsunami warnings in only seven minutes.20 Since 2011, the service providers of the IOTWS have also reached a high degree of sophistication, and normally issue the first tsunami bulletins within 10-15 minutes of a tsunamigenic earthquake. One is the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee (TC) which covers storms emerging from the Western Pacific.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	ce068c076db8021aeb3fa6b967c51330	Such projects using environmental credit lines often provide technical assistance to the local financial institutions as well, with support of donors such as the EU and the Climate Investment Funds in the form of grants or concessional loans. Such support aims to strengthen the capacities and knowledge base of local institutions regarding technologies and financial instruments. For further details, see each country report and OECD (2016c).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	ce06a10c01a6a97ddc8f104d02901148	After adjustment for baseline sewerage coverage and other confounding variables (such as education and type of housing), it was found that diarrhoea prevalence fell on average by 22% (from 9.2 days per child-year before the intervention to 7.3 afterwards) and by 42% in areas with high prevalence of diarrhoea prior to the intervention. Most of this reduction was explained by the increased coverage of the sewerage system that has been constructed during the intervention. The intervention had an even bigger impact on other diseases, According Shankland et al.,	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	ce06ae2fb852818ab829341e2c22d7ae	Yet, across Europe, the within-couple gap in working hours - the male partner’s hours less the female partner's hours in couples where the male partner works - is generally sizable (Figure 4.8). With German mothers so frequently working less than 30 hours per week and fathers putting in long hours, the within-couple hours gap in Germany is amongst the widest at over 25 hours per week, together with Austria and Switzerland. Gaps are wide, too, in Southern Mediterranean countries, because so many women are inactive.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-14-en	ce091159c35267dcde7b65a2b8e76ee4	Furthermore, the DIRMs supervise the activities of the Regional Operational Sea Search and Rescue Centres (CROSS). The marine fisheries and fish farming sector is now built around a national committee, 14 regional committees and 12 departmental and inter-departmental committees (the former local committees have been disbanded). The first professional elections following the adoption of the LMAP were held on 12 January 2012 (to elect the members of the departmental and regional committees).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0611e938-en	ce0a00cd836661238ed2927532234345	The UN-REDD programme developed guidance to promote gender-sensitive processes in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of REDD+ projects and other action plans which focus on strengthening a bottom-up approach, including priority alignment to national needs and capacities (UN-REDD 2013). However, mainstreaming gender national policies, which is often interpreted as an increased number of women participating at local level, is not sufficient to realize the full potential of women and men as agents of change at community level. Several reports have suggested that gender should be carefully integrated in the design, monitoring and evaluation of REDD+ programmes, including gender-sensitive indicators and safeguard approaches.	15	3	2	0.2
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ce0d7d06fea9bd8dd901998e55057ac1	However, the reality in most SIDS is that many practising teachers lack formal training, and few have any training at all related to ESD. As such, while pre-service teacher education is important, the in-service professional development of practising teachers is of immediate concern. In Maldives, ESD themes have been incorporated into broader pedagogical reforms, which have included training of teachers on inquiry-based approaches to teaching environmental education. This approach shows strength in that it recognises the importance of balancing ESD with other compatible reform agendas, and emphasises active learning and the direct engagement of students with environmental issues.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	ce0f27a47acb8a3e5637aca1e414de12	"True to the principles of substantive equality, she emphasizes that efforts to achieve goals on the provision of water and sanitation must target the most disadvantaged rather than focus on aggregate outcomes. Moreover, 'while universality is about ensuring access for all, equality is about ""levelling up"" or working towards improving thequality and levels of service of groups that lag behind' {ibid., A rights-sensitive analysis identifies patterns of inequality in service provision (ibid.,"	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	ce101054a238c34a24f47835a859477f	These low levels also apply to the lowest income quintile, where reported unmet need stood at 0.1% compared to 4.1% in the EU (2015). For example the minimum share of costs covered is 90% for urgent interventions and intensive therapy, 80% for specialist surgery, orthodontics and other aids; and 70% for pharmaceuticals on the ‘positive list covered by the HIIS. Children and students up to the age of 26 as well as vulnerable groups are exempted from all co-payments.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	ce12bec4f5209b52befc9d1470da93e0	Spell durations are generally relatively short in Latvia, Norway and Sweden but much longer in Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Table 9, panel A). The average duration of a benefit spell in the sample varies from below 4 months in Norway to over 30 months, i.e., 2Vi years, in Luxembourg. Median durations indicate that shortterm benefit receipt is the norm in Latvia, Norway, and Sweden, where 50% of all spells are of duration 2-3 months or shorter.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/66896486-en	ce16b77f31c827f5cb33bf61e426effc	Permanent advisory councils are established both at national and regional levels. The Inspection for Environmental Protection monitors and provides information on the state of the water resources. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is responsible for surface waters regarded as especially important for agriculture, the Ministry of Infrastructure for navigation, the Ministry of the Interior and Administration for natural disaster response, and the Ministry of Health for drinking and bathing waters. Permits for water use are issued at the voivodship and local levels.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	ce175cae5420e4ed434dea02f7a1e819	"Data refer to 2000-10 for Estonia and Finland; to 1999-2010 for France; and to 2002-09 for Mexico. Data refer to 1997-2006 for Australia; to 1995-2006 for the Netherlands; to 1995-2005 for the United Kingdom and to 1992-2002 for Germany. For details on the definition of unpaid work and total work see Miranda, V. (2011), “Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work around the World"", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	ce1a6f9fecfaa4a450f0cb9e4cc85795	It is not apparent whether procurement procedures take into account the size and complexity of projects, as is the case in countries with advanced PPP programmes (FEMIP, 2013). The General Tendering Department in the Ministry of Public Works oversees the activities of contracting authorities to ensure the integrity of the procurement process involving the private sector. However, the tendering process is not always competitive. Another example is the award for the service contract for Kerak. It was originally won by Engicon, which was asked to turn down the contract because of its dominance in the sector.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ce1b0eaa8ddea01bf5a5a23cb1ae61fe	This would increase resource requirements for reporting, but would allow Parties and the international community to undertake a variety of assessments and analyses. Disaggregated reporting by Parties (and potentially also by other organisations) on a consistent and comparable basis to the UNFCCC would facilitate transparency, and could also help to fill current reporting gaps, such as reporting on mobilised climate finance. Transparency of climate finance information would be further facilitated if it is communicated in the form of a searchable database or worksheet (e.g. an Excel spreadsheet - as Annex I countries do when communicating annual emissions inventory data) rather than as tables within reports in PDF format as at present. These could include encouraging voluntary reporting (e.g. in Annex I national communications and biennial reports) of items that will become mandatory under the Paiis Agreement (such as developed country reporting on mobilised climate finance).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	ce1b97715bc94d1e97a43e4a864e6126	In other countries the latter is often a key sticking point in reform, particularly where there is rural depopulation and when local authorities own hospitals. Clalit, as direct operator of primary care services, shifted towards more clinic-based care more or less directly, while the other funds used a combination of dialogue and financial incentives to persuade independent operators to move to clinic-based systems. The economies of scale in clinic-based services have, for instance, facilitated round-the-clock accessibility and capacities for supporting patients with chronic diseases.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	ce1d2b2149d44384c77c91e1c1d95ded	Also, the measures that promote continued employment with the same employer, preventing older-worker unemployment, should be strengthened. Moral hazard may also take the form of reduced intensity of job search and willingness to accept job offers. Recent Japanese research has continued to report evidence of significant disincentive effects to job search during the benefit period.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	ce1fd364c337feaa9056c7e58f1fb749	While in the short run, these effects on inequality are likely to be dominated by the direct inequality-reducing effect that stems from the income support for the unemployed (see Joumard et al., However, cutting back on benefits may help to reduce the income gap between immigrants and natives as the former appeal- to suffer more from adverse employment effects (Causa and Jean, 2007). At the same time, the impact of product market liberalisation on labour income inequality is uncertain: while higher employment should reduce inequality, ceteris paribus, this may potentially be offset by a wider earnings dispersion.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2014-22-en	ce29b4c6f5ee19de4e55d79dde06d30e	Inaction on climate change could lead to a continued rise in global temperatures by 2100 ranging from 2.5°C to 7.5°C above pre-industrial levels (IPCC, 2014a). This would increase the severity - and in some cases the frequency - of extreme weather events, with potentially catastrophic consequences for stable economic development, human life and prosperity. Doing nothing could be costly, equating to a permanent loss of over 14% in average world consumption per capita (OECD, 2012). Developing countries stand to be disproportionately affected by unabated climate change, eroding development gains made to date (IPCC, 2014a). Assessments suggest that a sizeable share of development assistance activities might be affected by climate risk, with estimates ranging from 10% to 40% per country depending on the development co-operation portfolio in each country context, when measured as a share of total official development assistance (ODA) (OECD, 2005).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	ce2cb50147262b223a9ef1008d013c3b	However, following the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima the Chinese government promptly halted construction of new reactors and ordered a safety review of existing facilities. The results of the audit showed that the 16 operating reactors were basically sound but that some plants need better flood and earthquake protection, while others had no severe accident mitigation plans available on site. Overall, 16 areas for improvement were flagged, including dealing with radioactive leakages.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	ce3117264532f69e6048ee076e83163f	For example, in Finland (among other countries), independent non-governmental anti-discrimination institutions monitor the protection of human rights in the mass media and advertising. Such an institution may be instrumental in achieving the strategic objective of the Beijing Platform for Action to “promote a balanced and non-stcreotyped portrayal of women in the media”.39 This institution could be composed of lawyers, journalists, publishers, media representatives, advertisers and representatives of women’s organisations; its goals would be to uphold the protection of women’s rights in reporting and advertising, without infringing upon freedom of speech, publication, press or media. With respect to the portrayal of women in the media and the protection of their dignity and rights, governments may consider the governmental initiative launched in 2005 by Morocco (Box 7.10).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	ce31bc5dc307f87396360d5ebd1b1827	The health of prisoners will therefore have an impact on the general population. Ultimately, the elevated risk of tuberculosis in prisons is likely to affect the burden of tuberculosis on the general population. In high-income countries, it has been estimated that 8.5 per cent (1 in every 11 cases) of tuberculosis in the general population is attributable to exposure in prisons.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	ce38b7715cec8c6be9d5e969c64b84a6	Thus, the volume of finance committed does not directly translate into how the needs of each country are being met, or into the difference in levels of readiness of each region to access international climate finance. Dots represent climate-related development finance flows per capita per year (USD per person, average between 2013 and 2014). The figure excludes some trans-boundary projects across countries/regions to avoid double counting.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	ce3af7372997c95693260fbc6b41b6f5	Such surpluses could then be used to increase demand for rural-non-farm goods and services. Increases in farm-based income are closely linked with increases in non-farm income, such as from vending, petty trading and transport services. Non-farm income is especially pronounced in broad-based smallholder-led agricultural growth, because as local labour is hired, income is typically spent locally (Deichmann et al.,	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	ce3b2aa2a75768417be18488a0d42652	Owing to discrimination, women migrant workers often receive lower wages and suffer deplorable working conditions, and lack access to appropriate health services, including reproductive health services. Domestic workers in particular are vulnerable to physical, sexual and other types of abuse by their employers. Access to justice in countries of destination is also limited for many migrant women. Migrant women in an irregular situation are particularly vulnerable to abuse, isolation and limited access to health services or to the justice system.	5	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ce3ba405e562d54892c305da308c4fac	Available at www.world-nuclear.org/ uploadedFiles/REPORT_OptimizCapacity.pdf. The present chapter broadens and deepens the treatment of system effects. Section 4.1 provides an overview of system effects or externalities in the power sector with the help of the comprehensive system cost matrix. It will also characterise more specifically the system effects at the grid-level, such as additional investments in the grid transport infrastructure, short-term balancing and long-term backup capacity.	7	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	ce3be8ffb38d7bc4d4815dcc1e00b33f	Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings, following remittances. The tourism sector has potential but is weakly developed, cruise ship numbers have recently declined and tourism numbers are presently declining. In 2011 GDP was estimated at $378 million with GDP per capita estimated at $3,648. Real GDP growth fell in both 2008-09 and 2009-2010 but for 2010-11 was expected to grow at around 1.4 per cent.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	ce3c3e1b4b9c097c78cd9e2d09292c87	It would also examine how, and to what extent, policies are addressing this transformation, and offer guidance for countries to further capitalise on digitalisation to meet the broader societal goals of inclusive growth and better lives. In particular, the work will harness OECD’s horizontal capabilities to explore how the digital transformation is affecting policies. For example, as ICTs change both the mode and delivery of educational instruction decoupling it from a specific location, what will be the implications for school funding based on local taxes?	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088986-en	ce3c41926056fd0eb232a94d140d48d4	In addition, there is no well developed vocational training system in place (National Economic Council, 2007). For Israel as a whole, there are significantly less non-Jewish workers employed in academic and administrative positions than Jewish workers. Even Arabs holding academic degrees have difficulty in obtaining suitable employment.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	ce3c89c2f03df332bd7e96fb66d88f39	Thus, pk (the identification method) identifies person i as poor when the number of weighted deprivations is at least k. Since pk is dependent on both the within- dimension cut-off liner/ and the across-dimension cut-off line k, pk is a dual cut-off method of identification. The matrix is then censored (gOA), which means that the deprivations of the non-poor are excluded (they are assigned a value of zero). H=q/n, where q is the number of poor people and n is the total population. This value is then divided by the total number of poor individuals (q).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	ce40c68e44c1bba6e3d65508f36f0be1	Instead of small-sized facilities, investments would need to be directed into an environmentally friendly large scale MRF which has a higher capacity to process waste for a given number of barangays. Consolidating the MRFs produces value for money and helps introduce technological innovation and efficiency which is not viable on small scales. Though this could temporarily create job losses for some workers in this area, these people can be shifted to other associated areas where opportunities would be created in material collection, processing and manufacturing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	ce46069952d20ec411009c24b9019c6a	Since in Latin America the actions of the State are relatively less significant than those of other agents in the production and distribution of well-being, it would be useful to broaden the array of instruments and partnerships incorporated into social-policy design. The State must not only ensure that all members of society can enjoy active citizenship, which requires the construction and consolidation of mechanisms for social promotion and protection: it must also operate as a coordinating and regulatory body for all the actors that make it possible to generate or redistribute well-being. The State can achieve this by guiding and fostering a supply of social services which is compatible with an uneven demand structure and unequal access and by creating redistribution mechanisms that guarantee a universal minimum level of well-being so as to ensure the full exercise of rights and capacity-building.	10	1	9	0.8
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	ce46b790087ec84429531eb9f630537b	"The objective of the Act is furthermore to counteract direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of gender."" ( Statistics Greenland recently published a study on incomes in 2013 (Statistics Greenland 2014). The overall difference, roughly one third in men's favour, not only reflects gender differences but also differences in education and position in the different hierarchies as well as the fact that men are overrepresented in age groups characterized by higher incomes."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	ce4a12277c47f7f240e6518c4d227264	Previous CCXG work (e.g. Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013) has highlighted that this is because (i) aggregation and attribution of financial flows to developing countries requires information on outflows from various multilateral climate funds and development banks, and (ii) reporting requirements do not require all the relevant information. Aggregation will also be difficult for information from other Parties providing support, some of whom may have their own tracking and reporting practices. Like for mitigation, external sources of information and analysis, beyond those provided by Parties under the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, could inform the global stocktake.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	ce4addef545222874a72b61240cd06a0	In this way, a more exact picture of the developments is formed and the search for explanations is more focused. A past decrease in crashes is no guarantee that crashes will decrease in the future. Only if there is a better understanding of the reasons for the decrease will it be possible to formulate expectations about future developments. There are indicators for (unsafe) traffic behaviour (e.g. speeding, driving while intoxicated), the safety quality of vehicles (e.g. NCAP stars), the safety of roads (e.g. International Road Assessment Program [IRAP] stars) and the quality of the trauma system (e.g. arrival times of ambulances). Analysts can consider to what extent the execution of policies has influenced the SPIs and to what extent a change in SPI has led to a change in the number of casualties.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	ce4d4d30d40579500321f6b6f16aed03	Nevertheless, the burden on public funds could be alleviated through the formation of alternative financing models beyond reliance on tax revenues. One such example relates to public-private partnerships, which have the potential to offer advantages to financially constrained governments. However, the decision by governments to adopt a PPP approach or any other financing method should be guided by the careful balance of costs and benefits, and there remains a need for governments to complete necessary due diligence before committing to any project.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264113718-en	ce52e0394e7c007688831e6c7bfcc6ce	But on its own such training may be too narrow to meet the interests of students (Cornford and Gunn, 1998; Kilpatrick, Hamilton and Falk, 2001; Smits, 2006). Even if a firm has an interest in providing high quality training, their interest may differ from those of students (Smits, 2006). According to the classical economic argument, in a perfect market firms have no incentives to provide transferable skills, as employees might then move to another company and the company that provided the training will not benefit from it.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ce53ff04295e1d4358d3ed1e18883baa	In addition, in-core measurement reduces considerably the uncertainties on the power and power density distribution associated with load cycling transients, thus reducing the safety margins that must be taken. Improvements in this area have permitted for greater operation margins and faster transients in load cycling operations. Also, the overall availability of the plants has increased.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	ce54dd1ef3f3669ca40eb794f3b95d9b	The “4-2-1-1 problem” will become more prevalent: increasingly one working person will have to provide for four grandparents, two parents, and one child, while at the same time saving for his or her own retirement. From a very poor country devastated by war in the early 1950s, Korea has developed into one of the richest countries in the region (Chapter 4) with life expectancy at birth close to 83 years. Family planning policies introduced in the 1960s contributed to a rapid decline of fertility rates from a TFR of 6 in 1960 to 1.6 in 1995 and 1.2 in 2011.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ce54df3e95bd5c27617f6236e11a95fd	In 2013, CPI tracked USD 10 billion in climate finance flows between non-OECD countries (Buchner et al., In 2014, eight non-Annex I countries provided development co-operation funding of more than USD 500 million, led by Saudi Arabia and the UAE; for most countries, it is not clear what share of these resources is being used for climate purposes.17 Given their importance, having more clarity on these flows would allow for a better overview of where and how support is being provided. Some developing countries are starting to report on financial support provided for development purposes more systematically, via bilateral or multilateral flows, for example in publicly-available government documents (e.g. Brazil, Mexico) or through reporting to the OECD DAC (e.g. Korea, UAE).18 In 2014, the OECD estimated the development co-operation flows of the seven non-DAC and non-OECD developing countries that do report to the DAC at USD 19.4 billion.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	ce57702cc67c838d14ca2768c9f28e07	The findings are summarized in figure 2.8. The role of electricity in contributing to economic growth seems to be stronger than that of all other forms of energy, as the finding of no causality is less frequent in the former case (just 14 per cent in one of the reviews and not at all in the other - figure 2.8) than in the latter (figure 2.7). A direction of causality from electricity to growth, or reciprocal causality between them, is backed by 63 per cent to 72 per cent of the studies. The conservation hypothesis is supported in 23 per cent to 28 per cent.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	ce591fc789843484d670a494afc92c59	Estimations of equations 2-5 confirm the indirect links between the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income. Table 5 shows a strong negative and significant relationship between the SIGI and both total factor productivity, labour force and human capital, whatever the specification used (Annexes E, F and G present the full regression results). The SIGI coefficients remain significantly negative while introducing additional control variables, controlling for potential endogeneity and performing robustness checks.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ce592018626ce1ad94a5310fc49dd445	As input price increases outpaced output price rises and farmers had limited freedom to change their behaviour, many farms simply went into debt, but the government continued to provide credits (Gray, 2000). By 1996, three-quarters of agricultural enterprises were unprofitable and many workers were paid in-kind (e.g. engineers received farm equipment in lieu of wages). Between 1998 and 2003, reforms of farm ownership were in part targeted at writing off debts and allowing farms to re-start with a clean sheet.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	ce59652c1c9ce2e725b87b3bceaee8bf	Deforestation is a very real concern for the populations in the countries in this area since it may severely limit the ability to find fuel for cooking. Proper management of resources and subsidised efficient cookstove programmes are necessary. Such cost-competitiveness efforts can also produce opportunities for the creation of jobs and business opportunities in addition to meeting energy goals.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264247543-9-en	ce5b68ec099641e94b90f26d2e1ab8a4	In addressing this policy challenge, OER can work against “silos of knowledge” (Plotkin, 2010:5), regardless of whether these stem from differences between educational institutions, countries, or formal, informal and non-formal learning settings. In each case, the sharing of resources made possible by OER is most valuable when the resources are released as full OER that allow not only reuse but also remixing and repurposing.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	ce5d58fc715ca0bb19bdd32bccc573cc	In Colombia, the Subsidized Compulsory Health Plan (POSS) for older persons enables all those aged 45 and over to undergo a complete medical examination and laboratory tests every five years to detect preventable diseases in good time. Although these packages are not the solution for the major diseases, they are undoubtedly examples that can be replicated and extended to countries that still have a long way to go in upholding the universal right to health. According to WHO (2003), it is therefore vital to reinforce health systems and establish priorities for developing health systems if such gaps are to be addressed. Diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical emergencies (max.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-5-en	ce5e38ab68cb2cf6e856de29cded8e9b	Similarly, pollution charges are explicitly included in the wastewater bill in the Handers and Brussels regions in Belgium, in Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal and Spain. Other taxes are levied in Denmark, France and Spain. Different economic signals are sent to both consumers and producers: VAT and other taxes can affect final demand and the affordability of services, but do not contribute to cost recovery. This information is not comprehensive, as tariff structures are often decided at local the level and are not consistent within a country; other structures could be found in countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/41cfc3a7-en	ce60822ec153192c989a1b30887e05df	This can have fatal consequences. With the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States agreed to focus on sustainability, equality, peace and human progress, providing a powerful counter-narrative to current practices of extraction, exclusion and division. The unprecedented levels of engagement and mobilization during the period that led to its adoption have ushered in a strong sense of ownership by not only governments, but also civil society and other stakeholders.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	ce60a2205b670ec8e5f09f9244bf2a6e	In Sub-Saharan Africa, they can be particularly useful to assist countries with limited project preparation capacities to develop projects that can only attract repayable finance if they are combined with innovative approaches to financing, such as blending grants and loans or using guarantees to reduce the risk perception. Grant finance channelled through these facilities has usually been focused on the first step of project preparation, without necessarily providing support for upstream institutional reforms or downstream implementation activities. These facilities are also seen by some as a channel for helping IFIs prepare projects, which should be one of their core activities and therefore amounts to an implicit subsidy for those IFIs.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97ed059a-en	ce62196de9cb25ce22ee1753b7001b8f	Child poverty must be understood in the multidimensional sense and is thus considered in terms of monetary poverty, hunger, education, child labour and access to health care services. Secondly, the study analyzes several policies that the Cameroonian government could adopt to respond to this crisis in order to protect children. In section 2, a summary of the main channels of transmission of the global financial crisis to developing economies, and particularly Cameroon, is provided. Section 3 lays out the methodological approach of the study, and section 4 shows the structure and evolution of the economy in the reference scenario; the results of the crisis scenario are presented in section 5.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec8c3c-4184cda6-en	ce62c0f982a92694f4482ac1712084a1	Elements which are common to these three standards are identified as a “Common Core”. The value of the Common Core is to assist program authors to exchange declarative applications internationally using these standards. To allow the possibility of interaction between different interactive platforms, a common instruction set (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1722-2 [10.14]) and a common application environment for digital interactive television services consisting of basic architecture of the environment, structure of execution engine and the structure of a presentation engine (see Recommendation ITU-R BT.1889 [10.15]) are additionally defined.	9	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	ce6413b4de6925e825c3a8273b403993	It is characterised by low salinity, low water temperatures, a long period of ice cover, low primary productivity, low levels of nutrients (particularly phosphorus), and large amounts of riverine runoff adding organic matter and industrial-sourced nutrients (Kronholm et al., The Bay lacks many of the key species of the Baltic, such as bladder wrack, seagrass, blue mussels, cod and sprat. It is characterised by a combination of freshwater and salt-water species and has low biodiversity (Fig. Common starfish (Asterias rubens) and common shore crab (Carcinus maenas) are only present in Kattegat and The Sound (0resund).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	ce6420d0bdbd375cfe02c44c5d1ac61a	Indeed, allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses raises a significant political economy question. Taking a broader view on interconnected and sometimes conflicting policy objectives, such as tensions between food security (and the willingness to secure domestic production) and water productivity (and the allocation of water to activities which add more value), trade-off choices can be improved. This requires a coherent approach between water policies (as described above) and other (sectoral, environmental) policies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ce65dd576ba84ab10e892464f4bd5bd7	Adding a 10% margin for the bazaar retailer who is also typically an individual entrepreneur, the meat will sell at KZT 1126 per kg. He collects meat from 4-6 households daily and pays cash from own sources; he rarely takes credit to pay the households for purchased meat. Price information is usually obtained at the city market or from friends; the trader also mentioned the availability of daily online price information by KazAgroMarketing.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	ce66151b07267014608774bdfaa7db9b	The integration and balance of these uses and users requires a watershed approach. The city has the largest unfiltered water supply system in the world, and its reservoir system extends nearly 200 kilometres north of the city limits, within the Catskill/Delaware and Croton watersheds, supplying water to the 8 million residents of the city. The city has a Department of Environmental Protection, which administers a comprehensive watershed programme, including protective (or pro-active) and corrective (or reactive) measures. For example, the city has invested more than USD 300 million to buy upstate land around the reservoirs, in order to improve source water quality and eliminate the need for building expensive water quality treatment plants.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	ce66559ee7a2e5a3d13cec54a730ece2	Lower reliance on recurring property taxes as part of the tax mix is, however, likely to harm output per capita, due to the comparatively low economic distortions associated with these taxes (Arnold, 2008; Akgun et al., A Microsimulation Analysis for Five European Countries,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. Tax reform recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys (cont.) Tax reform recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys (cont.)	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264231122-5-en	ce67b31316c22c2a8f6ff97612d5b523	This multi-actor complexity means taking into account the different perceptions with respect to the problems, interests and positions of the stakeholders, which can be addressed by involving stakeholders across the water chain, related sectors and levels of government in an iterative dialogue process. The adoption of effective policy instruments could also help to remedy this challenge. The water cycle generates important externalities in domains that are critical for development: health, agriculture, land-use and spatial planning, poverty alleviation and energy. Policy making in these areas tends to be done in silos; further improvement, therefore, is often needed to ensure coherent, holistic and integrated consultation, participation and co-ordination of stakeholders.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	ce6821141e0a859b37822c75f8db8cd7	In their second BRs, Annex II Parties generally did not provide information on finance corresponding to capacity-building support reported, for example (UNFCCC, 2016(9]); this trend has by and large continued in third BRs. One explanation could be the relatively generic and high-level nature of existing guidance. In addition, CTF Tables for reporting on financial support do not require indicating whether capacity-building or technology elements are included. Clear measurement and reporting guidance, underpinned by clear definitions and methods, can help boost transparency and completeness of reporting (Ellis and Moarif, 2015(2]).	13	1	4	0.6
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	ce68d2d153cd3f1c002bed7008aec23c	"The CESCR has adopted the term ‘substantive equality’ and has said that laws, policies and practices of State parties may perpetuate inequality between men and women because they do not take account of existing economic,social and cultural inequalities experienced by women (CESCR 2005). He notes that: ‘As long as we simply recognize the role of women in the ""care"" economy by accommodating their specific needs, the existing division of roles within the household and associated gender stereotypes will remain in place, and could even be reinforced. This dimension is stressed by the HRC with surprising robustness in relation to under-representation of women in politicsand in the publicand private sectors, where State parties are regularly urged to institute temporary special measures to address the problem.92 Article 4(1) of CEDAW requires State parties to makes it clear that temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between women and men should not be considered discriminatory, but they should be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. ( This contrasts with special measures, such as those aimed at protecting maternity, which should not be temporary - article 4(2).)"	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	ce698256fe49262f1d5f968eda39d820	This would establish the OECD as the “goto” organisation for guidance on whole-of-govemment policies related to digitalisation. It would therefore provide high value for money, by proving a coherent and integrated approach - instead of a piecemeal, fragmented one - to an issue that is rapidly becoming a major challenge in almost every area of OECD work. Source: OECD, (2016a), Proposed Cross cutting Project: Seizing the Benefits of Digitalization/or Growth and Well-Being, OECD document for official use, DST1/1ND/STP/ICCP/CP(2016)1.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	ce69da63485b5e9a3467d816cc900d48	These apply to all ODA, and since 2010 also to other official non-concessional development flows (excluding export credits). The organisation AidData has also been compiling data from “emerging” donors and working with non-DAC development agencies to organise and standardise their data. Estimating finance mobilised by individual countries through multilateral public finance channels is challenging because there are data gaps and it is difficult to accurately attribute mobilised finance back to each country involved.20 Collective reporting in this area could therefore be considered (OECD, 2015). However, quantifying the indirect mobilisation effects of policy-related interventions is technically challenging.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	ce6c52b8d43431e684d02e90416ebfcc	Helping girls and boys to develop the habit of reading for pleasure pays dividends throughout students’ school years and far beyond. Yet many boys do not read for enjoyment and are poor readers. Some of these initiatives aim to improve reading skills by challenging and encouraging students to read more, while others focus on raising awareness of the benefits of reading among parents and encouraging them to participate in reading activities with their children.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264173668-en	ce6c772536b73870fb1b3c1cdb147ea6	Some teachers use their contacts with companies when organising work placements for students as an opportunity to maintain familiarity with workplace requirements. These examples illustrate that many teachers recognise the importance of updating their vocational knowledge and skills. But the lack of a supportive framework means that not all teachers benefit from skills updating opportunities.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	ce6d4cd2a4811162252c80747959f12a	It corresponds to 237 beaches and 325 sampling sites in 50 touristic destinations of the 17 coastal states monitored by the state health authorities. They include water boards (junta de agua), organised irrigation units (urderales) and irrigation districts (distrito de riego), the latter being the most common. Irrigation districts were first established and managed by the federal government.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0543d374-en	ce6e2f35f7df41908e626d24f5815561	The vegetation density on planted areas is some 625 trees per ha. In the valleys of the Kopetdag Mountains, for instance, specially planted oaks can be found, which are 100 years old (and more), and there is also evidence that oriental plane, mulberry, walnut and other trees were planted. It was in 1968 that planned and systematic work aimed at creating artificial (human-made) plantations really began on a full scale. These efforts involved planting trees in mountain areas, in the desert and on irrigated land specially created within the confines of the territory owned by the State forestry authorities.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	ce73e7d93c6059993c501cd4f8715373	In the State of Mexico, the Ministry of Communications (through the department in charge of roads) always issues an opinion on the feasibility of incorporating road and pedestrian flows generated by developments in the existing road infrastructure. A positive opinion is required for the State Commission of Urban Development and Housing (which includes representatives of various ministries including the Ministry of Communications) to issue a proof of viability. This document is needed in turn for the Ministry of Urban and Metropolitan Development to grant construction authorisations.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	ce8199fd5d5b360f8b41fe354df8d4e5	Climate risks can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains and trade (Dellink et al., As an example, the 2011/2012 US drought contributed to an increase in the price of soya, causing up to an estimated 25% of UK pig farmers leaving the industry by the end of 2012 (Benton, 2012 in CCC, 2017). Mindful of the transnational nature of flood risks across the Lower Mekong Basin, the Mekong River Commission promotes co-ordinated management between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam. The Commission is looking to harmonise climate change adaptation planning and implementation through the development of a climate strategy, which would be integrated to the Commission’s monitoring and evaluation framework (Mekong River Commission, 2016).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	ce82714e6393f413fc63661459436172	This defines the stability dimension of food security that is the focus of this report. Policies in place need to be capable of managing of potential risky scenarios that threaten food security due to various alternative causes, whilst also being compatible with a policy environment that stimulates income growth and that reduces food insecurity across all scenarios including those where there is no particular shock. Therefore, several indicators have been developed to measure different aspects of food insecurity (OECD, 2013 a), most of which are based on estimates of the share of the population that is under a given threshold of a relevant variable, such as calorie consumption, food expenditure or anthropometric measures indicating child malnutrition. According to Sibrian (2009), the most appropriate variables to measure food insecurity include dietary energy consumption (i.e. food consumption measured in energy units, e.g. kcal) to measure food deprivation, expenditure or income available to meet dietary energy needs to estimate food poverty, and weight- or height-for-age to quantify child under-nutrition.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	ce841ae19973654168e350a77f62422b	Affiliation was trending downwards in El Salvador prior to the health-care reform now under way, and has remained low and virtually unchanged in Honduras. Unfortunately, levels of health-care affiliation in Brazil could not be detected from the surveys consulted, as the country has a universal system. Affiliation to health systems among professionals and technicians in microenterprises declined (along with pension scheme affiliation) in four of the countries with the lowest levels of affiliation.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	ce850edc78e8fd738748abcc950dca2c	It requires an ability to forecast many ecological and social unknowns which at present is only emerging. However, the precautionary component tends to ensure that management decisions are hedged in ways that reduce the cost of a false prediction. It requires a fishery management system that is sufficiently capable and responsive to address short and long term changes in a comprehensive manner.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/859159ab-en	ce85e81c70cb65b57b70e2c621df0c82	The central bank is also looking to lower the reserve requirement ratio further in line with the reductions in March and June 2018. The capacity to meet the infrastructure plan while limiting associated fiscal risks remains a prominent near-term challenge. Concrete policies for continuing to develop regions outside Metro Manila, particularly in agriculture-dependent areas (Box 1.2), are crucial to spreading economic opportunities and managing population concentration and activities in the coming years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	ce85f71e290f83c08158c45ede1d92e3	The CNQ’s updating process is overseen by 16 Sectoral Councils for Qualifications (Conselhos Setoriais para a Qualificaqdo, or CSQ) constituted by up to ten specialists chosen by relevant ministries, worker and employer associations, and training providers. Within these Councils, 134 meetings were held during 2016 and 2017, 17 new qualifications were created, 122 were updated and 5 were removed. In addition, 25 new standards for prior learning recognition were developed and another 17 were updated. Despite this level of activity, stakeholders expressed concern that the updating of the Catalogue is not nimble enough to meet labour-market needs. They noted, in particular, the lack of human resources within the ANQEP to support these processes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	ce86196897956c96e3b126918480d98e	Motor vehicle speed management and speed control will play a central role in achieving a safe overall environment. This gap in the regulation of the industry should be closed as quickly as possible. Mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed. Again, these deliberations should be concluded as quickly as possible and regulation introduced. Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. Studie im Auftrag der MA 18 Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung, Endbericht, Municipality of Vienna.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	ce872b3e0c44d26dff2695d8b8cb3370	Mental health concerns are also included in some of the work across other part of ministries (beyond the Mental Health and Welfare Division), for example in employment policy attention is paid to mental health concerns in areas such as supportive employment and return to work, and in education. This legal framework is one of the central government’s two key tools to enact change in line with policy direction. Through this Act, which is discussed in detail in Chapter 1, the MHLW indicates the national policy direction and secures funding required.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-12-en	ce87387e3821909b5e6ba830fb14b8cf	Such a leadership system appears to provide a supportive framework for professional accountability in which teachers feel more accountable to one another for their performance, unlike the United States form of administrative accountability, in which teachers are made accountable to the principal and others in supervisory positions. This differs from the United States where, for example, a teacher can apply to train as a principal or school head, and then apply for a position in a school. In Singapore, young teachers are continuously assessed for their leadership potential and given opportunities to demonstrate and learn by, for example, serving on committees, then being promoted to head of department at a relatively young age. Some are transferred to the ministry for a period.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dbd47a51-en	ce89f787ac585ece3fdd0d6a0818db3a	We need to raise the alarm about addiction to tramadol, rates of which are soaring in parts of Africa. Non-medical use of this opioid painkiller, which is not under international control, is also expanding in Asia. The impact on vulnerable populations is cause for serious concern, putting pressure on already strained health-care systems. Some 450,000 people died in 2015 as a result of drug use.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31959a6d-en	ce8dcd54c696eed71cd756298bdf7b7c	Most European pension systems now offer care-related contribution credits (Jefferson 2009:125: D’Addio 2012) and other countries around the world are increasingly introducing these provisions as well. The design and impacts of contribution credits vary across countries. Childcare absences can also be implicitly considered in the pension system when, for instance, the number of years required to obtain a full pension are relatively low.	5	10	1	0.8181818181818182
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	ce8e7d14e94957261ca95bcebbd7b3ee	It complements the analysis of contemporary SA systems in OECD countries, which took a cross-sectional perspective and looked at a snapshot of countries’ benefit systems at given points in time. The section provides an analysis of aggregate trends of benefit receipt rates and transition rates into and out of benefit receipt. It also provides an overview of the most important recipient groups, to the extent that this is possible given data limitations.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	ce8ed474c59fc2db78d3c8a9945d0c60	According to the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: the Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document refers to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Data for France concern 2007.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264247567-4-en	ce91d69468725cb87750bebc1ba8b6d6	The quality and efficiency problems of the education system seem to be widely recognised and the need for action, including measures for network rationalisation seem to be shared among stakeholders. A range of efficiency concerns arise from current arrangements for the governance of schooling. The administrative capacities of most self-governments (especially small municipalities) are relatively weak; many of them require active support from the relevant state institutions to take and implement decisions. Furthermore, while effective education provision can only be organised through inter-municipal co-operation which allows the sharing of resources (for example, teaching capacities, special education services or extracurricular facilities), incentives for inter-municipal co-operation are weak.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	ce930c08ef1c4d92aefe7fccbee5dd6f	The Convention makes no further reference to specific initiatives or actions to be taken, in accordance with its framework nature (UN, 1992). The action, and hence initiatives to ensure the fulfilment of the objectives of the Convention has always been the discrete responsibility of the Parties to the Convention, individually or in cooperation. This distinction between domestic or cooperative action is further illustrated by the Kyoto Protocol, where the Protocol promotes cooperative action in the form of technology transfer and flexible mechanisms. However, the Protocol is mostly sector-neutral in that it leaves the Party or Parties with the choice of where to act and how.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	ce951e6d15f565e09eaa16962eca0a75	In 2013, the India GHG Program was established by Indian companies and think tanks in co-operation with the World Resources Institute to increase the capacity of Indian companies in measuring and disclosing GHG emissions (India GHG Program, 2014). While homogenisation is growing via the widespread use of the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines, corporate reports are still difficult to compare, increasingly weighty (sometimes running to hundreds of pages) and not always satisfactory in terms of the quality of information provided (WBCSD, 2013). In a survey conducted by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants to feed into the European discussion on mandatory corporate reporting of non-financial elements (ACCA and Eurosif, 2013), 92% of investors surveyed found the information provided by companies not sufficiently comparable.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	ce97a99bcbaee1a04b219fde650ff92e	The damage is more acute across the largest rice-producing provinces (Sumatra and Java) where more than half of the smaller water systems are damaged (World Bank, 2012). It is also in greater need of repair at the local government level. The provision of central government funding for rehabilitation work reduces the incentive for provincial and district governments and WUAs to carry out the operations and maintenance activities that they are responsible for.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	ce989520a635326c082d482786c73727	The traditional community and kinship structures are being eroded and families are under increased strain due to micro-economic forces driving social change: migration (resulting in absence of a father), chronic poverty, joblessness, food scarcity and illness. Previous research has linked paternal absence with adolescent sexual risk and suggests these adolescents suffer from less social support. Sibling-headed households comprise children of the same generation some of whom may be over 18 years of age. Child-headed households are a subset of this group whose members are all under 18 years. Reciprocity in the sense of mutual care, support, respect and valuing of the other are prioritised by adolescents in their relationships with parents. Several studies from diverse settings corroborate the importance of these parenting qualities, but the details of how these are achieved are poorly understood.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	ce9b0bfe76eee295b0cbdaa0af80095b	Indeed, the novelty of the technologies considered and the probable fluctuations in renewable energy supply (including dependence of generation on weather, seasons and time of day) have specific implications for managing project risk and accurately assessing market capacity. Table 6.1 lists the different risks faced by clean energy infrastructure projects, and Table 6.2 illustrates how different modes of allocating these risks can best be suited to various forms of PPP projects. The level of risk will depend on the maturity of the technology and the track record of the technology provider.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	ce9b3704a222263984f63f5a27abbb64	Gangwong is a top performer in safety and access to services compared to other selected OECD TL2 regions (Figure 1.13). Approximately 97.2% of the region’s households had a broadband connection. Moreover, the region had about 4.5 percentage points lower unemployment rate than the average of selected OECD TL2 regions.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	ce9e833e643f7c93db8bc469a73f4cdb	Some states are located entirely within the area of one BC. In other cases, where a state is divided between two or more BCs, the state participates in all the BCs within its territory. To date, two RBCs have been implemented and ANA is carrying out programmes to stimulate the creation of councils in ten additional basins, while tackling remaining challenges such as financial sustainability, capacity building regarding negotiation and consultation, civil society representation and the long-term contribution of RBCs to national development.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	cea02f4d9a5111e8b22b333634982095	Population peaks in 2070, GDP growth is moderate, and inequality declines steadily, GDP shares of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia rise significantly. Rapid population growth, moderate economic growth and slow technological change in the energy sector. High inequality leads to reduced trade flows, leaving many parts of the world vulnerable, and with low adaptive capacity. Rapid development of low carbon energy technologies in key GHG emitting regions leads to relatively large mitigative capacity, but in other regions development is slow, inequality high, and adaptive capacity limited.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	cea0e5c8cc903f1094fb8089581b0594	Tajikistan also has 38 km of oil pipeline. One more refineiy - in Dangara district -was due to be commissioned in early 2017. Over the last 10 years, due to the construction of the 670 MW Sangtuda-1 and the 220 MW Sangtuda-2 HPPs in 2011, total capacity in Tajikistan has increased by more than 1,000 MW.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	cea406f40b35e76049606ef501803c60	Results also show that sport distance is negatively associated with the sense of belonging of immigrant students. The sport distance index is also interacted with the gender dummy so that the measured effect is only for male immigrant students. The resulting coefficient is then used to predict the science scores of male imigrant students based on measured sport distance, keeping all other things equal.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	cea5228a410754a39b8613611d067d3d	For instance, male wages may contribute to growing overall inequality because they become more dispersed, while the composition effect, e.g. increased participation in part-time/part-year jobs, may be the main channel through which women affect overall inequality. To test this hypothesis, this section applies an analysis that decomposes earnings inequality (measured by the Theil coefficient) by subgroup (between men and women from four different employment groups, i.e. full-time full year, full-time part-year, part-time full year and part-time part year). In Australia, Canada and the United States, the increase in wage dispersion within the groups was even large enough to outweigh a significant negative (i.e. equalising) effect of the between-group component. In most countries increases were primarily driven by growing wage dispersion among full-time full-year (FTFY) workers, both male and female (except in the Netherlands where this concerned only men).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-24-en	cea729c03a60bceb3a46fcd14e68b5f4	In Germany, the national average skills level of adults (16-64 year-olds) is below the average for literacy among countries participating in the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills and above the average for numeracy. Young adults (16-24 year-olds) have, on average, higher skills proficiency levels than 25-64 year-olds in Germany, and their skills levels are at or above the average of their peers in other participating countries. Germany’s unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD countries (5.7% of 25-64 year-olds in 2011, compared to the OECD average of 7.1%), and Germany is the only OECD country where unemployment rates fell between 2008 and 2011 (in March 2013, unemployment was 5.4%, compared to the OECD average of 7.9%). Young people are well integrated in the labour market, and only 11 % of 15-29 year-olds were not in education and not employed in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 15.8%) (Figure 4).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c5c7eaec-en	ceaa616905ab08f1a3f97c633e9262e7	In fact, oceans are essential in providing invaluable ecosystems and climate regulation, as well as important cultural support to the millions of people who live near the sea. Today, our oceans are threatened by a range of factors, from many forms of pollution to climate change and unsustainable fishing practices, all of which are results of human activity. This is why the international community, in approving the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically established SDG 14, charging us to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. This is essential for sustainability, and there is a lot to be done.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	ceaaa6aeb21c74e0ee1dddd7efbccab0	This is likely to reflect selection effects, because only 18% of the claimants assigned to job-search assistance participated in it and participants will have been a sub-group with relatively low employability. The authors however argue that the job-search assistance programme may have had a lock-in effect, similar to training programmes. Although job-search assistance programmes are often estimated to have a large positive impact, especially relative to their low cost, experimental implementations may divert scarce resources such as PES job vacancies away from the control group, resulting in overstatement of the impact.	8	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	ceabb1a94856717f4eb09fb6ee477926	Making a bold declaration at Rio+20, the Grenadian prime minister highlighted, as an example of the national effort, the construction of the first green parliament building in the Americas. This paper concludes with the final words of the prime minister at the Rio+20 conference: ‘For the future we want, for the future we need, visionary and action-oriented leadership is a fundamental requirement. We motivate our people to pursue the path to sustainable development, and we commit to achieving the goals of Rio+20, acting at the national level and in collaboration with our global partners’ (GoG 2012e).	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	cead6562894c81cfcb936814c18beb30	Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income before taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s. For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average. The authors would like to thank Peter Hoeller who co-ordinated the project, and also Bert Brys, Oliver Denk, Romain Duval, J0rgen Elmeskov, Michael Forster, Kaja Fredriksen, Isabell Koske, Stephen Matthews and Jean-Luc Schneider for their useful comments and suggestions and Susan Gascard for excellent editorial support.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	cead8c466dd5413103c49d7d9f78e32d	However, it could have been useful to attempt to do so, providing further insight into the expected net benefits related to the environment of the reforms. Instead the process typically extends over many years, even decades, adjusting to changing circumstances. Stakeholder engagement has become common practice for allocation reforms.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	ceafb495668980954eb6af7bbb8b01d4	In advanced economies, such systems are usually linked to unemployment benefits. Without a link to benefit collection, which exists in only three countries in the sample, it is difficult to ensure widespread participation in a particular government information system. However, they generally focus on the most easily placed unemployed and concentrate on metropolitan areas, ignoring the other parts of the country (Angel-Urdinola et al., In this sample in only one country are more than 50% of the young registered. Young people with expectations of a lifetime job in the public sector will spend much time looking for such a job even if their chance of obtaining one is very small. Employers everywhere prefer candidates with experience over those without it.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6d4db5ea-en	ceb378ea67ab02fb69d2fe5d803ee1fb	This highlights the importance of viewing graduation as the first milestone in a marathon of development rather than the winning post in a race to escape LDC status,1 and of focusing primarily on longer-term development processes rather than on the technicalities of the graduation criteria. While several countries close to the graduation thresholds have adopted graduation as a major national goal, as discussed in chapter 2, it is important that this is seen only as an initial step. The country’s development process continues indefinitely beyond this point, and its subsequent success depends critically on the foundations built in the course of graduation.	10	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	ceb387f834cb051b05f2f7342d92835c	Sadly, since 2007 there have been signs that the suicide rate has risen in England. With “recovery” and “outcomes” established as key priorities of the most recent mental health strategy, “No Health Without Mental Health”, indicators and outcome measures remain important. Quality monitoring is the responsibility of the groups detailed in section 3.4, many of which produce qualitative or quantitative data. The current (2012) NHS Outcomes Framework establishes “increased life expectancy” and “reduced differences in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy between communities” as two high-level outcomes to be achieved across the health system.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ceb3c68f537c4e3da895ee1456bb293b	The support element implied by the biofuel mandate increases with larger differences in the production costs between biofuels and fossil fuels. Hence, lower crude oil prices imply larger support. At the same time, the incentive for providing subsidies for the production and use of fertilisers declines with lower energy prices.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	ceb655d03498c639efb4a52e4752a782	Fortunately, the higher number of people affected is not accompanied by a higher number of casualties, although women and children remain disproportionally vulnerable. In fact, the number of people killed by weather-related disasters has decreased over the last decades. This suggests that some areas of disaster risk management, such as improved early warning systems and increased disaster management capacity, are leading to positive results (UNISDR/UNECE, 2018).	6	3	1	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	ceb921b1fc4aa44aed4e044130203878	Conduct monitoring and evaluation of laws and policies relating to child marriage, including prosecutions where the law is violated, prosecution of offenders; implementation of judicial decisions, and remedies received by women and girls harmed by child marriage to ensure that the legal rights of women and girls are duly protected. Adequate training to be given to judicial officers to enhance capacity to ably adjudicate CEFM cases. Ensure compliance with the laws on CEFM through the establishment of enforcement and monitoring mechanisms which will report to a Central Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, most preferably set up at the relevant Ministry.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/a58cb1df-en	ceba37111818b76d895e9330bf82b6fa	They acknowledge that they need to develop better methods for field ecological studies, including better baseline data with which to compare new crops (ICSU). Scientists agree that the use of conventional agricultural pesticides and herbicides has damaged habitats for farmland birds, wild plants and insects and has seriously reduced their numbers (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel, Royal Society). Transgenic crops are changing chemical and land-use patterns and farming practices, but scientists do not fully agree whether the net effect of these changes will be positive or negative for the environment (ICSU).	2	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	cec1d0e73664e88201dc92fdb69aa12c	Developing a primary care nurse role or care co-ordinator role can not only help manage the increasing demands for health care, but it is also an essential step to help reduce dependency on the hospital sector and increase care co-ordination and integration. The introduction of new roles for nurses or other allied health professionals will require an enabling legislative and regulatory framew ork, and often needs to overcome opposition from medical professionals. Care managers carry primary responsibility for ensuring the coordination of care for elderly individuals with complex needs, and are a first point of contact for such patients and their families.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	ceca1a25230442cdf238d3dc258c47b4	Additionally, training and awareness-raising with business leaders could also be useful in promoting a wider understanding and recognition of the importance of RBC. Educational institutions such as business schools can be important platforms. Adoption of the Guidelines and the UN Guiding Principles should be actively encouraged, as promoting local capacity and adopting practices that permit the transfer and rapid diffusion of technologies and know-how is encouraged under the Guidelines.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	ceca355e755765476394eab5f3f39304	Whereas direct budget transfers are commonly understood as subsidies in every country, induced transfers that result from regulated prices are not legally defined as government support. What do EaP countries include in the national definition of subsidies? Each approach has strengths and limitations, and the two approaches can complement each other. This complementarity is especially useful if access to data and subsidy reporting are restricted.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	cecab673bd4a616cbf04fcf339373445	For example, particular vulnerabilities in WASH systems may be expressed when health systems in a politically unstable country falter during a rainy season. Even within a given context, there are many ways that DRR can respond to the complex interplay among risks, which also points to the necessity of adaptive management. While complex systems are challenging to address, much less understand, the application of a nuanced understanding of systemic risk to local to national DRR strategies provides for expanded opportunities to achieve the goals set forth in the Sendai Framework.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	cecba9e9141c5f59dbe3963f4be51848	The invocation of individual and inclusive rights is more likely to have a desecuritizing impact, while the claim of exclusive rights for one group may result in further violation of human rights. The individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive dimensions of rights formulation are very important to gender, in peacetime3 as well as in war. This definition points to an interdependency of the individual/collective levels, as the claims of human rights of “women” hinge upon individual rights as well as on a collective identity. In the context of war, collective women’s rights claims, especially when invoked exclusively, can have securitizing impacts by reifying gender identities and playing into ethno-political strategies.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	cecc6aa2664b68f6181c2878e0dfc6a6	The proposed revision of the Federal Law on Epidemics offers an opportunity to better define clear lines of accountability and improve international linkages. This would help Switzerland respond more rapidly and effectively to future challenges. With an incomplete picture of how health risks vary across the population, it is difficult for governments and health providers to target policy.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	cecce0f6c5557c5663673c4fe2b1caa4	Around 7.5 million Mexico City residents live below' the poverty line. A high percentage of young women have no check-up during their pregnancy. Elderly people and disabled people cannot access health services because they are unable to go to the hospital or health centre. As part of this programme, the city sends physicians directly to the home of residents so that they can conduct check-ups and deliver prescriptions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	ced043179d2300b17718d55e7c4b523a	To increase access of the poor to credit would require the implementation of a long list of arcane, technical fixes to the system. Although promoting institutions that make microloans would constitute one step, to date these institutions account for not even 1 per cent of the credits provided by commercial banks in Latin America. As argued in United Nations (2006a), expansion of microcredit schemes critically depends on development of broader networks of institutions, including credit unions, savings banks, development banks and special lending windows of commercial banks.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	ced25018b6d3a0f5c7340eac72cba871	Health centres commonly have General Practitioner (GP)-run inpatient units, largely for chronic and long-term care patients. Tertiary care is delivered in five university hospitals. Patients need a referral to access specialist care, except for emergency cases. Emergency care is provided 24 hours a day/7 days a week by health centres and hospitals, while changes are being implemented to concentrate a wide scope of emergency care in 12 major hospitals.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	ced4a14c027eaf405c9152c4106faa50	As a result, the fertility level in this region is lower than in other regions over a long period. Women who complete higher secondary school have the lowest fertility while those with no education have the highest fertility, showing 1.97 children per woman in 1997 and 1.39 children per woman in 2002. Specifically during the period 1997-2002, reduction in fertility was found to be highest among women with no education (1.21 births per women).	5	1	7	0.75
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	ced689303826d5741ec6b23778677a36	Some of the most negative aspects of women’s reintegration into society post conflict entail a need to hide their past participation in war from the Sri Lankan governmental authorities’ (Jordan & Denov 2007: 59). Thus the peace-building involvement of Ugandan women tends to reflect their traditional roles as “background workers” and actors off the scene. They are rarely involved in officially recognised - or “forefront” - formal peace negotiations; rather, they participate in the informal processes around the official meetings’ (Binder et al. She has been a key actor in the conflict-resolution process since 1994.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/868e7d6f-en	ced6c6b904d83448bf30ad43dbd4e031	It first looks at the role of the overall investment climate in promoting agricultural investment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to ensure that environmental costs and benefits are appropriately included in incentives to invest in agriculture in order to promote sustainability and socially beneficial outcomes. Less has been given to how important these factors are for investment in agriculture.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	ced78b4130ac41af52ee5f493c815f37	Do rent controls and other aspects of tenancy law strike a balance between landlords’ and tenants’ interests? National and local policies to decrease the level of spatial segregation have been developed in many countries. The effectiveness and the unintended consequences of these programmes, as well as their integration with social elements, are important for social policy makers and should be further explored. More data and knowledge are needed to estimate the affordable housing deficit and enable better policy planning.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea442617-en	cedc1692b11a8da699206eda99a24ae3	The protection of refugees in situations of mass influx, which calls for a collective response, is ultimately dependent on international solidarity and the ability of the UNHCR to broker temporary protection or resettlement packages on a case-by-case basis (such as Kosovo). Developed countries have deliberately reduced access to their territory for asylum-seekers through tighter immigration controls (Francis, 2009). These policies seek to keep refugee situations at “arm’s length” (Loescher, 2008: 47). Yet at the same time as developed countries have restricted the entry of asylum-seekers, they have not offered a commensurate expansion of burden-sharing arrangements to assist developing countries faced with large refugee flows in the regions of origin (Chimni, 2000: 250-251).	10	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	cedc29b042111b5d781a78ac687b2265	Eleven countries provide a minimum pension above this safety-net level. For full-career workers, the average retirement income - including these contributory minimum pensions - is 28.2% of average worker earnings. Data on coverage are presented in Figure 2.2 just for non-contributory safety-net benefits and contributory minimum pension. In Denmark, at the top of the scale, nearly 90% of retirees receive safety-net benefits at levels up to 18% of the average wage.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	cedceb6caa5f494156979deaeb2df9fd	This suggests that paying providers based on the number of activities being undertaken gives a strong incentive to hospitals to extend patient stays. In addition, the provision of long-term care in hospitals also increases the average length of stay (Jones, 2010). As a result, primary care providers have a financial incentive to become mini-hospitals that provide surgical procedures, often when not appropriate or safe.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	cede8485fc5df3cd2b4c06aa7f99eb95	There are various explanations for this surprisingly large difference, including hydrological measurement errors, and large-scale abstraction between Mosul and Kut for flood control or other purposes. Based on the available discharge data, mean water yield of the Tigris River appears to exceed Euphrates water yield. No trend can be observed at Mosul, while at Kut the records show a significant negative trend. It should be noted, however, that the data record at Kut exhibits more data gaps and missing values than the discharge record at Mosul, which may bias the trend analysis.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298644-en	cedf0da123adf8e10ae2cca539707788	For instance, some innovations such as “territorial networks”, now co-ordinated by the national employment agency (ANPAL), are seen as positive and should be fully implemented. In the same vein, stakeholders praised the integration between passive and active labour market policies under ANPAL. There is widespread expectation that the presence of ANPAL will favour the coordination of skills policies, and also facilitate policy monitoring and evaluation.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	cee73ca3e61cc6c9fb4b1eca731190bf	Online communities blur the lines between consumers and producers, making consumers part of the co-production process.22 YouTube and Facebook are filled with user-generated-content. New business projects now involve consumers in product design, production and delivery. Open-source coding communities cooperate in creating algorithms for various businesses.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/401c524c-en	cee7c04bf2921cffe4740e841f73a4e3	Uniform categorization to capture and document gender-responsive and gender-transformative change has also been challenging. The evaluation found that, despite the introduction of multi-year funding frameworks, most gender budgets remain largely focused on short-term interventions, more in line with an approach focusing on equity (50/50) in access to income, public services and access to justice, for example. Even in the case of protracted or recurrent crises that extend for long periods, such as in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the changing context does not enable UNDP to take a consistent line in support of GEWE. This is partly because the funding remains segmented for short-term interventions and partly because there is not enough interest in and understanding of the importance of long-term processes.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	cee92d9540acbad21fa9ac66839bbae5	These are often not managed properly, with inadequate maintenance of equipment and no specific water protection zones. Since small systems are not controlled regularly, quality data are sparse. Where information is available, it shows that these systems have frequently been affected by faecal contamination, particularly in western and southern Slovenia (i.e. Koper, Nova Gorica and Novo Mesto).	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	cee93fd34220a49f7f29e7cfeff8c68c	More recently, some have begun supporting bio-fuels, ostensibly for energy security and climate change mitigation, inadvertently contributing to the food price spikes. Indeed, the possibility of many developing countries gaining from increased agricultural exports has been frustrated by such protection and subsidies in the rich economies. Trade preferences have ensured better market access for former colonies, LDCs, African, Caribbean and Pacific economies.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e569c117-en	ceea1771c2dcd1f606f6071c0d03376b	However, its overall effectiveness is related to a range of factors, including the modality of provision, the targeting and the costs (Bundy et al., As a matter of principle, providing in kind transfers conditional on school enrolment and/or attendance decreases the net costs of schooling in order to make it more financially attractive for parents to send their children to school, thus affecting access and participation. Moreover, feeding programmes reduce short-term hunger, which could improve children's concentration and cognitive abilities, leading to better achievements and higher learning capability.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	ceec8e8af3a3c4cffec6fef9d7b98e24	While initially focusing on the CRGE’s primary environmental aim of cutting back GHG emissions, an effective green growth strategy will also need to make far better use of natural assets within ecological limits. Green growth is also about understanding, developing, investing in and earning more from Ethiopia’s soils, water bodies, forests and biodiversity - and then accounting for changes in environmental stocks and flows. Green growth will also need to tackle the possible, if unintended, environmental and social problems and trade-offs that might arise from a focus on GHG reduction.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	ceedf2896af96605cafd45b5bb097838	As an illustration, the triangles show that Portugal and the United States achieve broadly the same reduction in inequality through transfers, both being below the OECD average. The bars show that, in the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the small size of transfers (compared with the OECD average) whereas in Portugal it is attributable to their low progressivity (compared with the OECD average). Data for France and Ireland refer to the mid-2000s.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	ceedf5f2c16f0c1a2167013c551c9c7b	This constitutes a real problem of inequitable access; more deprived socioeconomic groups, and more deprived states, can expect to have access to much more limited services. High out-of-pocket payments, which make up a quite significant proportion of health spending, risk being a significant financial burden for Mexican citizens, especially those least able to pay. Later codifications, such as the 1984 General Health Law, draw' on this constitutional provision. The Ministry of Health and Assistance (Secretaria de Salubridady Asistencia, SSA) w'as formally established in 1943, by merging the Ministry of Public Assistance and the Public Health Department with a mandate to extend coverage to the poor and to set overall public health policy.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-3-en	ceeeac2e8cea2804bb1a1bb39f4884e5	Furthermore, a higher share of students in Chile, compared to the OECD average, did not reach the baseline level of proficiency that is required to engage with science according to PISA test measures. Chile was also one of the countries participating in PISA 2015 where the socio-economic background of students most influenced performance. Socio-economic status explained 17% of the variance of Chilean students’ science performance on PISA 2015, which was higher than the OECD average of 13%.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	cef11b737d469ba08e853efa3e448a0f	Its overall level of spending per child during the early years has risen and moved closer to Swedish levels. The age-spending profile of the United States is even more pronounced because of its lack of investment in the early years: it is the only OECD country without a national paid maternity leave scheme, although a few states, such California, provide paid leave before and after child birth for fathers and mothers (Adema et al., Investment in children should start early, as spending in the early years yields the highest returns, particularly if it is maintained throughout childhood.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	cef83cbff4c0698da1cf48ca72ffd852	They make significant contributions to non-state social protection systems, and participate informally in all social protection programmes such as labour markets, social insurance, social assistance, micro and area-schemes, and child protection. There is a substantial umbrella of national NGOs. These include the Fiji Council of Social Services (FCOSS), the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre (FWCC), Kiribati Association of NGOs (KANGO), Samoa Umbrella for NGOs (SUNGO), the Solomon Island Development Trust (SIDT), Tonga Community Development Trust (TCDT), Tuvalu Association of NGOs (TANGO) and the Vanuatu Association of NGOs (VANGO).	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	cefa9d53d3d9de4e0a1fb0f6dd2660f9	The Red List of Endangered Wild Species and Subspecies of Plants, Animals and Fungi of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains 658 plant species, 27 mammal species, 40 bird species, 6 reptile species, 4 amphibian species and 36 fish species, as well as thousands of different species of invertebrates.10 The Red Lists have not been harmonized and there is no single/harmonized List at the state level. Harmonization of the existing Lists would pose a major issue since, for instance, the Red List of Republika Srpska does not contain the conservation status of listed species and the methodologies used for compiling the Lists are not mutually' synchronized and for the large part do not follow the internationally recognized IUCN Red List Methodology. Altogether, 70 different habitat types and 208 species, of which 109 are birds, have been recorded and distributed into the proposed 122 Natura 2000 sites.	15	2	3	0.2
10.18356/ab343038-en	cefd94e76d245678e16ba6648e6d7f23	The usurping of traditional medicines and knowledge from indigenous peoples should be considered a crime against peoples. Material culture is being used by the non-Indigenous to gain access to our lands and resources, thus destroying our cultures. As creators and carriers of civilizations which have given and continue to share knowledge, experience, and values with humanity, we require that our right to intellectual and cultural properties be guaranteed and that the mechanism for each implementation be in favour of our peoples and studied in depth and implemented. [ This respect must include the right over genetic resources, gene banks, biotechnology, and knowledge of biodiversity programs.]***	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	cefedae5e0200362002f8fb71a3bc425	These and other changes are required to the function of MARD if it is going to serve a more market-based agricultural sector. Certain functions such as international co-operation, policy analysis, sectoral monitoring and standard setting will need to be done at a much higher level, while others such as undertaking commercial activities and certain licensing practices will need to be reduced. Moving forward the government will have to ensure a level playing field if it expects the private sector to participate fully in the development of the agricultural sector. Consequently, many farmers are failing to obtain the benefits from acting collaboratively to secure better inputs and outputs.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	cf0075412b577e419b953f7b8b3f02d6	In addition, schools can become more segregated simply through other discriminatory practices at the school-level: some schools circumvent mandated school choice practices (such as ■first-come-first-serve’ acceptance) by only advertising to certain groups of high-achieving students and placing schools in areas that are typically homogenous and high-achieving. Furthermore, many researchers conclude that native parents/guardians select schools on the basis of race, ethnicity and class in addition to rational, objective measures of school quality, whereas immigrant parents tend to choose schools for different reasons, such as location of the school or the presence of students from same ethnic groups. Lightly-controlled choice schemes that use quotas or reserves to give a slight priority to disadvantaged students can establish a balanced compromise between providing an equitable education for all and allowing parents complete freedom of choice. Experiences from other countries show that lightly controlled choice programmes can provide choices for students and parents, while at the same time control the compositional balance of the student body often in terms of socioeconomic status.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	cf0295cabc79e3572bd228334c9877b9	Publicity for grants is made through the local media and presentations to municipalities and farm organisations. All projects are voluntary, with no landowner forced to participate in the programme. Farmers, while aware of the P trading programme, are not concerned with where the funding comes from for their BMPs.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	cf0890c215a59576e1388258eb5fc78d	The ASTI report notes that, following a decade of slowing growth in the 1990s, spending on global agricultural research and development increased by 22 per cent during the period 2000-2008, from $26.1 billion to $31.7 billion (in 2005 PPP dollars). Accelerated research and development spending by China and India accounted for close to half the global increase of $5.6 billion during the period 2000-2008. Similartrends seem to be confirmed from most recent data from the ASTI database, with a doubling of agricultural spending for Viet Nam between 2000 and 2010 and more than 25 per cent growth between 2000 and 2012 for Bangladesh and Nepal.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	cf09344b05db4f0636d6450a423dc5e1	The debate is also a promising way of interacting with a broad audience. The downside is that the traditional representative organisations like the umbrella organisations do not always find it easy to mark their position in this melee of opinions and contributions. Since these organisations are vital for the implementation of the attainment targets, the government should offer them a clear position in the debate.	4	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	cf09444158037f7cf490ebaa3181abcb	Scandinavian Journal of Economics 110, pp. The purpose of this indicator is to assess the prevalence of extra paid rights for care responsibilities in order to facilitate the reconciliation between care responsibilities and work. Care leave should be included regardless of whether the employer continues to pay the wage or salary, whether (parts of) the wage or salary paid as a social benefit or whether the care leave is unpaid (see recommended breakdowns).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	cf0a12314e66b9ea36342c115c9e15f9	Of these amounts, governments contribute about 0.1% to 0.2% of GDP. Employers are the main flinders of adult learning, typically providing around 0.4% to 0.5% of GDP. Individuals spend around 0.2% to 0.3% of GDP. Countries achieving relatively high participation with lower expenditure tend to target funding for a smaller group of people (the most disadvantaged).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	cf0b3d08373a3a9c2bf6db8e69f8814b	However, India’s rural population remains large relative to the total population (68%), and as such this may mean less change in dietary composition than might be experienced in other countries. In most countries, the consumption profile of the rural population is quite different to that in urban areas, in terms of diet diversification, and less dynamic in terms of change toward more processed and diverse foods. It is anticipated that agricultural land will continue to decline slowly over time. However, around 25-30 Mha may be left fallow each year.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	cf0cfc1d92c5c23ecc8a68bc71068550	The vessels must send a message containing information of the catch onboard specified by species and what time the vessel has entered into the Norwegian EEZ (active code). The vessels must also notify authorities when they have completed their fishing activity and are about to leave the Norwegian EEZ (passive code). Foreign vessels are obliged to notify the system for quota control in the Directorate of Fisheries no later than 12 hours before arriving at the checkpoint.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	cf0f54a1f2345427d45923d5adf867b8	Two-wheel vehicle ownership is the most responsive to income growth in economies at around USD 1 000 to 3 000 per capita income (2007 prices), is the highest at per capita income levels of USD 10 000 to 20 000 and declines at higher income levels (OECD/ITF, 2012). Ownership of motorbikes and scooters is not as strongly associated with wealth as car ownership (Figure 2.7). Even in the Philippines - the country with the greatest gap in motorbike and scooter ownership between the top and bottom household wealth quintiles - only 34.6% of households with these vehicles were among the wealthiest and 7.2% were among the least wealthy. Rural and urban households also show more similar patterns in motorbike and scooter ownership than car ownership by wealth. Wealth indices are calculated using information on household ownership of selected assets, housing construction materials, and access to water and sanitation facilities.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	cf113d70efcfbd0716600f6f9a9ae9de	"The latter phenomenon has important implications, as the process or the likelihood of reducing the discrepancies between one's aspirations and outcomes may itself be more relevant to well-being than the level of said discrepancies. For instance, the so-called ""paradox of contented female workers"" (Agassi, 1982) describes a situation where, because of different aspirations (and in particular lower emphasis being placed on earnings in comparison to men), although women in general are aware of the gender wage gap, they do not report significantly greater dissatisfaction with their job and consequently their subjective well-being (Crosby 1982; Lalive and Stutzer, 2010; Davidson, 2004). First, we start by investigating the relationship at the macro-level, by focusing on cross-country variation (Model 1)."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b620ec70-en	cf14765cf5f51d939e455c6e0b27617a	Further research which has demonstrated just how important stimuli and content are for children’s intellectual development and for overcoming or preventing disabilities has laid a solid foundation for an insistence upon having qualified caregivers and ensuring that working conditions are such as to ensure high-quality care. Gender-based occupational segregation is the most obvious sign of the inequality and undervaluation surrounding caregiving as a remunerated activity. Policies need to be developed to combat this form of segregation, along with systems for ensuring that women seeking to enter other occupations are not discriminated against.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/55f44dd8-en	cf16f3b0d845b1e7df27d7887b517929	In this context even rape — transcending its semantic meaning and using the body as a means to exert ritualistically the most traumatic and symbolic violence — has taken a new and even more frightening role becoming a specific weapon of the most atrocious crimes, including genocide. A crime too often left unpunished. These are: to launch a new International Protocol with international standards for documenting and investigating sexual violence in conflict areas; to take practical steps to prevent the event of this atrocious crime; to support the victims and the survivors; and last but not least, trying to produce a Copernican revolution in the universe of war and violence changing once and for all the hideous attitude to apply sexual violence as a lethal arm.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	cf17188a86af0e027621bbe2fad7745b	However, co-ordinated government action will be required if this potential is to be realised. The NAS was completed in May 2012 and the Cabinet approved it on 23 October 2012. The initiative for developing the strategy came from the Kyoto Forum, a co-ordination group. Created in 1999 by Austria’s federal environment ministry, now the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), to enhance co-ordination of mitigation activities, the forum brings together representatives of the BMLFUW, the Lander, municipalities and local areas.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/799337c2-en	cf1868466a376237a74e5713f573ed0b	Safety refers to the degree of physical and emotional security in the school, and to an orderly disciplinary climate (Goldstein, Young and Boyd, 2008[89i; Gregory, Cornell and Fan, 2012[90i; Wang and Degol, 2016, p. 3[87j). Institutional reflects the organisational and structural features of the school environment associated with effective teaching and learning (Thapa etal., School climate: A review of the construct, measurement, and impact on student outcomes”, Educational Psychology Review, Vol.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	cf188c79b953f2e767f18d356def9df9	Indeed, estimates suggest that the wider economic impact of SSF may be as much as 2.6 times the reported landing value (Dyck and Sumaila, 2010). In particular, in the Black Sea, SSF account for almost half of all revenue, whereas in the subregions that border the southern Mediterranean coast, namely the western, central and eastern Mediterranean, SSF contribute 25, 29 and 23 percent of revenue, respectively. Considering this, and also considering the challenges in defining SSF (Box 9), the WGSSF advised that an improved characterization of SSF was needed for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	cf1ad42d97e5ea9745fa3dabf2f7defc	As fleet capacity adjustment programmes are implemented in OECD countries, the need for access arrangements should diminish over time. By the same token, as developing countries’ capacity to fish and process fish domestically is augmented, they may find it more appropriate and wealth-creating to fish, process and trade fish themselves, rather than selling access. This is clearly a trade-off that resource rich countries need to address in light of how best to use their fisheries resources.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	cf205ffbcd2fb18a92d8bb40ca17ad93	While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental states, it is not clear how such states can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their states, which range from “very capable” to “failing”. A major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a “failing” state can change into a “capable” one.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/eb2b4dc8-en	cf24713970f611f919c56b45e3b25699	Hence, the indicators were not established with the purpose of monitoring the consequences of policy decisions in specific economic sectors, though the underlying EU biodiversity strategy specifically addresses the main drivers of biodiversity loss as well as the need to ensure a streamlining of environmental policies and initiatives in major EU policy sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, energy etc. Basically, the SEBI indicators can be separated into two major groups, one covering direct impacts to and status and trends in biodiversity and another covering indirect impacts by means of sampling sustainability issues. Status and trends of the components of biological diversity.	15	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/50e33932-en	cf2937e45617dfaac36405197dfc0984	According to Charbit and Romano (2017[i7j), the CPERs fall under the category of “empowerment contracts”. Empowerment contracts are tools for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation. It is also the intention of these types of contracts that sub-national authorities acquire in the middle-long run the necessary capacities to develop their own strategies and co-ordinate with lower levels of government (e.g. municipalities) or private actors. Central governments can include incentives as conditions for signing the contracts, such as partnering with private actors, involving neighbour local governments or adopting specific regulations, among others.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177741-7-en	cf2b0a91d3300316cc92861a33cea9f6	Prior to granting the building license, the municipality must set up a general plan (designating residential, commercial and industrial areas) and a detailed plan (defining the type of building). These public institutions were expected to make up for any construction shortfalls by private competitors and eventually were aimed at competing on the open market. The specific tenure of municipally owned housing was intended to play an important role in achieving the goals of housing policy after the war, namely to raise the average housing standard, to equalise the distribution of housing consumption, to restrict wealth transfers to private property owners and to counter housing segregation. While in the 1970s and 1980s, public construction was responsible for more than 75% of new rental dwellings, its importance has declined somewhat but still remains at around one half. The rent level they aim to set is used to cover direct costs, but they are not managed on a strict non-profit-making objective as they provide a return for the capital invested by the municipalities (the share of the initial municipal equity capital, though, has declined significantly over time since many MHCs were created in the 1960s and have grown since then).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	cf2c9ccfdce55b681ddddbd32c6f327f	The fact that countries like China and India use more coal is not because they prefer it, but because of their abundant supplies of coal and its relatively lower price compared with its more environmentally friendly substitutes. Thus, while some countries or regional agreements (e.g. North American Free Trade Agreement) may have a negative list on services or on investments in certain technologies which are restricted, it is most unlikely that countries will broadly agree on a list of goods that need to be banned. Moreover, arguably, for the purpose of meeting a climate change mitigation objective, any likely ban or restriction would tend to be on goods that emit high levels of GFIGs. This will face resistance from countries that object to the use of trade restrictions based on process and production methods (PPMs), partly because it is difficult for customs officials to distinguish between high and low GHG-emitting products.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	cf2fb042e7fe22f838484445f384a44b	In the short run, while the current structure of the power generation mix remains in place, all dispatchable technologies, nuclear, coal and gas will suffer due to lower average electricity prices and reduced load factors. Due to their relatively low variable costs, however, existing nuclear power plants will do relatively better than gas and coal plants, which are already suffering substantially. Final outcomes will depend on the amount of variable renewables being introduced, local circumstances and, of course, the level of carbon prices. One needs to remember that while nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity that is not limited in supply.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264130852-5-en	cf31eeebc3f85e81478f6a3699c20108	This support then can be removed progressively as the novice leader’s competences increase. In the case of very challenging school environments, support for school leaders may need to be sustained over time. Different forms of networks can support and contribute to the improvement of schools in challenging circumstances (Hadfield and Jopling, 2006). Networking appears as a positive and non-punitive way to achieve durable change in practices and therefore, sustainable improvement and culture change. It allows the dissemination of good practices across the systems through shared purpose and pooled resources, and the consolidation of a professional identity (Morgan and Hawkins, 2004). The different words used to describe these groupings - networks, clusters, partnerships - reflect the variety and dynamism of collaboration, but the main message is that schools facing exceptionally challenging circumstances can learn very directly from one another (McBeath et al.,	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/51c574fd-en	cf334a3abebe6ad33be2ccd56898ab33	Adaptation through sustainable intensification and agricultural diversification may have to be combined, therefore, with the creation of off-farm opportunities, both locally and through strengthened rural-urban linkages. Gender issues may need to be addressed -social norms often prevent women from pursuing off-farm activities. Social protection, education and active labour market policies are needed to mitigate many of the risks associated with diversification and migration.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8b39690f-en	cf3356059f580487f25bfa5a4dfe2a9c	Overall, GHG emissions from road transport increased by 4.9 per cent compared with 1988 levels: 7,169.5 Gg C02eq. However, growth from 1991 to 2011 is calculated at 114.1 per cent. The most significant contributor to GHG emissions is passenger cars, followed by heavy-duty vehicles, light-duty vehicles and motorcycles and mopeds. As can be observed in figure 5.5, in 2011, passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles accounted for 61.7 per cent and 19.9 per cent of total GHG CCheq.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en	cf35a63955fcaa78ee6cb4844167fa17	Often ICT-related inventions in this group lie at the crossroad between several other technological fields and their potential applications also bridge different industrial domains (OECD, 2014a). The speed at which, in particular, malware has evolved over the last 10 to 15 years suggests not only that digital innovation comes with higher risks but also that malware has become highly innovative (see Box 2). Innovation in malware has forced the IT security industry and IT security experts to keep pace, thereby providing significant incentives for further digital innovation.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	cf391fe3465bbf380d7b2c87ae64456b	Indian companies do not currently cover the entire PV value chain from silicon supply, through ingot and waver production to cell and module manufacturing. They focus on the more labour-intensive and less technologyintensive part of cell and module production. Therefore, India's PV industry depends largely on the import of silicon wavers as input for its PV cell production.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	cf3a505e930ec5ef1fc8b8655d80e042	According to the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline, this will probably have to be achieved with less water, mainly because of pressure from growing urbanisation, industrialisation and possibly climate change. The directive has a number of objectives. The key ones are general protection of aquatic ecology, specific protection of unique and valuable habitats, protection of drinking water resources, and protection of bathing water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/be112931-en	cf42442baef7d38e67e8737223c6de85	Almost 30 per cent of arthropods and nearly 60 per cent of molluscs are thought to be endemic. Species conservation measures are restricted by establishment and management of protected areas and few rehabilitation centres (e.g. the ex-situ measure), mostly associated with the protected areas (see section 8.3). The only' exception is Ovis ammon: a national programme was developed and adopted for this species’ conservation in 2004.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	cf4842e2cc6214b4d02c3614e5a2da48	Despite measures to encourage generic prescribing, there is underuse of generics, which has been attributed to the daw-back tax requiring the repayment of a percentage of profits from manufacturers and distributors, the price-setting procedures and a lack of incentives. The new National Centre for Human Resources will have a remit to assess human resource needs, coordinate training and guide career development. Legislation to set up the new centre and its responsibilities has yet to be published but the Minister of Health has publicly announced its establishment and commitment to assisting all Romanian doctors who are currently practidng abroad and who wish to return to Romania if certain conditions change, induding remuneration levels.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	cf4918c28035c47bd1e98be93c7ca349	In an integrated world, this difference prevents the regional economy from managing at its own pace the gradual transfer of the active population from agricultural activities to modern-type activities, faced with the import of goods from advanced countries. The sudden appearance on the world market of emerging economies draining the entire investment capacity of the advanced economies may mean that Africa remains limited to exporting primary products (agricultural and mined), postponing industrialisation consistent with the growth of its population. This growth is penalising the consumption and saving potential of households, limiting the ability of the regional market to support a change in production.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	cf4b1171dfd576018a71c1f433bee70d	However, it also operates in EU waters, notably under agreements with Spain (on trawling, long-line and seine-net fishing) which involve about 60 vessels, or under border agreements. In Norwegian waters, Portugal’s distant-water fleet operates under the reciprocal fishing arrangements agreed in 1980, but observes the fishing quotas (for cod and redfish) fixed by Norway in the context of the European Economic Area. Thus, in 2010 nine more vessels, with a total tonnage of 1180 GT and total engine power of 3 334 kW, were withdrawn. 424-A/2008 of 13 June 2008 and No.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	cf4c5db8806fcd2ba2425c3c9dc5c732	Odds ratios range between 1.34 in the UK and 2.14 in France. In other words, the proportion of overlap in itself does not provide a solid indication of risks towards double deprivation in any given country. Finally, deprivation of access to basic services appears to be least associated with deprivation in other domains. Only in the case of the UK, children are consistently at higher odds of experiencing housing or neighbourhood problems or financial strain when being deprived of access to basic services.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	cf4f4c43a7284cf8c42cf5113edd35f7	Other events that could disrupt delivery of imported surface water include a breach in the levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in northern California and extreme droughts. Extreme droughts would also limit the capture and reuse of local runoff and could impair the quality of imported water. The USGS used a groundwater simulation model to generate response functions representing the basin-wide hydraulic impacts of different scenarios of disruptions and utilisation of groundwater during emergencies. These response functions were coupled with cost coefficients, a discount rate, and a probabilistic representation of the likely additional groundwater use to estimate the emergency benefits of groundwater management strategies.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-10-en	cf5485bab818052acc7ab0b85370dfef	Because context is key in the process of policy design and implementation, results may vary from one education system to another, and a specific policy from one country might not have similar results in another. Across many countries, greater decentralisation has devolved responsibilities to regional or local authorities, and schools and ministries of education and their related institutions have taken on a guiding and support role. This has affected policy-making dynamics and incentives for regional and local governments. In these systems, consistency, capacity and leadership at the municipality level are crucial.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	cf5ffbca81be10910386824f05bd501b	However, the waste reception area is still under development as part of the Sharra II project. Under development are landfills in Rreshen and Bajram Cuiri. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Kor9a, Saranda and Vlora. These are co-financed by international donors and the Government of Albania.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	cf62f9266ca786be9f88a0b886b37644	A recent study by Casey ef al. ( Concerns about the health effects of fracking on women can be evaluated against the general understanding that health problems related to chemicals are frequently gender-differentiated, and that gender-differentiated data on these exposures is therefore badly needed (Labreche etal. The number of people without access to safe sanitation is unrecorded, but is likely to be several orders of magnitude higher.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/2715ea3d-en	cf6453fd950320827d2211189f65b6c0	At the same time, disasters themselves can create unstable economic conditions, exacerbate social fault lines and heighten social exclusion - creating fertile ground for conflict. Compared with natural disasters, which are one-off and sometimes rapid events, conflicts tend to last longer. Nevertheless, conflicts and disasters both compound risks to create complex and converging crises, so they can be considered together.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	cf68961dbd8cfce36afee53d5a51d15c	Occupational health and safety controls that include the vehicle as part of the workplace and systems of controls for organisations that use the road network to transport people and goods are also important contributors. Criminal justice systems are designed to deter and punish behaviours that transgress society’s norms and values as reflected in the laws to a considerable and conspicuous extent. It is not intended to respond to less than perfect behavioural transgressions to which the majority, if not all of citizenry are prone. Many of the behavioural shortcomings contributing to road trauma are of the “less than perfect” type of error and misjudgement, wandering attention of human beings.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	cf698e753d43c077fe70b60db5b07421	Both aggregate national estimates and individual-level survey data show that trends over time in overall alcohol consumption remained virtually stable over the past 20 years. However, the same is not true for all population sub-groups. In particular, higher-risk drinking behaviours were found to be on the increase in young adults, especially women, in several countries examined. Evidence from Finland shows that the rise in drinking among adolescents can be explained with an increased alcohol availability and an increase in money available to young people for their leisure time activities, including alcohol consumption (e.g. Finland, as discussed by Rahkonen and Ahlstrom, 1989). In addition, alcohol products have become more affordable in many countries, and this is notably true for younger consumers (Rabinovich et al.,	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	cf69fde63269b51cda9729e7b8eada2a	Investment in the highly mechanised sugarcane plantations is expected to increase during the outlook period, leading to marginal yield improvements which nonetheless, do not reach previous peaks. Similarly, oilseed yields are not expected to improve substantially in the course of the next ten years. In contrast, productivity gains in cereals - coarse grains, wheat and rice - increase substantially, while cotton yields increase more moderately (Figure 2.7). Currently, Brazil is the second largest producer behind the United States but during the outlook period, the difference is expected to narrow as soybean production in Brazil will continue to expand.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	cf6eaced92a36c06adb6bc1ffc634b7f	Meanwhile, in Viet Nam, fruits and vegetables seem to adjust less quickly than computers and electrical products. This indicates that the speed of adjustment tends to vary by commodity and by country, which is presumably determined by the macroeconomic structure, extent of global value chain involvement of each sector in the economy, free trade agreements and investment linkages, among other factors. The dip in exports of electrical machinery began more recently and less pronouncedly than that of edible vegetables, though in both cases the weakness appears to be persistent. In the case of Viet Nam, the trend of declining growth in fruit and vegetable exports to China also began earlier than that of computers and electronics, which started to edge lower late in 2018, although both categories appear to be recovering in 2019. The speed of upward adjustment of exports this good to other markets is substantially slower than the downward adjustment of exports to China.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b64c6036-en	cf711dada1fdf33de48503ae6fbd5d4a	The Prespa Park Coordination Committee has been established as a non-lcgal entity. Work coordinated by the Committee has led, among others, to the joint preparation of a Strategic Action Plan, adopted in 2004, providing a direction for sustainable development in the basin. An official agreement on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area was signed by the Environment Ministers of the three countries and the EU Environment Commissioner in 2010, setting out detailed principles and mechanisms of transboundary cooperation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	cf7157b4839736ccb0f9833f488e83a1	Practices such as early marriage, which correlates with an early start to childbearing, can be widespread. As ever-larger numbers of younger people begin streaming into the labour market, they are increasingly finding that the economy has not been robust enough to generate jobs for everyone. The reasons include disruptions in family planning programmes, and the aftermath of conflict and economic crisis. Most of these countries fall at a mid-level in terms of income, although a few are poorer, and a small number are wealthy.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	cf7240672a81112a421f16793252591d	Concerns may also arise related to differences in the level of assistance provided by UB and SA, and the extent to which households need to “fall into poverty” before becoming eligible for social assistance. The generosity of SA is assessed separately for single persons with and without children. From the figure, it is clear that benefits are often quite low compared with commonly-used definitions of relative poverty, especially when housing-related benefits are not included. Typically, the level of social assistance is lower for single individuals than for single parents.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	cf72fb6004f97f217ba7b721b73b7182	This would involve moving to a system of regional management under outcomes-based funding parameters. The allocation of funding would occur at the regional level and would be based on an assessment of local workforce needs rather than the current entitlement approach. This would allow regions to use incentives either for relocation or retention (Mason, 2013).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	cf7474fdff2153ace45cf49906d6d3e9	Moreover, developed country forecasts may need to take better account of developments in China, whose increasing specialisation in green energy production is likely to influence specialisation patterns in other regional and national economies. Since it is very difficult for OECD regions to compete with China on price, sustaining a successful manufacturing specialisation over the longer term is likely to depend on continued innovation and quality improvements (see below). The long-term goal of many governments is to displace existing generation from conventional sources with renewables.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	cf77394f83f4f5180f71ef5879444df7	Christiansen, Lauridsen and Bech elaborate on an important part of this question in this issue by asking ’’Ageing populations: More care or just later care?”. Cremer, Pestieau and Ponthiere take the issue further with their survey of the economics of long-term care for the elderly. In particular, the growing occurrence of obesity is a concern both because of its negative health effects and its potential effects on the demand for health care.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5565b46a-en	cf774aee8ae6322178fe6df1e3ca093f	The main problems are organic matter concentration and microbiological levels due to untreated municipal loads. Nutrients are also a problem. However, annual average values vary from river to river and from year to year without a clear trend and without a cause-effect relationship from agriculture or urban pressures.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f90cb3e8-en	cf7862d8713da38f286a4fcdcc9f4ac6	Article 3 establishes the application of Convention 169 to both indigenous men and women, in addition to establishing in Article 20 the principle of equal treatment and opportunities for men and indigenous women in employment, as well as protection against sexual harassment33. Part III Hiring and Conditions of Employment, Art. C-01076-2012-00021 OF.20. Tribunal Primero de Sentencia Penal, Narcoactividad y Delitos Contra el Ambiente.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	cf78649390e9ba9448bafd0ae7d06ecf	Because individual teachers and schools are given a lot of freedom and resources to a larger extent follow needs, teachers are also made responsible to reach this goal. This responsibility is reinforced by peer pressure within schools. The special teacher is tasked with early identification and intervention, helped by a multi-professional care group consisting of the principal, the special teacher, the school nurse, the school psychologist, a social worker and the class teacher.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	cf7aa9fd9c6752fafbc945a2dce2de7b	The teacher census provides a range of high quality data but there is no information on teachers’ linguistic background. The Pasifika Group within the Ministry of Education also noted that the basic information on students’ first languages and their level of proficiency in their first language was inadequate. They acknowledged the need for enhanced research in the area of bilingual learning. Considering the importance of the language in education, it is unfortunate that such important data are not gathered nationally.	4	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	cf809ef26c587e291ec06d32cecae0a0	The exposure component is related to the size and frequency of the shocks during past years (or the past rainfall and temperature instabilities). The shock component here is the risk of an increase in the size of the recurrent shocks as a result of climate change, and is more forward looking; it is reflected by the trend in the frequency and size of past shocks (or the trends in rainfall and temperature instabilities), supposing that these trends are determined by climate change and are likely to continue in the future. These two components are measured in the same way as for rainfall and temperature.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	cf80ead0f72fb2dbd93e5d68e31c0138	Most water withdrawals are in the agriculture sector. Therefore, water shortages and scarcity can seriously affect agriculture and food production, particularly in vulnerable developing countries, where the demand for food is increasing and undernutrition is endemic. World hunger is rising again now, following a prolonged period of decline, as more people suffer food insecurity.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	cf82358666f6e0aec4cde4bd3cbbe0bb	Under PROMAR, up until the end of 2009, EUR 25 million had been allocated to support total investment of around EUR 59 million in facilities for preparing and conserving fresh and chilled fish. 719-B/2008 of 31 July approved the regulations for the regime to support investment for the development of new markets and promotional campaigns. The projects associated with this regime are concerned with different ways of advertising and promoting fisheries and aquaculture products, quality accreditation, fact-finding missions and regional, national or crossborder trade missions, and market studies.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264292062-6-en	cf8376d52db86dc6a7cc37eb251d41b8	Mexico has also progressed towards an education and training system that is more relevant to the labour market. Despite this progress, the country still faces major challenges. To make headway on its path of educational improvement, Mexico's system-level policies should maintain their focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all types of schools, including upper-secondary and vocational education and training institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b55e471b-en	cf95d783b9fe11647cea93b46502bff7	Some will move for sheer survival, others as part of a family strategy to maximize household incomes. Equally, not all migration arising from environmental change effects will be long term. Natural disasters tend to generate temporary movements if the affected area is still habitable, while slow-onset processes may lead to long-term or permanent migration. In making a case for migration capacity-building in response to future challenges arising from the effects of environmental change, the need for policymakers to be able to justify their priorities is evident in this report.	13	0	4	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	cf98ba386134a916b76a4277bcbc57a0	An exception is the area of labour regulation where Olney (2013) and Davies and Vadlamannati (2013) find that reductions of labour standards in one country can trigger similar changes in countries nearby. Consequently, weakening privacy and personal data protection in one country to gain competitiveness in digital sectors may lead other countries to follow suit. A mechanism behind the Porter hypothesis could be selection effects whereby regulation shifts resources to the most innovative and productive firms by driving less productive firms out of the market (Qiu et al., While empirical evidence in this area is inconclusive (Ambec et al.,	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	cf9a32461661156ce64d2d2df2085518	Women’s unemployment has additional negative macroeconomic effects. As noted above, studies document the impact of a mother’s poverty and depression on early childhood development (Agenor et al. At the macro level then, sustained unemployment leads to hysteresis (Ball 2014; Fatas and Summers 2015). Put differently, cyclical unemployment, if prolonged, can raise the structural rate of unemployment.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	cf9ddf3ed0ef7b80bbc239414b1a3153	Moreover, females speak of breaking migration laws much less often than males; however, they do not differ from male migrants in die documents they had to obtain as well as their attitudes towards migration laws. Judging by migration legislation, die State would seem to view migrants employed in die Russian Federation (possessing a patent) as single people; it should be mentioned that there is no legal option for long-term stay for an unemployed family member, who, in the case of Central Asian migrants, are more often women than men. Note: N = 266; chi square = 6.102;and 0.01 sps0.05. Respondents were asked to characterize five people with whom they socialized the most: to name their sex, place of birth and current residence, place of their acquaintance and whether they were relatives.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8f503b00-en	cf9f38fb71f286fc6bfbc43b87850c1b	This simple yet insightful approach consists of a fish population dynamics model as the biological component and a market model for catch as the economic component, with a production model of fishing effort bringing the two together. The response of the fish stock to human activities and the subsequent economic performance of the fishery can be examined through simulations with the bio-economic model of the fishery.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/425ac0ec-en	cf9f72c3dd6932223fbd0964207d2d2d	The Commission argued that the logic of globalization was driving countries into “a race to the bottom” on welfare in a bid to attract mobile international capital. It called for employment-centred economic growth to generate the resources to finance the long run expansion of social protection, and maintained that a deregulated global economy could not guarantee stable incomes or decent working conditions (ibid.).	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264226159-7-en	cfa30ced34adf8bab98116b5935112bc	Programmes specifically designed to raise social and emotional skills in schools have shown positive results in the short term but there are rarely long-term rigorous evaluations. The few available ones, mainly aimed at disadvantaged children, have shown long-lasting effects on social and emotional skills development. Successful early childhood intervention programmes directly involve children and parents, and tend to include parental training, counselling sessions and mentoring.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	cfa5c7a07ce05472f2792e28a202eee1	Labour market policy settings also appear to influence how strongly participation rates are reduced by recessions. The estimation results indicate larger medium-run declines in participation in countries where employment protection regulation is relatively strict or the generosity of unemployment benefits drops off sharply with the duration of unemployment. For further details, see OECD (2010e).	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	cfa7cd821b458b097da90c57f2730275	Unfortunately, the Crunchbase dataset does not allow for measurement of the aspirations of the founders, nor the quality of the actual business proposal. However, one aspect of discrimination that can be addressed in future work is homophily - a tendency of people to trust, prefer or favour those who resemble themselves. In this respect, male VC fund investors may have a preference to entrust male funders with their investment.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	cfa8cc4830405011534b37462e0d2d37	At the local level, the collection and reporting of attendance information can help ensure that all important actors -notably the school administration and the municipal social services - quickly become aware of attendance problems as they arise. The regular reporting of attendance information to the responsible education authorities at the national level can moreover ensure that teachers, schools and municipalities take non-attendance seriously. It is managed and supervised by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), which is an independent public body. This information is particularly important for youth belonging to disadvantaged groups. The resulting transparency of outcomes helps parents make educational choices and creates a sound basis for schools and communities to improve their performances.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	cfa8cd89f13c41c3b4a7476fe38b201b	First, the food basket takes into consideration the habits prevailing in society. The way in which households assemble the calories they need varies from one country to another and, in higher-resource countries, households purchase more expensive calories. Non-food needs are not specified directly, but correspond to the spending ratio observed in households close to the poverty line. This ratio, known as the Orshansky ratio, tends to rise with income level, owing party to changes in relative prices (in developed countries non-tradable goods are more expensive) and partly changes in habits and tastes at higher levels of purchasing power.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bf400991-en	cfb014e3a23ee12c7cb31229dac5ebca	With around 883 million urban dwellers living in slums and many others yet to be measured facing inadequate and unaffordable housing, this indicator is strongly associated with other social challenges such as low educational attainment, crime, and poor well-being. The Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 and the enabling approach have dominated housing policies since Habitat II and the 1996 Habitat Agenda, which rests on two pillars: housing for all, and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. Today more than 100 countries have a constitutional provision on the right to adequate housing.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/29045c1f-en	cfb41ac321d053f18303d05e123318be	Hence, ecological distinctions among the zones are somewhat blurred across the transitions. The abundance and biomass of organisms generally varies among these layers from a maximum near the surface, decreasing through the lower layers, but increasing somewhat near the seabed. Although abundances are low, because there is such a huge volume, even species that are rarely encountered may have very large total populations.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	cfb4b93af1069001e8bd75be2536c9ae	In contexts where taking an interest in the upbringing of an adolescent daughter is traditionally viewed as improper, it may be difficult for adolescent girls to form close relationships with their fathers even when fathers are at home. Adolescents are sensitive and strategic in seeking care from outside the immediate family when parental mental health is eroded in this way. It is common to have experienced the death of at least one family member; many have to deal with multiple bereavements. This responsibility can cause stress and anxiety, yet can also contribute to adolescent status in the home, self-esteem and protection of the domestic unit.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289330688-6-en	cfb4d32e98ef79f96fee97e53fb5ca69	On the other hand, ICA, unlike Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of developing countries' own mitigation actions, ensures continued differentiation among developed and developing country Parties and thus does not put China on a par with developed countries in terms of responsibilities. One strand in that debate holds that as China becomes a major power, it needs to cooperate with other emerging countries such as Brazil, South Africa and India.122 This lens is particularly interesting to apply to climate diplomacy. Within the BASIC group, China deepens its bonds with three countries that face similar development dilemmas, while sill having the option of using BASIC as a forum to discuss differences amongst themselves. By doing this, the BASIC countries can check positions against each other and perhaps more easily pursue a joint front on issues on which they agree.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	cfb5b950ec3f02920d8331b1ef47e834	Gender wage inequality may also improve the balance of payments, reducing the need to rely on currency devaluation as a means to improving competitiveness, resulting in a “feminization of foreign exchange earnings” (Samarasinghe, 1998; Seguino, 2010). However, that gender inequality may, in some circumstances, contribute to aggregate growth, underscores one of the potential pitfalls of relying solely on economic efficiency arguments to promote gender equality. Early studies found a positive correlation between growth and a variety of measures of women’s w'ell-being and gender equality, including those relating to education, life expectancy, the United Nation’s Gender Development Index, female labour force participation, employment segregation and the gender wage gap.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/80c371eb-en	cfb81b0bb174061be1e23221881d2f01	In 2018, the MSE was, for the first time, integrated with a socio-economic component. It was considered premature to use these results for scientific advice but it is generally agreed that, in the future, such analyses would provide indications on the socio-economic impacts, in addition to biological impacts, of different management measures. These outcomes form the scientific basis of Recommendation GFCM/42/2018/8 on further emergency measures in 2019-2021 for small pelagic stocks in the Adriatic Sea. This recommendation includes, among other measures, a progressive annual 5 percent catch reduction (for CPCs with declared catches over 2 500 tonnes in 2014) until 2021, and the establishment of a voluntary observation and inspection programme.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	cfbbf5aa7a45e16317eb6294a9f984e7	The fact that the language used in Section 3(d) of the Patents Act speaks of “exclusions”, which indirectly evokes Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement, is inconsequential for the reason that all compounds that are not inventions, or not novel, are automatically “excluded” from patentability by definition. The efficacy criterion is used as an element of the invention or novelty test. Under TRIPS, members are free to define these terms according to their policy preferences.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	cfbdb22455c9aab171cf764e80cc6adc	Direct regulation, akin to explicit rationing, requires that a drug meets a minimum cost-efficiency ratio if the regulator is to place the drug on the reimbursement list. Price caps need direct or indirect information on the cost level of the suppliers, and international price comparisons are often used effectively. Generic substitution allows or requires pharmacies to substitute a prescribed brand-name drug with a cheaper generic version with the same substance or the same therapeutic effect.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	cfc240e5ba73911a6ff3b4b9800b4c5c	This tends to dilute responsibility for tariff-making, and does not contribute to well-balanced relations between private operators and municipal, regional or federal authorities. To address the issue, recently the decision was taken to transfer responsibility for tariff setting from local level to subjects of the federation, except for big municipalities. As of 2008, private operators delivered water supply and sanitation services to 20.5% of residents of these countries, which is considerably higher than the world average (it is estimated that private operators serve about 10% of the world population).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	cfc37369e333aeb5757c98b45d15c84d	The implementation of the polluter-pays and beneficiary-pays principles is essential to ensure that those who generate future liabilities or benefit from resources also bear the related costs. For instance, it is estimated that in Parafba BRL 2 million could be collected through water charges once the state system is fully operational, according to the volumes established by water permits. This represents ten times the current budget of the state water agency, of which only 7.5% can be spent on overhead costs for governance functions.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	cfc3ceea0f88eba73bb465cdae964ea0	Data for road density refers to 2011. Since the mid-1990s, it has undertaken important institutional and regulatory reforms in the infrastructure sectors, and in the mid-2000s public investment in infrastructure was significantly increased through various federal and state programmes. Governments at the federal and state levels also introduced various tax and credit incentives to increase private investment in infrastructure (Box 5.1). Several projects implemented by the Ministry of Transport and the Secretariat of Sea Ports are not specific to agriculture but have high potential to improve the capacity and the time involved in the handling and transport of agricultural commodities. This includes projects such as “Intelligent Logistic Chain,” “Port without Paper,” “Port 24 Hours,” and projects to improve port perimeter zones.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	cfc52a798b289fcce17c9481339e9696	A disaggregation of the survey data by development status, age, gender, citizenship and region shows more variation in the top priorities. There are thus differences in the aggregate priorities of individuals in countries at different levels of human development (figure 2.10). Good education is the top priority across all human development groups, and the top three priorities are similar in the low, medium and high human development countries. But an honest and responsive government and access to clean water and sanitation arc among the top three priorities in very high human development countries, where better health care and better job opportunities are not even among the top five priorities. Some S3 percent of respondents in 34 developing countries considered crime to be the biggest problem in their country.109 Corruption, lack of health care, poor schools and water pollution were also viewed as major problems. The percentage of respondents who listed crime as a concern was 93 percent) in Tunisia, compared with only 31 percent in Poland, where 59 percent of respondents listed health care as a very big problem (which compares with only 17 percent in China).	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/86b350a3-en	cfc7d0345c3f39a92335858b91a3ff58	Furthermore, human-induced forest fires are also common in the GMS during the dry period. Typical reasons behind these fires are land clearing, hunting, swidden agriculture, pest removal, promoting grass growth for cattle grazing burning stubble, honey collection and accidental burning. Among the indirect drivers, population growth, socio-economic progress and weak governance are the main causes of forest loss.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	cfc947d8e0a55dd0e07323e988e21507	High labour costs may also represent a barrier to hiring young people. In 2009, the tax wedge on earnings equivalent to two-thirds of the average wage, considered to be the low-wage threshold, was 38% in Europe and 33% for the OECD average (Table 5.2).2 The tax wedge on these low-wage earners decreased, however, between 2000 and 2009, even without taking into account the exemptions from social security contributions for low-pay employment. In all OECD countries, the tax wedge on average earnings was higher than that on low earnings.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	cfcb7390fd6d15af0113603424d9ba95	More recently, it was developed in a series of studies undertaken for UNCTAD (Cottier, 2006a; and Cottier and Baracol-Pinhao, 2008). In the first instance, members would have to do some scoping. They may opt to implement the entire range of activities and sectors under the Kyoto Protocol, including electricity generation, transport and industrial processes, or they may agree on a particular sector to be taken as an initial target, e.g. electricity generation. For instance, renewable energy obligations for electricity imposed on grid operators and retailers constitute commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and may be specified in their schedules accordingly.42 A potential overlap with certain aspects of GATS negotiations on energy services is not without problems, in particular with respect to the scheduling of commitments. Traditionally, the industry has not distinguished between energy-related goods and services. In ofher words, an energy-neutral classification can always be made energy-based in a schedule of commitments of a member.	7	0	7	1.0
10.30875/c7f78275-en	cfcca7508355b95e916cdad19577121f	However, technological advances are not a guarantee of greater or of stable trade growth or economic integration. In fact, over the past two centuries, it has been the ability to manage technology-driven structural changes that has largely determined whether global trade integration has progressed or regressed. The Internet of Things (loT), artificial intelligence (Al), 3D printing and Blockchain have the potential to profoundly transform the way we trade, who trades and what is traded.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/eca72908-en	cfcd67ea8cd76c0f8b7c25ca30427356	In various countries urban data is available only for one point in time and in general inequalities remain quite high. Still, the data suggests an urgent need for African countries to address income inequality since this economic divide has the potential to hinder development and stall progress. In major economic powerhouses such as China, India and Indonesia, inequality indicators are deteriorating.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/44e08493-en	cfd1aba38f3b133ed44e4ba500c6fd88	The gap between the richest and poorest urban quintile is at least 18 percentage points in half of the countries assessed, and in one-quarter of the countries it is 35 points or higher. This may be due in part to the fact that access to water and sanitation facilities helps determine a household's value on the wealth index that we use; see the Annex for further discussion of this matter. In half of the countries analysed, children in the poorest quintile are at least twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday as their richest urban peers. The relative disparity is even more pronounced for stunting, where prevalence in the poorest urban quintile is at least twice as high as for peers in the richest quintile in approximately 8 out of 10 of the countries analysed, and at least four times higher in 2 out of 10 countries. For both stunting and under-five mortality, relative inequality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas - a pattern opposite to that of the other indicators.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	cfd84f9736dd325d3db5cc842c5083e1	An additional solidarity complement is also always awarded automatically to those receiving the social pension benefit. One way to reduce the overlap and improve targeting would be to consider a cap on accumulated social benefits, which would also improve the monitoring of total benefits received by households, including those provided by local governments. The authorities should examine the cumulative effect of these programmes and rationalise them as needed to strengthen the social safety net.	1	0	8	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	cfd8ebb412b4eeba981706e36b61dfcc	Labour markets have proven robust even in the midst of the weak global environment, and unemployment remains at low levels. The jobless rate in Japan stood at 4.3% at the end of 2012, whereas it was 2.9% in the Republic of Korea, in each case lower than it had been in 2011. In both countries, however, there are concerns that the quality of new jobs being created is declining, especially insofar as many new contracts are short-term and in the service sector. The urban unemployment rate in China was at 4.1% in the second quarter of 2012, although the quality of labour market statistics is not fully comparable with those of other major countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-5-en	cfd8f7165f437f40505bd9e520e5bb7d	This involves changes in content, approaches, structures and strategies, with a common vision which covers all children within an appropriate age range. Schools should accommodate all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other impairments. They should provide for disabled and gifted children, street and working children, children from remote or nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic or cultural minorities and children from other marginalised areas or groups.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	cfd9236055f4999147b93d86e124e944	Nuclear energy as a provider of dispatchable back-up capacity has a lot to gain from electricity markets that allocate the costs and benefits of electricity production at the system level in a more precise manner. In liberalised markets, however, their integration represents a challenge as they are not yet competitive against conventional sources of energy. A broad array of quantity- or price-based support mechanisms (IEA, 2008) have therefore been put in place in OECD countries to make renewable energies attractive for private investors by isolating the investment decisions regarding renewable energies from the conditions prevailing in electricity markets.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	cfda0cc8b12c66d0431f5856929a9551	The ratio of total agro-food export value to agricultural GDP was 70-80% in the early 2010s, much higher than in China or Indonesia and equal to the ratio of total Viet Nam’s exports to total GDP. While Viet Nam has maintained growth rates higher than most other countries in the region, the gradual slowdown in more recent years is noticeable. Most likely, the rates would have declined still further in the last period had there not been the agricultural price boom that elevated many world prices by a factor of two. This might be taken as a warning signal that the earlier sources of the sector’s boom based on institutional reforms and expanding use of cheap resources have begun to be exhausted.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fd217899-en	cfdf75ceaaa4680f53324c73304e326f	"This means that there should be a high degree of certainty that the improvements in ecosystem management are attributable to the PES programme. It also means that the services should not be lost to deteriorating ecosystems elsewhere, as environmental pressures (for example from logging activity) move from an area protected via PES, to an area which is not protected. This situation, known as ""leakage"" only has real significance to a PES programme if the area where ecosystem services deterioriate, is important for the provision of the ecosystem services. If a critical watershed is protected via payments for hydrological services, and logging activity moves out of the critical watershed, then the desired ecosystem services in that watershed are still secure."	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg221jkf1g7-en	cfe1ce3b72756aae26bcf05f769e3011	Impacts may be felt more keenly in certain sectors, while others may be relatively immune to climate change risks. See Annex 1 for a description of the individual sub-sector areas. As with the risks and vulnerabilities businesses face, the availability and extent of these opportunities will vary depending on the sectors and industries in which businesses operate.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	cfead5ba802df7b903417cbc06437b6b	However, finding a viable negotiating strategy for the liberalization of these goods has proved difficult in the WTO. However, isolating products of single environmental use is technically difficult and time-consuming. Alternatively, EGs liberalization can be negotiated under regional or bilateral trade agreements.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-10-en	cff080a068c9cdb2e39a40eb673d9f71	This chapter builds on international evidence and the findings in this report to offer some final reflections, and highlight some key principles that the Chilean government should keep in mind as it implements and adapts education policies. These final reflections build upon elements that are transversal across education levels in Chile. They refer mainly to: I) ensuring that the Chilean government constantly puts student learning at the centre of education policies; 2) supporting key actors across the system in order to deliver education policies; and 3) aligning policies for coherence, while also adapting them as needed to ensure that structures, resources and processes effectively continue to converge towards a national vision of education.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	cff0a082023e06d67794136d890be09a	In the past, they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative. This chapter argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become ‘cautious revolutionaries' to remain relevant. Such a development would not necessarily benefit either SMEs or inclusiveness, as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that non-profit service providers can address, but private sector players are free to ignore.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	cff0ef1784def0d50ee152fc41b166eb	That is to say that the Gini does not allow one to capture whether the inequality is driven at the top or the bottom of the distribution which may be relevant for policy. The more disperse the distribution, the higher the sum of the differences from the mean, therefore the higher the index. More precisely the Theil index is a weighted sum of the log ratios of each observation.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-10-en	cff4181912de843f95467b352d2a58ea	There is also more accountability and demand for results across the different levels of education systems to deliver good quality education. From 2005 to 2011, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions increased by 17 percentage points on average across OECD countries, but between 2009 and 2011, investment in education fell in nearly one-third of OECD countries as a result of the economic crisis, resulting in a decrease of expenditure per student in a few countries. Evidence on student performance shows that efficient investment and distribution of resources, according to countries’ needs, priorities and capacities, is important at both system and institutional level (OECD, 2012b; OECD, 2012c; OECD, 2013).	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	cff58b2b2f5c1a30a86bd93c73446f89	The gaps between males and females differ considerably by race; the highest gap between males and females was for African American students, with almost 12.5% more females graduating. The next largest gap was among Alaska Native students, with almost 11% more Alaska Native females graduating than males. Alaska Native males had the lowest graduation rate - 47.7% - of any ethnic/gender group (Brian Laurent, personal communication, 3rd November 2013).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	cff6f24339e14d051ba70d3b245e3e27	To what extent is climate change included in the Agriculture Outlook? While recent climate change concerns are mainly related to increasing global mean temperature (global warming), in the broader sense it encompasses changes and variability in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, humidity and wind. Climate change also affects the frequency of storms, floods, droughts and other extreme weather events.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	cff86ef3928aba6db400fbee8f4ed490	The composite indicator provides an alternative solution to the dilemma of pinpointing only one indicator of material well-being. However, one important limitation with this income indicator is that it ignores both direct services purchased with public transfers and production in the traditional economy. As we have discussed, any measure that ignores these factors leaves us with an indicator of minimum material well-being.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	d0026e1b4ff034ccc4db36647522a74a	If food security' objectives are to be realised, all four dimensions must be recognised. While agricultural development plays a key role in the achievement of food security in developing countries, a sectoral approach is not enough. In Africa and Latin America, 30-60% of rural household incomes are from non-farm sources. Livelihoods of rural communities increasingly depend on identifying and exploiting diverse new local economic drivers, which can be connected with the agricultural sector.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	d002d3e6da85e56da00428fbed9ac0e1	Investments preferentially target early-stage companies, and account for 10% to 30% of company shares. To that end, financial education courses should focus on increasing the target group’s awareness of the existence and conditions of the forms of finance available to them, and on strengthening their skills in making effective decisions in different financial contexts (OECD/EU, 2015; OECD/EU, 2016). Such measures can include training to build entrepreneurship skills, coaching and mentoring schemes, business development support (e.g. counselling, technology transfer assistance) and support for building networks.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	d0044b7699acdc906a4ddf98eed33ca7	It is equally crucial to manage local communities' expectations of the mining industry and its ability to deliver socio-economic benefits beyond its core business. Participants in the Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue highlighted the need for a compelling business case as an important prerequisite for mining companies to promote the shared use of their renewable energy infrastructure (OECD Development Centre, 2018). For instance, consideration is being given to transferring the wind farm at the Diavik mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada after its closure to a nearby local community. The Diavik mine, owned by Rio Tinto and Dominion Diamond Corporation, will also share the experience with local communities in developing and maintaining a wind farm in subarctic conditions (CANWEA, 2013).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	d00553463f099efcb0866d640d2c8c9a	Domestic shocks, stemming chiefly from production shortfalls, are typically more frequent than international shocks, so market openness may help reduce the frequency of shocks. But such a policy may not be sufficient to contain rare but severe international shocks. The worst case scenario is one where domestic and international shocks reinforce each other, for example when the domestic harvest fails and the government needs to purchase large amounts of imports, and there is a price spike on the world market.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ddf5dbc5-en	d0061a8d019239dce3e256bf6b9454ca	The smallest sex difference in smoking rates in the region was recorded in Lebanon in 2004, where both men and women smoke are relatively high rates (33 per cent for men and 19 per cent for women). The largest sex difference in smoking rates was recorded in Egypt, where 44 per cent of men but only 1 per cent of women smoke, according to 2008 data. The highest drop in percentage of smoking men was recorded in Egypt (from 56 to 44), and the lowest drop for women in Yemen (from 10 to 6). Palestine reported an increase of 1 per cent in smoking among men (from 41 to 42) (see annexed table).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/797ccf27-en	d006c6c12557d1c63a6439d059926768	Governments also need to take account of the perceptions of the most excluded members of their population, regarding their sense of belonging in society, since these groups would be most prone to feelings of disorientation and uncertainty generated by globalization processes, which would compound the potential adverse psycho-social repercussions of opportunity structures that are traditionally highly asymmetric. At the same time, a widening of the gap between expectations and effective material achievement among the poorest members of society could threaten inclusion and cohesion policies, owing to their potential effects in terms of frustration and destabilization of democracy. Nor have any regional quantitative studies analysed the perceptions and feelings of exclusion and gaps between aspirations and expectations of mobility prevailing among the poorest and most excluded sectors, against a backdrop in which major inequities converge with changes in economic, social, and cultural structures. In particular, repercussions on the social structure of the transformations associated with globalization (Hopenhayn, 2001), greater precariousness in the labour market and a weakening of the social protection system, revealed the need to take a broader view of problems of deprivation.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	d00834711c1e3220b489fc039216de66	In 2003, temporary disability benefits and family and maternity payments made up more than 80% of all spending on non-pension related social cash transfers. In 2007, this was about one/third. By then, other non-pension related cash transfers (including the cashed out service payments) accounted for over 60% of spending (Figure 3.A 1.1). The RLMS is a panel data set for the 1994-2009 period and can be used for this purpose provided estimation techniques address the high attrition rates (Box 3.1).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	d00eeaad51cc5fb31666ff4a427b330b	"More teachers are needed where more preparation time is given and class size remains constant. See Chapter 2 for details on the index of adaptive teaching. Hirt (2004), ""Comparing the teaching effectiveness of part-time and full-time clinical nurse faculty"", Nursing Education Perspectives, Vol. Org/l 0.102 3/A: 102 3200500215."	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	d0151d263ca336ec98aea5b5427932e4	Information on future availability of funding is particularly important to provide certainty and to enable planning activities of developing countries. The Subsidiary Body of the Convention (SBSTA) has been mandated to develop modalities on accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized by public interventions. Ongoing efforts by financial institutions on the tracking of climate finance will provide the basis; however, they may be affected by different perspectives of Parties regarding, for example, questions of additionality of climate finance versus ODA and the role of public versus private support.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264246010-4-en	d01978f6c8abe7a7f4f45efdb8493c84	At the low end, the Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and Switzerland all have below-average inequality and below-average poverty. Most people receive cash transfers from the state, and income taxes are strongly progressive - in other words, higher earners lose a bigger share of their income in tax. Several factors are at work -the wage range is relatively wide, with some people on very high wages, and the state often provides less in the way of cash transfers. China and India are the most famous examples, but they’re not alone: In the 1990s, only 12 developing economies saw their GDP per capita grow at more than double the rate of OECD countries; in the 2000s that number soared to 83. Nevertheless, the impact of this shift has been profound.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d01ab15558b579c54bfab65fc7fcbd1b	A group of some fifteen very large grain holdings had also emerged by the mid-2000s, which account for a significant part of grain exports from Kazakhstan, but exact share is difficult to estimate. Three agroholdings (KazExportAstyk, Atameken-Agro and Alibi) became public companies and issued bonds to finance their operations. Exact data on the sizes of agroholdings are not available, however some estimates indicate that the biggest agroholding controls more than 1 million hectares and at least 10 agroholdings operate arable land of more than 100 000 hectares each.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	d01d3f98598062cdcaf4d0aec57b5177	In the Ugandan coffee sector, for example, women are typically engaged in tending coffee plants, picking and drying coffee, and men in planting, pruning and marketing (Verhart and Pybum, 2012). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, women are more engaged in transplanting rice, weeding, harvesting, post-harvest operations and marketing, and men in land preparation, ploughing and fencing (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Eggs, milk and poultry, in particular, tend to be female-intensive sectors, while men often have a prominent role in managing cattle. Time-use data indicate that activities such as petty trading and retailing tend to be carried out more by female than male household members, while men have greater opportunities in other non-agricultural sectors, such as construction and transport.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	d025b9094a0d5bb16d8ba7cd2d262279	Due to their lack of access to infrastructure, a higher proportion of people suffer from undernourishment than their peers in coastal countries. Worst still, if the neighbouring countries are also poor, their landlocked-ness even becomes a poverty trap (Collier, 2007). It helps to connect poor people to the growth process by improving their access to growth poles.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	d0273f07e5c6fe039a09e24cb39e46a5	However, a central road safety organisation with adequate human, technical and financial resources is essential (Bliss and Breen, 2009). As a result, traffic safety emerged as a highly important social issue. In June 1970, the Government of Japan, responded by enacting the Traffic Safety Policies Act (Act No.l 10 of 1970), with the aim of promoting traffic safety measures nationwide in a total and systematic manner. Under this act, the government has been working together with local governments and relevant private organisations to vigorously implement traffic safety measures.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	d027c2b7d0d1aec62552cc8a5e8c14ee	While the federal government provided the broad criteria and objectives for management, commercial fishers were empowered to develop a system that would attain these objectives. The implementation of ITQs for all species (including non-directed catch) combined with a rigorous monitoring system provided a compelling incentive for harvesters to curtail their catch of species undergoing rebuilding. However, through the flexibility afforded by the tradability of quotas, the integration programme also allowed harvesters to achieve economic efficiencies and thus maintain a high level of economic viability. Although catches have decreased dramatically under the rebuilding plan, the landed value per vessel has decreased for some types of boats and gears while it has remained stable for others.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	d02ae062a01d188fc3e6eb09055db453	Backman and Ferrarini, 2010[8]) point out two mechanisms by which family transfers contribute to reduce child poverty: a direct effect via the support in-cash provided to traditional one-earner families; and the support to dual-earner families which operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income. ( For instance, they point out the low efficacy of social spending in reducing child poverty is in Southern Europe countries due to scarce social services and modest family benefits. By contrast, pensions are found to have a noticeable impact on child poverty in countries where family and kin continue to play an important role in providing welfare, while other types of transfers are much more limited (Chzhen and Bradshaw, 2012[10]); (Petmesidou et al.,	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	d02afad99647dd560527951742c448b5	India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) links a national level social security programme with local governments to successfully scale up employment-intensive infrastructure creation and maintenance as a mechanism for social protection and employment generation (See also Section 3.4 of this report). Since 2005, NEGRA’s has benefited forty-five million households who have contributed in excess of 2 billion days of labour (World Bank, 2010). National poverty alleviation programmes such as these have held a dual-purpose in labour intensive approaches for both temporary crisis relief and long-term poverty reduction.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	d02b3a7dc1895bdef1e5af35b57506e9	Quasitransportation programmes should be introduced to regions where it is difficult to operate transportation system. In case of island areas, more than one round-trip passenger ship should be operated per day. In Korea, dong districts are termed urban areas while eup and myeon districts are classified as rural areas.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	d02e6530cd8f1e22d6c333c1d3602a03	"The competent state agency controls products in Group 2 on the basis of relevant technical regulations as well as by producers on the basis of applicable standards. Different ministries are responsible for the control of quality of products and goods under their responsibility, and for issuing lists of products and goods that can cause ""unsafety"" and are subject to mandatory inspection. These were removed for tea and coffee in 1995. However, coffee beans remained subject to line management by MARD requiring their approval before export. Export quotas on rice were introduced in 1992 to ensure food security and price stability."	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	d030a51209401393612b4dd9d6b44148	Under such circumstances, higher labour standards and risk-mitigation schemes could be both efficient (inducing an economy towards a “high productivity, high wage equilibrium”) and equitable (enabling vulnerable workers to better deal with labour market risks). As a result, employment has become increasingly precarious (Rodgers and Rodgers, 1989; Standing, 2011). Part-time employment, self-employment, fixed-term work, temporary work and other non-standard forms of employment have grown.	8	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	d033fb553e96779b6009ac716fecaa74	According to regulations, the teaching plan of the resource centre must take into account the plans and conditions in associated small-class schools and be approved by the consultative council of the centre. This institutional arrangement fosters cooperation between schools and allows for proper accounting of the needs of all students. School principals are responsible for the preparation of the annual school budget, with the assistance of school deputies and the school accountant.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	d0354d0bff1b139411e9a247054444b0	Effective leadership aligns the long-term goals of policymakers and enables constituencies to appreciate the state’s work in fostering individual capabilities and social integration for human development. This requires a balanced approach to development and an ability to convert crises into opportunities for introducing broad-based economic reforms. By the time the Brazilian transformation to a developmental state began (around 1994), the government had implemented macroeconomic reforms to control hyperinflation through the Real Plan and concluded the trade liberalization that had begun in 1988 with tariff reductions and the removal of other restrictions.48 Trade openness and prudent monetary and fiscal policy followed, as did innovative social programmes that reduced poverty and income inequality.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/48644704-en	d0358b81619326b5e0b8a88ea6a6eb61	Both parts of the outcome document—the “Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All” and the “Quito Implementation Plan for the New Urban Agenda”—clearly enunciate three priorities that will frame the successful execution of Goal 11 and the urban aspects of the other SDGs, and lead to the achievement of sustainable urbanization in the coming decades. These priorities are: having a supportive governance structure; inventing and maintaining twenty-first century planning and managing urban spatial development; and establishing sound financing mechanisms. For overall guidance, they reference the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning, adopted in April 2015 by the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). The Guidelines provide direction in establishing planning functions at several levels: national (e.g. connecting and balancing the system of towns and cities); metropolitan (e.g. regional economic development, rural-urban linkages, and ecosystem protection); municipal (e.g. design and protection of citywide systems of public space, capital investments in basic infrastructure, overall block layout, and connectivity); and neighbourhoods (e.g. site-specific design and local urban commons).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	d03b577305a2f065b53d293682ee2b11	Subsistence agriculture forms the backbone of the household economy; more than half the employed population depends on agriculture as the source of livelihoods. Agriculture is the main occupation of 63 percent of men and 66 percent of women. However, it is mostly a subsistence activity. According to the 2015 census, fewer than 3 percent of households focus mainly on sales of agricultural goods, suggesting that the commercial agricultural sector is extremely small.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d03b62722dce704636c80522c4798210	No information is available on whether an individual who does not receive benefits remains in the panel. For instance, in Norway, the monthly re-entry rate for individuals who reach the 4th month off benefits is just below 10%. The hazard rates for re-entries into benefits among those non-recipients who previously ended a spell of SA receipt show a very similar pattern as the one observed for exit rates in Figure 10.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	d03c3df8f5b9b464e770654d1fa5da97	Taking this into account reduces the difference considerably for both groups, bringing the gap between natives and second-generation immigrants’ results just slightly below the OECD average, while first-generation immigrants still do worse (SNAE, 2013a). The figure compares mean reading scores in PISA with literacy scores in PIAAC for the corresponding cohorts. The test score averages are normalised by the cross-country PISA and PIAAC averages and standard deviations for comparison.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	d03cdde8e4e59f7aff27e1641f1e5057	Following the findings of this investigation, a Mental health care reform (Psykiatrireform) was carried out in 1995 in Sweden. Changes in legislation were accompanied by increased funding for the target group in both health and social care sectors (Tuori et al, 2007). The main objective of the reform was to enable long-term psychiatric patients to live outside psychiatric institutions and nursing homes and to integrate these patients into the community.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-15-en	d03dcb11af217d52e273f71d93183708	"Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. The second phase of the project “Rood Prevention Programme II"" and “Support for Renewal, Dredging and Reconstruction of Fishponds and Construction of Water Reservoirs"" followed. The total costs are estimated to be around CZK 15 billion. The project also includes the implementation of land adaptations aimed at flood prevention, httpJ/eagri.cz/public/web/erZmze/water/flood-prevention. This is predominantly an investment programme."	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/0ec26947-en	d03f70b4699c62e420b9399c2243ad03	Whereby today some approaches exist, their restricted interoperability leads to a fragmented landscape of systems, thus hindering widespread adoption among customers and businesses. Blockchain technology can enhance the effectiveness of such solutions, by providing the overarching standard to unique identification and recording transactions of e.g. carbon certificates, their trading, and even the origin of GHG emissions. This transparent and immutable record makes it easier to monitor and incentivise, or impose penalties on, certain industrial practices. Building on existing carbon market models, more efficient and highly integrated trading platforms could be established. A detailed consideration of how these benefits can be leveraged is presented in section 3.2.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6fb9cbc1-en	d040b7dff5e9a6cebaabf34637953a52	Research shows that rape of young girls is normally of school children in the early morning when they are going to school, and in the evening when they are going back home, often through thick bushes and other unsafe pathways. But when we talk to governments about this, they hardly have the resources to provide sanitation and water to communities. They don't see it as a priority. We had a conference to talk about how we can support the SADC gender unit to mainstream gender in the SADC Organ on Polities, Defence and Security.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	d04200b7b30ee9dbbadfdb07bf5e3dc2	They are: the Decree on Quality Living Environments; the Environment Decree; the Business Environment and the Construction Environment Decrees (Table 2.11). Each contains important details on the mechanics of how the act will be implemented in practice. The discussion that follows is based on the Environment and Planning Act only, since the orders are not yet finalised.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d046c3a91fab8796dfb59c008caa1b8f	Policy efforts to boost production are unlikely to succeed without adequate attention to improvements in these areas. This can bring substantial long-term gains to agricultural producers through the establishment of more favourable price formation conditions and, ultimately, higher agricultural incomes. The benefits would also accrue to other agents of the supply chain, including food consumers for whom more competitive food chains would provide higher quality products. Improvements in hard and soft infrastructure beyond the farm gate largely depend on the provision of adequate general services and properly functioning market institutions, areas where public support could be most appropriately directed.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282988-5-en	d04a3b99da57e4bc0c0680fe0874df8f	The country is divided into 25 departments and shares borders with Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east and Bolivia and Chile to the south. Geographical variation is large with the Pacific Ocean along the west of the countiy, the Andes mountain chain passing through the centre, and the Amazon jungle in the east. Rapid urbanisation is reinforcing a situation where most people live along the Pacific coast, while the mountains and rainforests are scarcely populated.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	d04b5912fca48dc62d1ef9753539a85d	For India to play its part in realising the global goals of the BLUE scenario, it will need to achieve rapid economic development over the next 40 years with only a very small increase in C02 emissions. Currently there is no precedent for such a low-C02 development path. It will need to be based on meeting the increasing energy needs of India's growing population through the widespread deployment of a range of existing and new low-carbon technologies.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	d04e11313ccf2b9a738b5b25380839c7	However, regulatory provisions should better target nature protection in forests (through, for example, conversion permits or fees) while improving economic efficiency (e.g. by considering the opportunity cost of not converting forest to other uses). In 2012, an estimated 7% of Polish forest habitat was under legal protection for nature conservation. The share is expected to increase to 36% with implementation of the Natura 2000 network.	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	d050056dd32733978ce9921e39d170bd	As outlined by ECLAC, the current development model has become unsustainable and progressive structural change is needed that would allow to transform a culture of privilege into a culture of equality, not just in terms of distribution and opportunities, but also from the point of view of rights, capacities and means (ECLAC, 2016e). In order to achieve this goal, the State must play a more active and decisive role in universalist policies. There is a crucial need for statistical instruments that can identify the critical areas for consideration in the implementation of transformative public policies and that can account for progress and setbacks in the implementation of policies based on empirical data, to help the region's States to play a central role in progressive structural change (Barcena, 2017).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264233256-en	d052f186dae891fa7c847714fb198389	For example, it has been argued that, the success of the Singaporean Skills Development Model is closely related to its co-ordination mechanisms. An Economic Development Board (EDB) works as a link between economic development and skills formation; it exercises responsibilities in both areas; and is able to co-ordinate efforts across different institutions (Singapore Ministry of Manpower, 2014; Kuruvilla and Chua, 2000). Co-ordination bodies for the VET system can be found in many countries around the world (see Box 5.1).	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	d055a7ee761852f3ba599c490213fd5b	This may refer to solidarity between generations and between strata of taxpayers, or the solidarity of society in general towards those who are entitled to receive social-security benefits. Household surveys do not reflect the contributory and non-contributory components of retirement pensions or the origin of their financing. Survey data do not always make it possible to distinguish between retirement benefits and pensions.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5ff49553-en	d0566fef03672130ba0fe966beb87e27	The development of new technological options that promote low carbon intensity, as well as the economic costs of mitigation processes, will certainly be significant in areas such as energy, transportation and forest conservation, which will modify the current patterns of economic development (Galindo, 2009). Although these actions can have marginal mitigation effects at the global scale, they are important for ensuring environmentally sustainable development in the region. Building a culture of risk prevention and developing a large-scale climate change adaptation strategy are essential steps. Of its 550 million people, 77% live in cities of more than 2,000 inhabitants, a rate that approaches 90% in the Southern Cone and is forecast to rise across the region to 85% by 2030. Cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants alone are home to two thirds of the region's population, the highest rate in the world (ECLAC, 2012d). The system of cities in Latin America is highly varied in terms of size and conformation, but in general, the countries tend to have several megalopolises alongside strong urbanization and growing importance for medium-sized cities.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	d05720a57bc3d9ab325ec1657133eaf7	The company Eurocopter approached CONALEP to include a specific module on helicopters. First, it could be improved by having more teaching in English, thus increasing opportunities for placements in multinational companies. Second, co-ordination of efforts between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level to decide strategy and funding would also improve effectiveness. In Queretaro, for example, currently there is no collaboration on sets of skills needed between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	d059243cf75df34305249ca7e18f078b	Among employed workers, under or over-qualification appears less common than in most OECD countries (Figure 2, Panel B; OECD and Statistics Canada, 2011; Randstad, 2012; in contrast, Quintini, 2011, suggests frequent under-qualification of workers), but many people occupy a position not directly related to their field of study, a common pattern across Eastern European countries (Figure 2, Panel C). Mobility of workers is essential to good matching. Although job-to-job mobility is about average, the reallocation of labour across economic sectors has slowed since the mid-1990s (Harasztosi, 2011) and geographic mobility is low', resulting in persistently large regional discrepancies in the unemployment rate (Figure 3). Unweighted average of other Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia).	4	3	3	0.0
10.18356/afa296fe-en	d05ac76d370dd6ec329cc2efcd13a4b8	A case could also be made for other rights, such as the right to education—years of schooling and highest grade reached differ substantially between poorer and richer segments of the population—or freedom of expression and assembly, which the dispossessed feel unable to exercise for material or psychological reasons. If inequality is an obstacle to the enjoyment of human rights, an equitable distribution of wealth becomes a decisive variable for the overall system of protection of human rights, as well as for the advantages stemming from development. Important among such effects is the increasing vulnerability of people resulting from large-scale development projects.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	d05b58a19e809f6042677ed78612453a	The ILO Skills for Trade and Economy Diversification tool is being used to identify how skills can boost productivity and competitiveness in the sector. The project focuses particularly on the skills needed for the success of small and medium sized tourism enterprises and is partnering with provincial government departments of tourism and labour, employers, workers and education and training institutions. Based on identified skills gaps and needs, the project is preparing a skills strategy which recognises the need to upgrade skills in SMEs and improve marketing and planning business capabilities, with capacity develop implications for relevant technical vocational education and training institutions and local government stakeholders.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264271654-8-en	d06153550e36818a813bf4af304d7670	Policy co-ordination and synergies among support programmes would be enhanced and policy fragmentation reduced as the agency would implement SME support programmes in enterprises that are presently carried out by different actors in the system. According to the proposed scheme, the SBD w'ould retain responsibility over financial instruments for SME support measures such as subsidised loans and guarantees. The executive board of this new agency would be constituted of a minister or vice ministers from relevant ministries.47 The agency’s autonomy would facilitate the flexible management of resources and personnel.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/1826beee-en	d065118720ffaeb14099081885da9e8d	The design of the PoMs required distinguishing which measures were necessary to reach good status from others, based on the specific issues faced by each individual member state. In particular*, the principle of cost recovery was explicitly put forth as part of the WFD through the PoMs. Pricing was required to cover abstraction, distribution, and treatment costs; it was also required to account for resource value and environmental costs, including in agriculture.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	d06661bdae075ad3c9a706cb0f75cb1e	These fish spawning grounds and migratory routes are not protected or managed sustainably, and infrastructure development projects, planned or existing hydropower plants, pollution of rivers or the coastal zone and extraction of sand and gravel are ongoing. These developments have damaging impacts on sturgeon populations. Two major types of logging can be distinguished - for fuelwood and for construction timber. Many rural households cannot afford to purchase alternative energy resources such as liquified gas.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d067e1f62c36f6ac1776da7a4f1aac2f	An enhanced understanding of what works and why can help to scale up certain types of interventions and/or flows, which is particularly relevant for pilot or innovative approaches. Sharing lessons-learned is important both within and across institutions. It is unclear to what extent private suppliers of climate finance are prepared to publicly share their lessons learned. These results frameworks can help stakeholders build up a knowledge base of what has worked and what not, and can increase transparency and accountability.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d069b327413e006d8ab5fe4b73afdff9	Furthermore, a corresponding upper threshold is estimated to be around 40% for the share of intermittent generation capacity in both a 2030 and 2050 perspective (with 5% uncertainty). Beyond this share, costly additional preventive measures will have to be taken in order to guarantee power system stability. While these objectives do not yet have the force of law, they provide the basis for current discussions about the contours of the European electricity sector.5 Attaining the decarbonisation of the electricity sector with a majority of production stemming from intermittent renewables seems to pose very considerable technical and commercial challenges at the current state of technology as 100% of dispatchable back-up would frequently need to be mobilised in time frames of less than 24 hours.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	d06c08eb72d93bc403b9f9918357770a	For example, Korea had a limited number of cancer centres in the early 2000s but built a National Cancer Center, nine designated regional cancer centres (designated hospitals for cancer care established in province levels) and 23 private cancer hospitals in recent years to overcome limited capacity and also to reduce regional disparities in delivering high-quality cancer care. In Canada, in the early 2000s most provinces had one cancer centre, but now all provinces have at least one centre. Furthermore, in Hungary, the number of cancer care institutions, including private hospitals, has been increasing throughout the 2000s, and in Chile the number of public cancer care centres increased from 19 in 2002 to 21 in 2010, at the same time as they were equipped to provide care for patients with different types of cancer.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	d06c55251fd5358ce4d822c5568465be	However, connecting these factors with overall earnings inequality and household income inequality is not straightforward, as regulatory and policy reforms may have counteracting effects on employment and wage inequality among workers. When assessing the possible causes of increased inequality, three main issues require particularly precise definition. They are: i) inequality itself, ii) globalisation, and iii) reference populations.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/73c3a080-en	d07158b55f2de09a982f10b14a5b10d8	It also enabled Governments to circumvent coordination challenges through centralized planning and system design. Since the 1973 oil crisis, it has also been widely recognized as a strategic resource. Energy security — defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as “the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”' — is thus a major priority, whose absence threatens serious economic and social impacts.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d07386044818372985bffc36a8bf81f3	Given the variety of technologies, sectors, and scales of technology-transfer interventions, it would be difficult to have a single meaningful indicator that could be aggregated across multiple projects. For instance, the Global Environment Facility’s (GEF) indicator for technology-transfer interventions is qualitative in nature, focusing on capturing the type and maturity of technologies that are being transferred. Mitigation-focused interventions generally seek to reduce GHG emissions directly (e.g. by improving fuel combustion efficiencies) or indirectly and/or in the longer-term (e.g. by increasing awareness about low-GHG technologies). Projects seeking to increase adaptive capacity and resilience can take a number of forms (e.g. awareness and education programmes, institutional reforms, physical infrastructure projects) and have results that accrue at local, regional, or global scales and over different time horizons.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264283497-en	d076ef2dd2654c8706fbd9fb281b1d54	Capacity building has also been strengthened within the nursing workforce. Although the number of practising nurses (8.0 per 1000 population) is still slightly below the EU average, numbers have increased by a third since 2009. Looking at trends over time reveals impressive falls in amenable mortality over the past 15 years. This reflects the overall progress in providing better availability of, and access to, an increasing range of different services, medicines and medical technologies Examples of success include the remarkable improvements in survival for some treatable cancers, such as breast and testicular cancer.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eag-2016-53-en	d0776f8e406d31a24e4024cccf0a63a1	In 2014, an average of 77% of 3-year-olds were enrolled in either early childhood educational development programmes or pre-primary education across EU22 countries (compared to the OECD average of 71%). Between 2005 and 2014, enrolment of 3-year-olds in pre-primary education rose from 69% to 76%, and enrolment of 4-year-olds rose from 84% to 89%, on average among countries with data for both years. In Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, at least 95% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	d0793cc6a018e4aff328476d8dea43b1	There are no charges for surface water abstraction, and fees for ground water abstraction are low. Pollution charges were abolished in 2005. As already noted, tariffs for water supply and sewerage for households are low and not cost-reflective, and a large proportion of households have no water meters and pay a flat fee per person.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/02e538fc-en	d07aacfdfa3f0115b0877348fdfb79fe	Despite the importance of capturing multi-tasking to capture the intensity of how women’s time is spent, there is no international standard on how to measure simultaneous activities. The OECD Time Use database aims to improve comparability between OECD countries (see Box 3). Based on this methodology, the OECD has undertaken analysis on four additional countries to explore the impacts of unpaid care work in low and middle-income contexts: South Africa, Peru, Ethiopia and Bangladesh (see Annex A).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	d07b64fb2cb71fde24335590daf3d4a5	In Kazakhstan, TL2 regions correspond to the regional level (including Astana and Almaty City), while TL3 regions are districts (rayons) and cities of regional significance. Cities of regional significance have district-level administrative status and prerogatives, in addition to municipal-level tasks and prerogatives. The four largest cities of Kazakhstan, Almaty City, Shymkent, Astana and Karaganda, are divided into city districts that are subdivisions of the municipal administration.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208988-5-en	d088988fc3d7f4965196f0cffec58cec	As a result of the greater control over inflation achieved by the Plano Real, however, real wage rigidity was introduced and firms could no longer use wages but instead had to use employment reductions to make wage bill adjustments. Young, inexperienced workers would have been the most likely to suffer from such redundancies. As will be discussed below, high turnover is one of the reasons why youth unemployment in Brazil is so high. Youth are also more likely to work in the service sector, which is characterised by higher turnover rates.	8	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	d088e011fc4869c4aa719d972421b590	All the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F-test results. Overall the model's explanatory power (r-squared) is strong (53.0%). Significant at the 1% level. Estimation based on robust standard errors. It further provides an understanding on how these changes will affect national ICT policy and regulatory frameworks and identifies measures policy makers and regulators can take to be prepared to respond efficiently to the new challenges raised by the digital economy. Chapter three looks at ways to accommodate broadband spectrum expansion through new modes of sharing and innovations in licensing.	9	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	d08b04595b0c8ae77c47266ae75ae08c	National departments and donor agencies are ready to support municipalities' efforts to upgrade the housing and building stock so as to prevent future negative impacts on climate change for having neglected the construction industry. The DoE launched the appliance labelling programme for energy efficiency in 2004 in accordance with the EU standards and labelling programme. Unfortunately, there is no financial support to roll out the programme.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	d091bbfab1055710f97d431a5847475c	However, a larger number of these countries do not have specific laws prohibiting discrimination in pay and hiring on the basis of gender and pregnancy (WBL Database, 2016). Indeed, the only countries that have such legislation are Chile, Costa Rica, Egypt, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and TUnisia. Existing evidence from OECD countries shows that the public is often ill-informed about workers’ rights (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	d096c04442f71e837697c572736f89e7	Established in 1972, Haribon is regarded as a pioneer on environmental issues. Its programmes include nature conservation through community empowerment and research on environmental issues. It is also an advocate of renewable energy practices and forest conservation in the Philippines (Haribon Foundation, 2011). While other ASEAN countries have recorded rising C02 emission in terms of metric tonnes per capita, Singapore's level in 2008, though much higher than that of I ndonesia's 1.7, Viet Nam's 1.2, Thailand’s 3.4, Philippines’ 0.8 and Malaysia's 6.7 in 2008, has fallen from 10.8 in 1995 to 9.2 in 2007 (International Energy Agency, 2010).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	d098009dd03b30cb68d8866c45cd1ef9	This basket, valued also at local prices, was calculated as 2,315 yuan; through use of this local poverty line, the conclusion was reached that 59.6 per cent of the households were in poverty. The spread was enormous: for every 1 household that was classified as being poor using the official poverty line, there were nearly 18 households that would have been deemed poor using a poverty line based on local perceptions of basic needs valued at local prices. For the reference year of research, the incidence rate, based on the local list, turned out to be 40.2 percent.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e1196521-en	d09847677a73e4221a9634bca7801d78	Human resource capacity is one of the key factors influencing what regional institutions can actually do. The European Commission—die heart of the European Union (EU) administration— employs over 23,000 people in total; the two Directorates for Environment and Climate have staffs of 454 and 137, respectively; the European Environment Agency, which deals mainly with monitoring and information brokerage, employs around 200; and a number of environmental research centres are also part of the EU administration, adding further expertise and capacity. While a comparison of the secretariat capacity of die EU and die Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is perhaps unfair, given diat they have different mandates, it is notable that ASEAN’s secretariat employs just over 300 people and the department dealing with environmental issues has fewer than 10 staff members.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	d09b140fbc382a81df082520aea53ce6	Enterprise Connect engages these challenges by connecting businesses to new ideas and technologies to boost productivity and increase international competitiveness. The changing context has raised further issues for SMEs to which Enterprise Connect has tried to respond through new and additional programmes. Increasing international competition and climate change have been addressed with new elements, including the Clean 21 Technology Innovation Network and ‘Buy Australian at Home and Abroad' initiatives.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	d09f2b1be4cc948a7be29f815c3a7ef5	Is in-depth training on specific gender issues - such as interviewing victims of sexual violence or recruiting women from minority groups - being provided to necessary personnel? • Do they include female stakeholders such as women's organisations? • If not, how could they be engaged to support gender initiatives? •	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	d09f82af997ad010ea155e452bd32687	In the latter case they become “recipients of monetary payments”. Those who choose not to convert the eligibility for social assistance into a monetary benefit are eligible to get the so called “social package”, i.e., they are entitled to get a set or a subset of social services including provision of vital medicines, medical products, specialised clinical nutrition products for disabled children, vouchers for health resort treatments, free suburban railway transport, as well as intercity transportation to treatment centres. The amount of monetary payment to different eligible categories is defined by federal laws and indexed every year.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	d0a2c0ab6be32a0883023e6b57acc978	New Zealand”, www.eeca.govt.nz/resource/irrigation-energvefficiencv-evaluation-pilot-summarv-report. P. Healy and S. Zechiel (2005), BEST Winery Guidebook: Benchmarking and Energy and Water Savings Tool for the Wine Industry, Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-3184. The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. Where are we Going?”,	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	d0a41f5491bc77aba953c568edc3e72f	The Washington Consensus, the implicit macro model of the MDG framework, has led to greater global economic integration but also to slow growth, rising instability and persisting inequalities. There is a need therefore to design a new unified “pro-poor, pro-growth, and pro-environment” paradigm. The appropriate policy set is likely to differ according to country conditions.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	d0a66071b5b671dcf43394359e153c90	It is therefore important to determine what type of policy will be the most effective in reversing poverty as rapidly as possible. The question, then, is: Should poverty-reduction policies focus on raising mean income levels or on decreasing income inequality? Based on the results of this study, an effort is made to identify the most influential factors in terms of poverty reduction.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	d0a718b1be2d9f805b79d60082beb940	The obligation to pay for municipally-managed wastewater treatment is also perceived as an unnecessary additional burden. For example, the EP fee for the households which are not connected to their sewerage system is only 10% of the water tariff, which provides no financial incentive for them to connect to the piped sewerage system. As a result, cities have tended to postpone the costly and unpopular sewerage construction process which also comes with street closure. Very little progress has been made towards universal connection of individual houses to sewerage systems (GGGI, 2016b).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	d0a96662f990a04e6eec02af04738769	A widow will receive one-eighth of her deceased husband’s assets or one-fourth if he has no children. For example, it is not uncommon for the family to pressure female heirs into relinquishing their full inheritance rights in favour of male relatives. Many women do not know that they can refuse to cede their rights or can appeal to the courts.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	d0acb2b64c37bf6951aa14c75748af1c	Group study as well as peer review and support among teachers have also been found to be useful. In Japan groups of teachers work together to plan, execute and evaluate individual lessons and instructional strategies to achieve specific learning objectives. They visit each other’s classrooms to understand their colleagues’ teaching practice. In Finland, teachers are given one afternoon each week for joint planning and curriculum development (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	d0ad1476cda62707f73e34d74a5b1e81	At one extreme are countries where the enrolment rates for females are far lower than those for males, resulting in GPI values for below the parity level of 1. These countries include Tajikistan (0.52), Cambodia (0.62), Bhutan (0.68) and Bangladesh (0.70). At the other extreme are countries where the enrolment rates for females far exceed those for males, resulting in GPI values that are much higher than the parity level of 1. These countries include Sri Lanka (1.83), Brunei Darussalam (1.69), Mongolia (1.49) and Kazakhstan (1.44).	4	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	d0b37639abfc7e8e9a1a8d31f1809223	In this way, cities may more effectively deliver on national-level environmental and economic objectives - whether or not they are identified as “green growth”- than national-level policies. Ultimately, the key metric here concerns not employment growth in the green sector but the aggregate employment impact of moving to a low-carbon economy. As an indicator, this must be seen as second-best, but a feasible second-best. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced green goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	d0b4f8921061639990962bc66f0d27b2	Such a move w'ould allow for a more integrated, national system for ownership and management of hospital estates. The NHS could strengthen monitoring and evaluation of provider activities, selectively contracting with better-performing providers to drive quality improvement. In the same vein, the NHS could look to contract more often with independent providers, on clear cost/quality criteria, with expected outcomes specified in contracts. Selective purchasing could be applied also by the private voluntary health insurance schemes by focusing not only the cost but also the quality aspects of health care. Alongside these efforts, public reporting of provider assessment should also be developed as such information could be used to promote user choice of provider. Such a plan should consider training needs, based on expected retirement rates.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	d0b51a7ac8e548b6b1b8b134e1de6178	They came from government, civil society, academic, media, and business backgrounds, between them covering the main sectors relevant to green growth -energy, water, industry, agriculture, biodiversity, urban and infrastructure. Supplementary interviews were held with the two main agencies responsible for the CRGE: the EPA; and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) - within the latter, the departments responsible for budget, planning and the proposed CRGE Funding Facility. Finally, meetings were held with key development assistance partners to Ethiopia (Annex 1).	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	d0b5ef91c3518993d5c09f63fe0cbf06	It was launched in 2003 and has become one of the largest programmes for payments of watershed services in the world (Stanton et al. The design of PSAH has been improving over time to increase its cost-effectiveness, but there are concerns about its conservation impact (see Box 3.8). Trading or swapping irrigation water is common practice in Mexico (OECD, 2003). Water trading increased in the 1990s, partly due to the recognition by the 1992 National Water Law of the possibility of “transferring” water rights (Rubinos-Panta et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	d0bea8a01ce6307dd01e9ff371bae529	Today virtually all secondary care hospitals and most hospital day care services are fully funded using DRGs. The expectation is that this will stimulate hospital productivity, since increasing the number of episodes of care spreads fixed costs over a larger number of patients, and encourage the development of day stay procedures in lieu of inpatient admissions. This is intended to support highly specialised tertiary care irrespective of provider ownership, but may also be distorting the distribution of resources.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	d0beb517c35b7b4da3ac72f52736e612	Thus it may be considered desirable to take into account the particular factors pertaining to some people or some groups— by designing and implementing the necessary policies to facilitate better health outcomes in groups that are disadvantaged, so as to reduce the disadvantage. In this regard, it is up to each society or nation to define what it considers as desirable with respect to the distribution of health and what people expect from their governments in terms of achieving those goals. Further examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this Note. Simply put, this Note argues that large inequalities in health outcomes, such as exist in many countries and across countries, are generally undesirable.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	d0bfeb31434d0f2fc7ba9d1610626631	Of the 203 Australian Government-funded Indigenous-specific primary health care organisations that provided data in 2013-14, around one-third (33%) were located in very remote areas, almost one-quarter (22%) were in outer regional areas and 21% were in inner regional areas. A smaller proportion were in remote areas (13%) and major cities (11%) (AIHW, 2015a). Of Australia’s 746 public acute hospitals, only 71 are in remote areas and 83 in very remote areas, where full hospital services are not viable.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	d0c189ebd5c7fc91767aed66a17ed93c	This calls for more communication to tailor the purchase to the customer's requirements,7 making a one-size-fits-all approach less useful. B2B platforms thus focus much more on providing straightforward, useful information and more finely-honed customer service. The enterprises involved in these transactions tend to be larger in size, such as online retailers selling medical equipment to hospitals. In the former, the platform acts as a facilitator for multiple retail companies, each managing its own inventory, while the platform itself owns none.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9897593b-en	d0c8b8a225a0418e3b73f48c9d3638cb	Countries have been invited to include questions in their education management information systems on whether schools teach (a) generic life skills, (b) sexual and reproductive health and (c) HIV prevention. Data can be gathered through annual school censuses or school-based surveys. Following pilot tests, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics country survey included the sexual and reproductive health question in 2017 and covered generic life skills and HIV prevention in 2018.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	d0ce6b9cd5ae16b51b14e8739de19a81	Thus, in high-income and developing countries there is now a large gap between their nominal rates of assistance for import-competing and export agriculture as well as a continuing large gap (albeit smaller than in the 1980s) between the relative rates of assistance in the two groups of countries. In the light of that evidence, the above question addressed here can be expressed more specifically, for any developing country of interest, as: How important are its own policies compared with those of the rest of the world in affecting the welfare of the poor in that country, and what do agricultural policies in particular contribute to those outcomes? Clear answers to this question are crucial to guiding countries in their national policymaking, and as they negotiate bilateral and multilateral trade agreements.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	d0cefb7c1ccc6927c147cea5c3764cce	Prevalence of obesity among adults, BMI a 30, crude. In: Global Health Observatory data repository [online]. The model incorporated nonlinear time trends and age patterns; national versus subnational and community representativeness; and whether data covered both rural and urban areas versus only one of them. The model also included covariates that help predict BMI, including national income, proportion of population living in urban areas, mean number of years of education, and summary measures of availability of different food types for human consumption. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	d0d187dbbb7288a134788d8b10a7ec4c	The legislation was consequently amended in 2011 to make a chemical method (EU-RL LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) the new reference method, with a phasing out of the biological methods over four years. During this period a modified mouse bioassay is still permitted. Changes were introduced to the legislation dealing with treatment to kill viable parasites in fishery products for human consumption in order to update the requirements based on information provided by a recent opinion from The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on Parasites in Fishery Products and experience gained from the application of the present legislation.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	d0d3c38907f445ec4a87e24564539df6	There is too little water for current and future demand for potable water to be met from local sources. At the same time, torrential rainfall during the rainy season results in frequent flooding that affects residents, houses and infrastructure. Moreover, growing water demand, overexploited local and neighbouring aquifers and basins, ageing infrastructure, lack of investment, artificial low tariffs and high operation costs, and the deterioration of water quality have taken the water system to the limits of its physical and financial operability. The largest body of water is the artificially created lake “Nabor Carrillo”, with a surface area of about 10 km2, the sixth-largest lake in Mexico (CONAGUA, 2014a).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	d0d6dc1db34d8a0a2b717a3e8cd2b82b	There has been a growing recognition of the importance of women’s participation in politics. The United Arab Emirates’ Parliament became in 2015 the first Arab country to appoint a woman as speaker of Parliament, and women have obtained positions in the top ranks of political parties in Algeria and Palestine.66 Women’s dynamic participation in the protests that swept through the region beginning in late 2010 has also been widely noted as a testimony of women's willingness to join in civic and political engagements.67 This activism may be a precursor to more women assuming political roles in the Arab region in the future. Most recently, women have been allowed to stand for municipal elections in Oman since 2011 (Royal Decree No.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2ae853dc-en	d0d70c74f8a4227694db6848190a5026	This has major impacts for the provisioning of water, sanitation and hygiene services in areas affected by disasters, due to damaged water and sanitation infrastructure and water quality issues. It is also a very significant challenge to provide adequate water and sanitation services to the areas that receive people who have been displaced from disaster-struck areas. The magnitude of these displacements is extremely high in Asia and the Pacific, with respectively 4.4 million and 1.2 million people internally displaced in the People’s Republic of China and India in 2017 due to floods, and 2.5 million people in the Philippines due to typhoons the same year (IDMC, 2018). In addition to hitting the poorest, disasters can also cause the near poor — those living on between US$1.90 and US$3.10 per day — to fall into poverty, as shown in Figure 9.5 (UNESCAP, 2018). With over 50% of urban residents living in low-lying coastal zones, these cities and towns in Asia and the Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Disasters are also found to have impacts on gross domestic product (GDP), school enrolment rates, and per capita expenditure on health (UNESCAP, 2018).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	d0d910cc26044b1d0303cbefc075f28a	In the former case, a rise in the skilled equilibrium wage can increase incentives for private investment in education; in the latter, an increase in the unskilled equilibrium wage can increase private resources available for such investment. In addition, it is argued that full development demands that all people in a society eventually enjoy the same opportunities of superior education, and that successful development ought to mean that development be managed in such a way that income inequalities are kept as low as possible without compromising people’s incentives to invest in education. In the long run, poverty is to be eradicated as part and parcel of this development process.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264280359-8-en	d0da808c0c8e5a94531eb80b5c9a410b	The SDG 5 is a stand-alone goal to achieve gender equality and empower all women. The other 14 goals (e.g. on health, well-being, education, clean water, industry and infrastructure) aim to integrate gender-sensitive indicators in their implementation and monitoring. Kazakhstan can strongly benefit from raising the awareness of its senior managers, as well as all public servants on these levels of gender equality policy to generate understanding and buy-in of all ministries in embedding gender-sensitive indicators in their field of activities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	d0db75e37d7f06a7346819fdb0174a0b	Interestingly, more educated women spend less time on household work and more on labour market work. This confirms the findings of other studies on the effect of women's education in female labour force participation, and suggests that education can lead to a change in women's attitudes towards their own role in the household and in the workplace. At the same time, die opportunity cost of not working in terms of foregone earnings is higher, which provides an economic incentive to increase their time on labour market work. The level of education does not significantly impact husbands' time spent on housework, but increased education decreases their time spent on market work.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	d0de2d1bac8aa2439a865967c4fc46e1	The next-largest quantities reported were of NPS, the largest seizures of plant-based NPS being of khat, followed by kratom. The largest seizures of synthetic NPS reported were of ketamine, followed by synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. The largest quantities of ATS seized were of methamphetamine, followed by amphetamine and “ecstasy”. Overall, plant-based NPS seizures declined after 2010, owing to a decrease in the amount of khat seized.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b97ad7b9-en	d0df33ac11caeace36806c161b2e8d6c	No significant changes were otherwise observed, compared with the previous year. Given the large water volume of the Paatsjoki/Pasvik, the observed high metal concentrations (e.g. copper) indicate continued pollution and accumulation of these elements. According to the same classification, in 2009 the ecological status of Lake Inari was good. The status was revised from excellent because of the impacts of flow regulation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	d0e025e873cbd7972bb41d6c5360c60a	Digitalization is expected to lead to a significant increase in self-employment (the “gig economy”), as firms will in-source more services through peer-to-peer networks. This will further weaken the capacity of trade unions and employers’ associations to guarantee common labour standards and employment conditions through collective bargaining agreements. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22252.pdf; Daron Acemoglu Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” NBER Working Paper No. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2017.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	d0e05fe517b885fe0b9e70d813f7e654	Current estimates are drawn from a global exercise conducted in 2005. China did not permit a random sample of locations to survey prices, as were carried out in other countries. Instead, China restricted data collection to a few urban areas. This resulted in China’s prices being 40 per cent higher than previously thought, meaning that Chinese living standards were revised downwards by about 40 per cent.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	d0e0718ddf60c23822e0f2c69f303304	The fragility of economic growth and the ensuing social crisis in the region pointed to the need for a two-pronged strategy of inclusiveness and comprehensiveness as far as social protection systems were concerned. The new government made an election promise to start a ‘30 Baht’ universal health-care scheme, which it implemented on gaining power. In spite of concerns that public expenditure on health would become unsustainable, the scheme has proved to be a success both politically and fiscally.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	d0e28a0733486a62d67b1ccaed9e46ef	Equally, existing national climate change strategies may not necessarily be integrated with development planning. Whether a LEDS is primarily a development strategy with a strong climate component, or vice versa, is likely to depend on the country’s national circumstances and priorities. Countries should consider carefully how these planning tools fit together and build upon each other.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	d0e312dffe6d3a26d3384bf278579965	"Rights that are junior to an ""administration date” set by the State Engineer can be curtailed. Uses that are not prioritised can apply for a “replacement plan”, for a maximum duration of two years. Water users are also allowed to submit joint ""replacement plans” or to find voluntary shortage sharing agreements, through negotiations (Romero-Wirth and Kelly, 2012). Associations managing communal irrigation canals."	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	d0e68cf559f00e090af57623844b6af6	Differences across scenarios are small, as the assumed cost reductions between primary and processed products are equal for the three scenarios analysed. With up to 2% globally and up to 5% and more in the southern parts of Africa, these price reductions are found to potentially be markedly more pronounced than the price increases for primary products, suggesting that the majority of the benefits appear to be reaped by the downstream sector and consumers alike. Relative to the size of the price effects, the ranges across models are, however, quite large.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	d0edde94e96c1b9eb08498615299eda7	As a result, the government relies on donor funds to finance investments. Over the period 2010-15, the government of Moldova, supported by donors and international finance instutitions (IFIs), is estimated to have spent about USD 107 mln on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This is far from sufficient to cover urgent investment needs in energy infrastructure and clean energy. Such reforms require additional research and their social cost needs to be carefully assessed.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	d0f391d3a4b29265df35d56b99dc477c	Nevertheless, although the new coal plant may be retrofit-able with carbon capture and storage at a later date if this technology becomes proven and cost-effective (assuming an effective future pricing regime for carbon emissions), there are significant technological and policy risks in going down this path. Policy makers can begin to address this dilemma by separating the potential risk of lock-in to coal generation plant per se, from the risk of lock-in to unsustainable industrial structures in the wider economy. The risk of creating stranded assets in the energy sector (discussed in the next section) may be dwarfed by the risk of creating stranded assets in the wider economy. Using cheap electricity to grow energy-intensive industry at the expense of more value-added economic activities may be unwise given the eventual need to internalise the cost of environmental impacts including carbon emissions, and the costs of industrial re-structuring this would imply in the future.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	d0f3e8cd99c8f37bd29a0aba7be459e6	This could help promote a culture of responsibility and exigency across the system and at all levels together with a sense of technical and economic feasibility, as opposed to a culture of demagogic simplicity and formulation of wishes regardless of the means for achieving them. It would be advisable to think of a “political upgrade” of the council. The frequent participation of the Minister of Environment, its persuasion of other ministers to participate personally in the most important sessions, and some regular (yearly) participation of the President of the Republic would have the merit of bringing the council to a higher level of visibility and effectiveness as an advisory body to be attentively heard and followed.	6	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-4-en	d0f56c77d81e6377059404da14bab643	In SIDS with more diverse economies that are less dependent on tourism, the proportion of foreign workers may not be so high. As data from other SIDS are very limited, the assumption is that most SIDS employ more foreign workers when mass tourism and the all-inclusive market dominates the sector, rather than other forms of tourism. Figure 1.6 shows the number of people employed across all accommodation types in Jamaica (2009 and 2010).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2016-21-en	d0f5f1f602c2c4735f38883f5cecef16	Stunting prevalence is high at around 50% in Papua New Guinea, while it is below 10% in Hong Kong, China; Singapore; Fiji and China (Figure 2.9, left panel). As for wasting, if there is no severe food shortage, the prevalence is usually below 5% even in poor countries, but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as India, Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh (Figure 2.9, right panel). On average, the stunting and wasting prevalence across Asian countries was 28% and 8% respectively. In order to reduce under age 5 mortality, countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns, children and their mothers during and after pregnancy (see indicator “Infant and child health” in Chapter 3) but also to promote optimal feeding practice (see indicator “Infant and young child feeding” in Chapter 2).	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	d0f9a008c09ff9916a89c203a0cc18ae	In 2009, the Kazak government launched a new initiative called the ‘Road Map’ aimed at addressing rising unemployment, raising the purchasing power of the population, slowing down internal migration and improving core services (Gavrilovic, et al. The central focus of the programme was job creation through a combination of public works and vocational training. The programme created 252,277 jobs according to a report from the ADB (2009, cited in Gavrilovic et al.,	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	d0f9c7bc6f76bc082e56165b7c8317f9	The effect is larger still in Italy, where at a participation rate of only 42%, an unemployment ratio of 10% translates into an unemployment rate of 24%. When comparing joblessness across countries or over time, it should be considered that higher unemployment rates may reflect both a higher incidence of joblessness but also a lower participation rate at given levels of joblessness. Trajectories are constructed from the raw data as ‘chains’ of activity states over the observation period, with each sequence consisting of 48 monthly activity states. Four types of activities are distinguished: in work, in education, NEET unemployed, and NEET inactive.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	d0fb9bdff20ffa05ad040650896f36db	Chile’s Prototypes of Social Innovation programme issues calls for innovative solutions to local challenges on an online open innovation platform. Candidates present their ideas on the platform, where they interact with mentors and local communities in order to develop and improve their ideas. Final proposals are submitted for funding and the best solutions are selected.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d00508a-en	d0fd922593db4a421ed07767647b2b07	The Water Convention fosters sustainable management of shared water resources through stable and predictable cooperation. An important obligation for Parties to achieve the Convention’s aims is to carry out. Indeed, accurate assessments of the status of water resources, and the nature and magnitude of water problems, are essential for preparing proper policy actions at the local, national and transboundary levels.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264254596-13-en	d0ff44d9459b5e5ef972878c70a88dfd	Overall, it is also characterised by high fragmentation and low co-ordination as well as slow' planning and delivery' performances relative to a dynamic economic and social context. The elements included in this section combine considerations on the causes of inefficiencies and drivers for possible change and describe initiatives that the government has recently undertaken or is currently considering to address the challenges. These two acts also regulate the process for applying for and issuing construction permits (Box 9.8 below').	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	d0ff7720b426c62088f07706183e0ef2	Some, however, state whether the wells have pumps, which enables application of the criterion of the necessary effort to obtain water (per the international standard). As in the case of water sources, a usual practice in the evaluation of improved sanitation is consideration of the features of the surroundings. For example, in some rural settings, households, irrespective of their poverty status, would not have access to a sewerage system or to mains water. Households in urban areas are deemed not to suffer deprivation if they have sanitation systems for removal of waste into a sewerage system or a well with a septic tank.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	d0fffe14e57b4ab73071bd688dd5b732	Lastly, the adjusted deprivation headcount (Mo) is designed to capture both the incidence and the depth of deprivation, and is calculated by multiplying the headcount with the average intensity (Mo=H *A). These indices are calculated following the Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology, and are useful as summary statistics. In this report the results of the add-on consumption module are used and are analysed against nationally-set poverty lines measuring food and overall consumption poverty experienced by children. In addition, various analyses are made comparing the experience of child monetary poverty with (multidimensional) deprivation. Moreover, the analysis can be complemented by further research, as is done with the regression-based analysis and simulation provided at the end of this report.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bdcc82f9-en	d10a2cb9b5cea15c953602784ca73207	In this chapter, we review the effectiveness of social protection interventions in reducing poverty, raising food consumption and diversifying diets. We review a broad range of social protection measures, with the main focus on social assistance interventions targeted at poor households, rather than other social protection measures. The majority of these people are in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where social protection coverage is widespread. Far fewer people are protected in sub-Saharan Africa, where coverage is lower and less than 1 percent of the population moves out of poverty each year as a result of social protection transfers.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	d10a6c5a0385e78b44f094c3786269db	Pharmaceutical companies do not always seek patent protection in every country, due to, inter alia, a perceived lack of market size. Therefore, it is possible that in some countries, despite the existence of a national patent law, certain pharmaceutical substances remain off-patent and may be freely used, made and imported in that country. Should the original inventor change his/her mind seek patent protection at a later point, the application would be rejected for lack of novelty if the substance at issue has been made available to the public prior to the filing of the patent application.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	d10e600d96a2044d1c0d5ebb091840f9	This measure is likely to have had a small negative effect on youth employment, as only around 4.5% of workers aged between 15-21 years old were receiving compensation at or close to the youth minimum wage (Czech Statistical Office, 2012; Laporsek, 2013). In addition, the largest and most influential trade union, the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions (CMKOS) also makes regular recommendations on wage increases based on its inflation forecast and expected economic developments. Vacancies dropped and the unemployment rate rose to historically high levels, affecting disproportionately low-skilled workers and youth (Figure 2.3, panels A, B and C; OECD, 2013b). The youth unemployment rate (15-24 years old) rose to 20% in 2012, against a national average of 7%.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	d10eceb846ed80a20890a5bc78a0d2a6	All cowsheds must be covered in the winter (rainy) season, so that rain does not wash the manure into the lake. Food and water for cattle are located away from streams in all watershed pastures. Bacteriological standards, tightened in 1989, state that water is unfit for drinking if it contains more than three coliform microbes and/or one faecal coliform per 100 millilitres (ml).	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	d1119079a1b54c66701ea99a2b86944d	In Nepal, the situation is reversed where coverage is strong but affordability remains a challenge. Rwanda fares well in both overage and affordability but its secondary school enrolment is low. Bhutan is performing well in all areas and with just slight improvements in coverage and school enrollment its performance would rise to high levels.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	d111d192f579aea042c3a7958d4d8a3f	As highlighted in Chapter 1, 25% of lung cancer deaths and about 17% of respiratory infection deaths in 2012 can be attributed to exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (WHO, 2014). E-bikes and e-scooters have clear advantages in urban settings where they facilitate fast and energy-efficient transport while avoiding air and noise pollution. This approach is not only fiscally responsible in that it pre-empts costs associated with expanding use of cars, but also environmentally responsible, contributing to de-carbonising transport.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	d115b30bfe0d5b91b076550c232def3a	Conflict may also prevent families from allowing girls to attend school, since travelling to a distant school during periods of insecurity is viewed as more dangerous for girls than for boys. Hence, in some indigenous communities, the levels of illiteracy among girls remain high, as do their dropout and failure rates. There are still residential schools in parts of English-speaking Africa. The long distance between village communities and secondary schools often render those schools inaccessible to students, including indigenous students, which is why many students drop out of school after completing the primary level.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	d1178ad5d18968f128e99df47ef42d99	The National Development Plan for 2015/2018 rightly sees education as a key means to turn these negative trends around and put the country back on the path of strong, inclusive growth. These huge steps forward in expanding access need to be matched by an equally strong push to improve education outcomes. Learning achievement, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), is low, with the result that too many young Costa Rican’s leave school with inadequate preparation for work and further learning. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds and regions are the most likely to lack basic skills, contributing to widening income disparities and labour market duality'.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225442-26-en	d1181b4398d29d14b1235cb2d0cd02cc	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries' educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	d11a56f2ea272a063cb30af006464afc	"In Zambia, the Kalomo Social Cash Transfer contributed to achieve interesting results in terms of school enrolment, with rates increasing by 3 per cent (GTZ, 2007). With respect to CCTs, in their review of the evidence Fizbein and Schady (2009:129) report quite significantly that""(..) virtually every programme that has had a credible evaluation has found a positive effect on school enrolment"". The impact differs however by age group of children whereas in middle income countries with high primary enrolment rates, the larger impact is often on secondary school (ILO, 2010)."	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/outlook-2016-12-en	d11a5e2155faf5cc9fa2593a8be97c34	In nominal terms, average fish prices are all expected to decline in the first part of the projection period before recovering in the last five years of the outlook period. In 2025, average producer prices are projected to be slightly higher than during the 2013-15 base period, as demand growth is expected to outpace supply. However, the average prices for traded products for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil are projected to be slightly lower in 2025 relative to the base period.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	d11bc93dbb5bf6fb4657a87110e1338e	For example, the experience since the elimination of the international quota regime on textiles and clothing suggests that poverty reduction through labour-intensive exports is not sustainable without the development of backward linkages. In some African countries, clothing exports have been wiped out by competition from backwardly integrated countries like Pakistan engaged in domestic cotton and textile production and those countries that have built up labour skills in specific areas, like Sri Lanka with its advantage in producing womens undergarments (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2007; United Nations, 2006b). When social protection mechanisms are inadequate, such negative downturns can increase poverty sharply. These surges often inflate domestic asset price bubbles, which may then burst thereby causing sudden capital outflows. Capital-account convertibility has also limited the macroeconomic policy space for counteracting such booms and busts. For example, sharp currency depreciation brought about by the sudden outflow of capital in relatively undiversified economies can be contractionary, raising the costs of imported basic foods and medicine and pushing them beyond the reach of the poor.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	d11f8d33c5d838ee8172fbdb31e38788	Frongillo, E., et al.. Questionnaire-based measures are valid for the identification of rural households with hunger and food insecurity. Journal of Nutrition, 1997.127: p. 699-705. Gulliford, M., D. Mahabir, and B. Rocke, Food insecurity, food choices, and body mass index in adults: nutrition transition in Trinidad and Tobago.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/d0196687-en	d1202ae1542f21285a2ee8b173d3ed9a	Much of the investment is intended to contribute towards the use of renewable energy. Policies and measures within the region identify the need to create stronger power systems that take advantage of domestic energy resources, while also increasing grid capacity and resiliency. Resources being tapped for generation are numerous, though solar and wind power dominate recent developments in the sector because of broad availability of resources, rapid deployment timelines, low environmental impacts and increasingly affordable technology prices. In urban areas, rooftop systems have the advantage of locating generation supply at the demand centre. For residential, commercial or industrial consumers who are also suppliers, those systems can offer the benefit of avoided costs of electricity, and, depending on local policy frameworks, revenue from power sales to the grid. As an example, power market liberalization in Japan along with its feed-in tariff system has created a boom in small-scale solar power producers, which include individuals and small businesses.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	d1207bc2a517def5073fab2e91f833ce	This challenge has been recognised by MoES in its policy analysis and planning. School characteristics such as location and school size are taken into account for the calculation of the student basket, thus small schools in rural areas receive higher per pupil funding than their urban counterparts. However, socioeconomic disadvantage per se is not an element in the student basket methodology, and the OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania recommended assigning weights in the student basket methodology to socio-economically disadvantaged students (Shewbridge et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	d120e224a491285c5aaabf749853e162	"Across much of the Circumpolar North, Indigenous peoples had common experiences within education systems based on ""Western"" ways of teaching, learning and knowledge and operating with the intent of assimilation. Now, across the North and elsewhere, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, Indigenous peoples are working to create Indigenous-controlled education systems based not on the Western form of schooling imposed on them for the past century (or longer) but rather based on Indigenous epistemologies and worldviews. In some circumpolar regions, these efforts are happening alongside the dominant Western education system, while in others, the Western systems are being replaced entirely."	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	d125b9e99347dc36e9bf586337c672c5	Assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature, size and distribution of any improvements. The investment may be expensive over the long term, while in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from new policies, especially given the time lags between implementation and effect. Teachers also tend to command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally view their children's school and its teachers positively.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	d127bec69769dd9161ff03748b40b707	"Finally, redundancy is about spare facilities that compensate for the failing of other infrastructure. The bicycling era has not lasted too long, as especially in North America the automobile revolution starting at the beginning of the 20m century made the car a favoured form of transportation whether urban or sub-urban, while the bicycle become predominantly a children toy or means for pass-time. The situation looks different in developing countries, in particular, in Africa and Asia, where walking and cycling continuous to be the dominant form of mobility .This however is largely not by choice, but rather driven by lackof affordable and accessible alternatives, with many pedestrians and cyclist belonging to lower income groups2'. People pay a low tee to use the bicycles from one of the many bicycle parking stations located in the city and they can return them to any station they wish. "" Freedom bikes"" in Paris fill the streets, proving more popular than anticipated."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	d1296a37eda425bfdcd34022ef9ef61e	There are only a few examples where such instruments have been used for water sector projects, as briefly summarised below. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has provided Partial Credit Guarantees (PCGs) to the City of Johannesburg in South Africa (Box 2.2) or to the Tlalnepantla water project in Mexico (Box 3.11). In both cases, an interesting feature of these PCGs is that they were provided for debt instruments denominated in local currency. This can be done only in countries where IFIs can borrow in local currency so as to be able to hedge the currency risk.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591264-5-en	d12d4653813ba9dc332252c5857c1bf0	Over the last fifty years, diversification as an approach for buttressing Dominica's production and services sector has been emphasised. In 1834, some charitable funds were used for the education of the liberated slaves, the goal being to afford them elementary education, as well as training for native teachers (Honychurch, 1995). The Mico Charity was non-denominational but did much work in Catholic islands like Dominica.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	d12eb432068bfab2cbe81e4d79771db0	Implementation in practice is hindered by fragmented distribution of powers and funds. The initiative led by the then Ministry of Security and Public Administration (restructured in 2014) aimed at increasing traffic safety and especially at reducing fatalities. A study, jointly conducted by the Ministry and the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI), found significant improvements in traffic safety. The study measured the number of people that were injured or died in accidents both before and after the installation of the roundabouts. Compared to the year before the installation, fatalities and severe injures dropped by more than 50% (Table 2.4). The installation of the 192 roundabouts meant that 4 lives were saved and 78 serious injuries - injuries requiring more than three weeks of hospitalisation - were prevented.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dd581311-en	d12fdc793b8c240e0e12f1feda6042d3	The reduction was particularly marked in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (from 29.0% to 19.5%), despite the fact that this country recorded the highest inflation in the region. The rise in food prices slowed although not as sharply as in the case of other products. As a result, food price inflation was higher than headline inflation in 15 countries, notably Chile, Dominican Republic and Mexico.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	d131613f0bc3afd0457a37289b5fb98b	In other countries, mainly in East Asia and Eastern Europe, fertility rates have fallen well below replacement-level fertility of roughly 2 children per woman. However, the population is not yet declining in most of those countries, owing to population momentum, except in countries such as Japan that are most advanced in the demographic transition (Fischer, 2014). During the period from 2005 to 2010, the 75 countries with below-replacement fertility made up 48 per cent of the world's population (United Nations, 2013c).	5	6	2	0.5
10.6027/048348bd-en	d1328bdcf218414426e472d8486c4f10	Hence, to include water use in this model, data for these 150 industries on water use has to be at hand. Until recently, such figures have not been available and water has been excluded from the analyses on the interactions between the Finnish economy and the environment performed by using this model (e.g., Koskela et al. In the international scientific literature, modelled data, prone to errors and inconsistencies of an unknown level, are almost exclusively used for the water-related input-output analyses (e.g., Steen-Olsen etal.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	d1362d57c231143e6d9243967c20b8a3	Financing is available to borrowers up to a maximum amount equivalent to US$5,000 for a five-year period. The current uptake of these microloans remains very low. The Government considers the export of electricity as a major driver for economic growth and foreign exchange earnings. The Government plans the construction of Rogun HPP, rehabilitation of Nurek HPP, construction of a number of SHPPs, completion of Dushanbe-2 CHP plant, an increase in coal production, reduction of electricity losses and construction of domestic power transmission lines, alongside CASA-1000 for the export of surplus electricity in the summer. Exports create both an opportunity and a risk. In the long term, beyond 2025, further additions to summer generation could encounter challenges in finding export routes.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	d1367b3c88f29a6bc4359fe0c1bda9e1	Responsibility for secondary care has been transferred from counties to five regions, with populations ranging from 600 000 to 1.5 million. Some responsibilities concerning health promotion, prevention and rehabilitation are transferred from counties to municipalities, which have to sign co-ordination agreements with regions to specify the division of tasks and information channels. The National Board of Health has provided obligatory guidelines for hospital planning.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	d138c834b7bc5dd9e2ac7c3a30f9c59b	However, the majority of private expenditure on pre-primary education comes from households via parental fees. However, in Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Iceland, Israel and Japan, more than 9% of all private funding comes from other private entities (e.g. private businesses and non-profit organisations, religious organisations, charitable organisations, and business and labour associations). In these countries, encouraging private foundations and community engagement to support ECEC centres is increasingly seen as an important policy lever and a potential source of additional resources. This type of funding can act as a “connector” between families and ECEC services, as well as other services for children; a “social network” to support parents in reducing stress and making smart choices, especially for disadvantaged families; and an “environment” to promote social cohesion. However, some foundations may also contribute to the financing of ECEC settings.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/24485d89-en	d139c470c93c2ccb5413d6f34fa8d56d	There can also be large variations in the homicide levels reported for the same country from different sources. Such a classification should not be aimed at standardizing national penal legislation but rather at defining and classifying offences in a uniform way purely for statistical purposes. This work is currently under way as mandated by the Statistical Commission and led by UNODC.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	d13a0f2fa586e15da7d60064e09aa609	The character of the basin ranges from mountain terrain, with an elevation from 2,200 to 2,700 m a.s.l., Also the protected areas of Ghare Boulagh wetland. Sari Su wetland, Eshgh Abad wetland and Siah Baz wetland are located in the Iranian pan. Some 28% ofTurkey’s territory in the basin is cropland (20% of it irrigated).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	d13cfe3861e51eeba6a1d602ac615625	Local officials understand the need to work with their counterparts in nearby municipalities, counties, and states, to maintain and improve the region’s transportation infrastructure and services. Each MPO is responsible for engaging in integrated planning in the areas of transportation, housing, land use, open space, and economic development within their state-mandated metropolitan jurisdiction and has recently been engaged in developing metropolitan plans. The expertise of institutions like CMAP, NIRPC, SEWRPC and the other metropolitan planning organisations responsible for regional transportation planning will be essential - all the more so, given these institutions’ ability to engage in long-term planning for the range of social, economic and environmental issues that will determine the region’s long-term viability and attractiveness.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	d13e53e1a50baecc5694092245713fb4	The material included raw images that officials within the Ministry of Home Affairs and other relevant national institutions could use to perform their own analysis and create mapping products. In India, for example, following cyclone I ludhud in 2014, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh used geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and remote sensing technologies to assess damage and upload information onto a satellite map using geo-tagging. The system automatically calculates the expected damage value and dramatically reduces the time for damage assessment.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264227293-6-en	d1403008f058fe1836a8f947c92a6f3b	Since it does not receive general budget funding, INFONAVIT does not require periodic appropriations from federal ministries or Congress. While subject to some oversight by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit INFONAVIT has considerable flexibility in setting its own priorities. For the first 30 years of its existence, virtually the only source of funding for these operations was the funds in housing accounts. Thus, historically it has had no obligation to pay competitive returns on housing accounts to obtain its funds or to maintain the confidence of those supplying funds, for, unlike depositors in a mortgage banks, the holders of housing accounts have no right to withdraw their funds.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	d1412f4b997281e2b2134de1a887f683	However, care must be taken that school self-evaluation is not designed and interpreted as a mere routine bureaucratic obligation. For that reason, self-evaluation must be organised so that it is comparable between school units and so that it can be validated and supplemented by external evaluation. This would facilitate using the self-evaluation results as a basis for establishing greater accountability for schools and their managers, so that ultimately schools may be granted more autonomy and may assume greater management responsibilities.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	d141960bbccf01f083f15683c4cf59b6	The inauguration of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Programme on AfT at the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial was widely hailed as the creation of a permanent policy link between the aid and trade debates, which (apart from the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP)-European Union (EU) process) had previously been conducted largely in isolation from one another. The creation of the AfT programme was particularly welcomed by developing countries, which had been calling for aid flows to build supply-side capacity and bridge gaps in export growth with more developed economies. The link between aid and trade was particularly seen as beneficial for the small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) and least developed countries (LDCs), as a means to overcome their relative isolation and narrow engagement with the global trading economy, and their vulnerability to sudden changes in revenue and welfare resulting from trade policy shifts at home and abroad.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213159-8-en	d142d67c26f95afc79e197398ae9c131	In 1981, an Advisory Council for Industrial Policy (the so-called Wagner Committee) was asked to develop a new, future-oriented industrial policy. This “independent committee was to have a large influence on transforming traditional industrial policy into innovation- and market-oriented policy” (Boekholt and den Hertog, 2005).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	d1448842907460e3825566546918a4f5	Due to the larger amount of field trial survey material in TALIS 2018, a rotated questionnaire design was implemented that required a sample size per country' of 600 teachers and 30 principals from 30 sampled schools for the ISCED level 2 core and each international option. Each participant was required to run this field trial, including administering all agreed upon language versions according to standardised procedures. Technical standards and corresponding quality control measures based on those implemented in TALIS 2013 were in place to ensure that the 2018 study implementation yields data comparable with the 2013 data.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	d146e05bb63bad188cbb8f3fd8420f9c	As a sitting Austin City Council member, Brewster McCracken was able to rally key players around the idea of positioning Austin as a smart grid leader. In particular, he was able to call upon Austin Energy, the city’s municipally owned utility, to participate in the effort and act as a test laboratory for the technologies and business processes being explored. Another reason for the project’s success is that it is an explicitly collaborative effort that is most closely associated with the University of Texas and the Austin Technology Incubator, rather than the City of Austin.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200449-17-en	d1480133a1e1dad7ae2deb015f4e8c0d	These plans are prepared in co-operation between different institutions, ensuring better communications and clarity of roles and responsibilities, iuiuuisisemimsteerium.ee/29960. Estonia adopted the requirements of the EU Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of the flood risk in November 2009. Various projects with a transboundary component include: BaltAdapt, iuiviu.baltadapt.eu; BaltClim, www.bef-de.org/unsere-themen-en/ projects/baltclim; BaltCICA, iuiuw.baltcica.org.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	d1487268b770e8ae5f0d03c74f6b33eb	As the main sufferers from continued climatic deterioration, LDCs have a natural authority in trying to broker an agreement between the main remitters. It may not be worth jeopardising this role by insisting on a compensation agenda which is unlikely to be realised. However, even here there are severe limits.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	d14d004efd1dae2da05d8d1c9ce4e425	This is comparable to the G7 and OECD average, but is significantly higher than in France where the 20% heaviest drinkers consume only about half of all alcohol (OECD, 2015). Data for Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States are for 2012 rather than 2013. Despite a decrease in the suicide rate in 2012, which based on estimated data from the Korean authorities continued in 2013 moving from 29.1 per 100 000 population in 2012 to 28.7 in 2013 (Korean Ministry of Health, 2016), suicide remains one of the major causes of death among teenagers in Korea.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	d14e9ccd7c4651e04b7b51943e847f46	The partnership has emphasised the importance of country strategies for aligning climate finance with domestic resources and development objectives (OECD, 2015h). Bringing the climate and development agendas together can also reduce competition for resources and minimise the risk of resources being taken from one agenda to meet another. This this is an opportunity for countries to shape their own priorities, to capture common themes, to avoid inconsistencies, and to maximise synergies between the SDGs. Then, the extent to which this is possible will depend on leadership at the highest levels of government, as well as the availability of human and financial capacity at the country level.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264113695-en	d15095630161b3538796e3143751cc5f	Grundsatze und Umsetzung in den Kantonen, BBT, Bern. Identifying alternatives that work is not an easy task. In Germany for instance, a ‘transition system’ to take care of low performing students at rsik of dropping out of education has developed into an intransparent ‘jungle’ of unrelated measures that often do not even lead to transition. The OECD Policy Review of Germany has criticised this arrangement as costly and inefficient (Hoeckel and Schwartz, forthcoming).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	d150abf1491d712fe59bee82bb375384	The goal is to create at least 100,000 direct jobs by 2015, mainly for women. This example illustrates a non-grid solution to clean energy for the poor, especially powerful because: (i) it is a commercial and microfinance-driven initiative, and (ii) it substitutes kerosene (the usual lighting fuel, held responsible for respiratory diseases) with PV- and biogas-generated electricity. A number of challenges abound. One challenge is the “perverse” pressure of shareholder-value-driven management approaches and unrealistic profit expectations caused by the financialization of non-financial entities.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d91c28bf-en	d150cacd5d23c4ee45ce780a913ef339	In short, ICT infrastructure and connectivity should not be seen as isolated developmental challenges, but should be integrated with human capacity development and the wider infrastructure landscape.1 The second element of the system illustrated in figure V.1 concerns enterprises and enterprise development. As described in earlier chapters, enterprises in developing countries vary enormously in scale, character and economic impact. They range from large-scale production and service businesses, tightly linked into global trading networks, to the micro-enterprises of the poor.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	d153e24397ebaf7c6f67b6b7f2ec3455	While health care policy appears to be evolving rapidly to resolve a number of important issues discussed in this chapter, longer-term success will depend on how easily a competitive model can be introduced into health care and insurance systems and sustained over time. This text identified a number of key problems of health care provision at all levels of the system. In an important shift in approach, the “Concept” set key goals to be reached by 2020 as well as intermediate timing of individual policy areas.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/520b80a5-en	d156f5f9b75445af1da6eadfac1dfd6d	The jobless rate in Spain in the last three months of 2012 rose to 26%, or 5.97 million people, the highest level since the mid-1970s, due to the country’s prolonged recession and deep spending cuts. Youth unemployment surged to 55%. The unemployment rate in Greece also increased in the final quarter of 2012 to more than 26.8%, the highest level in the European Union, with youth unemployment edging towards 60%.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	d1619ebfa8150cb7b34cc183d48f0cdf	Since the partnership was established, all 29 countries that comprise the region have joined. The formal structure for governance and operation of the partnership has been established. There is strong political commitment from heads of government of Caribbean member countries, especially the 15 CARICOM states, as well as solid support from leaders of regional and international organisations and institutions for the Partnership for the fight against HIV/AIDS.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	d1625321e5226bfb80d01d5a7e81e240	However, voluntary measures (e.g. payments to farmers to incentivise pollution reductions) have generally had limited success (Shortle and Horan, 2013), and regulatory measures to control diffuse water pollution are typically poorly enforced (Parris, 2012). There is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters (OECD, 2012, 2004) and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints (Shortle and Horan, 2013). Indeed voluntary codes of good practice have not proved able to remedy a problem that does not stem from a lack of information, but from the absence of internalisation of pollution costs (OECD, 2004).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	d1627c5fe058f25b523abf83b60b6961	They are neither monitored nor organised to voice their needs and concerns. The informality of irrigation units also limits their application for government funding, and complicates the oversight and monitoring role of CONAGUA and other institutions. The National Water Programme (2007-12) established a target to strengthen the organisational capacities of 10% of the 40 000 irrigation units formalising their legal status. This rather low (but already challenging) target reveals the complexity of addressing the issue.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	d162a9cf5728ed1c278d21e60ed4850b	Access, where granted, shall be on mutually agreed terms and subject to the provisions of this Article. Access to genetic resources shall be subject to prior informed consent of the Contracting Party providing such resources, unless otherwise determined by that Party. Each Contracting Party shall endeavour to develop and cany out scientific research based on genetic resources provided by other Contracting Parties with the full participation of, and where possible in, such Contracting Parties.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	d162f4ee0c3f5887c1c89a7aad142186	The third irrigation scenario is designed to test the effects of interaction between the irrigation efficiency and irrigation expansion scenarios. In addition, there are also international spill-over effects. World prices for maize and wheat are lower by 3% and 1% respectively compared to scenarios where the improved varieties are adopted only in the United States, and by 4% and 2% respectively when adopted throughout the OECD (Figure 13). For those regions that are currently battling water stress, e.g. the Mediterranean, irrigation efficiency measures contribute to improved yields on the order of between 3% and 5% in irrigated areas growing mainly maize and vegetables.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	d1659f7e69481fdde01f18caa0581bad	Fruits and vegetables in particular, have clear advantages for Chihuahua. They are crops where labour can be effectively substituted for capital, and they are crops where high efficiency drip irrigation systems can be applied successfully. Thus employment is expanded and a major environmental problem is reduced.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	d165d19582fcbd219ca5743e2ca2a8e0	Export revenues of forest resources amounted to over USD 100 million in some developing countries, such as Liberia (Republic of Liberia, 2006), and more than 10% of export earnings in countries such as Cameroon and the Central Republic of Congo (OECD, 2008 citing Lebedys, 2004; World Bank, 2004). Seafood exports from Africa into the European Union are worth over USD 1.75 billion a year and are Africa’s largest food export product (OECD, forthcoming a; PEP, 2006; OECD, 2008). Fisheries also provide employment for 47 million people in developing countries. Forestry provides formal employment for 10 million people and informal employment for 30-50 million, and can account for more than 10% of GDP in developing countries (OECD, 2012a citing OECD, 2008).	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d16af94096f6279a2d9849ec4a7a18fb	Additional fuel costs also result from lower thermal conversion efficiencies at reduced power levels. Finally, ramping load up and down adds to the wear and tear of equipment and implies higher operating costs, items that are summarised under the term “ramp costs”. Variable renewables increase the fluctuations that have to be managed by the system and therefore make balancing more difficult.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	d16d1e74dbdd24b2964f70d221b0748d	Les collaborations, alliances et fusions peuvent chercher a ameliorer la perfoimance academique, realiser des economies, ou aligner des activites institutionnelles aux besoins de la societe. Dans l’enseignement, la collaboration est moins frequente et reussit moins souvent que dans d'autres domaines d’activite institutionnelle, en grande partie du fait de l’autonomie et de Fisolement traditionnel des enseignants dans le superieur. La collaboration avec partenaires externes est de loin la plus frequente dans les domaines de la recherche et de la cooperation.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b656887e-en	d1711c0251fd914bbc3987d3cfff21ea	As a result, reliance on households as the basic unit of account remains integral to almost all published poverty statistics. In determining whether a given level of household economic resources is sufficient to meet basic needs or allow participation in society, the number of people in the household clearly needs to be taken into account. The simplest approach to dealing with this is to consider household income or consumption per capita. This is the method used in the World Bank's PPP$1.90/day and PPP$3.10/day poverty lines.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	d1731f96aafde5fdb99e12b9f4815283	This is not surprising against the background of the economic, cultural and political changes, but rather a normal part of the continuous change of society in general. Today families comprise married and unmarried parents who raise their children together or alone including stepparents, adoptive parents and foster-parents. They all have the sa m e right to protection and assistance even if they do not succeed in living together as a family. The expression 'diverse families’ encompasses, for example, single-parent families; families headed by women; intergenerational families including, among others, grandparents; families headed by children, such as orphans or street children; families comprising lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons; extended families; self-created and self-defined families; families without children; families of divorced persons; polygamous families; and non-tradi-tional families resulting from interreligious, intercommunity or inter-caste marriages. For example, the lACtHR has noted that.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	d176eefae53fa7010cb40aef4e29ca3a	This can involve the acceleration of land registration, the harmonisation of land legislation and the recognition and protection of customary land tenure. Access to a range of finance options enables farmers to manage price shocks, invest in innovations, and take advantage of market opportunities, export and domestic. In Myanmar, for example, of all sectors of the economy, farm households are the most underserved by the formal financial system (OECD, 2016).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/0ec26947-en	d177411207353cb54564e3eb67e48eac	"Accordingly, efficiency gains in supporting functions and administrative processes can be realised on treaty-level, as well as for local government- and company-levels. By deploying ""track & trace” functionalities, blockchain can uniquely identify and keep track of movements of physical or virtual goods. The tracing of tangible objects is often achieved by using hardware (e.g. near-field communication “NFC” chips), and intangible objects could be represented by certificates."	9	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	d17982fe826cf35a77d8fb1bf093f36a	Without evidence of additionality and a clear distinction between projects that would have occurred anyway under development programmes, it is challenging to assess whether the initiative has delivered incremental benefits to developing countries. When UNCTAD Secretary-General, Rubens Ricupero, called for Aid for Trade at the 2003 Cancun WTO meeting, he specified that trade assistance must be additional, ‘developing countries need aid for trade, and such aid must not come at the expense of aid for development’. The WTO Ministerial Declaration in Hong Kong also called for ‘appropriate mechanisms to secure additional financial resources for Aid for Trade’ [emphasis added] (WTO 2005).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	d17a6afba449e5c7711e446b0fb2ea10	When collecting further data from cities, the ITF will propose collecting travel durations in addition to distances. For a given user group, it is now possible to compute the total number of fatalities in crashes involving this given user group. In Bogota, Paris City and Inner London, the total number of vulnerable road users killed in collisions with cars is four to seven times higher than the number of car occupants killed in traffic.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	d17b3a700066f8ef42b8124d1afbf647	When instruction is narrowly focused on specific knowledge, skills and question formats test results become an increasingly misleading measure of student achievement (Hout and Elliott, 2011). This problem is often exacerbated when teachers perceive tests as high stakes as a result of incentive systems; it can also be caused inadvertently if tests are not updated frequently. For example, in Sweden the Year 5 standardised test is used over 2 successive years and teachers may inadvertently “teach to the test” in the second year leading to score inflation and reducing the validity of the results (Nusche, forthcoming). In Denmark, teaching to the test takes the form of increased focus on tested content areas and reduced focus on creative, innovative and oral skills (Wandall, 2010 cited in Shewbridge et al.,	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	d17dbc24f6db01e70bb9454bb45d5d26	Budget policy was tighter because of lower government revenue but the primary deficit still reached 9.3% of GDP in 2015. The current account deficit widened (with lower oil prices) from 2.6% of GDP in 2014 to 14.5% in 2015. Overall growth should be 4.2% in 2016 and 4.7% in 2017, driven by greater oil production from new wells and by robust transport and agriculture sectors.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	d17f1226cf4b46d41df126c400346466	Some of the River Basin Authorities integrate intra-regional stakeholders, others function inter-regionally, which increases the complexity and the risk for tension among the various stakeholders. They have been established mainly for hydrological issues (water scarcity, quantity and quality aspects), but are still rare for economic and financial information (tariffs, infrastructure financing, etc.) Source: OECD (2011), Water Governance in OECD Countries: A Multi-level Approach, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi: 10.1787/9789264119284-en. While the Strategic Environmental Evaluations (EAEs) are intended to take into account the impact of PRs and other regional plans on ecosystems, in practice, the EAEs have not yet had much effect on mitigating the potential impact of urban expansion on biodiversity.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	d1819817e10a259a6b64d45d645df22d	In fact, 16 of the 42 LDCs for which data are available had employment-to-population ratios of above 70 per cent during the period 2000-2012. The following countries had both high employment-to-population ratios (above 80 per cent) and a relatively high share of the population (above 75 per cent)12 living below the $2-per-day poverty line: Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Nepal, Rwanda and United Republic of Tanzania. In Asian LDCs and some island LDCs, women’s economic contribution may be constrained by social institutions and cultural norms.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	d181c211991faf97076a08c0f537619c	"As such, closing gender gaps must be a central part of any strategy to create more sustainable and inclusive economies and societies. In order to identify barriers to greater gender equality and build on its expertise in these areas, the OECD launched its “Gender Initiative” to help governments promote gender equality in education, employment and entrepreneurship (the “three Es"" - see Box 2.1). Greater education participation, from an early age onwards, provides better economic opportunities for women by raising the overall level of human capital and labour productivity. Mobilising hitherto underutilised labour supply and ensuring higher female employment will widen the base of taxpayers and contributors to social protection systems which will come under increasing pressure due to population ageing."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	d18438136bad54485f438f5313155c8d	For a complete and in-depth analysis of inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean, more light must be shed on the distribution and use of time by men and women. Social inequality in the region is strongly determined by the production matrix and ownership structure, as well as other structural determinants like the dominant gender system, which in turn intersects with factors such as life cycle stages, area of residence, ethnicity and race (ECLAC, 2016f).The analysis of inequality, its dimensions and how they interconnect is fundamental to the design of public policies that would allow society to achieve sustainable development and the Goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ECLAC, 2016c, 2016d). A transformative approach that incorporates the entire development agenda is needed to make real progress towards reducing inequality. This implies taking a number of steps that, in addition to eliminating discrimination and violence, increase the number of women with sufficient income of their own, shatter the glass ceiling, increase women's access to the labour market, make personal and work life compatible for men and women, and ensure that domestic care work is shared fairly, among other measures.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	d1874405610c4dc6296436b4d3d567b5	Subsequently, basic education may become popularized, so that even an unskilled worker may have to have some basic education. Similarly, it might have required someone to acquire only a basic education by today’s standards to be a skilled worker in the early phases of development, but subsequently it would require a person to receive a lot more education—often tertiary—in order to qualify as a skilled worker. First, earlier literature on development (Lewis, 1954; Sen, 1966) stressed the importance of rural surplus labour, meaning labour that produces a zero or close-to-zero agricultural marginal product.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	d1891dd1d03c8ebdfd2d67a8cfd01471	They have been variously combined in different frameworks, thus emphasising certain universal aspects of governance (Lockwood et al., It specifically addresses the issue of coherence and co-ordination of public action to achieve water policy outcomes, such as sustainability, efficiency, equity, rule of law, accountability and participation. It can therefore only provide a partial response to the ongoing water governance debates.	6	3	7	0.4
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	d189fef67b3daf3757a1d82fe008afb9	It was replaced with 2013 Resolution No. It regulates and supports the construction of new renewables projects. Under article 2, Submission of proposals relating to HPPs, there is no requirement for an initial EIA, neither is there a requirement for an initial assessment of social issues and risks which would enable the conduct of preliminary screening of projects. The lack of this assessment makes it impossible to identify the challenges and management response to proceed with a more detailed project investigation. Currently, there is no energy efficiency law in place.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	d18bf0142cc3ccad40df22f21ad3eb4a	Much of this trade takes place within the region. In the past, the region’s successful exporters of manufactured goods might have presumed that they essentially have litde to worry about when it comes to food. However, since 2000 there has been widening gap between unit values of manufactured goods and agricultural products.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	d18f2ed7d2963f9cef5740ec522bd97d	Examples are the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Finland, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as non-OECD countries like Morocco and Hinisia.) To be effective, this organisational framework requires strongly co-ordinated and coherent policy development and implementation. In addition, frameworks that combine gender equality with family and/or children’s affairs may risk confining women narrowly to their roles as mothers and caregivers. To oversee gender equality issues, others have independent commissions (Australia, Belgium, Israel, Luxembourg and New Zealand) and/or human rights commissions (Australia, Ireland, Mexico and New Zealand). A number of countries use “ombuds-offices” to oversee the implementation of gender initiatives and to keep gender concerns on the policy agenda (including the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Mexico, Norway, and Sweden). Such violations include issues of equal pay for equal work or equal access to education (OECD, 2008, describes measures against labour market discrimination in greater detail).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	d18f411d0e8d2cf50aa079b332bb6e2c	Strategies for women’s economic empowerment have to be cognizant of differences in women’s experiences, needs and priorities. There are strong developmental rationales for enhancing women’s access to a range of economic and financial resources. One set of rationales revolves around the implications of women’s access to resources for the welfare of their children.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	d191abab9f1de8d249a5a6fced5b5260	Consequently, renewables also will have to play an increasing role to balance the network during low load situations. Figure 16 shows this issue with a modelled load duration curve corresponding to 80% of renewables in an isolated balancing area. During periods with low load or excess generation, wind and solar will probably have to reduce their output to maintain network security. As more wind and more solar power plants are coming on line, granting them priority dispatch only constrained by security of supply reasons may become highly uneconomical.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	d191ada5d9eaf0e8413601efc3ebd45f	Finally, there is a need to address discriminatory laws, such as labour laws that limit the maximum amount of part-time work and family laws that limit decision-making power and/or the land rights of female family members. An example includes adequate parental and child-related benefits, such as parental leave that is fully funded by the Government14 and for which a component must be used by male parents. Another example is taxation frameworks that encourage mothers to work by reducing the net tax liability, such as taxing individual income rather than family income and tax-deductible childcare payments (Elborgh-Woytek and others, 2013).	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/daadf51f-en	d194709fb722dfa15f62202270c79313	In Austria's Styria state, children above age 15 not deemed ready for secondary school are not entitled to attend and, after assessment, are transferred to special courses. Some countries separate students with lower academic ability, often those with immigrant backgrounds, into less demanding tracks, which compromises subsequent opportunities. Moroccan and Turkish second-generation immigrant students in Amsterdam were five time as likely as natives to enter lower secondary vocational tracks at age 12.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	d19a49c0d7cf1620551d3e00c4e81fe7	The increase in impermeable surfaces of concrete and tarmac puts too great a strain on the drainage systems, which are governed by many separate entities, including water and sewerage companies, the London boroughs, Transport for London, the Highways Agency and private landowners. This fragmentation of responsibility and recognition of the short-term risk of surface water flooding encouraged the Mayor to bring together key stakeholders to mitigate the risk.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	d19c06b49ae7dd55194b6554617d89c8	Consultation procedures have been strengthened; the EPA, the DoEHLG and the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (DoCENR) are the statutory environmental authorities that need to be consulted during assessment. However, as in many countries, there is little evidence concerning the influence of SEA on decisionmaking or on environmental quality and overall sustainability of plans (Scott, 2005). In line with the directive, Irish SEA focuses on environmental sustainability rather than on sustainable development, and is not integrated in a wider sustainability appraisal as in the United Kingdom. It should assess all impacts of a proposal, including environmental and unintentional ones, and allow for stakeholder consultation.9 Some 74 RIAs were produced between June 2005 and February 2008, and more than 800 officials underwent training to do RIA, leading to a significant increase in quality.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	d19c375bf15600cca426a7a3b38af0a6	In London, such cameras are now being used to enforce 20 mph (30 km/h) zones. So drivers have not just been scared into compliance, they have been persuaded to do so. That, no doubt, helps to explain the general improvement in compliance which extends far beyond the well-publicised sites of speed cameras.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	d19cf380037ce9a00a6014e2b0c9dda2	They also have a direct impact on women's ability to access and control resources. Some of these countries - including Morocco, the Republic of Korea and Turkey— began the period with extensive discriminatory provisions, but have since advanced significantly towards more gender-equal family laws. However, as of 2005, eight countries—Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia— had maintained highly discriminatory laws that, for example, endorse men's authority over women in marriage, give men greater rights over property and limit women's ability to file for divorce.15 These countries span different regions but all apply a conservative interpretation of Islamic family law. Minor reforms of the family law took place in 1993, but major changes were resisted.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	d19d073bdae14aac697c9507029bc0f1	Limited financial resources and lack of supportive infrastructure are expected to hinder rapid adoption and deployment of electric vehicles in the Commonwealth Pacific small states. As Fiji is the major regional petroleum distribution hub in the Pacific, where fuel is bunkered before being transported on smaller ships to other countries, a change of fuel standards in Fiji would influence outcomes in downstream countries. Fiji currently uses Euro 2 standard fuel (Australia is on Euro 5 and 6) but could reduce emissions by raising the standard to Euro 4. Euro 5 is likely to be cost prohibitive at this stage as it requires the use of diesel particulate filters.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	d1a43f4fefe1d9928bea30ec1b35d9c1	Australia stands out as the only country where a small part-time wage premium is found for female workers. While the wages of temporary workers increase with age and skill level, they grow more slowly than those of standard workers. As a result, the wage differences between temporary and standard workers tend to widen with age or skill. This implies that years of labour market experience may not be valued in the same way for temporary workers as for standard workers. Having a higher education level does not eliminate the wage disadvantage faced by temporary workers. In most countries, those with a university degree are still at a considerable wage disadvantage compared with peers in standard work.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	d1a58634531916f4a9c6347441fb0916	The Norwegian coast guard makes nearly 2 000 at-sea inspections every year, compared with the Norwegian fishing fleet of over 6 000 vessels, not to mention foreign vessels fishing in Norwegian waters. As is the case for most countries, Norwegian law allows Norwegian vessels to fish only in areas which are subject to some national regulation or to a regional management scheme in which Norway participates. The success of all these efforts at conservation depends strongly on enforcement.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	d1a5fa67819a3711d680aa782ab9259f	An individual DAP has a regular duration of six years while the DAP-legal person (issued to formal groups that have at least 70 percent of their members with a DAP) lasts for only one year. In August 2014, there were 5 073 215 active DAPs for private individuals, and 2 900 for legal entities. The incomes of PAA participants in the northeast of Brazil were three times greater than for non-participants (Sparovek, eta/., 2007).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	d1ae95bd90de9e2271008fad66148f45	Though amounts to the South and Central Asia region declined by USD 1.2 billion, Far East Asia increased by USD 5.1 billion, mainly due to major commitments to Indonesia (energy) and the Philippines (transport and storage). It should be noted, however, that allocations to Asia fluctuate significantly from one year to the other. In general, this is caused by large biennial commitments from Japan and the ADB towards economic infrastructure.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d1aea8305872259c361def65e8badc2e	For a unit with a production cost of EUR 40/MWh, load modulation would have increased the operating profit by 76% in comparison to a unit operated in a baseload mode. Load modulation allows those plants to be profitable even when average electricity prices fall below their production cost. The corresponding figure for a variable production cost of EUR 15/MWh is approximately 1%.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	d1b095ded1948f0649504bf162918ba8	Public-private partnerships (PPPs) could help meet the growing demand for quality seeds and could be supported by regulations governing the introduction of such seeds. Chemical nutrient application in Myanmar is about 10% of the South Asia regional average and less than 7% of that of Viet Nam. Low fertiliser use is due particularly to limited access to seasonal credit and the relatively high level of adulterated fertilisers on sale.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-5-en	d1b0db605874ccc5f44079b1a17221d0	Many health indicators have improved and Costa Rica today enjoys the second highest life expectancy among countries in the western hemisphere. Health care insurance reached 95% of the population in 2014. Very low levels of catastrophic health expenditure have been achieved, although out-of-pocket payments, as a share of total national health expenditure, exceed the OECD average.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	d1b18ef40ae6d83bca4b72995406a656	The median salaries of women remain lower than those of men, which may also reflect the philosophy of the male “breadwinner” model. There are also many important remaining gaps in domestic labour legislation, including workers’ protection, work areas and night work provisions. In addition, in most MENA countries, the employer has to cover the direct and indirect costs of maternity leave, w'hich may result in discriminatory attitudes for employing women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/76afd318-en	d1b375054bc64d034c5e525e3a21be1b	In 2010, women’s labour force participation rates remain below 30 per cent in Northern Africa and Western Asia; below 40 per cent in Southern Asia; and below 50 per cent in the Caribbean and Central America. The gap between participation rates of women and men has narrowed slightly in the last 20 years but remains considerable. The smallest gender gaps are in the early adult years and the widest in the prime working ages. In the more developed economies, the labour force - especially the female labour force - is employed predominantly in services.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	d1b5d5920fdf48dde11efdede9a03b7a	This does not signal a return to a complete reliance on the market as in the 1980s and 1990s but a better balance between the contributions that come through interventions by the State or through the market. They are important because they constitute, in many respects, a challenge to many of the premises underlying the poverty eradication efforts that became mainstream in the early 2000s. They call for caution where the MDGs demand acceleration. They call for attention to process where the MDGs demand results.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d1b8fd7ab383bcaf274a17ba105ade13	There is emerging evidence that, for innovations in health systems to be sustainable, close collaboration and partnership with the subnational health systems are highly crucial. Maternal health in Africa is a primary health care handled mostly at the local or provincial level. Such innovations should be fully institutionalized, operationalized and driven by local health workers and their institutions.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	d1bb2ff9090c01b4471c04ecc4438ef6	Data from France, Poland and Switzerland are obtained from representative surveys of new enterprises. They are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by the gender of the sole proprietor. The dataset is produced by the OECD on the basis of data provided by Bureau Van Dijk Publishing.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	d1bc81b854f74f3171b0412dedb0a00b	However, half of lifetime mental health problems (excluding dementia) begin to emerge by age 14 and three-quarters by the mid-20s, making this a crucial age group for the early identification of problems and swift and effective intervention. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men. The most recent National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide (July 2014) shows that the long-term downward trend in patient suicides continues.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	d1bdbeb6e7c9125d3342655959ccbcde	Moreover, Article 28, paragraph 2 of the convention adopts the impermissibility principle contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which states that a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a convention shall not be permitted. It has consistently called upon states parties to withdraw them and ensure that their legal systems conform to the convention in general and to Article 16 in particular. The committee has stressed that Article 16 (among others) is “central to the object and purpose of the convention and that the reservations impact negatively on the enjoyment by women of their rights.” As such, the reservations to Article 16 contradict the convention’s core principles of equality between men and women, and can undermine countries’ efforts to achieve gender equality.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	d1bde15d9b10172ce181aefe8269c9cd	The steps required to include unpaid work in the SNA are: (i) quantifying unpaid work, (ii) valuing unpaid work and (iii) constructing a satellite account for unpaid household work (ECLAC, 2016a). Time-use surveys provide the information needed to quantify unpaid work. Countries have used several methodologies to value this type of work, as shown in table IV.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	d1c196bf55f68d4ba9e846b33c8a4638	At different points, jobseekers may be required to expand their field of job search, may be directly referred to job vacancies, and may be referred to longer-term training or job-creation measures, and a subsidy may be offered to employers who hire them. At the same time, many individuals with specific identifiers of disadvantage, such as lone parenthood, find work without intensive assistance. The PES needs to concentrate its scarce resources on jobseekers who have become long-term unemployed, or ideally on those most at risk of becoming long-term unemployed. Many types of information can contribute to the assessment of this risk.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	d1c524116cc4a9a1747a1c5558c55fe0	To build on this critical mass, the physical infrastructure must be matched with teaching capabilities that are relevant to the genuine market opportunities of the city’s industries and enterprises. In particular, State training programmes can fund only competencies recognised in the National Skills Framework. The recent “Emerging Technologies Project Report” included many comments along the lines of “Industry continues to be critical of the lack of flexibility in the training system, which was identified as an impediment to emerging technology skills development76”.	7	3	1	0.5
10.6027/7389fc96-en	d1c677d1e54179e7373525bbe28049ba	Waste prevention efforts usually do not involve high costs and are often regulated by administrative and economic instruments. From all the waste fractions, food waste is of particular interest from methane perspective-good practice to reduce food waste is being developed and shared at the EU level. Anaerobic digestion is also efficiently used for household organic waste treatment. Methane measurements and gas leak identification systems are important measures to reduce leakage from organic waste treatment and biogas production facilities.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	d1c70797aed45cde4bb140ddeee42731	As with the earlier industrialisation process, other circumstances w ere also supportive of growth in the mobile telephone business. The fragmented historical structure of Finnish telecommunications meant there was local strength in network interconnection issues, which are fundamental to mobile systems which initially functioned as access networks to the existing wired infrastructure. The state was part of the Nordic consortium that developed the second-generation Nordic Mobile Telephone standard, upon whose system architecture the third-generation GSM system was built. Nokia was therefore well placed to ride the wave of expansion as the technological shift to the third generation transformed the mobile phone into a mass-market product.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	d1c769b0667e74e9811f8b907b829cab	However, this does not rule out an eventual transition to fully liberalized systems. Gradual transition is a common feature of most successful cases of liberalization. Failure to take into account institutional, financial and human-resource capacity constraints could lead to negative outcomes and substantial economic costs in LDCs, given the complexity implied by liberalized systems both nationally and for regional power-pool arrangements.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	d1c792a37feaadb6a6f55096b864b4a9	Part II will investigate the impact of different risk management strategies and policies on farm welfare and behaviour, as well as the interactions between farmer’s strategies and government programme. The risk environment analyzed in Part I is used to calibrate a stochastic model of a representative risk averse farmer in the UK and Australia confronting uncertain yield, output price and cost, and simulates farmer’s response to risk and government policies. The main focus of the stochastic simulation is to analyze the policy impact on the distribution of farm income, farm welfare and farm risk management behaviour.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	d1cad5800064a155e3a155b49fa80361	As a result, it is not surprising that some shared vehicle drivers, for instance, report that the biggest obstacle to driving an EV in the network is a lack of rapid charging stations in areas of high mobility demand (e.g. downtown centres or airport queues). The need for time-consuming charging, often multiple times per day, for example, reduces drivers' availability for offering rides and earning fares. Drivers report that range anxiety can lead them to decide to cancel trips.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	d1cb777cdb3fd30ab84132ee652829ff	A deeper understanding of the challenges confronting 10 to 14-year-olds is urgently needed, and pregnancy prevention and support for very young adolescent mothers must be advanced to the top of the sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights agenda of governments, development institutions and civil society. It is with this group that the greatest need lies and that the obstacles have been thus far insurmountable. But interventions at this critical stage of their development, characterized by profound physical, cognitive and social changes that occur in puberty, are needed to ensure girls’ safe and healthy transition through adolescence into adulthood.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	d1ccba544fa85033ef3261c0d716329a	A second tier includes market-related indirect impacts, affecting market actors, possibly trade partners, and competitors1 The third tier comprises food security' and broader consequences, which may concern a larger range of countries. Any country may be affected by one or more of the three types of impacts, or not be affected at all by specific agriculture water risk hotspots. For each of the three levels of impact, some of the key expected effects of agriculture water risks hotspots will be reviewed, drawing in particular from analyses touching on the three case studies.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	d1cd29a1c241ba81efdf1ddab290b70f	Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to thank the following OECD and IEA colleagues for their helpful comments on this paper: Simon Buckle, Jane Ellis, Takashi Hattori, Christina Hood, Takayoshi Kato and Raphael Jachnik. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	d1cf54fbcb7d7576587be11a312afc79	The expansion appears also to have been at the expense of diluting the quality of academic staff, and by implication, the quality of graduates and their research outputs. Known popularly also as “Pearl of the Orient”, Penang is an international tourist destination famous for its many historic and scenic attractions and its diverse cultures. Growth and development has made Penang one of Malaysia’s most successful states without losing most of its historical charm.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	d1cff1192ba102e3b4dc5a3f50325cfa	The shares of threatened species are 12% for mammals, 8% for birds and 11% for vascular plants. Among the 34 OECD countries, Poland ranks seventh best for mammals, third best for birds and fourteenth best for vascular plants (OECD, 2013). These ecosystems require particular attention to preserve habitats of sensitive species. In particular, the 1997 National Forest Policy provides for i) increasing forest resources, ii) improving their state and providing comprehensive protection, and iii) promoting multifunctional forest management according to criteria formulated by the Helsinki process.4 The National Forest Policy (NFP) sets key forest policy objectives, some with quantitative targets and timetables.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	d1d205fa08f9565690ca7626c7ab2b27	Lake Taupo is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the largest freshwater lake in Australasia located in a highly scenic area of New Zealand’s North Island. It is a tourist destination and highly valued by environmental groups. However, the quality of water has declined over the past three decades due to increased nitrogen inflows.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	d1d21940ca9b9c697c38f0732a55f25b	Since 2009-10, the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) has been replaced by the Fair and Remuneratory Price (FRP). However, state governments have announced mandatory state advised prices for sugarcane which have usually been higher than the SMP/FRP, but payments to farmers are often delayed. This has resulted in uncertainty of returns which caused production fluctuations.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-9-en	d1d492416492955d210692d2abfada13	There has been overfishing for more than ten years and current management measures appear to be insufficient to end overfishing in the short term. Recommendations are to reduce fishing by 36 per cent compared to 2008-2011 levels. Largely targets skipjack and to a lesser extent yellowfin but may catch multiple species. Larger vessels usually have their own freezing equipment and are based outside the Pacific and smaller vessels, which use ice, are based in Pacific ports.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab343038-en	d1d5fd5ea742e6a97bdcfbd410e9cae1	Access to genetic resources by users must therefore be based on prior informed consent and equitable benefit sharing must occur on mutually agreed terms (hereafter PIC and MAT, respectively; Nagoya Protocol, Articles 5 and 6 (see Box 3 below) and CBD, Articles 15, 16 and 19). In accordance with Article 15, paragraphs 3 and 7 of the Convention, benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources as well as subsequent applications and commercialization shall be shared in a fair and equitable way with the Party providing such resources that is the country of origin of such resources or a Party that has acquired the genetic resources in accordance with the Convention. Such sharing shall be upon mutually agreed terms.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	d1d732c5d5e66b63aa3f2c17ef03e075	Without other forms of government support, it is unlikely that clean technology markets will develop; thus, Governments still need to subsidize green technologies. Hence the question remains, how does the government choose which technologies or sectors are to be subsidized? First, the government should commit to sustainably oriented investments.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	d1d897f3eb5a65eadd2676a61711e0e1	The interaction between international actors, in particular the European Union, and civil society in conflict is very relevant to the scope of this book. The European Union has both indirect and direct influence on the work of CoSOs in conflicts, and this influence can be problematic (Chapter 9). It impacts on civil society action indirectly by promoting a model of international liberal peace and influencing the political opportunity structure of the conflict.	5	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d1de7a2701f4f26e232ddc4677036d83	This demand flexibility is useful as resilience measure if supply were disrupted at peak demand. The rate of contractually flexible demand (interruptible contracts) again provides useful information on a major aspect regarding the resilience of a certain national/regional energy system. This indicator is transparent when final energy demand is considered. The total amount of interruptible contracts in a country, however, cannot be obtained from international statistics. A high level of demand response is favourable for the business case of a baseload technology such as notably nuclear.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	d1dfc87a140dbc8a85060db977b4e320	When appropriately set, w'ater tariffs and abstraction charges can inform abstractors about the value of w'ater and provide incentives to use water efficiently, including in episodes of droughts. They can also provide incentives to direct economic and urban developments in regions where water is more abundant, avoiding creating additional liabilities as regards water security (See Box 3.5). Well-designed water tariffs and abstraction charges can also stimulate innovation and private sector investments (in water-saving technologies and practices or in water storage) and allocate water where it creates more (social, environmental and economic) value.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/56317379-en	d1e341a32c82968282268801320bf319	The most extensive areas under irrigated paddy are in Indonesia, followed by Viet Nam, the Philippines and Thailand. The largest area under upland paddy is also in Indonesia, and significant amounts of land are planted in flood-prone areas in Cambodia, Myanmar and Viet Nam. While the per capita demand is expected to decrease in the future, total demand for paddy in Southeast Asia is expected to increase to more than 160 megatonnes per year by 2020 due to population growth (Mutert and Fairhurst, 2002).	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	d1e38354440866cd666cd1c8e9f3a564	The way in which taxes are collected and expenditures are allocated - the social contract - will be a determining factor in sustaining inclusive growth and ensuring social cohesion. Although 72% of total PIT revenues are generated by those in the top 10% of the income distribution, the share of PIT as a percentage of income is the highest among the poorest. First, the PIT system is designed in such a way that a majority of people benefit from tax reliefs, leaving only a few who actually pay taxes.	10	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	d1e3f2f928fdc5f892de83a3a6cf821d	Some schemes involved land-related transactions: the commune of Saint-Ivy, France, bought former farming land and converted it to woodland to protect the aquifer, partly because landowners in France cannot impose crop choices on tenants (Barraque et al., In other cases, the schemes involved designing performance contracts: in Santa Cruz County, California, the Resource Conservation District and the Driscoll’s strawberry company piloted a performance-based conservation initiative to monitor and improve groundwater quality, and better manage quantity. The plan includes targets, new monitoring mechanisms and incentive payments for conservation to participating farmers (Levy and Christian-Smith, 2011).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	d1e820469712941253bcc33831b348d8	If the cost per unit of landed fish goes up as the stock is depleted, this provides some protection against a serious stock depletion resulting from a breakdown of sharing agreements. And the sharing agreements themselves could be resilient against variations in fish migrations. Oceanographic conditions vary a great deal from year to year, due to factors that are unlikely to be related to global warming, and so do fish migrations.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	d1e9d73ce0ac6221f5d52c8b0695837a	Second, the combination of relatively high minimum wages, taxes on labour and dismissal costs discourages employers from hiring inexperienced youth. Finally, despite some recent initiatives, labour market measures available at the public employment service for unemployed youth are not subject to the mutual-obligations principle and their effectiveness is unknown. The Papandreou government is proposing to cut social security contributions for each new employee aged 30 or younger hired by an SME, provided the firm does not fire any worker to take advantage of the subsidies. The subsidies would last four years and would amount to 100% of social security contributions for the first year, 75% for the second year, 50% for the third year and 25% for the fourth year. The government also plans to introduce a 5-year tax exemption for small businesses owned by young people in rural and semi-rural regions. In addition, an overhaul of work-experience programmes is envisaged so that the new programmes are six-month long, focused on practical learning, limited to the private sector, offered only once per beneficiary and targeted on post-secondary graduates.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f00277f1-en	d1ed8ba05e3f359f8704fd8b3d1ef31d	The two work together to minimize system-wide environmental and economic costs. Distributed renewable energy coupled with energy efficiency improvements reduces peak electricity demand while simultaneously minimizing transmission losses and bottlenecks. Essentially, renewables and energy efficiency measures mutually support one another to enable energy applications that might not otherwise be technically or economically feasible, rendering a result that is greater than the sum of its parts.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	d1f05421c03fafb5b2e2c9a7bfd67808	The result is declining production growth rates through the projection period compared to the past decade. Brazil will account for the greatest share of additional beef produced through the next decade. Sheep meat production is also projected to grow faster in the coming decade than the last, driven by firm prices due to strong import demand from Asia and the European Union.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	d1f333cd1ff01640ed8e2f6998443ee7	"These factors interrelate with the scale effect of economic growth and are at the heart of a “decoupling” of GHG emissions from economic growth - a major challenge (and opportunity) currently confronting governments. This Review argues that such a “decoupling"" is technologically, economically and socially feasible, if based on cost-saving and income-generating activities. From a policy-making viewpoint, this entails mainstreaming climate change in economic development policies; that is, identifying and pursuing mutually supportive mitigation, adaptation and growth strategies. But the opposite is also true: climate policies can strengthen development policies. For example, more efficient utilization of energy and materials also means greater economic competitiveness and energy security, and this in turn can fuel sustainable income-generation activities and job creation.33 Early action on climate change (pre-emptive adaptation and mitigation) is more cost-effective than delayed action (responsive adaptation and mitigation). Therefore, the corollary for developing countries whose production and technological patterns have not yet been locked in is: early movers will benefit from a competitive edge."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	d1f7c7c07dd569e80996aa3f724eebd2	Biodiversity also provides the poor with a form of cost-effective and readily accessible insurance against risk, particularly food security risks, health risks and environmental hazards (Vira and Kontoleon, 2013; Roe and Mapendembe, 2013). Conversely, the loss of biodiversity also imposes huge costs on the economies of developing countries - damages due to crime related to natural resources and the environment in developing countries are estimated to be more than 70 billion United States dollars (USD) a year (World Bank, 2014). Agriculture supports more than half of the world’s population, including 1.5 billion people living on small-scale farming in developing countries.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	d1f7cd33537d0583bffb3609b4596f65	People, enterprises and destinations with the right skills mix can share in the potential economic benefits. Jobs which provide opportunities to gain experience, up-skill and move into higher level positions promote economic mobility and lead to better outcomes for people. Workforce development initiatives that specifically target existing workers often aim to promote employment sustainability and career progression for low paid workers which better meet industry needs (Froy and Giguere, 2010). High skilled workers have access to more jobs as well as better quality jobs, while the opposite is true for both youth and low skilled workers across all three dimensions of job quality (earnings, labour market security and quality of working environment).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	d1fa777133684340ed42f17d9c96dfe0	For example, once fisheries have depleted the large, typically higher value, predatory fish at the top of the food web, they have been seen to then progressively redirect effort towards smaller, often less valuable, species at lower trophic levels (Pauly et al., This situation, referred to as fishing down the food web, can also be associated with increased fishing intensity to offset the lower value of the smaller species, which can further negatively affect diversity and productivity (see Folke et al., Once these effects take place, an ecosystem might lose its resilience and become more vulnerable (Folke et al., Once an ecosystem has shifted, the process may be difficult to reverse (Scheffer and Carpenter, 2003; Scheffer, Carpenter and de Young, 2005).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	d1fd8930876f81278c815bb16bc2645d	Such finance can come from domestic or international sources. Developed countries committed at the 16111 Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 of climate finance for developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. This commitment was reiterated in Decision 1/CP.21 (hereafter referred to as the Paris Decision), which indicates that funding will continue at this level until 2025, by which time a new target figure will be set. The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	d2002d0735c64264c36677a6f8ddf64e	For other EU-SILC countries (Belgium, Greece, Slovak Republic, Poland), the confidence intervals shown in the annex of the paper are to be considered provisional, as they assume simple random sampling. This assumption is likely to underestimate the real size of the confidence intervals (Goedeme, 2012). They will be updated once it becomes possible to define (computational) strata and primary sampling units for each country.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	d20038a6aa01b1782f3175fe6449bfc3	In 2008, the Ethiopian government introduced a policy designed to shift the balance of subjects in all public universities away from the humanities and towards the sciences and technology, on a 70:30 basis. The strategy is based on an assessment that graduates of medicine, engineering and technology generally have better employment opportunities inside and outside the country than graduates in the social sciences and, to some extent, the natural sciences (UNECA, 2011). This approach also includes more and better guidance to students to steer them towards employment in the private sector, away from enrolment in traditional public sector entrance subjects in the arts, humanities and social sciences.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	d203ed46b487fb819089a2f3bcb9ae90	Programmes have yielded demonstrable results at the community level even in a short amount of time. In addition, girls who are pregnant are at risk of gender-based violence, typically committed by male partners or others known to them. In some places, perpetrators can avoid punishment and family shame by marrying their victims. Preventive measures are also necessary.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	d2047d225cd685d35df46f50b8dd4b9c	One and a half decades later, PISA 2015 results show that Lithuania ranks among the countries with high school autonomy in the curriculum development (Table 3.2). While MoES sets general policy framework and standards, school teachers and principals are largely responsible for the curriculum design and implementation. They broadly regulate the implementation of education curricula in order to ensure consistency, availability and quality of education across the country.	4	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	d205a8f858c707ae97acb42af45fadf2	And in any studied case, one should specifically decide to which extent the possible risks and opportunities are examined. An example of a functional model for a hydropower plant is shown in Figure 11.5. The seasonal plan helps to determine how climate change could affect a power plant’s typical seasonal practices and routines. An example of seasonal plan for a biomass-based power plant is shown in Figure 11.6.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	d2068079464c0f6738cb8ca142184b51	Depending on the scope of a disaster, the response is co-ordinated by the smallest unit possible, whether the municipality, the district administration, the Land or the federal government. The federal government is responsible for response to major catastrophes through State Crisis and Catastrophe Management (SKKM). This body, established in 2004 and overseen by the Ministry of the Interior, brings together all ministries, the LUnder and emergency organisations, whose emergency units previously worked independently of each other. The SKKM co-ordinates response to major natural and other hazards that affect a large part of the Austrian territory, last relatively long or are particularly complex and require co-ordination among Lander.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	d209efba92ffe801c0c975ff9628bfc9	Moreover, the electricity grid runs mostly north-south with a few interconnections with adjacent Norwegian regions, northern Sweden and northern Finland. Finally, Troms County has significant resources for RE production, both actual and potential (Table 13.3). For instance, there is abundant wind along the seashore.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	d210300466fd0ea9b7c69d2995f84a62	To do so, there have to be technological advances in energy conservation in several key sectors, namely construction, industry, transport and power generation. Emission-reducing measures include the import of advanced technologies and the wider use of alternative and renewable energy sources. Tax and subsidy policies can play in important part in promoting emission reduction.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	d213204733234a5d939266b9f33f2f1e	The government provides 50% of the premiums for all risks determined by the Cabinet. The risks covered by TARSIM are transferred to local and foreign reassurance companies through contracts, while the rest is covered through excess of loss reassurance by the Treasury (MOFAL, direct communication). Total premiums produced in the TARSIM rose from TRY 69 million (USD 49 million) to TRY 966 million (USD 355 million) between 2007 and 2015 - an almost six-fold increase if these amounts are expressed in real terms. Nearly 72% of total premiums were for crop insurance and nearly 21% for cattle, w'ith the remaining 7% coming from sheep and goats, greenhouses, aquaculture, apiculture and poultry policies.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	d2155e74b199bf6666981c9b5a436d76	Of Kaskelen’s employed population, 31% commuted to Almaty City in 2009. The Almaty metropolitan area also includes the cities of Talgar (35% of employed population commuted to Almaty) and Essik (21% of employed population commuted to Almaty City). The share of employed population commuting to Almaty City was even higher in Boraldai (51%), Otegen Batyr (45%) and Pokrovka (46%).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	d21908ef2c6378fcb25388e1abf593b9	This characteristic makes policies to ensure sustainable use, in terms of both water quality and quantity, particularly important, as overexploitation may have little impact on available resources in the near term, but may require prolonged corrective action to revert. Furthermore, adequate groundwater levels ensure that rivers continue to flow in dry periods. As in other semi-arid countries, most of the abstractions are for agricultural purposes.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	d219f77dc1d5c0145f1ec83c4b389b39	The purpose of the Rio markers was originally to track the mainstreaming of environmental considerations into development co-operation rather than providing a quantification of finance. This regulation stipulates that “where relevant or applicable” under the UNFCCC, member states “shall endeavour to provide information on financial flows”. Information on climate finance mobilised is available in the MDB’s latest report (MDBs, 2016).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	d21a422560aff7556f069686b8f37199	Investments in energy efficiency will reduce energy costs, creating fiscal space for other governmental priorities. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings are significant. However, there are a number of factors that discourage investment in energy efficiency, including a lack of capital for the up-front costs, a desire for very rapid payback periods, and financial risk aversion.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	d21d1d80c7dabea8e39019d737c099e8	Contingency financing for instance provides a risk guarantee to local commercial banks which can be used in cases of default. It can take the form of a safety cushion or a direct cash injection as an equity stake. Increased public/private collaboration can also contribute to investment risk-hedging and confidence-building in investors.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	d21d40d4b606fe23fbef330da31de0ed	This exercise contributes to its technical support to the Trustees in the preparation of their annual report to the Congress about the financial solvency of the Medicare programme. In addition, CMS prepares a report on the past financial trends and projected outlook for Medicaid, which provides an insight into the nature of Medicaid cost trends and is a useful source of information for policy makers and budget analysts. The CMS projections do, however, represent the official health care projection of the U.S. government. These projections are intended, in part, to provide a broader context for the actuarial projections of Medicare and Medicaid.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	d220f9660c5013f1d10f732b1470b8ff	However, more information is needed to understand the status of the profession and to evaluate the impact of recent measures on the perception of school leadership. As stipulated in the Teacher’s Statute, school principals’ main role is to oversee and lead the schools’ educational project, which includes setting and monitoring school goals, study programmes and implementation strategies; organising and guiding the technical-pedagogical work and professional development of teachers; and ensuring adequate reporting to parents about their children’s progress. The General Education Law emphasises school leaders’ responsibility for promoting the quality of their institution and for promoting the professional development of their teachers to achieve pedagogical goals.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	d2211aafe144a9e8c823d8f69fd2ef2a	The aim is to reach zero net emissions by the second half of the century, with developed countries taking more ambitious actions. The UNFCCC’s Financial Mechanism and its Green Climate Fund (GCF) will serve the Agreement. Developing-country Parties are to receive support for strengthening technology development and transfer. Capacity-building: all Parties agreed to cooperate to enhance the ability of developing-country Parties to implement the Agreement.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	d221c1a332e013c5c9e0062a83182d3f	In Sweden, among native students of mixed heritage, non-native speakers were 17 percentage points less likely to be academically resilient compared to native-speakers. The difference was at least 20 percentage points in the European peer-learner countries. In Canada, nativespeaking and non-native speaking students with different immigrant backgrounds were equally likely to attain baseline academic proficiency.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	d2233a06d3ad20805d17ee33199c3037	Although it has made progress on many fronts and has a high standing on international assessments, there is a general appreciation that the system must strive for the next level, although the nature of that level has not yet been specified. One of the themes of this report is how evaluation and assessment, broadly conceived, can support the attainment of whatever educational goals are decided upon. The core logic of criterion-referenced evaluation and assessment systems rests upon the alignment of goals for student learning, specific content for learning, pedagogical approaches and evaluation and assessment approaches (OECD, 2013). In the Netherlands, building such alignment is challenging, given the lack of a national agreement on specific educational priorities and standards.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kgk7w8phwf2-en	d22432e283ef9975b601e322bb1eefec	But as gross domestic product (GDP) rises, the growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong and to rise to between 400 kg/cap and 460 kg/cap in 2050. Annual production could reach 646 Mt and 742 Mt by 2050, increasing production by between 3.8 and 4.4 times in 2050 compared to current levels. They refer to the core process excluding options for heat Page | 81 cascading and the process integration of material flows in individual plants on a site and for combined heat and power (CHP) systems.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	d225e5a3b09a21816150e8736b5c4153	Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Vol. Jahrhunderts” (Social exclusion of people with mental disorders. Balance and outlook of community psychiatry at the beginning of the 21st century), Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, Vol. Repper (2000), “Employment, Social Inclusion and Mental Health”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	d226c46830df149a4eb663ce8430b073	It naturally follows from this assumption that the market rather than the state should address such economic problems of development as industrial growth, international competitiveness and employment creation. Unquestioned belief in the neoclassical theory also leads to the assumption that capital mobility and the relentless advance of “globalization” is good for the world economy and all individual economies. Although these policies offer the possibility of rapid growth by attracting foreign capital, this can be achieved only if domestic policies conform to the interests of the (financial) markets—otherwise capital will be driven elsewhere.	1	4	1	0.6
10.18356/2b59f2d5-en	d227459f12203d1cb362732e8430ab41	Especially in Tajikistan, where the natural resource base is declining, the 2030 Agenda emphasizes its conservation, for which conscientious reporting frameworks (SDG 12.6) can help monitor progress. Economic productivity (SDG 8.2) depends on fresh water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4), which is enhanced by capacity-building support for water harvesting, desalination, recycling and waste-water treatments (SDG 6.a). Improving water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4) also feeds back into reduced water pollution and sustainable wastewater management (SDG 6.3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b505e041-en	d22d64e4bc5f1d965354fbd3bd5d197c	The number of poor families in the city as provided by the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board is 320,000. The city’s poor population, based on an assumption of 3.83 members per family (based on the survey), is 1,225,600, and accounts for 18.53 per cent of the city’s population. This indicates that 19 per cent of the city’s population contributes to nearly 14 per cent of the city’s economy, which is not a negligible amount.	1	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	d22fc5f0717ce8912ec90c6c164eb9fb	The additional post of vice-chairperson of the country's Upazila Parishads was created exclusively for female candidates. Candidates are elected by direct vote, even though the post is reserved for women (The Daily Star 2009). However, female vice-chairs of Upazila Parishads throughout the country could not start their jobs following the 2009 elections, as the government did not issue a circular regarding the newly created posts.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	d22fe7c7fe73f421136ebf3be6bfe86b	Food insecurity can also be an issue in households not poor according to a monetary standard. Malnutrition may not only be an issue in rural areas, but also affects households in urban areas. Food insecurity can have long-term effects especially on children. Chronically malnourished children lag behind in their physical development.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	d231d666d473111ec1ea9a49b660f3c2	Two weeks later, I heard from members of the Messawet group that Rubka was in the detention centre. Yafit was staying with Tete Mona, who now had another Ethiopian MDW working for her and looking after the day care. Rubka could be in detention for a while before she can return to Ethiopia with Yafit, as the time it will take to process her case is entirely unpredictable and contingent on the support of the Ethiopian Embassy in Lebanon. She is hoping that the Ethiopian Embassy will accept her claim that Yafit’s father has left the country and support ‘laissez passez’ papers for Yafit, so that he can leave with her once her deportation orders come through.	5	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289349581-8-en	d23389a329aa102f2ff9435666eea52f	Ultimately, the Paris Agreement suggests an opportunity integrated M&A approaches without calling for them directly. It provides a degree of flexibility in the financing guidelines, with sufficient scope for stakeholders to make explicit demands for close linkages between mitigation and adaptation. There are at least three clear examples of wording in the Paris Agreement that iterates one-way link between M and A, i.e. the M —»A or A —> M link.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	d2341930301aa4aaa458e48814e38359	The electrical and electronics industry (E&E), which accounts for 64% of manufacturing export and 42.6% of FDI, cluster around Penang and Kulin. However, the share of FDI directed to Malaysia within the South East Asia region has diminished from 31% to 11% over the 1985-2005 period. The reduction of FDI flows point to the need to improve the attractiveness of the country and Penang in order to regain competitiveness.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	d234f64af1346d6ccc29c19f529a82b2	Water use by households fell by 20%, mostly due to reform of water pricing.30 In 2007, the share of overall consumption for drinking was 46%, higher than industry’s 44% share (the respective shares in 2000 were 36% and 53%) (MoE, 2010a). Flooding of larger rivers typically results from snow melting in around March and April or from heavy rain mostly in July and August. Floods on smaller rivers tend to be flash floods that are caused by heavy short-term rainfall.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264292697-4-en	d23735c411184f91e6367722fde2ba0e	What can we learn from schools that partner with businesses, educational services and cultural bodies in their community and excel at driving business and social innovation in their communities? How can schools engage the local community and contribute to social responsibility? These are some of the questions for the first session of the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d239c7619f882dc6c146f8fc0f3d57c3	Indeed, land above many geothermal reservoirs has remained in service for its previous use, apart from the surface covered by the plant itself (Mock et al., Wells and pipes are very significant; accounting for them can increase land use by three times (Tester et al., The precise impacts on land use and ecosystems are difficult to attribute, however, as areas with hydrothermal potential are often prone to high levels of natural seismic activity.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264208605-7-en	d23d2fb5092c977895af96743c85b722	A micro-simulation model has been developed jointly by the OECD and the WHO, to estimate the long-term population-level effects and costs of preventive interventions to tackle chronic diseases. Modelling across several countries found that health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity are cost-effective and able to generate substantial health gains. Fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre also emerged as cost-effective.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	d23e1456eb3d25f2b403fa0e8eca5823	In some countries, improvements in access to and Ihe quality of education for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds have weakened the relationship between socio-economic background and skills proficiency among younger adults. In others, the ways in which skills are developed and used later in life may reinforce initial social disparities. For example, in some contexts access to school may be closely related to social background while subsequent skills development may primarily reflect an individual's ability, irrespective of his or her social background.	4	1	3	0.5
10.6027/7d74d344-en	d23e16628ebd57e82e97b663dbffb8a3	The Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2015 was a big step forward on global collective action on curbing C02 emissions. The important feature of the Paris Agreement to prevent carbon leakage is that countries commit to stricter policies, thereby contributing to convergence in policy strictness. It remains to be seen, however, whether countries will live up to their commitments and implement the necessary measures.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d23fe0da5b3ecaf293f6493567a499f6	These ‘raw’ rates are averages across recipients and non-recipients, respectively, and do not take account of differences in characteristics between these groups. The magnitude of genuine state dependence in contrast is defined to be the difference between (i) the SA persistence rate were all individuals to have received SA last year, and (ii) the SA entry rate were all individuals not to have received SA last year. To arrive at this difference, persistence and entry probabilities are predicted for each individual using the estimated model and then averaged across all individuals.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	d241c8d6435f791b33761c921b4ff15e	The latter typically look at specifying operational aspects of service provision: on-time performance, availability of service, location of stops and even detailed schedule-based frequency. These are adapted to the type of services route-based bus and rail services provide but make little sense for platform-based ride services. Coverage of services, average wait times (and their distribution) for both regular services and for accessible services, for example, all focus more on the outcomes that ride services can contribute to and may be more relevant for contracting with the providers of ride services. Currently, most of the pilots looking at the delivery of ride services allocate risk to the public authority contracting the service.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	d2450aa1ef6bdd786e005dfebce4bc67	A relatively high share of dairy farms (46%) also have off-farm activity. Obtaining off-farm work is more problematic for sheep and beef farmers, given the greater distance to urban centres and the very slow internet speeds in rural areas which inhibit working from home. Many farming wives have higher education and often find professional work in urban centres, e.g. teaching or nursing, whereas male farmers who work off-farm often do so in farm-related occupations, e.g. hay-making or shearing. The data on off-farm income available from the farm budgets show that off-farm income is small compared to cash receipts from farming; the exception is kiwifruit farms, where such income rises to 13% of the aggregate of on- and off-farm receipts (Figure 13).	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	d245ae2a7b7eb3564264af30430177b6	The low rate of avoidable hospital admissions in countries like Italy is associated with a primary care sector that generally performs well, although even in Italy, the overall good performance hides significant variations across regions (the southern regions have higher hospitalisation rates for chronic diseases than northern regions; OECD, 2014). Data for Italy are for 2001 rather than 2000. Data for the United States are for 2010 rather titan 2013. Data for Japan are for 2011 rather than 2013. Data for Canada and Australia are for 2012 rather than 2013.	3	1	9	0.8
10.18356/797ccf27-en	d245b3563769660e50478e217bbdab61	Particularly in countries where poverty declined by most, this has been the result of an increase in average income per employed person, rather than a rise in the employment rate or household activity rate. Significant distributive improvements were observed in nine countries between 2002 and 2007, which has reduced the average level of inequality in the region. Although income remains highly concentrated, these figures set an important precedent regarding the feasibility of improving the distribution of resources in Latin America. Only in Uruguay does the share of this group surpass 20%; in the other countries with a high share in the first quintile, such as Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Mexico, it is between 17% and 18% (see figure 1.24 and table I.A-2 in the appendix).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/fb332d66-en	d2464e0eb25c858bc46205ac83dd8594	Water and wastewater fees were increased in 2007. Rates for households were set at 0.14 to 0.18 (in larger cities) manat/m3 for households and 0.70 manat/ m3 for the remaining consumers, and 1.2 manat/m3 for consumers who use water as a raw material. Reportedly, in 2009 all companies and industries connected to the grid had meters, w'hile slightly over 50 per cent of the households connected had meters. In this way, the rate of fee collection from consumers increased in larger cities from 63.1 percent in 2006 to 71.7 percent in 2009.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/841f762a-en	d248d5f0b0eb35017714aea6ca214a85	This allows tourists to see the complex communities of flora and fauna found in the ecosystem and revenue earned from the boardwalk is used for community development projects. Such community initiatives provide an incentive to conserve resources, as well as education for local people who live far away from mangrove forests. Other examples are found in Kenya, where women in Gazi and Wasini operate similar projects.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	d24ab9316da63d39b8ab562c4f7d756c	They also have high rates of illiteracy: in 2010, 34.5% of indigenous women were illiterate (SEP, 2015). However, these rates have been improving across cohorts: by 2015, only 1.2% of women aged 15 to 29 were illiterate (INMUJERES data provided to OECD). Mexico also underperforms in reading: Mexico’s average score is 72 points below the OECD average. The percentage of low achievers among boys and girls in Mexico is also twice as high as the average percentage in the OECD across subjects, but the figures may mask even greater differences; many disadvantaged 15-year-olds leave school and are thus not captured by these statistics.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/152bf84c-en	d24ac47c25eff711e5e49972135629b6	In the fishing villages of Navagaon in Maharashtra in India, for instance, all fish processing activities take place on community land, whose unofficial ownership and management lies with the traditional village-level governance body, or panchayat. This land is divided among fishing families, and passed down to the daughters-in-law of the house. These drying areas may be rented out to others for drying fish, but they cannot be sold, as the community owns the land. Women invest in the maintenance of these fishing grounds and contribute their own labour. Customary rights over this land are fiercely maintained by the fishing community (Peke, 2016a). Thus, customary practices help to retain control over assets necessary for fish processing, and prevent them from being diverted to other purposes.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d24b306ddc1745ffc0c4075ad6d65b46	With a few cows, a household could meet its own consumption needs and help relatives and friends. Sale of surplus milk and calves was a source of cash for other essential purchases. Cows also provided organic fertiliser and fuel. Indeed, with six or seven cows, a family had no need for coal through the harsh winters (van Engelen, 2011).	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	d250e31c898c2131c1f8b327835e17e6	"Social barriers include the lack of knowledge of their rights, illiteracy, lack of information and dependence on male relatives for assistance and resources. Philippines (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, communication No. According to the Committee, it was clear from the judgement that the assessment of the credibility of the complainant's version of events was influenced by a number of stereotypes, the complainant in this situation not having followed what was expected from a rational and ""ideal victim"" or what the judge considered to be the rational and ideal response of a woman in a rape situation. In addition to ordering the State party to pay adequate compensation, the Committee ordered the State to ""ensure that all legal procedures in cases involving crimes of rape and other sexual offences are impartial and fair, and not affected by prejudices or stereotypical gender notions."""	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	d2552dd5b382603ad0751389160905dd	Challenges to weak patents typically occur in domestic courts. However, this process is both time consuming and very costly, which risks deterring generic producers and other stakeholders from such action. Administrative procedures are in general less time-consuming and less expensive than litigation, and may provide significant opportunities for third parties to draw the patent examiners’ attention to elements that would justify the non-granting or reduction in scope of a patent.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	d2566bc2670130afd2465d13ca120528	Secondly, the Productive Social Action Programme (Programa de Accidn Social Productiva - PASP), targeted on households in extreme poverty in which one or more adults have capacity to work, aims to create public employment in building or upgrading infrastructure in vulnerable communities, together with job training and other study opportunities (Xiao, 2014). According to Coirolo and others (2013), the disasters have caused workers to change their status from self-employed to day-labourers, which exacerbates the vulnerabilities that need to be taken into account in social protection programmes, coordinated with disaster risk reduction actions and training programmes that increase employment in industries that are not disaster-prone. The main objective of the social protection programmes in Bangladesh is to safeguard and promote economic and social security.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2640b601-en	d257c3a12c0e4d639e5c878c81120346	While the difficulties of such an integrated approach are significant, especially in view of capital constraints and often weak institutional capabilities, the benefits of a sustainable energy transition are substantial (Johansson et al., Alongside this historical emphasis is an analysis of how technological change is represented in future scenarios. Both sources of evidence are used to draw implications for the ongoing development and diffusion of clean energy technologies.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	d25b74ebf813dd3f554f6eb62b4450c0	Independent variables include activities of daily living, chronic diseases, and interactions of ADL categories and disease conditions. Ever having smoked, residing in the Northeast, mortality, obesity, and physical health status (measured by number of ADLs and admission to nursing home) have considerable effects on expenditures. Further, individuals who die during the year have substantially higher medical expenses than survivors.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	d2607f62eafcb73b82147c9dee23b047	Given the low current use of export subsidies, their complete elimination, desirable as it would be in terms of aligning WTO rules for agriculture with those for other sectors, would not have much effect on actual market conditions. This differs from the past, when agricultural exports were still subsidised at a much larger scale by some countries. The two OECD studies mentioned in the previous section have looked not only into the impact that improvements in market access might have, but also analysed the market impacts of eliminating export subsidies. In the earlier study (OECD, 2002b), it turned out that impacts on world market prices for crops (wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds) and beef were minimal (between -2% and 1% in the final year of the five-year projection period).	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	d262d9c84148c5646491b2dbbea56867	As a microfinancing institute acting as a banking correspondent, Cashpor is able to offer a zero-balance savings account, called Apna, to its poorest clients who previously did not have access to a safe place for their savings. The mobile phone is used as a delivery mechanism for the Apna savings services. Deposits and withdrawals are conducted on the mobile phone through an SMS service, which uses the mobile phone number as the account number.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	d264e3fe2b05df74bbd8f1ad8d24cb08	Values of merchandise exports and imports taken from UNCTADstat (accessed December 2013). Note: Energy exports and imports comprise oil (HS 2709), gas (HS 2711), coal (HS 2701) and electricity (HS 2716). Values for total merchandise exports and imports of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2011 have been estimated by UNCTAD.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	d265888eeaba98e5ea6890a46adb0ba6	It also invited all WTO members to consider extending to a graduated country, as appropriate, the existing special and differential treatment and exemptions available to LDCs for a period appropriate to the development situation. A better understanding of the process of the phasing out and eventual loss of support measures is still to be established. In this regard, the CDP also suggested that an expert group be convened to consider the phasing out of LDC support measures with a view to identifying those that could be maintained for a certain period and proposing specific phasing-out periods.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/63fef40d-en	d266e77b9ff1abdc100e8d32db403a3a	Forest management, followed by afforestation, are the major options in OECD countries, Eastern Europe and Asia. At US$100, the restoration of organic soils has the greatest potential. Also, the potential of grazing land management and the restoration of degraded lands increases at higher carbon prices (Smith et al.,	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	d26820964cb17b66521421ed95ed4b5c	Although this has recently been described as a component of a new “second safety net”, there is a risk, when income support is available only on condition of participation in training, of participation in training without appropriate selection and motivation. With a view to promoting the transition from non-regular to regular employment, in particular for young people, the so-called “Job Card system” was set up in 2008. The Job Card itself is a document which records the education and training backgrounds and employment history of its holder, updated after any further training.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	d2685cd2011e1b842ab5730f78db2149	These results imply that, in order to improve the academic, social and emotional resilience of immigrant students, policy makers should focus on the quality and use of resources, rather than the amount of them. Several sociological studies show that engagement in leisure activities in general, and in sports activities in particular, can contribute to the integration of immigrants. Sporting environments can offer equal opportunities and promote racial equality among those involved, allowing immigrants to maintain their cultural identity alive while integrating in society (Donnelly and Coackley, 2002; Iwasaki and Bartlett, 2006).	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	d26918cad1dd0122a43830e2475da906	More generally, they keep prices artificially high and therefore depress average real wages for the economy as a whole. By restricting output, they tend to reduce employment levels in the affected sectors, except when a protected environment allows over-staffing to be maintained, and labour demand may be further reduced if wages in these sectors contain an element of product-market rents. Combining PMR indicators with measures of labour market regulations, Boeri et al. ( Using time-varying indicators of PMR, Nicoletti and Scarpetta (2004) find that product market reforms contribute to increasing non-agricultural employment rates.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	d26920cc33ac973af009ae8346702613	Failing to take into account the initial condition problem will lead to overstating the level of state dependence. Indeed, controlling for initial labour market status, demographic characteristics and hoasehold income leads to large drops in the coefficients of the lagged labour market status. This indicates that not controlling for initial conditions would seriously bias the estimates. The coefficients for NSW at time t-1 should be interpreted as the difference in the likelihood of being in standard work at wave t as compared with being unemployed at t-1.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/626edf75-en	d26f9ecf1a5bcd22db40c5c1ed235390	Supranational regional policy and institutions, despite their current limitations, can potentially strengthen the role of social policy in development and act as a conduit for ensuring that progressive global standards resonate at the national level. Section 3 then identifies and assesses nine important areas of social policy reform—including health, pensions, cash transfers and labour market policies2—and the institutions and processes involved. Section 4 summarizes what is new or distinctive about contemporary social policy reform, distils key messages related to the transformative potential of these innovations, and reflects on certain political economy drivers that need to be in place if that potential is to be realized.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	d270fe60b9602f5fb0eb1b8c9ef95312	However, these documents lack a green growth perspective. The first two documents focus on the process rather than the outcomes of urban development, such as the procedures for developing urban masterplans and for obtaining development permits. Green growth is not clearly mentioned in the objectives, and the only links to green growth are policy targets on green spaces, number of trees and environmental impact assessments.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d272606c3c183252ec1512879e8bd856	Togolese authorities seized about 268 kg of cocaine in 2014. Since December 2013, when direct flights to Brazil from the international airport at Lome first began, the volume of cocaine seized at the airport has increased, reaching 221 kg in 2014. In 2014, 32 cocaine consignments were seized at the international airport at Lome from flights originating in Brazil; of those consignments, 25 per cent had been destined for Nigeria, 22 per cent for Benin, 16 per cent for Togo and 13 per cent for Guinea-Bissau.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/36b318e6-en	d273d8efa22c2b74c46c09de90b085e4	A recent paper (Garcia Perez et al., Not only is this not captured in the data shown in this section but this is also a concern in terms of human capital loss, as those migrating are more likely to be better educated (know foreign languages, etc.). Indeed economic uncertainty following the crisis as well as job insecurity seem to have had an impact on family planning by discouraging the creation of new family units, therefore lowering fertility rates. The global economic recession seems to have brought a trend reversal to the previous pattern of rising fertility rates (Figure 22).	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/46069360-en	d2759b2970ae9d7b6332212cee9be3d5	Goal 14 addresses conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. And Goal 15 calls for the protection, restoration and promotion of the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, the sustainable management of forests, combating desertification, reversing land degradation, and halting biodiversity loss (United Nations, 2015). These aspects are discussed in different parts ofthe report.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d27dbd08832e1c8fd0a4ca6029002c7f	In the context of adaptation, these local biodiversity and environmental impacts can be inter-linked. For example, a forestry project that decreases soil erosion may increase the local water table. In turn, more sustainable access to groundwater for agriculture can help to increase food security, a key component of adapting to a changing climate.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	d27e72c47d519e876962a2a95ea3b43e	In response to this regional disparity, the government has undertaken the South-North Water Diversion Project, a pipeline transporting water from the Yangzi River to the north of the country. While this might add water resources for agricultural use in the north, it should be complemented by broader policies designed to promote water efficiency. Such policies are particularly important given imminent challenges to water availability such as the development of China’s water-intensive shale gas industry and the prospect of increased aridity in the north of the country from further climate change.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22758cf4-en	d27f508cdbbf45b41d5c556dcbb1f334	Coastal bays and lagoons, in particular the largest, near Velipoja in Albania, arc crucial as spawning and nursery areas for a number of commercially-important fish species. Nowadays, the expansion of tourism areas and related infrastructure, combined with significantly increasing disturbance from visitors, and boat and car traffic (including off-road), represent a threat, especially for attractive, and at the same time sensitive, coastal habitats. The development of urban settlements, roads, agriculture, tourism, and industry in the catchment basin, with the associated increased abstraction of water, provides additional pressures on the downstream wetland ecosystems.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	d27fb629c116d60d6aea8629ec2136f0	Macroeconomic policies would be conducted on the basis of countercyclical rules.12 These could entail fiscal targets that would be independent of short-term fluctuations in economic growth (so-called structural budget rules) as well as commodity stabilization funds. Such rules have been effectively applied by Chile over the past two decades. The effective management of this counter-cyclical policy stance has been one ingredient in the much stronger growth performance and macroeconomic stability of Chile compared with other Latin American countries (Fiess, 2002; Ffrench-Davis, 2006).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	d2811332dc1e937734848f3bc4a02447	It incorporates lessons from other international studies, inputs from the participating countries and many elements from the PISA questionnaires. For example, questions about school infrastructure and teaching and learning materials are related to student performance in high-income countries, but are often unrelated to differences in performance in middle-income countries (Lockheed, Prokic-Breuer and Shadrova, 2015). In addition, the measure of economic, social and cultural status used by PISA does not adequately capture lower levels of parental education and income or the risk factors associated with poverty that are more frequent in low-income countries. For example, the questionnaires collect more detailed data on students' language of instruction at school, language at home and their socio-economic status, as measured by home possessions and parents' education, literacy skills and participation in the labour force.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	d2832dc4e3f370a205080927647e87c4	In the People’s Republic of China, since 2009, more emphasis has been placed on changing traditional teaching models. In Indonesia, the practice of “lesson study” aims to promote professional learning among teachers and help them to reflect on their teaching methods and align those methods with the needs of students. In India, for example, the rote learning system (using repetition as a technique for memorisation) still prevails in many Indian schools, impeding the development of curricula focused on skills for innovation. But encouraging examples of curriculum reform and organisational innovation have started to appear in India — the Apeejay school network, for example, promotes educational programmes for creativity and innovation, with practices such as enquiry-based projects designed to develop creativity and original thinking.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	d28432eef332fb944dc48270e70dc32f	Most of the resources for teacher development have been allocated to preservice education, and this is the phase that is most intensely debated within countries. In a number of countries, the initial qualification that teachers earn is a key determinant of their career path. However, given the rapid changes in education, the potentially long careers that many teachers have, and the need for updating skills, teachers' development must be viewed in terms of lifelong learning, with initial teacher education conceived as providing the foundation for ongoing learning, rather than producing ready-made professionals.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d2883aa9053075d8503458db5cce8616	Export quotas were cancelled, the list of licensed products was shortened, and export duties were simplified (and abolished in 1996). A tariff schedule was drawn up in 1995 and simplified in 1996. Tariff rates were reduced in 1997 and again in July 1998. Although agricultural tariffs changed little, no tariffs on agricultural products exceeded 25%.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	d2891ede28fb42a2c7236f01323db7a7	Linear trends for the multi-year period 1961-2014 indicate stagnation or a slight increase in the amount of rainfall on the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Changes in the amount of rainfall are more pronounced by seasons than annually. In the central part it is negative during spring and summer (and most pronounced in the area of Herzegovina -up to 20 per cent), while during autumn increased rainfall was observed, especially in the northwestern and central parts. Due to the increased intensity of rainfall and its greater variability, as well as the increased share of heavy rains in the total amount of rainfall, there is increased risk of flooding, especially in the north-eastern part of the country, where the most disastrous floods in history were recorded during May 2014.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/52043f6e-en	d28acb874009b53ddc602e48b7f15847	However, it has been the experience in many countries that acts of violence against women are not investigated thoroughly or documented precisely, and that domestic violence continues to be regarded as a private matter and not a criminal offence, while complaints of sexual violence continue to be treated with scepticism. Experience has shown that the establishment of such units may facilitate the development of expertise in this area and may result in an increase in the number of cases investigated and a better quality and more efficient process for the complainant/survivor. However, in some countries, experience indicates that establishment of such units may result in the marginalization of women’s issues.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	d28aed247876f321c96f1386666e3a6c	For example, in 1962, a pioneering study group of India's Planning Commission set a monthly per capita consumption level of rupees (Rs) 20 in 1960-1961 prices as the bare minimum level-of-living threshold. This excluded expenditure on health and education, since it assumed that such needs would be covered directly for all and for free by the State, as enjoined upon it by India's Constitution. The State's obligation has not been fulfilled but the assumption of its fulfilment has nevertheless survived. In India, the official poverty line does not cover education and health needs. Factoring these in on the basis of the actual expenditure pattern of the median household reveals that the poverty line would need to be raised by 10.4 per cent for rural areas and by 15.6 per cent for urban areas.2 The rates of rural and urban poverty would increase from the official estimates of 28.3 and 27.5 per cent to the revised estimates of 36.4 and 35.8 per cent, respectively (Ravi and Dev, 2008, pp.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	d28b4185251a6bc5864f7779c4ec009e	Similar issues can arise for employment-conditional in-work benefits although these transfers are generally more effective at accentuating the income difference between working and not working. Since the mid-1980s, support for low-wage workers has been expanded substantially in the United States (Earned Income Tax Credit) and the United Kingdom (Family Credit, later Working Families Tax Credit, now Working Credit), especially for families with children (both FC and WFTC were only available to families with children). As a result, in 1999, the EITC reduced (official) child poverty in lone-parent households by 4.5 percentage points to 25.1% while, in 1990, the reduction was less than 1 percentage point (House Committee on Ways and Means, 2004, Table H-21, cited in Haskins, 2006).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	d28c03da87c190fb0d070465e8542411	Practices related to monitoring, evaluation and appraisal (e.g. supporting and observing teachers, and observing students and classrooms), furthermore, constitute fundamental elements of pedagogical leadership focussing school leaders’ attention towards teaching and learning. School leaders’ essential role in internal teacher appraisal processes should be reflected in the appraisal of school leaders (e.g. through evaluating school leaders’ competencies to manage staff; to authentically evaluate teaching and learning; to understand, observe and recognise good teaching; and to give developmental feedback to teachers). School leaders should equally be held directly accountable for and receive feedback on their ability to lead their school’s self-evaluation processes, for their school’s collaboration during external evaluations, and for the communication of external evaluation results to their school community.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	d28c09f84a625ba5e6ce4fab90d79701	The organizations are highly varied, and all of them have to be authorized by the relevant supervisory agencies, as indicated in the preceding sections. Over the last 15 years, the network has grown at a rate of 4% per year, which has involved significant improvements, including the construction of expressways and the four-lane expansion of the main highways leading to the border crossings. The others contract firms such as Agrotropic and Productos de Peten. There are over 30 shipping companies that provide maritime transport services to the leading ports around the world.	15	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	d28c562d50beb63f2a96cf9ce44ef2bb	Given the significant amount of fossil fuels consumed in the transport sector and the lack of action in achieving solutions in this area, this area needs greater focus if the Pacific is to achieve the SDGs by 2030 and become an energy secure region by 2050. Incentives such as concessional or guaranteed lease financing of efficient buses could be used. Any extra cost of a more energy efficient vehicle is likely to be repaid through fuel savings in the average life use of the vehicle.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d28db69c8b3014371024cd5e7434de05	Similar trade-offs can happen on the demand side, since the aggregated demand is smoother than that of each individual market. Others things being equal, the larger the market, the more of such mutually beneficial trading possibilities will arise. Appropriate incentives for adequate investments in electricity grids and transmission capacity are thus important to contribute to ensure system adequacy, as larger interconnection capacity improves system flexibility.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/215d0d56-en	d28de8d7c88dd35a5550fe598f860ab2	This requires a more flexible policy process, capable of incorporating lessons derived from each step of the process, for improved outcomes. However, as mentioned above, there are deeper underlying reasons why vulnerable groups are disproportionately at risk from climate hazards, which must not be left unexamined. Building greater resilience for long-term sustainable development requires addressing those underlying factors through transformative policies capable of closing the remaining development gaps which leave people exposed and vulnerable to shocks. This will benefit from a more flexible, participatory and integrated policy process.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	d28fb78e55640b5bfdd2d558515ab7a1	Donors have a great deal of experience in approaches that seek to involve and empower poor people including participatory planning, participatory rural appraisal and community based management. These approaches have been used in donor funded projects, the development of Poverty Reduction Strategies and the design and delivery of sector programmes. Most general budget support programmes involve associated donor support for the role of organised civil society in policy making and programme planning at national and local level in order to strengthen the voice of poor people and improve accountability to them.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	d290a29215c4858f8c38d1d9d8efa2b0	Another positive feature is the fact that five-year budgets provide enough flexibility for adjustments in annual education budgets. However, the budget documents do not typically provide clearly defined educational objectives, actions, goals and target results. The budget requests submitted by ANEP to the MEF are typically not presented with a vision of the school system as a whole and do not clearly establish priorities for public spending.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	d290d79af919992790606c0c12a2e0be	Subsequently, incomes from rural non-farm jobs and remittances from migrants have become important. Not only has poverty fallen, but the reductions have been similar across the provinces. The figure below shows how, from the late 1980s onwards, land and labour have started to leave farming, while productivity growth of these two factors has accelerated. Thailand’s agriculture: Transition and sustained growth (cont.) Agricultural land and economically active population in agriculture, left scale; value of production per hectare and per worker, right scale.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	d290eddaf55a4a7d8b06347dcffecf18	Given the severity of the current economic downturn, a temporary reduction in the contributory history required to qualify for unemployment insurance would help prevent some youth from disconnecting from the labour market. Alternatively, the Greek government could extend the allowance paid to long-term unemployed youth without work experience to include the short-term unemployed and 16-19-year olds. If this were to occur, it should be matched by stricter job-search requirements backed by the threat of moderate benefit sanctions in order to avoid benefit dependency.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	d2933175a817942928a2bf43de8f2e3e	In-depth Assessment of the Public Agricultural Extension System of Ethiopia and Recommendations for Improvement. International Food Policy and Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C. Deccan Development Society (2016). The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America, World Development, 31(6). Deere, C.D. and Doss, C.R. (2006).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/abf3f08e-en	d29484dd38cf93a900bf812ad8e558fd	This was clear when the United Nations convened the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. The outcome document, “The future we want” makes references to the role of the private sector in promoting inclusive and sustainable development in various paragraphs. We support national regulatory and policy frameworks that enable business and industry to advance sustainable development initiatives, taking into account the importance of corporate social responsibility.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	d2949fd027e8b9800daa2557ed5034da	Most of them do not recognise all forms of trafficking and do not provide adequate protection for the victims of trafficking. Most penal codes prohibit prostitution, prostitution-related activities (Egypt, Morocco) and trafficking for prostitution-related activities. Forced labour is prohibited by some MENA countries (for example Jordan), but most countries do not recognise domestic service as a form a labour trafficking because domestic servants come to work voluntarily, although consent may be defective or the servant may be illegally recruited. However, this criminalisation of human trafficking often does not include other forms of trafficking, including forced labour or other forms of slavery.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	d29665f5f6785323120e4db2063ca85d	This case study demonstrates the variability of urban patterns. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs. Urban disparities are stark and clear 57 per cent of children in the inner London borough of Tower Hamlets live in poverty - a greater proportion than in any other borough in England. The City of Westminster has the nation's highest level of childhood obesity, while Southwark has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy nationwide. In contrast, the outer London borough of Richmond upon Thames shows good levels of child health and well-being, and London children overall seem to have above-average dental health.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	d29736927e055de2c1b2cecb6d4862a8	Key recommendations (cont.) This means ensuring a period of no less than 14 weeks of maternity leave with a 6-week post-natal compulsory leave after childbirth. In addition, salary and benefits should be ensured for a sum of no less than two-thirds of the woman’s previous earnings. Key recommendations (cont.)	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/f61073ef-en	d29a9065dd309a3811c7bbe2886ddbe6	Conversely, authors such as Barro (2000) and Lopez (2004) do not find any relationship whatsoever between inequality and economic growth and maintain that investment levels do not significantly depend on inequality. Some income inequality data for Brazil between 1995 and 2009 are shown in table 2. These data are the Gini index, the ratio between the income of the richest 10% and the poorest 40%, the ratio between the income of the richest 20% and the poorest 20%, the ratio between the income of the richest 10% and the poorest 10%, the average per capita household income and the percentage of people below the poverty line. The ratios of the incomes of the richest 10% relative to the poorest 10% and of the richest 20% relative to the poorest 20% also declined significantly during the period, especially the former, which moved down from 67.0 to 43.8. Meanwhile, per capita family income grew by approximately 22.5%. The last column shows that the proportion of people below the poverty line stabilized at around 19%.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	d29c39551a7ba5bd08bb4da271ad7150	Initiatives by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs include investigating and addressing barriers for women within male-dominated industries. The Ministry initiated Women in Trades networks run by tradeswomen for tradeswomen, which aim to build support for women working in trades. Featuring case studies of highly successful women in male-dominated jobs aims to promote further involvement of women in those professions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	d29cd9ca90bd3143179a9f019fe4e0ca	Under the recent reforms the majority of commissioning is from public providers, principally NHS Foundation Trusts, but commissioning authorities are allowed to buy services from “Any Qualified Provider”, including private and non-governmental providers. “ Any Qualified Provider”, which w'as introduced starting from April 2012, gives patients the power to choose from a list of approved service providers - NHS, private and voluntary - for care that would then be paid for by their commissioning authority (for further details see Department of Health, 201 If; Department of Health,, 201 lg, NHS, 2013). There are 12 “Special Health Authorities”, which provide a particular health service to the whole of England, for example the NHS Blood and Transport Authority and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). These bodies are independent from the NHS governance system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7921771c-en	d2a10ec42881624396b00331652b410f	"The link between primary health care and health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians"". A Report for the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, Department of Health and Ageing. Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America 1994-2004. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan."	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	d2a2bdb544faa75bfcd98087328a86a5	A broader rural development strategy is also required, including infrastructural investments to better connect producers and smallholders to output markets, including rural-urban linkages. Income poverty is a major factor preventing access to food. Therefore, increasing the income level of poor households will help them obtain food that is adequate in quantity and quality, thereby reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	d2a5c729327d98dbcac7f810c776d668	When the researcher asked this group of students if they had ever heard of Assessment for Learning, they said yes, but only in the briefing given by their teacher before the interview. They then told the researcher that the teacher had tried to explain what AfL practices were, so they would know when interviewed by the researcher. Apart from this student group, there was no indication that their teachers or school leaders had influenced students before their interviews.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c530cc54-en	d2a924b7a0abc31311fec2449908355d	It then considers the role of poverty reduction strategies in extending and complementing the ethical principles implicit in the Constitution. It ends with an assessment of the strength of the current consensus on poverty and poverty reduction. In our view, this is because ethical perspectives describe and help us assess just institutions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-6-en	d2aa20d9881074bf9e99e1181ab838bf	The drawbacks of this single-species management approach have led to calls for an ecosystem based approach to fishery management, but, for most fisheries, this has yet to be operationalized in terms of setting the fishery reference points that dictate rebuilding requirements. Our current reliance on single-species population models and equilibrium reference points will become even more problematic as climate change alters the spatial ranges and productivity of fish stocks. A forward looking approach that attempts to anticipate future changes in ecosystems is necessary but presents a difficult challenge for fishery scientists and may require changes in legislation that currently requires managers to adhere to reference points based on single-species maximum sustainable yield.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-6-en	d2ad4b1cbc662c4c00cf10e537fc40c2	It focuses on the 3Ts and on repayable finance (essentially bank loans and private equity). General barriers to domestic and international investment (e.g. regulatory, currency and corruption risks) apply in the water sector, but are not covered in this report. These trends are not limited to large cities. In New Zealand, small towns experience equal hardship due to population declines and ageing infrastructure, leaving a reduced rate base (local taxation) affecting local governments’ ability to fund, operate and maintain infrastructure.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264209992-5-en	d2ae99f926e3f15af098e6c2a27dd414	Finally, it studies the emergence of new pedagogical models associated with e-learning, as well as their impact on the higher education paradigm. The second section frames these developments in the Latin American context and analyses their potential impact, as well as the challenges and opportunities that these may represent for the region's higher education system. Towards a new paradigm for teaching and learning in higher education?	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	d2aeef1d2bbf12ad06640e8397ac052e	"In addition, according to the 2017 global mobility report,10 mobility should be equitable in access, efficient, safe, and climate responsive. Issues of public-transit-related crimes are identified as key focus areas under this element, which particularly constrain women's mobility and which, in turn, should be tackled. Transport efficiency applied in a macroeconomic perspective implies the optimization of resources—energy, technology, space, institutions and regulations—to generate an efficient transport system or network. For example, it is projected that by 2030, annual global passenger traffic for all modes will exceed 80 trillion passenger-kilometres—a 50 per cent increase compared with 2015 estimates, while an additional 1.2 billion cars will be on the roads by 2030—double the total in 2017.*"" Indeed, such exponential growth of transport will have significant socioeconomic impacts on the livelihoods for billions of urban dwellers, and significantly affect the urban environment."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	d2af2ca29d6ed306bf30a170a2bdbd86	On the lower end of the rating spectrum for all indicators, indicators measuring polypharmacy [6.1(2.1)], school absence [5.9(2.4)] and criminal justice encounter [4.3(2.1)] showed the lowest ratings. For validity, the ratings for the three most highly ranked base indicators span from 7.9 (0.5) for seven-day follow-up after inpatient discharge to 7.5 (1.4) for involuntary/ compulsory hospitalisation and 7.4 (1) for seclusion. Measures with the lowest ratings for validity include patient education [5(1.5)], criminal justice encounters [4.6(1.7)], and school absence [4.2(2.3)]).The survey’s proposed variants to the base indicators failed to achieve a high level of support from the survey participants highlighting the stability of the base indicators.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	d2b8f984104ba5c7616c4a1c1b509997	Subsidies do not always provide the right incentive to conserve water. Other economic schemes acting on land, encompassing trading, or supporting conservation practices can be effective at a local scale if the above-listed solutions are not implementable. These may be supported via research and development, information campaigns, advisory services or extension, or by altering other support programs in their direction.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	d2b93bca339fb9bf04eb84e2b3b0fe59	The programmes also addressed a failure of previous education and health policies that focused too much on supply-side issues (as in the 1960s and 1970s) or on efficiency and the assumption of adequate “willingness to pay” (and, implicitly, ability to pay). Such programmes have now been implemented in a large number of developing countries, and in several cases also include social pension schemes. One evident advantage of these programmes is that they are relatively easy to implement, have an immediate impact and are affordable, typically costing a few percentage points of GDP (United Nations, 2008). This makes them highly attractive politically.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	d2ba29aad941cd19ab219f8ff0422918	On average, 37 percent of the food produced by participating farmers was purchased by the programme. In some countries, the tendency has been to avoid targeting the same households with social protection and agricultural input subsidy programmes on the grounds of equity; in others, the focus has been on potential synergies among the different programmes. Whether or not the objective is to allow programme overlap, an important challenge in implementing multiple programmes is the identification of target households (see also Box 23). It is targeted at populations living in extreme poverty and implemented by means of the construction of cisterns, collective water supply systems and small dams.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	d2ba6c54d56c03e5d1b7e6b309463689	The 2008 rice trade crisis has in fact accelerated pre-existing dynamics, particularly the transition from a smallholder sector to an industrial or semiindustrial sector that is more integrated and capable of competing with imported rice in terms of quality (OECD/SWAC, 2011). The sector should ideally be structured around high capacity rice mills, which have signed contracts with producers, provide seed and inputs to rice farmers, who in turn sell their production to the contracting rice mill. This would ensure a regular supply to the mill of a uniform, high quality raw material.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	d2bac0ba83df4f30e1835df653670669	Increases in production costs, due to higher energy costs, have been noted above. There are other cost pressures as well, particularly related to resource use and increasing scarcity. The level and productivity of variable inputs, such as energy, and resource inputs, such as land and water, affect the speed and ability of the agricultural sector to respond to shocks. In regions where resource inputs such as land and water are limited/expensive, variable input application is key to supply response.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	d2bdf168ddd35361bfcf6a85b8202b11	Urban sprawl, pollution, deficient delivery public services (utilities), housing gaps and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that derive from the lack of appropriate land-use planning and the implementation of regulation. The most urgent need is for urban policy packages promoting efficient use of land for proper allocation of real estate development, as well as the provision of efficient public transport (Ryser and Franchini, 2015). The misallocation of land resources is leading to a shortage of land for sustainable development of a city and its adjacent neighbourhoods. The main local-level actors responsible are direct representatives of the central government.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eff3a8cf-en	d2c0c397949a9cd8581a5e0cda436095	Moreover, developing countries in a position to do so are encouraged to also provide and communicate support to other developing countries.23 Finally, every party is required to regularly provide a national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs, as well as the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its mitigation and adaptation targets.24 The Paris Agreement does not contain explicit language for specific economic sectors or activities. Therefore, its goals and obligations do not distinguish between commodity and non-commodity sectors. However, to comply with the transparency arrangements under the Agreement and the UNFCCC, Parties must submit documentation and data that are generally organized by sector.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	d2c19774fb2b86e535abae8ea28e1bc2	About one quarter of Hebrew-speaking children or one-fifth of the whole population start primary school in the ultra-Orthodox stream. In terms of expenditure per student relative to GDP per capita, Israel is slightly below the OECD average of around 25%. Real expenditure per student is decreasing, by close to 9% between 1995 and 2007.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	d2c1ddabfcd770cf2bd01d0692544956	But those that did make big improvements in HDI value typically increased their trade to output ratio or established a global network of trade links of substantial bilateral value. In a sample of 95 developing countries and transitional economies, the average increase in trade to output ratio of countries considered to be rapid improvers on the HDI between 1990 and 2012 was about 13 percentage points higher than that of more modest improvers. Table 3.2 reconfirms this for a selected group of high human development-achieving countries discussed in this chapter, which have vigorously tapped opportunities presented by globalization by expanding their share of exports in world markets between 1990 and 2010.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	d2c3038877041fe78d8b8b4ebab8b82d	Support for entrepreneurship in monotowns has a dedicated budget line, but a freeze was declared on new projects requiring budget financing in 2015. On the whole, the maintenance and renewal of municipal utility and electricity distribution networks, city roads and other municipal infrastructure items account for the bulk of the monotown programme budget spending in monotowns. This has improved municipal utility networks, roads and electricity networks in monotowns, but in many of them, the lack of (formal) employment opportunities remains a pressing issue. The central criterion for assessing “anchor” projects is the forecast number of new jobs.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	d2c40296b6ee17da24f4af934ed968b7	"The natural economic choice of analytical technique is cost-benefit analysis (CBA). However, the use of CBA in environmental policy raises a number of difficult issues (Foster, 1997). Quantitative analytical techniques in general, and CBA in particular, find it difficult to adequately treat the ethical dimension of environmental policy making, which may make them controversial or inappropriate. Issues where this dimension is prominent may be more amenable to participatory and deliberative forms of analysis (Stagl, 2006), which may in turn lead to what Zerbe and Dively (1994) have called a ""cost-oblivious” model of environmental decision making. Agents in breach of these regulations cannot defend themselves by showing that the benefits derived from so doing exceed the costs of the damage incurred, however great the margin between cost and benefit."	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	d2c6127dd0fd42d6830046c8602c0d43	Studies from Germany, Japan and other OECD countries, reported fewer influenza and respiratory disease deaths during times when unemployment was high as opposed to low (Suhrcke et al., Nevertheless, a country’s ability to respond to emerging risks is paramount to longterm health system goals. The dramatic rise in the number of new HIV cases reported since 2010 in Athens, Greece, among injecting drug users provides an example of this.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	d2c76307f57c79fe4dd8b78435314886	This feeds back into the vicious circle of inequality. It segments early stimulation, with some children having access to infant day care centres and early, preschool and differential education while others do not. And, as societies age, it hangs like a sword of Damocles over the availability of care and protection for older persons because not all have the same access to social security services, pensions, health-care insurance and adequate family networks.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	d2c7e4d804c26cf8f951f646b6936368	Many victims who choose not to come forward do so in fear of shame, stigma, retaliation against themselves and their families, loss of privacy and/or possible prosecution, for instance where adultery or same-sex relations are criminalized. It leads to the creation, condoning or compounding of social exclusion for those who are (or are perceived to be) victims and survivors of sexual violence. The victims met by the Commission had rarely had access to medical care in exile, due to lack of information, fear of stigmatization or because the free services provided to refugees were not adapted, especially to male victims of sexual violence. These later often felt ashamed to seek and obtain the medical care that is generally provided to women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	d2c967f3e04fa25f13e90b54a52cbc1c	The Shigoto Joho Net (job information net) is a unique feature which was launched in August 2001. Any jobseeker can access it via internet using a PC or a mobile phone to search for and view information on job openings registered at various private employment agencies and the PES, using search keys such as place of work, type of job and wages. It recently was providing approximately 750 000 job openings, and was receiving about 1.23 million hits a day (about half of them from mobile phones connected to the Internet: Arellano et al., There are separate counters for those under 35 years of age and above.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	d2cf73bdcaa2ee2dcc0a5294c82e7a23	For example, under the Rural and Isolated Practice Endorsed Registered Nurse scheme, some jurisdictions in Australia permit approved nurses to provide a limited range of medicines, where there is little or no access to GPs, nurse practitioners, paramedics or pharmacists. Queensland and Victoria have both implemented this model. For example, in central Australia, much of the direct patient contact is provided by nurses and Aboriginal health practitioners, with doctors reviewing tests and examinations remotely.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	d2d07c0eb87b903c7aea4d1fac469e07	In 1994, the National Association of Irrigation Users (ANUR - Asociacion Nacional de Usuarios de Riego) was established to provide technical support to farmers, improve the management of irrigated agriculture and advise on the operation of irrigation systems and institutions. At present, 85 districts are in charge of managing, conserving and administrating water. They cover a surface of 3.5 million hectares and involve 477 users’ associations and over 500 000 farmers and producers.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	d2d0f2be1cb089f19e259cfbf13c2a8b	However, strong centralisation of education financing does not seem to be sustainable anymore. This is on account of two significant changes to Korea’s economic and policy environments. The first is a practical and macroeconomic challenge, vulnerable to the fiscal environment due to low' economic growth. The second is an academic and systematic challenge, which might be the fiscal leakage through transfer-oriented financing structures in education.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	d2d6c9b61f13f741dac1ae2af2936a61	One example of this is from Sandefiord blad, where parents in a primary school wrote a letter to the editor and complained about the assessment system that had been introduced in schools. The municipality had interpreted the Assessment for Learning principles to involve assessment of students mid-year, using three categories in relation to expected attainment goals in the different subjects: above average, average or below average. Some of the teachers reacted strongly, and wrote a letter to inform the municipality that they would not participate or use the tools from the municipality to categorise their pupils.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	d2d7f606e6a1491115082375833ce48c	One observer from a major Southern development bank, echoing similar interventions from other AfT recipients, even went so far as to say that he considered nearly every project that he implemented - whether it involved infrastructure, trade facilitation, tax reform or trade policy training - as related to supporting TRA. A quick glance at the categories and sub-categories of AfT within the CRS database (listed in Table 13.7) shows an immediate difference between TRA and the other AfT categories: it is the only category that is not split into several subcategories. Moreover, the CRS code descriptions for non-TRA categories are generally clearly defined either in terms of a sector (e.g. tourism, industry, agriculture) or a certain activity (e.g. training, management). This suggests a crucial difference: whereas other AfT categories can be easily defined by what aid is spent on, TRA is viewed more through the lens of why aid is being spent.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	d2d9895a15b9a3c4cecc912c2680323b	Although the mode of interviewing will determine the complexity of the questionnaire, all good questionnaires should be designed to balance clear, understandable, easily answered questions for respondents in a format that is easily followed by interviewers and suitable for subsequent analysis by data analysts (Statistics Canada, 2003). Questionnaires that are overly complex or contain design flaws may require additional probes on the part of interviewers which can be time-consuming. Long or complex questionnaires may also decrease the willingness of respondents to cooperate or result in coding errors. Certain specific principles must be followed to ensure that the topic is reliably measured, although country-specific adaptation may be required to ensure that question wording is culturally acceptable and easily recognizable.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	d2da04fa29088e26147a2ac3f9a944fb	Available Monday through Friday from 5:30 to 19:00, the pilot sought to increase ridership on the light rail system and decrease car use for accessing the rail station or driving to Denver. The programme is currently (Spring 2017) under evaluation having run its initially planned course. Bus service was costly in those areas and in August 2016 LA VTA shut down an underperforming bus line1 with an eye to replacing it with ride-sourcing and taxis.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-1-en	d2da82a24e33b420ae8bd7ea1040abd6	Anita Gibson provided technical and logistical support to the project, the meetings of the advisory group and the workshops. Anna-Sophie Liebender led the economic modelling work on the ocean industries as well as the projections of the ocean economy, and contributed several chapters. Monique Biady, Mary-Ann Pham, Hayley Ericksen and Andrew' Pham provided valuable research support in the early stages of the project. Jennifer Allain prepared the report for publication. Thanks go also to Andrew' Wyckoff, Dirk Pilat and Dominique Guellec for their valuable comments on drafts of the report.	14	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3615596e-en	d2dd31d28cfc5d3ded819673e4ab062c	The opportunity-driven TEA rate is 78% in Uruguay, 71% in Chile and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 69% in Peru, 68% in Ecuador, 61% in Brazil and 59% in Colombia and Argentina (Kelley and others, 2015). Women’s Entrepreneurship, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 2015. The data by country indicate that the workforce share of women employers ranged from a low of between 1.7% and 2.3% in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ecuador and Uruguay to a high of 4.9% in Paraguay. Although these employers are a heterogeneous group operating firms of different sizes, composition and origin, the great majority of female entrepreneurs’ firms employ fewer than five workers (ILO, 2014d). As yet, though, very little is known about them.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/894b85fa-en	d2e1c26b43b67ab01b39974b2eecd1e5	Understanding and taking account of family diversity and change is essential for policy-makers who are concerned for the welfare of families and the women, men and children within them. In regions where cohabitation has become much more commonplace, cohabiting partners still do not always have the same or similar rights as married couples, when it comes to social protection, inheritance, custody and maintenance. Levelling up to this standard should be a priority for all countries. As of May 2019, 42 countries and territories have extended the right to marry or partnership recognition to same-sex couples (see Table 3.1).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	d2e472de3b7918461aa1a9fac0908690	Examples include making better use of the experience of older employees; building an ‘ageless workforce’ through lifelong learning; increasing collaboration within or across industries; and creating partnerships with public institutions and the education sector.147 It is also necessary to consider the balance between public and private provision of vocational training, especially given current limits on public resources for education and the increasing variety of education services provided by the private sector. Publicly funded vocational training is not always successful, particularly when centralized systems create bureaucratic constraints. Private TVET providers have emerged as an alternative to increase the quality and responsiveness of training institutions, particularly in cases of vulnerable or unreliable government financing for such education and training. The challenges in creating such systems are even greater in times of technological disruption, which reshape the private sector.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	d2e674c491d150bc82c99c2f9bd9e9ca	Labelling has resulted in market transformation that can be attributed both to the increased interest of consumers in EE and to changes in the models made available by manufacturers, as well as to other accompanying measures (such as rebates and information campaigns). It has been argued that Australia’s MEPS for electric motors have helped to protect its market from a flood of lower efficiency motor imports from Asian suppliers (IEA, 2006). However, in countries that do not have MEPS, such as European countries it would appear that the market share of premium efficiency motors has not risen above 15 to 20 per cent, despite significant policy efforts, such as the European Motor Challenge Programme (SEEEM, 2006).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	d2e73abb2b6061688a3eeff1d09e99f5	This is when the company cannot deduct these expenses in full in the year incurred or does not want to carry them forward indefinitely for period when the stream of revenue would allow tax deduction of their own. The government does not have preferential access information relative to private agents. In this regard, the government is concerned with two main issues: A) how can it reliably distinguish between firms in order to maximize the return on public investments?;	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	d2e795ab23bf8c128dd18d657f6ac36a	This reflects the EECCA region’s large financial needs to replace or rehabilitate aged and inefficient power plants and transmission infrastructure (IEA, 2015). The financing for energy generation and supply sector amounts to more than 40% of the total climate-related development finance committed to the EECCA countries during that period. This figure is significantly larger than the total committed finance to this sector at the global level (27%). Especially for countries at lower levels of economic development, such as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the development of the energy sector is crucial in eradicating poverty and pursuing sustainable development. Further investment in energy infrastructure is also essential to enhance energy security in most of the EECCA countries, especially those that lack large natural resource reserves.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	d2e89a297ccaef6aba2e0e086c2ac87e	All six SEE economies operate subsidy schemes to encourage the use of renewables. Feed-in-tariffs (FITs) oblige the public energy supplier to pay an agreed tariff for the electricity generated from renewable energy sources which provides the generator with a guaranteed revenue stream and so reduces the risk profile of projects. The details of renewable subsidies vaiy by economy, for example the technologies that are covered, the tariff rate and the duration of the subsidy.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	d2e89a6602932ef6e9c012adfc337357	A far from exhaustive list of relevant OECD studies would include Bassanini and Duval (2006), De Serres and Murtin (2013), Bourles et al. ( A high number of growth-oriented studies estimate the impact of structural policies on various dimensions of labour market performance such as e.g. employment, unemployment and participation in Bassanini and Duval (2006), De Serres and Murtin (2013) and Bouis et al. ( Most papers focus on wages among full-time employees, i.e. they exclude part-time workers and the self-employed, in general reflecting data limitations.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	d2ea2c6e03b54b4410248bbfc8db54f2	Data for the OECD refer to 2010. The shaded area denotes the range between the 25th and the 75th percentile in the OECD area. The removal of the threshold for childcare support is also positive for second earners, as the very high METRs below the 16-hour threshold in the current system are lowered considerably (Figure 1.14, Panel D).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	d2eb9f0f554ab2f0677525dbdc30c8fa	There is a 56% shortage of environmental impact management officers at the provincial level (DEA, 2010). Many municipalities have no staff positions dedicated to environmental management. The number of vacancies is high because of a combination of factors, including high staff turnover and low wages due to the lack of funding. This affects the ability of environmental departments to attract and retain staff.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d2eba8e5c9663d3bda15f180f193364d	Every year, excess female mortality after birth and ‘missing girls’ at birth account for an estimated 3.9 million women below the age of 60; about two-fifths of whom are never born; one-fifth goes missing in infancy and childhood, and the remaining two-fifths die between the ages of 15 and 59 (World Bank, 2012). Figure 3.2 shows missing women in Africa by sub-region. Africa, as a whole, is one of the biggest contributors to the global population of missing women, and its numbers are increasing. This could even be more challenging in the years ahead given the high fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa: 5.1 percent in 2011 compared to 2.5 percent for the world (UNFPA, 2012).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d2f12f4a35696a8451c46d09a38caea4	The same sort of historical arch is not present in other fields of external costs, including climate change. While this history of research and regulation makes local and regional air pollution one of the most recognisable types of external costs from electricity provision, research continues. In particular, epidemiologists have begun looking at the various components of PM10 and PM25 as these components have been shown to have differential health damages and lifetimes in the atmosphere. Chronic effect deaths are between 88% and 99% of the total.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/baf425ad-en	d2f34507e19afcb06dcb0e433066df18	La mesure la plus urgente consiste a mettre en place une infrastructure d'information integree permettant de deceler les dysfonctionnements tout en assurant la libre circulation des informations entre les prestataires, les patients et les structures. Au niveau des cabinets medicaux, la participation des patients a la mesure et a la notification des dysfonctionnements est essentielle. La reussite des efforts permanents mis en ceuvre pour ameliorer la securite passe par une culture active de la securite, axee sur l’amelioration collective et le travail d’equipe.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	d2f36d27baa705503a30af676732f9a8	A study finds that the lowest unemployment rates amongst graduates in 2008 were in the fields of health and welfare, engineering, manufacturing and construction, science, mathematics and computing (HEGESCO, 2009). Farcnik and Domadenik (2009) find that graduates in health, computing, engineering, manufacturing and construction fields have the highest likelihood of getting employed in the six months following their graduation. The number of science and technology graduates per 1 000 inhabitants aged 20-29 is significantly lower in Slovenia than the EU average (10.7 compared to 13.9, in 2008) and there are few signs of this gap closing (IMAD, 2010). Arts, humanities and social sciences graduates make up the majority of tertiary graduates. Although some incentives, such as greater availability of scholarships and grants for students going into these fields, have been introduced, the impact has been limited so far. Considering that a greater share of engineering and science graduates is associated not only with a greater innovative and technology absorption capacity of the economy but also with human capital spillovers and economy-wide productivity gains, boosting the number of graduates from these fields is a priority.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283534-en	d2f83bac2a55a44a0fca82fbee6ece57	The National Sustainable Development Strategy 2013-2020-2030 includes a further range of activities that seek to reduce environmental hazards and to improve health and well-being. Romania has some of the highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in the EU. Surveillance data show that in 2015, 24.7% of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections were resistant to carbapenems, a major last-line class of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. This percentage is much higher than the EU/EEA median (0.5%) and the third highest in the EU/EEA (ECDC, 2017b).	3	0	3	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	d2fa0b6fbb599a84e23e94c0211ab47e	Moreover, the studies do not examine the relationship between openness and vulnerability to poverty. This is because they generally overlook the possible impact of the opening process on households' exposure to risk as well the role of trade openness as one of the possible channels of risk. Vulnerability to poverty fell in Viet Nam during the Doi Moi period, together with an increased share of its stochastic (risk) determinant. The share of the vulnerable population in the relatively more trade-exposed sectors fell more slowly than in non-traded sectors.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	d2fc2a1bbc7e73c6bb5147478e39d23a	In practice however, w'omen are often unable to access justice due to the relatively high litigation and lawyers’ fees. Provision of legal aid services has to be improved and implemented. For example, while national laws do not restrict women’s access to land or property ownership, bank loans or credit, adult women in MENA countries do not have the legal capacity to break a marriage contract. While the right of access to justice is guaranteed by the Kuwaiti Constitution, marriage and the traditions of Kuwaiti society have been cited as reasons for delays in equal access to justice for women compared with that for men (Article 166).33 Similar types of legal inequalities (e.g. custody of children, property division following divorce, inheritance rights) negatively influence women’s overall ability to protect their rights by reducing their bargaining power within the family. Family relations and other legal inequalities mediate women’s access to justice in ways that undermine their rights.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e2fce481-en	d2fd9c2fd9dd996b791a6ed2b3cc433c	There are also signs that the net impacts may be most unfavourable for women. Fears about short-term adverse effects of digitalization and automaton on empbyment may be exaggerated, particularly if labour and educatbn policies promote complementarity between skills available in the workforce and newtechnologies. Since the impact of technology depends on the structure of each country's economy, the impact at the national level cannot be assumed to be necessarily negative, but rather requires a balanced analysis of the net effects of technological and market forces.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	d2fe59eb85da4e8ddba6d84a9f0700e2	As a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution, the median income has fallen, thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms. Individuals that used to be poor in 2009 may have ceased to be so in 2012, not due to an improvement in their incomes, but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes. Seasonally adjusted harmonised unemployment rate.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-6-en	d2fe5f489ae8d558dcb072be18447431	In areas of water stress, more detailed assessments of water availability and use are justified. Laws related to water management of water resources are stricter in these areas and the allocation regime is more rigorous. This is used to define water apportionment areas, where the water deficit is structural.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	d2feba783e78350275fbb45530fbe5ef	In both dense and low-dense urban settings, there is a growing lack of the human scale of the neighbourhood. Walkability in cities has decreased enormously due to car-oriented transportation policies and street design. The following highlight what urban planning sh in the first place (step 1). In such a scenario, large, private economic sectors - an exclusive partner privileged to create and implement policies - tend to influence urban planning.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	d2ff376e91dc8725dacd135d3539aa90	The same applies to transitional justice reforms: securing all human rights of women and girls is important for full post-conflict transformation. For example, the fulfilment of rights such as economic and social rights is imperative for the eradication of gender-based violence and for women to be able to take on more active roles in peacebuilding. Extreme poverty and unequal access to land, property, education and services have been mentioned as some of the reasons for women's low participation in peace processes and in politics, and structural inequalities including socioeconomic ones are often raised as root causes for gender-based violence. It also calls on all parties to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements, and to take into account the particular needs of women and girls, including in their design (para.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	d301299e70c4c11995da2d406e311320	Mitigation, adaptation and reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation plus conservation (REDD+) initiatives across a variety of sectors are outlined by examining data available through the Climate Funds Update (CFU). As the analysis of regional trends undertaken is affected by the lack of coherent data, this paper focuses on selected regional experiences with the aim to shed light on relevant programmes across the region.3 Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers on how to effectively address identified challenges and mobilize additional resources for climate finance across Asia and the Pacific. Significant knowledge and data gaps that complicate understanding of the issue and hinder the ability to adequately address investments in climate change-related activities exist.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	d3035d5d81c945a0298635a36797ccc1	In the case of Australia, a broad definition of temporary work includes jobs of fixed-term duration, those employed through a labour hire or a temporary work agency as well as casual workers. Casual workers may lack entitlements to key fringe benefits such as paid vacation or sick leave or may not be protected by legislation against unfair dismissal, but might otherwise have continuous and stable employment, and are therefore one form of atypical or NSW. In this respect, this definition follows the work undertaken by the Australia Productivity Commission (2006) in classifying casual work as one form (and the most sizeable one) of non-standard work.	1	4	4	0.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	d30377eccf4bfc882c2d656ae81a6233	This greatly increased the possibility' of physical access to energy services for the entire Tajikistan population and to balance electricity' supply by moving voltage between areas in need. It consists of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant and several large district heating systems. Several other cities have district heating systems based on heat-only boiler plants.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	d30387b43b19805ac47da360752c4609	Better access to business and management education will enable economies to tap into the “the exponential power of women as entrepreneurs and managers.” Through partnerships between universities in Europe and the US and business schools in emerging and developing economies, the programme is active in more than 40 economies. The Initiative seeks to have a lasting impact on the quality and capacity of business education in the economies where it is active. The women selected for the programme enrol in customised certificate programmes lasting from five weeks to six months.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	d304b017900e506652f250fe2b667a9e	The Norwegian Expert Commission on Values of Ecosystem Services was appointed in October 2011. The inquiry found that this work may in itself provide an important basis for decisions. Furthermore, measuring the value of ecosystem services in monetary terms can sometimes help make them visible and ensure that benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services are effectively taken into account in decision making.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	d3063ad5aa44fd9aaafa62c22dbc2a2c	In the same year, Uzbekistan toughened the Criminal Code and the Administrative Responsibility Code to make the use of grants difficult. Whatever motivated these measures, they rather complicated NGO operations. To remedy the situation, Uzbekistan adopted the 2007 Law on Guarantees for Non-governmental Organization Activities. The Law envisages providing NGOs with state grants and subsidies under certain conditions.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	d30b177730984ed90a9330d37eda6671	Some statistics have been developed by the ILO to measure outcomes of labour inspectorate. The same survey also show that punishment for such cases is perceived to be high in Lithuania (11% very high and 44% high), the highest in the Baltic Sea region. Some conferences were organised during the New Social Model process to which social partners where convened, together with researchers and representatives from public institutions, during which they could express their opinion and possibly influence the experts. Source: European Working Conditions Survey.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-6-en	d30ce96b89959ba55a183219cafe328b	"How skills are rewarded (or the ""price"" they command on the labour market) also varies significantly across countries. Skills are much more highly rewarded in the United States and England/Northern Ireland than they are in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. These differences in the returns to skills reflect a mixture of: i) market forces; and ii) wage setting mechanisms (e.g. minimum wages and collective bargaining) that set wages independently of market forces."	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/dec37dc9-en	d312232ce4d4ca7666863c2db58e7de1	The adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 years or older, and the youth literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 to 24 years. Aggregate calculations for adult literacy rates: UIS. Collected from survival rate school registers, school surveys or censuses, national population censuses, and household and labour force surveys. Data obtained: May and June 2013.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	d3168a1b45d74d6f01b8675738758996	However, in recent decades, the rise of monocultures has also led to widespread environmental sustainability concerns, including soil nutrient loss, widespread pest invasions and biodiversity loss. Organic production is growing in importance, benefiting both the environment and human health, but it still constitutes a small proportion of crops worldwide. The application of biotechnology in the agriculture sector has led to the increased use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products derived from them. Measuring their use is an important aspect of environment statistics because of their relevance in maintaining genetic variability, possible eifect on non-target organisms and implication in the evolution of pest resistance and loss of biodiversity.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	d3181d281c854a54f10177e2f24ee9a5	In the judiciary, gender parity has been reached in professional judicial appointments, with women accounting for 54.7% of judges OECD-wide. Yet, women’s representation, while high in lower courts, progressively falls in the higher courts. As of 2016, nine OECD countries had introduced gender quotas for the boards of publicly listed and/or state-owned enterprises. Other countries have taken an approach that is not legally binding, involving voluntary targets, corporate governance codes and/or disclosure rules.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-17-en	d31937bde5e93ec56b63544eb2ea6e16	For instance, algae blooms will increase with the rise in water temperature. Entered into force on 24 July 2009, the Emergency Law requires the establishment of risk assessments and crisis management plans in case of storms and floods at least once every two years. The first Emergency Risk Assessment was compiled in 2011.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	d31b129a635a96ea0080ca89461f5929	On the other hand, rural development measures are focused much more (to the extent of 70%) on modernising farms and maintaining agricultural activity than on protecting the environment (Table 2.6). The premium for maintaining the countryside and landscapes is intended above all to prevent the conversion of permanent prairies and pastures into cultivated lands, and hence to preserve farming activity (with additional compensatory payments for agriculturally less favoured areas). It involves little in the way of ecological targets or measures for achieving them.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	d31bfa6dc31d99698aa0319f852bfc31	Cancer is a major health challenge and its burden is increasing in Kazakhstan. Survival rates are a key indicator of effectiveness, capturing the impact of both detection and treatment. In 2013 Kazakhstan’s five-year relative survival rate in cervical cancer was less than 57%, well below the OECD average of 66% of detected cases. Kazakhstan's five-year relative survival rate in breast cancer was only 53% in 2015, comparing very unfavourably with most OECD countries (five-year relative survival rates of at least 80% in 2013) (OECD, 2015). Similarly, in colorectal cancer the survival rate of 44% puts Kazakhstan behind even the most poorly performing OECD countries, and well below the OECD average of 62%.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	d31c02f89fc0523f4082016d2671b8f0	Especially for low-income families, the costs of formal childcare may exceed earnings prospects for the second earner, in particular, if regularly provided formal childcare facilities are not available or do not cover the full day. More in-kind benefits would give a stronger focus on earlier years of the child’s development for which Austria spends a considerably lower share than other OECD countries (Figure 2.8). This lowers return on investment in human capital that is found to be highest for the earliest years (Heckman, 2006).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	d31d13499f5a779e8b216b0fe3fad6bc	Among developing countries, the largest pass-through is observed in the countries of Latin America, which are largely open to international trade. In Sub-Saharan Africa the pass-through of rice and wheat prices to countries importing these cereals has been relatively fast, but the transmission of international maize prices has been much weaker. In Asia the transmission of changes of international rice prices to local prices differed significantly by country during the 2007-08 food price spike.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	d31f3362c431da6f79f65c6b7e3dd062	The index is built to be internationally comparable (see the PISA 2012 Technical Report, OECD, 2014a). Students are considered socio-economically advantaged if they are among the 25% of students with the highest ESCS in their country or economy; socioeconomically disadvantaged students are those among the 25% of students with the lowest ESCS. Schools are defined as socio-economically advantaged (disadvantaged) if the average ESCS of students in the school is statistically significantly above (below) that of the average school. These patterns reflect, in part, the inherent advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status provides.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d32339bfbf324cd8a725bfd9e39a887d	By contrast, annual exit rates from benefit receipt are remarkably stable over the observation period, although they differ strongly across countries, ranging from 14% in Luxembourg to 43% in Latvia. In a comparison of entry and exit rates, it is important to keep in mind that the former are expressed relative to the (much larger) number of non-recipients while the latter give a proportion of recipients. A comparison of absolute numbers of benefit entries illustrates that rates of benefit receipt can rise despite very low entry rates of below 1 % from one year to the next (e.g. in Latvia and Luxembourg). More specifically, neither rates of benefit receipt nor transition rates into or out of benefit receipt change systematically across calendar months over the years of the observation period. Policy debates in many OECD countries evolve around a widespread perception that a sizeable group of SA benefit recipients relies on income-support payments for prolonged periods of time. If this perception were true, such long-term benefit dependence would raise doubts as to whether minimum-income benefit systems are successful at delivering the intended short-term protection against economic hardship while giving recipients support and incentives to quickly regain self-sufficiency.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/36b318e6-en	d32379724cbda07318cf80a2963c712a	Almost no country has been completely spared by the crisis; however, some economically advanced countries have been hit more severely, while others have been more resilient. Indeed, the growth performance of rich countries during the Great Recession has been heterogeneous. Similarly to other countries, they experienced a sustained increase of demand in the years before the crisis, which pushed up asset prices and private debt. Yet the lack of stringent supervision and easy access to credit fueled a speculative bubble that led to bank failures, large fiscal deficits and increasing fiscal vulnerability. Since they were not able to face the negative consequences of the crisis, they asked for external support from IMF/EU/ECB and quickly accepted a process of fiscal adjustment.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	d328043af760416323ed3eea28d44d1e	These results hold for the pooled data of all the countries (see Appendix 2), but not necessarily at country level given the heterogeneity between the countries. Table 7 presents the data at country level for the percentage of children lacking two or more items by a number of characteristics. However, two observations have to be made.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	d32a3477a0a46f8f3ccf16b3ab038a07	At the same time, the land frontier was closing and it became harder to add new land. Consequently, agricultural growth slowed to about 2%-3% per year, although productivity increased notably. Given opportunities in both domestic and international markets, new activities emerged such as rubber, cassava, pineapples, and high value perishables for the fast-growing cities. Most farm households have diversified their income sources, while some have become more specialised in higher-value agricultural products sold into more sophisticated marketing chains. The rural non-farm economy has grown to the point where it provides around half of all rural jobs.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fb79328d-en	d32b5db8a27159b63fe331461c1ef38a	Social spending, however, did not decline as a proportion of the budget in most countries, as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages, which account for the bulk of social expenditures, was considerable. In addition, user fees introduced to cover the costs of complementary inputs—for example, books and medicines—were viewed as serving not only to reduce the fiscal burden, but also to improve the efficiency and quality of social service delivery. Although the remnants of the old policy provided limited job guarantees for that proportion of (generally urban) workers employed in government services or large modern enterprises, the policy adjustments left most of the rural and urban poor with hardly any form of social protection. New, targeted social programmes were therefore introduced to protect the poor from the unfavourable macroeconomic environment. The new programmes included social emergency and social investment funds that received financial support from the multilateral banks.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	d32ecbf8e9b9799f2a5115e9435d78aa	Meeting the environmental standards set by the EU and other trading blocs will be essential to SMEs seeking opportunities in export markets. However, in light of evidence that this network may not be focusing adequately on facilitation and diagnostic services to help start-ups and micro- and small enterprises overcome their problems (as opposed to primarily offering information), the provision of services being offered to entrepreneurs and SMEs by the KSU and KSI networks should be examined. To encourage the development of more high-growth firms, policy measures will have to be strengthened in the areas of seed and venture capital, advice and counselling, mentoring, diagnostics services, provision of value-added information on technologies, business models and business and market opportunities (both domestic and global).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	d32fa7575133e84cfecd6f11c0cad28c	Discriminatory loan practices whereby men sign women’s documents in banks should be eliminated in law. Other options are to strengthen credit bureaus and other institutions that collect info on borrowers (World Bank, 2012). However, compliance is limited, as indicated by the poor rank of India in discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity and civil liberties and entitlements in the OECD SIGI index (Figure 10).	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	d336880859c476a6397d48e86f60e1c0	This is because low-carbon options (nuclear and carbon capture and storage, CCS) already exist in the electricity sector, marginal impacts of R&D on energy efficiency are decreasing, and learning effects in renewable energies fade. Even with pricing of GHG emissions and without political uncertainty about the future path of carbon prices, the development and diffusion of Iow-emission technologies would still be less than is socially optimal. An important reason for this conclusion is that firms investing in R&D are typically unable to appropriate all or most of the social returns they generate owing to the public-good nature of knowledge. Much of the social return on R&D investments will acciue as spillovers to competing firms, downstream firms that purchase the innovating firm’s products, or to consumers (Griliches, 1992). Empirical evidence suggests that social rates of return to R&D are substantially higher than private rates of return (Griliches, 1992) and that consequently, R&D investment is below the socially optimal level.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	d33a920dd4c385c5ed86dd8d56109e6a	First, causal interpretations of the identified relationships may be invalid, as the effect of time-invariant city characteristics is not controlled for. Second, the analysis cannot shed light on whether the identified relationships change over time. Even though changes in urban structure are relatively slow, changes in air pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in total emissions (e.g. road transport, manufacturing, electricity generation) may be more rapidly evolving over time.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	d33d902a38de87510c8b6b17f9fc0fe2	Multi-disciplinary settings are more efficient than traditional practices, particularly for the more integrated maisons de sante, where doctors see significantly more patients and perform more services. Multi-disciplinary practice is motivated by improved working conditions for health professionals and the add-on payments led to more effective organisation of care through greater collaboration and co-ordination between health professionals (IRDES, 2014a). There has been a reduction in repeat examination and better patient-centered collaboration between doctors.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	d33f291ba4ad3801d76d33a24b4fbaeb	Other key policy areas requiring heightened attention include: integrating the mining sector’s energy needs into long-term national policies; ensuring the existence of adequate energy infrastructure; reforming fossil fuel subsidies; and providing support to bridging remaining risk gaps for continued technological advancement and innovation. It is equally crucial that the need for low-emission energy transition is clearly recognised in mining companies’ business strategies that will guide their performance in the coming decades. This will ensure they remain coherent with the changing international policy landscape and the global energy transition priorities, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	d340944853629a567289c14a5c460ebe	The average HbAlc for primary care patients has not changed in recent years and improvements appear unlikely unless clinical practice is modified. The proportion reaching the blood pressure goal of <130/80 mm I-Ig was 23% in 2011, with a two-fold variation between counties. The proportion with blood pressure lower than 140/80 mm Hg was about 61%. The results point to under-treatment and the potential for improvement in all regions. However, there is scope for improvement, as only 46% of diabetic patients under age 80 achieved the LDL cholesterol goal, with county level variations of between 36-58%. On several indicators for stroke and acute myocardial infarction, treatment in line with guidelines and outcomes have improved significantly.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1889166b-en	d343c4f5050508c3753f9f7532e11f1b	Spatial integration of youth constitutes a major challenge in Africa, where poor and low-income youth are marginalized or excluded from employment opportunities and are often “trapped” within their neighbourhoods by virtue of ethnic, class, religious and other types of segregation. For example, the colloquial Swahili adopted by Tanzanian youth, especially in Dar es Salaam, should be drawn into the culture of the city rather than disparaged. Despite their critical role in African urban food security, informal urban agriculturalists are mostly tolerated rather than supported. In this respect, the protection of valuable urban agricultural lands from encroachment is a linked challenge, one which requires a response to the broader challenges of unplanned informal settlement growth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	d3471e51c560e0a4b90909c74d2e799c	There are strong arguments to strengthen the quality information infrastructure around hospitals and to develop new policy orientations to drive improvement in hospital outcome of care. Plan to specialise and more clearly differentiate the function of hospital beds is an essential step to ensure an appropriate use of hospital resources and improve both the outcomes and efficiency of care. Based on some OECD indicators related to five-year survival estimate for cancer, Japan appears to be performing well.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	d347a0a3e6eaca03f244979b16ba9a85	In addition to this programme, the BEE, in collaboration with Alliance to Save Energy and the IFC, has developed guidelines to facilitate municipal EE projects. By aggregating similar requests, the scheme reduced associated transaction costs for investors while building the profile size of the projects. The focus was on appropriate technologies for process improvement, energy efficiency, pollution abatement, low-cost automation, introduction of management information systems, and above all, creation of an Pa8e I 39 improved working environment. In a similar vein, SIDBI appointed the National Productivity Council to work on reducing heat losses from locally fabricated furnaces in more than 1 000 aluminium, brass, and steel utensil manufacturing units in Jagadhari (Haryana).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	d34b03c68bc1e76f2519bde8f29f7c21	No specific policies for tourism-related mitigation appear to be in place or planned. No specific plan is presented of how to reduce emissions, but meeting international commitments as well as exploring the potential of voluntary carbon offsets are mentioned. More comprehensive information is provided in the National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, where all emission sectors are considered in detail.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	d351f3fc0911b7944a120a0c7f4fd9dd	Regarding digital skills, ITU distinguishes between basic skills, intermediate skills and advanced skills (Figure 26). Many experts advise that basic digital skills should be included in the compulsory school curriculum. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in the compulsory school curriculum prepare students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education. They also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy, including the role of financial information in that environment.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/ead1ef57-en	d35340ffb40848e6b8472191a37c0c96	The analysis will utilise a range of measures reflecting basic barriers on the one hand, and assistance on the other, to women's engagementas productive economic agents in Commonwealth countries. According to the World Bank (World Bank 2018a). These restrictions encompass decisions affecting their movement, in gettingajob. For many women, these decisions cannot be made without their husband's permission.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	d3569e4fc9892f2f610be01172072771	Similarly, Aymara students score 12 points less in reading, 4 points less in mathematics and 13 points less in science than non-Indigenous students (see Figure 3.2). This difference holds for all income quintiles (see Table 3.2). This is consistent with the urban-rural gap in mathematics results from SIMCE (Figure 3.3).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-7-en	d3586a4b0f74dcb09ca85d66c3618893	This chapter explores ways in which the EECCA countries and their partners can first assess the countries ’ readiness to access climate finance, and then identify possible areas for improvement. Based on the review of existing climate finance readiness programmes implemented by several development co-operation partners, this chapter outlines key questions to assess the EECCA countries' climate finance readiness. These questions fall into the following four categories: (a) planning targets, strategies and policies; (b) building institutional capacities; (c) developing programmes and projects; and (d) implementing, monitoring, evaluating and learning.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	d3596358683ae990e6d574f47eb41d93	In contrast, between 2000 and 2004, foreign investments in developing countries stagnated and those in the OECD declined following the bursting of the dotcom bubble (Figure 1). Yet, between 2004 and 2006, FDI to developing economies rose faster than the total, following the introduction of legal changes allowing majority ownership by foreign investors, liberalization of profit remittances and gradual elimination of clauses on minimum domestic content, minimum export requirements, exclusion of strategic sectors and indigenization of management (UNCTAD, 2007, table 1.8). This leads to the conclusion that FDI reduces income inequality in Iow-wage, labour-abundant countries by accelerating capital accumulation, raising the demand for unskilled workers and offering higher wages than those prevailing in the informal or domestic formal sectors.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	d359cb9f134eaf9aeb3a0ce32dbe41b8	Such schemes can complement mandatory standards by providing an incentive for property developers to respond to market demands for higher energy and environmental standards. In the same way, industry-based standards can also help encourage further energy-enhancing retrofitting. Governments can also play a facilitating role by filling information gaps through the initiation of building energy audits which can be used as the basis for energy management contracts.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	d35b88d464ed49749011c380933edeb7	At the gubernatorial level, only one of the 32 states is governed by a woman. When asked, “What do you believe is the principle problem facing Mexican women today?” The OECD Questionnaire on Gender Equality in Mexican States results corroborate women’s concerns registered in public surveys. The Women’s Institutes more highly prioritise issues of violence against women (VAW), perhaps due to their regular contact with victims and advocates’ efforts to publicise the issue.7 All but two responding Mexican states prioritised VAW as the most pressing issue in their state; the other two states listed it as the second most pressing issue.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d35d7cee43da158801a94700aadc4bef	Africa’s political commitment was expressed through the Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA), launched in 2004 by 44 countries and now counting 51 members. The campaign cites Zimbabwe as an innovative country in reducing maternal mortality and neonatal morbidity. The programme’s objective was to prevent unwanted pregnancies and encourage child spacing. As a result, the percentage of married women using family planning methods has steadily increased from 48 per cent in 1994 to 60 per cent in 2006 and 65 per cent in 2009.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	d35ee1d667491770b0d14bb3724475a0	International evidence suggests that a population base of around 200 000 is needed. In Finland, this would mean moving from more than 330 to about 30 municipalities. Should the municipal reform fail to achieve a high level of mergers, efficient management of health care by municipalities would be difficult.	3	1	3	0.5
10.14217/86877f45-en	d361203b956172905dee21050929b421	The author is grateful for informal feedback on drafts and ideas over the past year from Christophe Bellmann, Bernice Lee, Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, Jean-Marie Paugam as well as from the Commonwealth Secretariat and their external reviewers. New business opportunities linked to a more sustainable global economy are estimated to reach US$12 trillion or more by 2030 (Business & Sustainable Development Commission, 2017). Global trade in environmental goods alone is projected to reach US$2-3 trillion by 2020.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	d361e9ba8ed2f1309f7673fd098ea668	The historical alternative of charcoal cannot be used in modern blast furnaces, and even if it could be used in some form, about 3.5 Gt of dry wood per year would be needed for pig iron smelting alone, which requires plantations that are about two thirds the size of the forests of Brazil. Similarly, there are no plant-based substitutes for hydrocarbon feedstocks (about 100 giga cubic metres (Gm3) of natural gas per year) used in making plastics and synthesizing ammonia for fertilizer production. As a result, any proposal to phase out fossil fuels requires targeted research into alternative industrial processes. For example, owing to its intermittency and need for backup capacity, the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that can be achieved by wind power depends almost entirely upon the existing power system to which it is added.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/77cccad1-en	d365b023353562f17995852e63884f27	These plans represent a voluntary initiative for reduction in energy use and development of RES. These plans include the evaluation of specific local problems and potential (including developing a local cadastre of emissions), development of local priority pathways in CO2 reduction and a set of concrete measures, and envisage active engagement of the public and other stakeholders. These initiatives are seen to provide good examples for Belarus's other cities. It defines relations and processes in the development of engineering systems, transport infrastructure systems, site improvement, recreational facilities and infrastructure for physically handicapped persons, along with specific requirements for the formation of the living environment.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	d366d08348968e261eb4adae091c997e	Where there is sufficient convergence of interests, they can also act collectively to generate, collect and analyse information and to implement collective risk management strategies. Fanners see opportunities associated with risks and are willing to act on these opportunities. Few preconditions exist in New Zealand for the operation of futures trading in agricultural commodities and there is currently limited scope for agricultural insurance.	2	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	d3671f1bd417fa59487e2e4dc876043e	There is a need to go beyond the false dichotomy of voluntary/ forced migration, and to recognise that forced migration can offer a valuable pool of qualified labour (in Chanda, 2010: 29). A clear division of institutional responsibility is required’ (Betts and Kaytaz, 2009: 26). Furthermore, there are ‘hard law norms - in terms of International Human Rights Law - but what is needed is a “soft law” consolidation of those norms to highlight their implications for survival migration’ (in Chanda, 2010: 28).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	d36895248e980f9adaf7e0649b16d658	"The split across sectors is presented in Table 7. Estimating the economic impact of the broadband stimulus plan. Columbia Institute for Tele-Information Working Paper presented at a conference on ""Spending the Broadband Stimulus: Maximizing the benefits and monitoring performance"" held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on February 19,2009."	9	3	2	0.2
10.18356/355832ee-en	d368abbac87d14e6160176a28bb970e3	"Leisure is based on the ""books at home"" and ""games"" indicators, while social refers to having celebrations on special occasions and having friends around to play, as two separate indicators (see Annex 1 for a detailed description of indicators and dimensions for each age group). Although it would also have been preferable to keep leisure and social as separate dimensions for 17-18-year-olds, there is only one item in the EU-SILC relevant to each of these domains, so they are combined in one dimension. It uses two indicators: unmet medical needs and unmet dental needs."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	d3696ea7629cc45802cc831aabeacc34	No cases have been identified since then, but the source of the outbreak remains uncertain. In 2000, 291 cases of waterborne viral hepatitis A were reported in Uvurkhangai Aimag. Compared with 2015, an decrease in congenital syphilis cases was observed in 2016. Indeed, 42 cases of congenital syphilis were registered in 2016 (52 cases in 2015), 25 of which were registered in Ulaanbaatar. This decrease in congenital syphilis cases was attributed to improved pregnancy monitoring.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	d36a21c760571381d86f6a3cf150f743	The assumption can be made that car occupants will use their seatbelts (of course, encouragement and enforcement will be needed to achieve this). In many cities in Europe it is now the norm to have 30 km/h speed limits on residential roads, but it is still common to have the speed limit on urban arterials set to 50 km/h. Serious and fatal accidents with pedestrians tend to occur precisely on those urban arterials. Yet these roads also have intersections where serious and fatal crashes are often concentrated.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	d36abc1c8a379a3adf47bedc4e0d10c5	They tended to report more often that teamwork improves their own efficiency, that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone, and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals. Schools that succeed in building on those attitudes by designing collaborative learning environments might be able to engage disadvantaged students in new ways. For a start, parents need to play their part.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d36c5b7a5984caac6471e4eb17f770ae	Its primary aim is to consolidate individual farmers to protect their rights and interests, promote programmes for the development, and to support entrepreneurship in agriculture. The Union has more than 6 000 members from all regions of Kazakhstan. It is well organised, with funding from members and their insurance company. It co-ordinates the activities of enterprises engaged in the meat business, and presents and protects their common interests.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	d36f531d9fc99207a1f645fb1b6ee442	The premium is calculated on the basis of an actuarial estimation of the risk and value of the indemnities. Agricultural insurance can help farmers to manage production shocks, but it cannot protect them from price risks. Its attractiveness for farmers will depend on the risk profile of the farmer, including all the sources of risk.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	d371f1d8d35096defb3f6384142800c8	Several non-Annex II countries’ BRs do include this information, but it is not currently reviewed in the UNFCCC context. In particular, the Paris Agreement indicates that “the purpose of the framework for transparency of support is to provide clarity on support provided and received”, but does not mention clarity on mobilised climate finance - even though this is an important part of developed countries’ “aggregate financial support” to address mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. In addition, no explicit provision for review of mobilised climate finance is included in the Paris Agreement, although reporting this information is required under Article 9.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/18a859bf-en	d3724df22e7ef3ce40604ee9f26d79f0	It will also be important to learn from the specialisation of the various funds so that lessons learned and expertise gained informs any new model of international climate finance. The governing instrument for the Green Climate Fund sets out the Fund’s role in relation to complementarity and coherence, stating that “The Board will develop methods to enhance complementarity between the activities of the Fund and the activities of other relevant bilateral, regional and global funding mechanisms and institutions, to better mobilize the full range of financial and technical capacities” (Decision 3/CP. It also emphasises coherence at the national level; “The Fund will promote coherence in programming at the national level through appropriate mechanisms” (Ibid). Climate finance will need to be delivered in line with national strategies and plans if it is to avoid competing with or distorting development priorities.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	d3732923fd279bc76d3cc6dc2d18f6b3	They foster the innovation capacity of individuals and firms located in peripheral regions, as well as in disadvantaged neighbourhoods within large urban areas. For example, the Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industries programme in Israel offers both financial support (in the form of giants) and non-financial support (in the form of professional counselling services) to firms in traditional sectors that decide to undertake an R&D project. This is to ensure that firms make the most of the funding provided, and to guide them in the design of a more innovation-focused business strategy.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	d377a9ad14d0ce169a89e68e428d688a	Water charges collected cannot be easily used because of a rather cumbersome and lengthy bureaucracy in the tendering procedures of public agencies. Users, who pay charges as a contribution to improve basin conditions, do not always see the benefits of such charges in improving overall water outcomes in the basin, which may generate a disincentive to pay water charges in the future or accept increases. The approach adopted by Ceara, in which water is charged by a company, not as a natural public resource but rather as a service provided to the user based on infrastructure management, may be a way of circumventing the deadlock, although very much tailored for Ceara conditions and a little artificial under different circumstances (Box 2.7). If there is a difference between the capacity needed to shoulder water responsibilities and the local authority’s organisational, technical, procedural, networking and infrastructure capacity, consequences for the implementation of national water policies are unavoidable.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-5-en	d379ea73d7aeb650ba235a03dbd810b7	They also help individuals integrate into society, trust and help others, and participate in various activities. Finally, with a strong skills foundation, individuals are likely to transmit healthy behaviours to their children, and help them when needed (OECD, 2013a). To employers, education degrees and certificates signal the level of skills a prospective employee, including a recent graduate, will bring to a job.	4	0	8	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	d37a321e71ab8d1446dda000a83036fb	Sex discrimination in employment persists and is reflected in the increasing gender gaps in earnings, hiring and promotion to the management level (Chi and Li, 2014). Achieving more equal relations within the household is crucial to the attainment of gender equality since women's lives are often structured around their responsibilities as mothers and wives. Becker (1981), in particular, developed a unitary household model which argued that men and women specialize in market work and household work respectively based on comparative advantage.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	d37a73e5b3ea4c3859095a289d4ac796	These two inner components - direct budgetary' transfers and government revenue that has been foregone as a result - are also the subject of quantification of OECD’s renowned Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (OECD, 2015a). In this case, there is no direct transfer from government budgets, and the cost of subsidies is pushed on to energy-supplying companies (though the latter can also be compensated by the government for the losses they incur this way'). This is by far the laigest category in the IEA estimates of consumer subsidies granted as a result of selling energy at below-market rates. However, this category can also include cross-subsidies, whereby one category of consumers (for instance, industry) pays a premium on the price of energy, which pays off the losses that suppliers incur by selling energy at below cost-recovery rates to a different category of consumers (for example, households). International organisations such as the IEA and the IMF have come up with certain regional and global benchmarks, in particular for fossil-fuel consumer taxes. The OECD has also discussed these issues in its flagship publication Taxing Energy Use (OECD, 2015b).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9206b37d-en	d37c5c952daf641d80f49e3177d865b9	However, a severe limitation of these FIES estimates is that because we are using the GWP, they are derived from responses from individuals aged 15 and over, leaving out individual-level responses from the world's children below age 15. The FIES module itself, however, can be applied to any population group and at the individual or household level. Food insecurity has both nutritional and non-nutritional consequences on child well-being.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	d38524b91bfe7a1d56faccc40788b22c	The cost of these “cramming-schools” is remarkably high amounting to about 18% of median household income per student (Statistics Korea, 2017[si). Poor households often overspend on the education of their children: for example, 16.5% of poor Korean households spend at least 30% of their income on children’s education, compared to an average of 5% for households with higher incomes (Yeo, 2017(6]). Housing costs are also increasing in Korea but the dataset does not allow for the measurement of its effect on the standard of living of children in poor families.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264282261-41-en	d3900827fd754a570e422497f11481f8	The CCCIF co-ordinates the efforts of all state agencies previously mentioned in the fight against IUU fishing and is led by the Royal Thai Navy. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and involves relevant public officials, private sector representatives and fisheries experts. The Committee is also responsible for formulating policies and control measures concerning fisheries, both inside and outside of Thai waters.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	d39056ce0ab3510c74cd20d2247c1dca	The purpose here is to capture certain key features amid all the programme detail. The system-wide renovation in Slovenia began from the understanding that past reforms had been excessively top-down so that there was insufficient ownership of them by the local actors who matter. The need for new kinds of knowledge and new kinds of schools as learning communities amounted to a veritable culture change, in particular in accepting the importance of being more collaborative and connected.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/faf8a648-en	d391addbdd6748a36762c8f2e401cc6e	Freshwater fish accounts for approximately 33 per cent of the value and about 14 per cent of the volume offish consumed in Nigeria. Food consumption patterns have also been shifting, and by 2006, fish consumption exceeded meat consumption in the country (Dixie and Ohen, 2006). The firm refined the farming systems while selling catfish and subsequently diversified into selling feed, fingerlings, and other varieties offish, including tilapia (although catfish is still the primary fish product). Throughout this process, Durante built the foundation for a new farming sector, making continuous improvements and expanding into different activities within the catfish value chain.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	d391bfc7e0ff4b685c130802b5048bd1	Fuel imports accounted for 6 per cent of GDP and 14 per cent of merchandise imports in 2014. The transport sector and the electricity sector are the largest users of fossil fuels (Figure 9.3). Roads are being upgraded and Port Vila has a unique minibus service that serves as the main public transport system.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	d39328e65b18f33186a5e001401499e4	Many of these farmers live in places where markets - for agricultural inputs and outputs, labour, and other goods and services such as credit and insurance - are lacking or do not function well. The uncertainties of weather, particularly with accelerating climate change, and the lack of affordable insurance are at the heart of the vulnerabilities of households dependent on agricultural livelihoods. As a result, they often adopt low risk, low-return, agricultural and other income-generating strategies, and may seek to obtain liquidity or diversify income sources in casual labour markets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4199d5d9-en	d395b41e78d73a82af4eb65a61a2926d	While the Global Compact for Safe and Regular Migration positions international migration as a shared responsibility, education is not prominent on the agenda (United Nations, 2018). The role of teachers and the fight against school segregation deserve wider recognition. The chapter highlights disadvantages faced by immigrants and reflects on policies and practices that can expand access to education.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d39855e3a0d74ee627941cc944e9de11	It also has higher education requirements than renewable electricity generators, which may relate positively to spillovers in terms of social cohesion and regional development. From available evidence, educational requirements (as well as salaries) appear to be higher in the NPP construction and operating sectors (although not as high as in the decommissioning and waste management sectors) than in onshore wind, and in both PV and concentrated solar power (CSP). Trends in R&D funding have changed remarkably.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	d398cdf4b09ae2d73db1f9f0fd287def	The notion of development within the orthodoxy was linked to modernization and underpinned by Keynesianism, structuralism and an elementary version of welfarism. Methodologically, most branches of development economics were attached to the notion that development involved a transition through modernization to the ideal-type of advanced capitalism, represented most notably by the five stages of economic growth popularized by Rostow (1960) (see also Fine and Saad-Filho, 2011). This “big push” approach was presumably essential to deliver rapid growth, employment creation, macroeconomic stability and a sustainable balance of payments, which, in turn, should reduce poverty through trickle down, especially via employment creation.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	d39a4c7997f6837b9e52ac3ef00fc68c	With renewed economic growth now underway, all meat markets are set to recover quickly in the near term of the projection period. Nominal prices for beef and pork increase by 21% and 17%, respectively, to reach USD 3562/t d.w. Poultry prices are expected to be on average 32% higher reaching USD 1638/t p.w. When expressed in real terms (i.e. adjusted for inflation) prices are expected to trend higher than those observed during the decade of the 1990s, as high feed costs will somewhat constrain the expansion of output.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	d39fd818a40a5c55448e7e7dd1d05330	"The lack of domestic supply leaves families, especially children, vulnerable to ""life-threatening diseases, dangerously low water consumption levels and very poor sanitation standards and hygiene practices, in the home and at school""47 It is estimated that 50 to 55 per cent of Sana'a is connected to public sewage, while the rest relies on individual solutions, which negatively affects the underground water reservoir. “^The combination of dwindling domestic water resources with poor access to sanitation is a catalyst for enteric illnesses that drive malnourishment rates upwards. Importantly, water scarcity affects sub-populations of the city differently, with the most vulnerable being refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, migrants and, more broadly, poor residents in informal settlements."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	d3a141733ec6a3a5b67e6c223296244d	Preparation of the second generation of ten river sub-basin plans should stimulate more detailed analysis and help in calibrating measures. Identification of competent authorities at the subdistrict level should help in co-ordinating development and implementation of measures and addressing conflicts between water users. These charges can be important instruments in managing river basins. A particular example concerns abstraction charges introduced in 2005, including charges (per MWh and volume-based) for the use of hydropower potential of water flows at hydraulic structures (differentiated by size of installed output) (MoE, 2010c).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	d3a1ee0fd5d49cb72f4719040f24c722	For developed countries, stock and flow adaptation costs together are estimated to amount to USD 68 billion, of which USD 34 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation. For developing countries, adaptation costs were calculated at USD 156 billion, of which USD 68 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation in 2055. It calculates the effects of climate change on the economy by maximising the regional utility function in each period where consumption and savings/investments are endogenously chosen subject to income and the costs of climate change. Climate change costs include residual damages, mitigation and adaptation costs (de Bruin et al.,	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cabe9310-en	d3a21604da5fd38487785775c460e175	Commercial, institutional, and C&D waste may or may not be the responsibility of the municipality. In practice, in lower-income countries, where environmental legislation may be weaker, these tend to fall under municipal responsibility. They can either manage the waste themselves or contract a private sector waste management company, or they may sometimes be offered to pay to 'opt-in’ to the city’s municipal waste management service and generally are expected to pay a higher price for the service so as to not further burden the municipality that delivers the sen/ice, and instead to improve cost-recovery by cross-subsidizing the service.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	d3a46d6c09e294cb14e7293af64eacb8	Hence, most irrigators using water from the State Water Project must pay more than USD73 per 1,000 m3 for that portion of their water supply. Farmers in some portions of California’s San Joaquin Valley have seen their annual water supplies reduced by more than 50% in some years. When possible, some have purchased water from other farmers at prices that reflect prevailing supply and demand conditions.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	d3a9683f345482c77ddb94a17c89fe97	All 11 162 municipalities in Viet Nam are classified as either “urban” municipalities (wards and townships) or “rural” municipalities (communes). By the end of 2015, 2 184 municipalities (1 581 w'ards and 603 townships) were classified as urban, which accounts for 20% of all municipalities. The current definition examines each municipality and gives urban or rural status individually, instead of looking at functional boundaries and connections among these municipalities. As a result, 63 FUAs are identified in Viet Nam which cover 7% of the national territory and host 41% (37.1 million people) of the population in 2013. Out of the 63 FUAs, 12 are classified as metropolitan areas (with a population of 500 000 or more).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	d3ab7e1c811f6cf4512256a5b1950107	Also required is a LURC, meaning that documentary evidence of property must be provided, which is often difficult as the majority of land transactions occur informally. Granting processes for BOLUCs and LURCs are also lengthy and involve costs for the cadastral survey, mapping and registration in the form of taxes, levies and fees that most people cannot afford and avoid by deferring regularisation (Wilson, 2016). The complexity of land registration procedures can be illustrated by the multiplicity of agencies involved: the Land Use Right Registration Office, the tax office, the state treasury and the notary’s office.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	d3ad1c64ad46dc78ca99276387639c3d	In general, countries with high PHI financing shares tend to have low levels of out-of-pocket expenditures (OECD, 2004). Poland has some pre-paid schemes designed to overcome barriers in access to specialists, but they amounted to only PLN 2 billion in 2010, compared to PLN 99 billion for total health-care expenditures, PLN 60 billion for public health insurance and PLN 22 billion for out-of-pocket payments. For at least a decade these services have been offered to employees by some employers.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	d3ad28a3e699b138fd711c2a316b318c	In May 2016, the New Development Bank, established and funded by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, approved its first set of loans totalling USD 811 million in support for renewable energy projects in India, China and Russia, and created a USD 300 million credit line for renewable energy projects in Brazil (Roychoudhury and Vazquez, 2016). Improved clarity on all climate finance flows is needed to assess progress towards this objective. One element of this will be greater transparency around finance being provided, mobilised and received from all countries.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	d3ad3d16926ff31d9c45d54c52cc8f71	The BWF organises specialised training to encourage women to integrate in the business sector and to develop their abilities to run companies, strengthens networking between Palestinian businesswomen with their counterparts abroad, represents and defend the interests of its members within the appropriate authorities, and hosts seminars and workshops on various topics, such as dealing with the regulatory and legal environment. The BWF also cooperates with the global BiDNetwork project in delivering the “business plan competition for women entrepreneurs in emerging markets” project in the Palestinian Authority. Its major role is providing training to Palestinian women on how to do a business plan so they can compete. (	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	d3ae143e597f1bcd4d1753fce56463f4	They are directed by the prefect, who has a key role at the local level in planning civil emergency and crisis management within the relevant administrative boundaries, i.e. the district. The river basin council’s main responsibility is to organize and coordinate emergency plans and implement the measures defined. They are responsible for drafting the water resources use inventory, in quality and quantity, and producing periodical update reports for the river basin councils.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	d3af1dac36fa69368a9cfdcf596289e6	Among other tasks, NFA Romsilva is responsible for developing and implementing national forest policies, ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources, and conducting forest resource monitoring. It also deals with nature protection, preservation, nature tourism and sustainable development issues. Subordinate to it are 41 forest directorates, one directorate in each county and the Forest Research and Management Institute.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	d3af8ed2f7be1db16fabd94d612886e4	In this period, the absolute number of people living in Africa’s slums increased by 14.8 million to about 212 million people (figure 3.5). The proliferation of slums in African cities is the most significant manifestation of rapid and unplanned urbanization outpacing demand for services. Living conditions in the urban slums and informal settlements are particularly dire.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	d3aff4a52de29985b08fb481e44cedcc	There are no statistics on the number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of 15 m/s in the period 1961-2014. However, the report states that water resources is one of the sectors most affected by climate change and points out a need to monitor and observe changes in water resources due to the impact of climate change. According to the report, due to climate change, in the future the country could face accelerated processes of land erosion mainly through increased land erosion, changes in land use, increased intensity of rainfall and prolonged diy periods.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	d3b4d4eb511ec8679cd2bdb03444c9b4	The elasticity of health spending to GDP is 0.8. Price and health technology developments are an important determinant of health spending growth. De la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins (2013) show that for OECD countries they explain about 50% of the public health care spending variation from the 1990s to the late 2000s and 40% for the BRIICS countries.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	d3b5b55ef4760c7258d3b5573e98cc3f	From 2000 to 2010, the shares of both foreign -and native-born workers with less than a primary education decreased, but the remaining levels rose. While the immigrant workers had a larger increase in primary education compared to native-born workers (35 and 20 percentage points, respectively), the opposite was witnessed when considering secondary and tertiary education. However, the overall share of foreign-bom workers with a tertiary education remained above that of native-born workers by 3.4 percentage points. These increases in educational attainment may partly be driven by supply, while also being linked to a prospering economy and competition.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	d3b6d5f490c7aa132c33fde4ed76b521	The Danish Agricultural Agency runs the system and publishes annual guidelines for individual farms, including the maximum total amount of nitrogen that can be used on the farm within a season. Farmers are responsible for completing their annual fertilisation account by the end of March each year. Furthermore, under the fertiliser accounting system, nitrogen standard quotas are calculated annually at the farm level. These quotas depend on crop and soil type, climatic conditions, irrigation, precipitation, and the pre-crop. The quotas are set at least 10% below the estimated economic optimum for the various crops. With the targeted regulation, the farmer's fertilization and cropping management will be restricted based on the sensitivity of the aquatic environment and local conditions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	d3b77307222f470d65d47f2e11203aaa	Coefficients of the utility function are predetermined for each TL3 area and provided in the guidelines. The resulting modal choice probabilities are then combined with O/D data to estimate total traffic volumes and compared to actual traffic volumes to ensure consistency of the model. After expected traffic volumes are determined, the monetary benefits are assessed.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	d3b79db2d16d45a69fa84e68795ea389	While the instrument was initially designed for flood risk assessment, it can be adapted to reflect risks of scarcity or the costs of supplying water in a water scarce region. If they do not, there is a risk that the supplier overspends in infrastructure development. This is one of the major roles of the economic regulator in England and Wales (see Box 3.2). In the Netherlands, recent discussions on financing flood protection by the Regional Water Boards indicate that expenditures should not be driven by the capacity to raise funds (OECD, 2014b).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	d3ba3a42995becb14ffc083f5cbc78e9	This will provide incentives for domestic food production, for local provision of basic services and for engaging in import-substituting activities. It is, however, important not to confuse the means with the ends, and not to forget that poverty reduction and a higher standard of living for the population are the immediate and also the ultimate goals of economic policymaking for the LDCs. In short, all policy choices involve tradeoffs, and policymakers must be aware of them and carefully weigh the benefits and costs in implementing each policy.	8	3	2	0.2
10.18356/faf8a648-en	d3bc0bffdbe6f54c7b4b19ebc33d95e1	A key concern for investors is whether these projects are bankable, in terms of project viability and risk. In an attempt to ease investors' anxieties, the government has liberalized the exchange rate and created an independent judiciary. Another undertaking is a commitment to $166 million in partial risk guarantees to reassure investors concerned about state-owned electricity use and its obligations towards them.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	d3bfee3112f2930272ea3e7ae9ae25e9	In these countries, the fossil-fuel sector generally provides more than half of all central government revenues (and more than 80 per cent in South Sudan), equivalent to some 10-25 per cent of GDP. The sole exception is the Sudan, where oil-sector revenues amount to only 2.4 per cent of GDP, although even here this represents 20.6 per cent of central government revenues (table 2.7). This makes it difficult for Governments to plan their expenditure over the medium and long term and may force spending cuts in times of declining fuel prices.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	d3c2c88014381edbd519638aba09f578	Most important was the relaxation of restrictions on rice exports. The export quota was increased from less than one million tonnes in 1992 to 4.5 million by 1998. However, the right to export was limited, allocated to two central government established SOEs - Vinafood I (also known as the Northern Food Corporation) and Vinafood II (Southern Food Corporation) - and a number of provincial SOEs (Kirk and Nguyen, 2009).6 Internal barriers to trade in rice that had restricted the flow of rice from the south to the north were relaxed.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	d3c32872426594d3153da2b2e5e2c5e0	Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). In the absence of Labour Force Survey records, some of the data can also be obtained from the administrative data on child care. Data from labour force surveys should be used for the denominator of the indicator.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	d3c516faea7d689626a2fc564e506bec	Retrieved from: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/05/150512 Auctions FINAL.pdf. Retrieved from: https://www.dlapiper.eom/~/media/Files/Insights/Publications/2015/04/Renewable energy in the Asia Pac.pdf. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, Jakarta. Retrieved from: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/politics-and-nation/indias-renewable-energy-targets-catch-the-attention-of-global-investors-still-need-ground-work/articleshow/53015707.cms. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, International Fund for Agricultural Development, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e. Retrieved from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fV12osti/52983.pdf.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	d3c8768deeef25db27c961fb22a8a4ef	The indicator of the risk of increasing aridity and desertification relies on the same distinction between the exposure to a shock and the size of the shock. The exposure can here be proxied by the actual share of dry land in the country (or the actual average level of rainfall in the country). The higher the share of dry land (or the lower the rainfall level), the higher is the risk of being affected.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/006c0b6d-en	d3c9da3bf5ef291fe46dcbb805c87584	This is a common feature of many resource-rich developing countries. For instance, while some natural resources might be more useful when converted into other forms of capital, considering the cost this may entail in terms of additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions suggests that some natural capital may have to be stranded. However, stranding could have far-reaching consequences for CDDCs that are dependent on the stranded resource, as they would lose an important source of revenue from no longer being able to exploit that resource.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	d3c9ffe2200902fabe139fbb9c0ff08b	"Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector identifies where the energy efficiency potential lies in the public sector, and how governments can capture it. Policy measures are described for public buildings, transportation, utilities ranging from public lighting to heat providers, and other facilities. The Policies and Instruments section covers crosscutting energy efficiency programmes, procurement, facilities construction and retrofitting, operations and maintenance, utility management, and capacity development programmes. It covers six municipal sectors: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat in three modules: an energy benchmarking module which compares key performance indicators (KPIs) among peer cities, a sector prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest potential with respect to energy-cost savings, and an intervention selection module which functions like a ""playbook"" of tried-and-tested measures and helps select locally appropriate interventions."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283473-en	d3ca61db770c212e5a07749a47a985bb	The main challenges are the uneven distribution of doctors across the country with especially fewer GPs available in rural areas, the ageing of the health workforce and emigration. Primary care providers function as gatekeepers. Efforts to strengthen the role of primary care, particularly in disease prevention, were attempted for more than a decade, with incentivised services and programmes for prevention and treatment of major chronic diseases constantly expanding.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/24485d89-en	d3d2f73fbdd4f44941f5759be5ac1301	Countries with a reduction of over 15 per cent in the share of dietary energy coming from cereals, roots and tubers include Armenia (27 per cent), Kazakhstan (24 per cent), China (18 per cent), Viet Nam (18 per cent) and the Republic of Korea (17 per cent). The decline is from a dependency ratio of over 60 per cent in 1993-1995 (with the exception of the Republic of Korea, with a slightly lower level of 53 per cent). Examples are Cambodia (per capita cereal production at 650 kg in 2011, prevalence of undernourishment at 17 per cent in 2010-2012) and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (per capita cereal production at 638 kg in 2011, prevalence of undernourishment at 28 per cent in 2010-2012).	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264300279-en	d3d42d61e96a27a2abadb084988a29a6	This share is even higher for youth, at 60.9% (OECD, 2014h). This high level of labour market segmentation raises significant equity issues as workers on these contracts face a higher degree of job insecurity than employees on regular contracts. Greater convergence in contract types is thus recommended, either by making permanent contracts more flexible or by making temporary contracts more stringent.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096127-6-en	d3d4e007687e24d973f1064c33db08ac	Many may not choose to enter the labour force, or engage in irregular employment or in domestic unpaid work, etc. The numbers of youth in these situations can be large and it is important to be able to measure them and compare them across countries. Hence, the OECD review has made much use of the NEET indicator.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	d3de015f29f84bb24aa5b1d0d5c7d7f7	Data for the Netherlands refer to 2009-08 differences. For Switzerland, statistics are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by gender of the sole proprietor. Countries are arranged from left to right in ascending order of change in births of female-owned enterprises. Policies to stimulate entrepreneurship among women should be based on thorough analysis of the factors that prevent or discourage them from going into business.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	d3e0270467570bde07d7bd5b747b753f	There is also an NGO Legal Information Centre. As a positive example, the MESP, in co-operation with the Governmental Communication Office, co-funded NGO-run information and communication projects in 2008-09. The MESP and the Ministry of Education also contribute to NGO initiatives on environmental education. However, the government could do more to encourage a closer relationship with the environmental NGO community based on a joint commitment to address priority environmental issues.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	d3e24172667884673912326d9bb6011f	This is the case for lower secondary education programmes in Norway, for upper secondary programmes in Finland, and for both types of programmes in the United Kingdom. In Canada, lower and upper secondary school students generally repeat only courses that they have failed and not whole grades, while primary students are typically not made to repeat grades. It reaches 2% in lower secondary general programmes (this excludes adult learners) and increases with higher levels of education. Grade repetition is relatively uncommon in lower secondary general programmes and is below 5% in most countries.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-8-en	d3e376191c652454528aff5bf288a272	Of the EUR 47 million to be transferred to federal ministries, only EUR 34 million were effectively applied to the water resources management system. States and municipalities received EUR 422 million, but the application of those financial resources (representing over 85% of the total financial compensation) is not committed to the water sector. Overall, only a small part of the revenues is invested in the implementation of the WRM system, as most of the revenues are invested according to the respective governments’ general priorities. The revenue generated by the water use charges must be invested in the river basin where it was collected, according to the respective water resources plan.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	d3e67103c22267d97a19639e4620830f	This tendency, as Hirschman recognized, is particularly acute in developing countries. While individual projects associated with softer infrastructure are often smaller compared to harder projects such as in energy or transport, the difficulties of excluding some users and their nonrival nature means they are likely to be provided at less than full cost to users. Therefore, they have usually relied on significant and continuous public sector financing. Moreover, while recognizing the potential long-term benefits of these types of infrastructure spending in terms of productivity, innovation and employment creation, it can be difficult to measure these benefits in the short term, making them vulnerable to political expediencies and budgetary pressures.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	d3e7cc6fd7c8bfab1953064c22e4caf1	This project will also assemble its outputs on the state of the marine ecosystems and shared living marine resource in the region as a comprehensive web-based dashboard. By enabling the pooling of data repositories, software, methodologies and expertise, iMarine aims to deliver cost-efficient data services. It will also expand its scope to other areas of blue growth, such as traceability of fishery products, spatial planning, and socio-economic and environmental performance of aquaculture.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	d3e7f9ce5c5ad01b6f70129727e58ebb	With its member societies in over 115 countries, it advocates for the inclusion of people who have an intellectual disability in all aspects of their communities, based on shared values of respect, diversity, human rights, solidarity and inclusion. As an umbrella organisation and through its individual organisations, IFHOH works to promote greater understanding of hearing loss issues and to improve access for hard of hearing people worldwide. It currently has 47 general and associate members in 30 countries.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	d3e888a7bb7201bc4d6a1e4f09015bf7	Table VIII.l shows the breakdown of types of disaster in the different subregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies by Blaikie and others (1996) and by Cutter, Boruff and Shirley (2003) clearly identify the vulnerability factors that contribute to the occurrence of disasters. These include poverty, urban expansion into areas unsuitable for building, economic dependency on agricultural activities, the scant existence of financial insurance policies covering disasters, and growing environmental degradation. The consequence of this is that developing countries are highly likely to suffer extreme weather events, high temperatures, and the disruption of ecological systems that are bound to generate new risks for life, settlements, public-service infrastructure and production, among other things (Lo Vuolo, 2014, p. 19).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c544899f-en	d3e8de914ad336ebc60b03cafc0409e2	The behaviour of this investment, most of which is in the hands of transnationals, varies greatly between the different countries of the region, since the regulatory frameworks governing such investment vary widely. The Latin American experience shows that private ownership and management of electricity assets is not necessarily synonymous with greater investment, universal quality service or low prices; but private investors have helped to increase generating and distribution capacity in most countries. Although private investments slumped between 2001 and 2006, transnational firms have since resumed their plans for investment in new capacity, attracted by the sustained increase in demand and stable regulatory frameworks that are generally private-investment-friendly. In Chile, the number and size of investment projects undertaken has also increased.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/50cb9877-en	d3e9bef8791d582b81f1846de0829f42	Estimates of adaptation costs vary greatly, depending on the methodology used, analytical principles applied and assumptions made. As a result, there are no widely agreed methods for calculating costs, and therefore no agreed single estimate of the costs of adaptation. However, a review of the literature on the costs of adaptation in developing countries indicates they are likely to be underestimates.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	d3ed94c9a05cdf0b2ecaa3aecf287902	They can help to address (mis)representations of employment in the sector and encourage a broader, more realistic view of the different types of roles a career in tourism offers. Policy and industry initiatives have focused on promoting and communicating the job opportunities offered by the sector to raise the profile and improve the image of tourism careers. An important starting point is to make young people in second-level education, along with their parents, careers advisors and other “influencers”, aware of the opportunities and show that there are good jobs in the sector.	8	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	d3edbc96d78683649c00e13b48db2f6c	Alternative solutions, such as utilization of energy sources with lower carbon footprints, can also have implications for the water environment. Hydropower production can contribute to fragmentation of river systems, while the construction of some solar-energy infrastructure consumes significant quantities of water (United Nations Environment Programme, 2012a). Extreme weather events such as droughts and floods, have been affecting food production, with dramatic consequences for various agroecosystems.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7e830810-en	d3eee94ec1923a960d43af54598b1ffe	By participating in international research groups or taking advantage of foreign technical assistance and technology transfer in specialized energy-efficiency fields, countries have tapped state-of-the-art advances. It signed agreements with the German and Finnish Governments and with Siemens AG, a major German power equipment manufacturer. The German Energy Agency is advising its local counterpart on the design and implementation of innovative and promising approaches for energy efficiency, while the Finnish authorities provide expertise in technologies for cold climates.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	d3ef11dffa4f9c285375f3ae55a06a22	Although reliable figures are lacking, it is believed that most environment- and climate-related migration takes place over relatively short distances and only rarely involves cross-border movements.30 While many victims of disasters are able to return to their homes in a relatively short period of time, in some cases they live in protracted situations or require permanent relocation. Since hazards relating to climate change and environmental degradation are likely to increase in frequency and intensity, disaster-induced displacement could well become more widespread in the future. Migration and development can be considered two sides of the same coin.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-7-en	d3efb07eb83cbfd26dfd3c83046b5ac0	Women’s rising levels of educational attainment - and the associated nanowing of the gender gap in education - are one of the main drivers of change, with major implications for gender equality, the formation and/or dissolution of partnerships and childbearing decisions (van Bavel, 2012). Educational attainment paid off for men both in the labour market (giving them access to higher salaries) and the marriage market (making them more attractive partners) (Becker, 1991). The traditional marriage pattern was also compatible with the gender imbalance in higher education in favour of men.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	d3f0dd7b8bb4582159abbae6e0914b71	"On the one hand, the development external economies should be made a priority at a high level. Second, greater levels of trust and mutuality ought to be cultivated among firms in ‘clusters"". There is, however, room for improvement. Field studies indicated widespread discomfort with some of the requirements imposed by the Ministry of the Economy for SME Fund support."	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	d3f55b9e2b9b4fdd1f6b2c35e826379d	Depletion of non-renewable resources (including oil and minerals) and degradation of arable land add to the resource pressures. Increased efforts to better manage water resources including through water prices that reflect scarcity of supplies is urgently required. Some countries are now making foreign investments to secure food supplies from other countries where resource constraints are lower, but guidelines for such investments are critical to respect local economies.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	d3f6721a89173c6be4d103bd611cf98b	Today, this model has reached its limits. The competitiveness of firms in Penang is under increasing pressure because competitors from emerging countries are increasingly able to introduce cheaper skill-intensive products on the markets. Malaysian firms lack creativity and efficient practices and systems.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	d3f6f8771d8f52d7cb8a936b30a0f539	Some countries have begun to introduce or contemplate the introduction of contractual procedures at metropolitan level based on a more multi-sectoral approach. France created the agglomeration contracts that involve the central state, the region and the inter-municipal body of either the Agglomeration Communities or the Urban Communities focussing on human capital improvement and economic development initiatives (Box 4.7). The introduction of Metropolitan contracts in 2007 was a major step towards recognising functional economic areas by fostering collaboration among municipalities around a commonly defined project for economic development, without creating a formal metropolitan body. The Swiss Confederation has also introduced an agglomeration policy which would better integrate large city problems in sectoral policies in particular by encouraging project implementation through policy incentives entitled the Model Projects (OECD, 2006a).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	d3fcad51d8b579670b84180c51582fdc	Firstly, negative migration flows are also computed. These declining stocks are due to the fact that migrants may die, return to their home or even move to third countries. However, Beine et al. ( Secondly, the UN database includes information only on legal migrants, leaving aside refugees, displaced people and illegal migrants.	5	5	0	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	d3fcfed78b9e973a966707002a0f0b0d	Transmission losses probably differ among production technologies, a main factor being grid versus off-grid technologies. However, we found that using the production mixes was the best proxy we could get for the consumption mixes. Those mixes are obtained from World Bank data (World Development Indicators 2008).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	d3ff00663df26d3678ca443015f5b23f	There are opportunities to further raise ow n revenue, in particular tariffs and user charges. Attracting private investment should also be emphasised: FDI inflows have been lower in the Philippines than in other countries of the Southeast Asian region, in particular because of the strong restrictiveness imposed by the central government. Opportunities also lie in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) which are currently encouraged at the subnational level through the PPP Centre of NEDA; however, the impact of such initiative is not yet visible in Cebu.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d3ffaed76353b9f2a3611ec0fae8d48f	Particular examples are the countries that have decided to phase out the nuclear power in the past: Belgium, Italy and Sweden. Ukraine - the country that suffered the most from the Chernobyl accident - approved in 2006 a strategy to build 11 new reactors to strengthen its energy independence (NEO, 2008). It is therefore only illustrative.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	d404bb6d234f86a5840fa160515176f1	The resultant slowdown is likely to affect the behaviour of the poverty line next year, potentially prolonging the less favourable trend forecast for 2008. In this setting, it will also be difficult for real wages to improve significantly, and on average they are expected to remain unchanged. Accordingly, average real household income from employment —the main financial source for most of the population— cou Id fall in per capita terms. This group consists predominantly of own-account workers and wage earners in precarious jobs, which are usually more sensitive to the business cycle. This would also make their incomes more vulnerable, e Caribbean (ECLAC).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	d4069fae65152b3a5cd9ff5831d6cb5b	The emergence of biofuel and other industrial uses adds a further important dimension to demand, which will remain significant in the future. On a global scale, food remains the most important use of cereals: more than 1.2 billion tonnes (Bt) of food demand is projected for 2023, which is 150 million tonnes (Mt) more than in 2011-13 (Figure 1.6). Feed demand is the fastest growing sector, in line with shifting diet preferences. Almost 160 Mt additional feed will be needed by the end of the decade.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	d40bcc99af0eae9c35a0faecbae6ffaf	Regional school boards have responded to the needs of working parents by providing extended hour programming. In addition to Quebec, some school boards in the Northwest Territories, Alberta and Ontario provide before-and after-school programs. In Ontario, where four school boards have opted to directly provide out-of-school care, access has quadrupled, fees have decreased and early childhood educators are enjoying the benefits of public sector employment (Akbari and McCuaig, 2014(27]).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	d40f1b1ae3c46271f37e3785ed96ea16	The proportion of first-generation immigrant students who did not attain baseline academic proficiency (61 %) was greater than the proportion of second-generation immigrant students who did not (43%). This difference of almost 19 percentage-points is greater than the OECD average of 11 percentage-points. In Sweden, first-generation immigrant students were 38 percentage points more likely than native students to under-perform academically (not reach at least proficiency Level 2 in the three PISA core domains).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	d40f4eba8dfb667e1b2355d86b99e3df	Further, according to the 2030 Water Resources Group, it appears that most countries have more than enough water to meet the majority of their population’s needs without damaging the natural environment (2030 WRG, 2009). However, while these global measures are comforting, aggregate measures which compare total water use relative to the total amount of water available at a global, or even national scale, hide underlying challenges. Such measures are, therefore, of little use for management or policy decision making.	6	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	d410e8dd40b74caac859b7e19b1309ea	In 2013 the two new operators Vietnamese-owned Viettel (operating asTelemor) and Indonesian-owned Telin (operating asTelkomcel) launched their respective mobile offerings. A year later mobile subscription penetration exceeded the population. The amazing impact of competition refutes the often held view that Small Island Developing States have limited market sizes that cannot sustain competition.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	d4179122aa65c624ad4029abe5a220d6	Pensions cover a large part of the population. In multi-generation households, pensions also benefit children and positively impact child poverty (Hoelscher and Alexander 2010).21 In the Kyrgyz Republic, 38 per cent of the population lives in a household receiving a pension. Among the poorest quintile, coverage with pensions is 51 per cent. They contribute 26 per cent to total household consumption of the poorest recipient households (Gassmann, 2010b).	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d41929c212fc42a8bd4fbafc84174925	In 2014, nearly half of all African countries had reportedly achieved gender parity in primary' school enrolment (UNECA, 2015: para. Many countries have made huge strides towards gender parity in primary school education by legislating free and equal access to primary' education, implementing policies such as free school uniforms and meals to encourage girls’ attendance, and engaging in community initiatives around awareness-raising and mobilization. As a result, the gender gap in primary education has almost been closed in sub-Saharan Africa (figure 3.8).	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/eb2b4dc8-en	d419bacfc741cddc3761cf08677f0c69	Some of the indicators compile information about several species and are included in the NNI as indices. The NNI also includes indirect indicators that represent important resources for species, such as dead wood that makes up an important habitat for several forest species. During the intricate calculations, the transparency of simple indicators has been lost and the final results yield no understanding of cause and effects.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	d41a878fc357aa8eaabe5c5002d38711	In addition, a representative of the state where the RBO is located, as well as representatives of the municipalities within the boundaries of the RBO, can participate with voice and vote. A representative from users can also participate, but without the right to vote, or representatives of the river basin councils (RBCs) can take part on the consultative council. According to the 2004 National Water Law (Article 13 BIS), the RBCs are composed of a mix of representatives, from the federal, state and municipal government, as well as users and civil organisations. Conflictos y Riesgos para el Diseno de las Politicos Publicas, Senado de La Republica, Mexico D.F., Mexico. La Expericncia de los COTAS”, based on a presentation during the CIESAS-IRD workshop ‘Transiciones en materia de tenencia de la tierra y cambio social”, 9-11 March 1999, Mexico City.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282735-5-en	d41ac6a41634b285192237f011081ffa	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Health insurance coverage increased from 37% in 2004 to 83% in April 2017. Nevertheless, 17% of the population still does not have any fonn of health insurance, demonstrating that distance that remains before fully achieving UHC in Peru.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	d41c18f438ae377a15f1deef86ec3508	Steve Macmillan, seconded from Origin Energy (Australia) is the main author of the first chapter. The author wants to thank for their contributions the following staff from the IEA: Dennis Volk, Christina Hood, Simon Mueller, Alexander Antonyuk, Grayson Heffner, Justine Garett, Andre Aasrud, Cedric Philibert and Johannes Truby. Only a few years ago there was confidence that liberalised electricity markets in IEA member countries could also deliver sufficient and timely generation investments needed to ensure security of supply.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	d41e18f3789b465c860b6bd3463b9297	Youth and those with limited formal education are more likely to hold temporary'jobs (Figure 20) and have endured greater job losses during the crisis. Latest available OECD indicator for strictness of employment protection legislation. Index scale is 0 to 6, from least to most restrictive. On average, after one year, 41% of temporary workers in Sweden find a permanent job (Table 5).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	d41e8748eb395e82de611312c9e3395f	A Law on Concessions was promulgated in 2007, but the implementing sub-decree was never approved and accompanying policy and institutional frameworks have not been sufficiently developed. The government has recently made high-level political commitments to adopt necessary reforms. A central PPP unit and risk management unit are to be integrated into the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and a viability gap fund is being considered to subsidise or guarantee investment projects to make them bankable for the private sector. Aspects of Cambodia’s infrastructure challenges are also covered in other chapters.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	d421164cc89beb76849861e7494d6334	Notwithstanding the diminishing growth rate, the total amount of fisheries production will remain higher than that of the individual beef, pork or poultry outputs. About 89% of total fishery production, or 166 Mt, is estimated to be destined for direct human consumption. Developing countries are expected to account for about 96% of the projected production growth, and their share in total production will increase from 82% in the base period to 84% in 2023.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d421a22112493a69a3856126a9a098b2	It aims to assist donors and partner countries to apply lessons from development cooperation to the management of climate finance, focusing on supporting the development of national capacities and country systems in order to effectively allocate, manage and track domestic and international climate finance in partner countries. Under this voluntary partnership, 27 countries and institutions, including the OECD and UNDP, are working together to promote coherence and collaboration. Safeguards introduced to ensure specific standards are met for international climate finance can also influence the effectiveness of this finance.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	d427661816cc566cbe656398a37f9234	New employees must be entered on the register two weeks before starting work and the register is used to ensure compliance with both taxes and social security contributions and labour market regulations. Additional suggestive evidence of widespread tax evasion is given by Kaarna (2016), who shows that two thirds of those registering new Toyota Land Cruisers reported incomes to the tax authority of below the average wage. The remainder of this paper focuses on the policy settings relevant for three of the ten groups identified by the statistical clustering analysis and examines whether the policies are well suited for addressing the main employment barriers that group members face.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	d4279c3b81cf055988a78e0b3988ec59	"There was an understanding amongst the journalists, women and men that these questions were meant for the men around me. On the last question then one of the female journalists brought the microphone to me and said, ""Miss Mtintso, in your new responsibility, what are you going to do for women?'"". Examples include 'COPE's eager new girl on the block' (Lynda Odendaal) in The Sunday Independent (Ngalwa 2008); 'Woman with her heals on the ground' (Wendy Luhabe) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2008); 'On campaign with superwoman' (Helen Zille) in the Saturday Star (Warby 2009) and 'Die-hard had to eat her words' (former Deputy President, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2009). During the swearing-in ceremony after the elections, the then Minister of Defence (now Minister of Public Service and Administration) Lindiwe Sisulu was said to have added 'a touch of glamour to the proceedings' (Smith 2009)."	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	d42af18d9079918e3dd35bca6989744a	Okun (1975) argued that pursuing equality could reduce economic efficiency. This suggests that more equal distribution of incomes could reduce incentives to work and invest. This argument also points out that efforts to redistribute incomes through minimum wages, taxation and other public policies can be costly.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	d42db06712ee0cf2e30e05f0f78e8ce4	The United Nations (UNEP 2002) estimates that worldwide over the last half-century there have been nearly 2000 reported interactions over water conflicts, with 200 resolutions taking the form of treaties and 1228 having signed cooperative events. Among the most well known in Asia are the 1960 treaty between Pakistan and India discussed above, and, in 1996, the Nepal and India Mahakali Treaty and the India and Bangladesh Ganges Water Sharing Treaty as separate bilateral agreements to create mutual trust over the Ganges and other rivers in the region. The MRC is mandated to carry out research and assist in negotiating further agreements among the four principal members - Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand - and the two dialogue partners, China and Myanmar.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264083578-5-en	d42e9a34fa1e531710bd47ec4b3584a7	Even so, there are no cases of an overall national physical shortage of water, as the share of total water use in total availability of annual freshwater resources is low. As a result competition for water between agriculture, other users (e.g. industrial, urban) and the environment, especially in drier regions, is becoming a growing concern in many countries. This region in 2002 accounted for 51% of US cropland, 76% of the US irrigated area.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	d42f32068a9f3f3937022746daa3a04e	The inspection checklist includes, among other matters, the verification of selfmonitoring reports. The data cover only a limited period but show' a steep decline in the total number of inspections of legal entities and citizens, from 20,469 in 2013 to 10,263 in 2014 and 4,351 in 2015. Over the same period, total fines and compensation dropped from 977 million tugriks to 614 million tugriks.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	d432cb8d0f06c907a5b2d0fe98c195d8	These achievements, however, have been driven largely by sales of natural resources, leaving Kazakhstan vulnerable to volatility in global commodity prices. Nevertheless, the health care system still retains the hallmarks of a transitional economy undergoing profound restructuring. Despite some improvement, Kazakhstan’s health outcomes continue to lag behind those of the OECD countries and reveal some worrying regional inequalities.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	d433951a5a0407570d38c3e9595bb024	To fully appreciate the role that governance can play in reducing poverty, it is important to make a distinction between public policy, on the one hand, and governance, on the other. Public policy is made—and implemented—within a governance framework. The latter can facilitate the policy process, but it may also hinder it.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	d433ab3e1eeae71e17439c794541224d	The rates for self-employed workers are, on average, similar to those faced by employees, although there are significant differences across countries. Nevertheless, there are important differences in the impact of social contributions across countries, in particular between countries with high rates of self-employed contributions and those where self-employed contributions are set at a fixed amount. As a benchmark, this chapter uses a broad definition of atypical or NSW arrangements that, following international convention, includes any temporary, part-time and own-account self-employment work: taken together, this kind of employment comprises a sizeable share (33%) of total employment in the OECD, shared roughly equally between temporary jobs, permanent part-time jobs and self-employment. The shares of non-standard employment range from a low of under 20% in some eastern European countries to 46% or more in the Netherlands and Switzerland.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	d43959f50a6813d05c7b7dedddf08141	The conference is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), and therefore serves an important role in carrying out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. In France, the newly created territorial conferences for public action will promote dialogue between regions and local authorities on thematic areas. Both Austria and France have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	d43a397a2bedb71972a6b9b5adaefe12	Especially for agricultural-based countries, a group which includes most of sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank (2008) has six basic recommendations for making smallholder farming more productive and sustainable: Improving the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of smallholder farming is the main pathway out of poverty in using agriculture for development. Other international development organisations also promote farm-specific policies that centre on productivity enhancement. For example, FAO (2014) is particularly focused on technology and innovation for small farms.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	d43b0c3baa8fe323fbcef34085ad2300	These results, in turn, are viewed as the consequences of a combination of a “prudent” yet extensive programme of global economic integration and domestic deregulation, as well as sound macroeconomic management. Consequently, the presumed success of these two countries has been used to argue the case for globalisation and to indicate the potential benefits that other developing countries can reap. The importance of these two countries spills over into discussions of international inequality as well.1 This makes comparison of the extent of poverty reduction in India and China, and the possible causes of the revealed patterns, of particular current relevance. These concerns actually predate the current global financial crisis and the associated slowdown in many economies, which have obviously also affected growth prospects in China and India.	1	3	5	0.25
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	d43dcb73c89a9051566109722daec234	Besides, the agricultural region is expanding to the north, and thus the arid steppe zone of eastern Mongolia is pushing the forest steppe zones to the north. As a result, the size of the high mountain and forest steppe zone is decreasing, and the size of the steppe and desert steppe zone is increasing. Several principal processes are likely to lead to a decline in agricultural productivity as a result of land degradation. These include reduction in effective rooting depth, loss of plant nutrients and soil organic carbon, loss of plant-available water, loss of arable land area and damage to seedlings.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	d44047fac6c5f6a6f40e3619abb0b977	In the longer term, the establishment of international measurement and verification protocol - which would support translating technological potentials in monetary terms - should be encouraged to reassure and facilitate the private sector's involvement in end-use EE projects. Targeting public resources towards better leveraging of private resources is what matters. Private financial markets are much better placed to handle some of the actual risks.	7	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	d44557034eaf4f75ae954337b4f59de9	Student performance started to fall already in the 1980s, but it seems likely that extensive reforms undertaken in the 1990s added to the decline (Holmlund et al., Decentralisation from 1991-93 (Box 2.2) devolved the responsibility for primary and secondary schools from the central government to municipalities. Poor organisation, lack of expertise and unclear responsibilities are still major issues at the municipal level, two decades after the reform (SNAE, 2011), and suboptimal allocation of resources means that weaker schools are not sufficiently supported.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/faa55f92-en	d4464c4e912761025a6c22882d05b3d2	Where more adults move into work, the risk of moving into poverty decreases in Belgium, while increasing in Denmark, Iceland and Luxembourg. Meanwhile, remaining in a jobless household is associated with a higher risk of entering poverty in Cyprus, Estonia and Hungary, and with a lower risk in Belgium. Finally, children in households that are no longer jobless by time t+1, i.e. where at least one adult finds work, are significantly more likely to enter poverty in Estonia and Hungary. Using a moving poverty line produces qualitatively similar findings (estimates available from the authors on request).	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/c4ee33bd-en	d446ecc73df3d9abe17ec4f1cd6cd09a	The global financial crisis adversely affected almost all the Caribbean small states. The regional average growth rate decelerated to 2.4 per cent in this period from the 3.9 percent registered in the first half of the decade. This performance closely mirrors the pattern in the USA - The Bahamas’s biggest tourism export partner.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	d447a472195e18dd2a40b7ef78a13aed	Efforts to improve the situation of women and girls in India (cont.) For instance, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims to promote women’s participation in the workforce by setting explicit quotas for female participation in the scheme; setting equal wages for men and women; by allowing childcare facilities to be provided on worksites; and by requiring provision of work close to participants’ homes (OECD, 2012a). The programme succeeded in granting women higher wages than in private rural employment (Holmes and Jones, 2011), but has been criticised for high costs and low efficiency (Niehaus and Sukhtankar, 2009), corruption (Liu and Deininger, 2010), and the lack of day-care facilities at or near the work sites (Bhatty, 2006). Men are 70% more likely than women to have an account at a formal financial institution (44% of men and 26% of women aged 15 and older in 2011 - Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	d449b184632d4c3ae3e5d98ef244afe7	The policy covers up to 50% of the interest payable on new and existing loans for the first year of EC declaration, and the rate of subsidy can increase up to 80% for subsequent years. The maximum payment is AUD 100 000 for any 12-month period and AUD 500 000 for five-year period. On the other hand, ECRP is a welfare payment that intends to assist day-to-day family and personal living expense.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	d44ae346044bdf9206f641da78e84b9b	Community care services would need to be easy to get to, and allow individuals to live in communities where they have support systems - friends, family, social services and health care services -, and opportunities to work, socialise, and pursue interests. When existing psychiatric inpatient facilities are geographically isolated, or difficult to reach, a transformation of their function to emphasise outpatient care will not help secure high quality community-based mental health care. To make this happen the Japanese Government will have to take a strong stance: in other OECD countries where many hospital beds and institutions were closed they were state-owned, for example in the United States and the United Kingdom, while in Japan hospitals are 90% privately owned. The Japanese Government will have the difficult task of reducing demand for inpatient care by improving community services, and reducing the incentive for keeping beds open, by cutting back on reimbursement for inpatient care. Without access to appropriate out-of-hours care, hospital care is the default option after 6pm, which can drive up unnecessary emergency admissions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-3-en	d44c6b026755f05a64081a203626f7fe	For instance, the lack of gender-specific goals in most areas of developmental plans makes progress on gender equality difficult to gauge. Yet, little attention is given to gender mainstreaming in the design and implementation of mainstream sectorial policies as well as in the development of sector-specific guidelines and development of gender-disaggregated data (please also refer to Chapter 4). It would be important to maintain a clear separation between the objectives of family and gender policies in the new concept of family and gender policy, to ensure that the role of women is not confined to the family domain.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	d450562994f0879497e570202d10c564	Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship (CSE), www.entrepreneur.chalmers.se, is both an educational platform, where entrepreneurship skills can be acquired and a pre-incubator to developed early-stage business ideas and to start-up a company (most students start a legal company during the project-year). Core to this is a network that brings together innovative individuals, universities and firms interested in developing and commercialising early stage high-tech ideas with high market potential. Today, CSE practices an “Encubation” process, that is, offering a Master-level education combined with business incubation through an incubator organisation - Encubator - operating in symbiosis with the education but owned by Chalmersinvest. When participating as an idea provider, university researchers and other inventors, get an opportunity to test their invention in a one-year innovation project at CSE.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	d45245586b64aa041220afe04559044e	Section 1 paints a comprehensive picture of recent trends in gender gaps, spanning a wide range of labour market outcomes and discussing their key drivers. Section 2 provides a comprehensive set of policy recommendations, drawing on recent OECD work, as well as on the efforts of other international organisations and on a large policy evaluation literature. The most notable improvements have been an unprecedented increase in female labour force participation in some parts of the world and a rapidly shrinking gender education gap. However, progress has been extremely uneven, both across and within countries, and female workers continue to have worse jobs than men. Significant improvements have been recorded in Latin America, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the gap fell by about 1 percentage point per year over the period analysed.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	d45578b8764af700319077af5d2d4f7e	Singapore, however, has used cordon charges in its current ERP scheme since 1998, when it replaced the ALS, introduced in 1975. Under the ERP, cars entering the city centre are automatically charged as they pass through gantries into the city centre during peak hours. Rates are reviewed and adjusted on a quarterly basis with the goal of maintaining speeds of 20 km/h to 30 km/h on arterial roads and 45 km/h to 65 km/h on expressways, and vary by vehicle size, entry point, day of the week and by half-hour period during peak hours.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/dcr-2014-22-en	d4562c185acfabe476a7237092d1214a	"For example, adaptation benefits emerge from ""good” development planning, whilst mitigation actions can provide energy access and security benefits and improve air quality and human health. Initiatives under the sustainability agenda emerging from the Rio+20 Summit, the post-2015 development goals and the three ""Rio conventions” will need to be compatible, tightly inter-linked and mutually reinforcing. In recognising the links between environment and development, the new post-2015 development framework is expected to take the form of a set of Sustainable Development Goals (UNGA, 2013).1 The financing of these goals must be complementary to financing commitments under the Rio conventions to ensure co-ordinated action on development and the environment."	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	d4564c18ea1d7310c129c09a0a4582ce	Attendance is almost universal at these two levels, which contrasts with low attendance rates in pre-primary education. The size and location of schools are key distinctive features of the Kazakh school network. Urban schools tend to suffer from a shortage of student places and operate in multiple shifts. In contrast, low density of population and a policy that favours universal access have resulted in a large number of small-class schools (about 50% of all schools). Student learning outcomes, as measured by PISA, are considerably below the OECD average. The difference in the mean performance in mathematics suggests that Kazakh 25-year-olds are on average two years behind their peers in OECD countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	d456fa5088a94f55e6abcdbed50272c6	By contrast, care workers in the education and health subsectors have considerably higher levels of education (see table III.4), which becomes relevant when analysing differences in income, as discussed below . In 2010, almost 85% of care jobs were in uiban areas; the figure for other occupations was 77% (see figure III. In 2010,6.7% of all employed persons in the region had care-related jobs: 7.6% in urban areas and 4.1% in rural areas.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	d4575fc1725ac12ddf08b284b8d8d290	In the first four years of implementation, the LEZ in London prevented the release of 28 tonnes of particulate matter, and increasingly stringent regulations have continued to yield significant additional reductions to particulate matter levels. It operates in tandem with the congestion charge, adding an additional fee based on the emissions rating of the vehicle in question. This is the first emission control scheme in the UK to target individual vehicles, and represents an important stepping stone towards an ultra-low emission zone (ULEZ). The T-charge has resulted in a 30% reduction in the number of non-compliant vehicles in the congestion charging zone.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	d45a486b2d59422e10b46def43cc7bdb	For instance, it is considered a major and growing issue in Western Galilee in Israel and Laguna Region in Mexico (2014 OECD questionnaire). As a result of sustained groundwater pumping, saturated thicknesses and well yields can be reduced significantly. In some cases, reductions in aquifer viability have been severe enough that there has been a gradual transition from irrigated back to dryland agriculture (e.g. parts of western Kansas in the United States). In other areas, such as north Texas, irrigation is still possible but it is clear that the current intensity (in terms of irrigated area and application rates) cannot be maintained in the future.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	d45e89d229e2a17e276f115bcadb8d97	In recent years, the role of Governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where Government activism has proved very crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia (2010)). While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental States, it is not clear how such States can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their States, which range from “very capable” to “failing”.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	d4615eee66d54fbe72aef82854c2764e	Such policies have also enabled the city to define projects in a much more stringent manner than the regular development process would allow. The city has, for instance, developed high-quality public spaces and amenities as it readies plots for development. Of course, many developments in the city remain private sector led; active land-use policies are only used in some cases.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/152d606d-en	d4620b24482d2ca2a91d98a2c9b092b2	Making choices freely can be impaired by personal insecurity and fear of violence. Violence is also associated with high poverty and inequality. Women and sexual, ethnic and religious minorities—as well as other groups and communities that face social discrimination—are more likely to experience personal insecurity and threats of violence, perceived or actual. A lack of social cohesion coupled with high inequality threatens human development achievements by skewing institutions and eroding the social contract.3 Beyond a certain threshold, inequality exacerbates rent-seeking, which impedes growth, slows poverty reduction and limits the quality of social and political engagement.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	d46481124077d33030ec91cb6ba9621e	Beyond this general tendency, climate change is likely to have impacts of a different nature on the water cycle in different regions of the world. Notably, available climate projections indicate likely increases in mean precipitations at high latitudes as well as at mid-latitude wet areas, and decreases in summer precipitation in mid-latitude and sub-tropical dry areas (IPCC, 2013). In regions with rain-dominated catchments, enhanced flow' seasonality was concluded by various studies, implying higher peak flows and decreased low flow's and extended dry periods (IPCC, 2007a; EEA, 2012).	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264216501-11-en	d464a3e617e39b7bf4a7fe2b82ad67a3	This newly available data source makes it possible to examine some of the key questions asked above related to immigration policies and the skills of migrants which have not been fully addressed until now because of data limitations. Most importantly, this survey allows drawing comparisons across countries which differ in terms of immigration and integration policies, migration history and labour market conditions. The chapter addresses some important questions and raises others that could open new domains of research to guide policy. Section 8.2 provides a description of the Survey of Adult Skills and presents the basic characteristics of migrants.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	d465676a34fd25ba5235ff00e42874fb	It concludes that in 2005-14, annual expenditure requirements in developing countries amount to USD 72 billion, divided as follows: USD 18 billion to increase coverage and USD 54 billion to maintain and renew existing facilities for served populations. With the construction of wastewater management networks for an increasingly urbanised population, the cost of sewerage and wastewater treatment will also escalate (in a mature networked system, these costs normally exceeds that of water supply). It is therefore necessary to consider the full set of financial implications of extending first-time access, particularly to networked services. Non-uniform flat rates (in use in the United Kingdom and in the former Soviet Union) can be based on features which relate to water consumption (e.g. efficient appliances, water reuse).	6	2	3	0.2
10.6027/9789289350167-8-en	d46652f3f1c84a1b471f30c8d0087137	Many governments are recognizing this, and some have reformed their subsidies or are in the process of phasing them out. In 2015 and 2016, with low oil prices, around 50 countries increased or removed government controls on prices of fossil fuels, directly or partially removing subsidies. In 2013 Finland scrutinized 400 subsidy measures according to their environmental and social impacts and costs.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	d4669ff37980b5c88375b51f113f6bf8	The reason is that computers can replace routine tasks such as assembly-line or clerical work, while nonroutine tasks are more difficult to digitize, and computers facilitate large-scale data analysis, which complements the tasks of skilled workers. However, these developments can also be explained by trade-related arguments that emphasize the rapid increase of trade in intermediate products, such as parts and components - a key feature in electronics industries - and the offshoring of service activities. Trade in intermediate products and offshoring have often figured prominently in the trade-inequality debate in developed countries. Less costly and more sophisticated ICTs have enabled firms to profitably manage multifaceted procedures and undertake different stages of production in different geographical locations. As a result, some of the production of intermediate goods has moved from developed to developing countries, thereby spurring international trade in those goods.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	d46700382c76c0bd3e02b736f4f8492e	Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0012. The Geography of Intergenerational I5! Uk/28401/l/Helping Patents to Parent report.pdf (accessed on 07 August 2018). Org/p/hdl/improv/1608.html (accessed on 11 April 2018). Org/file:///C:/Users/thevenon o/Downloads/4448-157-5923-l-10-20180213.pdf. Handbook of labor Economics, 4A, https://economics.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/pdf paper nicole-fortin-decomposition-methods.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2018).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	d46e63edbfe4dd042782cecbc3cec19d	Thus, the changing needs of industries for workers with a different skill set during the industrialisation process requires the implementation of appropriate measures to ensure workers' availability when needed (UNIDO, 2017b). These groups are typically prone to poverty and discrimination by being excluded from the labour market. Youth unemployment, in particular, has strong negative effects on the future of those directly affected and on the economy as a whole.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	d47178fae05901211e87ad315511e39b	In particular, the significant drop in the number of students enrolled in short vocational programmes causes shortages of certain occupations. This number dropped by over 50% (from about 2 000 students to about 1 000) between 2007 and 2009. Middle vocational programmes also saw large declines in enrolment from over 18 000 students in 2007 to around 12 000 students in 2009.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/34a64e2c-en	d4753dd638b4e36a4c0af7d938b469a8	A reanalysis of the same data using the ratio measure found that increases in gender equality in education were associated with higher levels of growth for rich and poor countries alike (Klasen, 1999). Labour is generally taken as a given factor of production, like land and other natural resources, rather than as a resource that has to be produced through human effort. Much of this care work is carried out by women, often on an unpaid basis. In developing countries, where State or market provision of services and infrastructure and technologies that would reduce the burden of such work are largely missing, women spend considerable time on childcare, food preparation, fuelwood and water collection and caring for older persons and the sick, in addition to economic activities such as food production, income generation, cash crop cultivation, livestock care and home gardening.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	d4762ad7938e89211b3c1f9948453eff	A clear reduction in the use of modem contraceptives (and especially of sterilization) and a parallel increase in the use of traditional methods were also observed in Singapore after the introduction of pro-natalist policies in the 1980s (see Ross and others, 2005). This lack of information reflects the reduced financial support for the promotion and provision of modem contraceptives in public services. In the Philippines, the central government has opted not to directly finance and procure modern contraceptives, tasking instead decentralized local government units (LGU).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	d4764657e1406dd6ebe8ef670315cd8c	For the 802.11 SEPs 3.471 cents per unit Xbox-products, while a reasonable range would stretch up to 19.500 cents). In the following part, we shall try to describe specifically the home-care state-of-the-art as depicted on relevant IP-documents, to further examine, if similar conflicts might arise also in this specific emerging field of health-care. This should combine first, common ICT-standards and medical-managerial Guidelines and second, it should regulate fairly enough the Essential Patents involved, in order to facilitate globally, assisted-living and home-care.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	d47812a79cb5192189fb903c16ee440d	It also reviews progress with respect to the objectives of the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. It takes into account the latest Economic Surveys of Ireland and the latest IEA energy review of Ireland. Energy intensity was considerably reduced, and is now the lowest in the OECD. Material intensity also steadily decreased, reaching the OECD average.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	d47a0fd9bf2167fd8e9d35d6da166611	Section B defines this segment of the labour market, conceptually and empirically, on the basis of the international literature, a review of the regional situation and data from household surveys. Section C examines the size of the care sector in Latin America and how it has changed over the past decade. Although it is useful for analytical purposes to treat all care woikers as a single, homogeneous group, there are, in fact, two veiy different subgroups: domestic woikers (providing services directly to households) and all other care workers (most of whom work in health and education services). Particular care is therefore taken to differentiate between these two subgroups, while also analysing the sector as a whole.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	d47d46274920c5c99e0d8cf30cf4bf84	One way to assess and monitor how well countries are preparing their students for life after compulsory education is to determine the proportion of 15-year-olds who score above the baseline level of proficiency in the PISA test. A Danish study that linked PISA to the Survey of Adult Skills (a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, or PIAAC) also shows that students who had scored below Level 2 in reading in PISA 2000 were more likely to have received income transfers for more than a year between the ages of 18 and 27 - meaning that they were unemployed or ill for long periods (Rosdahl, 2014). And the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY) shows that the 25% of students with the lowest scores in mathematics in 2003 were more likely to be unemployed or not in the labour force in 2013 than the second 25% of students (LSAY, 2014).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d481c8ec9190d45048cf1d4c347e20fe	By weighting interruptions on the basis of interrupted load or non-supplied energy (instead of customer numbers), security indicators can more closely reflect the impact of interruptions. One example of such an indicator is energy not supplied (ENS). This indicator considers the amount of energy not supplied because of interruptions, which is typically normalised by the number of connected customers. In other words, it provides a metric of system failure independent of the total size of consumption.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	d4830d27f8ed0076b340e2f17b4de78e	Section 2.3 provides for an institutional mapping of key public actors at national and subnational level in water policy design, regulation and implementation to illustrate the policy gap. The governance issues related to management of water resources and services, and the policy responses adopted, are discussed in Sections 3 and 4. The main governance challenges lie in the need to integrate different sectoral and territorial institutions in water strategic planning and design at central government level, and to co-ordinate activities across diverse subnational actors and between levels of government. This level of institutional fragmentation at central government level is similar to that in many other OECD countries.8 Since 1999, the Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea (MATTM) has been responsible for water policy and co-ordinating river basin authorities. It is in charge of planning, priority-setting, and establishing overall frameworks for water resources management and water services provision (quality, continuity, access and tariffs).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/50e33932-en	d484d640870031ff046e7b278cbb4e4e	This broader well-being agenda does not abandon the objective to improve rural competitiveness; rather it recognises that competitiveness is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for well-being. A pooling of resources and capabilities across entities creates the ability to collectively accomplish what no individual actor can achieve independently. This demands the collaboration and engagement of government at multiple levels, and involvement of the private sector and third sector. Long term capacity building makes rural communities more engaged in processes of development and more resilient to shocks.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-3-en	d48985026162a536de05e2cb0a2a7edc	Moreover, entrepreneurship is a critical vehicle for the introduction of innovation. During the past decade, most OECD countries have started to promote entrepreneurship skills at all levels of education (Hytti and O’Gorman, 2004). Entrepreneurship education is a popular policy tool to develop entrepreneurial skills and encourage a more favourable culture and attitude towards innovation and the creation of new firms.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	d48da2cf8a17a8251eb573fbfb021bb7	Similarly, despite the efforts made to disseminate market information through existing information and communication technologies (ICTs), such technologies would need to expand to better link farmers to markets and increase competitiveness. By March 2012, 235 dams, 327 river pumping stations and 8 312 groundwater irrigation projects had been completed. Over the same period, the storage capacity increased from 2.33 km3 to 18 km3, i.e. 1.7% of the estimated annual renewable surface water resources (ARDC, 2011).	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	d48ef4a2bb0f9321fa991cc6ffaf8ff8	Structured in this way, a universal social security set-up can also facilitate achieving the goal of the Global Social Floor. Achieving the Global Social Floor, which would involve benefit rules guaranteeing such a floor, will likely require resource flows both within and across nations. Also, by promoting employment, the Global Jobs Pact can make it easier to set up the universal social security arrangement. This makes the collection of contributions from their earnings and the effective distribution of benefits daunting tasks at the current stage of those countries’ development. Thus, achieving universal social security cannot be separated from achieving a dynamic structural transformation of the economy and conducting active labour-market policies (discussed above), since the latter will facilitate the former by moving more people into the formal sector.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/63d08c20-en	d4936b54f5b2a1ed647e6fe141d5897e	In the case of asylum-seekers, it is very difficult to track whether children, some of whom end up detained, have access to education (Box 4.1). In the case of refugees, while it is easier to report on school enrolment of refugees in camps, enrolment data of registered refugees in urban areas are also frequently available. Few countries identify refugee status in school censuses explicitly. Turkey, where 93% of Syrian refugees live outside camps (UNHCR, 2018c), is an exception.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9h2975rhhf-en	d494696ecb8237047c03eda704d5a903	Similar benefits can be expected from reforms that encourage more students to pursue tertiary studies. At the same time, a more equitable distribution of educational opportunities has been shown to entail a more equitable distribution of labour income. Examples of policy initiatives that have been shown to raise equity in education include postponing early tracking (e.g. Hanushek and WoBmann, 2006; Bauer and Riphahn, 2005) and strengthening links between school and home to help disadvantaged children to learn (e.g. Mullis et al.,	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	d499c3c0f4bd3276201eaa1e066b7a12	Option 4 provides a noteworthy alternative in this regard. This option would provide incentives to local innovators to find such uses, both with respect to the adaptation of foreign substances to local conditions and also with respect to stimulating investment in new uses of substances rooted in traditional knowledge. As opposed to option 3 (utility models), a system of compensatory liability would not provide the right holder with the right to deny access of competitors to the protected subject matter for purposes of product improvement. This section considers briefly a third possible exclusion from patentable subject matter, i.e. pharmaceutical derivatives of existing medical products.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	d49ada7c001e293ef50fbb82cfb121fa	The intervention simply served as evidence that family day-care (home-based) settings vary in terms of ratings, thus validating the notion that the rating criteria represent different levels of quality (Norris and Dunn, 2004). The rating system articulates quality criteria beyond licensing requirements that providers may choose to meet in order to receive higher rates of reimbursement for the provision of services. Criteria focus on staff education and training, compensation, learning environments, parent involvement and programme evaluation. The childcare centre study reports that, as a result of the rating system and increased financial support for highly rated services, more programmes are enrolling children subsidised by the state’s Department of Human Services, and global quality ratings have risen. The family day-care study indicates that aspects of family day-care practice are missing from the rating system, and that it is a challenge to find beneficial criteria that can be operationalised and implemented by both policy makers and providers.	4	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-4-en	d49c7618d28d05565c8a2d98d12cbf1f	At almost 30%, growth of employment in the ocean based-industries over the 20-year timeframe is expected to outpace that of the global workforce (around 19%). Table 1.2 presents a sector-by-sector comparison of the results of the projections to 2030 for the annual average growth rates of value added and employment for the ocean economy. The main drivers for these alternative scenarios were defined in an internal workshop with the Project Steering Group in 2014.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/79c6e404-en	d4a13a04d0f5fe98d20f588154e22c6e	The level of rural connectivity varies greatly among countries. In India, the World Bank found that expenditure on roads had the largest impact on rural poverty compared with other types of public expenditure.6 Another study, which was conducted in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, indicated that having access to allseason roads reduced the incidence of rural poverty significantly. This was supported by the finding that about 13 per cent of the decline in rural poverty incidence during certain periods can be attributed to improved road access alone.7 The results of the research confirmed that access to roads does reduce poverty with the level of the impact depending on the areas in which the road is located and the quality of road.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	d4a1bae97d2e42240d5191b4face495d	Service delivery itself must meet human rights standards, and barriers to use must be acknowledged as human rights violations. Family planning is especially important to women and their health and well-being, and it is also of great interest and value to men. The sexual and reproductive health field has an opportunity to encourage men’s fuller engagement in family planning.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/680c1b02-en	d4a31673ea1f6c1cd3fb2e91a68645b0	The number of women for every 100 men in poorest households is used to assess women's greater risk of poverty. In addition, the proportion of female-only households among the poorest households assesses whether female-only households (households with no male adults) are over-represented among the poorest 20 per cent.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	d4a3ed1cbeed2196eb03d0c2ceb59038	And although women’s labour market participation is increasing among younger cohorts, long vesting periods will continue to limit women’s access to retirement benefits for some time if no adequate instruments exist to compensate for periods of time dedicated to unpaid work. This was common in the structural pension reforms in Latin America (Dion 2008). In Argentina, after contributory requirements to obtain a pension were increased to 30 years, coverage rates of the elderly population (aged 65 and over) declined from 86 to 73 per cent for men and from 73 to 65 per cent for women between 1994 and 2004 (Rofman et al.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264239814-9-en	d4a526d411fed679b486000024a80eeb	The applications differ according to the national context, but may also be affected by the sector or technology concerned, and by the specific objectives of innovation. It first discusses the national agenda for innovation, and then turns to a number of specific policy challenges, namely the role of innovation for inclusive growth, health innovation and the role of innovation in the green growth agenda. Particular attention is also paid to innovation in the public sector, which is important to improve effectiveness and efficiency urithin the public sector, but which can also help support innovation throughout the economy.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	d4a94e16a7e144b0d580a075b30082c2	Indeed, macroeconomic uncertainty directly affects both consumption and trade of biofuels because there is substitution between ethanol and biodiesel, the level of the substitution depends on the relative prices. Furthermore, mandates serve as a direct link between crude oil and biofuel consumption, such that uncertainties surrounding the world crude oil price are directly transmitted to the biofuels markets, and to the sugar markets. Additionally, the uncertainty coming from GDP growth affects demand for fossil fuels on which the mandates are based.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	d4a9b00e9f992682a5d21597b3d4de52	In Bangladesh, the sudden and large-scale nature of the Rohingya refugee crisis led to deforestation and increased risk of flash flooding and landslides. The impacts of climate change, which increase the risk factors for extreme and unpredictable weather patterns and events, also contribute to environmental fragility. Widespread heat-waves stretch humanitarian and health systems and point to the necessity of preparing institutions to reach the most vulnerable. The tenuous security situation makes DRR activities more challenging.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	d4ac8714e738795e517a694a80e408f1	There are many answers to this question. The incidence and pattern of rural poverty are highly sensitive to the measurement approach taken. Re-estimating the incidence of poverty on the basis of two other specifications of the poverty line yielded different results. Second, a notional basket of items that would correspond to the poverty threshold based on local perceptions was composed through participatory interactions with village folk.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	d4ae1807aa18141e52afbd568b22ebda	Another option could be to allow voluntary departures with sufficiently generous redundancy packages, which might involve training opportunities and job search assistance as well as short-term income support. The main downside of this line of approach would be adverse selection problems, as relatively gifted staff, with better options elsewhere, could be the ones choosing to leave. A final option could be to terminate the contracts of the redundant staff with adequate payout packages, accompanied by active labour market policies. One important issue in the implementation of this approach is the selection of the redundant staff.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	d4aebeb889a8c7904073d3b736fa6788	This benchmarking helps with the comparison of waste fees between oblasts and the level of required subsidy from the central budget. Waste fees for commercial entities are higher than for residents and the practice shows that private recycling companies prefer commercial waste over municipal waste (chapter 3). But, in a situation as in Minsk, where these two activities are separated, the company operating the disposal site has to cross-subsidize operation of the disposal site from income generated by waste sorting and other activities. The “Operator of Secondary Raw Materials” initiated the campaign “Target 99”, which presents to the public possibilities of where to bring recyclables and what recyclables and waste fractions are covered by the existing collection schemes. In 2015, the same company started a competition between schools, “Planet without Waste”, on collection of paper and PET bottles. Implementation of all these international agreements is supported by legislation.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	d4aff36d8d96f6245841f6356d7db97b	In both countries, the strategy of development had delivered relatively high income growth without commensurate increases in employment, especially in the organised sector; the bulk of new employment has been in lower productivity activities under uncertain and often oppressive conditions. In both countries, the growth has been associated with sharp increases in spatial and vertical inequalities, greater fragility of incomes among marginalised groups and adverse shifts in certain human development indicators. In both countries, 2004 marked a shift in declared political priorities towards more inclusive growth, with varying effects.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/6ccfb032-en	d4b0b7492f705be5d0aaf7bcaebfb03d	Countries that are clustered closer to the origin have large deficits in energy access, while the countries that are close to the top right corner, are performing relatively better in energy access. Hydropower contributed to 82 per cent of th is growth, followed by wind at 12 per cent, solid biofuels at 3.4 per cent and solar (both PV and thermal) at 2.9 per cent. This was due to the rapid increase in TFEC, which grew by about one and a half times in 2014 compared with the 1990 level.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	d4b6b4bf2ca36f8d22d70f76cb263238	China is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s largest oil-consuming country by 2030, whereas South-East Asia will gradually transition from being a net exporter of oil into being a net importer. Furthermore, India will play an increasingly dominant role in the international energy scene. According to IEA projections, India is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s second-biggest coal consumer before 2020, and soon after to surpass China as the world’s largest importer of coal. China, India, Indonesia and Australia are expected collectively to account for over 70 per cent of global coal output by 2040.' The focus has changed significantly from the concerns of the 1960s and 1970s, when it was largely the perspective of OECD oil importers about ensuring a stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes'5 and price manipulations by exporters.20 Later, with lessons learned from the realm of health care, the scope of energy security widened to include four criteria: availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability. The World Bank Group refers to three pillars of energy security: energy efficiency, diversification of supply and minimization of price volatility.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	d4ba059b03118c0309a145d2307580bd	"According to recipients, a ministerial level decree can legally enforce the implementation of these roles, while a national council on climate change can foster co-operation and monitor progress for accountability among the responsible ministries and institutions. The importance of high-level leadership and engagement is a common lesson learned. In many recipient countries at present, roles for overseeing climate change action and climate finance are not clearly assigned""."	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d4bf418968da5860e37402942fbc910c	To which extent does the choice of nuclear energy contribute to adequate investment in power generation capacity? To which extent does the choice of nuclear energy improve the functioning of power systems and transmission infrastructures? The previously mentioned joint IEA/NEA (2010) study provides some general information on the LCOE per MWh for different technologies.27 Table 1.1 shows that nuclear energy is a very attractive option at interest rates that are below or only slightly above 5% real. They thus indicate the discounted average (unit) cost of production.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	d4c2ba7c261c204954b9aaa02e181ac2	Tests for causality were not undertaken as it is difficult to be sure that all underlying hypotheses of the models are true and that all confounding variables are controlled for. As the dataset is extremely rich in quantity and representativeness of observations, and quality and diversity of explanatory variables, the statistical power of the results is naturally increased. The use of control variables also enhances the accuracy of the measures for participation decision by women. As the subject of study is of great complexity, any method/approach has its strengths and weaknesses and can provide at most provisional, partial, and conditional explanations. Therefore, the robust relationships can only be clarified through an overview of the research in the area in question and the confluence of the diverse streams of evidence.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	d4c72ceb9b7ce52e0b866d5a60783657	According to OECD (2011d), 1% of total revenues were derived from wealth taxes in the OECD in 2010. The most common form of wealth taxation is still the capital gains tax, while the other two kinds of taxes are not used as widely as may be expected. Indeed, most OECD countries are moving away from them.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	d4c838a9baf67adb216116d2bbbe4345	For example, PISA shows that, in nearly all countries and economies, students who had attended pre-primary school tend to perform better at the age of 15 than students who had not attended, even after accounting for students' socio-economic status. Fifteen-year-old students in 2012 were more likely than 15-year-olds in 2003 to have attended at least one year of pre-primary education. But the rate of increase in pre-primary enrolment is higher among advantaged students than disadvantaged students, which means that the socio-economic gap between students who had attended pre-primary education and those who had not has widened over time.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	d4ca9b3c5310bcc08d6e6e9263fa798b	The experience of the networks showed that for an effective co-operation it is crucial to identify the right partners, win them over for an active co-operation and embed the resulting network in the existing support structures of the regioa An important learning of the programme was that it takes time to develop these structures. However, such structures are the prerequisite for developing specific support services and embed those in needs-oriented “service chains”. The accompanying monitoring of the programme found that most networks devoted themselves to linking up service chains and optimising interfaces.	8	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	d4cad1ec3d02b66368719e2ef5f17aa6	These chronic illnesses represent a growing burden in all OECD countries, and their increased prevalence has been attributed to a range of causes, including the ageing of populations and lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical inactivity and excessive alcohol intake. Data refer to 2008 for TUrkey; and 2007 for Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Results for countries marked with a “1” are not directly comparable with those for other countries, due to differences in reporting scales, which may lead to an upward bias in the reported estimates.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	d4cc6d3d6b7970201492fcf2d9ba9a14	It would also be useful to consider how such programmes could be better geared to serve the needs and priorities of the region. Experimentation with experiential and problem-based learning models in group setting could provide a solution that would bring benefits for a wider group of students. Furthermore there is a need to aggressively increase and improve entrepreneurship education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	d4ce6ada13bc2b7f00130f27c5c96ee7	Resources have since been increased, but teacher salaries remain lower, also compared to other municipal employees. Headmasters were also left with more administrative tasks and less time for pedagogical leadership. Administrative complexity also increased due to the parallel school choice reforms and subsequent changes to school structure and content. Declining teacher skills and an increasing share of teaching staff without adequate qualifications followed.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	d4cf06e54f6914c8f5abd288a6f88c37	The National Environmental Action Plan for Estonia (2007-2013) defines long-term development trends for maintaining the good status of the natural environment (including of waters). The population in the Estonian territory is expected to remain stable until 2013. Belaiits— Blue treasure Beiarus: Eneydopedia.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	d4d2b9bc96ef95267b039f2940ac7ee6	The choice between the different assessment units is relevant for a number of - partially competing - policy objectives. Rosen (1977) has shown that an income tax cannot be progressive and also achieve both horizontal equity with respect to family income (same tax burden for families with the same total income) and marriage neutrality (same tax burden regardless of marital status). However, as long as income taxes are progressive, and ignoring employment gains and behavioural effects, assessing taxes based on family incomes is superior in terms of reducing the inequality of income as measured in this study. A table with summaries of 2005 social security contribution schedules (and also of other benefits and taxes considered in this section) is available in OECD (2007a) and through www.oecd.org/els/ sorial/worfeincentiues.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	d4da5a1b1ae98d4cd83ef9445c8f41f0	The concept of the CRP was introduced to Congress well before the legislative decision of the 1985 Farm Bill, allowing for adequate discussion and understanding of the proposed programme (Cook, 1989(76])- Additionally, in the months before addressing the proposed 1985 Farm Bill, public concerns began to arise over sustainable agriculture and environmental issues, to then reach Congress for discussion. This was due to the increase in production, encouraged by the USDA, under the then belief that higher foreign demand was a long-term trend. Grain prices rose during the early 1970s because of large purchases by the Soviet Union, encouraging increased production. The RCA required reports from Congress on status, condition, and trends relating to the nation’s soil and water resources. The passing of RCA acted as a shift in mentality, encouraging agriculture programmes to consider and target water quality concerns (Cain and Lovejoy, 2004(77]; Helms, 1990(83]).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	d4db88997b97e2b1680f19de342a47f0	A territorial approach can thus be a helpful entry' point from which to explore the complexity of economic and social diversity in a country and to formulate FSN strategies able to respond to diverse needs. These policies, reflecting the heterogeneity of metropolitan, rural adjacent and rural remote societies, aim to reduce risks, increase rural households’ resilience to shocks, promote development and boost livelihoods. Addressing rural poverty and inequalities requires a holistic approach acknowledging the diversity of regional spaces.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	d4dcf2ae16284887d39683c0fcbc9562	Thirdly, policy makers can provide investment training. Wealthy people may lack an adequate understanding of the investment process and be unable to bargain acceptable conditions with entrepreneurs. Investor education can become a key factor in turning wealthy individual into business angels. State and local policy makers could work on improving the investment readiness of entrepreneurs.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	d4dd098eec7611a6be5112f03248ee77	As per capita income rises above USD 10 000, practically no country has an agricultural sector that accounts for more than 10% of GDP. The graph re-emphasises the strong inverse correlation between agriculture’s share of GDP and GDP per capita, with high income OECD countries typically having no more than 2%-3% of GDP generated by their farm sectors. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d4dd2f8f71de58101d0b6a3a057aa44d	The two top panels of Figure 5 summarize trends in SA benefit receipt by plotting annual receipt rates for working-age individuals in the eight countries. The presentation is split by data source, because the method used for defining the benefit variable depends on the type of data. Specifically, rates of benefit receipt calculated for administrative data reflect benefit receipt at any time during the given calendar year, while benefit receipt in survey data sets is measured at the time of the interview only.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	d4dd34aff2b422176b6369ffe9255658	China and India’s GDP are projected to grow by nearly 8%and 6.6% per annum, respectively. Agricultural trade is estimated to have declined sharply in 2009, along with general merchandise trade, and is expected to bounce back sharply from the beginning of the Outlook in 2010 and continue to grow in following years. Only slow population growth of 0.4% per annum is expected in the OECD area. Higher growth is expected in the developing countries, with the population of Africa as a whole growing at over 2% per annum. Continuing urbanisation trends and rising per capita incomes, emerging large middle classes and underlying population demographics collectively reinforce higher food demand in these countries.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7fccce9c-en	d4dde462efe73faa45eb96432492aeb9	In surveys on subjects such as sexual violence, some level of under-reporting is to be expected. Differences in results across countries may thus in part reflect social climates that are more or less conducive to women speaking openly about such experiences. What is clear is that sexual violence is experienced by girls in ail countries and appears widespread.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202061-4-en	d4de9f9bac711c8fe3664f10451279f9	This translates into donors and local policy makers identifying strategies and programmes that seek to level the playing field between men and women in FCAS and that provide direct support for the empowerment of women in key areas of statebuilding. However, it is important that those pursuing gender equality goals recognise that gender is a fundamentally political issue requiring an in-depth understanding of local political and institutional contexts and dynamics. Promoting gender equality calls for particular attention to the interests of women and girls within any social group because prevailing formal and informal institutions (or “rules of the game”) will otherwise tend to disadvantage them.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/127a6106-en	d4e1340f59eeff65ed35998cdf731a67	In consultation with concerned parties in the FAO, calling on both internal and external expertise, the objective of the priority-setting exercise was to identify NUS grounded on sustainable agriculture that are be climate-smart, nutrition-sensitive, economically viable and socially acceptable. The selections should also be functional to contribute to closing production and nutrition gaps for Zero Hunger. In-situ collections of NUS in different agro-ecological zones need to be carried out separately.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	d4e4ab486edba78e881387e0ec20e162	Warming and drying, coupled with productivity decline, insect disturbance and associated tree mortality, also favour greater fire disturbance (Settele et al, 2014). Models predict that the potential climatic space for most tree species will shift towards higher latitudes and altitudes, at a faster rate than natural migration. Moist tropical forests have many species that are vulnerable to drought- and fire-induced mortality.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	d4e5265d4553d8e42c46182669ddd9e2	It is presently unclear how land use planning is going to evolve with all the changes implied by the wave of recent legislative changes (e.g. ALUR, MAPTAM and NOTRe). Intercommunal power is increasingly emphasised and the new regions (13 instead of 22) should have more influence on planning. But, with the tradition of the commune’s monopoly in term of land use, regions are uncertain about their areas of competence. While the intent has been to make the process of planning more co-ordinated and to establish clearer responsibilities at each level, in some cases the effect has been to destabilise existing relationships that were formed under the old rules and now have to be readjusted to reflect the new rules. This can occur in the middle of multi-year agreements and can affect outcomes. In an assessment of the French system, Reimer et al.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	d4e863a69932a27d4c8eeda9e8483c2b	Policies that target inequality directly can similarly advance further poverty reduction. At the same time, the countries that have successfully decreased absolute poverty face new challenges of fostering social inclusion. It then looks at the emerging need for converging countries to pay attention to relative deprivation in addition to absolute poverty.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	d4ea557bb2fff7369a267c87b5e3be6a	Decentralisation could help SNGs assume control over the resources they administer and become more accountable to citizens. This needs to be a flexible process that allows the central/local dynamics to evolve. However, a clear plan for its implementation should be designed, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. Introducing co-ordination mechanisms among cities could facilitate joint investments and enhance metropolitan planning.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	d4ea9562cd10e4b0c2e7bc4cf91f7c0e	"Additionally, the authors would like to thank Lila Karbassi and Ole Hanson of the UN Global Compact (UNGC) for their contribution and support. Review and comments by the UNGC, UN Environment Programme, and UN Industrial Development Organization, as well as the Global Compact LEAD (especially from Angel Fraile of Endesa) were highly valued. A special thanks to Marilyn Smith who offered significant guidance and direct input during the editorial and production process. The declaration is intended to prompt actors in both the public and private sectors to direct action towards ""extending modern energy services to the billions who still lack them."""	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	d4eed0eed210065c76b7b943056a7506	A limited number of such facilities have been set up at the international level. Project preparation facilities, on the whole, have enabled the preparation of bankable projects in an accelerated manner and improved the effectiveness of donors’ contribution by pooling funds together for support to project preparation. They have been particularly useful in well-defined geographical areas where they have been set up to accompany well-defined policies, such as in Eastern Europe or the Mediterranean. In the future, donors and international organisations can help finance the establishment of such facilities so as to prepare projects that they are either willing to finance themselves or to attract market-based repayable financing to (provided projects prepared in such a way can receive funding from a diversity of sources).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283367-en	d4efe62e13cc67ed26a948c61ee3e8cb	This higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status. Over 300 municipalities (local authorities) are responsible for the provision of basic services, such as education, health and social care, to their residents. Municipalities fund and organise (often jointly) the provision of primary care, and form 20 hospital districts to fund and provide hospital care.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	d4f09e23b02e27d4c386489dca53d29e	The popularity of Omega-3, in particular, is the source of a structural change in the ratio of these two prices since 2012. The resulting ratio is assumed to be maintained over the medium-term except in the years where the El Nino phenomenon occurs. For individual fishery commodities, price volatility could be more pronounced due to supply swings caused by changes in catch quotas, disease outbreaks in the aquaculture sector (for example, as the one affecting shrimps production in Mexico and Thailand at present) as well as fluctuations in feed costs. This is about 17% higher than in the base period 2011-13, but it represents a slower annual growth compared to the previous decade (1.2% versus 2.1%).	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	d4f0ef795ec0cfc6c1daf2bed64b3d3f	In order to adjust for the impact of increasing attendance in educational institutions, LFPRs were computed excluding those classified as students (Table 6-7). The participation rates thus computed did not change in the case of illiterates, except for a small change in 1999-2000 for men, as illiterates over the age of 15 generally do not get into the educational stream. The changes were also marginal in the case of those with education below the primary level.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bb63671b-en	d4f1265d2c2d77a69c9a5c84863e6018	Additionally, the age difference between partners appears to influence bargaining power (Mabsout and Van Staveren, 2010). This is because age confers authority especially in many cultures like China where elders are respected (Yue and Ng, 1999). There is also some evidence in the case of China that increases in age gaps tend to lower the likelihood that women will have a dominant role in household decision-making (Poston, Yang and Farris, 2013).	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/09e92b30-en	d4f16668dc8f570d43744aed890f58c3	Moreover, each medical student has to spend at least one of his/her six semesters of training in a GP’s practice as from 2017. However, CESP subsidies were given to only 236 students, including 172 in general medicine, out of 7 700 new students in 2016 (Anguis, 2017), and demographic forecasting and training capacity planning are mostly done at the national level using quotas covering the number of students admitted to medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and midwifery (and physiotherapy in part), and other health-related education programmes such as nursing and speech therapy (numerus clausus). In the French context education and training are provided through public universities and professionals have freedom of location choice.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	d4f2c91ccee80a362ee1f39fd484155f	With an average of 16.2 children per teaching staff in ECEC programmes, Belgium was ranked above the average in the OECD where the average children-to-teaching staff ratio is 14.5 (OECD, 2014). In terms of total expenditure on ECEC, Belgium spent an equivalent of USD 6 333 per child in 2011, compared to the average of USD 7 446 across the OECD (OECD, 2014). The European Commission (2014), among others, has drawn attention to the importance of focussing not just on the quantity of places but also on the quality and adequacy of ECEC provision in responding to the needs of an increasingly diversified population. As shown in Figures 3.2 and 3.3, Belgium is among the countries offering the lowest student-to-teacher ratio and class size at the lower secondary education across countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591288-5-en	d4f353d2cf033d38f6e2fbba8ba7a316	Women’s civil society organisations monitored government activities and also contributed to strengthening capacity building for women through the provision of gender-sensitive training at all levels of government including for parliamentarians, the judiciary and the media (Ogunsanya 2007). For the most part women went back into the private sphere once peace was declared. Levels of sexual and gender-based violence remain high in the aftermath of conflict, with little punitive action taken. Women remain underrepresented in governance (accounting for just 17 of 124 members of parliament) and women’s groups have been unsuccessful in instituting a 30 per cent quota for parliamentarians.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	d4f628d7bf99ebfebbc21bc48f9834bb	Many irregular migrant workers live in rental accommodation in Mukkaiem to avoid raids by the policejsince it is a refugee camp, the police are not allowed to enter the area without permission from the UNHCR. Although their apartment has no direct light and has a shared toilet and kitchen with other residents in the building, it is comfortably furnished, with a lot of toys for the children in evidence. Saeed was released once Sharifa found a sponsor for him and regularized his papers by paying US$1,000 (the actual cost of the iqama is approximately US$600).	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60a8d482-en	d4fb1706925814d0d6af03d84467fdbb	"The next chapter, on macroeconomic policy, discusses this issue in greater depth. The vast majority women, these carers collectively treat and care for around 200,000 friends, relatives and neighbours, many affected by HIV and AIDS. Most of our caregivers have gone to a level where they are really recognized by senior government people"" says Violet."	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	d4ffac4bd2f7a8dfdb578673824c5ff2	Those who have been brought up in poor homes, do not have access to financial resources, and whose parents themselves have had little experience of working and limited networks, find it increasingly difficult to enter or succeed in the labour market. As few young people qualify for out-of-work benefits, government may have limited ability to coerce the young to move into work. There is some suggestion that job-creation policies, such as the Young Persons Guarantee in the United Kingdom, which has now been dismantled, may ease transitions to work and government-supported schemes, which provide transitional jobs for those identified as most at risk, could play a greater role in future policies. Their incomes have been boosted as they both increasingly receive private pensions and income from employment, although those in receipt of just a state pension have seen some decline in their relative income.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	d500460d1e245dd8cb3d5b3f705a4223	Although the law does not stipulate a statutoiy minimum female quota, a firm cannot set a goal where the share of women in senior positions would be less than the current share if that share has already reached 30%. Companies have to report publicly on progress in reaching their objectives. They must meet them bv June 2017, then draw up new ones. About 3 500 companies are concerned.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225503-7-en	d50136053cbac7f70fb86e7ff626b6e1	Overall, Korean cities have been developed in a physically compact way, without adequate consideration of urban amenities, including walkability, public transport, socio-economic networks and environmental sustainability. The process of rapid urbanisation has tended to neglect the provision of green spaces in cities, while prioritising economic growth. Furthermore, a study of urban forms reveals different priorities across and within cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d503ee7726a507b4cd18f717ee0bd5fe	The poverty line is 120 international dollars per capita per month, i.e. in constant units at purchasing power parity. Only Moldova (66%) and the Kyrgyz Republic (88%) ranked below Kazakhstan in 1993-95 (Milanovic, 1998). This analysis (by Anderson and Pomfret, 2003) draws on the 1996 Living Standards Measurement Study household survey, which was the only high quality household survey of the 1990s. The big losers from transition were households with small children and whose heads had not completed secondary school or had vocational training, whereas the biggest beneficiaries included households with college-educated women. These correlates of household expenditure meant that poverty was highest in the south where families were larger and education levels lower. Agricultural employment figures were first revised in 1999 in connection with the introduction of the new classification of the economic sectors.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	d506c210a78f8d22d22043eb22f93ff3	Given that Nordic development aid donors have a long track record in supporting Ethiopia in the implementation of its green growth strategy, they could either take ongoing development support activities as an entry point to enhance existing initiatives, or provide targeted aid in an attempt to help Ethiopia overcome individual barriers, by contributing e.g. to low-cost loan schemes, micro-finance solutions, specific grant schemes or further engaging in the issuance of risk guarantees and green bonds. Consequently, energy efficiency needs to form a considerable part of Georgia's plans for pre- and post-2020 climate change mitigation action. This is articulated in the country's INDC which aims for a 15% reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 compared to business-as-usual.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	d5086920096fef841a0cc07027ad26da	Thus, while some countries have achieved inclusive process without significant differences between the groups studied, in other cases the gaps have widened. Mapuche, Atacameno, Coya, Kawa : Guarani is only language spoken. Although the predominance of one or other of these factors varies significantly between countries, distributive changes are recognized as a key element for empowering the effect of growth on poverty reduction. Moreover, in this period, income growth in poor households has mainly come from an increase in labour income per employed person, unlike what happens when the longer-term variation is analysed.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	d5095cf50a795b7c4aaf1cb7f5f5fbeb	Decisions on introducing questions that address new topics within themes will be informed by reflections on recent research literature, or by interests expressed by TALIS participants, often in relation to prior TALIS findings. The inclusion of core questions held constant for the purpose of time-series analyses will reflect the indicators that education systems still prioritise as key indicators of how well they are functioning. The TALIS conceptual framework serves to structure the constructs and instruments in a way that facilitates decisions on which constructs and measures to include in TALIS 2018.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/150942f1-en	d509b86c38e1e0e9d6e4ccef7b94e9b3	The impacts of this fall in production are exacerbated by the recent decline in producer prices. The global economic crisis will certainly increase the difficulties of the agricultural sector by further reducing producer prices and access to trade credit. The deteriorations of the external position - mainly due to the substantial decrease of the prices of its main export commodity, i.e. oil and petroleum products - and of the fiscal account are identified as the main causes of this slowdown.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	d50a14f8353b81fb9be962d5c3df51fe	This shows that for a relatively poor country with a large agricultural sector, even if agricultural support as measured by the PSE is low, the burden on the economy can be relatively high. This mostly reflects border protection for certain agricultural commodities as well as output price support for rice and sugar. In particular, given the importance of rice within the agricultural sector, the MPS value for rice drives the overall PSE.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264202054-8-en	d50a97086fbb401e8fa5bb6de5b0a5cf	The ministiy does not provide university hospitals with additional support to reflect dieir publicly oriented research or the higher average case complexity of patients they see. As a result university hospitals are facing challenges in retaining highly skilled staff, who are being offered considerably higher salaries in the private sector. Even those university hospitals with considerable financial capacity (such as Hacettepe) face a 60% regulatory barrier on payments from their revolving firnds to doctors salaries.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	d50afc18f27ca3af5554d06df261914e	Traditional communities have increasingly requested the establishment of this type of protected area, which can provide a means of improving living conditions and getting access to public services and social benefits (Section 5.3). In 2014, over 50 new extractive reserve proposals were filed by traditional fishermen alone (Prates, 2014). In 2011,20% of the Amazon area was supposedly public land, which facilitates the establishment of protected areas, while only 4% was covered by valid private property titles (Figure 4.4).	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	d50bab39c63fe0b55d2f552f1ea14f1d	It also promotes a greater interaction between the budgetary plans and the programmes of various state agencies in order to ensure that interests converge towards common tourism development goals. However, Morelos’ tourism policy is being implemented through the use of instruments that are common to all Mexican states in their relationship with the federal government. These include agreements with the Tourism Promotion Council of Mexico (marketing) and its counterpart at the state level, but also agreements and reallocation of resources from the Ministry of Tourism of Morelos with its national counterpart (SECTUR). Spreading and promoting more effectively information on the strong tourism assets that exist in many areas of the state should be a central concern to Morelos’ destination development policy. Employment in the tourism sector in Morelos benefits 66 000 people, representing 8.1% of the economically active population (Ministry for Tourism, 2016a). The state is host to approximately 361 hotels, which are ranked 23rd in a national ranking.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	d50f4d651bb66731f7fd8623f01e05fe	But we also believe that in equal societies, inequality starts from the crib so that is why we have developed a childhood support programme with special emphasis on health and access to initial education and we multiply by 5 times the number of nursery facilities free of charge for the most vulnerable families and children, so that they can start having opportunities earlier on in their lives. In the meanwhile, in order for democracy to be fully achieved, gender equality must come about in the public sphere, particularly in politics. Gender quotas can help increase the number of women in public health - for example. First, we must eliminate discriminatory laws and practices and then we can encourage participation at the highest possible level right away.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599642-10-en	d5127cf415042d2a8b7fd74ffbc0157e	Global B2C e-commerce accounted for an estimated $1.2 trillion in 2013 (ibid.). Given this rapid expansion, it will not take long before this form of trading dominates global transactions. E-commerce presents much development potential, especially in mitigating some of the disadvantages arising out of smallness and remoteness, but numerous policy implications and challenges need to be thoroughly analysed to ensure this form of trading does not go unregulated and out of control. Impacts with regard to traditional ways of conducting business, revenue, origin of products and services, employment and intellectual property rights are among the areas that will require attention. Given the lack of a uniform and universally accepted approach, it is difficult to precisely ascertain the amount of trade being conducted through e-commerce.	9	0	6	1.0
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	d513b1ea46133f21ab43c645ad525fb2	The Conventions Team also advises on measures and helps with implementation, including through thematic meetings. It provides a holistic overview of conventions and international cooperation on the Environmental Agency website. The participants of a recent Pacific Joint Preparatory Meeting to the CBD COP 12, CMS COP 11 and the Ramsar Convention COP 12 (Case study 39’ P9■ 96)' concluded that NBSCs are a useful mechanism to promote greater cooperation between the NFPs of the conventions to which a country is a Party.	15	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	d516bf30c9c09df26fbd96ae23bf6711	In addition, the current expansion of the metropolitan area towards its outskirts (the fastest growing LGUs are Carcar and Danao City) create increasing demand for public transport system in these areas. Similarly, road widths are not being maintained across LGU boundaries, which precludes good, co-ordinated transportation (and land use) planning. The same types of problems can be observed in other sectors, such as water supply and sanitation (see Chapter 3).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	d516c4452e7c17f92bea3369a5f4fc71	Means-tested schemes have known limitations (Mkandawire 2005; Ortiz and Cummins 2013). In addition, they are not always effective at reaching the people they aim to target, have higher administrative costs and often pose administrative hurdles for people to claim benefits. Eligible people can be singled out easily with no invasive or stigmatizing tests of means, income or assets.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/18db943d-en	d5170007c6bf3e1f1fe86d53dacf8ff5	These initiatives offer important advances that could be shared and further scaled up through regional cooperation. This creates opportunities for using space technology, remote sensing and geographical information systems for assessing and monitoring impending hazards. Initially developed in the United Kingdom, this model couples climate scenarios, river basin hydrology and flood forecasting.22 The resulting analysis is particularly useful for hydrologic forecasting and thus also for flood early warnings.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	d51772660a56640419f634ff93b2bc24	For example, the introduction of new taxes and charges or increases in existing ones in the presence of a trading scheme would simply reduce demand for permits and push down the equilibrium price for permits and leave the total level of emissions unchanged. This calls for relevant taxes and other measures to be designed in a manner that provides consistent incentives for pollution mitigation. A higher carbon price would thus be needed to meet the policy goal of substantially reducing carbon intensity over the coming years. The results also highlight that as with any other reform that causes a change in relative prices, carbon pricing would lead to a reallocation of resources across the economy with relatively carbon-intensive sectors contracting and others expanding. It would also help promote further domestic and external rebalancing, thereby supporting broader policy objectives.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	d519bd6ace4930559f598c6325ddf129	Metropolitan spatial plans typically aim to provide a medium- to long-term vision for development, which is, however, not always aligned with the timeframe of other plans at municipal or national levels. There is also a risk that such medium- to long-term plans may be considered too long to imply anything meaningful or realistically feasible for short-term political mandates. However, it eventually turned into gated communities (called fraccionamientos), whose development and public sendee provision mainly take place outside the control of public authorities and contribute to increasing socio-economic inequalities within the metropolitan region.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	d519d0d8a623e3eaf7749798e739b688	With regard to this, the role of legal liability in courts is crucial. It may well be that a more appropriate balance and combination of legal liability, penalties and private insurance against food safety combined with public minimum standards may deliver a more efficient market response to the issue of food safety. As a corollary, however, the combination of private food standards, modern production and marketing developments towards more concentration (economies of scale) may well make the system more exclusive uis-a-uis smaller producers in both developed and developing countries.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	d51e26320fa23a1fb65a55de9969cb37	Specifically, it addresses the rights to work and to just and favourable conditions of work (articles 6 and 7), the realization of which is extensively explored in Chapter 2 of this Report. The Covenant also includes the right to social security and an adequate standard of living (articles 9 and 11), which are tackled in Chapter 3. In several of its articles the Covenant makes specific references to women's rights, including to equal pay (article 7) and paid maternity leave (article 10). The obligation to protect requires them to take measures that prevent third parties, including individuals and the private sector, from interfering with the enjoyment of rights.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	d51fb851cc7a9a0a32764f15a75b46b8	Bringing these experts together to discuss their suggested revisions in a group setting can be very beneficial in terms of developing consensus on the surveys content and approach to measurement. Cognitive tests thus provide a measure of the reliability and validity of questions and can help identify potential sources of measurement error. Cognitive testing can also help identify whether other aspects of the survey, such as the time required to complete the interview and safety measures that have been put in place, are feasible and acceptable to respondents. Typically, cognitive testing occurs in a laboratory setting with specially trained cognitive interviewers testing a small pool of participants; the number of participants can, however, be expanded according to available resources (UNODC and UNECE, 2010).	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3f10390a-en	d5214eb1b405fdcf218da5700132470d	In all the countries, public-sector workers are better placed as regards unionization and collective bargaining than the rest of the workforce (ECLAC, 2011b). Thus, the people most in need of union membership as a mechanism for increasing their bargaining power and gaining access to protection and rights are actually the least likely to have been unionized. Nonetheless, the indicator presented is not a measure of current union membership, but illustrates the difficulty of unionizing less highly educated workers and those employed by private-sector firms. Mistrust of unions13 may not only discourage membership among workers but also create an adverse climate for the creation of unions within firms.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	d52316365793e7743072f6b9d1311d44	However, this may be explained by long average lengths of stay in Japan, particularly for some of the specific CVD such as stroke (OECD, 2013b). When this figure is compared to overall health expenditure from OECD Health Statistics, it shows that costs per diabetic patient are around 18% higher than health care costs for the general population. This is consistent with more detailed studies which reveal that most medical costs incurred by patients with type 2 diabetes are caused by their complications and comorbidities.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-7-en	d523c23349bd3aa647518455bd1ca607	Lee KuanYew, Singapore's first Prime Minister, set out two overarching goals: to build a modern economy and to create a sense of Singaporean national identity. He recruited the best and brightest people into his early government and sought to promote economic growth and job creation. In the 1960s, the emphasis was on attracting labour-intensive foreign manufacturing to provide jobs for its low-skilled workforce.	4	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	d525956f67a7c005adefe791066fe77f	The financing will come from the federal budget, the regional budgets, the Mill Fund and the Social Security Fund. The economic crisis has not affected the level of financing of the project, indicating the continuing high priority given to health and health care issues by the authorities. In 2010, the level of financing of the project remains similar to 2009 level and the main components left unchanged. But from 2009, the NPPH has given greater importance to prevention issues and the programmes have been restructured into four broad groups.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	d526230c4ce88e6da220c228861c1379	In some regions, rates above established norms or for buildings without metering system are higher. According to official data, sanitation is the only municipal utility subsector since 2000 where the increase in user tariffs has matched inflation (Figure 1.23). It is worth noting that nationwide tariffs on central district heating have been falling in real terms for almost 15 years. This partly reflects authorities’ concern with the social impact of insufficient heating in Kazakhstan’s harsh climate. According to the OECD (2014b), rates for district heating in Kazakhstan are lower than in Central and Eastern European countries (Table 1.6). This is largely explained by low fuel price (mainly low coal prices), but also by insufficient or inexistent coverage of capital expenditures in heating tariffs, as noted above.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/21b84508-en	d5264fb4175c4012681b08cddea4bce3	As a consequence, better connected households accumulated more resources over time than their isolated, but otherwise similar, neighbours. Social participation by the extremely poor increased by seven to nine percentage points, whereas participation by the moderately poor did not change significantly (Soares, Ribas and Hirata, 2008). These aspects have both direct and indirect impacts on household resilience and sustainable livelihoods.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	d526dffcddd510ae5371b082e54bb88b	Paid caregivers and their assistants are self-employed and thus lack access to social protection. In contrast to Mexico, day-care services were expanded by increasing the availability of tax-financed public services for 0-3-year-old children from lower-income households. As a result, coverage increased from 17 per cent in 2006 to 26 per cent in 2011 and the gap in access to these services between socio-economic groups has also decreased.226 In addition, efforts have been made to provide services in ways that meet the needs of working mothers by ensuring that the majority of newly created childcare centres offer full-day and extended schedules. Yet, in common with Mexico, day-care services for under-3s are followed by a preschool system for 4- and 5-year-old children that offers largely part-time programmes and operates on a school year calendar, with extensive holidays.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	d52869c04c0f8a4c6e1572e912b7e790	Means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels. Enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination, including the provision of further guidance to the Collaborative Partnership on Forests. Adoption of the report of the Forum on its eleventh session.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en	d52c369cda4c7650d26e20d3fd61847e	Figure 1 illustrates where the activities are located. Not surprisingly, there are many projects in South-East Asia, which is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, and Africa and South America, where many regions experience water scarcity. A complete list is outlined in Annex 1. The categorisation is based on the OECD DAC adaptation marker (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker was introduced by the DAC to help identify funding flows related to adaptation to climate change in the Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker also gives an indicative, although not exhaustive, list of activities that can be considered relevant for adaptation.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8eb4eb9e-en	d52c595b12b10ddae44cf5ba25c5e089	The chapter presents the methodology and approach used in the scenario building process, theme-based future trends and an exposition of how to use and refine the scenarios going forward as well a set of scenario adaptation recommendations. Policy and management options emanating from this futures assessment process are also presented. The scenario approach adopted the DPSIR framework and was integrated based on variables, links, and feedbacks relevant to dynamic modelling of marine social-ecological systems.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/152bf84c-en	d530568c3ededf07ec58b304651b9727	This example shows how women's customary rights over common lands allow them to retain exclusive use for fish processing. The SSF Guidelines recognize the importance of supporting such traditional practices, while also calling on States and development partners (Para 7.4) to support traditional associations of fishers and fishworkers. All over the world, poor men and women from fishing communities rely on common property resources, including inland water bodies, for fishing and food gathering.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-43-en	d5306e91e47092a5a4b5a6d24db64df5	Two stocks were declared rebuilt in 2016. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquactilhire Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from: the 4th Quarter 2016 Update of the FSSI and Non-FSSI Stock Status Table.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	d531faee34c6b339eac12dbef508a8e2	It has an enormous impact on ensuring that family members enjoy equal rights and duties. When care is not actively supported and distributed, this perpetuates unequal relations within the family and societies as care deficits tend to be filled by those with less power, mainly women and girls. Evidence shows that access to subsidized child and elderly care is associated with increases in the number of hoursin paid work for women.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/27e660be-en	d5337664a83290860ad10233d5c95b45	The adoption of quotas in South Africa was part of broader measures intended by the Government to rectify injustices in the past by helping those who have historically been at a disadvantage, including coloured (mixed-race) South Africans and women. According to a 2013 PwC report on women in mining, a South Africa firm leads the way in the number of female senior executives (21 per cent) in the top 100 listed mining companies worldwide; by comparison, the senior executive percentages for the five companies immediately following the South African leader were between 4 and 12 per cent (PwC, 2013-2015). Proponents of WEGEB claim that, unlike provisions under Mining Charters, which allow extractive industry companies to renew their licences when they did not meet gender quotas, the new Bill will mandate a 50 per cent quota for women and stiff penalties for organizations that fail to comply. Beyond differences between mining and other industries.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	d534bfde26db7e56eb5cbf42f8094c51	Women often miss out on crucial labour market mobility opportunities during the early stages of their careers as this period coincides with the arrival of children in the household. Policy can limit the loss of labour mobility opportunities by taking measures that facilitate employment and make work financially attractive even when combined with care commitments. Child and out-of-school hours supports, in-work credits and policies that promote leave-taking among fathers (Chapters 16-18) can help to reduce gender participation gaps.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	d5356dd30b6c2b56bc6453a5c7f1fa05	In 2007, central government directly financed only 0.3% of total health spending but made earmarked transfers for health spending amounting to a further 5.6% of total spending. The bulk of budgetary expenditure on health is made by county governments. Hence, poor counties can only offer a low level of care to the local population. The provincial government provides supply-side subsidies to hospitals.	3	0	4	1.0
10.30875/3f94ec01-en	d5364a4ddd2fc0f3f9321916a23c6ca0	By generating competitive pressure to initiate, maintain or upgrade participation within GVCs, risks can also be created. While labor, social and environmental standards set by GVC lead firms can lead to the application of higher standards, the results of this have been mixed. There is some evidence that participation in GVCs increases exposure to global business cycles and vulnerability to changes in location decisions by GVC lead firms, among other potential risks.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d004d8b3-en	d536695d7506a3a50a1952d8bae218d1	It recommends that preparers of climate change-related disclosures provide such disclosures in their mainstream (public) annual financial filings. Some companies with a threshold of over $1 billion of annual revenue should consider disclosing such information in other reports when information is not deemed material and not included in financial filings. Furthermore, organizations should provide key metrics used to measure and manage climate-related risks and opportunities, and should consider including metrics on climate-related risks associated with water, energy, land use and waste management, where relevant and applicable. Metrics should be provided for historical periods to allow trend analysis. In addition, where not apparent, organizations should provide a description of the methodology used to calculate or estimate climate-related metrics.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	d53dedc2d015d471d548c3279756d9be	It is important to maintain the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer; that is, the integrity (resilience) of the aquifer, so that it has the ability to yield water now and in the future. Risks to aquifer integrity can arise if abstraction alters the aquifer’s water quality (e.g. through saline water intrusion). Risks to aquifer integrity can also occur through subsidence, where the removal of water from the aquifer leads to its compaction. The level of risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems from abstraction depends on how much they rely on groundwater, their sensitivity to changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater and their significance as ecosystems.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264095199-11-en	d53fb039307990e4bdac116613545013	In addition, private interests (non-governmental organisations, companies and individuals) manage almost 17 000 square kilometres (equivalent to about 12% of state protected areas) for conservation purposes. Progress has been made in recent years in setting up and consolidating a knowledge base on nature and ecosystems. Much remains to be done to ensure that the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity is fully integrated into sectoral policies (e.g. tourism, forestry and agriculture).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	d54051d7e6e3c256a1cda8f2543d97d1	The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a notable initiative in this regard.52 Furthermore, it is important that countries manage mineral rights in a way that ensures that a fair share of the benefits remain in the CDDCs, particularly in local mining communities. Promoting linkages with the local economy could strengthen domestic value retention. Also, opportunities to increase direct and indirect decent jobs for local workers in the mining industry should be maximized.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	d541593ac515eda8f185d6768e840e6c	However, if the number of hours worked in all jobs is unknown as in the Switzerland survey, the number of hours worked in the main job is considered instead. In the case of Chile the number of hours worked is used, with no details provided on which jobs are included in this definition. The survey that is used for the United States builds the number of hours worked on several very detailed questions, and the high number of hours worked may be due to this particular set up that is not comparable with other surveys. In the case of Korea and Japan, there is no information on whether the reported working hours refer to the main job only or all jobs held by the individual.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	d5421df9827486d48ec9ba7c0345b1cf	The poverty overlap confirms that in Kidal there is a substantial proportion of children, who are deprived, but not poor. Moreover, nearly all the children who live in monetary poor households are also multidimensionally deprived suggesting that providing interventions, which are based only on income support might not be sufficient. In Sikasso the monetary poverty rate is significantly higher than the national average (86% and 52%, respectively). In this region only a small proportion of children is multidimensionally deprived (3%) but not poor, and a large proportion (49%) experiences both types of poverty.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	d547355c74921f35787c8869a9ea0fdd	In both countries, UNFPA funds most supplies and GFAMT and USAID support social marketing of condoms among groups considered at risk (UNFPA, 2008; USAID, 2008a). In Myanmar, despite economic sanctions, support has been provided on humanitarian grounds, with DFID and UNFPA as the primary source of generic commodities (condoms, pills, injectables and IUDs) for the public sector, and bilateral donors and foundations investing in social marketing and outreach work of NGOs (UNFPA 2002; PSI 2010). Still, foreign aid remains insufficient to cover the total unmet need for contraception and for STI /HIV prevention.	5	3	2	0.2
10.18356/2481bd92-en	d54bdc79c1fde44d0b62fd868576d0e1	To correct these failures, dedicated financial facilities and investment vehicles are increasingly being used, as part of agroterritorial development, to support farmers and agribusiness. For example, the Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor initiative in Mozambique envisioned three types of financial facilities for companies and farmers in the corridor: working capital to support agricultural production; social venture capital to promote pioneer investments; and long-term capital for agriculture-supporting infrastructure within the corridor. As part of the corridor's investment greenprint, several agribusiness firms collaborated with the Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the Sokoine University of Agriculture in the United Republic of Tanzania on a research project that examined the effects of best practices in sustainable farming.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	d54d19e34917f58176752fd37c0d8c75	It is critical to the success of the programme that offenders cannot avoid the penalty and that it is swiftly applied and strictly enforced. A weak system that allows an offender to frustrate the process significantly weakens the deterrence value. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras record every vehicle entering the 'section' of highway and a second camera records the vehicle leaving the 'section'.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a793e2be-en	d54d4ba91bde9ec06011a45d469e100e	Small companies often lack the resources to establish an export-import business. While access to basic education is no longer a first-order issue in most countries, gender 'streaming' in education and persistent gender stereotypes in school curricula are a concern. Gender disparities in the ownership and control of productive assets persist and appear to be less responsive to economic growth than investments in human capital. However, women's wages are much lower than men’s and fewer women are entrepreneurs.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-bee6d3c8-en	d5504bbd88acf68fdfa10b061b217889	Flooding, drought, wildfires, insect infestations and disease will increase. Crop productivity is projected to increase slightly at mid- to high latitudes. At lower latitudes, especially in seasonally dry and tropical regions, crop productivity is projected to decrease for even small local temperature increases (1 to 2°C), which would increase the risk of hunger (medium confidence). In coastal zones, there will be increased coastal erosion due to climate change and sea level rise. Increasing human-induced pressures on coastal areas will exacerbate this effect (very high confidence).	10	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264300002-4-en	d554f9ecb826bd937097b774475692b3	And while natural resources are exhaustible - the more you use the less you have - knowledge is a growing resource - the more you use the more you have. The scientific discovery that had the largest impact on human development was the discovery of ignorance, and learning as the means to advance knowledge. As New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman put it, PISA and oil don't mix easily.2 Israel is not alone in outperforming its oil-rich neighbours by a large margin when it comes to learning outcomes at school: most of the highest-performing education systems are poor in natural resources.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	d5557e8d0dba022238fe5a7c55fa1eaa	The potential reserves are estimated at 11 km3 a year and are sufficient to meet present needs. A special problem for human settlements and agriculture is the fluctuations in groundwater levels, w'hich vary from a few years up to 10-30 years. Substantial losses from water irrigation systems have also led to an increase in the water table. The estimated amount of freshwater preserved in the glaciers is 650 km3.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/152d606d-en	d555cbb6ee57990f0344476672224460	Some are forced to work, are trafficked for sex or become undocumented migrants. These experiences are shaped by the socioeconomic environment. In many countries young people are seeing their choices limited by economic insecurity, technological change, political uprisings, conflict (box 3.2) and climate change—which can transform enthusiasm and entrepreneurship into frustration and despair.	1	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d556785394cb8b68555b9a2e7fc99a2d	Environmental economics is currently still far from properly evaluating the impacts on land use and ecological systems of electricity generation. The important work on the health impacts of air pollution, for instance, still needs to be replicated in the area of land use. Direct land-use regulation, most often through zoning laws at the local and regional levels, are the most common and most widely used form of land-use policy. However, market-based schemes such as mitigation banking have been used in some countries to try to ensure that there is no net loss of sensitive ecosystems like old-growth forests and wetlands.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	d55922071740128632844dd65ce30f9e	For example, in Equatorial Guinea a dramatic increase in trafficking of women and children for domestic and sexual exploitation was associated with these industries (US Department of State 2011). In addition to fishery and livelihood issues, oil spills have highly gendered health implications. Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, women were particularly subject to high levels of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, as were Native Americans of both sexes (Palinkas ef al.	14	671	244	0.4666666666666667
10.18356/21b84508-en	d55a6b8cbc4832577ff6f655c8d56726	There was also a significant positive impact on the ownership of tools, while the share of households with any expenditure on inputs (seeds, fertilizer and hired labour) increased by 18 points from a baseline share of 23 percent. These investments led to a 50 percent increase in the overall value of agricultural commodities produced, which are primarily sold rather than consumed on-farm. The programme produced a household-level multiplier, with the increase in per capita consumption 25 percent greater than the transfer itself (Daidone, Davis, Dewbre, Gonzalez-Flores etal.,	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	d55bad11940d526f6127e12a6741bc9f	Farmers purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops might pay prices that exceed USD 100 per m3 for a portion of their irrigation supply (Wichelns, 2010b). It is equivalent to a water tariff a term commonly used in the domestic/urban water sector when differential charges are set. Sometimes the term water charge is replaced by the term irrigation service fee, as the term charge is disliked by some policy makers as it suggests water is taxed.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d79235bc-en	d56064e63f4e8da073e1ba7aa2e6f48e	Additional air pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and volatile organic compounds including benzene (VOCs). The priority is collection of the indicator in large cities. Description: The indicator provides a measure of the state of the environment in terms of air quality and is an indirect measure of population exposure to air pollution of health concern in urban areas.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c530cc54-en	d561ffa335de83282ce3bcdfb29ba58e	While social norms shape public understanding of the root causes of poverty and of potential remedies to reduce poverty, social norms are themselves underpinned by deeper ethical perspectives which refer to the social arrangements and institutions in a just society taking account of the interests of persons from an impartial standpoint.7 Ethical perspectives are therefore deeper and more general than social norms. By extension, an understanding of ethical perspectives should help us better understand poverty reduction policies. In fact social norms might well engage several ethical perspectives at once (this is the case in the notion of ideology), and political processes usually engage ethical perspectives in competition with each other. And the direction of the arrows might be reversed where policies or political processes inform social norms.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	d5630ec2177486726f319c132a323ee9	Officials of the largest cities (Astana, Almaty, Shymkent and Turkestan) and private actors may be invited to some meetings when important urban/infrastructure projects are discussed, for example Almaty's new tram line, or the preparations for the Astana World Expo 2017. It could meet twice a year, with the MNE as Chair. The findings and recommendations that the Council provides could be used to revise the Regional Development Programme and other related programmes.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	d563bcbe889736cafa1f9b99d525e6e5	Municipalities are obliged to include the construction of biogas plants in their municipal planning, as well as the allocation of grants for selling biogas to co-generation plants and the natural gas net. The scheme became effective as from the 2010 planting season. The grant can be given to areas in normal operation, in which planting results in a large reduction of nitrogen, and at locations where a reduction in the nitrogen burden can contribute towards meeting the requirement of the Water Framework Directive.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264087040-6-en	d563efc165fc30ece571148826ea9b61	"It also provides some training for school directors. Evaluations of the PEC programme have expressed some reservations about its ability to promote autonomy, or school-centred decision-making, in the Mexican context. Examples of these include Safe School (.Escuela Segura), ""Always Open to Community"" Schools (Escuela Siempre Abierta a la Comunidad), Enciclomedia, or the National Reading Programme (Programa Nacional de Lectura)."	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	d563f40397f9c684f7fb2c71c9e09f94	The proportion of full-time fishers has changed little over ten years; in 2002 there w'ere 14 205 people employed in the sector, of which 81% were full-time. The gross tonnage of the fleet fell by just 1% to 200 697 tonnes in 2012. There were 5 032 vessels of 10 metres or less in length in 2012 (24 fewer than 2011) and the number of vessels over 10 metres in length went down by 1% to 1 374.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4384e397-en	d564c10af84ba9f9b3e2a9a75ac6cd71	Although the maritime AIS system was primary developed to increase safety at sea, it also provides maritime authorities a better way to monitor water traffic and movements and to identify vessels. Fishing vessels are exempt from this regulation, but those of a specific size may be required to carry AIS by national regulations (for example in Norway, the United States of America and the European Union). Unlike traditional communication stations, satellites are not limited by the horizontal range of signals. They are able to relay AIS communications over vast distances. Luckily, in parallel with vast advancements in cloud technology and infrastructure, various organizations are now able to process and analyse such immense amounts of data. In fisheries, the use of AIS data through applied machine learning and artificial intelligence provides new ways to estimate fishing effort, socio-economic indicators and fishing patterns.	14	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/30e5b8d3-en	d56574dd45e1bdb22be427531b732dae	The EU is also a major destination for Bosnia and Herzegovina exports. There are few log exports; this is not due to any restriction (ban) on log exports, but priority is given to the local industry' for logs from public forests (with an objective of establishing locally added value through processing). Exports of pellets show a remarkable trend, growing to 150,000 tons in 2013, and putting pressure on pulpwood and firewood, including industry wastes.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	d5659bb4d136ae15e5a18e7fa18c13aa	Economic planning and physical planning should be co-ordinated. Move from administratively constrained, short-term subsidising policies to co-operative, multi-actor-based long-term investment strategies. This would make it possible to create mobile, resilient and green environments for residential and economic activities, while reducing the costs of development. Nowadays, rural communities adjacent to large cities are excluded from the official procedure of planning and management of urban development. Cities are treated separately from the neighbouring rural and other urban areas. Regional and urban development instruments are not coherent.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	d5698ca6c22141452aa7b4d16c80afb1	India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam have a low vehicle share per 1,000 population, ranging from five to 22. Further, motorcycles constitute a maj or share of the vehicle population in cities in South Asia and South-East Asia. India, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam have very high numbers of motorcycles. Growth was between 10-14 per cent in Brunei Darussalam, China, India and Thailand, while the growth was a low 1-2 per cent in Bangladesh, Japan, Malaysia and the Philippines.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	d56af8f0d1c35e4fc4e2d03953b8e76b	The first EEN was founded in Switzerland in 1987 and transferred to Germany in 2002. In EENs, 10 to 15 regionally based companies from different sectors share their experiences in efficiency activities in moderated meetings. Results from 70 networks in Switzerland and 20 in Germany show that the efficiency improvements of participating companies are accelerated by 100% compared to the autonomous progress.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fb79328d-en	d56cc21fc29831510b1d8170a28e5bb3	Legal changes that allow the use of movable assets as collateral and of leasing and factoring, creation of credit bureaux, and fiscal incentives that encourage group lending and more timely bankruptcy procedures would all contribute to increasing the supply of conventional bank credits to the poor, thereby creating an inclusive financial system. First of all, employment opportunities, despite their expansion, may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work. Support for the unemployed therefore proves to be important.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	d56db3d97fb8298c60ce05eb9b6c5021	The subsidy also allows for some payment flexibility to avoid evictions in the face of temporary income loss: a tenant who is late with up to three months of payments can pay them later without losing the subsidy. If the tenant does not pay for more than three months, the subsidy is withdrawn. While a rent guarantee is provided through a savings deposit made by the tenant, the end of the subsidy does result in the termination of contract.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289346290-5-en	d56e0c8990e9345d3916feba6d5d639a	"Policies that regulate private transportation or household energy consumption have little impact on international trade flows, and would be implemented regardless of whether a territorial or consumption (footprint) system boundary was used for policy. Border carbon adjustments to improve the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of unilateral climate policies effectively change international trade flows, and thus directly affect the international component of an environmental footprint. Even though a policy on domestic transportation and a border carbon adjustment may both reduce an environmental footprint, we focus here only on the policy domain that is ""additional"" when switching from a territorial to footprint perspective (that is, policies that address imported flows from other countries). The term ""carbon footprint"" is also often misused, particularly in the media, to refer to territorial carbon emissions."	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	d56e98725a08d64c1a9e3af815c9ebd2	In all years, average income disparities between regions explain only a modest fraction of overall inequality, with this contribution ranging from 1% (in Belgium) to 6% (in Hungary) in 2010. However, this low contribution of the between region inequality is a consequence of the use of large regions as geographic units for the analysis here presented. Moreover, cross-country comparisons of the between-region component of the Theil index are highly affected by the number of regions present in each country. It is thus more relevant to look at the evolution over time of the between-and within- components of income inequality for each country.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	d5727924fba4fae7dcd652ffae25a560	Please do your best to tell the world what is happening to us, the children so that other children don’t have to pass through this violence.’ Amnesty International Report, September 1997. It has been stated that the girl was taken to the man’s house by her mother and grandmother to become Otenya’s wife.	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4a4c5913-en	d574d8f9135355a6c1b203d4fcb768e7	For instance, fiscal policies that are progressive and are able to strengthen accountability and transparency in collecting and using public resources may produce stronger effects on poverty and inequality. All of these policies contributed significantly to reducing inequality (UNCTAD, 2012; Boonperm, Haughton and Khandker, 2009). The Thailand Village and Urban Revolving Fund, which provided about USS22,500 to every village and urban community in Thailand as working capital for locally run rotating credit associations, started with about US$2.0 billion in 2001.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264245914-5-en	d576bc79504eca21fa140539764a4d66	In 2009, the programme started in 34 primary schools; by the 2014-2015 school year, all (350) primary schools of the country participated in the numeracy programme and almost half of them (149) participated in the literacy one. They also train them in how to transfer knowledge to other teachers and how to support them. Members of the RLTs then act as guides to their peers in their own schools observing and monitoring their work using “fidelity tools”, gathering data, providing formative feedback to teachers and helping them improve their practice through the use of innovative learning methods and techniques.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/750717ff-en	d576c12bf9f46603261ffbd6f8e4185d	Despite this progress, an appropriate water quality integrated management strategy, such as water safety plans, including risk analysis - which is already used in various EU countries as a tool to achieve safe water - is lacking. They also monitor the quality of bathing water and water in swimming pools. Monitoring of drinking water quality is conducted on a regular basis by both the Institutes of Public Health and the operators of about 154 water supply systems in urban areas.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	d576f9e6ba17803b20a0b3ea9a5805fd	"These negotiations concern improving the transport and road network; action to prevent road harassments, the concentration of activities for electricity and water supply services; and improving, extending and managing physical transaction infrastructure (e.g., markets, warehouses and transport). By including opportunities for ""regularisa-tion"" in negotiations on a specific or sectoral service, rather than conditioning negotiations on administrative or fiscal regularisation, the framework for broad agreement about more effective economic performance will be developed in simple, successive stages. In this respect it might be worth considering the experience of other regions, keeping in mind that contexts can vary. The ideal would be for the two to co-exist constructively."	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	d57710207097ddb68b8831caffbbb4ac	Faced with the possibility that their marriage could end in divorce, women sought to obtain paid employment, enabling them to be independent in the event of the breakdown of their marital union (Hassani and Sjogren, 2014). It enjoins States Parties to ensure, on a basis of equality between men and women, “the same rights and responsibilities as parents, irrespective of their marital status, in matters relating to their children” (16.1(d)) and “the same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation” (16.1(f)), adding in both clauses that “in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount.” The husband is in general the legal guardian of his minor children during the marriage and in the event of its dissolution. The mother may retain custody of her children until they reach a certain age but, depending on the country, she will have to defer to the father in all or most decisions under the guardianship principle.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/f8ef1489-en	d57d19fc2b4fa6d61c02b54c8a6aab06	Each PISA cycle assesses three core domains (reading, mathematics and science), one of which constitutes the major domain in a given cycle (reading in 2000 and 2009; mathematics in 2003 and 2012 and science in 2006 and 2015). The major domain receives a larger portion of testing time and questionnaire items tend to focus on students’ engagement, attitudes and dispositions towards the main subject domain. Since 2015 the assessment was delivered by computer. Testing material in PISA is typically organised around subject specific clusters designed to take around 30 minutes to complete and each booklet contains four clusters of test items.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	d581d5698a4361b8bca6981f4de8dd60	Moreover, a UK survey revealed that 50% of farmers did not recall any guidance on how to comply with the Nitrates Directive (National Audit Office, 2010), although this could be associated with the fact that only 55% of the agricultural land area is designated to comply with the Directive (Chapter 5.1). But there is evidence that farmers are willing to accept further education and advice on nutrient and pesticide management on their farms in the interests of protecting the environment and that overall awareness is increasing and leading to improved management practices to control pollution (European Commission, 2010; Perez, 2010). Building social capital in a water catchment so that that farmers and other stakeholders are better informed of the processes impacting on water quality can be beneficial (Morton and Weng, 2009). The impacts of diffuse source pollution can depend: on the quantities of pollutants released; how easily the pollutants are transported into water systems; and how sensitive the water environment is to pollution (Environment Agency, 2007).	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233010-6-en	d583d85262add34da1f01b3317ea2bfe	All cigarettes and tobacco products must be sold in plain olive green packets without branding. The packets carry graphic health warnings and the laws took effect as of December 2012 (see Figure 2.6 for examples). Plain packaging aims to remove a key remaining means for industry to promote its products to current and potential consumers (Freeman et al., The legislation withstood serious industry opposition and was upheld in the High Court of Australia.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	d58569d54babaae99cc05fd83d6e66ce	The shift to a post-neoliberal 'social investment’ paradigm has produced a degree of convergence on the marketization of care regimes across high-income States, including Australia, notwithstanding their diverse historical and institutional legacies (Mahon et al. State policies for cash benefits, privatization and commodification of care now stimulate a market for childcare services, including those provided by migrant care workers. However, the normative assumption is that citizens, rather than migrants, are the subjects of these care regimes.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	d5862f100dfc29627b818c6987c6961f	Section 7 presents the current and expected evolution of the environmental goods and services sector in Japan, in terms of both market size and employment. Finally, a concluding section ties the findings together. However, it has lost relative ground in the last two decades, and Japan’s GDP per capita was slightly below the OECD average in 2009.2 Most of the last decade w'as characterised by sluggish economic growth.	12	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264213715-9-en	d58755d6d08be7d9902dfe0669775aa9	This chapter describes the ecosystem services that several economic sectors obtain from the marine environment. It examines the pressures on Sweden's marine environment and the status of marine ecosystems, habitats and species. The chapter describes Sweden's institutional and policy framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment. Finally, it presents how the ecosystem approach is integrated into Sweden’s marine policy, including through marine spatial planning and protected areas.	14	0	8	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d58839b88e5b522611e9ba38eb423621	Algerian and Moroccan authorities also reported seizures of heroin; however, the quantities seized were smaller, totalling less than 10 kg in 2014. The South African Police Service reported an increase in the number of clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories producing synthetic drugs such as meth-amphetamine (known locally as “tick”), largely intended for the illicit market in South Africa. West Africa appears to have become an established source of the methamphetamine that is smuggled into East and South-East Asia via South Africa or Europe.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	d5904dcf450a5b6f96d7fcf0d51e2666	There are groups with a specific advocacy focus, such as the International Coalition to Protect the Polish Countryside (ICPPC), which works to protect small, traditional farms in Poland, and the Rural Development Foundation, which focuses on non-agricultural initiatives in villages such as improving IT infrastructure. There is also a large network of formers’ associations, co-operatives and societies that represent their members’ interests.28 The National Union of Farmers, Agricultural Circles and Farm Organisations is among the largest of these groups, with around 1.1 million members. Poland has a long history of agricultural production co-operatives which help farmers pool their resources and collectively negotiate prices - functions which are particularly useful for smaller scale agricultural producers. There were approximately 1 000 farmers’ co-operatives operating in 2014; howrever, this number is declining and it bears noting that the market share of such co-operatives in Poland is lower than that of many EU countries (Matyja, 2016).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	d592d3e86b01809f29836b112d6e1388	For Estratos, studies by both the World Bank and the government suggest that this classification system no longer aligns well with the distribution of income (Figure 1.15). Some 90% of Colombians are in strata 1, 2 and 3. Moreover, because any house in a given area can be classified according to the mean for that neighbourhood, inaccuracies are inherent as many households living in these poor average strata belong to the upper income quintiles.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-7-en	d59302d4bb2060758c37e0169129c5e6	Increasingly, they live with men who are educated to similar levels, and highly-educated women increasingly partner with a less well-educated partner. The least educated men are more likely to left be on the sidelines of the marriage market and remain single. If they do live with a partner, though, they are more likely than other groups to marry rather than to cohabit informally.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	d59337065c3d84cec95e39ab1421cf7c	Spending increases have been almost entirely consumed by increases in the number and salary of CCSS employees, without clear evidence of benefit to patients. Costa Rica should consider expenditure ceilings and spending reviews in the short term to control spending. In the longer term, better use of performance data and innovative payments systems will be needed, as well as a shift away from employment-linked contributions as the main source of health system revenue. Prospects for improvement are bleak -informal employment is increasing in Costa Rica, contrary to many Latin American economies, and now' accounts for almost half of all employment (Figure 1.5).	3	5	0	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	d594a9f473103b2a43449d040aeb3475	A considerable number of fossil fuel power plants are located near large cities in Emerging Asia (Table 3.4). In terms of total annual generation, the 27 coal plants near Shanghai produce an estimated 161 519.1 GWh per year, while Bangkok is highly exposed to gas-fired generation; 17 plants near the city produce an estimated 83 039.9 GWh. The countries in the region with coal-fired power generation (i.e. all except Brunei Darussalam) have established emissions standards for particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides.	11	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	d595197ca414460321d2b08a5ed1d49d	In LDCs, a fixed-broadband plan with a minimum of 1GB of data per month still corresponds to over 60 per cent of GNI per capita. The service is sold at over USD 300 a month in Uganda, Chad and the Central African Republic, and remains very expensive and clearly unaffordable in some of the small island developing States. In developed countries, the minimum speeds of entry-level fixed-broadband packages have increased considerably in recent years. Developing countries, on the other hand, are only gradually upgrading broadband infrastructure to offer higher speeds.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	d595ac1a4c9f04a813bd63232ee6d37b	Hence, for most countries any change in climate is likely to worsen growing conditions until plants adapt. Further, climate change seems likely to increase climatic volatility, with more extreme temperatures, floods and droughts. Plants will therefore be stressed beyond the range of climate in which they can readily survive.	2	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	d597b3791cc3659152b707c93e76f594	Inevitably, this failure to own up to the consequences of previous policy recommendations will impair the credibility of IG, as well as dilute the differences between IG, the PWC and the original WC. In these cases, the poor need not be listened to.” Although the World Bank does not currently claim the laurels in every case of success (it is merely happy to welcome the relevant “leaders” in the CGD), the Bank continues to devolve responsibility for failure to the poor and transition countries: apparently, if some have succeeded, those who haven’t only have themselves to blame (see, for example, Besley and Cord, 2007, p. 20). Unless the World Bank accepts its share of responsibility for the economic underperformance of the poor, middle-income and transition countries, its claims to have—finally—nailed down the “correct” economic policies will ring hollow (see Cling and others, 2002, p. 9).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	d5988d345f872e8c1ac9b11d9fefcc3c	The employment rate is defined as the ratio of the employed to the employable, including the self-employed but not including students continuing their studies after graduation. Source: Authors’ analyses based on MyCOS survey data. Countrywide surveys assessing education outcomes have been scarce too. The scores obtained at the gaokao exam (which conditions access to higher education) cannot serve as nationwide indicators since this exam is administered at the provincial level, with around half of the provinces and municipalities having their own exam questions rather than the national ones used by other, primarily less wealthy, ones. Exams at earlier stages, for instance to enter lower and upper-secondary schools (or even good primary schools) are even more decentralised - to the city, county/district or even the school level - hampering comparisons.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/faf8a648-en	d598dbc82c159ebf3ea23f24d4229468	"To achieve zero pollution—and making it one of the first such industrial parks globally to do so—the park has adopted state-of-the-art ""zero liquid discharge"" technology, reflecting its similar reliance on 100 per cent renewable energy. Even before formal opening in early 2016, Hawassa has registered 100 per cent occupancy and by 2017 will have 60,000 workers (75 per cent of them expected to be female), and with gross export earnings of $1 billion anticipated. Of the 10 leading international firms investing in Hawassa, two manufacturers each come from India and Hong Kong; one each from Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan and China; and a couple are local firms."	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	d59955cb97d9d386782de47f3771b1fa	Management buy in and leadership are also critical. One of the key challenges is often the lack of sex-disaggregated data within portfolios and client bases; however, using proxy data can assist financiers to assess the opportunities. Internally, exploring where (if any) prejudices lie and understanding the status of women in the existing portfolio - from product and service use differences to repayment rates and portfolio shares - and comparing this to the broader market status quo are first steps towards identifying opportunities. The next step, through consultation with managers and staff across the institution, is to identify the target market and carry out an assessment of where this sits within the existing strategy, set aside resources (technical, physical and human), identify capacity-building requirements and set goals.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	d59a17a571f8114657311e91a2545a84	In a survey conducted by the WHO in 2000-11, Suhrcke et al. ( A discussion of patient satisfaction then follows, providing insight into another dimension of quality. The characteristics of good clinical cancer care are well established, and if evidence-based clinical guidelines are followed, an estimated one-third of cases could be cured with timely detection and appropriate treatment (OECD, 2015). As such, the outcomes of cancer treatment can serve as a measure of health systems quality.	3	0	10	1.0
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	d59d5ec2a005c280a54239b54882231e	Data from this case study indicate that half of the municipalities were struggling with implementation of AfL, despite all the work and effort to ensure success. Governance actors and school leaders require training and support in the acquisition of research knowledge to develop greater competency in this area and enable them to facilitate change. They need knowledge about the content of the change process, about w'hat w'orks and what are the theoretical assumptions underlying the new teaching paradigm.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	d59d777b14fe8d96abc22b5e577c1e0d	The section concludes by presenting examples of specific policies aimed at changing initial socioeconomic and gender inequality. Specifically, they enable individuals to alternate time spent at work with time spent on caregiving within the family (Duran, 2004), transfer family care to services partly provided by the State, or regulate the purchase of private care by families. These types of State intervention are sequential, “defamilializing” (Martinez Franzoni, 2008; Orloff, 2009) and regulatory, respectively,4 and often addressing work-family tensions is not in fact their primary purpose; this is the case with preschool childcare services, for example.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	d59e27b7fe927e94a6a0673428a62c02	Rebecca Kadaga, first woman Speaker of the Ugandan Parliament, also agrees that there is a need to focus beyond increasing the number of women in government to increasing their effectiveness in political positions and their impact on decision-making at all levels. The following are some strategies that have proved successful at increasing women's representation in decision-making across the Commonwealth. Endorsement of political parties - After studying the political processes in the selected countries, the incremental rise of women in these countries can be directly attributed to the political parties - especially the ruling party - taking a firm decision to institutionalise mechanisms favourable to women's access into power and positions of authority in party and governance structures at all levels of decision-making.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	d59e4041d0cf87a8a390fcf3357ee76b	For example, about 70 per cent of the bus fleets in 2003 needed major repairs or scrapping. As a result of government actions, the number of buses in operation for up to three years has increased, accounting for 44 per cent of the fleet in 2014 (compared with 18 per cent a decade ago). Furthermore, modern automated control systems for municipal and regional public transport routes have also being installed, including passenger counting, payment control, and fuel and lubricant usage control systems. In 2011, three in every four journeys were made using public transport - on average, 240 journeys per person per year.	11	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	d59ff8a567033bea12c84c36611ba32c	One immediate course of action would be to develop collection systems since these systems are often viewed as the backbone of any successful e-waste management system. In fact, informal collection systems were found to be rather efficient in countries like India and China because the daily informal collectors were able to penetrate each community and collect e-waste from house to house.57 The collectors were also able to earn reasonable pay; this in turn promoted a high collection rate. The box below depicts the results of this analysis.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	d5a228736f410800953f8cbddc0e4418	It excludes expenditure on fees for operating licences and the use of radio spectrum. To benefit from ICT technologies, basic education and digital skills are key. Concessional finance can support greater incorporation of digital trainings and ICT solutions in the education system. It can also be useful to support the digitalisation of government systems, including tax and health systems, for improved service delivery (Dahlman, Mealy and Wermelinger, 2016(29]).	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d5a3b5eadeb84d3db625ca5206303625	Out of 45 countries assessed, only 12 achieved parity in secondary education, most notably in North Africa (World Bank 2014a). As of 2013, an average of 22 per cent of females and 32 per cent of males aged 25 and older have at least some secondary level of education. ( Figure 3.9 illustrates secondary education gender gaps by sub-region.)	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	d5a4f68cf52d2c9555d333d1c82b52ce	As an intermediate step the Victorian Government should take steps to strengthen flexible multi-provider learning and extension centres. When developing or rationalising the network of education providers, care should be taken to ensure that the region continues to have access to lifelong learning services and business-related services. Adequate IT infrastructure should be in place to ensure high speed, low cost connectivity.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/60a8d482-en	d5a5859c651ffaf3f0d0f3f5c57b3c51	In Mauritius, for example, which has had a universal social pension scheme since 1958, the Basic Retirement Pension amounts to around $118 per month, equivalent to about five times the poverty line. To the extent that women rely more heavily on non-contributory benefits than men, the adequacy of these benefits is of major concern from a gender equality perspective. Combining contributory and non-contributory old-age pensions can be an effective way to advance towards national social protection floors.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	d5a5edc7802123dc88ef346a56536c28	Concerning road transport, little investment in road infrastructure has been made in the last two decades. Heat waves would further damage the already poor quality asphalt pavement of national roads. Concerning rail transport infrastructure, heat waves could cause deformation of the already old railroad lines and accelerate the physical decline of infrastructure such as bridges. In terms of vehicles, the need for heat-resistant engines and air cooling will increase.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	d5a8cead17ffdc1ebaaf42a901e34349	Development co-operation’s support for market conditions can also take the form of encouraging good practices with standard contracts and verification of quality or providing the private sector with the confidence to invest in green growth by insuring the monetization of environmental results. One example of the latter is IDB’s Energy Savings Insurance model which provides compensation to firms if projected financial savings associated with specific energy efficiency technologies are not realized. The country is one of the most affected by climate change — the 2016 World Risk Report ranks it third most at risk worldwide — and has been prone to more frequent and severe extreme weather events over the years.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	d5a979220247923f85ce54badc05a5d5	In addition, as will be illustrated below, each of these types of measure can be addressed from the standpoint of either labour policy or social policy. They include maternity, paternity or parental leave, as well as flextime and part-time work policies. These may be provided directly by the State, involve incentives or subsidies for private provision, or mandate employer provision of subsidies, services or both.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	d5ab5d5dec8c2407edf89908d306fc07	The “top runners”, i.e. firms with the most energy-efficient products at the start of a target cycle, do not need to invest further (OECD, 2009b). Moreover, since compliance is assessed by comparing performance in the base and target years, target setting does not take account of potential technological improvements that would occur in the absence of the programme, or of developments already available but commercially untapped (Nordqvist, 2006). Comparing performance in the target year with baseline projections would be more appropriate (IEA, 2008).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	d5ac9e884261725170e606bd19b8f22d	"The Federal Budget Reform and the principle of outcome orientation are considered a great opportunity for gender budgeting and to promoting gender equality policies in Austria. It aims to employ existing funds in the equitable way in order to achieve effective equality of women and men within the national budget. The key foundation for gender-responsive budget management in all public authorities lies in the Austrian Federal Constitution: ""Federation, Laender and municipalities have to aim at the equal status of women and men in the budget management.”"	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	d5ae9bdda93e9935227ec14006eb868d	However, all aspects of fisheries - from harvesting to marketing to consumers - should be considered in a comprehensive way for a successful transition process to responsible fisheries. In this regard, it would seem that more effort is needed on consulting a broader set of fishing industry stakeholders. ( However, whether the toolbox is capable of meeting its objectives (see above) in practice is an open question. In this regard, weaknesses of the toolbox are itemised below.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	d5b329c712287677cded0ed60c459d6c	Peer networks tenc The few Latin American and Middle Eastern systerr scale. The table indicates where, among all teachers, a given teacher would from only one best practice, compared to those who benefit from five or ten as important. Table 2.1 shows a teacher's score on the teacher professionalism xpected to rank if he/she benefitted practices that the OECD identifies o fall among the bottom third of all profession and work environment.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264243606-en	d5b4882963dcb2b21c6f9ffb989b9967	Within the broader context of that project, the Chronic Disease Prevention (CDP) microsimulation model has been developed. The CDP epidemiological model is able to simulate the population dynamics of lifestyle-oriented risk factors for selected chronic diseases. Neither the health impact of undertaking two interventions together nor the costs of their joint production are necessarily additive.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	d5b7374be93d2e0fd528c36b9affa9a3	The supply of childcare spaces remains limited since it covers about a quarter of children aged 0 to 5 years, and a smaller proportion of the youngest in this age group (Friendly et al., Moreover, regulated services are often unaffordable (MacDonald and Friendly, 2016[ii]); long wait lists and hefty surcharges keep many children out (MacDonald and Friendly, 2016[ii]), and the gender employment gap is higher in provinces with the highest cost of median childcare (Moyser, 2017[i2]). Two earners are assumed for couples, male and female. In all cases, family lias two children aged 3 and 2 using full-time centre-based care.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-6-en	d5b83cd9e03185792294726f67132213	The present section focuses on how to simulate alternative skill dispersions, while the sections below will discuss the derivation of the re-weighting factor in cases where one wishes to simulate alternative skill levels or entire skill distributions (level and dispersion), respectively. Since skill prices are assumed to remain the same, the reweighting results in an alternative wage distribution for country x which allows the calculation of standard wage dispersion and inequality measures. These can then be compared to the statistics calculated using the original wage distribution to estimate the proportion explained by the difference in skills dispersion.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	d5b96cb341cb46c174a3ebdfc2b681ad	However, national laws stipulate that rents can be raised in designated monument areas, which then impedes upon the desire for mixed neighbourhoods. Some academics have declared the end of the planning doctrine alongside a diminished role for the Dutch social welfare state. In particular, it has been argued that the “green heart” as a national policy concept was a cornerstone of the planning doctrine, and that its demise thus marks the end of this approach (Faludi, 1991,1999; Faludi and van der Valk, 1997; Roodbol-Mekkes, van der Valk, Altes, 2012). In support of this argument, between 1989 and 1993, the population growth rate in the “green heart” was 4.8% - which was higher than the national average over that time at 3.0%- indicating that the area does indeed face development pressure (Needham, 2014: 46).	11	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	d5b9c1eb0b4ae65ca4edce8271934b82	Specialist commissions could be established if the post-2020 regime assumes scientific or policy study roles. The science-policy interface is well-developed under the ozone regime. Regular scientific assessments guide policy-makers: the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP), the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), and the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) each prepare, about every 3-4 years, major assessment reports that update the state of understanding in their purviews.	12	3	3	0.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	d5ba9a30d362da2120c3bd723f60c1fc	World Bank Education Statistics database (Edstats). The pupil-to-teacher ratio in CLMV countries is almost twice as high as that in ASEAN-6 countries for primary schools, while the pupil-to-book ratio in key subject areas also tends to be higher in the CLMV countries. Even in the 1960s when most countries were at similar stages of economic development, countries such as Malaysia, the Republic of Korea and Thailand achieved higher literacy rates and spent a higher portion of their incomes on education, compared with South Asian countries and the least developed countries in the region. In particular, CLMV countries would be able to participate more actively in the regional production networks with a skilled labour force. Employer surveys often cite the shortage of skilled labour as a major constraint. Studies also show that education is an important factor in determining labour productivity.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e569c117-en	d5bb691021135a59062fbf80459287cb	Evidence on access and utilization of healthcare is however richer in the case of CCTs (see Lagarde et al., Conditions attached to CCTs force poor people to use health services with regularity, such as in the case of Bolsa Familia in Brazil or Familia in Accion in Colombia. While conditions imposed on the receipt of a transfer will have an effect, making people aware of the need to regularly use health services is also of outstanding importance. However, evidence collected by Fiszbein and Schady (2009) shows that only some preventive services, including regular check-ups for children, are more likely to be affected by CCTs compared to others (e.g. immunization).	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	d5bbdcfb54b667644264e082bb172649	Fostering positive attitudes can result in significant improvements in performance at little cost (Dweck, 2006). The value of greater student engagement, perseverance, motivation and self-confidence cannot be overstated. Both of these strategies require some changes in students’ beliefs and self-beliefs.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	d5bc0b6bb7b4644f0997a03dc82b74e2	In rural and remote areas that can only be served by solutions not connected to the main power grid network of the country, ICT can help to make a viable business case for energy providers. Two types of loss occur. Technical losses refer to power dissipation in components along electricity distribution infrastructure. Non-technical losses refer to electricity theft (e.g. the 'hook line'), customers failing to pay their bills, and accounting errors (World Bank, 2009).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d0196687-en	d5bc299c0be5852e5feac3fa65ae4a17	Meanwhile, countries need to continue to strengthen underdeveloped grid infrastructure to realize the full potential of distributed energy. A comprehensive, well-aligned, and stable policy atmosphere is needed to create a favourable investment environment. The Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy scoring methodology set by the World Banks Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), indicates that many Asia-Pacific countries are not in a strong position to effectively mobilize energy investments (figure 4.10). The uptake of renewable energy is hindered by inadequate grid systems required to transmit energy from supply to demand centres and to provide sufficiently broad balancing areas to handle the variability of generation from resources, such as wind and solar.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	d5bc4db968b3723938b79c3976892bac	Whether caused by necessity or desire, the increased flexibility of women is also evident in the increased proportion of women starting up their own businesses. In 1990, 11% of all new business owners were women, in 1998 this increased to 17% and in 2008, 21% of new business owners were women (Rafnsdottir and Styrkarsdottir 2009:168). Across these differences, Julfusdottir et al.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	d5bc6b625793d646ff4c55aab30673f0	The South West Sydney Institute has long-standing relationships with Energy Australia and Integral Energy.122 These close relationships with industry leaders and local firms in the environmental and energy arenas enable the TAFE Institutes to stay nimble and responsive to shifting training needs emerging from the green economy. Moreover, if Sydney is able to export its expertise in key green sectors such as the design and installation of green transformers or advanced water conservation and reuse measures, the TAFE Institutes could position themselves to train workers from around the Asia-Pacific region in these specialised skills and trades. It is one of 55 committees that have been appointed as a result of Regional Development Australia, a recent partnership between the Australian, state, territory and local governments to support the growth and development of Australia’s regions.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	d5bdf68a30bc6615fe5f7d6ea89ec723	"One of the women, aged 24, who was from Bishkek, told a story in her interview about how she was harassed by Kyrgyz males - whom she did not know - when she rode in an unregistered taxi with an Uzbek driver; in addition, she told another story about her Kyrgyz female co-worker who was a waitress in a cafe - her co-worker had been chased by Kyrgyz males because she was in a romantic relationship with an Uzbek cook. The woman reflected upon the influence that these episodes had on her choices; she said that now she would not consider having any relationship with a non-Kyrgyz male - although she would like to - out of fear of harassment by such groups as the ""Patriots of Kyrgyzstan"". The workplace is also likely to lead both female and male migrants to have mixed connections, while leisure pursuits and accommodations are settings where females are more likely to become acquainted with new people from countries other than their country of origin."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	d5be8c605711a4535243911c1fdba253	"Stories of Change: Home gardens and fishponds for nourishment and empowerment. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa. Neonatal exposure to low doses of diazinon: Longterm effects on neural cell development and acetylcholine systems, Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(3), 340-8. Spicer, J. (2015). """	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/70095f8a-en	d5bee6d2a04f4f2c277a52b60d4f5402	Over the 1990-2015 period, there was a reduction in maternal mortality by 45 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 59 per cent in North Africa. Despite the progress of the last two decades, however, there are still major risk factors for women’s health. More than 60 per cent of the world's maternal deaths occur in the African continent. In 2015, there were 546 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in sub-Saharan Africa (70 in North Africa), compared to the world average of 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, with developed countries having achieved an average of 12 deaths (WHO, 2015: 17,20).	5	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264233515-7-en	d5bf4c43ce43a843cb5b4bd0547528a3	Self-evaluations make use of self-reported surveys and self-reflection reports, focusing on communication skills, while parent surveys ask about child development, as well as communication between staff and parents. The frequency of monitoring staff quality is often decided at local or setting level and is dependent on the last monitoring result in most jurisdictions. The benefits of monitoring include better-trained staff, staff who are more highly qualified, and better descriptions of responsibilities for different staff grades in ECEC.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	d5c814c926b085fded2420621c3323b4	This programme provides a practical approach to reduce electricity costs to users while delivering broad social and environmental benefits. Provision of courses on managing household budgets increases the consumer's ability to pay for essential services such as electricity, while communicating the benefits of electricity increases the use of electric devices [e.g. lighting, refrigeration mechanical power) and thus ensures demand, which improves investment conditions. It can be mitigated by introducing penalty and reward systems (ESMAP, 2007), but smart metering may offer a more efficient approach.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329293-5-en	d5c9f507f41d53aa2bfb873e6a184b77	In a relatively short timespan, aquaculture has developed into a considerable industry for the production of food, reaching more than 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, with Atlantic salmon as the most important species. The sector is still relatively young and has the potential for further growth and development (Asche and Bjprndal 2011). The important production Nordic areas in terms of volume are the Norwegian coast, Danish inland waters and the coast of the Faroe Islands. Aquaculture is now also developing in nutrient poor (oligotrophic) freshwater basins, in the Baltic Sea and in land based recirculation systems (RAS) in several Nordic regions.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	d5ca346d80bb0d739c5682637e0e0a7d	During 2013 for example, more than 43 000 inspections were carried out in workplaces to verify the fulfilment of social security obligation (OECD, forthcoming). Together, these policy reforms are encouraging moves to tackle informality in Mexico. First, evidence suggests that public social spending is reduced by informality because informal workers do not contribute to social protection and insurance. Second, the quality of social protection is one of the forces driving informality. A lack of social protection (such as unemployment benefit) might create incentives to search for work in the informal economy, to avoid falling into poverty.	3	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	d5cb11a6e78d8d592933077d6c68f414	Roads with four or more lanes account for 24.9% of the total accident cost for accidents on straight segments of roads and 24.5% of the cost from injuries in accidents on and around crossroads. Accidents on pedestrian crossings incur higher injury-related accident costs on crossings with traffic lights than on those without. Accidents at pedestrian crossings with traffic signals account for 7.2 % of the total injury related cost, while accidents at pedestrian crossings without a signal account for 1.9%. Among the total injury costs from accidents at pedestrian crossings more than 79% arise on wide streets with at least four lanes and 79% of the cost on wide streets with traffic lights.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	d5cdf2494f4bb175099f545dfb7fdc42	This dynamic monitoring system will be expanded to 200 cities in China. However expertise is lacking at the local level as well as a systematic approach to collecting data from enterprises. The ILO, in collaboration with the Labour Ministry and the ADB has set up a tracking system w'hich followed 2 000 displaced workers over a period of six months. The tracking system followed where they went, how they searched for new jobs, w'hether and where they found new work, how' much they earned, etc.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	d5d14451eff2170411e26c280f7bf7a2	In almost every OECD country, courts and tribunals attempt to broker a compromise solution between the parties at the start of formal legal proceedings. Typically, half to three quarters of cases lodged with courts and tribunals are resolved without recourse to a court decision (Venn, 2009). However, despite the widespread use of pre-court conciliation in labour law cases, there is little empirical evidence on its effectiveness.	10	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	d5d1c5654fb053cce6c26c46df651664	In fact, consumer behaviour studies have shown that people like using Wi-Fi and prefer it to mobile data in some cases. Usually, however, the volume of traffic offloaded onto public Wi-Fi is low even in developed markets. China is exceptional in terms of Wi-Fi usage - public Wi-Fi data traffic far exceeds that of mobile network data, but investment in LTE is reversing this trend (see Figure 1.6). In addition, SpaceX, LeoSatand others have plans to investa total of around USD 13 billion to USD 18 billion in new LEO constellations designed to provide global broadband connectivity11.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	d5d4c4810665190c0bc19aaf05f5cd01	Secondary teachers on the other hand may have contracts ranging from 20 to 48 hours, which exceptionally may reach up to 60 hours per week. A teacher can also complement his or her teaching position with other functions in the public sector as long as he or she does not exceed 60 hours per week. Secondary teachers who additionally teach in a non-public school may exceed this maximum of teaching hours per week. Also, in a given school year, if the teacher is not able to have enough hours to complete a single teaching unit (20 hours or 40 hours), he or she can work a few hours in a supporting function (e.g. support teacher, pedagogical counsellor teacher; bibliographic counsellor teacher).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/22289f78-en	d5d78d53fd8baa941b55c6b9aab9bde7	This chapter deals with the assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters, as well as selected Ramsar Sites and other wetlands of transboundary importance, which are located in the basins of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. In the Russian part of the Amur Basin, lakes and reservoirs make up some 0.6% of the area. For most of its length it forms the border between China and the Russian Federation. Mongolia’s share of the basin is comparatively small. The Sungari/ Songhua River, which flows entirely on China's territory, is the biggest tributary of the Amur. River bank protections are being built on the Amur in 2011 in the town Blagoveshchensk.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	d5db7e05bf8aed9bc3a0b8eb3041b28b	The international harmonisation of EU-LFS contributes to better international comparability. If an LFS is not available other household surveys with an appropriate employment module may be used instead. For instance, in one country women may typically work very short hours, which is compensated by men typically working very long hours, while in another country the distribution of working hours is relatively equal between sexes.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329422-8-en	d5df50a2e877d8f792ccb1042f68b585	However, the latter are often more easily obtained. Where economic data is used as a denominator for an indicator, the resulting indicator can be described as a decoupling indicator. An example is the generation of food waste per EUR of household expenditure on food. This would for example be quantities of food purchased by households, measured by economic value or preferably, by weight Trends in input-type indicators can provide some reasonable reflect the success of food waste prevention measures.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	d5e3eed56bf9de94c6f2f46e5d770268	Quality has not been sidelined, as evidenced by a recently introduced performance management framework for primary care doctors. A similar system for hospitals will soon follow. Patient groups report being well involved in policy making and several intersectoral memoranda of co-operation have been agreed - including w'ith industry - on key public health issues. Medical education is also excellent, w'ith Latvian medical schools having maintained their reputation as among the best in the ex-Soviet world.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	d5e47dfb16a2af8b7fc182e9be295ab4	This suggests that negative personal income shocks are likely to result in lower private health insurance coverage. For instance, in the United States most uninsured people attribute their lack of health coverage to the high cost of premiums (OECD, 2011). Holahan and Chen (2011) report that between 2007 and 2010 the number of US adults without health care coverage increased markedly because of rising poverty rates in addition to a drop in employer-sponsored plans.14 The rise in adults without health coverage was concentrated among low-income people as they could no longer afford to buy private health insurance.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-7-en	d5e718653cea61c6261d10dab1b75ccd	In the last few years, capital expenditure represents the greatest proportion of annual public expenditure in general programmes of upper secondary education (fluctuating between 10% and 18%). In the 2005-13 period, the proportion of capital expenditure has grown considerably in technical-professional programmes (from less than 2% to more than 8%) and less son in primary education (from about 4% to about 8%). Also, as depicted in Figure 3.14, in 2011, capital expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure in public institutions was lower in Uruguay (4.5% in primary education, 3.5% in secondary education) than in the average OECD country (7.7% in primary education, 7.1% in secondary education). For the same year, capital investment in school education was more significant in Argentina, Brazil and Peru than in Uruguay.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	d5e76059e99cff5158870ed3c4039f2f	In Viet Nam, those with disabilities are eligible to receive a monthly cash allowance. In Bangladesh, persons having severe or multiple disabilities are entitled to a means-tested allowance (equivalent to US$3). Under Armenia's State Law on Pensions, every citizen and resident in the country who has a disability is entitled to a lifelong disability pension.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	d5e77304c61e51f62fb226c208626c9a	For example, those related to bulk water supply or to wastewater treatment could be attributed to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector, while expenditures to buy back water rights from farmers in stressed aquifers could be attributed to the irrigation sub-sector. Depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend around MXN 10-20 billion on water resources management (see Figure 3.7) in 2012. In addition, municipalities finance flood protection and CONAFOR contributes to watershed management.	6	0	3	1.0
10.30875/9e478973-en	d5e7a939c7925a45b7ada6b8ead9f802	It seeks to build understanding of the challenges surrounding each of the four constraints that were the focus of the joint report, as well as identifying ways to overcome them, thereby maximizing the contribution of trade to poverty reduction. The case studies included in this volume reinforce the need to move forward with the above agenda to maximize the gains from trade for the poor. Before summarizing each chapter, this section reviews the recent literature on trade and poverty, noting where chapters in this volume contribute to the literature. This overview chapter concludes by discussing the main policy implications of the chapters and priorities for future work.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	d5ea6d5a90fd5a378169866d17d5557c	You will thus be able to build a sufficient reserve, w hich will be a strong sign for your bank and which, in turn, will accompany you in your development projects. Through this method, the company sells the debt it has on its customers to a specialised financial institution. Thus, by selling its debt to the financial institution, the company immediately recovers some cash, and the burden to ensure the collection of debt is placed on the financial institution. However, as w ith any type of financing, prior approval of the financial institution is required. This contract sets up the framework within w'hich the entrepreneur may assign her bills to this organisation.	5	3	1	0.5
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	d5eb55c064fbaa05d2fb56ac44f072c1	What are the innovative features of the Paris Agreement? What is the outlook and prospects for effective climate change governance in the post-Paris era? Moreover, the article outlines the nature, strengths and limitations of the Paris Agreement and analyses the prospects for effective action on climate change.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	d5eb66277d22e4c34030a544b99cd5a7	More interdisciplinary work, involving scientists, economists and others is required in order to shed more light on this region-specific question, and hopefully better and more conclusive information on this will become available in the coming years. Other examples are the development of new technologies or business models, or changing habits related to food consumption. In addition to these fundamental drivers, sudden and unforeseen events of natural or human origin may disrupt developments and it is important that these are also considered (Box 3.1).	2	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	d5ebdecc01d37a7816231109258e96da	Based on 168 economies for which data on fixed-broadband prices in PPP$ were available for the years 2016 and 2017. Similarly, the plans selected in 2017 for Ireland, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States included unlimited domestic voice minutes and SMS. As a result, the cheapest option for the monthly consumption defined in the ITU mobile-cellular basket (51 minutes and 100 SMS) includes in several countries some extra data allowance.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	d5ecbfc44dc68496aad7e8a3fc94404f	Wider involvement of the research community should be promoted to broaden analytical capacity. In some cases, such as during the elaboration of the Po River Basin District Plan, discussions have resulted in the setting up of permanent panels on specific themes such as agriculture, industry, energy, research and innovation, tourism, fishing and biodiversity. The consultation process has also been combined with SEA procedures, which requires basin authorities to make the river basin plans available for public consultations for a period of 60 days. Delays in developing river basin plans have shortened the consultation period and events have focused on one-way presentation of draft plans, which has not allowed in-depth discussion.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	d5ee0606bc3a28d91b5798a69c084b00	Greek teachers are asked to teach in increasingly multicultural classrooms. Teachers must place greater emphasis on integrating students with special learning needs, both special difficulties and special talents, in their classes. They need to make more effective use of information and communication technologies for teaching. They are required to engage more in planning within evaluative and accountability frameworks.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	d5ee0d8ed3d0f6e06ff979c58d0bb781	Any long-term analysis of science parks in the United Kingdom reveals a number in older industrial cities that have been absorbed by neighbouring universities or converted into generic business and office space, whilst some of the more successful ones have been located in local economies that were booming before the formation of the park (Surrey is a good example). In the case of Sweden, Lofsten and Lindelof (2002) found that for new technology-based firms (NTBFs), those based in science parks had a higher rate of employment and sales growth than comparative NTBFs which were not located in parks. There was, however, no clear relationship with firm profitability.	9	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289330954-13-en	d5f188c6b9baa359e50ea8345a0a6ca7	There is a need to produce information based on risk assessments for investors through short-term studies which take into account both the impacts of changing climate on power production and the uncertainties of these impacts. Since the life-time of power plant investments is usually less than 40 years, there is seldom a need for a longer planning period in an economic study. Private investors also tend to focus more on the near future because of the interest rate and because of the larger uncertainty surrounding the distant future. Recognising and identifying risks associated with changes in weather patterns is an important step towards planning of new infrastructure investments and mitigating potential damage to existing power production, transmission and distribution systems.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/785f021c-en	d5f45ed7ae82f95965c666df88840bd0	This section provides an overview of industrialisation and the driving forces of economic prosperity. Developing countries at a low-income stage in particular can still rely on manufacturing as an engine of growth through the creation of employment opportunities in a more productive sector compared to agricultural activities. The income generated by industrial activities is generally higher than that produced in the primary sector, i.e. the process of industrialisation is expected to bring about an overall increase in income.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	d5f5b78b72222c82b316bd502b136449	This includes restoration of natural ecosystems alongside rivers, preservation of aquatic biodiversity, pollution prevention (e.g. enforcing the ban on effluent discharges to rivers), water resource management (e.g. restoration of flow paths), enhancing the ability of rivers to serve as drainage channels for flood control (e.g. cleanup of riverbeds), and promotion of the use of rivers for leisure activities and tourism. They are implemented on different levels, from specific sections of rivers to entire drainage basins. The RRA serves as a catalyst for implementation of these plans, particularly through funding the 30 regional river administrations, which group local authorities, drainage authorities, regional organisations and NGOs as well as an RRA representative.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	d5f62b6d6fb27276d67401d1bc964159	Overall DPT3 coverage improved in four out of the six countries, while inequality trends varied across countries. Countries such as Bangladesh, Egypt and Senegal not only improved immunization levels in both urban and rural areas, but also narrowed the urban-rural gap, with the latter two countries having achieved parity between the two areas. Tanzania appears to have shown positive trends, improving levels in both urban and rural areas, but the gap between the areas remained.	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-9-en	d5f9028bc394cca7a1d786d2b02cc01c	Amendments to fisheries management legislation in 2010-11 enable AFMA to enter into co-management arrangements, giving powers and functions to primary stakeholders in individual fisheries. This new level of co-management strengthens the collaborative approach between AFMA and its stakeholders and further builds the industry ‘stewardship’ approach in managing the marine environment. These arrangements result in simpler and more efficient administration of Commonwealth fisheries and these benefits flow to industry. This Act also specifies that management should reduce the impact of fishing activities on non-target species and the long term sustainability of the marine environment.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	d5ff74e8332917c3a5b3e376d0381942	Having more households with women in paid work, especially full-time work, means less income inequality. Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. It does not discuss the impact of women’s non-market or unpaid work, which has a non-negligible impact on household’s income inequality as discussed in Folbre et al. (	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	d600570ba7ffcd59f90ef1635fafeb62	Furthermore, elements of the women’s market intervention should be designed around the key barriers in order to temper their effect on financial access, while bearing in mind the financial institution’s strengths, strategic direction and mandate. In a global survey, of the 17 Commonwealth countries covered (incorporating responses from 57 banks), more than 3 documents were required in over 70 per cent of the countries (CGAP and World Bank 2009). Documentation requirements are usually a combination of proof of identity and proof of residential address. Banks in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia require at least four different forms of documentation -including identity card and passport, letter of recommendation, wage slip and proof of address - as a prerequisite to open a current account, the first entry point into accessing formal banking services.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	d603a4f3c3923f97ed37d68c85b78b1e	Employees eligible for the additional commuting tax credit (see above) for long distances are entitled to an additional EUR 290 of non-wastable tax credits (EUR 400 in total) limited at 18% of paid social security contributions. As of 1 January 2016, tax credits will be granted up to EUR 400 for all employers and up to EUR 110 for pensioners limited at 50% of paid social contributions. For low-income commuters who do not pay income taxes, the negative tax credit can amount to maximal EUR 500.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	d606c3b8ff703dad1152f9138e3212ad	It also conducts research on the adaptation of small and medium farm machinery to local field conditions and disseminates technical know-how on the use of farm machineries. The DOA plans training activities while the Centre provides them. In 2012-13, its budget was about USD 3.8 million. Its research focuses on increasing crop productivity.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	d6073875c50ad69b01894bf844f6379c	The concept of full supply-cost pricing enacted in this legislation, presented a significant departure from prior reclamation law. The full supply-cost rate is an annual rate intended to repay over time the portion of the federal government's expenditures for project construction allocated to irrigation, including the operation and maintenance expenses, with interest. Since the 1982 Reclaimation Act, the 1986 statutory requirement and the 1992 Central Valley Project Improvement Act have generated notable increases in irrigation prices in California's Central Valley (Wichelns, 2010b). For example, the Australian irrigation sector has found it harder to communicate to the wider population the economic benefits of irrigation. So irrigation water suppliers are examining better ways to communicate.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	d60e18d2ba3a97b1520b5fa864aa2ca8	For example, the stocktake will consider the overall effect of NDCs, yet information on the expected impact of NDCs on future levels of GHG emissions is unlikely to be reported or available for many NDCs. Further, a large number of INDCs have been expressed in non-GHG terms (e.g. goals for renewable energy, energy efficiency, forest cover, creation of institutions), and estimating the expected impact of such goals on future GHG emissions is often challenging. Reporting by individual Parties on support provided under the Paris Agreement is unlikely to provide such an overview, even with voluntary reporting by a larger number of Parties.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	d60e86df850b5a8149d4cc84d666667f	All countries should give priority to measures that improve the quality of life and health by ensuring a safe and sanitary living environment for all population groups through measures aimed at avoiding crowded housing conditions, reducing air pollution, ensuring access to clean water and sanitation, improving waste management, and increasing the safety of the workplace. Special attention should be given to the living conditions of the poor and disadvantaged in urban and niral areas. The impact of environmental problems on health, particularly that of vulnerable groups, should be monitored by Governments on a regular basis.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	d60f9bffd672ff3c947875eecb4450b2	The first phase is to define and understand children's experiences of food insecurity to be measured; it involves gathering knowledge from key informants, developing an interview guide, selecting a sample, and conducting focus groups and/or interviews. The second phase is to break down the food insecurity experiences into measurable components; it involves summarizing the interviews, classifying children by types and severity of experiences, summarizing interviews across children by theme, and identifying domains of food insecurity that discriminate children. The third phase is to create questionnaire items to assess the domains of food insecurity experiences; it involves developing or adapting items and answers and then review by local informants and experts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	d6103f9d726b2c368a165681bacf2a55	Despite a significant increase in protected areas, they are still far from fulfilling their potential to support biodiversity: they have few management plans and many of those that exist are just now being put into effect. The economic services derived from ecosystems (relating for example to climate change, flood prevention and water purification) are generally underestimated. Sustainable management of privately owned forests is still difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of properties.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	d6130c32daf80bf879c8b35e7b0a70bb	There is also scope to raise electricity and water prices, which could be done alongside offsetting measures to protect poorer households. Poor implementation has stymied the effectiveness of pollution pricing as a tool for supporting environmental objectives in China. Therefore, reforms are needed to strengthen the existing pollution levy system. Careful attention also needs to be paid to implementation details of pilot C02 emissions trading schemes.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	d613781e32832814803ad46229a96671	The geographical distance between residential areas and job centres results in long commute times, traffic congestion and damage to public health due to air pollution. Encouraging proximity and connectivity between jobs and homes would help reduce these negative externalities and improve economic competitiveness, while improving the quality of life. Urban development needs to ensure that job centres have sufficient housing nearby, under the city master plan.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	d615d158541dc3e31bfa7003db126913	Metro Vancouver also provides input to TransLink on its long-term transport strategies and ten-year transport investment plans along with input to the Mayors’ Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. Translink has approximately 6 700 employees and TransLink receives its revenue mainly through taxation (mostly fuel and property taxes), user fees and government transfers. Total consolidated revenues for 2016 are expected to be CAD $1.4 billion on a funded basis. The RGS’ objectives are to co-ordinate action on housing, transport, infrastructure and economic development in recognition that collaboration at regional level will make individual municipal action more effective.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	d616b8153620af6ae5ddf0ec3e76f590	Expenditures have increased steadily relative to GDP in line with other European countries’ over the past two decades and reached 11% of GDP in 2015 (Figure 3, Panels A and B). Spending on in-patient curative and rehabilitative care and on medical goods, notably pharmaceuticals, are higher than the OECD average (Panels C and D). The authorities have undertaken several measures to improve controls on health spending and its efficiency.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	d61b0fed9c756ce458c9f9bb2c147916	It is not possible to finance education for children facing the prospect of long-term displacement through short-term (and invariably under-funded) emergency appeals. Rapid response has to be coupled with long-term financing. A holistic approach that bridges the traditional divide between development expertise and humanitarian response is required. By linking humanitarian and development efforts, education programmes in emergency or post-emergency contexts can provide children with the chance to bounce back and lead productive, peaceful and fulfilling lives.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	d61b6fe62b16cdda88c0e49f70b53f09	These tie social relief to a household to investment in its children’s education, in the form of education-conditioned cash transfers. Certainly, the education so targeted is only basic. However, as one step in an attack on the lack of even basic education among the poor, it has much to recommend itself, even though further study is necessary on issues about the quality of education received and the necessary additional measures to make it part of an overall approach to attacking the problem of education in these countries. Poverty, in the long run, is to be tackled through education and development, although an anti-poverty programme may have more immediate priorities in the short term.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	d61c068768f05bcaab5c6793c85c82d9	On the other hand, without adequate safeguards, dependence on large hydropow'er could also have negative social and environmental impacts. Based on existing information available to date, how'ever, it seems that the strategy may not be sufficiently comprehensive, focusing narrowly on climate change issues wdthout due attention being paid to biodiversity or sustainable natural resource use. Focusing too narrowly on climate change within these strategies can lead to a missed opportunity in setting out a comprehensive roadmap for environmentally sustainable economic growth.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6e237bee-en	d61c0d59008fb04804ae821ca3554300	The crop selection criteria of women, compared to men, consist of multiple interests or concerns. Stability and productivity are the major concerns in landrace selection for men, whereas women consider meal quality, resource availability, ease in processing and multiple uses of the crop. Men prefer early maturing landrace Malliasamai, while the women choose Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of their meal quality. Women, being responsible for cooking, explain that they value Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of its taste and consistency.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	d61cf54eb3f51b3d0abc2b2502944ec7	"In this way, BIEM achieves the “critical mass"" needed to realise projects with wide ranging impact. The annual budget of EUR 100 000 EUR is financed by the European Structural Funds, the Ministry of Economics of Brandenburg, and other project-related revenues (e.g. fees for services). Each partner organisation runs additional projects and employs additional personnel according to projects or the overall management of an entrepreneurship institute/centre. This new ""structure” contributes to building stronger linkages between the university's internal and external support services and to integrate entrepreneurship education and start-up support services."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d62403719d75952cb563dfabb7d44170	Priority crops include grains, oilseeds, sugar beet, forage crops, horticultural crops, cotton and potatoes. They vary depending on the term and purpose of the loan, as well as the origin of credit resources (i.e. different interest rates are set for loans sourced from budgetary funds, own capital of KazAgro agencies, and funds borrowed from commercial sources). In 2011 short-term loans for sowing and harvesting were provided at interest rates varying from 4% to 12% per annum, which compares with a commercial interest of 12.3%. Longer term loans for 3 to 7 years are typically given at interest rates that range between 4% and 9.5% with a commercial interest rate at 10.5-11.5%. Since 2009, resources for concessional credit were substantially reoriented towards crediting of state-supported investment projects.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264311626-4-en	d62527426f51d06ee50d8205e7f8668d	This is clearly important when resources are scare but it is also worth looking at how training can service employers operating at the “lower end” of the labour market. This means providing greater opportunities for modular and part-time training, which balances competing demands on individuals for work and family. Modular training involves self-contained units that can be stacked against each other to complete a qualification. Part-time training involves mixing the use of evening training as well as the block release of apprenticeships for the off-the-job training portion of their framework.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	d625b78a381ca0817056ef880c25df25	In his view, the MDGs have been turned into a master rather than being a servant to national policy implementation (Vandemoortele, 2009; 2011). This has become increasingly pronounced since the MDGs were first adopted. The principal interest has been in identifying outcomes that can be attributed to the financial and programmatic support given by the donors (Vandemoortele, 2011). The more important question has been what has been achieved, not necessarily how it was achieved.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264179820-8-en	d62a94c74014df3b3bf700da2d30cee4	Urban water supply schemes reach over 27% in Orissa and 0% in Punjab and Karnataka. Private financial resources could account for 30% of revenues, with 25% through direct expenses in groundwater extraction and 5% via water user charges for surface irrigation. The revenue from public budgets can vary significantly from year to year and from planned to actual.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8eb4eb9e-en	d62b7d25a1f09977f84235ed8f18eeeb	Scenarios are imagined ‘futures’. They are seldom presented as a single forecast, but rather as a set of alternative plausible future pathways that can provide options for decision- and policy-making. The range of future options describes both optimistic and problematic futures in the hope of benchmarking both ‘extremes’and ‘middle-grounds’ in order to steer decision-and policy-making to achieve a desirable future.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	d62c0e02ba27a8417124a5dc91d64064	In Figure 3.7, the tariff for solar power in Indonesia illustrates the ceiling price in the solar reverse auction, which was set at USD 250/ MWh. However, this level would only be receivable in the unlikely event that all project developers bid above the ceiling price (Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2014). The price premium was therefore de facto lower owing to competitive bidding, and insufficient to spur significant growth in solar power deployment.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	d62cb412bb2567af688c764d0c5fc846	The installation of community care services in many countries has led to a differentiated set of mental health services and various stepped rehabilitative services, which should meet the different degrees and kinds of patients’ needs in the areas of housing, activities and social relationships. It is generally agreed that mental health reforms have produced better outcomes in countries where the reduction of inpatient capacities has been compensated by a substantial building up of specialised outpatient and rehabilitative services. This holds also true for the United States (Glied and Frank, 2009). However, the reforms have not yet reduced the institutionalisation of people with mental disorders. Although institutions per se are not ineffective, community-based care has obviously not led to the desired degree of social inclusion, independent living, or to paid employment.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80d5316b-46b0e44b-en	d62e89f87e121dc774cc79aacefe7f42	Etisalat first used femtocells in 2010 and is committed to deploying more 3G cells in public areas around the country to improve capacity. In fact, the rise in consumer data consumption may drive the need for further Wi-Fi investment. Mobile operators consider public Wi-Fi a necessary service, although it risks cannibalizing their mobile data revenues.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	d62eb77ff881acb0189eb35d2ce2f1b0	The judicial officers should engage in extrajudicial efforts to address CEFM. At the regional level the legislative instruments include: African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1981); Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2005); African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990); African Youth Charter (2006); and the Kigali Declaration (2013). For the purposes of this paper, focus is on the following international laws: CEDAW, and the Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriage (1962); and the following regional laws: The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), African Youth Charter (2006), and Kigali Declaration (2013).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	d62f1ffc965cc785cb2dd7bcd5d503dc	The RRCs contact and provide assistance to inactive youth seeking training and employment opportunities (Eurofound, 2012). Despite the range of school-based mental health programmes available across the OECD, few countries have evaluated their impact on student outcomes, in particular in the long term. Moreover, schools’ capacity to deliver evidence-based practices (EBPs) often remains limited.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8184a133-en	d63211ad369eda8b3b51a3d91daa4b96	In 1990, 93 percent of the world’s poor lived in LICs. In 2007-2008,75 per cent of the world’s poor—approximately 1.3 billion—lived in middle-income countries (MICs), while about 25 per cent of the world’s poor, approximately 370 million, lived in the 39 LICs, largely in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides China and India, the share of global poverty accounted for by other MICs has risen from 7 to 22 per cent.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264302488-8-en	d63675758461b11e7d268a3089b31840	Closing these gaps is not just about education, but also about more broadly alleviating the budget constraints facing families of younger children. ( From an expenditure perspective, Korea is one of the world’s leading countries in education, from early childhood up to upper-secondary education. This fact has been considered as a critical contributor to its high education performance and human capital for economic growth.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-ind-2014-7-en	d6367acbb7f7fe63fbd6e4813ad6e9e1	Although public health care in principle offers free basic health care services to all, most states’ health systems suffer from insufficient spending and shortfalls in management, leaving many with insufficient care. As a result, most people turn to private health care providers, which range dramatically in quality and of course charge for their services. Public health efforts over past decades have contributed to these improvements, as most recently demonstrated through the recent eradication of polio after an ambitious immunisation campaign. Nevertheless, life expectancy remains behind most large middle income countries and health outcomes are strongly influenced by socio-economic factors, gender, education and geography (Balarajan et al.,	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	d639d25483fc95b0ac94da5d71920405	When disaggregating the EPR by origin and gender, the differences between both female and male Thai-bom and foreign-born workers become negative: both were higher for foreign-bom workers in 2010 but not in 2000 (Figure 3.2). For the LFPR and UNR, data for 2010 was not available. Foreign-bom workers were over-represented in the age groups 15-24 and 65+ and under-represented in all other age groups (Figure 3.3).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	d6404245eed5c348b56384da217481f3	Moldova has eliminated direct consumer subsidies and does not pursue a prosubsidy policy, either in relation to consumption or production. However, a combination of the bottom-up approach to subsidy identification and price-gap analysis has revealed several fossil fuel subsidy schemes in Moldova. The numbers given as the sum or the intermediate sums in the tables and those in the text may thus not always correspond to the arithmetical sum.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	d6411f406c07134279ff4a77cbf1732a	The UN Secretary-General's office was well positioned to provide such leadership yet, other than appointing the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, the UN Secretary-General has no specific mandate to address climate change and, until 2006, no Secretary-General had actively engaged on the issue. Climate change was identified due to the lack of agreement on how to move beyond the Kyoto Protocol, which, it had become clear, was unlikely ever to attract wider participation and thus serve as an effective instrument to achieve the objective of the Convention. The transition team initially developed a strategy premised on two elements: the negotiations taking place under the UNFCCC had the same actors meeting over and over again, without significant progress; and the actors involved in the negotiations needed to expand up to the Head of State level.72 The Secretary-General's early engagement on climate change was also in line with the aim to reorient the United Nations away from the traditional high-diplomacy of war and peace towards the paradigm of the new multilateralism.	13	1	4	0.6
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	d642fe090a9fcb694bb6e6e4cb2a4c00	"Data centres evolved from mere data containers to become centralized hubs that managed and distributed data across a network to end devices. Datacentres expanded into cloud infrastructure"". This may give a couple of false impressions: that technology is destiny and that everything digital is revolutionary."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	d643132596017ae8f5cd45a23195175d	In the Netherlands, inpatient services are also free of charge once the annual general deductible has been met. When treated as a private patient in a public or a private hospital, Medicare covers a reduced proportion of costs and the remaining cost is often paid by private health insurance, or otherwise out of pocket. In 2011-2012, public patients accounted for 51% of hospital admissions and patients covered by private health insurance 39%4 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ceb7e87-en	d6441ab431a1d81b65a61e20b4cb9632	Such complaints are stimulated by a system of financial compensation (e.g. in the form of a share of the fine imposed) to citizens who inform the authorities of illegal activities (chapter 1). In the case of a serious complaint, a working group is established with the participation of the police, the Ministry' of Environment and Tourism, other relevant ministries, local authorities and NGOs. The working group reviews whether the reported non-compliance is actually happening, w'ithin the deadline of 14 days established for complaints.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	d6446cc3aa119357256e4c648b447cd8	Most emphasized income poverty, education and health, but there was less attention to employment, environment, hunger and maternal mortality targets. Yet surprisingly, the consensus on poverty as a priority has not generated new thinking about policy alternatives for faster poverty reduction. That approach has emphasized macroeconomic stabilization and adoption of Washington Consensus-style macroeconomic policies to promote aggregate economic growth based on private investments and market liberalization. Additionally, greater focus was placed on social sector investments to meet basic needs and social protection policies. In fact, some developing countries have successfully pursued equitable growth strategies that have not only led to growth with income poverty reduction but also to reduced inequality and improved social outcomes as measured by the MDGs. These countries have taken a more interventionist approach by promoting expansionary macroeconomic policies, raising taxation and public expenditure, expanding employment, and raising incomes of the poor through minimum wage legislation and conditional cash transfers.6 Effective macroeconomic policies for the achievement of the MDGs are discussed below.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591288-6-en	d647133ab047720411e6e6b9d276ac2c	As already mentioned, Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentary representatives worldwide. Women’s representation has increased in other post-conflict countries as well. In Kosovo, women make up 28 per cent of parliamentary and municipal assemblies; 25 per cent of seats in the 2005 elections held in Afghanistan were reserved for women; and in the same year, women in Iraq gained 31 per cent of seats in parliament (UN Facts and Figures, cited in Binder et al. Scholars have theorised that having a ‘critical mass’ of women represented politically - 30 per cent is widely recognised as the minimum necessary - makes a difference in terms of implementing gender-friendly laws and policies (Dahlerup 1988; Jaquette 1997; Sainsbury 2004).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	d65061c6c8b7c0ef948de883b889a3ce	In 1960, the average Korean could look forward to around 51 years of life. By 2009, life expectancy for the average Korean had risen to 80.3 years - a 57% increase to a level that is today above the OECD average of 79.3. As with many OECD countries, life expectancy gains for people aged 65 in Korea have been similarly substantial, with Korea outpacing every OECD country (for which data are available) in gains that have been achieved for this age group since 2000.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	d6536146ab868c276b21a6d840cb2411	There is also some experience in collective estimation of climate finance in the UNFCCC context. In particular, the OECD (2015a) developed the first estimate of mobilised climate finance — which also entailed developing a methodology to ensure the avoidance of double-counting, as well as of attributing climate finance mobilised multilaterally to developed countries. To accommodate different ways and types of providing finance, these reporting formats could encourage Parties to provide more contextual explanations. Reporting on climate finance provided to developing countries by other developing countries would help to increase recognition of this increasingly significant source of climate finance.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/a5e42fa0-en	d654728701e5f05127aa4e39b5208720	Bleaching, driven by climate change and local impacts, has affected the health of coral reefs worldwide, which could disappear completely by 2050. In 2013, elephant ivory, rosewood, rhinoceros horn and reptiles comprised 70 per cent of total wildlife seizures. Progress in promoting peaceful and inclusive societies remains uneven across and within countries. Violent conflicts have increased in recent years, and a number of high-intensity armed conflicts are causing large numbers of civilian casualties and driving millions of people from their homes. The large majority of identified trafficking victims in 2014 were women and girls (71 per cent), and more than a quarter were children. The share of firms in low- and lower-middle-income countries was 25 per cent, versus 4 per cent in high-income countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	d657b5e64fba82142b511aef13b10621	However, evaluation policies and practices remain at an incipient stage, especially when compared to those of most OECD countries and other emerging economies in Latin America. The most significant gap is the paucity of national data on student learning outcomes, which makes it difficult to design effective policies to raise achievement and assess the impact of reforms, in particular the new curriculum. Also important is the need to reinforce national capacity to use information from monitoring and evaluation for policy-making purposes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	d657df1cb0012b9ad2810e3c3fbd29b4	Under this approach, “there is no real difference between patent claims relating to the use of a substance and those relating to a therapeutic method: in both cases a new medical activity is claimed, i.e. a new way of using one or more known products. Under this approach, new medical uses of known substances could be considered to be patentable subject matter, if the member so desires. In these cases, producers meeting the novelty and non-obviousness requirements could obtain process patents on the relevant uses.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d6584135876818e236b235eb2f49c5c8	Green dotted lines = confidence interval 95%. Information is patchy on innovation spillovers or transfers between technologies, sectors, countries. The pace of depreciation of knowledge generated by innovation investments is also not clearly understood. A key lesson is that conclusions about the scale and even sometimes the direction of the economic impacts of policies that encourage the uptake of low-carbon technologies and practices differ considerably across different models, because of their diverse theoretical underpinnings, assumptions, and the corresponding modelling.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	d6606920a8c867105b976efb41378ae4	Portugal is one of the few OECD countries in which electricity intensity (electricity consumption per unit of GDP) increased between 2000 and 2007. From the point of view of energy efficiency, a higher share of diesel vehicles in the fleet means less energy is consumed for the same transport activity (expressed in passenger-kilometres or tonne-kilometres). From the point of view of pollutant emissions, there are strong indications that a larger number of diesel vehicles could result in increased emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	d661714d4e21f645704b58b2969f56af	While there is still a lack of unified vision on food storage regionally, the theme of the Arab Agriculture Day in 2014 (celebrated on 27 September) was “Arabic strategic stocks of food to cope with the global food crisis”. Individual countries have been active building their storage capacity, especially for cereals, with various levels of projections (see table 20). In an effort to reduce the high crop losses in Egypt, estimated at 10-15 per cent and costing around $280 million annually, the Government of Egypt is planning for a project that aims to build 25 new silos per year in an effort to increase substantially its strategic storage capacity. Available from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/temDlates/tci/pdfyMENA-WB-The Grain Chain ENG .ndf (accessed 30 March 2015).	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	d663dc020bc36c4e08e82fd4fe4d0b10	Since evaluations can have significant consequences for those assessed, it is important to develop competencies and define responsibilities for successful feedback mechanisms in the evaluation process. A strong emphasis on teacher evaluation for the continuous improvement of leaching practices in the school could reinforce such a link. Another lever is to involve teachers in school evaluation.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	d6641ebe70f6fbd4981994ea47fc1e99	The most significant gaps were in: technology and technology transfer; access to finance; promotion of entrepreneurial education; cheaper, faster start-up and better regulations; and access to support services. These gaps reflected weaknesses in national legal frameworks and SME agencies, as well as in the elaboration and implementation of specific policy measures. Drawing on the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index, this framework focuses on key entrepreneurial conditions (Box 2).'9 GEM is the basis for an annual national Adult Population Survey, along with National Expert Surveys.	5	7	3	0.4
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	d66653285fb26875f6bdf7fa3f21c002	Some of these families probably persist into deeper shelf water, being joined by some of the upper slope taxa such as the Squalidae. Thus depth, too, (as a proxy for other physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, etc.) The shelf communities are probably quite distinct from those on the slope, as described generally by Longhurst and Pauly (1987). Thus, the association of demersal fish communities with particular substratum types has not been demonstrated in the WIO, other than in a general sense by Bianchi (1992), and by Fennessy (in press) in a South African study with limited scope.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3af953a4-en	d6678e430abe346cc882455e4f096d46	"As mentioned above, the Vienna Programme of Action also explicitly stressed the importance of eradicating ""any conflicts which may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism."" Stereotypes and cultural norms which dictate prescriptive roles for women in society also have a negative impact on women's enjoyment of their human rights. For instance, girls' lack of access to education has sometimes been justified on the presumption that, as mothers and wives, they will not enter the workforce and thus do not require education. She also points to women's lack of influence in decision-making processes which define the culture of any given community (A/67/287)."	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	d668775f1246d3f17562b31c047773c0	One of these ‘horizontal’ funds is an infrastructure fund aimed at supporting the improvement of academic research infrastructure. The entire program had approximately BRLS300 million at its disposal in 2002 (de Negri et al, 2006). In 2011, the Green-Yellow Fund alone was able to disburse over BRLS330 million, while the size of the entire Sectorial Funds grew to BRLS3.2 billion (Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inova^ao, 2011).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	d66af2ffaf17ab1452a6e1aa4da10318	The development of heat supply systems is now based on TCP 45^1.02-204-2010 “Heat Supply Schemes of Settlements. Design Rules”, which considers the development of these schemes based on actual heat consumption data. All cities in Belarus now have their heating system modernization programmes based on their heat supply schemes.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	d673c17edf6528462448bd1cabdc96be	This was slightly higher than the OECD average of 1600 hours for primary and 1618 hours for lower secondary education. Net teaching time amounted to 662 hours per school year, which was less than in many other OECD countries (OECD average: 772 hours for primary and 694 hours for lower secondary education) (see Figure 4.1, OECD, 2015a).1 With the implementation of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, it is expected that teachers on average teach 80 hours more during a school year. A school year is usually 40 weeks in Denmark. Countries are ranked in descending order of the number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education. Lower secondary teachers reported to spend on average 18.9 hours per week teaching, around the TALIS average of 19.3 hours, and 7.9 hours on individual planning or preparation (either at school or out of school), slightly more than the TALIS average of 7.1 hours (see Figure 4.2).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	d673dbfc6fc93cb3aab00901314d32da	At the same time civil society organizations are a product of existing structures (ibid.), The tension between civil society and gender is heightened or diminished according to a set of factors, including context. In this book, contextual features are the presence or absence of the state, the level of domestic development and the presence of international actors (Chapter 3).	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/1a8a2851-en	d67588d3a07e6533c345d2b14722d894	"Testing Population Dispersal Hypotheses Pacific Settlement"". London: UCL Press, 2005.31-52. Whereas the health disparities and vulnerabilities experienced by indigenous peoples in Australia can be considered as having their roots in the history of colonization, present-day perpetuation of indigenous peoples disadvantage owes much to contemporary civil society turning a blind eye to the disparities. Education, employment, income, housing, access to health services, social networks, connection to land, racism, and incarceration are issues where indigenous peoples are experience substantial disadvantage. Like most indigenous peoples in the world, indigenous Australians' perspective of health is holistic. It encompasses everything important in a person's life, including land, environment, physical body, community, relationships, and law."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	d675a73ccd3b15b94a45c9c2e93cbee4	There is no reason why the level of education should be lower for teachers at pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education given similar professional demands. In the context of changing demographics of the Flemish student population and the current policy towards greater inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream schools, it is of key importance that all teachers are adequately prepared to work in diverse classrooms and differentiate instruction effectively. Also observed was Belgium’s internationally low profile in the proportion of immigrant children in remedial language classes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d67894fdc0991eb09d936e3fe3181032	Conversely, electricity prices tend to be higher when VREs are not producing, since there is less electricity supply in the market. All studies surveyed show that the market value of VRE decreases significantly with penetration level and such decrease is more significant for solar PV than for wind power, since solar PV generation is concentrated around few hours in the day. Results confirm that the difference with baseload price is low for the first MW of wind energy or solar PV installed, ranging between EUR +6 and -1 per MWh depending on individual countries characteristics.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	d67c9a8c44ed1f9091ab647d473c96e3	"In the student questionnaire, students answered questions on whether or not they have a home computer to use for schoolwork, educational software and a link to the Internet; how many computers they have at home; whether they programme computers; and how many hours, on average, they spend repeating and training on content from school lessons by working on a computer (e.g. learning vocabulary with training software). As part of the school questionnaire, principals provided information on the availability of computers at their schools and on whether they feel that a lack of computers hindered instruction in their school. A new question in PISA 2012 also asked school principals to report on the extent to which students are expected to access the Internet to perform school-related work. On average across OECD countries, only 4% of 15-year-old students lived in homes with no computer, and 43% of them lived in homes with three or more computers. There is no single authority representing both ""IUrkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-6-en	d6820697bf207663207150059b6d6b90	Insights from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) in the United States suggest that primary teachers who have a degree specialised in elementary education boost students’ reading performance, even compared to teachers who have more advanced degrees (Croninger et al., The effect of teachers’ qualifications is still more pronounced when aggregated at the school level: the higher the share of teachers holding advanced degrees in one school, the higher the impact on students’ performance (Croninger et al, 2007). Firstly, research finds that professional development is linked to higher quality skills among ECEC staff regardless of their educational background (Burchinal et al., Research on professional development for primary school teachers yields similar results (Angrist and Lavy, 1998; Bressoux, Kramarz and Prost, 2008).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	d682414ab7c08999a9e4235c8af62b0a	Indicators of performance are mainly limited to grade repetition and student dropout, and school supervisors do not systematically evaluate school quality (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census-based assessment would provide a stronger basis to identify where additional teachers should be allocated, focus incentives to attract high quality teachers, and target training to staff who face particularly challenging classrooms. These are critical measures to raise student learning and tackle dropout (see Chapter 4).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	d684a38c613e4fb04288830791241425	While rice fills the stomach, a rice-dominated diet provides only low to zero amounts of protein, amino acids and essential micronutrients, which can be found, for example, in pulses, fruits, nuts, tubers, vegetables, fish, meat and edible insects. The dependency on rice leads to insufficient intake of nutrient-rich foods, which in turn leads to a significant'nutrition gap'. Dietary diversity is low when there is high consumption of cereals, mainly rice, but relatively low intakes of vegetables, fruits and pulses which are known to be rich in micronutrients and fibre.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	d6863601391694b0690c91364378969f	Thus, all countries and economies contribute equally to ESCS scores. However, for the purpose of reporting, the values of the ESCS scale are standardised to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one for the population of students in OECD countries, with each country given equal weight. In order to allow for trend analyses, in PISA 2015, the ESCS was computed for the current cycle and also recomputed for the earlier cycles using a similar methodology (see PISA 2015 Technical Report (OECD, forthcoming!).	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	d6866cd22663a4e75a39fa58da28b525	Those households above the poverty line will pay for their connection at prescribed connection charges and no government subsidy will be released for this purpose. In the case of decentralised systems, capital subsidies should not give rise to too many differences between the price that remote villages powered by DDG systems will pay for electricity, and the price paid by villages connected to the grid. But rural electricity tariffs are often lower than the average cost of electricity supply, and state governments are responsible for making budgetary provisions for subsidised electricity supply.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	d68968319c96e8bd9bd6c71e09a3c8d5	This EU challenge to UK policy was reinforced in 1999 by the passing of the EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC), with targets to reduce the quantity of biodegradable municipal waste land-filled, with reference to that produced in 1995 to 75% by 2010, 50% by 2013 and 35% by 2020. The first, generalised response to the Packaging Directive was the landfill tax, introduced in 1996 at GBP 7 per tonne of active waste and GBP 2 per tonne of inactive waste. These rates were set to be equal to the estimated externalities of landfill, but the rates were soon raised above.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	d691367b65998294c72099e8f6da3ec9	This is not true if changes in fish migrations or productivity occur suddenly and on a major scale as certain “threshold values” of environmental variables are exceeded.2 Such changes may be difficult to predict, and all the more so since they might occur even if the underlying change in ocean circulation and temperature is gradual; ocean conditions might suddenly reach a point where certain fish stocks can no longer survive, or radically change their migratory habits. The only certainty on what to expect would be if: 1) similar things had occurred in the past; and/or 2) if one had a strong understanding of the mechanisms and interactions underlying climate change and its impacts on oceans and ecosystems. It is useful to distinguish between two main types of changes that could occur, i) changes in the productivity of the ocean in a given location, and ii) changes in fish migrations or the location of their habitats.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	d69606bfe08167db581fd5ed1bfc9f08	It is calculated using the number of deprivations that the multidimensionally deprived children encounter, divided by the maximum number of dimensions considered, showing the average number of deprivations the deprived children experience. The child population per country is calculated multiplying the total population size in 2012 (retrieved from the World Bank Databank, Oct 2014) with the percentage of children as a share of the total population of each country (derived by authors' calculations based on DHS/MICS data; see Annexes 1 and 2). In 2012 these countries represented 78% of the total population of sub-Saharan Africa (and 10% of the world's population).	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	d698c47e32496133841ec70b92a1cfa4	The CCSS recently established quality monitoring programme in primary care (see Section 1), with plans to develop a similar programme for hospitals. Not enough is known about the quality and outcomes of care in Costa Rica. Although some important initiatives are underway, such as the primary care performance monitoring framework, quality does not emerge as the dominant governing idea within Costa Rican health care. “ Quality” is still thought of in limited terms (typically, waiting times) meaning that important gaps in the health system’s information infrastructure persist. Even though there is a national cancer observatory, for example, authorities were unable to produce data on the stage of cancer at diagnosis (vital for understanding the effectiveness of screening and prevention programmes) when asked.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	d698fd4b1b15c244c6e5f6d8eaba958a	The systematic collection and analysis of appraisal results may, furthermore, provide information at a system-level for the further development of policies to strengthen leadership in schools. An increasing number of countries conducts appraisal to provide feedback and to inform professional development. In many of these cases, appraisal may lead to summative consequences for underperforming school leaders if a school leader fails to improve after an unsatisfactory rating and the introduction of an improvement plan, for example. The ways in which results are used may differ depending on a school leader’s performance in the appraisal as well as the school level and school type.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	d69a25a0fcc5b9737038df840014fb37	There were 69% and 75% reductions in death rate for diabetes, and 72% and 75% decreases for renal disease. In addition to better health outcomes, the study also demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of strengthening primary health care (Zhao et al., In some areas, a low volume of patients makes a hospital or a specialist unviable. These are also places that are not perceived by health practitioners as attractive to live.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	d69ba9354646c8d94d04c8bd65434680	In 2013, environmentally-related taxes accounted for 13.7% of total tax revenue in India and 7.3% in China, but only 1.4% in Malaysia and 1.3% in the Philippines.2 A new law in China that came into effect at the beginning of 2018 introduced new taxes on polluters. It will likely affect these rates in future, although its main purpose is not to raise revenue. For example, the building sector - including space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, appliances and cooking equipment in residential, commercial and industrial buildings - accounts for 55% of anthropogenic emissions of fine particulate matter, 5% of all nitrogen oxide emissions and 7% of sulphur dioxide emissions globally (IEA, 2016). Reducing emissions from this sector requires replacing kerosene lighting with electricity, and improving access to clean cooking facilities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	d69c45f3a01a1926fac24852488cd84d	The OKS was initiated in 2007-13 and renewed in 2014-20 to address themes related to the green economy, innovation, employment and transport (Box 2.10 and Chapter 1). The Sweden-Norway programme focuses on innovative environments, small and medium-sized enterprises, natural and cultural heritage, sustainable transportation, and employment over the 2014-20 period. Within the Sweden-Norway programme, one of the three geographic sub-programmes (Grenselest Samarbeid) covers southern Akershus (Folio), the 0stfold interior and Fyrbodal (14 municipalities in the north-western part of Vastra Gotaland).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/208cb99e-en	d69c7e574e5a573a1dc5de87761d5718	The MPI is the product of two easy-to-understand and intuitive partial indices. The headcount ratio (H) can be easily explained to journalists, who are already familiar with this idea from monetary measures. And the new partial index of intensity (A)—the percentage of deprivations that poor people in that country face at the same time—creates powerful properties yet also ties the poverty measure back to human lives and experiences.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/4b795325-en	d69d32aab2db5399621352fbc9a5ba89	Indigenous peoples at boarding schools: a comparative study. Prepared for the secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Available at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/IPS_Boarding_ Schools.pdf. Randburg, South Africa: Southern Africa Regional Coordination Office.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6b92f756-en	d69e1cd7808f0e27485063962f11fabe	Nevertheless investments in improvements in energy efficiency will need to increase by a factor of 3 to 6 in order to achieve the 2030 target. The UNECE region uses 39% of global TPES. North America has the main share (18% globally), followed by the 33 countries of Western and Central Europe with 12%.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	d6a1ffe8367a680fe3115eff83eaf060	Taxes levied by SNGs should fall on local residents or non-residents (commuters and visitors) who benefit from the services. Table 3.6 provides guidance on how different revenue tools can be used to finance infrastructure and public services. However, the experience of countries like Brazil suggests that such a move has its risks. Each of the 26 federal states set their own indirect tax rates.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	d6a32760ffc0d3b47234fea588f018cf	Adding to these challenges, the rural poor without access to electricity either spend relatively large amounts of their scarce financial resources on energy, or a disproportionate amount of time collecting firewood. The benefits that electricity access brings to households and communities are justified not only on social and economic grounds but also on grounds of equity objectives. For over 30 years the World Bank and other organisations have studied the social benefits of electricity access and have noted that these benefits usually derive from the longer days that powered light bulbs offer to the household. When electricity is used for powering home appliances, household chores tend to become less tedious; when it is used for lighting, the relative brightness of the light bulb as opposed to candle light allows children to read or study in the later hours of the day, bringing obvious education and leisure benefits (Barnes, 2007).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	d6a59c60ecf29d3cab95fd7efb2f63d9	The current national standard sets limits on sulphur content at 150 ppm and 350 ppm for gasoline and diesel respectively, although again some cities such as Beijing have successfully implemented higher standards (Ma et al., This is well above leading international benchmarks and what is needed to maximise the benefit of lower motor vehicle emission standards. Producing cleaner fuels requires the dominant domestic refineries to invest in costly new facilities. The practice of keeping gasoline and diesel retail prices below cost has hindered the feasibility of passing on the higher cost of cleaner fuels to consumers.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	d6a71f700479993ae4a4908fef1a7a62	Developed countries commit to economy-wide emission targets for 2020 while developing countries commit to mitigation actions. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation, developed countries also commit to provide funding for developing countries to help with mitigation and adaptation. As the Accord was “noted” rather than agreed to, there are no binding commitments. Nevertheless, the Accord makes clear the broad lines of a future agreement. Developed countries will commit to emission reduction targets, and developing countries, especially the larger more advanced ones, must take ambitious mitigation actions commensurate with their capability.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	d6a783100c34cc859df8a124e77a0c4b	As a result, several member states have had to pay significant fines for violation of compliance with different provisions of the ND. The jurisprudence helped explain the requirements of the ND, thereby extending common rules. Furthermore, these legal actions and other implementation initiatives by national Courts of Auditors have triggered policy responses, encouraging stricter enforcement of Nitrate Action Plans, but they did not result in an effective incentive for farmers to change practices. This led to the adoption of a series of Action Plans that focused on non-point pollution, mainly from nitrogen and phosphorus applied in agriculture.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	d6ab99a29c230c529b7206438c13161b	This is similar to other countries. Data for lower secondary education is included in data for primary education. Pre-primary and primary education include reimbursements from local authorities for previous years. An alternative measure of the degree to which a country prioritises education is the share of GDP spent on education.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1edabeca-en	d6af7e972a88099f6e477c998f663ae4	This circular relationship — the energy-transformation nexus — is central to the development process. It discusses the linkages between energy supply and sustainable and inclusive structural transformation. Following an examination of the patterns of energy supply and demand in least developed countries (LDCs) and their differences from other groups of countries in section B. Section C elaborates on the energy-transformation nexus.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	d6b0620020f11ed51e8ed4da89845a33	This allows policy makers to anticipate future spending pressures. Where programmes are predominantly financed by donor sources, this exercise also demonstrates which interventions might be most vulnerable to a withdrawal of external support. Given the broad range of stakeholders involved in social protection, the exercise also sheds light on where there might be cost-savings from a more systematic approach to social protection that exploits economies of scale, common administrative mechanisms or broader policy coherence across the sector.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208872-8-en	d6b654ae5961e2df8c4a7f89f79d80aa	Furthermore, the Job Centres/Jobs & Benefit Offices have a limited role in determining outsourcing arrangements at the local level with Lead Contractors. For example, in Alberta, Canada, local offices are able to influence overall programme design and direction through strong interactions that take place with the department responsible for labour market policies (Froy et al., Local and regional employment staff are expected to implement broad departmental strategic priorities and objectives which have been developed on a provincial basis (without specific targets) according to local needs. The only place where hard targets are identified is in a “provincial business plan”, and these are not formally applied to the regional and local level plans.	4	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k9gsh772h9q-en	d6b84296e0ba48fc2397bc04bd6cd926	Reforms to increase supply flexibility should be pursued. All government funded schools should enjoy the same freedom in luring and wage setting to level the playing field across different school types. To better gauge progress and inform policy makers, schools and parents on educational outcomes, additional performance measures should be developed and steps taken to lessen the reliance on grades in performance management.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	d6be2bc73389f0a8a1848d7015ee1c2d	Trajectories are clustered using Ward’s (1963) hierarchical agglomerative algorithm (cf. Quintini and Manfredi, 2009). A number of seven different clusters per data source is imposed, resulting from a trade-off between the greatest possible homogeneity of trajectories within the cluster and the desired differentiability between clusters. Clustered trajectories are matched with information on individual and household characteristics used for the analyses.	8	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/8647142b-en	d6bf98a4433e7a5b0cc9eca181050a5f	Many countries have adopted digital development strategies. Digital strategies are cross-sectoral plans that address policy objectives related to the development of a digital economy and society. Common objectives include developing broadband infrastructure; promoting digital firms, both international and local (the “digital sector”); strengthening e-government; and encouraging businesses and SMEs to adopt digital technologies, as well as promoting general ICT skills and competencies. The priorities in any country's strategy generally depend on the level of digital adoption in that country, with less digitalized economies focusing more on connectivity and promoting digital skills and adoption, and more digitalized economies seeking to upgrade to high-speed internet and to promote user and data protection.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	d6c28abb764b43982c71cf08c200aa2e	The core of the Archimedes model is hundreds of equations that represent human physiology and the effects of diseases. Attached to these equations are hundreds more equations and algorithms that simulate the health care system including processes such as tests, treatments, admissions and physician behaviours. Together with population data, the equations are integrated into a single, large-scale simulation model.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283473-en	d6c31b2736f730edb795a47acb9f1572	Also, since 2013, more than a hundred new diagnostic and treatment protocols have been developed, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases, 20 types of cancers, paediatrics and trauma care, which are currently being piloted in selected hospitals. Although the rate for women is much lower than for men, both rates are among the highest in the EU. Alcohol control policies introduced in 2007-08, including restrictions on advertising, sales and increases on taxes, resulted in partial and short-lived improvement Alcohol policy is a focus area of the government, and new legislation is coming into effect in January 2018.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	d6c3f188a26ecbfcc688c5d3da8cb907	Competence centres are particularly interesting in this context, as their co-operation with industry supports the graduation of PhDs that bring skills relevant to the Finnish industry', and scientific research also feeds back to both Masters and Bachelors education. Graduates are normally much more likely than faculty members to start new businesses; hence, in terms of supply of relevant human capital for start-ups as well as established firms, it is important that Finland maintains a strong funding portfolio for applied and industry-relevant research - much stronger than is the case today. Tekes runs a programme that provides help to organisations trying to undertake innovative procurement, but little of this activity is actually visible.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	d6c9155a055d67adb2145f3823d6fb4a	Farmers and insurance companies have asymmetric information that can also increase the price of insurance: farmers who take greater risks tend to demand more insurance (adverse selections), and farmers tend to be less proactive in managing their risks once they are insured (moral hazard). Ad hoc disaster assistance and other support measures from the government also reduce insurance demand. Multi-peril crop insurance provides indemnities after individual yield or production losses due to any peril in a list. This is the most widely available type of insurance across countries, and it is the one proposed for cattle and rice in the pilot projects in Indonesia.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d6c9d457c1441485b0c03bc187719ad1	For instance, in the mitigation context, an ex-ante assessment of cost-effectiveness - typically summarised by marginal abatement cost, or costs per tonne of carbon abated metrics - may allow a fund manager to allocate scarce resources efficiently according to a least-cost abatement strategy. However, cost-effectiveness metrics might not be equally well suited for other types of interventions, such as a financial interventions intended to improve the risk-return profile to attract private finance by taking a first-loss position in an investment fund. These types of activities may prove to be cost-effective in the long-run, but would not perform well in ex-ante evaluations where their benefits are not well captured by models.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	d6ca8e89fd99a81141f2fc79638f5711	In 2008, an estimated 44 million induced abortions occurred in the world (6 million in developed countries and 38 million in developing countries), almost half of which were carried out using unsafe procedures (Guttmacher Institute, 2012). Globally, it is estimated that 47,000 women die each year from complications associated with unsafe abortion. Many of these deaths could be prevented through better access to sexuality education, contraceptive information and supplies, and safe abortion services where allowed by law (Shah and Ahman, 2010).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	d6cbbff5c29ed3733e1449a233ab57fa	The basic allowance is available to those who are over 20 years old. To qualify for an income-related benefit, the unemployed person must have been a member of a Ul fund for at least 12 months. For both types of Ul benefit, the maximum entitlement period is 300 days and 450 days for parents with children.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-6-en	d6cbe7f658a61e2d0f6a4fbbd9344de6	It also includes maintenance and capital renovation of state and municipal institutions of the public health system and the purchase of medical equipment. The Federal General Prosecutor’s Office has checked the tenders for buying equipment under the NPPH. They revealed that the prices in tenders were unjustifiably high, often by as much as 50%. For example, during the last three years RUB 3 billion were spent on new tomographic scanners.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	d6ce23d70c8cdbb225eee1a6192c74db	These options were formulated primarily for water services and with the perspective of introducing greater private sector participation into the sector. The study considered different options for reforming the market, including having up to three operators for the country (as opposed to only one operator), i.e. one for Yerevan, one for AWSC as it currently exists and one or more for the existing regional companies, as the most interesting. Although the consultants recommended two WSCs as the most viable option, the government indicated a strong preference for forming a single WSC. These could be solutions for municipalities that might not be interested to join the regional operator.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	d6d02049614269d014e0e215245d682c	Export taxes were first introduced in 1979 because of the scarcity of palm oil as a raw material for cooking oil. Palm oil exports dropped significantly, in the first year alone falling from 84% of production in 1978 to 55% in 1979. In June 1991, the government abolished the tax in order to increase exports and attract more investments to the palm oil sector. However, concerned by a large increase in the price of cooking oil, the government imposed an export tax on palm oil products (CPO, RBD PO, CRD olein and RBD olein) in September 1994 (Figure 2.12).	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	d6d056635a90f5c81c2261db4ea14238	If investment inefficiencies - consumers and firms do not undertake privately profitable investments in energy efficiency - are the only market failure, the first-best policy is to address the inefficiency directly - for example, by providing information to imperfectly informed consumers. If there are both investment inefficiencies and energy-use externalities, then taxes should be used in combination with some welfare-improving energy efficiency policy (Allcott and Greenstone, 2012; Gillingham and Palmer, 2013). A clear, predictable carbon price is likely to be an important driver of change.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	d6d57edf6831edadc72edc99f82cfd57	Water logics and hydrological boundaries cut across administrative frontiers and perimeters. Water governance and water resources management takes place at various spatial scales, both in their ecological and political dimensions. First, the hydrological system with its different levels from small catchments to large river basins plays a prominent role, from the individual water body to the global climate.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	d6d94b685f536408bbc8104546afe336	In summary, it appears that the case for energy efficiency from a macroeconomic growth perspective is good. Although the effects are estimated to be relatively small, they remain positive. Indeed, energy efficiency measures are expected to contribute 44% of the carbon abatement needed by 2035 to have a chance of reaching international climate change targets.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d6d993f3c54d4734a0107cd7d1782398	Thus, the KazAgro system not just transfers budgetary funds to end beneficiaries, but also generates additional resources for the implementation of agricultural programmes. As a result, there is a substantial difference between the annual financing from the republican budget into the KazAgro system and the outward flow from this system to the final recipients of support. These flows underlie a number of nation-wide investment programmes financing cross-sectoral and territorial development activities, such as Business Roadmap 2020 and Development 0/Regions.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	d6da5e15f23394f1def653676fb449cd	For example, SOEs operate 51 of the 61 sugar mills in the country. Organisational reform was also necessitated by a series of corruption incidents in the early 2000s, such as the “Bulogate” scandal and the illegal use of IDR 35 billion (USD 5 million) belonging to the BULOG employees’ welfare foundation by the deputy chairman. It is responsible for providing and distributing subsidised rice to the poorest through RASKIN.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b55e471b-en	d6e3159853fd9ffaebd63d15a2c7e91c	1J0 Zetter (2009). A distinction is usually made between slow-onset processes and extreme environmental events or natural disasters -distinguishing, for example, desertification from floods. In this context, there is growing recognition that migration is not always the only response to the effects of environmental change - in the case of slow-onset events, for example, adapting settlement and land use practices may mean that people can remain at home safely and productively.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	d6e3b325061bc1711329a6c4b6df4ada	In the Slovak Republic, Italy, the Russian Federation and Poland, less than 20% of low-skilled adults reported participation in any form of adult education. The gap in participation rates between adults with low and high literacy proficiency is on average 44 percentage points (30% compared to 74% respectively). In the case of formal education, this difference is 12 percentage points (6% compared to 18%). In relative terms, however, the difference in rates is even greater in the case of formal education, where highly proficient adults are three times more likely to participate than adults with low proficiency.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	d6e3e7c795e2db19be4a3a75f276e129	In these countries, then, are not only are there more poor individuals, but the poor are deprived in more dimensions. In all the countries, a higher percentage of the population was poor in rural than in urban areas. The highest rural poverty levels were in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras and the Plurinational State of Bolivia.	1	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-5-en	d6e7a93ca628bf47f6f81e64da70ab31	The focus of this report is on instruments to promote gender balance in academia. Then an overview is presented of key policy measures and programmes initiated by government authorities to promote gender balance in research. Examples are also given of the actions taken by the Nordic national research councils and the joint Nordic institution NordForsk to address gender balance.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	d6e991ed76de967a029a37921fa0460e	Meanwhile, job creation through greenfield FDI projects in the traditional fossil fuel energy sector has fallen dramatically in ASEAN, India and China. Consequently, the gap between job creation from FDI projects in the conventional energy sector and the renewable energy sector is narrowing. This trend is present in China and India as well, although biomass power-related FDI still created the largest number of jobs in China in 2015.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233515-6-en	d6eb206e562acbcabbfe83488bb8335e	It is an overarching document broadly describing the content of kindergartens, often in terms of suggestions and recommendations rather than prescriptions. Monitoring service quality based on laws and regulations can thus be challenging. Assessment of actual practice against the steering documents entails subjective interpretation, and poor practice at the kindergarten level can rarely be considered a direct violation of the law.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	d6eb4b3d3495b5e14a538892b5f14a60	"Trade restrictions played a pivotal role for this differential outcome. While countries in developing Asia managed to insulate themselves from the price hike through export restrictions and ‘aggressive buying"", many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa experienced a sharp food price increase and had to bear the brunt of the price hike, with a marked increase in undernourishment. If these are insufficient, tighter disciplines on export restrictions and ‘demand-augmenting measures"" need to be envisaged in a second step. Over and above improving the trade disciplines, he suggested promoting public investment in agriculture and food safety nets. A well-functioning international trade system is all the more important in the context of increasing pressures on natural resources, especially land and water, and with the expectation of climate change affecting production potentials differently in different regions of the world. Dr van Tongeren considered that the present external economic, financial and fiscal environment was a good basis for further agricultural reforms."	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	d6ec5e2823f8f9ba2fe1d16925af0204	Middle- and high-income countries, on the other hand, might place greater emphasis on work-family conciliation policies, including parental leave and child and elderly care services. In both cases, priorities for social protection should be determined through open dialogue, involving all stakeholders, and with the active participation of women. Starting in 2007, the Government engaged in extensive civil society consultations in order to redesign its social protection framework.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	d6f10ae3f493db2666c5f41fd2e31242	In addition, a Contractor/Supplier Boot Camp helps to link SMEs and the major industrial companies by providing them with training on what the major companies need and want, and what their requirements are (Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 2015). There is convincing evidence that labour productivity in Russian monotowns is substantially lower than average. Commander, Nikoloski and Plekhanov (2011) found that the output of enterprises in one-company towns is 70% lower than their peers, after controlling for other factors.	11	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	d6f2b8c31890cf688a9d5d5f72672dc9	This requirement would be met to the extent that excessive prices complicate generic production in the market covered by the patent. Appropriate measures include non-enforcement of the patent, but also the granting of a compulsory license under facilitated procedures, as provided under Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement. In case of a competitive market, excessive pricing will only push consumers toward purchasing the competitors’ products. As a general rule, excessive pricing by dominant companies may be considered abusive and thus anti-competitive, opening the possibility to issue a compulsory license under facilitated procedures, as provided by Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	d6f44e4cd923c9c50b1a33a56ee1d168	The inference is that poverty may have a different social significance in countries of similar income levels and that richer countries may have greater scope for engaging in a national debate about what poverty is and who should be classified as poor. Setting a poverty threshold is therefore a technical exercise of an extremely political nature, which can serve an increasingly important social cohesion goal, as countries’ average living standards improve and grow. Locally weighted regression lines approximate the economic gradients of both sets of poverty lines, above USD 1.25/day.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d6f57ad9b7e232c886f04dda9858b84b	While many, not all, actions to reduce emissions may be costly today, their benefits will only accrue several decades from now. If the discount rate is zero, a benefit of USD 1 billion in 2050 would justify an equivalent investment in emissions reductions today of USD 1 billion. However, if the discount rate is 5% per year, today only an investment of USD 200 million would be justifiable. It would fall to USD 43 million at an, admittedly very high, discount rate of 10%.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	d6f6caf9689bb2c83610325caa5e5707	In Chile, for example, 28.5% of women-owned firms introduced a marketing innovation in 2007, while only 21.5% of male-owned firms did so (Observatorio Empresas, 2009). Female entrepreneurs tend to lag behind men in experience in certain industries, as well as in access to the finance or networks needed to grow their businesses. These barriers affect women’s propensity to invest in product or process innovation. Other less tangible differences between women and men - such as attitudes towards risk, motivation for venture start-ups, and aspirations regarding business size - have a gender dimension and can affect innovation.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	d6fa7fc49b7fd16308e970c6435ae138	For seven LDCs, including five island LDCs, this deficit exceeds the total value of merchandise exports; for 16 more, it exceeds one fifth of their merchandise export revenues. They are exporters of crude oil (Angola, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Yemen), petroleum products (Benin, Rwanda) or uranium (Niger). Angola’s energy surplus is by far the largest, amounting to $45 billion annually in 2014-2016 — three times the combined trade balance of all other surplus LDCs.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/74f4872a-en	d6fb03db4d713312268cc98b47e982cb	In Asia, the largest financing needs are estimated to be in the energy sector, followed by transport. Road density per square kilometre is a very rough indicator of the development of transport infrastructure, and it must obviously be seen also in the context of terrain, population density and other ecological considerations. Nevertheless, figure 4.4 points to truly shocking differences between Europe and the developing regions, while w ithin Asia (which shows slightly better levels) there are large differences between East Asia and most of the rest of the continent.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/acf57efb-en	d6fb935b1eb5afc4d10e2227c3053c09	Owing to structural inequalities, loss of life, injury and other health impacts, as well as the damage to and loss of property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision and environmental resources caused by climate hazards, are not felt evenly by all people. This requires shifting from a narrow focus on identifying only the physical impacts of climate change, towards a broader analysis which also incorporates the socioeconomic impacts of climate hazards. With time, however, the social consequences of climate change received more attention, and evidence regarding the relationship between climate change and poverty began to emerge.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	d7008f6abff06d7bb3bdf5682e21e89b	Revenue can be politically earmarked, meaning that the Government explicitly states the use of the revenue, even though the revenue actually flows into the general budget and announced spending is made from that general budget. Although tight (or legal) earmarking of environmental tax revenue is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, the economic rationale for doing so is weak as it can excessively constrain the effective management of public finances (Jones, 2011). Tight earmarking is also undesirable because environmental tax revenue and necessary expenditures in a given area may not match up.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	d704de6810e8738f2a8134502173e55b	Women make up a large section of informal businesses and microfinance very often involves self-employment in the informal sector (Armendariz and Murdoch, 2007). Moreover, it has been noted that women, being more credit constrained than men, are more likely to engage in microfmance programs and participate regularly in related training sessions and weekly meetings. They have also been viewed as more conservative in their investment strategy, more responsive to peer pressure for repayments, and therefore ultimately more responsible in repaying loans. Targeting loans to women also fosters their empowerment.	13	3	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	d70970bba8bb382369c7808716f6ab65	In total, 294 respondents completed the online questionnaire. Among them were the main target groups of ENERGISE (i.e. DSOs, TSOs and telecommunications providers), but also researchers and other industry stakeholders such as equipment manufacturers. Figure 5 shows that the main target groups cover almost all EU Member States.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264298705-6-en	d70c723d376893641a5feab3532f8b9b	It is possible that many students moved to the new CTeSP courses at this point, although this is not clear from the available data. The CET were described as playing a predominant role in helping companies hire qualified and specialised staff, and have been shown to have employability rates above 90%. These courses were seen as valuable for rapid entry into the labour market and meeting the needs of firms for technical skills.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	d70e40a35dc41b4654b15fc732ed0d48	It builds on a proposal for such a horizontal project by the Chairs of the four STI Committees (CDEP, CSTP, CCP and CHE). It also builds on recent Ministerial meetings on science and technology policy (October 2015) and employment (January 2016). It will also draw on the June 2016 Digital Economy Ministerial organised by the CDEP in cooperation with the CCP, ELSAC and EDPC.	4	6	2	0.5
10.18356/a2206e44-en	d70f275fe3948cc0d75ccba2f8524252	Some (climate-friendly) goods may still be problematic since they require agreement on a relative standard (i.e. the products in question must be better than some baseline). The judgment of a standard is itself difficult; for instance, is a fuel-efficient car a green good? How efficient must it be? Moreover, technology evolves, and today’s “green goods” become tomorrow’s baseline.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	d70fc730f41d6a6d6256c22dcb68ab19	The Strategic Environmental Evaluations (EAEs) are a promising tool for assessing the environmental impact of land-use plans, but could be broadened to evaluate the overall impact of urban growth on environmental performance and quality of life. Air pollution should be tackled through disincentives on car ownership, which may mean redesigning municipal revenue streams that significantly depend on vehicle taxes. Minimising natural hazards, notably flood risk, calls for a more comprehensive approach to managing storm-water drainage and mitigating the expansion of impermeable surfaces in urban areas. Mechanisms to offset biodiversity losses should be integrated into the EAEs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	d710b0d09906f98f4468718bc87e713f	The off-diagonal cases correspond to countries where the unemployment rate either responded particularly strongly to the output shock (countries in boxes above the diagonal) or particularly weakly (countries in boxes below the diagonal). Additional aspects of shock heterogeneity are captured by the letters C, X, L and H, which denote, respectively, unusually large concentrations of the decline in output in the construction and export sectors, a relatively long duration of the recession, or a sharp fall in housing prices. Even though the fall in GDP was not especially big in these countries, a sharp increase in unemployment occurred, especially in Spain, where the decline in employment was more than double that in GDP (cf.	8	0	3	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	d71aebda387adab5b1a4052f1a8e5bf9	Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 17:197-215. Trade liberalisation and poverty dynamics in Vietnam. Journal of Economic Integration 22(4), 819-851. The gender pay gap in Vietnam, 1993-2002: A quantile regression approach. Journal of Asian Economics 18(5), 775-808. Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty: A Proposed Measure with Application to Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper No.2437, World Bank: Washington DC.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	d71af1d434389b8489e03ad5f364f2ab	This normally refers to equity of education outcomes. One way to look at this is to compare student achievement in different schools in the education system. For example, in the 2009 PISA reading literacy scale performance variation between schools in Finland was 7.7% compared to the OECD average variation of 42% (OECD, 2010a).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	d71e091e1a4b6aeb3625a39c93400108	The program is global in nature and encompasses both fund investments and co-investments. In addition, CalSTERS Global Equity investments include a sustainable manger portfolio with a ‘double bottom line’ legal of financial and sustainable outperformance, and CalSTERS Fixed Income Green Program screens and monitors fixed income holdings both in terms of ESG risk exposure and ESG opportunity capture. Projects in the sector are offering attractive returns, at a lower risk than listed equity markets, he said.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	d71faa1736f037fcddf500e097e5194e	Moreover, this is also reflected in the institutional structure of MoEFWA, in which both land uses are among the competencies of one department, the Directorate of Forests and Pastures (DFP). Therefore, timber consumption by households has always been higher than by industry in Albania. In 2003, some 415 wood processing plants processed about 360,000 m3 of timber, while simultaneously the documented level of fuel-wood consumption was 1.6 million m3 per year. They result from the subsistence needs of the rural population and commonly understood traditional right to use the natural resources of the area, to a large extent tolerated by the authorities despite the legally imposed sanctions and fines for such law infringements.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	d7257ed5e4a590ce62f816b8ed146b1e	Furthermore there are examples where adaptation efforts have linkages to mitigation approaches, for instance Antigua and Barbuda where increasing desalination capacity will be achieved through use of renewable energy sources. For each issue, more detailed discussions and examples are provided in the Annex. About one-third of the adaptation components of INDCs (the adaptation components) do not mention timeframes.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd3khjfjf0-en	d726af1564d7f69268120d250e1cf5b3	This is discussed in more detail below. This has considerable budgetary implications, as the increases in student numbers trigger additional state transfers to schools. For this reason it is being applied progressively over a five-year period with earlier implementation in deprived areas. In the first year the increase in compulsory education became operational in 30 municipalities, and countrywide implementation is scheduled for the 2012-13 school year. Full implementation is aimed for in the 2010-11 school year and will imply that at least for the first two grades the average class size will be at or below the norm in OECD countries. Since the 2007-08 school year a socio-economic index has been used to determine some of the budget allocation for primary schools.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	d7278d6b79bbf6d06a3b6afb1bc12778	Developing an apprenticeship system and enhancing the work-based component in vocational education and training (VET) and terminal programmes would also improve youth’s employability. In addition, more and better incentives could be provided for employers to hire and train youth by facilitating and expanding the take-up of youth employment subsidies so that more SMEs benefit (OECD, 2010). More generally, Chile should invest more resources to improve worker training and lifelong learning system, which is currently ineffective and does not benefit workers and firms that need it most.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-6-en	d72a3257901a09430dd9b2923187973b	In most dry subtropical regions, the changed precipitation patterns might lead to decreasing renewable surface w'ater and groundwater resources with a higher extent and frequency of soil moisture droughts. It is likely that rainfall in subtropical latitudes, particularly in the Mediterranean, Mexico and Central America and parts of Australia will decrease. This could lead to less surface water and groundwater in most dry subtropical regions.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	d732392aaf6b83dd349fdd7a1c990860	This measure allows for adjusting tariffs for cost declines in renewable energy installations as the technologies mature. Notably, the unit costs of these technologies will decline as the cumulative capacity increases, owing to economies of scale and innovations. China and India have already experienced remarkable cost declines in recent years, and reached very competitive cost structures for solar power and onshore wind.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264259089-8-en	d73261d6778f9254bb8c7fa3967a3312	However, the strategy was never actively implemented. The Ministry of Economy took action in 2007 to revise this strategy with the help of external assistance, but the revised strategy was never approved. It recognised that Lithuania already possessed some of the pre-requisites for developing its R&D system (such as pockets of high-level research, potential for industry-relevant applied research, some high-technology products and research-intensive services). Reaching European innovation practice for science-industiy collaboration, increasing gross expenditure for R&D (GERD) to 3% and business expenditures for R&D (BERD) to 2% and increasing high-tech share of gross domestic product (GDP) to 20% by 2010 (in seven years) were the ambitious, yet in retrospective highly unrealistic objectives set in the strategy.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	d735cedc1af442fe716239ae8e9e1ea9	The state benefits from a central position in the country and is accessible by various modes of transportation. As such, it presents numerous opportunities for short duration, one or two-day trips from Mexico City, whether organised by business organisations or families looking for recreational time in a greener environment. While access to the region may not be a primary issue, connectivity and accessibility within the region remains a major challenge.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	d738427b20bc3e05686b5bcbbc6c56bb	Similarly, large digital divides persist within countries. Women, the elderly and people with lower education or living in rural areas have disproportionately less access to ICTs. If countries are to have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages, then it is not only important for ODA to continue to assist countries to overcome basic development challenges, but also to support countries to improve productivity through better use of new technologies and to help build capacity and incentives for further innovation. The paper seeks to complement analyses made by the United Nations Inter-agency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation in mapping existing STI initiatives, mechanisms and programmes by for the first time analysing development finance data at activity level using the DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS). It is intended to highlight the possibilities and challenges in using the CRS as a source for tracking international government support to STI in an international development assistance context. The analysis on technology is somewhat biased towards international support for ICT development; however, efforts have been made to also include technology transfers in other sectors, in particular relating to green technologies and renewable energy.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/afa296fe-en	d73a41f0ba3ad1343d8a5c0817e4ab88	Pogge considers that global-level failures to meet negative duties make it urgent to recognize the multiple and interconnected levels of poverty eradication. In particular, national solutions to poverty may be futile in the face of grave global inequalities; such inequalities, Pogge argues, stem from global institutional arrangements that impose unjust and avoidable burdens. Rex Martin and David A, Reidy, eds. (	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264089457-en	d73e21c4157f6a99a19c3c3c892d0e88	They are accountable to the federal authorities, and, on the whole, more concerned with national development than with regional or local engagement. As in many other countries, higher education institutions in Malaysia do not have an explicit regional mission which is left to the individual institutions’ initiative. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	d73f3749bdea9a8938f743981cb4d5cd	During the 1990s, 50% of the reduction of CO2 emissions occurred thanks to the restructuring of the East German economy following reunification (Eichhammer et al, 2001; Weidner and Mez, 2008). Inefficient heavy industries located in the new Ldnder collapsed, inducing a reduction by 44% of C02 emissions in that region (OECD, 2001). Outsourcing of manufacturing industries to eastern European countries as well as an increasing import penetration probably also contributed.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d7423ebae00f4f6a2a714e56410763ce	Moreover, only 1 of 16 countries in the region submitted form D (annual information on substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances) for 2014 to the Board by the annual reporting deadline of 30 June, thus affecting the Board’s ability to analyse regional precursor trends and patterns. A comprehensive review of the situation with respect to the control of precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the region can be found in the report of the Board for 2015 on the implementation of article 12 of the 1988 Convention.	3	2	6	0.5
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	d7424d63b2231535318f8b9d8f530b71	"For the purpose of interpreting a treaty, the’context'of a treaty entails ""in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes"": (i) any agreement or instrument in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and related to it (article 31(2) VCLT); (ii) any subsequent agreement and practice regarding the interpretation of the treaty (article 3i(3)(a)(b)); and (iii) any relevant rules of international law applicable in relations between the parties (article 3i(3)(c)). For example, in interpreting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Supreme Court makes use of the ‘living tree doctrine'. As stated by Chief Justice Antonio Lamer in Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, ""If the newly planted ‘living tree' which is the Charter is to have the possibility of growth and adjustment over time, care must be taken to ensure that historical materials, such as the Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee, do not stunt its growth""."	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	d745f949e1b99b58613d5d28b90ca7c4	A number of countries, including Austria, Germany and Switzerland, have well developed apprenticeship systems. This approach is being used in the United Kingdom to support career advancement. The Higher Apprenticeship in Hospitality Management has been developed to bridge the gap between supervisory skills gained in an apprentice’s early career and the strategic management skills required to work at a more senior level.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	d7475251aa3d05e341fc40b6585d9ec2	Measuring the trade share in terms of the quantity of exports (thus avoiding problems due to varying prices over time) and comparing the ratio among the selected commodities, rice had the lowest share of production exported while whole milk powder had the highest. Liapis (2012) also shows that in most cases the export share of production has not changed dramatically over recent decades. Rice, sugar, whole milk powder and soybean oil have experienced rising export shares, shares for maize and butter have declined, and there is no discernible trend in the shares for wheat, soybeans and beef. The conventional view has been that developing countries are net agricultural exporters and developed countries are net agricultural importers.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	d74ac5559bdbfd6cddbab718b13d70c7	Most of them also implement an extensive project at a high academic level, with personal instruction from members of the academic staff. In addition to the scholarship, the participating students also gain experience in the development of software systems or a product, learning the theoretical aspects of the system alongside the practical tools, and obtaining an understanding and level of knowledge that cannot be obtained from in class work. The programme creates a reservoir of capable students who are eligible for employment at the high-tech companies that exist in or relocating to the Galilee.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2c4e4b18-en	d74c4abf3a55bc3a03df462a7c59cf93	With few exceptions (Sharra and Bushat landfills), there are no properly managed landfill sites in the country. Although current industrial waste generation is considered low, there are no data to assess the existing situation. Progress has been achieved in assessment and prioritization of sites polluted by past activities and clean-up of the most polluted area - the clean-up of the chemical plant in Durres was completed in 2011.	12	1	3	0.5
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d74ea3e6be63fd14653432c0acbae609	There are no marked differences between the Western Balkan countries with respect to lifetime prevalence of drug abuse among school students aged 15-16 years, all estimates of lifetime illicit drug use falling between 4 per cent and 8 per cent, which is 2.5 times lower than the European average. The drug most commonly used is cannabis, between 2 per cent and 8 per cent of those surveyed reporting lifetime cannabis use—a range considerably lower than the 17 per cent European average. The relatively high annual prevalence of cannabis abuse (5.7 per cent) among the general population in Western and Central Europe has stabilized or in some cases decreased, in particular in countries where cannabis consumption is long-established.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/feb1987a-en	d74f4a770d60c3af413b60c3be4b584c	The report identifies drivers, key enablers, gaps and barriers to the use of LNG as fuel in maritime transport. Reducing the use of heavy hydrocarbons and increasing the use of LNG in maritime transport could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other pollution arising from international trade. This is a step in the right direction as we confront the challenges associated with climate change and air quality.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	d750f22a941c67755c206f3fcc689ab4	What had been an ad hoc development project quickly devolved into a scheme for companies in the West to cheaply dump dangerous garbage into ill-equipped and extraordinarily poor rural villages by sending unregulated shipping containers, marked 'donations', as a means to get around national regulations.66,67As a result of this unregulated dumping, Agbogbloshie's soil and water have high concentrations of lead, mercury, thallium, hydrogen cyanide, and PVC. Thus, it is often cheaper to ship outdated and damaged computers to developing countries under the 'donation' label than to recycle the electronics properly. However, as the Agbogbloshie case illustrates, the development of an effective e-waste strategy cannot be complete without appreciating the policy and regulatory governance frameworks that exist at the global, regional and local levels. Efforts must be made to ensure that the enforcement and compliance aspects of these policy and regulatory frameworks complement each other.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	d75167784ab0c34a2e6e32ca23041b37	The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author!s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Authorship is usually collective, but principal author(s) are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/8b1a5cb9-en	d7531087e44e3c55598e1fe4168ef850	Migration in these places may have potentially large social implications as new migrants will present a higher share of the population in small rural communities (Brown, 2010(36]; Lichter, 2012(3?]; Kasimis, Papadopoulos and Zacopoulou, 2003(38]; Rye and Scott, 2018(39]). The largest share of international migrants, however, still typically settles in urban areas (Nachtigal, 1997(40]), among other reasons because they find greater job opportunities and can make use of pre-existing social networks. Rural-urban differences are particularly large in those countries with the largest shares of immigrants overall.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	d75400784f351f09acc3bca35f452468	Quality assurance and industry ownership in training is often absent in developing countries and administrative problems or conflicts between authorities exist. For example, Pakistan plans to streamline the existing fragmented training system with a focus on centres of excellence. China is setting up a national system of honours and rewards for skill masters in an effort to improve the public’s perception of skill training.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d75406b82039c796bf47906bcb8e35fa	La gestion des risques en agriculture n’est pas encore une priorite d’action affichee du gouvernement kazakh. Les producteurs du Kazakhstan ont besoin d’une pluralite d’outils qui leur permettent de gerer les differents types de risques. Il appartient au gouvernement de faire en sorte qu’ils disposent des informations pertinentes et des outils de gestion des risques adaptes (OCDE, 2011c). De plus, la gestion des risques normaux par les producteurs pourrait etre appuyee par des dispositions de fiscalite generale et de protection sociale, telles que des incitations fiscales a epargner pendant les bonnes annees et a depenser quand la conjoncture est defavorable.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/7b9bb2c1-en	d7548333dccff447693b2dedd418c79f	The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing C02 emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival,” in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. In 2012, the global share of coal reached an estimated 29 percent, which, in relative terms, was higher than and, in absolute terms, about twice as large as the time of the first oil crisis in 1973. In the 2000s, China alone added more coal power capacity each year than the total installed capacity in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (International Energy Agency, 2010, p. 202). Most recently, global C02, emissions have grown at a slower pace, namely 1.4 percent in 2011 and 1.1 percent in 2012 and thus decisively below the 2.9 percent average since 2000. The recent short-term trend was driven mainly by absolute decreases of emissions in the EU and the United States as well as a below-trend increase in China, which was primarily due to the lingering economic effects of the global financial crisis.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	d757073be9b2af06fac1d3456482a073	Volumes reported provide an indication of production magnitude and trend. Data may be heterogeneous and not directly comparable. More information is available in the OECD Fisheries Database. Data on aquaculture production were sourced from the China Statistical Yeatbook 2016; differences with FAO total figures are under review.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	d75740a662c10aed11ca782a8dec805d	Cited in: Coles (forthcoming), What is known about the impact of structured demand activities on resilient food systems? Development Policy Review, 24(5): 579-599. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	d75952c36755e46162b2eda440a7c617	Without reliable public transport, residents will continue to use their cars. Another crucial step would be to ensure sound financial mechanisms to help to invest in modernisation and expansion of the fleet, and exploring new modes of transport. In Astana, Almaty and Shymkent, urban transport policies require an investment strategy involving different levels of government, the private sector, investment banks and private operators.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	d75f0614ba6a7abd1b5537460e89bb08	Health systems of emerging economies face similar funding pressures, while also striving to attain and maintain universal health coverage. As a consequence, in 2013 the OECD started expanding the activities of the Joint Network to non-OECD countries, in partnership with the WHO, the Global Fund, CABRI, the Asian and Inter-American Development Banks (IDB, ADB) and the World Bank. The main objective of these expanded activities is to support the development of good budgeting and public financial management practices in countries, thereby helping achieve a sustainable Universal Health Coverage (UHC).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2481bd92-en	d760273083bfe5cd83db0ba90549cd4b	For example, legal, regulatory and policy frameworks have enabled contract farming in the Greater Mekong Subregion corridor programme, which covers Cambodia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. A fund created for the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania includes a facility for large-scale agribusiness companies that develop supply chains with smallholder farmers, as well as a social venture-capital fund that supports youth agro-enterprises. Agro-parks can help to reverse or mitigate this trend. In China, industrial parks have helped small-scale park tenants to grow into medium-sized and large enterprises (Dinh et al.,	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e7977af-en	d763910ee3a1b356ba6a670b088d4870	Affiliation is widespread among public-sector employees: averaging almost 88% for pension systems and a little over 90% for health systems, and these figures are relatively similar to those recorded in 2002 (albeit seven percentage points higher in both cases). Among wage earners employed in the private sector by small, medium-sized or large enterprises, affiliation falls to 66% in the case of pension systems and 73% in the case of health systems, although with some improvement between 2002 and 2011. Even lower levels were recorded among wage earners employed by microenterprises (20% and 39%, respectively), with no significant improvement between 2002 and 2011.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	d763ff2ec6a63b09b3f3dbc841166afb	"The convergence of and co-ordination among services, business models and disparate actors in today's rapidly evolving mobility landscape may lead to a situation where consumers no longer purchase and use vehicles or depend solely on providers of traditional public transport services to get around. Perhaps more telling is that 9 out of 15 of the world's largest automobile manufacturers (and four out of the top five) have announced a new focus on ""mobility services"" rather than depending only, or sometimes even principally, on vehicle sales and maintenance. In some cases, manufacturers have stated that a shift to selling mobility services to consumers will gradually become their core strategic focus (e.g. Ford, Daimler, PSA). Other companies beyond the automotive industry have announced visions that centre on rolling out fleets of shared and perhaps automated vehicles that will obviate the need for car ownership in many cities (e.g. Lyft, Uber and Waymo)."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d764a0e973b9e16a7dd8c77bf2e9f130	The centre, located at the University Hospital of Dakar, also provides a methadone maintenance programme, drug dependence treatment services, outreach programmes and programmes for the treatment of HIV infection and hepatitis infection for drug users. Cabo Verde is piloting a “one-stop shop” for drug abusers, a centre offering multiple drug abuse treatment services in a vulnerable neighbourhood in the capital city of Praia, promoting the implementation of a community-based treatment approach. In Kenya, after an opioid substitution treatment facility (known locally as a medically assisted therapy clinic) was opened in Nairobi in December 2014, a second facility was opened in Malindi in February 2015 and two others were opened in Mombasa in September 2015.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d7774c1a78d4e5a6efcd1ab47698c7f1	From a social point of view, stable variable costs and stable electricity prices as provided by nuclear energy would, of course, be an advantage for investment, industrial consumers and households. Due to the peculiar price setting mechanism in the electricity market, however, only one technology (gas, the marginal fuel with the highest variable cost) profits from an automatic hedge through the alignment of its variable cost and electricity prices. In order to fully exploit its potential to contribute to adequate capacity and to the security of energy supply, nuclear energy would thus benefit from stable pricing arrangements either through regulated prices or through long-terms contracts.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	d77bc6dc6840b019fea62483a9dd73bb	Rio markers could move towards a more exact definition and quantification by moving away from the binary classification approach and towards a percentage allocation for each project. The DAC could follow the lead of the World Bank Group, as they are currently working towards tracking the adaptation and mitigation ‘co-benefits’ of their investments, based on a percentage of each sub-sector in each investment, across their entire portfolio and all core funding sources.60 Australia is also testing such a system. For the definition of the Rio marker for adaptation: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/l/45/45303527.ndf (page 5). These will be based on a series of vetted investment activity typologies.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	d77c4ede5f7498d8c60508486a7524ae	These will help develop new indicators for comparing ageing-related issues and the policy impact of best practices globally. Non-profit organisations such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) in the United States have developed qualitative indicators for liveable ageing societies. These were developed with such stakeholders as community residents, representatives of particular groups and policy makers. Qualitative indicators, on the other hand, should be used not merely to compare results or rank communities, but to collect critical information that cannot be expressed or evaluated quantitatively. Some case study cities apply indicators to understand their challenges better and to monitor the progress of their policies. Cologne monitors the expansion of high-quality educational opportunities for older people, as well as the demand for and supply of social housing.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	d77d053d49f6add75986ff5e1af05b5d	A different approach is taken by CMS, which fixes the income elasticity at 1.54; while the Dutch CPB and French DRESS opt for values slightly below one. The Australian Productivity Commission estimates the effects of a plausible range of values (from 0.2 to 1); and selects an elasticity of 0.6 as the Commission’s preferred estimate. That value represented the midpoint between the macro-level estimates (not controlling for technological change); and the micro-level estimates based on individual decision-making.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cac203b4-en	d77eed21dc7b5fb2c1be17ccf51c107e	According to Oakley, parents are engaged in gender socialization but society holds the largest influence in constructing gender. She identified three social mechanisms of gender socialization: manipulation, canalization. Oakley noted that gender is not a fixed concept but is determined by culture through the use of verbal and nonverbal signifiers and the creation of social norms and stereotypes, which identify proper and acceptable behavior.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/dd581311-en	d7807fc3825936a3c174556a21fb9af0	In practically all the countries where poor households have recorded the most substantial increases in income, 75% or more of the increase in total income came from labour income and of this the greater part corresponded to wages and salaries. The Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela presented the greater increase in total real income, of the order of 11 %, of which almost 7 percentage points came from the increase in salaries and wages and nearly 2 points from the remunerations - Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador and Peru are also examples of reductions in poverty that ncrease in income from employment. This variable increased more sharply in Mexico, although the fall in labour income per employed person caused a contraction in per capita labour income.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	d782d0d4101e716b9acb941c0853cddf	It starts w'ith a section on urban and regional development through w'hich metropolitan governance, mobility, spatial planning and environmental policies are reviewed. The next section examines rural policies focusing on the agricultural sector and non-fanning opportunities. The chapter then reviews infrastructure policies designed to enhance accessibility and connectivity.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/441bff2d-en	d782e834236e556530d734da3b3b80f9	On the other hand, the study finds little or no effect in terms of employment and income generation. Interestingly, Galasso (2006) also shows that the provision of psycho-social support has increased communities’ awareness of social service provision and has contributed to raising people’s confidence concerning the future. The evaluation analysis by Larranaga et al. (	1	4	4	0.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	d783718235f8ae44fd0e7fababba2062	Despite various problems faced by women in both India and Bangladesh, reservation of seats for women in local bodies increased women's visibility in public life and provided them with social legitimacy. Reservation of seats for women in local bodies has shown that women are increasingly playing an important role in social, economic, environmental, dispute resolution, legal and political areas. These in turn have an impact on democracy and development, which is the crux of this research study.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	d783d2b046a26b115dcae50e29baa8ab	The impact assessment undertaken in the course of options appraisal highlighted the challenge of quantifying the costs and benefits of the reform options, for several reasons. It requires an understanding of the long-term future scenarios to take into account risks of future water scarcity. It involves the representation of complex trading rules and environmental standards linked to continuously varying water resources. It also involves the representation of short and long-term decision making on water management in the context of uncertainty.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	d7857addc4df69895b50870ddbbd8da1	But some of the success has been due to ‘one-off factors such as the ‘dash for gas’, reductions in non-C02 greenhouse gases in the 1990s and the recent recession, rather than explicit climate-change policies. The pace of decarbonisation of the power sector has been slow and the spread of renewable energy technologies limited. Implicit carbon prices vary across sectors, and should be harmonized to increase the cost efficiency of policy. The unevenness partly reflects the way in which policies have proliferated and overlap and a simplified structure would be desirable.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	d789f59033ed12547d0e9aa4cbf70ac2	A number of intermediary organisations have also made considerable efforts to bridge the gap between firms and research in the field of biotechnology. ( Developing university-industry partnerships in applied research through joint (higher education/private sector) projects is also an issue. Finally, a better monitoring of student internships is required in order to increase the awareness of their usefulness among firms and to ensure a quality experience for students.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	d78bf978c1fd909e491772ebcf044fca	New plants are using high pressure boilers (up to 92 bar) and their electricity surplus has grown considerably, in a very competitive setting. However, about 90 per cent of the mills still use 22-bar boilers and other sugar plant equipment produces less surplus power. Actually, such internal combustion motors, which can work on an Otto-cycle, may be of a smaller size than those of conventional trucks using diesel oil. Since the truck wheels are driven by very high torque electric motors, the smaller internal combustion motors have lower torque requirements than the present diesel motors. Hybrids are particularly appropriate for short-haul and stop-and-go transportation and, as battery technologies improve, hybrid trucks will also be able to work as plug-ins, using off-peak power generated at the sugar mill.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	d78f7b1201d342137bd13d88dcfc437a	This activity rate for men may differ from official figures due to distinction of the separate category “dual employment-education” that helps identify how men and women enter the labour market. The activity rates presented here are in fact “activity rates with achieved education”. “ Part time” is defined as less than 30 hours worked per week.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289330190-6-en	d790cba8b59cbac961a22ac4faa6f61c	Many of the services are watershed related. The perhaps most important services the Heidmork ecosystem provides are drinking water and recreational services. The area is a key water supply area for the Great Reykjavik area, harboring the Gvendarbrunnar wells that supply drinking water to more than half of the Icelandic population.	6	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	d79219f6dc9bffcf26bbb4a95fff64ae	We address issues of language of instruction in schools in terms of efforts to retain heritage languages and to ensure that students acquire the national languages of commerce and higher education. We also address Indigenous education, focusing on efforts to increase Indigenous control over education and new ways to use and transmit that Indigenous knowledge and ways of teaching and learning, whether within or external to the formal school systems. And finally we look at student achievement issues, focusing especially on the gender gap between females and males and on the continuing underperformance of Indigenous students across much of the North.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	d7947312d0a9bcdb6fbb9cb726a054c7	To a lesser extent, overall disparity is growing between urban and rural areas, notably in three of the country’s six regions (Nord-Ouest, Centre-Ouest and Sud). This assumes that the government will maintain macroeconomic stability and tackle corruption. Growth will mainly be driven by strong performances in the industry and services sectors, and also by public infrastructure investment and other investments in priority sectors.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	d799f920d40a996be953703b637a9d10	"A majority of the population speaks Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), which has led to its status as the official ""Greenlandic"" language. Hunting and fishing have always been an important aspect of the Greenland Inuit culture, and most Greenlanders still hunt at least part-time to supplement their diet. Greenlandic social anthropologist Aviaja Egede Lynge has stated: ""We have always been taught that we were one of the best colonies in the world. And why should we have a reason to ask questions about 250 years of colonial presence?""111 Today, Greenland has achieved greater self-determination with the home rule, however, Greenlanders still feel ruled by Denmark. Despite the fact that the members of the home rule government are native Greenlanders, most leading positions are still in the hands of the Danish population who have strong influences on decision-making processes."	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	d79d950f7d9bc01f95a31adb6ffa6736	For example, Hjarnkoll utilises mental health ambassadors to talk to the media and other audiences (including workplace conferences, seminars or meetings) about their experiences of living productive lives despite their mental health conditions. The programme provides support on how to reach out to media and employers. In addition, to address the lack of understanding that exists among employers regarding the employment of people with mental health issues, the initiative gives practical advice on the support and management of individuals with mental health problems in the workplace.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	d79eec1444a5083b446d7f4bf169fb18	These measures might encourage members of Group B to move into the formal sector of the economy if this is the reason why members of this group are reporting very low earnings to the survey. However, it is debatable whether this is relevant to Group B: one third are self-employed and so will not be affected by this, and even for those who are employed its relevance is doubtful given that they report earnings of less than a third of the minimum wage prevailing during the reference period. Measures to reduce informal working have recently been introduced in Estonia. A national register of employees was introduced in 2014, which has been estimated to have increased formal employment by 9,000 and tax revenues by €5.1 million in its first few months.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	d79eeeec56e104f039aca6df4a394941	The role of stabilisation policies, including the use of stocks and trade policies, is discussed in the study by Abbott (Abbott, 2012) in the OECD study Agricultural Policies for Poverty Reduction (OECD, 2012b). The world output of individual food commodities is much less variable than output in individual countries, so greater trade integration holds considerable potential for stabilising food prices. This stabilising role relies on the fact that commodity output shocks across countries are weakly correlated.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	d7a261c2f8648f658435bffd2fe886ef	In fact, the results of the two year EU-wide project point to unclear regulatory frameworks and a persistent lack of trust among industry actors as the two main barriers to cooperation. This should not be misunderstood as a call for more regulation. Instead, it is a call for better, more balanced and overall more sensible regulatory frameworks on national and international levels. The most important areas to address in cross-sectoral regulatory collaboration are common market definitions, common standards, a balanced approach to data flows in smart energy networks and ensuring their cybersecurity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	d7a551bcb2c451f5cc8ae0f3a1bd7c54	Yet, commitments to promote the cohesion of families cannot be seen in isolation from two critical elements oftheSDGs:the realization of human rights of all; and the achievement of gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls (2030 Agenda, preamble).9 In fact under the SDGs, States explicitly commit to ensuring universal access to family planning (SDG 3.7) and the promotion of shared responsibility within the family (SDG 5.4). The impact of diseases is felt particularly in African countries. See, e.g., Mokomane 2012 and UNDG Western and Central Africa 2015.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	d7a6e518205f8d8b530370fc5c409509	In fact, although Chile and Uruguay have similar poverty rates, child poverty in Chile is 1.8 times greater than it is among the adult population, while in Uruguay it is 3.1 times greater. This would produce artificially high child poverty rates. This line represents the cost of meeting the basic needs of one person. Measuring poverty this way assumes that the per capita cost of meeting an individual's basic needs is unaffected by the number of persons living in a household or by the household’s demographic characteristics.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	d7a910149d97d8ed17fc8d5b2f767501	"Nevertheless, the successful implementation of existing management plans, and the elaboration of plans for remaining protected areas, depend on the availability of state budget resources and further support by international donors. In Tajikistan, this work was followed up with the support of WWF in the framework of the project ""Integrated river basin management and nature protection in the Tigrovaya Balka"" (2008-2012) w'hich resulted in, among other things, development of a management plan for an Econet cluster that included the Tigrovaya Balka state nature reserve as the core area and the surrounding territories ecologically connected to it. The 2014 Fifth National Report to the CBD mentions that the document ""Eco-Nets Development System of the Republic of Tajikistan on the Basis of Econet"" was adopted by the Government."	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	d7a95bed3e97901f516f9a03cd29d2f7	However, tests may add value to appraisal when used in combination with other instruments, especially to inform professional development (Claudet, 2002). The use of stakeholder surveys and questionnaires may serve to provide an additional perspective on a school leader’s performance and to provide information on the level of stakeholder satisfaction. Depending on the purposes and uses of an appraisal system, the results of surveys and questionnaires may be shared with the school leader, evaluators, and/or the whole school community. Some states and territories in Australia draw on information collected through parent surveys for the appraisal of school principals and on staff surveys when appraising deputy school principals.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/11e28764-en	d7aaea78ae48675c5dc532bcba53ff41	In a 2003 V survey, women were 14 percentage points more likely than men to support strict laws for treatment of farm W animals, 19 points more likely to support banning product testing on laboratory animals, 14 points more likely f to support banning medical research on laboratory animals, and 10 points more likely to support banning all types of hunting (Gallup 2003). Relatively more female researchers were employed in Southern Africa than in other sub-regions. These disruptions cause potential long-term damage to the health and well-being of the poor, especially women and children (IFPRI 2015).	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/785f021c-en	d7b4047cea873058c96cb7e473567212	Put differently, the industrialisation process and structural change pattern reveals an inverse U-shaped curve for emission intensity.3 This can be explained by the rise of energy- and resource-intensive industries (such as metals, non-metallic minerals, and chemicals and chemical products) in a middle-income stage and higher environmental productivity through emission-reducing technologies of high-tech manufacturing industries. This, however, requires knowledge and technology transfer, and sufficiently simple tools for the actual implementation of such technologies in developing countries. When countries diversify into energy-intensive industries, they can benefit from existing technologies and innovations to sidestep the environmental trade-off pattern.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	d7b5938acd6a7d262c832f0c8d90c9fa	The only way to sustain a rights-based development strategy over the long term is to offer employment opportunities to the poor and, particularly, poor youth, thereby contributing to the realization of the right to development in the ESCWA region. It will also reduce the leakage of wages and consumption and help to support the development of the manufacturing and services industries in the region. The key is to raise the skills and productivity of nationals so that they can compete on equal terms with highly skilled foreign workers, despite the high reservation wage of national workers.96 The situation is different in the MDEs, as they face more severe levels of unemployment, underemployment and unproductive employment, and have scarcer resources to address these problems than the countries of the GCC.	8	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	d7b76b5610b67941a5b4817e96859c92	This may suggest, for instance, that the increase in unemployment benefit caseloads could be comparatively mild if generosity were increased. Spending on active labour-market policies includes: PES, training, employment incentives, disabled, direct job creation, and start-up incentives. Spending is per ILO unemployed and defined in % of GDP per capita. Net replacement rates are for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record and are averages over 60 months, four different stylised family types (single and one-earner couples, with and without children) and two earnings levels (67% and 100% of average full-time wage).	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	d7b95e1918f7c43f1f837d9ea5da3da9	Private insurance and compensation for lost employment or illness do not have a major effect on average household incomes. Furthermore, such transfers tend to be concentrated in higher-income groups, as are educational scholarships given that the requirements for obtaining them are difficult for low-income students to satisfy. In response to more or less progressive ways. The ultimate aim was to increase the use of this information in public administration and social policy in the countries of the region.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	d7bc6e7570834aaf7c48c7506cd8dc9d	The Convention urges States parties to “ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.” Some studies show that children living in informal urban settlements are particularly vulnerable.4 High urban child mortality rates tend to be seen in places where significant concentrations of extreme poverty combine with inadequate services, as in slums. Throughout history, urban life, so concentrated with humanity, has been a catalyst for trade, ideas and opportunities, making cities engines of economic growth.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d7bf690657f1dcd4de429a623a7b76de	According to the UNODC early warning advisory, Costa Rica continued to report substances in the groups of phenethylamines, piperazines and other substances in 2015. Use of those substances may have serious health consequences, as the effects of such substances on the human body are not fully understood or known. In addition, the trafficking of those substances creates additional challenges for the regulatory and enforcement authorities. Cannabis abuse patterns and trends in the region have remained fairly stable. The prevalence of cocaine abuse in Central America and the Caribbean remains higher than the global average,30 with an estimated average annual prevalence of 0.6 per cent for both subregions. As regards the use of opioids in Central America, UNODC has estimated annual prevalence at 0.2 per cent, which is below the global average.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	d7c035cc4b5fb1d537b943bbecadd08d	Spot markets often offer farmers superior gains and opportunistic behaviour prevails in this sector. Poor contract discipline enables parties to realise short-term gains, but all participants face higher risks in the medium to long-term. An unreliable contract at the primary level weakens the capacity of the chain to respect quality and quantity specifications of supplies to end markets.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	d7c0da1c71ca68dba75056d85ac04edf	For instance, together with Save the Children International, the National Agency organises a course in trauma wise care (TMO - traumamedveten omsorg). In 2018, around 35 schools in Sweden participated in this training. The lack of support may prevent children who have experienced or are experiencing trauma and/or mental health issues from fully benefiting from other integration efforts. Scheduling mandated mentoring time would afford new teachers in Sweden the opportunity to develop their professional competencies.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e6bb7e7c-en	d7c10f24c9d823e5bbdaf3e5cbc828fd	Small-scale aquaculture did not usually develop infrastructure, but the sector benefited from existing infrastructure. These systems showed profitability (although small) and improvement in household cash flow. The Nha Trang indicators are a useful step in this direction, but further refinements are needed to make the system more adaptable to the intricacies of diverse small-scale aquaculture systems.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	d7c23e6d0e67878f4def93638d2efad4	One important limitation is the poor quality of the household surveys on information regarding the supply side determinants (i.e. detailed information on school and health facilities). The characteristics of the interventions we propose are discussed below. A targeted cash transfer has significant and specific implications on the methodology also for the micro model: it is in fact on the micro side that we can identify poor children, predict their poverty status and target them for cash or in-kind transfers. Due to the lack of reliable information on the income levels of the households, the government is required to predict their poverty status using a limited number of individual, household and geographic characteristics, which are easily observable by the government and not subject to manipulation by the individual. To do that we estimate the relationship between these characteristics and expenditures (per adult equivalent) observed in the household surveys.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d7c4ff7122a781ed46f519fb99fd9c25	In particular, it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process. This is not an unrealistic number.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/edf15661-en	d7c5a5b2873c036a5a0e07e1a9f920c6	In some countries, family law conflates rape with adultery or premarital sex so that, if a woman cannot prove rape, she is liable to be tried for zina (fornication). In Morocco and Tunisia, personal status codes have been amended to support more egalitarian gender relations, and progressive amendments to laws and codes have been passed recently in Algeria and Bahrain. Numerical increases belie the complexities and conditions of women's entry into formal politics. In some places, the introduction of quotas has simply led to nepotism so that women relatives of sitting politicians are appointed.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb168bb7-en	d7c881b05d8e8eef4e23a96e57a9e78d	Recent studies26 have shown that all countries in South Asia would derive huge economic benefits from transport connectivity improvements, irrespective of their size. The bulk of trade takes place through maritime corridors rather than inland corridors because of poorly developed road and rail connectivity, requiring multiple trans-shipments and explaining the high cost of bilateral trade within the subregion. A number of inland cross-border transport corridor development projects have already been proposed to remedy this situation. India, Myanmar and Thailand have been developing a trilateral highway (the IMT Highway) that links the key trade centres.	9	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	d7ca49881c2d1d50e4035771293e4f1f	The spread of HIV/AIDS reverses that process as organisations experience disruption, and declining income undercuts the earlier gains achieved through specialisation and the division of labour. The potential fall in income for the individual arising from HIV/AIDS-related expenditure can result in a decrease in savings and a reorganisation of consumption patterns. Often it is the case that households are forced to redirect funds away from education, general healthcare for uninfected family members and even from food, into treatment and care for the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	d7ca8b8ca8383612813638ed276f8fb8	Mountainous areas will lace glacier retreat and reduced snow cover. In Southern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, climate change is projected to lead to high temperatures, droughts and water scarcity. In Central and Eastern Europe, summer precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	d7cd720f2feb21ff158b299f86d89f98	Ultimately, return migration has not solved labour shortage problems and, like the Cook Islands, Fiji, Palau and other Pacific island states, Samoa and Tonga have turned towards Asian labour markets for replacements, although not without tensions and social conflicts. The most obvious means of preventing international migration of skilled health workers (SHWs) is simply to ban migration, and refuse to recognise or issue passports. This has never been discussed in Samoa or Tonga for obvious reasons, and outright bans on the emigration of SHWs, and others, are implausible for ethical, political and, above all, economic reasons.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/799337c2-en	d7ceb551a38dc0555c54dfe4309c916b	Feedback and other information collected at this time were then used to inform preparation of the field trial instruments. Reviews of the questionnaires by NPMs and experts in questionnaire design also fed into development of the field trial instruments. In addition, the TALIS Technical Advisory Group (TAG) advised on and validated the operations, standards, planning, and processes for the pilot, field trial, and main survey. The group’s role provided an important element of quality assurance for TALIS 2018.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	d7cf3c0c2688ad991ee50dbf58b27ec4	Not far into the future, mortality rates are very low and so the assessment of household needs (the survival probabilities multiplied by the relevant equivalence scales) are close to the equivalence scale values. Thus, when both children are under 18, the value is close to 2 (the square root of 4) and with just one child, 1.73 (the square root of 3). When both children are 18, the curve drops to 1.34, a little below the equivalence scale of 1.41, because the probability of one partner dying before this point is no longer negligible. The curves then diminish slowly to zero.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/56f09402-en	d7cfaaa4a5af06839f63eb25c409131f	"Working towards both would begin to correct the generational welfare imbalance that is already substantial in a number of countries and seems to be appearing in others (Rossel, 2013a). In all of the countries of the region, at the end of the demographic dividend the dependency ratio between adolescents and youths in secondary school and the working-age population (20 to 64) will be approximately 35% lower than in 2005 (ECLAC/UNFPA, 2012). It should be emphasized that this is an opportunity, not a sure thing, and that whether this actually happens depends on how countries take advantage of this potential for expanding tax revenue or earmarking investments for young people. Failure to take advantage of such an opportunity would, in the medium term, change it from a dividend into a liability (the so-called demographic ""burden"" as the population ages in a context in which young people enter the labour market in low-productivity conditions)."	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	d7d159dfe0f6e9d93c52e13de732fc2a	For example, Terres de liens, a national association whose activity is directed towards the protection and the renewal of land devoted to farming in per-urban districts. These initiatives are connected to others in the area, such as the recently launched policy by the Conseil Departemental to promote local food in school canteens and thus support local growers. There are many potential benefits from improved urban-rural co-operation.	11	0	5	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	d7d65fe732cfdd30d98c4a3d5087b376	"First of all, they show that ""risk-induced"" vulnerability is relevant and significant even in absence of ex-post shocks. Second, they demonstrate that the liberalization process needs to be accompanied by additional support to households engaged in those farm activities more exposed to international competition, since trade openness can magnify risk. This is because liberalization changes the riskiness of existing activities, altering the weight of foreign relative to domestic shocks faced by the economy and, as a consequence, the households' optimal economic activities. This is especially true for the smallholder because of their poor ability to take advantage of the positive opportunities created by trade reforms, their weak capabilities to insure themselves against adverse impacts and, possibly, the lack of information about the risks associated with the new activities induced by openness Interventions to address these issues should primarily target trade-induced vulnerable households."	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/f6469daf-en	d7d6849ccd644bfadb476173eb170b58	However, the level of violence varies greatly between and within countries. The review referred to levels of violence perpetrated by intimate partners affecting, according to the data, women ranging from 68 per cent in Kiribati to 6 per cent of women in Canada. It will also reviewdata available on girls aged 15 to 19 reporting forced sex before turning 18, and the experiences of married or co-habiting girls dealing with emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by an intimate partner during the last 12 months.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	d7d975fbbb9dbeef01d6f95a9c635f65	In three countries, some part-time workers are not eligible for unemployment benefits.24 In ten countries, self-employed workers are not eligible for work injury benefits. For example, in the United Kingdom, self-employed workers are not eligible for statutory sick pay (which is paid by the employer) but for employment and support allowance, which is less generous. Benefit content differences are common for self-employed workers, particularly regarding old-age, disability and survivor, and sickness and maternity benefits. In a few countries, the content of benefits also differs for part-time and temporary workers.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	d7d983ac65ff0c993b7d3dd160ed6491	Together, the partnering authorities managed a USD 3.5 million US Department of Housing and Urban Development Sustainable Development regional planning grant towards planning initiatives building inclusive economic opportunities, using the regional public transport network, as well as supporting affordable housing development in the region. Projects submitted by the consortium include the development of Metro North commuter rail in the Bronx Corridor in New York City to encourage investments in lower income communities along the rail lines; and in the Nassau Hub Transit Area along the Long Island Rail Road System. In Stamford, Connecticut, the consortium contemplated the construction of a new commuter rail station.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	d7d99827d1d1595f14a8219c18fbd09f	The effectiveness of changes will depend not only on the compliance of schools with new policies, but on the way educational institutions respond to incentives (and directives) for improvement (Elmore, 2008). The institutional responses can be influenced by different factors that are often related to the ability and quality of school leadership. These schools exist in a myriad of contexts with a myriad of specific conditions - language groups, income groups, community cohesion and mobility, etc.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	d7db46bdfdd8df5cb2d1e40f8c07d689	Those who participate in paid care work —for example, paid domestic workers, nurses, educators and caregivers— face more precarious working conditions, with less or no access to social security and protection, lower wages and a higher probability of falling into poverty than those who participate in other sectors of the economy (ECLAC, 2013a and 2016b). Nonetheless, women remain unrecognized or unremunerated on a broader economic, political and social level, and this situation also has consequences for the wellbeing of households and the persistence of poverty (ECLAC, 2013a). Women assume the personal cost of a social function that is crucial for guaranteeing the reproduction of societies, and even the sustainability of public policies, particularly social policies.	5	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	d7dcc5c0ed802209bdfbc7f3e0a1addc	It plays a strong sustainability role in building an information society that benefits everyone. The programme serves SDG 16. The project enables instant online interaction among government departments and agencies, resulting in obtaining reports in real time, improving the workflow processes and the pace of decision-making.	9	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	d7dcff32da808d62dd02ebac8f46bfc5	To ensure that children benefit developmentally from attending care centres, Costa Rica should establish and enforce minimum standards across providers. These should include quality requirements (e.g. group size, staff qualifications, process and program variables) and clear goals for the development of early cognitive and socio-emotional skills. To support this, more attention needs to be given to the quality of the workforce in caiecentres - including their training, level of qualification, pay and appraisal - and stronger mechanisms put in place to monitor the quality of services. All centres should be inspected on a regular basis according to established standards.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	d7de0a0de5321a91616ae45eae07b45f	They are encouraged to go beyond the confines of the case study itself, to contact the school directly and to examine other resources readily available on the web. The BC school is now working as part of a small network of nature-based schools throughout the province to transform their settings. Another CIEL participant, a principal of Aboriginal ancestry in a remote community, is using the case study from Vilna, Finland as a model for creating a school with high levels of self-regulation and appreciation for the natural world.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	d7df97c7f3ba151af9c4d90277ca8958	The no campaign argued that private participation in the water sector was necessary to drive efficiency and provide much-needed investment. By restricting the return on capital, the referendum limits opportunities for water utilities (public and private) to raise capital for investment in capital markets. The plans of a number of privately operated utilities to upgrade parts of Italy’s water network have been shelved. Some public utilities may be able to resort - in the short term - to taxation to repay loans, but this option is not available to private operators, including utilities jointly operated by the public and private sector.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	d7e126d6dd68b66b07240a63a1c70fbd	Thus, having a chronic diseases diagnosed a few years ago, if well controlled and treated, may not definitely imply negative labour market outcomes. A further possible explanation is that people with chronic diseases are more likely to be union members, that could prevent from involuntary labour-force exit and reduced wages (Pelkowski et al. Other possible reasons for diverging findings may come from limitations of the data and methods used in the study (e.g. design of the study, estimation error). First, comparability of results is limited due to the use of different national surveys with differences in survey methodology, sampling, and questionnaires.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ff1be167-en	d7e2238e6dc685854f64687c7ebf67f9	Table 11.1 describes the dimensions reflecting the basic needs that must be met for children to develop, the relevant indicators available in the aforementioned instruments and thresholds for identifying moderate and severe deprivation. For example, the universal nature of rights calls for each right (or deprivation of that right) and its levels to be assessed in the same way for all groups of children and adolescents. This led to the construction of national thresholds without the usual differentiation between urban and rural areas and making no allowances for the fact that the deprivation or violation of a right might stem from the high investment costs involved in providing access to basic services in rural areas, as rights should apply in all circumstances.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245891-4-en	d7e356ba28877a896ff1932f5f09ba87	Incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement rather than the genuine improvement of teaching practices. In spite of this, the frequency and intensity of school-based professional development opportunities in Kazakhstan seems to be significant and school principals play a greater role in instructional leadership than on average in OECD countries. In practice, however, the distribution is dictated by norms and the level of interaction and shared vision is questionable.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	d7e52ee6b3a0014832912a34e1d529e9	This requires efforts to push ahead with grassroots economic strategies to empower women on their own or in family units; the introduction and support of micro-credit programmes for women; the promotion of labour, land and property rights for women, including through legal reform; and the integration of women into the transformation and management of post-war security institutions. We close with some recommendations for international state and local actors, including the United Nations, regional organizations and bilateral donors, but also national governments, civil society organizations and national and international research communities. Women are portrayed in their full complexity: not simply as helpless or innocent victims, but as both victims and active agents of change. The reflections from different parts of the world draw our attention to the differing dynamics of participation as they play out in various local, national and international settings.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	d7e7754919797756ce6cfbcc528e3ba6	A single disability pensioner would receive about a quarter of the average wage in benefit income (Chapter 4), and that does not include the value of social housing and utility support to which the disabled are entitled. In OECD countries, benefit income of recipients of disability benefits generally ranges from 25 to 40% of average earnings (OECD, 2010d). The benefits in question include the in-kind provision of housing (including maintenance) and utilities (energy) support, but also free transport, and medical care.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	d7ea0a220077da15386e753ca71b37ec	"Indeed, in both developed and developing economies: ""Women have yet to attain equality with men on such measures as educational attainment, wages, political empowerment and economic participation.” ( Ernst & Young, 2009, p.6) Women also lag slightly behind men in health outcomes (World Economic Forum, 2015). Each year, the World Economic Forum (WEF) produces the Index, which measures the relative gap between men and women across four key areas or sub-indices— health, education, economy and politics—and tracks their progress over time."	5	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/8108e11f-64f326b3-en	d7ecf457a4cfa634380666b9ef83d9e7	It extends ITU regulation guidelines further by introducing more hands-on information regarding the QoS and QoE big picture, as well as outlining practical approaches in QoS regulation for telecommunication/ICT services. It puts forth the case that NRAs should have the appropriate skill-set to carry out QoS regulation, and how continuous capacity building is key to adapting to market and regulatory changes. The argument for cooperation between regulators is strong, bringing substantive benefits through the sharing of good practice and mutual learning. Twenty years ago, only one per cent of the global population had a mobile cellular subscription, and 11 per cent had a fixed telephone subscription.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	d7f17810ac8fc1bdd69a6b9ebac3a61c	A more decentralised solution is the Regional single payer system supported by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The main objectives and elements of these proposals are described briefly below. A number of advantages are put forward. The proposed system would remove the perverse cost-shifting incentives created by the parallel financing system, which should improve efficiency and co-ordination of care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	d7f3821ffc3c14d5b25be4ec1cb074d1	There are also regional efforts to monitor air quality. The ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre (ASMC), for example, was established in 1993 to enhance the capacities of meteorological services. It is also responsible for monitoring and assessing land and forest fires and haze in the region, as well as providing real-time air quality information from multiple stations in the region. Some countries in the region have national air quality standards covering at least some of the six main outdoor air pollutants: fine (PM25) and coarse (PM10) particulate matter, ozone (03), nitrogen dioxide (N02), and sulphur dioxide (SO,) (Table 3.3).	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	d7f46400f0cdbe9bb0e424ec6db2c4d2	The EPA also provides a number of other opportunities for schools, including in-school presentations and support for field trips, as well as other non-school-based activities. While students’ day-to-day experiences may still be dominated by rote learning in many cases, it is clear that there are a broad range of opportunities which schools and teachers are capitalising on to provide exposure to ideas around sustainability through extra- and co-curricular activities. In addition, there is evidence that student-centred approaches to learning are becoming more common, including research activities, discussions, project-based rich tasks and whole school approaches, thus contributing to an increasingly diverse and authentic learning experience for students. The provision of one-off experiences through field trips and special events are likely to have limited impact on students and may even serve to trivialise important issues, as they are outside their daily routines. Part of the issue is that such ‘add-ons’ tend to be organised from outside of the education systems, initiated by CSOs or multilateral organisations.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d7f466e7be05da7b2d3fd621d1fcb29d	System security is the ability to withstand sudden short-term disturbances such as operational transmission failures, unanticipated losses of generating units, changes in load conditions and other contingencies, as well as human errors. System adequacy comprises both the ability of generating the power required by customers (referred to as generating adequacy) and that of transporting the energy to the actual customer load points (transmitting adequacy). The crucial burden on a local electricity generation system is to cope with variation of demand and to meet peak demand (often referred to as “peak load”).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/8146c4ff-en	d7f79d4df723bc63c59c379f22660a57	The key questions I examine are: how does migrant status shape the experience of caring for children? In what ways do state policies support or obstruct the care of migrants' children? What is the support of care regimes for the social reproduction of migrants’families at the destinations? How does migration reshape the meaning of'family'?	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	d7f9ed63c42b9bfb6c01c16fd3ca01e1	Before 1980, Chiles health system was publicly financed through social security and public funds. After health reform in 1981, however, risk insurance was introduced, and market mechanisms began to regulate levels of protection. By 2006, a dual system of coverage was in place. The National Health Care Fund, funded by federal government tax revenues and by premiums from beneficiaries, covered 69% of the population, but its resource constraints have prevented it from ensuring timely and quality services.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/leo-2015-5-en	d7faab1a71da4bed01a092088e1b75db	"These developments will be driven by the less favourable international climate of the past five years, due to lower commodity prices (especially for metals and minerals), and the economic slowdown in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter ""China”). Also of note is the rising cost of external financing and more restrained capital inflow prospects due to the tightening of US monetary policy. In 2014, the fastest growing economies in Latin America are expected to be the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and the Dominican Republic, which will grow by between 4% and 7% according to projections. Much slower growth is projected for the region’s two biggest economies: Mexican growth will rebound to around 2.5% (similar to the figure for Chile) and Brazilian growth will be less than 1%."	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	d801156f5c7300c1819c94db640e19ef	As with other aspects of ESD implementation, the rhetoric may be ahead of the practice in this area, but nonetheless creates space for ESD advocates to pursue good work. The capacity of the teaching force was identified by many of the individuals consulted in this study as one of the major constraints to quality education in most SIDS, and this constraint is amplified in the face of effective ESD - which requires not only effective pedagogical skills, but also technical knowledge and skills related to critical thinking, problem-solving and sustainability issues. Notwithstanding that large portions of the currently-practising teaching workforce in many SIDS may have little or no pre-service teacher training, the reorientation of teacher training demands attention if ESD is to gain real traction.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	d8013e7456848a5240a563c6f9d2305e	Publicly-insured patients with certain medical conditions and disabilities are exempted or pay reduced co-payments in outpatient primary care, outpatient specialist contacts, clinical laboratory tests, pharmaceuticals and eyeglasses and/or contact lenses. People benefitting from a disability pension are fully covered for treatment of illness and during pregnancy, except for some designated medicines and homeopathic, which are either not covered or at a lesser rate. Seniors are exempted from co-payments for pharmaceuticals. For these individuals, the co-payment per month is means-tested on household income, and is limited to 10% of the costs for a medical service.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	d801da67d953ba634823835e7d93fbbe	Lisbon’s integrated economic strategy (2011) promotes Lisbon as one of Europe’s most competitive, innovative and creative cities, aiming to create new and alternative forms of employment for all its residents in response to the economic challenges. Type I cities (ageing cities with slow population growth) need to consider how to increase the employment of young and older people to boost economic growth and increase local revenues. Type II cities (young cities, ageing rapidly) have to weigh carefully the benefits of increasing the employment of older people without sacrificing job opportunities for young people.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	d805c81fd68ada8b5adf6e0184d031da	However, the findings of a recent survey of the entrepreneurial attitudes of rural and urban residents in Poland contradict such assertions and find little difference between the two (Mularska-Kucharek and Wiktorowicz, 2015). The aforementioned disincentives to employment may in part serve to explain this discrepancy. Rural communities that are close to cities benefit from agglomeration dynamics and are more likely to have a larger share of businesses in the services sector, as are mral areas that are attractive for tourism.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	d806cf81d5fd4130f965c65e3d12ec1a	In European countries participating in the EU emission trading system (ETS), lower electricity prices will not increase total emissions (as long as the ETS cap is binding), and may actually even reduce them, for instance if households would switch from heating or cooking with fossil fuels, where emissions are uncapped to electricity, where emissions are covered by the ETS (Box 2.2). Furthermore, electricity sector liberalisation can remove implicit barriers to the expansion of renewable energy such as in e.g. Belgium, France, where the effects of widespread support for renewable energy have been constrained by the barriers to grid access (OECD, 2011d, 2012b). In a similar manner, recommendations to improve the integration of electricity markets (in Canada and among European Union countries) may facilitate the entry and improve the competitiveness of renewable energy producers (Benatia et al.,	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	d80902ac0704a72034154ce7db14db79	Countries would benefit from taking the necessary steps to move towards instrument choices that are likely to be more effective in the long term. In order to do that, (i) supporting institutions need to be developed; (ii) the pacing and sequencing of reforms, and parallel development of non-trade policies, need to be managed; and (iii) the political economy forces that lead policymakers to favour short-term trade measures need to be contained. These issues are taken up in the OECD project exploring policy responses to risks of transitory food insecurity (OECD, 2014).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	d80a7a2d1f8153c4b8007e0b0803820f	These factors include resource-based and geographic conditions, the relative maturity of the sector, capital cost and size of the investment projects, lack of institutional track record and the role of government policies. For example, the countries with the best wind conditions in Europe are France, UK, and Ireland (with Denmark and Germany being the largest wind power producers). Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Italy are among those with good conditions concerning hydro energy generation (Reiche and Bechberger 2004).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d80b5c74c0549d799961409a896612b1	The reference group in both cases is the total working-age population. All else equal, rates of benefit receipt calculated from administrative data will therefore be higher than those from survey data. Calculations based on these annual / annualised data suggest a remarkable degree of convergence in rates of benefit receipt over time.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	d80d4bec3cf93b6126663bc805524164	Providing a managerial structure, an authority and the means to implement and co-ordinate the National Water Law, ANA-Brazil has brought a general improvement of water resource management in Brazil. It is in charge of the multi-sectoral and sustainable use of water resources and promotes the IWRM principles. It must also assure the environmental quality at the national level and develop co-ordination strategies among central, regional and local levels.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-6-en	d80d67cd6a75cddb9483a3b029823075	From 2007, the Paraiba do Sul River basin employed the methodology developed by the PCJ River basin in 2006. Since 2003 to 2016, the Paraiba do Sul River basin has collected about BRL 141 million (excluding revenues from the Guandu transfer) (Figure 2.5). However, according to the average annual revenues and the investment programmed in the river basin water resources plan to 2020 (COPETTEC, 2007), 470 years would be needed for meeting the overall investment needs (Bemardes and Broch, 2015).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	d80fb40efbe12d066f31863467d2099f	Electricity consumers in Luxembourg now have the choice of opting for Nova Naturstroum (electricity produced from renewable energy sources) at a price slightly higher than “normal” electric power. An online buyer’s guide for ecologically-friendly products has been created by the Environment Ministry and the Mouvement Ecologique. The two forestry certification schemes (FSC and PEFC) are now being applied in Luxembourg, as a way of certifying timber origin and sustainable forest management: around 20% of the country’s forest land (most of it publicly owned) is now certified.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5e7977af-en	d81656a59dd793373390746a92981fd5	At the same time, the fact that young people not in education or employment are increasingly contributing to overall poverty in the countries with the lowest poverty rates raises the question of whether this indicator measures actual poverty or merely vulnerability to poverty. The shaping of policy and institutional architectures and responsibilities must therefore differ accordingly. Although this edition of the Social Panorama considers only some of the basic aspects of this type of poverty measurement, these suffice to illustrate the potentials and challenges presented by multidimensional measurements.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d81928db6572018c988781abfd351466	What counts is not so much the distinction between domestic and foreign sources but the absence of efficient market signals and the degree of politicisation. Distributional conflicts in the coal industry of the United Kingdom are as detrimental to the security of energy supply as Middle East turmoil. Energy security begins at home.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	d819bb65d9d289d8876432acaa1195db	The tax rates are adjusted for country-specific average annual inflation rates over the period 2011-16. A low-rate (high-rate) taxpayer lias relatively low (high) income and wealth. Savings in private pensions are assumed not to give rise to reductions in means-tested public pensions, which can raise marginal taxes substantially.	8	3	1	0.5
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	d819e0502d54dc581ee05f94f717253c	The same point is being made with regard to the integration of CMS concerns into NBSAPs in the Guidelines on the integration of Migratory Species into NBSAPs developed by the CMS Secretariat (November 2011). This issue will be further elaborated on in the section on resource mobilisation. It is therefore important to build upon and thus strengthen existing coordination structures.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251724-10-en	d81ceb189f68be1b705ad31bbf66a664	This compares with the estimated annual EUR 55-60 billion of legally conducted fishing. There is currently no clear solution to IUU fishing in sight, but it has reached such a scale that it is thought that it can lead to the uncontained depletion of fish stocks. This does not bode well for the future given the precarious state of many of the w'orld’s fisheries.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	d8253b554ff9e44481e4e743ed25f68b	Designed well, property taxes can be used as an effective tool for sustainable land use (Box 1.10). The tax base is the cadastral income, equal to 50% of the notional rental value regularly updated by the authorities. The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the tax base by the rates voted by each beneficiaiy local authority for the year in question.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	d8255bb5192c49bb5f4c6bf5d3d44179	"In recent years,"" it states,"" individual businesses have also found that improving their environmental performance can result in a reduction in operating costs."" Action to reduce GHG emissions is taken in line with overall government policy, the most relevant policy for tourism being the Law Concerning the Promotion of Measures to Cope with Global Warming (government of Japan, 1998). The contribution of the tourism sector to total national emissions is considered minor, but should not be underestimated due to its growth trends and the potential for reducing consumption through efficiency or technology supply conversion to renewable energy sources. Given the increasing risk of heat waves, energy demand and water consumption are expected to increase."	13	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	d825e0550d8f53608780a6c297715e61	It must be noted that even if 90% of government employees are in SNGs, it does not mean that the country is decentralised. The fact that local authorities, like the akims, are appointed by central government, or the oblast government in the case of rayons, means that the subnational administrations are deconcentrated units of central government, rather than autonomous self-governments. Government employees at subnational levels can thus be considered central government employees.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/22758cf4-en	d826a9b27a93c02e8379d00bbbec2292	Organic matter from wastewater discharges results in a transboundary impact. While the quality of groundwater had been reported as, in general, very good, and often used for water supply without or with very little treatment in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the occurrence of nitrogen, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens, industrial organics and hydrocarbons in the Gevgelija/Axios-Vardar (No. The salinization observed is of natural origin.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	d82954a18476fa167e2836acd9ca1958	Grynberg and Rochester conclude that This raises the key policy question of whether the current negotiations at the WTO on enhanced fisheries subsidies disciplines constitutes a 'second best' approach to fisheries management.' Countries with preferential access that do not have an adequate domestic fleet represent a captive market for these companies. A greater challenge relates to large developing countries— especially China—targeting fisheries in SVEs and other developing country EEZs and in the high seas.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	d82cc44328e9f8f7a26442b3380e4dbe	However, the fishing fleet does not pay a special road and infrastructure tax on its fuel, in common with other off-road users. Revenue from this tax is not higher than necessary to fund road development and maintenance. Accordingly, exemption from it should not be considered as an indirect subsidy. A carbon tax is levied on all fossil fuels used for combustion.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	d8306818535e599c288790276e3702c1	There was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers, the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative. The current emphasis on the harm that high prices inflict on developing country consumers, as opposed to the harm that low prices inflict on farmers with net sales, has led to charges of inconsistency being levelled at international organisations in general (e.g. Swinnen, 2010), although OECD was always careful to note that price changes in either direction create winners and losers. Distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects (OECD, 2001; OECD, 2003), and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way - even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-2-en	d8307497e18bde42aa881bfda79c5ffc	In 1995, the seven emerging economies for which the OECD collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under 4% of the total measured PSE (OECD and emerging economies). By 2012, these seven countries accounted for over 45% of the total (Figure 1.5). This rising share is made up of stable nominal expenditures by OECD countries (therefore falling real expenditures) and growang expenditures in emerging countries.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	d832c8221a7f48465041d5da63544797	Furthermore, it has to be pointed out that regulation can not force industry to collaborate. Specific decisions will always depend on the viability of the individual business case. Better framework conditions will however make it easier to cooperate. In sum, to achieve the benefits of ICT-enabled innovative energy solutions, all stakeholders have to commit, coordinate and cooperate.	7	2	8	0.6
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	d834e41fc9ac8d482b4159fadd320a2c	Despite these improvements, the appearance of drug-resistant strains is becoming commonplace (Keshavjee, 2007; Stuckler et al., In the decade to 2008, there was an increase in the number of infected people to just over 436 000 officially registered cases. However, international organisations consider that the number of actual infections - including undetected cases - is more likely to be comprised between 630 000 and 1.3 million (WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF, 2009).6 The overwhelming number of infections is concentrated among individuals aged 15 to 49 who are the most economically-active and a growing share of these are women.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	d836790052144a6ae3a5d232f6659b44	A rating of 9 or 10 is classified as “very satisfied”, while a rating of between 0 and 4 is classified as “not satisfied”. One interesting result, though, is that, among adults, gender seems to have little effect on self-reported well-being. Indeed, there seems to be something specific to adolescence that produces the gender gap in self-reported life satisfaction. One possibility is that the gap reflects girls’ harsh self-criticism as they go through adolescence.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	d83796aa9d407643bf240b5e0647dad3	According to data from the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality, the number of pedagogues in the Folkeskole increased from 3 961 in 2010/11 to 5 785 in 2013/14 (Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality, 2016b). Private school teachers are organised in a separate union and do not a take part in the negotiations for teachers working in the Folkeskole. Historically, working conditions for teachers in the Folkeskole have been determined in negotiations between the teacher union and LGDK.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283510-en	d83905579e298baad7b3763f653ca1f1	Obesity rates are almost twice as high among people with the lowest level of education. These differences in the prevalence of behavioural risk factors contribute to health inequalities. Sixteen mostly autonomous regional insurance funds were established with the responsibility for contracting providers.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3400179e-en	d83942cece08a2de0c7f2ff0ff606222	Some countries and regions are still not on track to reach the Goals and require intensified efforts to reduce poverty and child and maternal mortality rates and to improve access to drinking water and sanitation. Globally, the 2015 target for income poverty (Target 1 .A) and the target for safe drinking water (Target 7.C) are on track to be met, while steady but insufficient progress has been made for other targets, including universal primary education (Target 2.A), reducing child mortality (Target 4.A), and combating malaria and other global diseases (Target 6.C). Furthermore, there has been either stagnation or regress for some targets: the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Target l.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	d839ebd0060cd36d8ba9902d3337436d	Policymakers who value technological innovation may develop and strengthen national and multinational strategic R&D programmes. Governments may focus on demand pull (achieving improvements through efficiency standards and regulations), technology push (encouraging improvements through R&D funding and technology transfer) or, most often, a combination. Publicly funded research centres, including training; public research institutions focused on energy efficiency; and jointly funded industry-government research.	7	2	8	0.6
10.18356/bf400991-en	d83a4ea3243a7fbaf2a4f9f2978990e3	"For example, culture can be used to increase political and economic power of vulnerable groups such as women, youth and indigenous groups; and operationalized to support and enable the achievement of sustainable development in cities. Second, culture promotes economic development, driving social and economic change, and increasing development potential for transformative change."""" Third, culture supports planning, infrastructure and the making of public space by providing local knowledge about cities and its citizens, and adding a sociocultural importance to planning and policy using culturally sensitive urban data."	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	d840450ca5018ca66ca7393b82e0a215	This vision could point towards more effective multi-level governance, better policy coherence and planning (including climate change scenarios), more systematic use of economic instruments, alignment of river basin authorities, comprehensive and consistent information systems and public participation, and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision. The process should provide a basis for engaging a broad range of stakeholders from the national and subnational level in applying innovative solutions. Such a strategic vision would require a high level of leadership and commitment to raise the profile of water on the national reform agenda.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	d8406e3a02711aac8588bc36726d697f	Furthermore, by increasing the income of drop-outs relative to graduates, higher minimum wages may reduce the relative return to higher levels of education. Empirically, the balance of international evidence suggests that increasing minimum wages has a negative impact on the enrolment of teenagers in education but not of youth in their early twenties, and that the negative effect is particularly strong for youth with very low skills (Neumark and Wascher, 1995; Landon, 1997; Chaplin et al., Although absolute levels are informative, the ratio of the minimum wage to the median wage is more appropriate when making international comparisons.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	d84133834ef99deb8a036c5967026ceb	In total, more than 400 hypoxic dead zones have been identified, and their frequency has approximately doubled each decade since the 1960s (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Robertson and Vitousek, 2009). This trend may continue with the occurrence, frequency, duration and extent of oxygen depletion and harmful algal blooms in coastal zones projected to increase as rivers discharge growing amounts of nutrients into the sea (OECD, 2012a). Waterbodies contaminated with pathogens are responsible for the spread of many contagious water-borne diseases (Chapra, 1997), such as cholera, giardiasis and other intestinal infections.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	d8436ae349efe1c3d70b2af017cf6693	Another notable result is that long-term unemployment rose more sharply for medium-skilled workers (2 percentage points) than for both less and more educated workers. Annex Figure 1.A1.4 in OECD (2011c) shows that men accounted for the majority of the increase in the number of long-term unemployed persons in most OECD countries, as did prime-age and medium-skilled persons. However, some notable national exceptions emerge. For example, low-skilled workers accounted for more than half of the increase in long-term unemployment in Iceland and Spain (and 46% in Italy). The chart below shows that the post-crisis increase is unprecedented in recent decades.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ac486ad-en	d846878a8adaee1e92e5fa74de35ac4d	Since 2005, there have been no significant changes in the industrial sector. Water pollution from industrial production is probably significant, but data about water pollution from industries are not available. Due to ongoing irrigation sector reform, an increase in water demand for irrigation can be expected.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	d847ebb9f8ec0d335eca869e80b5bb2b	The building was designed to provide an environment adapted to teenage girls and their ways of learning and interaction. The school was designed by Michael Banney, who used a student-centred approach to develop a sustainable design (Bell, 2007). There are however many competing and contradictory discourses on how children struggle to define and redefine themselves as gendered beings.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	d84cf9b29a82a2d7fbee4daf978fec0f	Recent studies on several African, Asian and Latin American countries show that increased public spending on agriculture is particularly good for promoting growth. Disaggregating agi cultural expenditure into research and nonresearch spending shows that research spending is especially effective. Provision of other public goods, such as agricultural extension services and irrigation systems, is also beneficial.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/083b4c4d-en	d85041807e4238783b96bc4d1e0a6e59	The differences betw'een the reference period 1961-1990 and the period 2000-2014 are higher than in the period 1981— 2010, ranging from 2.7°C in Sarajevo to 1.5°C in Bjelasnica. Positive deviations are evident for the spring and fall seasons, as well as for the growing period in all meteorological stations. On an annual basis, the differences between these periods are positive - in all meteorological stations, there is an evident increase in temperatures.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	d852c5c7c963db5da9ee7699d2105add	The ability to align investment decisions with the global climate goal is ever more relevant in the context of increased ambition and the need to avoid carbon lock-in. Investment decisions taken today, in particular involving long life infrastructure, present a significant risk to lock in high carbon pathways. Such risk is increasingly identified by the investment community as it translates into long term financial risks as high carbon assets may become obsolete in the face of increasingly ambitious climate action. One approach4 to develop 2° C investing criteria took the range of 2° C scenarios as a basis to identify the relevance of different technologies and sectors for decarbonisation. The results show that the energy sector along with energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport are of most relevance for the achievement of the 2° C limit.	13	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	d8585e07ffea35a54efafab0b1f3708f	While regional and country-level frameworks can contribute to directing donor funds into the areas which need them most, it is also important for governments and multilateral groups to support networking and collaboration between different groups in order to avoid duplication, and foster complementarity and synergy between activities. However, there have been a number of promising collaborations on ESD between ministries and mass media outlets. In an innovative approach from Samoa, the Climate Change Quiz Competition involved colleges across the country, and was televised live over a period of several nights. This competition engaged students and teachers, and helped to raise public awareness of environmental issues and information. In Guyana, under the Mangrove Management Programme, the MoE developed teaching materials as well as a complementary DVD of a programme entitled Holding Back the Sea. On their own, these resources might be unremarkable, but what is special is that the programme is aired regularly on Guyana’s Learning Channel.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	d85aa1ec9c8d71cff84ccba62d8272d7	For example, only in 4 of the 16 countries in Africa with available data — Burundi, Malawi, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia — were the poverty rates for female-headed households higher compared to male-headed households (figure 8.2). The largest difference, of 8 percentage points, is observed in Malawi, where 59 per cent of people living in female-headed households are poor compared to 51 per cent of those living in male-headed households. In the other countries or areas with available data in the region, male-headed households had similar or higher poverty rates than female-headed households. In Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and Nigeria (all in Western Africa) the poverty rates for male-headed households were higher than those for female-headed households by more than 8 percentage points. For example, 44 per cent of people living in female-headed households in Nigeria were poor compared to 58 per cent of people living in male-headed households. Greater poverty rates for female-headed households, by more than 5 percentage points, were observed in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	d85bc1284bd7cbc044c8c70526a8e636	While its power and quality equate those of desktop microscopes worth thousands of dollars, it can be manufactured for under USD 0.50 using three-dimensional (3D) printing. The microscope is made of cheap and abundant material (paper) and requires minimal assembly skills, keeping production costs low. Designed by Professor Manu Prakash of Stanford University, the Foldscope is being tested in India and Uganda as a diagnostic tool for malaria and other acute bacterial diseases.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	d8606a8e47f09d377910b62522cd591b	Technologies are also diffused much more rapidly across borders than in the past. Available from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/ publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-l.pdf. The United Nations Interagency Task team on science, technology and innovation (STI) for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has also begun exploring the impacts of exponential technological change, automation technologies and artificial intelligence on the SDGs. Energy: modern cook stoves; off-grid electricity; mini-grids based on intermittent renewables with storage; battery technology; heat pumps; desalination; small and medium-sized nuclear reactors; biofuel supply chains; solar photovoltaic, wind and micro-hydro technologies; salinity gradient power technology; water-saving cooling technology; LED lamps; advanced metering.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	d866b37caa2a033e75d780f5bfb8a970	It is predictive of severe physiological outcomes such as stunting, but also of the more moderate nutritional deficiencies that precede those severe and sometimes irreversible outcomes [3]. Child food insecurity focuses attention on food, but also on other interconnected domains of children's daily lives, highlighting the role that food plays in children's choices between school and paid work, between their own well-being and their responsibilities to siblings and parents. Children experiencing food insecurity also means that they are under stress given the important role that food has in family well-being and functioning.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	d86780cec7d02f4c9590e02a42f77295	One of the targets of Goal 8 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the reduction in the number of young people in this situation, which means there is a need for information that explains the barriers to their integration into the labour market and the education system. The time-use data for this age group show that, on average, women who are out of school and the labour market spend at least 40 hours per week on unpaid domestic work, which confirms that they are not in school and not being paid for their work (ECLAC, 2016a). For example, in Costa Rica and Mexico, young people spend more than 70 hours per week on domestic and care work (see figure IV.6).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	d869f6dfcc02b5d2497d9aa2528b6252	This will accentuate the vicious circle of chaotic growth and low urban productivity. The infrastructure deficit will increase as will the deficit for maintenance of infrastructure and facilities. Co operation would be rewarded and isolationist or sectarian approaches penalised. At present, inter-municipal co operation for infrastructure funding in Canada does not explicitly provide a bonus for a horizontal partnership, but it will not reward the absence of such partnering.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	d86d9c812a043b40290cd49a47b1fdfe	However, the empirical results suggest that an equity-increasing use of educational resources may be obtained through policies that provide the relevant signals to schools and teachers: for instance, providing financial incentives to qualified teachers may prove to be an effective tool for targeting disadvantaged students or areas. Thirdly, this work fills a gap in empirical research by providing cross-country (as opposed to country-specific) evidence on the importance of early intervention policy for attenuating intergenerational socio-economic inequalities in educational opportunities. It suggests that childcare and early intervention policies could be effective to reach this objective. Finally, the cross-country analysis attempts to uncover the role played by social and labour-market policies in influencing equality of educational opportunities, given the positive relationship between intergenerational and cross-sectional (income) inequality.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	d86e241d94699af8e29b288d4bd81f7f	"As a result, unlike in most public social insurance pensions, both effective retirement ages and life expectancies on retirement are taken into consideration. Although this has been changing in recent decades (with women’s retirement ages often rising to the men’s value), differences remain in some countries, including several of those that have implemented individual accounts."" In countries where women used to retire earlier than men with no adjustment made to their pensions, the new systems come at a cost. In defined contribution systems, estimated life expectancy on retirement is used to transform accumulated assets into a monthly pension benefit."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	d86e4e8a7e682b3e019f730c16b330dd	"It also recognises that environmental policies that do not support economic growth and wealth creation are not sustainable in the long term. The OECD Green Growth Strategy (2011) defines the concept as follows: “Green growth means fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and ecosystem services on which our well-being relies. To do this it must catalyse investment, competition and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities."" A need for new sources of urban growth: given the negative externalities generated by urban agglomeration and cities' urgent need to reduce their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, urban areas have the opportunity to conduct environmental policies that can foster these new sources of economic growth."	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	d86f012ececdb6c11bf84549d801bbfb	However, this is explained by the ISC’s federal remit where ISCs have played a strong and active role in developing learning modules that are used by the VET sector. Additionally, more local employer engagement was also evident, with local practitioners having contacts with local businesses or having recently joined teaching from industry. This has enabled the VET sector to develop a wide range of industry relevant training - often top-up courses - to equip the existing and future greener workforce in Sydney as needs change.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/665c59ff-en	d86f664ced2f983dfc229e16ed1d543d	"Essentially, two sets of chain governors exist—internal and external. In private sector-driven chains, these governors are firms, generally the “lead firms"". In state-driven chains, the key decision makers include the managers of these state enterprises. Final market demand forces key actors in the chain to drive green standards systematically both down and up their value chains (for example."	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/86ec538f-en	d8713f10651ffe86792a7feca1690d95	Consumers need to know how to put knowledge into practice. This is particularly challenging as it could demand engagement with partners who may not yet be interested or capable to suggest solutions to the challenges of private or organisational consumption. To act responsibly, consumers and other critical stakeholders require competencies that enable them to understand various positions and perspectives, figure critical factors that affect alternative directions of development, be able to evaluate the results and undertake further steps on the basis of such assessment.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	d872ac1527ae378c8fc10d31277f4781	In Kamali, however, the early warning system worked, vulnerable people were alerted and brought to safety and no casualties were recorded. Filling these will require substantial additional investment, particularly at the local level to cover the ‘last mile’ - though it could just as well be called the ‘first mile’, given the importance of reaching the most vulnerable people who are usually at the forefront of any disaster. National authorities had accurately forecast this typhoon, and the accompanying seven-metre high storm surge, several days in advance.9 Nevertheless at least 6,300 people were killed, mostly by the storm surge. Subsequent research pointed to shortcomings at the ‘last mile’, including gaps in risk awareness, preparedness and communication.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-4-en	d874b464a69d0cba8dc82fcc4cf90d99	In the United Kingdom,1 a strong recovery has taken hold, with GDP having grown faster than both the EU and OECD averages between 2012 and 2015 (Figure 1.1). While the economy grew by 1.8% in 2016, down from 2.2% in the year before, the referendum vote on membership in the European Union (“Brexit”) in June 2016 has not had as strong a negative short-term impact on growth as many forecasters predicted, due in part to supportive monetary policy which mitigated the effect of increased uncertainty on consumer spending and business investment. Since 2012, the proportion of working-age Britons (age 15 to 64) who are employed has grown, and this percentage reached a record 73.3% in the first quarter of 2016, w'ell above the OECD average of 66.8%. Consequently, the unemployment rate fell to 5.0% in 2015, its lowest level since 2005 (Figure 1.2), and the Bank of England projects that the unemployment rate will remain at 5% until early 2019. At 30.7%, the share of unemployed who stay unemployed for a year or more (the longterm unemployment rate) is now below crisis levels, below the OECD average of 33.8%, and well below the EU average of 50%.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	d878f952baa859a85ddfdfe854a5c646	Men smoke relatively heavily, and among older Arab women obesity is a concern. And, at least according to a self-reporting survey, both Arab men and women do considerably less physical exercise compared with the rest of the population (Figure 2.14). For example, the OECD’s report on the quality of health care draws attention to low uptake of cancer screening among Arab and Ultra-orthodox Jewish women (OECD, 2012).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	d879f5993b261708de25383a4fe15546	Once the model solution is obtained, one could return to the water consumption module to deduce the impact on rural and urban households. In the case of commercial demand, while these establishments generally obtain their water from a public utility, the heterogeneity of operations makes estimation of demand difficult in this case. By way of example, Kim and McCuen (1979) highlight the importance of gross store area, length of display windows and drinking fountains in predicting commercial water use.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	d87ba720afef7713a34b3b9f8c12246f	By monitoring stock killing patterns, they predict changes in the national flock and herd composition. The publicly-owned National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) provides nation-wide weather forecasts which are freely accessible to the public. This includes forecasts of a range of climate variables, such as soil moisture deficit days, rainfall, snow fall, hail, frost, sunshine hours and temperature, with early warnings of extreme weather events.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	d87bfc9fe522c7bd0355d1c47fa2f98a	At regional level, too, the railways project will contribute to regional integration and create regional markets for products and sen/ices of the Eastern Africa region. Rail freight will also decrease the country's dependence on fossil fuel imports, which will increase economic stability. The railway will also reduce air pollutants, congestion, noise and accident levels compared to road transport.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264097650-5-en	d87cb367f4b3649ef91e15568def90a1	Inclusion policies forbid discrimination based on disability and promote an educational approach to disability which focuses on the ability of education systems to meet the needs of young adults with disabilities. They have encouraged secondary and tertiary education institutions to include disability issues in their policies. They have also mobilised technical, human and financial resources so that institutions can ensure accessibility and young adults with disabilities can have the same access and opportunities to succeed as their non-disabled peers.	4	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	d87f3160e0d541a344aae9caabc190df	This is a concern, as the tourism industry is highly dynamic and responsive to changing trends and markets. Tourism is the sum or final product of many highly co-ordinated products and services which include transport, accommodation and restaurants. Most of those products and services are not purchased at the destination, even though they are all consumed there; so there is a need for effective flows of information and highly co-ordinated action across a complex network that comprises producers, suppliers, purchasers and consumers to ensure that the ‘unseen’ product or service meets expectations.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	d87f5c92490e8125159fabea9cbfb2dc	The Declaration has been accompanied by a series of events, including a promotion campaign for responsible behaviour, an international conference on policy issues and specific actions such as cleaning of neighbourhoods by corporate volunteers. Many business organisations and associations have recently developed specific initiatives aimed at increasing public and business awareness of environmental matters. Among the most active in this area is the International Chamber of Commerce-Ukraine, which has recently put in place a Green Commission, proposing a number of concrete measures to the government to encourage development of environmentally-friendly energy resources and technologies (Box 4.6).	7	0	8	1.0
10.18356/fe43e5e4-en	d8806a8f5d816b2278cda2d777f9c7d9	Also at the 2nd meeting, the Deputy Secretary-General addressed the Forum. At the same meeting, the Director of the Forum secretariat made an introductory statement. At its 1st meeting, on 19 April 2013, the Forum elected, by acclamation, Macharia Kamau (Kenya) as Chair, and Srecko JuriCiC (Croatia) and Heikki Granholm (Finland) as Vice-Chairs, of its eleventh session.	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	d880ed2162553e1cf5f84f685e971c2e	Given the more integrated and comprehensive data infrastructure in hospitals, safety in that setting is potentially seen as more inviting for researchers. Despite these difficulties, a number of highly innovative studies have examined safety in primaiy and ambulatory care. But the lack of consistent data and a range of methods used to measure harm have delivered very wide-ranging results. Systematic reviews suggest that safety lapses occur between 1 and 24 times in every 100 primary/ambulatory care consultations. The hann most commonly stems from diagnostic errors (and subsequent delays in treatment or therapy) and adverse drug events (ADEs).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	d88171a3017e113f66b32c95e172b0e5	Excellent health care will be central to achieving this. Thus far, Japanese health care has performed well - life expectancy is famously long, at 83.2 years compared to an OECD average of 80.2 years, whilst health spending is at USD 3 649 PPP per capita per year, slightly higher than USD 3 484 on average. A striking feature of the Japanese health system is its openness and flexibility.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/b7f1b74c-en	d88807c6dc45f603d90a08033fc8b3af	Zinder is a poor, predominantly rural region, where malnutrition is common and access to health care is limited. In the next decade, an estimated 14 million child marriages will occur annually in developing countries. In Bangladesh, Chad and Niger, more than one in three girls is married before her 15th birthday.	5	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	d88917cf43ade4a846b7dda410604423	However, MoES has an essential role to play in supporting their work. There have been important accomplishments in the development of the capabilities in the nation’s education system. However, four challenges must be addressed if monitoring and quality assurance are to lead to performance improvements. First, efforts must focus on the use of assessment results by teachers and school leaders who are not fully exploiting the potential of assessments to improve classroom practice and school leadership.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d88a0360130374d8ce36551ecaccf072	This variation decreases comparability, hinders aggregation, and will in turn influence assessments of effectiveness. The choice of a baseline is particularly difficult for adaptation interventions. This is because uncertainty surrounding the future effects of climate change can result in the baseline “shifting” over time, which further complicates assessing impacts (see Lamhauge et al.,	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	d88c69548ae8b0832f7b74ef75030323	This approach reveals the negative social repercussions that can arise from environmental and climate policies, reinforcing existing inequalities and injustices. Nevertheless, they face rising electricity prices. In the Global South, some green economy projects have led to “land grabbing” and the displacement of people for infrastructure and biofuel projects, often involving violations of customary land rights and the rights of indigenous populations.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-4-en	d88c937f2f1aa2800659ece81c68fd86	It then applies this approach at a global level, using data from the literature, to identify future water risk hotspot countries for agricidture production. The evidence points to the People's Republic of China, India and the United States as the leading agricultural producing countries most likely to be impacted. Specific water risks within these countries, in the identified key agriculture production regions of Northeast China, Northwest India and Southwest United States, are reviewed. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	d8914c114184d19f716b64e1fd37985c	Also, stocks that were bought with the purpose of stabilising prices are not necessarily released with the same purpose and could end up in regular distribution programmes. The fact that it is hard to trace these stocks complicates the analysis. ( Stockholding policies that aimed at supporting producer prices seemed to be more successful in reaching their immediate objective.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	d89222d8471c46164ac01433b35c65d8	Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS). There is a separate metropolitan public transport authority called TransLink, which was created in 1998 and is responsible for setting and administrating fares for regional public transport services. Metro Vancouver is responsible for formulating the RGS and regional air quality objectives that TransLink must consider when developing long-term transport strategies.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d899942c8021b03fb956dc7ed8a175a8	The breakdown of land use between pasture and arable land in agricultural enterprises and individual farms (Figure 1.36) illustrates this connection. Agricultural enterprises have a larger share of their total land classified as arable compared to individual farms and they exploit little of the available pasture, which is in part used by rural households through formal or informal arrangements. Individual farms dispose of smaller portions of arable land, with pastureland constituting almost three-quarters of their lands.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	d89b9d1aba7aa95c5638969b655a1eca	Portugal, for example, promoted a study providing updated information on the phenomenon of the sexual and moral harassment in the workplace, which aimed to support the efforts of public authorities, employers, employees and their representatives to prevent and combat harassment in the workplace (Torres et al, 2016). Others, like the Czech Republic, have embedded sexual harassment within larger national strategies on gender equality or gender-based violence. Training on what constitutes sexual harassment has been found to help workers, particularly men, identify what constitutes unacceptable sexual behaviours (Antecol, 2015).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	d89bf3132a534cd4620bd7a1261c8513	The project must focus on regional development (economic, social and human development) rather than infrastructure development and improvement. The project must be based on dialogue with the municipalities and the main actors in the area by mobilising non-public actors for implementation, ii) The development board: that represents a variety of economic, social, cultural and association groups which must be consulted during the preparation of the project and on final delivery of the project prior to signature of the contract. They can also be associated with the drafting of the contract.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	d89e60ffa33925464294adf261795fa2	Nevertheless, the use of indices as a form of multidimensional poverty measurement is heavily debated,25 because aggregating various dimensions of poverty into one index involves a risk of losing valuable information on the multidimensionality of poverty. As Bourguignon and Chakravarty (2003) have pointed out, aggregating various attributes into a single index essentially implies reducing multidimensional poverty into a one-dimensional concept. They underline that a multidimensional approach to poverty ought to define poverty as a shortfall from a threshold on each dimension of an individual's well-being. To focus on the multidimensionality of poverty, they suggest establishing a poverty line for each dimension and to consider that a person is poor if he/she falls below at least one of these various lines (Bourguignon, Chakravarty, 2003).	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	d8a4c5ffbcde0bd8ecfb3630e2f4f5ec	"The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013"". Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. Tracking Climate Finance: What and How?"""	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281776-5-en	d8a6a4b056396a092723a4be2c5587a5	The infrastructure concerned is old, over-designed in relation to current usage, inefficient in its use of energy, and expensive to maintain. The sewerage pipes are old and in poor condition (OECD EAP Task Force, 2009). This untreated municipal sewage is a major source of water pollution. On average, 70% of the urban population is served by collection systems but only 26% of wastewater is treated.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/967bd43c-en	d8a7e2c44bce2e47bec06f8311561d0d	The Prosecution alleged that the FPLC systematically enlisted and conscripted children in large numbers, provided them with military training and later used them to participate actively in hostilities. Girls were also subjected to rape and sexual violence although these acts were not charged. Girls who were conscripted and enlisted were also used by the FPLC commanders to carry out domestic work, and to work as nurses. London: LSE Research online (http:// eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive 00000546).	5	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/50e33932-en	d8aa340a063ad63f163878c77e0c162c	The activities of these social enterprises cover a wide range of services, for example, a social enterprise for the elderly’s health care offers medical services through medical cooperatives in areas of higher proportion of the elder residents. Not only providing medical services for the elderly, the enterprise functions as a vehicle for collaboration between various local actors including local government, volunteer organisation and private companies. Partly funded by the Provincial support fund and subsidies from municipalities, the social enterprises are operating with their own incomes from membership fees and medical service provision. Though the balanced development is not new in the Korean policy agenda, the focus has diversified from solely economic and industrial development, which in fact enhanced the national income and living conditions across the country while widened the regional disparity, to include securing quality of life nationwide.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	d8aa390e90bc571e2757f9f8625f80c6	One is to adjust tariff structures to account for household size, so as to avoid penalising large families. This solution is being adopted in an increasing number of OECD countries, including the Brussels and Flanders region in Belgium, Luxembourg, and some municipalities in Greece, Portugal and Spain. An example is the system adopted in the Wallonia region of Belgium, where water prices have included a charge destined for the Social Water Fund, to be distributed to low-income households.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	d8aacb44cc868f77c3b0581c6f1db43c	Another dimension is the contribution that agriculture and agricultural policies in rich countries can possibly make to improving global food security. It does not affect the validity of the central OECD findings regarding well-performing agricultural policies. It does, however, highlight the importance of the results generated by OECD work on risk management, as summarised above.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/644f1023-en	d8ab3d04ace28af2a999f01b8b897e0c	Commercialisation and industrialisation cannot protect hundreds of different types of landraces. I think no country in the world can protect that process. ” Countries face a difficult choice in envisioning their agricultural future: “Do you want to be a subsistent, highly diverse country full of biodiversity, or do you want to be modem, industrialised, but still using useful genes?”	15	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/8041d0a0-73dfe52b-en	d8ac45bfa8d724fcd1ed2c136b80fe8e	Some of these opportunities stem from their own classification as LDCs; others, from their human and natural resources, or from the adaptation of capital, technology and knowledge to the specific needs of the population. This chapter focuses on the opportunities that information and communication technologies can bring to LDCs, particularly mobile technologies and ICT applications. It also examines some of the global initiatives and financial aid that governments, international organizations, the industry and other agencies have put at the disposition of LDCs to support them in the adoption of ICTs for development. All stimulate trade, create jobs, generate wealth and enhance social welfare.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264207585-3-en	d8ad007db299363b2f0a21427662a920	Trends in these variables between 2003 and 2012 are examined when comparable data is available, and case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	d8af30adabb56201cb5606f036364f14	Significant restructuring of the region’s economy over the past twenty years has transformed the demand for skills, making it more difficult for low-skilled workers to find employment in more knowledge-based, innovation-driven, growing sectors. Despite the higher-than-average levels of educational attainment in the region, chronic low graduation rates from the region’s public post-secondary educational institutions, particularly community colleges, slows the upgrading of the region’s workforce. Further, the increase in specialisation towards higher value-added activities in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region has not gone hand in hand with an increase of the share of the labour force with high qualifications.	7	9	0	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	d8b152ce4ca645538960a1b1831f882b	The wantok has often been described as a “safety net” for a country like the Solomon Islands, where there are no social service schemes. In the Solomon Islands, there are about 220 different languages spoken. Traditionally, the members of the wantok system look out for each other during hard times, for example, to pay school fees of their children and for other assistance in times of need.3 This “type of security has a certain edge over the social security of an impersonal bureaucracy”.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	d8b2c86032da17b1f233792a74fbaf8b	This measure was motivated mainly to meet the need for peak capacity during periods of drought, when the capacity of hydro would be reduced by 40-50% and by the perceived failure of the energy-only market to deliver enough capacity. However, to handle a network constraint, there may be a lack of competition to provide these as only a few power plants are typically located in the right place. Regulators should therefore keep in mind that targeted contracting can be subject to lobbying or gaming.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	d8c442072e7617a32561c407d0095957	While they were absent from the previous development agenda, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), they are included in the SDGs, mainly under SDG 1 and SDG 5, respectively. To achieve these goals in the design and implementation of specific country programmes, policymakers should ask themselves several questions, including: Do these policies recognize the diversify of families in the country concerned? Are they tailored to the explicit needs of these diverse families or are they based on traditional roles and stereotypes? Do they recognize and ensure equal rights for all family members?	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	d8c47be122de2d0bde507379b673aca8	Brazil is the only country in which ethanol production is competitive at given fossil fuel prices, thus the drop cannot be explained by non-competitive production. The biofuel share in Brazil drops because Brazil stops consuming biodiesel but continues to consume ethanol. Removal of budgetary support reduces biofuel demand particularly in export markets (such as the EU), and hence biofuel prices, thus slightly increasing the domestic use of biofuels in Brazil.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	d8c5844d014a0840a90972e14cabedbe	May include people in institutions. Indicators of housing affordability usually focus on the ratio between housing costs and household income (AHURI, 2005). One useful and common measure of housing affordability is the housing cost overburden, which measures the proportion of households who spend more than a given share of household income on housing costs. Figure 3 illustrates the proportion of households who spend more than 40% of their income on housing costs, based on household survey data.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	d8c615d2757600c27d287b8f0301aee8	Second-chance programmes offer a flexible learning environment often with a residential component that is well adapted to early school leavers’ needs and designed to help them back into education. Probably the largest residential second-chance programme is the US Job Corps, which has been operating since 1964. It targets disadvantaged youth up to age 24 and includes academic tuition, vocational training, counselling, social skills training, job placements and also health care (OECD, 2016e). In Australia a smaller-scale second-chance programme is offered through the so-called youth foyers, of which there are currently 14 across the country (OECD, 2016a).	8	1	3	0.5
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	d8c64d1e37f23adac05e01375c4cebc4	While noting the challenges involved in calculating the amount of these transactions, it provides a number of estimates culled from international organizations, national authorities and the financial reports of some prominent technology firms. These estimates show the remarkable effects that technological change is having on the magnitude of economic transactions both within and across national borders. In the next section, the report looks more closely at the trade impact of these digital technologies.	9	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	d8c7faa85b23b153a598cc47fd82976c	Approval signifies that the material has been subject to detailed, line-by-line discussion and agreement by consensus. However, if a reader should report an error (e.g., a miscalculation or a factual inaccuracy) in an accepted report chapter or approved summary for policymakers, the issue should be brought to the attention of the Secretariat, which should implement a process for error correction. The text below is adapted from the IPBES procedure for the Nordic Assessment.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	d8c89476cae9693f36aefc9cf84fecdf	Why be concerned with integrating gender? What are the operational advantages? The emphasis throughout is on active engagement and initiative rather than passive observation. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR. Involving women's organisations also increases the participation of women in security decision-making processes and ensures that their specific security needs are being heard. Parliaments, equal opportunity commissions, ombudspersons, ministries of women's affairs, public complaints commissions, police review boards and the like have a variety of ways to ensure the integration of gender issues.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	d8ca69dc54ceed8b793c25a391d47fef	Hydrothermal plants have disturbed or destroyed some natural hydrothermal regions like geysers or hot springs (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003). Land impacts from drilling operations can largely be mitigated once generation has begun. However, in more sophisticated settings, waste water can also be utilised for home heating or industrial uses (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	d8ce9325d77f80c103cdd956c673de94	By 2010 their projects amounted to 13.8 TWh, of which 5.1 TWh has been completed (so they are below their target). Large investment in climate change mitigation technologies allows ENOVA to support several RE sectors. Since the parliament’s 2008 Climate Agreement, public spending on climate change mitigation has increased substantially.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	d8cf76666042fdfbab0d342f1dea58c8	Despite the 2008 crisis, people continued to borrow money to buy houses, but only high-income groups are now able to afford them, given the high interest rates on mortgages, of 13%-15% in 2016. This has prevented many citizens from entering the real estate market. As a consequence, a growing percentage of home seekers from middle and low-income groups have registered for social housing.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264095199-5-en	d8d0588a55391df2eba832f1e3de1f62	In Chile, school reinforcement programmes for vulnerable children provided by charity organisations have been effective in improving the grades of at-risk children (Contreras and Herrera, 2007). Rather than withdrawing the voucher subsidy depending on the top-up fee that parents pay, the government could make it more generally dependent on income (Beyer, 2009) or on socio-economic background (Sapelli, 2006), by creating several income brackets that would receive an increasingly lower subsidy. To some extent the government has recently moved in this direction by increasing the extra subsidy for poor children with the largest increases for the 20% poorest. In turn, maximum top-up payments could be positively related to parents’ income to make free school choice less dependent on the ability to pay. The government could require schools to accept all children with a maximum top-up payment that would be zero for the poorest children, increasing gradually across the different income brackets.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	d8d3f072a2c05cd4bf105259e09b2191	In Sweden, gender analysis revealed that youth centres were used 70% by boys and 30% by girls. This led to re-modelling activities and use of buildings (Boman, 2013). Although there is general agreement that gender mainstreaming efforts are most successful w'hen they form part of an integrated approach to gender equality, this is frequently not the case. Many countries responding to the OECD survey acknowledged lack of co-ordination as one of the key challenges in gender mainstreaming (see Figure 4.1).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-11-en	d8d4b212c7b2fd4b60c8f839d43ac1e0	First, it allows the specifics of each industry to be taken into consideration. In particular, it permits precise and realistic projections based on expert knowledge and empirical evidence. Second, this approach allows considerable flexibility in the construction of the scenarios. Assumptions about the paths of the separate sectors lead to a rich set of possible scenarios for the ocean-based industries.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	d8da99601d31805d215737d0ea86ee5a	The share of primary agriculture24 in GDP continues to fall worldwide between 2007 and 2025 (Figure 3). Structural change is quicker in the latter countries, implying that more labour will be released from the agricultural sectors in these countries. In consequence, particularly regions dominated by agricultural activity and with little employment opportunities in other sectors may thus require adjustment measures reducing problems of unemployment and income losses. At a global level, oilseeds - stimulated by strong demand from the biodiesel sector - are projected to show the highest growth (55%).	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	d8db10a29723c4ec9aa65e734a68fca7	Rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities, and the creation of new systems and facilities in areas deprived of central sewerage systems, are inadequately financed. Within the framework of projects financed by international investors in 33 cities, regional centres and villages, KMK is working on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sewerage systems valued at more than US$168 million. Investment has increased substantially: in 2011, it amounted to 24.9 million somoni (US$5.4 million); in 2015, it was 2.1 times higher, at 52.4 million somoni (US$8.5 million).	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/124f66e3-en	d8dfa7b87ebf0e0bb94cb4edd0bb17ea	As a consequence, birth weights were below the international average for deliveries occurring after this period. During non-peak seasons, birth weights were close to international norms. The rainy season also coincides with increased incidence of disease, which further raises nutritional requirements.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47e32247-en	d8e08de2fb636956a031b39fe8fe35b4	Consequently, the Asian monsoon region is occupied by about 40 per cent of the world’s population. Inhabitants are supported by a rich productive infrastructure, enabling them to live full lives in a limited area where they have created diverse cultures, peoples and languages. Linguistic diversity is high in the Asian monsoon region (South India, Southeast Asia, Southern China); linguistic diversity is likewise established in Central Africa and Central America, where the growing seasons are long and rainfall is plentiful (Nettle, 1999). In monsoon Asia, there are many mountains and islands where adequate food supplies can be guaranteed, so there is no need to make strenuous efforts to expand one’s territory, a fact that promotes seclusion, preventing expansionist ideas from spreading horizontally, and directing people’s attention to enriching their lives in their homelands, developing richly diverse nationalities and cultures. The most unique feature of this region is that, from the tropical area near the Tropic of Capricorn to latitude 60° North in the Arctic zone, there is a continuous moist climate and fertile soil.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	d8e24da18799610d2c941be4c2eb8b8a	Where this is the case, the earlier finding of a declining redistributive capacity of tax-benefit policies appears to hold especially for those aged under 55. The next section takes a closer look at recent policy reforms with an impact on this age group in particular. Age brackets relate to household head.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	d8e377fb69aaec781d71fbe435d753c1	The first thing that can be noted there is the inclusion of unpaid work. This encompasses all activities carried out by households to ensure the reproduction of their members, including the specific work of care (of dependents, including children and the elderly and infirm, but also people capable of looking after themselves, such as spouses) and domestic work (home maintenance, cleaning, administration of the home, repair of installations, etc.). Links to the external sector are also excluded, given that the objective is to situate the reproduction process in relation to that of production and not to carry out a complex analysis of the workings of the economic system.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	d8e87f8c39119512548577c86b0cd118	An ICU would provide wider opportunities to expand the sewerage network to the communities. Brief description of current circumstances. The population is mainly engaged in fruit growing, viticulture, vegetable growing, and animal husbandry. They receive an average of AMD 26 000 (EUR 47.7) monthly pension; those receiving subsidy (25%) get a monthly average of AMD 24 600 (EUR 45.2).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	d8f14709c4fcfce0dd8cc0f429a19e20	For example, in Andren and Andren’s (2013) analysis, receipt in a given calendar year is based on whether the sample person received SA at least once during that year. ( Their data set provides no information about the sequence of SA received during the year, only the number of months.) Hansen and Lofstrom (2011) applied a similar definition to a different Swedish administrative data source. And Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu, and Zhang’s (2014) and Konigs’ (2013b) definition of receipt of SA benefits in a given year refers to receipt at any time during that year in Canada and the Netherlands, respectively.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	d8f1653c2ee20fd7f8bc8365ad44403f	It all depends on the relationship of the entrepreneur with the supplier (the length of the business relation) and on the monthly volume of orders received by the supplier from the company. By reducing the number of suppliers, the contractor increases the volume ordered from each one and is thus in a better position to negotiate an extension of the payment period. A trade discount is a transaction in w hich a customer pays the supplier’s invoice in cash or in a short period of time (defined by the supplier, usually 10 days), instead of waiting for the deadline, in exchange for a small percentage discount (also defined by the supplier). This will allow you to financially strengthen your business, and w ill avoid long negotiations with your bank.	5	4	1	0.6
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	d8f8519046d1f5193e454ddf952d52cb	These workers are known as home-based workers and are either self-employed or receiving wages on a piece-rate basis for the amount of work done. In addition, those self-employed in the informal sector are informal. Among regular wage/salaried workers, those without any social security benefits provided by their employers are also informal.	5	6	2	0.5
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	d8fa3cf1a8ae45319e033caebee55761	Is the housing allowance shifted to rental prices?” Social Housing in Europe, Wiley Blackwell, pp 105-20. All European countries' estimates are derived from SILC 2012, with the exceptions of Belgium (2011) and Ireland (2010). All European countries' estimates are derived from SILC 2012, with the exceptions of Belgium (2011) and Ireland (2010).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	d8fbbd951aab83e99c5e5b71cd3da4b3	The share of duty free tariff lines in South-south agreements is expected to increase from 28% to approximately 92% when frilly implemented, while North-South agreements increase their share of duty free lines from over 68% to only 87% (Fulponi et al, 2011). For example, cereal markets across South Asia (especially Bangladesh-India rice and Pakistan-Afghanistan wheat) are increasingly connected. As a result, cereal price policies have major spill-over effects across borders.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	d8fd8fd9c5168739d0eb465e195b7428	This may be a sensible approach to building on current practices to save resources for developing INDCs. Nevertheless, given that Parties now recognise that adaptation is a key component of the long-term global response to climate change (Paris Agreement, Art 7.2), all Parties would also be encouraged to consider establishing long-term adaptation actions to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability. Evaluation of the progress is also important to regularly revisit and improve the effectiveness of such measures.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	d8fde222b553514b50043edcd09c3cd1	In the 1970s, mounting evidence of hunger and malnutrition in the United States led to increased funding for human nutrition research by the Federal Government. Since 1983, human nutrition research has been coordinated by the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR). The ICHNR is co-chaired by the USDA and the DHHS and includes representatives from eight other federal departments and agencies as well as the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The ICHRN has been instrumental in strengthening procedures for the monitoring of the nutritional status of the US population and improving the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	d90095b045e92f90147929c1389e59ed	In addition to his partnership with Presidents Hollande and Humala and Chancellor Merkel, he regularly engaged with other key leaders, including President Jacob Zuma of South Africa (South Africa was president of the G-77 and China negotiating group), President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey (President of G20), President Xi linping of China and President Evo Morales of Bolivia. Rather than leave high-level engagement at the conference to the end, as had been done at Copenhagen, the first day of COP 21 was devoted to a Leaders Event, which brought together over 150 Heads of State and Government. This approach had been proposed early in 2015 by the COP 21 Presidency and backed by the Secretary-General, with the goal of generating high-level political momentum without the contentious and messy conclusion evidenced in Copenhagen. In effect, the event aimed to provide a mandate from the highest political level—something which would obligate negotiators to seek consensus.	13	2	3	0.2
10.1787/62212c37-en	d900da67962ed59fe97cfc25534607f3	Most teachers report having gained a better understanding of what creativity and critical thinking skills entail in a school context and are now more consistent in their efforts to foster them. At the same time, many teachers felt vulnerable when gaining a greater awareness of the changes required in their regular practice - including in their relationship with students. Having an explicit definition and clearer understanding of creativity and critical thinking and a few specific pedagogical ideas about how to foster them, teachers' intuitive beliefs ended up being challenged, including their confidence in being well prepared to teach those skills.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	d900edbe6d860c6fd1832e151fcbdd3a	Of course, children learn subject-matter content and acquire a wide range of skills while they are learning to read. But after Grade 3 there is a tacit assumption that children can read fluently and comprehend curricular materials in subject domains such as health, social studies and science. The curriculum changes: students are expected to learn the languages of subject domains and use that language to think critically, solve problems and create new knowledge.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	d9053acad137e98dfdad2b1929a4e6de	At the processing plant, quality testing is free for the trader. On the collector’s sale price of KZT 51.5 per litre, his profit is KZT 3.9 (7.6%). Keeping livestock requires much time and effort, so households prefer to have one to three cows to provide themselves with fresh milk and dairy products (many of them produce sour cream and cottage cheese at home), and they sell only the surplus. However, the collector noted stable growth in the number of livestock in the region during the last three years.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264077287-en	d9063ce1faf0d6da4276de96817f7bec	The current PGGD does not include a financial aspect, or any cost-benefit analysis of the measures proposed and the targets set. The Ministry of the Environment reimburses up to 25% of the capital cost of inter-communal facilities for household and similar waste disposal, up to 40% of the capital costs of communal and inter-communal PDRs, up to 60% of the capital costs of composting or bio-methane projects for organic waste and sewage sludge, and up to 100% of the costs of handling problem household waste through the SDK programme. In 2008, 68% of spending by the Environmental Protection Fund (EUR 9 million) went to waste prevention and management. Fifteen communes17 (home to around a third of the country’s population) are applying a harmonised and differentiated tax that respects the PPP: it involves weighing and identifying dustbins at collection time and is combined with an effective system of separate collection for recyclable items. The system includes a flat-rate tax, a charge for the collection of residual waste,18 and differentiated charges for separate collection (geared to weight and the type of material). Most of the communes are still calculating their charges without any regard to the real costs, often taking as their basis the size of the dustbin.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	d906fd20d73f328ef26e731c83be066f	Patent counts are based on the application date, the International Patent Classification (IPC) codes (patent codes) and fractional counts. The top patent bursts are identified by comparing the filing patterns of all 4-digit IPC classes. The intensity of a patent burst refers to the relative strength of the observed increase in filing patterns. Only IPC classes featuring a positive burst intensity in the 2000s are included.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	d90754024282651d540a5f9c5ce7da34	Students may prefer to enrol in the same courses as their peers, and some students will opt for easier courses to improve their grades or chance of passing. However, where enrolment options do not lead to ongoing education pathways or meaningful qualifications, they can result in dead ends for students tracked into these options. These negative impacts are stronger the earlier tracking occurs.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	d90aa94da60f11492c6e6b995a5f4f0e	Indeed, it captures whether the global economic recession brought a trend reversal in the performance of child indicators with respect to the previous pattern in the countries under review. Then, country indices were averaged out by exposure group for each year.14 We have indexed the graphs to 2008 in order to focus on changes before and after the base year, so the figures show (relative/proportional) changes rather than levels. For negative indicators, such as child poverty, the higher the index, the worse the setback. In Annex 5 we report the trend lines disaggregated by 4 country group categories.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	d911fdaf3058ef777b2eb6cb6932403a	This is accompanied by a training package to maximise the benefits of the programme for both SMEs and researchers, while assuring smooth integration of the researcher into the business environment. The H2020 SME Innovation Associate programme also offers all SME applicants the opportunity to benefit from publicising their job vacancies in the EURAXESS portal - the European Commission’s researcher mobility portal. This increases the visibility of their job vacancies and increases the chances of finding good matches for the advertised positions.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	d91641dd845973e6ab2690fe402a3b1d	In contrast, the dominant market-liberal rationality sees human and natural resources as production factors to achieve economic growth as the main pathway toward welfare. As noted above, such an approach has been associated with adverse social and environmental impacts.25 Does the 2030 Agenda hold the potential for a profound transformation toward a more progressive and rights-based eco-social approach that would shift the normative hierarchy for decision making, as discussed in chapter 7? Many lower and middle income countries object to the 2°C goal, especially low-lying small island states that stress the significant risks and impacts they already face at lower levels of global warming.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	d91bbd3f32b346094e1316ce0db548ce	For example, in the Slovak Republic and Spain, patients need to pay certain innovative pharmaceuticals which are provided free in the other countries. In Canada, patients are required to pay for the pharmaceuticals used for treating diseases/conditions other than cancer (for cancer patients below age 65), those used outside of hospitals in Denmark and Sweden, and those used in the private sector in Portugal. In Denmark and Sweden, there are also maximum payment limits (in the former, for chronically ill patients with permanent or high use of pharmaceuticals), beyond which pharmaceuticals are provided for free.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2351c526-en	d91ebeb339115c72204dc9d1f08e6980	Figure II.4 shows clearly that most of the countries of the region are not just below the diagonal (with inequality indices low er in 2011 than in 2002), they are well below' it. The Gini coefficient fell by at least 1% per year in 9 of 17 countries. The countries with the most significant decreases were Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, all of which saw their Gini coefficient fall by more than 2% a year. Even though the inequality indicators for the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica did not improve, they did not go up appreciably, either (see figure II.4).	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/797ccf27-en	d923815467dc27aa0eb94c179eece181	The technical work to select suitable indicators for the new targets was done by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goal Indicators. The framework will be used to report annually to the General Assembly and is expected to serve to monitor the MDGs in all official matters. It contains 21 targets and 60 indicators that have been renumbered sequentially according to the respective goals and targets.b In addition, several targets and indicators were eliminated and others reformulated.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	d925d4a8e8c26c4f9805e713d051715b	The adverse trends of forest decline and degradation would immediately result in increased government expenditures on risk management, protective and emergency measures. Reforestation has to be perceived in the long term, as, due to climate and soil conditions in mountain regions, the success of such activities would require at least several decades of effort and investment. This is particularly so in the case of the 13 nature preserves, which are traditionally designated for 10 years only, which status is not always prolonged in a timely manner for the subsequent period.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	d92608befbf5a51506c4648f7103d699	In multicultural societies, governments may want to create a skilled and knowledgeable workforce and prioritise shared values for building a sense of community. Meanwhile, some people may be concerned with transmitting specific languages and customs to children while respecting specific beliefs on child rearing. In the context of New Zealand, some of these considerations are given more specific weight and shape by the relationship between the Crown and Maori defined by the Treaty of Waitangi, and the unique status of Maori as tangata whenua (indigenous). Curricula can contribute to balancing different expectations of early childhood development in the curriculum and ensure that expectations and needs of different stakeholders are met (Bennett, 2011; Siraj-Blatchford and Woodhead, 2009; Vandenbroeck, 2011). A focused curriculum with clear goals helps ensure that ECE staff cover critical learning or development areas.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	d927e38102cc81ddded58dd882683481	Investments in an “end-users” system of water distribution networks and sewerage reached only EUR 0.9 billion, with many investments being postponed. The water and wastewater sector was expected to benefit from a further EUR 3.8 billion in investment during the period 2007-13. Average European funding of water and wastewater investment in 2000-06 was 63%, with this share expected to decrease to 50% (calling for greater self-financing of the programme) (GHK, 2006).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	d9283362bc0da4cc691ccb8a1804542a	From both a research and policy perspective, it is vital to be able to accurately measure EPL in order to determine its labour market impacts, identify best practices and assess reform progress. The OECD has published estimates of the strictness of employment protection in member countries since the early 1990s (Grubb and Wells, 1993; OECD, 1994, 1999, 2004; Venn, 2009). This chapter presents the latest estimates for OECD and selected emerging economies (including all G20 countries). They are the result of a comprehensive effort to update the indicators, based on a more accurate collection methodology and taking due account not only of legislation but also of national or branch-level collective agreements and case law, where relevant.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	d9288ad9d24d02c9415b45498665efdf	In all those countries (except Indonesia), women's labour market participation is about 50 percentage points below that of men. The gap remained low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation. While highly-educated women have, on average, 16.5 percentage points lower participation rates than men, the gap is 41 points among less-educated men and women. Indeed, high levels of education translated into narrow gaps in labour participation even in countries where overall female participation is low.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	d92bc0cc946b921ac612c2bfd5fb8244	In a climate where institutional investors continue to favour liquid over illiquid assets, a shortage of long-term finance is potentially on the horizon. At the very least, longterm finance could become a lot more costly than it is already. In this context, private interest in LDCs’ infrastructure development, which is already lower than in other developing countries (UNCTAD, 2008), may dwindle.	7	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	d92cd9fb0e67d949b420d56a6cb4f38e	Second, a majority of the smallholder farms have functioned in isolation from the African knowledge and information systems that until now was the predominant model for promoting agricultural development in countries. It is their isolation, more than any other factor that makes them susceptible to external and internal shocks, and also impedes their ability to recover and respond. Linkages that enable them to be well networked into the innovation system are critical to enable them to consolidate their activities.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d930354868d9746b5720e3d993f6f76a	Most cannabis resin destined for Europe is smuggled from Morocco. According to the European Drug Report 2015, in 2013, the European Union countries reported 431,000 individual seizures of cannabis herb and 240,000 seizures of cannabis resin. The total amount of cannabis resin seized in the European Union in 2013 (460 tons) was much higher than that of cannabis herb (130 tons). Spain, a major point of entry for cannabis produced in Morocco, reported more than two thirds of the total quantity of cannabis resin seized in Europe that year.	3	3	3	0.0
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	d9342f693cd04f9be997125dc937885b	In un tabulated data, almost 78% thought that “The prospects of women academics will improve within the next 5-10 years” and a large majority (80%) thought that policies that are good for women are also good for promoting excellence within higher education as a whole. However, the rights of men and minorities also need to be considered. Is the legislation beginning to operate in a way that makes the men feel disadvantaged?	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	d935136fef3b8da4bd8dd932abdd08e2	R&D in this area can generate private benefits by leading to economies in the use of increasingly costly resources or controlling costs incurred in meeting environmental standards. It can also make products more attractive to consumers who are concerned about the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions, and thereby help to increase sales for a firm. Both of these developments can contribute to profitability and the survival of the firm in a competitive business environment.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	d937f1dcdaacf73c92bae3e6e531327b	In cases Page | 8 where RE would be driven by the C02 price alone and RE incentives were to persist, the additional support only creates windfall profits. It depends on the cost of the promoted RE sources and on the amount of C02 they avoid, and on the cost of avoiding same quantities through other measures that would have been mobilised, had renewables not been promoted. Electricity generation from renewables is particularly challenging: it requires an assessment of the C02 content of the kWh they displace, which depends on the merit order (i.e. the last production capacity required to fulfil the demand at every moment).	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	d9381d5370595e6b75e1cb9a3b9b4cf1	Some examples for the Netherlands are reported in Box 3.14. Increasingly, other PES across the OECD use digital channels for more complex services or are in the process of testing or developing those. For instance, the PES in the Flemish-speaking part of Belgium uses a mixture of online training modules and live classroom training for some of its training programmes, while the Estonian PES allows customers to contact it using Skype (EC, 2014c). In 2015, the Swedish PES plans to launch an online version of its “speed dating” meetings between jobseekers and employers, which are currently held at local PES premises (see above). This has the potential to cut costs (travel costs, premises) for all parties involved and may be more appealing to some client groups (EC, 2014a). While still complex, the evaluation of client satisfaction with new services maybe the easier aspect.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	d9392d7755022ff65c164ea78ddf68b0	For example, a Capital Area Traffic Center was founded in 2005 with the objective to facilitate consultations on metropolitan transport matters between Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi. The centre is composed of 48 members (19 representatives from Seoul, 18 from Gyeonggi and 11 from Incheon) and operates with a common budget based on contributions from the three local governments. One of the most representative projects is the metropolitan artery express bus rapid transit (BRT) links. However, the role of the centre is limited to BRT construction/operation and conducting National Household Travel Surveys.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-23-en	d93a4a6f15f790cc217f8665d9eaf692	The regulations governing this support regime were approved by Order No. These initiatives encourage informed consumers to choose fisheries products that have been through a certification process and have been granted eco-labels. Portugal has already fulfilled all the formalities required to gain certification of the sardine fisheries as a sustainable resource (the first of the Iberian fisheries to do so), which will be granted in 2010. These initiatives help ensure that a greater part of the valued added goes to the producers.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	d93d0c876da5e9f965333a90b2155fa0	In most countries, a sizable minority of people affirms that education is more important for a boy than for a girl (Panel D). The share has decreased in a number of countries (most notably Peru and Morocco), while it has increased in others (e.g. India and South Africa). While international comparisons may suffer from subjectivity in the interpretation of survey questions, the anti-egalitarian views captured by WVS display strong negative correlations with female employment rates and with the gender pay gap across OECD countries (Fortin, 2005).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9f796186-en	d93f9d40cdc411ab25e2da1bcb4120ba	Such changes have several implications for regional trading partners. Analysis using the OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added database reveals that for every $10 the region exports to China, $8 is the domestic value-added component (the rest are foreign inputs), of which $6 caters to Chinese final demand (the rest are re-exported to third markets) (figure 1.9). Nevertheless, China is now on par with the United States as a source of final demand for several countries, especially in South-East Asia.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	d94094f20baccae0f8a1852391fe7b9f	This makes it harder to imitate and can contribute to a price premium over similar cheese. In addition, each cheese plant also creates additional local employment for about 40 people in a region where non-farm jobs are scarce. Certainly the success of the enterprise is also linked to the willingness of the Mennonite community to adopt a collective approach to the enterprise through a co-operative time organisational form.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	d9423f90bceada720031b8c656509469	Nearly 60% of Mexico's working women hold informal jobs, with little social protection and low pay. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains five times as high as the OECD average, and the share of young women not in employment, education or training is nearly four times the rate for young men. Across all age groups, Mexican mothers are less likely to be employed than mothers in most OECD countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329422-8-en	d942cb59db1633f6bc2473bf993aad44	However, as the need for more comprehensive data on food waste generation increases it is expected that governments will invest in collection of more reliable data in a longer term perspective. Trends in food waste generation by households will be influenced by changes in diets and household income. Trends in food waste generation by the food production industry in Nordic countries would be affected by increased import of finished food products or economic downturns.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	d943dd47b8cda53c1304a5407e6316fb	Since engineering projects for protecting the city entail lead times for planning and construction that are measured in decades, the acceleration of sea-level rise presents a difficult policy challenge. The protection plan addresses this challenge through an iterative approach which builds incrementally upon the existing system, selectively raising defences and taking other measures to elevate the protection standards of the current system (see figure IV.3). The black arrows point to alternative measures which may be applied once a measure is no longer effective.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	d9495d35cf6deddb2e2cf60b00d9b43b	Used longitudinally, the HoNOS scales should be able to measure patient outcomes over time. In 2002, the Department of Health found that 61 trusts were using HoNOS in their services, with 5 having implemented the use of HoNOS across the whole service; most recent reports suggest that 21% of Mental Health Minimum Data Set records include HoNOS reporting (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011). The HoNOS tool has also formed the basis of the Mental Health Cluster Tool, which is to be the assessment mechanism for Payment by Results (PbR) in mental health (see section 5.2).	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/686f1013-en	d94d3b6e7c524e62592b737c0ee1c015	Global impacts of climate change are increasingly being felt, with communities dependent on fisheries and rain-fed agriculture possibly the most vulnerable to climate change impacts (Yap, 2011), Within such communities, however, the impacts of disaster are not evenly distributed. Women and girls are more likely to be negatively affected than are men, and face greater barriers to reducing their vulnerabilities and coping with the effects of disasters (UN Women, 2015). It is important to understand that disasters occur because of the impacts of hazards, either natural or human-induced, on vulnerable people. A hazard becomes a disaster when people are affected, or costs (such as property losses) are incurred. An estimated 92 percent of all disasters worldwide occur in countries with low and medium development indexes (Yap, 2011). Gender is a powerful source of vulnerability, and women in small-scale fishing communities are highly susceptible to disaster risk.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264310278-en	d9517775298c0f322726501d574843be	This empirical literature can be broadly categorized under two main lines of research. On one hand, there is empirical literature which looks at household’s financial vulnerability from a “macro perspective”. On the other hand, there is a large volume of research that looks at the issue of household’s financial vulnerability from a “micro perspective”. The literature which adopts the macro approach uses aggregate data in order to analyse the various channels and causes of households’ indebtedness growth.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	d95510b6ecb4817e29d9f4a7ce94582e	There is substantial heterogeneity among the EU-SILC countries in the rates of child poverty entry and exit. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both poverty exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions in and out of poverty, followed by employment events (i.e. changes in the number of adult workers), while the relatively rare demographic events have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	d95572ec056d18764f760729e7575a70	The overarching purpose of the risk characterisation process is to produce the best possible estimate of the broader economic, social and environmental implications of the risk. This is one of the most challenging and controversial tasks in the risk management process (Klinke and Renn, 2012). Indeed water security touches upon the issue of allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses, a significant political economy question, as each will define essential or adequate in different ways.s For instance, much of the current policy debate in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin is about reallocating water from irrigation to sustaining the ecosystems. The reallocation of water among users can be seen, in effect, as a reallocation of water risks. In this example, the shift in allocation increases the risk of shortage to irrigators in an effort to decrease the risk to the resilience of freshwater systems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-4-en	d95a784e4c0a17563808fbeebd4d21c8	It requires reforms in a range of policy areas, from education, training and employment to taxation, economic development and innovation. This work, which engaged a wide range of stakeholders from the public, private and nonprofit sector, concluded in 2015. It identified 12 skills challenges in four areas: developing, activating and using skills, and strengthening the skills system (Figure 1.1).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/35f875c3-en	d95a8b3fecd9285577d0ee418960f1e8	The potential of plural legal systems to both stimulate and stymie development for women and societies at large needs greater focus.56 The challenge of confronting negative gender stereotyping of women and their integration into cultural and religious norm creation and interpretation is huge, but it must be undertaken, consistently and persistently.57 Finally, an intersectional approach which embraces women's diversities is crucial. The conceptual interaction between these three reflects underlying common motivations and is presented as follows. Human development as such extends further to cover areas such as participation, security, sustainability and guaranteed human rights. The above-mentioned areas are deemed necessary for promoting creativity, productivity, self-respect, empowerment and a sense of belonging to a community.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	d95cc99fb2246e7509bbf98fd3d0c057	The portion of sales revenue that comes to the CTHRC supports the ongoing maintenance, administration and updating of emerit programmes. Changes to retail pricing, the split in revenue share with our partners and a streamlined administration of the programme has positioned the programme to be self-sustainable in the medium term and further strategies (including increasing the reach of the programme) are constantly being evaluated. These figures remain fairly consistent from year-to-year, but record increases when the programme is utilised as part of a broader education or employment initiative. The programme has evolved to a point where it has a rich inventory of training and certification products; but its distribution, sales, reach and industry impact are relatively static. The seasonality, transient dynamic and sheer size of the sector have kept the cumulative industry penetration rate around 1%. However, recent industry consultations indicated that those who use emerit consider it an excellent resource, and non-users, based on perceptions of the programme, see the value it brings to the sector.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	d95dc78b33052bb3395c076ac71d09f2	As of 2012 some hospital services are subject to a straightforward 80% discount, thus strongly discouraging provision beyond the spending caps. In principle, this negotiation process adds a useful market-based element to the health-care system. However, this is somewhat compromised by the limited number of “market players” on both sides, especially since Clalit’s vertical integration means it does not really participate in this process.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	d95dd2696e93c5609f9fe00002d11402	Altogether, in 2016, 30,273 cases of measles were reported in all 21 aimags. Globally, measles is still one of the leading causes of death for children less than 5 years of age, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that prevents this deadly disease. In addition, studies have show'n that measles virus infection often results in pneumonia or diarrhoea, which contributes to the total number of children who die of causes related to measles.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b656887e-en	d961ce7da75aa0289da347aae633b853	Data produced by the most recent survey conducted in 2011 provided a comprehensive Roma poverty picture from a human development perspective for countries in the Eastern part of Europe (Ivanov, Kling, and Kagin, 2012). This survey was also conducted by EU-FRA for 11 EU member states, providing comparable data. In addition to these groups (who are typically absent from the sampling frameworks for household surveys in most countries), there are also groups who, while in theory are included within the surveyed populations, are often very difficult to reach, leading to their under-coverage in official statistics.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	d963060224b7427209b4a31b1d097034	But once it is analysed through the prism of security of energy supply, public attitudes are more encouraging. Having shown that nuclear can make a positive contribution to the security of energy supply, the object of this chapter was to identify the issues and indicators of how consumers assess their own views of security of supply. However, in the case of import dependency, for example, opinions are sometimes more difficult to perceive if only one indicator is used, even if it is simple, such as the import ratio.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	d966589fa047f348814908d5a7674587	Migration policies should seek to minimize the potential negative impacts of migration on countries of origin, including loss of human capital and separation of families, and to maximize the potential benefits by reducing the transfer costs of remittances, promoting the recognition of skills and credentials, ensuring the portability of earned benefits and supporting the engagement of diaspora groups and communities in their countries of origin. The development of standardized definitions and categories for the delimitation of cities and urban agglomerations is needed to facilitate the effective review and evaluation of progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and targets related to sustainable urbanization. Where necessary, standardized concepts and definitions should be developed on topics such as internal and international migration, short-term mobility, and circular and return migration. Concerted efforts are required to accelerate the development of methodologies to measure migration-related indicators of sustainable development and to generate data on key development targets that are disaggregated by migratory status.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264276208-3-en	d968fe7e63564b12511726bc94b3ded6	Total ecosystem service benefits of achieving 10% coverage of MPAs have been estimated at USD 622-923 billion over the period 2015-50. This includes substantial efforts in enhancing the design and implementation of MPAs, as evidence suggests that in many cases they are not meeting their intended objectives. This report therefore considers the benefits and costs of MPAs, key issues in effective design and implementation, scaling up finance for MPAs, and the need for effective policy mixes. Clearly define the goals and objectives of the MPA, and the required level of protection to achieve these.	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js08hwhg8mw-en	d96ae473008d2ccf803766988f0f7567	Other pollutants are pesticides, pathogens, salts, and heavy metals (USEPA, 2009). Development of land for non-agricultural uses (e.g. urban development) has replaced agriculture as the key pressure on wetlands area. Area of habitats provided by agricultural lands converted to nonagricuttural uses. However, the growth of concentrated animal operations is leading to new assessments of agriculture and air quality (Aillery et al.,	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	d96b949497edbd71b6b169fd9100aea7	See Koch (1984) for detailed results of time dependent variations and trends in the car-borne recreational use of the four selected forest areas. Also detailed description of the methodology and discussion of counting errors are given. In 2006, the measurement scheme was expanded to include social indicators related to the recreational use of the Danish forests.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	d973049a2ed1b4d65e196e5fe7f16b9f	Belgium and Italy have quotas for listed companies to achieve 33% women on boards; this could be one factor driving the increase. Sweden, on the other hand, has a voluntary rule in their Corporate Governance Code “an equal distribution among the sexes shall be the goal”. Women occupied an average of 20.6% of seats in lower or single houses of parliament in 2002, 27.5% in 2013, and 28.7% in 2016. While women’s representation in lower or single houses of legislature has grown in some OECD countries -such as the United Kingdom, Mexico, Portugal and Spain - it has undergone setbacks in countries like Finland, Greece and Denmark (IPU, 2016).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	d974c1ee71b4e0f13b3df4e577c038e4	This corresponded to 32% of the total final energy consumption in the entire region. In parallel, India’s industry will play an increasingly important role as a driver for energy consumption in the region. While India’s industry accounted for 7% of the TFC in emerging Asia in 2013, this share is expected to increase to 13% by 2040.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en	d975dc5eae6c6d8ede44d093dcd9616f	This may notably reflect supplier-induced volume growth in the segment B - as suggested by the differences between treatments provided by salaried and self-employed specialists - up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes), and excessive billing (in about five per cent of cases) (Hasaart, 2011; Douven et al., Since 2003, hospital productivity has increased by 15%, partly thanks to a 35% improvement in labour productivity of nursing personnel (Blank et al., Further scope for efficiency improvements comes from the fact that general hospitals are often operating on an inefficiently large scale, reflecting a lack of specialisation and a tight network of large hospitals that ensures most people have access to an emergency unit within less than 15 minutes (Blank et al.,	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/93b802f6-en	d97a206330a15fcdf2b19ebf18daeb16	Low economic participation of women is attributed to interrelated socioeconomic, cultural, individual, structural and institutional factors. Women are over-represented in the public sector, which is perceived as more accommodating than the private sector, particularly for married women. While the share of women in agriculture varies across countries, evidence points to an increasing ‘feminization of agriculture’ in the region.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/872035ff-en	d97b745865fde1658ed67b1c60ec2ad7	This includes emissions trading through voluntary and compliance market credits for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and water and pollution trading schemes. For example, environmental pollution quotas for nitrate, phosphorus and/or salt discharges can be traded by low polluters to high polluters for whom the buying of permits is cheaper than installing anti-pollution technology. Despite initial difficulties, projects like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) where carbon credits can be generated through afforestation and sold in existing markets indicate a possible way forward on this. The World Bank BioCarbon Fund will purchase emission reductions of 600,000 tC02eq, while the Prototype Carbon Fund purchased 1.3 million tC02eq under a separate agreement in 2002. In addition to the World Bank and Moldsilva (the Republic of Moldova's Forestry Agency), 384 local councils represent the participating rural communities.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	d97c8b24b7b155274e8f2d382d9584a7	The erratic issuance of rice export quotas creates uncertainty, thereby adding a risk premium and undermining Myanmar’s reliability as a rice supplier which partly explains the low export prices of Myanmar’s rice to the detriment of agricultural producers and traders. The domestic supply of fertilisers remains far below demand while imported fertilisers are often adulterated. As detailed in Chapter 7 on infrastructure development, access to infrastructure assets is currently one of the weakest in the region. However, irrigation infrastructure has significantly expanded since 1988, targeting mostly rice-producing areas, absorbing up to 80% of the budget of the MOAI, to the detriment of public expenditures on extension services or research and development - although these last two sectors have proved to be the most effective ones to raise agricultural growth in most countries.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	d97e35eb729d6179bd1ece455b5a7096	This led to a serious energy problem, leading Kyrgyzstan to switch the mode of Toktogul Reservoir from irrigation to power generation. The new mode required less release of water in the summer (when downstream irrigation demand is high) and more release of water in the winter (when downstream irrigation demand is low). Three agreements, specifically on the use of the Naryn-Syr Darya Cascade of Reservoirs for energy and water, were signed between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in 1998, 1999 and 2000 (CAWATER, 2016a). The collection rate, however, is also very low. (	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	d97e53c120ab6fea197de4cdfbea3d04	Although an essential aspect of child protection, this dimension is not available in the datasets of some of the countries included in the study. To ensure comparability, the main findings of the cross-country MODA in this paper are based on five dimensions, thus excluding the violence dimension. For the dimensions with two indicators, a child is considered deprived if he or she is deprived in at least one of the two indicators (i.e., the union approach).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8f503b00-en	d97ed9081eeb37762534c88005699360	Sustainability in world capture fisheries can provide two major benefits to society, namely food and income security from both direct (harvesting) and indirect (for example, processing) industries associated with fishing activities. Through both wild capture fisheries and aquaculture, fish offer a major source of protein to much of the world’s population and can impart substantial economic returns, either in the short term, or in the long term if managed in a sustainable manner. The scientific evidence today, however, indicates failures in the sustainable use and management of fisheries resources, with researchers predicting a 90 per cent removal of predatory fish (Myers and Worm, 2003) and warning that shortfalls in the supply of fish could have devastating consequences for human populations. What we see today are many fisheries suffering from too many boats fishing too few fish (Pauly et al.,	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	d980f6d358be954ad0fa2a769c2a28b8	For example, in Spain 25% of agricultural subsidies (in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy) remain coupled to production, encouraging inefficient use of water (Aldaya et al. The mechanisms and processes developed for ensuring coherence between water and sector policies, and thus financing water resources management, deserve further investigation and analysis. But these reference levels are likely to be determined with respect to individual concessions and do not reflect scarcity of the resource. Water Policy in Spain, CRC Press.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	d980fff28cacd6195815fc6dad04547f	Deforestation is known to cause severe floods, river-basin flooding, flash floods, mudslides and landslides (Hammill, Brown and Crawford, 2005) and leads to an increased number of disasters and extensive damage. Their vulnerability is linked not only to deforestation but also to other manifestations of climate change. Their close relationship with their natural environment makes them particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change (Baird, 2008). In the worst cases, their way of life, and even their existence, is being threatened by climate change.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	d98609ae8fe9ccf5b1949f345f294274	In other words - which are the 'best buys' where the costs of implementation clearly outweigh the costs of harm, and the resources are best invested in this way as opposed to other priorities. While an integrated EHR may seem an expensive undertaking, in reality such infrastructure serves several purposes - including safety. This includes physicians as well as community nurses, pharmacists and allied health providers.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	d989eca156b86c3d50e0466c11e6833f	It has been highly successful in seamlessly aligning its legal, policy and planning documents to build the gender perspective into all government action. Implementation has not been effective, how'ever. Although line ministries do in practice commit to implementing PROIGUALDAD, they fail to conduct solid gender analyses as part of the policy cycle. There is currently no systematic requirement to include gender analysis in the design and development of new policies, budgets or laws, or as part of regulatory impact assessments. Without a clear governmental mandate, gender impact assessments will remain the exception, rather than the rule. The manual contains the most tried and tested measures in the cross-cutting application of gender mainstreaming.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	d98a2017ebe1962e858678e4443f4672	In the four focus countries under RI-ZHC, the government played a pivotal role in organizing and facilitating the preparation of the country study on NUS at the national level, coordinated by the National Focal Point of the Zero Hunger Challenge, including the nomination of a competent national institution and expertise to undertake and finalize the country study on NUS. Nominated international experts were grouped by discipline to offer technical assistance to support the country on prioritization through interdisciplinary reviews. From an agricultural production and ecological perspective, the FAO Special Ambassador in the International Year of Pulses 2016, ICARDA; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bioversity International (Bl), the University of Western Australia (UWA), and the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences-Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute (CATAS-TCGRI) joined as partners to support the international review on agricultural traits and climate-resilience of NUS. From a socioeconomic perspective, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Crops for the Future (CFF), and the International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) served as partners to support the international review.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	d98a8725191952fbe2beddac98a998ad	An essential criterion for defining the scope of a housing allowance is the existence of a qualifying means-test for the benefit. They includes rent benefit, a current means-tested transfer granted by a public authority to tenants, temporarily or on a longterm basis, to help with rent costs; benefit to owner-occupiers: a means-tested transfer by a public authority to owner-occupiers to alleviate their current housing costs: in practice often help with paying mortgages and/or interest. They exclude social housing policy organised through the fiscal system (that is, tax benefits) and all capital transfers (in particular investment grants).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/60375438-en	d98ee660f7eb47a9eee71053b996e8a7	In a majority of countries today, there are no legal barriers to prevent women from getting a job or pursuing a trade or profession in the same way as men, from owning and inheriting land and housing in their own name, from receiving a pension or from having access to a wide range of services, including education and health care. Rather, they are wired into the ways in which economic, social and political structures work. To achieve substantive equality, so that women can enjoy their rights in practice, it is not enough to do away with direct discrimination.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/56f09402-en	d992cc09c1fbac38b2ca76d45c4bee3e	Condoms are also provided free of charge, through approximately 3,200 distribution grants. Apart from this component, the programme promotes proper counseling and advice for recipients and provides material and human resources to all of the country's health centres, including technical assistance and support for medical teams. It also runs information campaigns and encourages joint activities among health-care system programme areas, along with external actors.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/faa55f92-en	d9950e263210717d606ccd3d5ed17691	In other words, while 69 per cent of children move out of poverty in Norway each year, only 17 per cent do so in Portugal. For instance, Iceland and the UK combine some of the highest exit rates (i.e. one of the lowest rates of remaining in poverty) with some of the highest poverty entry rates in the comparison, suggesting a large degree of mobility in and out of poverty between any two waves over the 2010-2013 period. Persistent poverty is defined by Eurostat as remaining in poverty (with household income below 60% of contemporary median income) in the current year and at least two out of three preceding years.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-21-en	d9970aa0c5e10e932235930dbf17b710	Early childhood education and care institutions are financed by local authorities through subsidies received from the central government. Parents pay a contribution for operating costs (with a discount for a siblings) and the local council must grant financial aid to eligible parents. Public schools are funded by municipalities, and it is up to each municipality to determine the funding and level of service provided to schools.	4	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-8-en	d99777c910feac705d8fa1c2313cd1d7	This Index ranks the country below the majority of OECD countries and some of the BRIICS countries (Figure 5.9.A). This overall low score reflects the low appreciation of the quality of Brazil’s education by the Brazilian business community. It, however, considers that the availability of education and on-job training, above the average levels of the rest of the BRIICS and somewhat closer to the average OECD levels (Figure 5.9.B).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	d998a925d6a4b893415663b13c193580	As a result, coverage and use of medical facilities has increased a lot, except for migrants. In practice, however, catastrophic but also chronic illnesses continue to push people into poverty, especially in the poorer regions, given that risk pooling at the national level remains limited. A new set of reforms has been announced in 2009, aiming at universal, safe, affordable and effective basic health care by 2020.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a22d206d-en	d99a2fbdbc78a1e1ac5106e1b34f07ee	Women, however, typically start their businesses with less capital and have less access to financing than men, which limits their ability to start and grow their businesses. When informal businesses are added to the mix, the credit gap skyrockets to $1 trillion (Vanderbrug, 2013). They include, but are not limited to, lack of access to collateral, institutional bias, and socio-cultural norms. Each of these factors is discussed below.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	d99d3a50391adb3183160fb268e90bbe	In fact, the increase in the rural-urban income gap would have been even larger, but for a substantial decline in rural population after 1995, when the absolute size of the rural population peaked. The slower pace of income growth in the central and western regions, compared to the eastern coastal region, has widened the income gaps among regions. This, in turn, is related to structural changes in output and employment: the coastal regions have provided more opportunities for non-agricultural employment and income. By contrast, the distribution of agricultural income across regions has been more equal, reflecting the greater equality of control over agricultural land. In 2003, the highest average provincial wage was 2.6 times the lowest (UNDP 2005). But vertical income inequalities in urban China have also increased sharply, particularly after 1992, when market-oriented reforms were accelerated in the southern and eastern parts of the country.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	d99dcd3f67d835cfcf2467896d751f1a	Based on harmonised 15-year old students' achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education. Policies allowing increasing social mix are associated with lower school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	d99f78fe384e20c10b76ad1bc7bd5821	This is a relatively low penalty when compared with practices in other OECD countries: for the same violation in Western Australia, drivers will be issued with a fine of AUD 1 000 (around EUR 720) as well as having 7 points (out of 12) deducted from their driving license. In France, the penalty is a EUR 1 500 fine and the loss of 6 points (out of 12). The effectiveness of such courses is about to be evaluated in the United Kingdom. In Austria, courses take place over four evenings and a psychologist leads group discussions.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	d9a0e14eca762195356064a33f06544d	In 2013, 11.62 kg of opium were seized in Bangladesh, but no seizures were reported in 2014. Trafficking of codeine-based cough syrups, such as phensedyl, from India to Bangladesh continued to be reported. Although Bangladesh banned codeine-based cough syrups, its medical use is allowed in India. In 2014, 748,730 bottles of codeine-based preparations were seized in Bangladesh, a decrease from the 987,661 bottles seized in 2013.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	d9a44b45142ceafeb04a290efe8fd272	This means that education systems with greater fairness in education outcomes, as measured by the percentage of the variation in student performance explained by socioeconomic status, lend to show smaller performance differences between students from different socio-economic groups, as measured by the average change in performance scores associated with a one-unit change on the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. That is, most countries show either steep, strong socio-economic gradients or flat, weak gradients. In these cases, universal policies tend to be most effective. These types of policies include changing curricula or instructional systems and/or improving the quality of the teaching staff.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	d9a471ce39eb419a975b0517e60270c4	In AusAID's broader rural development strategy, social protection is one of three pillars, alongside agricultural research and improving rural and agricultural markets. The main contrast for AusAID is geographic. In Southeast Asia and tf Pacific, most programming (in particular in MICs) focuses on tackling financial barriers to education and health service access.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	d9a521d1cee688347b84fdea7b0d4ac7	However, there is clear pressure to increase tourism numbers to provide additional income and employment opportunities. Expanding the mix of tourist attractions to include active tourism, such as mountain-biking or other sports related activities, can also lead to conflicts with more passive tourism activities, such as birding or walking. With climate change leading to possible water shortages, these issues need to be anticipated by policymakers.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kgkdgdkc8tl-en	d9a54c1e9b8018a287aa6aa6bad409a1	There is not the space to consider all of these multiple perspectives, therefore, the focus of this chapter is on summarising the approaches and findings of what are arguably the three dominant and distinctive schools of thought on the topic. These are firstly, human capital theory and a more recent variation on this theory that argues major changes in the labour market of developed economies, notably the rising demand for higher skills and qualifications, is a response to ‘skill biased technical change’. Secondly, comparative international studies find that the acquisition of high-level intermediate skills by a large proportion of a workforce depends on a set of interlocking institutional arrangements governing not just training but also industrial relations, industry policy, education and welfare.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	d9a59c1da5cf28f902b62ac5da4bc1f8	There is a certain limit of the linear heat generating rate below which power variations are safe for the PCI, because the deviation between clad creep and pellet swelling remains within the permitted frame, and thus the fuel and cladding can adapt to the new power level (IAEA, 2010a). According to the last survey made by IAEA, only a limited number of PCI-related failures have been observed recently in PWR fuel, while PCI is still the second cause of cladding failures for BWR fuel (IAEA, 2010a). An additional mitigation method currently under development is the adoption of advanced fuel with a reduced release rate of fission products with burn-up.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	d9a7d8c61dc807fef8933fd421a3b0b2	However, the gap in labour participation between poor and non-poor women changed little between the start and the end of the first decade of the 2000s. Because socioeconomic and gender inequalities are closely linked, reducing any type of inequality necessitates tackling the work-family balance through public policy. Also, not all policies can promote socioeconomic and gender equality simultaneously.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e8f21017-en	d9ab188e33dd061eb6ad6848722f4cab	"In particular, SDG 1 (End poverty in all its forms) and SDG 2 (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) reflect FAO's vision and mandate. This was evident at the 1992 Rio Summit, as embodied in Chapter 17 (as well as in Chapters 14 and 18) of Agenda 21, and runs through the historic 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code). It has been promoted most recently in the Rio+20 outcome document,21 where Members called for ""holistic and integrated approaches to sustainable development that will guide humanity to live in harmony with nature and lead to efforts to restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem."""	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	d9b12753149630ebe02a834a16e403cc	A number of nakamals form a tribe and within each nakamal a social safety net system exists (Prasad and Kausimae, 2009). With regard to social protection, Ni-Vanuatu relies mostly on families and kinship networks, on access to traditional family land holdings for subsistence farming, and on a broad array of community-based organizations (churches) and NGOs (WB, 2006c: 5). There is, however, little or no government funding provided to NGOs or agencies dealing with social problems (ILO, 2006e). There have been considerable successes in the integration of traditional values such as collective participation, sharing of resources and social integration. Wantok, in Melanesian Pidgin, is made up of two words, “wan” meaning “one” and “tok” meaning “talk” (Jak, 2010: 1). The wantok refers to one’s kin or those closely linked together, either socially or biologically, and it literally means “same language” (ILO, 2006d: 86).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32dc0f16-en	d9b140001ea59b3ac83508483a07c8a5	Population paradigms frequently attribute poverty to overpopulation; see the causes of environmental degradation and natural resource scarcity in population growth or mismanagement by poor people; and link reducing women's fertility to mitigating climate change or preventing environmental destruction (UNDP, 2011). Population policies that are coercive in their approach to reducing fertility rates compromise human well-being, dignity, individual bodily integrity and autonomy and are inconsistent with international norms and standards. Since 1994, the global policy and normative framework has made a significant shift in recognizing women's sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as the cornerstone of population and development policies.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	d9b198ea7e5057090aa7614fc73738c0	Water supply and sewerage in major cities, such as Dushanbe, Khujand, Nurek and Rogun, and in Faizabad District, are organized under the auspices of die corresponding local authorities; however, they are advised and supported on technical questions by KMK. In early 2014, Barki Tojik was withdrawn from the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources as part of the efforts to separate policy development functions from operational activities (chapter 11). It also issues permits for special water use, which cover both water abstraction and wastewater discharge (chapter 2), upon coordination with various authorities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e2f8b0a3-en	d9b63ba91efab392a246d61f36f65259	Consider the example of monetary policy. Women remain under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions of central banks. In 2015, they held governor or equivalent positions in just a handful of countries.’ More importantly, the democratic accountability of central banks is extremely limited. Economic information on government priorities, as reflected in budget processes, is often not available or is presented in a form that is not useful for evaluating policy choices. And macroeconomic decision-making bodies rarely invite meaningful participation by civil society, including women's rights organizations.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264237087-5-en	d9b79529a6338e2f78dfbaa8f131dca2	Its capacity' is in urgent need of expansion, and service fee structures should be put on a solid financial foundation, so that the adequate revenue is raised. Solid waste management is yet another untapped area of “green” potential for the BMR. Introducing w aste-to-energy plants is a good option and should be accelerated and scaled up. Recycling and composting has great potential, but improving w aste source-separation is critical.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	d9b7fdc0f7a7d86feba319a93a9065ca	To begin with, many women living in poor, disadvantaged or remote areas remain unaware of their enhanced rights in new land, family and property laws. Acquiring knowledge of these rights is fundamental for women to gain greater confidence, awareness and ultimately assertiveness - the building blocks of greater voice and agency in the political process. Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), an organisation which supports legal literacy and awareness of relevant legal tools (SWAC/OECD, 2016), finds that interventions are most effective when whole communities (i.e. single individuals, organised and representative groups, local authorities and other influential figures) are involved rather than women only.	2	7	1	0.75
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	d9b96ce8c4e878c697a6260b21d6636a	Continuity of care w'ould also promote quality and efficiency, and enable more sustained engagement in individuals’ personalised preventive care. Currently, workers are allowed to continue with SS benefits for two months if they become unemployed. In the short term, general tax revenues could subsidise insurance contributions for formal w'orkers who change employment but wish to remain with their health insurer and who are otherwise unable to afford their household insurance premium.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	d9bbed32df76b9118fe2796c1e26ac4e	Renewable energy capacity, per source (megawatt) Quantitative indicators 4. Achieving this objective can be a challenge in a region where energy infrastructure -particularly electricity transmission and distribution networks - is sparse (e.g. in rural areas), or degraded due to, among others, underinvestment. Consumers and businesses in the SEE economies sometimes go without electricity due to issues with both quality of supply and affordability.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	d9c087e11386dd0b8619d42e8ed743e7	Data were averaged over 2010-2015. The DfT produced a lookup for LHAs (Local Highway Authorities) to FUAs. Some LHAs might only partially overlap with the FUA, in which case a fraction of their traffic volume is accounted for in the FUA total. This fraction is assumed to be proportional to the spatial overlap, an assumption which of course induces great uncertainty in the results. In two of the FUAs in the United Kingdom, traffic volume data could not be computed because boundary mismatch caused an uncertainty on the traffic volumes which was greater than +/-30%. This is observed in the vast majority of cities (61 out of 68) where data is provided by gender.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	d9c11f3269dcd882693d515b25ca5835	Introductory questions should be easy and pleasant to answer, spark the respondents interest in participating and begin to open communication between the interviewer and the respondent. These principles are particularly important for surveys on violence against women, since they contain topics that can cause embarrassment, shame and fear and which respondents would often prefer to keep private. The sequence of questions is therefore critical in terms of preparing respondents for the questions to come and ensuring that respondents are oriented towards thinking about and disclosing their experiences.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/0ec26947-en	d9c3b46e86767f87f5aa1fbc1864d5c9	Referring to today’s shortcomings of the trading market, policy makers need to update the cornerstones of such a system. Markets that include the definition of caps and allocation of allowances, streamlining of processes, requirements and penalty schemes, are key factors, to name a few. Hence, nodes need to be set up and operated, which requires a minimal digital infrastructure with stable electricity supply, database technology, and broadband internet. An intuitive user interface is needed for the platform, so companies can easily trade their emissions certificates without the need to fully understand the underlying technology.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	d9c80a989b2eac44f044363ecca2def2	As shown in figure IV.3, despite the fact that most countries display a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth, each person spends an average of 10 years in poor health (lost health expectancy (LHE)). Lost health expectancy is the difference between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth and is expressed as a number of years. In this case, health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth corresponds to 2002 and life expectancy to 2005.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	d9c892103d5815de9586c9590d8b5448	However, as shown in Figure 1.19, at the global level, milk production is more sensitive to macroeconomic uncertainty than to yield (crops or milk) uncertainty. In the first place, it affects feed costs, notably via exchange rate and crude oil price, as well as through other dairy production costs. In addition, GDP and CPI uncertainty affects demand.	2	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	d9ca3fb9da2142151d082582275dd178	The chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of material wellbeing. This is followed by a description of the organization and structure of the Arctic economy, and then a definition of material wellbeing within the context of the Arctic region. Based on this definition, a set of indicators is constructed and evaluated in terms of various criteria for assessing their strengths and weaknesses. Indeed, a brief look at happiness and well-being provides a useful point of departure in the discussion of the concept of material well-being.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	d9cbe50546b16ebb71abeb33b8513729	A recent Norfund evaluation notes that increased investments in project development and improved coordination with Norwegian MFA, Norad and the Embassies have contributed to successful projects and up-scaling opportunities (Norad, 2015). Adaptation investments typically aim for saving on future costs of climate change, and this is not in line with thetypical investor's revenue creation objectives. It is therefore more difficult for investors to understand the business case compared with e.g. mitigation investments, where investments in new emission reducing technologies can be seen and demonstrated to have considerable return on investment potential.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	d9cd21ece9ce56febbabcf6afd70decb	On average, an almost 40-point difference in literacy proficiency separates adults of highly educated parents from those whose parents have the lowest levels of education. On average, the likelihood of being a low performer is about 25 percentage points lower for adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent, compared with adults whose parents have an upper secondary education. Adults whose literacy is rated at Level 1 and below predominantly have poorly educated parents. On average, more than half of adults (52.2%) below the baseline in literacy proficiency had parents who had not completed an upper-secondary education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	d9ce7dc54d7c95d1cd18d8dfea06e66a	They usually do not pose an issue for the sustainable management of the resource, however there are some notable exceptions (see, for example, New Zealand). Most regimes define domestic and human needs as the highest priority use. Industrial users are the most frequently monitored (91 %) with agriculture and domestic users monitored in 88% of cases. Monetary fines are the most common type. Summary of main findings of the Survey of Water Resources Allocation (cont.)	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	d9cf4a8e312b0c932ac9b4ce9a6fd0c2	With the new act this loophole was closed. In addition, new species were added to the system. Examples are Eastern Sweden and Finland, where fishing privileges have been controlled by local landlords or delegated by the King to certain cities. In Denmark the eel yard right gave farmers with property adjacent to the coast the exclusive right to set fish traps as far as a pole could reach the bottom-a right that could be leased onto others.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	d9d0f5c636ea66e4ea75e2dad5220638	Instead of treating the water in a large storage facility before delivery, it deployed an S&R approach that complied with Arizona State regulations. This approach accomplished more than one goal: (i) it avoided the costs of centralised treatment plants; (ii) it stored water underground for future use; (in) it replenished groundwater already pumped; and (iy) it addressed water management-related objectives. Thus, the S&R approach allowed utilising CAP water, first by storing it underground, mostly in large, shallow spreading basins, where it mixes with groundwater in the aquifer, and then by recovering it for distribution.	6	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	d9d0fb5378f6741674f6391440be925d	Annapurna also runs daycare centres for the children of domestic servants and other self-employed women in the slums. Today 16 such creches are functioning in Pune and 2 in Mumbai. Research has shown that women’s income has gone up as a result of placing their children in a safe environment while they work.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	d9d234e715e2d2c506bbc1f64ecdfba1	First, the share of developing countries in global exports crossed 30 per cent in 2000 and reached 40 per cent in 2010, which reflects a significant growth from the average level of 25 per cent during the 1970s and 1980s - the period that was the focus of the earlier trade-inequality debate.8 Second, the growth of developing countries’ exports of manufactures has been concentrated in only a few countries, especially China. China’s per capita income and wages are considerably lower than in those economies which accounted for the bulk of manufactured exports from developing to developed countries in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, as well as other countries that had experienced rapid economic catch-up after the Second World War, such as Japan and Germany. Even though data that allow precise cross-country comparisons are available only forthe period since 1975, a comparison of the wage levels in manufacturing of countries experiencing rapid economic catch-up relative to United States levels broadly shows that there are still substantial wage differences between some of the main developing-country exporters of manufactures and their developed-country partners (chart 4.3).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	d9d26b76837f95a6d22ec33dbbe8d5d4	To this end, a group of nine international financial institutions (IFIs)15 have been working towards a harmonised approach for accounting for GHG impacts of their project portfolios (World Bank, 2012). For example, the Carbon Footprint tool of the Agence Fran^aise de Developpement’s (AFD) can be used to conduct an ex-ante evaluation of the GHG impacts of proposed projects in a variety of sectors, measured in units of C02-eq(AFD, 2010). This enables AFD to track the climate impacts of AFD’s investments at the portfolio-level. It also allows potential climate impacts to be considered when making decisions on project design and ultimately funding for all projects and not just “climate” projects. ( For specific institution level guidelines, see e.g. IFC, 2013; EIB, 2012; GEF, 2011b; EBRD, 2010; OPIC, 2009.) These broader indicators include MW of renewable energy capacity installed, lifetime or annual GWh of energy saved, as well as hectares of deforestation and afforestation (e.g. SE4ALL, 2013; UK, 2013; IDB, 2012; CIF, 2012a, 2012c, 2011; GEF, 201 lb; AfDB, n.d.).	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	d9d3567d83934489080a5627e4283325	Nor does her employment allow her to fulfil herself in that it is meant only to help raise the family’s standard of living.” ( The stress of balancing family life with paid employment may dissuade them from looking for a job and encourage them to stay at home; it may also lead them to withdraw from professional life. The trend is reinforced when a wife has to ask her husband for permission to wrork outside the home.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/967bd43c-en	d9d397c147c908e4c73821e68002fbbd	In sections 38 and 39, the child’s parent or guardian with parental responsibility may apply to vary or stop the protection order. The community also has a duty to report to the Local Council any abuse of rights or neglect to provide, inter alia, education.103 Practitioners may also look to the rights of the child and the guiding principles on the welfare of children provided under the Act. Uganda also enacted other laws which could be useful in preventing CEFM. Uganda, like Tanzania, is faced with the challenge of legal pluralism in relation to the laws governing marriage yet the Marriage and Divorce Bill of 2009, a law intended to govern all marriages has been and it is still pending before the parliament.109 The danger of such pluralism was manifested in an Indian case, Court on Its Own Motion (Lajja Devi) Vs. Laxmi Devi and another vs. State Maha Dev V. State, Devender @ Babli vs. State. In this case, Court found that although there were several laws on marriages, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006 contained loopholes which made child marriages voidable and not void.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/24485d89-en	d9d8a3e6ccf34128cb8f3dea83421bef	"Some of this difference may reflect the “true"" higher rate of robberies in the Russian Federation, but differences in reporting practices will also have an unquamifiablc impact. For this reason, most comparative analyses of crime across countries focus on trends rather than on crime rates. For example, if a victim of a punch to the face dies, some countries will record the offence committed as manslaughter and others as intentional homicide."	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119598-7-en	d9da0af4853647e36d48f44cd0ceede6	For instance, the National Ecological Reserve regime restricts area use, which affects the construction of new tourism resorts, and the use of fresh water. Hotels also have to rely on public water provisions, rather than being allowed to use their own wells. There is also a classification system for hotel establishments that discriminates by environmental standard.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	d9dac93f027b4bc3a78e670a58117c1d	Using an appraisal process for career advancement in to new roles, such as the one outlined above, would be a fairer and more equitable way to give teachers incentives to build competencies in many different areas associated with effective teaching. Teachers in Romania reported to the OECD Review Team that the merit grade salary bonus is currently needed to supplement their low salaries. Policy makers should also consider instituting a general increase in teachers’ salaries, particularly for new teachers, so that top candidates are attracted to the profession. The work to revise and evaluate the assessment process should involve stakeholders, including the teachers’ unions and teachers, and all changes should be clearly communicated to the education sector to increase the likelihood that the process will be accepted as valid and reliable.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f61073ef-en	d9de48ee925768b92e432f713ac3182f	Note that in column [c] the statistical significance of the estimated coefficient of A/«[/>o.„.;] Thus, a 1.0% increase in per capita income results in a decrease of 0.68% in the percentage of poor individuals. An increase of 1.0% in the inequality index leads to growth of 0.78% in poverty levels. It is worth remarking that the estimated elasticity values agree with the theoretical elasticity introduced in section III.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	d9e232b2f0012a0d2e713eda4ddd97e2	Based on empirical studies, the experiences of several African and Asian countries with stock schemes over the last 15 years are assessed. A number of the stockholding policies reviewed did not aim primarily or exclusively at symmetric price stabilisation (i.e. avoiding both too high and too low prices) but pursued other objectives as well, such as providing grains in cases of emergencies, distributing food aid, providing food assistance and managing international trade. In some cases, providing price support to farmers was an (implicit) mandate of the schemes.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	d9e4b27a6eb04dabcb531a142e1c57a3	In view of these changes, it is useful to investigate whether the division of the labour market into formal and informal sectors gives rise to distinctive motherhood penalties. This is done by examining formal- and informal-sector wages for mothers and non-mothers in Argentina between 1995 and 2003, a period that spans the main liberalization policies set in motion in the early 1990s (Pastor and Wise, 1999). Our hypothesis is that the answers to all the above questions are affirmative because of the ways in which segmented labour markets differentially protect mothers working in the formal and informal sectors.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-4-en	d9e4bfd9af088b246e6bf06f3ac9952d	Evaluation and appraisals needs to include evaluation of a school’s performance on equity. Early formative assessments need to be administered to young students as early possible, to identify the low performers and provide adequate support. Grants available for further studies need to be primarily allocated to individuals of disadvantaged backgrounds, and adult learning centres can provide customised courses for individuals of less privileged backgrounds at no or little cost.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	d9e55089c1c8da7187dac6c77ae5dcf2	These transfers accounted for 82% of total support to agriculture in Turkey in 20132-15 as measured by the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) (Figure 5.9). Financing of general services to agriculture (the General Services Support Estimate, GSSE) constituted only 18% of total support to the agricultural sector during that same period. Within this broad range, activities supporting knowledge systems, infrastructure development and inspection and control systems contribute directly to foster innovation and productivity in the agricultural sector.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	d9e6dd5478ad9e8d4ac33abce85b81d1	Over the seven years 1984-90 the fertiliser subsidy averaged almost IDR 650 billion (USD 440 million) per annum. Because of this, the programme was phased out over the 1990s by both gradually increasing MRPs and removing fertilisers from the scheme. As a result, the budgetary cost of fertiliser subsidies reduced to an average of IDR 350 billion (USD 160 million) during 1990-97 - averaging 17% of budgetary expenditure supporting agriculture production (Figure 2.4).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	d9e6fe7d7fcf38528e901a5d7b1063e1	For example, LEDS can provide information to better assess global climate change impacts and actions and how mitigation actions are expected to impact emission trajectories. Another important purpose of a LEDS could be to highlight gaps and identify priority actions for funding to the international community. The Rio Summit under Agenda 21, for example, introduced the concept of National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS), and suggested that all countries ‘should’ develop one. These strategies aim to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-9-en	d9e70d0c64cd9d6ba2662e17d8a0b238	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. These fall into three categories: (i) an identification of priorities for global action; (ii) recommendations for ways in policies in OECD can be made more coherent with the goal of global food security; and (iii) broad recommendations in terms of developing countries ’ own policies. The sector delivers the food that people eat, while providing a livelihood (including food) to many of the world’s poorest.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e569c117-en	d9ed7046273240de0e8ab07479bcbf2d	Within this context, the quality of government institutions decreased. Non-formal primary education has been introduced with the aim of providing primary educational services for children outside formal institutions in rural areas of the country. There are no large differences to the formal school curriculum while classes are composed of about 30 pupils (almost half respect to formal schools). At the beginning, 22 experimental non-formal primary education centres were established.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	d9f16d7882088cfc3e6de4155b62f049	In most advanced economies, primary and secondary education is usually available free of charge. But early childhood education is subsidised to different degrees in different countries. The same is true of tertiary or college education, which may mean that parents in some countries must try to put aside significant sums even when their children are still young.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/208cb99e-en	d9f22b58c9a37782841997cb293e1a77	A similar structure is proposed for multidimensional poverty, with national measures providing the basic tool for national policymaking, and a restricted yet comparable multidimensional measure providing insights and lessons learned across national boundaries. Some measurement considerations are similar to monetary poverty: in particular. Recommendations 1-4 of Chapter 3 also pertain to multidimensional poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	d9f48f9b0a6c9bd21c64082f54cf1b57	Her Farm Radio is not just about addressing women's needs, but also about promoting gender equality in radio initiatives for agriculture and health, affecting the quality of life of both women and men. Radio still remains a powerful ICT for small-scale farmers - one that does not require access to electricity or the Internet and has strong potential to include the voices and knowledge needs of women farmers. The initiative consists of various projects that engage women in audience research to ensure that the radio programmes meet their specific needs, focus on interventions with specific benefits for women, mother and children, share female voices and perspectives in each show, engage female broadcasters and guests, include episodes that explore gender relations and men's role in the family, air programmes at times when women are able to tune in, and establish women-only community listening groups. Her Farm Radio has also distributed mp3 radios to enhance access to radio for women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	d9f8bd8e361064df5b06a623d034a9de	That contrasts with many global contexts, where the situation was more like that in Tonga (e.g. Ratha et al. The Reserve Bank of Tonga believed in 2011 that private remittances were unlikely ever to recover to the high level they had reached in 2008, highlighting the vulnerability of the country’s economy to fluctuations in the global economy; there was no obvious reason why they should recover. In Samoa, at least by early 2011, remittances had returned to normal’ pre-crisis levels, and perhaps exceeded them, as some overseas Samoans compensated for the previous difficult period.	10	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	d9fadc0a1b9c778ebbe30731042cbbe1	Given the requests from emergency responders, the humanitarian community and the clients of telecommunications firms to play an increasing role in disaster response, it has never been more pressing for the mobile operators to help change the face of disaster response. Following tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, scientists have increased global cooperation by refining ways to measure waves and to convert these measurements into meaningful forecasts for shore. This model is used in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but is also being considered for use in the Mediterranean Sea.	13	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283510-en	d9fb42c831c7ecad045525d15498ff7e	Substantial progress was made over the decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for heart attack through improvements in treatments and care processes (Figure 9). Data from the CONCORD programme show that the five-year net survival rate for cervical cancer in Polish women was 55% over 2010-14, one of the lowest among the EU countries. This is in spite of comparatively high cervical cancer screening rates in women aged 20-69 (OECD/EU, 20161 The five-year suivival rate for men and women diagnosed with colorectal cancer is also among the lowest in the EU, as is Poland’s colorectal cancer screening rate.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	d9fb6f0efe38e12cf99f74985116dbd4	"Apparently diverse countries fit the same group: the rules in Iceland, Sweden and ""IUrkey for instance all provide for ample user choice even if in practice there are geographical and other constraints. Note that the United States did not participate in the Survey. In addition to the features mentioned above, in most countries of this group the provision of health care is highly decentralised. The Finnish health care system in OECD perspective (cont.)"	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	da000abb23385dd13fff7ed58ed5973f	In particular, the objectives set by law are to: i) assess student learning; ii) work on pedagogical innovations needed to improve student learning; iii) exchange pedagogical experiences; iv) design teaching strategies for students; v) set criteria for improvement plans; and vi) receive technical assistance from the technical-pedagogical advisory services of the Ministry of Education (Asesores Tecnico-Pedagogicos, ATP) or independent advisory services (Asesorias Tecnicas Educativas, ATE). The channel, however, has reached very few schools (in total 1000 schools in Latin America) (https://escue!ap!us .com/). This programme was introduced in 2000 as a strategy to expand the Connections (Enlaces) programme to rural areas and included the provision of computers to multigrade classrooms as well as teacher training.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c5012ce9-en	da048a0c845480a87ce10193f9f2b18f	The curriculum is flexible enough to cope with differences at the local level and in individual schools. At the school level, course studies can be complemented through collaboration with regional and local institutions, enterprises and civic associations. The new buildings are designed and built followed by principles of sustainability and energy efficiency standards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f501027d-en	da0550898349504c2688b9123a14c9db	Indeed, labour’s share of output has declined in recent years for the region as a whole, and this situation has contributed to rising levels of inequality - of incomes and opportunities - that had taken place in the region since the 1990s, and has suppressed aggregate demand. Moreover, in many economies in the region, rising levels of debt have been supporting aggregate demand. Clearly, economic growth supported by sustained increases in real wages would be better than accumulation of private debt, as the latter tends to aggravate inequalities and often leads to severe economic instability with attendant consequences. Indeed, with the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 highlighting the Asia-Pacific region’s vulnerability to external shocks due to its excessive reliance on exports, policymakers should view the overhang of the crisis as an opportune impetus for making a catalytic shift to such a development model - one that is intrinsically more stable and more sustainable.	9	4	1	0.6
10.18356/ed8628cc-en	da078333ba249d749732b39aed7537c2	The commendable efforts by RFMOs that have undertaken independent performance reviews should be expanded and augmented through regular transparent reviews by the United Nations General Assembly to bring RFMO implementation in line with international commitments. Previous Assembly reviews of the implementation of fisheries management goals, such as on the driftnet fishing moratorium and on impact assessments for bottom fisheries, have resulted in positive reforms that would not likely have occurred without its oversight. General Assembly reviews of RFMO performance can be expected to improve its effectiveness and should generate the political will necessary to take critical action to restore fish stocks to sustainable levels.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	da0bc12ecd3ec0c4e9315de515cf6d09	The new teacher standards (see Recommendation 3.1.1) should guide the revision of the definitivat exam to ensure that it assesses the competencies teachers need in the classroom. Romania might also consider adding more practice-oriented, open-ended questions to the exam so that it is a better measure of teachers’ competencies. In the future, Romania could reduce the weight of the exam in favour of a more authentic measure of teacher competencies, such as a performance-based inspection of new' teachers in the classroom.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	da0cbb3a648866a8677a4076e626b696	In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at mfo@copyright.com or the Centre fran^ais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/dbd47a51-en	da0fa4eea7c857ece1290b774a3dce5a	The findings of this year’s World Drug Report make clear that the international community needs to step up its responses to cope with these challenges. The opioid crisis in North America is rightly getting attention, and the international community has taken action. In March 2018, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs scheduled six analogues of fentanyl, including carfentanil, which are contributing to the deadly toll. This builds on the decision by the Commission at its sixtieth session, in 2017, to place two precursor chemicals used in the manufacture of fentanyl and an analogue under international control.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	da136fb8554c395bb182eeb4901d0f2e	An appropriate combination of external sources of finance (loans, grants) and donor co-ordination is a prerequisite for obtaining financing under FEMIP. The intent is to finance the preparation of at least eight projects in countries with limited project preparation capacities, such as Congo-Brazzaville, Burundi or Niger. They have been particularly useful in regions where they have been set up to accompany well-defined policies, such as in to support the upgrading of infrastructure in countries candidate for accession into the European Union.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/e309eca0-en	da17ac96f613be4b367cacb455315be2	Rolling out modem technology that can better integrate localities into wider economic networks and expand the job finding and education opportunities for rural residents. Better broadband coverage can also provide access to healthcare and education in the most remote locations. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated $2 billion in 2018 to use in competitive bidding auctions to expand access to nearly 1 million homes, which should minimise the risk of the infrastructure investment having little impact.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	da19469094cf1dd382a6bd9af33e92b4	This includes 205 000 ha representing valuable elements of indigenous nature.18 In addition, 3 146 zones have been created within LP forests to protect refuges of rare birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and lichens, covering 150 000 ha in all. And 16 000 ha of forest stands have been selected in protective forests to produce seeds and preserve the forest genetic pool. As an EU member Poland is reviewing the EU legislation on forest reproductive material covering trade in seeds from selected stands with third countries.	15	1	3	0.5
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	da1a800d754d0242349ea58d67d4c4a6	They may also be used, as they are in the case of renewable energy technologies, to level the playing field vis-a-vis competing conventional goods, which are not taxed for their full environmental damage, and which on the contrary are often subsidised. As noted above, they may help firms in a new and dynamic sector to overcome significant market failures and reach a point of global competitiveness. They may be used to prolong the life of firms that are not and never will be competitive, providing unwelcome competition to others struggling to enter the market. They may be offered with local-content requirements attached as a condition, which forecloses foreign opportunities for trade and investment with the implementing country.7 For countries with poorly resourced treasuries foreign subsidies may simply be unmatchable, even if they are ‘properly’ employed in every sense.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	da1c3b59189550860476c09f8091cf52	In addition, Medical Care Cost Support programmes provide subsidies to the high-risk patients, including 132 disease categories, in the instance that their income is less than 300% of the established minimum cost of living, or if they are enrolled in the nation-wide Medical Aid programmes. Seniors have reductions on cost-sharing for primary care and outpatient specialists contacts. Patients over 65 have reduced cos-sharing for primary care consultations: 30% when total cost exceeds KRW 15,000 (USD 18.11) and co-payment of KRW 1,500 KRW (USD 1.81) if the total cost is lower.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-8-en	da1c6eb7136234be9952144747a841f2	This last issue is particularly important when curriculum material or education tasks have little relevance or meaning to groups within the student population, including Indigenous students (Young, 2010). Compared to other students in their own countries, all three groups of low performers undertake less homework each week, and this indicator is particularly pronounced among low performers in Australia (Figure 6.3).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	da1e65f84cd3ed06dfd5a5c5b45737b1	The total benefits from river rehabilitation for 14 rivers were calculated to be 5 billion shekels (USD 1.3 billion). The benefits varied greatly by river, from 39 million shekel for the Southern Jordan to 1.5 billion shekel for the Yarkon. As a result, rehabilitation plans have been initiated and implemented by the National River Administration, the Yarkon and Kishon Authorities, in cooperation with drainage authorities. In a sense, water governance enables water stakeholders to enlarge the space of viable solutions that may result in the adoption of less costly solutions (from a society-wide perspective) than would otherwise be the case.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	da1e8d3a55bff1c3ec64123d9eafb9ad	Poor quality and insufficient electricity supplies have hampered the investment climate for decades but recent investments have reduced the reliance on imports and altered the energy mix towards cheaper options. As elsewhere in Southeast Asia, special economic zones are slowly starting to diversify sources of foreign investment, both by sector and by country'. One manifestation of this is the long delays in drafting and implementing laws. The amendment to the Investment Law and the enactment of the Law of Special Economic Zones have been debated for several years and are still pending, as is a Competition Law which was first mooted as part of WTO accession.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	da1ee18be6542403bd49a5a41a2363c9	Yield risk is equal to or more important than the price risk for farmers. Although the significance of the negative correlation between price and yield in stabilizing income is analyzed in the following section, any stabilization policy should take into consideration the degree of price-yield correlations. Moreover, the correlation of risk across farms is also an important dimension of risk at the farm level and affects the insurability of risks.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	da20606999e57889d7742aa90d71c31c	It is calculated on the basis of the number of persons who, during the specified short reference period, were simultaneously: a) without work; b) currently available for work, but c) not actively seeking work, as a percentage of the youth labour force. In standard labour accounting the discouraged are not considered part of the labour force. Often discouraged youth are poor and disconnected from labour markets.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/f7cb1bb5-en	da2265bb6f1fd564a97df3bdea18e7b2	Reflecting these trends, the flow of ODA to agriculture in Africa (excluding North Africa) declined from a peak of approximately 25 per cent in the early 1980s to approximately 6 per cent by 2007. Meanwhile, there has been a noticeable drop in agricultural export subsidies. The most recent effects were seen in the Horn of Africa, in particular in Ethiopia and Somalia, and most countries in Southern Africa, but more so in Zimbabwe.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264086197-en	da23dc652af97afc789cedfd0f169c5e	This could be conducted as action research, where teachers themselves participate in trying out and evaluating different approaches. The Ministry should also explore, with embassies of sending countries the possibility of adapting literacy and language programmes that have been developed for use in those countries, to the learning needs of young people as well as adults now living in Denmark15. This section is concerned with those immigrant parents who, for example, do not speak Danish, who may not have been through the Danish education system or who have low levels of education, who live in immigrant neighbourhoods, who are from less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds, may be unemployed and who do not understand how the Danish education system works.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/13616d1f-en	da263139c369e0d40db3bde60fa3bbfa	The debate over IWRM and the need for a nexus approach are thus often linked together, granting water a more prominent role in debates with other sectors. Hoff (2011) is explicit in placing water directly at the centre of the nexus. This being the case, water is established as the entry point for transboundary nexus assessments.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	da2af73ded97a30bcf2ad374d33f06e1	For example, reducing overexploitation of aquifers requires consensus across sectors and water users (domestic, agriculture, industry, tourism) or accompanying measures to manage trade-offs. Without consensus, progress cannot be achieved. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and the largest beneficiary of subsidies, concessions and exemptions in Mexico’s water sector.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	da2c457dd099eba7c1fa1804ab217939	Since the average new car in 2005 worldwide had a fuel economy level of about 817100km (29.4 miles per gallon), this means cars would have to reach 4L/100km (58.8 miles per gallon) by 2030. This will be very challenging, requiring an improvement of nearly a 3% per year in new-car fuel economy, on average, in every country. They include engine efficiency technologies, lightweight materials, improved body aerodynamics and improved vehicle components such as air-conditioning and low-rolling-resistance tyres.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/18db943d-en	da2d4a3d15ca2f8d8adbd7c6df55a462	One exception is in Myanmar, where responsibilities for both types of hazards rest in the Department for Meteorology and Hydrology, thus opening up opportunities for developing a truly integrated warning system in the future. Other examples are Indonesia and Malaysia. It is based on research from 13 countries and outlines ways of integrating the procedures for multiple hazards, improving operations and achieving synergies by combining systems. The manual is expected to be rolled out in 2016, by the TC, the PTC and their member States.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	da2de8ec8de4847b3a3ce46498abd60b	In 2016, this meant that families with an income below 19 800 USD had reduced fees. Families with higher income paid the maximum fee decided in the national budget. The municipality is responsible for ensuring that this is applied in all kindergartens, both public and private (they will refund private providers).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/43623e15-en	da30e39e64446df79f5f7b3b79f678a4	Timber is also traded illegally across borders in the GMS. Table 10 shows the perceived level of public sector corruption among GMS countries and their relative ranks among 168 countries considered for 2015. Based on the perceived level of public sector corruption in Table 10, forest cover should have declined in all GMS countries.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	da333693a4fac0fe3cd101f8818c1967	Sometimes, this is explicitly referred to as “effectiveness”, e.g. in the context of the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. Sometimes, it is not explicitly referred to as effectiveness, e.g. in the context of achieving a balance between climate finance for mitigation and adaptation in the Fast Start Finance period. Within the development community, more than 150 countries (as well as IFIs and other international organisations) agreed the Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation in 2011. This declaration applies to development finance (i.e. broader than the previously-agreed Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which just covers ODA), The Busan Partnership focuses on increased co-operation between donor and partner countries and their institutions involved in providing, channelling and using climate finance - and aligning interventions with partners’ priorities.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	da33aa759d00ae4aa772ff3cabdf440d	The South African government supports the principle that basic services should be available and affordable to all. For this reason, to ensure that the poor benefit directly from electrification, they are allocated a 20-amps connection free of charge. Furthermore, there is a 50 kWh free monthly allocation implemented by the municipalities insofar as this is possible for the municipalities.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	da34294de5653b7524b8d321a8a15d77	Large-scale irrigation schemes (more than 1 000 ha) are managed by state organisations. Small-scale systems are managed by local water management bodies which are financially autonomous. The first rural water user associations were established in 1996, and currently there operate 300 such associations covering 42% of all irrigated lands. Private forms of water service (delivery and management) are not developed.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	da34ef775215e0a8d58c2f29843d0a56	Before, the participation was voluntary and vessels could join the segment for three years and exit it afterwards. The Danish AgriFish Agency provides daily updates to a series of risk lists that identify critical vessels. The vessels are given a score between 0 and 10, depending on the ability to comply with the rules on a number of selected issues.	14	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	da38116a28150545e4e13e15a5e2a706	The two main kinds of such risks, as identified in the literature, are a rise of sea level, possibly leading to flooding, and an increase of aridity, possibly leading to desertification. The vulnerability of a country to sea level rise is shown by the risk of this country being flooded. Its assessment involves making a distinction between the likely size of this shock (rise of the sea level) and the exposure to this shock (altitude).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/524212d8-en	da3a6f6070540275cc49d29e478ee43d	Air travel for example, causes atmospheric pollution by definition and hotels, particularly those in remote locations, place a significant burden on infrastructural facilities such as sewage and waste treatment and water and electricity supply. Simultaneously, tourism is affected by climate change: the choice of destinations is often dependent on the expected climate and many tourist activities such as skiing, trekking or surfing are climate-driven. Some predict that with global warming becoming a reality, there will be a shift in preference from the lower latitudes with warmer climates to the higher latitudes and cooler climates.	12	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264283466-en	da3e62a61203de04370f23d2d41f4f63	The introduction of the eHealth system is expected to increase the quality of health care as well as system efficiency. For instance, health care providers can issue ePrescriptions so that patients can purchase their medications at any pharmacy in the country. This will also enable providers to monitor medication safety when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, coordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	da418dadf72979fa4d2fe964460ca3a8	Table 12 on page 119 in Bhutan’s NBSAP, maps out potential synergies between national biodiversity targets and the objectives of the five biodiversity-related MEA’s (other than the CBD), thereby providing a common ground for enhancing coordination, communication and cooperation between NFPs. As a result, promoting synergies among Biodiversity-related Conventions has been identified as a key task. The different NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions, such as the Ramsar Convention, CITES and WHC, were invited to meetings throughout the process in order to collect their responses to the NBSAP.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	da41c62df4d1d50fee576a51ff22dcd9	Part of the explanation lies in the fact that we are looking at the (selected) wage sample. In the full sample, differences in wage dispersion across age groups are indeed more pronounced, as shown in Figure 14. This is particularly true in Canada, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Spain, and the United States.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	da42d22f0b4027231913ba31ae819741	To illustrate the importance of this point, this paper re-produces part of the analysis done by Bane & Ellwood to provide evidence on the gap in measured SA spell durations when comparing stock and flow samples in countries for which monthly data are available. To minimize the impact of censoring, calculations have been made for the cross-sectional wave that lies in the middle of the respective observation period: June 1999 (wave 136) for Luxembourg, December 2004 (wave 72) for the Netherlands, December 2000 (wave 96) for Noiway, and June 2005 (wave 54) for Sweden. All samples include short exits from benefits (as the ‘standard sample’ used for panel A of Table 9).	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	da4601855a501d7959756b04eaad5f89	The question then becomes why some countries fail to reap the benefits of trade, whether by increasing their exports or their imports. We can distinguish between two broad sets of impediments - external and internal. A recent study has concluded that the worst of the barriers to merchandise trade (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders (Anderson and Winters, 2008). As a result, the mean trade-weighted average tariff in OECD countries on imports from other OECD countries stands at 3%, as opposed to 4.8% on imports from non-OECD countries. In 2002, Bangladesh was charged the same amount of tariffs (around USD300 m) on its two and a half billion dollars of exports to the United States as France, whose exports were worth USD 30 billion.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	da473791e2b0a773f4b529e0f46303d8	It is estimated that there are over 10 000 jobs in Landscaping and Grounds maintenance jobs in the City of Chicago and 21 000 in Cook County, though it can be debated whether all of these should be considered green jobs (Schrock, 2009). Overall, “moderate job growth” in the landscaping and horticulture field is projected for the region in the coming decade (Schrock, 2009). Schrock and Sundquist (2009) suggest that green infrastructure investments could build on recent increases in the number of landscaping and groundskeeping jobs in the region. However, CWIC-CJC (2010) is less optimistic about the level of new job creation that will occur, particularly in the landscaping and horticulture maintenance space, given the large number of trained but currently unemployed workers around the region.	7	3	2	0.2
10.18356/fb79328d-en	da473f1e458a71cb15edd7ddd3b00b99	Societies will have to adjust to increasing proportions of older persons in their population. In this regard, in developed countries, concerns about rising costs of health care (partially related to ageing) and viability of pension systems are already at the centre of policy debates. In many developing countries, population ageing is occurring in an accelerated fashion and life expectancy has risen considerably.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	da48b00ca7487606a15c748b4f27a390	They also win a business trip where they have the opportunity to present their business idea to local and international investors. The BWF’s Business Plan Competition modules was selected by the European Training Foundation as one of the best practices in encouraging entrepreneurship and building the capacities of women entrepreneurs. Before 2011, the WBDC also received a budget allocation from the Egyptian National Council for Women (NCW), but since then, the NCW has no funding from the government and the WBDC has had to dramatically reduce its operations,10 adjust its training offers (e.g. shorter modules) and impose a small fee on its training participants to help recover some of the costs. The Roudha Centre in Doha initially received some support from Silatech, but operates solely with private sector support. Further development is necessary to better co-ordinate BDS services by identifying the needs of MSMEs at different stages of the business cycle and by structuring BDS services appropriately. The most important challenges seem to be on the demand side.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	da4c46462b74ed7f22a1f77e8d4d5037	In a security of energy supply perspective, nuclear energy seems thus well-positioned to reduce import dependency and to stabilise cost as well as to contribute to the diversification of electricity generation technologies in a manner that overall improves the security of energy supply. The following chapter will explore the extent to which the preceding considerations can be quantified in the context of appropriate security of supply indicators. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_intemet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264044135-3-en	da4e78df4aad7ab9c3146567b37f9359	The idea is to formulate a charter on climate friendly business and help gain support for a global climate agreement in Copenhagen in 2009. We no longer look at environmental protection as an expenditure that damages the competitiveness of companies and countries. Customers, employees, financers and society at large expect companies to act responsibly and to do their part.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	da50efccaf4e859bb8dd6d565460fc1b	Many women may nonetheless switch to part-time work or reduce their hours once they resume work if they w'ant to spend time with their children or face childcare constraints. It is therefore probable that women’s average working hours will fall below' men’s even after the introduction or extension of childbirth-related leave. Leave policies can also have longer-term consequences for the total employment rates of women because normative attitudes to female employment change accordingly.	5	0	9	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	da5117a7d91656245ef731094c678486	E-commerce enables women to run their businesses while managing household obligations, and to reach a much vaster market than they could offline. Thus, digital platforms help women to work and build companies in cultures where they are expected to stay at home and where they lack men's professional networks and resources (World Bank, 2016). For example, a 2015 survey of Pacific Island exporters showed that firms that are active online have a greater concentration of female executives under 45 years of age (DiCaprio and Suominen, 2015).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	da5267a9a3b6d68f376b3f7c91614b69	No single actor can accelerate progress towards maternal health. Effective collaboration among governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and development partners has proved necessary for rapid progress. A strategy of collaboration that draws on available local context, expertise and resources to provide health care to those in greatest need should be designed and implemented. The increasing role of the private sector in delivering health services in Africa provides an opportunity to complement the public sector with a view to delivering health care in low-income settings. This underlines the need to devise a health care business model that serves the needs of the low-income group, possibly through public-private partnership and franchising. Health innovations driven and implemented at the national level with limited involvement of the local people tend to have limited impact and less sustainability.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	da548292014e171d012079bcf551ab7c	Beyond the conventional dike-building measures, the management plans should pay due attention to improving the eco-morphological structure of riverbeds and the restoration of natural water retention areas. Here again, the costs are borne by the communes, which may however receive government subsidies amounting to 50% (or 80% for intercommunal works). In particular, new urban development must be prohibited in flood zones unless the retention volume lost can be offset and unless they do not increase risks downstream and upstream.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	da58459ceaa1ce57cafe860247281ece	According to DIW estimates, the consumer price should increase only by 1.5% in 2011 and by 5% with the complete phase out of nuclear power (DIW, 2011). The main uncertainty comes from the cost of the investment needed to ensure a secure energy supply, which is difficult to assess. The government plans to accelerate the expansion of RES and to foster energy efficiency gains.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	da590f52dd895ad018e18e5aa9fbd33a	Teachers have the ability to influence each of these layers, and so designing pedagogy becomes a more complex - but potentially more rewarding - task. This is vitally important so that we can evaluate and appraise pedagogies from an authentic position, rather than trying to pretend that all pedagogies aim at the same goals. The above account also established that both discipline-centric and student-centric pedagogies are fundamental to achieving the purposes of education: the study of how expertise develops and of ‘cognitive load’ highlights that explicit teaching of knowledge and skills is a vital part of education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	da59eefccba27c5859580012e2aed11e	"To make the most of cities' growth potential, it is important to facilitate transport links among metropolitan areas and between metros and smaller urban centres. Governments may set targets for cities to fulfil different roles, (e.g. ""Innovation Cities"", ""Enterprise Cities"", ""Eco-Towns"") or increases linkages between metropolitan areas and smaller cities in a greater region (e.g. proposals for the Seine valley axis between Paris and Le Havre). Are cities' incentives aligned with the need to reduce the reliance on automobile transport?"	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/aeo-2016-11-en	da5b133bcae7db698f3c9bb335c2671f	Stronger rural-urban linkages are helping the rural supply chain meet the demand of urban areas. Evidence abounds of farmers who have increased their production when connected to growing urban and regional markets (Reardon et al., This is the case of farmers growing teff in Ethiopia, vegetables in Mali or Senegal, or potatoes in Rwanda or of dairy farmers in Kenya. They have invested in soil conservation, added organic matter into their soils, used productivity-enhancing seeds, breeds and fertiliser, as well as irrigation and machines.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	da5cbe00280b655befa0183d3951c339	The impact on market access and the policy space available for developing countries to manage natural resources was also raised in the discussions. It showed that total world fisheries production continued to grow in recent years, with aquaculture increasing in importance and fisheries becoming one of the most traded food products. The 2014 SOFIA also underscored challenges stemming from illegal unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, which led to an increase in the number of species being overfished. Several delegations expressed concerns about over exploitation and the pace of fish stock depletion, and some raised the issue of fisheries subsidies.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	da6165f118f3db3519fa64eb41a5b71d	Its production possibilities would thus be only 600 tons of cotton lint or 2,400 tons of wheat. While the production possibilities change for Country A, the opportunity costs of production remain the same. Producing one ton of cotton requires Country A to forego producing 4 tons of wheat, just as producing one ton of wheat requires Country A to forego producing 0.25 tons of cotton (Table 2). Given this information, Country A retains its comparative advantage in cotton production, while Country B retains its comparative advantage in wheat production.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	da642cc95b1c869888ade1001e3059f2	It is suggested that these initiatives should have dynamic allocation criteria and flexible components to deal with the new risks arising from the disasters. The adaptive social protection proposal combines pre-existing protection tools and climate change adaptation approaches, in addition to generating strategies for reducing disaster risk associated with environmental changes. Common objectives are thus synthesized, such as reducing disaster vulnerability (promoting the incorporation of a long-term vision in government definitions of social and disaster protection) and formulating differentiated policy recommendations to prepare settlements for potential catastrophes and avoid situations of further harm (World Bank, 2011).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264212664-en	da64f803530a2b6675c0101b99829e4c	A minimum-cost solution is identified for the set of projects as a whole (as opposed to each project individually). All projects are taken into account by the Federal electricity commission which then undertakes technical studies to evaluate lowest-cost solutions for connection. Plans and costs are shared with the developers, who in turn shoulder these costs equally among themselves and then have to confirm commitment by making a 5% up-front payment. Transmission costs of extension are then included in the official budget, at which point developers submit 25% of the payment. Finally the Budget is officially published and bidding for construction is done, following which developers have to submit 100% of the shared costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/66896486-en	da65e620437105b3433a4adc19da7830	Other relevant organizations include the Slovak Environmental Agency, and the State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stiir. Tasks are delegated to departments within the Ministry, to the Environmental Agency and to the Inspectorate for the Environment and Spatial Planning. Expert assignments arc carried out by the Institute for Water (for surface waters) and the Geologic Survey (for groundwaters). Water quality management is performed by different administrations — state, local or central — depending on whether it is an intra- or inter-community basin.	6	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	da6734f7bc5c97329077d8df36b1abcf	The congestion charge, increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas, has been shown to reduce congestion considerably, ranging from a 14% reduction in Milan (over 2008), 15% in London (2002-2003) and Singapore (1998) and 22% in Stockholm (January-July 2006) (Beevers and Carslaw, 2005; Olszewski, 2007; Milan municipality, 2009; Johansson et al. Not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district, as is the case in London, Stockholm, Milan and several other cities, but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city, which Toronto might also consider. At present, there are 48 of these gantries: 30 form a cordon around the central business district, 13 others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aefb0a67-en	da67fefc23c66e203a4d9e5086f1cdcc	These include the rising age of marriage; greater social and legal recognition of a diversity of partnership forms; declines in birth rates as women are better able to choose whether and when to have children, and how many; and women's increased economic autonomy. These transformations are both causes and consequences of largescale demographic changes, dramatic shifts in women and girls’ access to education and employment, ideational and normative changes, and legal reform, often driven and inspired by women's activism. Concerted efforts to roll back the achievements of many decades of work for gender equality, by those who deny women the right to make their own decisions, have recently been cloaked in the rhetoric of 'family values'.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	da68009f02cb292ec0278fd9b6d598fe	Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA), Innocenti Working Paper, 2012-10, Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper, 2014-04 Florence: UNICEF Office of Research.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	da6a6bd787a8eab69390494ce0acec4a	The services and industry sectors led the expansion during this period. Growth in the agriculture sector, however, was moderate in part due to fluctuations in weather conditions. For 2016 and 2017, sustained investments to address energy and transport infrastructure constraints, continued progression in industry and a recovery in services are expected to lead growth. Agriculture is projected to grow at a moderate rate.	11	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	da6ab4f60d8a3d87ecb3c9f70994aa00	To make real improvements to teaching and learning, Romania will need to ensure that professional learning opportunities address teachers’ actual development needs and that schools have the capacity to implement collaborative learning activities which are embedded into teachers’jobs. As such, Romania lacks a standard, ongoing process in which teachers identify their learning needs based on observations of, and discussions about their teaching practice. A professional learning plan as a part of a regular appraisal process w'ould support this. These plans are annual and include teachers’ professional growth objectives, proposed actions and timelines (OECD, 2013c).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	da6bb9d7c5f1ba2966a6cebaf5c5e5c3	Their disappearance may be traced to the drainage and pollution of Israel’s water bodies. Only 67 of the endangered plant species are among Israel’s 268 protected plant species; 66 of the protected plant species are endemic native plants, and 203 of them are species whose habitat is highly threatened (MoEP, 2009, 2010b). As part of its legal obligation under the CBD, Israel prepared its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (or, more simply, National Biodiversity Strategy or NBS). The NBS was developed during the past decade and completed in 2010 (Frankenberg, 2005; MoEP, 2009, 2010a).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	da6c266ef2b5676a0208093f871acb8c	At the end of the lease, or under the agreement according to the type of agreement signed, she usually has the option to purchase the property at a price determined at the beginning of the contract. The price to purchase the agreement or the outstanding capital takes account of the rent already paid: it is the residual value. Mortgage payments are composed of a part of the capital borrowed, the interest due on the borrowed capital, plus, if applicable, disability and life insurance.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264231092-4-en	da6d4b9962be365040735d5a416a770f	The management and trade-off across various interests justifies public intervention. The quality of water has strong impacts on public health, w'hich justify the involvement of the ministry of health to define and set the quality standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment. The way wastewater is treated can also impact the environment, and, if ignored or badly managed, generate pollution and negatively impact other productive activities (farming, fishing and tourism).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	da6fc9a935ba522da394d34bb1e17fbb	In some other countries, although the poverty rate is lower, the share of ultra poor is higher. This demonstrates the importance of examining various characteristics in determining the number of the poorest. In Bangladesh, for example, it is 61.3 per cent relative to 39.7 per cent in Lao PDR and 49.4 per cent in Timor-Leste.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	da7001472427e1573b555f209cedaa3c	It is necessary to go beyond aggregate numbers or indices since they are unable to reflect the diversity and linkages of the actors and activities that constitute the innovation process today. R&D data provide information about some of the inputs to innovation but have little information on the outputs. They tend to be more useful for measuring technology-based activities, which are influenced by industrial stmcture, and only cover one element of the broader concept of innovation.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	da701fc46dafad4385610839ae457442	The sector’s share of total exports rose from less than 5% in the 1970s to around 20% at the beginning of the 2000s. This sector also absorbs about 70% of the labour force and hence is the main source of income and employment for the majority of Zambians, in particular, the poor. Additionally, this sector is characterised by the high participation of women in the labour force.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	da72f6d6fcec8156b7af250b1a45b53d	These charges are differentiated per crop and by region. For the gravity irrigation, charges are the highest for the Marmara region on average for all crops, namely USD 147 per hectare. In terms of the type of crop, water charge for greenhouses is the highest, with USD 172 per hectare for the whole of Turkey.	2	1	4	0.6
10.18356/19c562f5-en	da73b203a846c85ce9ae06d36d9caa7d	When in force, it will help in coordinating responses to oil spills in the Caspian Sea. Implementation of the Programme is supported by GEF under the supervision of the relevant Steering Committee. The total summary budget for the period 2008-2011 was USS 47.343 million, of which US$ 32 million was provided by the Caspian Sea States.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	da748fd151f77b76b4238969308805c7	Food security is therefore fundamental to their wellbeing. To date, the main source of food insecurity in LDCs has come from variations in domestic production consequent upon climatic shocks. However, many LDCs are already net importers of food and as their populations urbanise in coastal cities, a growing proportion of their populations will become dependent upon imported food rather than domestic production.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-10-en	da752c45b1bccb10e220a532724a1087	This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policies adopted across OECD countries to steer education systems. They comprise governance and funding policies and approaches that ensure effective and efficient delivery of education systems. Reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific and regional challenges.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	da75664daf5c623dda101d66e53b237f	The fastest rate of growth of private operators’ share of the WSS market was registered in the Russian Federation: from 12% of population in 2004 to 27% in 2008. By contrast, there have been only occasional attempts at developing public-private partnerships in Ukraine, Georgia, and the Kyrgyz Republic. Status paper, OECD, Paris.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	da759c921a9bc802d7009153b86cf7ce	Nevertheless, tripartite negotiations between the government and social partners typically do not extend to norms for wages increases. In the past years, government intervention in wage setting has been largely limited to determining the statutory minimum wage, which was kept constant from January 2007 until July 2013, when it increased from CZK 8 000/month to CZK 8 500/month, representing 38% of the median wage, one of the lowest ratios among OECD countries. With effect from 1 January 2013, the government abolished the youth minimum wage, which consisted of two differentiated levels, corresponding to 80% and 90% of the statutory minimum wage for those less than 18 and those between 18 and 21 years old, respectively.	4	9	0	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	da76dbc1be60f146ef3453a084ac31a2	"Young people who are proficient in the Sami language and culture enjoy a more liberated and less politicized definition of ""Saminess"" than did the preceding generation. Many adolescent Sami express a complex identity including Norwegian, Swedish or Finnish and Sami culture and language; some identify themselves with another ethnicity as well. Many of the younger Sami are from families where their parents' and grandparents' generations were the targets of force assimilation policies."	3	7	0	1.0
10.18356/c78b2675-en	da78fb84e8c1cd6daa863b7745043b33	To address the multiple barriers, EBRD partnered with the Kozloduy international decommissioning special fund financed by donors (predominantly the EU), which provided a grant for the substantial technical assistance component and incentive fees to participating banks and end-borrowers. The latter are paid upon project completion and represent between 15% (EE) and 20% (RE) of the sub-loan amount. The project has been very successful in that more than 150 small-scale EE and RE projects have been financed for a total project cost of €131mln, with electricity (equivalent) savings of 875GWh and emissions reductions of 570,000tCO2 p.a. By end 2008, some 240 residential projects have been financed to refurbish 11,000 flats.	7	0	5	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	da7a56f9acd2894e5a90c1db6c856013	This compliance burden becomes multiplied in complex supply chains and, according to a survey by the USITC, affects both large firms and MSMEs (USITC, 2010). Product certification, product testing and inspection requirements represent more than half of all firms' complaints about TBT or SPS measures in developing countries (WTO, 2012c). It is expected to grow at nearly twice the expected growth rate of domestic e-commerce, by 25 per cent annually until 2020, and account for 22 per cent of global e-commerce merchandise sales in that year (DHL, 2016b).	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	da7f63b45c2ee94290606e0255f7b137	Astana and Almaty City are now allowed to issue bonds to cover budget deficits. To reduce the level of dependence on transfers from higher levels of government, certain taxes could be allocated to the local level. Moreover, more efficient and clearer property taxation in rural and urban areas is essential.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	da7fab1e23cb3e0f0f98af5d57e44edb	But practically, we know that we will need to consider a number of possible trade-offs when selecting the best indicator among a set of possible indicators. The best measures may not be collected frequently to allow yearly comparisons. Our desire for longer time series rather than single measurements may be compromised if the measure changes substantially from one year to the next.	1	6	4	0.2
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	da821fe1d07a2721df3ba0f1a39e5c12	An incident of great significance in the history of Japanese mental health care was the knife attack of the then US Ambassador to Japan Edwin Reischauer by an individual with schizophrenia in 1964. This attack led to significant public alarm, and contributed to further stigma towards mental illness, fuelled by a mass media campaign, on top of high existing levels of stigma directed towards mental disorders. This incident also contributed to the 1965 revision of the Mental Hygiene Law discussed previously. In 1993, the Mental Health Law was amended again, with a particular focus on care in the community, including the authorisation of the building of group homes in the community for individuals with mental disorders (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). The Community Health Care Law introduced in 1994 and further supported the establishment of a community-based mental health system.	3	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	da850d1ff0e460392b3ef78a8dbbfcbd	In 1960ies and 1970ies, fertilization indeed played an important role in Finland in enhancing timber production by increasing forest growth especially in upland area (Kukkola and Nojd 2000). Nitrogen addition to forests may also affect the pool of soil organic carbon as enhanced growth in foliage and leaf area result in increased litterfall (Hyvonen et al. Johnsson and Curtis (2001) showed that fertilization indeed increase soil carbon storage.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	da87454d1e25810f2c66f334778ab637	Blank (1989) ignores interruptions in benefit receipt of up to three months in cases where she cannot link them to changes in employment status or income, and a similar approach is taken in most of the later work on the topic. This analysis takes a different approach by defining a benefit spell as a period during which a positive amount of benefits is observed for every single month. A spell is thus coded as having ended as soon as no further monthly benefit payment is recorded. The main motivation for this approach is that a large share of the observed benefit spells are of only short duration, and that it is not obvious why short spells on and off benefits should be treated asymmetrically.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	da890b1a88266ece1afc56aaf8875248	The necessary adjustments in legislation were passed on 15 October 2009. Currently, heroin can now be prescribed to a selected group of patients who meet the required indication. The study found that clients receiving both methadone and heroin, compared to clients who just received methadone, had higher health benefits, and created less costs for law enforcement and lower damage to victims.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	da894fcc8ebf24fd46f080368dd8539c	These also P encourage the assessment and management of climate risk in relevant sectors. However, there is still a long way to go before the right instruments and institutions are in place to explicitly incorporate climate change risk into policies and projects, increase private-sector engagement in adaptation actions and integrate climate change adaptation into development co-operation. Ambitious mitigation action substantially lowers the risk of catastrophic climate change. The cost of reaching the 2 °C goal would slow global GDP growth from 3.5 to 3.3% per year (or by 0.2 percentage-points) on average, costing roughly 5.5% of global GDP in 2050. This cost should be compared with the potential cost of inaction, which could be as high as 14% of average world consumption per capita according to some estimates (Stem, 2006). Delayed or only moderate action up to 2020 (such as implementing the Copenhagen/Cancun pledges only, or waiting for better technologies to come on stream) would increase the pace and scale of efforts needed after 2020.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	da9042c61d1c8527a27e9e5e160e6235	Development partners have focused their attention and financing on the emergency situation at hand. These factors have delayed the creation of strategies and policies for DRR, but in spite of these challenges, the CAR government has established a reflection committee focused on DRR whose primary mission is to coordinate activities and create a plan for a national strategy. The first draft of NSDRR has taken the current political crisis into account. Additionally, armed conflict features among the types of risks and disasters mentioned in the strategy.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	da9451fdc1e6dbd2488e4631a91c8775	Les prix implicites du carbone varient selon les secteurs et devraient etre harmonises pour une meilleure efficacite economique. Ces disparites refletent la proliferation des mesures et leur chevauchement et il serait necessaire d’en simplifier la structure. Un changement radical dans le rythme de reduction des emissions est necessaire pour engager le Royaume-Uni sur la voie de la realisation de l’objectif ambitieux qu’il s’est fixe a l’horizon 2050.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f7cce716-en	da998765b8df463932bcae8827f09713	Poverty is one of the key determinants (along with gender and ethnicity factors), because the poorest communities are the most exposed to the risk of a natural disaster. Moreover, there are specific factors in the social institutional framework and power relations that define the disaster-vulnerability of certain population groups (Shepherd and others, 2013). These elements characterize the dynamic of the risk in each community, which varies according to time and place, owing to the interaction of economic, demographic and sociocultural factors, compounded by an unbalanced development process (for example, rapid and improvised urbanization, and poor management of natural resources, among other things) (IPPC, 2012).	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3400179e-en	da9f403b60bb6cb07938c346630d3220	Broad consultations at national, regional and local levels are necessary. Stronger accountability mechanisms may be put in place at national levels by setting up national commissions that would work out the implications of the goals for policy and also monitor implementation. It also requires policies of education, dissemination of information, and institutional organization to facilitate the empowerment of weaker groups. In this regard, it is imperative to address the rules, social norms, perceptions and endowments which constrain participation and, in turn, prevent economies from reaching their full potential for development.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c607b535-en	da9fc34767347ddda8f72b6ffe4d3dc1	It may be caused by unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	daa279d44ca2520fac48d550d3c59aa9	This difference, however, varies significantly by socioeconomic group. While 44.1% of PIE students from low socio-economic status are diagnosed with a permanent special need, only 12% of PIE students from high socioeconomic status are diagnosed with such a need (see Figure 3.5). There are also differences by school provider: municipal schools are more likely to enrol students with permanent disabilities than private-subsidised schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-8-en	daa50f83e31615f73795c69ba2b8f2c9	In particular, better utilising economic instruments (e.g. pollution charges, taxes or water quality trading) can create incentives to reduce pollution, and increase the cost effectiveness of and innovation in pollution control strategies. Recommendations include: i) providing overarching national policy guidance and minimum standards; ii) creating the institutional framework setting the distribution of responsibilities across levels of government; iii) stakeholder engagement on approaches to manage perceived and actual risks, and a commitment to reach solutions in partnership; iu) signalling policy changes and highlighting options for implementation; and v) stimulating the diffusion of innovative technical and policy approaches that minimise the cost of water quality management (including seed funding, space for experimentation and making pollution costly). Lastly, monitoring, enforcement and evaluation of policy implementation, ongoing stakeholder engagement, and reassessment of the risks, are necessary in order to adapt to future changes in climate, economic growth, population dynamics and advances in science and technology.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	daa90b17baa2fc66bcdf16eaa3a4b97e	The government supported it by sponsoring student fees. Training and awareness workshops took place around the country to inform educators and the community about the importance of inclusive education. At the end of that year, the first six trainees graduated from the Faculty of Education, majoring in special needs education. Most are coping well and succeed in accommodating the various needs of children in the community.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/17685da3-en	daaa31a9a99083a9b223fa8f3dd3be1e	It is important to overcome those barriers. Families and communities have to be involved, as well as systematic actions at district and national levels, to improve adolescents’ access to skilled care services. However, countries are at different stages of health system development and access to facility care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	daad8a68fc5357535a9aaefc0dc1856b	More details on the specific noncontributory benefits per country can be found in Annex 1. In 2010, Kyrgyzstan allocated USD 85.7 million to non-contributory cash transfers, representing 1.65 per cent of GDP (Gassmann, 2010b). The total social protection budget including social insurance is 5.2 per cent of GDP in 2009.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	daaf79c0bbe1e05192ca7f8c86c77623	Energy savings amounted to between 40 and 60 percent, which translated into a total annual savings of nearly 8.5 million kWh, as well as a 6,700-ton reduction in CO2 emissions. The project has altered the Government's backing scaled-up renovations with the funding of European Union structural funds. How Danish communal heat planning empowers municipalities and benefits individual consumers.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264229372-7-en	dab590f8d8bee76ce3adc887a36c69ba	This makes the severity of the congestion challenge greater than it would otherwise be, particularly around the bridges. Prices for public transport are generally low in Russia, which is partly linked to the tradition of highly subsidised public transport in Soviet times, but also due to competition introduced in the market over the past decades. Privatisation of transport services has led to great fragmentation of the market however.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	dab78d37b9225afdbb7f06fe03105710	Improving access to stable and adequate sources of finance for adaptation and contributing to the building of the information systems needed to guide policymaking for climate resilience are two concrete actions where greater international cooperation is needed. Public domestic and international efforts are needed to mobilize sufficient resources and provide incentives to the private sector to invest in adaptation. This is especially important for building the resilience and adaptive capacity of the most marginalized areas and population groups.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	dab8bf80e7c07d2fafebf7c626b530e1	Since 2005, Norway’s Ministry of Finance has issued guidelines to all ministries for a gender-sensitive analysis of their respective budgets (Johan, 2010). This initiative involved tracking government support to 200 organisations active in this policy area and then determining the budgetary allocations to this sector. Such an analysis helped to identify gaps between the policy goals and the budgets needed to meet these goals. This initiative also involved estimating the costs of violence against women to the state, society and individuals.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	dac202515d1159ab08c0578cae8a8a9e	This unequivocally states that it is a form of gender-based discrimination that 'seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men'. These decisions have implications for the capacity of women to exercise their rights in both the public and private spheres. Increasing women's agency in intra-household decision-making is an important goal in itself and also has positive impacts on women's own well-being as well as that of other household members, especially children.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	dac7472ac0f5a4904cc1ebf9e5f99a5e	"She concludes that ""compromising women's rights is not an option. Therefore, the challenge that confronts us today is to respect and prize our diverse cultures while developing common strategies to resist oppressive practices in the name of culture, and to promote and uphold universal human rights while rejecting encroachments grounded in ethnocentric thinking"" (A/HRC/4/34, para. The Special Rapporteur views the universal promotion and protection of human rights, including cultural rights, and respect for cultural diversity as mutually supportive. She recalls the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity and Human Rights Council resolution 10/23 to affirm that respect for cultural rights or cultural diversity may not undermine the universality of human rights."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	dac8348aea22f3e167c38648c2617645	It also sponsors a business plan competition for women entrepreneurs, “The Women in Business Challenge” that generates women’s interest in developing new business ideas and receiving training and coaching on how to do a business plan. ( However, significant gender distinctions existed in the depth of the needs identified and how to effectively deliver business development services. Time, mobility and socio-cultural constraints on women shape the focus, content and logistics that are fundamental to successful BDS provision for women (Box 6.1).	5	0	5	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	dacac676581e83d745f5c4eeb4eca51b	Carbon labelling and poor country exports’, World Bank PREM Notes: Special Series on the Economics of Climate Change, World Bank, Washington DC. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium. A Guide for the Concerned: Guidance on the Elaboration and Implementation of Border Carbon Adjustment, ENTWINED Policy brief No. Report on Company Feedback from the French National Environmental Labelling Pilot: Summary of the Report Drawn up by Ernst & Young. The moral duty to eat African strawberries at Christmas’, Oxford Energy and Environment Comment, October, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford. Low-Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8e0dd871-en	dacdf4451bcdcd917e1f922f2349752f	Target 3.7 calls for universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services (including family planning), information and education, which would help to prevent adolescent childbearing and unintended pregnancies. Globally, childbearing among adolescents declined by 21 per cent between 2000 and 2015. Central and Southern Asia made the greatest progress: the region reduced the adolescent birth rate by more than 50 per cent, largely due to advances in Southern Asia.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/66641c52-en	daceafba637a2440fc0d8082c7b84cb8	Further detoils on the survey methodology con be found in Arvis el ol. ( A decade ago, a study of the impacts of low transport accessibility was carried out in the United Kingdom (Social Exclusion Unit, 2003). National and local initiatives were developed to deal with these issues, including increased funding for rural and urban bus services, integration of routes and new ticketing systems, as well as a transport schemes to support access to work (UNECE, 2012). In rural areas, investment forexpanding/ upgrading the transport network is scarce, whereas, at the same time, expanding rural transport networks might have significant environmental impacts. In urban areas, the lack of space constrains expansion of and/or structural changes in the transport network; moreover, the environmental and health impacts of an expanding urban transport network may be very significant.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	dacf79ce709d7c7c4e5f6e6a1005a854	They found that vertical co-ordination is usually addressed earlier in federal political systems than in unitary systems, but that this difference fades as national adaptation strategies are developed. These sub-national activities have been reliant on either sufficiently large internal financial resources, or on the ability to draw on external resources and information — for example, through climate change networks. While there is general agreement over many of the broad principles for efficient adaptation, there are a range of views about how those principles should be put into practice.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/127a6106-en	dad0e1d2773625af748853c271988aa9	The majority of agricultural households in Asia grow rice and there is a correlation between the human intake of rice and the areas that produce rice. In Lao PDR, for example, 81 percent of the daily food supply consists of cereals. Agriculture has concentrated on a few staple crops, which in turn make up the bulk of people's diets.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	dad0fe654774c5b48eef9332eec459a6	Spain now presents Gender Impact Reports to the Parliament to accompany its General State Budgets. The legal framework for these reports was initiated in 2003 with a law on actions to introduce gender impact assessment in all government regulations. In 2009, the Spanish government approved a methodological guide for the elaboration of this report, which includes a gender impact guide. Nordic countries, too, have provided substantial leadership on GRB.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	dad2c93ca83a538b444c15faa981eb56	The financial commitment is evidence of personal commitment to the professional project. In general, for a solid project the recommended contribution is generally at least 30% of the total budget. However, an entrepreneur who wants to create a business and whose personal contribution is less than 30% should not be discouraged. He/she must try to present the project as is, or to compensate for this shortfall in personal funds with an additional warranty.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/059ce467-en	dad362e61d661a082fe439c1b086ad9e	It aims to provide those “who live or work with young people who have been exposed to chronic adversity” with knowledge and insight on how to care for these children and adolescents in non-clinical settings (Bath, 2016(233]). In 2018, appxoximately 35 schools across the country have participated in the training course and further courses are planned for 2019. The municipality had received many refugees from Syria in the period 2014-15 and the school staff felt that they did not have the right tools to best care for this group of students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	dad5f5a3473e3d07f743604b5f30b1c5	These results are generally consistent with the findings for other countries reported in OECD, 2010a. Farms are visibly differentiated by the behaviour of individual unit margins even where they face relatively similar market conditions. The data suggest that unit margins across farms often move in different directions, with the result that the variations in the aggregate-level margins are reduced.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	dad5fe14d6edf7c513621c42b8128a46	The programmes were effective in the non-Western and more traditionally oriented countries, which included Iran, Puerto Rico; and Hong Kong, indicating promise for cross-cultural transferability (Gardner, Montgomery & Knerr, 2015).The authors remark that part of the explanation for transferability in these countries (with some local cultural adjustments) may rest in cross-cultural similarity in parenting principles, at least with young children. However, this observation may not apply to many communities in the east and southern African region where respect and obedience are strong, and play with young children is seen in many contexts as inappropriate for adults (LeVine et al., Nonetheless the results are promising - at least for parents of young children. This review has illustrated large differences in environment (including personal expectations and those of others) and experience between early and late adolescence, as well as by gender, birth-order, neighbourhood and socio-economic status.	5	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264267787-en	dad83f94b3eff0608df47cb051e63b16	All electronic medicine prescriptions have been logged into a central registry (Prescription Information System) since 2012, which is now compulsoiy. A pilot study in 32 cities looks at the extent to which PIS data can be used to audit physician prescribing and giving them feedback on their prescribing patterns vis-a-vis peers; it covers five acute and five chronic disease, and the pilot is being evaluated in conjunction with WHO, for example on the volumes of antibiotics prescribed. Several financial incentive schemes exist: the Quality Premium (worth GBP 270m) is directed to Clinical Commissioning Groups and the Better Care Fund (worth GBP 3.8bn) is directed to Clinical Commissioning Groups and Local Authorities; in hospital care, the Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) Fund is worth GBP 1.75bn.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	dad9ae61adadfb3e1325fa549e043121	International agencies supporting education projects comprise organisations with varied experience and priorities, ranging from technical assistance for the development of government strategies and policies for reform, to programmes of academic exchange. Many started operating during the early and mid-1990s, including some international governmental organisations (e.g. European Commission, ADB, World Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF), individual country governmental organisations, and other NGOs (e.g. Soros Foundation). The Law determines the objectives and principles of education, the administrative structure, and the system of public and private schools. It also ratifies the administrative and financial decentralisation of education institutions. The legal framework on education also encompasses specific provisions of other legislative acts, edicts of the President, decrees of the Government, orders of Minister of Education and Science, and resolutions of boards of the Ministry of Education and Science.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/894b85fa-en	dadd9da0a681d02ad9780f2bbb20b00b	"The Human Rights Committee recently confirmed that States Parties should provide ""safe, legal and effective access to abortion"" under certain circumstances and has called on States to end the criminalization of providers and women who seek abortion (see Box 3.4).’ As Chapter 4 shows, having an income of their own puts women on a more equal footing with men in their intimate relationships, strengthens their bargaining position within families, and enables them to exit partnerships if they need to. Putting economic resources in women’s hands is also associated with lower rates of poverty and greater investments in children's health and education."	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	dade3e680eb05d908f700e5b68f429e8	In addition, whereas labour market opportunities in rural areas are likely to remain dominated by food and agriculture (a highly water-dependent sector), employment opportunities in urban and periurban areas may evolve rapidly as the result of current technological changes and the digitalization of the economy (or ‘Industry 4.0’). However, in terms of both the number of people affected and (especially) the number of people killed, the impacts of floods, droughts and conflicts are grossly outweighed by the number of those affected or killed by inadequate drinking water and sanitation services (Figure 1). However, there are no data available estimating what proportion of these people were ‘affected’, nor what the resulting overall economic damage would equate to. This steady rise has principally been led by surging demand in developing countries and emerging economies (although per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries — they are merely catching up).	6	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	dade52a06719c125e529a5cb9d63d60d	Most of this is derived from imports of new and used equipment and a few local assembly plants. Locally derived generation is believed to constitute about 50% to 85% of total e-waste generation, the rest being from the transboundary illegal import from developed countries in the Americas and Europe, and from China (Secretariat of the Basel Convention, 2011). Annual domestic generation in Egypt (0.5 Mt), South Africa and Algeria (each 0.3 Mt) rank highest in the region.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/ab343038-en	dae01b05bedafb2ce30d42f1c3b3ba5b	Examples of pathogenic fungi include Candida species (yeast infections) and Trichophyton species (athlete’s foot). Abnormal prions can be pathogenic such as those that cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e., “mad cow disease”). Pathogens need not, of course, be limited to those that affect humans and could include those affecting other animals or plants as well.	2	3	1	0.5
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	dae1b7dd1b79ff286226559f02baa7fb	As the number of older people with complex chronic medical needs increases, so does the demand for integration of care, and personalized medical treatment will grow. Whether there will be a provider response to such demand is likely to depend on the reform of provider payment mechanisms, particularly for secondary care. At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264255340-8-en	dae2ea9fd588af589a901296010af23d	The APIDT advocated an increase of industrial R&D, supported by greater public resources via matching grants and soft loans, to reorient part of the activities of existing research laboratories and institutes toward industry-oriented and market-driven research (EPU, 1990). The plan aimed to promote cluster approaches where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) could build upon their relationships with the MNEs they supply to enhance their capability (called “cluster-based industrial development” strategy). The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) can be seen as a key initiative in that regard: w'orld-class infrastructure is made available on a specific territory to attract the E&E leaders. The foundation acts as a broker, identifying both the needs and the relevant experts, and assists the commercial arrangement.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6a39744b-en	dae4e7f3e94aa8ca81fda1e187fc6d72	Care should therefore be taken in explicitly linking these policies with the SDGs. However, the case studies are valuable in suggesting the types of approaches that could be useful for countries as they face the challenge of developing and implementing policies, programmes and strategies aimed at achieving the SDGs. For example, the lessons learned can help to demonstrate the value of multistakeholder partnerships, which bring governments, the private sector, civil society and individuals together in seeking to find new ways to realize their common goals and aspirations. They also illustrate the benefits of landscape-based approaches and the multiple services that forests and trees provide. The eight countries (including two regions within countries) vary widely in geography, climate, political systems, and social and cultural traditions, as well as income level.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	dae4f1c6e769101e1e3044e561369707	Alternative or additional income generating opportunities are therefore needed to support the millions of poor families who can no longer rely solely on the land for their livelihoods. First, it has resulted in production falling short of the growing demand, with smaller stocks of food surpluses available around the world.15 Second, the decline in infrastructure investment has contributed to high production and distribution costs that in turn have kept food prices high and exacerbated the lack of access to food, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The cost of transportation and distribution will be critical in shaping strategies and policies for agriculture. Reversing these trends will require a shift in focus: what should developing countries invest into, in order that agricultural innovation results?	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	dae8cdbbaec4d6921694d36c95fec1d0	The majority of the allocation regimes surveyed grant water users’ entitlements for a given number of years, with the expectation of periodic renewal. However, seven allocation regimes in four countries granted entitlements in perpetuity. In Chile (both the Limari River Basin and the Maipo River, 1st Section) entitlements are granted in perpetuity without conditions relating to beneficial use.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215a990d-en	dae92fd5ca011cea5d9555cbaa8a89a1	This question needs to be answered if technological change is to be beneficial for SMEs, which create employment for many of the world's poorest and most vulnerable households. In addition, automation has opened the door to new ways of interacting with clients, whether in delivering goods and services or providing customer service. From firms that own and control their resources to those that manage and orchestrate them, technological change has revolutionized production, connectivity and distribution.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	dae9c6f919a685f41bca1b9528c905fd	"They would also like to acknowledge the participants in the FERDI International conference on ""International labour mobility and inequality across nations"" (Clermont-Ferrand, January 2014) and to the expert meeting on ""Harnessing knowledge on the migration of highly skilled women"" co-organised by the International Organization for Migration and the OECD Development Centre (Geneva, April 2014). The push and pull factors influencing this significant share of migration have typically been explained as a by-product of male migration: female migrants have been assumed to migrate mainly for reasons of family reunification as dependents of male migrants as wives, daughters or mothers. Over the years, the body of knowledge on the migration of women seeking better employment opportunities has increased, including research on topics such the role of gender discrimination in the workplace."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	daed54d36ee77fae0e2811af62416397	With an increasingly knowledge-driven (global) economy and competition in the speed of innovation, governments, particularly in developed economies with the infrastructure and institutions in place, should prioritize the development and full use of a population’s available set of skills. Young girls are rarely encouraged to pursue maths and science, which are more likely to be presented as fields of study for boys. It is important that mathematics and science are taught in contexts that are interesting to boys and girls, and a positive attitude towards a subject is also related to positive teacher-student relations (OECD, 2010a).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	daed8bb188ee86ffe5b1669b17bd2786	Unpaid care and domestic work is also being measured as part of the official Labour Force Survey. Primary school fees were abolished, again, and farm input subsidies reintroduced, in part due to public pressure supported by the campaign. Gender budgeting initiatives elsewhere in Africa have drawn heavily on the Tanzanian experience as a model.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	daed8f635ad6c363df5ffa2916ea6bdb	This source of funding is actually a number of different sources, with funds flowing from various donors through the World Bank and other agents, to countries that take action to reduce emissions from their forestry sectors. The Fund currently has US$10 billion in committed funding available. In an innovative arrangement, financing is available not only to states (and public bodies such as environment or development ministries, development banks), but also to the private sector.13 Also worth noting is the intention to roughly balance investment between mitigation and adaptation, with at least half of the latter funds going to those countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: least developed countries (LDCs), small island states and African states.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	daf16e9986a3958b7ededc4c11d1bc31	This section of the chapter considers the importance of policy coherence between green growth, social and labour policies. Regressive distributional effects, which disproportionately impact the least well off in society, should be avoided. Ensuring the alignment and effectiveness of green growth policies requires understanding and addressing the distributional consequences at the household level and consideration of energy poverty (i.e., non-affordability of energy services) in developed and developing countries (OECD, 2014g).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	daf25fc414d30fe315dfcc88861f08c7	Some of the inherent conflicts that may need to be overcome in the previous two models are not necessarily present and the potential contribution of ride services to an overall vision and objectives for transport can be more objectively assessed and acted upon. This is in theory at least, because in practice, public transport organising authorities in Europe have been particularly loathe to seek out partnerships with ride services and most of the innovation in this field comes from North America. This may stem from the strength and effectiveness of traditional public transport service in European countries as well as from an institutional bias in favour of traditional public transport service delivery models.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/c69de229-en	daf45fa5bd1bb6bbe24d83f27193a27e	A positive (negative) sign shows a gain (a loss) in income associated with the characteristic between 2007 and 2014. Only statistically significant changes are reported. An important difference between these countries also concerns the way in which the incomes of very low-income families have evolved over this period compared to the trends experienced by families with slightly higher incomes.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/1a3a7ad6-en	daf92215a7c974881128204f9a290b4a	Indeed, most individuals need to accommodate both in their daily lives. However, there continue to be pronounced imbalances between men and women in how this balance is struck and in the degree of freedom available to make choices in this respect. These lead to markedly different opportunities and outcomes for human devel opment.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/c96bb166-en	daf935a0a6d73340efef70fa64cb4659	In such countries, reproductive health services should be available to everybody “up to the last mile,” he said. “ And given the work we at UNFPA always pride ourselves in, we must make sure that every pregnancy is wanted and that every child is born with care, and in dignity.” There are 215 million women who want family planning, and they’re not getting it,” he said. “	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	daf9ecbaa866ef85bacc8d9ec57c1d85	This implies that the two are interrelated and may serve as complements to one another. This implies that economic expansion raises energy consumption, but the process could possibly produce inefficiencies and a reduction of demand for goods and services, including energy. This hypothesis considers energy consumption to be a small component of GDP expansion and thus to have little or no effect on growth. Their findings are summarized in figure 2.7.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	dafa89488d5e06f17f7a7b92bcf25fb6	There is often not enough space to accommodate people who live in high-risk zones within the boundaries of one local government unit. Permanent resettlement to another local government unit is very difficult to accomplish given the lack of funds, and limited co-ordination within and between municipalities and cities that would be necessary to provide land and livelihoods for informal settlers. The build back better mentality promoted by risk management initiatives (that aims to restore the infrastructure and livelihoods in the same at-risk areas), often compounds the problem, given the lack of resources and co-operation necessary to adequately protect people and infrastructure with adequate long-term mitigation and prevention measures.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-16-en	dafab5027b68c6a4bd0913b5af1697f4	These measures are to be discussed with relevant member states having a direct management interest in the areas before being submitted to the EU Commission as Joint Recommendations in accordance with the new basic regulation under the Common Fisheries Policy. In the trials all catches of cod were counted against the quota and monitored by CCTV. The experience from the trials will assist Denmark in implementing the landing obligation under the refoimed Common Fisheries Policy and should result in a more sustainable fishery while simplify existing regulations. The strategic plan will contain a target for the increase in the production of fish and shellfish and for the increase in the export of feed, feed ingredients and technology for the aquaculture sector.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	daff001c8aa698e4119714375e0402a4	At the same time, independent medical professionals working in primary care often feel the need to deliver basic surgical and inpatient services to maintain their viability. While investment and a more pronounced role in the health system would help enhance the professional status of family physicians, Korea also needs to engender an awareness of the importance of primary care amongst its medical profession. Such a programme (of limited duration) could build on existing training opportunities available in select schools.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	daffaaa5b0a0d6845fb96254ee291a1d	By 2020 the number of people ages 60 and older will be greater than the number of children under age 5. The proportion of the world’s population over age 60 will double between 2015 and 2050, to 22 percent.67 Few countries are prepared to cope with this demographic transition. Without adequate health systems, social protection, and work and retirement schemes in place, older people are deprived of opportunities to maintain and expand their capabilities.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	db00028a744b8385c5b6889e3927455a	As a result, for employers, non-regular employment is generally cheaper than permanent employment, in addition to providing enhanced employment flexibility. In 2003, a survey covering young people aged 20-35 found that over 70% of non-regular workers wished to become regular workers. Another survey covering people of all ages reported that only one-fifth wished to become regular workers, but the share of persons working in non-regular jobs because of “slim chance of obtaining regular employment” was considerably higher than in 1994 (reaching 20% for part-time workers, 32% for contract employees, and 38% for temporary agency workers). Indeed, there is a lack of movement between the “regular” and “non-regular” segments of the labour force, trapping large numbers of employees in low-paying, short-term jobs with limited coverage by the social safety-net and limited opportunities to enhance their human capital.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	db00974f4d5ed5e4e3194ecee06f3499	"In response, the Director-General presented a report ""Reform of WHO’s work in health emergency management: WHO Health Emergencies Programme.” The High-level Panel submitted a report ""Protecting humanity from future health crises” (A/70/723) to the Secretary-General. These include, among others, (a) a review The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM),2 (b) a joint initiative by Harvard University and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Moon and others, 2015), (c) a review by an independent panel set up by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and (d) a review by MSF (2015)."	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	db01760f69fa5141b942cfb8a89877fd	For younger children (toddlers and infants), specialised and practical training seems to be more strongly associated with pedagogic quality and cognitive and social outcomes. Early childhood educators come across increasingly complex social environments and encounter a multiplicity of family backgrounds and experiences. These factors create imperatives to adopt new pedagogies and organisational practices to accommodate this pluralism (Elliott, 2006).	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	db03329c4c5bd87f6e12c0c709e4bc51	Over the past year, results and methodologies have been shared extensively with member countries, and capacity-building exercises are currently under way (see https://unstats.un org/sdgs/tierll!-indicators/f]!es/Tier3-02-03-02.pdf). Most data are from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database. As at 3 March 2017.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	db051e0f83ae1ff2b75e921c19f611f8	The insurance company Swiss Re has a similar database (SIGMA). At the regional/national levels of planning, ‘actionable’ risk information commonly uses a mapping scale smaller than 1:1,000,000, while at the community municipality or provincial levels the scale can vary from 1:1,000,000 to 1:5,000. For project implementation at the field level, actionable risk information can use a scale of more than 1:2,000 (Table IV-2). Indonesia, for example, has an actionable multitier information system at national, provincial and district levels (Box IV-1).	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/641d54a4-en	db0542eaca7b3ac29de847f5261caf10	All components of supply will have to expand, especially harvest residues, but the projections seem sustainable for all countries in Europe. Total wood supply would have to increase by nearly 50% in twenty years (assuming no significant increase in imports from other regions). It considers that the colossal forest potential of the country is essentially under-utilised. However, developing a culture of innovation is a complex challenge, going far beyond the boundaries of the forest sector. However the challenges described in the study are exceptionally complex and long term and will require a high level of sophisticated cross-sectoral policy making to find the necessary balanced and sustainable solutions. Net annual increment, carbon stock and net ecosystem production are all expected to increase, despite increased losses from fires, wind, pests and diseases.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	db093d3a6533adedfbb470ca92302e81	This function can only be performed well if there is a sufficient base of gender-differentiated data, information and analysis. Such data must be collected and analysed in advance, ideally building a database of several years’ information to assess changes and take corrective action. Only one-third of countries report the availability of a govemment-wide measurement framework for gender equality and mainstreaming.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	db0984dff72c45f0c783478aadab37ab	Benin, for example, created a Vocational Skill Certificate (national diploma attesting to the attainment of skilled worker level through a reformed traditional apprenticeship) and the Occupational Skill Certificate (certificate attesting to the completion of an apprenticeship) to recognise the skills acquired through informal apprenticeships. It has also put in place a consultative mechanism involving the National Federation of Craftworkers, local craft workers groups and the relevant ministry to steer the process (AEO, 2008). In many African countries responsibilities for TVSD are scattered across a large range of ministries and agencies and are not integrated with the overall education system.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	db09f6a36af77277ca89a9b106c30913	Furthermore, there are additional reasons why donors may prefer not to use country systems, such as the ability to account for taxpayer funds and the need to track climate-related results (OECD, 201 la). As transaction costs reduce the total amount of climate finance devoted to climate activities, reducing them can increase the effectiveness of climate finance. The performance/existence of specific national institutions can also affect whether a country meets the safeguards introduced by selected climate funds to limit potential negative impacts (e.g. social) of climate interventions, or to ensure that specific standards (e.g. fiduciary standards) have been met. However, there are several related challenges at both the national and international level.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	db0a16ea75170114edf9a34da800cf81	The extent to which either fits the available evidence has been questioned (Card and DiNardo, 2002; Goos and Manning, 2007). See Chapter 5 for more discussion on technological upgrading and skill composition. See McKinley (2009) for a recent exposition of Kuznets’s hypothesis in the context of the pro-poor growth debate.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4bfdcb5d-en	db0a3c53b4751c674fc28eba0f557245	This type of static analysis does not take into account behavioural (for example, in the labour supply or in taxpayers’ evasion or avoidance strategies) or life-cycle or general equilibrium effects. Therefore, it does not consider the reaction functions of economic agents with regard to the introduction or modification of taxes and transfers. However, it is well known that income data from household surveys are often underestimated owing to various factors, including the failure to capture the incomes of top earners, item or unit non-response and underreporting of income (particularly at the top end of the income distribution scale).	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	db16870d6ffe5208ba897db83863be42	There have been increased employment opportunities for women in non-traditional agriculture such as cut flowers, in clothing and textile industries, and also in electronics-oriented Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and services sectors. Much of this increase is concentrated in export-oriented industries where electronic components are assembled, textiles processed, and garments and shoes produced. ( Sexton, Nair and Kirbat, 2004) Paid employment can improve women’s autonomy as well as their economic and social status.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	db168f77e4407b54714521dd4209ad41	Sur la sc&ne intemationale, il a jou6 un role actif en faveur d’un accord mondial visant a limiter le changement climatique d’origine anthropique. Le nouveau gouvemement a repris a son compte les orientations des politiques anterieures dans ce domaine et il introduit actuellement de nouvelles mesures, malgre la rigueur des contraintes budgetaires. Le Royaume-Uni devrait atteindre un taux de reduction de ses emissions sup^rieur & celui de ses objectifs nationaux & court terme et de son objectif au titre du Protocole de Kyoto, et me me ddpasser nombre de pays de l’OCDE quant a la realisation de ce dernier objectif. Mais une partie de ce succes s’explique, non par des mesures explicites de politique climatique, mais par des facteurs ponctuels comme la « rude vers le gaz » et les reductions des emissions d'autres gaz a effet de serre que le C02 dans les annees 90 et la recession recente. Le rythme de decarbonisation du secteur de I’electricite a ete lent et la diffusion des technologies des energies renouvelables est encore limitee.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	db17ce2f8f6509a3b8dc6f33c76dea78	Taxes of this kind are however easier to implement than a congestion charge, because they require no investment in a charging system. In combination with a parking tax, they could discourage car use. Parking fees and taxes are price-elastic, and there is ample evidence that they are effective in reducing car trips and decreasing the car share in the modal split.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264244542-4-en	db1a7e5ded3492d01c6f6e26b838a8f7	Superficially very different from the first three groups of product-based economic instruments, EPR schemes typically take the form of legislation imposing various obligations on producers, including rules requiring them to recover and recycle end-of-life products. Producers - either individually or collectively - may comply with these obligations by setting up arrangements to encourage a high rate of product return and recycling.	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	db1b1a3d9bc05a91ec75eb58ff2929ad	Are they self-regulated? Are they becoming increasingly meta-cognitive? So, inquiry teams now sharpen the focus on an area for change that has high leverage while at the same time being manageable. The next phase involves developing hunches about the ways in which the learning professionals themselves are contributing to this situation.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	db1de630bf3de31c1236d1ee9382f291	Information concerning this indicator will help governments and Internet businesses to target public and commercial resources in areas that will enhance scientific and technical collaboration, with anticipated onward benefits for productivity and economic growth. While some countries, such as the Republic of Korea, Denmark and France have fixed-broadband penetrabon rates of around 40 per cent and almost exclusively high-speed connecbons of above 10 Mbps, many low-income economies have less than 2 per cent fixed-broadband penetrabon rates, and exclusively lower-speed connecbons of below 2 Mbps. Table 3.3 illustrates the weighted average for fixed-broadband subscripbons within each region, together with figures for the highest and lowest performing countries in each region.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	db1ebdd9f17981fa0a6b9babb9dd37bf	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Fathers continue to be the main breadwinners in couple families, but whereas they previously did not participate in the labour force, German mothers are typically in work nowadays, albeit on a part-time basis. German women aged 25 to 34 years old are now more likely to obtain a university degree than young men.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3400179e-en	db1f749a7154fcd6b3e8d8e0a9c54fdc	Moreover, the MDGs make clear that the global partnership is essential to securing progress towards poverty eradication. As such, the MDGs have been a powerful tool for galvanizing public opinion around a central ideal. The importance of such consensus and awareness should not be underestimated, considering that democratic governance of a fully integrated world requires shared commitments to global priorities, not only among Governments but also among the public at large. The aid allocated by the Member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to basic social services increased from $6.1 billion to $17.4 billion in 2009, but then dropped to $13.8 billion in 2010 in view of fiscal adjustment in these countries. The proportion of aid allocation to basic social services also showed a steady increase from 15.5 per cent in 2000 to 21.2 per cent in 2009, but decreased to 15.6 per cent in 2010.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	db2070e7be701494763289e5652d1682	"It is particularly crucial for national governments to empower local governments by providing adequate financial resources, legal and fiscal autonomy and by supporting local skill development, given their important role in the NUP processes. With clearer information on common implementation gaps, and the policy instruments that are available to address them, policy makers could better predict these gaps and undertake capacity building activities. As Table 7.1 illustrates, many of the SDGs have an evident urban dimension and cannot be achieved without being addressed in urban areas, making NUPs an important implementation and monitoring instrument. As an overarching process, the national urban policy will be able to anchor and influence many dimensions of sustainable development, such as air pollution control and regulation"" (United Nations, 2016a)."	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	db22846b88b79c82c642ea9d7515791f	Recoverable coal reserves are, thus, about 58.6 bt. Some three-quarters (76%) of the proven reserve is at a depth of less than 300 m, and 61% of the total resources is at a depth of less than 300 m (Mills, 2007). Together the states of Jharkand, Chhatisgarh and Orissa account for 70% of Indian coal resources (Figure 1.10). Only 13% of the coal resource is of coking quality; the remainder is high ash steam coal (Mills, 2007).	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264310278-en	db2585cc0df80ab44d71ae5b8b3b36c2	After 2015, further disparities have emerged between large metropolitan areas, where unemployment rates have continued to decline, and other parts of the country. These dynamics create special problems for crafting appropriate policy responses as quite different labour market conditions can coexist across relatively short distances. Similar differences hold for unemployment, ranging from just 1.7% in Hawaii to 7.3% in Alaska. At the metropolitan area level the rates vary from 1.5% in Ames, Iowa to almost 18% in El Centro in California (where the State-w ide rate is close to the national average at 4.2%).	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	db288306845812d74260b8b836a5a9cd	Overseas Tongans, and no doubt in the same way Samoans, are extremely well connected electronically with each other and with kin in Tonga (Morton 1998, 1999, Nishitani 2011), which ensures that any ‘digital divide’ is being crossed easily. The development of financial literacy and telephone banking will enhance this transition, emphasise that Tonga and Samoa are transnational economies and societies, and probably attach new meanings to migration and remittances. Migration in the mobile phone, internet (and guest worker) age may well change in unpredictable ways. Within the Pacific, regional migration opportunities exist, but primarily for skilled workers; thus Suva (Fiji) has become more of a cosmopolitan urban centre, with the migration of other Pacific islanders into tertiary institutions, international agencies and to a lesser extent the private sector.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	db33aea77812fa02e4d795fa2e9120f6	Unless specified, data in Figure A are for 2013 and d in Figure B are for 2012. The author would like to thank Alvaro Pereira, Robert Ford, Vincent Koen, Margit Molnar, Andrzej Kwiecinski and colleagues from the OECD’s Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry and Environment Directorate for valuable comments on earlier drafts. The paper also benefitted from the comments of officials from the Chinese government.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	db35236ae1c1811642ca74349e062a25	"There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue"". The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Evidence shows a positive relationship between being out of the labour force and having back problems (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.59 with 95% confidence interval [2.98-4.33]) and arthritis (OR: 3.06 [2.98-4.33]) in Australia (Schofield et al.,"	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	db3642428aed20e21239f80b89d96d02	Recent studies of high growth start-ups in the United States find that only 10-15% of them are founded by women (Brush etal., Looking more specifically at start-up funding, several studies have shown that women are extremely under-represented among venture-backed entrepreneurs in the United States. Gompers and Wang (2017[i2]) find that just 10.7% of US venture-backed founders were women from 2010-2015. 2014(H)) estimate the number to be 15% using data from 2011-2013.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	db39d89a55f780af2119d5a31f4490d4	Part-time work, prevalent in jobs mostly occupied by women, and linked to family obligations and care, may also play a role in horizontal segregation. Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Data for Switzerland on secretarial positions also include technical positions. Despite some important variation between OECD countries (from less than 10% in Switzerland, to 30% in the United States (US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011), to nearly 50% in Poland), women consistently occupy less than half of public service decisionmaking positions, on average accounting only for 28.6% of senior managers across OECD countries. Thus, on average, in OECD countries, 39.7% of middle managers are women, although there are important cross-country variations, with some countries (Estonia, Slovenia, Portugal and Poland) not only achieving gender parity but also having a majority of women in this occupational category.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	db3ec8b38fc762b8715038d37c037962	A multi criteria decision making technique, called “analytic hierarchy process” (AHP), is adopted to combine the quantitative and qualitative elements of the evaluation and give the final score. The mid-term and final PFS reports are discussed by the MOSF, line ministries, PIMAC and field specialists from the public and private sectors. If the project is found feasible, the line ministiy in charge conducts a more detailed feasibility study.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	db3f1737f4682fac3961bb165a610bd8	While the ingredients are common across different growth experiences, the recipes need to be very country specific. However, it is also important to acknowledge that a broad range of other policy actions will be needed in order for aid for trade to be fully effective. First, aid for trade needs to be backed by international co-operation to tackle the external impediments to trade, whether directly trade-related in the form of tariff and non-tariff barriers or indirectly trade-related as in areas such as government procurement and access to finance.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/77cccad1-en	db402944fd74f7c3bb05fcaa9e5bdfd7	For residential buildings, these norms are 48-96 kWh/m2/year or 38-44 kWh/m /year if heat recovery ventilation is used. The norm in both cases depends on the number of floors. Energy efficient practice over the period 2007-2014 has resulted in 9 per cent of the national housing stock, or 1.6 million m , having been built to the thermal energy standard of less than 90 kWh/nr.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f90985ff-en	db43f21d3040b30f1659242ed94e745a	Note that there are significantly fewer CSP installations in the United States than PV installations; this difference limits the robustness of conclusions, and in particular, there are very few projects using certain CSP technologies. On average, based on evidence from the United States, tower systems have the greatest CSP land use requirements on both a capacity and energy basis. Towers use 50 per cent more direct land than troughs on a capacity (MW) basis, and use 20 per cent more on a generation basis.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	db44653327c371bd91b19c78b9a52843	The main challenges for reporting information in this area are mostly familiar, unresolved issues regarding the availability and clarity of information requested and reported. Work is being undertaken by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to improve the information available on public finance provided. Information on climate finance from countries that do not report to the DAC is currently more limited.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	db48aa6d46fc1cd8c13f89b5378a5e48	This analysis seeks to confirm, on the basis of the largest possible number of countries and observations, whether subjective well-being in Latin America is higher than would be expected on the basis of GDP per capita. It also examines the relationship between subjective wellbeing and indicators for the position and responsibilities of men and women in different stages of the life cycle (age, civil status and number of children), controlling for household monetary income and comparing the findings with other regions of the world. One of the most influential studies was conducted by Easterlin (1973, 1974), who observed that countries with the largest increments in GDP had stable levels of subjective well-being over time. These findings were corroborated by other research.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	db50a13eee715446bac956fbeecc88be	Over time, disparities in life expectancy at birth have declined across major areas and geographical regions, due to improvements in standards of living, nutrition, public hygiene, levels of education (especially female education) and technology, particularly simple and low-cost health interventions in the developing world (see figures II. As a result, there have been marked reductions in deaths due to infectious diseases, congenital and prenatal conditions, and other ill-defined causes. Since 2000, however, stronger economic growth has gone hand-in-hand with faster progress in health, but the recovery has not been sufficient enough to reduce the gap with other developing countries significantly.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264176935-4-en	db5982da02f1cf2e8f8f9b46e17db2fb	Besides official regulations concerning, for example, TAC and restrictions on the number and size of vessels, there are also voluntary regulations including season length, closed areas, gear, and size limits. It is estimated that the major part of the stock recovery plan is based on these self-imposed regulations. Another interesting feature is the habitat enhancement work that has taken place.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ed3c16ff-en	db59d54bac93b02b00758b5581582109	Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	db5a72874493525047abb29dae175b19	The second stressed the importance of government support measures for innovation and technology-based business. They were the source of several follow-up programmes and initiatives, such as the establishment of business innovation and technology centres, viewed as “interface institutions” between universities/public research and industry, w'ith supporting institutions to assist companies through their startup and expansion phases. However, while they were seriously considered at the time, the centres never materialised.	9	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	db5b4d07ae8da899ecafb97db700c4ef	Hence, to avoid duplication, this Review will not go into detail on these issues. Directly elected mayors in England”, Cahiers du MIMMOC, http://mimmoc.revues.org/2288 (accessed 22 November 2016). Problems of Economic Transition, Routledge, Vol. Kazakhstan 2050: Toward a Modern Society for All, Nazarbayev University, National Analytical Centre, Oxford University Press, Group Centennial International, Astana, pp.	11	3	1	0.5
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	db5cbd445930b846acdd0f3559616966	However, from 2009 onwards, unemployment has decreased for men but not for women: by the last quarter of 2012, across the OECD, the unemployment rate was around 8% for both men and women (ILO, 2012; OECD, 2013b). Although the gap between men’s and women’s employment rate narrows considerably with higher educational attainment, on average the employment rate for tertiary-educated women is still 9 percentage points lower than that of men (Figure 4.5). The difference in employment rates between tertiary-educated men and women is particularly marked in Chile, the Czech Republic, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Hirkey, where it is as high as 29 percentage points.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	db5f115e04acab1cfa3836148f37dc79	Health care and education (excluding pre-primary education) are by far the most important components. In most countries, the imputed value of health care is higher than that of education; exceptions are Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Mexico, Norway and Poland, where education forms the largest category. The services for early childhood education and childcare increase household income on average by 2% but by more than 3% in Denmark, Finland, Hungaiy and Sweden. Long-term elderly care services raise incomes by 1% and are highest in the four Nordic countries and the Netherlands. In three countries, social housing increases household income by more than 1%, namely in the Czech Republic (1.2%), in Ireland (1.6%) and in the United Kingdom (2.5%) compared to an average of 0.4%.	10	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	db5f25fd811ec505a6487b9ca1d1897e	In general, the highest biomass and litter production of boreal forests are in Norway spruce dominated stands, where also soil carbon stock are highest. The most fundamental effect, however, comes with the removal of biomass from the forest. This directly reduces the carbon stocks represented by the tree biomass, and its wider effects on the global climate will depend on how this harvested biomass is used.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5085bf5a-en	db5fb32cbad0993b82ca58f3da36a8bf	Since the mid-1990s, the proportion of Governments that viewed adolescent fertility as a major concern has risen steadily in all major world regions, except in Northern America. Such programmes also include innovative educational approaches, including peer counselling for young people and orientation for parents, as well as strengthening education on reproductive and sexual health in non-formal settings, vocational training programmes and youth clubs (United Nations Population Fund, 2007). In 2013, 94 per cent of Governments in less developed regions had policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility, compared with 77 per cent of Governments in more developed regions. All Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America and Oceania, and all but one Government in Africa, had policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility in 2013; whereas 23 per cent of Governments in Europe and 19 per cent in Asia did not have such policies or programmes.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-18-en	db6160a4e310f7a83ee078ce9ce22cff	The above provisions are stricter than the respective Community legislation. There is also a system of limited entry for sea bass and Gilthead sea bream in order to control their reproduction. No new licenses have been issued since August 1994. A limited entry of new licenses is in place for some Mediterranean species such as common sea bream, sharpsnout sea bream, white sea bream, red porgy and common dentex.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	db632b4030b81a0340d0785894502718	Following adoption of the relevant legislation, five new River Basin District Administrations (ARHs) were created in 2007 as the main bodies responsible for water resources planning and the development of River Basin Management Plans (PBHs). These Plans, yet to be finalised, will replace the River Basin Plans of 2000/01 and are expected to provide a better instrument for managing and protecting surface and groundwater resources. Important linkages are expected to be made with plans for the management of coastal areas. However, they have not been applied because of difficulties with the registration of water users.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	db6497a61b802d27d63e2c169abdf925	The premise is that the aid effectiveness principles of country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability can drive effective climate finance on the expectation that effective outcomes can be enabled through effective national and international processes. Some developing countries have however indicated that climate finance has “ignored” the aid effectiveness principles (Ma, 2013) or remains donor-driven (e.g. Nelson 2013; Norrington-Davies, 2011). Others cite poor access, lack of readiness and the inability to track climate-related results through country systems as barriers to applying the aid effectiveness principles to climate finance in practice (Zou and Ockenden, 2013).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	db64d21a8563627c2445639b6e5671ff	Audit regulations are also in place. Both ANEP’s internal audit and the external control by the Court of Auditors have standardised procedures to periodically assess ANEP’s compliance with existing laws and regulations. However, a number of challenges arise in monitoring and making transparent the use of financial resources. First, the analysis of the impact of financial resources on educational achievement (or education objectives) is not common with audits mostly concentrating on compliance with existing laws and regulations.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	db65d07cab9c3543543f1dad81b818c1	Taking Stock of In-work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper, No. Comparing the Wage Penalty for Fixed-term Contracts in Germany and Spain using Quantile Regression”, Labour, Vol. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-cn. Org/l 0.1787/eco studies-v2000-2-en. A Quantile Treatment Effect Analysis for Europe”, mimeo. A Multi-State Model of Low Pay Dynamics”, IZA Discussion Paper, No.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	db66b4c7536292ddfec413904d3a74c0	Mexico’s 1971 Agrarian Law granted women the same land rights as men, and consequently they were granted a voice and vote in domestic decision-making bodies. Available from www.fao.org/ gender/landrights/report/en/ (accessed 23 July 2013). In Zambia, the draft national land administration and management policy seeks to implement at least 30 per cent landownership for women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	db67ffcef9222686a130b535e957211d	In Germany OSH provisions vary from one local authority to another -games, homework, educational and sports activities, etc. Local authorities determine how much they fund and how much families pay. In recent years the share of children enrolled in OSH care has increased in recent years (DIPF, 2014, p. 79)8 and co-operations between different stakeholders have deepened (also see examples below).	5	3	0	1.0
10.14217/5k3w8fb9p9hh-en	db6b2d432a20b5e8b024b218313147f2	There have been dramatic changes and losses in fundamental species such as phytoplankton and krill, changes in the growing season, and population distributions of commercial species are already changing in some ocean regions, driving dependent extractive industries to adapt. Ocean chemistry is also changing, and at a rate faster than at any other time over the past 55 million years. As the seas absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, lower pH levels - ocean acidification - are expected to retard rates of shell formation and growth.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-7-en	db6c38311fff179db7d306ef2f7d9824	These circumstances have arisen despite a generally positive consumer attitude to seafood. The Australian Government remains committed to the development of a national system of MPAs and to achieving a substantial part of that network by 2012. More than 10% of Australia’s marine jurisdiction is already within MPAs.	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	db6ce033b9527c4f52a5ade78baa8ed8	The ratio of poor children to poor adults increased in all of the countries of the region (except El Salvador, where it remained constant), with the greatest increases in Brazil, Panama and Uruguay. Efforts should be made to guarantee the rights of the child and to facilitate children’s access to basic goods and services that households cannot afford to acquire on their own. For each indicator, thresholds were defined for severe and moderate needs. The results indicate that almost half of all children in the region are poor, with at least one of the basic needs being unmet, either moderately or extremely.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264273153-6-en	db6d5c1c909385def68114a351a5ad21	By 2030, when most major countries will have middle aged or elderly workforces, India’s will still be young. Around 36% of the Indian population in 2011-12 was 17 years or younger and around 13% was between 18 and 24 years (Table 3.3). The informal economy also accounted for nearly half of the employment for those between 18 and 24.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	db6e0c40b4d8c538f0cce5d3e1260563	Fiscal management requires judicious policy actions moving forward. The budget deficit has been persistently high the last few years, resulting in a marked rise in the government debt-to-GDP ratio. While the imposition of appropriate spending restrictions is helpful, the falling revenue-to-GDP ratio needs attention. Furthermore, sustaining growth requires the leveraging of economic gains from electricity and mining production and from infrastructure projects (e.g. the railway from Lao PDR to China) to develop other industries. For instance, agriculture could use additional investment to enhance its climate resilience, operational efficiency and productivity. Despite the movement of labour to other sectors over the years, agriculture still accounts for more than 60% of total employment.	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	db71fe741912be67568f82e6a65a9652	The internal market is small and there are no government policies to buffer or stabilise domestic prices. Farm prices in New Zealand are therefore largely determined by world market prices and fluctuations in shipping costs (basis), and the volatility of domestic prices derives from two principal sources: fluctuations in international commodity prices and variability in the value of the New Zealand dollar. Share of exported output of key Figure 3. One can see that payouts to dairy farmers are constantly adjusted to follow changes in export prices. Some analysts suggest there is significant co-variation between commodity prices and the exchange rate in New Zealand.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	db72ac7fec5d758246c9834928fd756c	Administrative hurdles are a prevailing issue in several ASEAN member states. In Viet Nam, investors are required to negotiate individual power purchasing agreements (PPA) with EVN, which has proved to be time consuming. Furthermore, the overlap of government bodies regulating the renewables industry and the lack of legislative guidance are hampering renewable energy investment in Viet Nam.	7	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a81ec314-en	db73ff7ada205248fe08016b8a83ba26	Hie present report gives an overview of progress and some of the remaining challenges under each of the three pillars. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines extended electricity service to between five and nine million people. Countries of the region arc working to bring electricity to their growing populations in order to support social development and economic growth. In recent years countries have established clear policy targets that arc increasingly backed by supportive programmes and economic measures. During the period 2012-2014, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Marshall Islands and Nepal reported some of the region’s most rapid progress in raising their electrification rates.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/18db943d-en	db75e9dea5d936d0ce1a02adafb5e5ef	It can thus remain isolated from policy and decision-making in other areas, even in disaster management. As a result, there is often limited contact between forecasters and disaster managers, and various sectors of the economy make limited use of the existing warning and risk information. Asia-Pacific countries have therefore developed regional cooperation mechanisms, notably for tsunamis and tropical cyclones.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/11e28764-en	db7633f16b35bc77524db6370d278c08	Within food-scarce households, women and men typically use different strategies to cope with food insecurity. Such approaches can reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture, promote participation and decision-making by women and men, and so contribute to both food security and food sovereignty. The gender gap exists for many assets, inputs and services, including land, livestock, labour, education, extension and financial services, and technology.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	db76365cb943f9502811a0053d950901	Different technologies have different costs, as well as different emission coefficients. Under the assumption of a fixed level of output, different technologies are then associated with percentage reductions in emissions. Thus one obtains step functions which fall towards the right, as emissions reductions are plotted from 100 to zero.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	db766d9f46612e385f6436862096114b	Moreover, we demonstrate that aside from the ease of comparison with OECD country experiences, using a poverty line set at a proportion of the median has additional appeal to national debates on poverty measurement. Section IV compares the proposal with alternative approaches for comparative or global poverty analysis. Section V contrasts the evolution of relative poverty in Brazil, China and the United States to show the relevance of relative poverty measures across levels of development.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	db7812154a0971bc317a65b73db1330b	Engineering services are particularly relevant to climate change technology (OECD, 2015c). Of particular concern is the recent prevalence of local-content requirements (LCRs) in the wind and solar energy sectors (OECD, 2015c). Some countries have also designed LCRs as eligibility criteria for direct financial transfers such as subsidised loans and loan guarantees from government agencies and national development banks, such as in Brazil.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	db7d5f2a157764206570ca16a8134231	Nonetheless, given the timeframes involved in constructing nuclear power plants (there is no planning yet) and the difficulties in setting up large-scale hydroelectric plants in Mexico, nearly all of the investment needed to reach this level will come from non-conventional renewable energy sources. This provides the opportunity to consume electricity generated with renewable sources, for which a higher price is normally paid. Worldwide there are over 6 million customers with these systems, of whom 2.6 million are in Germany.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	db7e5d7aefecfc3514acfcce278f8aba	Examples are long acceleration lanes on motorways and large stopping sight distances at intersections, increased letter-height and retro-reflectivity of street name signs, etc. For intersections with traffic lights, errors in giving way and any resulting crashes can be prevented by a regulation that does not allow traffic that can collide to have green light simultaneously. Roundabouts have the required qualities for older drivers: e.g., left turns are eliminated, fewer decisions have to be made because of one-way traffic and yield-at-enter, lower speeds allow for more time to decide and act (Staplin et al., They reduce crash numbers and, as a result of lower speeds, crash severity.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	db8073d71778b6fed22b22cd3552a217	Better co-ordination between care providers is seen as desirable because it can improve patient care and outcomes, and/or because better co-ordination can help to generate efficiency gains and overall cost savings. This review shows how payment is used to encourage greater co-ordination and integration of care across different levels of care in France and in Germany. They were made available to three different types of multidisciplinary primary care facilities: “maisons de sante” (multi-professional medical home), “poles de sante” (multi-professional medical facilities) and “centres de sante” (traditional health centre) aiming to enhance the organisation of care and providing new services to patients, and give a financial incentive for collaborative working structures. Centres de sante have been in operation for decades and mainly serve under-privileged urban areas.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	db83a135818d498483cb592c8956ec81	For accidents at crossroads, two types of accidents stand out: collisions between motorised vehicles directly on the crossroad (22.5% of total accident costs) and accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles in the vicinity of crossroads (5.6%). Accidents involving collisions between cars and jaywalkers, who cross the road on straight segments without pedestrian crossings account for the highest cost among pedestrian accidents (8.0%). Accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles also create high costs at pedestrian crossings (5.0%).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	db83b0f09350cbdf4407a08f26bd388d	Finally, it is important to continue building regional-level capacity in planning, ensuring that the links between ERD and PROT are clearly understood and implemented. For example, PROT have not yet substituted Regional Plans for Urban Development (PRDU). As mentioned, only 3 regions have operative PRDU and 11 have a PRDU in the pipeline.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	db873c93820fdc454bf61cdf650d9775	This instability affects indigenous peoples in a number of ways especially where there is high proportion of female lone-parent families with low incomes. These families often face many challenges in their efforts to deal with urban living. Other marginalized indigenous groups also suffer poor health and social exclusion and/or exploitation such as women, elders, youth, two-spirited people, : and persons with disabilities.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	db891fbf829fe83c0db61f4c07496be0	In charge of public budget planning and allocation for different sectors. It takes the leading role in co-ordinating with donors and other relevant agencies and NGOs in preparing, appraising and negotiating ODA and FDI projects and programmes in Vietnam's ARD Sector. It also contains the SPS Office. Ensures the legality of policies developed by other MARD departments before issuing. Steers and guides on organisation and professional processes of administrative and specialised inspections.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	db8e2c02d27144d20dc0fd5fecd3ba6c	As can be seen in Figure 8, young women enter the labour market at lower rates than males. From ages 35 to 54, however, women’s participation undergoes a drop that is not seen in male participation rates. One possible explanation for this trend is that women tend to withdraw from the labour market upon getting married and having children, without re-entering the workforce afterward.	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	db8f6614df40da390678dba345ef02f0	For example, Orange and Maroc Telecom have been active in extending cross-border connectivity to their subsidiaries across Africa. These independent companies provide wholesale open access to their networks and since they typically do not have retail operations, have little incentive to charge significantly above cost prices. Phase 3 collaborated with ECOWAS as part of the Intelcom II initiative.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	db90b951f86266ada92ac9584dd1e4af	Starting from RPSNP IV (2016-20), the GoE has contributed to the financing of the programme through the federal budget. The World Bank pledged USD 600 million while the GoE was to be the next largest provider of funds, contributing USD 500 million, and other bilateral and multilateral institutions pledged to finance the balance. The GoE provided ETB 300 million in 2015-16 and its contribution increased to ETB 1.5 billion in 2016/17. It should be noted that the majority of donor support for the RPSNP is in the form of loans whose repayment will be borne by Ethiopian taxpayers in the future. The average contribution of all regions between 2012/13 and 2016/17 was ETB 8.1 million. Amhara region made the largest contribution.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	db916dfdb89617cfe2a035658a6634ec	In order to meet this deficit, ESCWA member countries can manage their existing water resources more efficiently through demand side management tools or by increasing their supply of freshwater through the development of conventional and non-conventional water resources. A combination of both water supply and demand side options is often pursued in order to fill the gap in the water balance. The renewable amount of freshwater is the volume of water that is replenished on a yearly basis, and of both surface water and groundwater that is recharged. Non-renewable sources of water include non-renewable groundwater (fossil aquifers) and groundwater that is withdrawn at rates faster than recharge (overdraft).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	db91b582e79703391a20d54c630c583b	While Israel and Singapore did not quantify the finance provided, Korea reported providing USD 186.24 million of climate finance in 2013. Separately, in the CRS database, Korea has reported providing USD 224 million, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) USD 257 million, in climaterelevant ODA in 2014. Several developing countries have also provided or pledged multilateral support via contributions to the GCF and the GEF.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	db975d7f03a0767d2b27d39b981a3818	A PERPRES is issued to implement a higher legislation, i.e. it relates to matters stipulated by a Law or a PP. Regulations to implement Laws and PPs can also be issued by Ministers (Peraturan Menteri, PERMEN) and heads of departments (Peraturan Direktur Jendera 1, PERDJ). Regulations are a relatively new legislative term in Indonesia, introduced by Law 10/2004.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	db9c309e21c5f827d7769e555a3f2514	"School leaders are asked lo be more open to, and lo co-operate with, local community organisations, such as sport clubs, cultural centres and other associations. For example, schools can co-operate with local sports clubs to teach English or maths through physical exercise. In 2014, the government allocated funding to 15 schools, for the academic year 2015/16, to experiment with outdoor education and demonstrate how it could work. In 2014, the Danish government developed a booklet on the ""grey zone"" of language that can be used by volunteers working in homework cafes, a well-developed system of places, often libraries, where students can go after school to receive help on their homework."	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/b0fbc7f3-en	dba1996bc5408862bef3a481aa7091e7	In Ethiopia, the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2010 was 1% per year (1,530 square kilometres). The trend changed in Kenya in 2000 and in Ethiopia in 2010 when larger afforestation efforts began (Figure 10 and 11). The Kenyan reforestation programme started way back in 1996 with the development ofthe Kenya forest master plan (Luukkanen, 1996). It proposed urgent studies on new patterns of forestry administration which would put an end to deforestation and improve forest management in Kenya.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	dba26fea672ecd9e8449cea4fd0b8dc8	"Measuring child food insecurity requires accurate, reliable, and complete information from children themselves. Children have the most complete knowledge about their own lives and experiences [60, 61], and child self-report is widely seen as the ""gold standard"" for assessing children's internal experiences such as quality of life [60], exposure to domestic violence [62], and pain [60]. Although children are the only accurate reporters of their food insecurity, it is important to note that what they are reporting - child food insecurity - may be substantively different to adult and household food insecurity. Adult food insecurity has been shown to have four core domains: compromises in the quantity and quality of food, and psychological and social strains related to food hardships."	2	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	dba718a4d9f9b5d28e2cf0c7b92823d2	Measures can be implemented to support female candidates - such as training, technical and financial support - and to encourage female parliamentarians to participate in defence and security committees. Initiatives that build the capacity and legitimacy of women's or gender caucuses within parliament can help to link debates on gender and security issues. Women's organisations can be useful partners for security system institutions and oversight bodies - see 3.5.	5	1	7	0.75
10.1787/eag-2016-2-en	dba75e29592d33b868ab41803536d8c1	For lower middle-income countries, potential economic gains from ensuring that all 15-year-olds attain at least the PISA baseline level of proficiency in reading, mathematics and science are estimated at 13 times their current GDP; on average, 28% higher GDP over the next 80 years. For upper middle-income countries, which generally show better learning outcomes, the gains would average 16% higher GDP over the same period. In other words, the gains from tackling low performance not only dwarf any conceivable cost of improvement - but also improve people’s well-being and stimulate economic growth.	4	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	dba7650141f1e1600c81931a31d1838c	National report of Ethiopia to Rio 2012. Grasslands of the World, FAO, Rome. Climate change and the Ethiopian economy: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Discussion Paper Series EfD DP 11-09, Environment for Development. Economic Reforms and Soil Degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Micro CGE Model with Transaction Costs, Department of Economics and Social Sciences. World Economic Outlook 2012, IMF, Washington DC.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/01772a94-en	dba84b04bdf0f7f0a21f3cf21bc7d6f8	For the deprivation rates by indicator, see Annex 3 which provides further details on the drivers of deprivation per dimension. In the case of CC-MODA, four indicators are at an individual level allowing for analysis by gender.7 When looking at the children of all thirty countries jointly, some gender differences are observed (although there are some variations across countries). With regards to schooling indicators for older children, the percentage of children not attending school at compulsory school age is significantly higher among girls, while the percentage of adolescents without primary education is equally high for both boys and girls and the difference is statistically insignificant (at a 95% level).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	dbab53bd9f0c621628915f685b741bdf	It would be preferable to use other measures to strengthen rural areas, such as investments in infrastructure and education. Joining the EU means that Iceland would participate in the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The EU has generally not succeeded in setting TACs at sustainable levels and faces huge challenges with regards to economic efficiency (See OECD, 2010, Commission of the European Communities, 2009).	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	dbae08425f3dce3722277951d34d9a1b	In particular, where it is felt dial farm households’ incomes need to be supported, measures that target families - as are used in social policies for other sectors of the economy - rather than policies tied to agricultural land (which are still the basis of most “decoupled” payments) should be used (OECD, 2003a). Hence, a blueprint for a synthetic new agricultural policy w'ould not include “decoupled” payments. Decoupling is, therefore, an alternative to removing past price support without providing any accompanying assistance to farmers: it is not a policy instrument to be introduced in the first place.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	dbb20d86eccbc278c19cb465df7d7269	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Climate change adaptation is a newly emerging policy area that has recently moved into the implementation phase. This chapter outlines the challenges posed to Austria by current and future climatic conditions.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	dbb4c99b16aed0eab974118316075c1a	The last section reviews vulnerabilities in the BRIICS countries. The vulnerabilities of health care systems can be analysed based on the trade-off between these two dimensions (Figure 1). The trade-off can be eased or even be overcome through efficiency gains, policy reforms and technological changes. Economic sustainability refers to the balance between spending and revenues.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	dbb87aafc1d34643798f50c97d99a5af	Voluntary health insurance has a small but rapidly increasing role in funding health. For a long time, there has been a substantial shift of resources and activities from inpatient to outpatient (or ambulatory) care, although strengthening primary care remains a challenge. Swedish life expectancy is 1.6 years longer than the EU average and is the fifth highest across the EU.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/84fc8700-en	dbba5ddfe4a0a4ba4f1081fac51cdf32	Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labourforce participation and political participation. This is one more way of improving the bargaining position of women in society. In fact, family planning programmes and declines in fertility have their maximum impact in societies that are making complementary investments in increasing female schooling, expanding labour market opportunities, and experiencing economic changes that fundamentally change the cost-benefit tradeoff of high fertility.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	dbbf4af14bf4ac7acf638fe1ec88bfed	Meanwhile, the poverty rate soared from 43 per cent to 64 per cent, affecting 4 million people. Data may also need to be better disaggregated to capture inequalities across all parameters relevant to a given country, nationally or subnationally. It is not enough, for instance, to know how many people have access to contraceptives.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	dbc0bdb6a41fda700defaf63cc67b48c	This contrasts with other models that do not explicitly include technological change. Administration and infrastructure costs that may be needed to meet projected health care demand are not included. Similarly, the model does not consider the impact of national income or health-care budgets on demand for health-care services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	dbc1a0fe5596d0cf1bd4d5e0a159093c	Some countries, such as Afghanistan (27.7 per cent), the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (25.0 per cent), Australia (24.7 per cent), Viet Nam (24.4 per cent) and Kazakhstan (24.3 per cent), arc approaching the target. This is partly a result of quotas and reserved seats for women in parliament. Women’s representation in the Pacific lags significantly behind both other Asian and Pacific subregions and the world average.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	dbc2839e8dd466e48877b7c7112260b5	Finally, the proportion of threatened plants is high (from 42% to 55%) in aquatic habitats, along watercourses and ponds, in wetlands and grasslands, and on meadows and dry moors (Table 4.2). Of these, eight are “priority habitats” that are under threat. They include certain types of dry meadows, alluvial forests and ravine forests.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/93b802f6-en	dbc3ed263909e06ed1e59386c061d05d	This is evidenced in the ‘Women, Business and the Law 2016’ report (World Bank, 2015), which finds that 90% of the 173 economies surveyed had at least one law impeding women's economic opportunities. In economies with legal differentiations, survey respondents at fi rms owned or managed by women report paying more bribes. This suggests that a lack of legal parity creates additional business costs for women. This inequality begins with inheritance rights. According to the report’s data, in 33 out of 173 countries sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents; 18 of those countries are in the MENA region.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-23-en	dbc41343522ea674d19fcca10560d168	Despite enshrining the principles of non-discrimination and equality between men and women in constitutions and labour legislation, gender inequalities in the broader legislative framework and in practice continue to affect women’s effective access to employment and career development. Furthermore, some sectors where women account for the majority of the workforce are not regulated or protected by labour law provisions. But challenges remain in ensuring that women enjoy equal opportunity to participate in and influence decision making in parliaments, governments and local councils.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-7-en	dbc6930e3e66b08e048d650d370f8f09	Efforts have been made to link these schemes with markets for recovered and recycled materials. However, municipal waste generation has continued to increase, though not as fast as economic growth and private consumption. Tariffs for municipal waste collection have been applied in some municipalities, but they often do not provide strong incentives for waste reduction.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrnzm39w45l-en	dbc7175945a31b5a0d80e7c16f60bf9e	As part of school staff, learning support staff can have an important role in improving teaching effectiveness by supporting teachers and providing children with additional support. The perspective of the paper is twofold: to analyse learning support staff as a resource in itself; and to analyse how learning support staff affect teachers’ use of time and impact on student achievement. The paper describes countries’ current approaches to the use of learning support staff, including the way their role and responsibilities are defined.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	dbca7d9b4359f62ac6583314f4e2a66a	The “Pathways to Work” scheme, which is available to all claimants of incapacity benefit and has the aim of helping claimants return to work, was introduced in 2004 by the previous government, under the Labour Party. This scheme established teams of personal advisers who focused solely on incapacity benefit recipients, as well as mandatory monthly work-focused meetings, a voluntary choices project that included Condition Management Programmes (cognitive education programmes to help clients manage their conditions in a working environment) and financial incentives. By 2008, the programme, which was provided by a mixture of private and voluntary providers (60%) and Jobcentre Plus (40%), covered all of England.	3	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99aadf34-en	dbcbb54d467551cfb8c0ad53d6b37fb1	The country's exposure to economic vulnerability remains high due to overdependence on primary products. About 80 per cent of the Lao People's Democratic Republic's exports are primary products, with labour-intensive clothing and footwear manufacturing accounting for only 13 per cent of total exports. Three countries - Thailand, China and Viet Nam - absorb close to 70 per cent of the Lao People's Democratic Republic's exports. The country's narrow export base and high susceptibility to natural disasters also contribute to high economic vulnerability.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60a8d482-en	dbcccd321ed111e434b4459b0a70f683	Nor does it automatically lead to women's empowerment or protect them from economic dependence. To guarantee women's right to an adequate standard of living, employment policies aimed at the generation and regulation of decent work have to be accompanied by social protection and social services that provide income security and enable people to live their lives in dignity. The SPF proposes a nationally defined set of minimum guarantees, including basic income security for children, working-age adults, older people and people with disabilities, as well as basic social services for all.4 This initiative holds significant promise for women, who are over-represented among those excluded from existing social protection schemes. On the one hand, informal networks rely heavily on women's unpaid care and domestic work. On the other hand, women's own needs for support are rarely adequately acknowledged and addressed due to prevailing social norms and gender power relations. Examples abound of gender gaps in access to state-run social protection schemes and gender-biased delivery of social services.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	dbd1889ee4d721a03cb26555e21d2754	A comprehensive review of the TWM Strategy is being carried out to ensure sustainable use of water resources and timely introduction of new initiatives to strengthen resilience and preparedness against uncertainties and challenges. More information available at The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2008), Total Water Management in Hong Kong, available at: http://vvww.\vsd.eov.hk/filcmanai!cr/cii/sharc/Ddf/TWM.pdf and PUB (n.d), Singapore’s National Water Agency website, http:/Avww.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx. ( Cities are not isolated and need to implement win-win approaches with surrounding areas to manage interdependences; they have to enhance the buy-in, trust and confidence by engaging stakeholders and to favour policy complementarities and avoid silos to reap the benefits of integrated urban water management.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	dbd52a75c7f1c41793f55652428aaf4c	For example, they can be aimed at building international connections to facilitate exporting, or connecting with potential clients or suppliers. While face-to-face interactions are always the most effective, the creation of online entrepreneurial networks can be an effective complementary initiative (OECD/EU, 2016). To support SMEs in finding and recruiting highly skilled human capital able to manage and implement in-house innovation processes, the H2020 SME Innovation Associate programme, implemented in EU member states and other Horizon 2020 associated countries, provides grants to SMEs to cover the costs of employing a foreign post-doctoral researcher for up to one year (including salary and travel expenses).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	dbd8f5e55ae4f1e7fe827829ffabe9b4	While the social and economic prerogatives of the Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) and the spatial focus of the AOMP should work in tandem, in reality, spatial master plans frequently lack considerations for social and economic questions, and investment plans based on SEDS typically do not consider their spatial implications. This lack of co-ordination between sectoral policies manifests itself even simply in the duration of the respective plans. For example, some sectoral master plans and transport plans have a longer duration than the SEDS, and therefore frequently are not reflecting the up-to-date socio-economic policy objectives of the country. The current framework, despite its considerable scope (e.g., laws, plans, strategies and programmes), is not performing as effectively as it should, due to a lack of clear hierarchical alignment among the networks of laws, government decrees and other policy documents.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	dbdcaf7e8a693a0b9401805d07021e03	Even though assumptions on GDP, population and energy-prices used here are slightly different, the results of the current study are within this range. Differences between production costs for ethanol and gasoline prices in 2007 are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU, while the production costs for biodiesel are calculated to be almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries. Most of the increase however already took place.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	dbe1676b5084fb28024be5e442c43d3b	Such policy strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how' the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how' the health system information infrastructure is set up. Some of these policy alternatives are identified in the light of international experiences in the OECD and elsewhere, and their feasibility assessed specifically in the Colombian context. Section 2.3 presents issues around qualify of health care provision, whilst Section 2.4 deals w-ith heightened concerns in Colombia about the health system’s financial sustainability.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f7cce716-en	dbe28304e9b71d721b59de183951b62a	Consequently, they can be used as an effective social protection instrument to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable households, consisting of one or more older people or persons with different capacities (Bene and others, 2014). Accordingly, non-contributory pensions would be a valid mechanism for special cash transfers targeting older adults in situations of poverty and vulnerability. This is a housing assistance subsidy, consisting of a transfer of US$ 2,360 to buy materials to repair the property; and, in the case of a disaster officially declared by the government, it amounts to roughly US$ 3,150 (Reyes and Bronfman, 2013).	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	dbe4b95f3283dfc57c7fd8f84d54defb	Additionally, the recent strategy Educate for a New Citizenship (Educar para una Nueva Ciudadania) aims to ensure that key competences (e.g. sustainable development, digitalisation, global and local citizenship) are transversally addressed across all subjects of the curriculum. However, it is also highly ambitious in the context of Costa Rica’s school system. The full curriculum can only be applied in schools which are open for a full day; teachers have received little training to change their teaching style or leam how to assess competences so far; and limited teaching and learning resources have been provided to help them in these tasks (see Chapter 4).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/9fd805e3-en	dbe53e7184e1b451f3e9fc7585ab8318	The important aspect is that the mode cannot be perceived as inferior compared to car, since in that case the downward move would not be achieved or it would be negligible only. A research10 about Australian, European and North American cities on congestion relief from high quality public transport suggests that it is valued at an average of $0.45 (Aus$2008) per marginal public transport-vehicle km of travel, if both travel time and vehicle operating costs are considered. The relief can span however from $0,044 to $ 1.51 with higher values for urban areas or rather urban traffic corridors with greater degrees of traffic congestion. Furthermore, the combined benefits of rail and bus transport significantly exceed total public transport subsidies. Overall, if these passengers were not transported by public transportation systems they would have contributed an additional delay of almost 865 million hours or about a 15 per cent increase in the total delay.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	dbe8ed366194aca0ec1dd9f50cc02fd5	This percentage was similar to that recorded in 2013 and means that at least 133 million workers were informal in 2015. As the slowdown in regional economic growth has persisted (and some economies have actually shrunk), it is highly likely that informal employment has spread further in 2016. The latter have few workers, little capital and a small scale of operations, which makes it difficult for them to achieve an adequate level of productivity and sufficient production volumes.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289346627-15-en	dbe91efd0a309cb728da548fe685a829	The more promising CO2 reduction potentials range from about 60-80%, but the mitigation benefit could well change significantly if LUC and ILUC scenarios relevant for an actual feedstock cultivation scheme are applied. Any climate mitigation benefit for a pathway may be fully offset, e.g. if land of high carbon stock is converted for feedstock cultivation (SWAFEA, 2011), as is for instance seen in the Partner 2010 study, where rapeseed oil HEFA has a 37% reduction without LUC effects, but a 12% increase for the considered LUC scenario. For other types of feedstock the LUC impacts can be even more pronounced, as demonstrated in the Partner 2010 study, where a considered scenario for palm oil (not listed in table) resulted in GHG emissions more than seven times higher than conventional jet fuel.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	dbeb3b932f6ebc7efd312af6a0e8e4cd	The conventional view is insufficient and potentially misleading because it decontextualizes poverty and obscures its origins and mechanisms of reproduction over time and across countries and regions. In minimally complex market economies, exclusion from local or international markets is normally not the cause but, rather, a consequence of poverty. In these economies, poverty tends to be created by the manner in which specific social groups are integrated into the dominant mode of social and economic reproduction.80 It is their modalities of economic and social integration that impose upon the poor highly exploitative labour regimes, including badly paid wage labour, precarious commodity production, insecure self-employment and, potentially, degrading forms of labour, such as child labour. In turn, these labour regimes are associated with low productivity, low incomes and precarious living standards.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	dbec1ade46defd3f5159497874fcf47f	All necessary functions around patient safety, such as development, standard setting, monitoring and control and support for safety improvements in practice, are in place in Denmark. Formally however, all Israeli hospitals are expected to collect information on infections, and report this to the Ministry of Health. The Ministiy is responsible for analysing data to then develop prevention or improvement plans. This information is provided to the public in yearly summaty reports without disclosing hospital identity.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	dbece9fbd86d855ca4c381bc7b2156ab	"This sum, it was stressed, was only for subsistence and allowed nothing for the ""cheering luxuries which gladden life. Published in 1901, Rowntree's 'poverty line' (he was the first to use the phrase) claimed to be ""the first attempt to fix a poverty line on scientific lines."" Surveying living conditions among 10,000 working class families in the city of York, he proposed a minimum income level to ensure ""adequate nutrition and other essentials ""6 Rowntree proceeded to divide those judged 'poor' (about 25%) into two groups. The first group he defined as living in 'primary poverty' because they simply did not have enough income to meet their basic needs. Those in 'secondary poverty', on the other hand, were failing to meet their needs not because their incomes were too low but because they spent money on non-essential items (beer and tobacco being judged particularly non-essential)."	1	0	3	1.0
10.6027/4a27e063-en	dbedd812d88df11e4656555be8f464d8	The landing obligation means that catches must be processed in land. The catches that are not landed locally on Greenland are, most often, the most profitable seen from a company perspective. The ITQ system which has created significant wealth and concentration of ownership has also been met with some public critique and has been subject to a resource rent taxation since its introduction.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	dbee0ec11f7309f5f35144a2d70e2106	First, concerns about the physical decline of aquifer systems include changes in both groundwater quantity and groundwater quality available (including salinity), as well as the potential for irreversible land subsidence (e.g. Konikow, 2013). Second, interactions between groundwater and surface water systems have also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy. For example, concerns over stream depletion have led to the introduction of regulations on groundwater use in a number of transboundary river basins in the United States, including the Pecos River (between Texas and New Mexico), Arkansas River (Kansas and Colorado), and the Republican River (Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado), as well as in other countries such as the Guadalquivir Basin in Spain. The adverse effects of stream depletion on instream habitat and endangered species have also led to regulatory action, for instance in multiple US states.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	dbef73158356abba6c8e540a705ac8d9	Strategic innovation investment will be taken forward centrally, including support for nationally significant research, demonstration and testing centres. Many low carbon infrastructure projects will cross local enterprise partnership boundaries, for example, grid infrastructure, ports infrastructure (for renewable energy manufacture and deployment) and Carbon Capture and Storage. Where this is the case, particularly where there are large infrastructure issues, these will be best taken forward nationally.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	dbf14acacc5cf8357d5392645053660e	Data collected by the International Transport Forum (ITF) through the Safer City Streets network show pedestrians alone making up 45% of all road fatalities in Lisbon (Santacreu, 2018b). For each barrier a solution is indicated, with descriptions of necessary actions and respective cost estimate. This has enabled accurate cost estimates and integration of necessary actions in several public works that were not accessibility related. It provides predictions based on population density (2011 census) over 2 000 generators of pedestrian traffic (public facilities, public transport stations, etc.)	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	dbf287fa641c6acb1d5f4fd476c61194	For these reasons governments should refrain from over-zoning and constraining the density of urban development, while still providing well-located industrial land and space for streets. Government intervention is also needed to foster social mixing and to reduce barriers between communities, including provision of affordable housing in a range of urban locations. Weak transport connections between industries and workers harm industrial productivity and job seekers.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-29c6f0c2-en	dbf34c9045410ec67e5f1b9805a8f9d6	Security measures (against lightning, flooding, theft, vandalism, and so forth) are to be taken into account and the stations must, of course, be able to withstand severe meteorological conditions. The cost of providing systems capable of operating under all foreseen circumstances at an automatic station is prohibitive; it is essential that, before specifying or designing an observation station, a thorough understanding of the working environment anticipated for the observation station be obtained. At an early stage of planning, there should be a detailed analysis of the relative importance of the meteorological and technical requirements so that sites can be chosen and approved as suitable before significant installation investment is made.	14	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	dbf4afbe91b7dd26c39f2cfcbc60894c	In some situations the regulator can ask to suspend manoeuvring, for example if the physic-chemical characteristics of the core indicate a leak of a fuel element or another malfunction. Load following operation is implicitly permitted by the licenses, and has been practised since many years, in fact from the beginning of operation. License conditions describe the permitted rates of power change, the maximum frequency of power variation and further operational details. Requirements due to “conditions of safe operation’’ give additional constraints on load following operation, i.e. conditions arising from measures on fatigue safety.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	dbf59a09e8f8abe83f92b4abea17ed50	The project was topped up with EUR 9.4 mln. The “top-up” includes geographical extension of the project (including to Transnistria, Gagauzia and Taraclia) and reinforcement of sustainability of the biomass market in Moldova. Under this project, nine priority school and three priority hospital thermal renovation projects were developed to an advanced stage (feasibility study and conceptual design). A further 20 projects were developed to the project fiche stage, and roughly 30 more were identified in the Regional Sector Programmes for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings as priority projects. Of their total cost of EUR 2.7 mln, the EU contribution is EUR 2 mln and the rest is contributed by the communities concerned. The projects will support investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy in five municipalities: the towns of Ungheni, Orhei, Ocnita, Soroca and Cantemir.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309470-en	dbf8a965b6cd5150457ab6a2d724fc40	The new government programme confirms the need to make better use of innovation in the context of grand societal and ecological challenges, and to improve subsequent framework conditions for investing in relevant research. An important instrument in this regard is the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund (KLIEN). The KLIEN was - among other things - designed to increase R&D in sustainable energy technologies.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f29e3817-en	dbf9a20e7dbfac8124698f2fe162af25	In addition, informal recyclers who search the landfills in order to collect recyclable waste jeopardize their own health. Animals that graze on the landfills also absorb pollutants, which are then passed to humans through their milk or meat. All waste exports and imports are controlled in compliance with the Basel Convention system (notification, contract, consent of the State to import).	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	dbff0dfa9ac98e9cc63571f228b5f393	Comparing Approaches to Measure Multidimensional Child Poverty, Innocenti Working Paper2016-29, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Defining and Measuring Poverty and Inequality Post-2015, Journal of International Development, 27(3), 399-414. Using Non-monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe?	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	dbffc996583a690ac9ad01eec4f066ed	The city can experiment with new' technologies at the new' landfill site planned at Gia Minh solid waste treatment complex in Thuy Nguyen district, which is 15 kilometres away from the centre and a part of the project on rain and wastewater drainage and solid waste management. Such efforts can directly improve the economic competitiveness of SMEs. Community-based action has played a key role in reducing the city’s domestic waste by setting up targets and various pilot projects that empowered identifiable groups in waste collection and sorting for recycling. For example, in Cebu, small and medium-scale businesses have identified waste treatment and recycling as a business and located a market for their end products.	11	58	856	0.8730853391684902
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	dc02655257bf68e6cf28d32a5b7e3936	Myanmar's new telecommunication law opened the sector to competition; in Bangladesh, spectrum for 3G was auctioned. Both nations have experienced operators with the resources to undertake the necessary investments amounting to billions of US dollars (Figure 6.4). Norway's Telenor, operating in over a dozen countries in the world, is active in both countries.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	dc03ccca1a1cb195b2763cf1cbba21b4	The overall mission is for the Ghanaian counterpart to understudy the person and learn the skills that the person brings. Which means in the long run we will have new skill set .We will haue Ghanaians performing some of these roles (Administrator, Unique mill). In addition, some problems such as environmental issues are attributed to the activities of foreigners.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179332-16-en	dc09596d0e426ddc3d78c43e6779afff	Alway (2003) showed that the older formulae, which SNC first relied upon, could be altered with no serious social, grant, or regulatory consequences. In fact, the new formulae are more precise in estimating P removed. Therefore, by not updating the formulae, SNC runs the risk of using out-of-date science, to the detriment of the programme.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	dc0cbd60c1e7abcd700903f84acef66f	The Ethiopian experience shows that it is possible to implement a large-scale programme that builds assets even when infrastructure and resources are limited (Berhane etal., The average value of livestock holdings for IGVGD and RMP participants increased by 96 and 108 percent, respectively, compared with the control group; on the other hand, there was no statistically significant increase in the case of FSVGD and FFA participants. Households that received training in and undertook income-generating activities did particularly well.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	dc0de8c88cd1e9c74860260d5a258983	The biased interpretations based on economic and social equilibriums in national accounts impacts the definition of regional food security strategies. The complementary mechanisms proposed here aim to provide additional information for narrowing interpretation bands (Annex B). The settlement matrix provided in this study estimates the size of the informal population and its localisation.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en	dc11c8d23bf353a0901aa013c02241b9	However, Figure 5 also show's dramatic differences in United States income growth rates in the 1940s, and since 1980. Evidently, there can be quite long periods of unbalanced grow'th. In the 1940s, bottom end incomes grew' much more strongly than those at the top end and American income inequality lessened dramatically - but the last thirty years have been dominated by the opposite dynamic. Real income is expressed at 2011 US Dollars. Tax units are families (see source for details).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	dc144a2ec3cc39de5faae9e387c8a003	The total cost of alcohol (€3.7 billion) represented 1.9% of GDP in Ireland in 2007 (Byrne, 2010). Lost labour earnings were found to account for the largest part of the economic costs associated with alcohol abuse in the Unites States (Harwood, 2000). In 2006, lost productivity represented 72.2% of the total economic cost of excessive drinking.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/95417570-en	dc1695499ba8e6251f14e9292ad0f560	Those options include energy efficiency and new approaches to existing sources, as well as the utilization of new energy sources. This is followed by a discussion of the links among energy, growth and development and what is implied by ensuring income and energy convergence while meeting the climate challenge. The following section considers the big investment push onto a low-emissions growth path. Finally, some elements of an integrated strategy combining energy security, energy access, expanded capacity and research and development are proposed.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264075429-11-en	dc175b300b74104ab68861e69a22b9bf	The SC consists of experts from diverse areas (resources, ecology, statistics etc.) It is planned to carry out the operation of the plan by having four zones - East Sea, West Sea, South Sea and Jeju Island and making a committee for each sea zone. The head office will be housed in MIFFAF, and the Federal Fishery Resource Management Committees (FFRMC) attempts to supervise commercial species and migratory species and the Local Fishery Resource Management Committees (LFRMC) supervises the coastal sedentary species.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	dc1e4b9f5c0dfc317d033ca1ef052e3d	There is a risk that education becomes our next steel industry, and schools a relic of the past. But to transform schooling at scale, we need not just a radical, alternative vision of what is possible, but also smart strategies that help make change in education happen. Should they pursue what is most technically feasible?	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	dc1f306f5a9ef6316f51d6b30eef52a7	The main ones are located in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. To improve the rural extension support, especially to those fanners still not linked to the ATER system, the Federal Government created a National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) in 2013. Its role is more oriented to the supply of inputs and technical assistance to the farmers but agricultural research in the private sector is also growing (seeds, equipment, machines, feed, agrochemicals, etc.).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	dc204ecaabcbf6599849093438c7fc77	"From the same date, the Annual Motor Tax for all newly registered cars in Ireland is based on C02 emissions instead of engine size. Also relevant for tourism businesses is the Energy Efficiency Retrofit Fund for the public and business sector, which supports energy efficiency investments in upgrading existing buildings and facilities. Failte Ireland supports the establishment of environmental standards for the various sectors of the tourism industry and publishes an annual guide containing advice regarding auditing, training and accreditation to reduce consumption of energy and water. """	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264088757-11-en	dc222d72b32f0a6f375f3c99e0a5c1e1	Remarkably, the share of spending on repair of buildings has declined from a tiny 2.9% to an even tinier 2.3%, and a similar trend can be observed with the share of spending on equipment, which fell from 4.4% to 0.5%. This calculation is the ratio of total central budget by total number of students financed by State resources. The figures on state-financed students are given in Figure 8.3. According to verbal information shared with the review team by the Planning and Financing Unit of SAPTE, per-capita financing varies according to the area of study, and fluctuates from KGS 12 000 to KGS 15 000.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	dc22cadb905bab784f0e563010906f5f	The lack of a community of actors that are well-connected to one another makes the co-ordination of public policies in the region difficult. This approach is a research tool for the social and economic sciences, a lever of empowerment for local communities and non-governmental organisations and a tool to inform public policies. By mapping kinship, friendship, solidarity or business relationships constraints obscured by the complexity of social relationships are revealed. However, these second-order connections are crucial to understanding the autonomy of individuals in the network.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c1d68ea3-en	dc26ee9baf27b221ee32fd090360c9fe	This section discusses sustainable conservation based on the ecosystem approach as a new paradigm for risk management in fisheries. A significant positive correlation was observed between the Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI) and carrying capacity at the species level. Residual carrying capacity was significantly positively correlated with body size and negatively related to age at maturity in chum salmon (O. keta) as an example of a density-dependent effect (Kaeriyama, 2008). On the other hand, the biomass of wild chum salmon populations in the 1990s decreased to 50 per cent of 1930s levels, despite a significant increase in hatchery populations (Figure 3.4.1).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	dc29454ce2928f294164ce2ec8b38af1	Compared with absolute poverty rates, relative poverty rates vary far less across the Russian Federation from 18% at maximum to 8% at minimum (Denisova, 2011). In 2003, Tatarstan and Samara had slightly above-average levels of relative poverty (15% and 14% respectively), while this was just below 10% in Moscow. By contrast, the absolute and relative poverty rates in Tatarstan as measured by the NOBUS survey, are relatively close.	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/d4f7bb74-en	dc2ab8723494fa721e5f8f6d0c5dda1e	Instead, policies are needed to harness the economic potential of migration and turn it to the benefit of city destinations. Migration can help increase productivity if it is strategically managed and linked to the formal economy. Fostering the inclusion of migrants into the labour market can have positive benefits for both the place of origin and of destination as links are maintained between the two. Support to migrant entrepreneurs aids not only their own socioeconomic integration but also local development.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	dc2ae3b5385eb43715cc2f0909956a0f	Greater use should be made of such approaches to help mainstream biodiversity in economic and sectoral policies (e.g. in agri-environmental schemes, by creating markets for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, introducing tradable fishing quotas, and establishing levies for coastal and marine protection). Policy and institutional co-ordination remains a key challenge. Co-ordination with climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, including possible trade-offs, is of growing importance. Israel has a range of useful educational and public awareness programmes, which should be continued and strengthened.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	dc2cf6ac8d219adf9d938bbabe921f2e	However, there is more that the country can do to strengthen teacher professional development in schools. Other research confirms that teacher professional development is most effective when it is collaborative and embedded in classroom practice (Cole, 2012). Notably, a stronger teacher evaluation system could inform career progression and differentiation in Costa Rica and the allocation of teacher allowances.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	dc2f61c133ee412e074e1bf725900876	The updated NOS and certification will be used by educational and industry partners to provide industry recognised competencies and credentials to students and workers in the tourism sector. In addition, CTHRC will develop and implement a standards-based accreditation process to ensure that tourism educational programmes met industry quality expectations. Related to this work, and to help bring people with the right skills to the tourism sector, the European Commission has identified a detailed list of the specific skills and competences related to the main jobs and qualifications characterising three sub-sectors of the tourism industry, namely adventure, blue and cultural tourism, in order to improve and increase job matching at European level (Box 16).	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	dc346efc8cd88a9f7695995731c6f0b7	But trends in poverty by age have been changing. The OECD (2008) reported that people who have seen the biggest income gains over the last two decades are those around retirement age (55-75), while young people (aged 16-24) and children have seen their relative income decline. As a consequence, the rate of pensioner poverty has fallen, with very large declines in some countries, and is now below the OECD population average. For older pensioners, those aged over 75, the risk of poverty also remains relatively high, at 1.5 times the population average with single older women being particularly at risk.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	dc3730e927621c310d7f80ab6d21449c	Since effective tax rates increase with income, the relative extensive underreporting of higher income earners reduces the progressivity of the tax system (the redistributional effect of under-reporting of low-income groups is minimal given the low effective tax rate they face) (Benedek and Lelkes, 2011). These findings appear to be in line with those for Italy and Hungary (Matsaganis et al., The distributional impact of tax evasion would be even stronger if evasion of other taxes than the personal income tax, and especially, social security contributions, were taken into account. In addition, tax evasion imposes a sizeable fiscal cost, with an estimated shortfall in tax revenue of around 30% (Leventi and Matsaganis, 2013b).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	dc37f47748639792fbd7d0738496bf5d	In couples with a female partner aged 25 to 45 years old and at least one child, women's earnings in Germany account for just below one-quarter of household incomes on averages. Similar patterns can be found in Austria and Switzerland (EUSILC, 2012 and Figure 1.3, Panel B). By contrast, in France, Sweden, and Denmark, female partners contribute over 35% to household income, on average (Chapter 4). Couples with both partners not working are excluded.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	dc382970864305a4c7449892ef0c791a	The global youth population is 1.2 billion (17.6 percent of the total population), and the regions with the highest shares of young people in their population are Sub-Saharan Africa (20.2 percent), the Arab States (19.6 percent) and South Asia (19.6 percent). Recent social upheavals show that a mismatch between increasingly educated young people and employment opportunities can yield alienation and despair. So they are more likely to be unemployed, underemployed or employed on more precarious contracts.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	dc394673dc2d871aabd04a744a8ee094	It also forbids the courts from accepting a disputed marriage or recognising a marriage unless it is confirmed by an official document and if both people are of legal age (see above). As customary marriage is still valid in Egypt, even without a ma ’zoun, the scope of these measures is limited. The same system has been adopted by Kuwait, where the man has to be 17 and the woman 15 (Articles 24, 26 and 92).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/a6267136-en	dc3b6d73253284451159a5e80f17f10d	Building national capacities and international cooperation in these areas will be important. The world needs a big push—one that is public investment-led, based on international development cooperation, and capable of catalysing private sector investment and innovation so as to sustainably transform the energy system. It is recognized that the fulfilment of official development assistance (ODA) commitments is crucial. Innovative financing mechanisms can also make contributions to developing countries in respect of mobilization of additional resources for financing for development.	2	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	dc3c670207b54567e0574f2174eb3700	It has also successfully transposed most of the EU environmental directives into key national laws. This chapter examines Slovenia’s environmental governance, including horizontal and vertical co-ordination, as well as the coherence of the design and implementation of environmental and land use policies. Also analysed are the drivers of improved compliance with environmental requirements and the effectiveness of environmental permitting, enforcement and liability systems. Progress in promoting environmental democracy (through open access to information, improved public participation, education and access to justice) is discussed.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	dc3cd468ab576596d436c128205985c7	In some regions, supplementary questions are asked in addition to core questions. In many countries, the survey is conducted once per year, and fieldwork is generally completed in two to four weeks. Higher values indicate higher level of subjective well-being. Higher values indicate higher inequalities (latest available year).	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	dc3d2c965c783e141780bd542fdfec1c	We would also like to thank Emesto Flores-Rivera (ITSON) who, during his 15-month secondment to the OECD, supported the success of the OECD reviews, while making preparations for the Sonora review. We thank the lead co-ordinator and his team as well as other active local counterparts for this review: Jose Manuel Ochoa-Alcantar, Manuel Ricardo Lugo-Cruz and Haziel Misael Ayala-Cecena from ITSON, Benjamin Burgos-Flores from the University of Sonora (UNISON, Universidad de Sonora), Jose Angel Vera-Noriega from the Centre for Research on Nutrition and Development (CIAD, Centro de Investigation en Alimentation y Desarrollo) and Angel Alberto Valdes-Cuervo, ITSON-CIAD. We also thank the following representatives from the Mixed Funds (Fondo Mixto) of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Cienciay Tecnologia) in the state of Sonora: Juan Alvarez-Lopez, Francisco Javier Cevallos-Rojas and Jose Manuel Zatarain-Dominguez.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1ea53441-en	dc4144e11548a9eb01c13b41c69b3232	In a green economy there may be economic growth if environmental limits considered to be of vital interest are adhered to. Developmental risks associated with its possible one dimensionality, one-size-fits-all reductionism, and new trade restrictions and conditionalities (Khor, 2011) are recognized and should be addressed through international negotiation during and beyond Rio+20. Market mechanisms typically are inadequate as exclusive facilitators in the provision of such goods, or fail through their role in the generation of externalities in terms of social and ecological costs. Unsustainable development may result from an inherent orientation within market forces and market actors towards short-term aspects (like revenues and profits) as opposed to future needs, reinforced by inherent growth impulses. In the absence of standards and regulations that safeguard the continued delivery of the functions of nature, economic growth ignores the constraints inherent in the notion of environmental space. In the field of trade regimes, it needs to be made clear where and how objectives and mechanisms agreed in the setting of Multilateral Environmental Agreements trump traditional notions laid down in current WTO regulations and practices.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	dc46351cd0f7446f9097f18b729ac7d1	There was a delay of at least five years by member states to satisfy the agreed-upon implementation of the ND. Member states needed more coordination amongst each other to improve these networks and to ensure proper monitoring. The action programmes were not introduced all at once, and their development, along with that of good agricultural practices to reduce N pollution, remains at the centre of water management for these countries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	dc4653694987452e39bf29a1470900a4	Effective public investment requires substantial co-ordination across levels of government to bridge information, policy or fiscal gaps that may occur, as well as critical governance capacities at different levels to design and implement public investment projects. An Implementation Toolkit provides guidance with details for all countries (www.oecd.ore/effective-public-investment-toolkit). However, FDI inflows have been lower in the Philippines than in all other countries of the Southeast Asian region.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	dc46898896934978c0176d082d08d2aa	In inner cities, there are limits to the improvements that can be made in the context of streets that are frequently narrow, and the constrained efforts to do so often involve expropriations, evictions, and demolitions that are socially and financially costly. Moreover, even insofar as the goal of allowing more cars in parts of a city is realised through these efforts, the problems of congestion may only be shifted to other parts of the city rather than being resolved in any viable sense. Finally, reliance on the expansion of the road network also raises concerns regarding the ability of the Government of Viet Nam to provide necessary road maintenance in the future.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	dc493504f9ee0cccba2f9b44bc5fef80	This has developed into a separate field of knowledge, which it is crucial that leaders are aware of and that becomes an integral part of the exercise of leadership in academia. The strategy is to concentrate more research resources on large units, programmes and elite environments. In particular, the top-level leadership at the centres of excellence in all of the Nordic countries is highly male dominated (see Table 2).	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	dc4951ce24c274f79347f65c0296aa75	L’ instauration de droits de scolarite universels, parallelement a des prets remboursables en fonction des ressources, pourrait apporter une solution & ces problemes. Ce Document de travail se rapporte a VEtude economique de l'OCDE de la Slovenie 2011 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Slovenie). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. However, the system faces important challenges.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	dc49e7440ff258c2602e85fd1a5b582d	However, the implementation of enquiry-based science teaching is fraught with challenges. For instance, minimally guided discovery', project-based learning, and enquiry learning are sometimes lumped under the same heading even though the level of teacher involvement might differ from one practice to another. This results in the application of blanket criticism of strategies that, in practice, are very different from one another (Hmelo-Silver, Duncan and Chinn, 2007).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	dc4b74ffd9efb640617eac9045bb55c0	The Heroes of the UAE campaign aims to raise awareness of the importance of rationing energy consumption to avoid shortages. It is a national press campaign jointly developed by the Emirates Wildlife Society in association with the Worldwide Fund for Nature (EWS-WWF) and the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, and endorsed by the Ministiy of Energy', the Ministiy of Environment and Water, MASDAR and the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority. Information was made available to everybody to leam more about the problem’s causes and also find out what they can do to help reduce energy consumption The principal features of the website include an animated sequence that explains the present situation in simple, graphic terms, along with a long list of energy saving tips, a calculator that enables households to establish exactly how and where they can make real savings on their consumption, and a unique pledge facility that enables households to positively state their intention to make a difference. The competition aimed to raise awareness among students of the urgent need to conserve energy' and water to mitigate the impact of climate change.	6	2	2	0.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	dc4cf2674af4824166a8e2241c8c10ea	It is a business model aimed at the greatest societal benefits from economic, social and ecological perspectives. It outlines the ideas behind CSF as a business model, and how it was first put into place in the United States. Secondly, we describe how this idea is currently being put into practice in Skane with the innovation project Oresundsfisk, which was originally set up by SEA-U Marine Science Centre in Malmo, an economic association partly funded by the City of Malmo. The case study describes some of the challenges with CSF such as logistics and mobilizing funding.	14	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	dc500e5dc03ac69a00f3fbc6d901a05c	These include the large informal sector of the economies, the significant role of remittances in national income in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova, the 2015 crisis in the Moldovan financial sector, and the increased dependence of Ukraine on international financial institutions. Enhancing macroeconomic stability, supporting further growth and improvement of living standards is a key priority for all EaP countries. The EaP countries continue to make efforts to modernise and diversify their economies, to reform their socio-economic policies and to conform to best policy practices and global standards.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b8259a41-en	dc56ae0d222df5d81a687e9d226c18cf	This indicates that there is also an unmet need for family planning; among the rest of the women, who had sought an induced abortion, 36 per cent of them had not used modern contraceptives. By methods, 49 per cent of the abortion seekers were using the traditional family planning methods in Viet Nam. It seems that the reason behind higher abortion rates, especially in rural areas, is the high desire for a smaller family size and the unavailability of methods with high effectiveness. Also a significant proportion of all ever-married women (36 per cent) could not report the correct fertile period in VNDHS 2002.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/50bcd9fd-en	dc572d586f33ac29b1141ad3c0dabbee	The result of these land-use changes is that significant quantities of C02 stored in the soil are released. Certification systems also emerge to promote sustainability of both first- and second-generation biofuels. A key advantage of second-generation biofuels is that energy yields are much higher, particularly outside the tropical regions.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	dc5970244c8ad183cc6992a2e257d45d	The DESERTEC concept aims to develop 20 GW of renewable energy (mainly solar), with 5 GW to be exported to Europe. Despite the political and economic challenges surrounding regional energy integration, feasibility studies towards this goal are worthwhile. A study by the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development in 2014 included three scenarios for interconnecting electricity and natural gas. '“This study can form the basis for further exploration of such integration.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	dc641918cacb00a710f78d5d7b6c2b31	Hence, federal revenues from irrigation districts were smaller then the costs of operating and maintaining the Central Valley Project. The United States Congress passed the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982, which required the price of irrigation water in all new contracts to fully cover operation and maintenance costs (GAO, 1991). In addition, a 1986 statutory requirement empowered the Secretary of Interior to adjust water prices if the rates were considered too low to allow full recovery of the appropriate share of the project’s capital repayment obligation by 2030.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240407-8-en	dc65b9cb7612c77910acff8f2b2ec5f9	Section 3 investigates strategies to promote quality vocational training including apprenticeships, while Section 4 focuses on the support to at-risk students. For a more detailed description and assessment of the Latvian education system, see OECD (2015e). The national Ministry' of Education and Science (MoES) has a supervisory duty, and, through the subordinated National Centre for Education, sets national educational standards, and determines curricula and examination procedures. It provides the regulatory framework for the provision of vocational education and employs the heads of VET establishments.1 It also maintains the register of occupational standards, and studies the skill demands of the labour market.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	dc671cc515e6cf1da66fe90097f82d5e	The percentage of adults per household has in fact risen by an average of some three percentage points in the countries and periods analysed. This increase, which is equivalent to a decline in the demographic dependency rate, translates into a rise in per capita household income that has indeed been instrumental in bringing down poverty. This change in family structures has been fairly homogeneous across all income groups, however, which explains why it has done so little to reduce the gap between the highest and lowest quintiles.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	dc6cebd0e1725801f558fae454e80538	Land dispossession has also wide implications for drug production and trade and Chinese border stability and has fueled a growing antagonism from communities in Myanmar (Holliday, 2012). Fully transparent and inclusive consultations can reduce tensions and conflicts but also transaction costs and create trust among stakeholders. Experience suggests that chances for success are enhanced if: i) the specific groups likely to be affected by the project are involved in a meaningful way with adequate representation and consultation, including on issues of project design; ii) the selection of project areas builds on participatory land use planning at the local level; and iii) there is continuous dialogue and monitoring to ensure that agreements are enforced (FAO, 2010).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	dc6e10072565e992dd37d6d28fa6152d	Employers may deny requests for compelling business reasons, but must explain refusals. Table 3.2 presents employees’ statutory rights to flexible working arrangements for family reasons in selected OECD countries. Parents should not only be able to reduce their working hours, they should also know that they may resume full-time working hours when their children grow up. A few countries have complemented the right to work part-time with the entitlement to return to full-time work and/or automatically revert to previous hours after a certain specified period (Table 3.2).	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	dc6e8e5c3b67a3bc33fdd6882e6c08bf	Older firms experience significantly faster productivity growth, and both firm size and firm age have a significant negative effect on employment growth. This may reflect a tendency towards greater labour intensity among small firms and younger firms that have not yet attained a minimum scale of efficiency and therefore remain in a process of expansion. Small firms have a significantly higher rate of employment growth than medium-sized and large firms, and firm age again appears to significantly dampen employment growth. However, innovation is positively and significantly associated with productivity growth in manufacturing firms, and with employment growth in the full sample and both subsamples. Access to finance consistently appears to boost employment creation by firms, while manager experience is associated with slightly lower employment growth, except for services firms. The presence of women in senior management is significantly associated with faster productivity growth, overall and in services alone; and exporting is associated with faster employment growth, overall and in manufacturing alone.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	dc6ed1c5716ffac6c5d014860e6c66e3	The park is also home to an agri-food research centre (Centro Ricerche e Studi Agroalimentari, Cersa). In Lombardy, science parks’ co-ordinating function needs also to be enhanced. This can usually be achieved optimally through a coherent institutional approach (see an example in Box 3.12). The situation in this region is similar to Lombardy. Although there is a strong internationalised backbone to the region’s manufacturing economy, there are many underperforming and non-innovative small and medium-sized enterprises.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/469d7fec-en	dc70d5ca8327bd141e9d2174e75f3a82	This means that information currently communicated by countries to the UNFCCC does not represent a complete picture of climate finance mobilised or received. Existing reviews only encompass climate finance provided by Annex II countries. Thus, information on climate finance provided by other developed countries is not reviewed, and neither is information on climate finance mobilised. Information on climate finance, whether provided, mobilised or received, is not currently included in the scope of multilateral assessment or facilitative sharing of views (though finance provided and mobilised will be included “multilateral consideration” under the Paris Agreement). Recent reviews of the second biennial reports (BRs) from Annex I countries indicate that almost half of the 24 Annex II BR2s reviewed provided complete information on climate support. This is a significant improvement from BR1, where information from only four of these countries’ was assessed as complete.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	dc746ed470a83b67fb275c37e0130fa6	Compliance with the more sophisticated standards may in addition require equipment for internal testing and controls, laboratory testing, analysis and certification of products, all of which are in short supply in most developing countries. Lack of testing and inspection services or their concentration in capitals far from the border and food producing areas is an additional cost factor, especially for SMEs. Shortage in required equipment will call for specific investments which introduce a capital-bias into the food processing export sectors of developing countries (Jayasuriya et al.,	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	dc75a897579cf4df3af8c00fb7f61bc8	Its aim is to shift generation of energy from conventional fuels, such as oil and coal, to renewable fuels. A proportion of the revenues under the initiative is earmarked for sustainable energy projects in developing countries. It is currently implementing the project on climate-neutral energy supply for rural areas in India, and a CDM project for local electrification/replacement of fuel generators in villages and small towns in Burkina Faso. Development and deployment of renewables constitute the lion’s share of registered CDM projects (60 per cent as at 1 July 200913). It includes a sizeable number of registered and validated projects involving fuel switching and the deployment of RETs, some of which concern rural communities.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	dc76281d3c44fdb18b4d54b2c59c210a	The project has shown improved test results for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and liver function abnormalities. The service includes programmes that encourage older persons' participation in health promotion activities or reach out to those who are living alone to reduce health-related anxieties and prevent their isolation or neglect. The introduction of a maternity health check-up through video conferencing, which enabled die sharing of data between midwives in Tono City and physicians in other locations, made it possible for pregnant women to receive perinatal services. In 2008, that model was adapted for use in the health management of older persons in Tono City, where diere were few medical facilities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	dc7e5a1552db3829e4281c1243e80f7f	However, military conscription develops vocational skills in engineering and trades for the Jewish population. Legislative changes which occurred in 2002 and 2003 made eligibility for unemployment benefits stricter, particularly during vocational training. The result was a reduction in the scope of training for the unemployed, less participation in vocational training and shorter length of coursers (OECD, 2010a.) Policy maintains clear distinction between the university and college sectors, for example the state funding formulae differ. For both sectors student fees are regulated, uniform and fairly modest. The first universities were established in the 1920s, and the last was set up in the 1970s.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	dc831b9bfcb76b9e17126b37653a27fa	Public transport remains underdeveloped in Malaysia: only 10% of population take public transport, compared to 60% in Singapore. Only 60% of the population resides within 400 metres of a public transport route. In the past, the national policy has increased cars on the road in support of the local car industry.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	dc832778cec996111fcc42b1de3c52d6	Indeed, Tunisia’s employers have frequently complained about their very limited capacity to help shaping the content programmes (Chelbi and Ficatier, 2010). While sporadically employers work with the ministries in charge of VET, there are no systematic consultation mechanisms. For example, some sectoral branches are quite active in the skills system (electricity and electronics, tourism, construction, agriculture and fishery) but elsew'here engagement is w'eak (UTICA, 2012).	4	3	0	1.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	dc839949ab0537a705ff8be19755de30	All profits are reinvested in the association. They wanted to include local coastal fisheries in their agenda and decided upon the CSF business model with inspiration from both the concept of community supported agriculture and CSFs in the USA. They realized that fishers themselves were unlikely to be able to mobilize the initial resources in terms of capital, time and knowledge, so SEA-U took on the role as institutional starter.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	dc8467a6b90fae94983db33e5f37c08b	For example, an evaluation of the financing gap to meet the MDGs and potential ways to bridge was recently conducted in the context of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a multi-donor initiative led by the World Bank. This evaluation showed that whereas middle-income countries in SSA may be able to reduce the financing gap to almost nothing thanks to performance improvements, the financing gap was likely to remain at a very substantial level in fragile states (see Box 3.1). For the water and sanitation sector, the study evaluated the financing gap to reach the MDG target and how such gap could be filled from existing or future sources.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5eb49706-en	dc86358a54495d29dde1964df4d9dc6e	It would appear that the concept of genetic conservation is very much in its infancy, with a corresponding urgent need for more expertise relating to genetic studies, and more knowledge of Morocco’s genetic resources. Such studies are strongly advocated, particularly in the case of endemic/rare/endangered species, and particularly given the current situation, where populations of several such species of conservation interest are rapidly declining. In the case of crop diversity, genetic knowledge could be a very useful tool in the development of varieties that are capable of adapting to conditions of drought and decreased rainfall, which conditions are predicted to become more common in the country in the light of climate change (chapter 7). While it would appear that, on a national level, the characterization of species within a conservation hierarchy (e.g. rare, threatened, endangered, etc.)	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	dc86ee1d89fc69ad63117273329f12be	Clarity factors are expected to facilitate meaningful encoding (e.g. structured outlines of the subject matter), connection to prior knowledge (e.g. through concrete examples or practical applications) and storage in long-term memory in the course of information processing. Clarity in teaching refers to low-inference behaviours such as “uses concrete examples”, “stresses most important points” and “repeats difficult ideas”. Murray found that 18 of the total of 27 observed classroom teaching behaviours correlated significantly with student ratings of overall teaching effectiveness.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	dc87d537c120501d010bada4f60ad71b	Chapter 2 then focuses on the national urban policy frameworks supporting urban development at the local and regional levels. Chapter 3 focuses on Viet Nam’s endeavour to foster green growth in urban areas. Chapter 4 evaluates Viet Nam’s urban governance architecture and institutions. They are subdivided into district-level administrative units, and further into municipalities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	dc88ae77c5bd496b052fc88306af4989	They rely heavily on public programmes, on asset income and dis-saving—net familial support here is minimal as older people are significant net givers of private transfers. Developing countries include Brazil, China, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand. Developed countries include Austria, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Slovenia, Sweden and the United States of America.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/922d178c-en	dc88bd9a4ca5404656ac93ce87fd6ca3	These periods coincide with distinct phases in the population policy and family planning programmes in the Islamic Republic of Iran (see Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2009). There was no active family planning programme before 1985 and fertility was high during this period. The onset of fertility decline began in 1985 and was followed by the introduction of the family planning programme in 1989.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	dc8c248a045672f6bc72db8694e02b18	The vast majority of field engineers who sell, install and maintain SHS in Bangladesh have received a diploma in engineering from the Bangladesh Technical Education Board. These engineers, many of whom are women, also train less educated women on how to construct and repair component parts of solar PV systems, which creates a positive effect cascading down to less educated workers. To aid in this effort, the Government set up the financial institution IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company Limited) in 1997, with financing from the World Bank. To ensure quality standards, these organizations are required to sell components approved by a technical standards committee, including experts from Government, the rural electrical agency and the technical university.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	dc8c56bae3189546d28b4643d3dc5e0c	Some authors have described a third issue involving the off-farm impacts of irrigation and drainage in areas with saline high water tables or seleniferous soils. Many governments restrict the prices farmers receive for their crops or maintain overvalued exchange rates that artificially reduce the prices of imports while increasing the prices of exports. Farmers receiving subsidized irrigation water in those cases might argue that they pay for the water indirectly, as such interventions reduce farm-level revenues.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	dc9085e25f6b8671f23a73422679fb9c	Wood provides more than half of national primary energy supplies in 29 countries, of which 22 are in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, forests supply about 40 percent of global renewable energy in the form of woodfuel - as much as solar, hydroelectric and wind power combined. The wood processing sector has made good progress in increasing the efficiency of wood utilization. Although sawnwood and wood panel production grew by 8.2 percent per year between 2000 and 2015, this required only a 1.9 percent growth in input from industrial roundwood. Meanwhile, per capita consumption of wood-based panels (which are more efficient in terms of wood utilization) grew by 80 percent, while sawnwood consumption remained static. Meanwhile, the share of wood products that FSC and PEFC certify as coming from sustainably-managed forests has also increased, now representing 40 percent of global industrial roundwood production.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283480-en	dc91957b2d49ccf483681586ad48af8d	The prevalence of smoking is more than twice as high among those with the lowest level of education. More dramatically, the level of obesity among the population with the lowest level of education is nearly three times higher than those with the highest level of education. On top of this, CNS is also responsible for the financing of long-term care insurance. The Ministry of Social Security and the Ministry of Health are jointly responsible for health system governance. The Ministry of Health develops health policy and legislation, organises the delivery of care, authorises large hospital investments and directly cofinances public health programmes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	dc91a7cf4245a3262c0f194121f131f7	In fact, a large number of land conflicts have been reported in the media recently, arising not only from the low land registration rates but also from the lack of transparent and fair compensation and expropriation mechanisms. No regulatory framework is in place to support inclusive business partnerships between smallholders and large investors that would help ensure that investments benefit both local communities and agri-business companies. It does not oblige investors to undertake independent social and environmental impact assessments (ESIAs).	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	dc94500eea9e495ed6699743e86ce08b	This is a 6- to 15-month learning system that brings together clinicians, managers and other individuals within a service to seek improvement in a focused area. An issue for improvement is identified; key individuals with the capacity or accountability to bring about change are brought together; objectives and metrics are agreed; the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle of change is started; and repeated as new learning or opportunities emerge. Some examples of improvements include the reliable implementation of care processes that prevent Intensive Care Unit acquired infections. Initiatives to prevent ventilator acquired pneumonia and central venous catheter related infections have been widely implemented, with evidence of improvements in clinical outcomes across Scotland.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	dc9666628f3e126ed08c3be65fc6d11a	Parents also prefer schools with populations ethnically and socio-economically similar to their own family (Crozier and al., In Sweden, access to tertiary education depends on the school-leaving certificate from upper secondary school or a municipal adult education progr amme. Grades thus play an important role. Students can also qualify for admission to a higher education institution by taking the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (Hogskoleprovet), which measures different knowledge and skills.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	dca0b95f4cba2ebffddf321054b603b1	In 2012, about 10% of the variance in mathematics score to PISA test was explained by the socio-economic background of students in Korea. On average across the OECD about 15% of the variance in PISA mathematics score is explained by socio-economic background reaching more than 15% in countries such as France and Germany. As in most other OECD countries, the variation in PISA mathematics score is higher within schools than between schools.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	dca12d6517e3591b9a546a85762d5cd8	A fall in earnings is more common in Estonia where more than 41% of persistent temporary workers experienced a fall in earnings, as shown by moving to a lower quintile. A related concern is whether this wage differential has a long-lasting impact on wages over the career, or whether temporary workers can catch up with their counterparts who started permanent jobs earlier. Spells of low-paid jobs may lead to depreciation in human capital, which may compromise the possibility to find better-paid jobs and thus generate persistence in low-paid employment. On the other hand, non-employment may lead to a larger loss of human capital and often has a scarring effect on subsequent employment; getting any job, even a low-paid, less stable job or one involving limited hours, is therefore often put forward as a way to improve future employment and wage prospects.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	dca3605be54c2011c692866e29111f12	The project was implemented over the course of 15 years using a community forestry approach both to generate income and to stabilize slopes that had become exposed as a result of environmental degradation and were consequently at risk of landslides. The assessment of the project was conducted in close consultation with communities and the results encompassed a greater diversification of livelihoods and improved watersheds, together with a decrease in the risks from landslides. This highlights the importance of management of ecosystems and livelihoods as the basis for an integrated strategy for climate change adaptation and development (Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux and Estrella, eds.,	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	dca4cfa52e0f9cbb5425225a7a42814f	Connections between urban centres and rural areas are crucial for greater development and widening access to labour force and education. While no robust data was available about the inequalities in access to communication, they are likely to broadly correspond to disparities in GDP per capita. Improving access to telecommunications represents a potential source of growth and should be favoured. The new medical school provides an opportunity to address the health challenges in the region and build capacity for collaboration. It can also mark the beginnings of the first university in the Galilee.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	dca5f42eb317d6822192d012589f09c5	This does not mean that the manufacturing of innovative products should be limited to Almaty City and Astana. Indeed, while OECD countries cities benefit from high-value scientific and technological innovation activity, the fruits of this work are often produced elsewhere. It is important not to neglect the innovation potential of Almaty City.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	dca7efb8c1a703ffdd74ccdf86fd95cc	According to this procedure, the employer pays the worker an indemnity equal to 1 monthly wage per year of service (with a minimum amount equivalent to 2 monthly wages and a maximum amount equivalent to 18 monthly wages), which is not subject to social contribution or fiscal taxation. This compensation could be considered as similar in some respects to severance pay. The acceptance of this transaction prevents any further dispute by the worker, that is, appealing to courts for a dismissal to be unfair or not.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	dca89ecb78a4bacb57669956ae9a8fd0	As noted, limited accountability mechanisms combined w ith a lack of aw'areness within the public service, have been identified as main barriers to advancing gender equality initiatives and mainstreaming by more than 40% of the countries responding to the survey. Strengthening implementation and accountability mechanisms, supported by a whole-of-govemment approach, could significantly advance the implementation of gender equality and mainstreaming initiatives to support the full empowerment of women for countries’ competitiveness and growth. A recent global synthesis report on national gender institutions concludes that legal reforms appear to be a major area of achievement for these mechanisms.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	dca93ac475da1ff7b12a513c944f8723	Moreover, a large share of that support (over 80%) was linked to output, mostly in the form of higher prices than those prevailing on world markets. This undermined local markets for developing country farmers competing with imports. At the same time, other policies, such as support to biofuels, have tended to work in the opposite direction.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-10-en	dca9a63265f9f55cb4b43d118a55d1ed	Access to public goods remains highly unequal even within urban areas, often putting the social fabric at risk. African cities are facing an unprecedented combination of developmental challenges together with rising environmental risks such as unsafe sanitation, climate change and air pollution. Are urbanisation trends sustainable in your country?	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	dcaa5c454894b9f30f5afee3d2e80a1c	The forest soils have generally been a source with a constant rate of emissions and the enormous removal by forest biomass practically determine the size and trend of the forest sink in Finland between 1990 and 2010. There were dips in early 1990ies and late 2000s linked to poor economic growth and thus lower demand for forest products by industry. Overall, the removal of CO2 between 1990 and 2010 has been governed by the annual increment and the drain of growing stock. Due to effective and sustainable forest management practices in past decades, the annual increment of growing stock in Finland has increased steadily.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	dcab152a3f2a72f5ef495b31af270ee1	Indeed, women typically tend to run smaller businesses and employ less workers, while they are as likely as men to offer an innovative product or service (OECD/EU, 2017[23i). In the Norwegian case, a study illustrates the funnel for female entrepreneurs: almost as many women as men are willing to become entrepreneur, however far less women than men actually open a business. Furthermore, among companies that have survived after five years, only 19% have female entrepreneurs, and this proportion is down to 10% for companies with more than 10% annual revenue growth (Grunfeld et al.,	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	dcb10e1eef5184632758f29cc8157638	In Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population, Summary of a Workshop (G. Wunderlich ed.). The National Academies Press, pp. The extended baseline scenario reflects the assumption that current laws generally remain unchanged.25 The extended alternative fiscal scenario incorporates the assumptions that certain policies that have been in place for a number of years will be continued and that some provisions of law' that might be difficult to sustain for a long period will be modified, thus maintaining w'hat some analysts might consider “current policies” as opposed to current laws.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	dcb1f19982f91cbad530698885a3a3f2	Where local government are responsible for a greater share of own source revenues, they face a distinct pressures to increase their local tax bases. Depending on the nature of local taxation, this can lead to a push for residential expansion in order to increase the amount of property taxes available to a municipality, or attracting businesses to the area in order to increase business tax contributions. Both Nantes and Saint-Nazaire are increasingly relying on own source revenues to fund operating expenditures. In Nantes, the contribution of local taxes to total operating expenditures between 2009 and 2014 increased by 16% while in Saint-Nazaire it increased by 22% (Figure 3.9).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	dcb230b925ad36ba8ca20b6ebd63c7cc	In particular, variability and volatility of revenues for peak power plants, the load factor risk and peak prices may remain a concern. In this respect, IEA countries face different situations. Most states have already developed or improved energy markets and will continue to do so. While some regions face urgent generation adequacy constraints (the United Kingdom and Japan, for instance), most of other countries have enough excess-capacity, as a result of sluggish demand growth. In the latter case, reforming electricity market design is not seen as a pressing concern.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	dcb54f02929858525b83f3e2d9e49486	In such cases, the international community should ideally provide the finance, technology transfer and technical support needed for pursuing further decarbonization of LDC power sectors. Similarly, environmental sustainability considerations call for an adequate assessment of the options for the safe disposal or recycling of generation apparatus containing potentially hazardous materials (notably solar panels), or — in the case of large-scale hydroelectricity projects — of their potential social and environmental impact on river-based ecosystems and related communities. While the costs of storage technologies have declined rapidly over the last few years and may make battery storage a feasible option in due course, this is not yet the case in all LDCs (at least not at mini-grid or utility scale).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d530d27-en	dcb6aca5438660dccc4bdcac412f50c8	Registered employment has risen more strongly than in previous years in Brazil, Chile and Peru. In the specific case of Brazil, employment of this type has increased for the first time after three consecutive years of declines totalling 7%. In Nicaragua, where the number of people paying into the Nicaraguan Social Security Institute expanded strongly over a long period, the conflict that arose in 2018 precisely because of a proposed social security reform led to a sharp contraction.	8	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/76afd318-en	dcb9cd1fc00aeef14e4824a89b792e83	The surplus of women in older age groups is significant and is increasing, with obvious implications for health care and other social needs. In Europe, the average age at which women first marry is 30 or older in many countries. In some less developed countries, however, such as Mali, Niger and several other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the average age at which women first marry is still below 20.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	dcbb1c0b34b8c93cda7dd93e1fc8b56c	It gives member states considerable flexibility in terms of which elements are included within the SEA process, provided that the process achieves the overall objective of assessing (and, where necessary, addressing) environmental considerations. Again, the use of SEAs in Austria does not specifically require consideration of climate change adaptation, other than indirectly through the requirement to assess the likely evolution of the environment in the absence of the programme or plan being assessed. However, the absence of a requirement to assess adaptation does not preclude this step if it appears to be relevant. The test, applied whenever federal regulations were proposed or revised, covered both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Introduced in 2008 as part of the implementation of the Climate Change Strategy, it was supported by a range of capacity-building activities co-ordinated by the BMLFUW. The test started with an initial screening process to determine if climate change was likely to be relevant; if so, this was followed by an assessment process and then the consideration of options to address any negative impact.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	dcbbc6d1fa154c7046256a661934437a	Likewise, the equalising effect of benefits could be determined by comparing Gini values for net-of-tax incomes on one hand, and net-of-tax incomes plus benefits (= disposable income) on the other. The reason is that benefits and taxes interact with each other in different ways across countries. As a result, the sequence used for the Gini comparisons of the different tax/benefit elements matters, and can make a significant difference for the results (the sequence is obviously not an issue when calculating redistribution for the tax-benefit system as a whole).	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	dcbbf49227d8c26ad611d4087f8c0b63	In addition, being one of the instruments of the water resources policy, the fundamentals, concepts and guidelines to be followed should be consistent with those that guided the formulation of the Water Resources Management Systems - both at the national and state levels - especially in terms of decentralisation and participation. Should the national plan or the state plan be understood as a sum of the river basin plans? Conceptually, the answer is no. From this perspective, on the top of the tendency for “accommodation” and transfer of responsibilities, and resistances in the implementation of charges for water use, there will be a conceptual inconsistency leading to the substitution of an effective decentralisation by a deconcentration of tasks.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264113695-en	dcbbfb61dd0579c9f5881cb9d99bf974	A network of competent actors (the case managers) are mobilised to support the student in different tasks leading up to a full post-compulsory qualification. Support is designed to be tailor-made and empowering and can include support in choosing a pathway or finding an apprenticeship place upon finishing compulsory education, in getting back to education after drop-out as well as a range of additional support measures for young people with more general educational and social problems. Duration of case management is variable and depends on individual needs. They had to develop a concrete project proposal by 2007 which was approved by the Federal government (Bundesamt fur Berufsbildung und Technologie, BBT) who funds the initiative.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264086197-en	dcbd6d0e52e44a99cd2304ef7986ecd2	It means seeing students’ language capacities as part of their personal, social and cultural identity and welcoming it as a tool for learning and understanding (Holmen, 2009). This will help children bridge the gap between their home and school and ensure that their cultural and language background is valued as much as that of the majority (Brind et al., This can be a way to validate and signal proficiency in another language and to devise best suited support strategies in language learning for each individual child. Moreover, to acknowledge that a student knows a language other than Danish is a first step towards attaching a value to that knowledge.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	dcc26d906a9d3c96b9676a59bc1a917e	To now, the choice of pedagogy has often been made ad hoc or based on whatever a teacher had encountered in their teacher education or their own schooling (Lortie, 2002). But where teachers are supported by high quality teacher education and strong professional infrastructures, they are enabled to make concerted decisions about pedagogy, acting as designers of learning by selecting approaches with a clear sense of their intended impact (Jensen et al., But, developing and selecting pedagogies involves more than working out what is “effective” as indicated by impact on diverse measures of learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	dcc7931cd5d7bd2595b4ffa5deae44d4	These movements posed important questions about how' the education system defined the opportunities available to Chileans throughout their lives, and questioned unequal access to education in Chile. Activists called into question the structural constraints imposed by the market-oriented model, which was left unchallenged after the country’s return to democracy. The student movement demanded that the pow'er of education be returned to the state, that the voucher system be eliminated and that profit-making activities be banned at schools receiving state funds.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	dcc808113faa923153f082bbf0efc068	Budapest; Brussels: European Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity (2007-2013). Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries, Innocenti Report Card 7. Florence: Innocenti Research Centre. Capability deprivation and income poverty in the United States, 1994 and 2004: Measurement outcomes and demographic profiles.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119680-4-en	dccaaf8099266d40ad87121ccb98082b	The chapter furthermore discusses the recent increase in the use of certification schemes in fisheries and aquaculture, discusses the points of view of the consumers, retailers, processors and fishers. Who are the key stakeholders in the market for certification? How do they influence the market for certification schemes? These are key questions that are examined in this chapter.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	dccd244970601f2836d91fc8db2c1d8c	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Support is also becoming more tied to certain conditions, as well as decoupled from production and input use. Producers, if they want to receive support, are now more often obliged to contribute to improvements, for example, in the environment, rural amenities, or better treatment of animals.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	dccea73a57fa771204334f3890497b11	However, a number of development co-operation providers are combining private sector engagement for development with efforts to promote their own private sector in developing countries. For instance, Whitley (2013) estimates that all public flows from Japan for private sector engagement in development countries support either directly or indirectly Japanese technologies, expertise or firms. For the United States and Germany, this number is estimated at 49% and 19%, respectively, while in the case of the United Kingdom, no evidence of tied support could be identified. While this may be effective in delivering environmental benefits at a project level, such as fuel savings or reduced emissions, it could have implications for the efficiency of the project (e.g. in terms of promoting the most affordable clean technologies in partner countries, rather than those from the donor country).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b36e562d-en	dcd10a554251bb1ef1d1fbbba19227f8	In contrast, the share of renewables as a fraction of TPES remained at 3 per cent in high income countries and 46-45 per cent in low income economies. Renewable energy sources now account for the majority of TPES in Nepal (84 per cent), Myanmar (75 per cent), Cambodia (72 per cent),Tajikistan (64 per cent) and Sri Lanka (53 percent). However, there is no uniform definition of renewable energy (Box 1), and large hydropower plants can have undesirable environmental and social impacts.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5d345c92-en	dcd27e83808d097d86228f34eb9c612e	Particularly exposed are the eastern and southern coastal regions (see map). In the Asia-Pacific region, more people are living in coastal areas and cities, especially in the megacities that have more than 10 million inhabitants. In 2011, ten of the worlds twenty largest megadties were located in Asia.2 Within these cities many people are packed into informal housing areas with poor infrastructure where they are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	dcd29a4a62943129d81dbf3e858cf5f4	The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. We thank Michael Forster for helpful discussions as well as Tony Atkinson, Brian Nolan, Markus Jantti, Timothy Smeeding and colleagues from the OECD Economics Department and the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs for providing us with valuable comments at different stages of the drafting process. This working paper should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	dcd35d60d6acbd343b05a3034eb6cfa7	In essence, the system is evolving to be less hierarchal and more flexible in terms of the rules that are imposed, w hile at the same time reorienting the role of governments in spatial development towards the local level and placing a larger onus on private actors to take the lead in new developments. They further argue that the diminishing role of the national government in such areas as landscape quality de facto elevates the importance of EU environmental directives as a determinant of national spatial structure (Zonneveld and Evers, 2014: 69). Thus, there is much consternation surrounding present reforms which stem in large measure from changes both in terms of how' land use is governed and in the role and scope of governmental actors which have accelerated in the wake of the 2008 economic crisis (Heurkins and Hobema, 2014; Kickert, 2015; Waterhout, Othengrafen and Sykes, 2013).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	dcd3df27f3090878f7905ec4e909b990	Lessons learned from development practice can, therefore, inform development support targeted at enhancing data availability for adaptation. For example, experience has shown that efforts to enhance data availability are more likely to succeed and be sustained if they fit within the broader national strategy for the country’s statistical system. This refers to the entire network of providers of data and other information.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	dcd98bd1a83040d91ff077cabf9add50	Consequently, the relative disparities have not only persisted over time —in half of the countries examined, they have become more pronounced (see table II. Inequalities with regard to timing may also exist, such as lower contraceptive prevalence in the first sexual encounter among less-educated women compared with those with more years of schooling. An extreme case is Haiti, where the general prevalence is very low but the rate is as high as 40% for more-educated women versus only 25% for those with no formal schooling. This suggests that they have more limited access to family planning services. In Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, only 40% of women with no education who live in a union use contraception, compared with 70% of educated women. In Ecuador, contraceptive prevalence ranges from 50% to 80%.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f61073ef-en	dcdd2f4fe5c29aac90c2803306df3eba	Thus, it is extremely important to determine the effects that each of these factors exerts on poverty. Since growth alone cannot explain alterations in poverty levels, we treat income inequality as a factor in these, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that the more unequal a country is, the less effective economic growth will be at reducing poverty (Bourguignon, 2003). These latter variables are estimated by applying a dynamic econometric panel data model developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundel and Bond (1998).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	dce003736e82bd6d35a73fae3ab00fa2	For many gender equality advocates, macroeconomics is a new and unfamiliar policy arena. That said, macroeconomic policy is neither gender- nor class- nor race-neutral in its effects. To advance SDGs, macroeconomic policy must be conducted through an equity lens with much more attention to its distributional effects.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	dce16f33c54bad63829e97cfe4352fc7	Political decentralisation can lead to increased political accountability and transparency, and fiscal decentralisation can improve public spending effectiveness based on the idea that subnational governments have better information on local spending needs and preferences and are better positioned to deliver public goods. Political and fiscal decentralisation while strengthening the role of sub-national governments still require co-operation with national government. Decentralisation can come at a cost, in terms of funding or capacity gaps at the subnational level; in practice it is not about autonomy, but partnerships.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/00576c65-en	dce3654ce4a5394d3859f188dc5b69d7	There are considerable wind, tidal, ocean, thermal and wave energy resources available in some ECOWAS countries. The region also has vast solar energy potential with very high radiation averages of 5 to 6 kWh/m2 throughout the year. The share of new renewable energy such as wind, solar, small scale hydro and bioelectricity (excluding large hydro) will increase to around 10 per cent by 2020 and 19 per cent by 2030. These targets translate to an additional 2.425 MW of renewable electricity capacity by 2020 and 7.606 MW by 2030.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	dce50742c501d1fb1b4745899cedb687	Nuclear energy, which produces electricity domestically, can obviously reduce such dependence. The internal dimension instead is about creating the appropriate incentive mechanisms and framework to allow public and private actors to invest in adequate levels of production and transport capacity that provide continuous access to energy services at stable prices. Again, as a continuously operating baseload technology with very predictable operating costs, nuclear energy is poised to play a positive role. However, one needs to point out that the stability of operating costs is an advantage that is not always fully transmitted to consumers due to the peculiar price-setting mechanism in electricity markets. This element notwithstanding, the advantages continue to accrue of course at the societal level even if they are captured by electric utilities rather than by the retail consumer. Chapter 3 subsequently developed a specific composite indicator that enables the measurement of the level of security energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/e183980f-en	dce54458ee5cac7bc543a99124290703	Among the 62 countries where at least 5 per cent of the population practised open defecation in 2015,18 countries are currently on track to meet the 2030 target. In another 36 countries, the current rate of progress is too slow to reach the target. For the remaining eight countries, open defecation rates have actually increased since 2000. It can contaminate drinking water sources and limit opportunities for safe and productive reuse of water.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3f10390a-en	dce76cd284a0c91ae90d8ca386a3ae39	Besides the countries already mentioned, this was found to be the case in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Chile, which improved their distributional situation between the mid- and late 2000s. The periods analysed are those when income distribution improved most significantly in 15 countries of the region. The factors considered in the decomposition are as follows: per capita household income is decomposed by multiplying the proportion of adults in the household by the income each adult receives;6 income per adult is disaggregated as the sum of earnings (per adult) and non-work income (per adult) in the household; lastly, earnings per adult are calculated as the product of remuneration per employed person and the employment rate (ratio between the number working and the number of adults) (see box 1.6). For this, it calculates each of the variables described at the aggregate level for each quintile at two different points in time, f0 and (,.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	dce8f3536dd7deebbfc584feab6642fa	It examines how governance arrangements and policy practices have changed over the past two decades, and which challenges have been emerging, both as a result of processes such as globalisation and regionalisation, and new developments and innovations in the organisation of government and policy design and delivery. Key areas in which governance needs to be improved are discussed, including mobilising actors and resources for innovation; improving co-ordination and coherence of policies and different layers of government; addressing worldwide the great societal challenges that need to be faced on a global scale; setting priorities in resource allocation accordingly; and improving the measurement of innovation. This includes creating and maintaining favourable framework conditions for - and removing barriers to - innovation, as well as dedicated policies to foster innovation on a broad base: enhancing technology absorption and capacity building, notably in SMEs, fostering networking and clustering, and leveraging research and development (R&D) in various ways.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/36457e13-en	dce941094c25b992a6e18f8eb7c8d95b	The Directorate provides management for all three protected areas, based on an individual law for each one and corresponding management and business plans. Significant investment has been made in developing the infrastructure ofthese protected areas, including development of awareness and education programmes. Entrance fees were introduced in Biambare, which help to finance management activities. In Vrelo Bosne, new jobs have been created, as have additional sources of income for the local communities associated with this protected area (i.e. a special station for fiacre rides and an area for trade in souvenirs).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	dcec1f195cd60eb2e7b9d88883453b53	The high burden of household expenditure on education and the cost of housing places in the Seoul region severe constraints on household budgets, which are important factors in deciding whether or not to have a child and at the same time heightens the risk of poverty (3.3). Korean society has undergone profound changes during the past decades. Most noteworthy is the increase in educational attainment across generations.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	dced12838890cc7536db4d0e5ba42eda	In the case of remote sites, cable routing is frequently required to cross rivers and dams, which has to be taken into account in the planning. In this context, a lot of new technology was invented by engineers. The project is a first in applying a communication project to water conservation, thereby filling a gap in terms of the acceptance of long-distance communication projects in water conservation. The story of this project can easily be copied and used by other countries or communities.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	dceebc13f5198e8120845c847cfd2516	Governments can support domestic demand creation primarily through IT-related public procurement and measures to increase ICT uptake in the private sector. In addition, governments and other stakeholders can seek to expand demand by promoting exports. This is particularly true in countries where ICT use in the private sector is nascent.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264188617-en	dcf1158e2cf5243028f2c4bb89a3e309	Other requirements exist for continued operation for a limited time, eventually at a reduced power rate, for a broader range of voltage and frequency conditions (up to ±5% in frequency and ±10% in voltage) that are supposed to occur only on a few occasions per year. All generating units should be able to provide a specific range on reactive power to assist control of the system voltage. Finally, it should be noted that extremes of grid voltage could occur at the same time as extremes of grid frequency (in particular low voltage together with low frequency); generating plants should be designed to meet these extremes simultaneously.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	dcf141367c89464f18588b3960f9ce73	Mexico has also been identified as a source country for crystalline methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia and Oceania. Methamphetamine manufacture in the United States continues to be dominated by small-scale laboratories using ephedrine and pseudoephedrine preparations. In 2014, the United States reported a decrease in domestic methamphetamine manufacture, likely attributable to an increase in the supply of methamphetamine manufactured in Mexico.	3	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599390-5-en	dcf2408d8f5793e9891a247e6a171f5b	We will continue to promote a universal, rules-based. We call on all WTO members to redouble their efforts to promptly conclude the negotiations on the Doha Development Agenda. We attach great importance to providing trade-related capacity-building for developing countries, in particular African countries, least-developed countries, landlocked developing countries, small island developing states and middle-income countries, including for the promotion of regional economic integration and interconnectivity. The new framework similarly includes various targets and other references to the role of international trade in supporting achievement of the SDGs.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	dcf2c8338c7e1632d56c2908324364fb	In particular, the two main policy tools are: i) statutory minimum wages; and ii) reductions of social security contributions paid by employers for low-pay/low-skilled workers, and sometimes young workers. The balance of this international empirical evidence suggests that minimum wages that are too high can have a negative impact on youth employment and on enrolment in education. This also serves to truncate wage distribution, and transforms the minimum wage into a reference wage for a large portion of the workforce. While a very large share of the workforce is paid at the minimum wage (SMIC) in France (15% versus an OECD average of about 5%), the share of workers aged under 25 on the SMIC is more than double that of their elders (35% versus 13% of workers aged 25 or more) (Groupe d’experts sur le SMIC, 2009). Ultimately, the over-representation of youth in France among minimum-wage employees is less pronounced than in the other OECD countries with a statutory minimum wage. For example, in Canada more than 60% of all minimum-wage workers are aged under 25 (OECD, 2008c) compared with only 17% in France.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	dcf58edcd933f3c59a4c592b1527a9fa	Currently, 1.4 billion people live in basins where water usage exceeds recharge. For example, the Middle East/North Africa region is running at a deficit, as annual withdrawals exceed annual resource replenishment. The OECD’s water stress indicator is based on the ratio of annual water withdrawals to annual water availability.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	dcf7358db88441159c82a371453154bf	The OECD Workshop on Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda, held in April 2010, underscored the importance of ensuring a solid governance system for the sector with a view to ensuring future growth. One evident example is in integrated farming,b but more important is their impact on ecosystems, markets, products and prices, as well as on innovations and technology. Competition between the fishery and agriculture sector may arise for water and land resources, especially for irrigated agriculture, as well as on the availability and relative efficiency on the use of feeds between terrestrial animals and farmed fish. Fishmeal and fish oil obtained from capture fisheries and from fisheries by-products are used as feed in aquaculture as well as in the feed rations of pigs, poultry, ruminants and pets. With the expansion of aquaculture, supplies of fishmeal have been largely directed to this sector, as major constituents of aquatic carnivorous/omnivorous species feeds, diverting away from livestock, which now mainly use fish meal in starter and breeder diets for poultry and pigs. It is estimated that in 2007 aquaculture consumed about 68% of world fishmeal and 81% of world fish oil supplies.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/7707d8d0-en	dcf8016cb2fb1cebae34c76a0f421808	This can be achieved by building economic, social and environmental resilience for women and men, enhancing their productivity, and accelerating the pace of structural economic transformation in the region. This report explores where and how progress in gender equality has been made and how best to accelerate the pace of gender advancement in Africa. Its focus on gender equality comes at a time of tremendous change across the continent, including recent dynamics of social and economic transformation that have resulted in significant strides in Africa’s human development.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	dcfa88fe25f8909b972494c9e7c0d8eb	Finally, gender inequality cripples economic growth by reducing women’s contribution in the economic, social and political spheres (Bandiera and Natraj, 2013). A gender analysis needs to take account of both gender perspectives and how policies can affect men and women differently. In 1985, at the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, participants agreed to develop or reorganise their national information systems to compile and disseminate statistics on women and men in order to better address gender issues.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	dcfb774022e56cdbe482f23bb0fa1cc8	Official support to research activities has grown steadily during the past years from USD 5.5 billion in 2010 to USD 7.0 billion in 2016. While research spending is increasing, concessional finance used for ICTs and technology transfers has been static following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Support towards innovation increased sharply in 2016 because of additional funding to innovative projects across sectors by several DAC members, including Canada, EU institutions, Germany, Sweden and the United States.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	dcfd0cbcaf6ee59272b3e7ab452aa517	However, nearly half of all recipients had spells of other types of income-support benefits during the 514 -year observation period (though this includes receipt of Newstart Allowance, Australia's unemployment benefit). Tseng & Wilkins (2003) show that up to one-third of the Australian working-age population touches on at least one of various income-support benefits in a given year; one-sixth of all recipients continuously receive support over the same 514 -year period. Tseng, Vu, & Wilkins (2008) find that ‘churning’ is a typical feature of income-support receipt with over half of all recipients leaving and re-entering benefits at least once over a five-year period.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	dcfd622b9e36ddaf0f359c2889f465e3	Many EECCA countries have already benefited from international climate funds that are either established as standalone funds or financed by bilateral and multilateral financiers. The GEF is also an operating entity for other multilateral environmental treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. All the EECCA countries have accessed climate-related development finance from the GEF No data on finance approved by the GCF is included in the analysis in this chapter (as the database used here covers the period 2013-14), while the GCF Board has approved two projects from the EECCA countries as of 1 July 2016.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/6ea40fbf-en	dd061746acec78a8b72bc3389816ef89	Development that benefits all, enabling everyone to enjoy their rights, including reproductive rights, can help individuals, institutions and communities withstand crisis. Ishwori was referred to the nearby Trishuli Hospital, which continued providing services despite damage to the facility. Ten weeks after losing her first child in the earthquake, Ishwori gave birth via Caesarean section to a healthy baby boy.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	dd0844cb8c89a2079bad639668de5327	Some of these assets, such as a certain degree of emotional maturity, development of cognitive abilities and social skills, are already put to use in the early years of life. But it is during adolescence and youth that people reach crucial junctures. On the basis of assets already accumulated they must choose between behaviours that lead to different paths to adulthood. Each one of these “emancipation paths” is paved with a series of decisions as to whether to continue school and when to enter the labour market, start a family, set up an autonomous household and have children.6 For society as a whole, the earlier in the life cycle that the different emancipation paths branch out, the more likely the social divides are to widen.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	dd1097d6adb52db8a83227360160f50d	However, in the SNA ancillary refers to basic, routine services to support production activities that are required by all enterprises. When they are provided in-house, they are called ancillary activities, e.g. cleaning premises, running the staff payroll or providing the information technology infrastructure for the enterprise, etc. Health care classes involve final consumption and include all cost components, e.g. e-medicine is expected to be included in the resources accounted for. E-medicine is the use, in the health system, of digital data - transmitted, stored and retrieved electronically - in support of health care, both at the local site and at a distance.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2015-5-en	dd1149c68443dbfb7cbdee50b4bbb632	However, the economy is now slowing at a time when inequality remains uery high, making future social progress challenging. This chapter discusses how to achieve greater social inclusiveness against the background of weaker medium-term growth. First, it argues that Chile needs to increase income redistribution through its tax and transfer system towards levels prevailing in other OECD countries. Although existing social transfers are effective in combatting poverty, their size remains small and many households at the bottom of the ladder are not reached by them. Second, the chapter argues that labour earnings should be less disparate, as they explain around 70% of income inequality.	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	dd19428f65b4aad6bccc0f98a149fb10	The package relies primarily on economic instruments, but incorporates social components and promotes active citizen participation. Rebuilding state capacities and maintaining a universal and effective social policy regime will be essential for safeguarding Costa Rica’s success and to support further transformative change toward a low-carbon economy. But as with other conceptual innovations that gain policy traction, such as the sustainable development concept itself, certain interpretations of resilience risk diluting the concept and adjusting it to business as usual, rather than catalysing much needed transformative change.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	dd1a8049d63acf42b97402c9668098ac	"Among the lessons learned is that these experiences facilitate the access of non-indigenous people to the indigenous health system and facilitate a ""dialogue of wisdoms"" between men and women practitioners in the health systems. Intercultural health experiences have led to mechanisms for coordination between indigenous and official health systems even where they do not share the same facilities. The coordination is based on referral and counter-referral agreements."	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	dd1af242c0340bdc40b607eb5b083dad	Evaluations also show that conditional cash transfers improve outcomes related to health, nutrition and education. The impact of Progresa on education enrolment in Mexico has been significant (de Brauw and Hoddinott, 2008). Even the short-lived Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) in Nicaragua, in operation between 2000 and 2006, directed funds to female household heads, significantly improving school enrolment and other education indicators, and reduced stunting by an impressive five percentage points in programme communities (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	dd1bc0899590f0eb9ea19be89e0f43af	The purpose of this project is to establish a closer cooperation between different Governmental agencies in the work against illegal, unregistered and unreported fishing. These ministries, in addition to the Higher Prosecuting Authority, are represented in the projects steering committee. The project is a network of professional analysts from the Directorate of Fisheries, Norwegian Coast Guard, Police, the Taxation Department, the Custom department and the Norwegian Coastal Administration.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	dd1c352ea72cd840660ab55d69579453	Lastly, FDI patterns are uneven from one country to another, with some having very limited access to external financing or receiving quite small flows of FDI. The region's total gross external debt stood at 41% of GDP in 1990 but had fallen to 20.9% of GDP by 2012 (see figure 1.13). Meanwhile, international reserves climbed from 22.3% of total gross external debt in 2002, prior to the surge in the region's export prices, to 69.7% in 2012.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	dd25a902c53f48d434aff5133d208f42	The exception is Trinidad and Tobago, the primary producer and exporter of petroleum products in the Caribbean, which converted most of its generation capacity to natural gas during the 1990s. This programme provides Venezuelan oil and oil products at preferential financing terms to 17 member states across the Caribbean and Central America (PetroCaribe 2015). Commonwealth and CARICOM member states that are signed up to this agreement include Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/itf/highlights-2011-en	dd2612db267a273a799687ff2ccc3cf5	"Following Spain, Japan will preside over the International Transport Forum and its annual summit in 2012. The 2012 summit on ""Seamless Transport: Making Connections"" will take place on 2-4 May 2012 in Leipzig, Germany. Our first duty as those responsible for this sector is to respond to this challenge in an appropriate manner. The panel sessions and discussions at the 2011 summit again provided ample proof of this. The range of issues which the Forum has been working on since its creation, and on which it has given interesting recommendations, reflect the challenges faced by transport in relation to society's demands."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	dd2751b861da1f9e58557c64d627d08a	At present, different land uses—industrial activities, farming, natural areas, touristic zones, infrastructure, and residential zones—are sometimes located in close proximity to one another, which can lead to conflict. The increasing emphasis on natural resource based tourism is exacerbating some associated land use conflicts. Increased tourism numbers leads to congestion at a minimum and may reduce the inherent quality of the natural resources that are a primary reason for visiting the region, especially in the mountains and the hillsides near the city of Clermont-Ferrand.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264301603-5-en	dd28ebac2b3ee67c9d8ee2fcad670f1c	The second section focuses on variations within countries and across time, and explores how changes in student-teacher ratios, class size, teacher compensation, and school autonomy for selecting teachers are related to performance trends across all PISA-participating countries and economies. The last section focuses on variations within countries, and explores how teachers' qualifications and experience, teacher turnover, and support for teachers' professional learning are related to school-level outcomes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	dd29c773e63c122444512d6607bfda4b	Prior to the project start, there was a clear expectation that there would be a majority of male participants. This assumption was based on the observation that by the onset of the project in 2011/2012 there was a situation in which many unskilled men had to find new (types of) jobs due to the financial crisis. It has turned out in the process, however, that women's unemployment increased, which has led to a gradual increase in the number of women on the teams. This means that the initial expectation that most men would take up the offer has been replaced by an even gender distribution, so that according to self-assessments of the project there is a 50% distribution between the sexes.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-10-en	dd2b99e54c1682a3a8a0bec86f7c46bf	In 2010, the working age group (15-59) represented about 73% of the population, and the total labour force participation rate reached 61.5%, with variations between the main economic hubs and the other Emirates (ranging from 68% in Dubai to 47% in Ras Al Kaimah). Although all Gulf countries supported the 2011 ILO Convention on Domestic Workers, foreign workers still often have little protection in terms of labour standards and rights, for example, with respect to job safety. The situation of migrant women is particularly vulnerable, as they often enter these countries on the work visa of their foreign husband or, in the case of domestic workers, of their sponsor.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	dd2e9be63cd4196237d4dcdb549ad44a	Every year, CONAGUA draws up the Investment Program and Project Planning Document, which establishes the investment objectives, strategies and priorities for the development of the water sector in the medium term, according to the objectives and strategies defined in the six-year National Water Program. However, these documents focus on the use of federal budgetary resources and do not set targets across all sector actors for financing the policy objectives: they are public expenditure plans, rather than financial plans. At the local level, the Mexico City has included a financial plan in its 20-year water management plan (see Box 3.6).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	dd33ff4415ea57f5f8680c633bc78f70	Accommodation needs, job-seeking approaches and employment goals, where appropriate, should form part of the Care Programme Approach. The LAs and NHS should collaborate when providing comprehensive care for those individuals who need it. A Care Programme Approach should typically, for example, assess the adequacy of the individual’s existing housing situation, and then enable appropriate coordination and information sharing, facilitated by the Care Coordinator, with the Local Authority housing service.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	dd35f3638327050c4cc82869073154b4	The final outcome will thus depend on a kind of race between VRE deployment and efforts to render the system more flexible. Again, as long as VREs are financed out of the market, the establishment of a normative reference framework that would allow distinguishing between welfarerelevant technical externalities and acceptable pecuniary externalities is impossible. While some inefficiencies, e.g. the insulation of VREs from the market prices that they themselves influence heavily, can be clearly indicated, others are more difficult to assess.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	dd36188e48183802dc3cdb5389ad9caa	Turkey has various priorities to address, including improving equity between regions and urban and rural areas; addressing the needs of disadvantaged students; preparing quality teachers and school leaders; improving access to and completion of upper secondary education, vocational education and training (VET), and tertiary education; strengthening links to the labour market; and adequately funding the education system. The Basic Education Programme (1997) and the Secondary Project (2006-11), both with the World Bank, aimed to improve quality of education at these different levels. The Master Implementation Plan (2001-05) included multiple projects by UNICEF to improve both equity and quality of the education system. Initiatives in VET and tertiary education have been developed with the European Union to improve alignment with European standards.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f3a3b911-en	dd39bbf51e733c187e7ba86a5a747346	The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)2 adopted at the same conference, however, is a legally binding multilateral agreement aimed at achieving a triad of objectives: conservation of biological diversity; sustainable use of its components; and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. Another legally binding MEA of relevance to this goal is the 1994 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Plants provide 80 per cent of the human diet, and agricultural production, in addition to providing the necessary nutrition and food security, is also an important means of livelihood, especially for rural agrarian communities in Africa.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	dd39c50c20184b070f7fe99fbec8dfe0	Border posts are notorious for enabling informal arrangements between government officials and private actors. They encourage several corrupt practices from extracting bribes for border passage from small traders to clientelist relationships with larger vendors and merchants active in import-export activities. These practices are even more constraining for traders for whom these formalities must be repeated with different officials at different parts of their journeys. Sub-Saharan Africa contains 59 of these posts, with considerable variation in degree of implementation and configuration.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-10-en	dd3e667077c620af8475e7b6908a240e	New content included chapters in biology textbooks that describe the work of female scientists to illustrate women’s contribution to the progress of science. The sections entitled “Careers in Physics”, for example, cite women who have been successful in their fields of work. History manuals, too, discuss gender equality and the historical background to the changes in women’s traditional roles. One of the four key elements in the initiative is the expansion of Summer Schools for STEM students to include a greater number of girls and disadvantaged students. Under the National Innovation and Science Agenda (NISA), the Australian Government is initially investing AUD 13 million over 2016-17 to 2019-20 to encourage more girls and women to study STEM and pursue STEM-based and entrepreneurial careers. Opening Doors” is a project from the Institute of Physics that seeks to help schools and teachers counter gender stereotyping in STEM subjects.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	dd3f5cb5fe1f9e5bb8b13b06af800da2	Of course, when assessing the distributional effects of austerity packages, one would need to consider them from a dynamic perspective in interaction with behavioural responses by agents and structural policies that could influence the outcome. Among the better policies, on the revenue side, are eliminating certain tax expenditures, that tend to reduce progressivity of the personal income tax and are often distortionary for growth, and increasing property taxes (see below) (OECD, 2013d; Rawdanowicz et al., Other reforms, however, may entail trade-offs between equity and growth objectives.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	dd40873a60ddb0c36c693928ea9f5fd1	One part of the rate should depend on the pollution content of the tax base as it was done for instance for the motor vehicle tax. As suggested in the Energy Concept, eco tax rates should rely more on the C02 content of the taxed fuel. Germany should also support the European Commission initiative regarding the EU Directive on energy taxation, which recommends splitting energy taxes into two components so as to make the C02 tax explicit and introducing a minimum C02 tax rate. However, as taxing fuel would not be enough to encourage a sufficient change in consumption behaviour at least in the short run (OECD, 201 Id) and is not addressing all externalities related to fuel consumption, other instruments should be used, as, for instance, the motor vehicle tax to encourage the adoption of energy efficient cars. A road toll could be used to finance road infrastructures, as road wear related costs directly depend on the use of roads. It could also address congestion issues by extending it to congested roads or making it dependent on traffic volumes.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	dd4790837ca6678d4da062b82eb4115a	Section one describes the characteristics of the area, including major features of the local economy, its population and its land uses. This is follow'ed by a discussion of the major actors involved in the governance of land use at the commune and intercommunal (metropolitan), departement and regional scales. The third section discusses the major land use plans and how they have evolved over time.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	dd4aa81606dcac93496fedfdf19e616b	This chapter intends to complement this literature by proposing an OECD wide multi-country transversal comparison of policy approaches. The questionnaire was structured into three parts, with the first providing general information on the respondent. The second focused on characterising the status and use of groundwater resource in agriculture at the national and sub-national level, mostly to feed into Chapter 1. Respondents were asked to select one to four groundwater regional units (henceforth called regions) for which they could provide more information about groundwater use and the constraints thereof.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	dd4aafba9b42a5cd1e0eb402c593dd02	Practice models need to be innovative, with more scope and greater diversity. The poor take-up of some rural relocation incentives, despite two waves of reform, reinforces the international evidence base suggesting that financial incentives are often limited in their capacity to change preferences for where doctors work. Many Australian universities have taken the lead in encouraging student doctors to gain experience in rural areas. There is scope to make this obligatory, for instance in the form of compulsory rural rotations as part of medical internships.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-6-en	dd4bbd572fb725e5ef9bd9791d2453fb	Funded courses will enable graduates to develop a career in engineering having achieved a first degree in a non-engineering discipline (typically, students are not eligible for additional student loans when pursuing a degree at the same level as one which they already have). About GBP 1.7 million has been allocated to 28 projects as part of the Engineering Conversion course pilot scheme. The funding will support one collaborative project with higher education and industry that improves graduate employability and addresses identified skill needs. The funding is available to HEFCE-funded higher education institutions with existing course provision in computer science or information technology.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	dd57000906b017ff7ecc6cf9874d35d6	These could be further developed, especially to consider the socioeconomic links of chemicals and waste issues, and possibly integrated with SAICM or operated in liaison with it. It collects scientific knowledge about issues of chemical pollution and provides summaries and interpretations of the available knowledge for decision-makers and the public.49 The organization of the IPCP consists of a general assembly that convenes annually and a board that is responsible for the general direction of the work of the panel and for approving results from the research conducted under the panel. Research reports are prepared by different working groups. The IPCP has clearly been modelled after the IPCC, and the main function of both bodies is to develop expert knowledge, based on the latest science, for use by policy-makers in their relevant fields.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	dd57393f42ba02a805a39293fbdf0131	Paints designed to reduce biofouling and agents to clean biofouled materials (e.g. aquaculture nets) are often toxic and harmful to the environment. Marine biotechnology may lead to the development of naturally occurring marine organisms or derivatives that prevent biofouling. Rocks or crustaceans devoid of barnacles and other biofouling, often found in coastal regions, are an obvious source of such organisms.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	dd582ac1b76134ab6992cb929cac919c	According to the latest PISA report on students’ well-being (OECD, 2017), 44% of students reported that they expect to complete tertiary education on average across OECD countries. Only 26% of students in the bottom quarter of PISA ESCS index reported that they expect to complete university, as compared with 66% of students from the top ESCS index on average across OECD countries. In Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, less than 10% of students reported that they expect to attain a university degree.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	dd5909d0940b8b9d0d736b84f796ed73	In particular, while commitments expressed relative to BAU levels can enable a government to commit to reduce emissions without taking on an absolute emissions reduction target, these types of commitments pose particular challenges for emissions accounting. This is because the hypothetical nature of BAU baselines and the possibility of baseline revisions constitute significant additional sources of uncertainty regarding the future target level of GHG emissions. If some post-2020 commitments are expressed relative to BAU baselines, they would need to be accompanied by detailed information on the underlying BAU baseline projection.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	dd5e4dcaef4c2a3585802e1314306835	This is the concept of risk and is computed as the number of fatalities among a given road user group, divided by the total distance or total number of trips travelled by this group over a given period. Some would argue that time is a more appropriate choice, especially when comparisons are made across modes. Others, constrained by a lack of data, use trips as the denominator.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	dd60f2387c87ac4e8250f777308825cb	Failure to account for land quality, for example, may lead researchers to misattribute the associated differences in production to differences in the use of other inputs (Fulginiti and Perrin, 1997). Note: Sectoral production measured by value added. Given the strong concentration of the LDC labour force in agriculture, this wider productivity gap is the major cause of income divergence between LDCs and these other country groups. Labour productivity growth in ODCs has doubled to more than 3 per cent annually since the 1990s.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	dd63fce82d195494d676109304775e3b	In addition, when entire households emigrate outside the country, they fall out of the sampling frame making it impossible to capture them through household surveys conducted in the origin country. All operational criteria of forced labour have to be customised according to the national context in order to be relevant to the situations of forced labour existing in the country and they also have to be consistent with the national legislation on forced labour. The framework for the identification of forced labour and its elements on the basis of the operational criteria is part of the methodology proposed by the ILO.	8	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	dd68c79af2ffbf13f03df8c5c9bb8501	Traditional project finance structures imply high transaction costs to evaluate adequately the ins-and-outs of the project. A complete risk evaluation and feasibility study of the project is conducted before any finance is actually committed. The typical deal structure of project finance revolves around USD 30 million, much higher than any of the deals currently structured for EE financing.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	dd68d66f6a75d5808ea7b882d3957abc	Taxes on energy or energy-related CO2 emissions are now found in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom. In target-setting programmes that involve the use of energy taxes, such as in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, rewards for meeting agreed-upon targets are provided in the form of a reduction of the required energy tax. However, tax rates on energy use for agriculture are much lower than those imposed on the whole economy (Figure 5.2). One of the reasons for this is that fuel used in agriculture is often exempt from tax. Fuel tax exemptions provide no signal with respect to external costs, thereby encouraging over-use.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	dd69cab687fad63a122b11025ea9b69d	An exception is Bangladesh’s CLP, where nutritional surveys in 2009 found that children of earlier recruits into the programme were, on average, less stunted and less underweight than later recruits (DFID, 2011). Another study from the CLP however, shows some improvements in women’s BMI but no significant differences in under-5 wasting and stunting between beneficiary and treatment groups (Goto & Mascie-Taylor, 2010; Mascie-Taylor, 2010). There are possible explanations for this.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	dd6b5f7a9c3c247be8e2dc069ad5fc7f	Ensuring equal access to finance for female and male entrepreneurs through actions that influence both the supply of and demand for finance by: easing access to finance for viable businesses owned by men and women; taking steps to improve the knowledge and attitudes of financial institutions; increasing the awareness of finance sources and tools among women entrepreneurs; and, encouraging more women to join business angel networks or venture capital firms. Specific examples of good practices ensuring gender equality and non-discrimination in MENA constitutions (cont.) These examples provide references for mainstreaming the principle of equality between men and women while protecting the family, motherhood and childhood in respect of their culture and social values. They also comply with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 3 of the International Covenants of 1966 and Article 2 (a) of the CEDAW (1979).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	dd6ccb78ee769ba8a9332ca622241777	The challenge will be to orient the health care system to help people with multiple chronic conditions. Biomedical research on chronic diseases generally focuses on single chronic diseases like diabetes while often ignoring the co-existing conditions a diabetic may have. In fact, people with multiple chronic conditions are often excluded from randomised clinical trials which make it difficult to create an evidence base to guide their care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	dd6da165e89ec741c192c1419993c507	In terms of small-scale fisheries, 91 000 fishermen are currently registered (Panel D). The Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture defines policies and the regulatory framework. The National Fisheries Service and Aquaculture controls, monitors and inspects the enforcement of the national fisheries and aquaculture regulation.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/774c08c9-en	dd7371f2a2423a2a664be4b42301783f	Thus the process of economic development is normally unbalanced, with some firms and sectors gaining market shares at the expense of others, and new products and production processes replacing older ones in a process of “creative destruction” (Schumpeter, 1942/2003). In this process, the accumulation of capital and knowledge (including that acquired through learning by doing) tends to concentrate wealth and economic power even further. But irrespective of cross-country differences in the level of effective inequality, the increase in inequality over time has given rise to growing concerns in many countries about its social and economic repercussions.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-8-en	dd75c3b7d41b6066b59ba98391b91cb7	The local government can facilitate the exchange of good practices and knowledge acquired though the rural-urban partnership, promoting evaluation of the initiatives and sharing information. They provide useful vehicles for translating national policy design and implementation at the local level, increasing national policy effectiveness. Also, regions and cities are responsible for much of the service delivery and public investment that determines economic growth and people’s well-being.	6	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	dd7771fa6b3b77b08c2b7edb9aa79862	Hence, operations in the energy sector may affect the water availability for agriculture and therefore crop yields. Secondly, when the resource becomes scarcer and less accessible it may be overcome by using more of other resources (substitution). For instance, with depletion of conventional oil reserves, oil and gas resources require more water to be processed, which may put pressure on water resources.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	dd7a4204738a30b0bda2ad4d9595e105	Special regulation measures for local stock components are taken in accordance with scientific advice. Since 2000, the large longliners have been restricted to fish outside the 4-nautical mile line. To achieve a reduction in landings of coastal cod additional technical regulations in coastal areas were introduced in May 2004 and continued with small modifications in 2005 and 2006. A box closed for all fishing gears except hand-line and fishing rod is defined in an area where spawning concentrations of coastal cod is usually observed and where the catches of coastal cod have been high.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-18-en	dd8001c56e34dda231174d28fca38e6e	A national child benefit provides supplementary income for eligible low-income families in all provinces and territories, except in Quebec, where access is higher and eligible low-income families have free access to regulated ECEC. A national Universal Child Care Benefit program issues a taxable $100 monthly payment to families for each child under the age of six to help cover the cost of child care. Public primary and secondary education is provided free of charge to students who meet age and residence requirements, and some provinces and territories have extended the length of compulsory education from age 16 to age 18.	4	0	6	1.0
10.18356/21b890d9-en	dd804a4b235f8c45caea86b5c3b65e56	"But it can also be oppressive and exploitative, hampering caregivers’ opportunities and enjoyment of rights. As the feminist economist Diane Elson puts it, the fact that much unpaid care work “is done for love, does not mean that we always love doing it. Although the state may not finance or deliver all forms of support, it has a duty to ensure that such support is available, accessible and of adequate quality for everyone. But women's time is not ""infinitely elastic,"" and coping strategies can produce unintended outcomes.4 In the context of health crises, girls can miss out on school because of time spent fetching water and looking after bed-ridden family members."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	dd817404e32afd3b576cbd9499a7259b	The estimated correlation is 0.51. See OECD Employment Outlook 2014, notably Annex 3.A1. The need to tailor these models to the self-employed is recognised in the research literature and some progress has been made. For example, rather than autonomy, negotiation power is suggested to be a better indicator of job resources for this group.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	dd818daa87e8a695f11c1f20b0a9f9d3	It is free of charge and comprises 26 weeks of full-time studies. The programme provides academic and work experience evaluation, training and career guidance, in addition to support from the Public Employment Service with internship placement and during the internship. The requirements to be accepted into the programme include having completed a minimum of three years of higher education outside of the Nordic region, to be enrolled in the Public Employment Service and to speak basic Swedish (A2 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) (Stockholm University, 2018(142])- However, it is unclear how many teachers with an immigrant background participate in this training programme.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	dd81f42b7c2ae9f0b42a33ede905adbc	The transition to sustainable, resilient, climate-smart food and agricultural systems requires adaptation to climate change and a commitment to climate change mitigation throughout the agriculture sectors. The transition will depend on action by policy-makers, civil society, farmers, herders, foresters and fisherfolk, as well as stakeholders along the food and agriculture value chains worldwide. It is vital to ensure that the climate finance available to the agriculture sectors is commensurate with the role the sector must play in ensuring food security and responding to the challenge of climate change today and in the future. These are the OECD's Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the Climate Fund Update (CFU) of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), United Kingdom.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	dd81fb5870d35f073e1f9914ae855bd7	Divergence between statutory (formal) law and customary and/or religious law can be addressed at the highest level, namely with constitutional protections. The Uganda National Land Policy (Final Draft) also commits to reform customary law, to modify the rules of transmission of land rights under customary land tenure, to guarantee gender equality and equity; and to ensure that the decisions of traditional land management institutions uphold constitutional rights and obligations with regard to gender equality. In this policy, the Government of Uganda specifically commits to protect the rights of access to, inheritance and ownership of land for women and children, and to address the existing gender inequality and ensure that both men and women enjoy equal rights to land before marriage, in marriage, after marriage, and at succession, without discrimination.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	dd855ade1e62920c90d6272bbff9bafc	The JFBPW incubators are members of the Jordan Innovation Centers (JIC) network coordinated by the Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO), but have no linkages with WBI networks in the region or in other countries. Such linkages would be of value for sharing information, particularly in developing standard operating procedures. It offers mentoring, training and professional development to members, advocates for policies and programmes in favour of women’s entrepreneurship, and operates four incubators for women entrepreneurs located in Casablanca (26 spaces), Rabat (7 spaces), El Jadida (4 spaces) and Tangier; it also has plans to open more incubators in other parts of Morocco.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	dd85ccb1f63f48665a1c3c91fec4e2d2	Sustainable urbanisation” and corresponding activities in the VGGS and VGGAP could also be fine-tuned to reflect the increasing role of cities. Policy solutions and activities within the VGGS and VGGAP relevant to urban green growth (cont.) Human resource training #38: Support development of human resources for green jobs and development Source: VGGS and VGGAP. All the PGGAPs examined for this report have a focus on urban areas and include concrete projects that encompass issues from urban planning to capacity building or urban infrastructure investment (wastewater treatment, public transport, renewable energy such as rooftop solar panels, etc.).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	dd88298290601e992da70d7dee1330ce	One of the most obvious examples is how tax policies affect land use is the tax deductibility of commuting expenses. Commuting expenses are tax deductible in 12 of 26 analysed OECD countries (Harding, 2014). Given the marginal tax rates in OECD countries, this reduces the costs of commuting by up to 50%, which provides incentives to people to live further away from their place of work than they would otherwise.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	dd88f1bc0ae235d1b0a1441aad36b937	However, both the area harvested and staple food prices will increase at about twice the rate projected in the absence of climate change, with potentially significant impacts on both the environment and food security. Higher latitudes will see smaller losses in yields, and even some gains as growing seasons lengthen. Losses in lower latitude regions will be greater.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	dd8a744ed5500a8f9ef45b61509e2a44	One implication is that formal-sector labour markets exhibit some form of wage rigidity in which wages remain above the market clearing level. In this conventional view from the literature, unregulated wage employment and self-employment are treated as a free-entry residual sector that is informal in character. Given mobility and wage rigidities in the formal sector, labour markets become inefficient, resulting in the need for structural reforms.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/d08a72ab-en	dd8b035c09a96f8a70b648aa0a09c895	It is also key for ensuring interoperability and facilitating the adoption of new technologies, especially by SMEs. Although private sector actors may have the technical knowledge to develop complex standards,303 without transparency, accountability and other forms of consumer protection, these market players may be tempted to abuse their rule-making power.304 Change in the area of standardization is putting pressure on governments in developing countries to reform and develop their standardization infrastructure.305 For national quality infrastructure bodies, guiding principles in the digital standards system should be mediation, neutrality, consumer protection, and competition. As neutral arbiters, they can mediate between the interests of businesses and consumers of digital goods. They can focus fheir activities on safety and interoperability.	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	dd8b81af4763a52f9efa871ed9b4770b	So, while this approach could provide accurate information about the prevalence of children being exposed to household food insecurity, and even about those who we expect are at risk from household conditions, it would be less helpful for quantifying the number of children with experiences of food insecurity. The first approach relies only on data about household food security, and would provide little specificity about type or degree of child risk. It is possible that a combination of household food security and other economic, contextual, or health indicators could provide a more accurate prediction of which children are at risk, and for what. As with the first approach, preliminary research would be necessary to empirically determine the profile of factors that predict different child food insecurity experiences, based on either a definitive direct measurement of child food insecurity (e.g., interviews with children) or a validated set of child items implemented in a diverse set of countries.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281318-27-en	dd8b8b0c51634c71717b5053c5f84d74	But is a growing issue in developing countries where women’s enterprises tend to be clustered in the informal economy with limited access to capital, financing, business support services or markets. Lengthy, costly and bureaucratically complex business registration procedures hinder the development of formal enterprises and hence the capacity of many women’s enterprises to grow beyond the subsistence microenterprise level (ILO, 2016).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	dd8c6d738022d148b12b71e9f99726e8	Following the arguments provided in detail elsewhere (de Neubourg and Plavgo, 2012), this paper and its companion background paper to the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card 10 (Bradshaw et al, 2012) discuss monetary poverty and deprivation as related but conceptually distinct. The main arguments for this separate treatment relate to the fact that traditional monetary poverty measures and deprivation measures tell two different stories. While money-metric indicators of poverty give an indication of the Financial means of the household to satisfy its needs, deprivation indicators provide information on the degree to which some of these needs are actually met. The latter is the result of a mixture of variables including the income and resources available to the households, spending decisions by the households, the availability of (public) goods and services and the state of the economy in general. Mixing deprivation indicators with monetary poverty data in a single index leads to a loss of dimensions rather than further insights gained from adding dimensions.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	dd8d8c03246ea7189002c35ce2c44bdc	In Iceland, Ireland, Israel and Spain, young men are more likely than young women to be NEET, although the gap is small. Factors affecting NEET rates include high participation of youth in the informal sector, negative experiences at school as well as social and behavioural problems. In OECD countries, girls entering the labour market have comparable and often higher education levels than boys.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	dd8dfe9dca1d448b0c721576af9fdfc7	In 2011 Mexico reported one of the lowest rates in the OECD (at just over 1 000 consultations1 per doctor, compared to nearly 2 500 OECD-wide). This is despite Mexico having significantly fewer doctors per capita than is typical in OECD countries. To take another pertinent example, day-case rates for cataract surgery are lower than the OECD average, whilst rates of caesarian section are the highest in the OECD, which may be due to a lack of guidelines encouraging international best practice, and/or the inadequate implementation of such guidelines.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	dd8fe7d44481797e52ac2ff89f3597f9	The same situation occurs in Azerbaijan, and the quality of the surface water in these rivers only improves where no population is settled, as in the section between the Georgian-Azerbaijani border and Mengechevir reservoir. According to MENR, the results of monitoring over the last ten years show that DDT is not present in drinking water sources. However, some traces of DDT are still found in the Kura River, particularly after heavy rains.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	dd901713fdf11f518d5fbbc9a501951c	Since rustication of the Convention, no plan of action for strategies to implement it has been developed, as required by the Beijing Platform of Action. Nor has Solomon Islands submitted a report to the CEDAW Committee’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194). The constitution also provided women with rights to equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities, employment, education and health care as well as the right to represent the Solomons in international organisations (Corrin 2008). Women are underrepresented in other high-ranking positions as well.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	dd95a3fe854b5b4c0cc2e02b8a96ed19	This provides additional time for physicians to spend on those medically complex patients with multiple chronic conditions. Some OECD countries have embraced the expansion of the workforce to include these personnel. Physicians, nurses, and other health professionals need to enter an environment that promotes the skills they leam in clinical training. Updating the education curriculum will not be very effective unless: 1) the research infrastructure creates the evidence base to guide education and patient care; 2) the payment and delivery systems help them administer the types of care they are trained to deliver; and 3) the quality metrics measure what they are being trained to provide.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	dd9f49b713d06701911ffbf4be024eff	Nevertheless, they intend to increase the number of at-sea inspections. Inspections on landings are facilitated by the fact that all fish landed in Norway have to be sold by or with the approval of one of six publicly recognised first-hand sales organisations. For herring and similar fish, there is only one agency, with a statutory monopoly, following the merger of some smaller agencies.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8e319423-en	dd9f744bc115d67830c37a64af84dd22	The first is to use a simple average supply cost of desalination of $ 1.15/m3 as a working estimate for the supply cost of desalination. This figure is based on a benchmarking exercise of 51 seawater RO desalination plants36 that led to a similar average supply cost and on previous studies that have taken an estimation approach to supply costs.37 The supply cost is irrespective of technology type and feedwater because reported costs are not tractable. The second method for calculating cost is to use an energy cost based method. The first is electric energy that is produced from a large number of fuel sources, including coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuel, photovoltaic solar and wind energy.38 RO plants use only electrical energy, while MSF and MED use some electrical energy. Thermal energy can be derived from many of the same fuel sources as electrical energy, including oil and natural gas, or from such alternative sources as solar thermal.39 MSF and MED plants primarily use thermal energy, while RO plants do not use any thermal energy. Water Desalination Report, vol.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	dda349c05a075b1be1c375aab412a455	These countries have not set up river basin organisations, and mainly involve municipalities in public service delivery at local level. In Israel, the responsibility for managing water supply and sewage treatment is shared among the national actors, such as the Israeli Water Authority and five ministries (Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure). The final approval for issuing all water allocations, standards, tariffs and regulations is given by the Water Authority Council Forum.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	dda630c57bae3c288a94f926f79cb4fc	In the context of climate change, for instance, the impetus for low-emission development strategies was a perceived need to more cohesively pursue dual objectives of low emissions and development goals (see Clapp, Brinerand Karousakis, 2010). Similarly, just as “aligning policies for a low-carbon economy” is directly associated with mainstreaming climate objectives into other sectors of the economy (OECD, 2015a), mainstreaming biodiversity and development could, for example, also be described as pursuing inclusive green growth for biodiversity and/or aligning policies for a resource-efficient economy. A number of the lessons and insights are relevant for how to mainstream biodiversity more effectively. Earlier work on biodiversity mainstreaming highlights the need to better assess mainstreaming efforts, to use these to inform policy making and to develop learning networks at regional and global scale (Huntley and Redford, 2014). Mainstreaming biodiversity is crucial for all countries, as recognised by the parties to the CBD and the SDGs. A broad range of countries are therefore examined to ensure that various challenges are considered.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	dda6563bda60c0a26cba3f46bd0adfb3	The crucial assumption here is that quasi-experimental groups differ only by observable covariates. This condition eliminates any bias. Typically, the difference-in-differences model is estimated using simple regression analysis, w'hen any characteristic one wants to control for could be entered into the equation and made to interact with time and treatment (Meyer 1995; Gruber 1994). Another approach is to balance covariates across groups to make them more comparable, which can be achieved through matching methods (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1983; Heckman, Ichimura and Todd 1998).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	dda745f3bf62faccf200c6370dbf3d42	The FCP-group is itself a CET aggregate of Cattle and Raw Milk (both Pasture), ‘Sugarcane and Beet’ (SUG), and the group of ‘Cereal, Oilseed and Protein crops’ (COP). Here, the elasticity of transformation is o2. Finally, the transformation of land within the upper nest, the COP-group, is modeled with an elasticity o3. In this way the degree of substitutability of types of land can be varied between the nests.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	dda86424fc700e7b55213f093d7733a1	The pace of the price increase will take account of the agricultural sector’s capacity to further increase its already high water use efficiency. The 2006 Farmers’ Agreement commits the agricultural sector to an increase in the price of water to recover the costs of production by 2015. However, the most distorting forms of support (based on commodity output and variable input use) still dominate (96% of PSE in 2006-08). Budgetary expenditure on agri-environmental measures (USD 9 million in 2008)19 is just over 2% of total agricultural budgetary expenditure.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/43ad018a-en	ddaceadb3fa69fa941cf20cd35dc4ee1	Will the obstacles blocking her path to adulthood have been cleared by then? The challenge is considerable, but we must honour our commitments or the framework will ring hollow. The future hangs in the balance. Investing in girls makes good financial sense. Conversely, foiling to invest in them is nothing less than planned poverty (Bruce, 2012).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	ddad20c692cb6c32edf13442ff87c3ab	Effective public governance is critical for regulation and the mix of economic instruments (including pricing, subsidies, or compensation mechanisms) that offer incentives to different groups of users to engage in water-sustainable practices and to agree on water reforms. It is also crucial to reconcile the long-term financial needs of the sector with the revenue streams available (3Ts - taxes, transfers and tariffs), taking into account the need for efficiency of fund use and the importance of strategic financial planning. Finally, integrated public governance is also necessary to overcome the typical disjuncture between water policies and planning on the one hand, and engineering and infrastructure investments on the other hand, both of which affect water quantity and quality.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	ddad47ff3e405cf330437e4f2ad7273b	In the region, the support for this decision was vast.17 Since 2009, however, decision making at the national level has been repeatedly postponed. To date, no final decision has been taken. While the decision process related to the water quality is still pending, it has been decided that the Volkerak-Zoommeer will be prepared as a water storage area (part of the PKB measure “Room for the River”). When this situation coincides with high river levels, river dykes may overflow.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	ddaeae0d1bf13d2d4988f1ed59e58b73	When environmental reporting started in the early 1990s, for some the business rationale was initially to demonstrate compliance with the new environmental laws and regulations, as well as to demonstrate their ‘license to operate’, while others used their environmental report more like a marketing tool. It was especially the more polluting industries and organizations in consumer products that started to report on environmental performance. Later the reports were extended with health and safety information.	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	ddaf96de3b31fd9e2f78a32d05e36b3d	As such, they play a pivotal role in promoting substantive equality for women. The availability of care services can help redress women's socio-economic disadvantage by enhancing their ability to engage in paid work. Care services also contribute to the transformation of gender stereotypes by allowing women to move out of the home and into the public domain. Data on early childhood education and care (ECEC) services illustrate this point.215 Across OECD countries, for example, coverage of ECEC services for children aged 0-2 years, when the care burden on women is largest, lags far behind coverage for children aged 3-5 years.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	ddb2af81489aaf516ea3586f3676f479	Distributional Consequences of Transport Fuel Taxes in Ethiopia, In: Sterner (ed.) Fuel Taxes and the Poor: The Distributional Effects of Gasoline Taxation and Their Implications for Climate Policy, RFF press. Ethiopia’s Progress Towards Eradicating Poverty: An Interim Report on Poverty Analysis Study (2010/11).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	ddb45bd41445ee2d503509f2cc2de00d	In a context of under-developed public transport, improvements in road infrastructure will transform motorcycle dependency into car dependency, but will not help manage overall motorisation rates. It is thus important for Hai Phong to plan upgrades and extend its road network in tandem with effective demand management policies. New road infrastructure should also take into account the need to prioritise road space for public transport. Examples from selected OECD and non-OECD cities exhibit complex policy options and their consequences (Box 2.5).	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	ddb5ff5146f34f0e29724de959569a65	Women, men, children and networks of kin or community may all be important contributors of unremunerated time into social reproduction. We also know, however, that women perform the bulk of unpaid household work whether or not they also participate in paid work (Budlender 2008; Charmes 2006; Folbre 2006). Because we concentrate on gender inequality,the division of labour between women and men as well as, eventually, women and the state, centres the analysis.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	ddb62ef704501706117735730e2522bd	This indicator provides information regarding how efficiently people are being transported and is a common metric for measuring the efficiency for mobility systems. Some research also indicates that the efficiency of shared mobility services at optimising the movement of users while minimising that of vehicles is greater than previous point-to-point, on-demand mobility services (i.e. taxis). The capacity utilisation rate of UberX vehicles, for example, has been found to be an average of 38% greater than traditional point-to-point services in two large North American cities (Cramer and Kreuger, 2016). Preliminary indications also suggest that capacity utilisation in shared mobility networks is markedly higher in dense urban areas, indicating that higher density (of supply and demand) is correlated with higher efficiency.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f24d500-en	ddb74cb5ef3dd2d7c44eb3f353cc841a	Globally, 22% of upper secondary students are in technical and vocational tracks, compared with 2% of lower secondary students. The latter share is highest in low and lower middle income countries, suggesting that part of the expansion of tertiary education in richer countries results from diversification into shorter programmes. Female students are under-represented at the doctoral level (ISCED 8), especially in low income countries.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264229679-8-en	ddb861597cce222b4844bc939b075d59	The annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and inform the allocation of budgets; the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Plan. These processes will generate valuable information that government officials can draw upon when deciding whether the national approach on adaptation is the right one, if the circumstances that initially informed the Plan have changed, and if adjustments in the plan or the implementation mechanisms are needed.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083479-4-en	ddb8a61f2acebf2221ec2673371eacde	Firm size is an important factor for innovation, and differences among countries are less pronounced among large firms with 250 employees or more. Industries that may be regarded as less innovative, primarily because of their low R&D intensity, such as printing and paper products or textiles and clothing, frequently have as much propensity to innovate as those in communication or financial services, which are often regarded as the leading innovation industries (ABS, 2006a; Statistics New Zealand, 2007; OECD, 2010a). Sub-national innovation data from Australia have shown, for example, that less than 10% of firms account for 80% of innovation expenditure and innovation sales (Smith and O’Brien, 2008).	9	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	ddc07924e155881726b5f76992782706	As regards smoking and obesity, there is substantial knowledge concerning health risks, healthcare and productivity consequences. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary smoking prevention are well-known. In contrast, the current evidence concerning health risks associated with particular nutrients is in some cases ambiguous (saturated fat, certain carbohydrates, alcohol).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	ddc1ebf43fe06d0753f9bf15f9e67aa3	This was however not the case in other emerging markets such as Brazil, Chile, South Africa and Turkey who saw sufficient productivity growth to boost their incomes level. Mexico still displays a high level of poverty in international comparison. Among OECD countries for example, poverty rates were the second highest in Mexico (after Israel), with a relative poverty rate at 20.4 in 2010 (OECD, 2014c). This means that one in every five Mexicans was poor, compared to just above one in ten on average across OECD countries.	3	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ddc358ced4aa611715a2fb7e2418fc16	However, different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness. For example, meeting the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of climate-vulnerable countries will be important to the development and climate communities, but not necessarily a priority of private investors. There may also be differences of emphasis within an individual community, particularly the private sector.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	ddc457b4851295bdddfc54dc82e656e0	The differences are significant considering that while in households in quintile I women spend an average of 46 hours per week on unpaid work, those in quintile V spend almost 32 hours. Meanwhile, the differences in the amount of time spent on unpaid work between men in quintile I and V households are not significant; they are generally less than one hour per day. This shows that men's contribution to domestic and care work is generally independent of socioeconomic stratum, and that the gender gap is even wider and more unjust in the lowest-income households.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	ddc6179055cd9d80b3a394f7daf08b9b	Discussion of externalities and comparisons with international tax benchmarks is excluded from the scope of this study, given the challenges of benchmarking and other methodological disagreements among the key expert organisations. This fourth “nesting doll” can, however, be subject to follow-up activities. The most commonly used approach distinguishes subsidies that benefit consumers from those benefitting producers of energy.	7	3	5	0.25
10.18356/f90985ff-en	ddc72da53b9e7706ec87c9df670a7c15	Hybrid cooling was found to reduce the LCOE increase, but at a higher capital cost and operational complexity (Turchi et al., Interestingly, the overall footprint of the dry-cooled plant did not increase because the additional solar field area required to offset the decrease in efficiency was balanced by the elimination of cooling tower evaporation ponds. Even without such developments, however, the cost penalties associated with reducing water consumption appear to be relatively minor.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	ddcb7d02412b6121981048e40ab99b01	These examples illustrate the gap in information that prevents a comprehensive picture of climate-related financial flows into the country. Better understanding of climate finance flows within the country, for example, could enable further discussion on how to improve the effectiveness of international public finance in mobilising broader capital resources. Such clearer information could help the EECCA countries strengthen trust w ith existing and potential providers of finance.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	ddce2be06b215cbb06a07531a55832bc	Of this amount, oil products received $126 billion, natural gas $85 billion, fossil-fired electricity $95 billion and coal $6 billion. Fossil fuel consumption subsidies in countries with low levels of access to modern energy11 amounted to $71 billion, and subsidies in these countries for residential use of kerosene, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (sometimes labelled “fuels for the poor”) were less than $50 billion (International Energy Agency, 2010b). Thus, the problem of energy access is one mainly of distribution, not of absolute amounts of available resources. However, it is clear that there are a number of barriers to deployment and adoption of more efficient energy converters, as well as techno-economic limits to be considered. Solutions to overcoming the known barriers exist, but they require long-term commitment and a stable systemic approach by decision makers.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188914-en	ddd09bae93ca20e8b352a9193dc6358b	In 2010 and 2011, the unemployment rate had stabilised at around 5% for Wroclaw, but it remained much higher for Lower Silesia (12.5% in 2011). Rapid economic growth has not remedied social and economic exclusion. Other challenges include tying down global mobile investment, raising the global competitiveness of indigenous businesses, securing the future of higher education in the city and defining Wroclaw’s role in the Polish national system of cities. While these European funds will continue to flow, a more strategic, innovation-oriented approach will be needed for the next programming period (starting in 2014), including better connection to the higher education system.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	ddd428edcd26bef78f0034eccb630daf	People with only secondary level education account for 73% of the unemployed in Azerbaijan, 60.7% in Ukraine, 53.9% in Armenia, 48.9% in Belarus and 37% in Georgia. Other human development indicators, such as brain drain, female participation, staff training, technology absorption and worker-employer cooperation, have also been added to the mix. Female participation is highest in Republic of Moldova, and Azerbaijan emerges with the best ranking overall for these indicators.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	ddd757539264d7a4362317df8d835cd1	Coastal cities and human settlements often increase pressure on the environment. Indeed, pollution in oceans is often caused by pollution from cities. At the same time, achieving SDG 14 also reinforces sustainable urban planning and resilient settlements, given that urban development often occurs along coasts due to economic advantages and opportunities presented by coastal areas. The inter-linkages between SDG 11 on one hand and SDG 14 on the other are clear through the need to conserve our biodiversity.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a81ec314-en	ddd9ab387d2fc7238a7336e01f4480c3	These new partnerships arc working to provide the most cost-cfTcctivc electrification solutions, especially in remote communities that arc often the most disadvantaged in terms of electricity access. Though progress in electrification continued at the regional level, it slowed in the recent period, attributable to population growth in rural areas and the ongoing difficulty of extending services to remote areas. The rate of progress has declined in countries with the largest deficits, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, while the lowest access rates arc found among a number of Pacific Island and least developed State.4 Though urban areas in most economics have achieved universal access, rural areas lag behind, and, in a few cases with growing rural populations, rural electrification rates are falling.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	ddda8a79514a02f02252964fcb356611	It aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth, and by accelerating regional economic integration. Capacity-building projects target specific policy areas, from enhancing small and medium enterprise competitiveness to facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the region. It is an independent intergovernmental organization within the ASEAN structure that represents the ASEAN member States' interests in the energy sector.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	dddc24a08e4893874594f0c8c0afe988	Drawing even further on Indigenous traditions and ways of learning than is currently the case through the PEIB presents an opportunity to enable Indigenous students to learn better. There are channels of communication between Indigenous communities and the national government, but there is a large room for improving this dialogue. Some communities claim the need for developing their own pedagogical techniques and teaching their knowledge (saberes).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	ddde7123abab135a24aeff3d4b2fb8ae	The board regularly meets and evaluates the existing training programmes together with the Employer Federation of Pakistan. Based on the assessment results, they develop and implement short training programmes to fill the identified skills gaps. The council’s financial position allows the body to provide training for the poor free of charge.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd217899-en	dddf69cc1dcaae80dd33230fdd87746c	Are key stakeholders engaged and their partnerships leveraged? The workshop featured presentations of PES applications, providing an insight to the range of application of PES in the Asian and Pacific region. Selected experiences are outlined below. Many more cases have been researched, implemented and documented by the RUPES/ICRAF programme, among other institutions.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/ad12659d-en	dde1a71dbd019f7183b0e23ac743d857	It also calls for national surveys to be conducted to identify good practices and encourages cooperation among schools at both national and regional levels. They enhance understanding of perceptions and attitudes in relation to this phenomenon, including among girls and boys of different ages and social backgrounds, and help to identify children at greater risk to help provide them with effective support. In terms of national planning, research based on comprehensive data can inter alia, help quantify the economic cost of violence and identify the social returns that can be achieved with steady investment in prevention.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	dde21970d0ffc85cf2f18490d0d8fedf	Progressively, MCDA should be granted increasing fiscal authority on numerous matters that require metropolitan management, in particular mobility, solid w aste and water management. Giving more weight to MCDA in managing finance in Metro Cebu could also help to ease the negative effects of revenue inequalities as show'n in Figure 4.2. As an example, Metro Vancouver’s revenues are mostly built through water sales (37%), sewer levy (29%) and solid w'aste tipping fee (12%) (Box 4.3). Similarly, 43% of Barcelona Metropolitan Authority’s (AMA) budget - at around EUROS 280 million - are built through the waste management tax and the mobility tax, and 13% from PPPs for w'ater supply and night bus service.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	dde54123c23a4f34e19570ca47496efb	Standards have been introduced for providers to ensure a minimum level of quality and a new curriculum will for the first time establish educational objectives for children under the age of 4 years. Important planning tools are also under development, such as a unique child identifier and a geo-referenced database for care centres, to better target services towards those most in need. However, Costa Rica is lagging far behind most OECD countries and many Latin American countries in terms of the access, quality and equity of early years’ provision.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0bd7f2cc-en	dde999fb0e016d97f42465806a989b43	However, economic development between 1960 and 1989 resulted in a significant deterioration of the w'ater quality of the Danube and domestic rivers. It was agreed that transitional arrangements would mn until 31 December 2018, with intermediate targets for the collection and treatment of urban wastewater. Council Directive 91/271/EEC, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC,47 was fully transposed into Romanian legislation through GD No.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/968bac18-en	ddeafe3f148486cc370555df49c5c0b6	The case studies draw a comprehensive picture, showing how some countries have managed to harness commodities in promoting inclusive growth and development, while in others commodity dependence has hampered growth prospects owing to weak governance. Lessons can be drawn from the success stories, but also from cases where economies continue to suffer from the negative consequences of commodity dependence. Both countries used a period of strong global demand for commodities to implement policies that aimed at inclusive growth. Given that the structure of soybean production in both countries is based on medium and large-scale farms, social policies were important for redistributing benefits, and they resulted in significant progress in poverty reduction and food security.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/caeceb38-en	ddebdb8c5a6b521d7b8d89e4bce82813	A recent study in Mozambique found stark differences in young children's mortality rates when the success of their fathers' migration (based on the mother's perception of net gains to the household) was factored in (Yabiku, Agadjanian, & Cau, 2012). Research in Malawi found that the 'absence' of a migrant parent varies because intervals between return visits range from a few months to several years, and many migrant parents remain closely involved with childcare from a distance (Carling &Tonnessen, 2013). Moreover, a migrant's remittances typically benefit child welfare by strengthening household finances, reducing reliance on child labour, and helping cover the costs of education, healthcare and other welfare-related expenses. It is often assumed that women who live close to their maternal relatives have greater access to support for their children.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ddec8fa3bed7e390da5d442826b02782	A 2007 study found that the maximum share of energy consumption that could be produced in Luxembourg from renewable sources was 4.5%. Price guarantees and subsidies have sparked a notable increase in photovoltaic solar energy production capacity (from 54 kW in 1999 to 23 500kW in 2005). Thus, over the period 2001-08, investment in photovoltaic solar power received EUR 70 million in subsidies. It would be useful to reconsider the various systems in place for promoting renewable energy and to assess and review them from the viewpoints of economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness. Opportunity costs of the funds allocated to promoting renewable energy and those devoted to energy savings should be assessed. Luxembourg’s electricity prices before tax are the highest in the OECD, particularly for small companies and households.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	ddefa89b70bfc3274b2f4e01452c1846	The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of DFID, and IDRC or its Board of Governors.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	ddf09c27c99d4fec0ec478c3e6e88aa4	Commitments could be quantified in terms of a GHG-related metric where possible. This would help to inform estimates of future global GHG emissions and assessments of progress towards the 2 °C long-term global goal. It would also facilitate assessment of progress towards individual country commitments.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ddf11c0ad7a39d9fa13d4a3558d9e572	They have the added advantage of leaving the pollution rent to the polluter. However, in the area of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in particular, a review and eventual tightening of emission standards seem warranted. Information-based measures: contrary to a frequent misconception, these measures are not minor add-ons to “real” measures but are at the heart of modern internalisation.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	ddf1dc3f20c1694701c70517076847dc	The share is highest in South and South-East Asia, in the Middle East and North Africa (Panel B), where it is typically above 50%. On the other hand, people have generally become less likely to declare that a woman earning more than her husband can be problematic (Panel C), but data are only available for a subset of countries. Only two decades ago, the percentage of respondents who agreed or strongly agreed with that statement in OECD countries was above 40%. Finally, the perceived value of female education has shown mixed trends.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	ddf29e463b5286a7f71dca4a9f9ec567	India has enough hydro potential to meet this increase, but will require new line connections to the centres of demand. The environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects need to be carefully considered in the planning process. Grid expansion is needed to provide electricity access to areas that have been neglected to date.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	ddf47181ac6ce216b37e2d3fffa3de9d	About 30% of 25-34 year-olds attain upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, compared to the OECD average of 44%, while 58% of 25-34 year-olds have at least an upper secondary degree in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 82% (Figure 2). Portugal has 41% of enrolments in upper-secondaiy VET in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 44%. These programmes target those who wish to pursue a vocational qualification as well as those who have dropped out - or are at risk of dropping out.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	ddf52330ca708fae33a526b657587e11	They are both entering a phase where they need assessment and reflection upon system-wide issues of effectiveness and efficiency, the trade-offs between national coverage and specialisation, and the potential need for further competition amongst providers. As the evaluation of Enterprise Connect begins in 2012-13, it will be timely for the administration in Mexico to engage experience in Australia. The GORs provided a renewed regional map of public administration which had been removed in the 1980s following the abolition of the Metropolitan Counties and the Regional Planning Councils.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	ddf96e4efd237086dfaf592160b57716	Their take-up rate should also be increased, as currently planned by the government for the coming years. The BEPS are individual retirement accounts that target those working in the informal sector, with irregular wages or with wages below the minimum wage, and those who have not contributed enough to the contributory regime to be entitled to a pension (that, by law, must be at least equal to the minimum wage). The government’s top up rate on individuals’ voluntary contributions to the BEPS would be 20%. The BEPS specifically targets low-income households: only those in the three lower socio-economic strata (the so-called Sisben 1 to 3) can be covered by the BEPS.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	ddf99d134d222e1930f5de653a31ce87	When the agency in charge of the underground (STC) was created in 1967, the federal government funded its expansion and operational subsidy. After the 1997 reform, the government of the Federal District assumed responsibility for the underground system (Medina, 2013).32 As a consequence, under the current framework, the Federal District has to provide the operational subsidy for the underground in the State of Mexico, and is also responsible for the maintenance and management of this infrastructure (Medina, 2013). This is far from ideal, since better connections for population in the State of Mexico necessarily mean higher financial pressure for the Federal District, which is already operating the underground at a deficit.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	ddfa25a2c5a248bc336029384b45d7f0	They would be paid on a new fee schedule with higher payments for preventative services, counselling, and management of chronic diseases. This would complemented by a P4P scheme to reward high quality primary care. Medical schools would create model primary care polyclinics to train future primary care physicians. With these reforms, Korea could develop a health system that is more efficient, with fewer avoidable hospital admissions, that achieves better outcomes for chronic diseases, decreases health inequalities, and improves social cohesion.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264084070-en	ddffe24a4a9b8c05cd33f8ebd62ce286	The OECD review team was impressed by the professional commitment of the teachers in the schools it visited, but stakeholders reported that there were not enough resources to ensure teachers receive the necessary support and training. The context is also fast changing in many schools with growing and changing groups of students with immigrant backgrounds. They are therefore ill-prepared to address the needs of an increasingly diverse population. This saw the recruitment of many student teachers with immigrant backgrounds but either without a formal teachers' qualification or with a foreign teachers' qualification, but they are given opportunities (through a scholarship scheme) to obtain the Norwegian formal qualification.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0ec10acd-en	de00eb6bf0e0498acf0b5cf966e53d08	Table 9 below presents a summary of identified challenges and potential response options and links these to case studies presented in this sourcebook. Please note that this table of challenges and response options is not exhaustive and stakeholders may find other more relevant issues within their national contexts. Some respondents used the opportunity to point out methods to further cooperation, including improved coordination of programs of work or projects undertaken by NFPs, and the potential role of national inter-ministerial committees to oversee implementation of biodiversity relevant activities. This can also address capacity needs.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	de02d04f626ab2a0e5db3361f3135509	On average, results suggest that about 50% of harm in primary' and ambulatory care is considered preventable in high-income countries, but estimates varied from over 80% to less than 20%. It should again be noted that preventability is not static and changes with new knowledge and innovation. Despite wide-ranging estimates, findings strongly suggest that there is a considerable potential for saving and liberating resources if patient harm is avoided.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	de0361537b8b0a3cadbcbfa4c3ffa785	It crosses into five countries: Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan with its river basin covering 860,000 km2. The upper Indus in the Himalayas is fed by glacier meltwater and monsoon rains. From the Punjab southward the river traverses desert and semidesert land, including the Thai and Thar deserts. West of Bahawalpur its main tributary, the Panjnad, which is formed by the junction of the Chenab and Sutlej rivers, joins the Indus.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/4a27e063-en	de04c71d2cb6a2d769b4e6f3f2d44b7e	By leasing, parts of the annual quota allocation are transferred to other operators. Leasing allows for flexibility in order to lease in extra quota at the end of the year, but can also be used in itself as a distinct business strategy. Through the leasing relation the paymentto the actual fishers are driven downwards, giving rise to criticism and feudal metaphors such as sea-lords, quota kings and quota tenants.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/e2e1c8ab-en	de053e9649c188b15b14945820888bca	Strong household income growth in the Nordics has lifted incomes from the bottom to the top of the distribution from the mid-1990s to 2014 (Figure 3). This contrast with developments in Germany and the United States, were stagnating incomes at the bottom of the income distribution imply that material living standards have improved very little relative to the mid-1990s. National sources report an increase around four Gini points from 1990 to 2014 (Statistics Norway), but the applied household income definition is not fully comparable with the one used for OECD figures (see Causa et al.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	de0638aa815243291e28f06d830d5893	Further, within health budgets there is even less standardisation and transparency on allocation decisions. Improving the capacity of district hospitals and managers of district health offices in budget formulation would be an important first step to ensure their needs are better reflected in budgets, and ultimately more strategic purchasing. However, despite good aggregate spending levels, there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget. Giving health facilities greater decision-making power, and clarifying and simplifying the delegation framework could help health facilities increase their responsiveness to changing needs during the fiscal year.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	de074c6e4057e6fa7ee6a7553240a60f	The comprehensive action plan for improving the environmental situation in Azerbaijan (2006-2010) has increaseed the priority given to the protection of water resources, the restoration of natural water protection environments such as forests, and the provision of safe drinking w'ater to the population. Since 2001, the Asian Development Bank has approved loans for projects amounting to USS 800 million for water and sanitation in secondary cities and periurban areas. The World Bank has approved loans worth USS 490 million to improve w'ater and sanitation conditions in 43 districts. Furthermore, bilateral cooperation with such countries as Japan and with other financial institutions is continuing.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e5cda530-en	de0a721cf84e69b2ebe9accc261977a9	Although data are not readily available for all the ecosystem services of the forests, available data showed that the forest area for soil and water protection ranged from 35 percent in Viet Nam to 96 percent in Thailand. In Thailand, for example, severe floods in the southern part of the country in 1989 forced the government to take more serious forest protection measures. A Cabinet resolution on 17 January 1989 resulted in a timber-harvesting ban in the country followed by various policies to support SFM, forest conservation and forest protection.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	de0abad04a8ac2bb1d1fc798f859d812	Already, Latvia does have some mechanisms in place that prioritise services for those with the greatest need, for example children and pregnant women (Mitenbergs et al., Nevertheless, the fact that the quotas for services are exhausted by the end of the year may suggest that quota levels are insufficient, and that investment is needed to raise the threshold. Carefully assessing the relationship between demand, waiting lists, and the rate at which quotas of services are consumed is a first step.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	de0e36f6cb008f63462e486adb60673e	The longer walking and bicycle trips on roads without any dedicated facilities for theses modes increase the risk of getting involved in a fatal crash. The current relocation policies increase the vulnerability of the current vulnerable road users. The land use policies must ensure that especially the poor households, who cannot afford any form of motorized travel, are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4a2e8e2d-en	de14f47935c1f899eb45b46f6a20b22e	Also, data can be provided at country scale or at basin scale. Some indicators are from experts and national governments, while others are provided through international statistical services. Some information depends more on personal perspective and is provided through the opinions of the participants.	6	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	de15e133988aa6c3fc8420bff746dd4f	The value of forecasting models does not lie in their ability to “predict” the future - a task that no medium-to-Iong term model could realistically accomplish. Indeed if models based on current trends accurately predicted the future, it could signal a lack of innovation or policy development. As a recent report from the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs states, “Effective forecasts change the future, which means that they prove - and have to prove - wrong” (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 2010). Figure 1 presents public expenditure growth forecasts from models in five countries if no policy action is taken.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	de1a460965b9bf44c4bd73848ea218b2	It could therefore be very beneficial for countries wanting to do this if the countries that have done so reported on lessons learned on how best to integrate national and sub-national adaptation actions and plans. This can therefore help countries strengthen their adaptation actions, if needed. Monitoring and evaluating policies and learning lessons from what went well (as well as less well) can help to improve the effectiveness of adaptation policies as well as their implementation. Indeed, monitoring, evaluation and learning is a key part of the LEG technical guidelines for the NAP process (LEG, 2012). These challenges are compounded when trying to assess the overall adaptation effects of multiple actions at an aggregated level, as there is no single indicator that can be used to assess the extent of a country’s multiple different adaptation actions, approaches and needs - and not always a reliable “baseline” against which effects can be measured (AFD, 2012).	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264301603-7-en	de1acfda81ff7b0233f7ebbc15f1b27b	"The Teachers Matter report, for example, summarises findings from French and Australian surveys, and the opinions of several national experts participating in country reviews, to conclude that extrinsic factors (such as job stability, pay or working hours) are of secondary importance for those who chose a career in teaching and remained in the career (OECD, 2005, pp. In 2013-14, TALIS asked teachers to report whether they agreed with the statement ""I think that the teaching profession is valued in society"". In Malaysia, about 84% of lower secondary teachers reported that the teaching profession is valued in society, whereas only 4% of lower secondary teachers in the Slovak Republic so reported (seeTable 2.16). Teachers' salaries are measured as the ratio of annual statutory salaries in lower secondary public institutions after 15 years of experience to per capita CDP (OECD, 2016, Table II.6.54b])."	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	de1c58d1c708326c38288c3fb2a5754a	In addition, they have an important place in the food web and play a valuable role in carbon cycling by locking away carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which is eventually deposited on the ocean bottom, thereby slowing the impact of global warming. The ecosystem services provided by the marine environment are attributable to its vast size and to a large extent to its complex ecosystems and biodiversity. It is therefore most important to preserve the marine environment and its bioresources. Marine biotechnology can play an important role in reaching these goals. Biosensors are devices composed of a biological sensing component linked to a signalling component which can reveal the presence of an element, molecule or organism of interest. They can detect changes in analytical or biological parameters and may be useful for detecting quickly the presence of invasive species that can disrupt marine ecosystems and the habitats of marine or terrestrial organisms.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	de1f39320041955a2f285b04776bb8b6	Dr Marc Deffrennes contributed Chapter 10 (The impact of energy innovation on economic performance and growth). Managerial oversight was provided by Dr Daniel Iracane, Deputy Director-General and Chief Nuclear Officer; Dr Jaejoo Ha and Dr Henri Paillere, the former and Acting Head of the NEA Division of Nuclear Technology Development and Economics, respectively. The NEA also received a large number of detailed comments from its member countries, including Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland, as well as from WPNE delegates.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	de209d7fe6c6435562140a364ccf36f9	This is mainly due to a projected 80% increase in global energy demand. Transport emissions are projected to double, due to a strong increase in demand for cars in developing countries. Historically, OECD economies have been responsible for most of the emissions. In the coming decades, increasing emissions will also be caused by high economic growth in some of the major emerging economies.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	de24dc547fb123826580f1e424716beb	"However, in absolute terms the reduction was largest in the housing dimension, driven by falling rates of overcrowding. Most notably, these two countries increased the share of children who are not poor in any of the seven dimensions by substantially cutting the share of children who are poor in two or more dimensions at once, even if the share of children poor in just one dimension increased (as it did in Estonia).This suggests that in order to make progress towards Target 1.2 it is important to reduce the number of multiple dimensions a child is simultaneously deprived in. However, to avoid a 'mechanistic' approach to halving multidimensional poverty, improvements in all dimensions need to be encouraged. Very low work intensity is defined as below 20 per cent of ""the ratio of the total number of months that all working-age household members have worked during the income reference year and the total number of months the same household members theoretically could have worked in the same period''15 Large families are households with three or more children under 16."	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	de260f4e6110c63e91b8461b13bac33f	Although public ownership of health centres is still the norm in many county councils, especially in rural and sparsely populated areas, the number of private providers increased significantly following the recent reforms. In some county councils they are significant players - in Stockholm, for example, about half of all primary care providers are private. Although there are no robust evaluations of the impact of the reforms, some positive impacts have been reported. The recent reforms are reported to have increased primary care capacity, reduced waiting times and improved access, including for low-income groups (Anell et al., The increase in primary care providers notwithstanding, relative shortages persist in rural areas because the expansion has occurred primarily in wealthier, urban and more densely populated areas. The reforms have also brought an increased focus on quality, efficiency and transparency, exemplified by the measurement and publication of information on performance to support patient choice (for example through the Open Comparisons website), and incentives to county councils and municipalities for quality improvement.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	de263d842282fe93a77fb4d8a7f3fb3e	Since the adoption of the Programme of Action, which contains one of the most comprehensive negotiated texts on international migration to date, the issue of international migration and its relation to development has become increasingly prominent. The High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, held in September 2006, was the first high-level meeting of the General Assembly exclusively dedicated to the topic. The Sustainable Development Goals include several migration-related targets, including one for the facilitation of orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, while the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, adopted at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, in 2015, includes practical recommendations to strengthen the contribution of migration and remittances to development (see General Assembly resolution 69/313). In 2016, the Assembly decided to develop two global compacts, one on refugees and one for safe, orderly and regular migration, both to be adopted in 2018 (see Assembly resolution 71/1). Both urbanization and international migration are inextricably linked with the process of development.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	de26776d822033505200036b84b28056	This could range from harmonising sustainability standards, or at least of methodologies, to the liberalisation of green goods and services. The latter, however, is easier said than done; it has languished with the rest of the Doha results in the WTO context, and is proving difficult to effect at the plurilateral level among like-minded countries. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) members managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/22758cf4-en	de27dee3ad070af9960c7c9f44b49fbd	Pollution was greatly reduced in the last decades. However, there is still need for reduction of the amounts of agricultural fertilizer, as well as micropollutants from agriculture, households and industry. Further threats include erosion as well as pressures from navigation and tourism activities. The International Commission for the Protection of Lake Geneva (CIPEL), founded by an agreement between the governments of France and Switzerland in 1962, has been mostly focusing on the improvement of water quality.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/864d004f-en	de29946b269b531ffb75b3467eded21f	The first phase of the INDH, 2006-2010, had total budget support of some US$1.7 billion, which was raised to US$2.1 billion for the second phase, 2011-2015. Among the activities of the INDH is improving the conditions of access to basic infrastructure services such as education, health, roads, water supply and sanitation, and environmental protection. Pilot projects were developed by the private water companies in Casablanca, Tangier and Tdtouan as well as the public utility in Meknfcs, using output-based assistance. This project was also supported by subsidies from the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid, a World Bank programme.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	de2e3a65eb8efac53536933783267c60	These elements typically differ from one country to another. If RE deployment were required to achieve the short-term C02 objectives [i.e. if no cheaper options were left out), having a specific RE incentive could help keep the C02 and electricity prices lower, and their macro-economic effect less important. As the modelling by Bohringen and Rosendhal suggests, this is probably not the case today.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088986-en	de2e73f7740cb747950bc80b43788d5e	Stronger efforts are needed to improve the productivity and innovation in traditional industry and services to create new businesses and better jobs that will benefit all population groups. This could be achieved through encouraging the colleges to build their R&D and innovation capacity, strengthening human capital development and vocational education, building up entrepreneurial skills among students and enhancing links between higher education institutions and industry. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The national policy frameworks for innovation largely operate on an aspatial basis and have a high-tech focus.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	de2eafa130b8cfc1941aedd644049d75	Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ghana”, NBER Working Paper, No. Boom and Bust in the Venture Capital Industry and the Impact on Innovation”, NBER Chapters, in A. Jaffe, J. Lemer and S. Stem (eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	de3415e6a03e43e46e8ea4dd98b63ec1	These organisations have a primary mandate to reduce poverty' in rural areas and to seek to improve the employability and technical and entrepreneurial skills of the low-income population. Since Jordanian women are much less likely to be in the employed labour force than men and have fewer employment opportunities, they provide a larger pool of potential clients. Much of the BDS of these organisations is focused on helping women develop modest income-generating activities, primarily at the microenterprise level.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264222359-9-en	de345a5be386bf12ca434c6146e11cef	Most are endogamous, although exogamous family structures and others also exist. Although Islam dominates today, some nomads remain animists. During recent conflicts, a mistaken assumption created an association between the nomad identity and the Muslim religion, yet nomads have only been Islamised relatively recently.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179806-en	de363f315eb57650174650fe41177996	The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. The OECD study, Skills beyond School, is addressing the range of policy questions arising, including funding and governance, matching supply and demand, quality assurance and equity and access. The study will build on the success of the previous OECD study of vocational education and training Learning for Jobs, which examined policy through 17 country reviews and a comparative report.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	de367ac43dde9158681812a8ca08a0f1	The estimates show that all margin correlations are relatively weak. Moreover, gross margins in the sheep and deer breeding are negatively correlated. These results are congruent with the evidence from price correlations, implying that even within pastoral farming diversification across different livestock types may have important income-stabilising effects.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	de371d9c7f04e46cc860659d13016e19	With the implementation of the new laws on student assessment (Chapter 1), the College for Examinations will also oversee the quality of end-of-primary tests administered by schools. The responsibilities of schools and school boards include regular formative and summative assessment of students, performance evaluations of individual teachers, and school-internal quality care. In addition to the three traditional actors (the Ministry, the Inspectorate and the schools) a range of intermediate organisations have an increasing influence on evaluation and assessment in the country. The Primary and Secondary Education Councils play a key role in the collection and dissemination of data on the performance of individual schools, thereby strengthening both horizontal and vertical accountability.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	de37b82f03ed468eaf4091c07f37bd09	The RAND Future Elderly Model [9] came the closest, by testing the potential future impact of the introduction of new technologies on both population health status and direct health care expenditures. The first is known as the “dynamic equilibrium” or “healthy ageing” hypothesis. It assumes that the morbidity period prior to death remains unchanged as life expectancy increases, so that each year gained in life expectancy corresponds to an equal increase in years of healthy life. The second is a pessimistic view called “expansion of morbidity” where by increases in life expectancy yield a longer-time spent with ill-health and reduced “quality” of life.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/85946e24-en	de393103553bf23959857657c88a6ba5	The former affect childrens health directly (for example, feeding practices, preventive activities, care during pregnancy and childbirth), while the latter do so indirectly, through their impact on the proximate determinants (for example, mother’s education and knowledge, household income, access to health facilities). The next section reports on the findings of a recent cross-country study of socioeconomic differences in child mortality (Gaigbe-Togbe, 2015), which examines the association between key determinants of children’s health and observed levels of mortality using information from the Demographic and Health Surveys for 50 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Within each wealth category, the figure presents the population-weighted average relative level of child mortality compared to the poorest category across 50 low- and middle-income countries. Gross differentials are based on observed death rates, derived using available data and direct calculation methods.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264283428-en	de3936dc3f13bdd44aed291954ca93c9	Most of the unmet medical needs are attributable to care being too expensive, with waiting lists and geographic barriers accounting for a relatively small share. Disparities in the use of specialist care, diagnostic services and basic medical tests are largely connected to higher health literacy of the well-off (affecting the utilisation rates of preventive services and screening), flat-rate copayments (limiting access to mainly specialist outpatient care for low-income people) and low-quality seivices and long waiting lists (particularly in the southern regions) that lead citizens to turn to private health rare, with ability to pay for those services positively associated with socioeconomic status. The majority of regions have implemented or increased different levels of copayments on pharmaceuticals. Some regions have also implemented user fees for the inappropriate use of emergency services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	de3b6814713e957d4db8cee3c7a4699c	This instrument allows the importing company to defer the settlement of imports. The duration is specified in the contract (generally 30 days minimum and up to 360 days), and the amount of credit is equal to the amount of the import operation, plus interest. The importing company’s bank proceeds with the payment of the provider under the terms of the contract.	5	7	0	1.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	de3bfb0474148957fec6c73d9c55960f	For reasons of methodological practicality as well as contemporaiy relevance, the most recent reports were therefore chosen for examination. It should be noted that the concluding observations ofthe five treaty committees during the past two years do not necessarily reflect their entire historical approach to the particular issues discussed here but rather their most recent views. However, all general comments and recommendations prepared by each ofthe committees were considered in this study.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/84974ecb-en	de3e87aef81b38ff18f9f9dfb00d3a8a	Goal 3 also includes indicators on the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector and in national parliaments, but these do not have benchmarks or deadlines. Critical issues such as violence against women and discriminatory laws are not addressed. Unfortunately, at the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, it was revealed to be the most off track of all of the Goals, despite the fact that the knowledge and the tools are available to make pregnancy and childbirth a safe experience for women. In 2010, the Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, setting out key actions to improve the health of women and children worldwide.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	de41d166fadcf35a5b675d4cd2038764	However, the importance given to these topics fades away quickly when the crises are over. Thus, it is important to sustain the momentum, which requires support from proactive stakeholders. Inter-municipal cooperation around water-relevant issues, including land-use and flood management, should be encouraged.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	de42c01c53454b1eda92242b84393569	Phosphorous and potassium, on the other hand, are mined products and production is often located close to natural reserves which are concentrated in few countries. Therefore, the market for nitrogen is assumed to approach perfect market conditions, whereas some degree of market imperfection could be imagined in phosphorous and potassium markets. As the degree of market imperfection is unknown, an ad-hoc sensitivity analyses is performed to see the impacts of the simulated policies on intermediate input use.	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	de44b829d4b42888cd8bcd26b67c1de6	In all, 1 819 sites were registered; of these, 880 were potential contaminated sites, and remedial measures have been taken on 685 sites. Half the contaminated sites posing high or significant risk to human health and the environment were landfills, but most polluted sites relate to the chemical industry. Remediation costs were estimated at EUR 1.2 billion, or 1.8% of GDP.53 Carrying out site inventory before privatisation would have helped spur remediation by eliminating investor uncertainty (Bluffstone, 2007). However, while privatisation was progressing, Slovakia missed the opportunity to set a legal framework defining responsibilities for environmental remediation associated with the previous operation of state enterprises.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264303119-en	de45e94e86728101a29c7fb1a2ed223c	Their results are summarised in Table 4.3. All but one of the models analysed (25 out of 26) assumed atmospheric concentrations of GHGs between 525 and 650 ppm in 2050, which is, of course, considerably higher than the 450 ppm or lower implied in the Paris Agreement. This may be taken as an indicator of the extent to which the policy debate has abandoned any link with modelling efforts attempting to estimate realistic medium-range scenarios. It should also be noted that the models considered calculate abatement costs for the energy sector rather than for the electricity sector. In principle, this would correspond to the level of the carbon tax required. Ppm: parts per million.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d45e831b-en	de4965e1fb9a142cf2d3ef019c8c6f64	That work includes a variety of unpaid activities, such as taking care of children and the elderly, and domestic chores. Data also suggest that the gender gap widens when women are most likely to have young children at home. When women are engaged in caregiving and domestic chores, they have less time for paid work, education and leisure, further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	de4b06baf99cf798ba6bff271986ea8b	This section looks at the earnings gap across the distribution to ascertain whether wage differentials exist and are similar at different parts of the distribution and then make the link with wage inequality. The following analysis investigates whether an increase in non-standard work implies an increase in workers in the lowest earnings segments, thereby making earnings more unequal. Figure 4.12, Panel A confirms that non-standard workers (excluding the self-employed) are more likely to be found in the lower part of the earnings distribution, particularly in the lowest three deciles.16 More than half of employees in the lowest decile of earnings are non-standard workers, and this figure reaches more than two-thirds in Germany and Canada.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	de4b9190b04b21475bfca4f4a49f1068	Healthcare professions are the main scientific occupations where girls (17%) are more likely to see themselves working in the future than boys (6%), on average across OECD countries. For instance, in 45 education systems, “veterinarians” is among the top five science-related career that girls expect for themselves, compared to only 5 education systems where this is the case for boys. Similar disparities are observed for “nurses and midwives” and “dentists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, dieticians”. According to PISA 2015 data, on average across OECD countries, the association between exposure to enquiry-based teaching and expecting a career in science is more positive for girls, but only for male-dominated occupations, including engineers and science-related technicians (Figure 3.15). By contrast, the probability that students see themselves as health professionals - typically female-dominated occupations - increases equally for boys and girls when they are more exposed to enquiry-based teaching. Source: OECD, PISA 2015 Database.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	de4d84f7a38ce2099ca079ccbebd9b49	However, it is difficult to assess to what extent the knowledge generated from these projects contributes to strengthening the institutional research capacity of developing countries. It is also not possible in DAC statistics to precisely determine the shares of research spending allocated to the in-donor country institutions and the partners’ institutions in developing countries. Therefore, it is not possible to precisely distinguish between ODA funding aimed to strengthen countries’ domestic STI capacity and funding for more specific research activities, which often are conducted in donor countries.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	de4e11220cb540805723e525c8f58023	The area of overlap has been increasing over time. This is to be expected, as initial views from the climate community on climate finance (e.g. as it relates to the GEF) were elaborated in 1998 - well before the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness was agreed in 2005. However, there remain some issues that are of more importance for only one or two of these communities.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en	de4ea4f6edfdf2e58da93c197966157d	However, at the national level, the aggregation of these activities masks some of the winners and losers of the transition to greener growth. This makes understanding and communicating local pathways to a low-carbon economy a different, but no less important, task than at the national level. For example, most local authorities do not have significant taxation revenue-raising powers. However, policy makers at the local level have the ability to interact closely with their citizens, and can influence policy that has a direct impact on daily life, for example through waste, recycling, and active and public transport options.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	de4eeafee8272f4fb6caad7056f44c48	We see that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to hang behind the other regions. Lastly, a large difference continues to exist between the various regions of the world. This observation coincides closely with the findings of Casterline et al. ( At the same time marriage ages themselves are sensitive to economic developments and therefore fluctuate over time. The greatest progress in closing the gap was made in the MENA region, although the countries of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have also shown remarkable progress.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/80c371eb-en	de4f696f079ac16e229da40415166c8b	Some information on the requirements for monitoring control and surveillance included in management decisions adopted is also provided in Box 13. The OM is conditioned on data and generates new data when projected forward. The OM is often more complex than the assessment model, and there may or should be more than one OM to account for different versions of reality.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264264113-5-en	de520a454e8494d7e8342428e4cb15d3	The proposed green building certificate, linked with a mandatory building permit, could be a good solution for guiding eco-friendly building plans and should be expanded to the whole BMA. Upgrading informal settlements in Bandung remains a challenge requiring a comprehensive approach for enhancing urban resilience. This tool can anchor other sectoral urban policies. How well such a tool is utilised may determine residents’ access to public services and employment opportunities, energy demands and energy efficiency of the transport sector, and a city’s capacity to adapt to climate change.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	de534015c90f4f8b5359bf4222aa7577	Women’s responsibility for social reproduction. Women bear most of the responsibilityforthetime costs of children and an increasing share of the monetary costs, as reflected in rising rates of single motherhood and the lack of public support for chi Id rearing. The United States has a relatively high female labour force participation rate among mothers. About two thirds of women with preschool-aged children and three quarters of those with school-aged children work for pay.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/785f021c-en	de542710df62d9c1d0a024bde4c1135d	Moreover, the virtuous circle of manufacturing consumption, as part of the demand side, exposes the driving forces behind the diversification and massification of manufacturing demand. The interplay between demand and supply forces shapes the process of structural transformation and thus has a significant impact on the economy's development. Newly created demand, global technology spillover effects and access to an established global production network play a pivotal role for the manufacturing sector's expansion. Additionally, opening up for trade fosters FDI inflows to bring much needed capital and know-how to developing countries, driving down the relative price of manufactured products through increased competition and new product varieties which re-triggers the virtuous circle of manufacturing consumption. A majorsource for employment in the countries is low-tech and labour-intensive industries related to basic human needs.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	de54bfc8b3cabd1c4e91b0b22fde1c2f	The average violation eradication rate was 81.4 per cent, varying from 68.7 to 94.1 per cent. Measures taken for non-compliance vary from warning to penalties or suspension of activity'. The significance of a food-bome disease outbreak depends on the number of people exposed to the contaminated food and to the nature of the contaminant.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	de57893142063dca6bfe3dafc60fca17	This chapter discusses women’s employment in the public sector in OECD and partner countries, based on empirical evidence from the 2011 OECD Survey on Gender in Public Employment and OECD research. Specifically, it highlights employment and occupational patterns of women in the public sector, their contractual arrangements and their average earnings as compared to men. The influence of the economic downturn on gender equality in the public sector is also explored. Despite notable progress, women remain overrepresented in lower pay and part-time jobs and tend to experience more frequent career breaks, which may lead to lower pay positions and fewer career development opportunities. To respond to the highlighted challenges, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and actionable policy recommendations, such as equality acts, gender diversity targets and quotas, family friendly policies and training programmes, in the public service. Finally the chapter emphasises the importance of collecting good quality gender disaggregated data for developing soundpolicy solutions and outlines key policy recommendations for governments to enable equal access to opportunities in the public sector, reduce the pay gap and improve working conditions.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/f47faf05-en	de5860aa03e5a0639f96fefa535d808c	Timber resources may also change due to the increase of forest land or changes in management practices (reclassification). Stocks decrease due to timber removals, natural losses and catastrophic losses. The volume of timber removals can be disaggregated according to the type of forestry product (e.g., industrial roundwood and fuelwood) or by tree species.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/34cef9e3-en	de592765f8d06d0d211526c85842259f	That year, high-income countries had the highest material footprint per capita (approximately 27 metric tons per person), 60 per cent higher than the upper-middle-income countries (17 metric tons per person) and more than 13 times the level of low-income countries (2 metric tons per person). The material footprint of high-income countries is greater than their domestic material consumption, indicating that consumption in those countries relies on materials from other countries through international supply chains. On a per-capita basis, high-income countries rely on 9.8 metric tons of primary materials extracted elsewhere in the world.	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	de5a1948018ae24c0b524870304c19a0	They are also grateful for the contributions of colleagues and participants at conferences, meetings and workshops for their input to this ongoing work on MODA. Understanding why people are - and remain - poor and why these unfortunate conditions and choices are passed on to subsequent generations is the next logical analytical step. Multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	de5b3fdb9902cb8bf8578b5fab68ea05	Primary school enrolment rates were above 80% for all economies in 2011 except Pakistan where only 65% of girls and 70% of boys were enrolled in primary school, compared with 85% of girls and boys in other economies in the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.1, Panel B). Increasing access to primary education remains a priority, particularly in rural areas where enrolment rates are lower than in urban areas, and children and teachers often have to walk long distances to get to school. Education policies in OECD countries and many Asia/Pacific economies aspire to have young people complete at least secondary education. In many OECD countries younger women (up to age 25) are now more likely to obtain a tertiary qualification than their male counterparts.	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	de5cbba654d3b7db612a377387f8f5e8	In 2010, seven out of ten teachers were women. However, the proportion of women varied according to the duties at the school: 73%, 72%, 52% and 55% for classroom teachers, heads of technical-pedagogical units, senior management positions and school directors, respectively. In 2010, the average age of teachers in the three main school sectors was 47.5 in municipal schools, 40.4 in the private subsidised schools and 42.2 in the private non-subsidised schools. Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/808599e4-en	de5e0a35b75f7c450f1128931951b18d	Various targets emphasize the need for renewed efforts to protect the rights of workers, including migrants (8.8); the economic security of young migrants is indirectly addressed in targets 10.7 (planned and well-man-aged migration policies) and lO.c (migrant remittance costs). Equality in access to economic resources is highlighted in targets 1.4,5.4,5.S, S.a, 10.2,10.3 and 10.4. These targets are intended to guide policy efforts and programmatic interventions that will help Governments and the international community meet this Goal. Importantly, the Goal 8 targets overlap with targets for other Goals in the 2030 Agenda, most notably those relating to poverty (Goal 1); education (Goal 4); gender equality (Goal 5); infrastructure, industrialization and innovation (Goal 9); and reducing inequality (Goal 10).	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	de5e49278f3398a1d67bc43038520d01	There are now 16 RSTs that operate across the country. Trustees receive a per hour pay during and after the adverse event for carrying out their functions. According to MAF, and the farmers interviewed by OECD, RSTs have proved to be valuable in coping with recent adverse events. However, much depends on the commitment and availability of appropriate people and some Trusts work much better than others.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/09f3c767-en	de600f4b0d504f917b083567605ca141	Although specific projections can somewhat vary, current analysis suggests much of this growth will be attributed to increases in demand by the industrial and domestic sectors (OECD, 2012; Burek et al., Agriculture’s share of total water use is therefore likely to fall in comparison with other sectors, but it will remain the largest user overall over the coming decades, in terms of both water withdrawal and water consumption2 (Figure 2). Although the global average water stress is only 11%, 31 countries experience water stress between 25% (which is defined as the minimum threshold of water stress) and 70%, and 22 countries are above 70% and are therefore under serious water stress (UN, 2018a). Growing water stress indicates substantial use of water resources, with greater impacts on resource sustainability, and a rising potential for conflicts among users.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	de60181bc4c19e2b091728e52712f8a8	Hence the opportunity cost of producing cotton lint in Country A is 4 tons of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of producing wheat in Country A is 0.25 tons of cotton lint. The same analysis for Country B reveals that the opportunity cost of producing each ton of cotton lint is 5 tons of wheat, and the opportunity cost of producing each ton of wheat is 0.20 tons of cotton.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	de6b58609c7866331695962ffabd72cb	These results are directly translated into net trade effects. Net trade changes may imply shifts in the direction of trade Source: Derived from IMPACT results. Significant trade effects are found in large countries especially for the most impacted commodities. The reduction of the trade balance for cotton in China results in increased of cotton exports by other countries, including Brazil (+6%), and Australia (+143%). Significant changes are also found in the maize market with increase in exports from Brazil and from the United States (+7%). Net trade increases are spread out across countries for rice, potatoes and vegetables.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	de6f64a14d3c752dd450a407b3216f5f	Teachers’ compensation includes their basic salary, annuities based on years of service, surcharges (overtime pay for other activities) and incentives (professional career, annual increases, location of school and others). Surcharges and incentives jointly account for 70% of the base salary (MEP, 2016). Teacher remuneration has significantly improved in recent years, particularly for experienced teachers with a permanent contract, and this partly explains the increase of spending in primary education at a time of falling student numbers (PEN, 2015).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	de749669040e3280488c0681066737ad	Among the agencies operating public transport in the ZMVM, only Metrobus, ECOBICI and the suburban railway are collecting and making use of the data provided by smart cards for planning and optimisation. In many cases, data collection and several modelling exercises (e.g. origin-destination for certain areas of the city, estimation of modal shift and C02 emission mitigation, demand forecasting, environmental impact assessments) are carried out with the aim of implementing specific projects (underground line extensions, BRT corridors, bike lanes). However, information is currently neither used nor verified between agencies or gathered into an integrated model that could guide overall mobility planning. Poor long-term modelling and forecasting capacity will limit the ZMVM’s long-term vision for mobility planning.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	de7956169a1eafe996176ced2e562597	This would be where reforms to improve the effectiveness of service delivery and lowering of capital costs would be most needed. Such delays would lead to deferred benefits and potentially higher investment costs in the future, which would therefore translate in false economies. This would also require identifying areas for priority investment, depending on where the highest benefits are likely to stem from and where the most cost-effective interventions can be identified. To achieve this, policy makers and water service providers need to engage in a process of strategic financial planning so as to identify what needs to be financed, how much additional resources can be generated from existing sources and how the performance of utilities can be improved to generate such efficiency gains and mobilise external financing.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	de8236e0485a30bb2012f9a00c068ed8	This included government finance and health officials, at national and provincial levels; and health policy experts from the private sector and academia. Additional meetings and conference calls were carried out after this visit. Population health outcomes have improved on aggregate, thanks in part to gradual increases in health spending over time.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	de82cbcc5e462f3f0afa8cda28e41ae2	Increasing available resources for education, especially in remote areas, should be coupled with advancements in education quality and with graduation strategies and productive inclusion. Young people also need an array of formal and non-formal instruction adapted to their situations, including non-discriminatory programmes that accommodate special needs (e.g. young people with disabilities, pregnant adolescents) and reduce segregation. Modules should encourage young people to stay in school or to return if they have left, and to reconcile their studies with the demands of caregiving and other roles. Linkages among the various educational and training subsystems should accommodate a suitable transition between training, technical education, vocational education and university programmes (Espejo and Espindola, 2015).	8	3	0	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	de8315b0ad48912570f9efbff45fc2ba	Achieving low stabilization levels will require early (upfront) large-scale investments and substantially more rapid diffusion and commercialization of advanced low-emissions technologies. Such investments will need to be made worldwide on the required scale, implying that effective technology and resource transfers will need to be made to those countries lacking those means (see chaps. V and VI for further discussion). These include a switch to renewable energy technologies (of which the most significant is solar energy), the adoption of CCS technologies both to curb emissions from fossil fuel plants and generally to facilitate negative emissions, the enhancement of terrestrial sinks through afforestation in conjunction with sustainable biomass use, and investment in energy efficiency solutions.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	de854c956397c72d68b1b4c33b87c09d	Another reason is that cap-and-trade gives greater certainty about the amount of abatement to be achieved than does a tax, which generates strong political support from environmentalists. However, there is more uncertainty about marginal costs than with a tax, which sets such costs directly. This is potentially an important disadvantage for cap-and-trade because the increased certainty over short-term abatement costs with a tax is likely to be more valuable than the loss of certainty about short-term abatement because the slope of the marginal environmental damage curve is flatter than that of the marginal cost curve (OECD, 2009; Hoel and Karp, 2001; Newell and Pizer, 2003; Pizer, 2002).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36cadbae-en	de87c0e28d5e628dc9ce8caf418903a8	Standard errors were not estimated for disability prevalence in Saint Lucia as microdata is unavailable and results were obtained through the online REDATAM analysis portal. “ In the India Human Development Survey 2005, disability data was collected for individuals aged 7 and above only; the lower bound of the overall, primary-age, and combined school-age populations are constrained accordingly.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	de89ff6ab621ceaf8ecbb969f7140a61	In South Asia the gap would be closed by 2050 due to the dual effect of education policies on population dynamics (which will reduce the number of young people that enter the labour market) and higher economic growth. For Sub-Saharan Africa additional policies to raise the employment intensity of growth would be needed to close the gap. For example, adolescents could risk being out of school and out of work, limiting their engagement in society.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	de8a3c55d08cf9593999dd43eab106b2	Storage finally is absent for wind or solar power since the latter manifest themselves naturally as variable fluxes. However, this does not mean that renewables are never storable. Hydropower, either in natural reservoirs or through pump storage is an excellent medium for storing energy and, implicitly, electricity that can be readily produced by releasing the water to drive a turbine.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2017cac5-en	de8a604ca2d32a9775cc0ac4679d0bcc	The Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World. Bristol: Centre for International Poverty Research. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labour Market Performance. Child Well-Being, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations, 129-150. What Can Be Learned from Deprivation Indicators in Europe. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Paper.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	de8a95d2f74e25e9677a97670a679a47	This deprives the LGUs of the needed funds that could have been invested on other social interventions or infrastructural developments. In Cebu City for instance, according to the city ordinance 1361 which is currently under review, garbage fees are paid quarterly and fixed for majority of businesses while some business and all residential houses are charged based on floor area. Such a measure can provide the financial resources needed for service improvement and shift the financial burden away from municipalities. Metro Cebu would need to reform its waste pricing mechanism to be better resourced to improve and expand upon its waste collection service.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	de8af7176b0c86640770e00dbfa16c0c	The poor layout and construction materials used render structures in these areas easily vulnerable to fires and floods yearly. The urban informal housing in Cebu is due to an inadequacy of affordable housing as well as high numbers of poor rural-urban migrants. These are the Local Government Code (1991) and the Urban Development and Housing Act (1992).	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/4bdc1a8f-en	de8bd3f03bb347ae75d255587c241722	The surveys do not make the distinction as to whether the scholarships are of public or private origin or whether they correspond to merit-based rewards; furthermore, they tend to be of a non-transferable nature. This includes all monetary transfers by civil society organizations, in particular religious institutions and national and foreign non-governmental organizations. It was not possible to separate them in all cases from gifts by private households. These include monetary transfers in the context of public social programmes and subsidies, some of which involve not a real transfer but a reduction in the cost of access to public services.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	de8c60ce2f5a05dcd15b3e9330e4b2cb	It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. We act as a platform for discussion and prenegotiation of policy issues across all transport modes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599147-13-en	de8d03df25e61193d27eb2ff126d9945	Thus, improvements in transport infrastructure and trade facilitation measures should serve to enhance the movement of goods, services and investment within and across borders. In so doing, such programmes address the biggest potential weakness of supply chain-based production - its geographic spread and consequent dependence on the rapid and assured movement of goods and services across long distances. Such programmes encompass a wider range of initiatives, only some of which will be enumerated here.	10	3	2	0.2
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	de90e274cab23f2ad490845b1cf364d1	States must address this problem through innovative public policies designed around time distribution and unpaid work and geared towards transforming the existing sexual division of labour. Time-use surveys, the valuation of unpaid work and satellite accounts represent key inputs for the formulation, follow-up and evaluation of these policies. Time-use surveys are still not sufficiently factored into the adoption of decisions, allocation of resources and determination of priorities, but they are a valuable tool for a wide range of public policies that can achieve equality and sustainable development.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264310278-en	de94633ab820ae80d31bbb679799b736	The OECD average is the simple unweighted average across countries. Source: Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) 2015. Survey evidence suggests that over one third of American adults want to participate, whereas the unweighted OECD average is about one quarter (OECD, 2017(44]). Barriers to participation include caregiving responsibilities and the pressure of work, which are cited in about the same frequency as in other counties. On the other hand, the expense of adult education creating a barrier to participation was cited more frequently in the United States than the OECD on average, 24% and 15% of respondents, respectively.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	de97af43ffa6ed754328c284b2bb79fc	Ils representaient egalement un plus faible pourcentage des importations totales : 9 % en 2008-10 contre 13 % en 1995-97. La croissance annuelle a ete extremement volatile sous l’effet des fortes fluctuations de la production cerealiere. La production de ble a oscille entre 9 millions de tonnes (en 2000/01) et 23 millions de tonnes (en 2011/12).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	de9d2801287aa7c5de385805ad579f02	Per capita consumption in 2010 was 90 m3/person/year. The reduction to 2050 will occur in response to increasing water efficiency. It may result from the mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. Thus, Israel is committed to a net supply of 35 million m3/year of potable water to Jordan (Chapter 3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	dea8a5d3e28674f8c74e87c4bdb35cbf	Importantly, biofuel mandates and, to a lesser extent, budgetary support benefits not just farmers in the countries providing the support, but also farmers in other countries, even if much less significantly so. Higher prices are transmitted to these other countries and result in increased revenues and incomes of their farms. A removal of the biofuel support therefore has a negative effect on farm incomes around the world.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289329651-2-en	dea99117ce57c9d036b6565b985deabe	The Nordic countries have extensive forests with large and growing tree biomass that captures substantial amounts of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Nordic forests also play a key role for biodiversity, containing a wide range of complex ecosystems which are habitats for more than half of all known native species and almost half of all threatened species in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Forests also provide important recreational opportunities for people in the Nordic countries and supply the basis for the economically important forest sector.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2b7248d9-en	deae0fbdebd973ded850af649d47090f	This section provides an outline of the decision tree and key areas of intervention and action that will be available in the online tool accompanying this publication. This section also outlines a policy and investment road map that comprises 10 key steps to accelerate the development, modernization and scale-up of district energy in cities.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	deafbaaaa8da32eca21bfcdd0f2c7f2f	"Figure 3 aggregates absolute and relative poverty headcounts from 114 countries to illustrate a simple estimation of the extent of poverty in the developing world in the mid-2000s using the three types of poverty defined by the ""hierarchy of capabilities"" described in the previous section. It must be stressed that these estimates are rough in the sense that they do not line up country-level estimates by country years, as do other global estimates of poverty that use the PovCal data (Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula, 2009). Nonetheless these estimates corroborate the well known results that roughly 25% of the developing world was living under a dollar-a-day in 2005."	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	deb5fd6e597d2466b9cda9b388afb887	The gap is presumably due, to a great extent, to the lack of accurate deregistration of vehicles that are scrapped or no longer in use, which is reflected in the fact that these vehicles are not enrolled in the inspection and maintenance programme. Nonetheless, the role of the CAMe (like that of other metropolitan commissions) has been limited by the lack of a legal framework with binding mechanisms for ensuring co-operation from state- and municipal-level governments. The metropolitan commission framework is explained in detail in Chapter 5. In the case of the vehicle restriction scheme, Hoy No Circula, considerable controversy about its effects on air quality improvements has arisen.	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289349437-6-en	deb67682cd902484fc956c771e7fae7a	Although the estimates presented in the report were only indicative, the figures still demonstrated the magnitude of the benefits provided by ecosystems and, in this case, the network of protected areas or Natura 2000. Among the prioritized actions is the effort to establish a coherent system for mapping and analyzing of the status and trend of biodiversity, including ecological, social and economic aspects. The development of such an integrated system takes place within the framework of MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services) an initiative by the European Commission to support the Member States in the efforts to map and analyze their biodiversity and ecosystems, and to integrate the results into national policies and decision making.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/00287855-en	deb6c810c63709a1acfe95b53a2e3a53	This database will expand to cover 37 countries representing more than half of global landings by the end of 2017. The majority of reported support is in the form of general services to the fishing sector, not payments directed to fishers individually. Of this general support, the majority is to cover the costs of fisheries management, monitoring and control, infrastructure and research. The amount of GSSE support is quite substantial, amounting to around 20 percent of the landed value of fisheries in countries participating in the FSE.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	debdf43f4b8fe32bca04e6ca40a2f674	As a consequence, child labour was reduced by 27 per cent on average (Sparrow, 2006). The effect becomes stronger as children grow older, since the incidence of child labour is higher among adolescents, and because the size of the scholarship increases with age. However, the work by Hoddinott et al. ( The authors find that participation in the public works component of the programme contributes to a reduction in the average number of hours worked in agriculture for 6-16 year-old boys and for 11-16 year-old girls with a parallel reduction in domestic hours worked for younger boys (6-10).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	dec1f5ed93717c34ee7c39b59a9efdaf	The Internet has become a platform for innovation thanks to its end-to-end connectivity and lack of gatekeepers, providing a place where creativity, the exchange of ideas, entrepreneurship and experimentation can flourish. Furthermore, an open Internet enables the management of global value chains, as companies increasingly spread production across borders. It will be particularly important to preserve the open Internet and promote the free flow of data across the global ecosystem while also addressing individuals’ concerns about privacy violations and promoting a culture of digital risk management across society.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	dec58cf82c3fd08e7704a52b9948120a	Policy design is also important, with policies that advantage existing firms or directly influence technology choice more likely to affect competition and entry. Further assessments of the competitiveness impacts of environmental policy, and greater development of the micro-data required for such studies, would also be useful. Such analyses could inform adjustments to policy design, the development of complementary policies or the pursuit of greater international harmonisation. It can underscore the importance of governments integrating longer-term perspectives that factor in interactions between the environment and economy when developing policy tools.	7	7	0	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	dec792c2b3b77a1dd7760a6d765f963b	Those cases where it is possible to distinguish the different types of transfers show that this income category has many sources. In Chile, the increase in transfers came mainly from subsidies and pensions. In Ecuador, they came from remittances and grants known as Bono de Desarrollo Humano. It is assumed that these explain the growth under “other income”.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	dec7fb06a3d7e411c9808bbe55ac79a8	The mortality gap between Japan (a country with one of the lowest mortality rates in the world) and five world subregions has increased, as shown in figure II.3. The gap in life expectancy between Japan and the Russian Federation, for instance, increased from 9 years in 1985-1990 to close to 16 years in 2005-2010. A similar trend was observed in most of the countries of the former Soviet Union which suffered cutbacks in their health systems following the transition to market economies, and where public health suffered from the effects of high unemployment, growing inequality and other social impacts of the transition.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	dec88b322f9d78bb81335475af44e32e	Par ailleurs, le rapport examine dans quelle mesure la riposte du Japon a la crise economique et sa strategic de croissance a long terme tiennent compte des preoccupations environnementales, en s’attachant tout particulierement a l’etude de la panoplie de politiques et mesures appliquees pour tirer parti des possibilites de croissance et d’emploi dont l’eco-innovation et le secteur des biens et services environnementaux sont porteurs. Ce document de travail se rapporte a VExamen environnemental de l'OCDE du Japon, 2010 (www.oecd.org/env/examenspays/japon). The paper is an updated and extended version of Chapter 2 of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan published in November 2010.	12	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f7cb1bb5-en	decad848f077f5df734477d7275ed1b6	Some 355 million people in Africa were moderately or severely food insecure in 2015, compared with a marginal increase in moderate or severe food insecurity globally and a modest increase in Latin America, South East Asia and Western Asia. These figures compare with no change in the prevalence of severe food insecurity globally, a significant deterioration in South East Asia, with an increase of 24 per cent, and a moderate increase, of 5.3 percent, in Western Asia. A total of 161 million people in Africa were severely food insecure in 2015. By far, the majority of them, or 96 per cent, were from rural areas.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	decf18828c1886f0f036559b1d4a4551	According to another study, however, child mortality in Argentina fell 8% in areas where water services had been privatized and the effect was greatest (26%) in the poorest areas (Galiani ef al. In many cases water privatization has led to considerable cost increases for the most vulnerable groups, poor service, and disconnection of public access points. The economic crises that in many instances propelled governments to get out of the water-supply business leave individuals less able to pay for privatized water: economic crises further reduce the ability of poor households, especially women, to pay for water by severely limiting their access to income and credit. In a further ripple effect, the credit freeze at national levels, combined with shrinking donor financing, means microfinance institutions have fewer funds to loan to clients (mainly women) (CAP-NET and GWA 2014).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	ded008e050a959f9b4b5f83ee813973e	For example, in the United Arab Emirates, the Cabinet handbook requires consultation w'ith stakeholders at all stages of policy development. Such mechanisms as public notification, broad circulation of proposals for comments or posting proposals on the Internet are rare in MENA countries. Design consultation activities geared towards and attended only by specific groups (e.g. women or men only, female or male immigrants only, female or male elderly persons only) - Often: Morocco, Palestinian Authority; In some cases - Egypt, Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen; No, not foreseen - Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia.	5	6	2	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	ded11d666c9b9f619377ec3caca43ebe	In parallel, river basin councils were to remain the main institutions under federal authority for water management at the river basin level and users’ concerns and opinions were to be taken into account through the councils’ general assemblies. Respectively led by the federal government and CONAGUA, these two strategic documents are implemented over the same period of time (6 years), and both feature objectives regarding sustainable management of water resources at the river basin level. Objective 2 (Chapter 4, Section 4.1 of the National Development Plan) focuses on integrated and sustainable management of water resources.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	ded47f9b37c4c9d203c0921f25e645e2	Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/584f8730-en	ded61a403f1e3ee1c0063e7217f9dc70	Consumer spending also benefited from a supportive macroeconomic policy stance. Fiscal spending increased, while the policy interest rate was cut twice in 2015. Lower interest rates and the easing of restrictions on home purchases that were put into place in 2013 to curb overheating in the property market underpinned the recovery of the housing market during the second half of 2015.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113138-6-en	ded6b5020ce32698f95b9753e7f2e124	Beyond the support for R&D, a wide array ofpublic policies needs to be mobilised covering areas as diverse as education and training, competition and trade, and industrial and regional development. These policy areas utilise a mix of instruments, including regulation and direct funding. The coherence and effectiveness of this mix and of overall governance arrangements are major concerns for innovation policy makers.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	ded8068becde52b6dcdc1f1ee98127e9	Workers with general skills and more education experienced better labour market outcomes, including shorter unemployment spells (Rutkowski, 2007). On the one hand it needs to make short vocational programmes more attractive to prospective students. On the other hand, the education system has to become more focused on providing students with easily transferrable general skills.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	deda8f56321d5a47ab577a864320cd52	In response to the increasing worldwide concern for the survival of Venice, CNR established the Institute for the Study of the Dynamics of Large Masses in 1969, now incorporated within the Marine Sciences Institute (ISMAR). First created as a laboratory, it has spread from basic research in oceanography and geology to applied research. The other Venice-based branch of CNR-ISMAR is the Institute for Marine Biology, established in 1946 as the National Centre of Thalassographic Studies, which focuses on pure and applied biological oceanography, marine and lagoon biology. Hydro (electricity), Italgas (gas) and Telecom Italia (telephones), Insula is now wholly owned by the municipality and is responsible for urban maintenance and, more precisely, measures such as dredging canals, restoration of canal walls, foundations and fa9ades of buildings lining canals, restoring bridges, rationalisation of underground utility lines (and sewer system), maintenance and renovation of paving, raising of footpaths to reduce the frequency of flooding. The Institute also supports special research projects that concern Venice and the Veneto, and which are addressed to the international community.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	dedbef828ed382f216641987b8256de9	The focus on these costs in the construction of the indicators reflects the dominant approach taken in the empirical and theoretical literature examining the labour market impact of employment protection discussed in the previous section. It does not reflect the overall strictness of regulation of collective dismissals, which is the sum of costs for individual dismissals and any additional cost of collective dismissals. It concerns the types of work for which these contracts are allowed and their renewal and cumulative duration. This measure also includes some of the regulations governing the establishment and operation of temporary work agencies and requirements for agency workers to receive the same pay and/or working conditions as equivalent workers in the user firm, which can increase the cost of using temporary agency workers relative to hiring workers on other types of contracts.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	dedf1c1c9a9169e10f6d1c0c633f62a1	However, large variations are observed across countries. The difference in employment rates between mothers with their youngest child under the age of 3 and aged 3-5 is over 30 percentage points in a group of Eastern European countries, including the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and the Slovak Republic. A relationship between enrolment rates at ages 3-5 and maternal employment among w'omen aged 15-64 w'ith their youngest child aged 3-5 still exist at these ages, but the correlation is w'eaker compared to younger ages (Figure 5.10).	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	dee1d59463f085951038fb5adcaf5ea9	However, demand does not automatically translate into consumption, as a significant share of water is discharged back into water bodies after use, remaining available for use downstream, depending on water quality. Sharp rises in water demand are expected in South Asia and China as well as other emerging economies of the BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), with much higher shares for manufacturing, electricity and domestic supply in 2050. Developing countries (rest of the world or the RoW) are also projected to see significant water demand for electricity generation.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	dee71bb7bb809821f6cfd5bfb33a2683	Contribution funding under AIMAP was intended to enable recipients to plan, manage and complete projects that would achieve these strategic outcomes. The AIMAP was a nationally competitive process with calls for proposals issued on an annual basis, and based on priorities established in consultation with provinces, territories and sector stakeholders. The program focused on one year duration projects with demonstrable industry-wide benefits implemented by the end of the project.	14	4	0	1.0
10.18356/66896486-en	dee7425c4f6f84e4692056557bd03ca2	Moreover, it steers the regional Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, and the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) on those issues. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry also steers the regional Centres and SYKE on issues concerning management of water resources, including, for example, water service, dam safety, flood risk management, management and restoration of waters, and regulation of river systems. Finland’s 15 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment implement water protection and management measures and supervise the enforcement of legislation in their respective areas.	6	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264247567-4-en	dee837af5a163f1c84b5ff5974b73944	School location (urban or rural area) and the socio-economic background of students make a difference in student performance. There are also concerns about strong social selectivity in the school system, including misplacement of some students in special schools. In addition, the poor educational outcomes of the Roma minority remain a major policy challenge. Reform initiatives include the development of new mechanisms of school financing (per capita funding scheme), the definition of student learning objectives in National Education Programmes, further school autonomy with the development of School Education Programmes, the introduction of standardised national assessments, the creation of a career system for teachers and the introduction of a dual system within vocational secondary education.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	deebc8b06ede0d0846d35705cc49b10a	The Australian government works with state and territory government and non-government education authorities, to ensure a continuing high level of teaching and learning in Australian schools. Most university public funding is provided by the Australian government, under the regulations contained in the Higher Education Support Act 2003. State and territory governments can accredit other tertiary institutions (through an accrediting authority), but the institutions must be listed on the Australian Qualifications Framework Register before they can award qualifications to students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	deed91460e9cf1294de4a3ff44d1dcdc	A more gender-egalitarian division of child care may also encourage households to have more children. What is more, one possible long-term effect of policies to support working parents could be to fuel fertility intentions, especially if parents start to think they no longer have to choose between having children or pursuing a career. Similarly, reconciliation policies can have but a limited impact, if they are not backed by changes in labour market institutions conducive to having children and pursuing a career. If recent analysis of fertility trends is anything to go by, a more gender-equal division of paid and unpaid child care work between parents may further sustain fertility trends.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	deef55cd372539e6cbde19170b4f20ee	In a region that witnesses the fast emergence and integration of its markets, food balance sheets seem an inadequate tool to supplement the need for information about consumption and trade flows necessary to frame food security strategies. Similar to the progress in price monitoring, there is a need for synthetic and hierarchical information systems to provide data on household food consumption and nutritional intake. The exercise was conducted for maize but could be applied to other crops.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	def10fbc74c7fb192799be0ed3e0bbc9	Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language (English or French) with a short summary available in the other. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	def14a47253fb9a087af078d559ee8f3	However, at 6,380 tons, total global opium production was still some 20 per cent lower than the peak in 2014, and close to the average reported in recent years. Based on the “new” conversion ratios, total cocaine production in 2015 was 1,125 tons, representing an overall increase of 25 per cent over the period 2013-2015, and thus a return to its 2008 level. These two types of analysis show slightly different patterns.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	def1c8150bc599f9e0d29d040efad374	In the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation, it has been argued that the use of a baseline as a comparator may be misleading since adaptation interventions will, by definition, take place in a changing environment with evolving climate-related hazards and risks (Brooks et al., A more accurate assessment would, therefore, need to factor in these changing circumstances to establish a good understanding of what the situation would have been in the absence of a policy approach on adaptation (Brooks et al., For example, a simple before and after comparison may show that climate vulnerability has deteriorated, while a comparison to a counterfactual would reveal that the situation would have been even worse without the explicit and implicit adaptation initiatives in place.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	def26ac4a15e93d3e843ae8651d1971f	Some benefits are likely to tail away as there tends to be diminishing returns from further investments in improving quality of water related services. Benefits are more likely to materialise if investments are appropriately sequenced, thereby lowering costs and ensuring that collected wastewater is properly treated. The Accelerated Access scenario indicates that globally an average of USD 1.9 billion would need to be invested each year between 2010 and 2030 to achieve the 2030 target in addition to what would be invested under the Baseline scenario; and an additional USD 7.6 billion beyond the Baseline would be needed annually between 2031 and 2050 to achieve the 2050 target.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	def4ae334c11bd85777212a570d146f0	"A large portion of adolescents' time is spent working in or outside the home, and this increases with age for adolescents in rural areas and urban migrant adolescents in particular. Adolescents also engage in labour activities in order to meet their own basic needs and supplement family income thereby blurring the traditional lines between ""provider"" parent and ""recipient"" adolescent. However, in urban areas formal education is steadily replacing work in the daily lives of adolescents. Despite this, schooling remains tenuous for many. Poverty and inequality influence the quality of care given to adolescents as poverty is often associated with the erosion of dignity and attempts to cope through drugs and alcohol, with related impacts on mental health. Fathers, in particular, identified huge challenges in raising adolescents as their role is primarily seen as providing for basic needs, which is increasingly compromised due to persistent poverty, lack of income and opportunity."	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	def5984e8302f90725087a43b1027181	An example is the adoption of the internet as a means of communication. To correct for these biases time fixed effects are introduced under the assumption that the source for unobserved heterogeneity does not vary across countries. They propose the use of a dynamic specification using a Least Squares Dummy Variable Corrected (LSDVC) estimator to account for this. Additionally complications in the estimation can also arise from the truncated nature of the dependent variable. The Gini coefficient which is used as dependent variable lies in the 0-1 interval and this may require the use of a logistic estimation.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	def8a80ecb7526540e21eef4a82797c4	"The cost of underperformance and underinvestment in education is rising. These forces also make stakeholders more demanding. Reform is more easily undertaken in ""crisis"" conditions, although the meaning of ""crisis"" might be somewhat different in education. The shock involved is likely to be something that alters perceptions of the education system (see Chapter 1) rather than an event that suddenly affects its ability to function."	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	defa1191c236170e339bff9c1e9e9085	The higher the index is, the higher the number of reforms that were made is. The employment rate for men is unchanging and always close to 100 (full-employment). On the other hand for women the employment rate is much smaller and seems to vary with the value of labor index. In particular labor reforms seem to affect white collar and service employment.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	defec40a5444d1f0268b536058ad76c2	In contrast to this overall lack of progress, it is worth noting that mean performance in science improved between 2006 and 2015 in Colombia, Israel, Macao (China), Portugal, Qatar and Romania. For some of these countries, this progress reflects a comparatively low starting point in the initial years. However, some countries and economies that scored at or above the average in 2006 also saw improvements over time, for example Macao (China).	4	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264191761-en	deffd5c9a8491d5003383c054b191157	Creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure, animal and plant health, education and information systems, and extension. Improvements in these areas could bring substantial long-term gains to agricultural producers through more transparent markets, improved price formation, and, ultimately, higher agricultural incomes. Benefits would also accrue to other agents of the supply chain, including food consumers for whom more competitive food chains would provide higher quality products. Because these characteristics vary with the product, and the location or size of the farm, the focus is on specific subsectors: wheat, dairy and beef, the three largest sub-sectors of Kazakhstan’s agro-food system.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/18a859bf-en	deffd6dd308a5ff004c90194886e3f52	The challenge for all providers of climate finance to address this imbalance in line with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement. This will provide a backdrop for consideration of how to restructure climate-related development finance to achieve a balance between mitigation and adaptation financing while prioritising public finance to LDCs and SIDS as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. It may also provide an opportunity to consider how to address any competition for international public finance between development and climate priorities in low-income countries. For example, by looking at ways to use other forms of climate-related development finance or more limited, “smarter” use of ODA to leverage and catalyse investment into mitigation action in middle-income countries (e.g. through greater use of guarantee instruments).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	df016974d55d90ea4e25414859c5aa9c	Including age-specific indicators is beneficial, because it gives the possibility of including more appropriate indicators in the analysis than only including aspects which are relevant for all children. It can also illustrate the differences in the needs of the children, and can therefore be more specific in what the children are deprived of; Analysing different age-groups of children separately and choosing indicators that are relevant for each age-group is what MODA calls the life-cycle approach (Claeson and Waldman, 2000; UNICEF, 2011). For the children under 5 years the analysis includes dimensions on nutrition and health, while the later age-group concentrates on education and access to information.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264251847-6-en	df050db4b773fbaae76d2a1c5e840735	For example, technology platforms now support real-time reporting, rather than yearly reports, to present visual information overlaid with display data on other illicit enterprises. This analysis would produce concrete and timely metrics, and reveal nexuses among activity that may not have been evident in the past. The aggregation of mobile reporting is just scratching the surface of potential value of the data analytics.	15	4	1	0.6
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	df09f0c3c4f0794c65acff418f34bc7c	Pratiquement tous les modeles tiennent compte des evolutions demographiques de la population et certains considerent en particulier des scenarios concemant Tetat de sante potentiel des personnes agees a Tavenir. Toutefois, les modeles consideres ici designent Tinnovation dans les soins comme le facteur le plus important de la croissance des depenses de sante. Sur ces facteurs il existe peu de resultats empiriques qui pourraient servir de base au developpement des modeles. Les hypotheses sous-jacentes aux differents modeles ont souvent une forte influence sur les resultats.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/922d178c-en	df0a1645e59ba711334dc247ee5fb082	In the absence of effective access to contraception, more pregnancies are expected to be reported as unintended, a significant proportion of which may be terminated (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014). Being young and having a low level of education, poor economic status as well as less access to effective contraception all contribute to higher incidence of unintended pregnancy (Khatiwada and others, 2013). Contraceptive use failure is one of the main direct causes of unintended and accidental pregnancies (Blumenthal, Voedisch and Gemzell-Danielsson, 2011) and can create a demand for abortion. A study of 27 countries indicated contraceptive failure as the most reported reason for prematurely terminated pregnancies (Bankole, Singh and Haas, 1998; Black and others, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	df0b1a8b22b7f2389460f6c6380e46f1	The principal market data, maximum, minimum and yearly average prices, hourly volatility as well as hours with negative prices are reported in Table 3.4. The period analysed has been characterised by a large variability in electricity prices, driven by large changes in the raw material prices, the introduction in Europe of a carbon pricing mechanism and by large variations in the demand curve due to the economical crisis of 2008-2009. As expected, hourly intraday prices show even higher volatility, with prices that exceeded EUR 1000/MWh and negative prices as low as EUR -500/MWh.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	df1106fd6dcfab836de30c4655fc91f7	The uncorrected value is 35%. The target is based on the assumption that the same hydrologic and climatic conditions apply as in 1997 (the base year of Directive 2001/77/EC). Technicians visit customers to determine energy use patterns, excessive energy use points, and ways to reduce wasteful energy use and losses.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/09ba747a-en	df146e994cef9c9b2849638c76bd8637	As underscored in OECD Economic Surveys, this system results in a counterproductive outcome of rising marginal and average tax rates on labour and a reluctance by municipalities to shift revenue toward immovable property. Additionally, taxable values, which are updated by the Ministry of Finance, have tended to lag market values. The minimum-maximum bands within which municipal governments can set their property tax rates have been widened. Property assessments have been revised to better reflect market values, and cadastral values are expected to be completely updated by 2020.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264204256-8-en	df15a86fb7ecfd964ad97bd2848a933f	However, having skills is not enough; to achieve growth, both for a country and for an individual, skills must be put to productive use at work. The Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) measures both adults’ proficiency in key information-processing skills, as described in previous chapters, and how those skills are used in the workplace. It also assesses the use of a variety of generic competencies at work.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	df18cccf0a8f19c5247cccb50808e63e	Notably in five carefully-defined areas, residential growth will be promoted at the same time as existing public transport routes are made more efficient, and new rail links are created where needed. Major stations and bus terminals will also be developed as areas for shopping and for socialisation. Building an inclusive city: Cape Town’s TOD strategic framework {cont.)	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f39af5f-en	df1aa532c8e5ee75a9edc4180034e745	The improvement of housing provision in rural areas is achieved by considerable self-build construction of single-family houses. In cities and towrns, housing construction is mainly led by the private sector and aimed at wealthy customers; a decent housing market remains unaffordable for average households because of their low annual incomes. At present, how'ever, there is neither a policy nor a state programme for development of social housing and affordable housing for rent. Budget funding of new' construction projects for those recognized as being in need of housing improvements is scarce.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	df1b96db848ed258c6c71afdc77fdd97	Counsellors might be psychologists, special educators (defectologist), pedagogues, social pedagogues, special and rehabilitation pedagogues, social workers and others. The counselling service implements different activities with different stakeholders, including parents, social work centres and medical centres. Personal data on children needing support and counselling are collected with the agreement of the parents or legal guardians, with the exception of cases where children are endangered by their families and need protection.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	df1fb5afefd2e0162696f836fd5a61e1	As a result, “anchor” investment projects do not always result in economic diversification. Few monotowns attracted new' investment projects from SOEs, except in Stepnogorsk (where an SOE, the core manufacturing company, has been expanding production). As reported by BISAM Central Asia (2012), outsourcing to local monotown businesses is not always advantageous to core monotown companies, given their vertically integrated structure or the insufficient quality of local production.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	df212deacf4ccf1ec56cc5898cc82649	This would support continuous, co-ordinated care as well as allow calculation of quality indicators for specific patient groups (e.g. rate of adequate glycaemic control amongst diabetics). Adequate glycaemic control in diabetics, mentioned above, is one example of where a financial incentive could be applied. Several other examples around chronic disease management could be developed, based on experience in other OECD countries. This would support delivery of population-based health promotion and preventive health care and lay the foundations for primary care specialists to take on leadership roles in local (and national) health systems.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225503-6-en	df22a9e700a22a821beb37deb44622b7	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The country’s real gross domestic product (GDP) has increased about sixteen-fold since 1970, while its share of urban population doubled in the period, from 40.7% in 1970 to 81.9% in 2009 (OECD, 2012e). Moreover, as most of Korea’s large metropolitan areas have developed in a piecemeal way in this brief period, the best use of limited land resources has become a major concern of urban policy makers.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	df22db4b2f837580369506a836d4aaa1	In selecting the appropriate indicator we need to balance the information it provides with the cost of constructing it. As in the case of other indicators of human development in the Arctic, we face important trade-offs in devising the material well-being indicators. Compromises will need to be made to achieve good indicators that are obtainable at a reasonable cost in terms of time and resources, and these may be made at the cost of constructing an ideal yet probably unattainable indicator.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	df2385caf5fdbfacf387f17b38afa64d	The study also finds that women and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are particularly sensitive to higher unemployment. The percentage of respondents who state that they have reduced health care use is 27% in the United States, 12% in France, 10% in Germany, 8% in the United Kingdom and 6% in Canada. The authors conclude that the level of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs combined with a drop in wealth is a major determinant in the fall in health care use during the crisis. A recent paper from the United States suggests that prescribing patterns for mental health drugs rise during times of adverse economic conditions, although this finding is only significant for the North Eastern parts of the country.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	df26edffcff9737c12a48f5f248d7c98	Less successful industrial development processes, such as those of Latin America during the import-substitution era, paid insufficient attention to income inequality, thereby limiting the size of the domestic market and hence expansion of the protected industries. The greater technological focus of production and exports will require a more capable labour force and hence continuous improvements in educational performance and better health outcomes. Labour-market policy discussions often focus rather narrowly on the degree of labour protection and wage-setting, on the one hand, and industrial competitiveness, on the other.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80fc3264-33eba913-en	df275e47bd810f03d9f450feba688160	This is labeled as the “productivity effect”. In this sense, the introduction of broadband allowed workers with digital literacy skills to signal their computer knowledge to potential employers and then use those skills in the workplace in return for a higher wage. We call this impact the “skill signaling effect”.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	df276ef7c1920e515d0c71cbfe2d03cb	In particular, where the range of outcomes is restricted (e.g. studies on specific sub-populations such as students with special educational needs), the effect size is inflated because the divisor in the calculation is smaller (Black and Wiliam, 1998a). Second, measures of educational outcomes differ greatly in their sensitivity to the effects of education and whether the measure relates directly to what students have been learning or is more remote, as with many national tests and examinations (Wiliam, 2008). Nevertheless, as a general guide, at least on standardised measures of educational achievement, effect sizes of around 0.4, which are typical in studies of feedback, indicate an increase of at least 50% in the rate of learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	df285530108aaf13eea81d7261e93ed3	For example when a school is planned, money is put aside to ensure that there are adequate toilets that can be used by girls. Not only that, but in its efforts to improve access to running water, the government also collects information on the number of girls who have to collect water in rural areas, a burden that can prevent them from attendina school. In the same year, Morocco removed several of its reservations to CEDAW, in relation to women's rights to nationality and to rights within marriage and the family.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	df28ea65eb595db0d5c32120c42ff61e	The government is looking at how to support these schemes in exceptional downturns. In some sectors the social partners have agreed on contracts that include 75% of the time on the job and 25% of the time in education with compensation equal to 75% of the minimum wage. The government has indicated its willingness to support these types of contracts.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	df29aff9a9a77e30622a3090dcced9a6	In the first two thirds of the irradiation cycle, the load fluctuates continuously within 85% to 100% of full power in response to grid needs; daily load following can also be observed, with load reduction down to 30-40% of nominal power. In the last third of the irradiation cycle, the plant is operated in a baseload regime and only a few load variations are observed. The rationale behind this choice was the forecast of a larger proportion of nuclear energy, and the presence of small grids.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	df2c7339f69a8d4199e4c1613f5ae8e1	To encourage the adoption of SCoTs, since 2010 the state has been setting up annual calls for proposals to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up SCoTs. As such, it does not give granular detail on land-use development- that task falls to plans and planning decisions at the scale of the commune (PLU for instance), but these must align with the principles or fundamental guidelines. Every municipality covered by the same SCoT commits itself to integrated and joint development w'hich can help mediate and settle territorial issues for the whole area.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	df2ff43b41c0e03e3799082a5ac84b1d	In 2014, it instructed 41 government agencies to work on gender mainstreaming from 2015 to 2018 in a concerted effort called the “Gender Mainstreaming in Government Agencies Programme”. If they are to take hold across government, though, and deliver concrete outcomes, they will need resources. There are several tools that Mexico is gradually developing to improve implementation: gender impact assessments and gender-responsive budgeting, as well as the systematic development and use of gender-disaggregated data throughout the policy cycle. To offset any such negative consequences and make smart use of resources, gender impact assessments (GIA) can be a first line of defence. It is one of the core tools at a governments’ disposal to support the implementation of gender mainstreaming- sometimes referred to as gender-based analysis or a gender audit- and regularly used by most OECD member countries (Table 6.1).	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-7-en	df30749a6fc32f455c393bec355645fe	This argument is spurious because a middle-income country is in a position to address such poverty from its own national income. If the government of a middle-income country chooses not to redistribute national income it should not expect other societies to address the poverty of its people with their own income. In contrast, in an LDC poverty cannot be solved through redistribution: there is not enough national income to redistribute. The quality of policies and institutions is measured annually by the World Bank and published in its highly influential Country Policy and InstitU' tional Assessment (CPIA).	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264272262-5-en	df34bd3676eb48de917fbd4aafedf0e8	Korea has a child allowance for home-care that was introduced for households with children under 6 who do not use childcare facilities or kindergartens (Chapter l, Box 1.2). Myanmar enacted its social security law in 2012, but the all relevant provisions have not yet been implemented. However, in eight countries such payments are responsibility of the employers subject to regulations in national labour codes rather than social protection legislation.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	df38e7d892b1671a7bb69b114289a898	A number of redistributive policies were put in place including cash transfers, job-creation initiatives and subsidies both explicit and implicit (through price controls). These policies, it seems, made a dent in inequality - although their sustainability has since been called into question by the crisis (see OECD, 2009). According to the Commission on Growth and Development (2008), growth is the main route to poverty reduction in very poor countries. But as a country develops redistribution becomes increasingly important.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	df40518cb26cfbe4f22bdfafa647d29e	A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 67: 547-569. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c544899f-en	df42c6eef43cb4329e0d8d492f60784e	Apart from these circumstances, there are regulatory and investment decisions made by governments which push electric power generation towards one technology or another. This is an exceptional case in the world (the global percentage of hydroelectric energy is 16%), which means that electricity production in the region has a small carbon footprint (measured by CO, emissions per kilowatt hour (KWh) produced), and reduces reliance on fossil fuel imports in many countries. Nonetheless, this supply structure means that the region’s electricity systems are highly dependent on rainfall regimes.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	df43d1549e32f1ecc397c856b492e8b6	While these women were applying for and receiving land,younger women were unaware of their rights and faced unique challenges. Some traditional leaders interviewed for this study expressed reluctance to allocate communal land to young, single women. Young women do not traditionally have their own households, usually remaining in their parents' homesteads until they marry.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	df44786a351fe3f62c262366d0e30b62	The data used include results from 91 studies with 1 722 estimates of changes in crop yields by Challinor et al., There are wide variations among the studies, in terms of time-frame, crop coverage, crop and climate models, and emission levels. Some studies include the effects of adaptation measures, but others do not.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	df454f0a3f17a3da055f2847910e212b	The absence of objective and independent assessment constrains experience sharing. The majority of river basin council presidents are not elected, putting into question the legitimacy of their representative functions and risking political capture (on this issue, changes have occurred in 11 RBCs where the president was elected and is no longer a CONAGUA representative). Mexico has a 70-year history of hierarchical and top-down management in water and planning practices. In addition, although they were legislatively established, there is no consensus on the role of river basin councils’ participation on the ground because their value added is unknown and their work is still in its infancy.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	df4785386224ce0bb8cfaadcbd52f993	Lessons learned from practical experiences and from pilot programmes need to be reinvested in the decision-making process. Within the context of hazards caused by climate change and the need for resilient sustainable development, flexibility must be a key characteristic of the policymaking process if it is to be useful in situations characterized by persistent uncertainties, long time frames, emergence of new information, and the multidimensionality of the problem. Maintaining both flexibility through the various stages of the policy process and the capacity to change and iterate towards improved outcomes is crucial to ensuring that policy interventions are properly informed by the knowledge gained in the process.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	df47f1d66559ee8ba6f5e1aa99cd5161	For the Chinese, kinship and interpersonal guanxi ties are crucial in financing business start-up, development and growth as well as in developing networks of suppliers and clients. Networking is highly relevant for Chinese students in job search and business start-ups. Since the 1970s, the Government of Malaysia has encouraged their entrepreneurship systematically.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	df489a653acbdb0799fd8fbe64f09752	Box 3.2 outlines the institutional framew'ork of mobility policy in each state-level entity of the ZMVM. This section describes the main challenges for state-level institutions in charge of mobility in aligning policies with sustainable and inclusive mobility goals. The Ministiy of Housing and Urban Development (SEDUVI) runs the ecoParq programme for on-street parking fees.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	df4c81b26c650e571fbab0ce269ddccf	Old trams and trolleybus lines are progressively disconnected because of the poor service and high operation and maintenance costs. In most cities, public transport relies on buses, and the light-rail transit (LRT) networks suffer from serious lack of rationalisation. Delegation of communal services to the private sector will work only if the national government helps city governments modernise communal infrastructure. However, city akimats need to be more pro-active in finding ways to refurbish urban infrastructure.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264267787-en	df4e1e4894c3a94d4d4569f568bca92d	Strong commitment and involvement from all stakeholders are required to create the necessary environment for cultural change to achieve consensus on how to deliver patient-centred and co-ordinated care. Effective integration between primary and secondary care also requires genuine collaboration among providers, and efforts to break down cultural barriers and providers’ wariness about working in new ways (OECD, 2015g). Lastly, as patients often enter the health care system via primary' care, it is critical to make sure that PCPs support care co-ordination and bridge acute, primary' care and social care. Health care systems should have the opportunity to better use financial incentives, linked to strong information systems, to achieve greater patient-centred integrated care over the longer term.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	df4e68262aca5562d69addefd7529628	The Ministry of Economy, through COMPITE, provides training in topics such as: Reengineering and process optimization workshops; ISO 900; Quality Training for the optimum performance of the company's human resources. For tourism, companies are promoted and supported through an agreement between the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Economy through the Modernization Programme (Programa Modemizci). The Ministry of Tourism has policy responsibilities regarding SME firms in the tourism sector, and the instruments of these policies are operated through Programa de Apoyo a la Competitividad de la Micro, Pequena y Mediana Empresa Turistica (Competitiveness Support Program for Touristic SMEs) (OECD, 2011). This programme provides funding for training, certification, and product/project development.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	df51109d4d01e294d7abc64194bea50a	Moreover, the treatment of children aged 3-8 at risk of obesity will be trialled in 2017-18. The overweight and obesity rate is self-reported in some countries. However, accidents at work have decreased steadily (Panel C), albeit at a slower rate than in other European countries (Premier Ministre, 2011). Progress has been heterogeneous across firms, and the frequency of accidents remains high in many SMEs (Panel D).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	df5115ecfc25678815f37ab24639f92b	Career prospects are also affected in the long-run since they heavily depend on soft and hard skills learned in childhood or adolescence. How family poverty affect child outcome? Two main channels play a role (Figure 1; (Duncan and Magnuson, 2013(3]))- Having low income first limits households’ ability to purchase or produce important “inputs” for healthy child development, such as good quality housing, healthy food, or good quality care and education services for children below school-age (Box 1).	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-18-en	df570104f16b45c6498684ebb77d7803	Around EUR 40 million of the EFF provision were used for fleet restructuring. See also above, Fleet decommissioning plans. The General Directorate for Food (DGAL) within the MAAF remains the administration in charge of these public policies. A survey by Kantar Worldpanel indicated that, despite an increase in prices (+3%), the downward trend in spending remained unchanged (-0.2%).	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	df57cb0d0e8585e4f9c3b2767374fcc8	Data from the survey of Kyrgyz migrants (GMER 2013 /14) showed no statistically significant differences between females and males: 92 per cent of them work, 6 per cent work and study whereas students and homemakers each make up less than 1 per cent. According to the online survey of migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (GMER 2016), both female and male migrants from these countries were mostly in paid employment but women much more often than men would stay at home and do housework (figure 8). The consensus picture emerging from the literature is that men work mostly in construction, manufacturing and transport whereas women mostly work in trade and services (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 27; Mukomel, 2013, p. 26).	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	df583243ab67b6d2e759fd326d1d98e0	Data about environmental participation and actions are based on administrative records or are obtained from surveys, and are usually produced at the subnational level. The main institutional partners include the ministry of environment or equivalent institution, municipalities and local governments and NGOs.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	df59d54ad150f3f86c2548c2d4dd6e4e	It provided tariff coverage for all commodities and established both normal and preferential tariffs. Preferential rates (50% of the normal tariff) were applied to exported/imported goods to/from countries that signed bilateral trade agreements with Viet Nam. While the private sector was granted the ability to engage directly in international trade, in order to obtain an import or export licence, enterprises were required to have a foreign contract and a shipping license, sufficient working capital, and trade experience.	2	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	df5e34a06033fe99d6a4b22ba5a6a30e	The Regulated Industries Commission is the independent regulator of the electricity sector. The island has promising wind, solar and bioenergy potential; however, given the extremely low cost of conventional energy, renewable energy is placed at a competitive disadvantage (T&T MoE 2014). This section provides an assessment of the various sustainable energy technologies that have potential for deployment in the Caribbean region, and discusses emerging trends and risks for their use, from both an international and a regional perspective.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08d97fd9-en	df6378ddefc64345fb4baafda7b4c2f7	Jointly develop GEF proposals with multiple conventions benefit based on 2. Guidance for step 3 will be provided in the following. The webpage “What is GEF?” All GEF member countries have Political Focal Points, while only recipient member countries eligible for GEF project assistance have Operational Focal Points.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	df6406a7b0f5aaa7e0ec0af76799b4f3	However, their development is dependent on people and practices. In classic innovation literature, the diffusion of an innovation develops over time across five major user groups - innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards - until market saturation is achieved. The market is usually seen as the selection mechanism that determines whether an innovation achieves saturation or not.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	df64a935c7b8854d54dbf46a4e16acd5	While direct infrastructure investments have a number of characteristics which can appeal to institutional investors such as allowing for asset-liability matching and helping hedge the risks for long-dated liabilities, making direct investments in projects is generally complex and resource-intensive. It can be prohibitively expensive due to the costs of developing and maintaining a direct investing team in addition to transaction costs and legal fees. Thus, many investors might consider using intermediaries because they do not have this expertise, or the scale that would justify creating an internal team. However, of these institutional investors, many have decided against investing in infrastructure or have withdrawn from contracts because they have determined that the transaction costs, in particular management fees, are prohibitive. Nevertheless, some firms have started to explore ways to reduce transaction costs for sustainable energy investment or otherwise faciliate or enable these transactions to be made more efficiently.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	df652667908d20f2a7989c9ee9b827ec	This act has given private investors access to all power sector operations. As a consequence, state governments encourage the private sector to invest in rural electrification projects. To do so, many state governments have established administrative mechanisms to facilitate the process of approval and clearance for the setting-up of small and medium-sized industries. Those specifically targeted are industries that seek to use local resources for decentralised generation projects and stand-alone systems.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	df69fbca6aabe43c1369785956f6b0c4	Together more than 100 million EV/PHEVs under the projection are sold worldwide in 2050. But it does reflect the expected size and buying power of the different regions, in terms of where the plug-in vehicles are likely to be sold over time. Together these vehicles are expected to cut global C02 emissions by over 2 gigatonne (Gt) in 2050, roughly in proportion of sales by region. This represents an important part of the overall C02 reductions in transport.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	df6d624a623ddf83589d6fa27e26209e	There are two climate-related Rio markers: the mitigation marker (established in 1998) and the adaptation Rio marker (since 2010). The Rio Markers are an important tool in increasing transparency and accountability in relation to climate finance. The markers have been used by some OECD countries as the basis for their climate finance reporting to the UNFCCC and in this way can assist in tracking progress towards delivering the commitment by developed countries to provide the USD 100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries by 2020.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	df6d921418baa50ff47c0f3213012cff	The floor price indicates the trigger price at which the government will buy stock, while the ceiling price specifies when the government w ill start selling its stock. By setting a floor price and a ceiling price, the government creates a “price band”, i.e. a range between which it wants to keep prices. In these situations, the distinction between price support programmes and buffer stock schemes becomes blurred, as both programmes support producers by offering them higher prices. In the case of buffer stocks, these prices are often referred to as “procurement prices” while they are called “support prices” in the case of price support programmes.	2	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	df728a064eab24998d3958bc507ac6da	In particular, the recent integration of police data and insurance companies’ data on road traffic accidents has allowed for a standardisation of statistics. Previously, there were tremendous discrepancies between the traffic accident statistics from the National Police Agency (Traffic Accident Management System - TAMS) and those released by the Korea Insurance Development Institute. Just as an example, in 2005, the National Police Agency-registered only 214 171 traffic accidents, whereas the Korea Insurance Development Institute registered 807 253, almost four times higher (Park, 2008).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d3389ea7-en	df72f1f41ef6c4f06c910b94fc5acf55	It follows that the estimated total revenue of TSh 68,173,076,760 translates to TSh 1,417 per hectare per year (2013). Following the methodology developed above, we can infer that TFS spends at least TSh 1,006 per ha per year (2013) to manage a hectare of forest. The present value of costs from deforestation to TFS amounts to TSh 7 billion (US$4 million).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	df744b2780dc8f4da732d27d9a53b777	In a sense, the increasing costs of two scarce resources (water and natural gas) are motivating necessary adjustments in water use. Guerrero et al., ( Part of the reduction is due to changes in crop choices (2.3%), and leaving land fallow (4.1%), while part is due also to smaller applications of irrigation water (11.4%). Much of the increase has been motivated by increasing demand for agricultural products in Georgia and by the increasing use of center pivot irrigation systems, beginning in the late 1970s.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/4a27e063-en	df7497a44626ecc53a53081714d1aa91	The country reports are sorted according to the chronology by which the countries have introduced variants of market-based instruments in their fisheries management. Beginning with the herring fisheries in 1979 the Icelandic ITQ-system has sincethen been mainstreamed to include most species and Icelandic fisheries. The Icelandic system is characterized by a liberal approach, which has stimulated growth in the sector, but also led to national disputes on the distribution of wealth and access to the fisheries. In the following decades the large-scale fleet grew and capital investments in the fishing sector increased more than output.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	df76be00a2f18ce0e5642e0c8a90b55b	Projects, initiatives and funding targeting women have mushroomed; interest in and momentum for gender issues seem to be at their highest. Low human development; inadequate skills and capacities; unequal access to resources, opportunities, knowledge and support; and continuing marginalisation or discrimination in collective decision making at different levels, are still widespread. The threat of violence and the lack of control of one's own time and efforts are also significantly limiting factors. The missions of these organisations span technical support and advice, service delivery, credit facilitation, capacity building, legal literacy, policy advocacy, representation and more.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	df7820d549c803be32b18995f87486ee	Reforms undertaken in periods of crisis may not properly distinguish between effective and ineffective programmes. Cutting effective programmes aiming at attaining quick cost savings might endanger the health status of the population and result in higher costs, eventually. Greece offers a recent example of such cuts as they have resulted in an increase in HIV and tuberculosis infections along with the re-emergence of malaria (Stuckler and Basu 2013; OECD, 2013).	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	df78645dd3c7578017db7273d1f5b273	In the OECD and the EMEs the climate is generally not as hot as in LDCs and so it is not set to deteriorate as much. Further, their economies are not as exposed to changes in climate because they are less dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. While they therefore have less need for adaptation, both the OECD and the EMEs urgently need to curb their emissions. Hence for them mitigation, rather than adaptation, should be the priority. However, within the terms of this dispute the overwhelming interest of LDCs is in getting both the OECD and the EMEs to do as much mitigation as possible, rather than to extract as much money as possible.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	df79691055454c9293822ccdd61271b3	These include criteria on parameters such as target countries, activity type, and project size. For example, in terms of eligible activities, the Indonesian government has identified a number of primary and secondary priorities in both mitigation and adaptation for expenditure under the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF, 2012). In terms of project size, some funds limit the total flows to a specific activity - for example, the PPC.R can provide USD 3-15 million to individual projects (CIF, 2013).	13	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80c5340e-b94e0f39-en	df7bc2ad716f5cbf734acbfafee53f65	In particular, the broadband divide between developed and developing countries remains large, with 82 per cent and 21 per cent penetration, respectively, for mobile broadband and 27.5 per cent and 6 per cent for fixed broadband3. One industry analysis firm forecasts that global fixed broadband subscriptions will reach 920.2 million by 2019s, driven by consumer demand for highspeed Internet access and the proliferation of Internet-connected devices within the home and at the workplace. Indeed, 4.3 billion people were not online by end of 2014, of whom 90 per cent live in the developing world.	9	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	df7ce71fd286001459c45c9c20ce5e30	It also introduced the principle of cost recovery and confirmed public ownership of coastal and internal waters and groundwater, which had been extended to groundwater by the Galli Law. It introduced river basin districts, required economic analysis of water management and confirmed the full cost recovery principle. As a result, different regulations on water protection and water services are now contained in one legislative document. However, the reform process was spread over time and, to date, the implementation of some its provisions is pending mainly because of difficulties in introducing and using the new model of governance.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	df83c3f82267e5241c1eceb29e67081a	It is published under the responsibility of the authors. One of the first analyses was Gagnon-Lebrun and Agrawala’s (2006) assessment of overall trends, largely based on an analysis of National Communications to the UNFCCC. Their review found that adaptation received limited attention relative to mitigation, and that countries were at the stage of identifying generic options for responding to climate change rather than formulating comprehensive, mainstreamed adaptation strategies.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	df924fc5f1ae43704eb16dcf273ecabe	This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the essential services necessary for production, communication and exchange. Not surprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and with developing policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. Energy security here has two main dimensions: an external dimension that aims at ensuring a stable supply of imports and an internal dimension that is concerned with maintaining domestic infrastructures at adequate capacity levels and in good working conditions. This report aims to examine the role that nuclear energy can play in enhancing the security of electricity supply of OECD member countries.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	df92bc9236a1fdf0685f4d602fe6c4a8	It was revolutionary of course, but when I came face-to-face with a 1450s Gutenberg bible, with its twin black columns of dense Latin text, I realised that there was another story to tell: the story of humble paper. Paper is nothing special, except that it is far cheaper than animal-skin parchment. It's so cheap that we now use it to wipe our backsides. The cell phone is one; the computer is another.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	df9445571dd04a7806fc41460d7e64e2	This report presents the input papers prepared for the roundtable meeting by international road safety leaders, the summary of discussions and key messages and recommendations to the attention of Korean stakeholders. It was also less than that for Sweden and the UK, which have already achieved the lowest rates of fatalities per head of population. The reduction in road fatalities in recent years has been greatest for vehicle occupants, now overtaken by pedestrian fatalities as the largest category of people killed annually.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/edf15661-en	df953777b8ff5fb3fbd8c656102425a9	Women’s groups often frame themselves as philanthropic or as community projects to avoid government interference. Another response is to seek refuge on the web to share information and mobilize (see below). The involvement of young women in uprisings and revolutions has not necessarily led to the inclusion of their demands in post-transition political landscapes. In the Iraqi Kurdish region, young women are often forced to choose between airing their gender concerns among mainstream feminist groups (which do not address their specific position as Kurds) or forgoing such concerns so as to be included in the male-centric struggles for national liberation.47The relegation of feminist demands was a feature of the activism of young women in the recent uprisings.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-8-en	df961b49d5185c9d96cb947180260a16	There is one major city, Odense city, with a population of ca. Figure 17 gives an overview of the area. These water bodies are subject to varying pressures to their environmental state (Hasler et al. There are approximately 1,800 registered farms in ORB. Approximately half the farms are livestock farms, dominated by pigs (59%) and cattle (37%). The livestock density is 0.9 LU/ha (Dubgaard et al.	6	3	3	0.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	df9891c4ef21fad3a119cb87ad6f30c9	"Weller (2008, p. 21), describes labour-market institutions as ""mechanisms with differing degrees of formality that establish the rules of behaviour for participants in the labour market"". The ultimate goal of labour-market institutions is to generate high-quality employment by means of labour market regulation, unemployment protection systems and active labour market policies (which are not part of social protection per se). To achieve this goal, institutions must meet two objectives: ""they must ensure an efficiently functioning labour market, i.e. the optimal allocation of resources, and they must guarantee protection and support for the weakest players in a market characterized by structural inequalities among participants"" (Weller, 2008). At the same time, to maintain the coherence of social protection policies there needs to be coordination among the various State institutions, as well as information systems for monitoring their actions and oversight and conflict-resolution mechanisms. For instance, non-contributory social protection programmes are often managed by public social development institutions (such as ministries of social development, social investment funds or specialized programmes)."	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	df9993e53895a2ea0a659bdf7026d7a0	To make things worse, they often face unpredictable waiting times. The government of the Federal District has recognised the many challenges posed by CETRAM and the need for a strategy to improve them. In turn, private parties pay a financial compensation to the Federal District government. In the State of Mexico, the concept of CETRAM is less developed, and no institutional framework or overall strategy exists for co-ordination with private operators or between governmental agencies for modernisation of transfer centres.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264267787-en	df9a8f4da5d8a660df728c86cc0de357	In this case, a gap exists between the efficacy of the product assessed during clinical trials and its observed effectiveness in real life use. While this gap is widely recognised, the safety and effectiveness of new technologies is only rarely assessed through formal re-evaluation. Recent evidence shows that health technology re-assessment is seldom used in OECD countries. A third of OECD health care systems rely on periodic re-assessment after technologies are included in the range of benefits covered by public funding (Auraaen et al.,	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	df9b31cad3a505d667df1b31ef5f2ef8	The paper explores the practical value of the Principles in assessing water governance practices through a survey to respondents on how the Flood Protection Programme performed. The survey was distributed to ten key professionals working in the Flood Protection Programme and w'as completed by five groups of experts (at a 50% response rate). Figure 1.5 depicts the extent to w'hich survey respondents considered the programme to perform in accordance with the Principles.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	df9ca48658ae93834f0abacaf85a53c1	The lack of funds has also complicated the introduction of cleaner vehicle technologies. While the entity would ideally have substituted a higher percentage of buses run on compressed natural gas (CNG), only 72 of the fleet of 1 360 buses have this kind of engine. Expansion towards the suburban areas in the State of Mexico has become increasingly necessary, and transport services need to provide a denser network, with alternative itineraries for corridors that are close to or above capacity.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	df9fdc672ac810aa02024cf98f20196c	As a recent report on the California Public Utilities Commission’s Long Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan notes: “High road economic development consists of a market environment that favours business strategies built on quality of work and innovation, resulting from investments in a workforce that is both highly skilled and rewarded for those skills. Such workforce investments, in turn, encourage the development of a stable and professionalised workforce with the capacity to adapt to new technologies and practices. Although it helped to insulate over 915,000 homes in 2009, it had to be suspended in early 2010 after four deaths of workers by electrocution, house fires caused by improperly installed insulation and widespread quality and worker training problems.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	df9ff75fab9edc4924475a8c7fde3f9c	Many developing countries lack the legal and financial framework to enforce the complex contractual models required for ESCOs (Sarkar and Singh 2010). International ESCOs, while initially eager to operate in developing countries, acknowledge that many prospective customers require more time and capacity-building to adequately understand and accept such models, and customer credit-worthiness and local credit are not assured (Sarkar and Singh 2010). Preparing information and building the institutions needed to formulate, institutionalize and implement industrial energy-efficiency policies and programmes all have costs, something not always considered in policy measure discussions (UNEP 2006a; WEC 2008).	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/729bf864-en	df9ff79d9d1aada1735d4dd9a008d9f0	Such firms are undoubtedly knowledge-intensive, and will obtain reputational benefits as a result of the work they produce. Hence, while valuable assets may well have been created, the benefits that from the trading value such assets produce will be exploited by others. Software, designs and other artistic originals that are produced by a company for its own use are likely to represent an important value driver that will not necessarily be apparent from analysis of IP databases. An alternative method of detecting these companies is to use national employment surveys which can provide a “horizontal” means of considering where assets may be found, to complement a “vertical”, sector-specific approach. These methods relate to their absolute size (in turnover, or employees) and their stage of development (early stage/growth stage/maturity).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266490-10-en	dfa1d7e28bfc51c5da16800ef231b98e	On average across OECD countries, parents of socio-economically advantaged students are highly educated: a large majority has attained tertiary education (97%) and works in a skilled, white-collar occupation (94%). By contrast, the parents of socio-economically disadvantaged students have much lower educational attainment. Across OECD countries, 55% of parents of disadvantaged students attained some post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest level of formal schooling, 33% attained lower secondary education or less, and only 12% attained tertiary education. Few disadvantaged students have a parent working in a skilled occupation (8%); many parents of these students work in semi-skilled, white-collar occupations (43%), and the majority (49%) work in elementary occupations or semi-skilled, blue-collar occupations (Table ll.6.2b).	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	dfa292ee912a865f659a8b7c62530db2	Nonetheless, the country’s employment rate rose by 2.8 per cent. Growth linked to changes in the share of population of working age (demographic structure) was significant only in Nepal and to a lesser extent in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Ethiopia. Nepal appears to be successfully exploiting its demographic dividend, since its working-age population as a share of the total population is rising (i.e., fewer dependants per working-age adult) and accounted for about 42 per cent of the change in GDP per capita during 2000-2010.	8	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	dfa59fdc629417bf7b889b7d804cb5de	This in turn will enable a country to become innovative, productive and internationally competitive53. This requires broader thinking about drivers of economic and industrial development, with greater emphasis on knowledge, new technologies, and especially ICTs as a conduit for knowledge flow54, storage and communication and their convergence with other technologies and applications in new business models, and less on traditional factors of production, such as physical capital and labour. This in effect leads us to a richer model of development55.	9	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264174337-6-en	dfa6b5c980aff33c310e5798309e1a1e	Figure 2.1 summarises the dimensions that affect a country's capacity, and that of the sector in question, to manage increasingly complex forms of PSP (as the transfer of responsibilities and risks to the private partner rises). These dimensions have to do with the sector's financial sustainability (the extent to which the sector can ultimately cover its costs, and the role of pricing), its financing needs, and the public’s perception (in particular, its willingness to pay for service). Additional facilities are needed, including the development of new' water resources (from non-conventional sources) and water treatment plants, but the domestic network is fairly well-developed.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	dfa7beb2fbe0286b64e5d81f86c3c261	Gender gaps in healthy life years were in favour of women in Poland and Estonia, while men were expected to live in a healthy condition longer than women in Denmark and the Netherlands. Healthy life years were highest for both sexes in Sweden and Norway. As outlined in the 2012 OECD report Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, girls have higher rates of graduation at secondary level. When success is measured in terms of outcomes rather than participation and retention, boys perform noticeably less well in reading, and are more likely to be defined as having special educational needs (Hibel et al.,	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ca5d645f-en	dfa80388ceb1928ee738f27181b9eac6	"The rest of the water is being withdrawn for industrial and domestic use. This is the case in particular for Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which are dependent on water flowing in from neighbouring countries,6 as well as for Pakistan (63 per cent, 2008), Tajikistan (52.6 per cent, 2006), the Islamic Republic of Iran (50.9 per cent, 2004) and Kyrgyzstan (41.45 per cent, 2006). ( Withdrawal of more than 20 per cent of total internal renewable water resources represents substantial pressure on those resources; FAO considers any amount in excess of 40 per cent to be ""critical”. Worldwide meat consumption averaged 8.3 kg per capita in 1983."	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	dfaa31e3bd6005937edabadb91d37c38	Their responsibilities and disempowerment thus worsen their vulnerability and prevent them from developing adaptation and response capacities (ECLAC, 2017). The lack of access to better drinking water sources results in health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders that remain a major cause of death and healthy life years lost in the region. It also affects school attendance and academic performance and means a greater burden of unpaid work, which reduces the time available for paid work.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	dfab1215351ec4dc3c6400b7067db650	The direct and indirect methods were applied to EU-SILC data for Austria and Spain, and both perform well at national and regional level. The results are shown in Table 6. In the case of Spain, the ‘median’ reduction of the standard errors when using the average of estimates for three years ranges between 16% for the Gini coefficient to 38% for the quintile share ratio (S80/S20). The ‘mean’ reduction in standard errors is smaller because it is highly affected from few outliers, especially for the poverty headcount ratios (HCR).	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	dfab8f6de2833a3d724d62c0b4475fe3	While the parametric models suggest there is a formal premium, and it remains after controlling for individual and firm characteristics, the semi-parametric tests used in this article indicate either a negative or a small and insignificant formal premium. Advances in women’s educational attainments and increased opportunities for women in the labour market have narrowed the wage gap between men and women and improved women’s representation in high-status occupations (Ridgeway and Corell, 2004). Some researchers have argued that the wage gap between men and single women is not significant; nevertheless, the differences in earnings between men and married women remain high (Gangl and Ziefle, 2009). Given the traditional role of women as caregivers, in addition to the traditional wage gap, mothers seem to be the ones who experience most disadvantages, and this “motherhood penalty” has been identified in wage differentials between mothers and non-mothers that control for other human capital factors typically explaining wage differentials.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b656887e-en	dfab9290f0708f8b5648ae6d8ab6eed3	The collection of consumption data from communal establishments is likely to be particularly challenging, both conceptually and in practice. Those with no usual place of residence are also not covered by standard household surveys designed to measure income or consumption. However, they also typically represent some of the poorest and most vulnerable individuals in society.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b6c67c6f-en	dfabad6d52b75beb83cb5d3acee7d522	"The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“the Convention"" / UNCLOS) sets out the overarching international legal framework for all activities on the oceans and seas, including the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources. It is complemented by the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (“the Agreement”). The latter sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the longterm conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks."	14	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	dfacb4ea591f8d775c5f9e228e42bf5e	The Energy Division is currently overseeing a Public Sector Smart Energy programme funded by an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan (US$17 million) and an EU grant (€5.8 million) (IDB 2012; GoB 2010). The division is also responsible for monitoring the island’s local oil interests, both onshore and offshore, and is currently overseeing the island’s 2015 offshore licensing campaign (GoB 2015). The 2012 Draft National Policy for Barbados is currently being revised.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	dfacde069646c08b6d529e17da3ca24c	It is often critical to rely on intermediaries who could help to identify those persons, including victims, or organizations that may be good sources of information. Intermediaries can also play a critical role in reaching out to victims and making the first contact with them to assess their disposition to being interviewed. Investigation teams should be proactive in reaching out to different types of sources and intermediaries, making sure the selection of sources and intermediaries is conducive to gathering information on women's human rights and gender issues. It is important to remember, when identifying sources, not to rely too heavily on entities or service providers that target only one segment of the population.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	dfad2e29256866b5ea65ac24aefa1709	A dual system of waste collection involving door-to-door and drop-off-systems should be combined in the barangays to allow for efficient collection of segregated waste based on convenience and practicality. To date, there have been a number of contracts signed among LGUs such as cities of Naga, Carcar, Lapu-Lapu, and Minglanilla with a private firm (FDR-IRRMi) to manage their solid waste collection, recycling and composting, and final disposition systems. It now runs the first integrated resource recovery facility in the City of Naga, which handles over 130 tons of solid waste a day.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	dfb0b27a939f0bbcd94f10f608becb7e	For example, the critical mass was estimated to be 3 000 residents in Luxemburg and 5 000-6 000 inhabitants in Estonia (per the recommendations that an administrative reform expert committee put forward in November 2015), but 10 000-20 000 residents in Norway (per the 2014 ad hoc expert committee appointed by the government), and 20 000 residents in Finland during the PARAS reform (only for primary' healthcare and related services - compared with 50 000 residents for vocational education, for example). In the case of Finland, the methodology used to identify an optimal threshold was criticised and the legislation was changed in 2011 to include more diverse criteria. Linguistic and/or cultural particularities may also be taken into account (e.g. in Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, etc.). For example, in the United States, a wide variety of “special districts” (as opposed to general purpose local governments) provide a single public service (or a set of related public services) to the residents of a determined area.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9cee1f69-en	dfb6982dc03cb93f71c7029de58d63ac	Data were drawn from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study, a nationally representative survey of 19,178 Filipino youth aged between 15 and 24. The analytic sample consists of 2,264 live births in the two years prior to the survey. The survey shows that 38.7 per cent of births were unintended at the time of conception: 23.1 per cent were mistimed while 15.6 per cent were unwanted. Proportionately, more unintended births were borne by mothers who were teenagers, unmarried, college-educated, urban and Metro Manila residents than their counterparts.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	dfb7079f49c75cfb4d63737a730ab44f	The education reform of 2002 highlighted the role of guidance even further by stating that “to be able to choose consciously his or her educational or vocational course, a student has the right to receive wide and complete information on any matters related to school or university education”. More recently, the Ministry of Education has created a body of school and university advisers responsible for “informing and advising students and their families concerning the education system, universities and vocational opportunities in different sectors”. In order to be part of this body, experienced teachers have received specialised training.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-20-en	dfb8bbf9f77b06dac457f845f6ac423d	This biodeposition can be extremely important in regulating water column processes (Newell, 2004). Nitrogen excreted by the bivalves and regenerated from their biodeposits is recycled back to the water column to support further phytoplankton production. Where biodeposits are incorporated into surficial aerobic sediments that overlay deeper anaerobic sediments, microbially mediated, coupled nitrification-denitrification can permanently remove nitrogen from the system as N2 gas.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e428e6c6-en	dfb8ddc4ce7769d7acb59b7c29faf329	More specifically, deterioration in trade facilitation - which is measured by the increase in the number of documents required and days taken for exporting and importing a good - can reduce per capita GDP, albeit to a small amount. Countries requiring a larger number of documents and more time for imports and exports tend to have higher levels of poverty (measured by the headcount and poverty gap index) and inequality (measured by the Gini index) than other countries. Another limitation is the small number of observations used in this study, which does not allow for estimation of the heterogeneous effects of trade facilitation.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	dfba3ea86dc3dbe7e8dc0547ec0af7de	From the graphs it can be seen that 73.4 per cent of children are not deprived al all in one of these three domains while 1.9 per cent of the children are simultaneously deprived in all three. Approximately 3.5 per cent of the Belgian children are deprived in leisure and education only against 11 per cent in community only. Overlapping deprivations in leisure and community exist for 1.5 per cent, in education and community for 1.3 per cent, and in leisure and education for 3.5 per cent. In general we can conclude that relatively few of the children living in Belgium are confronted with multiple overlapping deprivations while, for those who are deprived, deprivation in the community domain is dominant.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	dfbb38568da9e7daff218789abe0dc3b	In Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Wind Works, a consortium of suppliers and vendors to wind energy counts 300 companies, with 40 companies joining in 2010 alone, and a high concentration of firms around Milwaukee (Wisconsin Wind Works, 2011). A main driver for the growing wind industry in the United States is a favourable investment environment, supported by tax credits, feed-in tariffs or grants, which attracts and spurs private investment. The Illinois Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard promotes wind energy by requiring that 25% of the state’s electricity be provided by renewable sources by 2025, and that 75% of that amount come from wind power.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	dfbe133e7f21d00fa784ba365d9f056f	Figure 3 illustrates the current breakdown of Chinese and Indian final energy consumption by sector in 2008. They underline that both the residential and industrial sectors represent close to 3/4th of these countries' energy consumption. While the residential sector represents 41% of total final energy consumption in India, the industrial sector still makes up 28%.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/cf14d4b5-en	dfbe8686c297c90e3c36ed8c72e6f8f2	Elle semble offrir le plus grand potentiel de gains de performance dans la recherche, tandis que dans Fadministration elle est plus prometteuse en termes de realisation d’economies. Pour promouvoir la collaboration et la consolidation institutionnelles, les gouvernements se servent le plus souvent de mesures de financement ciblees, bien que des systemes d’assurance de la qualite et l’alignement des differents cadres administratifs et politiques puissent egalement jouer un role facilitateur essentiel. La litterature suggere que ce type d’initiative peut renforcer la performance et la resilience institutionnelles, faire realiser des economies, et ameliorer Falignement des activites des institutions sur les besoins de la societe, mais ces objectifs ne sont certes pas realises dans tous les cas.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	dfc45556f9f56649dd6322185a77de51	Discrimination at work includes any less favourable treatment that is explicitly or implicitly based on particular grounds, such as sex, race, etc. ( Discrimination at work denies opportunities for individuals who may not, for example, receive equal pay or have access to managerial positions or who may experience less favourable working conditions. The sub-dimension Fair treatment in employment is aimed at providing measures for discrimination and unfair treatment of men and women as well as other subpopulations in employment.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	dfc5df72be7dede9aa42c90490ed7d6c	Concerning the effects on sick leave, the analysis carried out on Australia, Germany, Mexico and the United States suggests that obesity and smoking increase sickness absence, but with exceptions for male overweight in the United States and for smoking in Australia and Germany (see Table 4 in Annex C). Concerning the impact on wages, OECD analyses based on Australian and US data show that when significant differences are found, the general pattern among these shows a negative effect of CVD and diabetes on wages (particularly clear for diabetes) (see Table 3 in Annex C). Regarding the effect of chronic diseases on sick leave, the analyses were only feasible in Australia, Mexico and United States. Overall, results show that chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and arthritis increase sick days, while this is unclear for CVD and HBP in the three countries studied (see Table 4 in Annex C). For instance, US women who smoke are 1.7 times more likely to exit prematurely from the labour force compared to non-smoking women, and similar findings are found for men.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/805b1ae4-en	dfc83915d8e4133488a103e97c0da267	This suggests that knowledge about the importance of foods rich in micronutrients can increase demand for them. In 2011, WHO and other international organizations launched the Nutrition-Friendly Schools Initiative, which provides a framework for implementing integrated intervention programmes to improve the health and nutritional status of school-age children and adolescents and uses the school as the programme setting (including nurseries and kindergartens). This initiative brings together parents, the local community and health services to promote children's health and nutritional wellbeing (WHO, 2011b).	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8kmckf4-en	dfc91628b66ad07619996f0f7cb54db5	Therefore, the same set of economic opportunities and available policy responses that exist at the national indicator level will not be suitable at the local level. This is where proxies and other future data collection exercises will need to fill important gaps. The first step was to make an assessment of the relevance of the national OECD Green Growth Indicator framework and the relevance of the individual variables in describing Schonefelder Kreuz’s transition to a low-carbon economy. However, it is important to attempt to identify and test which areas will work and to investigate what data is available with which to assess the current situation.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	dfc9ac08fe60979957472361f0ba27b1	Second, gender norms and stereotypes change as women’s economic roles change. The quality of employment matters. Required is work that pays a living wage and provides economic security with limited volatility in income flows. Women’s relatively greater access to and control over other assets such as land title, credit, and other inputs into the production process for women farmers is necessary to improve their relative well-being.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	dfcde895a735808f70707ed2f818539d	The provisions in the Paris Agreement relating to climate finance provision are for “developed country Parties” (reflecting language of the Copenhagen Accord), as well as for “other parties” (see Box 1). These are not always consistent or clear. Only the term “Annex II” is defined. Identical wording is used in the Kyoto Protocol (1997) regarding which Parties are to provide new and additional funding.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	dfcdf88a38591a1d106bdf644d291218	Indeed, the introduction of new technologies and the promotion of income-generating opportunities can create or exacerbate social fragmentation. Truly bottom-up and participatory approaches are therefore crucial. Pilot projects already implemented illustrate how investments in electrification can and should be utilized to promote the emergence of local sustainable markets and microenterprises. For instance, energy and utility services (lighting, water for drinking and irrigation, and energy for cooking) and microenterprises are created simultaneously with the power plant.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	dfd515197f33ed4369b40e11b70fb29a	There are also various forms of inter-communal co-operation. Municipalities finance the infrastructure and are responsible for delivering water services. Local authorities can be in charge of water and sanitation services budgets which income comes from the tariffs. After the territorial reform (2014), EPCI can include syndicats de communes, communautes de communes, communautes urbaines, communautes d'aggtomeration, syndicats d‘agglomeration nouvelle, and the metropoles.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	dfd95da4b4076b1d302c34ecc83e7027	Maastricht University applies PBL in all of its programmes with the aim to generate students that are independent, entrepreneurial problem-solvers. The university employs various versions of PBL as an educational model simulating a research-oriented working environment that gives students skills that they will take with them into their careers. For example, the Maastricht Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences was one of the first universities in Europe to implement PBL as the dominant educational strategy in medical education. The School of Business and Economics at Maastricht University has been using PBL in all of its degree programmes for over 20 years.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	dfd9bc0687bc414e433c905ff1ef7bf1	Moving forward, however, ensuring the effective implementation and co-ordination of gender initiatives would require the identification of clear roles and responsibilities across governmental and non-governmental stakeholders, supported by realistic targets and both long- and medium-term strategic horizons to support the sustainability of gender equality efforts. Such an approach requires effective institutions responsible for promoting gender equality, with clear roles, mandates and co-ordination mechanisms to implement policies and practices necessary to achieve women’s full empowerment and mobilisation. These institutions are recognised globally as critical instruments for ensuring that public policy minimises different impacts on women and men and, more broadly, for creating societies free from gender discrimination, to foster national well-being and social cohesion, and mobilising the potential of every member of the society.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	dfdaa94d668a3893da16a88a5e89f8b2	Sensitive and highly sensitive products did not have to enter the CEPT scheme until 1 January 2003 and 1 January 2005 respectively, and were given until 1 January 2010 to complete their phasing in. All quantitative restrictions on sensitive and highly sensitive products were eliminated on 1 January 2010 and member states are to take measures to encourage state trading enterprises to accord preferential treatment to ASEAN suppliers. Under the programme tariffs up to 20% were to be reduced to 5% by the year 2000, and tariffs higher than 20% were to be reduced to 10% by 2003 (Table 2.A1.6).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	dfe002a9845d1fad285c3b2a47e06c38	There was 7% growth in 2014 and preliminary estimates indicate the same growth rate in 2015, driven mainly by the services, industry, construction, and information and communication sectors, each of which grew in double digits. For the medium term, growth is projected to outperform the records of 2014 and 2015, increasing to 7.2%. While other sectors are expected to at least perform at their recent levels, higher growth performance is expected largely from increased industrial activities and investment in infrastructure.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	dfe08c8065afeca2d84cccb75bd39713	There is evidence that at least some sections of the public are aware of our dependency on the marine environment. For instance, as early as 1999, 75% of people in a US survey believed that the health of the ocean is important for human survival (Ocean Project 1999). When focusing on environmental matters related to the marine environment specifically, several environmental topics are of particular interest to the public, such as climate change, chemical pollution and ocean acidification (e.g. Vignola et al.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208704-5-en	dfe18d447967207ae2d65ba6b17b8f7e	Engaging with trade unions and employers’ associations in the planning, design and implementation phase of training offers can boost the responsiveness of education and training. In particular, collaborative approaches can enable the development of practical, hands-on experiences, essential for the learner to apply academic, classroom-based learning in relevant contexts. At the level of the training providers, better links to the innovators and professionals leading technological developments can enhance the quality and relevance of their training offers.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	dfe46cc4b5179ae1984f330d61a29f4b	These income-contingent financing instruments have theoretically distinctive features to reach different social and economic outcomes, but only ICLs with risk sharing have been implemented in practice. Most notable examples that have successfully implemented ICLs are Australia, which instituted the world’s first broadly based income-contingent charging system for higher education in 1989, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.* While the Australian and UK systems cover only tuition fees, the New Zealand system is designed to cover both tuition fees and living expenses.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-6-en	dff000644e0818e3cf17675e0295dd3e	The challenge of adopting these models is more to do with integrating new types of instruction than overcoming technology barriers. Adoption also requires support from policy makers at a range of levels within education. In total, 50 organisations were full members - 30 joining in 2010 and another 20 since 2011.These individual projects were combined into six thematic consortia, each led by an additional “lead” organisation (Box 4.3).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	dff213ee02537244ebcf47b7cc710997	Because of conflict, the Tuareg and other Arab ethnic groups from northern Mali have faced massive displacement, and account for 60 per cent of the total ethnic make-up of Niger refugee camps. Moreover, the curriculum does not consider the realities of students' lives; and teachers also face poverty, hunger and psychosocial stress. Further, there is an insufficient number of female teachers and of teachers trained to teach students with disabilities and, currently, there is no system in place for the certification of teachers in refugee camps. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the conflict in Mali has produced some 139,000 refugees, many of whom are Tuareg, who have been internally displaced and are living in communities or refugee camps in neighbouring Burkina Faso and other countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	dff4829e3e5570e4a0cffe6d01f2fdb3	Section 3 then goes on to consider the discrepancy between mothers ’ desire for children and their childlessness, which is much higher in Germany than in France. Again policy is a critical determinant, though Germany’s more traditional perceptions of gender roles also have a part to play. Section 4 stresses how couples ’ levels of educational attainment, earnings and length of working hours affect fertility.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/799337c2-en	dff5c70de9a0e47f6d40706702cae51c	In 2015, the United Nations adopted the SDGs as a framework for continuous and sustainable progress in social areas considered fundamental for the improvement of nations. The SDGs establish a universal agenda; they do not differentiate between rich and poor countries. The UN has challenged every country worldwide to achieve the SDGs (OECD, 2016[is]).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	dff739caafc9fb7d66f6a3f00cc84873	Such categorisation should not be seen as set in stone or generalised to other contexts or purposes; and the distinction between categories may in some case be subject to discussion. They can be defined as the set of policy responses undertaken to mitigate the consequences of extreme water events once these events have occurred. Examples include water restriction rules during a drought, or emergency plans for floods.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km68fzsk9xs-en	dff8982f1034e6e7789a0b2b86f3da6f	As well as recommending a particular level for the total allowable catch to be set for each managed fishery, ICES specifies a lower level which should allow the stock of fish to expand and an upper level at which it would decline. The agreed TAC tends frequently to be in the upper end of this range. This is not always due to the difficulties of international negotiation, however. Much of the analysis is done by scientists from national research organisations working in joint teams under the auspices of ICES.	14	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	dff9a353f2fa4dfab836480f0ed35eb0	The buildings were increasingly designed to meet the preference for electricity-driven appliances. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita has remained fairly constant in these years, with a population growth rate also just below 1 per cent per annum. Also in 2011, Jamaica’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.727, marginally below the average for Latin America and the Caribbean of 0.731, and placing it 79th among 187 countries.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	dffae1ebee51e5242251bdf941b5e108	The Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development (ACORD) has been implementing an Integrated Drought Risk Reduction project in Borena. This brings together water development, rangeland improvement, animal health services, and community capacity enhancements to strengthen the coping mechanisms of four peasant associations (PAs): Megado, Did Jarsa, Hodod Semero and Mana Soda (ACORD Borena Dire Office, 2011). Already, 14,300 people are direct beneficiaries of the project.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	dffdb1d63b96dbf5ea7f54b8964656a2	Across the OECD, such families pay the government net transfers of about 17.6% on average while - at a gross income of 133% of the average wage - single-earner couple families transfer 21.5%. Across the OECD, a household where both partners contribute equally enjoys, on average, a 5.4% higher net income than a single-earner couple family (see the indicator on proportional gains and losses at the bottom of Figure 3.3). In France and Germany, by contrast, single-earner couples pay less tax than dual earners. The overall effect of tax-benefit systems on financial incentives to share paid work varies across the income ranges and associated levels of taxation.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191150-7-en	e0001c35ece84292c4d3bd87d90239ca	Further, an active rental market can help reveal the value of both the rights and the resource to users. Policy makers can minimise the risk of criticism by ensuring that the initial rights allocation is perceived as fair and that the rental market is transparent and accessible to all. However, proper impact assessments (which themselves contain uncertainties) may be too expensive compared with the reform’s overall budget. As an alternative, managers can draw lessons from successful implementation of market mechanisms in other jurisdictions.	14	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e000f353de721e7b77c4024be4d78525	However before doing so, the concept of “security of energy supply” must be defined and understood as it applies to the formulation of government policy. Energy supply security is a many-splendored notion that can mean very different things to different people. A foreign policy expert will look at the issue differently than a network engineer or an economist. Definitions of what is security of energy supply by different experts abound but they are often too abstract to come to grasps with the concrete issues intrinsically linked to geopolitical preferences, strategic technology choices and fundamental orientations of social policy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	e000fc518ae768b2b4a0c42d098ac8c9	However, these amounts are most often covered by private complementary health insurance. These co-payments are mostly covered by voluntary private health insurance. Patients publicly insured with a restricted access to public provides have a maximum co-insurance of 20% while patients publicly insured with free choice of provider and privately insured have a maximum co-insurance of 50%.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3d019803-en	e00102c1b9bc8f567fec13eff732bb09	At the same time, the non-communicable diseases rose from less than 50 per cent to about 60 per cent of these deaths. A striking increase in accidents, injuries and poisoning are some of the increasing important issues concerning illness and death in Viet Nam today. As Hayes and others (2009) argued, such changes are due to swift socio-economic changes, which result in lifestyle-related causes of death. In terms of human resources providing health care, health workers are available in all communes and wards.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e002f8195726be37d3d43cab927e1105	A number of institutions and climate funds have outlined the need for a “transformational change” or “paradigm shift” (GCF, 2013) as part of their core mandates and objectives. However, these concepts are often vague or undefined. Nevertheless, assessing whether an intervention has been effective at delivering such transformational change will require an ability to monitor progress in these areas. In general, transformational changes typically involve longer-term, scaled-up impacts.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e0055c59313210586fe3d50e37154ede	Use short-term training and projects in centres/research as tool for professional development leading to changes in curriculum/teaching and learning. Firms in the region suffer from the shortage of qualified personnel and inadequate skills offered to the labour market. University students’ skills need to be upgraded in transferable and soft skills, such as communication, team working and analytical thinking.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	e006aa113765f33b645b82c91e2981e4	As a result the Hungarian Government launched a programme in 2003, the so called Improvement of the Vds&rhelyi Plan (IVP), which aims to increase the discharge capacity of the flood bed together with ecological revitalisation of the floodplain area through reservoirs that can receive flood water. The IVP in addition to its main objective to increase flood safety along the Tisza River, also aims to develop landscape management in the area of the reservoirs, as well as encourage regional, rural and infrastructure development, which may result in social and environmental benefits in the Tisza River Basin. In the frame of the IVP the government provides support for establishment of wetland ecofarming, and extensive pasturage in the area of the flood bed and reservoirs, as well as providing other agri-environmental support.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	e007ac9d7602d4eaf8763daf130078f2	At the same time, support for childcare through the benefit system is made accessible for parents regardless of how many hours a week they work (Pareliussen, 2013). Stated goals of the Universal Credit reform include giving people incentives to work, diminishing complexity, reducing relative poverty and containing the rising cost of welfare dependency (DWP, 2010a). The highest Marginal Effective Tax Rate (METR), the amount which will be lost in taxes and loss of benefits from earning an additional pound, will be 76.2% after the reform.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	e007c043f7ce7c1a4347369795e4fdb8	Most of the hydropower plants are owned by Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company, Landsvirkjun currently has 16 power stations, of which 13 are hydro-power stations, two geothermal power stations and one a natural-gas-fired station. Krafla and Bjarnarflag are geothermal power stations. Blanda, Burfell, Fljotsdalur, Hrauneyjafoss, Laxa, Sigal-da, Sog and Sultartangiand Vatnsfell are all hydropower stations. Straumsvik is the natural-gas fired station. It will be the largest power station in Iceland and will provide 690 MW of power to the Alcoa aluminium plant in Rey-oarfjorour.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848590854-6-en	e00a81ff5897cc0e7ce5227806d9a50e	Most countries rely on their coastal resources for tourism dollars, which in 2003 contributed about US$1 billion, or about 5 per cent of the region's GDP. Pelagic tuna-based offshore fisheries contribute about 11 per cent of the gross domestic product of all PICs (Gillet et al., On the other hand, coastal resources are the cornerstone of subsistence and domestic economic activities, contributing about 15 per cent of the region's GDP. Many PICs are also highly prone to natural disasters, such as cyclones, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	e00dd248209c2449a5457b2a8cc7e46c	Housing and urban policy is considered a priority within this reform agenda. The authorities seek to reduce the housing deficit that affects roughly 31% of Mexican households and to correct the inefficient development patterns of recent decades. This new approach to housing and urban policy differs from those of the recent past by shifting from quantitative objectives for housing to a more qualitative focus on housing and the urban environment.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/281344f5-en	e01226dec6cb7f71f737ff9f6bd50d7f	Even the more developed countries as a region are projected to be home to growing numbers of people in this age group from 2021 until the early 2030s, when their numbers will crest under the medium-fertility scenario at about 219 million. The growth trend in the numbers of young people is most pronounced in the least developed countries, where no peak at all is projected for the foreseeable future. In some sub-Saharan African countries, fertility is barely declining, while the number of women of childbearing age is rising significantly—leading to larger cohorts of young children and adolescents. The United Nations constructs several projections varying by assumptions about fertility, migration and mortality rates.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	e015966424261932d9619c6c35ebed4c	This implies that transfer eligibility is not enough to ensure that the household can actually afford the transport cost to reach the nearest school and health centre. Some countries have taken important steps to improve the supply and quality of such services. Chile’s Solidario offers an interesting example of interventions on the supply side in allowing for coordination among health providers, social workers and the municipalities.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	e015ecb5e238394805a3fd29525026dc	Meanwhile, more suburban locales have much lower parking rates (e.g. Buikslotermeerplein at EUR 1.3 per hour). These tariffs encourage visitors to the centre to take transit or bike without penalising residents. Out of total revenues of EUR 5 billion, more than 50% is derived from the national transfers to the local government.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	e0168c15c219b385f42b458e05f0ab19	In most countries, household income also includes the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. In Chile, poverty declined slightly between 2006 and 2009, with the indigence rate remaining basically unchanged.3 Poverty and indigence rates in El Salvador did not change between 2004 and 2009. For Chile, the figures set out herein diverge for the first time from the country’s official estimates (MIDEPLAN.	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	e01727b8b730ad984192a880c9bbe2dc	This, in turn, reinforces their poverty and keeps them trapped in the vicious circle of poverty and low productivity (chart 2.1). This weakness is due to inadequate public R&D, low private R&D spending, and weak training, extension, business and technical support systems. All types of (public and private) extension services for firms, in the form of support institutions that can be easily accessed to give advice on new technologies and on new equipment, are weak.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	e018d1d982b490c876ff0d17892d87f2	Health-related and other relevant concepts and definitions employed in this Note are discussed below. Inequality implies disparities in status, opportunity or treatment, while inequity incorporates an assessment of fairness. This distinction is particularly important in health, where equality among individuals or groups does not necessarily mean achieving the same state of health. There are natural inequalities in health that may not be considered unfair.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	e019390a36e558382a6fe8cf4dd96b63	These two scenarios can be further differentiated between those where either the State or the market tends to be the prime mover when it comes to poverty eradication, as illustrated in figure 3.1 below. It creates solutions that are meant to apply universally regardless of context. Rule of law, human rights and the perception of the individual as an autonomous actor with capacity to determine his or her own destiny are among the more obvious manifestations of this type of rationality. As Giddens (1990) argues, it is “disembedded” from place and time.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	e0196f14a50712a62d6939d3a87fbce8	Based on the cancer expert’s responses to the OECD HCQI Questionnaire on Systems of Cancer Care, in Germany, for example, the number of internal medicine and other oncology specialists and radiologists is reported to be sufficient across regions, and there were only five vacant positions for radiologists in 2010. For instance, in Korea, according to the national expert, there has been a persisting shortage of pathologists since the late 1990s, and on average, only between 30% and 50% of residency positions in pathology in training hospitals have been filled in the past ten years. Canada reports that the lack of pathologists is serious, as their average age is increasing and sometimes no replacement is available for retiring pathologists. In addition, based on the projected needs, training positions for radiologists were cut back in the early 2000s, but by the late 2000s an increase in diagnostic imaging activities and technological sophistication has led to an increase in demand.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	e019d8938b0e1436dd37cead1aa1a690	The World Health Organization reported that the practice was linked to increased complications in childbirth and maternal deaths as well as a range of other health problems (Feldman-Jacobs and Ryniak, 2006). Among the better known programmes is the Community Empowerment Programme implemented by Tostan, which originated in Senegal and has expanded to several other countries. Tostan mobilizes community and religious leaders to help change attitudes.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264243606-en	e01eadbedda3ba420e397b617984c28c	Thus, in a causal web, disease events are influenced by risk factors both directly and indirectly. The definition of the risk factors, as well as the thresholds used to identify individuals at risk, is largely based on data provided by the WHO Comparative Quantification of Health Risks publication (Ezzati, Lopez, Rodgers, & Murray, 2004). In the model, proximal risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood glucose, have a direct influence on the probability of developing such chronic diseases. This accounts for the effect of known pathophysiological mechanisms. Conversely, distal risk factors, such as low intake of fruit and vegetables, high fat intake, and insufficient physical activity, have an indirect influence on chronic diseases.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	e0239a8107fd98b6f89ab08e9b333045	To measure job quality, each job is assigned a value, based on the occupational median wages, by linking external information on wages estimated from different data sources. Two external data sources were used to estimate median wages for jobs. It collects information from enterprises with at least ten employees operating in all areas of the economy except public administration (and, in some countries, also the education and health care sectors). At the time of writing, the SES data are available for only two reference years: 2002 and 2006. For sectors not covered by the SES, the median wage is supplemented by data from the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	e0249a8295b42e366c21d8ab1ef27d6a	This discrepancy in funding is worth investigating—that is to say, why is water management more appealing to donors/ investors than other adaptation activities? The initial indication is that water-related management often includes a technical component, one that can be commercially viable for entrepreneurs and corporate interests. Furthermore, activities within the water sector are easily identifiable as “climate change adaptation” activities, whereas projects that enhance climate change resilience in land use and the energy sector are likely counted as mitigation activities.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	e025886aa0ba0c842654c5e9e29e2e80	Again, the three instruments reviewed in this chapter, represent a minimal share of the water bill covered by final users. Therefore, it is very unlikely that any revision of these instruments or the introduction of an abstraction charge will trigger severe affordability issues. Should affordability issues emerge from the monitoring system, mechanisms could be implemented, e.g. a social fund dedicated to helping the poor to pay their water bills. They are usually produced at national level, but also in some cases at regional levels.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	e025cd9574405b5d1c2b065aec497cf4	Changes in the distribution of income are not only an important economic phenomenon but can also be a formidable social and political challenge, and globalisation and trade are often seen as potentially implicated. Economic research on its own cannot substitute for the political process in deciding whether and if so how, income inequality should be reduced, but it can help by disentangling the different determinants as well as shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that result in income inequality. But with the concurrent wave of globalisation, evidenced through the growing participation in global value chains (GVCs) as shown in OECD (2013 and 2015a), questions related to how these processes are linked are increasingly coming to the fore.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-35-en	e0272a6adc21d3503eaeea855dbe3a34	The Parliament has recently decided to change the Parliament Act so that legal persons, and not only natural persons, can be granted a fishing licence. Natural persons do not need to have personal fishing licence anymore, instead it will be sufficient to have a fishing licence for the fishing boat. Salmon fishing with longlines in the Baltic Sea was prohibited and the Swedish quota was allocated solely to trap fisheries. The strategy was presented to the government in late June 2014.	14	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	e027349d4c32e4b36fbf64dbfde481f4	Cars and other vehicles have also been sent as remittances, especially in Samoa, after the change over to driving on the left in 2009, and are distinguished as a separate category in national remittance data. It was generally accepted that remittances were an important part of the benefits of migration for all Pacific islanders. As early as 1962, Pirie and Barrett (1962: 95) predicted that emigration and the resulting remittances would become central to Samoan economic planning, and quite quickly the predicted level of remittances formed a crucial element in the formulation of early national development plans. More than 50 years ago, Pirie observed that Samoans in New Zealand had remitted some US$15 million and that this was of major assistance to Western Samoa in meeting its overseas payments (1960: 596).	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	e02a79e3e963b2ac16ae450e5d9fcc47	In the absence of remittances, many LDCs would have been significantly more dependent on ODA, although, as the IPoA has rightly pointed out, remittance cannot be a substitute for FDI, ODA, debt relief or other public sources of finance for development. The General Assembly of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, at its IPoA progress review meeting held in July 2012, acknowledged that the size of remittances is of particular benefit to Asian LDCs, where it outpaced other sources of financing such as ODA and FDI (UN 2012). However, to realise the full potential of remittance flow, other supportive back-up measures including basic infrastructure are needed.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264200449-39-en	e02b30db8b110c7b5a133bfa5de3c779	A set of mid-range unmitigated climate change scenarios suggest temperature increase of 3 °C to 6 “C toward the end of the century, depending on the season and part of the country. Changes in summer are the most uncertain. The largest lake within EU, Lake Vanern, and its outlet, River Gota alv, constitute a complex system, where risks for flooding and landslides may increase. The city of Stockholm is located at the outlet of the lake, which provides water supply for some 2 million people in the metropolitan area.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	e02d2f098eb489fa287a6e783ed63063	"By construction, the average of each indicator across OECD countries is equal to 0. The “Adjusted R2"" row corresponds to the adjusted R2 of that regression. The EHCI, published by the Health Consumer Powerhouse, measures and ranks the performance of health-care provision in 33 European countries from a consumer point of view."	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e617261d-en	e033eec7b2e4164bebcc25ce8c6b8558	Among migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, more women than men earn 15,000 roubles or less per month (figure 10). The mean monthly salary of males is 32,780 roubles whereas for females the amount is 28,875 (figure 11). The mean hourly rate for males is 134 roubles whereas for females it is 114 roubles.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	e038300f37d8de200d3fbf6b8905607e	The proportion of women experiencing physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime ranges from 6% in Canada to about 40% and above in Mexico (47%), Hirkey (43%) and India (37%). Data refer to 2005-06 for Finland and India; to 2005 for the United Kingdom; and to 2004 for Chile and Poland. Data refer to 2003 for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland; to 2002-03 for Australia; to 2002 for New Zealand; and to 2000-03 for Japan.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	e0394054eabffc997a04f6f29ca01ae0	This will imply tighter regulations on illegal activity, and technical and financing support to the Forest Code. Clearer property rights would also improve the sustainability of land use in other regions. Simultaneously it improves food availability for both domestic and international consumers, while generating income opportunities for a diverse constituency of farmers.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/76c9b151-en	e039884750c7fa1a831e9b4539210dbf	On the other hand most of the sub-Saharan African countries in the lower ranks of the figure have either witnessed increased poverty or relatively slow progress towards poverty reduction. The divergent experiences within the group of countries recording mass poverty are of paramount importance in understanding the problem of persistent extreme poverty at the global level. The comparison of the experience of this group of countries with those at less extreme levels of poverty, as defined by international poverty lines, can also be instructive. Figure 29 shows examples of typical country experiences in relation to their poverty trends and the effect of changes in income distribution on poverty.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264174153-6-en	e03b8a97493a6157126526704cd0f89b	"Singapore promised revenue neutrality by reducing vehicle taxes, while the Dutch proposed to replace vehicle ownership-based charges with usage-based charges (ITF, 2010). An increasing number of municipalities have replaced taxes on the value of buildings with taxes on the value of land sites, resulting in a decoupling of land value from the value of real estate improvements (Cohen and Coughlin, 2005). With the most famous example in Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) (Oates and Schwab, 1997), nowadays more than 700 cities worldwide use a “two-rate"" taxation system, whereby the majority of property values is represented by land, whose value is often increased as a result of public investments in the surrounding area (e.g. attractive neighbourhoods and services)."	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	e03bcf3755ccf5268ec0527955ec11b1	The share of women employers is thus negligible. Public works are those activities sponsored by the Government or local bodies such as construction of roads, dams, bunds, digging of ponds, etc. While considerable proportions of women and men in rural areas are in self-employment, wage workers constitute the largest share in urban areas (Table 7-2).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	e03ca177bb690dd2c98c16bc9799c527	Currently, bike-share systems are dominated by dock-based networks where bicycles are picked up and returned at specific stations. An alternative, emerging model for bike-share is centred on dockless fleets of bicycles that can be picked up and dropped off anywhere within a within a geo-fenced zone. In these instances, bicycles come equipped with on-board GPS and communications equipment.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e0465aa4b9358d7610619f7cecc3fae4	In the area of university-industry collaboration, Malaysia lags behind newly industrialised economies (NIEs). It is also carrying out several social programmes. Co-operation with industries is rooted in the internship programmes that involve 3 098 students. The national government has taken measures to introduce industrial training in all study programmes and aims to make such programmes compulsory.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	e048f5b10b90b3870ba2d64a063915cc	The question also asked countries to specify the type of Internet access, such as broadband, narrowband, mobile broadband etc. As only a few countries provided this information, without data to the contrary, it is assumed that the type of access is broadband. The chart shows that the majority of responding countries (79 per cent) have between 75-100 per cent of their public hospitals connected to the Internet.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	e04e290028120823825d6d58345ed2cd	Indeed, the Tri-State metro-region’s contribution to aggregate growth over the period was far smaller than the contribution of metro-regions like Houston and Dallas, which are a fraction of its size. This is a loss not only for the Chicago Tri-State metro-region but, given the region’s size, for the US economy as a whole, since it means that this large, developed region could be making a more significant contribution to national growth. The rise in unemployment recorded in the metro-region in 2009-10 was substantially larger than the average for OECD metro-regions.	7	4	1	0.6
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	e04fa4e0391e6a00183c6778b1934c78	For example, psychosocial services that only target women and girls may not be good sources of information on trauma suffered by men or boys. While the documentation of human rights violations will often require interviews with surviving victims and direct witnesses, care should be taken to contemplate and reach out to other available sources of information. This could also contribute to preventing the conduct of unnecessary interviews, which is particularly important when dealing with traumatized persons.	5	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	e0504820e5c5c3fd6e48ee824aefd466	There are indications that the precursors were obtained locally, from domestic distribution channels, after they had been legally imported. In February 2015, 133 kg of ephedrine were seized at the international airport near Lagos. The consignment had been sent as cargo and had been destined for Mozambique and South Africa.	3	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	e053077e582897447abc3ef6850f640e	The test identified a break in total wheat imports and per capita wheat imports in 1997 and 1996, respectively, while 2001 and 2002 emerge as the most significant break-years for total rice imports and per capita rice imports, respectively. These years correspond to significant policy shifts in Senegal, starting with the devaluation of the local currency (the CFA Franc) in 1994. Policy measures adopted included a full liberalisation of import in 1996 (rice trade was highly regulated by the State and imports were subject to quotas until 1996) and the implementation of the regional Common Exterior Thriff (CET) in 2000, leading to a drop in rice import tariff from 38% to 10%.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/025e4007-en	e05529974dbb8a0c597ec9fe22d8bf69	Although there has been progress in recent years on laws increasing women's land ownership, women are still particularly disadvantaged by displacement (Davis and Fisk 2014). Biofuel production can diminish food security through land use change or rising food prices. Active evaluation and monitoring for gender, social, and environmental impacts are just as important for sustainable and gender-just renewable energy as in the case of conventional energy. Nevertheless, positive examples point towards the possibilities of a gender-balanced and gender-responsive renewable energy sector.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e056a29bfbf90af20087e1de89b2c624	Welfare, the Family and Reproductive Behaviour: Research Perspectives, National Research Council, R. Moffitt (ed.), Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.I787/9789264044197-en. Jobs for Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264096127-en. School-to-Work Transitions in the United States and Europe, OECD Employment Working Paper Number 90, OECD, Paris.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	e058a7529e77eb2c486b9f2674d77723	I do not know how to write and read, so how can I speak to them? Now that I am the president of my organisation, I can talk to these people. When people are treated as lesser they can come to internalise a sense of lack of worth that profoundly affects their sense of what they can do and what they are due by society.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264309470-en	e05903cdca22bcca0ae3876c5c3b1253	Structural change needs to occur in a context of rapid digitalisation and “Industry 4.0”. Over the past two decades Austria has made continued gains in the supply of science and technology graduates and trained researchers. Austria has strengths in higher technical and vocational schools and has built up a successful sector of universities of applied sciences (UAS). However, Austria still lags with regard to the share of female researchers.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	e064405fd686183d7664226dcd001218	The risk of being in the bottom quintile for NSW households is highest in Estonia, Luxembourg and the Slovak Republic where over 45% of NSW households fall into the lower part of the income distribution. Working poverty (which will be discussed below) is a concern when having a working household member (in a non-standard job) does not improve the position in the income distribution. It is remarkable that in Greece and Luxembourg the share of NSW households falling into the bottom quintile is very close to that of jobless households. Similarly, “Non-standard worker households” refers to households where either all adult members are in non-standard work or there are only non-standard workers and non-working adult members. “	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	e0654dfddb438f7511c75ca7bdc1bcd8	This issue is also linked to Enforcement Risk, where investments in a developing country are liable to expropriation because the legal system is less robust and rights are less well established than in the developed world. Investors perceive Enforcement Risk to be severe for climate change investments. This illustrates a key point that it’s not sufficient to create a return for investors; the return must be attractive relative to all other investment opportunities.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	e068346474eba1ab76040df203bafb47	Hence, understanding market dynamics and the influence of geography is crucial for policy making. Therefore, identifying the geography of interdependence is a necessary starting point. Generally, a market shed, or market basin, is a network of deficit markets that are linked by common supply and/or price movements (Haggblade et al.,	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/e5cda530-en	e06ae470fdb7f1a28e192f97ecc6c808	However, by 2015 only around 8 093 ha had been established. A Community Forestry National Working Group (CFNWG) is the latest response by the Forest Department, CSO, and CBOs including RECOFTC and FAO’s Forest and Farm Facility, to promote CF in Myanmar. The main objective of the programme was initially to establish a timber source for household use but the programme evolved beyond this and embraced forest protection and production as well.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	e06cc8ce59c25bf9aaaec37b26473b24	As noted above, all major emitters, including notably China, must participate in abatement efforts for global-climate-change goals to be in reach. Based on the maximum commitments made by other OECD countries, OECD (2010a) estimates that the countries with high emissions intensity (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) would incur somewhat larger income losses while Japan would incur a smaller income loss. According to OECD (2010a), the US target, taken together with the declared targets of other industrialised countries, would lead to a 12-18% reduction in GHG emissions in 2020 compared with 1990 levels.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264175655-en	e06cf1033e7a2a94d177ab62b370b252	The results of the Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study from England (United Kingdom) have also shown that key explanatory factors for high-quality ECEC were related to “staff with higher qualifications, staff with leadership skills and long-serving staff; trained staff working alongside and supporting less qualified staff; staff with a good understanding of child development and learning” (Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and cooperation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	e06e43ef5a50448c7838bf2e6af49dac	In the existing transparency system, there are also differences in how provisions are implemented in terms of timing. For example, only 9 non-Annex I Parties that are not LDCs or SIDS submitted their first BURs before the requested deadline of the end of 2014. Even fewer non-Annex I Parties have begun submitting their national communications every four years, as requested by the COP in Decision 1/CP.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289338578-8-en	e0706f03f6b807249d4c466a0bd52400	The number of meals served based in redistributed food has been estimated to about 1.67 mill in 2013, with about 926,000 in Copenhagen, 346,000 in Oslo and 400,000 in Gothenburg. Based in the figures, it is quite clear that the food banks are relatively more important for food security to low income people than to prevention of food waste, although the rapid growth in redistributed food by Matsentralen in Oslo indicate that there is a higher potential. However, the combined effects make food banks important actors also with regard to food waste prevention, and as one of several initiatives that are needed to cope with the food waste problem in society.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264239616-4-en	e072c8b659169b5939e49be5c5fc3ae3	To do this, Section 1.1 looks at the reasons why fossil-fuel subsidies are generally considered to be harmful for the economy and the environment. Section 1.2 then shows how this helps explain the recent emergence of a consensus for reforming fossil-fuel subsidies, and how this growing consensus has led to a number ofpolicy initiatives internationally and domestically. Section 1.3 then concludes by placing the OECD Inventory onto that broader stage, emphasising the important role it plays in ongoing discussions of energy policies and their reform. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	e078aabaa09bd63b132ee0186fd9da25	Another reason for the shift is political. Is it necessary' and desirable that public bodies undertake activities w'hich could alternatively be carried out by developers? In answer to this question, most developers do not want municipalities to withdraw from land development because the developers benefit from close co-operation, rather than conflict.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	e07a0b86cf23bf595731f3cd1dfc71eb	Once the students begin to understand themselves as cultural beings, they become more receptive to accepting the culture, race, and ethnicity of their students (Gay, 2010(159]). The eTutor programme aimed to create an environment where preservice teachers would be able to interrogate their own and others’ cultures in ways that were safe, supportive, inclusive, challenging, and engaging (Carr, 2016(160]). The experience of interacting with children from multiple cultures in an online environment resulted in a positive attitudinal shift for the majority of participants; the preservice teachers, many of whom had started with an ethnocentric view, finished with an ethno-relative view, demonstrating empathy and caring for children of different cultures. (	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	e07b40cc41c0eb1f386a5554bb6b2e1f	Movements from the service sector to agriculture are also relatively high for minority groups (27%) but close to the national average for women (16%). Less expected is the high incidence of mobility among employed youth from industry (36%) and the service sector (22%) into agriculture. The latter could be an effect of the economic slowdown in 2008, which forced workers without stable work back into the agricultural sector.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	e07cc425000522c09788c478e77cfe62	In the first part of the 20th century, the mere conversion of land to rain fed agriculture in southeast Australia and southwest United States led to significant increases in recharge and groundwater storage (Taylor et al., In central Spain, intensive groundwater pumping in the Upper Guadiana Basin has contributed to a net increase in water availability for consumptive use (Llamas and Garrido, 2007). Such a mechanism is bound to be found especially in areas with shallow unconfined aquifers with rapid recharge.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	e07d259d127f116c5ecd2a64c389d697	Investment in software and computer services (+11.7%), automobiles and parts (8.9%), and technology hardware and equipment (8.8%) has increased rapidly. Other sectors with high R&D growth are industrial engineering (9.8%) and the health-care equipment and services sectors (8.3%). Experimentation in the form of R&D or inventive activity over several years is sometimes followed by a sudden and marked increase in innovative activity, which is typical of the development of successful new technologies (OECD, 2013i). Early developments generally occur in patent classes that are later abandoned in favour of new technological solutions in different patent classes (Figure 1.18).	9	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599598-12-en	e07e43fb14f69b6f88c290042b3d58b8	However, concerns with regard to labour rights and migration within the sport industry means that attention must also be given to SDG targets 8.7 and 8.8. Sport-based approaches to employment training, entrepreneurship and enterprise have emerged and need to take account of opportunities within the broader economy to maximise their potential. The complexities associated with the collection of such data are magnified when recognition is given to the diverse range of economic activities that are directly and indirectly associated with sport. In countries where there are expertise and available data to undertake such economic analysis, findings have pointed to the growing economic value of sport while also indicating the financial value derived from sport-based interventions that deliver social benefit (Crabbe 2013; Fujiwara et al.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	e08014167f99b9d178b005933be156f6	It becomes difficult to create the sense of ownership and commitment to policy that these universal policies call for. The results expectation is not adjusted to the capabilities of the institutions of these countries. In the name of accelerating the effort, these countries are induced to expand their social services sector to a point where there is a great risk that they cannot meet the recurrent costs of sustaining any gains made (Therkildsen and Buhr, 2010).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	e080f6da770a43993f36b7f3329ed1fe	Farms in Turkey are not legal entities and it is the deed, or land ownership certificate, that defines the fann. The minimum size requirements regulating the sale of land affect the exit from farming. In various provinces and regions where rural development projects were implemented, they also aimed at infrastructure improvements, and were supported by foreign finance, especially from the World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). However, since the mid-2000s, specific rural development policy frameworks have emerged in the context of Turkey’s movement towards the EU acquis.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	e08312ecbb0a1652710e9b339b90e19f	We evaluate the Greater Buenos Aires data. Since it is not possible to compare the same woman through the years, we use cross-sectional data from October surveys between 1995 and 2003. Prior to 2003, the survey was carried out twice a year, in May and October. Households were generally gone from the sample after two time periods.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	e084c08ab21b11a0daeb27005a6c7f9b	For most of the young, working as a salaried employee in the formal sector remains a distant dream, especially in countries where the public sector has been shedding labour over the last two decades. Instead, those young people who cannot afford unemployment and a prolonged job search are confined to the informal sector and low quality jobs. Once they are stuck in the informal sector, a move into the formal sector other than through self-employment becomes difficult. In all three countries more than 80% of those in self-employment or unemployment were still in that category two years later (2004-06). Unfortunately, only very few studies exist that follow individuals over time to give a better understanding of the transition dynamics between labour market segments.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	e08609fdc3dd35d90af796806ae96c6a	It is important to document and use case studies which feature successful SME women and men in traditional and non-conventional economic roles. Examples of this are found in many countries that are more advanced in serving the women entrepreneurs’ market. Box 6.2 highlights examples in the United States and Canada where governments have supported networks of women’s enterprise centres, as well as other government-led business support good practices in Germany, Sweden and Turkey. Women clients report that these centres offer a safe, warm and nurturing environment for them.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	e086be20b8fe7d02f1bf874ba92d1137	This may have substantial consequences for water quality, especially in the Mississippi river and the northern Gulf of Mexico (De la Torre Ugarte et al., If nutrient inputs are required for wood plantations, infiltration and runoff of nitrogen may also pose a risk to groundwater (Lattimore etal., Another important conclusion is that the location of production and the type of tillage production, crop rotation system and other farm management practices used in producing feedstocks for bioenergy production will also greatly influence water quality (De la Torre Ugarte et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	e08926cd062e60c4e6b836b6f8ced146	The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health care spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. Demographic factors include the age structure of the population and its health status whereas the non-demographic ones encompass income, technology and relative prices.	3	0	5	1.0
10.18356/47e32247-en	e0894a5880587f722db17331711e8092	Substantially transforming structural policy alone will be difficult considering various social, historical, cultural and geographical conditions. This category comprises large-scale agriculture like that in the United States. It is difficult to perform as mixed agriculture, but, because it requires energy obtained from biomass, it can produce grains on the most fertile land if high-yield technologies are implemented. On low-fertility marginal land, the zoning of food and bioenergy will progress as types of vegetation are planted that produce large quantities of biomass and do not require fertilization.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	e09165b087d36c67962b8edffa0d88d8	These acquisitions brought the total current size of its purse seine fleet to 34 and the number of fishmeal plants to 6, thus further consolidating its competitive position in Peru and increasing economies of scale. Strategically, this also ensures that the Group secures its long-term access to more fish resources. As a result, many vessels were available to fish under various types of access arrangements or on the high seas on a low-cost basis (with a view to just covering their variable costs).	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	e091780fc3557b4bc5a01798439c0bcd	Currently there are a small number of highly efficient large commercial farms that are competitive with the best farms in North America. These farms already account for a large share of agricultural output in the state and dominate important commodities like, dairy, apples and other fruit and nuts and vegetables. This cheese is produced at a number of small cheese plants in a part of the state that has weak road connections to major markets. In the region dairy is a major enterprise, and many small farms rely on milk sales to the cheese plants for a major share of their earned income.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	e0942cb19a8b2e9090c98a568078a34a	Universal or pension-tested benefits bolster women's economic autonomy, strengthening their voice and agency within households and raising their social status.126 In contrast, means-tested pensions often require that households—rather than individuals—have no other income source. This means that they exclude women who live in households above the income threshold even if they have no access to personal income. This assumes that income from cohabiting spouses or other family members will be shared fairly, which is not always the case.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	e09771c85a348f2cac888d307d5951ad	The largest disparities are recorded in India, followed by Egypt, Hirkey, Mexico and Indonesia. The gap is smallest in South Africa, China and the Russian Federation. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, TUrkey, Indonesia and India. However, girls’ educational performance lags behind in mathematics and often in science, which results in a lower propensity of girls to study and work in STEM-related fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/b90ce3c6-en	e09808959a6b1c0846366efbe289ca81	A person living in Asia and the Pacific is almost twice as likely to be affected by a natural disaster than a person living in Africa; almost six times more likely than someone in Latin America and the Caribbean, and almost 30 times more likely than a person living in North America or Europe (ESCAP, 2012a). All regions of the world are projected to experience varying impacts because of climate change. In Asia and the Pacific, increases in flooding, heat-related mortality, and drought-related water and food shortages have been identified as the main risks. If current climate change and development patterns continue, by 2100, hundreds of millions of people, most of them in the coastal areas of East, South-East and South Asia, may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	e09abc1c9e01b06f8ce3a91f4f0b0473	The OECD public governance as well as the gender equality reviews confirms that the ability of governments to act in a “whole-of-government” manner is crucial for advancing gender equality reforms. Governments must have the capacity' to identify clear directions, priorities, objectives and incentives as well as to establish effective co-ordination mechanisms to support women’s full empowerment and mobilisation. The next chapter focuses on the third element - mechanisms to enable effective gender-sensitive policy making and gender mainstreaming. The vision can define directions and shape understandings that, in turn, impact the expectations and behaviours of both men and women, while the strategy can help set the tone and guide the development of concrete policy actions across the government to enable a comprehensive and sustainable development and implementation of gender equality reforms.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2017cac5-en	e09b293867ff4a9806e8cf71aa4ed00d	Using six of the dimensions constructed by Gordon et al (2003), i.e. nutrition, water, sanitation, health, shelter, information, excluding education because it was less relevant for under-fives, Roche (2013) observed a reduction in both incidence and intensity of multidimensional child poverty between 2000 and 2007 in Bangladesh. Following Gordon et al (2003) and the Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities (UNICEF, 2007), MODA uses the international children's rights framework (United Nations, 1989,1995; United Nations General Assembly, 2000) to guide the choice of dimensions of deprivation and treats the child, rather than the household, as the unit of analysis. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	e09d18cc12b85851c9cb87d776bba5e8	Each of North Carolina’s 58 community colleges can access the funds to design and deliver training tailored to the specific needs of a new or existing company with no cost to the company. North Carolina is looking to help businesses that grow its economy. The company must demonstrate that it is making an appreciable capital investment, deploying new technology, creating new jobs or expanding and existing workforce or enhancing productivity and profitability.	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/8647142b-en	e09e7ad7041536c45bd0315d16d7f3bd	The research focused on investment needs related to two specific objectives, namely the development of broadband infrastructure and the development of digital business (box IV.6; see also UNCTAD, 2017b). Its objective is to create synergies and bring together current efforts, which are often fragmented and lack sufficient scale. The initiative’s main tool is an online platform to help developing countries and donors navigate the supply of and demand for e-commerce development support, leam about trends and best practices, and raise the visibility of various partners' initiatives and resources.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	e09e9fd5d269c08db010f52bf91f2f39	Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around USD 19.3 trillion. That said, institutional investor interest in the clean energy sector is starting to develop, and they are slowly starting to be attracted to climate change and resource efficiency-related financial products, which can help finance projects with a positive environmental impact while remaining appealing from a financial return perspective. Some of the world’s leading pension funds and insurance companies have already made significant investments and future commitments to clean energy projects. There are multiple barriers to infrastructure investing.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e09f293408dd81de0e70b75f4b02acfe	While there is no one single viewpoint of this heterogeneous group, there have been a number of ad-hoc platforms that have focused on issues relevant to the effectiveness of climate financing. These principles are designed to determine, assess and manage social and environmental risks and negative impacts at the project level. One of the issues assessed under these principles is the “viability of project operations in view of reasonably foreseeable changing weather patterns/climatic conditions, together with adaptation opportunities” (Equator Principles, 2013).	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8e319423-en	e0a1489ed5281c91fdc88f4815a80ea1	While costs began to dip below the $5 mark in the 1970s, it was not until around 1990 that costs of $l/m3 began to be observed. It is the largest and most comprehensive inventory of empirical data on desalination plants available. The costs of these very small plants vary widely and their impact on the incurred cost of desalination is not nearly as great as those of larger plants.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	e0a23079fc7911fe2312a61eef0369e0	Yet, governance of innovative activity is not provided by government alone. Actors from the research and the business sectors, as well as other stakeholders, play an important role in many aspects of STI governance. For example, a society’s accumulated “social capital” can make an important contribution to innovation by reducing transaction costs.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	e0a37bfb2da1b106c42355c8c40fb6ad	The new Forest Code, which was adopted by the Turkmen Parliament in April 2011 and came into force in July 2011, defines the responsibilities of State bodies in terms of forestry and forest management. This will provide an important basis and a good start for better coordination of works and activities aimed at sustainable forest management, if training and capacity-building is consistent with the requirements of the new Forest Code. Forest management in the mountains has mainly taken the form of planting pistachio trees over a total area of over 35,000 ha.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6a19440a-en	e0a452d91d8dd79b82412bc8484996df	Efforts deployed by 27 WTO Members (the so-called Friends of Fish) and African, Caribbean and Pacific group of countries was not successful to introduce some minimum transparency and notification standards and to discipline certain forms of subsidies that contribute to overfishing and overcapacity. We do, however, have a number of pointers for the future. It is clear that the world in 2035 will look very different from today. There are three very significant global trends that we cannot ignore.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	e0a64dd898bb33f295cbd27a9f4c5e81	The scheduling and commitment of power generating units vary in each country or grid-connected balancing area dependent on the generation portfolio, availability of plants, market incentives and many other factors. Having more standby reserve adds to the operational costs for utilities. ( In the case of China, these costs are not compensated through any market-based or price-incentivised mechanism.) Coal-fired power plants (large or small-scale), natural gas plants and hydro power plants (conventional and pumped hydro) together generated close to 97% of China's total electricity in 2009.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/4b11e8ec-en	e0a661050044741a35382feb09b43a96	But there were also the spillover effects of a rising tide of global conservatism and religious fundamentalism in many parts of the world.19 While religious extremists from different groupings were often at odds with each other,they tended to converge in their opposition to gender equality and women’s human rights. Many UN spaces witnessed this, not least the 5-, io- and 15-year reviews of the Cairo and Beijing conferences. It began moving closer to TNCs through the Global Compact that began in mid-2000, a replacement of the idea of a binding Code of Conduct by the voluntary adoption of 10 principles.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119284-3-en	e0a7925bdc10af87378595bbf892527b	In many countries, water governance is still in a state of confusion. In both developing and developed nations, water policy, to a greater or lesser degree, intrinsically raises governance challenges. These include fragmented institutional structures, a lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities and questionable resource allocation. Meanwhile, inadequate financial management, low capacity of the implementing organisations, and unpredictability in the investment climate for private sector actors are also typical. Moreover, accountability of politicians, policy makers and implementing agencies is often lacking, in situations where the regulatory environment can be unclear or non-existent. Many of these problems are rooted in a general lack of knowledge and awareness of rights and responsibilities, and are broadly related to poor governance.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/665c59ff-en	e0a80d4411961efd32420c7bed418b6c	Underlying emphasis will be on raising productivity, reducing production costs and expanding market outlets. From the supply side, it requires critical inputs that are affected by patterns of growth—water, soil, biodiversity, infrastructure—as well as by climatic effects. From the demand side, agriculture feeds not only into local and national economies but also into regional and global markets. Each of those markets (Chapter 6) has its own characteristics; high-income markets in advanced economies, in particular, require producers to meet sustainability criteria along green supply chains (Potts et al.,	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	e0ab4647e346540c1466b6c5a5c0aeb4	Recently, agricultural support levels in most of the emerging economies have tended to rise, in particular in China and Indonesia. They subsequently also shape production of the feedstock commodities. In the United States, government mandates have played a major role in the fast growth of maize based ethanol production, while the EU biodiesel policy has led to strong increases in the cultivation of rapeseed for vegetable oil production.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	e0b1f25095b90e8f3b0c0ed91ea31226	In effect, the Ministry of Health and Welfare currently determines the overall budget for health insurance when it negotiates fees through the National Health Insurance Policy Deliberation Committee. A more proactive effort is needed to design health care policies which meet Korea’s future needs. Theoretically, a single insurer should have a strong bargaining position in negotiations with provider groups, enabling it to drive change in the way private providers deliver health care. With no risk that patients can move to another fund, a single insurer has an economic incentive to focus on prevention and early intervention - investing in a person’s good health today leads to fewer claims (and payouts) in the future.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	e0b2db7f471cd71c70c9114a5708a98b	Factor markets are competitive between sectors but not between regions. Households are assumed to distribute income across savings and (government and private) consumption expenditures according to fixed budget shares. Consumption expenditures are allocated across commodities according to a non-homothetic CDE expenditure function. Land, labour, capital and natural resources (primary production factors) are fully employed in each region and the aggregated supply of each factor equals its demand (equilibrium).	2	3	0	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	e0b3e3bbb0ab3ecf7045c0ab5556d559	Many of the services offered by online platforms have traditionally been supplied by large wholesalers and retailers, which act as export intermediaries and facilitate indirect exports for smaller firms. However, with the development of online platforms, even smaller firms can participate in international trade directly. D -sales are not available for enterprises with less than 10 employees. Small enterprises are therefore defined as those with 10 employees.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	e0b54e037b8d9b480a8635207ba3a4e8	By communicating their intention to link up environmental and social issues, policymakers can thus enhance the feasibility of implementing environmental taxation. In many such cases, the cost of direct regulation would simply be prohibitive (Mirlees et al., Typically, environmental taxes will create a dynamic incentive for environmental improvement. Responses are not always predictable, however, and if elasticity of demand is lower than predicted, specifically if people do not respond to an increase in price by changing their behaviour, environmental effectiveness may be compromised.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264254473-8-en	e0b8ce851860f3ec81d2af62aec7033f	This includes understanding the role and contribution of women to a nation’s competitiveness drive. The shift in awareness is understanding that women’s entrepreneurship is less a question of gender and more an imperative for growth (Bekh, 2013). The preaccession economies face similar challenges, particularly in terms of policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Translating the EU’s recommendations on the entrepreneurship key competence (European Union, 2006) into curriculum reforms and teacher readiness requires time to see through the changes across the schooling system (European Commission, 2014).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e0bb584873788d21c93a041430af3277	In order to improve the nutritional status of children in Central Asia, social cash transfers may not be sufficient. They relieve immediate cash constraints in very poor households, but they do not address some of the underlying problems such as unbalanced diet patterns, insufficient intake of micronutrients or access to agricultural inputs. Other measures, such as targeted food programmes, complement the cash transfer schemes. The targeting performance of existing social cash transfers needs to be improved.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	e0bba4e6abb0a6f68382ae62dcce6930	In most cases this has meant developing water supplies primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West. As of 2008, the Reclamation operates and maintains 2 122 water and power structures in the 17 western states. Among these facilities are 471 dams, 348 reservoirs, 58 power plants, and numerous water delivery facilities. This infrastructure provides water to 31 million people and provides irrigation water for 10 million acres of farmland that produce 60% of the nation's vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	e0bca86cfbb5b73b57f28b7c9e6fbebd	Many of today’s curricula are designed to equip learners for a static world that no longer exists. Those types of curricula could be delivered with an industrial approach in hierarchical bureaucracies; they do not require teachers to have advanced professional insights into instructional design. But that is no longer good enough. Curricula now need to account for fast-moving flows of knowledge creation. Zero percent school autonomy has meant one hundred percent teacher isolation behind closed classroom doors.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	e0be5b07bd23df93fe1ae4d9c51c3194	It specifies activities in several domains related to: raising public awareness and building capacities among professionals in the health effects of climate change; upgrading the information system with a set of policy-relevant indicators for identifying and assessing climate-related health risks and the effectiveness of actions; enhancing surveillance and control of selected infectious diseases and vectors, as well as air quality monitoring, etc. Further, it outlines the tasks and capacities of the health sector in coordinated intersectoral activities on emergencies related to extreme weather events, their planning and response. The programme also contains a number of tools to facilitate the training courses for capacity-building in the area of public health emergency management at all levels.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	e0bf525581b08816289d4a80b60b2b6f	They include: a cap on the size of the fishing fleet; mesh size restrictions; gear modifications; prohibition of scuba diving; relocation of inshore fishing efforts to deep sea areas; seasonal fishing restrictions or temporary outright fishing bans (e.g. a ban on fishing in Lake Kinneret in the period 2010-12); doubling the minimum depth allowed for fishing with trawlers; and online monitoring of trawlers. Some members of Israel’s scientific and environmental communities, and of the general public, have raised concerns that fishing off the country’s coasts is endangering other living marine resources, including marine mammals (Chapter 3). Most of these initiatives constitute command and control approaches.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	e0c2f92e365309d28bc18f119e3b53a9	Third, a more balanced distribution of unpaid work at home ensures an equal sharing of the burden of child care tasks (Huerta et al., Annual gross earnings are usually divided into 14 equal monthly instalments of which 12 correspond to current monthly payments and the other 2 to holiday and Christmas bonuses. Maximum of EUR 2 920 for singles and EUR 5 840 for couples, with an additional EUR 1460 from three children onwards.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	e0c78c8c7a30d18795954e9371aa9680	Watershed Management of the Northern Range in Trinidad and Tobago. Forestry Division, Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment, GoTT. Paper presented at a regional dialogue hosted by the Natural Resources Management Unit of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States at St. Lucia on February, 25-27 2002.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	e0cbb2ca4487134cfa218bf50fcd2e46	These goals, along with desire to reduce traffic congestion are, however, only partly the purview of Prague. There is a lack of a metropolitan vision and strategy. The rapid and continued growth of hundreds of communities surrounding Prague necessarily impacts the city itself. It has led to a large number of commuters to the urban core daily along with the attendant traffic congestion and air pollution problems; it has placed pressure on Prague’s services and infrastructure; and it has transformed former agricultural and green areas to new residential and commercial/industrial uses with services and infrastructure not always keeping up adequately to the pace of these new developments. How can Prague better co-ordinate with municipalities across its functional urban area to tackle pressing spatial development challenges?	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	e0cdbd02310769e65c67aeb11008ecb5	This in turn depends on structural characteristics of the economy (the shares of agriculture and urban informal sector in GDP, the presence of high-value commodities and GDP per capita), as well as on the government’s tax effort. The success of the latter depends, in turn, on the existence of a representative democracy (“no taxation without representation”) and on how legitimate and responsive the state is perceived to be by its citizens. Improvements in tax administration and institutions are also key, as suggested by Lora (2008).	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	e0d0e4e67b8cde437c331a294aaf8db6	However, analysis by the type of clinician shows that the disparity was much less with regard to the supply of GPs specifically, with 106.4 FTE GPs per 100 000 population in major cities compared with 110.1 FTE per 100000 in inner regional areas and 112.2 FTE GPs in outer regional areas. The supply of GPs in remote/very remote areas was the highest of all areas in 2013, with 134.7 FTE per 100 000 population (AIHW, 2015b). However, this equates to only about 600 GPs working across a very broad geographical area consisting of many small communities and a total estimated population of more than 500 000 people (AIHW, 2014d).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	e0d1cdbd84caceb1a6033cf30a990b4a	At the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. Nonetheless, they are starting to have an impact of trip-making behaviour where they are present and are starting to be seen as a potential complement for first and last mile connections. In low density regions difficult to service with public transport and areas where public transport is available but quality is perceived to be lacking, ride services may also come to be seen as an alternative. Most of these initiatives are taking place in the United States - partly because of the popularity of ride services there, partly because many urban areas there have difficulty providing attractive public transport. Many of the partnerships described in this report are pilot projects or promotional campaigns and at present there is no evidence for a permanent shift in public transport service delivery towards structural partnerships with ride services. Nonetheless, authorities and ride-service operators are using these pilots to test new ways of improving mobility outcomes where it is difficult to provide quality public transport.	11	0	7	1.0
10.30875/9e478973-en	e0d22cc73a3f2e46ba98210c6e97f455	Third, an increase in the degree of openness of an economy will typically enhance product market competition. The increase in productivity means more output or income can be obtained by society, and therefore also by the poor, from a given amount of resources. Trade opening changes relative prices in both product and factor markets.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	e0d3680f1173779be4305bac8ab14149	A similar argument holds for security of supply (Chapter 8), employment effects (Chapter 9) and the impacts of technology innovation (Chapter 10). These are specific, rather technical issues. Contrary to system costs, however, they do possess their own, although limited, constituencies that ensure that they are taken into account, and their partial, if imperfect, internalisation.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264120-10-en	e0d383a3c40be991dbdc39645503b67b	The economic rationale for matched funding is that benefits of agricultural research often spillover across state boundaries. Left to themselves, states face an incentive to under-invest or “free ride” on other states' investments in agricultural research. A second Morrill Act of 1890 created separate Land Grant Colleges that did not discriminate on the basis of race in states that at that point did not admit African Americans to their land grant universities.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	e0d4a9cd210dbb5396f0a04578433383	Other possible technical or political challenges include: defining what adaptation support comprises; identifying what levels of support would be “adequate” and/or “effective”; and disentangling finance for “adaptation” from development funding. Non-comprehensive, qualitative assessments of the level of adaptation actions and support may be relatively straightforward to carry out at an aggregate level. However, this is not as broad as assessing the adequacy or effectiveness of adaptation and adaptation support at a global level.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	e0d65dfe1b07bd56e6455f92d908e950	In Israel, those below 25 years may only receive a reduced SA benefit. In most countries, 20-year-old unemployed who do not live with their parents qualify for HB (exceptions are Israel and Luxembourg, where there are age limits). In Italy, FB are paid directly by employers and only granted if at least 70% of household taxable income stems from earnings (or earnings-replacement benefits including UB and employment pensions).	8	1	4	0.6
10.6027/9789289330657-6-en	e0d6f6919939438dcbb51539589f35e8	This type of reuse, therefore, can be considered a good way to achieve waste prevention (initiative 3,11,17,19 and 25 in Appendix A). No initiative has been identified that has a clear mandate to increase C&D waste prevention by extending the whole building's life span. However, the five identified initiatives above aim to reuse building components or reuse of excess material occurring during construction/renovation operations.	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	e0d75a97d79748b9a94e0bc5cfbb71df	The review' of models in this paper highlights emerging systems of models where different modelling approaches are designed to work together coherently. In this way, techniques w'ith different strengths are amalgamated and a broader range of policy questions may be explored. Examples include the system of models developed by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office and by the University of Canberra and Monash University in Australia.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	e0de06256964fba9df5e2aa696150608	Some countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Italy, Japan, Ihe Netherlands and Spain, also provide explicit tax incentives for training, over and above the standard deductibility of training costs and of wages paid to trainees and apprentices. Lessons from recent evaluations show that the effectiveness of tax incentives depends on their design. For example, a highly complex design can reduce take-up rates, result in sub-optimal lax-relief claims, or lead to high non-compliance rates.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	e0df1f0a02de4d5c9c0a374683f986ae	Teachers should be adequately selected, trained and incentivised to attain greater gender parity in the choice of subjects and learning outcomes. A growing literature shows that the quality and motivation of school personnel can be a crucial bottleneck in the process of improving school quality in emerging economies (e.g. Duflo, Rema and Ryan, 2012). Recent evidence also shows that hiring more female teachers may have a positive impact on girls’ school outcomes (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	e0e441754bd3e83a797e6a6f758848e3	As a result, regular appraisal results would no longer be connected to salary bonuses. Internationally, individuals within the school generally conduct developmental appraisals because they are more familiar with the teacher and their school context, and are best placed to provide ongoing feedback (Santiago and Benavides, 2009). Romania will need to address the involvement of the school board as an appraising body, the lack of opportunities for one-on-one appraisals, and the limited role played by the principal if its regular appraisals are to become more developmental.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	e0e44404936ce94aaa3a553139e2cad7	Many face a real shortage of personnel. This lack of capacity compromises the delivery of public services and effective investment in urban development projects. In several OECD countries, capacity building, in terms of human resources and financial support, has often been cited as the principal obstacle to decentralisation.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	e0e4ea80bb078b956ac81ef23fd62b8d	"The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It can be defined as ""the ability of teachers to meet complex demands in a given context by mobilising various psychosocial (cognitive, functional, personal and ethical) resources."" Teachers' professional competence shapes instructional processes and is, in turn, shaped by the opportunities and incentives teachers have to learn (Figure 3.1)."	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	e0e92911c12c65df8bc100e4c8fb9762	Furthermore, the new World Bank poverty line does not seem to have considered the United States inflation rate; had it been used, the dollar a day (later $ 1.08 a day) line should have become $1.45 a day in 2005, with obvious implications for corresponding poverty estimates. Reddy argues that the Bank’s poverty line is not only flawed, but also not very useful for policy purposes. He argues that much less weight should be given to the Bank’s poverty estimates in monitoring MDG 1 to reduce poverty and hunger by half from 1990 to 2015.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	e0ea1e72195e8eb93ddf2ec15b9072fe	The problems associated with reliance on natural resources as the region's main source of competitiveness have been a traditional theme among development analysts, in addition to the urgent challenge of sustainability. The region has a wealth of renewable and non-renewable natural resources that have been exploited without observing social, environmental and economic sustainability criteria. Nonetheless, the region depends mainly on hydrocarbons: three quarters of its energy supply comes from this source, as discussed below.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5830c400-en	e0eba94b0a4057bacc167cf7c5efd421	Many enter the labour market with qualifications and experience that are not easily transferable to the host country (OECD 2012). Across OECD countries about two thirds of immigrants hold a foreign qualification and research shows that they struggle to make use of their full potential: they are more often jobless and when they have a job, they are more often overqualified (OECD 2017a). Research evidence shows that giving recognition to migrants’ skills and qualifications improves their chances in the labour market - those who obtain formal recognition have better outcomes than those w'hose applications failed or who did not apply (OECD 2017a). The analytical work involved a desk-based literature review and new data analysis drawing on the OECD Survey of Adult Skills.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1edabeca-en	e0ebe41240b72a5f260b8e7c2f1c0f6f	However, taking advantage of these opportunities, and ensuring the efficient operation of energy systems, depends upon the availability of the necessary skills. The mining segment appears to generate more jobs than the utilities segment in less than one third of the 41 LDCs, reflecting on the one hand the uneven distribution of fuel resource endowments, and on the other the capital-intensive nature of extractive industries, especially in the case of oil and gas. In statistics these are part of wholesale and retail trade employment, but detailed data are not available. Looking to the future, progress towards universal access and a transition towards a more modern energy sector have important implications for employment in the energy industry (as is also expected to happen with its value added generation).	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	e0edfe45ab39a62833f46bd2b94d04f4	This chapter aims to take a first step towards that goal. Though constrained by issues of data availability, we build on the ideas of the various gender indices available to choose variables that capture various aspects of gender inequality over time. This chapter provides an overview of gender inequalities in various dimensions of well-being, following the conceptual framework of How Is Life? ( Furthermore, discrimination can take place throughout a woman’s life cycle, from birth (resulting from sex-selective abortions, such as in the case of China) to access to education (for instance in school enrolment rates) and continuing through the rest of their life course (e.g. labour force participation and life expectancy) (OECD, 2013).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	e0ee5bc05e12e3014e2d0c320cbae074	With the same overall budget, which we assume to be financed by foreign aid and to be equal to 1 per cent of GDP, food subsidies have on average smaller effects, as they do not specifically target the poor or children. Broadly, the latter policy has a significant impact in Burkina Faso (only in terms of reducing the monetary poverty effect, by 2 percentage points) and, to a larger extent, in Ghana where it reduces child monetary poverty by up to more 2 points and hunger rates by more than 1 point. This policy is also very effective in reducing hunger among children in Burkina Faso and, particularly, Cameroon.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	e0f1c758a56cad594964bb970aa21c5b	These same approaches would likely have some applicability for work within communities in ESD delivery. In most cases, there are a number of government departments involved in awareness-raising on sustainability issues. In Guyana for instance, the Civil Defence Commission has a community programme which addresses disaster risk management, as well as issues related to resilience and adaptation.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	e0f429247400515a6f46bf2c5ca48845	The law enforcement authorities of Tajikistan in the same year reported the seizure of 2,590 MDMA tablets, 2,025 phe-nobarbital tablets and 10 tablets of diazepam. The total amount of pharmaceutical preparations seized in Kyrgyzstan amounted to 3,604 grams in 2014. For 2014, there were reports of significant seizures of MDMA (“ecstasy”) in Israel and amphetamine in Saudi Arabia. The quantity of reported seizures of ATS in the Islamic Republic of Iran decreased considerably.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	e0f7e13db53719ec747e2e9fc834557c	Finally, we know little about long-term impacts, including how impacts may vary over time horizons and if impacts are non-linear, as well as the sustainability of impacts after CTs end or households graduate (the latter studied only by Roy et al. For example, it is likely that within any one program there are multiple or competing casual pathways operative, with differential distributional impacts or those that vary by type of IPV. It is also possible that impacts in the short-run may differ from longer-term impacts as relationships end and begin and programs are phased out. As cash and other transfers are increasingly scaled up in development settings, we welcome further research to better understand and leverage gains across sectors on non-traditional outcomes including IPV.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300002-5-en	e0f8b87a06b3913680ded319a4727549	Though the federal government in the United States, for example, can require states to set quality standards as a condition for receiving federal money for education, it cannot determine what those standards are. In 2009, state school officials and governors in the United States agreed on the principle of establishing national, common standards in core subjects;3 but in 2015, these standards were still insufficiently implemented to affect teachers' practice in the classroom at scale. The unsatisfactory results of the PISA 2000 assessment created huge pressure on policy makers to establish more rigorous and coherent school standards across the states, and to advance from traditional content-based curricula towards competency-based learning.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	e0ff6ed8ec1de5d0aedefe9a76bbbad6	The following section reviews the theoretical and real impact of standardised testing on teaching. This behaviour is manifested in a teacher increasingly teaching test-taking skills (such as tips for multiple choice tests or focusing on essay w'riting) or by using test items or similar items in their instmction (Popham, 1999). Popham differentiates between teaching to the test - which he refers to as “item-teaching” - and instruction which aims to focus on the subject matter that will be covered in the test, “curriculum-teaching” (Popham, 1999).	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	e1011006a88d133194ecbe6829dbf9eb	Furthermore, taxation of residential, rental and social rental housing is excluded from this analysis because of limitations in the reported data.9 Overall, more work is needed to improve coverage and validate the quality of the data. The next sections provide more information on these policy instruments, on their coherence with social policy objectives and on the amount of resources invested in them. Owner-occupied housing is the dominant tenure across OECD countries (see Figure 1) and it received public support in all of the countries surveyed in OECD QuASH. The collected data show that multiple policy instruments are typically used to this end and generally include both demand-side and supply-side subsidies.	11	2	2	0.0
10.18356/f7cb1bb5-en	e101b7055f1cbe0d0c3b46725e9c05ec	Africa has not done well in irrigating agricultural land, a key underlying reason for low productivity. Irrigated agricultural land as a percentage of total agricultural land was only 5 per cent in Africa in 2010, compared with 41 per cent in Asia and 21 per cent globally. The share of agriculture in government expenditure as a percentage of the share of agriculture in GDP dropped from 0.25 in 2001 to 0.14 in 2013 in Africa (excluding North Africa), indicating significant underfunding of the sector and reflecting the challenges in meeting the Maputo Protocol target of 10 per cent budgetary allocation to agriculture.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	e102fa75dc240b39d0afa2bc07a1b9eb	However, the prescription of a pain reliever was associated with a risk of non-medical use of prescription opioids some eight times higher than other predictors. Also consistent with findings in other recent reports, the European Union Medicine Study showed that the purchase of prescription opioids from online pharmacies also figured as one of the sources. Among other findings, polydrug use, particularly the use of illicit drugs among past-year non-medical prescription opioid users, was also quite common in the five European countries, ranging from 21 per cent of past-year users in Spain to 43 per cent in the United Kingdom. Similarly, those who obtained prescription opioids through theft, forgery or doctor-shopping were about twice as likely to have used illicit drugs as those who had not.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	e102fada305b52d24386ad3ed51fbc7c	Regional agencies also play an important role in the water policy budget in Belgium (e.g. SPGE for collective sanitation, Flemish Environment Agency, etc.), Italy (Ambito Territoriale Ottimale, AATO), Korea (MLTM Regional Construction Management Administrations, MOE Basic Environmental Office, Water System Fund, K-Water), as well as in the United Kingdom, where Natural England operates an agri-environment scheme that can include activities for the benefit of water resources management, and under which land managers can receive payments for adopting good practices. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level?	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	e10314e9aeda43df25f5b0f5ea40047e	Skills requirements are changing rapidly, which may further increase the digital skills divide. Women and girls, people with disabilities, older persons, indigenous peoples and people living in rural areas may face additional barriers in accessing and using technology. To ensure that technology dividends are shared broadly, countries should put in place policies to support lifelong learning and skills acquisition for all.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	e105a82910c9c846a184fdda6c36aed5	For this reason, the use of indigenous species should be increasingly considered. This includes the supply of trees, and control and care of plantations. Among the key priorities of tree planting are the creation of “tree belts” around cities, large towns and populated centres; the protection of installations, infrastructure and agricultural lands from advancing sands; the struggle against the destruction of river banks and against mud flows; and efforts to check the salinization of soils. From a silvicultural point of view, planting areas are being landscaped, soil is being prepared, and water wells for the irrigation of trees are being drilled.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	e1072cc64ae9827936c5f06db70bd467	"Indonesia missing due to lack of information on formality status; urban China missing due to limited sample size; the analysis on India is confined to all workers for whom data on social security contributions is available (this effectively excludes self-employed workers and family workers). Panel B: OECD calculations based on national household and labour force surveys and the EU-SILC national files (Turkey). On the measurement of inequality"", Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. The role of constraint vs choice”, Annals of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	e10a4d096e0179f239f569acbcfec7e8	This is not a case for public subsidies, but rather due consideration of the equity principle for water management financing. The Equity principle should not be tied to the Polluter Pays principle, as this can result in second and third best solutions to pollution challenges. Policies in agriculture, energy, urban development or trade are often responsible for ever growing pressures on water resources.	6	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/811c4596-d5e90969-en	e10d8bfbb1e04d6ba10fec8d3be73b3c	Those oneM2M standards have been widely used in loT and vertical areas, e.g. the Smart Cities Project in Busan, Republic of Korea. This work remarkably contributes to the convergence of global loT standards and the alignment of work, as one of the ITU-T strategic objectives is cooperation and collaboration. Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	e10ef15925b304682941999c20e13f0b	Regional NGOs include the Pacific Regional Non-Governmental Organizations (PRINGOs), the Pacific Islands Association of NGOs (PIANGO) and the Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International (FSPI). Examples of international NGOs are Helpage International, World Vision International, the Save the Children Fund, and Educational International. All provide social protection services at various and appropriate levels.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	e10fdec16064fa58a6d6aec43687e267	Overall, actions for better managing ecosystems include improved soil management and agro-biodiversity, as well as relying on agricultural science and traditional knowledge and improving farmers' capacity to invest, access new technology and payments for ecosystem service provision (Munang etal. As such, EbA promotes agricultural systems, which are more ecologically and socially sustainable (Vignola et al., At the landscape level, practices include ensuring tree cover or natural vegetation in key hydrological hotspots and enhancing the structural complexity of the agricultural landscapes through diverse cropping systems, or inclusion of natural vegetation and on-farm tree cover to promote pest regulation (Vignola etal.,	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267886-en	e110d43123543161ed6415a65978fa4c	Ewa Klimowicz proof-read the translation into Polish. Isabelle Renaud provided production and administrative support. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	e113f67206febffbaec913e0d4dde3b4	In the longer term, the land use planning system under the Land Law could explore a more dynamic and flexible approach, rather than one that is definitive and prescriptive, in order to better adapt to the dynamic circumstances of urban development that directly answer to socio-economic needs. For example, there remains a struggle for the provision of open space in the dense inner-city centres. In HaNoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	e113f81f80516473890fbbfe1f3bb3c6	This publication evolved from the Southeast Asian Economic Outlook. Beginning with the first release of the June 2016 Update, the Outlook has become a biannual publication, with the main report released in the fall and its update released the following spring. The Outlook project was officially launched in 2010 and each edition is regularly presented at the occasion of the ASEAN/East Asia Summit. It was included in the OECD’s Southeast Asia Regional Programme (SEARP) at the Steering Group Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia in March 2015, with its role of providing a horizontal view of activities, identifying emerging trends in the region and providing a backbone for the different streams of the Programme confirmed at the 2015 MCM.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e1140816fd52e02f74a4878ab1862994	Coverage in the poorest quintile was a low three per cent. Social allowances reached 12 per cent of the population (25 per cent of the poorest quintile), and special state allowances benefited 15 per cent of the population (32 per cent of the poorest quintile). With the exception of housing allowances, social assistance transfers are targeted to the poor; 37 per cent of all beneficiaries of social assistance belong to the poorest quintile, who receive almost 40 per cent of total transfers. The most strictly targeted programme, TSA, distributes 72 per cent of total transfers to the poorest twenty per cent.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	e115254ad03db2cb770c33033f7c116f	Formally, provincial authorities were responsible for groundwater, surface water has always been the responsibility of regional water authorities. Since 2009, all groundwater administrative arrangements have been transferred to the regional water authorities, except for industrial extractions, public drinking water supply, etc. ( It may be possible, however, to do this under Section 6.13 “by virtue of water board by-laws” and under section 6.14. By provincial order, subsection 1 may be declared not applicable to extractions where the amount to be extracted does not exceed 10 m3 per hour.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	e116282ef341f94d6d0de8ba9d6a80d2	At the national level, the National Water Agency (Agencia Nacional de Aguas, ANA) implements the National Water Resources Management System (Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hidricos, SINGREH) and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies. At both levels, water resources councils define general rules and deliberate on water conflicts. River basin committees define priority water uses and approve river basin plans.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	e116fe97615478169968618f1f8b71a0	In this manner also the indirect effects of biofuel production through its by-products is taken into account. The main data sources that have been used when collecting the following datasets are Maung and Gustafson 2009; Mulugetta 2009; BBI 2010 and BioGrace 2011. Data on cost structure, conversion efficiency and production of co-products were mainly derived from these sources.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	e11844d96285c5445b0589654541a0fd	Riots in May 1998 caused consumers to hoard rice. Meanwhile the activities of the private sector, especially of large distributors to supply rice, were severely curbed by the worsening economic situation and the difficulty of procuring working capital due to the higher interest rate. As a consequence of these factors, retail rice prices reached IDR 3 000/kg (USD 293/tonne) in September 1998.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	e11a5019ecd82784293425d0d5d02495	"My parents had six children and could not pay for schooling for all of us, so 1 had to drop out."" A sister who did finish school went on to become a nurse. In our culture, you don’t talk to anyone about family planning,” she says, remembering how she felt ashamed and shy. I want them to finish school, find a job and then to get married and have their own families,” she says. “"	5	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	e11b80249d8b00ad3c46db1dbbc6e313	Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 71(1), 1-34. Reducing Technical and Non-Technical Losses in the Power Sector Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Economic Forum White Paper Digital Transformation of Industries: In collaboration with Accenture. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends.	7	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	e11b95a1bacaf415266e6171d3c6a073	In addition, there are ongoing efforts to develop and support the research environment in Greenland and the Faroe Islands, including by incorporating PhD students in the programme. The project includes consideration of peripheral issues in relation to the training and retention of young people in remote areas, where especially young women choose to take a higher education and thus also move. One effect of the project can thus be that young Greenlandic women (and men) are more likely to remain in the immediate area and in higher education through online courses. So far, there has been a predominance of women enrolled in the programme. This enables students in the program to be physically located in Nuuk (or where applicable, other parts of Greenland) during the winter exam period (December and January) and summer exam period (May, June, July and August). The expenses for student travel is not funded by the program, but can be fully or partially funded by the Greenlandic Self-Government annual return system in cooperation with the Greenlandic House in Aalborg.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	e11e0db4d10a045f7ad4038248a734b2	This levy is earmarked for employment measures for people with disabilities. Finally, financing of social assistance is mixed, with municipalities financing themselves 25% of the cost of benefits while the remaining 75% come from central government. There is, however, little use of social assistance budgets for labour market policy or “activation” purposes.	8	3	5	0.25
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	e121a3f199eb5fbf10d5c9c19f277f94	"Particularly important are donors' commitments to ""Respect partner country leadership and help strengthen their capacity to exercise it"" and to “Base their overall support — country strategies, policy dialogues and development co-operation programmes — on partners’ national development strategies” (OECD, 2005: paras. Donors have also committed themselves to “ensure that existing channels for aid delivery are used and, if necessary, strengthened before creating separate new channels that risk further fragmentation and complicate co-ordination at country level” (OECD, 2008: para. However, the opposite has been the case in the context of climate finance, giving rise to an extraordinarily complex financial architecture that represents a significant obstacle to LDCs' access to finance, as well as unnecessary costs, loss of economies of scale and administrative burdens."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/26be4449-en	e121dd43a848f4ee6704b24523624780	With the policy environment growing more supportive, the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy improving and increased activity in obtaining support for SIDS through various mechanisms, the emphasis on the MRE potential of SIDS will continue to grow. The SAMOA Pathway stresses the importance of renewable energy generation and energy efficiency measures as a basis for sustainable development in SIDS and calls for innovative partnerships to strengthen SIDS-SIDS cooperation (SIDS, 2014). There has been notable progress in this regard through CARICOM (the Caribbean Community), resulting in the production of a Regional Energy Policy (CARICOM, 2013), followed by the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). C-SERMS includes recommendations for renewable energy targets, along with targets for energy efficiency gains and carbon emissions reductions, in the short term (2017), medium term (2022) and long term (2027) for the CARICOM region and aims to provide CARICOM member states with a coherent strategy for transitioning to sustainable energy (Worldwatch, 2013).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	e122baaf9ec4dacf2a811c08e4d2d528	The latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar significantly reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect). This can lead to a number of operating hours for baseload technologies that is too low to repay fixed costs. The role of smart grids in this case would be to re-shape the residual demand curve.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	e12583c08b16166815fd0f0d9b35f77f	It examines whether programmes and initiatives, including specific support structures established by governments or non-government actors, help women obtain key economic, regulatory or market information to make informed decisions throughout the stages of business establishment and expansion. It also discusses other forms of support for women entrepreneurs, such as measures to improve women's access to markets and entrepreneurship and management training. Business development services are provided by government organisations, NGOs, private sector providers and business associations.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	e129cd6811bb961a0546698e0eac16c1	This underlines the special position that OER holds in distinction to open education. However, seeing OER in the context of Mulder’s model for open education highlights that OER are only interesting in the context of Wiley’s recent question: What can be done in the context of open which could not be done before? ( Wiley, 2015) That is to say that the learning opportunities for learners and the support services offered digitally, through other learners or through teachers determine the impact on learning outcomes, which OER can eventually have.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	e12b07db5b74c25fe1dac289e7ce8c5d	"Engaging key stakeholders (e.g. teacher unions, universities, pedagogical advisors) in their development will be critical to build a shared understanding of ""good teaching"" and ensure that standards are accepted and used. Costa Rica should consider creating a professional body for teachers to support this work and provide input to teacher policy development more broadly. Strengthen teachers' initial training and recruitment."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	e12b790de77550c14c62cfef2e710a22	In various emerging economies, food security is endorsed as a main objective of agricultural policies. This is particularly true as concerns rice markets and Asian countries. For instance, India, China and Indonesia have developed self-sufficiency policy objectives and some countries, including Indonesia, are expanding the scope of these objectives.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	e1312328f069a75b33381a6dd29ce172	In principle, such costs can be quantified and included as production, management and transaction costs in the techno-economic feasibility analysis, though in practice this is not straightforward. But many production costs are site-specific and difficult to estimate, so they are easily overlooked. Examples include design fees for large plant items and civil engineering costs associated with installing a cogeneration unit.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	e1338993d5cbc255cb6640d43c46fee1	The survey was carried out in 2011 by Gallup Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, and covered over 150 000 people. The target population was the entire civilian population aged 15 and older. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represented less than 80% of the population and by telephone in countries with higher coverage.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	e133936257b2e3109360b7ffa6be90cc	It is important to consider how these options fare relative to the other objectives possibly attributed to the policies supporting RE deployment. They reduce other pollution, increase energy security and often create local jobs (e.g. for home insulation). It usually reduces other pollution along with C02 emissions, for burning natural gas usually entails lower NOx, SOx, heavy metals and particulate emissions than burning coal.	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/81e6e689-en	e134266374634712b46e0f433dcd434c	A number of countries in Latin America and Africa have attempted, strongly aided by donors, to formalize land titles following de Soto’s argument, despite the fact that de Soto has offered little real evidence that formalizing property titles actually leads to greater credit access and thus to poverty reduction in the developing world. According to legal advocate Murtaza Jaffer (quoted in Bourbeau, 2001, pp. The poor soon sell their interests, returning once more to unplanned settlements and despair.”	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	e1396dc6e6b7f43333624e6db7e5cb6f	However, the story of how gender equality became a nationwide priority and how quotas were progressively enforced belongs to a more complex framework. It tells how political parties played a primary role and Mexican women’s leadership and ability to build cross-party alliances functioned as a catalyst for change, sparking fruitful debate within and between parties, in the national legislature and public opinion. While women in the parties were the driving force - with some senior officials and powerful figures using their influence to muster support inside and outside the party - they could not have pushed quotas through without the support of their parties.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	e13c5b7920db777b74ce4080dbedd506	Schools are also keen to boost their reputation by sending as many of their graduates as possible to prestigious institutions. This leads to a myriad of techniques to enhance performance and keeps afloat an industry of innovators, producers and suppliers of cheating devices. Tutoring and test preparation courses come extra, and are provided by a thriving private sector.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e13d48e5b9ed98eb32e6374232c13ed8	The chapter highlights good practice from the region and internationally and concludes with recommendations to make collaboration and outreach more effective. The main message of the chapter is that whilst higher education institutions are often actively engaged with their local stakeholders, the picture of diverse projects and programmes is fragmented. Much more could be achieved through a comprehensive region-wide approach to development, stronger evidence base and co-ordination of targeted efforts to address the key challenges in the region.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bf880578-en	e13dcfe9a8c6ac11ebce569cc8ae707e	In the past 150 years, and particularly since the 1960s, fertility rates have fallen in almost every country. From a past situation where all countries of the world had fertility rates of five or more children per woman, today a majority of countries with populations of 1 million or more have fertility rates of 2.5 or lower. By the early 1930s, fertility in many countries had dropped to about replacement level.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	e1416bd4a22d3bf7a3059e0b5b4464a5	Previous housing programmes to encourage residential mobility, like the 1995 Programa de Mouilidad Habitaciona!,23 had a limited effect (Simian, 2010). This was partly due to the limited choices for affordable housing in a better location. Subsidised housing has been confined to a few municipalities and neighbourhoods in the urban peripheries. This results in an “immobilising effect” of social housing on residents, stranding tenants in marginalised communities with few possibilities of social or economic progress (Rodriguez and Sugranyes, 2005).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	e1426348af1f74026b1cd5ab5935b7e2	In turn, this leads to dead-weight efficiency losses for the local and national economy. As a result, governments may be better placed than markets to determine to best quantity to be provided. Spatial plans are a useful mechanism for managing environmental quality because they inherently capture where actions that affect the environment occur, and the parcels of land that experience the consequences of these actions. Where the spill over effects are externalities there can be additional reasons for relying on government to manage the level of environmental effects that have no market price.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	e1462c81a8f33cac7648cfa86a99f6af	Management and employees are likely to have a vested interest in expanding market share and ensuring the fund has a good financial position, as this means greater employment security and better remuneration and working conditions. Other motivations may also play a role. For example, health-fund managers are probably motivated by reputational factors, successful management of a fund possibly leading to career advancement.	3	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264264991-4-en	e1467a73e4ff2b6b1fd5b7ee9a7edbaa	The “Nairobi Package” includes a commitment to abolish export subsidies for farm exports, in addition to other agriculture-relevant decisions concerning public stockholding for food security purposes; a special safeguard mechanism (SSM) for developing countries; measures related to cotton; and preferential rules of origin. The latter have been given more time and have been agreed to be phased out by the end of 2020. Developing countries have until the end of 2018 to phase out export subsidies, but will be able to continue to cover marketing and transport costs for agriculture exports until the end of 2023.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	e14835acd7d9bc345638702ab4c30773	In most modern Iranian irrigation and drainage schemes — e.g., Moghan, Khodaafarin — wastewater reuse or managed aquifer recharge are applied. Demand management should be developed more. Erosion control measurements are done in Turkish territory, and sediments are dredged in certain parts of the river. A related database has also been established in cooperation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	e149a12557e3a364275e6774c4ca42dc	The increase in maize production over the same period was more significant, with an average increase of 11.4% per annum. As rice and maize are already at self-sufficiency level, the target for 2010-14 is to maintain production in line with the expected growth in demand. Production targets in 2014 for rice and maize represent annual average increases in production of 3.5% and 13% respectively over 2009 levels. In February 2011, President Yudhoyono raised the 2014 production target for rice of 75.7 million tonnes by a further 13% by requiring a surplus of 10 million tonnes by that year.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	e14bc8703eaf9bd97b34388067aa044d	The lack of monitoring and/or reporting on pumping in many countries also plays a significant role, especially in agriculture. Different types of monitoring tools can lead to divergent results, as observed in the case of irrigation in Arizona (Cohen et al., At the same time, recharge measurement is very difficult given the differences in situation, soil profiles and soil covers, and connections with surface water bodies.10 In many cases, field crop activities are known to actively participate in the recharging of groundwater, even sometimes more significantly than natural ecosystems (Taylor et al.,	6	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	e14c0eef76248afbecfd3f97629f7a71	Remittances even reduce the need for migration. However, they should not be considered a substitute for public investments or official development assistance, but should be seen as private income that can complement public sources for funding development. The rate of growth of migration to major destinations has declined in recent years because of economic recession in destinations, and the restructuring of migration controls, with migration becoming more selective towards those with skills. Even with continued migration, however, an imbalance is expected to occur because of the dynamics of settlement migration. If that were so, without other sources of income, the future of the economies of remittance-dependent Pacific countries would be uncertain.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b64c6036-en	e14ce0e1a45be2c195218fdd8d1a0408	Two major dams have been constructed on the Black Drin in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In Neretva andTrebisnjica hydro-geological basin, hydroelectric production infrastructure includes dams and underground channels for the transfer of water, including one that transfers water across the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, to the Dubrovnik hydropower plant. There arc a number of dams in the Bulgarian part of the Maritsa/ Evros/Meris River Basin, and as many as 722 reservoirs. As far as the Sava River Basin is concerned, there are 21 dams with a reservoir capacity of over 5 million m5. Five of them have a reservoir capacity between 161 million m3 and 340 million m3 (the highest (131 m) dam in Serbia, in the Drina sub-basin, has a reservoir with a capacity of 170 million m3). In addition to altering the character of the aquatic and riparian habitats, resulting from reduced sediment transport capacity — as was reported among the main effects of the construction of Iron Gates 1 and U reservoirs — related sediment deposition has induced the gradual increase of high water levels upstream, reducing the safety of the existing flood protection system.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	e14db14b74b2f507cad87c0c6d547066	Because the farmers own the co-operative it has no incentive to extract a profit margin, which should maximise benefits to the individual farmer. However, w'hile co-operatives are in principle attractive solutions to the marketing challenge of small-scale farms, they have been found to be difficult to operate due to low volume, large numbers of producers and challenges in maintaining consistent quality. All of these add costs that have to be spread across all producers, which can reduce a farmer’s interest in participation.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	e1575d01c63e9aa62e64de65d1d07f31	In order to provide a more complete picture, multilateral contributions should also be taken into account. The OECD Working Party on Statistics propose a possible approach to classifying and reporting both bilateral and multilateral climate finance in the future (in their technical document DCD/DAC/STAT(2011)11). This would require improved capacity and training for data coders. The OECD DAC statistical team has in turn benefited from information gathered by researchers in this area to work with countries where errors were identified and correct statistical entries.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	e15c0f962f8a1cc22ae19149aec45770	In contrast to PM|0 and NO?, Therefore, denser urban areas may produce higher residential SO? Finally, the results suggest that high-income urban areas experience lower concentrations of PM 10 and SO?. This may result from tighter environmental regulations or higher public expenditure to improve air quality in high income areas.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e161bf02c8745245e19e206dec6109f0	The aging population (65 years and above), on the other hand, steadily increased from 3.50% of the total population in 1970 to 5.00% in 2000, expected to rise to an estimated 6.3% in 2020. This factor, coupled with the trend of declining numbers of children in the 0-14 group, signals the importance of attracting migrants from the rest of Malaysia. In 2001-02, the net migration was 8 400 declining further to 4 300 in 2002-03.	4	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	e1629026184624f76285b911b1471560	For example, 4 out of the 21 Italian regions have poverty headcounts overlapping the national value, so that the statistical difference of the estimates for these regions and the national values cannot be confirmed at a 5% confidence level. Data providers can also usefully ‘flag’ estimates with high sampling error, using simple criteria such as the number of sampled household in the respective cell or defining reliability thresholds based on the coefficient of variation. Standard errors or other quality assessments are however not routinely published for regional data. Such information cannot be easily produced by researchers from micro-data files as the computation of sampling error need to take into account variations in the sampling design. Unfortunately, detailed information on the sampling structure is rarely available in the public-use files of household surveys such as the EU-SILC.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	e16a26f75cbac1cc4fb2b304c5486e3f	A method called “shoulder pricing” is used, which involves increasing the rate in steps every half an hour before the peak and decreasing it after the peak. Charges are relatively low: the maximum rate for cars is SGP 3 and SGP 2.50 to enter the central business district; but the traffic flow has appeared to be quite sensitive to the charge: short-term elasticities have been estimated to be in a range between 0 and -0.42 (Menon and Shin, 2004). The immediate effect of the introduction of ALS in 1975 was the reduction of car traffic entering the city centre during the morning peak hours by over 70%.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	e16a510163eba51dbbf561730210be3a	First, only 2.5% of the water on earth is freshwater. Second, most of freshwater not locked up in ice caps or glaciers comes at the wrong time and place - in monsoons and floods - and 20% is in areas too remote for humans to access. Although 60% of the world’s population lives in Asia, the continent has only 36% of the world’s water resources (Table B.2). These two types of freshwater vary in a number of key characteristics and these differences have direct implications for water security. Groundwater constitutes nearly 90% of the freshwater on our planet (discounting that in the polar ice caps), but only a small proportion (less than 5%) can be withdrawn each year without depleting the resource base.	6	0	9	1.0
10.1787/f7e0c69c-en	e16af67caf26dc7d306199694b1e0df3	Disparities between women and men in SA, however, remain high: for every 100 girls enrolled in secondary education there are 158 enrolled boys. Interestingly, gender gaps in labour force participation persist in every region, but to different extents: male labour force participation is 1.23 times higher than the female counterpart in EAP, compared to 3.61 in MENA. This persistence in gender gaps attests to the global nature of gender inequality irrespective of levels of income or development: eliminating discrimination requires national commitments and priorities, and cannot just result from GDP and economic growth. These values only include the 94 countries in our sample that are ranked in the 2014 edition of the SIGI and belong to the 2014 Gallup Word Poll sample.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264120914-3-en	e16f8a6d9fb7661db5c0f4c93887334c	These changes could help attract and retain health workers, and will be needed if Switzerland is to continue to provide some of the best care in the world to its citizens. Fee-for-service arrangements in the ambulatory hospital sector and subsidies from cantons to public hospitals reward hospitals for doing more and provide weak incentives for cost moderation. This helps explain why, despite reductions over the past decade, hospital stays in Switzerland are longer than the OECD average and there are fewer day cases as a share of overall hospital cases in Switzerland than in several other countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-8-en	e16ff61126ebe91d1fac23d80be38b14	The world’s fifth-largest country, it covers 47% of the South American continent’s surface and extends about 7 500 km along the Atlantic coast. Owing to its size, its physical characteristics vary enormously, as do climate, vegetation and land-use patterns. Accordingly, it is typically divided into six large terrestrial ecosystems, or biomes:14 Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa (Box 4.1). The Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes are two of the world’s 35 biodiversity hotspots (Chapter 4). Brazil also has vast coastal and marine areas: it hosts rich coral reef ecosystems and has the world’s largest contiguous area of mangroves. Extension of agriculture and cattle farming, natural resource extraction, and infrastructure and development are the most significant causes of habitat loss (Figure 1.13).	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	e17074f9a3a216e8cc8cedf8c960eb32	By 2010, contributors had pledged $6.4 billion in new funds. One component, the Clean Technology Fund finances the scaling up of demonstration, deployment and transfer of clean technologies and focuses on countries with significant mitigation potential. The first round of investment plans encompasses 13 countries, energy efficiency projects, bus rapid transit, concentrating solar power, and wind power.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	e1721796047247169c719101a2af7734	Interventions in developing Asia are thus shown to be somewhat effective in providing insulation against world market volatility. Asian rice producing and consuming countries have a long history of using border measures to successfully stabilise domestic prices (Timmer, 2010). In contrast, interventions in Africa were such as to possibly even destabilise domestic markets (Jayne and Tschirley, 2009).	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a11581d8-en	e1774288c0a729c639469f870d2ef1c4	Disadvantaged people who are bearing the brunt of these changes should be properly supported. Why development will not stop migration”, Development and Change, vol. Maximizing and sharing the benefits of international migration requires proper regulation and policies to prevent and address the problems of informality of labour markets, upholding labour standards, avoiding the strain of social services and addressing concerns about national security. With appropriate measures in place, however, safe, orderly and regular migration can indeed support global prosperity.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086234-en	e17878c9db2e45d18529d86cd9aa0bca	It includes an international questionnaire on migrant policies, reviews previous OECD work and academic literature regarding migrant education, and explores statistical data from PISA and other sources. Reviews are being conducted in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Each participating country has prepared a Country Background Report based on common OECD guidelines. The results of both the analytical work and country policy reviews will feed into the final report of the Review of Migrant Education.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a6267136-en	e17c6f0d7df6ac961a80f70f53983b79	Examples of minimizing negative externalities include reduction of environmental pollution, while examples of positive externalities include, for example, technology adaptation, reduction of food waste and enhanced energy efficiency. Changes in consumption patterns can drive the creation of new technologies necessary for sustainability and their adoption and diffusion at the desired pace. Success in bringing about these changes will require substantial reorganization of the economy and society and changes in lifestyles. Economic and financial incentives for the creation and adoption of new technologies will be needed which may include innovative policy reforms.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848591318-18-en	e17face2a23a9819c81525f5c18321b3	However, recent reports highlight both the continued role and the changing nature of conflict in obstructing the achievement of the education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and EFA targets (UNICEF, 2009; UNESCO, 2011; World Bank, 2011). As a McKinsey report notes, ‘The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers’ (Barber and Mourshed, 2007: 13). Papers submitted for the Sixth Commonwealth Research Symposium on Teacher Mobility, Recruitment and Migration, held on 8-9 June 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, suggested that there is very limited information on the role and status of teachers in emergencies, including teachers who are forced to migrate. Specifically, informants called for more studies into teacher development and training, teacher competencies, teacher retention, teaching for psychosocial wellbeing, the benefits of teacher training/capacity building, the morale and compensation of teachers, teacher certification in difficult environments, teacher management in emergencies and the identity of teachers (INEE, 2010c: 22).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0f74e628-en	e181493e159f0998bd920669f1e70076	Historically, this has entailed a sequential process of learning by latecomers in skills, process technology, design technology and new product development (Lee, 2005). A few countries, notably the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, have achieved rapid economic growth by successfully leapfrogging in the development of a limited number of short-cyde technology sectors such as semiconductors and other electronic goods, skipping certain stages through which leading foreign firms passed in technological development. Typically, such latecomers have begun with assembly of final goods using imported parts, moving on to the development of tow-tech and then progressively higher-tech components, before learning to modify the design of existing products, and ultimately to develop new products (Lee and Lim, 2001).	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	e186245eb4f3d9112263f1678fc8c026	These areas are considered major priorities and policy instruments or programmes have been created to address them. This indicates that social policies are sometimes hand-to-hand with agricultural policies. Other key strategies for the development of small-scale agriculture are the sectorial export strategy and production incentives for domestic market, which are under auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, particularly INDAP.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1c7ecb1c-en	e1880533dfda2cafd832291bb4e19055	The Republic of Moldova is considered highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Socioeconomic costs of climate-related natural disasters such as droughts, floods and hailstorms are significant, and both the intensity and frequency of such events are expected to further increase as a result of climate change. Socioeconomic vulnerability to these events and their aftermath is high given that the Republic of Moldova is one of the least advanced countries in the Europe and Central Asia region; in 2011, it was ranked fourth-lowest on the Human Development Index among 30 countries in the region.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kgkhnb9gpth-en	e18ae9c9db81a5fdbfab9d674ef95015	Thus, it is possible to build in some aspects of flexibility into fishery management frameworks. Again, as part of that fishery management system, fishermen and other stakeholders have had to agree that in season adaptive measures are beneficial and necessary. The swifter and more on target the management action to recover the more likely there can be biological response to management efforts. Actions to recover fisheries can be taken but the range of alternatives is more likely limited and costs likely to be higher (Shertzer and Prager, 2007).	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264298644-en	e18cc26866ca651eef17df71c90724b6	This would ensure that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. This would reduce the role played by family background on youth’s education and career choices. It would also ensure that students take informed decisions which are aligned with their interests, preferences, merit, and real labour market needs.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	e18cc309655ed1d81679355133f0ae4d	The studies, plans and recommendations developed by established river basin commissions demonstrate the benefits of institutionalizing the basin level cooperation. Preparing River Basin Management Plans has required an assessment of the situation in the basins according to a common format. Programmes of measures have been defined as stipulated in the WFD to address the main concerns identified in the Plans.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/76afd318-en	e18ddbd11873f75032de3aa143f85124	In addition, gender disparities in secondary enrolment are wider and occur in more countries than at the primary level. Due to the unprecedented expansion of the tertiary student body over the past two decades, one of the most noticeable improvements in womens enrolment is registered at the tertiary level. Men’s dominance in tertiary education has been reversed globally and gender disparities currently favour women, except in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern and Western Asia.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	e18ef8fe59453b36226b3a625bcc78b6	In the scenario with an 80% renewable share, electricity prices are considerably lower compared to the other scenarios and the number of hours with electricity prices equal to or below zero rises to an astonishing 2 850 hours. A reduced occurrence of electricity prices higher than variable costs in combination with reduced utilisation hours means lower infra-marginal rents for recovering capital costs. Consequently, it is highly questionable whether conventional power plants can be profitably operated with high shares of renewables in energy-only markets with price formation being based on marginal costs.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/ff1be167-en	e192163f56e4e7a58eaea0d8b77b03c4	The use of this multidimensional approach to poverty analysis has become consolidated in a number of spheres. Since 2011, the indicators in the Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have included the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) based on a proposal by Alkire and Santos (2010), which combines 10 indicators to reflect deprivations in the three traditional dimensions of human development (health, education and quality of life) in 104 countries (see box 1.3 in chapter I). This is considered the first scientific estimate of child poverty in the developing world (Expert Group on Poverty Statistics (Rio Group), 2007).	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	e1961e81dbb90ca5e1ed6447a68635b9	They also work to give their life greater value and meaning, but not all work achieves this. Many people are in work that restricts their life choices. Millions work under abusive and exploitative conditions that violate their basic human rights and destroy their dignity, such as child labourers, forced labourers and trafficked workers (figure 1.4). And millions of domestic, migrant, sex and hazardous-industry workers make their living in ways that are dangerous, also eroding their well-being.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	e1987e677d87f4b7b66051bdc85a4308	For example, average informal payments for hospital admissions are EUR 44.11 (USD 97.89) in Hungary and EUR 37.88 (USD 84.80) in Poland and total informal payments make up 2.10% and 0.6% of total health care expenditure in Hungary and Poland, respectively, following ASSPRO projections in 2012 (European Health Policy Brief, 2013). In Turkey, informal payments accounted to 25% of all out-of-pocket payments -or 5.75% of total health spending- in 2002 (Tatar et al. In Greece, out-of-pocket payments are notable in public hospitals where, according to a survey, 36% of patients paid informal cash or in-kind benefits to nurses or physicians (Liaropolous et. Using total expenditure on health instead of current expenditure 2: In the Netherlands, out-of-pocket spending is underreported.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb332d66-en	e19dae8e04a5c993b27c85df2b7c2118	The creation of the Ministry' of Ecology and Natural Resources was a clear improvement in this respect. The State Committee of Amelioration and Water Management focuses on water regulation and irrigation. The water-supply interests are defended by the Absheron Regional Water Company and the State Committee of Architecture and Construction.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	e19e5d5c2dd4fc614e8173e439b4bfc9	Ensuring all lower secondary schools have the strategies and capacity to support student motivation and improvement. However, from the analysis of the OECD-Norway Steering Group, it appears to be operating too much on the basis of shortterm, weakly connected projects to fix specific problems rather than with an overall strategy for systemic change. Valuable recent initiatives need to be related to one another more strategically. These include new programmes related to principal training and support; whole school improvement; the development of assessments; and improvements in school environments.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b8db134e-en	e19ec36454eac60b3714c3e986f568d1	There is strong representation of women in both WUAs and BUAs, as well as the community water committees they support. In addition to participating in policy decisions on the boards of directors, women are actively involved in the maintenance of water systems and record-keeping. Their participation in leading positions in water associations and committees is between 50 and 70 per cent.	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/e617261d-en	e19ef32cdf1bd5e8f2b7fcc16b2ad2f8	World Bank Working Paper, No. Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/ curated/en/433701485148442974/pdf/111772-WP-PUBLIC-COMBINED.pdf. Paper presented at the conference on Migration and Development: Transformation of Paradigms, Organisations and Gender, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld, Germany, 10 July 2008.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	e19fd15d552905cf896729cb960b6fd6	In principle, private households can anticipate future productivity (and income) gains and raise consumption above current income. Such consumption-smoothing behaviour would reduce saving in the short term, thereby further weakening the current account (Fournier and Koske, 2010; Vogel, 2011). In practice, however, this effect is not supported by empirical evidence, which rather suggests that stronger productivity tends to be associated with an increase in private and total saving in both the short and medium run, implying that households gradually adjust consumption as income gains are realised.	10	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	e1a54c7ca8a8f6aeb1f3e361ca0b615c	The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has also developed a multi-dimensional quality framework, “Good Care”, to monitor health care performance. The framework covers several dimensions of care including effectiveness, safety, patient-centeredness, timeliness, equity and efficiency. The framework utilised more than 30 process and outcome indicators to compare quality of psychiatric care across regions or patient groups.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/64011ade-en	e1a67090a4a396d5e7e1a4a81946f66c	It has been supporting the development of a BRT corridor which opened in December 2012 and now carries more than 280,000 persons per day. Lessons from Lanzhou are being used to develop BRT systems in other Asian cities including Astana, Davao, Dhaka, Jinagxi Ji'ar and Yichang. Finally, EBRD financed an important BRT project in Burgas, Bulgaria, as a complement to EU financing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	e1a95ec1d058de99e49f7437d2190184	State failure to embark on land assembly/land banking has also encouraged a shortage of land in areas deemed appropriate for housing and livelihood practices especially agriculture. The unaffordability of low-income housing and the inefficient and expensive land registration system has also contributed to squatting by marginal groups in areas that are highly sensitive from a water resources management perspective. Moreover, the policy on the link between land tenure and integrated water resources management is still weak.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-7-en	e1aad49b67ddc183caaa2fa6c40e6609	A trade-off arises from the perspective of constructing green growth indicators. The choice fell on indicators of green innovation such as patenting activity in environmental technologies but their specific nature has to be kept in mind when discussing the role of innovation in green growth. The data covers a selection of relevant technology fields and all countries over the last 30-35 years.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	e1ac8d518cefb597bc5681da901074c1	This was done through external consultancies by universities (Sao Paulo and Campinas, for example) and private companies such as Macroplan, from Rio de Janeiro. In addition, Embrapa has been training its staff on strategic planning methodologies, in some cases together with state R&D organisations. This strategic planning system is nationally coordinated at Embrapa by a central unit named Strategic Management Secretariat.	2	3	1	0.5
10.18356/0611e938-en	e1af173c9653c1b3d23acf81eb692f09	"Enhancing women's role in land management decisions,"" blog, 24 March 2016, International Institute for Environment and Development IIEC), London, www.iied.org/enhancing-womens-role-land-manage-ment-decisions. Promoting women's participation in forest tenure reform processes in Odisha, India"". Forests and Gender Center for International Forestry Research, www.cifor."	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/059ce467-en	e1b2e51b8bf7689dc3a9acce2e081ecd	Through this reform, teachers can receive a salary increase of about EUR 566 to EUR 1 132. Approximately one in six teachers qualifies for a position (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education and Research), 2013[i3ij; OECD, 2015(132]). In 2014, the government introduced a special grant for schools in the most deprived urban areas to introduce career positions for the most qualified teacher with a salary increase of SEK 5 000 per month (EUR 500). While only between 150 and 180 positions per year have been covered by this grant, they have been difficult to fill.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/caeceb38-en	e1b38284200815b5fb00d19e0c260d46	This is particularly important for interventions which are designed to change some aspects of parenting behaviour, such as use of physical punishment. This should pay particular attention to differences arising from age, gender, ethnicity, religion or social class. Other areas of interest should include household structure and care arrangements (for example the adolescent's main carer may be a relative, like an older brother or sister). Additionally, attention should be given to community norms, particularly adolescent's transition to adulthood, and the impact migration and modernisation have on these. In light of the fact that parenting programmes involve engaging closely with parents on difficult and sensitive challenges, their role in encouraging sustained participant attendance and strengthening protective practices in the community should not be under-estimated.	5	3	0	1.0
10.14217/5jlz7nd44q8r-en	e1b5c69acac4fef1efc526de1acf82df	It does not compel Parties to take any specific measures related to mitigation or adaptation such as, for example, phasing out fossil fuels. Rather, it commits them to deriving their own individual nationally appropriate plans for achieving the overall objective of the Agreement and the Convention. Another is inherent in what the agreement does not say: what sorts of unilateral actions are Parties free to take, given the lack of specific direction the Agreement provides the Parties in terms of achieving their NDCs?	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	e1b6bb5c142ec75ca3da8b731e2b6c9d	The Pole metropolitain remains the dominant governance structure as the forum for large and small communes and the complex array of current intercommunal agreements, but it has neither the resources nor the authority to directly engage in spatial planning. Both are important in order to maintain territorial attractiveness, to attract new, younger people and to avoid an acceleration of population ageing. Achieving a better spatial balance in economic activity is also crucial.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	e1b730cc23e0ca5f6586eff4f48d4360	Since not all OECD countries are covered, the indicator on civic skills is considered here as a secondary indicator. Data for Denmark, Switzerland, New Zealand, Norway, Belgium and the Czech Republic met guidelines for sampling participation rates only after schools that refused to participate in the study were replaced by others. Data for the United Kingdom nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation only after replacement schools were included.	4	0	7	1.0
10.6027/fcafdf5b-en	e1b7afc62285fa8b9f9313015aa73159	Based on the number of passengers and vessels the average capacity of the cruise ships to Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Svalbard must be larger and thereby obtaining economics of scale compared to the Greenlandic cruises. Therefore, if we correct the estimated carbon emissions for number of passengers per cruise ship the total emission is just above 544,000 tonnes. A cruise calling ports on both Iceland and the Faroe Islands would therefore count double as they are registered as tourists in both countries.	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	e1b8bd77f32a2d31f43847c1cd0e521a	These include: whether the success of some currently funded microfinanced projects might be at risk from climate change, the extent to which existing microfinance funded activities already contribute to adaptation, and some of the limitations of microfinance in the context of adaptation. Pioneered by Mohammad Yunus who founded the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in the 1970s, microfinance institutions today are spread all over the world (including in developed countries such as the United States) and count over 100 million of the world’s poor among their clients. This segment of the population has often not had access to traditional banks. Subsidised government lending schemes, meanwhile, which have tried to reach the poorest have often proved inefficient to overcome the screening, monitoring and enforcement problems that restrict the access of the poor to the formal financial sector (Hulme and Moore, 2006).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	e1b9428fc9c1d0d53e9388f94d5c0628	Second, there is no evidence that job losers wait until their benefits have expired with searching for a new job. At the time of benefit exhaustion, the probability of returning to employment is not statistically different from the counterfactual outcome without UI. Cunningham (2000) employs a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the relaxation in eligibility rules and the increase in the maximum duration of benefits that were introduced in 1994.	10	3	1	0.5
10.18356/ff1be167-en	e1b9f956c47ccca907060b2b5d767c99	Despite the reductions recorded over the decade, levels of severe deprivation in access to drinking water are still high in a number of countries, especially in the Andean region: in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 31.4% of children were severely deprived of access to drinking water in 2009 and, in Peru, 18.6% of children were severely deprived in 2011. Those who were not attending school at the time of measurement and had not completed secondary education but had attended school at some time are considered to be moderately deprived. Education is one of the child poverty dimensions with the lowest percentage of moderately or severely deprived children and adolescents.12 In 2011, 5.2% of the region's under-18-year-olds suffered moderate or severe deprivation of their right to education (they had never attended school or had dropped out), although only 0.8% suffered severe deprivation. From this it may be surmised that virtually all children have access to formal basic education (see table 11.6). Only two countries (Nicaragua and Guatemala) recorded levels of severe deprivation at or above 4% when last measured (see figure II.3).	1	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	e1baf88ffdddf51c0ec2662dc6ad18e0	In the case of Mexico, the total surplus is USD 2.30 billion, and the consumer portion was 8 per cent. In general terms, the authors concluded that the total broadband surplus is directly related to broadband penetration. Microeconomic research has yielded the following estimates of firm productivity enhancement (see Table 5). The author found that in the manufacturing sector firms with Internet access enabled by broadband generate 6 per cent more foreign sales than the rest.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	e1bbf7463f9b4efdd034dc8202e6deb4	With global CO2 emissions currently amounting to roughly 50 billion tonnes of CC>2-equivalents, this amounts to a cost per tonne of carbon of about USD 660. Such policy changes, in essence achieving the ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement of keeping global mean temperatures from rising significantly above 1.5°C, would thus generate benefits of only USD 12 trillion, or roughly 10% of global GDP. Think of Group A consisting of coal miners with a high tolerance for climate change and Group B consisting of fishermen in a small island country very sensitive to climate change.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	e1bcf5fe2ef14dbec5a8169cb1a36703	However, at high penetration levels of variable renewables, i.e. above 20% of annual generation, the increase of variability and uncertainty leads to new challenges. The four challenges are summarized in the following table. The system operator needs to have enough capacity available during the hours where electricity demand is the highest, plus a reserve margin to cope with contingencies.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283558-en	e1bed9910d8b19ee49ce9056e132f50d	Report commissioned by the Government of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia and World Health Organization/ European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Building Primary Care in a Changing Europe - Case Studies, Observatory Study Series No. Brussels, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies/Nivel. Ljubljana, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia and World Health Organization/ European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	e1bf5a879460724c56f93ec54f2b73bd	"For Chinese experts, these developments mark the beginning of “a golden age of wind power development"" in the country. Until recently, China relied largely on foreign companies to supply much of the equipment for its rapidly growing number of wind farms. Although there were several domestic companies manufacturing turbines, their output lagged significantly behind their main foreign competitors."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	e1c08543f678ec07bae98362d2a86529	The first centralised purchase of drugs in December 2012 is expected to save €80 million (Gallo and Gene-Badia, 2013. Greece, re-established the Health Procurement Committee which oversees the Health Services Procurement Program (referred to as PPYY). Health care providers submit their requests for health care products including devices and hospital drugs to PPYY.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	e1c0eb498197d77bdf266d2ac63c2d1a	The researchers were testing whether the selection of respondents with victimization experiences could be completed as effectively with a shorter version of the questionnaire, thereby reducing the time required to complete an interview, response burden, and cost. When the lifetime prevalence rates obtained by the two methods were compared, the shorter (French) version was found to have obtained lower overall prevalence rates (Killias, Simonin and de Puy, 2005). In addition to the draft survey instrument, experts should also be provided with information regarding the objectives of the study, the resources allocated to the study and the methodology of the project.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	e1c1002f318972866b826e2eb1a8c43b	Only in Korea and the Netherlands is a greater proportion of expenditure allocated to cancer and mental health, respectively. On average, CVD accounts for 17% of total hospital expenditure, ranging from 12% in Australia to 22% in Japan. The large percentage observed for Japan is somewhat surprising given the low CVD mortality and incidence rates observed in this country.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-14-en	e1c176708509913a2f090abfe1754f5d	Aquaculture production was 350 000 tonnes with a value over NTS 40 billion (348 000 tonnes and NTS37.5 billion in 2012.) Export value expanded by 74% during 2009 and 2012, but decreased by 10% in 2013. At the same year, value of import was USD 1 182 million. Over the last ten years, import has increased by 137% since 2003.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	e1c67d84aea28fbd60e01756e1a22029	A coherent, aligned set of professional standards could better inform and support the quality of initial teacher education programmes. Such professional standards could better delineate teacher positions and progression through the new career structure. They could also mandate rigorous and developmental teacher evaluation procedures, relevant and high-quality' professional development, public awareness, and measures to ensure the sustainability of the teaching profession.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	e1c911679718fc8bdc354fea3ff476e3	The women who loot on Zimbabwe's security men end won. The remaining 40 per cent of companies are majority-owned by multinationals, and women’s presence represents around 22 per cent of the boards. In Mauritius, a 2004 study conducted by UNDP reported that 23 per cent of women participated in public boards and 19 per cent in the private sector.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	e1cdc36f42432aeebddd87234358c968	Employment allows individuals to interact with others, gain valuable experience and knowledge, discover their potential and contribute to society. Education and skills formation alone cannot solve all the issues related to jobs. However, as will be discussed in the following sections, research findings suggest that adult education and job-related training, which can help improve adult skills in general, are all the more important for disadvantaged individuals with low level of education attainment and skills.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0a98da25-en	e1cf7c47d8ab5d448bf67880f3e4e2ca	This study is an excellent example of a methodology for modeling gender effects of indirect taxation. With regard to direct income taxes, the gender impact depends on the effect of joint or individual filing-Joint filing may lead to higher marginal tax rates on women’s income, even though they earn less than men, thus discouraging their labour force participation. Examining tax codes with a gender equity lens, then, can provide the foundation for tax code reforms that are gender equalizing.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	e1d5cce3847cd00c39f54d19132a5a0b	The ESCOs have also taken a very active role in promoting the instrument and have recently formed an association. ( Energy Efficiency Watch 2012). Energy Efficiency and Renewable Sources Fund (EERSF) is the result of a public-private partnership, which now has the combined capacity of a lending institution, a credit guarantee facility and a consulting company.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/c55a8bce-en	e1d627739f4b80be9b231d2212656c1a	Improved STI capabilities will also continue to be needed if higher value addition in agriculture and food systems through local processing of agricultural produce into food products that command higher prices and provide higher incomes - which many developing countries are striving to achieve - are to be realized. First, there is a need to enhance productive capacities that could in turn increase yield and reduce the environmental and other impacts of agricultural expansion. Second, there is a drastic and immediate need to raise the living standards of people working in agriculture.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	e1dffdd9d8915af083887895ea92d657	Most of the decline in income in Spain and the United Kingdom is not explained by changes in family characteristics but refers to its “unexplained” share which largely reflects a change in conditional income “returns” for a family with given characteristics. As shown in Figure 19 Panel B, this negative “unexplained” contribution in Panel A is largely associated in Spain with a decline in disposable income of the non-employed fathers - other characteristics being the same - and with a decline in the income obtained by full-time full-year workers. By contrast, the disposable income of children with a working father remained stable, despite an increase in market income in the bottom of the income distribution which suggests the transfers received were reduced over this period for low income families with a working father. In the United Kingdom, the decline in disposable income for families with given characteristics is dominated by a drop in income associated with the mother's activity status (Figure 19 Panel B). The drop is stronger when the mother has a job (-38%), but is also significant (-26%) when the mother has no job. The drop in primary income linked to employment reflects a decline in the quality of employment for mothers of relatively poor families.	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	e1e01f1f61ee8942c298abd7b381d914	As a result, the gender gap in unemployment narrowed in the immediate aftermath ofthe crisis through a process of levelling down: more men lost jobs than women. In Asia, women have been much more affected than men by job losses due to their concentration in the export-oriented manufacturing sector, which has been particularly hard hit.108 Moreover, the persistence of high and volatile global food prices following the 2008 price hikes has affected the rights of millions of people to food and to an adequate standard of living. Spending on child benefits, for example, which had peaked in Europe in 2009, fell back to below 2008 levels. Being subjected to violence, for example, is not only a violation of one's dignity and physical and mental well-being but can also lead to homelessness and poverty.	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9947c813-en	e1e96d1539de13330c90a1ef0db09ee7	Section 1 (b) - Non-racialism and non-sexism, and to Section 9. Commissioners nominated by the public; interviewed by Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, representatives of the Human Rights Commission. Commission on Gender Equality, Public Protector. The report aimed at explaining the lack of women's representation at senior levels within the IEC. The study found several organisational practices that hindered women's involvement at higher levels of management.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e1ea9d6e3f9cf3d380f2dba75be50d73	For example, divorce or separation may be a reaction to financial hardship or unemployment (Lampard, 1994; Blekesaune, 2008); single parenthood may be a rational response to poor male economic opportunities (Blau et al., Those factors, examined below, are marriage and cohabitation, divorce and separation, and single parenthood. In the United States and more recently the United Kingdom there has been growing interest in whether policies that influence marriage rates could help to reduce poverty.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	e1ecd26300cafd0f74b24add420ff8f5	The new working time regulations came into force in the school year 2014/15. The 2014 Folkeskole reform in general has also affected expectations for teachers in terms of the organisation of their working time. The reform changed the length of the school day for students; provided for more lessons in Danish and mathematics, earlier foreign language learning, daily exercise and homework assistance while at school; and sought to promote greater collaboration between teachers and staff at school.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	e1ed0cde92c87ec9b019814c06ca8ece	The inclusion of RET deployment and rural electrification goals in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers or National Development Plans can provide a good platform to achieve greater coherence. In this respect, political leadership and commitment are likely to be more forthcoming if electrification is indeed part of a development and income-generating package. An interesting attempt is the Senegalese CIMES/RR8 a mechanism created by Senegal’s Rural Electrification Agency, which aims at facilitating access to energy services in rural areas, including by identifying possibilities of supporting or exploiting synergies with other sectors (e.g. water, education, health, telecommunications, gender, agriculture and the environment). It makes a direct contribution to the identification of multisectoral energy programmes, and hence for electrification for productive uses. In addition, since the pattern of energy consumption has major implications with regard to the benefits that can be derived from electrification, consumer education must also be part of investment packages. For instance, after several years of an electrification programme with full subsidization of household PV systems, it was observed that many households had sold their systems (Barnes and Flalpern, 2000).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	e1ee58e39f4f01d5a0dfec1bb358ef6c	The P300 variant encompasses various measures, including the adjustment of the Philipsdam (to enable the inlet of salt water); measures to prevent salt intrusion; the dismantlement of current fresh and salt water barriers within the Krammer sluices and the Bergsediep lock, and the adjustment of the outlet sluice near Bath. Other alternatives that were examined include the p700 alternative and the Zout30 alternative, with a salt inlet of respectively 700 m /s and 100 m3/s. One of the key decisions in the national structure vision is about a proposal to restore the tides in the lake (with a tidal range of 50 centimetres).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	e1ee6d5f137589da82d5e8ba64278a62	It hosts the biomolecular centre of excellence of the University of Milan (CISI), research units of the Multimedia institute, a private industrial group, three institutes of the national research Council and an incubator. It provides advanced technological platforms for biotech companies. The park is closely linked to the University of Milan and is an incubator for start-ups and spin-offs, offering know-how, facilities and services and links with Assobiotech. Regional cattle breeder association and some agro-food business organisations are located in PTP.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	e1eeaad729e9881f7a71185438b732ec	Several RETs have attained commercial maturity for the implementation of rural electrification projects, and there is also a wealth of past experience as well as new experimentation of business models that could ensure the long-term sustainability of such projects. That would allow service providers to conduct cost-benefit comparisons of all options available and to choose the one that is the most economical, suitable to local resources and adapted to the expected demand. The analysis must also consider whether grid extension is a more appropriate electrification method for a given location. The analysis of all parameters should be conducted free from constraints regarding a predetermined technology choice (technology neutrality), and should strive to utilize as much local content as possible with the aim of maximizing trade, economic and investment benefits.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	e1ef4893c49c4dac204b646d9e666192	At the very least, it would be prudent to ensure that the development phase of primary care patient registration systems include appropriate functionality to record risk registers for the major chronic diseases. The development of a distinct primary care service that is provided in local communities will provide Korea with its best chance to meet its medium and longer term chronic and multi-morbidity health care needs. For such a service to flourish and to provide effective care, it is likely to be characterised by a system of local clinics that are led by family physicians and supported by properly trained practice nurses that seek to maintain contact with patients in supporting them with their health needs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/67989bf6-en	e1f3e851fe75377ef46487047de82e77	Spain saw a slight increase, from 36% women in parliament in 2004 to 36.3% in 2008, a year after the introduction, in the General Election Regime Law, of compulsory requirement of balanced presence of women and men (minimum 40 per cent of each sex) in candidate lists. Gender equality mechanisms within election management bodies Electoral management bodies (EMBs) can play an instrumental role in promoting women’s political participation as they oversee and organise the electoral process, which includes candidate registration and voter outreach and education, among others. In fact, none of the respondents indicated that their election bodies had appointed gender advisors or focal points; included gender considerations in EMB operational procedures or policies; or emphasised gender balance in the composition of EMBs, including among commissioners and/or polling station officials.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	e1f6443652be9681d89b42c337aead82	The Ministry of National Economy (MNE) is the lead co-ordinator, overseeing physical and economic development, and the cities of regional importance must also develop local programmes. The city PTDs can be approved by the maslikhats only one month after the approval of the oblast PTD. In 2012, small towns and monotowns also acquired the opportunity to develop their “Comprehensive Development Plan” (KoMWieKCHbiu man pa3eumua/CDP). The CDP has not yet been integrated into the national economic planning system.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	e1f858f529ace6b4395aea729e68d805	Poor Britain, London: Allen and Unwin. Policy implications of multidimensional poverty measurement in Morocco', in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds.), Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU and Social Inclusion: Facing the Challenges, The Policy Press, Bristol.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	e1f93e996d8765fd5abbd50c9fc20871	Over the past 20 years, estimated damages from the 10 largest natural disasters in Austria amounted to USD 5.4 billion, with flooding accounting for USD 3.5 billion and storms USD 1.3 billion.1 Total economic losses are considerably higher because of indirect effects on economic activity. While there is no clear evidence that trends in natural disasters are linked to increasingly severe weather, economic and population growth in higher-risk areas have contributed to an increase in associated economic losses. Low penetration of private natural hazard insurance means the bulk of these costs accrue to those directly affected and to the public sector (Section 4). In terms of their significance to the economy, agriculture and forestry accounted for about 2% of gross value added in 2011 and tourism contributed 5.5%, while more than half of electricity is generated from hydropower (Chapter 1). As well as these direct effects, climate change is likely to indirectly affect the other, larger economic sectors. Disruption to infrastructure and energy production caused by climate change would have follow-on effects for industry and retailing.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e1fab89db66b8db11c3543a8a5132edc	An earlier version of this paper was presented at the event where some 120 representatives of over 40 international, regional and bilateral agencies gathered to review the cumulative risks which Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) face arising from the region’s vulnerability to natural disasters, as well as water, energy and food insecurity, and poverty. The Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) helps to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and well-being and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in all countries. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications that do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	e1fbac3db12f8d950e7f7d10a3385614	Geospatial position reporting and electronic catch and activity reporting is expected to be introduced on all commercial fishing vessels starting on 1 October 2017. Video monitoring will be phased-in starting from 1 October 2018. Primary factors driving trawl innovation include reducing bycatch of undersized fish, reducing the quantity of unwanted fish, and enabling fishers to derive maximum benefit from their catch by improving catch quality. Existing commercial fishing regulations relating to use of trawl nets are prescriptive and there is currently no means for fishers to use alternative trawl gear.	14	0	8	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	e1fd110dbff7e1552514419d66e3fc7d	One possible weak point is that there is a ceiling only on charges for the chronically ill. Widening this ceiling to the population at large would potentially reduce the risk of low-income households (particularly large ones) from being dissuaded from accessing the health-care system. Finally, co-payments for NHI services should not be the sole focus as direct payments linked to either Shaban or commercial insurance may well also be significant for those households who spend a substantial share of their incomes on health-care services. One approach is to base eligibility on whether individuals (or households) receive the National Insurance Institute’s (Nil’s) Income Support benefit (or the Income Supplement in the case of pensioners). However, the eligibility criteria for this support are so stringent that a significant share of low-income households does not receive these benefits. Clearly access to health care would be strengthened if access to them was itself widened, as has been suggested in other OECD analysis (OECD, 2010a, 2010b and 2011b).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	e1fd3fbf5942dee4d217417c668d0145	General systems are responsible, for example, for overseeing labour and employment conditions, along with issues related to the work environment and labour relations. In some cases, they are also responsible for vocational training, migration and social security. In contrast, specialized systems are targeted toward specific contents and are usually supervised by one or more central units. Between these two categories, there are systems based on interdisciplinary teams, in which a single inspector has the professional competencies needed to provide a multifunctional service in each local labour inspection service.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/43ad018a-en	e1fda8b2689e7f45de3b4555e68e8371	In several sub-Saharan African countries, girls of that age group are five times more likely to be infected than boys. By age 10 in Nepal, for example, many impoverished girls have been sold as slaves or as indentured servants through a process so normalized and formalized that it has its own name: kamalari (Plan International, 2010). The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its accompanying 17 Sustainable Development Goals provide an ambitious vision for global progress that does far more to position todays 10-year-old girls for a future course of health and happiness than any previous effort. It also contains specific targets to end child marriage and female genital mutilation, to ensure girls’ sexual and reproductive health and to achieve free, equitable and quality education. We have pledged to do this by 2030—when today’s 10-year-old girl will be 25.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	e1fe7014f9e89213ddc75809fdd92e93	Migration for education, work or familial duties means that parental reach and influence is likely to be more limited in both real and symbolic terms from mid adolescence. However we know little about who provides the kinds of nurture, guidance, recognition and connections that mobile young people seek, and value, as they enter more adult roles. Yet, as Ward and colleagues (forthcoming) note, there is much we need to learn about programme transfer and local adaptation in low- and middle-income country settings.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	e200063abd0d02dc179630e2e7e0c155	Minimum contribution requirements of one year in China and Chile are also likely to exclude many job losers from unemployment benefits. The short maximum duration of UI limits overall coverage in Brazil and Chile (e.g. up to five months). It shows that benefit-recipiency rates are much lower in emerging economies than in advanced economies. The low level of coverage in emerging economies greatly limits the ability of UI systems to prevent unemployment-related poverty and increases the importance of informal coping mechanisms.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	e204cf75bdb72c1711c98c3e1c81e6d2	But this was not the whole story. First, all non-cash benefits - such as food stamps, school lunches, and housing and energy subsidies - were to be included. Second, 'non-discretionary expenses' were also to be subtracted - including an allowance for child care and some medical costs and health insurance premiums.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/13bb82ff-en	e20662da9953452167e23cd85c7bdf1c	This can mean dependence on male breadwinners, abandoned opportunities for paid work, and exhaustion that extracts a physical and mental toll. Barriers are larger in some places than others, and harder to resolve in some situations than others. Regardless, the universal character of reproductive rights, the international commitments to them, and the interrelationships between fertility and development mean that remaining barriers must fall, especially if we are to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Public policies, services and budgets need to be aligned so that every person and couple can realize their reproductive rights, including the right to plan their families.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e206ffaf4f027b27c00f7e0b0ab2c1c7	There are also general programmes. In 2007, 17 public universities implemented the following programmes (Ariff et al. A survey by the Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Cooperative Development (MECD) in 2004 showed that only 30 out of 2 275 graduate respondents had become entrepreneurs either by running a business on their own or as part of a team.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e20b3be66a7a4b04df105b5865fa67c0	While many coal fired plants are able to fire gas or oil as well, the modern gas turbines in gas-fired combined cycle plants do not allow duel fuel capability (both gas and oil). However, they may be adapted (requiring additional system modifications like blade coating changes) if the frequency of occurrence and the duration of problems is large enough to justify such investments. Generic plant design problems may make a power system vulnerable when the type of generation plants is not very diversified; for instance in France two types of nuclear units form the majority of the production assets.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	e20d1c3d402a549069c3bc62b471a223	It should be noted that these indicators require careful interpretation, as differences between population subgroups cannot necessarily be attributed to discrimination. The results should therefore be interpreted together with adjusted estimates controlling for certain personal characteristics, such as level and field of education, employment biography and years of work experience, that may differ between subgroups. The underlying assumptions in the models used should be made transparent.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	e20db9bc498cd8151916a3a411c910d8	The policy suggestions should be to encourage further the relaxation of labour mobility policies and to push forward with complete urbanisation, instead of setting up more regulations deterring labour migration. Accordingly and more importantly, the government should focus on building up the social welfare system and through it eliminate the rural-urban gap in terms of provision of and access to social welfare, instead of trying to redistribute through labour market interventions. That is, the large flows of the most productive population in the rural sector to the urban sector have brought about, and will further lead to, a relative fall in rural usual households’ income level. Whereas this chapter mainly focuses on the positive effects of labour migration in reducing income inequality, the relative status change of those left-behind is also a crucial challenge that policy makers have to face.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	e20deb68aff05f36aba8681675b31a51	In the model ECIRS payments are then triggered and the representative mixed crop and livestock farm receives the equivalent to the average receipt of ECIRS in 2007-08 (AUD 37 000)l0. On the other hand, the model assumes that ECRP also triggered under the same circumstance, but it is paid to the farmer only if the realized income is below the level set by income test criteria (AUD 62 per fortnight). The level of the ECRP is chosen at the average receipt of ECRP per recipient in 2007-08 (AUD 13 045).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	e20f5fcd4e8859cd7b3b6eb814e18887	In Bangladesh it is generally accepted that men will lead the important ministries, so the women appointed to these posts must be experienced, knowledgeable, competent and capable to avoid negative perceptions among the people about the quality of women's participation. Further, these women have impacted on the social implications of policies with respect to health services, child care, poverty alleviation, dowry problems, violence against women and girls, and community development. Moreover, when planning for city development the women take into consideration the physical environment of communities and the quality of life, without excluding the art and culture of the various communities.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	e21081a7aa368deea4f14dcfa152561d	Proper maintenance requires information on the characteristics of the system and its elements and an understanding of which functions each contributes. Such an information database is necessary for an adequate monitoring, planning, execution and control of maintenance, for cost effectiveness of the work and for its cost recovery. The total costs for maintaining and modernising the existing water delivery systems to farms is likely to be substantial.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848590908-en	e2108d8dcd486e911f84c971a8f2e695	Professor Jansen noted that this is a principal who is not someone who gives up. Professor Jansen called for a reality check and asked: what does it mean to teach and learn in a system in which the best say that they cannot do this anymore? How can people talk in profound terms about a scholarship of teaching when we are struggling to do very basic things? There are between 27,000 and 28,000 schools in South Africa struggling with issues of legacy that have not yet been addressed.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-8-en	e2131827e417ebb389d9eddbdd6637d5	Municipalities in the State of Mexico provide services mostly themselves, with the Water Commission of the State of Mexico (CAEM) having responsibilities transferred by some smaller municipalities. The CAEM co-ordinates action between municipalities and the federal government to improve water management, water and sanitation services and it provides technical assistance and develops infrastructure. In practice, all bodies of water are administered centrally by CONAGUA, which provides major infrastructure and water-related permits.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	e2150b3fa67152f39f0d48e62dc62cce	Despite his opposition, his work supports a finding that the poverty rate declined between 2000 and 2004 and that this was driven by social grant payments. However, his estimates place 18 to 20 million South Africans in poverty in 2004. This is a much smaller decline and a less clear sign of success for anti-poverty policies in the post-Apartheid era than that shown by van der Berg and co-authors.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264086180-en	e2190a71d57c4b1a22755e9921eceb26	In 2007/08, 21% of pupils in primary school had a mother tongue other than German and around half of these pupils held Austrian citizenship. The major mother tongues other than German are Bosnian, Croat, Serbian and Turkish (Table 1.3). But there is a significant performance advantage for pupils with both parents bom in Austria. Pupils with neither parent born in Austria perform well below international averages in mathematics and science.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k44xwtc0txp-en	e21b40ba53fa7f3b9f35b509ccd5fdda	Based on recent fiscal data, the need for, and urgency of, short-term consolidation is greatest in the United States as well as in Southern and English-speaking EU countries. Importantly, however, the greater part of recent deficits is believed to be “structural” rather than “cyclical”. Countries will therefore still be spending more than they receive in revenues when the recovery is well entrenched.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	e21e21bf38547077d4092799a8862703	Particular attention is given to the consideration of measures to mitigate any adverse impact and to policies that might better achieve the promotion of equal opportunities. The consideration of mitigation and alternatives is identified as a crucial element of the process: authorities must develop options that reflect the different ways of delivering a policy' outcome. Mitigation can take the form of lessening the severity of an impact.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	e22242390493bd1fa9e6ef77890f11c9	The dimension of Security of employment and social protection assesses the threats to employment security as well as the measures and safety nets that can offset possible risks that come with short or long spells of unemployment or being outside the labour force, health problems and retirement. The sub-dimension Security of employment essentially refers to how likely a person is to lose his or her job(s). It involves information on the degree of permanence and tenure of the work, the status in employment and the formal or informal nature of employment.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6e0614eb-en	e2238d93b86ffc71522e4a22b777a676	However, there is a growing number of countries that have made strides in this direction. For example, in Ethiopia, the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance has developed a training programme for government and civil society organizations to mainstream DRR and CCA. District DRM committees headed by the Chief District Administrative Officer brought together stakeholders to discuss and understand the potential threats, hazards, disaster-prone areas and identification and mobilization of resources to implement DRR options. The discussions drew on information from Uganda's damage and loss database that has 30 years of historical data.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	e223ed1f2061be9a4b82da281ed55bd5	Women who speak an indigenous language spend about half as many years in schooling as non-indigenous men. Across the total population, indigenous women spent 4.5 years, on average, in school, compared to 5.6 years of school for indigenous men, 8.5 years for non-indigenous women, and 8.8 years for non-indigenous men. Indigenous women are also the least likely to be in school between the ages of 15 and 19 (61.3% were not enrolled in school in 2010, compared to 42% of non-indigenous women).	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	e223fcb5c8d878de918dfd8c3fdca399	Israel’s primary school system consists of 800 000 students in 2 200 schools. At the end of their primary education, students move on to the secondary education system, which is divided into junior and senior high schools. In 2007, enrolment in the secondary education comprised 610 000 students in 1 588 schools, from grade 7-12. Those on a track to academically-oriented studies were placed in “grammar schools.”	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/2017cac5-en	e22518f8629fffd52311c23aa9c23c23	Moreover, local environment items in the EU-SILC tend to be influenced by the rural/urban divide (Whelan & Maitre, 2012b). The social security dimension is excluded because, although the EU-SILC records the income components of each household, including child-related benefits, there is no information on eligibility and take-up. Thus, children who have no access to the benefits they are entitled to cannot be identified with certainty.	1	4	4	0.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	e228bf0079d41a0d78a33e75f104a673	"Clan interests often take precedence over the interests of individual victims and families choose to reconcile through the customary system instead of seeking redress for victims. This leads to women victims of rape being forced to marry the rapist, following the ruling of male village elders applying customary practices (A/HRC/20/16/Add.3). In Ghana, traditional authorities, such as tribal chiefs in many rural areas, rule over issues and disputes regarding land and property rights, as well as matters involving ""supernatural interference"", including allegations of witchcraft. In Afghanistan, sharia law, customary law, the formal, secular legal system and international law exist in parallel."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	e229e81fc0c4e069a350fad8338f9d31	Support for this perspective is provided by such treaties and declarations as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Habitat Agenda; and Agenda 21, the action plan adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, among others, documents the extensive body of rights related to housing and the disproportionate vulnerability of children to violations of these rights. In recent years, practical programming aimed at fulfilling rights has been focused on the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), all of which have relevant implications for children in urban poverty. Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to anaemia, birth defects and other disorders. This is only a small percentage of those who live in slums worldwide; the target does not address the continuing growth in the number of new slums and slum dwellers. Article 24 refers to every child’s right to the “enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health.”	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	e22a1a6c20ace1aca462d327564ed5e4	To support its implementation, a National Advisory Commission on Industrial and Technological Risks was established as an informal working group. One current activity involves updating the 1999 National Contingency Plan for Responding to Spills of Oil Products and Harmful Substances in Marine Waters, Rivers and Lakes. The policy requires public and private entities undertaking industrial activities to perform risk analysis of the possible effects of natural disasters on their infrastructure, to establish contingency plans and to take risk reduction measures. Specific regulations have been developed that apply to these activities.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	e22b23171cfbaaace8cfe341eaa8aadc	Over half of all international visitors come to Sydney. Sydney is a popular location for the regional offices of Australian-based foreign companies. The relationship between Sydney and the global economy, particularly the growth nodes of East and South Asia, provides the city with unique locational advantages.	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264208292-6-en	e22e5a8a03ed3f5201d74f90ebde046b	Among other elements they require 80% removal efficiency for biochemical organic demand (BOD) and suspended solids for all sources of wastewater discharge dating from after 1984. More relaxed standards can be applied for older sources. Apparently this approach has created disincentives for investment in water supply and sanitation projects.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb79328d-en	e22ef2416e55e08d4dd1d8351171b928	Whether there is a need for social assistance policies and targeted poverty reduction programmes will depend crucially on the success of industrial and macroeconomic policies in generating employment and ensuring decent wages. At the same time, social spending can make the carrying out of industrial policies easier by providing a more educated and more healthy labour force. Population ageing, climate change and food insecurity pose further policy challenges to ensuring that economic and social development will be sustainable for all.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	e22fb9dbc4adc442745b88c35a52ed2d	The data are on the citizens of all CIS States (except for Belarus and Kazakhstan) having the largest presence in the country. However, migration flows from these three countries have different gender patterns, as shown in the next section. In the flow of the citizens from Kyrgyzstan to the Russian Federation, the share of women is higher than average for the CIS-sending States whereas among citizens of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan the shares are lower than average.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	e23042f77463426f556a79585a8d5121	Employment in the agricultural sector represents a particularly large share of women’s jobs in Morocco (59 per cent) and Iraq (51 per cent).198 Women in the agricultural sector typically work on a daily or seasonal basis for a very low pay. In GCC countries, public sector employment accounts for 80 per cent of overall employment of national citizens, and female employees comprise between 40 and 50 per cent of public employees in Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, 26 per cent in Egypt (2010), 35 per cent in Jordan (2009) and 22 per cent in Palestine (2010).202 Women who work in the public sector are most commonly employed as administrative staff, teachers and nurses. One possible explanation for the extensive presence of women in this field is the emphasis on job stability, relatively good salary, and suitable working hours which allow them to balance their paid work with their family responsibilities. These features make jobs in the public administration particularly attractive to the increasing cadre of educated women in the Arab region, though several countries have initiated reforms to downsize or limit the growth of the public sector.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	e2309f9375968472054232b5c5786171	Personality likely affects health through behaviours such as smoking, eating and exercising habits. Selfesteem is also susceptible to reduce risky sexual behaviour, notably among girls (number of partners, unprotected sexual encounters, Favara, 2013). Traits measured during elementary school directly influence health outcomes during midlife, and moreover indirectly through educational attainment. Most studies control for relevant background factors, including the severity of disease.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	e23166ef18177d6a5d49e38af6c75352	Such complexity leads to significant difficulties in monitoring and verifying environmental impacts and outcomes. The Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation agreed four principles to ensure aid effectiveness: ownership by partner countries, results focused efforts, inclusive partnerships, and delivery of aid within an environment of transparency and accountability. Garside et al (2016) translates this into four elements of effective aid-business partnerships for sustainable development, based on a review of 11 existing partnerships: ensuring additionality of private sector efforts (i.e. going beyond what business would have invested in anyway); financial sustainability of approaches; mutual transformation (i.e. changing of attitudes and business models); and risk-sharing, all within a transparent manner without market distortion. These four elements could provide a structure for further assessment and guidance for good practice recommendations for development cooperation efforts in private sector engagement for the environment.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	e2323d15e37494fdd2114525510ee0a7	The forum has the objective to seive as an experience-sharing platform and guide decentralised co-operation policies at national level. The Secretariat of the CNCD and the implementation of its policy are ensured within the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs by the Delegation for Decentralised Development Co-operation of Local and Regional governments (DAECT). It also advises LRGs on how to comply with legal frameworks and related budgetary regulations for these activities. It mainly discusses DDC policy objectives and major issues related to the public policy coherence in development co-operation. It promotes the exchange of experiences and the dissemination of information. It is recognised by DDC water actors as a neutral platform for consultation with public authorities and operators.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/f81b7706-en	e232406da54f792b3abb0b5b94866082	For example, at 35 per cent, Rwanda has a much lower proportion of women in cabinet than in parliament (64 per cent). Examples include Kenya (30 per cent in cabinet versus 20 per cent in parliament), Sierra Leone (30 per cent in cabinet versus 13 per cent in parliament) and Swaziland (26 per cent in cabinet versus 7 per cent in parliament). Rebecca Kadaga currently serves as the first woman speaker in Uganda.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	e2331f83f00030e70749ae8987cfa982	In the case of the United Kingdom Climate Change Levy, climate change agreements with industry were met well ahead of schedule - possibly indicating that the agreements were not sufficiently ambitious. However, research has also indicated that the agreements generated additional emissions savings over and above those expected to result from the Climate Change Levy alone, due to increased awareness of energy efficiency and GHG emissions resulting from the Agreements (Ekins and Etheridge, 2006). Requirements of this nature can be considered a no-regret option, because, apart from administrative costs, they do not put a real burden on companies and indeed support companies in establishing a data information system on energy flows and GHG emissions, increasing transparency. On this basis, it is much easier to identify concrete investment options for improving energy efficiency and the use of renewable energies.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bf400991-en	e239978801cc887b5d53998790830e08	Although data is available for a few countries, it needs to be re-packaged to allow for disaggregation by relevant variables. Local materials provide efficient ways for energy conservation and protection from disasters. In developing economies between 7 and 10% of the labour force are involved in residential construction.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	e23d8477db21023fd1fcd43ed00b612a	It should be supported by well-trained staff and marketing professionals to help move beyond awareness raising and toward communication strategies that take into account consumers’ needs and existing knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. It successfully influenced the integration of water concepts in Jordan’s curriculum reform and contributed to increase the knowledge levels of Jordanians on critical water issues. Research has shown evidence of residual effects of WEPIA five years later.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e242406da8b9aebd405e698c1f867ef8	As of 31 January 2013 for FY 2012-13. For further details on investment by sector, refer to Chapter 1. Source: Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Directorate of Investment and Company Registration. As for livestock and fisheries, investment may have targeted mainly poultry and both freshwater and marine fisheries.	2	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/abb991ba-en	e24261fed3110c42460fb44d79d85300	Two-thirds of the poor are also above the age of 50. Without China, the group consists of mostly ex-Soviet Union countries, with more developed labour markets and a history of higher educational attainment. As a result, the poor are more likely to be in full-time employment and almost all have secondary and even tertiary education. Without China, the group also becomes more strongly dominated by women (70 per cent), with two thirds living in urban areas.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	e2449ec08d9ae331ec1a224eac45a501	These indicators fall into two groups: those based on surveys (such as the percentage of adults supported at home who agree that their health and care services seemed to be well co-ordinated); and, those derived from routine data sources (such as that rate of emergency admissions for adults). These indicators are discussed in more detail in Section 2.7. Given that most OECD health and social care systems are exploring how best to monitor person-centred, integrated care, Scotland’s experience with these indicators will be of international interest.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e24658d2d065e69ca5c2f858b0e5f9bf	Designing integrated and coherent policies will strengthen the resilience to climate hazards of the most vulnerable, not only by addressing issues crucial to their livelihoods, but also by taking advantage of potential co-benefits, while avoiding unintended consequences and maladaptation. The success of interventions aimed at building resilience depends on the participation of all stakeholders, especially stakeholders representing those groups. A broader participation can help policymakers identify development objectives and assess how to achieve them through building synergies and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability. Policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their long-term plans, using iterative and adaptive processes. This requires a more flexible policy process, capable of incorporating the new information and emerging knowledge needed to scope, assess, implement and monitor policy interventions. Integration implies vastly different policyframeworks, policies, institutions and capacities.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	e246f45e668112494cd839af1976c3a0	But Germany can address labour shortages comprehensively only if women’s patterns of paid work move towards and eventually converge with men’s. In 2014, about 83.1% of children (0-to-17 year-olds) were living in a household with two parents, slightly above the average for European OECD countries (82.5%). German children are, however, far more likely to be living with married parents than children in many other European OECD countries - about 75.6% of German children were living with two married parents in 2014, compared to less than 60% in France and many of the Northern European OECD countries (Estonia, France, Iceland, Norway and Sweden).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/d91c28bf-en	e247c31aceb93214aff775d402b0a5c7	Sections B and C are concerned, respectively, with implications for governments and their development partners. Section D presents policy conclusions and recommendations for priority action. Governments and their development partners can most effectively facilitate desired developmental outcomes if they view the three domains holistically, integrating strategic approaches to each in ways that foster dynamic interactions between them and enable businesses and citizens at all levels to achieve social and economic gains. A number of approaches to development and poverty reduction were discussed in chapter I, in particular those built around economic outcomes, the livelihoods of citizens (especially the poor), and the capabilities which people have or need to address the challenges they face and seize the opportunities that are available to them.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264251847-6-en	e247ea388c9478ef68e8b6acd8dd8dd4	These hotspot images w'ere aggregated from various open-source publications and information contributed to the OECD TF-CIT Information Sharing Platform (ISP). This suggests that there is more that could be achieved by the ISP and its partners, which are seeking to provide timely data for analysis from multiple sources and from granular data tracked as incidents come to light. New technology, like the International Fund for Animal Welfare’s mobile reporting app, can pass on trafficking data to a platform that centrally aggregates rich information, so that a broader group of organisations, and possibly law enforcement, can use it.	15	3	0	1.0
10.18356/36b318e6-en	e24b0b7518cd8aa658437982f9024a0f	The drop of children per woman was strongest for childless women (i.e. first births) than for women who already had at least one child (subsequent births) (Lanzieri, 2013; Goldstein et al., Clearly, countries have performed differently as important determinants of fertility such as family policies, unemployment and job security vary greatly across countries (Goldstein etal., We use round 3, namely 2006-2007, as our benchmark pre-crisis (i.e. the base year); unfortunately, countries for which no data for round 3 was available had to be dropped (such as Greece, Iceland and Italy).21 As these are some of the most affected countries we can hypothesize that the impact is underestimated. The indicators reviewed in this section provide a subjective assessment or perception of their personal situation as well as the society they live in. As discussed in Bradshaw etal. ( Happiness captures how respondents feel (emotionally) about their life, whereas life satisfaction provides a more cognitive assessment of life (Eurofound, 2003).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/872035ff-en	e24cedf19240fa2ce04e97356ff3db51	The New York City's Catskills programme is an example of a local-level public scheme (The Catskills/ Delaware Watershed Protection programme (New York) Stanton et al. For example, the nitrate strategy of Switzerland encourages farmers to enhance the environment of their farmland (UNECE, 2007, pp. Similar schemes also used to payforthe maintenance of forest areas and afforestation or reforestation to ensure high quality drinking water supply for municipalities, such as the canton of Basel (see Example 3).	15	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	e24d37d78281892a6bb28950203fcad0	Encouraging signs can be seen, however, in the Hjarnkoll anti-stigma initiative, as a study found that improvements have been measured between 2009 and 2011 (for example, opinions have improved vis-a-vis the public view of having a person with a mental illness as a neighbour, and one for every two people initially expressing disfavour have changed their opinion). The number of psychiatric beds (per 100 000 population) has been cut in half during the past two decades, decreasing from 0.95 in 1995 to 0.48 in 2010. Increased funding for outpatient services can assist in explaining this decline.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	e2505a656f01a5175a89852ac254c7e8	Given the above analysis of odds ratios, it can also be observed that even though a Dutch child is less likely to experience double deprivation than a UK child, once deprived in one domain a Dutch child is not more or less likely of deprivation in another domain than a UK child. Firstly, at domain level, financial strain is the most prevalent problem across all countries. As a result of the relatively high incidence rates of financial strain, the proportions of children experiencing overlap between financial strain and any other domain are also higher.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9h297wxbnr-en	e250905cd5f5e05f8d9b1567f5ad19de	The Gini coefficients take into account labour earnings only; the precise definition of labour earnings differs across countries (see Fournier and Koske, 2012 for details). The value for the OECD is calculated as an unweighted average across all OECD countries for which data are available. The analysis below uses household data from the OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database. The concentration coefficient of any earnings’ component is computed in the same way as the Gini coefficient, with the only difference being that households are not ranked by the value of the earnings hut rather by their equivalised disposable income. The concentration coefficient tends to be lower than the Gini, because households with low equivalised disposable income might have high earnings.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	e2588d6d8ef587bfb8beee2460ee0d1d	This is especially true of young women migrants who have the double burden of employment and care work. The case study on South Korea’s old age care reform in this volume (Section 4.2) shows that a rights-based, community driven and individual focused intervention is possible, which may hold lessons for other countries in the region. While the region has done well in universalising education and health care, it needs to do more in terms of the depth of its social protection framework in the future. A significant portion of the island populations live in rural areas and rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood, particularly in Melanesia where rural dwellers make up 80 per cent of the population (Government of New Zealand 2012). Melanesia holds 95 per cent of land in the Pacific excluding New Zealand and Australia.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	e25b7b7865f97db5f11336ea6b812368	As part of a culture of improving health system transparency, Australia has created the “MyHospitals” website that provides public and private hospital-level data on a range of indicators ranging from emergency department waiting times to rates of infection. Measures of performance of primary care are published on the “MyHealthyCommunities” website, which provides local-level data on a range of primary care and population health perfonnance indicators. The National Health Perfonnance Authority (NHPA) is responsible for the analysis and content of these two websites. With more than a quarter of people aged 15 and over obese, Australia is the fifth most obese country in the OECD.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf880578-en	e25d1f0bc1b6a4b9649e106d95791c25	"In a matter of a couple of decades, family size shrank. This occurred before most people had access to modern methods of contraception, and long before the term “reproductive rights"" was used by policymakers and advocates everywhere. A dramatic shift in how countries approached these issues began after the Second World War and was officially marked 50 years ago at the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights, in Tehran."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	e26600361a83fc11c47ce3acf5694ac2	The shame and social stigma for men associated with the failure to live up to expectations of being a provider can be immense. It can lead to situations where they themselves and their partners go to extreme lengths to cover up the fact that the family relies on the income of the female partner and/or of the children (see for example Ekeoba, Makanjuolaand Nagarajan, 2016; Slegh, Barker, and Levtov. Displaced or refugee men, but also other men and boys in fragile and conflict-affected situations may also be forced to accepting dangerous and precarious working conditions, including commercial sex work, or be at risk of trafficking, in particular for exploitative labour practices.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/e6deef25-en	e26864cd38aeeda1b1373defac4bf197	The exception to this is in Asia, where women's participation at this level, aside from in Sri Lanka, has been in notable deficit. In the Pacific, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Fiji Islands also have lower rates of civil society participation by women. This result in parts of Asia and the Pacific may be attributable to increasing government restrictions on civil society freedoms has been suggested elsewhere (Roth 2016), but is beyond the scope of this report to investigate. Several other Commonwealth states in Africa also achieve a 40 per cent or more representation of women at this level, including Namibia (44%), South Africa (42.1%) and Rwanda (40%).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	e26d2c45c3eb62482cda94144b64cf70	It is, however, not informative about the educational opportunities available to today’s youth. It may therefore be complemented by a measure of educational expectancy, which can be defined as the number of years of schooling that youth aged 15 today may expect to undertake while aged 15 to 29, based on the current enrolment of people aged 15-29. The threshold has been set at 15, the compulsory school age in many OECD countries, as the challenge is to extend education beyond that.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	e26faf4bf9c355f855a6af4a663cd28e	While there are variations among countries in protecting women’s rights, the overall trend in the region reveals that discrimination and violence against women are not diminishing, which is often supported by references to religion and cultural background. This trend is due to many factors, including legal barriers, lack of law enforcement, economic and social crises of the countries and the rise in radical religious movements, which call for reversal in achievements in women rights, particularly in the family domain. In particular, countries that experienced political changes and revolutions in the past years have been witnessing a rise in religious discourse and backward trends, which tend to threaten women’s rights.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	e2739a855664d35af96c1ea151d80ad4	Indeed, there are only two that set out specifically to calculate how many care woikers there are and to determine their profile and working conditions in specific countries. Esquivel (2010) examines paid care work in Argentina, analysing the composition of the sector, the characteristics of those employed in the field and the main differences between them and the rest of the workforce. Using the definition of care work established by England, Budig and Folbre (2002), this study includes doctors and other medical professionals, teachers and teaching assistants (all education levels), domestic workers and other care workers. Another study looks at paid care work in Uruguay (Aguirre, 2010), identifying care workers using the same classifications of branches of activity and occupations as those used in the household survey.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	e275c865d427a13cdd5fea30858c101a	Patients with severe chronic conditions may require visits to specialist third-level services. In this case, transport costs may be prohibitive. While this may be changing - partly as a result of the NPPH - most of the high-tech medical centres are concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation (more precisely in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	e275d28531f4ac25dbe366b2af44532e	It was created to strengthen the role of the Auvergne metropolitan area as a counterpart to the neighbouring metropoles of Lyon and Grenoble. It is responsible for developing and implementing the Territorial Coherence Plan (SCoT). It is a mixed syndicate, composed of 108 communes, including Clermont-Ferrand and 8 communities of communes.5 The area encompassing Grand Clermont is depicted the map below (Figure 2.6).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e27616966bb9bd2798060b8107539cc9	The amount of driving in the speed range just over the limit is explained by the design of the ISA system, which gave the drivers some margin before cutting in. A similar pattern can be seen in Figure 6.10, which shows the speed distribution on the 70 mph (112 km/h) roads which are mainly motorways. Probably the most comprehensive set of calculations is that from the trials conducted in the ISA-UK project. The prediction is that an advisory ISA in general use would save 3% of injury accidents and an intervening ISA would save 12% of injury accidents and 20% of fatal accidents.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	e27e6f39d371bdf551782ee3eaf9df71	The Government and international development agencies began to address the country's dwindling water supply only once it became a nationally recognized issue (box 6). However, by the time of their intervention in the 2000s, the agricultural lobby and tribal leaders had become powerful and resistant to demands for reform. Available from www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontrollerItype]=country_files (accessed 2 April 2015). Note: A tick (✓) denotes a majority and a star (-&) denotes a minority.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262959-en	e2804f2d25629ff8797c49c0505133e9	Chile and Colombia’s gender gaps in LFP are around 22 percentage points, which is still worse than the OECD average but closer to the estimated average of about 25 percentage points across the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region (ILO 2016). Recent improvements in female labour market participation (and reductions in gender gaps) in the LAC region have been tied to greater female education, decreasing fertility and increases in the provision of subsidised childcare (ILO 2016). Data from Peru come from selected urban areas. Other countries’ samples are nationally representative.	8	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	e282e527dadf8815a44cfaf3231ce5d0	While considerable advances in water supply and sanitation have occurred in OECD countries, pathogens can still enter water supply systems due to resistance to disinfection (e.g. Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses), treatment system deficiencies (e.g. inadequate disinfection), periodic treatment failures, or distribution system contamination. Excessive rainfall and agriculture runoff was the cause of the contamination. In Europe, significant outbreaks of water-borne pathogenic organisms have occurred in Sweden (Widerstrom et al.,	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4ca7e7ff-en	e283954bd021eba62de8999e27b25b30	Although more than half of all deponents (54.8 per cent) were women, only 43.9 per cent of women identified themselves as victims of abduction, torture or severe ill treatment.15 Still, this represented an increase in the percentage of self-proclaimed victims over the first five weeks of hearings that Ross’s study analyses, and can be attributed in part to the decision by the TRC to hold special women’s hearings. No member of the security forces or liberation movement applied for amnesty for rape or other sexual violations. This is probably because they assumed that rape would not fall within the guidelines, as an act had to not only have a “political” motive but also be performed “without malice”.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/70095f8a-en	e283dec98e68597f48a511b04524be6a	The responsibility to care for the Ebola-orphaned children also falls on women. Toward the end of 2014, it was estimated that there were more than 30,000 Ebola-orphaned children in the three countries (UNDP Africa Policy Note, 2015a). Amartya Sen introduced the concept of ‘missing women’ by analysing the differences in the ratio of women to men.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	e28669177a8364b4222e279c3ea50bb2	Introducing a more flexible repayment schedule - which also offers a longer return on investment - can have positive impacts on business investment and creation (Field et al., Based on such experience, pioneer innovators can develop hybrid models that make the involvement of the private sector in public activities much more viable by offering business opportunities. Prahalad and Hart (2002) have popularised the business case for social-value creation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	e2877847a1cb1a53dd4204293011e630	In order for ESD-related interventions to gain real traction, a concerted sector-wide effort is needed. It is not enough to adjust policy, or include reference to sustainability in curricula if, for example, examination systems remain grounded in content knowledge, or adequate teacher professional development is not provided to facilitate the shift. The Tongan example has good potential from the perspective of system-wide ESD integration because of the relative coherence of a number of its policy initiatives around themes of culture and sustainability.	13	4	1	0.6
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	e288915d63c2957365428b92a95129a8	Throughout this chapter we use the terms “informal,” subsistence,” and “traditional” interchangeably to refer to the same sector of the economy. While GDP may correctly assess the production of a region’s market sector, ignoring the important transfer and traditional components of the Arctic economy will give a false picture of the material well-being of an Arctic region. For the Arctic we need an alternative to GDP as a measure of material well-being: a social indicator that reflects all three sectors of the Arctic economy.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	e28a5ffd7149d480630a9519e353fce2	For example, while the elimination of farm subsidies in New Zealand was accompanied by a lowering of tariffs on farm inputs, the latter proceeded at a slower pace. The resultant short-term hardship for the sector could have been avoided with better co-ordination of the respective reforms (Vitalis, 2006). This can often reflect uncertainty about, or a lack of understanding of, the severity and causes of an environmental problem or the benefits of action (OECD, 2008a). This was the case, for example, with the Water Reform Framework in Australia, where the economic and environmental benefits of the reform were diffuse and poorly understood by the public (OECD, 2009).	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	e28b82497c9048a5adefb3fee9c2764a	However, the process of accreditation for example in the USA and Canada, suggests that this problem is being addressed. This includes best practices, policies, technology application, quality management and a clear view of how cooperative education fits into the overall university structure (Wessels and Jacobsz undated [1]). This is to avoid marginalisation within the academic programme, so that academic and vocational gains are seen as complementary and not as alternatives.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264086197-en	e28ce28aff7135e2ddbfb976d28abd7e	For schools with very few immigrant students, municipalities could encourage them to cooperate and share DSL teacher resources through formalised networks. International research indicates that while children develop “communicative” language skills relatively quickly, it takes much longer for them to become proficient in the “academic” language used in school environments (Cummins, 1979). This can be seen from the results of reading tests carried out by schools at the local level. From then on, the gap between natives and immigrant children often widens and becomes a barrier for success in the Folkeskole and beyond.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	e29198da9c1f39f898f58af62fc9b4d6	This is not always the case. For instance in India, dams are often operated to maximise water supply for farmers, while hydropower generation usually is a higher value use (Malik, 2010). Second, having the benefits estimates accepted by the stakeholders will provide a strong basis for allocating costs among beneficiaries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	e292556ab2e5f44c903525b5ce031189	The assumed parameters do not aim to provide accurate or realistic projections, especially in the United States Southwest, but they are meant to implement water supply constraint shocks that could affect irrigated agriculture in the three regions. In other words, the scenarios provide a means to gauge the resistance of the irrigation sector to water stress (providing a “water stress test” like the other scenarios). This translates into simulating the gradual transition to a maximum of 46%, 40% and 33%, basin efficiency by 2050 in the Southwest United States, Northeast China and Northw est India, respectively. The shocks are intended to provide a pessimistic illustration of the possible impacts of agriculture water risks in the three regions, rather than an accurate projection of observed trends.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	e2935454545696ddc966136ebb6d843d	Burki (2010) discussed possible causes for the increases in average consumption and emphasised the correlation between consumption and affordability (and availability) of alcohol, citing a report by the British Medical Association showing an increased affordability of alcohol in the UK between 1980 and 2006, and a parallel increase in per capita alcohol consumption of 1.5 1 during the same period of time. The trend towards increased consumption in young people is consistent with increased commercial pressures and the formulation of alcohol products expressly designed to appeal to younger drinkers. For instance, marketing practices have evolved over time and advertising for alcohol targeting the younger has been associated with fun, music, seduction, social success, self-confidence, and sports.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	e295bef3c199d905e1713852ea40c9f4	The first attempts to modernize simply replaced the single huge engine with a huge electric motor, changing little. The drive-shafts were replaced by wires, the huge steam engine by dozens of small motors. Factories spread out; there was natural light, and room to use ceiling-slung cranes. Workers had responsibility for their own machines; they needed better training and better pay. The electric motor was a wonderful invention, once we changed all the everyday details that surrounded it.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	e29a63c09562257b35cc9cb7c8e7c068	In one-third of the countries children were more likely to be severely deprived than pensioners, with the absolute difference of at least 2ppt. These were mostly the countries with middling child deprivation rates, ranging from 6% in Spain to 9% in Italy, but also Hungary, with some of the highest child deprivation rates (22%). Source: Eurostat (last update 04.06.2014). Seven countries now had at least one in three children severely deprived. In five countries, at least one in five children were severely deprived: Greece (21%), Latvia (27%), Hungary (33%), Romania (38%), and Bulgaria (47%). In one-third of the countries the share of deprived children exceeded that for the overall population by at least 2ppt, with the biggest differential (9ppt) observed in Hungary and Romania.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e29bccc0a53fd7574e473a43c546afb5	These contributions take in account the degree of diversity and supply origin of different energy carriers, the efficiency of energy consumption by main the economic sectors, and the state of the electricity generation infrastructure. The values of weights determining the relative contribution of the demand, infrastructure and supply branches are close to those used in the original S/D model, where they were adjusted to reflect the percieved vulnerability of the branches. A higher weight indicates increased vulnerability. As described below, a maximal score 100 refers to a country with low energy intensity, developed electricity generation infrastructure, perfectly diversified primary energy sources, with the latter all domestically produced or imported from trustworthy sources. On the contrary, a score 0 corresponds to a country with low energy efficiency, an electricity capacity unable to satisfy the peak load, and importing the totality of the energy carriers from unreliable sources.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	e29fc6abbb9e5f217500ff2cba26a446	It has made great efforts in the last decade, taking a countrywide, mainstreaming approach rather than a narrow environment sector perspective. It includes 105 objectives and 294 targets for mitigation and adaptation me as me s in eight policy areas: integrated risk management; water resources; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; ecosystems; energy, industry and services; transport and communication infrastructure; land-use planning and urban development; and public health. While there are some state environment programmes in place they only reflect actions to be taken by state governments; they are not state environment plans that combine action by all government levels.	6	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	e2a347ad23dbfa5905859381f1b4c88a	Based on reported data, mortality from breast cancer in Mexico is low - at 15.0 deaths per 100 000 women, compared to over 25 OECD-wide - but mortality from cervical cancer is the highest in the OECD, with 10.2 deaths per 100 000 women, compared to the OECD average of 3.5 deaths per 100 000 women. While a dramatic drop in mortality from cervical cancer in Mexico between 2003 and 2013 is observable - the mortality rate fell from 15.8 deaths per 100 000 women - the low rates of cervical screening suggest that there is still real room for improvement. Life expectancy grew by barely one year between 2000 and 2013, such that the gap in longevity between Mexico and other OECD countries is now higher today than it was a decade ago. Health and prosperity continue to be unequally distributed, with people in southern states, women, children and indigenous groups suffering from noticeably poorer outcomes.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6ef2e6fd-en	e2aa68ab63a27d9330e16f534a9d77c4	The data included walking steps, weight, blood pressure, body mass index, visceral fat percentage, muscle rate, body fat percentage and the HbAlc, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. The first measurement was conducted in February 2009, followed by a second measurement in August 2009. The results showed that the number of participants with all four chronic diseases decreased from six persons to one person, demonstrating an improvement rate of 83.3 per cent.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	e2aaf76565083f6a4f0e54209e8ce46d	The cases of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras confirm this: up until 2000, young adults (aged 30-44) displayed a slightly higher level of participation, although the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 3.32). In the last decade, as general violence has been increasing, rates of participation for some segments of the youth population have increased in tandem. Mass media most often highlight organised forms of urban violence among the young (usually males) in gangs by the name of pandillas, maras, clicas or combos, depending on the country.	8	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	e2ab90181c0e33e6a5a8e7e355bd4907	A review of the charts suggests that the distributions are asymmetrical and most of the population is concentrated in the lower segments of the distribution, especially in the case of the informal sector. This finding supports the use of the quantile regressions, especially for consideration of issues related to glass ceilings at the top of the wage distribution and sticky floors, i.e., wage penalties at the bottom. Significant at 10%. **	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264283527-en	e2ac39a6f8d2437a0c7551133bb2541b	Recent government announcements signal the intention to provide dental care in some primary care settings. In practice, more than 55% of the population is exempted from any cost-sharing in publicly provided service. Direct payments take place for those services not covered under the benefits package, including dental care and specialist consultations in private ambulatory care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	e2ad36775c1b8a248be57accf9027c63	Indicators to measure social outcomes in Greece (cont.) Poverty measures are based on income thresholds (poverty lines) determined in absolute or relative terms. The share of people living in households below a relative threshold of income, often under 50% of median disposable income. Disposable income is “equivalised” by dividing it by the square root of household size to adjust for economies of scale in household spending.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264247598-8-en	e2af3c1317c364d51169f1117ccf79ce	"In theory, a teacher with permanent status can be dismissed, for example as a result of a disciplinary measure or if they have received two consecutive ""insufficient” evaluations. In practice, however, dismissing a permanent teacher can prove difficult and rarely occurs. The teaching career does not provide for distinct stages associated with competency levels or given roles and responsibilities in schools."	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	e2b2bd1d7538c5a639bf647cd3384c78	Tajikistan demograpliic and health survey, 2012. Access to improved drinking water is also uneven in the regions, and varies from 59 per cent in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast and 63 per cent in Khatlon Oblast to 99 per cent in Dushanbe. This leaves about 15 per cent of the population without appropriate water treatment.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/152d606d-en	e2b3bd817774be10e966c9cec160586b	Group-based discrimination and exclusion exist across multiple dimensions—political participation, health care, personal security and education, to name a few—and generate chronic and overlapping vulnerabilities for minorities and other excluded groups by limiting their capabilities and their potential role in the larger society. Group violence and insecure lives. Vulnerability adds an important dimension to any assessment of human development and its progress. Human development is about not only expanding choices, but also whether those choices are secure and likely to exist in the future.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	e2b5723d7427be8c96089df8a72801eb	However, recent work has questioned the traditional view and argued that duality can also be present in the informal sector itself (Pages and Stampini, 2007; Fields, 2008). Given that worker mobility is usually correlated with wage differences between sectors, the size of the wage gap itself is also an indicator of labour market segmentation. Gong and van Soest (2002) show that in urban Mexico wage differentials increase with educational level, especially in the formal sector.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	e2b5e4643f7892c3bd93ac23110d4202	However, boys were more likely to report being involved in team sports (Gariepy et al., Figure 4.2 permits comparisons of Maori and non-Maori against the international averages on these dimensions, and also indicates where statistically significant differences are found between Maori and non-Maori young people. On the more positive side, both Maori and non-Maori students have greater motivation to achieve than OECD 15-year-olds as a whole. So while the Maori students have lower motivation to achieve than New Zealand students as a whole, they have somewhat greater motivation than their peers in other countries.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	e2b771e19c93ae99b010a336090e3d0b	The most common argument for introducing and maintaining energy subsidies is that they support important domestic policy objectives, such as rural and industrial development, job creation, improved energy access, energy security and independence, and poverty alleviation. Analysis shows that energy subsidies tend to accrue not to those with the lowest income, but rather to the largest and most economically powerful recipients, thus increasing profits for well-connected investors or industries. By encouraging use of fossil fuels and discouraging production of low-carbon fuels, energy subsidies can lead to increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	e2bd0619befa158d92f357d039473976	Just as in the case of concessioned buses, no fare adjustments are conducted regularly, and when increases happen, these are quite significant and are not expected by the population. This has increased political pressure to keep tariffs low, as social protest arises each time a substantial increment is implemented. A December 2013 survey of underground users showed that 56% of respondents agreed with a fare increase from MXN 3 to MXN 5 if the government could guarantee a decrease in crowding, waiting times, delays in service, as well as improvement of trip conditions, such as air conditioning and improved safety (Mitofsky, 2013).52 This fare increase was implemented in 2014. However, public faith in its ability to realise the promised improvement has been dented by major events, such as the need to stop operations of the newly constructed Line 12 (due to the acquisition of unsuitable trains) and the collision of two trains in May 2015 (El Economista, 2015). In the case of the underground, the gap between real and actual fares meant a loss of almost MXN 12 000 million in revenues in 2012.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	e2c0b3bd85978d0798b4069b139c32fe	While in Cambodia and Thailand the epidemic is slowing down, this is not yet the case with Indonesia and Viet Nam. More and more, however, new cases of infections are women who have acquired HIV from unsafe sex with their stable partners. In Thailand, this group accounted for more than 4 in 10 (or 43 per cent) of new infections in 2005 (UNAIDS and WHO, 2008, p. 16).	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	e2c0bfa7260ff432116d0ba745b5c7ed	This pattern is also confirmed by the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) Database, which shows that discriminatory social institutions are linked to higher inequality in unpaid work between men and women across the world (OECD, 2014a). By recording workers’ activities throughout the day, these surveys provide a precise estimate of the time devoted to paid work, unpaid work (including housework), leisure and personal care.0 Rather than simply classifying workers on the basis of their main activity (typically obtained from labour force data), these data provide a portrait of how time use is distributed across different activities. As the collection of this type of data is particularly onerous, time-use surveys are not conducted regularly and they are especially rare in emerging economies.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	e2c17688d8d35ac6b309f82698d88fb2	Even when countries are eager to transfer practices and arrangements used elsewhere, they may lack the means to do so effectively. This is because countries’ history, institutional cultures and dynamics, patterns of relations and trust in networks and communities, among others, provide specific contexts that it is impossible, and often undesirable, to reproduce elsewhere. Yet, these contextual factors often explain the success or lack thereof of policy interventions.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/35cfe616-en	e2c1a6e42068cff2d3cabc1cc0b05174	Identifying the year in which the investment occurs is necessary, because the costs of renewable electricity decrease over time, and so does the associated subsidy. Therefore, a vintage investment model is needed. Due to population increase over time, this translates into an increasing physical investment schedule over time, whose slope differs among countries according to the rate of population growth.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e2c34af7aa9ad0598a42fb44055aa651	Certains de ces organismes sont autorises a effectuer des operations commerciales et, comme elles beneficient de financements publics, elles detiennent un pouvoir de marche considerable. Veiller a dissocier clairement les activites de la Centrale d’achats alimentaires (FCC) en tant qu’agent gerant les ressources cerealieres de l’Etat et ses activites en tant que negociant de cereales. En particulier, etudier la conformite des operations commerciales de la FCC avec les principes de la concurrence loyale concernant l’acces des cerealiers aux capacites de stockage, de transport et aux installations portuaires.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	e2c63aa32d0df787894eeb205dd1f28e	These may include changes in the scale of the economy, in consumption patterns, and in economic structure — including the extent to which demand is satisfied by domestic production or by imports. Other mechanisms in the causal chain include the adoption of cleaner technology, the use of higher quality inputs, and the post facto clean up of pollution and treatment of waste.	12	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	e2ce312032fe7595bc6b7c6f6efc0532	Noting that local demand, beyond basic food needs, was limited and that only exports would allow Zambia to raise the incomes of its rural population, MATEP aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of small- and medium-scale agriculture and natural products producers and processors under Zambia’s 2004-10 Country Strategic Plan. The project sought to achieve a raise in exports93 from a USD 405 million baseline to a USD 600 million target by providing better access to markets, production technologies, finance and business development services (BDS), and through initiatives to improve the enabling environment and reduce barriers to trade and investment. Within this framework, a finance component was established in the form of a USD 2 million investment fund managed by the Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre (ZATAC), in order to provide credit for small and medium-sized enterprises and ultimately help those enterprises access formal sector credit. The medium-term facility was designed to promote increased access to commercial financial markets for MATEP clients by transferring both the loan and the risk to commercial lending institutions, such as commercial banks, within the tenure period of the loan.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dcr-2013-8-en	e2d23e3417e3792691c0b2e5031f5c4f	While the numbers are higher in South Asia, the depth of poverty is greater in sub-Saharan Africa. Addressing chronic poverty is part of tackling poverty as a whole, but it must be approached differently. Studies of poverty dynamics provide information about how and why people become poor, remain poor, or escape poverty (Baulch, 2012). People may escape poverty or fall into poverty either temporarily or permanently.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	e2d41e8f9879e2c9da2211c07ef9aca9	The Sustainable Development Goals are Coming to Life: Stories of Country Implementation and UN Support. Strengthening Rwanda's evidence-based policy, planning, analysis, and monitoring and evaluation, 13 March. Available from http://www.rw.undp.org/content/rwanda/ en/home/presscenter/articles/2012/03/13/strengthening-rwanda-s-evidence-based-policy-planning-analysis-and-monitoring-and-evaluation.html. Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human Development.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	e2d6d58fb0bd104295323d87bc7a032d	In this way, we can advance the science of teaching. For all puiposes beyond clarity in research and evaluation, however, it may be best to steer clear of dichotomising labels. In actual teaching, teachers find they need to bring these different pedagogies back together to meet the multiple dimensions of learning.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	e2db1c7444da52d462845fc973bfccb1	The Parliament went on to resolve to draw up an action plan for mental health, following the publication of an expected white paper on the state of mental health and mental health services in Norway. A government white paper, “Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision” (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 1997), followed, and set out significant weaknesses and gaps in the mental health system. The Escalation Plan added a large number of psychologists to the mental health workforce (see Box 4.1).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	e2db55dbf03a2bf73c0db5f3ca875ce3	It is measured as the Value of Lost Load (VOLL) which the average cost to consumers per unit of unserved electricity due to outages (Stoft, 2002). This cost can be split into two parts: the direct damages due to the loss of assets and the indirect damages coming from the interruption of activity. For the regulator, it is the losses one wants to hedge against by investing in grid security.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/e569c117-en	e2e56c49c9b358fd23e0a91a427b7687	"A successful example is that of Chile Solidario (see box 7), where households receive psycho-social support emphasizing the importance of health access for the physical and cognitive development of their children. Families accepted for Chile Solidario work initially with a social worker in order to assess their conditions (grouped in seven main domains) and to agree upon an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty, which formally become the ""conditionality"" of the programme. The difference is around 12 percentage points and is statistically significant when considering both groups of children under 15 and under 18 years old (Martorano and Sanfilippo, 2012). Most of the beneficiaries (about 95 per cent), however, are children, given that schools are encouraged to put pressure on pupils' parents to obtain health insurance for them."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwm62b3bvh-en	e2e6493489a641c11705eb197b82c4f9	But research evidence clearly points to the importance of ensuring professional learning opportunities are sustainable (Darling-Hammond et al., This is endorsed in the professional lear ning community and other related literature (Rosenholtz, 1989; Louis, Kruse et al, 1995; Stoll et al, 2006). Strong performing education systems like those of Singapore and Japan have institutionalised this good practice and have put the majority of professional development resources as close as possible to the point of use. In Singapore, for example, teachers are entitled to 100 hours of professional development each year. The majority of professional development is provided on site in the schools where teachers work, and is directed at the specific goals and problems teachers and school leaders are addressing in those schools.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-17-en	e2e6a959f14f51d618ff3b9dc4fbb1cb	Armenia, Kazakhstan and Pakistan recorded the smallest decline in absolute poverty, but while absolute poverty in Armenia and Kazakhstan is low compared to other countries, the poverty rate in Pakistan remains very high. The share of undernourishment is generally correlated with the share of the population living under the USD 2 poverty line (Figure 6.2), but in Sri Lanka and Tajikistan the prevalence of undernourishment is well above what one would expect given absolute poverty rates. Levels of undernourishment are also very high in Lao PDR, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Nepal. Particularly in the aforementioned countries, there may be space for social policies with a greater focus on food security.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5565b46a-en	e2e92693d534351d0f0b80a95145b588	Rivers are characterized by high gradients and a relatively high water run-off, 22 1/s/km2. In general, Republika Srpska is the downstream and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina the upstream region due to the country’s orography. Ultimately, a stream source and mouths may be in one entity and a part of the middle course in the other one, as occurs with the Una and Drina Rivers.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	e2ebc6fb2caaa2fe6a4e3a06003f0d89	However, the consequence of this behaviour is that grazing land can be effectively destroyed and all famers lose their livelihood. In periods of long term drought, such as Chihuahua is currently experiencing, this trap becomes most obvious. Carrying capacities that are already under stress drop rapidly, but there is no reduction in stocking rates, because it is individually irrational for each ejido member to do so.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e2ee2531304c6f4d938e1fa6ac3bce41	Some institutions also track changes in forest fragmentation, ecologically important forest loss, species richness, and the proportion of terrestrial and marine area protected by climate-related interventions (e.g. IDB, 2012; CIF, 2011; and AF, 201 la). Nevertheless, improved local air quality is an important broader impact of certain mitigation actions and programmes (e.g. Climate and Clean Air Coalition). The availability of such data could also help to support a case for scaled-up mitigation actions domestically, for example by enabling researchers to better assess the benefits of mitigation actions in addition to costs. To capture these important relationships, several institutions track output and outcome indicators relevant to transportation and energy access (e.g. the number of expected beneficiaries of a project).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/871f6812-en	e2f052e33e53bd64edf8a4a2783179a4	In Helsinki, there is a large potential for electrification to deliver benefits due to the small fleet increases that would be necessary, along with the relative infrequency with which range becomes a mobility constraint. Cost savings become less significant with smaller fleets due to the necessity of recovering the additional investment costs. This is generally found to yield significant reductions in mobility costs, on the order of 50% for shared taxi and taxi-bus costs per kilometre.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	e2f11bf1a1e242a9935003a087d1289c	A range of different entities (including communities, individuals, businesses and non-profit organisations) can apply for CWSRF funding for eligible projects. Funding may be in the form of grants or loans at below-market interest rates (with repayment terms of up to 20 years) or as a combination of the two. The funds target small and disadvantaged communities. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) was established in 1996 to finance water supply projects. Its structure and processes mirror those of the CWSRF program. When loan recipients make repayments to the state program, the funding is “revolved” and made available for further projects.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	e2f26cb9ee4c28c70ff03f90730a7ccb	As a result, in Asia and the Pacific, regional warning mechanisms have been set up, especially for tsunamis and tropical cyclones, with linkages to global networks, and there is a general trend towards strengthened regional and South-South cooperation. Combined with the construction of shelters and other structural measures this has made a major difference (Box III-l). As part of the overall national strategy on disaster risk reduction, there has been a strong focus on strengthening the early warning system down to the local level.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	e2f4e8cc656c5c9db5260538397b2ffa	Similarly, the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty has shown the extent to which unpaid caring work can impinge on the education of girls, whether because they simply have less time for studying or because they are actually taken out of school to undertake unpaid care work, particularly where mothers are disabled or deceased (UN General Assembly 2013, para.40). This can be seen in relation to key rights such as access to water and sanitation, and the right to food. This is particularly well demonstrated by the Special Rapporteur on water who explains:'When households share sanitation facilities, women and girls may be required by social norms concerning privacy to avoid using the facilities except during hours of darkness, when their personal safety may beat increased risk’(ibid., Various UN-appointed human rights experts have noted the links between the global financial crisis, austerity and growing poverty facing women that is impacting on women’s access to employment and services.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	e2f5951e506fa5b4cd85129f9e9dbed5	Sweden compares well with other OECD countries on diabetes hospital admission in adults with a reported age-sex standardised rate of 116.9 (see Figure 2.3). Some regional variations are inevitable and unavoidable, reflecting differences in, for example, risk factors, disease prevalence and case-mix. Although most indicators have improved over time, the data show the potential for improvements in primary care, including through reducing unwarranted regional variations.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9f796186-en	e2fa4a78bd5b0b14f14f9965bd6033dc	It introduced new schemes to facilitate debt-to-equity swaps and other forms of loan restructuring. Importantly, its new bankruptcy code has provided a resolution framework that will help corporates to clean up their balance sheets and reduce their debts. The Government also announced in late 2017 a large recapitalization package, equivalent to about 1.2 per cent of GDR to strengthen the balance sheets of public sector banks.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	e2fa6024ff42529026634733ff042c23	However, the installation of these additional electricity meters and transitioning from the existing electricity billing system to a modem multifunctional billing system faced some delays. About 10 per cent of the country’s population lives in remote, mountainous, off-grid areas (in valleys with small rivers and streams), where off-grid renewable energy solutions make more economic sense. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out to assess the potential of RES in the country. The strongest winds are observed in mountainous areas, w'here the landscape produces the country’s maximum wind speed and flows, as well as in Sughd Oblast and the Rasht Valley.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	e2fb039a4e024ca3e3f0a408c5d0fb31	Through EE improvements developing countries can reduce their dependence on fossil fuel imports, reduce environmental impacts, enhance competitiveness and provide their populations with increased access to energy while reducing the need for new investment in energy infrastructure. However, the average annual rate of EE improvements will have to accelerate significantly compared with recent trends. Many observers have argued that the economic downturn provides an opportunity for governments to help create a basis for low-carbon future growth.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5e7977af-en	e2fdf7701a3e1caf9456184cd9743e23	Thus, in cases where public spending on health declined or stagnated, it was because the sector was used to tighten the budget. The cuts did not affect current spending (such as payroll or supplies) so much as the investment component (construction and maintenance of hospitals and clinics, purchases of new technology, etc.). These regional declines occurred even as total public spending held steady or grew, with health spending shrinking as a share of total spending on several occasions (that is, its fiscal priority diminishing). These declines were not fundamentally associated with reductions in social public spending, which means that health spending as a share of social spending lost significant ground even, in some cases, as other types of social spending, such as education and social security, rose (see figure 16).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	e2fe912edccec80d1d440db3eb771ba4	It was implemented by the Education Law 20.903 (MINEDUC, 2016a) (see Box 3.1). The new system responds to many OECD recommendations, which is a positive development. It aims to build on previous initiatives developed and implemented over the last ten years to provide teachers with an integrated vision for the teaching profession in Chile.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/09e92b30-en	e304613b4c4263ba156094b1b73b7774	Tendering for new generics could allow more downward price pressure to be exerted. Generics manufacturers would bid on the price of a given pharmaceutical, and pharmacies would have no choice but to stock the product of the winning manufacturer. These competitive processes have been used in New Zealand, the Netherlands and Germany with some success. Pharmacists have been the main force for the promotion of generics since 1999 (Autorite de la concurrence, 2013).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/sti/outlook-2014-5-en	e30666c9f1598ff194be6af492b3b9cb	Economic activity and world trade have recovered slowly since 2011 and are expected to strengthen gradually over the next two years, driven by the dynamism of non-OECD economies (5.0% and 5.3%, respectively), particularly the People’s Republic of China (7.4% and 7.2%, respectively). The recent acceleration in the United States signals a global return to growth, but the tightening of US monetary policy and the federal debt create uncertainty about the stability of US GDP growth (1.9% in 2013). Growth prospects in Japan (1.5% in 2013) are constrained by the level of public debt. Some southern and central European countries have yet to recover and should have modest growth of less than 2% in the next two years. Their structural deficiencies also affect the entire European Union. Few European countries are expected to grow faster than 2% in 2014 and 2015.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/488a38e7-en	e30680009085725d3784e817317237fa	Analysis of such data shows that in-work poor owe their status not only to labour market conditions - for example, unemployment, unstable jobs or low wages - but also to household circumstances. For example, lone parents (where women represent a majority) or sole earners with children are more vulnerable. However, in general, women in European countries have a comparable or lower risk of in-work poverty than men, even if women are more likely to occupy unstable and lower paid jobs.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264204256-8-en	e3071096a10efb4dd19f703805e2f2f4	Ihese variables have been transformed so that they have a mean of 2 and a standard deviation of 1 across the pooled sample of all participating countries, thus allowing meaningful comparisons across countries. While this transformation implies that the levels of use cannot be easily compared across skill types, such comparisons would be conceptually difficult to make anyway. For example, is using ICT skills every day equivalent to using learning skills every day in terms of how intensively ICT and learning skills are used at work? For example, the reading and writing indices are derived from a large set of questions concerning the frequency with which several types of documents (directions, instructions, memos, e-mails, articles, manuals, books, invoices, bills and forms) are read or written during one's regular work activity.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/ebdf1005-en	e3076196053f204338af91dc33d9461b	However, if not sustainably managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems with negative repercussions for sustainable social and economic development. To achieve a healthy balance, fish stocks must be maintained within biologically sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013 and appears to have stabilized over the last few years.	14	0	6	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	e30adfc49d21d21022b58c91c48fc21b	From a narrow perspective, many of the above concerns were valid. Second, although trade facilitation is meant to cover both exports and imports, there were fears that a TFA would cause imports to increase first and foremost, and that any increase in exports would be incidental. Since exports in LDCs face formidable supply-side constraints, and are unlikely to receive much of a boost from greater customs efficiency, such fear is probably justified. Third, implementing the TFA could involve important investments in customs modernisation and port logistics (on the ‘soft’ side), which may be neither a priority for LDCs at this time nor within their financial reach.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	e30bf89592c2d7d11335f42551d3c5af	Unlike in other countries with ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities, for example Belgium, United Kingdom and the United States, in Israel the majority of adult ultra-Orthodox Jewish men remain outside of the labour force and are engage in fulltime religious study. Public policy supports this lifestyle by means of exemptions from military service, stipends for religious students and recently increased child allowances (OECD, 2009a; 2010a). Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, increased from 0.25 in 1975 to 0.33 in 2003 (with strong growth since then until 2009, is likely to have increased further) (OECD, 2010).	4	5	5	0.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e30e50a110bf97c20ae1fff0b7a3966e	Notwithstanding the fact that an integrated policy process can benefit greatly from the recognition of diverse interests, circumstances, sociocultural contexts and expectations, in practice integration remains an immense challenge (IPCC, 20l4d). While improvement of womens livelihoods, for example, is undeniably a necessary condition for inclusive and sustainable development, such an initiative sometimes clashes with social norms and cultural values. In some communities in India, for example, participation of women in the labour force has decreased, in spite of rapid economic growth in recent years.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	e30e8fd061c26bb7d17a8e9859118247	It covers all classroom teachers in municipal schools (as well as those in schools with delegated administration) who have at least one year of professional practice. Teachers are assessed every four years, unless their previous evaluation identified poor performance (in which case, they are evaluated more often, see below). The evaluation refers to performance in the specific year in which the evaluation occurs.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	e316ec550e82557f5d66641312051146	However, LGUs do not allocate sufficient resources, lack the capacity to forecast, procure or deliver contraceptives and/ or oppose performing this task on religious grounds (Rauhala, 2008). A large percentage of total requirements (skewed towards contraceptive pills and sterilization kits) have historically been provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), but since its phase-out in 2008, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has provided pills and injectables as a stopgap measure on a cost-share arrangement with local governments. Commercial suppliers focus on the top end of the market, while social marketing organizations, often supported by USAID to reduce the burden on LGU budgets and ensure availability of contraceptives, are interested in lower-middle and upper-low income families, leaving the low-priced segment less well served (Connell et al, 2005).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/78349259-en	e31850148b55f4371abcdc2506324bde	Community based organizations could be engaged in these measures, some of which could even be turned into remunerative activities. For long term food security, the governments may consider providing support for the participation of small scale food producers in a new green food revolution that gives high priority to revitalizing small scale food production based on ecologically viable systems. In fact, the next stages in agricultural development will need to involve conserving natural resources, recycling carbon, and ensuring that soils retain vital nutrients.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e8741432-en	e31995ab760b222562a428ec28abedc2	They include altered ecosystems and habitats; detrimental impacts on agriculture, potentially leading to food shortages; and more and longer lasting weather extremes and natural disasters, along with numerous risks to society. Therefore, the regional estimates do nc add up to the total. Data collected over two decades show that the growth in global emissions has accelerated, rising 10 per cent from 1990 to 2000 and 38 per cent from 2000 to 2012, driven mostly by growth in the developing regions.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6c2a96a5-en	e31d32e8e68c2e7649def7151c6345c0	The most common causes include contaminated poultry products, and poor hygiene during food handling and manufacturing. Launching of the national salmonella control programme is underway and will enable Albania to build capacity for managing public health risks at the human-animal interface. As already noted, though incidence rates are decreasing, they remain high by order of magnitude as compared with the EU and CEEC averages.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/b3c0a12e-en	e31d70caa6d32c0b40c5d9d723f9a00a	In Europe, intra-national disparities in educational attainment and achievement are often larger than disparities across countries (Balias and others, 2012). Often, spatial inequalities account for a significant proportion of within-country inequalities. They constitute more than half of total income inequality in China, for instance, and over 30 per cent in India (ADB, 2012).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	e324296dc1e758a77639b1607104673a	This is because, in Africa and other developing country regions, the vast bulk of food is produced and consumed locally. A lesson from the recent food crisis is that as food import prices rise and global stocks drop, the need to improve local production becomes more acute. Desertification is estimated to put the food security of one billion poor people at risk, particularly in dryland areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While the explosive transfer of population from rural to urban settings can weaken the productive capacity of vulnerable agricultural sectors, experience suggests such trends can be slowed and even reversed by well designed policy interventions to improve the attractiveness of agriculture and rural livelihoods.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	e326fc37dfa18a298b1f9ce57d9f7a33	Worse still, many private sector employers prefer to hire foreign workers because they can be dismissed more easily. Some employers also believe, rightly or wrongly, that national workers are more expensive, less productive, enjoy a personal safety net, that they would resign if employment conditions were not exactly ‘right’, and that they always aspire to move into the public sector, which offers better pay and conditions. However, the underlying problems remain. They not only limit labour productivity in the GCC, but also reduce employment-creating capacity in these countries.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8464a369-en	e328d5d1e176881cfd6719824710ef75	Second, the risks that turn into damage at this initial, early stage of life have lasting effects on children's potential for well-being and future integration. Therefore, the State's role at this stage is deployed primarily in three ways: (i) direct protection of goods and services for children; (ii) protection of families so they can protect their children; and (iii) regulation of the actions that the adults in the family context can, must and cannot take regarding minors. One such violation occurs at birth and is reflected in mortality indicators.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	e3295593979517ac94ee8aa4502afbfb	However, Scotland is further behind other OECD health systems in this regard. Additional investment to accelerate this initiative should be considered. The example set by Sweden, particularly with its integration of health and social care in eHealth, could be one to follow (Box 2.7). It is a committee of Healthcare Improvement Scotland.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e32be43670a32715b75c4f0fc946fd77	Policy reforms in many OECD countries, driven by internal pressures and international trade commitments, led to a considerable reorientation of support towards less distorting forms. For the OECD area on average, the share of the most distorting support fell from 86% in 1986-88, to 74% in 1995-97 and 50% in 2009-11. The equivalent percentage in the European Union decreased from 92% in 1986-88 to 63% in 1995-97 and 25% in 2009-11 (but from a considerably higher support level). The SCT indicates the flexibility that policies accord to producers in their choices of product mixes. For example, a payment designated for only one specific commodity implies that in order to receive payment, a farmer must produce that commodity. Alternatively, payment may be provided for any commodity in a designated group (for example, any crop within a cereal group), or simply to any commodity without distinction.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	e32db9c2c5c50bf805566988004574f8	This demands more knowledge exchange and gender-related discussions and should be undertaken in conjunction with a more practical approach to gender needs, for example, by providing educational spaces and practical tools to enable women to access education. This can lead to long-term strategic changes in education. This perspective can be especially useful in the context of developing countries (Moser, 1993).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	e32e9d2dd3a9e269f69749f468eb0ae8	This is not an easy task when class size varies greatly due to the existence of rural or remote schools. Difficulties also emerge in the consideration of students’ and schools’ needs in the formula (e.g. curriculum requirements, school equipment, students’ learning pace). A balance needs to be struck between a simple formula, which might fail to capture everything, and a sophisticated formula, which might be difficult to understand and adjustment might result in unexpected and unwelcomed results.	4	0	11	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-7-en	e3308cf44e68f26372baeb73a9732ab1	Kazakhstan has made important strides in institutionalizing its gender machinery, which is led by the National Commission on Women's Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments. Yet, further steps are needed to clarify roles and responsibilities of different governmental stakeholders, and strengthening the capacities and resources of all government agencies and actors - namely the Secretariat of the National Commission on Women’s Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy - in gender-sensitive policy making, implementing and monitoring. This chapter assesses the overall institutional framework - institutions ’ mandates, the allocation of resources, institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms -for furthering gender equality in Kazakhstan.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	e3331030d0b7d9096d839e9e5e7c8f4f	This may be seen as a positive factor, in encouraging urban administrators to be ambitious on behalf of their cities and the provinces they serve, but it also carries certain disadvantages. For example, as the scoring system emphasises infrastructure development and population growth, local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the 2009 Adjustment of Orientation Master Plan to Develop Viet Nam’s Urban System until 2025 with a Vision to 2050 (AOMP) and other urban strategies w'hich place a stronger focus on sustainability. Emphasis on population growth has resulted in municipalities expanding their existing administrative boundaries in order to “catch” neighbouring rural areas and convert them to urban land, so as to add to their population figures.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	e335d0df889b4d17510050c81699d65c	During the transition, the political, economic and social institutions in these formerly centrally planned economies underwent major changes which affected the distribution of public and private resources, both across and within countries. In particular, public social services crumbled in most of these countries (Bandara, Malik and Gherman, 2004), which contributed to the rise in poverty and inequalities as well as greater regional disparities, especially between rural and urban areas (Cukrowski, 2006; Anderson and Pomfret, 2004). On average, within-country income inequalities rose faster in this region than in any other between the early 1980s and the late 1990s.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	e33851e6a3db01bc126b69383fd4da55	The National Pact for Water Management is a good and timely tool for achieving this goal (Chapter 3). Those inconsistencies result from the fact that the ANA is responsible for those criteria in the main channel of a river of the federal domain, but the states are responsible for the criteria in the tributaries of that same river if those tributaries are in the state dominion. Changing these prerogatives would require constitutional change, political negotiations and trade-offs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	e338e557716ad4a3802660570e24edf2	Parents may drop their children off in an OSH facility before school starts and pick them up after 4 or 5 p.m. On average, children under 11 years enrolled in OSH care in Germany attend OSH care for five hours per day (ibid.). Combined with the usual school day, OSH care typically provides primary school children with more hours of education and care than in most all-day primary schools (ibid.). The preschool and primary school day usually starts at 8.30 a.m. and finishes at 4.30 p.m. except on Wednesdays, when it ends at midday. After school hours, children have access to OSH care services provided and run by municipalities and which vary widely as a result.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	e33aabe25333652debf986228e3d678e	More empirical research is required to better understand whether, and to what degree, markets for phosphorous and potassium might indeed be characterised by imperfect competition, given the relative concentration of natural reserves of these mined products. Given that the model is comparative-static with a medium-term framework, the results shown in this report refer to impacts after adjustments have taken place. Furthermore, the Armington specification of trade flows tends to make the model conservative with respect to the structure of international trade. The empirical basis for some of the model parameters, in particular with respect to the newly introduced fertiliser markets, is weak.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289348393-7-en	e33fe6f6fb0a717f3e57117bfff24667	Several models exist that could guide the work within SAICM. For instance, the Montreal Protocol's Scientific Assessment Panel produces a report every four years, documenting the state of the ozone layer, based on contributions from an ad hoc steering group of international researchers. The Protocol's Technology and Economic Assessment Panel might be an even better model, because it provides a detailed analysis of issues connected with regulated substances and groups of substances, and may (if so mandated) suggest concrete and focused action. Another relevant example is the Climate and Clean Air Coalition.	12	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	e3444ad9b516527b2f7e65d59808ca16	It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policy makers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public. That also implies assessing institutional obstacles and opportunities by identifying areas of institutional overlap and synergies in water data collection; mobilising local stakeholders when designing water information systems; fostering co-ordination between data producers and users; and encouraging multi-disciplinary approaches.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	e345f0e984b5685962a524782cd30850	This limits their access to social protection, which they may only receive thanks to their relationship with an employed spouse (Gomez, 2008) or through non-contributory transfers. As shown previously, time-use data sheds light on women's economic contribution to countries through unpaid work. These data should allow people who carry out only unpaid work to receive social security benefits —an outstanding debt to women in the region— through programmes that aim for universal social protection and which are not necessarily linked to labour market participation (ECLAC, 2016a). Hence, in order to avoid setbacks in existing policies and programmes and to continue advancing towards comprehensive care systems, the economic invisibility of unpaid domestic and care work in households must not become a factor of social exclusion.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264239487-7-en	e346f1b321ed3dec39450795e193136b	In many respects, “quality” is at the heart of the Welsh health system; this chapter describes Wales ’ already-rich health care quality architecture. The ambition for an excellent, patient-centred health system, promoting quality, access and equity is clearly there in Wales, but now tangible practical steps are needed to make the necessary changes. This chapter makes a series of recommendations to support Wales in strengthening quality assurance and quality improvement.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	e3473bb19bb9aefdab28c5c3a8bd5009	School choice can further increase inequities if mechanisms are not in place to lessen the negative effects. Czech students who struggle in school are often streamed into special schools with reduced curricula. Streaming students based on academic ability and early tracking can negatively impact their educational outcomes if education pathways do not provide high curricular standards and opportunities to transfer between tracks.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	e34c33bda2d3a73dc5b1731a9438b2d8	The promotion of proper handling practices of fishery farming products should be accompanied by increased control of the middlemen in the near future. Other programmes complement capacity building on GAP to farmers with fruit juice processing equipment and capacity building to processing companies, such as in context of a pilot project in Kuningan, West Java, led by the Ministry of Industry in cooperation with external consultants. For instance, in addition to actions in the fisheries sector aimed at improving awareness of appropriate hygiene conditions during the collection, handling and transport of fishery products, the government of Indonesia has provided assistance to selected fishermen and farmers in specific regions to obtain access to refrigeration equipment, such as ice box or cold storage equipments (Alimi, 2007; interview with Dr. T. Sudaryanto, 2011).	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	e34d11cf1350fa8a1b10304958f3b931	Furthermore, ICT enables farmers to enter new markets and gain access to digital services, such as credit or crop failure insurance, or to consult the latest weather report. All of this makes their agricultural activities both more productive, boosting marketing prospects for producers and traders, and more secure. Agricultural market information services can also be effective at the policy level, enabling the tracking of commodity prices and supplies, and ensuring greater transparency (GIZ, 2015).	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	e34d637070790feaef43a27d0ce79720	Many of the existing sharing agreements seem to be quite resilient to these variations, even if no formal allowance is made for this. The sharing of the North Sea stocks between Norway and the EU is based on an investigation carried out in the early 1980s and has withstood the test of time, with the exception of the North Sea herring already discussed. But both the North Sea herring example and the north Pacific salmon runs indicate that if changes in fish migrations are too dramatic and long lasting, agreements on stock sharing will indeed come under pressure. The example in the previous section about a stock migrating out of Country A’s area into Country B’s area is perhaps particularly pertinent to stocks straddling into the high seas, with the latter replacing Country B’s EEZ in this context.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	e34d87b47ceaddb2e414e85772e0a87c	The new early childhood policy should set clear objectives to guide the work of these agencies and other institutions involved in ECEC provision, and to support stronger monitoring and accountability. Ensure that funding is adequate and equitable. Public funding for ECEC should be increased as a central strategy to reduce poverty and improve education outcomes. Resources need to be targeted more effectively to reach the most disadvantaged cliildren and regions of the countiy and more cost-effective delivery mechanisms explored to achieve wider coverage (e.g. community and family-based programmes).	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264111356-10-en	e3574e39a419bf122e7146ecae543ea1	They should be read in connection with other indicators, in particular with indicators on the sustainable use of biodiversity as a resource (e.g. forest resources, fish resources) and on habitat alteration. It should further be complemented with information on the density of population and economic activities. The number of species known or assessed does not always accurately reflect the number of species in existence, and the definitions that should follow IUCN standards are applied with varying degrees of rigour in countries.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	e35abb3ba55bd763c21d510126c44c73	In this setting, the model is not run for one specific year, but over a 5-year average for the period 2003-07.44 This strategy maximises the country coverage and mitigates the problem of measurement errors. This traditional specification of the model has however been revised to account for the fact that (i) trade between two countries is affected not only by absolute bilateral trade costs but relatively to the trade costs among all country-pairs, and (ii) the sizes of other economies matter too - this is often referred to as “multilateral resistance”. The easiest way of controlling for “multilateral resistance” and obtaining unbiased coefficient estimates is to use country or country-pair specific fixed effects (Eaton and Kortum, 2002; Feenstra, 2004). The key drawback of this estimation method is that it precludes the inclusion in the model of explanatory variables that vary only in the country or country-pair dimensions, such as our key explanatory variables.	2	9	0	1.0
10.18356/b9f81e65-en	e35ea096ac5f4f50849c75dfe86619c7	The public should be informed of the findings. For example, the likelihood of a patient in a low-income country receiving one or more medicines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is only 19.8 per cent, compared to 54.9 per cent in an upper-middle-income country. The high price of some non-communicable disease medicines, together with the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, could make offering universal health coverage in some countries less effective, less sustainable, or otherwise financially unviable.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	e3619541094f858f3a81927b1b9f35da	Figure 8 shows that there is in fact a positive correlation between agricultural revenue and all principal variable costs in the sample farms; the positive correlation is particularly evident with respect to the total farm expenditure (which includes all working expenses and depreciation). This suggests that there is an apparent transmission of changes in production costs to agricultural revenues in livestock farming, with stabilising effect on farm incomes. However, this is not confirmed by the farm data.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	e361b1cc74ea9c31925ea989cfaa023e	Labour market regulations are seen by many as detrimental to job creation, growth and innovation. It is argued that employment protection legislation in developing countries tends to reduce the creation of formal sector salaried jobs, encourage the growth of the informal sector, and thus slow investment and growth. Therefore, reform of labour market institutions is needed to increase labour market flexibility to provide incentives for job creation. Pressure to make labour markets more flexible has been reinforced by the transfer of production and jobs to emerging economies, especially in Asia.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	e361dd263b9f2afdda1a9bc8908abc71	Lat in America and the Caribbt tan. Large and increasing productivity gaps were recently detected in Mexico (Bilo and others, 2014) and Peru (Infante and Chacaltana, 2014). It will be recalled that sectors with different productivity levels are measured using proxy indicators, on the basis of labour-market information.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	e36303353d808c0dcc5ba4081cc495b4	The first is a content issue - the failure to adequately acknowledge or address women’s unpaid work. And the third is an issue of application and remedy - the extent to which the treaty bodies are applying substantive equality to require 'levelling up’ in situations where gender inequality is present so as to achieve more transformative outcomes. While the preamble to CEDAW talks about the ‘sharing of responsibility between men and women and society as a whole' this is not operationalized in the body of the Convention other than in the reference to support for parents in the workplace.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlphd2twps1-en	e3648307a8b92b9c43469dafd7327e1a	The results for birth cohort suggest that there is not a general tendency for literacy skills to decline from one generation to the next, but that the majority of the countries examined are doing a poorer job of developing literacy skills in successive generations. Une correlation negative partielle entre le niveau a Pecrit et Page existe, les competences dans ce domaine declinant avec Page, surtout apres 45 ans, mais cette correlation pourrait mettre en evidence une combinaison d’effets lies a Page et a la cohorte de naissance. A certaines exceptions pres, les generations plus recentes presentent des niveaux plus faibles a Pecrit et les individus appartenant a une cohorte de naissance donnee perdent leurs competences a Pecrit apres leur scolarite a un rythme plus rapide que ce qu'indiquent les estimations transversales. Les resultats relatifs aux cohortes de naissance semblent indiquer qu’il n’y a pas de declin general du niveau a Pecrit d’une generation a l’autre, mais que la majorite des pays soumis a P etude parviennent moins bien a developper les competences a Pecrit de generation en generation.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	e3667abf0da65f707e3f91978e16ca4f	Normal variations in production and prices do not require any policy response and should be directly managed by farmers. Infrequent catastrophic events are beyond the capacity of farmers and thus require government involvement. Intermediate risks can be handled through market tools, such as insurance or futures markets.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en	e36c108fbed26ad4c994605cd5f75c10	Even under the Lei das Cotas, 50% of free places at public institutions will be taken up by well-off students, many of whom could afford to pay for their university education. The international evidence suggests that the introduction of fees does not reduce participation, as long as it accompanied by a decent student support system (which already exists in Brazil under the guise of ProUni and FIES, although they should then be extended to students attending public institutions as well). Alternatively, Andrade (2010) has argued that a targeted voucher system would increase the efficiency of the Brazilian higher education system, as compared with the current system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	e36d68107fabac5f5ade144cc93f12e3	The impact can be indirect (and often difficult to measure) through the influence of family supports on family and employment behaviours; but poverty rates also depend on the redistribution through taxes and transfers which generally help reduce child- and family poverty. Given this overall structure, the analysis follows a two-step approach. The first step attempts to unravel the interconnected factors which determine the trends in child poverty and focuses on the main demographic and economic factors that may explain child poverty rates after taxes and transfers.	1	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	e377ea0b98137f77a2068595bd568f5b	Priority areas for action, F. Multiple crises and other emerging challenges of the Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA). In section F, climate change is examined along with environmental sustainability, economic shocks and disaster risk reduction. The monitoring of the recommendations in this section on climate change is fairly complex, since the actions do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. In order to monitor these actions we propose, first, to identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the least developed countries (LDCs).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e37c1647dac3579aadea869487c90800	The latter include once more the provision of adequate physical and regulatory infrastructures that will enable private market participants to work with the right incentives. The issue is too complex and too comprehensive for allowing such an approach. This study therefore does not at this point contain a set of detailed policy prescriptions.	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/7fd14686-en	e37ebbc2314227025f26eac40b05818a	The annual increase in forest area was highest for Viet Nam among the GMS countries. Primary forest hasvirtually disappeared in Viet Nam except in protected areas or well-conserved forests while in Cambodia it is extremely low and in Lao PDR it is rapidly decreasing. While FRA data suggest that the primary forest area is constant in Myanmar and Thailand, it is important to note that Thailand assumes that all forests inside national parks are primary.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/09e92b30-en	e3809488658bc51d3d00ead73c98830f	As a result, the overall share of generics in pharmaceutical use in France remained around one third in 2015, despite a substitution rate close to 80% within authorised classes of drugs (Panel B). Adopting a broader list of drugs for which generics may substitute and, more generally, allowing greater use of generics, would be helpful (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Indeed, the authorities plan a limited expansion of the list of dings that generics may substitute (ministere des Affaires sociales, de la Sante et des Droits des femmes, 2015). Share in the reimbursed pharmaceutical market.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	e380c9c74304320ccbaec7f82b34fe61	But social protection does more than fill income and consumption shortfalls; it also facilitates productive investment (Barrientos, 2010) and, thus, can increase income-generating capacity. Such investment is essential for sustainable poverty reduction because those who possess the means to invest are generally better able and more willing to access credit and complementary resources and services to undertake investments in new production assets and technologies and new marketing relations, as well as in education and health care for children. This chapter explains why social protection is relevant for household productive investment, and reviews the substantial body of evidence accumulated on the effectiveness of social protection in stimulating investment. This is particularly true in sub-Saharan Africa, now and for the foreseeable future.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e384f3c72e0af3e1a532a644c7bd61ad	Imbalances in representation in policymaking may prevent the identification of and attention to critical problems and may potentially have dire consequences, since those who could have identified those problems and offered suggestions on how to resolve them were not present. Even if problems have been identified correctly, the solutions chosen may have unintended consequences for the groups that did not participate in the consultations and negotiations. Also, owing to the lack of a diversity of viewpoints, analyses may be constrained and the range of solutions less inventive. Lastly, the solutions may turn out to be—or may be perceived as being—non-representative of the very community whose problems they have been chosen to address, or they may not be adopted owing to their irrelevance and/or the lack of consensus, or, if adopted, they may ultimately turn out to be ineffective.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	e3898da12a00b4287ba09252207d9aa8	Water charges should be based on volume to provide incentives for its efficient use; they should be gradually increased to reflect capital costs, opportunity costs of water scarcity and environmental externalities. Facilitating student exchanges both at domestic and international levels is another important measure. The economies should also facilitate discussion between agricultural education institutions and the agro-industry to identify bottlenecks for sector development.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	e38a4a10b39989bba50524cd4fe5d66d	Of the remainder, some 62 percent of finance from dedicated climate funds has been targeted at Latin America and the Caribbean, reflecting the significant opportunities seen for reducing emissions in the forest sector in that region. Adaptation funding has concentrated on sub-Saharan Africa, the region likely to be most impacted by climate change, with 54 percent of approved dedicated climate finance for the period 2010-14. Bilateral donors have also allocated almost half of their adaptation-tagged finance to sub-Saharan Africa. That focus is most pronounced for the forestry sector, where 57 percent of bilateral and 75 percent of dedicated multilateral finance supports policy and administrative management, in particular for REDD+ readiness, which assists governments in developing national REDD+ plans and strategies.	13	0	10	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	e38ec04da131ee9afcf8c13e6cf02c16	Further, members of the PAP account for just over a third of all development support to Mozambique. Some of the current members (e.g. Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain) have announced that they will end their budget support, while others (e.g. Sweden) are becoming more reluctant to provide this form of support. Lastly, some members of the PAP (e.g. the UN and USAID) do not provide budget support but rather support projects and loans.	13	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	e3917805c43fddf1e9af3374dd424902	The Paris Agreement recognises that significant capacity development will be needed through 2020 and beyond to implement the current and future transparency framework. For this reason the Paris Agreement explicitly requests the Global Environment Facility to establish a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency. Many developing countries may have submitted only one BUR and undergone only one international consultation and analysis process by 2020, limiting the experience developing countries can draw on by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. Streamlining reporting and review guidelines (e.g. for national communications and biennial reports) could facilitate the technical review of reports (UNFCCC, 2015c).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	e3930f63bac5086aaf6fb108c8549d77	The guide also has sections devoted to considerations of gender-impact assessments in public spending and the implications of the lack of gender-disaggregated data. Clearly explaining such concepts and stating a valid case for their application is important for raising public awareness and provides public servants with instructions and a reference document in response to their frequently asked questions. While gender-responsive budgeting is compulsory by law, the tools needed to smartly implement it and broader gender mainstreaming are not. Yet, unless there is a legal mandate to conduct gender impact assessments in GRB and policy formulation and to collect gender-disaggregated data - these tools are typically under-utilised or overlooked.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	e3967d9afc07f86a6c8daf588c1df560	The social mix principle tries to promote a rational distribution of urban public resources and provides adequate housing for different revenue groups through city planning regulations - ensuring social equity and promoting economic efficiency. An affordable and accommodating city is a core feature of a sustainable city. For example, Vietnamese cities are struggling for the provision of open space in dense inner-city centres. In Hanoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2 (HealthBridge, 2015).	11	0	9	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	e399c842f73ac364204833e085c17636	In contrast, in Guatemala and Mexico, roughly one in every three indigenous people lives in urban zones, and in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, over half live in cities (ECLAC, 2007a). For example, infant mortality (among children under one year of age) and mortality among the under-fives is much higher among the indigenous population. Although the migration of indigenous populations to urban areas reduces infant mortality (compared to rates in rural zones), it does not close the gap on their non-indigenous counterparts. In fact, in some countries (Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica) the gap is wider in urban zones than in rural ones (see table III.9 in ECLAC, 2007a). This shows that there are lower living standards which are not an effect of a rural or urban setting, but stem from inequities based on the ethnic and racial origin of the people in question (see table 1.5).	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264086487-8-en	e39e955fa0d8c931e587d94839fdc165	In other words, students were learning in 8 months what other students were taking a year to learn. These are therefore rather substantial increases in educational productivity, especially if they can be scaled across an entire national system. For example, finding that differentiated feedback has more impact on directing future student learning than on grades may show nothing more than that systems generally do more effectively those things they are designed to do than those things they are not designed to do.	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-0fe9c6d1-en	e39f5b43cbd4dcb955bd01c4333d9755	In Kenya, elephants are fitted with satellite tracking collars enabling researchers and conservationists alike to monitor individual elephant movements and chart habitat and landscape connectivity. The collars have also reduced incidences of human-wildlife conflict by alerting rangers when the elephants leave protected areas and stray close to nearby farms. However, these technologies carry important caveats.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	e3a086d8426ad8194ce7b34779c837ab	In this respect, improving effectiveness may require co-ordinated and complementary efforts from all stakeholder groups, recognising too that there may be effectiveness tradeoffs between the urgency to scale-up climate finance in the near term and the need to build country capacity and readiness. Establishing domestic policy, institutional and accountability frameworks for climate finance takes time and needs to be country-led. In the meantime, bringing different communities and sectors together to share lessons learned and to build a consensus on how to strengthen domestic institutions for managing climate finance and how to improve the international architecture of climate finance will be a key step towards the effective allocation and delivery of resources.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	e3a0bd8bdd5aa34a28ebe9e7557dbbe9	"The fragmentation of education governance makes it difficult for subsystems to share resources and also hinders the smooth shift of resources from one subsystem to the other when needed. Under such a governance structure, holistic ""whole-system” change is difficult to implement. Ambiguity in education leadership together with accountability for education results not well targeted prevents any major reform in Uruguay’s education system. Only small and incremental change is feasible under the current governance arrangements."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	e3a19d3925110a5204813000179ae9cd	In a subsequent infringement suit, the Federal Circuit found that the claim had been narrowed in scope to the use of HPMC as release agent. Generic competitors were free to use buproprion hydrochloride in combination with release agents other than HPMC. A claim “comprising” elements A and B is open in its literal meaning to an additional element C, as long as C does not modify the overall character of the invention. Third parties producing a generic substitute comprising elements A, B, and C are therefore likely to be held liable for infringement of the literal scope of the patent.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	e3a8a3b7e8b11609e9618d9a5f6cf53a	Besides, it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators. This can lead to retaining control of how subnational authorities implement water policy, as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system, at the expense of other elements. There is no optimal design for an indicator-based performance measurement system in the water sector. Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. To use such information optimally, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a793e2be-en	e3a936fb0e9518657f4175088d2ab51b	However, high-growth fields such as science, technology and engineering remain male dominated. Gender wage gaps persist and women are underrepresented in corporate leadership. Affordable childcare and family-friendly policies that include paid paternal leave are needed to address women's time constraints.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	e3aa0da24e370dbf5f5d851ae861faf0	In the formal sector, it seems evident that the main conclusion is as shown in table 6: mothers do not appear to experience wage penalties. In the infonnal sector, the largest motherhood penalty is found among mothers of three or more children, since the estimated predicted natural log of the hourly wage difference is significant and is eqtral to 0.32. About 47% is explained by differences in endowments, while 53% of the decomposition is unexplained.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/dcr-2013-10-en	e3ac4813ab258de488752a68c4aa0b80	Government schemes like the Rural Employment Opportunities for Productive Assets,8 as well as non-governmental programmes such as BRAC’s9 Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) and the Chars Livelihood Programme (Box 6.2),10 have shown how social protection instruments can give the boost households need to escape the poverty trap. Nearannual monsoon floods deposit fertile silt that supports the agriculture on which the majority of residents depend. The floods and associated erosion, however, can also leave families homeless and contribute to disease and lack of employment; they often force Char dwellers to migrate, rendering them even more vulnerable. It is estimated that Char households relocate between five and seven times each generation.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264284425-7-en	e3ac6c7ec4917212f826ebcfdf9270d7	Chile’s schools should recruit highly qualified graduates, offer continuing professional development and ensure career advancement, as w'ell as attractive working conditions and salaries (Schleicher, 2011). These issues have included the important role of school leadership, the initial preparation and professional development of teachers, and opportunities for improvement through teacher evaluation and assessment. The 2004 OECD review of Chilean education, and other OECD work on the quality of teacher education and teaching practice in Chile carried out since then have studied teacher evaluation, teacher careers and, more recently, the effective use of school resources in Chile. Both the 2004 review and recent OECD work have found that Chile has taken significant action and made significant progress in reforming the education system (OECD 2004; Santiago et al., The OECD recognises that Chile’s teacher workforce, as in other countries, is highly differentiated. This means that teachers have different roles and different pay according to where they teach and the demands placed on them.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fd217899-en	e3ae72a7d58b4097667c4cab0acd515d	First, because service buyers are paying for a service that is dependent on specific land use practices, they will want to be certain that they are entering in a contract with those who are able to determine land use over the long term. Second, because ecosystem services often involve a considerable investment, for example planting trees, service sellers are unlikely to participate unless their rights to the land are strong enough to guarantee that their investment will not be lost. This reluctance has been seen by the forest communities in Northern Thailand who have opposed payments for carbon sequestration citing concerns about unresolved land tenure arrangements. Early PES-related schemes in Viet Nam faced similar difficulties.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	e3b01443bf0419f5fbf30bcaf3eb7cfe	The United Kingdom’s Care Quality Commission (see Section 1) offers a model to consider. Arrangements in Italy are a model of particular interest. There, the National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety has been established that identifies transferable learning from adverse events in hospitals and clinics, and organises workshops and materials to share good practices. The Observatory has been very effective by raising awareness among health care professionals and nurturing a culture of change across the w'hole country (OECD, 2015c).	3	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	e3b2bbd2e299c952e3ee209fc948a866	The waiver, which will last initially for 15 years from the date of adoption, releases WTO members from their legal obligation to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all trading partners (General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article II) when granting trade preferences to LDCs. It effectively operates as a new LDC-specific enabling clause’ for trade in services. As such, the waiver is meant to promote LDCs’ service trade in sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export interest to them. More favourable treatment with respect to other measures, such as those relating to national treatment, domestic regulations defined in Article VI:4 and other obligations under the GATS, requires prior approval by the WTO Council on Trade in Services (WTO 2013).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e3b6073533b1986aaeeca2d36837a2b5	The Malay, Chinese and Indians constitute the major ethnic groups in the state. The common languages of Penang, depending on social class and circles as well as ethnic backgrounds, are English, Penang Hokkien, Tamil and Malay. Between 1970 and 2000, young people of the 0-14 age group made up 41.10% of the total population, decreasing to 26.90% in 2000 and an estimated 26.30% in 2010.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089006-en	e3b6126055c82981cc7b6c3a9ecfc443	Catalonia and its universities need to view job creation as a key goal for innovation and adopt a wide innovation concept beyond science push. At the regional and institutional level stronger incentives for regional engagement could be provided through performance-based funding and “challenge-driven” competitive calls. There is also a need to monitor the rate of return and effectiveness of public investment in research and innovation.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	e3b70470bf17e89479dd21d78c846b84	Households have different numbers of children at potentially different stages of schooling. Many poor households also engage in strenuous manual labour which requires the expenditure of more energy than is generated by the diets on the basis of which the average poverty line is constructed. Health expenses are increasingly coming to be recognized as a common cause of families’ falling into poverty.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	e3ba59bb57cbeebf5e0e25e6cde6355d	As “consistency” is one of the aims of the Paris Agreement transparency framework, current review practices and guidelines may need to be revised in order for technical expert reviews under the Paris Agreement to assess progress in this area. Corresponding figures for the technical review of Annex II countries’ second biennial reports were that 19 countries reported “complete” or “mostly complete” information on climate support, and 18 countries reported information on climate support that was ‘transparent” or “mostly transparent”. Thus, several countries are still struggling to ensure full transparency of information communicated on climate support (UNFCCC, 2016).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	e3bbac10d0d9884ef8f67596e6c39c27	Source: OECD Income Distribution Database. For example, over the period 2005-2010, the proportion of low-income Canadians is halved after one year, and only 1.5% of them lived in low-income for up to 6 years based on the Low-income Cut-Offs (LICO) after tax (Government of Canada, 2016|ij). However, poverty is often assessed by measuring the number of Canadians with low-incomes.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/469d7fec-en	e3bc76383a20c0e8ecab5e88187a1c34	Thus, these different estimates make it challenging to establish an aggregate overview of climate finance provided and mobilised in the UNFCCC context. However in order to enable and enhance clarity and transparency in reporting on climate finance flows, support and effect thereof it is important to encourage information sharing from a relevant and verified sources, including those outside the UNFCCC context. For systems still under development (e.g. TOSSD), it is too soon to assess whether they will be able to identify “climate” finance, or finance that has been mobilised by developed countries.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/efd3bf00-en	e3c0f32d2f4061004ec65fb9af2c0efa	Workers in the informal sector are insufficiently covered by social protection, or not covered at all. Many other people—from members of ethnic minorities with disabilities to homeless migrants and people living in the most extreme poverty—suffer from overlapping disadvantages. In chapter I, it was highlighted that social protection systems consisting only of social insurance programmes and means-tested social assistance leave a sizeable proportion of the population—the so-called missing middle—without coverage.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	e3c12b7b1ec6f5f1b27be0833600395b	They are now significantly better than for India or countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Chronic non-communicable diseases now account for an estimated 80 per cent of total deaths (Wang, et al. Only the last is disproportionately associated with poverty, but in China, it is also strongly linked to smoking which is still widely prevalent.	1	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	e3c3d8c9aea39c85651b9d69bcdae421	Moral hazard arises when individuals can influence the risk being insured; and this happens when, given the possibility of receiving higher benefits, the duration of unemployment and the chances of severance tend to increase. That effect has been detected in empirical studies performed in Canada, France, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Despite those positive effects, the studies in question made various assumptions about the level of moral hazard, risk aversion and the possibilities of saving and lending money, which are not necessarily valid in all circumstances and countries, but can alter some of the findings.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	e3c83d389e70e4a092d4f6801d80c612	With a total length of 120 km. It discharges into the Orontes River at the confluence with the Afrin River north of Antakya (see Overview Map). The annual flow volume of the Karasu is approximately 40 MCM/yr.” Precipitation in the basin ranges from around 300 mm/yr (the mean annual rainfall at Aleppo, Syria, is 332 mm) to around 800 mm/yr,'2 with highs in December and January and lows in June and July (Figure 3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	e3c8eef3c43b1ea4ef6dbf8d3cb9385b	Table 4.3 provides a few estimates of the scope of the problem, specifically in agriculture regions.7 Other countries, like Mexico, have experienced unauthorised use, eased in particular by the use of falsified well and concession registration, and which could represent up to 50% of total concession authorisations in the Valley of Mexico (OECD, 2013b). In Spain, efforts to complete an inventory and the registration of all wells in the 1990s at an estimated total cost of EUR 66 million led only to partial results in 2001 (Fornes et al., Some of the river basin management plans, like that of Guadalquivir, explicitly expressed the goal of combatting illegal abstraction, but have not been able thus far to address the problem completely, in part because of the complexities of enforcement and the low impact of fines and legal consequences (ECA, 2014; EEA, 2013). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	e3c9a2226f05cae4a6ba82d48f83fbcf	However, the issues associated with externalities did not disappear. One particularly stark example is provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), whose research indicates that globally, every year three million deaths are caused by ambient air pollution and by particulate matter released mainly through the burning of coal or biomass. Add to this the impact of household air pollution, much of which could be avoided by the provision of clean electricity, and the number of deaths per year rises to over seven million.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264212664-en	e3cb13971f5892a8c30c288afd8b312e	The delay between development and construction can last up to five years for large-scale utility renewable projects (Kalamova, Kaminker and Johnstone, 2011). For small-scale projects, transaction costs related to approval processes can be high both in relative and in absolute terms. For example, in 2008, the average waiting time needed to develop small scale PV projects in EU countries could reach 50 weeks, 50% of which was often due to waiting for the permit (IEA, 201 la).	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/967bd43c-en	e3cb257082247501fc11513313d74d9d	In addition, the same new provision 60A stipulates that anyone who makes a primary or secondary school girl pregnant is liable to thirty years’ imprisonment. There are significant challenges relating to legal pluralism and contradictions in different statutory laws which need to be addressed in order to prevent CEFM. As already mentioned, Tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages. Applying different types of laws to marriages allows for promotion of certain practices which may drive early and forced marriages. Disharmony in the country’s laws has also given rise to various legal contradictions. The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda stipulates the age at which one can enter into marriage, which is at 18 years.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	e3cc430759c4d71f53bf78e19d5424be	They have a degree of political autonomy and are administered by elected representatives. The average population of each borough is around 21000, twice as high as in the previous division, which simplifies interactions with the municipal level and enables capacity building in each borough on matters relevant to road safety. While the whole city's transport and street network is planned and managed by the CML, the municipality has delegated maintenance responsibilities to the boroughs. For instance, formal agreements established by the CML with the boroughs of Arroios, Beato, Belem, Benfica and Misericordia has led to the upgrading of almost 150 pedestrian crossings. The CML provided funding, technical guidance and supervision, and the boroughs selected the target crossings, developed the designs and did all the construction, ensuring proper communication and consultation with local stakeholders along the way. At the same time, since 2014 the city has begun addressing its pressing ageing challenges in a comprehensive manner by deploying strategies in a variety of policy areas.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2014-6-en	e3cf95a16798b82f74ec917ef86cda51	Indicator Al shows the level of attainment, i.e. the percentage of a population that has successfully completed a given level of education and the relationship between level of attainment and the acquisition of basic skills. Graduation rates in Indicators A2 and A3 measure the estimated percentage of younger adults who are expected to graduate from a particular level of education during their lifetimes. Completion rates from upper secondary programmes in Indicator A2 estimate the proportion of students who enter a programme and complete it successfully within a certain period of time.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/39291afb-en	e3d0c04c302de88bde353c9e89a1e817	The surveys generally contain observations on households with incomes close to zero, which, in addition to households that have scarce resources, also include those who did not respond to income questions or misreported extremely low values. Given that the income declared in the survey is scaled up under the simulation, the presence of observations with income equal or very close to zero can affect the results significantly. On the one hand, three countries in the region (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) already have extreme poverty levels below 3%, and Costa Rica and Peru would need less than 1.5% growth per year, without distributive change.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	e3d2ab02c61792440b2df1f1c292f084	The principles are applied mostly through the National Duties Law that defines and sets the rates for water abstraction and water pollution charges. But, as discussed later, many users do not pay for water and water pollution, because they are either exempted, under-report consumption or pollution, or abstract water or discharge wastewater illegally. In the case of the Water-Pays-for-Water principle, the Law on Contributions for Improvements Generated by Federal Public Works of Water Infrastructure (Ley de Contribucion.es de Mejoras por Obras Publicas Federates de Infrastruclura Hidraulica) establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure but it has never been applied.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	e3d3f0b9410e8e0ab03afc3f53dc50ee	It should be noted that a “work opportunity” is a short-term job, i.e. these figures have not been converted to full-time equivalents. As shown in Table 3.5, in 2006/07, the EPWP wage bill was less than R1 billion which should be seen in comparison to the Unemployment Insurance Fund that paid out R2.8 billion that year or the value of Social Assistance Grants which was R57 billion that same year (National Treasury, 2009). Poverty reduction, addressing unemployment, skills development, and service delivery are stated objectives of the EPWP, although various documents and stakeholders articulate and emphasize these differently. In the EPWP foundation documents there is no explicit mention of social protection, rather it is projected that providing temporary employment and training will lead on to further gainful economic activities.	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214682-3-en	e3d4776d309a5fd5e037b5c992c9b54b	Among the countries examined in this review, Egypt, England, Iceland, Israel the Netherlands and Northern Ireland stand out as having more limited short-cycle professional participation, with university sectors and bachelor’s degrees appearing to dominate provision. But these countries appear to be the exceptions to the rule. In Canada, a substantial proportion of apprentices have high school diplomas.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4ca7e7ff-en	e3d4d9a26be0cd1bb9995f4822a4d35e	In another study of 1,394 men working for three Cape Town area municipalities, 44 per cent admitted to having abused their female partners. It is estimated that 76 per cent of women have experienced some form of sexual harassment, 40 per cent of whom left their jobs as a result.33 Although perpetrators can be indicted under a number of laws, including the Employment Equity Act, there have been few prosecutions. After the airplane death of Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994, the Hutu went on a killing spree, exterminating an estimated 800,000 Tutsi (and moderate Hutu as well) over the course of 100 days in an effort to thwart the power-sharing arrangement with Tutsi to which the president had agreed under the Arusha Peace Accords of 1993. The genocide ended when the mainly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated the remnants of the interim government and stopped the carnage.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/cc778895-en	e3d98fcc340d8fe286e3974adb31f27c	When the definition developed by Ravallion and Chen (2003) is used, then growth was pro-poor in all the periods that were studied as measured both by the poverty and the extreme poverty headcount indices. This result can be attributed to the economic stability seen during those years, the real increase in the minimum wage and the implementation of direct income transfer policies (Franga, 2010; Kakwani, Neri and Son, 2010). The results also indicate that these policies are more effective in reducing the extreme poverty headcount than the poverty headcount because, since the extreme poverty line is lower than the poverty line, it is more sensitive to policy measures.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	e3dde1f46b761cc34a2e9fd4b00e783a	For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. The 2008 financial crisis triggered the first contraction of the world economy in the post-war era. This paper investigates the effect of the economic crisis on child poverty and material deprivation across the EU-28 plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	e3dee98e1df7d872037c394313aa0123	While any remaining gap has disappeared in education, Swiss women are overwhelmingly working part-time, in classical female occupations, and are significantly under-represented as managers, board members and entrepreneurs. Controlling for observable differences, the wage gap has fallen steadily albeit slowly as women’s wages have increased faster than men’s in all but one of the last five decades. The net wage gap now sits at about 7% in favour of men, which to some extent may be attributed to gender discrimination.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	e3e0c6f79797b69c4cde4b6d0b9d5921	Tying the receipt of transfers to mothers' childrearing performance reinforces the idea that children's well-being is a female responsibility and does nothing to encourage men's involvement in parenting. If, in practice, conditionalities have no or little bearing on child development, government budgets might be better used to invest in more and better schools and primary health care centres. Recent experiences in Brazil and Egypt, for example, show that the active involvement of women's rights advocates can be a catalyst for transformation. In both cases, cash transfers were explicitly designed with women's rights in mind, tackling the limitations of existing schemes (see also Box 3.3). Unlike Bolsa Familia (see Table 3.1), however, it supports women's economic empowerment head-on by training them to take up non-traditional jobs in the growing construction industry in the region. Drawing on an understanding of some of shortcomings of conventional conditional cash transfer programmes, the Ain-EI-Sira pilot aimed to contest traditional gender dynamics that emphasize women's roles as mothers and ignore their productive roles and agency.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	e3e5259bbbbdc605687fb2c02efaee7e	The preschool teacher, the grade-one teacher, and any involved specialist (e.g. school psychologist) meet to discuss school entrants in terms of their skills, peer relations and preferences. In Norway, sharing child development information across sectors is well established at the local level. Parents play an important role in this exchange process. They can decide what information is transferred and they have to give their consent before the kindergarten can provide the information to the school.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	e3e6a616ecde6df2b806bed11198b34f	Moreover, where biodiversity offsets take a long time to mature, structuring reward purely on the delivery of biodiversity outcomes can affect the willingness of landowners to create offsets in the first place (Salzman and Ruhl, 2000). The MRV provisions used in practice frequently rely on the use of supplier self-assessments and independent third-party verification, though reporting may also be undertaken through public notification (Table 4.5). The Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia, and the Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation and Conservation Banking schemes in the United States, conversely, all require offset suppliers to self-monitor offset progression against agreed performance standards and to submit self-monitoring reports to regulators at periodic intervals (NSW OEH, 2012; DOD and EPA, 2008; USFWS, 2003).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	e3e6ff1013d303013d6310cd8fdaa614	Because they run generally profit-clearing services, the cost-savings attraction of partnering with innovative mobility services may not be very compelling. But there is room for seeking out partnerships to improve certain operational aspects of services - especially if they attract riders out of congested networks at peak times. Self-provided services are common feature in North America and, to a lower extent, elsewhere. These types of operators have generally emerged from the privatisation of commercial operators when these lost market share in the face of rising car use.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264259003-9-en	e3eb5d964088a4290de7b82b8a7a9524	This may be interpreted that people will still go see a doctor or be hospitalised if they or their doctor consider that they need it. However, this leads to significant financial burden for people in the lowest income quintile group among all enrolees of the Korean NHI. Direct payments for health care expenses resulted in approximately 1.5% of the total households sample in this study falling below the poverty line (based on the national minimum living cost set by the Korean Health and Welfare Ministry) (Lee and Shaw, 2014).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	e3ed76211b17c20a6ad776cdbce7240e	This may be related to a preference for maternal care or lack of trust on formal childcare, but it may also be due to information barriers. About 24% of mothers qualifying for free access to childcare for their children through the well regarded programme Chile Crece Contigo had never heard of it, according to the 2012 ELPI survey. The government should keep publicising childcare options, thereby effectively expanding parental choice.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264281653-6-en	e3f1c8e871e96fa7c7f09dfc6ab4c1ef	In most contracts, the goal is to reach is four to five patients per hour, whilst also complying with specified quality standards. In the national health survey of 2006, for example, 31% of the population reported obtaining health services from the private sector at least once a year, regardless of their coverage under the CCSS. In 2009, 60% of the respondents stated that they preferred private health care providers (Gutierrez, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	e3f32791191cf5ea68f6ab3e7f5fa900	Even more is produced during primary and secondary wood processing. All these by-products can be used as biofuel to replace more polluting fossil fuels, thus creating a more environmentally friendly energy alternative. The CO2 emitted during direct combustion of sustainably produced biofuel is largely balanced by CO2 uptake in renewing forests (Macqueen et al, 2004; Sathre & O'Connor, 2010). Many studies indicate that the recovery and combustion of the biomass by-products associated with the lifecycle of wood-based products is the single most significant contributor to the lifecycle GHG benefits of wood-based product use (Gustavsson et al, 2006; Sathre & O'Connor, 2010).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e3f407aaf25c1ecbc8f648c97cae07e7	Reducing the teaching load for those involved in “strategic” entrepreneurship activities, such as entrepreneurship ambassadors and mentors should be considered. Governments at different levels wishing to see strong move towards entrepreneurship need to ensure adequate incentive and accountability schemes that can mobilise higher education institutions. The tasks of the resource centre could be to produce innovative and pertinent teaching material (case studies, videos, games, course contents, syllabi etc.)	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2faee448-en	e3fa30a68e786c7f2b876945dc75b41e	Women’s work, both paid and unpaid, is critical for the survival and security of the family and important route through which families escape from poverty. It is also critical to women’s empowerment. Expansion of national policies and programs to provide support for care of children, people with disabilities, and the elderly is an important intervention to enable women and men to participate equally in paid employment and women and family empowerment as well as reinforcing the role of the men in the family life to allow conciliation between professional and family responsibilities. Participation in national parliaments and local governmental bodies - Equality of opportunity in politics is a human right.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e400af09135d77d46fe55a0491811ad9	Thus, a legal entity must not have subsidiaries, depend on or be able to control other entities using special tax regime; members of rural consumer co-operatives must not be members of other rural consumer co-operatives using special tax regime. This may change in the future, as one of the tax reform proposals currently under consideration includes introduction of a universal revenue declaration by physical persons as of 2017. The beneficiaries include: organisations that do not benefit from any special tax regime, do not produce or process excisable products and whose annual income at not less than 90% is generated from processing (excluding catering) of meat and meat products, processed and canned vegetables and fruits, vegetable and animal oil and fat, dairy products and cheese, flour and cereal products, animal feed, bread, baby and diabetic food.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0dfb1dfb-en	e40435472db4a8998fe82161f9ea3479	Following Iran's exploitation and diversion of shared rivers without prior notification (e.g. on the Karkheh River), the two states decided to form a joint technical committee in order to address issues of mutual concern. Iraq's Ministry of Water Resources reports that this committee holds regular meetings and organizes technical exchange visits. It can be assumed that the periodic trilateral meetings on water issues and other matters have been put on hold. A crucial issue for Iraqi-Turkish relations on the Tigris River will be the completion of the llisu Dam and reservoir as it is likely to impact overall discharge and flow regime of the river significantly especially in downstream Iraq.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	e405b0c3491da5999481aca353ab1c5f	Subsistence farmers may find themselves unable to share in the market-based growth for lack of skill and labour, which would suggest that aid interventions upgrading skills through better extension services, could greatly improve market participation and commercialisation by smallholders. Ngo (2006) confirms the importance of literacy and numeracy skills as pre-conditions for agricultural growth. Calculating the effect of educational attainment on rice productivity in Vietnam, the author finds that the returns to literacy and to holding upper secondary diplomas on rice yields are 38% and 31% respectively.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/62062f00-en	e40ad951ce61d4056149e3c25c8e3e78	Many countries also develop overarching plans with a five year interval. It is of key importance to integrate SCP into such strategic economic planning, not only in chapters dealing with environmental protection as such but also in chapters related to major economic development. This involves therefore a very complex agenda of reorienting economic systems, consumer preferences and producer behaviours.	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	e40c1efb5496fd64596be59123ff2ec5	It has continued despite professed commitments by the global community to the Millennium Declaration. The situation has deteriorated with the ongoing financial and economic crisis. While the timing and sustainability of economic recovery continue to be debated, job recovery and better work conditions will lag considerably behind, with adverse consequences for real incomes and living conditions.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	e41001ff0b68029eda9dc536e5da1639	Farmers were provided with subsidised inputs (high-yielding seeds, fertilisers and pesticides) and concessional credits, and supported with extension services and upgraded irrigation systems. The increase in government revenue resulting from the rise in oil prices during the 1970s made all this possible. Extension services went through a variety of restructuring phases.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	e4115d5320c568c61e3b82164d8a0caf	The new Act is very much in the spirit of the Aarhus Convention. However, there is a further need to reinforce public participation, in particular at the scoping and screening stages. The screening mechanism should be simplified and clarified, for example by detailing the selection criteria and establishing thresholds, criteria or triggers. Changes are also needed to allow better access to the results of the assessment, not only “essential parts of the decisions”. The Act regulated procedures for SEA of sectoral policies and plans, such as those concerning energy, transport, agriculture, forest management and industry, as well as regional development and land use planning.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	e412636ac1cec6a1d5ef943b7a44f18e	Examples of such initiatives are the CST initiative (Box 7), the Lake Chad Sustainable Development Support Program (PRODEBALT) (Appendix B), and the GGWSSI (Box 6). The CST initiative includes management of ecosystems and ecosystem services, as well as equitable use of natural resources and agrobiodiversity, while PRODEBALT aims to restore the productivity of the Lake Chad's ecosystems (CATIE, n.d.; Working across forestry and agriculture ensures that ecosystem functions are taken into account and that practices related to protection, restoration, and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and processes are taken into account (Munang et al. However, in relation to agriculture, EbA is the implementation of agricultural management practices that use biodiversity, ecosystem services or ecological processes (at field, farm or landscape level) to build robust food systems and reduce and adapt to the impacts of climate change and climate variability (Vignola etal.,	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2c8682bc-en	e413333b38fd2d7ee195484a378d336c	Some measure of the market wage is generally taken as the benchmark. Three possible criteria come up here: (i) the global substitution method, in which the average wage for every kind of domestic activity is taken as a benchmark; (ii) the specialized substitution method, where the benchmark taken is the wage for the specific domestic activity; (iii) opportunity cost, whose benchmark is the wage that might be received by the person carrying out the domestic activity if they participated in the labour market. Is it valid to equate these activities, when they are carried out under very different conditions and norms?	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	e41557aa0b324a814a36373cbf6830fa	There also tends to be wide differences in the type of alcohol consumed: the most frequently consumed is beer, followed by spirits which is consumed by 60% of men and 37% of women. Twelve percent of men and five percent of women drink homemade alcohol (CEFIR, 2010). These data do not represent the total death toll attributable to alcohol as they do not include injuries and violent deaths caused by alcohol or deaths from chronic diseases for which alcohol is a risk-factor.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5d345c92-en	e41562faff304622ff29031ddbfef33d	Air drops delivering supplies, for example, can exclude the young, the elderly and persons with disabilities. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, 70 per cent of fatalities in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and 80 per cent of those in Sri Lanka, were women. In 1991, following cyclone Gorky in Bangladesh the majority of those who died were women. Women also accounted for 61 per cent of total deaths during Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008.9 Women are also disadvantaged during relief operations. However, they are rarely passive victims.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	e415f3f274f07b4e3db5a8c4fe7b27cc	The strong recovery in prices was triggered by increased demand mainly from China and oil exporting countries but also by lower supplies that contracted in some regions in response to low profitability in the previous year and weather impacts on production in the Southern hemisphere producing countries. The European Union also has been restrained in the export of dairy products from higher intervention stocks. In 2010, fundamentals indicate a recovery in demand with improved economic prospects and market confidence.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	e4180bf3803ccf9ce680f40d8562ee48	A diversity of funds can have advantages, allowing for specialisation, for example, by focusing on LDCs or on aspects of climate action such as technology. It has also facilitated mainstreaming as climate-related ODA also flows through bilateral and multilateral development programmes. At present climate finance under the UNFCCC is delivered through funds that serve as the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. The Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility are the operating entities of the Convention.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e41ca1e3a7f64dc1cd28d122bfbaf69c	Capital intensive investment projects and businesses identified by the MECF as potentially harmful should present an ESIA, with the Department of Environmental Conservation being part of the proposal assessment team. The investor is not allowed to carry out business causing environmental pollution, including water or air pollution, on the land he is entitled to lease or use - a provision also mentioned in Notification 39/2011. Deforestation rates varied over time between 2% in 1975-89, 7% in 1989-98 and 3.2% in 1998-2006. Fire wood production, illegal logging and agricultural land expansion constitute the main sources of deforestation. The permanent forest estate consists of reserved forests, protected public forests and protected forests (Table 9.10). The first two categories are established for both conservation and production purposes and can be categorised as community forest.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/cdc2482b-en	e41cbc643f1f689273eb39d18c4e0b0a	This indicator casts a wide net to measure equity, as it is meant to be applied to all other SDG 4 indicators with available data, and measures equity over a range of dimensions (such as gender, socio-economic status and location). In particular, it enables the same indicator to be analysed across multiple equity dimensions. For example, applying Global indicator 4.5.1 to Global Indicator 4.1.1 shows that students’ ability to perform at least at PISA level 2 in mathematics is relatively weakly associated to their gender, but remains strongly determined by the location of students' schools (rural or urban) in the majority of OECD and partner countries, and by socio-economic status as measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS1) in all OECD and partner countries (Figure 2). For example, measuring the gender parity index associated with SDG 4 indicators confirms that students' gender does not influence children’s participation in education one year before the primary entry age (SDG 4.2.2) in all OECD countries, and is weakly associated with the ability of 15-year-old students to perform at least at PISA Level 2 in mathematics (SDG 4.1.1).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	e4240f8009aad71cad31186dc892b0b5	Setting the right price is a complex exercise, with the rapidly decreasing cost of the technologies, and particularly in young markets where government capacity in the design of FiTs may be low and there may be asymmetry of information between regulator and companies. Partly as a result of their experience with fossil-fuel technologies, developing countries tend to have greater experience in using traditional procurement methods than with support mechanisms specific to clean energy. If used in combination with long-term power purchasing agreements (PPAs), tenders can be an alternative way to attract private investment in clean energy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	e4256368de306d9435d0ea96e95240f2	Hence, teachers and administrative leadership need to be supported in implementing strategies to promote inclusive learning and in learning how such strategies can be designed in ways that benefit all students. Policies aimed at fostering inclusivity need imbedded flexibility. While the National Agency for Education offers online learning modules to support teachers and other staff in inclusive education, these modules might not reach all teachers and schools.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bfebcb08-en	e4264e0a488d46f2cc3a2376e20d6775	The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the principle of “progressive realization”, as do conventions on children and disabilities. Realizing its aspirations, including to leave no one behind, will depend greatly on scaling up resources and development strategies. First, extending quality essential services to all upholds human rights.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56f09402-en	e42894b3d1e6c0184b8389aab89cb513	The programme provides work-oriented guidance (four-month workshops) and training in various fields, in order to boost workforce insertion of low-income young people who are not in education or employment. It also offers job placement services, apprenticeships and support for the development of productive enterprises, while encouraging recipients to complete their studies (Repetto and Potenza DalMasetto, 2012). The Dominican Republic launched its Youth Job Programme (created in 2003) with the aim of improving the employability of low-income young people aged 16 to 29 who are in vulnerable situations, through theoretical courses and practical job training that are then combined with an apprenticeship in a company.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	e42dc33ec8b40385734d7a9ab020162a	Prepara Ami ba Scrvisu (Preparing Us for Work), in Timor-Leste. The primary objective was to provide out-of-school men and women ages 16-30 with workforce development training in their rural communities to reduce urban migration. The job-readiness preparation programme combined formal instruction with practical on-the-job training.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	e42ef8260933ebb8905a16b22e2a6631	This trend is likely to continue with global markets for solar thermal energy, photovoltaic and wind power projected to grow by 20% per year until 2020 (BMU, 2009). Being among the largest producers of environmental goods and services, w'ith the second largest market share in global trade of climate protection related products after China amounting to more than 12%, Germany benefits substantially from this development (BMU, 2012). With an export share of RES equipment of around 80%, Germany is highly exposed to this competition and firms have difficulty preserving their markets.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/00287855-en	e4317879cd48eeba00f25ccd824b8f88	This classification, and the way they are subsequently handled within the definitions, concepts, and thresholds established in the 1994 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures has meant that managing fisheries subsidies through multilateral trade regulations at the WTO has been difficult to date. Negotiations to clarify and improve disciplines on fisheries subsidies were then formally started at the Doha Ministerial Conference in 2001 and, following the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference of 2005, text proposing an entirely new set of sector-specific disciplines for fisheries subsidies within the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures was proposed by the Chairman of the Negotiating Group on Rules in 2007. Disagreement within the group over many issues resulted in a systematic revision process being undertaken in 2009 but there has been no further progress.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b505e041-en	e432f583bd13ef90f3f61be385b95a80	This is dependent on the sociodemographic characteristics of the poor, such as their age, education, occupation, migrant status, social group (whether SC/ST or not),7 gender and salary status. Specifically, it is assumed that the higher their education, the more skilled their occupation, the younger their age, the more they contribute to the city economy. Also, the salaried contribute more to the city economy.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-5-en	e4380fe8da2b4e95d5663ba23b0d4325	Immediate action is needed to make Vietnamese roads safer through better regulated motorcycle traffic, address noise and air pollution through promoting the use of e-bikes and e-scooters, and allocate a greater proportion of the real cost of car usage to the owners of the vehicles themselves, particularly through fiscal measures such as congestion and parking charges. Longer-term transport investments should explore such financing means as public-private partnerships and value capture mechanisms. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) initiatives in Ha Noi and elsewhere require specific efforts to harmonise with the principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and intermodal connectivity to ensure ridership and maximise the investment benefit. Nonetheless, under the unprecedented urbanisation process, access to affordable and high-quality housing is one of the foremost challenges for Viet Nam’s urban areas.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	e4381e31fc729a748360c4a0782f53de	There are also small enterprises that specialize in the processing of high-value timbers that are very scarce in the natural forests, such as rosewood (rosul), which is highly valued on the international market. In the south of the country, the industry is based on the processing of whitewood (polo bianco). Qt/Portal/Home.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	e4384018bf74185c4c999ea48220c9d3	Next to these market fundamentals there are other factors that may contribute to price volatility. For more information see Chapter 2 Special Feature: What is driving price volatility? While weather shocks, pests or other natural calamities and limited access to technologies play an important role, those factors are exacerbated by often poorly functioning markets that could smooth out local production shortfalls. Poor infrastructure, high transport costs, absence of credit or insurance markets may compound the initial difficulty. For exporting countries heavily dependent on agricultural commodities, exceptionally low prices will have immediate balance of payments impacts, but beyond that, uncertainty may curtail investment and affect capacity utilization.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	e43a051659e27c96850b5cadaba98416	Using available growth forecasts, we estimate that compared to the business-as-usual scenario (scenario i), the average income per capita annual growth rates for the 108 countries included in the SIGI ranking would increase by 0.03 percentage point in the upgrade in the SIGI classification scenario (scenario ii), by 0.2 percentage point in the best-in-region scenario (scenario iii) and by 0.6 percentage point in the gender parity scenario (scenario iv). Annex I presents country examples using regional lowest performers in the SIGI, which are Albania, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Sudan, Turkey and Yemen. The simulation findings show sizeable income gains for each scenario.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	e43a225c4851d80a366cea35c9c83b38	"On the participatory side, municipalities were given the right to establish councils of stakeholders or municipal boards. Municipalities can also establish other institutional means of participation through the passing of local constitutions or ""organic laws."" One of the most widely reported local approaches to this challenge in Brazil is the participatory budget. The essential element of this institution is the democratic discussion and allocation of the investment budget of the city."	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea8c16ef-en	e43ef820936f54b748c0f9d26f2d64ce	Reframing concepts and redefining traditions around female genital mutilation are strategies used by several countries. In Kenya, for example, alternative rites of passage have been developed to preserve the positive sociocultural aspects of the ritual without requiring girls to undergo female genital mutilation. Most countries, even those with high levels of child marriage, have established legal minimum ages for marriage.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	e4400ad1bcad821b0ed819fae80d855c	For instance, across OECD countries, eight out of ten students report that their teachers tell them what they have to learn in every lesson, and seven out of ten students have teachers who ask questions in every lesson to check that students understand what they are learning. However, according to students, this practice is used only occasionally, as fewer than one in three students in OECD countries report that their teachers use this practice frequently in their lessons. Figure 3.4 shows the reported frequency of both teacher-directed and student-oriented instructional strategies for mathematics.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	e4414927bcd71bd332e4a74dad05d4b0	These uses should however be taken into account in water resource management (e.g. through environmental flow and quality requirements for environmental purposes). In the case of agriculture, water consumption occurs through evapotranspiration and harvesting of crops. In the case of hydropower, water consumption includes the additional evaporation that results from the increased surface of the water body impounded by the dam.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	e442106dd7a5960e5058711a905947e7	For instance, irrigated areas in Armenia dropped in half between the 1980s and 2014 - from 300 000 ha to 150 000 ha, which may be partly due to a changing climate (Melkonyan, 2015). Source: IEA (2016); World Bank (2016). Seven INDCs (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) also include sections on adaptation plans and/or actions, although their contents, format and timeframes differ significantly.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	e4449fc0aabeabc588874bcea4bce395	Development banks, on the other hand, have been increasingly called upon: for example, the EBRD in Eastern and Central Europe, where commercial lending for water has been drying up, has had a boom year in 2009. Areas where ODA can have a catalysing effect include reducing bottlenecks in the sector, supporting the financial planning process, ensuring access to services by the poor and supporting the development and use of risk-management mechanisms that can help attract private funding (and local private funding in particular). While revenues from the 3Ts can dose the financing gap for WSS, the role of repayable finance is only to bridge the financing gap, since it requires subsequent compensation in the form of interests or dividends.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289338578-7-en	e4465a3d4dd28e43bedc4be6f38c8ebd	"The preconditions for the activities in the Norwegian Food Bank is that donated food shall not be packed or repacked or relabelled, making other regulations less relevant for the operation of the Food Bank. As the food will not be distributed and sold under new labels as ""frozen food"", the spesific regulations about freezing of food (EU regulation on freezing of food) will be irrelevant. All food labelled with ""use by date"" must be frozen before this date has passed, keeping all original informations on the product. Products labelled with ""best before date"" have no limit on the date for freezing."	2	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	e4487fab43f666691aa126fbd8da21d7	Uncertainty about future risk groups as well as health-related altruism contributes to a more robust public financing. Public funding will be harder to maintain the greater variability there is in disease risk, the greater the proportion of the population that is at high risk of disease, and the more costly the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The role of the public sector in health care insurance and provision is significant in all developed countries and more prominent in the Nordic countries than in most other countries. Hence, the price mechanism will not fulfil its role of allocating resources to and within the health sector.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	e448b99f3be4583de7609acae0bf2940	After 20 years, the Consortium now tracks 80% of the graduates from Italian institutions and the results (published and accessible online at www.almalaurea.it) are returned to higher education institutions to help them further develop and fine-tune their provision of programmes. Since September 2012 in the United Kingdom, would-be students have had access to information on the universities they are considering. For the first time, students can get additional help choosing a university as they can access detailed sets of information and make comparisons between institutions using Key Information Sets (KIS) published on the Unistats site.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e448f63550b783182f8b7d5393be45dc	It matters whether a capacity margin is constituted by nuclear generation capacity, gas- or oil-fired capacity that can be brought on-stream at will or intermittent renewables. Renewable energy that constitutes a growing share of generating capacity in OECD countries might instead not be available when needed. The intermittency of renewable energies (especially wind and solar) which are governed by the weather and not by the needs of electricity consumers creates serious stress for power generation infrastructures and has lead to the distinction between gross capacity margins and “reliably available capacity”. A power system must provide stable amounts of baseload power and cover peak demand at all time.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	e44a17823693eaae351b1509a02b6b68	The government is committed to enlisting public support for efforts to adapt to climate change. Regional co-operation with neighbouring countries on nature and water conservation has been boosted within the context of the “Grande Region” and the International Commissions for the Protection of the Moselle and the Sarre. Despite some delays, Luxembourg transposed the main European environmental directives into its domestic legislation during the period under review.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269064-4-en	e44ba3e4848c8d3a9359a8c281d78d14	However, maintaining these processes to manage point source pollution is essential and must not be abandoned. Diffuse pollution from stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows is an ongoing challenge for cities. Climate change will exacerbate existing water quality challenges, due to altered precipitation, flow and thermal regimes, and sea level rise, which will mean water authorities and water and sanitation utilities will be confronted by further economic and operational challenges. However, freshwater ecosystems are under immense pressure as a result of a legacy of industrial pollution and alteration of the natural morphology of water bodies, continuing pollution from diffuse sources (agricultural and urban), and an ever-evolving number of emerging pollutants in wastewater.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	e4530db7c7faa2826b336fea350a53e2	Food poverty is the lack of income needed to acquire a basic food basket, even if total household available income is only used to purchase the goods in such basket. Capability poverty is the lack of income needed to purchase a basic food basket and cover health and education expenses, even if total household income is only used for these purposes. Patrimony poverty is the lack of income needed to buy a basic food basket, as well as to cover expenses of health, education, housing, transportation and clothes, even if total household available income is exclusively used to purchase the goods in such basket. Poverty alleviation therefore continues to be a challenge of the highest priority for Mexican policy makers—especially in the current context of the weak global outlook that is exercising additional pressures on poverty reduction and the redistribution of income.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281486-7-en	e453de3ef307a25bf6d1702cf63a35f0	Lithuanian primary school students, like primary' students in nearby Nordic countries, are not awarded marks. Rather, teachers record in students’ primary education diaries a summative assessment of students’ attainment level of the intended curriculum. Starting from grade 5 - after an adaptation period - students’ learning outcomes are assessed on a 10-point scale or validated with “passed” or “not passed” entries.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	e455a84842d9c0a4db68941869263a5c	Examples are the National Report on the State and Development of Education, The Results of the Monitoring Study of fifth and ninth grade Student Performance Evaluation, Analysing Results of the External Assessment of Student Achievement of ninth grade Students and Analysis of Unified National Test Results 2012. There are no formal schemes for school leaders to engage in supporting their peers in other schools (e.g. exchanging best practices, mentoring new leaders, supporting those in low performing or isolated schools) and the concept of system leader who can not only lead his or her school but also contribute to system-wide improvement is rather incipient. There are few mechanisms to share resources between schools in order to make a more efficient use of their physical infrastructure, equipment and instructional materials, or their human resources.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	e4573ef85b45ac78abd6fc12f3913368	For example, taxes can incentivize new investments, while low-cost loans facilitate behaviour change. Given one third of China's territory is reported to be affected by acid rain, and local air pollution affects major cities across the country, reducing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions has been the key environmental target in China. While initially only newly- built installations were to be equipped with such facilities, subsequently also most of existing coal power plants needed to be retrofitted. The payment scheme is supported by other policies for power plants equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) that give priority to them for connections to grids, permission to operate longer than plants that do not install desulfurization capacity and priority dispatching in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	e4574d9d8f70ccfff99d335ce720db98	Nonetheless, data are available for seven of the countries analysed in this chapter at some point over the past decade (the only exception is India, where the latest available survey is from 1998). The picture that emerges is very consistent across all of the countries analysed. Men typically spend between 60% and 70% less time than women doing unpaid work. In India, they only spend half an hour on unpaid work for every five hours spent by women.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/51eba28c-en	e45997d447f1939a78bbb8f9cdcedbc0	Forced marriage: the marriage of individuals against their will (includes early marriage’). Female genital mutilation/cutting: cutting healthy genital tissue. Other GBV: This category should be used only if any of the above types do not apply. In the context of this bench book, this category includes: domestic violence; exploitation; trafficking in women; forced prostitution; violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs; sexual slavery; sexual harassment (including sextortion - demands for sex in exchange for job promotion or advancement or higher school marks or grades); trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation; forced exposure to pornography; forced pregnancy; forced sterilisation; forced abortion; forced marriage; virginity tests and incest.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/e3c757bd-en	e45c21d7ac94cc0f19ed0ef3bf3f6fb8	An integrated approach has important implications. It means that progress towards SDG 6 can enable and drive progress in most other SDGs; equally, the success of SDG 6 will also depend on most other SDGs meeting their targets. Water is central to achieving this vision and ambition. It is essential for society’s health and well-being, ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	e45e89c440f096f7dedfee2104c05be1	Looking forward, the development of storage technologies and the development of international interconnections are foreseen to further facilitate the integration of wind and solar power. In these situations, balancing the power system during periods of low load will necessitate further adaptations to maintain the physical parameters of the network. An ongoing IEA work within the Grid Integration of Variable Renewables project (GIVAR) analyses these options in more detail. Hence, it will be necessary in the next 20 years to keep some conventional power plants online to provide ancillary services and ramp-up capabilities.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264277991-6-en	e461c2ef3d8f32576da78cbb0c784156	In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan became a Category 5 typhoon, the strongest ever recorded at the time, with wind gusts in excess of 300 kilometres per hour and an associated storm surge that reached a high of 3.5 metres along some coastlines w'ith more vulnerable bathometric profiles. More than6 300 people were killed, over two million were left homeless, and over 13 million people were affected in the Philippines. It caused about USD 15 billion in damages, equivalent to 5% of the Philippines’ total GDP in 2013. An equivalent level of damage to the United States of America’s economy w'ould amount to USD 850-900 billion in damages, an amount four times greater than that caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2011. Water security is defined as “the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of w'ater-related risks to people, environments and economies” (Grey and Sadoff, 2007). It is also understood as the management of four water risks: scarcity, floods, pollution and freshwater ecosystem resilience (OECD, 2013).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	e4625afd019a1f483156df18a16119da	The Swedish Government is investing EUR 500 million during 2011-14 to improve health and social care for the most fragile elderly, including for strengthening incentives to councils and municipalities for achieving pre-specified goals in preventive, dementia and palliative care, better use of medication and better care co-ordination. However, Swedish data show that primary care costs per year of age increase minimally into older ages compared with inpatient costs, which may indicate under-provision for primary care relative to secondary care. An appropriate balance of resources between ambulatory care and inpatient care is important for ensuring that the primary care sector is able to manage and co-ordinate the complex care needs of people with chronic conditions and co-morbidities.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	e463fd821ecbcc525c85c1d0b5029b97	In 2014, the 2014-24 national education plan (Plano Nacionai de Educagao, PNE) was approved, stipulating than no less than 7% of GDP will be allocated to education in 2019 and no less than 10% in 2024. It also prioritises reducing inequality and promotes education access. The specifics of these programmes are described in Box 2.2.	2	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	e466a1698bce2bbc72106def9d85db13	In its absence an enabling environment for pro-poor growth is unlikely. Political empowerment is a complex process that takes place in the ever-shifting and blurred boundaries of state-society relations. To make this happen, subordinated groups need to be brought into formal political processes both through representative institutions as well as through participatory governance and deliberative democracy when citizens address public problems by reasoning together about how best to solve them. Political parties have a central role in aggregating interests, negotiating compromises and balancing state power (Moore, 2001; Houtzager and Moore, 2003; Mosse, 2004).	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	e46a6c814da7809f429a248c2f8879c9	However, following a large inflow of foreign investment, especially from Malaysia, the government backtracked on its initiative to open up estate crops to foreign companies. Moreover, limited reforms were taken in agriculture because of political interests (Kuncoro and Resosudarmo, 2006).2 In fact, state monopolies in rice, wheat, soybean, sugar, cloves and spices were strengthened. Farmers benefited little from these distortions: wheat is not grown in Indonesia, sugar cane had to be delivered to a particular mill so growers faced a monopsonist, and high soybean prices lowered the profitability of intensive livestock production (Anderson and Strutt, 1995). Making matters worse, the financial crisis coincided with one of the worst droughts in 50 years, which caused a significant fall in rice production.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	e46f6f2ad6785abbb093872ce1e4832b	The tenure categories are also slightly different; in particular the survey data used in Figure 2 do not estimate social rental housing bur rather subsidized housing, which includes all accommodations rented at a reduced rate, i.e. employer-subsidized housing and accommodations where rent is fixed by law (Box 1). Consequently, for many European countries, the share of households in the subsidized rental category presented in Figure 2 is larger than the actual share of households living in social rental housing. The share of owner-occupied dwellings is comparable between Figure 1 and 2.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	e470d7ad4a816b68f29418f0e839dc0a	This opportunity cost may be very large, and in particular in a context of increasing global demand, stress on resources, and climate concerns, they may represent a cost that we cannot afford to bear. Further analysis and evidence is required to ensure that the full socioeconomic potential of energy efficiency measures is being delivered. The significant impacts indicated by work on these benefits to date, suggests that the pursuit of energy savings should no longer be seen as a goal in and of itself, but rather, should be considered as a means to pursue a range of practical improvements for various levels of society. This paper investigates the range of outcomes from energy efficiency improvements which extend to benefits that are significantly wider than energy savings alone.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	e47258faa4088a6c7d1602a2462cd23d	We go further in arguing that ethical perspectives not only provide insights into public understanding of poverty and of the priority attached to achieving poverty reduction, but it also throws light on the scope and design of the institutions and policies charged with addressing poverty. Several ethical perspectives exist and are capable of illuminating these issues. Relevant ethical perspectives include egalitarian, utilitarian, priority, sufficiency and humanitarian perspectives.3 In our view, these perspectives have implications for defining the concept, scope and significance of poverty and poverty reduction.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	e472aa8710333c4df980fdabfb320385	The premium placed on collateral, credit history, business experience and the business strategy of prospective borrowers forms an obstacle to accessing finance. This presents a supply-side problem in terms of suitable products available to women. To capitalize on the preliminary results of this survey, further research in this area could be undertaken. Women frequently have a low level of financial literacy and are generally ill-equipped with the skills and knowledge required to successfully approach banks for funding.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	e4738e3281c9c53a8d80b0bb25f3d594	In all of their work, pedagogues focus on the importance of play and children’s and young people’s comprehensive development, which includes their intellectual, social, emotional, neuromuscular, ethical, moral and aesthetic development (BUPL, 2016). These specialist teachers focus on social processes in schools and constitute a central resource in areas related to behaviour, psychology and wellbeing. They can support individual students in and outside of classrooms and work together with teachers in the classroom to help offer differentiated teaching according to students’ needs.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	e476ef048ae1be371a00ee71cf53792f	The female share of employment in central government management positions has increased in recent years, but still points to a persistently leaky pipeline (Figure 14.3). Countries marked with an asterisk (*) had legislated quotas (i.e. quotas implemented via the legislative process) in place in 2016. In the 28 European Union countries for which data were available, women held 35.3% of the highest administrative positions in national government in 2016 - a minimal increase of 5.1 percentage points over 2013. As for the second most senior level, women accounted for 41.1% of posts, a tiny increase of 2.5 percentage points over 2013. Behind these average figures, there are variations from country to country, particularly at the highest levels of the civil service (EIGE, 2016). For more detail and country-specific notes, please see OECD (2017, Figure 3.8 and Annex D).	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	e47933a9045f4847c8efaaf7edcd14db	Children who live in these households are exposed to an overall household context that presents developmental challenges, likely through nutritional (diet quality and quantity) and non-nutritional (parent/child relationship, psychosocial stress) pathways. For instance, research shows that children have negative developmental consequences in households in which a parent worries about food access but has no actual compromises in food quality or quantity [7]. This suggests that the household food situation is an important context for children's development, and that in the broadest sense any child in a household with any degree of food insecurity may be at some risk.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d0d8dc3c-en	e47acf3b0d59e92f7d8c37d40a9a4df3	There is a risk of unintended carbon emissions through fire, insects, wind etc. Between 2006 and 2013, the area of forests certified as sustainably managed in the ECE Region expanded by 45%. Almost all ECE member States are members of one or more regional processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management, notably the Montreal Process and FOREST EUROPE. Taken together these trends indicate that there are very significant areas of sustainably managed forest in the ECE Region, and that this share has been growing over the past two decades - or that there is a stronger ability and determination to demonstrate this trend.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	e47b80b660d3c010fe7d2d18822d12c0	Programmes are usually successful with a high percentage of students placed in industry for which they were trained. Some states such as Morelos and Queretaro, however, are targeting higher education as an economic growth strategy to overcome such barriers and work with local industry in designing course, including on provision of entrepreneurship education at tertiary level. By 2011 this had risen to 18 000, rising to 19 000 in 2012, with an overall target of 25 000.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	e47c85c4ebb0db949576e5cc579ffb79	The tables presented in this section have been constructed under three different scenarios: for UB, the claimant is assumed to be 20 years old and to have a one-year unemployment insurance (UI) contribution record. For Table 4, which presents information on the availability of SA, FA, HB and UB, the claimant is assumed to be 20 years old, to not live with her parents, and to have no sufficient UI contribution record. The benefits specifically available to young people living with their parents or to young parents are presented in separate tables.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	e48054a1697d930b234e7a5cd52662dc	The reported capacity credit values have been used for onshore without any adjustment. The capacity credit values for offshore have been adjusted to take into account its higher load factor values. A recent study (Jones, 2012) evaluates capacity credit for PV for the California electricity system, assuming a broad range of solar installed capacity. Resulting capacity credits are quite high with 27% and 11% respectively, which reflects both the high load factors and the good correlation with peak demand in the south west of the United States.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e483aa040c15ed32fea7c6ed3176c733	However, while the government appears committed to structural reforms, such as privatisation, these reforms have progressed slowly and unevenly, often with the situation on the ground lagging behind legislation. There has been a countervailing tendency to increase the state’s role in the economy, especially since the mid-2000s. These sharp price adjustments occurred at a time when the previous support system was collapsing.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	e4841e3610568d6474524bfbec0171b8	Psiquiatria del Nino y el Adolescente Asociacion Espanola de Psiquiatria del Nino y el Adolescente, A Coruna, Spain. Estudio de caso Nicaragua” (“Youth Social Inclusion in Contexts of Violence”], unpublished. Youth: Realities and Challenges for Achieving Development with Equality, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile. Innovative Strategies to Facilitate the Transition from School to Work”, Washington, DC.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	e48d2a31d4f46c1b0c5c479df8d517a4	Interest rates, while still too high in some places, are dropping on average 2.3 percent a year. The microfinance industry has placed a lot of emphasis on improving efficiency in order to bring down these costs, so that poor clients are not paying unnecessarily high rates. New technology also offers to help reduce costs, so we expect rates to continue dropping as institutions become increasingly efficient at delivering services to poor people.	13	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	e48fb838740f58be3b0d5e27a43bd3e2	Soil erosion by water is moderate in the middle part of Mongolia, which is a vast area of grassland and major river basins. Soil erosion by water has increased in the northern parts of Mongolia, probably because of intensive rainfall and decreased vegetation cover. Land degradation refers to reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity of land.	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	e49060df5b1166f5dc3978bda15b1976	This is partly a result of international developments and harmonising anti-discrimination legislation, as well as an emphasis on intersectionality. Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, sexual orientation, age and functionality must also be combated. The laws in the Nordic countries have been amended, and new groups have been given protection against discrimination.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	e490a80db4de7fa3a9bed709f77bcdc6	Results from a country survey sent to the 34 OECD member countries, which elicited 20 usable responses, show wide variations. Groundwater policies are founded on different legal systems; focus is on demand-side and/or supply-side; and direct and indirect approaches to regulatory, economic or collective management are used. Some OECD regions facing relatively high groundwater stress use a comprehensive range of groundwater management instruments (economic, regulatory, direct, indirect, etc.).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	e49472c206e4d6671777293f20e4a4cd	In New Zealand, gender impact statements are also required in papers to its Cabinet Social Policy Committee. Greece’s National Programme for Gender Equality also calls for systematic gender impact assessments of new bills. It applies gender analysis to public spending in order to ascertain how budgets may have a differential impact on women and men. The Council of Europe defines GRB as “an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. It means a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process, and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality.” It deals with financial aggregates: expenditures and revenues, the surplus or deficit.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	e4968ec336e9cfa0797c24cbc38f6110	Individuals benefit from education in a variety of ways: education has a strong positive impact on the material living conditions of people, as higher education leads to higher earnings and greater employability (OECD, 2010c; Boarini and Strauss, 2010; Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003); more educated people generally have better health status, as they have a healthier life-style and an increased chance of doing a job in a working environment with fewer hazards (Miyamoto and Chevalier, 2010; La Fortune and Looper, 2009). Education also raises civic awareness and fosters political participation (Borgonovi and Miyamoto, 2010; OECD, 2010a). Finally, education provides individuals with the skills necessary to integrate more fully into their societies. Education and skills bring important economic returns in the form of higher productivity and economic growth (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2010; Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003), higher macro-economic and political stability, lower criminality and stronger social cohesion (OECD, 2010a; OECD, 2011a; Grossman, 2006).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	e498afdc8bbfce7b8a59f0a7e7c79ae5	Specialists include paediatricians, obstetricians/gynaecologists, psychiatrists, medical specialists and surgical specialists. Under these circumstances, primary-care physicians tend to refer even minimally justified cases to more expensive outpatient specialist services or to hospitals (Golinowska et al, 2007). Thus, instead of the treatment being concentrated at the least expensive level, the costs are being pushed into more expensive segments.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	e499b80539f25cb562f9cb21e79bdb82	In Morelos, for example, specific programmes are in place for taxi drivers and microenterprises related to tourism, a growing sector in this state. In Queretaro a programme called credito a la palavra (i.e. trust loan) has been set up to cater for the self-employed through microloans up to MXN 10 000 and repayment within six months. Interest rates are competitive compared to those offered by private microfinance institutions and rates of default in the range of 5-6%, which is very low for microcredit programmes. This is the result of close monitoring on the use of the loan and repayment terms, with visits to the enterprises and repayment deadlines that can be even on a weekly basis in some cases.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	e49d2e1bc2447cfef475797fc80f5584	That information is used to manage dams and water bodies, minimising risks of floods and droughts. This application enhances K-water’s capacity to deliver its mandate on water quantity management and prevention of scarcity and flood risks. It can serve similar purposes abroad, where other agencies have a similar mandate. Water suppliers in Korea are confronted with the need to renew existing infrastructure, as ageing affects its performance, in particular as regards leakage.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	e49dbde593721def5108eb533eedc5e1	Though the country is rural, a national daily notes that 27 per cent of its population lives in urban areas (“The costs of urbanization”, The Financial Express (Dhaka), 1 July 2007) and the urban population has been growing at over 3.5 per cent annually (CUS, NIPORT and MEASURE Evaluation 2006, p. 13). The national census conducted in 2001 showed that, over the previous 10 years, the population in urban areas of the country had grown by 38 per cent, compared with only 10 per cent in rural areas (Bangladesh 2003). Hossain (2003, p. 2) notes that, in 1974, only 7.86 per cent of the total population lived in urban areas. This figure had reached 20.15 per cent by 1991, and it is anticipated that the urban population will reach 36.78 per cent by 2015. A projection in the National Water Management Plan also shows that, in the next 30 years, the urban population of Bangladesh will outnumber the rural population and the density of the already overly dense population will increase tremendously (Bangladesh 2005b, p. 10).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	e4a1079f7b256a3001843ba87b98365f	There are other forms of water contamination, as well. Fertilizers and pesticides, for example, have contaminated aquifers and waterways with nitrogen, phosphorous and highly toxic heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Another major contributor to water degradation is urbanization. Based on current trends, water pollution, particularly from households in medium and smaller cities, will increase fivefold. This has serious consequences for farming communities downstream, whose surface and ground water may become unsuitable for agriculture.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e4a448e9bcc12e06c809e1caa2c42e56	High food and fuel prices are likely to persist. The recent crises may affect human development in different ways: by halting or even reversing the poverty trends, worsening food security, reducing the utilization of education and health services and by depleting the productive assets of the poor (World Bank 2008). Reduction in the use of education and health services and the depletion of assets by the poor will have long-lasting effects.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/eb61760a-en	e4a5a50f3bf88c0a3a18cc6d8695600f	Informal employment is not exclusive to low-productivity sectors, where 70.5% of wage workers have no formal contract, for 30.8% of wage workers in medium- and high-productivity sectors are also in that position. Moreover, 63.7% of male wage workers have formal contracts compared with 61.8% of women, although a slightly lower proportion of men have long-term contracts (see table II. Its variations are linked to the behaviour of human capital and patterns of productivity, the competitiveness of the sectors providing the employment, and the level of protection and negotiating power of workers, which in turn is related to factors such as the degree of unionization and the possibility of collective bargaining.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e4aaf1079915e36cbb82b726f94e77c1	However, as already mentioned above, there is no evidence that age-based screening or assessment programmes produce any safety benefits. Hakamies-Blomqvist et al. ( They found no reduction in crashes among car drivers in Finland, but there was a higher rate of fatalities among unprotected older road users than in Sweden.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	e4aeda02442741f9e4fbaa8a8e4473ec	The goods considered are vehicles, washing machines and refrigerators. The indigence indicator was preferred as a cut-off partly because the indicator of total monetary poverty could increase the possibility of double counting, given that part of the income poverty measurement that does not correspond to indigence is a proxy for the ability of households to satisfy non-food needs, including some which are already covered by the set of UBN indicators. Moreover, although the fungible nature of income means that revenue cannot be equated with food consumption, the indigence line represents a minimum amount of resources necessary for people to satisfy their basic requirements for daily sustenance, an aspect not captured by the other indicators considered by ECLAC (2013). The reason for this is twofold: first, the indicator of extreme poverty covers a very small percentage of the population in Latin America, and is thus unable to capture income insecurity.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/4ba0e2cc-en	e4b4c99233ee1ff268ba003e9cad93a3	Questions may focus on current (or planned) recreation frequency. Quantitative data can be uploaded via satellites, but this approach only captures limited data on user preferences. The detailed data allows for spatial analysis of user behavior for a subsample of these sophisticated users (see e.g., Cord et al.	15	3	1	0.5
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	e4b6f9262825061c8a796167e2e6befc	The sections that follow present the type of data involved in gender statistics, measures of composition and distribution used in gender statistics and the types of gender indicators that can be constructed using those measures. Some of the dissemination products are part ofthe regular production of a statistical office and are aimed at making available data collected in censuses, sample surveys or compiled from administrative records. They usually concern one type of data source or one statistical field and are intended for specialists who wish to further analyse the results of censuses or surveys or to carry out research on specific topics.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	e4b8600c1e8e125d0f35664becfc7494	It also discusses possible national-and global-level benefits from identifying, collating and communicating adaptation information. Section 3 discusses what information would need to be gathered in order to obtain these benefits, and highlights how experience to date on reporting such information under the UNFCCC can be built on. Section 4 identifies options for the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake, and assesses their feasibility and resource implications.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5f92f30f-en	e4c0c64b0961cdf80dc38ec8f851492a	"Group education included exercises that encouraged boys to express their feelings, especially about what it means to be a young man. Maybe I would not be in this situation."" It has also been effective in helping students complete their secondary education and even advance to university. Moreover, the young moms will have the choice to attend a new school or to return to the one they left."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	e4c33165d4f2bd1740dd6cf602e1b045	A high value may indicate inefficient use of staff, a low degree of automation and/or low wage levels. The staff ratio has remained stable over the period and has not been driven by reductions in volumes of water sold, as the utilities still have to operate the same oversized infrastructure and associated equipment. In the region, this ratio is almost consistently above 1.5 staff per 1 000 people served, except in Azerbaijan where the ratio has consistently remained below 1.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f11729d-en	e4c780325201e4bf98451a4ca4a41f7f	In Croatia, Greece and Romania it is 1 in 3 children in the bottom 10th percentile. In Switzerland, at least 15% of children from the poorest families live in households which cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children. The proportion of children at the bottom end of the income distribution living in households unable to afford items understood to be necessary or desirable for an 'acceptable' standard of living increased between 2009 and 2013 in most cases analysed here.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	e4c8db4442519786a735a52281b0dd53	The frequency of samples varies from once a month to once a year, depending on the potential impact from industry. However, no such data have been published and the data would probably be of little interest, as most of the municipal treatment plants are no longer in operational or do only mechanical treatment. Moreover, the SAEPF laboratory has just resumed its activities after a long hiatus, but is still limited by tight financial constraints (see chapter 2). Here again, due to lack of financial resources, regular observation has ceased.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	e4cb7f8f54e58b96b0fe86a1b7e8e387	For instance, because of difficulties in meeting relevant employment or contribution conditions, the number of young people without a job can influence coverage rates. Interestingly, however, the middle and lower panels of Figure 11 suggest that coverage has generally moved in the same direction for those with and without prior work experience. Other relevant factors include the dynamics into and out of unemployment. For instance, high inflow rates into unemployment at the beginning of a recession can increase the share of benefit recipients among the stock of unemployed as recent job losers are more likely to qualify for benefits.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k4dlvx2wjq0-en	e4cbf219213325010aa4840a56294e62	Other social services include services to survivors, disabled persons, unemployed, as well as those in respect of housing and social assistance (estimates of social housing are, however, not included). Cash transfers to the elderly, survivors, disabled persons, families, unemployed, as well as those receiving social assistance. Private mandatory spending, which accounts for a large share of total social spending in some countries (in particular Chile, Germany and Switzerland), is not included here.	10	0	6	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	e4cd2a00a7b09bae7d301d8f6865def3	Water availability is important for the company generating hydropower, but is not significant for energy management. Agriculture in the Finnish part in terms of nitrogen load is almost comparable to the natura] background, and, in particular, releases phosphorus (double the estimated natural background). The other sources are clearly smaller, with loading from settlements about 2 tons/year of phosphorus and 33.4 tons/year of nitrogen, and from industrial wastewaters — including peat production and forestry — 2.3 tons/year of phosphorus and 22.8 tons of nitrogen.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	e4cd6dd6e1996b9bfd984b64e72cd827	Likewise, poor sanitary facilities in touristic venues and a strong perception of insecurity by both visitors and residents who wish to open new businesses also constitute impediments to tourism attraction and development. Adding to its own deficiencies, in the past decade, Morelos’ tourism sector has been impacted by the global economic crisis, which has translated into fewer numbers of people traveling and coming to visit the region: national and international visitors alike. Concentrating service delivery often includes administrative services, healthcare, shopping and so on, in specific places with transport networks organised so as to make them as accessible as possible to the rural population of the surrounding areas.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	e4cde89c3496d3a7a46e9ec78ae375c3	It entails the need for co-ordination meetings, which generated some 15 000 modification requests for the current land-use plan (which came into force in October 2011, replacing the land-use plans for the 75 cities and counties of the region). The experience of Japan shows how the central government can set a comprehensive spatial perspective at national level, which benefits from inputs at regional and metropolitan levels and is reflected in strategic documents (Box 2.6). While urban planning is the responsibility of local governments in Japan, the national government plays a leading role by delivering key perspectives for future urban challenges.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	e4cee5ec045c3d7d91166caf1a97c243	At the time of the reforms to the health system in the early 1990s, it was hoped that the new insurance system would lead to better access to care. Available data suggest that the aggregate level of private spending has been increasing (Chapter 1). As noted, such problems can arise for example where minimum level of provision is needed in rural areas, even though cost and quality would be better served in larger hospitals or polyclinic units.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-9-en	e4cf1adbdcd9214fac33eb65e49e93a3	The practical deployment of new ICTs has become a driving force of customised Internet platforms and applications (Pereira et al., The function of ICT platforms has taken new and varied dimensions as virtual meetings, Internet-based platforms (social media, chat rooms, online fora) and e-voting are used more frequently. Their role is not only to provide the available knowledge to inform stakeholders and debates but also to constitute the common-ground through which these debates are organised, and to integrate other sources of knowledge (e.g. crowdsourcing and knowledge sharing from the community collected through apps and social media).	6	2	3	0.2
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	e4d5f58cb2fe5255f231f2a68233ae15	This collaboration extends to all methodological issues, including the design of survey questionnaires or modules within questionnaires, the revision of international classifications and standards and the development of analytical methods and appropriate indicators, among others. Statisticians should be trained in how to incorporate a gender perspective into their regular work, from the design of data collection tools and fieldwork to data analysis and presentation. At the second Global Forum on Gender Statistics, held in Accra in 2009, it was recognized that, despite global efforts and advocacy for gender statistics, including capacity- building activities, there still persist gaps in knowledge of gender statistics among many professionals in national statistical offices (United Nations, 2009).	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e4d7c718f7c71e29c2e8a0ed59d2fa09	According to this law, the main objectives of trade policy were to integrate Kazakhstan into the world trading system while protecting domestic producers. Among the CIS arrangements the most active involved the Union of Five (Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan), which in October 2000 became the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). Kazakhstan also joined the Economic Cooperation Organisation in 1992, and signed several proposals on Central Asian trade organisations, although none had a significant impact on trade policy. In July 2010, a common customs code, customs rules and common external tariff came into effect.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	e4da62a83ae3290f681b6b7e5f86a3ce	About 15% of its EUR 90 million budget comes from private patronage. The association was able to mobilise a wide range of institutional, cultural, associative and economic stakeholders: the European Union, the central government, the region, the departement, municipalities and inter-municipal authorities, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Marseille-Provence, the University Aix-Marseille, Euromediterranee, the Grand Maritime Port of Marseille, public and private companies, etc. All these different partners were brought together not only around a common cultural project, but also a shared vision of transforming Marseille-Provence 2013 into a sustainable territory of the Euro mediterranean.	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e4db0c8d4227bf5ece39fad7be9b0fa8	Producer support was slightly lower at 8 % in 1995-97. The %PSE fluctuated considerably between 1995 and 2011 within the range between plus 27% and minus 5%. With the exception of 2003, fluctuations in support were within a positive range, indicating that overall policies were supportive of domestic producers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	e4db8c2bb717961ec3a464812e4c71d0	Many people would argue that this has already happened, and that the surge in food prices in 2007 and 2008 was a consequence largely of bio-fuel production in the United States, Brazil and the European Union. Oxfam attributed around 30 per cent of the rise to the diversion of cropland to biofuels. Jean Ziegler, the former UN Special Rappoteur on the Right to Food, concluded that bio-fuel production “is a crime against humanity” and has called for a five-year moratorium on the practice.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	e4de19321ad8d9e336df0020303573cb	Indeed, it has been estimated that some CDDCs could reach all or a significant share of their unconditional NDC mitigation targets through flaring reduction atone (table 4.1). Therefore, oil-producing CDDCs could benefit from an assessment of the required policy and regulatory framework to induce alternative utilization and commercialization of associated gas in the upstream oil sector. In this context, strengthening governance of the extractive sector is crucial. Increasing transparency and accountability can be powerful measures against corruption and bribery in the sector (Cameron and Stanley, 2017).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e4e248f1042add2f6ea23ac6f2c6b794	Nonetheless, because the poverty risk for women who divorce is high, rising divorce rates have contributed to increased poverty and inequality. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (2009) reports significant income gains for men following divorce although this is, to some extent, offset when wider measures of deprivation are included (for example access to other resources such as durable goods, Aassve et al., There is also evidence that divorce laws matter and that when divorce is easier women may insure against future income losses by working more. Stevenson (2008), for example, finds a link between the move to unilateral (rather than consent) divorce law and increased labour force participation of married women. Higher employment among women and more generous welfare benefits, to some extent, protect women and children from the negative economic consequences of divorce and separation. Analysis of the different impacts of divorce on women’s economic well-being across countries finds that divorce leads to the biggest income declines in Italy and the smallest in Sweden.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289332705-27-en	e4e8728b1c4c351f4dae88165fc3cce4	This implies a need to plan and manage not only at stand and local spatial scales, but also at regional as well as national and even international levels. A key challenge is thus to build bridges in a geographical area among actors involved with different SFM dimensions, actors in different sectors at different societal levels, and different disciplines to facilitate knowledge production and mutual exchange of experiences (e.g., Barbour et al. Communication, education and public awareness are therefore important to support implementation of SFM, as is the case for its different criteria including ecological (e.g., Convention on Biological Diversity) and sociocultural ones (e.g., European Landscape Convention) and spiritual ones (e.g., the IUCN/WCPA “Delos Initiative”). The term landscape approach captures this integrated approach to learning for sustainable development and sustainability (e.g., Dudley et al.	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	e4ec94aabe5233a7d9bf9f9bcbf36870	Many teachers have a good sense of the kind of pedagogies on which 21st century learning hinges, but there is a major gap between intended and implemented practices. How can education systems create the conditions for encouraging and supporting teachers to initiate, share, and evaluate innovative pedagogies and curricula, including new technologies? What are the implications of new pedagogies for the roles of teachers and students? What are the implications of pedagogical innovation and innovative learning environments for the roles of governments and the profession/unions? What are the implications of new pedagogies and curricula for school and system evaluation? These are important issues that the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession seeks to tackle in its second session.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	e4f0e892aa8fb553262454ced852c994	In some OECD countries the creation of co-ordination mechanisms such as inter-municipal co-operation helped to share information, build capacities and create the critical mass for investment. They should identify the priority areas for action on water resources management, on the basis of objective criteria that would take into account primarily health risks, social issues, the environment and the economy. This is only possible if quantitative information about the state of the environment is available.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9b00e9d0-en	e4f4733da475a3064ad2fb2fec988618	It is expected that, after repair works, the annual reductions would be 339,197 tons of C02 emissions. Over the past 20 years, this indicator reached a maximum value of 2.5 TWh, in 1991, and a minimum value of 0.845 TWh, in 2001. Electric power transmission and distribution losses in Georgia were 10.89 per cent of output as of 2010.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	e4f722c2602e325e4a683fd3f271b875	On average, Indonesia is scarce in agricultural land at just 0.23 ha per capita, which represents only a third of the world’s average, similar to Italy and Germany, below China and above India (WB WDI, 2012). But it is relatively abundant in renewable water resources at 8.5 thousand m3/capita/year, slightly less than the United States, but four times more than China and eight times more than India (FAO Aquastat, 2012). Although the contribution of agriculture to GDP has fallen from 19% in 1990 to 15% in 2010 and its share in total employment from 56% to 38% over the same period, the sector continues to provide employment to about 42 million persons. Improvements in labour productivity have increased at roughly the same pace as total production, with the result that total employment in agriculture has remained relatively stable. In the countries with strongest growth in labour productivity, such as China and Malaysia, employment in the sector has tended to fall. This is not yet the case in Indonesia.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b620ec70-en	e4fea47733cbb0cc67423c4bb81f47ac	Solidarity takes the form of taxes and social security contributions that fund progressive benefits and transfers (ECLAC, 2006 and 2007a, pp. Solidarity also has an intergenerational component (ECLAC, 2011). And the principle of co-responsibility calls fora new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women (both within families and in society as a whole) is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region’s care needs (ECLAC, 2010b). Intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights, responsibilities and risks.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/caeceb38-en	e4ffad135471e3ff9ea3bc354b6e19a7	For girls, late entry to schooling combined with grade repetition means that many reach puberty before completing primary education. However, adolescent perspectives emphasise the respective viability of these, compared to schooling, in terms of securing identity and status within the community (Bray et al., These latter considerations are influenced by the quality of education and the nature of training, employment or entrepreneurship opportunities in the locality or in places adolescents can migrate to.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	e4ffe018d6ac1d3d2b4f190c2999bd69	The results of these focus groups will provide information about any major gaps in the program before it is rolled out. It is important to note that receiving a text message on a mobile phone in a normal day is different from sitting down to read a number of text messages on paper. It is best to conduct testing under the conditions in which the programme will ultimately be received, although this is not always feasible or practical.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/194768b3-en	e50023cc1e7fa2a159fb97c5622f2f8f	The area of energy and environment reported the second lowest number of gender results. In community-based energy and environment projects, gender has not received broad-based, even attention. It generally has been limited to the participation of women. However, in practice, work is often done from a targeting perspective that addresses practical needs through service delivery and access to resources, but not at the deeper level of strategic needs, which addresses structural change and the roots of discrimination and inequalities. Moving to transformational results is context specific, takes time and requires a long-term programming perspective and approaches to monitoring, assessment and learning.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jm409kqqkjh-en	e501d1cca9f1238fbd75a99c55657672	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. It presents an overview of how different OECD countries allocate instruction time. It also develops a model to understand the effective use of allocated instruction time and examines how different OECD countries compare on this. The paper confirms the value of sufficient instruction time as a key educational resource, but the key conclusion is that what matters the most is the way in which allocated time is used.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e502f29f23e402bfd3d484930768af76	Hence, the Penang clusters have not achieved R&D intensities comparable to Korea and Taiwan. In the last decades, Penang’s output share to the nation’s agriculture fell from less than 4% in 1975 to less than 2% by 2006. Since the 1970s, the region has been seen as an industrial centre for the country with dynamic economy and free trade zones (FTZ) that encouraged foreign investment in export-oriented activities. The first FTZ was established in Bayan Lepas in 1971.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	e5035855b385b72cbf631a013e59a6c7	"In 1999, the State Council approved the ""Notification on Accelerating the Reform of Rural Power Systems and Enhancing Rural Power Management"" (the State Council Doc. The reform introduced, among other things, a practice whereby rural and urban residents in one province would pay the same price for electricity. In 2002, the State Council's ""Circular on Program of Power System Reform"" (the State Council Doc. No.5 2002) introduced the practice of ""Separation of Power Plants from Grid, and Bidding for Generation"", and the State Power Corporation was split into the two power grid companies and five power generation groups."	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	e503d3353a43323b992e593a62628d38	The number of lessons taught per week must always be between 27 and 35 in each grade. The school principal determines optional subjects and decides on how the time (lessons) available are used. Similarly, the Framework Education Programmes for Technical and Vocational Education include general as well as technical/vocational educational areas, cross-curricular subjects and key professional competencies for each school year.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-4-en	e5040f51a80c8b7b4dc9f76231497c12	The institutions in charge of water management are at different developmental stages in different LAC countries, but common challenges, including in the most advanced countries, can be diagnosed ex ante to provide adequate policy responses. Although common problems can be identified, there is no universal solution. Institutional architecture, prerogatives and local conditions must be taken into account in the policy design. To do so, there is a pressing need to take stock of recent experiences, identify good practices and develop pragmatic tools across different levels of government and stakeholder groups to engage in shared, effective, fair and sustainable water policies.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	e5043c904753f16a8a8a9c4c1a8609e2	Density credits and other incentives for developers, as well as the overhaul of zoning codes help implement these strategies (OECD, 2011). While large cities can produce beneficial effects from agglomeration, population growth can bring with it negative externalities. The continued growth of cities raises transportation costs and leads to increases in land values, higher living costs, labour shortages and environmental degradation. All complicate continued inclusive and sustainable growth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	e50a5ce2c27a8a743325033ff5489cf8	Human/Operational risk) will significantly affect the willingness to invest. Climate change finance includes flows from the developed world to the developing world, where institutions and property rights are often weaker. So countries seeking to attract climate change finance may need to strengthen their governance and accountability.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	e50b486c214e89befcc747a99388448a	The Japan Council for Quality Health Care (JCQHC), which was set up in 1995 as a third party organisation, is further involved in a number of quality activities such as the reporting of medical adverse events or hospitals accreditation. From 2004, data on medical adverse events are systematically collected and analysed by the JCQHC’s Department of Adverse Event Prevention. The overarching aim is to promote patient safety by sharing information with medical institutions and users. To this end, quarterly and annual reports around medical adverse events are issued, workshops organised and warnings or guidelines published.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	e50c945bca644cf5262766ef6c6c29cc	Further, the government amended the Act on Regional and County Self-Government to make it possible to set up guarantee funds in the form of companies under the commercial law with use of EU funds. Also in May 2009, a change was made in the basis for BGK guarantees. Henceforth, the BGK will provide the guarantee on a simplified credit line to SMEs for amounts from PLN 100 000 to PLN 5 million, including evaluating the credit risk for these loans. Guarantees below PLN 100 000 will be granted from funds co-owned with the regional funds.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	e511f83ef0874ca521c05025047cab8b	This is consistent with the empirical analysis in this paper. There is no evidence, at this stage, of an extensive change in overall mortality, even in the group of countries that have been hard hit by the economic crisis. However, this may purely be a reflection of short-term observation period that is currently available for analysis.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848590908-en	e51624afa82c956056c1b3e06d9a0c4b	Dr Degazon-Johnson expressed thanks to Samuel Isaacs and his team at SAQA, with special mention of Dr James Keevy. In respect of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol, increased advocacy to support its implementation was urged as one role that the proposed task force could undertake. Finally, a global initiative on teachers, which could take the form of a consultation or forum, was proposed as was the importance of capacity building to ensure that research took into account policy and broader collaboration across partners to advance information sharing. Researching the Challenges and Opportunities for International Teacher Recruitment and Retention.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/66896486-en	e5195ab3c980d9434c0c517459fb173a	Local self-governance bodies are responsible for the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. The Ministry is also the competent authority for the implementation of the EU WFD and for other water-related directives. The National Administration “Apclc Romanc”, under the coordination of the Ministry, is in charge of the implementation of the water management strategy.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e8741432-en	e51b627812f28b532ca6e58fe6508570	In Latin America and the Caribbean it fell to 20 per cent in 2014 from 29 per cent in 2000. However, this represents a decline of almost 10 percentage points in prevalence since 2000. On the other hand, the proportion of the urban population living in slums continues to grow in countries affected by or emerging from conflict.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	e51c647086a74c2e5574a95787137b1e	Open trade can also improve utilisation and nutrition by increasing the diversity of national diets. Finally, open markets generally improve the stability of availability of access, for the simple reason that international markets pool production risks across individual markets. In terms of food access, reforms that lead to higher food prices will benefit farmers with net sales of those products, but harm net buyers and non-farming consumers.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en	e51d456b962affc29f34724f57fd0018	The opposite phenomenon is observable for a number of Polish LUZs. Yet, Madrid experiences high levels of concentration for each type of pollutant as opposed to Estonia which records a low level of pollution. Figures 3, 4 and 5 highlight the importance of understanding the differences across pollutants as some areas are very affected by one pollutant and much less by others. Furthermore, Table 2 below shows that the correlations between pollutants do not exceed 0.5 which is relatively low. Derived from CORINE Land Cover (CLC), UMZ data covers the whole EU-27 at 200-meters resolution for those urban areas that are considered to contribute to urban tissue and function. Geospatial data on land-use for each urban area are obtained by superimposing the LUZ boundaries and the UMZ spatial data, for each LUZ, data collected on urbanisation allow the study of different components of urban form: number of fragments, share of artificial area, share of agricultural area, share of wetland, share of forest area, population density, population decentralisation (with respect to the core city) and the LUZ surface.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e51ea17807c07ccfad68d6d76a355617	Likewise, the UN Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) has increased energy access as its core goal (SE4ALL, 2013). In order to track progress in meeting its objectives, SE4ALL has developed a Global Tracking Framework that tracks progress in energy access and energy efficiency changes. The CIF’s “Scaling up Renewable Energy Program” in low-income countries (SREP) also includes indicators for measuring progress towards country-defined targets in the areas of alleviating energy poverty. These include those based on the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index and the “number of women, and men, business and community services benefiting from improved access to electricity” due to its interventions (CIF, 2012c).	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	e520cca3b5aa1877be50e5cae960a4d4	About half (47%) of students are in schools whose principal reported in PISA that pressure on the school to meet high academic standards came from only a few' parents, a larger proportion than on average across OECD countries (33%) (OECD, 2013). Parents and the local community are those who stand to gain the most from improving their school and there is strong evidence that parental engagement in particular can help to raise outcomes (OECD, 2012). Each Costa Rican school has a board which includes representatives from parents and the local community, but their main role is to administer the national funds for infrastructure and organise festivities.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	e521bbac8e5520c2d8325653f12339c8	Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). In the late 1980s, the government placed great emphasis on the improvement of the primary education system in an attempt to raise the rate of literacy; a major scheme was undertaken at that time to establish one primary school for every 2,000 people in Bangladesh. Higher education, likewise, has three streams: general (pure and applied science, arts, business and social science), Madrasah, and technology education, which includes agriculture, engineering, medical, textile, leather technology and information and communication technology (ICT) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2004).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	e5233967c55512f61d5a0122af1783a4	Sustainable capacity needs to be integrated into project design from the start so that when the donor withdraws, the process continues. There are some general principles for phasing out donor support: transparency, inclusion, predictability, obligation and sustainability. The withdrawal of donor support from any programme should avoid disempowerment (Good Practice Note 10.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	e526bb5b921dc36e69ef0c034e07a650	This is followed by an analysis of cumulative deprivation. The remainder of the empirical analysis looks into child poverty profiles, assessing individual and household level factors underlying income and domain deprivation as well as cumulative deprivation. Finally, we provide conclusive remarks and recommendations on the way forward for child poverty measurement in the EU.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	e528268b859c3970bbd0e894167170dd	It is important to keep in mind that the organisation of the school network must be about ensuring quality education for all children. Students’ access to high-quality education should not be affected adversely by their place of residence. In some cases, closing the school may not be the best solution -the distance to travel may simply not be practicable.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	e52992846824c031ddabd42d202951d3	Stronger female labour participation, in particular in full-time jobs, increases family income and improves career prospects for women. Higher income for women fosters their financial independence, reduces individual, family and child poverty risks, improves resilience against adverse financial shocks and increases retirement entitlements and wealth. The model is based on a growth accounting framework that allows for adjustments in structural parameters that reflect changes in the work-life balance between women and men, namely the transition towards a more balanced dual-earner dual-carer model (Box 2.2). Results suggest that full-time employment of women is likely to benefit most from spending on leave and birth grants, spending on childcare services in general and an the increase in the coverage of formal childcare facilities for children aged 0-2 years in particular.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-6-en	e52d271bb42a5f4aeb24f83a6d3329b2	The Aichi targets have been included in the national programmes and although they are challenging, Finland has some very good experiences in restoring natural habitats. Positive developments have taken place in the protection of species including migratory species and aquatic wildlife. Management plans have also been established for several game species.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/f5bd9e57-en	e52d86620106863434372cb2a121b3f6	The teacher explains how a <school science> idea can be applied to a number of different phenomena (e.g. the movement of objects, substances with similar properties). Students are allowed to design their own experiments. There is a class debate about investigations. The teacher clearly explains the relevance of <broad science> concepts to our lives.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/8179e92c-en	e52e5d2ef8b68add79f3f35bd6dd4f20	The women's peace movements in the 1970s and 1980s synthesized concerns about sustainability, environmental protection, women's equality and environmental health. One of the best known of these was the Greenham Women's Peace Camp in the United Kingdom (1981-2000). In India the Chipko movement to protect forests essential for community livelihoods against destructive logging began in 1973; the Indian scientist and environmental activist Vandana Shiva's work on food and agriculture, including food sovereignty and biodiversity conservation, is widely recognized.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	e531eef8faee34e7dde0dc1fc64b386f	The growing capacity of large national agricultural systems in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, for instance, has generated South-South cooperation aimed at benefiting countries with limited resources, by allowing them to adopt or adapt the technologies of the countries with large agriculture systems, which are typically less capital-intensive and have less intellectual property rights protection. Many of the current agricultural practices have relied on cheap energy and abundant water and land, and are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions. These practices are now proving unsustainable for the environment and health.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	e535264ceecbd6470cd30d005e08626a	The online training programme designed by the CPEIP is a good opportunity to make this happen. In addition, if multigrade schools continue as a strategy in rural areas, it would be beneficial to include multigrade methodologies in the curriculum of both initial teacher education and teacher professional development. Rural micro-centres should be monitored more closely and supported to make sure that they focus sufficiently on pedagogical innovation and less on administrative issues.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/80f460e1-en	e535882a81b581ea317d16135f2dc188	"While GPs can choose whether or not to accept new patients, individuals seeking to register do not legally have to prove their identity or immigration status. Consequently, migrants should be able to register for primary care irrespective of their immigration status. With several partner organizations, the Mayor of London has published a leaflet explaining how excluded groups, and particularly migrants in an irregular situation, could access primary health care in London. Examples of such initiatives are the ""Checking for Change"" programme in Scotland, United Kingdom, and the ""Migrant-Friendly Hospitals"" network, which is sponsored by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission."	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264282261-18-en	e53c1986b48bf2215b9d0b83c12ef804	Funding of EUR 5.7 billion (USD 7.6 billion) is allocated to achieve that goal under the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). Progress has been made in the North-East Atlantic region (including also the North Sea and the Baltic Sea), but moving towards maximum sustainable yield in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea remains challenging. In 2015, all Member States finalised Multiannual National Strategic Plans for the promotion of sustainable aquaculture in their countries.	14	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	e53ccb855406ee8994cd76fd06974452	Smaller branch units with as few as 30 students provide education from first to third or first to sixth grade students in geographically remote regions. In bigger cities, school sizes reach over 1 000 pupils. Compulsory education for pupils between 6 and 15 years old is offered in so-called basic schools and is organised as a single structure (without distinction between primary and lower secondary levels). Currently, Slovenian schools must employ a large number of professional support staff, as a share of total staff, and retain them regardless of the size of the school, making the system very costly.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	e542545a36183ac52894978a6565a678	At the most extreme, lakes such as Lake Chad can dry up in particular years. Impacts of climate change have been found in Lake Baikal, with significant warming of surface waters and long-term changes in the lake's foodweb, and corresponding increases in chlorophyll a and some zooplankton grazers (Hampton et al., In the deep African Rift Valley lakes, such as Lake Tanganyika, climate change has been associated with increases in surface water temperature, reduced vertical mixing of water, reduced primary productivity and reduced fish catch per unit effort, which has driven fishers to other lakes (Verburg et al., In Lake Tanganyika, the surface water temperature has risen over the last century. This has increased the stability of the water column, which along with a regional decrease in wind velocity has contributed to reduced mixing, decreasing deep-water nutrient upwelling and entrainment into surface waters.	14	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/60a8d482-en	e543728f2ca89fd901d0fb520521815e	The sessions brought the insufficient and fragmented nature of existing care services to the fore, giving rise to the idea of an integrated national care system. Female members of the ruling left-wing party Frente Amplio successfully placed this idea on the political agenda, such that the Frente Amplio's re-election platform for 2010-2014 included the promise to create a national care system. After the Frente regained power, the Government organized 22 debates across the country to ensure broad participation in defining the new system, including by women's organizations, pensioners, caregivers and their families, programme administrators, service providers and regional and local authorities.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	e546c936dfbfd0d7f74fcb2ff7d500ed	Despite growing recognition of the need for policy coherence and transformative change, green economy approaches often fail to achieve integration and can perpetuate inequalities by prioritizing economic and environmental over social aspects. If social policies implemented in response to adaptation pressures are to be transformative (chapter 2), they need to be part of a policy package that tackles the root causes of development models that are unsustainable with regard to environmental impacts and climate change. In a similar vein, SDG 8 (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all)58 introduces a social qualifier to the kind of economic growth to be achieved.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	e548768fd66973bbca9102c649e2b903	However, when teachers are confronted with potential consequences for their career and salary, they may be less likely to accept performance evaluations, and the improvement function may be jeopardised. In practice, countries rarely use a pure form of teacher evaluation; instead they use combinations of assessments that integrate multiple purposes and methodologies. Nonetheless it is critical that evaluations have meaningful consequences to those evaluated, as it is the only way to ensure that they are taken seriously.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/09ba747a-en	e54ad29b314bccaf508f207aa618d210	Thus, while further reforms to reduce aspects of corporate taxation that are harmful to inclusive growth are warranted, progress made in reforming corporate tax systems in many countries over the past decades suggest that further tax shifts favourable to inclusive growth are more likely to entail shifts from personal income taxation toward immovable property and consumption. The presentation and analyses are admittedly far from exhaustive. Countries’ revenue systems are complex, and national specificities are remarkably varied.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/50fadfc4-en	e54ba089b5ad7d3a204c3850db6d0524	While the international community will play an essential role in providing overall leadership, bringing stakeholders together, channelling international financial support, and providing technical assistance, real solutions to the economic and social challenges facing youth will begin and end at home. Governments should therefore support those youth initiatives and activities at the grassroots and national levels that contribute to the realization of the 2030 Agenda. Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2016: Report of the Reflection Group on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Akazi Kanoze Youth in Rural Rwanda. Akazi Kanoze Youth Livelihoods Project, Final Evaluation Report prepared by the Education Development Center, Inc. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development. Available from http://idd.edc.org/ resources/publications/report-randomized-controlled-trial-akazi-kanoze-youth-rural-rwanda.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	e54d664ae53e320d2fc2f76302fb5f81	As it stands, there is a risk of adaptation continuing to be perceived as a solely environmental issue and it may prove difficult to secure support for measures outside that domain, leading to uneven implementation. It will be important to build on the positive experience of the stakeholder participation process to raise awareness of adaptation by senior policy makers such as ministers, members of relevant parliamentary commissions and senior officials. Targeted communications activities will be an essential element.	13	3	8	0.45454545454545453
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	e551be54271e6e24b0fa8190e2f7e046	Presentation at the Preparatory Meeting, International Advisory Board to the International Climate Protection Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Poznan, Poland, 7 December 2008. Intellectual property and access to clean energy technologies in developing countries: an analysis of solar photovoltaic, biofuel and wind technologies. Regional differences in the price-elasticity of demand for energy. Santa Monica, Ca, RAND Corporation.	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599604-21-en	e551fe41b34d00931932e747867961d9	An important feature of this development is the rapidly expanding trade between developing countries: the average annual growth of South-South trade since 2000 has been 17 per cent, compared with world trade growth rate of 10 per cent. This has caused the relative significance of trade between developed countries (i.e. North-North trade) to decline from about 53 per cent in the late-1990s to just 34 per cent in 2012 (Figure 18.7). Some of the BRICS members, particularly China and India, now provide improved market access to LDCs. They have also become important sources of technical and financial assistance.	10	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	e5535c6722c5276b473faf61de76b366	Improving energy efficiency will require environmental pricing mechanisms, regulatory measures such as building codes and fuel-economy standards, and public awareness and information measures such as labelling, training and education (OECD, 2015a). As of January 2014,23 countries had used the framework to develop indicators that suit their national circumstances, fifteen of which were developing or emerging economies. The environmental productivity of OECD economies in terms of carbon, energy and materials has improved since 1990, but overall carbon emissions continue to rise, fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy mix, the consumption of material resources remains high and many valuable materials continue to be disposed of as waste.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/efc21c19-en	e553c611ade4a9945f4b1bb262cebe1c	The more sophisticated forms of this interaction take place in the transaction and exchange between the government and businesses regarding the licenses, taxation and policies issued for various sectors. It has a potential for creating new and innovative products and services for women and invigorating business sectors related to women’s livelihood, as the improved practice of procurement may lead to cost reduction and increased efficiency. Women entrepreneurs may also benefit from e-procurement and e-commerce practices that allow access to targeted information on government policies and procurement opportunities.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	e55495dc1ffe7b33fe0db7e44807a7a2	Ultimately, it was decided that the project w'as neither feasible nor affordable and the tendering process was cut short after bids had already been submitted for the master plans at the beginning of 2012 (Global Water Intelligence, 2013). This experience suggests that better upstream project planning and due diligence is needed to ensure that project impacts can be managed and that the financial basis of the project is sound. Often, several experts and decision makers are involved across all hierarchy levels, including up to Cabinet level, as well as high-level officials from major donors and foreign governments in some cases.6 The prolonged negotiations for the extension of the As Amra plant were due to several factors according to the private partner involved, including the indirect effects of the Arab Spring, lack of political continuity owing to frequent Cabinet changes and difficult economic conditions (leading to several interest rate increases over 2012) (De Pazzis, 2014).	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/5jz5m7tw1x8t-en	e556a6d655b56dfe4d02eff748520bc1	What Role for Trade Policies in Low-income and Small Economies When Food Prices Spike? Governments of numerous large economies have responded to the spikes by altering their restrictions on food trade with the aim of insulating their domestic market somewhat from the spikes. Some food-exporting developing countries tightened their export restrictions, while some food-importing countries reduced or suspended their import tariffs and a few even subsidised imports of their staple food.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e55b1921e81e682737e0ff171ece0eb6	If land owners are not willing to transfer the land and leave it, the investor does not have the right to lease the land and cany out its investment.” It should be noted that although the government discourages slash and bum cultivation, i.e. shifting cultivation, such a system can be sustainable and deliver environmental goods in areas where demographic pressure is relatively low. An approach tailored to the characteristics of each geographical area should thus be taken.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	e55f1757979d73766b2e49e6ed62b470	In 2017, there are 221 government-subsidized centres nationwide in charge of managing this program. The centres recruit and train caregivers, and dispatch the trained caregivers to families registered for the service. The fee for the service and quota of service hours are set by government and, parents can receive an allowance to help pay the fee depending on household income. Families where both parents are looking for work also have priority access, as do families with three children, two of whom are under 5 years of age.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/50e33932-en	e56005146f92c95f5e64fcd054027562	The political level at the county (regional) level is (with some exceptions) responsible mainly for healthcare (about 80% of their budgets), planning of transportation infrastructure, public transport, culture, and may engage in other areas such as tourism and culture. The government is currently investigating a major regional reform that will reduce the number of counties from the present 21 to 6 regions. In essence, this initiative formalises and expands upon a past decades trend to reinforce the role of regions, notably by transferring more decision-making power to them from the centre, especially in regional development issues.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	e56274b49b987d9e856598720642e9a0	"Results for Jakarta (Indonesia) are not shown since the assessment was administered exclusively in paper and pencil format. The first is the proportion of adults who have sufficient familiarity with computers to use them to perform information-processing tasks. The second is the proficiency of adults with at least some ICT skills in solving the types of problems commonly encountered in their roles as workers, citizens and consumers in a technology-rich world. Three separate groups of adults fall into this category: adults with no computer experience, those who failed the ""ICT core” test and thus did not have basic computer skills needed for the computer-based assessment, and adults who opted to take the paper-based version of the assessment even though they reported having previous computer experience. This ranged from less than 2% in Sweden (1.6%) and Norway (1.6%) to more than one in three adults inHirkey (35.6%) and more than one in five adults in Italy (24.4%) and the Slovak Republic (22.0%). A further 4.7% of adults did not have the basic skills that were assessed by the ICT core test, such as the capacity to use a mouse or scroll through a web page."	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	e56694f29b4d148559ef0bb8fdc11cb4	Long before the state of Israel was established, Zionist leaders in Europe made the quest for water in Palestine a priority, with plans to transfer water from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean coastal plain for irrigation and drinking purposes. Israel invested millions of dollars in the construction of the National Water Carrier (NWCI. Besides the water it diverts through NWC.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	e56947c7dcb70713f2e65d64bb8e3cf1	Where opt out is possible and easy the government should not manage the risk - because it could create moral hazard (i.e. increase the incentives that individuals have to take risks). However, this clearly has ethical and equity implications, particularly when ability to pay is a factor behind the failure to contribute (e.g. provide no assistance to those without insurance). In practice where physical excludability is possible (e.g. deny access to a clean water source), societies will need to make judgements about whether the poor should be protected.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	e56a55987f772b795e153580169adb24	Growth of workers’ remittances slowed in 2012, partly due to a high base effect, but remained a major source of income generation, accounting for more than 10% of GDP. There was some improvement in oil production and that helped in raising GDP growth to 2.2% in 2012. Agricultural, construction and services sectors also contributed to improved growth. Nevertheless, this pace of growth is still much slower than its long-term trend. Sluggish growth in the major destinations for oil exports, namely the euro zone and China, also kept growth of the economy below its potential.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/787cb9be-en	e56b7261c4b445abbd999b95c29fca5b	This shift in public discourse in many countries consecrated the role of private investment as the main driver of economic growth, technological progress and human development and further encouraged a reduced role for government focusing on rule-setting and promoting good governance.16 The alleged inferior efficiency of government justified the downsizing of asset-based public policy through extensive privatization of public income-generating assets17 as well as the downsizing of income-based public policy induced by declining tax revenue. Lower total government revenue went hand in hand with lower expenditure and/or higher public debt (figure 2). These policies coincided with the growing concentration of income-generating assets in private hands,18 weaker redistribution, rising income inequality and unsustainable development.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/20155ccd-en	e56c8d15fbe089e80cbc95e67162c334	Substandard working conditions are the main issue, underscoring the central role that decent and productive employment plays in helping people escape poverty. The situation remains particularly alarming in sub-Saharan Africa, where the share of working poor stood at 38 per cent in 2018. In least developed and landlocked developing countries, at least one quarter of workers live in extreme poverty despite having a job.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	e5708398edfe27d742313b9c26e0dd1c	Three proposed functions of forests are considered here: the outlook for forest carbon sinks; the economic and social added value of forest carbon sinks; and domestic carbon sink initiatives in Japan under a next-generation Kyoto Protocol (post-Kyoto). The developing countries are encouraged to form cooperating bodies with developed countries under REDD, or afforestation and reforestation CDM. It is thought that, under the extension of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 3, paragraph 4, the forests of developed countries can be incorporated as domestic forest sinks in individual countries. In December 2005, at COP 11, Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica raised REDD on the formal agenda as a proposal.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-12-en	e574427c22382ea9457d63441ea6d415	Actions will be implemented by the river basin committee, ANA, IGARN and AESA. The plan considers water allocation and operation of the reservoirs of the region as central issues. Governance is key to put these actions in place from improving knowledge on strategic issues to establishing negotiated processes for water allocation.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/1fc801d4-en	e5750e6f94fec634c44e9303c7ebd12f	Mongolia has about 400 central waste disposal sites in total, covering around 125,000 ha of land. The inadequate waste disposal system causes huge problems for the environment and human health. Domestic, industrial, construction and other forms of w'aste are currently deposited on the soil surface in large dumping sites on the outskirts of cities and towns, which causes soil pollution and land degradation.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230491-9-en	e575badf22ae4d9084b32e53fa78c513	Contrary' to the situation in most OECD countries, health system priorities in Mexico - and consequently the whole information infrastructure in place at both system and institution levels - remain focused primarily on the number of people covered by some sort of health insurance and the associated cost of such coverage. By contrast, the performance of health care services is not monitored systematically, posing challenges for shifting towards system governance based on improving health outcomes. Specifically, a set of policies is presented to encourage a more productive organisation of insurers and providers, based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to Mexico. Such strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how the health system information infrastructure is set up.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	e57a2370c348bad0bd70a168b2235241	Financial hedges also occur outside the market between market participants.) A wholesale spot price is then determined for each half hour (trading interval) from the average of the 5 minute dispatch prices. The pool price is the price that all generators receive for their supply during the half hour, and the price that wholesale customers pay for the electricity they use in that period.	7	3	2	0.2
10.30875/5bd1cd2e-en	e57cc1355ac34fcde9e9705083a310bb	Several underscored the importance of bilateral, regional and international cooperation in this area. Some members stressed that initiatives to counter illegal logging should be consistent with WTO disciplines, scientifically based, and not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade. Concerns were raised on the implementation costs of such initiatives and the need for capacity building in developing countries to build awareness and improve enforcement of laws to combat illegal logging.	13	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	e57ea5958114334ee198bfe3a399f1d7	Some OECD governments go further, seeking to direct growth to particular regions (e.g. outside a capital city) or to particular areas within a city (e.g. inner-city development). Korea, for instance, has attempted to address regional disparities by directing growth to less-developed regions and alleviating agglomeration pressures on major population and industrial centres. While most often implemented by lower levels of government, these tools often require legitimation through national legislation, and may be motivated by national strategies for sustainable urban development. They can include the public acquisition of land, regulation (e.g. zoning provisions, development moratoria, urban growth boundaries, green belts) and fiscal policies (e.g. development impact fees, infill or redevelopment incentives).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	e57f5fc6044c059c84a1de315fafb07c	In the western areas of Kazakhstan, the rapid growth of Zhanaozen, Aktau is connected to the strong dynamics of natural resource extraction (i.e. hydrocarbons). Astana’s impressive population growth during the period corresponds to the relocation of Kazakhstan’s central administrative apparatus and the headquarters of large state-ow'ned enterprises (SOEs). In contrast, the population of FUAs in the northeast of Kazakhstan stagnated or even declined during 1999-2009.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3400179e-en	e583947dc14bc1b86e63f2cebee0e59e	When guided by basic principles of universality, solidarity and efficiency, social policy can enhance equity, by acting upon the structural determinants of economic disparities.35 In this regard, the present Policy Note understands social policies to be those interventions beyond the provision of a safety net that enhances peoples capabilities to participate in and contribute to the progress of the societies in which they live. As such, social policies should be developed in tandem with those specific macro and sectoral policies discussed above and be tailored to countries’ specific initial conditions and goals. In particular, they need to take into account the specificities of anticipated demographic changes at the country level and resulting challenges.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cc778895-en	e584a102a0bcbfda1be9101b66fe52c7	A dynamic panel model was used, estimated by the two-step generalized method-of-moments system developed by Blundell-Bond (1998), in order to analyse three scenarios: the first corresponds to the entire period covered by this study (i.e. 1981-2013); the second encompasses the years from 1981 to 1994 (the period leading up to the Real Plan); and the third is the period from 1995 to 2013 (the years following the implementation of the Real Plan). The results indicate that economic growth policies that promote an increase in income in conjunction with a reduction in income disparities are more effective in combating poverty in Brazil than those that focus only on raising mean income levels. The findings also point to the existence of a pro-poor form of growth in the period following the Real Plan.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264302914-9-en	e5857488d375146805e567d6d11c187b	By “support” the law refers to extending subsidies to NGOs or local authorities in partner countries and providing technical support. The text explicitly mentions the possibility of implementing projects through a unilateral agreement or within a network of LRGs as well conducting annual and multiannual projects or activities (Government of France, 2014). The law foresees that resources mobilised through this mechanism can be used to finance actions that promote access to water and sanitation services. Thus, the definition is broad and can include investments in hard infrastructure, capacity building, technical assistance or water ecosystem services protection.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	e5868a2aae4f4c61ad77be6abcf4f708	Discussions on financing were limited to how much money governments should provide to build the infrastructure. Over time, the discussions have evolved, with an increasing emphasis on cost recovery from water users (both for drinking water supply and sanitation and for irrigation; but potentially also for hydropower, navigation and others). Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive in Europe is a prominent illustration of this issue.	6	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en	e58b300c7c5394d2485996a07488c386	Programmes implemented by member organisations integrate sport skills and life skills through movement games, role-play, drama and other cultural and recreational activities. The PNG Games concept is driving behaviour at the community level and there is evidence of increased sports and physical activities at the Ward, District and Provincial Levels. Community coaches, sports administrators, volunteers and sports leaders are trained under the Community Sports Education Program and use these opportunities to put their knowledge and skills into practice.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264290747-en	e58cd46b2c2edd42bc8c9591449b4387	The European Union takes part in the work of the OECD. The Centre manages several programmes and initiatives, such as the Local Employment and Economic Development programme and its Trento Centre to support local development capacity, the Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth, the Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers, the Water Governance Initiative, the World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, and the National Urban Policy Programme.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	e58e679281988e376bdd9026e1e263e3	"Spain and United Kingdom provided estimates for three-year averages (2008-2010 income figures for Spain, 2010-2012 income figures for United Kingdom). “ N.P."" means “not-publishable"", i.e. precision or sample size is rated as too low according to national criteria. Regionally disaggregated statistics from social surveys should be published with confidence intervals, to enable statistically sound comparisons of the point estimates."	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	e593c484d5be0981a86c03f0390f2e63	N Engl J Med 348; 1556-1564. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	e5962fe805dc859a2646abfbed46580d	Gender equality strategies in MENA countries (cont.) See National Strategy to Combat Violence against Women 2011-2019 MOWA. Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Palestinian Authority; Establishing clear responsibilities across government - Baluain, Egypt, Morocco, Palestinian Authority. As such, a bottom-up component in the development of the plan would ensure the participation of women and men from across the country.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k95qw8xzl8s-en	e597ff84e58119fc49b73d2007dde8d7	This paper discusses various innovation rationales for the centra! In addition to formal decision making, various structural factors that may have an effect on those decisions are analysed and the ways the different stakeholders can influence curriculum innovations discussed. The paper combines various OECD and UNESCO data with a focus on public lower-secondary education.	4	2	6	0.5
10.18356/9f2309f8-en	e5980c3b92cda1ba572012bea6616102	Expected sources of radioactive waste are aerosols trapped in air filters protecting controlled zone, drain water and solid waste from NPP operation. It is expected that the NPP will generate annually about 33 m3 of waste from waste water per each of two reactors with reserve for emergency situation of 57 m3. Generation of solid waste is estimated to 40 m3 of very low and low activity waste, 5 m of medium activity waste and 0.5 m of high activity waste.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	e5a409b46829f3b70713d5a0061ba63a	Their efforts are supported by the federal and state governments, which provide resources for training and equipment. The two leading organisations are the Austrian Fire Brigade and the Austrian Red Cross. There is also a long history of voluntary co-ordination among Lander to deal with cross-boundary issues. Experience so far suggests that current systems for collaboration are effective for sharing information and co-ordinating approaches.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	e5a528224651842121e4ebfbd5bc19b2	The ultimate goal of such research is to better understand how to integrate cyclical and structural employment policies. The Reassessed OECD Jobs Strategy (OECD, 2006b) provides an extensive set of structural policy guidelines. However, the strategy largely lacks cyclical policy recommendations, aside from a general acknowledgement of the importance of having appropriate macroeconomic policy.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	e5a6151cdb014ed9a99d2110c6f257b4	According to NCE (2016), USD 4 trillion per year needs to be invested in infrastructure over the next 15 years. However, incremental costs for low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure are relatively low and at around 5% of investment requirements for new and upgraded infrastructure (NCE, 2014). The private sector - including financiers from capital markets but also firms - could help bridge part of the financing gap for sustainable infrastructure.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264075429-4-en	e5aad79b72429b7684f8cbb9879d407d	At a regional level, the socio-economic benefits from rebuilding stocks include protecting a way of life, as well as maintaining employment in coastal communities where few alternatives exist. In this context, stable access to a well managed resource could decrease economic uncertainty and enable fish harvesters to secure access to capital to remain competitive, leading to the production of higher quality, and higher value fish products. The paper is based on an invited plenary lecture to the 2003 ICES Annual Conference and reviews eight case studies of successful and unsuccessful stock rebuilding programs from the US, Canada, New Zealand and the EU.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	e5ac0d75a8ef109528fc3a3b6f15e540	India is however catching up at great speed, as illustrated in the next case study which analyses the impact of indirect training and capacity building on the Indian banking sector. To unlock this potential, the government designed a programme of cluster financing to increase the financing capacity of SMEs without specifically targeting energy efficiency. The mechanism helps aggregate similar types of financing requests and presents them to the banker as a single bundled project. Figure 10 illustrates the mechanism.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	e5ad29e1267ac8ac5f0b1700d002dbd2	It has the advantage that, assuming that the dollar a day absolute line is an adequate measure of survival, we do not rely on information from other countries to set a given country's poverty line. This cannot be said of proposals to define global poverty schedules since, in practice, because the parameters of hybrid lines such as Ravallion and Chen's (2011) are set to fit the observed official poverty lines, they depend on the behaviour of governments in setting the poverty line. Calibrating international poverty lines to data on national poverty lines does provide important clues, not easily available in another way.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	e5ad2b58fc8d9b998994289e0e814fe9	The shortage of land for settlement in urban areas exacerbates existing inequities between men and women, ethnic clashes and efforts by governments to have customary land titled and leased. There are also populations for whom complete resettlement in a new or foreign land is a reality due to rising sea levels. They carried with them a colonial legacy of deeply embedded social problems including high levels of inequality in incomes and of opportunity, including gender inequality, and high rates of unemployment and of rural and urban poverty (UNDP 2012).	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	e5adfc2c68da1a6fae4b1e650b00d8d3	The ongoing erosion of human capital in Israel and the Galilee poses a challenge for sustainable development. If significant changes are not made in the human capital development system, by 2020 a significant number of new workers will enter the labour force without relevant skills which limits their contribution to economic development. Israel will need to raise the level of educational attainment across different population groups in the Galilee. In order to help adjustments to changes in the labour market it will need to enhance the flexibility of the population through skills diversification, vocational training and enhanced access to Life Long Learning opportunities.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f47faf05-en	e5ae1044264ea1a6a30d1c0277460378	Statistics on the magnitude of their stocks through time are required to assist in the sustainable management of these resources. Stocks of non-renewable energy resources are defined as the amount of known deposits of mineral energy resources. They include fossil fuels (e.g., natural gas, crude oil and natural gas liquids, oil shale, natural bitumen and extra heavy oil, coal and lignite), peat, uranium and thorium ores.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	e5ae4cbfe734038d68268b1d8e986e41	Using very long hours as a proxy for working conditions allows for broader coverage of countries and workforce, e.g. self-employed, formal and informal employment30. The available data indicate a strong positive correlation between job strain and very long hours across a broad group of countries where both measures could be constructed31. Table 4 summarizes the main indicators and sub-indicators of the OECD Job Quality Framework that will be included in the new OECD database on job quality.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	e5ae6e10e90d05b7b4fb62d61e3b63c2	Being in the lowest wealth quintile or having no education is nevertheless a better predictor of one’s own poor health than parental poor health, but parental health matters more than family circumstances (being divorced or widowed). When accounting for individual heterogeneity, parental poor health becomes less important to explain own poor health than changes in marital status such as getting divorced or getting older. The impact of parental smoking is higher than that of several socio-demographic variables such as being in the lowest quintile of wealth or having low education.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	e5afd0aba897e9805df4a031cce9c726	In addition, residential and commercial establishments that have installed renewable energy facilities on their premises are allowed to sell any excess electricity to NEPCO, thereby offering a strong incentive for clean energy use at small-scale level. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources selected 20 of these companies and has started negotiations on the terms.9 The strong response from the private sector bodes well for Jordan’s future developments in renewable energy exists, although other complementary factors, such as interest from local banks, will also have an impact on how quickly the renewable market grows. Amendments include a new Article 11 that exempts all systems and equipment for renewable energy and energy efficiency purposes from customs duties and sales tax. The 2010 Law established a Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund and outlined the structure of a Board of Directors, comprised of Secretary Generals from various ministries and representatives of the private sector, to oversee its operations.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	e5b248174d4c7bc30f6eb0c69224aecf	So should the risk-informed development approach called for in the Sendai Framework, through the systematic integration of risk information across all sectoral planning processes. Delivering DRR is possible in any context, but the scope of what is viable and appropriate will change depending on the context. And for some, such as those affected by armed conflict and fragility, what this looks like is still to be learned.469 There remains a dearth of practical and policy advice on how to devise and implement DRR strategies for complex risk contexts, including where violent conflict forms part of the broader environment in which DRR takes place.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	e5b9f53cfda6ec1c21ceadb708f69d48	The world’s leaders call for massive investment in the developing world, and UNEP insists that this investment be in green development. The International Energy Agency estimates that some $44 trillion - over and above the business-as-usual scenario - will be needed by 2050 to meet even the lowest of the IPCC’s estimates for stabilizing global climate, most of it in the developing world. Indeed, the agreements and contracts signed contain clauses that make a sustainable approach to development well-nigh impossible. We call for one thing in our political declarations, but do a very different thing in reality.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-16-en	e5ba92d6aeb4e5eb4b10253afa31afd1	Cross-country differences are large, with professional mobility ranging from 12% of the working age population or less in Italy, France, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, to more than 25% in Finland, Sweden and Iceland. However, while women have on average the same number of labour transitions as men, the transitions are of a different nature. Women experience fewer episodes of unemployment, changes in employer, or changes in contract type.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	e5bbf7f0b83fd0381c4459682c310c78	Unfortunately, data on the number of hours subsidised or FTE employees are not available for the majority countries considered here. However, the size of such spill over effects cannot be isolated with the current data. Increased employment stability among permanent worker may come at the expense of lower job stability among temporary workers when STW schemes shift the burden of adjustment from insiders to outsiders. When concentrating exclusively on manufacturing, there is weak evidence that short-time work has increased the employment response to output shocks of temporary workers during the crisis.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	e5bcf854e3d06fe851076dbdd2b4bf1c	It is also estimated that the number of the unemployed could rise by 50 million if the global economic outlook worsens to the point where increases in unemployment match the magnitudes witnessed in the 1990s. This will bring the global unemployment rate to above 7 per cent. The number of the working poor is also likely to rise, particularly in emerging and developing countries where growth was primarily export-led.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	e5c39ea9540e556f1bca85e335813937	This may be considered high, in particular as Nordhaus does not make any distinction between the private, market-based rates and the social rates of discount. The latter is, however, absolutely crucial as shown in the computation in Table 4.1 provided by Nordhaus himself. Despite their technical sophistication, their equations are also subject to much criticism.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b8ba274d-en	e5c8e54b488b08f6b2fa3753e6f61321	Less complex but strategic interventions may also make a difference. These could include the provision of conditional cash transfers to girls to enable them to remain in school. But many of the measures to date have been primarily about changing the behaviour of the girl, failing to address underlying determinants and drivers, including gender inequality, poverty, sexual violence and coercion, child marriage, social pressures, exclusion from educational and job opportunities and negative attitudes and stereotypes about adolescent girls, as well as neglecting to take into account the role of boys and men.	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	e5cb1106d9d50c1efb252c90fa7ab4bd	On average, 85% are of an age that is typically active: just over half (53.7%) are aged between 25 and 44, while 30.4% are aged between 45 and 64. In comparison with workers in other sectors, there are fewer young persons aged 15 to 24 (13.9%compared with 19.6%among other workers), as well as fewerolder persons (1.9%, compared with 4.9% among the rest of the employed population) (see figure III. The proportion of young people aged 15 to 24 among care woikers fell by almost half during the 2000s, while the drop was much less dramatic among the rest of the employ ed population.	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	e5cfebd5e0548349d458de786884da79	This is even more important in light of climate change, which may require the establishment of adjusted regional and international building standards for infrastructure and hence the close collaboration across disciplines, such as technical engineering and scientific research. Given the long-term investment nature of infrastructure projects, they require stable and multi-layer governance structures - generally involving local, regional, national and international levels - and long-term financing. Private investment appears to be of growing importance, but potential governance problems such as infrastructure monopolies need to be considered. At the same time, the need for multiple actors, multiple-layered governance structures, and multi-disciplinary approaches may represent key barriers to infrastructure development in less-developed regions. For the most part, however, these effects are found to be rather small. Global average producer prices for crops would increase by less than 0.3% in 2050, and only in South Africa, where infrastructure-related costs for agricultural products are comparatively high (GTAP, 2013), could the increase exceed 1%.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264090415-9-en	e5d1c08320810bec0c727498c8259044	Traditional fisheries and fisheries management in this shifting system need to be similarly adjusted thereby incurring increasing costs for administration, science, monitoring and observation systems as well as rising uncertainty and input costs to the commercial fisheries. These aggregate changes as a result of the changing climate are expected to increase in intensity in the coming decades of the 21st century (Grafton, 2009; FAO, 2008a, 2008b, 2007b). That said, the combined effects of rising prices and climate change are complex, and they affect a very large number of fisheries and aquaculture operations in a mosaic of natural, social and economic contexts.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	e5d233e3d5679f617dfe66e93fa43c33	Ensuring that everyone in the world has access to enough nutritious food should be at the forefront of the post-2015 development discussions. The public sector should typically finance infrastructural needs as well as research and development, while introducing adequate incentives for private investments, such as risk protection and better access to credit markets. In addition, Governments need to design a regulatory framework that ensures inclusive and sustainable private investments. For further information see http://www.un.org/en/zerohunger/challenge.shtml. Individuals may have an intake of enough calories for daily subsistence, and still suffer from “hidden hunger”, with low levels of micronutrients due to low diversification of diets. This is a problem in both developing and developed countries, affecting 30 per cent of the worlds population.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	e5d2dfbb8209a48a1f975ef8ce75a29e	To assess the quantitative impacts, two different scenarios altering China’s economic growth rate were implemented: an optimistic one in which economic growth each year is 25% higher than in the baseline, and a pessimistic one in which annual growth is 25% lower than in the baseline. The impacts occur not only directly through bilateral trade, but also indirectly through changing world prices, which are to varying degrees transmitted to domestic markets of all countries, including Brazil. Figure 2.11 shows the extent to which China will import more (less) agricultural products from all suppliers, including from Brazil if the economy grows faster (slower) than in the baseline.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	e5d387af5487ced4affe9c272dc4e5db	One of the strengths of this monitoring survey is its clarity of purpose: NEMP intends to provide a national picture of student learning outcomes at key stages (Years 4 and 8) rather than to report on individual students, teachers or schools. About 3 000 students from 260 schools are selected randomly each year to take part in the assessments. The participation of selected schools is voluntary, but 98% do participate.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/81096ead-66884bda-en	e5d5a66c311d90cd2cd4f5a8f26bf564	The ENP Action Plans aim to assist the ENP partner- countries and Russia in addressing environmental concerns. They provide information on EU environment policy and legislation in key policy areas (including the WEEE Directive) and explain how progress can be achieved. In recentyears, many initiatives have been carried out and financed by the European Union to improve the legal and institutional framework that enables proper e-waste management in the sub-region.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	e5d6dcd78b4d9599bbe06b15149ea88b	Further, to avoid that domestic resources get skewed towards the collection of data for externally financed programmes, providers of development co-operation may consider more flexible mechanisms for supporting statistical institutes in partner countries (Bedi et al., Lessons from poverty reduction strategies are summarised in Box 2.2. Despite this support, a number of challenges remain.	13	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	e5d9e827f3a5ae437a756f189770bb88	Parents tend to be less convinced than students that schools are contributing to emotional well-being, with Indigenous parents least convinced, although in 2016 the gap between Indigenous parents of K-12 students and all parents of K-12 Alberta students had been reversed. Female students reported a higher level of emotional problems than both males in the Northwest Territories and females in the rest of Canada. Both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	e5da644cd44eebc371cf0e364b8a7353	First, Chile should strengthen the pedagogical training of traditional teachers. Most traditional teachers do not have access to formal training since they do not fulfil the relevant prerequisites and hold the necessary qualifications. Traditional teachers, therefore, require a tailor-made training programme that addresses their pedagogical needs. Also, it would be important to adequately prepare regular teachers to work with traditional teachers in a team.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	e5de727799190d7827ba80ce836837f8	The frequency of ENSO events is projected to increase with global warming (Bakun, 1990). This has obvious implications not just for coastal fishers whose fishing range is constrained by technology and conditions, but also major industrial fisheries and export-derived incomes (see the sections below on the social and economic impacts of climate change). For example Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) growth, recruitment, abundance and distribution are all strongly influenced by climate (Brander, 2000).	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	e5e0ae9bf096cc143f918c9eafca2855	Finland puts emphasis on non-salary aspects of the working conditions of high-school teachers and also pays for the costs with comparatively large class sizes. Finally, the OECD indicators also show that the United States spends 11.6% of its resources for schools on capital outlays, a figure that is higher only in the Netherlands, Norway and Luxembourg (OECD average 7.6%) (Table B6.2b in the 2010 edition of OECD's Education at a Glance). Given the close interrelations!)	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fb332d66-en	e5e12e30fb229ee8963ef92fd46bca50	Catches of fish species such as kilka have decreased 30-fold. Jellyfish came from the Black Sea, w'here a sharp drop in some fish stocks has been documented. Azerbaijan is part of the international cooperation on the monitoring and research on the Mnemiopsis leidyi, but for the time being there is no proposed solution. The species is monitored along the coast of Azerbaijan, and their number and biomass have been increasing through the years w'ith steep rises and declines. National programmes and actions plans contain components addressing water issues and together form the water policy. Given the amount of actors involved in water issues and the limited communication among them, the lack of water structural documents is an obstacle.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	e5e2211c7e216a79131389f72c1c23f7	For example, OECD (2015c) estimated that in 2013-14, over 90% of mobilised private climate finance targeted mitigation - this included finance associated with export credits for renewable energy. Several reasons may be behind this, including incomplete or asymmetric information on climate risks, uncertainty about the extent of future risks, imperfect capital markets with short-term horizons, and a lack of clarity on policy direction from the public sector (PwC, 2010; UNEP, 2016). Often, mitigation activities are perceived by the private sector to have a clearer path to profitability and to generate obvious revenue streams and savings, while the business case for adaptation is often less known. In addition, adaptation is a much more recent policy concern and thus providers are only just now beginning to target their private sector engagement efforts to also include adaptation objectives.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	e5e340e4551359005cf67969fed6be91	"Access to energy extends far beyond providing electricity or distributing cookstoves; it must encompass the full spectrum of energy sources and uses that form the overall system, incorporating targeted applications for specific purposes at all levels - from individual households to community needs to national infrastructures. In short, it requires a ""systems approach"" to developing energy systems (see the Introduction for a more detailed explanation). This paper treats each demand area as an energy subsystem, and explores how UN goals can be achieved within each (Table 1)."	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289329651-8-en	e5e41fdb6d8975c0846ac4a404392b01	It is less clear how soil carbon stocks respond to the harvesting event as such. During the first few decades, decomposition of litter and soil organic matter will exceed production of biomass and the overall carbon stock will decline. However, it has generally been assumed that the reduction in soil carbon stocks after harvesting is moderate and will be rebuilt to pre-harvesting levels over a period of 30-40 years (Nilsen et al.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264114579-5-en	e5ea6a77d4252ee9453a3fc548e64144	Between 1998 and 2007, decisions in lower secondary education became more decentralised or remained highly decentralised towards the school or local level in 19 out of 24 countries, including Norway, in the following areas: organisation of instruction, personnel management, planning and structures and use of resources. Some countries with highly centralised decision making in 1998, such as Korea, Italy and Portugal, where less than 36% of decisions were taken by the school and local levels, managed remarkable decentralisation processes and now have about 50% of decision making in the school and local levels in these areas. Conversely, decision making did not change or become further centralised in Greece, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico and Spain (Figure 3.1).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	e5eb9111ee7dce527e6700fa7a61bbf3	The expert groups can form task groups to address specific issues with the involvement of additional experts. In 2007, these included the Hydromorphology Task Group, the Accident Prevention Task Group, the Groundwater Task Group, the Flood Monitoring and Forecasting Task Group, the Economics Task Group and the Accident Emergency Warning System Task Group. In early 2009, 19 organizations had an observer status in ICPDR.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	e5ee199d7ccbf8c8aa4cf2f6cfe663fb	However, the group receiving unemployment-related SA benefits substantially overlapped with the group receiving housing costs-related SA benefits, and Cappellari and Jenkins argue that the choice of whether to include HB in the definition of SA benefits is of little practical importance. An additional complication was that there were both contribution-based (social insurance) and means-tested (SA) benefits for unemployed workers. However the majority of individuals receiving social insurance also received SA top-ups as well. Ideally one would like to identify only the individuals and families receiving SA (or SA top-ups to insurance benefits) but this turns out to be impossible in practice.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	e5f7598134545a74820c31344b50708a	"Rebuilding West Africa's food potential: policies and market incentives for smallholders-inclusive food value chains. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Cross-country evidence"". Achieving Dryland Women's Empowerment: Environmental Resilience and Social Transformation Imperatives, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	e5f7afe9305984192a03b317c37185ea	Throughout the Arab region, women tend to be seen as the principal home-makers (i.e. assuming reproductive functions), while men are considered to be the primary breadwinners (i.e. assuming productive functions). Surveys on women’s time use confirm that women spend far more time doing household chores and caring for children. It is particularly high in the GCC countries, reaching 6.7 in Qatar (UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre, ‘Gross enrolment ratio, tertiary, gender parity index' indicator, httn://data.uis.unesco.org/l.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	e5fa9f523ed7165523d3148a61f9aa21	Demand may well be reduced from dietary and conversion efficiency improvements. But no attempt was made to quantify the effect as the Baseline demand is already so small that any adjustment will be negligible compared to the large uncertainties surrounding each of the much larger demand categories. Given the net response of the LPJmL model, this may result in slightly higher demand for irrigation water.	6	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	e5fb2102ab8b5ef7da768f4539f796c6	This suggests that the reduction in mobile-broadband prices contributes not only to connecting more people but also to fostering more intense Internet usage among those who are already online. Survey-based data that ITU collects from national statistical offices confirm that, next to the availability of access and the relevance of services, affordability is one of the key factors that continue to determine whether or not people will use ICTs. A number of recent studies on ICT developments also confirmed these findings.1 Monitoring prices is therefore a critical step towards better policies to make ICT services more affordable. What is the cost of allowing ICT users to have access not to the wider Internet but only to selected Internet content, which is determined by the provider?	9	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	e601a2ee7967bd4618cbec27027ed88b	Further, agroforestry systems, including tree-based adaptation, are an important means of sustainably producing food, while conserving ecosystems (FAO, 2017b). Other examples of inclusion of some of these agricultural approaches and practices are integrated in the sections below in order to illustrate how these are related to success elements of agriculture climate change initiatives. For example, several INDCs mention national policies to promote CSA, agroforestry and similar practices, which is a key element within several of the initiatives analysed here (see Appendix B).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	e605ffefcb4420bfbc3605abd47939b7	First, it reviews different configurations of governing transport and spatial planning in OECD metropolitan areas. It then discusses possible institutional arrangements to achieve more effective integration between transport and spatial planning. While there is widespread consensus that better connecting transport and spatial planning decisions helps prevent costly consequences of urban sprawl and promotes harmonious development, institutional barriers remain slow to dismantle and co-ordination mechanisms put in place on an ex post, ad hoc basis may take time to become fully effective. The responsibility for transport planning and spatial planning occasionally lies within the same institution, but more often within different entities, as illustrated in the experience of the different case study regions (Table 2.1).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	e608b00def71a153fe19dc7836dead05	Women could then be forced to marry against their will. It affects their dignity and may have negative impacts on the marital relationship and the well-being of the family. Yet many countries in the MENA region allow child marriage, meaning marriage before the age of 18 (c.f. The Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in its general recommendation No. Besides, only a few countries in the MENA region have ratified the convention.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/56f09402-en	e60acdca829fe783d6ab5866376b630a	This has not changed, although youth employment programmes have an indirect impact on these possibilities. Unlike in many Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, there are no robust State policies for subsidized rent, cooperative housing or scholarships for tuition and room and board. Importance of supply in the labour market.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264249424-en	e60c11f654dabaac03277d2283fc5444	Together, this totalled nearly USD 29 billion on average per year in 2011-12. The more recently established and OECD-hosted Research Collaborative for Tracking Private Climate Finance has also been instrumental in co-ordinating emerging findings on methodologies to estimate mobilised private climate finance, collaborating across the DAC, MDBs, DFIs, countries and expert organisations. Building on the work of the Research Collaborative, most recently a group of 19 bilateral climate finance provider countries developed a common understanding of the scope of mobilised climate finance and a common methodology for tracking and reporting towards the USD 100 billion a year goal (TWG, 2015), This report also benefits from the collaboration with Climate Policy Initiative, which brings its own knowledge on the overall landscape of global climate finance flows. Furthermore ongoing developments in, and discussions about, climate finance definitions and measurement approaches mean that this report can only present preliminary estimates of progress towards the USD 100 billion a year goal.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e60c1335e7409d5fd90381b8a7b5ed76	Further, policies that improve roads, rules and signals for bicyclists, pedestrians and other alternative road users in urban areas not only help improve safety but also, by incentivizing the uptake of these means of transportation, yield health and climate benefits as air pollution is curbed and physical activity is promoted. The potential for such co-benefits has important implications for designing and implementing adaptation and development policies and needs to be properly assessed. It should therefore be mentioned that while policies with potential co-benefits offer cost-effectiveness advantages, which may encourage policymakers to implement them, they are not in all cases easy to devise. In this regard, an integrated approach can both take advantage of and encourage the development of policies that provide co-benefits for resilience to climate hazards and sustainable development.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	e60d88517aa64724e60f3af077f2576d	It represents an important step towards establishing childhood deprivation as a lead indicator for social policy in Mali, and towards understanding the complex interaction between financial constraints and other household factors in determining children's wellbeing. The analysis is primarily based on the MICS (2009-10) dataset and covers 12,542 households with children, and has a sample with a total of 71,055 children. The MICS data covers various aspects of child well-being and is therefore particularly suitable for the child deprivation analysis.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	e60d88ecbc6304da14f032e16fd5a50c	Hygiene interventions act by reducing contamination of hands, food, and water, and seem to be highly effective: a systematic review of the effect of hand washing with soap has shown that this simple measure is associated with a reduction of 43% in diarrheal disease (Curtis and Cairncross, 2003). However, the effectiveness of such interventions particularly depends on sustained behaviour change (van der Knapp, 2006; Waddington, 2009). Prioritising should therefore be based on local conditions and evidence from implementation rather than from pooled data (WHO, 2008).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	e611ab8fb7db2bb9bad60b1cecada7f4	Does the option help to alleviate poverty, and address distributional and equity issues, and ensure food security? The second prioritisation analysed the options in more detail to decide when and where they would be implemented. A wide range of criteria was chosen and evaluated through a literature review and a stakeholder workshop.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9efca30c-en	e615493283cc40096887e7fb0ce92262	Accession, ratification, and signature are used to signify States’ ratification status to international human rights and humanitarian instruments. The term accession is used when a State accepts the opportunity to become part of a treaty that lias been negotiated and signed by other member States. Signature of a treaty expresses the State’s willingness to be part of the treaty-making process, prior to establishing consent to be bound by the treaty.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	e6156fa72305d86f1577678f7fdf8a3c	However, in the case of major projects of irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation, modernisation or refurbishment, urban/industrial water consumers (through cross-subsidisation) and taxpayers in most OECD countries continue to bear the main share of the capital costs, with public agencies managing the water delivery systems. Even so, water service infrastructure for urban and industrial water users is also frequently publicly financed (OECD 2009a). Evidence from studies of EU member states (Garrido and Calatrava, 2010), the United States (Wichelns, 2010b), Australia (Parker and Speed, 2010), Mexico (Figure 3.2; Garrido and Calatrava, 2010) and Turkey (Figure 3.3; Cakmak, 2010) all confirm this trend.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/c73325d9-en	e615ba6dfd267f12ba33fb54aa37cdda	But to limit the burden on domestic tourists the tax rate should not be set too high. The tax should be part of a reform package discussed above and in Lewis (2018). Associated revenues could potentially fund tourism-related projects (like tourist information centres) and marketing and promotion activities and improve services more generally.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	e6161b277bc74376ad3a0db7fef12cbe	A further very large increase in the tax free allowance to €500 per month has been announced for 2018, but the rebate for low earners will not been continued. Instead, the whole tax allowance will be gradually withdrawn from those with above-average incomes until it is fully withdrawn when incomes reach €2,100 per month. Income tax rates have also been reduced.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	e6161c5a75c74f052b4fdbfbe2e1720f	Importantly, energy prices, which experienced the largest price spike, underpinned production costs of agricultural products relying on energy and fertilisers. Coupled to this impact was the emerging demand for feedstocks to support production of biofuels. This impact was largely crop-specific and included maize in the United States, vegetable oils in the EU, and to a lesser extent, sugar in Brazil. Mandated consumption targets for biofuels, and other support policies further re-enforced the links between energy and feedstock prices.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	e61843a33eafe0d6e9f6cf33a9fc0499	For example, the widespread gender gap in STEM disciplines can be particularly relevant for innovative entrepreneurship.5 Moreover, experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed in their next ventures than first-time entrepreneurs (Gompers et al., Additional mechanisms that can contribute to the observed differences in funding may include gender differences in network formation, or other innate differences between women and men (i.e. risk preferences, aptitude for negotiation etc.). While it is impossible to control for all innate abilities and individual preferences, the analyses presented in this section make it possible to disentangle some important mechanisms - including propensity to hold a STEM degree and past professional experience - that may drive gender gap.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	e619084a7493bcae16f37dca1ec5fab7	For instance, professionals may well have greater flexibility than machine operators as they seek to match work with family commitments. The same patterns can be seen in France, but it does not appear to affect fertility outcomes to the same extent. The provision of child care and out-of-school care services - for longer hours and without interruption - seem to make fertility behaviour more responsive to working hours within occupations.	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/81216b38-en	e61dc5be3c3cf57290b7ecab6b3ffee5	In most developed countries, even rural areas have reliable access to electricity. Here, ICT solutions can help consumers save money on their energy bills as sensors and actuators enable them to micro-manage their demand or to become prosumers who produce their own power. Furthermore, ICT can be used by energy providers to monitor and manage grids resulting in efficiency improvement and cost savings. In developing countries, urban grids partly can profit from the same impact of ICT.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-8-en	e622ec8921161dbfb4a3467fb580048e	Because 90% of psychiatric hospitals, which are the dominant provider of mental health care, are privately owned (not-for-profit) institutions, change in care delivery is pursued principally through this payment system incentive. The Spring 2014 revision of this fee schedule included a number of important provisions for mental health care which seek to shift care delivery in line with policy objectives (see Box 4.1). This included revisions to reimbursement for mental health services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	e6274aea820c875c06013c33ec3b0c8a	The six SEE economies achieve an average score of 2.3 out of 5 for the energy regulator indicator (Figure 12.7). Scores range from 1.5 to 3. Montenegro and Serbia achieve 3, reflecting their well-developed sets of strategies for implementing the Energy Community acquis and energy sector development which address the need for capacity building and institutional development.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e628ac93937e65c9099d9251af8c54df	In parallel to WUGs, another type of farmers’ group called “Ten Farmers Group (TFG)” was established at village level under the DOA. While WUGs are established based on the irrigation network system, TFGs are based on the number of farmers. By 2010, TFGs had been established in 13 077 village tracts. They contribute to building awareness on water management and serve as a platform to represent farmers’ interest in all aspects of agriculture, including irrigation (ARDC, 2011). Currently, the state owns all water rights that are handled by the central government for national projects and by local governments for small projects.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	e62a0dd395df8b48e45549629b49be4c	If the subsidies are given to the farmers it can be expected that the prices received by the fertiliser industry will drop after the subsidy is abolished, following the decline in fertiliser demand. Figure 7 shows the price effects of the different policies. When the subsidies on fertilisers are abolished, the cost of fertiliser to the agricultural sector increases, thus reducing farmers’ demand for fertilisers.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	e62e77147fcb7bbf58815aab976e6679	Information systems could be strengthened by further disaggregating information on different sub-groups of Pasifika students and other ethnic groups in regions where such information is relevant. As mentioned above, work towards developing a culturally relevant version of NEMP for Maori-medium education is ongoing. Implementing a revised version of NEMP in Maori-medium settings has the potential to produce highly valuable system-level information. They could provide useful information on the impact of language and culture in the cognitive processes involved in Maori students learning.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	e62ec9ac6088bbb4a804de9a2a048078	The respondent is the “eligible woman”, i.e. “a married woman between the ages of 15 and 49” in a household. These five typical questions can reflect what a woman’s status in a family is. By including this variable in the model, we can estimate how the female labour force participation rate is influenced by the independence of woman.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	e62fc7f241e1e26df53ccffafdffd2ed	First, however, particular surveys must be conducted to collect information that allows such analysis. The survey's questions on the extent to which people can travel without a car improved understanding of the user's perspective of public transport accessibility gaps. The DfT also refers to the UK's National Travel Survey, which asks questions about travel experience, in identifying where poor connectivity is a problem and in identifying areas where transport improvements must be prioritised (Cooper and Penrose, 2018).	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289348485-3-en	e63325cdbc3e9da89874ee15471aa5a6	The dominating plastic types used in the EU are polypropylene (PP), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), common plastic types for packaging. The plastic demand per plastic type in the EU is presented in Figure 1. To some extent the product groups also match the waste flows that the products eventually will end up in, but this picture is not entirely true. There are separate collection systems for packaging, ELVs and WEEE in place, whereas the situation for consumer products, products for children, and for furniture is different.	12	0	7	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	e6367f8568971a8e636ea615b7541058	Across 16 OECD countries, women spend on average 18% more time on secondary activities than men (25.6 hours per week, compared to 21 hours for men). Childcare in particular is often undertaken simultaneously with other tasks, so it might not be recorded among primary activities. The activities women engage in simultaneously are also different from those of men. As a result, men tend to associate more positive feelings with multitasking than women do (Offer and Schneider, 2011).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	e6373d8770c45d1066e4d145a1ee0b86	Special thanks go to Desney Erb for technical assistance and to Maartje Michelson for technical preparation. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) gathers information on the mathematics and science achievement of fourth and eight grade pupils. For further information on TIMSS see http://timss.bc.edu.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	e637df16cffb1bbcc133e98588f79ac3	It can be limited through the development of transportation systems, land use policies that encourage increased density, and the fostering of economic linkages between large and medium-sized cities to create sites of further growth. New zoning rules and the provision of services to address the negative externalities of dense urban development may also be needed. Inter-city transportation systems can help the development of medium-sized cities to attract investment and growth.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	e638b204e369c5fb285bae213c5757f0	Teachers are key actors in creating this context for learning and growth and can help establish effective learning environments. As we move into the future, new forms of educational provision will be needed that recognise the essential role that teachers play in transforming classrooms and to support them in their endeavour. This chapter explores the implications of the digital transformation on education systems and explains how teachers and policy makers can work together to harness its potential.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	e6398e18cfb1a761b13bd451869296db	Every sector, whether heat, electricity or gas distribution, has high future investment needs, which makes it important to attract capital with a fair return. Through ANRE, the government of Moldova has several options for inducing subsidies: • not adjusting tariffs for an extended period, as was the case with natural gas tariffs between 2011 and 2015 • approving district heat and natural gas tariffs separately, which carried the risk that increased heat tariffs might lead to disconnections from the district heating system • approving the tariff using a weak definition of the rate of return. This puts centralised production of heat and electricity at a disadvantage compared to small-scale boilers.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/c2dea192-en	e639d2bb02ced3add43f13415ee6340e	The measures are regulatory as well as informational. On the one hand, it includes vehicle tax rates which are dependent on the car's emissions and the expansion of the public transport system. On the other hand, it includes information campaigns and the inclusion of energy-efficient driving in the curricula of the driver's education.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	e63af28452a4c667f7e54b8b5d2526c8	"Moreover, the unspoiled coastal vistas are an important part of what makes the area attractive to new residents and new firms and is the base of a significant tourism industry'. The fact that w'ater and wetlands cover a large part of the area also limits the amount of potentially developable land, which further exacerbates tensions among competing land uses. Crucially, there is a strong desire to see economic growth continue, but also a recognition that better land management is necessary' to maintain a high quality of life that will contribute to future growth. Because it is a coastal zone, national ""‘spatial planning and urbanism laws” that are applicable in coastal and mountainous areas apply."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208292-9-en	e63e24fa452209fc8000bc37d582ff2c	Policy principles and objectives have been established, municipalities are required to prepare Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans and technical regulations and guidelines have been issued. However, the policies and action plans that were developed in parallel to address waste issues at national, regional and municipal levels do not provide comprehensive and consistent guidance. As a consequence, opportunities to increase the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of waste policies (by developing an efficient waste infrastructure network, for example) remain unexploited. Positive policy developments include the 2010 Policy on Sustainable Production and Consumption, efforts to promote cleaner production, an ambitious policy on extended producer responsibility (EPR) and attempts to establish green public purchasing.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	e641f3ca0a5c4d03865d29bae04e9dba	The key question is how to establish positive conditions to facilitate the implementation of such reforms. Water is not an isolated “sector” but part of wider economic, social and natural systems that include agriculture, trade, energy, real estate, finance, social protection and so on. Changes in these wider systems may even have more impact on water management than actions within the sector.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0c0a8ef8-en	e641fb9996bc2cda9ca07232e019c81a	According to data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) based on time-use surveys, women perform between 71% and 86% of all unpaid work needed by households (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 62). Moreover, between 12% and 66% of women between the ages of 20 and 59 years in Uruguay and El Salvador, respectively, are out of the labour market for family reasons (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 60). First, those who require care should receive it through quality services; access to care in the market should not intensify poverty in the home; and care work should not create barriers to education and employment under equal conditions between men and women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	e6422b08dd2c496f8a3e75927cde2763	Its sole purpose is to allow for better policy making in the electricity sector. The externalities of energy provision in different policy areas such as grid-level system costs, atmospheric pollution or climate change are thus considered one by one. The alternative of considering them together, with the help of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, economy-wide input-output models or a macro-econometric model, would have diminished the transparency and readability of findings which are first and foremost addressed to policy makers.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a29f7945-en	e6464b937eca2aeac37fc3fe37384f9d	Their exercise suggests that SSA is likely to experience welfare losses, even assuming the absence of macroeconomic shocks. The region is likely to experience worsening trade balances and increased debt problems, while any short term gains in income and employment could evaporate quickly under pressure from such strained balances. By endogenizing output, employment and the current account in a CGE framework, he estimates future risks and past losses due to trade liberalization.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	e6469978f7b299b5b820a1277597633a	First, it will add a trend, around which ocean climate will fluctuate. Second, because of that trend, it is more likely than it used to be that changes in ecosystems will be irreversible. If these effects take place in small, incremental steps they would not seem to be very problematic; adjustment could be made in similarly small, incremental steps.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/31bb2345-en	e648a02c03e354246864c2fd1c2c066e	In the case of rice straw, for example, well over half a billion tonnes is available in Asia, and this material is routinely burned. Biorefining rice straw would reduce GHG and other emissions by avoiding burning. The USDA has been addressing the needs for new feedstocks (Box 1) while at the same time helping to maintain and develop the first generation ethanol and biodiesel industry. One advantage of this USDA programme was that it provided incentives for field researchers, those optimising crops as feedstocks for biofuels, to work closely with researchers developing biorefinery technologies. As the industry evolved, focus has gone from creating corn and grain-derived ethanol to creating cellulosic ethanol, and now toward development of integrated processes that produce drop-in replacements for petroleum products. Technologies to produce advanced biofuels such as n-butanol, pyrolysis bio-oil, hydroxymethylfurfural, liquefied biogas, and even (bio)hydrogen have been developed and are arguably commercially viable.	12	0	9	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e648b4bde487adec1e97e90ceca2e2b6	Policymakers are confronted with the challenge of delivering immediate responses to current risks and adaptation deficits while ensuring that short-term interventions are consistent with longer-term strategies for building resilience and sustainable development (see discussion in chap. While some problems require long-term horizons for analysis and planning, others must be addressed within the framework of the present. In the absence of a flexible and comprehensive plan which lays out the strategic objectives and their internal consistency with more immediate interventions, there is a tendency to focus on the middle ground, or on intermediate solutions, which, as time elapses, prove to be either insufficient for addressing extreme shocks or inefficient, should the shock not materialize. At the same time, policy action must aim for transformative solutions, which address the underlying structural inequalities that perpetuate the vulnerabilities of certain groups.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	e649fdf818a9851ff226fb509d02d0f1	"Giving no ‘weighting’ to the individual items is not a neutral approach - it is a judgement that all the items on the list are of equal importance and that this is true for all of the countries being compared. A personal computer, for example, was originally included in a list of necessities proposed by the European Union but subsequently dropped when it was shown that only 30% of the population considered a computer to be ‘absolutely necessary’ or ‘necessary’.71"" If the poll had been conducted among young people, as opposed to the population as a whole, it is reasonable to suppose that a much higher proportion would have categorized a computer as a necessity. First, both the child deprivation measure and the relative income measure must confront the question of where and how the threshold should be drawn."	1	5	3	0.25
10.1787/9789264301603-5-en	e64b6965c0ffee6f130edf9d38be9fe1	By linking those outcomes to data on students' background, to schools' practices, and to education systems' policies, PISA data can help identify the characteristics of schools and education systems that perform well. This chapter helps policy makers and educators learn from policies and practices applied elsewhere, by exploring what teacher-related policies are common and unique to high-performing countries and schools. They include recruitment processes, initial teacher preparation and induction policies, career and compensation structures, professional learning opportunities and requirements, and teacher-appraisal policies.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	e64d7ae24728277d1ac27925fc858ed2	The elements in this category include journey time reliability, labour supply (number of people that can now access the labour market due reduced commuting costs) and static clustering (i.e. how reductions of generalised transport costs bring firms and households closer together, leading to productivity gains). This involves determining whether these impacts, either individually or collectively, are likely to alter the overall value for money of the proposal. Methodologies in this category are not considered robust enough for inclusion in the BCR, but are used to inform the Value for Money (VfM) category.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264259003-10-en	e64fa18cb064de3fbe81b79d2750ccd2	A large body of evidence suggests that greater sense of belonging and social connectedness at school are generally associated with higher well-being outcomes later on in life. As in other OECD countries, higher educational achievements are generally associated with higher earnings and better social outcomes (although the education “premium” in Korea is somewhat smaller than in other OECD countries). However, compared to other OECD countries and G7 countries, Koreans with tertiary education degrees are not always better protected from unemployment than those with lower qualifications.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3136863b-en	e653e343145b2a39fb8e64a75dc0e683	Addressing these inequalities will require a better understanding of who these children are, their vulnerabilities and the challenges they will face as they transition through adolescence into adulthood. One in five lives in the 48 countries defined by the United Nations as least developed (34 in sub-Saharan Africa, 13 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America and the Caribbean), where the challenges to the fulfilment of their potential are the greatest and the institutions to support them are the weakest. Greater levels of gender inequality have higher Gils.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264208469-8-en	e65607c83444203fec11cdf5e5f115a5	The reality is likely a complex combination of the two, combined with a range of possible external factors. The suicide rate in Norway in 2011 was marginally higher that of neighbouring Sweden, and more significantly higher than that of Denmark. Suicide rates in Finland remain higher than in Norway, but have been falling at a far greater rate (see Figure 1.5, Chapter 1). The Norwegian mental health service is aiming to avoid long-term inpatient stays, and has taken some steps to reduce admissions. Referral to inpatient care can be made by GPs, emergency clinics, Community Mental Health Care teams (CMHC teams) or clinical units. The increase in the number of discharges became possible with a significant shortening of the duration of stay, from an average of 110 days in 1998 to 28 days in 2008 (Pedersen, 2009).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264247543-10-en	e65844c215b6a3aa6234e04c58fded5a	The factors contributing to low levels of participation in education are similar in developed and developing countries. Household surveys collected in 63 developing countries revealed that poverty and rural residence are the main factors behind children remaining outside of the education system (United Nations, 2013). In developed countries, poverty is often cushioned by social welfare systems, however, opportunities for learning are often limited due to the constraints of place, time and pacing of knowledge acquisition (Muller and Repo, 2013).	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282735-7-en	e65bd2dd60162d9c4c23265d9d822f6a	The Sistema Integral de Salud (SIS), provided by governmen t, has been the main source of this expanded coverage. Despite such progress, however, much remains to be done. An efficient and sustainable health insurance scheme should: i) ensure effective and financial access to health services, ii) use resources efficiently through strategic purchasing; iii) generate sufficient and sustainable resources; and, iv) manage population health risk and institutional financial risk.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e65c4b46c123991bceb664911776a9f1	Principal climate-related aid estimated at USD 12.8 bn on average per year over 2010 to 2011, with total climate-related aid, including principal and significant activities estimated at USD 21.1 bn on average over 2010 to 2011, based on reported donor commitments to the OECD DAC. The framing of the effectiveness issue has changed over time, primarily reflecting changes in the international community’s provisions on aid effectiveness. For example, the Board’s assessment of proposals is to take national strategies and co-benefits into account. A greater emphasis is also placed on monitoring and evaluation (AF, 201 la), drawing on DAC guidance.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e65d0412d0da301b2fba4887efbc6540	For children in step-parent families there is some evidence that step parents are “selfish” (Case et al., This chapter has also considered what would happen to poverty and policy under two alternative scenarios, the “Golden Age?” While the outcomes of the first scenario are similar to what would happen if current trends were to continue the second suggests a very different set of challenges for policy. With the “Golden Age?” A substantial number of individuals also move in and out of work as employment is increasingly “flexible”, with more individuals working part-time and in temporary jobs.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264290747-en	e65d1e39d94fd32ab2950c3050420a44	In the Europe and North America region, most countries already implement NUPs. In contrast, about 40 per cent of the countries in Africa and Asia and the Pacific are currently in the stage of developing NUPs. However, the data show that some fast-urbanising global regions, such as the Arab States, are making serious efforts to put urbanisation on national agendas. Meanwhile, attention to climate change resilience and environmental sustainability is weakest; only 11 (10 per cent) of NUPs give extensive attention to climate change resilience and 28 (26 per cent) to environmental sustainability.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/3726edff-en	e65f797fa2c64f6d4e8120b1454cb6e8	Similarly, medical research relating to infectious diseases are often classified according to the category STD control including HIV/AIDS rather than medical research. Technological support towards disaster risk reduction may also be classified as humanitarian aid. In addition, support to research institutions may be classified as unallocated by sector or multi-sector as the research conducted may encompass many different sectors.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	e6612305f831504cd8297e270b584815	Indeed, the most common health problems in China today relate to tobacco use, blood pressure and obesity, which are not typical of poor populations. In 2000, the average life expectancy of rural residents was 69.6 years, 8 per cent lower than the average for urban residents of 75.2 years. Maternal mortality in rural areas in 2006 was nearly double that in urban China, at 45-5 per 100,000 live births compared to 24.8.	1	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289346290-5-en	e6613f3e3cd863c936de001730cec211	"Combining this with the rapid growth in international trade, there is concern that ""carbon leakage"" may have undermined climate policies. This has motivated the study of consumption-based emissions (carbon footprints) in climate policy, with the initial motivation to assess the extent of ""carbon leakage"" (Wyckoff and Roop, 1994, Munksgaard and Pedersen, 2001, Ahmad and Wyckoff, 2003)."	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	e661db7916775cd57370dc945a0027fa	Besides, they argued, the Japanese family supported its own and made public assistance unnecessary. Whereas Western families were portrayed as collections of autonomous individuals, in Japan — according to one senior official - “it is a family shame to send one of its own out to bother outsiders and to depend on others for assistance ’’. Abe (2007) cites estimates from the late 1990s that about 8% of households below the income criteria for entitlement to means-tested public housing actually live in public housing, and that 10% of households whose annual income is below JPY 2 million (certainly below the income criteria) live in public housing. The Public Assistance law of 1947 was influenced by conditions imposed by the occupying powers, which included governmental responsibility to provide social welfare, and a guaranteed social minimum: “[T]he new law did not link eligibility to inability to work like the old one did” (Estevez-Abe, 2008).122 In 1951 and 1952, Public Assistance was paid to roughly 4% of all households, and in the early 1950s it absorbed 50% of social security expenditure.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	e66393daad06f526bddbf0facae4c426	The country is recovering from the effects of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak combined with the drop in international export prices for Liberia’s traditional engines of growth - iron ore and rubber - to slow economic growth in 2015 to 0.4%. Public infrastructure projects and the commencement of gold production will support estimated GDP growth of 2.8% in 2016, but the drawdown of the United Nations peacekeeping force will reduce demand for services while requiring the government to assume full responsibility for the security sector and its costs. Energy production will gradually increase through 2018, but improved management of the sector will be necessary to maximise considerable investments and sustain service delivery.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/73b30008-en	e6648dc4877e747fda3b9208da32b321	"The MDGs (launched in 2000) also drew together existing standards in different indicators to propose a harmonised set of indicators of which monetary poverty was just one element. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the worldwide consensus has shifted to view poverty as multidimensional. Precursors to this conceptual shift include (1) academic writings such as by Amartya Sen (1990, 1991); (2) inputs from poor persons and non-governmental organisations, consultations leading up to the Sustainable Development Goals; (3) an increasingly visible academic literature on multidimensional poverty measurement; and (4) the pioneering leadership of countries such as Colombia, Mexico, China, South Africa, Bhutan, Pakistan, and others in using multidimensional poverty statistics to complement monetary measures and guide policy. Informed by this emerging consensus, the pivotal SDG document Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies, in its second sentence the global challenge of reducing poverty in ""all its forms and dimensions,"" as the foremost challenge of our time."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	e667db478101292a065769099763ad65	Tw'O major benefits can be reaped from this. Firstly, LGU’s in Metro Cebu could use land value capture tools to raise revenue from the direct and indirect benefits generated by the BRT to finance urban transport expansion. Land value capture enables the mobilisation for the benefit of the community the land value increments generated by the actions of others besides the landowner (Smolka, 2016).	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	e66a9cab9d044d018c617a2bbde39519	At a pedestrian crossing with pedestrian traffic light; 2, At a pedestrian crossing without pedestrian traffic light; 3. At a pavement/footpath; 4. Near to a pavement/footpath (including bus/taxi stops); 5. At a road w here there is no clear distinction between pavement and road way (apartments etc.);	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e66b0ca698a71b8f4df3c7e561599e28	These actions highlight the importance that developing countries also attach to understanding how effective international financial commitments are in achieving low-carbon, climate-resilient development goals at the national level. For example, in line with its strategic objective of financing transformational shifts towards low-carbon economies, the Climate Investment Funds’ (CIF) Clean Technology Fund (CTF) includes the amount of GHGs produced per unit of GDP as a national-level performance indicator (CIF, 2012). The CIF tracks this metric over time and compares progress to the baseline year determined by when the country-specific investment plan was established. In order to put these changes into context, the IEA calculates ESCII pathways consistent with two, four, and six-degree climate scenarios.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/07e053e9-en	e66c44a60b2654e8ad4eb472245e01cc	By 1985, Saudi Arabia had 24 desalination plants, including 17 plants on the western coast along the Red Sea and 7 plants on the east coast along the Arabian Gulf. These plants were producing 1.82 million m3/day and 3,630 MW of electric power. More than 70 per cent of that country’s water needs are provided by desalination, and its plants currently generate more than 4,600 MW of electric power. In 2008, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Saudi Arabia was an estimated 10.6 million m3/day.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	e6732cd722bb46927c565947b4cae27a	Approximately 30 million Mexicans currently live in settlements with less than 2 500 inhabitants. Rural communities are often excluded and have limited financial or human resources to meet the water requirements of rural Mexicans. In rural zones, alternative ways for service provision are required as the imbalance of wealth presents problems for the economic sustainability of water projects.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	e673b1cba652098d7ac26a29b67a72d4	When prices fall, producers in developed countries often have access to various support schemes and credit markets, while producers in developing countries may face large income fluctuations, often for commodities for which they are highly dependent for their incomes. Moreover, high volatility - an unexpected large rise and fall in prices - imposes large costs throughout the food chain, as uncertainty hinders investments and sectoral development. Governments, who are concerned that price volatility may be increasing, or if not increasing, remaining at unacceptably high levels, are looking for the means to prevent or minimise high price volatility and its harmful effects on their populations.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	e67446f4a0532e99c01ee2fddd2d5db3	Second, there is an analysis of the potential use of information for social policies such as health and eradicating poverty. Lastly, attention is paid to care policies, with a focus on those targeting persons with disabilities and young children, which include innovative features and to some extent attempt to transform economic conditions and have an impact on women's autonomy, as well as address social aspects linked to the initial stages of socialization of boy and girls, the development of capacities and skills in early childhood and better social inclusion. Rural, indigenous and campesino women are guardians of biodiversity but, under conditions of significant fragility and exploitation, they have less access to and control over land and production resources, and they shoulder the main responsibility for providing food for their families, collecting water and firewood, and tending vegetable plots and animals.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/c4ab8ee8-en	e674e4ac372faaecca331a958fdbc8ba	The southern saxaul forests cover 15.3 per cent of the country’s forested land and consist primarily of saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendrori) and other species such as tamarix (Tamarix spp.) The saxaul vegetation is a unique feature of Mongolia’s semi-desert and desert ecosystems and has important ecological, cultural and economic functions. These forests protect the land against erosion and desertification, and provide fodder for livestock and fuelwood. Siberian larch is the dominant species in terms of both area (62.5 per cent) and volume (78.6 per cent).	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e67534391c29512646442238fba6a8fb	Historic disputes over hydroelectricity production between Brazil and Paraguay or the Province of Quebec and the State of New York have also shown that renewable energies are not immune to political squabbling. However, even in the best of cases these relations are very difficult to predict. The issue is made more difficult by the fact that the majority of the easily accessible stocks of hydrocarbons are located in potentially unstable region.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	e679c5053a91c461163abe3e95bf9301	This seems to be the case for many of the US-based pilot programmes. As part of this provision, real-time mapping system would need to be able to locate and book the nearest accessible vehicle. In all circumstances and situations, an adequate pool of accessible vehicles would need to be available at all times so that people with disabilities did not have to wait (much) longer than other people to make their trip. There is some experimentation underway (e.g. Uber in New York City) on mixing short-term leases for accessible vehicles, a flat incentive payment for drivers undertaking those trips and reduced commissions by the ride service platform.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	e67e97ba492499d71c9534788b97b9c7	No more than 40% of Seguro Popular funds can go to human resources, no more than 30% can be spent on pharmaceuticals and a minimum of 20% can be spent on preventive activities. Yet beyond these figures, there is no clear resource allocation strategy at the state level, leaving states responsible for how they spend resources within these restrictions. The one exception is for public health interventions, where states make decisions in conjunction with the Ministry of Health to decide how they should allocate their spending on prevention activities. Similar shared decision-making approaches could possibly be employed for other types of spending, particularly for states with managerial capacity constraints. There remains a need for better accountability of how funds for health are used and for incentives and indicators to ensure that money is well spent.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	e67f02bf7867d1af4ce8af514b07a323	In addition, devising appropriate compensation and performance assessment schemes to improve the quality of health care services is of great importance. As noted above, the emigration of health workers poses an immediate challenge. Salary levels have been the main push factor for the emigration of health care professionals (Eke et al, 2011).	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	e680728b689e36fe3683e1444fecad2f	Monitoring and sanctions, while very strict in principle, are in practice far less stringent, as proof of job search is often perfunctory and benefit cancellation seldom enforced. Welcome progress has been made in the evaluation of programmes to help the unemployed, and these efforts should be further strengthened and used to channel scarce resources into the most effective programmes. Estatisticas da Educagao 2012/2013, DGEEC/MEC, Lisbon.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599390-5-en	e687647a1a114afffdfe59bf70b1f671	It has also been asserted, with acceptance by many, although not all. While applying this rule of thumb to the requests and concernsof LDCs. This has become even more apparent given the rapid growth of several emerging economies, and the South globally, as Part 1 of this Review highlighted, since the launch of the DDA.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/18a859bf-en	e68766bfd0eed71c7be6d4dcbc9d561d	Likewise all four processes emphasise the new global partnership needed to achieve their shared vision; a partnership between governments, business, communities and civil society. This partnership is needed to channel support to the countries with least capacity to meet their development goals and to ensure that that the collective action of all partners is well coordinated and complementary to achieve sustainable development. The post 2015 development agenda provides an unprecedented opportunity to break down the siloes between climate and development finance. The Paris Agreement includes in its purpose a goal to make all finance flows consistent with pathways towards low greenhouse gas and climate resilient development.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	e6891ba72c220e4f43d4b23beea740bb	Although in recent years some countries have made greater endeavours to place new psychoactive substances under national control, drug trafficking syndicates have responded and adapted by producing substances not yet under control, thus hindering drug control efforts. The abuse of keta-mine and its trafficking remain another area of concern for countries in the region. The total area of illicit opium poppy cultivation in the region was estimated to be 63,800 hectares (ha) in 2014, and production of opium estimated to be 762 tons. While the amount of illicit cultivation remains steady, a declining trend in the abuse of heroin in some East and South-East Asian countries has been reported.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	e68d3ebd64133090e2b87ef9516c6b2a	Decision-making power related to river basin management is still centralised and largely top-down, and river basin councils lack the necessary legal, planning, capacity, regulatory and financing powers to carry out their functions. Regional water programmes designed as a follow-up to the 2030 Water Agenda are a step in the right direction, but they are, at present, more infrastructure-driven project portfolios than effective basin plans as implemented in other OECD and non-OECD countries. This would help achieve convergence of public policies across the three levels of government, co-responsibility in decision making, transparency and consensus across all actors working toward the common goal of protection and sustainable use of water resources.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	e69139ae21e2750bd7c0c16be5c2483c	In contrast, Parteka and Tamberi (2008) and De Benedictis et al. ( Rationales specifically for territorial inclusiveness policies include fostering the development of more productive and innovation-intensive activities in lagging regions, by supporting entrepreneurship and the development of these activities. Strengthening the innovation capacities of lagging regions (i.e. the absorptive capacity of individuals and firms located there) also increases the chances of other initiatives, such investment in R&D and transport infrastructure, to have their intended effects on innovation performance and economic development.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e6939fc61b2c73f96d1a96923136668a	Kazakhstan’s economy had been closely integrated into the Soviet Union economy, and dissolution of the Union saw the breakdown of supply chains that created shortages of inputs and loss of markets for many enterprises. Especially hard hit were the 20-30 single enterprise “company towns”, usually centred on mining or smelting. The country continued to use the ruble as its currency, but in 1993, the ruble zone collapsed amidst hyperinflation.	2	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	e69470198b37cc7fcc3eed8b40031ec5	Green' energy RSD budgets include: energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen and fuel cells, other power and storage technologies, and other technology or research. While the United Kingdom remains a leader in marine energy innovations, its ranking declined in batteries, electric and hybrid vehicles, nuclear, methane, heating, solar, fuel injection and waste. However, the falls appear to be due to higher growth in patenting activity in emerging economies such as Korea, rather than a major decline in the UK.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	e69768610518cf28f5a96d5015ae9995	The clearest exception in this regard is Nicaragua, where income growth in the top quintile is entirely due to an increase in transfers. In Costa Rica, Ecuador and Mexico, differences in income growth in the first and fifth quintiles broadly reproduced the trends in labour income for those same groups. A similar pattern can be seen in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Honduras, where the income gap between the wealthiest and poorest quintiles widened.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	e698476262c52c1a38381f16782c6754	The reverse is not necessarily true: programmes that do not account for existing gender discrimination will continue to perpetuate it. The debate is no longer about adding in special policies and programmes for women or having separate women’s ministries or agencies, but rather, ensuring that all policies and programmes are aimed at achieving equal outcomes for men and women. Realizing gender equality and women’s empowerment is not an inadvertent outcome, but a key design feature.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	e69929c3fec74d51b39ac6314f666bbe	Diabetes outcomes provide a rudimentary but useful lens by which to analyse the performance of a primary care system. Care co-ordination, continuity of care and well informed patients - the key functions of a primary care system - can make a substantial difference to the potential for hospital admissions related to diabetes. Korea’s poor outcomes in hospitalisations relative to its population prevalence for diabetes suggests shortfalls in the quality of care delivered for diabetes in Korea, and in particular, the quality of primary care.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-5-en	e69e9e6c12414c0e2eac45993e62223d	In nearly half of OECD countries, nutrient and pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater in agricultural areas exceed national recommended limits for drinking water standards (OECD, 2012a). Furthermore, pest species can become resistant to the harmful effects of pesticides over time through genetic adaptation (Becker and Liess, 2015). For example, genetic resistance to herbicides has been recorded in 210 weed species (Bourguet et al.,	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e69fb071484db1a18d7eb7c875214f07	En depit des retards de la mise en exploitation et des possibilites limitees d’acheminement par oleoducs des exportations, le petrole coulait a flot des le debut des annees 2000, alors que les prix mondiaux commengaient de s’envoler et que de nouveaux oleoducs etaient ouverts vers la mer Noire et la Mediterranee. La superficie de terres arables par habitant (2.1 hectares) est la plus elevee du monde apres l’Australie (5.5 hectares). Les terres agricoles ont souffert des programmes de l’ere sovietique et de l’absence d’investissements pendant la periode qui a suivi l’independance.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	e69fe6ca3213b01fbd64b4519bb8f4cd	Moreover, some data is national in scope, while other data is sectoral or related to specific activities. Where data is disaggregated within countries, the different parameters used hinder data aggregation across countries. Hence, presenting total finance needs - either national, by sector or mitigation/ adaptation specific - is not possible based on the information available in the (l)NDCs.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/27e660be-en	e6a0df4d847338a58ba380d0f9165f70	The various strategies that they have used include behind-the-scenes lobbying of warlords and political leaders, organizing public rallies and demonstrations, and providing peace-making-related services, such as civilian electoral education and training. Some of these successful strategies are discussed in the Liberia and Burundi experiences mentioned below. The experiences of women from conflict-affected countries are compelling evidence of women’s choices in confronting difficult situations and in becoming significant players in conflict resolution and sustainable peacemaking. Such is the potency of this moral authority that women in post-colonial Africa have utilized them to wage peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and South Africa. Here, women have continually drawn on the moral authority granted to them by virtue of their being mothers, as creators of life, to call and create strategies for peace throughout Africa (Mazurana and McKay, 1999).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	e6a0e30b99dd3602ad1e3fec86a3107c	"Annual statutory salaries of teachers refer to the average scheduled gross salary per year of full-time classroom teachers according to official pay scales (OECD, 2016b). Minimum qualifications required to enter the teaching profession may not be the most commonly held qualifications in the teaching force. In several education systems, the ""typical"" teacher is certified and qualified beyond the minimum requirements and has reached a given position on the salary scale. This is referred to as ""typical training"" of teachers in Table il.6.54 and it varies depending on the country and the school system (OECD, 2016b, Indicator D3)."	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/048348bd-en	e6a13954bc4aebc8d53dedbef4fd78f3	Availability of data is naturally a key challenge in any environmental accounting. In our concept, water abstraction and use characterization data is needed for all of the industries included in the accounting. For many of them, data were available from the environmental administration, environmental permits or public reports. However, data requests made by phone were also required.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e6a578758c840c3ce9d199fbe282add7	This is very likely a major explanation for the reported differences. It is advisable to develop and apply a generally accepted method for making road crash costs estimates. As to output, this concerns, for instance, the way in which the data are made available for further processing and analysis. As to the use of the data, this refers to the actual use by road safety stakeholders and researchers. The possible and actual use of data by road safety stakeholders and researchers can be considered as a main indicator of the quality of a data system. The more possibilities there are to analyse the data, the better the quality of data systems.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	e6a6cf474d70e0c160153be8c43755ff	Businesses need more profitable market opportunities, via reforms, to allow them to pay for requisite skills. Otherwise, skills shortages may constrain growth as the working population ages and the youth share shrinks further, limiting the possibilities for continued expansion of the labour force. More skills of the right type, and their effective utilisation, will enable youth to move more seamlessly from education to work. However, youth transitions (as elsewhere) are more complex and less linear than they once were (Rea and Callister, 2009).	4	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	e6a71711c2d54c9fa533787cefd009d0	According to school principals who participated in PISA 2015, the average student across OECD countries attends a school where 84% of teachers have been fully certified, but this proportion ranges widely, from 100% in Macao (China) to around 10% in Colombia. Findings show that the proportion of teachers who have been certified to teach is positively associated with student performance in only a few selected countries, both before and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools (Figure 1.9). This overall weak impact is not surprising, given the different standards used in different countries to certify teachers and the fact that most countries have a high percentage of certified teachers.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	e6aa08e1121b8e623437dddc19c709b8	These include water pricing based on ability to pay rather than marginal cost, financing mechanisms in which cross subsidies from hydropower charges finance irrigation development, pricing irrigation water below the marginal cost of supply, the potential for irrigators to renegotiate contracts after projects are built, and the incentive to overinvest in irrigation when irrigators believe they will secure a water right. Five factors were also identified that lead to a higher value of infrastructure maintenance. These include a lower price of water charged to irrigator, a lower real cost of repairing infrastructure, a greater water savings from infrastructure maintenance, higher crop yields produced by saved water, and a lower cost of capital.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f42dd52-en	e6aa8852f5b9c1a3a02ad6b61c73bdf6	In the five countries measures have been taken to extend maternity leave to the most vulnerable groups of workers, broaden expectations of early childhood care and education services as a right for children, and regulate paid domestic work. These are very important measures for lower-income women and thus positive from the point of view of public policymaking for socioeconomic equity. Over the long run, from the point of view of the families hiring this type of labour, such measures should also create the conditions to push the State to design better sequential and defamilializing measures.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aa8d2b4c-en	e6acd75a774ba41ec2ac42d6eb6cc633	For example, in many of the region’s countries, functional income distribution worsened in the context of the commodity price boom (ECLAC, 2013b and 2014b). Various topics have been raised, notably those referring to the possibility of requiring a greater contribution from households or individuals with higher levels of income and wealth, given the suspicion that they are not being taxed in accordance with their means. This greater contribution would help finance public and social goods and services, enhancing the distributive impact of fiscal policy.	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8d349bcd-en	e6aee3f776aac72e24008a60b5ff17cd	The composition of these groupings, specified in tables A, B and C, is intended to reflect basic economic country conditions. Several countries (in particular the economies in transition) have characteristics that could place them in more than one category; however, for purposes of analysis, the groupings have been made mutually exclusive. Within each broad category, some subgroups are defined based either on geographical location or on ad hoc criteria, such as the subgroup of “major developed economies”, which is based on the membership of the Group of Seven.	9	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	e6b488a3c8461546a9b78dc2cbb511fc	Furthermore, if the social and political pressures for groundwater management may come from national, state, or local levels, in general, local groundwater organisations and institutions are often the ones that are developing, implementing, and enforcing management mechanisms. Lastly, the relationship with the management of surface water is a critical aspect, especially in regions where they are used conjunctively with groundwater. They first provided a diagnostics, then proposed a framework for action.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	e6b6d5bd92878f60f5a97f41b40fa9c8	The Spring 2011 Budget committed £3 billion in funding, with borrowing powers available from 2015-16 (conditional on government deficit reduction targets being met). It will initially provide long-term tariff support in non-domestic sectors. Limited support for households, capped at £15 million, will be available through Renewable Heat Premium Payments.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	e6b708f5717c44a6b54ab9546c7247b0	"Rather, it draws on examples of current practice to identify barriers, challenges and emerging lessons, and presents opportunities highlighted by practitioners and experts where development co-operation can play a role in improving the effectiveness of international public climate finance. The interviews were conducted over the phone and in person. The individuals participating in the interviews represented seven governments and a non-govemmental organisation (NGO) in recipient countries of international climate finance, nine climate finance providers from bilateral donor agencies and multilateral development banks, and nine international organisations and research institutes categorised for the purpose of this paper as ""supporters” of climate finance. This subset of practitioners and researchers working on international climate finance has been selected to represent views from developed and developing countries, with the aim to provide initial insights, as a starting point for further discussion."	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	e6b9fdb4019fc3241cff6d1cb6eed5e3	"Through dialogue, consultations and collaborative research, IPES-Food will work with local partners to explore how agroecology is understood and can be applied in a West African context. This include identifying its performance in the region, as well as the opportunities and potential barriers for such activities. Other examples of initiatives focusing on agroecological practices are the Promotion of Smart Agriculture Towards Climate Change initiative, which aims to support the transition towards agroecology in West Africa in order to increase the resilience of vulnerable populations and the ""4 per 1000"" initiative (see Appendix B)."	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a29f7945-en	e6bd6d73a31fb8241547e4583d325694	"How likely are African countries to realize even the paltry $16 billion projected by this model for developing countries? Developing economies’ aggregate nominal GDP, according to the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2008, was just above $14 trillion in 2007 - making $16 billion, or one tenth of one per cent, look fairly negligible rather than the big boost to development the Doha Round is touted to be. Its estimates suggest that SSA could gain substantially because ""farm employment, the real value of agricultural output and exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labour, and real net farm incomes would all rise substantially in capital scarce SSA countries with a move to free merchandise trade” [Anderson, Martin and van der Mensbrugghe, 2005: 26). According to the simulation results (Anderson, Martin and van der Mensbrugghe, 2005:38, Table 2), SSA excluding South Africa would gain $3.5 billion."	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	e6ca0c1c647fb4ececd1b1e6a3286eca	"It is a comprehensive agreement covering goods, services and investment, as well as issues such as business environment, labour mobility and co-operation on technical standards. A bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Chile was signed in November 2011 and entered into force on February 2014. Negotiations for bilateral FTAs with Korea and the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, which began in 2012 and 2013 respectively, were concluded in December 2014. Both are expected to come into force during 2015. Bilateral negotiations are continuing with EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland) and the EU, both of which began in 2012. Viet Nam began granting preferential treatment for goods to its ASEAN partners under the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme on 1 January 1996."""	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/cac71849-en	e6ccdae57da32a780a03ba8dfdacb493	For instance, in countries such as China and India (which, despite having invested heavily in rural development, are home to most of the worlds undernourished people), the areas most vulnerable to food insecurity often contend with poor natural conditions and fragile ecologies (Xiao and Nie, 2009; M S Swaminathan Research Foundation and World Food Programme, 2008). While there is an emerging consensus among international organizations regarding the importance of strengthening the role of small farm holders in order to ensure the achievement of greater food security, effective policies need to be in place to secure the viability of small farm holders, particularly in view of intensification of international competition and strengthening of marketing chains and quality standards, and natural resource degradation (Hazell and others, 2010). Small farm holders not only tend to make more intensive use of land and labour but also face lower transaction costs for labour. In northern Zambia, for instance, labour-rich households have higher incomes but they also cause the most deforestation (Holden, 1991).	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264281318-27-en	e6cd152756737979dfb4f3741241abdf	Dependent” self-employment, for example, refers to arrangements whereby a worker is economically dependent and subordinate to one or two end-users (OECD/EC, 2017 forthcoming). Although self-employed, the individual does not have control over their tasks and typically earns less than they would if they were an employee in the client company. Further, the individual has less employment security and probably lower social security coverage.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	e6ce2a6b0f1f462343c36dd686ec8cf1	However, there is no such perfect control group due to the geographical, economic and social specificities of each area. Empirical economists working on evaluations of such projects have found ways to deal, under certain hypotheses, with the “counterfactual problem”. Moving from the ideal evaluation via a randomised experiment (rarely able to be performed properly and usually costly), to evaluation techniques such as matching, regression discontinuity, instrumental variables and selection of observables relies on strong assumptions. The literature has come up with solutions that need to be carefully considered before applying them. A combination of country-level and project level monitoring helps to understand whether the overall level of action at the time of assessment is adequate. However, the combination of project and national-level evaluations is in practice extremely difficult.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ee5ffb89-en	e6d335764552d2f2cec82206b3bff224	Getting a boat to the closest city, the only means of transport, is expensive. And in a patriarchal society, where womens well-defined roles and work are dismissed as less valuable, it can be extraordinarily hard for girls to muster motivation to follow their dreams. It’s a high-pressure job with long hours.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	e6d3857dcdc2cd2095a8fb0396bea412	Some drivers of cost increases, such as productivity differentials (Baumol effect), medical technology developments and public expectations are to some extent beyond the control of policymakers. Failure to contain costs would result in higher taxes or social contributions, a reduction in the supply of other public services, a deterioration of the quality of health services, higher out-of-pocket payments by households or a combination of these undesirable outcomes. Remunerations of public health personnel are low by international standards, which is related to the fact that the vast majority is public sector salaried and to the compression of remunerations in the Nordic social model (Figure 2.9, Panel C and D). A sharp reduction of the number of medical students in the early 1990s, as unemployment among physicians grew, led to subsequent shortages, which are slowly being brought down. The overall shortage of doctors in municipal health centres was estimated at 6% in 2011 (down from 11% in 2008), but up to 22% in the worst affected region (FMA, 2011).	3	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	e6d53f4b2e6f6a64f9f2eda5522f1a0d	Sugarcane farmers across the region have been suffering in recent times, given the low price of sugar on the international market. The possibility of growing high-fibre sugarcane as an energy crop holds some attraction to the agriculture sector. Biodigesters have been used for decades in many parts of the world and offer a way of effectively treating animal and human sewage, as well as waste from the agro-processing industry (breweries and distilleries). Energy crops, such as napier grass and sugarcane, can also be used, offering a cleaner alternative to cogeneration that ensures the vital nutrients are returned to the ground rather than being combusted. Development of this resource in Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines is currently being explored and could dramatically alter the energy balance of these islands - and even the Caribbean as a whole if regional grid interconnections are developed to enable renewable energy exports. Currently, no CARICOM state has developed geothermal power (Guadeloupe has operated geothermal plants since 1986 - now up to 15MW, with plans for more capacity).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f4bbe1bb-en	e6d7d38c35d2ccd7ee40b31c82af50be	The geographical scope stretches from Turkey in the west to the Pacific island state of Kiribati in the east, and from the Russian Federation in the north to New Zealand in the south. The region is divided into five sub-regions - East and North-East Asia (ENEA), North and Central Asia (NCA), South-East Asia (SEA), South and South-West Asia (SSWA), and the Pacific. In 2014, Asia-Pacific economies produced 32 per cent of the world’s GDP and held more than half of the global energy supply (Table A-i). Yet the energy challenges encountered by Asia-Pacific countries remain large and distinctly diverse. These challenges add further difficulties in achieving theSDG7 targets and therefore, necessitate an early review of the state to foster the development of plans that would set the region on the correct pathway to SDG7.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e6dc4cad356ac7cf988e3df85ac6520d	For every 100 hospitalised casualties, police reported 115 serious injuries - serious injuries do not always result in hospitalisation. The reporting ratio that was achieved is a more accurate reflection of the true level of serious road trauma. Over the same period, the number of crash casualty hospital admissions was stable, indicating that the actual level of road trauma had not risen, and the significant increase in reported injuries was attributable to improved reporting. Figure 5.1 shows how Otago and Southland police reporting of serious injuries improved between 1997 and 2002.	11	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	e6ddd35bfe932543c98d33a0a3a3e910	However, for purposes of this paper, the individual/sector/national/international typology has been chosen as an effective organizational tool, that can be of particular use to policy makers looking to identify and analyze the multiplicity and variety of benefits. The complex interrelationships between effects at different levels of the economy have been explored to some degree in this paper, but would merit a more in-depth treatment in the future. Although they have ramifications at a wider level, it is useful for policymakers to consider these issues in terms of their impact on the livelihood of individual citizens. This report discusses three individual-level benefits: health and wellbeing; poverty alleviation (energy affordability and access); and increased disposable income.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	e6dea4fcae4724040f449d0df0d50d8a	The rationale behind decentralisation is that local authorities can be more responsive to local preferences and needs, thereby resulting in a better allocation of resources and higher cost efficiency (Saltman etal., Some countries show a high degree of decentralisation (Figure 13). In some countries (e.g. in Italy and Finland), decentralisation appears to have coincided with slowing health cost growth.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a68df323-en	e6deb01712a9e9fb1f9075937685fcf8	Although the Almaty Guidelines are not specifically targeted at joint bodies for transboundary water cooperation, they represent a comprehensive and up-to-date guidance on forms and mechanisms for public participation that can be applied by joint bodies. For example, an Ad Hoc Public Participation Expert Group acts in the framework of ICPDR. In the period 1999-2004, the Joint Russian-Estonian Commission on the Protection and Rational Use of Transboundary Waters had a working group on cooperation with NGOs, local authorities and international organizations. However, the Commission reformed its working groups, and the functions of this working group were transferred to the new working group on IWRM.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/73b30008-en	e6df45601b2b16049aa286eead278f91	"For example, in the 1960s Europe moved towards the development of social indicators to complement income measures (Atkinson et alv 2002). Key innovations included the 1968 Swedish Level of Living Study (Johansson, 1973; Allardt and Uusitalo, 1972), Jacques Delors' 1971 ""Les indicateurs sociaux"", and Peter Christian Ludz's ""Materialien zum Bericht zur Lage der Nation"" (1971). The above mentioned multidimensional concept of ""social exclusion"" (Lenoir, 1974) also motivated the development of social indicators."	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	e6e15cf845272e3c98159cf5df92c561	However, it has committed to work towards a low-carbon economy. The Ministry of Environment has developed the Low-Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) to 2030 (Ministry of Environment, 2016) and a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (GoM, 2014a, Decree No. The development of renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the residential and industrial sectors, transport and agriculture are among Moldova’s priorities.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264176713-en	e6e193d156c6bc7a578047e28fe2c217	It can also help ECEC staff and management reflect on their own practice and aspects such as the design of indoor and outdoor spaces (Pramling Samuelsson and Asplund Carlsson, 2008). Research found that child-initiated activities are important expressions of children’s perspectives and to understand their opinions and views. Bae (2009) indicated that when it comes to supporting children in expressing their views and securing their right to freedom of expression in practice, their right to participate is threatened if this is reduced to formal routines emphasising individual choice. Some of the suggested methods are to observe which activities or materials children prefer and incorporate this in the curriculum plan, have children draw their preferences, or let parents inform ECEC workers of what their child likes to do or play with (Save the Children, 2000).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	e6e24645b48d0cac0ca63caa88b17dd7	There is a predetermined set of measures specific to the scale of the event. Table 13 indicates that the more severe the event - i.e. the larger the parts of the country affected and the greater the economic impact - the greater the assistance and the higher the levels of government that will provide assistance. In this case, the government undertakes to partially cover the costs of restoration of on-farm infrastructure, but on the condition that no commercial insurance is offered (this is called “non-insurable” infrastructure in the programme).	2	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	e6e31b7963eaff469bb8f874abcb767b	Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Under this role, he edited the chapters and reviewed and commented on previous drafts. The order of the authors in the cover page reflects the way chapters have been organised in this paper for conceptual purposes, and does not reflect the importance of their contribution.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264274051-6-en	e6e579da08dc1bbb64b95f8769a5f1ee	Strengthening the curriculum’s learning standards, and ensuring that they are used as the key reference point for national examination and assessment development and teachers’ classroom practices, will provide the foundations to ensuring assessment supports the new student-centred vision for learning. Aligning assessment practice with the new curriculum will also mean reviewing Romania’s high-stakes national examinations, including reconsidering the use of the Grade 8 examination for tracking students into different streams. In the immediate term, there is a pressing need to mitigate the negative impact of the Grade 8 examination on student learning and equity.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	e6e6ade1476bf1a5b8c728e0e7642c84	Since youth foyers are expensive to build and operate, they are likely to remain tightly targeted at a small number of youth who are committed to participating in a specific educational programme, and who lack housing. Another option to offer second-chance educational programmes for youth is to use existing education and training structures. This is done in Sweden through the Folk High Schools, which mainly serve adults with previous work experience.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e6e7f2695ceb69cd44df6fea7c7b006a	Targets of production area were decreed to ensure that each state/division was self-sufficient in rice, and farmers were forced to cultivate rice in designated areas, especially those with irrigation, as a condition to access land and inputs. The MAPT used the rice obtained under compulsory procurement to supply low-income groups, government employees and military personnel, and to maintain buffer stocks (UNDP, 2004). Well aware of the economic importance and the role of rubber as an exportable crop and an industrial raw material for local manufacturing industries, rubber became one of the major crops promoted by the MPCE. Following the creation of the MSE, from 1995 to 2008, sugarcane area tripled and production more than tripled from 3.2 million to 9.9 million MT.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	e6e8dc35c57e6e2adacc7d62bee5fccf	"The first is self-provision of the population with mushrooms and berries, with fish and game and collection of which are implemented usually in the form directly connected with forest recreation. The second is wild medicinal plants harvesting of which is directly connected with recreation and also provides the increase of the human resistance to diseases due to ""forest therapy.” These two issues are relevant for Russia and should be taken into consideration while developing measures in the management sphere."	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/208cb99e-en	e6e94057b5a192eba6ce081fbd2996a2	Africa, Mexico, and Colombia for example build national MPIs from census data to obtain poverty maps directly. The Pakistani Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform (with assistance from UNDP, OPHI, and the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) built Pakistan's national MPI after a series of consultations with key national stakeholders. The measure took the functional form given in the Table 1 below.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e6e9a962cc6ff66f9eccc300182b4a9b	The correlation is even stronger in nuclear countries and this trend seems to be confirmed by the fact that public information on nuclear energy increases awareness of the benefits of nuclear energy. It is up to the nuclear sector itself to make these points convincingly. As a source of power that produces electricity domestically with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, nuclear energy is, in principle, well-placed to make a positive contribution.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	e6ef149f569a1dcc135aa83be015f79f	Although there is widespread recognition of the benefits of moving towards more flexible contractual arrangements and payment based on performance, collective agreements have prevented modernisation of the incentive system. Although there is a fair amount of variation in approaches depending on national context, a common feature across these national experiences has been the gradual implementation of the purchaser-provider split in the system, as opposed to a “big-bang” strategy, generally with positive results for the health system. Internally, within each SS institute, the purchaser-side should demand increasing refined information on activities, costs and outcomes from the provider-side.	3	0	5	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	e6f49965eb79d78702d3167777d7e067	The IDA was instrumental in establishing the International Disability Caucus, the network of global, regional and national organisations of persons with disabilities and allied NGOs, which became a key player in the negotiation of the UNCRPD. The IDA is now a major international player in support of the UNCRPD at international, national and regional levels. The IDA governing body is composed of the chairs of all its member organisations. It meets at least twice annually, usually in Geneva or New York. The IDA, with its unique composition as a network of the foremost international disability rights organisations, is the most authoritative representative voice of persons with disabilities and is acknowledged as such by the UN system both in New York and Geneva. The IDA is also committed to building the capacity of national DPOs with special attention to the global South, in order to support national efforts toward ratification, implementation and monitoring of the UNCRPD.	4	6	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-2-en	e6f5670f939697376f0f38406fb7b585	The European Union (EU) has ratified, as have most European countries. Among countries that have not signed, smaller countries predominate; this is also true within the Commonwealth. Article 32 requires states parties that have ratified to collaborate internationally and this is happening in some parts of the Commonwealth, with Australia and New Zealand supporting South Pacific countries.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	e6f6f38e1e4447eeaa29741288df828a	B. Fulton, Presentation on MSE Tools, November 12,2008). More specifically, these flow charts are characterized as continuous loops with no identifiable beginning or end. This type of specification highlights the continual flow and evaluation of new information that can be used to modify management plans.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2640b601-en	e6fa50fa37908233baf063e3ee9baf42	These describe growth dynamics at the industry level. Source: Platts (2005); see Wilson (2012) for details. Unit capacities remain low, with maximum unit capacities typically in the 10-50 MW range. During the next twenty years, continued growth in cumulative total capacity is increasingly driven by a concentrated period of up-scaling, which is preceded by a dramatic jump in the numbers of units.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e9f9b60a-en	e702564be085d4442315419ef4bd093a	This has impacted tariffs and the country has the lowest relative price for a monthly prepaid basket of 500 MB costing just 0.84% of per capita income. Unlike many other LDCs, electricity is not a problem: the mountainous kingdom has abundant hydropower and exports electricity. The price of electricity is 5.7 US cents per kWh, the fourth lowest in the LDCs.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	e705a01cbf6d0f59521f56fb1bf0c5f0	In 2015, the Housing Law was given a substantial revision in order to address a number of the below-highlighted challenges in the Vietnamese housing sector. Topics that are given particular attention are provision of affordable housing for low income groups, provision for recognition of self-built housing, and the inclusion of the private sector in the production of housing stock. Taken together, these measures are designed to ensure the right to use land and own property, and to regulate the transfer and sale of these rights, while also providing mechanisms to ensure that the housing and real estate markets are fair and accessible.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	e70695a59a6f0f664fb0d9b521b5768c	Support for biofuels - whether in the form of mandates or as budgetary support - in contrast raises agricultural incomes in all countries, as it increases demand for feedstock products and hence output prices. However, biofuel policies show a stronger effect on agricultural income at global level compared with fertiliser policies. This is because in regions with relatively higher value added of agricultural labour and capital (such as the EU, Canada and United States) the simulated biofuel mandates have particularly strong effects on the demand for agricultural production with a positive price effect for agricultural production processed to biofuels (Figure 17).	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	e707681c90a339e2edece515b93a87a7	It is estimated that nearly 2 billion inhabitants in the developing regions were vulnerable to desertification and drought in 1995, the latest year for which data are available, and the number is considered to be increasing owing, as in the case of coastal zones, to population growth and migration. According to Millennium Development Goals reports for Ghana and Kenya, while the proportion of the population in extreme poverty declined in many regions of those countries, their poorest and most remote parts witnessed rising poverty rates (Johnston, 2016). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2016a), forests are estimated to contribute to the livelihoods of at least 1.6 billion people in the world, with some 60 million people, mainly in indigenous communities, living within forests and another 350 million being highly dependent on forests.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	e707d3b46c3400eb2c0b1ef207eb6b0f	The additional rural migrants exert tremendous pressure on the already scarce urban utility services and other amenities of urban life, resulting in a lack of access to basic services relating to primary health and public health services, such as water, sanitation, waste disposal and food safety. In Bangladesh, only 72 per cent of the urban population has access to the water supply (Bangladesh 2005b). No urban area except Dhaka (the capital city) has a conventional sewerage system and only 20 per cent of the population of Dhaka is served by the sewerage network; only 50 per cent of the solid waste generated in urban areas in Bangladesh is collected daily, leaving the remaining waste scattered on the streets and causing environmental pollution (Asian Development Bank 2008). As they do not have the resources to make alternative arrangements to meet their basic needs, they are almost excluded from access to public health services, including pure water, sanitation, food safety and waste disposal. In urban areas, the poor mostly live in a damp, crowded and unhygienic environment.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	e708af435dfa1c482f5d428bc08ea887	In turn, adolescents tend to seek or sustain work that can be detrimental to their own well-being (Mkandawire et al., In contexts where old systems, modernity and economic stress collide, and the former support structures to parents have given way, it is possible that practices for rearing children may become harsher and neglect may increase. However adolescents may continue trying to earn through activities that pose health and social risks where they are expected to co-provide for younger siblings alongside mothers or older relatives, especially in small, fragile (and often mobile) family units.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	e70c4dd9f4909fcada4e0984df48e832	In terms of future investment needs, the most important sectors and technologies are energy (renewables) and transport (infrastructure and efficiency), followed by energy transmission infrastructure and building energy efficiency (Hohne et al. Whilst some technologies in these key sectors can be clearly marked as compatible (e.g. renewable energy) or incompatible (e.g. coal power plants) with a 20 C scenario, most investment decisions need to be considered in their particular contexts and will depend on individual pathways as well as activities in other sectors. Such investments frequently involve infrastructure with a long-expected lifetime and as such present high lock-in risks.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	e712178c85cd180b4b2519bee466890d	For example, labour force participation may decrease further due to the withdrawal of older workers from the labour force as a result of the lowering the statutory retirement age in late 2017. This policy may have a disproportionate impact on rural locales where there is a higher concentration of senior residents. This includes the network of national roads, railway lines, airports and harbour ports. A territorial lens on such overarching policies can help ensure that they are adequately tailored to place. Poland’s National Spatial Development Concept 2030 offers guidance on how to co-ordinate and implement public policies that have a significant territorial impact; however, in practice, its co-ordinative ability is weak (OECD, 2016b).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	e719ddb4fc17894392cc1eb913ca670c	Poorer developing nations get limited support for resource management and development of capabilities. In 2027 China and the US propose new environmental rules for global trade. By 2025, New York, Los Angeles, Beijing, Shanghai, and many big European cities ban the internal combustion engine within city limits.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en	e71a1809be0363d858a009bbabaaab43	These results are based on self-reported information provided by workers and therefore may not reflect the employers’ views nor the actual outcomes of the recruitment process (Green and James, 2003). Moreover, the survey specifically asks about the qualifications required to obtain the job at the time of the interview, which may not necessarily be the same as the requirements demanded of the respondents when they were hired. Despite these caveats, these results illustrate both the demand for workers with postsecondary' education and the level of complexity of jobs, as perceived by currently employed workers.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/644f1023-en	e720fd1e288fd75a47a834821180b9f7	There is no socialisation of the forest.” Indeed, Nepal’s DoF and many of its forest policies were modelled directly on British-Indian practices and the Indian Forest Service. “ This model in turn stemmed from the training and ethos of the Imperial Forestry School at Dehradun and Oxford,” explains a synthesis report of the UK’s forest projects in Nepal during the 1990s. “	15	0	3	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	e7295b85851ed32293b1296f9167dda9	The following analysis highlights the trade dimension of digital technologies, shedding light on the changing composition of trade in goods and services, the determinants of comparative advantage and the effects of digital technologies on the international organization of production along GVCs. This section begins with an analysis of the impact of digital technologies on services trade, and subsequently discusses the effect on the composition of trade in goods. It also briefly touches upon the relationship between IPR and trade.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	e72c2f4a45a37149dbe9d435f1dd4c7b	Nonetheless, as these demographic variables hardly vary over short periods they are not analysed on a disaggregated basis. This variable grew at more than 10% per year in Argentina and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and between 2.1 % and 3.4% in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama. In countries where poverty did not retreat by much, labour income per employed person also played a major role, especially in Costa Rica and El Salvador, although in most cases it was less decisive than other factors, and in some cases moved in the opposite direction, as in the Dominican Republic and Guatemala (see figure 1.23). In Colombia and Nicaragua, the employment rate was at least as important as average income per person employed.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	e72f5ec6d9c77829b70282d2aec81af8	This could imply that there is either limited awareness among the potential beneficiaries about this option or that this scheme provides few additional incentives to farmers as compared to the standard Income Equalisation Regime. It would be useful to explore the reasons for the lack of uptake of the New Start-up Grants, which could be related to overly strict criteria for access by potential beneficiaries or to the levels of the grants. As noted, this facility provides partial compensation for the restoration of “non-insurable” infrastructure, pasture and plantings. The rationale for this support is that insurance for such damage is not available to farmers on the commercial insurance market.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	e72f63bcd9a07dfdc32f009974c77da9	These plans establish target populations for each game species and set quotas for the number of individual animals that can be taken. Each game management area is awarded to a public concession through competitive bidding. The concessionaire is responsible for game protection, breeding, and hunting within his game management area.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e72fdb9a837004eb9de66bb903397dd9	Thus, a mix of both top-down and bottom-up systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales (e.g. Martins, 2013; Duarte, 2013). For example, it is easier to estimate the impacts of low-carbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience. In the latter case, it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level (e.g. number of project-management training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	e72ffdfac202ee9834e478c9f94ea6d9	As a result, importers may seek other supply channels. In the long-run, the lack of contract discipline diminishes the ability of the chain to maintain optimal levels of investment, and in particular to support strategic areas of business development. Overall, the ability of the sector to compete efficiently on global markets is undermined, and marketing risks are increased along the whole food chain, including the farm level. Such activities may include research, information collection, analysis and dissemination, technical assistance, advice, insurance, generic product promotion, etc.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/67989bf6-en	e730aa21e88b4225fc7da04160bee699	Yet in a number of countries, quota requirements that are supported by effective implementation mechanisms, safeguards and sound accountability structures have helped boost the representation of women in recent years. As oversight mechanisms, parliamentary committees can further benefit from expanding their gender expertise to hold the government to account for achieving national gender equality goals. Less frequently used were mechanisms that scrutinise budgets and expenditures from a gender perspective. The parliament is responsible for implementing these measures, and the courts are responsible for oversight.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-5-en	e73173d5006c665591d93f54bf3c6882	In addition, a cap on water use was introduced in 1995 to limit further extraction of water from the MDB at 1993-94 levels. The cap did not limit development; it prevented increases in water use, requiring water efficiency measures to be the main driver of productivity gains. This was the first essential step in introducing water markets into the MDB by imposing a level of scarcity on the water user’s right.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	e733eda7d345b97641aee0604b2be8e9	"The ""local Agenda 21"" initiative envisaged sustainability being built from the bottom up through initiatives by local governments, community groups and women and men. It stimulated a plethora of community-based and joint state-local sustainable development projects and programmes across the world, around sustainable agriculture and land use, water, fisheries, forests, wildlife, urban environments and other issues. These initiatives embodied important recognition of local resource rights and collective action. Yet many suffered from an overly homogeneous view of ""the community"" that failed to account for socially-and gender-differentiated perspectives and priorities (Dressier and others, 2010; Leach, Mearns and Scoones, 1999), or involved women only in a tokenistic manner in project management committees."	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	e73a11b4f7cb5ebe3dec260115e287b3	The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT; SEDESOL; Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA - Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentacion]; Treasury; Energy; CONAFOR; IMTA; etc.). Its role is to include NGO representatives, such as water users’ associations, to further strengthen civil society participation. The Water and Public Works Operation Technical Committee, integrated by CONAGUA, CFE, IMTA and UNAM research institutions is another example of co-operation. It meets weekly to deal with all dam operating issues, including hydroelectric power stations, and to optimise water management.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	e73a451768f479dfc03cd5caca4b8000	While the multi-dimensional headcount ratio of men in 2011-2012 was 0.40, it was 0.68 in the case of women (Table 11-21). The Alkire and Foster index of women was 0.28 as against 0.10 for men. The gender bias index was thus as high as 3.0, indicating that women are three times more deprived than men. There have also been structural changes in the population, including an improved sex ratio, reduced birth rates, a rise in the average age at marriage, improved longevity and progressive ageing of the population.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	e73b5b031c41570d48ad27359a9e1b8c	"The improved Sri Lankan biomass cookstove, called Anagi (""success""), has achieved profitability and scalability in this way -reaching net sales of 6 million cookstoves and improving the lives of customers (GVEP, 2009). Even with such substantial increases in LPG use, the total world oil product demand would increase by only 0.9% of the projected global oil demand in 2030. Further oil demand from the additional 1.2 billion people using LPG is roughly equivalent to only 5% of oil demand in the United States today."	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	e7403ab5f77fdaddf230828d7f54cb9b	Insurance companies generally invest via debt instruments. The capital charge for bonds is given by a rating factor multiplied by the duration of the investment. The impact of the solvency rules would in this case come from the fact that long-dated bonds and /or those with lower credit ratings would require greater capital - with these being just the type of debt instrument, such as green bonds, which are potentially to be used to finance infrastructure and clean energy projects at scale.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	e74209d06bc574930f9af6bea70ff3cc	For these countries, it will be extremely challenging to assess and communicate progress towards the aspirational, qualitative or non-time bound aims outlined in e.g. their NCs or INDCs. In addition, as adaptation is very context-specific, countries have different needs and objectives. Barriers to obtaining a clear view on progress towards national adaptation goals may not be a problem at a country level, but would impede the global stocktake from producing an assessment of progress on adaptation at a global scale, if this stocktake is based purely on information submitted by individual countries and is to be conducted in an aggregated manner (see Section 4). For developed countries, it will be important to show progress towards targets relating to climate finance, as well as to the balance of climate finance between mitigation and adaptation.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bf400991-en	e742286092d35b5475360194c1937952	Using remote sensing methods, the indicator can be measured in a cost-effective way in an unlimited number of cities. Research has shown that two main different approaches are used to measure this indicator (the degree of urbanization and the urban extent) that has very strong connections to other goals and targets. Although participation itself can be explained in different manners, no one denies the involvement of different actors in urban affairs is critical to build consensus and to take the most appropriate and informed actions. This data, which is mostly generated using spatial analysis technologies, is greatly challenging the traditional notion of the city unit and its boundaries, which were used to generate urban data.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-10-en	e7495d0a6841188dc1e55a5e3cffd0b6	It reviews a large number of recent sectoral projections, with a view to gaining a sense of which industries are considered by experts to have strong growth prospects over the period under study, which are expected to perform less well, and what particular challenges and uncertainties the industries face. The sectors covered are capture fisheries; offshore oil and gas; shipping; shipbuilding; offshore wind; marine aquaculture; marine tourism; maritime surveillance and safety; ocean renewable energy; deep-sea mining; and marine biotechnology. They offer interesting perspectives on experts’ views about the uncertainties, challenges, opportunities and prospects for growth and employment, allowing a first preliminary assessment of the longer term future for a range of traditional and emerging ocean industries.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b376f88-en	e74a8bd68a715c57440bf787dc6734a0	Currently, about one third of the country’s population consumes drinking water that does not meet the national requirements. The monitoring data reveal the non-conformity of tap water quality to the accepted standards by its chemical and bacteriological composition (table 6.6). The goal of the authorities is to provide the entire population with good quality drinking water and to meet the municipal water demands of cities and settlements through centralized water supply systems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	e74ac2d8eb8435e86d0c81ff071ad3fe	For instance, it is necessary to monitor wind speeds for at least one year before building a wind turbine (World Bank, 2008b: 8). The most attractive options have often been applications that are income generating and are linked to existing agricultural activities or agro/forest industries. Where customers are concentrated, it can be more economical to connect them to a small grid or a centrally located generating system, typically based on RETs, on a diesel generator or on a diesel-renewable hybrid solution.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/355832ee-en	e74ca69b32f91d4369a4427ab6321bb3	"Most, if not all, analyses of material deprivation using the EU-SILC define the household (or an adult/child) as deprived only if the item is lacking because it cannot be afforded. This is also how the official EU material deprivation indicators are constructed (see Guio 2009). However, focusing on the enforced lack of resources implicitly introduces a financial dimension to the analysis of deprivation, while the MODA approach aims to keep the monetary and non-monetary dimensions separate. Moreover, parents may under-report the extent of deprivation of their children in order to comply with societal norms, and the full extent of the resulting bias is difficult to establish with certainty (Gabos et al 2011). Finally, the CRC protects children's rights irrespective of their parents' or guardians' ""race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status"" (CRC Article 2). Since children tend to not have resources of their own, they should not be excluded from the consumption of goods and services important to their well-being because of the preferences of their parents."	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	e74f2b2c9d47b228456569e01970bc3c	This is most evident when considering a low-carbon future across all regions and sectors. Significant additional work is needed to carry forward a systems approach to energy access in emerging economies and developing countries, much of which will need to be targeted and conducted in relation to categories of use. Technology roadmaps specific to different regions - BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), the developing countries and the least-developed countries (LDCs)- could bring additional clarity to this discussion and generate the additional stakeholder engagement needed to provide sustainable energy access for all. Each energy subsystem will be explored according to its individual characteristics.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	e752ac88b8ba89058704467c4cf21ecb	Together with an expected overall decline in summer precipitation, these changes could lengthen the periods of low flow in summer, although elsewhere there are expectations of higher summer rainfall. Where intensive rainfall events become stronger and more frequent, greater flushing of diffuse agricultural pollutants to both surface water and groundwater could result, and the frequency and severity of polluted urban siormflows could increase. Overall increases in annual rainfall could have the effect of diluting diffuse pollutants. Joint EEA-JRC-WHO report. Rising water temperatures will increase the likelihood of cyanobactcrial blooms, and hotter and drier summers would deplete river (lows, reduce dilution capacity and lead to higher pollutant concentrations and possibly fish deaths (temperatures above 25°C can be fatal).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	e75389fb63e1d6a3e4614ba0b21a8de3	National communications (submitted every four years for Annex I countries, and less regularly for most non-Annex I countries) have also provided broad sets of adaptation-related information. More than three-quarters of submitted INDCs have an adaptation component, but their contents vary greatly in terms of their scope, aims, content, clarity, timeline, link with existing policies including mitigation actions, and “measurability”. The table illustrates the overlap between information requests for NCs and for adaptation communications.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/97ed059a-en	e7538b22e84ce2c4448c979b48b452c6	The slowdown of the growth of the trade volumes could already be observed in 2007, with an annual growth rate of 7.2% for total world trade transactions in goods and services, less than the 9.2% growth rate recorded in 2006 (figure 2). This decline corresponds to reduced export volumes of -12.5% and -11.7%, respectively for advanced economies, and emerging and developing economies, in 2009. The growth rate of world trade volumes could become positive in 2010 according to these same projections, to reach 5.8%, 5.9% and 5.4% in 2010 and 6.3%, 5.6% and 7.8% in 2011, respectively for the total volume of world trade, exports for advanced economies and exports for emerging and developing economies.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	e757e4e340cfe785d8df9a9239b44b5e	Men who suffer from CVD have 1.17 [0.04; 2.30]1 extra sick days per month in blue collar men in Mexico, and 4.23 [0.05; 8.41] extra days per year in white collar men in the US. However, American white collar women who have CVD have reduced sick days (-0.57 [-1.15; 0] days per year). In Australia, white collar women tend to report more sick days due to CVD whereas blue collar women with CVD report fewer sick days.	3	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599406-9-en	e759b5eef396de4f1b7890147fdd7b48	The delivery of energy services is a multisectoral phenomenon, and thus considerations of the linked vulnerabilities of major infrastructures should be part of an analysis of potential adaptation options. One of the biggest challenges is that some utilities are facing declining loads. Owing to the economic downturn and more wealthy customers opting to switch to self-generation energy options (including solar PV systems with battery), some utilities have found that their annual energy production has declined year on year - in some cases for the first time ever. A majority of this is from customers connecting small, distributed renewable energy systems (predominantly solar PV) to the grid.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/a793e2be-en	e75a46b0eb9a5cfb7cc806211e0a1c6d	Most rural working women are employed in traditional agriculture. Self-employed women are more likely than men to be classified as family rather than own-account enterprise workers. Women and girls remain significantly constrained in education level, contributing to occupational segregation. These gaps are largely explained by differences in human capital variables, such as education, training and experience.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	e75bd00613e6f392048415d2a89bed2b	Thailand Migration Report 2011, IOM Publishing, Bangkok. Thailand Migration Report 2011, IOM Publishing, Bangkok. Costs and Benefits of Cross-Country Labour Migration in the GMS, ISSEA, Singapore. World Bank, Washington, DC. D. Thesis, Tokyo: Waseda University, https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/ dspace/bitstream/2065/36264/3/Honbun-5517.pdf. Following sections on the volume and nature of employment, the chapter addresses occupational change using a demographic decomposition method.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	e75d5cd1b9a3bfe1f774dbe043db5543	In Switzerland, working in sheltered employment is normally restricted to the disability pension recipients. To help patients obtain work is what relatives most frequently demand from mental health care - 70% of the relatives request this (Angermeyer et al., The fear to not be able to accomplish the tasks at the workplace prevents many people with mental disorders from looking for a job in an active way.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	e75f5ebc00b6060c71ac97300df11bb3	In Country Group 2 (“Polarised female labour market behaviour”), where mothers work either full-time or not at all, the probability of working full- rather than part-time increases only when the youngest child is aged between 6 and 10 years old. And in countries where mothers often work part-time (“Women in long-term part-time work”, Country Group 1), the probability of working full-time increases only when the youngest child is 11 to 15 years old, as is also the case in countries with a relatively narrow gender gap in working hours (e.g. France and the Nordics, Country Group 4). In Eastern European countries (Country' Group 3), the number of children in a household does not appear to have a significant impact on the likelihood of an employed mother working full- rather than part-time.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	e75f8c165a350e3951f2f4eeb9ab9194	It discusses recent projects and achievements in this direction, considers the challenges in building a coherent policy framework for the ZMVM and offers some recommendations based on international good practice. A final section addresses the Mexico City-Toluca train project and the New Mexico City International Airport. Central to achieving this is building a strong metropolitan co-ordination structure for mobility planning and implementation; aligning private and public actors to achieve consistency across policies and projects; moving away from reactive actions and developing long-term planning capacity; and assigning human and financial resources to generate the right technical expertise for the kind of policies that are coherent with new' priorities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283268-en	e76397da3204fce47070898d0394b3a4	Even though mortality from lung cancer is lower in Austria than in many other EU countries, it remains the leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases (see Section 2). While the development of a comprehensive policy on the protection of nonsmokers started relatively late compared to other countries, Austria introduced a number of measures in recent years, including smoking bans in public places (see Box 1). In addition, Austria published its first Addiction Prevention Strategy - covering illegal and legal drugs including tobacco and alcohol - in 2016, providing the basis for the direction of addiction policy in the coming years. This development potentially contributes to increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases and other health issues in the longer term.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e309eca0-en	e765d0b501dac713cab1b13cfbd37c21	Lessons from these past trends are helpful to formulate future policies helping improving opportunities for displaced workers. On average each year, one-fifth of jobs are created and/or destroyed and one third of workers are hired or separate from employers (OECD, 2018). This is part of the normal reallocation of resources to their most productive uses in response to shocks.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	e7692a5f33dc6554460bb813b6e62160	New developments in space technology (satellites, space communications, GPS systems) are also promising as a means of amassing more accurate and timelier information on markets. A brief overview on the current and potential use of space technology is provided in Box 2.1. The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) monitors the world food supply/demand and price situation and provides early warnings of impending food crises in individual countries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283510-en	e769530a6f952ca60c5c88908761e1fa	The result is that Poland has the longest waiting times in the EU for health care interventions such as cataract and joint replacement surgery, such as cataract and joint replacement surgery (Figure 14). Specialists may have an incentive to maintain waiting lists to boost demand for their own private services paid out-of-pocket by patients, and the practice of double employment is fairly widespread and poorly regulated in Poland (European Commission, 2016). For example, waiting times for some specialities can be up to 12 months in some regions (Kowalska et al., In addition, the share of patients waiting for a neurology, ophthalmology, cardiac, endocrinology or orthopaedic appointment in 2014 varied almost three-fold across Poland's 16 regions (World Bank Group, 2015).	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/36e1bb11-en	e76968b7c5b73496bdb27502c7590924	Men may also seek to retain control over how much they are willing to change and under which conditions, thereby retaining gendered power hierarchies and reducing their accountability to the needs and wishes of women (Pierotti, Lake and Lewis, 2018). While no intervention can change the whole of a society, there is a need to work not only with individuals but also with the social networks that they inhabit, be it families or peers. In terms of preventing GBV, especially IPV and domestic violence, men’s partners and the broader family need to be involved as well.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e76b31e96d5646d3657cc837943de2b9	Loading and uploading facilities, commodity exchange centres and food processing complexes that will be established near the Chinese border will help reduce post-harvest losses of perishable crops produced in Myanmar (MOAI, 2013). Maintaining the quality of fruit and vegetables and maximising their shelf life requires careful and minimal handling and proper temperature. However, as most often post-harvest technology is lacking, post-harvest lossess of fresh produce, especially mangos, is ranging between 25% and 40% (DOA, 2013).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	e76d7120e28f477e251d566fec09b578	The survey was repeated in 2015, capturing more patients and extending to primary care (results not available at time of writing. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264261976-8-en	e77086c74eac00a88d52db3180ba40d7	While implementing these types of programmes, social enterprises should make sure that apprenticeships do not become a replacement for more secure and longer-term employment opportunities. These market gardens produce certified organic vegetables which are then distributed to local customers. In addition to limiting negative environmental impacts and contributing to local economic development initiatives through the promotion of short distribution circuits, Reseau Cocagne also provides training and apprenticeship programmes. The training includes 560 teaching hours and 861 working hours.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	e77164e8b90fe48ad08f50d0c59996d9	These interactions focused on how to create an enabling environment for e-commerce to allow all companies, regardless of size or location, to enjoy access to the global trading system. Enhancing the quality and affordability of telecommunication services and facilitating investment in ICTs and related sectors are especially important for creating better conditions for online trade. Reducing regulatory barriers and ensuring regulatory coherence are also important to enable SMEs' participation.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	e772c1af6cf9de7f3c11287f54f86641	Patients still tend to visit a hospital specialist directly even in cases where cheaper and clinically effective alternatives are available. In 2009, curative and rehabilitative care provided to inpatients and outpatients accounted for around half of current health spending in Hungary, with a slightly higher share of spending on inpatients (Table 4.2). While the share of inpatient care has dropped slightly and that of outpatient care increased since the 1990s, there was no clear systematic approach and trend (Gaal et al.,	3	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	e7744b59ef65d93805b247a043726a2d	Beyond the determination of who does what, the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground. In addition, both ministries are required to co-operate on some areas, given the interdependence of issues such as climate change, spatial planning, roles of water districts, agencies, organisations and the need to address issues of quantity and quality collectively. On average, domestic water services usually involve the highest number of ministries, public agencies and departments, because of the externalities of water supply on other policy areas (e.g. education, health, etc.)	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9a3c39a-en	e776aa5dd80e820dc1c824ab0f235c88	Consistent with a plan to increase child and youth care workers from 800 to 10,000 by 2018, more than 5,500 had been trained by May 2016 (Roby, 2016). Improving city planning and service delivery in line with SDG targets 11.1-11.3 is critical for improving informal settlements and anticipating the projected increase in urbanization. It requires capacity building for strong urban planning institutions and well-trained professionals who can deliver on the new urban agenda (UN Habitat, 2016a). In India, only 21 universities offer postgraduate town planning programmes; only 5 offer them at the undergraduate level.	8	1	7	0.75
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	e776d3a3f05169a2f8f5f9854a033b0f	When low battery power is detected, the cluster manager tries to turn off web servers to prevent them from abnormal shutdown due to power shortage. Moreover, it is useful to construct a resilient system that can provide a minimum level of quality service when not enough energy is provided. A simple energy management strategy that prioritizes system availability over performance can be formulated based on prediction of solar irradiation and load.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	e77f9b17399178baa8ce82e7722248ca	Failing to seize this opportunity will lock in C02 emissions for decades to come, implying significantly higher social and economic costs of mitigation action (OECD, 2012a). These additional costs are limited compared to the potential impacts of climate change if this action is not taken (Dellink et al., In addition, low-carbon infrastructure would bring many other benefits: better mass transport in cities can reduce congestion and air pollution; distributed renewable energy infrastructure projects can improve access to energy in developing countries while lowering emissions, improving indoor air quality and stimulating innovation through technology transfer and international co-operation (OECD, 2011; 2012a; 2015a); and making buildings more energy efficient could reduce energy costs. These long-term costs and benefits should be fully taken into account.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/06f7e845-en	e78150599935bf284db97c6726c98d5d	All countries should make access to basic health care and health promotion the central strategies for reducing mortality and morbidity. Sufficient resources should be assigned so that primary health services attain full coverage of the population. Governments should strengthen health and nutrition information, education and communication activities so as to enable people to increase their control over and improve their health.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	e782705df83636902363d1c01febaaeb	Another issue is distribution of producer benefits among producers. Even if we can be assured that producers as a whole would benefit, those who do not adopt the new technology will not gain and may even be made worse off if the adoption by others leads to price reductions. The introduction of international trade is a str aightforward elaboration of the simple model, from which we can obtain measures of welfare impacts for different spatial or market aggregates. It becomes slightly more complicated when we allow in the same model for technological spillovers.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/a68df323-en	e783f7a53ba79ec585836777a31d7c33	In some cases, local authorities participate in the activities of joint bodies (this is true, in particular, for joint bodies involving the Russian Federation), which helps to focus cooperation on the needs of boundary regions and contributes to implementation at the local level. However, environment, fishery, health, energy, hydrometeorology, economy and finance authorities at best participate in the activities of a joint body on a case-by-case basis or in the framework of selected working groups. The Statute of the Chu-Talas Commission, approved in 2006, may therefore be considered a positive practice in this respect.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	e786474cc722324975bad0925291fe89	Half a percent of GDP in the United States amounts to just over USD90 Billion. In Japan it is 2.6 trillion Yen. But given the different disease and demographic profiles of the US and Japan respectively to Australia, these figures may be higher. Despite all the limitations and assumptions built into the presented calculations, the cost impact of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care is substantial enough to warrant attention.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	e786858d00be7874af35eec7db22f1db	Recognising that deaths from diabetes can typically be prevented with timely (primaiy) health care, Luxembourg is currently developing strategies and programmes that will target diabetes patients more effectively. This has increased the identification and notification of HIV cases. However, in women, death rates increased slightly in the last decade compared to a decreasing trend in men, reflecting the long-term consequences of increased smoking among women in previous generations. Luxembourg's Anti-Tobacco Plan 2016-2020 also involves public awareness campaigns and tax increases starting from 2018.	3	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-4e43e9ba-en	e78dcf06dd9f4e8f89269ef981b6f672	Three strategic components need to be present domestically to ensure the Internet continues to operate in an LDC in the event of a disruption to international connectivity: a root name server57, the ccTLD name server and an IXP. If the ccTLD is not managed locally, money accrues to overseas registrars and web hosting companies. If there is no IXP, then data will be exchanged overseas, requiring costly Internet bandwidth.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	e78ed95fcdfb316d2ed4646269a5f499	The Act is a piece of federal legislation that lays out the goals of fisheries policies. It identifies rebuilding and managing for maximum sustainable yield as key priorities and delegates' responsibility for meeting these objectives to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through its sub-agency the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Substantial authority in turn is delegated to Regional Fishery Management Councils (RFMCs) who develop fishery management plans to restore and manage stocks.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	e78eedc071c770d432f6227226bf1f9b	One step further down the trophic level, those herrings would have eaten 1 000 kg of animal plankton which in turn would have consumed about 10 000 kg of phytoplankton, generated by 500 kilojoules of sunrays. Machine-to-machine communication, highly sophisticated sensors, data analytics and artificial intelligence are set to bring about quite transformative changes in both products and processes. Improvements in the use and management of energy and natural resources, creation of new markets and new value chains, changes in global trade patterns and shifts in international competitiveness, will all flow from progress in ICT. Those, in turn, are set to be driven increasingly by convergence in various information and communication technologies - the Internet of Things - and by convergence with other emerging technologies such as nano- and biotechnology.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ff76cb89-en	e78f1c565bde3f717715be2241b21878	Policy preferences reflect differential environmental conditions. Because people do not have a sense of sharing their destiny with others outside their own community, they tend to become disappointed when government is not giving them everything they ask for because it must share scarce resources with people in other communities. This has proved to be a serious challenge in trying to effectively implement participatory or “bottom-up” budgeting aimed at empowering the poor.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	e7991ce36cdf9943c104f57f4dad62c3	They find that the economics of technology prizes reveal conceptual advantages that support increasing their role in certain cases citing almost 300 years of evidence on their successful implementation and they examine compelling reasons specifically related to climate change. Once again however, their theories and historic evidence cited suggests that getting the design of prizes correct is critical. The “valley of death” is the distinguishing mark of the “commercialization” stage: the phase between late-stage venture capital financing and full-scale commercial roll-out.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39d69c-en	e799c22eb2db8fb467ee567036a7c85a	Therefore we have chosen to construct domain deprivation scores in eight domains based on the available dataset in EU-SILC 2009. The eight domains are: financial strain, housing, community, food, clothing, education, social and leisure. For the housing, community and financial domains four or five variables were chosen; for the other domains three or two indicators were available (see table 11). For the financial, housing and community domains we counted children as deprived if they lacked two or more out of the four/five items.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	e79c5c9323a503b1a8d22ff53cb4d0f4	Among the reasons for limited data sharing could be the fact that it is not easy to use the school-wide data to extract data about individual students. Also, the lack of a data sharing tradition may take time to overcome. Schools are required to report annually on their progress to the Ministry of Education. Based on the interviews conducted during the OECD review visit to New Zealand, the OECD review team formed the impression that there was room to further clarify the purpose and use of this type of reporting information at the level of the Ministry. Several stakeholders we interviewed questioned whether the data reported by schools to the Ministry was actually used purposefully for accountability or improvement.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	e79dfedbd1c7bf634d517027e7d8077b	"Of these, themes 4-6 are most relevant to the social aspects of forestry (See Section 2 for details of those indicators of most relevance.) ( The aim of the Strategy is ""to conserve biodiversity for the health, enjoyment and well-being of the people of Scotland now and in the future."" It provides a foundation for Scotland's contribution to the UK's obligations under the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well as the Scottish Government's commitment to sustainable development, and the statutory duty on public bodies in Scotland to conserve biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. They are grouped under three of the seven themes in the SFS: Community development, Access and health, and Environmental quality."	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	e7a2c728223791b020718dabdd9cc36c	Since the 1999-2000 school years, Washington has awarded salary incentives for National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) in high-need schools. The programme Challenging Schools Bonus (CSB) awards an additional USD 5 000 (EUR 4 400) to NBCTs. Following these changes, the number of NBCTs in Washington rose substantially. During the first year of the new bonus programme, the number of new teachers earning certification increased by 88%.	4	2	2	0.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	e7a4e0d37e8687cd635c6a473efc9b3e	It was not initially funded by the Leader area but is an independent initiative. However, for the present period 2016-2020 the CSF will connect with the LAG and seek funding for further development. It is funded in part by the city, and in part by externally funded projects and consulting assignments.	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	e7a55d0f32622a9d280565862247bdb6	Nonetheless, external support for Ethiopia has declined significantly over the last two decades as a proportion of revenues and GDP; the GoE should base future spending plans on continued reductions. However, the recommendations it generates are also relevant for development partners supporting the GoE, as well as for the broader social protection community. A number of the challenges that the GoE is confronting, such as how to scale up social protection amid declining donor support and how to deal with the long-term impact of climate change, have broad resonance in Africa and beyond. In every case, the outcomes showed it would be difficult to sustain these spending levels into the future. This reflects the dynamics of the underlying variables: social protection spending (including humanitarian relief) has grown much more strongly as a percentage of GDP than revenues and overall expenditure.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/07e053e9-en	e7a879d1f2ff5b060573367917d0e3c5	Kuwait slowly ramped up its desalination capacity from 1950 to 1970 (see figure 9). The introduction of MSF desalination in the early 1970s increased Kuwait’s uptake of desalination, reaching some 2.4 million m3/day in 2008. In the 1970s, the Government of Saudi Arabia established the Saline Water Conversion Corporation, which represents the largest desalination enterprise in the world, aimed at managing two desalination plants on opposite coasts at the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	e7a972ad2da05b3c864665aafa4ea127	The lack of funds presents a large risk factor to the fulfilment of the project plan. The Nordic hubs in support of authors should apply for funds for all sub-parts of the assessment, but there are no guarantees as to how successful they will be, nor is it yet clear if the project will be able to establish such hubs. There is also a need for funds to cover the co-chairs' hours of work, and the meeting costs and DSA.	15	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	e7a9f34f5b623e9ae711e2f206b2f0cb	The outcome will depend primarily on the distribution of gains from policy change. Recent empirical work by the OECD and IMF suggests that the starting point hardly affects labour market reforms, but is significant in the case of product market reforms (OECD 2006; IMF 2004). The gap between current and potential resource rent can provide fishing industry groups with sufficient incentives to push for sectoral reforms in order to reap the benefits.	14	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e7aa16e721aa2397acb84d18cce4f4ad	The maximum flexibility required is equal to the coincidence of a maximum decrease of wind output with a maximum increase of demand. This flexibility measure has to be compared to the maximum flexibility available, which is determined by the maximum ramp rate of controllable technologies times their availability and capacity. The flexibility margin indicator compares the maximum flexibility available with the maximum flexibility required, in proportion to the maximum flexibility required (ECOFYS, et al., This measure does not account for alternative sources of system flexibility like interconnection capacity, demand response and storage. The indicator warrants the use of assumptions for maximum ramp rates of controllable technologies. The difficulty is to take into account differences in plant availability, i.e. whether the plant is already (partially) used in the system or not, and therefore whether the plant has to ramp from a cold or warm state with corresponding ramping times.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/584f8730-en	e7abc3be72bf4b8709c0c66bb5f4b2cd	The incumbent service provider can remain State owned, as long as the regulator permits entry of new providers in the market in a non-discriminatory way that promotes competition. In this regard, FDI is an important channel through which foreign providers can contest infrastructure and other service markets as greenfield investments, joint ventures between public-private enterprises or other forms of privatization. Kyrgyzstan’s nascent value chains in clothing and beans are an example.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b64c6036-en	e7ac4dcbd7eedfad3bd3953f844135fc	In many cases there is lack of consensus between the countries about the extent of aquifers or even their transboundary character. The First Assessment revealed many such examples. Different positions between countries regarding the transboundary character of an aquifer, its real extent or its hydraulic connection to surface water systems also emerged in the preparations of the Second Assessment. It is a positive development that, since the First Assessment, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia have acceded to the Convention and that the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is preparing for accession.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/935513ee-en	e7ade80d943dddb34bc8c64fb338b611	The NBI experience illustrates the importance of using both technical information and informal processes to build trust among states, and the value of hvolving a variety of stakeholders in the dialogue. While the etforts of more than ten years have been significant, the most challenging issues remain unaddressed, namely reaching a consensus between all ten countries on new levels of water allocation based on changing needs and demands. The aim of the request was to help resolve tensions that were caused by uncertainty over the drivers of environmental change and implications for water availability. The study, released in 2005, helped identify the main phases of environmental change in the wetlands over the past 30 years together with the key drivers, tx>th natural and human-induced.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264305274-7-en	e7afa7fdb5e2910bf10cc7b49bef1df5	The emphasis is on the provision of schooling, and it is incumbent upon governments and educational institutions to ensure that schools are available locally and that educational policies do not create barriers for attending school. In practical terms, however, access is gauged simply by measures of school attendance (e.g. UIS, 2006). This approach takes into account not only the supply of schooling, but also the cultural, social, religious, political and economic factors that affect the demand for schooling.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264239616-4-en	e7b5607e4e2b73ab3278f7e4ca81a301	The Organisation's interest in EHS goes back to Objective 1 of the OECD Environmental Strategy for the First Decade of the 21s' Century that was adopted by OECD Environment Ministers in May 2001, and which already stressed the need to “remove or reform subsidies and other policies that encourage unsustainable use of natural resources — beginning with the agriculture, transport and energy sectors” (OECD, 2001). Objective 2 of the statement also emphasises the importance of “green tax reform”, which is of particular importance for tax concessions encouraging the production and use of fossil fuels.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/73b30008-en	e7b6f77f2506b8862eb01915295a8d1d	Divergences between monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty indicators mean that neither is a sufficient proxy for the other; both need to be measured {see Box 3.5). Moreover, reducing non-monetary deprivations often requires different policies than reducing income poverty. A helpful survey of empirical research on commonly observed mismatches between different poverty indicators is found in Nolan and Whelan's 2011 book Poverty and Deprivation in Europe. Another literature survey is found in Chapter 4 of Alkire et al. (	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	e7b7ec5d4680fa1420c77b3dfa878752	To facilitate the build-up of credit records, over half of OECD countries require retailers or utility companies to provide information to private credit bureaus or public credit registries. A record of successful repayments to such companies can help women build their credit histories and access finance. Some emerging economies have adopted similar measures and have extended their coverage to microfinance institutions.	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5e7977af-en	e7b9b383720a9118e2655e56d3a953c6	Women are at a greater disadvantage with respect to pensions systems than health care. There are huge differences between the first and the fifth income quintile in terms of affiliation to both pension and health systems. But even among wage earners, whenever affiliation is below average, it is more concentrated by income.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	e7b9fd4b50b787316383a2113b698afe	This chapter outlines the causes and consequences of climate change and summarise future projections for ocean temperature rise, coral bleaching events and ocean acidification, and the associated uncertainties. This review largely focuses on marine ecosystems, as three quarters of capture fisheries landings come from the seas. However, it also presents key issues and examples from freshwater fisheries, as these fisheries provide important livelihoods and fish protein for some of the world’s poorest people.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-18-en	e7bec114d878ec6858b94fa74e481360	In India and Pakistan, for example, women spend around ten times as many hours on unpaid work as men (OECD, 2014a). In all but six OECD countries (Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden), women spend more time than men on combined hours of paid and unpaid work. The gender gap in unpaid work hours corresponds closely with the gender gap in paid work hours: in countries in which there are small differences in unpaid work, there also tend to be small gender differences in hours spent in the labour market.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	e7bef86c7564aa5bacf2312e3e034b66	The CABs of the CLM economies (Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar) remained in the red, weighed down by imports of capital and durable consumer goods. The CABs of China and India are declining, although China’s balance remains in surplus. In both countries, export growth pulled back relative to the rate in the previous year.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	e7c12e613e8ad5065ef3be57ce762be8	The Integrated Technical Education Cluster Initiative, ITEC, represents a valuable effort to provide VET of high quality, clearly articulated across different educational levels and designed to be more responsive to employers’ skills needs. The key point of this cluster model is to ensure that resources are integrated to achieve the highest level of utilisation and set up a clear progression path to higher technical skills for students - that must be also transparent and understandable to employers. These clusters have four components: a technical secondary school; a technical institute; an advanced technical institute; and a vocational training centre. Crucially, the curricula and programme design of these clusters at all levels is meant to be inspired by local labour market needs.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264231092-4-en	e7c2e98038147a53cbdcd8af5245d34f	There is a large literature that reviews the different regulatory models in use globally. While a detailed description of these models is outside the scope of this report, this chapter focuses on describing the main regulatory models for water services. It identifies the establishment of dedicated regulatory bodies as a growing trend among countries and sheds some light on the motivations behind this trend. One recent trend, the development of dedicated regulatory bodies for drinking water and wastewater services (WWS), stands out as a consistent response to some of the challenges to regulating water services (including the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities in the sector and the difficult political economy of tariff setting).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	e7c41801d94bf0f2c83abd9c591b9f2e	The year 2014 has to be considered as a transitory year with full implementation of the new system of direct payments as of 1 January 2015. While the existing structure of policy instruments was broadly maintained, the reformed CAP provides greater emphasis on environmental issues, and more flexibility in the reallocation of funds between the two pillars (Pillar I: direct payments and market measures; Pillar II: rural development programmes) as well as on the implementation of its instruments at member state level. This constitutes a decrease in real terms in the total agricultural budget compared to the previous funding period. The costs that these programmes may incur, especially if stocks have to be released at below acquisition prices, question their sustainability in the long run.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	e7c709bf853e5cc856fa6485401c3cdc	For instance, a technology transfer project might not be successful in itself in the absence of local knowledge on how to utilise and maintain the technology. In such cases, financial or in-kind support for appropriate capacity building activities might be complementary inputs to an intervention. While these terms are defined in Box 4 and outlined below, they are not always easy to apply in practice.	13	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	e7c8b9d4c744d0b03e5dbc335620e9ff	While policy instruments need to be tailored to local conditions, calling for targeted action in specific sectors that can be particularly relevant in some cities, a number of overarching insights also merits consideration and will be briefly discussed below. Previous chapters have laid out innovative, internationally comparable data that help grasp how inclusively cities are growing. While the OECD is working on expanding such data, governments can also adapt them locally and develop their own indicators of well-being and progress.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257344-en	e7c8e58c8ebb96ad52a52e4dc8cebfa3	Increased water pollution would result in increased eutrophication, biodiversity loss and disease. Amongst other things, this would have important impacts on rural and indigenous communities whose livelihoods often depend directly on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The extraction, processing and use of resources require much energy, and currently result in large volumes of C02 emissions. Land use entails emissions of non-C02 greenhouse gas emissions. Thus global climate policy objectives will not be achieved unless the challenge of resource efficiency is adequately addressed.	12	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	e7c9b9129909de0a600068ad16dfe6d7	It argues that green growth is a powerful means to improve economic growth, employment and wellbeing through sustainable management of natural assets and tackling climate change as well as other local and global environmental risks (OECD, 2011). More recently, the OECD has been sharing perspectives and lessons on how green growth approaches have been applied in developing countries, in part through its work on Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development (OECD, 2013). The OECD was particularly keen to learn from, and share with its members, Ethiopia’s recent high-profile and extensive work in preparing a Climate Resilient Green Economy strategy (CRGE).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	e7cac8762f86c2910166da5118e617b8	Increasingly, companies are applying innovative solutions, including through the IoT, cloud computing, miniaturization and 3D printing, which will enable more interoperability and flexible industrial processes and autonomous and intelligent manufacturing. The physical components of industrial production are being transformed by smart, digital networking into cyber-physical systems, allowing for the management of production processes in real-time across great distances and customized products. It could further enable the transition to a circular economy, or industrial economy in which end-of-life products are reused, remanufactured and recycled.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	e7cbf718b764757e0d7ebe669717d29f	The United Kingdom has also developed a methodology to monitor the impact of GHG emission reductions of its International Climate Finance programme. The complexities and difficulties in developing these systems has been a significant challenge, in particular for measuring benefits of adaptation and impacts of strengthening domestic policy and institutional frameworks. Interviewees from all three groups mentioned that countries’ ability to access and readiness to absorb finance from dedicated climate funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund, Climate Investment Funds and Green Climate Fund) is an important element for the effective allocation, uptake and timely delivery of international climate finance.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	e7cc938e5a0a22e2f3b90df4cecfc6ae	The government has now launched a programme to ensure that by 2015, 20% of all new buildings will meet new higher efficiency standards. In 2005, the government introduced an energy efficiency labelling system for air-conditioners and refrigerators which has since been broadened to cover a larger range of goods and modified to incorporate some mandatory standards. More recently the government banned the sale of 100-watt or greater incandescent light bulbs (NDRC, 2012). The two leading schemes in China are the Three Star system developed by the MHRUD and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design system, which originated in the United States.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264233874-4-en	e7ccedc50cbabb6488f347c5c481b13c	The parameters of the log normal energy consumption distributions are calibrated in each country from available data, most often food balance sheets for the average energy availability and household surveys for the variance. The percentage of undernourished population (also referred to as the chronically hungry) is measured as the area under food consumption distribution curve below the minimum requirement cut-off point measured in kcal/person/day, which is specific for each country. The FAO uses a related indicator to monitor the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of undernourished. Another related Food Security Indicator in the FAO statistics is the depth of food deficit, which measures (in kcal) the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population (food-deprived) and the average dietary energy requirement, scaled up to the population as a whole by the total number of food-deprived persons. This indicator captures both the availability and access dimensions of food insecurity.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8e319423-en	e7d0caa61cf42540dd0ca8c7340ce76f	Some attempts have been made at decoupling the fuel energy that goes towards electricity production and desalination. A previous ESCWA report on desalination quoted die energy attributable to desalination in a cogeneration plant as 162 MJ/m3 for MSF plants.40 Another study calculates the energy costs attributable to cogeneration desalination for MSF and MED as 170 MJ/m3 and 96 MJ/m3, respectively.41 Table 4 shows the energy amount and type required by RO, MSF and MED plants (stand-alone and cogeneration). While oil is used for illustration purposes, other fuels can also be used to power desalination.	6	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	e7d1eb78d07239a6e291dabad3fbf0c7	Long-term unemployed or recipients of unemployment benefit for more than 6 months, are exempt, subject to an income test. As mentioned earlier, this tax appears to be, in principle, progressive, though for a group of people with assets but low income, it may be regressive in terms of income. These are positive moves towards a more equitable distribution of the tax burden.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	e7d31f65e1e0f4667ae0054ad20e6770	Le PISA 2015 montre que les resultats obtenus par les etudiants immigres sont bien pires que ceux des eleves autochtones en termes de resultats scolaires et de bien-etre. Les conclusions de ce rapport sont basees sur les travaux actuels de l’OCDE dans le domaine de l’integration des immigrants dans l’education, sur des donnees de l’OCDE et nationales, sur un questionnaire sur l'eventail des politiques et des pratiques en Suede et sur des exemples de bonnes pratiques d'integration des systemes de formation par les pairs dans des pays et regions apprenants [Autriche, Allemagne, Pays-Bas et Amerique du Nord (Canada et Etats-Unis)] qui revetent une importance particuliere pour la Suede. Le rapport inclut egalement des indications sur les politiques et les pratiques que la Suede pourrait adopter pour repondre aux defis actuels de l'integration dans les quatre domaines prioritaires. Since 2015, the very large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy, given current institutional frameworks.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264190320-4-en	e7d36ec3b5e4cb6ef21a2db373d4fd16	Despite progress in the past decade, Mexico has one of the highest child poverty rates in the OECD area, the second highest after Israel. In 2008 more than 1 in 4 Mexican children (25.8%) grew up in households living in relative poverty, conventionally defined as the percentage of the population earning less than half the median income. With children accounting for almost half of all Mexican poor, prolonging their marginalisation is particularly damaging as it increases the risk of a permanent damage, on top of the direct social costs caused by the loss of self-esteem and motivation. The high level of child poverty is also reflected in other standard-of-living indicators, such as child mortality (three times higher than the OECD average), maternal mortality (five times higher), and teenage births (almost four times higher).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-17-en	e7d5c14ccc788314dd8054513f9bb81e	Lower water content of the soil and earlier appearance of drought conditions. More evenly distributed river flow will be beneficial for hydropower production. Increased flow in winter will improve water quality of rivers and benefits fish farm management. However, lower flows in the spring may deteriorate water quality and have a negative impact on aquatic habitats. Increase in water temperature result in an earlier and longer eutrophication period, impacting on water quality.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	e7d60c90d347a6776bd665377f1e6e85	A certain cyclical price behaviour is caused by the projected production patterns of major producers, but by 2023, world cotton prices are expected to be lower than in 2011-13, in both real and nominal terms. For each segment a market clearing price is projected. Prices follow similar projection paths, but they differ in level, with the Pacific price generally above the Atlantic, because of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that prevent beef from the Atlantic region to access the more lucrative markets in the Pacific region. Poultry and sheep meats are traded in single international markets.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	e7d80690c4f85b53c990dcf5695ee876	On average boys outperform girls by 10 points or more in Japan, while it is the other way round in Malaysia and Thailand. Top performers in the PISA mathematics and sciences tests are predominately boys, while the top performers in the reading test are girls. In most economies, there are more girls than boys among bottom performers in mathematics, but the gender gap is less significant than among the top performers (Figure 2.4). Women have been entering the labour force in larger numbers and remain longer in employment over their life course.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	e7db12d276a1638a0e8e7ae936b7d875	These programmes have reduced the economic security of poor households and allowed them to increase current consumption and productive investments, including in health and in education. They also help the global economy by avoiding further contractions in domestic demand and increasing domestic consumption. As the scope for social protection programmes expand, it creates a specific incentive for governments to invest in local capacities as a key component of their employment and social policies and their development strategies.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	e7dc93d1cd7fad81531c98c7ed15fa84	Demand for opportunities is unlikely to diminish and will continue to exceed the supply of opportunities. Two ongoing changes have increased the significance and impact of migration in very recent years. Firstly, the RSE scheme, despite its numerical limitations, has boosted household incomes, especially in some relatively poor areas, and encouraged investment in agriculture at a time when this is otherwise declining.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-4-en	e7e1917b8be5c56e28d710c8589969d5	All actors in the system need to be accountable for improvement. Virtually all teachers (95%) now' hold a tertiary education degree and the competition for selecting candidates for posts has been improved to reduce the risks of politicisation and unfair appointment. The delivery of in-service teaching has also been overhauled, with the creation of a dedicated Teaching Training Institute and the introduction of a series of direct assessments of teachers’ knowledge which have enabled training to better meet teacher needs.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	e7e310772c1933f7d5355843bda52310	Without a strong regulatory framework, landowner interventions are subject to high rates of dropout as a result of market forces. Farmers are unlikely to maintain best practice when it means they are losing profits to neighbours who do not even meet basic legal or regulatory requirements. The agriculture component chose to focus on the red meat sector, where it was thought that biodiversity mainstreaming could have the most significant impact, partly because appropriately managed rangelands can be compatible with conservation of Grassland ecosystems, which evolved with grazing as part of the system. The interventions of the agriculture component were two-fold.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	e7e3aab65e178ac649a89b1d6be08e92	High costs of untargeted transfers naturally encourage efforts at targeting in favour of poor people to try to assure a greater impact on poverty for a given budget outlay. However, fine targeting it is not necessarily the best instrument for this purpose given the (sometimes hidden) costs and incentive effects. One question is then to define the relevant population group to be targeted and the criteria to be used to delimit it.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	e7e65d8e976a0b92a4616b78b81b6645	The project had a strong community involvement and appears to have incorporated lessons from earlier slum upgrading projects (HUDCC, 2014). The Baan Mankong slum upgrading in Bangkok, Thailand, allows for the integration of slum dwellers into society through a demand-side approach (Archer, 2012). Baan Mankong is implemented by the Community Organisations Development Institute (CODI) and allows for community organisations established by informal settlement residents to be the managers in developing and planning solutions to their housing problems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	e7e6c505dea6a2103744a4c08054cd2e	Already, driver assistance technologies such as electronic stability control and autonomous emergency braking are reducing the risk of road trauma. Information and communication technologies are playing an ever growing role in 21s1 century mobility. Roads and vehicles will increasingly be managed in an integrated intelligent transport system relying on collaborative smart vehicles and infrastructure.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	e7e7b0856002905a386aa3f0e88f77af	"This is especially true of Indonesia where provisions for contraception have been privatized in the last decade and where, in 2007,69 per cent of married women purchased contraceptives from private sources, while in Viet Nam, 86 per cent of acceptors are still served by the public sector (BPS and Macro International, 2007, p. 86; NCPFC and ORC Macro, 2003). Private practices and clinics in Indonesia have opted for a ""cafeteria-contraceptive basket"" approach selling to their clients more diverse and branded products. Still providers' biases remain, this time leaning towards hormonal injections, recurrent shots being perceived as ""an ideal way to lock in a flow of payments"" (Hull and Mosley 2008, p. 18-19)."	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	e7e9823c41624b9fad34d6eb33a7db20	Mandatory information includes the product name, weight or volume in metric units, composition or a list of ingredients, expiry date, production code, BPOM registration number, and the name and address of the manufacturer or importer. Specific wording is required for the labels of certain food items, including milk products, baby food, alcoholic beverages, and halal food, to indicate their content. Food additives must be identified (GAIN-ID1044, 2011).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	e7ea30967d310f4c1c3d81703b53906c	"Some of the education reforms underway in northern nations ground formal schooling in the Inuit or Inupiaq ways of living and being, and thus make fluid the relationship between ""formal"" education and ""traditional"" learning, so that in Barrow, Alaska whaling can be both the backbone of the community and a foundation on which learning is built in school. This rethinking of the definition also allows for inclusion of differing educational goals for parents and students, whether it is enabling young people to continue on in formal schooling and pursue a professional career in a location away from their home community, or developing the skills that enable them to stay in their home and be a successful subsistence hunter or herder. These processes ground students in their own culture, values and beliefs and enable them to successfully negotiate the socio-political and economic world beyond their own communities. We also acknowledge the importance in Indigenous communities of instruction in heritage languages as well as in western languages."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	e7eac8b85ce7e7a119f95e8c41d8ff58	Maximum allowance is limited to annual earnings up to EUR 36 400. Above EUR 36 400 maximum allowance reduces gradually to reach EUR 60 at annual earnings of EUR 60 000 and beyond. This part of special expenses relief will be abolished as of 1 January 2016. The lump sum of EUR 60 and costs related to contracts concluded before 2016 will be paid until 2020.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/dd8bb873-en	e7ec51c7819ac07aedc6f44cef862a7d	These elements should be embedded in iterative learning systems that go beyond linear performance frameworks, which are limited to reporting on indicators focusing on sex-disaggregated data. This would help to move beyond the tendency to focus on numbers of women and men and targeting strategies to more responsive and transformative results. The practice of gender audits should also become a more standard feature throughout the organization.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e7eefb113f0043069b9a8fa104f6c2e8	Furthermore, the processing and evaluation of past events makes it possible to carry out simulations for the future at initially defined different risk levels. Another advantage is that the model is not a product of an engineering approach; it contains a priori no initial considerations, preconceptions or pre-defmed probabilities. The model is constructed flexibly, based on the information on the relationship between the most influential factors captured throughout the data collection process. Furthermore, there is a need for extensive data collection making comparisons between countries difficult.	7	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a29f7945-en	e7f245e9ec4aaaed10a8b81355dd563e	This has direct implications for trade and investment policies. Large scale Land deals lacking transparency and reducing food production for domestic markets are likely to be at odds with food security. At the same time, excessive reliance on international trade leaves many countries more vulnerable to commodity price shocks.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	e7f3c9a76efacd3f43593afbc145d661	For example, evidence shows that more equitable property distribution within the family can have a range of benefits, such as increasing female labour force participation and boosting education for girls. For example, when families have few resources, children might be forced to work rather than go to school and girls might be forced to marry or denied an education because their families cannot afford it. For example, the equal right of women and men to decide freely the number and spacing of their children (e.g., art. It also requires ensuring that women and men have equal rights to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	e7f620d37353e027b45f8bfba1169b5d	In Norway, this finding may again be linked to the fact that low-income single parents will typically receive Transitional Allowance rather than Social Economic Assistance. For Sweden, it is difficult to come up with a policy-related explanation for this finding. In the other four countries, this pattern is however much weaker (in Latvia and the Netherlands) or even reversed (in Norway and Sweden). Immigrants or individuals with a foreign nationality are represented more strongly among recipients with long benefit spells.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	e7f902455f9ea422343ad12277ec0b15	The Innocenti Research Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) generates knowledge and analysis to support policy formulation and advocacy in favour of children; acts as a convener and catalyst for knowledge exchange and strategic reflections on children’s concerns; and supports programme development and capacity-building. The Centre’s publications represent contributions to a global debate on child rights issues, and include a range of opinions. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications that do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	e7fbaba93bfbd9cb531412d95768cc2a	While compact cities can foster traffic congestion and higher levels of air pollution, compact urban development can limit travel distances, reduce car dependence and facilitate the development of public transport systems. There are also other, nontransport benefits, such as the preservation of countryside and reduced material and energy use (OECD, 2012; Chen, Jia and Lau, 2008). Increased urban density is associated with reduced transportation C02 emissions per capita, and successful compact cities develop effective internal and external transportation linkages, mixed land use, and high-quality urban services (OECD, 2011).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	e7fd0e89118bc7c0712f48b000f4e01c	Additionally, the spill-over of using productivity-enhancing technologies for particular crops may reduce their prices globally, thereby increasing food affordability, although on a limited scale. The widespread adoption of crop varieties that are resistant to the projected new climate conditions significantly reduces projected food prices in 2050 compared to the climate change baseline. Similarly, increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems or expanding irrigation infrastructure, where appropriate, can significantly reduce water stress and make farming practices more resilient to climate change. These costs depend strongly on the projected adaptation level, and the marginal costs must always be evaluated against the marginal benefits they deliver. Due to the lack of common metrics to measure the effectiveness of adaptation, it is impossible to determine optimal adaptation strategies. Under the assumptions used in this study, the potential additional costs in R&D and in improved irrigation technologies are estimated to reach USD 16 to 20 billion per year by 2050 for OECD countries.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	e7ff6927e88c52a98e21351dc49a385e	Yields of wheat and soybeans, for example, could increase with increased 0O2 concentrations under optimal temperatures. However, while projections of future yields vary according to the scenario, model and time-scale used, there is consistency in the main expected directions of change: yields suffer more in tropical regions than at higher latitudes and impacts are more severe with increased warming (Porter et al., It presents projected estimates of changes in crop yields owing to climate change over the 21st century (Figure 4).	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	e8012a613f6517ad9fba6e0bf4cb1d7a	This should also be a prerogative for regional governments to support coherent rural-urban spatial strategies. Such evidence-based assessments will help establish priority areas for collaboration. Austria’s Conference on Spatial Planning, which assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies, is one of the best examples of multi-level government spatial co-ordination within the OECD (Box 4.9).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	e8038dac20c5dc6044a96e047f1246e3	These are bearing fruit in the health sector, where maternity infrastructure will be integrated into all new health facilities at the district or rural level. It is an entry point for ensuring that public expenditure is gender-responsive and benefits women and men equally. Out of 36 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems in place to track and make public allocations on gender equality (UNDP-OECD, 2014). Four additional countries have a tracking system but allocations are not made public.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	e807e9c683477e301f8743722bb4e664	To be effective, this approach requires the support of a broader national strategy that involves users in water policy decision-making and implementation. The approach recognises that the general population, once organised and educated, is an essential partner in water programming, which cannot be the sole prerogative of governments. It has put in place mechanisms that provide for the sustainable implementation, management and maintenance of projects.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	e8083f43f769d3c0e378c21487164aa4	The Paris Agreement states that all Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures to meet their NDCs, and that methodological consistency is needed between the communication and implementation of NDCs. It remains unclear what information is to be reported on domestic mitigation measures and what methodological consistency means in practice. Parties are invited to communicate such strategies to the UNFCCC Secretariat by 2020. Parties shall also participate in a facilitative, multilateral consideration of progress with respect to achievement of NDCs.	13	2	8	0.6
10.18356/0a98da25-en	e808d7e038b7920618c9518eb73033f4	This type of programme has substantial direct and indirect gender effects, given the predisposition in many countries to prefer males when jobs are scarce. For example, 38.9 per cent of respondents to the World Values Survey agree that when jobs are scarce, men have more of a right to a job. This act establishes a legal job guarantee for one hundred days of employment every year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work (mainly unskilled) at the statutory minimum wage.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	e80b401623c68a2ee091a9a8e313bbf5	To date, however, there is no accepted formulation of core country systems that reflects the distinct roles of the private sector and civil society within the overarching country system framework. Accordingly, for these non-governmental actors the entry point discussion in this chapter is informed by country systems concepts, but is organised by stakeholder group (energy suppliers, other private sector, and civil society) rather than by defined country system categories. These strategies/plans may also explicitly address environmental considerations either as a stand-alone topic or, less commonly, as a cross-cutting factor in national and sectoral development.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7707d4f1-en	e80ba59021835f572230bcffb30ce7bd	Both documents deal only with GHG mitigation and the establishment of a national framework to manage climate change. Currently, there is neither a climate change adaptation strategy nor a climate change adaptation action plan. The only attempt to undertake adaptation is MO No. It also suggests that the adaptation measures identified should be implemented through cooperation with local authorities and provision of appropriate technical assistance.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	e80f238b95aef4856d2a3acbf0995bbe	The number of poor grew in 2014 to 168 million, of whom 70 million were indigent. The increase was basically in the number of non-indigent poor, which rose from 96 million in 2013 to 98 million in 2014 (see figure 1.1). The number of poor in the region increased by about 2 million between 2013 and 2014, this being the outcome of a recorded or projected rise of 7 million poor persons occurring mainly in the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Guatemala and Mexico, and a decline of 5 million occurring mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	e81184227f49563fecf6944a80de28e7	Already before the designation of Kvarken Archipelago as a World Heritage Site the organization responsible for the management of the state-owned protected areas in Finland - Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - initiated its co-operation with local entrepreneurs. Using a contract scheme developed especially for the co-operation between Metsahallitus and local enterprises, the conditions for carrying out sustainable tourism activities on state-owned land and waters were improved. For instance, entrepreneurs pay nowadays a small fee for using fire-places and other type of infrastructure located on areas managed by Metsahallitus. On the other hand, the entrepreneurs also have the possibility to give Metsahallitus annual feed-back on the quality of the organisations' services, and in that manner contribute to better planning of the work.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/24485d89-en	e811a75ba9940f4ba40e95d0f116e1f8	Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-15-en	e812306b7c5b86902156cdb333123a0b	They refer to hourly wages for Denmark, Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. They refer to 2013 for Sweden, 2012 for India and South Africa, and 2011 for Israel. Instead of 2010, data refer to 2011 for Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica. Instead of 2005 they refer to 2006 for Chile, Estonia, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey, and 2007 for Colombia.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	e81262bb6c356b65a5c3ac7bf252d271	There is also evidence that the housing supply is adequate for commercial premises and vast, expensive housing units, while there is a shortage of affordable, smaller flats. The correlation is not as good when including smaller cities of district significance. Housing prices for existing dwellings declined after the 2007 housing boom, which was fuelled by the introduction of mortgages and led to a banking crisis (OECD, 2016e).	11	0	6	1.0
10.18356/c607b535-en	e813a9dc3b8cfecc3a5bc9c68802798f	Exposure to storms is defined as when in a given country/year storms have produced at least one of the following effects: i) deaths of ten or more people; ii) 100 or more people affected/ injured/homeless; iii) declaration by the country of a state of emergency or an appeal for international assistance. There are 51 low- and middle-income countries that meet these criteria. For a complete list, see Toble A2.2. There are 78 low- and middle-income countries that meet these criteria.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	e819935a51484011755ae6feeffccb58	The central bank’s role in enabling long-term productive investment, coupled with targeting subsidized credit to strategic sectors, is credited with the rapid growth of manufacturing and overall economic growth in these economies. This occurred during a period of time in which central banks worked with governments to promote economic development. That is,fiscal and monetary policies were coordinated. In 2012, Argentina’s parliament approved a new charter for the central bank that allows it to provide funds for domestic banks and other institutions involved in long-term financing of productive investment.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7de1f38c-en	e81c41d0a0f150acf861ae32da087f0a	"Individuals may have no access to infrastructure or may “buy"" illegal hook-ups. The ability of developers and individuals to find out about available land is hampered by incomplete records. In many countries the costs - in time, money and number of offices visited -to formally construct and register a building are substantial."	11	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	e81cd2cc75e4d6171c23e4ae30ce41d2	These kind of data are needed for all stages of planning, especially the early ones, to identify problems, develop and guide policy and monitor progress (Greed, 2003a; Larsson, 2006). In two OECD countries, Greece and New Zealand, more than 50% of students graduating from architecture and building courses are women (OECD, 2009b). However, studies show that the presence of women in the planning process does not guarantee gender awareness.	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	e81e72b81e10165cd086c202747ad2b5	The LDCs are more exposed to climate change impacts and are suffering from severe shocks due to climate change. The high vulnerability of the category is due to various impacts assessed by the components of the index. This situation of extreme vulnerability of the category reveals heterogeneous profiles of vulnerability among the group.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	e8281bf585e8970586727ff0bfe66d98	Fostering ISID, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are crucial for realizing SDG 9 and other industry-related goals. This applies to both the private and the public sector. To this end, it is vital to have an effective and efficient system of innovation, including at national and regional levels.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	e828981e201ed02f297ed13238af436c	Where some kind of water market can be developed that reflect the income produced by infrastructure improvements, the burdens of searching for external finance can be reduced. Important data needs would focus on assembly of detailed cost and return enterprise budgets for irrigated agriculture that account for financial and economic impacts of greater water supply and increased water supply reliability. Other important data needs would focus on the cost and productivity of measures that would maintain dams, canals, pipelines, aqueducts, pumping plants, drainage and flow regulating structures. Improvements in models of water supply and demand in alternative uses would be even more valuable.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	e82b1030ef8528d7bf11e610479e9aa6	This creates and exacerbates both vertical and horizontal gaps, and, in the case of lack of co-ordination between government agencies, is expressed as a set of “policy gaps”. Competition between agencies exacerbates “funding gaps”, as resources are diverted to certain water-related sectors and not others. All these gaps may be expressed by actors at the urban scale, but are by no means unique to them nor caused by them.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-2-en	e82b596fab721b033cfb5ea9c704b763	They also provide a means for the participating education systems to measure their progress towards better student outcomes. While academic success is important, progress on student well-being, participation and engagement in learning both benefits students directly and supports improvements in student achievement. This is evidenced by the range of new initiatives and programmes being put in place across participating jurisdictions and the focus on Indigenous students within each ministry.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	e82f884289c4db64ddf6d65b720cbc6a	Certain population groups are particularly at risk owing to their socioeconomic characteristics which leave them disproportionately exposed and more vulnerable to climate hazards. In most countries, the disproportionately high risks experienced by particular population groups are determined by structural inequalities which reproduce poverty, marginalization and social exclusion. Deepening the analysis of this problem with a view to identifying policies that can act upon the structural drivers of vulnerability requires a consistent analytical framework. In this framework, the intersection between the occurrence of climate hazards and the exposure and vulnerability of people and natural systems to them is the central source of risk (figure 1.4). Exposure refers to the presence of people (including their livelihoods), ecosystems and species, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected by climate hazards. Exposure and vulnerability are thus determined implicitly by the conditions of poverty, marginalization and social exclusion as they affect specific population groups.	13	3	5	0.25
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	e82fffdd01b7a11df4ab5659ba09df9f	In 2007/08 season 764 000 tonnes were harvested across the CCAMLR region. In 1990 the Commission endorsed the objectives for harvesting the krill resource (Constable 2000). The yield is determined by a series of rules, based on the objectives above, that are applied to the preexploitation biomass of krill (Bo) and derive a proportion for harvesting (termed y).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	e8319a9df8faffe47ef17ccfcde5eaf3	Further, the consultations could consider studies prepared by independent international organisations or institutes, in addition to information provided by country governments. The international consultations process could also catalyse national consultation processes in different countries, which in turn could help to broaden the participation of domestic stakeholders in the development of mitigation commitments. Therefore a new, separate process for international consultations on post-2020 commitments is likely to be needed. If a consultation process were to be undertaken for all countries, this would have significant implications in terms of time and resources.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	e834e24377be85a7e741b6805db1dad1	The pro-rich character of growth in Viet Nam was not detected during the period 2008-12. Income growth was highest for the middle-income deciles and lowest at both the bottom and top of the income ladder. A new sample frame was introduced in the VHLSS from 2010, based on the 2009 census. Employment intensity of growth, or elasticity of employment with respect to output, is a useful indicator of inclusive growth.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	e8394f81cd8c90d91be4cfa73bd0d91a	For this reason, efforts to ensure resilience at the project level should be embedded within a strategic approach to infrastructure network planning that accounts for the direct and indirect effects of climate change and climate variability. Given the context-specific nature of climate adaptation, the measures used to achieve this will vary widely. In some cases, no structural changes will be needed to achieve this: the climate-resilient fibre optic cable may be identical to the one that would have otherwise been installed. Ecosystem-based approaches using natural infrastructure to design adaptation measures are also key alternatives to be considered alongside structural adaptation measures.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	e83adcbdecdd7e7b06037bd74c26d090	Summary indicators can present key messages in an approachable way and can help galvanise public support for change. The often-quoted “USD 50 billion per year in additional revenue if fisheries are optimally managed” (World Bank 2009) is probably over-precise, but gives the message that the benefits are large and achievable. But a large dashboard also carries the danger of losing a clear message that speaks to policy makers and helps communication with the media and with citizens.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264303201-5-en	e83daad65063ede0d1b9d2c59fc0b89b	There are challenges, among others, related to managing the beneficiaries’ database, and monitoring and assessing the compliance with conservation commitments. For instance, ecosystems considerations do not feature in the current programmes implemented by Colombia’s ANSPE,19 while in the Philippines National Anti-Poverty Program 2011-2016 (NAPC, 2010), ecosystems are only briefly mentioned in relation to the reform and management of fisheries and aquatic resources. Across a selection of countries reviewed, NSDSs and green growth strategies tend to mainstream biodiversity priorities in a relatively more formalised and advanced manner than PRSPs.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	e840387ed2ead1398c8ebdd4f40f0d28	The major reason found for these limited impacts was that export subsidisation for these products implied in the base line projections was relatively small due to projected increases in w'orld market prices and policy reforms, in particular in the European Union.24 For dairy products, however, the effects were found to be much larger: 9% in the final year for skim milk powder, 15% for whole milk powder and as much as 26% for butter. At the same time, it was found that domestic prices in the countries eliminating export subsidies declined significantly, even for crops. For example, the European Union’s domestic price for coarse grains decreased by 14% in the final year.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	e84628ad40dfa726ba86134c2b9b7337	At times, contradictory policies detract from overarching aims. Positively, the national development framework adopted in 2009 enhances co-ordination of policies across ministries, including the many sectoral policies which impact rural development. However, the nature of territorially based investments is not alw'ays evident under the new approach and silos remain between how rural development is conceived across agricultural and regional development portfolios. While much has been achieved, more needs to be done to use EU funds in a strategic way that is complemented by domestic policies and interventions.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21334b08-en	e847c954ab66d3555be3724706d18218	Many countries in the region have a renewed focus on this mode of transport, with 19 countries in the ESCAP region adopting either national or subnational policies to promote the use of non-motorized modes of transport such as walking and cycling. However, according to the 2013 Global Status Report, only seven countries in the ESCAP region have a policy to separate VRUs from high speed traffic at the national level, while nine countries have a policy at a subnational level. Measures to reduce speeds, in particular in urban areas with high concentrations of VRUs, can significantly limit the incidence of death and injury.	11	0	9	1.0
10.18356/7db07bca-en	e8480f8f51ef6f64061cb515e350c665	How well programmes can achieve their objectives will depend, among other things, on how well they reach their target group. Social protection programmes use a combination of targeting methods to deliver larger and better transfers to selected individuals or households. While targeting can be an effective instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, efficient implementation is key and depends largely on institutional capacity.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	e848166c56d94d59b279e73f2f856622	This demonstrates that the substantive content of NUPs is highly contingent on regional and national contexts. In contrast, the two themes receiving the least attention are climate resilience and environmental sustainability. A relatively small proportion of NUPs offer only a low level (14 per cent) of engagement with human development issues.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	e8490da19c6f0b7579f47f6bf86e33eb	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The main priorities of agricultural policy concern food self-sufficiency, food diversification, value-added and competitiveness, and farmers’ welfare. The Ministry of Agriculture has a primary role in developing and implementing policies to achieve these objectives, but a number of other central government ministries and agencies also have significant roles.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	e8497a07af34b69d2d190129d2523751	The public sector has a vital role to play in providing the environment and infrastructure which would enable and promote action by the private sector. For example, government has an important role to play, in reforming fossil fuel subsidies or simply in helping to raise awareness of the costs and benefits of potential investment decisions. This would result in a win-win situation, with reduced costs for the private sector, combined with the social benefits from improved energy efficiency. The key drivers of green growth -namely investment and innovation - require the creation of enabling policy frameworks in which private sector-led and collaborative investment and innovation initiatives can thrive”. (	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	e84a75e8c992cf81d0c52e6ed998bebf	This section focuses mostly on the expropriation and compensation mechanisms of local communities when a large investor is granted agricultural land where the former had land use rights. Land acquisition may lead to involuntary resettlement and investors may be negatively impacted in their reputation and operations if they are connected to an expropriation for which the state has not paid fair compensation (FAO, 2013). However, the existing legislation in Myanmar does not establish the necessary safeguards for expropriation and fair compensation, as demonstrated by the numerous reports on land conflicts published in the media over the last months.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2017-6-en	e84cf54fb6f493da3bf29b4618dc1243	While Education at a Glance 2015 and 2016 included editorials on the SDGs, this is the first edition to devote a chapter to this universal education agenda. Global indicators are a small set of globally-comparable indicators that will be used to track progress by all countries towards the targets. Thematic indicators are a larger set of indicators from which countries and organisations can choose in order to complement the global indicators in monitoring each target (see Note below).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	e84daf191dbfeae2fb93f9a117bdff2a	Green technologies should be treated as infant industries, with appropriate support, including public sector investments in infrastructure, subsidies and access to credit (Ocampo, 201 lb). Policies should also be designed to encourage interaction and knowledge-sharing among domestic and international firms, research institutes, universities, policymakers and other actors. Other policy suggestions based on a green systemic approach could encompass innovative sources of equity-linked financing and long-horizon green country funds. The G-NIS approach emphasizes that policymakers do indeed need to make choices on how to best support innovation, and suggests a framework for government decisionmaking and investment.	7	2	2	0.0
11.1002/pub/8108e11f-64f326b3-en	e851007b00d38f99e194bb6d597f6282	A decade ago, broadband access was mainly offering hundreds of kbit/s, today it provides access within Mbit/s or tens of Mbit/s (i.e. speeds), enabling such things as the provision of high-definition (HD) video as well as ultra-HD videos. For example, almost all transport networks are now fibre based, and the differences shown in Figure 1.2 refer mainly to the last mile. In 2016, LTE networks were offered in at least 165 countries worldwide.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	e851c33286390a6e3b9ae4ee35c6f113	First, higher interest rates dampen aggregate demand and thus employment. Second, the policy interest rate tails to address the underlying causes of inflationary pressures in many countries. Those pressures are often best dealt with through targeted fiscal policies in education,health care.and investment in strategic sectors, such as agriculture and infrastructure. The lens for identifying appropriate public investment projects and credit targets needs to be gendered and ethnically representative, underscoring the important role of affirmative action in private and public decision-making bodies.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	e851c9caab81c56bd049abf6d4c4f3a7	This reflects in part the general emphasis in climate discussions on mitigation, as noted in chapter I. While the challenges of adaptation are recognized in international forums, that recognition has not yet generated the resources and level of support required for climate-resilient development. Understanding the socioeconomic attributes of vulnerable groups and further assessing the potential impacts of climate hazards and policies on their livelihoods requires sound data and information, at the lowest possible geographical resolutions, with respect to where people live and where adaptation must take place. This is critical for enabling policymakers and population groups and communities to be better informed and acquire an understanding of the true nature of the problems to be confronted, as well as the expected impact of policy alternatives.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e854573d890c5e5fb779b66977e31110	This forms part of the thinking in terms of Safe System. This approach is even preferable if enough knowledge is available. Of course the Safe System approach also requires that priorities must be set, for which cost-benefit considerations will be of great help. However, if we are aware of major relevant changes to the road transport system, it is not justified to extrapolate trends from the past.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e855b7279a6b14a916e55b5af5dd994a	It also depends on whether they have access to livelihood strategies such as access to agricultural assets and inputs. Between 2003 and 2007, remittance inflows grew by 74 per cent in the Kyrgyz Republic and 84 per cent in Tajikistan. The level of remittance inflows in these countries exceeds other capital inflows.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	e8593598eb802e02b7501ec3e403033f	However, the situation seems to have improved between 2003 and 2012, particularly in very unfavourable schools and technical-professional programmes. Data refer to averages across the PISA 2012 sample. Means that the difference is significant at 95% confidence level. Standard errors of the estimates are available from the original source.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	e85a45e9d00ca09a9ab806e92690e12a	By providing a range of risk mitigation options, and different financial structure examples -underlining that the best approach is one of adapted project finance - the Protocol simplifies the technicality of efficiency projects and make them more accessible to bankers. By providing more information and broadcasting successful cases, the Protocol could help build the case for EE financing, but at this stage it is still a work in progress and needs to be completed and accepted by private investors. The CIF comprises the Clean Pa8e I 55 Technology Fund (CTF) and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF).	7	4	1	0.6
10.1787/leo-2017-7-en	e85bd30ac71009120a13f6427e59e745	This points to the importance of protective elements such as sense of connection and belonging, social support and low levels of conflict that mitigate the impact of risk factors and encourage resilience (Patel et al., Certainly, family is important too, as the support of parents is essential for building resilience in young people. Participation in political affairs is in itself a fundamental human right and the exercise of that right is an essential pathway towards the genuine enjoyment of other human rights (Maldonado, 2015). This has partly to do with age restrictions, but self-exclusion is also a factor.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	e85d698ff41a545fd8e92f5bb51a03d7	In this context investments in human capital and skills development is crucial so that job vacancies in the industry can be filled by the local labour force. It should be stressed that the full potential of strategies to promote development benefits derived from the extractive industries will only be realized if they are inclusive of women. Developing countries that depend on agricultural goods and raw materials are vulnerable to the negative effects of rising global temperatures and related phenomena for the production of their key export goods. And those that depend on fossil fuels might see the market for their key export goods shrink as a consequence of climate policies in developed countries and elsewhere, as discussed in chapters 2 and 3.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	e85fcb24b6db3eb8fcccac8082b50fd8	Further potential exists to increase the capacity by modernisation of the existing system, e.g. better maintenance of tracks and signalling or use lighter materials in wagon design (Gol, 2010). Between 2006/07 and 2011/12, the 11th Five-Year Plan expects freight transport to increase from 726 Mt to 1100 Mt, and from 469 to 702 billion tkm (Raghuram and Gangwar, 2008). This represents an annual increase of 8.4%. Sea transport may ease the inland transport problem, but that would require expansion of harbour charging and discharging capacity.	7	6	2	0.5
10.18356/faf8a648-en	e86113bf51a0aed83b8d3e3ad0bf385d	The key governance bodies of this systemic response are governments rather than the private sector. Policy initially was a response to comply with international standards for marine safety and pollution prevention, but it has matured into a strategic vision for how the maritime system can provide multiple green development opportunities. The sector accounts for more than 10 per cent of Mauritian GDP, and its constituent subsectors—of which tourism and hospitality are the most important—span a range of sectors, including fishing, transport, agriculture and services (figure 6.4). The maritime sector provides many jobs and is an important driver of inclusive development. They cover aspects such as design specifications for oil tankers and carriage of cargoes, including dangerous goods.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/215d0d56-en	e864149c16115dc0763f2bcfd7603ee7	Moreover, addressing the structural inequalities that perpetuate social exclusion and vulnerability requires integrated and coherent policies which are consistent over time. Policymakers increasingly recognize this challenge and the need to focus on immediate and near-future decisions that have longer-term impacts, while maintaining the flexibility needed to adjust to changing conditions and information. A recent report on the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet, for example, found that sea levels will possibly have risen by as much as three feet by the end of the century, with severe implications for the world’s coastal cities (Gillis, 2016). This new estimate of the speed of sea-level rise yields roughly twice the increase expected under the plausible worst-case scenario produced by IPCC in 2013 (Church and others, 2013). Rapid improvements in climate technologies is facilitating new assessments, better environment statistics and more information, although important gaps do remain (see chaps.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	e8661ec294f0f0535ce3dab5cc24ecdd	If poverty is related to the number of children in a family, eligibility can be related to number and/or age of the children. Geographical targeting (combined with demographic categories) may be an option in countries with large regional disparities. However, the latter requires detailed data at the lowest administrative level of government possible.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	e867943ce04be0ec06d9c0ae2825eee3	However, larger countries may have more general information overall given the more detailed monitoring of groundwater hotspots (e.g. United States). Lastly, precipitation-abundant countries for which groundwater is not as important a resource, and which have predominantly rain fed agriculture, do not dedicate many resources to groundwater quantity measurement, resulting in a general lack of information (e.g. see Council of Canadian Academies, 2013:93). Overall, groundwater represents a major portion of usable water resources, accounting for 96% of liquid freshwater (UNESCO, 2008). Groundwater reserves are estimated to be over 20 million km3, of which 40% is freshwater.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	e867aff3e5f8070fd943d2b707545f38	Compared to “command and control” measures, pricing pollution provides greater incentive for innovation as it rewards for continual improvements (OECD, 201 lh). In addition, while feed-in tariffs could have had a positive impact on innovation during the creation of the RES market, this effect may decline as technologies become profitable under the current scheme. Incentives included in the system (i.e. the degression rates which encourage efficient gains) may not be sufficient to foster innovation. A broad R&D support is thus needed to develop breakthrough technologies which require basic research with long-term and uncertain payoffs.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	e86ef2b2131902dccc67eb7c019f3763	The program has responsibility for coordinating requests, tendering processes, timely payment and budgeting alongside a number of other functions. The hospital drug procurement part of the program has reportedly saved 57% (or €49 million) for 23 active ingredients (Kastanioti et al., In Estonia, pre-crisis reforms had focused on centralising aspects of health care financing and planning, including collection of funds.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jln041vm6tg-en	e8722694e67f3b18a589bef4dd9ea444	This total effect comprises only the macro-level effect through labour utilisation since the micro-level effect is insignificant for all income groups. See Box 4 for details of the empirical approach and the definition of the effects. Non-significant estimates (at the 10% level) are indicated by dots on general mean curves.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264188617-en	e87242e240af1b0e9507eabab972a928	In this latter scenario, wholesale electricity prices are below 20 euros per MWh more than 50% of the time. Results are reported in Figure 7.10 for the 12 scenarios considered. As expected, both nuclear and renewable energy allows for a significant reduction of carbon emissions. Compared with the 359 million tonnes of C02 emitted in the scenario with 15% renewables and no nuclear, emissions are reduced to as low as 41 million tonnes in the scenario featuring the highest shares of nuclear and renewables.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	e872758d58ee43810f3aa1c1eb135fc1	The information on training participation needs to be complemented by an indication of the quantity and quality of the training received. To this end, the statistical framework includes an indicator regarding the volume of job-related training as well as an indicator that attempts to capture the quality of job-related training (measured as the worker's perception of whether the most recent training has helped improve work). Skills can be acquired not only via formal and non-formal education, but also informally. The paradox of job quality in the affluent economy.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	e87572afa2a8d8966074bcbc8e797df9	Equipment imports have generally been low, except in a few South-East Asian countries. For example, India and a number of other countries have relied mostly on indigenous solar and wind turbines. Their increase in GDP provides them with the necessary resources, often coupled with high levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), to develop and produce such equipment.	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f29e3817-en	e87641efe7b72936b099314c809ba3ff	Approximately half of the waste passes first through a drum to segregate the fine fractions and then is conveyed on two treadmills. This permits the waste pickers to collect recyclable waste (plastics, glass, metals). The waste contains no paper or carton, which has already been picked up before the waste is collected and sold to a wholesaler. Industry is increasingly interested in the possibility of co-incinerating its waste in cement plants. The combustion systems at many cement plants have been readapted to allow the coincineration of several types of waste. This involves mainly waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (600 tons in 2009).	12	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	e876598c26300429cd1b5752ae5cf2fc	Whether or not greater dependence on food imports implies a greater risk of food insecurity depends on whether the change reflects a shift of resources from food production into more remunerative activities (and the fact that the opportunity cost of importing food is lower than the opportunity cost of producing it domestically) or is a result of fundamental development failure. Which is the case should be reflected in income levels and the availability of foreign exchange. The highest proportion of net food importers are found in the low-income and high-income groups, respectively. For all countries that depend on food imports, the reliability of the world market as a source of supplies is essential for food security.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	e876b547607f530a1183f6f161d0450a	Such financing usually comes from the budgetary funds of ministries or agencies whose representatives work in a joint body, and this funding is often very limited. In cases where a Party wishes to entrust another Party with implementation of water management and protection measures or designing works, or when such measures and works are to be implemented jointly, this should be subject to separate contracts or agreements (see, for example, agreement 1 in table 1). Results of G8-initiated survey 2004-2007, prepared by GTZ (deutsche Gesellschaft fur technische Zusammenarbeit). For example, the Agreement between Czechoslovakia and Poland Concerning the Use of the Water Resources in Frontier Waters (1958), still in force for the Czech Republic and Poland, prescribes that proposals adopted by the plenipotentiaries shall not be binding until they have been approved in accordance with the law of each Party. The agreements may not provide for the need of such approval. However, the implementation of joint bodies’ decisions, in any case, usually requires the adoption of some documents by national authorities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	e877eff1cc095677fc3db733f8bd349d	This may free up resources that could be used to help those with insufficient savings. These systems have an essential role to play in addressing persistent poverty, protecting households against income and health-related risks and tackling income inequality. It revealed that having social protection systems in place before a crisis strengthens the effectiveness of social policy responses to changing needs. The first is to ensure that social protection systems provide adequate support to those who need it in a context of limited fiscal resources and weak administration and a high rate of informal work that leaves large parts of the workforce uncovered by the main instruments of social policy.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	e87b4b4538286dd3fd8efa1e7f064e50	"Breaking the Silence 2015: From Shame to Pride"", Urmila Chanam's Journal, 14 April, www. Ghent University, Department of Third World Studies, and University of Bologna, Centre for the History of Science and Universities. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage to Prevent Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries, Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1), 69-74."	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	e87c4939ae33431f4a6a60e7cc1181c0	Such a shift will create a more transparent market for access to resources without improper interference of foreign and domestic government policy. Concurrently, as shown in other work of the Committee there is also a need to address domestic governance and management with a view to achieving sustainable fisheries. There is evidence that such developments are taking place already as some companies are setting up affiliate harvesting companies abroad (e.g. Pescanova, Austevoll Seafood, Pacific Andes).	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	e88013da1cf2323352a80ebf752cfdc0	Morocco (132nd) and Egypt (141s') rank amongst the countries with the least efficient labour markets according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) of 142 countries. The rules in these countries are so strict that they have a doubly negative impact on young job seekers. On the one hand, employers are reluctant to employ youth in permanent positions because of very high job protection and dismissal costs. Both sets of rules need urgent reform.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	e8806dbfc27838d9d40e098cdfe97e5e	Third, the paper critically scrutinizes the IG paradigm, and suggests that its inadequacies are best confronted through a broader and more ambitious statement of the pro-poor goals. The first reviews the debates around poverty and policy before the WC. The second and third sections outline the rise and decline of the WC and the PWC, respectively. The fourth surveys the pro-poor debates of the 1990s and early 2000s.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	e880fdc28e77f43ca7b310d0b049b6fd	As a less desirable (but often the only) alternative, household-level data can be used, provided that these contain either child-focused or generic household-level information that is relevant for children. Child-focused variables contain information on the issues that are primarily relevant for children (for EU-MODA for example the 2009 EU-SILC data have been used because they contain a particular child specific module). However, questions revealing this information are often not asked for a particular child, but rather refer to all children of the household regardless of their age and gender.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	e8837407f064fdef22f41568fc2e9490	The Law on Nature Protection requires development of the National Red List and Red Book, and includes temporary protection measures for strictly protected and protected wild species. Waste treatment facilities have been required in the vicinity of the Lake to protect water quality and aquatic biota. Also, a five-year moratorium (2006-2011) has been established at the national level prohibiting the collection and trade of medicinal plants (Gentiana lutea, and Gentiana punctata).	15	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	e8851e00266eb8582e1d8443a9f4e515	Electricity represents 17% of overall global energy demand and is expected to increase to 23% by 2050 (IEA, 2010b). According to the IEA BLUE Map Scenario, electricity demand is growing between 30% and 37% in OECD member countries from 2007 until 2050 compared to 104% to 509% in non-OECD regions in the same time period. Electricity provides lighting, refrigeration and appliance power that would be difficult to replace with other forms of energy.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264090415-4-en	e887acd32b5eff4a13657ec225d46235	This has decreased primary productivity by about 20%, and decreased fish yields as a result (Verburg et al., Water levels and surface areas of some large, shallow African lakes (such as Lakes Chilwa, Bangweulu and Chad) fluctuate with changes in ENSO (Jul-Larson et al., These fluctuations are mirrored by changes in fishing activity and catches (Allison and Mvula, 2002). Stream temperatures in this basin have been increasing steadily since 1992. It has been argued that few North Atlantic fish species will be as intensely affected by climate change as Atlantic salmon (Stenseth et al.,	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	e88c52d388d23d9b5e7d7ae4f268de06	The national framework is particularly important for setting the pricing signals to discourage environmental externalities, such as greenhouse gas emissions. A strong national framework based on a carbon tax or price will broaden the range of environmentally effective options available to cities. If national policy settings are not supportive, some seemingly desirable city-level initiatives may have limited effect or even generate perverse outcomes. With a strong national framework in place, much can often still be done most efficiently at the level of regions or cities. For example, policies to ensure adequate skills in making existing buildings more energy efficient or for encouraging clusters of green industry are probably best designed at city level. Even if there is a national framework in place, there must still be considerable scope for place-specific adaptations, since information about local conditions can be crucial to the effectiveness of such efforts.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088986-en	e88caf6e3de1f116bb4a024822a0e323	Team Academy offers a special three and a half year educational stream. Each student takes intensive training in leadership and marketing as a member of a team through real life project work. The Team Academy is open to business students, but based on its experiences, a set of courses promoting entrepreneurship have been developed to all students, under the title “the path for nascent entrepreneur”. It has provided entrepreneurial education for more than 500 BBA graduates and given birth to 17 companies in addition to the cooperatives that operate during the study time. About 25% of the Team Academy graduates are active entrepreneurs especially in the service sector and consultancy. The Team Academy has received a number of national awards for its innovative learning methods and its proven track record in the enhancement of entrepreneurship.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	e88cec898e95238e86c9769b5473484e	The increase in low cost and abundant Internet bandwidth supported the launch of 100 Mbps fiber optic packages. Parallel to this, secondary education enrolment jumped and all high schools are equipped with Internet access through corporate social responsibility initiatives. This includes those on track to achieve SDG 9.C by 2020 (high); those that might achieve at least one or more of the indicator thresholds particularly with the right policies to induce rapid growth (medium); and those unlikely to reach the target by 2020 due to vulnerability challenges and structural barriers, or and where change is likely to be incremental (low).	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	e88f812bdd464945c7e574c19940c252	Odier challenges arise from the specific way the country's health system and its institutions were reorganised in 1993 and the subsequent adjustments made since then. To name but a few, improvements in health care access and outcomes have not been equally distributed across geographic regions and socio-economic groups, and the envisaged model of managed competition between payers has not much materialised in practice, creating weak incentives for care qualify enhancing activities at the provider level. Specifically, a set of policy strategies is presented, based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to Colombia.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80ec6eec-a0a0f85c-en	e8929dc13d632bccafc8c85a23c5c703	It is worth noting that 2014 previously broke a temperature record, and it took place in the absence of a genuine El Nino event. This phenomenon, which warms the climate, occurs when higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the east of the tropical Pacific interact with atmospheric pressure systems. The year 1998-the hottest before the twentieth century-was marked by high temperatures coinciding with a high-intensity El Nino episode.	13	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289329293-6-en	e89462ede5a050598c8986e0a199038b	In addition, increasing environmental concern on the role of the small pelagic species in the marine ecosystems and resources for seabirds has led to restrictions on the fishery. The move away from well-known and safe ingredients to new ones has many challenges (Figure 4). Partial replacement offish meal and fish oil with vegetable ingredients has been continuous and rather successful in the farming of salmonids. We want to address focus to three of these sources; (1) Aquatic sources, (2) Agriculture sources and (3) Biotechnological sources.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f1b16268-en	e89a54c5fb975747dfa873212beb0d12	Wearenowsettingupan inclusive waste collection plan, by creating five recycling centres where citizens will be able to bring all their collected recyclable waste. Sometimes we succeed in planning for, and managing, them in a smart and sustainable way using existing human and financial resources. Yet there is still a financial gap that could be closed by creating new lines of financing, open directly to cities, as well as through integration and support from national governments.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-6-en	e8a051829f5412648121ef5661bc65a1	A key future challenge in this regard is innovations that allow substituting fish meal and oil with terrestrially-produced substitutes. Another factor for the relatively modest production growth for carnivorous species is the relatively high level of externalities in production and the resulting administrative limitations to grow th. This diversity, together with poor reporting from many aquaculture-producing economies, makes it challenging to identify common features of green aquaculture.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	e8a4aa2ed43034337c955649a6e4f6dd	Careful planning and protocols are needed to ensure that questions are phrased appropriately and that women feel safe to answer honestly. Instead, countries should regularly collect their own data to serve as baselines for measuring progress. For countries that have carried out multiple waves of surveys with questions on sexual harassment and/or violence against women, it is possible to observe changes over time.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	e8a5350464df567b5f7dadc1185ccd2b	It publishes a gender report that summarises all of the programmes and actions regarding gender equality, such as the Action Plan for the Integration of the Gender Approach in Rural Politics. Several ministries have elaborated ministry-specific strategies within the framework of this new overall gender strategy. It later came under the review of the Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development (MoPAD).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0543d374-en	e8a706cdb3cff7d3f3e65f2b7480f5fd	However, as no information is available that would allow a subdivision of the area into Forest and OWL, all of this area was classified as Forest. As mentioned earlier, FAO reported that forests of Turkmenistan are in “public ownership”. According to these, the total area of land actually covered with forests is 4,126,800 ha or 41 per cent of the lands administered by the forestry authorities, which constitutes 8.8 per cent of the total area of the country. Turkmenistan’s forests and OWL perform mainly protective functions, which is why they have been categorized as belonging to Category I under the new Forest Code.	15	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264285637-9-en	e8a784840eb2721b053a9226cc2c7d04	A longitudinal survey of teachers also suggested that in 2005 about 10% of teachers had an additional remunerated job outside teaching (Bravo et al., The regular preparation of teachers does not seem to include special training to deal with rural contexts, or to provide special strategies for teaching in multigrade classes. The introduction of a mentoring process upon entry into the teaching is a positive development but it is not associated with a probationary period.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	e8a80273d150b033f480f8dc5be1d6ff	Workers in the informal sector are more difficult to provide for. Some have done so through public health services targeted to the poor. This is neither desirable nor efficient, generally resulting in a health care system in which poor people receive inferior quality services, often in public facilities, while the nonpoor get better health care services from the private sector. Health services targeted to the poor generally remain underfunded partly because the more powerful people who are not poor have no stake in making the system better.	1	2	9	0.6363636363636364
10.30875/4cb348ce-en	e8aa13e1ddd98c4ed69528ac16d7b6bf	The vast literature of cross-country growth regressions tends to find a significant positive association between quantitative measures of schooling and economic growth (see Topel, 1999; Temple, 2001; Krueger and Lindahl, 2001; Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003 for extensive reviews of the literature). To give an idea of the robustness of this association, an extensive empirical analysis by Sala-i-Martin et al. ( It implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fb332d66-en	e8aa6a243ce74d1f167e7f50469314de	In addition, the company manages 1,800 km of flood protection structures. Since 2003, new machinery has been acquired and there has been an increase in the yearly budget. Currently, JSCAWE is able to clean every year some 1,000 km of irrigation channels (400 km in 2003) and 400 km of flood protection structures (100 km in 2003).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-12-en	e8afb34b2378870b9d14b87df76fb5d6	Moreover, management of the marine EEZ is fraught with difficulties that are hampering its effective implementation. The chapter suggests three pathways to the urgent improvements required: better integration of economic analysis and economic tools; innovation in governance structures and processes; and greater use of science and technology, in particular in gathering better data. These include a plethora of different agencies looking after different activities, gaps in the governance framework, weak compliance and enforcement, new and emerging uses, and lack of an equity framework for exploitation of genetic resources.	14	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.6027/9789289330923-7-en	e8afde4b433387ed3a20fb064101aee2	The total carbon content of forest ecosystem is estimated to about 638 Gtonnes of Carbon, which is more than the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Deforestation and forest degradation result in substantial reductions in forest carbon stocks and increase in emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated emissions from deforestation since 1990s at 5.8 GtC02/yr. Taking Amazonas as an example, during the period 2000-2005,60% of deforestation was due to establishment of new cattle ranches, 30% was caused by small scale subsistence agriculture, legal and illegal logging accounted for 3% as fires, mining, road construction and dams, and large scale agriculture accounted for 1%.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	e8b2baca712e6ddd4fb98b93c1d835f6	"Although the reliability of this theory as a predictive tool cannot be absolute, analyses of actual sources of cost reduction (as in the IEA Technology Roadmaps publications) show that its foundations are solid (Box 1). For example, Nemet (2006) studied the cost reductions of electricity from crystalline silicon PV modules from 1975 to 2001, and sought to disaggregate historic cost reductions - of factor 20 during this period - into observable technical factors. He identified three major factors of cost reductions from 1980 to 2001: manufacturing plant size, module efficiency and silicon cost. From its academic origin (Arrow, 1962), learning-by-doing is sometimes seen in the very narrow sense of ""increased workers' productivity"" due to experience, other factors remaining constant."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264301085-4-en	e8b375463dec10cba995a77afeaa6dc9	"Ensuring that the poorest people do not persistently stay poor and enabling sufficient income mobility can help to prevent long spells of poverty and their damaging impact, for example in terms of social exclusion. In that sense, income mobility provides “a short way from rags to riches” (Jendemy, 2016). A society where people ranking in the top incomes are not persistently the same can be preferred to a society where there is no turnover among people ranking at the top.2 Similarly, if inequality reflects discrimination against certain groups or the results of cultural, ethnic or family backgrounds, it is likely that income mobility can contribute to a more equal society. Excessive"" income mobility, in the sense of frequent and uncertain income changes, can also be associated with greater income insecurity."	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	e8b6ebc4b6e33b79e699b1e4019b9a86	This has led to unequal distribution of the net gains between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states from the Chambal Valley Development Project. This has led to a falling groundwater table in some districts (by up to 15 metres in 15 years) (Gupta, Kawadia and Attari, 2007). This area is spread over 22 500 km2 in eight districts of Malwa, namely Dhar, Indore, Dewas, Shajapur, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur and Neemuch.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	e8b7e7d208c0a98b93257020a3b09470	This effect is stronger for low-income countries and seems to operate by lowering total factor productivity and by reducing the level of education and labour participation among women. At the same time, they show that a gradual dismantling of gender-based discrimination in social institutions could yield substantial economic benefits, leading to an annual increase in the income global growth rate of 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points by 2030, depending on the scenario. From a policy perspective, they bear several implications.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e8b8ffaffdca92a729497967890ce6b7	Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. Evidence from the UK”, IFS Working Papers W08/09, Institute for Fiscal Studies. Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Economic Journal, 115(506): F300-F323, October. Economic Journal, 110(466): 781-804, Royal Economic Society, October. Consumption and Generational Change: The Rise of Consumer Lifestyles and the Transformation of Later Life, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers, NJ, pp.	1	4	1	0.6
10.18356/edf15661-en	e8bcbbed4df832decf5af89bd3e12efa	"The sight of men commanding respect without using violence or harassing women is as a powerful tool for change. The movement relies on teams that work at various levels and aim at different targets, though all have the overarching aim of fighting sexual harassment. The ""NGO-ization""46of the women's movement in the past two decades or so has also fostered suspicion of women's mobilizations. The weighty presence of global funders has helped create a damaging view that feminist groups are ""inauthentic"" to local culture, or are ""agents of the West""."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	e8bd9bd6385ce687b3e35d76cb957bca	"More high-level skills are needed than ever before. These changes in skills demand have to be identified, articulated and translated into up-to-date curricula and relevant programmes. A strategic approach to skills policies also needs to consider local differences, particularly in emerging economies where these differences can be large. Compared to purely government-designed curricula taught exclusively in schools, learning in the workplace allows young people to develop ""hard"" skills on modern equipment, and ""soft"" skills, such as teamwork, communication and negotiation, through real-world experience. Hands-on workplace training can also help to motivate disengaged youth to stay in or re-engage with the education system, and smooths the transition from education into the labour market."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	e8bfbfcbab552a7a812db0d63cd4aae8	The first national operator ‘Russian communal systems’ was formed by six large Russian companies under government control. Some private operators are now expanding operations to other countries. At the same time, some international firms, like Veolia (France) and Remondis Aqua (Germany), were also attracted to the market. Most contracts were granted directly, without any competition.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591400-4-en	e8c4169b1677dc2b8ce07d303f07697f	Many secondary schools are bilingual, with instruction in both French and English. Missionary schools, established during the early days of colonial government, are a significant provider of education services, and are partly subsidised by the government. The Francophone system (80 per cent) operates throughout the remainder of the country.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-5-en	e8c56f66c9f89b9fd45b89736a5ebb2b	In the Netherlands, for instance, farmers are exempted from a groundwater tax (up to a certain threshold), which has encouraged them to use multiple smaller pumps to avoid the tax (OECD, 2008). Such market systems are a cost-effective method to achieve any given water use reduction or hydrologic target as they allow equalisation of the values of marginal products (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013; Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014). There are, however, significant preconditions to a successful groundwater market: a strong property rights system, a robust price determination mechanism with information, and infrastructures are required (Skurray et al., Although they may not generate revenue for the regulator,16 they do result in transfers of funds between buyers and sellers of water entitlements.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	e8c618a9e4ced082f3d7cc19240157d6	However, by convention they are recorded in HC.5 when consumers acquire them from retail sellers, because the purpose is not usually identified. This includes medicinal preparations, branded and generic medicines, drugs, patent medicines, serums and vaccines, and oral contraceptives. Fluids required for dialysis, as well as gases used in health care, such as oxygen, should also be included when the patient or relatives purchase them directly.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	e8c87193b79dd6ab3afdd84cf84f9223	In addition, they take action to increase awareness of women's rights within the community at large. Community police liaison boards can encourage reporting as well as serve as a formal recourse mechanism for individuals and communities to register complaints and concerns. In any such oversight mechanism, representation of female stakeholder including women's organisations is key to ensure women do participate and can represent constituencies not usually heard in such forums.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264272392-3-en	e8ca6bd407af0648cde9045a079a9a1d	As in most ASEAN countries, poverty and undernourishment rates have both significantly improved in recent decades, and indications are that this trend will continue. Nevertheless, over 19 million people remain undernourished (FAO, 2015), the largest absolute number in the Southeast Asian region. Indicators of malnutrition also remain at alarming levels - in 2013, more than a third of children under the age of five were stunted.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	e8cd09a7dccb546237d9dd789c654451	Agricultural employment showed the sharpest deceleration of all, with absolute declines in the number of people employed in agriculture over the 1990s. In addition, the growing land alienation by the peasantry (as cultivation became less viable given the squeeze on the peasantry because of rising input costs and falling or stagnant crop prices) also had an impact, since peasants using family labour tend to use labour more intensively than farmers using hired labour. Further, several “economic reform” measures—such as trade liberalization, the reduction of credit allocation to the priority sector and the removal of various forms of support—worked against the interests of most small producers, who accounted not only for the most labour-intensive forms of urban production, but also for the dominant part of urban manufacturing employment.	1	4	4	0.0
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	e8ce0141c53c9babe380e41ddb94ba35	The 4 main stages of the policy cycle are distinguished below. Successful policy requires coordination, integration and institutional change. While policymakers have gained considerable experience about eco-efficiency and cleaner production policies, particularly policies in areas where end-of-the-pipe technologies were available, this is not the case for broader transformational policies and for policies that wish to deal with over-consumption or under-consumption.	12	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	e8cf1538ee9ba37c3ea9a1c80f031e45	Data limitations did not allow for the inclusion of agricultural machinery. This index is a sub-component of the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index. These indices, drawn from Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009), provide the best country coverage available to date for both tariffs and NTMs. Their computation is described in more detail in Annex 2. The advantage of weighted indicators of trade barriers is that they give a more realistic view of the actual constraints faced by individual countries in practice. However, a key drawback is that such indicators mask the impact of prohibitive tariffs and, more generally, tend to give a lower weight to a barrier, the higher it is.	2	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	e8d234fc3b78d0b8ffebca32fa66d3f1	It also places challenges on this key institution to be mindful of gender parity considerations in the choice of leadership for portfolio committees'. Although this is still well below parity, this places South Africa among the top ten globally, where diplomacy is still very much a 'men's club'. According to Mtintso, the major change came about during Dlamini-Zuma's tenure as minister of foreign affairs from 1999 to 2009: 'She made the push for women to enter politics. The conditions of diplomats are very difficult for women, especially married women, and then it becomes a revolving door - they come in, they stay for the four years - then they go out and they don't come back - and there is no consistent approach to make sure that when you lose one you also put another one in'.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	e8db3f6cbc0bb3df7a38b8dec1b5c023	In this sense, the current focus on a national ‘project shopping list’ could open up more to regional and global opportunities. A stronger capacity for green growth market intelligence, engagement and ‘green Ethiopia branding’ will be key; as will safeguard capacities that can reliably meet international standards in ESIA (for investment projects) and SEA (for policy change). Moreover, the signs are that some changing aid modalities may also support green growth outcomes. For example, Ethiopia can expect to face new aid models where ‘payments on delivery’ are made depending upon the exact quantity of GHGs reduced and biodiversity protected.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	e8dcda08107e700a28993d9ebf00f715	But it also has an indirect effect: higher unemployment puts downward pressure on wages. Many countries that had, according to the neoliberal prescription, done the ‘right things’ (that is, not only had liberalised, but followed other policy dictates of the Washington-based international institutions) subsequently stagnated. And many countries that had not followed the Washington consensus had achieved considerable success. Rodrik (2001) argued that the three primary models of successful development in the twentieth century all relied on managed trade regimes: import substitution, as practised by a number of countries in the 1960s; outward-orientated industrialisation, as practised in East Asia in the 1980s; and the state-directed capitalism of China in the 1990s.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	e8dd5ccda0dfe499a82366939d9fbff6	It should be noted that the CNRH, in which this ministry is represented, has a Technical Chamber on Science and Technology (Figure 2.4) where research priorities are discussed and established. However, the national level is still very strong and holds broad powers to pass legislation applicable nationwide, including exclusive powers on waters and energy. It also holds fiscal powers to provide resources to the lower levels through specific and targeted programmes. The basin unit creates links of “causality” and “factual solidarity” as water users’ behaviours in the basin propagate downstream and affect other uses.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	e8ddfd0ed40af28b9c1207a7347dbabd	Despite its failure to reach its envisaged goals, the programme did develop coal-gasification technologies that paved the way for highly efficient integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal power plants which were deployed around the world from the 1990s. Annual production in the United States from 1971 to 2003 increased more than 10-fold and production costs were reduced by a factor of 5, without any subsidies and despite the material challenges associated with handling hydrogen (Ausubel, 2007). A hydrogen pipeline is being operated between Louisiana and Texas; and some are considering the old idea of mixing hydrogen into the national natural gas pipeline system. As noted earlier, more than half of all cumulative energy-related public RD&D support in IEA countries since 1974 has been for nuclear power technologies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-9-en	e8e179b2ecbc43bdcfd582689aec81b5	In Luxembourg, Mexico and the Netherlands, the pro-male gender gap shrank because boys performed more weakly, while girls stayed steady. However, comparisons between the performance of 15-year-old students in OECD PISA in 2003 and the performance of roughly the same birth-cohort at around age 24 in the 2012 OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) suggest that gender gaps in mathematics sometimes widen as teenagers move into adulthood (Figure 6.3). Among OECD countries with available data, the average standardised gender gap is 0.12 points at the age of 15, and 0.18 points at around age 24 - still only small. However, in Canada, Austria and Norway the standardised gender gap among those aged around 24 is greater than 0.3 points, and in Finland and the United States it is larger than 0.5 points (Figure 6.3).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	e8e1c5963edba4fc66f46827a88eaad8	Slovenia has one of the highest shares of the population aged 25 to 64 to have completed at least upper secondary education, and ranks high in international educational achievement tests. Nevertheless, in some areas, reforms could significantly improve performance and equip the labour force with the skills most in demand in a rapidly changing economy. In particular, low student-teacher ratios, small class sizes, and a high share of non-teaching staff suggest that there is room for improving spending efficiency. Rationalising teaching and non-teaching staff would also free up valuable public resources that could be redirected towards underfunded aspects of the education system.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	e8e28170643b55480e9f3d9e3017e82e	Many health care systems share the Swedish goal of empowering patients to exercise informed choice, and there is evidence that geographical monopolies can stifle innovation and that competition in primary care drives quality. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the quality of GP practices in England and the degree of competition they face shows that practices located close to other practices provide a higher quality of care than practices that lack competitors (Pike, 2010). Moreover, recent research shows that patients are more likely to choose practices which earned more quality points under the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) pay-for-performance scheme; a necessary condition for greater competition to improve quality is that patients’ choice of practice is influenced by practice quality (Santos et al., The competition and privatisation reforms can be designed to promote care continuity and co-ordination, including through appropriate payment mechanisms, and these principles should be embedded in the regulation of how these policies are implemented in practice. Strategies for progress towards these goals are discussed below.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	e8e303409e6b93eeb6a5bd35ef4ba01f	Literacy has also been consistently linked to improved school performance and achievement, as well as higher productivity, later in life. Evidence suggests literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills; building knowledge of the alphabetic code; and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	e8e36ee8585897fb0879918ae1ebbbed	In Sweden, some county councils placed restrictions preventing any kind of direct contact between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry (Moise and Docteur, 2007). Rather than taking such an extreme measure, restrictions such as allowing only group visits would preserve the educational value of the visits of sales representatives and could reduce the likelihood of undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry through this channel. This approach could also underpin the prioritisation process. It was seen as an important step to make health care provision more equitable, increase the quality of care and improve the efficiency of health care delivery.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	e8e79470469468136070dc827031ab94	While in developed countries “Improve” strategies can help promote electric vehicles and rail electrifications, developing countries often make better use of encouraging small, efficient cars and innovations for traditional non-motorised transport modes such as cycle rickshaw's. Effective sustainable transport strategies often require enhancing synergies between “Avoid”, “Shift” and “Improve” policies. For example, when investing in a bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor (“Shift”), uiban policy makers can alter land-use regulations to promote densification around the corridor (“Avoid”), and use clean-fuel buses (“Improve”). A-S-I strategies require infrastructure investments, such as: BRT corridors (“Shift”); rail infrastructure for metros and high speed rail (“Shift”); parking (“Avoid”); and electric vehicle charging stations (“Improve”).The model is most applicable to the uiban context and to long-distance or international freight transport, where multiple transport modes and options are likely to be available. In rural areas, where options are often limited, “shifting” is less relevant, at least in the short term.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/73d010ed-en	e8ed9b758adabb495ffac626c825a1d3	This ratio is also known as the inverse Mills ratio (or lambda, X), whose mean values are a proxy variable for the existence of labour-market entry barriers. The sum of the estimated probabilities as a proportion of the total working-age population gives the net participation rate, estimated at the aggregate level. The elasticity is the ratio of the percentage change in the wage over the change in this rate. These variables can then be used to construct three growth models using the GDP growth rate as a dependent variable and including, alternatively, the variables for labour-market feminization and hours of work.	5	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	e8edd183dc470ac7bf3bcce5b797e3db	Developers lean on PTAL as the indicator in such assessments for London projects, as it helps them evaluate how new development would affect accessibility to public transport in a selected area and determine the acceptability of the impact. While it provides a useful indicator of local accessibility and allows easy comparison of areas across the city, one criticism is that it assumes access to a public transport network includes access to reasonably well-integrated rail and bus services and, by implication, to a range of final destinations. But PTAL does not in fact measure access to final destinations. That said, the Access to Opportunities and Services (ATOS) indicator - a complementary TfL measure that does reflect access to destinations and is described below - shows that in the case of London, a city with a comprehensive and relatively dense public transport network, PTAL is a good proxy for access to services and opportunities. In areas of lower density, however, the PTAL method may not be applicable as they usually have a sparser public transport network with poor connections and interchange facilities. Nor does it account for availability of cycling lanes or quality of walking environment.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	e8f1528aa22bab026b929cea51fc3003	To ensure health sector governance and accountability for results, it is important for countries to institutionalize the process of tracking and reporting aggregate resource flows into the health sector. This should take the form of total health expenditures as well as reproductive, maternal. Performance-based reporting that links inputs to key results (outputs and impacts) should be encouraged.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	e8f33d7eef4c5fae038d0ad7350fa4c1	All these practices constitute forms of violence against women and all of them are incompatible with equal rights and respect for their dignity. The CEDAW Committee made specific recommendations to states parties to the convention to prevent and punish trafficking and to include information about trafficking in periodic reports that describe “the extent of [the] problems and the measures, including penal provisions, preventive and rehabilitation measures that have been taken to protect women engaged in prostitution or subject to trafficking and other forms of sexual exploitation.” However, only several MENA countries have adopted such measures.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	e8f4f1a3e4b023dfbb96a61af9c9240c	After the Second World War France initiated planning by the Planning Commission, with sectoral industrial policy led by elite bureaucrats and the aggressive use of state-owned enterprises. Since the 1950s, the Scandinavian countries have also acted as a type of developmental state, where political legitimacy is derived from the welfare state and full employment rather than from rapid growth. The Swedish state developed strategic sectors through public-private partnerships (iron and steel, railways, telegraphs and telephone, and hydroelectric power).	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	e8f6f5e70d42deeb7d1393fa33cf6d31	In many countries, including in the EaP region, energy subsidy reforms are part and parcel of general energy sector reforms. The rest of this chapter discusses how the economic and policy environment condition the pace and breadth of energy subsidy reforms in the EaP region. Ukraine is by far the largest of the six economies, followed by Azerbaijan and Belarus, whose GDP is roughly equivalent, and then Georgia, Armenia and Moldova (Table 1.6).	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c3da68b8-en	e8f83e1926f5f4c768ec0be36d20f502	"They simply do not appear on the map. Slum dweller populations will continue to grow and many countries are not prepared to address the challenge with affordable housing, basic services and security of land tenure."" Sub-Sahara African and Southeast Asian countries, where slum urbanization is accelerating, often have weak or only recently-emerging planning capacities."	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f3a3b911-en	e8f8439150e31a05bb563be6e6b6aba2	Unlike other SDG targets which are to be achieved by the year 2030; the targets under this goal, with the exception of Target 15.3 (combating desertification) and Target 15.4 (conserving mountain ecosystems), are to be met within a much shorter time frame, that is, by 2020, underlining the urgency with which action is needed. Goal 7 of Agenda 2063 on environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities identifies the following areas for priority action by African governments; biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management; achieving water security; and climate resilience and natural disasters preparedness. Building on the Africa Sustainable Development Report 2017, this chapter assesses Africa’s progress on Goal 15 relative to other regions, by describing key baselines and trends (where data is available). International transfer of genetic resources should lead to fair reward and equity in sharing of benefits arising therefrom.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	e8f8fe0185021af077ceb638fbe74f81	Most of their support is likely to be focused on low-carbon infrastructure and projects in forestry, energy and agriculture, rather than longer-term investments in governance changes and incentives systems. Domestic finance is not yet attracted to green growth: there are few guarantees and other incentives to shift investment from ‘brown’ to ‘green’ activities, and it is too early for the recent progressive policy changes to have incentivised private sector engagement, especially in the absence of an active engagement programme or accord with business. As importantly, section 3 illustrated the potentials of many existing green initiatives in Ethiopia - which show how things could be in the future, even if they are still just small ‘trees’ rather than great ‘forests’.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/8114a552-02ac2f7b-en	e8fb4f8e53715f54de438c8bf78405c2	In PPP$ terms, the range spans from PPP$ 2.8 in Sri Lanka to more than PPP$ 50 in Bulgaria, Cabo Verde and Nicaragua (Table 4.1). A number of LDCs also offer monthly prices below USD 3 per month, including Bhutan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Nepal (Republic of) and South Sudan. It is the task of regulators and policy-makers to strike a balance between these two forces, and they have intervened in this regard in some countries, such as for instance in Sri Lanka (Box 4.2).	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	e8fba4ca48ac75da194bb62ac8b82243	Some of the decisions required, notably regarding technology choices and business models, may arguably be decentralized to economic actors, such as independent power producers or household themselves; but some degree of central planning is needed to anticipate and address the system-wide implications of their investment choices and to fully exploit the potential synergies and complementarities across different technologies in integrating each country’s power generation mix. The multifaceted challenges of strengthening LDC energy systems thus call for a combination of system-wide long-term planning and flexibility. Grid extension inevitably leads to increased electricity demand. If generation capacity fails to keep pace with this increase, this will be reflected in reduced reliability of supply, impairing the developmental benefits of grid extension, and leaving producers and households to resort to higher-cost (and possibly more polluting) options. The planned pace of increase in access and electricity production also needs to be realistic, taking into account not only the availability of finance and construction times, but also logistical and human-resource constraints, as well as likely delays in decision-making, access to finance and project implementation.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	e8fbea95ec5c89c12bcafcd14f9dc462	For example, weather forecasting models are essentially predictive models in that no policy can be implemented to influence the weather in the very near future. Measures can, however, be taken as a result of the information provided by the forecasts; such as to evacuate a population which is likely to be exposed to a hurricane. In contrast, policy-oriented health expenditure forecasting models aim to inform policy makers about when and how to implement reforms and what effects those reforms are likely to produce.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/50bcd9fd-en	e8fbf474682795c743d34ae0e494b515	The result is a relatively uncoordinated range of national mandates and incentives for developing indigenous energy supplies where available, including coal, heavy oils, biofuels and other renewables, which leads to a patchwork of local standards and technologies. There is a strong element of rivalry between consumer governments, but they align with each other where their interests coincide. In this scenario, national energy companies play key intermediary roles, but themselves become increasingly mired in political machinations. Globalization exacerbates the tensions within and between nations, and distracts policy-makers from the need to take action and build international coalitions to face the challenges of energy and climate change.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264087040-3-en	e8fc35d6c636398c1b08d63f9d84d748	It is composed of eight members, all of them senior representatives of the international education community and three OECD analysts. These workshops also serve to disseminate key messages and international practices in Mexico to encourage further reflection and change. This capacity-building seminar for high-level Mexican policy makers combined an active training programme with country visits to Chile (January 2010) to study teacher policy, to Canada, Ontario (May, 2010) to study school leadership and a final module on implementation in Mexico (June 2010).	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	e8fe64d3a2d4a1ced17565f9aafd9626	Annual alcohol consumption is estimated at 15.7 litres a year for men, more than 50% above the OECD average (10.4) (WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health), which may help to explain the high mortality from alcohol-related liver disease. While the prevalence of adult obesity is relatively low compared with many OECD countries, more than 30% of women in Kazakhstan are obese, compared with 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016), placing the rate among women on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. A large proportion of the gap in life expectancy is in fact explained by higher mortality among young Kazakhstanis aged 15 to 29 years, an age group in which overall death rates are more than three times higher than in the EU15.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf880578-en	e9038bc2d7b2aaab85842b56f4825d6e	Each year in developing countries, there are 89 million unintended pregnancies. About 43 per cent of pregnancies are unplanned. Because people in these countries often marry later, women may have difficulty becoming pregnant, and assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization, may not be readily available or affordable.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e905160903ff010d66470e238a000228	The Working Party then submitted a draft report in May 2005, a revised report in September 2006 and a subsequent revision in June 2008. This would normally signal the final stages of the accession process, but negotiations appear to have stalled at the final stage. In 2008, Kazakhstan responded to the spike in world grain prices by imposing export restrictions.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	e9063cca23d32216c0ac5166da6141d9	Figure 1 shows the differences between the Reference and Alternative SSP scenarios in terms of their assumptions about population and GDP per capita. In both of these scenarios, populations remain constant or even decrease compared with 2010 in many high-income OECD countries. Globally, this is more than offset by the population growth in non-OECD countries, such that the total population is projected to reach 10 billion people.	2	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	e90a692ab00678003aad10b066d00c1b	Now, even sophisticated non-routine and highly cognitive jobs can - and will - soon be taken by machines. And this is not only the case in manufacturing, but increasingly also in the labour-intensive service sector. New ICT-enabled services, such as those provided in the cloud, give reason to believe that even complex tasks will be outsourced to developing countries with a growing number of high-skilled professionals currently earning a fraction of what their colleagues in developed countries take home.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	e90c4df6c2a287408cffaeaafdf4055c	Ce cadre de transparence jouera un role important en permettant de suivre les progrfes accomplis au regard des objectifs individuels et collectifs convenus lors de la COP21, et en permettant la comprehension des contributions determinees au niveau national des Parties au title de 1’Accord de Paris. Le present document eclairci les dispositions de cet accord et de la decision 1/CP.21 en matiere de transparence des mesures d’attenuation et de l’appui. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards individual and collective goals, and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264088979-en	e9109b756390585c8128916b8dbbf74f	While most universities have improved their performance over the last decade, stronger focus is needed to improve the quality of induction process, the first year experience and appropriate support mechanisms for first-generation students to help them complete their studies and acquire relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. Both TAFE institutes and universities in Victoria had limited information on graduate performance. Graduate Careers Australia’s Australian Graduate Survey does not provide an adequate vision of graduate employment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	e9114dc2e2e656b8335fd2b60a907601	This provides the very rationale for the concept of poles of clean and sustainable growth developed in this Review, which would contribute to re-establishing equilibrium between supply and demand, and moving towards patterns of production and consumption along sustainable development lines. What is required in the medium and long term for broadening the base and enhancing the impact of the growth-poles approach is a supportive policy framework, including, for example, the removal of perverse subsidies, public support for research and development (R&D), as well as the diffusion and operational deployment of technologies, green public procurement and government-backed green financing schemes. These should be supported by price signals (a blend of carbon/material taxes and emissions trading) to induce a shift to a low-carbon and material-efficient economy.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3c5a4620-en	e9118e88b3bfcc23591298f354360a57	The overhang of coal production capacity against the declining demand for a range of environmental reasons keeps the price low. The shift to a service orientation leads to better use of capital stock through wider deployment of cold and thermal storage and smart demand management. The focus on climate change leads to unprecedented technological cooperation at international levels with very rapid innovation and cost-reduction of localised energy-supply enabling facilities.	7	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289343879-7-en	e913033a062653477bb3cc274aa8a608	This has created fiscal space and freed resources for spending in other areas. Subsidy reform has been an enabling factor for the planned expansion of renewable energy. The most recent data available has shown 4.4% GDP growth in 2013 and 2.6% in 2014, higher than the MENA average of 0.5% in 2013 and 2.2% in 2014, perhaps showing better than average management of the economy.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	e9130d3c27c04f17ce3560ecff337bf5	By unofficial assessment, these targets had not been reached as of the end of 2015 (chapter 13). This allow'ed the implementation of a number of activities, including rehabilitation of 49 hydraulic pumps for potable w'ater supply and wastewater disposal, installation of 3,369 water meters, restoration of eight water wells, and the organization of four training courses and workshops focused on awareness-raising among communities on issues related to water consumption. The Programme is being implemented slow'ly.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e914994c4624b8f72dad5fc3710c6495	It is also part of the nature of risk that the unexpected can happen. It is thus safe to say that security of supply risks will continue to manifest themselves even in the context of the best-designed policies. This, however, means that governments need to put in place appropriate crisis management mechanisms for different supply risks, whether they pertain to political dissensions between trading partners or technical accidents. Such reserves have a double function.	7	6	2	0.5
10.1787/0492621a-en	e9155b2b5265e85d66f5985bea97ff81	Given the size of their network and the traffic they are dealing with, the workforce of the regional railways is too large (Figure 36). It is expected that medium-income countries have more labour-intensive industries, but the productivity gap remains high when comparing to emerging economies such India. Furthermore, Chinese railways are known to suffer from inefficient personnel allocations (Beck et al.,	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	e917498e45c2cc701597830467d14490	Make the benefits from registration more visible and substantial. Original data extractions were needed since the available datasets (e.g. labour force statistics published by OECD and ILO) do not provide distinct information on the self-employed with and without employees. This disaggregation is highly relevant because gender differences are generally more marked for the class of business owners with paid employees (self-employed with employees or “employers”). Both unincorporated and incorporated female and male employers are included in Figure 22.1 when the information is available.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213715-9-en	e91765da75d0f7468205c0a30bc23d5e	More could be done to take account of the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems as sectoral policies and programmes are being prepared. Among these measures are marine protected areas (MPAs). Sweden has extended the marine areas under protection, including within the EU Natura 2000 network and the Baltic Sea protected areas system. Currently, 6.3% of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones are protected.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-8-en	e91a58856c788f4e6c28c6f3f090222a	Costa Rica can build on its many strengths - including a reformed curriculum and a growing and well-funded vocational system - to make upper secondary education more inclusive. A more systematic approach is needed to tackle disadvantage, and particularly to improve teaching in the schools with the highest levels of disengagement and drop-out. Further support is needed for teachers to implement the new curriculum, and reform the Bachillerato examination to give a fairer chance to students to complete secondary education.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	e91bdc0fbad4edb467b3e599240ec898	"Nordic countries could help ensure increasing finance is targeted for adaptation and most vulnerable countries but also help build the capacity and processes of these funds to engage private sector finance and expertise for resilience building. Improved screening and MRV processes, should support more effective use of climate finance and secure continued learning of climate action within the broader set of SDGs. These measures would also contribute to developing required approaches and instruments for engaging the private sector in adaptation (see second part of roadmap, below). Reference is made, among other, to win-win options and ""the triple leverage potential"" of public finance (UNEP, 2016)."	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	e91c6f7c7805f6c89988bca32fecba59	Figure 3.3 shows food import shares expressed relative to total merchandise imports over the period 1961-2010 for a number of developing country groups. For the world as a whole, the importance of food imports in merchandise imports is falling, from around 15% in 1961 to around 5% today. The shares for LIFDCs and for SIDSs follow broadly the same trends.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/bb63671b-en	e91d986afaa45d5f76871ddf5b73717a	This implies that women's time in the labour market is negatively affected by childcare responsibilities while husbands are more likely to spend more time in the workplace. Presence of older parents on the other hand decreases wives' share of household, which suggests that they are likely to help in some household chores. Its negative effect on husbands' share of market work may be explained by the cultural practice of having older parents live with their sons' families, and thus the incentive for husbands to spend more time at home.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	e91efa5c7039b1335dbc3cf132212bf2	On the one hand, creating homogeneous student populations may allow teachers to direct classroom instruction to the specific needs of each group, maximising the learning potential of each group. On the other hand, selecting and sorting students may segregate students according to socio-economic status and result in differences in opportunities to learn. Grouping higher-achieving students together limits the opportunity for under-achieving students to benefit by learning from their higher-achieving peers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	e91f5af3fdbe2b48a38b40a8fa077377	They indicate there has been a consistent improvement in prescribing. The group provides advice on clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness, considering new and existing technologies. The group also works closely with the Health Innovation Partnership Board to streamline the pathway for new health innovations. Its pilot Innovative Medical Technology Overview (IMTO), for example, takes weeks rather than years to assess a new technology. It provides early intelligence of the nature, potential budget and service impact of health technologies in development. The NFP is represented by all 22 NHS Boards and the Scottish Government, as well as other stakeholders.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/growth-2013-4-en	e91fbecc9e40854297b92b768f894ab2	See also Jones and Klenow (2010) for a summary statistic for nations’ flow of welfare. On income inequality see Chapter 5 of Going/or Growth 2012 (OECD, 2012a), OECD (2011a) and OECD (2008a); on green growth see OECD (2011c), de Serres et al (2010) and OECD (2008b); on fiscal and current account balances see Chapter 1 and Chapter 5 of Going for Growth 2011 (OECD, 2011e) and Kerdrain et al. ( These difficulties notwithstanding, an attempt to assess the redistributive impact of in-kind transfers can be found in Chapter 9 of OECD (2011a). Given that such a policy may also strengthen the attachment to the labour market of individuals at higher risk of being unemployed - improving thereby their human capital development and career progression - the effect on inequality may not be so clear from a life-time perspective. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. For an extensive discussion of the trade-off between higher overall employment rates and higher wage dispersion brought about by less generous unemployment benefit replacement rates, declining union coverage and lower minimum-to-median wage rates, see OECD (2011a).	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	e9226382f834546c6ee59c77e393d80e	Since the inception in September 2013, 11 339 Apprenticeship Incentive Grants and 2 839 Apprenticeship Completion Grants were issued to apprenticeships in the cook and baker trades. Income benefits delivered through the Employment Insurance programme and tax credits also support apprentices during their training. In New Zealand, government funding is available for employees who undertake programmes leading to a nationally recognised formal qualification under the New Zealand Qualifications Authority framework. However, such programmes do not respond to the needs of the industry or employees.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/e92917e3-en	e92347c4602b78b68530f32b8b65b484	"Basic drinking water sources include piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. Basic sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composing toilets or pit latrines with slabs. Thedecision to use the less strict definition of ""basic"" access allows wider country coverage, given the questions asked in the available DHS and MICS surveys. Available from: httpsWwww.unicef.org/media/media_68359.html (accessed on 11 May 2018)."	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	e924d09966b56e86d2375e6d458fa00d	In addition, a number of councils include the holders of high posts and senior public officials. Ministers who are not members of a sub-council can attend their sessions. Each of the ministers can request a decision of a sub-council to be presented to the full cabinet. This interdepartmental preparation occurs through official co-ordination committees, the so-called “official anterooms”.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7e830810-en	e929e7fbc8105a4909312e34e22daa4b	Moreover, the poor quality of power supply from the grid (network surges, frequent interruptions) may prevent use of the advanced electronic controls that come with many imported technologies. Compa energy generation accounts for up to 20 percent of installed capacity in Nigeria and 6 percent across sub-Saharan Africa (Steinbuks and Foster 2010). Private generating facilities are costly to establish, operate and maintain, and they drain capital that could go to more productive investments (Okafor 2008; Steinbuks and Foster 2010).	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	e92a9b5d5596574401a9b413488d2eb1	Businesswomen’s associations exist in almost all MENA countries and provide some form of business support (mentoring, trade fairs, seminars) despite their limited financial, human and technical resources. They provide a wealth of information on the business constraints and support needs of their members, but their policy advocacy role is often limited because they are excluded from national policy dialogue. The WBF is an inter-regional network of government, private sector and civil society representatives which works with governments to improve policies and legislation impacting women’s economic integration. It also works with businesses, NGOs and academia to facilitate an exchange of experiences and good practices for providing concrete support to female entrepreneurs.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/12698017-en	e92b9912c2ce5fc1ebd153b7c75f8feb	Conducted as part of the EU MICRO project[1|. ( This would suggest a low generation of waste compared with many mainland centres although, in some cases, tourism does increase the generation of waste. Unfortunately, many mid-ocean islands, such as Easter Island and Midway Atoll, receive a disproportionate burden of plastic marine litter as a result of long distance transport by surface currents. The Hawaiian Islands lie on the southern edge of the North Pacific sub-tropical gyre and are particularly susceptible to receiving floating debris.	14	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	e930e0aa6b0eeb1efb82ec93a3209575	Nordic Council of Ministers, December 2015. In particular, institutional investors (which have been recognized as a key stakeholder for meeting the Paris Agreement finance commitments) see many project-level funding targets as too small for their portfolios. With aggregation and pooling, these projects would become attractive to investors. This calls for more efforts to build a project pipeline, which is attractive to investors.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	e9313c9807b4c35f1cc52b18f04bc9f8	Students entering higher VET programmes need to have the Bachiller certificate, the same award required to enter university, but some weaknesses in academic skills may remain. The intermediate and higher level curricula include practical training and teaching of the theory associated with the vocational field, but little direct teaching in maths, literacy, or other academic subjects. This means that there is no direct test of numeracy and literacy although these skills may continue to be developed in the context of the theoretical part of the vocational programme.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	e934a3302b8a4996e9fca88342fb9219	However, income differentials are not enough to understand the female (male) situation in a given labour market and to capture the complex process of gendered migration. Including unemployment rate by sex therefore controls for gender discrimination in the workplace. Moreover, a measure of networks in the destination country is included to deal with family reunification factors and diaspora effects.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	e9362d9c98598a66778a5756bc539f60	However, even though the methodology and structure allows CDPs to reflect each monotown’s specific priorities, the same target indicators were imposed from the national monotown programme. According to BISAM Central Asia (2012), they often do not reflect the specifics of each monotown, and are sometimes overly optimistic and unachievable (especially as regards SME indicators). Employment and population forecasts in CDPs tend to be optimistic as compared to actual figures. For instance, Stepnogorsk CDP’s forecast (made in 2014) overestimated employment in 2015 by almost 2000 (or 5%).47 Over-optimistic forecasts may signal that monotow'ns’ akimats do not adequately reflect population decline or stagnation in urban and economic planning.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	e936b683b6d086802ad5ffb90c4fb177	Since the system is, at a minimum, intended to support comparisons across countries and cultures, it will be important to identify domains that are common across locations, situations, and cultures. A cross-cultural analysis of existing, published research identified four domains of household food insecurity that are common across fifteen countries [41]: uncertainty and worry, inadequate quality, inadequate quantity, and social unacceptability. This study also found some additional commonality in subdomains; for instance, social unacceptability generally included unacceptability of means of acquiring food as well as eating foods that are socially unacceptable.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en	e93825acbcf6c9978b7d3edbf1f16842	Our approach towards measuring and analysing IG has thus three main features, multi-dimensionality, focus on distributions and policy linkages. Our approach towards IG focuses on a sub-set of these dimensions, income, health and jobs. By its very nature, inclusiveness requires a focus on individuals and households, rather than on the economic system as a whole.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/124f66e3-en	e9387d97f6a60c39c90f80f703cbf7c8	Heavy farm work coinciding with disease and reduced food availability are partly responsible for the difference in prevalence of malnutrition among rural and urban adults. Specific interventions aimed at diversifying what farmers produce and what food households have access to (e.g. through home gardens or raising small animals) can contribute to better nutrition. Some European governments have attempted to use agricultural policies to improve diets by reducing support for foods considered to be less healthy and investing more in other foods such as fruits and vegetables.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/56f09402-en	e9397e0e70fce4c9d445ebe6dd5565c6	"In the context of social segregation, expansion of symbolic access to consumption and weakening of adult authority figures, there is an important relationship between, on the one hand, the ""lack of a future"" and the ""weakness of consecrated benchmarks of belonging"" and, on the other hand, belonging to groups operating semi-legally or in anomie (or, to systems of belonging with their own rules and laws, or breakdown without replacing the previous system of rules) and institutional disaffiliation. Through a number of mechanisms, families, markets and public policy (the State) help mitigate risk, fight vulnerabilities and ultimately mitigate the damage when vulnerability has materialized into events. A last pillar or, putting it another way, a kind of action that cuts across these pillars, refers to assistance or palliative policies and support when violations or risks have already materialized."	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264285712-12-en	e93acfefb4e6ee2fc0b1c46603824c4c	As for the ownership of the infrastructure, pipelines are property of the state and the distribution network in towns is property of the municipalities. About 70% of municipalities get water from pipelines, with water losses around 80-90%. The CAERN provides to municipalities assistance and technical support for drafting proper sanitation plans. Political discontinuity is an obstacle for capacity building at local level.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	e93e539de5d85017734d47428a991cb5	Often government involvement in markets crowds out private decision makers and can lead to the distortion of price signals regarding resource allocation. Some interventions could correct market failures and the government provision of public goods is called for. But it is possible that distorting interventions are less likely to provide the policy environment needed for the transition of smallholders, either to commercial agriculture or to non-farm activities.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21b84508-en	e93eb1161caf8cf97789158efc90b511	In Kenya, CT-OVC transfers enhanced participation in non-farm enterprises by seven percentage points for female-headed households, while the effect was negative for male-headed households (Asfaw etal., However, Brazil's Bolsa Familia programme was only positively associated with entrepreneurial investments in urban areas, while no impact was observed in rural areas (Lichand, 2010). In Nicaragua, for example, participation in the (now discontinued) Red de Proteccion Social programme actually decreased involvement in informal enterprise (Maluccio, 2010), while there were no impacts of cash transfer programmes in Ghana and Lesotho (Handa etal.,	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	e9402e46ea3385afbcfef0fd42870bfb	The market insurance price or premium is calculated as the fair insurance premium plus a loading factor, which can be interpreted as the transaction cost in the insurance market.1 On the other hand, demand for crop yield insurance indicates the proportion of insured land that combines all the available crops. According to the demand curve in Figure 2.1, the farmer does not participate in crop insurance markets if the transaction cost of insurance is more than 8.1% of the fair insurance premium in Australia and 4.4 % in the UK. While the representative farm in Australia fully insures yield risk at 1.5% of insurance cost, the representative farm in the UK does not fully insure yield risk even when the insurance cost is equivalent to a fair insurance premium. This result is robust with respect to different levels of risk aversion. Two factors contribute to explaining this result.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/e8d67045-en	e94306dda695e3e909e8739b1f16e94a	Due to other priorities, fisheries subsidies did not make it into the Nairobi Package, raising serious questions about the ability of WTO Members to support SDG target 14.6 by 2020 (Global Ocean Commission, 2015a). In a statement issued in Nairobi, a group of 28 countries2 reiterated their view that subsidies contributing to the exploitation of overfished stocks and illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing should be phased out. It remains to be seen whether this will be sufficient to enforce the 2020 SDG 14.6 deadline for harmful fisheries subsidies elimination. It also impacts other SDG 14 targets due to be achieved by 2020, in less than five years, such as Target 14.2 on coastal and marine ecosystem management, Target 14.4 on IUU fishing and Target 14.5 on marine protected areas.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	e943b66dddc0948cfebfbc2242648477	Women’s economic empowerment, GENDERNET. From other sources we know that micro-finance groups have generated critical awareness, giving members the capacity to aspire, leading to both economic and social empowerment (see below: “Critical awareness”). International development co-operation is only one of many elements contributing to such a process, but donors can help in eight domains - constructed for thinking and planning - as identified in Table 1.1.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	e948c4de087d93e7749092da04d5ea1e	It also aims to design and implement digital tools based on users’ needs. Founded in 2014 by USAID, the US Global Development Lab serves as an innovation hub to test new ideas and solutions and harness the power of science, technology and new innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact. It funds researchers and partners with universities to address global development challenges, promotes and mobilises additional funds through private-public partnership for digital inclusion and digital finance, and develops new applications and solutions to improve the use of digital technologies and data in development programmes.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	e94a530fd24dc53619149cf930a4b5b2	That both Illegitimate and Legitimate policy changes are high on the risk agenda of investors and suggests that they will more likely get involved in climate change financing if governments and regulators create a regime beyond the normal reach of political interference. This reflects that other basic and pressing needs may detract from climate change finance flows in periods of low or negative economic growth. Investors in climate change financing are also concerned that a lack of a well-trained workforce to implement projects (that is.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/1cef4f1d-en	e94d8220f4084b69c87843ccc3a2dcf9	Lower fertility rates reduce women’s burden of unpaid labour and facilitate their greater participation in the labour force. Moreover, as fertility rates decline, the working age population grows at a faster rate than the overall population, thus lowering the dependency ratio and helping to boost savings and investments (including investments in children), with positive effects on per capita growth - the so-called “demographic gift”. Narrowing the gender gap in employment also results in positive externalities.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	e951b274ddab468221fc6b123256948d	Almost half of the Turkish basin share is cropland, and some 30% is grassland. Georgia has much less cropland (7%), and almost 30% grassland. In general, Georgia estimates the ecological and chemical status of the river as satisfactory. However, a wastewater treatment plant for Posof Municipality has not yet been planned.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	e951ba48ec78166e6a590a6c87e0833f	Pre-eminent government departments (e.g. interior, economics and finance) often fail to appreciate that the ministries of energy, education, health, transport, or public works have major impacts on urban areas. Expertise in this sense requires a broad-ranging institutional view on the way the public sector as a whole affects urban processes, well beyond housing and basic services, to the framing of the economy and society. This implies that, to start with, a national authority must have the capacity to take stock of all of these impacts at the urban level as well as the authority to play a coordinating function across ministries.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrp02kjw1mr-en	e951ced7d2846fbef85d18a9bd2409f9	In particular, assessing the impact of job quality on labour productivity based on firm-level data, as well as exploring the role of institutions, labour market policies, firm type and management practices in generating a virtuous cycle of higher quality jobs, better health and higher productivity would provide further critical evidence for giving job quality the place it deserves in the policy recommendations on labour market performances. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	e9528ea7535a67d568a708d3771e1487	As an example, the governments of Australia and New Zealand have jointly developed the National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS), the components of which may be incorporated into state and territory legislation, in varying degrees across jurisdictions. In Canada, inter-jurisdictional transboundary water governance mechanisms (such as the International Joint Commission, the Mackenzie River Basin Board and the Prairie Provinces Water Board) serve as collaborative forms to address issues of water quality and quantity. In a first category of countries, these functions are carried out by ministerial departments and/or public agencies; in a second category of countries, such duties rely on specific regulatory agencies in the water sector; and a third category of countries, in the middle of the continuum, significant regulatory powers are granted to specific actors at national level. In Mexico, most environmental regulatory powers are in the hands of the Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (Comision Federal para la Proteccion contra Riesgos Sanitarios).	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	e9538b146e0292b655b14a41acc849c3	Ensuring women’s freedom to participate in politics, both as voters and as representatives, has been central to international, regional and national efforts aimed at more inclusive and democratic governance. These freedoms and rights are not limited to politics but extend to participation and leadership in public life, the private sector and civil society in general. It recognizes that women’s empowerment and full participation on an equal basis with men in all spheres of life, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental to the achievement of equality, development and peace. In addition to setting out government commitments, the Platform for Action urges a range of actors to take measures in support of women’s participation in all levels of power and decisionmaking.3 These include political parties, the private sector, trade unions, national, regional and sub-regional bodies, employers’ organizations, research and academic institutions and non-governmental organizations.4 This chapter provides an assessment of the current situation as well as recent trends in the participation of women and men in positions of power and decision-making across the world.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	e9568ddd53fda230c0e6f5249793b509	All these investment needs were put together in an agreement (package) between the national government and the region. The package was then enabled by the introduction of a congestion tax in Gothenburg, so that the tax revenues could be invested in financing the infrastructure needs outlined in the package. The same concept of regional co-financing had been tested earlier in Stockholm. The total cost of the investments in the West Sweden agreement is approximately EUR 3.5 billion.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	e9592406234daa92438782e926b35172	Technical assistance also helps reduce investment risks by, for instance, providing technology-related data on specific measures, as well as climate- and weather-related information. This can help potential project proponents and investors to develop project plans and make financial decisions (CPI and OECD, 2015). The EU, for example, provides a large-scale grant financing to EBRD's Sustainable Energy Financing Facilities through the EU Neighbourhood Investment Facility to help local financial institutions develop their capacities in financing mitigation projects. Whereas most countries predominantly use loans (e.g. concessional loan financing for power plants, irrigation systems and transport infrastructure), Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan receive a relatively large share of grant finance, reflecting their lower income levels.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/896ea4e7-en	e9594fe644413832e35a45f2d8b4bdf1	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre fran^ais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com.	14	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e617261d-en	e95d9b6864d5595d1cd7f4e8dca7d4d2	"Another 25 per cent said that they would like to stay in the Russian Federation and live there permanently, while 21 per cent said that they would like to live in the Russian Federation for several years and then return home permanently (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 155). Among them, females from Uzbekistan more often wanted to ""come and go"" (66 per cent) and were the least willing to apply for Russian citizenship (70 per cent of them did not have such plans) (Tyuryukanova, 2011, pp. Contrary to these findings, another survey of Central Asian female migrants in the Russian Federation showed that 70 per cent of them had firm plans to return home (Agadjanian and others, 2014)."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264113800-en	e95de05b0d569b7218d9ed86c39e2a41	Once this is done, an assessment tool should be identified (alternatively, an existing assessment tool like PISA or the national education tests issued for the first time in 2010 could be adapted or the education standards used for that purpose) to be administered as part of the Hauptschule school-leaving exam, and to those entering the transition system without a school-leaving certificate. Such firm evidence about basic skills gaps will help to identify the right support measures. The Lander should also design and implement a programme to train teachers in part-time VET schools to teach such programmes, and incorporate an adolescent literacy programme or module as a key component in the transition system. The final Chamber exam is the most important component; passing this exam allows the students to obtain their formal VET qualification.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e961cfc6eab39f2b5c1cf5fa1cb9a242	Wind production capacity and demand profiles are readily available. The contribution of nuclear power plants to the flexibility margin and therefore to provide system flexibility is very limited as ramping of nuclear power plants comes at prohibitively high costs. Two indicators are available to measure utilisation rates: the energy interconnector margin and the peak interconnector margin.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	e963dcda6737bc15f870c6a164ebed71	A regular job is a paid job that anyone in the community can apply for. The SE model endorses regular jobs for several reasons: Clients prefer paid jobs; and such jobs reduce stigma, inspire self-esteem and enable life in the mainstream. The goal of the employment specialist is to help clients become as independent as possible in their vocational role, while remaining available to provide support and assistance when needed.	3	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264221826-en	e965408a722d15b0bd8b3464bcc8b69f	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre franc a is d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. We would also like to thank many other people in Kazakhstan who, during our visit and meetings, gave their time to welcome us at their schools and other institutions and answered our questions.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168688-en	e965b657d19dcc1340e0d4805a933e6d	Also, Young (2005) warns that excessive involvement of stakeholders with political interests but lack of technical knowledge can undermine the role of specialists from relevant occupational sectors. Raffe, Gallacher and Toman (2007) argue that one of the factors behind the success of the Scottish framework is that it was supported by all institutional sectors of learning, while other country examples, such as New Zealand and South Africa, show that the disengagement of some institutional sectors can cause difficulties. In the Mexican context, the effective implementation of a vocational qualifications framework would require support from all subsystems.	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	e966342a0a2c4608cd85666b82bfb2c8	Emissions to land, water, and the atmosphere from mining and mineral processing activities are well documented and serve to lower the availability and productivity of these resources. An economic analysis of such a transition is left for future study. It is hard to say w'hich link is most important or deserves most attention. Bottlenecks resulting from resource scarcity are time and place specific. The linkages with water deserve special attention.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	e96742d3f4c56cdd64b45908573c6eab	Uber fares were capped at the cost of the train ride (EUR 16.80), approximately 30% lower than the un-capped average Uber fare on the same route. Using in-app geofencing and a promotion code, riders requested UberX service from within 20 metres of designated Night Rider stops to any location within one of three geographic zones. Qualifying rides received a AUD 10 discount covered half by the ACT Government and half by Uber.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/3726edff-en	e968c6078c60fa949bebb478fffcac88	Similar procedures were implemented to remove common words also in French, German, Portuguese and in Spanish. In addition, words such as “project/s”, “development/s” and “country/ies” were excluded as these words tend to be typical in the description of development activities, but do not provide any relevance of the particular sector of the activity. The translation of some of these words into other languages were also used as the base for the analysis. However, these activities include support to research programmes not classified under the research purpose codes, e.g. research on specific diseases or activities classified as “multisector aid”, and contributions in building greater capacity for conducting research in higher education and other research institutions.	9	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	e96974c86e7149c4a84ea40c6d293166	Within the health system there are two different models for assessing the construct “functioning/disability”: the “activities of daily living (ADL)” approach (or Katz/Barthel model), and the “Functioning” (ICF) approach developed by WHO. The ICF was developed to provide a more comprehensive framework, based on the view of a health condition or disease as the interaction of body function and structures, activities and participation, which are in turn impacted on by social and environmental factors. The importance of participation as an outcome is also highlighted (WHO, 2001).	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/70095f8a-en	e96bf8b8c8f987912d5b59d6d698c922	During the last decades, many African countries have seen the expansion of their citizens’ capabilities in the basic areas of health, education and other social services. These improvements have bencfitted women and girls, who today have greater access to education at all levels, expect better health, safely give birth to their children and achieve higher life expectancy. However, inequality in women's and men’s different health and education outcomes is still evident across and within countries, communities and households.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	e96c131e1e6a78e6a2a509a3193d9259	There is also scope to foster stronger co-operation between schools to share resources, break professional and social isolation, reduce administrative burdens, and exchange good practices. The introduction of a national assessment for all schools could provide valuable information on the quality of learning in small schools vis-a-vis larger primary schools (see Policy Issue 3.3). This would enable the MEP to understand whether these institutions provide good outcomes for students and value for money in a context of limited resources, and help convince students and parents that travelling further away might enhance their education and life prospects. In 2005, there were 7 400 primary schools with 416 500 students, including 1 570 schools which had fewer than 10 students and 1 300 which had between 10 and 20 students.	4	1	7	0.75
10.18356/6e237bee-en	e96d2dcd4580148c60ea9176384980f8	In addition to the social variables presented in Box 7.1, Ellen (1979) has added kinship affiliation, ideology and literacy as additional variables influencing traditional knowledge in simple societies. In many parts of the world, women farmers are most knowledgeable about natural resources because of their constant close interaction with them (Berlin, 1992; Samal and Dhyani, 2006). Women farmers in resource-poor marginal farming systems have deep knowledge that includes ecological, agronomic and consumption characteristics about local landraces, crop improvement, agricultural practices, and the entire value chain and environment. It is argued that in traditional agricultural communities, this experiential knowledge gave women an important role in decision-making both at the family and community levels, consequently contributing to equitable power relations between genders (Rengalakshmi et al., The activity profile of millet cultivation requires women to stay for a long time in the fields, providing them with opportunities for closer observation that enables them to gain deep knowledge about the process of millet farming systems (see Box 7.2).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	e97790a72d44b5e21a8d2596fa7c2433	There is no indication that the Universiti Sains Malaysia uses student financial assistance to give high priority to ensuring access for low-income students within Penang and Northern Corridor Economic Region. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. For example the Penang Educational Consultative Council (PECC) under the state government provides the mechanism for a coherent vision of an education system at the regional level, but this council is only for the private higher education institutions in the state. (	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	e97a7a0b762dafe6d3b53b269bdc04ec	But again there are disparities: some countries have made great advances, but many others with fewer resources are lagging behind, and often struggle to maintain their current early warning systems. The main obstacles to early warning saving more lives are usually related to gaps in (1) ensuring fast and reliable dissemination of warnings to all concerned, and (2) building the knowledge and capacity of communities to act appropriately. But many countries still have gaps in communication and response capacity.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/06f7e845-en	e97e0800a8be5dd84fe9a9a29cb748ac	Through technology transfer, developing countries should be assisted in building their capacity to produce generic drugs for the domestic market and to ensure the wide availability and accessibility of such drugs. To meet the substantial increase in demand for vaccines, antibiotics and other commodities over the next decade and beyond, the international community should strengthen global, regional and local mechanisms for the production, quality control and procurement of those items, here feasible, in developing countries. The international community should facilitate regional cooperation in the manufacture, quality control and distribution of vaccines.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en	e97e4bf2aa7b30a027c28c43a2a19a1e	Looking ahead, two factors may aggravate labour mismatches. First, technological progress tends to reduce demand for low to medium-skilled labour and increase demand for high-skilled labour. Second, young high-skilled emigration appears to have increased over recent years, although from a relatively low base. Data for 2004 is shown in parentheses for comparison. Break in series in 2009 due to a change in industry classification.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/g2g9faa5-en	e97f0bfae4c341dd764c37a56c349f58	The 2015 Recommendation was developed under the auspices of the OECD Public Governance Committee, in co-operation with the OECD Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee. The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics, and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	e981dda2438348de7963e7055cfbf740	Again, to the extent that an increase in female labour participation leads to a decrease in household production or to a shift from unmeasured to measured activity, the estimates shown here may overestimate the effects of a change in female participation on GDP. With these limitations in mind, the projections should be read only as estimates or approximations of the impact that changes in female labour supply will have on economic output. The reference group is childless men. Sample consists of men and women aged between 20 and 45 years old without missing values for employment; column (2) reduces the sample to people in couples (married or living with their partner) and column (3) reduces the sample to single people (not married or living in a couple).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	e9852c0f9fb57bc0b7371756ea85a095	Recent initiatives to remove user fees at mother and infant care centres and extend preventative dental cover for young children are positive steps. Similarly, ceilings on insurance and medicines costs help provide some protection from out-of-pocket costs that Israeli patients are likely to face. Policy makers should limit further increases in co-payments and consider the equity implications of decisions taken in the annual update of the insurance basket. The government should also monitor the efficacy safety net mechanisms and if needed consider expanding those to a wider range of households with lower incomes and high health needs.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264298705-8-en	e9857de6984a0a1bda441e260b141d37	Other funding in the table, by contrast, supports activities beyond adult learning (e.g. the ANQEP, IEFP and Tourism of Portugal budgets). Secondary VET courses (cursos profissionais) are excluded as they represent a large programme mostly targeting youth. However, they are similar to the apprenticeship courses noted in table.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097803-10-en	e985e2da59c9388ae13fa2416ec327e4	The instruments covered are: i) science and technology parks; ii) systemic initiatives: clusters, networks, competitiveness poles and competence centres; iii) innovation advisory services for existing SMEs; iv) support to innovative start-ups; v) innovation vouchers; vi) schemes for talent attraction and retention; and Vii) funding for research infrastructure. The description of each instrument addresses its definition, rationale, objective, and the specificities for use at regional level. The description also highlights the adaptation of the instrument over time, including changes in policy concepts or evolving context conditions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	e9902858643fb4e5eb3597c2e52aa831	The residential schools system was part of a century ’s long policy of assimilation of Indigenous peoples that entailed the removal of children from their families for the purpose of education. Conditions in schools inflicted trauma on many Indigenous children through harsh discipline, the abnegation of culture and identity, and pervasive physical and sexual abuse. Survivors of the residential schools system initiated the largest class-action settlement in Canadian histoiy whereby a multi-billion dollar fund was established to help former students in their recovery and led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	e9949ef57dcea00146569632b0f9350b	This shows that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s. However, individual parameters such as import dependence and price volatility are consistently highlighted as issues of public concern, in particular in the regularly published Eurobarometer opinion polls. This suggests that nuclear is viewed more favourably if it is not pushed as an autonomous issue for its own sake but integrated into the context of broader policy objectives such as ensuring the security of energy supply or the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.	7	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	e99625b2afa44debd042345919e4eb78	Furthermore, this calculation method can be applied to estimate additional solar modules and batteries required to charge a larger number of phones. It is an interesting economic exercise to compare extra equipment investment with the expected revenue from the charging and communication fees. Then, we described the importance of a web-based information service for the cell phone charging service and presented a design for a solar-powered energy-proportional web server cluster. To utilize this system in emerging regions, we defined two requirements for our system: using low-power and inexpensive devices running on just solar power and being autonomous and scalable, starting from a very small village.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2014-6-en	e99abacd4de75e1a471bb5f06a9632fc	As the sectoral composition of the economy changed rapidly and workers moved from state-guaranteed employment to the open labour market, an important group of workers with low or ill-adapted skills could not find jobs. Unweighted average of other Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	e9a0ca185078a0c0520c2a4d1f6feb61	Women’s full integration into the economy is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency in OECD and non-OECD countries alike. The challenge for policy makers is to find ways and means to reduce barriers to greater gender equality in employment, thereby providing more opportunities to pursue individual aspirations and boost economic growth. Over the 2002-12 period the (unweighted) female labour force participation rate increased by just over 1 percentage point to 61% on average across the Asia/Pacific region (ILO, 2014).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	e9a1d813ecc1aaa9ee6c41ac466d0011	Bearing in mind that the results are illustrative of a specific wage level, single part-timers pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits - in Slovenia, the fall in disposable income brings singles below the poverty line. In some countries, including Ireland, New Zealand and Japan, couples without children pay less in taxes than they receive in benefits, but in most countries the opposite is the case, and in some countries (Austria, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland), disposable income falls below the poverty line. In most countries, single parents who have two children and work part-time receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes, and in many of these countries the resulting increase in disposable income brings the household above the poverty line.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	e9a2a908a170492409e71d11be7abba6	Women also make up the bulk of the workforce in the formal health care sector (Box 22.1). People caring for their children, step-children, nieces or nephews are excluded. Public spending on long-term care is used as a proxy for social protection: >1% of GDP = “low social protection”; 1-2% GDP = “medium”; >2% GDP = “high”.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	e9a360a723633c34c077d903a1a99ffd	Existing research laboratories in the metro-region are already contributing to green firms' R&D. For example, the 1 200 researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, a US Department of Energy-funded research laboratory operated by an academic consortium, undertakes a range of research useful to green firms, including research related to climate science, pollution remediation, impacts of energy production, vehicle efficiency and batteries, environmental technology, alternative fuels and carbon sequestration. There is a long history of research at Argonne being commercialised by industries around the region or as new ventures. Argonne has also recently licensed technology to a local smart grid software firm and battery technology to General Motors for use in its new Chevy Volt electric vehicle (Clean Energy Trust, 2011b).	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	e9a5718aea227f45635a2584d580c5f2	The conference was attended by 38 donors, of which 22 pledged a total of about $170 million for five years. There is confidence that the full funding target of $250 million for the period 2007—2011 will be met. These figures relate to the multilateral IF Trust Fund, not to additional bilateral contributions that donors may make in the future to projects derived from the EIF process (see box II.2).	10	4	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	e9a5bae8dda70db33011711ad1d4f123	As in the Pacific, communities and villages have relied on traditional forms of support to provide basic food, water and shelter, often in the context of clans or extended families. Low-income, aid-dependent countries could not afford even the smallest cash transfer programmes, and their capacity for efficient delivery and corruption-free administration has been highly questionable. Under the Livingstone Accord governments committed to developing national social protection strategies and integrating them into their national development plans and budgets.	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-prt-2014-6-en	e9a86517eb0d734b178102c3a4c0c423	In 2011, the Gini index, a commonly used measure of inequality, was equal to 0.341, about 2.6 percentage points above the OECD average of 0.315 (Figure 2.1). Using other inequality measures that give more weight to the tails of the income distribution than the Gini index, Portugal also stands out as one of the most unequal countries in Europe. Gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers, adjusted for differences in household size.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	e9aceb2ee03876dbd25af08c35753f40	Simultaneously, Singapore's Land Transport Authority will call tenders to purchase 50 hybrid buses and 60 electric buses. In India, for example, in 2015 the central Government launched the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) scheme, under which incentives are offered for purchases of electric and hybrid vehicles. The Government is also offering a 4 per cent tax exemption on each vehicle in order to reduce air pollution.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	e9b671b65b0f7ddfa5e6f6c6398b5534	The uncertainties surrounding projections of energy savings, as well as the intangible nature of negawatts (energy not consumed), means EE projects do not lend themselves well to traditional loan financing. In equity financing, investors provide cash to project developers in exchange for a stake in their project. The most common example of equity financing is private equity.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262782-4-en	e9b8e1f951b4f8ae7cd348ca819acfa8	Such an exercise would help pinpoint w'here services can be closed, or adapted. Latvia undertook a similar exercise prior to the reform of the emergency care system, assessing which departments were not representing good value for money, or delivering high quality. While it is apparent that some municipal governments, and local populations, may be very invested in their local hospital, there is an argument to be made for transferring ownership (or functional governance) of all hospitals to the central level.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591288-5-en	e9ba46c9495bbc1157358a162780947f	Not only were there recorded cases of willing female combatants (Coulter 2008), but women were also active in other arenas as well. Many became primary breadwinners as men were involved in the war effort, and they were also instrumental in organising for an end to the conflict. Although at first women were not part of any of the formal dialogue concerning peace and were excluded from the main peace negotiations of Abidjan in 1996 and Conakry in 1997, at least two female representatives were included in the peace talks held in Lome in 1999 and the resulting Peace Agreement mentions the importance of paying attention to women’s special needs in the post-conflict context (Ogunsanya 2007; Barnes 2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/76afd318-en	e9bb201acb069d4d229143664a492241	Relative to their overall share of total employment, women are significantly underrepresented among legislators, senior officials and managers, craft and related trade workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers; they are heavily overrepresented among clerks, professionals, and service and sales workers. Horizontal and vertical job segregation has resulted in a persistent gender pay gap everywhere. While the gender pay gap is closing slowly in some countries, it has remained unchanged in others.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	e9bb21c2633299734e1b645347a145db	What influence will a continuation of these trends have on low-income families in the future? Here we look at how a continuation of demographic trends, trends in jobs and earnings, and in household employment patterns might influence trends in inequality and poverty into the future. Further increases in the share of both these groups in the population will lead to an increase in the proportion of families at risk of poverty into the future. Among the current working-age population, increasing numbers are saving for their retirement and so by 2030 it is likely that a much higher proportion of the pensioner population will be in receipt of private pensions.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264310278-en	e9bbce9a2738bec551d8cb76219eec36	This is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce. Licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government, particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer (Figure 1.16). However, there is also licensing which is harder to justify on public policy grounds and rather appears to have morphed from its original purpose to protect local rents (Kleiner and Vorotnikov, 2017(36]).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	e9c591ea7bf659cca8570cb6e2e4dcc8	These organisations may be public institutions or private companies acting on behalf of the state. In addition, from the perspective of the bank, this type of credit is covered in case of default by the borrower. Your business is eligible if the entrepreneur lives in an IDB member country. The loan period varies from 9 to 18 months. The maximum funding covers up to 100% of the transaction amount (under a Murabaha contract) for export operations valued at less than, or equal to, USD 3 million. Maximum funding covers up to 80% of the transaction amount for export operations w'orth more than USD 3 million.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	e9c68c0b3bda802101f6821a2b91c4f9	The International Labour Organization (ILO) has stated that work is a source of personal dignity, family stability and peace in the community. The concept of decent work expresses the principle that people should have safe, worthwhile jobs that they may carry out in conditions of freedom and equity.19 Decent work is characterized by the safeguarding of labour rights and the presence of social protection and social dialogue. If a child turning six in )une is not admitted in the first year for being younger than the official age, he or she will begin school at age seven; with a cut-off of one year he or she would be considered to be lagging behind. Org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-ageiida/lang-eii/i 11dex.htm.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/abb991ba-en	e9c76af1209ff326df493068fd304c93	Org/sites/default/files/1 .pdf, accessed on 15 October 2018. A strong institutional underpinning is paramount to ensuring that the right to social protection is safeguarded and realized. Three instruments are particularly crucial to fostering institutional commitment: comprehensive legal frameworks, sector-wide approaches and nationally owned budgets. The Ministry of Population Development and Social Protection is responsible for overall management of the CMP.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264085398-en	e9c861df16457d5ee0c4acca058c16db	Vulnerable employment consists of the sum of own-account workers and contributing family workers, and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements (ILO, 2016; Sparreboom and Albee, 2011). Nevertheless, non-vulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if, for example, an important part of wage employment is casual, informal or of limited duration, or if labour standards are not enforced. Immigrants are vulnerable to such situations, and are often concentrated in low-skill wage work. In other words, although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets, consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants, such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections. As the South African population census data of 2011 do not differentiate between employers and own-account workers, this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand, and other categories of workers on the other.	8	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	e9cc713a71b4a2430004c22ca9f0df41	In 2000-2009 280 projects specifically addressed disability, targeting people with both mental and physical disabilities. The main activities included capacity building, policy development, CBR, promotion of human rights, de-institutionalisation, social inclusion and improving the collection of data. It has worked with local and national associations in many countries.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	e9d001d2bdae75c1dc16fb1264148f35	They like to diversify their portfolios and SMEs offer a large and diversified base of customers. This helps in the overall risk management of the lending portfolio. In 2010, it signed a memorandum of understanding with the UAE Ministiy of Economy, committing USD 100 million towards SMEs and extended it to a further USD 100 million this year. Another UAE bank, Mashreq Bank, offers a free business account with no minimum balance, business credit and debit cards, access to its internet banking service for businesses and a dedicated relationship manager.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	e9d0a85e03b160f2d3afe206205a78e9	The pilot project will be continued until necessary changes in the education law are implemented by Parliament. Based on a 2013 evaluation of this experience, it will be decided whether the subject will become a permanent part of the curriculum. This practically oriented course aims to help students experience working life by developing products and services.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264097834-5-en	e9d27ed0f0b76fa9ab254bcc95e6ec13	The chapter starts by describing the current strategic framework for regional and urban development strategies and key policy documents in national administration. It also investigates the gaps between the framework in place and urban development needs, the potential role and objectives of a national urban policy, as well as sectoral reforms that can address urban areas’ main challenges. In particular, the chapter highlights urban policies that can enhance competitiveness while addressing inequality, increase the availability of affordable housing, and improve land-use planning. National government support for housing production by non-governmental organisations has been greatly reduced.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	e9d3f0398ff515a537ddab3efbef522c	In fact, the Federal Public Administration (FPA) has a mandate to make the gender perspective part of its sectoral planning processes. Such practices need to be a systematic part of policy formulation and budgeting processes if gender mainstreaming is to be comprehensive. In short, while Mexico has made tremendous progress compared to many OECD countries, it has room for further improving how government bodies understand and put into effect the legal requirement to incorporate the gender perspective.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591257-4-en	e9d7812e1f929ac4a25e106e5c7b2082	Is it not right that our responsibility should be restricted to those closest to us, our family and friends or perhaps to our village, city or nation? These questions are central to discussions of ethics more broadly, but have come to the fore with the increasing prominence of debates around the concept of ‘citizenship’ in recent years. Citizenship has become a focal point for a variety of reasons, including the increasingly diverse nature of many formerly homogeneous societies through migration, debates over the granting of official residents’ rights to undocumented workers, as well as disillusionment with the conventional political processes and institutions and the consequent decline in voter turnout in some countries.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-12-en	e9d7aefd0006f153a7bf12745e886f96	However, fish prices remained above 2013 levels for most species and products, in particular for farmed species. The FAO Fish Price Index (base 2002-04 = 100) indicates that prices are at record heights reaching a peak in March 2014 (at 164, with aquaculture species at 168). All these factors will contribute to high fish prices in the near future followed by a decline in the remaining years of this decade and an increase in the 2020s.	14	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/e27ce3a7-en	e9d9dae32b219fcf407a8b73527accdd	The number of children (0-14) in Korea has almost halved over the past 4 decades: from 13,2 million children in the 1975 to 7 million in 2015. Over the same period, the youth dependency ratio - the number of children and young people (aged 0-20) per one hundred people of working age (aged 20-64) - fell dramatically from 108 to 31 (OECD, 2018|i]). The growing income in Korea can be shared among a smaller number of children, which helps to explain why the child poverty rate in Korea is below the OECD average (Figure 1) and poor children today live in smaller families than only a few years ago (Yeo, 2017).	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/32ea1505-en	e9dabb1b3352140a0eb16e802c614b7c	They may also be less aware of the credit facilities available to them. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, for example, 10 per cent of all female-headed agricultural households had outstanding loans during the reporting period (2002-2003), compared to 15 per cent of maleheaded households. Among those with loans, fewer female- than male-headed households borrowed from banks (13.5 per cent, compared with 22 per cent), while more borrowed from neighbours, the main source for both groups (74 per cent, vs. 52 per cent).	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/5eb49706-en	e9e0d9fc5ae1218b1a062a093b4dd9b8	Data for Morocco provided through the Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity of Morocco (CHMBM) also indicate that a fourth biosphere reserve (Biosphere Reserve of the Cddraie) is planned, incorporating an area of around 500,000 ha across the Ifrane, High Atlas Oriental and Khenifra National Parks, with a view to listing the Cedraie de 1’Atlas as World Heritage (table 9.4). In 2005, Morocco also designated 20 new Ramsar wetlands, bringing its total Ramsar sites to 24, covering a total area of over 272,010 ha. There is also a network of 160 Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (SIBEs).	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	e9e41c9e293342c4a719bdfebd982956	Spatial frameworks are often used to give structure to urbanisation processes typically at the metropolitan scale. In France, for example, city contracts between the national government and inter-municipal bodies and municipalities have been an effective policy instrument (Box 6.1). Spatial planning legislation is a common instrument for managing urbanisation, though this is not necessarily articulated at the national scale. Regional planning frameworks are widely applied, some of which reference national policy settings or, in the case of Europe, supra-national frameworks.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	e9e4e1d4c8fc8aefebd8881f8807aed6	The average for EU countries in 2014, stood at 121.7 koe/USD 1 000 (PPP adjusted) (Eurostat, 2016). Moldova’s carbon intensity (measured in kilogrammes of C02 from energy use per USD of GDP, in 2010 prices) has significantly declined, from 3.43 in the early 1990s to 1.03 in 2014. Its carbon intensity is nevertheless higher than most other countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (IEA, 2016). With the growth of the economy, domestic demand for energy will rise, and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will further increase.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289352758-3-en	e9e6cb8f207b97521fa02c845f9225ae	Moreover, while reuse is thriving under charity-based collection and export systems, recycling options forthe non-reusable share, and especially textile to textile recycling are more restricted (Palm et al., These include pilot projects developing various methods for (chemical) recycling of fibres - e.g. Relooping Fashion in Finland and Re:newcell in Sweden - and R8<D projects on automated sorting of fibres as feed-in to recycling processes - e.g. SIPTex2 and Textile back to Textiles3 (Sweden), Textiles4Textiles (Netherlands) and FIBRESORT (Belgium). Others are system problems related to gathering and sorting sufficient quantities of recyclable used textiles and at the same time not offsetting environmental preferable reuse pathways (Elander & Ljungkvist, 2016).	12	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kmbrcfms5g7-en	e9e963a2b4a69adef78de4a20fac13a5	It is important to note that the table reviews solely the activities of advanced practice nurses in the primary' care sector; it does not include evaluations reviewing their activities in hospitals. The evaluations are grouped by the broad type of activities that advanced practice nurses can play in primary care: 1) general roles (including being a first contact with patients, and routine follow-up for a broad range of patients); 2) more specific roles in chronic disease management (e.g., for asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular problems); 3) specific roles in prescribing pharmaceutical drugs. Two main criteria have been used to select the evaluations presented in the following table: 1) study design (with the selection focusing on evaluations based on randomised controlled trials and other rigorous evaluation methods); 2) country coverage (with the selection attempting to cover as many countries as possible while maintaining a balance in the number of evaluations per country). As might be expected, most of the evaluations have been carried out in countries that have a long experience in experimenting with and deploying advanced practice nurses in primary' care - the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Finland.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/584f8730-en	e9ed9a309d2a1ebd18df4b4f42827264	Consumer spending in 2015 was adversely affected by relatively high inflation and unemployment rates of 6.4% and 6.2%, respectively. Fewer than 200,000 new jobs were created between August 2014 and August 2015 compared with an average 2.6 million new jobs created yearly between 2006 and 2012 (World Bank, 2015a). Slower job growth has undermined social outcomes, with the poverty rate rising to 11.1% after a steady decline in the past decade. Consumer spending should benefit from lower inflation and accommodative monetary policy.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	e9f3bc654ea129bb46aa85354d02786c	Western Australia has achieved a 30% reduction in the rate of fatalities and a 20% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured at the half way point of the Towards Zero strategy. While this in encouraging, further work is being conducted as WA seeks to increase its rate of improvement to match and catch up to the performance of leading jurisdictions in Australia and overseas. A further Government review of road safety governance and management was conducted to ensure that the administration and management of road safety in Western Australia is optimal to help achieve better performance and implementation with a focus on management by results and accountability for performance.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	e9f60161ba4b01708e7715543a2d1a95	The third level of the framework consists of 12 Quality Outcome Indicators linked to the goals set out in the Healthcare Quality Strategy. Three of the 12 indicators are still under development (employee engagement, resource use, and safe care). Data are available for nine indicators, and information on their progress is provided (Table 2.1).	3	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264283329-en	e9fa2cc347716045d215bd74eeb66bdc	Legislation approved in June 2017 paves the way for establishing a national health system with universal coverage by 2020, which will have profound effects on how care is financed and organised. Some 80% of the population reports to be in good health, though there are notable socioeconomic inequalities. Life expectancy gains are mainly due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular diseases, though they remain the leading cause of death.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	e9fade1a8a347dc56de08b235a2f1574	It stresses the greater opportunity cost of children and pronounced stratification of fertility by female employment status in Germany, attributable to the high degree of labour market segmentation and weaker support for the work-life balance than in France. In Germany, TFRs in the post re-unification period were lowest in 1994 at 1.24, but edged up thereafter to 1.47 children per women in 2014. The effect may further accrue when Germany expands its provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC). Nevertheless, its TFR is still low in comparison to countries that started to develop their work-life balance support at an earlier stage, such as France, Iceland and Sweden, whose TFRs are close to two children per women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	e9fbc1950dd48b56d50ca03650fbd97f	Urban density, on the other hand, constitutes only 5 points in the overall scheme. Emphasis, therefore, is disproportionately put on infrastructure development and population growth. As a result, local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the AOMP and other urban strategies which place stronger focus on sustainability. In fact, some cities in Viet Nam have expanded their boundaries to rezone villages outside of the city to “boost” population growth (Chapter 1).	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264191761-en	e9fd2c4b8c4f7cd4b660aaf05ba2cec0	By the early 2000s transit routes improved with the first private pipeline to the Black Sea in 2001, followed by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline to the Mediterranean which broke Kazakhstan’s dependence on Transneft’s Russian pipeline. Oil began flowing in large quantities just as world prices soared (Figure 1.2). The large exchange rate depreciation in 1999 which coincided with the start of the oil exports boom kick-started economic growth.	2	4	0	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	e9fd518f9e3fc2a2ca95e506ddd55c5c	Food production accounts for about 70 per cent of global water withdrawal (OECD 2005), but now that the world’s population is more than 50 per cent urban, cities are drawing increasing shares from rural areas in what is now often a zero-sum game. When water shortages occur, the city tends to be favoured over the countryside, putting food and industrial crop production at higher risk as urbanization focused on the world’s great coastal cities proceeds. The break-up of the Soviet Union, the advent of market-oriented economic transitions in China and Vietnam, and the shift in national economic policy in India toward more accommodation of international trade have added substantially to the transformation of Asia from agrarian to industrial and even post-industrial economies.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	ea01831285c6bb63c9b74e108e3c9b18	Similarly, Winter Fuel Payments, a tax free payment to help older people keep warm during winter, should be means-tested. The best way to alleviate energy poverty is through energy efficiency improvements, which should be encouraged (Box 1.2). However, international studies suggest that increasing marginal tax rates on high incomes tends to lower taxable incomes significantly, as work effort decreases and tax avoidance and evasion increase (OECD, 2011c).	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ea018ecffbe128f62a412e089693ed52	In a market, there is always a feedback mechanism between producers and consumers, which runs obviously through the payment of money. By indicating the price they are willing to pay, consumers signal to producers the quantity of the good they wish to have supplied, and producers happily concur, since through the transfer of money the interests of the consumers have become their own. Ronald Coase (1960) in The Problem of Social Cost showed that all externality issues can be reduced to market transaction costs. The higher these costs, the higher will be the level of external or social costs. While this was undoubtedly a major conceptual insight, stating that transaction costs cause social costs does not say all that much.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	ea019f24b880b6554e4a12c12580c5d6	However, as suggested above, there are numerous political and technical challenges to measuring and reporting this information. In addition, Parties are also not specifically requested to undertake, nor to report on, policies and actions that would contribute to making finance flows consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. For information on such policies and actions, the global stocktake could draw on outside processes (e.g. the Millennium Development Goals, G20 work on climate finance and the work of other non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations). The approach of the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement reflects the universal and self-differentiated nature of NDCs, and the specific obligations of developed countries to provide financial resources and other support to developing countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264179820-6-en	ea04f282e7262f659aa96924eda14c31	All urban water users are metered and water prices are charged according to the volume consumed. Since the policy’s introduction, water prices have risen substantially; during the period 1993-2004, the real price of water (including environmental taxes) increased by 54% and prices are now among the highest in the OECD. The rise in prices has led to a substantial decrease in urban water demand from 155 to 125 litres per person per day, one of the lowest levels in the OECD. Since water pricing is purely volumetric, there are no social tariffs and the affordability of water services is ensured through separate social policy.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	ea06da15680aff5e633bfd0576c2ad32	Strive to make early warning systems multihazard and people-centred, keeping in mind the response requirements at the local level (‘the last mile’). Ensure that forecasters are mindful of the specific needs of the end users of different types of warning information, and tailor products and services accordingly. Seek effective communication channels with the people at risk, including by integrating the broadcast media into the early warning chain.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	ea06e549707127242dd9cfa3de8b3ed2	The massive migration of population to Ulaanbaatar results in difficulties for the city in accommodating this population and leads to the formation of ger districts in the area surrounding the city. The degraded sanitary, environmental and social conditions are more prone to the development of diseases. The proportion of the population aged 5-14 years reached 17.4 per cent at the end of 2016, compared with 26.3 per cent at the end of 1997.	3	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	ea07a4f630aebadcc456fcd92a45fd55	Currently the problem is that only a limited range of ecosystem services can be modelled and valued. Its purpose is more to act as a modelling tool than to serve as a tool to monitor impacts of specific policies over time. In their modelling a range of modelling tools are used - including the InVest tool - and they are trying to improve these tools in order to allow for an ecosystem service approach.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264287747-en	ea0ce136bd8e188a336631d5b95dcda6	An important question in this context is whether or to what extent the employment of immigrant workers has been beneficial or detrimental for the employment of native-bom Thai workers. In accordance with the literature, which generally does not report significant effects of an increased presence of foreign-bom workers on native-bom workers’ employment rates, it is found that this presence has no impact on the overall level of native-bom individuals’ employment. However, there is a positive effect of immigration on the level of native-bom paid employment.	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	ea0eee4034784eee759bfd71ed1e85a7	While the colleges in the region often see the development of the Galilee as a key part of their mission, they often have a focus on education and social sciences and are building their research and links with the business and industry from a low base. However, the Tel Hai Academic College and ORT Braude have already established themselves as quasi-unique providers of engineers and technicians of the interior of the region and increasingly also partners for the regional industries (see Box 3.6.). The college has forged strong links with the Upper Galilee Centre for Knowledge (MIGAL), a privately owned research and development centre located in an industrial park in Kiryat Shmoneh. It comprises 15 different research groups in agrosciences, ecology, therapeutics and analytical chemistry and undertakes research activities in highly advanced laboratories.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	ea110639d1f7b6f33f5208b21de9ea16	The governments of the LDCs invest around 3% more on average than other developing countries in education; yet 19 million children in the LDCs still are not enrolled in primary education. Lack of basic education might lead children to miss out on opportunities that, as adults, could allow them to have better jobs and income (UN-OHRLLS, 2016). Basic digital literacy is becoming an essential prerequisite for competitiveness among countries.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264229488-4-en	ea190cfbc562b64a5e9485a14f90d3ce	These combined obstacles can create substantial “sunk costs”, which single firms may not be able to address. A limited provision of inclusive innovations may also result from co-ordination failures, wherein government fails to play a critical role in aligning the required actors to address the various challenges. As a critical provider and regulator of these services, the government is automatically a relevant stakeholder in related innovation activities.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/281344f5-en	ea1ac23a6925e87864fe8fd2779a24a3	Between 2000 and 2010, the number of students enrolled in universities outside of their own country rose from 2 million to 3.6 million. China, India and the Republic of Korea were the countries of origin for the most foreign university students, while the United States was the destination for the largest number, followed by the United Kingdom and Australia (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2013b). For young males, violence—often from gang activity and civil conflict—is a top killer.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	ea1eeda154fda701b3ba1e1f5bbdd82a	Indeed, education, measured by years of schooling, is positively correlated with capital intensity in manufacturing (Qu and Cai, 2011). As most of the workforce in China is composed of junior and senior high-school graduates, there is ample scope for investment in education and training to boost labour productivity. Labour productivity would be 23% higher if junior high-school graduates had senior high-school education and would double if senior high-school graduates had college training. Higher education attainment alone, however, may not be sufficient. To adapt to the changing industry structure, a broad set of skills and wide general knowledge are needed, which facilitate the acquisition of new skills.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	ea1f94733acf8198cdf444307ada903f	The Employment Adjustment Subsidy finances a proportion of wage payments if the firm has to scale down its business operations for cyclical or industrial restructuring reasons and, without dismissals, adopts measures such as temporary leave with pay, in-house education or training, or temporary transfer of employees to other firms. Short-time work not only prevents unemployment but also facilitates a rapid expansion of economic activities when demand increases again. It helps to avoid redundancies which may lead to loss of firm-specific human capital, and a later need for recruitment which is costly and time-consuming (OECD, 2009g). The rationale for short-time work schemes is strongest for companies whose financial difficulties are linked to the business cycle rather than to structural factors. However, the restructuring process is often accelerated during recessions, and some dead-weight losses are inevitable. In order to improve the instrument and its impact on the future job situation of the workers, some other OECD countries, e.g. Austria, Belgium, France and Germany,167 promote the training of workers in the short-time-work subsidy scheme (OECD, 2009g).	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	ea21dec9a2fcf59df8f4c7517b2ba6a3	In the long run, increasing girls' schooling today can have a spillover effect, reducing the inter-generational link in deprivation. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA)', Working Paper 2012-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper No.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264173668-en	ea22ada068e08dbe93783ab24f8555ad	The programme included a two-month on-the-job period for teachers, during which teacher-worker pairs were formed. This offered an opportunity for teachers to update their professional skills and for workers who also work as workplace trainers to improve their pedagogical skills. The training period was preceded by a seminar and planning (to clarify goals and expectations) and followed by feedback from teachers and workers and dissemination to the broader community.	4	2	8	0.6
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	ea2d5e24a1a4dd383694d6f018f4b6c9	This principle, however, could be stated clearly in all strategic government documents. In pursuing equal opportunities in government, Kazakhstan might adopt the 2015 “OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life” to mainstream gender equality in the design, development, implementation and evaluation of relevant public policies and budget (OECD, 2016f). The Ministry of the Civil Service and its counterparts in subnational levels need to be staffed with experts.	11	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-28-en	ea32030bda565a13bcc554693760f558	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Closing this gap would yield welfare gains for individual women and society as a whole. This view is supported by many studies based on small samples and self-reported answers (OECD/EC, 2017). However, Saridakis etal. ( Such differences can be explained in part by different motivations and the different sectors in which women entrepreneurs operate.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	ea33150b18d7956266959f3f929dab14	In El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico self-employment income dropped, and wages and salaries increased, while in Uruguay the opposite occurred. In Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Uruguay, transfers accounted for over 50% of the increase in total income. In countries that saw their poverty reduced the most, such as Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Panama, transfers accounted for about 20% of the increase in total income. It is not possible in every case to determine from available data exacdy which types of transfers resulted in income increases, because surveys taken around 1990 tended to capture aggregate data.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	ea3325989435a11eb45668cb9f431cb4	The Ministry of Health is also involved in sanitary problems in rivers, together with environment authorities at state or national level. The most important and active institution related to water resources in the ministry is FUNASA, which is responsible for several important initiatives such as “Strategic Actions in Environmental Health”, “Education in Environmental Health”, Water Quality Control” and “Intervention in Flood Caused Disasters”. The ministry spearheads the programme “Co-operation in the Support to the Management of Sanitation Public Services” to help municipalities with less than 50 000 inhabitants in the prevention and control of environmental related diseases, especially due to poor sanitation conditions. Securing water for irrigation with an appropriate level of reliability is always an important constraint for river basin planning. Agriculture tends to resist paying water charges or abiding by stringent standards and regulations.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	ea36e885cad79aa9c8ab7fa919218247	In this case, alternative risk mitigation structures may be necessary on the public side. Innovation management is not limited to efforts seeking to reconfigure the provision of mobility services; it is something public agencies are facing across a broad spectrum of fields including broadband access, water services and housing, for instance. In these instances, it may be worthwhile to think about alternative structures that enable sustainable risk-taking in public governance. These firms invest in a broad range of potential new businesses with the expectation that many will fail -sometimes quickly; lessons will be learnt and incorporated into new business models and eventually, a sufficient number of ideas take hold and generate adequate returns to sustain and grow the overall portfolio value.	11	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	ea39aef713818d071ec41b01fb28c865	In the European countries for which data were available, 63% of women aged over 50 in 2009 had spent ten or more years between the ages of 18 and 64 outside education and full-time employment. The share of men was only 11%. Given the negative effect of career gaps on earnings potentials (Chapter 13), women generally stand to lose less income if they reduce or give up paid work to provide informal care.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	ea3a26c3d86709071a019992df18b83c	Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates, sufficient resources and political leadership for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively at the top of the policy agenda. About half of OECD countries also deal with gender issues as part of the broader portfolios in ministries (e.g. the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). In Algeria, an administratively centralised main gender institution co-ordinates with geographically decentralised sections. At the local level, social section bureaus exist in every wilaya (province) in Algeria for the purpose of enhancing the situation of families and women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349581-8-en	ea3d1c0b40f7c73a08b59e75e1c35e57	"This listing indicates two equals, but gives no indication of any parties being expected to ensure any intended added value deriving from adaptation and mitigation. One example of this is contained in the Paris Agreement: ""It shall do so in a comprehensive and facilitative manner, considering mitigation, adaptation and the means of implementation and support, and in the light of equity and the best available science."" Similar examples are found in the Paris Agreement, Article 10(2), where it reads ""Parties, noting the importance of technology for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions under this Agreement and recognizing existing technology deployment and dissemination efforts, shall strengthen cooperative action on technology development and transfer."	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	ea3d7e2de4bb2defc89c9c58e1ee403b	"For example, young men may leave the country to escape being forced to become soldiers; migration may be also seen as a rite of passage for young men (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). For example, a girl who marries early is less likely to finish her education, which limits her employment opportunities (Cerise et al., In the Republic of Moldova, women report having less opportunity to migrate because of a lack of resources, which are generally more available to men (IOM, 2005). As Jolly and Reeves (2005) note, ""it may be less acceptable for women to move about and travel on their own"". This negative correlation between discrimination in social institutions and male emigration is not expected since patriarchal beliefs would be positively associated with emigration for men (Hofmann, 2010)."	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	ea3ffc2655c067081c65586174c56b91	"Measures to empower women must also reach out to new generations of women who are expected to play a greater political role. As noted by the head of a European co-operation agency, ""greater participation of women in the development of agricultural, trade, and finance sector policies, and stronger participation in designing local economic development policies would help ensure better access for women to production means, markets, finance and political connections that would help develop their businesses"" (Interview 3, 2018). For the head of an African regional organisation, parity in this area involves ""The introduction of modules on leadership in school and university courses and an increase in the awareness of opinion leaders on the political role that women can play and the constraints they face"" (Interview 31, 2018)."	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	ea4086515e1dbdf864b634b207182876	The difficulty of obtaining health care pushes elder nomads to move into villages. The reforms of the 1990s led to massive abandonment of reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and other traditional activities. Few communities worldwide experienced such a rapid shift from stability to a complete economic breakdown. To this day unemployment rates are high among indigenous northerners, particularly men, and official numbers are likely conservative, as data reflect only the number of people who voluntarily register as unemployed.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	ea41c10076e29c2f957f22e30bc22fe7	It is true that many of the issues related to gender are cultural, qualitative and sociological in nature; nevertheless, their impact can be seen and observed spatially, and can to some degree be measured quantitatively. To be able to identify the problems associated with gender bias, it is essential to develop comprehensive statistics. Gender auditing can be defined as the process by which gender mainstreaming is achieved, which involves establishing indicators and standards, and checking outputs, policies and priorities (Greed, 2003a).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-5-en	ea42a24c2cac68bfe035ec4ac399fce6	The water quality impacts may be caused by the use of agrochemicals in intensive bioenergy feedstock production systems, such as the use of fertilisers which pose a risk for eutrophication. In addition, the feedstock processing plants to convert raw materials to bioenergy can also have impacts on water quality, although this will vary depending on a range of factors, including for example, biorefinery technology, effluent controls and water recycling practices (FAO, 2008; Fingerman et al., As a result sediment and nutrient pollution from agricultural land is likely to increase, particularly where maize is cultivated on marginal agricultural land which contributes to the highest nutrient loads.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	ea45a02b20b3adf121b554717a844de2	A stronger primary care sector will require a larger, dedicated workforce of primary care professionals. For the longer term, Korea needs to grapple with the question of whether it goes down the path of many other OECD countries that have promoted the training of dedicated physiciaas who cover the whole gamut of clinical care, or tries to make the most of a more specialised model where paediatricians, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynaecology, along with support from nurses function as primary care units. While there is no right answer for Korea, going down the former path would require significant changes in medical education and take a long time to engineer.	3	1	4	0.6
10.18356/11e28764-en	ea487e5f4df24749485af88fc7483652	"For a more comprehensive understanding of gender equality issues, the root causes of gender inequalities need to be examined: that is, socially constructed roles and responsibilities that have resulted in centuries of domination by ""masculinist"" attitudes and perceptions, definitions of problems, and setting of norms and values (thereby defining deviations from the norms). However, in all of the assessed environmental areas, there are very limited environment-related gender-disaggregated data that can show direct links between gender inequality and environmental changes. Gender-disaggregated data, where available, are often fragmented at the level of a country or group of countries, making it almost impossible to aggregate and compare some issues among different regions."	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	ea48af9998fe9904095b2cfac446e934	However, Eichhorst et al. While maternity' benefits have long been common across the OECD, paid father-specific leave is a more recent development. Paid father-specific leave did not exist in OECD countries in the 1970s, with only Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium providing any kind of paid entitlement for fathers - one day, two days, and three days, respectively.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ea4bcf9889b17177ff3edd0ec44ed871	To date, there is very limited experience with collective reporting by countries or organisations to the UNFCCC. Thus, further work would be needed to outline how this could be taken forward: while collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally may entail relatively small process changes, collective reporting of climate finance mobilised multilaterally could entail large ones (e.g. reporting of information from non-Parties), as could any review of collectively-reported information. If the COP could provide detailed guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, this could increase the utility of such reports in quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	ea4eb2b359abca16cbf72e813662f74b	The very low level of agricultural productivity is apparent not only within individual LDC economies, but also when compared internationally. Not only is there an agricultural productivity gap between LDCs and ODCs, but that gap has been widening. In 1990, the LDCs’ cereal yield per hectare was only 61 per cent of that of ODCs. Two decades later, the proportion was just 37 per cent (chart 40). These very low levels of productivity, combined with the strong rural concentration of the population in rural areas, are the main explanation for the pervasive poverty in these countries (UNCTAD, 2004). That pattern is driven more by expulsion forces (i.e., the dearth of gainful employment in rural areas) than by attraction forces (because of the lack of decently paid jobs in urban areas).	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	ea4f963474c3b9812de5cf6977037a65	These figures highlight that overall spending in developing countries remains insufficient, although they mostly account for public spending and do not include private sources of finance. The financial crisis is likely to have a two-pronged effect on government transfers to the water sector, as set out in OECD (2010a). A potentially negative impact is that, during times of crisis, there are many competing demands for limited public funds.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	ea50ade90303e8cae00b12c56cc2327d	To our knowledge, so far there is no source of general population survey data collecting both self-reported and measured alcohol intake, which would permit to assess underreporting bias at the individual level. In particular, it would be of interest to analyse differences across population groups in the size of underreporting bias (e.g. larger underestimation by hazardous drinkers) as this can exist with the measure of Body Mass Index (Cawley, 2000; Lakdawalla and Philipson, 2002). The proportion of hazardous drinkers is found to vary between recall and diary from 21% to 35% for men and from 6% to 15% for women.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21334b08-en	ea56f3e76bd258456caa8736e188a0f5	However, the initiative has proved so successful that since early 2012, Car Free Days have been held every Sunday in all five of Jakarta's municipalities. Vehicles were required to possess paper based permits to enter the 32 km2 zone, with exceptions made for public transport, public taxis, emergency, diplomatic and military vehicles. However, difficulties in enforcement meant that as much as 35 per cent of vehicles entering the zone were unauthorized, with only 2 per cent caught and fined by police. To address these enforcement issues, and coupled with improvements to public transport services, the city developed an enforcement system based on automated number plate recognition cameras positioned at each of the 104 road entrances to the restricted zone. The system automatically identifies vehicle registration numbers that have not paid for an annual, weekly or daily pass and subsequently sends out violation notices. By comparison a single ticket on the Tehran BRT ranges from 1,500-2,500 rial (S$0.10 to 0.20).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	ea5d27a2dffbfdccc0d041b0319f9034	Taken together, they moved the proposed new poverty line closer to 50% of median income (the exact figure would depend on how the proposals were implemented). Following the NAS report, the United States Census Bureau began tentative experiments with a new poverty measure that incorporated some of the recommendations (though not the allowance for regional variations in the cost of living). Add to this the fact that the official poverty line is the responsibility of the Executive Office of the President and it is evident that any re-drawing of the line is going to be a high-profile issue subject to intense institutional and political pressures.	1	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ea66523931a1e8693b9ab8c9002c830c	Training certificates signed by government officials provide formal recognition of participation, and the support of principals and supplementary resource materials (teachers’ guides), as well as follow-up school support visits by SEP staff, enhance motivation to do the work well. This approach is consistent with many of the recognised best practices in teacher professional development more generally (see for example Garet et al. However, as a CSO, the SEP works with teachers from outside the MoE system, and this limits the potential impact of the work. While CSOs may be able to align much of what they do with MoE systems, MoEs themselves have much more scope to align and support ESD training.	13	3	0	1.0
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	ea66b6d3fd65fc89c768c37e3df21916	One important set of constraints arises from the nature of their integration with the global economy. Since LDCs tend to be open economies that rely heavily on primary commodity and low value added manufactures exports, and that are dependent on various forms of capital inflows to support the balance of payments, they are often disproportionately affected by changes in global trade and capital flows, as well as by flows in cross-border migration. National policies are thus strongly conditioned by the external environment and must also be able to respond to that environment flexibly, which often makes it more difficult to pursue them in a systematic and planned manner.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	ea67e316b4b491ae5606e1e4c8038200	Indeed, according to some estimates when the externalities associated with different energy sources are fully reflected in policy incentives, some renewable energy sources, particularly wind power, are already as cost efficient as conventional energy sources. As many of these technologies are still in early phases of their respective development chains, further cost reductions are expected in the future, especially if these technologies are appropriately supported by research, development, demonstration and deployment programs (RDD&D). Since 1990, renewable energy generation has been growing only at an annual rate of 1.6%, which is lower than the growth rate of total electricity generation (1.9%). Thus, while in 1990, 17.3% of total electricity was produced from renewable sources, this share has declined to estimated 17.2% in 2009, most of which (12.6%) was generated from hydro plants.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	ea701368635504d0bc1b9e9e1b0c0cae	"This incorporates both public and private expenditures. The total costs of adaptation in agriculture is based on 1) the costs of R&D, including costs of extension; and 2) physical capital expenditures both in terms of climate change and in terms of future evolutions in population and corresponding food requirements (McCarl, 2007). The ""business as usual"" scenario assumes no climate change. Two climate change scenarios assume: i) no mitigation (SRES A1) or ii) some mitigation (SRES B1)."	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	ea71ff8ed1a7d5d018f9188cc44bc7b6	This is frequently related to early marriage, child bearing and other caring responsibilities. Even when they enter the labour market, women are more likely to be confined to the most vulnerable jobs, frequently in the informal sector. This suggests that addressing the barriers that limit girls and women’s access to education and employment opportunities would be likely to have positive effects, among the others, also on reducing the gender gap in financial literacy, thus improving women’s financial empowerment and well-being.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	ea73df94b6321ca43411c066300efe92	This will in turn decrease the level of winter water retention and increase winter flows in many rivers. Hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for irrigation, reduce river flows, and reduce dilution capacity thereby leading to higher pollutant concentrations. Despite these concerns, the subregion seems to have the capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	ea752a9826c1a01a3262c9c82d4bf827	Structural efforts at the local and national levels to overcome this challenge remain operationally weak. At present, whether women will be seen as partners or not depends much more on the personal convictions of individual actors than on a systematic implementation of policies of gender inclusion. Yet individuals with the authority, willingness and diplomatic skill to trigger changes in attitudes and behaviours towards the treatment of women as equal peacebuilding partners remain exceptional in all current peacebuilding operations.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ea7621ad5eb8b107fb48c71f9e940415	However, as harvests vary significantly from year to year,1 the situation with storage availability changes. For example, in the 2010/11 season, when only 12 million tonnes of grain were harvested, excess storage capacities existed. In contrast, Kazakhstan’s elevator capacity of around 15 million tonnes was less than the 23 million tonnes wheat harvest in 2011/12. Transport capacity is likewise insufficient for bumper harvests, pushing up the cost of storage and freight charges in 2011/12.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	ea7649f7db73cdb37f60ef88f1c3460f	Sanitation services are the responsibility of local self-government bodies, who are also the asset owners of the system. However, the construction of the system remained incomplete. Currently, Baghramyan village’s household wastewater is removed to Myasnikyan through a 1 km-long collector and is then discharged into Talin canal. During the irrigation season, wastewater is mixed with irrigation water, resulting in poor qualitative indicators of lands in Baghramyan and the neighbouring villages.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	ea766120816d279cb3a556fd9981f121	These can be continued and complemented with further focus on reducing recent inequities in specific groups: large performance gaps are seen between boys and girls and between native students and students with immigrant background. In addition, demographic changes imply a smaller proportion of younger people in Finland, and there have been some mismatches between supply and demand of study places and labour market needs. It combines early recognition by teachers of low performance with holistic support that involves both school and social welfare staff.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-7-en	ea767f99a0937f9e25ae37156dde731d	Fewer than ten percent of children under age three have access to formal care, and quality of care remains a concern. Chapter 3 concludes with a call for improved investments in social supports for families, rigorous evaluations of social policies, embedding gender considerations in planning and evaluation, and better assessments of how policies, laws, and institutions interact to affect women and girls. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Certain subgroups of women face particularly daunting barriers to work.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/bb63671b-en	ea78c865bee80002348f5fd7a0ddda08	Unfortunately, data limitations do not allow for inclusion of other potentially relevant variables such as wealth proxies, presence of hired help, and access to care service facilities. Despite these achievements, the state goal of promoting gender equality continues to face many challenges, including the persistence of discrimination in the labour market and the declining labour force participation of women. A better understanding of gender relations within the household is crucial to die attainment of die Chinese development objective since women's lives are often structured around dieir responsibilities as mothers and wives. The fact that women do most of the unpaid work affects dieir well-being as well as their labour force participation.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	ea790ea76e962dbef9b0f6e78bf01847	The tension between these statements—one about principles and the other about instruments—was exploited by the mainstream in a four-stage process. First, the mainstream admitted that equity is good in itself. Second, it restricted the concept of equity to equality of opportunity only. Third, it “operationalized” the relationship between growth and distribution through detailed measurements of the impact of equity on growth.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	ea7bd76a2d7ec512bb2291be8f7ea89e	Patient safety is also implemented through accreditation mechanisms, but patient safety culture and implementation of safety policies vary. These are often initiated by the Danish Patient Safety Association. Four important programmes have been set up to secure patient safety: The Danish Adverse Event Study in 2001, The Danish Society for Patient Safety (DSFP), The Danish Safer Hospital Programme, and The National reporting system for adverse events.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	ea8161ee763370d73d7cc22f8ee74499	The poverty threshold is set at 50% of median disposable income in each country. Working-age adults are defined as 18-64 year-olds. Children are defined as 0-17 year-olds. Data for China, India and the Russian Federation refer to 2011, for Brazil to 2013, and for Australia, Hungary, Iceland, Mexico and New Zealand to 2014.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-36-en	ea81997ea1fdc9379f538df5364aaf55	These trends are likely to be due to a combination of EU controls on total allowable catches (TACs) and of effort. Discussion with the fishing industry is on-going on the work needed to implement CFP reform, especially the introduction of discard bans, particularly for pelagic fisheries which is coming into effect in January 2015. We are working closely with the industry to make all parties aware of the changes and address problems so that the transition is as smooth as possible.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-35-en	ea81eb0a55e31eccb6a0a6b0e5ade81e	This category covers, inter alia, assistance to address impacts of US management mandates and capacity reduction schemes. The Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Crab Buy Back took place in 2005 and the Bering Sea/Aleutian Island Non-Pollock Ground Fish in 2007, with no government transfer. The entire amount, of these loans, are being repaid from future landings fees, including loan interest at a market rate There was no activity in 2007. Other agencies have contributed to the Gulf Coast Disaster Relief.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	ea84c8f509c1504bd084005abc5fdceb	The municipalities' responsibilities are outlined in the Social Services Act since 1982, and the Disability Act since 1994. In the former, the obligation of housing support applies both to the general population as well as to specific groups (including those suffering from mental problems). The latter piece of legislation outlines municipal obligation vis-a-vis defined disability groups.	3	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-21-en	ea86ca06d5b72e1819c7ecaaefb5707e	In 2010-11, investment projects under the heading “Aquaculture, processing and marketing of products from fisheries and aquaculture” received EUR 54 655 million, most of which was for four facilities to prepare and preserve fresh and refrigerated fish. The proportion of dried, salted and smoked fish increased by 1.5%, having reached a total of 21.9% in 2011, of which salt cod accounted for the largest segment, at 19.2%. The value of exports of “fresh or refrigerated fish” (15.8%) and “frozen fish” (12.8%) was also considerable.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	ea875431b5187a426686ac8a78004987	Next, debt should be exclusively used to finance capital projects with a long life, and not to cover budget gaps for current expenditure. The third critical aspect would be to impose a hard budget constraint on borrowers, to eliminate the possibility of a costly bailout by higher levels of government. A central-govemment-mandated borrowing framework would need clear rules about who can borrow, how much, for what purpose, from whom, with what instruments and with what restrictions.	11	7	0	1.0
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	ea87af3100497bc459a649e7bf8dd2e8	Examples of initiatives to promote gender mainstreaming include the Programme on Gender Mainstreaming in Energy Access (ECOW-GEN) of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) and the integration of gender equity and social inclusion objectives, indicators and targets into Nepal’s National Rural Renewable Energy Programme (ECREEE and NREL, 2015; ADB et al., However, effective design of gender-sensitive energy policies requires improving the availability of gender-disaggregated data on energy access and uses. In addition to greater financial support for energy planning, LDCs and other developing countries (ODCs) could also benefit from the development of planning tools appropriate for their national contexts.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/58d686e0-en	ea881f68b811c63ce05c92805b44962a	Older migrant women may face additional challenges. Generally, they find it harder to learn the local language, find employment and access the health services they need. Older women staying in the country of origin are also particularly affected by migration, as very often they have to take care of the children left behind by migrant parents.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-5-en	ea89a3856c2147ce960dded99fe5fb40	For example, girls report being less frequently exposed to student-oriented instruction in mathematics class than boys do. Conversely, disadvantaged students, who are from the bottom quarter of the socioeconomic distribution in their countries, report more frequent exposure to these strategies than advantaged students do. Teachers might have reasons for teaching specific classes in the ways they do, and other factors, such as student motivation or disruptive behaviour, might be at play too.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329583-8-en	ea8f4f354ff9bfb9e173c525a4ed0fee	If either primary or secondary care providers need to make any substantial investments in order to respond to new incentives, a lack of power in the pilot studies may blunt their effectiveness. Increasingly, it is likely that such targeting of initiatives will be a key to the optimal use of limited primary care resources. They will often involve an increased expenditure in the short term, the benefits of which will only become apparent in later years.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-8-en	ea9095c5aa13aa997219567f5a4e452e	Examples, and the approaches adopted, are discussed below. The 1987 Yellow River Water Allocation Plan imposed a top-down approach to defining water entidements of the 11 provinces that rely on the river. After nearly 15 years of failed efforts to implement the plan, it was finally made a reality through the combination of a strong basin committee with direct control over key infrastructure on the river, together with regulations issued by the powerful State Council.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	ea91b99d89be5aaaee2701d673ba62cf	The total of India's lignite reserves are estimated at 38 bt, of which around 3.7 bt to 4.3 bt are considered as proven (Mills, 2007; BGR, 2009). Coal India Ltd., a public sector undertaking of the Indian government, dominates the coal market with a production share of 82% in 2008. The Ministry of Coal expects that Indian coal production will increase to 630 Mt by 2012 (Ministry of Coal, 2010). The coalbeds are often in remote areas where safety is an issue and access rights are not guaranteed.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-26-en	ea93071efad447261b5fe280c3de3562	If a fisher does not hold sufficient ACE, they incur a financial cost - the deemed value - for taking the fish. The deemed value is set at a rate that eliminates any financial benefit that the fisher may receive from landing the fish and acts as an incentive for fishers to cover all their catch with ACE. There are no aggregation limits on the ownership of ACE.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/69c44297-en	ea957e3088d7aa1c4c3cccb293066dc5	The Pleistocene is mostly underlain by impermeable Neogene strata (Saqiye Group), but locally also by the Eocene, as is the case near the Gaza Strip (Table 2). The aquifer is considered to be more productive along the Sinai coast than further inland in Egypt8 and the Kurkar A is often the most productive formation.’ The mostly unsaturated Holocene cover is typically less than 10 m thick, while the Kurkar B is 30-70 m thick.	6	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	ea986371169cb835506b6dd7002700bd	The following examples illustrate some interesting experiences in the OECD region. The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology. The Union of Water Boards organises a benchmark of the Water Boards every two years, and the benchmark is made public in the publication Waterpeil.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	ea98d0f0430cbcf0427320bdb45ffeb3	This is seen as a drag on economic development both because NEET youth represent a waste of human resources and because disengagement from education at an early age is associated with social exclusion and long-term welfare dependency. In recent years, successive governments have offered a range of policy programmes aimed at addressing this issue. The research recognises that schools play an important role in helping young people (especially through career education, career guidance and the mentoring of individual teachers) but that there are also systems of support operating in the wider community beyond school. Consequently it has placed considerable emphasis on the way in which networking can be valuable in joining together different systems both inside and outside of the school environment.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264231092-4-en	ea9a6f8849e430f9a7b48585fdc7a4de	Consequently, the WWS market is characterised by a low level of competition and important restrictions on the entrance of new players. Regulation is justified on the ground that it ought to prevent market power issues arising from a natural monopoly and to protect customers. In the absence of regulation, water operators can be tempted to neglect the quality of services and to apply water tariffs which are unreasonably high compared to the production costs.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-7-en	ea9d1f0791cac13fdf8a248aa0c99eff	Disadvantaged children have the greatest benefit from attending high-quality ECEC, and interventions targeted at them will have the highest returns. Therefore, the OECD programme of work over the period 2017-2020 includes a series of projects to address this issue. After accounting for student socio-economic status, the difference is still statistically significant in half of the 57 countries with available data.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/56317379-en	ea9d65286b004c7100f5c4e9a4796cef	Over the coming decades, a changing climate, growing global population, increasing incomes, changes in food choices, rising food prices, and environmental stressors, such as increased water scarcity and land degradation, will have significant yet uncertain impacts on food security. There are different aspects having direct links to meeting food security at the global level, including globalization of markets. Growing per capita incomes in emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India and Russia imply additional pressure on global food production due to changing food habits. Increased food production has to come from the available and finite water and land resources that are declining in quality (Wani etal., For example, in India, the per capita water availability has declined from 5 177 m3 in 1951 to 1 820 m3 in 2001, with the population increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1.02 billion in 2001. India’s population is expected to rise to 1.39 billion by 2025 and to 1.64 billion by 2050, with associated reductions in per capita water availability of 1 341 m3 by 2025 and 1 140 m3 by 2050.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	eaa0948798bb33ecf7d797ff5b3d06e6	This development is featured as a national demonstration project for the circular economy and “scientific development” under the principles of “reduce, reuse and recycle” that applies to both residential and industry development. Industry agglomerations in Caofeidian development zone will be developed in 5 industry zones for: (1) modern logistics, (2) iron and steel, (3) petrochemicals, (4) equipment manufacturing, and (5) high and new technologies (Caofeidian Forum, 2009). Not all businesses can be part of the new type of industrialisation; chiefly very inefficient enterprises might need to be closed, as was the case for 26 inefficient cement factories that were destroyed at the outskirts of Tangshan prior to the Olympic Games in order to reduce pollution.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	eaa1f1c7a5be52049c168667029df62f	In the words of McCann, “scale is not a neutral background; rather, it is a discursive frame used by competing interests to define or redefine the appropriate location of political pow er and the territorial extent of specific policies and regulation” (McCann, 2003: 160). In the words of Petitet, “the question is therefore how' to turn the virtuous general objectives at the (inter) SCoT level into real and specific building regulations at a more local level and how' to ensure that these higher level objectives are respected at the most local level” (2010: 48). Asymmetries or imbalances between the capabilities of those involved can frustrate the process: “not all areas have the same ability to impact spatial planning projects” (Bertrand, 2015).	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	eaa227e4b5ee741dd66c62de92abe14b	First, there is higher yield variability in Australia than in the UK, which creates more incentives to insure yield risk. Second, yield risk in Australia is rather systemic as reflected by the higher correlations between yields of different crops and of different farmers. This may be due to the importance of droughts in yield risk in Australia. More systemic yield risk reduces the scope for crop diversification as a risk management strategy and creates more incentives to use the crop insurance strategy.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	eaa53d4996e38f85b7f9eb9ab600fbf5	The REC mechanism supports the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) for various obligated entities, including power distribution companies, in 27 states and 7 union territories in India (ERIA, 2015). After the REC process is completed with buy bids and sell bids on power exchanges, the trading price and volume is determined by the market. The REC market has, however, remained sluggish with low prices and many unsold certificates owing to an overall low demand for RECs caused by the lack of compliance of RPO by the obligated entities (Mediratta, 2015). In order to correct for the market imbalance, the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) should enhance the compliance of RPO.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	eaa612e7ba289932fd975a04c34d0975	The share is higher in most European OECD countries compared to most non-European OECD countries. This development may have slowed or even reversed the previous upward trend in adopting management practices beneficial to water quality for some regions within countries. At the same time, however, rising chemical input prices (fertilisers, pesticides) can have a counter-effect, by inducing farmers to use less of these inputs, assuming no other changes in farm costs/output prices.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	eaa8774a18ace4733adf0d6270307c2e	Like D, this index moves in the range [0,11, with 1 being the highest possible degree of segregation. If students were perfectly integrated by income across State and private schools, each unit would reproduce the general distribution (percentiles from 0 to 1) and the average difference between a family and the median in that family's unit would be 0.25, so that the index would take the value 0. At the other extreme, if students were perfectly segregated, each unit would contain individuals with the same income from the same percentile, and the index would take the value 1.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	eaac011fd00033c043fb5b6d3c50deb2	These costs tend to weigh particularly heavy on women entrepreneurs contending with time and resource constraints. Make the benefits of registration visible and substantial. Mexico, for example, has made good strides in helping parents care for young children recent years with the introduction of universal compulsory preschool education, as well as the growth of the Estancias Infantiles para Apoyar a Madres Trabajadoras programme.	8	3	3	0.0
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	eaadc576636ef923af1a9fad6a429b79	The socialization process in many cultures also puts pressure on boys, on the other hand, to be tough and willing to fight or use violence to prove their manhood. Some may not develop social skills to communicate and express empathy appropriately to others, and therefore may lack these assets needed in peacebuilding. Women’s identities are complex, and shaped by multiple layers of race, class, religion, age and education, among others.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	eaaebb3e86afaca7da6c013956630331	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, its Development Centre or of their member countries. It is instrumented in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	eaafde2fdfaa8a1790a5cd9f42647669	On the one hand, to the extent that EPL raises the costs of workforce adjustments and/or distorts the optimal composition of employment between temporary and regular workers, it is likely to have a negative impact on the efficient allocation of labour and, ultimately, on productivity growth. In this context, in a general equilibrium framework, Hopenhayn and Rogerson (1993) show how the distortion induced by firing restrictions pushes firms to use resources less efficiently. As a result, employment levels adjust at a lower speed and productivity is reduced. Bertola (1994) presents a growth model where job security provisions decrease returns to investment and capital accumulation.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264300279-en	eab55aeee98877d3e8872e3598ebc218	Some higjh-performing countries in PISA 2012, such as Estonia and Finland, also show small variations in student scores, proving that high performance is possible for all students (OECD, 2013a). For students who fail to reach this level of performance in mathematics, reading or science, most can be expected to not continue with education beyond compulsory schooling, and therefore risk facing difficulties using mathematics, reading and science concepts throughout their lives and risk having poorer opportunities in the labour market. Even in the average OECD country, where more than one in five students do not reach Level 2, tackling such low performance is a major challenge that requires addressing barriers posed by factors such as social background.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	eab6ec9cbba4c41de3a2d239747c2f56	In addition, the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 presents deaths related to HIV and hepatitis C as well as other causes that are mostly omitted from UNODC reporting. Oceania (based on data from Australia and New Zealand only) also has a high drug-related mortality rate, at more than 2.5 times the global average. A large number of drug-related deaths (35 per cent of the global total) are estimated to occur in Asia, although this number is tentative because of poor regional coverage and reporting of mortality data. Despite the large number of deaths, the drug-related mortality rate in Asia is below the global average. Because of differences in reporting, comparisons across countries and regions should be made with the greatest of care.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-11-en	eab73b23b56fc646aea3fe7bec0686ac	The chapter provides insights into the overall cost of water resources management, across junctions and institutions, examines the various sources of financing, and summarises key studies on projectedfuture costs. Based on the OECD’s framework for financing water resources management, it also identifies opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Particular attention is paid to the application of the “beneficiary pays” and “polluter pays ” principles, as well as incentives for cost efficiency and the fair allocation of costs across water users.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	eab7c1c0ea3c4f3add6a3ede40de8d00	Merseytravel, the local transport authority responsible for co-ordinating public transport in the Liverpool City Region, used accessibility analysis to estimate the impact of the more distant location, and to identify where new bus services would be needed. The assessment showed that providing the bus services required to maintain accessibility levels similar to those before relocation would mean a costly investment. When faced with the potential transport cost of the relocation, the health authority decided it would be cheaper to redevelop the hospital on the city centre site. Without conducting accessibility-based analysis, health authorities will often choose to build a new hospital on cheaper land far from a city centre so to make better use of the health budget.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	eab833d8db8fe43f229ffef223f0496a	As the global community is defining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 era, it takes stock and draws lessons from policy experiences around the world to chart a forward-looking agenda for action. This Report draws on experiences, evidence and analysis from diverse national and regional contexts to answer this question. It reviews women's gains in obtaining equality before the law, access to education and other social services; in increasing their visibility as political actors; in participation in paid work and its benefits; and in increased public recognition of the scale and severity of the violence they experience. But it also asks why progress in ensuring women's practical enjoyment of a range of economic and social rights has been so slow and uneven across countries and between social groups.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	eabceb7b353eaf7f244faa5366b3b812	At lowest income levels, the job characteristics that depress women wages are firm size, informality and nonstandard contracts. At highest income levels, the gender pay gap is explained by differences in education, occupation, and type of industry. While the level of education - women tend to be better educated than men - and type of occupation tend to reduce the gender pay gap, the type of industry where they are employed is the main factor contributing to increase it.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f8cc4cd3-en	eabddf6d7aa6e9f264091792aa4c0d4d	We need to take all remedial measures to avoid becoming 'environmental refugees’. Rising temperatures and extreme climate events contribute to the spread of diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. With drought, agriculture -24 per cent of our the crop yield is reduced and supplies are depleted. Unprecedented heavy rains gave way in July 2010 to devastating floods. The initial death toll was approximately 1,600 people, but many more are unaccounted for.	5	4	1	0.6
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	eabe7b511ca206f844987d8ce44697da	This momentum will need to be reinforced not just by the UNFCCC, but also by other governance arrangements as explained in the next section. In this regard, the UNFCCC is one of many building blocks of a climate regime that consists of a range of international institutions and processes whose mandate affects climate action. While the UNFCCC has a central role in the climate regime, it interacts with many other intergovernmental and public-private institutions (Hjerpe and Nasiritousi 2015).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-6-en	eabf22d20b738cb69b42a966ab1d1b47	It is expected that findings from this OECD report will contribute to future debates on the topic, building on the fruitful exchanges and dialogue with the representatives from the CNRH and the CTCOB during the seminars held by the OECD delegation and the ANA in Brazil in September 2016, February 2017 and June 2017. Clearly, charging does not privatise the use of water that is an inalienable public domain good (Bronzatto and Amorim, 2012). The Water Law implies that water is a good belonging to the public domain and a limited natural resource endowed with economic value (art. The logics behind is that water is a scarce good (economically scarce in relative terms) by definition, reflecting both water depletion due to anthropogenic and natural causes, as well as multiple, alternative competitive uses, respectively in water scarce and water abundant contexts.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	eac63173b3515d3d344198dc659fc4b7	Though safety has improved the coal mining industry continues to be plagued by accidents. Coal mining also consumes large quantities of water and coal washing, while beneficial for reducing S02, contributes to water pollution. Improvements were particularly rapid during the 1990s before being partially reversed in the early 2000s.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	eac7a80a846f063e81fd87f900b9142d	We evaluate which industries are at risk of carbon leakage. We will do this by evaluating the cost implication by looking at the energy intensity of all industries. If the energy intensity in a specific industry is low, the industry is deemed to be at no risk of carbon leakage, because their production costs would not change much. If it is high, we deem the industry at risk of carbon leakage.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5b4d9a5b-en	eacac36f64a1a27a7ba30709e6ffc39e	Firstly, women’s entrepreneurship represents untapped potential for PSD. While women-owned MSEs have been found to be less profitable than MSEs owned by men (Alturki and Braswell, 2010; GTZ, 2010; IFC, 2007b; IFC, 2010; llavarasan and Levy, 2010; ILO, 2008b), this gender-based difference seems to disappear for larger ventures. In fact, some evidence suggests that among medium-sized and large enterprises, those owned by women are equally or more productive than those owned by men (GTZ, 2010). This makes it important to identify and address possible barriers constraining the growth and upgrading of women-owned MSEs. Secondly, a number of key barriers to growth are specific, or particularly constraining, to women entrepreneurs.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	eacbb82b64c282f9a49b71c556466c19	Addressing market failures in banking and financial services, and in other business services, received USD 54 billion and USD 9 billion respectively. Pro-active industry-specific policies in the area of manufacturing, agriculture and mining received USD 40.1 billion, USD 10.8 billion and USD 10.6 billion respectively. The main recipients of these flows were MICs in Asia (37.6% of total), Latin America and the Caribbean (21.8%), and Europe (22.5%).	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264229631-7-en	eacea04762fced202fe3d576623ff3b9	To capture the breakdown across consumptive uses, respondents were asked to provide a general estimate of the percentage of mean annual inflow/recharge6 that is consumed across specific categories (agriculture, domestic, industrial, energy production (not including hydropower), environment (evapotranspiration), transfer to the sea or another system, or “other”. Figure 3.8 summaries the proportion of examples according to the dominant type of water user. The Czech Republic, Estonia, France and Mexico indicated energy production as the dominant water user. In the Sao Francisco and Sao Marcos Basins in Brazil, and the Province of Manitoba in Canada most of the water is available for environmental purposes (with a portion consumed for evapotranspiration).	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/18db943d-en	eacfff0a99523c294df431a8111e6915	They combined meteorology, hydrology and flood forecasting and developed a probabilistic system based on climate modelling and water discharge in the Ganges River and Brahmaputra rivers. The forecasts are shared with decision makers at national and district levels through fax and e-mail, and with pilot communities through SMS and flag networks. This has vastly improved the ability of authorities and communities to take early action to protect lives and livelihoods.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	ead26d8511c578c8e97a13ed95831361	"The cost of holding such large reserves is the interest that could be earned from investing funds in higher-yielding financial assets as well as the potential for otherwise foregone public investment to ""crowd in” private investments and reduce inequality. The CTTs and FTTs discussed in the previous section on tax policy can be categorized as capital management techniques.) Tools differacrosscountriesand include reserve requirements on inflows of capital as well as diagnostic tools, such as early warning systems that trigger regulation of capital flows. There is no one-size-fits-all toolkit to manage capital flows, and the approach to the use of such tools has often been dynamic—-that is, countries have flexibly adapted these tools to changes in the internal and external environment."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	ead516ce8e6169a4920a1eba9e365f97	Moreover, occupant protection can be enhanced by the further development of seat belts and airbags, e.g. through force-limiting features which control the maximum restraining force exerted by the shoulder belt. Other technological advances that are likely to be relevant for older occupants are: Intelligent restraint systems that adjust for lighter, older occupants; dual-stage airbags to minimise airbag impact in moderate crashes; head restraints to minimise soft tissue injury and whiplash injuries to the neck; side airbags to protect head and chest in side collisions, such as crashes when turning left (in right-hand traffic) or right (in left-hand traffic; DfT, 2009). The concept targets older people in Salzburg (60 to 100 years old) who represent approximately 33% of the city’s bus users.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	ead5d0cef4404f8dfa888fa978d6eb2b	Each is briefly considered below. There have also been other high-profile cases in Europe of companies using their IP assets creatively in this regard (including securitisation in some instances). However, as examined in more detail in Part 4, such companies have not been the primary focus of IP finance interventions (though some may have benefited in China), and there is little evidence to suggest that patents or other IP rights unlock value for these companies that could not be realised in other ways, since they typically have a range of possible funding options open to them.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	ead5f0ad557b02ab542381130dd5896d	Professional knowledge in the Australian graduate standards and core pedagogical areas. Policy initiatives involved improving initial teacher education and professional development, developing teaching standards or competence framework and linking them to teacher appraisal, introducing career stages for teachers and so on (OECD, 2015[ij; 2013(2])- Increasingly more research studies look at the quality features of teacher education in high-performing systems (Darling-Hammond, Wei and Andree, 2010p); Hammerness and Klette, 2015[4j; Darling-Hammond, 2006[5|; Darling-Hammond etal., Teaching standards have also been examined and compared (Toledo, Revai and Guerriero, 2017(9); Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007(|0]), and the evidence on their impact on teacher education extends to a growing number of localised contexts (Chung and Kim, 2010(H); Tummons, 2014(i2); Page, 2015[i3j; Kriewaldt, 2012[i4]; Ceulemans, Simons and Struyf, 2012[i5j).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	ead700fb4285fb7cd25a802c6c247ec7	Will technology in fact help to overcome the formal/informal and rich/poor dualisms facing African cities—or to deepen them? African cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the Americas and Asia. The new African city can be smarter and more efficient, avoiding the costly retrofitting required in many of the world’s more recently established cities. African countries tend to have very low carbon footprints, with many countries emitting less than 1 ton per capita.18 Under the right policies, carbon emissions will not have the same relationship with economic growth as seen in the Americas and Asia.	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ead9448dafaad7b9d0e092cb81241f93	The target has in fact been exceeded, and energy efficiency has improved by 28% vis-a-vis 1990. Since 2004 several agreements have been concluded with Valorlux for large-scale use of reusable shopping bags in the retail sector. The target (a use rate of 38% in 2006) has been surpassed, and a new agreement calls for maintaining the rate achieved in 2007 (51%) and extending the project to other sectors.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/2d6cbf5c-en	eada803865b301e84eed2f27922d722c	This means that a national action plan should be viewed as part of a long-term process. As one plan draws to an end, another should be developed to take its place, just as with economic plans. Subsequent plans will also take into account emerging forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and new international standards. By developing and implementing a national action plan against racial discrimination, a State is making an unambiguous statement not only to its own people but also to the outside world about its human rights agenda.	10	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	eadb1e811c9a7aaea149e424e4599019	With the advent of the smart grid, it will be possible to do the same thing on a much larger scale. Depending on the application, it can be acceptable to delay consumption for a shorter or longer time period. An example that is often used is the refrigerator which operates with a duty cycle to cool down (e.g. l/3rd cool down period, 2/3rd warming period).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	eae5df5c5160d6d5e05bfb97b21a5b0f	Vocational rehabilitation has traditionally been a pragmatic system in nature, not based on a scientifically sound theoretical background. In most countries a decade ago, such confidence was unheard of, due to a widespread pessimism about the achievable employment goals of individuals with severe mental disorders. Such a positive attitude is crucial in view of the often enduring and disabling courses of severe mental illness leading to hopelessness in patients as well as among professionals.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-cze-2014-6-en	eae714a9057d38d5c7fa2dffaad7bb9c	Second earner taking up employment at 67% of average wage and the first earner earns 100% of average wage. Lone parent taking up employment at 67% of average wage. One way would be to gradually reduce the duration of the parental allowance so as to limit the combined maternity and parental leave period. In many other OECD countries with high female labour market participation, the combined maternity and paternity leave period is around one year (OECD, 2012b). The practice of withdrawing childcare benefits if working mothers use (public) childcare facilities should be discontinued.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/35cfe616-en	eae7b090b46a9fe4be360fe86d58b2f2	However, not all countries may be able to reach the threshold by 2025, so that the actual subsidy could also be lower. On the one hand, the use of energy based on fossil fuel is largely responsible for the accumulation of large quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering climate change. Most scientists believe that swift and drastic reduction in emissions is necessary to avoid dangerous or catastrophic climatic changes.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	eae7b5a7e649f7a6d0b9f3937cb3a1d7	In general the MEP it is not engaged in direct oversight or enforcement issues, which are primarily the domain of local environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) which report to MEP but are ultimately controlled by local governments. The main mechanism by which national environmental goals and targets filter down to local authorities responsible for implementation and enforcement is the “Target Responsibility System” which is an agreement between one layer of government and its subordinate units specifying actions to be taken and targets to be achieved. This then forms the basis on which local officials are evaluated on environmental performance. Local EPBs are subordinate to local government directives and their ability to execute enforcement functions have at times been stymied when environmental concerns have been overridden by other imperatives.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264281318-25-en	eae84ae9bcb6b36e3c455d3c92c3731b	Women, who provide most informal care, stand to gain the most. Financial benefits are the most common form of support for carers (Courtin et al., Respite care, which is also available in some countries, affords carers with breaks from their care-giving responsibilities. Stronger support services for caregivers and further research into which approaches work best are crucial to understanding the gender-unequal impact of informal care.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	eaea9e42f87cfa79e1c65eec448ba286	French practitioners of spatial planning and territorial development questioned on some key-concepts of the European Union regional policy”, Information geographique, Vol. Connecting theoretical concepts with empirical evidence from Europe”, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol 28/1, pp. Comparative Politics, Vol 7/1, pp.	11	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	eaeaee3a61d3e7c5d09d493dd30e187b	"In the concluding observations reviewed in this study, the treaty bodies consistently stress the importance of the need to change attitudes, among both the community in general and those responsible for compliance. Concluding Observations Bulgaria Fourth and Fifth Periodic Report."" E/C.12/BGR/CO/4-5, para 15; CESCR, Estonia, op. Concluding Observations Canada Nineteenth and Twentieth Combined Periodic Report."""	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	eaef29a5385bd9cc4fe0c9bfd835c123	In other terms, electricity systems are locked-in with their existing generation mix and cannot quickly adapt it to changing market conditions. In discussions about the costs of back-up capacity this is also referred to the ex post case. In the long term instead electricity companies can adapt their generation mix to new market conditions, resulting from changes in demand, fuel prices as well as the introduction of new capacity into the electricity mix. This was referred to as the ex ante case, as the analyst places him/herself at the very beginning of the investment cycle which can now be optimised.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283367-en	eaefb848785764588e952c6c50264476	The regional governance reform is particularly ambitious, and tactful steering will be needed to realise the expected benefits in terms of reduction in inequalities and improved coordination and access. Many stakeholders have expressed doubts that the government can achieve its ambitious stated objectives of increasing access to care for the whole population, efficiency and cost control. However, important disparities in life expectancy by gender and socioeconomic status remain: in 2015, the life expectancy at birth of Finnish men with a tertiary education was more than six years higher than for those who had not completed their secondary education.	3	2	2	0.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	eaf0137b62650960253f763fe445bb83	Further, to the detriment of the livelihood of small farmers in Sri Lanka, those new, fertilizer-dependent seeds proved less able to cope with the increasing water salinity in the region caused by higher temperatures, the rise of sea level and the failure of irrigation systems (Weragoda, Ensor and Berger, 2009, chap. Such engagement can help prevent the outcomes described above. The study also concluded that stakeholder participation can better incorporate people’s priorities and expectations when there are multiple adaptation options available.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/71a7b2a0-en	eaf86f3a835b97d4e5c5d12e1815f4cb	As the characterization of SSF is a common topic to be addressed by the “Friends of SSF” platform (see section 6.4.1), the partner organizations participating in this group have contributed to discussions on refining this characterization matrix and have agreed to carry out a preliminary test of this matrix through their existing case studies of SSF. The socio-economic survey, being carried out in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea within the context of the mid-term strategy, is also collecting data in line with the matrix in order to perform a wide-scale application of the matrix at the regional level. In this report it was noted that, although generally large-scale fisheries were associated with high capital costs and sophisticated technology and SSF were associated with small vessels and labour intensive fishing techniques, in reality, modern fishing operations meant that even certain SSF could use very advanced technologies and have a high level of fishing effort (World Bank, 2012).	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264285712-9-en	eafac2c22af21765752014f22b2f4f11	However, the discussion is progressively moving away from the level (or the methodology of calculation) of the charge towards the different elements to be reflected in it and the necessary investments. In Europe, measures such as fines and sanctions for illegal abstraction and pollution do not yet represent a strong incentive for complying with / avoiding these activities: e.g. in Spain to prosecute illegal water abstractions is difficult due to the complexity of administrative procedure; in France sanctions are very low and do not incentivise changes in polluters behaviour, since revenues from those polluting activities are greater (EEA, 2013). As enforcement implies substantial transaction costs due to the inspections, it is key to define how it is carried out, when, towards whom and what are the consequences in terms of bringing additional revenues and taking the water quantity and quality situation under control.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208292-11-en	eafba32e07b25ae1afb1b2bbd0548272	However, it is not clear how effectively they are implemented. Similarly, the environmental licensing law has provisions that can require projects to include environmental measures, but it is not clear how well they are enforced. A recent positive development was the preparation of a manual on biodiversity offsets by the Nature Conservancy and MADS. The manual is being used to establish offsets in terrestrial ecosystems and is being updated to cover freshwater and coastal and marine environments.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/66641c52-en	eafcbf26885bc46e8b87677bb30403ec	Nevertheless, additional efforts are required, particularly concerning the collation/analysis of spatial data (in Spatial Data Infrastructures), the strengthening of national capacities, the identification of network bottlenecks and missing links4', as well as assessments of the criticality, sensitivity and resilience of indispensable components of the transport system (e.g. bridges and tunnels), and the sharing of experiences and 'best practices'(e.g. As shown by the distribution of LPI (Figure 3.14), certain improvements are necessary in many regions. International agreements and cooperation are required together with the adoption of widely accepted/trusted uniform standards, in order to promptly identify goods and facilitate faster border and customs clearing.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c45e5372-en	eaff22213e30b74d00d63e784ef53fc1	"The flexibility of collateral is an important element for women, because assets, particularly land, are traditionally owned by men. In 2007, the commercial bank Development Finance Company of Uganda, with IFC and the Uganda Women Entrepreneur’s Association, launched the Women in Business Programme. Its special focus on SMEs provides lending to women entrepreneurs without requiring land as collateral."""	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/81ce0b8a-en	eb022a6dc51fadebb32e030a5ade0f51	The text of this Recommendation can be accessed at htln://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/General%20recommendalion%2025%20(English).ndf. The share of women in par liaments in the Arab region has generally increased since 1995 (Table 2). It has reached above 25 per cent in Algeria, Iraq, Mauritania, the Sudan and Tunisia, showing a significant rise after the adoption of gender quotas in these countries. However, there remain large dispar ities in women’s participation throughout the region, and women’s presence in parliament is close to zero in at least seven countries (Comoros, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Yemen).	5	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599642-8-en	eb02ca4cf81587bb871689962c306216	This is because the quest by transnational corporations or globally operating retailers for economies of scale at the marketing and retailing nodes of GVCs has resulted in increasingly hierarchical relations between firms across borders. Although at the initial stages of integration these structures are expected to result in rapid producer and product upgrading, sustaining these gains over time may become challenging.	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/a8190975-en	eb05f4b1655eef373ec02bda7fe7a0ca	"This is because having options outside of the family gives women a degree of security in case of family breakdown. Research also suggests, however, that the simple fact of earning money is not sufficient to bring about shifts in women's control over resources. A broader range of factors, including the nature of paid work and the gender norms defining 'sharing rules' for resource distribution within the household,9 shape women's ability to ""translate income into voice and agency in the home."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264287747-en	eb065d061654d6c3e140b275b044d38a	Ol) Legislators, senior officials and managers, (02) Professionals, (03) Technicians and associate professionals, (04) Clerks, (05) Service workers and shop and market sales workers, (06) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (07) Craft and related trades workers, (08) Plant and machine operators and assemblers, (09) Elementary occupations. International immigration benefits immigrants in Thailand, but it is also of importance to the Thai economy as it ensures a supply of young workers in the face of an ageing native-bom population. For example, occupational distributions of native- and foreign-bom workers are very different, and these differences became more pronounced between 2000 and 2010. Educational attainment has been improving for both the Thai-bom and the foreign-bom populations, and foreign-bom workers have increasingly moved out of subsistence agriculture and into industrial sectors, thus contributing to the diversification and growth of Thailand’s economy.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	eb0689095e60f8dff137197131d93129	According to Bertram et al. ( That said, at the moment of drafting this report, the ECEC quality assurance system had not addressed factors such as staff performance, children’s wellbeing, parental satisfaction and value for money. In the same way, while curriculum guidance provided referred to useful elements (such as areas of learning and/or activities, learning objectives, learning outcomes, assessment of learning and development and learning contexts and/or environments), it did not include pedagogical approaches or national guidelines to support the transition into pre-primary education (Bertram et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	eb0904257c87fdb6247dbf1688110b3b	Reporting this information is not mandatory, nor is it subject to technical review (which can help improve clarity). There are co-ordination, methodological and resource challenges with monitoring and communicating information on support received at a national level, which could make international reporting challenging as well. This paper finds that the information Parties are asked to provide under the enhanced transparency framework alone is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the requirements of the global stocktake.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	eb09b7fb110f23474ea19ce8606c7cc3	The 2012 SIGI comprises 14 unique variables, grouped into five sub-indices: Discriminatory Family Code, Restricted Physical Integrity, Son Bias, Restricted Resources and Entitlements, and Restricted Civil Liberties. While women and men appear to have the same rights to vote and stand for election in Viet Nam, female representation at national and local levels of government is much lower than male. A number of NGOs also work in the area of women's rights, but tend to operate under considerable restrictions, which limit their capacity to influence public policy and speak out against rights abuses.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	eb0c4bcc67e2fb5de33253d77dce6c91	With the law on grassroots democracy in 2002, the CNDP became an independent administrative authority. The law entrusts the Commission with the mission to ensure the participation of the public in the development of major projects of national interest that have strong socio-economic impacts and/or significant impact on the environment or land. Dining this time 16 public meetings were held with 7 420 participants; 405 contributions to the discussion were made by e-mail and; 1 860 written interventions were made (questions, comments, positions).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	eb0fcccd6c348ac16c0de7078f36ef5e	Such a move towards inclusive policymaking had not been witnessed before, especially considering the country's recent history of conflict. So far, multiple stakeholders had jointly validated 10 policy focus areas, along with three overarching interventions. In 2017, the young professionals, the mayors' association, the interest groups of urban poor and other vulnerable population groups validated the major findings from the feasibility stage of the national urban policy development process for Liberia.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	eb10212166bad6adfea9463c8871a7f3	Inclusion of agriculture in emissions trading schemes is generally made difficult by the presence of many small producers whose emissions cannot be monitored. In New Zealand, this is addressed by including the processor of product in the ETS rather than the individual farmer, for example dairy and meat processors, fertiliser manufacturers and importers. Voluntary reporting of emissions starts in 2011 and will be mandatory from 2012.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	eb107835863cc055ed68d8509c3e5f51	The SDGs on education differ from the previous Millennium Development Goals (2000-15) in that they establish a universal agenda, setting targets and indicators for all countries and shift the emphasis from access to education to quality of education and learning outcomes. This is a major and much-needed change, since differences in quality between education systems are so great that traditional measures (such as the number of years of schooling or qualifications obtained) are only loosely related to the actual level of skills that students acquire. The need to monitor actual learning outcomes highlights the prominent role of international surveys, notably the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Since universal access was achieved decades ago in those countries, the period from 2005 to 2013 was one of relative stability in student enrolment rates.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	eb18fd88d065862c339075fcc9ae0af6	Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.	3	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	eb195f0c41402d51b3d99fa3c628ce4c	"Non-specialist"" includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker, or “someone else"". “ Any” treatment includes treatment by specialist or non-specialist. This result applies to the proportion who sought any treatment, with no respect to the specific provider, as well as to the proportion who sought help from mental health specialists (e.g. psychiatrists)."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	eb19704c80fd442accd97c9aa5eadd8c	Based on the dramatic price differentials among sectors for nutrient mitigation options, water quality trading has emerged as a market-based mechanism for cost-effectively meeting water quality goals and the TMDL in three states - Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. Furthermore, given that there are no load allocations for future growth under the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, there is the risk of stifling development without flexible mechanisms in place for handling growth. Trading is considered to be a critical mechanism for accommodating growth through acquiring pollution offsets.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	eb1dc0dae1d1566f9d3310060f8788a2	Where MoEs or other government departments are involved, in-service teacher training on ESD tends to be undertaken on an ad hoc basis or through donor-funded projects. As such it remains somewhat peripheral to the core of teacher development. There is little evidence from any of the focus countries of systematic MoE-led teacher training on ESD, or relevant policies that would make such training broadly available or mandatory.	13	2	3	0.2
10.18356/c1d0284a-en	eb203f08ed77d997219748b09dca0bb6	Exposure to water scarcity in Mafraq is mainly linked to significant population growth, resulting from the influx of Syrian refugees coupled with a considerable physical water scarcity. The climate is harsh and the population of more than 25 million people faces great challenges in the light of rapidly declining water resources. The political economy of water inYemen - defined by entwined economic realities, geopolitical developments, migration and social hierarchies - reflects the challenges of sustainable development in a country facing extreme water scarcity.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	eb22a47a6acab405fa6c4d130897861d	Government institutions, DFIs, NGOs, companies, users, and any other entities could be linked to such a platform. The transparent, but pseudonymous, tracking of data flows and access management allows the data owners to manage their transactions and interfaces efficiently, without compromising data privacy protection. Blockchains enable the tracking of compliance with technology standards. For instance, infrastructure owners or operators may be legally required to report status information and changes to their infrastructure. Air quality stations in urban locations could be standardised in terms of data quality, identification and software.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	eb242114932689834cfe3b556776ae69	The fact that mayors were engaged as stockholders of service providers on the one hand, and members of the regulatory authority on the other, has led to conflicts of interest and influenced decision making. Moreover, the proliferation of appointments (presidents and members of boards of governors) has created opportunities for the consolidation of local political elites, with emoluments and benefits often equal to those of elected members of local councils. Eighteen municipal water agencies (joint stock companies) now share the ownership of water distribution and wastewater networks. Simultaneously, the four “bulk” water suppliers that previously operated were consolidated in 2007 into a single corporation (VERITAS), owned by 25 municipalities which are owners of various aspects of the bulk water distribution network.	6	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	eb263dcc6c50b57990d68db85f588597	However, these countries have suffered from significant political and social upheaval for the last 50 years, which has thwarted any effort at building a consensus on what a social protection system would look like. The state remains at best weak and at worst autocratic. This process also led to the demise of the state-led social protection system, which at one point guaranteed food, education, health care and social services for everyone.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/50e33932-en	eb2988ae54cb59862fc906f77fa15a86	Rural hubs revitalisation project has been promoted since 2015 by MAFRA, reorganising predecessor project focusing on infrastructure and property development. In response to the increase in depopulated villages, the new project aims to improve the residents' livelihoods by linking with towns which can function as rural hub and provide neighbouring villages with various services including education, medical, cultural, welfare and business. Public supports are focused on improving basic living infrastructure in general village districts and in contrast larger investment is made in leading districts so that they can function as the business and service hub in the region.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	eb298f76fcdfc4951063daa2035621b3	The more established methods for calculating inequality rely on micro data such as that obtained from labour force or household surveys (see OECD, 2011). However, this can be problematic in cross-country comparisons as noted by Galbraith and Kum (2004).27 To make such comparisons feasible, Galbraith and Kum (2004) used the Deininger and Squire (1996) dataset in conjunction with more aggregate data on industrial value added and wages to construct inter-temporal and cross-country comparable measures of inequality. This also provides a larger sample of developed and emerging economies over which wage inequality and GVC activity can be measured relative to the more established OECD inequality measures which are mostly available for OECD countries.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	eb2b10c2dc1f27796e297100a4c768fa	The state also can support families in other ways including cash transfers in the form of child (and even older person) support grants, tax exemptions and social insurance programmes for health, disability and pensions especially among low-income households. Its effect on women's share of household work and the extent of their labour market participation is likely to be mediated or overruled by the influence of institutional processes, cultural practices and social expectations. For example, unless gender inequalities in the labour markets such as gender wage gaps and discrimination in hiring and promotion are addressed by effective affirmative action and anti-discrimination employment policies, women's bargaining position to negotiate a more equal share in household work is likely to remain weak. The state can also take steps to help redistribute the care work within households in terms of increasing the visibility of the unpaid work contributions of women and men to the country's economic development.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	eb2cbff11e4bd2ff8b86979586b87618	Her intent was to emphasize women's increasing responsibility for maintaining their families’ well-being, and women's lack of choice in doing so, an apt reflection of the increasing share of reproductive and economic responsibilities borne by women in the low road case. Parallel to the high road regime, the contributing factors of the low road regime are associated with the type of gender system that leads to a feminization of responsibility and obligation: low wages for women as reflected in a large gender wage gap, little support from men or the state in carrying out social reproduction, and limited markets for care commodities that, when they do exist, are characterized by low pay and poor quality output. Table 2-2 summarizes the main features of the low and high road supply regimes. In this discussion we focus on caring for children, but many of our points can be extended to caring for the elderly, sick and disabled.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	eb2d783efda7fd4ceb46c29ce8ddbb51	The knowledge is used by the enterprise to modernise a product, production process or service. All projects must benefit the Dutch economy. No individual enterprise is entitled to receive more than one small voucher for a knowledge transfer project at any time and more than one large voucher per year.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-6-en	eb2db175596f88b38470e33a489961c6	Legislative amendments in the finfish fishery have introduced a maximum legal size limit for coral trout, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and removed the limitation on holding live finfish. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase. The management plan implements quota management for the fishery and was fully implemented on 1 July 2010. Responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure, transport, regional development and local government, the department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western Australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries.	14	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a25027f3-en	eb2de115caef939dc800e45cd7f48aeb	In contrast with conventional claims, this is only partly the result of inadequate schooling. It is also due to the leakages created by emigration and the withdrawal of large numbers of graduates from the workforce every year as they are not tempted by lacklustre jobs in the public sector and the excess supply of qualified workers in sectors in low demand. In contrast, there is a significant excess demand for workers skilled in science and technology.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	eb30ab8f1e5ca795e3092c12d774a851	That means that when a woman’s household is participating in NREG she has a probability 0.095 higher to be a part of the labour force, than if she does not. This effect is also significant. They are set at the state-level with considerable variation among states (Dougherty 2008). Various studies have found that the complex laws protecting organised (formal) sector workers (about 10% of total) leads to lower elasticity of demand for labour in manufacturing, and low productivity (Dougherty et al.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	eb31555e6f119de886eba91f91d26ba4	Firstly, remittances and other benefits for the household and the community make the benefits of female emigration more obvious, which in turn creates incentives to increase the women's ability to migrate through improvement in women's access to opportunities, resources and power. For example, women who send remittances gain more respect within their family and community (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). Moreover, parents who rely on their daughters' remittances are less likely to force them to return home to marry (Temin et al.,	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	eb33bf39d6c1392de7ec742593ab2904	Only in Chile, Paraguay and Peru was there a positive distribution effect, which reinforced the contribution made by the growth effect in reducing poverty. In Ecuador and El Salvador worsening income distribution curtailed the positive effects of the fall in the poverty rate caused by the growth effect. In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Colombia, meanwhile, the distribution effect was nil (see figure 1.4).	1	0	6	1.0
10.18356/ae18b798-en	eb355c9c47d422c43736aa8697044837	This observation does not hold true for the entire region, however, since in Brazil, Panama and Peru the odds ratio associated with geographical area is appreciably higher than one, even when educational traits are included. The variables that most increase a household’s probability of being poor are, in order of magnitude, unemployment of the head of household, lack of electricity or belonging to an ethnic group. Based on the average of the parameters estimated for those countries in which they are significant, a household with an unemployed head is almost three times as likely to be poor as a household whose head is employed.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	eb36ed94c5e69ca1b458d2960b613bef	This report presents a detailed analysis of changes in both poverty and inequality since the fall of Apartheid, and the potential drivers of such developments. Use is made of national survey data from 1993, 2000 and 2008. These data show that South Africa's high aggregate level of income inequality increased between 1993 and 2008. The same is tme of inequality within each of South Africa’s four major racial groups.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/127a6106-en	eb3879fb41704a71e0f27028587a8106	"Promoting niche markets through denomination of origin, eco-labelling, fair trade, organic and slow food initiatives, geographic indication, globally important agricultural heritage systems, and one-village-one-product intiatives may be particularly useful. Therefore, PGRFA include both farmers'varieties/landraces and modern cultivars of staple crops as well as NUS.The development and implementation of policies are a key component in promoting NUS/FSF into agricultural production systems (FAO, 2015a). Following this, the Rome Declaration on Nutrition included the call to ""Promote the diversification of crops including underutilized traditional crops, more production of fruits and vegetables, and appropriate production of animal-source products as needed, applying sustainable food production and natural resource management practices"" (FAO, 2014a). These commitments have become even more compelling with the imperative of achieving the SDGs by 2030. In general, in developing countries, the attainment of this objective even for staple crops, and more so for NUS, remains a seemingly intractable problem."	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	eb3abf6ee62f9f4405cdfb9cae10a610	Thus, if a beneficiary with health problems chooses to monetise the health benefits, and opts to spend it on alcohol instead of relevant pharmaceutical products that is regarded as his/her free choice. That public resources expressly allocated towards health purposes are used in this manner does not seem to cause major concern. However, it is as yet unclear to what extent this reflects an increase in transparency of costs that were thus far hidden, or whether citizens who were entitled to in-kind benefits but who had hitherto never been able to validate their right to access (because of capacity-constraints in service provisions, shortages in subsidised housing, lack of public transport in rural areas, etc.)	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	eb3c2562a8a219c70c673b05ab97b9fa	Pregnant and breast-feeding women are at particular risk from these chemicals, as are children exposed at a time when they are developmentally vulnerable (WHO 2006). Overall, women's generally higher percentage of body fat than men means they carry more lipophilic pesticides (and for longer periods), resulting in greater internal exposure (Watts 2007, Hardell 2003). On the other hand, there are some pesticides to which males are more sensitive or that may have effects specific to their physiologies, such as those that increase risk of prostate cancer (Slotkin et al. These crops are increasingly embedded in industrialized and commercial food systems in several countries.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	eb4291c727d1b4ab95d01adb0af1f98e	Beyond this, there is the full set of subnational spatial planning regulations at the regional, departement and commune level. In addition, communes in the departement of Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes and Saint-Nazaire as its two largest urban places, have been very active in creating an array of intercommunal agreements that further complicate the planning process, even as they provide a forum for collaborative actions. The two cities, which are approximately 50 kilometres apart from one another, are linked by the Pole metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire association, which has developed a common spatial planning vision through the SCoT. In addition, Nantes is part of a Metropole, while Saint-Nazaire is part of a commununautes d 'agglomeration.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097896-9-en	eb444e121d4cc44bd132e7ef3567d04a	Overall, installation of hydropower facilities has required the flooding of nearly 22 000 ha, or about 1.9 ha per GWh of electricity generated (in a year of average hydropower productivity), although with great variability among plants. This is in addition to noise, potential landscape disruption and disturbance of bird species. However, unlike large hydropower plants, the land occupied by wind farms can be used for other purposes and their environmental impacts are more easily reversible.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	eb457e88342b1f90993c01a073652e31	Even though growth in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region picked up just before the crisis, exceeding the average for all US metro regions in 2006-07, the subsequent shock of the crisis hit Chicago very hard indeed. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s GDP represented 3.4% of the US economy in 2008 - just above its share of the national population (3.1%) - reflecting the fact that productivity and GDP per capita tend, all other things being equal, to be higher in urban areas than elsewhere.12 Over 2001-2008, however, Chicago’s contribution to aggregate US GDP growth amounted to less than 1.5% (Figure 1.8). For the same period, the Tri-State metro-region ranked lllh among the 29 US metro regions in terms of its contribution to aggregate US growth, although it ranks third in terms of both population and size of the economy.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f5ffc67f-en	eb45a125ef2f1ca3effd8ba8c4e55f76	While there is a risk of declining progress in reducing hunger, which needs to be addressed, ending hunger in the coming decade would be realistic yet ambitious goal. The numbers about undernourished people are rough estimates at best, and even less well known is the increase in diet deficiency and related long-term—indeed lifelong—health effects that impair physical and mental capacities. The FAO above mentioned estimates do only capture trends and not annual change.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208704-5-en	eb46b45a82e591edb1659d425edc508c	In order for smaller firms to engage in such training practices, flexibility in training provision is necessary -allowing people to study/train what they want, when they want and how they want, at low' cost - offering modular instruction, short- and distance-learning options. The most prominent examples of such radical restructuring are in the automotive sector and shipbuilding, which are increasingly responding to low-carbon demands for hybrid vehicles and offshore investment in w'ind and tidal energy, respectively. The potential for growth sectors to absorb workers from other industries relies on the effective co-ordination, timing and management of workforce retraining programme.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264074927-8-en	eb47b9116c60dac23d43aa4878316c6f	The re-emergence of cholera in Pern in 1991 resulted in the loss of USD 500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year. Therefore, for the public authorities and private operators there is an important economic and human dimension to seafood safety. By identifying hazards and where in the production process they take place, it is possible to control the critical points with regard to food safety along the value chain.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	eb496e47ab9741a907cf93c8658399af	Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level and agencies, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. For such information to be used in an effective fashion, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected. Systems are needed that can generate, validate and distribute the data; the information must be used in an appropriate and timely fashion; incentive mechanisms can be considered to encourage actors to follow a particular course of action; and strategies for how the performance information will be used - whether “benchmarking” or “bench learning” -should be planned for.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	eb50ae313fc6d7a1d1800bef40cd5e39	Although the country has established high benchmarks for energy efficiency, adequate market infrastructure is still lacking. The technologies are there; what is needed is the service and implementation capacity. The risk aversion of financiers to end-use EE projects was again pointed out as a barrier.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	eb51d65c2535f9d7d86c253fe3b81d35	Given that a large majority of the population purchase Shaban, then for many the choice of fund is likely to be governed by a general assessment of the quality of care, in combination with judgement as to which Shaban package offers the most attractive deal. Efforts have been made to ensure there are no barriers to switching in the Shaban regulations, for instance a problem with waiting periods has been resolved (Box 2.4). In this context the Shaban system is probably superior to allowing the health funds to market regular commercial insurance, which can usually be designed to lock clients in and effectively dissuade them from considering whether to switch funds. In other words the individual is not initially covered for certain treatments when they sign up to a health plan.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kmlcz34fg9v-en	eb53c8af999f4ef0248ff8809d958787	Why do Microfinance Institutions Charge High Interest Rates? These rates, while higher than lending rates charged by banks, are lower than consumer and credit card rates in most countries, and usually far lower than rates charged by informal moneylenders. Lending out a million dollars in 100,000 loans of USD100 each will obviously require a lot more in staff salaries than making a single loan for the total amount.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	eb551423784f7a89d735cf7757a3f9c7	Farmers in the other villages continued to plant local varieties. This case highlights two important aspects of the transition towards intensification. The first aspect is the notion of thresholds, a level at which traditional systems are not viable any longer (Malthusian evolution), that necessitates farmers to adapt by intensifying production to provide sufficient output to assure, at minimum, survival (Boserupian evolution).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1f4aa5e0-en	eb56e375f0d50903e5aee8d00d7d0772	Treated wastew'ater for reuse supports crop production, the irrigation of green spaces and golf courses, groundwater recharge and industrial cooling. However, in order to expand developments in this sector, the adoption and enforcement of wastew'ater treatment standards for specific uses is essential. Its importance is evident when considering the use of w'astewater in agriculture.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	eb5757e9da9a0b61a2d8a2bd352f34ce	But, in general, such programmes neither target nor reach the poor (Table 4). For example, in Zambia, 73 percent of small family farms cultivate less than two hectares and make up 78 percent of small family farms in extreme poverty. Yet, 55 percent of the input subsidy went to the 23 percent of households that cultivated more than two hectares (Mason, Jayne and Mofya-Mukuka, 2013).	2	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349918-3-en	eb58b64bba0a3c9bc3ceca82ca917c41	To ensure that this proposal has maximum impact, the Smart Finance for Smart Buildings Initiative will contribute to mobilise and unlock private investments in a larger scale. It includes a list of some new product groups, and sets minimum energy efficiency requirements for air heating and cooling products and standardisation requests in support of ecodesign measures for solid fuel boilers and local space heaters.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ac21c613-en	eb6293102514fe5e2b7a029375a98a71	As many of these plantations are located in the coastal zone due to weather conditions, the pesticides reach the Black Sea immediately. A monitoring of these substances does not exist, and available data is very limited. Hazardous substances contained in the leachates significantly affect groundwater resources. The present situation is contrary to a sustainable environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle, especially with regard to long-term groundwater pollution.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264231726-en	eb676294bd086e482c7dac25c7268a90	There is now considerable experience with issues related to the establishment of public-private partnerships in biomedical research and health innovation, and efficiency and effectiveness lessons can be learned from existing partnerships concerned with Alzheimer’s disease. Professional management of partnerships is a prerequisite for the efficient use of limited resources and the generation of value out of collaborative efforts. In order to leverage the full spectmm of advantages of public-private partnerships in Alzheimer’s disease, the issues and needs, ideologies, and objectives of each individual stakeholder need to be addressed upfront.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	eb68c214affe55b155ba38a0b1f607eb	This is currently the case in Mexico and South Africa where the number of benefits depends on the actual number of children, or Mexico and TUrkey (in the old programme, Social Risk Mitigation project) where the benefit is also differentiated by grade or gender of the children, with higher amounts paid for secondary-grade children and for girls. A similar approach accounting for household composition should be followed if such programmes have to integrate those programmes targeting the elderly. This is likely to be the case when such transfers can empower vulnerable members within the household and the community who are discriminated against by informal institutions and when the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer for these groups is lower in the case of targeted interventions. Country experiences suggest that there is broader political support for interventions targeting the elderly as the need to focus on this group seems clearer to the public and hence easier to defend by politicians.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	eb6f31b9fe1063f26f5acc31fa7ae940	Poverty and extreme poverty rates among people living in rural areas remain well above those of urban areas. In 2017 46.4% of the inhabitants of rural areas were living in poverty, while 20.4% were living in extreme poverty. In the same year, poverty in urban areas stood at 26.3%, while extreme poverty was 7.8%. Between 2012 and 2014, poverty and extreme poverty rates fell slightly in rural areas, while remaining unchanged in urban areas.	1	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	eb6faaeb2810029e3a2b9edf4b3d80e8	Nearly 3 out of 10 adults in these countries performs at or below the lowest level of proficiency (Level 1) in both literacy and numeracy. Indeed, a closer look at the results reveals that more than nine-tenths of the overall variation in literacy skills observed through the survey lies within, rather than between, countries. In fact, in all but one participating country, at least one in ten adults is proficient only at or below Level 1 in literacy or numeracy.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	eb71e63aed2b91ae8cfdb855434dc51c	The latter is the responsibility of the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI). Mandatory external school evaluations are conducted in a 3-year cycle. These involve, for each school in the system, a sequence of activities comprising a preparatory phase for the school; a visit by a team of inspectors including the observation of teaching and learning in the classroom; the publication of the team’s report; and a follow-up phase to respond to the recommendations in the report which typically involves the organising bodies (regions and municipalities).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/58d686e0-en	eb72cc355f0829e82da5fba2582bd99b	K.L. had to carry the pregnancy to term and was then made to breastfeed the baby, who died four days after birth. In finding a violation of article 7, the Human Rights Committee found that the depression and emotional distress of the 17-year-old girl were foreseeable consequences of the State's failure to enable her to undergo a therapeutic abortion. ( Note the State party did not cooperate in the proceedings.) She survived but sustained serious injuries, including to her spine, that required urgent surgery. She and her mother requested a legal abortion so that the operation could proceed. This was denied by a hospital, claiming that the victim's life was not in danger.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	eb7376660072e8dee2234c7c61c1d01f	Universities around the world are now in conversation with University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee about research partnerships, while the National Science Foundation has awarded UW-M and Marquette USD 675 000 for research on seven different projects over the next five years. The Council helped arrange another USD 1.5 million in private sector donations to supplement that amount. While local research institutions do engage in research that benefits local green firms, venture capital for industrial/energy start-ups is still largely focused on the coasts. Total regional employment in the R&D sector declined by roughly 40% between 2000 and 2009 (CMAP, 2010a). Investments in the industrial/energy sector in Illinois are significantly lower than in the Silicon Valley of California, particularly in the past several years as venture capital levels have rebounded (PWC/NVCA, 2011) (Figure 3.1). Between 1995 and 2011, the industrial/energy sector in Silicon Valley attracted an average of 13 deals/year, compared to 3.6 deals/year in Illinois.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	eb74d78d78e7445649afff3e619f79cb	In hot climates, low'-cost solutions such as reflective roofs and walls, exterior shades, and low'-emissivity window' coatings and films can significantly reduce energy consumption for cooling (IEA, 2013). National and local government institutions, with technical assistance from university and research institutions, could support research on passive cooling designs, and provide vocational training for a new generation of installation technicians and technical assistance for contractors and construction companies. This is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of all the policy instruments. Such a training programme could also can increase job opportunities and promote green growth. Hai Phong is participating in the “Viet Nam Clean Energy Program: Energy Efficiency Promotion in the Building Sector”.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	eb776dd8ec5d1e1930cbafca4cd1592b	It will encourage the development of biofuels and promote greener cities and communities. Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University has collected GHG data, developed emission scenarios, analysed adaptation and mitigation policies, and worked on the links between climate change, water and food security in Thailand. It was only in the 1990s that it began to industrialise, at the same time that it became a large exporter of farm products including coffee.	7	2	3	0.2
10.1787/85b52daf-en	eb780678f821d81046f87e4c606ca951	Eligibility criteria for project appraisal include a restricted list of preapproved equipment, as well as other standard financial criteria (a minimum end-borrower’s contribution which is different for existing and new units, a maximum debt to equity ratio, minimum asset coverage, etc.). By using simple eligibility criteria the project approval process was streamlined and allowed from loans to be approved and disbursed quickly. As of January 2017, the project was in its third phase; with phase I and II having provided finance to close to 5 000 MSMEs.	13	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	eb7a5082823ac4f58ba00d24f4c25a59	While the e-learning programme is being rolled out nationwide, it has so far only been implemented in 16% of all schools and vocational institutions. Because of its staggered implementation, regional discrepancies in coverage exist, even among neighbouring regions - for example, while the capital Astana had 58% coverage in 2013, the surrounding Akmola region was last in the nation at only 6% (NCESE, 2014). By 2012-13, 50% schools were equipped with modern physics laboratories, 40% had biology laboratories, and 30% had chemistry laboratories (IAC, 2014).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	eb7c5c3b15a61fa408c536bfecc8d445	This yielded normalised costs of EUR 3 per MWh for nuclear, EUR 0.23 per MWh for wind, EUR 0.1 per MWh for hydro, EUR 0.15 per MWh for biomass, and EUR 0.03 per MWh for solar. Again, the very different scope of these studies, their different methodologies for assessing the expected accidents frequency and the different cost categories included make a comparison among them very challenging. Estimates of Leveque (2013a and 2013b) and Rabl and Rabl (2013) are about one order of magnitude higher, EUR 1 and 3.8 per MWh, respectively, while Torfs (2001) reports an external cost due to nuclear accidents in the range of EUR 8 lO'4 and 0.35 per MWh.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	eb7f2872b132a1827566a484097a881b	The OECD small (TL3) regions are contained in a TL2 region. The capacity of less productive firms to learn from leading firms might also have diminished, as the cumulative and frequently tacit and localised nature of knowledge makes it progressively more difficult for laggards to catch up with innovation leaders (OECD, 2015h; OECD, 2016a). This is frequently referred to as the “dual economy” problem, i.e. where the innovative, technologically advanced and highly productive sectors coexist with the traditional, low productive sectors that benefit little from new technology.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	eb847674a06c6dbe070ce12887ff8f69	The underlying concept is that when parents are more self-confident, they have a more positive impact on their child’s education (Irish Department of Education and Skills, 2014). Many initiatives to assist low-performing students come from the communities and local actors willing to volunteer or donate resources. For example, in Japan’s School Support Regional Headquarters Project, people in local communities provide after-school remedial support for students in need, in consultation with schools (OECD, 2011).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	eb86002b837b1ff68302f57aa67682df	Most of the aggregate data used in this chapter come from the OECD Economic Outlook No. The overview of the labour market impacts of the 2008-09 recession in this section of the chapter makes use of a common dating scheme based on average developments for the OECD area. The more detailed analysis of labour market adjustment in Section 2 makes use of country-specific dating that takes account of differences in when the recession began and ended in different countries. These estimates are based on national definitions of unemployment that differ from the internationally harmonised definition in some countries.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	eb8a3d9438f207a7033b950cbdd4c94b	These stations are staffed by medical assistants and midwives and report to local hospitals. The latter are equipped with clinical laboratory and radiology units and have one or more physicians, a surgeon and a gynaecologist. The closer to administrative centres, the more specialized is the level of facilities and staff. The system includes specialized medical dispensaries for certain diseases, such as tuberculosis, cancer, sexually transmitted infections, psychiatric disorders and skin diseases.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/17c619e3-en	eb8afdb490cabe7d67b0863267af77d0	Accommodation with below-standard water and sanitation infrastructure is highlighted as one of the factors that generate particular vulnerability in poor and predominantly non-white communities (MCRC, n.d.). Evidence suggests that people with less access to water and sanitation are more prone to also having other basic needs unmet, a situation that exacerbates their economic condition and deprivation of human development, prolonging the cycle of poverty. The education, health and income of parents can play an important role with regard to the opportunities their children may have to move out of poverty. In this way, poverty of one generation can be handed down to the following (UNDP, 2016; World Bank, 2017a). Inadequate water and sanitation facilities in schools are long known to negatively impact education, especially of girls, and to hamper social progress (UNDESA, 2004). Figures show that three in ten primary schools lacked an adequate water supply in 2013 (UNESCO, 2016).	6	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/803655cd-e9193a64-en	eb8c8130ec016f47bb4100a63e7f560e	The focus of the 2006-2009 plan was on the creation of e-learning content and continued improvement of curriculum quality through the use of ICTs. Indeed, the biggest challenge for many education systems is to be able to offer training or learning opportunities to traditionally underserved or marginalized groups. This includes girls and women who face barriers to schooling; rural populations that are too dispersed to populate regular schools cost-effectively with reasonable class sizes; children from families in extreme poverty; and special needs groups or persons with disabilities who have no access to learning centres. On the one hand, monitoring will track the outputs of ICT-adapted curricula.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	eb8d75fff1640ad79de56170c92828b9	Shortly after this, the world economy fell into a financial crisis, with a negative influence upon the Vietnamese economy. Many investors stopped investing or limited the scale of production and services. As the Vietnamese economy relies on exports, the global financial crisis resulted in an increase in unemployment (hundreds of thousands people became unemployed as export contracts were cancelled).	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264277335-7-en	eb8e3b67988e421ff6ab7f03e03c07b2	Further strengthening the leadership team in schools, including their mandate and skills, is necessary to ensure that all schools have leaders capable of steering change. Pursuing the reform of school supervision will also be important to signal clearly that what is expected from school leaders is to improve their schools, and that supervision is an ally rather than an obstacle in this regard. Single-teacher schools are likely to struggle to make these changes, and a specific policy is needed to improve schooling in rural areas. The responsibilities of Costa Rican principals are far-ranging.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	eb8fa40fcaa72739643c04113b21c7ed	House prices steeply increased in the 2000s but fell mid 2008 only to recover thereafter. When one compares median house prices to that of taxable income as a measure of housing affordability, Clermont-Ferrand fares well; it stands in the top quartile for housing affordability by this measure among French agglomerations. Agglomerations with a high number of secondary residences tend to have the lowest affordability by the measure (e.g. Antibes, Menton and Bayone for which secondary residences comprise approximately 20% more of the housing stock). In contrast, secondary residences in the Clermont-Ferrand agglomeration are 9% of housing stock, but are increasing in share as access to the region improves and prices in other locations continue to increase. Suburban areas now have a less mixed land use pattern than in the past, and include an increasing volume of developed parcels of land. Using a common typology, Clermont’s suburbs have shifted from peri-urban zones under rural influence to peri-urban zones under urban influence.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	eb8fc0388a1f74e3c63641f81a7ea680	Poverty: a study of town life. Comparative Perspectives on Child Poverty: A review of poverty measures, Journal of Human Development, 4(3), pp. School enrolment (15-17 years): deprived if child is not attending school in the current school year and if he or she has not obtained his/her primary school certificate yet.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264280489-7-en	eb90be02a54d6a656e0c3e1f764b09fc	The new Universal Credit will provide low-paid workers who receive the benefit with access to a Work Coach who will support them in moving into work or finding a job that makes better use of their skills or has better career prospects. But employed individuals not receiving Universal Credit benefits could also benefit from personalised career guidance services in order to facilitate their transition into a second chance occupation with better employment prospects. Higher-skilled workers could be referred to approved recruitment agencies w'hich have expertise in employing higher-skilled people. In Belgium, for instance, the Flemish careers advice vouchers (loopbaancheques) entitle all employees and self-employed to eight hours of subsidised careers advice every six years.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f4e280f-en	eb90f95e6489b0323d8f2b2672b69988	In line with the 2015 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life, this chapter provides guidance on adopting a co-ordinated whole-of government approach to gender equality. Suggested approaches include national gender equality strategies and action plans; the effective allocation of roles and responsibilities across public institutions; robust accountability, oversight and co-ordination mechanisms; and tools for gender-sensitive policy making, supported by sound evidence of policy impacts on women and men. The chapter also gives an overview of institutional arrangements across OECD countries, highlights good practices and outlines a number of policy recommendations to support governments in strengthening national frameworks for gender equality.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	eb9117f8269dc9816e5e24da0c45c27c	Bogota, Siglo del Hombre Editores. Avaliagao de impacto do projeto agente jovem sobre os egressos e estudos qualitativos sobre as agoes de capacitagao, Brasilia, Secretariat for Information Evaluation and Management (SAGI). Informe enero 2012 [online] http:// www.oitcinterfor.org/sites/default/files/PJMMT_enel2.pdf.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/b8259a41-en	eb91a04e92d963e0e3e636f04644e9b3	The unmet need for modern contraceptive methods is found to be the highest (20 per cent) in the region (Casterline and Sinding, 2000; Guttmacher Institute and Likhaan, 2010). Gillespie and others (2007) also found that there was high inequity in outreach of family planning workers in Philippines. Initially, the country's family planning programme was supported by private stakeholders. The Government completely took it over in 1970.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264212664-en	eb935f6504f405d6a95e89a47318fb45	Alongside these, both the EU and the United States have sought unilateral trade remedies to alleged dumping and subsidisation by foreign suppliers. An EC procedure was for example started in June 2008 on the initiative of the European Biodiesel Board, resulting in the imposition (under Commission Regulation in 2009) of a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of biodiesel originating in the United States. Such duties levied by the EC have gone unchallenged to date.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	eb93a8c89a19d5ed504563e2e00fc4ad	The management of animal disease outbreaks can be helped by creating special public-private funds to provide compensation for direct losses from emergency actions, thus increasing the incentive for producers to report a disease outbreak. Catastrophic risks in Kazakhstan also require government efforts to create sound systems for biosecurity and for the prevention and control of natural disasters. There are risks which fall between normal and catastrophic risks and for which risk-sharing arrangements can be developed, such as commercial insurance, forward contracting, or cooperative supply management and pricing schemes. The role of the government would be to encourage the private risk management arrangements through appropriate regulations and surveillance.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264179370-2-en	eb93cc5ae7e6d18abe387f89d2ae5088	But the fact remains that it is primarily women who take advantage of family-friendly policies like flexible working arrangements, so perpetuating the idea that family responsibilities are a woman’s affair. If women are good for business, why do so few make it to the top, and why do so many simply give up trying? Teleworking and part-time or temporary work may sound attractive in the short term as ways of juggling work and family commitments, but the choice can be costly in the long term - in terms not just of salary, but of pensions and job security. Family-friendly workplace practices can make it easier to combine work and home life, but only if both men and women take advantage of them. Yet do employers make it easier for men and women to share domestic and family responsibilities outside the workplace?	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	eb994f30d35f00bcf62f3522ecea6929	It will also include quality checks of materials at the pre-shipment stage. In the third tier, independent evaluators will be contracted by the Ministry of Power for random evaluations (1% of villages) of the supply and construction of the projects. These independent evaluators will report back to the REC or to the responsible supervisors in the second tier, and the REC will make sure that the negative reports are followed up on.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/45094dde-en	eb9a0e36df090f9087868c2d5fc7ccef	Its objectives are twofold: consumer health protection and fair trade practices. The organization is composed of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), an Executive Committee and subsidiary bodies. Draft standards are elaborated in eight steps by the subsidiary bodies, which are serviced by host countries, for endorsement by CAC.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/caeceb38-en	eb9c6a3ba71e91f349c06cd7c5d396af	Journal of Southern African Studies, 39(1), 151-170. A Mixed Methods Mapping of Church versus Secular School Messages to Influence Sexual Decision Making as Perceived by Zimbabwean Orphan Girl Students. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 8(4), 363-376. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3), 150. Paper presented at the AIDS and Economics Symposium. Social and Structural Factors Associated with Vulnerability to HIV Infection Among Young Adults in South Africa.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39690f-en	eba625cb9b925c2b3d037090f21ca4c7	Grants can cover up to 30 per cent of the eligible cost of technology-driven projects and 40 per cent in the case of energy audits. Moreover, an additional 10 per cent bonus grant can be awarded for projects involving CHP or fuel switching, up to a maximum of 50 per cent of the project cost. Industrial companies can also benefit from loans from the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund to finance investments in high-efficiency industrial processes, building rehabilitation, and heat source and distribution system improvements. Through this facility ,€46 million in loans have been signed w'itli six Bulgarian banks.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	eba92ad39b8f9695160daf454c258efa	These initiatives help to integrate women-owned businesses in international markets and value chains. This chapter showcases successful examples, and demonstrates the linkages among barriers and solutions. Government action also often includes legislative actions to improve women’s access to finance and land.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	ebadc6ccbaf17d527fcf105133736f2e	Respondents who are given multiple opportunities to assess whether their experiences fit within the objectives of the survey and the specific questions being asked provide more detailed accounts of their experiences. This requires the necessary space on the questionnaire and time during the interview to be allocated to comprehensive modules of clearly worded questions. As a general principle, value-laden and stigmatizing terms such as “rape” and “violence” must be avoided, as they lead to underreporting on statistical surveys compared to detailed behaviourally specific terms, which yield much higher disclosures of identical experiences.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229488-2-en	ebae0488068f3ee941d4e154b109f339	It describes how several trends, ranging from the widespread uptake of mobile telephony to growing business interest in inclusive innovations, have created more favourable conditions for inclusive innovation. It explores the obstacles and market failures facing inclusive innovations across four dimensions: 1) the types and costs of inclusive innovations; 2) information about consumer needs; 3) access to expertise, knowledge and finance; and 4) market access conditions. Based on this description, it provides an overview of factors that facilitate scaling up inclusive innovations.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	ebaee8d44f8acf17dfd918ba8787889d	A decline in risk perception of changes in producer boards could be due to deregulation of the industry, whereas the introduction of the Resource Management Act (RMA) may have been behind farmers’ increasing perception of risks associated with changes in local laws and regulations. The tightness of the labour market, particularly in the South Island, and the problems this has created for both the recruitment and retention of labour is suggested as a reason for the higher score for risks associated with problems with hired labour and contractors in 2004. Recent research in progress by Shadbolt et al (2010) on dairy farmers introduces additional dimensions to risk analysis.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264282261-13-en	ebb1b3f01b020ea3edc5ccc8f96ab2d0	Marine ranches are also being established for resource conservation and environment protection.2 Twenty demonstration marine ranches have been established in 2015, with more planned in the future based on lessons learned from these. In 2015, The Fishery and Fishery Administration Bureau set out a plan to monitor and assess important marine and fresh water. The primary objective of fisheries co-operation is to ensure food security and fulfil the fisheries development strategy.	14	0	4	1.0
10.30875/423532ad-en	ebb1e6657af4d7756aea0dc35dc87221	Layers of procedures and customs regulations can be big impediments to the flow of goods, and this is especially true of small firms. Time and resources spent in documentary compliance can sometimes be bigger impediments to trade than traditional barriers such as tariffs. The study also showed that the impact of customs-driven delays is more pronounced for sales to newer buyers, of time-sensitive goods, and to countries that are harder to reach.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/42b33a50-en	ebb534b6f8a87370aac7ae6bddb8ab97	Reducing energy consumption and eliminating energy waste are among the main goals of the EU. Its support for improving energy efficiency aims to prove decisive for competitiveness, security of supply and meeting the commitments on climate change made under the Kyoto Protocol. There is a significant potential for reducing consumption, especially in energy-intensive sectors such as buildings, manufacturing, energy conversion and transport.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	ebb5a8e6e0b1d5e1cafa5e43908cb7b6	The companies included in the OECD-ORBIS Database were classified as men or women-owned enterprises using information on the gender of the shareholders. However, the relatively low measured differences in productivity (4.8% for all countries’ enterprises taken together, once sector, size and age of the firm are controlled for) suggest that policies should not generically give preferential treatment to women entrepreneurs. The industries they operate in also account for a substantial share of the productivity disparity (22%).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	ebbafccf298ae9f0ffd2b8d2395fffb0	In: R. B. Freeman and D. A. Wise (eds), The Youth Labor Problem: Its Nature, Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Population by sex and age groups on 1 January, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region cities/metropolitan regions/ data metro/database sub3 (accessed in June 2013). The Dynamics of Modem Society - Poverty, Policy and Welfare, The Policy Press, Bristol, pp. The Journal of Human Resources, 38(1), pp.	1	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	ebbbc8d592185d3da91023be32136cc3	While densification and congestion charges are not the only effective tools to reduce energy demand and carbon emissions, they are important as they do not have a detrimental effect on long-term economic growth, when innovation is taken into account. The employment multiplier associated with a particular regional economic stimulus is designed to yield an estimate of the total employment attributable to the stimulus per job or man-year of employment directly created. There is a possibility that different sources of renewable energy are developed in sequence and in this case the impact on the labour market is larger and does not decline immediately. Extremadura (Spain), for example, began with the development of photovoltaic power between 2007 and 2009 and then started developing high-temperature thermo-solar, maintaining the high momentum for the construction and manufacturing industries.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/0a98da25-en	ebbf81a52ddd3067b17a1fc4790e00af	"That said, we could outline the broad ""real"" (as compared to monetary) targets any inclusive macroeconomic framework might want to achieve, based on identifying key social and economic problems to be addressed by policy. Four components, in addition to gender equality in capabilities, livelihoods, agency, and security, are key: i) full employment, 2) class/caste and racial/ethnic equality, 3) economic stability, 4) and the promotion of a green economy. These components are likely to be interlinked and to reinforce each other. We know from many years of research that women’s access to employment and livelihoods is central to improving their well-being and their bargaining power within the household. The principles of inclusive macroeconomic policy identified here also reflect the fact that growth based on inequality, as it has been in the previous two decades, is not sustainable. Needed, instead, are macro policies that make equity compatible with development and growth."	5	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-7b4ce78a-en	ebc0f6de0fb8a95141184afef07192f0	The project involved the creation of a 1,250km fibre optic backbone connecting all 17 provinces and access to the landing points of international submarine cables in Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. The World Bank provided the government with a grant to help finance the project. Its current members include Natel, Africell, Econet-Leo, Cbinet, Spidernet and Martha Hotel.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	ebc1bf6740657e396697a1b0fdff3b3b	Overall, it is clear that cities need to involve local communities in designing appropriate solutions in order to better tackle evolving urban safety and security concerns. In so many areas—urban services, urban housing, growing inequality and exclusion, and safety and security— new challenges are emerging, even when old patterns persist. These challenges will in part frame the attempt to find a new, and more current urban agenda in order to better structure and regulate the forces of social, economic, technological and political change that are pulsing through our cities.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	ebc1e525da27de6428d2da54fed69f53	"Although some developing countries with rising incomes are catching up with developed countries, incomes in the latter are still much higher than those in the converging countries. The poorest 5 per cent ofthe population in a high-income developed country tends to be richer than two thirds ofthe population in a low-income developing country. In this context, gender inequalities across economic, social and environmental dimensions remain widespread and persistent. These crises of unsustainability potentially affect all and carry profound risks for future generations, as described in 1987 in the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 'Our common future"" (A/42/427, annex)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-7-en	ebc27fab9d5d71f2c1db438bf8975130	A complementary National Performance and Benefits Measurement Framework (NPBMF) has been proposed. The objective of the framework is to track both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two. It is informed by a methodology developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) called Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	ebc42f2d27f9d617a885138b46b60bd2	To incentivise the construction of green buildings, building owners are provided Real Property tax (RPT) rebates, instalment payment of permit fees, Green Building Tax Credits and higher Floor Area Ration (FAR), all of which are dependent on the BERDE Certification of the buildings. In addition, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation adjudged Mandaue City in 2015 as a low carbon model town for its programmes promoting low-caibon technologies that were well aligned to reduce growing energy consumption as well as caibon emissions. Additionally, post occupancy evaluation of building is important as well since the feedback helps to design better infrastructure and behaviour solutions responsive to stakeholders’ needs and environmental sustainability.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264096875-5-en	ebc461ee2ddbcb9aefa2c32a925f1069	This chapter looks at the impacts of policy measures such as water pricing and appliance labelling. It examines the determinants of water-saving behaviour and investment in water-saving appliances and whether having to pay for water according to volume actually reduces consumption. The role of respondent’s environmental “norms” is also analysed, suggesting that measures informing households of the environmental implications of excessive water consumption could have a significant complementary part to play.	6	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264227385-9-en	ebc5e38d4c5fcd3b0530040790562266	Enterprises, including municipal utilities, provided a large share of the financing. Poland’s environmental funds and EU financial support also played important roles. This level of funding, however, was not sufficient to achieve national and EU targets. While there was a significant expansion of biological and mechanical treatment and composting, more than half of MSW is still landfilled. Further investment is needed to meet the 2020 targets, notably for the recycling and composting of MSW. Current plans also call for high levels of investment to build MSW incinerators.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a84cce24-en	ebc6ae1e9ca9e15ca60f1aad5b5d4490	Because of differences in living standards, and therefore in capacity to pay, some countries will be expected to shoulder larger shares of the total costs of providing global public goods, which may reduce their incentive to cooperate in providing them. Hence, with respect to establishing multilateral agreements, the pattern of burden sharing will be as important as the extent of the benefits to be conferred by the public goods. I am grateful to my staff at the Development Policy and Analysis Division for their research and work going into those studies. They are not responsible for any remaining errors and the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily coincide with theirs neither with those of the United Nations. The trends are starkly unambiguous when China is not included (Bourguignon and Morrison, 2002; Milanovic, 2005 and World Bank, 2006). The number of megacities increased from 10 in 1992 to 21 in 2010.	10	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	ebc75550971a96e8219ca6a2d91e23d5	Driver (2002) estimated that 47 per cent of households in Trinidad and Tobago have improper title and 5 5 per cent of farmers have no proof of land ownership. Faizool (2002) noted that increasing socio-economic pressures have been accompanied by an increase in squatting especially on the upper slopes of the western half of the Northern Range, both on private and state-owned lands. One reason for the malfunctioning of the market is the failure of land-use planning to release land for development in the right place and at the right time, thus creating artificial land shortages that drive land values up and beyond the reach of the poor to purchase land.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/e617261d-en	ebc8334c58a9e7215714881eea959dbb	In Uzbekistan, researchers noted restrictions - even for local travel - on younger women (Romanova and others, 2017, p. 22-23). In the south of Kyrgyzstan, two neighbouring villages may differ in their perceptions of female migration and consequently in the ratio of female migration depending on whether the village is populated mostly with ethnic Kyrgyz or Uzbeks (Atam and Gopel, 2014; see also Reeves, 2013, p. 319). Overall, there seems to be a more favourable perception of female migration and more broadly fewer restrictions on women among Kyrgyz populations, rather than Tajiks and Uzbeks.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/93b802f6-en	ebc8bf5607e9d3afb47864251673b841	In addition, the fact that SMEs tend to trade smaller quantities implies that lixed trade costs often make up a larger share of the unit cost of their goods when compared to rivals exporting larger volumes. Given that female owned firms tend to be smaller than male owned firms, female owned firms tend to suffer disproportionally from NTMs. These barriers impact both men- and women-owned and managed businesses. This has greater implications for women-owned businesses because they are more likely to be smaller.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	ebce5af7af3e9a8f3e49fcd88299c86e	With some exceptions, the surveys contain no health-care performance indicators such as anthropometric data and measurements of infant mortality, incidence of chronic diseases, disabilities and/or the inability to perform daily activities independently. This would not entail including an exhaustive module on health; choosing a few key indicators would suffice. In the field of education for example, there is great scope for improvement in the measurement of aspects relating to the quality of education.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	ebd305e2ad843b436a7b35bfbf442c13	The principles defining the quality of the education sy stem will include the elimination of obstacles that thwart the effective equality between women and men and the furtherance of full equality between the sexes. Education authorities will guarantee equal rights to education for women and men through the active integration, in educational objectives and practice, of the principle of equal treatment, preventing the generation of inequalities between women and men due to sexist behaviour or its associated social stereotypes. Spain’s legal framework for the education of equality and the integration of the gender dimension in educational policies (cont.) In the domain of higher education, the central, regional and local governments, in the exercise of their respective areas of competence, will further teaching and research on the significance and scope of equality between women and men.	5	0	3	1.0
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	ebd5d4f33641f87ca3b702d2715f80f4	The Norwegian pupils in grade 5, which was the main population in 2015, had an average score of 549, which was higher than both Finland and Denmark. Again the Norwegian scores are significantly lower, mainly due to their lower age. With the change of main population to grade 5, the Norwegian score in Science was 538, which was slightly below the Swedish score of 540. In 2015, the Norwegian students in grade 9 had an average score of 512 in mathematics and an average score of 509 in science. These students are the same age as the Swedish grade 8 students. As shown in Figures 5-7, all the Nordic countries except Finland have had results with rather small variations around the OECD average during the whole period.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	ebd6813c393a80935a559ac4968cc9cc	A reference framework for the interim classification of land use is provided in the SEEA-CF45 as agreed after a comprehensive global consultation process. The development of the land use classification included in the SEEA-CF, led by the FAO, has been based on practices already in use in major international and national land use databases, adjusted to address the needs which have arisen during this global consultation process. The aim of the land use classification presented in the SEEA-CF is twofold: (i) to provide a reference framework for the compilation and aggregation of data at the international level and (ii) to provide guidance to countries in establishing a land use classification scheme. For more information, see Annex D: Classifications and environment statistics.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	ebd6cd84c3372aaf118acefb4306f4c2	Another OECD study (Korinek et al., The conceptual difficulties of pursuing an analysis of that type were highlighted, with a particular emphasis placed on identifying concrete changes in SPS measures that were made in response to requirements emanating from the SPS Agreement. The study also aimed to establish clear cause-effect linkages between modifications in SPS measures and changes in trade flows.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1e8b62ff-en	ebd733589b1e52e96630333dd628bfed	The latter elements comprise other costs (i.e. decommissioning), fuel costs, operation and maintenance costs, and capital costs. The underlying data, based on typical values for generic international power production plants, allow LCOE computation for seven different technologies: coal (with and without flue gas desulphurization), combined cycle gas turbine, nuclear, solar PV, wind and biomass. Unless otherwise stated, the default settings are applied (box figure 3.2).	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	ebd90a583b1e4c190dddce901d3e2af5	The region's fertility patterns, characterized by high rates of adolescent pregnancy and large fertility differentials by educational level, further complicate this situation of high childhood poverty relative to the average and raise questions about the possibility of breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty reproduction. However, although these gender-based differences are evident, the income poverty measure is not a good indicator of the gap between men and women because it is based on the assumption that total household income is distributed equally among household members. A more telling indicator is the percentage of women without income of their own in the region.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-8-en	ebdb502069c24a70eee297db78cc949c	The initiative aims to transform the country into a middle-income economy by 2025, without increasing net greenhouse gas emissions and while protecting itself against the negative impacts of climate change. This case study brings together the lessons from Ethiopia's experience to date. It discusses the links between climate and socio-economic development in Ethiopia, analyses the key enabling factors, and examines the entry points for building resilience in selected policy areas, focusing on the agricultural sector and macroeconomic management. If Ethiopia is to achieve its goal of becoming a middle-income country by 2025, building resilience to current and future climate impacts will be vital.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264215696-21-en	ebdc7793946bcdf61d340a5f85cada78	The extent of innovation may be associated with various types of educational outcome, including learning outcomes, equality and equity. It may also be related to expenditure trends. This could also be implied through a positive association with innovation and changes in outcomes across time. Innovation may also be positively associated with equity, particularly if innovation occurs to tackle previous inequalities or to drive improvements across the whole school. Conversely, certain outcomes my lead to more innovation at classroom or school level, either because they increase the freedom or the pressure to innovate. Indeed, it is possible that innovation was necessary in order to arrest a potential fall in outcomes caused by issues such as budget cuts or staff shortages.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	ebe32952e899f7237a180a7d24547a82	The development of gender statistics should be specified within the legal framework of official statistical systems (United Nations, 2006). Of crucial importance to improving the availability of gender statistics is the specification of formal requirements for sex- disaggregation and the incorporation of a gender perspective within the national statistical legislation that regulates the production and dissemination of official statistics. In order to expand the range of information available for gender analysis, requirements need to be established not only for statistics already officially collected by the national statistical office, but also for other sources of data, particularly administrative data being collected and disseminated by other Government agencies and by organizations in the public and private sectors (United Nations, 2006).	5	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3eecb8cd-en	ebe3c86116a2bd9053a9b45abadc216b	The major global watersheds were then counted based on the proportion of tree cover lost and the risk score, and then divided by the total number of watersheds to get the percentage of watersheds that have the associated proportion of tree cover loss and risk. Data sources include the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FAO, 2015a). A similar analysis was also conducted for the main regions of the world.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	ebe7dcc0595afe3b426e3ac82e9b184d	This paper demonstrates why trade matters for boosting productivity and economic growth and explains why some countries are unable to reap the gains from trade. It does on to analyse how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction. It underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration, and summarises the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake. Any comments or queries should be addressed to dac.contact@oecd.org. And no country has successfully developed its economy by turning its back on international trade and long-term foreign direct investment. Virtually every country that has achieved sustained economic growth has done so by seizing the opportunity offered by more open world markets.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083523-4-en	ebe810a045b97056807e778eef17ec44	Though measures, such as the Fusina Waste Water Treatment Plant, will improve the sediment and water quality issues, consideration for water quality could be mainstreamed in planning processes at the watershed scale throughout Veneto. Without a far-reaching water quality approach, the availability of potable water may be compromised. For example, the integrated regional water supply network now under construction was deemed necessary because of the poor surface water quality in the southern part of the region.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/f5330a47-en	ebebf8d0eeb248c6fbb3c6a70e66e0b9	Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG. Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	ebec36075e81c37d8470a1625a37fdc8	In several schools visited during the review, specialised teachers, sometimes called coaches or impact coaches, had less teaching responsibilities and more time devoted to working with individual teachers on their teaching practice. This practice was largely voluntary and teachers experiencing this type of work expressed very positive feelings regarding their experiences. Pedagogues are trained in supporting all stages of human development from birth to old age and can be specialised in early childhood education and care, leisure and youth education (Skolejritidsordning og Fritidshjem, SFO), or other areas of particular interest in the school system. Depending on the context in which they work, they might be compared to recreational instructors, play workers or social workers.	4	1	10	0.8181818181818182
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	ebf06df49e2f701e2a6fbba1ecd47a89	To maximise the potential for welfare gains, the three dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental) should be taken into account based on the understanding of interactions among these dimensions and their complementarities. In this regard energy efficiency policies should be designed and assessed with the broader perspective of achieving the potential of green growth in mind rather than simply reducing energy consumption. They cross areas as disparate as improvements in health to industrial productivity and imply welfare gains across the whole of society.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ebf0828c2982c1c2dc67cb593cc28a1a	There would be great value in further adapting this tool, or developing an alternative, for use in primary and secondary schools, and in TVET institutions. With the growing recognition of the value of whole school approaches to ESD, tools such as this one, which serve to illustrate what is meant by ‘whole school’, are an important step forward. With a recognition of their natural and cultural assets, many tertiary institutions in SIDS have begun to develop graduate programmes and research emphases on sustainability issues.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en	ebf15bc2ec52e9e65592eddb33ec1f76	For comparison, the average predicted differential in literacy score with the Medium PEB group amounts to 15 points. Low PEB: neither parent has attained upper secondary education; Medium PEB: at least one parent has attained secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education; High PEB: at least one parent has attained tertiary education. The bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264284319-4-en	ebf1d605c5efe2f81c3c4f82bad97f50	Figure 1.6 provides a summary of examples of such policies that can be considered as part of the reform plan. The EaP countries have already accumulated a wealth of experience reforming their energy subsidies that can help them move further along this challenging, but unavoidable path. The macroeconomic situation as well as existing policy frameworks (energy pricing policy, taxation policy, climate-related policies) will directly impact the pace and amplitude of the reform.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	ebf3142bddf0fa79732138bc06598fee	Employment reforms, legislation to combat violence against women and equality and non-discrimination laws are examples of concrete results facilitated through the w'ork of national gender institutions (Johan, 2010). In the MENA region, for example, the gender institutions in Egypt lobbied Parliament to change nationality laws, pension laws, the tax exemption law1, the alimony fund law and family law. In Jordan, the legal age of marriage was raised through legal reforms supported by the national gender institutions (Ibid.).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-6-en	ebf4529d6f1501eca2c3c8fb208ec1d8	This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policy options adopted across OECD countries to promote equity and quality in education and raise student outcomes. Policies that combine equity and quality refer to those focused on ensuring that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion). They comprise investing in early childhood education and care (ECEC), tackling system-level policies that may hinder equity (such as grade repetition, unsupported school choice or early tracking) and supporting students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national or regional challenges.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264283411-en	ebf4fabdc4be1d3162971454a8e3c508	Pharmaceutical spending may be reduced by making more effective use of public procurement practices and encouraging the prescription of generics. Hungary reports among the highest mortality rates for both preventable cancers (e.g. lung cancer) and treatable cancers (e.g. breast, cervical and colon cancers). National programmes are in place to promote regular breast and cervical cancer screening, but the screening rates among women in the target age group remain low.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	ebf70620f317edbe745a30344cc5dd07	At the same time, South-East Asia is poised to play a bigger role in the coal trade as certain countries in the region begin to encourage the use of coal to augment energy security, especially Indonesia, which is set to become the fourth-largest coal user in Asia and the Pacific by 2035. This means that it could soon follow the path of China and see a marked erosion of its net coal exports. The region’s electricity exports represented 14% of the world’s total electricity exports, while its electricity import share was 11%.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ebf8f1057bd8974f43a6f74c2112efe9	Downstream from the agricultural sector, the production of biofuels has generated a significant new market for agricultural commodities — particularly, but not exclusively in North America, Brazil and Europe — and much of the increased production and use of biofuels has been stimulated by policy incentives, motivated by a variety of perceived or actual benefits. Most importantly, subsidies to the fertiliser industry aim at reducing fertiliser prices in India and Indonesia, while subsidies to fertiliser users help farmers in the Russian Federation and China. In these four countries, public support is estimated to reduce fertiliser costs to farmers by between 5% and 68% below production costs. On the biofuel side, support to consumers — notably in the form of tax rebates or exemptions — is found to be widely applied in most of the countries covered, with government-mandated blending of biofuels with petroleum fuels (“biofuel mandates”) also driving biofiiel use in many of them.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	ebfc68130fe6d5608ca179eeb756fb41	It has mainstreamed climate change across a number of areas to promote climate-resilient sustainable development. Adopting a resilience approach has important policy and governance implications as it requires not only the coherence and coordination of policy design and implementation across different (social and ecological/environmental) domains and scales, but also the recognition of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and the need for experimentation and innovation in building resilience. Resilience promotes participation, learning and sustainable resource management, and stresses the role of governance and institutions in managing social-ecological systems.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	ebfca8716e49b9bff3c8dc4366814917	Thereafter the long-term average may be closer to USD 0.65 than to USD 0.60. While export returns from the US market and market denominated in USD will increase so will the costs of fishing inputs (e.g. diesel). Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	ebff9aad4e622859a5416d01e4e500b7	In countries with high interest rates and/or unstable currencies, the need for an ESCO-type mechanism is greatest, but the challenges involved in establishing an ESCO will also be particularly significant. Green” small scale entrepreneurs can be part of the enabling environment at the local level. These entrepreneurs can contribute to improved environmental performance in the energy sector by offering environmentally beneficial goods and services. The project provided start-up equipment, materials and business support to help entrepreneurs establish a sustainable business model (Carbon Positive, 2010). Other small scale business opportunities exist in such areas as production and sale of waste biomass fuel pellets, seedling production in small scale community nurseries, fabrication of other types of equipment (e.g. solar cookers), and more.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	ec02d0fc212e4fcc58e9154b1def4730	Latest data shows that the expansion of the world's cities has been accompanied by changes in land use, both in terms of form as well as structure, and a progressive reduction of the proportion of space allocated to streets. The integration of public space in local, regional and national policies and frameworks promoting sustainability is key to securing the provision of public space and creating more liveable cities. Ensuring citywide distribution of public spaces is a way for governments to reduce inequalities and expand benefits and prosperity.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	ec031bc40950cf971a55de87afbef5ec	Some cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and even Astana, may focus on the compact city even in the context of growing populations. Emphasis should be given to connectivity and mobility to achieve this. Transport investments and land-use planning can give sharper focus to the inner city, providing transport options that support a mix of residential and commercial uses in medium-density inner city.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179820-5-en	ec0328668bf549e12dd40767749e431b	Changes in those policies, including their financing components, can in many cases facilitate reductions of water management costs. Assessing these perverse support mechanisms, with a view to phasing them out, can contribute to lowering the cost of water resources management. Efforts in this direction are ongoing in OECD countries, but more could be done: some 50% (2008-10) of total OECD agricultural producer support provides incentives to produce and/or use variable inputs, compared to 85% in 1986-88 (OECD, 2012b). The EU Water Framework Directive has stressed the importance of analysing the financing linked to sector policies (e.g. agriculture, energy or climate change) that directly support projects and actions that impact on the water system.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	ec036030720ff18d4025a345fe45e3ec	But, if the policy question to be addressed is a longer-term strategic issue, where there is a strong need to understand interactions among individuals; to assess dynamic risks; or to evaluate the epidemiological transition of a population; in this case, microsimulation may be a preferred method (Anderson et al. Finally, if the policy question refers to the impact of health expenditure in a very short run (e.g. up to two years), then macro-level models would probably be the first choice. The remainder of this section presents the main features of each class of health forecasting models.	3	2	3	0.2
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	ec06843cbd4b555545e50c419bc3d1d8	New information is being collected with the view of improving this allocation in the next monitoring cycle. The change of the classification of measures within the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) has no significant implications for the total GSSE or the Total Support Estimate (TSE). Canada reviewed around 5 000 individual programmes under the current GSSE. The revisions were implemented for the whole period since 1986 and the programmes are aggregated by the level of new GSSE categories.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	ec0ab50f5b0c6f16efe2ec0de29c3da6	One finding is that shorthand proxy groupings that are frequently used in the policy debate in fact contain several different sub-groups, each of whom face significantly different sets of employment challenges. For example, the clustering reveals two different groups of economically inactive mothers with young children with very different levels of education, skills and work experience and different levels of household income. Similarly, the analysis reveals three groups of individuals with health difficulties, who differ in terms of their age, work experience and benefit entitlements. The statistical clustering also identified two groups of youth with labour market difficulties who differ in terms of their employment record and the job opportunities likely to be available to them.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-6-en	ec0e2f2ac15bf6de638fa783aa0eeb5f	"In 2007, 2008 and 2009 fewer than 20% of Latvians reported unmet need for care w'ith the reason “too expensive”, rising to 25.9% in 2010 and 26.1% in 2011 (EU-SILC, 2013). Latvia was hit particularly hard by the financial crisis, with GDP falling by around a quarter. The impact of the financial crisis on unmet needs for medical examination also appeared more acute in Latv ia than in other European countries hit by the crisis, for example Ireland and Portugal, where self-reported unmet need rose slightly from 2009 but mostly stayed below 5%. Note by Turkey: The information in this report with reference to ""Cypms” relates to the southern part of the Island."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	ec10727218038d7dfb9b826e106e30c4	In terms of the dynamics of the low road, gender inequality in the labour market means that when women do work for pay, whether they parent with partners or alone, it is financially challenging to replace their unpaid care work with high quality substitutes. It also means that becoming a mother, especially a lone mother, increases the risk of poverty as the financial and time demands of the household increase simultaneously. The poor state of the childcare system.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	ec124a31a18b15148505ff00886a78dd	Harmful forms of alcohol are of concerns for governments and private employers as they may negatively impact employment and wages, and reduce productivity at work. Alcohol abuse is indeed shown to have negative labour market outcomes, although with some mixed results according to drinking patterns and gender (see Section 5). Hence, preventing harmful use of alcohol and its related chronic diseases may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more active workforce. Findings presented in this report do not go without limitations.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	ec167a601ffbbade5fa103a3010e6e86	For instance, greater diversity in the mix of wind, solar and ocean-tide energy reduces innovation rates in storage and grid management. In addition, greater trade will have the same effect. Interestingly, when disaggregated one can see that this is only true of storage (Model 5) and not grid management (Model 6). This is likely because many aspects of grid management are complementary with improved capacity to exploit trade in electricity services.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ec169f2cb70d0a9e5af3a1a14212a646	This isolates renewable energy producers from the additional costs they generate in the balancing market. Another option is to make renewable energy producers under the FITs regulatory framework take some of the balancing costs by exposing them to balancing signals. In Spain, for example, all electricity generators with an output capacity of more than 10 MW must guarantee their daily schedule 30 hours in advance; imbalances are imputed to all electricity generators regardless of their technology.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ec16ca74f1c187b48708ad23958efa19	Moreover, different countries’ adaptation efforts cannot be “translated” into a single unit. Such information will be useful for improving adaptation plans and enhancing adaptation actions, and may also help to improve their effectiveness in countries and could point to potential areas of cooperation. Information useful for the global stocktake may include not only quantitative or qualitative indicators, but also narratives on, for instance, backgrounds, exposures to climate risks, changes in vulnerability/readiness levels, key success factors for achievements, and challenges to further improvement.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	ec1cea07f4f20e458f40f1d3e9ec87fb	They are available upon request from the authors. A region dummy (urban or rural) is included because time use patterns may vary by region type as rural areas are more likely to have agricultural-based economies. Education as proxied by years of schooling is included as it provides a person the necessary skills and credentials for high productive activities and better jobs, and thus affects his or her willingness to spend more time in the labour market. In the case of wives, education is likely to change women's attitudes towards their own role in the household and in the workplace.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	ec1e36edab6a4a5db28bee1d365292fb	Therefore, OECD could encourage all donors to report using the markers. They fluctuate as aid policies change, and reflect how donors’ political commitments translate into action. They thus give an indication about future flows. They show the realisation of donors’ intentions and the implementation of their policies.	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	ec1e3acdcb212459e647f20b3b4fc93f	Different actors within societies define risks and levels of acceptable risk in different ways. Too much or too little water can be considered a risk, depending on the level of water required. Indeed, efforts to reduce water risks for a given population, ecosystem or activity may (inadvertently or not) increase other water risks.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db521e55-en	ec1e712ae9aeda52951858e74484841d	"It will also provide an opportunity for the Secretary-General to keep climate change in the public spotlight and to stress the urgency for action at all levels, from the local to the global. The UN Climate Change Secretariat has been detailed to deliver direct support to its implementation and to transform itself into an Office ""fit for purpose"" and for the long haul."	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	ec2484725ad5297c4616bdbd8e954565	"This pattern shows the impacts that having a child can have on women’s labour market participation and earnings and, consequently, on pension benefits. In these and other types of pension systems that link benefits to past employment and earnings, benefits tend to reflect women's ""cumulated disadvantages of a lifetime’s involvement in a gender-biased labour market” (European Commission 2013:21). Indeed, when social protection entitlements are associated to paid employment, and no or insufficient mechanisms exist to recognize and reward other kinds of contributions that people make to society (such as unpaid work), gender inequalities in the labour market are transmitted to the social protection system (Razavi 2011)."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	ec265615adb7951afb89d1214aa19af5	According to various estimates, alcohol kills - either directly or indirectly - half a million persons per year while smoking is estimated to kill between 330 000 and 500 000 persons. Almost 24 000 persons die in traffic accidents per year (MHSD, 2008; and Rosstat, 2009a). According to the RLMS,4 about three quarters of the Russian population consume some kind of alcohol, with more being consumed on average by males in all age groups and in the persons belonging to the 25 to 55 age group.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	ec2f6f9959c3a5a731e03a23d30ef02a	Many biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives have had to tackle these barriers (explained below), delaying progress towards effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Addressing these barriers, or simply accepting them as a practical reality, will help to ensure that further biodiversity mainstreaming projects are able to achieve their full potential. However, biodiversity mainstreaming presents a challenge to traditional project design models.	15	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	ec36c54d7983f21172544acc932a514a	In 1954, the resident population of psychiatric hospital beds peaked at 152 000, and then began to fall with the introduction of welfare benefits and antipsychotic medication, and as part of the wider political and ideological deinstitutionalisation movement that was influential in the United States and Western Europe during the 1950s, ‘60s and ‘70s. The influential 1954-57 report of the Royal Commission on the law relating to mental illness and mental deficiency (the Percy report), for example, suggested that most mentally ill patients did not need to be admitted as inpatients, but instead could receive outpatient care from GPs or from community health and welfare services (Percy Commission, 1957). The 1980s saw major shifts towards local community care and the decentralisation of inpatient beds to district hospitals under the Thatcher government, which then were consolidated in the 1990s: 1986 saw the first complete closure of a psychiatric hospital, and in 1987 the Audit Commission under the Thatcher government published the report “Making a Reality of Community Care”, which laid out the advantages of community care for mental health disorders. The 1980s also saw the major expansion of community psychiatric nurses, first introduced in the late 1970s.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	ec37918962405adefa624003a868200e	In this respect, no formal procedure for collecting periodical financial data from operators has been instituted. The framework does not include periodical adjustments that respond to cost increases, and there is no clear procedure for determining what affordable tariffs are. Just as in the case of the microbus framework, rigid and discretionary fares can impose major restrictions on guaranteeing high-quality services. Furthermore, without a transparent fare calculation and adjustment formula, the framework continues to fail to offer certainty for operators on their ability to recover investments or have future cost increases reflected in their revenues.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349536-6-en	ec3a149758fe2c6a4418bbea645529cc	An important concept is opportunity costs, or the value foregone when a given alternative is undertaken: e.g., the cost of choosing scenario 1 over scenario 2. If we protect a resource today, the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated had we consumed it instead. Alternatively, if we choose to consume a resource today, the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated from protecting it.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	ec3c233e592d68d4c99466153d30775c	But challenges related to the evaluation of water policies at central and sub-national level are also crucial to approach the accountability gap. Inadequate monitoring, reporting, sharing and dissemination of water policy performance also prevent policy coherence at horizontal and vertical levels. Periodic assessment of progress toward established policy goals is vital for understanding whether the applied efforts are effective and for adjusting policy where necessary.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7ed1f44a-en	ec3d528c97b58c6670bd0578ec4c47d3	In view of foregoing discussions, this paper addresses the questions: how does traditional and informal social protection work in the Pacific? Why is informal social protection weakening in the Pacific? How are informal and traditional social protection linked to formal social protection system? How has traditional social protection changed over the years? What role do NGOs play in social protection and social development in PICs?	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	ec3f91c7dd16911e36edb520cacefd20	Typically combined with density bonuses. Can in principle be used to encourage any type of use. Evidence that this reduces the rate of new developments in a territory. In Amsterdam, the large number of commuters from surrounding areas to the city has led to traffic congestion and its attendant impacts such as air pollution.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	ec4002f982712c7f4a9bb455fd3f1283	Within this area, development partners are working at three levels (Kindornay and Reilly-King, 2013, Di Bella et al., At the macro level, development partner programmes strengthen the enabling environment or investment climate (i.e. development of policies, regulations and institutional frameworks) that supports the greening of the private sector and green investment, by supporting the design of policies and building the in-country capacity of government agencies and other involved stakeholders and institutions. This is an important area of support, as the effectiveness of project level development finance interventions, in mobilising private investment over time and in ensuring delivery of intended environmental and social outcomes, is largely dependent on the right policy framework being in place in developing countries. Such a policy framework needs to be 'investment-friendly' overall, and also have in place certain additional elements to ensure that it is conducive to green.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ec403083341e1becf14b2651d5dbf865	Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress (e.g. Antigua and Barbuda, and Costa Rica). Monitoring points for those indicators in the lifecycles of adaptation actions also considerably vary among the INDCs (i.e. input, output, outcome or impact indicators). Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countr ies’ effort to enhance transparency for adaptation action. Some INDCs (e.g. Brazil and Honduras) refer to their NAPs that they are currently developing, and mention that detailed information on adaptation actions will be provided once the NAPs have been completed.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	ec42d5c72b92f522764e043fd7c8cb30	In order to create greater opportunities for the poor, governments must also adopt policies to promote increased employment generation and invest more in education, health, and other basic services. Further, the LDCs should focus on promoting environmentally sustainable development by enhancing the efficiency of natural resource use, reducing energy intensity, preserving biodiversity, reducing waste generation, and adapting to the effects of climate change. Trade liberalization is creating new challenges and opportunities, technological revolutions in ICT are fostering new dimensions of knowledge in development, and the role of migration and remittances b domestic development is bcreasbg.	1	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9f9d5d8d-en	ec45e7afe6a92dc8e3e0647205918c95	These factors determine the share of income distributed in the form of wages and salaries vis-a-vis profits and rents. In addition, income distribution depends on access to (and the quality of) education, tax policies, social protection, non-discrimination laws and philanthropy. As discussed in the next section of this chapter, direct taxes and social protection can play a powerful role in ameliorating market income inequality. Production is also driven by the demand for a country's goods and services, which are in turn affected by demographic factors, access to financial services and policies such as consumption taxes and other fiscal measures.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/665c59ff-en	ec4a596925c82b793034c821c4f9e12f	This partnership was signed by or, itments to green the. Green growth is seen as the means to ensure that inclusive growth is sustainable. Green growth is further believed to have the potential of fostering innovation, creating jobs and spurring economic development (AfDB, 2013). Such strategies combine focusing on energy access, creating high-quality jobs with rising incomes, investing in critical environmental assets—soil, water, biodiversity and forests—and designing resilience for cities and infrastructure.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	ec4e62fa9afb9c2a44dd60a6c2a7c3b9	The allowance contributes to the payment of housing and utilities. Poor households are eligible if actual housing and utility costs exceed a certain percentage of total household income. Family allowances targeted to poor families with children under 18 were introduced in 1997, followed by targeted maternal allowances for unemployed mothers with young children in 1999 (UNICEF, 2009a). Another innovation introduced at the same time was the use of community-based targeting through the local mahalla system (local bodies of self-government). There is also a categorical disability allowance for disabled children and a school set for first-grade students (UNICEF 2009b).	1	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264173446-7-en	ec590c993e84c4c3729ec989bb024250	Korea has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations and rising chronic diseases. This is already a major challenge to the health system, as illustrated by high levels of potentially avoidable hospital admissions for key chronic diseases and increasing expenditure on chronic disease-related care. At the same time, the absence of functional gate-keeping and the large number of clinics seeking to provide more “acute ” services often leads to patients missing out on less technology intensive but highly cost effective patient counselling to prevent and manage their health condition. To improve the quality of care in the Korean health system, policy makers should support the growth of effective primary care services in communities. Not only will this require more primary care practices and better remuneration for family medicine, but it will also require the development of a regional architecture so that insurance can target funding to areas of need. Collecting better information and bolstering the workforce of primary care professionals are two fundamental reforms that will be needed to help develop better primary health care in Korea.	3	0	8	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	ec5abb3073cc4856bb45385547ecdbff	In six of them, poverty dropped appreciably between the two years. In the Dominican Republic and Uruguay (data for urban areas), the poverty rate fell by more than 3 percentage points; Brazil, Panama, Paraguay and Peru recorded declines between 0.9 percentage points and 2.2 percentage points. Slightly smaller negative poverty rate variations were posted in Colombia and Ecuador (see figure I.3).2 In 2009, the indigence rate came down considerably in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Peru and Uruguay and declined slightly in Brazil and Paraguay.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/028f7d06-en	ec5b1a44589c5c397d326f976d19e68b	The paths clearly diverge for men and women in the lower strata. Men exchange their status as a student for status as a worker with no overlap between the two, while most women exchange their status as a student for one as a mother, housewife or assistant housewife without passing through the labour market. In the low strata in the second group of countries, half of the 20-year-old women are no longer single. In the first group, this change in civil status for women in the same stratum takes place at age 24.	1	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	ec5ccb3d8ddba2950f77d710695565a8	The rear plate of a driver who has no transponder, fails to insert his cash card into the transponder, or fails to maintain a cash balance sufficient to pay a particular charge, is automatically photographed as it passes under a gantry. Such drivers originally had to pay a fine of SGD 70, but now pay an administrative charge of SGD 10. The charges at the central business district cordon apply on working days during daytime hours (7.30 a.m.-7 p.m.), but there are periods with zero charges (10 a.m.-noon). On other roads, charges apply during the morning peak period (7.30 a.m.-9.30 a.m.) and in some locations in the evening (5.30 p.m.-8 p.m.). The ERP system makes it possible to vary charges by location, time of day and vehicle type, so as to relate them to the actual level of congestion. The rates for different types of vehicles are set to be approximately proportional to their passenger car equivalent (PCE) values.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	ec5dbedc6bcf6189e3d0694827d3fbcc	Over-exploitation of some water resources and changes in the hydromorphology of water systems have also damaged aquatic ecosystems. Setting and enforcing minimum ecological water flow rates in rivers and restoration of morphology of river channels and banks and flow regimes to a more natural state are increasingly a part of environmental planning in some OECD countries, stimulated in the European Union by the European Water Framework Directive (Box 5.9). It is expected that these effects will be aggravated by climate change and increased water temperatures (Mooij et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ea442617-en	ec601e322165f498091b4cccd6e94ae0	Human Rights and Mass Exoduses, A/RES/56/166, 26 February 2002; Human Rights and Mass Exoduses: Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Submitted Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/55, E/CN.4/2003/ 84,17 January 2003; Human Rights and Mass Exoduses: Report of the Secretary-General, A/58/186, 25 July 2003; G A Res., Human Rights and Mass Exoduses, A/RES/58/169,15 September 2003; Commission on Human Rights, Res. Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home.	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	ec60f19b0d20ccfa4253291333b12957	This corresponds to the folk wisdom of “not putting all one’s eggs into the same basket.” The fact that the future is unwritten applies to any number of dimensions - high and volatile fuel prices, the climate change challenge, the geographical concentration of fuels and geopolitical tensions to name just a few. Facing them requires a well balanced portfolio that spreads the risks and ensures that the system as a whole remains robust in the light of any sudden changes.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/14bb75d6-en	ec61b7f82aea4193178e6447cf883025	The primary responsibility for implementation is given to States, while other stakeholders are also tasked with roles and responsibilities so that the broad objectives of the Guidelines may be achieved. It is essential that women fishers, fishworkers and their representatives intervene early in the implementation process in order to have a voice in charting its direction, goals, methods and outcomes. This must then be followed by the translation of the Guidelines into policy and practice.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	ec6619b1e69d91c411789cfda77b41ad	As mentioned above, it is the major source of finance used in the construction phase of RE investment projects. Figure 10 provides an overview of the amount of investment financed via asset finance which went to the different renewable energy sources in the period 2004-2009. Because of the financial crisis, global asset financing in 2009 fell by 6 % from 2008.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	ec66f7c990aec41a5b39d70c42a26fff	Long waiting times for covered services can severely impede access to care and worsen the health of patients requiring a procedure. Waiting times have been measured in several OECD countries, though not necessarily in a homogenous way (Siciliani et al., The quality of care has multiple dimensions and the OECD is now proposing a set of indicators in different domains which can be used by country with appropriate information systems. What proportion of the costs is covered?	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	ec68381fa1524338411b9a2e356dca4f	The stochastic simulations also indicate that a combination of exogenous shocks can increase the level of volatility if they occur in specific patterns, even if the likelihood of this happening is low. For example, low yields for a number of different commodities simultaneously combined with high oil prices can generate exceptionally high levels of commodity price volatility. Moreover, the focus is on price volatility at the aggregate level.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	ec6d23f903b294fc6b2f224c50112a49	Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan all have advanced social protection systems. Social protection in these countries was at the heart of their development strategy during the period of post-war reconstruction and the high growth phase from the early 1960s to the late 1980s. Universal employment with retirement benefits, especially contributory pensions, universal education and universal health coverage were the three pillars of social protection in East Asia over the last three quarters of a century.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	ec6d8afcaf2f17b5dddbc8110aa7d455	From over 200 000 ha in 2005-06, rubber plantations covered nearly 300 000 ha in the following year and 522 088 ha in February 2013.7 While the bulk of planted rubber is currently located in the south, since the mid-2000s, new plantations, developed almost entirely by companies receiving investment incentives, have quickly expanded in northern Myanmar along the Chinese border to supply the Chinese domestic market (TNI, 2012). The uplands in Kachin and Shan states have been transformed by the expansion of large-scale rubber plantations. However, smallholders with less than 8 ha of rubber plantations still constitute 90% of the total number of rubber growers while entrepreneurs with rubber estates larger than 16 ha account for only 1% of the growers (Thein, 2012).	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	ec6e380b338f457d00fe508c2ad19c2d	This component of the Framework reflects the social and equity rationale for policy action. As expressed by the government, its “initial concern is always focussed on the health and safety of the people, and ensuring that their immediate welfare needs are met” (MAF, 2006). The rationale for policy action in this case is largely driven by considerations of economic efficiency, in particular the necessity for a quick recovery of the rural economy and the minimisation of spill-over effects into the rest of the economy.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ec6e8382adaa3e0c21f3a3101d51a9c0	In particular, this study additionally considers biofuel budgetary support in Argentina and China. Not included are mandates at state or provincial levels. It should also be noted that the OECD Database has partial country coverage only and hence excludes biofuel support policies, including mandates, in other countries. More specifically this study considers biofuel mandates in Argentina and Malaysia.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	ec70b68da565db0fca94490f7617dc89	Governments must assess the evidence and give a clear message to consumers and industry as to what is important or unimportant and hence what changes in food consumption and production are to be encouraged. By this means, confusion - for example, as to whether imported food is better for the climate than home-produced food (i.e. the food miles debate) - can be clarified. Short-lived social marketing campaigns may be doomed to fail. Substantially more research is needed on the causal links between campaigns and long-term patterns of behaviour and consumption.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/80c371eb-en	ec719077bf30cd51d93921e0c10bd25c	When detailed information from comprehensive scientific monitoring is available, management plans are based on quantitative objectives and scientific advice stemming from the simulation of potential effects of alternative management scenarios (Box 12). In addition to these management plans, riparian countries and supranational entities such as the European Union also establish their own management plans, which should be compliant with the Agreement for the establishment of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM Agreement) and in line with existing regional decisions. When available, simulations of the potential effect of alternative management scenarios are presented as they provide insights on the response of fisheries to the decisions taken.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-27-en	ec71f9ca623cd6df6558d2309e3654bb	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Indeed, recent estimates suggest that if the entrepreneurship gender gap were eliminated, global GDP could rise by as much as 2%, or USD 1.5 trillion (Blomquist et al., Against that background, government institutions and policies should seek to ensure that men and women enjoy equal opportunity to set up and run businesses (Chapter 25).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/1edabeca-en	ec74ac10cf6a321131a2cf2909ffb900	However, systematic, credible and independent empirical evidence on gender-differentiated impacts remains limited. The traditional gender division of labour within households, especially in rural areas, typically entails women being overburdened with household and unpaid work, including fetching water, gathering firewood, and food preparation (Lele, 1986). In Cambodia women spend 30 per cent more time than men on housework and six times more in Guinea (Duflo, 2012).	7	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	ec785741515cbbb5f5d3ef563252a669	The major objective in offering BDS services to women is to assist them in generating more income so that they are better able to become economically independent, which will eventually contribute to community welfare. Many women in Qatar are highly educated but are not in the workforce for cultural reasons. The Roudha Center aims to promote a female entrepreneurial and leadership culture in Qatar by identifying, organising and promoting women entrepreneurs and innovators. Through a network of partnerships, it seeks to provide programming and resources, interactive workshops, incubation, mentorship and legal services to address women’s needs and support their entrepreneurial activities.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	ec7b0376f24cc0c7f1569bdaf3add928	Part-time workers cannot benefit. The policy framework in place within the FPA does not facilitate teleworking arrangements for public sector employees, which makes Mexico an unusual case in the OECD. And as the SFP does not collect information on the numbers of unionised and non-unionised workers and the differences in rules that regulate their working conditions, it is difficult to determine how many FPA employees actually benefit from work-life balance measures and what those are. Proactive measures such as gender-equality hiring and promotion targets are increasingly being used (see Table 5.2). The country is currently stepping up efforts to implement policies and programmes to improve gender equality across the FPA. For example, the Institutional Culture Programme developed by INMUJERES is designed to encourage all public institutions to undertake gender equality self-assessments - on issues like equal opportunity practices in hiring, time use by gender, capacity-building opportunities and sexual harassment-and to draw up action plans to integrate the gender perspective into personnel management processes.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	ec7c1d5a7a7152da929ee9e9950f38fd	Ballard, T., A. Kepple, and C. Cafiero, The food insecurity experience scale: developing a global standard for monitoring hunger worldwide, in Technical Paper. Hadley, C., et al., Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents. Social Science 8t Medicine, 2008. Holmes, R., N. Jones, and H. Marsden, Gender vulnerabilities, food price shocks and social protection responses, in Improving social protection effectiveness: Understanding social and economic risks and gender inequalities.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264282261-10-en	ec8082518a0af34b05e6bc3fff76d16c	The Belgian fleet counted 72 vessels in 2016, four less than in the previous year and a decrease from 100 vessels in 2008. Investment and increases in selectivity drive the core strategy for fisheries. For aquaculture, increased investments in production capacity combined with greater exchange of knowledge and research aim to increase production. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	ec83952422e86667d458007c739a1e70	Civil wars in Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan were largely fuelled by drought (Breisinger et al., Other conflicts have been partially attributed to drought and climate change (Gleick, 2014; Kelley et al., Conflicts arose in rural areas, often moving to urban areas then lifted into tensions with governmental authorities, due to insufficient responses. The implications range from temporary political crises to outright civil or international wars.	6	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	ec86dadc028a927f98867fdbfb65ff62	Many of these adults in developing countries are the very parents of these child labourers. Children are preferred because they are the cheapest —or even free, if bonded—labour. They are physically and mentally docile, they do not form unions or go to court' so no challenge for the employer and thus perpetuating this vicious cycle.	8	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	ec87b210455e8267dbbe0f42d221cbe2	The TCFD report outlines a set of recommendations for voluntary, climate-related disclosures to be made as part of mainstream financial filings. The recommendations should help organizations identify and disclose information needed by investors, lenders, and insurance underwriters to appropriately assess and price climate- related risks and opportunities. While the Nordic countries can offer solutions at major grid level, also multiple solutions for smaller scale and distributed (minigrids) are available. The experience gained through the Nordic energy market (Nord Pool, covering nine countries) is of increasing interest for developing countries aiming for regional energy collaboration and accessing benefits of market integration.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/974c3e9b-en	ec8a0962d4b35908554556bc841843dd	The IHDP is supported by the United Nations and numerous international associations. While developing ways to steer industrial societies in developed/developing countries towards sustainability, the IHDP-IT group published a simplified booklet (IHDP-IT, 2001) which provided a conceptual basis, analytical tool, evaluation procedure and policy implication methods to reduce our “ecological rucksack” (hidden flows) and improve factor X and resource efficiency in corporations, regions (e.g. eco-towns) and national initiatives. Some studies have also suggested a double decoupling for sustaining resource use: economic growth from resource use (resource efficiency) and resource use from environmental impact (Bringezu, 2006).	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	ec8cb5e870b86c2468c25b43b3c6098b	By 2080, in Africa, an increase from 5 to 8 per cent in arid and semi-arid land is projected under a range of climate scenarios. While identifying particularly vulnerable groups globally and at country level remains challenging, it is particularly important for policymaking directed towards building climate resilience. People living in low-lying coastal areas, drylands, and mountainous and remote areas and population groups whose livelihoods rely on forest products are particularly at risk. Yet, basic information on population size, socioeconomic characteristics and risk factors which could help identify those groups remains in the form of very rough approximations. Some of those groups are difficult to reach owing to their geographical location, but the lack of basic information is also associated with an insufficiency in the resources for producing statistics at the level of disaggregation required to identify specific population groups.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	ec9bb4135aff4d400a18a4d2ff998337	Such analyses help to understand how harmful forms of drinking evolved over time, and to identify which population groups are most likely to engage in, and which are most affected by, hazardous and heavy episodic drinking. This work contributes to designing appropriate policy strategies to reduce harmful drinking. Alcohol Alcohol 44:229-43. The effect of alcohol consumption on earnings.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	ec9ee7f3345b29340a3026b799a8dc58	They broadly state that excess electricity generated by Kyrgyzstan in summer will be purchased in equal amounts by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. These countries, in turn, will provide an equivalent supply of electricity and fuel for the winter needs of Kyrgyzstan. Phase 1 foresees replacement of the electrical mechanical equipment of the plant). Phase 2 will replace the second and fourth turbine-generator units.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264100817-7-en	eca08d13ac442767aac5fbff4b6c6bcb	Benefits from time savings (as opposed to time saved associated with illness) are substantial, even though they are rarely factored into project impact evaluations (Hutton et al., Time savings can translate into increased production, improved education levels or more leisure time. Intermittent supplies can cause considerable inconvenience.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/0488519d-en	eca19339d5e5ca6c91a99fc82d8dd627	Earlier sections have indicated what this implies during the pre-disaster phase. But actionable information is needed throughout the disaster cycle. For this purpose, it is important to establish a classification system for information types, along with the implied actions. This system can then be used for information filtering.	13	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	eca62c25dd26b09886f004390621dd4e	Livestock form an important source of GDP at 16 % of the total, and generate 14 % of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. Yet cattle numbers are exceeding the land’s canying capacity in many areas, and some rangelands are degraded (FAO, 2005). The impact of climate change in Ethiopia is already apparent in the increasing temperature and declining rainfall, particularly in northern parts which are exceptionally vulnerable to drought, with annual rainfall being only 100mm in the north-east. Such changes can be catastrophic for agricultural production, deteriorate infrastructure and worsen the livelihoods of the rural poor.	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	eca98dc9345d3def4b10d27509307911	The Kyoto Protocol2 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change3 requires signatories to reduce their yearly emissions to about 13 tons of C02 emissions per person by 2012, which seems achievable. This target would be coupled with declining rates of emissions increase in developing countries. To stay within the absolute CO concentration limit of 450 parts per million accepted by the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit, accelerated progress towards a renewable or green energy transformation will be needed, as this limit would entail cutting annual emissions gradually to 3 tons per person by 2050, or less for any more stringent limit set to stabilize the climate.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/7544ebbb-en	eca9eb264bfe73102f44faa8f2d69159	I believe that political parties should commit to achieving gender parity within the leadership and also in the list of candidates that they put up for elections. A wide strip of land was critically damaged. More than 500 Chileans lost their lives and we will be rebuilding the country for a number of years.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ecaac01de78b1950a95405bef86edf77	Since the June 2009 elections, the new Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructures has been assigned responsibilities for transport, territorial planning and public works, in addition to its responsibilities related to the environment. Renamed the Nature and Forests Administration by the Law of 5 June 2009. Since the June 2009 elections, this ministry has kept its responsibilities concerning communal affairs and water management. This act was amended and supplemented in 2007 to allow NGOs to take legal action.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/60a8d482-en	ecb0753624d8246eefad279a445b2c25	"Greater efforts are also needed to make the delivery of social services—such as education, health, housing and water and sanitation-responsive to the specific needs of women and girls. In fact, some countries, such as Argentina and China, have scaled up their investments in social protection in response to the recent economic crises.10 Even for the poorest countries, providing a basic benefit package along the lines of the United Nations SPF is within reach."" It has been estimated, for example, that the introduction of universal social pensions would cost around 1 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) per year in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-6-en	ecb16611087ae4f22b9aeee762394249	The reform includes increased emphasis on zones that are more likely to impact aquifers (Ibid.). Groundwater is an important water source for California farmers, accounting for nearly 40% of irrigation withdrawals in average years (Maupin et at, 2014) and up to 60% in dry years. There are strong indications that groundwater overdraft is worsening: recent data show that the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins collectively lost nearly 31 km3 of groundwater between October 2003 and March 2010, or about 4.8 km3 per year (Famiglietti et al.,	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	ecb5a90cdc2da99e7c32c7ea7a9bb59a	At a meeting of the Grenada Sustainable Development Council,7 Grenada’s chief negotiator at the Rio+20 negotiations process while calling for greater national involvement stated, ‘It is not enough to simply accept what others will decide for us in the future we want’ (Sustainable Development Council [SDC] 2012). It was recognised that increases in the quality of life, poverty eradication and a more equitable distribution of wealth and income were important elements of the green economy conceptualisation. Recalling absorptive capacity and carrying capacity limitations on the national level, the call therefore was for more sustainable national-level production and consumption as the key factors in the green economy.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d6eab0c2-en	ecb67327aad81a4da19707b734286d51	The extent to which labour income contributes to the financing older persons’ consumption depends on the demographic characteristics, labour market conditions and level of economic development of each country. Key direct factors include labour force participation rate, labour productivity, statutory retirement age and the coverage and adequacy of pension systems. This and all subsequent figures in this section show box plots of the distribution of the proportion of consumption financed by various sources for two groups of countries (developed and developing countries) and for three age groups (55 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years and 70 years or over).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	ecb78311517b1564a2cc9b45fc91f06a	In the new quality evaluation system, labour market aspects are quite prominent, which is manifested in the increasing importance of alumni surveys and the composition of (external) assessment panels (Hogskoleverket, 2011). For instance, the Times Higher-QS World University ranking adopts graduate employability as one of the indicators; however this accounts for only 10% of the overall ranking, an impact which is negligible compared to the high weight given to research quality (De Weert, 2011). The perception that the demand for skills is rapidly changing across OECD countries has spurred attempts to predict which sectors and occupations are most likely to expand in the years to come.	4	0	3	1.0
10.30875/c7f78275-en	ecb9a1a8c9ea2822fd861d4682a0795a	"Some use competition policy to level the trading field for firms and to address the effects of ""winner takes all"" dynamics. Differences across domestic regulatory regimes may pose a challenge for their interoperability across countries. There may also be a risk of a regulatory race to the bottom, for example with regard to privacy protection regulations, or of the use of regulation as disguised protectionism."	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/c69de229-en	ecb9dea30e79d94c5f061283732e58d8	First, the scene is set by showing what the family poverty rate -i.e. These scenarios seem to be extremely effective to reduce poverty, especially scenario 2 when the child poverty reduction is at the same level as Denmark’s (Table 7). Under this scenario, all child poverty rates are below 8%, with the highest being the United Kingdom at 7.8%.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/93b802f6-en	ecbe215693ff201696c2a42fd7f08cce	The barriers include high interest rates, collateral requirements, lack of track record and the complex application process.1' In addition, in 127 countries covered by the World Bank data, the law does not prohibit discrimination by creditors on the basis of gender in access to credit. Chapter 4 describes some innovations to overcome this barrier. According to data from 'Women, Business and the Law 2016' (World Bank, 2015), 167 of the 173 countries surveyed mandate paid or unpaid maternity leave.	5	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	ecc0e9770dbb09df6ccc7c059431bfa0	Twelve per cent of all cases in 2012 were in rural areas, but this rose to 49 per cent in 2013 and 57 per cent in 2014, before falling to 22 per cent in 2015 and 10 per cent in 2016 (table 15.5). It showed that unhealthy food advertisements were highly prevalent around schools. A total of 1,459 advertisements displaying branded food products and 501 promotions displaying unbranded food products were identified in the area around 30 selected schools.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	ecc1f19aefb5467f593cde7e6fe1e908	Another example is the storage and recovery approach (S&R) in groundwater conservation employed by the city of Tucson, Arizona, which serves the twofold purpose of storing water underground for future use while replenishing the already pumped groundwater (see Box 4.7). This approach also signals a remarkable capacity to adjust to community demands. Cities and industrial companies have paid farmers to encourage practices, such as paddy rice flooding, that help recover the aquifer. The city of Ono in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, which received the Japan Water Grand Prize in 2012, was one of the early adopters of groundwater recharge through paddy-field storage in the late 1970s.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	ecc345ac9d39ec550af8e5f770c9691a	Since 1980, this demographic group has grown, from 55% of the population to 66% of the population in 2011. Such disequilibrium in demographics caused by high population growth has been one of the factors driving the changing environment in the MENA region. In addition, a youth “bulge” in the economy, coupled with the global economic crisis, has placed extraordinary pressure on the labour market to provide employment opportunities (World Bank, 2013: 119). Given that men traditionally are regarded as the main breadwinners, there is increased pressure to provide jobs to men.	5	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	ecc7d00054b402bc52a5e42f88f5ea4a	It lays down the overall framework for the economy for the coming year and the level of overall service expenditure and capital investments. The agreement is not legally binding, but the system is based on observance of the rules it includes. Negotiations include both the level of the grants from the central government and changes in the local income tax rate.	4	3	1	0.5
10.18356/952404bd-en	ecc9051610f1d5320389109aaddeaccb	Carried out in mostly urban areas of 15 middle income countries, the survey has included questions on the so-called Big Five personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion and agreeableness. The study will use a version of the Big Five model, calling the traits open-mindedness, task performance, emotional regulation, engaging with others and collaboration. It will focus on selected cities and countries and release findings in 2020 (Chernyshenko etal.,	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	ecc91343209c5d79232c91d4019ae05e	For instance, regulations related to childcare are associated only with working women, whereas social benefits are almost exclusively paid to men. Early-retirement provisions can reduce women’s time in paid work, leading to gender disparities in the workplace and affecting career profiles and earnings. It is also noteworthy that the labour laws do not cover all categories of workers, nor all types of work and sectors. These gaps leave workers vulnerable and encourage informal work conditions, an impediment affecting women’s participation in the formal labour force.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	ecca25c0fa98211caa54f2253c5e6411	A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective”. The concept of care and the dialectic of critique”, Journal of Aging Studies, vol. Revue franchise de socio-economie, No. Adapting to women 'snew roles, Cambridge, Polity Press. Gosta Esping-Andersen and others, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Una mirada a la atencion domiciliaria”, Mujer y Desarrollo series, No.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	eccd6ad48bd995144013bca529fc9c76	There are national guidelines for smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet; primary care staff are expected to counsel patients on these lifestyle habits and offer advice, support and referrals. For patients requiring long-term care, responsibility for the patient is transferred to the municipality once a care plan has been developed. Responsibilities and arrangements for primary care in the context of long-term care for the elderly are variable.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	ecce5f46991c2079e7c60a17b9c76dd9	Most importantly, it instituted a voluntary programme, CPH 45 (Certified Pre-Conditioned for Health), to provide assurances to buyers that they would be purchasing high-quality calves that would perform well when on feed. Participants are required to follow recommended weaning and inoculation practices and provide records to the sales facility. At designated dates and places a number of producers agree to bring cattle to a specific sales facility where they are grouped into uniform truck-load lots and sold collectively as CPFI-45 certified. Since the calves have ear tags that identify the producer any subsequent problems can be traced back to a specific farm.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	ecced82a4fcea437afbae0ec0b1ae61a	For instance, a recent evaluation of PROSSAPYS (Programa para la Sostenibilidad de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamineto en Communidades Rurales) found that some rural and marginalised areas have not made full use of the resources they were provided because PROSSAPYS does not have a strategic planning mechanism in place to direct the efforts and allocation of resources to the areas in greater need, (Dominguez, 2012). The programme’s reliance on INEGI’s definition of rural area (less than 2 500 inhabitants), even though some of the localities targeted are above this threshold yet still have rural patterns, may also contribute to the lack of funds distributed to in-need areas. In addition, PROSSAPYS, Clean Water Programme (PAL) and APAZU could be better co-ordinated to support highly marginalised rural and urban zones in the first range, i.e. localities below 2 500 inhabitants and between 2 500 to 14 999 inhabitants.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6ffd1196-en	ecd3f7b9dc256827d986530e8c99203f	Moreover, the State is in breach of its human rights obligations if it fails to respond appropriately to GBV, that is, to act with due diligence to prevent GBV, bring perpetrators to justice and ensure that victims have access to an adequate and effective remedy and full redress, including for acts or omissions by state and non-state actors and/or individuals. These can be further aggravated in conflict and postconflict situations, when GBV tends to increase, at the hands of state officials, armed groups and private individuals, due to the general breakdown of law and order, generalized climate of violence and increased availability of arms, among other factors. This may include a lack of will, a lack of resources and human capacity in the judicial system to handle claims, a lack of independence of the judiciary or protection of perpetrators by state institutions, a lack of understanding of duty bearers, and the prevalence of gender stereotypes and patriarchal societal norms that minimize the importance of crimes against women and GBV more generally. For example, gender-sensitive practices (e.g. the use of female police officers, choice of the time and location of interview so as not to expose women, etc.)	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-jpn-2011-7-en	ecd843968070f50ed4fd26b70a6d549c	The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. This chapter will use the terms middle school and high school, which correspond best to the Japanese terms tp^jx and . The tuition deduction ranges from 118.8 thousand yen to 237.6 thousand yen (about $1 500 to $3 000) depending on household income.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	ecd9eaf77a867ed62ba397434f5a561d	The term covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. Demonstration is a fundamental part of the development of new technologies and is defined as a project involving an innovation operated at or near full scale in a realistic environment to aid policy or promote the use of innovation (OECD, 2012a) and to show the viability of its application to manufacturers and potential buyers. Industrial priorities for R&D focus on shorter term, incremental improvements designed to maximise returns on these investments.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/967bd43c-en	ecdc19997f7042e02ac26de96bebf77f	The CEDAW adopted in 1979 was a landmark legal instrument of international human rights laws ensuring the added protection of women. The Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriage adopted in 1962 plays an extremely important role because it codifies into international law provisions addressing forced marriage (within East Africa, Rwanda is the only State to have ratified the convention). The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) is considered the regional extension of the CRC and plays an important role within the CEFM discourse as it codifies specific rights of a child. The following provisions have been selected as they relate directly to the issues discussed in the paper in regards to manifestations and hidden challenges. Seen as one of the most important articles in the convention, in relation to CEFM is Article 21 which grants protection against harmful social and cultural practices. Two major initiatives in the fight to end CEFM were launched in Africa and amongst the Commonwealth member countries.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/208cb99e-en	ecdcb5f777da410b61e6a4e121c7544c	Alongside indirect monetary measures of poverty, Amartya Sen (1981) proposes using direct measures of poverty, which reference deprivations in functionings or their proxies. Direct methods verify whether people actually achieve certain functionings or satisfy certain needs. Indirect methods such as an income or consumption budget set establish people's access to the resources which might enable them to achieve such functionings—but do not guarantee them. An additional advantage of direct measures for a regional or global measure is that standardized assessments can be compared directly across regions and countries and do not require adjustments for PPP exchange rates or inflation.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	ece0e04f9604908a8e7a3384c7cca731	Yet how is the process of prioritization among multiple demands manifested in government decision-making? Are there opportunities to exploit multiplier effects where one intervention can lead to multiple objectives for gender equality? At the same time, governments will need to have the capacity for flexibility and adaptation.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	ece219385684d5d657675e269ad71d7f	The relationship is much less strong in Nordic countries, most notably in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The cross-country correlation between skills and wage dispersion is negative and declining with age (-0.28 amongst the youngest cohort, -0.13 amongst the prime-age individuals, and essentially zero in the oldest age group). Dispersion in numeracy (90th-10th percentile difference), by age. In this analysis, we use a slightly different categorisation of age groups than was used in the previous analyses, largely because the estimation of the parental education gradient on wages of the very young can be misleading, due to the issue of selection into the labour market.10 In the next graphs, we analyse four age groups (25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-65 year olds).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	ece3cd9529305b60cf1bb037b9ce99ad	A reform at the end of the 1970s strengthened teacher education and made it highly selective. Teacher education moved from teachers' colleges to universities, and primary school teachers were required to have a master's degree. At present, teacher education is provided by nine universities, of which eight have teacher training schools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	eceb4406dd957ec4ac1d0a650ca1806e	The brokers have been successful in matching 50 people with jobs and stimulating the key businesses in the market to the opportunities provided by unemployed people. As these approaches are rolled out more widely the Greater London Authority will build future local employment and skills requirements directly into the contracts as part of their Responsible Procurement code. This suggests a considerable knowledge gap between front-line advisors in the mainstream system potentially limiting the number of jobs opened up to unemployed people.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	ecedd647527eeee24fbd39c40f9791e9	Although smaller in volume, species such as Swordfish, Giant Squid, Toothfish, King Crab, Sea Urchin, Southern rays bream and Loco are important sources of revenue for the small-scale sector. Catches by industrial vessels in international waters are mainly Jack mackerel from the area of the South Pacific RFMO and Patagonian toothfish in the area of CCAMLR. For artisanal vessels, swordfish is the main species targeted in international w'aters.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264081918-5-en	ecee44634e1e76d1ba60542d741d86c5	Such persons may receive a one-time-only PFRON loan for the start up of a new business, or secure co-financing to the level of 50% of the interest on bank credit for continuation of a business (if they have not taken advantage of a start-up loan from PFRON or from the Labour Fund). The person may also apply to PFRON for reimbursement of a part of compulsory social insurance contributions. The programme is delivered through the network of local employment offices (PUPs). These local offices offer training on how to start a business, on the regulatory procedures, and on the business planning process, as well as deliver a start-up grant scheme for unemployed people made available through the Labour Fund.27 Recipients of these start-up funds have to run their enterprise for at least a year as a condition of funding; otherwise, the grant must be repaid.	8	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	ecef518b566ab7bb793018bca8f8a271	Given the eminently regulatory nature of policy in the region in the twentieth century, twenty-first century policy must incorporate economic instruments more firmly to effectively produce the desired changes in both producers and consumers and usher in more egalitarian and sustainable patterns. In this framework, the central message of United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was the need to fully integrate environmental considerations into development approaches. The greater the number of species in an ecosystem, the greater its genetic differentiation, and the more likely that it will be stable, resilient and resistant to extreme changes.	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	ecf004ddb2449b6d210450285cae5e2a	The proportion of low-income women having had cancer screening in the past two years is only slightly over 10%, the lowest among 15 OECD countries. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions. The data enable benchmarking across regions and has the potential to be used for analysing inequities in health. Similarly, the data from National Health Interview Surveys carried out by the Danish National Institute for Public Health could be used for measuring health inequalities. For example, while the Danish Health and Medicine Authority published a report on health inequalities in 2011, there is no regular report focusing on inequalities in health. Periodic surveys do not allow for regular monitoring of changes in health utilisation and disease prevalence.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264283336-en	ecf51e4f9ea4dfc4cb067baaf9b02b73	Many psychiatric institutions, long-term care and nursing facilities, and small rural hospitals are in need of modernisation. This is also targeted by the 2014-20 European Structural and Investment Funds programme, which aims at health infrastructure, capacity building in data collection and processing, as well as human resource development. However, at the hospital management level there is often only limited expertise with capital investment and financing of new technologies (see also Section 5.3). First, the physician workforce is ageing.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	ecfe2da1b22ef1a041ad02cdf084cd2a	Most analysts determine the values of these parameters on the basis of time series analysis of historical performance data, consistent with the dictum that “history is a good predictor of the future”. We note that Markowitz himself and associates do not exclude the setting of different values if analysts have good reasons to deviate from historical values (Fabozzi, et al., They published the results in an article published in the Journal of Finance, the most prestigious periodical of finance theory (Bar-Lev and Katz, 1976). Bar-Lev and Katz defined the reciprocal of average fuel cost per unit of energy input per annum as return indicator and the standard deviation of a 17-years period time series for this indicator as risk.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	ecfe608b23b6147b0e54de42440452a5	Various private companies, including Coca Cola, Orange and Zain, participated in the programme. The initial interest by the private sector suggests that water efficiency is a potential area for green investment in Jordan. To help fund these projects, the government has allocated 16.5% of the 2011-13 Executive Development Program funds for the water and wastewater sector, more than any other sector (MoPIC, 2011).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	ed07366d6b8f1fe5118cf1734be89e8c	Another way to reduce deadweight is to require firms to share in the cost of short-time work, as is discussed below. In light of their differential coverage by STW schemes and the likely greater tendency of employers to attempt to retain their core workers, the empirical analysis of the impact of STW in the 2008-09 recession below distinguishes between temporary and permanent workers to the extent possible. Participating firms in the Work Sharing programme in Canada were previously required to develop a recovery plan. However, this requirement has been suspended until at least March 2011 in response to the 2008-09 recession. Take-up of training during STW tends to be low in countries where it is not compulsory. While this may provide a rationale for governments seeking to reduce displacement effects to make training compulsory, it could also indicate that training often is not appropriate or cannot easily be organised as was concluded by a Canadian study of STW (HRDC, 2004).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	ed07c5fc050516c9a76454176fe72d42	The major obstacle to local borrowing is the absence of reliable medium-term and long-term budget planning at the local level, because of the uncertainty surrounding the government policy concerning the allocation of taxes between the national and local budgets and the rate of budget withdraw'als (Makhmutova, 2006). Quotas for annual local borrowing and total local debt are fixed annually by the Budget Law. In 2009, the government determined new' subnational government borrowing limits (in a given fiscal year, annual payment and debt servicing costs were not to exceed 10% of the local budget revenues, and total debt 75% of local budget revenues).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7921771c-en	ed08bf69415117d6e6f537600f0be3f5	These social determinants of health deal with the life and work circumstances of people and their lifestyles. They deal with how social and economic policies impact on the lives and health of individuals. The collective rights of indigenous peoples and ethnic communities were recognised, and the region where they live and what amounts to 50 per cent of the national territory was divided in two Autonomous Regions. The same National Assembly approved an Autonomy Statute that defined health administration as a responsibility of the autonomous authorities.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	ed0adc42c481ffd10ae6faa2f5ed1eb9	Although it is an administrative unit, residents of constituent villages share a sense of identity. Cotton is usually listed among industrial crops but its seeds are also processed for edible oil. The discrepancy with CSO data may be due to the fact that a significant amount of rubber plantations is not registered at the national level.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	ed0bba5e88641dcc5c69d98212b4a6cd	Since the mid-2000s, policy in Germany has moved to promote a more gender-equal sharing of time for child care and work, and in this sense it is ahead of most OECD countries, except perhaps the Nordic countries. There are a range of publicly-supported initiatives involving different stakeholders in the private sector, which include initiatives towards greater sharing of best practices amongst stakeholders and audits of family-friendly companies. Most recently, in 2015 various stakeholders (including employer associations and unions) signed a memorandum on the “New Reconciliation” of work and family life (“Die Neue Vereinbarkeit”).	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	ed0e216176ba1f00d871560734eeeaea	These results are noteworthy in that they are obtained from farms that represent specialised units. The findings for meat and wool farms may be reinforced by broader evidence from other sectors. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that product mixes in other farm types are also characterised by imperfect and possibly weaker price and margin correlations, as other types of farms generally have possibilities to diversify across a broader range of commodities and which do not represent substitutes.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	ed12f594099de1fda9d310b02b474361	A pilot was launched in 2005-07 in the fashion and auto-mechanic sectors (but with no formal evaluation of the results) (Ministiy of Vocational Training and Employment, 2012). Furthermore, it supports social inclusiveness, by allowing adults with limited formal education to get recognition for the competences acquired while working, thereby helping them to advance their careers. Finally, it also works as a tool to reward learning and the skills, both acquired in informal settings.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	ed1413a6f103e765f53ce6b2c2e1a5d0	"Making Poverty Analyses Richer: Multidimensional poverty research for policy design"" in Boyser, K., C. Dewilde, D. Dierckx and J. Friedrichs (Eds) Between the Social and the Spatial - Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion, Ashgate Publishing, pp. Equivalence Scale Sensitivity of Poverty Statistics for the Member States of the European Community' in Review of Income and Wealth, Series 43, Number 3. Robust Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons', Working Paper, no. Ithaca, NY: Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University."	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	ed177a379875e7f71ecb0ea7dfd382f9	This school leader did not experience the AfL policy as being implemented top-down; instead s/he was able to influence the process through a bottom-up approach. Schools 2 and 6, for example, had undergone a process of trial and error in terms of implementing the Better Assessment Practice programme. In School 6 teachers reported that they had worked very instrumentally to get the process going, and then after a while they were able to identify what kind of professional competences they had to develop. The problem, back in 2007 and 2008, was that they did not know where to find knowledge about assessment.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5830c400-en	ed18b6eb9d6818709e47ef8b8c961728	Ensuring that the skills they developed through the gig economy are visible to other potential employers can help achieve the former, more desirable outcome. Over the period 2000-2010 migrants represented 47 percent and 70 percent of the increases in the labour forces of the United States and Europe respectively. But they tend to take up lower skilled jobs: almost half of low-skilled jobs are taken up by migrants on average and sometimes low'-skilled jobs become nearly the exclusive domain of migrants (OECD 2012).	4	5	3	0.25
10.1787/eco/surveys-grc-2013-5-en	ed19e23db2b07bfa14adc70dea0ac78d	Atkinson, A. B. (1998), Poverty in Europe, Blackwells Publishers, Oxford. Part 7: The Drivers of Labour Eamings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. An Exploratory Statistical Analysis”, Housing Studies, Vol. Mapping Income Inequality Across the OECD”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	ed1cd5c88a5fab326d3db455d51904f7	With no right to compensation, her household income falls significantly and she becomes dependent on her family or social welfare, where it is available. For fear of repudiation, women often dare not oppose a spouse hostile to any of their actions, including employment. Khul ’ is a procedure of unilateral cessation of marriage on the initiative of the wife, who does not have to prove the fault of her husband.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	ed1f106ca6b8c3ed37f3392d16effebc	As such, current country efforts could be stepped up to combat violence against women more effectively. A national plan can be established within the framework of the gender strategy (see Chapter 3). The effective implementation of this plan will require collaboration across the various institutions responsible for the different policy areas involved in addressing violence. It partners the government, research institutions and community leaders to reinforce the capacity of criminal justice and strengthen the ability of the housing and health systems to respond to issues of family violence.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/841f762a-en	ed208ad8c056339080c9f6779518509d	In the WIO, some of the social dimensions of biodiversity loss were identified, including inconsistent government policies, failure to enforce environmental laws, centralization of decision-making on resource management and undue political influence and misguidance (Wood and others, 2000, Kulindwa and others, 2001). Several outcomes can be considered. One is how the political and social contexts have affected biodiversity conservation and vice versa. It is also important to consider the nature of the economic and social costs generated by rules and regulations on resource use.	15	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	ed20f3ece97567ca70521b9a806d9ba1	"For each spotlight, pressing data gaps and measurement challenges are also highlighted. These supplemental indicators were selected based on an open consultation with civil society organizations and inputs from other international experts (see Box 3.1). Respondents, including international agencies and civil society organizations, submitted suggestions for additional indicators, along with information on their relevance and, where possible, data sources and how often the data are produced. The recommendations included, for instance, monitoring the ""average weekly time spent by women and girls on water collection"" for Goal 6 and the ""share of women aged 15-49 whose BMI [body mass index] is less than 18.5 (underweight)"" for Goal 2."	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ed216376aa08160ccc6b432489d9a20f	The ERCOT market enables demand-side responses through programmes such as Load Acting as a Resource (LaaR) or Balancing Up Load (BUL) that provide balancing services to the market. By increasing DSM capacity on intraday and balancing markets, market liquidity could be increased in the last stages of the technical operation of the system (demand-offer adjustment) thus increasing openness in intraday and balancing markets. As an example, ERCOT has also programmes to integrate demand-side participation in ancillary services and balancing markets.	7	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	ed268020cd88bdde2d6f984e6f2f0a29	Until recently, only one major purchaser had vertically integrated with providers. This situation has arisen mainly due to a political consensus around the undesirability of growing vertical integration in the Dutch context. Proposals that could expand current levels of vertical integration - for instance, the proposed set up of a co-operative in 2008 involving a regional health insurer, a regional physician co-operative and other health professionals, in order to take over a local hospital in financial distress - have been strongly opposed in Parliament, based on concerns about professional autonomy and free choice of provider by users. Insurers are free to compete for enrolees through adjustments to their community-rated premiums and this has resulted in strong price competition among insurers. Stronger competition for enrolees through policy prices quickly translated into financial pressure on insurers, whose general reaction has been two-fold (Schut and Van de Ven, 2011). First, there has been wider experimentation and adoption of measures to reduce operational and managerial costs.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	ed2694680b026deeeab506b2adf8ac11	She opined that it was wise to involve women at the local government, [but they should be assured of] security and equal opportunity. Politics involves round-the-clock duty, travel and contact with strangers, while women may also face sexual harassment by their male colleagues. Courting arrest and facing police brutalities are more personally problematic for young women.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	ed2910e79109dc1341ba9231d41728d0	"As in previous practice, each block in the module is planned to have green spaces for recreation, inbuilt groundfloor spaces for social-household services and educational and operational premises, and inground parking. This project is expected to last five years and involves three cities (Novogrudok, Novopolotsk and Polotsk) as pilot projects for realizing some elements of a ""green city” approach to urban development. The results of these projects are expected to provide best practices that will be adopted in at least five other cities in Belarus."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/g2g9faa5-en	ed2bef050b61ea6b57302e615a8cdf10	Women continue to represent, on average, only one-third of senior public service employees, members of parliament (including in chair positions of committees) and Supreme Court judges. By way of example, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care. Although women are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating pressure and subsequent problems for men and boys, such as underdiagnosed mental health problems, addiction and alcohol abuse, and use of violence as a masculinity norm.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	ed2eaa332cdc880496c931340ab5f13b	In long-term care institutions or other services that provide housing or treatment for older persons, it is relatively common to find deplorable living conditions or overcrowding, or treatment that may harm physical or mental health or infringe other basic human rights and fundamental freedoms with frequently irrevocable consequences (Vasquez, 2004). All residents of institutions have rights and liberties protected in international covenants and national laws, regardless of whether they suffer physical or mental disabilities. Recent research carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on the social exclusion of institutionalized older persons with physical and mental disabilities in three Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) shows a heterogeneous situation in terms of these services. Argentina has the highest proportion of admittances decided by someone other than the older person him or herself (12%), while Chile has the highest percentage of older persons admitted because they have nowhere to live (12%). Institutionalized older persons in Uruguay have a lower level of functional and mental capacities (45%), while in Argentina 65% of residents display no cognitive or physiological degeneration.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ed3126aeecf4aaba11cb0e48b05c0220	American Economic Association, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies”, Energy Policy, Vol. This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the services essential for production, communication and exchange. Unsurprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and seek to develop policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. While there is widespread agreement that the security of energy supply should be a concern for policy making, the issue has so far escaped meaningful quantification and, consequently, monetisation. Concerning the first point, quantification, the publication on which this chapter is based (NEA, 2010) has made a first important contribution by developing not only a meaningful indicator of the security of supply, but also combining it with a consistent set of data for OECD countries over 40 years (see Section 8.3).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	ed31a5cf14ec707b1a4a9c10546cd8dc	They can also address the bias introduced by technology-specific policies, an issue that is discussed in the next section. Under this approach, electricity generators would be required to meet a rising fraction of their generation using zero carbon sources or sources with lower carbon intensity (RFF, 2012). The impact of a CES can vary substantially based on the specifications of policy details. The specifications of the bill.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	ed3381e80384bb4941aad812200c067a	Sweden initiated the National Council for Suicide Prevention in 1993, making it one of the first countries worldwide to establish a comprehensive national strategy for suicide prevention. In 1994, a parliamentary decision led to the creation of a National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP). This network coordinates cooperation between involved actors - including health care providers, social services, schools, churches and NGOs - and aims to facilitate suicide prevention efforts and integrate national public health work on a local level.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	ed355d8ba6fe1ee93f2a1763a747d6ea	In none of them do women reach that level, because most of them are not participating in the labour market. In the other groups, employees account for the largest share (50% of the non-indigent poor, 57% of the vulnerable and 64% of the non-vulnerable), showing that wage employment does not protect people from the risk of slipping into poverty. There is a gender gap here, as well; among women (particularly among the indigent and the non-indigent poor), a larger percentage are unpaid family workers and domestic workers.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	ed35809d3a6f49c6b3006129a51418c2	A relatively large share (31 per cent) of the associations does not yet survey their members. With a view to enhancing wider availability of internationally comparable data, the IT Industry Barometer mayserveasausefulplatform(boxV.3). In the remainder of this chapter, attention is given to selected policy areas relevant to developing domestic capabilities needed in the national software system. Although the framework can be applied to countries at all levels of development, the emphasis on different parts of the software system and policy choices must be adapted to the circumstances and priorities of each country.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73b30008-en	ed3589a8b32ad026cb66148dcf35b49a	Poverty and social exclusion are interlinked with inequality but cannot be reduced to inequalities of income alone (Sen, 1997). Poverty is a situation in which inequalities leave some people so far away from the social mainstream that the deprivations they experience push them below what are viewed as basic standards. In practice, poverty is often operationalized and measured in terms of income or consumption poverty. Poverty lines can be defined on the basis of absolute needs (e.g., the cost of a minimum food basket plus an allowance for basic non-food basic needs), or on relative social standards that prevail in a given society at a given time. One of the main sources of dissatisfaction with absolute poverty measures is that they ignore concerns about relative deprivation, shame, and social exclusion (Ravallion, 2015).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ed35f3b9933e2c76a36c129fcf510ae5	This new system, being developed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals, aims to measure “cross-border” finance, i.e. all officially supported resource flows in support of the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. Proposals are for TOSSD to include information on ODA flows (as captured by the OECD’s CRS database) and also include information on a wide range of financial instruments, from all providers, e.g. including South-South cooperation and multilateral institutions, as well as to possibly include resources mobilised (not just resources provided, as in ODA). The framework is still under development, and a TOSSD Compendium has been available for public consultation, which raised the issue of TOSSD possibly “tagging” expenditures as climate-relevant.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	ed3a258d356f60cc230480ce1a8b431a	Federal protected areas and their associated resources have increased significantly over the last decade. In 2010, there were 174 protected areas covering 25.4 million ha, equivalent to 12.9% of national territory. However, further expansion of protected areas is needed to achieve the goal of 16% by 2020.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ed3f874a84dc41c04c8c17d2faf62796	Fulfilling the reporting provisions on indicative future levels of climate finance will include projected future qualitative and quantitative information, where this is available (see Box 2). However, there are several systems or processes that collect some of the information required. Thus, the Common Tabular Format (CTF) agreed at COP 18 for developed country Parties includes tables for the provision of bilateral and multilateral public financial support (but does not include tables for information on climate finance mobilised). Although many Parties draw on Rio markers to report on climate finance to the UNFCCC, the figures derived from Rio markers may not be identical to the figures reported to the UNFCCC (see Annexes A and B). This project-level database covers bilateral and multilateral sources of finance and can be used to produce aggregate figures and to analyse climate-related development finance from various angles, e.g. mitigation/adaptation, financial instruments, recipients and channels of delivery. The CRS database is designed to avoid double counting, both across different providers and across project types (e.g. if a project addresses both mitigation and adaptation).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	ed3fa0257da8045f3a4b138c04d5c756	In general, there are three forms of finance that can be used to develop projects: investment grants (subsidy), loans (debt), and equity. Mezzanine finance is a combination of debt and equity. ( In the rest of the document we adhere to these definitions, a practice also adopted by UNEP (2007) in their report on financing of renewable energy.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	ed41109beb3cde7acf148fca71f42b5e	While public transportation is well patronised in Chile’s cities, some potential passengers may be deterred by the real or perceived impression that it is inefficient, unclean or unsafe. Chile’s public transport fare structure includes fare differentiation to improve service management (e.g. higher prices at peak hours) or to increase social equity (reduced prices for students and senior citizens). However, there is no fee reduction for frequent use at present.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ed419a3dc99dad81a044a2793c09abb8	The most affected areas are concentrated in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro river valleys and in the province of La Convention and the Lares district of Calca province, which together contain 68 per cent of the country’s coca bush cultivation. The shrinking supply has affected the purity levels of the coca base and cocaine, which showed a slight decrease in prices from 2013 to 2014. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, authorities reported that cocaine seizures amounted to about 26 tons in 2014. Seizure totals have been relatively stable since 2010, when about 25 tons of cocaine were seized.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	ed42d33e3d6a67562f7cc307600bbf43	It also raised concerns about the higher use of these codes in some specialities, such as orthopaedics and ophthalmology, and instances of inappropriate use. Both the initial report by the Auditor General for Scotland (2013 a), and a follow-up report from later that year (Auditor General for Scotland, 2013b), do importantly note that the use of unavailability codes began to reduce in late 2011, a trend which continued into 2012 and 2013. Much of this work is the Quality and Efficiency Support Team (QuEST) and is described further in Section 2.9.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	ed432a273087b04509fa899bd42a866d	Women in rural areas generally lack awareness of licensing processes, which are often complicated, and in a number of MENA economies home-based businesses cannot be registered or obtain a licence. For example, in the UAE, many municipalities require proof of a leased business location before granting a business licence. This prevents women from starting a home-based enterprise (while there is evidence that this would be the choice of many traditional Emirati women).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/68bdcb6f-en	ed4742ea04e9e4484b2a261c577c0a56	Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize 1948 Workers and employers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, to join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorization. Convention concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and to Bargain Collectively 1949 Workers shall enjoy adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination in respect of their employment. Equal Remuneration Convention 1951 Ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	ed47b5d8b562d00f9bc17dad843face0	The three components are intended to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive smart city strategy through the participation of the government, businesses and citizens. Digital Economy: Developed in 2018, the “Digital Economy Framework for Action” sets out to guide businesses and the workforce about how to adopt digitalisation in order to keep the economy attractive through the creation of opportunities. Organised around three principles - Accelerate, Compete and Transform - the plan lays out a strategy for Singapore to become a digital economy capable of reinventing and adapting itself to change. In addition to strengthening physical and digital infrastructure, the plan details programmes for (re)training the workforce as well as adapting policies, regulations and standards in a manner that intends to strike a balance between making Singapore competitive and protecting the public interest.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/13c3d6e4-en	ed4897ebbac2f96a1e78dab0299b4b8b	These measures are needed to provide incentives to farmers for implementing voluntary measures that are beneficial for nature protection but that may affect agricultural production. Regarding seeds and genetic resources, Croatia has been following OECD and FAO advice on the use of plant species. Effectively, GMOs cannot be planted, not even for testing purposes, and GMO products cannot be sold in the countiy (0.2 per cent of GMO content in a product is the maximum allowed).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/c491a19d-en	ed49bcd7edf7625405b244f06e2beee4	Recognizing values of ecosystem services implies that we are aware of the ecosystem services we receive from the sea, the lake or the forest, and that these benefits are relevant and important for people's well-being and should be taken into account. For example, we want to say how important the fish and shellfish production in the Baltic Sea is, describe the magnitude of recreational activities and timber production in Nordic forests, or the value of the drinking water we receive from Norwegian lakes. As we will see below, these values may be demonstrated in different ways.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ed49e813a0a64c125ff3f6a7a9f0879e	The 2008 Act on Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Certain Plans and Programmes institutes a system of environmental assessments at the planning stage and transposes European Directive 2001/42/EC, which was supposed to be reflected in member states’ legislation before July 2004. It supplements other legal provisions in this area such as the 2003 Grand Ducal Regulation on assessing the environmental impact of certain public and private projects, the 2007 Act on Assessing the Impact of Road, Rail and Airport Infrastructure Projects on the Natural and Human Environment and the Grand Ducal Regulation of 2007 determining the contents, conditions and methods of conducting the impact study required for the consolidation of rural properties. The 2009 Act on Environmental Liability with Regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage establishes an environmental liability framework based on the polluter pays principle in order to prevent and repair environmental damage, and transposes European Directive 2004/35/EC into domestic law.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	ed4e0eaba60b6928dd0da05ea1af01dc	Competitiveness concerns and possible leakage of tax impacts can be reduced if environmental taxes are introduced at similar levels in neighbouring countries. A platform focussing on cooperation related to environmental taxation could facilitate exchange of experiences and information between countries and support steps towards harmonization of specific environmental tax rates and environmental taxes most likely to result in cross-border smuggling, such as fuel taxes. These policy processes offer Governments the chance to collaborate on the development of carbon taxes and fossil fuel subsidy reform, agree timelines, and exchange and learn from each other's experiences.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ed4f44dd293fc2dc3f52dc48b35c2462	Morocco has set up regional monitoring and evaluation systems in Souss-Massa-Draa and Marrakech Tensift Al Haouz, which aim to monitor and assess vulnerability and the results of adaptation actions to climate change (GIZ, 2014). These systems are expected to be the basis of an institutional arrangement, and extended to a national governance mechanism to oversee the monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation actions in the medium-term. Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.30875/c7f78275-en	ed527a832712ebb3691451af519a3abf	The regulation of intellectual property rights, data flows, and privacy are likely to be of particular importance, as well as the quality of digital infrastructure, since reliable and fast network access is becoming a necessity for conducting business. However, the overall impact on GVC trade is hard to predict. In the longer run, however, 3D printing may to some extent substitute for traditional manufacturing methods, reducing the need for outsourced production and assembly, the number of production steps, and the need for inventory, warehousing, distribution, retail centres and packaging. Developing countries are likely to gain an increasing share of global trade, but the quantitative effects will depend on their ability to catch up on the adoption of digital technologies.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283350-en	ed5293911ed90803dc1abbf818e501d3	In 2016, the first Advisory Board for Development of Quality Indicators report was published and established a system of publically monitoring quality indicators. Since 2002, five clinical audits have been carried out in collaboration with experts each year by EHIF. Examples from 2013 suggest that 67.5% of specialist visits for hypertension and 20% of specialist visits for diabetes could be deemed 'avoidable' and managed more appropriately in primary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	ed52f8227744588c773b45ebec9d0258	Through its mandate today, the committee aims to serve as the premier international fomm for senior-level policymakers to identify, discuss, develop and disseminate a vision of regional development policy that is place-based, multi-level, multi-sectoral, evidence-based and innovative. The committee also seeks to enhance well-being and living standards in all region types, from cities to rural areas, and improve their contribution to national performance and more inclusive and resilient societies. Members have endorsed the principles and committed to contribute to their implementation and dissemination.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	ed5307b13f85bfd02abfcf0292f460d2	"The GSHS (http://www.who.int/chp/gshs/en/) currently has data on about 80 countries for children aged 13 to 17 years, with other surveys planned [67],1 The key topics addressed by the GSHS are: alcohol use, dietary behaviours, drug use, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, sexual behaviours, tobacco use, and violence and unintentional injury. The questionnaire includes one item on food insecurity: ""During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?"" For example, for India in 2007, the (weighted) prevalence of the last three responses together was 17.1%. Some of the countries have national datasets but others have datasets only for certain areas of the country."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	ed589ac6c1f288f8131c171ca335ef37	From a child perspective, this assumption is often justified on the basis that assuming that children obtain an equal share of available household resources charts a middle road between the deprivation they may be subject to if parents consume a disproportionate share and the extra protection they might receive if parents make sacrifices to ensure children do not go without (Corak, 2005[86i). However, differences in parenting behaviour across households may lead to children living in poverty in non-poor households and vice-versa. If, for instance, intra-household allocation patterns are determined by bargaining between different parties, we would expect the income pooling restriction not to hold.	1	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	ed6168b72d85079a31e3133c001f8564	While this appears some way off in most of the focus countries, many have taken an important step by including ESD content specifically in their K-12 curricula, which should in turn influence what gets included in teacher education curricula. While universities like UWI and USP are responding by mainstreaming and mandating ESD in their programmes, it is important to keep in mind that including ESD content is not the same as a true reorientation of the educational process. In teacher education for sustainable development, as in other ESD, the objective is to put in practice a new and more active and sustainability-oriented vision of education, rather than adding to that which is already in place.	13	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264195363-6-en	ed6316a2ac9bd309e1f39a8414e05b19	His analysis emphasises the volatility of these shares for individual countries from year to year rather than the trend over time. For NFIDCs, the situation is not as dramatic, with an average of food imports to total merchandise imports of about 12% and as much as 18% for some countries. Import expenditure can be financed by aid inflows and by borrowing, but in the longer run, a country will find it easier to rely on food imports if it can finance these imports from its own foreign earnings.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c544899f-en	ed6339c1dc27825761551cd0ae324fba	Nonetheless, the region has benefited from the development of renewable energies in Europe at various levels —firstly, through FDI in wind power generation by many European firms (Iberdrola, ACCIONA, Fenosa, SN Power, Enel, GDF Suez and others) and in component manufacturing capacity, particularly in Brazil (Vestas, Siemens and Alstom, among others). Direct investment by these firms, which have more than a decade of experience in wind power in their countries of origin, have driven the development of the wind power industry at a pace that would have been impossible without this knowledge transfer. Moreover, the opportunity to develop wind power in Latin America has given these European firms an area of expansion that they needed when the sector was going through a major crisis in Europe.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/2f1ba1aa-en	ed6582332a045bfd13ba4c474fe157ad	It harms the US growth potential (via a lower labour input from those that are supposed to be the most productive), fuels poverty and inequality and potentially harms individual well-being. In particular, inactivity does not only mean foregone revenues but also poorer health, and lower social engagement and even reduced marriage prospects for men.2 Lower prime-age adult labour force participation also means that an increasing number of children are growing in poverty, with higher risks of developing health issues later on, higher risks of school failure and ultimately lower employment and income prospects (OECD, 2016a). Artificial intelligence, automation and the take-up of robots are expected to trigger further job dislocations (see for instance Amtz et al, (2016) for an estimate of the share of jobs threatened by automation) and may push more workers out of labour force.	8	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-16-en	ed68075b7f6aa722fa8d90656e657893	The organisation of these departments underwent significant changes between 2009 and 2010 as part of the General Review of Public Policies (RGPP) conducted by the French government. On 1 April 2009, the National interbranch agency for sea fishery and aquaculture products (OFIMER) became FranceAgriMer, through the merger of five agricultural agencies (Ofimer, Office de Yelevage, ONIGC, ONIPPAM and Viniflhor). It is mandatory for the CNPMEM to be consulted on any domestic or Community measure regarding fisheries conservation or management, the conditions applicable to commercial fishing or the working of the industry as a whole.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264279360-5-en	ed6ab657d5b37928490f45456594f8c2	It then describes the main bottlenecks that can be envisaged as they relate to water use, land use and energy use, as well as the materials dimension of the nexus. Finally, it motivates why an integrated dynamic modelling approach is most suitable for investigating the interlinkages of the nexus bottlenecks. We need water to grow food and for energy production, we need energy to grow' food and to pump and treat water, and w;e need land to produce bioenergy. Unsustainable use of these resources raises serious concerns about their looming scarcity.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	ed6c5102f2e97bb65c2945a0a4a55b1a	Labour informality, corruption and lengthy procedures for business startups were associated with high social exclusion. By contrast, because employment facilitates inclusion, functional and accessible labour market institutions were found to be important. Abruptly abandoning areas of responsibility by the state or insisting on rapid privatization of all state-owned companies may prove very costly for societies in the long run. Yet at the same time, retaining these responsibilities does not mean keeping the earlier structures intact.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289335355-3-en	ed6cea03d238952bc5b10201256bb76a	It is believed that the cause of the decline of the species is more intensive forestry (photo: Jussi Murtosaari). The rich countries also have a responsibility for contributing environmental aid to poor countries to ensure that they can implement the convention. The larvae of the Cranberry frititlary (Boloria aquilonaris) live on cranberries.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	ed6ed1211cd4d1b03121b763c9688187	Taking these national initiatives as a foundation, Scotland’s quality improvement efforts are primarily driven from the bottom-up and characterised by local-learning collaboratives, small cycles of innovation and testing, and communities of practice. At the same time, Scotland is pursuing the integration of health, social and other care for individuals with complex needs. To help inform its quality improvement efforts, a key priority will be for Scotland to make better use of its information systems to allow a clearer understanding of whether quality initiatives have improved population health.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	ed734b54a62ee1b417b8227e3545e68f	This largely reflects investment support for constructing facilities to collect, store and process agricultural products. Environmental cross-compliance requirements are gradually emerging. The six SEE economies are relatively well integrated into the world trading system. All six economies are signatories of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), through which they have achieved full tariff liberalisation on trade in agricultural goods.	2	0	5	1.0
10.18356/052369a9-en	ed73ff1414f5586ea8efed7743bcf497	The situation deteriorated significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of undernourished people increased from 195 million in 2014 to 237 million in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of hunger, with the rate increasing from 20.7 per cent in 2014 to 23.2 per cent in 2017. In South America, the situation also appears to be worsening.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	ed74aa946b774a65c6d9e0feeaa049a0	This section simulates the impacts of this cereal price intervention policy on farmers represented in the simulation model. Since the representative farm in the UK produces wheat, barley and oilseed, the simulations set the same level of intervention price for wheat and barley. The price intervention reduces the price risk of cereals and increases their expected returns, and thus has an impact on the farmer’s crop diversification strategy.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	ed77ed37d89b5f69c981d52e0293eb50	At the same time, official information on the national tests clearly repeats the message that the national tests only measure a discrete area of student knowledge and skills - providing a snapshot of student achievement in select learning targets - and that supplementary assessments are necessary to fully gauge student process. Research from different countries indicates that while assessment is primarily intended to measure the progress and outcomes of learning, it also has effects on the learning process itself (Somerset, 1996). Several authors have described this influence of assessment on teaching and learning as the “backwash effect” of student assessment (Alderson and Wall, 1993; Baartman et al.,	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/750717ff-en	ed788663e6a8f6a360e4b65d50dbf2dd	This situation pertains to about 70 per cent of the municipalities of Vojvodina, which are using wells for public water supply, and about 50 per cent of the total population of the Autonomous Province. Arsenic removal from drinking water requires significant financial resources and specific units of water treatment, which are necessary to develop an appropriate plan to address this problem. According to data from the Institute of Public Health of Belgrade City in 2013, the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were controlled in 6,891 samples, of which 0.63 per cent did not meet physico-chemical parameters and 2.74 per cent did not meet microbiological parameters. Beogradvode” also controls water quality through analysis of an additional 8,000 or so samples per year, but results are not known since it has no obligation to submit them.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	ed79ec7858b3333dd80d977dc6c04b94	The length of the PPA tends to be tied to the remaining lifespan of the mine. As discussed below in further detail, this is due to the limited re-deployability of current renewable energy systems, and the unexploited opportunities for plants’ alternative uses, beyond the needs of a mine. Therefore, the longer the residual life of the mine, the longer the PPA, and thus the lower the price of the electricity generated under the contract.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264234178-6-en	ed7a816f07285dabbb6981e714d9bd03	Career guidance should provide a full picture of the various pathways in the education system, covering notably the vocational education option. Guidance in vocational education and training has an important role to play in supporting individuals to identify how they can best use the skills they have developed through their course of education and training in order to build fulfilling careers. Career guidance in universities can support effective transitions to the workplace by involving employers (including through career fairs and employer workshops) to provide work-related learning opportunities, and can help to ensure that graduates' skills are well used.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	ed7a98750eede781db67f4214c73e2c5	"Then the feasibility study is approved, followed by the general EIA conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Following the conclusions of the general EIA, a detailed EIA is prepared, if deemed necessary. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism has a Professional Council to review the quality of the detailed EIA. The detailed EIA includes the environmental management plan (EMP). No company can operate without an EIA. In a way, the ""permit documentation"" for a mining activity in Mongolia includes an exploitation licence, a detailed EIA and an EMP."	12	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264283329-en	ed7da8a8e9facf2ad8ce46676f7179df	Various efforts to tackle waiting lists have been taken, including additional budget allocations to fund overtime work in the public sector and ‘coupons' for some patients to obtain care in the private sector. However, these projections assume a continuation of the currently low priority given to health, which is not likely to be sufficient in the long term given that expenditure levels are already unable to provide coverage to the entire population and there are long waiting times for some services. This became particularly evident during the recent economic crisis.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ed7fc93c965c707600b699eba0d1a2ee	The only difference is that, with a tax, one obtains price stability, while quantities may vary somewhat according to electricity demand, and that with an emission market, quantities will be fixed but prices can vary strongly. The key condition for an emissions trading system to make a difference is, of course, that the sum of quotas given out by governments is sufficiently low. Such support could be seen as remunerating the provision of the public good of GHG emissions reduction.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	ed80615163657e2b7a644f8b2b757f3b	Furthermore, perceptions of being treated poorly by the criminal justice system lead many victims to screen themselves out of law enforcement and legal proceedings at an early stage. Victims who are treated insensitively or unsympathetically often decide not to continue with the process. Victims want the violence to end and to be safe and protected. If they do not believe the criminal justice system can help them in that, they will not be cooperative. Many countries have adopted laws and policies to respond to these biases, however, women and girls worldwide continue to experience violence, discrimination and difficulties accessing justice.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/44e08493-en	ed82c2e8b4743b0f37dfa628c5bcaa7a	Furthermore, inequality in child well-being is not confined just to childhood outcomes - it is already manifest in access to essential services. Sanitation shows one of the largest relative disparities: in half of the countries analysed, children of households in the poorest urban quintile have basic sanitation services that are at least two times lower than children from the richest urban quintile. Coverage is four or more times lower in almost half of the countries analysed in rural areas.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	ed82efff591458693a89220e6b221e40	On the whole, the policy objectives are too broad to have a specific impact on urban health. It proposed to adopt an urban health sector strategy with the help of the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Local Government in order to ensure primary health, family planning and reproductive health services for the urban poor. In addition, it also proposed to undertake steps to revise and update the laws related to food safety and emphasized proper hospital waste management.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264214033-8-en	ed84404595980829ea05515bfb826d8d	"More worryingly, in the countries that distributed the PISA parent questionnaire, disadvantaged parents are significantly more likely than advantaged parents to report that ""low expenses"" and ""financial aid"" are very important factors to consider when choosing a school. While parents from all backgrounds cite academic achievement as an important consideration when choosing a school for their children, advantaged parents are, on average, nine percentage points more likely than disadvantaged parents to cite this criterion as ""very important"". These differences suggest that disadvantaged parents may believe that their choice of schools for their child is limited, due to the cost of some schools."	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/025e4007-en	ed861512a782d2023d7cff80ae75d99a	The potential health benefits include reduced symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, rheumatism, arthritis and allergies, as well as fewer injuries (OECD and IEA 2014). Renewables and energy efficiency can be game changers for energy - and gender - poverty. Large-scale energy projects (including for renewables such as hydropower) not uncommonlyresultindisplacement of local communities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	ed8643e02aa8d50b14629a61940f74a6	This did not happen in Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela or Nicaragua, however, where the income of the highest quintile grew significantly, nor in El Salvador where the average real income of that group fell (see figure 1.26). Higher earnings from work were the main factor driving income growth in the lowest quintile. A similar thing happened with incomes in the highest quintile, where labour income grew slightly, and this was partly or fully offset by reductions in incomes from other sources.	1	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088986-en	ed864ff43d6fc6a195e8dce2e6734833	Several of the Jewish settlements were developed to accommodate new immigrants many of whom came from the former Soviet Union, North Africa and the Middle East who continue to face language and cultural barriers in assimilation. Arab and Jewish populations generally live in separate communities, for example, the populations of the towns of Afula, Karmi'el, Kiryat Shmona and Safed are largely Jewish while the populations of towns of Nazareth, Shefa 'Amr, Shaghur and Sakhnin are Arab (in each case predominantly Muslim but with some Arab Christians). Of the people who migrated in the Northern District almost half migrated within the district (48%) (CHE, 2009). This fact reflects the reality that the Arab population is less mobile than the Jewish population and, when Arabs migrate, they tend to move within the region.	4	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	ed875759153fc729e7a136e40660f809	Whilst some view NCFs as inefficient “by default” in creating extra-budgetary processes, others see the value of off-budget funds that can transparently manage and monitor incoming climate finance. In countries with multiple existing funds, some recipients and supporters envisage a range of targeted funds effectively functioning as different channelling windows under the Green Climate Fund. Work is underway in exchanging a rapidly growing amount of country experience, notably in the Asia-Pacific region (UNDP, 2013b)15. Recipient countries recognise having both systems as a pre-condition for effective finance, while priorities of respondents varied; supporters mainly prioritised tracking flows, and providers were primarily interested in the monitoring of results and impact. All three groups report that a lack of available data in recipient countries is a prominent barrier to tracking and monitoring finance in practice. The majority of recipients reported a lack of technical capacity to develop methodologies and systems to track climate finance as part of national systems, and expressed a demand for support from development co-operation providers.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	ed87b336abbba9a0a6f8873e159dfb88	This has been seen in South Africa, where solar thermal and solar electric technologies were rejected even when competitive costs and other benefits were presented (Niez, 2010). An anomaly in this regard is Sub-Saharan Africa. Although much of the energy used for heat consumption in this region is from renewable biomass sources, the current practise of collecting and using the renewable fuel is entirely unsustainable.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	ed8b53e98f2a0884ebefda835c8d9d8a	For example, it may not be worth incurring the monitoring and enforcement costs associated with the condition that parents put their children in school if they would do that anyway. From a political economy standpoint, however, they appear to be “welfare”, whereas market interventions are often justified on other grounds (even if they are disguised welfare). In low income countries, where family and social networks are the main form of social protection, there is some wariness about potentially weakening that aspect of the social fabric.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289331586-5-en	ed8f35176480be6eab58e3d6163ace4c	Catch Documentation Scheme, http://www.ccamlr.0rg/pu/e/ cds/intro.htm. World Markets and Industry of Selected Commercially-exploited Aquatic Species with an International Conservation Profile: Patagonian Tooth-fish. What is the ecosystem-based approach in fisheries and how does it relate to the idea of integrated management?	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	ed900e7f973e6db3af87b3ce1cf52afc	Many dwellings connect illegally to the grid, referred to as power theft, or connect informally through someone with a legal connection. The latter is not considered theft and is thus not illegal in many countries, because the electricity consumed is metered and billed through the legal connection. The concern with this approach, in addition to safety, is that the user with the informal connection may pay an excessive unregulated price for an unsatisfactory service and relies on the goodwill of the unregulated provider (Maurer and Nonay, 2009).	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	ed901ed0be5d29a8d47d4d27a5939a8c	Support for innovation should involve competitive selection processes; it should focus on performance rather than individual technologies, avoid favouring incumbents, ensure rigorous evaluation of policy impacts and contain costs. Governments should embrace a certain degree of trial and error to account for uncertainty when providing discretionary support, providing exit mechanisms when a technology proves unsuccessful, or successful enough to be driven by private actors {Egli, Menon and Johnstone, forthcoming). Firms engaged in green innovation can find it challenging to access finance, because of the greater commercial risk associated with immature markets, high capital-intensity of some technologies, and relatively long-term investment periods.	7	3	1	0.5
10.18356/bb63671b-en	ed92586369d9abcc606f0d873c1bda6a	For example, higher bargaining power, as proxied by larger age gap, positively affects the amount of time that husbands spend on market work and that wives spend on household work. It has no effect on time spent by husbands on household work or wives on market work. On the other hand, the education gap proxy seems to negatively affect the amount of time husbands spend on household and care work, positively affect both the wife's and husband's time spent on market work, and does not significantly affect the time spent by the wife on household work. This suggests that die household division of labour and in particular women's household and care work time may not be subject to negotiation.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330190-8-en	ed929eabebc4879e473f54d40087973a	The expenses for drinking water also include a charge to cover groundwater mapping by the counties, of which the households' contribution is expected to be ca. The cost of one m3 of water is typically DKK 4-6. On average households pay 4000 DKK per year for water consumption and wastewater disposal (Hasler etal.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	ed96d8d4ba88947193a65d5c1843b1fd	These individuals and families are perhaps better targeted by social policies for affordable housing, both in terms of treatment (e.g., housing these households) and prevention (e.g., financial support for housing before households lose their homes). There may be overlap between the transitionally homeless and those households living in subpar living conditions. For instance, some countries count as homeless those individuals or families living temporarily in conventional housing with other households.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	ed9e369c67b399db044d69b8e0a9b94c	The many dimensions of inequalities - socio-economic circumstances, ethnicity and geography- are often interconnected and mutually reinforcing. This makes it difficult to directly relate inequities to specific causes. At the same time, specific population groups also face health issues that are independent to other factors that cause inequality more generally. Poorer health outcomes often reflect broader economic inequalities in Israel.	3	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	ed9f7888f9a3f31ee9991678f55a37a5	Media campaigns and publications are used to keep the public informed about the main issues of the gender budget review process. A growing number of other civil society organizations now engage with the broader budget process or focus on particular sectors such as health, education, water and agriculture. Government reports and budgets include more sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	eda417d2561cbf533e9e23bececc3f0b	At the national level, the TFR has decreased from 2.7 to 1.9 children per woman, indicating on average, a Vietnamese woman now gives birth to fewer than two children during her lifetime. In rural areas also the TFR declined around by one child per woman between the two surveys. In this period, a slight decline (0.4) was observed even for urban areas where the fertility level was already low (1.84 children per woman). The highest fertility was observed in the Central Highlands at both the time points.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	eda4839950939166e30b27c159f9d9ca	By 2010, “KiwiSaver” had built up coverage to 55%. Coverage of funded private pensions (cont.) The United Kingdom introduced an automatic enrolment scheme in October 2012, so it is still too early to evaluate coverage. They apply to age, income, gender, type of employment (full-time or part-time), and type of contract (permanent or temporary). The OECD analysis shows that coverage is uneven, particularly in voluntary private pension systems, and some population groups have very low enrolment rates in private pension plans.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	eda60629e9c63a8c65935aa9d4fb5ab2	Asia Report 138, Kabul/Brussels, 2007. For instance, many countries maintain discriminatory laws with regard to land ownership, gender-based violence, marriage, child custody, inheritance, employment and sexual orientation. Supporting the lobbying efforts of civil society organisations and parliamentarian gender/women's caucuses to reform discriminatory laws and regulations is essential.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	eda747f558ab3b66596c273457fbc42d	As a result, existing measures tend to be limited to inpatient care. Renewed attention must be given to the quality of community-based care including primary care and social outcomes. This may require additional investments in quality measurement infrastructure and consideration of issues pertinent to the construction of quality indicators.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264266490-12-en	eda85abbade547ecfa2f960c87d246a1	"Such improvement could indicate that countries are harvesting some of the early fruits of their efforts to improve their education systems. But sustained improvement over several years and PISA assessments is much more difficult to achieve. Colombia and Portugal are among the few education systems whose reforms have been successful in improving average student performance in science over successive PISA cycles. In Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China) (hereafter ""B-S-J-G [China]"") and Viet Nam, for instance, there are fewer low-achieving students in school than on average across OECD countries; but the PISA target population represents less than 30% of the overall population of 15-year-olds in Viet Nam, and only 64% in B-S-J-G (China)."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	eda93d8306f721ca595e50b32f4b7046	Generally cooking is undertaken with commercial cooking fuels (gas and electricity). Exceptions occur in remote areas where controlled combustion wood stoves provide heating and cooking services. Residential, commercial, and public buildings account for 65% of final consumption of natural gas, and most of the consumption is for space heating.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	edaf5a72cbc6bb2bd44b334e76c67bcc	As land is a factor input into many economic activities, competing demands and conflicting uses may become constraints to both economic development and environmental protection. This requires integrated land use and territorial planning, coherence with sectoral policies (mining, agriculture, forestry manufacturing, transport, energy), appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments, including ownership rights, property' and other taxes, and protected area networks. This delivers important messages about competing uses of land and pressures on biodiversity that may alter habitats.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	edb135ae74c52df36a6385cd83451abe	In many countries, public sector investments in infrastructure would be required to support these industrial policy efForts. In addition, the policy framework should include a government agency structure that can facilitate the establishment of stable but flexible institutions. However, regulations should also be designed to be innovation-friendly.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	edb3e38847428a4f7892de106059e067	There are several examples of highly fragmented contexts (Canada, France, Mexico) where the multiple actors and layers usually perceived as obstacles to policy coherence have been compensated by the adoption of sound co-ordination mechanisms (see below) that reduced, to a more or less important degree, the impact of sectoral fragmentation. In federal states with important geographical and hydrological disparities (Australia, Canada, the United States), or strong regional characteristics (Belgium), local and regional authorities are the main actors in water-resources management and service delivery. In most cases (EU countries), sub-national governments play a significant role in the design and implementation of water policies, together with the central government, while in some countries (Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea), they are mostly “implementers” of central government policies, with low involvement in the “design” stage. In addition, there are very few significant river basin scale organisations and the institutional mapping and governance challenges vary greatly from one state to another.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	edb4638468144ffd198deeb753a00d50	Whereas in 1997 just under one-third of households were receiving a grant, by 2007 this proportion had risen to about one-half. It should be noted that the 2007 data from which the quintiles are constructed is cruder than in previous years and thus the 2007 data is not strictly comparable with the earlier years). More than half of households in the bottom quintile receive some income from the Child Support Grant, in comparison with only 9% of households in the top quintile. In keeping with the earlier finding that the size of the Old Age Pension is sufficient to lift many households out of the poorest quintile, households receiving the Old Age Pension are more likely to be in the second and third quintile rather than the very poorest quintile.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	edb5a61bce6563bec3fb60381719de16	Analyses should not just be applied to new treatments but to existing ones as well, to encourage value for money across the system. Rather than just focussing on services for the uninsured, CENETEC’s remit should expand to cover the SS institutes as well. Expansion of CENETEC’s role will require increased investment, and modification of its legal status may also be necessary.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4a593aa3-en	edb7017f5d4ae6e19a674e64bbd247fc	"While some cultural norms and practices empower women and promote women’s human rights, many are also often used to justify violence against women. For example, the phenomena of “date rape” and eating disorders are tied to cultural norms but are not often labeled as cultural phenomena.6 New “harmful practices” are constantly developing, and existing “harmful practices” have altered as a result of globalization and migration. There is therefore no exhaustive list of “harmful practices"" against women. Practices such as dowry and bride-price have escalated and altered as a result of rising levels of consumerism in the countries in which they are practiced."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	edb7bd5a3426070e3809c9b0d30b1140	Italy and the United States have the highest share of start-ups with at least one female founder (i.e. 17% and 16%, respectively). Differences between gender in the probability to get any funding is mostly present in Europe where companies with at least one female founder are less likely to get funding by more than 10%. In the United States the difference is smaller and only marginally significant while in Asia no difference is found. However, for those that receive funding the gender gap in funding amount is similar for Europe and the United States.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bf400991-en	edb9b804621373dddec4d7421b675fcc	Estimates show that in 2015, the death rate due to air pollution was highest in landlocked developing countries (LLDC) followed by least developed countries (LDCs), and lowest in developed regions (see figure 20). The campaign involves partners such as - WHO, UNER World Bank, UN-Habitat and several countries. Most high-income untries have well-developed air quality onitoring and reporting networks at le ground level, which generally provide nsistent hourly readings of air quality. On the other hand, many low- and middle-income countries lack sufficient data coverage for all their human settlements.	11	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289338912-5-en	edbb4d5f36f5d6ecf822c7fb6ffb0323	While EPR is not mandatory in the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive it is so in the legislation for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, End of Life Vehicles and Batteries. These directives cover waste steams which include plastic waste, although they have no specific targets for recycling of plastics. Finally, plastic waste can be included in the target for recycling and recovery of C&D waste in the Waste Framework Directive (Article 11(2)). The most common economic policy instrument used among EU member countries are different designs of Extended Producer Responsibilites (EPR), other deposit-refund systems, and taxes on for instance packaging and land fill.	12	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/208cb99e-en	edbea66f74c247962046192effc9bd44	An investigation into the contribution of each dimension to overall poverty shows how people are poor. Combined with information from the headcount ratio (how many people are poor) and the intensity of poverty (how poor they are), the high-resolution lens of MPI becomes a very valuable tool for policymaking. The results are presented in the Figure 1 below.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	edbec2c784cc74499b49ec17133402f9	It is based on a three-point scoring system that scores aid as principal (with regard to targeting gender equality), significant (i.e. gender-mainstreamed), or not targeted. The data generated by the DAC gender equality policy marker provide an estimate of aid in support of gender equality, but are not an exact quantification. The infrastructure covered in this study includes the four sectors of transport and storage, energy, communications and water and sanitation. Overall, donors committed over USD 6.7 billion to gender equality, representing 28% of total aid, in these four sectors on average per year.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/sti/outlook-2010-6-en	edc16ef2c635b3f8ad8a47f967b5e8a4	The scheme gives enterprises with business activity in Norway a tax credit on their R&D projects. The R&D content must be approved by the Research Council of Norway ex ante. In 2009, the cap on expenses per enterprise for intramural R&D projects increased to NOK 5.5 million (previously it was N0K 4 million), and NOK11 million (previously it was NOK 8 million) for projects conducted at an R&D institution.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9edc576b-en	edc817c8e9861391da468e159fe00399	Programmes are underway to rehabilitate the networks and bring them back to their original conveyance capacity within a few years. Taking this into account, the total future capacity of hydropower will increase to 2,627 MW. However, most hydropower plants are in a rather poor state due to lack of maintenance and therefore they do not operate efficiently. Furthermore, the existing power plants do not take into consideration the ecological aspects required in the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and until now no revitalization activities have been implemented.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-9-en	edca7c527ecfc97f40fe69f7ef1f3b70	Public investments in R&D during this period were primarily channelled through the Academy of Finland and Tekes. The Academy was a traditional research council or science foundation, largely funding “bottom-up” proposals from the universities. Tekes was founded in 1983 as a technology development agency, funding R&D within companies and in academic-industry partnerships- both bottom-up and, w'here networks of stakeholders w'ith common interests could be established, in the form of technology programmes.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	edcae7c4e1cd538dfd9f62130e908b31	Field segregation by gender can have negative effects on women’s future earnings and career progression, as male-dominated professions (such as those in STEM) tend to offer more lucrative pay than many of the female-dominated professions. Women in Mexico earn less than half of all tertiary' degrees in STEM fields, except for life sciences (Figure 2.4). The gender gap in expectations about field of work is large.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	edcda13a1831237144a077c3ac7c2c64	In such cases, calculations are based instead on the maximum level of education of any household member, which might at times correspond to the level of the grand-parents or other adult relatives who live in the same household. This is probably also the explanation for the high level of education observed for Canada. The association between parental education and NEET status can have a number of different drivers.	8	2	2	0.0
10.6027/eb40a355-en	edcf29964d2df236349fc59eedfb6c36	One of the Conventions' strengths is the vast and committed scientific community supporting policy-making. This should remain to be at the core of the Convention and should also be the core when it comes to a focus on cities. As discussed above, air quality in cities is very much dependent on air pollution originating from regional and (inter)national sources, but cities also contribute highly to air pollution outside the cities.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	edd05bdd312825314872384e54a4db76	The scheme will be in place until 2014. As each of the utility recommendation elements is optional, the IEA has calculated this pie chart based on the element that achieves the highest level of policy implementation in each country. For example, Canada's Council of Energy Ministers supports collaborative actions to promote and support energy efficiency.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264272392-9-en	edd7627d111683cb1d3f669155a2cdc3	It assesses governance of the AIS in ASEAN, investments in innovation, institutions for facilitating knowledge flows in the AIS, and systems for cross-country co-operation on innovation within the region. The chapter concludes with recommendations for promoting sustainable agricultural productivity growth across the region by improving the enabling environment and innovation systems in ASEAN. But there are gaps in the agricultural innovation systems of most ASEAN countries. As a result, some countries do not have the necessary domestic research capacity to respond to the challenges facing their agricultural sectors, and not all farmers are reached by extension services.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	eddf8802eec21a818f97fad3d015c652	However, if not designed and implemented correctly, overlapping policies and tools can reduce the potency of market-based policies and raise mitigation costs. For example, mandating technology standards with a view to reducing emissions that are also covered by a trading scheme reduces the scope for firms to select the least costly mitigation method. If designed and implemented effectively, a tax or ETS can ensure that carbon emissions goals are met in a cost-effective manner.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	ede40d90136ff73f1d172e4a812c674a	In spite of this difficult climate, there was a significant improvement in the management of public finances thanks in particular to the substantial efforts undertaken by the transition authorities and the support of the technical and financial partners (TFP). Most of the quantitative targets of the budget were achieved, with a progressive return to the normal procedure for public expenditure and greater transparency in the management of public resources. Touadera previously served as prime minister during Francois Bozize’s presidency.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	ede62874117addbd74316e50f07506e6	The planned costly 300 MW pump hydro plant would constitute a large electricity storage system using the natural advantage of the site - steep coastal cliffs where seawater can be pumped up during the day using abundant and cheap solar power, and stored in natural surface concavities, to release energy at night. The company developed wind power projects for Mandalay Resources in Chile and Barrick Gold in both Chile and Argentina. However, in 2016, Rame Energy went into administration with outstanding debt of GBP 4.4 million.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086395-7-en	ede6539167a36b49de176c245c5cf3b2	Thus, where housing is highly segregated, schools tend to be segregated as well. The schools perceived to be of better quality are often located in areas where property prices and rents are higher. Good quality schooling thus often has an implicit price in the housing market and migrant students from low socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to it (Field et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	ede74266a25db56e43275f31bdd78414	By 2020, strengthen the role of the scientific research and professional institutions, NGO sector and media, including improvement of scientific technologies. By 2017, prepare and adopt the strategy for mobilization of financial resources for conservation of biological diversity. By 2020, establish and strengthen cooperation for improved protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in the countries of the Western Balkans.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264204799-6-en	edea3d2a07e654bb146b0261e3d68cd0	An example is the recent report by United Kingdom’s Royal College of General Practitioners, which outlines the model of general practice and roles of GPs and other primary care staff envisaged for 2022 (Royal College of General Practitioners, 2013). It will be important for such a national vision for primary care in Sweden to be shared by SALAR, county councils, municipalities and leaders in primary care. It requires action to ensure that the policy environment, regulation and governance structures, reimbursement and inventive systems, and information infrastructure are conducive to change, and there are effective dissemination routes for the spread of good practice. Integrated, community-based care also requires investment in primary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	edef17df11478c10cd8aba4b3d0faab5	This sector has, in what concerns hydropower, a long-term plan up to 2050 and prepares a medium-term plan every ten years, which is frequently updated. It is regulated by the ANEEL, the successor of the DNAEE, which operated the largest hydrometric network that was transferred to the ANA after its creation. If this creates a significant constraint for river basin planning, it also creates many opportunities because water reservoirs can be used for multiple uses. In fact, dams change the flow regime downstream, but create a more stable and reliable source of water for all uses, especially in areas affected by large variability of precipitation, as happens in semi-arid regions characterised by water scarcity.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	edf0ae30ebe5e829b8f9098cb9016f13	In other sub-regions it has decreased in that period (see FAO FRA 2010). North America and East Asia. The forests in the region consisted about 4,500 million tonnes of biomass in 1990 which increased to just over 5,100 million tonnes in 2010. This can be explained by the fact that in the Nordic countries, the net annual increment of forest growing stock has been positive over last two decades and before.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7cce716-en	edf0f8f0c400dd4887bffe1a3d65ee8e	In other words, the frequency of disasters in the region has increased by 3.6 times in half a century. For that reason, the adoption of mitigation measures to reduce the population's exposure and restore infrastructure, together with economic and social measures, are becoming increasingly essential for an emerging region that is geographically widespread and increasingly susceptible to changes that disrupt people's lives. Apart from the higher frequency of disasters, what is new is the severity, incidence and distribution of the effect of these phenomena, which make it necessary to reform the institutions organized to protect people from collective risks (Lo Vuolo, 2014, p. 19).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264300293-en	edf35d0efed8bfb4ea8ab9d06e1115d1	"The concepts of “skill"" and ""competence” are used interchangeably in this report. The sum of all skills available to the economy at a given point in time forms the human capital of a country. People need skills to help them succeed in the labour market, contribute to better social outcomes, and build more cohesive and tolerant societies. Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies."	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	edf4233dfd98b0832f9fa0384e8eabe7	One reason why the association is weak, even before accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools, is that the relation is curvilinear: students who had spent too little time (less than one year) in pre-primary education score lower in science than students who had not attended or who had spent more than one year (Table 11.6.52). This only covers expenditure on educational institutions. These resources are allocated throughout a student's educational, and countries spend different amounts per student. Caution is required in interpreting this indicator, as school systems are organised in many different ways across countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	edf680eee2d0ece0386f772928d3eea5	As soils degrade either more land has to be brought into production or additional inputs have to be used to maintain output levels. If agriculture is to make its full contribution to the economy of Chihuahua it is crucial that current farming practices that contribute to soil degradation have to be replaced by practices that enhance soil capability. The possibility of climate change that will further stress plant and livestock growth only increases the need to improve soil capability. The problem exists both for arable land and for pastures. While the drawdown of aquifers is obvious, because water has to pumped from a greater depth each year; losses in soil fertility are less apparent, other than where intense erosion occurs. Nevertheless, lower quality soil imposes clear costs in the form of: lower yields, lower rates of soil moisture retention and the need for higher rates of fertiliser application.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	edf6b554f19ea654f65cc78a9f2d8c80	"The majority (83%) were women. Evaluation showed that people felt that they had improved their skills in getting on and off the vehicles (which is considered as one most critical issue) and were more confident in using public transport. A good practice example for dealing with information in a sound way is a traveller information system on barrier-free travelling in Frankfurt and Berlin (Germany), the BAIM system: ""Barrierefreie OV-Information fur mobilitatseingeschrankte Menschen“ (barrier-free information for persons with mobility impairments)."	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-9-en	edf708f236906e2e63f4c2db78018db1	In particular, the provision of child care services is far more developed in France where, since the mid-1990s, preschool and after-school care services frequently cover - albeit imperfectly - the needs of full-time workers. Longer school days, combined with a comprehensive provision of out-of-school care services, make balancing full-time w'ork with family life much easier for many French families with school-aged children (Chapter 3). By contrast, in Germany most all-day primary schools provide no more than seven or eight hours of education and care, so most parents have to pick up their children in mid-afternoon.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-0fe9c6d1-en	edf74602306a756e593f3f3464627ab7	The technology has increased their chances of catching poachers hunting antelope and rhinos at night. They are now able to capture poachers most nights the teams go out, increasing their effectiveness by over 60%. Anti-poaching teams have also been able to achieve all this with smaller numbers of patrol teams.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	edf926bc688b9e15630c5e12f1cefd06	This approach is mostly used for adaptation projects and programmes. When applied at the national level, it can entail the use of indicators to monitor policy development and implementation. Over time, the adaptation measures in place can be examined against stated objectives and identified adaptation needs.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/eb366761-en	edf93c3307609eb79e5aa894e52d3945	Walking accessibility should be improved, with especial consideration for accessibility for persons with disabilities. Transport strategy will need to be further developed and, if streets become narrower, the currently successful public transport system will need to be extended and improved. Green spaces should be multi-functional: accessible to citizens, protection from noise, purification of air, and help in lowering extremely high temperatures.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	edfe41edbfc881f30592a511e10fb51f	This is the most stable and reliable source of electricity for a nuclear power plant and is therefore the preferred source during normal operations or when the nuclear unit is shut down. In case of its unavailability, a portion of the high voltage power generated by the plant’s main generator is fed back through unit auxiliary transformers to supply all normal house loads.15 If both systems fail, the plant is equipped with onsite emergency back-up capacities, which constitute the third level of protection of the AC electrical system. These sources, such as diesel generators, batteries or gas turbines, can be operational within a few minutes and are designed to withstand external events considered in the design bases of the plant. The main connection is the one used for export of power from the NPP generator to the main grid.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/3726edff-en	edfef690e36e23a1a1ea69344f6541bf	Any advancement in the prevention or treatment of these diseases will no doubt have a positive effect on the economic development and welfare of developing countries. According to the definition, only research spending which has the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective can be counted as ODA. Consequently, research spending relating to global challenges, which does not qualify as ODA, is often not reported to the DAC statistical systems.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/028f7d06-en	edff280c6ccc3c01dd1728bcf374a37b	However, this assessment of multidimensional poverty is limited to the material deprivations that household surveys conducted in the region can quantify. To make better use of the multidimensional approach, material deprivations should be assessed along with deprivation in other components of well-being. To do so requires improving the sources of information currently available. In most of the countries of the region, early fertility among poor mothers is falling at a slower pace than for all mothers.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	ee0235f70e4ba25f87e064e7f6453144	The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme was introduced in 2008, and its objective to improve energy efficiency and decrease CO2 emissions covers about 5,000 organizations, 10% of national emissions. Participating organizations must monitor their emissions and purchase licenses for each tonne of CO2 emitted, thereby creating incentives for improving energy efficiency. Analysis shows markets respond to energy efficient buildings with higher rentals and longer tenancies.	7	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-7-en	ee0410108191528f9655e060d2a218cf	This is not an optimal choice, because it undermines the rule of law, exposes firms to costly uncertainty, impedes decent formal employment growth and leaves workers without adequate protection (Nicoletti and Scarpetta, 2005). Compliance with the law will therefore need to be better monitored and non-compliance appropriately punished. Evidence suggests that employers’ perception of the probability of being audited as well as the level of the penalty if caught matter (OECD, 2008). Tunisia has the capacity to carry out such inspections: while the ILO (2006) recommends that advanced countries should have at least one labour inspector per 10 000 employed persons and transition countries one per 20 000, Tunisia has approximately one inspector per 10 000 employed persons (i.e. in line with developed country standards).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	ee069e38de261160c4ca1e692532c8cb	Habitats important for biodiversity are being lost to construction projects, including hydroelectricity generation infrastructure, electricity transmission lines, new roads and railways, and industrial and urban development. The upper layer of water obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, whereas below 130-150 m the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide. As a result, about 87-90 per cent of the water is anoxic, i.e. devoid of oxygen; only the upper layers and shelf waters contain oxygen.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	ee0776fd5707d786dede4b62a1685b62	Tuvalu also has a Master Plan for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (2012-2020) that includes a goal of increasing energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30 per cent, a planned energy efficiency appliance subsidy scheme in co-operation with the Development Bank of Tuvalu, and the use of prepayment meters to limit the consumption of electricity. The 2009 Tuvalu National Energy Policy included gender equity as a principle of the policy. Vanuatu relies heavily on imports of fossil fuel for its energy needs with 63 per cent of its total energy supply coming from petroleum, followed by biomass (35%) and renewables (2%) (Figure 9.1).	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	ee0b31af44c3594163819b39b940ae51	Pay levels make it difficult to attract and retain skilled and highly qualified staff, as civil servants (i.e. urban planners) in key cities such as Almaty are paid USD 300 per month, compared to USD 600-800 in the private sector. Kazakhstan requires a clear competence management framework to ensure the skills, knowledge and behaviour that result in good performance at individual and organisational level. Competences should be linked to different elements of human resource management (HRM), in the recruitment and selection of staff, training and development, and succession or career planning. Several models are used in OECD countries, but Kazakhstan may wish to review the French model, known as Employment, Workforce and Competency Planning (Gestion previsionnelle des emplois, des effectifs et des competences or GPEEC), as it shows how recruitment methods may incorporate competences without abandoning the established principle of selection through competitive examination.	11	5	3	0.25
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	ee0c2692905f03b26ae1bf7662c338ab	Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers, World Bank, Washington DC., Paper to be presented at the 6th IZA/World Bank Conference on Employment and Development, June 2011, Mexico City, www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2011/ribas_r6802.pdf. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	ee0c5d20a8a04910afb5126cf6af690c	Although the relative cost of individual policies in achieving reductions depends on parameter values and the emissions target, in a numerical application to the US electricity sector, Fischer and Newell state that the ranking (by decreasing efficiencies) is roughly as follows: 1) emissions price; 2) emissions performance standards; 3) fossil power tax; 4) renewables share requirement; 5) renewables subsidy; and 6) R&D subsidy. The presence of knowledge spillovers means that separate policy instruments are necessary to optimally correct the climate externality and the externalities for both learning and R&D. In fact, we find that an optimal portfolio of policies can achieve emissions reductions at a significantly lower cost than any single policy, although the emissions reductions continue to be attributed primarily with the emissions price. The model has two periods. There is a knowledge stock, which increases in period 2 as a function of both R&D expenditures and output of RE technologies in period 1.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	ee0d7443b6ce3c83870f29c7efa04d91	It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat has been signed by more than 20 national organisations in a bid to drive up standards of care for people experiencing crisis such as suicidal thoughts or significant anxiety. It aims to cut the numbers of people detained inappropriately in police cells by 50 per cent and drive out the variation in standards across the country. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	ee0dd0885929e4f175fc14b6a16ccb3d	While the report may occasionally allude to the interplay between the three economic instruments under review and other pricing mechanisms, it does not analyse the other pricing mechanisms listed above. They are analysed on the basis of i) their capacity to generate the revenues needed to build, renew, operate and maintain water storage and distribution systems; ii) their capacity to drive water users’ behaviour and water demand; iii) and the institutional arrangements that govern their administration. It is levied by provinces and metropolitan cities (including Seoul) and earmarked for river maintenance and repair expenses.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	ee108cf98e916900508d11033c0627e8	Between 2007 and 2010 women and girls accounted for about 75% of all trafficking victims detected globally. In general, traffickers tend to be adult males, although more women are involved in trafficking in persons than in most other crimes (UNODC, 2012). The indicator shown in Figure 4.17 is based on data drawn from Gallup World Poll referring to the following question: “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en	ee118bfefd6f1da8a59d5f02f3800e3c	Finally, indicators to measure changes in the components of the resilient systems will need to be developed, so that the overall impact of efforts to strengthen resilience can be measured. Other significant disincentives include the lack of a natural or centralised 'home' for risk management in partner government structures, the lack of absorption capacity of government structures (particularly at the local level), fragmented legal and legislative structures, local cultural factors, problematic access to risk information, insecurity, and economic barriers. The way donors plan and implement programmes can also create powerful disincentives, including uncoordinated planning cycles between the donor and partner governments, centralised decision-making, the separation of humanitarian and development programming, a perception that risk is 'complicated', fragmented risk management approaches spread across different institutional divisions, the lack of penetration or risk management and resilience into quality control, evaluation and administrative/funding processes, contradictory career incentives, and risk aversion in donor investments.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	ee12846a0fb5ae49d169f573e633c302	Again this is mainly driven by migrants from the Asia and Oceania region and the between OECD countries, though the number of highly-educated women doubled among migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Oceania and non-OECD European countries. Central Asia, Nepal, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Paraguay, Afghanistan and Lithuania also saw enormous growth - over 250% - in the number of highly-educated migrant women who emigrated to the OECD between 2000-01 and 2010-11 (ibid.). Development and changing economic structures in developed and developing countries have led to an increase in female educational attainment.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	ee13bf2b9239f0458ac12a4beb23d723	Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and Nepal have been using self-targeted food-for-work programmes. The Bangladesh programme was expanded in early 2008 to respond to disasters and the increased price of food. Other types of conditional programmes include food-for-education. In these cases, countries distribute food through schools to encourage school attendance.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	ee162179f78f3a4c107ed38f3d95c26a	Protection and Rational Use of the Forest of the Green Zones. General Requirements”; and Industry-Specific Construction Code 3-84/Gosgrazhdanstroy “The Scope, Development Procedures, Coordination, and Approval of Construction Documentation for the Green Belts of Cities”. There are gaps in the legislation to ensure better protection and rational use of cities’ green zones.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	ee172d4871d87730c46875f0ca7cdeeb	A general capacity building in society, and especially among decision-makers, regarding the links between local culture and practices, biodiversity management, ecosystem services and sustainable use is another important aspect During implementation of the Nordic Assessment, it will be important to share experiences as widely as possible. This should be focused on both individuals and institutional capacity. Management practices should take into account the complex and often unpredictable nature of ecosystem processes, especially in the face of global change.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	ee172df5f44bbedc59dd865962f75452	These inequalities were exacerbated by the structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s, the liberalisation of the economy in the 1990s, and the rapid growth of financial services after the liberalisation of financial markets in 1991. On the advice of the international financial institutions, governments have opted to offer targeted assistance to poor households rather than generalised subsidies on basic goods (e.g. staple foods) and services (e.g. water and electricity). Towards this end, the government has tracked the incidence and prevalence of poverty, and conducted poverty mapping to be able to identify the vulnerable households.	12	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-4-en	ee179e22d6b041bfb106c93dd6fae6f7	For instance, WPC-led bills on prevention of workplace harassment and domestic abuse have enabled a shift in the public-private divide, and have positively influenced women’s ‘informal’ experiences of violence and abuse. There have also been debates and discussions on the role of sociocultural practices in keeping the gender divide intact. Through regular knowledge exchange with international organisations and monitoring effective implementation of inclusive policies, WPC serves as a kind of a ‘watchdog’ in parliament, ensuring compliance with institutional measures for women’s inclusion.	5	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289349291-4-en	ee185b01695da087fc1a69c5382a2134	To a significant degree, today's investment decisions determine the nature of our infrastructure well into the future and will therefore have to be assessed on their lifetime climate impact. They can also play a critical role in closing the infrastructure investment gap which is significant even to reach business-as-usual development objectives.5 Around USD 6 trillion per year will be needed for infrastructure to achieve global growth expectations compared to current annual investment of around USDi.ytrillion. Driving sustainable development through better infrastructure: key elements of a transformation program. Ensuring new infrastructure is climate-smart.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	ee186f9026c0e43dee931b89e72c47a5	This chapter seeks to build on the earlier review by detailing the case for primary care and providing policy recommendations to develop a stronger primary care sector. Barbara Starfield, the foremost expert on primary care, states “primary care is the provision of first-contact, person-focused, ongoing care over time that meets the health-oriented needs of people, referring only those too uncommon to maintain competence, and co-ordinates care when people receive services at other levels of care”. A primary care team would do such things as offering health promotion and disease prevention; delivering public health services such as vaccinations; diagnosing common health problems like hypertension and depression; referring and co-ordinating health care for patients - managing their journey through the health system.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	ee22a35d9b800db24453398384711469	Spending by contributory social insurance arrangements is projected to reach ETB 6.0 billion by 2025/26. Under a business-as-usual approach for social protection spending, net social protection spending (including humanitarian relief) under the low and high GDP growth scenarios is expected to be ETB 39.1 billion and ETB 53.0 billion respectively, by 2025/26 (Figure 3.5). Under the high social protection spending scenario, annual net social protection spending would reach ETB 48.1 billion (low GDP growth) and ETB 64.5 billion (high GDP growth) by 2025/26. Excluding humanitarian relief, net social protection spending would increase to ETB 14.6 billion and ETB 21.6 billion by 2025/26 under the low and high GDP growth scenarios respectively.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/aea3ba68-en	ee23cd93a776fe9c69984e22aff0185a	It provides a general overview of policy approaches and tools of particular relevance to SCP. It emphasises how policy tools in many cases become more effective when introduced as well designed policy-packages that provide support for more sustainable practices while at the same time discouraging less sustainable products, services and behaviours. This chapter provides an overview of the policy cycle (Dovers 2005) in an idealised way. In practice, the sequencing may look quite different, but all elements are of equal importance if SCP policy objectives are to be achieved.	12	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	ee271ce3f44e312f7027a75f24285900	The five strict forest areas were established during this time. The Natura 2000 zones do not necessarily entail formal prohibitions, but human activities must be kept compatible with the conservation objectives for designated sites. Some 20 management plans are now being prepared for the 47 zones in the Natura 2000 Network.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	ee27257eb105c62f09bb7be28d194be3	As most fisheries managed by RFMOs are fully subscribed, there is little room for carrying out new incremental activities in established fisheries within such structures. As a result, existing or new idle capacity may become engaged in IUU activities8 unless prevented through domestic and international legal and fisheries policy frameworks. To ensure sustainable fisheries on the high seas it is therefore important that states co-operate both with respect to managing fish stocks on the high seas and to ensure that idle domestic fishing capacity is not being inappropriately transferred to the high seas or to other states.	14	0	9	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	ee27f547fe9bc48d1210b2f4bc999fc4	These factors help explain why poor households utilize several complementary sources of energy to meet their needs, rather than switching straight away to electricity when provided access to it. In other words, consumers will naturally choose energy mixes that reflect the marginal cost of different energy sources (e.g. electricity used only for lighting, television or radio, charcoal or LPG for cooking, kerosene for heating). Even when provided with affordable energy alternatives, households may not completely stop utilizing biomass (for instance, even high-income households in India maintain a traditional fuel wood stove to cook traditional dishes).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg7068011hb-en	ee2b612ec0486bf5d9951bd4f2ce8418	However, since the underlying technologies have been tried and tested over a few years, debt investors are willing to invest large sums, and public markets and private equity will support the growth of such companies. The lower left box is typically financed by corporate finance, because projects there are less capital intensive and often undertaken by existing companies. In contrast, technologies in the two right-hand boxes have high technology risk and cannot attract asset finance because of that.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ee33bd5724b9348b2e083dee8a29f09b	A huge leap in enrolments took place after 2000 so that by 2005 19.4% and by 2007, 24.4 percent of the 19-24 age group was placed in higher education institutions (Table 1.5.). According to the Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-10), it is expected that 1.6 million students or 40% of the relevant age cohort in tertiary education would be enrolled in tertiary education in 2010 and 50% of these would be studying at private institutions. By 2008, the 214 941 number in 2002, the year from which electronic data are available from MoHE, increased to 933 728.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-9-en	ee33f87bb8294b168a564b7025f38add	However, the proposed university has not yet received parliamentarian approval and the current government has ruled out its establishment during its term, despite the fact that there were advanced plans to go ahead with it. As of 2004, enrolment levels have stabilised around 14 000 for primary teacher candidates and 7 000 for secondary teacher candidates, with some fluctuations across consecutive years. This trend, however, has not been the same throughout the country, as increases have favoured locations outside of Montevideo (MEC, 2013). For a teacher in a full-time school (40-hour teaching load), a community teacher and a CEIBAL teacher, this percentage reaches 100% of the basic salary (for a 20-hour teaching load).	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	ee348bc06084d07a881e7c7e29cb6fd4	Conversely, countries with the highest overall employment rates for 25-64 year-olds - Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland - also have some of the highest employment rates among women. Comparable information on occupations is available only for European countries and the United States. In these countries, at least half of all working women are concentrated in 11 of the 110 occupations listed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), while half of men work in more than twenty of them.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/42b33a50-en	ee3676e3bf4c1a4e867302b96f28d150	This ruling applies to government (municipal) contracts and defines its essential terms. Overall, the program recognizes that energy intensity is 2.5 times higher than the world’s average and up to 3.5 times higher than that of developed countries. The Federal Programme on “Energy Savings and Improving Energy Efficiency up to 2020” was replaced by the new Federal Programme “Energy Efficiency and Development of the Energy Sector” (2013-2020).	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/059ce467-en	ee37a0fa481c2d8e30c61a503ea6f289	Refugee students especially might have experienced and continue to experience difficult conditions and trauma which can lead them to be unable to make the most of learning opportunities. These students require specialised mental health support in order to avoid long-term suffering. Teachers are not mental health professionals and should not be expected to provide mental health counselling. The National Agency has directed many efforts to helping the student health staff.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	ee3b33c94f25b10da7bd49a6f6db3cb8	More research on the contexts in which this is possible and how mothers sustain this way of life, as well as the parallel roles of fathers, would enhance our understanding of ways to achieve positive parenting within the region. Female kin battle over orphaned children in a bid to gain access to a foster care grant. Adolescents seek control over how grant money is spent or decide to move in with other kin, thereby removing a source of income to their current household (Vale &Thabeng, 2015).These financial considerations put a new source of power into the hands of adolescents that may become even more problematic when adolescents are themselves parents. Many of these are oriented not only towards the well-being of individual children, but to the sustenance of a social network that can support the wider family, including those with parenting responsibilities. Striking in the ethnographic data is an increasing mismatch between norms in family life, including care and parenting, and the diminishing possibilities afforded to adults and children for achieving these.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	ee3c453df79fc3526fd60e03f99cdcf1	This section summarises key developments in trade policy since the mid-1970s. It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. Foreign trade was severely constrained: controlled by central decision makers and carried out by a small number of SOEs with monopoly rights. Exports were discouraged by an overvalued exchange rate and the use of export duties.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	ee3cffb845d4b498590c74d22b1dcef3	Nonetheless, these regions frequently have long traditions in specific agricultural or manufacturing sectors, and possess valuable traditional knowledge and/or other assets that make them singular. For instance, they might be endowed with rich natural resources and biological diversity, have a large share of young population with entrepreneurial ambitions, or have dense networks of social relations. Innovation policies that take into account these local assets and promote innovative ways of seizing their potential have good chances of being successful in fostering regional growth and territorial inclusiveness.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	ee3d88ec2961819a190f41a662cdc4e8	The financing requirements could create undesirable macroeconomic hardships and may be politically unattainable. In the case of Uganda, for example, the scenarios show that financing new infrastructures through higher direct-tax revenues spurs GDP growth and household consumption relatively less than does, for example, financing them through foreign resources. However, the use of foreign resources affects export growth negatively, owing to real exchange rate appreciation. The feasibility of this scenario will depend, however, on the political conditions for improving the efficiency of government spending and/or reallocating resources towards the agricultural sector.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	ee3e0eea9720ddb0bab9fa79e759444e	The majority of governmental expenditures on health are funded by provincial and territorial governments. An alternative projection is also estimated for provincial and territorial expenditures using the components of health care. In the work of the CBO, this enrichment factor is labelled “excess cost growth” and represents the impact of technological change and other factors on historical health expenditure growth.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119581-3-en	ee4566821b6aba11801391bb1547fa88	"Their appointment is based on the rank applicants hold in the list derived from their grades in a competitive exam, plus other points they might get for a variety of reasons, and their preferences. It also points out that such an approach works best where parallel steps are taken to ensure that efficiency and equity are not jeopardised. Such steps include: developing school directors' skills in personnel management; providing disadvantaged schools with greater resources with which to recruit effective teachers; and improving information flows and monitoring the teacher labour market. """	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	ee49bd882364cc7a97fb6b0054815a80	Production is expected to pick up in 2020 (IEA, 2019). The generally ample supply of key staples like rice, coupled by a continuation of support measures in many countries, should help to keep food prices stable for the rest of the year. While El Nino poses risks to agricultural production this year, the impact has been generally mild thus far. The continuation of price support and similar measures should also limit a base effect induced inflation push.	11	3	2	0.2
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	ee49c8d3b0b7604661359d4a44c72583	Some teaching manuals on ESD were published with the support of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Central Asian Regional Environmental Centre. The Ulugbek National University in Tashkent published a methodological and training guidance on ESD for schoolchildren and teachers. There are curricula on Ecology and Environment Protection, and on Monitoring of natural Disasters. An Ecology course is a mandatory one for all institutions of higher education of the country. Practically all technical universities train environmental engineers.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264079915-7-en	ee4c4a04f011b420fa282ec8e3c006c3	We can’t go on like this. The price we get for the fish doesn’t even cover our outlays.” But taxpayers in OECD countries also pay six billion dollars a year in financial transfers to the fishing industry, and worldwide the figure could be three times that. We say “could” because it’s hard to get precise figures on subsidies. Next, we’ll examine the economic and other impacts on the fishing industry, and the political difficulties in reforming them. But first, we’ll look at why subsidies attract so much attention.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264091269-en	ee55c8a03edab7171d1fe9c2c541820c	These tasks involve undertaking multiple steps to find solutions to problems and require more complex reasoning and interpretation skills, including comprehending and working with proportions and formulas or offering explanations for answers. Others ask respondents to make high-level inferences or use specialized background knowledge. Some tasks ask respondents to contrast complex information.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/e6deef25-en	ee56d4ab59032feb2b375ffd063334ee	Progress in each of these dimensions varies by region and by country, with no single trend across the Commonwealth. It is notable that progress in parliamentary representation, and women's leadership in the corporate sector seem to be benefiting from the presence of positive action and quotas, both voluntary and legislated. The report found that during the last 20 years (1997 to 2017), women’s lower house representation in Africa has improved markedly, with the exception - barring Cameroon - of West Africa. However, on the election of women to cabinet, although progress has been reasonable in South Africa and Rwanda in Africa.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	ee5d5bb68da5e306aaaaa5e3cb369f0d	National-level monitoring and evaluation can also assess the degree of co-ordination between different actors, and/or between institutions/government bodies in charge of adaptation. It can also evaluate to which extent consideration of climate impacts and adaptation is embedded across different policy priorities or in operational and planning decisions, regarding for instance natural resource management or development planning. This practice, known as adaptation mainstreaming, can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation planning (OECD, 2015b). Reporting on adaptation monitoring and evaluation under the UNFCCC has been requested by several guidelines and agreements.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264247598-7-en	ee5da51569caf117ac938742745388a3	Of particular interest is the Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) public-private partnership. The project involves the erection of 200 new low-energy schools for a total outlay of 1.5 billion euros. Over the leasing period of 30 years, the venture partner maintains each school to required standards, while the school boards pay a fee, partly subsidised by AGIOn.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/a692184d-en	ee5ec6be87b49c64de65eed2e12e97c0	Accordingly, the curricula for all specializations reflect environmental topics. The subject “Environmental protection and energy saving” (40 hours) is compulsory for all specializations of secondary special education. Pupils learn about major environmental problems and possible ways to solve them, aspects of interaction between humans and the environment in the production process, reduction of energy consumption and environmental hazards caused by production, measures to improve the quality of the environment and possibilities to improve energy efficiency.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ee5f4cd93d8b86ee9fa0d154552c49b6	These aims can vary, depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled. There are therefore different views on what “effective” climate finance is, as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed. This paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness; the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness; and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/79de3989-en	ee629c99781e0ff679ba23318a14e0a9	At the same time, disparities in various aspects of economic and social well-being within groups, among groups or between countries have increased, and environmental degradation has also intensified. Due to an expanding network of external and internal stakeholders, the intensified and growing inequality and the continued deterioration of the environment, corporate strategy needs to balance the interests of economic profit with the social and environmental welfare of a globalized society. The model aims to increase our understanding of the origins of SRB and the way SRB principles, practices and enablers interact with other aspects to create value for a sustainable future. Moreover, this model meets the needs of both private and public stakeholders by bridging the gap between the theory and practice of SRB.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ee6ab27955617177113cf214da736b35	It is interesting to note here that, if frequency control and daily load following both reduce load factor, those reductions have a different economical impact for the electricity producer. Frequency control implies an electrical output reduction during the whole day, at peak hours when the electricity is valuable and at night-time, when the demand for electricity is low. On the other hand daily and weekly load following reduces the electrical output only at low-demand periods, when electricity value is low.	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	ee6bbcda5efe837c9ae4564baf3a7e31	The education factor is seen to represent a greater contribution to total poverty in Uruguay (49.9%) and in Costa Rica (37.6%). The contribution of school attendance among children and adolescents is much lower. There do not appear to be substantial differences in the contribution of income to total poverty based on the poverty rate of the countries.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60243856-en	ee705f28789145d38dec895d945a28c8	According to ITU estimates, the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions is almost equal to the number of people on Earth (7.0 billion in 2014). Of those with mobile subscriptions, nearly 60 per cent (4.1 billion) are situated in the Asia-Pacific region. As the market reaches saturation levels, however, the annual growth rate of mobile-cellular subscriptions in the region has slowed to single-digit rates.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	ee70c8e506509273e4412bc91aa60481	It has evolved into a global network of standards and labelling experts, an information clearinghouse and an aid to donor organizations. Multilateral and official financing, direct or through implementing agencies or local financial institutions, also usually provides technical assistance in financial evaluation to assess industrial energy-efficiency projects more accurately and without bias (UNIDO 2011). The funding framework works through implementing agencies with a range of multilateral and bilateral donors.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ec1d0bfd-en	ee73722e92803cd1517c977b55bf9822	One of these was the production of dirt bricks to generate employment, particularly among NEET youth in the construction industry. The enterprise focuses on a type of brick that can be produced by using 80 percent local resources instead of cement and a machine that does not require electricity. Dirt bricks cost 20 percent less than ordinary bricks.	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/223159ab-en	ee74f6f003f17b3389bf2ae2f709e77d	Rising trends in mortality from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are seen in most EU countries, possibly in part reflecting such changes. These are also likely to explain the significant cross-country differences in mortality rates ranging, for example, from 279 per 100,000 population in 2013 in Finland (notable for its high mortality from dementia) to <5 in Malta and Latvia (Niu etal., Alzheimer's disease and other nervous system diseases were among the causes that contributed most to the 2015 decline in life expectancy seen across Europe and other high-income countries.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jlwz83z3wnw-en	ee75364bfb83e17e752fc0ad2bc5b37c	In 2013, 7.8% of Internet users in the European Union followed an online course against 6.9% in 2009. Across the 26 OECD countries on which data is available, 7.6% of people follow'ed an online course, with peaks of 16% in Finland and the lowest levels in Austria, Czech Republic and Poland (Figure 9). These high dropout rates can be explained by several factors; learner’s motivation to start a course, incentives driving completion as well as the inherent difficulties that completing a MOOC may entail. As an illustration, educational research has shown that self-regulation skills which are particularly important for online courses, do not simply emerge from studying on line but are a precondition for effective self-directed learning (Orr, Rimini and Van Damme, 2015).	4	2	8	0.6
10.18356/22919e33-en	ee7d50db20ceb0ba453ccf0c5e11cab8	This led to severe macroeconomic imbalances, including large fiscal deficits and strong pressure on the balance of payments. However, the increase in fiscal deficits was reversed by measures to enhance revenue and reduce expenditure (including on wages and salaries), cutting the deficit from around 10 per cent of GDP between 1990 and 1993 to less than 5 per cent from the late 1990s until 2004. This allowed Maldives’ strong growth performance of the 1980s to be maintained during the 1990s.	10	3	0	1.0
10.18356/75fb9b02-en	ee7ffe2482b14dd3f5ebc7021cca8f14	For generations, quality and equitable education has provided children with a pathway out of deprivation. What has been true for the prospects of individual children has also held true for the future of nations. Armed conflict, natural disasters and the impacts of climate change also deprive children of the chance to go to school and learn.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214682-5-en	ee87e01ade91bb4e47a0bc28bebd04c0	Building on the successful approaches of many countries, this section argues that work-based learning should be fully integrated into programmes as a credit-bearing and quality assured element. Such an approach would powerfully promote partnership between employers and training providers. Managed effectively, it delivers benefits for all participants and contributes to better labour market and economic outcomes.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	ee8886a143fae56142cbf5b4ca14bc34	The act does, however, specify how the vision is to be implemented - e.g. the tools and instruments to be used, which are the same for all levels of government. Apart from this, governments are free to choose a form that best suits the spatial subjects, the method of work, and their own political and administrative culture. Vertical co-ordination between provinces and municipalities occurs in provincial planning committees that serve as platforms for discussions between all three levels of government.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281318-8-en	ee8db9b342cb342296e8bc867fb3c46c	Emphasising prevention is important, for example by issuing strong statements of zero tolerance (Hersch, 2015). It is crucial to ensure that victims have access to safe, straightforward mechanisms for filing complaints, which should include being able to report harassment to a range of colleagues and having effective protection from retaliation by co-workers or supervisors. Sexual harassment goes underreported by victims, as evidenced by the low rates of legal charges filed relative to the levels of sexual harassment reported in surveys (McCann, 2005).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298705-4-en	ee8eb8f10d94555d62a95949e3edd814	Second, the large number of low-skilled adults in Portugal is a major barrier to growth and social cohesion. Third, leveraging both new government investments in adult learning and the National Skills Strategy process, which is both inter-ministerial and involves active stakeholder engagement, can help Portugal make progress in improving the skills of the adult population.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	ee90314f60e91766d71ee7388e1a228e	In a purposeful effort to encourage the employment of locals, the authorities have been providing extra hours of domestic help if households choose an Israeli carer. However, this is thought to have had only a modest impact. Given that there remain substantial pockets of low-skill Israeli labour with hitherto weak attachment to the labour force and plenty of potential carers in neighbouring economies, the continuing heavy dependence on foreign workers from far afield does suggest that further re-balancing is required. Furthermore, health promotion and education has to play a key role in narrowing inequalities in health outcomes, as they are to some extent driven by differences in lifestyle, diet, awareness of medical issues and attitudes towards accessing medical services.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	ee9932255216a8535728e2d29e9cd6c3	The UNDP in its calculations of its gender equality indices even goes so far as to assume that due to biological advantages women will live on average five years longer than men, and the Global Gender Gap report uses a ratio of 1.06 as its benchmark for equality. This makes sense if gender equality is seen as a situation where men and women achieve equal development outcomes insofar as there are no sound biological reasons for them not to do so (for more information see Anand and Sen, 1993; Eskes and Haanen, 2007; and Austad, 2006). Women in this region have made especially great progress in life expectancy, leading to one of those instances where gender inequality now even reflects a disadvantage for men, although male life expectancy has not fallen in this region.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	ee99f2d5c3cdff114d79590fdb5e56fa	Substantive gaps remain in what is known about the outcomes and quality of care. A general dearth of national data for primary, community and long-term care is noted in particular. This is a major weakness in Australia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden and Turkey, where clinicians and managers have relatively scant information on patient outcomes (Table 3.1).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	ee9ba0b7bf3a181d2f3cd7841f308259	Only 1.4% of total lending by 29 major banks in Indonesia was considered to be “green” in 2013, according to a Bank Indonesia survey (UNEP, 2015).9 This accounted for about USD 1 billion. The 2014 Asia Sustainability Investment Review estimated that sustainable investments in Indonesia’s capital markets totalled USD 1.14 billion at the end of 2013 (UNEP, 2015). This is low in comparison to total banking activities, but not negligible.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ab343038-en	ee9c21064147c308bca59aa49d7395c3	Our health rights must include the recognition and respect ofTK held by indigenous healers. This knowledge, including our traditional medicines and their preventive and spiritual healing power, must be recognized and protected against exploitation. The TK of herbs and plants must be protected and passed onto future generations. Traditions cannot be separated from land, territory, or science.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	ee9ca86b4f6adf1db2acc10a489aef7e	If schools strive to foster learner engagement and formative assessment, for instance, but seek to do so while ignoring individual differences or the importance of emotions for effective learning, then the overall impact will be diminished. Who the learners are in any school may be a given of geographical proximity, but the profile of learners may also be innovated, for example, inviting parents or other family members in to become students or when learners are brought together from a distance, sometimes from around the world, using communication technologies. Who the educators are may be a source of innovation as different experts, adults, family or community members, and students themselves, work with the teachers, or as teachers join forces across schools and even over large distances to share a class or project. Many approaches may be taken to innovating content, even within existing curriculum guidelines, such as emphasising 21st century competences including social learning; making connections through inter-disciplinary approaches; or giving emphasis to specific areas like language learning or sustainability.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	ee9f9e20ee4fef17402f5ef9664affd0	Discriminatory laws might prevent women and women-headed households from owning, inheriting, occupying or accessing land or other forms of property, or prevent them from obtaining credit or loans without a male guarantor. Other serious challenges are the lack of appropriate institutional responses to gender-based violence, such as health care, counselling or shelters, as well as inadequate access to education or employment opportunities. Rule-of-law reforms such as the review of key legislation and constitution writing, peace agreements, transitional justice mechanisms and reparations programmes or other post-conflict reform should take into account violations of women's economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights equally, also because these rights are intrinsically linked. This will secure a comprehensive and lasting post-conflict transformation, and an environment where women fully enjoy their fundamental rights.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264193338-en	eea17e2f9300c68a69b591d2d8570e0c	As pointed out in the OECD report on the Mexican economy (OECD, 2012b), a re-evaluation of the numerous special business tax regimes that subsidise foreign direct investment in Sonora should be undertaken. While this centre has developed into Malaysia’s leading skills learning institution that meets the immediate human resource needs of the business community, it is also a one-stop human resource development entity geared towards the promotion of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industries (NHERI, 2010). The centre plays a critical role as a broker between the needs of employers and higher education institutions and other sources of training capacity. Over a 20 year period, the centre has improved the knowledge and skills of every level: operators, technicians, supervisors, engineers and managers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	eea1eb9333a95a364dad2233af41f3c5	In a competitive market where a single price defines the incentive for all participants to produce or to consume electricity in a symmetric fashion, the impacts of variable renewables on the level and volatility of price, would indeed only reflect the realities of a changing market. Consumers and distributors would need to decide how to cope with intermittent supply from renewables-only providers and those providers would have to consider whether the intermittent nature of their technologies was competitive against traditional power generation by dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas. However, as has been pointed out above, variable renewables do not face the same incentives as other technologies. Such asymmetric treatment isolates variable renewables from the impacts they themselves inflict on the market price, which affects only technologies not benefiting from such feed-in tariffs.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	eea21ade7890693f5ac9873aee7439f9	At the same time, it is important to address sources of price instability, if for example weak market institutions impede domestic markets to absorb price shocks, it would be appropriate to focus on improvements of these institutions. A longer-term response to food price instability would be for policies to raise real incomes and combat poverty, including the enhancement of the existing food aid programmes and the safety nets for vulnerable social groups. The low state-fixed rental payments weaken the incentive to buy-out or to cede leased land to potential buyers, even when the leased land is not utilised and prone to degradation. Land transfer is further impeded by complicated administrative procedures, and some potential buyers may lack the confidence that land ownership rights are secure.	2	2	6	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	eea39ba9168b85e90ebb7ba32aa0ff8a	The countries receiving the largest volumes of support for private sector engagement for climate change in 2013 (in absolute terms) were Turkey, India, South Africa, Chile and China. The large share of finance going towards private sector engagement in middle income countries, particularly UMICs, is driven by finance provided by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of bilateral and multilateral development banks, directly to private sector actors. Such financing usually targets countries where there is a relatively strong private sector, with functioning capital markets in place that can absorb financing at non-concessional terms, and where there is strong policy direction to address climate change.	13	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	eea598b5d8579b4227ce97471700094e	The program has used case studies in combination with a national/regional postal and follow-up Internet inquiry to provide information on participation in outdoor recreational activities as well as associated motivations, constraints, economic and social factors [Fredman etai 2008]. The postal survey included a national sample of 4,700 and regional oversampling in three regions [two urban proximate and one coastal] of 2,300. The aims of the report was to describe nature tourism from both tourism provider and consumer points of view, to propose a definition of nature tourism, to examine present tourism statistics and other sources of knowledge from a Swedish nature tourism perspective, and to present suggestions on how nature tourism in Sweden can be better measured and quantified.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	eea77980a7ac4197c9778d1ab074520e	To cope with all scenarios, the system operator must have a range of ancillary reserves in the generation portfolio to maintain system stability, regulation, load following and to prepare for the worst-case scenario. Scheduling and dispatch of ancillary reserves is a complicated exercise. Ancillary reserves are generally divided into three categories according to how quickly they can ramp up or down its production to meet the demand. ( They can ramp up or down production very quickly (within a few seconds to minutes) to respond to frequency disturbances. It compares the plant's actual production, over a given period of time, with the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity for the same amount of time.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	eeab335c0bb558e34ade78a15b9fef95	The Rural Clinical Training and Support programme funds a network of rural clinical schools and requires participating medical schools (17 of a total of 19 schools) to deliver shortterm rural placements to all medical students, and long-term (over one year) rural placements to 25% of their medical students. Medical schools must also fill 25% of medical school places with students from a rural background. The increasing number of graduating medical students has put pressure on available internship positions. The Australian Government has an agreement with the states and territories that guarantees intern positions for all Australian domestic medical graduates.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	eeaf0a167f3370c979f37f302f8a7ba6	Step 97 of the “100 Concrete Steps to Implement the Five Institutional Reforms” reflects central government’s acknowledgement of the need to enhance citizen participation in the decision-making process through the development of self-regulation and local self-government. However, little evidence emerged on how this was being implemented. When a city general plan is developed, a public hearing is held to allow citizens to participate in discussions and air their comments. Cities have the duty to inform residents about the general plans and get feedback from them. This is important, as these experiences can be the foundation for civic action in major cities. The problem seems to be that there is, to some extent, a lack of interest from citizens, due to the mistrust of government in general; no methodology makes public participation an integral part of the urban planning process and implementation; citizens do not perceive a benefit from taking part in these exercises; and local government officials are not trained to engage with the community.	11	0	6	1.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	eeb0be0e102fcc643ce704c2268d499a	Studies undertaken in Ghana (Adu-Afarwuah et al., Key Issues: How can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security? In Bangladesh, the Chars Livelihoods Programme (CLP) and Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) are both asset transfer programmes that are built on a model of “graduation”, providing an asset transfer (usually of livestock) to women, coupled with a regular stipend for 18 months, skills training, a savings scheme and social development awareness-raising sessions on issues such as health and sanitation and nutrition.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	eeb154c5883833c59febececa43946fa	At that level, rice would still be almost 1.9 times the price of wheat, which compares with a ratio of 2.7 in 2009. For instance, the large production gains anticipated in Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos are likely to allow these countries to emerge as important players in the export market, which would widen the choice of origins for rice trade and reduce the dependence on traditional suppliers such as Thailand and Viet Nam. Because important Asian countries are expected to engage in the commercial production of genetically modified rice by 2015, the questions of product segregation and labelling may also acquire increased prominence in the commercialisation of rice both in domestic and export markets.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6950d0fe-en	eeb396d120dbe58cc50674663aa09d37	Fewer of the poorest quintile (20 per cent) of households have access to social protection in urban areas (16.6 per cent) than in rural areas (23.4 per cent) (World Bank 2018). Although income poverty rates are generally lower in urban areas, poverty is more complex and multidimensional than in rural areas, and the numbers of poor urban households are rising constantly, along with urbanization rates. According to ILO (2017), only 35 per cent of children worldwide enjoy effective access to social protection, with almost 1.3 billion children not covered, most of whom live in Africa and Asia. This implies that the need for tailored social protection for the urban poor is increasing and that the introduction of a child lens to urban social protection is also required.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	eeb62198ef591a46faf64804b10e2a3e	The drawback is that they may provide weak incentives to maintain or improve the quality of care. Fee-for-service and salary schemes are likely to lead to overprovision of healthcare. However, there have been attempts within fee-for-service schemes to limit cost increases by reducing fees and combining them with hard budget constraints (Moreno Serra, 2013; Paris and Devaux, 2010). Under the GPs' fundholding policy, GPs could choose to have a fixed budget to finance some types of elective surgery for their patients and retain any surplus.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	eeb7649619bf3663cd8f251cbf551792	If a broader definition at USD 2 at PPP/person/day is applied, the poverty rates are significantly higher, with declines from 85% in 1990 to 51% in 2009 (WB WDI, 2012). Thus, even if progress in poverty reduction has been significant, around half of the population remains vulnerable to falling into absolute poverty in case of natural disasters or a deterioration in economic conditions. The share fell for both urban and rural households, but remains much higher for rural households.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	eeb88e99871d1cc478fe5a1449e79610	"Because of this inherent tension, the scalability of public-private partnerships bringing together public transport with other mobility services may be compromised beyond a limited set of innovators and small- to medium-sized pilot programmes. They provide the framework for successful public transport directed at economic, social, and environmental value for citizens and business"" (UITP, 2009). Conceptually, this model provides greater flexibility for integrating new types of services into the urban mobility mix."	11	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	eeb8c562b98d5b784e8fa73004af4437	Indeed, the cost of shipping a product from harvest areas to Yangon for export can be as high as the purchase price. Furthermore, the port of Yangon is regarded as one of the most expensive and least efficient ports in the world. Producers’ associations under the UMFCCI, such as the Fruit and Vegetables Producers and Exporters Association, are getting involved in the export of agricultural commodities produced in hilly regions and marketed in Singapore and Bangkok through Yangon airport, such as mangos, to improve the prices paid to producers. Cross-border trade with China is also being improved for products of Mandalay to increase the market share and better fulfil export criteria imposed by Chinese buyers.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	eebb306653a92a1b8c36e2e797db9dc0	The food policy of Bangladesh also aims to ensure the food safety of its population. City corporation and pourashava ordinances provide the legal provisions for waste management in urban areas. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act of 1995 provides for conservation of the environment, the improvement of environmental standards and the control and mitigation of environmental pollution.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	eebb5b58feeaeee959b640e5ee0edc29	"The “Educating Entrepreneurs for the World"" initiative was started by Patrick Molle, the President of the EM Lyon Business School in 2003. It is part of EM Lyon's vision that entrepreneurship can bring economic and social wealth into societies and whole countries. The initiative is part of a broader set of activities to train and support students allowing them to act as entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs or entrepreneur managers in different geographical and cultural contexts. The educators' team is part of the EM Lyon's Strategy & Organisation Pedagogy and Research Unit."	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264264113-7-en	eebf5e95dd2d9b9158af318657f347f3	Plans and policies designed in the BMA are influenced to large extent by policies and regulations issued by higher levels of government, in particular the national government. This affects not only general development objectives but also sectoral policies in opportunity areas for green growth (e.g. transport, energy). The main components of Indonesia’s National Development Plans (RPJPN 2005-2025 and RPJMN, 2015-2019) are translated at lower levels of government into the West Java Province Development Plans and into each of the five municipalities of BMA (e.g. Bandung Development Plans) (Table 4.1). This is a powerful instrument of policy harmonisation in Indonesia, and a means of boosting cities’ economic and environmental performance.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/d8cfcf9c-en	eec1690f8de0142122920f7795332328	Asian LDCs overtook the productMty level first of the African and then of the island LDCs (Chart 2.4A). To the extent that rural population growth outpaces the rate of expansion of the agricultural area, area per worker (A/L) declines, adding to the challenge of raising average labour productivity (Y/L) by means of increasing average yield (Y/A) in order to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of the rural population. Still, since the 1980s, agricultural yields in LDCs have lagged behind the strong growth in ODCs, but they have gained some ground with respect to developed countries, especially since 2000.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	eec392224bb3a83b62337b6bffdbed02	While a national climate change plan or strategy is being developed, a system focused on periodically understanding climate impacts and vulnerability can provide information to support future planning efforts, and make a contribution towards national climate change risk assessments. In countries where an adaptation plan or strategy is designed prior to a national monitoring and evaluation system, that system can be used to assess progress in implementation. To facilitate learning, it is beneficial for those closely linked to policy making processes such as budget negotiations or national planning, to be involved in designing the system.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg0nvfvwjd0-en	eec618450d8acdaad2dab2bca80d9193	Regional partnerships are also an effective mechanism for bringing together social and economic actors around a specific project (in this case a new economic agenda) and in implementing the actions required to move the agenda forward. The WIRED model in the USA is a good example of this. It will be important to make processes more efficient and less bureaucratic to facilitate the expansion of new industries and the creation of businesses in these sectors. Businesses may also benefit from having easy access to information on support schemes, technical assistance, financing and market perspectives in one single place.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	eec72fabc9c6dadbb9253920793e071f	It also helps to valorise skills development, while the classification of skilled trades and adoption of occupational standards can increase awareness of viable career options. Through the Red Seal Program, the Canadian government works with the provinces, territories and industry partners to provide national standards that define the scope of the trade and what needs to be done to demonstrate competence in that trade. These standards are developed and validated by jurisdictions with input from industry. The programme recognises bakers and cooks as Red Seal trades.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	eec761ded7b7ea2f21d464a9b95d54b3	In Japan, the Top Runner programme sets efficiency standards for cars (and trucks) according to that achieved by the most efficient vehicle in each category. China, soon to become the largest car market in the world, has been applying stringent fuel economy standards since 2005, and a new car-tax regime which penalizes large cars since 2006. In India, the absence of mandatory vehicle fuel efficiency standards suggests that the fuel efficiency of vehicles may lag behind that of other countries34 (IEA, 2007b). The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has introduced a voluntary energy labelling scheme as a first step to enforcing mandatory fuel economy standards for cars, two-wheelers and heavy commercial vehicles.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	eec96f709181c5737130cf2f3f2e2c8d	To facilitate this transition, developed countries formalised a commitment to mobilise USD 100 bn per year by 2020 at the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, while the quantity of climate finance is important, quantity alone is not sufficient to achieve the climate objectives of the Convention: it is a “means to an end” and not an end in itself. Ensuring the underlying quality, or effectiveness, of climate finance will also be crucial.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/29c3b7bb-en	eeca213a177f83770799f6605da515f6	The culprits are overconsumption by the rich, irrespective of which country they belong to, and the design, production and promotion of plainly unsustainable products. The impact, however, is greatest on lower income groups, as illustrated in below. Produced capital refers to wealth from the production of goods.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/f3e7d816-en	eecf89f92daf83e6273a0860fa5ffc9c	In addition, statisticians have recognized that improvement is also needed in the area of statistics on men. ( Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Specific issues related to men’s lives, such as harmful levels of drinking and smoking, greater risk of accidents or injuries and access to paid paternity leave, have increasingly been taken into account and covered by gender statistics.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	eed3a70be0e64392f9a0bbd355d4bafe	The Sami people in Scandinavia, as the Inuit in Greenland, have a long history of suffering discrimination and racism. A large proportion of Norwegian Sami peoples experience discrimination based on their background.14 There are also similar findings among the Sami youth in the Nordic countries.144 Furthermore, the results demonstrate that discrimination is associated with inferior self-perceived health and psychological distress,14' which is supported by several other studies across multiple population groups in a wide range of cultural and national contexts,146 including indigenous communities in the circumpolar north.147 These findings suggest that perceived discrimination is an important emerging risk factor leading to negative health outcomes. There is no unified system of health monitoring of indigenous peoples, although some general trends show significantly lower than average health outcomes compared the majority Russian population. According to the 2002 Census the average life expectancy of Russian indigenous peoples was 15 years below the Russian average.148 Among the Sami in Russia, smoking and alcohol use are very common.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298781-en	eed5c144258f83c4e1b356c864894b48	For example, if young people fail to acquire strong foundation skills (Challenge 1) they run an increased risk of dropping-out from school (Challenge 2), relying on social benefits (Challenge 4) and having poor job market outcomes (Challenge 5). Even when they do find a job, their lack of foundation skills may dissuade their employers from investing in their training (Challenge 7). In short, no skills challenge exists in isolation — each one is affected by, and impacts upon, others within and across the three pillars.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	eed613de76ee514533d26a8c55ad4639	Similarly, Kucera and Xenogiani (2009) interpret findings that link the regulatory burden to the size of the informal economy as representing how labour is regulated (especially through firm entry) rather than how much it is regulated. The effects of labour regulation on employment outcomes also depend on enforcement, which is typically imperfect. Increased enforcement efforts in the case of Brazil led to lower rates of informality but also to more unemployment and smaller firms (Almeida and Cameiro, 2009). In Indonesia during the 1990s, increased compliance with minimum wages was the key pathway to increased pay in the textile, footwear and apparel industry (Harrison and Scorse, 2010).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	eed6730e2e196f0983999432068489f5	Most notably the health status of Arab-Israelis is poorer than for the rest of the population, as exemplified by their lower average life expectancy (Figure 2.1, Panels A and B). This is in part due to non-medical issues: on average, Arab-Israeli men smoke far more than the rest of the population, and the incidence of obesity is relatively high among Arab-Israeli women (see below). Also, within the Arab population, the Bedouin community raises particular concerns, for instance, infant mortality remains very high (Chernichovsky, 2011). These gaps in health outcomes link to wider socio-economic issues.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	eedb0c7936dada9ca1de9ccfff061dc1	"As highlighted in the literature for Asia, there are cases of internal migration leading to international migration, but there are also cases of equally important international movements from rural areas without prior internal migration.4 Migrants may also transit through countries before reaching their final destination country. While international migration flows are relatively well documented, data on migratory movements to and from rural areas - both within and between countries - are much more difficult to come by. Definitions for statistical and other purposes differ widely from country to country, making cross-country comparisons problematic."""	11	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/0ec26947-en	eedcce5b4d97b59883540c82ac26c4ca	A closer collaboration between governmental regulators and the ecosystem consisting of actors in the private sectors, such as blockchain consortia and research institutes, needs to be nurtured to cover open questions. Moreover, comprehensive legal frameworks on blockchain networks and the data stored therein are being proposed in the market. Nonetheless, the complexity of harmonising jurisdictions is a persisting issue, due to differing approaches in treating the technology.	9	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	eedd3fb6603609409c4776b61ee04ab1	"Research Handbook on Environment and Investment Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. C. R. (2011). Process and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law: Interfacing Trade and Social Goals"" Cambridge University Press. T. (August 2015). ' While it is difficult to consider the entirety of these effects, it is possible to identify some broad patterns."	13	3	1	0.5
10.18356/78349259-en	eedd78139a27184e739ad769b324f6a6	Some of the blame for weak agricultural performance, however, also lies with the developing countries, which have neglected agriculture and particularly the potential of smallholder agriculture. That is, they may not have die cash to be able to buy food. Both the rural and urban poor face such physical and economic access issues.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/66896486-en	eeddd6a0c0dbebe3023469f849144ef6	The Department is involved in water management activities such as validation of environmental impact assessments. The State Administration for Hydrometeorology (Tajikhydromet) under the Committee on Environmental Protection is the key organization responsible for environmental monitoring in Tajikistan. The Main Department of Geology under the Government (Tajikgeology) carries out monitoring of groundwater levels. Water management is undertaken at the basin level, but responsibilities are still fragmented. The new Law on Waters (2008), which transposes the EU WFD, transferred competencies on water resource management from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy to the Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning. Basin management authorities, the State Environment Inspectorate and other bodies under the Ministry arc responsible for law enforcement.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/efc21c19-en	eede1ac838154c70c53b15ecb31038ea	In addition, they can contribute to research in the area, exchanges of good practices among countries, and promotion of cooperative activities at regional and international levels. At the initial stage, a partnership with international organizations may provide an impetus for greater financial support and knowledge transfer.	5	2	2	0.0
10.18356/62f0fb2a-en	eedf843a65e9a2631f076e5b818652b6	It consists of other commercial species (that may be secondary targets or may become target species if the market develops) and non-commercial species (returned to the sea or landed, in case of a discard ban) as well as incidental catches of vulnerable species, which may include species of commercial value or not, formally declared as “vulnerable” or “species at risk” as a result of natural or, more commonly, anthropogenic pressure, including fishing pressure (Figure 51). Fisheries impact not only target resources (e.g. fish, crustaceans and cephalopods), but also many other species that are relevant to the functioning of the overall ecosystem (Jackson et al.,	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-17-en	eee0b5b59fae7cd4e9abc7c74f9d906e	In 2016, women sat on 20% of board seats OECD-wide, up slightly from 16.8% in 2013. On average, 4.8% of CEOs were women in 2016, double the 2.4% in 2013. As for appointments to the executive, no OECD country has passed legislation setting quotas. Men occupy slightly over 70% of ministerial positions and women 29.3%, on average.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	eee341f5ab622e1de641e010ac2ef5b8	Source: National Institutional Strategy for Climate Change. Although most of SAIs do not yet have the capacity and expertise to audit climate finance, it is within their mandate to audit public climate finance. In this respect, GIZ is providing support to SAIs in developing countries to strengthen their mandates.	13	1	9	0.8
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	eee99d318fce2c3cb1e062591375064d	This is currently one of the main indicators used by WHO to assess the extent of its work with member states in the eHealth domain. A dedicated directory has been created on the Observatory's website6 to list countries with national eHealth strategies, as well as making available the details of the strategy. The baseline for the number of national strategies in 2009 was 55; this had grown to 85 by the end of 2013 and represents growth from 28 per cent to 44 per cent of all WHO member states.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	eeecb51d22d3ec9bef2ad0243c0576b1	It is thus a significant economic sector. Until the early 1990s most Polish wood production went to markets in Central and Eastern Europe, including the former USSR. This brought in foreign capital, notably from Germany (a major trading partner in the furniture industry), Sweden and France, and allowed modernisation of production systems.	15	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	eeeead3b537c1d015883a3db1bc648b6	Also, if the measure is collected by survey, the sample size may be too small, making a chosen indicator less reliable and with some data being unavailable for smaller regions. All this means that we may need to make compromises if we want to achieve good indicators that are obtainable at a reasonable cost in terms of time and resources. Such compromises may come at the cost of constructing an ideal, yet probably unattainable, indicator.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	eeefe75983a9e81e31913901081f827b	In the case of adaptation, development co-operation efforts to engage the private sector could include, removing information asymmetries and providing good practices for adaptation and resilience, developing customized approaches such as risk-assessment strategies and cost-benefit analyses as well as capacity development for business multipliers to disseminate approved approaches to individual sectors. In all cases, providing green and inclusive business models and financial instruments that incorporate environmental and financial objectives equally (e.g. impact investment) is key (OECD, 2015d). In the case of climate change, alignment with nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and national adaptation plans (NAPs) is critical.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	eef295899dd097c3220b3beced64aa89	But to calculate how many individuals live below the poverty line, household incomes must be converted to equivalent individual incomes (including 'incomes' for children). It may not be true that 'two can live as cheaply as one', but the amount required to maintain a given standard of living does not rise in direct proportion to the number of people in the home. The cost of heating, or a television or an Internet connection, for example, does not double if there are four people rather than two.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	eef387c22dbd867ba7d72cf8b6c6341c	In 2006, the first indigenous president in the country's history came to power. His programme called for returning control of natural resources to the State, for bringing about national renewal through changes to the constitution and for modifying the Government’s land policy. In the same year, the hydrocarbons law was enacted, giving the company Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) control over prices and production for both the domestic and external markets. Lastly, the first draft of the new Constitution was approved at the end of 2007 by the Constituent Assembly, declaring Bolivia a plurinational State.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/85a3e08c-en	eef9db456b7508ce00ba940c1552834a	These deficiencies contribute to a vicious cycle of malnutrition, reduced development prospects and poverty, affecting already-disadvantaged groups. Preventing malnutrition would eventually reduce costs incurred for curative healthcare and social welfare needs while potentially making resources available for needed development activities (FAO & International Life Sciences Institute, 1997; WHO, 2018a; Levin, 1986; Strauss, et al, 1986; Horton, et al, 1998). Thus, understanding and addressing malnutrition remain key factors for progressing on the Sustainable Development Goals. They are also part of the SDG monitoring framework.	2	0	7	1.0
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	eefbed659292eb02935dd0dd9415f6c4	Multiple stressors including eutrophication, sediment runoff, dredging and coastal development have been suggested as drivers of this negative development. Although bladder wrack is now recovering in some areas (Kautsky, Martin, & Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, 2017; Laamanen, Korpinen, Zweifel, & Andersen, 2017), it is still declining at other locations (Vahteri & Vuorinen, 2016). During the last years, the depth distribution has increased, for instance at the Swedish coast of the northern Baltic proper and the Sea of Aland. Eutrophication is suggested to be the main driver for the historical decrease in bladder wrack (Torn et al.,	15	3	0	1.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	eefc69df127bb15c9b9985aefa679978	Here, the fisher referred to how fisheries regulations are experienced as ad hoc, often arriving from central management authorities at short notice and thus difficult to foresee. Fishing stops also occur when the quota for a species is reached, often prohibiting fishers to target other species if the gear in question is expected to catch the species for which the quota is reached. He continues by pointing out the potential to arrange packaged tours for international fishing tourists and that tour boat fishing has developed from having customers with a focus on their own food supply to having customers that seek unique experiences. One thing that all fishers could agree upon was a scepticism towards biologists and the data and logic they use when proposing that cormorants do not affect coastal fisheries since they only eat small fish.	14	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	eefdfe05370819034d448c939faa2107	The impact of environmental and climate constraints on global food supply. In: Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy, edited by T. Hertel, S. Rose and R. Tol, Routledge, USA. Land Use Policy, 24,562-575. Assessment of Fertiliser Use by Crop at the Global Level 2006/07-2007/08.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264210745-3-en	eefe3db66e230d2a53100d9d0e289938	Indeed, strong evidence shows that greater gender equality in labour markets and education can contribute to economic growth, national happiness and well-being (OECD 2012). Furthermore, confidence in institutions - a key ingredient for a favourable investment climate and business development - strongly depends on the extent to which decision-makers reflect the composition of society, including in terms of gender. Finally, achieving inclusive and fair outcomes requires policy processes that are inclusive and that integrate the diverse perspectives of both men and women.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	eefe8cc7cb02b46157871d426ef21098	Qual SafHealth Care 2007;16:127-131. The 2017 survey focused on the best ways to improve patient safety across all settings of health care. Given the paucity of evidence on primary and ambulatory care, the survey informing this report also asked about occurrence, severity and impact of safety lapses as well as the best ways to improve safety in this setting.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	ef0215d4c26029183c59941077eb683b	Action will be needed in the pre-2020 period to build capacity and strengthen the reporting framework so that Parties are ready for implementation by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. The process of developing BURs can help to build capacity since one of the purposes of the BUR process is to identify capacity building needs. These decisions also initiate revisions to Annex I national communications guidelines and request submission of national communications from non-Annex I countries every four years.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/18db943d-en	ef025365e743a4f8ade779054b7ae28c	An evaluation of the project found that, in 2014 alone, the average household saved $472, with even higher savings recorded for households living from fishing, agriculture and livestock23 This global-level innovation thus has the potential for replication elsewhere in Bangladesh and in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole. For each monsoon season there are biannual forums for forecast generators and users of the forecasts. In advance of each monsoon forum, RIMES and WMO work with the NMHS to develop the seasonal forecast and related products, and to train users, such as line ministries, local governments and their partners. At the forums themselves, the users discuss the corresponding preparedness and mitigation measures.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/e92917e3-en	ef03bec7ad44819afdca240b58ebd525	Deprivation of adequate nutrition therefore cements advantage or disadvantage among children, creating intergenerational cycles of poverty. Moreover, as women often bear the brunt of a household's domestic work, time-consuming water collection restricts them from engaging in income-generating work or educational activities. Water collection responsibilities also place women at higher risk of suffering health injuries and sexual violence. Sodal Development Policy Papers, #2018-04 (Bangkok, 2018 forthcoming).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ef05da8e8816030294865157af15b278	Another motivation for load following with nuclear power plants is the large-scale deployment of variable energy sources in some countries, like Germany. In the following, we provide some examples of load following operations by French and German nuclear power plants and how nuclear energy contributes effectively in balancing the fluctuations of total power generation. The American NRC, for instance, does not allow any automatic load following; nuclear units therefore cannot provide primary and secondary frequency control services.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	ef0c98dfb55f0f051d8417978edae0a9	This is not only because South-South migration represents more than 50% of migration stocks flows comparing to South-North migration (Ratha and Shaw, 2007), but also because discriminatory social institutions in non-OECD countries are different and more restrictive than those in place in high-income areas (such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, inheritance laws). First, the empirical analysis adopts a Heckman two-step procedure to deal with the high occurrence of null bilateral flows in migration data and the selection process. Then, 2SLS estimators are used to overcome potential endogeneities, due to reverse causality and unobservables.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	ef0da40b1c7f0dc6e5f8dd328f1d6043	Experiences in other economies reveal that much more aggressive policy and programme initiatives to assist women in their marketing efforts are possible. A good practice from Pakistan in supporting women exporters is profiled in Box 6.6. They further stressed the importance of expanding cluster linkages for women-owned SMEs and including them in value- and supply-chain initiatives.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	ef0f78c319c9feab306537fc6fbaed2d	Relying heavily on local communities for implementation, the programme gave payments to poor households based on the number of children aged 0-15 and elderly aged over 60. In order to receive payments, households had to ensure that children under 5 visited a health clinic six times a year, that any children aged 7-15 were enrolled in school with at least 80% attendance, and that the elderly visited a health clinic at least once a year. Local management committees monitored households’ compliance. The monitoring data show marked improvements in health and education in comparison to the control group, particularly for girls and for the poorest half of the treatment households.	9	5	0	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	ef15939fc6fb48e0cae0f1589feda108	It is probably better, therefore, to consider information at the sub-regional level. This is because the most food insecurity is usually found in specific provinces or states, and within these, in particular sub-regions or villages. Not all countries, however, collect sufficient or relevant data to be able to track food insecurity at the local level.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	ef174e71ed25796c00eccafb9fd7b75c	For instance, in some countries, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, children typically enter primary education at age 5, while in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden, they typically enter at age 7. In all the other countries, children typical enter primary education at age 6. In pre-primary education, annual expenditure per child for both public and private settings averages USD 8 070 in OECD countries, while annual expenditure for early childhood educational development averages USD 12 501. In early childhood educational development (ISCED 01), public sources account for an average of 69% of total expenditure, while in pre-primary education (ISCED 02), it amounts to 83%.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	ef1a4357a5108bb07118d4ddc62b471e	Credit allocated to agriculture reached BRL 177 billion (USD 76 billion) in 2014, of which 13% (BRL 24 billion or USD 10 billion) was allocated to family agriculture. The remaining 87% was allocated to commercial agriculture. In recent years, rural credit investment programmes have been strengthened with the aim of expanding grain storage capacity, promoting technological innovation in rural properties and extending the use of agricultural machineries.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	ef2270f1448469e3b40a4bc4ba920c13	"The states’ legal frameworks were adapted and harmonised to facilitate the development of water markets. Water-access entitlements were converted to a system of tradable ownership entitlements, with most of the new entitlements being separated from land ownership rights."" However, differences remained between the states’ regulatory regimes and their respective definitions of water rights."	6	0	6	1.0
10.18356/86b350a3-en	ef2336baaa8540917604d13bdf04c85d	The mining industry has also affected forests negatively. The share of mining in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of GMS countries increased significantly from 2000 to 2010. In Viet Nam the share is around 11 percent of the GDP; similarly, projected deforestation due to mining activities in Lao PDR ranges from 5 100 to 14100 ha annually.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	ef25cab2bd664e5c9734e995b4bb3ae7	Coal plants (particularly smaller plants) are often readily available to be deployed to level out peaks and troughs in the power system. Their dispatch is, however, often outside economic or environmental considerations. Coal-fired power plants are less flexible in response to load changes because of their longer start-up/shut-down times and higher change velocity (due to thermal inertia). In addition, coal-fired plants run at a much lower efficiency when not operated at full capacity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264098978-6-en	ef2793815016403147235a2f89d951c3	It also absorbs about 70% of the labour force and is the main source of income and employment for the majority of Zambians, particularly the poor. In addition, this sector is characterised by high participation of women in the labour force. Besides its contribution to national income and employment, it has the potential to increase income and access to food for the rural poor, who largely depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120983-11-en	ef27e5cc6c0bde1adf0617a84f148174	If green power is more expensive, how many jobs will be lost due to lower GDP? At the local level, it is key to understand how many jobs are associated with each specific project and how durable they are likely to be. Certain jobs will be in operation and maintenance (O&M), while others in the construction of the needed facilities. As a consequence, there will be both temporary and long-term jobs created in regions.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	ef285c1a27821a1974f6c54e7c7c686d	From an emissions accounting perspective, this lack of information would increase the degree of uncertainty associated with future global GHG emissions levels. However, it may be necessary in order to maximise country participation in the process. While climate change is undoubtedly a complex issue, there is little value in producing a new agreement that few people can understand.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	ef2d085a0ee1dae3bd0a81ee31c4d2b6	Their results show regional stocks to be more efficient than the sum of national stocks without co-operation. Among developing country regions, more than half of Asia’s agricultural exports go to other Asian countries, but the intra-regional shares drop to 17% in South and Central America and 20% in Africa (WTO, International Trade Statistics for 2011). However, food trade is largely informal in a number of regions, which means that the importance of regional trade may be significantly underestimated.	2	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264203914-7-en	ef2eefd96209298590ea57de6f87e7e9	Current production of desalinated water is expected to quadruple by 2019 (Edwards et al., While large-scale desalination significantly increases water availability, it has potentially adverse environmental impacts in the form of greater energy consumption and subsequent increases in greenhouse gas emissions (OECD, 2011 a). Brine discharges to the sea can lead to substantial increases in salinity and temperature, and to the accumulation of metals (e.g. iron), hydrocarbons and toxic anti-fouling compounds in receiving waters (Roberts et al.,	11	3	0	1.0
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	ef2f172a648b692d5ad58c0fc6cc8e34	Challenges may lie in firms' internal capacity to meet standards or in the availability and performance of quality infrastructure near the firm. The focus on women-owned businesses recognizes women's role in overall development, as well as the need for targeted support. International certification is much less prevalent, however, with the share of certified firms ranging from 38% in Indonesia to 47% in Kenya. Firms must wade through and choose from dozens of quality standards if they want to become certified. Identifying which standard brings the most value is difficult. Therefore, firms need assistance from their business ecosystem, specifically quality infrastructure and institutions.	9	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	ef2f97029414cad21e79e2988141b9c4	They offer incubation space for new' enterprises in their facilities, as well as ideally, a package of business support services, such as coaching, advice, networking with other entrepreneurs and linkages with possible investors. Business incubators are a form of BDS that has become increasingly popular over the last few decades based on their demonstrated ability to positively influence entrepreneurial success (Lewis et al., Evidence suggests that incubated firms tend to have higher survival rates than the national average and may grow faster than nonincubated firms (Wilber and Dixon, 2003) due to the hands-on support they receive, and the clustering and networking provided by their advisors (Al-Mubaraki and Busier, 2012).	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	ef306f03bbbb94add39021c01dddad3b	Such an approach represents good practice in budget formulation. At the same time, though, there is a perception from the health side that actual allocation decisions are still largely determined by less tangible factors such as interpersonal relationships and subjective rather than objective evaluations of these business plans. If they make a strong case this can lead to increases in conditional grants for health.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/ebf091c1-en	ef31b58d5a65a4124654dfcddb88e41c	So says the preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea—and never were those words more apt than in relation to the challenges we face today. We know that healthy and productive oceans are key to long-term sustainable development. We believe there is an urgent need to take action and tackle social, economic and environmental issues so that the oceans, the seas and their resources can support the livelihoods of coastal communities and continue to provide for future generations.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	ef31d974a308e961a78eaae156073b74	By their nature, system effects cannot be defined nor observed by looking at a single system, but can be understood and quantified only by comparing two or more systems, and their quantitative estimation depends on the choice of the reference system (“benchmark”). As an example, the introduction of a given amount of VRE capacity in a given system, let us say 10 GW of onshore wind, would cause in the long term a change in the electricity system: more transmission would be needed (or a different structure of the transmission grid) as well as a different generation mix, more adapted to accommodate the characteristics of wind production. The quantification of system effects due to the introduction of these 10 GW is possible only by comparing the new generation system with the reference system, in which the 10 GW of wind energy has not been exogenously imposed. How the reference system is defined and how the system with wind energy is constructed and optimised are key aspects in any quantitative evaluation of system effects.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ae512255-en	ef355dfde720fd618aa56e663d564570	A study of six Latin American countries estimated that the projected recession in 2009 and 2010 and a slow and gradual recovery towards pre-crisis growth levels by 2015 would put some low-income countries, such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua, further off track in their endeavours to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for primary school completion, child and maternal health and access to drinking water and sanitation (Sanchez and Vos, 2009). Resources allocated were already insufficient for the implementation of commitments on gender equality. Efforts are needed to ensure sufficient allocation of resources to promote gender equality and womens empowerment.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/f7cce716-en	ef38e35873136cc91cf969f353b002ad	"Apart from that single transfer, the authorities reassessed the socioeconomic situation of households in the affected zone, to take account of new households that suffered a significant drop in their income (Fernandez, Jadotte and Jahnsen, 2011). This is a once-only transfer of US$ 90 paid in two monthly installments of US$ 45 each, which is activated after the declaration of a disaster. Its aim is to ""prevent a deterioration in the basic consumption of families that have been victims of collective natural phenomena"" (Enriquez, 2013, p. 42)."	13	4	0	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	ef394d1fdb374eac03e0da3de92f6067	In the absence of the crisis, this trend would most probably have continued. Country averages, though, mask within-country disparities.10 Eventually, the impact of the crisis depends on the extent to which it affects average consumption and the respective income distribution (Ravallion 2009). Of those, 35 per cent are poor.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0905f827-en	ef39587cc0f30219974b249ffbaad2c9	The policies in question can be classified into three levels according to their scope of incidence (IFAD, 2009). At the intermediate level are policies that determine the availability and mechanisms of access to various components of the financial infrastructure and to productive development tools, along with components of the infrastructure and distribution networks that enable small-scale rural producers to increase their productivity, sales and profit margins. Lastly, at the micro level, the relevant policies are aimed at strengthening the capacities of both the users and the providers of financial services, and of the authorities responsible for regulation and supervision of the system. To that end, best public-policy practices are identified by contrasting the experience of five countries in different phases of the process of formulating and implementing comprehensive financial-inclusion strategies.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	ef3aa638488d1b3132f07939c08912b2	Needed: Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters (presently under consideration), and development of monitoring programmes. Nitrate pollution (below quality standards) from municipal wastewater and agriculture;also pesticides pollution. Groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems criteria for hydrogeological characterization are to be defined. No transboundary impact Deceased intensity of significant pressures is expected till 2015.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	ef3e703a7130bba58220a08e5d551ab8	There are 21 clusters, each describing a group of people with similar characteristics. Patients are assessed periodically to monitor their changing needs and re-allocated to a cluster if required. Closing the Gap: Priorities for essential change in mental health includes a commitment to continue to develop a national payment system for mental health. England was one of the first countries to begin the process of closing psychiatric asylums, and centring mental health care around care in the community.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	ef3f57b5df7377e664f6f1b762796f72	It does not mean that everyone works in a capitalist firm but simply that as capacity utilization increases and unemployment declines, worker incomes tend to increase. Of course, the ability of workers to successfully translate tighter labour markets into higher wages is closely linked with a variety of labour market institutions as well as gender. Women’s collective bargaining power vis-a-vis capital is presumably lower than men’s, a point consistent with the prevalence and persistence of the gender wage gap across all sorts of economies.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/c73325d9-en	ef43daea1bd45dbe63f775245a07cd6b	Increasingly visitors are looking for experience-based, instead of destination-based, tourism. However, in Indonesia, the tourism-related creative economy mainly exists in the more service-based Javanese and Balinese economies, as they have access to a more highly educated workforce (Fahmi, Koster and van Dijk, 2016). Other places can leverage the diversity of their cultures and use a more traditional approach to attract visitors.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	ef467713d582de43a06f50e88897419a	Universal access has been virtually reached in lower secondary education. The proportion of adults who have attained at least upper secondary education grew from 41% for the generation aged 55-64 in 2015 to 80% for the generation aged 25-34 in the same year. However, in upper secondary education, improvements in completion and retention rates have not been sustained in the recent past and about 20% of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education. Rates of completion within the nominal time (4 years) only reached 59% in 2014.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-9ada261f-en	ef4689feb86d6d61a1e2a7c62d14d386	Achievement is dependent on infrastructure and affordability but will also require the development of human skills. The chapter reviews how imbalances among these three factors can affect access and take up of the Internet. It highlights that, given that the deadline for completion is in about three years time, there is a need to accelerate growth.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/edf15661-en	ef479c0fae0bd0a82a266ba200788b91	Enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 percent in 2010, up from 82 percent in 1999.13 In 2013, net enrollment among girls in primary education reached nearly 83 percent in the region, against a world average of 88.3 percent. The ratio of female-to-male primary enrollment in the region was 96 percent in 2013, against 98.3 percent worldwide.14 Literacy rates among adults and youth are rising, and gender gaps are narrowing. In some countries, particularly those in the GCC, young women's participation in education is rapidly outpacing men's.16 Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have the highest female-to-male university enrollment ratios in the world. Even among extremely conservative families, young women's educational achievement is often encouraged and prized.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d712be22-en	ef4a18ded1fa3c97147456a70436be5f	Note that the DHS was fielded from September -December, i.e. during a different season than the LEAP survey. The higher consumption of cassava leaves could be due to this seasonality. The appropriate nutritional measure is therefore height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), which has been commonly used as an indicator of overall long-term health and human capital (Victora et al., Weight, on the other hand, is more often used as a short-term indicator of undernutrition, since weight responds more quickly to deviations in food intake and infection.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cf6cb95e-en	ef4ae876ece58664e870c413fdb477bd	"Understanding that there is also a ""hydro-social cycle"" draws attention to gender dimensions. At every stage of the hydro-social cycle there are different demands, risks and benefits for women and for men. This responsibility becomes even greater in the face of pervasive water quality problems in both developed and developing countries, which will become worse with climate disruption."	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	ef4b441304d0ea40f2d89e2479f326e2	Practice” in this sense refers to the application through courts and the administration (e.g. IP offices) of a country’s IP laws and regulations. Read together, paragraphs 1 and 5 of the Decision on the 2013 Extension mean that LDCs are required to maintain their general IP laws, regulations and practice as they were before the start of the additional transition period (i.e. 1 January 2006). Those developing countries that on 1 January 2000 did not provide product patent protection to certain areas of technology (particularly including pharmaceutical products) were granted an additional period of 5 years (until 1 January 2005) to introduce such protection (Article 65.4, TRIPS Agreement). Org/imrd/directdoc.asp7DDFDocuments/t/IP/C/40.doc).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	ef4dcb84bfe884eafe113abcc44a3064	As a result, the socio-economic differences across schools are largely predictive of a school’s performance in the OECD PISA assessments. Policies that target disadvantaged schools, but also disadvantaged students, can therefore be particularly effective in raising performance and equity levels. Grade repetition is frequent, and this has proven an ineffective way to support poorly performing students. Around one third of students had repeated grades at least once by age 15 in 2012.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/7e830810-en	ef4fd0b67d54f6074f180dfbcaa12682	These search costs are strongly influenced by the characteristics of energy service markets and by the nature of energy efficiency as a good. Search costs are determined in part by factors outside a firm’s control, such as the existence (or not) of standardized labelling schemes and by internal factors, such as company procedures for gathering information and specifying, purchasing and procuring the new equipment or process. Developing country firms may find it more costly to improve energy efficiency, because an array of economic and political factors often boost their search costs (Sorrell, Mallett and Nye 2011). Low labour costs relative to energy costs (unless energy use is heavily subsidized) in developing countries might suggest that the energy-management overhead would be less of a barrier than in developed countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	ef4fec9b454264d31cee5014e77d2134	Migration from public transport translates to increased mileage even if the trips are shared. Nonetheless, the correlation the report observes with the rise of ride services and a decline in public transport ridership may not necessarily be a causal one as there are other potential explanatory factors. These other confounding factors include the drop in gas prices since 2013, which has a well-documented statistical relationship with transit ridership and an increase in the prevalence of public transport delays in the city over this period.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-8-en	ef504942146fbdad8ee99b6d1efc3fe7	This included consultations between the local community, civil society and police to produce a detailed analysis of the factors driving crime and insecurity in the area; provided training and awareness-raising for police officers and communities; established community safety and information centres; and provided anonymous information “drop-in” boxes to facilitate information exchange on community safety issues. Although there is debate about whether decentralisation works in fragile states, decentralisation has been actively pursued by donors in “willing but weak” and more authoritarian states - including post-conflict states - as it is believed to improve service delivery, bring government closer to the people, allow citizens to participate in decision making and learn democratic skills and how to exercise their rights (Brinkerhoff and Azfar, 2006). It is also argued that decentralisation can redistribute power and reduce social tensions through providing a space for conflicting groups to mediate differences through legal, non-violent methods (Oosterom, 2009; Brinkerhoff and Johnson, 2008; Haar, van der, 2009).	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264118720-6-en	ef52b5c01656d11553b636250996e7d1	The total rate was 26% of earnings and contributions were allocated among the four insurance funds as before. However, exemptions for certain industries still apply, so in agriculture and “new industries” contributions rates are considerably lower. This increased to RUB 463 000 in 2011, and will be regularly indexed to average wage growth in future.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264119284-6-en	ef53387dd06ba3d66ec8984b832cae34	As such, IBCC has been helpful in co-ordinating between various local conservancy districts with state-level agencies and local stakeholders. This is useful in so far as there are so many conservancy districts in Colorado that almost none have jurisdiction over an entire a river basin. In order to account for all alternatives, co-operation is therefore necessary.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/eca72908-en	ef543a9f987484b663b51b822214533b	"They are the places where new economic ideas crystallize and where heterogeneous groupings of people learn to co-exist as neighbours. They are the places where new economic ideas crystallize, where heterogeneous groupings of people learn to co-exist as neighbours, and where democratic experiments emerge to make way for previously excluded social groups to be included as genuine decision-makers. The high density of people in cities facilitates economic growth through better sharing, matching and learning, and as Alfred Marshal famously ^ said, just the sheer concentration of people leads to new Ideas because “ideas are in the air."" Not only do cities feature high densities of people, but their high densities also force people of different religions, nationalities, ethnicities and sexual orientations to live and work alongside one another, and in doing so, they get to know “the other,” leading to a cosmopolitan respect for differences. The 2008-2009 Occupy Wall Street protests across cities in the US were a collective uprising by low and middle-class groups to protest against their exclusion from the sharing of urban wealth."	11	2	3	0.2
10.18356/cb1665cb-en	ef5523b562fbafe7dbd65a26a7e6aff4	The code also provides for pre-emptive rights for furniture producers when buying wood (GTF, 2015a). In response to concerns about illegal logging, the Romanian Government announced plans in May 2015 to introduce an emergency temporary ban on exports of unprocessed roundwood (IHB, 2015a). The Belarusian President, Alexander Lukashenko, signed decree No. The decree restricts export sales of pulpwood, veneer logs and sawlogs effective 1 January 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Belarus President (IHB, 2015b).	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/35cfe616-en	ef566d7c11817d2a29abc63745954cab	A more detailed study would have to consider national and subnational differences in production possibilities for the various technologies. Note that, as argued above, the fact that the GFIT examined here has different tariffs for the various technologies is an incentive for countries to focus on the energy sources that have the highest technical potential, irrespective of their cost relative to other technologies. Therefore, using technical potentials to divide the investment in renewables among the various technologies makes sense relative other alternatives such as considering the actual choices made by countries currently, in the absence of external support for renewable energy sources.	7	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-5-en	ef571c8e8736604dd2d908b1d307c6cb	This report gives more details for specific countries to switch away from fossil fuel subsidies and to swap savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. Potential future SWAPs between fossil fuel subsidies and sustainable energy are provided for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. These countries were identified based on a process of prioritizing developing and emerging economies with significant subsidies, in the process of (or facing) reform and to whom support could be directed. Itthen details support that has been lent to the issue domestically and internationally from the Nordic countries and more broadly from other organizations and venues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	ef585147a16f718491913d307afe8ca1	Exports grew markedly, propelled by shipments of petroleum and manufactures. Private consumption growth was also solid, anchored by election spending, stable bank credit flows and an easing of inflation. Capital formation was supported by a decline in secondary-market interest rates and a steady inflow of FDI during the year. Government spending likewise expanded strongly, though less so than the previous year.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	ef5bf864b2bf1bcf127067b6785b9252	According to the broadest measure available for the 1990s, the October Household Survey (OHS), employment actually grew somewhat more rapidly than GDP in the period 1995-99. On the other hand, the Survey of Employment and Earnings (SEE), capturing only non-agricultural formal employment in larger enterprises, showed stagnation and even decline in employment from 1995-99. The truth for that period probably lies between the two, as the OHS had increasing coverage of the informal sector, inflating employment growth, while the SEE overweighted shrinking sectors relative to growing ones.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	ef5c7957a7187dd74e940150a20f2258	Figure 6, for example, shows the proportion of children in each country who lack 2,3, 4 and 5 or more of the 14 items. The findings of this table will be considered under the heading Assessing government performance (p. 19). It has been suggested, for example, that a single measure of child poverty might be constructed by counting as poor only those children who are poor under both definitions - i.e. those who lack two or more of the items on the deprivation index and who live in households where incomes are less than 50% of the national median.	1	1	7	0.75
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	ef5c9a0b3e31fc33afbedcb1c268f236	This is a tier 1 or tier 2 indicator - see Table 3.1.) At the same time, we argue it cannot stand alone as an indicator of material well-being, and that serious data and measuring issues need to be addressed before such an indicator can be relied on for an acceptable proxy. ( This is a tier 3 indicator, one that would require primary data collection, and hence cannot be measured until primary data becomes available - see Table 3.1.)	1	3	3	0.0
10.14217/9781848591561-7-en	ef5ef46c88cbb9640f90a1dbd40462dc	What portfolio information will be collected and how? What is the entry point of women clients into the system? How many women apply for facilities and what products do they take up as well as what is the scale of use? Which business unit will hold overall responsibility for the GRI initiative and how does this align with the institution’s existing strategy?	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	ef61c930dd96cfa3b545cc8f70029b91	Report, MED EUWI Secretariat, Athens. They aimed to do this by strengthening intrasectoral co-ordination and establishing medium-term expenditure frameworks and performance contracting for all public operators. Subsectoral reforms have been carried out in the areas of resource management, irrigation and water supply and sanitation, guided by the principles of integrated resource management, with emphasis on demand management and operator efficiency.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/99aadf34-en	ef62b6004ac0739c99f084e35c074cf9	Indeed, if structural transformation is not matched by a desirable change in the structure of employment, poverty may increase (Aggarwal and Kumar, 2012). Therefore, careful policy formulation is critical to: (a) ensuring the expansion of productive and decent jobs; (b) enhancing productivity of the rural agricultural sector in which the majority of the poor work and live; and (c) preventing inequality from rising during the process of structural transformation. This is because the agricultural sector still dominates employment in many of the countries with special needs.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	ef6677b7da3b267223fc6ae52965bbeb	Additionally, in the case of trade liberalisation, losses are often more visible because they are easier to predict, earlier to materialise, and more concentrated on a few compared with the often more thinly spread benefits. The impact of trade integration on a particular poor person depends heavily on which sector that person was initially working in and his consumption basket. Oftentimes, changes in consumption prices will affect different groups of poor differently.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264174573-7-en	ef6ec5b2f4b6fe6eed7ba8b2cf5e267a	Count data models, such as the Poisson and negative binomial, have been suggested for estimating the number of occurrences of an event, or event counts (see e.g., Wooldridge, 2002; Cameron and Trivedi, 1998; Hausman, Hall and Griliches, 1984; Maddala, 1983:51). Formally, the Poisson model is derived by assuming that a random variable y is Poisson-distributed with the conditional density of y equal to (y|x) = (e~°0^ )y!, The log of the mean 0 is assumed to be a linear function of a vector of independent regressors x: In 0 = x’/3, where 0 is a parameter vector.	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	ef727c3f54abaada4ff270edb3dfdb18	On the other hand, start-ups with at least one female founder are relatively few in science and engineering, where the gender gap in funding is much lower (Figure 7). The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Figure A.l in Appendix shows the same statistics for smaller countries in terms of number of observations.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	ef72917cd3e348293b6536f19776b09f	Similarly, reductions in the value of benefit ceilings occurred in the two countries (Italy and the United States) where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous. These indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work. Reductions of NRR points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work. Figure 7.6 provides a strong indication of reduced cash support for the unemployed between 1995 and 2005: seven of the ten countries recorded declining NRRs.	10	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	ef72caccd35744ff833d0880bdbabe4e	Green Care is a nature-based concept that has evolved especially in the last decade. The development of the concept started especially in The Netherlands, Norway, Great Britain and Italy. It includes a broad array of activities that promotes both physical and mental well-being using nature and natural environments as means to achieve the intended benefits.	8	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259119-6-en	ef79a57d7380c281617782a32770acbf	The gap in overall student outcomes between Thailand and high-income countries remains large. International and national assessments indicate that a significant proportion of Thai students are acquiring skills at a low level, and that those in disadvantaged, rural areas of the country are struggling the most. Thailand will need to make strategic improvements if its education system is to be a more effective engine of mobility and social and economic progress.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	ef7b84f2a730abea02ae59b52b3ccf86	It can also help rejuvenate the population through the free exercise of the right to motherhood or fatherhood by removing obstacles to reconciling work and family life. This array of policies is good for society, because a younger population contributes to the sustainability of social protection funding in the medium and long term by changing the balance between the paid working population and the dependent population (Sojo, 2011, p. 9). A network of public, private and mixed entities will need to be funded, coordinated and regulated to provide the necessary services.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ef7c375f731c21087eace30120333034	For the whole of Kazakhstan, about 19 million hectares on which crops had been grown in 1990 were no longer used as of 2000. Some abandoned lands were recovered by seeding them with grasses and perennials. Soil degradation continued during the independence period due to a lack of investment and inadequate cultivation practices.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/b36e562d-en	ef7ee53fcf51a10156556f26fa8f7a8f	Comparisons of energy intensity, therefore, are more informative when focused on a specific sector of the economy. For example, a number of developing economies in Asia and the Pacific continue to rely on traditional forms of agriculture with low levels of mechanization (Fig 7). In contrast, agriculture in higher-income economies is more energy intensive, having achieved increased levels of productivity through deployment of modern energy services.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	ef7f29740923a0d3540eaefa55a7eebf	Considering the area’s restriction, it is proposed to construct a combined (block) WWTP with reinforced concrete structures. The treated wastewater will be discharged into different parts of the Dalarik River and also the Hrazdan River, increasing the river water resources and enabling the irrigation of larger agricultural areas. However, it is important to note that allowing different discharge points would generate additional costs, as it would require a system of pipes and valves. Alternatively, all flows could be discharged in the river in one single point.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	ef82aad3809e6b115ea7a2be777db020	The obligation to ensure equal access without discrimination applies to all family-related policies, including care policies, parental leave, unemployment benefits, health insurance benefits and housing policies. Thus, a social benefit that directly or indirectly discriminates against single-parent families (most of the time, women-headed households) or families of same-sex parents would be against human rights law. Si m i la rly, it wou I dbeagainstthese evo I vi ng sta nda rd s if any pension, social insurance or funeral benefits provided in the case of loss of support for spouses or partners as the result of illness or death is denied to some families solely on the basis of the sexual orientation or sexual identity of a family member.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	ef83031e91f5b7722033449d64e142a2	Incorporating a financing component within the social protection system envisaged by the GoE will be essential in this regard. Average spending over the period 2012/13 to 2015/16 excluding humanitarian relief was steady at around 1.4% of GDP. However, this study advocates for considering humanitarian relief and social protection together.	1	2	3	0.2
10.18356/0488519d-en	ef839d3fa172cec00ce541c8f88543dd	This twin-track strategy will ensure better linkages between the Regional Flood Information System and its operational applications so as efficiently support flood forecasting and early warning down the line. In 2014, for example, heavy precipitation in Tajikistan triggered a landslide that killed 431 people in the neighbouring region of Badakhshan in Afghanistan.31 Due to the absence of a transboundary information sharing mechanism, it was not possible to issue an early warning. This should be complemented with a transboundary information management system to deliver data to government agencies.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/529e7192-en	ef871d6a09de7b5bc1cd27ecdd5404c3	It w'as followed by the adoption of the Rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products, which became effective from 2013. Both legislative acts have been amended since their approval. The Rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was amended in 2013 and then was even suspended in 2016 for five months, w'hile the Rulebook on the management of waste from electric and electronic products was amended in 2014 and was suspended for seven months, on the decision of the Competition Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (a state regulatory body). After their suspension, both Rulebooks became effective again by the end of 2016 and they were both effective as of April 2017.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	ef8730424216b393cb49d41ac7de6244	A way to overcome this issue is to construct counterfactual distributions that integrate the conditional distribution of Y in a certain group given X over the distribution of X in the other group. Different approaches exist to estimate such counterfactual distributions but the simplest is to replace the distribution of population characteristics of a certain group by the distribution of X in the other group. This requires computing a reweighting factor w'hich can be estimated using a simple logit or probit model for the probability of belonging to this latter group. The inverting function is then defined as Recentered influence Function (RIF) for which the law of Iterated Expectations holds so that a full Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the RIF for the quantile of interest can be performed.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	ef8763c2119ad91d090857cb7736924c	Thus legal differentiations (or discriminations) between men and women that are linked to private life - such as accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit and going to court - can serve as a strong detriment to women’s participation in the public sphere. Countries are encouraged to consider developing principles and rules w'ith regard to polygamy, as well as effective institutions to protect the rights of all concerned parties, particularly women and children. Additional safeguards are needed to protect women from arbitrary divorce.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/d787867d-en	ef88167a12a42c80340ce2256cd2623e	They are progressive, lengthy, and difficult to control and, therefore, more costly to treat. Added to this is the higher incidence of other events, such as injuries and falls, which have major implications in terms of maintaining functionality during old age. In the developed world, the ageing process took place once societies had achieved higher standards of living, less social and economic inequality, and more equal access to health services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5830c400-en	ef8893f8e2de7ebb808c8906e761a380	Some of the benefits of skill recognition fall on employers collectively only (e.g. an economic sector), as a sector has an interest in having a pool of skilled and qualified workers and the risk of poaching associated w'ith more visible skills is less problematic for a sector than for an individual employer. They include both the relatively simple skills involved in physical tasks or digital services (data entry or administrative support) to higher level skills in activities such as programming or business consulting (OECD 2016b). In these contexts many of the “traditional” tools of training and skills recognition will not apply - there is no employer to reward a fast-learning employee with higher hourly wages or testify that the worker has acquired a specific set of skills.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	ef8a15341e94a7c772d65ce0869181cc	This requires that procuring authorities, public-private partnerships units, the central budget authority, the supreme audit institution and sector regulators are entrusted with clear mandates and sufficient resources to ensure a prudent procurement process and clear lines of accountability. Ensure that all significant regulation affecting the operation of public-private partnerships is clear, transparent and enforced. Red tape should be minimised and new and existing regulations should be carefully evaluated. All investment projects should be prioritised at senior political level.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079410-4-en	ef8b1ad79f1eb95caed01c3437cd8880	The signing of the NAFTA agreement in 1992, which came into force in 1994, allowed the Toronto region to integrate into a wider and cross-border regional manufacturing system, and stable fiscal and macro-economic policies have sustained its relatively low business costs. Federal immigration policies have encouraged a steady inflow of highly skilled labour into Canada. This has sustained the Toronto region’s economy, which is heavily integrated with the United States, thanks to its proximity to US markets.	11	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	ef90cec71c232995fa00995f7cc63789	This provision did not deprive women of their electoral right to contest the elections from general constituencies as independent or political party candidates. Despite this, women hold just 19.7 per cent of the seats in the current parliament, of which 13.37 per cent are reserved seats and 6.33 per cent are held by directly elected women members (Women in National Parliaments 2013). Only 11.76 per cent of cabinet ministers are women (National Web Portal of Bangladesh).	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	ef91217db4776c8003c925d04f7d5001	On the provider side, the process of augmenting local autonomy would need to be undertaken in incremental steps, and will depend on robust performance management. It could start with transformation of selected hospitals into prospectively-funded organisations, where managers are given some autonomy for day-to-day decisions (say mainly financial management) under agreed performance targets monitored by the payer (REPSS, for instance). This system could evolve later towards a model of corporatised organisations with greater autonomy but where hospitals keep their public status, similar to the Foundation Trusts created in the United Kingdom, or public hospitals operating as state-owned enterprises in other health systems.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	ef93d454b97b538a3a55c0615758560d	In 2013, female full-time workers earned nearly 13.4% less than their male peers (Figure 2.13). The gender wage gap is unadjusted and calculated as the difference between the median earnings of men and women relative to men’s median earnings. Estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to the gross earnings of full-time wage and salary workers.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264113749-en	ef94cfe8fe2d13f1784782fc7b999b4b	A recently published report about the future skill needs for 27 European countries presents medium-term forecasts for skills in the European economic bloc as a whole and in each individual country within the bloc for 2015 (CEDEFOP, 2008). Where forecasting models have been evaluated, results show that forecasts can provide useful indications on overall labour market trends, but at the level of specific occupations projections are often unreliable (Neugart and Schomann, 2002; Sexton, 2002; Barnow, 2002; Richardson and Tan, 2007). Many employers find it hard to predict their future requirement for recruits. Empirical evidence shows that students also find it hard to predict which kinds of jobs are going to be in demand in the future (Borghans, Grip, and Heijke, 1996). In these areas forecasts of demand are linked to relatively stable demographic trends, and the state is often the dominant employer. Even in these areas, increasingly, international migration complicates the relation between national training efforts and labour supply.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	ef95f4bd40fc96ebfd74fe7e2024b10e	Governments recognize that each jurisdiction has the responsibility to develop systems that best respond to the needs and priorities of their communities. The implementation of this framework is supported by federal government investments announced in Budgets 2016 and 2017 totalling $7.5 billion over 11 years to support and create more high-quality, affordable child care across the country . House prices have increased more strongly than rents, so that house prices relative to rents have risen sharply (Figure A 3).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264202733-6-en	ef971fde2977de6c1c26fca66c59a9b9	Another programme - the Credit Link Capital Subsidy - has been implemented for financing technology upgrading of female-owned firms (OECD, 2012a). It is reasonable to assume that lower access to education can affect opportunities to improve financial literacy. Access to formal education is lower for girls than for boys in some regions of the world.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264273238-3-en	ef97a4ad17c6895efdff05c8b26fa5fa	Primary school teachers major in education, and they may specialise in teaching one or several subjects in their minor subject studies. Upper-grade teachers major in specific subjects and do their pedagogical studies over a five-year programme or as a separate module after graduation. With strong theoretical and practical content, teacher education is research-based, with emphasis on developing pedagogical knowledge.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	ef987f12eb6bfbbae3f4fd9cb2632070	Furthermore, higher and more diverse food consumption (see Chapter 2) was accompanied by a range of complementary interventions such as nutritional supplements and health care that also contributed to the success of the programme (Ruel and Alderman, 2013; Skoufias, 2005). For example, evidence from randomized controlled trials in China, Jamaica and Kenya, found that, over a 19-month period, children fed at school gained an average of 0.39 kg more than those who did not receive supplementary feeding (Kristjansson etal., There is also evidence showing that iron-rich school meals can improve iron nutrition, especially for adolescent girls (Ruel and Alderman, 2013). In Uganda, according to Adelman etal. ( Including certain types of foods has also enhanced the effectiveness of school-feeding programmes. For example, including biofortified orange-fleshed sweet potato, which is high in betacarotene, into a South African school-feeding programme raised levels of vitamin A intake (van Jaarsveld etal.,	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	ef9ac6924b0d768251b523ee7e08d415	Most of Sydney’s electricity is supplied from coal-fired power stations outside of the Sydney Basin, and hence not all electricity consumption is attributed to Sydney’s households and industries. Further, NSW’s largest energy-intensive industries, specifically steel and aluminium, are also located outside of Sydney (though still within the Greater Metropolitan Region) in Wollongong to the south and the Hunter Region to the north. Nevertheless, by global standards, Sydney’s GHG emissions remain exceptionally high due to high dependence on relatively low priced coal fired power, high population growth rates, high private vehicle dependence and historic reliance on wasteful and energy-inefficient household and industry practices.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/78349259-en	efa73eeb7460b655e6c934c053221c09	But it suggests that rather than holding national stocks, it would be better to develop regional stocks or make food reserve agreements. And in March 2004, the ASEAN+3, which includes China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, expanded this as the East Asia Emergency Rice Reserve. This reserve has been used to provide relief to victims of floods in Indonesia and Cambodia, to victims of volcanic eruption and mud slides in the Philippines, and to victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3a0cd6ba-en	efabb352b015d507b564a11c2a5445bd	Reducing these for final consumption and for production purposes will make imported goods cheaper, more plentiful, and more varied. This too would increase the number of products traded across the region and thus increase competition. As it becomes easier to move money across borders, total financial flows will increase. This could lead to increases in foreign investment from within the region and from outside.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-11-en	efad85aeb7633592c21f5c824a81b0db	Despite the slower growth rate, aquaculture will still remain one of the fastest growing sectors when compared to other food-producing systems. The share of aquaculture in total fishery production should grow from an average of 42% in the base year (2011-13) to 49% in 2023. Excluding non-food uses, aquaculture fish production is expected to surpass capture fisheries in 2014 as the main source of fish for human consumption, and this share should reach 53% by 2023 (Figure 8.3).	14	1	4	0.6
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	efb15d520927641ed3e42fb404ee6270	"To a large degree, jurisdictional issues which impact on accessibility to health services stem from the decades of a ""tug of war"" over which level of government is responsible for provision of services. Although provincial governments are required to provide equal access to health care services under the Canada Health Act for all residents of the province including indigenous peoples living on reserves, the provincial governments often take the position that the federal government is responsible for certain health services to indigenous peoples who are registered as Status Indians under the Indian Act. As a result, some health services not covered by the Canada Health Act but otherwise provided by the provinces through the Regional Health Authorities may or may not be provided to indigenous communities. The provincial government's position is that the federal government has responsibility for certain health services to indigenous peoples as Indians under the Indian Act."	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	efb1cf0cce054093118ecc98c2744617	The relationship between alcohol consumption and ethnic backgrounds is not straightforward as it is compounded by many other factors such as religion, acculturation, and genetics. The differences observed by ethnic group may be associated with strong ethnic identity, strong family and local community ties, continuing links with the host country and maintaining religious values (Hurcombe et al, 2010). Some minority ethnic groups may have strong religious ties that forbid alcohol drinking. Acculturation is a complex process, broadly understood as the adoption of cultural traditions and values of the host society by immigrant groups.	3	3	3	0.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	efb670a174efc8b2b1ccceed8425d2b9	The amendment eliminated price variations between different regions or supply sources and created one price that all farmers pay for irrigated water (World Bank, 2017[53]). Farmers have progressively switched to high-value crops and implemented greater selectivity of food crops grown for export (World Bank, 2017(53]). They have adopted irrigation efficiency technologies with support from regional irrigation companies and the Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Ibid).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	efb67408309b637e348da139c68f62c6	More generally, women are more likely to be marginal workers and thus bear disproportionately the costs of regulation in unemployment. Montag (2013) finds that India’s stringent labour laws reduce female participation in urban areas, but have no impact on men, or on wages of either gender. Furthermore, regulations may also have led to more women working in agriculture, and in informal sector as self-employed (Montag, 2013).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js6g5kvpd6j-en	efb67b0ac3bb9237cf3081c26f2e5ea1	The high share of educated unemployed women also points to demand issues and lack of jobs for those who want to work—despite high growth over the past decade job creation in India has been low' overall and especially for women. Raising female participation in India requires policies that deal with supply constraints as summarised in Box 1. But it also requires creating more job opportunities for women.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264239487-6-en	efb742a041e5e77683631ebad41b76f3	A well-designed national reporting system, that remains closely linked to local and frontline services, should add to continuous learning. National reporting already occurs for adverse reactions to medications (through the Yellow Card scheme) and Health Protection Scotland already produces reports on infections regularly, such as Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia infection (which is then analysed and reported back at NHS Board level), so precedents exist. A country Scotland could follow in promoting a national adverse events reporting system is Denmark (Box 2.10). Notably, six years later, the system was expanded to include adverse events occurring in primary care, including in general practice and pharmacy.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264194243-4-en	efbcdbfc695705e4c26075054af5b009	Governments investing in marine biotechnology have recognised the potential for marine biotechnology to help sustain the ecosystem services the ocean provides to the planet. This chapter discusses the potential socioeconomic contribution of marine biotechnology and the importance of marine biotechnology to environmental sustainability. Those identified in the marine environment have tended to come from organisms living in environmental extremes and have a wide range of applications in industrial and agricultural processing. These amphiphilic compounds display a range of surface activities that allow for the solubilisation of hydrophobic substrates.	14	0	5	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	efc05aa8fa582c08ad5e67541c21e452	"The Convention commits them to respecting and ensuring rights ""to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status"" (Article 2). Children belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities and those of indigenous origin have the right to practise their own culture, religion and language in the community (Article 30). This extends to the right to special care, provided free of charge whenever possible, and effective access to education, training, health care, rehabilitation services, recreation opportunities and preparation for employment."	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	efc09901e47efcf6d2a7a460fed39f80	Several municipalities described how they worked with school leaders in a collaborative manner to support their on-the-job training in areas such as budgeting, school improvement planning and the monitoring and evaluation of school improvement initiatives. Municipalities are increasingly using management by means of objectives for their school principals. Results contracts, school principal agreements and other forms of contracting serve as a means to define the objectives for the individual school (and school principal), typically for a one- or two-year period. Consequently, monitoring and performance systems are used to continuously assess if the school is performing according to the set objectives.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	efc271771448fa504d4aa379044245d3	Where possible incentives should not be punitive, and should avoid publicly singling out providers where possible. And all of these strategies require - and contribute to - building a safety culture and a spirit of collaboration. None of this is possible without leadership from policy makers, from clinicians and providers, from administrators. Of course patients must be invited to lead and be involved at all stages of the process.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	efc52dea07b2385c3c947c5398e5fa78	Tonga’s Ministry of Education, Women’s Affairs and Culture (MoEWAC) is working to seize this opportunity, getting involved in national and regional media industry-oriented workshops, in order to foster opportunities for co-operation. The ministry has worked with local media to educate them on agendas such as EFA, the MDGs and the UNDESD, and one representative has indicated that the media has become a ‘catalyst and advocate for local co-operation and contributions to sustainable development, especially at the grassroots and community level’. None of these associations are commonly made with mainstream or mass media sources.	13	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119536-12-en	efc7936012201ba59e03833765f2e308	Though part of these expenditures may have an explicit social aim and can be attributed to a specific individual beneficiary, as for instance in the case of free legal support. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264310278-en	efc89c165364c8c8ddbd748e9b08ef09	Given so, this paper maintains the analysis for States adopting the original NLC. In early 2018, 25 States form the network of the NLC, while 4 States are currently pending legislation. When a policy is being implemented at the national or State level, pure time-series or before and after analyses of the impact of these policy changes will likely be contaminated by other changes occurring simultaneously.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/059ce467-en	efca5acf57a22da8ced6f02e0b65344b	Eurydice, 2018,184]). They go through two full days of training on the following topics: asylum and migration movements, school law and administration, trauma and trauma coping with children and adolescents, and psychosocial support systems at and for school. Many MIT employees are unhappy with the current fixed-term employment contracts. Also, logistical concerns need to be addressed involving issues with funding for transport, the length of time spent on public transport, lack of payment during transport time, and no insurance coverage.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289345644-6-en	efcaed1f9a3c74cfc4d220de58d0a5f6	Contributions should be supported, as far as possible, with references from peer-reviewed and internationally available literature and with copies of any unpublished material cited, along with clear indications of how to access the latter. For material available in electronic format only, the location where such material may be accessed should be cited. It is a risk that the availability of data sources guides the assessment focus. It is important to try to identify gaps in knowledge and to understand what is unknown.	15	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/785f021c-en	efcd11118be3120c0b75b642b1480050	This helps promote socially inclusive development while using new technologies in an optimal way (UNCTAD, 2016). The manufacturing sector boasts a higher productivity and higher productivity growth rate than the agricultural sector, fostering persistent employment and income generation. A distinction between the supply and demand side reveals the importance of technology and skill development for the expansion of production capacities.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	efcfa0f0aaf75c04189a134775a4b3aa	To reach a consensus and ensure that its standards are widely adhered to, the ISO offers public access to drafts of standards and uses voting and appeals systems. All ISO standards are voluntary agreements, meaning that compliance depends on broad agreement. For instance, the ISO 50001 energy management standard establishes a framework for industrial plants, commercial facilities and entire organizations to manage energy more efficiently. These types of standards help define, implement and monitor energy-efficiency policies at macro and micro levels. They also bring innovative energy-efficiency technologies to the market faster. And they are objective metrics for regulations and policy incentives to encourage greater use of innovative technologies.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264191761-en	efd0861aaeef1da53640bb80b7741bea	In summer, the trader collects about 2 tonnes of milk per day from households and 400-500 litres of milk per day from his own farm. He delivers the milk to the local processing plant every day; his contract with the plant is for milk delivery only. To store milk, he has two cooling tanks that hold 2 000 and 800 litres respectively. All equipment and vehicles were bought at his own expense because he does not want to rely on banks or government leasing programmes. The processing plant gives loans at a zero interest rate and offers cooling tanks for free, but the interviewee prefers to have his own cooling tanks.	2	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa683360-en	efd30d93d4bc4a6b8a2f7125ab970172	It is a common defence tactic in rape trials to redefine the rape as sex and try to capitalize on the mistaken belief that rape is an act of passion that is primarily sexually motivated. It is important to draw the legal and common sense distinction between rape and sex. There is no situation in which an individual cannot control his sexual urges. Sexual excitement does not justify forced sex and a victim who engages in kissing, hugging or other sexual touching maintains the right to refuse sexual intercourse.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	efd54f8447066e191e94fbe442c4b991	Scope for water savings is substantial, especially in agriculture, where much irrigation water generates little output. The government has subsidised the use of more efficient irrigation technology at considerable budgetary cost, which has contributed to a modest reduction of water use in irrigation in recent years. Nevertheless low water prices, combined with the free allocation of water concessions, still hamper an efficient use of water resources.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	efd87f24092eaa14d19ee006d63cf533	Stakeholders are represented in councils and boards that discuss sectoral demands and priorities. Embrapa applies regular performance and impact evaluations, internally or with outside experts, and the results are made available to the public. Estimates of the social benefits of research have been published yearly for over ten years.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	efda660886221e58c1e49fa726c6be33	This links the PDNA process with the ‘building back better’ approach. This is used as a basis for developing a comprehensive immediate and long-term recovery framework and for mobilizing assistance from donors and development partners. These can use the PDNA methodological framework, and retain a sound scientific base, but need to be downscaled to meet local needs.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	efe20c8d4ab5d49c6624577f2ed8a553	In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture - in co-ordination with the Ministry of Finance - would benefit from defining clearly the objectives, outputs and outcomes associated with special allocation funds (dana alofeasi fehusus) and co-administered funds (dana tugas pembantuan). Special allocation funds finance much of agricultural investment expenditure carried out by sub-national governments. Co-administered funds finance other agricultural priorities of the national government implemented by sub-national governments. Transparency could support monitoring of sub-national government performance by the Ministry of Agriculture, external audit bodies (i.e. Finance and Development Oversight Body, sub-national audit units/BAWASDA, National Audit Board), affected parties and the general public. Reliable and timely statistics are necessary to assess the results of reforms undertaken so far, to formulate policy responses and to design policies for the future.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	efe39c984b7556f3c1bee909243b76c3	Reports for public consumption and other forms of self-reporting were also used as sources of information, keeping in mind the inherent limitations that such reports do not generally offer critical analyses but tend to focus on successes and change stories. This served to confirm and give context to some overall trends in UNDP’s performance on gender equality globally. Accordingly, this report provides snapshots and high-level trends of UNDP’s results in GEWE; it is not intended to comprehensively cover all of this work.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	efed7f3d9604f9cc32f785b82ce228ce	Overarching approaches that combine, for example, agriculture, transport and energy policies can lose territorial focus and/or may have unintended impacts on mral dwellers. In contrast, the narrow mral policy approach can suffer from being less cross-sectoral or integrated in its interventions. The appropriateness of either approach depends in large part on the nature of mral territories (e.g. the socio-demographic characteristics of the population and the stmcture of local economies) and their access to goods, services and infrastructure. In places where a significant share of the mral population lives far from services and faces social and economic marginalisation, narrower mral policies are needed.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/194768b3-en	efee5c1e055f3a37989c1852782e7c2f	Attention should be paid to addressing the concerns expressed in the global staff surveys and the gaps between men’s and women’s positive experiences with respect to empowerment, professional growth, openness, fairness, respect, work-life balance and office management. Online training courses should be independently assessed to determine whether they are useful and should be continued. In addition, the mentorship programming implemented in the regional bureaux for Africa and Asia and the Pacific and the leadership programmes being made available are examples of targeted investments with coaching and benchmarks. The efficacy and impact of these recent initiatives should be carefully tracked, assessed and reported to the GSIC.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1bb49a04-en	efeeaca1129f03f7ab131cebda00a029	Some of the problems lie in the ‘informal status’ of certain urban settings, and their consequent exclusion from ‘official’ statistics, whereas other problems result from the sampling frames used in household surveys for the more well-established monitoring exercises such as the WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO/UNICEF, 2017a). The UN-Habitat Urban Inequities Survey (UIS) (UN-Habitat, 2006) is one such survey method that is designed to highlight these inequities in service provision. Figure 6.1 clearly indicates the impact of a water-focused UIS in the urban centre of a small town in Uganda.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	eff0b95b32b5797e6dec9dea26978d08	It is worded in such a way as to ensure both that estimates are reliable and that the ethical requirement regarding safety and confidentiality is met. I would now like to ask you some questions about your current and past relationships and how your husband/partner treats (treated) you. If anyone interrupts us I will change the topic of conversation.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	eff1bac28b37f5c2f20dfb29ede9d524	In 2000, these forms of citizen boards were included in the State Water Law with the objectives to: i) strengthen community participation in water and sanitation services; ii) facilitate organisational and regulatory processes; and iii) contribute to the sustainability of water and sanitation services. They can help to ensure public participation in planning, construction and operation processes for water and sanitation systems, improve their performance, and raise collective awareness and co-responsibility between users. However, adapting them to local contexts can be challenging. The scope and format of participation is tailored in each town according to historical rules and customs.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3777lbxzn-en	eff759f53836306668e4e2506739306c	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com._______________________ On the other hand, if economic growth typically leaves the poorer groups behind, there may be trade-offs between growth and inequality and pro-growth policies may have to be tempered by distributional considerations. This question is addressed formally using the baseline model exposed in Box 2. In addition, growth has been unequal, as the gap between GDP per capita and household incomes has been wider at the lower end of the income distribution.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-6-en	eff89ddfd3eb676dbb60911e45a30992	The region has widely implemented projects on irrigation and drainage management. In the water sector, upgrading assets that are operating beyond their planned lifetime is a primary issue, even in countries with relatively developed water and wastewater infrastructure such as Ukraine (World Bank, 2014). Another issue is that development plans and investments regarding water infrastructure often do not seem to consider the long-term implications of climate change in many developing countries, including some EECCA countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	effa662baec43dec53f17b42aa6eb787	Among the 8 OECD countries that have between 15% and 30% of students with an immigrant background, which includes the United States, four show a smaller performance gap for immigrants on PISA while three show a larger performance gap for immigrants than the United States (Figure 11.4.3 in PISA 2009 Results, Volume II). These differences need to be taken into account when interpreting differences in student performance. At the same time, the future economic and social prospects of both individuals and countries depends on the results they actually achieve, not on the performance they might have achieved under different social and economic conditions. That is why the results that are actually achieved by students, schools and countries are the focus of the subsequent analysis in this chapter.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	effe90c72d0b73a6f9fdba9a544cb81e	Municipalities often grant exemptions from the “territorial economic contribution”, a local property and value-added tax paid by businesses, in order to attract jobs (OECD, 2015b: 39). In doing so, they often encourage investment in suburban or peri-urban locales, which is contrary to spatial development objectives. Finally, local governments also make too little use of their power to modulate taxes on new low-density construction, while a number of measures to ease property access give undue encouragement to new construction at the expense of renovations (OECD, 2015: 39).	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	efffbd5b72df1877404ac6709549f713	Some modelling results of the impact of climate change on the prices of various agricultural commodities, yields and land-use allocations are shown in Section 4, as are some results showing how these assumptions may affect key indicators of food security. Several adaptation measures that aim to mitigate negative impacts of climate change are discussed in Sections 5 and 6, including their potential effects on agricultural production and food security. Section 7 presents some estimates of the costs of the adaptation measures discussed in this study, including additional public and private expenditures in R&D as well as additional investments in water management systems.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k49dv6c5xmv-en	f002d981889756d31e13ce79fb7e6f18	The situation is improving however, as average pollutant levels have decreased fairly steadily over the past decade (CMAP, 2010a). Suburbanisation continues to occur in the region: the Chicago Tri-State metro-region is among the top 20 OECD regions in terms of growth of the suburban belt relative to the urban core (Figure 1.14).15 The suburbanisation of housing has been met by the suburbanisation of employment: between 1960 and 1990, over 96% of new jobs in the region were created outside downtown (Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2007; CMAP, 2010a). Low levels of housing and employment densities in the suburbs have resulted in an auto-dependent built environment in which the provision of transit services is inefficient and cost-prohibitive. Chicago here refers to the Tri-State Chicago metro-region which corresponds to the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Source: OECD Metropolitan Regions Database and OECD Regional Database. Public transportation accounts for just 2.5% of daily commuting in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region (9% in the seven counties of the CMAP area) (CMAP, 2010a).	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	f00982b3a2b943fa2e3480b323f23e87	Even so, the most recent health expenditure data shows an increase in out-of-pocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in the majority of European countries. However, this statement needs qualifying, as in several countries the provision of services is determined at the local or provider level, subject to resource constraints. As budgets are tightened, in these countries, it is possible that there have been changes in coverage, but in a manner difficult to quantify. Section 2 of this paper defines what is considered as “health coverage” in the sections that follow.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	f009c2416c43acc0c660d6b3a22d5e27	A good Chilean education system should provide opportunities for social and economic participation and active citizenship to all people living in Chile. It should engender social cohesion and economic growth that all members of the community can benefit from. This chapter discusses structures and practices to improve student, school and system management in Chile.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/1826beee-en	f009f7b34d1a25636f952b5ee70ac0b4	In addition, it has contributed to social welfare by systematically managing livestock waste that would otherwise produce odour and water pollution. Complaints about livestock odour increased by 52.3% from 2,838 cases in 2014 to 4,323 cases in 2015. With a growing interest in animal welfare and sanitation, there is a demand for more rigorous sanitary management of livestock facilities and a change in livestock-raising practices and facilities management (e.g. hygienic status of cattle sheds).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265493-10-en	f00a93e96b8e3ae33f3e3c5ccffe0ff1	At present, nearly all institutions in the Federal Public Administration are stepping up their efforts to design policies that are geared to narrowing the gender gap in their sectors of government. For these efforts to take hold and achieve long-lasting impact, it is crucial to systematically maximise the use of policy tools such as gender impact-assessments, gender-responsive budgeting and the collection of gender-disaggregated data that support evidence-based policy making. Accordingly, this chapter examines what tools and mechanisms Mexico is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives. To that end, it references the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life to provide further guidance on how Mexico can ensure inclusive, sustainable gender-sensitive policies. While acknowledging gender equality as a cross-cutting objective that supports the country in achieving its national development goals, Mexico has committed to incorporating a gender perspective in all government actions, policies and laws.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	f00b938ed71f9301840e11c1d6642a45	In the IOTWS, Australia, India and Indonesia are responsible for issuing tsunami bulletins to member States. There are also region-wide communication tests twice a year, and full-scale regional exercises every two to three years. Along with the development of the IOTWS, 24 countries around the Indian Ocean have established national tsunami warning centres.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264168367-5-en	f010b2928f70d1543960beb03b2ca32a	This led to the rapid growth of the “for-profit” childcare sector. In 2006, the government passed the Childcare Act, which removed powers from local authorities to fund or provide childcare directly, and legislated for “childcare market management”. The local authorities’ job is now mainly to manage and co-ordinate supply and demand for childcare by providing information for parents about the local childcare market and other services for children, and to stimulate the creation of local for-profit providers to meet demand. Many local authorities now have “childcare business managers”.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083479-7-en	f015e2ed9a4dcc68325c8424428ac040	However, for the full potential of new network technologies to be realised, the market will require that they have universal, or close to universal coverage, and the full potential of networks is only likely to be achieved if markets are effectively competitive and there is adequate coverage of most geographic areas. Efficiency-enhancing processes and structural innovations, such as inventory and supply chain management or e-commerce, have been enabled by innovative software systems. As communications technology continues to converge across different electronic platforms and wireless networks, new opportunities for software innovation are constantly being created.	9	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330909-8-en	f016b3295fe305d99f3062dbbe22e740	Mobility Management is a concept to promote sustainable transport and manage the demand for car use by changing travellers” attitudes and behaviour. This can be done by full-service agencies spreading information and also providing possibilities to choose a suitable and sustainable alternative to private car use (Project 13). Sustainable modes can also be favoured by using economic policy instruments like road tolls, congestion taxes, and taxes on motor vehicles.	11	3	5	0.25
10.1787/9789264279360-11-en	f01857b267ffeba3e54fb7ff2deb7dd6	This is especially the case for advanced economies which are highly dependent on electrified infrastructures and information technologies. The last channel concerns regions with little access to electricity: water scarcity can be an additional obstacle to the delivery of access. This is particularly relevant for regions where the development of electricity is projected to be based to a large extent on hydropower technologies.	6	2	6	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-a6903d66-en	f01a63020998ba1d6775cce381ae6d22	Making data available to relevant stakeholders creates opportunities for coordination and holistic planning processes but to truly understand and leverage the data, modelling methodologies and tools can be used. Computational modelling is the use of computers to simulate and study the behaviour of complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science65. Data on national infrastructure can be leveraged to build computational models for a deeper understanding of the properties of the system as a whole and the effects of factors such as demand and supply, demographic changes, and climate change.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/61454d87-en	f01c2f6d4827183a1388e7e477fa248e	Governments should complement the private sector contribution to adaptation to ensure that adaptation is funded up to the socially desirable level. This can be achieved by setting policies and putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework to help markets stimulate adaptation. When analysing risks, priority should be given to those extreme or high risks which are most likely to occur. When treating the risks, 'win-win' or 'no-regrets' treatment options should be pursued (see chapter 7),	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	f01ee81a624abc4fed1127ca867be2a8	This kind of market structure is typical of pre-liberalisation energy sectors in most countries, including the six SEE economies. For example, OECD member countries’ experience of energy market liberalisation is that markets for electricity that are co-ordinated and integrated across borders into regional markets, deliver consumer benefits, including more competitive prices and greater supply security (IEA, 2005). More recently, it has become clear that regional integration of electricity markets is required to achieve least-cost emissions reductions (IEA, 2014a). The potential gains from balancing resources, if they are shared effectively among the economies, include increased technical possibilities for balancing capacity provision, lower overall balancing costs, and alignment of the costs of balancing service provision with the costs of making them available (ECS, 2014).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2c323ce7-en	f024614a17a2189e1770706ef8046175	These projects are designed to regulate the flow of the river and its tributaries for irrigation and flood protection purposes. Turkey proposed the construction of a joint dam on the Orontes River in Syria to generate power and provide irrigation water to both countries. Five years later, in December 2009.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	f026ba98f7887325002b9ac053e87020	During negotiations, it is agreed that the payment will be an irrevocable letter of credit. Opening instructions: The buyer requests that his/her bank open a documentary credit, notification of which must be issued without confirmation from the seller’s bank. In the opening instructions, the buyer fills out a form specify ing the documents required for the importation of the goods.	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	f027818fc63c5e298034850178185b01	Control over valuations by the state introduces both a potential bottleneck and a level of intervention in the operation of the market which many countries (and lenders) would consider undesirable; also, imposing a requirement for all valuations to be “bespoke” exercises conducted by multinational accounting firms introduces a high level of cost into the system and makes smaller financing deals uneconomic to transact, placing them beyond the reach of SMEs. This effect is of particular concern in constructing an approach that meets policy objectives, can collect a large quantity of comparable data, and avoids concentrating risk in a small number of large deals (which the market might be willing to finance in any event, thus undermining additionality). In many respects, the behaviour of intangible assets is not very different from that typically associated with tangible assets, but because some of the major causes for changes in value are different, the points of parity may be less obvious.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	f02889dbd3d7fdc35933db67945f2a97	The capacity of existing non-contributory social cash transfer schemes to support poor and vulnerable households before and during the crisis is discussed in section four. Section five presents avenues of reform to strengthen the effectiveness of social protection in Central Asia and concludes with potential areas of involvement of the CARRA process. In hindsight, the impact of the global economic crises in the countries of Central Asia was relatively mild (Slay, 2011). Countries in the region are expected to return to their growth path at latest during 2011 as projections from the International Monetary Fund indicate (IMF, 2010b).	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264177338-3-en	f02a794f0e6ff0ba1903269ee72d3a30	Workplace training should also be subject to quality control, in the form of contractual arrangements, inspections and self-evaluations. Investing in high-quality early childhood education and initial schooling, particularly for children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, can be an efficient strategy to ensure that children start strong in their education careers and first skills beget future skills. Later in life, financial support targeted at disadvantaged students and schools can improve the development of skills. Governments can design financial incentives and favourable tax policies that encourage individuals and employers to invest in post-compulsory education and training. Individuals can be encouraged to shoulder more of the financial burden of tertiary education, while disadvantaged individuals should be assured access to education opportunities through grants and loans. If cuts to public spending have to be made, they should be based on the long-term cost/benefit ratios of alternative public investments.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264283312-en	f02bc7ff394d6f15946c98040ebb74fe	Centralised procurement of publicly paid pharmaceuticals for hospital services has been one of the targets of the 2014-2018 Health System Quality and Efficiency Improvement project supported by the World Bank, but has so far not been achieved. However, there has been progress in monitoring over-prescription by individual physicians and discussing corrective actions with them. The National Health Plan is the medium-term planning tool (with a timeframe of about three years), setting out broad tasks and goals, priority areas and the health needs of particular population groups. It also specifies actors responsible for implementation, deadlines and benchmarking criteria. As health needs assessment is not well developed in Croatia, these objectives are based on basic health monitoring and on existing health care structures.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-32-en	f02ddd8f46cfea751edd3d66df2758d8	The objective of the engagement was to ensure that the management system is future focused and able to provide sustainable fisheries resources for all of New Zealand. In particular, it focussed on: fisheries management, processes, technology, research gathering, and regulations and legislation. This includes an assessment of the Quota Management System (QMS), which is 30 years old.	14	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	f02faf44047e481cd0099a0eed91b105	Some incentives or sanctions around compliance with these guidelines, suitably adapted to local conditions, may be appropriate. This does not need to imply any loss of the continuous, personalised care rightly valued by Danish patients; other countries have moved from solo practices to small group practices of three or four clinicians without losing this ethos. At the same time, support will be needed to extend the quality, safety and peer-support gains of group practice to those GPs working in settings where group practice is less feasible, such as those working rurally.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591110-7-en	f031a56b76ec8f3995aac938d384290f	For 2009, the administration requested US$139 million, with US$92 million for Haiti and US$20 million for Guyana. The balance of the request for other countries is through the child survival and health (CSH) foreign assistance funding account. In the Caribbean, USAID provides HIV/AIDS assistance through both bilateral and regional programmes, and is an active member of the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS. As part of its Caribbean regional programme, USAID has initiated a programme focusing on Caribbean countries that do not have a permanent USAID presence: Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Barbados.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	f032c1f16a4ae6e7d8633b35e925139f	Otherwise put, these countries are doubtless under-urbanised within their national borders, considering the state of their economy. To take account of this factor, the landlocked countries will be given a slightly greater parameter A value, for example A- 0.17, so that the proportion of agricultural population of comparable size is reduced by around one-tenth (Annex B). In Africa, the informal workforce is thought to account lor 78% of non-agricultural employment, 93% of job creation and 61% of urban employment. It covers the capital cities of seven Francophone countries (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Niamey, Lome and Ouagadougou).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/712425ac-en	f0347cd563a7cbcb1cc1b76e085c5d0d	These instances show that it is possible to fulfil commitments to children - but only if all children receive due attention and investment and if the privilege of some is not allowed to obscure the disadvantages of others. Accordingly, the final chapter of this report identifies broad policy actions that should be included in any strategy to reach excluded children and foster equity in urban settings riven by disparity. Every year, the world’s urban population increases by approximately 60 million people.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	f035832d4616e7abcd9dffe0f721cb0a	Last but not least, the author expresses gratitude to Tracey Burns, who has supported the work and provided various comments and input throughout the different phases of this paper. In particular, it investigates what aligning teacher education programmes to standards really mean; and what conception of educational sciences is reflected in the standards and the curriculum. Analyses suggest that alignment, as an explicit, direct and consistent correspondence, is difficult to achieve, in part due to different conceptualisations of professional knowledge.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	f035ba15a3f35ca8c9beaebfdfeea507	The aim of gender-progressive activists has been to render the definition of “human” more inclusive (Butler, 2005). An inclusive formulation of human rights is very relevant to this book’s scope of analysis. Where securitization relies on the discursive construction of the other as an existential threat, as explained in Chapter 2, in other words on the dehumanization of the enemy, the extension of the concept of human to include others by definition counteracts the securitization move. Individual or group rights can be claimed exclusively for one individual/group or inclusively for all individuals/groups within society.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264266339-5-en	f038f48d6e549801b093fc0dc10f4190	However, only two INDCs (Kyrgyzstan and Moldova) explicitly indicate financial needs for implementing their climate actions. Georgia’s INDC has communicated the long-term cost only for adaptation. Armenia’s INDC does not estimate financial needs, but mentions possible domestic and international sources to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals, as well as capacity building needs. Others (e.g. Kazakhstan, Georgia, Ukraine and Belarus) refer to existing national policy documents (such as Kazakhstan’s Concept for Transition to a Green Economy) or their National Communications submitted to the UNFCCC, which outline the individual countries’ priorities.	13	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f0398ad81639220baca18098683c7517	Hence, the maintenance of the irrigation systems is deficient and the efficiency of the systems is low as there is seepage in unlined channels that results in water losses and water logging of adjacent lands. It covered 32 000 hectares of irrigated lands in nine oblasts. Improvement of irrigation and drainage systems was complemented by co-operative water use based on international experience. The programme also included assistance to the Hydrogeological and Ameliorative Expedition of the Committee on Water Resources to monitor the irrigated lands.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264209138-3-en	f03aee3f58b11c50099d79b0290ccd93	Crop water requirements are defined as the “quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for normal growth under field conditions” (FAO, 2008). In cases where precipitation is lower than the evapotranspiration requirement, there is a water deficit. In such situations, irrigation water can fill the gap.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	f03b0a64187f8982f7c52cd792992128	But the transformation, even with a carbon price, is unlikely to be smooth. There are many recognised barriers - structural, financial, institutional, informational and attitudinal - that will continue to impede the transition to a low carbon economy. For example, households and firms don’t always consider life cycle costs of technologies, equipment and appliances but more often purchase at lower costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-6-en	f03b398eaab031071fcd085799262384	Furthermore, the development of alternative water sources (such as desalination and reuse) consumes large quantities of energy; and water scarcity may force the closure of power plants that require fresh water for cooling. An objective gap can also occur between rural and urban areas, and upstream and downstream states. Such conflicting interests ineluctably undermine effective implementation of responsibilities at central government level in collective enforcement of water policies, especially when legislation is outdated.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264181052-5-en	f03b86d4a95e416a95860c5e0a0c4fad	Countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Sweden have formal mechanisms for making national reimbursement decisions based on an HTA, while in others, including Denmark and Switzerland, an HTA is not part of the formal decision making process (Jonsson and Wilking, 2007). In addition, a sensitivity analysis for uncertainty is not always carried out. Partly due to these differences, findings are not always consistent across studies.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	f03cc907469be43a5690f614d168abb4	Comparative analysis shows that the concentration of biodiversity richness in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ranges from 54 times (in fishes) up to 246 times (in birds) higher than the mean European Species Diversity Richness. In this context, the most significant changes are occurring in aquatic habitats - natural lakes, wetlands, and in specific sections of major rivers. Grassland ecosystems have also changed significantly, with large areas having been turned into arable land. Threats to forest ecosystems are varied and include desiccation, die-back processes, forest fires, illegal logging, and various diseases.	15	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264113749-en	f040593ad815e3fab40d1cdb61cd42a3	Any measure of “employer views” linked to selected samples of employers therefore risks either being uninformed, or failing to capture variations in the demand for skills over time, place and occupational and industrial sector. In fast-developing parts of the economy, employers may be too new and volatile to form effective lobby groups - creating a conservative bias in the apparent employer voice. Employers may want very narrow skills in occupational niches, skills for declining industries and for jobs which are unpleasant and badly paid, or an oversupply of skills to drive down wages in the associated occupations.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	f0407dea7b3b49cb54d0ba1c41ce4c40	In addition, there is uncertainty about WTO compatibility in distinguishing a product based on the way that product is produced, rather than on the final product’s characteristics. There is also controversy over whether WTO jurisprudence has moved beyond the PPM concept (Zhang, 2004; Zhang and Assungao, 2004; Howse and Van Bork, 2006). Thus a negative approach will not work in a post-2012 climate regime.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/77d08b03-en	f040d7270a4160b55f0ba9f8508bfb76	They entail wide-ranging coordination between different authorities, i.e., they are not the exclusive responsibility of labour ministries (ECLAC, 2005). Labour regulation policies, on the other hand, are those that act upon the relationship between workers and employers through provisions designed to secure rights: non-discrimination, minimum wages and social security, among others. Labour market policies, for their part, have the object of combating unemployment, mitigating its effects and supporting the population at risk of joblessness. These policies can be divided into passive ones designed to offset the loss of pay, such as subsidies, and active ones, which are meant to preserve existing jobs and support the creation of new ones, help the unemployed find work, facilitate the connection between labour supply and demand and improve the skills of the unemployed and those working in microenterprises and small businesses (Samaniego, 2002).	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.14217/9781848599598-12-en	f042bcc43aa14dbe9db87f3b49961d3d	Moreover, progress towards other SDGs could also have a broader economic impact. For example, increases in sport-based participation associated with SDG 3 can reduce the direct and indirect costs of physical inactivity, which are projected to reach US$7.5 billion and US$26 billion in India and the United Kingdom, respectively, by 2030. Employment in all of these areas can contribute to SDG target 8.5, and the particular properties of sport make it suitable for contributing to SDG targets 8.3 and 8.6 - associated entrepreneurship and youth unemployment, respectively.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-5-en	f0444ee5698f3ee646e8a77007460787	In Austria and Slovenia, for example, women fill approximately 90% of the secretarial positions (see Figure 3.3). This trend is consistent with traditional job segregation, where women occupy lower-grade and lower-paid jobs. Women’s higher educational attainment has led to an increase in their representation in the professional sphere in most OECD countries.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	f0448e0919259919a0b7e7c10718a52a	The lead agency does not have to be responsible for conducting all activities but it does have to co-ordinate and to report regularly on progress towards targets to the highest levels of government. In Korea, road safety responsibility is shared between various agencies. The Transport Safety Act is managed by The Ministry of Land, Transportation and Infrastructure (MOLIT) while the Road Traffic Act, covering key areas of safety, is managed by the Police. Each ministry can propose road safety-related measures as well as a budget to achieve them, however, there is no overall co-ordination process for the allocation of a road safety budget.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js07529lwf0-en	f04493df7b311e20f65bbde6acfbc2fe	The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	f047f94950872b3804f9022162598a42	But inevitably, benefit-cost ratios do tend to influence decisions on the allocation of funds across sectors and between dissimilar projects. This strategy puts an emphasis on improving connections: between people and employment, people and services, and business and economies (Cooper and Penrose, 2018). Scheme promoters are expected to develop five cases: financial, commercial, management and - most importantly, strategic and economic.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	f0486fece125d5562ccd269445e3fc7d	Second, since a large part of the rural population consists of agricultural labourers, small farmers and non-farm workers, who are all net purchasers of food, a sharp increase in the price of food would squeeze real incomes and worsen poverty. In general, productive employment generation is a crucial link between growth and poverty (although the link is not automatic, as the remuneration for work is critical). The recent economic growth process in India has exhibited a problem which is increasingly common throughout the developing world: the apparent inability of even high rates of output growth to generate sufficient opportunities for “decent work” to meet the needs of the growing labour force.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	f0487ebd20849f3019df94a98df33fdc	Italy introduced an indicator system called the “National Performance Reserve Scheme” for funds allocated to regional policies in order to improve programme management and effective spending. This involved setting aside a reserve of a programme’s budget and distributing it only if specific objectives were achieved. For example, a sub-objective required regions to reduce the water loss ratio from 37% to 25% by 2013.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	f049e743ee72ecdf664c7522d77ba91e	In 2010, this district revoked groundwater-pumping entitlements with an estimated value in excess of USD 3 million for several groundwater users who had attempted to increase their water use illegally by bypassing their well flow meters (McCook Gazette 2010). Flat pricing over time does not affect long term incentives (Civita et al., This type of scheme may also affect the response to pricing; e.g. a two-layer block-rate tariff with a very low price up to a certain quantity, and very high above it may have similar effects to that of a water quota, as observed in Mexico (de Richter, 2013).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	f04c0e0ac78ae2bd5dc782b4d58da516	Agriculture is a significant source of GHG emissions, as a result of both land-use change and considerable growth in livestock inventories, which rose by almost 40% between 1990 and 2010 in cattle equivalents, among the most important increases globally (USDA, 2013). The expansion of inventory doubled livestock density, from 3 heads per hectare of agricultural land in 1990 to 6 heads in 2011. These levels are comparable with those in New Zealand where a pastoral system prevails, but are low compared to world regions with more intensive livestock production (e.g. the European Union with an average total cattle number per hectare of 9.6 heads).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/12b2bbd6-en	f050c0f4a60673dc596315db8fb45783	In 1994, the ICPD offered a visionary global commitment to these rights and choices, and an unprecedented consensus on the essential ties between womens empowerment and development. Twenty-five years later, the ICPD vision remains a high point of human aspiration, reflected now across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). And new ones have emerged.	5	2	6	0.5
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	f053bfd5f34f61b4b9503c105ab857ce	Some states have agreed to forswear the use of these tools, with the results described as concrete action on mutual supportiveness.18 States (or standard-setting bodies) that implement climate-related standards should implement in parallel programmes of capacity-building to assist exporters to meet those standards. This notion was discussed in the previous section. It was also explicitly written into the recent EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement: Chapter 7, ‘Non-tariff barriers to trade and investment in renewable energy generation’, prohibits the Parties from using local-content requirements or joint-venture requirements that might affect the other Party’s products, service suppliers, investors or investments.	13	3	5	0.25
10.18356/0a98da25-en	f05d4d37366db0749730fbbe9cbe44bf	Central bank tools to reduce destabilizing cross-border capital movements can limit macroeconomic volatility and help to avoid economic crises that undermine the goal of secure livelihoods. Despite this potential, over the past two decades, central banks have narrowed the focus of their policy interventions to almost exclusively emphasize low inflation. At the same time, and perhaps because of their more limited monetary policy goals, they have also restricted their use of monetary policy tools that could help to achieve gender equality and other SDGs.	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	f05ddf183ed923487223b4e5b5d4fa52	Thus, it paved the way for the creation of the RMV in 1995, also supported by federal transfers through the Gemeindeverkehrsftnanzierungsgesetz. It integrates regional and local transport under uniform and needs-based mles for the entire metropolitan area: one timetable, one price and one ticket. This includes important tasks such as tariff design, scheduling, allocation of transport services to carriers, the development of the network, the tendering of transport services, the assurance of quality and security standards, innovation (e-ticket, mobile ticket, touch&travel, R&D) as well as communication, information and marketing.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js08hwvfnr4-en	f06040907eee4b7aa1263f154e417276	These indicators are likely to have a micro-coverage in terms of geographical exposure (e.g. few communities) and life spans (few years), and to be specific to the programme in question. The data needed to implement this approach are project data and information (often gathered via project-specific surveys). The research concludes that monitoring and evaluation frameworks should combine qualitative, quantitative and binary indicators.	13	8	3	0.45454545454545453
10.18356/dd581311-en	f06121701afe5ec59c88be55e86f17c1	In most countries, household income also includes an imputed rental value for owner-occupied dwellings. For Brazil, this study has used the indigence lines estimated by the Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGEI. For Colombia, the thresholds proposed by the Colombian Mission for the Linkage of Employment.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264077225-6-en	f061290fa15439115d99a2160da044a3	Body temperature is an example of an indicator we regularly use as it provides critical information on our physical condition. Likewise, indicators provide information about phenomena that are regarded as typical of and/or critical to the quality of target issues. Interpretation is easier if it is possible to set targets for the indicators themselves, as they help decision makers visualise the actions they will need to focus on in the future.	12	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	f061a3631f82f4015e14cdb86436d8d4	In some cases, the absorption of neighbouring municipalities seems also to be a w'ay to cope with infrastructure developments and land scarcity in a context of growing population. For instance, according to local authorities, the expansion of city borders in Kyzylorda was indispensable in distributing individual land plots for construction purposes. In both Almaty City and Shymkent, according to local authorities, such expansion was necessary to improve transport infrastructure (suburban road network, new' railway tracks, car parks and bus stations), build new social objects (schools, hospitals) and develop new housing projects (in Shymkent only). Shymkent has now' the largest territory among Kazakh cities (1 170 km2).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264246744-4-en	f064b10c4c8f6c3816b4e705f94ba6ef	If a farm specialises in a narrow set of crops, risks related to climatic or market conditions of these crops can change and it may be very costly to revise the whole farming system to adapt to these changing circumstances. This is not specific to agriculture. Secondly, risks can be managed using the time dimension by building precautionary savings to smooth income across time and reduce short-term vulnerability arising from negative income shocks due to climate or markets.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	f064f50c6b06ba64e413beab4b90d1e9	Mirroring the results of frequency of usage, only 21% have “rarely” disseminated the Principles and 1% claims they have “never” disseminated them. In 77% of the cases, dissemination occurs by referencing the Principles in workshops, meetings or seminars, and in 63% of the cases by using them in reports or other types of publications. The Principles are also disseminated through newsletters and news updates (39%), by including information on the Principles on the respondents’ own websites (20%), and through social media channels, such as Twitter, Linkedln, etc. ( Governments (66%) and other public agencies (64%) were the most targeted group, followed by academia (51%), civil society organisations (48%), and international and multilateral organisations (39%), the private sector (31%), and financial institutions or bilateral donors (19%).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	f0675c2786995693114f6bf24901eea0	Wheat and paddy rice production, key food crops, also show strong growth with 50% by 2025 and are impacted by fertiliser-related support in key production regions such as the Russian Federation, China, Indonesia and India. The growth of livestock markets is more responsive to income growth than crops and is the highest in countries such as China and India - key markets on both the production and domestic consumption side. In other regions, including the EU and the United States, only some crops show significant growth potential; in the EU, the biggest potential is in oilseed production and in the United States in coarse grains production.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5db444d4-en	f067f2287a131b828e344a9afb54d1f4	In this sense, they can have effects on the advancement of gender equality outcomes for better or for worse. In recognition of the key role of these government levers in advancing gender equality goals, this chapter maps out country approaches and initiatives to mainstream gender in the budget, regulatory and procurement cycles. The number of OECD countries that have introduced gender budgeting increased from 12 in 2016 to 17 in 2018. Nine of the 17 OECD countries that have introduced gender budgeting also publish information alongside the annual budget to help inform budget oversight. Some of the challenges in implementing an effective gender budgeting approach include the differing levels of importance given to gender equality by successive governments, fiscal constraints or broader challenges related to implementing new public financial management procedures in government. Although many countries have put in place guidelines or checklists, there are generally no criteria or accountability mechanisms to ensure the quality and rigour of gender analysis in regulations.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264248908-6-en	f0682608c1c5a5a973ab77e62f881ad4	This system provides weak stimulus to continuous quality improvements in the provision of care, since most professionals are paid solely through fixed salaries (with no link to performance assessment), and in many instances contracts are temporary and do not include social security benefits. Evidence from other national settings have concluded that movements away from salary mechanisms for health professionals are a successful strategy to raise allocative efficiency, for example through the strengthening of the primary care system, by improving user experience (when remuneration is at least partly tied to performance) as well as prevention of more expensive care, including avoidable hospitalisations (Moreno-Serra, 2014). Providers tend to be largely concentrated in densely populated areas, with a notable increase in the number of private providers in those localities in the last ten years.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	f06ba6ef4a5b77ab8c9d5cff815eda00	Once such an agreement is signed by workers’ representatives, a worker who refuses its application can be fairly dismissed for economic reasons, which represents a derogation from the labour code that is currently in force. The new legislation also reduces, for termination cases, the length of the period in which a complaint can be filed (which however remains much longer than the OECD average, in particular in the case of dismissal for personal reasons) and shortens and simplifies the procedures in the case of collective dismissals. Finally, a specific schedule for worker compensation is set for pre-trial conciliation settlements, which is lower than standard levels of compensation awarded by courts when the judge rules that the dismissal is unfair.	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5k9fhn1ctjr8-en	f06d30d43f536068e6f79339516764e5	Nevertheless, given its economic structure, it may be useful to think of a particular city having an optimum size. The OECD report “Competitive Cities in the Global Economy” (OECD, 2006f) shows that the association between income and city size turns negative once a threshold is reached and diseconomies of scale become more important than agglomeration economies. In general, very small and very large cities tend to have lower economic growth rates than the average urban area in the OECD (Figure 23). Medium-sized cities are half the economic size (GDP) of large ones and less than one-third of those with more than 1.5 million people.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	f06e9c730fed04f10618c3eba1bced02	The most wide-ranging missions are: Barrio Adentro (primary health care), Robinson I and II (literacy and primary education), Ribas (secondary education), Sucre (higher education), Mercados de Alimentos Mercal (a food programme that in September 2008 distributed foodstuffs to 48% of the population), Vuelvan Caras (training in production and the running of cooperatives) and Habitat (land, housing and urban projects). As recently as 2005, there were heated protests against fuel price hikes in which campesinos and a large number of residents of the city of El Alto participated. These movements culminated in a transition government, which temporarily eased tension by nationalizing gas and petroleum and calling for a constituent assembly.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/persp/glob/dev-2012-8-en	f072f38ce678360eda8bfc3cb38e4b5a	Access to free - or at least affordable -secondary education and the prospect of further training are a necessity if individual incentives are to be aligned with the great benefits - which include reduced income inequality - that a better educated population can bring the economy. The first section outlines overall trends in income inequality between and within countries. It documents, first, how the convergence of large developing countries like China and India is altering the global income distribution, before going on to look at income inequality trends in a number of developing countries.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f07379b9c740b75824b71ba31a406874	Reporting on the use, impacts and results of finance received will also rely more on domestic systems that vary according to national circumstances, priorities and institutional arrangements. Country reports could include clear and transparent information on the financial amounts listed — such as their type, status, time period, source and receiving institutions - without it being clear what share of total finance received is being covered. In some cases a Party may choose not to report all financial flows (e.g. only from developed countries, or only grants as Indonesia did in its BUR), and in others it may be that a Party does not have an appropriate domestic monitoring system, or that such a system is not comprehensive.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/091e4d11-en	f073b13c5240fb8a3b9cdda81b2c94ba	The SDGs not only include a greater number of development goals than the MDGs, but are also global in focus, including advanced economies for the first time. This paper draws attention to the main challenges the 2030 Agenda presents for rich countries, by highlighting a set of critical child specific indicators, evaluating countries' progress towards meeting the Goals, and highlighting gaps in existing data. The paper will inform UNICEFs Report Card 14, Building the Future: Children and the Sustainable Development Goals in Rich Countries. Zlata Bruckauf and Emilia Toczydlowska are consultants in Social and Economic Policy at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Yekaterina Chzhen is a Social and Economic Policy Specialist at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti.	4	2	3	0.2
10.18356/5950d914-en	f076537e188b10a396375c8a75c757b6	Nevertheless, North Africa has made great and steady progress in both indicators since the turn of the century. The indicator on air travel increased by 82 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively, during the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2014. On the other hand, air freight grew by 14 per cent during the period 2000-2010 and by 240 per cent during the period 2010-2014. Where road infrastructure exists, its quality is a big issue.	9	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5e7977af-en	f077121f1fbb6750fcf70ff4e7a7f2aa	"All such women can be said to be ""time-poor"", which means that they have scant time for rest, leisure, recreation, family life and socializing. People's well-being is contingent upon their continuing to build a life shared with loved ones that imparts a sense of belonging and security and motivates them to make life plans. Well-being therefore necessarily entails forms of positive and peaceful social coexistence that enable everyone to feel part of society. One of the most serious is violence, both in public spaces and the home. According to the United Nations' 2011 Global Study on Homicide, in 2010, 31% of the world's murders were committed in the Americas, a figure second only to Africa (36%) (UNODOC, 2012). The murder rate in the Americas (15.6 per 100,000 people) is more than double the global average (6.9 per 100,000)."	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	f0795676b9749ae04ec138ce2ab7f3ac	The first chapter provides the context, and describes why development co-operation providers are engaging the private sector, and what issues they address with their support. The second chapter maps development partner approaches - it discusses key concepts and adopts a framework to understand policy objectives, it presents examples of activities, and finally, it highlights the roles of different development co-operation actors. The third chapter presents an analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement, highlighting the geographies of private sector engagement according to sector, provider, income of the recipients and aim (mitigation vs. adaptation).	13	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-bc36f70d-en	f079b9c69454fdcace8d4877b58534ef	That means that 65% of the children entering primary school today could eventually work in jobs that do not yet currently exist. The 'Fourth Industrial Revolution' is also bringing advanced robotics, autonomous transport, Al and machine learning, all of which will have a major impact on the future labour market28. It has been estimated that 90% of future jobs will require ICT skills, and some 2 million new jobs will be created in the computer, mathematical, architecture and engineering fields.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	f07b04244d380e0cfb18bccf173f6a99	Furthermore, regular engagements with associations of MSMEs would be necessary to better develop mechanisms for adoption of less polluting and environmentally friendly approaches in their work since such technologies and approached keep evolving. This could help mobilise the needed support to ensure Cebu in all its spheres remain on an environmentally sustainable path. Greening industries is not only beneficial to residents but for the business as well, since cost reductions increases the economic returns to the business whilst at the same time conserves the environment to mitigate effects of climate change.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3b79a6b1-en	f07bc1cc492b3d3f00a86938cf877122	For the naturalness and the potential for life development of these areas, they are suggested as potential areas meeting the criteria for Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs). There are also some land habitats recognized as sufficiently valuable to be included in the European Natura 2000 network. The prevailing lithologies are calcareous. Near the rocky shores, especially in shallow bays, there are plenty of seagrass meadows, while deeper subtidal rocky cliffs have peculiar coralligenous habitats.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	f07be2f6dc25bfec39b15a4da2a6f026	During the 1990s Ireland also bene fitted from net EU transfers of about 4% of GDP, although EU funding significantly decreased in the 2000s, down to 0.4% of GDP in 2007. Membership in the European Monetary Union (since 2001) brought stable, low interest rates, which spurred the retail and housing markets. Significant investment in infrastructure and education enabled Ireland to take advantage of the growth opportunities made possible by the opening of its economy. The structure of the economy has changed dramatically since 1990. However, the co-operation between environmental institutions and other sectoral authorities appears more effective for some sectors, such as energy, than for others, such as transport, land use and agriculture. Co-ordination between central government departments and local authorities has proved difficult; few resources are allocated to communities to participate in policy-making and implementation.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	f07d3b3c81297eea0afa7807b1c29cc2	However, there are numerous other examples (cf. Such issues are largely a matter of degree: within the current WTO framework, there are agricultural subsidies that are described as ‘trade distorting’ and forbidden, while others are permitted. The United States claims that its subsidies are not trade-distorting; most economists say that they are.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f080df3609fd3c8c1dd794ad244d78c9	"In practice nodal markets are highly complex to understand and operate. The PJM, for instance, has been characterised by frequent rule changes, which has not contributed to a stable market environment. However, the fact that such unplanned outages are substantially uncorrelated across different plants of conventional “dispatchable"" technologies such as nuclear, coal or gas, means that allowing for appropriate reserve capacity can deal with them adequately."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	f0881d45b3ce5fad8fdc491cc72a7005	No one agency is granted sole responsibility or oversight, although at least 20 federal agencies have some role in the area. In addition, there are very few significant organisations at the river-basin scale, and the institutional mapping and governance challenges vary greatly from one state to another. In all, more than 50 000 agencies at federal, state, local and county levels are involved in water policy, making it difficult to achieve comprehensive mapping.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	f089349dc3b30c6d53af8b367996eb10	This will probably happen in the context of sustainable cocoa, for example, within the next ten years (Cosbey 2015). Where the retailers in question control a large share of the market, these voluntary labels have mandatory characteristics (Arcuri 2013). While private retailers’ carbon-based labels have receded in popularity since a surge almost a decade ago (e.g. food miles labels have disappeared and retailers such as Walmart and Tesco have quietly backed off from their ambitious plans for comprehensive PCF labelling), there are still some private sector labels with major market influence.	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en	f089b540c6b50344adde9e430e870ed9	In remote areas of South Africa, cash transfers have stabilised the demand for food, reduced market risk for producers and traders, and supported local agricultural production (Samson et al., The social pension in Namibia also improved market access to food by attracting traders to remote communities and enabling pensioners to buy food on credit (Devereux, 2002, cited in HLPE, 2012). However, where markets are not able to respond to increased demand by increasing supply, cash transfers can have a negative impact, by pushing up local prices. In Ethiopia, the Meket Livelihoods Programme shifted from food- to cash-based transfers, with negative impacts on the availability and price of food in local markets for beneficiaries, especially in remote, areas with food deficits (Kebede, 2006; DFID, 2011).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	f08a0f50cbc2389bf055df2a08275aef	The USBR charge for water applied on land in excess of 390 hectares is either USD51.98 per 1,000 m3 or USD63.20 per 1,000 m3, depending on which version of the law is applicable. The Regional Water Authority applies a charge of USD23.64 per 1,000 m3 for delivering water through its canal system, regardless of which lands are irrigated. The District also charges one volumetric rate of USD18.44 per 1,000 m3.	6	0	5	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	f0925658b7f8cc630dc2222536646bff	The second part homes in on the issue of care, starting with the conceptual and policy view of care as a right, the position regarding paid care work, social expenditure patterns (especially, household spending on care services), the situation of persons with disabilities and their care needs, recent policies that the countries are implementing, and, finally, the challenges that lie ahead. Both of these continued to fall in the region and have reached 30-year lows. Most —but not all— of the countries of the region saw poverty decline during the most recent period. The rise in income among the poor has come primarily from higher wage income, in keeping with the trend over the past few years.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	f095b656b0d9da06046df08388c7c610	In addition, given the environmental considerations in large scale irrigation schemes there has been reluctance of financial institutions to engage in these projects irrespective of their overall benefits. The Ogallala has been the source of substantial, large-scale irrigation development, beginning in the 1950s, when affordable technology became available for extracting groundwater and applying it to large fields of cotton, com, winter wheat, and sorghum. The number of wells on the Texas High Plains rose from 48 000 in 1958 to 101 000 in 2000, as farmers increased their production of irrigated crops. The Ogallala is largely a fossil aquifer with a very slow rate of natural recharge.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	f096229930aafa78feb772e62fb58450	Source: TfL (2013). The indicator considers the total number of road traffic fatalities across all modes. To make it comparable across cities, it is normalised by volume of motor vehicle traffic, which covers all types of road motor vehicles subject to registration. That excludes pedal cycles but includes mopeds, motorcycles, cars, goods vehicles and buses. This indicator reveals higher fatality rates in the areas which are the most densely populated.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292659-6-en	f098390e8bdb65364531c0bf7b9938d4	Indeed, the country has reaped the benefits of improvements in access to drainage and wastewater treatment. Households with access to public sewerage systems increased from 60% to 83%, and 82% of those households are connected to a wastewater treatment plant. The majority of the remaining situations are solved through individual solutions such as septic tanks.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f7cb1bb5-en	f09a9a97076b85e831fbb116c75da649	Almost 40 million people were affected. First, large-scale humanitarian support is required to assist food-insecure populations, institutional arrangements and coordination. Second, they highlight the need for all countries to be well prepared for such emergencies, including through strengthening climate-smart agricultural practices, investing in irrigation and building emergency food reserves.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	f0a0aa699458e8bebb48489768d0bb40	The redistribution of unpaid work is one of the pillars for achieving gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean by 2030 (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). The ability to place young children in day care depends in large part on households' purchasing power or on programmes catering for poor or vulnerable households or women. In many cases, these services are not regulated or under strict State supervision, which means that the conditions and quality of care in the different centres are mixed.	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	f0a0bddc283539c9dd9d5b48968a4299	Declining birth rates, for example, may drive down the demand for new teachers, and longer tertiary education can delay the entrance of teachers to the labour market. The ageing of teachers increases school costs, which limits the resources available to implement other initiatives at the school level (OECD, 2016: Education at a Glance 2016, indicator D5). The proportion is equal or more than 35% in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Slovak Republic. At the other end of the spectrum, in most countries with available data, 20% of pre-primary teachers are under the age of 30. Only in Australia, Korea, Japan, New' Zealand, Turkey and the United Kingdom does the proportion of pre-primary teachers under the age of 30 equal or exceed 25% (Figure 3.6).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848599178-7-en	f0a43dce020ed4c50c3942d7d4ca8d94	The service orientation will facilitate the transformation to a green economy in so far as there will be fewer practices, such as chemical applications, that are unfriendly to the natural environment; the energy intensity of production will decline; and information and communications technologies will be more easily applied to production. There is now an official commitment in the long-term plan, Vision 2030, to move towards a green economy, though it still is not the dominant thrust of the plan. Most important, investment in activities that use green technologies, such as wind and solar energy equipment and non-petroleum fuelled transport, is still marginal.	12	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bdc264f4-en	f0a58d257ca52abb35c68edf43900b02	Notwithstanding some increases in seizures of cannabis resin, the amount of cannabis seized declined slightly over the period 2010-2015 as whole, although they showed an upward trend from 2012. The remaining 96 per cent is stored on the “deep web”. A part of it, the darknet, contains information that is intentionally hidden and only accessible using special web browsers.130 The darknet is used for all kinds of activities, illicit included, particularly drug trafficking. In 2014, the question was asked specifically in relation to the Silk Road, the then dominant darknet market, as the survey was conducted just after the Silk Road's closure; from 2015, the question was asked in relation to all darknet markets. Sources: Global Drug Survey 2017 findings (www.globaldrug-survey.com); and Global Drug Survey 2017, detailed findings on drug cryptomarkets.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	f0a5fd0ed9c2ce0703b31083ba608300	Lop Buri (renewable energy innovation), Lampang (creative ceramics) and Ang Thong (drum-making). One of the emerging ideas from the Tourism Authority of Thailand is to link the creative economy to “Thai-ness”, which includes Thai experience, way of life and culture. This link between the way of life of a country or region and creativity is an interesting example of how intangible resources can be used creatively to develop new tourism products. Research indicates that creative tourists in Thailand are generally female (59%), aged between 25 and 34 (57%) with a degree or postgraduate education (75%) and with relatively high incomes.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	f0a810c45688e7f7d63257748468b6fa	Mental health services are an integrated part of health and medical care (see section 3.1). The general provisions on the content and execution of psychiatric care are found in the Health and Medical Services Act (1982:763) and in the Health and Medical Services (Professional Activities) Act (OECD Mental health questionnaire, 2013). This Act underlines the key principles of the Swedish health care system: universal, easily accessible and good quality services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb3ffbd4-en	f0acbf729da23aa5fdf0c8d4a62dc174	About 30 per cent of the rural population gets its drinking water from individual wells or from surface sources, without any form of disinfection, which results in serious increase in human diseases (See table 6.3). The intention is to transfer ownership and responsibilities for operating and maintaining water supply systems at the village level to community drinking-water users’ unions. Thus far, 650 such unions have been established, covering for 80 per cent of the rural population.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f0acf0c79c10cd5ae052508080834d1d	Stigler was alluding precisely to the link, which is crucial for economists, indicated above. The resource scarcity indicators concerning fossil fuels may also attest to the potential benefits of more nuclear power. Yet transparency (reliability) and data availability (in the case of resources-to-production ratio) are moderate. High price risk regarding fossil fuels and carbon might emphasise the role of nuclear power in certain portfolios of generating assets to the extent that nuclear mitigates the volatility of the average generating cost for the whole portfolio.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	f0ad03653453848df0244e000c2050a1	While spatial plans can condition the choices that firms and households make by determining where roads will be constructed and by indicating what land is open for development and what land is not, these are coarse tools for shaping economic growth. Overly rigid spatial plans can limit prosperity, while overly flexible plans lose the ability to manage the built environment and achieve environmental protection goals. The logic of constructing a Pole metropolitain is that the correct spatial unit for planning is an urban core or cores that lead economic growth in a surrounding more rural hinterland.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179646-13-en	f0b363d63e37b0d4d31528981ecf19ba	In the absence of dedicated indicators on integrity (the development of which remains a challenge), INTES relies on sets of standard education indicators and context variables (including PISA contextual data) for each substantive dimension of assessment, and interprets them in the light of their relevance for the integrity of the policy area in question. Very few of these indicators are unequivocally positive or negative and, taken alone, they do not allow for final statements on system integrity in the INTES assessment dimensions. The figures give preliminary indications of integrity concerns in selected policy areas, which need further analytical attention.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	f0b43a9c6d9cc22806af1198ac290174	In particular, information systems across the SP and the SS institutes remain incompatible and a national patient register or census (a minimum requirement to enable interoperability and closer working) does not exist. Health care in Mexico is less well-resourced than in other OECD countries. Currently, Mexico spends 6.2% (2013) of GDP on health, somewhat less than the OECD average of 8.9%, equating to USD PPP 1 048 per capita per year (OECD average USD PPP 3 453 in 2013).	3	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/8039e1bc-0afb15d3-en	f0b485a1f4218957f54f7dac15e4ec86	The e-Environment Toolkit proposes an approach and some tools for this purpose. This readiness assessment is based on the use of indicators. Indicators of the readiness of countries are captured using the e-Environment Readiness Index (EERI). Readiness of jurisdictions, communities, regions of a country, organizations and other than country scale entities have to be calculated to derive an equivalent EERI.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	f0b4dd80274e82733e2823bb20246a84	The analysis is this chapter does not incorporate those initiatives. In the Czech Republic, a wage subsidy (plus training subsidy) is only paid for workers on reduced hours who participate in the “Educate YourselP programme. Participation in training in Hungary is compulsory for workers taking part in the short-time work scheme financed by the European Social Fund.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	f0b567e0fab2168140438a89578da891	The wide array of RDI programmes does not fully benefit the Galilee. Main emphasis is on science and technology-driven innovation, while the traditional industry is in need of support for incremental demand-led innovation which could be provided by colleges if they were encouraged to engage in applied R&D in the same way as in many OECD countries. There are limited spillovers from the centre to the Galilee and an absence of an underlying culture of collaboration.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120525-2-en	f0bc4b73f16d3b62eb806a04af3d0222	However, there are also many places where serious household affordability issues prevent further increases, unless social protection measures are being introduced (OECD, 2009a). This is especially true where household affordability is an important constraint. In order to be efficient and effective, however, subsidies should be predictable, transparent, targeted and ideally taper off over time.	6	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	f0c103db91f775420530c0f89f42dde3	Some major cities are doing the same. In New York City, Mayor Bill de Blasio has adopted “Vision Zero”, stating that “no level of fatality on city streets is inevitable or acceptable” and hence the City of New York would “no longer regard traffic crashes as mere ‘accidents’, but rather as preventable incidents that can be systematically addressed”.10 Private-sector companies are also using their own versions of a Safe System, for example, applying it to fleet management policies, or, in the case of car manufacturers, as their design philosophy. Similarly, the new international standard for road traffic safety management systems, the International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 39001 standard, uses Safe System principles to guide organisational safety objectives, targets and the planning requirements.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264279421-6-en	f0c1e86db102107016356ba2f4e832fd	This surveys the well-being of young children in Canada and has become the largest survey tool in Canada since its inception in 2005. It may be used at the provincial level. For example, the 2013/14 Manitoba Provincial Report, entitled Tell Them from Me: Bullying and School Safety, was used to conclude that there is “an overall high prevalence in verbal, social, and physical bullying and lower prevalence in cyberbullying” (Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning, 2014).	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264283510-en	f0c5db3974599fb7a0e40e1eb25b5d64	The sector is fragmented and governed by numerous laws. Some long-term care is often provided in hospitals, but the principal source of provision is informal care by family members. This is unsustainable given changing demographics and women's growing participation in the workforce. Increased funding, infrastructure investment, and better planning and management could improve this situation.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	f0c74fbf40cedc9ec0f756a466ec3f28	Overall, sound and systematic implementation of patient engagement strategies and health literacy programmes could reduce aggregate harm by up to 15% - a very good return on investment. Given the problem of medication safety and ADEs in this setting it was surprising to see interventions aimed at better medication dispensing and management rank comparatively low across the choices provided in the survey. Some useful studies highlight the value of an inter-professional approach to medication safety.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264107243-en	f0c804304f354b49d5144f69520df16f	They can overcome preconceptions in the face of new information, even when that information is contrary to expectations. They are capable of recognising what is provided in a text, both conspicuously and more subtly, while at the same time being able to apply a critical perspective to it, drawing on sophisticated understandings from beyond the text. This combination of a capacity to absorb the new and to evaluate it is greatly valued in knowledge economies, which depend on innovation and nuanced decision-making that draw on all the available evidence.	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	f0c9e9e401b223141b53f580202e3d2e	Employers and graduates are often not well-informed about what VET programmes offer. Weaknesses in governance, fragmentation and lack of co-ordination add to the problem. These include the development of high quality options at the upper secondary level, and the merger of colleges techniques [technical schools] with general colleges [academic schools]; stronger career guidance mechanisms, based on solid data, and smoother transition arrangements between vocational and academic programmes; as well as mechanisms to better engage employers, more co-ordination across ministries with responsibilities for VET, and the introduction of mandatory' work-based learning in post-secondary VET. First, the objectives of entrepreneurship training need to be clarified and agreed upon between all stakeholders.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	f0ccd7a678d055b250ffeba389d2d635	However only for Cameroon we have the suitable data to fairly appropriately estimate calorie consumption. Indeed, the household survey used for Cameroon provides the information (value and quantities consumed) required to calculate unit prices for every consumed food item, that is the price actually (or potentially, in case of self-consumption) paid by the household.9 For the other two countries we were obliged to use a regional official price (distinguished by urban and rural areas) to get the quantity consumed by each household. This official price - collected by the country statistical office - is likely to be higher than the price actually paid by households as it is collected in major markets, covers only market-traded goods, and does not necessarily reflect the same quality of good as that actually consumed by the households, particularly poorer households.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264195363-7-en	f0cd5d20063f0f9d096250a2316223a5	Policies that can strengthen rural incomes along these development pathways are discussed in Box 4.3. These include i) a declining share of agriculture in GDP as the economy develops and diversifies; ii) a release of labour from the sector driven by a combination of the “push” of labour-saving technical change in agriculture and the “pull” of growing labour demand in non-agricultural sectors; and iii) rising agricultural output. This means offering multiple development pathways for farm households: improving competitiveness (i.e. productivity) within the agricultural sector; diversifying income sources among household members; and, for some, leaving the sector for better paid jobs. Most of the relevant expenditures would need to be made at the economy-wide or sectoral level rather than in the form of payments to individuals.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/847ad7f3-en	f0d064d6b5d9d5d7be7b49b7a69d8485	Studies have highlighted the entrepreneurial role that women play in value-added activities, especially in the informal sector, as well as their leadership role in community and participatory forest management. However, more work is needed to investigate issues such as women's access to forest rights and the impact on gender equity, as well as their empowerment in transitioning from the informal to the formal sector. Forests are integral to the water cycle.	15	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	f0d07ff5545b745316d3f78eee7f013d	Another factor contributing to their exclusion is neglect (not always intentional) in making special arrangements, such as wheelchair ramps, to enable them to gain physical access. First, it is necessary to put in place arrangements that help offset the disadvantages they may face as a result of the disability. For example, those with a hearing disability can participate only if arrangements are made for communicating in sign language.	1	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	f0d0fb89d0a38aae689a9c344e8091e4	A great deal of its strength comes from the strong support and influence on decision making that it exercises as a result of the non-partisan, highly participative and technical nature of its activities. Antofagasta’s Creo Antofagasta could reproduce these characteristics, since it already enjoys support from a wide variety of actors (private and public) that are willing to contribute knowledge and funds. Furthermore, Creo Antofagasta’s wide support can be a good source of resources beyond those necessary for day-to-day activities, and allow it to emulate the RPA’s funding scheme centred on an independently managed endowment that provides 80% of the funds required for its operations. The rest of the financing would be generated by grants and fees-for-service (Regional Plan Association, n.d.). It transformed into the urban institute for the Ile-de-France Region when the latter took over the functions of the former in 1976, and in 1982 IAU-IdF became an associated body of the Regional Council. Although focused on the territory of the Ile-de-France Region, the IAU-IdF also conducts studies in co-operation with other European metropolises on topics that include economic competitiveness, planning, public transport and airports.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/becaa395-en	f0d28aa35e4e7cd1b1c93c494fa423b3	The contribution of forest sinks is important in countries in developed regions as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean, but less so elsewhere. Agricultural emissions make up a significant share of total AFOLU emissions in all regions, and represent more than half of emissions in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, where net forest conversion is the major source. Different emission patterns have been recorded at regional level over the last two decades. For example, there has been a sharp reduction in the positive contribution of forest sinks in Southeast, Eastern and Southern Asia, and an opposite trend in Europe.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	f0d2d388e6d33e3141998f09c8159218	Some members of the consortium are also able to provide small funding for projects with specific activities or focus which can be accessed by several of the members. Therefore, the consortium also successfully supported the government with resource mobilisation, such as project proposal development under GEF-5. In particular as the Ramsar Convention’s NFP is also the acting Director of the regional park, the joint designation also provides an opportunity to enhance collaboration between the NFPs of the two conventions on financial resource mobilisation and utilisation.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	f0d6a48442e939059e597e6b168be944	School leaders with an unsatisfactory performance may also be required or advised to complete compulsory training to improve (e.g. various Australian states and territories, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], Korea [School Principal Appraisal for Professional Development], New Zealand, Portugal, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom). This also depends on evaluators’ and school leaders’ capacity to use appraisal results. A review of principal appraisal in school districts in the United States, for example, found that almost half of the appraisal models reviewed failed to provide school leaders with clear feedback that was linked to a development plan on what they could be doing better to improve teaching and learning in their school (Goldring et al.,	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b3f08-48bc40b1-en	f0d7085f21c4e88d7448e29c10b34cee	This trend has been boosted by market liberalization and augmented by convergence, new technologies and resultant innovations such as mobile phones which continue to be the most rapidly adopted technology in history. While sector growth has been experienced worldwide, the impact has been exponential in developing countries. Today the mobile phone is the most popular and widespread personal communication technology on the planet, with an estimated average subscription world rate of 87 per 100 inhabitants in 20111.	12	3	0	1.0
10.18356/cabe9310-en	f0d8d2aee858d39d366be5131a6c64c6	Earlier in the 20th century, industry relied mainly on relatively clean industrial waste, but the quantities of materials separated from municipal solid waste have increased again since the 1980s.48 The economics of recycling is changing over time. For example, the cost of recycling electronic equipment in the US is approaching the point of producing a profit without individuals or businesses having to pay a fee to recycle their equipment. Figure 5.1 shows that secondary resource prices closely follow fluctuations in their corresponding virgin material.	12	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	f0d9163dd79f66f30e73421545ab6ca2	Growing populations, resource depletion and climate change compel all of us to think about sustainability and the needs of future generations. At the same time, the interaction between technology and globalisation has created new challenges and new opportunities. Digitalisation is connecting people, cities, countries and continents in ways that vastly increase our individual and collective potential.	4	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	f0d96ec34d9939ad4f0cfcad8bfbc874	Yet, none of the parallel causes of malnutrition are independent of income. The overall level of national income is a determinant of the state’s availability to pay for key public services, while individual incomes also determine the household’s uptake of education, and its access to health, water and sanitation.11 The composition of income growth matters as well as the overall rate, as it is increases in the incomes of the poorest that have the greatest impact on nutritional outcomes. Moreover, in many countries, the rural poor are discriminated against in terms of the provision of basic public services.	2	0	6	1.0
10.18356/6d6a82b2-en	f0db9ea1e7cbd04155d76f5a49b36a4a	In countries as diverse as Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu, between a quarter and a fifth of women had been married when they still were children. Available from httpi'/wvvw.wotldbankorg/en/news/opinion/2012/11/25/the-human-and-c-cannot-afford. See also http//wwwendvawnow.org/erVarticles/301-consequences-and-costs-.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264237056-10-en	f0dcc7222516193e47bbfc1f87b3240d	It focuses on research in agronomy, veterinary, biotechnology, rural economics and sociology, and related areas. It also includes technological updates for the agroindustrial sector and invests in tropical biotechnology and technological transfers. The organisations leading this process are Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) and Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econdmico e Social (BNDES). There are also state foundations, based on tax deductions at state level (1.5% on average), to support research projects in science and technology. These mechanisms are used in the agricultural sector, especially by universities and some of these research foundations finance R&D projects involving centres of excellence and private companies. Support is available for private companies, scientific and technological institutions, ICTs and cooperation between companies.	2	2	3	0.2
10.14217/c295c5f3-en	f0e0bc503d842c56a9add387466bb8ee	This could help secure an outcome whereby the WTO delivers on the trade-related SDG implementation, of which SDG 14 is just the first test. This would be a win not only for the WTO and the SDGs but also for small island developing states, which have an overwhelming economic dependence on the oceans and the fisheries sector for livelihoods and formal employment opportunities. Communication TN/TL/GEN/182 (2016). Press release of the PNAO, Majuro, Marshall Islands, 26 July.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	f0e1b5ec87f28780b05488ca39ab962d	With a remarkable literacy rate exceeding 85%, Cabo Verde has the foundation for an economic lift-off driven by a robust urban population with skills for a competitive private sector. The country’s urban renewal can therefore be an important driver of structural transformation in the years ahead. The region is facing persistent pockets of insecurity at its northern and eastern borders because of the threat of Boko Haram and the crisis in the Central African Republic. Cameroon's growth in 2015 has been estimated at a solid 5.7%, led mainly by the secondary sector, which grew by 8.4%.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bb63671b-en	f0e290b08d3625a0fecbdda01e1703f0	While the effect on the wife's share is as expected, we did not expect for husbands with a greater age gap to perform more housework. It is possible that the effect of the age gap within marriage is more complicated dian originally presumed; for example, the bargaining power effect may depend on whether die couples are in dieir childbearing years (stronger) or close to retirement (weaker). It also may depend on the presence of a domestic help or not, which can reduce the total amount of household work performed by the couple.	5	3	5	0.25
10.1787/85b52daf-en	f0e3329e30cc8f107fe47728cf5a25fd	This is largely driven by investments in renewable energy projects in developing countries by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of the development banks, but also by a significant number of technical assistance programmes targeting energy efficiency and renewable energy, such as training and capacity building for utilities, support for the development of clean technologies, and feasibility or demonstration projects for small scale renewables and energy efficiency technologies. The second largest share of private sector engagement went to green banking efforts and multi-sector projects (e.g. urban development). With respect to the banking sector, almost all development partners’ efforts included the development of green credit lines to support the uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency in developing countries.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264282261-26-en	f0e71f5ce58a57af884ff0772063d6b5	Most of the support went to general services for the fisheries sector such as management resources and infrastructure. The plan aims to further promote fish farming for aquaculture production and to restore depleted fish stocks. The Vision proposes practical measures in response to the shrinkage of these areas.	14	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591516-7-en	f0ebf47f84e1e570c01a1917a45ff86c	The government had to overcome strong opposition from the powerful Catholic Church but had unequivocal support from women’s groups. Over the last decade, therefore, health care reform, employment generation and women’s empowerment have become the focus for public policy in the more advanced Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. Social protection systems in the first group of countries are virtually nonexistent; the main mechanism is the family unit.	1	3	2	0.2
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	f0ed1338e8ca671763a1e6326ad9dd19	Such an estimate may not reflect well the cost of living for indigenous peoples or residents in small and remote communities. The more skewed the income distribution, or the more heterogeneous in terms of consumption behavior of the population, the more inaccurate and thus less representative this procedure will be. Thus, while a GDP deflator or a consumer price index can be computed for each of the Arctic nations, it may not be a valid reflection of the cost of living for indigenous peoples. While consumption patterns may be quite homogenous in a country such as Iceland, in Russia and Alaska significant differences exist in consumption across local regions and indigenous and non-indigenous communities.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cee83719-en	f0ed47de5b79c117ed852cac4508aff5	Positive outcomes include more efficient use of resources and strengthening of the links between thematic inspectors. However, the insufficient level of cooperation betw een GASI and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is a weak link in the new' system. The dependency of soum environmental inspectors on soum governors is another drawback. However, some implementing regulations are absent or incomplete, leading to some gaps in permitting, notably regarding air emissions and wastewater discharges.	15	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	f0eda39e3f7f5fb799703a3d23d7943f	Approaches must address both specific barriers that impede girls’ and women’s participation in sport and the often complex intersections of gender-specific issues and other markers of disadvantage, such as disability, ethnicity and socio-economic status (Jeanes et al. The provision of competitive and non-competitive sporting activities that are attractive to girls and women also requires intentional planning (Bailey et al. In some contexts, girls and women can benefit from specific opportunities that enable them to participate in environments that are safe and supportive.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264248908-7-en	f0eda4e37e3e4d9978a740d35ccf2e4d	Continued innovation and evaluation of the models of care, especially in rural and remote areas, is also needed. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Reforms in 2011 (namely, Law 1438) sought to strengthen universal health coverage by placing preventive and primary care as the cornerstone of the Colombian health system.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-20-en	f0f0bc1878e90ce61dacb35c5c9d2481	But the average teacher salary is still only half that of an individual with a tertiary education, which might limit attractiveness of the teaching profession and hinder recruitment. Schools are evaluated through well-structured, evidence-driven external inspections. Expenditure in education is lower than the OECD average, despite increases in spending on tertiary education. The financial crisis has affected education funding, particularly for nonteaching staff in small schools.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	f0f134d026f41baefe4ca2ac8bdaa364	The financial services and insurance sector is also potentially at risk as a result of increased pay-outs for damage to insured assets and changes in the performance of investments. It found that increases in mean temperature would lead to decreasing snow reliability. The most sensitive country is Germany, with Austria the second most sensitive.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264278530-8-en	f0f2f50a4eaa24c2567869278d18a025	Under this scheme a grant covering up to 20% of the investment in the plant can be provided. The remaining funds are provided by a 60% loan that is guaranteed by the local municipality and 20% of own financing. Municipalities are obliged to include the construction of biogas plants in their municipal planning, as well as the allocation of grants for selling biogas to co-generation plants and the natural gas net. Under the Directive, all EU countries are required to use energy more efficiently at all stages of the energy chain from its production to its final consumption.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264283572-en	f0f3e47429771af6042d326a83860cab	The 290 municipalities fund elderly care, home care and social care, while the regions are responsible for primary, psychiatric and specialist health care. Local and regional taxes are supplemented by the central government and by user charges. Subsidies for prescription drugs are paid for through designated state grants to the regions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	f0f41e0832926843bb4072b574de82b5	Permit and licensing systems are in place and enforced, vulnerability mapping for land use planning exists, good agricultural practices have been developed and implemented, and protection zones for drinking water supply have been established. Water protection is integrated in agricultural policy and in licensing procedures for industrial plants, as well as in hydropower development. Wastewater treatment infrastructure is in place. Austria reports that there is no urgent necessity for measures to adapt to climate change; scenarios have been developed and possible consequences investigated.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	f0f9656d609d0c82fca0c1e5b1105c9d	Countries in LAC tend to have ratified the convention earlier than countries in other regions. Discriminatory attitudes also vary across regions: one person in four declares that men make better political leader than women do in LAC (25%), one third in SSA (34%) and OECD countries (35%), and about one in two in EAP (53%) and ECA (54%). Gender-biased attitudes towards political leadership are widespread in SA and MENA where 67% and 74% of the population respectively underestimated women's political leadership. To address this question, we start by investigating the relationship between the gender-based discrimination in social institutions, captured by the SIGI, and income per capita, measured by GDP per capita.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	f0faa9ede9515722e06bfc140872c3a1	Nonetheless, it is implausible that remittances have no disincentive effects, although there is remarkably little direct evidence of this. In the case of Tonga, Sturton has argued that ‘The Tongan economy displays all the characteristic markings of the “Dutch disease” where a dominant export activity attracts a disproportionate command over resources, pushes up domestic production costs, and reduces international competitiveness. In the Tongan case the “booming” sector has become development assistance and migrants’ remittances’ (1992: 3).	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	f0fc7065b39d6382e231748517c8b2f7	Most contracts include minimum revenue assurance by the government, in the event that toll proceeds fall short of the agreed amount (OECD, 2009). The concessions co-ordination Unit of the Ministry of Public Works (Ministerio de Obras Publicas/MOP) regulates and controls the system. Inter-institutional co-ordination and the urban governance framework will be crucial for assuring a harmonious and sustainable urban development process in which transport, housing and environmental policies and priorities are all taken into consideration.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	f0fcfbe4aeb7463ebf8563148793d827	This might be particularly true in Indonesia where large fertiliser subsidies are channelled through fertiliser suppliers and not provided to farmers directly. In light of expressed government objectives, these proposals highlight policy options that are potentially more effective and efficient than some existing policy measures. Food security would be greatly enhanced by making agriculture a more attractive sector for investors.	2	3	0	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	f1002c51bf069a861994edfb18f31a4d	The Kyoto Protocol established a Joint Implementation (Jl) regime for trade among states that had emissions caps, and a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow states with emissions caps to offset these by purchasing emissions reductions from non-capped states. Jl and CDM led to a large volume of Europe-dominated and project-based emissions trading, with the CDM credit supply largely captured by China, to the exclusion of least developed countries (LDCs) unable to compete with China's efficient, low-cost project pipeline. Such domestic policies may include national or subnational emissions trading programmes.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4d2bf859-en	f103095c7ca483786bd12470174f3cbe	From a supply perspective, there is concern about the slowing down of yield growth in staple crops to levels that are insufficient for meeting future food demands without the expansion of agricultural land, which is already scarce in Asia. Some studies predict that in South Asia, the climate change scenario would result in a 14 percent decline in rice production relative to the no-climate-change scenario, a 44-49 percent decline in wheat production, and a 9-19 percent fall in maize production (Nelson etal. A 30 percent increase in the global population by 2050 will require a 60-70 percent increase in food production, taking into account changing consumption patterns.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283350-en	f10450378c169a0cf88af9cd67c42ced	A large part of the gain in life expectancy has been after age 65, so Estonian women at 65 have another 20 years to live and men more than 15 years (2015). Mortality from cancer is the second leading cause of death (accounting for 22% of women and 27% of men). External causes come third for both and account for the death of about 10% of men. During the same period, however, mortality from cancer did not fall and remains well above the EU average. Despite policies to combat smoking (see Section 5.1), lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	f105fdf81ad8a9df85e5246a2d8539fe	While this exercise is useful on a general level for expressing environmental deterioration as a component of the national accounting system, it cannot yet put an economic value on biodiversity per se. They can be divided into regulatory (command-and-control) approaches, economic instruments, and voluntary and information approaches. Table 5.1 gives an overview of the three types while Figure 5.4 shows the total area under conservation and sustainable use in several of these programmes.	15	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	f10c4f563f9d9225d5837bc53eeaa0f6	These changes in initial teacher education and professional development for experienced teachers are part of a move to professionalise teaching in Denmark. While 72.9% of lower secondary teachers in Denmark reported having participated in courses or workshops over the past 12 months (TALIS average: 70.9%), they spent fewer days on average on such activities than teachers in other countries. On average across TALIS countries, teachers spent 8.5 days on courses and workshops.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264169265-6-en	f10ee90960f6a9c6d293eb2f07d8b44a	Another five were under preparation as of March 2011. Nevertheless, the NNCP objective of increasing the protected area by 10% by 2015 is unlikely to be achieved. A recent analysis of the adequacy of protected areas in the important Dinaric Arc eco-region in the southwest of the country is a reminder that expanding the network remains a priority: out of 85 species and habitat types identified in the Slovenian part of the eco-region, only 15 are adequately covered by protected areas. Moreover, there are no connecting corridors between the Dinaric Arc eco-region and the Alps, impeding the conservation of migratory species, notably the brown bear. Slovenia currently has three Ramsar sites and several other wetlands with outstanding levels of biodiversity (e.g. the Mura floodplain, the Ljubljana marshes).	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	f11189d16cad061066535a263196435c	This poses some concern for local communities, but may also be a natural solution to problems of overfishing in some instances. It is estimated that around 43% of government financial transfers were devoted to fisheries infrastructure in 2003 (OECD 2006). The costs associated with fisheries policies are considered to be low as they are spread widely across the community.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	f11242759ae6966bd0dd885c43faa5d1	In addition, governments could themselves be financially affected by stranded assets, as they own 50-70% of global oil, gas and coal resources and collect taxes and royalties on portions they do not own (CPI, 2014). The Bank of England is to conduct an enquiry into the risk of fossil fuel companies causing a major risk to financial stability if future climate change rules render their coal, oil and gas assets worthless. Various elements of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure could help to lower the vulnerability of companies to climate policy and to climate change risks (i.e. stranding or actual destruction of assets).	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	f1131ea4c453dcff63cf8a8cf7b488a6	Likewise in Lao PDR, the government has emphasised the need to focus more on inclusive and sustainable growth in implementing the Eighth National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020 (RTM, 2015a). Development partners have also encouraged the integration of CSR in business models in the Vientiane Declaration on Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (20lb-25) as a result of dialogue with the government, calling for stronger partnerships between the private sector and the government in the development process (RTM, 2015b). They highlighted the importance of socially and environmentally responsible FDI, underlining that the social, environmental and economic price of ‘growing first and cleaning up later’ is too costly (RTM, 2015c).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	f113e434c0ecd9812d9363a52a3c5be3	Similarly, in France and Luxembourg, asset testing includes the value of the home converted into a revenue stream (e.g. akin to the concept of imputed rent). Finally, the total value of the home is included as part of the means test in some countries, including Denmark, Israel (in principle, cannot be a homeowner) and Portugal. The rationale for including assets in the means test is that it better reflects the distribution of economic welfare among individuals, leading to a fairer allocation of public support.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f1157117068360bac30cfe6458c6edfb	A different type of social group effect of unemployment might be its adverse impact on the size and nature of the circle of social contacts that help people find out about jobs or to get them. These effects are more likely the result of unemployment if the relevant contacts are typically found in a work environment; otherwise arguably similar effects might arise from a lack of income to afford to socialise. Most of the discussion in this section has assumed that getting a job is the route off SA receipt. But so too may be living with someone if the combined family income is high enough to remove eligibility.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	f115a40397fc5c274b5cf05b13957a9f	While not radically different from similar economies Bulgaria, Slovenia and Turkey, this is particularly significant for the six assessed economies given that access to natural gas supplies is patchy at best, with Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro not connected to gas pipelines. This uncertainty in energy supply is detrimental to consumer welfare and, crucially, undermines national competitiveness. Reliable energy supplies are critical to the competitiveness of local industries and businesses, and an important signal for potential investors. The pipeline of investments in energy infrastructure in place aims to improve energy security further, address remaining historic weaknesses and accommodate rapid technological change.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f11841ed5bf7b32390c9445993517c9b	Benefit receipt thus tends to be a transitory phenomenon, and ‘recipients’ and ‘non-recipients’ should therefore not necessarily be considered as two very distinct groups. Let the entry rate be defined as the number of individuals who receive benefits in the current period and who did not receive benefits in the previous period as a percentage of all non-recipients in the previous period.21 Analogously, the exit rate is the number of benefit leavers as a share of all benefit recipients in the previous period. Figure 7 plots year-to-year entry and exit rates for the eight countries, again using different panels to distinguish between types of data source.	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/9b20b341-en	f11a0466582f778adb84667bc55f7601	This is discussed later in the report (Chapters 5.6 and 7.3). The Convention also requires Parties to: 'ensure that the generation of hazardous wastes and other wastes are minimised.’ The Rotterdam Convention covers the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade13, and forms another important restraint on the unregulated trade in waste.	14	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264091344-14-en	f11a47b57356e787aaea476d8733bde2	There has been considerable public debate on the appropriate content framework of technical education. What is now favoured is the integration of professional-technical education with general academic education, somewhat on a comprehensive curricular approach. However, during this transitionary phase, it is not always achieved in practice, and will require more co-ordinated actions among the various departments of the MEC.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	f11ad7fe5259d82d7f040894b16cba2b	Three major types of policy interventions can help in redesigning the landscape of adaptation financing prospects so as to render it more hospitable to private interests. Hence, the potential for establishing international policy leadership for the improvement of adaptation-related financial flows is high. Indeed, a clear example of regulatory action designed to increase funding for adaptation is provided by the Green Climate Fund, which is mandated to allocate 50 per cent of its funds towards adaptation.	13	0	4	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	f11ba243321285950cba249d577e5db9	Studies carried out in developed countries have found that the care sector is distinguished from other sectors by certain specific characteristics: it is highly feminized; it offers limited access to social protection; its workforce has a high proportion of migrants; turnover is high; and pay is low. These factors together create conditions that foster precariousness, discrimination and inequality. Past research has covered related topics, including a comparative study of domestic employment (ECLAC, 2007; Valenzuela and Moras, 2009; Blofield, 2012) as well as research on employment and wages in the education sector (Navarro, 2002; Liang, 2003; Vaillant and Rossel, 2006; Cerrutti, 2008; Mizala and Nopo, 2011) and the health sector (Malvarez and Castrillon, 2005; Rico and Marco, 2006; Pautassi, 2006). However, veiy few studies have taken a comprehensive comparative look at paid care work.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	f11bda4dc32cf2a08b985f47ff4333a7	Administratively Kazakhstan comprises 14 regions (oblasts) and 2 cities of republican significance - Astana and Almaty; the regions are divided into 175 administrative districts. Despite hyperinflation and deep recession post-independence, Kazakhstan not only recovered but made exceptional economic progress, with GDP growth of around 10% per year between 2000 and 2007, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world at the time. Economic expansion slowed considerably in the post global financial crisis period, but picked up again between 2010 and 2014.	3	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264119536-11-en	f11d3d1eeff203543428106e40026ea7	The country results for the decade from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s demonstrate that it is possible for tax-benefit systems to be quite effective at stabilising inequality even during periods of rapidly growing market-income disparities. The extent of inequality cushioning was strongest in Canada, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, where trends towards more extensive government redistribution offset more than 70% of the rise in market-income inequality up until the mid-1990s. For instance, in Finland, greater equalisation through taxes and benefits offset more than three quarters of the 23% increase in market-income inequality up until 1995, but by 2004, this has dropped to 50%.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	f11e5ba442822e7d2b48c5f220954413	As a result, the number of displaced and evicted people has increased and discontent over poor or unfair compensation for land loss is on the rise (EIU, 2012). Profits from land sales also became a principal source of income for provincial governments, which also function as the legal authorities responsible for the transfer and use of land registration. Land expropriation is a major issue today in Viet Nam and protests over land seizures are becoming more frequent and violent (see Box 1.1). Exclusionary patterns of land ownership clearly make the task of achieving social cohesion more difficult (OECD, 2011).	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264282261-18-en	f11e6afbf690dcd19afc1f7445482ed3	Aquaculture is an EMFF priority with EUR 1.2 billion (USD 1.6 billion) worth of support allocated to it. To address challenges of overfishing, reliance on imports for fish, low profits and dependence on subsidies in many fleet segments, and complexity of governance, the reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) was proposed. The new CFP was agreed by the Council and Parliament and entered into force in 1 January 2014. It advocates for a progressive implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. It aims at efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries industry, while minimising the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Moreover, it seeks to fulfil the goal of Good Environmental Status (GES) in European seas by 2020 in line with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	f12143e0ca13c38bb252cd0ee9f22188	Physical and digital assets can be represented as “tokens” of value on the shared distributed registries, allowing the tokens to be directly traded among network participants. In essence, these core capabilities allow for the use of cryptocurrencies (e.g. Bitcoin, Ether) as well as tokenised digital records (e.g. property rights, physical property rights) in the context of the infrastructure lifecycle, from financing, and procurement, through tendering and operations. Greater standardisation of contracts and documentation in the bidding and procurement stages of the infrastructure project life cycle is critical to reducing their cost and complexity, as well as facilitating their comparability.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	f12343c3765213e27d41ab0806bafef3	Research effort has been undertaken to address the problems associated with using REW, both for farmers, but also in terms of health and environmental costs. One such success story has been the use of soil aquifer treatment to ensure greater purification of REW. For Israel to move toward more sustainable use of REW, however, will further require: examining the stringency of treatment standards; investing in treatment infrastructure; and developing research, especially on the concerns related to the possible links between use of REW in agriculture and endocrine disruption in the male population. Environmental Law and Policy Center, Chicago, United States. Redesigning animal Agriculture, CAB International, United Kingdom.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	f1250fdd5d476796526e87d3f3326846	Complex activities are worth multiple NWAUs, while the more straightforward are worth fractions of an NWAU. Activity-based funded hospitals that treat patients who reside in rural locations receive an adjustment, which results in additional funding. As discussed in Chapter 2, one of the financial incentives for GPs under the Practice Incentives Programme is a Procedural General Practitioner Payment, which aims to encourage GPs in rural and remote areas to maintain local access to surgical, anaesthetic and obstetric services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	f1256b5c6659c6782af5e8ecc78d9651	"In reality migration decisions are complex, and choices are rarely made without constraint. For instance, when livelihoods are threatened by slow-onset events such as climate change and environmental degradation, the distinction between forced and voluntary migration may not be clear-cut. The term ""survival migration"" has sometimes been used to refer to migration induced by conditions of extreme economic difficulties. The important point is that in reality, migration decisions are complex and depend on multiple factors. They are best viewed as lying along a spectrum in which elements of choice and coercion intermingle and can be more or less predominant depending on circumstances and context. Totally forced migration generally occurs in the form of displacement (often over short distances) in response to direct threats to life caused by natural or human-made disasters or by armed conflicts."	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264243606-en	f126e5865260c950c5decd4037010571	To understand whether the interventions represent efficient uses of resources independently or in combination requires assessing their costs and health effects independently and in combination. Only then is it possible to account for non-linearities in costs and effects. Most cost-effectiveness studies have been undertaken in developed countries, but not even the richest countries have been able to evaluate the full set of interventions required to undertake a sectoral analysis specific to their own setting.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	f12b4b41aa4cf748bc491b12b8f3ece9	The profitability of generating units that are likely to operate only for a relatively small number of hours in each year (peaking capacity) is especially sensitive to the level of prices that are realized during the small number of high demand hours in which they provide energy or operating reserves. Figure 21 shows the notional revenues calculated for a peak power plant in Australia. A gas fired power plant running only when prices are above 1000 AUS$/MWh would have earned revenues above annual costs only two years in the period 2006-2011, corresponding to two dry years.	7	2	6	0.5
10.18356/e617261d-en	f12c732826a7770f2c37418b55b2a6f4	In Gender and U.S. Immigration: Contemporary Trends, P. Hondagneu-Sotelo, ed. Oakland, California: University of California Press, pp. Zhenshhiny i Deti iz Kyrgyzstana, Vovlechennye v Migraciju. Naibolee Ujazvimye Gruppy [Females and children from Kyrgyzstan involved in migration: the most vulnerable groups].	5	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5kg3rp9qbnr6-en	f13075de0f24cba9dfb53b77adb10fa9	Curriculum narrowing leads to more time spent on tested areas, like mathematics and reading, and less time on nontested content, such as history. As a consequence of accountability systems, teachers may overemphasise certain subjects that will be tested, even if they make up only a small part of the entire curriculum (Eurydice, 2009). In addition, specific subjects can be omitted from the lesson plans as tested areas are given increasing priority (King and Zucker, 2005).	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	f1315dee87310f2e7a258c8588b041e3	Inclusive policy making enhances transparency and public participation, while enabling governments to improve their policy performance, support economic recovery, restore the social contract and strengthen trust in institutions by considering impacts on various stakeholders and working with citizens, civil society and businesses to design better policies for better lives. Indeed, inclusive policies require integrating concerns of both men and women at all stages of the policy process and across all policy sectors, through the process called gender mainstreaming. Section 204(a) of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action states that governments must “seek to ensure that before policy decisions are taken, an analysis of their impact on women and men, respectively, is carried out.”	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e95f1f91-en	f132b424de3a0eff4eddbc51261b2c97	Close collaboration among the staff working on different Biodiversity-related Conventions is an excellent and effective way to further strengthen synergies across the biodiversity-related MEAs. This makes a positive contribution and significant impact through joint regional work, for example, the organization of the Pacific Regional Joint Preparatory Meeting in August 2014, described in a case study in the Capacity building section (Case study 39, pg. Collaborative working among these officers means that there are synergies in the support which is provided to Parties.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	f1356971a4afc110a7d6e7c7ff0037f5	One exception is butter (ghee), the production of which has been growing quickly at 3.7% p.a. Butter production is projected to grow 4% p.a. This growth will also provide excess nonfat solids which will result in additional skim milk powder production that will be exported, primarily to Asian markets.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264100817-9-en	f136bb5cc9c292ea3d5eb98dc25caafa	In particular, investments to adjust the long-run water supply (e.g. investments in water abstraction), as well as proposing alternative water supply options to tackle short-term water shortages, are key to providing reliable access to water. To give an idea of the potential effect of managing water demand, a report prepared for the European Commission (Dworak et al., These water saving technologies are not only easy to introduce and to implement, but have also short payback periods, further enhancing their uptake possibilities.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0cf73767-en	f13705db795b2b0a3bb71cbebb445e8f	The bottlenecks revealed by the taskforce’s analysis included, for example, the absence of trading standards, poorly coordinated market information, the need to transport produce over long distances, small volumes and consequently high marketing margins. The taskforce also identified five distinct supply channels linking cassava producers with various final markets, ranging from subsistence consumption to the commercial sale of industrial starches and related products. Instead, the taskforce adopted a demand-led strategy, focusing on market development in both trade and upstream processing industries, all of which stand to benefit from access to low-cost, cassava-based carbohydrates.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	f1380c8c6dbd458b99db08c777cba862	Success, however, was short-lived. The reforms were not deep enough to give farmers real incentives to produce more. The government maintained strict control over prices and trade for both inputs and outputs through SOEs and internal trade restrictions. Household quotas were sometimes raised by co-operatives following their observation of increased production.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f13995f66ce9e9a05664e29661464266	For example, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor (2000) observe that among the working-age men in their sample who were unemployed at the time of an annual interview, around one-third were in an unemployment spell that lasted longer than 12 months (the average gap between annual interviews). For these cases, unemployment a year ago (y„-i) refers to the same spell rather than a different spell; so the higher chances of unemployment for those with yit.i = 1 may in part reflect the relatively long length of the unemployment spell to date. In order to check the sensitivity of the estimates of (Markovian) state dependence derived from their basic DREP model, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor fit two further model variants.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	f13b22d58c4771c258f4074d2d767a08	Beyond investing in children, labour market policies have taken on a new sort of prominence as a delivery mechanism for social welfare, at least in Europe, and there is a shift in philosophy from passiveincome maintenance to encouraging participation in paid work (ibid.). For instance, the 'flexicurity' approach, which first emerged in Denmark, combines labour market flexibility with social security for unemployed workers and active labour market policies designed to retrain and reskill workers and get them back to work {Heintz and Lund 2012). At the same time, cash benefits to families to help with the costs of raising children have been increased. Combined with the emphasis on early childhood education and care as a tool for investment rather than a way to mobilize female labourforce participation, the result is a lot of part-time work among women (Daly 2011; Jenson 2010).	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	f13c76641bce35e2040dc37908b4d2bf	The second largest group, however, believes that “jobs are only given to people who have connections”, reflecting frustration with a system that is perceived as unfair, because connections depend largely on personal background and access to privileged circles that most youth do not have and cannot obtain. At the same time, the practice of distributing jobs on the basis of connections is a clear indication of the scarcity of good jobs. In a robust labour market, employers compete for workers and have to cast a wide and open net to attract the workforce they need.	8	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	f13ddbe79671e54f11990bb975f4a400	This can be brought from farmers or traders, with a maximum price set by MOF. These goods and services were divided into two lists: one for which the state determined fixed prices and one subject to framed (floor or ceiling) prices. Fixed prices were set for electricity, postal fees, domestic telephone, water, natural resource; land rent and residential premises owned by the government. Framed prices for agricultural-related commodities included: maximum prices for selling rice in major domestic markets, for transporting food from the south to the north and to mountainous areas, for transporting fertiliser from the north to the south, for importing urea (fertiliser) in foreign currencies; and minimum prices for buying paddy from farmers and for exporting rice in foreign currencies.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jm0v3s71fs5-en	f1426dc96be530dba5c08a40f3b64c0f	"In addition, international actors have been criticised for permitting a ""blame culture"" in which risks were unfairly distributed along the partnership chain, with front-line responders exposed to the most significant risk. The RMU was established in 2011 to help UN agencies to better asses and understand risk. It is funded by Denmark, DFID and the Common Humanitarian Fund for Somalia. The RMU carries out risk assessments and monitoring; conducts due diligence on implementing partners; and manages a database of risk-related evidence on UN implementing partners."	10	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	f143c6518e503400207634f1ec9d9366	Des initiatives nationales specifiques existent pour lutter contre les problemes psychologiques les plus urgents, tel que le suicide, la stigmatisation sociale et l’augmentation des problemes mentaux chez les jeunes et les travailleurs suedois. The actual responsibilities for health care provision are divided between three levels of government: national, regional and local. Thus, Parliament passes legislation and sets the budget for mental health initiatives, and county councils and municipalities manage mental health services and administration. While this organisational set-up allows for effective and targeted delivery of services, it also requires advanced collaboration, communication and cooperation amongst various governmental bodies and mental health care providers.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/98d85d93-en	f1454ca62c1d2d86ca4c823712c45ceb	"Women and girls are subject to human trafficking and forced labour on board these vessels, primarily for sexual exploitation rather than as fishing labourers. Women are also reported to be victims of trafficking in the land-based fish processing sector (ILO 2013). When fishing rights are transferred or eliminated in these ways, the indigenous and traditional fishing rights of both women and men can be easily overlooked or misunderstood (Coope SoliDar R.L/ICSF 2015, Madrigal-Cordero and Solis-Rivera 2012). "" Ocean grabbing"" has gender-differentiated effects (Bennet ef al. Groups who are already marginalized, including women, are especially vulnerable to ""grabbing""; moreover, women fishers and gleaners whose work is concentrated in foreshore and reef areas are often within sight of communities and open to surveillance and regulation for IUU ""violations"" in ways that other types of fishing is not (Bennet et al. They have primary responsibilities in many countries for performing jobs such as smoking, salting and drying, as well as selling fish and seafood products in local markets."	14	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/7ddddd07-en	f1454cedbe7904cdebf3f71418ed5f0c	Information retrievable from participations to start-up events and activity in the social networks (e.g. Twitter) or co-authorship of patents or academic research articles can be used to build plausible proxies of individuals’ networks. The exception is Start-Up Chile (SUC). In contrast to many government-led funds it is open to start-ups from other countries.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	f14a5c10d33cf3a4844675ddc8bc34dc	Technical innovations in urban water management have proven crucial for conserving and reusing water and protecting cities from water-related risks. But resilient urban water management requires both hard and soft infrastructure. This is largely because water crises are primarily governance crises that go beyond issues of hydrology, financing and infrastructure.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/80f460e1-en	f14f477e31a199bb22db59e17b825863	"First of all, irregular migrants may face numerous hardships, including detention, unsatisfactory housing, poor access to water and sanitation, difficult working conditions, and the stress and insecurity caused by their situation.55 Secondly, their mental health may be affected by the social isolation they experience as a result of being separated from family and social networks, as well as by job insecurity, difficult living conditions and exploitative treatment. Finally, many irregular migrants experience sexual and gender-based violence, become vulnerable to illness, or lose access to essential health documentation in the course of the often long and precarious journeys they make to reach their countries of destination. The Special Rapporteur on the right to health has noted that irregular migrants ""may face extreme health risks during transit owing to hazardous conditions such as being cramped or hidden in boats or trucks. They may also face physical and sexual violence during transit."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/028f7d06-en	f14f5d64f5a2d2852f4ea4ab2cc8f7a7	This indicates the existence of new core families without the resources to become independent from the household of origin of one of the spouses. This status can coexist (or not) with sporadic or stable participation in the world of work. In certain conditions, labour experiences can mitigate the risk of lack of wellbeing in the future caused by leaving school early and can facilitate the insertion of dropouts in society. This is particularly the case with the kinds of productive insertion that provide ongoing training, job stability, labour union membership, benefits and social security. However, recognizing that the likelihood of access to such opportunities varies inversely with the levels of qualification attained highlights the importance of efforts to prevent early dropouts.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	f14f7ab255ee0b5adcbd626a2abb56e9	Around 64% of water and sanitation networks need complete repair or replacement. Insufficient metering, which does not charge for actual consumption, and low tariffs discourage utility companies from making the substantial investments required to renew and modernise the networks. The two main sources of air pollution are industrial and energy plants and individual motor vehicles. Although concentrations of particulate matter were lower in 2011 than in other upper-middle income countries, they are expected to rise quickly in large cities, given the rapidly increasing motorisation rates.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/896ea4e7-en	f14fb9b0a82cfedf5bb3f7c75f57f6bc	The detailed case study is available in the 2017 OECD report The Political Economy 0/Biodiversity Policy Reform. A separate “Policy Highlights” brochure, which distils key messages and lessons learned from the full report is also available. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.	14	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	f1506d1468871230f89c8de06e6d504f	It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years. It manages the integration of structural funds into broader spatial strategies and was directly responsible for the programming work related to 1 of the 11 thematic objectives of the programming period 2014-20. They were established (mandated) as part of the Modernisation of territorial public action and affirmation of metropolises law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities. The CTAP in each region are chaired by the President of the Regional Council. Its membership includes representatives of departements and intercommunalities of different sizes.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	f150f165fa4f77311c194acfe9abacc3	The different cuts that are made depend on the characteristics of the log and customer needs, and may include the use of an edger, a squaring saw, and a plank and board saw, and lastly, trimming. The final product consists of wood of different levels of quality, corresponding to the sawn lumber classification. This process makes it possible to reduce humidity to 12% or 14%, and its duration depends on the environmental conditions of the site, the season and the species.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	f150f731f706c6a48b9743b267ce9fa5	The strengthening of animal and plant health and inspection systems is another area that can also underpin the longer term development of domestic and international markets for the Brazilian agricultural sector. While short term benefits accrue to farmers from price support and credit programmes, in the longer run sector-wide investments can have a higher pay-off to farmers. Although Brazil provides comparatively low support to farmers, there may be opportunities to gradually transfer additional resources to public investment in the light of the expected improvements in agricultural productivity and the associated profitability of the sector.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264097551-en	f15429861c8b31333d3d79c29cd528c3	Locally, employers are engaged in the system particularly through the provision of workplace training. This is a real strength, and there remains a need to sustain and develop this consensus between national government, autonomous communities in the regions of Spain, employers and unions on VET policy. Graduates of upper secondary VET (with VET diplomas) were previously required to restart upper secondary academic programmes in order to spend another two years studying before obtaining the Spanish Baccalaureate - this has now been reduced to one year. This is a welcome and positive development. In Spain, at lower secondary level, the VIP (vocational initial programme) has now adopted this approach as it aims to reintegrate some young people in school through vocational programmes.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f1587c367bec82791daafa338ac9f016	"The foundation's extensive range of activities includes not only targeted advice on technologies and markets, and a wide range of information and further training measures, but the implementation and knowledge transfer and development projects. Transfer of Transfer (ToT)"" is the product of years of work by the Steinbeis Foundation in the field of technology transfer. The result of this project is a technology transfer system adapted to the recipient country and which forges the necessary links between industry, research and government."	4	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/77cccad1-en	f15c06f77cb70e209a5dd956c4ca187d	More efficient sorting and transfer stations are now being built, allowing the sorting of 100 per cent of MSW. More than 70,000 tons of secondary resources (paper, cardboard and textiles) are collected annually through the receiving centres of municipal utilities. There are now 88 waste recycling plants, which operate in all large and medium-sized cities, including Brest, Baranovichi, Gomel, Mogilev and Novopolotsk. There is a positive dynamic reflected in the increase in the share of secondary resource extraction (more than 30 per cent).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	f15f15ce4afaaa4839b17a0b0309640c	These investments are generally for the purpose of improving the quantity, quality, timing, or reliability of water itself at the place where the farmer needs it. In much the same way as a reduced cost of maintaining infrastructure improves farm income, greater amounts of water saved from that investment that is made available for irrigation use on the farm have a similar economic effect.13 However, depending on the price of water charged to irrigators, additional water saved may or may not end up getting used. There is only additional farm income resulting from saved water if water demand exceeds supply at the going price charged to farmers. If there is an excess supply at the going price, the additional water will not be used for irrigation and there is no farm income gained.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	f15fea28cc52543d5fc988b974e4a8f3	From an initial sample focus of 64 woredas3 (12% of the total) the lessons will be gradually scaled up to the whole country. And each government sector will ensure the mainstreaming of climate change via Sectoral Climate Programmes and Action Plans. Although not engaged in developing the CRGE strategy, several are already playing a significant role in shaping and supporting its implementation plan. Some are focusing on green economy outcomes in thematic areas, notably energy and forestry. Others focus on building or enhancing enabling factors, such as law enforcement, capacity development and awareness-raising for ministry staff, incentivising private sector engagement, and creating credit lines for innovation and technology development. ‘ Green’ concerns are also being mainstreamed into aid programmes in the economic and social sectors, such as using social protection instruments for climate adaptation (Box 1).	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/6005bdbf-en	f163c3ce7868c3263148d1a44bfd09e4	The programme was thus incorporated into the system of planning, budget, disbursement, procurement, accountability for results and value for money. To this end, the presidency through the Ministry of Devolution and Planning spearheaded Huduma Kenya as a flagship project under the Kenya Vision 2030. Drawing on definitions adopted for the business sector and their adaptation in public innovation measurement, public sector innovation can be defined as the implementation by a public sector organisation of new or significantly improved operations or products (OECD, 2012).	9	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	f163d2b2b6f09ef2afb687b1c480dfb5	In the HWBI, women are working on a variety of enterprises, including business and personal services and handicraft/jewellery production. In the JFBPW incubators, women are involved in services, food production, arts and crafts, graphic design, and health and beauty products. The JFBPW targets young women graduates, AFEM does not seek a particular profile, and the EBWA targets women from lower and middle-income groups, women who already have microenterprises, and women who may be operating in the informal sector but with project ideas showing some aspects of innovativeness and commercial promise.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	f1653e22620932b503847b3b225d1cca	Participants are also given bridging support (PLN 7 500 for a six-month period) to cover the operating costs of the new business. Poland’s employment office has featured participants in a television series about the project to promote entrepreneurship among older people. This makes self-employment more attractive for older people, because the insurance costs less and there is a guaranteed minimum coverage. One such example, Cologne’s multigenerational Living for Help programme, helps students find accommodation in the homes of older people. This project serves the needs of both generations, offering students housing and older people services and support at home. Meanwhile, it helps build community awareness and mutual support networks and provides services within a community that are not currently addressed by existing government programmes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	f16725707b2f5b649475d731d59ee41b	In general, however, methodologies for result-based financing were reported to be newly developed or under development in developing countries, but also across donor agencies. Providers and supporters are also in the process of establishing their own expertise, through systems to monitoring results to identify project impact and to measure benefits and trade-offs among different dimensions (e.g. environmental, social, economic, financial). For example, AFD, within its “climate and development action plan for 2012-2016”, has established a systematic procedure to assess the carbon footprint of projects it finances in developing countries and the GHG impact is taken into account in AFD's decision making process.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	f1678025ba0c8a4b2990a65ef6f17646	This chapter examines the eight most common challenges addressed by green growth policy recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys, Environmental Policy Reviews, Investment Policy Reviews and Reviews of Innovation Policy (Figure 2.1).2 The challenges relate to implementing market instruments to price pollution and natural-resource use; orienting tax systems to advance green growth; designing environmentally relevant subsidies; and gearing sectoral policy towards green growth. Green growth policy design and mainstreaming are ongoing, the range of relevant issues is broad and the challenges countries face are different (Table 2.1). The eight most common challenges addressed in this chapter will not necessarily apply to all countries. Rather, they demonstrate where some of the main opportunities to accelerate and improve green growth policy implementation lie across countries. Other challenges remain relevant, depending on the country in question. To transition to a green economy, governments need to send consistent market signals that the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions will gradually increase - otherwise companies will have little incentive to shift away from fossil fuels.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	f168143f0a2c5e107be14cccdb6ed187	Some elements may be missed because the NCs are intended to provide an overview of the main activities underway, rather than an exhaustive account of all the adaptation activities taking place within a country. Additionally, the majority of NCs included in the analysis were published in 2009 or 2010, and due to the pace of change in adaptation programmes they may lack some important recent developments. The review of NCs has, therefore, been complemented by information from national planning documents, direct contact with member governments and the May 2012 Policy Forum on Adaptation to Climate Change in OECD Countries.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	f16a5c5ea5271ab96a33ecead4cf8030	If job-search is costly for workers, unprejudiced employers (who hire women) may take advantage of the fact that female workers find it harder to be employed in a market with (even only few) prejudiced employers, and offer them lower wages (Black, 1995). Gender gaps may also persist in the absence of strong negative priors if male employers are better at judging the talents of male employees than of female ones (Aigner and Cain, 1977). Education is a costly investment and employers’ underestimation of women’s talents reduces its value for women.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	f16bd0d60d62c68aa9e9f271184f9253	The empirical approach can be easily repeated with data for later periods. However, while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed, the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place. The most common potential employment barriers among these 31% of the working-age population were low skill levels, health limitations and limited work experience.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	f16daa1af74f44cadde10e94f1a28dcb	In addition, some results may be difficult to quantify, and/or difficult to attribute to a specific intervention. Nevertheless, increased compatibility of different results frameworks could help to improve comparisons of the effectiveness and efficiency of different climate finance interventions. The indicator options presented focus on the mitigation or adaptation benefits of GCF activities - at project, programme or “transformative” level.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	f16efeea520d886d25a4f33176a12b2f	School principals recruited under the new recruitment process can appoint and dismiss the members of their school leadership team and propose the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers in their school who have been poorly evaluated in the national teacher evaluation system. At the same time, this new framework has established a greater degree of accountability for school principals. Under the new recruitment process, all school principals are appointed for a period of five years only after which they need to reapply. This provides an opportunity to periodically reassess, recognise and acknowledge well-performing principals, and to provide incentives for continuous development and improvement.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	f172719191ae05102d853d407fcff5fe	Women's rights to land, property, food, water and sanitation, as well as work and social security, are intrinsically linked to the right to attain an adequate standard of living. All these rights are guaranteed under international human rights law, including the right to enjoy these rights on an equal basis with men, without discrimination. Women's access to services, to education and to productive resources is paramount to the realization of the above-mentioned rights. Women's rights in, access to and control over land, housing and property are a determining factor in their living conditions especially in rural economies, essential to women and their children's daily survival, economic security and physical safety. Despite the importance of these rights for women and female-headed households, women still disproportionally lack security of tenure.41 This is often because property is registered in a man's name; the father, husband or brother. In the event of separation, divorce or widowhood, the man or his family often retains rights to the property or the land whereas the woman becomes homeless or will have to share the property with her in-laws without gaining control or rights over it.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-7-en	f174a3ef0e2ef6d38acf68ee8d80554c	The PME must contain technical and pedagogical support and initiatives that specifically respond to priority student needs and implement pedagogical strategies for students with low academic achievement (see Chapter 2 for the role of the SEP in the funding system and Chapter 4 for the use of school improvement plans in schools). As a complement to the SEP and conditional on participating in the SEP, school providers can receive a Grant for Concentration of Priority Students (Subuencion por Concentration de Alumnos Prioritarios). This grant provides an extra amount per student which depends on the proportion of disadvantaged students in the school. School providers with schools enrolling students in extreme poverty can also benefit from a Grant for Retention (Subuencion Educacional Pro-retencion). The grant is provided for each disadvantaged student belonging to a family which participates in the programme Chile Solidario, a part of Chile’s social protection system designed to address the needs of vulnerable families, individuals and geographical areas (also see Chapter 2) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Teachers in difficult working conditions receive a Difficult Conditions of Work allowance (Asignacion por desempeno en condiciones dificiles).	4	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	f17787c43764e274a0bd1fa1eca01632	This in turn will equip citizens with the necessary tools, skills and understanding to fully participate in their societies. To encourage the growth of learning cities and lifelong learning, UNESCO has established the Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) encompassing one thousand cities and communities around the world (Box 1). For example, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can provide high quality education courses to wide audiences for free (although some suffer from high drop-out rates and low completion rates).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	f1778a877a326518330e21b42381ed4f	The Advisory Councils may, in particular, submit recommendations on matters relating to the management of fisheries and the socio-economic and conservation aspects of fisheries and aquaculture to the Commission and to the Member States concerned, inform the Commission and the Member States concerned of problems relating to the management and socio-economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture, propose solutions to overcome those problems and contribute, in close cooperation with scientists to the collection, supply and analysis of data necessary for the development of conservation measures. In addition, within the framework of the new regionalized CFP, Member States shall consult the Advisory Councils when formulating joint recommendations for achieving the objectives of the Union conservation measures that they recommend. In addition to the above mentioned seven existing Advisory Councils, the new CFP foresees the creation of four new Advisory Councils for the Black Sea, Aquaculture, Markets and Outermost regions. The value of such communication was demonstrated in the 1992 collapse of the Atlantic cod stocks in Canada.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	f1788220cb9a042d6e7abdc1f94eb91a	In other words, developing countries' poor performance is the consequence of their ‘underdevelopment’ (UNCTAD, 2004). Transaction costs (trade facilitation, communication, transport and energy costs) tend to be systematically higher in developing countries. For example, in Africa, total freight costs represent more than 10% of imported value, as compared to an average of 8.8% for all developing countries and 5.2% for developed countries (UNCTAD, 1999).	1	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/872035ff-en	f1788812af2c08ab6f11d01997e49246	This will establish or maintain sustainable, community-based natural resource management in hilly or mountainous lands, prone to erosion and resource degradation. It also fits the'Additionality'criterion, which refers to the need to show that achieved levels of services would have not occurred in the absence of PES. In this case natural regeneration was prevented by excessive grazing of goats, so the regeneration can be shown to be additionality as a result of the PES scheme. The activities included in the project are expected to sequester a total of 0.14 Mt C02eq by 2012 and around 0.25 Mt C02eq by 2017.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	f179988cb702faa07ae6670752288b9d	Following a second reform in 2007, firms with 50 or more workers now have to hand over the severance contributions to the government, which subsequently makes severance payments to the worker. Accordingly, they encourage employers to invest in their workers' training, which increases their productivity and employability. Other positive effects of more permanent labour relations include greater trust, cooperation and loyalty between the two parties, in addition to stimulating team spirit, which could generate higher productivity and facilitate the introduction of new technologies.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229631-8-en	f17afb0741eaae78b9cce15d1b31a90d	Allocation reforms require a holistic view of the system, since the reform of only one aspect of allocation can have unintended impacts on other parts of the system. In terms of sequencing, the cases attest to the importance of determining a sustainable baseline (to determine how much water is available for allocation), before introducing changes to an allocation regime. Similarly, ensuring the hydrological integrity in the allocation system by accounting for return flows is important, especially when introducing trading that can shift water among uses with different rates of consumption. For instance, if entitlements are based on total withdrawals and a transfer is made from a user that has low consumptive use to one that has high consumptive use, return flows to the basin are reduced, putting pressure on the sustainability of the resource.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/65d65044-en	f17c13f90eb058dc0bd7f70cdff505d2	In relation to food (see chap. Successful examples often incorporate local knowledge of ecological conditions, soils and seeds; cooperatives for production and marketing; and support, such as credit to enable poorer farmers to access appropriate inputs. State interventions, for instance in setting minimum wages and price regulation, and international negotiations around such issues as export subsidies and the maintenance of reserve stocks to offset price volatility, also support access and rights to food. These investments bring essential benefits both in terms of environmental sustainability and in enhancing people's capabilities, dignity and health.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264283411-en	f17c8b449641551791398cd125abc02b	Past public health programmes, which were often ambitious in their stated goals, largely remained unimplemented in practice. Moreover, public health programmes adopted since the political transition that emphasised the need to tackle health inequalities did not sufficiently analyse their causes or formulate adequate strategies to address them successfully. The regulation aimed to limit the maximum trans fatty acid content of foodstuff and redefine nutritional health rules for public catering.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	f17c963ad5ad4f1b9a08130872583ffd	However, both challenges can be tackled together. One of the reasons for diminishing interest in short vocational secondary education programmes is the lack of direct access to tertiary education for those graduating from these programmes. One way of addressing this issue is therefore to align the core elements of different upper secondary tracks.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/062acf72-en	f17d85cd221a5fd179bfcfef8e829573	No new sites were designated after 2001. According to the 2014 National Report to the Ramsar Convention, the country plans to submit nominations for six new sites (Iskanderkul, Nurek, Sarez, Syr Darya, Yashilkul and Zeravshan). In addition, Tajikistan provided national data to the ECE/FAO Study on trends and challenges in achieving the Global Objectives in Forests (GOF), prepared for the 11th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests in May 2015.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-8-en	f180902d0432e55faf3aa56ff820a863	With competing interests and stringent resources, it would be extremely difficult for them to justify allocating resources to tasks that are vaguely mandated. Currently, national green growth policies and strategies are neither legally founded nor mainstreamed into sectoral legal frameworks such as the Law on Urban Development. An important option would be to clearly state in a legally binding document that subnational governments are responsible for fostering green growth within their administrative areas. Providing clearer mandates and specific actions for subnational governments will actively steer them toward allocating their manpower and budget to green growth actions.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxg3xb0h20-en	f183d050772910c81262fa6b8d126c43	The Adaptation Committee’s remit also includes sharing of relevant information, knowledge, experience and good practices. In addition, the NWP was established to facilitate and catalyse the development and dissemination of information and knowledge to support adaptation policies and practices and includes an annual exchange of views with different stakeholders via the Focal Point Forum. Further, the recently-established UNFCCC “NAP Central” website aims to provide examples and case studies, and a platform for exchanging experiences, lessons and best practices in the formulation and implementation of adaptation plans, (UNFCCC, 2015b).	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	f18644d4c775e3ac0b79aa9137ae9461	They can also enhance data production and collection, as well as promote technical capacity development. In line with the OECD Principles on Water Governance, the ultimate goal of the OECD water governance indicators is not just to measure water governance dimensions, but also to collectively identify what works, what does not, and what can be improved. The indicators can inform policy makers and help set policy priorities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	f18745f1e29e8b07dadd26a74f80b2ee	To some extent, all work could be categorized as indirect care in that its ultimate purpose is to enhance or support human life (ibid.). For the purposes of this discussion, however, care refers to either direct care services or indirect services that support care. Such a perspective emphasizes how essential indirect care services are for providing direct care.a particularly significant point for developing countries, where infrastructure and public services can be so limited (Razavi 2007). This conceptualization is similar to the notion of reproduction used by Marxist feminists, where the labour force is reproduced both in the long run in terms of preparing the next generation to enter the labour force as well as in the short run as the daily care given to paid workers to enable them to resume their paid work (Folbre 1994; Picchio 1991).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/c3be35eb-en	f18a23b11f1daaebf0a0ef8592594085	At the low end are Cambodia (4.9 per cent), Turkey (4.0 per cent) and Azerbaijan (2.9 per cent). Seven Asian and Pacific countries have no female ministers, namely Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Hong Kong, China ranked second (8.6 per cent), followed by China (8.1 per cent), Malaysia (7.8 per cent), New Zealand (7.5 per cent), Singapore (6.4 per cent) and India (4.7 per cent)3 Moreover, half of the 700 boards examined had no female directors at all. China is the global leader with a 51 per cent share of managerial level positions held by women, followed by the Philippines and Georgia with 37 per cent, Thailand and Viet Nam with 36 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, and the Russian Federation with 31 per cent.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264283480-en	f18db2acf333a2ed3e493a97fefbb2ec	The country has by far the lowest penetration of generic drugs in the EU (11% of the total volume of reimbursed pharmaceuticals versus 49% in Member States with available data in 2015) (Figure 14). To increase the use of generics, the Ministry of Health introduced a generic substitution policy in late 2014. Although there is no gatekeeping and outpatient contacts are low, it does not seem to lead to elevated numbers of hospital cases.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	f18f28cd6410c7316fbac008af09a8dd	In India, the decline began in the 1930s, with a fall from 1.02 females to males at birth to 0.92 females to males in 2003. However, in other countries there was progress toward gender equality in terms of sex ratios. For instance, Brazil experienced progress starting from the 1870s, and Turkey started to close the gap in gender ratios from 1930 onwards.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283343-en	f18f297a937db63e59cc921d160031ba	The government recently decided to establish specialist training for nurses in chronic care outside hospitals, with these nurses most probably employed in GP practices and municipal health services. Regions also invested in multispecialty facilities called 'Health Houses', which include GPs (who also serve as coordinators of care), specialists and physiotherapists, although difficulties in recruiting GPs have emerged (see Section 5.2). The primary care system appears to be holding up well despite the reductions in acute care activity described previously, although avoidable hospital admissions for certain conditions are higher than the EU average (see Section S.3).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	f1909c772e7baa1f9ec421c2d1949287	They are also relevant in the context of planning fiscal consolidation strategies. For instance, the historical income trends do signal a significant shift in the relative “tax capacity” from lower to higher-earning groups in the aftermath of steep downturns. It may therefore be necessary to critically review whether existing tax provisions should be adapted in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements, in particular where those with high or very high incomes have benefited from declining overall tax burdens in the past {e.g., because of non-compliance, because tax expenditures mainly benefit high-income groups, or because of declining property and wealth taxes).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f190e4b04ceae6fd7751d8999e49e244	In both cases, large uncertainties remain. Sometimes they are due to methodological differences or different estimations for the value of a statistical life. The 2012 meta-study by Burtraw et al. ( As far as air pollution is concerned, power sources can largely be split into two groups: i) carbon-based electricity sources, including fossil fuels and biomass, with coal-fired plants causing damages that are considerably higher than those from natural gas, oil, or biomass; ii) sources that have impacts on air pollution from low-carbon electricity sources - nuclear, wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and tidal - are either negligible or zero, although some indirect emissions could arise during production.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	f19198c8d4bb97f3b5feba5247103642	A clear trend of rising levels of education emerges from comparisons of 2008 and 2014 data. The share of family migrants with low levels of education fell from 46% in 2008 to 38% in 2014, while those educated to a medium level remained roughly stable (35% in 2008 and 37% in 2014). But the proportion of the highly-educated grew from 17% in 2008 to 23% in 2014.	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	f19360c71f95d14434e1ed3eac4d473e	The gender gap in median earnings of full-time employees, at 18.8 per cent in 2010, is among the highest in the advanced industrialized economies. The medianforthe28-coun-try Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is 14.3 percent;the United States ranks 7th from the bottom. One of the results is that poverty rates for single female-headed households are extremely high, reaching 34 per cent in 2011.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	f1960cbe7cf2cda01f41432a1fc36bad	There are a number of mixed cropping farms, but such farming systems are in the minority. Mixed farms usually combine arable crops with sheep and beef and derive over one quarter of total revenue from livestock operations. For some farms, production specialisation has played an important role in improving efficiency following the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in the mid-1980s.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f198238fbab71f70667dedf9a1857e78	The share of social assistance recipients who suffer from problems of physical or mental health may therefore be lower than in Luxembourg, where no such benefits exist. A more comprehensive interpretation of the results would require extending the analysis to other sources of data. The administrative data used in the present analysis are suited exceptionally well for studying spell durations.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	f19877ac8c5eea9242b25c3b0a85209e	Local mental health services provide varying levels of intervention and support within a community setting, aiming to avoid residential care up until the point at which it is considered to be absolutely necessary and appropriate. Mental health treatment was shaped significantly by the birth of the NHS in 1948, which became the main health care provider in England. The slow shift from the detention of those with mental disorders to prevention and treatment (which began in the 1920s) continued under the newly formed NHS, as a further shift from institutionalisation to community-based care began.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264118430-5-en	f198892e103a5541a788ca826380cb1d	Later in 2009, it was decided to go further with consolidation, with one new integrated national company replacing the two companies. But most of them did not have the necessary organisational and financial capacities to manage water supply and sanitation services, especially small municipalities. Partly as a consequence, the provision of WSS nearly collapsed in many settlements and municipalities. Two years later, the process of enlargement of service areas started.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	f19bc429bb979e963d5d554b04bd8333	Capacity building among the civil servants responsible for the land use management is a necessary complement to this process. Kazakhstan should avoid issuing restrictive zoning rules and single-use zoning, since they lead to inflexible planning regulations. Zoning should be sufficiently flexible to give private actors leeway to shape development and allow neighbourhoods to change over time. Zoning regulations and planning decisions should target nuisance levels.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4rfh5gtbq-en	f19bed25af23ec0d4da16db788857b7a	Toutefois, qu'ils soient hommes ou femmes, les entrepreneurs sont relativement rares en Inde par rapport a d’autres pays comparables, et ont tendance a travailler dans de petites entreprises souvent situees en dehors de l’economie formelle. Si bon nombre des obstacles a la creation d’entreprise sont communs aux deux sexes (acces aux financements et aux reseaux economiques, formation adequate, locaux), les femmes entrepreneurs se heurtent a des prejuges sexistes qui trouvent leur origine dans des facteurs socioeconomiques ou dans certains partis consacres par le droit, notamment par le droit de Fheritage. The potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women. However, entrepreneurs, both male and female, are relatively scarce in India compared to peer countries, and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/36aba0c4-en	f19db2735a2f32ec978a5e1c0961207c	As such, pursuing a shift to demand-led growth, on its own, is unlikely to address the environmental costs associated with sustained growth, unless the higher wages and earnings of lower income groups that will result from such a shift are spent on goods that are less reliant on fossil fuels and natural resource extraction, and increased public expenditure and investment is also allocated to fuel-efficient sectors and technologies. This is where proposals for green economy become relevant. There are, however, different variants of green economy.	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	f1a24f41ac86e8f924570283737dad23	This implied the formation of an identity/self-definition using the language of the Flemish standards. This demonstrates how the professional competences become effective agents shaping the programme's future. Importantly, the paper argues that the transformation of the list of competences and the accompanying processes of identity formation indicate that the competences actually start to function as standards.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	f1a391ff34d14cc8a1e96471a9f7783f	For example, a child is deprived in health if he or she did not receive a BCG vaccination, or had an unskilled birth attendant, or both. The major part of the deprivation analysis is concentrated on deprivation by dimension or by multiple dimensions. Multiple deprivations are measured by a simple deprivation count, in which each of the dimensions has an equal weight. While it is possible to weight dimensions to indicate a relative value difference between them, no weighting scheme is applied in this analysis. Each of the selected dimensions reflects a basic right and all of them are therefore considered of equal importance (see de Neubourg et al., These findings display a sector perspective by presenting the percentage of children deprived in a given indicator or dimension.	1	3	2	0.2
10.18356/a2206e44-en	f1a7eb9ce753e71a2ebf1c6d9e885a7d	Economic, social and environmental consequences should all be considered in making investment decisions and selecting projects, and a single “triple ROI’’ criterion should be used for this purpose. The 100-vil-lage programme will create more than 2,500 direct, year-round jobs, in addition to several indirect jobs, through increased farm production, new trading and commercial activities and energy services. It will also reduce pollution, improve women’s health and reduce rural migration to city slums. Overall, the growth of the gross national product (GNP) as well the Human Development Index of the village can be quantified and demonstrated for large-scale replication of the Empower Partnership model.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/27e660be-en	f1a96ad95157d61c635fd687f244d6b1	The period since the 1995 Beijing Plan of Action has seen the ascension of African women to key decisionmaking positions, including the election and re-election of Africa’s first female presidents. Joyce Banda became President of Malawi in 2012, and H.E. Catherine Samba-Panza took over the Presidency of the Central African Republic in 2014. In 2015, H.E. Ameenah Gufrib-Fakium became President of Mauritius.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9de3e7b5-en	f1ab517473743351b9ee5b4070c085ee	Women ministers mainly hold social and cultural portfolios (55%), followed by economic (23%), political (14%) and environmental (4%) portfolios. Female quotas or parity for elected legislative positions has been enacted into law in 14 Latin American countries.34 So far, 11 countries have implemented such laws, and Uruguay will do so in 2014, Mexico in 2015 and El Salvador in 2018. The proportion of women in legislatures has risen in almost all the countries over the past decade.	10	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-cd56b92e-en	f1af0af932c136f20d7e4f646caff3ef	Innovative pricing schemes, such as dynamic discounting, are also helping to make the service more affordable for low-income groups. It is home to the countries with the lowest mobile-cellular price baskets worldwide: Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, where prices stand out at PPP$ 2.45 and PPP$ 4.14 per month. Globally, the price of a basic fixed-broadband connection fell from around USD 80 per month in 2008 to USD 25 in 2015, corresponding to a drop in the ratio of price to average GNI per capita from over 90 per cent to 14 per cent.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	f1afa7420a6077a7a25e0af16b85bd5d	Factors to keep in mind include a programme’s or policy’s additionality, i.e. the extent to which desirable outcomes would have occurred without public intervention. Additionality may concern inputs, outputs and behaviour (OECD, 2006a). While governments collect and standardise data on inputs into the innovation process, measures of outputs remain limited (except for outputs such as scientific publications and patents).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f8310af3-en	f1b377a31c382b8efabb6e25dfa604d9	While the focus of this module has been on technologies, the biggest lever in water and energy conservation is conservation itself. This is where public engagement and technology and knowledge transfer efforts are most effective. Having a common database among sectors is another way to create synergies and promote productive negotiations.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	f1b3b331d543d8400419570bd9e41e68	The main conditions for forming a successful PPP include: common objective, mutual benefits, complementarity of human and financial resources, clear institutional arrangements, good governance, transparency and public leadership. The new legal framework for PPPs in agriculture, to be refined in two circulars that MARD is developing, should thus clearly state the respective roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors. There are a large number of cases, e.g. in providing financial support to agriculture or in food safety regulatory regime, in which co-ordination between various agencies both at the central government level and between central and local governments is weak.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	f1b9fdba36ab68c482c3bee67a56cb53	The following categories have been used for waste separation: biodegradable, recyclable, residual, special waste and plastics. The Cebu City ordinance 2031, introduced in 2010, provides the legislative backing for the policy. The benefit for sorting at source should enable a drastic reduction in the final quantity of residue needed to be permanently landfilled.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/b656887e-en	f1bcad449d3218074578e6bd9885477b	The former includes those living rough and those staying in a night shelter. The latter includes people living in homeless hostels and other forms of temporary accommodation. Not included in the study were those defined as experiencing housing exclusion, rather than homelessness, under ETHOS. This group includes those living temporarily with family or friends, or those living in extremely overcrowded conditions.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f1c3c70f17d044a8f26f4ffd659e80f8	"Comparatively, increasing C02 prices seems the most effective strategy to curb C02 emissions. Again, this ""ideal"" generating mix, is far from the real generating mix for France, which includes a large fraction of hydropower that is not modelled here. Repeating the calculation for an energy mix that includes hydropower and takes into account the actual proportion of nuclear, coal and gas plants in the energy mix yields similar short-term reductions."	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	f1c6e9d57c096d666f5ad7b06d427c17	In this sense, it is meant to lead to legitimacy and ownership of the stakeholders, meaning that they deeply understand the issues and really are committed to the proposed solutions. Participatory governance is thus an essential precondition for implementation. In many systems, seeking consensus and common solutions is increasingly more common (See Alemanno (2015) for an analysis of enablers and barriers to this process). Both de-traditionalisation and professionalisation have eroded the significance of representative organisations (Elchardus, 2003). The rise of new technologies has made it much easier both for people to participate and organise themselves and for institutions to reach out to a broader set of actors.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	f1cf2c86096ffc1d5c0c5d50dcd1fa34	The carbon tax does not apply to electricity, as the cost of carbon is already built in to the price. The document also informs businesses on options to reduce energy use, pointing to relevant documents from the Environmental Protection Agency (www.greenbusiness. Businesses are also encouraged to contact the Environment Unit of Failte Ireland for further advice and support.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/215d0d56-en	f1d2d816d8ffd99de369123e888352b0	Thus, predictable social security programmes that target the most vulnerable, particularly small landholders, by providing a robust safety net, can stimulate investment in more productive human capital and technologies. By ensuring a basic level of consumption, such safety nets enable small landholders to engage in production strategies that are higher-return, albeit riskier from a subsistence-related point of view. Along similar lines, access to insurance and capital markets can assist local small landholders in coping with the possible negative consequences of extreme weather events and investing in new crops or in any relevant input that can help foster the process of adaptation to climate hazards. A diversified farming system can also have co-benefits: integrating horticulture and livestock, for instance, can enhance nutritional outcomes by improving rural households’ access to food from different sources.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6af97a78-en	f1d4643c8cd4c6907e6a2b56b5940d2b	Its restructuring in 2000 was intended to broaden access for many stakeholders and to engage in policy planning as an iterative learning process. The World Bank has been a key source of facilitating these agreements. While progress has been made in creating many types of formal cross-border institutional mechanisms and instruments to further cooperation in riparian systems management, there is yet a very long way to go in every case. In general, cooperation continues to be bilateral rather than multilateral, and while it might be promoted in the spirit of existing cross-border agreements, with few exceptions cooperation is typically sought after rather than before projects are initiated.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-9-en	f1d6f56011ee686be8f1164459eddfdf	Operational activities related to formal and non-formal vocational education fall under the responsibility of district or municipal governments. Ideally, a district could amalgamate vocational provision into one “super” SMK offering a range of subjects. However, nearly all of the SMK schools reviewed by the team remained largely focused on their historical subject offerings. Given the high capital investment required for vocational education, many schools have been constrained in the courses they can offer by their inherited facilities and equipment. A further innovation adopted by the ministry in 2014 was to introduce the Vocational Model School Initiative which establishes a “super” SMK school as a model school, with more resources, which can act as a centre for satellite schools. Currently there are 90 such schools but the intention is to create 1 650 by 2020.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	f1dd6a4c8e53bc3a900200e5f88ca0ec	Link SOP development/revision with operational tests, including local evacuation drills. Strengthen regional cooperation in early warning, going beyond coastal hazards to include hazards such as transboundary river basins floods. But they should be part of coherent framework for disaster risk reduction and have clear institutional arrangements.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	f1e03c015d24f40d8863cead62387f9d	While homework is likely to have positive effects on students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, who typically perform relatively well at the outset, they might have no effect on the learning of students from less advantaged backgrounds. In this regard, Falch and Ronning (2012) argue that the type of homework matters. Homework seems to have a larger positive effect when it has the form of repetition and serves a complement to in-class learning instead of being a substitute to in-school learning in the sense that topics supposed to be taught in school are given as homework.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082076-15-en	f1e12fb7c0f17f2dd6f7ba36f5a7263f	In this context, institutional reform becomes imperative, especially given the changing climate and increasingly scarce water resources. However, in the MENA, as elsewhere, water is among the sectors most resistant to comprehensive reform. Many are working to update or establish a national water agenda and to take water policy initiatives, although government action has remained mainly focused on investment to develop networks and build infrastructure such as dams, irrigation systems, urban water treatment and sanitation plants. These investments have moved the region’s countries closer to achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water, i.e. reducing by half the population without access to clean drinking water and sanitation systems by 2015. Governments have used education and other tools to raise efficiency and have instituted system improvements to develop networks, reduce losses and enhance groundwater management.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	f1e4411ebf8f4611b5148cf9f921f463	Irrigated agriculture is the main pressure factor. Non-respect of water protection zones and unauthorized reconstruction works have affected water quality. Surface water quality is monitored on the Malyi Uzen/Saryozen (at monitoring station Malyi Uzen), with sampling during the main hydrological seasons and, monthly, on the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen (at the town of Novouzensk). Groundwater flow is from Georgia and the Russian Federation to the Terek.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	f1e521ca3881ea9181a99dcef3638536	This urbanization trend combined with the overall growth of the world's population could add another 2.5 billion people to the urban population by 2050. This means that a rapid increase in urban solid waste generation will take place. As urbanization and population growth will continue, it is expected that solid waste generation will double by 2025.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b2465a5-en	f1eac9c20a77e151dc5012854598b6d9	However, in order for educational access to translate into improved social and economic outcomes across generations, attention to household support structures is important, as well as attention to the discrimination and social exclusion creating the socioeconomic traps in which some families are caught. Good health is an important precondition for the development of other capabilities that can enable socioeconomic mobility, such as education and labour productivity. Poor health can limit individual socioeconomic prospects and, ultimately, perpetuate—or even contribute to—increases in income and non-income inequality.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	f1ecb3e3a0a849e01cbed770605ef55b	Female politicians report that sexual and political harassment are a reality for women holding public office. The unpredictable and long working hours associated with high political office also take atoll on women’s health and their ability to fully engage. Societal expectations consign women to take on the brunt of unpaid care work regardless of their employment status, which is a real challenge within the current modus operandi of representative bodies (Chapter 5).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	f1ed8c8eac6b2d0a1729a638a7bda968	In marked contrast to the situation for youth, employment for prime-age workers fell by a little over 2% in the OECD area, while employment for older workers rose by nearly 2%. The difference in the risk of job loss between temporary and permanent workers was also very large, while employment for the self-employed fell by about as much as overall employment. Youth and temporary workers also have been disproportionately impacted by past recessions, showing cyclical sensitivities 80% and 107% greater than for total employment (Figure 1.3, Panel B).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39690f-en	f1eede88d58109297fbdcc8d2795d105	In 2013, the most significant emitting category was mineral industries (mainly clinker production), which accounted for 44 per cent of the total industrial processes sector emissions. Data from 10 cement and lime producing companies are included in the projections. Other sources of CO2 emissions are lime production, soda ash use, glass production and brick production.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/80a85799-72748942-en	f1ef43db010afe8cdb2e5289a7fd5f59	The strategic introduction of ICT to support the health sector is complex and requires both careful planning and multi-sectoral collaboration. An effective eHealth strategy should present the strategic context for the introduction of eHealth and the eHealth components required to meet national eHealth objectives. Central to developing a sound eHealth strategy is the recognition that eHealth represents a collaborative effort between the health, information technology and telecommunications sectors, as well as requiring active involvement from both the public and private sectors. The proposed indicator for this measure is the percentage of countries with an eHealth strategy, with the target being 100 per cent of countries by 2020.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/524212d8-en	f1efa041ec9d3bc64f299591afbab1dc	Applicable to hotels and tour operators, the GSTC provides the flexibility of adapting to a country's particular needs and a certification/accreditation procedure has also been developed simultaneously. The GSTC criteria have been adopted by a number of major hotel chains and tour operators around the world. Simultaneously, there exist initiatives such as the Green Passport for consumer education and Envirotel for educating the small and medium players in the hospitality industry.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/c530cc54-en	f1f0ce92013756550eeae49dbb73bbb7	Our paper aims to throw light on this issue by linking poverty and poverty reduction to relevant 'shared values that define social arrangements'. We start from the proposition that public perceptions of poverty and of the priority attached to poverty reduction are influenced as much by technical and policy perspectives as by shared values which define the social arrangements and institutions. By ethics of poverty we refer to the most basic arguments and processes used to justify how and why we assist people living in poverty. Given the extent to which poverty reflects injustice, we argue it is appropriate to consider poverty in the context of ethics.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	f1f1c7afaf91ce53ea6af86f83af9daf	Part of the challenge is one of definition. There needs to be some consensus regarding what are the key outcomes as Sydney shifts to a sustainable economy and what is to be measured. More focus needs to be given to defining criteria and to measuring the size, dimensions of greenness and the potential of the sustainable economy to grow.	7	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	f1f504dd469a6e9b682dd4a2a8e437a4	Many developing country Parties already find it challenging to meet the reporting obligations of the current transparency system; of the 63 non-Annex I Parties that are not LDCs or SIDS, 31 have submitted their first BURs and 9 did so before the deadline of end 2014. The Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency established in Decision 1/CP. This will require hard work over the next few years by the APA and other UNFCCC bodies.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	f1f9805d587a3abd825feec85562245c	The improvement in the penetration ratios of renewables to fossil fuels, coupled with a 40% cost reduction in battery technologies since 2010 (IEA, 2017b), have further increased the attractiveness of renewable energy sources for mines. The experience from the implementation of renewable energy and storage projects, such as at DeGrussa and Weipa mines (Box 3.2), is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of renewable energy application in industrial use. Furthermore, the digital transformation of the mining sector, such as the adoption of smart grids and other internet of things-based technologies, and the use of advanced analytics and big data, have the potential to further improve mines’ energy efficiency and facilitate the integration of renewables. According to estimates, there is currently over 1 GW of on- and off-grid renewable energy capacity, installed through mining companies’ efforts, with more projects in the pipeline (Energy and Mines, 2016a).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264247826-5-en	f1fed990e11b6234bcc547a0c5b4cfac	This is most pronounced in a Fast world, with highest income growth rates, and should improve the nutritional status and health of food consumers beyond the increase in energy availability. At the same time, risks related to food over-consumption and the rising consumption of meat, sugar and fats may increase health risks in an increasing number of countries, including in the developing world, if adjustments to diets and lifestyles are not made. This is particularly the case in land-abundant regions, but also in Asia, where productivity and farm incomes lag behind other regions. Growth potential in most industrialised regions is, in contrast, more limited.	2	2	3	0.2
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	f20021983ab707ffb326601be6572221	Subsequently, however, the focus on sustainable development meant a significant turn away from the more progressive approaches associated with “eco-development” that were promoted throughout the 1970s toward a much vaguer concept that entailed a rebalancing of environmental, social and economic goals and respecting the interests of future generations. As a result, environmental concerns were taken up by policy makers as well as the private sector. The extensive uptake and institutionalization of sustainability further moulded the concept, limiting the social dimension and fitting it into the neoliberal frame.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	f2003d3f5f0085b9f51edaae31f02313	Rising domestic supply is sufficient to keep pace with demand and imports remaining relatively flat. With the import price increasing an average of 6.4% per year, imports of 6.6 Mt in 2024 are slightly below the base period value of 6.7 Mt. Wheat stocks in 2012 fell to very low levels which were replenished in the subsequent two years. There may have been overshooting and in 2014 stocks are estimated at 1.8 Mt yielding a relatively high stocks-to-use ratio of 16%.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264193338-en	f2005142fab1cf4a97fd541c364b3a81	Rachel Linden supervised the publication process. This publication draws on interviews carried out during a week-long review visit on 11-16 March 2012 (Annex II), using information provided to the review team as well as a range of other OECD reports, such as the OECD Studies on Water - Meeting the Water Reform Challenge (2012), OECD Territorial Reviews - Chihuahua (2012), OECD Economic Survey Mexico (2011), OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy Mexico (2009) and OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Mexico (2008). The OECD would like to thank in particular Gonzalo Rodriguez-Villanueva, the former rector of ITSON (the Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora), whose determination and insight made this review possible and whose efforts to transform ITSON into an engine of Southern Sonora’s development provide inspiration to university leaders globally.	4	4	6	0.2
10.1787/9789264225442-22-en	f20203f055b176990639133de6cc0e9a	Municipalities receive funding according to a formula that balances the proportion of population and its socio-economic status; they decide democratically how to distribute funding across different areas, including education. Private institutions also receive public funding (with enrolment of 5% or less of primary and lower secondary students and 18% of upper secondary students). Pre-primary and basic education funding is included in statutory government transfers to basic municipal services, and the municipality can decide how funding is allocated.	4	0	5	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	f2037db2ee34b87524162088ca167f66	Pharmaceuticals account for almost a fifth of total health spending in OECD-countries. However, in the Nordic countries, the expenditure has stabilized over the past few years, especially in Norway where the expenditure has not increased since 2004. There are considerable differences in both expenditure and price level between countries.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	f20446dec24b3f2df9ae0d81c197303f	This helps SMEs selling online target customers and interest groups and leverage this new information to make strategic improvements to their products and services. Serving as an online hub for African SMEs operated by Microsoft, the platform creates a sustainable and connected community of entrepreneurs. A free online directory allows small firms to showcase their products and services and to find businesses by sector, location and size.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f207feaeb9788b5c80a6ffdaefd99e78	The Paris Agreement does not mention “additional” climate finance. Further disaggregation in reporting by individual instrument (e.g. grants, concessional loans, non-concessional loans, guarantees) would allow data to be re-aggregated if necessary, although could increase the reporting burden. The first is to request countries (and any other reporting entities) reporting on support provided and mobilised to do so using e.g. the same scope, definitions, methods and conversion factors.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	f20830decb62f76ef9ad3aabd957ea17	Not doing so may undermine the very benefits of having achieved a liberalised electricity market. India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is, for example, currently testing a computer software application to monitor and report on progress of selected projects under the National Solar Mission (CEEW and NRDC, 2012). Competitive procurement such as tendering can be a useful option for developing countries in this regard. As mentioned previously, tendering can also help reduce the level of financial support needed by clean energy providers (see Chapter 2). In addition to being clear and transparent, tenders should consider several dimensions related to the quality of the bid, in addition to price.	7	1	7	0.75
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	f20af89cb19b2e960c7a2f718838b646	The Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World, University of Bristol. Identifying and Measuring Chronic Poverty: Beyond Monetary Measures? In N. Kakwani and J. Silber (Eds.), The Many Dimensions of Poverty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Does mixed methods research matter to understanding childhood well-being?	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/6546680a-en	f20c60b2e1c1b0c90eb6c2f2809d6469	Rather, even when the activities of the modern sector expand, their employment-generating potential is often limited because technological choices (and thereby capital-labour ratios) are driven by global competition and thus largely determined exogenously. One of the characteristics of this different type of structural change is the transfer of labour from low-productivity agriculture to low-productivity service activities in urban areas. This entails a proliferation of low-productivity employment in non-tradable activities as workers move out of subsistence activities in agriculture, even at relatively low levels of per capita income.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8a6d677c-en	f20cb8dbd5f2defb8d22f8657f156577	Droughts, floods, pollution and deforestation all put a significant burden on women, who see their water collection time increased, firewood and fodder collection efforts thwarted and ability to provide for their families and cope with disasters disproportionately impacted. By contrast, where women and girls are denied rights and opportunities, progress will inevitably falter and the 2030 Agenda as a whole will be in jeopardy. The systematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation and monitoring ofthe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is therefore crucial. The only exception to this approach is SDG 5, which is comprehensively covered at the target level using corresponding indicators with available data.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	f20d839a632cc65a7d5188a3bbcb7c29	Few countries achieve this in their performance measurement systems with the notable exceptions of Australia, Germany and Switzerland. In Germany, local offices are clustered according to their labour market conditions and local office performance is then benchmarked within those clusters (Blien et al., Australia and Switzerland use a rich set of jobseeker characteristics and survey information on local labour market performance to compare local office performance on a regression-adjusted basis (OECD, 2013, Chapter 3). Evaluation is crucial to ensure effective and efficient spending of public resources.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	f20dd406095b98bfa467037374ded4f8	This approach is used by the UK Adaptation Sub-Committee (ASC). The ASC works with sectoral experts to determine what aspects of adaptation to focus on within pre-defined thematic areas. Drawing on different sources of data that are publicly available or available free of charge, the ASC assesses the UK’s preparedness to face identified climatic risks (ASC, 2012). This is the approach used by Germany (Schonthaler et al.,	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264282735-5-en	f20f7a16b3816209259d621a45c9b25d	Health sector policies are included in the goal of “equity and social justice”. Since the AN, the three governments that have succeeded have honoured the agreed policy guidelines. Even though they have shifted their emphasis over certain issues, successive governments have maintained the main goal set out in the AN of providing universal access to free, continuous, timely, quality health care to the priority population in poor areas and to the vulnerable population. First, the Integral Health Insurance (Seguro Integral de Salud, SIS) was created in 2001 to fund health services for Peruvians who, due to poverty, did not have health insurance.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264094437-6-en	f21003268db25c7d3ff7f4f52da8bdb0	Using the computer-based approach it has been possible to log students’ feelings, reactions and decisions across the course of the learning task. It is evident that interactive software such as this provides great potential for educational research to probe more deeply the way students interact with tasks. These studies demonstrate the capacity of ICT to provide insights into the sequences that students follow when they complete a task.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264201415-9-en	f21009bcfc22ec714dbbb17807b05071	This, indeed, is one of the main justifications for the imposition of different forms of mandate by higher-level governments. Local authorities are likely to underspend on services or investments that generate benefits for the wider region (positive spillovers) and may be too ready to pursue development or other investment choices that generate negative externalities for their neighbours. Collaboration in such circumstances is one of the major reasons why public investment, in particular, may require a multi-level approach, with a degree of leadership from more senior levels of government (OECD, 2013c).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	f2140825fc525f415aa7605604b26a4d	In June 2010, it was announced that, subject to Parliamentary approval, a restructured carbon emissions reduction target would be extended to December 2012, with a higher target and a focus on improving building insulation (rather than installing compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). The UK government is currently exploring options for the successor to CERT, to run from 2013. Yet, there are still many areas where further implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency policy would provide benefits.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264290747-en	f2154af23c72f5bfc3a6803f54726506	In particular, the human resources needed to tackle major policy issues are often lacking, especially technical capacity. Pacific nations face financial capacity deficits to undertake both NUP formulation and implementation, and fund the investments, such as waste treatment systems, anticipated by NUPs. Many countries in the region then have an overall weak local fiscal system that constrains their ability to resource their NUP. This section assesses the instruments that are used in the application of NUPs among the global regions studied in the report. A wide variety of policy instruments can be observed among NUPs - ranging from various types of strategic planning documents, spatial plans and master plans, national development plans, urban regulatory arrangements and national or subnational legislation, taxation policies and urban development funds.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bdd5fff2-en	f21563a463a900d8fd426b44f963f8a0	Agriculture provides food to humans and feed to livestock; livestock provide biomass energy for biogas; manure produced by cattle also provides fertilizer for agriculture; organic waste produced by citizens is used as biogas and fertilizer (see Figure 4.2.1). This web-like relationship is important to both energy and material flows. Here, four self-sufficiency rates are considered simultaneously: food, fertilizer, feed and energy for the city of Furano in northern Japan.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264124523-6-en	f21a53b2c3ff7950ab5556047d16f2a2	Some countries have initiated programmes along these lines. The aim of these reforms has been to improve the social inclusion of people with mental disorders. Although today’s situation and quality of life of patients with severe mental disorders is not comparable to their often very poor living situation in long-stay facilities some decades ago, the de-institutionalisation has not generally led to improved social inclusion and employment.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f21c9ccfab948aa3aa9b9fd5795e3f03	A combination of capacity markets, long-term supply contracts and carbon taxes would provide a market-based framework to ensure that nuclear energy and other dispatchable low-carbon technologies remain economically sustainable. At the current stage of technological development, low-carbon electricity systems will inevitably be based on high shares of variable renewables and nuclear energy. Hence it is recommended that flexibility resources should be developed based on a systems approach where full costs and interdependencies are recognised. This will require increasing the load-following abilities of dispatchable low-carbon back-up including nuclear, expanding storage, rendering demand more responsive and increasing international interconnections.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	f21ce1efb04d98259e8ab3635def09bf	Irrigating rain-fed areas is expected to lead to higher average yields, essentially changing the production technology in a manner that allows more intense production. The amount of land converted to irrigation was calculated by assuming that the water used to irrigate the newly converted land would match the amount of water “saved” as a result of improved water reliability in the first irrigation scenario. However, due to water constraints in some regions, it may not be possible to maximise yields in irrigated areas due to greater demand for water from other users.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	f21f6a04b5fdc027ff7b66db082930a5	Although compulsory education goes from age 6 to 16 on average across the OECD, the enrolment rate is high in a wider age range, and at least 90% of the population is enrolled for 14 years, from age 4 to age 17, on average. The age interval is generally shorter for OECD partner countries, and full enrolment (defined in this indicator as enrolment rates exceeding 90%) can be as long as three years, as in South Africa, or four years, as in Colombia. Enrolment at even earlier ages is relatively common in some countries, with Denmark, Iceland and Norway achieving full enrolment for 2-year-olds (see also Indicator B2). In other countries, full enrolment is achieved for children between age 5 and age 6, except in the Slovak Republic where full enrolment is achieved at age 7.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	f21f9a320f0f39636cbc67061ad38dec	It corresponds to the area between the Lorenz curve and the equi-distribution line. The greater the income concentration, the larger this area will be, which increases the value of the indicator. For that reason, it is advisable to complement this analysis with other indicators that do satisfy this property, such as the Theil and Atkinson indices and the logarithmic variance.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	f220ee40d42a1affbf75edd9a5d49357	Their efforts are reflected in a series of projects that promote walking and cycling, and prioritise allocation of road space and investment in favour of public and non-motorised transport. Planning and legal instruments linked to mobility policy have also been modified in the Federal District, to introduce principles of sustainability and inclusiveness. Locally driven initiatives have also coincided with a growing role of urban mobility in the national agenda. These efforts have laid important foundations and made considerable progress.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	f222adbb6b5b6bc0663140b34f6573a7	Social protection policies are necessary to protect lower-income groups against the threats of climate hazards. Adaptation policies, such as those entailing the adoption of new crops or improved irrigation systems in agriculture, are critical to preventing a deterioration of livelihoods as a result of climate hazards. To be successful, however, these highly specific policy responses must be part of a broader development framework which leads the way incrementally to the empowerment of today’s disadvantaged groups by improving their asset positions and access to input and product markets, by extending their access to quality basic services such as health, education and sanitation, and by changing the norms fostering their social and political exclusion.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	f226c9e17bef66137a6e9b632dd726ba	Given the considerable heterogeneity of the sector, targeted and tailored approaches to reducing emissions from agriculture (which may vary per region and type of production) are needed. Current efforts to manage the negative impacts on water quality of agricultural practice could benefit from increased stringency and wider application. While voluntary agreements can be used to encourage co-operation from agricultural producers, they are insufficient on their own to achieve water quality objectives effectively.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	f2287b723c88753bd0e4e246adc84a8d	Similarly, among current non-'harmful' drinkers in 2002-03, 17% become non-drinkers in 2004-05, 61% remain current non-'harmful’ drinkers, and 22% are ‘harmful’ drinkers. The proportion of 'harmful' drinkers varies by age: 47% in the age group 18-24, 27% in ages 25-44, 17% in ages 45-64, 8% in ages 65 or above. These findings suggest that young adults are more affected by 'harmful' drinking behaviours compared to other age groups. Figure 9 shows overall (population) rates in men and women; Figure 10 shows trends in HED in men and women by age group. The NHANES data show a clear increase in HED in the age group 20-24, while NSDUH data show a significantly milder, or no increase. Weekly limit is 14 drinks per week for women and 21 for men.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7f55e015-en	f228e6c48d43986cbcb751e95ea8051a	There is no clear legal and regulatory framework mandating and governing the use of blockchain, although such a framework is needed. Additionally, even though blockchain is deemed very secure, evolving technology also means that cyberattacks evolve. These could pose a threat and reduce trust in the system. Consumers need to be educated on the technology, its benefits, its limitations and its usage to increase the demand for blockchain in the market. Existing skills are inadequate, and the generally limited operational capacity of relevant institutions could make it impossible to meet consumer demand, hampering blockchain adoption.	9	0	6	1.0
10.18356/7e5677a0-en	f229a9bcf0cd0d0fc4058ca66b5c9b88	In terms of impact, Kyrgyzstan ranks all other pressure factors as local and moderate. The town of Kyzylorda and other settlements arc generally flooded in winter when hydropower generation is maximized at the Toktogul Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan. Because of all the withdrawals, little flow reaches Kazakhstan.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258211-6-en	f22be739b357286f2915968350a2a43b	Moving away from solo practices, a new model of primary care centre was created in 2006 - a Family Health Unit (FHU). These teams have functional and technical autonomy and a payment system sensitive to performance that is designed to reward productivity, accessibility and quality, with core indicators used to measure performance and tied to the payment system. The FHUs cover primary care services, including services such as nursing services, home visits, etc. Provider participation is voluntary with set criteria on the composition and number of health professionals in each unit.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264213753-6-en	f2336f2d19c8eb76edeec9893a1072e0	This will entail hiring experts that have extensive experience with PPP/PSPs and placing them within the relevant organisations. The United Kingdom has had good experiences with using a mix of career civil servants and senior experts for the private sector assigned to the relevant functions in the PPP/PSP procurement process. During project implementation, the accounting officer/authority is responsible for ensuring that the project agreement is appropriately enforced.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f23434f21b3d1a8b629ae390916ec213	However, the research-based work carried out in medicine and health, supported by government programmes, illustrates that high quality research is not jeopardised by regional co-operation and application. Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) plays a dominant role in research activities in health and medicine. It is the leading research entity with a health campus and research centres and centres of excellence, such as the well-established Pharmaceutical Research Institute and the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI) (See Box 5.1.).	4	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	f234ce0848210a2b06efc7d8cb8a3fe0	Even an individual with two children would still increase the monthly family income by 65%. Median net household incomes are from a survey in or close to 2012, expressed in 2012 prices and are before housing costs (or other forms of “committed” expenditure). Results are adjusted for household size (equivalence scale is the square root of the household size) and account for all relevant cash benefits (social assistance, family benefits, housing-related cash support as indicated).	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/967bd43c-en	f2353fbc97295d93173d9e775f25af4c	In addition, bride price can also be a motivation for parents; a younger bride means a higher bride price for the family. In Uganda, the Pokot tribe, the majority of whom are of Kenyan origin, have settled at Amudat/Nakapiripit. This tribe is known to marry off girls at the age of 12 years upon the receipt of 12 heads of cattle.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281653-4-en	f235491f21c76592bb468e1b00ffa287	Experience shows that only small numbers of patients need to choose an alternative provider to seriously concentrate hospital managers’ minds on improving their service. Sophisticated pre-requisites must be in place, however, including an effective purchase-provider split; a DRG-type provider payment system; and an accurate and timely national database of hospital waiting times for specific procedures. Cost-control can also be difficult to achieve when trying to reduce waiting lists rapidly, particularly if activity-based financing is predominant the underlying payment mechanism.	3	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	f235ae8554167bb0455fb1acf9da8bf9	In most cases, those receiving employment-related pensions are not in poverty. The prevalence of contributory pension schemes in the region lias been estimated at less than 10 per cent in most countries. Age-based pensions can be categorized as either universal or means-tested. After reaching a specified age, everyone is entitled to receive payment under a universal pension scheme. Eligibility to a means-tested pension is determined by, in addition to age, income, assets or family status.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-7-en	f238f9dcb5070d888ebff182e41d206c	In practice, this has a lot to do with ensuring good project preparation, management and implementation experience, but also presenting the business case so that private sector actors can get on board. Several Nordic actors, including the development finance institutions have significant experience in development projects through ODA financing and other interventions. Making these hands-on experiences and lesson learned from emerging and developing countries more available to the private sector could also help filter perceived risks from actual material ones, lowering the barriers for investors.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/agr/outlook-2016-12-en	f23b5758c49563198eb7a24f38e81048	In 2014, aquaculture’s contribution to total fish supplied for food overtook that of wild fish for the first time and this trend continued in 2015. In the same year, after a period of continuous expansion, trade of fish and fishery products declined in value terms. This slowdown was caused by economic contractions in key markets, exchange rate developments and lower fish prices.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	f23e3bc6f02637a3e11ec1bd3971f826	Paper for Regional Workshop on Macroeconomics of Poverty Reduction, Kathmandu, January 4—6. The Fall in Chinese Poverty: Issues of Measurement, Incidence and Cause. Paper for the Keith Griffin Festschrift Conference at the Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, April 23—24.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/aefb0a67-en	f23f66234608f0a3887883be7a0d1b46	In order to tailor and apply this agenda to national and local contexts, policy-makers need to understand how gendered power relations enable or constrain women's rights in families; and recognize the diverse and changing nature of family forms. This has triggered some shifts in the balance of power within the home, giving women greater economic security and weight in decisionmaking processes, and helping them buffer their families from economic privation. When professional care is unavailable or unaffordable, women and girls are expected to fill the gap, which either reduces their time for schooling, paid work and rest, or results in care needs being neglected.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	f24191c229cf21a902288abcc5eab96a	Many women cannot access important social protections. Young women are far more likely than men to be not in employment, education, or training in Pacific Alliance countries and teenage pregnancy rates remain high, signalling future risks of poverty for young and often single mothers. Women continue to do the bulk of unremunerated labour at home, which restricts their paid work prospects and women and girls in the region continue to face high levels of violence in private and public spaces. Policies must be renewed and reinvigorated to ensure that girls and women are empowered to fulfil their aspirations - not only for their benefit, but for society and economies overall.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	f242e51fdbb87b978a9c90a520897b1d	However, there were significant negative side effects, the same side effects associated with price support policies in OECD countries. The overall assessment of Chapter 4 of national stockholding policies concludes that countries are better off without these policies. Fundamentally, the lesson is that trade policy is the most effective and least costly approach to controlling domestic price developments for individual countries.29 Stockholding policies can play a supportive role, for example to influence prices in locations that are so remote (in economic terms) from international markets that the effects of border policies are not transmitted to them, or as an element of a social safety net regime aimed at food security.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js4xfgl4ks0-en	f24525574e0ae7a9baf86bf00e32cdfd	The sample is restricted to adults aged at least 25 years, to exclude individuals still in education. Over time, the impact of parental background appears to have has changed significantly, but in different ways in different countries. In France, Denmark and the Netherlands this conclusion holds only for wages.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	f2476d19729bb78dbc1c1e81c4c92354	For instance, Germany's Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ, 2015) developed a manual to emphasise the role that trade can play in promoting broader growth and, ultimately, poverty alleviation in GIZ initiatives. Taking aid for trade as a catalyst for mainstreaming trade and mobilising resources for the developing and least-developed countries, the manual highlights entry points for aid for trade in a number of sectors, ranging from agriculture to climate change. It contains an updated aid-for-trade results model, which demonstrates the many ways in which other initiatives link up with aid for trade. Almost 90% of partner countries give the highest priority to support for trade facilitation, followed by export diversification (63%), trade policy and regulations (48%) and transport infrastructure (47%).	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/7dc03c54-en	f24c274a3b31a9dd101146a174ec3c7c	It affects more than half of the global population and touches the lives of every person. Inequalities are manifested in terms of unequal economic status; low political representation and power; unequal access to health care and other services; high levels of maternal mortality; high rates of violence and sexual harassment; unequal education; low social status; and subtle forms of discrimination—all of which are fuelled by gender stereotypes, roles and norms, as well as discriminatory institutions and legal frameworks. In many cases control over women and their bodies is woven into the cultural fabric of communities through traditional practices, such as early marriage, female genital cutting and virginity pledges. It is less blatantly maintained through gender segregation of roles and activities.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxrjn7xsnmq-en	f24df37364b7cb6ea0523be14f0deec3	The author wishes to thank Fran§oise Benicourt and Theresa Poincet for their help in preparing the document for publication. The author’s gratitude also goes to the following OECD staff members who provided helpful comments and suggestions: Silvia Albrizio, Peter Borkey, Julien Hardelin, Tomasz Kozluk, Jussi Lankoski, S6bastien Miroudot, Andrew Prag, Dorothee Rouzet, Raed Safadi, and Ronald Steenblik. In addition, the analysis greatly benefited from the insights of Grant Ferrier (principal, Environmental Business International Inc.).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/86ec538f-en	f24e7352be57fd78f46c8f7d71ae501f	Development of new competencies needs to be facilitated through new models of learning structured around principles of innovation, relevance to a specific situation and social and community engagement. Learning has to happen also on the side of stakeholders of the Ameridian communities, including policymakers, development agencies and commercial entities. Resulting emigration or immigration demands total or partial restructuring of occupations and ways of production. For example, loss of soil fertility in some areas could cause an influx of labour from these areas to others, potentially with sensitive ecosystems.	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf70833b-en	f251760be43591754d1c8a7c3f2eff03	The Directive describes marine strategies, the establishment of environmental targets, monitoring and measures. Member States shall use relevant international forums, including mechanisms and structures of regional sea conventions, to coordinate their actions with third countries having sovereignty or jurisdiction over waters in the same marine region or subregion.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264082052-5-en	f25312d55fddd2e830d7c9c2134232da	The decision was made to merge research and innovation policies in the subsequent plan initiated in 2005. With hindsight, the pros and cons of separate plans may also have facilitated the ministerial restructuring that took place a few years later in 2007 with the creation of the Ministry of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise entrusted with a more comprehensive oversight over the implementation of R&D and innovation policy. Its lines of actions focus in an integrated way on the factors that impinge on the performance of the Catalan S&T and innovation system as a whole and, more generally, on the competitiveness of the Catalan economy.	9	2	3	0.2
10.18356/864d004f-en	f254497c66b245388bf4ac8f6dc45036	A special tariff, which was introduced for end-users in rural areas in 2002, allows the purchase of electricity using prepaid, rechargeable electronic cards. The minimum purchasing value is 20 dirhams. This allows clients in rural areas to align their electricity purchases with the development of their revenues and actual needs.	6	5	0	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	f255f9877a46e508f078308baac563b8	Third, developing countries - especially the least developed countries, African, Caribbean and Pacific small island developing states - need to be compensated for the erosion of existing preferences due to further multilateral trade liberalization. Fourth, and most importantly from a development point of view, there are considerable, but uncertain costs involved in developing new or alternative internationally competitive productive and export capacities and capabilities. Fifth, developing countries have emphasized that 'aid for trade' must be truly additional to long promised official development assistance (ODA), which has never been delivered in full four decades after the UN General Assembly resolution of October 1970.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	f257e805a497a9935a1645abe5b89ac2	The student support system (ICETEX) provides students with loans, which include a grant element whose amount depends on the beneficiaries’ income level. The number of loans has almost tripled between 2003 and 2011. However, because of the increase in the enrolment rate, a lower proportion of students receive loans (OECD, 2012b). In addition, ICETEX is not targeting all its resources on those most in need, because of serious flaws in the way income is assessed through the Estratos system (Box 1.4).	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7b47f5b8-en	f25b166a5f5525ae9f3b92689c733874	In addition to encouraging new plantations and the management of natural forests, these two programmes stimulate tree-growing in the framework of agroforestry systems. The records maintained by INAB and CONAP show that nearly half of the timber cut annually with authorization from these institutions is destined for industry, while the other half is used as fuel. In addition to this, illicitly harvested timber (illegal felling) is estimated to represent 30%-50% of the total volume harvested per year. Examples include xate leaves, chicle gum, allspice and Maya nut (nuez de ramori). In the departments of Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Quetzaltenango, Alta and Baja Verapaz and El Progreso, especially in the El Rancho zone, its activities consist essentially of conifer processing.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/56f09402-en	f25c48272174c29e7379df1f8cb5f64c	In a similar vein, the youth job programme Yo Trabajo seeks to develop job skills among young people aged 18 to 24, via workshops and one-on-one work with participants (Vargas, 2014). Assessments of the programme indicate some weaknesses in implementation (Gregol de Farias, 2014). Schmidt and others (2011) found that 51.6% of the participants did not complete the training course.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	f25da2f84c53150c5fabe0824309f2ab	The CODI identifies, plans, implements, manages and coordinates inter-agency priority projects of high impact for the economic development of the state. Inter-agency collaboration is sought to respond to the limitations faced by the CODI related to budgeting and programming functions. The state’s two key projects are related to the Industrial Corridor and Logistics Platform of the Metropolitan Area of Cuautla in the East Zone, and the public-private Sante Fe Biosphere and Health City (Ciudad Salud), both private investments in the services sector, as urban development projects in the south of the region and based on the services sector, mostly medical services, higher education and S&T research, developed to take advantage of the state government's construction of a S&T park and a Centre of Congress and Conventions.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	f25e71f732d435540c3231cac0e72302	Lower life expectancy and the disproportionate disease burden exist because of inadequate education, disproportionate poverty, discrimination in the delivery of health services, and cultural differences. These are broad quality of life issues rooted in economic adversity and poor social conditions. Further research and action, driven by indigenous peoples themselves is required at the international and national levels but most importantly at the local levels as well. Indigenous peoples' approaches to health are often rooted in a healthy balance of four elements or aspects of wellness: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.	3	1	4	0.6
10.14217/9781848591035-8-en	f2643aaf12514ec17930065207cc5405	To date, the Clean Development Mechanism has overwhelmingly benefited the EMEs, and particularly China, rather than LDCs. This is partly because, given their rapid industrialisation, the EMEs have many more opportunities for mitigation, and partly because they are better placed to meet the governance standards for mitigation to be verified and certified. The sector most adversely affected by climate change is agriculture. Hence, one aspect of adaptation is to reduce the exposure of agriculture to climate change: the other is to reduce the exposure of LDC economies to agriculture.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264257498-8-en	f266caf7e890fc76b9645b98a04dab03	Completion rates of vocational education and apprenticeship programmes, which are key for at-risk youth, remain relatively low. To improve Year 12 attainment levels, programme completion and reduce disparities across groups and regions, the Australian Government as well as the states and territories have implemented various innovative and targeted strategies over the last decade. They notably leave schools and social service providers a lot of flexibility in adapting service to the local needs, but these programmes are usually short-lived.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	f269560589db10a7e39f75d4ecd72f59	It is also about setting young people up for life, by giving them opportunities to find decent work, earn a living, contribute to their communities and societies, and fulfil their potential. Young people experience different trajectories in their transition from school to work. In 2010, across OECD countries, 16% of individuals between the ages of 15 and 29 were neither employed, nor in education or training (the “NEET” population).8 NEET-rates for young women were on average 4 percentage points higher than for young men, although there is wide variation across countries.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264265530-4-en	f26ac26093680007c6cde0ac31cbeed2	Furthermore, the monitoring and planning of the school network is limited. There are quite a number of very small schools with small classes which do not offer a rich learning experience to students. This situation arises because there has not been a review of the school network to assess the need for some re-organisation of local educational supply and no major school transportation strategies have been developed.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd581311-en	f26b41916de986af2b9290815f478762	In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that differs for urban and rural areas. For poverty estimates up until 2006, a factor of 2 was used for urban zones and a factor of 1.75 was used for rural areas.aThe factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffs and for other goods and services. Since 2007, the indigence line is updated on the basis of the CPI for food products, while the portion of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on non-food goods is updated using the non-food CPI. In line with standard ECLAC practice, the data have been corrected to account for the non-response rate for some income-related questions from wage earners, the self-employed and retirees and to mitigate probable underreporting biases. This latter operation is carried out by comparing the responses to income-related questions in the survey with estimates based on the household income and expenditure accounts included in each country's application of the System of National Accounts. These estimates are calculated using official information.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k3tsj67l226-en	f26e5d2f20c4d04282ef8f9c2c7c1221	It is increasingly acknowledged that future innovators and entrepreneurs w ill require a large range of skills to be able to meet the demands of the changing economy (OECD, 2010). A larger stock of people with strong innovation skills seems more likely to promote innovation than the converse. A broad range of skills in the w'orkplace are in demand due to a structural shift towards services and knowledge-intensive jobs (Cedefop, 2010; European Commission, 2010).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	f26f7564c4fab8f3b18c98074a4707d4	These scenarios produce a chain reaction where individuals react to the policy changes first and then, depending on the design of the model, may also react to the reaction of other individuals. The results are the potential future outcome of the reform and are often compared with the base case to evaluate the potential impact of the reform. Microsimulation models require large amounts of data to effectively assemble a sample that adequately represents the whole population of interest and includes all of the characteristics of interest. Data are often gathered from a variety of sources, and sophisticated statistical techniques are often required to standardize the various databases so that they can be used to populate all of the desired attributes of individuals included in the sample.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21bc2050-en	f2761d9b03b095b4c02cb00acb94be0d	Many companies say that by doing business electronically they have been able to cut procurement staff, the costs of materials, and the time it takes to select suppliers. Boeing has led a group of companies in the aerospace industry to create Exostar (www.exostar.com) as solution to support the complex supply chain and security requirements of the global aerospace and defence industry. In European manufacturing, the Internet has become essential to remote supply chain management [2]. What sources of information does the Internet provide to help buyers?	12	0	5	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	f278d050eb017d9ea242647f67251579	Consequently, water would have to be discharged, undermining the economic feasibility of the HPPs, compromising private investment and posing financial risks to the Government. Given hydropower’s central role in the country’s development, streamlining exploitation and aligning with domestic needs and export capacity will help to maximize the value of the resource. More diverse supply of energy resources would reduce overall system risk by reducing exposure to individual technolog)' failure. Investing in coal-fired power plants could profoundly change the structure of the energy sector in Tajikistan. The addition of thermal resources would secure reliable winter power, help balance the variability of the existing hydropower system, and introduce possible system optimization between thermal and hydro services for further system stability and cost savings.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kmbjxzhvhs8-en	f27a27b12b407cfd254dd789cf3f9544	To see the physical environment as a container for these kinds of social structures can inform boys' and girls' use of space and then lead us to question why they interact with the environment in certain ways (Alloway, 1995; Davies, 2003a; 2003b; MacNaughton, 1996; 1998). This demands a broad knowledge of gender discourse between men and women over the course of history, which has been carefully examined by feminist theory. There is large body of literature analysing how gender structures are produced and re-produced in society (see Further Reading section).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264200449-18-en	f27a2b2d51344f8cb0471abce3d56794	Decrease in snow cover progressing from south to north. In the North, an increase of snow in the near-term due to increased snowfall. Changes in rain conditions will affect the quality of water and increase the pressures on water systems (e.g. nutrient and organic loads) and may deteriorate groundwater quality. It is likely that additional capacity will be built alongside existing hydropower plants.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	f27e640f8cc2dfdd5405187b8195249d	The classification is mapped to the PSE classification. In all five countries, efforts to integrate smallholders into markets and to improve productivity tend to focus on input subsidies, from concessional credit to on-farm training. However, there are other policies in place, for instance Brazil and Indonesia have mechanisms of fixing prices and making agricultural output purchases from small-scale agriculture.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6e8bb756-en	f281d7ebd49f76d4a697a4b0962c59c6	In some developing countries, subsidized energy prices can reduce the economic attractiveness of EE measures. The large number of small and dispersed end users11 also represents a particularly strong barrier in many developing countries. Moreover, many developing countries lack an effective EE policy at the national level (Jochem, 2002). These barriers are well understood and several policy measures are available to help overcome them.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/8067b1a8-en	f2821b68d338b6d56cba777ea8117329	The low wheat consuming countries in the region seem to complement their diet by elevated consumption of other cereals, such as sorghum, maize and rice. In Sudan, for example, the per-capita consumption of sorghum is double that of wheat, with a contribution to the calorie and protein intake reaching 26 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. Similarly, the low consumption of wheat in Somalia is supplemented by consuming rice, maize and sorghum, where their collective contribution to the calorie and protein intake is 28 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively.	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/22758cf4-en	f2826a00fad4daf7c73cb8fa3cbe468b	Inadequate solid waste management in both countries and illegal disposal of wastes directly to the water bodies have exerted pressure on the lake’s system. Wastewater collection and treatment facilities that arc currently being constructed in the Albanian side, the reconstruction of existing facilities in Montenegro (in Podgorica), as well as the construction of solid waste management facilities in both countries, are expected to improve the situation. Heavy metal pollution, especially in lake sediments, and moderate pathogen loads have been observed locally in the aquifer. The Drin contributes to some extent, with trace metals originating from the disposal of by-products from iron and copper mines located upstream.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	f28376f8bb07878cbc1697f66936bae4	The long-term, steady nature of infrastructure investments has been instrumental in endearing it to markets, making them the chosen class for institutional financial investors such as insurance companies, pension funds sovereign wealth funds and other foundations (Weber et al., First, estimated infrastructure investment gaps in each country (discussed above) are taken to imply a financing gap of a similar order of magnitude. Second, it is taken for granted that national public sectors in most countries are financially constrained with limited budgetary resources, face governance problems and run the risk of running into debt sustainability issues if they undertake infrastructure investments on the scale needed in the coming years.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/da48ce17-en	f283b29e31c2188b05ca540d800c6ca0	Plusieurs dispositifs d’assistance bilaterale et multilaterale sont prevus pour remedier aux deficits d’information et aux contraintes de capacites et de ressources, qui font partie des facteurs susceptibles d’entraver l’etablissement de systemes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation. Les procedures et resultats des syst&mes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation peuvent apporter des informations utiles pour evaluer les progres realises vers 1’objectif mondial d’adaptation dans le cadre de la CCNUCC, mais il est encore difficile de dire dans quelle mesure cela pourra se faire. Prior to adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, only Non-Annex I Parties were explicitly encouraged to provide information on and evaluate adaptation strategies and measures, via guidelines on National Communications.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	f2846433fe2af546131dd5a6a9ce6fee	The conference aims to assemble the collective wisdom on migration, mobility and urban transition and, together with city leaders and other experts from around the world, to draw a clear policy path towards improved migration management at all governance levels, which will benefit both migrants and cities. An important first step could be the consolidation of existing yet scattered resources, data, indexes, tools and studies. It is important to assemble this information in a global database and promote greater information-sharing and dialogue among cities, multilevel government stakeholders and other partners.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/0c6a2cb2-en	f28649bf8a7f7035ff852d128d846e72	The yield from Oresund is among the highest in Swedish fisheries, and fish stocks are healthy. Because of the narrow belt and the extensive traffic, trawling was banned in 1931. One result is an extensive recreational fishery, which targets fishers from Northern Europe. The fishery in Oresund is shared between Sweden and Denmark.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c6c11de-en	f28a892a0a02c0e00ec9d5c8ce7af8d1	Social protection policies operate as automatic stabilizers in the face of such volatility, thereby contributing to the country's economic development (see Box 4.5). One of the contributing factors to the crisis was a lack of adequate regulation in countries with major financial centres—specifically United States financial markets.95 These kinds of financial crisis can be reduced, and their negative consequences contained, through prudential financial regulation. Because of its outward orientation, the country is exposed to intense competitive pressures and the ups and downs ofthe global economy.	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/8e319423-en	f28ab8b6b096a34432ece3ab40f6eab5	Cost is a critical factor in deciding whether or not to pursue desalination, and the cost considered must be the cost of desalinated water delivered to the consumer’s tap. Too often only the capital cost and operation of the desalination plant, that is the supply cost, is considered without regards to the cost encountered to bringing the water to the consumer. Supply cost is only part of the overall cost of desalination.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264282261-16-en	f28ac4c63d571f01fd871880823f6c0c	The goal is a 25% increase in aquaculture output with a focus on eco-friendly production. The initiatives are part of the final implementation of the Natura 2000 directives for marine designated sites. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production; aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. The main objective is the efficient implementation of the landing obligation and support of solutions to decrease and handle unwanted catches.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eag-2016-53-en	f28b10fd7a947b6c27812068055b7a77	Earnings for tertiary-educated graduates are higher than those with lower levels of qualification. However, earnings for tertiary-educated men are higher, on average, than those for tertiary-educated women. On average across EU22 countries, tertiary-educated women earn 26% less than their male counterparts.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338837-12-en	f28e4b78da9155bbde44463ee2ccb534	This section extends the discussion of the relevance of formal and informal education and knowledge in human development in the Arctic. We provide an assessment of human capital and knowledge production in the Arctic as it pertains to human development and well-being of Arctic societies. It most generally refers to formal and tacit knowledge and skills, which can be deployed to general economic returns. Human capital incorporates three components: general skills (literacy), specific skills (related to particulate technologies and operations), and technical and scientific knowledge (mastery of specific bodies of knowledge at advanced levels). There is a broad agreement in the literature that human capital is closely related to both individual and aggregated labor outcomes: higher individual wages and enhanced employability on one hand and greater productivity and accelerated technological progress on the other (De la Fuente and Ciccone, 2002).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264212664-en	f28e4d30a855e3907c400e5bef07f483	The presence of incentive measures to encourage the deployment of clean energy is not sufficient in itself to ensure that investment reaches the desired levels. Governments also need to address disincentives, including reforming inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies and pricing carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, governments must address market and regulatory rigidities that favour fossil-fuel incumbency in the electricity sector and can adversely impact the investment attractiveness of clean energy sectors. For instance, they can try to create a level playing field between independent power producers of clean energy vis-a-vis fossil-fuel based power utilities.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c341a207-en	f28f390476d3c1dca47ae014d1a39abc	It conceptualizes the city as living super-organism in which there are continuous flows of inputs and outputs and helps in the study of the patterns of movements of matter and energy. This supports cities in identifying opportunities for sustainable resource management and can be linked with infrastructure to find alternative ways of using resources sustainably. The system can be fully adapted to suit the local requirements and policy priorities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	f290ad19a1f0460faea879e4ab06ac4a	In the words of Barca (2009: 36), “[t]he social agenda needs to be ‘territorialised’, the territorial agenda ‘socialised’. The place-based approach to social inclusion should be the result of these two shifts”. All territories have development potential and, as such, policies should be aimed at exploiting each and every region’s endogenous potentials.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	f2913268c7fecd440808021591a8b99e	Estimates of ecological footprints generally account for waste assimilation requirements and are expressed as a measure of land area. Water footprints also account for water used to assimilate pollution, by considering the volume of dilution water required to maintain water quality standards (Hoekstra, 2008, in press). Ecological footprints describe the implications of regional or national consumption activities on natural resources and the environment by expressing those impacts in terms of the land area required to support the target population (Wackemagel and Rees, 1996; Wackemagel, et al., Thus ecological footprints enable one to compare the ecosystem implications of consumption activities across regions and countries, and to assess whether a region or country is consuming resources in a sustainable or unsustainable fashion, from a global perspective.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	f293c9152b1792d3bfd18a33f5be3c8b	This is particularly true in landlocked countries in Africa, where prices for fertilisers are as much as ten times higher than in other developing countries13. World Bank 2012) report that geography seems to be important, as farmers in coastal countries in Africa generally enjoy better prices for fertilisers (a little over USD 600 in South Africa and less than USD 500 in Kenya), but there are coastal states such as Nigeria paying very high prices and landlocked countries such as Kazakhstan enjoying access to fertilisers at relatively low prices, which suggests the influence of other factors, such as the regulatory policies adopted by the concerned countries as regards the seed and fertiliser markets. Among the factors affecting African agricultural trade, Brenton et al. (	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	f295596ec194bc514801db32d9c97ef9	The policies are not as effective as anticipated for many reasons. Many farmers cannot access the credit support because of complicated and inconsistent procedures such as the requirement of submitting an invoice. The minimum local content requirement for machines is not realistic. To access the concession loans, enterprises have to sign contracts for production linkages, consumption of agricultural products and usage of agricultural mechanical services with co-operatives, households and individuals (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). However, there are some challenges to implementing and monitoring the programme because of the large number of farmer households - approximately 10 million. There are also difficulties with identifying whether the upland rice field is in planning area or not.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289330657-6-en	f2956747155c2725396684de4b3bbdb3	Waste assessment is carried out by the client. This is the reason for the identification of the expected harmful substances prior to building demolition. These eco-labels are used on a wide range of products including building materials. However, only a limited number of building materials have yet been registered.	12	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	f2984a72f14de78e52f4d45df87a9e3b	The Constitution gives municipalities primary responsibility for water supply and sanitation along with various levels of capacity and resources. This division of responsibility results in heterogeneity across the territory. Under the subsidiarity principle, they also directly provide services if requested by municipalities, and they can formulate their own state-level planning for water.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	f298ec0cf455cbcc9e34800eaa3a5125	In particular, the use of community level paralegals, legal empowerment programmes and the provision of free legal aid has had a positive impact on access to justice for women, especially in rural areas and for women of limited means. In Morocco, social assistance is provided regarding family matters, under the supervision of a comittee w ithin the Ministry of Justice, w'ith the introduction of a mediation system for families. In Lebanon, women can w'ork in a legal profession and are on equal footing with men: they have full legal capacity to testify and to work in the judiciary, Supreme Court and military courts.	5	0	7	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	f298f75e5623b7097d46138c2cac3418	In the Pacific, under the EDULINK project, three universities have done some analysis of their programming in relation to ESD. As quality assurance in higher education receives increasing attention, it will be worthwhile to mainstream ESD-related criteria into all such appraisal and monitoring activities, not just those explicitly focusing on ESD. The findings of the MESCA audit have been cogently analysed, and the logical next step is to use this information for planning purposes, in order to build on areas of strength and address areas of relative weakness.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	f2997d618aa84f92a4a0c368e8d545a6	Reprinted with the permission of the United Nations. In other words, the consumption of sea food from lower trophic levels entails nine times more food per unit of fish compared to tire fish caught at a higher trophic level. For example, a cod of 10 kilogrammes (kg) will have consumed 100 kg of herring.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg6qdx6b5q6-en	f29ed9fecdfc9b496cf00b6464c7af87	The certificate provides 'A' to 'G' ratings for the building, with 'A' being the most energy efficient and 'G' being the least. The current average score for the UK is around a D. From 2012 the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive will also require all home sale advertisements to have an Energy Efficiency Rating. Established to complement CERT, this scheme achieves aims of both carbon reduction and addressing fuel poverty by requiring energy suppliers to achieve 19.25 million tonnes CO2 lifetime savings in the most deprived areas of England, Scotland and Wales, promoting area-based and whole-house approaches to energy efficiency improvements.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264227293-4-en	f2a0c7e5c343ef78a46b88065cc00313	By 2010, 93% of homes were built with durable walls and 85% with durable roofs, up from 78% and 64%, respectively, in 1990. In this respect, Mexico’s experience parallels that of Chile, which managed over several decades to reduce dramatically the quantitative housing shortage and to address significant quality gaps. The activities of these two institutions, funded through a compulsory 5% payroll tax, include both housing finance and complementary retirement income (see Box 0.1 which provides a special policy focus on pensions). The rapid expansion of housing finance, led by INFONAVIT and facilitated by public policies aiming to expand access to formal housing, enabled the country’s transition from informal to formal housing on a grand scale.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	f2a2ee41e2efec7696defbe4a97322d6	While the latter exception authorizes a generic producer to use a patented substance for purposes reasonably related to the granting of marketing approval through a DRA, some countries’ laws on clinical test data prevent the DR A from relying, for a certain period of time, on the originator’s previously submitted clinical data for the purpose of approving a bioequivalent generic product. This wait will cause a considerable delay in the granting of regulatory approval for the generic drugs, which is contrary to the purpose of the regulatory review exception. Rather than leaving the task of patent enforcement up to the patentee, these laws turn the DRA into a patent enforcement authority, despite the fact that many of these authorities, especially in developing countries, do not have the expertise to verify the patent status of a drug. These will be discussed in the context of clinical test data protection (see Section 3.5).	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/budget-17-5j8sd88t3sr3	f2a494fd81a779f7b4520abcc9ad1665	Note these figures also reflect health spending by non-health departments, such as education and defence. For example, the under-five mortality rate has nearly halved, from 75 children per 1000 live births dying before the age of five, to 41 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014. Figure 2 shows this declining trend in under-five mortality rates alongside growth in real health spending per capita. Life expectancy has also increased in recent years, following a period of falling life expectancy during the height of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1990s and early 2000s.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264075788-6-en	f2a5a8aaa286628d94654bfa7893b4fb	Ensuring equal opportunities for all immigrant students - regardless of which school they attend - is of critical importance. The second section, on funding strategy, presents approaches to managing inequities through targeted funding to disadvantaged areas, schools or particular student groups after careful consideration of educational priorities. Finally, the third section underlines the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring the quality of migrant education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	f2a657662079033e67492c78e95399b1	In the context of the UK's transport appraisal this focuses particularly on the agglomerations of economic activity. Much of the agglomeration benefit arises from effectively bringing larger numbers of people and businesses closer together. In high-value service sectors like finance, this includes creating an environment where excellent accessibility for short trips is the essential feature, opening opportunities for frequent face-to-face contact and serendipitous meetings.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	f2a94335f1f51b9998ced8bb9d32542f	However, it also combines elements from a top-down approach like the selection of areas, organisation of coordination meetings, developing strategies and offering guidance (Faggian, 2017|2i]). The results from this tops-down-bottom-up approach are materialised in the form of a Programme Framework Agreement {Accordo di Programme Quadro), which is a contract among the municipal association, regional and central governments. Project areas are selected through a standardised public proceeding that involves a desk and field analyses of pre-selected areas. Pre-selected areas are analysed with respect to a series of demographic and socio-economic parameters (utilised agricultural area, deforestation, hydrological risk, population losses, entrepreneurship, tourism and cultural heritage, quality of education and health services among others).	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8f503b00-en	f2ae9eeb940a7c848444a42b0cd326b7	Although a limited number of these collapses may have been caused or exacerbated by natural phenomena (for example, climate variability), human activities and overfishing - essentially non-sustainable management - are the primary culprits (Pauly et al., It is important to understand that fish constitute not only biomass in the ocean but a potential economic input into society. Together, these two elements imply that fisheries are an economic activity by which fishers can catch fish resources in perpetuity if they are managed sustainably.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	f2b22bf352df339d2160187b7993375e	The indicator puts emphasis on the interdependency, interconnection and complementary of these settlement systems. Currently, data can be measured for at least 108 countries with important level of thematic disaggregation, using the UN-Habitat National Urban Policy Database. This platform remains a key resource for monitoring progress on indicator 11.a.1 and the New Urban Agenda. Up to 180 countries are implementing National Urban policies.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	f2b4cb8dba0843de62cacdf02006b5ff	They represent an industrial (not post-industrial) response to educating very large numbers of young people in mass school systems. Much of the educational discussion is over-simplified to artificial contrasts - knowledge versus skills, direct teaching versus inquiry-based approaches - when instead each has its place. The choices are about how to mix practices to suit the learners, aims, and context in which the innovation lies, in rejecting the standardisation of so much schooling practice (see also Vieluf et al.,	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	f2b55087376980e91f0231bc72231e77	However, the 2016 Law that creates the System for Teacher Professional Development requires school principals: to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies on the basis of information provided by school self-evaluation and teacher evaluation; and to create teacher professional development plans in the context of school development plans. First, the current practice of linking monthly school grants to actual school attendance imposes an undue financial burden on school providers. It would be important to replace this mechanism with one based on school enrolment at the start of the year, with an adjustment (possibly mid-way through the year) to reflect drop-outs and transfers between schools.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	f2b789c57e66c1d54c1c44dfcdb79a3a	In addition, the “Organic Agriculture National Action Plan” (2013-16) prepared by MOFAL, universities, government offices, non-governmental organisations and trade associations aims at promoting organic farming through dedicated actions in various areas including control and inspection services, traceability, education and institutional capacity (Ataseven and Sumelius, 2014). The purpose is to prevent pollution in rural areas and protect natural resources. Projects themes are tourism infrastructure, hard waste storage, recycling infrastructure, wastewater treatment and potable water infrastructure.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	f2bcd8042cf4260320543b3330eaca0a	Some countries in Asia, Latin America and the Middle-East have tariffs above 1 USD/m3. However, in most cases, tariffs provide little incentives to use water efficiently (including by curbing down leakages) and do not cover costs. While operating costs are not always covered, capital expenditure for large investments is almost always financed via public funds, either from government taxes or international transfers (see sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3).	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d712be22-en	f2bff5c0c8bc5f6ac5a5300ca654cf54	Such interventions require more specific nutrition goals and actions to unleash their full potential in combating child malnutrition (Ruel et al., Using a unique dataset from Ghana, we model the underlying determinants in several input demand functions, to understand what drives demand for input in the child health production function. We also estimate the conditional demand for nutritional status, in a similar framework. By estimating the framework as one complete model - albeit in two stages - we are able to quantify the underlying mechanisms determining inputs, and the likely pathways contributing to nutritional status. Other studies usually depend on national level household data, such as Demographic and Health Surveys, which limits the possibility of studying such a particular group in detail.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	f2c2bf281d7c8704f03a52ecdee774ac	The different contributions of the involved parties should be identifiable. For example, experts who delivered reports that supported decisions, criteria used by public servants to evaluate alternative solutions, and so on. This is an element the process of continuous policy review and improvement called for in the OECD GGS.	14	4	1	0.6
10.18356/1ea53441-en	f2c59e19e393c088d3ef55fdd2dc8212	Unmitigated climate change may reverse established development gains and jeopardize development prospects for future generations, especially for those at the lower ends of the distributions of assets and income. These challenges are most effectively, equitably and efficiently addressed in a context of wider policy coherence including intra- and intergenerational fairness—in the perspective of sustainable development. In short, climate change is an issue for international cooperation, and for national and local development strategies.	13	1	4	0.6
10.1787/baf425ad-en	f2cd9d4ba78a424e2e2f73fb5df431af	Meanwhile in LMICs the cost of providing health literacy to an entire population may be lower, and the dividend greater given the likelihood of less reliable access to care and thus greater emphasis of self-care in these settings. Nevertheless, involving patients in their care and in helping measure and assess the safety of their care is very important, and is supported by the literature. The care experience predominantly concerns the quality of communication. The previously cited study by Tsang et al (2013) suggests a long-standing relationship between patients and providers improves safety over time.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f08da6fa-en	f2cee8c84944d4f68cc66860647ec18e	This fact illustrates how deprivation is much higher in rural areas, as 55 per cent of children who are not poor but deprived live in rural areas. Using the section of the questionnaire dedicated to the subjective estimation of the living standard, we can estimate the proportion of children who live in a household whose head considers the household to be poor or very poor.8 About 20 per cent of children live in households that consider themselves poor or very poor: this number is consistently lower than the number of children who are poor and/or deprived. About 19 per cent of children are poor and deprived, but their household head does not consider the household to be poor.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	f2d092c27a873284b63f294810cbf2fb	"Through IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products considered “lost” from the fed component are recaptured and converted into harvestable and healthy seafood of commercial value, while biomitigation takes place (partial removal of nutrients and C02, and supplying of oxygen). In this way, some of the externalities of fed monoculture are internalized, hence increasing the overall sustainability, profitability and resilience of aquaculture farms. A major rethinking is needed regarding the definition of an “aquaculture farm"" (reinterpreting the notion of site-lease areas) and regarding how it works within an ecosystem, in the context of a broader framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)."	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264232143-4-en	f2d2b84f29efb0610a187d4216c6e9a7	In fisheries, there remains significant room for improvement in the use of discards, by-catch, and trimmings, among other things. One part of the OECD green growth strategy is to reform policies that impede progress, such as requirements that fish must be landed headed and gutted, or that fish for which the fisher does not have a quota must be discarded. A sector wide industrial dialogue may be a useful tool to identify w'here in the value chain improvements can be made.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/137d57b2-en	f2d30c043b5347c05a7550bc96bc3133	Yet this opportunity of a “demographic dividend” is a fleeting moment that must be claimed quickly or lost. Reducing poverty by investing in health and education, especially for women and girls, can break this cycle. As living conditions improve, parents can feel more confident that most of their children will survive.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	f2d3e4297efea34a311c58f10414ecff	In 2016, Internet usage rates are about twice as high in developed countries as in developing countries, and more than twice as high in developing countries, as a whole, than as in least developed countries. The SDGs, which succeed the Millennium Development Goals that guided international development policy between 2000 and 2015, are summarized in Table 3.1. They are applicable to all countries and regions, and are intended to ensure that 'no one is left behind' in the course of progress towards sustainable development. This chapter outlines each of these indicators, considers the availability of relevant data, and takes stock of current levels of achievement.	9	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e7c1b09-en	f2dc84c3b96ebf49b8f70c453f13b80b	The National Employment strategy of Jordan acknowledges that the large supply of low-wage foreign workers creates pressure at the bottom end of the wage scale.27 The case of Jordan illustrates that wages in the informal sector tend to be at the lower end of the wage scale, significantly below those of workers in the formal sector. While wages are estimated to be around 10 per cent higher in the formal sector in the Syrian Arab Republic, the wage difference has reached around 50 per cent for youth in Morocco. In Egypt and Lebanon, the gap amounts to 30 per cent, climbing to 50 per cent for women in Egypt.28 While minimum wage legislation exists in most countries of the region, it is not necessarily always enforced. In the Arab region, almost 70 per cent of workers are not covered by social security schemes.29 Table 3.9 shows that the share of informal employment in non-agricultural sectors reached 67.1 per cent in Morocco, 45.9 per cent in Egypt, 51 per cent in Yemen and 35 per cent in Tunisia.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-4-en	f2dd898c1fc920243ca3a4deba26af97	In this case, the reduction in severance pay is compensated by increased UBs which can be financed through general taxation or payroll taxes. The main benefit of UISAs is their potential to provide support to liquidity-constrained unemployed in their job search, while limiting moral-hazard effects associated with OECD-style systems of unemployment insurance. By allowing workers to run down their personal saving accounts during periods of unemployment, workers internalise the cost of unemployment benefits, thus strengthening the incentives of the employed to prevent job loss and those of the unemployed to return to work quickly (Orszag and Snower, 1999).	10	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	f2e02bbfd9cb21b40b94baf865013410	Enrolment in ECEC in Portugal is above the OECD average in 2012: 78% of 3-year-olds and 92% of 4-year-olds are enrolled at pre-primary level (compared to the OECD average of 70% for 3-year-olds and 82% for 4-year-olds), and enrolment is practically universal between ages 5 and 14. Education is compulsory from ages 6 to 18 in Portugal (two years more than the OECD average), with comprehensive schooling (the same curriculum for all students) until age 15. National data shows an increase of 33% in the inclusion in regular schools of students with special education needs (SEN) (2010/11). In PISA 2012, about 34.3% of 15-year-olds in Portugal had repeated at least one grade, compared to the OECD average of 12%.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264190672-3-en	f2e0bc12d6df2f4edd80799782c74d40	This means that a greater proportion of people will need to be educated as professionals. High-wage countries will find that they can only maintain their relative wage levels if they can develop a high proportion of knowledge workers and keep them in their work force. In the high-wage countries of the OECD, demand for highly-skilled workers is increasing faster than supply (which OECD indicators show in rising wage premiums for highly-skilled individuals); and demand for low-skilled workers is decreasing faster than supply (which OECD indicators reveal in growing unemployment rates or declining wages for low-skilled individuals). Jobs are moving rapidly to countries that can provide the skills needed for any particular operation at the best rates.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/84d2d81c-en	f2e18fdc216d12cecbf439fa3f9a3e13	Nonetheless, there are several ways in which public infrastructure spending can be more directly employment-generating and can have higher multiplier effects within local economies. Infrastructure works are doubly blessed, in that they create and sustain employment while at the same time improving living conditions and laying the foundation for long-term growth. Indeed, there is much greater scope than is generally recognized for developing infrastructure by using available surplus labour in LDCs. In urban areas, for example, labour-intensive techniques can be used for such works as improving streets and access ways, water supply, sewerage, sanitation and waste management, flood protection measures, and repair and maintenance of a range of public infrastructure.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	f2e2bdc7a9aaeeecbaa72f52b4d66156	The indicator is designed to measure whether residents are able to participate in the urban planning and management of their cities. Given the complex and subjective nature of participation, the indicator focuses on formal structures that are available for civil society. However, several steps have been taken to refine the methodology to internationally acceptable standards.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f2e33109c2c6413b446db53450932b69	These different systems are not always consistent or comparable with one another and the information they contain may not fully overlap with the information needed to identify progress towards climate finance commitments, including those in the Paris Agreement. However, encouraging relevant information-sharing from such systems could enhance the clarity and transparency of reporting of climate finance flows. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of overall climate finance flows.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	f2e629ea8406273d16b09f208d6f55dd	The Act defines the duties and responsibilities of waste generators, municipalities and state authorities, and requires all actors concerned to regularly develop waste management programmes (OECD, 2002). Over the last decade, it has been amended repeatedly to adjust to EU legislation. Other regulatory instruments, concerning end-of-life vehicles, packaging, and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), have been adopted to transpose EU directives. Because of political changes and organisational restructuring, Slovakia missed the deadline for transposing the 2008 Waste Framework Directive into national law.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/5aeb0eab-en	f2e8f01bdc8b6f6c63920e1ac9d598af	However, the pace of decline has fallen behind that of post-neonatal mortality. As a result, the proportion of deaths occurring in the first 28 days of life has increased, from 37 per cent in 1990 to 44 per cent in 2012. The best possible way of reducing neonatal mortality is through greater investment in maternal care during the first 24 hours after birth, particularly in labour and delivery care and other high-impact interventions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283466-en	f2e9b96daada76fefdff1330f697af55	Nevertheless, it remains the third lowest in the EU after Bulgaria and Lithuania (Figure 1). In 2015, life expectancy at birth of the Latvian population was 74.8 years, nearly six years lower than in the EU as a whole (80.6 years). Furthermore, there is a considerable gap in life expectancy between socioeconomic groups.	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	f2ea29a8bc7b6b419d826b9e460b31c4	As the PISA report, Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection (OECD, 2015) concludes: in general, schools and education systems have not been effective in leveraging the potential of technology. Across OECD countries, there is 0.77 computer per student in school, 96% of which are connected to the Internet (Table 11.6.4). There are large differences in the computer-student ratio across education systems.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	f2ea88b32a504e21e58eb8c3a42bb95a	At the same time, these simulations indicate that production shocks may be foreshadowed by the impact of climate change in vulnerable areas. Unlike the simulated shocks, which were implemented in three regions, climate change affects all countries and regions, so the effects on competitiveness are likely to be different. Furthermore, because climate change affects not only water but also temperature it is projected to have stronger effects at least in some countries.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	f2eb90f54155f37b52295c0e21d8e697	At the same time, African governments need to consider and weigh a wide range of policy recommendations and priorities that come from multiple sources -the governments themselves, the international community and African regional organizations. Taken as a whole, African governments must address the challenge of reconciling multiple policy and programme prescriptions and courses of action at the national level. This organizational framework is in line with the argument that accelerating gender equality and women’s empowerment simultaneously represents a practical operational approach for African governments to tackle the challenge of achieving the SDGs as well as move forward on the AU’s Agenda 2063. To the extent that gender inequalities are being addressed, then, in effect, progress is being made across the wide spectrum of development goals found in the SDGs.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	f2ec33848ed4e138bc85df293c794705	"The mining dispute has led to renewed calls for the government to adopt changes that recognize Sami ownership rights over the land. "" Legally, Sweden has a long way to go to take full responsibility for the Sami people"", said Christina Allard, an associate professor at Lulea University. Sweden, unlike Norway and many other countries has yet to sign legally binding international conventions that protect the rights of indigenous peoples.217 In the future, local pollution from new industries in the Arctic area will have a major impact on the living conditions and psychosocial health of the indigenous peoples living in the circumpolar areas."	3	3	3	0.0
10.1787/a09a3a5d-en	f2ed9336add9854871dae3d6a7c4562b	Teams of technical experts elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities, which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified. • Potential entrepreneurs are then identified, trained and provided with support to launch their micro-enterprises in those sectors. The teams help them structure proposals (which have to be evaluated and accepted by the national government) and execute projects.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77d08b03-en	f2f0808b6721e6970af7788b05ba7236	In Costa Rica, data from the time-use survey have been used in the various areas of action of INAMU to raise public awareness and strengthen the demand for more equitable services, especially as regards care. In Ecuador, when the survey was applied for the first time it was realized that there was a need to generate installed capacity in the country so that the information could be analysed and used, this actually being one of the time-use survey goals. Accordingly, workshops were held for the public sector, academia and civil society (especially women's organizations) so that they could begin to familiarize themselves with the data and the issue of unpaid work, while also relating these subjects to the development of the national system of statistics.	5	4	4	0.0
10.6027/8a4204a0-en	f2f317bb1e790b65149437ec49c412ae	Without political support, the deployment of new domestic generation capacity might be limited before 2030. Further investigations are required to clarify the realistic and economically sustainable potential. The most important integration measures are local hydropower (including large-scale pumped storage) interconnectors to the hydropower-dominated Nordic electricity system and flexible thermal-based generators.	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289338974-12-en	f2f39d35719a2887e180ff306ec02d3a	"Greenlanders' perceived contributions to household distributed by personal income (USD). The two younger groups of men (15-25 and 26-64) seem to perceive their main contribution to be ""job, income, and paying bills"". They see themselves more as providers than ""keeping the household going"". Income is perceived the most important contribution by the age group most likely to be active in the labor force (25-64) whereas the oldest group considers more of their contribution to be in ""keeping the household going"" and ""hunting and fishing""."	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289350167-8-en	f2f4c8f2424df1cdb8e2587011b162d8	Wind power in Denmark is now a EUR 10 billion annual industry employing 30,000 people (Danish Wind Industry Association, 2016). The Friends were established in June 2010 to support G20 and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders' commitments to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. In April 2015, the Friends launched the Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform Communique at the annual World Bank Springs meeting along with the support of the United States and France.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	f2f640fa0f70ae5ab1340a2504ea02f9	However, this orientation remains theoretical, as long as water abstraction is not metered. The structure of water abstraction rights includes two elements that could contribute to water efficiency. First, the charge rate varies across availability zones in order to induce higher efficiency where water is scarce.	6	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	f2f6483b971d0d5cce7bafb65008959d	It appears that some countries which are reluctant to provide direct public support for R&D to industry in order to avoid “picking winners” are prepared to engage in priority setting in science. The processes are distributed across various ministries and agencies and create a cacophony of competing priorities and visions. Some efforts have been made to consolidate these into a total R&D map.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/da48ce17-en	f2f69b5207af5eb56bffb404cfc7c888	The processes and outputs of national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems could, indirectly, contribute to the assessment of collective progress towards the global goal on adaptation, should Parties allow the use of country-specific information to that puipose. The extent to which this can be done is uncertain and varies according to which of the stated objectives of the global stocktake on adaptation is considered. Monitoring and evaluation of adaptation aims to improve the effectiveness of adaptation action by evaluating its outcomes and continuously learning from them.	13	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en	f2f732969a2a0aa7278e479a7be47a94	Benefit durations may be limited, but more often are not. Compared with UI, changes since the mid-1980s to unemployment assistance rules were fewer and smaller. Benefit amounts tended to become less generous, while employment or contribution requirements (where they exist) changed little. For the purpose of the present study, an attempt was made to assemble data for 1995 and 1985 for selected countries in a similar format. This section draws on the resulting policy database, and on various editions of the “Benefits and Wages” series, to summarise relevant policy changes since 1985. To keep the discussion focussed, it is limited to able-bodied prime-age workers.	10	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	f2f73d4116d96324190841c6ae38b617	The Project was recognised as the best practice at the 2010 United Nations Public Service Award Ceremony. Yet, most countries responding to the OECD survey rated their ability to integrate gender considerations into their policy-making processes rather highly. In areas such as treatments for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer, gender analysis has been pivotal in improving women’s health.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289349291-6-en	f2fb09b016cc93586064bac5e4ab0843	"Regulatory thresholds can be overcome with technical assistance, capacity building and subsidy schemes. Where emphasis is on results, result-based financing is an option and public-private funds may be utilized to secure a certain level of private capital (Cicero & CPI, 2015). In most cases, a combination or ""ecosystem"" of instruments and policies is required for successful and effective mobilization."	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k94hdlll7vk-en	f2fb2435dbf1c5729dc419930cbc629a	The higher skilled occupations such as professionals, technicians, associate professionals and clerks are significantly advanced in the developed countries of Australia, Hong Kong, China, New Zealand and Singapore. Cambodia, Pakistan and Viet Nam are struggling to supply these types of skills (see Figure 1.2 and Annex B for more detail). Operators and assemblers are generally in the manufacturing sector and industrialised countries have more of these jobs.	4	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264168688-en	f2fb791a1910b687b39183bc375070d4	In countries where national qualifications frameworks have been used to reduce unnecessary overlaps, their success has been partial (Coles, 2006). Arguably, NQFs including competence-based qualifications and national standards for occupations could increase clarity about the competences, skills and qualifications in demand on the labour market (Coles, 2006). This section provides an account of these. Choices regarding each dimension depend on the national context.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/eeca78e4-en	f2fbb6d697c0c53658138767f6d3f79d	Freshwater crustaceans and freshwater molluscs had peaks in the early 2000s and mid-1990s, respectively, but after periods of decreasing catches, they have been relatively stable since 2010 at 0.45 and 0.36 million tonnes. The first-sale value, re-estimated with newly available information for some major producing countries, is considerably higher than previous estimates. In general, FAO's data for aquaculture production volume are more accurate and reliable than those for value.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-4-en	f2fc60c6085944a0393d334b9a4e06d8	This definition better captures the complexity of cities today and in particular their interconnectedness with their hinterland and other administrative units. In the case of water policy, the functional approach relates to the catchment area where cities are located, which can help map centres of water demand (urban areas where most people live) and water supply (the surrounding environments where point sources are located). Overcoming the mismatch between administrative perimeters and hydrographic boundaries is a question of governance.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	f2fdea0e5544b4efa4d9c9472296f5ea	Finally, in Korea, only about 10% of poor children live in a single-parent household (compared to almost 40% on average in the OECD). From 2006 to 2013, both primary and disposable incomes of single-parent families increased at all income levels, largely driven by an increase in the educational attainment of single parents. Among all factors, differences in trends regarding paternal and maternal employment rates and job quality are the most important factors explaining cross-national differences in the evolution of income for low-income families. By contrast, the decline in the proportion of children with a working father contributed to a sharp drop in income in Spain; however, the largest contribution to the negative trend in income comes from the drop in income workers get from employment, and from full-time full-year employment in particular.	1	2	6	0.5
10.18356/5b595ea0-en	f2fe91b5ae24293572e7c7327000c2dc	For LDCs, the elimination was to take place within seven years of the date of entry into force of the Agreement. At the Sixth Ministerial Conference of the WTO, held in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong, China), from 13 to 18 December 2005, members agreed to grant LDCs an additional seven years to maintain existing measures that deviate from their obligations under TRIM, with the possibility of additional extensions. It also seeks to prevent procedures applied for granting import licenses per se from having restrictive or distorting effects on imports. The Agreement consists of, among other things, provisions for automatic and non-automatic import licensing.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/agr/outlook-2011-7-en	f309056be22ac4c569f584e5a8c794d1	In terms of numbers, the increase in global population to 2020 is equivalent to the current population of Sub-Saharan Africa. What is striking is that the vast majority of this population growth (86%) is set to take place in large urban centres and mega cities in developing countries (Figure 2.3). Such a shift in location carries with it a change in the composition of the food basket to more processed, convenience and higher value-added products.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/b5236fe7-en	f309b8da04db7213b01c50d925102e32	Solutions that may improve on an existing market allocation but which are highly costly are unlikely to be selected, and rightly so. And it has also been widely recognized that, sometimes, a policy package with a set of coordinated and complementary measures to address failures in a range of related markets may be more effective than a single-pronged attack on arty one of these failures. There must also be vision, leadership and strategic planning from the Government. In contrast to the function of detailed allocations which a market may or may not perform well given circumstances (market conditions), vision, leadership and strategic planning are things which a market simply cannot provide.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	f30a828d1ca64b8cb35849a354525f2d	England has a growing private health sector, which individuals can choose to access on a personal basis, perhaps using private medical insurance (OECD Mental Health Questionnaire England, 2012). Following the 2012 NHS reforms, non-NHS mental health care providers can also be commissioned directly by any of the commissioning bodies (usually a CCG or NHS England) or may be sub-contracted by an NHS provider. The Government is also committed to ensuring that patients and service users are able to choose “any qualified provider” in certain community and mental health services.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	f30c7b57aab786984e8d01d2a583d4c3	Macroeconomic and policy assumptions (cont.) The global recovery remains modest, despite some moderate acceleration in the short term, and there are large downside risks. The growth slowdown in the emerging market economies leads to large negative spillover effects on the world economy as a whole via trade effects.	2	3	1	0.5
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	f30de2d85e24476e2e6835d6ac872011	The number of individuals who are economically inactive for family reasons relative to the number of children aged under 4 is high in Estonia (Figure 18). Women gradually start returning to work after their youngest child becomes eligible to start kindergarten at the age of 18 months (Figure 19), but this process has been slowed in the past because of a lack of places. The number of childcare places has recently been expanded to reduce capacity constraints (European Commission, 2016). Also, there are plans to allocate some parental leave to the father on a “use-it-or-lose-it” basis, and labour inspectors have been instructed to ensure that the principle of equal pay is being observed, both of which should encourage greater labour market participation among mothers of young children.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	f30e346d88b5b1fc96261d54b2fa5470	These labelling requirements are applied to both consumer packs and bulk products for further processing. It results in additional administrative requirements, increased costs and reduced flexibility for bulk products that may ultimately be destined for a variety of uses (Bond et al, 2007). Another government regulation issued in 1999, requires labels and special logos to be on packaging of food containing transgenic ingredients but has not yet been implemented.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	f30e8fb26312197ed86392d86e1cad74	It will have 13 stations—six underground and seven elevated — and is scheduled to be finished in July 2018.25 A 42.1-km Jabodebek Light Rail Transit (LRT) system from Cibubur to Cawang, East Bekasi to Cawang, and Cawang to Dukuh Atas is under construction, with the first 5.8-km section scheduled to open in time for the 2018 Asian Games.26 In 2016, the share of public transport in Jakarta was 26 per cent. The Greater Jakarta Transport Authority plans to increase the public transportation share to 40 per cent by 2019,50 per cent by 2024 and 60 per cent by 2029. Thailand has 566 km of bicycle lanes across the country, and NMT policies are to be included in the master plans of all major cities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	f30effbd613d51e99cefe0fbc025ac5b	In upper middle-income countries this trend is even stronger. Yet the proportion of young people who are professional workers, which is the core category of wage employees, is only marginally larger in MICs than in LICs. In spite of low earnings, young people in the rural non-farm sector are on average much better off than their counterparts in farming and are closer to their urban contemporaries in their employment and poverty profiles (Figure 6.22.). Of youth in rural areas who work in non-farm activities 34% are wage employed, compared to only 10% of rural youth working in farming.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264281707-6-en	f30f54bb415b22bc2667ce371ca8fac8	The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This legacy, along with more recent evolutions in the country’s economy and urban development (see Chapter 1) has shaped current water management institutions, policies and practices. Furthermore, major policy decisions and instruments for water developed in the 1970-80s were dedicated to supply augmentation that would enable economic growth and meet increasing water demand in cities.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	f30f7729da47c08c30197ba11bba4e95	The Employment Promotion Law includes regulations on fair employment, employment service and supervision, occupational education and training, employment assistance, monitoring, inspection and legal liability. It is stipulated as follows: all government levels shall create a fair employment environment, eliminate employment discrimination and take measures to support and assist people who have difficulty finding jobs to obtain employment. It prohibits discrimination against female workers, minority workers, disabled workers, workers with infectious diseases and migrant workers in cities from rural areas.	10	0	7	1.0
10.18356/8db7ff68-en	f30fa1fdcb675f51a120ebf454861ae3	This varies in importance between products, and is more concentrated in manufacturing than in agriculture-related GVCs, in which international trade remains important but GVCs tend to play a more limited role. However, LDCs are able to exploit niche markets in agriculture, especially through arm's-length trade. Considerable growth in contract farming has helped to integrate some smallholders into GVCs, helping to alleviate some compliance constraints, though often relegating smallholders to positions with weak bargaining power.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f311c60e7173d3a01e8cb99af6c6c5c4	On the other hand, the large-scale penetration of distributed and intermittent renewable generation might present a challenge to nuclear. Widespread commercialisation of small-scale nuclear technology might be able to take on this challenge successfully. Stirling observes that the HHI does not properly reflect the diversity property balance as it gives a higher weight to producers with high market shares (Stirling, 1998).	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	f31207a11e846567bf8b4984254ded2e	In the future, the people of the world will continue to require industrial products, but they will demand cleaner and more environmentally friendly products. Greenland can deliver this, and even though the new industry will increase the country’s own emissions of CO., Most of the Canadian Arctic region is populated sparsely by indigenous peoples.	7	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/729bf864-en	f31383b8133197704e1b35bdc17cacc2	It also finds that while manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. The first, by Farre-Mensa, Hegde et al (2016), focuses on the impact of IP rights on companies' ability to raise finance. The research presents causal evidence of the direct benefits of patent rights in a large sample of start-ups. It shows that patents offer gains to entrepreneurs and small inventors, especially if processed in a timely manner. In particular, patents appear to play an important role in reducing uncertainty and alleviating information asymmetries in the market for entrepreneurial capital (i.e. fundraising).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/899c7c48-en	f314976415fff1f7893487040f4b1b28	The biggest differences were observed in Iceland (8ppt) and Cyprus (9ppt), where severe deprivation rates rose substantially faster among children in lone parent families. However, similar differences in changes may mask a more complex picture. In Iceland, the severe deprivation rate for children in couple families remained at 1% in both 2008 and 2012, while it increased from 2% to 10% for those in lone parent families.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	f31684fcf5128ff2890f7b3d6caad171	In stark contrast with the paths open to middle- and upper-class young people, early emancipation is common among those from low socio-economic strata. In the higher strata, socialization and the availability of material resources facilitate the adoption of patterns of deferred gratification that favour putting off entering the labour market, starting a family or becoming a parent. This is seen more clearly in figures 1.12 and 1.13, which provide a snapshot of the major differences in the emancipation paths followed by men and women in different social strata according to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the country in question.	1	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289330503-9-en	f319ec1a2394ae035bfd2bb1e46639b0	"Many of the actions are mentioned already in the literature overview and all those actions should be appreciated. Below we discuss some common findings in the Nordic countries, we have also lifted some country specific issues that we think are of interest for all the Nordic countries. Therefore for example the suggestion to stop with ""buy 3 for 2”-offers (which doesn't create food waste in the shop but more likely generates food waste in the households) at least for fresh products has not been accepted by most of the persons interviewed. Some persons interviewed said that if this is asked for by the consumers and a market option could be seen then it would be considered but not otherwise."	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-15-en	f31a01f93f2f4a14f9ae1ec8f54f884d	Variations exist in the targeted age groups, the governance of centres, the funding of services, the type of delivery (full-day versus part-day attendance), as well as the location of provision, either in centres/schools or at home (OECD, 2017(4]). The distinction between these two categories is explicitly shown in Figure B2.1 and in Table B2.4. Informal care services (generally unregulated care arranged by the child’s parent either in the child’s home or elsewhere, provided by relatives, friends, neighbours, babysitters or nannies) are not covered in this indicator (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator for more details). This average hides great differences across countries. The length of parental leave also influences the age at which children enrol in ECEC services.	4	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848599178-5-en	f31d1834614197da8dbccde4559b4025	One year later, Hurricane Emily, a Category 1 hurricane, struck and again set back the economy.5 Grenada experienced its most severe drought in 2009-2010. The rainfall deficit in 2009 and 2010 was estimated at 50 per cent and 80 per cent respectively (Ministry of Agriculture [MOA] 2009). Grenada’s environmental profile remains very fragile and vulnerable to external shocks.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f47faf05-en	f3246ca98f2058fabd6655232b0a0acf	Statistics on land cover and its changes also provide information on the extent of different ecosystems (see also Topic 1.2.2: Ecosystems and biodiversity). Changes in forest area in the different categories result from economic activities (afforestation or deforestation), reclassifications among the categories, or natural processes (expansion or regression). Not all forest land is used primarily to produce wood.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	f324c4cceb0d7187b82a18ebf4ca4923	While in Serbia, output increased by about 60% from 2007 to 2015, Kosovo’s level of output has remained quite stable. Crops accounted for a greater share of total output value than livestock in 2012-14 in all but one of the assessed SEE economies (Figure 14.3). In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, crops contributed the greatest share - making up almost three-quarters of the total output value.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-est-2015-6-en	f3271eb4a822609a92a066aa39d45eb4	The recent initiatives of the government to foster life-long learning and improve financial support for students from low-income families in tertiary education are welcome. There is scope to promote apprenticeships, for example by fostering cooperation between local firms and local schools. This would help reduce skill mismatch.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	f327a0593e13ed4749a38c1def437988	This pattern is mainly concentrated among women who, leave school early and perform unpaid work at home. Women in the poorest quintiles start entering the labour market early but also begin their reproductive stage at an early age. The overload of unpaid work, failure to postpone the reproductive phase and predominantly patriarchal arrangements keep many of these women from attaining basic economic autonomy, putting them (and their children) in a position of risk and vulnerability.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	f32a946c83254fda9d5f7c49dd85a5c0	In fact, the most cost effective measures to reduce GHG emissions involve skills to do things differently in existing industries such as construction and manufacturing; and existing occupations such as plumbers, electricians, designers and mechanics. A lot of focus on new skills will be within existing enterprises. During the invention stage, entrepreneurial and technical skills, as well as R&D capacity, are required to mobilise resources and to build and test prototypes. At the production stage, skills are required in the design of capital goods, processes and manufacturing.	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/6bc3a3cf-en	f32a9fdea3d57057ab04e4421a4452be	This initiative was the first in the country to be managed by a local government. The number of C02 certification certificates issued has risen year on year from 3 in 2007, to 20 in 2008, to 28 in 2009. The first initiative under this system was the establishment of a wood-based biomass mixed incinerator facility at the Sumitomo Osaka Cement Company, Kochi Plant (in Suzaki).	15	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/208cb99e-en	f32aca89ff80066543463214501d18a6	In the 2017 Global MPI tables, 984 subnational regions are reported. All low-income countries, 37 of the 39 Sub-Saharan African countries, 9 of the 10 East Asian countries, 14 of the 18 Latin American countries, and all South Asian countries covered can be disaggregated sub-nationally, for example. All national MPIs are disaggregated by relevant groups (geographic, rural-urban, indigenous ethnicity, etc.);	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	f32bda3aa8ab1572d931a25b7798e6aa	Heat energy consumption by industry sector has been fluctuating in the period 2010-2014, w'hile household heat consumption increased almost tenfold in 2014 over the previous year (table 11.7). The biggest gain in energy consumption was seen in the transport sector, where energy consumption increased almost threefold since 2005 and equated to 118 ktoe in 2013 (table 11.8). The increased number of old, inefficient vehicles in Tajikistan accounts for the increase in total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from 2005 onwards.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	f32c4e76658f449f1e0841eab96f993b	Pilot programmes and smaller systems have been implemented in Pasig City, Bangkok, Bandung and Delhi (Mateo-Babiano, 2015). Any effort to promote the use of non-motorised transportation should be developed with stakeholder engagement and public participation. Vehicle ownership can be affected through price-based measures, such as additional taxes and fees at purchase or on a recurring basis that are not affected by the intensity of use, or through non-priced-measures such as quotas on vehicle licenses that directly control the number of new vehicles that can be purchased.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	f33310a3ae4ce674c78779b4b591fa0a	In order to survive and achieve success in dynamic world markets, a country needs to constantly diversify and upgrade the range of products that it can produce. However, such diversification and upgrading are not possible without commensurate enhancement of the skills of the workforce. Mention has already been made above of the potential of cash transfers to mothers, tied to children’s school attendance, for enhancing household demand for schooling and for ensuring visits of mothers and children to health centres.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	f333389933e7a4c88cc6938f62c84b49	The pilot is limited to 100 participants who are either parking pass subscribers or non-parking pass subscribers. Parking pass subscribers receive free trips to and from the station and non-parking pass subscribers will be charged a flat USD 2 rate per ride. Because the focus is on work commute trips, rides are limited to two per workday per person and from only 5:00 to 21:00.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	f3374939d05ef9cdb3e02ea453d02043	It helps them to define a clear strategy, identify the targets to operationalise the strategy, and monitor performance against the targets set. And it provides them with the opportunity to assess the risks of not achieving these targets in time and enables them to take appropriate action. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has developed a Vision 2050, which describes the future macro-economic state and the role of business and society in co-creating this future.	12	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	f3380f9f2b17514813a3c6bada6398e8	The demand-for-health model provides guidance for research in all these areas. There are, however, several aspects of health-related behaviour that need further theoretical and empirical attention. A more technical criticism of the demand-for-health model that has been mentioned in the literature concerns the fact that health is treated as endogenous to the degree that the individual in effect decides about his or her time of death. Empirical estimates of the demand-for-health model have not unambiguously agreed with the theoretical predictions derived from the model.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264169142-en	f33b5fc76e9a0c37abfbb1df7118502a	All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.	4	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	f340c3b5393be58f56b220eb09857b84	"Furthermore, in article 6 of the PA, GHG sinks, reservoirs and forests are mentioned and a number of mechanisms are named including REDD+1 and the Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches. As represented by the ""plus"" in REDD, this mechanism has increasingly been scoped to cover agricultural drivers of deforestation, and thus agriculture and sustainable development as such. The land management part of agricultural activity, such as tilling, soil management, and land cover is covered under the category land use, land use change and forestry, in short LULUCF. This means there is and have never been one all-inclusive negotiation track or sector-specific target, measure or rulebook on accounting."	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	f341b75e87a44e5b674018b5eab5cacb	By using the proposed method, we could improve the utilization of link capacity by 45% compared with the conventional method. An all-optical network based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) seems one of promising solutions to this problem since many O/E and E/O converters in the network are eliminated, and it can realize veiy large capacity network by exploiting the advancing transmission technologies. A WDM network, however, exhibits inefficient bandwidth utilization because of its coarse bandw idth granularity. When the amount of traffic between two nodes is not large enough to fill one wavelength capacity, electrical sw itch/routers are often used with WDM nodes for traffic grooming, and thus the pow er consumption is still an issue in the case of carrying many small traffic paths [1], Therefore, an efficient sub-Aswitching with low power consumption is needed.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	f342b9f6c30a4e479b6632a036e822a6	The third graph indicates how the farmer changes the diversification strategy with the intervention price. In fact, the farmer uses a diversification strategy more often as the intervention price increases up to GBP 68 per tonne. More specifically, the farmer increases the proportion of barley production and reduces the wheat production to benefit both from price intervention for these two cereals while diversifying between these two crops.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
11.1002/pub/80ec6eea-92ed5bbe-en	f3456a6d3597fa0b064db4eea0485434	Additionally, as company disaster recovery plans become more detailed, they force similar effects through their suppliers via audits and management practices. While at a high level this appears to be a business continuity and revenue protection issue, it also has much broader implications for sustainable development globally. Countries that are attempting to climb out of poverty are often held back by frequent natural disasters. As with any disaster response or business continuity team, the team is made up of people with different skills, drawn from different business units across the company.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/health/glance/ap-2014-12-en	f34582abb63d32f03a970ca795352035	But in different countries and to varying extents, they also have inherent risks. Maternal mortality - the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the weeks after delivery - is an important indicator of a woman’s health and status. The United Nations set a MDG target of reducing maternal mortality ratios (MMR) by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015 and achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015. It shows clearly the differences between rich and poor, rural and urban, with the vast majority of deaths occurring in resource-poor settings, and most being preventable (WHO, 2011a).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	f345944512fc4f8885d6124f8f11219b	The work related poor infrastructure, such as collecting water and firewood, is some of the most physically intensive and time-consuming, and this disproportionately falls on women. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are responsible for over 70% of water collection (UN Women, 2012). Lack of clean cooking facilities takes on average 1.4 hours of work a day plus several additional hours of cooking, carrying heavy loads and working in enclosed spaces without proper ventilation (IEA, 2017).	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f346575f095e3ecb1539f7521a914d82	The primary control range should be ±2% of the nominal power but higher values, up to ±5%, should be achievable. The primary frequency control reserves shall be activated within 30 seconds and maintained for at least 15 minutes. The secondary control range should be at least ±10% of the nominal power and should be activated with a minimal speed of 1%/min. Higher ramping rates shall be achieved, with a maximum speed of 5%/min.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/64d31d53-en	f348ffde97ef521804d1b742ca681293	"Official data tend to focus on open-ocean and river fishing, which are male bastions, ignoring the rest of the fishing cycle, where women work. It is imperative for policymakers to track the fishing cycle from start to finish, thereby making visible the ""invisible work” done by women within the fisheries sector of the region. An alarming rate of deforestation is taking place across the region due to land-use change in agriculture, urbanization, mining and infrastructure development."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	f349859dc2f5f9710c144384d17fe5ea	Their positive fiscal balance leaves space for an extension of the existing social safety net in order to better protect the poor and vulnerable families and children. Countries can use this opportunity to abolish ineffective privileges and subsidies in favour of more effective safety nets (Ravallion 2009). In Mexico and Argentina the crises in the late 90s and early 2000s highlighted the need to reform and strengthen the existing social safety nets.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	f349edfb8bd958c761f3d8e299d1dfa1	"A common error is using ""accessibility"" and ""mobility"" interchangeably. Doing so reinforces the development of policies based on indicators focusing on physical movement. The role of land use policies is then overlooked and the bias towards car-oriented policy and planning perpetuated. Central to this is identifying how actions in transport and other relevant sectors can contribute to attaining overall goals by delivering better accessibility. The Agenda's ultimate objective was to facilitate participation in economic activities by vulnerable groups."	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267510-10-en	f34a38eb69de184e4a353be33ba1a419	The proportion of full-time teachers is positively associated with students' science performance only in Bulgaria, Colombia, Japan, Malta, Peru, Chinese Taipei, andTrinidad andTobago; in Luxembourg, Qatar and Switzerland, the association is negative. Just as practitioners in any other profession, teachers need to keep up-to-date with advances in their field. They are often expected to learn about new ways of teaching, discoveries in their field of expertise, new theories about how children learn, curricular changes or innovative tools for the classroom.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	f34a662b683283567707c255d330e597	Also, stocks that were bought with the purpose of stabilising prices are not necessarily released with the same purpose and could end up in regular distribution programmes. The fact that it is hard to trace these stocks complicates the analysis. The most common causes are the unsustainable fiscal costs, conflicting objectives of the programmes, crowding out of the private sector and other agricultural investments, poor management and nontransparent working of the programmes.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/32eef2ab-en	f34e69b9bf3ed7ccdc4a8077614fb778	Using a list of child- and household-level deprivation questions available in the EU-SILC 2009, Guio et al. ( They produced an 18-item child deprivation index, drawing the deprivation cut-off at three or more items. Using data from the EU-SILC 2014, they have re-evaluated the index and produced a 17-item version (Guio et al.,	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	f34ee7170855e9a91b2412c05653645d	It is considered by the government to be a key element for productivity growth and competitiveness of the sector. Under the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), the government has invested largely in irrigation expansion and supported its management since the 1950s. As of 2016, these associations managed over two million hectares of the total net area of three million hectares.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/48927deb-en	f35507b547966a23fa79bb89629a8e89	Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova arc preparing a new basin agreement on the Dniester, which foresees the establishment of a transboundary water commission. In June 2010, Romania and the Republic of Moldova entered into an agreement on the Prut. Moreover, a new intergovernmental agreement on transboundary waters between Belarus and Poland as well as Romania and Serbia are under development. Factors that have triggered revisions is the need to take into account the provisions of the WFD, the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and the obligations under the Water Convention. For example, today the Finnish-Russian transboundary water Commission deals with a broad range of management issues, including joint monitoring of pressures and water quantity/quality, joint management of water resource including joint operation of water level regulation, fisheries and threatened species.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	f355676e71b3c1ab5e11b1054068a9da	Given the high dependency on agriculture of hundreds of millions of poor and food-insecure rural people, the potential impacts on agricultural incomes - with economy-wide ramifications in low-income countries that are highly dependent on agriculture - are a major concern. The IPCC also helped catalyse the development of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which describe alternative development futures, to be used alongside the RCPs to analyse feedback between climate change and socioeconomic factors (Box 7). The authors compare the effects of the exogenous climate change shock on yields of four crop aggregates - coarse grains, oil seeds, wheat and rice - which account for about 70 percent of the global crop harvested area.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	f355eb09edd8f45d0dcb4822e6b1da65	In Bahrain and Lebanon, there is, for instance, a jurisdiction for Sunnis and another for Shias, each of them with their own non-codified laws. However, in the case of Bahrain, the Family Law (Part 1), which concerns the Sunni sect, was promulgated under Law No. The Egyptian child law was amended in 2008 to raise the minimum age for marriage of girls to 18.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/21b84508-en	f35a6d0ca6300fa7c1377a4009cf178f	Examples include the construction of community water points and fuelwood sources, and the use of public works labour to cultivate the land of labour-constrained female-headed households (Holmes and Jones, 2013). Similarly, Zambia's Food for Work programme, almost entirely taken up by women (as men typically refused to work for non-cash payments), built pit latrines in rural communities. The latrines have reduced the distance that women have to walk and thus their vulnerability to sexual violence (Kabeer, 2008). Women and men tend to prioritize different types of infrastructure.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/e6deef25-en	f35dc2e3ee9cbac4161dcaa963dfd377	These include SDG 5 (’Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’): and also, via the strong association this goal has with many of the other SDGs. By assessing women and girls' health and well-being (SDG 3). The SDG indicators are classified by tier, with the following definitions: Tier 1: indicator is conceptually clear, has an internationally established methodology and standards are available, and data are regularly produced by countries for at least 50 per cent of countries and of the population in every region where the indicator is relevant. However, it is expected that indicators remaining at the Tier 3 classification in 2020will be removed from the SDG monitoring list.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264167865-9-en	f35e94c0723275bf89b548968aa0d047	The region’s outlying suburbs are underserved by its radial transit system. This is one reason why the number of cost-burdened households in the region (renters who spend more than 50% of household income on housing and transport) is predicted to increase significantly over the next 20 years (Metro, 2010a). Oregon initiated a dramatic shift in its growth management policy in 1969, before the challenges described above were appreciated. Oregon policy makers were responding instead to the spread of exurban development and the consequent loss of agricultural and forest land. The governor at the time, Tom McCall, worried that Oregon would become the centre of a megalopolis ranging from Seattle to San Francisco, “committing some of the richest farmland in America to supermarkets and suburbs”. However, no state agency was charged with managing the programme; there was no significant source of funding to assist cities and counties with the development of comprehensive plans; and the enforcement mechanism- assumption of planning by the state if a local government refused to comply - was politically unpalatable.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	f35f2546d63cb64be54e29bdb37b8853	Once these decisions are made, the teams consisting of individuals from various partners or even external parties need to be brought together and mobilised for development. In the beginning, workshops should be conducted between cross-functional stakeholders and specialists in order to discuss the most pressing issues, where blockchain can pose a valuable solution. The hypotheses developed within these workshops should then be tested and verified through extensive research, potentially including surveys of intended target groups.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f3646aab6739668f1f6a08038239420b	This may lead to increasing ramping and cycling of conventional power plants, to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and, overall, to higher costs for the system. Sometimes, the variability of VRE within the scheduling interval of power systems (one hour or less) is also accounted for balancing costs. While all generation plants may have some siting restrictions, the impacts are more significant for VRE.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/b620ec70-en	f366b5b72ddbd0fbe493ece3d3ac3cc3	At the same time, new groups of persons should be encouraged to seek employment in the care sector (European Commission, 2004; European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2006), and recognition in the form of decent wages should be given for their key contribution to social well-being and to the economy. Generally speaking, a distinction is drawn between childcare and long-term care, which refers mainly to older persons but also includes chronic or terminal illnesses and persons with disabilities. There are common issues, however. Both sectors have a segmented workforce, with a professionalized group (in the respective areas of education and health) and a sector that is unskilled or low-skilled but —especially in the case of women— often has competences acquired during the gender or class socialization process.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264285637-8-en	f36b85332634ba49108c822c113a298a	The purchase of goods and services is not regulated further beyond the general conditions related to obtaining public subsidies (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016; Santiago et al., The main task of school principals is the implementation and management of the school educational project (PEI). For public schools, the Teacher’s Statute further specifies that school principals should lead the administrative and financial management of the school and meet the functions and responsibilities attributed by law.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	f36bd1317c743d9baa50bfe3e7fe3f92	Flowever, a number of studies on the subject have raised questions in this regard, with their authors arguing that hypothesizing a linear relationship between growth, inequality and poverty can produce a misspecification that biases the estimates because these relationships may not, in fact, be linear. In that case, the OLS estimates will tend to be biased and inconsistent, overestimating the coefficient of that variable. An effort can be made to correct this bias by using the fixed effects estimator (within-groups), which generates slightly smaller standard deviations of the coefficients.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	f36be336183243cff8cd46d55da72de9	The empirical evidence suggests, however, that this does not “condemn” countries to permanent specialization in low-tech exports; rather, with consistent policy direction, export diversification into higher-end products will be promoted (Rodrik, 2007a; Cornia, 2006; Ocampo and Vos, 2008). This requires a rethinking of the priority given to inflation targeting14 which has often resulted in exchange-rate overvaluation, undermining export growth and diversification (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2003). Needed would be a broader approach to agricultural development policies, focusing on access to land, extension services, improved inputs, credits and rural infrastructure so as to secure a greater and more predictable marketable surplus and income to farmers and inputs for agroindustrial development.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	f36cf0ba55d59da95a3f96789956dbc0	Looking at 155 series of domestic cereal prices (maize, rice and wheat) from 52 countries in 2007-08, Sharma finds that domestic prices rose by more than the change in the world markets (over 100% transmission rate) in 48 of the 155 series, with transmission of between 50% and 100% in 50 cases, and transmission of less than 50% in 57 cases. The transmission rates were significantly lower during the second spike (2010-11). One might expect the least developed countries to be less integrated with world markets, suggesting lower rates of price transmission.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	f36d5ee615ea9e7873326cfccf20e4b1	In the design of the toolkits special efforts have been made to lower the barriers of access and to present the content in such a way that it also appeals to persons without an economic or management training background. The toolkits also pay specific attention to practical implementation, so that users can rapidly apply the acquired knowledge to day-to-day operations. It also offers ideas on how to incorporate the brand essence of Canada into the users' own advertising and promotional materials, supported by numerous illustrations and supporting material. Accessible and hands-on, this toolkit touches upon very practical elements of branding in tourism.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/091e4d11-en	f36e3e31b20b88c1dca1a9a92dc689e5	And unlike the traditional goals that have gone before, these new goals are subject to a range of supra-national influences - such as globalization of markets and economic shocks, pollution, advances in information flows, instability and migration - and demand the attention of all countries, whether high-income or not, in collaboration. Ranks by goal are determined or standing across 1 or more indicators as outlined in the following sections of this paper. Statistical methods for compositing a can be found in Annex 1 of this paper.	4	4	0	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	f36e566dac0b13b6780cd9995bd5ae34	It includes stimulating the cognitive functions of small children and seeking -to the extent possible- to preserve the capabilities and decision-making faculties of frail elderly persons and persons with disabilities. Maintenance requires generating and managing goods, resources, services and activities in order to meet the care receiver’s needs in a sustainable manner, that is, by providing food, ensuring health and personal hygiene and stimulating cognitive and social learning. Within the family, roles and responsibilities, spaces and cycles overlap; the time, intensity and effort involved are not easy to quantify (Duran, 2003 and 2012; Sojo, 2011).	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264279322-7-en	f36f732265e74714238283034c2a0271	It implies that she gives compensation to her husband, the amount of which is generally determined by the courts. In Egypt, she renounces all of her financial interests and returns her dowry. For Egyptian women who can afford to return the dowry, the procedure is easier than fault-based divorce; in the case of poor women, the value of the dowry is quite low, but a woman may be rather dependent on the dowry and it may be difficult for her to give it back.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	f36f91085641eb0209a5e54fa618908a	For the minimum scenario, the FAO experts took a sequestration rate of 200 kg of carbon/ha per year for arable and permanent crops and 100 kg of carbon/ha per year for pastures. The optimum scenario combines organic farming with reduced tillage on arable land (with a sequestration rate of 500 kg of carbon/ha per year). It stated strongly that “the way the world grows its food will have to change radically to better serve the poor and hungry if the world is to cope with growing population and climate change while avoiding social breakdown and environmental collapse.”	7	7	0	1.0
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	f370b4c822e599538cfd64807bc24dfd	Support to fossil fuel production and use in OECD countries is estimated to have been about USD 45-75 billion a year in recent years; developing and emerging economies provided USD 409 billion in 2010 (IEA data). However, fossil fuel subsidy reforms should be implemented carefully while addressing potential negative impacts on households through appropriate measures. The cost of mitigation could be significantly reduced if R&D could come up with new breakthrough technologies. For example, emerging technologies -such as bioenergy from waste biomass and CCS - have the potential to absorb carbon from the atmosphere.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0c83d6be-en	f374bfe76a502b8abd2bab950963df0b	The trawl grounds for these fisheries probably coincide closely with very fine sand or mud (mean grain diameter <0.1 mm) sediment types, as described earlier for the east coast of South Africa, mud being the preferred habitat for these prawns (de Freitas 2004). Members of the family Sciaenidae (croakers; Fennessy and others, 2004) are prominent among the fishes in these mud-dominated shelf habitats, and can be considered indicators of the presence of prawns (Pauly and Neal 1985). Thus, in inner shelf waters associated with river mouths, members of the Sciaenidae and Cynoglossidae would predominate owing to their preference for turbid or muddy habitats, while Sparidae, Triglidae, Sauridae and Haemuli-dae are probably more predominant over inner shelf substrata with less mud.	14	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	f37db186dd196c940b986b817a6bc352	"In standard classification, migration to the Gulf is considered as a South-South type of movement. Critiques to approaches such as the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) have shown how unequal gendered power relations in both the migration process and the broader migrant networks have been overlooked.8Thelackofgenderanalysisinthetransna-tional migration literature has also been highlighted,9 even though attention to gender dynamics in transnationalism has progressively increased,’® pointing at the complex interplay of gender, class and normative constraints in shaping women’s social personhood in a transnational field."" Arango 2000; de Haas 2010; Lindley 2009."	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	f386176cee86399b0ed7af0d3b736c2e	Total income is defined as the sum, at the household level, of the following components: 1) wage, salary and self-employment income of household members; 2) capital and property income, private pensions, private occupational pensions, and all kinds of private transfers; and 3) social security transfers from public sources. Total income is expressed in terms of “equivalent” household member, by dividing it by the square root of household size. The definition of the second and third income component can slightly differ for European countries and non-European countries, given differences in information available in the microdata public-use files particularly in the reporting of gross and net earnings.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	f386e3dd1b86942322c06ab00764ee25	The drivers of the CRGE - notably the Prime Minister’s Office and development partners - appear to have similar perspectives. Other stakeholders, however, see green growth as a process of realising greater wellbeing from natural assets, through mainstreaming environmental objectives across all sectors and better including environment-dependent stakeholders (often the poor) in economic activities, while respecting ecological limits - in effect greening the whole economy in an inclusive way. Some institutions and people have very strong interests in particular perspectives on green growth agenda - the reality is that both perspectives can add real value to development and livelihoods.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f38b4cc6a8ac41b603fb32c678086cb8	The scale and ambition has grown and the scope of the patient safety work in Scotland now extends to primaiy care, mental health and maternal and child health. The Patient Safety Programme initiatives were designed in recognition of common adverse events, such as sepsis and mental health-related harm. The programme includes performance measurement at both a local and national level. Most results from the safety work are reported locally, and national data are not published in a systematic manner.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	f38c13746e566922a81df842eeb29393	The industrial sector provides significant value to the economy. The University of NSW Sydney has a School of Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Engineering and hosts the ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence in Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics, an internationally recognised leader in the field. The University of Western Sydney Richmond’s Centre for Plants and the Environment conducts research on climate change and sustainable plant production. These universities and research centres are sources of innovation that can drive the development of new technologies, products and services in the green economy.	7	3	3	0.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	f38d725c1f3d09344b95ab0935ae7d59	Let's not squander this momentum. Gender disparities in human development, while narrowing slowly, are embedded in social norms and long-standing patterns of exclusion from household and community decisionmaking that limit women’s opportunities and choices (box 2.2). The preference for a son can lead to sex-selective abortions and missing women, particularly in some South Asian countries. Discrimination continues in families through intrahousehold resource allocation. The gender politics of food—nurtured by the assumptions, norms and values about women needing fewer calories—can push women into a perpetual state of malnutrition and protein deficiency.	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f38df7a06669cb779ec3d05520e1379c	Most public discussions turn around short-term physical interruptions of energy supplies due to isolated and non-predictable events such as political crises, commercial disputes, sabotage, meteorological events, technical accidents or inadequacy of power generation capacity. It is in this context that classic security of supply measures have been designed such as, for instance, the IEA emergency response system for oil supply disruptions, which has been used in cases as diverse as the first Iraq war or hurricane Katrina. They also require specific responses such as improved transparency, more effective regulation of increasingly volatile and complex commodity markets, better coordination between suppliers and consumers as well as improved informational infrastructures in terms of standardising, collecting and regularly publishing relevant data among all stakeholders.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ea31d8c4-en	f3908cd1c3887a13f5a698ea4922ef0d	These debates have tended to focus on whether market-led growth is sufficient to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality, or whether specific policies are necessary because untargeted growth may be insufficient or even perverse. The paper charts the degenerating outcomes of these debates, and the emergence of the inclusive growth (IG) paradigm within the World Bank. A critical examination of IG suggests that its weaknesses are best addressed through a more ambitious restatement of the pro-poor goals of economic policy.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-6-en	f39105ae310585a85a77ef509b7c71ac	These indicators address both the characteristics and the performance of services, and were developed and standardised by a task force of public and private experts and representatives from the water sector. There are 119 operative offices, with technical, legal, and administrative units to support their co-ordination tasks, operating co-along with the state governments. One year after the implementation of the 2030 Water Agenda, 38 management programmes were designed and implemented in river basins, and 18 beaches were certified so far.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264204256-4-en	f3943a8e662b6ebe71578cbf995a8230	In order to match prospective employees to a job, employers need to be able lo identify a candidate's skills. Qualifications should thus not only be clear, but consistently awarded. Continuous certification that incorporates non-formal and informal learning over the working life is also essential, as is recognition of foreign diplomas.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	f396e689265b7adb13908105cf72e377	The term has achieved widespread use (e.g. Farrington et al., Others have referred to ‘super-cognitives’, to emphasise the fact that these factors rely on and emerge from particular (cognitive) thoughts, ideas and developed meanings (Intrator and Siegel, 2014). Whatever exactly these ‘skills’ are, in many contexts there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which aim to develop higher-level personal and social competence.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/281344f5-en	f3983be6361a006b5fe3b4d77949f1e8	Even where old enough to vote, young people tend to be less well integrated than older groups into electoral and political processes as reflected partly in their lower voter turnout. The correlation is not proof of causality, but it does suggest to some researchers that societies must make greater efforts to increase opportunities for education, jobs, livelihoods and political engagement for their youth. This tendency, if not counterbalanced by hope for a better future, can sometimes lead young people to become involved in violence (Urdal, 2006).	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	f398f6a601157b0113f2a5c9f1408fcc	This applies both to stand-alone initiatives related to women’s empowerment and to mainstreaming gender across all government plans and policies. Centres of government, such as cabinet offices and ministries of finance, should have the capacity to ensure that line ministries and agencies take into account gender impacts, among other considerations, when designing their policies, initiatives and budgets. Gender-specific agencies, such as gender equality ministries, usually provide gender-related advice to line ministries and the centre of government. Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of gender equality commitments of the government.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/1826beee-en	f39a133eb49fe380234021ec7b560d18	Partial funding, including from the EU's CAP Pillar II programmes, helped launch some of these initiatives, even before regulatory approval. River-basin-level management was perceived as too broad and too difficult a level at which local stakeholders could participate. The same discussions showed the limitation of the results with existing regulatory and economic approaches; the overall outcome-based policy was not sufficient to trigger meaningful results. This likely encouraged DEFRA to consider acting at the catchment level.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	f39c9c017a7ab915d6fe638f5bf18e38	"In this debate, it is posited that the process of accumulation uses ""human energies” as merchandise, while housework reproduces these energies as part of a process that constitutes an integral component of the development of the members of the household. From the external perspective of the household, these energies are diverted from the reproduction of human beings to the production of merchandise. From the internal perspective of households, the production of merchandise is a means to an end, which is reproduction (Picchio, 2003)."	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	f39cc3740b3f883adb6ff632a219afe7	It can also be argued that the evaluation approaches of each of the involved groups are slightly different in focus and emphasis, hence justifying the multiplication of initiatives (Scheerens, 2013). This approach is in line with the Dutch tradition of multi-stakeholder involvement and may be described as “strategic redundancy”. It also echoes elements of a governance system often described as the “Polder model”, where each stakeholder group is given room to play its role, and channels for debate and negotiation are kept open, even in periods of major disagreements.	4	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	f3a357571c3df742903db99710f29378	A number of environmental protection standards are also incorporated in tourism legislation governing Greek companies hiring out cars and motorcycles to tourists. -Measures which aim at renewing the motor vehicle fleet in different categories, either via incentives to motor vehicle owners or via obligations which motor vehicle owners are required to meet. Financial incentives were provided up to 31 December 2009 for the replacement of two-wheel vehicles with models using new technology, under Law 3245/2004 on motorcycles (registered not later than 1994) and Law 3333/2005 for scooters (registered not later than 1996). Other measures aimed at renewing the fleet of public passenger cars.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f3a6258268de97232c3d0ef92148002a	In July 2007, the earthquake at Kashiwasaki Kariwa caused the shutdown of seven power plants, BWR and ABWR; two units resumed operations in 2009 and two in 2010. Also, in March 2011, the earthquake and tsunami caused the permanent shutdown of four units at the nuclear site of Fukushima Daiichi and the temporary shutdown of several nuclear power plants in Japan. In Europe, two BWRs were shut down in Germany in 2008 and 2009. More recently, following the Fukushima Daiichi accident, eight units have been permanently shut down in Germany.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264079502-3-en	f3a7d43716abee9de9d7c3eaabb1d729	The IPPC Directive has recently been codified (Directive 2008/1/EC). The codified act includes all previous amendments to Directive 96/61/EC, the substance of which is unchanged. The Urban Waste Water Directive requires secondary treatment for loads in excess of 2 000 population-equivalent (p.e.). For instance, biological water quality is currently assessed in terms of macro invertebrates only. The new classification will take account of phytoplankton, aquatic flora, invertebrates and fish.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277335-8-en	f3a8ba7a560bcca24c1e64154bf39bcd	Upper secondary education is becoming the desired minimum, while those who do not reach this standard - half of all young people at present - may be left behind as the economy develops in a way which will inevitably reduce its reliance on low-skilled jobs. Growing inequality in Costa Rica reflects this worrying skills divide (OECD, 2017a, forthcoming). Participation rates and second chance options have grown fast, aided by a raft of measures to tackle dropout and grade repetition; well respected public universities provide an attractive goal for those who excel academically; the technical school system offers an appealing and high-status track, alongside, in the National Training Institute {Instituto Nacional del Aprendizaje, INA), a well-funded system providing both initial occupational training and upskilling; a reformed curriculum now provides a major opportunity to rethink upper secondary education. This chapter looks at how Costa Rica can build on these strengths to establish a more inclusive system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	f3aea4a92579818def032dbd85f7c5c8	Even so, some low-income households unable to reduce their water use will continue to struggle to pay their bills. In June 2012, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs issued guidance for water suppliers to implement social tariffs that would go beyond WaterSure, which is quite narrowly targeted (DEFRA, 2012). No general affordability threshold is set, as it is presumed that social tariffs are best set by water suppliers based on local conditions.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/da48ce17-en	f3b113d406a9bc99b6732066b3bb77aa	Adaptation is context-specific by nature (AC, 2015) and adaptation responses need to be tailored to a country’s geography and socio-economic, political, as well as ecological systems. National approaches to adaptation, as well as to monitoring and evaluating adaptation reflect this and vary considerably between countries, which would make them very difficult to aggregate.19. Indeed, the Adaptation Committee (2015) also indicates that it would “not be useful” for all countries to use the same set of adaptation indicators.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/f61073ef-en	f3b28e24ee383fa07860a9f7eed62750	Recent studies have sought to explain which factors affect the income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities. Ravallion and Chen (1997) used a sample of developing countries to demonstrate income-poverty elasticity (measured by the number of people with incomes below the poverty line of one dollar a day), finding this elasticity to be -3. This means that for every 1% rise in the average income, the proportion of individuals with incomes below the poverty line falls by 3%.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	f3b44eb202259ac227717bb1f483885d	In all of these cases, gender-responsive or gender-transformative results were in the democratic governance focus area. Working in a country context where the government was open to or supportive of GEWE created an enabling environment for gendered development programming. This was considered a factor in some of the countries that were early winners of the Gold Seal in the Gender Seal certification pilot.	5	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-8-en	f3b4c3c3e126a8c8ac0fd4b2315955ad	Kiribati is one of the most remote and geographically dispersed countries in the world, consisting of 33 coral atolls spread over 3.5 million square kilometres of ocean - an area larger than India. Solomon Islands is geographically splintered with 1,000 small islands and atolls. It has a low population density, with half a million people dispersed across 90 inhabited islands, 78 per cent of whom reside in rural areas, and is the poorest country in the Pacific when measured in terms of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Apart from PNG and to some extent Solomon Islands and Fiji, they have limited natural resources, narrowly based economies, large distances to major markets, and vulnerability to exogenous shocks - all of which can affect growth and have often led to a high degree of economic volatility. They are also some of the most vulnerable states in the world to the effects of climate change and natural disasters. Given this, it is generally recognised that sustained development progress will require long-term co-operation between international partners and governments.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/750717ff-en	f3b929eb557fff7ab5b33dd18e700ef0	The Sava River itself rose more gradually (about 3.5 m in five days) which is why the water level in the Serbian part of the basin peaked after the rainfall event had ceased. As a result of the flooding, 34 persons died - 13 by drowning - and over 30,000 were evacuated from their homes. It was recommended that special care be taken to avoid serious environmental damage caused by hazardous wastes.	6	2	3	0.2
10.1787/saeo-2017-8-en	f3baea7f0416ddd945a3ef3c306f4e14	Retrieved from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fvl6osti/65503.pdf. Workshop on Electricity Security in Thailand, A Joint Workshop by IEA, MOE, and ERI (PPT Slides). Retrieved from: http://www.eri.chula.ac.th/eri-main/wp-content/upIoads/2016/01/Thailand-Renewable-Development-Status-and-Recommendations Tongsopit.pdf.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/332a43d7-en	f3c014ea8bfb5cc01934648177ebe14a	In country-specific individual-level regressions, cognitive skills partly explain the lower occupational status of less-educated adults, but cross-national variation in their disadvantage remains substantial after accounting for skills. We further show that the association between skills and occupational attainment is weaker among the less educated than among the intermediate group. These findings are consistent with the idea that employers statistically discriminate on the basis of formal qualifications.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264251847-6-en	f3c2474b1806e55c8ddc5660533c860d	First, it can offer engineering advice and powerful platform scalability to optimise the functionality of an NGO’s specific skills and focus. It can also help facilitate the rollout of reporting applications and functionalities that can be used for analysis and enforcement. Willing host nations can thus be introduced to a rich source of immediately available information that is far more accessible than in the past.	15	3	0	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	f3c2ac75994202b5ff8a15fb1bcc8eb0	In sum, accessibility-oriented decision-making frameworks need to be flexible and adaptable to the different realities found across territories, allowing for analysis, interpretation and identification of solutions that are customised for diverse existing conditions. It is essential to move away from exclusively regional accessibility analysis - which generally focuses on the maximum distance reachable via the fastest mode - and also consider neighbourhood accessibility needs. Silva and Larsson (2018) argue that focusing on regional accessibility can result in local accessibility effects being disregarded and often leads to accessibility losses at the neighbourhood scale.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	f3c64d30d4760bfbbcb1d96554d4c844	With IV, the causal effect is estimated by measuring how the outcome varies with the portion of the total variation in the treatment explained by variation in the instrumental variable. For example, if PAs are more likely to be assigned where endemic mammals are present, but the presence of endemic mammals only affects deforestation rates through its effect on the likelihood of a parcel’s protection, then the presence of endemic mammals can be used as an ‘instrument’ to identify a causal effect of PAs on deforestation (Miteva et al. See Amin et al (2015) for an application. In practice, it is often hard to find instruments that are both strong (related to the intervention) and valid (unrelated to the outcome).	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	f3cb0198e10c9487a2067eddedb18de5	Moreover, in the Negev just 15% have more than 16 years of schooling compared to 21% in the rest of Israel. The Bedouins in the Negev have only 9 years of schooling on average. Delving deeper into the data reveals that not only the number of years of schooling are lower in the Negev, but the quality of the education is also lower.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/30d5a92c-en	f3cc6625d2ce930626b421fa37288e3b	Child Experience of Food Insecurity Is Associated with Child Diet and Physical Activity. The Journal of nutrition, 2015.145(3): p. 499-504. Sharkey, J., et al., Children's very low food security is associated with increased dietary intakes in energy, fat, and added sugar among Mexican-origin children (6-11 y) in Texas border Colonias.	2	0	9	1.0
10.18356/fbbd3d20-en	f3d17cc01ab5581eee55cb048bdd784e	The main consequences of the decline in fertility and mortality rates have been slower population growth and the transformation of the age pyramid to reflect an ageing population (ECLAC. This ageing process has an inescapable gender dimension: not only because women are a majority among older persons, but also because they are the primary caregivers for the very elderly, and because women are also much more likely to lack economic autonomy in old age then men. At present, they reproduce and intensify discrimination and inequities originating in other areas —the labour market, for example— without substantially contributing to the closure of gender gaps or to the promotion of distributive justice (Rico, 2015).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/18a859bf-en	f3d477a637fdba9e9fcaf9af6b05732f	The Secretariat received comments from several ENVIRONET members, which informed a subsequent draft, this time as an OECD working paper in order to reach a wider climate and development co-operation audience. The authors would like to thank all ENVIRONET members for their inputs and advice. In addition, the authors circulated the paper to several OECD colleagues for review, including Nadine Gbossa, Nicolina Lamhauge, Jane Ellis and Michael Mullan, Juan Casado Asensio, Taka Kato, Ebba Dohlman, Henri-Bernard Solignac-Lecomte. Mariana Mirabile provided invaluable support checking the data. All of the contributions received helped to inform and strengthen the final version of this paper. Four international agreements with direct repercussions for development and environmental policy were adopted, namely the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015a), the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) (UN, 2015b) , the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) and the Paris Climate Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k3txnpqlsnn-en	f3d8cc6929614f7f25ea4cff8ea33cf6	Politicians function in shorter time spans: ministers come and go and are often judged on policies implemented by those before them. It is reasonable for a minister or politician to want results in their political lifetime. It is equally reasonable for practitioners to need more than 16 months to implement new teaching practices and establish new teacher and student roles as a result of the AfL programme.	4	5	3	0.25
10.18356/19c562f5-en	f3dc0af707d435e92e199b5f3a44d65b	Turkmeniski Bay is considered one of the most important places where these species of fish grow. The industrial complex for the artificial cultivation and production of sturgeon was built in Gyyanly, in Balkan Province. These pollutants originate primarily from sewage, agricultural run-off and oil-related activities, and are transported by rivers and discharged into the Caspian Sea. The area of greatest offshore development in Turkmen waters is near Turkmenbashy, Cheleken and Ogutchisky Island.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	f3de14926b37ec9992e71581abe013a6	In Western Australia, for example, thorough modelling was undertaken to assess the resources needed for police, road engineers and other sectors to achieve the government’s targets (Corben et al., In the Netherlands, the independent road safety data and analysis agency SWOV is charged with reviewing the national road safety programme each time it is revised, modelling the potential for measures announced to meet the targets adopted and proposing complementary measures when targets appear impossible to meet (Aarts et al., It is recommended to review the modelling techniques used in other OECD countries, and how their results impact the decision making process, budget allocation and communication with the public, and to develop a similar approach in Korea.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	f3e35f90ca34b0c8d749dbee38c31a80	The existence of this set of regulations is crucial to overcoming the risks that contributory and non-contributory social protection policies seek to resolve. Indeed, in a region marked by persistent structures of inequality, it is essential to focus more attention on incorporating employment discrimination measures to boost the labour force participation of women, indigenous peoples and other vulnerable groups (ECLAC, 2010a). As Bertranou and Saravia (2009) point out, own-account work is particularly complex to conceptualize and measure. Some argue that own-account workers are fulfilling a personal desire for entrepreneurship and believe that many own-account workers engage in informal employment of their own volition (IDB, 2004).	1	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f3e670cbd520585d54ce2df209e1db5d	Professional efforts to pursue modern form of continuous medical education are still in their infancy. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care sen/ices. A track and trace system is being implemented for medical devices which track the location of every medical device (i.e. of each patient) and its outcomes.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	f3e6b0e7a3cf70f60485ca567947bf35	But the system has faced several challenges. Notably, compliance has been difficult with the price of emission allowances so volatile (Wara and Victor 2008). Also, as a new scheme, there are complexities in measurement, reporting and verification, requiring a large, well trained staff and robust legislative procedures.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	f3e80fc85cf7b4a468a62ff28ca4efbb	Such measures include regular workshops, conferences and publications developed in close cooperation with the ministries responsible for transport and for the environment, and the Austrian Rail Company (OBB). Actions are carried out with a view to inform and sensitise stakeholders (tourism, transport, and environment) at national, regional and local levels, concerning sustainable forms of tourism mobility and successful initiatives and projects in this area. This conference was organised as a networking platform to give an overview of the needs and challenges of future tourism mobility. Discussions focussed around the importance of cooperation of the various actors in the fields of tourism, transport and the environment, in order to create mobility solutions to and within tourism destinations that are customer friendly, simple, affordable and sustainable.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/150942f1-en	f3e8152796a2407ee98ec6eadc2b1945	Agriculture products, with low income elasticities, and non-agricultural products, which have higher income elasticities, are also impacted differently. This applies primarily to manufactured goods in WCA. In contrast, the decrease in export opportunities leads to increasing supply on domestic markets and a lowering of domestic prices for exportable goods.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5e354935-en	f3eb334052b9862166d20acc7d207cb0	For mitigation, there is no difference made between groups of Parties regarding modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) of the transparency framework; these are meant to be common and apply to all Parties. However, there are exemptions for least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS), flexibility for developing countries that need it on the basis of their capacities (Briner and Moarif, 2016(3]), and a specific requirement for Parties not to report less frequently or robustly than they do at present (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 92e). This represents a major shift from the simpler, binary distinctions in the UNFCCC and Cancun Agreements between the obligations for Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. This binary distinction is also present in the existing reporting system for finance, where Annex II Parties have specific reporting obligations.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k3w6ljtrj0q-en	f3ef18234142b2048e19f1bacdd4b089	The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. Samantha Sharpe of the University of Technology, Sydney contributed research and editorial assistance. For the case study on CIUDEN we thank Olga Torres of Carbunion; Dolores Haro, FEDIOJ Coordinator of the Consejo Comarcal del Bierzo; Eva Alonso of the County Council of Leon; Ma Puy Dominguez from EREN; Manuel Roman; Claudio Miguez Gomez of IDAE; Jose Angel Azuara of the Spanish Ministry of Industry and Tourism; Luis Jimenez and Pilar Alvarez-Uria of OSE and Jose Luis Fuentes-Cantillana of AITEMIN. Virginia Robano of the OECD/CFE provided useful comments for this paper. Jennifer Allain prepared the manuscript for publication. This means that the development potential of the renewable industry is also being shared with many more countries.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/4a27e063-en	f3f1d82dfb26fb746af98cc0e5673590	With the substantial changes the main management focus shifted from ecological protection to the economic performance. In that way, the Fisheries Management Act of 1990 introduced several new features. The alternative effort-based option was terminated and the new ITQ-system also included vessels from 6-10 tons, which had hitherto been excluded.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264088368-5-en	f3f3e481b4ecc83b99d6a0d81bc3a653	In 1995, the average level of the minimum wages was CNY 195 per month, which went up to CNY 616 in 2008. Most cities have strengthened implementation in recent years, which could be reflected in a high adjustment frequency, a greater absolute increase in minimum wage rates, and high growth rates. In particular, in 2006, nearly 90% adjusted their minimum wages, which reflects that the minimum wage policy is beginning to be valued by local governments, and the minimum wage is now used as a policy instrument.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264309074-5-en	f3f876e08e576a53704bdd0b6b812ef9	The new, paperless system enables prospective local and foreign businesses to upload shareholder and board of directors’ information and pay the registration fees online, as opposed to the old system where representatives had to go to the ministry to complete registration procedures. In addition to being less time-consuming, the new process is also expected to limit opportunities for corruption. Special economic zones have a mixed record worldwide in promoting development but in the best cases they have been able to jumpstart industrialisation and provide lasting development benefits. The zone programme was intended to support investment attraction by streamlining administrative procedures and tapping the potential for private sector provision of infrastructure and services.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	f3fb90147df5de332136ecbe9013af94	Without greater energy cooperation, building regional connectivity and providing adequate infrastructure as well as regional integration, energy security will remain a distant objective for many economies. For more details, please refer to www.unescap.org/about/subregional-activities. Energy security has many aspects: long-term energy security mainly deals with timely investments to supply energy in line with economic developments and environmental needs.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	f3fd5622128c6dbec211ec9f31ecea22	Thus, Japan’s mixed policy - aspiring to maintain lifetime employment conditions through to age 65, but at the same time recognising the likelihood that this will not be feasible for all firms and that labour costs may need to be sharply reduced after the age of 60 - may be in practice more realistic and effective in terms of promoting older-worker employment. After the age of 64, the payment of El contributions is voluntary. Payment of ECB for 2 years, at a rate of 15% of current earnings, and given that current earnings are 40% lower than pre-retirement earnings, would be equivalent to 2.16 months of pre-retirement earnings in total. Voluntarily insured elderly workers are entitled to 30 days of benefit after less than a year of contributions and 50 days after a year or more.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/78349259-en	f3fe84f76c6a9305d15cde1defa7385c	In some ways, food aid is an outmoded form of assistance, and it is surprising to see diat the region still receives more dian 2 million tons per year. Most of diis continues to be shipped long distances, which can be slow and inefficient, and may not deliver food that is culturally appropriate (FAO 2006). Such transfers not only give recipients greater freedom regarding how to use the money, but the transfers offer greater benefits than even locally-sourced food in stimulating the local economy through multiplier effects.	2	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	f40457eeeaa927e94cea644d435fba99	Currently, the GTI does not have terms of office nor rules and the institutions’ participation is only voluntary. Barring any obstacle, the GTI should be soon formalised. The Agenda sets strategic lines and 38 initiatives covering a wide range of issues, and requires an overall investment of MXN 51 billion a year.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	f4059285a027709465b1d5471922c785	The OECD (2009) estimates that the United States could halve its oil intensity of GDP by 2050 under various abatement scenarios (Figure 11). This reduction in oil intensity is similar to those in other OECD economies with relatively high GHG-emissions intensities of output (Canada, and the Australia and New Zealand region) and more than in European countries or Japan. The United States agreed to the Copenhagen Accord (noted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties 15th session (COP15)) in December 2009. It commits signatories to cooperate to achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognising that the timing for peaking will be longer in developing countries than in developed countries.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb7bc78e-en	f409ee207da87290885467303dd7b975	Moreover, data on women drug users are sparse, further complicating analysis. For those reasons, the present chapter is limited to some salient aspects: drug-related harms, special populations, prevention and treatment, and rehabilitation for drug dependence. Drug-dependent women may face many difficulties: they can experience high levels of stigmatization; they can be ostracized by their family or community; they may be subjected to violence from partners or family members; and they may turn to, or be coerced into, sex work to support their drug use or that of their partner.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f40ab75d2bafd28c0ff4e2a46b72cf96	First, because capacity needs for monitoring and tracking may be significant. Second, because there will be variations in information reported that are related to differences in domestic data collection and monitoring systems. Some sources are more challenging to track, such as extra-budgetary funding, grant financing, technical and in-kind assistance, guarantees, and mobilised private finance.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	f40c5a816b875b528ebf1bfa8d56c2ad	They are both a private property' and a global common; and are critical for the production of food and other biomass, the preservation of biological diversity and the productivity of ecosystems. Land’s economic value derives from food and other biomass production, mineral extraction and activities linked to the built environment. From a social point of view, land acquires value through ownership and through cultural and traditional heritage.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	f40e01e4ee6cb8db1c0bf64f783e0e95	The rewards for this active engagement may vary from an improvement in the daily environment to actual shares in local projects and developments. Real property rights are defined in Book 5 of the Dutch Civil Code, in which ownership and land lease are defined. Ownership is the most comprehensive right that a person, the owner, can have to a thing.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	f40f4d19d6751b7bbace5da02eab7237	Governments can directly invest in infrastructure through their budgets or through state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Public financial institutions can provide loans and loan guarantee mechanisms in strategic areas to attract private sector investment. Bonds are the main debt instrument available on capital markets, issued by governments, public financial institutions or, to a lesser extent, companies.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3dd278d2-en	f4104bfd889b9a323871a7482dc8b47a	Service sector firms more than manufacturing firms appear to benefit from urbanization economies. Clustering makes intra-industry cooperation between firms possible, enabling them to overcome difficulties such as failures of information and of contract enforcement. In Ethiopia the effect on productivity appears high when clustering firms are producing similar products. The effect of clustering in Cambodia is stronger for informal enterprises and manufacturing firms than for service firms.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d787867d-en	f410f71f0a7551546627623403e8f59d	During old age, this is reflected in levels of health insurance coverage and access to health care. Coverage rates increase in proportion with age (88.1% for those aged over 80 and 63.1% for those aged 60 to 64). In Brazil, 70% of older persons are covered by the public system. In Paraguay, over 83% of older persons are calculated to have no form of medical insurance and, in the event of illness, either have to foot the bill or go without treatment (OISS, 2007).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f41426cf025a650115d8bf83496c1180	Italy has launched in 2000 the National Programme on Continuing Education in Medicine (NPCEM), which requires health care professionals to obtain 50 CME credits per year. The system is not link to re-certification. The safety of pharmaceuticals is further ensured through a postmarketing surveillance system which monitors safety information and adverse reaction for all authorised drugs through the National Network of Pharmacovigilance (Refe Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza).	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	f414e3f7741b035932a138402d813355	Until the mid-1990s, it was common that all developments of more than half a hectare took place on land w'hich was provided, and serviced, by the municipality. The municipality would acquire the land in advance at less than development value, prepare and service it, and divide it into serviced building plots. By selling land lease contracts on those plots, the municipality covered its costs and developers (including schools and housing associations) bore the infrastructure costs.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	f414eadddee7ebaf7ce13da7766a6a69	Other means of encouraging interactions and sharing may be more useful and affordable. Lower-cost options could include setting up resource centres, and technology transfer centres for firms in or near universities, and organizing frequent conferences and seminars in order to bring together domestic and foreign scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, practitioners and policymakers. Furthermore, it is possible that, over time, virtual science parks will replace physical parks. However, to the extent that (as noted above) the goal of the park is to encourage interactions among actors, the importance of physical proximity cannot be underestimated.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591288-7-en	f417b58fe0b36537ec5b121db46235f9	Despite this, no women were included in peace talks held in Townsville in 2000. Although women welcomed RAMSI’s arrival and the immediate effect it had on curbing lawlessness in the capital, women leaders feel marginalised in the peace-building process’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). They also played a more active role, crossing boundaries to talk and pray with the warring groups (Kabutaulaka 2002:23). In May 2000, women, especially those in Honiara, formed women’s peace groups and were later contacted by women around Guadalcanal who joined them in their peace work to resolve the crisis (ibid.). The conflict exposed introduced systems, intended to uphold the rule of law, as weak and irrelevant.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264190672-9-en	f418f123df8757c2b6fe5aa92a3f0302	Finland's history and geography - caught between the powerful kingdom in the west and the even bigger empire in the east - compelled it to pul the nation's interest first and not allow education policy to become victim to partisan politics. Finland is a small nation that the rest of the world sees as a strange place that speaks a language nobody else understands. Over the past half-century Finns have adopted an understanding that the only way to survive as a small, independent nation is by educating all people.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	f41c1343e46337b180336a73385e32ef	About 74% of the Namibian households cannot afford conventional housing and only 57% of urban households have access to sanitation facilities, which has serious environmental and health implications. The government’s ongoing public housing programme will need to be completed with better urban infrastructure development programmes and further strengthening of rural growth points to create more rural jobs. Agriculture continues to drive the economy, and as it is mostly rain-fed, it is very much at the mercy of climate-related shocks. Economic prospects are quite good, mainly because of the expected expansion of extractive industries and more investment in agriculture and transport.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264264205-6-en	f41c575894257320cc17023d15446f88	Opening up the telecommunications network to private providers can increase competition, potentially reducing costs and improving service quality. Liberalisation of the telecommunications sector, opening mobile and internet markets to competition and establishing independent regulation can help to sustain and accelerate private sector-led economic growth (World Bank, 2015b). The 2011 events and aftermath heightened the many challenges faced by the Libyan labour market. These include overemployment in the bloated public sector, high unemployment - especially among youth and w'omen - low job creation, w'eak social protection and a lack of social dialogue. Libya’s resource curse further distorts the labour market and prevents it from functioning properly.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096660-3-en	f41c61d05119acd44477cf54707e8ae2	There is minimal competing information. In tasks requiring interpretation the reader may need to make simple connections between adjacent pieces of information. Disadvantaged students tend to do as expected in disadvantaged schools and advantaged students tend to do worse than expected, but by about the same margin as in many other OECD countries. In schools with a mixed socio-economic intake, disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected, again by the same margin as in the OECD in general, and advantaged students tend to do as expected.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	f41d73a800ef7254e0e7fa251870581d	The application is checked for compliance with various sorts of criteria which are specified nationally, such as the building regulations, the land-use plan, urban design standards, and noise nuisance standards. Additional criteria can be stipulated by both municipalities and provinces, such as demolition, felling trees. The application is tested against the criteria, and if it fails to meet one or more of them, it must be rejected.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	f41e55de72017658895797ae5082e480	Provide consultation opportunities close to the home/workplace of the affected parties - In some cases -Bahrain, Morocco; No, and this is not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Tunisia, Yemen; No, but the government plans to do so - Egypt, Palestinian Authority. Provide transportation if necessary - In some cases -Bahrain, Yemen; No, not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia; No, but tire government plans to do so - Egypt, Palestinian Authority'. Provide child day care opportunities if necessary - No, not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Yemen; No, but the government plans to do so -Bahrain, Egypt, Palestinian Authority.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	f41f15f7434b3427ef13e424d3f85a61	The downside risk to the economic outlook is low natural gas prices, which would reduce export revenues and potentially lead to lower-than-expected foreign investment inflows in the energy sector. However, the 2015/16 budget outlines cuts in capital expenditures, which is somewhat in contrast to the priority given to infrastructure development in the country’s medium-term plan. To enhance fiscal resources, there is room to improve the revenue potential of the extractive industry, for instance through centralizing the collection of gas-related revenue and increasing transparency. Tax administration can be strengthened, building on recent progress, including the operation of a large taxpayer office.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	f41ff1174723da4f39a770cdf8363ef4	Imperfect information on the costs and benefits of different pollution abatement choices is further complicated by multifaceted production relationships, such as the response of farmers to weather, climate change, and market uncertainty (Doole and Pannell, 2009; National Audit Office, 2010). But because information is imperfect, decision making under uncertainty will be unavoidable. In the light of information and data deficiencies policy makers need to rely much more heavily on modelled information approaches, both economic models and bio-physical models, to inform policy design, choice, monitoring and evaluation (Cabe and Herriges, 1992; Doole and Pannell, 2009; Schreiber et al.,	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b795325-en	f421d72f1589e88a7031a53b92be75c4	Pastoralists are estimated to constitute 25 per cent of the national population of 38.6 million (based on the 2009 census), while the members of the largest individual community of hunter-gatherers is approximately 79,000 (Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics, 2016). Both pastoralists and hunter-gatherers face insecurity with respect to land and resource tenure, poor service delivery, poor political representation, discrimination and exclusion. At the same time, the pastoralists' identity and culture contributes to Kenya's cultural diversity, national economy and conservation of biodiversity (Kaunga, 2005). However, boarding schools have had their own problems, ranging from inadequate care of the children and increased education costs (as many boarding schools were privately run by missionaries) to an increased incidence of pregnancies, resulting in higher school dropout rates for girls.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280359-8-en	f4267bb453321e2365766977212b880e	To that end, it references the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life to provide further guidance on how Kazakhstan can ensure inclusive, sustainable gender-sensitive policies. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These tools include integrating evidence-based assessments of gender impacts and considerations into various dimensions of public governance as, for example, public procurement, public consultation and service delivery management and at early stages of all phases of the policy cycle. Also included is the integration of the gender perspective in all phases of the budget cycle (see Box 1.1 in Chapter 1). As mentioned in the previous chapters of this review, while these targeted actions are important to address identified gender gaps, it is one of the many tools that must be used simultaneously to achieve gender equality. This is also the case in the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ff1be167-en	f42802c94633bb7f7a1201b84e187893	These estimates were based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and, in the case of Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and Saint Lucia, on surveys of Iving conditions. The surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2008. The estimates give an initial idea of the child poverty situation in the Caribbean from a multidimensional and rights-based perspective. As the surveys were prepared using the same methodology as for Latin America, they allow child poverty in the Caribbean to be compared with that in the rest of the region, something that cannot be done using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed using different methodologies. This variability is very similar to that observed in Latin America. In the Caribbean countries with the highest child poverty levels (Guyana and Belize), the percentages of poor children (total and extreme) are in the same range as in Latin American countries with high child poverty, such as Nicaragua and Peru.	1	0	9	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	f42aff2764b29b81485eecfef20ba3e4	Published data are limited to modes 1 and 2 and does not adequately cover LDCs. Data on mode 4 - which is of special interest to LDCs - are generally not available. Furthermore, no consistent database on applied regimes exists to date, and members’ schedules of commitments are of little use since they are likely to diverge from applied measures.	10	4	1	0.6
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	f435f5903e76f018bada1de7ed53c0a5	Just over half of the global population is covered by LTE or higher networks and few of those living in rural areas. One of its targets is to improve cooperation in science, technology and innovation. This will be measured, in part, by monitoring the number and speed of fixed-broadband subscriptions.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/79de3989-en	f436e8ef846c3f80df7d4c764bdd5331	The sustainable business ecosystem is a scenario in which organizations proactively align their business strategies and operations with the long-term economic, social and environmental objectives of the community. The ecosystem helps organizations meet the obligations of stakeholders as well as the expectations of shareholders. The sustainable business ecosystem is also based on the triple bottom line and creating shared value amongst shareholders and stakeholders.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/13616d1f-en	f4384c30406c295e57936bf1d18b3bd6	On the other hand, investments that are not coordinated with neighbouring countries may lead to inefficiency, over-capacities, energy poverty, negative environmental impacts (some through water) and political tension. Such problems are likely to be exacerbated if harmonized environmental standards are lacking. Global Tracking Framework: UNECE Progress in Sustainable Energy (United Nations, Geneva, 2017). Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy and Food Nexus (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2015).	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/914e7bcc-en	f43d0e85dc177042358b28e93e6c51ea	In terms of context, these CoSOs may precede the eruption of conflict, may deal with issues not relating to the conflict (in Israel and Turkey for example) or may be established as a result of the conflict (in Bosnia, Cyprus and Thrkey). In terms of identity, the vast majority of these CoSOs are civic, post-national or multicultural. In terms of FOA the organizations work on issues directly relating to the conflict, but also on political issues that do not relate strictu sensu to the conflict.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168060-4-en	f43dad8e8f1517955abde500948e768e	In general, however, the supply of these ecosystem services is undersupplied by farmers. Organic farming practices can also bring benefits to water quality, such as not using synthetic pesticides, as well as providing other ecosystem services, for example, carbon sequestration and enhanced biodiversity (Greene etal., Farm comparisons with conventional farming show that actual nitrogen leaching rates per hectare can be up to almost 60% lower on organic than on conventional fields, but leaching rates per kilogram of output were similar or slightly higher. Critical areas that can lead to higher nitrate leaching in organic farming are, for example: ploughing legumes at the wrong time; the selection of unfavourable crops planted in a rotation; and composting farmyard manure on unpaved surfaces (Stolze et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591677-4-en	f43f1f36103d812775483b70b750bfb5	I did not choose politics; politics chose me', she says. ' It chose me because I was born of a poor African woman, a domestic worker', in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Arrested, tortured and imprisoned, she suffered, 'not because of my activism alone, but because I dared as a women, a black women, to challenge the system'. The experience propelled her into a lifelong struggle for freedom from oppression, including gender oppression. But they could not deal with a female African species', she reflects. But going into exile for nearly two decades, she encountered patriarchy, 'within the liberation movement.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	f44016068f832fe56438f635abcd1f37	The Local Government Ordinance of 1976 provided for the reservation of two seats for women members in each Union Parishad. The Local Government (Union Parishads) Ordinance, 1983 increased the number of reserved seats to three. The Local Government (Union Parishads) (Second Amendment) Act, 1997 repealed the nomination provision and introduced direct election in the reserved seats.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	f44228c3ea255c6d49dc4cc8d4aba5fb	A more important explanatory' variable is the availability of good alternatives for outsourcing own-use production work of services. The chapter explores further the relationship between own-use production work of services and household income. It presents a case study from the United States using measures of own-use production work of services to estimate income in-kind, and then derive several measures of inequality.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	f4439fea1b2caee337c5d5e115b3d927	The reasons are complex but linked to a long history of legal and social discrimination. Discrimination accounts for an estimated one-third of wage disparities, all else (including education) being equal.3 This indicates that policies are needed to ensure that skills and education are rewarded equally. Social pressures within the African American community can limit choices and later life chances among adolescents.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/fb79328d-en	f445700f8ce476ab62dfee0d02cd1139	Trade can help stimulate growth, but in this regard, it is a matter not so much of how much countries export, but rather of what they export. The East Asian countries managed to diversify their economies in this manner, as was already evident from the pattern of structural change. The slower-growing developing countries relied on export activities that had less value added and were rooted in a less integrated domestic economy.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	f445fa20d35383ee1cc55987c646d945	It realised from the outset the great importance of adequate rice supplies to maintain political stability. The previous government had been severely disrupted by the social unrest generated by high rice prices. Increasing domestic food production was also an economic priority. With uncertain foreign exchange earnings it had limited ability to pay for food imports.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264244566-6-en	f44916c4634be23abcc684ea0dcc87ff	Overall, the health information systems with the highest value in terms of data availability, maturity and use were found in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Wales). The national personal health datasets reported by countries tend to have very high coverage of targeted populations; rely upon automatic data extraction from electronic clinical and administrative records; and include the use of standard codes for clinical terminology. Key reasons for approving these linkages include to develop health care quality and system performance indicators to measure care co-ordination, outcomes of care pathways, resource utilisation and costs, and compliance with national health care guidelines.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	f449d0d293413bf83fa6d5d12d13d650	Classification of health care functions (cont.) A similar set of services and goods can be consumed with a non-health purpose. This is the case where health care is inter-linked with well-being or with social care, such as medical services with a cosmetic non-health purpose or social support as part of long-term care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	f449f88a99d459d34cd8b75259951128	There are also new requirements to provide information on the nutrient content of foods. The new rules will help consumers make better-informed decisions when they buy food, boost consumer empowerment and contribute to the fight against the rising levels of obesity and chronic diseases in the European Union. In 2011, three health claims were authorised for decosahexanaeoic acid (DHA) for children (relating to normal brain development, normal visual development and eye development).	14	3	0	1.0
10.18356/abb991ba-en	f44a359a1b8e7ec5062de964d0515402	The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development specifically calls for disaggregating poverty-related indicators by population group, to highlight those being left behind. To analyse the circumstances that act as barriers to escaping poverty, the analysis below uses latent class analysis (LCA) and data from the Gallup World Poll. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performant :e (Washington, DC, International Monetai y Fund, 2002), pp. Individual country profiles can be produced upon demand by interested ESCAP member States. For a full list of country membership in income groupings, please see Annex Table 5.1. Almost eight out of ten poor people also have young children and two out of three people are below the age of 50.	1	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	f44b1097b0bd0d38c6e3d263284526c3	In the /irst section it compares and contrasts OER to other commonly discussed innovations in education: learning objects, digital learning materials, open data, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), and open education. It then goes on to explain how OER provide a special type of innovation potential capable of supporting new forms of teaching and learning. In contrast to other analyses of OER, this report takes the view that OER should be considered in the context of key challenges for educational systems today. Six key educational challenges are therefore identified and the possible contribution of OER to solving them briefly sketched.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f44b4d52300ab7dee7b86244a08864d2	Universiti Sains Malaysia has a structure dedicated to start-up support with facilities for on-campus business incubation. The involvement of key actors, such as the school of computer science in the design and organisation of incubation facilities suggests that the university leadership collaborates, co-ordinates and integrates faculty-internal entrepreneurship support in the US M’s support infrastructure and thus ensure cross-faculty collaboration. Two key issues for further development call for closer links between entrepreneurship education efforts and start-up support, and closer co-operation and referral between internal and external business start-up support organisations.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a29f7945-en	f44bb4873cf630805b3d5eb7718aa06f	In order to achieve this, the government has to raise taxes. Thus, crucial features of many developing economies - thin tax bases and large informal sectors - are assumed away, by presuming that taxes can be easily raised. Obviously, if household consumption taxes are raised, actual private consumption decreases, while consumption increases because import prices fall following tariff removal. Their most realistic scenario projects welfare gains by 2015 of $96 billion, a third of the estimated gains from full trade liberalization, most of which - some $80 billion - or 83 per cent, flows to rich countries.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	f44ebbc1cb6d8dc2a99e9845cd8d38bb	Nutrition education, including both general education and nutrition-specific education, is effective in improving nutrition (FAO, 201 Ba). However, following a period of heightened food insecurity, input subsidies, in particular fertilizer subsidies, have regained widespread popularity in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, especially following the sharp increase in food prices and fertilizer costs after 2006. They are now the most popular production support measure used, although they are typically small-scale and ad hoc in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (Table 3) (Demeke etal., Fertilizer subsidies are also attractive because they can raise food production within a relatively short time, and because fertilizer use per hectare is very low in sub-Saharan Africa compared with other regions.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	f450f799b132319ae5e3c6e30c57f2ef	Cities have started to work towards adopting appropriate regulatory frameworks to accompany the development of these services. The aim is to allow these services to deliver efficiency gains along with consumer and other benefits while mitigating their potential negative impact (Deighton-Smith, 2018). Considering such options can serve an accessibility agenda.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/feb1987a-en	f450fbaa190b9da0f394cc966034d974	It is inherent to the very nature of this pattern that it is very unpredictable. A ship may be mobilized to sail half around the world for picking up cargo, and then sail again half around the world for delivery. For example, port service vessels such as tugs, pilot boats, port ferries and similar are stationary in one port.	7	3	2	0.2
10.18356/99aadf34-en	f450ff1fc1c67ecfe259d5c41275272f	In addition, the type of employment generated within this sector is relatively unskilled. This implies that, while agriculture may have a large employment creation potential in the short term, its contribution to real wage growth would be smaller than that contributed by jobs created elsewhere, and increasingly more so as per capita incomes increase. Therefore, sustaining poverty reduction in the long term requires that agricultural transformation is complemented by dynamism in other sectors; this is particularly the case in manufacturing but also in high value-added services where the synergic effects of new technological advances are higher than in agriculture.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264187443-8-en	f45fbb898eba1494c0f1adafe594c1a5	The first form of intensification is generally labour intensification (Box 4.4I.? A survey of three Nigerian villages in 1973, one with high population density, one with medium population density and one with low population density, showed that yields were higher where population density was lower. The same three villages where analysed again 20 years later. By then, yields in the high-density village had doubled, and they had declined by 15% in the low-density village.	2	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	f45fd632fa52ba7e8589cdd4a0520728	Most of them still favor the multi-level CES structures. Reviews of these models and the related applications can be found in Calzadilla et al. ( Here, it is useful to draw on one of these single-region studies, namely that of Dixon et al. ( Irrigated activities combine water with un-watered, irrigable land in fixed proportions to produce irrigated land.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-e24f2cd5-en	f45fe3478832e0b0d0c7e334b2dd1195	We must ensure that the digital revolution is a revolution for development that bridges divides, strengthens inclusion, and leaves no one behind. In this respect, new technologies can be both drivers and enablers of progress for Member States in taking forward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - and specifically SDG 4. For this, we must support States and all relevant actors in making the most of ICTs as development multipliers, through new investment in access, skills and relevant content26.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	f46037a466af3157a7aa9248dd26fdaa	These findings, paired with the scale and relative cost-effectiveness of CTs, suggest that they have the potential to decrease IPV at the margin across large populations of vulnerable groups. Transfers appear to reduce physical and/or sexual IPV more consistently than emotional abuse or controlling behaviours. This finding is an apparent contradiction since several of the pathways focus on emotional states which would suggest impacts on emotional and psychological IPV before trickling down to physical and sexual IPV.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	f46194f414074ad798a186836210bef4	In 12 of the 16 countries with national data for 2011, more than 10% of children and adolescents had some level of deprivation in sanitation (see figure II.3). Between 2000 and 2011, all countries showed a decline in the total number of sanitation-deprived children and adolescents (see table II.6). Indeed, several countries have achieved large decreases in this area: a reduction of 10 percentage points or more occurred in Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/774b0aa8-en	f463baa5c682c91e7980a158c685d3d3	The permanent pressure on skill thresholds for attaining decent living conditions is thus nothing new. What is new is the pace, which is creating complex problems for keeping the workings of the education system in sync with outcomes. This means that the intergenerational reproduction of inequality does not occur because some have access to formal education and others do not, but rather that everyone has access but the outcome is differentiated in terms of what students learn and how far they progress in the system.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/76c9b151-en	f463decd0a0ca30e3ced9e48c3a8d0e0	These results hold for the $1.25 a day poverty line as well. Furthermore, unobserved heterogeneity across countries can be a cause of more serious bias. Time-series data on poverty provided by the new estimates can help alleviate some of these problems. As with per capita GDR the fitted lines show similar relationships between exports and poverty levels for the two sets of poverty estimates (the slope for the new poverty data is -0.831, with t-ratio of -28.8 and for the World Bank data -0.93 with -26.4 t-ratio).	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	f465ff703e7ead5daafc89ce9b9fa8dd	As an illustration, those graduating in 2011 from university earned on average 6 times more than those with a high-school degree. In addition, while the expansion of tertiary education coverage has reached the poorest, income-related participation gaps have, if anything, widened: enrolment rates are much higher for students from high income families and for those living in urban areas (Figure 1.13). The PISA survey further reveals that outcomes of children from a disadvantaged socio-economic background are particular poor. These relatively poor educational outcomes cannot be attributed to a lack of resources: total spending on education in Colombia, at 7.6% of GDP in 2011, is above the OECD average and many other countries with a similar income per capita.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c30f3d31-en	f46a1e87fc9fb46eb708cf993273ac79	Third, trends in gender gaps in hourly pay may capture direct pay discrimination, but if women work part-time or have long periods out of employment, gender lifetime income gaps will be even greater. However, over recent decades women have increased their education—sometimes overtaking that of men—extended theirtenure in employment and also entered new occupations such as medicine and law. All this suggests that action by women themselves is not sufficient to bring about equality and it is the institutional context in which women are pursuing their careers that needs to change.9 There needs to be a greater focus on changing employment institutions, including reforming practices of wage setting, recruitment and promotion, which is the focus of this brief. These changes need to go hand-in-hand with policies to recognize the value of women's unpaid care work in the household and extend social support for care work, issues that are addressed in policy brief No. Both types of reforms are essential to reduce both the gender pay gap and the gap in women’s lifetime income. International definitions consider low pay to be below 60 to 66 per cent of median pay, but minimum wage levels are usually below these ratios.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-6-en	f46a337c3be0cc35ce9775ceac3856f2	It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. It adopts a prospective and preventive logic by evaluating the impact of these policies to guide the adoption of new measures. Governments commit themselves to ensure that a gender perspective is reflected in all policies and programmes, and their implications for women assessed.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	f46ac4fae02e88bb743c846dad023606	Involved in tea research and providing extension services. Trading in fertiliser, agrochemicals, food products, and machinery and spare parts for the sugar industry. Provision of construction and investment services for sugar mills and business warehousing. Capital invested into a number of other sugar processing companies.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	f46dab08b9c3a9748c5a0d342cdd448e	The increase was only 0.8 percentage points in the year 2011-2012 as against 1.4 per cent in 2004-2005. In the case of men, the difference is almost negligible in the 25-34 to 45-54 age groups. These are (i) Scheduled Tribes (STs), (ii) Scheduled Castes (SCs) and (iii) Other Backward Communities (OBCs). The classification is based on socio-economic conditions. The population is also divided into a large number of religious groups including Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jains, Muslims, Sikhs, etc. For the purpose of analysis in this paper, the above social groups and religious groups have been combined into five socio-religious groups: (i) STs; (ii) SCs; (iii) OBCs, except those belonging to Muslim communities; (iv) Muslims, except those in the categories of STs and SCs; and (v) Others (those who have not been accorded any special status).	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	f46f2339e7ba34d8dc21a94f4008a9e8	Compared with only a few years ago, there is greater scope for policymakers to catalyse progress in this area through a clear vision and supportive policies, laws and regulations. Other stakeholders - donors, the private sector and civil society - should also contribute to this process. Governments should seek to adopt policies that can help expand such learning especially in new industries that offer wide learning opportunities (Cimoli et al.,	9	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599598-11-en	f4727f2e2e0d6ef859cc488ca230068b	However, care must equally be applied to ensure that girls’ and women’s participation in separate environments, or in specific sports, does not reinforce social divisions or generate unhelpful resistance from other members of society (Hayhurst et al. These considerations also point to the importance of adopting decentralised approaches that are sensitive to local cultural norms and engage all family and community members (Kay and Spaaij 2012), including boys and men, even in initiatives that may be specifically targeted at girls and women. Addressing this embedded and structured inequality is, therefore, a priority in itself. For young females, in particular, leadership experiences gained through sport-based initiatives may make distinctive contributions to their empowerment in other social, economic and political spheres (Lindsey et al.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	f472ff3b870017630305642b601fcecb	The Kyoto Fund (EUR 6 million in 2008) is financed primarily by an excise duty on road fuels (the “Kyoto cent”) and by a portion of the annual road tax. Only Ireland and Korea had higher growth rates over the period 1990-2007. Opinion on fiscal aggregates for the period subsequent to 2009 from the viewpoint of sustainable development criteria, opinion on opportunities and challenges relating to the growing use of biomass. For example, for a vehicle emitting 145 g of C02/km the tax is: diesel engine, 145*0.9*1.1 = EUR 143; petrol engine, 145*0.6*1.1 = EUR 95.	6	6	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	f4737b1781c8de8b8f956ceed830dcde	However, productivity in the sector is low and high labour turnover is often cited as a significant constraint for improving productivity. Some employers report that only half of workers stay beyond three years (ILO, 2016a). Some staff turnover is to be expected in any industry, but this rate is high even by regional industry standards (World Bank, 2012) and has a direct impact on productivity in terms of loss of experienced workers and costs related to hiring and training. While the fact that the sector in general employs migrant women under 25 who may view employment as a temporary opportunity does play a role, challenging working conditions - long hours, compulsory overtime, limited understanding of contractual rights and obligations, issues with wages and representation - have been reported to be a significant factor (ILO, 2016c; World Bank, 2012).	8	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9d0e6611-en	f4761b9390efa6e3ba378d156cf9bf1a	A governance scheme (for decision making, at a minimum) and a set of officers (not necessarily salaried staff) with well-defined responsibilities. Already in 2001, the European Council of Ministers acknowledged the need for and benefits of shared large research infrastructures. The European Commission, in close collaboration with the EU Member States, was invited to explore what shared research infrastructures were needed and what policies were required for closer collaboration in order to provide access to these infrastructures. It was concluded that a collective approach was needed to guide the complex policy making for the sharing of research infrastructures in the Member States.	14	4	0	1.0
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	f47a2867f6d2df790449884f9edaa71c	Within countries, however, there are still significant disparities in the average number of children bom in different social groups; this reflects the socioeconomic inequalities that continue to define Latin America as one of the most unequal regions in the world. This is also the case with indigenous peoples, whose fertility' rates are systematically higher, although in this case the figures have to be interpreted in the light of coexisting factors of inequality and cultural ideals that value high fertility. However, in the past three decades socio-economic factors and demographic trends have behaved relatively' independently.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/agr/pol-2011-7-en	f47a60ca3f1fc39ef917c2e340bf7350	For all the emerging economies the remaining part of support consists mostly of payments based on input use. In Brazil and South Africa these forms of support are mostly targeted to the smallholder sector, although the fuel tax rebate in South Africa is available to all farmers. The degree of protection has declined markedly in countries where it was high in the mid 1980s (Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, Korea and Japan), even though there is still considerable potential for further reform to reduce the level of support and to improve its composition in these countries.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264088979-en	f47d292c4bf89fb61ef0283b1c4011e4	The move to the demand-based funding system may, however, bring unintended results to the detriment of such industry-links. Consideration should be given to developing collaborative programmes between TAFE institutes and universities at undergraduate and graduate level. As part of this system, the Victorian Government should establish a tertiary education co-ordinating body which will help define state-wide goals, policies and priorities, in line with the recommendations of the Review of Australian Tertiary Education, Report of the Review of the national Innovation System Powering Ideas: an innovation agenda, for the 21st century, and the Victorian Government’s own objectives and targets.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	f47e8bb8676f5738238a17308d2ddefe	The “Water for life” Strategy (Box 1.3) encourages an expanded role for the private sector in WWS and allows BOTs to be used as a possible modality. A comprehensive National Water Master Plan was adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in 2003, which helped to make Jordan one of the most advanced countries in the region in terms of an enabling environment, policies and strategic planning for the water sector (SWIM-SM, 2012). The Water Master Plan focuses on groundwater and water resources management.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264203914-8-en	f480e90d7afdc6dd34cb4c24ebb74743	Mitigating the possibility of capture requires broad general stakeholder agreement about any comprehensive plan. This includes key government stakeholders at the central, regional and local level, in order to minimise the possibility of obstacles during the approval process, as well as to build a sense of “ownership” by local, external stakeholders (e.g. civil society, citizens and the private sector) to ensure local support for implementation. Such local-level support can also put pressure on elected officials to move ahead with the process, not block plans, and push for speedier approval, further easing implementation.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	f482b393b61722e074bf9c231977c66c	Contributions from private sector operators were found to be negligible, with local capital markets contributing next to nothing to the WSS sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and little prospect for doing more. The report estimated that the price tag for reaching the MDGs for both water and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa would reach USD 22.6 billion per year, or 3.5% of these countries GDP. For improved water alone, it would be USD 17 billion a year (roughly 2.7% of SSA’s GDP).	6	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/810d0472-9ef3e93d-en	f4857b4c6160abc5d178256fec04e6de	Countries with less proactive investment have seen less stellar results. The influence of AI is trickling into all aspects of life. New business models, products, processes and services are emerging every day, accelerating growth towards a digital economy worth some US$23 trillion by 2025 and opening up a new economic growth cycle.	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/9b4421ad-en	f486ecf36b3f43c4bdec51e27e0c9355	Patriarchal practices such as the dowry system, early marriage, son-preference, purdah and segregation of women during menstruation (chhapaudi) are still widespread and disadvantage women. Nepal ranks 145th of 187 countries on the 2014 Human Development Index (HDI), placing it in the'low human development’ category,34 and the 2015 World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap report ranked Nepal 110th among 145 countries, behind Bangaldesh, Sri Lanka and India. The cases studies of 307 women migrant returnees who stayed at the shelter house run by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Pourakhi35 in Kathmandu during the period from July 2015 to June 2016 were coded and analysed.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	f4877875e4ad919c12139c0335cbc478	If the marriage contract is legally void, she shall continue to hold the Yemeni nationality (Article 10).7 This provision, however, does not apply to a man marrying a foreign woman. The loss of nationality or obtainment of a certificate of abandonment can, in certain cases, render the Yemeni woman stateless. Other MENA countries could withdraw their reservations to the CEDAW Convention and reform their nationality laws to establish genuine equality between men and women in this field (Table 7.5). Although, as the examples in this chapter have shown, a number of Arab countries have already legally established full equality between a mother and a father in their ability to transfer their nationality to their children, or between men and women to their spouse, many others have not and may consider amending the current legislation to address these gaps.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f488c194a76246d0f6808cc354a04664	In the United States, most air pollution policy is undertaken under the authority of the Clean Air Act (CAA), first passed by the US Congress in 1963 with amendments in 1970 and 1990 that significantly expanded its purview. The CAA sets out two types of NAAQS: primary standards that provide public health protection and secondary ones that provide public welfare protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops and buildings. In the power sector, the hugely influential Large Combustion Plant Directive required member states to limit emissions of particulate matter, S02 and NOx from combustion plants having thermal capacity of 50 MW or more.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264204362-8-en	f489a5e83f0ca0b28b85d536ce224e3a	During 2001-09 EUR 6.3 million was spent for the TEST programme. Over this period it has evaluated 455 pre-applications and 219 applications and funds 160 projects (89 if Proof of Concept is not included). Some programmes are oversubscribed, particularly Proof of Concept (332%), RAZUM (345%) and EUREKA (375%), mainly owing to limited resources for funding.	9	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264302037-en	f48dd634b50837b2b01cc916002c940b	"They are therefore native-born citizens, but are often referred to as the second generation. They are foreign-born citizens. This is because i) they do not stay long enough to acquire citizenship, ii) the legislation in their country of origin does not allow for dual citizenship or iii) the rules in their host country are too strict. The challenge of defining ""immigrants” (cont.)"	8	3	3	0.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	f4902766f68d3313b9d0d0499684325f	In the case of mothers of older children, meanwhile, only one coefficient estimate is significant, namely that for the twenty-fifth quantile (10.4%). The informal sector shows strong evidence in both time periods (pre- and post-crisis) for motherhood wage penalties across the quantiles, with the largest penalties being experienced by women with children aged under 6. Nevertheless, as Budig and England (2001) highlight, it could be the case that mothers, and especially mothers of children who are not old enough to go to school, seek “mother-friendly” jobs.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	f4911a89f7a6bc618483a044cc1a8a70	State employees will be assessed through annual individual plans; ministers and ob\ast-akims through specific indicators of quality of public services, quality of life and attracted investment. Government agencies are assessed through the implementation of strategic plans; and members of the government through macroeconomic indicators. This plan for assessing individual and organisational performance is a good start.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/21b84508-en	f49385a1e44578a268cea066d00939fe	However, an earlier study (Gilligan eta/., 2009) found that the programme sometimes replaced private transfers when payments were regular, and reduced private transfers when payments were irregular. On the other hand, there is no evidence that food aid and food-for-work crowded out private transfers among pastoralists in Ethiopia and Kenya (Lentz and Barrett, 2005). In South Africa, old-age pensioners experienced a 25-30 percent decline in private transfers from their children once they began to receive their pensions (Jensen 2003; IEG 2011). Thus, the (now discontinued) Red de Proteccion Social programme in Nicaragua did not replace private transfers such as gifts and loans (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	f4948fe5ef1234fd4ab76ac8162249fb	The enabling environment is central to making the most of business investments such as those of Nile Breweries. Policies that work in a joined-up way to strengthen education and training, access to credit, infrastructure, land rights and other property rights - these can all multiply the benefits from value chain investments and ensure the gains ripple out beyond the immediate beneficiaries, such as those smallholder farmers who are our direct suppliers. Partnerships such as Grow Africa help to align investment, practical collaboration and policy development.	7	7	1	0.75
10.18356/215d0d56-en	f4961098368fd843eca6cb48984c3448	Policymakers need information not only on global and regional climate trends, but also on their expected effect on local weather and local communities. The uncertainty of climate trends and the need to incorporate the new information that is becoming available demand that policymaking be responsive and relevant to the needs of people through short-term actions which are coherent with longer-term sustainable development objectives and actions. Incorporating uncertainty within policy action day by day through iterative and adaptive policy processes helps to reduce the risks of lock-in solutions and path dependency.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	f49847f55f01b1667c6535d2d62e5b64	So far, it has been notable that participants have on the whole chosen programmes that are available to other unemployed rather than those specifically designed for people with disabilities. A total of 5,502 people with limited work capacity entered ALMPs between January and August 2016 and the most popular choices have been training, work trials and work-related rehabilitation (source: country responses to OECD policy questionnaire). In view of the voluntary nature of programme participation during the early phase of the initiative, those who have registered for services so far are likely to be particularly motivated to look for work or to have less severe disabilities.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	f49b05b41b5bd77110709e6269c77025	There are civil movements against pipelines, coal power plants, wind and solar power plants and, especially, nuclear power installation. Italy has phased out nuclear power and Germany, Sweden and Belgium took phase-out decisions at some point in time. An extreme example involves the licensing of the Konrad radioactive waste depository in Germany which took 25 years and included public consultations with almost 289,387 people who formally raised more than 1,000 issues.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	f49bdfa9022c3da4e7a13593ad8beff8	The risk, however, is that such controls also capture economic factors - including policy changes - which have been a source of growing inequalities. This is particularly the case for policies associated with skill-biased technological change (SBTC): empirically, SBTC has been usually proxied by time trends and found to be a significant driver of higher wage dispersion (Braconier and Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2014; OECD, 2011b, Katz and Murphy, 1994; Acemoglu and Autor, 2012). This implies that the empirical results in this paper could fail to identify some policy effects on household incomes, i.e. those that are channelled via SBTC. The majority of growth-oriented empirical studies on structural reforms have focused on the two main proximate determinants of GDP per capita - labour productivity and employment - or on a number of intermediate drivers, which include investment in physical capital, trade, R&D and multifactor productivity.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283336-en	f4a2ae3019b578ae6caf1e4478c1e571	The contributions that the state makes on their behalf are financed through general taxation but amount to only a quarter of all SHI funds. Moreover, variation across income quintiles was much smaller than in most other countries. In 2017, benefits include inpatient and outpatient care, prescription pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, home nursing care and personal care, basic dental care, medical aids and devices, vaccinations and screenings, maternity care and spa treatment.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	f4aa28f941fb0e89eeb6b90778044ee8	As production is uneconomic, the government decided to phase out the subsidy by 2018. In 2011 EUR 2 billion of public funds were'saved'as the phase-out progressed. ( In November 2014, fuel subsidies in Indonesia were reduced by USD 9.6 billion from a budgeted USD 30 billion or 18% of public budget in 2015.	7	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-7-en	f4ac85836d14702fe66d92d08fc44930	Total should be taken as indicative of the Australian Government only contributions to management costs (through AFMA) and fisheries R&D by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC). See Annual report for more detail: www.daff.gov.au/pubUcations/fisheries. All values include overhead cost allocations, but these are based on estimates of appropriate cost allocation principles based on AFMA’s Cost Recovery Impact Statement.	14	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	f4ae0021c1f47091278595f5317aff09	For example, according to national law, natural areas can be developed only if the area is covered by a SCoT. Such incentives have been further strengthened by the requirement that developed areas that are not covered by a SCoT cannot be expanded starting from 1 January 2017 onwards. To encourage the adoption of SCots, the State set up annual calls for proposals starting in 2010 to increase participation in rural territories with limited human and financial resources to draw up SCoTs. The PADD is the policy document which establishes the main thrusts of territorial development for the next 15 to 20 years; the DOO is the technical document which is enforceable against local documents such as the local housing programmes (Programmes locaux de I ’habitat), urban mobility plans (Plans de deplacements urbains), local urban planning plans (Plans locaux d’urbanisme) and municipal maps (Cartes communales).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187894-7-en	f4b2a06db4aea710cb70722cc2975468	River basin organisations should be capable of managing a portion of their allocated budget or of raising and allocating their own financial resources while providing a regulatory system for ensuring transparency and accountability. Simultaneously, their dedicated staff should receive the appropriate capacities to manage these resources. On this issue, proposals have been made in front of the Senate to modify the National Water Law in order for river basin organisations and river basin councils to receive financial resources through operation contracts (convenios operativos) (see Chapter 3 on improving economic efficiency and financial sustainability).	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f4b41cb4fa39f6e0a7326bcc8b4b3255	No definition of consistency is provided in the Paris Agreement or associated decision. Enabling the UNFCCC to do a quality control of information on data interface could reduce these errors. Information presented by countries in their BR and accompanying CTF is not always consistent. If countries report data on climate finance provided/mobilised by recipient country, data can be re-aggregated to examine flows to different regional definitions, if required. Others include projects where climate change is a consideration, although not the main focus. Some countries apply a coefficient to funds that were used for an activity only partially focused on climate issues (see Annex B).	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	f4b4a3704c02c79b28189bdbfd859f45	Such health care services are integral to minimising the morbidity associated with such events. This implies both financial access, so that cost does not impose unnecessary barriers to care, and physical access, to ensure that care is timely; and 3) the health care system delivers high quality care. The analysis in this report examines the pathways by which OECD countries deliver the programmes and services related to CVD and diabetes, namely health promotion, public health, primary care and acute care.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/afb95d2e-en	f4b50e1f65a73db5a3d01a9e50414083	They remained relatively stable during most of the 1980s before declining abruptly in 1989 and 1990, largely due to the collapse of pelagic fisheries in the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, landings have varied considerably from one year to the next since 1990, showing a generally increasing trend. In 2016, the total reported landings in the Black Sea were 390 000 tonnes. This value is slightly higher (5 percent) than the catches in 2013 but remains 17 percent lower than the average over the 2000-2013 period reported in SoMFi 2016.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	f4b6cd49fceef0a62f6a1beab1cda9ea	These problems must be addressed by proper planning of cities and their public and private services, taking into account how people use their time so that these cities can continue to prosper and grow, and to make better use of resources and reduce pollution, poverty and inequality, and socioterritorial division. Sample designs should help to make inferences about geographical areas of interest, which could require financial resources for data production by municipalities, provinces or States. Nonetheless, once the necessary resources are available to prepare national surveys, the cost of expanding the samples to guarantee representativeness is usually not high.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/f61073ef-en	f4b7506b71b2db74c22ca658528538d2	The results suggest that it would be wrong to propose the same policy options to all countries, as the sensitivity of the poverty rate depends on its initial level and the degree of inequality. This being so, we can conclude that the high inequality and tow initial development level of most Brazilian states are impediments to alleviating poverty by improving incomes. The same is true of the interaction between the inequality variable and its initial level. Thus, the effect of the change in inequality on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low or when the initial inequality level is high. In other words, a decline in income inequality may be less effective at decreasing poverty in regions that suffer from a low initial development level, high initial inequality or both.	1	0	5	1.0
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	f4b9813031704f15931938aace3109eb	It may occur within a country or it may require crossing an international border. It may be short term/temporary or long term/permanent. Based on the area of origin and destination, this migration can also be classified as: rural-rural migration, rural-urban migration, urban-rural migration, or urban-urban migration. Although there is no consensus on how long the period should be for defining this type of migration, a range of 3-12 months is frequently found in the literature.	11	3	3	0.0
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en	f4bbbd6055511e191cbe8558fb4006dd	To assist with the cost of their studies, the government has also recently announced that quota students will receive a stipend of BRL 400 per month (Souza, 2013) - Bolsa Permanencia (Staying-On Scholarship) - rising to BRL 900 per month for indigenous and quilombolcr32 students. The states of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia have previously introduced quota systems. An evaluation of one such scheme at the University of Brasilia (Francis and Tannuri-Pianto, 2012) found that it raised the proportion of black students at the university and that the displacing students were from lower socio-economic status families on average. One of the key issues is that the Brazilian higher education system is highly regressive. Free, highly selective public universities are attended primarily by richer students, while poorer students are forced to attend fee-charging, private institutions.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/8184a133-en	f4bed6e1a838d844f769ceaef23e3e0c	Acute Multidimensional Poverty Index: A New Index for Developing Countries. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OHPI) Working Paper No. International Monetary Fund Staff Position Note. The Contradictions in Global Poverty Numbers: Global Poverty, Millennium Development Goals, Development, Developing Countries, Foreign Aid.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/c69de229-en	f4beffbbe2273b48490bd2f8197fd216	The proportion of jobless families is therefore a priori an important determinant of the risk of poverty. However, this proportion varies greatly from one country to another, and its evolution over time has not been homogeneous (Figure 9): the proportion of jobless families is, for example, very high (more than one in two families with children) in Australia, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ireland, but it has fallen sharply since 1995 in Australia. A majority of other countries experienced a smaller decline in the proportion of jobless families in 2005. On the contrary, the latter has increased in 7 countries in a proportion that is often limited (less than 5 percentage points).	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/808599e4-en	f4c3f2df2ec3ade18bf4ba8ddf4d9b5b	For many, this means deferring or giving up on personal investment in education. Additionally, while wartime economies may provide job opportunities for some, for most the uncertainty of wartime violence undermines any efforts to secure work or to start building a career. Wartime economies provide young people with work as soldiers and spies, as guards and carriers of ammunition, and as cleaners and cooks in military camps. Young people are often forcibly recruited into armed groups.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	f4c78fec32b604cd6f43efbbf7c71ee6	It can also involve measures to protect pension rights after women are divorced or widowed, compensating forthe costs that the distribution of unpaid work in family arrangements can have on their pension entitlements. This involves promoting pension schemes that pool longevity risks between women and men and avoid punishing those who lives longer. It also involves establishing regular indexation mechanisms for pension benefits to avoid the loss of purchasing power with age, which makes women suffer more due to their longevity.	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	f4c9631d48f51fe4c4d493d9de5d412f	Segregation can be seen in men and women largely working within different sectors and in different occupations (Baagpe Nielsen and Holm 2011: 223-224, own translation). During 2008-2010, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Finland saw a dramatic increase in the unemployment rate within building and construction. During 2011, however, unemployment rates within this industry experienced a period of stagnation in Finland (and Iceland) (Baag0e Nielsen and Holm 2011).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264225442-29-en	f4c9b289fe82e80d8e56c5ffbf2dcba6	This national partnership between the Ministry of Education and the main stakeholders and municipalities/counties (2009-14) aims to increase the quality and status of the teaching profession, teacher education and school leadership. A yearly teacher recruitment campaign is an important part of GNIST. Another initiative is the development of National Guidelines for Differentiated Primary and Lower Secondary Teacher Education Programmes for Years 1-7 and Years 5-10 (2010 and 2013) to support implementation of the new teacher education reform. Furthermore, a national four-year programme to improve formative assessment at the school level, Assessment for Learning (2010), is already showing positive results.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f501027d-en	f4cac0e47eb1c96f2cd949a686f11db0	This slowdown in rates of economic growth has also been accompanied by a slowdown in rates of productivity growth. Indeed, almost a fifth of the economic slowdown can be attributed to the deceleration in total factor productivity growth that took place during the period 2008-2013. Indeed, the region’s experience over recent years has shown that, while economic growth is not sufficient for development to be sustainable, it is clearly a necessary component for that to take place.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264077287-en	f4caca912f687ee6c1e4b64d53ce1cda	They are not allowed to subcontract these services to specialised firms. The drinking water management system leaves the communes with the choice of relying on their own water supply sources (this is the case for 25 of the 116 communes in Luxembourg), of relying, through the communal syndicates, on water from the Esch-sur-Sure Syndicate (SEBES), or of having a mixed arrangement. Four inter-communal syndicates* and Luxembourg City are members of SEBES and deliver drinking water abstracted from the Esch-sur-Sure reservoir. For sewage, there are 11 syndicates, each covering several communes. Some communes manage their sewer networks and treatment plants on their own.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5bbcdeac-en	f4cb059600d37c7a7875b52a569fb6cb	It focuses on exploring key drivers for, and obstacles to, renewable energy integration in mining, and possible approaches to accelerating this energy transition. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 provides an account of the key factors contributing to the business case for renewables in mining, and main obstacles that persist; Section 2 offers an analysis of the existing business models, the associated challenges and emerging solutions. Section 3 concludes by providing policy recommendations to the governments seeking to promote the energy transition of their mining industry and the synergistic development of the domestic renewable energy sector, thereby contributing to the achievement of the SDGs and the objectives of the Paris Agreement.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/21b890d9-en	f4cd4df6a38f5ced409b1180d40dbea2	The care workforce is broadly defined to include care workers in the care sectors (education, health and social work) as well as care workers in other sectors, and domestic workers. These countries tend to rely on a large and highly professionalized care workforce. In other words, countries where older persons constitute a relatively large group also have a relatively more sizeable care sector.	5	6	4	0.2
10.18356/5c3fe50f-en	f4d33adcc969eaed3efb1cd54691ee85	Promoting initiatives for and encouraging investment in subregional energy connectivity, including those focused on cross-border infrastructure development, and considering possible ways to develop a subregional power network and supply system to strengthen subregional cooperation and interdependence. Working together to create joint information resources and knowledge sharing systems on legal and regulatory frameworks, public participation, financial mechanisms, public-private partnerships and successful projects aimed at promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the subregion. Encouraging the development and implementation of joint hydropower projects for electricity generation to facilitate grid connectivity and trade in energy. Strengthening subregional and inter-subregional cooperation towards developing harmonized cross-border energy infrastructure, for example within the Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CASA1000 project, and supporting the continuation of bilateral and regional consultations on this matter.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f4d4f08d9621ed19620dd7dd1e64d118	A few collection points have been set up by farmers who supplement the output of their own farm by organising the collection of milk from nearby farms. In some areas, collection points were established through projects with international organisations and the government has started to support programmes for introducing networks of milk collection points. Nevertheless, they are far too few to serve all dairy farmers or to meet the demand of milk processors.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/50cb9877-en	f4d543ad52f7e699de8f80b4b4ef881c	For example, increased rates of SGBV. Further, disasters such as hurricanes or cyclones damage critical infrastructure, such as schools and hospitals. In response to the impacts of disasters and their damage, girls are more likely than boys to be pulled out of school to help with domestic chores after a disaster, making the achievement of universal primary education more difficult. Damaged infrastructure also limits access to health resources for pregnant women, increasing the risk of maternal death (UN Women Fiji 2014).	13	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	f4d630cd786b28c62cbe0191a33feb99	Each lab is able to utilise the training, research, forecasting and other activities provided by the cluster. Lab members actively participate and utilise the research, seminars and e-learning resources available. They thereby influence the action planning and strategic priorities of the cluster as a whole. Each lab tailors the model and project to suit their specific needs.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e8c85dfe-en	f4d7aa8fbf00a4a540594fa78d3b969c	This includes creating feeding, breeding and sheltering sites in green, grey and blue areas. Establishing parks and gardens is a common tactic, but activities can also include creating green roofs, walls, facades and balconies. But urban biodiversity has become a sustainability indicator and the importance of urban green governance is increasingly apparent.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	f4d7eefe640924af33e171f96e4470b4	In 2012, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala were the poorest regions with a GDP per capita lower than USD PPP 10 000 while Nuevo Leon, Tabasco, Distrito Federal, and Campeche were the richest regions with per capita GDP above USD PPP 28 000 (see Table 1.1). In a similar vein, USD PPP regional growth in the previous decade (2003-12) varied from 8.5% annually in Tabasco to 3.9% in Morelos (OECD Regional Database, 2015). Regions with the highest GDP per capita report die highest unemployment rates, while the poorest regions report the lowest unemployment rates.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5be883c5-en	f4d86400c3028d8a24617b5bac07d104	Under the limits of this structure, raising wages for women or care sector workers may threaten growth to the extent that it cuts into profits by more than it raises human capacities. The state plays a bigger role than in liberal regimes, but wider public funding of care supports lots of private service providers (Heintz and Lund 2012; Razavi 2011). Geographically, these regimes are associated with continental and Southern Europe, while recent social welfare reforms in Japan suggest movement towards this model as well (Campbell et al.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a2206e44-en	f4da751d089a9c40e101c115447e6568	The study found that 5 per cent of adults suffer from bronchial asthma, 16 per cent from bronchitis, 8.2 per cent from pulmonary tuberculosis and 7 per cent from chest infection (Parikh et al., In 2005, the independent advisory body headed by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, presented its final recommendations to the Secretary-General in a synthesis volume entitled, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. On the future outlook, see Global Wind Energy Council, US and China in race to the top of global wind industry, 2 February 2009; available at: www.gwec.net/index.php?id=30&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=177. Interview with Steve Sawyer, secretary of the Global Wind Energy Council), January 8, 2008; available at: www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/ idUSL0773451.	7	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/127a6106-en	f4db4df1e296f84ed00386d2f932e461	Fighting poverty, hunger and malnutrition with neglected and underutilized species (NUS): needs, challenges and the way forward. Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050. Genetic Vulnerability and Crop Loss: The Case for Research on Underutilized and Alternative Crops. Mathematical Sciences with Multidisciplinary Applications, pp.	2	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	f4de57b71736f04b7c6479a74abf3c19	The vast majority of the additional milk is projected to be produced outside the OECD area. World production of WMP, butter, cheese and SMP is expected to grow from the base period by 31%, 28%, 20% and 9% respectively, by 2019. The OECD area continues to dominate global cheese consumption, accounting for nearly three-quarters of the total consumption which is expected to increase by 20% over the Outlook period.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/4594b3f8-en	f4e0c998f1ff3df96e671ac3f217a78f	The islands in the Aland archipelago are overgrown with vegetation and less people are at sea, except during the summer vacation. These conclude that grey seal and harbor seal are increasing in numbers, while ringed seal populations in the Gulf of Finland are decreasing and currently only represented by around 100 animals (HELCOM, 2017b). Assessments of ringed seal populations in the Bothnian Bay show a large increase, from estimates of 2000 seals in the mid 80s (Harkonen et al.,	15	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9f5dd7d0-en	f4e5e28c0624f5a73c0fcecfaecbf8ad	African countries are pursuing a 'developmental integration' approach that prioritises market integration, cross-border infrastructure development and industrialisation to take advantage ofthese opportunities. Building and diversifying productive capacity is an overriding priority. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting greener, climate-resilient development is indispensable in attaining many of the SDG targets.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/2640b601-en	f4e922cbf4c6a867c54eaec12d043ca3	Regardless of these particular perspectives, scholars agree on the importance of technological change in historical energy transitions and on future scenarios of energy system transformation (Grubler, 1998; Nakicenovic et al., These challenges of a future sustainable energy transition will require substantive innovation and technological change across all regions, particularly in developing countries. The overriding question for developing countries is how to move from this historical pattern to an integrated, concurrent approach dictated by the sheer magnitude of numbers as well as energy access and climate stabilization objectives (Metz et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	f4ea0ba1f92597ade3fb8569b3e0b43f	Over the course of each day, week and year, a teacher has to make thousands of decisions. To make these choices effectively teachers may draw on what is sometimes called pedagogical content knowledge. Then there are choices about how to initiate, organise and maintain momentum in periods of learning.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/5k3w8fb9p9hh-en	f4ec05a3524fc147060d5343aa5f5192	This is due in the main to sedimentation, pollution and over-fishing. These practices have now spread to the high seas, where, if left unchecked, are likely to result in the commercial extinction of a significant number of fish species, including many that are crucial for the sustenance of millions of people. The European Commission estimates that for stocks with sufficient data for assessment, 78.5 per cent are exploited unsustainably with 43 per cent outside of safe biological limits. A review of 48 stocks managed by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) found that 32 (67 per cent) were overexploited or collapsed.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	f4ef9d14b599a03483af39892a052ef4	Nonetheless, meat-to-feed price margins are expected to improve compared to those experienced when feed costs reached their peak. After accounting for general price inflation, real meat prices will average higher than in the previous decade, although they trend marginally down from their current highs. Milk and dairy product prices increased strongly in 2013 due to reduced production in major countries from increasing feed costs. In the near term, prices of all dairy products are expected to decline sharply as production in the major dairy exporting countries expands in to the current high prices and feed costs decrease.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	f4f1b5cd01e9f70e3cf311a7c6cd34a1	There can also be linkages between such monitoring exercises and other work streams under the UNFCCC, such as work under the Nairobi Work Programme on development and dissemination of information and knowledge. It also outlines some of the national and international benefits from identifying, collating and reporting adaptation information. However, information contained in these adaptation components varies greatly in terms of: timescale; focus areas/sectors; overarching objectives; qualitative or qualitative indicators about adaptation actions; financial needs; references to other documents (e.g. National Adaptation Plans); and monitoring and evaluation provisions.	13	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264102637-12-en	f4f1d71284cc29206649414542ad8e67	But it raises challenging questions for policy makers: how to increase the awareness of the risks, to influence decisions of property owners, businesses and municipalities about exposure and vulnerability to risk, and thereby reduce the expected cost of damages in a flood event? How to make the public more aware of what is needed to keep the country dry and habitable, and to secure willingness to pay for flood safety? Key enabling elements of a society resilient to future shocks include the density of social interconnections between authorities, social players and the population in general; confidence, trust and a sense of community; and technical capabilities and political vision and leadership. This means independent oversight for performance and compliance (which does not necessarily have to be carried out at national level), as well as balanced and action-oriented stakeholder engagement that does not override the interests of the “unheard voices”.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-can-2012-5-en	f4f279764e470c781cb1d465b8848cda	This trend may reflect in part the effects of technological change and globalisation, which have raised demand for highly educated workers and changed the nature of skills needed in the workplace (Riddell, 2001). Canada currently leads the OECD with the highest proportion of adults aged 25-64 that have completed tertiary education at 49%, compared to 30% for the OECD average (OECD, 2011a). This share rises to 56% for the cohort of 25-34 year-olds, exceeded only by Korea. However, this ranking reflects a remarkably high community college attainment rate; at 24%, Canada boasts the highest share of adults with a college (tertiary-type 5B) education, versus the OECD average of 10% (Figure 2.2, Panel A).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/81e6e689-en	f4f30acb711549c51d07bada3cce396e	This creates no problems when arguments drawing on either of these perspectives work in the same direction to generate sustained growth and poverty reduction. However, the discussion becomes problematic when the evidence suggests that politically desirable concepts of good governance are not a necessary condition for fast economic growth or poverty reduction and may even be inconsistent with them. In such cases, a choice may have to be made among governance, growth and poverty reduction objectives. However, its overall poverty reduction effects remain doubtful in the absence of other complementary factors, such as entrepreneurial skills and the growth of overall demand in the economy.	1	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	f4f48b94110197a2586938f4a9226d0d	Even software engineers argue that programming errors are more likely to occur (and take longer to fix) after long hours, despite the tech industiy’s glorification of seemingly endless workdays (Robinson, 2005). Working-hour legislation and the legal right to request flexible working arrangements have historically helped protect workers. However, real change needs to occur in organisational culture and practice.	5	3	1	0.5
11.1002/pub/80f52533-387caaaf-en	f4f5c84271b074bc0fb06e83c495ce38	Realizing their full potential will depend on the availability of reliable fixed and mobile broadband connectivity. In order to achieve this objective, every algorithm needs to be tailored carefully to existing data and the objectives pursued. This requires considerable human expertise in machine learning and large datasets to train algorithms.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-esp-2010-7-en	f4f6e0e9705f9949e7e6960f8290f813	For irrigation purposes the volume of water made available by these concessions depends on per-hectare quotas and available water resources and so are variable over time. The initial water allocation is hence based on the basis of historically determined water rights and irrigated surface. Economic criteria do not play an important role, although there is some limited scope for changing the initial assignment of water rights through trading (see below). Effects which are external to the trading partners occur, for example, as a result of alterations in river flows, and the relatively high cost and lack of transport infrastructure limits the scope for trade.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	f4fbba7fceb10118b9dc3a8ccc8d041a	The project collected information on existing mental health and well-being indicators and information systems and on this basis selected a set of mental health indicators for integration into a comprehensive health monitoring system in Europe. These indicators are listed in Table 4.5. Health care quality indicators 36. These challenges include: the difficulty of collecting data for even relatively simple indicators; the reported indicator data may be related to different years for different countries; the differential ability of countries to track patients after hospital admissions which is related to the presence or absence of UPIs; the lack of risk adjustment; deficiencies in relation to validity testing and exhaustive and exclusive data specifications; and the inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care.	3	0	6	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	f4fbf754d81ca97955dc9492c44eb715	Map 13.2 demonstrates the extent of the rural settlements’ shrinkage in the period 1979-2009. The 2009 census showed that 1,394 rural settlements had lost population. Statistics for the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014 show a decrease in the rural population of 19.7 per cent (from 2,732,110 to 2,193,379).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	f4fc547eafa56bc503daea26cdcd2cb1	These are formidable numbers but well within the capacity of capital markets if the risk-adjusted returns are available. Indeed in the international climate change negotiations, developed countries have committed to mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 20208 - but key questions remain regarding what financial flows might count towards this commitment and how this will be delivered in practice. For example, it has become more difficult to obtain bank loans with the long maturities required by infrastructure projects as commercial banks face capital and liquidity constraints.	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	f4ff49b7e9aa371a3ee5f6844905e0b1	It should be noted that many of these programs support basic science that is not applied to a specific fisheries and that all project reports are available to the public. The entire S-K grants program is listed under “general services” because practically all of these grants are awarded to support basic scientific and management missions. Fisheries infrastructure, including the construction, maintenance and modernisation of fishing ports and landings facilities, is funded by many Federal and local agencies, such as the Army Corps of Engineers and various Port Authority and other local public works agencies. These transfers to fisheries infrastructure were not calculated and are therefore not included in this submission.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	f5013a3f99a82949c554759193e0cb4e	Figure V.24 shows the high levels of desertification in some countries, expressed in percentages of their territory. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP 2015) calculates that roughly 60% of the region is arid land; in addition, over 300 million hectares of its farmland are desertified, equivalent to about 20% of all usable land. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD, 2010) estimates that 50% of productive land will be desertified by 2050.	7	3	0	1.0
10.18356/cc6ff508-en	f50154aaa3c8901f73f983117c12b3eb	In 13 countries people who engage in such acts can face the death penalty.66 Even in countries where lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people are not considered criminals, their prospects for human development are limited by discrimination in social and economic life. Unlike other minorities the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex community is often hidden. Sexual minorities may not disclose their identity for fear of legal punishment, social abuse, hostility and discrimination by society or by close friends and family members.	1	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	f50486f49437ea1cc88b8df1d70d6b82	Centres of excellence in Indonesia also offer good examples of facilitating dialogue between TVET institutions and industries. These developments echo the case of the United States, where employer-driven training boards (the Workforce Investment Boards) was introduced about twenty years ago. The lesson from these experiences is that substantive leadership by employers as stakeholders, investors and consumers is important irrespective of the governance structures in place. Trained participants bring the new knowledge obtained from each session back to their company where they are expected to discuss action plans.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5jlpszwghvvb-en	f506bde89f5990eb705c42d65c437ebf	In dynamic texts, typically only a fraction of the available text can be seen at any one time, and often the extent of text available is unknown. Mathematics: Understanding mathematics is central to a young person’s preparedness for life in modern society. A growing proportion of problems and situations encountered in daily life, including professional contexts, require some level of understanding of mathematics, mathematical reasoning and mathematical tools.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	f50adb7992e4ca333385de266f7c5219	Section IV presents the econometric strategy, discusses data issues and analyses the results highlighting the most important supply-side constraints to agricultural exports. Sections V to VII present country case studies illustrating the mechanisms highlighted by the econometric work and the importance of some variables that the econometric work could not capture because of data limitations. Estimating the impact of the various supply-side constraints to agricultural trade: What kind of constraints restrict agricultural trade and why?	2	2	3	0.2
10.6027/857c81f8-en	f50d4d00aacddddbb4d8f13c903732ef	In this chapter we review some of the Nordic experiences of market-based fisheries management seen from a social perspective. Fisheries management is related to the biological and economic management of fisheries, but also have various implications for different social groups, social relations and for individual career patterns. In particular, market-based fisheries management has been implemented in many ways and with very different objectives in the Nordic countries.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en	f50e482a82bfb0e6c0d0525a69e6e6a9	"In doing so, they relatively reduce the C02 price, thereby diminishing the advantage given by the instauration of the ETS to the lower carbon-emitting technologies among electricity production technologies from fossil fuels. This benefits the more emission-intensive technologies. There is at present nothing to ""force"" the fossil fuel producers to increase their output and keep total emissions constant. They might do so for economic reasons, but they might as well save allowances and sell them to other entities whose emissions are covered by the ETS - for example in other industrial sectors."	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/09e92b30-en	f50f5707f77f84b5760b9dad1604220c	It would be preferable to increase the add-on payments for difficult cases to progressively eliminate these disparities, as DRG payments could allow only a partial reduction of the heterogeneity of patients across establishments (Milcent, 2016a; Veran, 2016). They may also give incentives to optimise the reporting of activity and overstate the difficulties of each patient. In France, DRG groups capture less than half of patients’ heterogeneity (Milcent, 2016b), and up-coding (i.e. deliberately overstating the case-mix) appears significant, as in the United States (Milcent, 2016a and 2016b; Dafny, 2005). Moreover, as in primary care, the payment structure provides little incentive for prevention and co-ordination between care providers.	3	0	5	1.0
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	f50faa4a6d449a8b1573bb6a842c9533	The OECD average has also declined over this period. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have had scores around the OECD average, while the Icelandic results have declined and are now significantly below the OECD average. Strengthening of goals for knowledge and skills also led to changes in pupils'assessment.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/859159ab-en	f5107ccdf8b6b6be6cfd6c03db866ef6	Thus far, data show that the exchange rate dynamics involving the Chinese yuan and the US dollar are more about the strength of the US dollar than the weakness of the Chinese yuan. The dip of the Chinese yuan from mid-2018 to end-2018 was milder than that of other Emerging Asian currencies, such as the Indian rupee or the Indonesian rupiah. There is scope to improve targeting of foreign capital towards underdeveloped sectors and towards sectors where domestic firms can participate more extensively. In order to pursue these objectives, foreign investment policy must be aligned with the local enterprise development framework. Six of the 12 countries have a dedicated smart city strategy, namely China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.	11	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	f513a70567a50fd15d70c9e9cd57df32	The periodic review largely drew on information outside the UNFCCC, making use of a Structured Expert Dialogue, technical workshops and meetings for open and substantive discussions between FCCC delegates and external experts. The Structured Expert Dialogue concluded, among other things, that already “climate change impacts are hitting home” and “the ‘guardrail’ concept, in which up to 2°C of warming is considered safe, is inadequate and would therefore be better seen as an upper limit, a defence line that needs to be stringently defended, while less warming would be preferable” (UNFCCC, 2015e). The emphasis on national inventory reports in the enhanced transparency framework is important for filling what is currently a major information gap, and providing a sound basis for tracking progress towards a diverse range of NDCs.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/50e33932-en	f515300d05516cd6a1f75b173daf6657	Korea's rural regions are highly specialised in tradable sectors. The share of tradable goods and services represented 58% of the region’s Gross Value Added in 2016, 9% higher than the national average of 49%. By 2016, manufacturing alone explained over two-fifth of the rural regions' GVA and therefore it was higher than the national average (41% compared to 31%). These can be divided into two categories: rural regions specialised in tradable sectors and rural regions more specialised in non-tradable sectors. The economy of three (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do) out of five rural regions is specialised in tradable goods and services sectors, since these sectors explains more than half of the GVA of the regions. On the other side, the rest two rural regions (Gangwon-do and Jeju-do), are specialised in non-tradable activities.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/7a1f7b89-en	f5162467812c7b60dc38cef9087f000e	As with shared bicycles, they can be station-based or free-floating. In both instances, data is generated and logged in order to manage payment and system operation. Some systems share this data through APIs that offer some level of integration with third-party service providers. In some instances, car-sharing may be bundled with other mobility services (e.g. agreements between Mobility Car Sharing and the Swiss Federal Railways).	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en	f519872af29bfb3a9d9b6bba38de1231	Table D in the Appendix shows the regional average measures of the five SIGI sub-indices. Data on the SIGI and its sub-indices are based on observations for 44 countries. Sierra Leone, Yemen, Iran, Pakistan and Iraq are the five countries with the highest social discrimination against women; Paraguay, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Argentina and Costa Rica are on the bottom of the list.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208292-10-en	f519bb77f84e7db3d34e24d45d14306b	Within this framework, Colombia prepared a detailed National Profile on Chemical Substances in 2012. It provided a good overview of the situation regarding the management of chemicals and facilitated the development of a National Action Plan for Chemicals Management with a timeline to 2020. A list of 140 chemicals for future priority action has also been established.	12	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349734-7-en	f51a4dd574c1134de21cc33ff4d58292	Another reason for having fewer women than men in decision-making roles in Danish media companies, as Rikke Andreassen points out, is that many of those in leadership positions are recruited from the male-dominated Home Affairs section of the newsrooms. Many private and public companies including DR signed it voluntarily. The initiative meant that the companies should create a strategy for how to get more women into decision-making positions and how to establish gender-sensitive workplaces and gender inclusive recruitment structures (Andreassen 2016).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	f51d3f2361dd6141776af4da82c9c942	In the Philippines, the central bank redefined real estate activities to lessen the bank’s exposure to the sector. In Indonesia, a more stringent rule on down payments was announced in mid-2012 to slow credit growth for the purchase of housing and automobiles. Similarly in Malaysia, asset price build-ups in certain sectors have been dealt with by using macroprudential measures rather than changes in the policy rate. In this regard, low interest rates helped not only to sustain the growth of bank loans but also to slow potential capital inflows.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264174238-4-en	f51d8593e1c8b5c021538d91103ae7b1	The loss of trade to a port will have secondary impacts -reducing income from port revenues, processing and re-export, transport, etc. ( For example, in the ODS and waste sectors, illegal trade reduces incentives for industry to introduce substitutes and replacement technologies, and it undermines the legitimate waste treatment, disposal and recycling industries (Chatham House and EIA, 2006; Czamomski et al., A recent report on the forest sector in Honduras found that the illegal felling of mahogany from within community forests was jeopardising their commercial viability. Some of the community co-operatives had also become involved in laundering the illegal timber, so undermining their credibility (Global Witness, 2009).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083479-9-en	f522a5eafe9da22e4ed878f235c20986	As a result, learning through international benchmarking and co-operation has become more important. For example, the OECD and UNESCO have been active in this area since the 1960s, and the European Commission has considerably expanded its support for STI policy making since the 1980s. First, the necessary absorptive capacity is often missing or under-developed.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264176690-en	f522f87d9d216a7429c61ea9ff4b52cf	The learning areas that receive most focus in official curricula - particularly in countries where child assessments are used shortly after entry into primary school - are literacy and numeracy. Countries in the social pedagogy tradition do not exclude emergent literacy and numeracy but seek to maintain an open and holistic curriculum until children enter school and, sometimes, well into the early classes of primary school. On the other hand, countries in which early education has been part of, or closely associated with, primary school tend to privilege readiness for school and a more academic approach to curriculum and methodology. It can ensure more even quality levels across provisions and age groups, contributing to a more equitable system.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264269064-7-en	f5278e7bf96885e511bffac30204983c	While the chapter is split into subsections depending on the type of policy instrument, in reality a policy mix is required for effective outcomes. For example, information instruments are required for determining the maximum nutrient load a catchment can sustain before certain water quality indicators are breached; stakeholder engagement is necessary to determine the acceptable risks and desired water outcomes at the local level; regulatory nutrient pollution allowances are required for diffuse pollution before markets can be established to achieve economic efficiency; and compensations may be required to improve equity outcomes and stakeholder agreement. This system, implemented by the Water Agencies, involves stakeholders at basin level working together in Basin Committees to determine the size of charges to levy within statutory national limits.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/56f09402-en	f528a53994d5eda4ba3ecb71d0f49960	The institutional and political will to change frameworks, plans and curricula needs to be backed up by the political, fiscal and human resources support that will give them continuity, coverage and depth. But barriers remain, and policies have failed to translate into improved quality of life for all people and the effective exercise of their rights. A UNFPA (2010) research project reviewed studies of sexuality education programmes and the impact they have had on target populations. The review ascertained that sexuality education programmes do not increase sexual activity. In fact, the research confirmed that most programmes reduce misinformation, increase correct knowledge and provide tools that improve decision-making and communication. Specifically, the review found that 37% of the programmes delayed initiation of sexual intercourse, 31% reduced the frequency of sex, 44% reduced the number of sexual partners, and 40% increased the use of condoms/contraception (UNFPA, 2010).	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/47e32247-en	f5299bda758e06ccef8658cefd94227f	The age of the Vertisol is estimated as less than 10,000 years, and this Vertisol is fertile because a balance between soil erosion and soil creation is maintained. Excessive erosion removes the topsoil, causing desertification; but, where soil erosion is much less than soil creation, over the long term it eluviates and dissipates soil nutrients, forming aged soils (Oxisols). Under the rainfall categorization, it is primarily part of Region IV (annual aridity index of 20 or more and summer aridity index of 5 or more), and has made the development of North European-type agriculture possible.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264029941-6-en	f529f7cbdd379f76277f2760a1e48141	In this regard, a conspicuous weakness of the QICH framework is that it does not currently include quality measures for COPD, CHF, smoking status and related measures to incentivise preventive action around quitting smoking. Primary care professionals should be more active generally in health promotion, disease prevention, and encouraging healthy lifestyles (smoking cessation in particular). Primary care services operate in a wider health care context, and it is imperative for government-run public health and prevention services to complement these efforts by strengthening the focus on risk factor modification and promoting health literacy. While QICH is a quality-monitoring programme for primary care that many countries could leam from and emulate, it can be further developed over time, exploiting the potential offered by the use of EMRs in primary care.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	f52b466af34a269103e9b23a0c3add85	However, while market-income inequality continued to rise after the mid-1990s, much of the stabilising effect of taxes and benefits on household income inequality declined (Figure 10). Cash redistribution relies on three instruments: benefits, income taxes, and social security contributions. Overall, the redistribution trends were driven chiefly by benefits or, to be more precise, by changes in their receipt patterns and generosity. Changes in the numbers of unemployed and reforms to benefit eligibility criteria appear to have been particularly important factors, whereas benefit targeting seems to have played less of a role.	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264189935-7-en	f52c4f2455a26660c2dbc567e3ad4554	In general, this ratio tends to be higher in less developed countries, reflecting the fact that the median wage earner is relatively low-paid (Chapter 1). In 2014, about 9% of employees were earning the minimum wage, down from above 13% in 2010, a level close to that in France, slightly above Latvia (8%) and much higher than in Estonia (3%).20 After some decrease in 2015, that share increased again in 2016, reaching about 10% of full-time employees. But minimum wages can also come with efficiency loss if set at a level that keep workers away from employment, which might especially be the case in labour-intensive industries competing in international markets. In general, minimum wage studies on Central Eastern and South-Eastern European countries tend to find some disemployment effects, although strong conclusions cannot be drawn (Raei etal.,	8	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	f5300820dcf0989cc8bea69d331d317b	Although it is to be expected that changes in per capita GDP and average income will tend to move together, as shown in the surveys, it is important to remember that these variables relate to different concepts. Also, there are methodological differences that can widen discrepancies, such as the type of income flows that are actually measured and geographic coverage (some surveys cover only urban areas), to name only the most important shortcomings. To accomplish this, the lower-income household group was analysed. A predominant pattern emerges across the episodes analysed: this group’s income declined more than that of the total group of households.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	f531dae7fd19694c396c1304abaf3448	Mitigation measures should be implemented if noise levels exceed 65 dB(A) in daytime and 55 dB(A) during the night. A permanent advisory body to the government, comprising management and labour representatives and senior economic officials. Also see list of websites at the end of this report. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD, Paris.	6	5	1	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/1d2cdffa-en	f5323b7b21fb121a21bd29c73d8bdd1d	Still, one limitation in producing gender statistics persists. Sex is often used as only one of the breakdown variables for the data presented. As explained in chapter I and shown in chapter II, gender statistics and a meaningful gender analysis commonly require disaggregation by sex and other characteristics at the same time. For example, gender segregation in the labour market is partially determined by the gender gap in education, therefore data on occupations should be further disaggregated by the level of educational attainment.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	f534e82578060de33237baea5ec738fe	As seen throughout this chapter, the assignment of roles based on unequal power relationships and the unfair social organization of care have strong implications for gender inequality between men and women, between women of different socioeconomic groups and between territories (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). In particular, it underscores time-use surveys as a key instrument for generating data that would serve as inputs for public policies aiming to significantly improve the measures adopted to guarantee women's right and autonomy (ECLAC, 2017). These data also serve as inputs to calculate the economic value of unpaid work and show that through domestic and care work, women finance and sustain national economies and often subsidize limited social policies in this area (Bidegain Ponte.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-5-en	f535d17ae83744a5f7824b07f3c91fed	The share of the population over 65 years of age has been increasing in OECD countries over the past few decades. In 1960, 9% of the OECD population was over 65 years old, but the proportion rose to around 15% in 2010 (OECD, 201 la). This trend is expected to continue into the future, so that by 2050 the share of the population aged 65 or more is expected to reach 26% of the total OECD population. With rising life expectancy and improved healthcare, elderly citizens will be able to remain active longer, in many cases continuing to work well beyond the official retirement age.	14	4	0	1.0
10.18356/48886cb2-en	f536f150a3042567f8a1cd102bc7e968	Generally, quotas for women require that women constitute a certain number or percentage of a body, such as a candidate list or a parliamentary assembly. At present, at least 90 countries apply an electoral gender quota of some kind for the lower or single chamber of their national parliaments. Of these countries, 16 have reserved seats for women in the lower or single chamber of parliament, 33 have legislated candidate quotas and 54 have voluntary political party quotas (table 5.4).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/31959a6d-en	f537b94124c9de6233c6129de76eb764	Pointing in the same direction, there is also evidence that a positive association exists in OECD countries between the share of social transfers in people’s income in old age and the level of old age poverty (ILO 2014: Fig. Women’s poverty rate at older ages is higher than men’s in most EU countries. The figures also tail to include other crucial elements of well-being, particularly access to housing, healthcare and other social services (elderly home care, for instance). These services can be particularly important for older women who, as previously noted, live longer than men on average and are therefore more likely to become widows, live alone (greater housing costs) and lack care assistance by cohabiting members of family (greater need for elderly care services).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	f537cf2c6409fcf5930e63f6796ce578	Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. It reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat and may not necessarily reflect the views of the individual IEA member countries. Its aim is to provide keys to successful rural electrification policies. Its ^a8e I conclusions and recommendations are based on an analysis of the rural electrification programmes of Brazil, China, India and South Africa. Many thanks also to Peter Taylor, Head of the Energy Technology Policy Division and Stefanie Held, Head of the Technology Network Unit, for their supervision. Frank Haugwitz (EU-China EEP), Emilio Lebre La Rovere (CGEE), Haibo Meng (IEEP), Kadri Nassiep (SANERI), Martin Obermaier (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), Marcelo Khaled Poppe (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), R.K. Sachdev, Daniel Werner (GTZ), the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy and the South African Department of Energy Electrification Chief Directorate for their contributions, comments and provision of country-specific data.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f90cb3e8-en	f538ad962f56360a79b8ec6989447896	World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR), 2001, Durban, South Africa. The inclusion of the gender perspective in these documents followed up the General Recommendation No. The fact that indigenous women do not constitute a homogeneous category, since they represent a wide variety of cultures with different needs and problems, should be a central premise in the formulation of norms and programs, taking into account that as members of the Indigenous Peoples share a history linked to colonialism, oppression, and discrimination, whose legacy is still present and is reflected in the shortcomings they suffer in terms of the effective enjoyment of their individual and collective rights29.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/08e82310-en	f539359b49676904ec57cf2844678add	Thus, the area is extremely rich in archaeological monuments and artefacts. As such, it hosts the largest complex of species-rich alluvial meadows, and also the largest floodplain forest systems in Central Europe. Altogether 42 species of European importance are present including: beetles, dragonflies, molluscs, and fish, which latter include especially abundant European Bitterling, rare strcber, and extremely rare zicge or Sabre Carp.	6	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/efc21c19-en	f53de316984ef14983030cc6db740302	Since women's empowerment is usually considered as a way to achieve gender equality, the two terms accompany each other in most development literature regarding women, notably MDG3. A great number of existing researches have addressed the issue of gender digital divide. However, the findings of this study revealed that it is compounded by the significant lack of gender-disaggregated ICT statistics at national, regional and international level which hiders the national policy makers to adequately capture the patterns of ICT access and use by women and to develop relevant policy alternatives.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/24485d89-en	f5420c402096b3209b600ada29d5f03d	Crime and Victimization in Asia. Theme study for the twenty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention. It excludes attempted homicides, deaths related to conflicts, deaths caused when the perpetrator was reckless or negligent, as well as killings that are usually considered justifiable according to penal law, such as those by law enforcement agents in the line of duty or in self-defence.	1	3	0	1.0
10.18356/32ea1505-en	f54384c84e49cfa5eb3863ac0f543e2b	Nonetheless, women share responsibility for caring for cattle, typically including milking the cows twice a day, tending the herds, fetching water and cleaning shelters, as well as marketing milk. Only 45 per cent of female heads of household, but 54 per cent of their male counterparts, have completed primary school; and three times as many female heads as male heads have never attended school. However, primary school enrolment is slightly higher for girls (59 per cent) than for boys (57 per cent) (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013); and preliminary findings of a survey conducted in 2013 point to full gender parity in the highest grade achieved in school among 12-year-olds (Young Lives, 2014). Where credit is available, women’s access can be affected by their limited control of land, which impairs their ability to provide collateral. Lower levels of education and literacy also mean that women are less likely than men to have the skills required to apply for loans successfully or to design and articulate business plans.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/051b4d3b-en	f544a0d002913a7f4113e494f0bd3847	In the case of women, the pattern is reversed with currently married women having the lowest participation rates as a good percentage of them tend to be homemakers instead of in the labour market. Widowed/ divorced women, however, are compelled to get into the labour force for their survival and thus have the highest rates of LFPRs. The decline in the LFPRs of women between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was the highest among currently married women. Thereare significant variations in the pattern of women's LFPRs due to changes in age and marital status.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	f547a1ab0aad54466fbabe2b45b5882c	Further, with the Auvergne and Rhone-Alpes regions recently being merged to form one new region, Clermont-Ferrand loses its status as a regional capital and along with this, public sector employment and institutions. Although the region has several strengths, a key challenge is devising a development strategy that will allow a transition to a new role. Accompanying the changes in economic and political functions will be changes in the way land is used.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	f547c1e862ca140f59394c4aa960e7c3	Beginning in the mid-1960s, the support schemes were expanded as the sector went through successive periods of falling incomes. On the eve of the reforms. New Zealand producers received price supports for key export commodities, credit and tax concessions, input subsidies, and direct income payments, along with periodic recourse to exchange rate adjustments to support agricultural exports.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	f54ae76528f92c5c4448d9b78f54fe7e	The Law regulates breeding, protection, hunting, and use of game and its parts. Amendments have provided for increased numbers of wild animal species (game) to acquire the status of permanently protected wild species. The effect of implementing the amendments of the Law of Hunting in 2008 has been positive.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c2dea192-en	f54c306f09b8b46018177a6e0c3d7a8c	The European Energy Efficiency Fund is a public-private partnership dedicated to provide funding for energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources for member states of the European Union. The UK Green Investment Bank was created in 2012 to generate private funds for the financing of private sector in vestments in energy efficiency and environmental preservation more generally. A joint International Finance Corporation (IFC) and GEF initiative, CEEF provide guarantees of up to 50% of the loss from loan defaults to energy efficiency investments in Eastern Europe. (	7	0	3	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	f54c3354d63b4c0363251813404f5deb	This has happened while they have maintained (and actually increased) their share of the total economy-wide value added in the Nordic countries (see Figure 9). This has mainly happened because of two reasons. Firstly, the paper industry is producing a different mix of products today as production of for instance printing paper is declining (because of reduced demand), and production of cardboard is increasing. The change has on average decreased the average energy intensity of the products.16 Secondly, the paper industry has invested heavily in energy efficiency.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	f54d905902a6f8d57ce12177d1fb2856	In 2014, 85% of procurement funds were used in this manner (CONAB-PAA, 2014). A significant share of PAA procured supplies (34% in 2014) is used for the school meal programme. In 2009 the National School Meal Program (PNAE) required public schools to allocate at least 30% of food expenditures to direct purchases from family farmers. Since 2011 under the Brazil without Extreme Poverty Plan, PAA procurement is specifically targeted to the 16 million persons living in extreme poverty with monthly income below BRL 70. In 2014, nearly 24 000 PAA suppliers, or 47%, fell within this category. The National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB), which contains special provisions for family farmers, was launched by the Brazilian Government in 2005.	2	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f54eddad30cbc39c6aeddb52088e19cd	At the same time, there is a growing competition in medical and health tourism which is a growing field in international trade. These patients were part of an expanding global trade in medical tourism which the board valued at USD 40 billion worldwide and with global growth potential of some 20% per year. While hard statistics on the value of health-related travel remain patchy and tend to underestimate activity, they show that OECD countries consumed more than USD 5 billion worth of healthcare services abroad in 2008.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	f54f4bcb2e433602864cca5bfa1da991	Since 2008, the importation of an extensive range of processed agricultural products has been limited to registered importers only, who become registered by submitting among other things a one-year import plan. Similar controls were put on live animals and animal products in 2011. Quantitative limits on beef imports are imposed as part of the suite of measures introduced for the purposes of achieving self-sufficiency in beef by 2014.	2	0	7	1.0
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	f5502c053d6566011ccdddcf52fc7421	A principal challenge for the WTO, as well as for, its members is to adjust to new realities in order to achieve its goals in an increasingly uncertain global environment. While agriculture and food security are important sub-themes of this session, the speakers also addressed problems and possible solutions in a broader context. The influence of the changing global environment were addressed. The challenges brought about as a result of natural crises, both in terms of the climate and of disease, price shocks, food to fuel switches and price volatility, as well as financial and geopolitical events, have changed the world dramatically even since the time of the Marrakesh Ministerial.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	f550d577560074d0d2f4eb65f39397cc	Festivals and events of this type often provide opportunities to showcase sectors such as culture, music, gastronomy, and the arts. In addition, the economic impact of urban tourism more generally can extend to surrounding rural areas through supply chains to meet growing demand for locally produced food, wine, arts and crafts. It thus presents important economic benefits to rural areas and constitutes an increasingly important market segment, providing significant opportunities for rural businesses to diversify income opportunities (e.g. farm stays) and participate in local supply chains.	8	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264085374-14-en	f5556410edb72cbd58b42af965896ec1	The “Pedagogical Approach Networks” are all able, therefore, to summarise a complex set of elements that together make up the overall approach. These diverse elements embrace pedagogy and include a philosophy of what is important to address in learning and how to rectify certain shortcomings apparent in much of the mainstream schooling on offer in their systems. That they are networks encourages this feature of coherence and an explicit approach, needing to develop a set of cornerstones that can be shared with others.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/a22d206d-en	f55733ff9a44d5de0b6164b8d639cca9	Moreover, women suppliers have a unique understanding of the women’s market and experience selling to other women, which can benefit corporations in the near term. Building and maintaining a community of diverse suppliers increases IBM’s opportunity to hear new ideas, apply different approaches,and gain access to additional solutions that respond to customer needs. Such collaboration helps IBM deliver innovation, quality products, and world-class service to a growing global marketplace. This is particularly true in the women’s market.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	f557a7c4d2ce05c03380c7d80315a96d	Scarring Effects of Contingent Employment in Japan”, Social Forces, pp. The sample excluded three industries (agriculture, mining and private households) as well as three occupational groups (legislators, armed forces and farm labourers) due to the lack of consistent information over time. The overall sample is restricted to workers aged 15-64, excluding employers as well as students working part-time.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f557dc57f4d428034bd952552ed829ac	From a standpoint of economic efficiency, there are no objections to the advancement of such social policy objectives as long as they are pursued in a market-compatible way, for instance through lumpsum transfers in the form of energy vouchers rather than through wholesale price reductions. Theoretically, a marginal increase in the security of supply - a reduction of the risk that consumers will experience physical interruptions of energy flows or extreme price volatility - should be equated to the marginal cost of achieving this increase. Only with theoretically unlimited willingness to pay could all security of supply risks be avoided, for instance, by installing systematic storage and back-up.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264225442-31-en	f55dd559cb99def19d1fd3ea573274ae	Comprehensive education until the end of lower secondary education allows temporary grouping of students by ability in core subjects such as mathematics or language. The proportion of students enrolled in privately managed schools is above the OECD average. While this can widen inequities, policies to promote more balanced distribution are in place to ensure that students with low socio-economic status have opportunities to attend their preferred school. Grade repetition is also largely used: about one out of three students (35%) have repeated a grade at least once by age 15.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264169142-en	f55ed3f9d8cc9a38b5f8024d039f6224	As elsewhere in South Africa, there is a high level of school failure. About 150 000 youth (18 to 24 years age cohort) are outside education, training and labour market. The average household incomes are below the national average and feature deep racial inequalities. Only one-third of the working age population are in formal employment.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	f55f5d5b700dccaa1f2bceb5453bfcf8	The device also requires breath samples to be provided at random intervals to ensure that the driver has not consumed alcohol. Such devices have proven to be highly effective (Terer K.; and R.Brown, 2014). Points can also be allocated in conjunction with a court disqualification where the court chooses to disqualify a person for less than six months. Demerit points remain active on a licence record for a period of two years from the date of the offence. If 100 or more demerit points are accumulated within any two year period, a licence will be suspended for a period of three months. The suspension period begins as soon as the demerit suspension notice is served on the driver by the Transport Agency or the Police.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/d4e544d6-en	f5610cb0940a84c1b505bdf076527f29	The sticking point appears to be how to ensure the environmental integrity of trade in carbon credits so as to avoid double-counting by states. Negotiators will return to this issue at the next round of negotiations. This delay will have implications for CORSIA, which is the trading scheme that will be set up for aviation emissions (Carbon Brief 2018).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	f5619eaa3a6b5437719d291a70533fd4	This mobilisation is done through an authorised line. The amount can reach 100% of the debt. The mobilisation of foreign currency receivables can generally be carried out in Euros, United States dollars, British pounds, Swiss francs, and Japanese yen. It allows banks to negotiate with their correspondents who are responsible for the credit lines for financing imports.	5	4	0	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111728e-f867d18a-en	f5629ff3d32095e616fb0c1194bdc4b3	Over 70 percent of the population live in rural areas with farming, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and other natural resource sectors accounting for over 60 percent of employment in the country, about 36 percent of gross domestic product, and about 30 percent of exports by value. The Global Climate Risk Index ranks the country as Number 2 out of 178 countries in terms of vulnerability to climate change. Long-term studies have also shown that the country is vulnerable to increased risks from climate change, and climate change is increasing the impact of other shorter cycle natural hazards.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	f5668b67764f4c861284f6c85a06bbce	In addition, districts, with boundaries that had been identified by the communist government in 1962, were established as an intermediate administrative layer for national agencies. In this process, the city of Prague retained its legacy “urban centre” administrative boundary that did not extend very much beyond its existing development perimeter and became a distinct district. Crucially, the municipalities in the peri-urban land adjacent to Prague were placed in two other districts, Prague East and Prague West in Central Bohemia.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/46e21a79-en	f567abed5d03cdfa111b9febe7370deb	It is followed by Japan, India and the Republic of Korea. In terms of diversification across markets, China is again the leader followed in this case by Japan, India, Thailand and Republic of Korea.' Many Asia-Pacific economies, especially least developed countries, remained overly dependent on the export of just a few commodities. For example, many Pacific island countries and territories export very limited numbers of products and to only a handful of markets.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	f56b36863a608bc1e1a79f8e9698cbe2	While in principle AFTA is a preferential arrangement, in practice its discriminatory elements are relatively minor since its rules of origin threshold is lower than most preferential agreements. Nevertheless, the preferential tariff arrangements for ASEAN and China have promoted a strong presence of fruit and vegetables from these countries in Indonesia. On 1 January 2000, in response to pressure from farmers, a specific tariff on rice and rice flour of IDR 430/kg (USD 51/tonne) was introduced, replacing a 5% ad valorem rate.32 This specific tariff was equivalent to an ad valorem rate of approximately 20% using the average export price for 15% broken rice from Thailand for 2000 and an exchange rate of IDR 8 395per USD.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	f56ea1b73ec100138c5e4f08615ed4b1	Thomas (1999), in a study of women in South Africa, finds a strong and statistically significant negative correlation between years of schooling and number of children born, even after controlling for potential confounding variables, as does Oliver (1999) in his study of women in Ghana. In China, for example, between 1970 and 2003, the share of manufacturing and mining in overall output increased from 28 to 60 per cent, while the share of agriculture dropped from 49 to 12 per cent, following a push in agricultural productivity and the development of diversified industries. By comparison, South Asia showed less dynamism, with its share of manufacturing and mining peaking in the 1990s to 22 per cent (compared with 14 per cent in 1970). Sub-Saharan Africa achieved little structural transformation, with agriculture continuing to be the mainstay of the economy.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt	f575eb642329ff3a54ea59523e17455b	However, they may increase lifetime income inequality by reducing income mobility and creating poverty traps. Across the OECD, disability benefits are often the only means of sustenance for people with a disability, but often do not suffice to escape poverty.13 People receiving disability benefits indeed have lower employment and higher unemployment rates than people with no disability. Many countries have thus started to reform disability benefits to reach a better, and more sustainable, balance between income security and labour market (re-)integration of disabled people. These benefits are conditional on past contributions, and are earnings-related in most countries. Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Poland and the United Kingdom are exceptions since they provide flat though relatively low benefits, enhancing their redistributive impact. Many countries impose a ceiling on unemployment benefits, thus also introducing an element of progressivity.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a29f7945-en	f575ebc5d88347e86a554a44363e480b	If only the state would stop 'squeezing' agriculture through marketing boards and price distortions15, the supply-side response by agricultural producers would drive export-led growth. Subsequent changes in Africa’s exports show no significant increase in activities in which African countries ostensibly had comparative advantage. Indeed, after two decades of reforms, Africa's share of global non-oil exports fell to less than half what it was in the early 1980s [Ng and Yeats, 2000, quoted by Mkandawire, 2005). However, despite this upsurge, the African share of world exports still remains well below its earlier level.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	f5765c300ab14b64e45601b6f740dcb9	She noted the G20's recent commitment to find ways to reduce food price volatility while increasing agricultural productivity by 70 per cent. This session will examine how the international community can help meet these objectives. He noted that trade distortions are concentrated in the agricultural sector.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	f57a5e788057c6f8eac190bd2d59333d	These strategies must also expressly consider social and economic consequences and the distribution of impact across time and between stakeholders. More specifically, fisheries policy makers will need to consider the following fundamental questions when developing climate adaptation strategies: What policy options are available? How should decisions be made ?	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	f57a7a0611732c71b9af3b077f2a6370	Families with multiple children and/or a disabled member have a higher risk of downward mobility. The risk is also higher for households working in smallholder and own-account agriculture. Credit schemes, capacity building in risk management and better safety nets to cope with natural disasters or economic shocks can protect vulnerable households and promote entrepreneurialism, value-added products and upward mobility.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	f57ed9c3f0e6ab601e1554fa8fe7dc21	Deprivation in housing habitability is understood to exist when it fails to provide its occupants with a minimum level of protection from the natural and social environment. This means that the dwelling fails to provide protection against various environmental factors (such as rain or humidity), as well as privacy and comfort for basic biological and social activities (Feres and Mancero, 2001). According to the United Nations (2013) all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction and other threats, and enables them to live in peace and dignity. Unlike the United Nations (2013), which considers security of tenure to be safeguarded by common law, here it is deemed to be protected by civil (written) law only. People occupying dwellings illegally (squats) or living in loaned housing are thus deemed not to have secure tenure. In 2010, the United Nations affirmed the human right to water and sanitation, since both are essential for preventing undernutrition, infectious diseases and maternal and child mortality.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	f57f529954aad52c4a59f99bf71cc4f7	The chapter concludes with policy concerns and recommendations. Job creation does not respond to the same strategies everywhere and usually those places with little technological absorption and innovation capacity will have fewer opportunities for recovery. The role of policy is therefore crucial to facilitate and accelerate sustainable pathways for local recovery. This chapter discusses key issues for the recovery and illustrates with local initiatives how this recovery is being driven in the Asian region. A difficult task, as global impacts affect both the private and the public sector and, in many cases, local institutions and stakeholders do not have the capacity or knowledge to propose policies and programmes for effective management of global issues such as the recent financial crisis or the impact of climate change, demographic change and ageing of societies. However, several elements are within the reach of public policy: (I) fostering the dynamics between skills and employment; (2) creating jobs through enterprise and infrastructure development; and (3) developing social protection schemes.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7e8a00c8-en	f58050166edc93520e772ddad32da75b	Gas and electricity cannot be seen but they can be metered and supply can be turned off, which makes it possible to trade them like other commodities. Furthermore, there are physical markets that require delivery and off-take of gas and electricity, and financial markets that exchange derivatives linked to the physical market.48 Trading energy derivatives brings in additional funds from investors for operations and long-term investment in the energy sector. More recently, carbon emission has been commoditized so it is becoming a policy instrument for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and when large investors participate in carbon emission trade, there will be new capital for implementing zero-carbon energy capacity. Once liquefied, trucks or ships with cryogenic or insulated tanks can transport it to places not connected by pipelines.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	f581bd961f535903ac129d1ffc18aac0	These activities are to be integrated into the city's master plan. The development of a “sustainable urban mobility plan” considers specifically the launch of light rail transit to Novopolotsk, and the development of cycle lanes, pedestrian paths, parking and transport interchanges. This project has led to the establishment of info-rooms in six locations, namely, Vileyka city, the urban-type settlements Zelva and Zhelyudok, and agro-towns Motole, Rakov and Vidonlya.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264269637-6-en	f583c2e7d3ccbe68d4a42764c0bc69bc	For example, every second employer has no guideline on when to contact an occupational physician in case of sickness absence. Employer sanctions are frequent: in one in five sickness absences longer than two years employers fail to meet their obligations and, as a sanction, have to continue sick pay at the same level for a third year. For example, it is important that the employment system and the employment service providers identify mental illness of jobseekers early on to prevent long-term unemployment and the sliding into disability benefit dependence.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225428-5-en	f58469bd7efbd97e211fbc746ed56e15	It is a technical and consultative body in charge of ensuring adequate access to health care, decreasing health inequalities and developing educational and prevention programme to promote public health. It collaborates with regions to drive improvement in health care quality. It is chaired by a president and is composed of nearly 50 members having expertise in health care (scientists, physicians and other experts).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264225442-32-en	f5882c36beafe61b1e176a0aecf846f5	In 2011, it remained above the OECD average for 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or tertiary education, but below the OECD average for those without upper secondary education. The share of 15-29 year-olds without upper secondary education and neither employed nor in education or training (36.5%) is more than double the OECD average (15.8%). Improving youth outcomes requires policies to address skills needs and support transitions into the labour market, such as creating stronger links to the labour market for youth.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	f58df3f65a47cbe580689bbef5b3bab0	Despite the high employment rate of single mothers in Japan and the relatively low cost of the Child Rearing Allowance as compared to a full income-replacement benefit, the government in 2002 introduced a number of reforms to further limit expenditure.149 These were motivated by continuing growth in the number of recipients. After 2002, the number of Child Rearing Allowance recipients increased further, reaching 956 000 in 2006, but the divorce rate - which is a leading indicator for this benefit caseload - started to fall (Chisa, 2008). Single mothers are one of the groups assisted by welfare offices in cooperation with Hello Work through the Employment Support Programme (see above). Chisa (2008) reports that “As work-related services, the Japanese government is urging local prefectures and cities to establish special job centers and job training benefits for single mothers”.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-30-en	f58ee2f2c830df94a2b5976c6f5dc279	"This number includes funds provided via the Mitchell Act (16USC 755-757; 52 Stat. The Mitchell Act specifically directs establishment of salmon hatcheries, file conduct of engineering and biological surveys and experiments, and the installation of fish protective devices. The major objective of this program has traditionally been to mitigate the negative effects of lost salmon habitat caused primarily by the building of dams for hydroelectric power, and also by other factors, such as agricultural runoffs, logging, and urban development. Over the years, Mitchell Act hatchery production has changed to meet two other objectives. First, some hatchery production has shifted to areas above the Bonneville Dam in order to provide harvestable salmon under the Columbia River Treaty Indian ""IYust. Second, a portion of the hatcheiy production is being shifted to fulfil a conservation role in preserving endangered salmon stocks (captive breed) and supplementing their recovery."	14	0	10	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	f58f34e665ab2dfd90e6d42a346f9a57	Removing critical supply bottlenecks through ongoing improvement in electricity, gas and transport infrastructure is also vital to mitigate cost-push inflation. The upward revision of administered energy prices, rise in food prices due to drought conditions, depreciation of the domestic currency as well as increase in import duties on several food items contributed to upward pressure on prices. Inflation in Maldives has been on the rise and reached double-digit levels in 2011 and 2012. About two thirds of the total trade of Nepal takes place with India only. Inflation in Nepal remained high but came down from 9.6% in 2011 to 8.3% in 2012. A weak supply of food items kept inflation high.	8	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264300002-6-en	f58f441e3825faad24ef387163a5bef2	"At the heart of this is ""co-agency"" - the interactive, mutually supportive relationships that help learners progress. In this sense, everyone should be considered a learner, not only students but also teachers, school managers, parents and communities. For a time, massive open online courses, known as MOOCs, seemed to offer an attractive alternative to expensive instruction; but completion rates for MOOCs have remained dismal."	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264300002-3-en	f58fd7414171883136a47c7c5fc4eed0	And sometimes I think policy makers forget that data are not the plural of anecdote. The results offer a snapshot of education systems at a certain moment in time; but they do not -they cannot - show how the school systems got to that point, or the institutions and organisations that might have helped or hindered progress. In addition, the data do not really say anything about cause and effect. Correlations are often deceptive: if the birds sing when the sun rises, and they do so day after day, year after year, and in many different places around the world, it doesn’t mean the sun rises because the birds sing. That is one of the main limitations of international surveys, and that is where other forms of analysis need to kick in. That is also why PISA does not presume to tell countries what they should do.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-6-en	f59119c5c967faae57361df63a064b41	Perfecting these technologies, and finding new ones, will require a clear price on carbon, targeted government-funded R&D, and policies to reduce the financial risks. Carbon pricing and support for innovation may not be enough to ensure all energy-efficiency options are adopted or accessible. Additional targeted regulatory instruments (such as fuel, vehicle and building-efficiency standards) may also be required. If designed to overcome market barriers and avoid costly overlap with market-based instruments, they can accelerate the uptake of clean technologies, encourage innovation and reduce emissions cost-effectively. The net contribution of the instrument “mix” to social welfare, environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency should be regularly reviewed.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fc6300ee-en	f592f66f3fd6247d1f6555bc0aff6886	Those with very low fertility rates that are below' the replacement level (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Cuba) illustrate the diverse trajectories of the decline in fertility' in Latin America. In Costa Rica, for example, the fertility rate began to decline in 1965 and has plummeted from seven children per woman in 1965 to two children per w oman at present. Declines of this magnitude entail not only significant changes in macroeconomic terms but also radical transformations in family life, family burdens and the organization of society itself.	5	2	2	0.0
10.6027/74313f18-en	f59ab39abdef3c51182e07dbf3294114	Contributing authors: Hakan Tundn, Marie Kvarnstrom, Hannele llvessalo-Lax, Johnny Berglund, Hans-Goran Lax, Tero Mustonen, Anders Hojgard Petersen, Preben Clausen, Jorgen L.S. Hansen, Eva Roth, Lars Gamfeldt, Pia Norling, Jan Sorensen, Johanna Roto, Susanne Vavare, Michael Koie Poulsen. Habitat degradation, eutrophication, fishing and climate change are examples of drivers of change that affect Nordic coastal habitats. Policy and governance are principal indirect drivers that both could lead to decline and deteriorations, as well as improvements and recoveries of Nordic marine environments. Such changes might lead to increased oxygen depletion in many areas, leakage of nutrients, changed trophic structures and spread of pathogens (Diaz & Rosenberg, 2008; Gregory et al.,	14	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	f59bfb371fcfde0905c0e537417a6c56	The Samoa Energy Sector Plan 2012-2016 set out a plan to deliver outcomes consistent with the SDS, with an overarching goal of increasing energy self-sufficiency. A new energy sector plan has not yet been released. The Electricity Act 2010 introduced key regulatory changes to allow the entry of private sector IPPs and will contribute to the achievement of 50 per cent renewable electricity generation once current projects are completed.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264190658-11-en	f59c9455d6dd98d8fbc7de4766bca0f2	Scope for the local selection of appraisal aspects and criteria in line with central/state guidance that emphasise the importance of pedagogical leadership and/or the collaborative setting of objectives at a local level may help make appraisal manageable and relevant for local contexts. It may allow evaluators and school leaders to focus on priority areas relevant to a particular school and the leadership required in that context and analyse these in greater depth. However, considering the frequent combination of appraisal’s functions for accountability and development, it is essential that policies ensure that the necessary selection of appraisal aspects and criteria reflects these purposes and individual as well as school needs (e.g. through the mandatory use of a range of reference standards and documents, such as individual job descriptions and school development plans). Therefore, it is also important that school leaders benefit from ongoing support to develop pedagogical leadership skills through high-quality, targeted and relevant professional development opportunities before being held accountable for pedagogical leadership.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264245174-7-en	f59cc675feacc08557d74acf6a339aca	The limited amount of information provided so far by the government on access to the NAICM refers mostly to adjustments to road infrastructure and construction of toll roads. Public transport works planned include only extensions of two Metrobus lines and connection to underground lines that currently operate over capacity. The airport’s planning process should acknowledge clear objectives to generate high shares of travel on public transport.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	f59e49e6c8558a907ae14c42f493df32	The simulation in this section models the individually tailored forward contract that allow farmer to fix the selling price (with no basis risk) in advance at lower price than the expected price. The simulation result shows that in Australia and in the UK the farmer does not use a forward contract strategy unless its cost is approximately less than 2.5% of the expected price. While the representative farm in Australia almost fully hedges price risk at zero transaction cost of the forward contract, the representative farm in the UK hedges the price at less than 60% of his production even when the transaction cost of the forward contract is zero. The marginal impact of the use of price hedging on farm welfare is larger in the UK than in Australia (first graph in the figure).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	f5a10d9a8000fc11847e91576ca0de03	The selectivity of NIS is quite high, particularly for students applying for places in classes with Kazakh language of instruction. In 2013, about 7 689 individuals applied for one of the 884 places available in Kazakh language of instruction for grade 7 and 2 864 individuals did so for one of the 884 places in Russian language of instruction, which means that the acceptance rate for those studying in Kazakh (12%) is much smaller than that of Russian (31%) (NIS Annual report, 2013). Fewer than 50% of all applicants met the requirements for a merit scholarship. The curriculum for NIS was developed in collaboration with international partners.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/77cccad1-en	f5a476af12bedd36735c0fa5525c1da9	The centre of the country (Minsk Oblast) is the most urbanized part, while the western part (Brest and Grodno oblasts) has the lowest urbanization (69 and 73 per cent, respectively). Grodno Oblast has the lowest share in total urban population (10.6 per cent). Mogilev, Brest and Vitebsk oblasts have almost equal shares in the oblast structure of the country’s urban settlements (12-13 percent).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188945-9-en	f5a764bbeb4b7e2a152b38bf8bbc2bbc	By 2009, it had dropped to 3.5, which is below the OECD average and on par with Germany, Belgium and Italy (OECD, 2012a). In seeking to measure the impact of the health care system, it is important to look at its impact on areas within its influence. The OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project measures specific health care outcomes in areas where the health services can make a major difference to life and morbidity outcomes.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264213944-7-en	f5a8f6c8e162b5ae3040062d38006cd0	"Creating platforms for women to network and exchange ideas which can stimulate innovation and provide women with a sense of support and confidence can also enable them to be better prepared and succeed. To some extent, this is being driven by the plethora of regional and national business plan competitions and the implementation of initiatives, such as Startup Weekend."" As part of the emerging eco-system for entrepreneurship, a burgeoning number of motivated new entrepreneurs is seeking incubation support to take their business concepts to the next level."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	f5a90490d1c9abd6c8a0ea9b195d7a00	Among other things, it involves the implementing party’s unilateral judgment that the foreign party is not doing ‘enough’ to price carbon embedded in traded goods. It is not clear how the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities might be properly respected in the course of such a judgment.5 In addition, the choice of methodology for assessing the carbon content of a given imported product is not straightforward (Cosbey et al. There is no consensus on the WTO legality of BCA; most analysts conclude that the detailed design of the mechanism would be determinative (Cosbey et al. The Agreement does not involve consensus on the adequacy of each Parties’ efforts in the same way that, for example, the Kyoto Protocol arguably did in its first commitment period; there was no negotiation process that focused on the level of ambition of the various NDCs.	13	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	f5a9f3712e85d6ea34a4265109418937	Consequently, there is a significant gap in objectives between the urban and rural elements of the metropolitan region. This suggests that a collaborative agreement to jointly manage development in a way that provides benefits to both Prague and the proximate municipalities would be in every party’s interest. Prague’s 2008 update of the Strategic Plan articulates this as a major priority; it recommends forging stronger links between Prague and Central Bohemia through the creation of a permanent working group on transboundary development (Stanilovand Sykora, 2014: 155). Meanwhile, Central Bohemia’s Regional Development Program (2006, updated 2009) articulates similar goals.	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/c10e763b-en	f5aa6169c1c0ef13eaa50eff22cee07d	"The GEF-6 Replenishment strategy envisaged supporting initiatives to address the water-energy-food nexus. Regarding IW, tradeoffs in GEF's ""Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystem Security Nexus"" were recognized among challenges related to the implementation of Strategic Action Plans (SAPs).5 GEF:IW projects have traditionally tackled intersectoral issues, and the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis methodology is a well-established approach for addressing transboundary issues from an ecosystems perspective. This is suggested by the interaction of nexus work under the Water Convention with several GEF-funded IW projects, notably in the Kura, Drina and Drin basins (table 10)."	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/56f09402-en	f5ae6d4187cb2061ed51bd9e26d14461	The programme also provides training and the acquisition of skills for self-employment (Lavigne, 2013). Ecuador, for example, is implementing its My First Job Programme, which seeks to promote and encourage the employment of young students. To do this, employment opportunities are offered to young students aged 16 to 20 with no prior job experience, thus providing their first experience in the formal labour market. Staying in school is a condition for keeping the job; students receive adequate remuneration for the work performed under this grant.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/47e32247-en	f5aecdb6191f99730add009e638a8e9f	When heavy rainfall occurs during sowing and harvesting, large machinery cannot enter the fields for long periods of time, growth is delayed and severe loss of harvests occurs. In fact, an examination of yield fluctuations between 1950 and 2000 (yield as a percentage of that in the previous year) has shown that, since around the 1970s and early 1980s, yields of corn, soybeans and cotton, which grow in the summer, have fluctuated greatly, whereas yields of wheat, which grows in a different season, have fluctuated relatively little (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 2008). From this it can be surmised that, although water issues were not necessarily the sole cause, the production of major grains in the United States began to destabilize in the 1970s and early 1980s, when global warming was not very pronounced, and that this trend will become even more pronounced in the future. This aquifer underlies 111.4 million acres (174,000 square miles) in parts of eight US states: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming.	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/ae18b798-en	f5b1f048ab2ff076feaae96ed997aec2	This effect also helped to lower poverty levels in a majority of the region’s countries (with the exceptions being the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Panama). It was the main factor underlying the reduction in poverty observed in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay. Indigents live in households where there are more children, are less educated and have a higher unemployment rate than persons living in wealthier households.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f5b3a2fda5144e7dc8cbc0437614b508	While significant, this is much smaller than the land requirements of coal mining. Technologies for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas are comparable. There is soil erosion during well construction, and preparing the well casing can sometimes cause leaks into the groundwater or surface. Indeed, wastewater from all points upstream of generation can leak into ground or surface water.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	f5b642bb945653f82fa6c2ac8042b17c	In contrast with the usual convention, working-age individuals are defined here as persons between 15 to 54 years of age. The reason for excluding the 55-64 age group is that many jobless households including persons in this age range are retired households which receive pension income. The empirical analysis also assumes that individuals generally do not combine the receipt of social assistance with unemployment benefits. That being said, in some countries, social assistance may act as a top-up to unemployment assistance benefits.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264225442-30-en	f5b65fa6cc8c4781a6d76301828095b7	Scholarships and other grants to households amount to 15.4% of public expenditure for tertiary education, above the OECD average of 11.6%. Two public universities in the Lisbon Region, the University of Lisbon (Universidade de Lisboa) and the Technical University of Lisbon (Universidade Tdcnica de Lisboa), merged into a single institution. The ministry provides student grants based on financial needs to limit the impact on student enrolment of current budget cuts due to the financial crisis.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f5bbf15f8ce35b5906865f50809dd7a9	However, very few activities in the database have been tagged as climate relevant. This finance is mostly directed towards climate change, but also includes finance for other environmental issues (e.g. biodiversity, soil degradation). The methodology used to track climate finance provided for adaptation differs both from the OECD-DAC and MDB methodology.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6546680a-en	f5bc533f22c0d96db907a4faa9509f34	Backward and forward linkages should also be reinforced, in particular by creating natural resource-based production clusters. These are sectoral and/or geographical concentrations of enterprises engaged in interlinked activities based on the exploitation and processing of natural resources and their supporting industries (UNECA, 2013). The data in annex table 4, show that the resource gap of fuel-exporting LDCs is positive, which means that their savings rate is higher than their investment rate.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f5bc78b08f9e5635b927f4cfc19c3585	Given these assumptions, starting from 1988 EDF decided to implement a 4-batch strategy with a cycle length reduced to 275 equivalent full power days (efpd) with respect to the former 3-batch and 330 efpd strategy. This change allowed for a 12% reduction in the overall fuel cycle cost and for a better fuel utilisation. However, a few years later, the forecast turned out to be inaccurate, with energy demand rising unexpectedly and the nuclear park being at margins only for 2 000 hours per year.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5ce14fb2-en	f5be0dc9fa0824c3dec0cdd9e04ac72d	In West Africa these infrastructures are generally unilateral stations where the government offices are localised in one or the other of the countries, as opposed to juxtaposed posts where border controls are exercised in one of the two countries depending on direction of travel, or straddling posts that sit astride the border (Mao 6.1). Inaugurated in 2014, this post did not become operational until 2018 due to financial interests that the effective operation of these controls could have brought into question. In order to reduce wait times at borders, the plan is to harmonise and make police and customs procedures more transparent between Benin and Niger, to stop the under-registration of merchandise and informal relations.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	f5be0e13348170b0fe324b4c51178ecf	In Sweden, the government engaged fully in the promotion of the Vision Zero road safety concept, which was introduced as early as 1972 by the Swedish Parliament. Two examples illustrate this point, as emphasised by research from the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI, 2013): the creation of an interministerial task force for safety under the prime minister and the reduction of child fatalities. Upon presidential instruction, the Task Force was set up under the Office for Government Policy Co-ordination and formulated a key document entitled “Comprehensive Safety Management Policies (100 Tasks)”, which took stock of safety management activities scattered across 13 ministries and 70 laws at that point.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	f5be11836baf2123188c75fa6dd17f53	The Gini coefficient for the African population has risen most sharply. Chapter 2 finds that poverty levels have decreased only slightly over the period under review. Further impeding poverty reduction is the fact that labour force participation rates increased faster than the share of employed in the working-age population, with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	f5c34e15920c4dbd7553e69556168ee9	A particular concern are rapidly rising rates of obesity, bringing in their wake potentially devastating and costly diseases such as diabetes. In addition, a large proportion of the population continue to be informally employed, where social safety nets are less well developed. To meet this challenging constellation of circumstances, Mexico needs a health system that is responsive to people’s changing needs, capable of offering continuous, personalised care, proactive and preventive in orientation as well as being cost-effective and sustainable. Sizeable investment in the publicly funded part of the health system has not always translated into better health outcomes.	3	1	9	0.8
10.1787/9789264279551-5-en	f5c711b334073d4b7ccbb4161a5e9eec	Agriculture production risks may also have different types of economic effects on producers, market chain actors, consumers of the concerned products, and even other consumers if they impact the price of other commodities. These impacts will often be less extreme the further from the maximum risk location (hotspot) and the longer after a shock (if there is a shock), but different types of impacts may also disturb this ripple-like effect. A first tier of impacts, mainly agriculture production-related, encompasses direct effects in the targeted (hotspot) regions.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	f5c76cd65c73407e729e638d1a30d50c	Yet for most of the working young in Africa this link is broken. The concern with employment stems primarily from a concern for the material well-being of young people. The assumption behind calling for jobs for Africa’s youth is that jobs are good and allow young people to make a living, provide for their family and build a stable foundation for professional growth. Yet a closer look at most types of youth employment, and employment in Africa in general, reveals that only a very few jobs meet these assumptions. Working poverty, vulnerable employment and underemployment abound among Africa’s youth and across all occupations.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264225442-6-en	f5c986878cf196b16c0ac968b35eb7a5	Equity in education is achieved when personal or social circumstances, such as gender, ethnic origin or family background, do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion) (OECD, 2012a). Evidence shows that investing in equity should be a priority, as it pays off for economies, societies and individuals. Policies addressing inequities that arise from school failure and personal circumstances (e.g. students’ background, geographic inequalities, etc.)	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	f5cd3e76b2d2afa9101624c496c13012	Thus, further cuts of some 25% are required over and above current plans by 2030, with further radical cuts to come thereafter. This is lower than the current pledge assessment for 2020. That is why 'climate compatible development’ is a powerful concept, linking action on climate change to the wider post-2015 sustainable development framework.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3d4ceb23-en	f5cef0e8f0ce749efec0a85383b052d7	Such analysis identifies which skills are needed in each sector and how the social partners can jointly assess and provide them. This ensures skills and quality apprenticeship programmes align best with the labour market and serve the needs of SMEs. These attest that products and services meet defined requirements imposed by authorities or requested by buyers.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-gbr-2013-4-en	f5d01b2a0188d1decf798a8b4e8424ae	Homes in the United Kingdom tend to be less energy efficient than in Germany, the Netherlands and Nordic countries. This results partly from the high proportion of houses relative to flats -houses account for 86% of the fuel poverty gap - and the age of the housing stock -properties built before 1945 represent over a third of the housing stock and account for two thirds of the fuel poverty gap (Hills, 2012). In addition, energy efficiency standards appeared as late as 1995 in UK building regulations, compared to the late 1950s or early 1960s in Scandinavian countries (Laustsen, 2008).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	f5d1343d6b712aaeb9084454fb310cea	The service is also available on-demand for use in off-peak hours via an application. The first fully electric and autonomous robo-taxi on the market is now planned to be released in Lyon in late 2018 to early 2019. Industry actors, riders and city planners will need to be involved in developing new urban policies in order to limit the usage of personal vehicles and to provide equally attractive alternative mobility options to passengers.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	f5d1b589ca17cf60dac7f2abcd4c0fc9	An analysis from British cohort studies (Bynner and Parsons, 2006) found that once people were aware of weaknesses in their basic skills, they tended to be interested in improving these. This is in line w ith an earlier study of Further Education (FE) students (Basic Skills Agency, 1997), which found that a major barrier to taking up basic skills support was that many people did not know that basic skills were essential to the successful completion of their course. Conversely some of those who know they have literacy and numeracy problems are reluctant to admit it.	4	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	f5d71b71aa19201556f0f185d51b4410	This project is developed in partnership with the China Railway International Group and it is relevant to the advancement of SDGs 8, 9 and 10. The project entails provision of educational tablets and multifunction printers, and recruitment of ICT officers for all the 67 primary schools. The Fund has further subsidized public telecommunication operators to provide broadband Internet connectivity at a minimum of 5 Mbps per school.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en	f5d856ee31ff37f24b36acb9cabe1330	This may require a fundamental adjustment in how the role of energy efficiency policy is viewed generally. The view of energy efficiency needs to evolve so that it not seen as a policy approach solely driven by energy ministries to manage society's energy usage, but also as a complementary policy approach to achieving policy goals of other ministries, requiring collaboration across government departments. It will be necessary to communicate the broader rationale for energy efficiency policy sufficiently to encourage this view.	7	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	f5dae79c8e1322dc369a8a860cee158b	Most long-term moves are likely because the move provides a higher level of well-being through improved job opportunities and/or higher wages. Well-being might also be improved if the move offers an increase in quality of life, better schools, less crime, or better weather (Roback, 1982). As well, the relative productivity of traditional activity in different places will affect the pattern of migration. The net migration rate of a particular place is calculated by dividing net migration by the population of the place at the beginning of the period.	1	3	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-nzl-2013-5-en	f5dd38cdebd92240a753d5f4bd406e93	However, labour-market opportunities are heavily determined by initial education, where New Zealand's system is also successful and innovative in many ways. Average PISA results are among the OECD’s highest, but the dispersion of performance is also high, indicating a sizable group of underachievers. Those in disadvantaged groups tend to have poor scholastic outcomes.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8b39690f-en	f5dde1a272e61c7c6274723428daae8e	"Measures envisaged under Priority Axis 4 are aimed at providing resistance to disasters, prevention of risk to human health and the environment, and mitigation of the consequences of floods. The implementation of some of the measures of Priority Axis 3, ""Natura 2000 and Biodiversity"", will also contribute to adaptation to climate change. It offers industrial companies loans of up to 5 billion leva and grants of up to 15 per cent of energy efficiency investments (in CHP generation, optimization of processes, reconstruction of energy infrastructures) or renewable energy projects."	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	f5de05e478e49a0443ba46f837387e86	The system also provides specific programmes aimed at preventing drop-out through the development of socio-emotional skills (Programme to Support School Retention and the Skills for Life Programme). This is particularly important as previous evidence shows that programmes that develop life skills are effective at preventing school drop-out, especially among vulnerable children and youth. There is evidence showing that the provision of significant resources to vulnerable populations has been highly beneficial. First, guidance on effective ways to use additional resources for meeting the needs of disadvantaged students is limited.	4	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	f5e1f5704e183ec8b37265f349cfd043	This can lead to the disabled child effectively being internally excluded from learning and may often lead to the child dropping out. This can be a particularly strong pressure where national curricula and assessment policies are too rigid, competitive and do not allow for flexibility and collaborative working. The external requirements placed on schools by government should be addressed by curriculum and assessment reform. The BRAC informal schools in Bangladesh have recently demonstrated that where teachers are trained in child-friendly methods and in how to accommodate girls and disabled children there is a lower drop-out rate for both groups before transfer to lower secondary state school than in state primary schools.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	f5e37f8df2b944d83bb4f0abd42bcabb	Similar results arise with the Nopo decomposition; most of the motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector is unexplained, and when we add more characteristics to the match it is greater than the actual gap (A = -14.4% and A0 =-17.5%). Their vulnerability is observed not only in their wages, which are lower than formal-sector women’s, but also in a motherhood wage penalty that rises with the number of children and is greatest when children are young. Institutional labour market rules thus appear to be a crucial determinant of wages for women in Buenos Aires.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	f5e8f58a79f8d530c4be4b620231bd7c	Moreover, the provision of subsidies relied heavily on public borrowing. Instead of being seen as a powerful engine of development, subsidies and social transfers were judged too costly, regarded as having caused unsustainable fiscal deficits and undermined efficiency. Low growth and pressure to reduce fiscal deficits severely restricted new investments in health and education. However, social spending as a proportion of the budget did not decline in most countries, as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages was considerable.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264167865-9-en	f5e8fd13496f3fc021502efc850983c9	Prior to zoning revisions required by state planning laws adopted in 1973 (Comprehensive Land Use Planning Co-ordination Act, Oregon) and 1990 (Growth Management Act, Washington), residential zoning in the suburbs set large minimum sizes for new subdivisions. As late as 1978, the average minimum size for a new residential subdivision lot in the Metro urban growth boundary (outside the downtown Portland area) was 13 000 ft2 (Ketcham et al., A number of suburban cities in the region prohibited apartments. Instead of requiring a connected system of streets in new subdivisions, cities allowed developers to establish cul-de-sac communities that funnelled auto trips onto state highways. Residential development was haphazard and uncoordinated, led by private developers rather than by public investment.	11	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/8111ea61-c3a8a09b-en	f5e9bb173498b9fd69626ea1120c94d1	On the other hand, SKR1M will also support the implementation of the High-Speed Broadband and Sub-Urban Broadband projects by providing huge backhaul capacity to bring back the traffic from Sabah and Sarawak to Peninsular Malaysia and internationally. These are among the steps the Government undertakes to ensure that no segment of the community is left behind, in order to improve the socio-economic situation through ICT and the Digital Economy. It is the expansion of the Electronic Government Network (EG*Net), which was initiated in 1997 as Malaysia was embarking on building the Multimedia Super Corridor in line with its National Vision 2020.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	f5ea1ad2658b9aa27311c12f08022969	In this regard, an important lesson from the previous green revolution is that the development of new technology requires long-term financial support for R&D, in parallel with wide and effective dissemination of information and know-how (United Nations, 2011b). Thus, national initiatives must be designed to address the lack of investment in R&D, including through partnerships with the private sector. However, the main challenge in developing countries is their national research institutions’ lack of adequate resources.	2	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f5ea90c2e657797b4203069c1d080dda	Despite this, considerable uncertainty still remains over i) which policies work best in delivering safe, effective health care that provides a good patient experience, and ii) which quality-improvement strategies can help deliver the best care at the least cost. The findings presented in this synthesis report were assembled through a systematic review of the policies and institutions described in each OECD Health Care Quality Review, to identify common challenges, responses and leading-edge practices. This material was complemented by OECD health statistics and other OECD reports where appropriate. Governments should encourage, and where appropriate require, health care systems and health care providers to be open about the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care they provide.	3	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	f5eb609c59c4f98c4bce4d17e28d104f	In the spirit of SDGs, such policies should be adopted and evaluated through a gender equity lens. Public investment can be a tool to achieve full employment, promoting women's livelihoods while also reducing gender com petition over sea rce jobs (U N Women 2015). Public investment typically stimulates employment as businesses hire more workers to meet increased aggregate demand. When well targeted, public investment not only promotes capabilities accumulation and reduces vulnerability but it also builds resilience (UNDP 2014).	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	f5ec27cabac3619c61f1675578fbcbfc	During winter, the irrigation canals and the riverbed were frozen and could not handle the larger volumes of w ater releases. This caused flooding and the need to divert water to the Arnasay depression further to the w'est of the river and away from the Aral Sea. The lake formed by such water releases was called Aydarkul. This has aggravated the ecological situation in the lower reaches of Syr Darya Basin (Schmidt-Soltau, 2004).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en	f5ec5587faae50f34b632e33a043d2e2	Hazardous drinking in young adults is a way of socializing. Drinking alcohol is often seen as the standard way of fitting in with peers. For the younger generations surrounded by “alcohol offers” (e.g. multiple delivery points, price offers, new products), the pursuit of excessive alcohol consumption has become part of a normal experience of young adulthood (Seaman and Ikegwuonu, 2010). Besides, younger generations have different motivations for drinking and different patterns of drinking compared to older generations, such as abusing of spirits for the puipose of getting drunk rapidly in order to unwind and have fun (Pabst et al, 2010).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/194768b3-en	f5f426aaec38f786336e76a0b4902661	Reflection that goes beyond a parity focus will be necessary if the organization is to arrive at a more complete picture of the power relationships and gender dynamics at play. The data from the annual global staff surveys consistently show that there are gaps between men’s and women’s experiences with respect to empowerment, professional growth, openness, fairness/ respect, work-life balance and office management. Gender parity is generally reported at the aggregate level at both the regional and headquarters levels, which may obscure a more differentiated picture of the situation in individual country offices and units. Although UNDP has a historically close and often collaborative relationship with UN-Women that has matured as UN-Women has reorganized its organizational footprint globally, there is room for further clarification of partnership arrangements.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/da48ce17-en	f5f4b9e72998734a73c9191a0d02d72d	For each of the NAP’s priority sectors, the United Kingdom then assesses whether there is a policy in place to address the sector’s key climate risk (which may or may not be listed in the NAP), and provides an assessment of this policy’s implementation, as well as an evaluation of whether action to date has contributed to reducing the sector’s vulnerability to climate change (Figure 3). Output-based indicators capture the implementation of adaptation policies [and] show that governments and other stakeholders have kept word, but they do not show if vulnerability has been reduced.” A national-level adaptation framework is important as national governments play an essential role in facilitating adaptation through agenda setting, planning and budgeting (Cimato and Mullan, 2010).	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/e617261d-en	f5f581e938932f0bb84d9293103973c0	Evrazijskaya migracionnaya sistema: ot ehkonomicheskogo pragmatizma k vozrozhdeniyu civilizacionnogo edinstva [Eurasian migration system: from economic pragmatism to the renaissance of the civilizational unity]. Remittances and labor supply in post-conflict Tajikistan. Available from https://izajold.springeropen.com/ track/pdf/10.1186/2193-9020-l-8?site=izajold.springeropen.com. Brak, seks i razvod u tadzhikskih trudovyh migrantov [Marriage, sex and divorce of Tajik labour migrants].	5	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f5fbd0e958e037e7103438084e6b7913	Following patients through different health and health care events often requires the linkage of patient records across databases. Record linkage involves linking two or more databases using a unique patient identifier. In 2012, 14 countries had national data containing identify ing information that could be used for record linkage for hospital inpatient data for example (OECD, 2013c). Only Australia, Germany, Poland and the United States did not report a unique identifying number within their national hospitalisation databases.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	f5ffd13f6417879649999bceac3ae2e8	While these problems affected the efficiency and effectiveness of road-based public transportation (e.g. requiring passengers to transfer more often between feeder buses, trunk buses and the Metro), they also affected the overall public transport system, including the Metro. Transantiago’s initial design and service deficiencies dramatically increased demand for and use of the Metro system. From 2006 to 2007, the number of passengers using the Metro practically doubled, generating major congestion and service problems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1fe990fb-en	f60033c993d8a8e89a912b5da7307e39	The underlying measurement framework should be clearly specified. Note: Based on national circumstances, countries may also wish to collect data on activities by children which are outside the general production boundary, such as begging and stealing, and which may need to be considered in the context of the worst forms of child labour. All persons in the age group from 5 to 17 years, where age is measured as the number of completed years at the child's latest birthday (see glossary). It may be designed either as a stand-alone survey or as a module attached to another household-based survey.	8	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	f60142f775fd2d9c068021a41bd6128c	Kazakhstan could draw inspiration from the United Kingdom’s Capabilities Plan for the Civil Service, which mostly concerns how to train individuals and develop their competences (Civil Service, 2013). The Academy of Public Administration, which provides professional training for public employees from national and regional governments, has a critical role to play in training and could lead such a scheme, given its vast experience in training. If new legislation is passed, officials from the national government travel to the regions to explain the new legislation, and in some cases, organise practical workshops to train local public employees.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	f601dd0113b83541c47f5960bd468681	The Fonterra statement provides an indicative payout for 2009/10 set at NZD4.55 per kilogram of milk solids before the season began. This was a significant decrease from the previous year and resulted in farmers modifying their cost structures so as to ensure they were not disadvantaged by the drop in price. The milk price of NZD 4.10 per kilogram of milk solids was to be paid in full only 16 months after the beginning of the year.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7db07bca-en	f603b97674745312b808941bc51aff5f	Many developing countries increasingly recognize that social protection measures are needed to relieve the immediate deprivation of people living in poverty and to prevent others from falling into poverty when a crisis strikes. Social protection can also help recipients become more productive by enabling them to manage risks, build assets and undertake more rewarding activities. These benefits spread beyond the immediate recipients to their communities and the broader economy as recipients purchase food, agricultural inputs and other rural goods and services. In most low- and middle-income countries, agriculture remains the largest employer of the poor and is a major source of livelihoods through wage labour and own production for household consumption and the market.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	f6081b928257642a5cf6798d9cb239c1	See also references in this chapter to rehabilitation and supported employment. This sub-section discusses these subsidies, as well as giants paid to individuals who start a business on a self-employed basis. Subsidies amount to JPY 150 000 to JPY 600 000 per half year, and may last for up to 1 to 2 years depending on the target group. Table 5.3 shows that the use of this type of subsidies decreased between FY 2003 and FY 2007.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	f60aa1d767f45fc4ab70209d94a62519	In the case of JICA's Financing Scheme for Energy Savings Projects in India, for example, a loan to the Small Industries and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) supports micro, small and mediumsized enterprises’ (MSMEs) investments in environmental improvements and energy efficiency. One example is the Swedish Leadership for Sustainable Development platform, through which Sida, the Swedish development co-operation agency, facilitates a network of 26 Swedish companies that meet regularly in Sweden to discuss opportunities to promote 'global leadership’ in addressing sustainability issues. The focus of private sector approaches has been, unsurprisingly, mostly in upper middle income countries and in sectors where there is a clear business case and potential for returns, i.e. renewable energy and to a smaller extent energy efficiency. The analysis of climate related development finance in 2013 in this paper shows that the majority of development co-operation support went to projects in middle income countries and was deployed toward climate change mitigation (around 80%), supporting activities in the energy sector such as the development of renewable energy projects.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	f60b5fcf4ce0c120c5216cad3a51f0c7	As such, a USD 1 trillion investment gap exists which would need to be addressed. Decarbonising the power sector in this manner will require switching from traditional fossil-fuel plants to a mix of renewables, nuclear and fossil-fuel plants equipped with CCS. The investment requirements rise rapidly between 2030 to 2050.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f60c7fb0db354d39f08e1936e8d52520	However, gaps remain in data collection and in UNFCCC reporting and review provisions (Table 1), particularly for mobilised private climate finance. Mandatory reporting requirements for climate finance provided have been extended from “Annex II” to “developed” countries. Review of climate finance provided will also extend to “developed” countries (rather than just Annex II countries, as at present), as well as to “other countries” if they report this information voluntarily. It is unclear from the Paris Agreement whether review of mandatory information on climate finance mobilised by developed countries is within the transparency framework, as this is not mentioned.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish/pol-2009-3-en	f60ee7b4b0a49a2b2f11da75c2c321c7	And when will Country A realize that the stock will leave its EEZ for good and that its days with a major interest in the stock are numbered? It is possible to think of a “twilight” period in which Country B has not yet realized that it has acquired a permanent, major interest in the stock while Country A will realize that it has no long term interest in the stock any more. Country A may therefore decide that it serves no purpose to preserve the stock for future use and so neglect to leave any of it behind, while Country B has not yet realized that it would be in its interest to do so. No stock seems to have undergone such radical permanent shifts, but there are stocks which have experienced major shifts as a result of depletion or climate change and possibly a combination of both.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bb63671b-en	f612399ad0a58d4e87718161b7ae31ff	However, gendered institutions including family and divorce laws, and social norms and practices may counteract the ability to bargain based on one's earnings. The choice of these proxies is based on evidence provided in a number of studies including China that an advantage in education has a large impact on the bargaining power of a spouse (Koolwal, 2005; Orrefice and Bercea, 2007; Carlsson and others, 2009). This is because a person's education indicates one's level of knowledge; therefore, someone who is less educated tends to defer decisions to a person with more knowledge.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	f6136383daa834b48c40517ed7533454	However, it is weaker than the probit formulation as by using district level data it does not capture all the individual factors in the probit model. The model has been tested for basic OLS assumptions and accordingly adjusted for heteroskedasticity. The large size of the sample of about 120 000-150 000 observations allows for testing with various sub-groups without losing degrees of freedom.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264259157-6-en	f61516cb3b697246db28ab220098fea4	However, because coupled parents’ relationships play an important role in child development, some countries support marriage and parental counselling services. In others, like Japan and Korea, birth rates are closely tied to marriage rates, and policy initiatives to sustain the birth rate often include measures to promote marriage. One such example is the Third Plan for Ageing Society and Population in Korea that spans the years 2016 to 2020 (Government of the Republic of Korea, 2015).	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	f6167d2674b880a0f1a55c00d9333a16	There are more tertiary or upper-secondary educated men only in Switzerland, Austria and Turkey. In all countries for which information is available, women’s educational attainment has increased significantly over the past 30 years: educational attainment of women has been multiplied by 9 in Korea and by more than 3 in Spain, Portugal and Mexico (OECD, 2011b). If these recent trends continue over the next two decades, women graduates will outnumber men graduates of all ages in most OECD countries.	4	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5js4rv0g7szr-en	f616832372b58b7239e37a2f3e202b4d	Work-based learning in vocational education and training - project plan. The Dynamics of Employment Growth: new evidence from 18 countries. Short-term labour market outlook and key challenges in G20 countries. Addressing employment, labour market and social protection challenges in G20 countries: key measures since 2010. State of the Nation Report 2013. Better Skills, Best Tourism.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5febd6f2-en	f618b5637f447fea61fc8183766eb98b	By creating good-quality jobs elsewhere in their economies, some of these countries, especially in Latin America, have successfully averted adverse distributional effects of deindustrialization. Especially important in this context have been supportive macroeconomic and wage policies, as well as taigeted fiscal and industrial policies aimed at ensuring that most of the income generated in the commodities sector is used within the country. The reason is that the benign distributional outcomes have, at least in part, depended on higher fiscal revenues resulting from soaring commodity prices.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	f619132bce631c4259f86337fa586821	However, landlessness in the very poorest groups in rural areas reached 38% in 2010. Paddy-producing areas as well as remote townships, lowlands and ethnic states are particularly affected. The highest rates of landlessness are found in Bago (41%), Yangon (39%) and Ayeyarwaddy (33%) - regions collectively known as the “rice bowl of Myanmar” where more than half of the country’s staple crop is grown (FESR, 2012).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/774c08c9-en	f619c0dea533d2b5d86d3ded0639be16	Hence, at least in the first stages of development, inequality does not appear to be either a driving factor for, or an obstacle to, development. Kaldor (1957) presented an economic model in which GDP growth was limited by available resources and not by effective demand: capital accumulation, the flow of innovation and the growth of the population determined economic expansion. Kaldor did not imply that this should form the basis of any policy recommendation, since in his model income distribution was endogenous; but for many years a widespread interpretation of his model was that growth could be boosted by increasing the share of capital in income distribution (box 2.1).	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848591110-5-en	f61dc625124c04bcb8c57f3bec8d8c92	In Botswana, for instance, the Ministry of Health (MoH, 2006) recorded that the percentage of 20-24-year-old attendees to ANC who were HIV infected declined from 38.7 per cent in 2001 to 27.9 per cent in 2007. A decline of about 10.5 per cent between 2001 and 2006 has been observed among pregnant women (MoH, 2006). In particular, the prevalence among the age group 15 to 19 years has declined from 24.7 per cent in 2001 to 17.5 in 2006 (MoH, 2006).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	f61fbb3e876249c65cd217a72a3e1a97	In order to apply for participation in the INDAP programmes, farmers have to provide a number of standardized official documents that can prove their eligibility, and INDAP may schedule farm visits to verify the correctness of the documents provided. Appropriate targeting instruments and design are needed to accurately identify beneficiaries of multiple programmes with different objectives. Social protection measures combined with agricultural policies that target the rural poor can be transformative.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5830c400-en	f6216316cdc14b2c537e10cffac420c0	The OECD is grateful to all stakeholders who took part in the event and all those who provided information on relevant country experience. Their experiences and insights have provided valuable inputs into this report. Within the OECD the authors would like to thank Deborah Roseveare, Tanja Bastianic, Simon Field, Nicolas Jonas, Malgorzata Kuczera, Anthony Mann and Pauline Musset for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report.	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264224636-5-en	f622598a6714fe2dc0192ae9819c9dd1	Governments play a critical role in creating the right conditions for empowering women and enabling their access to opportunities across sectors, from health and education to employment and business development. Yet governments cannot do it alone. Other players such as civil society, women’s movements, the private sector and citizens should actively participate in the decision-making process for generating inclusive policies and services.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/2575b318-en	f6230830397b70289d2f17aa23a1343c	For example, a large number of theoretical and empirical studies have pointed to the substantial positive impacts of infrastructure development on economic growth (United Nations, 2016). Studies have found a unidirectional causality from infrastructure to output growth from 1975 to 2007 (Sahoo, Dash and Nataraj, 2010). Additionally, a long-term positive impact on economic growth may be obtained by investments in power and telecommunications (Egert, Kozluk and Sutherland, 2009). Investing in infrastructure also has a multiplier effect as it stimulates other capital investment, including in the private sector, resulting in further economy-wide productivity growth and a subsequent improvement of social development In particular, by increasing investment, infrastructure development contributes to improved mechanisms for reducing rural-urban development gaps. It also boosts jobs and raises real wages. Furthermore, a greater focus on social infrastructure investment can enhance access to basic social services, especially for the most marginalized and vulnerable groups of communities.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	f62586fe748de9c3c82b628c232d94db	More specifically, discriminatory social institutions in origin countries may influence women's decision to emigrate in two ways. On one hand, they can be an additional determinant of emigration, stemming from women's need to escape gender-spedfic discrimination. For example, women may migrate to escape sexual violence and abuse; single women, widows and divorcees may migrate to escape sotial stigma; or girls may migrate to escape restrictions on their freedom, pressure to marry, or to remain chaste until marriage (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). There is evidence from South-East Asia of women migrating in order to escape from involuntary marriages (Lam and Hoang, 2010).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	f625b9bc7ce99302f72ba28accabc605	A major change at the municipal (and provincial) level is the adoption of one plan for the entire territory that will incorporate all applicable zoning regulations and pertinent administrative laws. All existing zoning plans will be transferred to the environmental plan and local governments will have a period of ten years to transform them. It is anticipated that some areas will have a high degree of protection, such as heritage sites, while others will have far fewer rules and constraints and be more open to experimental uses and spaces.	11	1	4	0.6
10.18356/eb1a71a8-en	f6282b0d70df4a9be6b17177fe295e09	The precise strategies to attain such an objective are contingent on each country’s power generation mix, and other structural features. In general, though, the overarching objective should be to enhance intersectoral linkages and create the conditions for scaling up modern energy provision without exacerbating import dependence (for instance by establishing adequate refining capacities in fuel-producing LDCs, or promoting the sustainable production of bioenergy from local agricultural inputs). Similarly, the processing and distribution of modern fuels for cooking (e.g. gas canisters) can provide major opportunities in this area.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	f63174413954a647678450d289e8ce51	"The paper then addresses the integration of monetary child poverty and multidimensional deprivation analysis, and offers concluding remarks on analysing child poverty and deprivation. The various applications of MODA can be found on www.unicef-irc.org/MODA. That is also clear from the early definition of Rowntree (1901) who defined poverty as not having the financial resources 'necessary to support a person at the subsistence level of food, shelter, clothing and other necessities'. The distinction between poor and non-poor, in turn, is based on: (1) a definition of the ""dimensions"" (e.g. nutrition, clothes, shelter and other necessities) relevant to ""subsistence""; and (2) the resources (measured in a money-metric form) needed to pay for the minimum quantity of each of the dimensions."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	f634804dcae42abe19e97ec75564ac9c	A broader analysis of the financial sector in Myanmar can be found in Chapter 6 on financial sector development. While agriculture employs up to 61.2% of the workforce, only 1-3% of the volume of formal bank loans is extended to the agricultural sector. Although its lending has increased in recent years, it provides only short-term seasonal loans that cover a limited share of the production costs and continues to prioritise rice farmers. Other formal lenders have been unable to fill the gap.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	f636accf789149d35491d8e957a08f50	Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in Australia, Global Subsidies Initiative (GS1), International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD), Geneva. Available at http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/biofuels subsidies aus.pdf. Paper accepted for publication at Agricultural Economics, Special Issue on Global Model Intercomparison. An overview of the AgMIP Global Economic Model Intercomparison”, Paper accepted for publication at Agricultural Economics, Special Issue on Global Model Intercomparison.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-23-en	f636e6ea70e9426d9d3a68bcef5443b2	The total catch and total allowable catch for each of the years since 2004 is set out in Table 2. Rivers w'hich have an identifiable surplus over the conservation limit are open for salmon and sea trout fishing. Rivers meeting in excess of 65% of the conservation limit are granted catch and release status subject to approval.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6a39744b-en	f63bb00e80076eaec5b5322b16cf4422	In the United Republic of Tanzania, the Southern Agricultural Corridor Land Use Dialogue (SAGCOT) takes an integrated approach to managing agricultural and wooded landscapes, thereby potentially contributing to SDGs 8 and 15. These case studies illustrate the benefits of a landscape-scale approach to integrating forestry, agriculture and other goals such as watershed management and climate resilience. However, the case studies - such as those from Nepal and the United Republic of Tanzania - also highlight the potential difficulties of reconciling a broad landscape-scale approach with a fully decentralized one that empowers local communities and villages, as well as the need to overcome these difficulties through cooperation between community groups and authorities operating on a landscape scale.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en	f63be702b036f89ab39f51c18f792c11	Dans le cours de cette etude, les comparaisons sont realisees entre l’EFP et la formation academique a niveau d’education equivalent: ainsi, les resultats de la premiere option (3e option) sont compares a ceux de la deuxieme option (4e option). Selon les objectifs poursuivis, d’autres comparaisons sont possibles et pourraient dresser un tableau different par rapport a celui presente dans cette etude.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	f63bf5a835fcf38c7bb4aa19d9fc752e	They stand at about 86% of the total population’s level of disposable income, ranging from close to 100% in Luxembourg and France to just under 75% in Australia, Denmark, and Estonia. In some, such as France, Hungary, and Austria, public transfers make up the bulk of retirement incomes. In other countries, capital incomes - especially from private pension schemes - play an important role. Examples are Canada, Israel, and the Netherlands.	1	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f63c4249972730359e299cda51da8b01	As a result, existing studies on the economic impacts of a nuclear accident, and a fortiori on the risk of nuclear, can show differences of several orders of magnitude in terms of their outcomes. Most of the published work and quantitative analyses on this area have been carried out in the last decades at the PSI. In particular, PSI has been the main contributor to the comparative analysis of externalities due to severe accidents performed within the EU NEEDS project, New Ext and SECURE, which constitute to date the most comprehensive and detailed effort to characterise and quantify externalities in the energy sector.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264240407-8-en	f63d137d5a342bd400190ea093293f6c	The large number of different professions and specialisations that existed under Soviet rule was drastically reduced, and smaller, singlesubject vocational schools merged into more comprehensive educational establishments (OECD, 2001). However, at 3% of GDP, public and private expenditure on primary', secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions in 2011 remains considerably below the OECD average of 3.8% of GDP (OECD, 2014a, Chart B2.2). Section 2 examines the policies to improve school attendance.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	f63d3918fc8431e360b4d31e648faea5	The difference compared to national estimates from Canada, France, and the United Kingdom is probably attributable to lower levels of direct service intervention (i.e. mental health service provision) in other countries, which are likely to further inflate indirect costs of mental ill health. Cross-sectoral co-operation in service delivery is a key aspect to effectively and efficiently supporting individuals with complex needs (OECD, 2012b; OECD, 2014) - though challenges exist. This section discusses recent developments in mental health care towards an integrated community care approach in the general population, and highlights the need for a multisectoral approach in addressing these individuals’ complex needs. Mental health is currently a policy priority in several OECD countries: as shown in Table 3.1, 27 OECD countries have ongoing, national-level strategies or policies for mental health in the general population.	3	0	7	1.0
10.14217/5jm0qglb1s9s-en	f63dce1f3dc352a0608583a6c31c6ba6	In practice, it is generally only HoMs who are nominated to serve as committee or council heads; therefore, the first barrier to entry at this level is navigating the politically charged competition for a HoM position. In addition, women’s voices, agency and visibility are crucial to a world vision in which gender equality is the norm. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Adapted from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Empowered and Equal: UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2008-2011 (2008), cited in Commonwealth Secretariat (2012).	10	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264233515-8-en	f63efa8693df1e24440d5ef28aa57b3f	"Child development is not only reflected in and affected by academic knowledge and cognitive skills, but also by physical well-being, motor development, socio-emotional development and approaches towards learning (Barblett and Maloney, 2010; Raver, 2002; Snow, 2007). Monitoring child development should be carried out in a way that respects values and beliefs about child development in a particular society and involve family and community members in ensuring that the cultural context is duly considered in monitoring practices (Espinosa and Lopez, 2007; Oliver et al., This is also stressed in the OECD Network on ECEC’s document ""Early Learning and Development: Common Understandings” (2015)."	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f63f8468f80d764b069a1acc43a95619	The HSCB works to ensure the learnings from trends in incidence data and investigations with a regional application are effectively disseminated and there are Mortality and Morbidity Meetings in each Trusts to consider incidents and complaints. Changing the Culture 2010 is Northern Ireland's strategy and action plan for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. The Leadership Attributes Framework was announced in November 2014 aims to assist knowledge building and leadership around quality improvement and safety.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7bd174d7-en	f640ddfb594ac5926156add477966d20	It is not only a strong indicator of the health and well-being of children, but also of the entire population. The ICPD Programme of Action set a target in 1994 to reduce the under-five mortality rate below 45 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2015. While considerable progress has been made in reducing child mortality since 1990, some recent data from the World Health Organization have suggested that, of the eight MDGs, goal 4 (reducing child mortality) and goal 5 (improving maternal health) are the two furthest from being achieved by 2015 (World Health Organization, 2012b; United Nations, 2012b).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	f6423647cdba4230e34da5a9f307fbc8	In 2006, registered unemployed people received such referrals at an average rate of 4.2 per year, i.e. about one every three months (OECD, 2007c). Recently additional funding for disabled and older workers was announced and the system was expanded to include older freeters and daily-dispatched workers (see Chapter 5; Web-Japan, 2005; OECD, 2009a; and MHLW, 2009a). Job applicants may sometimes be called into the office for a pre-selection interview, but in the majority of the cases they are referred without such interviews.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	f6424f79801a8ad3f93bf0f134e4af2b	Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades.	13	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	f64348b4b4a63831327e8c007c98b508	Singapore’s exchange rate-based monetary policy tightened, with the pace of appreciation increasing to restrain imported inflation. At the same time, macroprudential measures were augmented to cool down an increase in property prices, which amounted to more than 50% between 2009 and 2012. Viet Nam also maintained a generally tight monetary stance, but some of the earlier stabilization measures were relaxed, with the refinance and discount rates falling to 10% and 8% respectively by July 2012, from 15% and 13% at the end of 2011.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	f64364ac7cb030cf9c1f65777994ffd3	This Act is basically a modernisation of the Raw Fish Act from 1951. The Aquaculture Act has a strong environmental profile, while also promoting profitability and competitiveness in the aquaculture industry'. Aquaculture activities are regulated by the Food Law. The Food Law’s purpose is to promote food safely, animal health and animal welfare.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289329873-5-en	f64404080e10cc3693c279119390d311	Women with only compulsory schooling have a very high probability of having very low earnings at the age of 45 and even among those that work, earnings are very low. Second, while getting some education beyond secondary school seems to pay off for men, completing a non-professional university degree does not make any significant difference. There is evidence of a somewhat greater return at this margin for women both in terms of employment and in terms of annual earnings. Some of these differences in labor market outcomes are likely to stem from the fact that men and women, within these education categories, are not in the same educational fields and hence, face different labor markets.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f64515538f5d577bd224bf409eaba8b6	It is also an intensively studied area with stable research protocols, consistent methodologies and converging results. Worldwide, the deaths of 3 million people per year are attributed to ambient air pollution, of which power generation contributes a significant share. Climate change action has a unique role in this context.	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	f649eb43afe1dde21da307373ab76217	Relatively small percentages of men endorse these opinions in relation to women, and their responses are often positive in their perception of female academics. It is almost universally agreed that women are doing a good professional job, and very few employees (either male or female) experience gross forms of bullying and harassment at work. A certain convergence between the genders in some respects may indicate the erosion of binary gender hierarchies in the current policy environment.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289350846-6-en	f64a3df6549b1c7d045e751e8eb9cb9c	In this review, we identified the stream and river types that are disposed to hazardous floods; we identified contemporary ecological restoration practices, and evaluated their ability to mitigate hazardous floods downstream of restored areas. We also discussed whether current restoration practices would work under the flow changes anticipated in the future. Initially, we also wanted to study how restoration affected hydrology, but concluded that poor access to relevant data made this impossible.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	f64d30a83b6ded6dca6c7b5b98df00f4	Thanks to a massive scale-up in humanitarian assistance, famine was averted, but it remains a looming risk in the future. Large parts of the drought-affected rural areas in southern and central Somalia were controlled by al Shabaab and were inaccessible to the government and most humanitarian organizations and international actors. To assess drought impacts under these circumstances and guarantee the personal security of staff, humanitarian actors relied on remote assessment methods that combined remote-sensing technologies and social media analytics.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	f64d45b09d12aa02c59900a41e229040	"The individual institutions, the research councils and the national authorities bear a responsibility for the formulation of research and innovation policy. The term ""innovation” is increasingly used in research policy to mean not only product and quality development, but also service innovations, the use of new technologies, more innovative use of public resources, etc. Thus innovation is defined in relatively broad terms."	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	f64e9e7592ff1240526f1d2d7af23cc2	Nearly 70% of the projects focused on research to assess potential climate change impacts and adaptation options. Practical measures accounted for 23% of the projects and the rest combined research and practical measures (Figure 5.3). With regard to the natural environment, there was a focus on the Alpine region (49 projects) and activities related to flowing waters (34) and urban areas (31), yet most projects were not associated with any one particular natural environment.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/02e538fc-en	f650cd8b8869895137d72e87bcedb01e	The database is updated annually, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, and its estimates are sourced from national time-use surveys, based on nationally representative samples of between 4 000 and 20 000 people. For each of the categories only primary activities are taken into account, while simultaneous or secondary activities are excluded to improve comparability across countries. In Ethiopia, for example, men spend almost twice as long on paid work or study than women, while the opposite is true for unpaid care work.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-22-en	f651a5b12287b88f7f01e050d468a974	Data for Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, the OECD average, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Turkey refer to all ages, for China to 16+ year-olds, and for Argentina, Colombia, Egypt, India, Peru and Tunisia to 15-64 year-olds. Credit constraints, as well as lower levels of financial literacy and business-related knowledge, are among the key drivers of gender gaps in entrepreneurship (Chapter 23). In most countries where historical data are available, the pay gap has lessened since 2005.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264074927-4-en	f6527db62577cd6e3f88e56e718c7d31	No assurance can be given that adequate fish and shrimp resources will be available to the Group. Licenses are granted for participation in commercial fisheries on a vessel by vessel basis. The Norwegian government sets annual catch limits (quotas) based on the research into the biomass for a given species.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264209503-5-en	f6543536af3e54537b258fbbcd0d9c39	In Colombia, disastrous floods in 2010 prompted immediate high-level support. In Ethiopia, political action is driven by the direct link between climate and economic development, combined with the intention to become a “sustainable development leader” and the prospects of attracting international resources and investments. But while it is an important precondition, political leadership alone will not be sufficient to build climate resilience.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264301085-7-en	f65477df37bddbb3f376e8dc5b5824e1	Despite rising concerns about health inequalities, there is still limited evidence on the intergenerational transmission of health outcomes. Recent evidence points to the importance of the prenatal period and early childhood years in shaping children’s capabilities that affect individuals throughout their life-courses and suggests that inequality begins in the womb (Heckman, 2007; Aizer and Currie, 2014). Currie (2009) concludes that there is strong evidence that childhood health is related to parental socioeconomic status. First, parents transmit their own health capital endowment to their children through biological channels. Mothers from more disadvantaged households are more likely to influence the child’s outcomes negatively via poor maternal health because of a greater susceptibility to acquire contagious diseases and have poor nutrition. Second, parental health behaviour during the pregnancy (nutrition, smoking, drinking, prenatal care, exposure to toxins) affects children through “fetal programming”.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/288df776-en	f6547f130c6dcac48c70dc122d23a5e8	The second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II, Istanbul, Turkey, 3-14 June 1996) was a key historical moment signaling a new pathway for long-term policy development. A comprehensive vision and broad policy agendas previously endorsed by the New Urban Agenda and the Global Strategy for Shelter were reaffirmed. Furthermore, chapter 7 of Agenda 21 introduced the idea of sustainable development in application to human settlements.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264168350-6-en	f655e87288345cd789055d5c17e6bed7	Gender gaps exist for a wide range of agricultural technologies, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilisers, pest control measures and management techniques. Often technologies and tools have been adapted to men’s tasks or to equipment used by men, whilst women struggle with cultivation and harvesting using handheld tools (World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009). Only 15% of the extension personnel were female. Several new and participatory extension approaches have been developed and tested in the past decade in an effort to move away from a top-down model to more farmer-driven services. The impact of agricultural extension services can be improved by working with the whole household, rather than with individuals (Box 2.9 Agriculture support programme, Zambia) (Farnworth, 2010a). When both women’s and men’s work is explicitly recognised, the entire farm is strengthened as a productive enterprise.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230149-8-en	f656e02b42f8d88d67ed488b8f3568c9	They proposed five strategies - forest protection, reforestation, agricultural best-management practices, riparian restoration and forest-fuel reduction - each of which would be adapted to local circumstances. They found that increasing the rate of adoption of best-management practices on 0.2% of watershed agricultural areas from which water is sourced in the 100 largest cities would result in a 10% sediment reduction in the water supply (constituting the most cost-effective option, as shown in Figure 4.3). The same option is less cost-effective than others w'hen it comes to nutrient reduction (also Figure 4.3).	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	f658102d7fb6e361c397c10e0b8e5db8	Likewise, low oil prices can open political opportunities for fossil fuel subsidy reform. For economies highly reliant on fossil fuel exports, if declines in fossil fuel prices from climate policy and a low-carbon transition are likely to result in a new (and lower) equilibrium price point, this creates a formidable crisis requiring urgent economic diversification. The SDM promises to represent a framework more expressly targeted at ensuring participation by, or at least benefits for, developing countries.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/e9fa9dd4-en	f65e32ebc12cc6dff9133918f2a82bcd	The rural dimension is reduced to agricultural production; it is assumed that rurality is naturally trending towards extinction and that the migration of the rural population to other cities in the country or elsewhere is an inevitable fate. Accordingly, there is little appreciation of the new role of rural territories in combating climate change. Statistics underestimate the importance of the rural world and may overstate the real extent of urbanization in the region. A disaggregated analysis shows that many of the populations that are officially considered urban actually function around rural dynamics.	7	9	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	f65f6280f1eb4f04b304184c4529f3ad	There is also a strong link between economic crisis and hospital visits in the United States, including increases in visits for preventable conditions and paediatric admissions for physical abuse (Curry and Tekin, 2011; Brooks-Gunn et al., Importantly, the rise in hospitalisation was strongly associated with rises in foreclosures and mortgage stress but not with other economic crisis events such as unemployment. Among elderly Medicare beneficiaries in the United States, higher unemployment rates are associated with increased inpatient use (Mclnerey and Mellor, 2012).	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/47e32247-en	f65f96e7cebcb62cfbe53edfa3b94364	Floods that occur repeatedly on a timescale of several years to several decades form fertile meadow soil (Inceptisol). In tropical Asia, the Himalayas and the monsoons cause particularly conspicuous formation of deltas. The Nile Delta is extremely fertile, a benefit of fertile volcanic ash soil distributed on the Ethiopian Plateau and around Lake Victoria in the region surrounding the upstream Nile River.	2	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264202030-8-en	f65fb7150898e30fbaa4a1f72449024b	Includes stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. The diameters used may vary by country; generally the data refer to diameters of more than 10 cm at breast height. Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the ICES.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	f662a47e6b5de32ea381f08a3ff319f0	Monoline insurers used to be the key provider of this type of credit enhancement. A letter of credit is a commitment by a financial institution, usually a bank, to guarantee payments for the principal and interest on debt issuances. If the bond issuer is unable to make payments, the letter of credit is drawn to repay bond holders.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	f664420ddd97dc8dada0b1cf16b47fda	The Health Sector Support Project helped to further develop disease surveillance and outbreak response capacities of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Interventions include the renovation of primary schools, procurement of learning materials, awareness-raising regarding GBV and promotion of psychosocial well-being activities to overcome the shock of violence and forced resettlement. In view of the high risk of disaster, the renovation work will include physical measures to ensure safe learning environments for children.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	f664e157963bc410dedeb57ce1ba98d3	Furthermore, findings from the economic evaluation of the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Initiative by Deloitte (which supported 134 projects from 1999 through to 2007-08) show that investments have also delivered net economic benefit to Victoria. There is, however, a continuous need to ensure that the considerable investments will bring returns on investment in terms of employment growth and new companies. Furthermore, there is a need to improve information on innovation performance within private sector to ensure that the innovation policy will be developed on robust evidence of the region’s needs. While there has been substantial investment in the research components and some areas of successful innovation within firms, there is limited integration between the system components and an absence of underlying culture of collaboration.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm2hz8dgls6-en	f666858d3a1196c778372b842fec28a5	However, some doubts have been raised regarding the exogeneity of such instruments, as they indeed appear to be associated with economic growth (Taylor, 1998; Sachs and Warner, 2001; Klasen, 2002). Klasen (2002) uses the fertility rate in 1960, its growth and government spending on education to instrument gender gaps in education. This paper assumes that this influence should operate with a lag.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	f6669b0feaeba472d3ec21e3b9849005	For example, in the latest assessment report (Inspectorate for Transport and Water Management, 2011), the flood defence managers (regional water authorities and the Rijkswaterstaat) first reported their assessments to the province, w'hereby the province would review these assessments. Based on this review, the provinces then came to an independent judgement on the condition of the flood defences, which they reported to the State Secretary' of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. It was agreed that for the assessment of the primary defences, the central government directly supervises the Rijkswaterstaat and the regional water authorities (i.e. there is no longer a role for provinces) and for the secondary defences, provinces supervise regional water authorities (see Chapter 1).	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276116-5-en	f6681d0f562010eccc30e7bab126ca82	In 2014, teachers’ salaries remained below those of other tertiary-educated workers in most countries. Relative salaries for pre-primary teachers are highest only in Luxembourg, where they are at least 8% higher than those of similarly educated workers (OECD, 2016: Education at a Glance 2016, Indicator D3). In this respect, statutory working hours and the child-to-staff ratio are two important system-level indicators to assess the quality of the school environment.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	f66a2809d8a51e9b7507fe2de3e11b9b	The basic model also assumes competition in the market for the commodity and the absence of any other market distortions. A general result is that the main effect of a market distortion in this context is to change the distribution of research benefits, with comparatively small effects on the total benefits. Similar results apply to the other types of extensions to the basic model that may be introduced to allow for multiple markets or proprietary technology.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	f66a96aa2cb6dc11ce9ce0ce0e30b65f	Children’s regular enrolment in school is commonly the main condition for receiving the transfer. By conditioning social assistance on children’s school attendance, such interventions effectively succeed in aligning parents’ incentives with the students’ best interests. Data from PISA clearly show that even in countries where enrolment gaps have disappeared (or reversed in favour of women), such as India, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru, a performance gap between boys and girls persists in key areas of learning, such as Mathematics and Science.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	f66c868d4051b8b8ac285378bf4167a7	I told the secretary to come to my house and take my signature because I have so much to do in the house, looking after kids, household chores; if I have to attend meetings I will have to have someone to do my chores.' In the urban sector, it is 13.8 for females and 55.4 for males. The total employment of women in the organised sector was 19.5 per cent in 2007 (Women and Men in India 2011).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ea26e442-en	f66cfaf9bc4803c9cb79d3d2aeea2aee	Therefore, for most migrants, moving to a city is a sound decision that is likely to benefit their well-being and strengthen their resilience to adversity. Migrants are often faced with legal, cultural and social barriers and obstacles to accessing formal housing, employment, education, health and other social services. These barriers may force them to live in conditions of exclusion, segregation and vulnerability. Migrant women, for instance, are more likely to work in low-paid, irregular, and potentially exploitive jobs, often in the informal sector.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f66df36ce240e400ff9a87209d089edd	The Russians, who had been the largest group up to the 1980s, were concentrated in the then capital city, Almaty, and in northern and eastern regions bordering the Russian Federation. Among the “other” groups were large contingents of ethnic Germans and Koreans who had been shipped to Kazakhstan during World War II. About a million Russians and 700 000 Germans left Kazakhstan during the 1990s; the exodus slowed substantially with the Russian crisis in 1998, but even in 2000 annual net emigration was still over 100 000, and only began to drop substantially with the post-2000 boom.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/57623964-en	f66e30501b7626868107a32c9a0d6121	The dominant form is incremental, particularly in developing countries. The rise in incremental innovation in low-wage countries has contributed to increased exports of high-quality and sophisticated manufactured goods (Puga and Trefler 2010). Some sectors are characterized by rapid change and radical innovations, others by smaller, incremental changes. In high-tech sectors, research and development (R&D) plays a central role in innovation, whereas other sectors rely to a greater degree on the adoption of existing knowledge and technology.	9	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	f66f747483c4807a95095d9ebb5515e8	Recommended reforms to Mexico’s health system (cont.) Once the essential minimum of a national patient register is established, the focus should then be on consolidation and interoperability of the various additional databases used by SP and the SS institutes. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f1734fa7-en	f6705fe79e5696043f6662cbcebed300	Moreover, in cases in which serious crises are dealt with, it is also conceivable that a United Nations peacekeeping operation, military, or other security maintenance organizations in the security community may also be used. In the present case, a resolution was passed by the Security Council to endorse the establishment of UNMEER, which has the advantage of being effective in heightening awareness of the international community because of its binding power and high political importance. If the United Nations Department of Field Support in charge of the peacekeeping operation takes a logistical approach, then a quick and efficient response may be implemented.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-12-en	f6721dc317fc491dec2d0f8a7258e1d8	Some developed countries have already done so; examples include the Digital Agenda for Spain, and Australia's Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Strategy. Yet the gender dimension in ICT-related strategies is less evident in the LDCs, where the gap is more profound. Besides facing steep prices for Internet access (Chapter 5), the cost of purchasing an IT enabled device represents another major cost for the consumer.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-8-en	f67343ef7bcf36a98c94255f30aee96e	Similarly to promote continuity of care and enable Mexicans to more easily shift between insurers, user health records and other relevant information should be easily transferable and accessible among providers regardless of scheme affiliation. Wider access to user information can also make other administrative barriers to unifying the system less complicated in the future. As a result, changes in employment can potentially lead to change in scheme affiliation; around one-third of IMSS enrolees switch to Seguro Popular each year - and vice versa - for this reason.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	f673fc5c7a01a3c3545e8dae46f7d2a5	Financial resources for protected areas increased from 3.4 pesos (0.3 USD) per hectare in 2001 to 12.7 pesos in 2006 (roughly 1 270 pesos or USD 98 per km2). Figure 5.6 shows total federal budget spending on protected areas from 2001 to 2011. An analysis by Figueroa and Sanchez -Cordero (2008) found that 37 protected areas (54%) were effective, 16 (23%) barely effective and 16 (23%) ineffective.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	f675ce13667d7c695bbb123d4fcc1ca3	The higher trade volumes resulting from the framework agreements will generate greater domestic economic activity in meeting the developmental objectives of the countries of Central Asia and South Asia. In addition, given the fact that tariff concessions are offered on numerous items, the Central Asian and South Asian countries could diversify their export commodities to Participating States of APTA to include miscellaneous other products (non-energy related) and services. The Energy Efficiency Factor is derived by subtracting final energy intensity from 1.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7b961df5-en	f675e63e1542dfa21588eac99abcc203	"Pennycook, Matthew and Matthew Whittaker, 2012: ""Low Pay Britain 2012"", Resolution Foundation, September 2012. Schmitt, John, 2012: ""Low wage lessons"", Centre for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), January 2012. With the use of decile ratios, the level of wage inequality within a country (i.e., the disparity between the highest earners and lowest earnings) can be assessed."	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	f6796cfe1dbc6db867478cf2c3d9e1c0	In New Zealand, the Ministry for Environment has overall responsibility at a national level, with local/catchment responsibility devolved to local government (regional and unitary councils). In specific circumstances, water management decisions may be called back into central government’s jurisdiction (administered by the Environmental Protection Authority). Other responsibilities include the allocation of potable versus recycled or sea water sources for each sector, proposing quotas, policies, regulations, and tariffs for each sector (domestic, agriculture, and industry), and enforcing all regulations, quotas and tariffs.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264232143-5-en	f679babdba75e44cc5b8d83f255be73b	That is because there is a risk that policies can aggravate existing capacity problems and reduce the capability of the fisheries management system to effectively control effort and harvest. A better approach may be to ensure that fishers are aware of and can access existing programs that are supportive of energy efficiency, such as R&D or investment credits and incentives in the tax code. Another option may be to make access to support policies contingent on fishers meeting a high standard of energy efficiency or participating in training or other programs designed to help fishers improve the efficiency of their operations. Governments can negotiate with the sector to establish voluntary standards and guidelines.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	f67d4b7ba9b78c6b705ccb288e70ea0f	These effects can be broken down into four components: women’s employment rates, women’s work intensity, the share of females in skilled jobs, and the overall returns to female employment (wage effect). The figure shows that if the proportion of households with a working female had remained the same as in the mid-1980s, household income inequality would have increased, on average across the OECD countries, by an additional 0.8 point, i.e. an increase in the Gini from 28.2 to 31.6 instead of 30.8. The equalising impact of rising female employment was larger in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, where the share of working-age households with female workers increased greatly: this contributed to lowering inequality by 2.5 or more Gini points in these countries.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264077287-en	f67dc740102a10b0ddbd6ca5ef14513d	The objective of reducing landfill-destined biodegradable waste to 35% of the 1995 level by 2016 has already been achieved. The proportion of organic matter and plastics in door-to-door residual waste collection remains high (31% for biological waste; 25% for paper and cardboard; 17% for plastics). This points to an unexploited potential for reduction and recovery.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	f67f2ea828f312116e9983527ece5349	"Implicit in this method is the acknowledgement that everyone, including the poor, is free to make bad choices, but must then face the consequences of his or her decisions. The ramifications of, and possible objections to, such an assertion have been taken up above in the context of the composition of the prescribed, as opposed to actual, food expenditures and intakes, and they apply here as well (see box 111.1). While dietary requirements are calculated on a ""scientific"" basis according to bodily needs, the non-food component of the poverty threshold is not calculated on such a needs basis."	1	1	3	0.5
10.18356/152d606d-en	f682b7cd5b6bf3315c67273107e56aa9	These adverse natural events have caused large human casualties and had considerable economic costs. Human development progress has been weakened by these impacts and, in some cases, hard-won gains have been reversed. In 2011 a powerful earthquake off the east coast of Japan triggered large tsunami waves that killed more than 15,000 people and caused extensive damage to economic and social infrastructure.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	f6847d8b9972c562f59fd54b49c184ea	For pork, which is a marginally exported commodity subject to import tariffs, the price gap has been set to zero. The average import unit value at the Vietnamese border is used for maize. For the remaining four commodities, a variety of alternative reference prices are used because of the limited volume of imports into Viet Nam: the average Thailand FOB price for refined sugar; the average Australian FOB price for beef and veal; the average Chinese FOB price for poultry and the Chinese farm gate price for eggs. For all but one product, coffee, margins were calculated as a fixed percentage of the farm gate price based on discussion with MARD.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/f47faf05-en	f6881d858c9e87726442af6a5181fb7a	Other potentially harmful emissions include heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) and other substances that are linked to environmental and health problems. Countries may wish to measure or estimate a variety of other emissions, based on national circumstances and priorities. Particulate matter (PM) Mass By tourists (1990) National .	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264174269-5-en	f68834bb891a294f16ffe3276828ee35	Designing products to function as biological nutrients requires a detailed assessment of the material chemistry and its toxicity to potentially exposed organisms throughout its life-cycle. In general, they function as nutrients in natural systems and may be designed to degrade rapidly and completely in the aquatic environment or to become soil amendments. Products that have been designed as products of consumption include cleaning products, personal care products and fabrics.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	f688e154494a6dd521dcf7ee43b250af	All justice and government institutions should have clear mandates to implement and enforce laws in a gender-sensitive manner. Specialised legal services can also help women from all societal groups to better protect their rights. These services can include provisions for free legal aid and paralegals, information sessions on legal processes and community awareness campaigns.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264245891-8-en	f68b04edd2c25577375d8889c2b7c525	Furthermore, in Kazakhstan, classes are orderly, without loss of time for student behaviour or teacher absenteeism. The official instructional time is provided with few disruptions and complemented with widespread after-school activities. However, there are some concerns about the management of instructional time: multi-shift teaching, which is prevalent in Kazakhstan, might reduce the official instructional time; the school calendar is not adjusted to local conditions and needs; and instructional time for students in primary grades may be inadequate for students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	f68b13c49a1dbf3720f5e1e49f656793	The PES has also introduced several types of job-search or action plans, with targets for the number of plans to be implemented, including the Employment Realization Plan for those in receipt of benefits for involuntary unemployment, the Comprehensive Support Plan targeted at middle-aged and older workers and the Challenge Plan for young jobseekers. However, participation in these measures is usually voluntary, even for participants with El entitlement, and rates of participation in these plans, relative to the size of their potential target groups, are low. Even motivated and “job-ready” jobseekers tend to benefit from meeting a counsellor.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	f68dce1b4e120946d56bdcd53cfd3c0b	Groundwater accounted for nearly all of the irrigation withdrawals in Mississippi, and more than half the withdrawals in Florida, Louisiana, and Georgia. Although the scale of irrigation generally is much smaller in the north central, eastern, and southern states, public issues regarding water rights, allocation, and pricing are gaining importance in those regions as the demand for water increases due to population pressure, expansion of economic activity, and greater demand for environmental amenities derived from water resources (Elfner and McDowell, 2004; Petrie and Taylor, 2007). The average application of irrigation water in western states was about 6,100 m3 per hectare in 1998, as about 3,000 m3 per hectare were lost in conveyance. The USDA’s 2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (FRIS) provides a relatively recent overview of irrigation water sources and costs, and irrigation methods used by farmers throughout the country.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	f68e0255bd8bcb57cb59c13a9f7ad214	It introduced 12 management categories of protected areas, divided into two groups: strict protection areas, with the primary objective of biodiversity conservation; and sustainable use areas, which permit human settlement and natural resource use in accordance with sustainable management plans. In 2006, the MMA set up the National Register of Protected Areas (CNUC), a database collecting a wide range of biodiversity and management data for each official protected area, although information is often incomplete. In March 2015, 1 940 protected areas covered 17.2% of Brazil’s terrestrial area and inland waters.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180444-17-en	f68fcc452349589cd04e62367b32f51b	The city is also home to a district heating system which uses locally-source woody biomass as feedstock In 2012 Norway introduced a renewable energy certificate programme to support renewable energy. This could change the RE adoption dynamic. Energy has been one factor for economic development in rural Norway, but recent policies have reduced the appeal of RE deployment in rural communities such as Troms County.	7	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-9c6d6090-en	f695c2b468617dd3af03c0aa5276a9af	Although there are some variations in the detailed definitions that are used, the following descriptions offer a useful indication of how the terms 'formal', 'non-formal' and 'informal' are commonly applied to education and learning. Non-formal learning has many manifestations but examples would include village-based literacy classes for adults and training of coaches in a sports club. The iSpot Nature web site offers an online example of self directed and collaborative learning where users learn to identify and appreciate flora and fauna through sharing information on an online community (Box 1.1).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	f6993a96722a7364b1679950df9b8776	The scope and scale of primary care services were progressively replaced by unified general practice (GP) physicians supported by nurses and other staff. These units are now responsible for the care of patients within defined geographical catchment areas ranging from 1 700 to 2 500 persons. The units also focus on health promotion and disease prevention emphasising the use of primary care physicians as gatekeepers to specialists and other medical services as well as continuity of care.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	f69fbdfe925f8773e995fd625698b598	The Cycling Development Concept was based on preliminary analysis of crashes involving cyclists across the city. The analysis of road traffic crashes showed that crashes involving cyclists were strongly concentrated in the city centre and on the main radial roads, pointing to the locations where measures to improve road safety were needed. Thus, the first actions to improve cycling infrastructure involved central Riga and the main arteries. Within the scope of the concept, attention has been paid to improving existing infrastructure, e.g. reducing pavement borders, doing street cover repairs and improving traffic organisation.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-6-en	f6a256561545371f8a804dc9508bd377	The findings suggest that early identification of low performers and targeted support needs to be provided to those students at risk of falling behind or dropping out of school entirely. Additional support needs to be provided to disadvantaged schools through the adequate allocation of resources, to ensure that all students receive the high-quality education and training needed to fully participate in society. School budgets need to be prioritised in recruiting and maintaining well-qualified human resources, such as school leaders and teachers, who play a critical role in reducing educational inequalities in their schools. This is particularly true for those disadvantaged students who have had little to no preschool experience.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	f6a4bec88b9926a217afbcb2499e353c	Are the indicators in the jurisdiction with the regulation different than in other jurisdictions (again, regardless of whether the regulation contributed to any of the difference)? This is in line with suggested approaches to e.g. monitor progress tow'ards biodiversity' mainstreaming (see OECD, 2018). As part of the OECD (2014) work, a survey was conducted to obtain information on OECD country practices with respect to regulatory policy evaluation. In particular, few countries assess whether underlying policy goals of regulation have been achieved, whether any unintended consequences have occurred and whether there is a more efficient solution to achieve the same objective. While not all countries will be in a position to collect information at all stages, there is already great value in collecting data on the actual implementation of regulatory policy (outputs) and its impact on regulations (intermediate outcomes). The latest insights on regulatory' policy evaluation are available in the 2018 Regulatory Policy Outlook (OECD, 2018).	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264226159-7-en	f6a5bc760749fc0ee10749cbe8cce0f3	Figure 4.2 presents simulated gains in skills at age 15 as induced by an increase in skills at age 14, by level of skills at age 14 for Korea. It shows that children who start out in different levels of skill deciles gained different amounts of skills in the next period. The effects of increasing social and emotional skills (in this case, children’s sense of responsibility, locus of control and self-esteem) at age 14 on social and emotional skills at age 15 increased with the level of social and emotional skills at age 14 (blue line in Panel B).	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264279421-7-en	f6a5f7b31759f24fe8f690115eb02327	This is particularly important for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, for whom school may be their main means to develop skills. Reaching close to the OECD average number of years of education appears to provide a protective factor for students in improving the likelihood of academic success. This largely arises because to reach the OECD average of 14 years, students need to enter the education system at age 3 or 4 and remain in it until age 17 or 18. Early skill development starts primarily in the home, building on early attachment, with activities between children and their parents and/or caregivers being the main determinant of early learning.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	f6a6afdc1148dc1f6dc55d61fdb43c1f	In the opinion of the court, the defendant—the university administrative body—had set the minimum average for acceptance by the Department of Medicine at 2,080 for Kuwaiti males and 3,020 for Kuwaiti females, although the two groups were in the same legal position of having passed the foundation year at the Center of Medical Sciences. Considering this to be in violation of the principle of equality stipulated in Article 29 of the Constitution, the court voided the acceptance policy based on gender discrimination. Except for tertiary education, educational attainment among women has been expanding since 1970.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	f6a7fcdbace9917c3fbab0e6c9558adc	In successful programmes, mentor teachers provide guidance and supervision to beginning teachers in close collaboration with the initial teacher-education institution. These mentors provide on-the-job support, identify deficits in subject-matter knowledge, classroom management strategies and other pedagogical processes. Often, schools that would need to provide the most support to beginning teachers are the least capable of delivering high-quality induction programmes.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/f1cb24d5-en	f6b77078d3144f7d1bee9c5f700cd116	Tummons (2014[i2|) analyses textbooks used in teachers’ further education to examine the effect of lifelong learning standards introduced in 2006 in the UK. As writing textbooks is a process through which standards can be inscribed, comparing and contrasting different versions of textbooks pre- and postintroduction of new standards can reveal the impact of standards. While the analysis notes a small number of changes likely to he the impact of new standards (e.g. a new/stronger focus on subject specialism, mentoring and continuous professional development), these do not seem to be substantial in number.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264210745-6-en	f6b7ec442d8897bb36602bd3e32826d7	For example, most countries established pre-emptive/oversight institutions for ensuring gender equality (parliaments or parliamentary committees, see Box 4.5, commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive), while 68% of countries have institutions that use “corrective” methods for addressing gender equality grievances (ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims). Half of the 22 respondents to the OECD survey indicated that they use parliamentary committees in charge of gender equality as a tool for oversight on the progress of gender equality (see Figure 4.6). Such Committees also make an important element of gender-sensitive parliaments (see the International Parliamentary Union’s action plan for gender-sensitive parliaments, which promotes the integration of gender mainstreaming in parliamentary activities, Box 4.5).	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264276253-8-en	f6bb3f9ded8142f4c4dbb92a7ad77850	Similarly, Denmark envisages more and better coherence in the initial training and education of teachers and ECEC staff. This common approach will ensure both consistency as well as better cooperation opportunities between ECEC and school (see Chapter 3). Working teams, however, do not always guarantee co-operation (as noted in the Swedish inspectorate of schools report (Swedish Schools Inspectorate, 2015)). The same professional jealousies and lack of understanding described above can obstruct co-operation, even within working teams.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-6-en	f6bd80d2d2dabc8c6e1ddac055907361	The ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) has been working since 2011 to transfer catch certification from paper to electronic format to improve transparency of capture and trade of Bluefin Tuna. For Atlantic Tuna in the ICCAT region, the Electronic Bluefin Tuna Catch Document (E-BCD) became fully operational in 2014. Furthermore, ICCAT continues to work toward the inclusion of observers by 2015.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	f6c3f5797508b8adb28fa65c1031a640	According to all respondent groups, mainstreaming climate change into development planning in recipient countries is an important pre-condition for effective climate finance. One reason for this is that it is important for the core government ministries responsible for national planning and budgeting to acknowledge the contribution of climate smart and resilient activities towards mid- and long-term development goals, and mainstream climate actions and finance into the decision-making of sectoral ministries, departments and agencies. Providers also noted that this was a vital pre-condition for channelling climate finance through budget support. In contrast, the absence of an integrated national vision on climate change was reported as a contributing factor towards providers’ decisions to finance their own priorities.	13	0	6	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	f6c52a40c932653cbf7301b75cee3dd4	Special conditions for industry may be necessary to build a consensus and achieve 'buy-in' from industry opponents. If possible, protection or compensation schemes should not undermine the incentive effect of a tax. It may be more feasible in some cases to grant the most disadvantaged regular cash transfers, which has helped to make welfare spending more acceptable in many developing countries (Schubert, 2017).	7	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f6cbfe493d4658fedb298c39f8177866	If a limited company is founded after the project-test period, the idea provider will have a share in the new venture. It has made seed equity investments in university spin-off companies in the entire Gothenburg region. Chalmersinvest owns equity, directly or indirectly, in at present more than 40 companies. Chalmersinvest is in the process of attracting more external capital from private investors, large private corporations in addition to the several private and public financing organisations in and around Gothenburg.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	f6cc762176674ca33b354e0d349b6e32	As a consequence, the network markets are highly regulated to ensure TSOs and DSOs provide reliable services to electricity producers and consumers. Prices for access to the grid as well as investments in grid extension are regulated by the Federal Network Agency. While maintaining security of supply, the regulation aims at cost-efficiency via benchmarking, and cost reduction by setting a cap on TSO and DSO revenues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264292697-3-en	f6cdd942ec81c6db4c1a3cfa10e0819a	They include character qualities such as perseverance, empathy or perspective, mindfulness, ethics, courage and leadership. Developing those kinds of characteristics is often what distinguishes elite schools. But for the majority of students, character formation in school remains a matter of luck, depending on whether this is a priority for their teachers, since very few education systems have made such broader goals an integral part of what they expect from students.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	f6cee3886db1e00a3088fd01d854ce08	The environmental impact of additional large hydropower plants should be reconsidered, bearing in mind the potentially negative effects of large hydropow er on tourism and the natural environment. Energy security is directly linked to the competitiveness of economies through the strong relationship between economic growth and the reliability of energy sources, including electricity, gas and oil/petroleum products. The trade-off between the short-term social and political need for affordable energy, and the long-term sustainability of pow'er systems, is particularly acute in the six assessed SEE economies where improving energy security will require substantial infrastructure investment.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/2e1a4924-en	f6cefbb80fd974516be6d3799962476a	Unfortunately, we cannot estimate this model because it requires at least two instrumental variables that were not available in our survey. Additionally, given the characteristics of the eph survey, it is not possible to identify patterns of delayed childbirth because there is no information about the age of the oldest child in the case of women with children aged over 14. The best approximation is to consider the same set of wage regressions but look at different female age cohorts.15 When this is done, the findings suggest that younger cohorts of mothers are likely to experience a higher wage penalty than older mothers.	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	f6d25499203a11b539af61f0e41c4b03	In its 2008 World Development Report, the World Bank identifies approximately 170 million rural people in agriculture-dependent economies (mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa) falling below a USD 1.08 a day income threshold in 2002 (measured in 1993 purchasing power parity dollars). A much larger number of rural poor - 583 million in 2002 - live in transforming economies, a large proportion of them in China and India. The majority of the rural poor in Latin America live in urbanised countries.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/4a540597-en	f6d59f59516a107053f3ca3855ff0291	Land use plans can direct the land market. Sectoral plans in transport, housing, utilities, and other sectors can be tied to the goals and milestones of comprehensive or strategic spatial plans. Metropolitan planning is vital to coordinated natural resource and infrastructure decision-making, but often run into power games; political resistance is strong in many countries municipal officials resist ceding authority to regional counterparts whilst national officials resist creating strong contenders so as to maintain political bases. Line service delivery agencies are not likely to follow national or urban plans that conflict with their own agency plans, or that are the product of decision p which they had no involvement.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	f6d9ce70c13d110af341bae56db76a8d	The reforms set out above (section 3.1) affects organisation of the whole of the NHS, including mental health. The key impacts on mental health service provision are, as yet, not fully clear. There are diverse opinions both about the reforms and about their effect on mental health, with some arguments for example suggesting that GPs have considerable experience treating patients with common mental health disorders, and others pointing to widespread concern that GPs are not adequately skilled to commission for people with severe mental health problems (Lawton-Smith, 2011). The Health and Social Care Act 2012 included the involvement of other health professionals in CCGs, including hospital doctors and nurses, with scope for the involvement of NHS managers. There has been renewed focus on “outcomes” under the Health and Social Care Act and the White Paper “Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS”, specifically upon the NHS Outcome Framework, which will be a tool for management at each level in the NHS. The experience of mental health care in the NHS is included in these outcome measures, which are intended to provide a national level indication of how well the NHS is performing.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264262430-6-en	f6dce799ac3ce7dc66052dfafb4bdefc	The equalisation system does not have the ambition to completely equalise the economic situation in all municipalities, conditional on socio-economic status, but to reduce major differences. Although there is evidence indicating that homework may improve student achievement (Falch and Ronning, 2012), homework also has distributional effects, since students from a high socio-economic status typically receive more help with homework than students from a low socio-economic status. It may be particular challenging for immigrant parents to support their children with the homework.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	f6dd7dc32802b54fb77eea3333dd9818	This requires improving the data and monitoring of their clean energy investments, including international harmonisation, performance measurement and rating approaches for alternative investments more generally and green investments in particular. Energy and Environmental Ministers need to work with their Finance colleagues to ensure that the investment and regulatory environment is supportive and that institutional investors are offered appropriately structured financing vehicles. How can successful experience with such tools and mechanisms be scaled up and applied more widely?	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	f6df73f0015c0ec1961b6aa9dc4d3b2e	"The agreement is a mix of binding commitments and ""best endeavours” language, and reaffirms and reinforces provisions of transparency and uniform application. While there is significant potential for developing and least-developed (LDC) countries to benefit from increased trade in food and agricultural products, actual outcomes on trade facilitation and the time frame in which they will occur will depend on the schedules of commitments adopted. These indicators express the diversity of support measures applied in different countries and are comparable across countries and time, with different indicators focusing on different dimensions of support policies. While the Producer Support Estimate as a percentage of gross farm receipts (%PSE) is the OECD’s key indicator to measure policy efforts to support agricultural producers, a range of other indicators allows looking at other dimensions of support."	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	f6e127e463a70c588c00316355fe9910	One of the outcomes of resources obtained was the creation of a bank of genetic resources, the Gene bank, and the creation of certifications. This was based on a National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) on some of the MEAs that Lesotho is a party to, funded by GEF. The strategy includes plans to enhance capacity so that the country can make meaningful progress in managing its environment and biodiversity. Instead, the National Coordination Strategy formally sets out the Government’s aim to take an integrated approach to the mobilisation of resources.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	f6e1fd5a63df8fd16ab7563564f25586	It requires not only an explicitly recognised urban policy setting at the national level, but also an institutional setting in which the NUP is properly led and co-ordinated (OECD, 2017a). Most countries, with a few rare exceptions, appear to acknowledge the strategic leadership and coordinating role of the national government, with the designation of leading urban agencies at the national level. However, the presence of a national-level agency is dependent on the political system and governance arrangements of a country, including any multilevel governance tiers, such as in a federal system.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	f6e31a08683c188500641559e7954914	All countries should re-examine training curricula and the delegation of responsibilities within the health-care delivery system in order to reduce frequent, unnecessary and costly reliance on physicians and on secondary- and tertiary-care facilities, while maintaining effective referral services. Access to health-care services for all people and especially for the most underserved and vulnerable groups must be ensured. The reservation is to be interpreted in terms of the statement made by the representative of the Holy See at the 14th plenary meeting, on 13 September 1994. The involvement of users and the community in the financial management of healthcare services should be promoted.	3	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	f6e47bc75e5b23e9c150baba9b72c862	For Guerrero, such a road would have a significant impact on the development prospects of its northern region, comprising the northern Sierra de Guerrero slope and cities belonging to the so-called Tierra Caliente such as Iguala, Arcelia, Ciudad Altamirano. The state has rehabilitated the railroad to enhance the logistics platform in the eastern part of the state. It will also encourage the economic recovery in this region by providing rail freight services.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	f6e6f625b86d792d6fdb98d500fa944b	This work should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Yet, the limitations of GDP per capita in measuring people’s wellbeing - even from a narrow material living standard perspective - are well-known (Stiglitz et al.,	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	f6ea068e32215d6711673353e9d24127	However, the objective is not to provide a picture that will be 100% accurate down to the very local level at this stage. Hence, rather than empirical in its roots it currently relies heavily on modelling, though there is potential for increased calibration and use of local empirical data over time. Given that the use is primarily to be for analysis at European scale, only selective tests to check whether the ECA is consistent with national data are foreseen for the moment.	15	1	4	0.6
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	f6ea97fa9e49f9861dfa440d78a4e313	Device costs remain a significant barrier to access in Mozambique, which warrants consideration by the USAF to subsidize access to devices, among other options to support access and use. Mozambique's new telecommunications law updates provisions for universal service, which will allow for improved efforts to support community telecentres and other public access solutions. In collaboration with the A4AI-Mozambique Coalition, the INCM (the sector regulator) has developed and is finalizing new proposed infrastructure sharing regulations, expected to be approved in 2017. Despite this delay and the failed attempt with the Digital Dividend spectrum auction (i.e., 800MHz), the Mozambique market is comparatively speaking in a better situation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8b5b7646-en	f6eb1504f698ff784dcdb00f1d84d325	By using this sophisticated tool on her growing farm she has managed to lower the cost of labour, and expenditure on gas and fertilizer. Some of the software functions that she uses on a regular basis include keeping records of the crops planted on each plot, to help with preparation and planning for the next season, keeping account of costs, managing the large number of seasonal workers, reporting and analysing the profitability of each crop and managing machinery. Conversely, after just 12 months, the ICT system has also shown her that some of the crops that have been cultivated there for years are not economical at all, and she is now investigating more profitable options. As a result, she is now considering investing in precision agriculture, as a way of reducing risks and further improving farm management, giving her precise information about when and how to irrigate to the greatest effect.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgk9qclw7mv-en	f6eb8a940dcfd1103d4635308d03e25f	Rebuilding outcomes were found to vary considerably with the type of technology employed (as proxied by changing the catchability coefficient) and the presence of cost and biological interactions. In particular, consideration of biological interactions drastically increased the ambiguity of the outcome, and different combinations of interactions and technologies were found to further deplete the stock rather than rebuild it. They conclude that the failure to consider such interdependencies may negatively affect rebuilding efforts. An age-structured dynamic bioeconomic model was developed to account for the different cohorts. Net benefits were calculated using price and variable cost functions that were inversely proportional to landings and spawning biomass, respectively.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	f6eba78d2e7f162016e65ae0ae47ae44	This pricing system was developed to ensure farmers would not be forced to pay the full cost of water supply and to avoid driving out smaller farms (DiSegni, 2013[49]).21 Since this pricing system was introduced during a time of severe shortages, it sent the message that the more water is consumed, the higher the price. While freshwater prices increased, recycled effluent water (REW) was increasingly available at a lower price. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This new Authority centralised the oversight of Israel’s water, moving from cross-ministerial co-ordination to a single dedicated agency.	6	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	f6ec8b01ee87b96782b15921ffd03888	Mechanisms for vertical co-ordination on spatial planning (cont.) Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, the OREK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	f6f186214e2d85bcf92dfa2f80a9a354	Figure 2.6 presents eight studies of the cost-effectiveness of the collaborative care model. Each of the points shows the relative effectiveness of collaborative care model for the treatment of moderate depression. The chart shows that there are a vast number of studies demonstrating the effectiveness of collaborative intervention; all of the studies show that collaborative intervention improves clinical outcomes.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	f6f2c7944d4c38551610c877b4f0f7c1	"Traditional coping strategies centred on the sale of assets or community support to recover (fom losses may be insufficient to cope with more frequently recurring or larger hazards that affect entire regions. To help deal with this, recent international debates have focused on the need for building resilience to the various impacts of environmental degradation and climate change (box 5.3). Resilience describes the properties of a social-ecological system in terms of its ability to absorb or withstand perturbations without undergoing fundamental changes in its structure or functions."""	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	f6f2ef6b6392a0a35417d7f2ae2ade1d	The other two - raising financing efficiency and improving energy efficiency; and addressing impacts of climate change on the water sector - have no project pipeline or funding sources. The Water Authority of Jordan Law (1988) forms the primary legal document for the water sector. It was amended in 2001 to include Article 28, which allows the WAJ to delegate its functions or projects to public and private entities; to corporatise utilities; and to enter into BOT contracts and other modalities with the private sector (USAID, 2012). The WAJ Law is again currently under revision to include an article that strengthens the powers of local authorities to sanction and take action against anyone that vandalises water wells, pipes or meters.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3af953a4-en	f6f41d4750b405402da8237c043f28a6	"Similarly, given women's disproportionate representation among those living in poverty, a government lending scheme to buy land may be inaccessible to women due to its cost—even if the scheme is open to both men and women. See United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Progress of the World's Women 201 1-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (2011), and ""Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on good practices in efforts aimed at preventing violence against women"" (A/ HRC/17/23). See also Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, available from www.ohchr.org/EN/lssues/Women/WGWomen/ Pages/WGWomenlndex.aspx (accessed 6 November 201 3)."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	f6f70bba25361879784e066cc18d4c10	The recent period of sustained economic growth has also seen the emergence of a sizeable middle dass as well as remarkable progress in poverty reduction. According to offidal estimates the poverty headcount in Viet Nam fell from 58% in the early 1990s to 14.5% in 2008. Observations show that recent achievements have not translated directly into progress towards universal well-being.	10	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/a2206e44-en	f6f8427e7bbd1a3e13ebba272e9dbafd	Experts expect this policy to have a “significant impact on the future promotion of China’s domestic industry’s technology innovation, improving competitiveness and building domestic branding in the long run” (Global Energy Council, undated). This allowed them to get established in the domestic market and gain experience in the production of larger turbines. However, the Chinese manufacturers soon found out that foreign firms were reluctant to license their most recent, state-of-the art technology; instead they preferred to license turbines that were technologically outdated for fear that the transfer of advanced technology would lead to knowledge spillover, thus undermining their competitive advantage (Liu, 2006).	7	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5e354935-en	f6f8f0533be706dfb80059337dbe9635	Countries may choose to apply reporting provisions differently, in a way that matches their capacities - applying the most ambitious guidelines in areas where they have sufficient capacity, reporting in a less complete way in other areas, and enhancing the completeness and transparency of their reporting over time. The enhanced transparency framework will rest on common MPGs (Art. The development of MPGs is to draw upon experience from existing transparency arrangements, to build on and enhance these arrangements, but also to eventually supersede the current measurement, reporting and verification system (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 98). While the Cancun reporting arrangements continued to refer to previous reporting guidelines for national communications (NCs), the Paris Agreement text suggests MPGs will be standalone documents that can refer to new guidance documents being prepared as part of the enhanced transparency framework (e.g. accounting guidance) rather than previous guidance.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264213944-8-en	f6f9655da003c61853b4cc7026202640	"In 2013 it held a meeting with senior management officials from the National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD) that explored various ways to support female entrepreneurs in the Emirates through banking sendees provided to SMEs by NBAD. The DBWC organises the high-profile monthly event ""Majlis Business"" to provide information about the latest knowledge, skills and best practices for women entrepreneurs and leaders. It also participates in consulting activities in co-operation with the DBWC."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226470-8-en	f6fc2a3ec8ee187aa7e9a7f9a5e21849	A recent study by the ONEQ and the ILO (2014) show's that only 10% of unemployed men and 5% of unemployed women find vocational education and training useful to find a job in Tunisia. Conversely, 23% of unemployed men and 28% of unemployed women believe that higher education is useful to find a job. In part, this hierarchy reflects the widespread preference for public sector jobs in Tunisia, for which the entry requirement is typically an academic university qualification (AfDB, 2012; World Bank, 2013; Yaagoubi et al., The problem of poor career guidance outcomes for young Tunisian is not new.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-29-en	f7008125bbf3496c074b97fbf32dcd4c	The largest importer for New Zealand's fisheries products is People's Republic of China (27%), Australia (18%), the European Union (11.5%), the United States (10.7%), followed by Japan and Hong Kong, China (Panel B). The amount transferred to fisheries sector has been increasing to USD 68 million, i.e. by 12%. There is cost recovery charges associated with fisheries management service and conservation services (Panel C).	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f702a015f01cbe348afe6ad5b4b58941	It can encourage positive developments for regions, including increased efficiency in energy management, industrial production, spatial development, public and private transport, construction and operation of buildings and water management. Up-scaling the research and innovation effort may yield significant returns in local and regional development. For example, the design of the new, three-blade turbines in the wind-energy clusters of Aalborg and Arhus in Denmark was heavily influenced by the advances of the Danish agricultural engineering industry.	4	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	f703be0287602d9690f4ca9b44112fc4	Gupta and Kawadia, 2003) Estimated water runoff during planning of the reservoir w'as 3 454-3 947 m3, while the actual runoff has been 3 207 m3. This runoff is not sufficient to meet the 7 746 m3 capacity of the reservoir. This is far different from initial predictions of 3.6308 ha-m/100 km2/year (Jain, Aganval and Singh, 2007).	6	0	9	1.0
10.18356/052369a9-en	f7054ebb307b931a08a9c47372128f9c	An estimated 821 million people were undernourished in 2017, the same number as in 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment has remained virtually unchanged in the past three years at a level slightly below 11 per cent. Updated figures on undernourishment, food insecurity and malnutrition will be released in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 (July 2019).	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	f7058b58ec4168a29b153fe04552013b	Some of the relevant issues are considered in the brief case study of the UK waste policy presented in the next section. Large amounts of heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and organic chloride compounds were being discharged, causing deterioration of water quality, sediment pollution and the loss of indigenous species. The problem was serious enough to jeopardise the use of water resources for human activities. Though supervised by the provinces, the water boards have a high degree of operational and financial independence.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/99fd12bb-en	f709e8c7a930d47dcac3be0a40171865	Countries and cities of the region could focus attention on utilizing these resources for actual application and implementation. A broad coalition of development partners to support regional cities in implementing sustainable urban transport master plans would be a step in the right direction. An example of this approach is the Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative18 of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the objective of which is to enable leaders to plan and implement sustainable mobility concepts. Depending on the need for travel, a journey usually involves more than one mode of transport. The integration of urban transport modes is essential to promoting smooth intermodal transfer. When there are two operators of different transport systems, integrated ticketing makes it more efficient as well as convenient for users, and many cities are now following this approach.20The physical interface between modes, infrastructure and facilities at intermodal junctions should allow smooth transfer of passengers and goods from one mode to another.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	f70fb0b3ff97e6c5e66f6bb40da581d7	Encourage innovation by granting high-performing health services greater autonomy through an Earned Autonomy model. Create broader generalist roles for nurses, pharmacists and other allied health professionals including the capacity to prescribe an appropriate range of medication. Support the creation of new roles, governed by appropriate accreditation and credentialling, training, peer review and accountability.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	f7113e6c74eeb3589e2c657d73f006db	The Government proposes to strengthen the CCB by increasing the benefits annually to keep pace with the rising cost of living as of July 2018. For 2019 and subsequent taxation years, the government has proposed to introduce the Canada Workers Benefit (CWB), an enhanced version of the Working Income Tax Benefit (WITB). Compared to the WITB, the amount of the basic benefit will be increased, and the threshold from which the benefit phases out will be increased.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264121836-7-en	f71393ade9e4599af16e15dd7b90d827	"The use of national eco-labels increased further with the adoption in 2002 of the Act on the Eco-labelling of Products, which created 32 product categories. The ""environment-friendly product” label has been awarded to 312 products. The number of products awarded the label each year has grown, from 29 in 2002 to 146 in 2010 (MAERD, 2010)."	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	f71456f7b4b6acdd3117fdfc31441f76	During the course of the 2013/14 marketing season, international prices of most crops remained under downward pressure, largely in response to positive supply situations. During the first half of 2013, the United States, European Union, New Zealand and Australia - all major players in global dairy markets - produced less milk than in 2012, further contributing to the price recovery. This expansion has been the main factor allowing markets to meet the increasing demand for fish and fish products. Despite these gains, prices for fish and fishery products have been volatile as they are influenced by inelastic supply due to catch quotas for captured fish and volatile conditions in the aquaculture sector stemming from disease outbreaks and fluctuation in feed costs.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	f714b847944f7410beba996f92a0e665	This paper explores the following issues: (i) how different communities view climate finance effectiveness; (ii) the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness; and (iii) how effectiveness can be monitored and evaluated. The paper also discusses the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and proposes a possible way forward that balances multiple views and priorities. These communities represent the perspectives of developed and developing countries, as well as both public and private sources of climate finance.	13	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	f7178849fea801400f334ad9802aa7f4	Finally, city governments can ensure that appropriate social protections are available at the local level, especially among the highly disadvantaged. Local institutions are well placed to match the supply and demand of social protection services and ensure their accessibility to the populations concerned. Cities differ widely in their labour force composition and policy efforts therefore need to focus on attracting and retaining workers for different types of jobs- from cutting-edge jobs in the digital economy to more traditional manufacturing jobs and informal jobs. In the case of high-skilled jobs, for example, the city of Lulea in Sweden has combined a set of infrastructure reforms, education initiatives and efficient branding of its natural environmental characteristics to attract Facebook, which is expected to create 2 200 new jobs in the city (Eudes, 2016).	11	1	3	0.5
10.18356/afb85d08-en	f71a0cfb90f01665da0a7d053518a6a8	Among these are the urgent need to halt uncontrolled urban sprawl, reverse the growth of urban slum populations, institute smart, safe and efficient urban transport systems, improve urban environments through creating safe public spaces, manage air pollution and municipal solid waste, as well as promote sustainable buildings, ecosystem corridors and consumption and production patterns.. All the targets and indicators of SDG 11 require sufficient planning and informed strategies, which are largely articulated in the need to have well-informed national urban policies. Many of these indicators build on the notable achievements registered during previous global agendas especially MDGs and the Habitat Agenda, including the notable fact that some targets now have reliable baselines to work with, many others are new and come as a response to the challenges and opportunities that urban areas face today in search of sustainable development outcomes. These periods are sufficiently long for the global community to have learnt a lot about the existing challenges of implementing the SDGs and how to deal with the teething problems in monitoring and reporting.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	f71bc471d02b28f6b79c3cdf7ecbcb28	This would allow' all sectors to benefit from improved water management and facilitate joint management of water resources, in particular during times of scarcity. Partial coverage limits the potential benefits of SWM as a tool to mitigate flood and drought risks; therefore, it would be interesting to liaise with MAFRA and KRC during the development stage to explore opportunities for collaboration. What are the potential gains for the farming community?	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	f71c50f4ca59b9251fd685c587a33317	Colombia's MPI was launched in 2011 based on the priorities established in the National Development Plan (NDP) of 2011. It uses the Alkire-Foster method to generate the MPI and the associated set of sub- and partial indices. The household is taken as the unit of identification, not only for reasons of data availability but also because of the desire to recognise the importance of the household and incentivize caring and sharing across household members.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264225442-12-en	f729f2ab1a2005d933591b26b2461134	Partnerships should include local community bodies, businesses, and cultural institutions, including museums and libraries. Partners drawn from higher education are critical for extending the learning horizons of both students and staff and offering additional expertise in the constant process of development. Equally important are partnerships with other schools and learning environments through networks and professional learning.	4	0	8	1.0
10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en	f72d0bba88c53342b27ba2e136b9a008	Typically about 200 km of track has been added per year in the past 20 years (0.23% per year), and about 250 km per year of track doubling (0.29% per year). This can be compared to a total track length of 86 937 km. The gross freight-km per track-km ratio has increased by more than 50% between 1999 and 2009 through an increased axle load, quicker turn-around times and higher train speed.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/08e82310-en	f72d147b3500128afee6e9e36da0c7f0	The FASRB integrated all aspects of water resources management, and became the framework of cooperation among the Parties to the agreement. The four Parties to the FASRB financially support, on an equal basis, the operation and the work under the ISRBC and its Secretariat. Costs of activities that fall under the interest of a certain country(ies) may be financed by them.	6	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/97f03e0a-en	f734d1ffc98af69f537435eeadd06b06	The camps have minimal access to basic infrastructure and services, and are prone to natural hazards, especially cyclones, floods and landslides. Setting up the camps has led to rapid deforestation, further increasing the vulnerability of the displaced Rohingya to the effects of monsoon rains. These investments address health, education and emergency response.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k487ntdbr44-en	f735e0fd8c73c1b29d377e09af5fe677	This initial endowment was to be spent on capital equipment only (hardware, software, and furniture), and for a single class (room) of sixth grade (the first year of lower secondary school). Only equipment mentioned in the class project was eligible for funding; indirect costs (such as those for teacher training, non-teaching personnel) and consumables were not eligible for this funding and had to be covered by ordinary funds administered by the school. In the Lazio region (the region including Rome), a 5-member jury was set up to select classes: four members were internal to the administration, and one scientific expert from the “National Research Council” (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) completed the panel.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	f738390bad357c2cf9d4d485d0340414	Current Population Survey (CPS) 2014 for the United States. Although, the legal full-time working week is 35 hours in France, company managers (cadres) often are paid on a task-oriented basis, so often work over 35 hours. Disparities in working hours in France are therefore likely to stem more from the definition of regular full-time working hours between occupations and the public and private sectors than from workers choosing between full-time and part-time.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-29-en	f738eb73cb63c8880efef0a632d81f77	The promotion measures will be implemented through national and international targets that range from primary school children to specialised buyers in aquaculture and fish products. In 2010, the main destinations of Mexican fish products exports (in particular as shrimp, tuna, lobster, octopus and sardines) in volume and value were as follows. Thus, compatibility with standards and systems for quality certification will be possible, among other matters. Achieving mutual recognition to verification and sanitary certification systems. In addition, it will create exclusive values for environmental management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address global warming. The main objective of the ORPAS is to execute the general policy of monitoring and enforcement in aquaculture and fisheries, as well as oversee the proper implementation of the CONAPESCA programmes, and encourage the promotion of activities in the sector.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/17427635-en	f73ae0d9985531b599cd39163939297d	It both violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. In all societies, to a greater or lesser degree, women and girls arc subjected to physical, sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class and culture. Hie low social and economic status of women can be both a cause and a consequence of this violence.1 Violence against women throughout their life cycle is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/88ed44cf-en	f73cae40216ae8cdad1333d4b79a05b4	It was found that 85% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust to these 98 variants. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 91 %. » It was found that 84% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust to these 196 variants. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 90%. It was found that 81 % of all possible pairs of comparisons were robust. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 88%.	1	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	f73d2ad5f394533e86d2e3a136fcbe9c	Countries such as Algeria and Tunisia have been successful in increasing the participation of women as lawyers and judges.40 In Tunisia, employment as a lawyer is regarded as a socially acceptable and laudable employment choice for educated women. Law schools are largely populated with women and, over the last decade, the participation of women in the Supreme Court of Tunisia (or the Cour de cassation that is divided into several civil and criminal chambers) has been increasing steadily. For example, in 2004, women made up approximately 30% of the Supreme Court justices.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2cb622fb-en	f740aebde0dfe0d4071ddd0d801ace9d	Consequently, a survey was conducted to identify factors associated with perceptions of distributive injustice among the general public in 18 countries in Latin America. The variables analysed include meritocratic individualistic attitudes and expectations of social mobility, attitudes toward the private sector’s role, political self-identification, perceptions of basic social protections and guarantees, socio-economic self-description and respondents’ schooling (for more details, see box 1.8). Those who believe that their country does not offer basic guarantees, who self-identify with very low socio-economic positions and who hold negative opinions of the private sector are more likely to perceive income distribution as unfair/very unfair.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en	f7415688dd996bffdeda946247c5243c	The prevention of chronic diseases should be viewed as a means of improving broader social welfare. Chronic disease prevention can improve employment prospects, wages and labour productivity, and decrease sick leave, disability benefit claims and early exit from the workforce. They should consider investing further in prevention policies targeting chronic diseases and associated risk factors, in order to make the workforce healthier and more productive, which can lead to potentially substantial gains in economic production.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f74684fd671f69b6096d251d2f095d52	Leadership on the part of the regional authorities is equally important to clearly articulate where the regional development needs are and where support from educational institutions can be most effective. Higher education institutions in turn are engaged in regional development in several ways. However, the nature of the engagement between higher education institutions and the local development authorities is very often informal and voluntary and driven by entrepreneurial academics or departments rather than higher education institutions.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/797ccf27-en	f746c3346af97f59ddcab098db503db1	"A new target was introduced, relating to “Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people."" Four official indicators were defined for that purpose, involving measurement of the rate of productivity growth per worker, the percentage of the population employed, the percentage of extremely poor workers and the proportion of workers that have unstable and insecure jobs (“vulnerable workers”). In addition, the recommendation to monitor poverty trends by using national poverty lines was made explicit. The previous indicator was replaced by one measuring survival to the last grade of primary education (Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary)."	1	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	f74aba4d3faa17652ed0825684744567	Cheap crude oil prices after the Second World War meant that the blending of ethanol into regular gasoline was not commercially viable. However, in November 1975 in response to the first crude oil crisis, the Brazilian government created the National Alcohol Program, “Proalcool”. This programme enacted the obligatory blending of anhydrous ethanol with gasoline (hereafter referred as gasohol) for fuels used by ordinary cars, which enabled the sugarcane based ethanol industry to increase its producing capacities.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f74bab716067e2f23b39f8ea2e9b9bd6	Health costs, of which at least a portion is easily measurable through medical bills, would be another. Strictly speaking, these damages do not constitute a public goods problem, but concern gaps in the liability system of the existing legal framework or arise from a failure to detect relevant causal relationships or to identify those responsible for the causes. With increased information and tighter legal regulations, these externalities would not need to exist. At the same time, these externalities are the most easily quantified and are often those which are used to most effect in public discussion.	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	f74bcc464270531f8818b02f7ed5ae8c	At the same time, globalisation and trade have had an uneven impact across regions (Deloitte/Kraka, 2017(58]), although the current gap in unemployment rates across regions is among the smallest across OECD countries. While projections should be taken with much care, cross-country analysis suggests that around 10% of jobs in Denmark face high probability of automation, which is among the lowest in OECD countries (Figure 24). This partly reflects an already high level of digitalisation and use of industrial robots compared to other countries (see Chapter).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f7507c97c58cc8715141ff00c45a9a2b	However, to the knowledge of the authors, there has not been a systematic attempt to quantify its economic impact and thus other effects will not be discussed further in this chapter. For example, additional investments in the transmission and distribution infrastructure, and thus higher transmission costs, may lead to a cheaper generation mix and lower balancing costs, thus reducing the two other cost components. Similarly, having a more flexible generation is generally more expensive, but allows for a reduction in balancing costs. The numerical capabilities of existing tools do not allow such comprehensive calculations and existing power system models can represent only some aspects of the whole system and are therefore able to capture only limited impact groups at once.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f750ce48e220bb4cdb01e74447b07a3c	In one, they simply drop all observations with an unemployment spell spanning two consecutive interviews and, in the other, lagged receipt refers to whether the respondent was unemployed two years ago (rather than one year ago). It turns out that the basic model and the second variant provide similar estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor 2000: Table 3) but the first variant, in which cases with spells overlapping interviews are dropped, leads to rather lower estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (but it remains statistically significantly different from zero). Stewart (2007) also compares estimates of state dependence from a basic DREP model and one from which continuing spells are excluded and finds an even larger decline in the effects of lagged unemployment than Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor: the estimated APE falls from 13 to 3.5 (Stewart 2007: 522).	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264240094-7-en	f7570d91ab3286683217549b1c3aa6fc	The plan has effectively brought the fight against deforestation into other sectoral agendas, thanks to high-profile co-ordination by the Executive Office of the Presidency (Casa Civil) and the assignment of implementation responsibilities to 13 ministries. Currently in its third phase, the PPCDAm is based on a coherent set of actions such as establishment of protected areas (Section 5), land tenure regularisation (including the Terra Legal programme), advanced monitoring systems, strict enforcement, and promotion of sustainable natural resource use. Complementary instruments such as embargos and credit restrictions for illegal deforesters have spurred enforcement effectiveness. It has greatly helped reduce deforestation in the Amazon (Figure 3), although other factors may have contributed, including declining prices of agricultural products and voluntary private sector engagement.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2010-5km61lb7b39x	f758e9af12d3d3a33cfd63b4fa8e9d89	Indeed, in previous studies, cross-sectional inequality has been shown to be related to low intergenerational inequality. Moreover, welfare policies, by targeting disadvantaged family situations - either due to permanent factors or to temporary loss of income (e.g. loss of employment) - reduce cross-sectional inequality, thereby potentially helping to mitigate intergenerational persistence. At the same time, ill-designed taxation and social policies would also perpetuate welfare dependency, with potentially negative effects on social mobility.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264196155-6-en	f7590f3ee0dd584fe6a923af51ebcf9b	These can facilitate labour management, but do not guarantee the skills or productivity required for the job. In the absence of formal institutions, informal institutions are considered an important mechanism of risk management. In the long term, as businesses grow and attract new investments, formal institutions will need to be strengthened to increase confidence in court systems and legal arrangements.	10	2	2	0.0
10.18356/fd217899-en	f75979446f1749bcf71e75e85728f21c	Land use planning may be the responsibility of one agency, while water supply the responsibility of another. The success of PES programmes depend on successfully coordinating the policies and efforts of relevant authorities. The first challenge is ensuring the coordination of policies and efforts of all the authorities directly involved in the PES programmes themselves.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264203525-7-en	f75b0b4064e8f80b08789b94c90ee711	The CAD 20 million Biofuels Opportunities for Producers Initiative, which ran from 2006 to 2008, helped farmers and rural communities hire experts to assist in developing business proposals, feasibility studies and other work necessary to create and expand agricultural producers’ biofuels production capacity. The NexGen Biofuels Fund will disburse funds up to 31 March 2017. A Strategy for Agriculture and the Rural Development Plan for period 2014-20 are being prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264190672-3-en	f75ba5e9b85ea2a4df7bb5087ba034a9	The second part describes the methodology employed for the report, including the framework for analysis and how PISA results are used in the analysis. Finally, the background of Korean education is summarised. Highlights on the education reform trajectory in Korea illustrate the shaping of the Korean education system. Today, Korea is among the top performers in terms of learning outcomes, ranking second in reading, fourth in mathematics and sixth in science according to the 2009 PISA assessment. Korea has also shown impressive improvements in the quality of its learning outcomes.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264279421-4-en	f75cd006b204350f00742f5d7a04aec1	First, acknowledging the heterogeneity of Indigenous students, the study seeks to understand the complex challenges Indigenous students face in education and what success really means for them. It examines wellbeing, health and poverty; the presence or absence of quality approaches to teaching and student engagement; differences in basic provision that inordinately affect Indigenous students; recognition of Indigenous cultures; and engagement with Indigenous communities. The study’s outcomes are related to all of these, as well as to student learning and achievement.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/60a8d482-en	f75e88bd31a517cf4be8b72c48122e56	Beyond this, users were required to purchase credit to obtain water from the meters. They argued that the amount of water provided free of charge was set too low and that it failed to consider household size. They also asserted that the policy did not consider the special needs of people who might require more water.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264283404-en	f75ebba363124aeea4fed30f717baae4	Amenable mortalily refers to cremature deaths that could have been avoided through trnely and effective health care. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in men and the second highest for women after breast cancer. Deaths have increased over the past few years and are now higher than the EU average (62 per 100 000 population versus 54 in 2014). While mortality rates are lower than the EU average for women, the picture for men is quite different, recording significantly higher mortality (110 deaths per 100 000 versus 85 in the EU). Although male smoking rates are higher, the figures may also suggest issues around utilisation of care. However, enforcement has been weak and the ban appears to be widely ignored except for on public transport and in medical facilities.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/35f875c3-en	f75fabf67bc3ca2cfe333af7c52d3f64	"Thereafter, the chapter attempts to integrate a gender perspective into human rights at the international as well regional (African) levels. Finally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals are also examined from a gender perspective. Ester Boserup had argued that the existing development discourse ignored women's contribution to national production. She further argued that this was the case as a result of gender-based stereotyping which located women solely within the domestic sphere: ""Various colonial and post-colonial governments had systematically bypassed women in the diffusion of new technologies, extension services and other productive inputs."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179073-9-en	f760e39ea71aabf553645c9e03f706b7	"In spite of much political rhetoric about the importance of encouraging women to engage in income-generating activity, most of the efforts have been led by the non-government sector, and particularly by businesswomen’s associations. Donors often fund these business support projects and offer tools that can be used to train women in entrepreneurial skills, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) programme, “Women Get the Business Edge”, in Yemen and the ILO’s ""Start Your Own Business” (SYOB), ""Expand Your Business” (IYB), and “Know About Business” (KAB) training materials in a number of MENA economies. However, business development services are not systematically available in the MENA region, especially in rural areas."	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088726-9-en	f762264f9d816cad8d3ac4e631f8c782	Additionally, industrial facilities, harbours and shipping routes may occupy large areas. Following an amendment of the Aquaculture Act in 2009, relocation of sites may be enforced by the central authorities, i.e. the Directorate of Fisheries, when necessary due to environmental or socio-economic concerns. Furthermore, a licence may be withdrawn in accordance with the Aquaculture Act if production at a particular site is no longer considered to be environmentally appropriate, e.g. when investigations show that ecosystems have been adversely affected by farming activities. Withdrawal may also be performed if the disease situation or awareness of disease or fish welfare conditions have changed significantly since the licence was granted.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a68df323-en	f762dc8095e8b73ed19123c7eb0c13ff	Both institutions may exist for the same States with partially overlapping geographical coverage. For instance, according to the Agreement between Czechoslovakia and Poland Concerning the Use of the Water Resources in Frontier Waters (1958), the Czech Republic and Poland appoint plenipotentiaries. In addition, since 1996, the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland have cooperated through the Oder Commission.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/56f09402-en	f764b2bb5322b6b6508fd78c22bb7e03	Invertir en juventud en America Latina y el Caribe: un imperativo de derechos e inclusion, Santiago. University of Notre Dame Press. Temporality and Biographies in the New Century, London, Sage. Jovenes, territorios culturales y nuevas sensibilidades, H. Cubides, M.C. Laverde and C. Valderrama (eds.),	5	3	0	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	f769456db4dd4f38f86f1ee898cf8677	The first two sections address the legal and governance structure and the setting for introducing policy measures. The next four focus on information policy, innovation and technology support, and market-based and financial policy instruments for improving industrial energy efficiency. The last section examines policy design and implementation considerations that are important in developing countries. A 2006 review of policies in Asia found energy conservation laws in China, India, Japan, Thailand and Viet Nam (UNEP 2006c).	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/hemp-22-5kmd4hr1z1r3	f76cc5dd2a5b3bf6e89cc25a3c6701fe	This German finding may be due to the procedure of according preference to women in appointment panels where there appear to be male and female candidates of equal merit; 79%, especially in Germany, thought that equality in relation to parenting has still not been achieved. More women than men claimed to know about this. Are all the activities of government, administrators and legislators to promote equity worthwhile?	5	2	3	0.2
10.18356/838f79eb-en	f76d7834871dbf3adf3e78d09eb9bd15	"The main objective is for this to be replicated across the entire industrial sector. These kinds of projects are easily replicated in developing countries with similar industrial sectors. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: ""By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix""."	7	0	4	1.0
10.18356/4ed7c373-en	f770b67cce3ac61c33c6be04b3e0adfd	"This area is regulated within a set of environmental laws, which, together with the conservation of nature, regulate protection of the environment, air, water and waste management, and provide for establishment of a fund for environmental protection. State laws related specifically to the environment do not exist. Relevant laws for the area of biodiversity in the Federation also include the Law on National Park ""Una"" (OG FBiH, No."	15	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	f77a56b59ce4eaa147dab327b1a4077d	After the extreme price spike was over, markets calmed again and continued their secular decline in real terms (Figure 1.1). More recently, in 2007 and subsequent years, the world experienced another extreme price spike on international markets for cereals. This time, however, the subsequent development of markets differed notably from the usual episode of a transitory price spike.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	f77d83602f53e43e807354e96f288bb6	As a result, increased and enhanced access to water can further affect communities’ adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. For adaptation, many results frameworks do contain indicators to track impacts in these areas. For example, the CIF’s “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience” (PPCR) and Republic of Kenya (Kenya) both include indicators on access to reliable and safe water (CIF, 2012b and Kenya, 2013). In the area of food security, Kenya also tracks how many hectares of productive land have been lost to soil erosion and how many households are in need of food aid as part of its national M&E systems for assessing climate resilience and adaptive capacity (GoK, 2012b).	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js6363503f6-en	f77dbe8dc7bee0f8c4dc2ce1c5d8a8b1	While focusing on skills training combined with basic education (to remedy shortcomings in reading and math) and vocational training (usually linked to local employers’ needs), these interventions typically feature various post-programme placement, housing and mobility services, as well as individual coaching for orientation and motivation. Participants usually obtain the equivalent of a high-school diploma or a recognised certification by the end of the training period. Some programmes give the participants the opportunity to reside at the centres during the training.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg566jfrpzr-en	f77eeae81ef26ffcf81a2cebfd9d97e0	Since 2009 specific catch quotas have been allocated to so-called coastal fishing to support small scale fishermen in rural areas. Boats that operate under this system must obtain a special licence from the Directorate of Fisheries. They may only catch during specified times of the day. Those boats may only use hand-lines and their catches per fishing trip are limited.	14	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264227293-8-en	f780f5da3a7dbffe6b52390f3f66cb84	For one, the country requires a long-term urban development agenda discussed with all political forces and with the participation of civil society. Additionally, Mexico needs to improve its capacity to conduct and implement urban planning as past urban development projects have too often been characterised by an improvised, trial-and-error approach responding to short-term political priorities rather than the national long-term interest. To do so, it will be important to strengthen the sectoral leadership, promote cross-sectoral planning, and in the long term, streamline the housing and urban development sector. To do so, it is critical to align local housing and urban development legal frameworks to national strategic objectives; reduce transaction costs for and asymmetries of information across levels of government; promote integrated urban development and management; and revamp metropolitan governance arrangements.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264289628-10-en	f7854cba266b3867aa440d242db73371	In its schedules, it gave priority to irrigated farming. ( For this reason, since 1993, the Toktogul cascade of reservoirs has sharply increased the volume of water accumulated in reservoirs over the summer and discharged in the winter. This change in scheduling allows Kyrgyzstan to benefit from producing hydroelectricity at winter times when the demand for it is the highest. Several big-size reservoirs of long-term and seasonal control regulate water flow' in the basin. These reservoirs, Toktogul, Kairakkum, Shardara, Andojan and Charvak, focus on providing irrigation water for Central-Asian republics (Antipova et al.,	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	f7883e2116f58893afe39f4ad5adb375	It states clearly that a good land tenure system must guarantee security of tenure and must correct provisions which constitute discrimination against women. Namibia’s Communal Land Reform Act of 2002 gives surviving spouses who reside in rural areas the right to remain on land allocated to their deceased spouses. This right is not affected by remarriage.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	f78857097015f3464577232fe7af3987	Article 13 also establishes a two-step review and consideration process. The first step is a technical expert review of information on mitigation and support provided. The review will identify areas of improvement for the Party, review consistency with the modalities and guidelines to be developed under Article 13.13, and assist developing country Parties to identify capacity-building needs (for those that need it).	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/67989bf6-en	f78c0315ba5942f379ff4841623a1fe7	Several EMBs always (Portugal, Spain) or occasionally (Greece, Switzerland) included gender considerations in election-related legislation, regulations and/or codes of conduct; in Switzerland, a guide has been published for individuals wishing to launch their candidatures. This difficulty has been systematically reported by female members of parliament from a range of countries (OECD, 2014(34]). Although societal understandings of familial gender roles are evolving, women remain the primary caregivers in many cases. Low work-life balance may discourage women from high-ranking leadership positions in politics, limiting the candidacy pool.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264261198-8-en	f78d79a46d0e9834d5b2631627654b3b	Exporters of agricultural products also benefit from generally available export credits. Export taxes are levied on hazelnuts and animal skins, while a number of agricultural products are prohibited for exports (specified agricultural plants, tobacco seeds and seedlings, and angora goats) (WTO, 2012). Farm structure and rural development policies work to activate this process and, as such, have particular importance in the context of Turkey.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/6f7c638a-en	f78f704fb9727cd47402c79323da171c	Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean, Annual Report 2012. A look at grants support and burden for women (LC/G.2561/Rev.l I. Santiago. With respect to the programme's impact on adults, the time spent by men on paid work increased at the expense of domestic work, and the time spent by women on domestic and care work increased at the expense of leisure time. The unequal distribution of productive and reproductive work creates further inequality in the use of free time.	5	0	8	1.0
10.14217/5jz5m7tw1x8t-en	f7906cc27ab6ee233feba5e6e77e2a85	But there is an indirect impact to consider: while poor households may benefit on the expenditure side from a measure that reduces the domestic price of food, they could be harmed on the earnings side as sellers of unskilled labour if not also food, thereby making the net effect on their welfare uncertain. What is critical, therefore, is not only whether poor households are predominantly net buyers or net sellers of food, but also the extent to which their income derives from wages linked to the demand for labour on farms. Since around 70 per cent of the US$1/day poor in the world are rural, a significant proportion of households that are net buyers of food may still be made worse off by policies that lower rural wages via lowering the domestic price of farm outputs.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	f793b992d0973e508db7cf3ba43d58d1	Furthermore, government officials account in some cases for a relatively small proportion of climate change actors. In Kenya, for example, it is estimated that non-state institutions account for over 70% of climate change actors (IIED, 2013a). Unless monitoring and evaluation become valued sources of information, such barriers are likely to persist.	13	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599130-13-en	f796aceba78195b5452c6cd4f1211851	Regarding the actions to be taken by the LDCs (seven actions) and the development partners (nine actions), those related to climate change are essentially focused on adaptation (see Annex 8.1). However, monitoring the recommendations about climate change is rather difficult since the actions of the IPoA on this topic do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. Neither is the need for additional resources to finance adaptation.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	f796c4ea4b292b070091143a2f542add	The holding of free, democratic elections planned for 2016, within the constitutional deadline, is the country’s main political challenge to consolidate the achievements of the democratic process that began in 2006. Urban areas dominate the national economy and offer better living conditions than rural areas. However, there are risks associated with current urbanisation trends in the DRC: an increase in unplanned and informal neighbourhoods, poor quality of urban transport and congestion in cities, and limited access to social infrastructure. The country does not have a national urbanisation strategy, although it does have some measures and ongoing national initiatives which could directly or indirectly contribute to urban development, especially the land-use planning reform, construction projects for special economic zones and agro-industrial parks. It was driven by agriculture, investment, services and an improved business climate.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	f79729863c9201afaab180bc21247a58	Some technical or managerial solutions may appear to be attractive quick fixes, but they are generally inadequate. The leadership deliberately replaced the old guard, who might have been expected to resist change, with a younger, more open and better educated government bureaucracy. By 1988, a remarkable 90% of officials above the county level had been appointed since 1982.46 Capacity upgrading is still a priority, and the education levels of officials have risen continuously.	1	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264292697-4-en	f797fae610e86c178c3d901c9cd656e2	As children grow, the connection with their parents also evolves. The relationship between parents and their 15-year-old children often reflects the greater autonomy and desire for independence that come with adolescence. Activities that parents and their young children once shared, such as reading together or helping with homework, often give way to adolescent children exploring their own interests by themselves and to more mature interactions with their parents, involving discussion and negotiation.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5e8977eb-en	f79ec32dd65b5b6cbdc29886972f79a7	Policy evaluation models (also known as simulation models) evaluate the effects of specific policies on various social, economic and environmental parameters. Since these models are not subject to the computational constraints of optimizing models, they can include a much higher level of process and regional detail and provide more detailed information on the consequences of alternative policies. Policy guidance models determine all policies that are compatible with a set of subjectively specified constraints (“guardrails”).	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	f7a318964aca53dc110234f740333774	To date 35 000 households have purchased these cookstoves, offsetting 15 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and employing over 200 people. The business model is easily replicable in many countries (Green Economy Coalition, www.greeneconomycoalition.org/glimpses/eJJicient-cooking-stoves-ghana-china). These include use of wind, solar, and biomass among others, thereby simultaneously reducing the country’s need to spend foreign exchange on importing fossil fuels rather than on other development objectives such as health care and education (UNCSD submission Jamaica, 2012). A framework of regulations and incentives is gradually being put in place to encourage the production of renewable energy.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f7a38ed451bb373ae3b1b6e565df07b5	Those enrolled in vocational/technical education and trade and technical institutions constituted only 0.5%. Given the role of the manufacturing sector in Penang, and the low proportion enrolled in these institutions, this last statistic needs attention from educational planners. Over the past decade, female workers have had 10.3 years of education compared with the 9.8 years of male workers (Kharas et al. The expectation that highly-educated workers would move into higher paying jobs does not necessarily hold true.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jrw21ng3ts3-en	f7a6b0f62fe14a0d6dee968564441141	Given that the benefit system already contains a significant age bias at present, these long-term pension reforms only add to the significant redistribution from the current young to the older generations through public transfer payments, and there is a risk that pensions may crowd out resources available for other transfer programmes. Attempts by the government to change this intergenerational inequality effect of the pension system have turned out impossible due to constitutional concerns. Nonetheless, 40% of old age pension benefits is received by the top quintile in the income distribution (IMF, 2013). This is largely due to the more generous legacy public sector pension scheme Caixa Geral de Aposentagdes (CGA), in which currently retired civil servants and those that joined the public sector before 2006 are enrolled, because the private sector pension scheme GCR is de facto almost a flat rate system, with about 90% of the pensioners receiving the minimum pension benefit.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2011-9-en	f7a8b1a1aab236eead34a24b621a2b33	Neighbouring countries which have suffered the effects of haze originating in Indonesia would welcome more determined efforts to limit the use of fires to clear land for farming and logging, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Indonesia’s planning and investment promotion agencies recognise the importance of green policies but this recognition is not always reflected in their policies and programmes. Of the agencies with a specific remit on environmental sustainability, one of the most prominent is the Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim (DNPI) or National Council on Climate Change (NCCC).	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264292062-8-en	f7a9486482c7404e22220acfc5786c7d	"These are among the lowest entitlements in the OECD, and the fact that paternity leave is sponsored by an employer rather than the government likely reduces fathers' take-up. Participation in ECEC in Mexico has grown enormously over the past decade, especially following the introduction of compulsory preschool. Children aged three- through five-years-old are now enrolled in preschool at rates comparable to the OECD average. Notwithstanding this progress, demand for ECEC still far outpaces supply, especially for children under age three, and quality of care remains a concern. Mexico's share of young women not in employment, education, or training (so-called ""NEETs"") is 35% - the second-highest rate in the OECD. Young women are nearly four times as likely as young men to be NEETs in Mexico."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/eb2b4dc8-en	f7a9cd0183251bf0a61520eca6478be2	Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services. Most of these indicators are rather easily obtainable and accessible, such as indicators on abundance and distribution of species of birds and butterflies (SEBI indicator no. An example of this is the indicator on fragmentation of natural and semi-natural areas (SEBI indicator no.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	f7b793b661b1b0ffdf3c563be3c4c3d0	At the time of writing there were only five qualified plumbers in Tonga; not only is it hard to get access to them but they have no time to be tutors in plumbing at the Tonga Institute of Science and Technology. Here too, migration and attrition are combined. In Samoa, 52 teachers left the service in three and a half years between 2000 and 2005, eroding the quality of curriculum delivery (Afamasaga 2006). Tonga was losing teachers at a similar rate.	10	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/09f3c767-en	f7b7b7a65ad43689a79c75a8703d06ec	For example, the indicated low water stress in many African countries in Figure 3 does not take the lower status of water resources development into account. Most of these countries have less than 6% of their cultivated area equipped with irrigation systems (AQUASTAT, n.d.) Climate change and increasing climate variability are also likely to vary at the local and basin scales and over different seasons. For the most part, however, dry areas will tend to become drier and wet areas wetter (Figure 4), such that climate change will likely exacerbate water stress in areas that are already the most affected.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/288df776-en	f7b9209827e091c67a295dca0057d21c	In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Albania and Romania stand out with half of the housing lacking piped water. As in the case of water supply, sewerage services are most problematic in Albania, Romania and the EECCA countries. The data indicate that a limited share of the housing has a bath or shower—Uzbekistan (13.3 per cent), Bosnia and Herzegovina (22 per cent), Kyrgyzstan (24 per cent) and the Republic of Moldova and Turkmenistan (30 per cent).	11	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	f7b9e97edc467e6a7f44bc46ea861a67	These efforts are already being used to improve quality through the establishment of targets, benchmarking, public reporting and performance management. These structural reforms have the potential to make important long-term contributions to the health system’s productivity and efficiency. As countries emerge from the crisis, the future policy agenda must continue to look towards these structural changes to provide important lessons for the future.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	f7bb7af38e69fe6f9eab053920d3213f	There are also some signs of over-employment in the administration functions at the municipal level. One important factor that has contributed to this trend is the migration of students to private-subsidised schools, which is leaving too many extremely small public schools with high per-student costs. The other contributing factor is a demographic trend of falling school-age population that creates further pressures.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264276208-6-en	f7bcb80e2e8aeb7d5018bdf72ce29407	Examples include initiatives such as the Global Fishing Watch by Oceana with Google, and Project Eyes on the Sea by the Pew Charitable Trusts in co-operation with the UK Satellite Catapult Centre. Key principles relevant for governance include stakeholder engagement, integrity and transparency, clear roles and responsibilities, and policy coherence. Looking across 20 MPAs, Jones et al. (	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	f7bde5199b640e3d15446b6dc96c143e	In New Zealand, group work is aided by a curriculum that has only eight levels over 12 or 13 years of schooling. There is an explicit understanding that students are promoted from one year to another automatically, but any individual student could be achieving at a number of different curriculum levels, depending on the learning area or subject. Classes are offered at different grade levels at the same time, allowing students to study in the class that best suits their achievement level. In this way, a student nominally at a particular year level may be taking classes from a year below or a year above their nominal year level.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fa0355fa-en	f7bebb002b69e67275231bce36dcd0df	Most importantly, cities have governance responsibilities and can develop policy frameworks for migrant inclusion in the cities of both origin and destination. Urban growth can be sustained when cities invest in their people: Rapid city growth can be difficult to sustain in terms of the impacts on urban infrastructure, environment and social fabric. Cities that are managing these challenges effectively make substantive investments in infrastructure especially in the latest digital technologies.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	f7c194b50db9927ad6d08bb0265bf26e	Sickness Compensation is awarded to adults 30 years old or more on much the same basis, except they are permanent disability benefits (as opposed to the temporary three-year benefit as under Activity Compensation). According to Sweden’s 2012 National Public Health Report, mental disorders - including such afflictions as depression, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, mental disabilities, personality disorders and drug abuse -combined with musculoskeletal disorders account for 76% of all new disability claims amongst women, and 65% of similar claims amongst men in 2006 (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2012). The most commonly diagnosed issues amongst these conditions are depression, adjustment disorders, reactions to stress and anxiety disorders.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/215d0d56-en	f7c56f8d289d29f20d1062737b7a6ad6	Evidence for agriculture-based economies demonstrates that non-farm sources of income account for about 20-30 per cent of total income for rural households, a significant portion of which could consist of remittances from household members who migrated to urban areas (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Food Programme and International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2012). Policies that facilitate the transfer of such remittances would then come to be considered highly necessary for stabilizing and increasing income levels of the most disadvantaged groups. How to cope with and adapt to the impact of higher temperatures on human health is a relevant issue in this regard. Increasingly, national heat wave plans are being implemented to deal with extreme heat, especially in countries where temperatures can reach unbearable levels.	13	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264276055-11-en	f7c81580b261def07eddf1aafd309aab	Simplifying the multi-layered and complex process through which new investment are considered and concession agreements are granted, as well as promoting more transparency around the decision-making process, particularly as related to how enviromnental and social issues are considered, should be prioritised. Lowering opportunities for discretion and unpredictability (see Chapter 5 on investment promotion and facilitation) could bring substantial benefits, not only in terms of more predictability and clarity for investors, but also by correctly assessing the true extent of social and environmental impacts of proposed projects. Requiring ex ante and ex post impact assessments is an important tool for examining, mitigating and preventing potential negative impacts of business activity.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	f7ca0d3b989771bd5763dbe10eba57bf	The Education Superintendence is also integrated within the National System for Quality Assurance (Sistema Nacional de Aseguramiento de la Calidad, SAC), which provides the potential to link the monitoring of resource use to the quality of education. The SAC provides a very useful institutional framework to promote a more effective use of resources. It is a relatively new system that complements other mechanisms for institutional accountability Chile has developed over time, including a system of teacher evaluation, evaluations by the Ministry of Finance (Direccion de Presupuestos, DIPRES), detailed data and information distributed to the public, among others. As it grows and develops more fully over time, the SAC’s effects will be more fully felt.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	f7ca549ddf63dd841886ff8f6da74e82	"However, there are no monitoring data for substantiating the state and impacts of reservoirs. Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Shkoder are, possibly, at risk of not achieving the WFD criteria for ""good"" status. Most groundwaters appear to be still of good quality, although there are insufficient monitoring data to assess their possible pollution with pesticides or heavy metals, among other things. Milestones include the adoption of the Law on Integrated Water Resources Management No. However, secondary legislation to implement the WFD is still lacking."	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	f7cb1d93080f3194425d3ce042eb09f4	Attribution is defined as here as “the ascription of a causal link between observed (or expected to be observed) changes and a specific intervention” (OECD, 2002). The 13 action fields are: i) human health, ii) building sector, iii) water regime, water management, coastal and marine protection, iv) soil, v) biological diversity, vi) agriculture, vii) forestry and forest management, viii) fishery, ix) energy industry (conversion, transport and supply), x) financial services industry, xi) transport, transport infrastructure, xii) trade and industry, xii) tourism industry. The two cross-section fields are: xiv) spatial, regional and physical development planning, and xv) civil protection. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Mutual Accountability: Emerging Good Practice, available at: www.oecd.org/dac/effectiueness/ 49656340.pdf. National Adaptation Programmes of Action, available at: http://unfccc.int/adaptation/ ivorkstreams/national_adaptationjjrogrammes_of_action/items/7567.php.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264119284-5-en	f7cc565189e505dcceba5e7ad9a1f737	On the other hand, the bottom-up approach advocated by proponents of delegated water management can potentially both be complementary and also conflict with the drive for metropolitan co-ordination inherent in governance reform. This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks; and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.4. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. The restricted definition of the functional labour market roughly corresponds with the province of Milan, which includes 189 municipalities induding the city of Milan. The extended definition of the functional area includes the province of Milan and seven other provinces.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264274051-7-en	f7cdaaad7751d2e367a22540d2573762	Ensure that new teachers receive more support to develop professionally. All new teachers should have a mentor, be closely monitored and receive regular feedback to develop their teaching competencies. The current teacher portfolio should be developed into a formative tool that includes evidence of new teachers’ work with students, to be discussed w'ith their principals and mentors and to encourage selfreflection. Improve initial teacher education so that new teachers are adequately prepared to teach.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	f7d9e2443251750a6efff99bdb43b340	Due to the fact that the use of the patented substance is subject to the patentee’s consent, unauthorized third parties engaging in the manufacturing of similar products risk patent infringement suits. The granting of pharmaceutical patents may therefore entail considerable challenges for generic drugs producers. A patent granted on the pharmaceutical substance is therefore usually considered to be a more serious obstacle for generic producers than a patent granted for the process of making or using a drug.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f7dbe48c96584ddf6f5a19a71722933f	It implies of course that in cases where absolute recipient numbers are presented, these are lower than the corresponding numbers for the entire population. An individual’s health status is not considered for sample selection, also because, in most cases, it cannot be observed in the data. Individuals with health issues thus remain in the sample and will be included among recipients in countries where SA benefits can be paid to those temporarily or permanently unfit for work.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	f7dccd38a79b9dbb6805b9ded34550c9	In Australia, the first two contracts were for two or three years, and the second two contract periods were for six years with a mid-term reallocation of business. There is an expectation, although not a rule, that new contracts will be awarded to providers with a good performance record. Contract decisions are taken at the ESA level, and thus primarily reflect management performance at a fairly local (commuting-area) level.	8	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-3-en	f7dd38de3d6f8ce72467848d76daf2bc	"Article 5 states that ""Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them."" Considering nature-based tourism from a sustainability perspective will inevitably take us to the concept of ecotourism, which can be seen as a normative sub-category of nature-based tourism. Donohoe and Needham (2006) reviewed 42 definitions and conclude that ecotourism is characterized as nature-based, preservative, educative, sustainable, responsible and ethical tourism."	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/664768b0-en	f7de910b0789dbe850477a898f62b761	They play a key role in introducing and promoting new technologies, facilitating international trade and enabling the efficient use of resources. However, the world still has a long way to go to fully tap this potential. Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $59 billion in 2017, an increase of 32.5 per cent in real terms since 2010. Further, impressive gains have been made in mobile connectivity.	9	0	7	1.0
10.18356/b8259a41-en	f7ded196e281e8ad7c1a683d09e0e0d1	Bongaarts and Potter (1983) identified four key variables or principal proximate determinants that account for the most cross-country variation in fertility levels. They are marriage, contraceptive use, induced abortion and post-partum infecundability. Bulatao (1984) studied the determinants of fertility and attempted to reach conclusions that are relevant for fertility reduction policies in developing countries.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/cee83719-en	f7e01fa194eee234da9aa432787f4317	The tax rates applied to the four components of the air pollution tax are too low for achieving this. The water pollution tax has been awaiting the adoption of secondary legislation required for its implementation. The excise duty on motor fuels has not been used as an instrument for more rational use of petrol and diesel. Insufficient tariffs for recovering costs are also a barrier for greater private sector involvement in the provision of these services.	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/47a9a2d3-en	f7e0c1c4d54ec2b0ef5eb9c3af825d40	In fact, most of the rise in wheat and rice consumption in Africa was met by increased imports.97 In Cameroon for example, since the 1970s external rice purchases and the development of rice production have been influenced by changes in prices and customs regulations. The rice market grew from 15,000 tons to 60,000 tons between 1975 and 1980. Since then the progression in imports can be explained by the economic crisis coupled with growing urbanization - two factors which have had a significant impact on eating habits and farming in the country.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	f7e24b7f4fc1d69281948e3a6e9f2f06	Governments at all levels rely on a variety of revenue streams, but local governments in OECD countries are almost always constrained by higher level governments in terms of their ability to raise revenue and what they can spend it on. The relationship between fiscal and planning systems in a country' in turn creates incentives for how land is used (see Box 1.7 for an illustration). Whereas the United Kingdom’s (central) land use planning system is one of the most rigid in the world and its fiscal system is heavily centralised, Switzerland is an extremely decentralised country, with strong political and fiscal powers allocated at local level. Two main features distinguish the British ‘development control’ system from the continental European ‘rule-based zoning’ system. First, development control is highly centralised and imposes stringent land use restrictions to contain uiban growth throughout the country (‘green belts’ that are largely sacrosanct for development for example surround all major urban centres in England). Second, development control is discretionary rather than mle based.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/3400179e-en	f7e3cafa6ee78988eeffdaa2da5cdbd6	The simplification of development into eight goals amenable to quantitative measurement has reduced the development agenda to a plan for meeting basic material needs, leaving it stripped of the distinct vision for development found in the Millennium Declaration, one that emphasizes social justice and human rights for all. For these countries, the need to invest in the development of their human resources and generate productive employment opportunities is imperative. Other countries will experience a shrinking in their labour forces. For these countries, which also include middle-income developing countries, a major concern is whether a relatively smaller labour force will be able to support a growing dependent population at an acceptable level of welfare.	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5ff49553-en	f7e4d0cb14e08e4b984a42df53a7ab7f	By contrast, a mix of low production complexity and high inequality is also a scenario of low learning, in which the balance between the importation of technology and endogenous efforts to adapt, fine-tune and innovate leans towards importation. First, the income distribution that emerges from the market is already affected by State intervention (or lack thereof): the setting of minimum wages, employer-worker bargaining, and the regulation of the degree of monopoly in the goods and services markets, among other factors, all have direct consequences on primary income inequality. In other words, the income distribution that results from production and the market is not inexorable but rather is determined by a social construct defined by the institutional and policy environment, together with labour productivity.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/73b30008-en	f7e50164759993c55dd7554ff0affc68	"This is a key aspect of Agenda 2030's aspirations ""to leave no one behind"". Most often, disaggregation entails survey design to allow for the collection and analysis of data concerning age, sex, education level, occupation, and place of residence. Disaggregation by employment and health status, and ethnicity, can also be of key importance."	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/5f39af5f-en	f7e5985765f83c5e622d0e580a53c4fe	As of 1 January 2015, the urban population accounted for only 26.5 per cent of the total population of the country, and this figure remained unchanged from 2005. Three other large cities are Khujand, the administrative capital of Sughd Oblast (pop. Of these, 43 are in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, 93 in Sughd Oblast, 133 in Khatlon Oblast and 101 in the districts under republican subordination.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f7e846f221c011d5d06b233ed72661e3	The share of wind and solar in total electricity supply in OECD Europe in 2009 was thus 4.3% compared to 1.6% in OECD North America and only 0.7% in OECD Pacific. In individual European countries, the shares are such that they can indeed make a difference to the working of the electricity system. Wind and solar thus contributed 19% to the electricity supply in Denmark, 15% in both Portugal and Spain and 7.3% in Germany during 2009. First, precisely due to intermittency, the total shares of wind and solar power in total electricity supply vastly underestimate their contribution when the wind is actually blowing and the sun is shining.	7	0	6	1.0
10.18356/58d686e0-en	f7ec86307d19f2c688b31114c29dcc7e	Under the Convention, States must take measures to ensure that the situation of migrants in an irregular situation does not persist (art. The duty of States to provide information to migrants and their family members on their rights under the Convention (art. Additionally, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and General Assembly resolution 58/143 on violence against women migrant workers urged States to better protect the rights of migrant women.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	f7ef4fb71f7f8459c743181b66d74244	In terms of domestic demand for textile production, the question is whether India can capture higher international market shares, particularly from China where wage costs are rising. Based on demographics and industrial wage developments, India may capture more clothing trade from China in the future, but China’s infrastructure and supply chain developments may help to maintain its advantage. Spinning cotton is much more capital-intensive than cutting and sewing apparel or garments, and China may continue spinning for even longer, as the United States did right up to 2000.	2	3	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	f7f62870465dfe5907afe33fed9092b0	According to Gaini (Gaini 2005), the extent of this crisis was unparalleled in Europe and it radically changed the Faroese society. Nevertheless, a relatively small proportion of the labour force is actually employed in the fishing industry, whereas a large proportion of the labour force is employed in the service sector, much like the rest of the Nordic countries. Like the rest of the Nordic countries, a vast proportion of those employed in the service sector are women.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/3afdf450-en	f7f9b77b713f6f3cbeb3315ab94a120d	The light blue indicates the 12 countries with a lower poverty rate in the individual category, the mid-blue denotes the average performers, while the dark blue marks the 12 countries with the highest levels of poverty. Overall, the country composition of the groups is quite stable, as expected, but with some exceptions. Thus Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway are among the best performers as might be expected (for the total child poverty rate, in the first column, and also for the individual risk categories) while Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and USA are stable in the group of the worst performing countries on relative poverty.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	f7fd02f7c637b1ae7ce3ebedf226f02a	As the price of surface water increases, farmers tend to pump more groundwater. Schuck and Green (2003a) find that when the price of surface water reaches 62% of the marginal cost of pumping groundwater, the likelihood of a farmer having a well reaches 50%. These prices are notably higher than those observed in some other districts in California with more senior water rights or exchange contracts with the Bureau of Reclamation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264112902-5-en	f7fe5ea4288616f58dbe0f2f08ed6a81	Indeed, amongst the poor, there are both net buyers and net sellers of food, and many (perhaps the majority of) farm households may in fact be net buyers. The difficulties of designing price stabilisation programmes are well known. Formal (ex ante) price stabilisation induces moral hazard, with agents failing to mitigate risk, and price stabilisation can easily turn into systemic price support or suppression, depending on political pressures.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264086234-en	f7ff2d0d7d0a111d538a62ce6a13a54e	It has one of the highest overall employment rates in the OECD, and one of the highest OECD employment rates for women. Around 80% of all mothers and 90% of all fathers of children below seven were working in 2009 (Statistics Sweden, www.scb.se). Government activities are directed by a cabinet of ministers, which is led by the prime minister.	4	7	0	1.0
10.6027/9789289328913-7-en	f7ff7e5e9d7e164028f81a28a867d3e3	Almost all the other indicators were lacking some consistency of data or there had been some costly data processing needed in order to provide the indicator with a short notice. Both databases provide information on recreation supply, e.g. recreation areas, services and facilities in natural areas. In principle, the databases are updated continuously, but in practice both databases have a lot of shortage of data.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264188617-en	f808b370d9050d787d6be4167d0dd637	Each one of these five scenarios branches in the third stage into two further scenarios. Hence, ten discrete scenarios describe the error distribution of short-term forecasts. Each forecast scenario is described by a probability of occurrence. The applied structure of the scenario tree and the number of discrete scenarios are subject to a compromise between a fair approximation of the distribution density function of stochastic variables and the computational effort of the resulting optimisation problems.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/423532ad-en	f80a721a76f14e21b6daf62292b7566e	The two main tools are the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system and the Electronic Single Window (ESW). The EDI allows trade-related documents to be transferred electronically, while the ESW is more extensive and allows trade stakeholders to submit documentation and other information through a single point of entry to complete customs procedures. Figure C.4 depicts the variation in regional adoption of EDI and ESW systems. While many countries now use EDI systems, the use of single windows lags far behind across regions.	9	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	f80b4eccc4573bd5b751f20b5e71755a	Each of the municipalities visited had their own ideas for the development of offerings for their teachers, even if many were quite aware of the government’s goals for the specialisation of teachers by the year 2020 and were encouraging and/or incentivising school leaders to develop these competencies among their school staff. Additional earmarked funding from the central government provides one source of support for teacher development and a tool for the central level to steer professional development (see above). However, stakeholders in schools and municipalities raised concerns that they lack support for the release of teachers in order for them to participate in learning opportunities.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en	f80bd454939fc82e0f8eef25eaf7cc50	In the current set-up, UI fund member fees are linked to the unemployment rate in the sector and are partly state-financed. In theory, this should encourage UI funds to monitor their members' eligibility' for UI benefits, and employer and employee confederations to internalise the impact of their wage negotiations on unemployment as they have close links with these funds. This is mainly because unions are in fact in charge of paying UI benefits for only a limited number of unemployed who are likely to be relatively close to the labour market. The fact that UI funds stop to pay benefits after 300 days of unemployment (at which point the state takes over) entails perverse incentives for wage formation.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/8cbb3e8c-en	f811554b4fda5e97ea2abfd7e952f79b	To take just one example, ongoing work is focusing on the environmental footprint of global food waste. Early results suggest that the carbon footprint of food produced but not consumed is 3.3 billion tonnes C02 eq/a, representing around 9% of total global GHG emissions.14 Were such emissions generated by a country, that country would be the world’s third-largest GHG emitter, behind only the US and China. Extending that to waste and resource management in a broader sense would significantly increase the potential, to 15 to 20% or perhaps even more, if waste prevention was also included. As shown in Figure 1, most of the sites are in Africa, Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, with two in Europe.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	f813f7e2e59a2952b1131ea5b649787a	Both organisations have a dual mandate, including supporting business innovation and entrepreneurship (with a focus on energy efficiency of city services and “smart city” development in Astana) and assisting investors. In Almaty City, the ISC (within the JSC “Almaty Development Centre”) is the only regional ISC with a comprehensive website dedicated to foreign investors in English (http://investinalmatv.com/en). Subnational investment promotion agencies are usually small, flexible organisations w'ell-connected to both the local administration and business community. In Kazakhstan, ISCs may require additional resources (both financial and human) but also need to be incorporated into the larger set of investment promotion and facilitation activities of Kaznex Invest.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	f818a479eed9c16591f478f51300e97e	These are likely to be required through three RBMP cycles until 2027, in order to reach good status for surface water and groundwater. The Wiedau River, shared between Denmark and Germany and discharging into the Waddcn Sea, has been highly controlled by weirs and gates to protect it from tides and surges. During the last decade, a number of projects have been completed to make the weirs passable for migrating fish, and to return straightened and modified stretches of the river to its original meandering course. This requires transboundary agreements on the measures to be taken, political commitment to their enforcement, and sustained cooperation to monitor their effectiveness.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264122840-8-en	f818e379b18842dd971406a287ff4418	As a national agency, the EDA is subject to the US Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), which requires all federal agencies to report to Congress on the achievement of specific goals. As the results of EDA investments often materialise over a number of years, the administration projects and reports on indicators that track outcomes three, six and nine years after programme investments have been made. However, these and other data produced for the GPRA have limited use for short- to medium-term decision making.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264265493-6-en	f818e8fc2934821c69bc84ce509d1133	This is one of the highest differences in labour force participation in the OECD, where the average difference is 12.5 percentage points. Only Turkey has a higher gender gap among prime age workers, with a difference of 43 percentage points. While women have improved their rates of labour force participation on average, groups such as young women and mothers are not faring well, and face systematic barriers in obtaining and keeping good-quality jobs (Chapter 3).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/fa683360-en	f81b06bcdbc7a57989e6e445bb53808b	Key factors in not completing the initial process were being disbelieved or fear of the police and the criminal justice system. For example, it is not always clear whether cases were “lost” or “dropped”. Dropped cases are those where either the police or prosecutor makes a clear and explicit decision not to proceed with a case.	5	5	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f81c724f6a98be5ae0b1b29c730d54b6	With its market intervention and prior claims on elevator space and transportation, it is crowding out private traders who are exposed to additional risks and costs. The crowding out effect of FCC activities most probably exaggerate the volatility of grain markets, which poses problems for small and medium-sized producers in particular. Agroholdings and large traders may not be affected as much because they have opportunities to store grain and release it at the most profitable moment. Russian ports are believed to prioritise domestic wheat exports over Kazakhstan’s, while transport costs to more distant ports in Ukraine and Latvia are high.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	f81cb6d8fe782b582bc0fdcb8b5eb9da	But more investments in the agricultural sector may also take place, resulting in more efficient and more sustainable production and, consequently, in higher aggregate yields. Increased demand for ethanol and biodiesel may increase the demand and price for grains and oil seeds while also indirectly increasing the prices for other crops owing to increased competition for land. Larger but poorer populations will demand, in total, larger quantities of food and the composition of the food basket will be different.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	f81dcc2abc503467edd4e8ecfbd7841f	Between 1990 and 1993 the TAC strategy helped prevent an estimated 10 800 serious casualty crashes and halved the state's road toll over the five years from December 1989 (Cameron et al., The initial priorities were drink driving and driving at excessive speed. The strategy of the campaign was to have an increased law enforcement presence on the roads supported by hard-hitting, high-profile advertising.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/db7ae14d-en	f820152fc6d63094e65905cff1783b15	For instance, increased spending on education may help increase schooling levels among poor children, but will not raise future income if broader economic policies fail to generate sufficient employment and if there are no complementary policies that address idiosyncratic determinants of economic vulnerability which keep wage returns to some of the poor low. Nor will social investments raise incomes if the poor cannot accumulate physical and financial capital, or if recurrent economic downturns force periodic rundowns of their limited assets. Social policy alone cannot change the economic environment or elements in the structure of the economy that contribute to poverty and volatile employment and income conditions. In a review of social policy making in developing countries, Grindle (2010, p. 12) notes that China’s current growth spurt is supported “by the ready availability of a literate and healthy labour force” and yielded a longer-term pay-off to early investment in social development.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en	f820e491162964371ec73ad7577dcb15	In that case, the minimum price is specified in the contract. Svenska Kraftnat activated the reserves during 30 days during winter 2009/2010, and during 8 days during winter 2010/2011. This is a straightforward, quick and effective means to bring in new capacity when supply adequacy forecasts show a lack of capacity a few years in advance and if old plants have to be closed. This mechanism has been used to build a CCGT power plant in France in Brittany.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f7966277-en	f822c1983fb09ec173932f884c554928	Also that year, for the first time, doctors replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical one. And a human egg was fertilized in a test tube (Edwards and others, 1969). Worldwide, child death rates plummeted from 215 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1950 to under 160 per 1,000 just 19 years later (United Nations, 2017).	5	4	0	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	f822c2ee8226c9cef23b574146c62779	The Platform supports the diversity of women's voices, the recognition that, despite progress, women suffer because of obstacles to achieving equality with men and that further progress is hindered, especially, by the poverty suffered by so many women and children. It has since come into common parlance and used in reference to women’s economic position on a global scale.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	f824e932b7acb7581c212698ac4e1203	The balance of such trade-offs, and the options for managing them, are assessed in this paper. Those options include alternative non-trade policies, such as social protection and help with risk management, but arguably the need to defer trade reforms or retain the option to deploy trade policy instruments under specific circumstances. Section 2 examines the links between trade and food availability, while Section 3 considers the links between trade and food access. The two issues are closely linked, because while food may simply be unavailable, a lack of availability is more commonly resolved through higher prices - making the issue one of access for those who cannot afford food.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	f82611280ef1c5ca3eb7217cb7898286	The provided figures therefore underestimate total national public support for the sector. National level data on support for social rental housing provided by the central government is missing for Canada, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom. In addition to public subsidies in the forms just discussed, the sources of financing for social rental providers include rental income, debt finance and equity contributions. Rental income consists of the rents paid by social tenants which are, as discussed, often subsidized by housing allowances. Various rules are used in OECD countries to set rent levels in social rental housing. Rents are based on tenants’ income in Australia, Ireland, Japan, Luxemburg and New Zealand; they are set based on dwelling costs in Austria, Denmark, Finland and Switzerland; and, they are set based on the dwelling characteristics such as size and location in the Netherlands and Estonia (OECD QuASH).	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-35-en	f82ae676de90aca6f4168af872e8cc4b	Seafood imports are primarily under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration. These figures represent total US tariff revenues for imports of edible fish and shellfish products. Since most fishery imports are dutyfree, the majority of these amounts are accounted for by imports of a handful of processed products such as canned tuna, sardines and oysters, smoked salmon, and frozen crabmeat. The figures for each year are therefore inflated by approximately 33%.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	f82d2101ea678f81669fa58a63a77832	For goods under the Highly Sensitive List, Sensitive List and Exclusion List, the modality varies and the tariff cuts were negotiated bilaterally between ASEAN member states and Japan, taking into account the sensitivities of the parties (ASEAN, 2010). However, the Indonesian government has still to ratify the agreement so the scheduled tariff reductions have not taken place. A Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (FACEC) between ASEAN and India was signed in October 2003 and provided for an Early Harvest Programme of tariff concessions as a confidence-building measure.	2	1	3	0.5
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	f82ee0a23d440b86adf3c2f402fec8da	It is important to recognise the definitions proposed for SCM before analysing those specific to the tourism industry, particularly as there is no single, universally agreed definition. According to Mentzer et al. ( Furthermore, unlike traditional businesses, where the end product is tangible and can be taken home, tourism produces a tangible product but an intangible outcome - the customer experience (Smith and Xiao 2008).	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/31a189bf-en	f83109b307c8b68277db9fbc28661b3f	The aim of TVET is to develop a skilled workforce and, if this objective is achieved, this will in turn enhance the public perception of TVET so that it is no longer seen as a second-rate source of education. Skills recognition is a mechanism for facilitating the incorporation of informal and non-formal modalities because it gives credit for learning gained through any number of pathways. Skills recognition can also provide a pathway into formal programmes and can support the mobility of the workforce across the region if mutual recognition systems are in place in the various countries.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5km5zrrvzr42-en	f8313a63403c0929b85519f69134d961	Delphine Grandrieux, Anne Mayne and Corinne Hayworth (IEA) helped with the laying out of the paper. This report seeks to improve understanding as to why this is so, and what can be done about it. Flowever, these public investments are small compared with the projected investment needs - over USD 299.4 billion per year up to 2030 to reach the 450 scenario.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) estimates that over 86% of those investments should be covered through private investments. This is equivalent to an average USD 760 million yearly, which is far from the estimated annual needs of USD 299.4 billion. The report focuses on barriers faced by investors and project developers looking to finance EE projects.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/2d07fa8a-en	f832c72d822d82236917baa96cc1b9d8	This experience has generated several positive outcomes for small family farmers (Bioversity International, 2012). Farmers have more than doubled the area devoted to bananas to respond to demand and have adopted more efficient harvest and post-harvest practices. Over 85 percent of producers reported higher incomes and increased consumption, including milk and meat.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	f833b1a121998573b58259f35c8525c5	So if the contribution of water to the regional economy is USD 1 billion, and there is a 10% reduction in its availability, then a first-order guess at the welfare cost would be 0.10*USD lbill. This is just a first-order estimate, since any reduction in available water will affect the marginal value product of water. It is also the kind of estimate which can be generated without resource to an economy-wide model. Of course, such a shortage will also interact with other features of the economy - hence the need for economic modelling in the context of the CIRCLE project.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k483jn5j1lv-en	f83637f12da543fd9df8cb97ade0ef3c	There are also examples at the national level. The Dutch Sustainable Growth Coalition, for example, unites the eighth largest big multinationals in shaping, sharing and stimulating sustainable business models. The changing role of business in society is also reflected in the increased participation by businesses in the discussions in various forums of the United Nations such as UN Global Compact, the development of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, as well as at international conferences such as the Rio+20 conference, which confirmed the importance of corporate sustainability reporting. When moving towards green growth requires a joint public private approach then there should also be more convergence between public and private measurement and reporting to follow the progress made to achieve the goals of green growth.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/85b52daf-en	f8372e73d0844e9a52a630d34672372f	Examples of activities that fall within this latter category include partnerships between development partners and companies that are facilitated by CSOs, and matching grant schemes where development partners’ financing goes to a third party to implement the activity. Activities to support the enabling environment / private sector development more broadly are included, if there is an implication of active private sector involvement (e.g. SME engagement / development programmes, business capacity building, value chain development activities, etc.). This is because development partners’ activities often pursue multiple objectives with the same activity. For example, in the case of an energy efficiency credit line, development partner objectives often include mobilising private finance, improving the environmental performance of businesses and strengthening existing financial systems for green finance.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/3ad10876-en	f83790f368a60f292ffe263c0b99c994	The more systematically collected data on the glaciers in Kyrgyzstan is from the 1960s. With preparation of a national climate change adaptation strategy and its adoption by the Government, Kyrgyzstan expects to gradually take related measures in the coming years. For example, future irrigation requirements remain to be assessed. In some countries, efforts have been made to assess the likely impact climate change will have on water resources in the major river basins. However, the limited results show a significant spread in predictions. For example, in 2004 the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan completed the construction of the Dosti Dam on the Tejen/Harirud.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	f83a03b239a6aceb6132716c01a8a1c3	This index controls for the impact of a country’s own tariffs on its imports. It represents the uniform tariff that, if applied, would leave a country’s imports at their actual level. It is compiled as the sum of a country’s tariffs lines weighted by its import shares and demand elasticities. Data used in the paper is based on Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009) and Kee, Neagu and Nicita (2010)3.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/d83a215d-en	f83af7d873858f2839160d2c1fbd161c	That is the first question. Biodiversity underpins some economic activities and a loss of biodiversity (or in broader terms, ecosystems and their related goods and services) affects the functioning of the economic system. However, the exact impact on the economic activity depends on the type of changes in biodiversity experienced as well as the economic activity in question, with sectors such as agriculture or tourism being more affected than, for instance, banking or the automobile industry.	15	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	f83b7922973d93192080ddfa9c2a45a4	However, it has been pointed out in the Tourism Sector Plan Vision 2030 that ‘there is homogeneity of craft items which translates into high levels of competitiveness. Most craft vendors buy from the same producers, so there is limited variety and the quality is often at times low’ (Government of Jamaica 2009: 7). This sub-sector is typically dominated by women and many of the tourist sales take place at craft markets in the resort areas; tourists from the growing cruise and all-inclusive tourism sectors may find these difficult to access.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	f83b83b5f9317eba30dc5bc174dba11a	This meant that urban and regional development issues were not given adequate consideration in the political agenda and in citizens’ perception. This would require increasing the authority of local authorities at the oblast, rayon and even town levels, which could coordinate investment to cities to promote growth. Kazakhstan needs to diversify the mechanisms for horizontal co-ordination (i.e. ministerial posts for cross-cutting issues, and rotations of government managers) at the central level for urban policy.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264082106-1-en	f83e7ad6deb592aedf97b7918453bee9	In 2006, upper secondary education was reformed with the aim of strengthening vocational education. In addition to a General Lyceum imparting academic education, the new framework includes: a Professional Lyceum providing vocational education with emphasis on theoretical knowledge and giving access to tertiary education; and Vocational Schools providing vocational training with emphasis on practical learning and laboratory practice. Moreover, a number of Vocational Schools under the supervision of the public employment service provide apprenticeship training.	8	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	f83f11fad78e5c6087192c9958b7a4ab	Figure 12, shows betweenness centrality calculated using Eq. ( Note that we can choose centrality betweenness based on hop count or propagation delay, but we chose centrality betweenness based on hop count because we used the routing algorithm based on hop count. Figure 12 gives betweenness centrality of each nodes, and shows that node 5 has the highest betweenness centrality than other node in NSFNET and node 9 has the second highest. In addition, these nodes are considered appropriate as reference nodes since they are connected with four nodes.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/859159ab-en	f840b1d930cbb75126ac46f54f61ff4f	This would help in the development of effective public health policy interventions (Box 3.1). An ADB study compared actual and recommended numbers of air quality monitoring stations in Asian cities based on population and pollution level, as implied by an EU directive though terrain and other factors also affect the number of sites needed (ADB, 2014). Generally, cities in developed Asian economies had enough monitoring sites for their population; Singapore, for example, has 15, while 13 are recommended for a city of its size (Table 3.1).	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-8-en	f8462113f22d7d14e827390482b28ac5	Cost-benefit analyses conducted for numerous rivers have demonstrated that rehabilitated rivers and adjacent parks contribute to the economic growth of localities by attracting private investment and increasing real estate values (MoEP, 2010). As of 2010, the allocation of water provisions to nature has been raised to 60 million m3 per year, including 10 million m3 of potable water and 50 million m3 of treated effluent. This allocation is targeted to increase to 95 million m3 per year by 2020. In 2003, the NPA assessed the water requirements of nature and the landscape in Israel.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289328913-3-en	f84e1b5d71a79b10e380588d6fed8e16	Social (recreational] services represent by far the most important value, with a share of 50% of the reported total marketed services value. Looking at the reported data - and the difficulties in this respect - one should be cautious regarding the validity of the given value of the marketed services at a countiy-level -and even more at a European-level. Looking forward, the implementation of NATURA 2000 as well as the development in climate mitigation policies suggest that we will see increasing use of market based instruments to support the provision of these ecosystem services.	15	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	f84eda3e966f5f1a080faedc7c8122fb	In 2007, for the first time, it supplied more than 50% of aquatic products used for direct food consumption. With growing demand, it is expected to expand further and in many markets, it will increasingly dominate the supply of aquatic foods. Major losses from disease have caused catastrophic failures and loss of investment confidence, and there are continuing concerns about environmental impacts.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/5f098704-en	f8507a84fa41a41a205e6a577cfe337d	This group includes three categories: development momentum and youth employment challenges in fragile contexts, to be followed by discussion of the priorities of fragile and conflict-affected states (as an extreme case for rural migration). It includes the majority of developing countries where net rural-urban migration is positive but rural-rural migration is also very relevant, as many countries of this category still have a considerable agricultural base. In such contexts, policies may focus on investing more specifically in generating off-farm employment through the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	f8508fb4e0e4f4e26bc2a53f8dd8b423	They also experiment with activity diversification in order to secure their income. In the lake Faguibine area of Northern Mali, for example, reduced water levels mean that traditionally dominant water-dependent activities are less relevant for women's livelihoods. For this reason, they are moving into new economic activities based on forest resources in the former lake area, like charcoal production (Djoudi and Brockhaus, 2011). In the Sahel alone, more than 800 species of edible wild plants have been catalogued to date, (UNEP, n.d.).	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	f8530571768d18f8cc1f261eff8bb2dc	Only a few studies have presented much in the way of formal theoretical justification for the particular lag models they have employed in modelling returns to agricultural research. This table represents a reworked version of Table 5 in Alston et al. ( Until quite recently, it was common to restrict the lag length to be less than 20 years.	2	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k43bvtkmb8v-en	f85445717a05f1c0c789919d059f465b	Men are three times more likely than women to own a business with employees. Women rarely own large businesses and their average earnings from self-employment are up to 60% lower than for men. Cultural norms, stereotypes and lack of role models make women less interested in an entrepreneurial career and less confident in their capacities as entrepreneurs. Other obstacles such as time shortages and the composition of their professional networks lead women to start relatively small businesses, with low levels of initial capital and bank financing. These obstacles establish a competitive disadvantage for companies owned by women, which translates in levels of labour productivity that are 5 to 30% lower than those of companies owned by men. This paper also presents examples of policy initiatives in the domains of credit, training and awareness raising that can unlock the double dividend of women’s entrepreneurship: higher empowerment of women and more productive businesses.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/feb1987a-en	f854af66e31fc3f45b5efac23fc15894	An example is the German city of Brunsbuttel, where the Kiel Canal enters the North Sea. Pollution by ships is a serious issue and reduction of emissions is needed. As a result of well planned and executed communications, the possible future local storage of LNG was not objected to by the population.	7	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	f857838f3596b43fcb85e8cdd40d0573	According to the SFP,14 neither regular pay assessments nor audits to ensure pay equality and equity are undertaken. While civil service wages and salaries are not gender-distinct, but determined by job, there may be unknown wage differentials between men and women at various grades or salary scales within a given job. To gain perspective on the question, there is a need for data on wages and salaries by grade, scale, occupation, gender and, perhaps, educational credentials. Only with such data is it possible to compere male and female salaries and job levels and determine whether they match qualifications and their distribution is similar. Currently, the SFP does not collect such information, but it would be a good practice were it do so in order to identify gender gaps and areas that require attention. They relate to a work culture that pervades the FPA and focuses on the number of hours spent in the office as opposed to efficiency and achievement.	5	0	8	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	f85814360b01b767add0ff745316b4bc	The authors hypothesize that this lack of impact, which contrasts with the decreases they find in the short-term could be due to marital dissolution and decreases in overall rates of IPV overtime, however the authors are unable to test these theories directly. Although no average effect is found, there are treatment effects (both positive and negative) by various household characteristics and by transfer size—however there are likely to be endogenous and it is unclear how these differential effects should be interpreted. We have only analyzed the qualitative data and to the extent possible, have presented results from the qualitative sections. In terms of quality assessment using the COREQ check-list (column 13), 4 of the included studies were given a high score and 5 were given medium scores.	5	4	0	1.0
10.14217/6f77cc82-en	f85bbf47a9f83908025d1a382bcc0cad	Coupled with Dominica's mountainous island topography and the saturated condition of the soil, the heavy rainfall resulted in intense and rapid flooding, with little warning to the population (Dominica Government 2015e). Dominica suffered severe infrastructure damage, primarily related to transportation, housing and agriculture. There were 30 deaths and around 28,594 people were affected.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km4knxj9tf3-en	f85bcbe654195c9172a403e559102571	The following paragraphs provide a number of examples. There are a variety of economic instruments available to increase sustainable energy supply. One relatively simple option is to waive import duties and value-added tax to minimize the investment burden on the private sector and stimulate an increase in the supply of decentralized renewable energy technologies. The Government of Kenya has had much success using this approach to attract private sector investment for PV systems: over 200 companies and thousands of technicians now promote small solar systems for rural households.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/27e660be-en	f85c031b9393ec1edd1a762aedffdb3a	A UNDP survey from 2013 found that 28 per cent of Tunisians were hostile to women's political participation, of whom 24 per cent felt that women's place was in the home. One hundred women with leadership potential were selected to take part in a series of trainings to help develop their skills as political candidates, including political theory, communication and media relations. In addition to the tangible effects of three newly elected women as a result of the programme, the larger cohort of women has gained confidence, and will be a remarkable resource for the future, both as political candidates and as role models for Tunisian women more broadly.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	f85e5467d43707bce85a3e650234383f	Thus, as we see from the description above, the Negev’s economy is characterized by industries that are less dependent on skilled workers, resulting in relatively lower income. This section sets out the key existing foundations for clean-tech development in the Negev, both within the region and elsewhere in the country. Furthermore, there is no formal definition of the clean-tech industry in Israel that is accepted by all the stakeholders. Different ministries and other public bodies may have different understandings of the term, and as a result, may implement different (and sometimes uncoordinated) programmes in order to promote it.	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264187894-8-en	f865089da665b859d5d056e837ba331b	According to CONAGUA (2010c), the average global efficiency of utilities in 2006 was 32.6%, a percentage that increased to 42.3% in 2010, based on data of 80 utilities in cities with more than 20 000 inhabitants. This means that, out of 1 000 litres produced, only 423 are paid for; the rest is lost through the network, not billed for, or billed but not paid for. In 2005, the PATME26 programme was specifically launched to increase the efficiency of water operators. The APAZU programme emphasises increasing physical and commercial efficiency of water utilities (e.g. it prioritises operators that undertake billing and collection actions as well as water leak reduction).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264269415-12-en	f8662764fc86d8ab80ddb66579580dcf	Between 1996 and 2013 labour productivity grew at an average rate of 2.6% per year. This performance has been concentrated in the sectors where only 30% of Dominicans work: mining (4.7% growth per year), manufacturing (5.1% growth per year) and transport and communications (6.8% growth per year). In contrast, labour productivity in only “other service sectors” (i.e., Education, Health and social services as well as services in private households), where the highest proportion of Dominicans work (24% of total jobs), decreased by -1.5% between 2005 and 2013.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-10-en	f867e1f7262af9b004bd820a83042068	As Chapter 3 of this report depicts in some detail, ocean warming, rising sea levels, acidification and declining biodiversity all present a threat to wild fish stocks. In the case of offshore oil and gas, these range from weak market demand and oversupply and concerns about safety and the ocean environment, to the new momentum gathering behind efforts to decarbonise the economy, as most recently demonstrated by the COP21 agreement. The sector’s future therefore is hard to judge.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	f86c65a15a43a993015a0c9b7402aa6f	This may have reduced Viet Nam’s potential to fully capitalise on the rapid urbanisation. A distinctive element of Viet Nam’s approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification, and this too will be considered. The chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas such as transport, housing, land use management and the quality of the urban environment. A key to ‘getting cities right’ is a holistic and integrated approach to cross-cutting urban challenges, which could be well applied to the Vietnamese urban context (Box 2.1). This section applies the approach to the current national-level policy frameworks in Viet Nam, which are characterised by a complex network of policies and plans. By getting cities right (see the table below), governments can serve a greater share of the population and economy.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	f86c96cc0c229341aa36d8b7af37e944	His method was criticised chiefly for the choice of goods and services (other than food) in the basket. Orshansky calculated her poverty threshold by multiplying by three the cost of a minimum food budget - as determined in the Economy Food Plan - for different family sizes. She borrowed the multiplier of “3” from the Department of Agriculture’s 1955 Household Food Consumption Survey, which estimated that families of three or more spent about one-third of their income (after tax) on food in that year. This poverty threshold is still indexed every year to the consumer price index and has not changed in any major way since it was initially formulated (Orshansky, 1965,1969). One is the unit of analysis retained, i.e. the family.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	f86e2ed5e054736632a31375ecaae2e4	For example, the time required to complete an interview is an important factor to consider for the success of the survey, since respondents will be less likely to complete interviews that are lengthy or complex. Attention to the length of individual questions is also important, especially when a survey is conducted over the telephone. Data requirements will therefore need to be balanced with the need to minimize respondent burden and to reduce drop-off rates and item non-response. (	5	7	0	1.0
10.1787/85b52daf-en	f87004345d70a2dff3c3490a256bb96a	Liability risks are risks to high carbon emitters if they are made to compensate in the future for emissions produced today or to companies that have failed to adapt to physical risks that threaten to disrupt their supply chain. Transition risks are risks arising from changes in policy and regulation as a result of the transition to a greener economy that could affect the profitability of carbon-intensive industries (Carney, 2015). Reducing resource use and measuring environmental performance is an opportunity to streamline operations, increase efficiency and competitiveness.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264231160-5-en	f8755f9de61d248b12a32537937430f0	For Japan, this means that an increase of 3 000 steps a day per person could lower the country’s annual medical bill by 5.5%, substantially reducing the incidence of diabetes, stroke and heart attacks. Toyama’s compact city strategies aim to encourage citizens to walk and thereby improve public health. Yokohama’s FutureCity strategy introduces a new type of urban structure to support local communities by improving their connectivity.	11	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.14217/9781848591677-7-en	f8766ef49c2966b47729e019fd6fbe10	Their negotiation styles are more encompassing to include all the issues that affect men, women, girls and boys. Women have taken due advantage of political spaces to progress the interests of women and girls for political empowerment and socio-economic development. Women leaders tend to pressurise for amendments and the initiation of national laws and local policies for improved infrastructure, constitutional and legislative reforms to abrogate repugnant laws, and ratification of international resolutions for women's rights.	5	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591462-6-en	f8786bd5bc3b6af0c55a231e4d8bd65b	Experiences from other countries suggest that it works well to introduce the PLC concept first in relatively competent and receptive schools. In a ‘change catalyst’ model, these schools would theoretically work towards systematically implementing ESD school-wide, eventually becoming demonstration sites of effective ESD that could support other nearby schools. This is to say that despite national policies and available resources or supports, it seems to be at the school level where ESD is either brought to life or not.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/baf425ad-en	f87dea6094549a05a09b113a8ff6d824	While preventing these diseases through social and public health interventions must be a major focus, it is inevitable that more people will suffer from these types of health problems. Compounding the challenge is the fact that they often occur in combination, adding to clinical complexity. These health problems are most effectively and efficiently detected and managed in primary and ambulatory care (see Box 1.1 for a definition). This setting is now the most common place for people to receive health care.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264230491-4-en	f87ded83706925e3bb76c28f41789158	In Lithuania, for example, the state budget makes a flexible contribution to the health insurance fund based upon average wage levels over recent years, thus stabilising revenues during times of high unemployment. Currently, resources from Seguro Popular are allocated primarily through transfers to states. There are basically three types of funding: l)the Cuota Social, which provides the same per person funding level for each affiliated individual; 2) the Aportacion Solidaria Federal, which are funds directed at specific health sector programmes in a state and also seeks to adjust for need, combined with a small (1.25%) performance-linked component; and 3) the Aportacion Solidaria Estatal, which represents the state’s own contribution and is meant to be equivalent to half the Cuota Social. Resource levels are largely based on the number of affiliated individuals within a state, as an 80% weight is attached to the size of the affiliated population (being the most easily measured dimension of the formula).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	f882e625f254beb652c2b8e8275360f4	However, in practice, urban design stops when the general plan is delivered, because it takes place outside the budget planning process and land use. Since urban design projects are not subject to careful economic analysis, they can hardly be integrated into budgeting and economic planning cycles. Ideally, the general plan decisions should be further developed during the phase of detailed district general plans.	11	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80c7357c-c6a49830-en	f8856336250f5c69c43f409a8c2782a4	Over time, personalized technology will supersede one-size-fits-all models of education. A number of mathematics applications for smartphones and basic mobiles show learners how to solve questions step-by-step. For example, mobile apps now make it easy for teachers to administer short quizzes to test understanding instantaneously or synched with books - no paper, red pens or data entry are necessary.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-16-en	f8856cfe38462dd09368f3151a35ba64	The range of costs in this category is from USD 12 per hectare in Minnesota to USD213 per hectare in California, with a national average cost of USD104 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006). Other examples include USD114 per hectare in Washington and USD178 per hectare in Arizona. Lacking information regarding how much water is purchased, it is not possible to estimate the average cost per m3 of water in this category.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	f88c2e24b6b1d0569e3329bb32a7eb50	It does this first through a literature review of economic development theory and findings from past empirical studies. It then looks at different policy instruments currently used in five countries: Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa. The results suggest that the focus of agricultural policies in these five countries has been on input use subsidies, whether these are for variable input use, fixed capital formation, or on-farm services.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-12-en	f891654732ab4dcf4382a37364fa69b9	A regulation on densities that limits the number of fish in a farming centre as a consequence of poor environmental and sanitary performance during the previous productive period has also been put in place. Anchovy make up 40% of landings for small-scale fishers and 60% of landings for industrial fishers {Panel A). Processing plants generated around 34 000 jobs.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	f89325ef9b59ed884a8244df0607fdbf	More precisely, special attention is being paid to initial training, among other aspects. Future teachers at these levels must acquire four-year bachelor’s degrees, which mean a one-year extension in teacher education. However, Spanish universities must draw' up the programmes for initial teacher education in accordance w ith the guidelines set by the Spanish Government.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	f895206bf33a8598d1390b931bf2189e	This association is unsurprising given the purpose and content of initiation rites described above, however it points to the relative weakness of parental influence on adolescent choices where formal systems exist to mark young people's passage into an adult world from the age of 10 or 12 years. Early sexual experience and high rates of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and forced sex in the region suggest this lack of communication has a harmful impact on adolescent well-being (Juma et al., It is also experienced as frustrating and disempowering by adolescents themselves (Thorpe, 2005). Criticising the young for their 'immoral ways' through rose-tinted spectacles on one's own youth is neither a new phenomenon nor particular to this region.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/da48ce17-en	f8959e3f83ff82b9bd983e62df879b5d	While relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation, many more have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that they are working on developing one, or intend to do so._________________________________________________ Evaluations are partly based on the information monitored, but also draw on other relevant information such as stakeholder consultations and expert reviews. The monitoring and evaluation can take stock of the implementation of adaptation measures, which can spur learning on their effectiveness.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/1826beee-en	f897142d411fe58e62b57b07745c88f8	These added values of RCPP contributed to facilitate the programme’s approval. Instead of focusing on the performance of the delivered grants or their environmental outcome, success is measured based on the amount of funding allocated to partnerships with varying conservation goals. Such evaluation could be better done if the program's objectives were adjusted to go beyond funding amount to fulfilling measurable program-based resource conservation, eco-system, and farm-economic goals. The evolution of other conservation programmes suggests that adjustments could be undertaken as part of future farm bills to improve design or accommodate changing priorities in the conservation agenda.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f89b0ac50207382ef9f79cec4c3f1976	This setting provides a living laboratory for university research & innovation, learning and outreach and provides ample work-based learning opportunities for university students in all study programmes. The state is a microcosm of multi-racial, multi-religious, multi-cultural and multi-lingual society. The Malay, Chinese and Indians constitute the major ethnic groups in Penang.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlzgj1s4h5h-en	f89c42c8cdb6bf6fd042d127c5c77a10	Similarly, the buy-in received for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining sector, an important component of South Africa’s GDP, was achieved through attention to the needs of the sector. It was also evident that biodiversity mainstreaming was better accepted when aligned with presidential delivery outcomes and national development plans. As has been seen in the above case studies, biodiversity mainstreaming has often occurred through alignment with national planning processes.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d79c87b2-en	f89db5e3fd2cf6355fadee177ca3f362	It has been reported that wastewater and biosolids contain 10 times the energy needed for treatment. '5The biogas produced from anaerobic digestion has been used to generate energy on-site, as well as for combined heat and power (CHP) production. However, growing this industry using traditional energy-intensive technologies can pose a big risk to water and food security, and have a considerable negative effect on the environment. Direct solar energy-operated desalination is not an economically viable solution.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	f89e79a943b305ec9ea2f9157b15b114	An econometric model is used to illustrate the strong connection of the immigrant workforce with production in the Thai economy, and therefore with levels of income. An empirical assessment of the impact of foreign-bom workers on income per capita cannot be made with certainty, but the high share of the employed in the foreign-bom population, together with the positive impact of foreign-bom workers on the Thai-bom paid employment rate, suggests this impact is positive. The labour market and broader economy would also benefit from the integration of foreign-bom workers in terms of the quality of work. Although foreign-bom workers are well-integrated in terms of access to employment, they remain concentrated in low-skill occupations.	8	0	4	1.0
10.18356/042f5056-en	f8a086cefda8bf88c085c13a51ac032a	Parties have been requested to update their existing NDCs or communicate new ones by 2020. To achieve the 2030 objectives, countries will need to be far more ambitious in preparing their new NDCs for submission. From 1998 to 2017, climate-related disasters around the world accounted for 77 per cent of the nearly $3 trillion in direct economic losses from disasters. Over that period, climate-related and geophysical disasters claimed an estimated 1.3 million lives.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264179073-7-en	f8a0cfdb40302078abda67c43340c098	It provides a platform for its members and aspiring women to encourage and facilitate change and create a proactive societal role. This brings women leaders together from across the country to develop their leadership skills and to advocate for advances in women’s business environment in Jordan. The goal of BPW-Kuwait is to strengthen women’s business skills and networks so they can launch their own enterprises.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/outlook-v2015-2-3-en	f8a122e5e62b71ec29b6f5dcb56f18b2	Stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations will eventually require a zero net carbon emission economy. The global public good nature of the climate and the potential consequences of tail risks, nevertheless, call for strong public action to underpin these developments. Most OECD countries and a growing number of emerging market economies have already taken some action.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/c69de229-en	f8a2de60b50c2e3d7fbd82902e02c231	The two subsections that follow examine the gains in terms of child poverty reduction that would be achieved by putting in place policies that would significantly increase the employment rate of parents or share a redistribution of child benefit and/or by redistributing child and/or housing benefits to ensure better coverage of children in relative poverty. This section examines the potential impact on family poverty rates of a reduction in the number of jobless parents, and the family poverty rates that could be achieved in the absence of a child-related standard of living penalty, i. e. if the poverty rate of families with children was equal to that of households without children, conditional to adult employment status. Different scenarios are considered, and the impact on family poverty rates is shown in Table 4 Column 1 shows the current proportion of families under the poverty line amongst households with children, i.e. a weighted poverty rate for families.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f8a33119b4c880490a67f22f2d099cdf	The first two are based on the idea to supplement existing markets or to create new markets and could be categorised as “market simulation”. A third approach sets quantitative limits through regulation. In order to force British Rail to reduce the emissions of sparks from its locomotives he proposed a tax, later called Pigouvian tax, to be levied by the government on each unit of emissions.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	f8a5c704d06e43e9ead4c9320bbd3937	In addition, land is also becoming an asset that offers portfolio diversification for international investors, such as large pension funds and financial institutions (Earth Security Initiative, 2012). In countries like Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique and the Sudan, this development has raised widespread concerns over forced evictions, social vulnerability and dwindling water resources (Earth Security Initiative, 2012). Pearce (2012) found that in countries selling (or leasing) large extensions of land, in the largest majority of cases, local communities lose access to forests, pastures and water resources, with no major gains in employment, owing to the use of capital-intensive technology in large farms. Countries such as Argentina and Brazil have already erected legal barriers in relation to the amount of farmland that can be owned by foreigners (Earth Security Initiative, 2012).	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.6027/9789289329163-8-en	f8a730809d29ac515eb7c5e34389c1b6	Consequently, there are more business options for the forest industry and forest-based raw materials than ever before. It still needs to be remembered that all four levels must be able to co-exist also in the future, even if their shares may change. All that can be produced without felling trees, e.g. carbon sinks, berries, game, tourism, etc.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5d345c92-en	f8a848fd138b2d0fdfb3cd6e5a850bdb	In many countries in Asia, unsuspecting women who are trying to eke out a living can be trafficked into commercial sex.28 For a few, the final resort is suicide - a recurrent tragedy in some parts of India when indebted farmers cannot repay loans to moneylenders or banks. They might, for example, be able to draw on existing savings, sell non-essential possessions, or consume less-expensive or less-preferred food. They might also seek additional work, either locally or by migrating to another area or a nearby city. During the 2008 crisis, women in Bangladesh showed great skill and flexibility; though women are often seen as vulnerable during a disaster, they can also be resilient shock absorbers (Box III-5).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191136-4-en	f8aa931f2f27799513068bad5b7ee648	Regional governments bore the bulk of responsibility for translating the guidance of central government into major changes to the structure of hospital services on the ground. Hospitals are owned by regions and are paid on a DRG basis for providing secondary and tertiary care through employing salaried doctors. In contrast, general practitioners are self-employed professionals who are paid mainly on a fee-for-service basis in combination with a significant fixed monthly payment.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0ac071e9-en	f8abd1794039e348b6e11ba5a385fcd3	As the Report shows, the rural non-farm economy is a vital source of employment for Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal, with non-farm activity participation rates in excess of 45 per cent. More women than ever before are part of the LDC labour force, but this has not translated into better jobs or less gender discrimination. Similarly, the rise in women's employment has in most LDCs failed to generate a significant improvement in their standard of living.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	f8ac2a5a14f73da72171137df1bdd8a8	Although the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has made efforts to counter the impact of drug trafficking and abuse in West Africa, there has been an overall increase in drug trafficking between Latin America and Europe using Africa as a transit area. The increase in illicit drug use in West Africa has resulted in challenges related to security, treatment and negative health and social consequences of that drug use. According to South African law enforcement authorities, drug trafficking organizations from China and the Balkans have established a significant presence in Southern Africa. In addition to importing drugs directly into Southern Africa, drug trafficking organizations ship drugs to Maputo, and from there the drugs are transported by truck to South Africa. A five-year strategic framework on drug control, focusing on drug abuse prevention and treatment standards, as well as the establishment of national and regional drug observatories, was discussed at the first meeting of the African Union Specialized Technical Committee on Health, Population and Drug Control, held in Addis Ababa in April 2015. During that meeting, African ministers of health, population and drug control held a meeting to discuss linkages between health and drug control.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a25027f3-en	f8ae0fd237ddca0964d1fbb247a3a897	Many poor households in the MDEs are kept afloat financially thanks to transfers from relatives and friends working abroad. Worker remittances also make an important contribution to the balance of payments of these countries, especially Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen (see tables 7, 8 and 9).55 Emigration to the GCC, where incomes can be five times higher than in their home countries, has been facilitated by the common language shared across the region. Although the inflow of migrant workers can increase the flexibility of GCC labour markets, it is insufficient to resolve unemployment problems in the labour-exporting MDEs.	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-4-en	f8b6de201004ba7f1b44fc2b8dde2044	The level of trade can affect price transmission. Market prices for certain importers, such as Bangladesh, reacted less than international prices, showing similar movements in terms of timing but with considerably less amplitude. Prices in some large markets such as Japan, India and China barely reacted at all to international price movements.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/29045c1f-en	f8b7e99ebb79b25c685c6b4e620d9d48	Like phytoplankton, these all provide food for higher trophic levels and, in the case of the juvenile stages, will develop into those higher levels (chap. Plankton of all kinds show an enormous range of biodiversity. A single litre of seawater can contain representatives of all major branches of the tree of life: archaea, bacteria and all major kingdoms of eukaryotes (chap.	14	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264205208-7-en	f8baf950f964399df0d9d39cf583a0d9	The next sub-section discusses the recruitment of principals, their professional development, and the monetary incentives in place to stimulate their work. These include eligibility criteria, that is - a list of minimum requirements that candidates should meet in order to be considered, and selection criteria which allow recruitment panels to make the best choice from a pool of eligible candidates (Pont, Nusche and Moorman, 2008).	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	f8bd67e2ba940018c68da9c6ead32b47	An interim assessment of progress in implementing these targets and other Plan objectives will be made at the end of 2013 before a full assessment at the end of 2015. For the future, plants will not be approved unless they meet Generation 3 safety standards which notably require passive cooling equipment. This will have a major impact on the nuclear programme as 14 of the 25 planned plants were only compliant with Generation 2 safety standards. Moreover, plants will only be built at coastal locations, meaning that work on 12 planned reactors will cease.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	f8c3e293b92bc6bcce11e8e42ca0bb42	The chapter offers a variety of frameworks for understanding gender, different types of violence against women and women’s capacities and roles as peacebuilders, drawing on the fields of biology, sociology and political theory and the practice of peacebuilding. Examples from around the world provide snapshots of the complex dynamics of gender, violence and peacebuilding. A gender-sensitive lens on peacebuilding highlights the urgent need to broaden programming to include the empowerment of women and attention to violence against women in both private and public settings.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	f8c5ee200647dd1aa73041663e5373eb	Fertiliser subsidies remain by far the most important programme through which the government provides budgetary support to agriculture. This subsidy is received indirectly by farmers as is channelled through fertiliser companies. These companies are responsible for lowering the price of their final product, which in turn benefits farmers (OECD, 2013b). To ensure the success of the programme, beneficiaries also receive technical guidance from a local agriculture extension officer. The giant is based on a proposal prepared by groups of farmers. The Indonesian government, through the Raskin Programme, buys a given percentage of the total output of rice produced by small-scale farmers.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/0faa4b9f-en	f8c9ed6c53f8c66c85cf09e8b435c1b4	Protected landscapes (i.e. IUCN category V) designated or extended after 2002 include Vjose-Narte (2004, 19,738.0 ha), Lumi Buna-Velipoje (2005, 23,027.0 ha) - another part of the Ramsar site listed in 2005, and Mali me Gropa-Bize-Martanesh (2007,25,266.4 ha). The work on potential areas of special conservation interest was carried out between 2002 and 2008. As a result, 25 potential Emerald sites covering an area of around 17 per cent of the country’s territory were identified and studied.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264276369-4-en	f8cd6f7d4a1fbabff9cefa69e0fbed29	Finland has done this successfully before and should consider doing it again, based on new evidence. In particular, it should identify strategic areas in need of public investment, rather than indiscriminately cutting public funding across the board. Finland’s opportunity for restructuring existing industries towards high value-added and high-productivity activities can take the form of strengthening capabilities in existing areas of business strengths and extending from those areas into related ones that provide innovation opportunities.	9	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264251724-11-en	f8cf275c1fbd6d58bf5d878c371e7085	Third, the approach allow's the interdependencies between the different sectors to be explicitly modelled, to the extent that data permit. It compares rates of change of value added and employment in ocean-based industries betw'een 2010 and 2030. The compound annual growth rate for value added of the ocean-based industries combined between 2010 and 2030 is estimated at 3.45%, broadly in line with the anticipated compound annual growth rate for value added of the global economy. However, the total growth of employment (approximately 30%) in the ocean-based industries over the 20-year period is expected to outpace markedly the overall growth rate of the global workforce (approximately 20%).	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268791-7-en	f8cfe5b95a264b3852e95bc2f8a013ac	As always, the major challenge is to combine individual goals (people want to live in single family homes, and businesses prefer to choose where they will operate) with the broader public interest of managing development so that society collectively is better off. Infill mechanisms, such as BIMBY (build in my backyard) appear attractive, but are not common in the area, and are not so easy to manage. Such building projects easily lead to neighbourhood conflicts and legal challenges.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	f8d1e28928d4bcf2646c14e178e1a17d	These skills describe what the OECD has called Teaming to learn’: the strategies, practices and motivations associated with high performance (OECD, 2010). The ‘three-layer model’ of selfregulated learning (Boekaerts, Pintrich, and Zeidner, 2000) is one framework which captures the different kinds of mind-sets, dispositions and skills which need to be developed in order for students to be able to learn productively on their own. The inner layer of cognitive regulation encompasses the practices a student needs to master to carry out information processing. The middle layer of metacognitive regulation describes the students’ knowledge and skills that allow them to make effective choices about what they study and how. The outer layer of motivational regulation represents the “self’, the learner’s own goals, needs and expectancies.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	f8d529f889adeb1ea0b235c0f3d35f6e	However, support for mitigation activities - including developing green energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency - lags behind. Although these countries are not significant contributors to GHG emissions at the global level, they require additional funding to pursue low carbon development. Support to improve access to sustainable energy and energy independence and to increase energy security is critical to achieving the low carbon future envisaged by many SIDS (Pacific Island Forum, 2013). For LDCs, climate change ODA has more than doubled from 2010 to 2013, mostly due to a continuous increase in adaptation-related development finance (USD3.2 billion to USD 6.4 billion (OECD, 2016b)), but more dramatically due to a tripling of the resources dedicated to climate change mitigation in 2013 compared with the previous year. This increase was due to large (over USD 150 million) loans and grants for the energy sector in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malawi and Myanmar. However, adaptation remains the main focus of climate-related support to LDCs.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	f8d596d1270463aabe4e9cbb1ce5891e	A recent set of case studies undertaken by FAO draws complementary' conclusions on how the “mainstreaming” of agricultural trade policies into development strategies can help build support for policies that can help trade contribute more effectively to national food security. The findings of these two case study projects are summarised in Boxes 5 and 6. The supporting case studies looked at the underlying political economy of policy decisions in 14 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Viet Nam, and Zambia.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	f8d67a7b3b1adbac55100361dd102702	In Belarus, there is also a good potential for further development of nature tourism. In Ukraine, there are several ancient villages with typical Polissyan architecture, and good examples of the traditional use of local construction materials (wood, reed and cattail). The area also has numerous religious buildings, architectural monuments and memorials.	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-32-en	f8d7f7fdd97c7ef88a928fe325f09de9	This economic pressure has led the industry to further adapt and evolve its operations to maximise economic return. Access to the market is unrestricted, with imports of species not domestically produced (e.g. shrimps, prawns, packaged products, such as canned fish). Per capita consumption is relatively stable and growth is largely a function of general population trends.	14	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bcf52e9f-en	f8da723f0ca13c1b6255c58a9ce8df6d	While a great deal of empirical research exists for OECD countries, analyses for developing countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, remain less comprehensive. Only few ex post analyses of environmental taxes have been conducted so far (see Huong, 2014; Israngkura, 2014). Given the different conditions in developing countries, conclusions drawn based on research conducted in OECD countries should be applied with caution.	7	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	f8e32022852300a8bac41ca9fafb7e89	Household-level data measure the total income women and men can potentially use for their consumption. In Figure 4.8, a simple indication of gender disparities in household income is obtained by comparing the proportion of women and men living in poor households. Poor households are defined in Figure 4.8 as those having an equivalised total income (i.e. before deduction of taxes) below 60% of the national median.13 Women are over-represented in poor households in almost all OECD countries. Only in Denmark, Ireland and Mexico is the gender difference in this measure negligible, while in some countries such as Austria, Slovenia, Italy and Chile and United States the gap is significant.	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.6027/9789289350433-5-en	f8e3921602fb9abc5e0278292658f28b	The new part is that progress on implementing and achieving the NDCs needs to be documented and be subject to plenary assessment underthe Global Stocktake. The process and content for providing such information is to be negotiated in the years to come, and in this work any specific mention or omission of outcomes of agricultural initiatives could be indicative of the level of action to be expected after 2020. In other words, the process promotes transparency of action in agriculture, which is an opportunity for ensuring promotion of agricultural initiatives.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	f8e64f173856fe6dfa24a68e3a40b75a	Multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking. This paper reviews the insights of various contributions from research into multidimensional poverty and deprivation and combines them into an internally consistent framework. The framework adds an important element by emphasising that people may experience various types and forms of poverty and deprivation simultaneously. The experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/985d3253-en	f8e98b1e8664146eb5567bb2eb73b720	"Therefore, NFA is mainly dependent on the allocations from the state budget (EU Twinning report on ""Concept of state forest enterprise for Georgia"", 2018). In parallel, Georgia is working on the elaboration of National Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. All these efforts aim to strengthen forest policy planning and management, especially in light of Georgia's international commitment as well as national plans and priorities. However, this is only a beginning and much remains to be done on the ground: wood removals are far above sustainable levels and additional human and technical capacity and financia resources are needed to protect forests from illegal use, logging and grazing, to ensure that the impacts of logging are kept as low as reasonably practical, to restore degraded forest territories, and to ensure that tending operations are carried out at the appropriate time (Garforth, et al.,"	15	0	5	1.0
10.18356/daadf51f-en	f8ec78e3e3aa03cece0e0e0ebe96fba4	A global analysis showed that social science textbook coverage of conflict prevention and resolution - e.g. discussion of domestic or international trials, truth commissions and economic reparations - was low at around 10% of texts in 2000-2011. In six European countries, half of teachers felt there was insufficient support to manage diversity in the classroom: in the Syrian Arab Republic, 73% of teachers surveyed had no training on providing children with psychosocial support Teacher recruitment and management policies often react too slowly to emerging needs. Germany needs an additional 42,000 teachers and educators, Turkey needs 80,000 teachers and Uganda needs 7,000 primary teachers to teach all current refugees. Only a handful of high income countries explicitly consider migration status in school budgets.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0a98da25-en	f8ecc14141ccb37147e89ec0411f71dc	Gender gaps in employment remain much wider than gender gaps in education, and there is evidence of increased gender job segregation globally, with women's share of jobs in the industrial sector declining over the last 20years (IDRC 2013; Seguino 2016,forthcoming). This is because of two main factors. Women’s livelihood equality with men generates bargaining power to influence the distribution of resources at the household level.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	f8ed33cb35a01a722bdc59893d6d1ad3	In 2000 a loan guarantee programme supported by the government was set up by INCAJU, the government agency responsible for promoting the cashew nut industry, with the assistance of TechnoServe. When needs expanded beyond INCAJU’s resources, a loan guarantee programme offered by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and supported by USAID was put in place. Since 2009, the objective of the government is to have the loan programme gradually taken over by local commercial banks, an endeavour that is still challenging. Funding difficulties have caused some smaller firms to go out of business.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0488519d-en	f8f7bb0d2a737937b23b365ebc4acb55	The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This information is used by insurance providers to calculate potential damage and to formulate insurance coverage, premiums and estimated claims. The insurance company Munich Re, for example, has a database for natural catastrophes on material and human loss events worldwide (NatCatSERVICE).	13	5	5	0.0
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	f8f9fea058df366b2ae86e0359d84c09	In the Netherlands, for example, the provision of support and information on pollution-control technologies by RIZA significantly reduced the transaction costs for industry (Andersen, 2001). In addition, fears about the social consequences and structural dislocation for particular regions or communities (e.g. rural communities) have impeded subsidy reform and the introduction of water trading (Ridgeway, 2006; Kraemer, Interwies and Kampa, 2002). All environmental policy interventions create winners and losers - at least from an economic perspective.	6	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	f8faa74eb1f82624080015623acfc38d	Also, the performance of an intervention might not be static over time; results measured after 1 year or after 20 years could differ significantly. These different timescales of results mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when effectiveness is assessed. Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmh3nj5rzs4-en	f8fc49d55c3d5e36c0ca772ce6bada13	Although there are maintenance fees, they are insufficient to cover the expenses of the ever-increasing assets. Two-thirds of the fees collected through rural electricity tariffs are used for building electricity generators, and the remaining third is insufficient for acquiring maintenance equipment for grid renovation or development (Luo, 2007). These financial burdens negatively impact business revenues.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f90138ceea36e8c9e92ea95a8ed6fbab	The majority of FCC’s purchases are made in the spring and fall. Grain purchased during the fall season goes directly to the elevators, while spring season purchases are made under forward contracts. This provides producers with financial resources at the time of sowing as under forward contracts advance payments are made (risks are shared with commercial banks and Social and Business Corporations because the producer needs to provide a bank guarantee to receive payment).	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264224636-7-en	f90afa39b65d0b079ed55827edf19dfb	The status of women is explicitly part of the mandate of the Supreme Council of Women that supervises and reports on compliance with relevant national and international standards, prepares legislative proposals, examines policies and budgets, and provides advice to the government. These countries need to develop gender-specific strategies or committees in legislative bodies while adopting and building consensus on new national constitutions. In Tunisia, for example, a commission in charge of social affairs exists within the body of the Constitutional Convention, but its relation to the Ministry of Women’s and Family Affairs remains to be clarified.	5	0	9	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-e632a806-en	f90b674d3b2e6777633c1e91403eb972	One challenge is selecting an appropriate unit of analysis, as there are a variety of indicators related to education such as literacy, levels of school attainment, years of schooling and secondary school enrolment. Each of these has been plotted to determine which has the closest relationship to Internet use in the LDCs (Figure 5.4). The results show that secondary school enrolment has by far the highest explanatory power for Internet use.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f85273a2-en	f90e75b509eaaf44142a4f9b24377834	Rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of “institutional failures” (including coordination failures, land insecurity, gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations), which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems. To a large extent, low income and food insecurity among small-scale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land. Traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and, most importantly, in the marketing of food crops. However, changing land distribution practices, securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo. An estimated 56 million hectares of land in developing countries were bought by foreigners in 2009, a tenfold rise from the previous decade, with two-thirds of these sometimes controversial “land grabs” occurring in Africa (Deininger et al., Improved national dialogue and empowerment of communities and traditional small-scale farmers is essential in countries engaged in land leasing to foreign investors.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	f9114a12cc0c21875bdd5ff84a8b9261	These requirements were taken from the Paragraph 6 Decision (see above). World Bank Working Paper No. See also WHO, Implementation of Paragraph 6. In this context, it should be noted that pooled drugs procurement by several developing countries is generally an important means of attracting pharmaceutical producers’ interest in a regional market, and may, under a “carrots and sticks” approach, be used by developing country governments to negotiate favourable schemes of collaboration with the holders of pharmaceutical patents (see Section 3.3.3).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-4-en	f913539b0cd1a000c12a0d552f2a9894	These enable the payer to specify the outcomes it wishes a care provider to deliver, while allowing the care provider flexibility in how services are designed to deliver those outcomes. Australia is already experimenting with advance payments for bundles of care for patients with complex needs in its Diabetes Care Project. The trial’s evaluation should inform future policy. This will oblige both levels of government and their respective policy makers to try to develop a more meaningful assessment of the needs of these communities and tailor their ways of paying them to suit the maintenance of needed services.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	f915a342aac6cfd546849d84ff0cd3a2	The railway has reduced cargo transit times from 3 days by road to 12 hours by train. The railway line cuts through bottlenecks and raises the profile of Afghanistan as a transit route by connecting two CAREC corridors, i.e. the Russian Federation-Middle East corridor, and the South Asia and Europe-Middle East and South Asia corridor. Intensive multiple-donor engagement has been a success factor for the project. This engagement also improved the adaptability of the project to changing conditions during implementation. The ADB provided supervision, both from headquarters and by the resident mission (OECD-WTO, 2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) funds the rehabilitation of railway infrastructure in Bosnia and Herzegovina.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264213753-5-en	f916a25c576ddad700b9a3719665f98e	Sustainable water infrastmcture development”, brochure, Suez Environnement, www.degrcmont.com/en/activities/partnerships-for-watcr-and-wastcwater/innovative-financing-partncrship/sustainable-water-infrastnictu redevelopment. Final report”, Public Action for Water, Energy and Environment Project - Prosperity, Livelihoods and Conserving Ecosystems (PLACE) IQC Task Order #5, USAID, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf docs/Pnadv236.pdf.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/0899dee9-en	f9180ca14ff754bcd98d9ea8e1d7314f	Organized in the Red de Genera y Familia, the first step was convening Care Dialogues, an advocacy strategy which aimed to raise the visibility of care on the public agenda.154 But in contrast to the above-mentioned cases, it was die engagement with the ruling party, Frente Amplio, and the inclusion of the SNIC as part of the electoral campaign programme for 2010-2015 that proved crucial.155 Care thus became a political, and not only a technical, public policy issue. Because the importance of unpaid care and domestic work had already been recognized, the discussion could centre on concrete policy design and implementation. These data have yielded, for example, measurements of “time poverty”168 and its relation with income poverty.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	f918d0e99c7cade8eed64cd11dba1cbf	Public transportation in most of Africa’s major cities is dominated by informal minibuses and motorbikes, and accounts for relatively large proportions of household budgets, especially among the poorest (Lall and others, 2017). Data on the proportion of the population with access to public transportation in African cities are not easily available. Therefore, household expenditure on transportation is often used as a proxy indicator of accessibility and affordability of it in African cities.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264115118-6-en	f91cbabb0c95cf70ba3900fdfb765506	This will happen, within varying time frames, as (a) country production flattens and falls and (b) continuing domestic consumption absorbs more of each country’s production. Some governments are questioning whether to “leave oil in the ground” now for production later which would delay and lessen the eventual changes needed to reduce dependence on the hydrocarbon sector. On the other hand, building up foreign investments can provide a strategic hedge against the uncertainties of future reserves and prices.	7	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	f91cd7e2e55b5ee6ecad1422ff5029da	The observatory, by collecting and sharing data with all the LGUs in one location, will function as a platform which eliminates silos in urban and metropolitan management and makes it easier to address common issues such as transport, flood risks, air and pollution and waste management. The Bandung Command Centre in Bandung, Indonesia, can be a good model (Box 4.7). Currently, a lot of data is missing that is needed to assess the environmental status and performance of the region (e.g., there is no recent air quality data available, while increasing commuting trips and motorisation suggests air pollution may become more severe in the near future). In addition, where data is available, it is often only at the scale of local authorities, or at the broader scale of the Johor State, which is insufficient for any accurate analysis of the policy needs.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fb79328d-en	f9221514c95d62852b21d235efe34fc4	By the end of the 1990s, these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy. The focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal, rather than as an implicit or indirect one. Through the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration by the General Assembly on 8 September 2000,3 the United Nations introduced a concrete set of development targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals.	1	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	f9229f15e913859119e3f129e34f535a	As stated in other sections, much of the technology needed for such improvements can be cost effective, but must be supported by long-term operational commitments and regulatory certainty in order to de-risk investments. Some emerging economies have acquired production capacities by integrating into global value chains - and are now recognised as industry leaders in some low-carbon technologies. The global economy is abandoning the idea of North-South technology transfer and evolving towards a South-South exchange that better reflects the needs of and opportunities within emerging and developing countries.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/ad4de8a1-en	f92a3a6d64b262a2348aca1079b4a640	"Both cases show that strong leadership is needed to incentivise and co-ordinate the actions of stakeholders, including ministries, local authorities, road agencies, parliamentarians, politicians and civil society. The case of Lisbon showed the importance of integrating road safety into wider societal policies and avoiding the tendency towards ""silo thinking"" that happens in many countries. There is much to gain in addressing road safety and environmental concerns together, as the fights against road crashes and pollution have many common levers. In the case of Lisbon, particular emphasis has been put on physical accessibility and the quality of the pedestrian environment, due to the wider demographic challenges of an ageing population."	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en	f92aef8131841594880d40664fbbd59e	This ex-ante information could provide the foundation of the post-2020 emissions accounting system. Furthermore, if all major emitters were to provide an estimated range for their GHG emissions in an agreed future year (e.g. 2030), this would facilitate estimations of the future GHG emissions pathway. Information on how the government intends to meet its commitment (e.g. via domestic climate legislation and policies implemented or planned) together with an explanation of its level of ambition given national circumstances could help to further enhance understanding between countries on the actions being taken by others.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f92b2d7b76896f304c52a0a3d9906add	Uncertainty slows down economic activity and, in particular, impedes investment, in particular investment in energy production, conversion, transport and end-use, where installations often have lifetimes of several decades. The more capital-intensive is an investment, the more such uncertainty will impact total project costs through the interest rate. In the electricity sector, nuclear energy and renewable energies are thus most heavily affected.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	f92db927789460cc4865cc04058b8b97	"Inadequate preventive measures for contact with MDR-TB patients result in increased incidence of MDR-TB in children of the patients"". One case of malaria has been reported in Mongolia in 2015. Consequently, the incidence of viral hepatitis B decreased substantially. To achieve this, vaccination and the capacity of health services are key factors."	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	f92e299d80ec7830206884fa22d9494d	If tuition fees vary across institutions and fields of study with different curricula, costs and returns, students are more likely to go into the fields and institutions that will give them better chances of success in the labour market (Oliveira Martins et al., While private returns largely reflect wage and employability premia stemming from additional years of schooling for an individual, social returns focus on productivity gains at the aggregate level. In this respect, social and private returns differ markedly, if there is a purely “signalling” role of education and/or there are substantial human capital spillovers.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599130-12-en	f931e5cb5f515c9e08fe7f43427333f6	Southern partners can also provide better market access for LDC exports. While China and India already have duty-free schemes in place, they (especially India’s DFQF scheme) could be improved in terms of product coverage and RoO while addressing potential non-tariff barriers to LDC exports. Existing schemes should also consider extending preferential market access to services.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/1826beee-en	f9325950264b807cca3cdc8f339a479c	This amendment, which was subject to a disallowance motion in Federal Parliament, was ultimately agreed in May 2018. In parallel, the government is working with Basin States towards full Basin Plan implementation by 1 July 2019, which is when the binding SDLs set by the Basin Plan will come into effect. It is also expected that by this time, all Basin State water resource plans will have been assessed by the MDBA as compliant with the Basin Plan and accredited by the Federal Minister.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7e830810-en	f933183c0cf58112b7027f61d588f28e	In larger organizations, departmental accountability for energy costs may be important. For example, if departments are accountable for their own energy costs, they benefit directly from any savings from investment projects or housekeeping measures. But if cost savings go to the company as a whole, the departmental incentive is diluted (split incentives).	7	0	5	1.0
10.18356/5ff49553-en	f934cf28c94a869fcfb4f9c3c017996a	If vulnerability is defined as monthly income between 1.2 and 1.8 times the poverty line, then a very high percentage of the Latin American population —over 50% in many countries— lives in poverty or vulnerability (see figure 1.18). These individuals have limited capacity to ride out growth and employment cycles, since the majority do not have savings or access to social security and do not own their homes. They also exhibit high dependency rates and low levels of education, which impairs their ability to progress in the job market and get ahead during times of economic expansion, while heightening the risk that they will sink back into poverty when the economic cycle takes a turn for the worse. Accordingly, with growth forecast to slow in the years ahead, the fact that such a large portion of the population lives in vulnerable conditions should be cause for concern.	10	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	f9352b440e666df7cd3736fe80bce0ab	"Although rigidity of labour regulation is expected to deter female labour force participation, in the probit regressions a reform of the system does not appear to be a positive and significant determinant of female labour force participation. According to Montag (2013) labour regulation and stringency of ""pro-worker"" laws are a burden for female employment by cutting low wage workers off the labour market. Recent reforms of the regulations seem to have done do little to raise female participation."	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	f936bf7b583d481920b5dd8373a36808	Alors qu'il est clair que les femmes aident de maniere significative a l'elimination de la faim et de la malnutrition, il est egalement evident qu'elles doivent etre mieux representees politiquement et participer davantage au dialogue sur les politiques. The focus on women informed broader discussions on what is influencing West Africa's development and food security prospects, and what innovative policies and approaches can strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable populations in the region. It also led to the adoption of the Milan Declaration by the members of the Global Alliance for Resilience (AGIR) - Sahel and West Africa.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	f937ed8bd7cbc9d505cadfd4fa558f2b	Governments should tackle such perverse incentives through adequate land-use planning instruments: local government should address local land-use externalities; and upper-level government should address externalities with a wider geographical reach. For example, local governments in the United States count numerous property tax incentives for raising energy efficiency and renewable energy use. The Czech Republic, Italy, Norway and Spain are further examples of countries that provide property tax relief for renewable energy installations. The efficiency and effectiveness of these property tax rebates would have to be weighed against their costs in terms of a narrower property tax base and less tax revenue.	11	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5kg0prg9b1g8-en	f93a00a10886565a5eb088243df78b45	Using net annual wage premia derived from Mincerian wage equations, Ahcan et al. ( When gross hourly wages are used as the dependent variable, gross wage premia were 86% in 2008 for tertiary education graduates over upper secondary graduates, with no statistically significant differences across genders (see Annex A2). Nevertheless, given the excessively long study durations (6.9 years on average), internal rates of return to tertiary education are as low as 9.4%. When combined with the generous public subsidies they receive, students in Slovenia have had significant financial incentives to go into higher education.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5775ac71-en	f93ae35380440e7b964c5bf720918ff2	The gap is larger in countries that track students early, have larger percentages of students in selective schools, and are more likely to transfer less-able students to other schools. There is now a wealth of evidence, including longitudinal studies, that investing in ECEC yields high returns in boosting cognitive and non-cognitive skills, as well as later success in the labour market, especially for disadvantaged children (Heckman, 1999; Lazzari and Vandenbroeck, 2013). Children from socio-economically disadvantaged families in Belgium and Slovenia, for example, are given priority access to ECEC (OECD, 2012b).	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/5e60d4be-en	f93de4f5369f5ae0879b7c68ffab2a6e	"The ISO Survey 2016 indicated four valid certificates being recorded in Mongolia in 2016. Impediments to the broader uptake of environmental management systems include organizational capacity, the cost (of international consultants) and the time to complete them. The 1998 Government Resolution No. The ministry responsible for environment set out ""Rules on Ecolabel award to entities, organizations and individuals which manufacture environmentally friendly products and provide services"" through the 2007 Ministerial Order No."	12	0	4	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	f93f5894c1303e37c75904fbb6ede8d9	And it led to major changes in policies and budgets - stimulating extensive operational and technical work and triggering greater investment in prevention and mitigation. This progress was assessed in the 2012 Asia-Pacific Disaster Report (APDR).15 The report found there had been more frequent disasters such as typhoons, floods and landslides and greater damage to property and livelihoods. However, the report also identified continuing weaknesses in a number of countries with limited capacities and resources. The technology for assessing risks and detecting approaching threats has reached a high degree of sophistication.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264287747-en	f93f5e6bf2a33f85a00866d38c5d8eef	Understanding these differences could help low- and middle-income countries formulate immigration and integration policies that maximise the development potential of immigration. They were selected based on their interest in the project, a substantial (but varying) share of immigrants and a relatively low share of humanitarian immigrants. By working with a diverse group of countries in terms of their geographic location and economic and immigration history and characteristics, the project aimed to provide an indication of the range of possible economic impacts of immigration in developing countries. It therefore addressed not only stakeholders in the ten partner countries, but equally policy makers and other interested parties in other low- and middle-income countries with mid-sized to large immigrant populations.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/aeo-2012-8-en	f9407b98eb6e4e7cd3e7db35beb8e9bd	Corruption plays an important role as well. According to a recent study by the Rwandan government, for example, to get from the port of Mombasa to Kigali via Kampala, a lorry has to pay USD 864 in bribes and stop at 36 roadblocks (The Economist, 2012b). Very few small and microenterprises manage to grow into large firms.	8	2	2	0.0
10.18356/73d010ed-en	f941777369b30c0ff968042949817987	Thefeminization of the labour force associated with a narrowing of the gap between the male and female labour force participation rates generates growth in GDP as measured both by contemporary and by lagged values, and indications exist of a potentially positive effect over the medium term. However, an increase in the number of hours works (labour intensity) bears an inverse relationship to growth, which could be a sign of a negative impact of a reduction in the time devoted to care work unless the shortfall is made up for by the substitution of public or private caregiving services or by the assumption of some of these tasks by other members of the household. In order to verify this intuition, it would be necessary to undertake an analysis of how household labour and savings are influenced by changes in the female labour supply. This is the underlying condition for the feasibility of demand-led growth, but it is also in keeping with the preceding conclusion, since, although low wages in the present may boost growth, wages will have to trend upward if that growth trend is to be sustained.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	f94d2f0ad91bc5d4b764a01c36f61854	The training is then deployed at the company location, at one or more of the technical colleges or at any five Quick Start facilities located around the state. In North Carolina the provision of free, employer specific workforce training began in community colleges in 1958. Currently, North Carolina Legislature provides USD 12.4 million a year for its customised training programme.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246010-7-en	f94e633109e9b8d20463d8d2d4b9ebef	It can also confront us with some difficult choices between policies that may be good for growth but not for well-being. One of the most important is education, which is key to determining each individual’s life chances. That’s why education policy needs to address the needs of young people from pre-school to university, ensuring they get the best start in life and the support they need throughout their education. That’s why policy must work to ensure workers have the training they need and that workers can make the best use of their talents in the workforce.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	f955d212d8ebcf26c46798b0ef1d87b7	The first requires placing a price on greenhouse gas emissions through either taxation or emission trading systems. Regulation may also be appropriate in some circumstances. The second involves evaluation of broader innovation policies to ensure that they are aligned with low-carbon economy objectives. Policies that support or hinder the entry and growth of young and innovative firms may also play an important indirect role.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/059ce467-en	f957a1ec35627f80d3ec22a979327745	Considering many parents reported that they felt more comfortable touring schools in groups, this intervention is especially important for migrant parents who are navigating the system for the first time. For example, voluntary programmes encourage parents to enrol their children in highly segregated schools in order to create a better balance and promote diversity. Some communities are providing awareness education for non-immigrants parents to disarm stigmatisation and fears of integration measures influencing then- children negatively (Bunar, 2017(72]). For example, in groups, native Dutch families apply to high performing and high minority population schools to ensure their child is not the only native Dutch student in the classroom (Walraven, 2013(68]). In addition, these parents and communities interact with their local schools about curriculum, differentiation for students and afterschool programmes so as to make the learning environment productive for all students.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264209626-6-en	f9594f24d25d1f3c97925d6db19561a3	There is a different distribution across specialisations, one with the highest level of satisfaction among employers (for both technical and basic skills) recorded in the medical sector (Table 5.1). In no specialty in Egypt were graduates’ basic skills assessed as “strong” by employers according to the survey presented in the background report (SPU-MoHE, 2012). Adapted from Strategic Planning Unit-Ministry of Higher Education of Egypt (SPU-MoHE) (2012), Post-secondary Vocational Education and Training in Egypt. Two factors emerging from international evidence argue for systematic screening of literacy and numeracy difficulties among VET students: many people are unaware of their problems, and some of those who are aware of them may be reluctant to admit them.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	f95966fd5e75f3ea6a05b5b79ddd9de9	In addition to the four proficiency levels, there are three additional categories (no computer experience, failed ICT core and opted out) for those adults who were not able to demonstrate their proficiency in this domain due to lacking the basic computer skills needed to sit the assessment. See note 1 for Figure 2.8. The sample for the Russian Federation does not include the population of the Moscow municipal area. For more detailed results for each category, see corresponding table mentioned in the source below.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264303119-en	f95b3a4a8e4d65c39c9158fa88af6ffb	A meta-analysis of a large number of climate models came up with a mean estimate of USD 129 per tC02 for 2025. Again, such numbers resulting from very high-level top-down models must be taken with great caution. Let it just be said that their order of magnitude is comparable to that of estimates of the social costs of carbon, which supports the 2°C objective. The appropriate price of C02 emissions must drive a wedge between the costs of fossil fuel-based power generation and generation with low-carbon technologies such as nuclear, hydro and renewables.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	f95b56c00e222f7c20401124c9391760	The government developed tools for each stakeholder group, reaching beyond budget officials to include parliamentarians and representatives of civil society. A 2005 Ministiy of Finance, Ministiy of Economy and UNIFEM guide addressed integrating the gender dimension into the new performance budgeting approach, followed in 2006 by a manual on integrating the gender dimension in budget planning and elaboration. In 2006, the Ministiy of Finance also launched a new website to raise awareness of the GRB initiative. In 2007, the Ministry of Finance published a study entitled “Comprehensive examination of gender-sensitive indicators in Morocco”, which is a collection of statistics essential for developing, monitoring and evaluating sectoral policies for promoting gender objectives. Gender budgeting capacity has been decentralised progressively.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/01a171e9-en	f95b6d5568a6c30895f9ada6ce79ca51	According to WEF, ICT use (percentage of Internet users, fixed broadband, Internet bandwidth, and mobile broadband subscriptions) can be indicative, as ICT clearly has an influential role in innovation. In India and Indonesia, for example, only a third of the population are active Internet users, and very few have access to fixed broadband, limiting technology readiness (WEF, 2017). By contrast, access to mobile broadband subscriptions was found to be relatively equal across countries (except for India), suggesting that mobile phones can be an enabling tool for ICT use.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264212664-en	f95cc4b8ca353cb96e249b5ed2b68014	The top four development banks in terms of clean-energy financing over 2007-2011 were: KfW (USD 98.3 billion), Chinese Development Bank (USD 45.1 billion), European Investment Bank (USD 41.9 billion) and BNDES (USD 34.7 billion). Together they contributed 81.8% of the USD 268.8 billion. In Chile pension funds played an important role in equity financing of privatised electricity companies in the 1990s; Walsh et al., As of July 2007, government short-term securities represented nearly 40% of total assets of the pension funds in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Cape Verde and Madagascar; Irving and Manroth, 2009.	7	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/9789264289925-6-en	f95da7e91aa0d1e3b7bb3291eb3b8afa	Policies during this time restricted the opportunity for farmers to expand the size of their farms and farm inputs were under state control. Alongside Poland’s transition to a democratic political system came market deregulation and the privatisation of former state industries. This represented a major change in the market conditions for farming and for rural development more generally.	9	0	5	1.0
10.1787/how/life-2013-8-en	f95e5b603b1d3610405d4850c12aeb69	These gender gaps are pervasive, although they vary across countries and world regions. While in less developed countries, girls and women suffer from unequal access to economic assets, education or basic health care facilities, in most developed countries gender inequality persists in the form of discriminatory social institutions and beliefs about gender roles that undercut women’s opportunities, inhibit their full participation in economic, social and political activities and therefore reduce their quality of life. In developing countries, child health outcomes are strongly correlated to women’s access to resources: countries where women lack any right to own land have on average 60% more malnourished children; where women have no access to credit, the number of malnourished children is 85% above average (OECD, 2010a). In high-income countries, the mother’s education level has been shown to have an effect on the academic achievement of their children (OECD, 2012b).	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329583-4-en	f95e66bcec12d98f806e8c44a7f89315	Calculations for the year 2007 show that the costs attributable to smoking amounted to about 0.4 per cent of GDP in 2007 (sickness-absenteeism from work not included). This cost included 1 227 lost life years, per 100 000 inhabitants. The effect of smoking on productivity related to short-term absenteeism from work is substantial.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-9-en	f95e90efa991ab5fb603ad76d47ae432	The European Union advocates a progressive implementation of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management, which will contribute to efficient fishing activities within an economically viable and competitive fisheries industry, while minimising the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. The European Union has steadily increased the number of plans governing fisheries, bringing the large majority of catches under multiannual management. In addition, fishing opportunities (Total Allowable Catches, effort restrictions) are fixed annually by the European Union (for some stocks, bi-annually). A broad array of technical conservation measures also come into play.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	f960cbd6f274fefe9b34c96607c761ea	Ofwat, the sector’s economic regulator, has statutory powers to set price and performance limits, which in effect determine each company’s spending priorities. The sector operates within a series of five-year Asset Management Plans (AMPs), AMP5 runs from 2010 to 2015 and AMP6 will run from 2015 to 2020. In 2010 Ofwat stated that they don’t see the benefits of smart metering’ and therefore policy development is concerned with AMP6.	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/de83ab61-en	f96188d1b3cb224764df3195d3f3158d	Currently, protecting private intellectual property rights by enforcing exclusive use and deployment by its owner is the main approach. With technology funds, it should be possible to establish international innovation networks within different areas of technology. The overall strategy could also include global awards for the formulation of technical solutions to well-defined problems, and public purchase at appropriate prices of private technology for deployment in the public domain.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281936-8-en	f962b4be4268b50109371ffd5293d9fe	To cement their support, Nuremberg ensured that the initial benefits from joint action were broadly distributed across the region, including in smaller places. While this may seem veiy altruistic, at the end of the day Nuremberg achieved it objective of elevating its position in a European context, w'here metropolitan regions, and not individual cities, are increasingly seen as the appropriate unit for uiban analysis and policy. Co-ordination on urban extension and infilling could minimise transport and service delivery costs, optimise the use of land, and support the protection and organisation of urban open spaces. Co-ordination on urban upgrading and retrofitting could increase residential and economic densities and promote more socially integrated communities. Engagement between the regions and municipalities in the functional urban area should be a continuous and iterative process, grounded in enforceable regulations that aims to promote a vibrant, more compact Prague and with synergies between territories. However, there needs to be concrete incentives in place to promote these partnerships, particularly when it comes to spatial planning.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9947c813-en	f963d0b4a3c1a1ebd84a632f5a54aaeb	Other incidents recorded in the COG reports demonstrate examples of electoral violence. This typology expands the traditional categories of electoral violence monitoring and research efforts to encompass the nuances presented by women's experiences. Research from Amnesty International suggests that post-election violence in Kenya included 40,000 incidences of sexual and gender-based violence, confirming the findings of Commonwealth observers of increased ‘levels of violence perpetuated against women’. In the case of Swaziland, the levels of intimidation experienced by female candidates was noted to have been encouraged by traditional leaders, because a female candidate ‘wore trousers’ and in one case because the female candidate in question was a ‘widow’.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264269064-4-en	f96705890ce50ccfa293434c248f545a	This pollution, coupled with the effects of hypoxia, algal blooms, the introduction of invasive alien species and climate change, are having a devastating impact on freshwater biodiversity. Policy responses to these complex water quality challenges are required to protect freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. What qualifies as “good” water quality depends on the purpose of use and the value society holds for water quality.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264244542-8-en	f96a3ccce4ebb8bd77d544086d343385	Another frequent motivation is to reduce public waste management costs by shifting the burden of collecting and managing significant parts of the waste stream away from tax-financed municipal operations. This section discusses commodity coverage of EPR schemes as well as issues of design, constitution and financing of Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs). It also addresses the establishment and enforcement of EPR performance targets as well as costs borne by industry and consumers.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	f96df7fae190d55ea14d2c373e89314b	In recent studies in the Arctic region it was found that the therapist showed little awareness of their client's use of traditional healers. The future goal is to attain full independence. The conditions for health care in Greenland differ in a number of ways from the Sami in the Nordic countries, because of geographic and climatic conditions.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js65xn790nv-en	f972c5f5fa29c94bdc193c733fe9722e	Time series estimates from the World Bank and IMF suggest a wide variation in the degree to which prices are transmitted from international to domestic markets. Among developing countries, the largest passthrough is observed in the countries of Latin America, which are largely open to international trade. In Sub-Saharan Africa the pass-through of rice and wheat prices to countries importing these cereals has been relatively fast, but the transmission of international maize prices has been much weaker.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/9abbeac5-en	f974d83f2f55d67549d5a280df480756	Girls are still less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study and, when they do, are less likely to take up high-paying jobs in those fields. These 'choices' are informed by stereotypes about suitable occupations for girls rather than based on ability. Stereotypes that define caregiving as quintessentially female (and maternal) seem to be much harder to dislodge than those around breadwinning, previously seen as a male domain.1’7 Increasing numbers of women are adopting what are widely seen as masculine lifestyles and patterns of work by engaging more intensively in the labour market. However, men are not, to the same extent, taking on greater responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work, widely seen as 'feminine'.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	f975a44410575741d03061d4a03f62cb	While underperforming schools are typically found to use the feedback from inspection visits for quality improvements, there are indications that schools labelled as achieving basic quality are often less engaged in using evaluative information to gain insights into their own challenges and plan for improvement (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013). Evaluation and assessment in the Netherlands operate in a context where the majority of schools are “owned” by non-public bodies (e.g. religious or professional communities pursuing particular pedagogical philosophies) and even public schools are typically operated by semi-autonomous boards, similar to those in the nonpublic sector (see Chapter 1). As described above, the size and composition of school boards, as well as the evaluation competencies of school board members, are highly variable. In its 2011/2012 report on the State of Education in the Netherlands, the Inspectorate notes that “quality assurance is an area in which many school boards could improve” (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013, p.27).	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264289062-4-en	f977995f4489b08549941da11589e4f4	Maternal mortality plunged from around 90 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1990 to around 13 deaths in 2015, while infant mortality declined from 45 deaths per 1 000 live births to 9 deaths over the same period. However, as with other indicators, national level data on infant and maternal mortality belie marked regional disparities. In some regions of the country maternal mortality has actually been increasing over the past ten years, by nearly 40% since 2005 in the Akmola and Karaganda regions, and in Kyzylorda region by more than 30% between 2010 and 20152. However after several waves of reforms most regulatory and financing functions have again been centralised.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en	f978ffa8751cd8be21ee0c7e73cb12f1	First, this can be related to family reunification and dependent migration: women and men migrate from the same country towards the same destination in the same decade due to family relationship. Second, it may capture network effects. As male peers have already migrated towards this destination, female migration flows are higher. For sake of clarity other additional controls (such as regional dummies) are not presented here. ***, **,	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	f979fc24084cb5717d59e261202b3094	Nevertheless, this is lower than the OECD average of 1.67 and w'ell below the population replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. Stagnating fertility rates are a particularly important issue for Germany: aside from the personal satisfaction derived from raising children, fewer babies means fewer workers in the future, with pernicious consequences for the economy. German w'omen with higher educational attainment are less likely to have children, as are women engaged in paid work and (especially) women engaged in full-time paid work. Women w ith higher earnings are also much less likely to have a child than women with low'er earnings, as lower-income women often live with a male breadwinner. Differences in gender roles are less dramatic in France, where the likelihood of giving birth actually increases with a woman's earnings (Chapter 6).	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/777ba258-en	f97b75078d71075a8ee42cc1caa0bb51	"State-sponsored accumulation involved, variously, the coordinated effort to shift resources into high-productivity activities, the provision of predictable and affordable credit through a managed financial system, and pro-investment macroeconomic policies, as well as direct public investment in some key sectors (Kohli, 2004). For a useful discussion of contrasting roles of the State in the development process, see Cypher and Dietz (2004), chap. They note (ibid., Autonomy allows the developmental state to switch roles in specific sectors, as conditions dictate"" (See also Chang and Rowthorn, 1995; Kozul-Wright and Rayment, 2007, pp."	7	4	0	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	f97b9dc1c6ac114b3a89f9a4e44fd3a8	Whilst IP and intangible asset valuation reports should always make the basis for their calculations clear, a lender or investor may be sceptical regarding whether a valuation paid for by a company (which may naturally be motivated to put the best possible complexion on their assets’ value) will take the same view of risk as would be present in a report commissioned by themselves. Generating confidence in the values found, while ensuring that financiers are incentivised to act responsibly (for example, by not placing undue reliance on the presence of a guarantee), is an important area of policy concern. Both of these approaches have been used by countries that operate IP financing schemes, as explored in Part 4, but each can be problematic.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283343-en	f97d2ae787115b8685b55eb90cca1c5a	Similarly, obesity is twice as prevalent among people with the lowest level of education. A higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status and life expectancy. Regulation, supervision, planning and quality monitoring are the role of the national government, while service delivery falls under the responsibility of the regions and municipalities. The regions are responsible for defining and running health services; municipalities are responsible for disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation, home care and long-term care (see Section 5.3).	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0e8375fc-en	f97da28922169715338841e995d75de0	Countries that have not yet done so should consider accession to the Water Convention. However, on some major transboundary rivers - for instance the Bug, Daugava, Dnieper and Neman - there is still neither an agreement covering the whole basin nor an established river basin commission. The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) and the Finnish-Russian Commission stand as positive models for cooperation between EU and non-EU countries.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	f97edc685526dca3b5e6a49ea5c810e6	This is particularly pronounced in China due to the land tenure system and the fact that contract rights are not well defined and tenure is limited. Furthermore, property law forbids the contract rights to rural land to be mortgaged. The 2009 OECD Rural Policy Review of China emphasised the importance of continued reforms that improve the availability of finance in rural areas (OECD, 2009).	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/028f7d06-en	f97fd6cad09ecaa5058692a6c0be5f0a	For this reason it is better to define the poverty threshold using deprivation in two dimensions, in line with other recent multidimensional measurements (Alkire and Santos, 2010; CONEVAL, 2009; Gordon and others, 2003). The countries with the highest multidimensional poverty rates (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) are also those with the highest monetary poverty rates. At the other extreme, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay (urban area) are the countries with the lowest multidimensional poverty rates and the lowest monetary poverty rates (see table 1.4). Refers to the latest survey available between 2006 and 2009. The only cases where multidimensional poverty did not decline was in some countries where rates were below 10% (which is to be expected because some of the indicators used are probably at the minimum threshold level).	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	f97fee5c20759035d56248b9d2e7195c	As we have seen above, the largest growing market for these technologies is in the now developing parts of the world (the South). This means not only that increasing financing needs to be secured for these critical investments, but also that most of the induced technological learning, and thus cost reductions, is likely to occur in these regions. In other words, there is a strong potential incentive to invest there, assuming appropriate institutional and financing arrangements. Tariffs are the rates paid per kilowatt-hour for electricity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264088979-en	f9819919ddf38fb1b876d1bc590cfc64	Processes should be established across relevant planning activities that embed tertiary education engagement in regional and local development including economic, social, cultural and environmental development. The government should play a key role in ensuring that there is a flow of funds from the Australian Government, in advocating for funds on behalf of the tertiary education sector and in providing joined-up governance in state responsibilities that intersect with tertiary education such as schools, vocational education, innovation, business development and transport and infrastructure planning. In order to guarantee that the needs of Victoria are effectively met by tertiary education institutions, the compact negotiations with individual universities, particularly with the four multi-sector universities, should involve also state government.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en	f9873dad2673cdba36c32e9117781e01	To avoid congestion and potential damage to individual grids in case of major power fluctuations, SGCC is planning to significantly strengthen the interconnection of its three regional grids in the east, central and south of the country (Figure 7). In 2009, cross-regional trade of electricity is 11.4% higher than the previous year and totalled at 158 TWh (Zhang, 2010). Depending on how quickly it can ramp and other conditions, a generating plant can be used as primary (frequency-response), secondary (spinning and nonspinning) or tertiary (replacement) reserves (Box 3) (IEA RETD, 2010).	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/11e28764-en	f988d709144d844a844b589eb41c1baf	Qualitative understanding is all the more important in view of the lack of sufficient gender-disaggregated quantitative information to carry out environmental assessments. As the 2009 UN/DESA Expert Group on gender-disaggregated water data affirmed, a smaller scale often provides the most appropriate and fruitful information (Seager ef al. Local data provide the basis for most of the knowledge we have on gender and the environment.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	f989c08d0e0ab7b7207cda03d705f80c	Those measures help reduce the cost of projects for on- and off-grid applications, and are designed to target the important issue of consumer affordability. For example, Bhutan is extending capital subsidies and grants to finance small-scale individual and community investments in renewable energy projects (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2013). India has provided excise duty exemptions for ofF-grid rooftop solar projects, while foreign investors are exempted from income tax for 15 years for solar power projects in Bangladesh (Bangladesh, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, 2013).	7	0	7	1.0
10.18356/50674358-en	f98ae4ddc47c1dfd33c6cdf2a31cc4ac	"In particular, the Hasbani sub-basin is threatened by several types of pollution, including domestic wastewater and olive oil production residues.""' In addition to an increase in salinity due to high evaporation rates,'* higher salinity values are mainly a result of the presence of chloride-rich saline springs close to the lake shore and on the lake floor, which discharge an estimated 40 MCM/yr into the lake. However, the construction of the Salinity Diversion Channel (SDC) in 1967 as part of Israels National Water Carrier project allowed for the diversion of saline water from springs on the western and north-western side of the lake""’ to the Lower Jordan River."	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4b376f88-en	f99069f43b0798d0cab9adcaaeeca89e	Twenty-five ecological indicators and ten subindicators are used to assess the changes in the state of water resources, w'ater consumption volumes in different economic branches, streamflow deficit rate and quality change patterns of surface water and groundwater. Water pollution plays a determining role in the increase in morbidity rate (kidney disease, oncological and acute infectious diseases), resulting in increased adult and child mortality rates. Anthropogenic impacts also result in soil pollution (salinity, toxic pollution, pesticides, residual quantities of fertilizers and heavy metal pollution) and affects public health.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	f990c109cedbd4e507d7c3ef796d30ff	To date, forward-looking information on country programmable aid is requested by the OECD-DAC, but is only available for a subset of donors, one to three years in advance, and the climate-relevant portion of this is not always tagged. This means that available, quantitative forward-looking information on climate finance provides only an incomplete picture of likely climate finance flows. Individual reporting on climate finance mobilised at the multilateral or bilateral level is challenging for several reasons, including the risk of double counting. Collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally and/or of climate finance mobilised multilaterally would ensure consistency and avoid double counting - as long as there is consistency in the individual underlying data and definitions.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en	f9910e33b05378abdbaaeba9d0c54750	If leave entitlements foster continuous female participation in the labour market, there will be growing acceptance from families and employers and greater career rewards for women. Social interaction may then produce a knock-on effect as more women feel they can enter the labour market, invest in a career before having children, time childbirth, take maternity leave, and return to work afterwards (Bernhardt, 1993; Gustafsson and Kenjoh, 2007). In this context, women w'ho are not yet in a position to claim paid parental leave would also benefit from its provision. They are also likely to benefit even further over time, as there is evidence that whole generations of women have been influenced by the shift in women’s identity from a family-centred world to a more career-oriented one (Goldin and Katz, 2002; Goldin, 2006).	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-8-en	f993084f85ff06314180e9684758ebd8	The chapter uses micro data from time use surveys in 11 countries to better understand how couples share unpaid work and can do so more equally. It begins by introducing the issues to hand, then lists the chapter’s main findings before looking at couples' work, both paid and unpaid. It finds that, in many but not all countries, women do more work on aggregate.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264083608-6-en	f993dcdeba9d3f4bfa1cbc01def016d5	It is noteworthy that recent analyses confirm that these challenges are not limited to developing countries: OECD countries are facing similar (although different) issues, and efficient responses require, inter alia, that water-related services are priced in ways which contribute to a range of environmental, social, economic and financial objectives. Some regions, such as parts of South and East Asia, Australia, Africa and the Middle East, do suffer from actual physical water shortages. Dry” areas may not be water scarce if use remains within the limits of local availability. Conversely, “wet” areas may be stressed if use approaches the limits of availability.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	f99658554d1063d46ff70d9df33f143b	Urban-rural disparity follows the concentration of industries and jobs in higher-skill sectors, which are usually located in urban areas while the majority of the population resides in rural areas depending on agriculture for subsistence (UNDP, 2014). According to the IMF, weakening of macroeconomic indicators including the inflation rate and public deficit have been due to over-optimistic revenue projections and increases in expenditure, as well as a too accommodating monetary policy (IMF, 2016). Apart from the production of oil, the macroeconomic outlook is affected by commodity prices and capital flows, and the risk of too high public expenditures in relation to revenues.	8	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591646-17-en	f998ae94604e73372340367fe49918b4	These adjustments must not be relegated to the future: they must be an integral part of the opening-up agenda. We must create a new “Geneva consensus”: a new basis for the opening up of trade that takes into account the resultant cost of adjustment’ (Lamy 2006). The term ‘adjustment costs’ suggested that the costs were a short-term problem: they didn’t recognise that trade liberalisation might actually impede longer-term development. Advocates of trade liberalisation never fully understood that even in equilibrium, trade liberalisation might have adverse effects, and especially so if it was pursued in an asymmetric way.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	f9998c72cf66d6570d73086c9577d05d	People without legally protected land titles have been displaced for biofuel production or hydropower generation.46 Lack of access to land and insecure land tenure are critical factors underpinning persistent rural poverty, especially for women in many developing country contexts.43 In India, the government has promoted biofoel production (for clean fuel) and addressed social impacts by focusing on by-products of crops and cultivating non-food crops on marginal lands only, in order not to undermine food security. However, it neglected the fact that marginal lands were often used by rural populations, for example, in shifting cultivation, for foelwood or medicinal plants. The use of marginal lands for biofuel production was thus perceived as massive land grabbing and hindered access to fuel for the rural poor.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264096356-en	f99a81d43250cdfbd3db69d15404683f	It just means that ceteris paribus nuclear energy, which relies on uranium, provides an added layer of protection against geopolitical supply risks. The following graph shows the reserve-production (R/P) ratios for key energy resources (Figure 1.3). The R/P ratios indicate the number of years that currently known (“proved”) reserves that can be recovered with reasonable certainty in the future under existing economic and technical conditions would last at current levels of consumption.	7	1	3	0.5
10.18356/2f3f72fd-en	f99b528785bccaf24e10be4e562217d3	The Initial National Communication (INC) does state the necessity of elaborating a national action plan on adaptation, the costs of which are estimated to be US$3 million. Emission scenarios until 2020 are in preparation under the Second National Communication. Also, emissions shown in the INC for 2012 will be recalculated under the Second National Communication.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	f99c92d61169bcde2f32ac0ddcdc02be	At least 13 dedicated multilateral climate funds have invested in agricultural, forestry and fisheries projects or programmes since 2010. Their size varies notably (see Figure). Although bilateral and multilateral climate finance employs a range of financial instruments, grants predominate, particularly in the case of dedicated multilateral climate funds and bilateral donors.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	f9a1712bf026b8516a8577db3efcb720	The first is simply to fit separate DREP models to each of several different sub-samples, where the sub-sample membership is defined by observable characteristics. ( This procedure allows all model parameters to differ between groups, not only A..) Examples of this strategy were discussed in Section 4.2. This is done by Andren and Andren (2013), and most systematically by Cappellari and Jenkins (2014) who interact every element of Z„_i with lagged SA receipt on the grounds that this allows each characteristic to have a different impact on rates of entry into and exit out of SA receipt.45 The same procedure is also commonly used to examine whether state dependence varies with calendar time (see e.g. Bhuller and Konigs (2011), Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a), and Konigs (2013a)). A third approach is to allow for unobserved heterogeneity in the state dependence parameter. For example, Stewart’s (2007) study of unemployment persistence considers the case in which dependence is normally distributed with a mean and variance estimated from the data.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a84cce24-en	f9ab23a84961d99b5f4738d64f1266cf	Background paper for World Economic and Social Survey 2008. Evolving structure of world agricultural trade and requirements for new world trade rules. Paper presented at the FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 24-26 June 2009. Sharma, Krishnan, Arun Kashyap, Manuel Montes, and Paul Ladd (2011).	10	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/0a7c7f99-en	f9af0e3742139a26f3cee63679471493	Migrants often face various types of discrimination. In a number of countries, there are no legal provisions to enable international migrants to acquire citizenship or the same rights as citizens, irrespective of their period of residence in the country. As a result, immigrants remain ineligible for specified jobs, owning property or setting up their own businesses, and may also be excluded from accessing basic social services. Legislation needs to be enforced to ensure the social integration of international migrants.	1	1	4	0.6
10.18356/584f8730-en	f9af1c019540b69dbad1c63d643181d8	Policies that overcome the core barriers would enhance the availability of and access to good-quality education, offer skill development programmes, including women's entrepreneurship, and provide a conducive infrastructure and safe public transport to work, especially in rural areas. For example, in Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, electrification and improved access to water increased women’s time available for market work (World Bank, 2011). Policies should also ensure equal decision-making, including access to finance and such productive assets as land and capital, and improve the flow of information on the job market. A quota for women in wage employment could also be introduced, at least in sectors where women do not traditionally participate.	8	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3dfe8660-en	f9af7614050e3bb711e411efd0fa86a7	By the end of 2007, 20 million poor people were benefiting from the scheme.103 Mexico is a leader in moving rapidly towards universal health coverage by adopting an innovative financing mechanism. Access to health services has been expanded in Rwanda by introducing community-based health insurance. As a result, health care became more affordable in rural areas.	1	2	3	0.2
10.1787/5k4c1rq2bqvk-en	f9b37c879b64099d1906a2f6d64a6c99	The contributing authors were Chris Bruegge, Kayoko Ido, Taylor Reynolds, Cristina Serra-Vallejo, Piotr Stryszowski and Rudolf Van Der Berg. The authors would particularly like to thank Dawit Bekele, Constance Bommelaer, Bill Graham and Michuki Mwangi from ISOC and Janis Karklins, Boyan Radoykov and Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg from UNESCO for their work and guidance on the project. With the goal of “achieving more with less”, governments need to look at ways to make the most of limited resources.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	f9b4a080ca4cdbcd1a61d2ec7153f6e4	In the last few decades, agriculture has been considerably neglected by donors and development partners. From the 1980s to 2008, aid to agriculture fell by 43 per cent (figure IV.7). In terms of total aid programmes, the share of aid to agriculture declined even more sharply, from 17 per cent in the 1980s to 6 per cent in 2008.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	f9b5f505cc2758bcc3c42311d0fd76d7	For example, the gradual shift in the United States towards smaller vehicles, which began after the 1974 oil shock, went into reverse as cars got more fuel efficient. Disentangling these effects is complex because lower oil prices contributed to this result, but the rebound effect appears to be a factor. Somewhat different implications arise when the energy is being consumed by a business: it means more output per unit of energy' consumed, whereas for households it may mean increased final consumption of heat or electricity, and hence an increase in welfare.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	f9b7184cfa84d30bb4dc5610e5a404cd	The urban road network and the water supply is expanding, but from a very low base. Increasing economic opportunities outside of Monrovia will help reduce urban migration. There is growing momentum to de-concentrate services and expand infrastructure in rural areas, but the process will take several years. The election of HoR was disputed by the Islamist factions who subsequently reconvened the GNC in Tripoli in August. Consequently, there are currently two rival governments in Libya: one linked to the HoR, the internationally recognised government, the otherto the GNC, indicating the depth of administrative and bureaucratic chaos in the country. Political divisions and the intense fighting between rival militias since August 2014 have cost hundreds lives, and displaced over 435 000 people.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283572-en	f9bec4005ff83029b4271ec3925d4aaf	A national reporting system has recently been developed, which specifically monitors bed occupancy in clinically inappropriate wards, to diminish adveise effects. While nearly all cataract surgeries have for a long time been performed as day care, the use of day care has spread to many other procedures. For example, the share of tonsillectomy (the removal of tonsils) carried out as same-day surgery has increased from about 20% in 2005 to over 70% in 2015. Most of the over 100 registers are built around specific diagnoses and mainly contain medical and epidemiological information.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	f9c486f7feda606c7f8fa4a4eb00d70c	In road policing, Police target population based behaviours that are not by their nature criminal, but when repeated across the population, cause high levels of road trauma. These behaviour patterns, when observed across a population, are relatively consistent over time. Typically, this results in similar numbers of alcohol related crashes, speed related crashes and a predictable range of crashes occurring. The long term reduction in these trends relies upon a relentless enforcement programme and supporting publicity over many years in order to change engrained behaviours.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	f9c65997ce203586b7bd2dded8a01489	As a result, admission requirements have become stricter and there are now specific requirements in terms of performance in upper secondary education. Entry is now a two-tier process. Those with the highest marks are granted direct admission, but anyone else wishing to enrol has to take an examination including an interview both of which are scored to determine entry.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	f9c78bdaae81f036ae624572719b270f	For example, the criteria for grade I milk include: availability of own breeding stock of cows and heifers (over two years old, not less than 700 heads); the share of pedigree livestock thereof (100%); average number of dairy cows (not less than 500 heads); availability of a modem dairy complex with a fully developed infrastructure; availability of modem high-technology dairy equipment (on dairy premises); use of artificial insemination (100%); and availability of own fodder base. For example, requirements applied for grain in 2010 and 2011 included “compliance with scientifically established cultivation technologies”, such as maintenance of arable land under fallow, with the share of fallow not less than a minimum limit, and use of high-quality seeds with a detailed specification of quality. However, some specialists in Kazakhstan question the advantages of keeping land under fallow (Suleimenov, 2012). More broadly, the concept and the exact meaning of “scientifically established cultivation technologies” remains an issue of debate.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	f9c8405947eeafde779e954a11b7ab1f	By 2015, China is expected to become the 2nd largest desalination market in the world after Saudi Arabia. Desalination can rely on a large resource base (oceans) and be widely implemented on coastal areas. The major constraint is that it is energy intensive.2 Moreover, brine discharges to the sea can increase salinity and temperature, and accumulate toxic compounds, in receiving waters. Industry can be made less dependent on the supply of potable water through obtaining water qualities that are tailored to suit product and process demands and quality standards (“water fit-for-use”).	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	f9c8a66f92b316293c33c8f0b7edba13	"In this section, we argue that nitrogen fertilizers are in fact very emission-intensive and that there is limited potential to reduce emission intensity further. For instance, if the carbon price is EUR 50, the extra cost will amount to a 30% increase for the two types of nitrogen fertilizers urea and ammonium nitrate (AN), see Figure 14. The figure does not include free allowances in order to show the ""raw impact"" of the ETS price."	7	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264224582-8-en	f9ca8e2ff683c446ef16e823b46b9b5e	The UK Green Investment Bank is considering the creation of a fund that would invest in multiple projects. The fund is designed to appeal to institutional investors that may seek exposure to assets such as offshore wind but would be unlikely to risk investing in a single project (Shankleman, 2014). For example, the Asian Development Bank acted as a cornerstone investor in the Philippine Investment Alliance for Infrastructure (PINAI), an unlisted fund dedicated to investing in infrastructure assets in the Philippines, which subsequently attracted outside investors including APG, a Dutch pension fund asset manager.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264285712-5-en	f9cbd6fb81bcac236b45494b9e1e9798	Urbanisation and increased demand for water reinforce the need to collect and treat effluents of wastewater. The same applies to industries and, in similar ways, to agriculture. To this end, OECD (2017) recommends that governments combine regulatory, information-based and economic instruments to provide continuing incentives for water users and polluters to reduce quantitative and qualitative pressure on water resources.	6	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	f9cf7ed868d598af5e676b6612b1efae	The degree of vulnerability of individual LDCs varied with the extent of dependence on trade, nature of demand structure, depth of fiscal space, extent of foreign exchange reserves, and strength of other macroeconomic fundamentals. Individual countries’ abilities to adopt counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies depended on the fiscal capacity to meet the necessary costs and the institutional capacity to implement such policies. This was especially the case if the countries were to contribute to protecting their societies’ poor and the vulnerable groups. Hence, it is important for the LDCs to be prepared to face such crises.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/7f55e015-en	f9cfd2b533a3b7ab8d02d35367c40310	Face-to-face purchases are replaced with a click of a keyboard button, and money transfer operators are now a user-interface on a mobile phone. Digital platforms are also increasingly extending their reach, expanding the services they provide. Apple now provides mobile payments through Apple Pay, Alibaba offers logistical services, Facebook has an online marketplace, and Amazon is offering cloud computing services.	9	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	f9d25e320729c6b3c2d3ae38b3f912bf	On the other hand, to resolve the administrative gap, a government may need, in addition to a shift towards river basin management, to enhance citizen participation and intermunicipal collaboration, collect information at basin level, and offer financial incentives to local authorities. A policy mix of several tools is often called for. Regional and local actors are already key players in OECD countries’ water policy implementation.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/af3bcc31-en	f9d2c534096ef63acbe7e3be7d3dad6f	This dust, mixed with the air, is thought to cause lung cancer and other breathing ailments. Elevated radon levels have also been associated with these abandoned mines. The effect of long-term radiation exposure in the levels associated with these mines is largely unknown. Despite the obvious need, there have not been to date any comprehensive studies of radiation and heavy metal contamination in the United States.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.14217/9781848599130-16-en	f9d905fbb36cbff695bedba72eba53fd	The analyses have shown that knowledge and skills of returnee migrants and the savings generated from remittances could be important sources for capital accumulation in LDCs - both human and financial. These resources could play an important role in the developmental evolution of the LDCs. The IPoA, by identifying concrete doables on the part of both the LDCs and development partners, has redirected the attention of the global community to a much-neglected area which, however, has high potential in terms of facilitating many of the LDCs in undertaking their journey towards graduation.	10	0	4	1.0
10.6027/5bbb8fc8-en	f9d99e81dd1725e54c70c41dca18b598	For instance, on the old list we had Aluminium production, Copper production and Other non-ferrous metal production in three separate categories. In the new list, we have had to group these together (in Aluminium and copper) as we would lose too much data if we looked at them individually. Since 2008 the average energy intensity of the industries on the 2012 list has dropped 28%.	7	1	4	0.6
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	f9dc8e24c56861335770227c9462011a	"Whereas some mobile teams are staffed with one medical assistant and nurse, other mobile teams may be staffed with medical specialists providing more complex diagnostic and treatment services, such as, for example, lung examinations by fluoroscopy. While many medical assistants and nurses in predominantly indigenous areas are indigenous, most doctors are not. Although indigenous peoples rarely face language problems in their communication with doctors, there is a need for doctors to have better knowledge of the indigenous cultures.3 Physicians training at medical universities are neither exposed to course on ""northern medicine"" nor trained to work with indigenous peoples. Indigenous northerners in the Russian Federation live in regions with rich natural resources, among them oil, gas and gold, and extractive industries contribute to ecological destruction."	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	f9de31b166d1e741502fff2f793d3a4c	Additional transmission mechanisms from more finance to less equality are likely to be at work, too. This paper is part of the OECD project on “Finance and Inclusive Growth” that was prepared for the Working Party No. It benefited from valuable contributions by Alexandre Cazenave-Lacroutz, Matthieu Segol and Matteo Sostero. I am grateful to Boris Cournede for helpful discussions at various stages of the project.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-5-en	f9deb91b73430a527a48590dd8e776e1	Policy developments in education are guided by a multitude of planning documents and strategies, notably the State Program for Education Development 2011-20. A number of strategies and planning documents ensure consistency and guide policymaking in the short-, medium- and long-term. All major strategies are considered as part of the legislative framework. Other strategic documents include the National Action Plan for the development of school children’s functional literacy for 2012-16 (from 2012), the State General Compulsory Education Standard (from 2012).	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	f9df28384222d0b84e760c04eec2cffc	Further investments are required in most MENA countries to embed gender budgeting into the mainstream budgeting cycle across government and for these practices to take root. It would be important to ensure that all pertinent stakeholders, including parliaments, are actively engaged in this process. Good practices from both OECD and MENA countries (e.g. Morocco) may support MENA policy makers in the implementation of gender budgeting in a systematic and sustainable manner. This would allow for gender mainstreaming to be taken into consideration more strategically and ensure buy-in at all levels of government, as well as raise awareness of gender mainstreaming.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264174542-7-en	f9df3b497752d575946591b21c59219e	They may also play a role in consensus building, facilitation and conflict management. The form and role of RBOs are closely linked to their respective historical and social contexts. The International Network of Basin Organisations (INBO) currently has 133 member organisations from more than 50 countries. The legal status of RBCs differs from country to country.	6	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/520b80a5-en	f9df860e64c21402a8c0608c481abff8	However, a more positive development in the medium-term is likely to arise from the ongoing effort to rebalance the Chinese economy towards being more consumption-led, in line with the government’s efforts to reduce hardcore poverty, income inequality and regional disparities. This rebalancing may produce a net positive impact on other countries in the region by creating new sources of demand in the Chinese economy. In addition, governments will have to take action to ensure specifically that the jobs and incomes of the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society are protected during this difficult period.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en	f9e433179c7c45e4a9b723f003cf3c4f	Some models (e.g., MAGNET, ENV-Linkages) focus solely on agricultural land and allow the total supply of land to vary depending on returns to farming. Competition for land can take place at several levels - first among broad land cover types such as crops, pasture and forestry, followed by the competition for cropland among different crop sectors. Demand for land is typically derived from a production function, in which land enters as an independent input with a certain degree of substitutability with other input factors.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5jz40rjgtjxx-en	f9e474159867213a071fd7fb42c957e1	"Their choice came down to: ""they were willing to live in congested dwellings without safety or security just so they could walk to work"" (Gopalan 1998)11. Other studies have found similarly very limited mobility by the urban poor. Some of the urban poor have to make a different trade-off by accepting long travel distances from a peripheral location in order to obtain affordable but secure housing. The relative immobility of the urban poor, especially poor women is a central fact in their lives and severely limits their employment options. It has already been mentioned above that the poor must trade-off the time and cost required to access livelihood opportunities against security and quality of housing."	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/0488519d-en	f9e48282a7fd4819a1ae4a69b89a2ebe	Although the International Charter can only be activated by authorized members during emergencies, it can be activated for disasters in any country for acquisition and dissemination of space data to share with relevant national authorities.60 For the Asia-Pacific region, the International Charter was activated on average for 14 per cent of disaster events -15 times in 2012,25 in 2013, and 20 in 2014 - more than half of global activations in those years. This enhances the capacity to restore systems to functionality. By contrast, retrofitting such capabilities into existing systems is expensive and time-consuming. Countries should therefore consider additional forms of connectivity.	13	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264309074-14-en	f9e4d77c718f1e97f7b6ca8f6183b75d	This is further elaborated by commitments made by Cambodia in its NDC under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change where it identifies rural development and agriculture as key focus areas for adaptation, and renewable energy and energy efficiency as target areas for mitigation, but with no explicit target for renewable energy penetration. As part of the Strategic Plan, line ministries have started to develop sector level strategic plans and action plans. Efforts have also been made to estimate and mobilise financing for these action plans. Given its geography, available land area, irradiation, large concentrations of agricultural residues and animal manure, Cambodia has considerable potential for the uptake of solar, biomass, biofuel and biogas options.	8	5	0	1.0
10.1787/5jlrb8ftvqs1-en	f9e7de1a5c15e1f4ab79f43415b44aa8	Several interviewees expressed their satisfaction with the new approach. It might be the case, however, that the Ministry has lost a platform specifically for building more alignment across the components of the system. For instance, one of the advisers tested the conceptual framework for technology in a number of schools before it was finalised. Furthermore, in the small umbrella organisations, teachers and school leaders are often more involved.	4	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264268852-7-en	f9e8797aec1ba66107cd7dc2f7035a80	Subnational surcharges could be the most appropriate means of providing Kazakhstan’s SNGs with their own marginal revenues, especially when administrative resources are scarce. This is the course of action followed by some Canadian provinces, which rely on surcharges on national taxes. Surcharges provide almost as much fiscal autonomy as independent taxation, but are much simpler; they provide more autonomy than tax sharing (McLure et al.,	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/f47faf05-en	f9ec540e273edfa946277ba3f0fee656	Toxic substances include toxic pesticides (e.g., pesticides that have teratogenic, carcinogenic, tumorigenic and/or mutagenic effects), and toxic industrial chemicals (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury and nickel, among others). Toxic substance-related diseases and health problems include, but are not limited to, chronic illnesses of the respiratory system (such as pneumonia, upper and lower respiratory diseases, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), cancer, infertility, and congenital anomalies or malformations. Exposure to toxic substances is usually the result of poor environmental management in the chemical industry, energy production, mining, agriculture and waste management, and stakeholders’ lack of information.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eag-2018-14-en	f9ecea2b8cc73419a47def4b8a542f8d	At the same time, dropping out or repeating a grade can lead to premature withdrawal from school and lower employability of school leavers, causing a loss for educational systems in terms of social and financial resources, such as students’ learning, school buildings’ usage and teachers' work time (UNESCO International Bureau of Education, 1970(3]). Grade repetition, the practice of retaining students in the same grade, is used to give struggling students more time to master grade-appropriate content before moving on to the next grade (and prevent them from dropping out). Even if research finds that grade repetition can be ineffective in enhancing the achievement of low performers in the short run (OECD, 2016(4]), early retention may lead to better outcomes than late retention and retained students may catch up after several years (Fruehwirth, Navarro and Takahashi, 2016(si).	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	f9ee5b65878e5da91e00e530a8c3fefd	"The driving factors are insecure, low income, poor career prospects, and meagre chances of returning to full-time work. And Germany lags far behind, with women occupying only 6.1% of seats on the boards of directors in Foibes Global 500 companies in 2013, compared to the OECD-wide average of 18%. Since January 2016, women must account for 30% of seats in the supervisor)' (non-executive) boardrooms of stock-listed and so-called ""co-determined” companies, large companies of 2 000 or more workers, where employees appoint half the members of the supervisory board. About 200 companies are affected by the requirement."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	f9efbaed7e4c118915c6dc8afa7add4d	In England, the rise in diabetes was estimated to have offset mortality improvements by 7.4% overall, but by 14% in the more deprived areas of England and by only 2% in wealthier areas (Bajekal et al., Such results indicate that the advancements in equal access to high quality treatments are being threatened by the unequal distribution in risk factors such as diabetes. The number of deaths caused by CVD varies considerably across OECD countries.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	f9f0fefbc78c7663dda977ee2cb6eebe	These circumstances lead to limited training and preparation on pedagogical evaluation and human resource management for the role of the school principal in school self-evaluation, school improvement, teacher appraisal and teacher career development. This is a rather technical area requiring very specific expertise in domains such as educational measurement, test development, validation of test items or scaling methods, which happens to be scarce in the Czech Republic mostly as the result of the limited availability of higher education offerings in these areas in the country. This is a rather problematic challenge as a current priority is the development of standardised testing in grades 5 and 9.	4	0	3	1.0
10.30875/64b86eed-en	f9f12c36fe4e86da5998a5bda3d78a10	Using alternate metrics generates different results. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) eTrade of All framework identifies seven critical areas for e-commerce development: e-commerce assessments, ICT infrastructure services, payments, trade logistics, legal & regulatory frameworks, skills development, and financing for e-commerce. Using this e-trade for all categorization against OECD reporting codes gives a different perspective on financing flows.	9	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	f9f327f6edcba8d58bbb1f92a4fee1e0	Businesses in local towns will come to benefit in the longer term through providing various goods and services to rail users. Finally, the project is expected to enhance access to social services, including health care, potable water, education and administration by increasing the mobility of the people and resources required to run these services. If the first phase of the CRGE was characterised by producing an impressive document and basic commitment in a short time, the next phase will surely have to be about experimenting, learning, and continuous improvement systems.	13	4	1	0.6
10.1787/9789264303928-6-en	f9f3c440891c14c4fa1e41230cade5a6	While end-user tariffs were significantly increased in the past couple of years, targeted subsidies to support poor households have risen as well. At the same time, the capacity of energy companies to build their capital reserves and to invest in upgrading the efficiency of generation and distribution assets remains low. During an energy crisis, the government typically intervenes to take control over the power sector, which in turn reduces longer-term investor confidence.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/f90cb3e8-en	f9f5b3ce67159ed52ce6562d6bb439ca	These limitations of origin have already been criticized by the members of the so-called Indigenous Peoples Major Group3 - which brings together internationally recognized indigenous intellectuals, leaders, and representatives -, during their participation in the previous meetings towards the final adoption of the Agenda. These demands were not incorporated, which has forced the Indigenous Peoples to develop their own indicators and their own monitoring methodologies in the implementation of the SDGs. In that sense, the Indigenous Peoples do not separate the SDGs from their differentiated rights. For them, it is impossible to work for sustainable development without guaranteeing the practical and real protection of their rights, both individual and, above all, collective.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	f9f5ee6e28f9fe6eba1f8016715b1129	Furthermore, progress has been very uneven both across countries and for different groups of women within the same country, with women from the most disadvantaged social groups typically facing the widest gender gaps. They are also less likely to hold the best occupations and are considerably less likely to be in top-management positions. Many women are self-employed, but they own smaller and less successful businesses than men, as a result of credit constraints and gaps in financial literacy and business-related knowledge.	5	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	f9fa11e058a6686d3bdeeea0f0d5d78e	"If one assumes that the top three occupational categories (technicians and association professionals, professionals, and legislators, senior officials and managers) are those requiring some level of formal tertiary education, only 23% of the occupations in the Northern Corridor Economic Region and 19% in the Northern Corridor Economic Region not including Penang require this level of education. Most of the occupations continue to require only basic education and training at the secondary level or less. While precise data were not available, the level of highly skilled labour in Penang is likely to be at or slightly above the national average and the level for the remainder of the Northern Corridor Economic Region significantly below that level. Within these, the areas of development most relevant to Penang are manufacturing, especially increasing the ""value added"" in electrical and electronics (E&E) and in services, especially tourism."	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/48927deb-en	f9fb96d45ce904bf118972e16d1d394b	These events have increased awareness about the need to invest in flood prediction and cooperate with neighbouring countries in developing such systems. Testing of the Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) in March 2007 on the Danube revealed that half of the stations did not react in a timely fashion. The development of the structure and content of a pilot Geographical Information System (GIS) on the Dniester River Basin as the information basis for water management is supported in an Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) project.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	f9fbac3c3710127a2cb54269ac699048	Language can be defined as mother tongue (the language usually spoken in early childhood), the usual language most often spoken at home at the current time, or the ability to speak one or more designated languages. Each of these definitions of language serves a different analytical purpose and the decision as to which one to adopt in a survey on violence against women will depend on the local population and on the survey objectives. With respect to data on mother tongue or usual language, it is recommended that each language that is numerically important in country, not just the dominant language, should be shown.	5	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264267787-en	f9fe3c333c41edaebd20a65eb9fb1387	The Danish e-health portal, is the official portal for the public Danish health care sen/ices and enables patients and health care professionals to find information and communicate. The country also publishes annual reports based on national clinical databases, and reports on regional variation in health outcomes. The Folkesundhedsprogram 1999-2008 (Public Health Programme 1999-2008) included a series of targets for the reduction of inequality in health.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	f9ff74e8fe9f41512d817dcee019b7a9	The environment is contaminated with petroleum products, radioactive fallout from nuclear testing and fallen rocket debris. About 40 per cent of reindeer pastures are no longer usable. ’ Lack of sewage facilities in the North adds to water pollution. Among the most dangerous of these toxins are persistent organic pollutants (POPs)—pesticides, industrial chemicals and by-products—that have a particular combination of physical and chemical properties that, when released into the environment, remain intact for years.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264281486-4-en	fa010767fd83fbb6ec4688643fbfae72	As part of this process, Lithuania must undergo in-depth technical reviews in all relevant areas of the organisation’s work, including education and skills. This report is an input to this process. It evaluates national policies and practices in Lithuania in education and skills, compared to OECD member countries and reference countries in the Nordic and Baltic region. It does so according to five principles that are essential to effective education systems: a strong focus on improving learning outcomes; equity in educational opportunity; the ability to collect and use data to inform policy; the effective use of funding to steer reform; and the extent of multi-stakeholder engagement in policy design and implementation. Based on these benchmarks, the review both underlines the many strengths of Lithuania’s education system and provides recommendations on how to improve policies and practices so that the country' can fully achieve OECD standards of education attainment and outcomes.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	fa01c01fb8d4cf3dc64d32bd0ce22caf	These are common strategies in developed countries to overcome the problems of blocking effects generated by exclusive rights and ensuing difficulties for follow-on innovation (e.g. through “patent thickets”). Normally, crosslicensing and patent pooling are traditional means in developed countries of opening up protected technology areas to enhanced competition. Org/ip/health/c/italy/), concerning the patented active ingredient Imipenem Cilastatina; IP health newsletter of 30 June 2007 (available at http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/2/7/452?rss=3Dl).	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/106b1c42-en	fa06edb641470683a36b25e6eb786c17	The editors would therefore like to acknowledge the review work kindly contributed by Sharon Lynn Kagan, Nirmala Rao and Susanne Viernickel. Additional review was provided by Technical Advisory Group member Paul Leseman. Ralph Carstens provided important inputs and recommendations from the perspective of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), the TALIS Starting Strong Survey’s sibling project.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	fa0879d7f896afb872c2658758e493e9	The final section suggests various reforms of the health system with potentially large impacts on its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Both health-adjusted1 and raw life expectancies at birth are among the lowest across the OECD and about six years less than OECD averages (Figure 4.1). In terms of potential years of life lost (PYLL),2 Hungary was ranked among the countries with the highest number in the OECD.	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	fa08d97e2311c65f9491ad7dd017a63d	Depression was identified as a major risk factor for suicide and premature mortality. Evidence from depression and anxiety guidelines suggested that CBT was a cost-effective way of treating depression. Backed by the evidence presented in the NICE guideline, GBP 177 million was invested to train and employ 6 000 CBT therapists.	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7f55e015-en	fa0d30d6614a0e516703c8de737ae2d0	This way, women who are unable to hold traditional jobs can pursue local and international business opportunities, e-commerce and creative entrepreneurial projects, including their own start-ups. The Afghan girls robotics team, which recently took part in the First Global competition, is an example of initiatives we hope to promote for girls and women in Afghanistan and other conservative areas. Many families now allow their daughters to attend secondary school, but fewer accept university studies or employment outside of the home once girls graduate from high school. It also empowers women by breaking down physical and socio-cultural barriers and providing a safe space where they can voice their opinions, learn, and find support among the digital community.	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264201156-5-en	fa103a080e4894cf6edaa79d40de4177	Yet, even these sophisticated statistical techniques cannot adequately take into account the nature of the PISA sample for the system-level analyses because participating countries and economies are not randomly selected. The system-level correlations presented here are consistent with results from earlier PISA analyses, which used more sophisticated statistical techniques. Given that the limitations of a correlation analysis using PISA data are not completely overcome by using more sophisticated statistical tools, the simplest method was used.	4	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264181144-5-en	fa1146f7a5e49ed1d3e296e3eda9abba	It will reduce the potential for economic growth in developing economies through both incremental changes in climate and the rise in impacts from extreme events. A wide range of studies has identified links between decreases in growth or welfare and climate change impacts.7 These have considered the specific connections with increasing average temperatures (Dell et al., Natural disasters and extreme events can give rise to significant economic damage, in addition to the environmental and humanitarian impacts. In addition to the one-off economic impacts, disasters can also reduce longterm economic growth prospects by diverting expenditure towards emergency relief and reconstruction at the expense of investments in growth and poverty reduction (Benson and Clay, 2004), or by reducing the quantity of productive capital in the economy (Vivid Economics, 2010).	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	fa115abd85283eea6a9af2e3b8f798b1	Such changes will be complemented by recently proposed legislation by the State Council that will increase the accountability of business operators for food safety. Educational opportunities are improving, but the level of human capital in rural areas remains much lower than in urban areas (Molnar and Koen, 2015). At the secondary school level, the graduate-to-population ratio in rural areas was unchanged between 1998 and 2012 while it doubled in urban China. As the rural adjustment process continues to unfold, a solid general education will help rural citizens transition into work in the emerging sectors of the economy.	2	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264202887-10-en	fa12fb6530b33bfe1522fd2420596e6a	However, most local authorities do not abide by their own IDPs and can be easily persuaded to undertake an unplanned development project without assessing its potential impact (particularly since their environmental management capacity is very low). The absence of reliable records makes it almost impossible for the provinces to fulfil their constitutional role of oversight of local government on these matters. An EMF is a spatial planning tool that defines the conservation status of the area or its specific parts; environmental management priorities within the area; and the types of developments or land uses that may have a significant impact on the area or may be undesirable. In theory, the EMFs ensure the integration of environmental aspects into spatial planning; in practice, most local governments lack the capacity to make these tools truly meaningful. However, EMFs are currently not reconciling biodiversity conservation planning with development priorities in different programmes.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jlwvz85537c-en	fa151dd9e694decee86521713a1bdd33	The priority of road safety is still very low for most local governments. People wish to spend taxes to promote income rather than to promote safety. This is getting worse for local governments that are heavily dependent on subsidies from central government. This helps reduce criminal records, but it may not encourage careful driving.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264088726-15-en	fa17b8dd85b30c44495f6c1928a079a1	There may be some arguments about what is meant by trapping and sequestering carbon. Some may argue that it should be reserved to long/geological term storage (sink) and not to transient storage (Lackner, 2003). This is, in fact, a question of how long one allows the recycling clock to run. There is no permanent storage of carbon; it happened to have been sequestered over geological time to suddenly be reused at an accelerated rate over the last few centuries. But the first law of thermodynamics, as enunciated by Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier more than two centuries ago, still applies: “Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crde, tout se transforme”, i.e. “Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed”. If even temporary removal of carbon from the ocean until further transformation can be credited for potentially increasing seawater pH and absorbing C02 from the atmosphere and/or the cultivated animals, then we can do the following calculations.	14	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3a7787dd-en	fa1907df965d4be09202b0116c623f46	Using information already existing in national accounts, this involves a series of adjustments, recognising the consumption of own-use production work of services as an income in-kind, to arrive at an adjusted value for household disposable income. While not explicitly recommended, countries can use this information to analyse a number of issues relating to income inequalities and poverty. Finally, the Guide recommends a number of areas for further research work.	8	3	3	0.0
10.18356/22d6eb9f-en	fa1a33ca16f9959147998cef6b23708b	Studies show that young people who believe in gender equality have better sexual health outcomes than their peers (International Sexuality and HIV Curriculum Working Group, 2011). Young people who, compared to their peers, adopt egalitarian attitudes about gender roles are more likely to delay sexual debut, use condoms, and practice contraception; they also have lower rates of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy (Dupas, 2011). Very few programmes reach these groups, especially adolescents who are not in school. Developing out-of-school programmes is therefore essential.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/a84cce24-en	fa1ac0435af5d581c28360d225a077db	Because of rising incomes and spreading urbanization, per capita meat consumption increased from 34 to 43 kilograms between 1992 and 2010. Nearly all of this increase can be attributed to growing demand in Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Latin America. Combined with the growing world population, changing dietary patterns imply that food production needs to roughly double by 2050. Although, global food production has increased at a faster pace (about 45 per cent) than population (about 23 per cent), it has barely kept up with food demand and unequal distribution of the increased food availability was still leaving about 870 million people undernourished worldwide in 2010-12 (FAO, 2012).	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0e3c4bbb-en	fa1b014cb6452651e5c066639bc09752	This section examines food wastage occurring at the consumption end is examined, along with the underlying factors associated with different socioeconomic and agricultural development conditions. Recent estimations show that the weight of food wasted per capita by consumers in Europe and North America amounts to 95-115 kg/year, compared with the figure for sub-Saharan Africa and South and South-East Asia, which is only 6-11 kg/year (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012c). As much as 30 per cent of total harvested food does not reach the marketplace as a result of quality selection and cosmetic considerations (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013). Also, food production tends to exceed demand in developed countries as a precautionary measure, in order to ensure delivery of agreed quantities.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	fa1b3bfba09c7e5d0f4cf9bcd1119111	Cities create wealth, generate employment and drive human progress by harnessing the forces of agglomeration and industrialization.8 Cites also offer greater societal freedoms. In the process of urbanization, however, there have been some bumps along the road, many of which are discussed in Chapters 3 to 8. While it is easy to ascribe all these changes to urbanization, such a causal connection would be superficial. The model is a result of relentless globalization, the unfettered transformation of cities into sources of private gain, a declining attention to public space and community benefit, and rapid technological change which in the end increases connectivity while it diminishes accountability.	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264279322-4-en	fa1c4547b76162d78ea4f73cd138b793	The task force could also examine whether and how men's high level of responsibility could negatively impact countries’ competitiveness. Although international and domestic laws prohibit discrimination in the recruitment process, working conditions and remuneration, these norms are not always respected in practice. Regulations that are intended to protect women may unintentionally bar them from certain types of work or from engaging in certain industries.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264226500-5-en	fa1eb15d5c4f790760187e539405a0fc	It comprises 42 railway connections with 390 stations and 943 bus routes with 11 900 stops. On average, it handles some 2.5 million passengers per workday, with an average length of travel of 10 kilometres. In terms of revenue per trip, it achieves a top value in Germany, covering its costs at 57%, with the remainder coming from federal regionalisation funds passed through the state budget, and from municipalities via state financial equalisation.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/63f6fa5d-en	fa21c9c67ebb2316f3a12f69c0cf750d	"In the FRG, LFPRs were high in the post-War period and decreased to 55 per cent in the late 1980s. At the legal level, this resulted in a debate on the legality of measures that proactively advantaged women (affirmative action), especially with regard to quotas for leadership positions or more generally for positions where women are underrepresented, which were seen by some as a form of""reverse discrimination”. The German General Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz) of 2006 implements four EU Directives: the Race Equality Directive, the Employment Equality Directive, the Gender Equality Directive for Goods and Services and the Employment Gender Equality Directive. The German Constitutional Court recognizes the primacy of EU law, with the exception of basic constitutional structures and principles (Staatsstrukturprinzipier) which are constitutionally protected in Germany, cf. Nevertheless, gender equality remains topical in these EU documents."	5	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	fa2272f21ed2d0047a3dfc04de726215	In addition, there are differences in how climate finance effectiveness is assessed. This paper explores different aspects of climate finance effectiveness, for example in terms of climate finance outcomes (e.g. environmental, economic, developmental), delivery (e.g. institutions and governance), and time horizons (e.g. short-term vs. long-term results). The paper uses examples from different types of activities (both mitigation and adaptation) and explores the issue of effectiveness at a range of scales (projects, programmes, policies). The paper focuses on climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, i.e. public climate finance, as well as the private climate finance mobilised by public interventions.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	fa2729595076ac858d49de2b3e6f0f33	The economy and suicide: a time-series study of the USA. -Poor and uninsured to be treated at designated hospitals and prescribed generic medicine. - Increase in user charges from €3 to €5 for public outpatient facilities; some user charges for vulnerable groups removed. -Liberalisation of pharmacies -Hospital output based funding used for hospital budget from 2013.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7dcbd514-en	fa2740e8ca3acef143f0709c94fb2842	Planned dam constructions are expected to influence the flow and hydromorphology. For example, in Georgia, municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly not in functioning condition. In rural settlements, there is commonly no sewerage network. In the Turkish part, the influence of wastewater from settlements is considered local, but severe. For example, the controlled dumpsite Ardahan in Turkey may cause pollution of nearby agricultural land.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	fa281fe578c615ae237a8eae43965f73	The Paris Agreement requests the Adaptation Committee and the LEG to jointly develop modalities related to recognising these efforts for the consideration and adoption of the Parties to the agreement. These are summarised in Table 9 below. However, given that the Paris Agreement provides developing countries with flexibility in i.a. This would have the benefit of being comprehensive, but the disadvantage of not looking across countries to bring out key themes or lessons learned.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/2b415b7c-en	fa28c55386511d6480519ed14329ba9a	The 2002 Regulations on State Environmental Monitoring set out the scope, purposes and outputs of state environmental monitoring in the country and specify the tasks and responsibilities of six governmental bodies: the SCNP, Uzhydromet, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management, the State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources and the SCLR. Monitoring activities should be conducted based on a government-approved monitoring programme. The SCNP was made responsible for the coordination of state environmental monitoring, the approval of a unified monitoring methodology to be followed by the relevant government bodies, and for the collection and evaluation of monitoring data and their delivery to decision makers and the public, including in the form of the annual national state-of-the-environment report.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	fa2b2d8573a1b649704c297d0fa2d810	Some countries, such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway rely on such personnel to a great extent, while in Hungary their role appears to be limited, as reflected in their comparatively low numbers at 2.5 per thousand population in 2008. Consistent with the general trend of declining numbers of hospital beds, the number of hospital beds per thousand population in Hungary came down to around seven in 2009 from nearly nine in 1996, owing to cost-containment policies targeting excess capacity in the hospital sector and the advent of new medical technologies allowing greater reliance on day care rather than long hospitalisation. Nevertheless, the number of hospital beds remained above the OECD average of five per thousand in 2009 (OECD, 2011; Figure 4.5). The average lengths of stay in acute and inpatient care were among the lowest in the OECD in 2009.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2012-5k8zs3twbrd8	fa2fabcb1a9471751a2e5fc32a671083	The coefficient on the self-employment dummy obtained for Canada is thus not fully comparable with those obtained for other countries. For the EU-SILC survey this refers to the number of hours usually worked per week in the main job plus the number of hours usually worked per week in other jobs, including overtime work as far as this overtime work is frequent. In the cases of Australia and Canada similar concepts are considered.	10	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	fa2fea89f9a8184ae3931c50f69f625f	There are also strong geographic disparities, with students in the Northeast region - where adult illiteracy is still close to 20% - scoring particularly low on the tests. At a time of consistent growth in Brazil’s output in basic sciences, which reached a 2.02% share of international published articles in 2007, Brazil’s share of the world’s registered patents was only 0.06%. One reason for Brazil’s poor record in convening scientific knowledge into practical results is the country’s low level of investment in R&D. While Brazil dedicates only 0.98% of its gross domestic product (GDP) to research and development investments, the People’s Republic of China invests 1.22%, and Brazilian coiporations, which should be most responsible for creating patents, are investing little in their own research. For instance, the management of managers and senior managers in the federal government of Brazil receives less attention compared to the situation in most OECD member countries.	6	3	1	0.5
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	fa303235fd9670170ebda93a22164323	From the beginning of the twentieth century, indigenous peoples were subjected to collectivization, industrialization, forced migration to urban centres and sedentarization, all of which failed to take into consideration indigenous cultures and ways of life. Rapid industrialization led to the contamination and devastation of landscape and wildlife and decreased access to indigenous self-subsistence activities. Collectivization destroyed indigenous community-based economies.	3	7	0	1.0
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	fa336a974d2f2d0d38683ea849bdf42b	So, beyond GHG abatement alone, it is important to anticipate the full range of linked and independent drivers, develop scenarios for them, and plan green growth strategies that are resilient to them. But there are also positive drivers that could be more firmly embraced in their own right. Globally, if not yet in Ethiopia, the growth of environmentally- and socially-discriminating markets offers possibilities for Ethiopia to export sustainable tourism, energy and food products, as well as biodiversity conservation services.	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264303201-4-en	fa34a27c696694bfbfc293fff0be4d6b	Despite the importance of M&E, however, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), for example, has noted that though billions of dollars have been spent on biodiversity mainstreaming outcomes, there is very little robust, credible evidence on the efficacy of these actions (Huntley and Redford, 2014). Other challenges include ambiguous definitions,2 lack of monitoring methodologies and indicators, lack of baseline data, lack of capacity and technical expertise - especially at regional and local levels - a limited understanding between natural science and social science, and a lack of adequate reporting (OECD, 2015a; Davies et al., These are further compounded by an intrinsic mismatch between the short time frame of funding cycles and the longer time frame required for M&E of changes in outcomes. In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ff1be167-en	fa371d6bc8f780b2bc3460f97f21ee94	In Belize, Guyana and Suriname, total poverty averages over 60% and extreme poverty, over 35%. By contrast, in island countries of the Caribbean, total child poverty averages 24% and extreme poverty, 6%. The difference is explained in part by high levels of rural poverty in Belize, Guyana and Suriname.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264201156-7-en	fa376736c90486b32297227d8efdb2ec	Resource allocation is also discussed as it relates to school location, the socio-economic profile of schools, programme orientation, education level, and whether a school is public or private. The chapter also analyses changes since 2003 in the level of resources devoted to education and how those resources are allocated. Human, material and financial resources are examined in this chapter as well as the amount of time dedicated to instruction and learning as shown in Figure IV.3.1. This chapter focuses not only on Ihe average level of resources avai lable in each school system, but also on how school resources are allocated across schools within systems.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	fa3e69e4b77ee029b6ea3f173c1e4c07	Again, the co-operation agreements that the SFP has signed with INMUJERES and SEGOB offer ample provisions for introducing such measures. Similar bilateral co-operation agreements between INMUJERES and individual secretariats would also be usefiil tools for change, such as the one that INMUJERES signed with the Secretariat for Education (SEP). It focuses on implementing the lines of action from PROGUILIDAD which takes a more sector-specific approach to mainstreaming gender in the workplace - including measures promoting gender balance and work-life balance - and in the development of educational policies, expenditure and programmes. It did not include, though, specific gender equality requirements (UNDP, 2012).	5	0	9	1.0
10.6027/9789289330732-5-en	fa42ca0ee365b7adac3b3d5258783fa6	Posttraumatic stress symptoms were experienced by 27% of the women trafficked for sex work and by 7% of the women trafficked for other kinds of work (Tsutsumi et al. In Europe, at IOM's Counter Trafficking Unit in Kosovo, the most common reactions observed by a clinical psychologist working for several years were acute stress reactions with numbness and detachment, posttraumatic stress disorder with continuing flash backs of the traumatic events and nightmares, dissociation and self harm but also symptoms of depression (Tudorache 2004). But they also argue that increased training is central to achieve this. This was obvious in a European study reporting that 28% of trafficking victims encountered a health care professional while still in captivity (World Childhood Foundation 2005).	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9a9b4252-en	fa44865df93ed2d7fb26c1e5d0f18b1f	The goal is to leave in place the flexibility of a diffused governmental organization, while maintaining a central coordinating body. Given that a G-NIS is a complex system, a coordinating body is likely to play an important role in designing policy. However, in a G-NIS framework, it is important to include all key stakeholders in the design process, including the private sector and civil society.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	fa4651b572fd1eed755fe8941909c504	The Implementation Plan for the Sustainable Communities Consortium was adopted on 30 May 2014. This is a crucial condition to building an inclusive urban transport network since lower income households are more likely to live far from economic centres and to rely on public transport. As a consequence, many cities have implemented reforms to respond to this new demand. The creation of transport authorities that are responsible for multiple jurisdictions within a functional urban area is increasingly common.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js1j18znzs4-en	fa46ea53d0894df33d794af97169d261	An alternative is that funding could partly derive from subnational governments, but this would need to be coupled with tax reforms that boost subnational government income such as a possession-based rather than a transaction-based property tax (OECD, 2013a). Even if farmers manage to scale up their land holdings through renting in operating rights to farmland and attract suitable labour, poor access to finance may limit farm investment and mechanisation. A large problem for farmers in many developing countries is a lack of collateral.	2	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ca9e0bef-en	fa4800cf9c102ea6e50b81b4a1cf303f	However, to benefit, countries will need to strengthen technology capabilities and increase access for all groups in a wide range of areas, with support from the international community. They have spurred innovations such as big data, Al, 3D printing, Internet of things (IoT), robotics, cloud computing and many others. The Internet of Things (IoT) monitors and manages connected objects and machines and has applications in healthcare, agriculture, energy, and water management and quality.4 Al offers a wide range of capabilities including image recognition for diagnostics in health care, and agriculture. Combined with robotics, Al could transform production and distribution networks, in line with new business models, especially in manufacturing.5 New types of 3D printing6 allow ever faster and cheaper low-volume production and rapid iterative prototyping of new products,7 offering benefits in healthcare, construction and education.	9	0	5	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	fa4da385b38b172ea7d4db2addce297d	Related schemes are partial credit and partial risk guarantees. Guarantee schemes in both developed and developing countries have mobilized private resources and facilitated access to capital. Created by governments and development financial institutions, these facilities can be effective finance mechanisms if carefully designed.	7	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	fa4fc5c30036fadebd39cbe9835a8641	A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”. Brown lie 1998, p. 633. The principle of good faith is contained in article 26 VCLT. The second and third paragraphs of article 31 stress the importance of the systematic method of interpretation by clarifying the concept of‘context’.	5	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264305250-4-en	fa56b666dbc11ff56388b9fa0867c10a	Conversely, poor language skills can leave migrants isolated and their integration path blocked. Nowhere is this more true than in Finland where, language skills essential both to social interaction with the native-born population, and to finding employment. Indeed the linguistic distance between the Finnish language and the mother tongue of many migrant groups means that the impact of language background upon functional skills, as measured by the OECD Survey of Adult Skills, is the largest of all participating countries.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264300279-en	fa570633ece94c7199e944f638ed1e5d	Travel time can exceed 25% of working hours as long as it does not exceed the travel time in the previous job. Although these provisions are important, labour mobility remains lower in Portugal than it could be. In 2013, 21.5% of contracts in Portugal were temporary, compared to 11.8% for OECD countries on average.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6ec88a22-en	fa57d55042b227fcae012a9709181232	A continuous improvement process includes management review. An energy policy and energy planning process institute implementation and operation checking and controls. Information systems underpin energy management, using internal audits of the energy management system, energy monitoring, measurement and analysis to identify non-conformities, correction, corrective and preventive action for energy use and productivity.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/935513ee-en	fa586ab09dfc2eb6eac06ca7d82d0916	For example, an engagement approach might not fully address the wide range of key actors and stakeholders, the different levels at which the conflict operates, the power imbalances between parties, or local community needs, goals and cultural practices. Many processes also fail to respect the principle of free, prior, and informed consent (FP1Q, which often leads to immediate grievances within affected communities. When key stakeholders are poorly engaged, marginalized, or excluded from decision making or related engagement processes, opposition is more likely and tensions can escalate rapidly.	6	3	2	0.2
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	fa5977b7a227596eb982763794f77e71	The restructuring of the economy after reunification contributed to the decline in energy use, notably the collapse of inefficient firms in east Germany after 1990 (OECD, 2001). Carbon emissions were reduced by the switch from petrol to diesel cars and from heating oil to natural gas, which are less carbon intensive (Destatis, 2011). Higher energy prices as well as European and national environmental policies, such as the implementation of the eco tax and energy standards in the automotive sector, also played a role by creating incentives for energy savings (OECD, 2011a). In terms of emissions per capita or relative to the GDP level, Germany is below the OECD average but above the EU27 average (Figure 2, upper panel and Table 1). When excluding emissions from electricity and heat production, Germany is the third low'est emitter in the OECD on a per GDP unit basis.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264302037-en	fa5c353087988f9b4f296d704069f353	The interviews were conducted in English and local languages (Akan, Mole-Dagbani, Ga and Ewe). In these regions, the study was conducted in selected mining communities and in urban areas where wholesale and retail trading activities take place and immigrants participate in these activities. In addition, faced with the same factors, the decision to migrate depends on several sociodemographic variables including age, gender, level of education and so on.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264252271-11-en	fa5dbf4fb33caef98d7c805a9fb239c5	Rural communities sometimes deplete some of these resources through activities such as slash and bum agricultural practices, or by chopping down forests for firewood for lack of other sources of fuel. Deforestation by over-logging or cutting of forest for commercial agricultural production or cattle farming can also lead to erosion and loss of fresh water reserves and biodiversity (Box 8.10). In addition to being an input for household production, the environment provides services that act as public goods such as carbon capture, landscape amenities, and biodiversity.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-5-en	fa5e0f7e4572573149745e422df9ea50	Today, India is the largest producer of fresh buffalo and goat milk and the second largest producer of fresh cow milk in the world. Most of the milk produced is consumed within the country. Milk is an essential source of protein in the predominantly vegetarian diet of many Indians. Today, every Indian consumes about 250 g of milk per day.	2	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	fa6514472a67463eb77e097891d19a07	The analysis suggests that an improvement in child health significantly lowers the age for starting school, increases the grade reached, and decreases grade repetition at the early stage of schooling. Using the 1993 PSLSD data, the authors find a reduction in working hours of members of working age when another member of the household reaches pensionable age. The reduction is greater when the older person is a woman.	10	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264233775-6-en	fa65b3888bc0e533499a3f92f7662d67	Schools provide an ideal, universal setting for reaching children with mental health concerns and their role in providing health support in increasing across the OECD. This section discusses recent and ongoing initiatives integrating mental health services with education systems. One of the key areas of the 2011 Budget of Australia’s Ten Year Roadmap for Mental Health Reform, for instance, was improving young people's mental health services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/5950d914-en	fa66b86b554b4ede01dfd0b7beb9ee26	During the past decade, the share of the population using 3G mobile networks in Africa has been converging with the rest of the world. Consequently, policy and decision makers need to make efforts to expand the coverage to rural and remote areas in Africa where access is relatively lower. Looking at historical trends, major progress was registered in infrastructure development, but manufacturing and industrial sector development stagnated in terms of contribution to both value addition and job creation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	fa674c05ded95b1c19dde344786df2cf	Migrants earn on average six times the monthly income of workers in Tajikistan. In 2006, Tajik households financed around 60 per cent of their consumption with remittance money (World Bank 2009a). The fall in the demand for foreign labour in countries like Russia and Kazakhstan and the concomitant decline in remittances flowing back to the countries of origin was however of rather short duration.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	fa68805ddde68c9edcf6a63720db1243	This is especially important for small-scale projects that would normally not resort to this form of funding. If legal barriers and complex up-front investment discussions are streamlined and investments are standardised, smart contracts could be used to execute investment transactions. In addition, appropriate screening of the platform and investment transactions will need to be ensured. This is especially important in regards to regulatory aspects in the realm of energy systems and grid resilience, or the prevention of investment flows to countries subject to economic sanctions.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6614d209-en	fa6c17c7745852465840fd6c2dd834ca	"In Belgium, the unions are authorized to pay the benefits to their members; and, in the Netherlands, several public agencies (local governments, hospitals, schools, universities, the army) transferred delivery of the extra unemployment benefit (""bovenwettelijke WW-uitkering"") to private firms.15 Lastly, in Switzerland public and private agencies jointly administer the benefits and collect the contributions. Another very common instrument is unemployment assistance, which is used in conjunction with unemployment insurance in 13 of the 40 countries studied (see annex table I.A1D). In most of those countries, the unemployed person can apply for unemployment assistance benefits when he or she ceases to be eligible for unemployment insurance, either owing to insufficient contributions or because the maximum benefit period has been reached."	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-33-en	fa722e3960109732b4785ec06768cac8	These issues were raised in the Task Force on Financial Integrity and Economic Development during the conference in September 2010. The 28th annual meeting of the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) adopted a ban on discards in international waters on the major stocks regulated by NEAFC as a major contribution to the work towards sustainable and responsible management of fisheries in the high seas. Norway became a member of The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic TUnas, ICCAT, in 2004. Atlantic salmon is by far the most important specie.	14	1	3	0.5
10.1787/env/outlook-2012-8-en	fa72c33ebadef3f0a6a23427f353202c	Other estimates in the literature end up around the same level: e.g. 51% (Fischer et al, 2007) to 60% (Fraiture et al., For the manufacturing sector and for electricity production, OECD 2008 calculations were used as the starting point. While water use in different industrial sectors can vary significantly, an overall average relationship with total industrial value added was assumed per geographical region, according to assumed regional structure of the sector and technological level. Over time this relationship was adapted according to assumed structural sector shifts and technological progress. A water balance can be established for each grid cell (see Chapter 1), taking account of land-use patterns, natural vegetation, crop distribution and management, climate parameters (temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration), and soil parameters. This shows the resulting run-off per grid cell, i.e. the amount that ends up in river systems, lakes and dams, and the volumes available for downstream extraction.	6	0	4	1.0
10.18356/524212d8-en	fa745ce3576ef1930376e33760b5d835	"It can provide better recreational and cultural facilities but also create overcrowding, traffic congestion, litter, vandalism and crime (UNESCAP 2003). Started as the World Tourism Organisation in 1970 when its statutes were adopted, it became a working entity in 1975 with Headquarters in Madrid and joined the UN system in 2003, becoming known as UNWTO. Following the recommendations of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) that “developed countries must take the lead"" in accelerating the shift towards more sustainable consumption and production, each of the Marrakech Task Forces was chaired by a developed country."	12	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/4a540597-en	fa7545a673b8c3611c7c96456dc66e0e	In these places, the city that plans has become a reality. There is no shortage of places where planning is practiced as a vanity for national or municipal leadership; where imported ideas of “what will lead to a good city” are recited by planners from their textbooks or in response to the directives of their political leaders; where visions of urban form and urban design are thought to be sufficient to charting the future; where implementation is an afterthought; and where the objective is the planned city. Therefore, as the United Nations embarks on charting the New Urban Agenda, it is important that the discussions recognize the diverse contexts as well as issues and lessons emerging from them.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	fa75bcd91b07a44a0021379b8628b152	As a starting point, it would be useful to conduct a substantial longitudinal study assessing the career choices nurses make. This could help inform policy options to make the role of the nurse practitioner a more attractive career path for suitably qualified nurses. Australia should also monitor the experience of countries like the United States, which is advanced in the use of nurse practitioners, for other innovations in the tasks appropriately trained nurse practitioners could take on feasibly and safely. They practise medicine in health care teams with physicians and other providers. Their tasks include taking a patient’s medical history, conducting physical exams, diagnosing and treating illness, ordering and interpreting tests, developing treatment plans, counselling on preventive care, assisting in surgery, writing prescriptions, and making rounds in hospitals and nursing homes (American Academy of Physician Assistants). This is not in the best interests of patient safety.	3	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	fa772c7da56c12446e0f24f7d77c8964	The RSF focuses on finding alternatives for adjusting the cost and size of the project. It helps prevent line ministries from deliberately underestimating project costs in the planning stage and prevents project costs from escalating once the project has been initiated. Second, the RDF was introduced in 2006 to prevent overestimation of demand.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/c69de229-en	fa79e421725cdb1da10aaa4daf2c410e	Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0013. Child income poverty rate is usually defined as the proportion of children (0-17 year olds) that live in households with an equivalised income of less than a certain threshold below which all family members are considered to be poor. The focus is on the income situation of children relative to the average individual in the country, defined as the person with median income, not the median child (Corak, 2005|86i).	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	fa7aac1daaad12892a7e186112dc6cf4	This form of tax is implemented in Sydney, Hong Kong, and in Pittsburgh, Harrisburg and many other cities in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States along with cities in Denmark and Finland (Box 4.3). A disadvantage of the tax could be the transaction costs of valuing urban land values independently from built structures (OECD, 2010a). In theory, by dropping the relative tax penalty for land development, owners are less likely to view selling-price appreciation as their primary asset, and unproductive speculation is reduced.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264287747-en	fa7c86aafbdd56fe52c7fcab4f67e16d	It seeks to explain patterns in these outcomes based on the characteristics of the countries and their immigrant populations. What is the value added of the project? This project, implemented from 2014 to 2018, aimed to analyse the economic impact of immigration in developing countries across a variety of dimensions.	8	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264167865-7-en	fa7fa2ce7b03d60101073df216c05713	As urban areas become denser and rely more on public transport, walking and cycling, carbon emissions tend to decrease. The urban form of cities is not the only determinant of lower per capita emissions, but it is a critical factor among others, such as energy prices, the productive structure of urban areas or the public transport networks (OECD, 2011a). Figure 2.2 shows that when population density in built-up areas is high, motor vehicle ownership tends to be lower. Urban density is calculated based on the OECD definition of “predominantly urban” areas.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	fa815160ba678986d1e5efbcc90d6750	See, also Huffman and Evenson (1989). Alston, Craig, and Pardey (1998) discussed the issue of knowledge depreciation drawing on the previous literature and these arguments are restated and refined by Alston, Pardey, and Ruttan (2008), and Alston, Andersen, James and Pardey (2010). After dropping some outliers and incomplete observations, they conducted regression analysis using a sample of 1 128 estimates with a mean of 64.6%, a mode of 28%, and a median of 42.0%. They found results that were generally consistent with expectations but in many cases they could not distinguish statistically significant effects on the estimated rates of return associated with the nature of the research being evaluated, the industry to which it applied, or the evaluation methodology, because the signal-to-noise ratio was too low. Nevertheless, a predominant and persistent finding across the studies was that the rate of return was quite large. The main mass of the distribution of internal rates of return reported in the literature is between 20% and 80% per annum.	2	0	3	1.0
10.30875/717fbf8e-en	fa855eea1bba1e8ca604d96e39d3ae74	In particular, farmers engaged in the production of export crops and import-competing crops still registered higher levels of vulnerability after Doi Moi than those engaged in non-traded crops or non-farm activities and, in some cases, also a new increase in recent years. This implies that the threat of falling into poverty does not come from an expected mean consumption below the poverty line, but from its high volatility. By further investigating the determinants of consumption volatility we finally highlight the role of risk heterogeneity across households according to their degree of risk exposure.	1	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	fa8afb153838b92b0e9d78b375689fde	Women who work outside their homes need to procure a range of services, including child care, cooking or tailoring, that they would otherwise most likely carry out as non-paying tasks. This new demand for services results in job creation and economic opportunities for others. Meanwhile, female employment also leads to an increase in household purchasing power and broadens the available talent pool in the economy.228 Therefore, facilitating women’s formal entry in the economy as workers, consumers and investors raises potential economic outputs and wealth.229 A study covering 18 Arab countries found that GDP losses due to the gender gap amounted to 27 per cent.230 Moreover, resources in women’s hands entail a range of positive outcomes for human capital and capabilities within the household, and can be used for improving the health and education of their children.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	fa8b26ee5e5c14ee94b60ce2583c8923	Feasibility studies for mass rapid transit have been conducted for Nairobi, Kampala and Dakar to pave the way for financing. In Kenya, six bus rapid transit corridors have been mapped out in Nairobi to reduce traffic congestion, travel time and cost. The corridors are expected to hold up to 950 high-capacity buses and reduce travel time and cost by up to 70 per cent (The East Africa, 2018). By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Less compact cities have negative effects on development, since sprawl tends to reduce land-use efficiency - economically (e.g., proximity of factors of production); environmentally (e.g., lower per capita rates of resource use and GHG emissions); and socially (e.g., avoidance of settlement on vulnerable land and promotion of reduced travel times/distances) (UN-Habitat, 2016; ECA 2017).	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	fa8df41153c83b0b68a68dc6a65fe70c	To this end, the Teaching for the Digital Age Advisory Group and its Reference Group have been established by AICTEC to provide advice on a co-ordinated and coherent approach to teacher professional development in the use of ICT in teaching and learning. This Work Plan will focus on the teacher professional development required to integrate ICT into pedagogical practice to meet students’ needs and harness the resources of the DER. The DER Strategic Plan and Road Map together provide the broader context within which the various Australian state and territory DER-related government initiatives are being implemented.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/9bf8d10f-en	fa8df505f1005923e5b44eb5a465edd1	The activities of these NGOs are not properly linked with the pourashava activities. The absence of an integrated sectoral approach to manage urban health services is the reason for this lack of coordination. The prime causes include the following: public sector and NGO services are not always cheap for the poor because they often still have to buy medicine (in most cases, it is not provided for free) and make many informal payments (in the form of “tips”) at the facilities; the institutions are not poor-friendly; the poor are not fully aware of the entitlements of the NGO health cards; and waiting times are long, which leads to a loss of working hours when visiting the health facility. Low cost attracts the poor to public hospitals (mostly as the last resort), but varieties of informal payments and the negligence and poor attitudes of providers towards the poor cause them to lose confidence in the facilities and, ultimately, poor patients feel discouraged from utilizing the services. One respondent commented: “Health services are not for the poor. It is rather something that the rich can manage (through money or power)”.	3	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329224-8-en	fa8e11951fa56f162139b0a5cc29935b	Because they are not consciously selected or controlled, they are not readily influenced even by the best information campaigns (Verplanken 2011). In some areas the link between information and attitude is more often translated to changes in behaviour, e.g. condom use (Albarracin, Johnson etai. Environmental information may have an effect on behaviour, but better results are reached when strong instruments are used at the same time.	12	2	2	0.0
10.18356/3afdf450-en	fa8ec296039945bcf9f71b1c475399a4	Descriptive comparative statistics on the raw association between child poverty and these factors are reported and discussed in the following sections. Large families with children have often higher dependency ratios (the ratio between those in the non-working age groups and those in the working age group). While information on household composition should be read in combination with the labour force participation of household members, data on the number of children living in the households provide some information on vulnerability to poverty for children living in large families.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	fa8f0f921654eb0ae47b4381902a5204	There are also specific provisions for exports of kiwifruit which give automatic export rights to the dominant exporter, whereas the others must obtain approval (except exports to Australia). The deposit cannot be made for less than 12 months but cannot be maintained for more than five years. Funds left on deposit for more than 12 months earn 3% per annum on amounts.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-aut-2015-6-en	fa946714bfd3784b8544350c95dd73cb	According to the authors, cross-country differences in total fertility rates reflect, at least to some extent, difficulties in combining work and family commitments. The lack of adequate formal childcare and enabling workplaces makes it difficult to reconcile family and career aspiration for women. As a result, many couples have fewer children than intended and are pushed to abandon or postpone parenthood (Adema, 2012).	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264289062-5-en	fa97d116d7c41d38007f89eb32cea84e	Three-year average (2011-13). The data for most countries are based on a minimum threshold of 22 weeks of gestation period (or 500 grams birthweight) to remove the impact of different registration practices of extremely premature babies across countries. Looking at the numbers of beds per capita across these two groups of regions, the former (with relatively low hospitalisation rates) has a lower number of beds per capita on average, and the latter, very high numbers of beds per capita. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	fa99f237e9e4d966459322d1013b42db	At first, their terms were limited to two years; but this was later increased to four years.39 Once mayors were elected, and since they now had substantial funds to work with, many innovations and improvements in infrastructure emerged in major Colombian cities. Another good example of decentralization with improved financing in Latin America is Brazil as discussed in Box 1.1. This was the third “moment” of decentralization across the continent — a pattern that was consistent with reforms in other parts of the developing world.40 This period is referred to as one of “democratic decentralization”41 because this was when many African countries genuinely attempted to both devolve powers to local governments, and to democratize the process of local governance. Although there are variations across the continent, the short answer is: not very much.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/8d9bd360-en	fa9d0b2d9fb9313447aa4d6bdfbb0f16	More diversity in computer science professions and greater priority for girls and marginalized groups in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education can help address these concerns. New technologies are also changing the development finance landscape, from greater financial inclusiveness due to fintech to the regulatory challenges posed by crypto-currencies. The ability of countries and enterprises to exploit new digital resources will become a key determinant of their competitiveness, but the jobs created will likely require different skills.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	fa9f010033f11b489ef331bed56fb4b2	The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is assisting the Government of the Republic of Macedonia to implement a Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which aims to create an enabling environment for PA establishment and management in terms of policy, governance, institutional capacity, and management know-how. The objective of the project is to conserve the country’s biological diversity by strengthening the management effectiveness of the country’s PA system as prescribed by its recent Law on Nature Protection. The proposed project will develop the institutional and systemic capacity of the country’s PA agencies to: (i) strengthen the national knowledge systems and apply appropriate technologies to support the design and development of a more representative and viable PA network; (ii) strengthen the decision-support tools needed to secure the legal tenure of, and expand, the PAs in the network; and (iii) locally test these decision-support tools and mechanisms in the formal re-proclamation processes of two pilot protected areas. The project will seek to ensure that PA lands in the country graduate in status from poorly managed to well-managed.	15	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264233874-6-en	faa0a40e37fcd8040477d0424ccf9927	Therefore, the total sample of households is subdivided by region, by expenditure class, and by farm and non-farm type, in an attempt to capture systematic parameter differences between these sub-groups. For this study, Indonesia is divided into four areas according to similarity of consumption pattern and geographical closeness: Sumatra, Jawa (including Jakarta and Bali), Sulawesi/Kalimantan, and Papua/Malku/Nusa Tenggara. Part of the food that farm households consume is produced on their own farm.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264238701-4-en	faa2f902b034260def6146b95e5caa0f	The relative comparative advantage of groundwater irrigation on surface irrigation will depend on a number of factors. Box 2.3 discusses some of the main elements, considering the interface and differences between surface and groundwater irrigation systems in general. Among the exogenous factors for farmers, the comparative cost of access to one or both options matter.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a1fda3f6-en	faa3657eded4cb70ee185eb27ecc56ea	However, such requirements are not fixed. Debates have been fuelled by the finding that the incidence of poverty obtained using a calorie-based poverty line was a small fraction of the prevalence of malnourishment as estimated from nutrition surveys (Dev, 2001; Ray and Lancaster, 2005). Such suboptimality could involve the intake of more expensive calories, the search for a more balanced or a more tasty diet, or the inability to forgo compliance with social demands.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	faa817500948f1b47c0fc3861bd042c3	"Doctors are classified in either of three categories: General Practitioners (GPs), Specialists and Other Physicians. For Poland, most of the “Other physicians"" might actually be GPs. If these two categories are merged into “GPs” then the ratio of GPs to specialists increases from 0.12 to 0.30 for Poland."	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264268791-5-en	faa9bb93b447c9219c7edf0f46bfed5e	The planning advice certificate (icertiflcat d’urbanisme) is issued by the mairie or by the prefet and provides general planning information on a particular site. It may be best described as an “in principle” planning consent; it does not give planning permission for a particular project, for which specific approval must be sought but it does suggest that the proposed use is allowable within the current law. Planning certificates are useful documents in that they offer a strong assurance for routine developments, but they do not provide the same level of guarantee as planning permissions and they contain far less detail. In cases w'here there is a first division of land for one or more new dwellings, a special kind of consent called a declaration prealable or a permis d'amenager (where more than one dwelling) is required.	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	fab1e6264d4dd40b842b4b651593f793	These reservations diminish the legitimacy and implementation power of the CEDAW as a benchmark for the basic rights for women. The average female employment to population ratio in 2012 was about 27% in selected countries of the region, which demonstrates an increase from 22% in 1990 (World Bank, 2011a). This can be partially attributed to the improved educational opportunities and achievements across the region.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/95417570-en	fab39ae179786b2d8d6212ba4e90d214	On the other hand, the International Energy Agency (IEA), in its Medium-term oil market report for 2009-2012, released in July 2008, suggests that the industry will be capable of producing 96 million barrels per day by 2013, but expresses considerable doubt about its capacity to raise production much above that level because of declining output at existing fields, a disappointing record of new oilfield discovery, and concerns about the adequacy of future investment. Still, without a radical shift in energy strategy, it will be difficult for these sources to fill the gap created by the diminished availability of petroleum. This shift provides the opportunity to meet both climate and energy security goals in advanced countries.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277274-5-en	fab46d00f2a549d4f1e5af39c44ffc4f	They add up to a demanding framework as the OECD proposes that all of them should inform practice and design, whether in schools or in wider settings and systems. Instead, working on one or two - on engagement and emotions, say, or personalisation or formative feedback or horizontal connectedness - can provide the channel through which to drive the others. The tools outlined in this chapter recognise this need for prioritisation. The learning environment should actively engage all students and develop in them the capacity to understand themselves as learners with the necessary strategies to be able to leam more effectively.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	fab6595ad194d06dbb57d56c55787f13	People also tend to be attracted to densely populated areas for the wider availability of job opportunities, goods and services. These mutually reinforcing forces yield important economic advantages for both consumers and firms: economies of scale, a better matching and functioning of labour markets, spillover effects and more technological intensity. It is no surprise that productivity, and therefore wages, tend to be higher in densely populated areas. The net impact varies from one urban area to another (OECD, 2015d).	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/293adac7-en	fab696d25906b6cf1e161f6ae41f8287	This is because at the time of the review there are very few operators who can deal adequately with hazardous waste. These official landfills are simply dumpsite areas where the municipal services (or contractors) pile up or simply deposit waste. In addition, another 28 spontaneous landfills are reported in villages where there are no waste management services.	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	fab88ccb45e5995322a3ade9de60f19b	They are still in poor condition and obsolete, and cover only 2 per cent of arable land. The estimated water demand in FBiH is 1.1 million m3 to 1.27 million m3 per year in the Sava River catchment area and 5 million m3 to 5.63 million m3 per year for the Adriatic Sea watershed. For RS, the estimated amount is about 6.8 million m3.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/3ed7e08c-en	fab9d99638e22ef56a49c3c91052108a	Post-conflict situations are windows of opportunity during which gender relations can and should be rethought and which, if properly utilized, can serve as the right moment to “rewrite” the rules and practices that previously served as obstacles to the participation of women in society. Overall, our book is meant to challenge the popular and often-propagated assumption that women should be supported, empowered and given a voice merely in their roles as victims. Collectively, we provide evidence in support of the growing understanding at international, national and local levels that while - and because - women are disproportionately affected by war, they can be powerful agents of positive and sustainable change if brought on board and given the chance to participate in every aspect of a society’s peacebuilding process.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	fabb69114f1e30d95dbc61b3c16c255f	The levels of coverage are considerably higher among education and health workers because a larger percentage of them work in the public sector. These dramatic differences in social protection coverage between the various care-worker subgroups are seen in all countries (see figure 111.22). However, the improvement for care workers is attributable almost exclusively to the better coverage available for education and health workers, since a much smaller degree of improvement was seen for domestic workers (see figure 111.23).	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264260207-5-en	fabe48e35211011a94fa40a75aa93bec	The central government should urgently pursue its roadmap to phase out subsidies for fossil fuels, as laid down in the 2012 National Green Growth Strategy (NGGS). The practice varies widely in different countries. In Thailand, a green-label programme introduced by the national government for consumers and industrial products has been awarded to over 500 products (OECD, 2015a).	11	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264224636-4-en	fabf30fff083a5347fc3e5ba1dd4d20a	Furthermore, the lack of women in the justice system discourages the use of judicial services by women, while historically law enforcement authorities have tended to divert women from accessing justice. Fear and stigma of accessing the state justice system frequently creates barriers for w'omen to access justice. Some countries in the MENA region have taken positive steps tow'ards addressing this issue, yet more support for civil society organisations and clear steps for reducing barriers to access to justice need to be taken.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264301016-8-en	fac3255c9fe2a0ea49d347ee4dcfea2e	Thermoset plastics from municipal sources are often combined with other materials, making them difficult to separate for recycling. As such, they are seldom collected separately from municipal sources, unless as part of schemes focusing on specific items (e.g. w'aste electrical and electronic equipment or household appliances). Sorting can be broadly divided into positive picking (removing the target material from non-target materials), and negative picking (removing non-target materials from the target).	12	0	7	1.0
10.18356/22289f78-en	fac3dc5e579cd78dd70315f86c373946	This causes concern about pollution concentrating in the lake, threatening public health and security, fisheries, and tourism, as well as about allowing lor starting large-scale industrial water supply to mines from this Ramsar wetland. The transfer disrupts the natural wet-dry cycle, completely changing the ecological character of the site, and threatening to degrade the biodiversity and productivity of the lake. The other two sites have no protection measures in place yet. It includes Dalai nature reserve as well as two Ramsar Sites of adjacent transboundary Torey Lakcs-Uldz River Basin with similar ecological character (protected by Daursky Biosphere Reserve in Russia and Mongol-Daguur Biosphere Reserve in Mongolia).	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	fac523468fe1e02144769745a8083aa3	However, they are cross-sectoral in nature, and within an urban context, they form part of an integrated urban system. Urban public policy interventions ideally should be designed for and reflective of this dynamic relationship. Chile’s urbanism actors are aware of this need, but there are few mechanisms to support such a practice, and each sector appears to strike off on its own.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283558-en	fac8f666457f09f8ebe1be84f03c7727	As a result, the number of beds is now around the EU average while the average length of stay is well below average 6.8 days compared to 8 days (2015). This, together with the fact that there are still many smaller regional hospitals, suggests that there is room to rationalise the hospital network to improve efficiency; notwithstanding the public opposition this is likely to prompt (see Section 5.2). Cataract suigery has been a particular success with one of the highest percentages of ambulatory cases in the EU (2015). Tonsillectomies, in contrast, are still exclusively performed in inpatient settings (Figure 14).	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/28e6d0d2-en	facac7dbbadb2587bd499f88f719bcca	Understanding the direct and indirect influences among the SDGs can support their attainment. The research group applied a transdisciplinary systems thinking approach to explore the relationships among all 17 SDGs and between the eight targets of SDG 6 (on water and sanitation)—in the Australian context. This allowed the group to identify relevant government administrative agencies, through which to identify priority SDGs for action and investment.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/286de074-en	facaf7e88e0e504240240e04b21c320a	"Butler (1988) built on this idea by describing gender as a performance, as a ""stylized repetition of acts"" rather than a stable category. Hegemonic masculinity embodies the honoured or dominant form of masculinity, and requires all other men to position themselves in relation to it. Complicit masculinity describes men who do not enact hegemonic masculinity, but still benefit from it. Subordinated masculinity refers to men who are oppressed by hegemonic masculinity (e.g. gay men), but still benefit from being men, rather than women."	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	face994185bca6244f7d9a08e63b2f13	The results of the inventory have also provided a basis for the district's public space strategy with a focus on heritage preservation. Efforts should be expanded to increase the quality and quantity of public space data, especially in the developing world. A key lesson is the need to link the public space assessments and inventories to the development of citywide public space strategies and action plans for the local governments, which function as the main sources of funding for public space data collection.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	facf3216c67f4e6e1da5dcf2543c706c	It is always due to the intrinsic scarcity of the underlying product and its magnitude is exclusively determined by demand. The diversification of energy sources and suppliers, the development of substitutes such as renewables or nuclear power, the provision of incentives for improving energy efficiency are all effective responses to long-term monopolistic behaviour. Such policy measures fall, however, in the realm of standard commercial practice and do not constitute per se measures to reduce energy supply risk. Private actors concerned about high oil and gas prices should be able to deal with the exercise of monopoly power to the extent that it is predictable and that the commercial competition is being played out on a level playing field.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	fad215148153738749e932886f0c1ac1	Water entitlements (allocations) can be traded, within season, seasonally or permanently, or where the market is regulated the regulator can set the price, price limits, and serve as a broker, for example, to facilitate market operation. The market price of the entitlements to receive water, is a price for allocating water and a price to determine the share of the water available. This is asymmetric in terms of water management and may be deleterious to the small irrigators, who must cover the full supply costs for water supplies. At the same time, farms within the major irrigation schemes (“superior” farms) are legally restricted to cereal production, while farmers operating under smaller irrigation schemes are not so constrained in their production options (Nickum and Ogura, 2008).	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	fad27da86b117c7aa194716e3242269c	Early intervention teams accept referrals from GPs and other mental health teams in the community. Sometimes local early intervention teams will also accept self-referrals or referrals from friends and family. People with complex needs requiring ongoing support may be placed under the Care Programme Approach (CPA). They should then receive a care plan and regular reviews.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmd6b5rl5kd-en	fad2bed8387143a97432d8d1cd732e0d	Miranda and Glauber (1997) emphasized the need for agricultural risk to be an independent element amongst other insured elements, arguing that due to correlations among individual yields, crop insurers faced portfolio risks about ten times higher than that faced by private insurers offering conventional insurance (e.g. auto and fire insurance). On the contrary, the market for crop yield insurance that covers all yield risks is usually hard to develop without government support due to larger information asymmetries, its systemic nature and transaction cost. Under which conditions is crop yield insurance viable?	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/dd581311-en	fad539452f1eaeb950156895e13e7838	As stated previously, all this calls for discussions and agreements on the definition of poverty and its dimensions, in the light of a more comprehensive notion of well-being. Whatever the conceptual and methodological approach used, one basic condition for a more thorough multidimensional measure is to increase the availability of data and to improve their quality. Indeed, in several countries the reductions noted between 2008 and 2012 have been sharper than those observed between 2002 and 2008. The most recent data available indicate that the poorest quintile (that is, the 20% lowest-income households) receive on average 5% of total income, with shares that vary between less than 4% (in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Paraguay) and 10% (in Uruguay), while the share of total income in the richest quintile averages 47%, ranging from 35% (in Uruguay) to 55% (in Brazil) (see figure 1.16). These changes have occurred gradually and are scarcely perceptible in year-on-year variations, but they are evident in a comparison over longer periods.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264235151-4-en	fad69f8eef16047ffe6ec2e091606b63	While it was introduced to help encourage industrial and urban development, it resulted in a sharp increase in highly contentious land disputes. Farmers are not only involuntarily losing their base for farming, but also they receive very low compensations. However, the essential points of controversy in land disputes remain largely unaddressed.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264284425-4-en	fad6ea01e8bd64dcb4cc7a0e9606d814	In July 2016, the government presented a wide-ranging higher education reform package to Congress, interrupting a period of relative immobility in higher education legislation and strategy since the last significant changes in 2005. The chapter aims to look at major policy developments in higher education in Chile that took place before the modification to the reform bill {indicacion sustitutiva) which was sent to Congress by the Ministry of Education in April 2017. These reform efforts also demonstrate the government’s dedication to bringing higher education institutions together in a unified system.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/f5330a47-en	fad8ea33d71240c4afedeebd28d2e856	Korea, Mexico, Chile and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would also like to thank presenters and attendees at the March 2018 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, whose views and feedback helped shape the final document, and Sweden and Switzerland for their specific comments. This section draws out relevant experience from current reporting to identify what practices or information could be “built on”, and what recurrent challenges may help identify areas that could be “enhanced” in future reporting.	13	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	fade2fe016ef2407e8f35dbabc5646ee	While the amount of this contribution varies, the discrepancies can be related to different datasets as well as model specifications. Secondly, broadband has been found to have an impact on the productivity at the firm level. Evidence generated both at the micro-economic and macro-economic level appears to confirm this effect. In addition, research has been successful in identifying the existence of a critical mass, indicating the existence of increasing economic returns of broadband penetration.	9	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k9312v21l6f-en	fadf8d4c1f3178cc0a4551bacc5288d3	However, the accounting and solvency regulations are not helping and may even be discouraging them from acting in their long-term capacity. The insurers have shelved plans to invest in the equity part of the joint venture because of the perceived high capital charge. See ‘Solvency II hampers attractive infrastructure investments’, NRPN Nordic Region Pensions and Investment News Oct/ Nov 2011. Financial innovations, such as effective targeted risk transfer techniques to enhance credit quality of projects, will become more important (see later section).53 Further analysis is required into the potential impacts of such international regulations on infrastructure in general and green projects in particular.	7	4	4	0.0
10.1787/9789264114029-en	fae1ddd1f5944a8a44ad95f81506a3b5	Texas has clearly used this to enhance basic skills among students - high stakes accountability in literacy and numeracy gives very strong incentives to schools to improve results. At the same time there are weak incentives to enhance some key aspects of CTE (e.g. career-specific and work-based learning, career advice) so that some of the state’s objectives might not be pursued at local level and risk remaining mere aspirations. In addition to a supportive framework and adequate incentives to local stakeholders, it is also necessary to ensure that schools and districts have sufficient resources to implement the changes intended by the state.	4	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-7-en	fae4bb71c5b45b4accf52f6997869024	If the federal government can appoint three or more but not all members of the board, the 30% (then 50%) quota applies to newly appointed members only. In the public service, targeted shares of male and female staff at the different levels of management have to be set out in a gender equality plan (the Gleichstellungsplan) that also describes the concrete measures for achieving those aims and for better reconciling work and family life. In Germany, parental leave provisions grant each parent the right to resume, during the child’s first three years, their previous working hours.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264226159-8-en	fae623e11de5b50f397809df67d69bd8	"For example, in relation to the category “achieving goals"", the skills mentioned include a sense of responsibility, autonomy and diligence. The skills related to the category ""working with others” include respect for others, co-operation and a sense of solidarity. Finally, those related to the category “managing emotions” include self-confidence, self-esteem and independence. While not all the objectives specifically state these skills, they all contain terms for general social and emotional skills, such as attitudes, social competencies and emotional development."	4	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3400179e-en	fae8d854009d8fa36c8f5d087c7dfc67	Others see it narrowly in terms of its potential efficiency effects. Although participation is meant to operate on democratic principles and to involve and benefit all sections of the community, institutions which seem participatory and inclusive in formal terms can effectively exclude significant sections, especially the poor and women. These “participatory exclusions”61 can, in turn, unfavourably affect both equity and institutional efficiency.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/17685da3-en	faebf977adbc8d0129dac3bdc411a5a8	If a home visit is made by a midwife or a skilled professional, care for the mother could include more interventions, such as observing blood flow, measuring temperature and providing iron-folic acid supplementation and contraceptive methods. Adolescent mothers often lack the knowledge, education, experience, income and power relative to older mothers. In some cultures, they may also have to bear the effects of many judgemental attitudes, making an already difficult situation even worse. Thus, the provision of the continuum of care through to the early days following delivery can provide the extra support needed for the mother and her newborn.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2015-5-en	faec59901a821c4913270c830b5854ac	Job creation in 2013 in urban areas was a record high and the official urban unemployment rate remains low. Youth unemployment of the 15-24 age-group has been edging up in recent years, but was still relatively low at 9.7% in 2012 and the gap with total unemployment is below the OECD average. Vocational secondary graduates are presented with more job offers per capita than college graduates.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264096813-4-en	faed89654d5e11fa78f94916608504f4	Fernandez and Rodrik (1991) demonstrate that there is a bias towards the status quo (and hence against efficiency-enhancing reforms) whenever some (or all) of the individual gainers or losers from reform cannot be identified beforehand. Glazer (2003) points out that once the reform has been implemented, the pattern of beneficiaries becomes clear and there may be support for the new status quo, despite initial opposition due to the uncertainty surrounding the distribution of benefits (next section). Loss aversion can therefore help to create a status quo bias, making it difficult both to introduce a policy (and also to reverse a policy once it is adopted). However, the long term durability of reforms cannot be taken for granted.	14	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/31959a6d-en	faee34211333749e043d07fc8142be21	In countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified, low-income women are often excluded twice: they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own (for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes) and a derived pension from their husbands (for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker). As a result, in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage, derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed (often higher income) families. Benefits have been cut or significantly reduced, or they are being phased out, their duration restricted, or eligibility subjected to a means test (Saraceno and Keck 2011). Countries that have adopted NDC pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate PAYG defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether (James 2012: 26). In Sweden, the widow’s pension was abolished in 1990 for women born in 1945 or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of 65.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	faee8e3143bb421d97501c1d543a1050	The hundreds of millions of livestock that grasslands support add substantial depth to food security and livelihoods of the poor. Governments must protect these sources of food security and livelihoods that are being endangered. Measures include rehabilitating degraded grasslands, as well as improving crop and grazing land use and management, and livestock and manure management.	2	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264096356-en	faefceea405bd70d8550598175e5fc15	This refers to the issue discussed above in Section 1.2 that energy supply security must remain an issue for public policy making. These are the main components determining the security of energy supply. However, the SSDI is slightly simpler than the S/D Index and the underlying construction changes in a number of points.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	faf4e933ce6772ad59f878c58cf5b075	Legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to pro-poor growth). Donors can also directly support producers by establishing entrepreneurship development programmes and by making available new tools to gain market information, for example providing women farmers in Liberia with cell phones (see Good Practice Note 2. Women’s economic empowerment). They can also support the organisation and professionalisation of producer associations so that they are not only highly professional but also democratic and inclusive, capable of managing their own affairs and of entering into policy dialogue with the state (Good Practice Note 1.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264284319-9-en	faf4f03deb1a77025c9c978dbffa4e3b	The analysis summarises the context, the state ofplay, and the mechanics of the complex and evolving landscape of energy subsidies in the country. In fact, Moldova imports around 90% of its energy needs. The cost of energy imports amounted to about USD 1.3 bln, equivalent to 18.1% of GDP, or 23.9% of total imports in 2014.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/eco/studies-2015-5jrqhbb1t5jb	faf6ad250d3ebbf2bea48a9057ed8709	Overall, these findings signal synergies across policy objectives, i.e. that reforms aimed at encouraging exports among domestic firms could boost efficiency and equity. This finding could reflect FDI-induced demand for unskilled labour and associated employment creation; and it would suggest that policy reforms aimed at easing barriers to entry for foreign firms could serve both the efficiency and equity objectives. By contrast, there is some evidence of negative effects on household incomes of the lower-middle class and the poor.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f61073ef-en	fafe42c17942250fc8b21d1ed468c631	Many of the issues relating to them have to do with the way inequality is generated and reproduced over time and the way inequality and economic development processes are connected. According to this, inequality should first increase with the beginnings of economic development as the economy moves from the rural sectors towards industrialization (transfer of labour from the less productive to the more productive sector). Later on, once the bulk of the labour force is working in the industrial sector, inequality should diminish.	1	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/27e660be-en	fb009c6e515801370e277bc99d7cf98d	For more than a decade, they have been advocating for workers' rights and have supported initiatives in the mobilization of workers and the organization of trade unions within various workplaces. Women in trade unions have made links between struggles in the factory, the community, the country, and at home. They have pushed for a range of reforms by opening the debate on the links between realms usually conceived as separate: the personal and the political; the home and the workplace; and child-bearing and work-related labour. In 1981, after pressure from women who raised the issue with the National Union of Textile Workers, an agreement was reached with the company South African Fabrics to close the wage gap between women and men workers in the industry and pay women the minimum rates, equivalent to those of male workers.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k3xn24zbqr4-en	fb017370eef1d4bddc3d12589033bb49	"Less clear is their bet that incubators can gather viable entrepreneurs directly from the student community. Entrepreneurs are typically informed by their prior professional experience; effort at generating viable incubator participants would likely be better placed outside the student body. Though policymakers have identified industrial ‘clusters"" in Queretaro and Morelos, as elsewhere in Mexico, the use of this term in this context does not necessitate a great degree of meaningful cohesion and collaboration among the firms."	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb92d13b-en	fb019150825d54b0e00fe7a1135073f5	There are recurring power outages, which leave some villages without electricity for five months per year and, more often, some cities without electricity for around three hours per day. Results of observations carried out by water companies show that water losses due to poor technical conditions of the water system are 50-60 per cent. At the same time, the main share of losses takes place in the interior building block, yard and in-house water systems. This is due to the fact that, while apartments are private, the ownership of an intradomestic and in-house networks is not defined, resulting in a lack of maintenance of these systems.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264287457-7-en	fb03bd1b6394001a9e53302faff63de8	Working poor can be defined as individuals with an income below the poverty line and who are living in households whose head is of working age (15 to 64 years old) (OECD, 2015b). The working poor often hold non-standard jobs, which typically pay less than traditional permanent work. Temporary workers in particular face many adverse economic consequences, such as wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth compared to permanent workers (OECD, 2015b).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	fb070775efa5940c14bb4cee5a352989	Welfare-state spending on cash benefits typically takes two forms: spending, which redistributes income horizontally over the life course with the aim of smoothing consumption rather than redistributing from rich to poor; and vertical redistribution, which targets the poor. Horizontal expenditure makes up the largest share of spending varying from around two-thirds of spending on transfers in the United Kingdom to 82% in Sweden (Esping Andersen and Myles, ibid). This “paradox of redistribution” says that policies that heavily target the poor tend to be ungenerous and stigmatising, often with little electoral support.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	fb080bf59b5bd1a29d11adb6486498df	"However, there is no institution or mechanism to review or appeal the legitimacy ofthe village rules. Some local governments and women’s organizations have taken the initiative to tackle this issue. ""Married out"" refers to the idea that once a woman marries someone from another village, she is seen as neither fully part of her husband’s family nor of her birth family, leaving her in a precarious position."	5	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264195158-5-en	fb09f3dfc162bc66e7ef9c5fff4592ef	Green growth aims to steer economic growth in a different direction, addressing externalities and other factors poorly served by current measures of economic activity. It also recognises that environmental policies that do not support economic growth and wealth creation are not sustainable in the long term. The definition for green growth in cities differs in that it explicitly takes into account negative environmental externalities.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	fb0b807b27760ef32c67211ffe8a17cc	Ces obligations doivent etre respectees dans toutes les lois, politiques et interventions en lien avec la famille. Grace aux 17 objectifs de developpement durable (ODD) et a ses 169 cibles, le Programme de developpement durable a I’horizon 2030 s’emploie a realiser les droits de I’homme de tous et a parvenir a I'egalite des sexes et a I’autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles (preambule, paras 19-20). En outre,dans le cadre de ce programme, les dirigeants mondiaux se sont engages a promouvoir la cohesion des families (para. Si les families ont change au fil du temps, qu’est-ce-qu’une « famille » de nos jours ?	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2015-5-en	fb141e7e8a01e45922691556b7f39fed	Also exports of sugar, cotton and poultry are projected to expand more slowly than before. Brazil’s exports of vegetable oil to China reached a high of 0.95 Mt in 2012, but decreased sharply to 0.36 Mt in 2014. Considering China imports more oilseeds for domestic crushing, which will substitute for the import of vegetable oil, vegetable oil imports are expected to continue the downward trend to 0.2 Mt in 2024.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/fa8ae033-en	fb147043f1130149ee654da4ab2028e9	For example, requiring a marriage certificate of all families registering in a social protection programme may discriminate against those families that are not formed by marriage. They cannot be exercised in isolation from other human rights such as the right to education, the right to the highest attainable standards of health, the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to privacy. All these rights greatly impact on the enjoyment of the rights related to the family referred to above, and vice versa. As shown by empirical evidence, increased levels of education for girls dramatically reduces the incidence of infant and maternal mortality; leads to smaller and more sustainable families (as women with higher levels of education have fewer children and more often use contraceptive methods); leads to healthier and better-educated children; reduces rates of child marriage; and increases family resilience to natural disasters and climate change.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1ea53441-en	fb1592f08a2e1a7c2ff6a802ad6a6fdf	Developmental considerations could come in by exempting countries below certain thresholds of per capita income and/or emissions (as proposed by Baehr and associates in their work on “Greenhouse Development Rights”). There, obligations are estimated based on shares in above threshold incomes and emissions. Domestic sources include national taxation and savings.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264259157-5-en	fb15b7deb01049fb57ab2e827e9695dc	For example, women tend to spend income differently to men, and it is also now almost conventional wisdom that children do better when their mothers control a larger share of household resources, even if much of this evidence comes from development economics (Lundberg and Poliak, 1996). Supporting women’s paid work, bargaining models would say, would provide them more discretion over where and how family resources are spent. Given that young women’s levels of educational attainment now match or outpace men’s in most OECD countries and that increasingly, men and women partner with someone with a similar socioeconomic status, losses may be substantial if women stay at home.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2010-3-en	fb1930d592dc89fc1bafe9609d356821	These figures were significantly higher than those for agricultural commodities such as rice, sugar, coffee and tea. The remaining 20%, entirely from capture fisheries, is destined for non-food products, mainly for production of fishmeal and fish oil, as well as direct feed in aquaculture and livestock. In 2008, total world fish production (capture and aquaculture), excluding aquatic plants, reached 142 Mt. It should be mentioned that this figure might underestimate the effective amount due to the incomplete recording of subsistence fisheries as well as of illegal, unreported and unregulated catches.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264265097-4-en	fb198d81a40dd719ed05f2175e7a54b0	To reduce the time required for the survey, respondents are assessed in only one or two of the three domains, not in all of them. Respondents with very low literacy skills take an alternative assessment of basic reading skills. The survey is given in the official language or languages of each participating country, sometimes also including a widely-spoken minority or regional language. Sample sizes depend on the number of cognitive domains assessed, the number of languages used, and decisions by countries about whether to increase the sample sizes to allow more precise estimates for individual geographic regions or population subgroups.	4	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264083578-6-en	fb1fd48d15a334bdc1effc31225b9336	Concerning the EU, under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) member states from 2010 will be required to ensure that the water prices charged to all consumers reflect the full costs (O&M + capital costs + environmental and resource [opportunity] costs, Figure 1.4), although derogations will be possible for less-favoured areas or on grounds of social welfare to ensure all consumers have a basic service (see the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water). Australia also expects that some States will reach full cost recovery for irrigation water by 2010 (e.g. New South Wales). This figure summarises the information from the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water. Other costs including opportunity costs, economic and environmental externality costs are shown in Figure 1.4.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264268852-6-en	fb2711c3bd1f95e23ecb29efe9fe8e92	National policy is typically based on national averages that do not represent any particular region or city. Once the lens is adjusted to the right scale, it will become easier for Kazakhstan to understand the most pressing challenges of each region and how best to address them. While some issues may apply nation-wide, others require complementary policies that vary from place to place. This will require fine-grained data, indicators and policy approaches and require co-ordinating responses with subnational governments. The Five-Year Economic Plans serve as the basis for approval of the local budgets planned for three years, including money for implementation of the economic plans. All 14 oblasts and the two cities of republican significance (Almaty and Astana) are now responsible for the “Five-Year Forecast of Socio-Economic Development” (TlpozH03 coifuajibno-3KOHOMmecKoeo pa38umm/FSCD) and “Five-Year Programmes of Territorial Development” (JlpoepaMMa pa3eumm meppumopuu/PTD).	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264212664-en	fb28d77636272ec258114e95f5093541	Which sectors do they cover (e.g. electricity generation, heat production, transport fuels)? The latter must be set with careful consideration for any possible overlaps or conflicting interactions with other economic and financial incentives for clean energy development. In fact, recent analysis on the use of tradable quotas for carbon reduction and renewable energy deployment seems to show that renewable energy support policies do not automatically result in improved performance against carbon reduction targets if there already exists an efficient and binding emission trading scheme.	7	0	9	1.0
10.18356/1d53ff8e-en	fb2d6bd6c1464ed5a55a06c7523b6781	In 2012, while Hong Kong, China remained as the highest importer of electricity at 46%, but that was a decrease from 2011. The Russian Federation was second-highest at 35%, which was higher than in 2011. It has a reciprocal electricity trading relationship with Hong Kong, China as well as Myanmar and the Republic of Korea.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	fb30cfd6f7d74f2b1d95d2ea5ef1b0b3	Also, while many Parties have made significant improvements in recent years to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification systems, further ramping-up of capacity is needed in many developing countries in order to be ready to implement the enhanced transparency provisions under the Paris Agreement. Transparency in the context of the international climate change negotiations generally refers to the measurement and reporting of information relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity building, together with processes for the subsequent review and consideration of some of this information. Transparency is important because it helps to build trust between Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), increases confidence that Parties are meeting their obligations under the UNFCCC and doing what they say they are doing, helps countries identify gaps in climate change policies, and informs stakeholders of the importance of climate change action.	13	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	fb3172a4ec017b73cb4481efa3168177	Thus, total producer cost of delivering, receiving and storing grain before it is sold came to USD 59 per tonne at harvest time in 2011/12. Assuming that the grain was sold to the FCC at its purchase price of USD 170 per tonne (KZT 25 000 effective in October 2011), the price at the farm gate is USD 111 per tonne. Alternatively, assuming that the grain was not sold to the FCC but to private buyers at an average market price of USD 108 (KZT 15 900 October 2011 price), the price at the farm gate would be USD 49 per tonne (KZT 7 200). Given these costs, farm gate price was reduced by over a third (the FCC option) and by over one half (the private channel option) compared to the wholesale price. Each contract is 10 000-100 000 tonnes. Each contrad is 10 000-100 000 tonnes.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264100817-10-en	fb32b58d35cc9f21ca4089a3d941098a	The chapter starts by identifying what we currently know about the overall benefits of investing in WSS (Section 5.1.). Second, we examine how such information can be used to support policymaking for identifying priority investments in WSS so as to allocate scarce financial resources to the areas that generate most benefits (Section 5.2). Finally, the chapter explores needs for additional research, at both the local and global levels in order to gather additional evidence for sound policymaking and investment in WSS (Section 5.3.). The review found that benefits have been measured at various scales, with no attempt at evaluating overall benefits except in the case of meeting the MDGs.	6	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	fb371eb87e20c211bade3f1f0265e020	Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The CRGE’s current focus on tackling GHG emissions has a strong rationale given the potential international climate finance that Ethiopia could attract by harvesting many low-hanging fruits by mitigating the country’s emissions. However, it will be essential to attach better environmental criteria to these activities to avoid unwanted environmental impacts, such as from constructing large hydropower plants.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	fb3917a3bbc0874b9a5ffdc65b9a1cc6	In the United Kingdom, ADEs may account for 4% of hospital capacity at an estimated cost of EUR706 million each year. Safety lapses in primary/ambulatory care most often result in hospital admission -the most significant source of direct costs. Hospitalisation for five common chronic conditions27 that can be managed in the primary/ambulatory setting account for a substantial proportion of hospital resources. The headline figure is approximately 6% of all bed days across a panel of 27 OECD countries.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5km7rq0pq00q-en	fb397e6bb031004044eaaeafcf7b7674	The annual budget of approximately EUR 1.5 million is covered by the EM Lyon Foundation, private companies and public funds. Activities include education and teaching (seminars, Masters degree courses and extra-curricular activities), entrepreneurship research and entrepreneurship educational research, and start-up support through provision of infrastructure (business incubator), support programmes, and access to networks. Main partners include alumni, professional networks, the RhOne-Alpes Region.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/308db089-en	fb39d54142e646d6b56e84a8c0b771f8	In addition, after release former prisoners suffer from discrimination in employment and education, due to their criminal record and stigmatization. Women are likely to suffer particular discrimination after release from prison, due to social stereotypes. They might be rejected by their families and in some countries they may lose their parental rights. A study conducted in one country highlights well some of the practical difficulties women face after release from prison.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/c634ac5a-en	fb3b1d5dac9361c9ff5f664eb5440b46	In recent history, numerous terrestrial mammals, birds, snakes and frogs can no longer survive in the wild in targe enough populations to ensure their continued existence on Earth (eg Myers and others, 2000, Brooks and others, 2006). In these categories, the best available evidence indicates that a taxon is facing a high to extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. A review revealed that, globally, there around 800 marine species (and/or sub-populations) on the Red List that are categorised as threatened. Since we know considerably more about the diversity of life on land than in the sea (eg Pimm and others, 1995), and even less about threats to marine life (especially in the deep sea), this figure is considered conservative. It should also be noted that, while the trend in general is unfortunately for species to move up the threat ladder, for example, from Near Threatened to Extinct in the Wild, there are exceptions whereby species that were Vulnerable have dropped to one of Least Concern because numbers or populations have increased and threats have reduced.	14	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264170001-6-en	fb3f4bd6cfba2937bc1f8a240a3038a1	The 2004 amended National Water Law (NWL) restructured CONAGUA key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to subnational entities. These are playing an increasing role in the water sector, limiting CONAGUA’s role to the administration of the NWL, the co-ordination of water policies, the conduct of national water policy, and planning, supervision, support and regulatory activities. The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating CONAGUA programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies across departments and public administration agencies.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/488a38e7-en	fb3f81e92480df632dca5462a5b77437	This is true for the majority of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example (figure 8.3). The difference in poverty rate between women and men is highest in Colombia, followed by Mexico and Nicaragua. When living in one-person households, 42 per cent of women and 23 per cent of men are poor in Colombia, 23 per cent of women and 12 per cent of men in Mexico and 17 per cent of women and 6 per cent of men in Nicaragua.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en	fb41d944efec8e926fe92ccae7d5133b	As with the NFP programme, the stimulation programme improved internalising behaviour (Walker et al., The stimulation intervention also improved earnings by 33% at age 22 (Gertler et al., The Perry Preschool programme enriched the lives of 3- and 4-year-old low-income black children with initial IQs below 85 at age three.11 They attended two-and-a-half-hours of centre-based preschool five days a week for two years. In addition, home visits promoted parent-child relationships. The programme ended after two years of enrolment, and both treatment and control groups entered the same school.	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	fb468039b297e21c81a4cb24323d19c5	While all state legislations allow for trading only a few have experienced any trade. Temporary trades have taken place in Queensland and Western Australia, but most have occurred in New South Wales, endowed with large alluvial aquifers, a large number of license, and significant water scarcity constraints (Casey and Nelson, 2012). Trading occurs via individual arrangements between entitlement holders. Irrigated land buyout is found in Korea and three of the four regions in the United States (NHPA, SHPA, and MPW regions).12 In Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, third parties are allowed to purchase entitlements in areas where total allocation exceeds what is deemed as a sustainable limit. In the Slovak Republic, land owners must pay charges to use agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes, and these charges are higher for irrigated land. In some countries, cities have bought irrigated lands to ensure groundwater quality (OECD, 2015b).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/64ec20f2-en	fb4b7f4a577155474f0159ed338fe090	For example, the tax for foreign tourists, non-residents of Ecuador over 12 years is of USD $100, while tourists and foreign nationals residing in Ecuador, over 12 years have to pay USD $6. The total revenues coming from this tax are reinvested among several entities: 10% goes to INGALA (Galapagos Immigration), 5 % to the Ecuadorian Navy, 10% to the Consejo Provincial de Galapagos, 25% to the Galapagos Municipalities, 5 % to the Galapagos Marine Reserve, 5 % to Inspection and Quarantine Services and the last 40% to the Galapagos National Park. ( Parque Nacional Galapagos Ecuador, 2013).	14	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	fb4d00b523ae89d1dfedcaa15438f857	As the world’s motor vehicle fleet is expected to double in little more than a decade, road injury is forecast to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. Already, road crashes are the number one cause of death for people aged between 15 and 29. Vulnerable road users -children, pedestrians, motorcyclists, cyclists and older people - suffer 50% of all road fatalities.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/93b802f6-en	fb4fe1c0de31983b530c3dd1f81e6404	They can also take the form of lengthy port-handling or custom procedures. One characteristic of NTMs is that they otten lead to fixed costs for exporters - costs that do not change with the number or amount of products exported. Unlike large companies, most SMEs do not possess in-house trade or international departments with experts who know how to efficiently overcome relevant trade costs.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264096356-en	fb56018a6a3e48a58d459174c6f2626f	In practice, however, such perfect security of energy supply is too costly. All countries thus implicitly accept a certain level of energy insecurity by limiting their investments in insurance. In other words, some supply interruptions are acceptable as an inevitable inconvenience, if the cost and effort to avoid them is too high.	7	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	fb5ab3daef5f3c78e2a7a91aed45f481	The TRQ aimed at securing employment and ensuring income stability for these farmers (WTO, 2006). G/AG/N/VNM/2 of 3 November 2011. At present, VAT is levied on goods and services according to the Law No. A fourth rate of 20% applicable to some specific services was also established as part of the original VAT structure but this was abolished on 1 January 2004. Other categories subject to a 5% VAT rate are medical equipment and medicines; teaching and learning aids; children’s toys and books; scientific and technological services; special purpose machinery and equipment for newsprint; products made from jute and bamboo; and cultural exhibits and sports activities (World Bank, 2014). It supersedes the Viet Nam Food Ordinance approved in 2003.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	fb5c98fa060fa30b44485923eb264db7	Some look at multiple criteria, e.g. institutions, governance, learning (Sierra et al., Increasingly, development finance institutions (e.g. AfDB, IDB, Islamic Development Bank, EBRD) are converging towards results frameworks that track operational, management, and project performance results under single, institution-wide systems (AfDB, n.d.). The DAC Evaluation Resource Centre provides a compendium of relevant evaluations from key institutions and DAC members (DeREC)9.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	fb5de27e4128209703e82ed3a4fabbce	Cases of plague due to infection with Yersinia pestis have been seen in approximately 40 patients each year, especially in rural areas. The most common source of human plague is contact with and consumption of the marmot (Marmota sibirica). Moreover, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) and the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) are suspected of being enzootic reservoirs.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/604a5a2e-en	fb5f037b0049fde3e523bd4bdcb5fe7c	It must include women and girls, not only as the recipients of health and social protection services, but also as advocates, as health workers, as active members, representatives and leaders of communities. Building resilience and protecting communities from the negative effects of a disaster must therefore be connected to a robust development agenda that takes into account individual, social, economic and cultural vulnerabilities. Given that high maternal and child mortality are concentrated in countries with conflict and natural disasters, establishing robust connections between resilience-enhancement programmes and development targets will be essential to both achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and mitigating the effects of disasters.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264276208-3-en	fb61233856a36d2d65ebbfca844aaa6e	Software tools such as Marxan and MarZone which aid systematic reserve design have been used in several cases but could be adopted more widely. Monitoring both ecological and socio-economic data is important, initially to define the baseline, as well as regularly thereafter to assess trends in performance over time. This has often not been undertaken as rigorously as needed, and challenges encountered include lack of sufficient human and financial resources, equipment and infrastructure.	14	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	fb66213f759519841771a0e0b7622931	Data categories for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are 1-3 ha and 3-5 ha. This differs from countries with distinctly dualistic agriculture, where many smallholders use a small proportion of natural resources and large farms use a greater share of the land, such as in Brazil, where over 50% of the land is used by farms larger than 500 ha; or the European Union, where over 50% of the land is used by farms of over 100 ha (Eurostat, 2016; IGBE, 2006). The vast majority of farms in the six SEE economies remain small, family owned and highly fragmented. However, agricultural co-operatives do not play a major role in these economies, following a history of mandated collective farming under communism.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/c78b2675-en	fb697bc6da121b43f5df7dd06f42a77b	The European Commission, Germany and Norway have committed about €110m to the GEEREF over the period 2007-2011. The EIB Group is the fund manager. This scheme has been effective in mobilizing capital for new asset classes in developing countries, especially in those regions where perceived risks are a high hurdle to private capital mobilization.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264252059-4-en	fb6a0cda907ab68993a03a2db45619e6	Meanwhile, an average of 70% of secondary teachers reported that their formal education included pedagogy training for all the subjects they teach, and nearly one in four (23%) reported participating in this training for some of the subjects they teach. The proportions are similar for practical components: on average, 67% of teachers reported that their formal education included classroom practice in all of the subjects they teach, while 22% reported classroom practice in some of the subjects they teach. Results from TALIS analyses suggest that not only does a teacher's formal education, including teacher initial education, help him or her feel better prepared for work as a teacher, but the specific elements included in that training, such as content and pedagogical training, and classroom practice, can make a significant difference as well.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264119284-4-en	fb6b382713684f8ca155b256f741d9a7	In Belgium, in addition to the competences of the communities and the regions granted constitutionally, specific responsibilities are established by regional decrees (on Environmental Regulation, or VLAREM, Integrated Water Management, etc.). Finally, some countries have ad hoc mechanisms outside legislative frameworks for allocating responsibilities at the sub-national government level. For instance, in Mexico, there are villages where daily simple or complex activities of communities, such as the organisation of drinking water assemblies that do not fall under the jurisdiction of municipalities, are subject to customary law.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en	fb6f045d2cd971410ee834a179c92028	In Cambodia, the national ODA database allows for the tracking of aid to climate change, via a sector code and a thematic marker identifying projects with a climate change component18. In Malawi, the Rio markers methodology was applied to track adaptation related aid in the national Aid Management Platform (Weaver et al., These recent initiatives show that establishing national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems is a high priority of developing countries.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264084728-10-en	fb6ff8d5b66606ccf447851d4b479f42	In order to allow comparison over identical 10-year periods in the face of relatively sparse poverty data, the period used is 1995-2005. This 10-year period does not perfectly overlap that used in Chapter l’s four-speed world, but countries are nonetheless presented according to their place in that classification in the 1990s and the 2000s. The average elasticity for all countries in Table 4.1 is -0.76, and -0.71 if outliers are excluded.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264262959-en	fb70c332cb5871cd839663a730bd17f9	The absence of sufficient policies and infrastructure supporting mothers deters many mothers from entering (or re-entering) the labour force and can prevent children from receiving good-quality care and education. While even childless women do more unpaid care and housework than men, the arrival of children in the household makes it even harder for women to compete equally in the labour force given gender stereotypes, barriers in the labour market and lack of quality child care support. When mothers do engage in paid work, the “motherhood penalty” - meaning that mothers receive lower wages than childless women - remains persistent and strong in OECD countries even after accounting for a woman’s decision to become a mother, which may influence her other behaviours (Budig and England, 2001; Gough and Noonan, 2013).	8	3	4	0.14285714285714285
11.1002/pub/80c293d4-d194980d-en	fb7a5a47a2dae3080afd3194430afc57	That review has been informed by a range of inputs from ITU and other UN agencies, including a comprehensive assessment of progress towards the WSIS targets, the Final WSIS Targets Review, published by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development in 2014 (Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, 2014a). The ICT Development Index (IDI), which combines data concerning ICT access, use and skills in an overview assessment of national ICT ecosystems, is reported on in Chapters 2 and 3, while the ICT Price Basket (IPB), concerned with affordability, is the subject of Chapter 4. The remainder of the present section briefly summarizes information society developments since WSIS and during the past year. The second section introduces the Connect 2020 Agenda.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264303201-8-en	fb7b14a0f90887cfe575d51ce61f825f	Some references also include a cross-cutting context dimension.3 Indicators to monitor and evaluate biodiversity mainstreaming can be derived for each of these components (Table 5.1). Theory of change is a specific type of methodology for planning, participation and evaluation that is used in the philanthropy, not-for-profit and government sectors to promote social change. Examples of contextual factors include political leadership and stability, and macroeconomic and fiscal policies (Thomas, 2014).	15	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264179011-4-en	fb7b3d11b553831eb39eec126500c7be	Access to land by large investors remains a long and unclear process. Investing companies can be granted only limited land rights and must receive a location licensing. The government has worked continuously on simplifying and speeding up business licensing and investment procedures, but investors are still required to obtain various sector-specific technical licenses from different government agencies.	2	3	2	0.2
10.18356/0488519d-en	fb7c2f8286a16a7b0a495a2e24687de1	This is a disaster loss database that allows local authorities, communities, and NGOs to collect disaster information at the local level to feed into an online database.56 It is an initiative of UNISDR, the European Commission and UNDP. It is a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeTask Team for Preparedness and Resilience and the European Commission. At the global level the United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) promotes the development of a framework for sharing, processing, applying, and maintaining spatial data sets within an environment of agreed technologies, policies, and standards. For this purpose, the United Nations initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) is setting the agenda for the development of global geospatial information, and monitors the SDI status for all countries.59 Asia-Pacific countries that have their SDI details listed include Australia, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia.	13	2	2	0.0
10.14217/9781848599239-8-en	fb801cb5d605c2f4183561829f976647	The Samoan economy is thus gradually ‘catching up’ with that of Tonga. External accounts were characterised by large trade deficits throughout the 1990s, large net private transfer flows and a generally negative current account balance. The two years of negative growth reflected the impact of the global financial crisis and a consequent fall in remittances, a decline in tourism receipts, static exports (especially the decline of squash) and the impact of the 2009 tsunami in northern Tonga.	10	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5jlz3kbf7pzv-en	fb80c5e64f3881f87c2594e28e5a8d1e	Whatever choices countries will do, it will be wise to monitor then- impact on out-of-pocket payments and their distribution across population groups. Health Systems in Transition, 13(4): 1-156). Evidence from France”, Health Economics, Vol. El gasto de bolsillo en salud: el caso de Chile, 1997 y 2007.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	fb8501fee09afbbc933e8ab164c241fe	Over the same period, the decline in South Asia was from 43.1 per cent to 30.9 per cent. In other regions, apart from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, some decline was noticed, but the situation may be characterized more as stagnant than improving. There is significant heterogeneity among the poor in terms of socio-economic and other characteristics including low incomes and assets, inadequate work opportunities, low human development indicators, persistent insecurity, social discrimination, spatial disadvantages, and limited citizenship. It is often important to distinguish between various poor groups in order to understand their life trajectories and household poverty dynamics. This helps identify the main drivers of change and draw implications for policy. This, along with available country specific evidence, will be used to draw some conclusions from the analysis for the Asia Pacific LDCs.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264180109-9-en	fb88a39ef03b7e273db35724059428cc	To gauge the reaction of visitors to various fee levels, Rivera-Planter and Munoz-Pina (2005) carried out a contingent valuation survey and constructed aggregate demand for several parks. They explored the benefits and costs of differentiating fees, looking at both revenue maximising and welfare maximising fees. In Cancun, for example, during the high season, revenue maximising fees would be as high as USD 36 for a foreign visitor and USD 20 for a Mexican visitor (see also Section 4.3).	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/07f2a46c-en	fb89d0314722706255ad1de14aa275e6	"In Cambodia, for instance, from 1997 to 2003, consistent condom use among police officers grew from 65.6 to 94.2 per cent in commerdal sex interactions, but only from 11.4 to 41.2 per cent in intimate relationships. More generally, ""less than 20 per cent of sexually adive Cambodian men and women have ever used a condom, representing an enormous unmet need"" (PSI, 2004, p. 2). Inconsistent condom use is also rife, implying opportunities for greater use of condoms if adherence could be increased. In Singapore, in 2004,45 per cent of the surveyed clients of sex workers used condoms inconsistently (Wee et al, 2004) and in Indonesia less than 10 per cent of male dients consistently used condoms though more than 50 per cent were married or had regular partners (Hudiono, 2006)."	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.18356/5f92cb4f-en	fb8a400d6dce461b88707fa0f4d02f39	The GCF Board has set a target of committing US$2.5 billion in funding in 2016; in June 2015, nine projects with a value of US$257 million in GCF resources and total cost of US$585 million, were approved. The low approval level is indicative of the challenges the GCF is facing as a new institution, the capacity constraints of the direct access entities and at the national level, staffing constraints in the GCF Secretariat, and the rigorous project preparation requirements that did not distinguish between project type and size. At its June 2016 meeting, the GCF Board approved the operational guidelines for its Project Preparation Facility and a simplified procedure for micro-scale and small-scale funding proposals that are assessed as low risk or no risk. These new procedures should accelerate the project approval process.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/47e82c9e-en	fb8c96a35e3683d9ad88be869406cbbd	It estimates the total funds required to implement activities, the funding available and the financial gaps. Bhutan has also initiated projects on integrating PES and REDD+, and eco-tourism. Although these are new biodiversity related instruments, they have been included as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP. The aim is to mainstream the NBSAP into the national economic development plans (five year plans), as a response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation. The National Biodiversity Center will coordinate the development of the resource mobilisation plan, as well as all the strategies under target 20. A participatory and inclusive stakeholder approach will prioritize the national targets that will guide the plan.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a793e2be-en	fb8ebc8b40293435f1f98c4b0c21c2a8	Yet, little comprehensive evidence is collected on how many women-owned and managed companies participate in international trade, what type of products they export or what barriers discourage women from entering international trade. Because of these issues, it is difficult to draw a comprehensive picture of women’s participation in international trade. The findings contribute to a better understanding ot women’s limited participation in international trade. For the sake ot simplicity, the analysis concentrates on exporting firms, including firms that both export and import. Surveyed firms that only import were not considered in this analysis.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/95417570-en	fb8f42c4fffc3cb50f1a079e31a9fd3c	It also set different tariffs for different technological options (based on the respective cost of generation plus a reasonable profit) and guaranteed them for 20 years. Many developing countries have followed this model, comprising so-called Advanced Renewable Tariffs, since it corresponds with standard practice in respect of other private electricity plants. In most cases, although tariffs are expressed as a percentage of the retail rate, they are in effect based on the cost of generation plus profit. This creates a disincentive for producers, who fear future policy changes in case of large-scale uptake of renewable energy generation. In this regard, a FIT option can be successful in developing countries only if it is backed by an international guarantee, and internationally funded subsidies for low-income consumers. These risks are probably higher in the developing parts of the world because of their limited financial resources and institutional capabilities for establishing effective policies and measures that lead towards a new phase of growth characterized by pervasive decarbonization.	7	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264235120-8-en	fb91c0f21f1d4770c1323df0eaeabfd5	The greater the value of the index, the greater is the level of inequality. The properties of subgroup decomposability of Theil and other general entropy indices are well documented (e.g. Shorrocks, 1984; Cowell, 2005). In this case, some of the correlation captured here would not be explained by pre-marital household formation choices but rather by an increased norm for couple households to choose to work in similar occupations and industries, within similar wage groups. This caveat indicates that marital sorting may explain only part of the changes in intra-household labour supply behaviour.	5	2	3	0.2
10.14217/9781848591646-15-en	fb92d3818b1d61f87d3741aa63cbf765	This has, fortunately, not prevented some LDCs from addressing trade-related adjustments in their own DTIS: Samoa, for example, mentions adjustment arising in the private sector to improve competitiveness as a result of dramatic tariff reforms; and the Solomon Islands refers to the adjustment costs arising from tax reforms. Although some donors may seek to focus on other areas of AfT, recipients should ensure that TRA is fully integrated into national development strategies, funding agreements and the legal texts of trading arrangements; for example, by crafting the terms of reference or other templates provided to consultants in the preparation of such documents to clearly specify that TRA needs should be addressed conceptually, qualitatively and quantitatively. More importantly, however, aid recipients should seek to influence the AfT debate by referring to best-practice case studies and current innovative approaches to supporting TRA, beginning with a concerted effort to highlight positive case studies in previous support programmes.	10	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289350167-9-en	fb972535b7e6b78ce2603d61529ef228	"The reserves in currently operating oil and gas fields alone, even with no coal, would take the world beyond i.5°C"" (Muttitt, 2016). Remaining within a 2 °C threshold will require a rapid, but managed, decline in the fossil fuel industry. This must begin with cutting off government subsidies to fossil fuels."	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264245891-7-en	fb97fcc34764fdbf90bc1b853b862cf7	The first session is organised in September and includes a test of student knowledge. The last one takes place in April and also includes a test. The tests are used in two ways: they allow the assessment of student needs and the subsequent preparation of a plan of educational activities tailored to specific students; and they also allow the assessment of student progress during the school year.	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80a5593d-0c74f324-en	fb9a55f8d20be384eac24d7e0dd89389	Service users’ needs reassessment and/or referral to other providers, if necessary, must be also included. These standards ensure the minimum quality of care and support which people receive whilst living at home and they establish the minimum service provision required. Emphasis is needed to encourage people in need, living in their own home, instead of in nursing homes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/7d5576e0-en	fb9b4bc75ce04e8e63e8b50527ab7437	The approval granted by a DRA is limited in its scope to the national territory. An inventor who is granted a patent for a new and inventive drug may still be denied regulatory approval if clinical tests show potential negative effects of this drug on the human body. The originator of a drug thus has to file two separate applications, one with the DRA (for the regulatory approval) and another at the patent office (for the respective product and/or process patents).	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	fb9ccbcbf3f6d7b8199428f378ed63ae	Mongolian air is very dry and not favourable for mould development. However, bad household conditions can favour mould development. In houses that do not have adequate humidity control and ventilation, cooking and heating habits can lead to mould development. Exposure to PM15 and blood lead level in two populations in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	fb9ce937c6ca5aea4becd9edd03a8fc9	In the last decade efforts have focused on developing a value-added production chain by attracting investments in high technology industries, medical technology, pharmaceuticals, and tourism, an effort that is ongoing. Determined efforts are being made to move away from dependence on exports towards boosting domestic demand. However exports continue to drive the economy.	4	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264298576-17-en	fb9d773b848e5b629058b66888b49fd3	The transition to low-carbon economies requires the mobilisation of investment in green energy infrastructure, renewables and energy efficiency. Transport policy, through measures to increase the share of electric transport in urban areas. Environmental policy, through measures such as raising awareness and shaping consumer behaviour to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and reduce energy intensity.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	fb9f3e8614134523f95f302eecba56ac	A programme to improve drinking water quality in line with the EU directive has been underway since 2001, targeting around 900 settlements and more than 2.5 million residents of the country (SUMANAS, 2005). By 2010, only three settlements, with a total of 1 300 residents, are exposed to drinking water with arsenic levels highly exceeding the EU limit value. The affected population is supplied with healthy drinking water from alternative sources. The red sludge disaster in 2010, caused by a collapsed industrial toxic waste reservoir, exacerbated such risks. The elevated levels of arsenic and mercury in the red sludge could pose serious health risks for the affected population, especially if the toxic material has entered into the food chain.	3	1	3	0.5
10.18356/11e28764-en	fb9f95fc820fe8475c5988c661e24cb6	Yet women perform much of the physical work required in agriculture, such as weeding. Redesigning or making available better farming tools and equipment (and introducing or increasing the use of personal protective equipment) would improve efficiency, reduce the number of accidents in which women, men and children are harmed, and contribute to gender equity (Molineri etal. They may learn about environment-friendly techniques of seedling production, soil conservation, pest management and post-harvest processing (Petries etal.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/5jz5m7tw1x8t-en	fba0c30b7a8dd2634935e6215cc4bf8c	As already mentioned, trade measures used as domestic food price stabilisers exacerbate price shocks for countries choosing to not alter their border measures, harming even more the latter countries’ net buyers of food and helping their net sellers of food in the case of upward price spikes, and conversely during low-price periods. First, they are like explicit trade taxes,	2	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/9789264085374-3-en	fba317928a691fa11c995b6ec6fc004c	Pedagogical innovations require deep changes in teachers’ practices and roles in which they are co-designers. Innovations in teaching and learning are not so much assimilated as adopted progressively and creatively by teachers who know how to use their own experiences as “anchors” for implementation and innovation. Networks are critical in this process, emphasising the transformation of culture and practice.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en	fba482d31f349577e5abe75f4c406185	Dynamic sociocultural, economic, environmental and physical processes give rise to complex systems that are composed of many parts that interact and adapt to one another (OECD, 2009). Traditional modes of land use planning have adapted to this complex system by recognising inter-linkages with a range of policy domains including transport, infrastructure, agriculture, protected area management, mining and increasingly tourism. Where tourism development applications implicate other policy sectors, planning agencies often act as the coordinating agency in a whole-of-government approach.	8	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	fba5e4072843e6e59df328eb00981f70	Similarly, it is equally detrimental to exclude stakeholders for being known opponents of the issue at hand; involving them can trigger some ownership and increase the likelihood that they support the final decisions. If they are excluded from the decision-making process they could be more prone to undermining the decision. Engagement processes can be most effective when they include a careful and strategic selection of stakeholders that strikes a balance between comprehensive representation and a manageable number of participants.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/9789264179370-4-en	fba776d8716da2eb8e90d660f6dd1cfb	Policy approaches need to foster youth job opportunities through the creation of a good investment climate and the removal of barriers to competition like land and credit market imperfections. Before they can be scaled up, such programmes need first to be run as pilot projects and then evaluated. Figure 8.1 shows that the graduation rates of both sexes at upper secondary (which includes programmes in post-secondary, non-tertiary education) and tertiary levels have risen across OECD countries. However, the share of women completing tertiary education has grown particularly rapidly. Although the numbers of men and women attaining upper secondary education have increased at similar rates, the proportion of men remains slightly higher (by 4 percentage points) simply because there are more men in post-secondary non-tertiaiy education programmes.	5	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/276dbaa4-en	fbaaba3c706082cad2c3ac5cd458cc68	Continuous land fragmentation and the unprecedented growth in rural youth populations in many developing countries will exacerbate the difficulties of providing decent employment to millions of new entrants to their labour markets. While agriculture will shrink, if rural non-farm economies do not expand sufficiently then rural out-migration will increase, and so will the risks of conflicts, civil unrest, and protracted crises - which could further fuel migration. In the parentheses ote the numbei of countries for each legion.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/journal/dev-v10-art16-en	fbadb22dc66869abedc4bd3d04f075c4	Under the former, South-South trade is viewed, unrealistically, as an alternative to North-South trade that would enable the South to reduce its dependence on the technology-dominated markets of the North. Under the outward-oriented development paradigm, South-South trade integration is seen as complementary to North-South trade as Southern markets, with their high growth potential, may offer attractive export opportunities (Otsubo, 1998). Economic Growth and Distribution: On the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, lid ward Elgar, 2006. In Defence of Globalisation, Oxford University Press, New York.	1	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	fbade570b69838c56f37ceb97a10b959	The exceptions are the data on education and labour force participation, which are available from 1950 onwards. Table 12.1 presents an overview of the variables used in this chapter or in the composite index, along with their source and summary statistics. To start with, global patterns of inheritance practices are examined.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264247567-7-en	fbb055bd3753eb6d2e6ed376ef54641b	Instead, both categories of SEN students of compulsory school age have grown over the last 10 years at a rate that should set alarm bells ringing. In 2013, 6% of Year 1-9 students were in special schools and 5% were attending mainstream schools (see also Chapter 2). The Ministry of Education needs to be more proactive in ensuring that assessment for SEN categorisation and hence funding is carried out using consistent criteria and is not motivated by other considerations such as obtaining increased funding or little motivation to include certain students groups in mainstream education.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-dnk-2019-3-en	fbb05b919abb6948f164a4399b84341e	Retaining the group of seniors above age 65 in the labour market may require additional measures such as ensuring greater age-neutrality in the functioning of the labour market (OECD, 2015(45]). Thorough evaluation of the upcoming rise in the statutory' retirement age towards 2022 will thus be vital to assess the credibility of the longterm fiscal strategy. Entry into benefit schemes targeted to people with reduced work capacities (e.g. ledighedsydelse and flexi-jobs) has already increased among seniors (jobindsats.dk).	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/4665f6fb-en	fbb0f8726ef2456875b1f827de090f72	Basic services and infrastructure development, including transport and mobility, must be people-centred, with dearly-defined links to land-use plans and housing programmes, with the main focus on vulnerable and marginalized groups.77 Prioritizing basic service and infrastructure delivery must feature in any long-term economic and social development and environmental protection strategy. Governments must pay more attention to how, when, and with which standards70 they measure issues such as accessible and sustainable transport, adequate and affordable housing, inclusive urbanization, universal access to safe public spaces, and many other important urban targets that are strongly connected to the New Urban Agenda. The CPI provides both a metric and a framework for policy dialogue, giving cities and governments the possibility to devise indicators and baseline information, often for the first time.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1afad1f4-en	fbb1592939430613a92d65f2b50cfd55	Given the variation of these characteristics among the CSN and the differences in their level of development, the quality and type of infrastructure needs vary significantly in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. For example, some countries need to close significant infrastructure gaps with a particular view to lowering trade costs and thereby strengthening value chains. This is particularly relevant to least developed countries (OECD and WTO, 2013).	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/27e660be-en	fbb16eee1e402386b595bb75ae04c73c	When excluded from the peace table, women have often used parallel processes on their own. When locked out of the rooms where decisions are being made, women have presented their positions and recommendations through the ‘gaps under the doors’, spoken to delegates outside meetings, or demonstrated in the street, as occurred in Liberia in 2003 (box 5.7). Various studies have examined how women in several African countries such as Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa have been involved in conflict resolution.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/74f4872a-en	fbb27736a153d412588d440e3a15ad43	This was particularly true for the turnpikes, canals and railways that accompanied Britain’s rise as a global economic superpow er. National initiatives only emeiged later to better coordinate existing projects in line with the demands of a more sophisticated and integrated national economy. Conceived in 1830, Chevalier’s impressive plan7 was for a grand European transport system to connect the entire continent with rails, roads and shipping routes, whereby railway lines spanning over 60,000 km would traverse from the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (through northbound lines), linking them to eastbound destinations of Flanders at the North Sea via Warsaw, Vilnius, Riga and St Petersbuig to the Russian Pacific (Hogselius et al.,	9	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264262430-7-en	fbb355ecdf72027ca69ae5349f0081bf	Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? ( Consequently, students, parents and teachers can use assessment results to follow an individual student’s acquisition of knowledge and skills, and municipalities and schools can use the results to compare themselves against the national average and to aid decision-making, but results cannot be used as a basis for systematic benchmarking and sharing of best practice among different schools and municipalities or for ranking municipalities or schools (Houlberg et al., The national assessments were conceived i) to provide a pedagogical tool for teachers against testable areas of the Common Objectives; and ii) to provide a tool for monitoring national progress over time through a national performance profile showing national average test results and to enable municipalities to monitor their schools against this national profile.	4	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264083660-7-en	fbb38d6491a2a5a0f1eb50f3d54d3b60	Traditionally used by governments or public entities, PCG are also being more recently used by sub-sovereign governments, municipalities and private companies to borrow domestically from commercial banks or issue in the domestic capital market in local currency. A Partial Credit Guarantee can lift the borrower’s credit rating above a critical threshold, at which access to the market is possible. The guaranteed coverage level is set to achieve a target bond rating to facilitate bond issuance, or at a level required to encourage commercial bank lenders to participate.	6	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0905f827-en	fbb6091452bbea9924251ce34c335b33	Since 2016, the Central Reserve Bank has been conducting a series of household and business surveys to empirically diagnose the status and challenges of financial inclusion. This strategy is based on an evidence-based diagnosis that identifies the main causes of exclusion, proposes specific components to address the different causes, identifies the relevant actors within the framework of an institutional coordination structure led by a Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and defines verifiable short- and medium-term goals. Nonetheless, the strategy was still awaiting implementation in early 2017. Since 2009, efforts have been made to diagnose the status of financial inclusion in the country and to formulate evidence-based government actions, based on a robust institutional framework coordinated by the National Council for Financial Inclusion, led by the National Banking and Securities Commission as of 2011.	9	2	3	0.2
10.1787/3726edff-en	fbb63daa1ea55699ccb0bce8620591b0	Only a small share of all financing from foundations is aimed towards ICT development, of which a large share is support to increase access to ICTs at public libraries. Foundations sectoral priorities show similar patterns as official development providers. In 2015, the health sector received 47% of foundations’ research spending and 27% of all support relating to ICTs and other technologies, with significant investments in vaccine development and Infectious disease control. Foundations’ second research priority is the agricultural sector, with significant support provided by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.	9	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591653-5-en	fbb8c3174675c851151c9e8d6cbeaa68	Again, in contrast to the intermediaries, some local co-operatives successfully market their products directly to the large hotels. Third, Rhiney notes the role of the Sandals Resorts’ Farmers Programme25 in the provision to local famers of credit, seeds, specialist advice and access to other funding sources for irrigation and nursery facilities. The results of the latter appear to have strengthened linkages to the rural economy, provided a range of fresh vegetables and fruit to the Sandals Resorts and helped to ‘reduce the mismatch between food supply and demand’ (Rhiney 2009: 252). However, a few pages later, the policy also recommends village development of handmade local crafts to sell to tourists as part of village regeneration and diversification.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5km5zrs4kc6l-en	fbbb08df24124f27ffdd5be5dec8ac78	Railroad deregulation increased cost savings from the cap-and-trade scheme by enabling Mid-Western electric utilities to reduce their S02 emissions by increasing their use of low-sulphur coal from Wyoming. Most legislative proposals to price GHG emissions, both in the United States and in other countries, have opted for cap-and-trade schemes over a tax. A major reason for this preference is that cap-and-trade facilitates building political support through grandfathering (i.e., giving permits to exiting emitters for free), which may be less transparent than recycling the revenues from a tax and more politically sustainable (subsidies have to be renewed regularly).	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/98c4ae94-en	fbbf6f2b0ef026d26ff2ecb17c0931d0	The CFS provides a forum for dialogue among all stakeholders in the world food system, including UN agencies, civil society and the private sector. The CFS has also convened meetings in which high level panels of experts present information and analysis to relevant stakeholders for debate. Finally, the CFS facilitates the process of monitoring policy implementation at the national level.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k9h296b1zjf-en	fbc02e591cb249beac0185d66b7090d2	Conversely, if labour supply is relatively inelastic and labour demand is relatively elastic, then the enterprise will bear more of the tax burden. For low-income groups, more progressivity through earned income tax credit (EITC) schemes increases work incentives but the resulting increase in labour supply may reduce wages - the EITC may increase the dispersion of before-tax income.32 However, for high-income groups, more progressive taxes may dampen work incentives and lower working hours. This could narrow the earnings dispersion. While most property taxes are paid by owners, they may largely be passed onto renters in the form of higher rents as the supply of housing is relatively inelastic, at least in the short term.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	fbc1db45aa2eee56d1837f277bdd8156	Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be necessary in order to decarbonise urban passenger transport. The shared nature of this mobility will be essential to meeting urban mobility needs. Comprehensive policy portfolios will include strategic land-use policies integrated with multimodal transport planning, economic instruments, infrastructure/service measures, as well as regulatory measures that support connectivity. Successfully reducing the use of personal vehicles will ultimately depend on providing citizens with sufficiently attractive alternative mobility options.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-6-en	fbc3c93831b0c02aea455e786ce503b3	For instance, groundwater management districts in California charge between USD 18 (Santa Clara Valley) and USD 140 (Orange County) per acre-foot pumped in agriculture and up to over USD 600 to 1000 over a cap (Hanak et al., Germany applies a charge of EUR 0.0025 - 0.0026 per m3 used in agriculture in Bremen, Lower Saxony, while the state of Schleswig-Holstein applies a rate 100 times higher, of EUR 0.11/m3 for non-domestic uses (OECD, 2015c). Despite the important advantages that groundwater markets can have (Casey and Nelson, 2012; Garduno and Foster, 2010), there are only a few organised functioning markets.	6	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/6a39744b-en	fbc532e7397bb5677d8d7acb2df7f83c	All countries have supported improved forest management (related to SDG15). In Bolivia (Plurinational State of) for example, a forest-rich country with a history of inequitable land ownership, one key policy has supported land redistribution (including forests) to indigenous people, potentially addressing SDG Target 1.4 regarding improved access to land, especially for the poor. In Burkina Faso the priority was to support more sustainable woodland, agriculture and pastoral land-use practices following droughts and famine, potentially addressing SDG Target 13.1 on climate resilience.	15	1	2	0.3333333333333333
11.1002/pub/807b38cb-39ff5763-en	fbc5469add2623c43fd4a3a4f8284649	Third, broadband leads to a more efficient functional deployment of enterprises by maximizing their reach to labour pools, access to raw materials, and consumers, (e.g., outsourcing of services, virtual call centres.) The review of the research indicates that there are multiple approaches to estimate the economic impact of broadband, ranging from highly sophisticated econometric techniques to qualitative micro-level case studies. Not all approaches are suitable to all situations.	9	1	4	0.6
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	fbc9bb185d0b392b50b339c26d1798af	However, in relative terms, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has been declining since 1990 in both the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and in the least developed countries. However, the numbers of people living in extreme poverty have been on the decline since the early 1990s. Small island developing States will also have to redouble their efforts, given the slackened pace of poverty reduction they experienced between 1999 and 2005, which was considerably slower than that experienced between 1990 and 1999.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	fbca5c9221d0b18b6f2ab53a26980b8a	Ireland is one of six countries where the continuous rise in unemployment rates has not yet ended. This recession actually began in the second quarter of 1979, but unemployment did not peak until mid-1983. [ The historical comparisons for the OECD area reported here refer to the 30 countries for which the necessary data are available since 1970.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3f10390a-en	fbcc9da5983217b38b1188359b309616	The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had the highest rate (27.4%), followed by Argentina (10.9%). Although no other country had two-digit inflation, the number of countries with inflation rates below 5% fell from 16 to 8 between 2009 and 2010. The increase in inflation was driven mainly by food and beverage prices, which on average rose 1.8 times as much as those for other products. This is a particularly important consideration when it comes to measuring indigence, as described below.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264303119-en	fbcd9663d90602735fc941cc08335300	As mentioned earlier, this can be a problem connected with the nature of an externality itself. Many respondents will indicate amounts far greater than those they would actually commit in real life. It is also easy to see, for instance, that by enumerating a large number of charismatic mega-species, total sums can easily exceed available budgets.	7	6	0	1.0
10.18356/a2206e44-en	fbcddf366392614c95de575f20577cc0	Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (9): 1078-1092. Geneva; available at: www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue9/bul0711 .pdf. Regulatory approaches to rural electrification and renewable energy: case studies from six developing countries World Bank Working Paper (by Martinot E. and Reiche K).	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/60a8d482-en	fbce61b632037990e8c4a2fa78e40979	These unequal outcomes are not inevitable, however, and can be remedied by action on several fronts. Chapter 2 has already outlined actions to facilitate women's access to decent work and to eliminate gender wage gaps. In addition, pension systems can be designed or reformed to redress women's socio-economic disadvantage in old age.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264281318-24-en	fbcf23dd00d15c29e4a11e5374e023f0	Other countries with a gender gap for migrants above 20 percentage points include the United States, Japan and Italy. The smallest differences are in Israel, Iceland and Portugal, with differences of 3-6 percentage points. Likewise, the Baltic states and Scandinavian countries all had some of the smallest differences between sexes, at around 10 percentage points.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	fbd4856cbcb1715c237dd52c08b0bb4f	Introducing a lower minimum wage for young people and/or in rural areas, which are characterised by lower living costs, should also be considered. First, firms will pay only a fraction of the corporate income tax liability, which will increase gradually over time: No income tax is paid in the first two fiscal years; 25% in the third fiscal year; 50% in the fourth fiscal year; 75% in the fifth fiscal year; and 100% from the sixth fiscal year onwards. ( A more generous treatment is granted to firms in the scarcely populated regions of Amazonas, Guainia and Vaupes). Firms will also be allowed to carry forward their losses, up to an additional five fiscal years.	1	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262782-7-en	fbd4bb84468b8e32fed3972f9d652df2	Latvia is moving in that direction with a Primary Health Care Development Plan that strives to improve quality and accessibility of health services, and enhances preventive activities to keep people out of more expensive hospital care. Latvia has demonstrated that it can use its workforce innovatively to improve access to primary care, but needs to strengthen the role that GPs and other health care professionals play in health promotion, particularly educating patients about chronic disease self-management. Section 3.1 describes the structure of the Latvian primary health care system, and workforce and other challenges.	3	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-7-en	fbd4d8b94ce176b920c68def55042517	In 2006, the Washington Group on Disability Statistics approved a “short set” of six disability questions for use in population censuses, covering the domains of seeing, hearing, walking, cognition, self-care and communication. The Group is currently pursuing the field-testing of an “enlarged set” of questions for use in household surveys, covering the 10 domains of vision, hearing, upper body, learning, cognition, affect, pain, fatigue and communication (United Nations, 2010).	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264240094-12-en	fbd61e78ab8d1a6e37034d825d7cdda3	In 2000, in an effort to improve effectiveness of protected areas and to better preserve its tropical rainforests, Brazil established the National System of Protected Areas (SNUC), or conservation units, as such areas are known in the country.1 SNUC integrated the heterogeneous landscape of protected areas, including those established by federal, state and municipal governments as well as those proposed by private actors (individuals, companies, non-government organisations), into one national system. It provided a common definition of protected areas and a framework for co-ordinated management and implementation at different levels of government. It also introduced the National Register of Protected Areas (CNUC) in 2006 as the official national database to consolidate information about protected areas at all levels of government.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/b9c917b5-en	fbd7eec824345d26d4cac1d4ff4aeba3	In the early 1980s, the official urban poverty rate was about 2 per cent and the total urban poor population was 4 million. This decreased to about one million in 1989 according to official estimates, though unofficial estimates are much higher. For example, according to a 1994 survey by the Social Survey Centre of the Peoples University, there were then about 50 million impoverished urban residents (Hong Dayong, 1997). The number would be even larger if the estimate were to be based on the actual place of residence of individuals, rather than their registered permanent residence.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	fbdad2ca9fc2214666fb21132b3f4719	However, the numbers of working poor have also dropped and most poor families in 2030 have no earner. Low-income women who stay at home have low opportunity costs for having children and family size increases among this group. For the better-off, high costs of formal childcare has deterred them from having large families.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264090415-3-en	fbdb6352f435a2b9dc96369d8d5cc9ac	In addition, a number of presentations addressed the ecosystem approach, economic implications, and the strategies being employed by various nations to adapt fisheries and aquaculture to the impacts of climate change. There was also an emphasis on adaptation strategies in both developed and developing nations, including an assessment of their respective vulnerability to adapting to climate change impacts. A follow-up session dealt with the political economy of adapting fisheries to climate change with views from the large-scale fishing industry, NGO's and policy makers. Finally, a Panel Session with active involvement of the Workshop participants brought together key findings and insights, with a view to developing key considerations for policy makers.	14	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	fbdc015548c8fd64f8a5bf1c3620f181	In China, India, Indonesia, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Tunisia and TUrkey, however, such measures have not been introduced yet (WBL Database, 2016). Evidence from OECD countries and a number of emerging economies shows that girls typically have lower levels of financial literacy than boys (Atkinson and Messy, 2012). They are also typically less confident in their financial knowledge and skills (OECD, 2013b). In light of this gap, a number of countries, including developing and emerging economies, have developed financial education programmes.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	fbdf34097a1a7a65153fa07498cb80d8	At present, staff members consider that their responsibility in terms of teaching and research is more relevant to national needs than to regional requirements. This attitude may change when performance evaluations take into account their contribution to local engagement as is planned in Universiti Sains Malauysia. The Universiti Sains Malaysia has taken steps to introduce a “3-track promotion exercise” based on research, teaching and community engagement or industry collaboration to reward and incentivise community engagement and entrepreneurship support.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264283473-en	fbe1b32c10e3ad3daaf15395451175e8	Patients need a referral to access specialist services for free. However, direct access can be obtained by paying out-of-pocket Day care, day surgery and outpatient rehabilitation services have developed markedly over the past decade, but there still is a strong reliance on the inpatient sector. Hospital admission rates are persistently high - at 24 per 100 population, compared to the EU average of 17.	3	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	fbe3e2aa9b5648cb071349c1c811913c	We report odds ratios in Table 12 in the Annex, indicating the change in the odds of a child being deprived in multiple domains (housing, environment, access to basic services and/or financial strain). We do not take income poverty into account for cumulative deprivation but rather consider its role in predicting simultaneous deprivation across domains of non-monetary deprivation. The first factor that significantly increases the odds of experiencing combined deprivations pertains to the family type that children are part of and particularly refers to those living in singleheaded households.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en	fbe77d43077ee158d8338b5dca285e98	Currently vehicles for trading energy savings will be left to participants who will be allowed to buy compliance from over-performing participants or to negotiate action on their behalf. For more information on the scheme, see the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources consultation document. From January 2013, obligations to present white certificates will be imposed on utilities selling electricity, natural gas and heat to customers.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/46ddbcae-en	fbeca93830a02390ae3a51f20b54f448	The logic is that most customers of a place providing a service (e.g. a shop, school or hospital) will come from its catchment area. As with travel time mapping, analysis can be conducted for different public transport modes. Such analysis can show how many more jobs can be reached by looking at how a plotted area changes if a new transport route is introduced.	11	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	fbede8aa1c56c74640c840d72de4a0fc	In Canada a one-third standard-deviation increase in trust in management did as much for happiness as an income increase of 31 percent. Job fit—having an opportunity at work to do what one does best—is also important for subjective well-being. For example, the International Trade Union Confederation and the International Domestic Workers Federation are working on uniting global workers.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191761-en	fbefaf9231cae39b8bdb48a15ad2f7be	During the winter of 2011/12, the plant bought milk for KZT 51-52 per litre, KZT 2-3 higher than at city processing plants (75 km from the village). The milk price was KZT 35-40 per litre during the summer period. The collector informs households from whom he collects milk for the month on the milk price.	2	2	6	0.5
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	fbf0e761d2d750a51fd0843ace085831	Furthermore, the sustainability of water and energy systems (Goals 6 and 7) and the safety and resilience of infrastructure, cities and human settlements (Goals 9 and 11) will be challenged by climate hazards. Similarly, if climate hazards continue to undermine the ability of countries to achieve sustained growth and development, full employment and decent work will be harder to achieve (Goal 8). With their references to universality, many other targets within the framework of the Goals provide the basis for reducing inequality in its multiple dimensions, encompassing access to key basic services such as health, education, water and sanitation, and energy (Goals 3, 4, 6 and 7), gender (Goal 5) and inclusive economic growth (Goal 8).	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289349437-7-en	fbf112bae0a0f890ec17602d37a19d27	However, there was one element adding to the challenges of the travelers; they had to make the journey over the sea. Almost five centuries after the ban of the pilgrimages, the idea of revitalizing the eastern parts of the pilgrimage routes was put forward by a group of people in the archipelago of Aboland. Following the examples from other routes in Scandinavia, the intention is to make use of the ancient pilgrimage routes in today's tourism development.	8	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289342698-8-en	fbf25127ecf80087a286c1d088a9a9c1	As it will appear, part of the literature points to how women's desire of moving away from the peripheral areas, to some degree, is combined with the women's wish to gain access to more opportunities as well as a bigger sense of freedom [or less social control). Forsberg defines gender contracts as unwritten rules and norms that regulate the relations between men and women, and that contribute to the creation and maintenance of gendered structures of opportunities in these areas. In her work, Forsberg has additionally used the term escalator regions [rulletrapperegioner) to describe the Swedish regions close to the cities, which, in opposition to the peripheral areas, are dominated by what she calls contemporary gender contracts meaning a less traditional gender division and a less traditional perception of the opportunities and freedom of choice for men and women. Forsberg has later, together with Stenbacka, taken the notion of gender contracts even further.	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/2c271815-en	fbf26a857cd42a5a9a13ccade94745d2	Taking a simple average of 14 countries, the share of people households where at least one person had a mobile phone increased from 67% in 2008 to 86% in 2013 1.20).The poorest quintile saw the greatest absolute increase (28 percentage points) and the richest quintile lallesl (10 percentage points). The strong expansion of mobile telephony in the poorest segment has been partly its relatively low cost (Crane, 2015), while growth has been much more limited in the richest quintile because ; to mobile telephony in this income bracket was already quite high in 2008. Again, mobile phone access tended to increase by more among between 2008 and 2013.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/899c7c48-en	fbf3298353ed97e49c75b20e68c0d114	Break in the series for Austria ai UK in 2012. Across 31 countries, there was a significant negative relationship between economic growth and the change in the share of poor children. Absolute increases in child poverty over 2008-2012 were larger in countries experiencing greater falls in the real GDP per capita during the same income reference period.15 Child poverty changes were also significantly related to the growth in the working-age (25-64) unemployment rate16 (Figure 2).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	fbf4357ed3b87f6c0aff5db81bf46f04	Thus the absolute C02 abatement cost of RES was around EUR 74/t C02 in 2009, more than six times the carbon price in the EU ETS. The EEG surcharge accounted for 9.6% of the electricity price in 2010. By increasing electricity prices feed-in tariffs encourage energy savings and thus emission abatement in Germany.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/ab2e0473-en	fbf572862198bdfb1b7fb1aa88f594ca	It calls on governments to “ensure the full realization of the human rights of all women migrants. They comprise 83.7 per cent of the inhabitants of the United Arab Emirates, 73.8 per cent in Qatar and 60.2 per cent in Kuwait.222 Although the majority of labour migration in the Arab region is in male-dominated industries such as construction, female migrants are also numerous. They typically seek employment in domestic work, education, hospitality, leisure and health care.	5	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264286191-7-en	fbfe67c84f7381ac0cd00a27fc657e87	Those who carry out building confirmation and inspection in the private institutions are required to have the qualification equivalent to building officials. In 2014, approximately 4 500 people, including public building officials and private inspectors, were engaged. Private institutions accounted for 86% of building confirmations (in 2014) and 80% of final inspections (in 2013). The final inspection rate increased from the 40% in 1998 to about 90% in 2013. The new system also allowed public building officials to focus on conducting other important tasks such as auditing building officials and remedying non-conforming buildings.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264283336-en	fbfe83eb0b003d8c8d824020c55f2b54	Despite this, important interdependencies between environmental, health and social factors have only recently been investigated. The delays in strengthening tobacco control legislation (finally agreed in early 2017) exemplify the challenges (see also Section 3). Notwithstanding, the Strategic Document on Public Health (2012) set long-term goals to expand traditional public health to include non-communicable diseases.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264284425-6-en	fc00173d2700477f599f624a1903649a	Without deep changes in the way education is viewed, the country will continue to have low levels of performance. Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society, one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Students in the lowest quintile of income distribution are about 15% less likely to attend secondary school than students from other quintiles. Challenges related to the limited scope of quality' assurance measures available, different criteria used depending on the type of service provided and insufficient use of the information generated on the system for improvement purposes contribute to these differences.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/06f7e845-en	fc0177521f7e106ea2f4ad600b30b356	In all cases, women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Post-abortion counselling, education and family-planning services should be offered promptly, which will also help to avoid repeat abortions. Programmes to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality should include information and reproductive health services, including family-planning services.	3	0	7	1.0
10.18356/6825f1b1-en	fc0545a1b0604aa443011191243c90b5	Rather, policy attention has focused on measures to promote equality of opportunity. For instance, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework for policy action on inclusive growth emphasizes policies that can improve the prospects of households in the bottom 40 per cent of income distribution. For instance, the World Bank’s approach to shared prosperity or inclusive economic growth seeks to foster income growth among a nation’s bottom 40 percent of households.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en	fc063aa46a171bae3485f1cdd2926877	Although it may be argued that Brazil has a larger youth population as well as greater capital investments to make, this increase in public spending will only have the desired impact if the money is wisely spent. Redressing the balance in expenditure per student between the tertiary sector, on the one hand, and primary and secondary (and, indeed, ECEC) on the other, is crucial. However, simply throwing money at lower levels of education will not solve the problem either.	4	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/fd217899-en	fc0dc4fdddab859db44e6ca89366a316	In all but the rarest circumstance, buyers in PES programmes will have the upper hand in the transaction, possessing more knowledge, experience and resources than the rural service providers. Such an environment is ripe for communities and landowners to unknowingly enter agreements that are, intentionally or not, structured in the buyers'favour. Any inequality in design is magnified by the fact that if contract disputes should arise, landowners would be unlikely to match the litigation resources available to the buyer.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	fc0e7b1c9a5b11339fcd34073c1b967d	Health is a crucial factor in school attendance and performance. Healthier individuals learn more efficiently and they are more able to productively use education at any point in life. Education is a precondition for training as a nurse or doctor (as mentioned above, while there are indigenous mid-level medical staff, there are few indigenous doctors).	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/208cb99e-en	fc1255919fc738d0d803ade3fb4f685b	Because the MPI reflects poverty directly, it does not require adjustment (such as for urban-rural prices, inflation, nor imputation for rent. In practical terms, after the MPI is initially designed, a country can release its updated official national MPI two weeks after it receives the cleaned dataset. It can also be done transparently.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	fc12d5c4cdabc5f5ad670a72f9460b72	At any moment the cheapest energy resources can be used while the balancing can be done using the very flexible hydropower plants. Also in China a new overlay system is considered. There the emphasis lies on connecting renewable energy sources from the centre of the country to the large cities close to the shore in the East.	7	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/5022b3a0-en	fc14bebe42cdebdeb4472aa0fcbe2978	Reducing disaster risks in the LDCs requires widespread and sustained commitment across a wide range of areas in line with the priorities for action and tasks highlighted in die Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 for reducing disaster risks. The adoption of such an overall framework by the LDCs would ensure effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning, and programming at all levels. This would include a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and vulnerability reduction.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ad0bffd4-en	fc161c06d3c8bd5771f50abdac7f033d	Only 12 national level permits have been issued for disposal sites in the Republic of Moldova. The remaining 1,864 disposal sites are operating on a land allocation decision issued by the local council. The landfill at Tintareni was developed according to the 2001 Master Plan for Construction of Solid Waste Landfills prepared by the State Institute of Design (1PROCOM). The reason for cancelling the operation was the end of its lifespan, defined by IPROCOM as being 20 years.	12	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/soc/aag-2014-5-en	fc164676f1e5d43d13d3e5bccd5782fa	"New Evidence from Flagship Programs in Bangladesh"", Mimeo, New York University. Monitoring and Improving Quality in Long-term Care, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194564-en. Towards More and Better fobs in Developing Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http:// dx.doi.org/1787/9789264059245-en. Monitoring Report, UNESCO, Paris."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264229679-5-en	fc1a24244f50492a92da14086f1b800c	Such project-based assessments can also undermine the sustainability of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that rely on data with the right temporal and spatial scales. The objective of the centre is to generate, manage, exchange and disseminate relevant climate change information and capacity building services (IIED, 2013c). The NCCKMC was introduced in 2010, but is not yet operational. Similarly, Kenya has proposed a Climate Change Relevant Data Repository (CCRDR) to store and archive all data and information needed for the MRV+ framework (Republic of Kenya, 2012b).	13	0	9	1.0
10.18356/208cb99e-en	fc1d75567db3b2e7756a0f24087fd8b6	"Most indicators included in the proposed poverty measure are already considered as ""core indicators"" by Germany's official reports on poverty and wealth (e.g., Bundesregierung, 2013). These indicators themselves have been selected based on scholarly advice (Arndt and Volkert, 2007). The poverty index is calculated for three points of time (spanning 2001-2012) and comprises 6 dimensions: education, health, housing, employment, material deprivation, and social participation."	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264234437-4-en	fc1d7b55fa2dd415e9bab7ff2dd3ffb0	On 12 November 2014, they jointly announced a plan to strengthen bilateral and multilateral co-operation on climate change, with the aim of adopting an ambitious climate agreement at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21). The countries made national-level pledges: China promised to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20% by 2030, while the United States vowed to achieve economy-wide emissions reductions of 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025.3 If carbon pricing became an element of these pledges, the coverage of global greenhouse gas emissions would increase significantly. In the case of carbon taxes, recycling tax revenues back to consumers - e.g. by reducing income or business taxes and increasing budgetary allocations for social services -can help ease resistance to implementation. Nevertheless, carbon pricing remains politically challenging and is struggling to gain momentum in many parts of the world.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c544899f-en	fc220231b8ff280ea6f15bfab5770989	This will be all the more necessary the greater the distance separating production and consumption zones: for example, in the case of wind power in Brazil, concentrated in the north of the country, while consumption is mainly in the south. Estimates of the additional cost vary between USS 2 and USS 13 per MW. In addition, there is a further USS 1 to USS 7 per MW needed to improve the systemic balance through flexible generation, energy storage, or smart grids. To contextualize these investments, it is worth noting that just 3% of all investments foreseen in transmission and distribution from now until 2035 will be destined for adjusting the increase in intermittent renewable energies.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/c891abbf-en	fc2a5d71911d95932fc6a133fbf089e8	Ce papier suggere en outre de renforcer l’usage des connaissances, aussi bien les connaissances tacites des etudiants, entre autres, que les connaissances emanant de la recherche. Verslag van het Rekenhof aan het Vlaams Parlement., Governing Education in a Complex World, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264255364-7-en.	4	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	fc2a721de65ad3e13b5c575066ff6d48	New trends were emerging, characterised by the growing diversity of regions of emigration and immigration and the emergence of transit countries, and the beginning of emigration from the Senegal groundnut basin, heralding the growth of the Mouride diaspora,21 and the emigration of natives from the major urban centres. Dakar thus became the foremost region for Senegalese emigration, overtaking the Senegal River basin, the traditional region for emigration towards Africa and Europe (Robin, Lalou and Ndiaye, 1999). Climatic and chronic agricultural crises, spreading into urban areas by a growing rural exodus, were succeeded by long-term economic and social crises that led to political conflicts on a regional scale. From 1973-74, the western European countries decided to halt all forms of immigration of workers.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	fc2bf44d7b10165136e8f0dee0321dd9	Each utility generates revenues via user pay that reflect the costs of managing the infrastmcture in the region. Drinking water supply, sewerage and management of solid waste represent the majority of both operating and capital budgets, and are financed through utility fees. Property taxes account for a small portion of the regional budget, and support the Regional Parks system, as well as other services including Air Quality Management and Regional Planning activities. The Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation is financed almost entirely through rents paid by tenants. The budget represents a CAD 427 annual cost to the average regional household. While the fiscal mandate of LGUs was broadened by the Local Government Code 1991 to include revenue assignments, devolvement of expenditure responsibilities, intergovernmental transfers, and subnational debt/credit financing (Department of Finance, 2015), fiscal decentralisation has been limited in practice and authority and resources remain highly centralised: the proportion of total tax revenue collected by LGUs in the Philippines remains low at around 5.2% in 2013, and has not evolved since 2000.	11	3	3	0.0
10.18356/77cccad1-en	fc2dc2d4a69ae989eb0b94416d918a47	All other green spaces within a settlement’s boundary are defined as “reserved areas” for expansion of the main categories. While some settlements may meet or even exceed the legal norm, many cities lag behind considerably. For example, Gomel Oblast has only two cities with green spaces above the statutory level (Mozyr, 52.7 per cent and Rechitsa, 46.2 per cent) and a substantial number of cities that fall below this norm (e.g. Petrikov, 4.4 per cent; Chechersk, 8.7 per cent; Dobrush, 8.8 per cent; and Gomel, 17.5 per cent). Green spaces in major cities have also come under specific pressure from increased construction, including the curtilages of multifamily houses.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264225817-4-en	fc2f53bb436ed2fab64d812304a4c55b	Psychiatric inpatient care in Japan is provided principally by private not-for-profit hospitals - which account for 90% of all inpatient beds - but also by public hospitals. Psychiatric inpatient bed numbers, and average length of stay (ALOS), have been falling steadily, although taken as reported ALOS and numbers of psychiatric patients are still high relative to the OECD average. When considering the typically reported ALOS (298 days, compared to an OECD average of 36 days) and psychiatric bed numbers (2.6 beds per 100 000 population, compared to the OECD average of 0.7) it is important to note that in Japan a high number of psychiatric care beds are utilised by long stay chronic patients which might not be reported under the psychiatric bed category by other OECD countries.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264233010-5-en	fc2fdbdc62fed5c19463ebf6f9f978e9	A paired kidney exchange will help find compatible donors amongst registered pairs of donors/recipients. Such initiatives expand the pool of kidney donors by extending donor eligibility to a wider group of potential recipients within the chain (for more information, see, for example Roth et al., For instance, countries such as the United States provide a compensation to donors through a tax credit of up to USD 5 000 for kidney donation to compensate for the unreimbursed costs and lost wage (Library of Congress, 2009). Australia has a pilot project to cover the cost of taking a leave of up to six weeks from work to recover from organ donation until June 30th 2015 (Australian Government Department of Health, 2014). Kidney transplants are higher in countries with presumed consent laws in which no explicit consent is needed to become potential donors and the change of law from explicit consent to presumed consent actually increased transplant rates in countries such as Belgium (Roel and Rahmel, 2011).	3	1	4	0.6
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	fc33b2fcb3326cc82608561a2be694d9	However, Ethiopia has much more to gain from international networking. The October 2012 workshop concluded that the OECD’s facilitation of this brief reflection was valuable, that similar OECD support to other countries would be welcomed, and that several such exercises would form a very good foundation for a network, forum or even alliance of several countries aiming for green growth in their own diverse ways. Drought Risk Reduction (DRR3) Project, Terminal Report submitted to ACORD Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Biofuels - A Failure for Africa, A briefing.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en	fc3462e4c0bf8176484a93217c2520a3	Section 3 reviews existing information systems and reporting mechanisms for climate finance and discusses their strengths and weaknesses as well as provides recommendations for how to improve information and reporting systems in key areas. Based on this review, section 4 develops options for a more comprehensive, reliable and transparent monitoring and tracking system for climate finance. Section 5 concludes with some indications on how the objective of a comprehensive and reliable database of climate finance could be reached over time.	13	0	7	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	fc34b582db256d8f799e2d35e1193bb0	Further, early agreement among Parties on the precise aim and scope of the Paris Agreement transparency framework's provisions on climate finance would facilitate upcoming work on developing the MPGs (e.g. whether the purpose as laid out in Article 13.6 is to provide clarity solely on “support provided and received”, and on the “aggregate financial support provided” or whether clarity is also needed financial support mobilised, which is an important part of the climate finance picture). However, such systems are currently still in the early stages of development in most developing countries. Both developed and developing countries face significant challenges in resolving the remaining gaps, particularly in reporting in a consistent and transparent way on private finance mobilised, and climate finance received.	13	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/403a6ad7-en	fc381e051db4f8551831006dcba80ef6	Nonetheless, where information is available, I have drawn upon traditional knowledge from more mainstream sectors of society. People have adapted to climate change in the past. The emergence of agriculture and many fundamental attributes of human societies were driven by the episodes of climate change in the Holocene. However, none of these periods of climate change were as rapid as those as we are now experiencing and it is doubtful if they have much to teach us about the problems that we face today. The numerous reports that have been disseminated by advocacy organizations are largely anecdotal and present opinions rather than verifiable facts and analysis.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2010-7-en	fc39b95aac976cf6f081544b54b65492	Extending training to develop more specialised subject content knowledge will also be necessary as outlined above. It runs 17 schools in low- to middle-income neighbourhoods in Santiago. Endowed with a similar level of resources as other private subsidised schools, SIP schools achieve systematically higher SIMCE test scores, with much lower variance, and this is robust to controlling for socio-economic background. In fact, SIP schools’ performance is close to that of private fee-based schools, which serve high-income students with much larger resources as a result of their high fees. There is a selection process for entry based on parent interviews, although not ability tests. A centralised pedagogical department develops tests for all SIP schools to systematically evaluate pupils’ progress.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/dd4dcfa6-en	fc3d73597a0c826c3a66e3f8691003f0	Nevertheless, the risk of poverty is much lower when the father or mother has tertiary education. For example, about 8% of children are poor when the father has a higher education level, while more than 20% of children whose father has a lower secondary' school diploma are poor (Table 1). While poverty rates have been declining in Canada, immigrants face higher rates of poverty than their Canadian-born counterparts, and low income rates among recent immigrants in 2010 was 2.6 times higher than the Canadian-born population (Picot and Hou, 2014(6,). Addressing Indigenous child poverty is done through programmes delivered nationally and at the provincial level, as well as through targeted initiatives that include childcare programs, labour force development programs, and social transfers to indigenous communities.	1	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264268982-5-en	fc3db3ad83f843078216632bd814d1b6	This mode is also prominent in Lori. This shows that whereas the majority of the population receives both water and sewerage services from the WSCs, the majority of territorial units (and about 20% of the population) fall under “Mode 5”, w'hich means that households get water services from their local government and have on-site sanitation facilities. Private sector participation contracts will end in 2015 and it is planned that new contracts will be signed to start in early 2016. Local governments have not formed separate units (i.e. legal entities) to manage sanitation services and they frequently do not charge for the sanitation services that they provide. They do not have sufficient resources to provide guidance and oversee the activities of entrepreneurs servicing individual households, including septic tank builders and emptiers. Finally, they have great difficulties to attract external funding for investment, from both public and private sources.	6	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-9-en	fc3f8a7d49f139e927d263dfa5517f06	This successful partnership has created a strong platform from which discussion and action on women’s economic participation has been launched. The effects of the council have manifested across several areas. The government has also allocated financial resources to ensure women have access to adequate economic opportunities, including £1.6 million to support rural womens enterprise and £600,000 towards the ‘Get Mentoring’ initiative.	5	1	3	0.5
10.18356/208cb99e-en	fc41b60f6c4ceea5bc51dfc6298cc250	For example, the OPFII/UNDP Global MPI covers a similar number of developing countries as the World Bank's PPP$1.90/day measure, drawing on national and international datasets, the Economic Community of Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) published a regional MPI in their 2014 Social Panorama, and Alkire and Apablaza (2016) created a preliminary MPI across European Countries using EU-SILC data (See Box 5.3). In the short term, countries can report existing national MPIs or the value of their global MPI published by UNDP. In this sense, the flexibility of the Alkire-Foster method used to build any MPI allows the index to capture national and international concerns of poverty and development (e.g., national development plans and SDGs). The current MPIs that are in place include a range of indicators pertinent to SDG goals such as health, education, living standards, social inclusion, violence, and employment, among others.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/47c7f9c4-en	fc43515be04b4570fae27fab38809928	It might be safe to assume that spending on non-contributory benefits is between one and two per cent of GDP. In terms of targeting accuracy, the MB manages to transfer the majority of funds to the poorest households. In 2008, more than 50 per cent of the MB transfers were received by the bottom twenty per cent of the welfare distribution.25 As such, the MB compares favourably with other targeted programmes in the region.	1	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlwz7lt4k9q-en	fc458a6d658a0a43708d7af3bf797975	The most obvious implication is on global fossil fuel markets. The two greatest consumers of seaborne coal over the last two decades - China and India -have seen declines in demand in the last two years, and financial institutions such as Citigroup believe that market forces, combined with the added factor of climate policy, put the sector in terminal decline.18 Major banking institutions like JP Morgan Chase are now no longer financing greenfield coal mining or generation projects in OECD countries. While the crash itself was largely attributable to the US shale oil boom and the response of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), it gives us some insight as how increasingly stringent climate policies, and changing technologies, might affect global trade in the commodity.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264089457-en	fc47fbbe8b14fce9506708882646057b	A comprehensive regulatory framework defines the parameters within which the university can function. Incorporated universities would operate as independent, efficient, transparent and financially able entities. In the Malaysian context, public universities which have been corporatized 4 are incorporated entities expected to adopt management systems similar to those of the corporate sector while at the same time accepting the fact that the government will retain explicit control’ (Morshidi, 2008).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168350-4-en	fc4850257467b0085027312cd2ff8faa	Donors can also collaborate with the private sector to reduce the power inequities in global value chains, as shown in Box II. Good practice revolves around funding costs do not make economic sense for the private sector to take on, and acting as facilitators and mediators in key transactions. They improve the terms on which people in poverty engage in markets by enabling them to avoid selling their produce when prices are at their lowest or to demand better wages and employment conditions.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264208445-8-en	fc4a67aeef736d03597b6a09efd49a72	A number of OECD countries measure the quality of mental health care in primary care settings using a range of indicators. Sweden monitors the use of inpatient somatic care for patients with a mental disorder diagnosis that could have been avoided if primary care and/or primary or secondary prevention was sufficient. Finland tracks total mental health visits to primary care which sometimes include visits to specialists (psychiatric nurse, psychiatrist) who work within primary care as well as mental health related visits to a primary care physician.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-11-en	fc4e0e4216ab394690168b5e7e2bec5c	Producers who have already paid fixed costs such as those on machinery, buildings, and land are committed to owning these resources for the forthcoming period. The producer incurs some fixed costs associated with these resources regardless of whether any production occurs. Fixed costs include depreciation and insurance on machinery, equipment and buildings, interest on machines, land, equipment, and buildings and land taxes. Many producers sooner or later confront the problem of failing to recover all their costs for an irrigation enterprise.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	fc4e49282fc525d383177226cd179de2	Flows of republican funds through KazAgro Holding are non-trivial. The republican funds are provided to the holding as transfers to its charter capital, which the holding and its subordinate agencies use for statutory activities and re-invest any returns on these activities into future operations. Beyond that, KazAgro is also empowered to borrow on domestic and international credit markets.	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264238701-3-en	fc503f2c7bf3a1fe6667038cc534447f	Spain and Greece (right panel) have also increased their use significantly, if at a less steady pace. Japan has significantly reduced its agricultural groundwater use, and Australia's use appears relatively stable in recent years. Box 1.1 provides an overview of the main types of aquifers and their implication on groundwater flows; not all aquifers are considered renewable, but this qualification has only a relative meaning. Table 1.2 provides the basic characteristics of the eight major aquifer systems present in OECD countries.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/0476b8f9-en	fc5316ecf08254d2d1bee9433550893e	There is a perception that timber harvesting (sanitation cutting) allowed within national parks is in conflict with the main purpose of these Protected Areas, but the logging practices are designed to be low-impact and low-intensity. Alternative financing options for the national parks and other Protected Areas have been studied and should be pursued. The Department of Nature Protection only performs inspections on implementation of the provisions of the management plan and implementation of overall protection. According to the Law on Nature Protection, local municipal governments have almost no competencies concerning administration of Category I and II Protected Areas (Article 135).	15	0	9	1.0
10.18356/becaa395-en	fc544a57d217a6fe55053785989922c1	In October 2015, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared the third global coral reef bleaching event; the previous two took place in 1998 and 2010. These global shocks, brought on by climate change, and coupled with events such as the El Nino phenomenon are the largest and most pervasive threats to coral reefs around the world (NOAA, 2015). Many areas of boreal forests have experienced biomass productivity declines that have been attributed to warming-induced drought (Williams el al.,	13	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en	fc5457a7b991aba018d476d62850cf50	The absolute number of doctors has continued to grow in most OECD countries during the 2008-09 recession and afterwards, although the rate of growth has slowed down in countries such as Greece. This result can, in part, be explained by the policy to reduce the number of temporary staff and replacement staff, although it should be noted that Greece still has the highest number of doctors per capita among OECD countries. In Ireland, a number of changes that affect the medical workforce have been introduced, including non-replacement of staff on leave, end of temporary contracts and voluntary redundancies as well as reduced agency and locum staffing.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264290747-en	fc553736d7312e8b290c04723d96b261	"The New Urban Agenda insists on the necessity for capacity development, described as ""a multifaceted approach that addresses the ability of multiple stakeholders and institutions at all levels of governance, and combines individual, societal and institutional capacity to formulate, implement, enhance, manage, monitor and evaluate public policies for sustainable urban development"" (United Nations, 2016b). In the context of NUP development, capacity development entails making sure that governments have the means to engage in the development of the policy and to acquire the sufficient human, technical and financial resources to carry out their redefined responsibilities in the NUP process. Two factors of capacity are considered: commitment of resource and policy instruments."	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	fc5a39008227f2c895815bb348d3e10f	The diversity of distribution mechanisms is shown in Figure 5.4. In particular, in many low- and middle-income countries, due to the lack of availability of medicines, both in hospitals and outpatient units, often the relatives or patient need to purchase medicines themselves. This category aims to include all consumption of medical goods where the function and mode of provision is not specified. Because their use is only preventive, they should in theory be allocated to prevention.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	fc5ada841d777959bad68bfdea2e9c00	In states like Puebla, Morales and Veracruz, where women hold less than 30% of seats in the local congress, there is not yet any provision for sanctions for non-compliance.6 Although quotas have proven to be effective at the state level in boosting women’s representation in elected bodies, parties in some states continue to disagree and argue that greater female participation in elected positions flouts party rights. In such cases, a party usually nominates female candidates in districts w'here it has little chance of winning. In that way, it is actually meeting the gender quota. Chief among them are negative attitudes to female politicians, political harassment and violence, and norms and values which consider that unpaid caregiving and housework is women’s work. A survey in 2008 found that 64% of women believed that the sexual harassment of female political office holders indeed took place, while 23% claimed they had been sexually harassed in their work as legislators (Cerva Cema, 2014).	5	0	9	1.0
10.14217/51bd6023-en	fc5e675a741b6dcf1ed1f829bea5893a	The IMF metal price index also fell by 10.2 per cent in 2013-14 and by another 23.1 per cent between 2014 and 2015 (Figure 1.5). The IMF’s energy index saw the sharpest decline between 2014 and 2015, at 44.9 per cent (Figure 1.5). The continued decline in commodity prices indicates an end to the commodity supercycle that commenced in the early 2000s. The oil price fall is expected to yield a windfall for the majority of Commonwealth small states, which are net importers of oil, although in general the pass-through to retail prices has been relatively limited thus far, reflecting short-term price rigidities and exchange rate fluctuations.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k46dbzhrkhl-en	fc5fc9a633cd1b2c0be673c26133b3b0	To be run on electricity, over 90% of which is produced through non-polluting hydroelectric means, it will hugely reduce both the carbon intensity of bulk transport compared to trucks, and local air pollution. And the railway will be inclusive - offering transport and market access to growing numbers of people, with potential to grow trade in natural resource products, and to create business opportunities for many Ethiopian companies and employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers in rural and urban areas. Finally, the railway sector has demonstrated wider linkages, upstream and downstream of its construction, and ‘horizontally’ across sectors and locations.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/3f10390a-en	fc621d24f9f0168b025ababc25236a68	Up to December 2006, the same factor was applied to both lines. Since 2007, however, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the food CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted by the relevant CPI. Since 2007, therefore, the differential between the indigence and poverty lines has ceased to be constant. In line with usual ECLAC practice, the data have been corrected to account for non-response to some income-related questions by wage earners, the self-employed and retirees, and to mitigate probable underreporting biases.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/feb1987a-en	fc62a8164ec867e5e8aaaad1cbfe9cc1	In some Member States permitting procedures are considerably more complex than in others. Several factors are leading to slow and inefficient permit processes. There are on-going initiatives to speed up the overall permit process via e.g. all-in-one permits with only one authority coordinating, and via specific LNG guidance documents.	7	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264179370-3-en	fc634720dcf1eef6380ea217b5393381	Lloyd and Mensch (2008), however, found that almost 30% of young women who left secondary schooling before completion in Chad and Nigeria cited early marriage as the main reason. The persistence of gender gaps in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, where early marriage rates remain high, indicates that discriminatory social institutions need to be addressed to enable girls to reap the full benefits of education (Field and Ambrus, 2008). This phenomenon - a particular problem in Southern Asia, China and parts of the Caucasus and Western Balkans - is rooted in social norms that favour sons over daughters because they represent lifelong economic support while daughters are economic burdens (UNFPA, 2007).	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591271-6-en	fc6623c9edbf8c81f7e71500cdb79e7f	There are compelling reasons for maintaining independence from the state. The Committee prepares for its dialogue with the State Party by requesting additional information in the form of a list of issues. The State Party report and the responses to the list of issues form the basis of the discussion with the State Party. Following the dialogue, the Committee issues concluding observations, which highlight key issues of concern and make recommendations for follow-up actions. This process is called 'shadow or parallel reporting'.	4	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264113695-en	fc67916396ea4011c156dc1a343a7e02	These costs depend, among other factors, on the availability of suitable applicants on the external labour market. With fewer qualified workers on the external labour market, the number of job applicants will be smaller and the matches will be worse on average (Mohrenweiser and Backes-Gellner, 2006). According to an employer survey, 85% of companies in Austria considered that the recruitment of trained workers who are not available on the labour market was one main reason for offering apprenticeships (Lassnigg and Steiner, 1997). For this company the pool of suitable job applicants will include former apprentices trained in landscape gardening, either within the company or in another company.	4	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264233911-5-en	fc690535adbce9f910d242e6b1c5fbe6	Case studies suggest that their stockholding programmes were able to reduce aggregate price volatility over time. Mason and Myers (2013) show that Zambia’s FRA stabilised maize market prices between 1996 and 2008. However, maize price volatility in Kenya and Zambia between 2005 and 2011 was higher than in South Africa, which is the international reference price for Eastern and Southern Africa and does not have buffer stocks.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	fc6a219a121a230622cf6b5f32fd506e	These record stock levels were mainly driven by China, where the authorities have been purchasing large quantities of cotton for the official reserve since 2010. The 2013 market environment for biofuels was strongly influenced by policies: blending requirements were increased in Brazil (ethanol), and in Argentina and Indonesia (biodiesel); the European Union put in place anti-dumping duties against Argentinean, US and Indonesian shipments of biodiesel; and there were proposals towards lower biofuel targets for 2020 in the European Renewable Energy Directive (RED) as well as towards lower mandates in the United States. Among the major influences are the economic slowdown in many emerging markets, in particular China and India; high oil and energy prices; slower population growth rates; moderate inflation rates; and an appreciation of the US Dollar compared to the currencies of Brazil, India and South Africa by more than 40% for the period 2014-23. Box 1.1 discusses the main assumptions underlying the agricultural projections and Box 1.2 analyses recent food price movements.	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8cbd3f0d-en	fc6a567fbabf095db0309f4ad73a0218	Questions about violence by any other previous intimate partner (before the current or most recent partner) should be asked only once in order to avoid placing an excessive burden on respondents who have had more than two partners. In addition to the content and structure of the questionnaire, consideration should also be given to the format of the questionnaire in order to improve the flow of questions. For example, in the case of paper questionnaires, it is known that the use of graphics, such as arrows, or coloured or bold text, aids in the accurate flow of questions, particularly where skip and filter questions are used.	5	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	fc6d509634bf536ef5bf3593b9ec7c3c	Use assessment strategies that are consistent with the learning objectives, the subject taught, and the national curricular framework, and allow all students to show what they have learnt. The teacher: - knows and understands the core principles and concepts involved in the subjects) or disciplined) taught by him/her. - Show high expectations about the learning possibilities and B3. Create and keep consistent regulations about classroom B4.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/4b795325-en	fc6d930b02d37a41d146625252e0361c	In 2011, the Amazigh peoples won a landmark victory with the official recognition of their language and culture in a new constitution. Although a timetable for the expansion of Tamazight classes across primary schools was established around the same time, this plan has not been implemented. The initial goal was for Tamazight to be taught in all of the country's schools by 2008.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-4-en	fc6e21d8a1ee0015510bfd04b067f5f6	Current policies often fail to recognise these unintended effects (“externalities”) and to address these trade-offs between water risks (risk-risk trade-offs). Multiple and scattered (“diffuse”) sources of water pollution are challenges in many countries and a multiplying number of water contaminants threaten freshwater quality. The population affected by flood is increasing worldwide and with it the value of assets at risk. The report focuses on OECD countries but also refers to countries outside the OECD area.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	fc6ee4770c97edde0d69c1a75860ab9c	This reflects the fact that adaptation is context-specific and changing over time. Only a limited number of adaptation INDCs have specific actions or aims, and quantitative indicators by which progress toward these aims will be assessed. Several other INDCs include qualitative indicators to measure progress and/or indicate that a monitoring system will be developed, but it is not yet clear how progress will be measured through such indicators and systems.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-fin-2012-5-en	fc7034caa4cb7355280a9207a145488e	Amenable mortality - i.e. those deaths that could be avoided by timely and effective medical care - provides a better measure of the impact of health care on the population’s health status than life expectancy, even though it is affected by the prevalence of diseases as well as medical achievements (Gay et al., Finland’s amenable mortality rate for men is higher than in any other Nordic country, but for females it is the second lowest after Iceland. The results also vary widely across diseases. Diseases of the circulatory system and cancers, together, account for more than 80% of amenable mortality in Finland and the OECD.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	fc75e2ee0012b9c950ab1a820305d825	Andersen (2010) is an article on the establishment of the centre, including an interview with the founding chairman, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen. There are several references to the Lindoe initiatives in the European synthesis report on Skills for Green Jobs commissioned by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and the International Labour Office (CEDEFOP/ILO, 2010). The Education Employment Linkages (EEL) research programme commenced on 1 July 2007.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	fc76e4e4adc98cf611fd5d456f86456c	In CRED (2015), total economic losses are defined as the estimated cost of damage to property (housing and infrastructure), crops and livestock. However, because of the distribution of risks and level of development, the greater economic losses relative to national income are observed in countries at lower levels of income. Current agricultural practices are a major contributor to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions and poor management of land and water resources. At the same time, agriculture is highly sensitive to climate change.	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/0cf73767-en	fc780d562cb207c8f05d6bd6d3ca6620	Developing countries will benefit more from open innovation by bridging the digital divide, which can help facilitate collaborative research, information-sharing and global partnerships. R&D or technology must therefore be accompanied by the tapping into knowledge of other institutions such as universities, research centres and firms including competitors. This open approach to innovation must be supported by science, technology and innovation policies.	2	3	0	1.0
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	fc7bcaf870cd56687ee717767feb4a83	Average total river discharges are estimated at between 39 billion m3/y and 42 billion m3/y, with 95 per cent being discharged into the Adriatic Sea and 5 per cent into the Ionian Sea. Groundwater resources are estimated at between 9 billion m3/y and 13 billion m3/y. Around 626 reservoirs provide a designed capacity of 560 million m3.	6	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/bb1b1617-en	fc7d1fffa3b21e8ffaf3c35d07ce13d0	In the Spanish parts of the Duero and Guadiana basins, respectively 92% and 88% of water withdrawal is for agricultural use. Water abstraction for irrigation is also a major pressure factor in the Po Basin, being 80% of the total water use. Water demand in summer for agriculture and tourism is particularly acute in the coastal regions and islands of the Mediterranean.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	fc7d79c069e8e6d29db63816e9a6ca41	One-adult households, whether unattached individuals or lone parents, are typically three to four times more likely to fall into a vulnerable income situation as a result of not working. This reflects the lesser ability of one-adult households to mitigate income losses arising from unemployment, for example by temporarily relying on a spouse’s or parent’s income during an unemployment spell, thereby making them more likely to have to rely on the lower tier of income assistance. However, strong conclusions cannot be drawn because data are only available through 2009 before the strongest test of the efficacy of SA in backstopping UB had arrived in most countries.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/ee52a573-en	fc7eb95bf2a48e169b94e300c8efd350	Oil demand will grow from 85 million barrels a day in 2008 to about 105 mb/d in 2030; demand for coal, a highly polluting source of energy, will grow to 7000 Mtce between 2007 and 2030; the world will need additional power-generation capacity of about 4800 GW of electricity by 2030. C02 emissions today are almost 40% higher than they were in 1990 - the Kyoto base year - and since 2000 have been growing at over 3% per year. Global extraction of metal ores -iron ore, bauxite, copper and nickel - is now rising faster than world GDP.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2017cac5-en	fc818864dc70b37584343d80bcbb86e5	Alongside the indicators of income poverty and low work intensity, the severe material deprivation indicator forms part of the EU social exclusion target to lift at least 20 million people from poverty or social exclusion by 2020. In the absence of a dedicated child deprivation indicator, the official child deprivation rate in the EU is calculated as the share of children living in deprived households. Of course, certain domains, such as housing conditions, can be assumed to affect all household members uniformly and, as such, do not need to be measured at the level of the child.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	fc8333871197868eebae07ed9674ae6e	Different pedagogies have developed different ways of balancing the three tasks and teachers are likely draw on a combination of pedagogical approaches. There is no guarantee that practices studied in isolation have the same effect once combined (and ideally, any combination should equate to more than the sum of its parts). Systematic studies of the impacts of combining pedagogies may be found in studies of ‘deeper learning’ schools (Zeiser et al.,	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264122314-4-en	fc8623d0276d2fee833390f36a5fb35a	For example, did the person with diabetes have a foot exam to make sure the diabetes did not cause problems that could result in amputation? Often there are few measures on how well care co-ordination is being performed. Care co-ordination is very important for people with multiple chronic conditions and it is not well measured in most OECD countries.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2011-3-en	fc86d4e7d209804a5e5cace9fdc4f06f	However, Portugal slightly overspent according to both criteria. One of the drawbacks of focusing on this measure is that the ratio may increase as a result of a decline in GDP alone and not because of an increase in social security payments per se. As a complement to the previous analysis, Figure 1.14 examines the 2007-09 change in the absolute level of general government expenditures in real terms.34 It disaggregates the change in general government expenditures into two components: general government social security benefits and general government expenditures other then social security benefits.	10	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	fc89382332e9b0ac1d90341dcbb7b15a	Hence, targets aiming at reducing the use of specific resources in the economy could be set and monitored, as could targets relating to the flows of materials and energy that leaves the economy (residuals) including solid waste, waste water and emissions to air, water and soils. It does not monitor the trends in the status of specific species. While it may be used to monitor trends in the use of certain assets over time, it can't be used to monitor the stock of different types of ecosystems as these are not recorded in the SEEA.	15	1	3	0.5
10.18356/6c96c7f1-en	fc89ff2300dbd55919f83362915cfc03	"Although considered as ""traditional"" and a cultural marker of the Sami, reindeer herding was of relatively recent vintage, developed during the sixteenth century. In both Norway and Sweden, but not in Finland; semi-nomadic reindeer herding is, by law, an occupation strictly reserved for the Sami. Many Sami people find themselves in a transitional state where it is important to adapt to a changing new world without losing sight of the values of the Sami traditional world view. The majority of the approximately 56,000 inhabitants live on the south and central west coast."	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	fc941dc38869a852874d03caf7223a68	Farmers with relatively stable income are less inclined to invest in irrigation (Koundouri et al., This affects the degree to which farmers will adopt available technologies to maximise and smooth their own profits. Irrigation requires significant upfront investments and may be relatively labour intensive.	2	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264281707-8-en	fc94679952bb74aa69fd391b5cef6e24	Chapters 1-4 noted the constraints faced by supply augmentation in Korea at subnational level. Minimising leaks in Korean cities can help make a better use of available resources, while saving costs of investment in new storage capacities. This is an issue for Korean cities, which strive to keep water bills low' and face investment needs to serve a grow'ing urban population and renew existing water supply infrastructure.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39291afb-en	fc96a9dcd232adcb76936e7332b5285e	There is also a direct relationship between poverty and extreme poverty rates. The countries where poverty is lowest also have the lowest rates of extreme poverty: Argentina. Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay have extreme poverty rates under 5%; Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Paraguay and Peru have extreme poverty rates of between 5% and 10%, while in the other countries these rates exceed 10% (see table 11.1). Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Paraguay.	1	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80de56e8-72931180-en	fc9ac5c9fb4aaf86eb813610a628fb3e	"It emphasized the need for policy-makers to focus on analogue complements to digital development, in particular 'a favorable business climate, strong human capital, and good governance.' The outcome document from that review called for 'close alignment' between the WSIS process and the 2030 Agenda, highlighting the 'crosscutting contribution of information and communications technology' to the SDGs and poverty eradication,' and called on governments and international organizations to integrate ICTs in their implementation of sustainable development. The review expressed concern about continued digital divides which could slow progress towards sustainable development, with particular reference to the gender digital divide."""	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/0ec26947-en	fc9ccbc0126b129f0040ef69afae104e	As the most prominent example, the EU ETS showed a steady decline in GHG emissions until 2016, though also registered a rise in emissions in 2017 for the first time in seven years. Although challenges around certificate trading markets still exist, the EU ETS is the only emissions trading system globally that has proven its feasibility and works to achieve the ambitious climate objectives set out by the European Union. An indicator for this success is the carbon price in the EU ETS, which has reached a 10-year high. Other prominent examples of emissions trading systems include the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), both in the United States.	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jrs8sv4jt6k-en	fca259be7450477864a06fe8c1f310a5	The first column consists of the main constraints hindering the development of small-scale agriculture. The subsequent columns have information on the name, the institution responsible for, the description of the programme, its budget (initial and most recent budget), the number of beneficiaries (initial and most recent number), its PSE categorisation, whether or not the programme is targeted to small farmers based on the country’s definition of small farm; some limitations (based on evaluation programmes carried out by the country itself) and whether or not the programme allows market access and structural transition. These two last aspects are answered based on past empirical evidence that suggests that certain type of agricultural policies like price support or input subsidies tend, in the long term, to perpetuate agr icultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not, situation that does not contribute to the structural transformation (OECD, 2010; OECD, 2012a).	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264267817-6-en	fca2ca2ddac23c9144bb25dec08e9994	Mexico’s National Development Plan (PND 2013-2018) with regard to tourism aims to consolidate tourist destinations, create jobs, develop markets for SMEs, and generate new sources of income for the local populations by enhancing investments and financing for tourism, while also promoting sustainability (Gobiemo de la Republica, 2013a). The Plan puts emphasis on the importance of adopting a cross-disciplinary and programme-based approach to government actions, while at the same time considering tourism policy objectives. This is illustrated with tourism objectives being considered in the country’s National Infrastructure Plan 2013-18. The Plan focuses on balanced regional development, urban development and connectivity logistics (Gobiemo de la Republica, 2013b).	11	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264208445-6-en	fca5d94ebb94dd9da237d9bbe7ad5223	It was argued, in particular by the economist Lord Layard, that the economic benefits that IAPT would bring in terms of cost-saving on benefits, and improved economic productivity, meant that even set against the costs of establishing such a programme, of training and staffing a national rollout of cognitive behavioural therapies, IAPT would eventually pay for itself (London School of Economics, 2006) (Box 2.5). For countries with good primary care systems it may be more realistic to extend care from this base, even if cost-effectiveness arguments for investment in wide-scale psychological therapies programmes are persuasive. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) was established in England, and then rolled out across the country as part of an initiative led with the express support of the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, from 2009, following a campaign supporting the economic efficiency of psychological therapies driven by Labour peer and economist Lord Richard Layard.	3	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/777ba258-en	fca6c02d7f6d1b376f991506bb280b58	The presence of scale economies, complementarities, threshold effects and other “externalities”, as well as the heightened uncertainty they inject into any investment decision, limits the role that market forces by themselves can play in realizing the desired investment path (DeLong, 2005). Infrastructure development, in general, and energy supply, in particular, have always been a critical elements in this story (see chap. In this regard, the development strategy was less about detailed planning and more about strategic support and coordination, including a significant role for public investment in triggering growth and crowding in private investment along a new development pathway.	7	8	2	0.6
10.1787/9789264096127-9-en	fcaaaaa9b18819748d639b1736e58c81	Related training may also be provided by the community sponsor. As of September 2010,3 979 young people had been placed into a Community Max project. A five-year goal-oriented programme was launched in 2008 to raise the quality of education by enhancing teachers’ competence levels and contribute to a satisfactory and stable recruitment to the teaching profession.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	fcb1d2f9021bcf5353351b9c74f03f45	The pressure for competitiveness implies intensified use of natural resources and practices associated with high production, financial and market risks. The pressure for sustainability implies constraints on the ways resources can be exploited and an increasing internalisation of the resource use costs into farming costs. The key challenge for the farm risk management system in New Zealand is to develop strategies that would reconcile these competing pressures.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	fcb3fcbc04f63f2c151eef35229d1227	Deprivation is a largely local issue, since 56% of local authorities include at least one lower-layer super-output area amongst the 10% most deprived in England. These include all domestic regeneration programmes of the 2000 Spending Review, the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, the Single Regeneration Budget, Neighbourhood Management and programmes to attract businesses in disadvantaged areas. The IMD also guided the location of Sure Start centres and Children’s Centres, as well as funding for the Neighbourhood Nurseries initiative and other programmes intended to support vulnerable children and families.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	fcb6726ebf75892ef746baabeadfab35	Such models can help to direct efforts to where they may be the most effective. Emerging onto the scene are approaches that enable detailed “what if” questions about the introduction of polices related to prevention, treatment, organisation and financing of care, technological innovation and health-sector productivity. Further, there are new' approaches that enable health expenditures to be situated in a broader context: they can take account of factors such as the health, longevity, and productivity of the population; and investment, consumption and economic growth which can help policy makers evaluate “value for money”. In the system, a forecast from one model can provide a needed input parameter for another model.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/e309eca0-en	fcb863c9f0c49d2e1fc1d20e45bff99a	In cases where local governments within a metropolitan area retain this tax base, an undersupply of housing can occur as localities chase revenue sources. An exception is the Minneapolis metropolitan area which pools sales tax revenues and then redistributes on a per capita basis (Metcalf, 2018(35]). As such there are good reasons, particularly in the medical sector and in occupations such as civil engineering. This is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce. Licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government, particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer (Figure 1.16).	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	fcbfe894e2aa71af5f0036aab8de45ff	Though we do not deal with how care is delivered - public or private, family or market, women or men - on the demand side, we do so in the next section on the supply side. Still, it is likely that the institutional structure of care delivery is a determinant of the relationship between human capacities investment and growth, with public investment in care more closely associated with strong caring spirit regimes. The reason is that, relative to individualistic societies, societies with strong caring spirits tend to spend more of their care finances and time in ways that enhance the ability of household or community members to take advantage of future economic opportunities through, for instance, education or job training for the disabled.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	fcc1fdc16ea81ecebea7be3decadc415	The analysis is based on the method developed by OECD for the cross-country study of farm level risk analysis (OECD, 2010a). Variations and correlations of prices, costs and returns are estimated using the farm-level data. These indicators are used to evaluate farmers’ risk exposure and the relative importance of the various sources of risk.	2	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264114029-en	fcc26092126bc71af36bd25b4ef0b62d	The Closing the Gaps by 2015: The Texas Higher Education Plan, adopted in 2000, aims to make all high school graduates college-ready and close the gaps between young people from different backgrounds in higher education participation and success, in educational excellence, and in funded research. One key element of the plan is the use of performance data to monitor progress towards the plan’s goals. Each postsecondary institution is required to provide targets and report progress. Focusing on the four target areas of Closing the Gaps, the Texas Higher Education Accountability System tracks performance in higher education institutions.	4	0	4	1.0
10.18356/223b7be0-en	fcc464674a72e72377f0d8ac71f639a9	A recent post-conflict study in Africa found that the HIV-infection rate of adolescent girls was four times that of adolescent boys. Indeed, recognition of homophobic violence continues to be one of the greatest taboos in modern war, although its use appears to be increasingly widespread. The society has become increasingly militarized.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	fcc62da8ef471613e26764c5364bd764	For our purposes, the land use allocation structure is extended by taking into account that the degree of substitutability differs between types of land (Huang et al., It distinguishes different types of land in a nested 3-level CET structure. The model covers several types of land use with different suitability levels for various crops (i.e. cereal grains, oilseeds, sugar cane/sugar beet and other agricultural uses). The transformation is governed by the elasticity of transformation ol.	2	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264270985-7-en	fcc91655589183642f9f7e33dfcae604	"This sub-category also includes medical non-durable goods that have been prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. Sub-categories such as ""essential medicines” are operational distinctions that are already institutionalised in some countries for routine monitoring, which could be also included in a detailed breakdown. Eventually, a therapeutic breakdown based on the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification may also be feasible."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289349536-6-en	fccb4efd20aa39fd2dded3dc97f899c5	This includes regulating services such as carbon storage that enables a stable climate and extraction of e.g. fish and soil quality that enables extraction of fuel and food. In addition to this, the goods and services can have an option value, i.e. the value people put on the opportunity to keep the possibility to use the good or service in the future, even though it is not used today. Bequest value is the value people put on keeping a good or service for the coming generations.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-7-en	fcccedbd64e8d3c04fe6ec51b44bdc4d	In this situation, commonly the national employment service mainly manages Ul beneficiaries and local social welfare offices mainly manage social assistance beneficiaries. In countries such as Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, where the central government does not share the cost of social assistance benefit payments, local government management of social assistance is usually strict and only a fairly small proportion of the unemployed are on social assistance. Welfare reforms in 1996 in Canada and the United States, which reduced the federal share in funding welfare payments at the margin from 50% to zero, favoured a work-first approach to placement and falls in caseloads.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/57a8dd27-en	fccdf8416c365c7e832e93e0fe1ed097	Integrated reporting on the environmental, social and governance impacts of their lending, which some MDBs are already implementing or considering, would further support ongoing efforts to mainstream SDG considerations in all operations and help ensure that no one is left behind. This alignment should continue to be improved and refined to increase impact. As South-South cooperation continues to expand, there is opportunity to further advance both South-South and triangular cooperation as high-impact modalities of international development cooperation, both financial and non-financial. To ensure that scarce concessional financing has the greatest development impact, providers of blended finance should engage with host countries at the strategic level, to ensure that priorities in their project portfolios align with national priorities.	13	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.6027/9789289350433-6-en	fccff25de8851d5168544cb5d3c33e21	For instance, the Asia Pacific Adaptation Network (APAN) run activities and projects under eight different themes, one of which is agriculture and climate change, thereby running the risk of having less impact in these than if the work was more focused. For example, a project might dedicate substantial financial and technical resources to an area, while under-prioritizing another, although this might be of more importance given the local circumstances. Therefore, it is vital that initiatives balance the resources allocated to projects within the themes/areas that the initiatives focus on.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/74f4872a-en	fcd0e437059ac7bb44003495bf976064	Current infrastructure investment is from year 2015. Countries included in the figure are; Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State ol). Brazil, Chile (2014 expenditure), Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (2013 expenditure).	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	fcd8ec0c387b192d97661baf7032142b	La part des creances douteuses dans les portefeuilles de prets des banques commerciales et des organismes de financement d’fitat de KazAgro s’est envolee en 2010. Ceci a conduit le gouvernement a etudier un allegement de dette de 2 milliards d’USD pour l’agriculture. Dans la filiere cerealiere les carences des infrastructures essentielles et du reseau routier rural font directement augmenter les couts de transactions. Les lacunes de l’information, les delais de commercialisation dus par exemple au manque de silos-elevateurs et de capacites de transport, ou les difficultes d’acces aux installations portuaires font egalement augmenter les couts.	2	0	3	1.0
10.18356/524212d8-en	fcdbc308d5164abe11ef90592d9364c3	Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability’. There are hundreds of definitions of ecotourism and in general most of them consider that ideally ecotourism is nature based tourism that embraces the principles of sustainable tourism. Some desert hotels and resorts, where water is scarce, boast of jacuzzis, bathtubs and swimming pools. Ecotourism voyages to Antarctica have posed serious threats to bird and marine life in a fragile ecosystem while the route to Mount Everest is littered with human refuse and even corpses.	12	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	fce053e41ced97dbb19ec11585b4619d	The focus is on aggregate indicators and also on racial shares. In addition, the rural-urban dimension of inequality and poverty is given some attention. Section 1.2 augments this long-run picture by describing and summarising the evidence from national household survey data on post-Apartheid inequality and poverty changes.	10	0	3	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-col-2013-4-en	fce08dddf33371436927c7eb6933e675	Less than 11% of pupils attending public schools are entitled to a full teaching day, compared with 46% for those attending private schools (Barrera et al., Since private schools cover predominantly pupils from well-off families (and more so in Colombia than in many other countries, OECD, 2012c), many pupils face a double liability of coming from a disadvantaged background and attending a lower-quality school. Second, the poor selection and training of teachers affect education quality.	1	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/97ed059a-en	fce857d8f6c28c3586af6a9459354e17	This ratio was 0.79% in 2007 and 0.72% in 2008 and remains very modest in comparison with the average in many subgroups of comparable developing countries (figure 5). Projections by the Ministry of Economy, however, are more prudent or even pessimistic. The macroeconomic forecasting framework they used shows that total remittance inflows saw a net decline on a year base of 25% in 2009 and a further fall of 39% in 2010, before returning to a 70% increase in 2011 (MINEPAT 2009). Ratha, Mohapatra and Silwal (2009).	1	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	fce8da5ff039a8542e61c6b1e41caf73	They fill, at best, one-third of public managerial positions (see Figure 5.7) and are better represented, though not necessarily at the senior level, in “soft” departments like education, the environment and tourism (see Figure 5.9). There is also a discrepancy between the number of women in high-ranking public positions and the proportion of w'omen (in the whole population) w'ith the educational qualifications to fill them. They include a culture of long working hours, the lack of flexible work arrangements, inadequate child care services, discriminatory practices and sexual harassment.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	fce94b6d15c981e84fdb411db8329c4d	The impact on the cost of electricity produced by coal would vary in the range of 15% if the price of coal varied by 50%. Once a nuclear plant is up and running, it reliably produces electricity at foreseeable cost, clearly an attractive feature for investors. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	fce9db736c5d0eabb825841cbcd87951	Deprivation analysis on the other hand looks more directly at the household's actual access and uptake of these goods and services. While a household might be unable to access health care services, does not have sufficient food at home or a clean source of drinking water, the reasons for the lack of these might be other than financial constraints. Deprivation analysis focuses on the outcomes per person or per household and therefore includes constraints that go beyond having insufficient income, such as not having time or appropriate transportation to obtain a particular service, limited supply of goods, discrimination, inability to access services due to safety issues, inadequate quality, etc.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-zaf-2010-6-en	fce9fac62a29d5abb1d51b6bb90a4dfc	One risk to bear in mind in this respect is going too far with the expansion of social support mechanisms. In recent years South Africa has massively expanded budgetary transfers for social protection, and these have proved to be effective in combating poverty. Moving too far in this direction will, however, undermine incentives to find and keep a job, as well as compromising fiscal sustainability and thereby undermining macroeconomic stability.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/729bf864-en	fceca7b4df0beced102c0faf09c42a9a	The current study represents an important step in a longer-term agenda, intended to improve understanding regarding how to broaden the finance options available and accessible to SMEs and micro-enterprises, taking into account the heterogeneity of the sector, the challenges for small firms in actually accessing and using the instruments available, the implications of on-going financial reforms, and the specific financing needs of certain types of firms, such as innovative and high-growth enterprises, SMEs seeking international expansion or those undergoing a major transition. It follows the two-pronged approach advocated by the G20/OECD High Level Principles on SME financing, and specifically addresses its proposal to consider the feasibility of broadening the set of assets suitable for use as collateral to include intangibles, to ease access to lending for knowledge-based companies (with due regard for the associated risks). It also builds on recent OECD/STI work on KBC and the economic impact of intellectual property. In particular, this study provides a detailed, practically-oriented investigation of the topics raised by Chapter 9 of, “Enquiries into Intellectual Property’s Economic Impact” (OECD, 2015).	8	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264257108-4-en	fcf2263b456cc5c5d4d8e33aa95c3455	Three reasons lie behind this. First, more is known about the promotion of agricultural growth than the promotion of alternative, non-agricultural activities (Valdes and Foster, 2010). Second, the responsibility for rural development has often fallen to government departments responsible for agriculture, farming and related activities (Rojas-Caldelas et al., Third, in most developing countries, the vast majority of the rural population is engaged in agriculture, and improving farm incomes is often seen as an obvious first step. It is not that approaches based on single sectors in isolation are necessarily ineffective or undesirable, but simply that an approach to development with too narrow' a focus is unlikely to recognise the full complexity, externalities and opportunities that affect the development potential of a given region.	2	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-26-en	fcf34100a95caa1f34b705fbc7f22f02	Total income (value of landings, direct subsidies, and other income combined) and profit of the national fleet increased. Table 26.5 summarises the economic performance of the fleet. This segment experienced losses in 2004-06, but has improved its profitability despite increasing fuel prices, showing positive signs with regard to profits in 2007 and 2008. One explanation for this is a new management system introduced in 2007 for the pelagic segment, based on individual vessel quotas giving vessel owners increased possibilities to manage and plan their fishing during the year. Pelagic species prices have also had a positive trend, although the price of sprat decreased in 2008 compared to a peak in 2007.	14	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264238701-7-en	fcf9636dbd7b4d2e11680d8ca5b73f47	At the same time, some of the humid regions may need to manage additional precipitation by rethinking their conjunctive water management approaches, to reduce recharge and increase use, e.g. with more pumping, drainage, and less surface water use for irrigation, to mitigate the potential risks of water logging and salinity (Chapter 2). This chapter helped identify some of the key aspects of groundwater management on which to build locally-specific strategies (Table 5.1). Of these, two primordial items appear to be prominently missing in OECD countries, and/or necessary to ensure that groundwater is better used in the future. New discoveries of groundwater sources in Africa and under the seafloor, as well as unprecedented published estimates of groundwater depletion in Northern India and western United States show there is progress, at least in some regions.	6	0	8	1.0
10.18356/caeceb38-en	fcfa29173596a9a60085dbe4712fd8db	Studies in Family Planning, 29(2), 167-184. Cultural Practices:Toward an integration of culture and development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1995(67), 5-16. Growing Up An Orphan: Vulnerability of adolescent girls to HIV in Malawi. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(1), 128-139.	5	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264230750-4-en	fcfad666ea489887cfc3694e223529c7	The Government of Indonesia should progressively increase its spending on the public provision of early childhood education services that can be accessed by poorer families. The threshold licensing standards should be common across the nation. A set of minimum service standards should be developed for ECCE along the lines of those developed for the school and madrasah sectors.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/77d08b03-en	fcfc1846c04367108606aee0a2cd3d6b	Similarly, recognition of this work should provide the basis for an equitable division of pension savings in the event of divorce or separation. Time poverty is thus a want, a deficit that affects freedom. Time availability has major gender implications; it is related to vulnerability, as it determines people's ability to react to situations of risk, and it also depends on income, so that time and income are interdependent and interchangeable (Feres, 2010), which is why time is used in situations where resources of other kinds are scarce (Gammage, 2010).	5	3	5	0.25
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	fcfd28475b0148074f38c1dfdc95c2b6	It does not challenge, however, the underlying premises on which the economy is built, for instance, profit maximization, competitiveness, concentration and accumulation. Without substantive changes such as proper internalization of social and environmental costs, supported by effective regulatory and global governance, the environmental problems we are facing today will be reproduced (chapter 7). These include normative biases in development objectives, power asymmetries and inequalities. Avoiding multiple injustices and adverse impacts on poor and vulnerable groups associated with climate change and green economy approaches requires applying a social lens, implementing comprehensive social policies and creating strong public institutions.	13	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	fcfebfea15e50e2fe087d1487893ff83	On average across 15 European countries, only 11.2% of women who started a new enterprise in 2002 had run another business before the start-up, compared with 18.4% of men (Eurostat, 2008). In the United States in 2007,42% of male business owners and only 28% of female entrepreneurs had previous self-employed experience (US Census, 2009). For example, data on new enterprises for France show that 73% of the businesses founded by women in 2006 with three or more years of previous experience were still running three years later.	5	1	4	0.6
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	fd04f674dfcbe18d32afe05b2d345c29	The Governement is planning to develop PA network through designation of PAs of Category V and VI connecting other categories I-IV to insure achievement of conservation goals in production landscape. According to the assessment conducted in preparation of the revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, the recent revival of animal husbandry and agriculture, which coincide with economic growth, has resulted in the transformation of wild nature - wetlands have been drained and turned into agricultural lands. Creating and maintaining small intact or managed lands between agricultural lands would prevent the above-mentioned problems.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264088986-en	fd053dbcdab5adf71ca217df01711c6e	In 2005, more than half the region’s 388 000 employees between the ages of 18 and 64 had only 12 years or less of schooling (see figure 1.6.). In 2005, 52.8% of 12th grade pupils in the Galilee (Northern District) earned a matriculation certificate, compared with the national average of 55.1%. Due to limited accessibility of higher education, in 2004 only 39% school graduates from the Galilee enrolled in the first year of post-secondary studies in one of Israel’s higher education institutions, compared with the national average of 43.9%.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-6-en	fd0a511d6c9866271ee1e5e8c547ec6b	The OECD and the FAO will consider them as part of their ongoing work programmes. The Round Table urged caution in attempting to build broader aspects of sustainability (like economic and social sustainability) into an internationally applicable definition applying to fisheries and aquaculture. While these aspects are important at the operational level - particularly in developing countries where adjustments to fisheries management practices will fail if the social and economic impacts are not taken into consideration -they should not be built into an overarching definition or criteria. In the meantime, it was agreed that certification for aspects where there are no agreed definitions, standards, or assessment methodologies are liable to cause confusion.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264259157-4-en	fd0cb4ca5566308fcc1da2163b12d07f	Furthermore, the risk of accidents and errors increases and miscommunication and poor decisions are more likely (Dembe et al., Workers’ health suffers (Virtanen et al., Confronting excessively long hours requires cultural shifts within organisations, as well as sufficient policies protecting workers.	5	9	0	1.0
10.18356/5be883c5-en	fd121b915503ad91027a93e66c220749	Though we stop far short of developing a formal mathematical model, we draw heavily from our prior work that does (Braunstein et al. We will try to avoid wading into the depths and distractions usually required to get formal models going and distil the main points into a stylized taxonomy of social reproduction and growth. But there may be some moments - particularly in the initial setup - when details seem to obscure more than they reveal.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	fd154b97f08343a556d3170218c5ce74	These developments discouraged strategic, sustainable orientation and decisionmaking in tangible production and service operations (see also: UNCTAD, 2008c and 2008d). However, in real terms, the general commodity price level did not reach its average of the 1970s, and remained far below the price hikes of those years. Even so, the real price level of crude petroleum and minerals and metals did reach new historical peaks in mid-2008. Indeed, excessive bank bailouts and continuing inattention to the more systemic problems by developed-country governments might render the prospects for economic recovery bleaker in the medium-term. The related escalating public debt17 and higher reserve requirements for banks may well exert upward pressure on future interest rates, jacking up the costs of borrowing for the productive sector and fuelling inflation. The provision of a solid set of social protection measures does not appear to have led to reduced trade competitiveness; in fact, if anything, such measures may have improved competitiveness, as workers’ security is conducive to innovation and rapid productivity growth.	7	3	3	0.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2015-9-en	fd163c199f497723e396796ad2873bab	As for health-care benefits, they can play a key role in enhacing opportunities to develop physically and intellectually, increasing workers’ productivity and improving their employment prospects. The longer-term effects of conditional cash transfers can be positive, if the conditionalities relate to investment in education and health. Ultimately, the design of these CT schemes and their long-term strategy are critical aspects to consider (OECD, 2011, Chapter 2).	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	fd169765361c18daea589e6f0645be5c	The tax system can affect individuals’ decisions to move out of the informal sector through a combination of positive incentives (e.g. lowering the tax burden on low-income earners, simplification of tax procedures) and dissuasive measures (e.g. stronger audit capacity and sanctions). In Chile, however, pensions do not help to reduce inequality, as the Gini coefficient before and after pension contributions are very similar (Lustig, 2015). In 2008 Chile undertook reform to improve pension coverage and safety net benefits as part of their efforts to fight poverty in old age more effectively.	5	3	0	1.0
10.1787/5js30tvj21hh-en	fd1b0987a1a44eb68d1a463435f7ada5	The variables are usually significant in both urban and rural areas, but their magnitudes (size of the coefficients) differ, e.g. marriage has a stronger negative impact on labour force participation of women in urban areas. Overall the impact of socio-economic and cultural factors is stronger in urban than rural areas potentially explaining some of the lower urban female participation. In regressions by religion Muslim women have constantly lower probability of taking part in the labour market. There is no clear trend observable for this variable over time, although it shows a distinct one-off decrease in the latest survey.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/60a8d482-en	fd1bca6f9a140d869c6ce1483e8bd0d1	Women's rights advocates have actively participated in this process, placing care squarely onto the government agenda (see Box 3.12). The ensuing National Care System is explicitly framed around gender equality and the human rights of caregivers, both paid and unpaid, as well as care receivers, including children, older people and people with disabilities. Together, they forged a common understanding of care from the point of view of gender equality and human rights, collected data, analysed existing policy frameworks and identified coverage gaps.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264258495-5-en	fd1cbb4d6cf5df9d114196d0547a5259	"In reality, cultural beliefs about mathematics affect teaching practices and influence immigrant students' participation in the classroom and learning (Gorgorio and Planas, 2005). Immigrant students might differ not only in their background knowledge, but also in the strategies they use to solve problems. For example, mathematics teachers can choose among many different representations of the algorithm of division, and this choice is often culture-specific. Teachers who are not fully aware of these differences in approaches to mathematics problems or who ""play down"" cultural differences, arguing for general notions of ability and equity (Abreu, 2005), are ill-equipped to build on their students' knowledge and experience with mathematics."	4	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2012-7-en	fd220e061e292045290b4c4b3197f630	Tobacco consumption, which is partly behind the world’s highest lung cancer mortality rate among Hungarian men, has declined markedly since the mid-1990s, but remains at a high level, exceeding the OECD average. The government has recently taken steps to curtail tobacco and alcohol consumption by increasing excise taxes in November 2011, and introducing a smoking ban in public places, effective from 1 January 2012. Around two-thirds of Hungarian men and half of women are overweight or obese (Figure 4.2). High blood pressure affects close to 30% of those aged 25-64 years and type two diabetes affects approximately 10% of the population (HCSO, 2009).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9ce809d8-en	fd25181bdd90c55e9cbc7058a923fbd2	The following analysis is based on data received from the office of Disaster Risk Management, which shows both the quantity of food assistance in metric tons and the monetary value of the assistance. The value of food assistance was highest in Tigray, with an average value of ETB 124 million between 2005/06 and 2015/16, followed by Amhara and Oromia regions with values of ETB 113 million and ETB 87.4 million respectively. Average yearly expenditure was about ETB 2.7 billion.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264085398-en	fd27eb82a6479f8ad838763f658d3c75	The results of these scenarios are shown in Table 6.5 for 2001 and 2011, and broken down into three main categories of expenditure: economic affairs and agriculture, general public services, and defence. These expenditures according to both the average cost and marginal cost scenarios are summarised on a per capita basis in Table 6.9 in the last section of this chapter. Hence costs are distributed among all South African inhabitants (native-born plus foreign-bom) in line with their shares in the population.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e4317cd1-en	fd29553548e0468ccde4cd8d5f690ff8	Apart from internal political conflicts, which are important factors that usually repel foreign investments, unemployment in LDCs is high and the prospect to invest in the agricultural sector is always an effective strategy for employment generation. Investing in the relatively water- and land-rich LDCs of the region is aligned with the notion of global and regional social responsibility, while at the same time serving both to enhance regional food security and strengthen solidarity among countries of the region. High discrepancies have been noted between national, regional and global data sources. While AOAD reports an increase of sixfold in wheat cultivated land and an increase of 24 per cent in productivity during the period 2011-2012 in Iraq, leading to an increase in production by 306,000 tons, FAO reports a decrease of around 16 per cent in wheat harvested land and nearly 15 per cent in overall production.75 Both sources claim that the data originate from official sources.	2	1	7	0.75
10.18356/520b80a5-en	fd2b70135e72cb0cfdef5e47b34a7aa6	Of even greater concern is the evolution of food prices in recent months, with the FAO food price index of key commodities increasing to near record levels on the back of weather-related shortages in key producer economies. Likewise, minimum wagesb have fallen into neglect in some countries and they are often insufficient to meet workers’ basic daily necessities, including health care. With adjustments in minimum wages lagging behind rising GDP per capita, economic growth has not translated into higher wages, especially in relatively richer countries in South-East Asia and South and South-West Asia (see figure A).	10	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264088726-7-en	fd2ba4a9c39ac6cc34d3b1fe5cb257c2	Early identification and detection mechanisms may need to be improved, and treatment strategies and products developed. The aquaculture of extractive species (using nutrients and carbon directly from the environment) such as bivalves and macroalgae may merit further focus for their positive ecosystem characteristics and potential food security benefits (Ferreira et al., Most importantly for feed-based aquaculture is its dependence on capture fisheries for fish meal and oil and growing competition for terrestrial raw material. Feeding materials and formulation strategies will be particularly important in maintaining and expanding output while containing costs and energy inputs and improving resilience to climate change.	14	0	8	1.0
10.18356/cb5cf3d5-en	fd2c4435bde64682d43bf083495c46b2	"Free legal aid should be provided for women without the means to pay for court costs and attorney fees, so as to ensure that no woman is forced to forgo her economic rights to obtain a divorce” (para. The Committee also reminded them that they a re ""obligated to provide, upon divorce and/or separation, for equality between the parties in the division of all property accumulated duringthe marriage. States parties should recognize the value of indirect, including non-financial contributions with regard to the acquisition of property acquired during the marriage”."	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	fd2d3432349f339796e83e68f82cd149	China’s Five Year Plans for environmental protection (cont.) For the first time an official target to reduce NOx emissions and ammonia nitrogen discharge, both by 10%, as well as a target to reduce C02 intensity, by 17%, have been included. Reflecting the government’s concerns for regional equity and disparities in development and industrial and energy structures, carbon intensity targets vary across provinces, ranging from a 10% reduction for the poorer western provinces of Qinghai and Tibet up to a 19.5% reduction for the wealthier coastal province of Guangdong.	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	fd2e2c7317abbaa9f56fda634bbb5967	The campaigns include the provision of brochures on different aquaculture topics and of guidelines for GAqP practices and certification. They also comprise technical guidance on fish farming for various fish species, fish feeding and feed production, and direct consultancy and guidance to farmers during field visits. Central and local authorities have paid particular attention to the proper implementation of GHdP and the fight against widespread practices among farmers and collectors to forego the required refrigeration conditions and store the shrimp in water without ice for several hours in order to increase their weight by up to 10% (Lord et al.,	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/3ad10876-en	fd2f40dc79a69db81a5aa6946d0b0c78	However, not all countries are comfortable with this information system being developed and centrally situated in another country. After 1991, hydrological monitoring drastically decreased. For example, on the Chu and its tributaries, the number of hydrological monitoring stations has decreased by more than two thirds since the 1970s. Similarly, of some 100 hydrological monitoring stations on Kyrgyz territory within the Syr Darya Basin in 1980, currently 28 are operational.	6	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264222519-7-en	fd344ffc0c667ab74657e032f6daa136	The level of delivery risk mitigation offered by replacement ratios is contingent upon the correlation between the biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. In reality, biodiversity outcomes are often closely correlated, so it is difficult to eliminate delivery risk using replacement ratios. Creating offsets using different ecological restoration techniques or dispersing offset sites across space may contribute relatively more to delivery risk mitigation (Moilanen et al., The party liable for the delivery risk purchases insurance, or a similar product, against the possibility that the offset site fails to deliver the required biodiversity outcomes.	15	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264168091-7-en	fd3791eabfb5dc0befb8a3b8162095a2	Travel costs from Siberia and the Far East could exceed average monthly wage levels in these regions by several times. In addition, an increase in the permanent population in areas with extraction industries operating in extreme climatic conditions also poses particular problems because health care services are often lacking in such localities, diet is poor and pollution is extensive. This may reflect differences in the organisation of primary-care provision between rural and urban areas (see Chapter 1). Persons living in rural areas may not have doctors who they can consult and patients have to be satisfied with paramedical services which are limited in the care that they are allowed to provide. Surveys show that the access to health care in rural areas is worse than in urban areas, both in terms of the presence of medical facilities and in the quality of health care provision (Bremzen et al.,	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	fd395af046cc1162f019b41126f1a0eb	Nuclear energy, which shares this quality with renewables, is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the LCOE from nuclear power generation. With fossil fuel plants instead investors and customers are exposed to fuel and carbon price risk. For a gas-fired plant 70-80% of its total costs are fuel costs.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/aeeac50e-en	fd40723bf0ebbc365d50df49975c6708	The Gender@Work framework (developed by an international collaborative that helps organizations to build cultures of equality and justice) looks at change in terms of consciousness and awareness, access to resources and opportunities, formal policies, laws and institutional arrangements, and informal cultural change and deep structure. Qualitative thematic coding techniques were applied to categorize these gender results (see Chapter 5 for details).	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/31959a6d-en	fd421da2bebd0015fadf93c863258708	"R. Holzmann, E. Palmer and D. Robalino (Eds.).Washington, DC: World Bank. Pension Design and Gender: Analyses of Developed and Developing Countries."" Gender Issues, 22, no. ""Centro de Estadisticas, Chile, http://www.spensiones.cl/safp-stats/stats/ (accessed 27 November 2013). The Dignity Pension (Renta Dignidad): A universal old-age pension scheme."""	5	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.14217/9781848599451-24-en	fd444fc66430fd11bafe26bb4927af10	The case studies report on an impressive range of media and advocacy tools - from short films and documentaries to gender equality workplace toolkits to e-learning modules that provide innovative strategies like how to start conversations on workplace gender equality, and how to use practical tools such as the pay-gap calculator. The ‘Be a Role Model’ national campaign, which aimed to reduce social acceptance of intimate partner violence, followed months of workshops and one-to-one dialogues at individual, community and regional levels. The campaign’s messages reached more than 4.5 million people in six months using ads in eight newspapers, two television stations and three radio stations, posters and brochures, and community outreach.	5	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/ff87fd8d-en	fd46282349dd1a58c9b550aa061d6700	While this is interesting in-and-of itself, it would also have been interesting if the studies had provided information on the average payment/unit measured (e.g. hectare or type of ecosystem service) for each of the PES schemes, and if possible, information on the opportunity costs of land. To some extent this also raises the question of associated monitoring and enforcement efforts across protected areas. It would be interesting, for example, to better understand if the results depend on the average PA spending per hectare.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2013-5-en	fd4a0f6c06fb6f625bcaba122642cf43	This reduces the incentive for electricity producers to minimise costs, penalises more efficient generators and, ultimately, firms and households. As a first step forward wholesale prices need to better reflect costs to restore the financial health of generators and ensure adequate investment in capacity. At the same time the government should fully liberalise the market for thermal coal. It should then experiment with separating transmission from distribution in some segments.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	fd4c17f8418802a26726f64046503a4b	This objective can be achieved through recycling and collection targets of the product or materials and through incentives for consumers to bring the used product back to the selling point. These include measures such as deposit-refund schemes, Advanced Disposal Fees (ADF), material taxes, and upstream combination tax/subsidy (UCTS) that incentivise the producer to comply with EPR. In South Korea for example, ADFs are imposed on importers and producers of products that are hazardous and more difficult to recycle. Standards can be mandatory or applied by industries themselves through voluntary programmes. Measures can include imposing information requirements on producers such as reporting requirements, labelling of products and components, communicating to consumers about producer responsibility and waste separation, and informing recyclers about the materials used in products. This underscores the most pressing need to address issues of efficient management of landfill sites and other waste collection processes.	11	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329316-6-en	fd4f340895667701680f215d4ffac1d5	A Norwegian study has investigated the mobility pattern of doctoral students. According to this study, there are few gender differences in the international mobility of this group or among male and female students with caregiving duties (see SIU 2011). Today all of the Nordic countries are expected to adopt gender mainstreaming as an overall gender equality strategy.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264235151-6-en	fd55e79cc23e9c21522388eb8149f77e	First, exporting enterprises often buy rice from local traders or assemblers so they have no direct control over the price farmers receive. Second, there can be large differences in production costs within each of the eight regions, particularly in relation to land lease fees and loan interest rates. Consequently, the target price based on the average will benefit some and disadvantage others. Finally, MOF/MARD are often late in determining production costs, which is supposed to be given at the beginning of each crop season (MARD, 2014b). However, the impact of this was to increase farm gate prices by only VND 100-200 kg (less than USD 0.01 kg). To improve the effectiveness of these policies, MARD is drafting a new policy on paddy/rice procurement in which subsidised loans will be provided to both farmers and enterprises who signed contracts to buy paddy from farmers.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/eco/surveys-swe-2015-6-en	fd63e98181f488e585638ce744ad2de7	Furthermore, the legal obligation to give each pupil the necessary help to obtain passing grades is in many municipalities seen as an aspirational level (SNAE, 2009; Schools Inspectorate, 2014). Ambitions need to be raised and responsibilities need to be clearly allocated across the educational system, in particular within municipal administrations (OECD, 2015). Decentralisation coincided with the introduction of a new curriculum which was much less concrete than the old one.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/aac9b96c-en	fd652125a07b2652f20c1c4fda9bac27	The role of the State is limited to providing the transport infrastructure (road and rail) and enforcing environmental and safety regulations. Coal production has increased, due to a shift of the country’s industrial enterprises from the more expensive natural gas and electricity to the more economical fuel - coal - for heating and other needs. However, taking into consideration the Government’s ambitious plans to continue installing more capacity for coal-fired TPPs by 2020 and to begin exporting electricity generated from coal in the future, it is likely that the required production volumes of coal to power these facilities will reach well above 2.5 million tons by 2030.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/1aa484c1-en	fd68fe2ff9479c29aab2c3df8b39f74e	For example, reducing flooding in rice farming can not only save water but also limit associated methane emissions (Adhya et al., Another example is the use of agricultural residues, such as cotton or soy stalks, to make briquettes or pellets to heat boilers and stoves, respectively.48 In addition, consumers can play an important role in reducing GHG emissions from agriculture. For instance, reducing meat consumption and replacing meat with plant-based alternatives is a simple way to limit the ecological footprint of food consumption, in line with SDG 12.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264303119-en	fd69f29b7d8789ccf36ff54dd4f78602	The latter may in some cases be politically more difficult to achieve; however, the fundamental problem of identifying, measuring and internalising external costs applies equally in both regulated and deregulated markets. The monetisation of social costs outside a market framework can be misunderstood as a fanatical attempt to reduce all aspects of human well-being to a question of dollars and cents. The large uncertainties involved, which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects, are also an easy target for detractors.	7	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264268791-6-en	fd6b035d93c5d90de9dc8ec6026116d6	This section discusses each in turn. It is a medium size agglomeration, with a dense core, close suburban belts, and uneasy relations with local governments in a mostly natural or agricultural hinterland, leading to strong competition and tensions with regards to land use and development. Because in France there is little likelihood of amalgamation and all communes have equal rights and authorities, local policies try to tackle these challenges by forming co-operative communal associations and with the SCoT a common spatial plan.	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/b82bdbfb-en	fd70e37a5919970306c591a903b49b75	It also proposes some concrete actions such as the establishment of an African Women Investment Bank and the implementation of Gender Equality Seal certification standards in Africa. The previous chapters examined the kinds of social and economic advances and disadvantages that women face, their political voice and role in decision-making, as well as the interaction of legal and social norms in both expanding and impeding women’s rights and opportunities. Chapter 7 reviewed some of the policy and institutional responses that governments have used to address gender inequality.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264285637-4-en	fd72bc848fcbebfb74f212bfcfc4d096	This is particularly true in the case of the Agency for Quality Education, which is building up an assessment and feedback mechanism on school effectiveness that should allow schools to make a more effective use of resources. It forbids private-subsidised schools to select their students on the basis of economic, social and academic criteria. This is likely to put an end to a longstanding practice which has been considered one of the reasons for the high level of socio-economic segregation in the Chilean school system.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264096356-en	fd76e7591d93154f05857f830ed4e18a	It was chosen by the NEA as the basis for its SSDI (Simplified Supply and Demand Index) which was presented in Chapter 3. On the basis of a complete set of energy data provided by the International Energy Agency’s Data Services from 1970 to 2008, the SSDI tracked energy supply security based on both supply and demand data. It showed that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264206441-14-en	fd79ee6188ac8dbfc326454d50ca4373	It should also consider the diversity of customary law that varies across different ethnic groups and geographic areas. The FAO Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security in May 2012, provide a valuable framework for responsible tenure governance. A national independent land transfer oversight panel could be established to approve transfers of land areas above a certain limit.	2	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en	fd79f83341ea2d40db436973b86267fa	Section 6 then shows the results obtained from the econometric work and Section 7 concludes by providing a brief discussion of the key policy implications of the findings. In parallel, income inequality has risen in a large number of OECD countries and some emerging economies (OECD, 2011a, OECD, 2014) and become, once again, a hotly debated policy concern (OECD, 2008; OECD, 201 la; OECD 2013b). Economic analysis can help identify some of the potential sources of inequality—including international trade— as well as establish links between inequality and other measures of economic performance such as, for example, economic growth.	10	0	4	1.0
10.18356/ad0bffd4-en	fd7a3acc4ec2e7c751af7b00c850c13a	The Government has prepared a draft law on waste management and a National Waste Management Strategy which was approved by the parliament in 2013. Data are requested from waste collection companies, which report annual waste volumes collected. Data on generated MSW are not available but, considering that only the urban population is served by regular collection, only about 50 per cent of waste generated in the Republic of Moldova was collected in 2011.	12	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/04b2e7d9-en	fd7be1442edb3f6210d918a14b8ec2a0	The topics addressed are: (a) a long-term vision for the sector; (b) a strategic approach to regional cooperation, including principles for regional cooperation, benefits from regional cooperation, technology and sustainable energy; (c) strategic components and priorities, including investment measures for regional cooperation, capacity-building and knowledge sharing and policy support; and (d) strategy implementation and monitoring of the Energy Sector Coordinating Committee Work Plan 2016-2020 and the Strategy and Work Plan (2016-2020). Energy corridors outlined in the energy strategy include those within Central Asia, Central Asia-China, Central Asia-South Asia, Central Asia-Russian Federation, and Central Asia-European Union. Focusing on governance factors that shape the economic environment and mechanisms that deepen regional integration, the strategy is aimed at providing responses to existing regional energy and environmental concerns. In particular, it promotes cooperation for the introduction of renewable and alternative sources of energy, energy efficient technologies, and energy infrastructure security.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264233836-8-en	fd7cb33a0a68b7fc6c24254c9224ff84	Pharmacists in South Australia are permitted to administer the influenza vaccine. In the Northern Territory, pharmacists in a pilot are permitted to administer influenza, measles mumps and rubella, adult diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines for adults. Western Australia recently amended legislation to allow pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	fd7f57ca97735fbe3e744094cfab367b	This context triggers specific challenges that can potentially be met by technology solutions through the adoption of new products and improving existing ones. Solutions available today, such as smart grids and modern renewable energy technologies, were not around for OECD countries at the similar stage of development. Non-OECD countries need to exploit long-term opportunities to move quickly towards sustainable energy systems and avoid technology lock-ins, especially since electricity infrastructure is characterised by long lifetimes. In an urban context, grid extension is the logical choice and electrification approaches are very similar around the world.	7	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	fd8169cee0df061ddd437289c184d65d	Careful consideration is also needed regarding the risks of potential consultation capture from over-represented categories, to the detriment of unheard voices. Equity between present and future generations in a perspective of sustainability should be promoted. Clarity, transparency and accountability: Define the ultimate line of decision making, the objectives of stakeholder engagement and the expected use of inputs.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	fd84d69f009b3a182d68a7281bc4452e	Evidence points towards the increased occurrence of violence against women during times of conflict (UN Women, 2011: 49, 88). Similarly, in the MENA region, while there are no reliable statistics on violence, the interviews, meetings and focus groups carried out throughout this project by the OECD and the Centre for Arab Women Training and Research with governments, civil society and other stakeholders suggest that, despite the efforts of governmental and non-governmental organisations, violence against women (physical, sexual and psychological) still occurs in both the public and private spheres. While the CEDAW does not explicitly refer to violence against women, the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women recommended in 1989 in its general Recommendation No.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-11-en	fd8614fb0e04e6b6ca48aa5c622f8c93	Thirdly, it explores issues related to women’s awareness and understanding of legal rights. Finally, it highlights social considerations in accessing justice. In particular, they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property, and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals. ( However, in practice, gaps remain and lead to discrimination against women.	5	0	5	1.0
11.1002/pub/80e3c4bf-ce25cf11-en	fd8e69a08fbca91686d531eb6c55a72c	Since 2015, ITU's Study Group 20 on loT and its applications has developed various standards on smart cities and communities. Recommendation ITU-T L.1600 provides an overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) and indicators for a global framework of city indicators with reference to the UN Habitat's City Prosperity Index. Recommendation ITU-T L.1601 defines these KPIs. Recommendation ITU-T L.1602 focuses on the sustainability impacts of ICT for smart sustainable cities.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en	fd91845dab14a4dfe7b0ec346ec0ffce	The test was administered at program entry and at each of the ages indicated. The programme greatly improved outcomes for both participating boys and girls, resulting in a statistically significant rate of return around 7%-10% per annum for both genders (see Heckman et al., Figure 11 shows histograms of measures of non-cognitive skills for the treatment and control groups.	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	fd9295033c896d8b9175f478d1214518	"This sector's product is perishable and most is shipped with no prior knowledge of what price it will receive. There are “tree-to-consumer"" schemes, where growers act as exporters. However, the industry is notable for many intermediaries who will only settle contracts with growers at the spot rate once they receive payment for the shipment."	2	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/150942f1-en	fd92a6e060828eb5933840204624ed18	This is due to the rise in agricultural incomes in rural areas, which partly offset the fall in other incomes and the rise in consumer prices. In Cameroon, absolute changes in child urban poverty rates over the simulated crisis period are around 1 percentage point larger than in rural areas, but high population in rural areas make its absolute contribution to national poverty stronger. In Burkina Faso the crisis mainly affects children living in rural areas.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3e6fd74f-en	fd92b8b335369babaa227a6be09b0e8d	"This calls for including care in the economic analysis (care as the ""shadow of work”), understanding its relationship to gender oppression and recognizing its value as a meaningful activity and a responsibility of citizenship. El cuidado como eje de politicas y de actores en America Latina"", Seminarios y Conferencias series. Just for the sake of setting a cut-off age, there is no question that beyond the age of 80 the fragility- rate is high, independence is inconsistent and there is a risk of functional loss."	1	9	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264121164-9-en	fd94aa47573e8e831f47b7707150b75f	Indicators that directly measure the skills of individuals are therefore needed. For this purpose, an indicator of reading skills of 15-year-old students is used here. This indicator captures reading literacy, defined as the “understanding, using, reflecting on and engaging with written tests, in order to achieve one’s goals, to develop one’s knowledge and potential, and to participate in society” (OECD, 2010c). The 2009 wave of PISA tested 470 000 students, representing 26 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 65 participating countries.	4	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264086197-en	fd950b6674a04d1e03f6c350da931f99	These foreign language subjects should be offered as of grade seven, on an equal footing with French or German. In the Netherlands, for example, immigrant students can choose their mother tongue as a second foreign language as part of the formal school curriculum. Municipalities and schools should consider drawing more on bilingual classroom assistants.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	fd9cd1012cd409b316321a738c524043	Interpretation of changes relative to the baseline should therefore account for climate change. Despite this, project and programme evaluations usually take place shortly after their completion. Depending on the nature of the initiative (e.g. drought or risk prevention), this may be years or decades before the impact of the intervention becomes apparent.	13	1	3	0.5
10.18356/127a6106-en	fd9e53f226ef28a5c4eacb2d9534ff02	Canahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), an underutilized Andean plant that is part of the spinach family and closely related to quinoa, with more than 200 varieties. It is remarkably frost-tolerant and has high nutritional value in terms of protein content and dietary fibre levels close to quinoa. They can be grown in areas where major staples requiring high inputs fail, and they to be more resistant to local pests and diseases.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264283497-en	fd9ea0dee5810c17b655b2ac0d8be110	The development of a National Action Plan on AMR was initiated by the Ministry of Health in 2016. Falling smoking prevalence and the introduction of local cardiac services from the mid-1990s explain part of the steady decline in heart disease. Yet Malta records relatively high levels of deaths within 30 days of admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, at 9.5 per 100 admissions among those aged 45 years and older, compared with 7.4 in the EU and 5.5 in Italy (2013) Similarly, higher-than-EU-average case-fatality rates were recorded for people hospitalised for stroke. Taken together, this may point to potentially systemic challenges in providing high quality treatment in the acute sector, although further investigation of the data is needed to better understand the causes for Malta’s lower performance on these indicators.	3	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-9-en	fda0eb4d067324fadaeaffd9a657ab97	Some countries also continue to restrict women’s access to this profession (e.g. Bahrain, Yemen). Yet, efforts are needed to increase women’s representation in leadership posts in civil society organisations across the region. These restrictions, among others discussed elsewhere in this report, can severely restrict women’s ability to fully participate in public and economic life. At the interface between governments and citizens, women in public leadership positions can exercise significant influence over the development, implementation and evaluation of public policy.	5	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a24ac2e3-en	fda2aa6dfeabf715fba9f462451e62b1	On the other hand, regions with the highest deprivation rates (Kidal, Tombouctou) have poverty rates of only 16% and 33% respectively. These patterns are related to the level of services available for families with children in each region and underscore the fact that low levels of poverty do not automatically translate into reductions in child deprivation. An increase of USD 1 per person per day would reduce the probability of being deprived by 25 percentage points in rural areas. The specific dimensions most strongly linked with income are health for younger children and education for older children.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/f85273a2-en	fda4ce72f13e6fcb2cf3e8a2155e6188	Global food prices have more than doubled over the past decade, reaching record highs in 2007-8 and 2010-11 (Figure 7.3). International prices for corn, wheat and rice more than doubled between 2006 and 2008. While prices declined in late 2008, food prices then rebounded, attaining new record highs in February 2011. Despite conflicting evidence, it would appear that recent price increases have also been accompanied by higher volatility, which increases uncertainty, thereby hindering investment in human and physical capital, technology, and innovation (FAO, 2009).	2	1	3	0.5
10.18356/223b7be0-en	fda963990cb22475469a18d8c5d3dd7d	Drawing particularly on African cases, they examine national and global efforts to right past wrongs. The contributors argue that, for women in post-conflict societies, “defying vic-timhood” means being recognized as an activist, peacebuilder and -above all - a full participant in post-war social, economic, political and security structures, access to which all too often has unjustly and unwisely been denied. We examine definitions of and approaches to peacebuilding more generally, followed by key challenges and opportunities for peacebuilding in the after-math of conflict.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/b276eed7-en	fdab156b178ddef5c508319c016a565d	First, there was criticism of the designation used by the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security to classify programme beneficiaries as “employable” or “unemployable” because it might serve to entrench a set of socio-economic differences historically produced and reproduced by inequitable and non-inclusive social structures (Campos, Faur and Pautassi, 2007). Second, there were misgivings that the “unemployable” category comprised mainly women of childbearing age with dependent children, which tended to divide exits from the programme along gender lines. Third, the fact that the solution for the “unemployable” group entailed a requirement to meet certain conditions, unlike the solutions offered to the other two groups, was a matter of concern from a rights standpoint.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	fdac1a1683b8264e638c60263260adaa	In a sharing regime, water users would find the threat of periodic bans and uncertainty replaced with a clear incentive-based structure. Decisions would be based on consideration of the full suite of opportunities available to all users. One of the most important features of this approach is that the attention of all water users is drawn to the need to plan for and deal with water scarcity'.	6	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289348454-6-en	fdacc0be3ed8a404f23ee5ac0f857383	Neither one is easy to answer. Through her presentation JBJ drew attention to the fact that taxonomy for nature resources is urgently needed in order to prevent misuse or unfortunate use of nature resources. Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important as it is providing a greater and greater share of total fish production and is expected to be vital for future food security. Since 2000 aquaculture production globally has increased by 6.9% but when looking at the European Union aquaculture production has in the same period only grown by 0.5%.	14	0	4	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	fdaf0a2c7d8955e4c84a23266fdb02dc	The programme is targeted on poor households with children aged 5-16, as well as on the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant or lactating women; altogether it covers about 5.8 million children, two-thirds of whom are aged under 15 years. In addition, it has contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of low height-for-age and increased muscle mass among beneficiary children (World Bank, 2009b). The same results are reported by two different studies using experimental data. According to Shamah et al (2007), the rate of anaemia has decreased three times more compared to the control group due to nutrition based on the enriched milk.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	fdaf3a639934d997cb175671a0bf1540	In contrast, several countries experienced an increase in the number of benefit recipients that outpaced the growth in unemployment (Czech Republic, Hungary, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, TUrkey, United Kingdom, United States). In some cases, this may have been the result of measures designed specifically to increase benefit coverage or eligibility (e.g. United States, Korea) or to extend benefit duration or generosity (e.g. TUrkey, United States). It is possible that some people could receive both Ul and UA in a single year and so be counted twice.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264205307-5-en	fdafa0e9c692321b59f61f39780e6616	Progressive harmonisation of the regulatory framework provides a more favourable context for these co-operations. Several cross-border co-operations have been initiated by European Territorial Co-operation, such as the first Interreg I programme (1990-93), which has supported the emergence of cross-border structures, the so-called “Euroregions” in the old core of Europe (Benelux, France, Germany and other central areas of the European Union). Subsequent Interreg programmes have provided support to different forms and spatial scales of cross-border co-operation arrangements, and injected funding sources to kick-start cross-border partnerships (Box 2.6).	9	3	2	0.2
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	fdb385857baa3832c77e526690efd5cc	As of the fourth quarter of 2009, the unemployment rate was about 1.5 percentage points higher than the level implied by Okun’s law. Panel B of Figure 1.10 confirms that unemployment has responded more strongly to the decline in output in the United States during the 2008-09 recession than in past recessions, even as the unemployment response has been weaker than in the past in the large majority of OECD countries. Okun (1962) highlighted two such factors, namely, procyclical variations in labour force participation and labour productivity.	8	0	4	1.0
10.6027/9789289330718-10-en	fdb554ece7014c90cb1a55eb1aa81675	The system was designed to operate at temperatures down to 20°C below zero, with the lowest temperature so far being -37°C. Many of the perspectives brought forward in this context are, moreover, applicable as development issues in the Arctic. The first two points are compatible with higher prices for energy, the third is harder to reconcile.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f47faf05-en	fdb5f1f2f667b7cdb28b2e635d5f987c	Common vector-borne diseases include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and Lyme disease. Some vector-borne diseases are directly affected by climate change, specifically by the change in rain patterns and floods. This topic includes health statistics such as morbidity (incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measures of the associated impact on the labour force and on the economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with vector-borne environmental factors are to be included in this topic. This topic includes statistics on the incidence and prevalence of melanoma and other skin cancers, and the incidence and prevalence of cataracts associated with excessive and prolonged UV radiation exposure.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264118430-4-en	fdb743fcd7595da0b55039355c0db7d0	They impinge on the quality of the water supplied, and increase the wear of the infrastructure. This, coupled with persistently high levels of pipe-breaks throughout the region, allows for cross-contamination between water supply and sanitation pipes, with significant consequences for public health (as discussed in a later sub-section). This suggests that the slight improvement in continuity of supply is not linked to improved infrastructure, but rather to the fact that utilities are under less financial pressure to interrupt water supplies in order to save costs (e.g. by reduced electricity consumption of water pumps). The interruptions in supply are therefore increasingly likely to be due to technical factors (such as pipe breaks and sewerage blockages) than to cost saving measures.	6	1	4	0.6
10.18356/bc5ec3da-en	fdb9bb876699e6984e0c1156ddf44a11	Consequently, cities worldwide must take advantage of the need to redress existing deficiencies in housing, urban infrastructure and services, whilst simultaneously creating jobs and stimulating the urban economy. It stigmatizes and even removes large groups of the urban population from a socially and economically productive life (Box 1.2); and it excludes, by preventing them and their children from benefitting from opportunities to advance in the society at large. While inequality and exclusion are closely related as shown in Chapter 4, inequality has been at the centre of policy discussion. It is therefore gratifying that Goal 10 of the Sustainable Development Agenda seeks to reduce inequality within and among countries.	11	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/agr/pol-2014-4-en	fdc2525a75714961fab98acd358845f7	While mobilising public as well as private funds for innovation remains an important challenge, much can be achieved by better organisational set-up of the knowledge and innovation system to connect different stakeholders, make research and development more responsive to demand, and improve related collaboration across countries. The G20 initiative AMIS makes important contributions to enhancing transparency of market information for some key agricultural commodities. More could be done to develop and share information on the performance of agricultural technology and production systems, and information that is important for fundamental research on plant and animal breeding, as discussed at previous G20 Meetings of Agricultural Chief Scientists. Improving quality and accessibility of evidence-based information on innovative solutions for farmers and non-specialised users would also be important.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/rev/fish-2015-30-en	fdc652bbe9e9485a8697f2f6a23c567a	Major expenditures are for surveillance and enforcement and for research. Minor support is available to the sealing sector and for the transport scheme (of fish) established to reduce cost disadvantages caused by geographical or structural conditions. The number of fishing vessels registered in the Register of Norwegian Fishing Vessels decreased from 6 211 vessels in 2012 to 6 128 vessels in 2013. The largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels (less than 11 meters) and account for 79% of the vessels.	14	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.14217/9781848591271-8-en	fdc9098847295914668ac2e3145cc41a	In the rural areas, 11 ward groups involve disabled people, parents, teachers and children who identify as disabled people; ensure sufficient teaching and learning materials and assistive teachers; make the learning environment welcoming; organise events to raise awareness; and collect funds for physical access improvements. The work with families was crucial in encouraging them to enrol their disabled children in school and to become allies in their struggle for rights and education. Case studies are used in national and international advocacy for changes to laws, policies and development programmes relevant to inclusive education.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jlww004n6nq-en	fdca80de8ba8189dab9aef984d2412ac	Having common modalities, procedures and guidelines for accounting and reporting could therefore facilitate the global stocktake. Article 4.13 and paragraph 31 of Decision 1/CP.21 establish principles for accounting for the NDCs of all Parties, including transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency, environmental integrity, and avoidance of double counting. As will be discussed in Section 5, improved reporting by individual countries on climate finance provided, mobilised and projected, as well as needed and received in the case of developing countries, can facilitate an understanding of aggregate climate finance flows in relation to agreed goals. However, an assessment commensurate with the objective of the global stocktake will require further inputs, including from a range of actors and bodies outside the UNFCCC such as multilateral development banks (MDBs) and international organisations. The global stocktake shall also “inform Parties in updating and enhancing” their actions and support related to implementing the Paris Agreement.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264278875-4-en	fdcea6b0274e7aa6f2c6f1e3ee0841c2	For example, in 2013 the Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications (MTT) produced a National Plan for Port Development that identified priority investments in the port sector over a time horizon extending 20 years. In 2014, the MTT also produced a “Master Transport Plan for Santiago in 2025”, which presented a long-term integrated plan for urban transport covering all transport modes, including both public transport (regional trains, subways, tramways and buses) and motorways, urban roads and bicycle lanes. Similarly, in 2010, the MOP (see Box 2.1) published a “Plan Director de Infraestructura”, which looked ahead to 2020, and, applying a methodology called ‘Tranus”, developed a combined transport and land use model which served as the basis for identifying projects in different regions of the country (Consejo de Politicas de Infraestructura, 2014).	9	0	3	1.0
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	fdcf365b642d127be763f94e3fc40618	"Yet Deckard likes her and asks her out on a date - using a graffiti-scrawled public payphone. We wrongly assume that a technology like ""Rachael"" could somehow appear, yet little else would change. And we're hypnotized by the most sophisticated stuff, missing humble ideas that quietly change everything."	9	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/281344f5-en	fdd07d34bffc6e17fc1ca2f5319682e6	Under the high-fertility projection (in which fertility rates descend from todays levels, but not as rapidly as in other projections), the worlds youth population would exceed 3.5 billion by the end of the century. The need for social resilience is likely to grow, and today’s young will need in their own adulthood to be the main agents of tomorrow’s resilience. Their resilience depends in part on whether they are healthy and educated, whether they have options and opportunities in life, and whether they are fully engaged citizens whose rights are upheld. If girls and young women continue to face gender discrimination, early marriage and barriers to sexual and reproductive health and rights, resilience to rapid social and environmental change will be further undermined.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/663aa107-en	fdd66189b017367906458e211ac59a82	Chapter 4 also provides information on water use in Iran, which does not share the watercourse of the Tigris River itself but hosts important tributaries within the Tigris Basin. Finally, the Shatt al Arab River is discussed together with two additional major tributaries, the Karkheh and the Karun Rivers, which discharge directly into the Mesopotamian Marshes or the Shatt al Arab itself, and are hence neither part of the Euphrates or Tigris River basins (Chap. The Keban Dam is located 10 km downstream in a narrow gorge.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/6bf07ffd-en	fdd6d482f25fa27fcce081f8a8f2b833	The proportion of the members of poor households who were injured or killed was 6.3 per cent, while 81.3 per cent experienced damage to their house, land or livelihood. The corresponding proportions for well-off households were 2.6 and 55-3 per cent, respectively. It is poor farmers and pastoralists, however, who have been shown to be most vulnerable, given their limited ability to mobilize the resources necessary for adapting to these climate changes, which include water and land, and their lack of political power in society (Cotula, 2006; Silva, 2016).	13	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264262430-8-en	fdd8159ea9c1e151bff43d5beb955f16	These relationships between new and expert or highly experienced teachers could be a significant source of feedback for new teachers if there is time for observing the new teacher while they are teaching or co-planning and co-teaching lessons with the new teacher. Feedback and plans for professional learning can be part of the reflection process. It provides a variety of supports for new teachers, including: orientation for all new teachers by the school and school board; mentoring for new teachers by experienced teachers; on-the-job training in areas such as classroom management; communication with parents; and other activities aligned with current ministry initiatives.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/ae18b798-en	fddb26cb1cd7e341d09721408d2ad4d1	Atkinson, Marlier and Wolf (2010) argue that selecting a particular set of dimensions is equivalent to attributing zero weight to other aspects which are not included, and question whether the various items should be weighted the same in the different countries. The inclusion of material items has also been questioned on the basis that the social meaning of goods and activities essential for social participation differs from one country to another (Till and Bffe, 2010). In turn, Fusco, Guio and Marlier (2010) warn that this method combines diverging concepts of poverty (income as opposed to deprivation) and mixes different standards for making them operational (the situation in one country relative to a European standard). Adopting the 60% median line as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs yields six countries with relative poverty rates above absolute poverty. These are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. Relative poverty decreased between 2002 and 2010, but not as much as absolute poverty.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264191761-en	fddb6e61fcef151aac3e08e323a30ba4	I and II, Washington, DC, World Bank, November. Environment Protection and Sustainable Development of Kazakhstan, 2004, 2008,2010. Land designated for agricultural use does not include agricultural land in the Land Reserve, Forest, and Water Reserves, in special protected areas, agricultural land of urban and rural settlements, and industrial and transport entities. Statistical data on farm machinery and equipment for agricultural food processing.	2	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264255517-6-en	fddb86fde86ec630f4e481f11155bb77	The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. See OECD/ITF (2015) for details.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/d990dbd9-en	fddbc805e7c94abbf07bd466f45be0e3	Other substances have been judged harmful and hence have been placed under strict control. This is the case for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances controlled under the international drug control conventions. Irrespective of the level of control, regulation and societal approval or disapproval, one factor common to all psychoactive substances, referred to in this chapter as “drugs” for the sake of brevity, is their propensity to lead to drug use disorders following use, whether frequent or occasional. Drug use disorders are associated with significant levels of disease (morbidity) and disability, constitute a burden on national resources, and cause immeasurable human suffering.	3	1	7	0.75
10.1787/5jxrcmgpc6mn-en	fde43162ba84e36a3b51ed0ebb2289ce	Early studies on benefit spell durations are based on annual data on benefit receipt focusing primarily on the receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in the United States (Bane & Ellwood, 1983, 1994; O’Neill, Bassi, & Wolf, 1987; Hoynes & MaCurdy, 1994).23 One common conclusion of these studies is that while there is clear evidence of long-term benefit receipt, the large majority of spells are relatively short. An obvious limitation is however that the measurement of spell durations in these studies is quite imprecise. For individuals who remain on benefits for prolonged periods, benefit spell lengths will be overestimated as no distinction can be made between single long spells and a series of recurrent shorter spells.	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	fde8904139899a4bfc1e59e5757fc194	In the same way that knowledge was the defining difference between the growth that emerged in the latter part of the 20 Century, “Green” or growth that is derived from low carbon or environmentally sustainable business practices, products goods and services will be the defining difference in the economy in the first half of the 21st Century. Green growth will also necessitate the development of new measurements covering dimensions of quality-of-life above and beyond material well-being. Nevertheless, getting a sense of the current potential in Sydney is difficult.	7	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/5ad16036-en	fdece150a17f7849e1f045c39ba96703	The State of the Worlds Children: Children with Disabilities. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Each product of such a birth is considered a live birth. These calculations are, strictly speaking, not rates (that is, the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/750717ff-en	fded9d607e75d298d27f54433198f7fc	To avoid this, from the outset of the flooding, the Institute of Public Health of Belgrade City increased the drinking water monitoring sequence and installed additional treatment by activated carbon, in order to monitor any flood-related impact. At the same time, what is now the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, carried out monitoring of the surface water of the Drina and Sava Rivers at selected sites upstream of the water source area of Belgrade, to control the main potential threats, leakage and “washing-out” of contaminants in the flooded area draining to the rivers, with special focus on industrial sites, the high concentration of pesticides from agricultural land, and sanitary and septic wastes also entering the water system from downstream. In addition, this Law stresses the importance of the development of water transport, as well as the ports and harbours of Serbia. Vessels are prohibited from the discharge and leakage into inland waters of harmful objects or substances, including oil and oil derivatives, which may cause pollution of inland waters or create obstacles and dangers to navigation.	6	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/db6c4d5e-en	fdee2fd55896df0fe9761c790edd6625	Some attributed the women’s behaviour to their nurturing nature. Although rare before the war in Cambodia, women-headed households constituted between 25 and 30 per cent of all families in the late 1990s. In the Ixcan region of Guatemala, women-headed households were not uncommon before the conflict, but their proportion increased during the war and later constituted an estimated 30-50 per cent of all households.	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/f48a31b8-en	fdef92b9356657732f6da203b1622192	River basin councils are the mechanisms to ensure the participation of local communities in water management. Legal and institutional mechanisms are already in place and anticipated to have better effect while further developing and implementing RBMPs in compliance with the WFD. The availability of financial means to perform these tasks is an important aspect of meeting the target.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264196155-4-en	fdf2e85823b59e4c3c6cc1585c9e19ec	Younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value, while daughters receive only small symbolic items. The share of children not attending mandatory schooling is also much higher among ethnic minority girls compared to the national average. Such discriminatory social norms contribute to the devalorisation of girls and women, affect self-esteem and perpetuate gender inequalities that have longterm social and financial costs. Coverage is high among workers in the state and FDI sectors, but low for those in the non-state sector, most of whom are informal workers.	10	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/d6a81156-en	fdf356dd80feeb11e1faee2dcb9e8319	"In what countries are high-achieving students attracted to teaching? In-service teacher surveys often show that current teachers are highly motivated by the intrinsic benefits of teaching - working with children and helping them develop, and making a contribution to society - while studies that survey large pools of graduates about their career choices show that the relative salaries of graduate occupations play a role in their choices: had teachers’ salaries been higher, more “potential teachers"" would have seriously considered a career in teaching. At the country level, results indicate that both teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are positively associated with students' expectations of working as teachers."	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	fdf53712dc4b41aec2cbfe02066e7cb1	Local governments can apply for national subsidies that can be used to promote local investment to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency and independence. Examples of funded municipal activities include removing disincentives for individuals to reduce emissions, such as eliminating free parking, and subsidising the cost of retrofitting filling stations to add a pump to supply renewable biofuels (Corfee-Morlot et al., Such system should be developed and tailored to green growth/sustainable development/climate change objectives in the Philippines.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264188617-en	fdf5bc2b337c40b1a117f3d9706b10c9	While all technologies have system costs, those generated by variable renewables are of at least an order of magnitude larger than those of dispatchable technologies. In addition, they are creating a market environment in which dispatchable technologies are no longer able to finance themselves through revenues in “energy only” electricity wholesale markets. In addition, system costs tend to increase over-proportionally with the amount of variable electricity injected into the system.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en	fdf7a5c97fb4b4460447d914cbc6b58f	We use the narrow definition here and this unemployment rate is shown to be decreasing as we move up the income deciles. The unemployment rate is higher for every decile in 2008 than in 1993 and is particularly severe amongst the bottom five deciles. The previous three tables show clearly that, in the initial post-Apartheid period, participation rates increased faster than absorption rates with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles.	10	0	3	1.0
10.18356/0a98da25-en	fdf81196d3f9dc9121b661ca9efb2af4	First, such transactions tend to be focused on short-term gains rather than long-term productive investment. Second, speculative activity has harmful destabilizing effects on the real economy, contributing to volatility, financial crisis and, as a result, crises in the real economy in terms of lost output, unemployment, and economic insecurity that weighs most heavily on households with low incomes and few assets. Most rates are in the range of 0.1 per cent to 0.3 per cent but are as high as 0.6 per cent in Argentina (Burman etal. According to Rodrik (2006), the opportunity cost of those reserves is roughly i per cent of GDP.	5	3	1	0.5
10.1787/5kggc0rpw55l-en	fdf8986be5a6e199180c78c86bfc973a	Resource management, broadly defined and including housing renovation and repair, was estimated to account for two-thirds of the market in 2000; environmental protection, mainly wastewater treatment facilities and provision of waste services, accounted for the remaining third. Source: MOE (2003). The largest growth in employment and market value was expected in the energy sector and in the manufacturing sector for air pollution control equipment (Table 7).	12	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264229679-4-en	fdf90f5031065d18dc5a8fb262f7b84f	Others are closely aligned to, or informed by, major adaptation programmes (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). A third group of countries have focussed their approach on monitoring changes in a number of priority areas (e.g. Germany and the UK). A few frameworks, nonetheless, do include an evaluative component (e.g. the Philippines, France, and the UK). For example, the objective of the Philippine’s framework is to identify the approaches to adaptation that are most effective in bringing about the desired change and to understand how the change came about. To achieve this objective, the framework includes seven results chains reflecting the adaptation priorities identified in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2011-2028.	13	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	fdfba7edd24f6da5dc16a3933b819f30	In this way, eight planning periods for the modelling of one day and 2 920 planning periods for the modelling of one year are required. The finally realised operation of the single power plants and storages results from the combination of unit commitment decisions from the day-ahead planning period with a forecasting horizon of 36 hours and the successive planning periods with the shorter planning horizon. Stochastic programming enables, in addition to a point forecast, the consideration of the possible distribution of the wind and load forecast error. The forecast error distribution is depicted by scenario trees with discrete error levels.	7	2	4	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2010-2-en	fe00a0f00c6d2158e275580e0be5baed	The results with respect to skill intensity suggest that firms with relatively high levels of average skill intensity tend to smooth employment more than other firms. This is likely to reflect the possibility that more skilled workers possess higher levels of firm-specific human capital. The role of export status was also considered but did not yield any conclusive results.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264172616-5-en	fe00b5a7649dc4c4140adb2e104df314	The class given should be part of the learning unit planned in the portfolio. The class should contain two or more activities. Issues addressed include analysis of the sequencing of activities, time management and the interaction in class. It requires the teacher to undertake the analysis of the learning progression of a single student, an account of student performance within the class, and an assessment of own strengths and weaknesses.	4	0	5	1.0
10.18356/bf400991-en	fe011165706fadf82a3a64d4e93a9cbe	In the parts of the city where the poor live, roads are often unpaved, poorly drained and maintained. A study in 18 African cities found that people devoted 8-15 per cent of their total household expenditure to transport, with the poor spending 4-10 per cent of income on transport. Actual spending patterns on transport are, however, complex and often localized.	11	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/807e55db-ec047466-en	fe015f50a860ed5f95940b07b10a2e7d	The problem of TDS network is the inefficiency due to the rather long guard-time. Usually the guard-time is required to absorb the switching time of optical switches. In TDS network, it is also used to absorb the clock sy nchronization error and time-slot-phase difference, w hich is caused by the various fiber lengths between nodes (asynchronous phase network).	7	3	1	0.5
10.1787/4fdf9eaf-en	fe063aab79f4c06baa7b767ac88cfb3c	Support for project preparation can help to address capacity constraints relating to climate resilience. Blended finance can be used to improve the risk-retum profile of investments where appropriate. It can also withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions caused by these climate conditions.	13	0	9	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	fe07296f72c711e73b72f3bd0acef343	These assumptions portray a specific macroeconomic and demographic environment which shapes the evolution of demand and supply for agricultural and fish products. These general factors are described below. The statistical tables, at the end of the publication, provide more detailed data for these assumptions.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264116917-10-en	fe09c52907a0d258ecfcb602f4414940	The State Services Commission (SSC) also plays an ongoing role in terms of advising policy for, and direction of, the state sector. It holds responsibility for evaluating and reporting on the quality of education provided in early childhood services, kura and schools. The Education Act gives ERO’s Chief Review Officer the right to initiate reviews, investigate, report and publish findings on the provision of education in New Zealand.	4	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	fe0dfdedf3046557f940d8d7a40d6a1d	Another 34% of Indonesian fisheries exports went to the United States and 24.1% to Japan in 2010, while approximately 11.6% were destined to ASEAN countries. In the last decade Indonesia lost one third of its EU market share due to external competition from large exporters like Ecuador and China, as well as internal inertia in addressing applicable standards and certification requirements (Lord et al., Consequently, there seems to be considerable scope for Indonesia to increase the amount of fishery products exported to the EU market.	2	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	fe0e73d1769b345eb5393062e08e2f70	This will occur gradually once the legislation currently in Congress proposing PROT as a statutory planning instrument is approved. These should not be confused with the central government’s established Strategic Regional Plans (one for each region). Strategic Regional Plans are top-down documents designed as a roadmap for Intendentes to ensure the President’s Programme of Government is executed at the regional level.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/50e33932-en	fe0f2c0427d2e75cbd98bcbd8ea588a7	The rationales behind the Regional Development Investment Agreement are to enhance the local governments’ autonomy and capacity on their own regional development agenda and to break the policy silos among central ministries which dominate regional policies through sectoral approaches. In order to meet the goal of improving the efficiency of policies and the regional autonomy, the new agreement system is equipped with powerful tools. Financially, large amounts (approximately 15 billion KRW for each pilot region) of government support will cover 30-80% of the costs of projects in the agreements over up to 3 years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en	fe0f6f079dae0d5958459758d01752c6	Exemptions from co-payments apply to drags administered in the treatment of cancers, psychotic disorders, mental impairment, developmental disorders and some infectious diseases. Listed drags are free or with no co-payment up to the reimbursement limit for some population groups (for example soldiers, military invalids and blood and transplant donors). Also, spending on OTC products as a share of pharmaceutical expenditure is by far the greatest in Poland at above 40% of total pharmaceutical expenditure.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-5-en	fe16f7fe2a82343771de3c9dd42bddf6	At the intra-urban level, the quality of road infrastructure and public transport influences mobility and home-to-work connectivity within the urban perimeter and its adjacent areas. At the inter-urban level, transport infrastructure is essential for urban capacity to attract and retain investment and capital and to develop competitive advantages. The transport sector in Chile has progressed greatly in recent decades: public transportation is more widely available within and between cities and the quality and extension of transport infrastructure has improved.	11	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264292659-4-en	fe19fbfd3e5efbb65ec230ba29069917	A network of basin organisations claimed that given the scope of their activities, Principles 2, 4 and 10 related to managing water at the right scale, the capacity of responsible authorities to face water challenges and stakeholder engagement, received special attention. The low rate of responses does not allow for a thorough assessment of “why” these organisations did not use of the Principles. However, several reasons were reported, including poor understanding of the Principles within their organisation; encountering capacity challenges related to staff, time or funding; weak alignment of the Principles with their organisational priorities; and prior implementation of the Principles in the respondent’s country of residence.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/eb366761-en	fe1e898ba387497b41bd49b237393354	A national programme should be started to support citizens’ use of renewable energy (primarily solar) by, for example, providing subsidies for solar panel and battery purchase. Equipping the housing stock with communal heat metering instniments will make people accountable for their actual consumption and improve the financial resilience of heat providers. Actual heat consumption data will encourage energy-saving measures in housing. To this end, there will need to establish a programme for targeted assistance with utility payments and funds targeted from the national budget.	11	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	fe21d695d29198c5279e2db5f53f2cb9	However, the effect of JIEPA is diluted by the exclusion of certain items, particularly rice (ICTSD, 2008). The evaluation is based on the indicators of agricultural support developed by the OECD, including the Producer Support Estimate (PSE), Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) and Total Support Estimate (TSE) (Box 2.4). The NPC is also available by commodity.	2	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.1787/pension/glance-2013-5-en	fe221a5f938be9908fc56a32c7221bcf	It was publicly released in May 2013 and supplies comparable data on assets in euro area countries (Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Network, 2013a and 2013b).34 The variable drawn from the Eurosystem HFCS defines financial assets as the sum of the values of investments in private businesses (but not the self-employed), sight accounts, saving accounts, mutual funds, bonds, shares, managed accounts, “other” assets, private loans, voluntary pension plans, and whole life insurance schemes. However, it excludes public and occupational pension plans (see Box 2.4 on funded private pensions). While the reader should bear this limitation in mind, examining the data that are available can inform the debate on the adequacy of retirement incomes. They are mandatory or quasi-mandatory in 13 OECD countries.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/bf400991-en	fe24409e8ee1c0e253619c7ba2552a92	Also, over 100 cities engaged in the City Prosperity Initiative have monitored urban expansion and population growth using the same methodology applied for the global sample of cities. Taking advantage of international meetings, specialized trainings were rovided to the large public on the definition, concepts and methods to measure this indicator. Further capacity-building efforts targeting NSOs and local governments are planned for 2018-2019 to promote the monitoring and reporting of the indicator. These technologies, when combined with ground-truthing support the development and refinement of models which can be applied at local, national, regional and global scales to generate high accuracy data for monitoring.	11	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289329583-1-en	fe24a722ae2f2ebf321788be2ff85fcb	The evidence, however, is less reliable than the corresponding evidence for smoking. However, healthcare and productivity costs associated with specific dietary patterns, and specific foods, are disputable, due to the unclear relationships between diet and future health outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of interventions designed for changing health behaviours is largely unknown.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789282108055-3-en	fe24c79e46ee37c61adbe8321a8d6bf8	This reflects the contribution that the UN expects road injury prevention to make towards a paradigm shift in favour of healthy lifestyles and sustainable urban development. The SDGs are universal in scope, and therefore apply to all UN Member States. The highly ambitious target for reductions in both road crash fatalities and injuries poses a significant challenge to all governments to reinvigorate their national road safety policies and plans.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/52043f6e-en	fe2fbee169f21f75bf808c3bd1d78c1c	The Austrian Code of Criminal Procedure, since 2006, provides specific procedures and rights for women complainants/survivors of violence in the criminal justice process in order to avoid their secondary victimization. The application of such laws has proven to be problematic as they do not focus on healing of, and providing redress to, the survivor. In addition, in many instances, the use of customary and/or religious law has been seen to preclude the survivor from seeking redress within the formal justice system.	5	0	7	1.0
10.6027/9789289329491-7-en	fe31bb8cc9dcec465d33d71003588b97	The ECA does not allow monitoring the resilience/health of specific ecosystems via the monitoring of specific species - similarly, none of the accounts are suitable to monitor the status of biodiversity of species over time. This information is provided separately via biodiversity indicators. If methods improve to be able to better measure ecosystem degradation / ecological debt and associated loss of value, then there is potential to estimate a value for degradation/depreciation of the natural capital stock that could be used to adjust GDP.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/028f7d06-en	fe346418406e3a714175e1bdcb7b3d3b	Hence, dropping out of school early restricts choices in the labour market, while the requirements for most jobs limit the possibilities for attending an educational establishment on a regular basis. And taking on domestic responsibilities at an early age is usually incompatible with staying in school. Some examples are direct subsidies for attending educational institutions, flexible work hours for young people, day care centres, expanded school schedules, creation of opportunities for training outside the formal educational system and, indirectly, conditional cash transfers. It is harder to act on other factors with a major impact on school desertion, such as signals from the market concerning the value that society attaches to educational attainments and the inertia of traditional symbolic representations that define a place in society for women from lower socio-economic strata by assigning them roles as housekeepers and mothers. Add to this the negative impact of this mix of precariousness and responsibility and one of the results is the low level of life satisfaction among the 15-to-29-year-olds in Latin America who have children.	1	2	2	0.0
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	fe37fa5b3229735c7e70997064683efa	"Hence, profitability is fairly high in these businesses, but still lower than in large parts of the labour market in general. The primary occupations are dominant in the villages, whereas service jobs are more common in Mariehamn (ASUB 2008: 30, own translation). As regards entrepreneurship, segregation between different lines of business does seem to be even higher than in the labour market in general"" (ASUB 2008: 29). Some of the most significant aspects relating to the focus of this report are, on the plus side: The geographical location of the Aland Islands between the two rapidly growing markets of Stockholm and Helsinki, fast and easy access to public authorities and a strong tradition for entrepreneurship and micro enterprises."	5	8	1	0.7777777777777778
10.18356/d100c303-en	fe3884f249f1c1bcae94fedba2570026	It also had a positive impact on classroom performance for children already in school. In Cambodia, an initiative providing scholarships to at-risk pupils from low-income households increased the average time they remained in school by more than half a grade.270 In Colombia, Ghana and Pakistan, cash transfers programmes have helped improve rates of transition to higher levels of education. For example, cash transfer programmes led to improved test scores for children in Burkina Faso and modest improvements in Morocco.27' Meanwhile, school feeding programmes have been linked to increased learning and cognitive development. In fact, the goals include a specific target on implementing nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures to achieve substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable by 2030. However, countries can realize social protection by taking incremental approaches that work within their resource and capacity constraints - as well as their social and economic policy frameworks - towards the ultimate goal of universal coverage.	1	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/bf400991-en	fe38a56bd9d59bb1e210bf54ef4ab512	The capacity of institutions and individuals is central to the success ofaNUR which is why UN-Habitat and its partners develop tailored training programs to strengthen the ability of cities and municipalities to manage urban development with relevant data, knowledge and tools. To support the NUP process, training programmes are initiated through various conferences and workshops. These forums include elements such as national consultations, workshops and other capacity building and advocacy activities.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/150942f1-en	fe3e8d6f3e092d9d2b66e94b7601be5e	This is primarily due to the greater monetary poverty impacts already noted and the fact that food prices are predicted to increase much more than non-food prices in Ghana. Among older children (11-14 years old), only Burkina Faso is significantly affected with enrolment drops of about 0.5 percentage points and slightly greater increases in child labour activities. This result is observed in all 3 countries, with the largest reduction in consultation rates (roughly 1 percentage point) predicted for Burkina Faso.	1	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-chn-2010-11-en	fe3e9a9f7725b8552764decade8a19fb	To achieve complete payment of, say, 60% of expenditure between the deductible and the limit for catastrophic insurance would require a further payment of CNY 200 per person. This, moreover, is without allowing for the price elasticity of demand which, while lower than unity, is still sufficient to increase total outlays significantly when out-of-pocket expenses fall (Brown and Theoharides, 2009). With the system still not fully rolled out, it is too early to look for effects on macro-level health outcomes.	3	1	3	0.5
10.1787/eco/surveys-hun-2014-6-en	fe3f5781579ab91236efdabe5571b742	Broadly speaking, mismatches can be defined as imbalances between labour supply and demand across geographic regions, sectors, occupations and skills. In Hungary, the main mismatch is a large structural excess of low-skilled labour supply, resulting in a very low employment rate among this group (Figure 2.2, Panel A; Fazekas and Scharle, 2012). In contrast, high-skilled labour is in somewhat tight supply in certain fields, such as medical professions, and more companies report skill shortages than the European Union (EU) average (European Commission, 2013a).	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/cc778895-en	fe3fcdee91ae6fd4abec945b845b7008	Hoffmann (2005), De Lima, Barreto and Marinho (2003) and Menezes and Pinto (2005). These findings can then be used to compare inequality and income elasticities of poverty and extreme poverty in different periods of the economic history of Brazil. In the second section, a brief overview is presented of the literature on the impact that economic growth, on the one hand, and income inequality, on the other, have on poverty. This is followed by a description of the database, models and econometric methodology that have been used.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264265493-9-en	fe40acf766fc72c786594da67094516b	She was studying the experiences of women who form small minorities in the corporate sector. Kanter estimated that, when the proportion of minority members reached about 30%, they were able to influence decision making autonomously as a group. In the 1980s, her findings were picked up on by the Danish political scientist Drude Dahlerup (Dahlerup, 1988), w ho argued that the critical mass phenomenon could also apply to women who constituted a minority' group in politics. As for the outcomes that critical mass could produce, Kanter and Dahlerup referred mainly to the possibility’ that increased numbers would enable women to form supportive coalitions and promote women-relevant policy change.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264238121-6-en	fe437ce3a47d168bcce6f9ab2cdd3030	On the one hand, the radical liberal way of thinking, which was in favour of refraining public authority to free civil society market forces from the “state inefficiency”; and on the other hand the radical promoters of participatory democracy as the only vehicle of “true” emancipation of the citizens (Abers and Keck, 2013). By the end of the 1990s, almost 40 000 participatory councils or committees had been created throughout the country as the “ethos” of Brazil at the dawn of the newly established democracy. In fact, to a large extent, some of the tensions and difficulties in the negotiation of successive Brazilian water laws (Figure 2.1) are still present.	6	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264191808-6-en	fe446dac34aa2e5d0d6b7d3ab0d171ff	"The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Improving Chile’s urban outcomes will require adjusting its urban governance framework, including building the capacity to bring central and sub-national, public and private actors together to build a “whole-of-city"" approach to urban initiatives. This chapter focuses on Chile’s urban administrative structures, recent sub-national reforms and sub-national financing practices."	11	0	5	1.0
10.1787/3726edff-en	fe45a12bab20b7c2987c5bc6d1c472a7	However, these resources are still very important contributions to improve the well-being of people in both developed and developing countries. The answer may lie in a new, broader measure on development finance, which is currently being developed by the international community. Institutions in developed countries with collaborators in developing countries often manage research projects and programmes. One of the main aims of such partnership is to benefit from the, often, greater research capacity in developed countries and the local, contextual knowledge in developing countries.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264292093-10-en	fe468a9fdf9f66296e37da0c46727915	On average across OECD countries, and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of schools, no association can be identified between the percentage of immigrant students attending a school and the likelihood that students attending that school will attain baseline levels of academic proficiency. After accounting for schools’ socio-economic profile, a high concentration of immigrant students was associated with poorer performance in Germany, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. Slovenia was the only country where students who attend schools where more than one in four students has an immigrant background are less likely to attain baseline levels of proficiency, after accounting for the school’s socio-economic profile.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7e830810-en	fe489781e596ffcc8a177fc7668f9272	By 2009, GEF-funded UNIDO projects amounted to $257 million. Typical projects include policy support (providing fiscal incentives for industrial energy efficiency, setting up benchmarking and best-practice dissemination programmes, ensuring energy management standards); building capacity (energy management systems training, training industry managers and engineers); implementing pilot industrial energy-efficiency projects; and financing (supporting schemes with relevant financing institutions). The Three-Country Energy Efficiency Project introduced new approaches to domestic and international energy-efficiency financing in these countries, including loan financing schemes, energy service company or third-party financing and demand-side management programmes (World Bank 2008).	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	fe48b460d77cee69a5e2e4baab344f11	It works on a contractual basis with the 18 municipal water providers (until 2018). Water supply continues to be governed by national laws and associated regional laws and policies. The Veneto ATO also plays a regulatory role: it sets fees for water services, and determines contractually-based incentive payments and fines for compliance with water quality standards/environmental standards established by VERITAS.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jlpl4mh1hxn-en	fe4b0ca44673463a43d9835aa370101f	Systems approaches to development-related challenges are becoming more widespread as they are better able to analyse and harness the complex interlinkages between issues, sectors, actors, levels and timescales in the design of appropriate measures. Work simultaneously with the individual and the group. This is essential to build the critical mass of capacity and resources that would help to redress power imbalances and promote resilience.	2	5	0	1.0
10.18356/df3c95f8-en	fe4c9c59adc26acb81d553459512b9e4	Both place and time are crucial when defining public policies in this sphere, as will be revealed throughout this analysis. The formal definition espoused by Thomas under the heading “unified concept of care” (see table 1) is useful for the analysis in this Social Panorama of Latin America as it looks at the care labour market and household spending on care services. This descriptive and empirical concept is based on the concrete manifestations of what is usually understood as people-centred services, whether in the public or the private sphere, in relation to seven dimensions (Thomas, 2011, pp.	5	4	0	1.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-isr-2013-5-en	fe4d411fe5bf08893074fd94f277e27f	Clearly, this problem gets worse with further disaggregation of the data for instance, the number of professionals by specialty or age group. Without it, more resources (both public and private) would probably have had to be devoted to training, for instance. In addition, this influx of professionals almost certainly put the authorities in a stronger position in bargaining on pay and conditions than would otherwise have been the case.	3	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/empl/outlook-2013-6-en	fe5091a3248ce604b58a34c20f774f5e	One key reason is access to evidence. Often employers have control on the documentation justifying (or not) termination, while workers or their legal representatives cannot easily access it. Typically, the employer is allowed to dismiss employees only with a justified reason and in compliance with a due process.	10	1	3	0.5
10.18356/7e830810-en	fe52ecb7e5e9fcde12d94edeee48c6ad	Target-setting was generally a top-down process, though there were regular information exchanges. A two-tier contract system was established between the central government and provincial governments and between provincial governments and companies. These collaborative efforts must be extended to small and medium-size enterprises, which often have the most potential for improvement.	7	3	0	1.0
10.14217/9781848590823-19-en	fe536514cd3a887ce89cc4c54549cf60	After a decade of policies that deal directly with water resources management, much still needs to be done in developing the institutional capacity to monitor and enforce these policies, and ensure consistency in other policies that indirectly impinge on water resources management. Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI): Provisional indices and profiles for Trinidad and Tobago’. State of the Environment Report 2001 & 2002.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en	fe555243863ea8848fa5bbf3ce5cdd50	The value of model-based approaches increases when moving to finer levels of spatial disaggregation. Detailed poverty maps are powerful tools for targeting social funds and for the design of safety nets. Work in this field should include supporting informed use of these estimates, by publishing quality assessments (e.g. standard errors, relative sampling errors) and providing guidance to data users. This should include evaluating whether three-year averages are significantly more reliable than yearly estimates, given the survey data available, and whether administrative sources could be used for the regional income indicators.	1	0	9	1.0
10.18356/0b0291cb-en	fe56c6251ccd55eb2877d734ff0d91ae	A World Bank study cited in The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015 found that almost half of 155 countries examined lacked adequate data for monitoring poverty. And in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty is most severe, 61 per cent of countries lacked data for monitoring poverty trends. Vital statistics disaggregated by geographical region, ethnicity, disability and other characteristics are also lacking. Overall, in spite of progress made in the last 15 years, systematic statistics are lacking on the size, geographical distribution and characteristics of vulnerable populations in developing regions.	13	4	0	1.0
10.1787/9f843a6e-en	fe57082169d7e281ef80e250da4516f8	It is less a coherent theoretical concept and more an umbrella term for classroom learning settings in which individual learners receive different instruction (Breidenstein, 2014; Wellenreuther, 2008). In the German context, a related term has become widespread over the past 15 years, “Individuelle Forderung”, which may best be translated as “individualised support” (Klieme and Warwas, 2011). It also describes the idea that teachers’ instruction should be responsive to the individual needs of students.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/aid/glance-2017-14-en	fe57e038d0eaccac428d816669f20665	Trade-related OOF to Asia totalled USD 103.3 billion, with USD 56.9 billion for programmes in East Asia and USD 40.3 billion for South and Central Asia. Over the same period, aid for trade for Africa reached USD 106.4 billion, almost three-quarters of which was for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, donors disbursed USD 7 billion for regional programmes in Africa. Overall, only 16.6% of trade-related OOF were disbursed to countries in Africa, less than the amounts received by Latin America and the Caribbean (23.8%) and Europe (17.2%).	9	3	5	0.25
10.18356/e3c062fb-en	fe596a82e868713f822f36e9593eddcd	With the breakdown of the Soviet Union and loss of traditional markets, the agricultural industry collapsed and the area of cultivated agricultural land fell by almost half. According to 2009 data, the percentage of the population living below the poverty line was one third higher in rural areas than in the cities. In terms of food security, small farmers and people residing in high mountainous regions belong to high-risk groups and are especially sensitive to threat. In the current unstable economic situation, food security is an issue for Georgia.	15	3	3	0.0
10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en	fe59f8434d2ab73001ae380260a26bc2	Such a shift in viewpoint may account for a larger number of cases being identified and disclosed, rather than an actual rise in mental health problems of such dramatic proportion. In any case, it is recommended that a disability benefit scheme be developed for individuals under 30 that emphasises vocational rehabilitation and replaces disability benefit entitlement for youth for prolonged schooling with a study grant. In order to reduce the tendency of early dependence on disability benefits, it is suggested that labour policies and measures should be put in place that boost labour demand and encourage hiring of young people (OECD, 2013b). The health care system in Sweden, mainly financed through general taxation, is highly decentralised and characterised by universal coverage and equal access to services.	3	0	3	1.0
10.18356/63fef40d-en	fe5d56c0dd78ec96e422af746a3fb392	This trend is expected to continue as a result of growth in incomes. A number of studies have looked at the environmental consequences of consumption of animal-source food, usually focusing on GHG emissions and land use (INRA and CIRAD, 2009; Erb et al., Using life cycle assessments, they generally conclude that alternative diet scenarios with less animal-source food could contribute to reducing global GHG emissions, and have positive impacts on human health. Healthy diets also feature dairy products in moderation, unsalted seeds and nuts, small quantities of fish and aquatic products, and very limited intake of processed foods that are high in fat, sugar or salt and low in micronutrients (FAO and FCRN, 2016).	2	2	2	0.0
10.18356/8e0dcab1-en	fe5fde939bc46e216d01652cbde09211	In FBiH, adraft watermanagement strategy is in the final stage of preparation and has the potential to act as a comprehensive, detailed and suitable basis for management of sustainable water resources in line with the EU WFD. However, it will be necessary to adopt and harmonize a laigc number of by-laws. The Framework Plan defines the criteria, conditions and obstacles for further development of the water infrastructure and management of the entire water sector, covering the planning period 2007 - 2016.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264224636-13-en	fe60a22c7f8c4d7b119cce439058c829	However, if the beating or wound was preceded with malice, or premeditation, or caused by using any arms, canes, machines or other tools, the penalty shall be detention. The penalty shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years if either injury is committed in execution of a terrorist purpose (Article 241).6 If the beating or the wound does not reach the degree of gravity prescribed in the two previous articles, the perpetrator shall be punished with detention for a period not exceeding one year or a fine of no less than 10 pounds and not exceeding 200 Egyptian pounds. If it occurs with preceding malice or premeditation, the penalty shall be detention for a period not exceeding two years or a fine of not less than 10 pounds and not exceeding 300 Egyptian pounds. If the beating or wound occurs by using any arms, canes, machines or other tools, the penalty shall be detention.	5	7	2	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/967bd43c-en	fe616cdff3a0a9301c8591c76494d1dc	See In the Matter of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania I977-as amended from time to time [Cap. The practice can be used in the proposed new law on CEFM. Inside Courtroom - EAC Courts can replicate a Protocol set up by the Bosnian Court with necessary modifications; see Anna Kithaka ‘Enforcement of the Sexual offences Act Kenya’ (Pambazuka News) www.pambazuka.org/ governance/enforcement accessed 1 July 2016.	5	3	1	0.5
10.18356/6546680a-en	fe62374a36750aad1d3e7b7b8aae20d7	Once medium-sized enterprises have increased the scale of production beyond the optimal point using existing techniques, they will be forced to innovate so as to maintain their profitability. Technological change in the LDCs is associated primarily with the spread of new products, technologies and organizational strategies previously developed in more advanced economies. Its success depends on investments of various kinds (financial, organizational, educational, etc.)	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/9c9efe4c-en	fe62dfa9c585891cf8bdd4058384a74e	"As these forest carbon projects play out on the ground, they have tried to meet global sustainability needs but have often excluded local forest users and undermined their livelihoods, thereby contributing to dispossession (Corbera and Brown, 2008; Corbera and Schroeder, 2010). The result is often greater inequality and injustice for local users vis-a-vis external agencies and global actors. A recent study on REDD+* concludes that women are not ""key stakeholders or beneficiaries of REDD+ because of their invisibility in the forest sector — largely viewed as a masculine domain"" (Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management and others, 2013)."	5	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	fe64097299abe806d08aec27f68dbbcf	The same review also shows that under these and even less ambitious renewable energy scenarios, it is expected that a global share of more than 5 per cent of intermittent modern renewable power will be reached by 2020. This will require some sort of smart grid to deal with load balancing, which in turn means that these scenario plans assume the rebuilding of the existing power grids in most large economies within the next 10 years, an extraordinarily ambitious undertaking (comparable undertakings in previous energy transitions took more than 50 years). In this scenario, demand for all types of energy increases in non-OECD countries, while in OECD, demand for coal and oil declines.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264247543-3-en	fe68c0664cce064e539dd573cad7deaa	For these reasons it is hard to talk of direct impacts of OER, as they can be so multifarious over time and place. Clarifying to what extent educational resources with an open character - i.e. based on using openly licensed materials - are already being used, would further encourage the practice, sharing and exchange between practitioners.	4	1	4	0.6
10.18356/fb79328d-en	fe6b55f7a67b154b57f4742461b41f25	The space for doing this can be increased by introducing measures to control and regulate international capital flows as well as the operations of the domestic financial sector. Countries like Chile and Malaysia have managed to follow this course for a certain period of time with some degree of success. The right mix of these policies can be applied deliberately so as to promote investment in specific industries at specific times, and especially in sectors with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, reaping economies of scale and raising productivity growth, thereby increasing the rates of return on investment. A depreciated real exchange rate lowers labour costs and enhances the competitiveness of labour-intensive exports.	1	3	1	0.5
10.18356/7d902f55-en	fe6bf8b14b7cde6f90f70cc5cdf76ea5	For instance, Tanzania developed the following environmental-related policies and acts after these major conferences: the Marine Parks and Reserves Act (1995), the National Environment Policy (1997), the National Fisheries Sector Policy (1997) and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy (2003). Similar action was taken by the other WIO countries. Research and academic institutions have contributed to the implementation of some of the aspects of the legal instruments.	14	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264116672-8-en	fe6dd7fe3e71a4a140ffc2805e9b0de4	Without evidence-based feedback and mechanisms for monitoring and following up subsequent action, school reviews may have more limited impact on school improvement. The My School approach with its colour coding system has the clear benefit of simplicity. The quality of the analysis is promoted by the ability to confine test construction and analysis to experts in that field.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a6267136-en	fe6e6a0bc34b812969875a589ea6d5c7	In particular, reducing food wastage may contribute significantly to the sustainability of the food system. Currently, it is estimated that 32 per cent of the total food produced globally is wasted. In order to substantially reduce the quantity of food lost and wasted, changes have to take place at different levels of the food chain: production, storage, transportation and consumption. In developed countries, efforts are most needed at the retail and consumer end, owing in part to management practices and consumption habits.	2	0	7	1.0
10.18356/7aa2651d-en	fe6ecdfca241a7618cdd50db03fd3348	This strategy makes it possible to offer a significant degree of protection to children even in times of economic crisis. And it also illustrates the usefulness of deploying both a relative income measure and a direct measurement of deprivation in the struggle to monitor and mitigate the impact of economic forces on the lives of children. In previous Report Cards, some basic principles for the cross-national monitoring of child poverty have been proposed.	1	0	4	1.0
10.14217/9781848591271-10-en	fe6f2e78a48891d937c735f54ea271ba	One lesson for all because teachers can only do so much in one time period. Use of Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Domains:322 Move from the simple and basic to the more complex, ensuring all feel comfortable and have their needs met, i.e. for knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and finally evaluation. Examples of how to adapt lessons for African classrooms are suggested in the video clip 'Differentiated Teaching' (DVD 2). Strategies to be used here fall into three groups. The first is developing peer support as a reasonable accommodation through buddy rotas, collaborative learning and co-operation on completing tasks.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	fe7402cb0a1ac472beee4d58fdd5c972	Most (80%) of the strictly protected area is forest. The area of strictly protected forest increased slightly between 2005 and 2012, from 52 000 ha to 57 000 ha. Poland’s 1481 nature reserves include 174 established since 2000. The total land area in nature reserves increased from 150 000 ha in 2000 to 166 000 ha in 2012.	15	0	3	1.0
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	fe7576c024610ec8c47c715a8f2aa181	In addition to the impact from diffuse pollution from agriculture, pollution by the pulp and paper industry affects the lake through the Saimaa Canal, including municipal wastewaters discharged by Nuijamaa village (300 inhabitants). The population density in the lake basin area is 24 inhabitants/km2. The most significant water-quality problem is eutro-phication, which is mainly caused by nutrients from agriculture and the pulp and paper industry.	6	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en	fe7a300173bd4fa5d57c1a6a417b00ef	The reduction of costs at a national level for countries that import fossil fuels is also of value, especially in light of recent price increases and global unrest. There is considerable controversy over whether currently available biofuels (typically derived from grain or oil seed crops) are produced sustainably at this time, whether they provide much net C02 reductions, and whether they may have adverse impacts on food security and agricultural markets. The answers depend on each situation, but current biofuels do not now provide significant net benefits. There are exceptions such as sugar cane ethanol in Brazil, where at least the costs are low and C02 emissions reductions appear to be substantial.	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c45e5372-en	fe7b0722ee193034046eefa86c2c042d	Statistics do not show improvement. In 2000, US President Bill Clinton signed a law, enacted in February 2011, stating that the federal government should source at least 5% of its procurement from women-owned small businesses. Yet, according to the Uniled States Small Business Administration, only 4% of federal spending was awarded to women-owned small businesses.	5	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/bee3dd14-en	fe7c93eebd373301bcc133dd3adc4a80	These tensions have to be addressed and minimized in the implementation process, and will inevitably entail negotiation of priorities and compromise among different actors, sectors and dimensions of sustainable development. Indeed, very different interpretations are possible. An eco-social approach to sustainability, for example, would look at economic activities as a means to reach equity and environmental sustainability.	13	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/520b80a5-en	fe7cc2e34fae33ca8d83d9cae93b173b	Many smaller countries, especially least developed countries, cannot address these issues by themselves- thus, regional cooperation is critical. In 2012, floods and storms were the most frequent types of disasters occurring in the region and had the highest human and economic impact, accounting for 54% of the death toll, 78% of people affected and 56% of all economic damages due to disasters. Pakistan suffered large-scale losses from floods for the third successive year.	10	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/808599e4-en	fe7d103328b36857655aa45749bb59e2	In some cases, however, disaffected youth are lured into joining by the promise of money and the sense of empowerment that comes with possessing a gun. In the aftermath of war, former youth combatants feel dispossessed, as they no longer have weapons and cannot find decent employment and sustainable livelihoods. In developed countries about 10 per cent of all migrants were youth, and the corresponding figures for developing and least developed countries were about 15 and 21 per cent respectively. These figures point to the economic pull of migration, especially for youth from least developed economies, and the willingness of such youth to assume the burdens and risks associated with leaving their homes and social networks to seek work in other countries so that they can provide for themselves and their families.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-7-en	fe7f5948670238ad042a5494acf398c0	A night bus network, called “Owl Bus”, has operated at night since 2014 and is currently running eight lines, with an adjustment of routes based on big data. The vision is the highest level transport plan at the local level and revolves around three main axes: people, sharing and the environment. Under these 3 axes, the vision puts forward 11 goals together with specific implementation goals. The expected outcomes approaching the target year 2030 include: an increase in the modal share of green modes (e.g. walking, cycling, public transport) from 70% today to 80%; and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from 1.2 tonnes/year today to 0.8 tonnes/year.	11	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/2dd5352f-en	fe86036f445fe7d95f405ff211552fd0	Demogr Res (Special Collection), vol. The current status and the development of indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation). Moscow: Sovet Federatsii Federalnogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Russian Federation Council). Indigenous peoples' participatory health research, planning and management. Geneva: World Health Organization and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment.	3	2	2	0.0
10.1787/eco/surveys-che-2013-5-en	fe867cca7cf2430fe7fd61c4edb63759	Third, marginal income tax rates for second earners, typically women, are very high, creating disincentives for working long hours. Fourth, a non-negligible net wage gap (about 7%) triggers specialisation whereby the least paid person in the household spends relatively more time looking after the children. Finally, women often hit a “glass ceiling”, making it difficult to mount the corporate ladder to senior positions of responsibility, which are rarely available on a part-time basis.	5	0	4	1.0
10.18356/6af97a78-en	fe87b32a6e61fc642d136bd12ad202b1	Issues of conflict of interest between government officials and privatized water systems and their corporations are also widely reported (Shiva 2002). Comparative assessments do not readily support the efficiency argument, possibly due, in part, to reported corruption in awarding natural monopolies to unqualified providers (FOEI 2008; UN 2006). The question of paying the full cost of water is also much broader if ecological impacts are taken into account.	6	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264117563-9-en	fe87c140bfb7ec895a03204186f0ebe0	Some 6 600 birds have been killed in collisions with aircraft. Bird movements have been mapped to avoid such collisions. As a result, two aircraft were lost in 1984-2004 compared with seven in the previous 15 years and the number of collisions has been reduced by 76%. The air force estimates that it has saved USD 690 million in avoided damage cost since 1984.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/a6a4730a-en	fe8a9591f1c396d170ef8399ad3080df	In contrast, the current-account deficit rose sharply, reaching between 10 and 25 per cent of GDP, particularly in the Baltics, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.10 By comparison, current-account deficits remained between 3 and 6 per cent in Central Europe and at 1.6 per cent in Latin America (see figure 7).“ Group IV: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia. In the Baltics, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, between 50 and 85 per cent of bank loans were made in foreign currency, thus giving rise to currency mismatch, strong dependence on decisions of global players, and high external indebtedness (Aslund, 2009). Indeed, a very high proportion of the output of the foreign investments was exported to Western Europe, that is to say, the same region from which most FDI originated. This made the external accounts of EEFSU excessively dependent on the business cycle of Western Europe.	10	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/22b34fe3-en	fe8b32b0cce437ad3fd26fe418a368b8	The project has an initial budget of $5.8 million and is expected to reach some 13,200 direct beneficiaries. It is expected that open source software will quickly become attractive for the majority of the region’s young ICT trainees as it has deep roots in community and collaborative work groups. These courses are entirely needs driven. The pan-African IT-learning and trainer network, ict@in-novation (box IV.5), is an example of such a regional capacity development network.	9	0	4	1.0
10.1787/871f6812-en	fe8c4bcdbba30773594c50310fc02ce3	Making regulatory provisions for pilot projects and promoting innovation will therefore be key in fostering further AV development. Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be essential, and the shared nature of this mobility in particular will be essential to meeting mobility needs. Pilot projects regarding shared autonomous vehicles have sought to sequentially increase the complexity of the systems. Keolis, for example, currently operates 10 autonomous shuttles and has transported 90 000 passengers in seven countries.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264236813-6-en	fe8db1694da01426d464c1831d174396	For example, the cement industry could reduce emissions by switching to alternative fuels for cement kilns such as municipal solid waste and sewage sludge, provided they are guided by stringent environmental standards to limit any health or environmental risks. Such practices can, however, be limited by technical standards for cement, construction material preferences, and air pollution and solid waste regulations. The approach can significantly reduce emissions and energy use. First, there is a lack of centralised data on installed capacity, its distribution among sectors, the type of fuel used, and the amount of power and heating and cooling generated. This limits understanding the potential for CHP and required efforts to support a deployment program.	7	0	9	1.0
10.1787/9789264214262-16-en	fe9143a188f1b78eedbba8eccb1ad87e	Taking the logarithm of GDP per capita can often capture this relationship well. The ratio of female to male members of parliament is the one exception and is characterised by a linear relationship with GDP per capita. Although we still live in a world where women are, on average, disadvantaged relative to men, the situation seems to have improved in the second half of the 20th century, especially from the 1980s onwards.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5kg57kjj5hs8-en	fe95395dd342b473d15a3487e2181c37	The online basic skills test for ICT covers the core skills that teachers need to fulfil their wider professional role in schools rather than the subject knowledge required for teaching. The test requires them to demonstrate the ability to make changes to slides in presentation software using a web browser, to use email and various functions within email, to use a text editor and email, to update a spreadsheet and to download resources from the internet and register for a newsletter. All trainee teachers are required to pass this online test in ICT competence before they can be awarded Qualified Teacher Status. The “Initial Teacher Training National Curriculum in the Use of ICT in Subject Teaching” which was introduced in teacher education institutes in 1998 in England consisted of over a hundred statements of competence in ICT, and extended to 17 pages of print, but it was found to be overly bureaucratic and difficult to assess in practice, hence the move to a more succinct formulation of the ICT competences which trainee teachers are required to possess (country report24 dedicated to England, last updated and revised in October 2007).	4	0	3	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4cf5d-be0a6beb-en	fe96525d17b80e81e3f8cf0616ca6984	This increases the need for all countries, industries and people to consider carefully which actions to take, in order to prepare as best as possible. As we look towards how technology can be harnessed to achieve the SDGs, the case of e-commerce provides a case in point. What does this transformative method of trade offer?	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/18db943d-en	fe97322d873b5a5a377cb082ea4fad42	The forecast and the interpretation are passed on to the communities via a local meteorological office. Local NGOs assist the communities in assessing the potential impact of severe weather events on livelihood systems and designing mitigation and coping strategies. But where possible, early warnings for individual hazards should be integrated into a multi-hazard system. This brings benefits in terms of economies of scale, sustainability and efficiency.	13	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264188617-en	fe98232f8ba84b3c67c34f0732a39d70	Storage facilities would increase system security by storing variable renewable electricity produced during low demand periods and using it during high demand or peak periods. This back-up capacity is considered to be of added value as it is low-carbon electricity production. This controversial debate is illustrated by Nyamdash, Denny and O’Malley for the Irish electricity system (Nyamdash et al.,	7	0	3	1.0
10.18356/78349259-en	fe99d89768a4159d9f424bd7c4a451b6	Another-and probably the world’s largest — is the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of the Government of India. The Scheme has an annual budget of over US$4 billion and guarantees 100 days employment for die participating households. But the conditions applied also represent extra demands on over-worked mothers who have to ensure that children attend schools and clinics. Apart from reinforcing traditional gender roles, diese conditions can displace women from farming or other income-generating activities.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264113503-6-en	fea090cbd0a36a17a2c04625d77b2394	An earlier intergovernmental agreement envisages financing through a Russian loan of around EUR 5-6 billion. Their economic viability and investment attractiveness is determined by the prices of fuels (coal and natural gas) and electricity tariffs, which both depend mainly on politically sensitive tariff decisions. Investments in this sector thus remain a risky undertaking, despite the significant business potential for electricity exports to neighbouring countries, notably Belarus, Poland and Slovakia. New generation capacity has also been developed: the first unit of the Dnister pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant started operating by the end of 2009 and with additional units planned in coming years this plant might become one of the largest of its type in Europe. Other segments of the renewable sub-sector remain for the moment dominated by small-scale units, mostly privately-owned. Nuclear safety is probably the most successful field of Ukraine’s co-operation with the EU which provides and supports the country’s access to grants and loans.	7	0	7	1.0
11.1002/pub/810be2fb-28c79b34-en	fea2c17eb1e498da4fba1e27bfeb8204	"So, it is not clear how much zero-rated services get new users online. As one report puts it: ""Even with a zero-rated service, the user must still have a device and an active account with the operator that offers the zero-rated service. This raises the question of whether zero-rated services can bring people online who had not previously used the Internet"" (A4AI, 2016)."	9	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264230491-5-en	fea4a11680170f807b2e3300eaa0f10b	The new approach granted a greater degree of administrative independence to states than under the first stage, even though tight financial constraints were maintained through a system of earmarked federal transfers. The states agreed to increase financing of health care from their own resources to reach 20% of their budgets, although this target was not always reached. Unlike the first wave of reforms, the IMSS-Oportunidades system maintained its independence from State Health Services (SHS) for the remaining states decentralised under the second wave. While the 1984 General Health Law regulates all aspects of the health sector, and draws on the universal right to health protection set out in the Constitution, it includes no comprehensive list or specific package of services covered beyond this generic entitlement to coverage (a principal also indicated in the social security laws governing IMSS and ISSSTE).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/5js04v5wjw9p-en	fea5ad16160a0629e242b43be0edd5dd	Wage premia refer to the notion that financial sector workers receive compensation in excess of their productivity, estimated by what people with similar characteristics obtain in other sectors. They can widen income inequality by channelling funds to high-earning financial sector employees. While the earnings of overskilled financial sector workers equal their potential productivity, they are greater than their actual productivity on the job.	10	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/8d6bdedf-en	fea5b96591239ac31ed6da7e165f5e76	In contrast, the share of the world’s extremely poor people increased in South Asia, from 29 per cent in 1981 to 43 per cent in 2005. The share of poor people in sub-Saharan Africa more than doubled over the same period, having gone from 11 per cent in 1981 to 28 per cent in 2005. These changes are partly accounted for by high rates of population growth in the absence of strong economic and productive employment growth, as well as by the failure in both regions to achieve significant structural change.	1	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/48886cb2-en	fea8082f2ce4753e60d2e8485a5fa7fb	Four main areas are covered: politics and governance, the judiciary, civil service and the private sector. Statistical agencies in many countries do not routinely collect and disseminate data on women in power and decisionmaking, and few international or regional organizations compile those statistics. ' The most readily available information on decision-making is the number and proportion of women in national parliaments and key elected positions, collected under the auspices of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and monitored within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The European Commissions database on women and men in decision-making gives a comprehensive regional picture of women and men in top positions.5 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Gender Statistics Database and the United Nations Development Fund’s (UNIFEM) biennial Progress of the World’s Women provided additional statistics on some of the topics covered in the chapter. The statistics and analysis on some of these topics are based in large part on sources available from private or non-governmental organizations. The presentation and analysis on these topics are therefore relatively limited.	5	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jrxr7vj1g9v-en	fea816b6600cafe67380414cbe8b4eab	Most involuntary mental health admissions are under the Mental Health Act 1983. Importantly, this Act codified the professional roles of those with the power to apply for the detainment of a patient, specifically those powers held by an Approved Social Worker (ASW), and stipulated specific staff training for any individuals administering the act (Rapaport and Manthorpe, 2009). The Mental Health Act 1995 then gave authorities new powers over those discharged from hospital.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264280489-7-en	feae9621652552bcb02badbf7c3d2952	Vouchers for career guidance services must be purchased online, and 93% of costs are subsidised. Individuals can benefit from a personal meeting with a counsellor which consists first of an assessment during which the individual completes exercises and tasks w ith the counsellor to discover his strengths, job values, and career goals. Concepts and Transformation, Vol. A cross-country analysis of teacher pay and pupil performance”, Econ.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264207585-4-en	feb0985f45f6122102ac6a500d57e693	Unlike other federal nations, the United States did not measure the performance of all states individually, but students in three states - Florida, Connecticut and Massachusetts - were oversampled so as to give state-level results for these states. In mathematics, Massachusetts scored highest of the three, with 514 points (comparable with the performance of Germany), followed by Connecticut with 506 points (comparable with the performance of Austria) and then Florida with 467 points (comparable with the performance of Israel). Similarly, there has been no significant change in reading performance since 2000 and none in science since 2006.	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264079502-6-en	feb358e3beef88ad35069e600da5f0fe	The revenue they generate supports infrastructure development and compliance promotion campaigns through the Environment Fund. Voluntary approaches by business and industry, especially regarding air and waste, have led to increased recycling, reduced air pollution and the promotion of eco-innovation and energy efficiency. The lack of enforcement capacity in smaller municipalities has been an important impediment.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264168367-4-en	feb380250536ed56ed7b49a14fca3ca7	The relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong (OECD, 2008). Research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels, with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality (Harkness, 2010). Employment rates of persons of working age in 2003; employment rates of mothers in 2002. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.8, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787!9?89264044197-en.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2011-5-en	feb5ddcd13dfe0389dfe290b550eb2fa	Following the publication of the Green Paper a general consultation process was put in place where fishing sector stakeholders, as well as the public at large, had the opportunity to express their views and contribute to the dialogue on the CFP reform. The results were made public in 2010. In 2011, the European Commission will prepare a legislative proposal in time to be adopted by the EU Council and implemented by 1 January 2012. With the new approach, the principles will be decided at Community level while the day to day implementation is left to regional authorities.	14	0	6	1.0
10.18356/5b6c49ea-en	feb63c523377950447e7808af46fb269	These numbers do nonetheless indicate that Governments favour renewables, since, excluding grid investments, Government subsidies for modern renewables amounted to $9.7/GJ compared with $0.8/GJ for fossil fuels. Note: The IEA New Policies Scenario assumes cautious implementation of recently announced commitments and plans, even if not yet officially adopted. These investments were dominated by electricity generation, transmission and distribution (51 per cent) as well as upstream investments in fossil fuel supply (46 per cent), including the oil exploration and production component and the gas exploration and production component which accounted for 19 and 13 per cent, respectively. The most important renewables investments were in large-scale hydropower (annual capacity additions of 25-30 gigawatts (GW)) and biofuels ($20 billion, of which $8 billion was for Brazil’s ethanol).	7	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848599451-8-en	feb68f1ec8233d4b2d490cd1dd2e5a60	As the first country where women won the right to vote, it has since championed the participation of women across all levels of society and has been rated one of the best places to work as a woman.1 In spite of key advances in the workforce, women continue to be under-represented in management and leadership roles. As of 2012, women held 14.75 per cent of private sector directorships. A recent study commissioned by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs has substantiated these claims, demonstrating that at the current rate of change, it will take 21 years to reach the 30 per cent representation mark (McAteer 2013).	5	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264290679-5-en	feb9f138ce3a24abf7c20185de1e6761	The committee was set up when Region Vastra Gotaland was founded in 1999. It brings together politicians from the region and from the four associations of municipalities in the region (representing the 49 municipalities). The committee is directly linked to decision making in the Regional Executive Board.	11	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.18356/48886cb2-en	febde6c2059880405dd05fd4f3eef2f5	In Asia and the more developed regions, women’s likelihood of getting elected is 0.85 that of men. The regions where women candidates are most disadvantaged compared to men candidates in terms of the probability of getting elected are Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania. Belarus also had a much higher election rate for women, showing a female/male election rate ratio of greater than 2.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/6d9cd656-en	fec5ef14bd043ad65348ddb369cc6c37	But unlike similar benefits in other countries, unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases. Eligibility conditions, i.e., behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment, are relatively strict and include active job search, also during participation in ALMPs (Figure 9, Panel B). Meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/18db943d-en	fed0e9cd045fa0e551b08883363b74c5	Since 2004, several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems. These include setting up state-of-the-art warning centres that are helping make the Asia-Pacific region a global hub of excellence in this field. Several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264202405-9-en	fed3ddf044c5dd5b2937cd7a7040a8ed	However, because not all of this water is accessible for human use, the term water supply is typically used to refer to “the amount of water that is accessible to a demand centre and can be delivered reliably and sustainably with respect to the environment or the finite resource base” (2030 WRG, 2009), and it is water supply that is of primary interest when addressing the risks of water shortage, at least in the short and medium term. For non-OECD countries, this typically involves increasing access to water for basic consumption and sanitation, something that is provided through investment in water supply and delivery. By contrast, in many OECD countries, the vast majority of the population already has access to a reliable water supply, and considerable water infrastructure already exists. Investment in water supply, for instance, is needed to replace ageing infrastructure, meet increasingly stringent water quality controls, and manage extreme weather events (OECD, 2009).	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a81ec314-en	fed3f87e1a779371ce627a5e15fe8930	Furthermore, low quantity, quality, and reliability of the power supply is a challenge in many places, as is legality and affordability. Coordination and integrated planning between various government actors responsible for planning national grid extensions or rural and off-grid electrification remains inadequate in many countries. Addressing that requires not only the removal of barriers regarding institutional inefficiencies and overlaps, but also the creation of comprehensive, predictable policy frameworks that improve the investment climate. However, this binary measure - either a household has a connection, or it does not - fails to capture relevant aspects of quantity, quality, reliability and affordability.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.6027/f960d1a8-en	fed513d9018610dfd749dba1ba7b7495	They also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students' learning. The analyses show positive relations between teachers' pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school, while teachers' formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades. The article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers' professional development. Another important finding is how teachers' self efficacy and motivation are important for students' learning.	4	0	9	1.0
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	fed67187268740b9d445d4efa456bf6e	In addition, the economic crisis of the past few years is bound to increase the number of households who qualify for social rental housing (as well as for other forms of support). Only few countries show an increase in the stock of social rental housing over between 2001 and 2011, including Estonia that did multiply its stock by almost 5 times but starting from a limited stock of around 1,600 dwellings. Countries like Denmark and France have actually responded to the crisis by investing in social housing.	11	2	6	0.5
10.1787/9789264089457-en	fed9d6e4026ed27ad4d2f782c7c07a56	When established in 1989, the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) concentrated on technical and vocational training programmes for employees of multinational corporations (MNCs). Over a 20 year period, the knowledge and skills of every level (operators, technicians, supervisors, engineers and managers) have increased significantly (PSDC, 2009, 2010). While the multinational corporations (MNCs) hire some technical personnel to work on design, testing and product developments, the supply of R&D engineers and technicians was too small for them to expand their R&D in Penang. ( The level of educational attainment remains significantly below that of OECD countries in the region.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/c78b2675-en	feda974cc54ef12f427e83f385bd3626	This funding can be provided on concessional or market terms, as three examples from Thailand, economies in transition and Tunisia illustrate below. This provides annual inflows of approximately THB 2bn ($50mln) p.a. The EERF in turn provides capital at no cost to 10 participating Thai banks, which then provide low-cost loans for energy efficiency projects of up to a maximum of $1.25mln, at an interest rate of no more than 4% p.a. Frequently, banks set an interest rate lower than this maximum figure, depending on their relationship with the customer.	7	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	fedad0b45d4966893ad923fde76868ed	Likewise at the other levels, the outcomes are policy and implementation decisions, ideally arising from collaborative problem-solving. There are feedback loops connecting the constructs within each level and connecting constructs across the different system levels. Collaborative inquiry and idea diversity are important knowledge-building principles.	4	1	3	0.5
10.18356/8464a369-en	fedca95d7d408e3e452580fc4a5a38f7	Under them, cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty (Cecchini and Martinez, 2011). Continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of GDP. Figures 111.10 and III.ll show the differing levels of success. Figure III.ll shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population, assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former.	1	0	4	1.0
10.18356/9f24d500-en	fedcf9d3b7765fcdac036012819bce12	In Egypt, annual participation among skilled workers was 4%. Countries that successfully targeted the poor included Colombia, which made loan terms more favourable for poor students, and Viet Nam which provides aid to ethnic minority students. A number of laudable initiatives exist, some involving the community, but only 19 of refugees participate in tertiary education.	4	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/9789264119536-3-en	fedd58f9082e1c1e93f234fd00576966	This is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by high-income groups has declined in recent years (e.g. where tax schedules became flatter and/or where tax expenditures mainly benefitted high-income groups). First, there may be counterproductive disincentive effects if benefit and tax reforms are not well designed. Growing employment may contribute to sustainable cuts in income inequality, provided the employment gains occur in jobs that offer career prospects. Policies for more and better jobs are more important than ever.	10	0	5	1.0
10.18356/e1196521-en	fedeafe840be4a08aae94d43f36a1197	Very often the investments in individual energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy projects are small, and a regional approach will help create a large, consolidated regional investment programme that is easily replicable across countries. Aggregating small investments across the region will lower transaction costs. Similarly, large regional programmes for renewable energy can be designed as special purpose funds.	7	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264202924-9-en	fee02df12a87f1a4c9d54582fd31ff10	The federal level also has primary responsibility for dealing with pandemic disease, rail or air accidents and major incidents related to forestry. All Lander have enacted legislation and established administrative structures to define responsibilities at local, district and state levels. Emergency relief is largely supported by organisations of trained volunteers. Over 400 000 people in Austria volunteer for disaster relief (BMASK, 2009).	13	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/5k98p4wm6kmv-en	fee03897afc47705aa8ae14096eeb7d2	This fits with plans to make more use of MOITAL research funds for traditional industry such as chemicals. It could draw inspiration large scale research-industry projects in Solar Valley, Saxony, and the Finnish Clean-tech Cluster as discussed in the chapter annex. However, green building and sustainable infrastructure goes far beyond the use of single technologies: they require the integration of different energy efficiency technologies, improvements in materials, and optimising the energy efficiency of settlements and neighbourhoods as a whole.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/871f6812-en	fee17978e8dd4a9efe4ed7917799081e	With respect to the impact of AVs on personal vehicles, 54% of experts believe that AVs will increase overall vehicle use, namely by reducing travel and parking costs and by providing a mobility option to those who are too young or too old to drive. Of these, most (81%) indicated that such an increase should be limited, which could be most effectively accomplished by promoting car sharing and increasing vehicle usage costs. Thirty percent believe that AV use will decrease overall vehicle use due to the fact that autonomous cars will be more efficient at completing the tasks that drivers usually perform, as well as the fact that riders are likely to engage in more car-sharing in the future.	11	3	6	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/cabe9310-en	feeacd215efe7c06682c8eda53c2ded6	Treatment and landfilling services are delegated to a private Indian consortium (UPL) through a 20-year public-private partnership. The private operator gets its revenues from gate fees, compost sales and the separation and sale of dry recyclable materials. Informal agents complain that the WOW program is damaging their source of livelihood.	12	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.30875/5c87fcba-en	feeaf0d034c5e9b1dc158194d632de92	Advertisement-supported revenue was Euros 102 million, up 38 per cent from the previous year (Spotify Technology S.A., 2018). These digital technologies are changing the global economy by giving rise to new online markets and products, resulting in considerable benefits for consumers and productivity gains for firms. A better understanding of the effects of digital technologies requires the ability to measure the economic transactions, including digital trade, that they are making possible.	9	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d378c0c7-en	feeb49f9bd5518a8c29f89682bdd7b5f	This regards the legal provisions pertaining to the conditions of employee dismissal and the percentage of workers covered by these provisions. Furthermore, the legal requirements relating to fixed-term contracts, employment via temporary employment agencies as well as valid employment contracts could also be considered. Legal provisions within a country pertaining to employee dismissal also could influence a country's measurement of security of employment and its interpretation.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264112322-7-en	feeb837eaa315b33efd4ca75da58a480	In Armenia and Azerbaijan the system of VET qualifications has remained almost unchanged since Soviet times, and fails to meet international requirements for mutual recognition of qualifications. Georgia, by contrast, has a National Qualification Framework corresponding to the European Qualification Framework and provides for recognition of informal education certificates and diplomas; however, in 2008 specific procedures for implementing it had yet to be developed. In 2008 the sector’s share of the education budget ranged from 1% in Georgia to 4.4% in Armenia. Government financing covers mainly teachers’ salaries and students’ allowances; only from 2006 in Georgia and from 2008 in Armenia and Azerbaijan did the governments start investing in renovation of the infrastructure (buildings, equipment, etc) with support from donor organizations. All three countries have introduced per capita financing systems, but whereas in Georgia and Azerbaijan the government pays students’ tuition fees in state-run institutions, in Armenia students must pay the fees themselves.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264277991-5-en	feed8c8591194de6ba3f0d53538c58f4	Currently, across the Philippines and in Cebu many efforts are being made such as the Cebu Unplugged Campaign of the Visayan Electric Company (VECO, 2015). This awareness drive does not only focus on teaching practical energy conservation measures but also touches on water conservation as well, which is a prudent policy complementarity approach. Areas that can be strengthened include provision of information on labelling of appliance’s energy efficiency to consumers.	11	3	4	0.14285714285714285
10.1787/9789264235120-7-en	fef128ed76bd0ff6836a9ccc5fb0fab3	While it remains difficult to isolate the effect of policy reforms from other factors, the incidence of own-account work increased less in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic during this period (OECD, 2008a). In Italy, the legislation introduced in 1997 and 2003 to legalise temporary work agencies (while reforming collaboration agreements) may have led to an increase in self-employed workers who are in fact working for the same company, but as own-account workers. Foremost, instead of the approximate 17% growth in employment recorded in the pre-crisis period (1995-2007), Figure 4.7 (Panel B) reports, on average, a 2% drop in the total number of persons employed in the latter period.	1	3	2	0.2
10.1787/9789264268852-4-en	fef2a9bae8ebcba8afedfbc95e155937	Moreover, government needs to i) regularly monitor and evaluate progress; ii) ensure transparency; iii) assess not only compliance with technical norms but also the local financial, human and natural resources needed for actual implementation; and iv) engage the local community. Urban sprawl, pollution, poor public services (e.g. utilities), housing shortages, and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that stem from a lack of proper land-use planning and deficiencies in implementing land-use regulation. Three strategies could address these problems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/9f796186-en	fef3414e4970519647d1a550faaf09a2	It is worth noting that data reported by China and the recipient countries often differ significantly, as do those reported by international organizations and private sources. Significant amounts of investments are also channelled to their ultimate destinations through Hong Kong, China; and Singapore. Based on transaction-based data compiled by the American Enterprise Institute, Chinese investments in the Asia-Pacific region reached a value of $84.6 billion in 2017, with cumulative investment since 2005 reaching $605.6 billion (figure 1.10).	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km91nfsnkwg-en	fef36427e5d4502d4a63ca4db4a72843	As shown in the meta-analysis by Alston et al. ( In particular, measures of agricultural inputs (especially capital), outputs, and productivity, are very much transformed from the raw material used to make them. Studies of the returns to agricultural R&D, involve significant further transformation of data on research investments and productivity that already had embodied in them a great deal of judgment, much of which may not be apparent to the user but can have important implications for findings from studies that use them.	2	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en	fef3a280389f177360d6860a671d3a06	Particular attention is often paid to sustainable, or efficient, water use. Because the agriculture sector demands significant amounts of fresh water, a number of policies in both developing and developed countries target the efficient use of irrigation water. A strong call to recognise the importance of improving the efficiency of water and soil use in a sustainable manner by the agricultural sector was made by G20 leaders and G20 Agricultural Vice Ministers in May and June 2012.	2	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en	fef73998e4936ad0364e7b879f317d8f	Reviewing 20 years of HTA studies in the United Kingdom, Raftery and Powell (2013) claim that more than half of them indicate that new technologies are no better than traditional ones. However, in the short term, HTA is likely to add to health management and administration costs. Indeed, de la Maisonneuve etal. (	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/106b1c42-en	fef859db685d92abad64495a184276d7	These comparisons, in turn, only become useful when the policy maker or policy analyst concludes that any apparent difference was unlikely to have arisen by chance. This is the point at which the policy maker or analyst can feasibly seek reasons for the observed differences. Therefore, the TALIS Starting Strong Survey 2018 instruments aim to cover the most important inputs and processes of pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments, at the ECEC staff and centre levels. An important goal of a high-quality indicator is to provide information that can help policy makers set priorities and make evidence-based decisions. Statistical models that account for the inherent multilevel (system, ECEC centre, staff) structure of TALIS Starting Strong Survey data provide a useful way to understand and explain differences within and across ECEC centres and within and across countries.	4	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/4b4d466d-en	fef93b8c9963539ee8335074547695eb	"Indeed, reinforcing positive aspects of traditional land tenure systems that encourage and support women’s access to productive resources can produce strong results. It provides for rights within the context of marriage and is conceptually distinct from the notion of ""inheritance"", covered in subsection 3 below.8' Countries may apply very different default approaches to marital property, ranging from ""full separation of property,""8* to ""partial or limited community of property,”83 to ""full community of property. This is the case in Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United States.85 Where full community of property or partial community of property is the default regime."	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264283336-en	ff023d5074653c61225c8539117ed7a0	Admissions have declined significantly since 2009 (although they are still above EU averages). Furthermore, patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have relatively low avoidable admission rates to hospitals. Renewed medical guidelines are in preparation and have the potential to improve primary care effectiveness. Further, the Czech Republic requires only minimal reporting of outcomes on quality of care across the different providers. This means that health insurance funds cannot use quality data for purchasing and that patients are exercising their free choice without access to important information. There have also been some more recent advances with projects in the area of quality and safety assurance, such as the adverse event reporting system and the introduction of sectoral safety targets for all health care providers.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/agr/outlook-2014-4-en	ff04de42d9c4d73c53fbe46f4aaca5f2	These included additional information and reporting obligations and the requirement that countries operating such programmes ensure that they do not adversely affect the food security of other members. In some cases, the objective may be to maintain an emergency reserve to protect against domestic supply shocks, reflecting a reluctance to rely entirely on international markets to ensure adequate food availability. Such emergency reserves generally involve purchases at market prices; food security programmes operated along these lines are not constrained under WTO rules. In other cases, stockholding policies involve purchases at prices higher than prevailing market prices, and in this case WTO limitations on domestic support do apply. Public stocks may be held as part of a domestic price stabilisation policy, or to stimulate production and incomes.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/eco/surveys-chl-2013-4-en	ff06720fd023cea7d85a3603495910b0	The quintile share ratio is the ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile). Youth unemployment was historically high in 2009, but has fallen since then thanks to the rapid economic recovery and fiscal measures targeted at the young. Youth unemployment now stands at its lowest level of the past 13 years, and male youth unemployment rates are below those in the average OECD country. But for young women there is still a significant gap compared to the average OECD country (Figure 1.5, Panel A).	4	4	3	0.14285714285714285
10.14217/9781848591431-6-en	ff09cddf9d8f4c9618644cf2d961ea07	They are therefore committed to providing the highest attainable health for all their citizens. The Commonwealth implements programmes address global health issues such as: non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, HIV and AIDS, communicable diseases, and mental health. Sport offers direct benefits for health and can provide an effective context for delivering health education. Most (80 per cent) of these occur in low- and middle-income countries, making NCDs a critical global health priority that is not confined to ’rich’ nations.	3	0	7	1.0
10.1787/9789264027862-12-en	ff0a8917d0135e4ae4a8f217bf87e874	Political and practical support to ensure that women, including women's civil society organisations, are included in peace processes is a crucial entry point to make sure that the security needs of women, men, boys and girls are taken into consideration. It is therefore critical that the negotiation/mediation teams draw on gender expertise from the outset of a peace process. Briefings on gender issues can be provided to negotiating/mediation teams and others with decision-making power. Civil society organisations, including women's organisations, should also be included in track two processes and can play an important role in monitoring the implementation of peace agreements.	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	ff0aad2666ceb7c27e6f1c1873de63c9	Second is the emergence of temporary, part-time, casual home-based jobs, alongside the decline of the welfare state in developing countries.19 Privatization and restructuring have in many places—notably Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia—led to layoffs that have affected women relatively more than men. Thus, like their peers elsewhere, young women in Arab countries must toil disproportionately to find meaningful, fulfilling and properly remunerated employment, especially in their first jobs after university. Women are working mainly in the public sector. In Jordan, for example, 82 percent of women's positions are in the public sector.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en	ff0fbc056410bfb3a51bfa6895a8f059	Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts. Depending on its aims, an intervention may seek results at the project, national, or international scale. This will have implications for how its effectiveness is assessed.	13	0	3	1.0
10.6027/9789289329163-7-en	ff10d4ac80a2be3872c3c9765aec211c	However, for the Kyoto reporting, the areas under each sub-category or activity are accumulated from the base year and onward, and do not leave the LULUCF class. On the other hand, for the UNFCCC reporting, a converted land is usually reported under the land-use class it was converted to (Swedish EPA 2012). The implication of this is that in the Kyoto reporting the deforested land still remains under the forest class and thus the net emissions from this class accounts for the emissions due to deforestation, while in the UNFCCC reporting such emissions are not accounted for under forests (see table below). This is because deforestation is quite rare in the Nordic countries in recent decades.	15	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k4c9kwfdx8r-en	ff1120b2a0fee9fe6d5c275152b70cb1	However, despite this wide range of sources of financing, agribusiness financing represents a very small percentage of the total supply of credit, for example only 5% on average in West Africa (USAID, 2011). This is clearly highlighted in the case study on Zambia. The difficulty of verifying titles and property rights in rural areas raises issues in providing collateral, but in some parts of Africa financial institutions increasingly accept “warrants”28.	2	4	4	0.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	ff1510830a2d78596b682eab141009b0	It would reduce poverty by 5 percentage points in Ecuador and Paraguay and by at least 0.6% in Brazil. If the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged 65 and over, the measure could cost up to an additional 3% of GDP (ECLAC, 2010b, pp. United Nations publication, Sales No. United Nations publication, Sales No. In 10 of the region’s 18 countries, this percentage is around 5% or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ff16ac2a7bfb43ca4dcfb74f9f4d33c6	Within agriculture, over two-thirds of fixed capital investments in 2011 went to crop production and were concentrated in the northern wheat region (Figure 1.9 and Annex Table 1.A.3). However, the annual rate of renewal of tractors is now 1%, 2.2% for harvesters, and 0.1% for tillage tools, which is far below the normal replacement rate for agricultural machinery of 5-8%. It should be noted that, for example in the northern region old machinery is being replaced by far more productive ones, which allows less machinery to be used on same land. Smaller machines are being replaced by larger ones which are better suited to the vast areas of the northern wheat region, and the old machinery is being moved from the north to the south.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264277991-7-en	ff17949ae75fa870bd9a2c893dae3d28	It was initiated in early 2015, in partnership with IBM and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), one of the top universities in Indonesia, and is similar to other existing command centres in Japan and Korea, aiming to improve public services. The centre consists of a digital control board that allows city staff to remotely monitor traffic and manage crisis situations in the city (in case of accidents, crime, etc.). Fifteen operators from the Bandung Telecommunication and Information Agency work permanently in the Command Centre, but it is also accessible to other city departments, such as fire brigades, police officers and transport agencies.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kgk6hpnhxzq-en	ff18ddb99443e7d6a01697f7906c32cc	It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. It must be acknowledged however, that there are limitations to the use of these surveys to analyse skills. The principal limitations are that such surveys collect only very aggregate data on skills and there may not be a direct linkage between the type of innovation activity and level of innovation expenditure undertaken by an industry on the one hand, and the employment of people and skills within the industry on the other.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/d7485e6e-en	ff1adf0a434fd1bc70d8401a7e8ab0f5	Among MoNP departments and subordinate institutions (Figure 1.1), the following are of particular relevance to biodiversity and PA management. Red Data Book of Turkmenistan categories: DE = declining; RA = rare; TE = threatened with extinction. It also drafts legislation and oversees the regulatory framework for the sustainable use of biodiversity resources and the development of the PA system.	15	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/7e830810-en	ff1cc7605069c91e4721d7b0dc13abd4	When production has to be shut down to install new energy-efficient equipment, costs can include forgone sales income. An energy-efficiency production process might be noisier than the equipment it replaces. Insulating a cavity wall in an old building could result in moisture build-up, or installing a variable-spced drive might require extra maintenance or new skills and tools.	7	0	6	1.0
10.1787/9789264188617-en	ff1e13fdcb8ea7904940146d3bff8745	Electricity suppliers have to fulfil technical requirements to support the stability of frequency and voltage. Over very long distances, lower electricity losses and reduced construction costs of a DC line can offset the additional cost of the AC/DC converter station at both ends of the line. There still are many open-air lines, especially in not densely populated areas, but the current tendency is to use mainly underground cables in urban areas.	7	1	7	0.75
10.1787/9789264086296-6-en	ff21a94f9690af313066917fc9a826d5	The form and nature of the incentive to be introduced is the subject of instrument choice, which is discussed in the next section. These instruments aim to affect incentives and interests directly. Sometimes, as with emissions trading schemes, these instruments also require new institutions. These instruments impose penalties on actors who fail to meet the standards, and therefore also affect incentives, though less directly than market-based instruments. They also normally require new institutions to administer and enforce the regulations.	6	3	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264179370-6-en	ff2383a0ac37891d8fdcae6cd4b855e0	However, the low comparability of existing data makes it complicated to produce the international benchmarks which are essential to identifying achievable targets and understanding the effects of policy reforms. More investment is needed in harmonising data on enterprise owners and their businesses, using as much existing data as possible to minimise the burden on statistical offices and curtail associated costs. Programmes are also needed to boost self-esteem and growth expectations among potential and established women entrepreneurs.	5	4	5	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/5k483jpfpsq1-en	ff2679ddf016ef04e163c6898249b438	The Policy Forum brought together policy-makers and experts from 25 OECD countries, from international organisations and from the private sector to discuss progress, common challenges and successes in the development of national adaptation strategies (OECD, 2012b). The original version included additional European countries which are excluded from the updated table, and also did not include four OECD countries (Chile, Israel, Luxembourg and Turkey) which are included in this analysis. Most OECD members are Annex I countries, with the exception of Chile, Israel, Korea, Mexico. Turkey is an Annex I country, but has only published one NC. The assessment of the scope of discussion is based on the level of attention paid to the topic, classified as: i) extensive, ii) limited, or iii) lacking.	13	6	3	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264262430-4-en	ff2a982e825b50f3b66f39293ffa52e1	Denmark has a comparatively small share of low-performing students, but also a relatively low proportion of top-performing students. The difference in performance between the 90th and the 10th percentiles is comparatively small. Across assessments, the share of top-performing students has remained stable in science, but decreased since 2003 in mathematics (from 15.9% to 10%) and reading (from 8.1% to 5.4%).	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/b276eed7-en	ff2adfe76b6f38091e86271195570b88	They consist of a solidarity benefit paid for by society as a whole, as they are usually funded from general, consumer or income taxes (ECLAC 2010a, p. 108; Uthoff, 2006, p. 29). Furthermore, they are pay-as-you go (PAYG) pensions, that is to say, they are funded from taxes on the current generation of people. Countries with social pensions include Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay (Barrientos and Hinojosa-Valencia, 2009; Bertranou, Solorio and van Ginneken, 2002; ECLAC, 2010a, p. 165). Social pensions can be either universal (as with the Plurinational State of Bolivia's Dignity Income) or targeted in line with criteria such as income or specific categories (for example, pensions for war veterans or victims of human rights violations, as in Argentina and Chile).	1	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264168985-7-en	ff2cb45b6ca3698c66f52502a07b88d5	Mexican urban planning has traditionally lacked attention to monitoring and implementation, e.g. there are often few explicit statements about timing and sequencing of development and public facility provisions. The Chihuahua State government and local municipalities could consider integrating monitoring and evaluation as permanent features of their urban plans. The central government could also provide technical assistance and capacity building for local officials to measure plan implementation and compliance. Monitoring land policy merits specific attention given the proliferation of informal settlements, the evidence of illegal land sales, and the role of urban planning for supporting economic activity and safeguarding environmental resources.	6	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/e310d3a1-en	ff2ec6734b7bca5058c7c44fa9ad5745	No clear guidelines on youth triage had been drafted, nor were there referral guidelines. The interviews with providers suggested that the services might not be acceptable to young people because few of the providers believed in the importance of supplying services to youth regardless of marital status, although they were more likely to supply the services in any case to young men than to young women, indicating possible inequities.84 This gender bias was reflected in the experiences of the anonymous patients. The providers spent much more time with the young man and answered his questions, while the young woman reported that she felt insulted by their treatment.85 Privacy was breached in many clinics.	3	0	6	1.0
11.1002/pub/80dd7836-0bda635e-en	ff2ed9e096feab23a14145ce90af3af0	Clear and well-implemented policies helped to create the conditions for Myanmarese to benefit from the potential of the Internet. The Institute emphasizes the need for special computer facilities in order to process the huge number of sci-tech documents produced within the country. Such computer tools can be created through the use of bibliometric methods.	9	0	9	1.0
10.18356/f5ce8f94-en	ff2f17dbbd1377427a086e524949f058	This aligns with research by Maldonado, Najera and Segovia (2005) from Mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men’s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence. Overall, however, the risk of increased IPV could also decline over time as both men’s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women’s increased economic activity and financial autonomy (Ahmed 2005). For example, some participants in the South African IMAGE intervention reported that the increased self-confidence, social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined micro-finance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication, preventing any conflict escalating into violence (Kim et al.,	5	0	9	1.0
10.18356/08e82310-en	ff30d73d6942830b2d48c9b5a1cada44	Ongoing efforts to provide more space to rivers will continue also in future, and measures of a more technical nature will be exclusively reserved for urban areas in cases where no other “soft” option for flood protection is feasible. These impacts are predicted to have an effect on river discharge with an increase in frequency, extent and impacts of floods and possibly constant low water levels in lakes. Quality and quantity of groundwaters will also be affected.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264205406-7-en	ff31658cbc07f2880f2291126f37e8e6	In a larger programme of system restructure and redesign, these innovative schools are able to provide evidence about the impacts on student learning and well-being of innovative approaches they have been trialling, thereby supporting the whole system to move forward. There is a need to ensure that innovation is captured somewhere, particularly as old structures and processes are replaced and new networks, relationships and connections are created. Through an on-going and expanded Innovation Community of Practice, individual site leaders and their communities are able to use their experience and influence to work collaboratively to shape those future directions and ensure that the new department has innovation as a predominant aspect of its work.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	ff32eb86deb40d2a26b0dcce6d051c2a	In Ulaanbaatar, heavy metal testing showed that concentrations of lead, cadmium and mercury in 58 samples were within the Mongolian norms (MNS 5850:2008). Kosheleva, Natalia E. et al. Pollution by heavy metals comes from different sources, such as tanning production, mining activities, traffic zones and heat and power engineering.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264187443-7-en	ff345dc25f2350a42e73bae096b42b1d	It may be measured by the share of the first city's population (or the first two) in the total urban population. This applies in particular to Nigeria, in which Lagos, Ibadan and Kano each has a population of between 2.5 million and 10 million. Macrocephaly is higher in the small coastal countries that trade directly with the rest of the world.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0492621a-en	ff352a71b093c17137a04ce996456a69	Most OECD countries have been facing this challenge. Shortline railroad companies are small companies that operate local networks, possibly under the supervision of the local authorities, and that act as feeders of the truck network. Because of their small size, they tend to be more flexible than national operators and are aware of local companies' needs. In the USA, Canada and Germany, shortliners represents one-fourth of total activities.	9	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5jm3p5gl4djd-en	ff379a469a46a82be208d8076abf2850	The analysis of the distribution of public spending across the various policy categories presented here can provide an understanding of the policy mix effectively put into place by OECD countries. Unfortunately this is very difficult because spending information on individual instruments is often missing, and the set of instruments for which information is missing changes from country to country. Even for these countries more work is needed to validate the comparability of data.	11	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ff38982c6408a8c7530e82e41ca3b7e6	Similarly, staff members from Universiti Sains Malaysia and other higher education institutions work on advisory capacity in many committees at the regional level. It provides training in technical and engineering skills in particular. Graduates from PSDC are directly engaged by the companies that need the skills developed by the centre. While the contribution of BJIM, USAINS Holdings Sdn.	4	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	ff3a4ab3031edc762042aa0f26ed77f7	Analysis of overlap in income and domain poverty suggests considerable mismatch across the board, regardless of the particular country under consideration. The lack of overlap between groups of deprived children in Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK points towards a considerable breadth of child poverty in these countries. In other words, deprivation in monetary and nonmonetary terms does not seem to be concentrated on a few particular groups but rather spread out across the population. Hence, instead of a small number of children experiencing deprivation in large numbers of domains, large numbers of children are likely to face deprivation in a few domains.	1	2	7	0.5555555555555556
10.14217/9781848590618-5-en	ff3bd3829f031856c459249a1551dd91	Most countries have now endorsed the principle of equality for women and endowed it with normative universality. Such conflicts arise in the context of almost all religions and traditional cultures, since they rely on norms and social practices formulated or interpreted in a patriarchal context at a time when individual human rights in general, and women’s right to equality in particular, had not yet become a global imperative. Barriers to women's rights are not specific to one region or to one religion, but their form and severity does vary among regions and religions.	5	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264251090-6-en	ff3bd931ce046f5ab8561ae2aa66c83d	River basin organisations are official organisations set up by political authorities or in response to stakeholders’ demands or legal requirements. As administrative and hydrologic perimeters do not coincide in most cases, a diversity of situations can be observed in terms of how many RBOs operate within a city’s perimeter (from one to more than three; see Figure 3.6). River basin organisations carry out different water-related tasks such as monitoring (85%), data collection (81%), as well as co-ordination, planning and stakeholder engagement (above 60%).	6	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289342698-7-en	ff3c0893022227eebcf535edf393edef	The nature gives rest and a little bit of food. Gender issues are mainly missing when the question of everyday life and surviving are present (Westman 2005:134). Desegregation, that is, the division of the labour market based on gender, has been an topical issue in gender equality policy since (the 1980s).	5	0	7	1.0
10.18356/0488519d-en	ff3ca2dde9035b8e8a450595deaafdca	The other is sudden network congestion as governments, emergency responders, and citizens all start using their handsets.38 To reduce the probability of service outages, countries should frequently stress test their networks and where necessary take steps to ‘harden’ the weaker components. Based on information from around 90 countries, the mean rate of packet loss globally is 1.68 per cent and the mean latency globally is 107.31 milliseconds. In the Asia-Pacific region performance on these indicators varies greatly.	13	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/059ce467-en	ff3e76afb6a96fa94b4cd357e5a0b0fa	As such, education plays an important civic role. A change in the Education Act in Sweden from 2016 (Proposal 2015/16:184) re-regulates the education for newly arrived students to help these children be integrated through education as soon as possible. Newly arrived students have the same rights and obligations as other students. Independent schools can make exceptions to established selection rules and can implement a special quota to include newly arrived students who have resided in Sweden for less than two years.	4	0	3	1.0
10.1787/baf425ad-en	ff417c4de81bc10f75bcec3b99df3672	These costs are expected to be an underestimation, as most ADEs occurring in primary care do not lead to hospitalisation, but still result in an elevated need for health care. These costs are not taken into account. Health care costs related to ADEs in this base case totaled 816 million Euros; mean costs per case were 381 Euros. All the cost studies that were identified in the literature, including the ones summarised in the table, argued that the figures are likely to be an underestimation of the direct costs.	3	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264233294-6-en	ff4318883db606a30556cb4498605221	These areas are covered in the next three sections of this chapter. Properly accounting for this risk in financial evaluations could help better allocate capital to low-carbon, climate-resilient assets, or even encourage divestment from more carbon-intensive assets. The effects of the recent drop in oil prices on investors’ portfolios are a striking example of this phenomenon.	13	0	5	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ff438f0f6a6c816001b330a5ce879de2	The Board reiterates its view that measures taken in various states of the United States to legalize the production, sale and distribution of cannabis for nonmedical and non-scientific purposes are inconsistent with the provisions of the international drug control treaties. The limitation of the use of controlled substances to medical and scientific purposes is a fundamental principle which lies at the heart of the international drug control legal framework which cannot be derogated from. Regardless of whether they are federal or unitary States, all parties to the conventions have a legal obligation to give effect to and carry out the provisions of the convention within their own territories.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-10-en	ff454c4b637cf54d4e5bbc596447ec65	In this resolution, it is laid down that the Dutch agricultural sector shall not be burdened with an increase in costs when measures have to be taken for the implementation of the WFD, i.e. has made it impossible to force farmers to incur additional costs when implementing the WFD. However, it is important to note that in addition to the country’s more generic manure policy, the regional WFD river basin management plans (that should include a programme of measures) may include separate measures that intervene with high nutrient concentrations within surface waters. The application standards for total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus apply to both livestock manure and other types of organic and inorganic fertilisers. Furthermore, the new manure policy has a wider scope of application and encompasses new regulations governing the application methods for manure and inorganic fertiliser, mainly concerning: i) the time of year when the application of manure is permitted; ii) the ploughing up of grassland; and iii) the obligation to grow a catch crop after the cultivation of maize, to prevent nitrogen leaching (Fraters et al.,	6	2	2	0.0
10.18356/ab0103c2-en	ff45d0eaaa8096c310ad5706f259c3b2	"Discontinuation of cost sharing in Uganda"", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. Abolition of cost-sharing is pro-poor: evidence from Uganda"" Health Policy and Planning, vol. User fees and managed revenues were determined at the local level, but often were in the range of US$0.25-0.45 per visit.b After the introduction of the user fees, outpatient attendance dropped by more than 20 per cent in some districts, while the opposite happened in some remote areas."	3	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en	ff47bdd55cb29d775fad066e26698425	The model assumes that the three fertiliser nutrients are complementary, leaving the balance between the three nutrients unchanged. Consequently, relative changes in prices to farmers do not affect the choice between the different types of nutrients. As indicated above, regulatory policies in numerous countries aim at limiting such impacts.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/0ec26947-en	ff4938cab876ff534fe5a5c97fbb86e4	Today, a number of blockchain-based services relevant to both mitigation and adaptation have advanced to prototyping and piloting phases. Start-ups and corporate projects are continuing to advance the technology and validate market models. Consortia partnerships and development activities show great potential to scale blockchain networks among immediate stakeholders and beneficiaries.	9	4	2	0.3333333333333333
10.14217/9781848599574-13-en	ff4a18196a4fd9e6d965bdf9e0505e0d	This may also encourage the use of renewable energy equipment in remote areas, if these products and services are being procured for government buildings, e.g. health centres and schools. Governments can also consider subsidised solar programmes for schools, health centres/hospitals and other buildings to encourage use of solar PV systems. Development partners, other finance providers, and investors may also prefer to support plans with more realistic targets that can be achieved, rather than fund plans with unrealistic targets that are continually missed.	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264114029-en	ff4cad300b103214563532c27dd57048	The potential benefits of contextualised learning and integrating academics and CTE are widely recognised and the integrated approach is widely used in CTE programmes. A number of policy instruments are designed to ensure strong academic skills among all students, such as the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills. Data are used to monitor performance among different groups of students and target interventions at schools with unsatisfactory performance.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/69c44297-en	ff507383c7c7c3fc19a7ff9bf308842f	It consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness towards the sea. Groundwater originates from the recharge areas inland and generally flows towards the sea where it discharges. Both Egypt and Israel have invested in alternative water supply options for the coastal areas through inter-basin transfer and the use of non-conventional water resources. The Gaza Strip does not have access to alternative water resources and depends almost entirely on the Coastal Aquifer Basin for its water supply. However, as the aquifer in the Gaza Strip is severely threatened by over-abstraction and pollution, desalination is currently being explored as a major alternative source of water supply.	6	0	3	1.0
10.18356/2017cac5-en	ff533189d902b8d5dde01f44faa34db1	See Table Al in Annex 1 for the list of survey items included in each dimension. The new method informed the construction of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (Alkire & Santos, 2010) as well as the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (Alkire & Foster, 2010) used in the 2010 Human Development Report (UNDP, 2010). The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty in the developing world (Alkire & Seth, 2013; Salazar, Diaz, & Pinzon, 2013). Since the broader list of material deprivation indicators was only available in 2009, the trend analysis had to rely on the more limited set of indicators that are collected in every wave of the EU-SILC.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	ff53b22dd694e45b0c87306fb7f6a1b0	All these agendas have strong linkages with SDG 11 - providing a means for financing urban development (Addis Agenda), addressing a wide range of actions necessary for making cities spatially effective for sustainable development (NUA), providing a framework for disaster risk management, prevention and reduction and resilience strengthening including urban resilience (Sendai Framework), and focusing on climate actions that include urbanization-related activities (Paris Agreement). It is also important to note that the linkages and connections between agendas and various targets can be both positive and negative, and hence these relationships versus desired outcomes or impacts need proper identification, analysis and mitigation of any associated risks. These partnerships seek to provide technical and operational guidance for post-disaster city reconstruction and recovery programmes and for assessing capacity at the national level for DRR in the culture sector.	11	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.6027/9789289338912-8-en	ff56a18c44dd84546007e42c58599f59	Reviews of the theoretical literature on the economics of household waste management can be found in Choe and Fraser (1998) and Fullerton and Kinnaman (2002). As first best solution, a majority of the theoretical results identify deposit-refund schemes, a system with a tax or charge at production or consumer purchase and a refund to consumers that recycle and/or firms that collect or reprocess recycled materials. As an alternative first best solution (when illegal disposal such as dumping is not a problem), the results usually support the use of a virgin material tax or a tax on households' disposal choices.	12	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264274648-6-en	ff56e1a50ba1060839dca5fc0c062822	Furthermore, business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members. The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of 25-30. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years.	11	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264283497-en	ff58199513339a4497689bc3a102c4a1	Moreover, those who suffer from chronic illnesses are also entitled to their disease-specific medicines free of charge, without means-testing. Since 2008 these can be collected from any phaimacy, including those in the private sector, resulting in improved access. In all other cases, patients must purchase pharmaceuticals out of pocket, except during hospitalisation and for the first three days following discharge (MISSOC, 2016). Furthermore, the President's Malta Community Chest Fund (a philanthropic foundation) has extended its role in financing drugs that are not yet included in the benefits package. In addition, the second national cancer plan published in 2017 outlines a government pledge to include more cancer medications on the Government's Formulary list in the coming yeais. In 2015, such direct payments, as a share of total health expenditure, totalled 29%, significantly higher than the EU average of 15% (Figure 11).	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	ff5aef952c3892553febce6a6e390158	Data for agricultural output for Albania is 2009-11, for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2012-14, and for Montenegro 2012-13. Across the economies, there is some protection against imports of agro-food products, with the most commonly protected groups across the region being dairy products, and beverages and tobacco. However, tariffs on agricultural products and inputs are relatively low, especially in SEE regional agreements (where most of the SEE export agricultural products are bound) and bilateral trade agreements.	2	2	3	0.2
10.1787/9789264208988-6-en	ff5af68c4ffee041436bde0bb2fa927a	They do not charge fees, and can be funded by any level of government (federal, state or municipal). Their length varies depending on the course (with a minimum of 160 hours). Professional qualification courses prepare individuals for the world of work and can be offered at any level of the educational system and do not necessarily require any other educational participation/attainment.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/01772a94-en	ff618500a3b7884dc49b07d4cddc0aa2	Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. This paper analyses multidimensional child deprivation across thirty countries in sub-Saharan Africa, applying the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology that measures various aspects of child poverty. The methodology has been adapted to the particular needs of this cross-country comparative study, standardising the indicators and thresholds to allow comparability across countries.	1	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264238657-4-en	ff630b69c36ff0bb7f35a311851a2473	These methods place great strain on the natural resources upon which they rely and are jeopardising the future of agriculture. This includes transferring arable land to grassland, extensive use of pastures, green cover (mainly during the winter period), and promoting soil conservation practices such as tillage conservation, conservation crop rotation, and crop nutrient management practices. Tillage consumes energy and affects soil carbon sequestration capacity with implications for GHG emissions.	6	3	1	0.5
10.1787/85b52daf-en	ff6329a5154db3d36be4654077b8b529	Systematic data collection will start from 2017. Annex 1 provides a detailed account of how these estimates were made. This includes all climate-related development finance provided by bilateral DFIs as well as a subset of climate-related development finance provided by bilateral and multilateral development banks, where the direct recipients were identified as private actors through a search of agency websites (see Annex 1 for details on the approach used), including in some cases technical assistance programmes that accompany direct assistance to private actors.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/c1d6ed54-en	ff654af7f3f28b649e283628b76b8e90	It recognizes that funding from all sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, domestic and international, as well as alternative sources will need to be tapped into to effectively exploit the benefits of cities. For example, the African Union (AU), in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa and UN-Flabitat, is developing a regional framework aligned with Africa Agenda 2063, the SDGs, the Paris Agreement among others. In Europe, the 2016 regional urban agenda2 has been further aligned with the global urban agendas through action plans and linked directly with the urban related SDGs targets.	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/469d7fec-en	ff659c58ae73994d4efbb0343dd744e4	As such, any international reporting of this information could focus on providing guidance on information that a) is useful to a broader set of countries and stakeholders (e.g. understanding priority areas, funding sources, any impacts); b) communicates more complete information on climate finance flows than can be gathered only from finance providers; and c) can be communicated in a consistent way by all countries with relative ease. There are also areas where, to enhance clarity, countries would need to provide information specific to their circumstances and domestic systems. Countries may have different views on what they consider to be finance received for implementing climate action (e.g. grants and loans or grants only), and it is unlikely that all countries will be able to report figures on an annual basis immediately, based on current BURs.	13	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264085374-5-en	ff65a0a53dbb0c37cbd2b8d73a4ae834	This variety increases the decisions that teachers must make. Table 3.1 makes explicit some of these assumptions, though it is not meant to be exhaustive. It illustrates how established pedagogical approaches have developed in line with different kinds of intentions, and therefore why comparisons of approaches come down to more than just the question about which pedagogy is “most effective”.	4	1	5	0.6666666666666666
10.18356/5d5f408e-en	ff6602e9476b952f4567efae0e29d9a3	For emerging economies, culture can be a first rate component in their development strategies - be it literature, music, videos and movies, or even the fashion industry or gastronomy. The most important, we believe, is having our children learn to enjoy art: have them take pleasure in paintings, sculptures, music and so on. Appreciation implies a value judgment: to understand why I like what I like, or why I don't.	4	0	3	1.0
10.18356/fd80a3d2-en	ff69170f6625ca4096cc903a0660e43c	That is true for both farm and non-farm trade reform, and for own-country as well as rest-of-world reform. Since the rural poor are much poorer on average than the urban poor, this would lead to the expectation that trade reform will also reduce inequality. The effect of non-farm trade reform on its own is more mixed, providing another reason to urge trade negotiators not to neglect agricultural reform in trade negotiations.	1	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/5k912j389bf0-en	ff695525de2e8225c1257851e4304da7	Using an approach similar to that of the European Commission21, the Dutch model analyses policy interventions by comparing their impact against a “no intervention” scenario. A “no intervention” scenario depicts how health expenditures will affect public finances if left on current trajectories. Historical data are used to estimates parameters of interest (back-casting) which are then used to project health expenditures. The population is divided into 20 age groups (each comprising 5 years). Each age group is associated with levels of per capita expenditure for six major spending sectors.	3	0	3	1.0
10.14217/5jlz411xvqhc-en	ff6d1d6a5448818fe8f919ae3aa9f668	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments.	13	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264246744-5-en	ff6e2f0273ab8da81c06f0090e845002	In many cases, floodplains do not just affect flood risk, but have additional outcomes in terms of biodiversity and landscape. Not only would these elements be usefully included in cost-benefit analysis, but also in the design of agri-environmental policy tools targeting a bundle of environmental goods. This raises the issue of additionality of ecosystem services and potential stacking of ecosystem services payments, on which the OECD has recently devoted work (Lankoski et al.,	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/9789264089464-en	ff6e821785adb4527fee5f35ca456791	More information is available about the OECD review process and requirements on the Higher Education and Regions’ website: www. In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions and to support the OECD strategies on innovation and green growth. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries, including the Lombardy region in Italy, underwent the OECD review process in 2008-11.	4	0	7	1.0
10.18356/eb61760a-en	ff6e8263918b87f60949c6be4ba8b40a	"Informality is considered to result from the heterogeneity of the productive structure, which can be seen schematically as two sectors: one which is formal, has a medium to high production level, greater levels of investment, relatively high growth potential and effective social protection; and the other informal, with low levels of productivity, growth potential and social protection. Consequently, unskilled own-account workers, unpaid family workers or apprentices, owners and employees of micro-enterprises and domestic workers are all considered informal. This is related to the introduction of the concept of decent work. In order to focus the discussion on the job rather than the company, the new conceptual framework of the “informal economy"" has been proposed in order to complement that of the informal sector, given that informal activities are found in both low- and high-productivity sectors."	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/508a648f-en	ff747a5b0d3db54ea870bee5d6d674e5	Jobs and income growth of top earners and the causes of changing income inequality: Evidence from U.S. tax return data. Working paper, Williams College, William-stown, MA. Cash transfers for older people reduce poverty and inequality. In: Bebbington AJ, Dani AA, De Haan A, and Walton M, eds. Institutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps.	10	2	3	0.2
10.18356/a9326a1a-en	ff74faba746fc1dd2e4964e38e4b7a51	There was one instrument, the policy rate. Central bank policy for employment creation should therefore focus on enabling aggregate demand expansion, making credit available for investment and maintaining a stable and competitive real exchange rate to support export demand. Possible remedies include tripartite or collective wage bargaining and fixing mechanisms, backed by increased government social spending and directed credit allocation to employment-generating sectors and firms. While the former dampens wage demands and thus helps avoid wage-price inflationary spirals, the latter can protect employment from the effects of a general credit crunch that would be triggered if policy were to rely solely on the rather blunt instrument of interest rate hikes.	8	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264211940-5-en	ff75607b07406c9bff83ae7c2b202eec	For example, competency descriptions for school professionals (in relation to which they will be appraised) and quality indicators for school evaluation should reflect the learning goals that the school system is aiming to achieve. This also implies ensuring that the evaluation and assessment framework captures a broad range of student learning objectives. To this end, it would be helpful to initiate research and development to strengthen the range of instruments available to assess, for example, students’ broader competencies such as problem solving, reasoning and communication (Chapter 3). Individuals and groups are more likely to accept changes if they understand the reasons for these changes and can see the role they should play within the broad national strategy.	4	0	3	1.0
10.14217/9781848591677-6-en	ff75c24abfe411f0d0bc3f25ae0bca41	Why are Bangladeshi women not more prominent in politics, despite having two women leaders? In fact, male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. In the public sphere, women have to contend with mastan culture (mastan culture refers to the killers, extortionists, looters, and perpetrators of violent crimes who operate under the supervision of so-called 'godfathers') (Rashiduzzaman 2001: 23) and availability of illegal arms, accessibility to black market money and fear of sexual harassment (Chowdhury 2009). In 2013, the cabinet has six women lead important ministries, including defence, foreign affairs, energy, agriculture, labour and employment.	5	1	8	0.7777777777777778
10.1787/empl/outlook-2016-8-en	ff77e8cd70e4313b50f5e27865e5d9fc	Well-designed working time regulations that promote flexibility and facilitate part-time work can be equally valuable. A well-structured system of parental leave can have positive effects on women’s labour force participation and employment. It should be publicly funded and not place excessive costs on employers, to avoid adverse effects on their willingness to hire mothers.	5	0	8	1.0
10.1787/9789264231122-7-en	ff79f284fda38374eb6508704819cb89	There can be internal and external pressure to expand or reduce the spectrum of stakeholders to be engaged. Promoters of stakeholder engagement sometimes try to avoid involving the “usual suspects”, which has become a term of denigration for actors with vast interests in water-related decisions (typically water service providers, farmers, etc.). Stakeholders should be involved because they are the relevant actors to the decision-making process in question.	6	1	3	0.5
10.18356/fcd1ba6c-en	ff7b92b198ebb44f5b9ea6911b782231	While some give greater emphasis to the manipulation of prices and financing in carbon markets, others see carbon markets as only one part of a complex ensemble of policies. They will also change the distribution of income available for nonenergy purchases. If carbon prices were increased by a tax or trading system, what would be the extent of the (intended) effect on emissions and the (unintended) effect on income distribution?	7	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264183704-6-en	ff7d6d4d7e1f5f0f17592fac67e3972f	An important innovation to ensure effective TGC support of technologies in the early stages of market deployment was the introduction of banding10 which has been introduced in Italy and the UK. For instance, in the UK one renewable obligation certificate (ROC) is granted per MWh of electricity generated. This market-led approach aims to encourage competition between technologies to minimise cost (Wood and Dow, 2011).	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	ff7d95e8cf158a335ab646e6bc4add71	In particular, both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars, sometimes adopting a “road diet” approach, and promoting public transport and soft mobility. For example, the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in Sejong, Korea's most recently created city (see detailed profile in Chapter 3). Implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area’s development. Well-integrated transport, spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for 90% of morning journey's to be by public transport or non-motorised modes (TfL, 2015).	11	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264110984-6-en	ff7e7488b05d3514d3c30b19caa4fa8c	The programme is run by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) under the oversight of a high-level inter-ministerial National Advisory Committee. The cash transfer is paid to the most responsible adult person in the household and is based on a set of conditions including completing pre-natal and post-natal care courses, parenthood sessions, preventive child health check-up, vaccination, de-worming, and at least 85% of school attendance. Conditionality is a critical strategic instrument to attain development targets in the health and education sectors linked to the MDGs, namely MDG I: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger, MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education, MDG 3: Reduce Child Mortality, Improve Maternal Health, and MDG 5: Promote Gender Equality. This includes a detailed targeting system to identify the poorest households on the basis of objective parameters, a computerised system to verify compliance installed in schools and health centres, and a two-pronged monitoring and evaluation system to ensure effective implementation and assess impact on beneficiaries.	8	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en	ff7ed1ba748a67dc698dee5378409b5c	For example, budgetary restrictions may lead to a desire to better target the reference programme so as to reduce its outlay, thereby lowering the eligibility line and therefore reducing measured poverty, in a situation where standards of living both in absolute and relative terms are likely to fall. In a country where the national poverty line accurately reflects society's views of what is meant by poverty, the poverty line is the natural measure of policy effectiveness and outcomes. As outlined above, it matters how such a poverty line is defined, and it matters even more how such a poverty line is updated: the use of a poverty line that varies systematically at pre-determined intervals with objective and verifiable data is superior to the use of poverty lines whose evolution leaves scope for political influence or methodological changes.	1	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289331777-4-en	ff81c429f6bd0536e026094bccd2dc23	Small economic size and a narrow resource base may lead to frequent swings in economic variables as prices or supply of a narrow range of resources change. This volatility complicates circum-Arctic comparisons and raises the risk of arriving at biased or invalid comparisons (Larsen, 2007). The observed economic volatility captured in GDP complicates regional comparisons of material well-being based on single year analysis and GDP data.	1	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264263260-7-en	ff8274ba9701d9f8f275ad8dc90e1bcd	In an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty, such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city’s potential for overall progress. More than 40 separate indicators across administrative, survey and census data sources span seven “domains” of deprivation: employment, income, health, crime, education, living environment and barriers to services. The IMD were initially built at the district ward level in 2000, then at the smaller scale of 32 482 “lower-layer super-output areas” of roughly 1 500 residents in 2004, 2007 and 2010. Most of the statistics used in the latest edition (2010) are from 2008, and new' indices were expected to be produced in 2015.	11	0	4	1.0
11.1002/pub/80f4831e-d5917bb0-en	ff832e701c98d3e4e91dc8572a3208db	Girl Guides in the Central African Republic. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:6irl_6uides_in_the_Central_African_Republic.jpg. All accessed 11 Dec. 2016. Non-formal learning and learning for skills development also help learners obtain knowledge that is not typically found in national curricula, which usually focus solely on subject areas such as mathematics, science and the language of instruction (although academic subjects may still be included to facilitate basic education in the non-formal learning sector).	4	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264281707-7-en	ff8a245e44ae39547129c06eb23b271b	For the same reason, it makes sense to only consider seasonal variation at a later stage in Korea. Section 3.4 discusses how these concerns can be addressed and provides recommendations on how to transition from the existing instruments managed by MoLIT to abstraction charges that contribute to water policy objectives in Korea. This is an issue in Korea, where the development of water infrastructures (dams and canals) was essentially meant to drive economic development and to provide equal opportunities to all parts of the national territory to develop.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264268852-5-en	ff8a577808bc27a3fba458a0f2a225e2	If spatial and economic plans fail to take into account the reality of a declining city, disproportionately large education and health facilities will put a heavy burden on municipal and regional public finances. The programme has a comprehensive approach of monotown development. It has three major goals: i) developing and improving urban infrastructure (roads, municipal utility networks) and the housing stock, ii) economic diversification and SME development to increase employment, and iii) increasing labour mobility to stimulate voluntary movement to areas with higher social and economic development potential.	11	1	3	0.5
10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en	ff8b08fdc13bb83665c693317bfa3042	The Ministry of Environment estimates the worldwide investment in RES should be multiplied by five from EUR 122 billion in 2005 to EUR 590 billion in 2030. Depending on the assumptions made on German export market shares, the estimated impact on GDP of the RES policy varied by 20% and the impact on employment by one third (BMU, 2011). Implementing cost-efficient climate change policies will not be sufficient to maintain the leadership on green markets.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264233911-3-en	ff8ce72efa4de84064c20f1447a28615	Formulaic updating, on the basis for example of a moving average of past prices, reduces the potential for stabilisation and hence the value of the intervention, but does offset the costs of intervention. However, the buffer stock can only sell what it has previously bought so once its stock is exhausted the authority has no further means of defending the ceiling. The consequence is that buffer stock agreements tend to [be] more effective in limiting price falls than in curtailing the incidence and magnitude of spikes. Although attacks can take place either on a floor or a ceiling price, the problem is more serious at the ceiling.	2	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264089457-en	ff8e5b9f6d826664fc0cda34523c7b39	All researchers and aspiring entrepreneurs are welcome to take part to this forum. Altogether 26 projects/products have passed the proof of concept stage and 11 projects/products have been introduced to potential commercialisation partners involved in activities ranging from pharmaceutical, water and waste management, construction to management of cars. Four projects involving products such as bio-organic fertilisers and microelectronics design are to be commercialised by former USM students graduated from the Student Entrepreneur Development Initiative Agenda (SEDLA) programme.	4	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/c10e763b-en	ff920092eb7a1b2617f756d4c757bfba	"Through the Drina assessment, the nexus gained momentum in the Western Balkans, and the project has contributed to the debate on trade-offs related to the development of hydropower potential, while also raising awareness about related environmental considerations in the Energy Community, among others. The regional round table ""Operationalizing the Water, Food, Energy and Environment Nexus in South-Eastern Europe (SEE)"" held in June 2017, used key inputs from the Drina assessment. The project ""Promoting the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Southeastern Europe, through the use of Nexus approach"", carried out in cooperation with GWP-Mediterranean, contributes to the South-East Europe 2020 Strategy, which includes ""advancing the water, energy and food nexus approach at national and transboundary levels"" as one of its objectives."	6	2	2	0.0
10.1787/5kgj0d3vzcth-en	ff92533ecb8721c7a5805a87b6eac355	The public was invited to comment on ways of providing direct business assistance (e.g. as a concessional credit, as a general cash giant, or a targeted grant). For each option, advantages and disadvantages were outlined for public consideration. The current characteristics of the programme (in particular the SRM) reflect the feedback received from this review process. The Adverse Events Framework is therefore a broadly consulted assistance framework which seems to reflect current public consensus concerning provision of such assistance. The OECD interviews showed there is general appreciation by the farming community of the Adverse Events Framework, although some members of this community questioned the fact that the SRM was not automatically triggered.	2	7	0	1.0
10.1787/9789264083578-8-en	ff9810c1f38cf5e2ce4933103f9ee212	Its production possibilities are 1,200 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,800 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat. Suppose Country B is less productive, due to poorer soils, less sunshine, or inadequate access to crop nutrients. Its production possibilities are 800 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,000 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat.	6	3	0	1.0
10.18356/584f8730-en	ff989091060eca20b6f184a453888e7e	Another relevant indicator is the services reform index of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which is used to measure progress in policy reform in the services sector. That index reflects the average of three subindices, namely banking, non-banking and infrastructure reforms. For the other two WTO entrants, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, although at higher levels than Tajikistan, the index shows a more stable trend, and thus suggests slow progress over the past decade.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264116788-5-en	ff9b34f318784e4c970b7f25f29e4c09	For instance, the “language and language communication” area has seven objectives such as “gaining the self-confidence for public performance and for cultivated expression as a means of self-assertion”. For example, in mathematics, for stage 2 of basic education, expected outcomes are organised in four areas (numbers and variables; dependencies, relations and working with data; planar and spatial geometry; and non-standard application exercises and problems). For each area, between 2 and 13 expected outcomes are proposed, for instance “seek, evaluate and process data” and “sketch and construct basic bodies”.	4	1	3	0.5
11.1002/pub/80d83f4c-en	ff9d8aa189e0ecc529f3955c7d2c8453	Or you can unsubscribe by calling XXXXXXX or going to www. A similar randomized controlled trial of 2 years' duration among 537 Asian Indian men with pre-diabetes found that mobile phone messaging was an acceptable method for delivering advice and support for lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (Ramachandran, 2013). The trial was the first to show the benefit of this technology in the prevention of diabetes, with a 36% reduction in relative risk as compared with standard care within 2 years. A further pilot study of 1 year's duration among 200 patients with type 2 diabetes in the clinic showed that mobile phone messages about the principles of diabetes management helped to improve health care outcomes.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264252820-en	ff9dc9a7dfd20a194f12743267ba9936	Consider establishing or strengthening capacity of independent institutions (such as Independent Commissions, Supreme Audit Institutions, Ombuds Offices), and advisory bodies (e.g., Government councils) to monitor the implementation of gender equality strategies, integrate gender issues in policy-making, and facilitate regular reporting, audits and measurement. To be effective, such oversight should be undertaken in a balanced manner and avoid prescriptive approaches to foster continuous improvement while enabling to track progress in gender equality. For example, based on good practices and as appropriate, these measures can include disclosure requirements, quotas, voluntary targets, parity laws, alternating the sexes on the party list and linking gender ratios in political parties to their access to public funding. Promote merit-based recruitment; consider positive policies and practices to ensure a balanced representation of men and women in each occupational group in public sector employment; and, develop concrete measures to ensure the effective removal of the implicit barriers within hiring and staffing processes, where appropriate and necessary.	5	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264120525-6-en	ff9efd28f317ba28f9587fd10ed22807	Ofwat publishes the indicators annually in a public report. These simple performance scorecards have helped measure the efficiency of service provision and pressure the “worst in the class” (Kingdom and Jagannathan, 2001). Such tools need to be used with caution, however, as differences in performance can be due to a variety of factors aside from relative efficiency, such as differences in physical conditions, population density, nature of the terrain, age of the network, etc. For this reason, Ofwat has developed sophisticated econometric models to assess comparative efficiency of regulated companies while controlling for exogenous factors that can affect performance. In OECD countries, the regulatory regime in place can influence the selection of investment options, linked to the set of incentives that they introduce.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264202276-9-en	ff9f5e96efd5ba722befbe50a08185eb	Another utility, Miyahuna, was created by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to take over the management of the water system in Amman after LEMA’s contract expired in 2006. Miyahuna is an independent limited liability company that is run along commercial principles but wholly owned by the Water Authority of Jordan. In response, the government increased public sector wages and instituted social protection measures, such as lifeline electricity tariffs that subsidise low-income users’ consumption, to counteract the impact of increased energy prices.	7	1	3	0.5
10.6027/9789289344227-7-en	ff9f9512c72727bff4874c6c1256c7f6	"Moreover, means are also combined, which includes support schemes, advisory services, tailor made education and support of cluster organisations. Among the six strategic areas of Innovation Fund Denmark are ""production, materials, digitalisation and ICT"". Among other instruments, which can be used to further automation and digitalisation is the so-called InnoBooster scheme. The grants are used to invest in knowledge, consultancy services, equipment and cooperation with knowledge institutes."	9	0	9	1.0
10.18356/edf15661-en	ffa202e80a0b83007220674861ced91e	Young women's demographic position in a large youth population that is postponing marriage puts their sexuality under particular scrutiny. The total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would have if current age-specific fertility rates remained constant throughout her childbearing years. Any method includes modern and traditional methods. Traditional methods include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, prolonged breastfeeding and folk methods.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/5km35m63qqvc-en	ffab93315b08b0471abbb37e0ae17996	This is reflected in the unemployment rates of young adults aged 25-34, which tend to be about one-third higher than the overall unemployment rate (compared with a difference of 10% on OECD average). It is also reflected in the development of so-called “freeters” (see Box 1.1). The Survey on Human Resource Strategies and Work Awareness in the Population Decreasing Society reveals that companies with a positive attitude towards skills development are not much inclined to recruit freeters as regular workers, and are likely to set a relatively low upper limit on the age of freeters who can be recruited (Mitani, 2008).	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264123564-6-en	ffacd66389f60f433bd9ae03b5051faa	However, the overall quality of the ECEC setting did have an effect on adult earnings. In many countries staff-child ratios have been regulated with higher staff-child ratios for the very young and lower ratios for older children (NICHD, 2002). Research is lacking, however, on exactly which ratio is most favourable to enhance teacher job satisfaction, ECEC quality and child outcomes.	4	0	9	1.0
10.18356/d0196687-en	ffaf96aef5eea4b5ea0c7a87816ae5a2	The country is now shifting from a feed-in tariff system to a competitive bidding process to add 300MW more solar. During a recent tender, the prices were 40 per cent lower than the offer, reflecting strong private sector interest. Auctions provide regulatory certainty to investors, while also supporting “real price” discovery. In 2016, India awarded solar projects in at least 13 different auctions that amount to 6.500MW at approximately $73/MWh.	7	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264227385-8-en	ffb6d03706fcb508aa52c1c4765b0673	The ratio of natural regeneration to planting has increased but remains one of the lowest in Europe. Despite progress in recent years, Poland has less deadwood in its forests than most other EU countries. Some forest types, notably alluvial forests, have not been adequately protected, resulting in reduced populations of some protected forest birds, such as black grouse.	15	0	4	1.0
10.18356/0a7d95a4-en	ffb7af29289cc5828831aa6606a798ca	Work in these situations and the work-human development link take on different dimensions in such exceptional states of emergency. With increasing degrees of violence, human priorities change in the sense that survival and physical integrity of the self and family members become higher priorities than economic needs. Work can help with peace building, and unemployment, when overlapping with other social discontent, can be destabilizing.	8	1	6	0.7142857142857143
10.1787/9789264285712-12-en	ffb973b0bfc8085a0135de1ca297db34	These municipalities are eligible to access National Health Foundation (Fundagao Nacional de Saude, FUNASA) funds, a federal programme that makes funds available for municipalities or rural areas below 50 000 inhabitants. Currently, there are 20 projects financed by the FUNASA, for which the CAREN carries out the execution of the construction. However, even with the funds made available by the FUNASA, sometimes municipalities are not able to submit projects. Most of the investment in infrastructure is made possible through the Growth Acceleration Program (Programa de Aceleragao do Crescimento, PAC).	6	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5k451mzrnt37-en	ffbb2df1226e0a61dbc6897198b4f9a8	The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/5kmbjgkm1m9x-en	ffbb2df960291555ccd4802491e6d729	Tarozzi (2007) argues that such reweighting produces comparable outcome distributions. Depvar= 1 is defined as being in a sample of interest, or “target” sample, which, in this case, means the sample of PISA students in 2000. Depvar equals 0 for students sampled in 2003 or 2006, depending on a comparison made. Conditional probabilities are estimated using logit regression with a set of student and family characteristics defined in the same way in all waves of the PISA survey, and recoded to have similar categories.	4	2	2	0.0
10.18356/cb17bdad-en	ffbba7972804137301693c8ca5c932a0	Participation requires the elimination of power differentials by challenging systemic inequalities. Thus, participation, as part of the four-dimensional substantive equality framework, requi res similar attention to the other dimensions -red ressing disadvantage, addressing stigma, prejudice and stereotyping, and transformation - because without these, inequality persists and full participation cannot occur. Particular attention must be paid to the underlying gender relations of the groups or individuals involved. States should take into account the different experiences of women and men and gender power relations in the community.	5	1	4	0.6
10.1787/9789264029941-4-en	ffbf5a5ce6155e74545e036c39de3c93	Israel currently relies on a crude measure of disadvantage that identifies individuals as “low socio-economic status” on the basis of their entitlement to income support (such as unemployment benefits, pensions and family supplements). Moving beyond this categorisation and making quality indicators available by key dimensions of inequality such as geography, language and religion would help provide a richer picture of where disadvantage concentrates. This is likely to be a considerable task involving further recording or matching health information to other social data held by the government. In the short term, disaggregating quality information that is already being collected by region would help better map the geography of disadvantage than is possible today and help pinpoint which areas have room for improvement.	3	5	2	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264190504-9-en	ffc3e1ce7edcb4c067f2a2471fd34c7b	Increased mining activity in Chile, Australia and Mexico is primarily driving this trend. But the fact that domestic consumption of metals in OECD countries is growing more slowly than extraction (66% vs. 103%) indicates that a large portion of extraction is being exported outside of the OECD area. In most OECD countries, the economic slowdown caused material extraction and consumption to flatten or decrease (in some cases significantly).	12	0	3	1.0
10.18356/1c11fde8-en	ffc5d616436579392c9e7630b8c82f5e	More and more often, drug traffickers use stolen or falsified aircraft registration numbers when transporting illicit consignments by air. Significant levels of cannabis herb are produced in most countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Jamaica remains the largest producer of cannabis in the Caribbean, with total cultivation of cannabis plant estimated by local authorities at about 15,000 ha.	3	0	3	1.0
10.1787/rev/fish-2013-36-en	ffc84844822327f191a9ca9a58e76414	Unless indicated otherwise, all statistics on Indonesian fisheries in this paper are from MMAF (2011a-f). Indonesia will focus on getting optimal sustainable value from its aquatic ecosystems by effective governance for recovery and maintenance of ecosystems and fish stocks, and by improving post-harvest practices along supply chains. Sustainability and quality improvement programmes will result in higher profitability of the fisheries sector, increased food security, and increased competitiveness of Indonesian fisheries products on international markets.	14	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5kg20639kgkj-en	ffc8fa3dd876456c33ec6dccd6ea0cae	A body to lead the green skills agenda must be found and low-carbon skills need to be integrated through the whole skills delivery system to encourage behavioural change across the entire economy. In 2009, for example, the Australian and state and territory governments entered into a Green Skills Agreement based on a shared understanding that “decisive action is needed to support Australia’s transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy” (COAG, 2009, p. 2). In four of the Member States examined, Denmark, Spain, France and the UK, regions are playing a primary role in identifying skills needs for jobs in a low-carbon economy.	7	0	4	1.0
10.1787/aeo-2016-14-en	ffcb5c8cb5fd75c9de9a3cf0bd0b7ee6	Faithful implementation of policies and programmes in these areas outlined by the president will be crucial in addressing Tanzania’s poverty problem in the medium term. In the city of Dar-es-Salaam and other major cities, unemployment is higher than in the rural areas, basic infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, bus transit, etc.) Planned residential areas are rare, although land itself is in abundance. Intra-city transportation presents a serious challenge to commuters due to poor road networks and the absence of intra-city mass rail transport systems.	11	0	3	1.0
10.18356/a2a72b74-en	ffcc316f21d6f66723ff44c9123bdabb	Working during the weekends impacts on balancing work and family life. Nevertheless, some forms of working time arrangements can result from a personal choice and are not considered burdensome. Statistics on working time are needed to implement, monitor and evaluate policies and programmes dedicated to the balance of work and family life.	8	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264179011-7-en	ffcc516e2875054508f9e823cb0e47e4	Decentralisation may also have raised barriers to internal trade and the movement of factors of production because of weak administration and delays in document processing. The use of trade-distorting, revenue-raising measures by local governments increases the consumer price of goods, reduces competitiveness and discourages investment. Partly because of the resulting “compartmentalism” in the economy and the higher transactions costs for most economic activities caused by these activities, there is much donor interest and activity in improving local governance, including agricultural extension services and water and irrigation management (Box 2.1). Seven are involved in manufacturing and delivering farm inputs.	2	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/5be883c5-en	ffcf3fc54e399ce9876c209793f08223	In South Africa, where the legacy of HIV and AIDS created a relatively high level of state social provisioning, the Child Support Grant, a means-tested but otherwise unconditional cash grant given to a child’s primary caregiver, is unique in that it targets caregivers of any sex (Budlender and Lund 2011; Razavi 2007,2011). Other programmes, such as those in Chile and Mexico, target early childhood education to encourage parental employment, particularly among mothers, via providing direct subsidies to private and quasi-public service providers on behalf of low-income households (Staab and Gerhard 2011). Its approach is built on the right to basic social citizenship and includes universal education and health care, as well as expanding the reach of social insurance by wideningthe scope of its contributors and providing protections for those unable to contribute (UNRISD 20io).Total spending on social insurance is high, family allowances have been around for more than 30 years and there is a lot of solidarity for redistribution (ibid). At the same time, there has been an increase in the proportion of poor households headed by women since the 1990s, a seemingly counter-intuitive outcome.	5	2	1	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/3ad10876-en	ffcf8c18c4becd39eadf80576d7cabfc	It may also reflect a low awareness about the role played by groundwater resources, even though groundwater is locally very important in some areas. In Kazakhstan, positively, a comprehensive review of transboundary aquifers has been carried out. The situation is particularly severe in Afghanistan. The Central Asian Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB) database, maintained by the Scientific Information Centre of ICWC, is a recent effort to make information on water resources openly and readily accessible to all the countries in Central Asia, even if access to this information system is differentiated among users with different levels of accessibility of data.	6	0	5	1.0
10.1787/9789264292659-5-en	ffcff65f44b084d54d25c517f0b128e6	Hence, they might not be universally applicable and some adaptations may be needed. Comparability is a concern also in terms of time: over time, data may not be available or the original measurement may no longer be relevant to guide decisions, for instance because of changes in the institutional setting. In fact, there are a number of factors that can affect results beyond the policy itself, such as fiscal crisis and climate conditions.	6	4	1	0.6
10.18356/ff1be167-en	ffd10ab7092f2435838ab147fc4bdd3b	However, the correlation is not exact. It is useful to study child and adolescent well-being from both approaches, because this allows for the combination of different issues and the analysis of various public policy measures for childhood, and the adoption of a holistic policy perspective. Between 1990 and 2010, poverty and extreme poverty diminished by around 20% among children aged 0 to 5.	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/18a859bf-en	ffd4ddb065904959c1c1e9a1ab913aad	However, progress in approving accredited entities to the GCF is relatively slow (in May 2016 there were 33 accredited entities and the majority of these were international or regional institutions) and there are still many countries that need readiness support to assist them with this process (by May 2016 42 countries had received readiness support from the GCF) (GCF, 2016b). A recent analysis of the lessons learned from direct access to the Adaptation Fund and the GCF reveals that although the time to get accredited varies widely among the different countries (from 5 months for Uruguay to 30 months for Namibia and Kenya); however, countries report that the process was “beneficial in the long run” (Masullo et al, 2015). Development co-operation providers can continue to invest in readiness support for partner countries so that they can access climate finance at scale and use it to implement transformative actions to address climate change and achieve sustainable development.	13	0	4	1.0
10.1787/9789264102637-12-en	ffd71e05b5e5817954c50aef7f305f44	The latest benchmarking report was published in 2013. It was believed that operating at the larger scale would: i) increase efficiency (scale economies); it) enable specialised and improved supervision (corporate governance); iii) help better comply with environmental regulation; and iv) foster policy coherence with an objective of more than one drinking water company per province. Several of the ten remaining drinking water companies are discussing new mergers, possibly resulting in still less utilities in the next few years (De Witte and Dijkgraaf, 2010). Also the directors of the Dutch Central Bank and the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis are Crown members (SER, 2010).	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.18356/55fea2f6-en	ffd758d505518346cc5c44411ef353d0	Unsurprisingly, we find children living in an intermediately or thinly populated area to be considerably less vulnerable to environmental deprivation than their peers in densely populated areas. In terms of access to basic services, only children living in Germany are more likely to be domain deprived when living in less densely populated areas. In Germany and France, children in such areas also experience a higher risk of being financially strained or income poor.	1	0	3	1.0
10.18356/e569c117-en	ffd89a3850181c5aae7222edc95fb9b5	Such results are consistent with those found by an evaluation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India, which shows that the registration of a household member in the programme reduces the likelihood of child labour for boys by 13.4 per cent and for girls by 8.2 per cent (Uppal, 2009). Islam and Choe (2009) show that even though micro credit programmes in Bangladesh are successful in alleviating poverty they do have a negative effect on school enrolment and child labour. Microcredit increases the probability of child labour for girls by 7.9 per cent to 13.7 per cent depending on the specification adopted.	1	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.1787/9789264298576-19-en	ffd9ff46527e822729f917bec3a30727	They should carefully structure their producer support targeting environmental practices to meet basic standards, such as those set out in EU regulations. These payments can act as temporary support leading to a transition in farmers’ attitudes and practices - but should not be a permanent core payment. Furthermore, the measures should not be structured in such a way as to pay commercial farms for agri-environmental farming activities that they already practise.	2	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/saeo-2019-6-en	ffdb6e62fd679064625ee0a2ccf2d819	In travel time figures, markers refer to average travel time at a specific hour within the day while the vertical bars represent the ranges of travel time. Speed limits are set to be 40km/h on the road in Jakarta, 60km/h on the road in Malaysia, 60km/h on the road in Metro Manila, 50km/h on the road in Singapore and SOkm/h on the road in Bangkok. Traffic congestion data are based on either entire specified road wherever possible or a selected representative segment of specified road. Data are not necessarily comparable across the five areas shown above. In some of the region’s larger cities, a significant amount of time is wasted in traffic congestion (Table 2.2). There are also additional economic costs in the form of increased fuel and other transportation costs, and reduced productivity and efficiency (Box 2.2).	11	0	5	1.0
10.18356/fb3022f3-en	ffdda46a18bb9cdadb9bac6cfecab229	The forest sector (forestry, wood and paper products) contributes 1.8 per cent to the gross value added of the national economy, but only 5 per cent of forests have recreational use as a main management goal. Recent reports by UNEP, The Green Economy (2011) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, (2010) emphasize that natural capital, such as forests and the ecosystem services they provide, offer important benefits and could be considered a significant component of national economies. Romania should seek ways to benefit further from its natural wealth and invest in the maintenance of forest ecosystem services and the development of recreation and tourism.	15	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264272637-5-en	ffde5810fee1ffb3966109c993097aed	They are all scaled from 0 to 100 and scores are derived from annual surveys conducted among Londoners or users of particular parts of the transport system (as appropriate). The six indicators are: 1) public transport customer satisfaction; 2) public transport crowding (satisfaction indicator); 3) road user customer satisfaction; 4) perception of journey experience; 5) perception of noise; 6) perception of the urban realm. It is expressed as a percentage score.	11	0	7	1.0
10.1787/5jlww009v1hj-en	ffe0142e16c29a2236ac5e6268a1a0ec	However, adaptation reporting is not mandatory, as the Paris Agreement states that Parties “should”, as appropriate, submit and update an “adaptation communication” (Article 7.10). Decision 1/CP.21 states that this information “shall” be submitted biennially for all countries other than Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (paragraph 90). Regular reporting on adaptation is already done under the UNFCCC, including via national communications (NCs).	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/3fe10a08-en	ffe110af32fbdb413938511ea73e0e9b	This relative increase in the younger portion of the working-age population (15-64 years) was generated during the late stages of the demographic transition when fertility rates began to fall. This transition produces a youth bulge from which a “boom” generation emerges, that is, a generation that is larger than that which precedes and follows it Over time this generation works its way through a given country’s age structure (Bloom, Canning and Sevilla, 2003). In Pakistan there will be a boom generation reaching working age in the next few years.	8	2	5	0.42857142857142855
10.18356/6aed7a25-en	ffe59d0e9eb3b1f50ba7a0f049afe208	Annual run-off is predicted to decrease due to increased evaporation in large lakes. The possibility of heavy rain floods is expected to increase, especially in small river systems. The 74-km long Tohmajoki River discharges from Lake Tohmajarvi, and runs through the small, transboundary Lake Rameenjarvi and the small Russian Palkjarvi and Ruokojarvi lakes to Lake Ladoga in the Russian Federation.	6	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/09ba747a-en	ffe669fbe7e0e2009081dce48628f6d2	Figure 9 shows the personal income tax and overall tax wedge (which also takes into account both social security contributions and transfers) progression on average in the OECD, at different income levels and for different family types.10 Looking at Panel A, progressivity is highest at the bottom of the income scale and declines with income for all family types. Tax wedge progressivity is generally lower than PIT progressivity since the tax wedge includes social security contributions, which are typically levied at a flat rate. Moreover, tax wedge progression is lower than the average PIT progression for families without children because the latter tend not to receive benefits, which also tend to be targeted at low income levels. This explains in part the higher rate of tax wedge progressivity than of personal income tax at low levels.	8	0	3	1.0
10.18356/d19a5f58-en	ffe87a6925190437568d5a8762a11960	"Moreover, they find that people with more than one type of poverty have socio-economic features that are distinct from people who are not poor, or are poor in only one measure. They conclude that using a combination of poverty measures is more secure, in terms of finding the ""real poor"", than the use of single measures. Nolan and Whelan (2011), when analysing the European Union's poverty reduction measure (The EU 2020 Poverty Target) suggest that combining relative income poverty and material deprivation and focusing on the group where they overlap is worth consideration because such a measure can serve as a way of distinguishing a sub-set of the population deserving priority in framing antipoverty policy. Also Roche's study on multidimensional child poverty in Bangladesh shows that results based on wealth measures are considerably different to those obtained with multidimensional poverty measures."	1	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264224636-8-en	ffe971c79b7e091e9d0390ec4cce5bcf	The 2008/09 budget circular paved the way for institutionalising gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) and suggested that data should be disaggregated by sex. In 2008, a gender report containing specific budget allocations for women was annexed to the national budget for the first time, making it an official government document. The government moved from line-item budgeting to gender-responsive, performance-based budgeting in all national budgets in 2010, following a pilot project in the 2009/10 budget that initially introduced gender-sensitive budgeting in a gradual and decentralised approach in 15 govemorates and six target sectors: education; health; water resources and irrigation; labour; social security; and food supplies.	5	1	3	0.5
10.1787/9789264119598-6-en	ffeafd9e443607e4269f52f0230bb793	Moreover, certificates and labels like the Green Key, awarded to tourism enterprises that assert for instance that they use of organic food/ beverages and green household products (e.g. detergents), must rely on the respondent's honesty. It is always, therefore, a point to consider whether the people in charge are in fact replying truthfully. Lastly, it is possible that small and medium-sized enterprises may not be able to cope with the costs incurred by becoming more eco-friendly, despite governmental subsidies, which could mean that it is the large enterprises who reap the above-mentioned benefits while the smaller ones struggle to survive. Environmentally conscious transport companies may profit from mitigation, and in more general terms the providers of eco-labelled services may expect a growth in demand.	13	0	3	1.0
10.18356/dd2e120a-en	ffeb4e2b3d0f4d449053b1b15f51e4eb	In Mauritius, housing development for the economically less- advantaged population groups has increased the proportion of homeowners to 93 per cent in rural areas and 83 per cent in urban regions. By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons. Data and methodology for this indicator are not available.	11	0	4	1.0
10.18356/83efcfeb-en	ffef3ec4ea192cdfed2ca43d4b2208a9	In consequence, the number of urban dwellers practising open defecation increased from 140 million to 169 million between 1990 and 2008.47 The impact of this practice in densely populated urban settlements is particularly alarming for public health. Congested and unsanitary conditions make urban slums particularly high-risk areas for communicable diseases, including cholera. Yet patterns of deprivation differ. While Blantyre exhibits greater levels of poverty than adjacent areas, Lilongwe is a relatively well-off urban centre surrounded by poorer regions, but also showing pockets of poverty (isolated darker areas) within its limits.	3	0	4	1.0
10.18356/d72eb315-en	fff1f2f84b7fdd3656431572ed087067	As a fact-based management approach, its successful implementation will require timely and reliable cross-disciplinary information in order to establish baselines, monitor changes, and support decision-making towards social, economic and environmental sustainability. Data availability and quality issues often constrain the accuracy of assessment results. Moreover, management action lags behind assessment conclusions.	14	4	0	1.0
10.1787/5jm0xdx0b06g-en	fff2c0d02ac13430cdc5fb0efdfd5bdc	Nevertheless, the survey Encuesta de Caracterizacion Social y Economica (CASEN, 2013) provides useful information about living conditions and asks respondents about the last educational level attended by their parents. Father’s education can be used as a proxy of family background as it is highly correlated with income and other traits that influence offspring's careers. The wage premium is the boost in wages associated with having a father who attended college instead of just medium education.	5	6	1	0.7142857142857143
10.18356/18db943d-en	fff5aeb4c79517ecc73647f36edf1cce	The benefits were evident in 2010 when Myanmar was struck by a storm of comparable strength - cyclone Giri. The Government also asked the United Nations and its humanitarian partners to remain on standby. This helped keep the number of casualties to a minimum.3 Nepal - In 2014 two adjacent river basins, Kamali and Babai, experienced their worst floods in living memory.	13	3	2	0.2
10.18356/584f8730-en	fff855b38ac33646b44fbaa8f3c8bfba	The act of internationalization of a city could itself spur new service activities as people bring in new ideas of how to remove bottlenecks or increase efficiency. An important spin-off benefit could include improved public support for provision of education and health services. While Kazakhstan, as is the case for other countries in the subregion, inherited high literacy rates and basic health services from the centrally planned economy, it has been a long and difficult task to maintain past achievements while creating education and health services better attuned to a modern market-based economy.	8	1	2	0.3333333333333333
10.1787/9789264214033-7-en	fff9b6b75bde5397ba26ed1b163ad306	It also features individual accountability, which means that team success depends on individual learning, not group products. Curriculum has to be thought of as both catering to significant individual differences and being able to stretch each learner to just beyond his or her self-defined capacity (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010). However, given the cross-country variation in who has responsibility for curricula, it is difficult to provide clear policy direction on curricula at the school level. Co-operative learning methods, which involve the teacher placing students within the same class in small, temporary groups with mixed abilities focusing on tasks that require them to rely on each other's skills, tend to work equally well for all types of students (Slavin, 2010).	4	0	8	1.0
10.6027/9789289347204-5-en	fffc6ac25f325ab949f92d3563194b3f	Since the full capacity is not likely to be utilized, we multiply the projected emissions by the reported average ratio of captured C02 to total capacity for Sleipner and Snohvit from 2008 to 2014 (75.9%). The capacity of each project is scaled according to the average capacity utilization at Sleipner and Snahvit 2008-2014. In orderto calculate the net abatement potential, we subtract the baseline in Table 7 excluding EOR-based projects, since C02 used for EOR is not guaranteed to be permanently sequestered.	7	5	4	0.1111111111111111
10.1787/9789264186378-8-en	fffe58dae29de6b843aff09b6e2f77f0	Groundwater quality can also be affected by contamination of saline water intrusions. A total of EUR 1.6 million was devoted to water from EU Structural Funds received in 2000-06. In particular, capacity building of regional environmental administration has received support from Structural Funds, especially in the South (e.g. a task force of 150 experts to support regional environmental authorities and ARPAs). The number of central government authorities involved in water policy making is a useful indicator of the level of institutional fragmentation, although it has limitations and needs to be appraised in a dynamic way.	6	0	3	1.0
10.1787/9789264191761-en	ffff357a454e2d7544f765cf2660e684	Remedier a ces lacunes est la recommandation prioritaire de cet Examen. Faute d’investissements appropries dans ces domaines, il est extremement difficile d’ameliorer la productivite et la competitivite, et d’assurer un developpement durable de l’agriculture. Si davantage de moyens ont ete affectes a ces domaines ces dernieres annees, beaucoup reste a faire cependant. La dispersion geographique tres marquee des activites agricoles au Kazakhstan impose a priori des couts plus eleves qui sont encore alourdis par l’insuffisance des infrastructures de transport. Ces deux dernieres decennies, le gouvernement a mene des efforts importants pour creer de grands axes de communication.	2	4	4	0.0
10.18356/39dd1e2e-en	ffffcd9cc3f5d943560fe90fb9354ba5	The three diseases that resulted in the greatest number of lost life years in 2013 were all related to air pollution. Reducing the exposure to air pollution of children at home during early development would decrease pneumonia and impact on lung development. Thus, it is necessary to reduce exposures to air pollution for school-age children in order to decrease the impacts of air-pollution-related diseases later in life.	3	1	4	0.6